,,gray',s ,,lessons ,,9 ,,botany ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,botany ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,& ,,= ,,s*ools ,by ,,asa ,,gray ,,ivison1 ,,blakeman1 ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,*icago ,copyright1 ,by ,asa ,gray4 #ahhg4 ,,preface4 ,?is volume takes ! place ( ! au?or's ,lessons 9 ,botany & ,vegetable ,physiology1 publi%$ ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,x is con/ruct$ on ! same l9es1 & is a k9d ( new & mu* revis$ edition ( t successful "w4 ,:ile 9 "s respects m ext5d$1 x is also m concise & t]se ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,?is %\ld ! bett] fit x = its purpose n[ t compet5t tea*]s are common4 ,!y may 9 _m cases develop p>agraphs into lectures1 & fully illu/rate po9ts :i* are b>ely1 b x is hop$ cle>ly1 /at$4 ,inde$1 ev5 = ^? )\t a tea*]1 x may be t a cond5s$ is bett] ?an a diffuse exposition4 ,! book is adapt$ to ! high] s*ools1 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[ & ,behave be+ ! ,botany = ,"y ,p & ,common ,s*ools4 ,x is int5d$ to gr\nd beg9n]s 9 ,/ructural ,botany & ! pr9ciples ( vegetable life1 ma9ly z conc]ns ,fl[]+ or ,phan]ogam\s plants1 ) :i* botanical in/ruction %\ld always beg92 also to be a companion & int]pret] to ! ,manuals & ,floras by :i* ! /ud5t ?reads 8 fl[]y way to a cle> k ( ! surr\nd+ vegetable creation4 ,su* a book1 l a gramm>1 mu/ ne$s ab\nd 9 te*nical words1 :i* ?us array$ may seem =midable2 nev]!less1 if rightly appreh5d$1 ?is treatise %\ld tea* t ! /udy ( botany is n ! le>n+ ( names & t]ms1 b ! acquisition ( k & ideas4 ,no ef=t %\ld be made to commit te*nical t]ms to memory4 ,any t]m us$ 9 describ+ a plant or expla9+ its /ructure c be look$ up :5 x is want$1 & t %\ld suffice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 plans ( /ructure1 types1 adaptations1 & modifications1 once und]/ood1 are n readily =gott52 & !y give mean+ & int]e/ to ! te*nical t]ms us$ 9 expla9+ !m4 ,9 ^! ,elem5ts naturally no m5tion has be5 made ( c]ta9 t]ms & names :i* rec5t cryptogamically-m9d$ botani/s1 ) lack ( proportion & j p]spective1 are endeavor+ to introduce into phan]ogam\s botany1 & :i* are n ne$$ nor appropriate1 ev5 9 m advanc$ works1 = ! adequate recognition ( ! asc]ta9$ analogies & homologies4 ,z ?is volume w be ! gramm> & diction>y to m ?an "o or two ,manuals1 ,floras1 etc41 ! p>ticul> directions = proc$ure :i* 7 giv5 9 ! ,fir/ ,lessons are n[ relegat$ to ^? works !mselves1 :i* 9 _! new editions w provide ! requisite explanations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 view ( su* ext5d$ use1 ! ,gloss>y at ! end ( ?is book has be5 consid]ably enl>g$4 ,x w be f\nd to include n m]ely ! common t]ms ( botanical description b also _m :i* are unusual or obsolete2 yet any ( !m may n[ & !n be enc\nt]$4 ,moreov]1 no small numb] ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek words :i* =m ! :ole or "p ( ! common] specific names are add$ to ?is ,gloss>y1 "s 9 an ,angliciz$1 o!rs 9 _! ,lat9 =m4 ,?is may be helpful to /ud5ts ) small ,lat9 & less ,greek1 9 cat*+ ! mean+ ( a botanical "n or t]m4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is volume are l>gely increas$ 9 numb]4 ,!y are mo/ly f ! h& ( ,isaac ,sprague4 ,x happ5s t ! title *os5 = ?is book is t ( ! au?or's e>lie/ publication1 9 ! ye> #ahcf1 ( :i* copies are r>ely se52 s t no inconv5i5ce is likely to arise f ! pres5t use ( ! "n4 ,,asa ,,gray4 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,m>*1 #ahhg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,section ,i4 ,,introductory #i ,,section ,,ii4 ,,flax ,,z ,a ,,patt]n ,,plant #aa ,gr[? f ! ,se$1 ,organs ( ,vegetation #aa ,blossom+1 ,fl[]1 c4 #ad ,,section ,,iii4 ,,morphology ,,( ,,se$l+s #ae ,g]m9at+ ,maples #ae ,cotyl$ons ?ick5$1 hypogae\s 9 g]m9ation #ah ,/ore ( ,food ext]nal to ! ,embryo #bj ,cotyl$ons z to numb] #bb ,dicotyl$on\s & ,polycotyl$on\s #bc ,monocotyl$on\s #bd ,simple-/emm$ ,plants #bf ,,section ,,iv4 ,,gr[? ,,f ,,buds2 ,,bran*+ #bg ,buds1 situation & k9ds #bg ,vigor\s vegetation f /rong ,buds #bh ,arrangem5t ( ,bran*es #bi ,non-develop$1 ,lat5t1 & ,accessory ,buds #cj ,enum]ation ( k9ds ( ,buds #ca ,def9ite & ,indef9ite gr[?2 ,deliquesc5t & ,excurr5t #ca ,,section ,v4 ,,roots #cc ,prim>y & ,second>y4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,/em & ,root #cd ,fibr\s & ,fle%y ,roots2 names ( k9ds #cd ,anomal\s ,roots4 ,epiphytic & ,p>asitic ,plants #cf ,duration3 ,annuals1 ,bi5nials1 ,p]5nials #cg ,,section ,,vi4 ,,/ems #ch ,^? above ,gr\nd3 k9ds & modifications #ci ,subt]ranean ,/ems & ,bran*es #db ,root/ock #db ,tub] #dd ,corm #de ,bulb & ,bulblets #df ,consolidat$ ,vegetation #dg ,,section ,,vii4 ,,leaves #di ,sec4 #a4 ,,leaves ,,z ,,foliage #di ,p>ts & ,v5ation #ej ,=ms z to g5]al outl9e #eb ,z to apex & p>ticul> outl9e #ec ,z to lob+ or division #ef ,comp\nd1 ,p]foliate1 & ,equitant ,leaves #eg ,) no di/9ction ( ,petiole & ,blade1 ,phyllodia1 c4 #fa ,sec4 #b4 ,,leaves ,,( ,,special ,,con=mation ,,& ,,use #fb ,leaves = /orage #fb ,leaves z bud-scales #fc ,sp9es #fd & = ,climb+ #fd ,pit*]s #fd & ,fly-traps #fe ,sec4 #c4 ,,/ipules #ff ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,leaves #fg ,phyllotaxy #fg ,( ,alt]nate ,leaves #fi ,( ,opposite & ,:orl$ ,leaves #ga ,v]nation or ,praefoliation #ga ,,section ,,viii4 ,,fl[]s #gb ,sec4 #a4 ,,position ,,& ,,arrangem5t1 ,,infloresc5ce #gc ,raceme #gc ,corymb1 ,umbel1 ,spike1 ,head #gd ,spadix1 ,catk91 or ,am5t #ge ,panicle3 ,det]m9ate ,infloresc5ce #gf ,cyme1 ,fascicle1 ,glom]ule1 ,scorpioid or ,helicoid ,cymes #gg ,mix$ ,infloresc5ce #gh ,sec4 #b4 ,,p>ts ,,or ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,fl[] #gi ,floral ,envelopes3 ,p]ian?1 ,calyx1 ,corolla #gi ,ess5tial ,organs3 ,/am51 ,pi/il #hj ,torus or ,receptacle #ha ,sec4 #c4 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,fl[] #ha ,:5 p]fect1 complete1 regul>1 or symmetrical #ha ,num]ical ,plan & ,alt]nation ( ,organs #hb ,fl[]s are alt]$ bran*es #hc ,sec4 #d4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,type #he ,unisexual or dicl9\s #he ,incomplete1 ,irregul>1 & ,unsymmetrical #hf ,fl[]s ) ,multiplication ( ,p>ts #hh ,fl[]s ) ,union ( ,p>ts3 ,coalesc5ce #hh ,regul> ,=ms #hi ,irregul> ,=ms #ij ,papilionace\s #ia ,labiate #ib & ,ligulate ,corollas #ic ,adnation or ,consolidation #id ,position ( ,fl[] or ( its ,p>ts #if ,sec4 #e4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,p>ts ,,9 ,,! ,,bud #ig ,a,estivation or ,praefloration1 its k9ds #ig ,,section ,,ix4 ,,/am5s ,,9 ,,p>ticul> #ih ,&roecium #ih ,ins]tion1 ,relation1 c4 #ii ,an!r & ,filam5t4 ,poll5 #aja ,,section ,x4 ,,pi/ils ,,9 ,,p>ticul> #aje ,sec4 #a4 ,,angiosp]m\s ,,or ,,ord9>y ,,gynoecium #aje ,p>ts ( a complete ,pi/il #aje ,c>pels1 ,simple ,pi/il #ajf ,comp\nd ,pi/il ) ,cells & ,axile ,plac5tae #ajg ,"o-cell$ ) ,free ,c5tral ,plac5ta #ajh ,"o-cell$ ) ,p>ietal ,plac5tae #ajh ,sec4 #b4 ,,gymnosp]m\s ,,gynoecium #aji ,,section ,,xi4 ,,ovules #aaj ,_! ,p>ts1 ,ins]tion1 & ,k9ds #aaa ,,section ,,xii4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,receptacle #aab ,torus1 ,/ipe1 ,c>pophore1 ,disk #aac ,,section ,,xiii4 ,,f]tilization #aad ,sec4 #a4 ,,adaptations ,,= ,,poll9ation ,,( ,,! ,,/igma #aad ,close & ,cross ,f]tilization1 ,anemophil\s & ,entomophil\s #aae ,di*ogamy & ,het]ogony #aaf ,sec4 #b4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,poll5 ,,& ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,embryo #aag ,,section ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fruit #aag ,nature & k9ds #aah ,b]ry1 ,pepo1 ,pome #aai ,drupe & ,ak5e #abj ,cremoc>p1 ,c>yopsis1 ,nut #aba ,follicle1 ,legume1 ,capsule #abb ,capsul> ,dehisc5ce1 ,silique & ,silicle #abc ,pyxis1 ,/robile or ,cone #abd ,,section ,,xv4 ,,! ,,se$ #abe ,se$-coats & _! app5dages #abe ,! ,k]nel or ,nucleus1 ,embryo & its p>ts1 ,album5 #abg ,,section ,,xvi4 ,,vegetable ,,life ,,& ,,"w #abh ,sec4 #a4 ,,anatomical ,,/ructure ,,& ,,gr[? #abi ,nature ( ,gr[?1 ,protoplasm #abi ,cells & ,cell-walls4 ,cellul> ,/ructure or ,tissue #acj ,/r5g!n+ ,cells4 ,wood1 ,wood-cells1 ,vessels or ,ducts #acb ,sec4 #b4 ,,cell-,,cont5ts #acf ,sap1 ,*lorophyll1 ,/>* #acf ,cry/als1 ,rhaphides #acg ,sec4 #c4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,roots ,,& ,,/ems #ach ,endog5\s & ,exog5\s ,/ems #aci ,p>ticul> /ructure ( ! latt] #adj ,wood1 ,sapwood & ,he>t-wood4 ,! liv+ p>ts ( a ,tree #ada ,sec4 #d4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,leaves #adb ,epid]mis1 ,/omata or ,brea?