,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,?is is ,pap] #dj f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,bullet9 #bdj1 compris+ ,pap]s #cd-dd1 :i* w also be available z a complete e-book4 ,! front mat]ial1 introduction & relevant index entries f ! ,bullet9 are includ$ 9 ea* s+le-pap] e-book4 ,corrections are li/$ at ! end ( ! e-book4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,bullet9 #bdj ,illu/ration ,,smi?sonian ,,press ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,pap]s #cd-dd ,on ,sci5ce & ,te*nology ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution 4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aiff ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,! s*ol>ly & sci5tific publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum include two s]ies1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum & ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,bullet94 ,9 ^! s]ies1 ! ,museum publi%es orig9al articles & monographs deal+ ) ! collections & "w ( its con/itu5t museums--,! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology--sett+ =? newly acquir$ facts 9 ! fields ( an?ropology1 biology1 hi/ory1 geology1 & te*nology4 ,copies ( ea* publication are di/ribut$ to libr>ies1 to cultural & sci5tific organizations1 & to speciali/s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! diff]5t subjects4 ,! ,proce$+s1 begun 9 #ahgh1 are int5d$ = ! publication1 9 sep>ate =m1 ( %ort] pap]s f ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,^! are ga!r$ 9 volumes1 octavo 9 size1 ) ! publication date ( ea* pap] record$ 9 ! table ( cont5ts ( ! volume4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 s]ies1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 issu$ 9 #ahge1 appe> long]1 sep>ate publications consi/+ ( monographs 7occasionally 9 sev]al p>ts7 & volumes 9 :i* are collect$ works on relat$ subjects4 ,bullet9s are ei!r octavo or qu>to 9 size1 dep5d+ on ! ne$s ( ! pres5tation4 ,s9ce #aijb pap]s relat+ to ! botanical collections ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 s]ies "u ! head+ ,contributions f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,h]b>ium1 & s9ce #aiei1 9 ,bullet9s titl$ ,contributions f ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 h be5 ga!r$ %ort] pap]s relat+ to ! collections & rese>* ( t ,museum4 ,! pres5t collection ( ,contributions1 ,pap]s #cd-dd1 comprises ,bullet9 #bdj4 ,ea* ( ^! pap]s has be5 previ\sly publi%$ 9 sep>ate =m4 ,! ye> ( publication is %[n on ! la/ page ( ea* pap]4 ,,frank ,a4 ,,taylor ,director1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #dj ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,phosphorus ,edu>d ,f>b] ,,! ,,elem5t ,,f ,,animals ,,& ,,plants #agh ,,e>ly ,,uses #aha ,,*emical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acids #ahb ,,phosphates ,,z ,,plant ,,nutri5ts #ahe ,,f ,,inorganic ,,to ,,organic ,,phosphates #ahg ,,phosphatides ,,& ,,phosphag5s #ahi ,,nucle9 ,,& ,,nucleic ,,acids #aib ,,phosphates ,,9 ,,biological ,,processes #aig ,,m$ic9es ,,& ,,poisons #aih ,edu>d ,f>b] ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,phosphorus ,! cold light produc$ by phosphorus caus$ x to be consid]$ a miracul\s *emical = a long "t aft] its discov]y1 ab\t #affi4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ ?ree c5turies num]\s o!r *emical miracles h be5 f\nd1 yet phosphorus reta9s a special aura ( univ]sal importance 9 *emi/ry4 ,_m inve/igators h occupi$ !mselves ) ?is elem5t & its div]se *emical comp\nds4 ,fur!r enlight5m5t & insight into ! ways ( nature c be expect$ f ^! ef=ts4 ,n only is ! /ory ( phosphorus a major drama 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry2 x also illu/rates1 9 a spectacul> example1 ! gr[? ( ?is sci5ce ?r\gh ! discov]y ( connections betwe5 app>5tly unrelat$ ph5om5a1 & ! cont9u\s int]play betwe5 basic sci5ce & ! se>* = practical usage4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,edu>d ,f>b] is a rese>* pr(essor at ,am]ican ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & has be5 associat$ ) ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution z a consultant 9 *emi/ry4 ,:5 phosphorus 0 discov]$1 ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago1 x 0 consid]$ a miracul\s ?+4 ,! only ev5t t provok$ a simil> emotion 0 ! discov]y ( radium m ?an two c5turies lat]4 ,! excitem5t ab\t ! ,phosphorus igneus1 ,boyle's ,icy ,noctiluca1 0 sl[ly replac$ by1 or conv]t$ into1 *emical rese>*4 ,yet1 if we w\ld all[ room = emotion 9 rese>*1 we c\ld /ill be excit$ ab\t ! wondr\s sub/ance t *emical & biological "w cont9ues to reveal z vitally important4 ,x is a fundam5tal plant nutri5t1 an ess5tial "p 9 n]ve & bra9 sub/ance1 a decisive factor 9 muscle action & cell gr[?1 & also a compon5t 9 fa/-act+1 p[]ful poisons4 ,! importance ( phosphorus 0 gradually recogniz$ & ! means by :i* ?is took place are *>act]i/ic & simil> to o!r developm5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,?is pap] 0 writt5 9 ord] to summ>ize ^! v>i\s means :i* l$ to ! highly complex ways ( pres5t rese>*4 ,! ,elem5t f ,animals & ,plants ,x 0 a little late to se>* = ! philosoph]s' /one 9 #affi1 yet x 0 9 su* a se>* t phosphorus 0 discov]$4 ,wilhelm ,homb]g 7#afeb-agae7 describ$ x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,br&1 a man little kn[n1 ( l[ bir?1 ) a biz>re & my/]i\s nature 9 all he did1 f\nd ?is lum9\s matt] :ile se>*+ = some?+ else4 ,he 0 a glassmak] by pr(ession1 b he _h ab&on$ x 9 ord] to be free = ! pursuit ( ! philosophical /one ) :i* he 0 engross$4 ,hav+ put x into 8 m9d t ! secret ( ! philosophical /one consi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ur9e1 ?is man work$ 9 all k9ds ( mann]s & = a v long "t )\t f9d+ any?+4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ye> #affi1 aft] a /rong di/illation ( ur9e1 he f\nd 9 ! recipi5t a lum9ant matt] t has s9ce be5 call$ phosphorus4 ,he %[$ x to "s ( 8 fri5ds1 among !m ,mi/] ,kunkel sic4#a ,nei!r ! "n nor ! ph5om5on 7 really new4 ,organic phosphoresc5t mat]ials 7 kn[n to ,ari/otle1 & a li?ophosphorus 0 ! subject ( a book publi%$ 9 #afdj1 bas$ on a discov]y made by a %oemak]1 ,vic5zo ,casci>olo1 on a m\nta9-side ne> ,bologna 9 #afcj4b ,0 ! sub/ance new :i* ,br& %[$ to 8 fri5ds8 ,johann ,gottfri$ ,leonh>di quotes a book ( #afhi 9 :i* ! au?or1 ,kletwi*1 claims t ?is phosphorus _h already be5 kn[n to ,f]nelius1 ! c\rt physician ( ,k+ ,h5ri ,,ii ( ,france 7#aaed-aahi74c ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! ,ord9atio ,al*id ,be*il ,s>ac5i philosophi1 9 :i* ,f]d9& ,hoef] f\nd a di/illation ( ur9e ) clay & c>bonace\s mat]ial describ$1 & ! result+ product nam$ esc>buncle4#d ,x w\ld be wor? look+ = ?is s\rce2 al?\gh ,be*il w\ld /ill rema9 an entirely unsuccessful pr$ecessor1 x does seem /range t 9 all ! di/illations ( arbitr>y mixtures1 ! conditions %\ld nev] be=e #affi h be5 "r = ! =mation & ! obs]vation ( phosphorus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,,! ,,al*emi/ ,,discov]s ,,phosphorus4 ,a pa9t+ by ,joseph ,wright 7#agcd-aggi7 ( ,d]by1 ,engl&4 ,= ,br&'s contempor>ies at lea/1 ! discov]y 0 new & excit+4 ,! philosoph] ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm von ,leibniz 7#afdf-agaf7 consid]$ x important en\gh to devote "s ( 8 "t 7betwe5 8 "w z libr>ian 9 ,hanov] & ,wolf5buettel1 8 ef=ts to reunite ! ,prote/ant & ! ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & 8 duties z ,privy ,c\ncellor 9 :at we w\ld call a ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice7 to a hi/ory ( phosphorus4 ,?is fri5d ( ,huyg5s & ,boyle tri$ to prove t ,kunckel 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ ! discov]y = himself4#e ,s9ce !n1 x has be5 %[n t ,johann ,kunckel 7#afcj-agjc7 actually work$ out ! me?od :i* nei!r ,br& nor 8 fri5d ,kraft want$ to disclose4 ,boyle also develop$ a me?od indep5d5tly1 publi%$ x1 & in/ruct$ ,gottfri$ ,hankwitz 9 ! te*nique4 ,lat] on1 ,jean ,hellot 7#afhe-agfe7 gave a meticul\s description ( ! details & a long survey ( ! lit]ature4#f ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,,galley-,,ov51 #ahfi4 ,! picture is a cross section ?r\gh ! front ( ! ov5 %[+ "o ( ! #cf retorts1 ! receiv]s = ! di/illate1 & ! space 9 ! upp] /ory us$ = evaporat+ ! mixture ( acid solution ( calcium phosphate & coal4 7,accord+ to ,,anselme ,,pay51 ,precis de ,*imie indu/rielle1 ,p>is1 #ahdi2 reproduc$ f ,,hugo ,,fleck1 ,die ,fabrikation *emis*] ,produkte aus ?i]is*5 ,abfaell51 ,vieweg1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahfb1 page #hj ( volume #b1 #bnd gr\p1 ( ,p4 ,,bolley',s ,h&bu* d] *emis*5 ,te*nologie47 ,to obta9 phosphorus1 a good proportion ( coal 7reg>d$ z a type ( phlogi/on7 0 add$ to ur9e1 previ\sly ?ick5$ by evaporation & pref]ably aft] putrefaction1 & ! mixture 0 heat$ to ! highe/ atta9able temp]ature4 ,x 0 obvi\s t phlogi/on ent]$ into ! composition ( ! di/illation product4 ,! "q rema9$ :e!r ?is product 0 g5]at$ de novo4 ,9 8 rese>* ( #agdc to #agdf1 ,&reas ,sigismund ,m>ggraf 7#agji-aghb7 provid$ ! answ]4 ,he f\nd ! new sub/ance 9 edible plant se$s1 & he conclud$ t x ent]s ! human sy/em ?r\gh ! plant food1 to be excret$ lat] 9 ! ur9e4 ,he did n conv9ce all ! *emi/s ) 8 reason+4 ,9 #aghi1 ,macqu] wrote3 ,!re are "s :o1 ev5 at ?is "t1 hold t ! phosphorical 7'phosphoris*e'7 acid g5]ates itself 9 ! animals & :o consid] ?is to be ! 'animali/ic acid4'#g ,al?\gh ,m>ggraf 0 m advanc$ 9 8 argum5ts ?an ^! *emi/s1 yet he 0 a *ild ( 8 "t4 ,! lum9esc5t & combu/ible1 almo/ wax-l sub/ance impress$ him greatly4 ,my ?\ghts ab\t ! unexpect$ g5]ation ( light & fire out ( wat]1 f9e e>?1 & phlogi/on ,i res]ve to describe at a lat] "t4 ,^! ?\ghts w5t s f> z to connect ! new m>vel ) al*emical wond] tales4 ,:5 ,m>ggraf us$ ! ess5tial salt ( ur9e1 also call$ sal microcosmicum1 & admix$ silv] *loride 7horny silv]7 to x = ! di/illation ( phosphorus1 he expect$ a p>tial conv]sion ( silv] by phlogi/on & ! add$ f9e vitrifiable e>?1 b no trace ( a m noble metal appe>$4#h ,rob]t ,boyle _h already f\nd t ! burn+ ( phosphorus produc$ an acid4 ,he id5tifi$ x by ta/e & by its influ5ce on color$ plant extracts s]v+ z indicators4 ,hankwitz#i describ$ me?ods = obta9+ ?is acid1 & ,m>ggraf %[$ its *emical peculi>ities4 ,!y did n necess>ily e/abli% phosphorus z a new elem5t4 ,to d t 0 n z important1 at t "t1 z to conjecture on analogies ) kn[n sub/ances4 ,und]ly+ all its unique *>act]i/ics 0 ! analogy ( phosphorus ) sulfur4 ,l sulfur1 phosphorus c burn 9 two diff]5t ways1 ei!r sl[ly or m viol5tly1 & =m two diff]5t acids4 ,! analogy c1 !re=e1 be ext5d$ to expla9 ! results 9 bo? gr\ps 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! process ( burn+1 ! combu/ible compon5t is remov$1 & ! acid orig9ally comb9$ ) ! combu/ible is set free4 ,:e!r ! analogy %\ld be pursu$ ev5 fur!r rema9$ d\btful1 al?\gh "s suspicion l+]$ on = a :ile t phosphoric acid might actually be a modifi$ sulfuric acid4 ,analogies & suspicions l ^! 7 ne$$ to =mulate new que/ions & /imulate new exp]im5ts4 ,!y are cit$ "h = _! important positive value 9 ! hi/orical developm5t1 & n = ! purpose ( %[+ h[ wrong ^! *emi/s 7 f our po9t ( view1 a po9t ( view :i* !y help$ to create4 ,! widespread int]e/ 9 ! burn+ ( sulfur & ( phosphorus1 naturally1 caught ,lavoisi]'s att5tion4 ,9 8 fir/ volume ( ,opuscules ,physiques et ,*imiques 7#aggd71 he devot$ #bj pages to 8 exp]im5ts on phosphorus4 ,he amplifi$ !m a few ye>s lat]#aj :5 he attribut$ ! combu/ion to a comb9ation ( phosphorus ) ! em95tly respirable "p ( air4 ,9 ! ,me?ode de ,nom5clature ,*imique ( #aghg1 ! column ( undecompos$ sub/ances li/s sulfur z ! radical sulfurique1 & phosphorus1 correspond+ly1 z ! radical phosphorique4 ,! acids are n[ %[n to be comp\nds ( ! undecompos$ radicals1 ! complete rev]sion ( ! previ\s concept ( ?is relation%ip4 ,a "p ( ! old analogy rema9$ z f> z ! acids are conc]n$3 sulfuric acid corresponds to phosphoric2 sulfur\s acid to phosphor\s acid ) less oxyg5 ?an 9 ! =m]4#aa ,e>ly ,uses ,9 ! #ah? c5tury1 phosphorus 0 a co/ly mat]ial4 ,x 0 produc$ mo/ly = display & to satisfy curiosity4 ,guillaume ,francois ,r\elle 7#agjc-aggj7 demon/rat$ ! process 9 8 lectures1 &1 z ,macqu] reports1 he v (t5 succe$$ 9 mak+ x4#ab ,rob]t ,boyle _h ! idea ( us+ phosphorus z a light = und]wat] div]s4#ac ,a c5tury lat]1 in/ant lights 7 sold1 ) molt5 phosphorus z ! ignit]1 b !y prov$ cumb]some & unreliable4#ad ,because :ite phosphorus is highly poison\s1 an active developm5t ( ! use 9 mat*es occurr$ only aft] ! conv]sion ( ! :ite modification into ! r$ _h be5 /udi$ by ,emile ,kopp 7#ahdd71 by ,wilhelm ,hittorf 7#ahbd-aiad7 &1 9 its practical application1 by ,anton ,s*roett] 7#ahjb-ahge74ae ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,,di/illation ,,app>atus 7#ahdi7 = ref9+ crude phosphorus4 ,! crude phosphorus is mix$ ) s& "u hot wat]1 cool$1 dra9$1 & fill$ into ! retort4 ,! outlet ( ! retort1 at lea/ #f cm4 9 diamet]1 is p>tially imm]s$ 9 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! bucket4 ,a small di%1 made f lead1 ) an iron h&le1 receives ! di/ill$ phosphorus4 7,f ,,hugo ,,fleck1 ,die ,fabrikation *emis*] ,produkte 444 page #ij47 ,! mo/ excit+ e>ly use1 h[ev]1 0 9 m$ic9e4 ,x is n surpris+ t su* a use 0 s\ght at t "t4 ,any new mat]ial imm$iately became ! hope ( ail+ mank9d--& ( /riv+ inv5tors4#af ,phosphorus 0 prescrib$1 9 l9im5ts ) fatty oils or z solution 9 alcohol & e!r1 = ext]nal & int]nal application4 ,a c]ta9 ,dr4 ,kram] f\nd x effici5t aga9/ epilepsy & melan*olia 7#agcj74 ,a ,pr(essor ,h>tmann recomm5d$ x aga9/ cramps4#ag ,h[ev]1 9 ! gr[+ production ( phosphorus = mat*es1 ! work]s exp]i5c$ ! poison\s effects4 ,9 ! plant ( ,black & ,bell at ,/rat=d1 ?is 0 prev5t$ by inhal+ turp5t9e4 ,exp]im5ts on dogs 7 c>ri$ out to %[ t poison+ by phosphorus c\ld be rem$i$ ?r\gh oil ( turp5t9e4#ah ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,conv]t+ ,,:ite ,,phosphorus into ! r$ allotropic =m1 #ahea4 ,r$i/ill$ phosphorus is heat$ 9 ! glass or porcela9 vessel 7g7 :i* is surr\nd$ by a s&ba? 7e7 & a metal ba? 7b74 ,vessel 7j7 is fill$ ) m]cury & wat]2 toge!r ) valve 7k71 x s]ves z a safety device4 ,! alcohol lamp 7l7 keeps ! tube w>m aga9/ clogg+ by solidifi$ vapors4 ,because ( hydrog5 phosphides1 ! op]ation1 c>ri$ out at #bfj deg4 ,c41 _h to be wat*$ v c>efully4 7,accord+ to ,ar?ur ,albright1 #ahea2 reproduc$ f ,,hugo ,,fleck1 ,die ,fabrikation *emis*] ,produkte 4441 page #aab47 ,*emical ,con/itution ( ,phosphoric ,acids ,9 a long article on phosphorus1 ,edmond ,willm wrote 9 #ahgf3 ,= a c5tury1 ur9e 0 ! only s\rce f :i* phosphorus 0 obta9$4 ,aft] ,gahn1 9 #agfi1 recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( phosphoric acid 9 bones1 ,s*eele indicat$ ! proc$ure = mak+ phosphorus f !m4#ai ,actually1 ,gahn us$ at fir/ h>t%orn 7,cornu c]vi u/um71 & ,s*eele d\bt$1 until he *eck$ x himself1 t 8 e/eem$ fri5d 0 "r4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,s*eele correct$ ,gahn's assumption t ! sal microcosmicum 0 an ammonia salt2 in/ead1 x is a t]ti>y neutral salt1 consi/+ ( alkali m9]ali fixo 7i4e41 sodium71 alkali volatili1 & acido phosphori4#bj ,9 ! ye>s aft] #aggj1 phosphorus 0 discov]$ 9 bones & _m o!r p>ts ( v>i\s animals4 ,treatm5t ) sulfuric acid decompos$ ^! mat]ials into a solid residue & dissolv$ phosphoric acid4 ,_m salts ( ?is acid 7 produc$ 9 cry/all9e =m4 ,heat resi/ance _h be5 consid]$ "o ( ! out/&+ *>act]i/ics ( phosphoric acid4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 ! processes ( dry+ & heat+ c]ta9 phosphates1 x became cle> t ?ree k9ds ( phosphoric acids c\ld be produc$3 or?o1 pyro1 & meta4 ,b]zelius cit$ ^! acids z examples ( comp\nds :i* are ,,isom]ic4 ,?is ^w 0 int5d$ to designate comp\nds :i* conta9 ! same numb] ( atoms ( ! same elem5ts b comb9$ 9 diff]5t mann]s1 !reby expla9+ _! diff]5t *emical prop]ties & cry/al =ms4 ,x 0 9 #ahcj t ,b]zelius prop\nd$ ?is companion ( ! concept1 ,,isomorphism1 :i* 0 to collect all cases ( equal cry/al =m 9 comp\nds 9 :i* equal numb]s ( atoms ( diff]5t elem5ts are put toge!r 9 ! same mann]4 ,toge!r1 ! two concepts ( isom]ism & isomorphism seem$ to cov] all ! kn[n exceptions f ! simple/ assumption z to specificity & *emical composition4 ,h[ev]1 only a few ye>s lat] ,?omas ,graham 7#ahje-ahfi7 prov$ t ! ?ree phosphoric acids are n isom]ic4 ,he us$ ! proportion ( #b ,p to #e ,o 9 ! oxide :i* ,b]zelius _h ?