+ pores #adc ,sec4 #e4 ,,plant ,,food ,,& ,,assimilation #add ,sec4 #f4 ,,plant ,,"w ,,& ,,movem5t #adi ,movem5ts 9 ,cells or ,cyclosis #adi ,transf]5ce f ,cell to ,cell #aej ,movem5ts ( ,organs1 ,tw9+ ,/ems1 ,leaf-movem5ts #aej ,movem5ts ( ,t5drils1 ,s5sitiv5ess #aeb ,movem5ts 9 ,fl[]s #aec ,movem5ts = capture ( ,insects #aed ,"w co/s1 us+ up ,mat]ial & ,en]gy #aee ,,section ,,xvii4 ,,cryptogam\s ,,or ,,fl[]less ,,plants #aef ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 ,pt]idophytes #aef ,horsetails 7,equisetaceae71 ,f]ns #aeg ,club-,mosses 7,lycopodium71 c4 #afa ,quillworts 7,isoetes71 ,pillworts 7,m>silia7 #afa ,azolla4 ,cellul> ,cryptogams #afb ,bryophytes4 ,mosses 7,musci7 #afc ,liv]worts 7,hepaticae7 #afd ,?allophytes #afe ,*>aceae #afg ,algae1 ,seawe$s1 c4 #afh ,li*5es or ,li*5s #aga ,fungi #agb ,,section ,,xviii4 ,,classification ,,& ,,nom5clature #age ,sec4 #a4 ,,k9ds ,,& ,,relation%ip #age ,species1 ,v>ieties1 ,individuals #agf ,g5]a1 ,ord]s1 ,classes1 c4 #agg ,sec4 #b4 ,,names1 ,,t]ms ,,& ,,*>act]s #agh ,nom5clature ( ,g5]a1 ,species1 & ,v>ieties #agi ,nom5clature ( ,ord]s1 ,classes1 c4 ,t]m9ology #ahj ,sec4 #c4 ,,sy/em #aha ,artificial & ,natural #ahb ,synopsis ( ,s]ies1 ,classes1 c4 #ahc ,,section ,,xix4 ,,botanical ,,"w #ahd ,sec4 #a4 ,,collection ,,or ,,h]borization #ahd ,sec4 #b4 ,,h]b>ium #ahf ,sec4 #c4 ,,inve/igation ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,plants #ahg ,sec4 #d4 ,,signs ,,& ,,abbreviations #ahh ,,abbreviations ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,botani/s #aij ,,gloss>y ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,index #aic ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,botany4 ,section ,i4 ,,introductory4 #a4 ,,botany is ! "n ( ! sci5ce ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 g5]al2 t is1 ( plants4 #b4 ,plants may be /udi$ z to _! k9ds & relation%ips4 ,?is /udy is ,,sy/ematic ,,botany4 ,an enum]ation ( ! k9ds ( vegetables1 z f> z kn[n1 classifi$ accord+ to _! v>i\s degrees ( resemblance or diff]5ce1 con/itutes a g5]al ,sy/em ( plants4 ,a simil> acc\nt ( ! vegetables ( any p>ticul> c\ntry or di/rict is call$ a ,flora4 #c4 ,plants may be /udi$ z to _! /ructure & p>ts4 ,?is is ,,/ructural ,,botany1 or ,,organography4 ,! /udy ( ! organs or p>ts ( plants 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t =ms & diff]5t uses :i* ! same k9d ( organ may assume1--! comp>ison1 = in/ance1 ( a fl[]-leaf or a bud-scale ) a common leaf1--is ,,vegetable ,,morphology1 or ,,morphological ,,botany4 ,! /udy ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ! p>ts1 to le>n by ! microscope :at !y !mselves are =m$ (1 is ,,vegetable ,,anatomy1 or ,,hi/ology2 9 o!r words1 x is ,microscopical ,/ructural ,botany4 ,! /udy ( ! actions ( plants or ( _! p>ts1 ( ! ways 9 :i* a plant lives1 gr[s1 & acts1 is ! prov9ce ( ,,physiological ,,botany1 or ,,vegetable ,,physiology4 #d4 ,?is book is to tea* ! outl9es ( ,/ructural ,botany & ( ! simpl] p>ts ( ! physiology ( plants1 t x may be kn[n h[ plants are con/ruct$ & adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s1 & h[ !y live1 move1 propagate1 & h _! be+ 9 an exi/5ce no less real1 al?\gh m simple1 ?an t ( ! animal creation :i* !y support4 ,p>ticul>ly1 ?is book is to tea* ! pr9ciples ( ! /ructure & relation%ips ( plants1 ! nature & names ( _! p>ts & _! modifications1 & s to prep>e = ! /udy ( ,sy/ematic ,botany2 9 :i* ! le>n] may asc]ta9 ! "n & ! place 9 ! sy/em ( any or all ( ! ord9>y plants )9 rea*1 :e!r wild or cultivat$4 ,& 9 asc]ta9+ ! "n ( any plant1 ! /ud5t1 if rightly taught1 w come to "k all ab\t its g5]al or p>ticul> /ructure1 rank1 & relation%ip to o!r plants4 #e4 ,! vegetable k+dom is s va/ & v>i\s1 & ! diff]5ce is s wide betwe5 ord9>y trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs on ! "o h&1 & mosses1 m\lds1 & su* l on ! o!r1 t x is h>dly possible to frame an intelligible acc\nt ( plants z a :ole )\t contradictions or mis/atem5ts1 or endless & tr\blesome qualifications4 ,if we say t plants come f se$s1 be> fl[]s1 & h roots1 /ems1 & leaves1 ?is is n true ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,x is be/ = ! beg9n]1 !re=e1 to treat ( ! high] ord]s ( plants by !mselves1 )\t p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! l[]4 #f4 ,let x be und]/ood1 accord+ly1 t !re is a high] & a l[] s]ies ( plants2 namely3-- ,,phan]ogam\s ,,plants1 :i* come f se$ & be> fl[]s1 ess5tially /am5s & pi/ils1 ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( :i* se$ is produc$4 ,= %ortness1 ^! are commonly call$ ,,phan]ogams1 or ,pha5ogams1 or by ! equival5t ,engli% "n ( ,,fl[]+ ,,plants4#a ,,cryptogam\s ,,plants1 or ,,cryptogams1 come f m9ute bodies1 :i* answ] to se$s1 b are ( mu* simpl] /ructure1 & su* plants h n /am5s & pi/ils4 ,!re=e !y are call$ 9 ,engli% ,,fl[]less ,,plants4 ,su* are ,f]ns1 ,mosses1 ,algae or ,seawe$s1 ,fungi1 etc4 ,^! sorts h ea* to be /udi$ sep>ately1 = ea* class or ord] has a plan ( its own4 #g4 ,b ,phan]ogam\s1 or ,fl[]+1 ,plants are all con/ruct$ on "o plan1 or type4 ,t is1 tak+ almo/ any ord9>y h]b1 %rub1 or tree = a patt]n1 x w exemplify ! :ole s]ies3 ! p>ts ( "o plant answ] to ! p>ts ( any o!r1 ) only c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 p>ticul>s4 ,& ! occupation & ! delight ( ! sci5tific botani/ is 9 trac+ out ?is common plan1 9 detect+ ! lik5esses "u all ! div]sities1 & 9 not+ ! mean+ ( ^! manifold div]sities4 ,s ! att5tive /udy ( any "o plant1 f its gr[? out ( ! se$ to ! fl[]+ & fruit+ /ate & ! production ( se$ l to t f :i* ! plant grew1 w\ld n only give a correct g5]al idea ( ! /ructure1 gr[?1 & *>act]i/ics ( ,fl[]+ ,plants 9 g5]al1 b also s]ve z a patt]n or /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,"s plants w s]ve ?is purpose ( a patt]n mu* bett] ?an o!rs4 ,a prop] patt]n w be "o t is p]fect 9 ! s5se ( hav+ all ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a phan]ogam\s plant1 & simple & regul> 9 hav+ ^! p>ts free f complications or disguises4 ,! common ,flax-plant may v well s]ve ?is purpose4 ,be+ an annual1 x has ! advantage ( be+ easily rais$ & c>ri$ 9 a %ort "t ?r\gh its circle ( exi/5ce1 f se$l+ to fruit & se$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! "n is sometimes ,phan]ogam\s1 sometimes ,pha5ogam\s 7,phan]ogams1 or ,pha5ogams71 t]ms ( ! same mean+ etymologically2 ! =m] ( pref]able =m1 b ! latt] %ort]4 ,! mean+ ( su* t]ms is expla9$ 9 ! ,gloss>y4 ,section ,,ii4 ,,flax ,,z ,a ,,patt]n ,,plant4 #h4 ,gr[? f ! ,se$4 ,phan]ogam\s plants gr[ f se$1 & _! fl[]s are de/9$ to ! production ( se$s4 ,a se$ has a rudim5t>y plant ready =m$ 9 x1--sometimes ) ! two mo/ ess5tial p>ts1 i4 e4 /em & leaf1 pla9ly disc]nible2 sometimes ) no obvi\s di/9ction ( organs until g]m9ation beg9s4 ,?is incipi5t plant is call$ an ,,embryo4 #i4 ,9 ?is section ! ,flax-plant is tak5 z a specim51 or type1 & ! developm5t & hi/ory ( common plants 9 g5]al is illu/rat$ by x4 ,9 flax-se$ ! embryo ne>ly fills ! coats1 b n q4 ,!re is a small deposit ( n\ri%m5t betwe5 ! se$-coat & ! embryo3 ?is may = ! pres5t be left out ( ! acc\nt4 ,?is embryo consi/s ( a pair ( leaves1 press$ toge!r face to face1 & atta*$ to an extremely %ort /em4 7,fig4 #b-d47 ,9 ?is rudim5t>y condition ! real nature ( ! p>ts is n at once app>5t2 b :5 ! se$ gr[s !y promptly reveal _! "*1--z ! accompany+ figures 7,fig4 #e-g7 %[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pod ( ,flax4 #b4 ,section l5g?wise1 %[+ two ( ! se$s2 "o :ole1 ! o!r cut half away1 br++ conta9$ embryo into view4 #c4 ,simil> section ( a flax-se$ m magnifi$ & divid$ flatwise2 turn$ r\nd1 s t ! /em-end 7caulicle7 ( ! embryo is bel[3 ! :ole broad upp] "p is ! inn] face ( "o ( ! cotyl$ons2 ! m9ute nick at its base is ! plumule4 #d4 ,simil> section ?r\gh a se$ turn$ edgewise1 %[+ ! ?ickness ( ! cotyl$ons1 & ! m9ute plumule betwe5 !m1 i4 e4 ! m9ute bud on ! upp] end ( ! caulicle4 #aj4 ,be=e ! nature ( ^! p>ts 9 ! se$ 0 altoge!r und]/ood1 te*nical names 7 giv5 to !m1 :i* are /ill 9 use4 ,^! initial leaves 7 nam$ ,,cotyl$ons4 ,! initial /em on :i* !y /& 0 call$ ! ,,radicle4 ,t 0 because x gives rise to ! fir/ root2 b1 z x is really ! beg9n+ ( ! /em1 & because x is ! /em t produces ! root & n ! root t produces ! /em1 x is bett] to "n x ! ,,caulicle4 ,rec5tly x has be5 nam$ ,hypocotyle2 :i* signifies some?+ bel[ ! cotyl$ons1 )\t pron\nc+ :at its nature is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,e>ly ,flax se$l+2 /em 7caulicle71 root at l[] end1 exp&$ se$-leaves 7cotyl$ons7 at ! o!r3 m9ute bud 7plumule7 betwe5 ^!4 #f4 ,same lat]2 ! bud develop$ into second pair ( leaves1 ) h>dly any /em-"p bel[ !m2 !n into a ?ird pair ( leaves1 rais$ on a %ort jo9t ( /em2 & a fif? leaf also %[+4 #g4 ,same /ill old]1 ) m leaves develop$1 b ^! s+ly 7"o aft] ano!r71 & ) jo9ts ( /em betwe5 !m4 #aa4 ,on committ+ ^! se$s to moi/ & w>m soil !y soon spr\t1 i4 e4 g]m9ate4 ,! v %ort /em-"p ( ! embryo is ! fir/ to gr[4 ,x l5g!ns1 protrudes its root-end2 ?is turns d[nw>d1 if n already po9t+ 9 t direction1 & :ile x is l5g!n+ a root =ms at its po9t & gr[s d[nw>d into ! gr\nd4 ,?is root cont9ues to gr[ on f its l[] end1 & ?us ins9uates itself & p5etrates into ! soil4 ,! /em mean:ile is add+ to its l5g? ?r\gh\t2 x erects itself1 &1 seek+ ! light1 br+s ! se$ up out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! mat]ials = ?is gr[? h be5 suppli$ by ! cotyl$ons or se$-leaves1 /ill 9 ! se$3 x 0 ! /ore ( n\ri%+ mat]ial !y held :i* gave !m _! ?icki% %ape1 s unlike t ( ord9>y leaves4 ,n[1 reliev$ ( a "p ( ?is /ore ( food1 :i* has =m$ ! gr[? by :i* !y h be5 rais$ into ! air & light1 !y appropriate ! rema9d] to _! own gr[?4 ,9 enl>g+ !y op5 & ?r[ (f ! se$-husk2 !y exp&1 div]ge into a horizontal position1 turn gre51 & ?us become a pair ( evid5t leaves1 ! fir/ foliage ( a t9y plant4 ,?is se$l+1 al?\gh dim9utive & mo/ simple1 possesses & puts into use1 all ! ,,organs ( ,,vegetation1 namely1 root1 /em1 & leaves1 ea* 9 its prop] elem5t1--! root 9 ! soil1 ! /em ris+ out ( x1 ! leaves 9 ! light & op5 air4 ,x n[ draws 9 moi/ure & "s food-mat]ials f ! soil by its root1 conveys ?is ?r\gh ! /em into ! leaves1 :]e ^! mat]ials1 along ) o!r crude food :i* ^! imbibe f ! air1 are assimilat$ into vegetable matt]1 i4 e4 into ! mat]ial = fur!r gr[?4 #ab4 ,fur!r ,gr[? soon proce$s to ! =mation ( new p>ts1--d[nw>d 9 ! production ( m root1 or ( bran*es ( ! ma9 root1 upw>d 9 ! developm5t ( m /em & leaves4 ,t f :i* a /em ) its leaves is cont9u$1 or a new /em 7i4 e4 bran*7 orig9at$1 is a ,,bud4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s & famili> buds are ^? ( mo/ %rubs & trees1 be>+ buds =m$ 9 summ] or autumn1 to gr[ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,b e su* po9t = new gr[? may equally be> ! "n4 ,:5 !re is su* a bud betwe5 ! cotyl$ons 9 ! se$ or se$l+ x is call$ ! ,,plumule4 ,?is is conspicu\s en\gh 9 a bean 7,fig4 #bi471 :]e ! "y leaf ( ! new gr[? looks l a little plume1 :5ce ! "n1 plumule4 ,9 flax-se$ ?is is v m9ute inde$1 b is disc]nible ) a magnifi]1 & 9 ! se$l+ x %[s itself di/9ctly 7,fig4 #e1 #f1 #g74 #ac4 ,z x gr[s x %apes itself into a second pair ( leaves1 :i* ( c\rse re/s on a second jo9t ( /em1 al?