\ght ju/ifi$ at lea/ until an example ( ! contr>y c\ld be suffici5tly e/abli%$4#ba ,ref9+ ! te*niques ( ,gay-,lussac 7#ahaf7 & sev]al o!r inve/igators1 ,graham *>act]iz$ ! ?ree phosphoric acids z a t]phosphate1 a biphosphate1 & phosphate ( wat]4 ,actually1 ?is 0 ! wrong t]m9ology = :at he meant & =mulat$ z trihydrate1 bihydrate1 & monohydrate ( phosphorus oxide4 ,9 8 mann] ( writ+ ! =mulas1 ea* dot ov] ! symbol = ! elem5t 0 to indicate an atom ( oxyg52 ?us1 he wrote3 444 33 44 444 4 4 ,h#c ,p ,h#b ,p & ,h ,p4#bb ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,,ov5 ,,= ,,! ,,calc9ation ,,( ,,bones1 ab\t #ahgj4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ out 9 a r high ov51 su* z %[n4444 ,! fre% bones are ?r[n 9 at ! top ( ! ov51 ,b4 ,fir/1 fuel 9 *amb] ,f is light$1 & a c]ta9 quantity ( bones is burnt on ! grid ,d4 ,:5 ^! bones are burn+ well1 ! ov5 is gradually fill$ ) bones1 & ! combu/ion ma9ta9s itself )\t addition ( o!r fuel4 ,a circul> gall]y1 ,c1 surr\nds ! bottom ( ! ov5 & c>ries ! products ( combu/ion into ! *imney1 ,h4 ,! calc9$ bones are tak5 out at ! l[] op5+1 ,g1 by remov+ ! b>s ( grid ,b4 7,translation ( ! description f ,,figui]1 ,m]veilles de l'indu/rie1 volume #c1 #ahgd1 page #ecg47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,,an ,,adv]tisem5t ) view ( plant = manufactur+ sup]phosphate ab\t #ahfg4 7,f ,e4 ,t4 ,,fre$ley1 ,philadelphia & its ,manufactur]s 9 #ahfg1 page #bhh47 ,graham _h come to ?is und]/&+ ( ! phosphoric acids ?r\gh 8 previ\s /udies ( ,alcoates1 def9ite comp\nds ( ,salts & ,alcohol analog\s to ! ,hydrates 7#ahca74 ,liebig />t$ f analogies he saw ) c]ta9 organic acids :5 he =mulat$ ! phosphoric acids ) a con/ant proportion ( wat] 7aq47 & v>y+ proportions ( phosphoric acid 7,p7 z foll[s3 #b ,p #c aq4 phosphoric acid #c ,p #c aq4 pyrophosphoric acid #f ,p #c aq4 metaphosphoric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,,florida ,,h>d-,,rock ,,phosphate ,,m9+4 7,f ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright1 ,! ,phosphate ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 six? special report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahic1 plate fac+ page #dc47 ,salts are =m$ :5 a basis1 i4e41 a metal oxide1 replaces wat]4 ,:5 potassium-acid sulfate is neutraliz$ by sodium base1 ! acid-salt divides into ,glaub]'s salt & potassium sulfate1 :i* proves ! acid-salt to be a mixture ( ! neutral salt ) its acid4 ,sodium-acid phosphate behaves q diff]5tly4 ,aft] neutralization by a potassium base 7hydroxide71 ! salt does n split up2 a uni=m sodium-potassium phosphate is obta9$4 ,!re=e1 phosphoric acid is truly ?ree-basic6#bc ,?is result has lat] be5 confirm$1 b ! analogy by means ( :i* x _h be5 obta9$ 0 v weak1 9 c]ta9 p>ts q wrong4 ,! acids f ! two l[] oxides ( phosphorus 7 also consid]$ z ?ree-basic4 ,adolphe ,wurtz 7#ahag-ahhd7 =mulat$ !m 9 #ahdf1 accord+ to ! !ory ( *emical types3 7,,po7444 ,o#c phosphoric acid ,h#c 7,,pho744 ,o#b phosphorus acid ,h#b 7,,ph#b,o74 ,o hypophosphor\s acid4#bd ,h ,fur!r pro( = ^! con/itutions 0 s\ght 9 ! /udy ( ! e/]s =m$ :5 ! acids react ) alcohols4 ,among ! analogies & g5]alizations by :i* ! rese>* on phosphoric acid 0 support$1 & to ! results ( :i* x contribut$ a full %>e1 0 ! new !ory ( acids4 ,n oxyg51 ,lavoisi]'s g5]al acidifi]1 b reactive hydrog5 det]m9es ! "* ( acids4 ,9 ?is brief survey1 x seems suffici5t j to m5tion ?is connection )\t describ+ x 9 detail4 ,! /udy ( phosphoric acids l$ to important new concepts 9 !oretical *emi/ry4 ,! f9d+ ( polybasicity 0 ext5d$ to o!r acids & =m$ ! model t help$ to recognize ! polyfunctionality 9 o!r comp\nds1 l alcohols & am9es4 ,! hydrog5 !ory ( acids 0 fundam5tal = fur!r advance4 ,9 ano!r dim5sion1 x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to see t l>ge-scale applications foll[$ almo/ imm$iately & directly f ! new !oretical insight4 ,! fir/ & =emo/ ( ^! applications 0 9 agriculture4 ,phosphates z ,plant ,nutri5ts ,"o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( cold light1 ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 plants & animals 0 asc]ta9$1 & its =m 0 e/abli%$ z a comp\nd ( phosphoric acid4 ,?is k _h little practical effect until ! nature ( ! acid1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 0 expla9$ ?r\gh ! "w ( ,?omas ,graham4 ,f x1 !re />t$ a consid]able te*nical developm5t4 ,at ab\t t "t 7#ahcc71 ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond prov$ t ! f]tiliz+ value ( bones resid$ n 9 ! gelat91 nor 9 ! calcium1 b 9 ! phosphoric acid4 ,?us1 he confirm$ :at ,!odore de ,saussure _h said 9 #ahjd1 t we h no reason to believe t plants c exi/ )\t phosphorus4 ,unkn[+ly at fir/1 ! f>m] _h suppli$ ?is elem5t by means ( ! organic f]tiliz]s he us$3 manure1 excrem5ts1 bones1 & horns4 ,n[1 ) ! value ( phosphorus kn[n1 a se>* began = m9]al phosphates to be appli$ z f]tiliz]s4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,b\ss+ault 7#ahjb-ahhg71 an agricultural *emi/ 9 ,lyons1 travel$ to ,p]u to see ! guano deposits4 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega 7ca4 #aedj to ca4 #afaf7 not$ 9 8 hi/ory ( ,p]u 7#afjd7 t guano 0 us$ by ! ,incas z a f]tiliz]4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt reviv$ ?is k1 & ,humphry ,davy wrote ab\t ! b5efits ( guano to ! soil4 ,yet1 ! application ( ?is f]tiliz] develop$ only sl[ly1 until ,ju/us ,liebig sang its praise4 ,imports into ,engl& rose & f> exce$$ ^? into ,france :]e1 betwe5 #aheg & #ahfg1 ab\t #ej1jjj tons 7 annually receiv$4 ,! o!r great advance 9 ! use ( phosphatic plant nutri5ts />t$ ) ,liebig's recomm5dation 7#ahdj7 to treat bones ) sulfuric acid = solubilization4 ,?is idea 0 n entirely new2 s9ce #ahcb1 a production ( a sup]phosphate f bones & sulfuric acid _h be5 9 progress at ,prague4 ,at ,ro?am/$ 9 #ahdb1 ,john ,b5net ,lawes obta9$ a pat5t on ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate4 ,o!r manufactures 9 ,engl& foll[$ & 7 successful1 al?\gh ,james ,muspratt 7#agic-ahhf7 at ,newton lo/ mu* "t & "s ?\s&s ( p\nds on ,liebig's idea ( a m9]al manure4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,,florida ,,l&-,,pebble ,,phosphate ,,m9+4 7,f ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright1 ,! ,phosphate ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 4441 plate fac+ page #eh47 ,x 0 difficult en\gh to e/abli% ! efficacy ( bones & artificially produc$ phosphates 9 promot+ ! gr[? ( plants "u special conditions ( soils & climate2 !re=e1 ! "q z to ! action ( phosphates 9 ! gr[+ plant 0 n ev5 s]i\sly =mulat$ at t "t4 ,! b5eficial effects 7 obvi\s en\gh to increase ! use ( phosphates z plant nutri5ts & to call = new s\rces ( supply4 ,active developm5ts ( phosphate m9+ & treat+ />t$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahfg1 & 9 ,florida 9 #ahhh4be ,9 a reciprocal action1 m phosphate application to soils /imulat$ increas+ rese>* on ! conditions & reactions obta9+ 9 ! complex & v>y+ compositions call$ soil4 ,! f9d+s ( bact]iologi/s made x cle> t physics & *emi/ry _h to be amplifi$ by biology = a real und]/&+ ( f]tiliz] effects4 ,aft] #aijj1 = example1 ,julius ,/oklasa 7#aheg-aicf7 po9t$ out t bact]ial action 9 soil solubilizes wat]-insoluble phosphates & makes !m available to ! plants4#bf ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,,florida ,,riv]-,,pebble ,,phosphate ,,m9+4 7,f ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright1 ,! ,phosphate ,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 4441 plate fac+ page #fd47 ,! insight into ! importance ( phosphorus 9 organisms1 especially s9ce ,liebig's "t1 is reflect$ 9 ! "w ( ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e 7#ahdd-aijj74 ,?is re-valuator ( all values :o mode/ly said ( himself3 ,i am dynamite6 once expla9$ ! human temp]am5ts z caus$ by ! inorganic salts !y conta93 ,! diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t are p]haps caus$ m by ! diff]5t di/ribution & quantities ( ! inorganic salts ?an by ev]y?+ else4 ,bili\s p h too little sodium sulfate1 ! melan*olics are lack+ 9 potassium sulfate & phosphate2 too little calcium phosphate 9 ! phlegmatics4 ,c\rage\s natures h an excess ( iron phosphate4 7,see volume #ab ( ,nietzs*e's ,works1 edit4 ,naumann-,kro5]1 ,leipzig1 #ahhf47 ,9 ?is /range association ( inorganic salts ) human temp]am5ts1 ! role ( iron phosphate z a produc] ( c\rage is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,:at w\ld a mod]n philosoph] conclude if he foll[$ ! developm5t ( insight into ! composition & function ( complex phosphate comp\nds 9 organisms8 ,f ,inorganic to ,organic ,phosphates ,by ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! s\rce ( phosphorus 9 natural phosphates & ! *emi/ry ( its oxidation products _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! ma9 difficulty t _h to be ov]come 0 t ^! oxidation products exi/$ 9 s _m =ms1 n only sev]al /ages ( oxidation1 b1 9 addition1 aggregations & cond5sations ( ! phosphoric acids4 ,once ! fundam5tal *emi/ry ( ^! acids 0 elucidat$1 ! att5tion ( *emi/s & physiologi/s turn$ to ! task ( f9d+ ! actual /ate 9 :i* phosphorus comp\nds 7 pres5t 9 ! organisms4 ,x _h be5 a great advance :5 x _h be5 %[n t plants ne$ phosphates 9 _! soil4 ,?is l$ to ! next "q conc]n+ ! mat]ials 9 ! body ( ! plant = :i* phosphates 7 be+ us$ & into :i* !y 7 incorporat$4 ,simil>ly1 ! k t animals atta9 _! phosphates f ! dige/$ plant food call$1 9 ! next /ep ( sci5tific inquiry1 = in=mation on ! nature ( phosphates produc$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ?is inquiry 0 to subject anatomically sep>at$ p>ts ( ! organisms to *emical sep>ations4 ,! means = su* sep>ations _h to be m g5tle ?an ! /rong heat & de/ructive *emicals t _h be5 consid]$ adequate up to !n4 ,! int]pretation ( ! new results naturally reli$ on ! g5]al advance ( *emi/ry1 ! developm5t ( new me?ods = isolat+ sub/ances ( little /ability1 ( new concepts conc]n+ ! arrangem5ts ( atoms 9 ! molecules1 & ( new app>atus to measure _! rates ( *ange4 ,9 ! sy/em ( *emi/ry1 z x develop$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! new developm5t c be *>act]iz$ z ! turn f inorganic to organic phosphates1 f ! sub/ance ( m9]als & /rong *emical int]actions to ! compon5ts 9 :i* phosphate gr\ps rema9$ comb9$ ) c>bon-conta9+ sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,,electric ,,furnace ,,= ,,produc+ ,,elem5tal ,,phosphorus1 inv5t$ by ,?omas ,p>k] ( ,newbridge1 ,engl&1 & assign$ to ,! ,electric ,con/ruction ,corporation ( ! same place4 ,! draw+ is "p ( ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t #dhb1ehf 7,septemb] #ac1 #ahib74 ,! furnace 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& on ,octob] #bi1 #ahhi 7no4 #ag1jfj72 9 ,france on ,june #bc1 #ahij 7no4 #bjf1eff72 9 ,g]many on ,june #ag1 #ahij 7no4 #ee1gjj72 & 9 ,italy on ,octob] #bc1 #ahij 7no4 #dca74 ,! foll[+ explanation is cit$ f ! ,u4,s4 pat5t3 ,figure #a %[n "h is a v]tical section ( ! furnace1 & ,fig4 #b is a diagram to illu/rate ! means = regulat+ ! electro-motive =ce or quantity ( curr5t across ! furnace4 ,f is ! furnace conta9+ ! *>ge to be treat$4 ,x has an inlet-hopp] at a1 ) slides ,,aa1 by :i* ! *>ge c be admitt$ )\t op5+ communication betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! furnace & ! out] air4 ,b is a screw convey] by :i* ! *>ge is pu%$ =w>d into ! furnace4 c'c' are ! electrodes1 consi/+ ( blocks or cyl9d]s or ! l ( c>bon fix$ 9 metal socket-pieces c c1 to :i* ! electric-circuit wires d f ! dynamo ,d are affix$4 ,! curr5t1 z a=esaid1 may be ei!r cont9u\s or alt]nat+4 c#b;c#b are rods ( metal or c>bon1 :i* are us$ to e/abli% ! electric circuit ?r\gh ! furnace1 ! said rods be+ ins]t$ into holes 9 conductors c#c 79 contact ) ! socket-pieces c7 & 9 ! furnace1 z %[n4 g is ! outlet = ! gas or vapor1 h ! slag-tap hole1 & x ! op5+ = manipulat+ ! *>ge1 ! said op5+s be+ clos$ by clay or o!rwise :5 ! furnace is at "w4 ,i use coke or o!r =m ( c>bon 9 ! *>ge betwe5 ! electrodes c'1 ! said coke be+ 9 contact ) ! said electrodes1 s t complete inc&esc5ce is insur$4 ,a means = v>y+ ! electro-motive =ce or quantity ( curr5t across ! furnace ) ! v>y+ resi/ance ( ! *>ge is illu/rat$ by ! diagram1 ,fig4 #b4 c' c#b indicate ! electrodes 9 ! furnace1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 & ,d is ! dynamo & ,t its t]m9als4 ,e repres5ts ! excit+-circuit4 ,r ,r are resi/ances1 & ,r ,s is ! resi/ance-swit*1 :i* is op]at$ to put 9 m or less resi/ance at ,r z ! resi/ance ( ! *>ge 9 ! furnace less5s or increases4 ,?is swit* may be automatically op]at$1 & a suitable arrangem5t = ! purpose is a curr5t-regulator su* z is describ$ 9 ! specification ( ,engli% ,lett]s ,pat5t ,no4 #ad1ejd1 ( ,septemb] #ad1 #ahhi1 grant$ to ,william ,h5ry ,d\glas & ,?omas ,hugh ,p>k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,,p>k]4 ,,electrical ,,furnace4 ,pat5t$ ,sept4 #ac1 #ahib4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,inv5tor ,?omas ,p>k] ,by 8 attorneys ,h[son & ,h[son ,witnesses3 ,george ,baumann ,john ,revell ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,,dipp+ ,,( ,,mat*/icks 9 ,france1 ab\t #ahgj4 ,! frame :i* holds ! mat*es s t "o end protrudes at ! bottom1 is l[]$ ov] a pan conta9+ molt5 sulfur4 ,! sulfur-cov]$ mat*es are !n dropp$ into a phosphor\s pa/e4 ,see figure #ab4 7,f ,,figui]1 ,m]veilles de l'indu/rie1 volume #c1 #ahgd1 page #ege47 ,phosphatides & ,phosphag5s ,! important phosphorus comp\nds 9 organisms are mu* m complex ?an ! simple salts1 to :i* ,nietzs*e attribut$ su* influ5ce on man's "*4 ,long be=e he wrote1 x 0 kn[n t phosphoric acid comb9es n only ) inorganic bases to =m salts1 b ) alcohols to =m e/]s4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,!ophile ,ju/e ,pel\ze 7#ahjg-ahfg7 ext5d$ ?is k to an e/] ( glyc]ol4 ,?is prov$ to be significant 9 sev]al respects4 ,glyc]ol _h be5 %[n by ,mi*el ,*evreul 7#aghf-ahhi7 z ! sub/ance 9 fats t is releas$ 9 ! process ( soap boil+1 :5 ! fatty acids are conv]t$ into _! salts4 ,t x has ! nature ( an alcohol _h be5 demon/rat$ by ,m>cell9 ,b]!lot4 ,in/ead ( "o alcoholic hydroxyl gr\p1 ,,oh1 l e?anol 7! alcohol ( f]m5tation71 or two hydroxyl gr\ps 7l e?yl5e glycol71 glyc]ol conta9s ?ree su* gr\ps4 ,x 0 ! only natural alcohol kn[n at t "t4 ,t ?is alcohol w\ld comb9e ) phosphoric acid c\ld be pr$ict$1 b t ! e/]1 z obta9$ by ,pel\ze1 /ill conta9$ free acidic functions & =m$ a wat]-soluble b>ium salt 0 a new exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,,pan ,,= ,,dipp+ ,,mat*/icks into phosphorus pa/e1 ab\t #ahgj4 ,! lett]s on ! picture are3 ,a1 mat*es2 ,b1 wat] ba?2 ,c1 frame2 ,d1 plate2 ,e1 phosphorus pa/e2 ,f1 ov54 ,! phosphorus pa/e ( ,boettg]1 #ahdb1 conta9$ #aj phosphorus1 #be antimony sulfide1 #ab4e manganese dioxide1 #ae gelat94 ,accord+ to ,figui] 7page #egi71 ,r4 ,wagn] sub/itut$ lead dioxide = ! manganese dioxide4 7,f ,,figui]1 volume #c1 #ahgd1 page #egf47 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7n ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f glycog5 glucose fructose ,h#c,,po#d -- ,,atp --,,atp v v v --------------- ------ ,h--,c--,,opo#c;,h#b ,h--,c--,,oh ,h #b;,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,c--7,,oh7-- ,,ho--,c--,h ,o ,,ho--,c--,h ,o ,,ho--,c--,h ,o ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c-------------- ,h--,c----- ,h--,c-------- ,,*#b,,oh ,h#b;,c--,,opo#c;,h#b;,,adp ,h#b;,c--,,opo#c;,h#b;,,adp glucose-#a-phosphate glucose-#f-phosphate fructose-#f-phosphate 7,cori-e/]7 7,robison-e/]7 7,neub]g-e/]7 -- ,,atp ---- ------ v ,h#b;,c--,,opo#c;,h#b ,c7,,oh7-- ,,ho--,c--,h fructose-#a1f-;diphosphate ,o 7,h>d5-,"y-e/]7 ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c------ ,h#b;,c--,,opo#c;,h#b ,,adp ,o _/_/ ,,*#b,,opo#c;,h#b ,,* v #c-phosphoglyc]-aldehyde dihydroxyacetone-phosphate ,c,o ,,*oh 7,fis*]-e/]7 ,,*#b,,oh ,,*#b,,opo#c;,h#b co5zyme ,h#c,,po#d ,o,c--,,opo#c;,h#b #a1c-;diphosphoglyc]ic acid ,,*oh dihydro-co5zyme 7,negele9-e/]7 ,,*#b,,opo#c;,h ,,adp -- ,o v_/_/ ,c--,,oh --- #c-phosphoglyc]ic acid ,,*oh ,,atp 7,nilsson-e/]7 --- ,,*#b,,opo#c;,h#b v ,,cooh #b-phosphoglyc]ic acid ,,*opo#c;,h#b ,,*#b,,oh v ,,cooh