\gh 9 ?is in/ance t rema9s too %ort to be well se54 ,^u its summit appe>s ! ?ird pair ( leaves1 soon to be rais$ ^u its prop] jo9t ( /em2 ! next leaf is s+le1 & is c>ri$ up /ill fur!r ^u its support+ jo9t ( /em2 & s on4 ,! root1 mean:ile1 cont9ues to gr[ und]gr\nd1 n jo9t aft] jo9t1 b cont9u\sly1 f its l[] end2 & commonly x be=e long multiplies itself by bran*es1 :i* l5g!n by ! same cont9u\s gr[?4 ,b /ems are built up by a succession ( leaf-be>+ gr[?s1 su* z are /rongly m>k$ 9 a re$ or corn-/alk1 & less s 9 su* an h]b z ,flax4 ,! ^w jo9t is ambigu\s3 x may mean ei!r ! portion betwe5 successive leaves1 or _! junction1 :]e ! leaves are atta*$4 ,= precision1 !re=e1 ! place :]e ! leaf or leaves are borne is call$ a ,,node1 & ! nak$ int]val betwe5 two nodes1 an ,,int]node4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,upp] "p ( ,flax-plant 9 blossom4 #ad4 ,9 ?is way a simple /em ) its g>niture ( leaves is develop$ f ! se$4 ,b besides ?is direct cont9uation1 buds may =m & develop into lat]al /ems1 t is1 into bran*es1 f any node4 ,! prop] orig9 ( bran*es is f ! ,,axil ( a leaf1 i4 e4 ! angle betwe5 leaf & /em on ! upp] side2 & bran*es may aga9 bran*1 s build+ up ! h]b1 %rub1 or tree4 ,b soon] or lat]1 & )\t long delay 9 an annual l ,flax1 in/ead ( ?is cont9uance ( m]e vegetation1 reproduction is prep>$ = by #ae4 ,blossom+4 ,9 ,flax ! fl[]s make _! appe>ance at ! end ( ! /em & bran*es4 ,! gr[?1 :i* o!rwise might cont9ue !m f>!r or indef9itely1 n[ takes ! =m ( blossom1 & is subs]vi5t to ! production ( se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,flax-fl[]s ab\t natural size4 #aj4 ,section ( a fl[] mod]ately enl>g$1 %[+ a "p ( ! petals & /am5s1 all five /yles1 & a section ( ov>y ) two ovules or rudim5t>y se$s4 #af4 ,! ,fl[] ( ,flax consi/s1 fir/1 ( five small gre5 leaves1 cr[d$ into a circle3 ?is is ! ,,calyx1 or fl[]-cup4 ,:5 its sep>ate leaves are ref]r$ to !y are call$ ,,sepals1 a "n :i* di/+ui%es !m f foliage-leaves on ! "o h&1 & f petals on ! o!r4 ,!n come five delicate & color$ leaves 79 ! ,flax1 blue71 :i* =m ! ,,corolla1 & its leaves are ,,petals2 !n a circle ( organs1 9 :i* all lik5ess to leaves is lo/1 consi/+ ( sl5d] /alks ) a knob at summit1 ! ,,/am5s2 & la/ly1 9 ! c5tre1 ! r\nd$ body1 :i* becomes a pod1 surm\nt$ by five sl5d] or /alk-l bodies4 ,?is1 all toge!r1 is ! ,,pi/il4 ,! l[] "p ( x1 :i* is to conta9 ! se$s1 is ! ,,ov>y2 ! sl5d] organs surm\nt+ ?is are ,,/yles2 ! knob borne on ! apex ( ea* /yle is a ,,/igma4 ,go+ back to ! /am5s1 ^! are ( two p>ts1 viz4 ! /alk1 call$ ,,filam5t1 & ! body x be>s1 ! ,,an!r4 ,an!rs are fill$ ) ,,poll51 a p[d]y sub/ance made up ( m9ute gra9s4 #ag4 ,! poll5 %$ f ! an!rs :5 !y op5 falls ^u or is convey$ to ! /igmas2 !n ! poll5-gra9s set up a k9d ( gr[? 7to be disc]n$ only by aid ( a good microscope71 :i* p5etrates ! /yle3 ?is gr[? takes ! =m ( a ?read m delicate ?an ! f9e/ spid]'s web1 & rea*es ! bodies :i* are to become se$s 7,,ovules !y are call$ until ?is *ange occurs72 ^!1 t\*$ by ?is influ5ce1 are incit$ to a new gr[? )91 :i* becomes an embryo4 ,s1 z ! ov>y rip5s into ! se$-pod or capsule 7,fig4 #a1 etc47 conta9+ se$s1 ea* se$ enclos+ a rudim5t>y new plantlet1 ! r\nd ( ?is vegetable exi/5ce is complet$4 ,section ,,iii4 ,,morphology ,,( ,,se$l+s4 #ah4 ,hav+ obta9$ a g5]al idea ( ! gr[? & p>ts ( a phan]ogam\s plant f ! common ,flax ( ! field1 ! se$s & se$l+s ( o!r famili> plants may be tak5 up1 & _! v>iations f ! assum$ patt]n exam9$4 #ai4 ,g]m9at+ ,maples are excell5t to beg9 )1 ! p>ts be+ s mu* l>g] ?an 9 ,flax t a common magnify+ glass1 al?\gh conv5i5t1 is h>dly necess>y4 ,! only disadvantage is t fre% se$s are n readily to be _h at all seasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,embryo ( ,sug> ,maple1 cut ?r\gh l5g?wise & tak5 out ( ! se$4 #ab1 #ac4 ,:ole embryo ( same j beg9n+ to gr[2 a1 ! /emlet or caulicle1 :i* 9 #ac has consid]ably l5g!n$4 #bj4 ,! se$s ( ,sug> ,maple rip5 at ! end ( summ]1 & g]m9ate 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! embryo fills ! :ole se$1 9 :i* x is nicely pack$2 & ! nature ( ! p>ts is obvi\s ev5 be=e gr[? beg9s4 ,!re is a /emlet 7caulicle7 & a pair ( long & n>r[ se$-leaves 7cotyl$ons71 d\bl$ up & coil$1 gre5 ev5 9 ! se$1 & 9 g]m9ation at once unfold+ into ! fir/ pair ( foliage-leaves1 ?\gh ( %ape q unlike ^? t foll[4 #ba4 ,r$ ,maple se$s are ripe & ready to g]m9ate at ! beg9n+ ( summ]1 & are !re=e m conv5i5t = /udy4 ,! cotyl$ons are crumpl$ 9 ! se$1 & n easy to /raight5 out until !y unfold !mselves 9 g]m9ation4 ,! /ory ( _! developm5t into ! se$l+ is told by ! accompany+ ,fig4 #ad-bj2 & t ( ,sug> ,maple is closely simil>4 ,no plumule or bud appe>s 9 ! embryo ( ^! two ,maples until ! se$-leaves h ne>ly atta9$ _! full gr[? & are act+ z foliage-leaves1 & until a root is =m$ bel[4 ,!re is no great /ore ( n\ri%m5t 9 ^! ?9 cotyl$ons2 s fur!r gr[? has to wait until ! root & se$-leaves h collect$ & elaborat$ suffici5t mat]ial = ! =mation ( ! second int]node & its pair ( leaves1 :i* l5d+ _! help ! ?ird pair is m promptly produc$1 & s on4 #bb4 ,"s *ange 9 ! plan comes ) ! ,silv] or ,s(t ,:ite ,maple4 7,fig4 #ba-be74 ,?is blossoms 9 e>lie/ spr+1 & x drops its l>ge & rip5$ keys only a few weeks lat]4 ,its cotyl$ons h n at all ! appe>ance ( leaves2 !y are %ort & broad1 & 7z !re is no room to be sav$ by fold+7 !y are /raight1 except a small fold at ! top1--a ve/ige ( ! habit ( ,maples 9 g5]al4 ,_! unusual ?ickness is due to ! l>ge /ore ( nutritive matt] !y conta91 & ?is prev5ts _! develop+ into actual leaves4 ,correspond+ly1 _! caulicle does n l5g!n to elevate !m above ! surface ( ! soil2 ! gr[? bel[ ! cotyl$ons is ne>ly all ( root4 ,x is ! little plumule or bud betwe5 !m :i* makes ! upw>d gr[?1 & :i*1 be+ well f$ by ! cotyl$ons1 rapidly develops ! next pair ( leaves & raises !m ^u a long int]node1 & s on4 ,! cotyl$ons all ! :ile rema9 bel[1 9 ! husk ( ! fruit & se$1 & p]i% :5 !y h yield$ up ! /ore ( food :i* !y conta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,"o ( ! pair ( keys or w+$ fruits ( ,r$ ,maple2 ! se$-be>+ portion cut op5 to %[ ! se$4 #ae4 ,se$ enl>g$1 & divid$ to %[ ! crumpl$ embryo :i* fills x4 #af4 ,embryo tak5 out & p>tly op5$4 #ag4 ,embryo :i* has unfold$ 9 e>ly /age ( g]m9ation & begun to gr[4 #ah4 ,se$l+ ) next jo9t ( /em & leaves app>5t2 & #ai ) ^! p>ts full-gr[n1 & bud at apex = fur!r gr[?4 #bj4 ,se$l+ ) ano!r jo9t ( /em & pair ( leaves4 #bc4 ,s1 ev5 9 plants s mu* alike z ,maples1 !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( food /or$ up 9 ! cotyl$ons by :i* ! gr[? is to be made2 & !re are correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! g]m9ation4 ,! l>g] ! supply to draw ^u1 ! /rong] ! gr[?1 & ! quick] ! =mation ( root bel[ & ( /em & leaves above4 ,?is deposit ( food ?ick5s ! cotyl$ons1 & r5d]s !m less & less leaf-l 9 proportion to its am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fruit 7"o key7 ( ,silv] ,maple1 ,ac] dasyc>pum1 ( natural size1 ! se$-be>+ portion divid$ to %[ ! se$4 #bb4 ,embryo ( ! se$ tak5 out4 #bc4 ,same op5$ out1 to %[ ! ?ick cotyl$ons & ! little plumule or bud betwe5 !m4 #bd4 ,g]m9ation ( ,silv] ,maple1 natural size2 m]ely ! base ( ! fruit1 conta9+ ! se$1 is %[n4 #be4 ,embryo ( same1 tak5 out ( ! husk2 upp] "p ( gr[+ /em cut (f1 = want ( room4 #bd4 ,examples ( ,embryos ) ?ick5$ ,cotyl$ons4 ,9 ! ,pumpk9 & ,squa% 7,fig4 #bf1 #bg71 ! cotyl$ons are well suppli$ ) n\ri%+ matt]1 z _! sweet ta/e demon/rates4 ,/ill1 !y are flat & n v ?ick4 ,9 g]m9ation ?is /ore is promptly utiliz$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! caulicle to tw5ty or ?irty times its l5g? 9 ! se$1 & to correspond+ ?ickness1 9 ! =mation ( a clu/] ( roots at its l[] end1 & ! e>ly production ( ! incipi5t plumule2 also 9 _! own gr[? into effici5t gre5 leaves4 ,! case ( our common ,bean 7,phaseolus vulg>is1 ,fig4 #bh-cj7 is ne>ly ! same1 except t ! cotyl$ons are mu* m gorg$2 s t1 al?\gh c>ri$ up into ! air & light ^u ! l5g!n+ caulicle1 & !re acquir+ a gre5 color1 !y nev] exp& into useful leaves4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y n\ri% into rapid gr[? ! plumule1 :i* is pla9ly visible 9 ! se$1 z a pair ( incipi5t leaves2 & ^! =m ! fir/ actual foliage4 #be4 ,v simil> is ! g]m9ation ( ! ,bee* 7,fig4 #ca-cc71 except t ! caulicle l5g!ns less1 h>dly rais+ ! cotyl$ons out ( ! gr\nd4 ,no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by elevat+ !m1 z !y nev] gr[ out into effici5t leaves2 b ! jo9t ( /em belong+ to ! plumule l5g!ns well1 c>ry+ up its pair ( real foliage-leaves4 #bf4 ,x is ne>ly ! same 9 ! ,bean ( ! ,old ,_w 7,vicia ,faba1 "h call$ ,horse ,bean & ,w9dsor ,bean73 ! caulicle l5g!ns v little1 does n und]take to elevate ! heavy se$1 :i* is left bel[ or ^u ! surface ( ! soil1 ! flat b ?ick cotyl$ons rema9+ 9 x1 & supply+ food = ! gr[? ( ! root bel[ & ! plumule above4 ,9 its ne> relative1 ! ,pea 7,fig4 #cd1 #ce71 ?is use ( cotyl$ons = /orage only is mo/ completely c>ri$ out4 ,= !y are ?ick5$ to ! utmo/1 ev5 into hemisph]es2 ! caulicle does n l5g!n at all2 m]ely s5ds out roots f ! l[] end1 & develops its /rong plumule f ! upp]1 ! se$ rema9+ unmov$ und]gr\nd4 ,t is1 9 te*nical language1 ! g]m9ation is hypogae\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,embryo ( ,pumpk9-se$1 p>tly op5$4 #bg4 ,"y se$l+ ( same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,embryo ( ,common ,bean 7,phaseolus vulg>is73 caulicle b5t d[n ov] edge ( cotyl$ons4 #bi4 ,same g]m9at+3 caulicle well l5g!n$ & root beg9n+2 ?ick cotyl$ons p>tly spread+2 & plumule 7pair ( leaves7 gr[+ betwe5 !m4 #cj4 ,same1 old]1 ) plumule develop$ into int]node & pair ( leaves4 #bg4 ,!re is suffici5t n\ri%m5t 9 ! cotyl$ons ( a pea to make a v consid]able gr[? be=e any actual foliage is requir$4 ,s x is ! /em-portion ( ! plumule :i* is at fir/ conspicu\s & /rong-gr[+4 ,"h1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ce1 its l[] nodes be> ea* a useless leaf-scale in/ead ( an effici5t leaf1 & only ! lat] ones be> leaves fitt$ = foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a ,bee*-nut1 cut across4 #cb4 ,beg9n+ g]m9ation ( ! ,bee*1 %[+ ! plumule gr[+ be=e ! cotyl$ons h op5$ or ! root has sc>cely =m$4 #cc4 ,! same1 a little lat]1 ) ! plumule-leaves develop+1 & elevat$ on a long int]node4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,embryo ( ,pea1 i4 e4 a pea ) ! coats remov$2 ! %ort & ?ick caulicle pres5t$ to view4 #ce4 ,same 9 advanc$ g]m9ation3 ! plumule has develop$ f\r or five int]nodes1 be>+ s+le leaves2 b ! fir/ & second leaves are m]e scales1 ! ?ird beg9s to s]ve z foliage2 ! next m s4 #bh4 ,?is hypogae\s g]m9ation is exemplifi$ on a l>g] scale by ! ,oak 7,fig4 #cf1 #cg7 & ,horse-*e/nut 7,fig4 #ch1 #ci72 b 9 ^! ! d[nw>d gr[? is :olly a /\t tap-root4 ,x is n ! caulicle2 = ?is l5g!ns h>dly any4 ,inde$1 ! e>lie/ gr[? :i* c>ries ! v %ort caulicle out ( ! %ell comes f ! =mation ( foot-/alks to ! cotyl$ons2 above ^! develops ! /rong plumule1 bel[ gr[s ! /\t root4 ,! gr[? is at fir/ entirely1 = a long "t ma9ly1 at ! exp5se ( ! great /ore ( food 9 ! cotyl$ons4 ,^!1 aft] s]v+ _! purpose1 decay & fall away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,half ( an acorn1 cut l5g?wise1 fill$ by ! v ?ick cotyl$ons1 ! base ( :i* encloses ! m9ute caulicle4 #cg4 ,oak-se$l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,half ( a horse-*e/nut1 simil>ly cut2 ! caulicle is curv$ d[n on ! side ( "o ( ! ?ick cotyl$ons4 #ci4 ,horse-*e/nut 9 g]m9ation2 foot-/alks are =m$ to ! cotyl$ons1 pu%+ out 9 _! l5g!n+ ! gr[+ p>ts4 #bi4 ,su* ?ick cotyl$ons nev] sep>ate2 inde$1 !y sometimes gr[ toge!r by "s "p ( _! contigu\s faces2 s t ! g]m9ation seems to proce$ f a solid bulb-l mass4 ,?is is ! case 9 a horse-*e/nut4 #cj4 ,g]m9at+ ,embryo suppli$ by its own ,/ore ( ,n\ri%m5t1 i4 e4 ! /ore 9 ! cotyl$ons4 ,?is is s 9 all ! illu/rations ?us f>1 ess5tially s ev5 9 ! ,flax4 ,?is n\ri%m5t 0 suppli$ by ! "m plant to ! ovule & se$1 & !nce tak5 into ! embryo dur+ its gr[?4 ,su* embryos1 fill+ ! :ole se$1 are comp>atively l>ge & /rong1 & vigor\s 9 g]m9ation 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( _! gr[? :ile connect$ ) ! p>5t plant4 #ca4 ,g]m9at+ ,embryo suppli$ f a ,deposit outside ( ,itself4 ,?is is z common z ! o!r mode2 & x occurs 9 all degrees4 ,"s se$s h v little ( ?is deposit1 b a comp>atively l>ge embryo1 ) its p>ts m or less develop$ & recognizable4 ,9 o!rs ?is deposit =ms ! ma9 bulk ( ! se$1 & ! embryo is small or m9ute1 & comp>atively rudim5t>y4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations exemplify ^! v>i\s grades4 ,:5 an embryo 9 a se$ is ?us surr\nd$ by a :ite sub/ance1 x 0 natural to lik5 ! latt] to ! :ite ( an egg1 & ! embryo or g]m to ! yolk4 ,s ! matt] ar\nd or by ! side ( ! embryo 0 call$ ! ,album51 i4 e4 ! :ite ( ! se$4 ,! analogy is n v good2 & to avoid ambiguity "s botani/s call x ! ,,endosp]m4 ,z t means 9 ,engli% m]ely ! inw>ds ( a se$1 ! new "n is little bett] ?an ! old "o2 &1 s9ce we d n *ange names 9 botany except :5 x _c be avoid$1 ?is "n ( album5 is g5]ally kept up4 ,a se$ ) su* a deposit is album9\s1 "o ) none is exalbum9\s4 #cb4 ,! ,,album5 =ms ! ma9 bulk ( ! se$ 9 :eat1 maize1 rice1 buck:eat1 & ! l4 ,x is ! fl\ry "p ( ! se$4 ,also ( ! cocoa-nut1 ( c(fee 7:]e x is d5se & h>d71 etc42 :ile 9 peas1 beans1 almonds1 & 9 mo/ edible nuts1 ! /ore ( food1 al?\gh ess5tially ! same 9 nature & 9 use1 is 9 ! embryo itself1 & !re=e is n c\nt$ z any?+ to be sep>ately nam$4 ,9 bo? =ms ?is conc5trat$ food = ! g]m9at+ plant is food also = man & = animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,se$ ( ,morn+ ,glory divid$1 mod]ately magnifi$2 %[s a longitud9al section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! embryo z x lies crumpl$ 9 ! album54 #da4 ,embryo tak5 out :ole & unfold$2 ! broad & v ?9 cotyl$ons not*$ at summit2 ! caulicle bel[4 #db4 ,e>ly /ate ( g]m9ation4 #dc4 ,same1 m advanc$2 caulicle or prim>y /em1 cotyl$ons or se$-leaves1 & bel[1 ! root1 well develop$4 #cc4 ,= an album9\s se$ ) a well-develop$ embryo1 ! common ,morn+ ,glory 7,ipomoea purpurea1 ,fig4 #dj-dc7 is a conv5i5t example1 be+ easy & prompt to gr[1 & hav+ all ! p>ts well app>5t4 ,! se$s 7duly soak$ = exam9ation7 & ! g]m9ation %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,sug> & ,r$ ,maple 7#ai-ba74 ,! only ess5tial diff]5ce is t "h ! embryo is surr\nd$ by & crumpl$ up 9 ! album54 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is pulpy or mucilag9\s 9 fre% & "y se$s1 h>d5s z ! se$ rip5s1 b becomes aga9 pulpy 9 g]m9ation2 &1 z x liquefies1 ! ?9 cotyl$ons absorb x by _! :ole surface4 ,x supplem5ts ! nutritive matt] conta9$ 9 ! embryo4 ,bo? toge!r =m no l>ge /ore1 b suffici5t = e/abli%+ ! se$l+1 ) t9y root1 /em1 & pair ( leaves = initiat+ its indep5d5t gr[?2 :i* 9 due "t proce$s z 9 ,fig4 #dd1 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,se$l+ ( ,morn+ ,glory m advanc$ 7root cut away72 cotyl$ons well develop$ into foliage-leaves3 succe$+ int]node & leaf well develop$1 & ! next =m+4 #de4 ,se$l+ m advanc$2 r$uc$ to mu* bel[ natural size4 #cd4 ,small] embryos1 less develop$ 9 ! se$1 are m dep5d5t ^u ! extrane\s supply ( food4 ,! figures #df-ec illu/rate f\r grades 9 ?is respect4 ,! smalle/1 t ( ! ,peony1 is /ill l>ge en\gh to be se5 ) a h& magnify+ glass1 & ev5 its cotyl$ons may be disc]n$ by ! aid ( a simple /age microscope4 #ce4 ,! broad cotyl$ons ( ,mirabilis1 or ,f\r-o'clock 7,fig4 #eb1 #ec71 ) ! sl5d] caulicle almo/ encircle & enclose ! fl\ry album51 in/ead ( be+ enclos$ 9 x1 z 9 ! o!r illu/rations4 ,evid5tly "h ! g]m9at+ embryo is pr9cipally f$ by "o ( ! leaf-l cotyl$ons1 ! o!r be+ out ( contact ) ! supply4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,abronia 7,fig4 #ed1 #ee71 a ne> relative ( ,mirabilis1 !re is a s+ul> modification2 "o cotyl$on is almo/ want+1 be+ r$uc$ to a rudim5t1 leav+ x = ! o!r to d ! "w4 ,?is leads to ! "q ( ! #cf4 ,numb] ( ,cotyl$ons4 ,9 all ! prec$+ illu/rations1 ! embryo1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 %ape & degree ( developm5t1 is evid5tly con/ruct$ ^u "o & ! same plan1 namely1 t ( two leaves on a caulicle or initial /em1--a plan :i* is obvi\s ev5 :5 "o cotyl$on becomes v mu* small] ?an ! o!r1 z 9 ! r>e in/ance ( ,abronia 7,fig4 #ed1 #ee74 ,9 o!r words1 ! embryos s f> exam9$ are all #cg4 ,dicotyl$on\s1 t is1 two-cotyl$on$4 ,plants :i* are ?us simil> 9 ! plan ( ! embryo agree likewise 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( _! /ems1 leaves1 & blossoms2 & ?us =m a class1 nam$ f _! embryo ,,dicotyl$ones1 or 9 ,engli%1 ,,dicotyl$on\s ,,plants4 ,s long a "n be+ inconv5i5t1 x may be %ort5$ into ,,dicotyls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,section ( a se$ ( a ,peony1 %[+ a v small embryo 9 ! album51 ne> "o end4 #dg4 ,?is embryo deta*$1 & m magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,section ( a se$ ( ,b>b]ry1 %[+ ! /raight embryo 9 ! middle ( ! album54 #di4 ,its embryo deta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,section ( a ,potato se$1 %[+ ! embryo coil$ 9 ! album54 #ea4 ,its embryo deta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,section ( ! se$ ( ,mirabilis or ,f\r-o'clock1 %[+ ! embryo coil$ r\nd ! outside ( ! album54 #ec4 ,embryo deta*$2 %[+ ! v broad & leaf-l cotyl$ons1 appli$ face to face1 & ! pair incurv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,embryo ( ,abronia umbellata2 "o ( ! cotyl$ons v small4 #ee4 ,same /raight5$ out4 #ch4 ,polycotyl$on\s is a "n employ$ = ! less usual case 9 :i* !re are m ?an two cotyl$ons4 ,! ,p9e is ! mo/ famili> case4 ,?is occurs 9 all ,p9es1 ! numb] ( cotyl$ons v>y+ f ?ree to twelve2 9 ,fig4 #ef1 #eg !y are six4 ,note t !y are all on ! same level1 t is1 belong to ! same node1 s z to =m a circle or :orl at ! summit ( ! caulicle4 ,:5 !re are only ?ree cotyl$ons1 !y divide ! space equally1 are "o ?ird ( ! circle ap>t4 ,:5 only two !y are #ahj deg4 ap>t1 t is1 are opposite4 #ci4 ,! case ( ?ree or m cotyl$ons1 :i* is con/ant 9 ,p9es & 9 "s ( _! relatives 7b n 9 all ( !m71 is occasional among ,dicotyls4 ,& ! polycotyl$on\s is only a v>iation ( ! dicotyl$on\s type1--a diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( leaves 9 ! :orl2 = a pair is a :orl r$uc$ to two memb]s4 ,"s suppose t !re are really only two cotyl$ons ev5 9 a ,p9e embryo1 b ^! divid$ or split up cong5itally s z to imitate a great] numb]4 ,b z leaves are (t5 9 :orls on ord9>y /ems1 !y may be s at ! v beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,section ( a ,p9e-se$1 %[+ its polycotyl$on\s embryo 9 ! c5tre ( ! album51 mod]ately magnifi$4 #eg4 ,se$l+ ( same1 %[+ ! fre%ly exp&$ six cotyl$ons 9 a :orl1 & ! plumule j appe>+4 #dj4 ,monocotyl$on\s 7mean+ ) s+le cotyl$on7 is ! "n ( ! "o-cotyl$on$ sort ( embryo4 ,?is goes along ) peculi>ities 9 /em1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 :i* all toge!r associate su* plants into a great class1 call$ ,,monocotyl$on\s ,,plants1 or1 = %ortness1 ,,monocotyls4 ,x means m]ely t ! leaves are alt]nate f ! v fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,section ( a se$ ( ! ,iris1 or ,fl[]-de-,luce1 enl>g$1 %[+ its small embryo 9 ! album51 ne> ! bottom4 #ei4 ,a g]m9at+ se$l+ ( ! same1 its plumule develop$ into ! fir/ f\r leaves 7alt]nate71 ! fir/ "o rudim5t>y1 ! cotyl$on rema9s 9 ! se$4 #da4 ,9 ,iris 7,fig4 #eh1 #ei7 ! embryo 9 ! se$ is a small cyl9d] at "o end ( ! mass ( ! album51 ) no app>5t