phosphopyruvic acid ,,copo#c;,h#b 7enol-7 ,,*#b ,,adp -- ,,cooh ------ --- ,,co#b ,,*#c;,,*o -------- ,c,o ,,atp ------ acetaldehyde --- c>bon ,,*#c dioxide dihydro-co5zyme pyruvic acid v ---------------- ,,*#c;,,*#b,,oh co5zyme ---------------- e?yl alcohol ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--,,survey ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation1 #aiea4 ,! well-kn[n s*eme ( alcoholic f]m5tation accord+ to ,alb]t ,jan ,kluyv] 7#ahhh-aief71 pres5t$ be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #g1 #aiea4 ,9 ,*emi/ry ,indu/ry1 #aieb1 page #acf ff41 ,kluyv] re/ates t 444 ! f]m5tation ( "o molecule ( glucose is indissolubly connect$ ) ! =mation ( two molecules ( ad5os9e triphosphate 7,,atp7 out ( two molecules ( ad5os9e diphosphate 7,,adp74 ,%ortly aft] ?is exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$1 x became valuable = und]/&+ ! *emical nature ( a new sub/ance extract$ f a natural organ4 ,?is sub/ance 0 nam$ leci?9 by its discov]]1 ,nicolas ,!odore ,gobley#bg 7#ahaa-ahgf71 because he obta9$ x f egg yolk 79 ,greek1 lekidos74 ,he us$ e!r & alcohol = ?is extraction4 ,_h he us$ wat] & m9]al acid in/ead1 he w\ld n h f\nd leci?91 b only its compon5ts4 ,z ,gobley &1 slightly lat]1 ,osc> ,liebrei* 7#ahci-aijh71 subject$ leci?9 to treatm5t ) boil+ wat] & acid1 !y sep>at$ x into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! glyc]ophosphoric acid ( ,pel\ze1 ! second 0 ! well-kn[n /e>ic acid ( ,*evreul1 b ! ?ird 0 some:at my/]i\s4 ,?is ?ird sub/ance 0 ! same z "o previ\sly notic$ :5 n]ves _h be5 subject$ to an extraction by boil+ wat] & acid &1 !re=e1 call$ n]ve-sub/ance or neur9e4 ,adolf ,fri$ri* ,/reck] 7#ahbb-ahga7 e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ?is neur9e ) a product he _h extract$ f bile & :i* w5t "u ! "n ( *ol9e4 ,adolphe ,wurtz 7#ahag-ahhd7 succe$$ 9 syn!siz+ ?is sub/ance f e?yl5e oxide1 ,,*#b4,o4,,*#b & trime?ylam9e ,n7,,*#c7c4bh ,?us1 all ?ree p>ts 7 id5tifi$1 & ,/reck] put !m toge!r to con/ruct a *emical =mula = leci?91 glyc]ophosphoric acid comb9$ ) a fatty acid & ) *ol9e 7a hydrate ( neur9e74 ,,oh ,n 7,,*#c7c ,*ol9e ,c#b;,h#d,o ,c#ah;,h#cc,o#b ,,ho ,,po ,c#af;,h#ca,o#b ,c#c;,h#e,o ,fatty ,acids ,glyc]ophosphate --------v-------_/ ,leci?9 accord+ to ,/reck] ,?is =mula 0 n q correct4 ,ri*>d ,will/aett] %[$ t an int]nal neutralization takes place betwe5 ! am9o gr\p & ! free acidic residue4 ,?is is express$ 9 8 leci?9 =mula ( #aiah4 ,,*#b4,o4,r ,,*#b4,o4,r#b ,o4,,*#b4;,,*#b _/ ,,*#b4,o--,p,o ,n7,,*#c7c _/ ---,o----_/ ,illu/ration3 ,leci?9 7#aiah7 ,:5 ! aim 0 to di/ill elem5t>y phosphorus out ( an organic mat]ial1 x did n matt] :e!r ?is 0 fre% or putrifi$4 ,= obta9+ leci?9 out ( egg yolk & simil> mat]ials1 x 0 ess5tial to use x 9 fre% condition4 ,o!rwise1 enzymes w\ld h decompos$ x4 ,?r\gh m rec5t "w1 f\r enzymes h be5 sep>at$1 :i* act specifically 9 decompos+ leci?94 ,enzyme ,a removes "o fatty acid & leaves a complex residue1 call$ lysoleci?91 intact4 ,enzyme ,b attacks ?is residue & splits (f ! rema9+ fatty acid gr\p f x1 enzyme ,c lib]ates only ! *ol9e f leci?91 & enzyme ,d op5s leci?9 at ! e/] bond betwe5 glyc]ol & phosphoric acid4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram4 ,,enzymatic ,,splitt+ ,,( ,,leci?9s ,,enzyme ,,sub/rate ,,products ,a ,leci?9 ,lysoleci?9 & fatty acids4 ,b ,lysoleci?9 ,glyc]o-phospho-*ol9e & fatty acids4 ,c ,leci?9 ,phosphatidic acid & *ol9e4 ,d ,leci?9 ,phosphoryl *ol9e & diglyc]ide4 ,sev]al fatty acids c be pres5t 9 leci?9 f v>i\s s\rces3 palmitic & oleic acid1 besides ! /e>ic acid :i* at fir/ _h be5 ?\ght ! only "o involv$4 ,9 ano!r gr\p ( extracts f bra9 or n]ve tissue1 am9o-e?anol ,h#b,,n*#b;,,*#b,,oh is f\nd in/ead ( ! *ol9e ( leci?94 ,! v>iations include ! alcohol1 to :i* ! fatty acids & *ol9e phosphate are atta*$1 = example1 glyc]ol c be replac$ by ! s-call$ meat-sug>1 inositol1 :i* has six hydroxyl gr\ps 9 its hexagon-%ap$ molecule ,c#f;,h#f7,,oh7#f4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,,edu>d ,,bu*n] 7#ahfj-aiag7 receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,*emi/ry = 8 discov]y ( cell-free f]m5tation1 ! fir/ /ep 9 f9d+ ! role ( phosphate 9 f]m5tations 7#aijg74 ,! g5]ally simil> behavior ( ^! phosphate-& fat-conta9+ sub/ances 0 emphasiz$ by ,ludwig ,?udi*um 7#ahbi-aija74 ,he co9$ ! "n phosphatides = ?is gr\p ( sub/ances f se$s & n]ves4#bi ,8 "w on ! phosphates 9 bra9 sub/ance ar\s$ p>ticul> int]e/4 ,:5 ,william ,crookes drew 8 highly imag9ative picture ( an evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts1 he put into x phosphorus = ! bra91 salt = ! sea1 clay = ! solid e>?4444#cj ,b phosphatides occur 9 _m places ( organisms1 9 bact]ia1 9 leaves & roots ( plants1 9 fat & tissues ( animals4 ,& :]e phosphatides are f\nd1 !re are also enzymes t specifically act on !m4 ,!y are call$ phosphatases to imply t !y split ! phosphatides4 ,9 addition1 enzymes are pres5t1 :i* transf] phosphate gr\ps f "o comp\nd to ano!r4 ,!y are m abundant 9 se$s ( high fat cont5t ?an 9 ! m />*-conta9+ se$s1 b ev5 potatoes & orange juice h phosphatases4#ca ,?us1 f phosphatides1 phosphoric acid is g5]at$1 & !y c\ld also be call$ phosphag5s4 ,s9ce #aibf1 h[ev]1 ! "n phosphag5s has be5 res]v$ = a gr\p ( organic sub/ances t release _! phosphoric acid v readily4 ,! l9k betwe5 phosphorus & c>bon is provid$ by oxyg5 9 ! phosphatides1 by nitrog5 9 ! phosphag5s4 ,9 v]tebrates1 ! basis = ! phosphoric acid is creat9e1 :]eas inv]tebrates h arg99e in/ead4 ,h ,,oh ,,oh _/ _/ ,n--,p,o ,,nh--,p,o _/ _/ ,c,,nh ,,oh ,c,,nh ,,oh ,n--,,*#b;,,cooh ,,nh ,,*#c ,,*#b ,creat9e phosphate ,,*#b ,,*#b ,,*nh#b ,,cooh ,arg99e phosphate ,nucle9 & ,nucleic ,acids ,all p>ts ( an organism are ess5tial = life4 ,only ) ?is 9 m9d does x make s5se to say t ! mo/ important "p ( ! cell is its nucleus4 ,f ! nuclei ( cells 9 pus & 9 salmon sp]m1 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,mies*] 7#ahaa-ahhg7 obta9$ a peculi> k9d ( sub/ance1 :i* he nam$ nucle9 7#ahfh74 ,its phosphate cont5t 0 easily discov]$1 b to f9d ! exact proportions & ! nature ( ! o!r compon5ts requir$ special me?ods ( sep>ation f phosphatides & o!r prote9s4 ,x 0 difficult to develop su* me?ods at a "t :5 little 0 kn[n ab\t ! prop]ties1 & p>ticul>ly ! /ability1 ( a nucle94 ,= prep>+ nucle9 f yea/ cells1 ,felix ,hoppe-,seyl] 7#ahbe-ahie7 describ$ ! foll[+ details3 ,yea/ is disp]s$ 9 wat] to extract soluble mat]ials1 l salts or sug>s4 ,aft] a few h\rs1 ! insoluble mat]ial is sep>at$1 wa%$ once m ) wat]1 & !n extract$ ) a v dilute solution ( sodium hydroxide4 ,! slightly alkal9e solution1 fre$ f insoluble residues1 is sl[ly add$ to a weak hydro*loric acid4 ,a precipitate =ms :i* is sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) dilute acid1 !n ) cold alcohol1 & f9ally extract$ by boil+ alcohol4 ,! dri$ residue is ! nucle94#cb ,x conta9s six p]c5t phosphorus4 ,a little m wa%+ ) wat]1 a slightly long] treatm5t ) acid or alcohol gives products ( l[] phosphorus cont5t4 ,_m exp]im5tal v>iations 7 necess>y to e/abli% ! proc$ure t leads to purification )\t alt]ation ( ! natural sub/ance4 ,?is 0 also true = ! me?ods ( *emical degradation1 c>ri$ out 9 ord] to f9d ! compon5ts ( nucle9s 9 _! highe/ /ate ( natural complexity4 ,x 0 le>n$ = example1 t ! special k9d ( c>bohydrate pres5t 9 nucle9s 0 v susceptible to *ange "u ! conditions ( hydrolysis by acids4 ,phoebus ,a>on ,!odor ,lev9e 7#ahfi-aidj71 !re=e1 us$ ! dige/ion by a liv+ organism4 ,) ,e4 ,s4 ,london1 he introduc$ a solution ( nucleic acid into1 e4g41 ! ga/ro9te/9al segm5t ( a dog ?r\gh a ga/ric fi/ula & )drew ! product ( dige/ion ?r\gh an inte/9al fi/ula4 ,=tunately1 ! products obta9$ 9 su* degradations 7 n new 9 !mselves4 ,! c>bohydrate 9 ?is nucleic acid prov$ to be id5tical ) ,d-ribose1 :i* ,emil ,fis*] _h artificially made f arab9ose & nam$ ribose to indicate ?is relation%ip 7#ahia74 ,! nitrog5\s products ( ! degradation 7 id5tical ) sub/ances previ\sly prep>$ 9 ! long /udy ( uric acid4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is /udy1 ,emil ,fis*] e/abli%$ uric acid & a numb] ( its d]ivatives z hav+ ! elem5t>y skeleton ( :at he call$ pure uric acid1 abbreviat$ to pur9e4 ,out ( ,adolf ,baey]'s "w on b>bituric acid came ! k ( pyrimid9e & its d]ivatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--;,,albre*t ,,kossel 7#ahec-aibg7 receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology 9 #aiaj = 8 "w on nucleic sub/ances1 :i* conta9 a high proportion ( phosphorus4 ,! *emical bonds ( ?is phosphorus 9 ! molecules ( nucleic sub/ances 7 det]m9$ 9 lat] "w4 7,photo c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ,f ^! f9d+s1 toge!r ) :at ,oswald ,s*mi$eb]g 7#ahch-aiba7 _h e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( f\r phosphate gr\ps 9 ! molecule 7#ahii71 ,rob]t ,feulg5 7#ahhd-aiee7 con/ruct$ ! foll[+ s*eme ( a nucleic acid4 ,feulg5's =mula ( #aiah is3 ,phosphoric acid--,c>bohydrate--,guan9e ,phosphoric acid--,c>bohydrate--,cytos9e ,phosphoric acid--,c>bohydrate--,?ym9e ,phosphoric acid--,c>bohydrate--,ad59e ,( ! f\r basic compon5ts on ! "r1 ?ym9e occurs 9 ! nucleic acid f ! ?ymus gl&4 ,yea/ conta9s uracil in/ead4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two bases is "o me?yl gr\p3 ?ym9e is a #e-me?yluracil4 ,9 all ( ^! basic sub/ances1 ! /ructure ( urea ,,nh#b _/ ,c,o ,,nh#b is involv$1 & !y =m pairs ( oxidiz$ & r$uc$ /ates3 ,,pur9e ,,pyrimid9e 7r$uc$7 ,ad59e 7oxidiz$7 ,?ym9e 7oxidiz$7 ,guan9e 7r$uc$7 ,cytos9e #c,n ,,*#d #b;,h--,c ,,*#e #a,n--,,*#f ,pyrimid9e #a,n,,*#f ,h #g_/ ,n,c--,,nh#b #b;,h--,c ,c--,n #e ,h--,c ,c--,,nh ,,*#h ,,* _/_/ _/_/ #c,n--,c--,n ,n--,c--,n #d #i ,ad59e ,pur9e ,,hn--,c,o ,,nh#b--;,c ,c--,,nh ,n,c--,,nh#b ,h--,n--,c,o ,,* ,o,c ,c--,h ,o,c ,,* _/_/ ,n--,c--,n ,h--,n--,,* ,,hn--,,* ,guan9e ,cytos9e ,uracil ,! c>bohydrate is ribose or deoxyribose4 ,,*o ,,*o ,h--,c--,,oh ,,ho--,c--,h ,,ho--,c--,h ,,ho--,c--,h ,,ho--,c--,h ,,ho--,c--,h ,,*#b,,oh ,,*#b,,oh ,arab9ose ,l-,ribose ,fis*] & ,piloty1 #ahia ,h 7#a7_/-----,o-----7#d7 7#e7 ,c ,,*--,,*#b,,oh _/ 7#b7 7#c7_/ ,,ho ,,*#b--;,,hc7,,oh7 ,deoxyribose ,! exact position ( phosphoric acid 0 e/abli%$ aft] long "w & v]ifi$ by syn!sis4#cc ,a comp\nd ( ad59e1 ribose1 & phosphoric acid 0 f\nd 9 yea/1 blood1 & 9 skeletal muscle ( mammals4 ,f #ajj grams ( su* muscle1 #j4ce-j4dj grams ( ?is comp\nd 7 isolat$4 ,if ! muscle is at re/1 ! comp\nd conta9s ?ree molecules ( phosphoric acid1 l9k$ ?r\gh oxyg5 atoms4 ,x 0 nam$ ad5os9e triphosphate or ad5yltriphosphoric acid1#cd usually abbreviat$ by ! symbol ,,atp4 ,x releases "o phosphoric acid gr\p v easily & goes ov] 9 ! diphosphate1 ,,adp1 b x c also lose #b ,p-gr\ps z pyrophosphoric acid & leave ! monophosphate1 ,,amp4 ,n,c--,,nh#b ,,hc ,c--,n ----,o---- ,,* ,,oh ,,oh ,h ,,oh _/ _/ ,n--,c--,n-----,c--,c---,c--,c--,c--,o-- ,p,o ,h ,h ,h ,h ,h ,,oh ---------_/---------------_/--------_/ ,ad59e ,d-,ribose ,phosphoric acid ,?is *ange ( ,,atp 0 consid]$ to be ! ma9 s\rce ( en]gy 9 muscle contraction by ,otto ,mey]h(4#ce ,! correspond+ d]ivatives ( guan9e1 cytos9e1 & uracil 7 also f\nd1 & !y are active 9 ! tempor>y transf] ( phosphoric acid gr\ps 9 biological processes4 ,?us1 ! /udy ( organic phosphates progress$ f ! comp>atively simple e/]s connect$ ) fatty sub/ances ( organisms to ! prote9s & ! nucle> sub/ances ( ! cell4 ,! proportional am\nt ( phosphorus 9 ! =m] 0 l>g] ?an 9 ! latt]2 ! actual importance & function 9 ! life ( organisms1 h[ev]1 is n measur$ by ! quantity b det]m9$ by ! special nature ( ! comp\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,,otto ,,mey]h( 7#ahhd-aiea7 receiv$ "o-half ( ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology 9 #aibb = 8 discov]y ( ! metabolism ( lactic acid 9 muscle1 :i* involves ! action ( phosphates1 especially ad5os9e duophosphates4 7,photo c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,,ar?ur ,,h>d5 7#ahfe-aidj71 left1 ,,& ,,hans ,a4 ,s4 ,,von ,,eul]-,,*elp9 7b4 #ahge71 "r1 %>$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,*emi/ry 9 #aibi4 ,h>d5 receiv$ x = 8 rese>* 9 f]m5tation1 :i* %[$ ! influ5ce ( phosphate1 p>ticul>ly ! =mation ( a hexose diphosphate4 ,eul]-,*elp9 receiv$ 8 aw>d = 8 rese>* 9 f]m5tation4 ,he f\nd co5zyme ,a :i* is a nucleotide conta9+ phosphoric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,,george ,,de ,,hevesy 7b4 #ahhe7 receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,*emi/ry 9 #aidc = 8 rese>* ) isotopic trac] elem5ts1 p>ticul>ly radiophosphorus ( weight #cb 7ord9>y phosphorus is #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--;,,c>l ,f4 ,,cori 7b4 #ahif7 ,,& ,,8 ,,wife1 ,,g]ty ,t4 ,,cori 7#ahif-aieg7 receiv$ "p ( ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology 9 #aidg = _! /udy on glycog5 conv]sion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is /udy1 !y id5tifi$ glucose #a-phosphate1 n[ usually ref]r$ to z ,cori e/]1 & its function 9 ! glycog5 cycle4 7,photo c\rtesy ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ,! /udy ( ?is function is ! newe/ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( phosphorus & repres5ts ! culm9ation ( ! previ\s ef=ts4 ,?is newe/ phase develop$ out ( an accid5tal discov]y conc]n+ "o ( ! olde/ organic-*emical indu/ries1 ! production ( alcohol by ! f]m5tative action ( yea/ on sug>4 ,a transition ( c>bohydrates ?r\gh phosphate comp\nds to ! end products ( ! f]m5tation process 0 f\nd1 & x gradually prov$ to be a k9d ( model = a ho/ ( biological processes4 ,specific phosphates 7 ?us f\nd to be indisp5sable = life4 ,9 rev]se1 ! wrong k9d ( phosphates c de/roy life4 ,z a result1 an important "p ( ! new phase 9 phosphorus hi/ory consi/$ 9 ! /udy--& use--( antibiotic phosphorus comp\nds4 ,phosphates 9 ,biological ,processes ,! fir/ indication t phosphorus is important = life came f ! exp]i5ce t plants take x up f ! sub/ances 9 ! soil4 ,!y incorporate x 9 _! body sub/ance4 ,:at makes phosphorus s important t !y _c gr[ )\t x8 ,! next insight 0 t animals acquire x f _! plant food4 ,x is !n f\nd 9 bones1 9 fat & n]ve tissue1 9 all cells & p>ticul>ly 9 ! cell nuclei4 ,:at are its functions !re8 ,! answ]s to su* que/ions 7 develop$ f ! /udy ( a long-kn[n process1 ! conv]sion ( c>bohydrates into c>bon dioxide & alcohol by yea/4 ,x />t$ ) ,edu>d ,bu*n]'s discov]y ( #ahij1 t f]m5tation is produc$ by a prep>ation f yea/ 9 :i* all liv+ cells h be5 remov$4 ,:5 yea/ is dead-gr\nd & press$ out1 ! juice /ill has ! ability to produce f]m5tation4 ,x is /range1 b 9 _m ways *>act]i/ic = ! process ( sci5ce1 t ! riddle ( phosphorus 9 life 0 solv$ by fir/ elim9at+ life4 ,9 su* lifeless f]m5tations1 ,ar?ur ,h>d5 f\nd t ! conv]sion ( sug> beg9s ) ! =mation ( a hexose phosphate 7#aijd74 ,! f]m5t ( yea/1 call$ zymase1 prov$ to be a composite ( sev]al enzymes4 ,hans von ,eul]-,*elp9 isolat$ "o "p ( zymase1 :i* rema9s active ev5 aft] heat+ its solution to ! boil+ po9t4 ,f #a kilogram ( yea/1 he obta9$ #bj milligrams ( ?is heat-/able enzyme1 :i* he call$ cozymase & id5tifi$ z a nucleotide compos$ ( a pur9e1 a sug>1 & phosphoric acid4#cf ,9 ! ye>s betwe5 ! two ,_w ,w>s1 zymase 0 fur!r resolv$ into m enzymes1 "o ( !m ! co5zyme ,i1 :i* 0 %[n to be ,,adp connect$ ) ano!r molecule ( ribose atta*$ to ! amide ( nicot9ic acid1 or diphosphopyrid9e nucleotide3 ,,nh#b _/ _/ ,n -,,conh#b _/_/ _/ ,n _/_/ ,n ,n-- _/_/ ,n ,h--,c------ ,h--,c------ ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,o ,o ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c--,,oh ,h--,c------ ,o ,o ,h--,c------ ,,*#b--,o--,p--,o--,p--,o--,,*#b ,o- ,,oh ,co5zyme ,i ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--;,,fritz ,a4 ,,lipmann 7b4 #ahii7 %>$ ) ,hans ,adolf ,krebs ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology 9 #aiec = 8 "w on co5zyme ,a4 ,he discov]$ acetyl phosphate z ! sub/ance 9 bact]ia1 :i* transf]s phosphate to ad5ylic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,,alex&] ,r4 ,,todd 7b4 #aijg7 receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,*emi/ry 9 #aieg = 8 rese>* on nucleotides4 ,he det]m9$ ! position ( ! phosphate gr\ps 9 ! molecule & confirm$ x by syn!sis ( d9ucleotide phosphates4 ,its function is connect$ ) ! transf] ( hydrog5 betwe5 int]m$iates =m$ ?r\gh phosphate-transf]r+ enzymes4 ,f]m5tation proce$s by a cascade ( processes1 9 :i* phosphate gr\ps sw+ back & =?1 & equilibria betwe5 ,,atp ) ,,adp play a major role4 ,_m ( ! enzymes are closely relat$ to vitam9s4 ,?us1 coc>boxylase ,a1 :i* takes "p 9 ! sep>ation ( c>bon dioxide f an int]m$iate f]m5tation product1 is ! phosphate ( vitam9 ,b#a4 ,o!rs ( ! ,b vitam9s conta9 phosphate gr\ps1 = example ^? ( ! ,b#b & ,b#f gr\p1 & 9 ,b#ab1 "o lonely phosphate =ms a bridge 9 ! l>ge molecule t conta9s "o atom ( cobalt3 ,c#fc;,h#ij,n#ad,o#ad,p,co4 ,! =mation ( vitam9 ,a f c>ot9e occurs "u ! influ5ce ( ,,atp4 ,! fir/ /ages 9 f]m5tation are l ^? 