di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,! end :i* almo/ t\*es ! se$ coat is caulicle1 ! o!r end belongs to ! solit>y cotyl$on4 ,9 g]m9ation ! :ole l5g!ns 7b ma9ly ! cotyl$on7 only en\gh to pu% ! proximate end fairly out ( ! se$2 f ?is end ! root is =m$1 & f a little high] ! plumule lat] em]ges4 ,x w\ld appe> !re=e t ! cotyl$on answ]s to a m9ute leaf roll$ up1 & t a *9k ?r\gh :i* ! plumule gr[s out is a "p ( ! inroll$ edges4 ,! embryo ( ,indian ,corn %[s ^! p>ts on a l>g] scale & 9 a m op5 /ate 7,fig4 #ff-fh74 ,!re1 9 ! se$1 ! cotyl$on rema9s1 imbib+ n\ri%m5t f ! s(t5$ album51 & transmitt+ x to ! gr[+ root bel[ & new-=m+ leaves above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,section ( an ,onion se$ %[+ ! sl5d] & coil$ embryo 9 ! album51 mod]ately magnifi$4 #fa4 ,se$ ( same 9 e>ly g]m9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,g]m9at+ ,onion1 m advanc$1 ! *9k at base ( cotyl$on op5+ = ! protrusion ( ! plumule1 consi/+ ( a ?read-%ap$ leaf4 #fc4 ,section ( base ( ,fig4 #fb1 %[+ plumule enclos$4 #fd4 ,section ( same lat]1 plumule em]g+4 #fe4 ,lat] /age ( #fb1 upp] "p cut (f4 #ff4 ,a gra9 ( ,indian ,corn1 flatwise1 cut away a little1 s z to %[ ! embryo1 ly+ on ! album5 :i* makes ! pr9cipal bulk ( ! se$4 #fg4 ,a gra9 cut ?r\gh ! middle 9 ! opposite direction1 divid+ ! embryo ?r\gh its ?ick cotyl$on & its plumule1 ! latt] consi/+ ( two leaves1 "o enclos+ ! o!r4 #fh4 ,! embryo tak5 out :ole2 ! ?ick mass is ! cotyl$on1 ! n>r[ body p>tly enclos$ by x is ! plumule1 ! little projection at its base is ! v %ort radicle enclos$ 9 ! %ea?+ base ( ! fir/ leaf ( ! plumule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,gra9 ( ,indian ,corn 9 g]m9ation1 ! asc5d+ spr\t is ! fir/ leaf ( ! plumule1 enclos+ ! y\ng] leaves )91 at its base ! prim>y root has brok5 ?r\gh4 #gj4 ,! same1 advanc$2 ! second & ?ird leaves develop+1 :ile ! %ea?+ fir/ leaf does n fur!r develop4 #db4 ,! g5]al plan is ! same 9 ! ,onion 7,fig4 #fj-fe71 b ) a /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,! embryo is long1 & coil$ 9 ! album5 ( ! se$4 ,to ord9>y exam9ation x %[s no di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,b g]m9ation pla9ly %[s t all except ! l[] end ( x is cotyl$on4 ,= aft] x has l5g!n$ into a long ?read1 ! *9k f :i* ! plumule 9 "t em]ges is se5 at ! base1 or ne> x1 s ! caulicle is extremely %ort1 & does n elongate1 b s5ds out f its base a simple root1 & aft]w>ds o!rs 9 a clu/]4 ,n only does ! cotyl$on l5g!n enorm\sly 9 ! se$l+1 b 7unlike t ( ,iris1 ,indian ,corn1 & all ! c]eal gra9s7 x raises ! comp>atively light se$ into ! air1 ! tip /ill rema9+ 9 ! se$ & fe$+ ^u ! album54 ,:5 ?is food is exhau/$ & ! se$l+ is well e/abli%$ 9 ! soil1 ! upp] end decays & ! empti$ husk ( ! se$ falls away4 #dc4 ,9 ,maize or ,indian ,corn 7,fig4 #ff-gj71 ! embryo is m develop$ 9 ! se$1 & its p>ts c be made out4 ,x lies aga9/ ! />*y album51 b is n enclos$ !re94 ,! l>g] "p ( x is ! cotyl$on1 ?icki%1 its edges involute1 & its back 9 contact ) ! album52 p>tly enclos$ by x is ! well-develop$ plumule or bud :i* is to gr[4 ,= ! cotyl$on rema9s 9 ! se$ to fulfil its (fice ( imbib+ n\ri%m5t f ! s(t5$ album51 :i* x conveys to ! gr[+ spr\t2 ! "p ( ?is spr\t :i* is visible is ! fir/ leaf ( ! plumule roll$ up into a %ea? & enclos+ ! rudim5ts ( ! succe$+ leaves1 at ! base enclos+ ev5 ! m9ute caulicle4 ,9 g]m9ation ! fir/ leaf ( ! plumule develops only z a sort ( %ea?1 protect+ ! t5d] p>ts )92 ! second & ! ?ird =m ! fir/ foliage4 ,! caulicle nev] l5g!ns3 ! fir/ root1 :i* is =m$ at its l[] end1 or f any "p ( x1 has to break ?r\gh ! enclos+ %ea?2 & succe$+ roots soon spr+ f all or any ( ! nodes ( ! plumule4 #dd4 ,simple-/emm$ ,plants are ?us built up1 by ! cont9u\s production ( "o leaf-be>+ portion ( /em f ! summit ( ! prec$+ "o1 beg9n+ ) ! initial /em 7or caulicle7 9 ! embryo4 ,"s ,dicotyls & _m ,monocotyls develop only 9 ?is s+le l9e ( gr[? 7z to p>ts above gr\nd7 until ! fl[]+ /ate is approa*$4 ,= "s examples1 see ,cycas 7,fig4 #ga1 front1 at ! left72 a tall ,yucca or ,spani% ,bayonet1 & two ,cocoa-nut ,palms beh9d2 at ! "r1 a gr\p ( ,sug>-canes1 & a ,banana beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,simple-/emm$ vegetation4 ,section ,,iv4 ,,gr[? ,,f ,,buds3 ,,bran*+4 #de4 ,mo/ plants increase ! am\nt ( _! vegetation by bran*+1 t is1 by produc+ lat]al %oots4 #df4 ,roots bran* f any "p & usually )\t def9ite ord]4 ,/ems normally give rise to bran*es only at def9ite po9ts1 namely1 at ! nodes1 & !re only f ! axils ( leaves4 #dg4 ,buds 7,fig4 #gb1 #gc74 ,e incipi5t %oot is a ,bud 7#ab74 ,a /em cont9ues its gr[? by its t]m9al bud2 x bran*es by ! =mation & developm5t ( lat]al buds4 ,z normal lat]al buds occupy ! axils ( leaves1 !y are call$ axill>y buds4 ,z leaves are symmetrically arrang$ on ! /em1 ! buds 9 _! axils & ! bran*es into :i* axill>y buds gr[ p>take ( ?is symmetry4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s buds are ! scaly w9t]-buds ( mo/ %rubs & trees ( temp]ate & cold climates2 b ! "n belongs z well to ! =m+ %oot or bran* ( any h]b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,%oot ( ,horse-*e/nut1 ( "o ye>'s gr[?1 tak5 9 autumn aft] ! leaves h fall52 %[+ ! l>ge t]m9al bud & small] axill>y buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,simil> %oot ( ,%agb>k ,hickory1 ,c>ya alba4 #dh4 ,! ,t]m9al ,bud1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 may be said to exi/ 9 ! embryo1--z cotyl$ons1 or ! cotyl$ons & plumule1--& to cr[n ea* successive gr[? ( ! simple /em s long z ! summit is capable ( gr[?4 ,! :ole asc5d+ gr[? ( ! ,palm1 ,cycas1 & ! l 7su* z 9 ,fig4 #ga7 is f a t]m9al bud4 ,bran*es1 be+ repetitions ( ! ma9 /em & gr[+ 9 ! same way1 are also l5g!n$ by t]m9al buds4 ,^? ( ,horse-*e/nut1 ,hickory1 ,maples1 & su* trees1 be+ ! re/+ buds ( w9t]1 are conspicu\s by _! protective cov]+ ( scales4 ,^! bud-scales1 z w h]eaft] be %[n1 are !mselves a k9d ( leaves4 #di4 ,axill>y ,buds 7 =m$ on ^! annual %oots e>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,occasionally !y gr[ ! same season into bran*es2 at lea/1 "s ( !m are pretty sure to d s :5ev] ! gr[+ t]m9al bud at ! end ( ! %oot is injur$ or de/roy$4 ,o!rwise !y may lie dormant until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 _m trees or %rubs ^! axill>y buds d n %[ !mselves until spr+2 b if se>*$ =1 !y may be detect$1 ?\gh ( small size1 hidd5 "u ! b>k4 ,sometimes1 al?\gh e>ly =m$1 !y are conceal$ all summ] long "u ! base ( ! leaf-/alk1 :i* is !n holl[$ out into a sort ( inv]t$ cup1 l a c&le-ext+ui%]1 to cov] !m2 z 9 ! ,locu/1 ! ,yell[-wood1 or m /rik+ly 9 ! ,button-wood or ,plane-tree 7,fig4 #gd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,an axill>y bud1 conceal$ "u ! holl[$ base ( ! leaf-/alk1 9 ,buttonwood or ,plane-tree4 #ej4 ,! leaf-sc>s1 s conspicu\s 9 ,fig4 #gb1 #gc1 "u ea* axill>y bud1 m>k ! place :]e ! /alk ( ! subt5d+ leaf 0 atta*$ until x fell 9 autumn4 #ea4 ,scaly ,buds1 :i* are well repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gb1 #gc1 commonly belong to trees & %rubs ( c\ntries 9 :i* gr[? is susp5d$ dur+ w9t]4 ,! scaly cov]+s protect ! t5d] "y p>ts b5ea?1 n s mu* by keep+ out ! cold1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld p5etrate ! bud 9 "t1 z by %ield+ ! int]ior f ! effects ( sudd5 *anges4 ,!re are all gradations betwe5 ^! & #eb4 ,nak$ ,buds1 9 :i* ^! scales are inconspicu\s or want+1 z 9 mo/ h]bs1 at lea/ above gr\nd1 & mo/ tropical trees & %rubs4 ,b ne>ly relat$ plants ( ! same climate may diff] widely 9 ?is respect4 ,rhodod5drons h /rong & scaly w9t]-buds2 :ile 9 ,kalmia !y are nak$4 ,"o species ( ,viburnum1 ! ,hobble-bu%1 has completely nak$ buds1 :at w\ld be a pair ( scales develop+ into ! fir/ leaves 9 spr+2 :ile ano!r 7! ,sn[ball7 has conspicu\s scaly buds4 #ec4 ,vigor ( ,vegetation f /rong buds4 ,l>ge & /rong buds1 l ^? ( ! ,horse-*e/nut1 ,hickory1 & ! l1 conta9 sev]al leaves1 or pairs ( leaves1 ready =m$1 fold$ & pack$ away 9 small compass1 j z ! se$-leaves ( a /rong embryo are pack$ away 9 ! se$3 !y may ev5 conta9 all ! blossoms ( ! ensu+ season1 pla9ly visible z small buds4 ,& ! /ems ^u :i* ^! buds re/ are fill$ ) abundant n\ri%m5t1 :i* 0 deposit$ ! summ] be=e 9 ! wood or 9 ! b>k4 ,"u ! surface ( ! soil1 or on x cov]$ ) ! fall5 leaves ( autumn1 simil> /rong buds ( our p]5nial h]bs may be f\nd2 :ile b5ea? are ?ick roots1 root/ocks1 or tub]s1 *>g$ ) a great /ore ( n\ri%m5t = _! use4 ,?is expla9s h[ x is t vegetation f su* buds %oots =? s vigor\sly 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & clo!s ! b>e & lately froz5 surface ( ! soil1 z well z ! nak$ b\ghs ( trees1 v promptly ) a cov]+ ( fre% gre51 & (t5 ) brilliant blossoms4 ,ev]y?+ 0 prep>$1 & ev5 =m$1 be=eh&3 ! %ort jo9ts ( /em 9 ! bud h only to l5g!n1 & to sep>ate ! leaves f ea* o!r s t !y may unfold & gr[4 ,only a small "p ( ! vegetation ( ! season comes directly f ! se$1 & none ( ! e>lie/ v]nal vegetation4 ,?is is all f buds :i* h liv$ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 #ed4 ,! ,arrangem5t ( ,bran*es1 be+ t ( axill>y buds1 answ]s to t ( ! leaves4 ,n[ leaves pr9cipally are ei!r opposite or alt]nate4 ,leaves are opposite :5 !re are two f ! same jo9t ( /em1 z 9 ,maples 7,fig4 #bj71 ! two be+ on opposite sides ( ! /em2 & s ! axill>y buds & bran*es are opposite1 z 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,leaves are alt]nate :5 !re is only "o f ea* jo9t ( /em1 z 9 ! ,oak1 ,lime-tree1 ,popl>1 ,button-wood 7,fig4 #gd71 ,morn+-,glory 7,fig4 #de1--n c\nt+ ! se$-leaves1 :i* ( c\rse are opposite1 !re be+ a pair ( !m72 also 9 ,indian ,corn 7,fig4 #gj71 & ,iris 7,fig4 #ei74 ,consequ5tly ! axill>y buds are also alt]nate1 z 9 ,hickory 7,fig4 #gc72 & ! bran*es !y =m alt]nate1--mak+ a diff]5t k9d ( spray f ! o!r mode1 "o bran* %oot+ on "o side ( ! /em & ! next on "s o!r4 ,= 9 ! alt]nate arrangem5t no leaf is on ! same side ( ! /em z ! "o next above or next bel[ x4 #ee4 ,b ! symmetry ( bran*es 7unlike t ( ! leaves7 is r>ely complete4 ,?is is due to sev]al causes1 & mo/ commonly to ! #ef4 ,non-developm5t ( buds4 ,x nev] happ5s t all ! buds gr[4 ,if !y did1 !re might be z _m bran*es 9 any ye> z !re 7 leaves ! ye> be=e4 ,& ( ^? :i* d beg9 to gr[1 a l>ge portion p]i%1 soon] or lat]1 = want ( n\ri%m5t1 or = want ( light1 or because ^? :i* fir/ beg9 to gr[ h an advantage1 :i* !y are apt to keep1 tak+ to !mselves ! n\ri%m5t ( ! /em1 & />v+ ! weak] buds4 ,9 ! ,horse-*e/nut 7,fig4 #gb71 ,hickory 7,fig4 #gc71 ,magnolia1 & mo/ o!r trees ) l>ge scaly buds1 ! t]m9al bud is ! /ronge/1 & has ! advantage 9 gr[?2 & next 9 /r5g? are ! upp] axill>y buds3 :ile ! =m] cont9ues ! %oot ( ! la/ ye>1 "s ( ! latt] give rise to bran*es1 & ! re/ fail to gr[4 ,9 ! ,lilac also 7,fig4 #ge71 ! upp]mo/ axill>y buds are /rong] ?an ! l[]2 b ! t]m9al bud r>ely appe>s at all2 9 its place ! upp]mo/ pair ( axill>y buds gr[1 & s ea* /em bran*es e ye> into two1--mak+ a repeat$ly two-=k$ ramification1 z 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,%oot ( ,lilac1 ) w9t] buds2 ! two upp]mo/ axill>y ones /rong2 ! t]m9al n develop$4 #gf4 ,=k+ ramification ( ,lilac2 r$uc$ 9 size4 #eg4 ,lat5t ,buds4 ,axill>y buds t d n gr[ at ! prop] season1 & especially ^? :i* make no appe>ance ext]nally1 may long rema9 lat5t1 & at l5g? ^u a favorable occasion />t into gr[?1 s =m+ bran*es app>5tly out ( place z !y are out ( "t4 ,! new %oots se5 spr++ directly out ( l>ge /ems may sometimes orig9ate f su* lat5t buds1 :i* h pres]v$ _! life = ye>s4 ,b commonly ^! arise f #eh4 ,adv5titi\s ,buds4 ,^! are buds :i* c]ta9 %rubs & trees produce any:]e on ! surface ( ! wood1 especially :]e x has be5 injur$4 ,!y give rise to ! sl5d] twigs :i* (t5 fea!r ! sides ( great bran*es ( our ,am]ican ,elms4 ,!y sometimes =m on ! root1 :i* naturally is de/itute ( buds2 !y are ev5 f\nd ^u "s leaves2 & !y are sure to appe> on ! trunks & roots ( ,will[s1 ,popl>s1 & ,*e/nuts1 :5 ^! are w\nd$ or mutilat$4 ,inde$ ,osi]-,will[s are poll>d$1 or cut (f1 f "t to "t1 by ! cultivator1 = ! purpose ( produc+ a crop ( sl5d] adv5titi\s twigs1 suitable = basket-"w4 ,su* bran*es1 be+ altoge!r irregul>1 ( c\rse int]f]e ) ! natural symmetry ( ! tree4 ,ano!r cause ( irregul>ity1 9 c]ta9 trees & %rubs1 is ! =mation ( :at are call$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,t>t>ean ,honeysuckle1 ) ?ree accessory buds 9 ea* axil4 #ei4 ,accessory or ,sup]num]>y ,buds4 ,!re are cases :]e two1 ?ree1 or m buds spr+ f ! axil ( a leaf1 in/ead ( ! s+le "o :i* is ord9>ily f\nd !re4 ,sometimes !y are plac$ "o ov] ! o!r1 z 9 ! ,ari/olo*ia or ,pipe-,v9e1 & 9 ! ,t>t>ean ,honeysuckle 7,fig4 #gg72 also 9 ! ,honey-,locu/1 & 9 ! ,walnut & ,butt]nut 7,fig4 #gh71 :]e ! upp] sup]num]>y bud is a good way out ( ! axil & above ! o!rs4 ,& ?is is "h /rong] ?an ! o!rs1 & gr[s into a bran* :i* is consid]ably out ( ! axil1 :ile ! l[] & small] ones commonly d n gr[ at all4 ,9 o!r cases ?ree buds /& side by side 9 ! axil1 z 9 ! ,haw?orn1 & ! ,r$ ,maple 7,fig4 #gi47 ,if ^! 7 all to gr[ into bran*es1 !y w\ld /ifle ea* o!r4 ,b "s ( !m are commonly fl[]-buds3 9 ! ,r$ ,maple1 only ! middle "o is a leaf-bud1 & x does n gr[ until aft] ^? on ea* side ( x h exp&$ ! blossoms !y conta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,butt]nut bran*1 ) accessory buds1 ! upp]mo/ above ! axil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,r$-,maple bran*1 ) accessory buds plac$ side by side4 ,! annul> l9es t[>d ! base 9 ?is & 9 ,fig4 #gb are sc>s ( ! bud-scales1 & indicate ! place ( ! w9t]-bud ( ! prec$+ ye>4 #fj4 ,sorts ( ,buds4 ,x may be useful to enum]ate ! k9ds ( buds :i* h be5 describ$ or m5tion$4 ,!y are ,t]m9al1 :5 !y occupy ! summit ( 7or t]m9ate7 a /em1 ,lat]al1 :5 !y are borne on ! side ( a /em2 ( :i* ! regul> k9d is ! ,axill>y1 situat$ 9 ! axil ( a leaf4 ,^! are ,accessory or ,sup]num]>y1 :5 !y are 9 addition to ! normal solit>y bud2 & ^! are ,collat]al1 :5 side by side2 ,sup]pos$1 :5 "o above ano!r2 ,extra-axill>y1 :5 !y appe> above ! axil1 z "s d :5 sup]pos$1 & z occasionally is ! case :5 s+le4 ,nak$ buds2 ^? :i* h no protect+ scales4 ,scaly buds2 ^? :i* h protect+ scales1 :i* are alt]$ leaves or bases ( leaves4 ,leaf-buds1 conta9 or give rise to leaves1 & develop into a leafy %oot4 ,fl[]-buds1 conta9 or consi/ ( blossoms1 & no leaves4 ,mix$ buds1 conta9 bo? leaves & blossoms4 #fa4 ,def9ite annual ,gr[? f w9t] buds is m>k$ 9 mo/ ( ! %oots f /rong buds1 su* z ^? ( ! ,horse-*e/nut & ,hickory 7,fig4 #gb1 #gc74 ,su* a bud g5]ally conta9s1 already =m$ 9 m9iature1 all or a great "p ( ! leaves & jo9ts ( /em x is to produce1 makes its :ole gr[? 9 l5g? 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 or sometimes ev5 9 a few days1 & !n =ms & rip5s its buds = ! next ye>'s simil> gr[?4 #fb4 ,indef9ite annual ,gr[?1 on ! o!r h&1 is well m>k$ 9 su* trees or %rubs z ! ,honey-,locu/1 ,sumac1 & 9 /]ile %oots ( ! ,rose1 ,blackb]ry1 & ,raspb]ry4 ,t is1 ^! %oots are apt to gr[ all summ] long1 until /opp$ by ! fro/s ( autumn or "s o!r cause4 ,consequ5tly !y =m & rip5 no t]m9al bud protect$ by scales1 & ! upp] axill>y buds are produc$ s late 9 ! season t !y h no "t to mature1 nor has _! wood "t to solidify & rip54 ,su* /ems !re=e commonly die back f ! top 9 w9t]1 or at lea/ all _! upp] buds are small & feeble2 s ! gr[? ( ! succe$+ ye> takes place ma9ly f ! l[] axill>y buds1 :i* are m mature4 #fc4 ,deliquesc5t & ,excurr5t ,gr[?4 ,9 ! =m] case1 & :]ev] axill>y buds take ! lead1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no s+le ma9 /em1 cont9u$ ye> aft] ye> 9 a direct l9e1 b ! trunk is soon lo/ 9 ! bran*es4 ,trees s =m$ commonly h r\nd$ or spread+ tops4 ,( su* trees ) deliquesc5t /ems1--t is1 ) ! trunk dissolv$1 z x 71 into ! successively divid$ bran*es1--! common ,am]ican ,elm 7,fig4 #hj7 is a good illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,an ,am]ican ,elm1 ) ,spruce-trees1 & on ! left ,arbor ,vitae4 #fd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ma9 /em ( ,firs & ,spruces1 unless de/roy$ by "s injury1 is c>ri$ on 9 a direct l9e ?r\gh\t ! :ole gr[? ( ! tree1 by ! developm5t ye> aft] ye> ( a t]m9al bud3 ?is =ms a s+le1 un9t]rupt$ %aft1--an excurr5t trunk1 :i* _c be conf\nd$ ) ! bran*es t proce$ f x4 ,( su* spiry or spire-%ap$ trees1 ! ,firs or ,spruces are *>act]i/ic & famili> examples4 ,!re are all gradations betwe5 ! two modes4 ,section ,v4 ,,roots4 #fe4 ,x is a prop]ty ( /ems to produce roots4 ,/ems d n spr+ f roots 9 ord9>y cases1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 b roots f /ems4 ,:5 p]5nial h]bs arise f ! gr\nd1 z !y d at spr+-"t1 !y rise f subt]ranean /ems4 #ff4 ,! ,prim>y ,root is a d[nw>d gr[? f ! root-end ( ! caulicle1 t is1 ( ! initial /em ( ! embryo 7,fig4 #e-g1 #ha74 ,if x goes on to gr[ x makes a ma9 or tap-root1 z 9 ,fig4 #cg1 etc4 ,"s plants keep ?is ma9 root ?r\gh\t _! :ole life1 & s5d (f only small side bran*es2 z 9 ! ,c>rot & ,radi%3 & 9 v>i\s trees1 l ! ,oak1 x takes ! lead ( ! side-bran*es = sev]al ye>s1 unless accid5tally injur$1 z a /rong tap-root4 ,b commonly ! ma9 root divides (f v soon1 & is lo/ 9 ! bran*es4 ,multiple prim>y roots n[ & !n occur1 z 9 ! se$l+ ( ,pumpk9 7,fig4 #bg71 :]e a clu/] is =m$ ev5 at ! fir/1 f ! root-end ( ! caulicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,se$l+ ,maple1 ( ! natural size2 ! root well suppli$ ) root hairs1 "h l>ge en\gh to be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 #hb4 ,l[] end ( ?is root1 magnifi$1 ! root se5 j z root-hairs are beg9n+ to =m a little beh9d ! tip4 #fg4 ,second>y ,roots are ^? :i* arise f o!r p>ts ( ! /em4 ,any "p ( ! /em may produce !m1 b !y mo/ readily come f ! nodes4 ,z a g5]al rule !y naturally spr+1 or may be made to spr+1 f almo/ any "y /em1 :5 plac$ 9 favorable circum/ances1--t is1 :5 plac$ 9 ! soil1 or o!rwise suppli$ ) moi/ure & scre5$ f ! light4 ,= ! special t5d5cy ( ! root is to avoid ! light1 seek moi/ure1 & !re=e to bury itself 9 ! soil4 ,propagation by division1 :i* is s common & s v important 9 cultivation1 dep5ds ^u ! proclivity ( /ems to /rike root4 ,/ems or bran*es :i* rema9 "u gr\nd give out roots z freely z roots !mselves give (f bran*es4 ,/ems :i* creep on ! gr\nd mo/ commonly root at ! jo9ts2 s w mo/ bran*es :5 b5t to ! gr\nd1 z 9 propagation by lay]+2 & propagation by cutt+s equally dep5ds ^u ! t5d5cy ( ! cut end ( a %oot to produce roots4 ,?us1 a piece ( a plant :i* has /em & leaves1 ei!r develop$ or 9 ! bud1 may be made to produce roots1 & s become an indep5d5t plant4 #fh4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,/em & ,root4 ,/ems are asc5d+ axes2 roots are desc5d+ axes4 ,/ems gr[ by ! successive developm5t ( int]nodes 7#ac71 "o aft] ano!r1 ea* leaf-be>+ at its summit 7or node72 s t x is ( ! ess5tial nature ( a /em to be> leaves4 ,roots be> no leaves1 are n di/+ui%able into nodes & int]nodes1 b gr[ on cont9u\sly f ! l[] end4 ,!y commonly bran* freely1 b n f any fix$ po9ts nor 9 def9ite ord]4 #fi4 ,al?