9 respiration1 :i* ends ) c>bon dioxide & wat]4 ,^! two are ! mat]ials = ! rev]se process 9 photosyn!sis4 ,:5 light is absorb$ by ! *lorophyll ( gre5 plants1 "o ( ! initial reactions is a transf] ( hydrog5 f wat] to a triphosphopyrid9e nucleotide1 :i* lat] acts to r$uce ! c>bon dioxide4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,,atp1 phosphoglyc]ic acid is syn!siz$ & fur!r built up by way ( c>bohydrate phosphates to hexose sug>s & f9ally to />*4 ,9 _m />*y fruits1 a small proportion ( phosphate rema9s atta*$ to ! end product4 ,! syn!sis ( prote9s is "u ! control ( deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid1 abbreviat$ by ! symbols ,,dna & ,,rna4 ,! g5es 9 ! nucleus are p>ts ( a giant ,,dna molecule4 ,,rna is a univ]sal con/itu5t ( all liv+ cells4 ,:]e prote9 syn!sis is int5se1 ! cont5t 9 ,,rna is high4 ,?us1 ! sp9n+ gl&s ( silkworms are extraord9>ily ri* 9 ,,rna4#cg ,9 8 rese>* on ! radioactive isotope ,p#cb1 ,george de ,hevesy ga9$ "s insight into ! surpris+ mobility ( phosphates 9 organisms3 ,a phosphate radical tak5 up ) ! food may fir/ p>ticipate 9 ! phosphorylation ( glucose 9 ! inte/9al mucose1 soon aft]w>ds pass into ! circulation z free phosphate1 ent] a r$ corpuscle1 become incorporat$ ) an ad5os9e triphosphoric-acid molecule1 p>ticipate 9 a glycolytic process go+ on 9 ! corpuscle1 return to circulation1 p5etrate into ! liv] cells1 p>ticipate 9 ! =mation ( a phosphatide molecule1 aft] a %ort int]val ent] ! circulation 9 ?is =m1 p5etrate into ! sple51 & leave ?is organ aft] "s "t z a con/itu5t ( a lymphocyte4 ,we may meet ! phosphate radical aga9 z a con/itu5t ( ! plasma1 f :i* x may f9d its way into ! skeleton4#ch ,mu* has be5 add$ 9 ! la/ #cj ye>s to complete ?is picture 9 _m details & to ext5d x to o!r bio*emical processes1 includ+ ev5 ! *anges ( ! pigm5ts 9 ! ret9a 9 ! visual process1 or 9 ! conv]sion ( *emical en]gy to light by bact]ia & insects4 ,m$ic9es & ,poisons ,9 ! delicate balance ( ^! processes1 di/urbances may occur :i* c be rem$i$ by specific phosphate-conta9+ m$ic9es4 ,?us1 ad5os9e phosphate has be5 recomm5d$ 9 cases ( ang9a pectoris & m>ket$ "u trade names l s>kolyt1 or 9 comp\nds nam$ angiolys9e4 ,a consid]able numb] ( physiologically active organic phosphates c be f\nd 9 ! pat5t lit]ature4#ci ,yea/ itself is consid]$ to be a valuable food additive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are phosphate comp\nds t act z poisons4 ,"o gr\p ( su* comp\nds 0 discov]$ 9 #aibi by ,w4 ,lange1 :o wrote3 ,( int]e/ is ! /rong action ( mono-fluorophosphate e/]s on ! human body--! effect is produc$ by v small quantities4#dj ,diisopropyl fluorophosphate has s9ce become a pot5tial ag5t = *emical w>f>e4 ,x inactivates an enzyme :i* controls ! transmission ( n]ve impulses to muscle1 acetyl*ol9e e/]ase4 ,organic e/]s ( phosphoric acids are us$ z insecticides4 ,! hexa-e?yle/] ( tetraphosphoric acid1 prep>$ by ,g]h>d ,s*rad] by heat+ trie?ylphosphate ) phosphorus oxy*loride1#da actually conta9s tetrae?ylpyrophosphate 7,,tepp7 among o!rs4 ,bay]'s ,dipt]ex1 ! dime?yl e/] ( #b1b1b-tri*loro-#a-;hydroxye?yl-phosphon ate1 has be5 modifi$ to dime?yl-#b1b-;di*lorov9yl-phosphate & is especially active aga9/ ! ori5tal fruit fly4#db ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--;,,ar?ur ,,kornb]g 7b4 #aiah7 ,,& ,,sev]o ,,o*oa 7b4 #aije7 %>$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,m$ic9e & ,physiology 9 #aiei4 ,kornb]g receiv$ x = rese>* on ! biological syn!sis ( deoxyribonucleic acid4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he f\nd t f\r triphosphate compon5ts & a small am\nt ( ! end product z a template _h to be pres5t = ! enzymatic syn!sis4 ,o*oa receiv$ 8 %>e ( ! prize = rese>* 9 ribonucleic acid & deoxyribonucleic acid4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,o*oa syn!siz$ polyribonucleotides & us$ ! radioactive isotope1 ,p#cb4 ,! syn!tic polyribonucleotides 7 f\nd to resemble ! natural sub/ances 9 all ess5tials4 ,cl ,h ,o ,,o*#c _/ ,cl--,c--,c--,p ,bay]'s ,l #ac_/ei 7,dipt]ex7 ,,o*#c ,cl ,,oh 7,,*#c7b,n ,o ,o ,n7,,*#c7b _/ ,p--,o--,p ,s*radan _/ 7,,*#c7b,n ,n7,,*#c7b ,octame?ylpyrophosphoramide ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--,,melv9 ,,calv9 7b4 #aiaa7 receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize 9 ,*emi/ry 9 #aifa = 8 rese>* 9 photosyn!sis1 9 :i* he specifi$ ! function ( phosphoglyc]ic acid z an int]m$iate 9 ! syn!sis ( c>bohydrates f c>bon dioxide & wat] by gre5 plants4 ,! /ory ( phosphorus1 :i* began #cjj ye>s ago1 has acquir$ new importance 9 ?is c5tury4 ,_m sci5ti/s h contribut$ to x3 #ac ( !m h receiv$ ,nobel ,prizes = "w directly be>+ on ! *emical & biological importance ( phosphorus comp\nds4 ,9 *ronological ord]1 !y are3 ,edu>d ,bu*n]1 ,albre*t ,kossel1 ,otto ,mey]h(1 ,ar?ur ,h>d51 ,hans von ,eul]-,*elp91 ,george de ,hevesy1 ,c>l ,f4 ,cori1 ,g]ty ,t4 ,cori1 ,fritz ,lipmann1 ,"l ,alex&] ,todd1 ,ar?ur ,kornb]g1 ,sev]o ,o*oa1 & ,melv9 ,calv94 ,! develop]s ( indu/rial production & comm]cial utilization ( phosphate comp\nds h _h o!r rew>ds4 ,"s impression ( ! cont9u+ gr[? 9 ?is field#dc c be ga9$ f ! foll[+ data4 ,,phosphate ,,rock annually sold or us$ by produc] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 million long tons 7#b1bdj lbs47 #ahhj #j4b #ahij #j4e #aijj #a4e #aiaj #b4fee #aibj #d4ajd #aicj #c4ibf #aidj #d4jjc #aide #e4hjg #aiej #aa4aad #aiee #ab4bfe #aiee 7_w3 ab\t #ef7 #aifj #ag4bjb #aifb #ai4jfj ,s\rces3 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus4 ,hi/orical ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aghi-aide 7#aidi72 ,/ati/ical ,ab/ract ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,elem5tal ,,phosphorus annually produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 %ort tons 7#b1jjj lbs47 #aici #dc1jjj #aidd #he1fgi #aiej #aec1bcc #aief #cab1bjj #aieh #cce1gej #aiei #cff1cej #aifj #dji1jif #aifa #dcj1fag #aifb #dea1igj ,s\rce3 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,,wilhelm ,,homb]g1 ,memoires ,academie1 #afff-afii 7,p>is1 #agcj71 vol4 #aj1 "u date ( ,april #cj1 #afib1 pp4 #eg-fa4 #b ,,=tunio ,,licetus1 ,li?iophosphorus sive de lapide ,bononi5si 7,v5ice1 #afdj74 #c ,cit$ 9 ,,pet] ,,joseph ,,macqu] ,*ymis*es ,wo]t]bu*1 #bnd ed4 7,leipzig3 ,weidmann1 #aghi71 vol4 #d1 p4 #ejh1 footnote c z ,kletwi* 7de phosph4 liqu4 et solid4 #afhi1 ,!s4 ,,ii74 #d ,,f]d9& ,,hoef]1 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie 7,p>is1 #ahdc71 vol4 #a1 p4 #cci4 #e ,g4 ,w4 ,,von ,,leibniz1 ,memoires ,academie 7,p>is1 #afhb72 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,miscellanea ,b]ol95sia 7,b]l91 #agaj71 vol4 #a1 p4 #ia4 #f ,,jean ,,hellot1 ,memoires ,academie #agcg 7,p>is1 #agff71 "u date ( ,novemb] #ac1 #agcg1 pp4 #cdb-cgh4 #g ,,macqu]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 p4 #eea4 #h ,a4 ,s4 ,,m>ggraf1 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,miscellanea ,b]ol95sia 7,b]l91 #agdc71 vol4 #g1 #cdb ff42 see also ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald ,klassik] d] ,exakt5 ,naturwiss5s*aft5 7,leipzig3 ,engelmann1 #aiac71 no4 #ahg4 #i ,g4 ,,hanckewitz1 ,hankwitz1 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #agbd-agcd1 abridg$ 7,london1 #ahji71 vol4 #g1 pp4 #eif-fjb4 #aj ,,anto9e ,,laur5t ,,lavoisi]1 ,sur la ,combu/ion du ,phosphore de ,kunckel1 ,et sur la nature de l'acide qui resulte de cette ,combu/ion1 ,memoires ,academie #aggg1 7,p>is1 #aghj71 pp4 #fe-gh4 #aa ,,guyton ,,de ,,morveau & o!rs1 ,me?ode de ,nom5clature ,*imique1 ,proposee p> ,,mm4 