\gh roots g5]ally d n give rise to /ems1 & !re=e d n propagate ! plant1 exceptions are n uncommon4 ,= z /ems may produce adv5titi\s buds1 s also may roots4 ,! roots ( ! ,sweet ,potato among h]bs1 & ( ! ,osage ,orange among trees freely produce adv5titi\s buds1 develop+ into leafy %oots2 & s ^! plants are propagat$ by root-cutt+s4 ,b mo/ gr[?s ( subt]ranean orig9 :i* pass = roots are =ms ( /ems1 ! common ,potato = example4 #gj4 ,roots ( ord9>y k9ds & uses may be r\ghly class$ into fibr\s & fle%y4 #ga4 ,fibr\s ,roots1 su* z ^? ( ,indian ,corn 7,fig4 #gj71 ( mo/ annuals1 & ( _m p]5nials1 s]ve only = absorption3 ^! are sl5d] or ?read-l4 ,f9e roots ( ?is k9d1 & ! f9e bran*es :i* mo/ roots s5d out are call$ ,,rootlets4 #gb4 ,! :ole surface ( a root absorbs moi/ure f ! soil :ile fre% & new2 & ! new] roots & rootlets are1 ! m freely d !y imbibe4 ,accord+ly1 z long z ! plant gr[s above gr\nd1 & exp&s fre% foliage1 f :i* moi/ure l>gely escapes into ! air1 s long x cont9ues to ext5d & multiply its roots 9 ! soil b5ea?1 r5ew+ & increas+ ! fre% surface = absorb+ moi/ure1 9 proportion to ! dem& f above4 ,& :5 gr[? ceases above gr\nd1 & ! leaves die & fall1 or no long] act1 !n ! roots g5]ally /op gr[+1 & _! s(t & t5d] tips h>d54 ,f ?is p]iod1 !re=e1 until gr[? beg9s anew ! next spr+1 is ! be/ "t = transplant+2 especially = trees & %rubs4 #gc4 ,! absorb+ surface ( "y roots is mu* increas$ by ! =mation1 ne> _! tips1 ( ,,root-,,hairs 7,fig4 #ha1 #hb71 :i* are delicate tubul> outgr[?s f ! surface1 ?r\gh ! delicate walls ( :i* moi/ure is promptly imbib$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc-he4 ,=ms ( tap-root4 #gd4 ,fle%y ,roots are ^? 9 :i* ! root becomes a /oreh\se ( n\ri%m5t4 ,typical roots ( ?is k9d are ^? ( su* bi5nials z ! turnip & c>rot2 9 :i* ! food creat$ 9 ! fir/ season's vegetation is accumulat$1 to be exp5d$ ! next season 9 a vigor\s gr[? & a rapid developm5t ( fl[]s1 fruit1 & se$4 ,by ! "t ! se$ is matur$ ! exhau/$ root dies1 & ) x ! :ole plant4 #ge4 ,fle%y roots may be s+le or multiple4 ,! s+le root ( ! common] bi5nials is ! prim>y root1 or tap-root1 :i* beg9s to ?ick5 9 ! se$l+4 ,names are giv5 to its %apes1 su* z ,conical1 :5 x ?ick5s mo/ at ! cr[n1 or :]e x jo9s ! /em1 & tap]s regul>ly d[nw>ds to a po9t1 z 9 ! ,p>snip & ,c>rot 7,fig4 #hd72 ,turnip-%ap$ or napi=m1 :5 greatly ?ick5$ above1 b abruptly becom+ sl5d] bel[2 z ! ,turnip 7,fig4 #hc72 & ,sp9dle-%ap$1 or ,fusi=m1 :5 ?icke/ 9 ! middle & tap]+ to bo? ends2 z ! common ,radi% 7,fig4 #he74 #gf4 ,^! examples are ( prim>y roots4 ,x w be se5 t turnips1 c>rots1 & ! l1 are n pure root ?r\gh\t2 = ! caulicle1 f ! l[] end ( :i* ! root grew1 p>takes ( ! ?ick5+1 p]haps also "s jo9ts ( /em above3 s ! bud-be>+ & gr[+ top is /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,sweet-,potato plant =m+ ?ick5$ roots4 ,"s 9 ! middle are j beg9n+ to ?ick52 "o at ! left has gr[n m2 "o at ! "r is /ill l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,fascicl$ fusi=m roots ( a ,dahlia3 a1 a1 buds on base ( /em4 #gg4 ,a f9e example ( second>y roots 7#fg71 "s ( :i* rema9 fibr\s = absorption1 :ile a few ?ick5 & /ore up food = ! next season's gr[?1 is furni%$ by ! ,sweet ,potato 7,fig4 #hf74 ,z /at$ above1 ^! are us$ = propagation by cutt+s2 = any "p w produce adv5titi\s buds & %oots4 ,! ,dahlia produces fascicl$ 7i4 e4 clu/]$7 fusi=m roots ( ! same k9d1 at ! base ( ! /em 7,fig4 #hg73 b ^!1 l mo/ roots1 d n produce adv5titi\s buds4 ,! buds by :i* ,dahlias are propagat$ belong to ! surviv+ base ( ! /em above4 #gh4 ,anomal\s ,roots1 z !y may be call$1 are ^? :i* subs]ve o!r uses ?an absorption1 food-/or+1 & fix+ ! plant to ! soil4 ,a]ial ,roots1 i4 e4 ^? t /rike f /ems 9 ! op5 air1 are common 9 moi/ & w>m climates1 z 9 ! ,mangrove :i* rea*es ! coa/ ( ,florida1 ! ,banyan1 &1 less /rik+ly1 9 "s h]bace\s plants1 su* z ,sug> ,cane1 & ev5 9 ,indian ,corn4 ,su* roots rea* ! gr\nd at l5g?1 or t5d to d s4 ,a]ial ,rootlets are abundantly produc$ by _m climb+ plants1 su* z ! ,ivy1 ,poison ,ivy1 ,trumpet ,creep]1 etc41 spr++ f ! side ( /ems1 :i* !y fa/5 to trunks ( trees1 walls1 or o!r supports4 ,^! are us$ by ! plant = climb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,epiphytes ( ,florida & ,georgia1 viz41 ,epid5drum conopseum1 a small ,or*id1 & ,till&sia usneoides1 ! s-call$ ,long ,moss or ,black ,moss1 :i* is no moss1 b a fl[]+ plant1 also ,t4 recurvata2 on a b\gh ( ,live ,oak4 #gi4 ,epiphytes1 or ,air-,plants 7,fig4 #hh71 are call$ by ! =m] "n because commonly gr[+ ^u ! trunks or limbs ( o!r plants2 by ! latt] because1 hav+ no connection ) ! soil1 !y mu/ d]ive _! su/5ance f ! air only4 ,!y h a]ial roots1 :i* d n rea* ! gr\nd1 b are us$ to fix ! plant to ! surface ^u :i* ! plant gr[s3 !y also take a "p 9 absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 #hj4 ,p>asitic ,plants1 ( :i* !re are v>i\s k9ds1 /rike _! roots1 or :at answ] to roots1 into ! tissue ( fo/] plants1 or =m atta*m5ts ) _! surface1 s z to prey ^u _! juices4 ,( ?is sort is ! ,mi/letoe1 ! se$ ( :i* g]m9ates on ! b\gh :]e x falls or is left by birds2 & ! =m+ root p5etrates ! b>k & engrafts itself into ! wood1 to :i* x becomes unit$ z firmly z a natural bran* to its p>5t /em2 & inde$ ! p>asite lives j z if x 7 a bran* ( ! tree x gr[s & fe$s on4 ,a mo/ common p>asitic h]b is ! ,dodd]2 :i* ab\nds 9 l[ gr\nds 9 summ]1 & coils its long & sl5d]1 leafless1 yell[i% /ems--resembl+ tangl$ ?reads ( y>n--r\nd & r\nd ! /alks ( o!r plants2 :]ev] !y t\* pi]c+ ! b>k ) m9ute & v %ort rootlets 9 ! =m ( suck]s1 :i* draw out ! n\ri%+ juices ( ! plants laid hold (4 ,o!r p>asitic plants1 l ! ,bee*-drops & ,p9e-sap1 fa/5 _! roots "u gr\nd ^u ! roots ( neighbor+ plants1 & rob !m ( _! juices4 #ha4 ,"s plants are p>tly p>asitic2 :ile mo/ ( _! roots act 9 ! ord9>y way1 o!rs make suck]s at _! tips :i* gr[ fa/ to ! roots ( o!r plants & rob !m ( n\ri%m5t4 ,"s ( our species ( ,g]>dia d ?is 7,fig4 #hi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,roots ( ,yell[ ,g]>dia1 "s atta*$ to & fe$+ on ! root ( a ,blueb]ry-bu%4 #hb4 ,!re are phan]ogam\s plants1 l ,monotropa or ,indian ,pipe1 ! roots ( :i* fe$ ma9ly on decay+ vegetable matt] 9 ! soil4 ,^! are ,,saprophytes1 & !y imitate ,mu%rooms & o!r ,fungi 9 _! mode ( life4 #hc4 ,duration ( ,roots1 etc4 ,roots are said to be ei!r annual1 bi5nial1 or p]5nial4 ,z respects ! fir/ & second1 ^! t]ms may be appli$ ei!r to ! root or to ! plant4 #hd4 ,annuals1 z ! "n d5otes1 live = only "o ye>1 g5]ally = only a "p ( ! ye>4 ,!y are ( c\rse h]bs2 !y spr+ f ! se$1 blossom1 mature _! fruit & se$1 & !n die1 root & all4 ,annuals ( our temp]ate climates ) sev]e w9t]s />t f ! se$ 9 spr+1 & p]i% at or be=e autumn4 ,:]e ! w9t] is a moi/ & gr[+ season & ! summ] is dry1 w9t] annuals prevail2 _! se$s g]m9ate "u autumn or w9t] ra9s1 gr[ m or less dur+ w9t]1 blossom1 fructify1 & p]i% 9 ! foll[+ spr+ or summ]4 ,annuals are fibr\s-root$4 #he4 ,bi5nials1 ( :i* ! ,turnip1 ,beet1 & ,c>rot are famili> examples1 gr[ ! fir/ season )\t blossom+1 usually ?ick5 _! roots1 lay+ up 9 !m a /ock ( n\ri%m5t1 are quiesc5t dur+ ! w9t]1 b %oot vigor\sly1 blossom1 & se$ ! next spr+ or summ]1 ma9ly at ! exp5se ( ! food /or$ up1 & !n die completely4 ,annuals & bi5nials fl[] only once2 h5ce !y h be5 call$ ,monoc>pic 7t is1 once-fruit+7 plants4 #hf4 ,p]5nials live & blossom ye> aft] ye>4 ,a p]5nial h]b1 9 a temp]ate or cool] climate1 usually dies d[n to ! gr\nd at ! end ( ! season's gr[?4 ,b subt]ranean portions ( /em1 *>g$ ) buds1 survive to r5ew ! developm5t4 ,%rubs & trees are ( c\rse p]5nial2 ev5 ! /ems & bran*es above gr\nd live on & gr[ ye> aft] ye>4 #hg4 ,!re are all gradations betwe5 annuals & bi5nials1 & betwe5 ^! & p]5nials1 z also betwe5 h]bs & %rubs2 & ! di/9ction betwe5 %rubs & trees is q arbitr>y4 ,!re are p]5nial h]bs & ev5 %rubs ( w>m climates :i* are annuals :5 rais$ 9 a climate :i* has a w9t]1--be+ de/roy$ by fro/4 ,! ,ca/or-oil plant is an example4 ,!re are p]5nial h]bs ( :i* only small portions survive1 z (f-%oots1 or1 9 ! ,potato1 z tub]s1 etc4 ,section ,,vi4 ,,/ems4 #hh4 ,! ,/em is ! axis ( ! plant1 ! "p :i* be>s all ! o!r organs4 ,bran*es are second>y /ems1 t is1 /ems gr[+ out ( /ems4 ,! /em at ! v beg9n+ produces roots1 9 mo/ plants a s+le root f ! base ( ! embryo-/em1 or caulicle4 ,z ?is root becomes a desc5d+ axis1 s ! /em1 :i* gr[s 9 ! opposite direction is call$ ! asc5d+ axis4 ,ris+ out ( ! soil1 ! /em be>s leaves2 & leaf-be>+ is ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( ! /em4 ,b !re are =ms ( /ems t rema9 und]gr\nd1 or make a "p ( _! gr[? !re4 ,^! d n be> leaves1 9 ! common s5se2 yet !y be> rudim5ts ( leaves1 or :at answ]s to leaves1 al?\gh n 9 ! =m ( foliage4 ,! s-call$ /emless or acaulesc5t plants are ^? :i* be> no obvi\s /em 7caulis7 above gr\nd1 b only fl[]-/alks1 & ! l4 #hi4 ,/ems above gr\nd1 ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 duration1 texture1 & size1 =m h]bs1 %rubs1 trees1 etc41 or 9 o!r t]ms are ,h]bace\s1 dy+ d[n to ! gr\nd e ye>1 or aft] blossom+4 ,suffrutesc5t1 slightly woody bel[1 !re surviv+ f ye> to ye>4 ,suffruticose or ,frutesc5t1 :5 l[ /ems are decid$ly woody bel[1 b h]bace\s above4 ,fruticose or ,%rubby1 woody1 liv+ f ye> to ye>1 & ( consid]able size1--n1 h[ev]1 m ?an ?ree or f\r times ! height ( a man4 ,arboresc5t1 :5 tree-l 9 appe>ance or mode ( gr[?1 or approa*+ a tree 9 size4 ,arbore\s1 :5 =m+ a prop] tree-trunk4 #ij4 ,z to direction tak5 9 gr[+1 /ems may1 in/ead ( gr[+ upright or erect1 be ,diffuse1 t is1 loosely spread+ 9 all directions4 ,decl9$1 :5 turn$ or b5d+ ov] to "o side4 ,decumb5t1 recl9+ on ! gr\nd1 z if too weak to /&4 ,assurg5t or ,asc5d+1 ris+ obliquely upw>ds4 ,procumb5t or ,pro/rate1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd f ! fir/4 ,creep+ or ,rep5t1 pro/rate on or j b5ea? ! gr\nd1 & /rik+ root1 z does ! ,:ite ,clov]1 ! ,p>tridge-b]ry1 etc4 ,climb+ or ,sc&5t1 asc5d+ by cl++ to o!r objects = support1 :e!r by t5drils1 z d ! ,pea1 ,grape-,v9e1 & ,passion-fl[] & ,virg9ia ,creep] 7,fig4 #ib1 #ic72 by _! twi/+ leaf-/alks1 z ! ,virg9's ,b[]2 or by rootlets1 l ! ,ivy1 ,poison ,ivy1 & ,trumpet ,creep]4 ,tw9+ or ,voluble1 :5 coil+ spirally ar\nd o!r /ems or supports2 l ! ,morn+-,glory 7,fig4 #ij7 & ! ,hop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,tw9+ or voluble /em ( ,morn+-,glory4 #ia4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( /ems or bran*es1 appropriat$ to special uses1 h receiv$ di/9ct sub/antive names2 su* z ! foll[+3 #ib4 ,a ,culm1 or /raw-/em1 su* z t ( ,grasses & ,s$ges4 #ic4 ,a ,caudex is ! old "n = su* a peculi> trunk z a ,palm-/em2 x is also us$ = an upright & ?ick root/ock4 #id4 ,a ,suck] is a bran* ris+ f /ems "u gr\nd4 ,su* are produc$ abundantly by ! ,rose1 ,raspb]ry1 & o!r plants said to multiply by ! root4 ,if we uncov] !m1 we see at once ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! subt]ranean bran*es & real roots4 ,!y are only creep+ bran*es "u gr\nd4 ,rem>k+ h[ ! upright %oots f ^! bran*es become sep>ate plants1 simply by ! dy+ (f ( ! connect+ "u-gr\nd /ems1 ! g>d5] exp$ites ! result by cutt+ !m ?r\gh ) 8 spade4 ,t is1 he propagates ! plant by division4 #ie4 ,a ,/olon is a bran* f above gr\nd1 :i* recl9es or becomes pro/rate & /rikes root 7usually f ! nodes7 :]ev] x re/s on ! soil4 ,!nce x may s5d up a vigor\s %oot1 :i* has roots ( its own1 & becomes an indep5d5t plant :5 ! connect+ "p dies1 z x does aft] a :ile4 ,! ,currant & ! ,gooseb]ry naturally multiply 9 ?is way1 z well z by suck]s 7:i* are ! same ?