de ,morveau1 ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?olet1 de ,f\rcroy 7,p>is1 #aghg71 plate #i4 #ab ,,macqu]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 p4 #eac4 #ac ,,m>ie ,,boas1 ,rob]t ,boyle & ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,*emi/ry 7,new ,york3 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieh71 p4 #bbf2 see also ,,wyndham ,,miles1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,dr4 ,br&'s ,phosphorus ,elem5t>us1 ,arm$ ,=ces ,*emical ,j\rnal 7,novemb]-,decemb] #aieh71 p4 #be4 #ad ,,ar*ibald ,,cl[ & ,,nan ,l4 ,,cl[1 ,! ,*emical ,revolution 7,london3 ,bat*wor? ,press1 #aieb71 p4 #dea4 #ae ,,emile ,,kopp1 ,comptes-r5dus hebdomadaires des ,seances de l',academie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is 7#ahdd71 vol4 #ah1 p4 #hga2 ,,wilhelm ,,hittorf1 ,annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>mazie1 suppl4 to vol4 #d1 p4 #cg2 ,,anton ,s,c,h,r,oe,t,t,e,r1 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 s]ies #c1 vol4 #bd 7#ahdh71 p4 #djf2 see also ,s*roett]'s report on ,phosphor und ,zu5dwa>5 9 ,a4 ,w4 ,,von ,,h(mann1 ,b]i*t ueb] die ,entwicklung d] ,*emis*5 ,indu/rie 7,brauns*weig3 ,vieweg1 #ahge71 pp4 #bai-bdf4 #af ,r4 ,,glaub]1 ,furni ,novi ,philosphici 7,am/]dam1 #afdi71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ab ff4 #ag ,,h]mann ,,s*el5z1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ph>mazie 7,b]l93 ,spr+]1 #aijd71 p4 #eih4 #ah ,j4 ,,p]sonne1 ,comptes-r5dus 4441 ,p>is 7#ahfi71 vol4 #fh1 pp4 #edc-edf4 #ai ,a4 ,,wurtz1 ,dictionnaire de ,*imie 7,p>is1 #ahgf71 vol4 #b1 "p #b1 p4 #iea4 #bj ,,k>l ,w4 ,,s*eele1 ,na*gelass5e ,briefe und ,aufzei*nung51 edit4 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skioeld 7,/ockholm3 ,nor/$t1 #ahib71 pp4 #ch1 #add4 #ba ,j4 ,j4 ,,b]zelius1 ,lehrbu*1 transl4 ,f4 ,woehl] 7,dresd51 #ahbg71 vol4 #c1 "p #a1 p4 #if4 #bb ,,?omas ,,graham1 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#ahcc71 pp4 #bec-bhd4 #bc ,,ju/us ,,liebig',s ,annal5 d] ,ph>macie 7#ahch71 vol4 #bf1 p4 #aac ff4 #bd ,a4 ,,wurtz1 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 s]ies #c1 vol4 #af 7#ahdf71 p4 #aij4 #be ,,c>roll ,d4 ,,wright1 ,! ,phosphate ,indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 six? special report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor 7,wa%+ton1 #ahic74 #bf ,j4 ,,/oklasa1 ,bio*emis*] ,kreislauf des ,phosphat-,ions im ,bod51 ,c5tralblatt fu] ,bakt]iologie 444 7,j5a3 ,fis*]1 ,m>* #bb1 #aiaa71 vol4 #bi1 nos4 #ae-ai4 #bg ,n4 ,t4 ,,gobley1 ,comptes-r5dus 4441 ,p>is 7#ahde71 vol4 #ba1 p4 #gah4 #bh ,a4 ,,wurtz1 ,comptes-r5dus 4441 ,p>is 7#ahfh71 vol4 #ff1 p4 #ggb4 #bi ,l4 ,,?udi*um1 ,die *emis*e ,con/itution des ,gehirns des ,m5s*5 und d] ,ti]e 7#aija72 see also ,h4 ,,wittc(f1 ,,! ,,phosphatides 7,new ,york3 ,re9hold1 #aiea74 #cj ,,william ,,crookes1 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,reports 7#ahhg71 sec4 ,b1 p4 #egc4 #ca ,j4 ,e4 ,,c\rtois & ,a4 ,,l9o1 ,progress 9 ! ,*emi/ry ( ,organic ,natural ,products1 edit4 ,l4 ,ze*mei/] 7,vi5na3 ,spr+] ,v]lag1 #aifa71 vol4 #ai1 p4 #caf-cgc4 #cb ,a4 ,,wurt1 ,dictionnaire de ,*imie1 supp4 "p #b1 n4d4 p4 #ajhg2 ,a4 ,,kossel1 ,zeits*rift fu] physiologis*e ,*emie1 s]ies #c 7#ahgi71 p4 #bhd4 #cc ,,alex&] ,,todd1 ,les ,prix ,nobel en #aieg 7,/ockholm74 #cd ,,hans ,,von ,,eul]-,,*elp91 ,les ,prix ,nobel en #aibi 7,/ockholm74 #ce ,o4 ,,mey]h( & ,e4 ,,lundsga>d1 ,naturwiss5s*aft5 7,b]l91 #aicj71 vol4 #ah1 pp4 #ccj1 #ghg4 #cf ,k4 ,,lohmann1 ,naturwiss5s*aft5 7,b]l91 #aibi71 vol4 #ag1 p4 #fbd2 ,c4 ,h4 ,,fiske & ,y4 ,,subb>[1 ,sci5ce 7,wa%+ton1 #aibi71 vol4 #gj1 p4 #cha f4 #cg ,j4 ,,bra*et1 ,sci5tia1 ,revi/a di ,sci5za 7#aifj71 vol4 #ie1 p4 #aai4 #ch ,,george ,,de ,,hevesy1 ,les ,prix ,nobel en #aidj 7,/ockholm74 ,see also ,,edu>d ,,f>b]1 ,nobel ,prize ,w9n]s 9 ,*emi/ry1 #bnd ed4 7,new ,york3 ,s*uman1 #aifc71 p4 #agi4 #ci ,see1 e4g41 ,*emical ,week1 vol4 #gg 7,septemb] #c1 #aiee71 p4 #gi f42 ,j4 ,,bolle1 ,*imie et ,indu/rie 7#aifj71 vol4 #hc1 p4 #beb4 #dj ,w4 ,,lange1 ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,*emis*5 ,gesells*aft 7,b]l91 #aibi71 vol4 #fb1 p4 #gic2 vol4 #fe 7#aicb71 p4 #aeih4 #da ,,g]h>d ,,s*rad]1 ,u4,s4 pat5t #b1ccf1cjb ( #aidc 7priority 9 ,g]many1 #aich72 ,s4 ,a4 ,,hall & ,m4 ,,jacobson1 ,indu/rial & ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry 7#aidc71 vol4 #dj1 p4 #fid4 #db ,a4 ,m4 ,,matts5 & o!rs1 ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture & ,food ,*emi/ry 7#aiee71 vol4 #c1 p4 #cai4 #dc ,,john ,b4 ,,van ,,waz]1 ,phosphorus & its ,comp\nds1 #b vols4 7vol4 #a1 ,*emi/ry2 vol4 #b ,te*nology1 ,biological ,functions & ,applications1 ,new ,york3 ,int]sci5ce1 #aieh1 #aifa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aife ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #be c5ts ,,index ,ari/otle1 #agi ,baey]1 ,adolf1 #aic ,be*il1 ,a*ild1 #agi ,b]!lot1 ,m>cell91 #ahi ,b]zelius1 ,jo5s ,jakob1 #ahb ,black & ,bell1 plant at ,/rat=d1 #ahb ,b\ss+ault1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ahe ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 #agh1 #agi ,br&1 ,h41 #agh1 #agi ,bu*n]1 ,hans1 #aig1 #bjj ,calv91 ,melv91 #bjj ,casci>olo1 ,vic5zo1 #agi ,*evreul1 ,mi*el1 #ahi ,cori1 ,c>l ,f41 #bjj ,cori1 ,g]ti ,t41 #bjj ,crookes1 ,william1 #aib ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 #ahe ,de ,hevesy1 ,george1 #aih1 #bjj ,de la ,vega1 ,g>cilaso1 #ahe ,de ,saussure1 ,!odore1 #ahe ,eul]-,*elp91 ,hans von1 #aig1 #bjj ,f]nelius1 ,jean1 #agi ,feulg51 ,rob]t1 #aic ,fis*]1 ,emil1 #aic ,gahn1 ,johann ,gottlieb1 #ahb ,gay-,lussac1 ,joseph ,l\is1 #ahb ,gobley1 ,nicolas ,!odore1 #aia ,graham1 ,?omas1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahe ,hankwitz1 ,gottfri$1 #ahj ,h>d51 ,ar?ur1 #aig1 #bjj ,h>tmann1 ,immanuel ,pet]1 #aha ,hellot1 ,jean1 #ahj ,h5ry ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,france1 #agi ,hittorf1 ,wilhelm1 #aha ,hoef]1 ,f]d9&1 #agi ,holmb]g1 ,wilhelm1 #agh ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,felix1 #aic ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 #ahe ,huyg5s1 ,*ri/iaan1 #agi ,incas1 #ahe ,kletwi*1 ,johann ,*ri/oph]1 #agi ,koppe1 ,emile1 #aha ,kornb]g1 ,ar?ur1 #bjj ,kossel1 ,albre*t1 #bjj ,kraft1 ,johann ,daniel1 #agi ,kram]1 ,dr4 ----1 #aha ,kunckel1 ,johann1 #agi ,lange1 ,w41 #aii ,lavoisi]1 ,anto9e ,laur5t1 #aha1 #ahe ,laws1 ,john ,b5net1 #ahf ,leibnitz1 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm von1 #agi ,l5nox1 ,*>les1 ?ird ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 #ahe ,leonh>di1 ,johann ,gottfri$1 #agi ,lev9e1 ,phoebus ,a>on ,!odor1 #aic ,liebig1 ,ju/us1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf ,liebrei*1 ,osc>1 #aia ,lipmann1 ,fritz1 #bjj ,london1 ,e4 ,s41 #aic ,macqu]1 ,pet] ,joseph1 #ahj ,m>ggraf1 ,&reas ,sigismund1 #ahj ,mey]h(1 ,otto1 #aid1 #bjj ,mies*]1 ,johann ,fri$ri*1 #aib ,muspratt1 ,james1 #ahf ,nietzs*e1 ,fri$ri*1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi ,o*oa1 ,sev]o1 #bjj ,pel\ze1 ,!ophile ,ju/e1 #ahi ,r\elle1 ,guillaume ,francois1 #aha ,s*eele1 ,k>l ,w41 #ahb ,s*mi$eb]g1 ,oswald1 #aic ,s*rad]1 ,g]h>d1 #aii ,s*roett]1 ,anton1 #aha ,/oklasa1 ,julius1 #ahf ,/reck]1 ,adolf ,fri$ri*1 #aia ,?udi*um1 ,ludwig1 #aib ,todd1 ,"l ,alex&]1 #bjj ,willm1 ,edmond1 #ahb ,will/aett]1 ,ri*>d1 #aia ,wurtz1 ,adolphe1 #ahe1 #aia ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,page #ahj ,abfaell51 ,vieweg1 ,brauns*weig1 - _h ,viewig4 ,page #ahh wires d f ! dynamo ,d - _h dynano4 ,page #aia phosphate are atta*$1 = example1 - _h atta*$1 ,=4 ,page #aib ,b phosphatides occur - _h phosphatide soccur4 ,page #aic ! nucleic acid f ! ?ymus - _h nucleidic4 ,page #aii acetyl*ol9e e/]ase4 - _h acetyl*ol94 ,page #bjj ,george de ,hevesy1 ,c>l ,f4 ,cori1 - comma add$ aft] ,hevesy4 ,footnote #ci ,see1 e4g41 ,*emical ,week1 vol4 #gg - _h ,see4 e4g4 ,index ,entry3 ,gahn1 ,johann ,gottlieb1 #ahb - _h ,gaehn ,! spell+ ( ,b]?olet ,claude ,l\is ,b]?ollet is z giv5 on ! orig9al title page ( ! "w ref]5c$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation ( *emical names has be5 reta9$4