+1 only ! connect+ "p is conceal$ "u gr\nd74 ,/olons mu/ h sugge/$ ! op]ation ( lay]+ by b5d+ d[n & cov]+ ) soil bran*es :i* d n naturally make /olons2 & aft] !y h tak5 root1 z !y almo/ always w1 ! g>d5] cuts ?r\gh ! connect+ /em1 & s conv]ts a root+ bran* into a sep>ate plant4 #if4 ,an ,(fset is a %ort /olon1 or suck]1 ) a cr[n ( leaves at ! end1 z 9 ! ,h\seleek 7,fig4 #ia71 :i* propagates abundantly 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,h\seleek 7,semp]vivum71 ) (fsets4 #ig4 ,a ,runn]1 ( :i* ! ,/rawb]ry pres5ts ! mo/ famili> & *>act]i/ic example1 is a long & sl5d]1 t5dril-l /olon1 or bran* f next ! gr\nd1 de/itute ( conspicu\s leaves4 ,ea* runn] ( ! ,/rawb]ry1 aft] hav+ gr[n to its full l5g?1 /rikes root f ! tip1 :i* fixes x to ! gr\nd1 !n =ms a bud !re1 :i* develops into a tuft ( leaves1 & s gives rise to a new plant1 :i* s5ds out new runn]s to act 9 ! same way4 ,9 ?is mann] a s+le ,/rawb]ry plant w spread ov] a l>ge space1 or produce a great numb] ( plants1 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]1 all connect$ at fir/ by ! sl5d] runn]s2 b ^! die 9 ! foll[+ w9t]1 if n be=e1 & leave ! plants z s _m sep>ate individuals4 #ih4 ,t5drils are bran*es ( a v sl5d] sort1 l runn]s1 n de/9$ l !m = propagation1 & !re=e always de/itute ( buds or leaves1 be+ int5d$ only = climb+4 ,simple t5drils are su* z ^? ( ,passion-fl[]s 7,fig4 #ib74 ,comp\nd or bran*+ t5drils are borne by ! ,cucumb] & ,pumpk91 by ! ,grape-,v9e1 ,virg9ia ,creep]1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,a small ,passion-fl[] 7,passiflora sicyoides71 %[+ ! t5drils4 #ii4 ,a t5dril commonly gr[s /raight & out/ret*$ until x rea*es "s neighbor+ support1 su* z a /em1 :5 its apex hooks ar\nd x to secure a hold2 !n ! :ole t5dril %ort5s itself by coil+ up spirally1 & s draws ! %oot ( ! gr[+ plant ne>] to ! support+ object4 ,b ! t5drils ( ! ,virg9ia ,creep] 7,ampelopsis1 ,fig4 #ic71 z also ! %ort] ones ( ! ,japanese species1 effect ! object diff]5tly1 namely1 by exp&+ ! tips ( ! t5drils into a flat disk1 ) an adhesive face4 ,?is is appli$ to ! support+ object1 & x adh]es firmly2 !n a %ort5+ ( ! t5dril & its bran*es by coil+ br+s up ! gr[+ %oot close to ! support4 ,?is is an adaptation = climb+ mural rocks or walls1 or ! trunks ( trees1 to :i* ord9>y t5drils are unable to cl+4 ,! ,ivy & ,poison ,ivy atta9 ! same result by means ( a]ial rootlets 7#gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,piece ( ! /em ( ,virg9ia ,creep]1 be>+ a leaf & a t5dril4 #id4 ,tips ( a t5dril1 ab\t ! natural size1 %[+ ! disks by :i* !y hold fa/ to walls1 etc4 #ajj4 ,"s t5drils are leaves or p>ts ( leaves1 z ^? ( ! ,pea 7,fig4 #ce74 ,! nature ( ! t5dril is kn[n by its position4 ,a t5dril f ! axil ( a leaf1 l t ( ,passion-fl[]s 7,fig4 #ib7 is ( c\rse a /em1 i4 e4 a bran*4 ,s is "o :i* t]m9ates a /em1 z 9 ! ,grape-,v9e4 #aja4 ,sp9es or ,?orns 7,fig4 #ie1 #if7 are commonly /unt$ & h>d5$ bran*es or tips ( /ems or bran*es1 z are ^? ( ,haw?orn1 ,honey-,locu/1 etc4 ,9 ! ,pe> & ,sloe all gradations occur betwe5 sp9es & sp9e-l 7sp9esc5t7 bran*es4 ,sp9es may be r$uc$ & indurat$ leaves2 z 9 ! ,b>b]ry1 :]e _! nature is reveal$ by _! situation1 und]nea? an axill>y bud4 ,b prickles1 su* z ^? ( ,blackb]ry & ,roses1 are only excresc5ces ( ! b>k1 & n bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,a bran*+ ?orn ( ,honey-,locu/1 be+ an indurat$ leafless bran* develop$ f an accessory bud f> above ! axil3 at ! cut portion bel[1 ?ree o!r buds 7a7 are conceal$ "u ! petiole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,sp9e ( ,cockspur ,?orn1 develop$ f an axill>y bud1 z ! leaf-sc> bel[ witnesses3 an accessory leaf-bud is se5 at its base4 #ajb4 ,equally /range =ms ( /ems are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cactus family 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,^! may be bett] und]/ood by comp>ison ) #ajc4 ,subt]ranean ,/ems & ,bran*es4 ,^! are v num]\s & v>i\s2 b !y are commonly ov]look$1 or else are conf\nd$ ) roots4 ,f _! situation !y are out ( ord9>y sight2 b !y w well repay exam9ation4 ,= ! vegetation t is c>ri$ on "u gr\nd is h>dly less v>i$ or important ?an t above gr\nd4 ,all _! =ms may be ref]r$ to f\r pr9cipal k9ds3 namely1 ! ,rhizoma 7,rhizome7 or ,root/ock1 ! ,tub]1 ! ,corm or solid bulb1 & ! true ,bulb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,root/ocks1 or creep+ subt]ranean bran*es1 ( ! ,pepp]m9t4 #ajd4 ,! ,root/ock1 or ,rhizoma1 9 its simple/ =m1 is m]ely a creep+ /em or bran* gr[+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil1 or p>tly cov]$ by x4 ,( ?is k9d are ! s-call$ creep+1 runn+1 or scaly roots1 su* z ^? by :i* ! ,m9t 7,fig4 #ig71 ! ,c\*-grass1 or ,quick-grass1 & _m o!r plants1 spread s rapidly & widely1--by ! root1 z x is said4 ,t ^! are really /ems1 & n roots1 is evid5t f ! way 9 :i* !y gr[2 f _! consi/+ ( a succession ( jo9ts2 & f ! leaves :i* !y be> on ea* node1 9 ! =m ( small scales1 j l ! l[e/ ones on ! upright /em next ! gr\nd4 ,!y also produce buds 9 ! axils ( ^! scales1 %[+ ! scales to be leaves2 :]eas real roots be> nei!r leaves nor axill>y buds4 ,plac$ z !y are 9 ! damp & d>k soil1 su* /ems naturally produce roots1 j z ! creep+ /em does :]e x lies on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 #aje4 ,x is easy to see :y plants ) ^! runn+ root/ocks take su* rapid & wide possession ( ! soil1 & :y !y are s h>d to get rid (4 ,!y are always p]5nials2 ! subt]ranean %oots live ov] ! fir/ w9t]1 if n long]1 & are provid$ ) vigor\s buds at e jo9t4 ,"s ( ^! buds gr[ 9 spr+ into upright /ems1 be>+ foliage1 to elaborate n\ri%m5t1 & at l5g? produce blossoms = reproduction by se$2 :ile _m o!rs1 f$ by n\ri%m5t suppli$ f above1 =m a new g5]ation ( subt]ranean %oots2 & ?is is repeat$ ov] & ov] 9 ! c\rse ( ! season or 9 succe$+ ye>s4 ,mean:ile1 z ! subt]ranean %oots increase 9 numb]1 ! old] ones1 connect+ ! successive gr[?s1 die (f ye> by ye>1 lib]at+ ! already root$ side-bran*es z s _m sep>ate plants2 & s on indef9itely4 ,cutt+ ^! runn+ root/ocks into pieces1 !re=e1 by ! hoe or ! pl\gh1 f> f de/roy+ ! plant1 only accel]ates ! propagation2 x conv]ts "o _m-bran*$ plant into a great numb] ( sep>ate individuals4 ,cutt+ into pieces only multiplies ! pe/2 = ea* piece 7,fig4 #ih7 is already a plantlet1 ) its roots & ) a bud 9 ! axil ( its scale-l leaf 7ei!r lat5t or app>5t71 & ) prep>$ n\ri%m5t en\gh to develop ?is bud into a leafy /em2 & s a s+le plant is all ! m spe$ily conv]t$ into a multitude4 ,:]eas1 :5 ! subt]ranean p>ts are only roots1 cutt+ away ! /em completely de/roys ! plant1 except 9 ! r r>e cases :]e ! root freely produces adv5titi\s buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,a piece ( ! runn+ root/ock ( ! ,pepp]m9t1 ) its node or jo9t1 & an axill>y bud ready to gr[4 #ajf4 ,root/ocks are m commonly ?ick5$ by ! /or+ up ( consid]able n\ri%+ matt] 9 _! tissue4 ,! common species ( ,iris 7,fig4 #afd7 9 ! g>d5s h /\t root/ocks1 :i* are only p>tly cov]$ by ! soil1 & :i* be> foliage-leaves in/ead ( m]e scales1 closely cov]+ ! upp] "p1 :ile ! l[] produces roots4 ,z ! leaves die1 ye> by ye>1 & decay1 a sc> left 9 ! =m ( a r+ m>ks ! place :]e ea* leaf 0 atta*$1 t is1 m>ks s _m nodes1 sep>at$ by v %ort int]nodes4 #ajg4 ,"s root/ocks are m>k$ ) l>ge r\nd sc>s ( a diff]5t sort1 l ^? ( ! ,solomon's ,seal 7,fig4 #ii71 :i* gave ?is "n to ! plant1 f _! look+ some:at l ! impression ( a seal ^u wax4 ,"h ! root/ock s5ds up e spr+ an h]bace\s /alk or /em1 :i* be>s ! foliage & fl[]s1 & dies 9 autumn4 ,! seal is ! circul> sc> left by ! dea? & sep>ation ( ! base ( ! /\t /alk f ! liv+ root/ock4 ,z b "o ( ^! is =m$ ea* ye>1 !y m>k ! limits ( a ye>'s gr[?4 ,! bud at ! end ( ! root/ock 9 ! figure 7:i* 0 tak5 9 summ]7 w gr[ ! next spr+ into ! /alk ( ! season1 :i*1 dy+ 9 autumn1 w leave a simil> sc>1 :ile ano!r bud w be =m$ f>!r on1 cr[n+ ! ev]-advanc+ summit or gr[+ end ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,root/ock ( ,solomon's ,seal1 ) ! bottom ( ! /alk ( ! season1 & ! bud = ! next ye>'s gr[?4 #ajh4 ,z ea* ye>'s gr[? ( /em makes its own roots1 x soon becomes indep5d5t ( ! old] p>ts4 ,& aft] a c]ta9 age1 a portion annually dies (f beh9d1 ab\t z fa/ z x increases at ! gr[+ end1 dea? foll[+ life ) equal & c]ta9 /ep1 ) only a n>r[ int]val4 ,9 vigor\s plants ( ,solomon's ,seal or ,iris1 ! liv+ root/ock is sev]al in*es or a foot 9 l5g?2 :ile 9 ! %ort root/ock ( ,trillium or ,bir?root 7,fig4 #ajj7 life is r$uc$ to a n>r[] span4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! v %ort root/ock & /rong t]m9al bud ( a ,trillium or ,bir?root4 #aji4 ,an upright or %ort root/ock1 l ?is ( ,trillium1 is commonly call$ a ,,caudex 7#ic72 or :5 m %ort5$ & ?ick5$ x w\ld become a corm4 #aaj4 ,a ,tub] may be und]/ood to be a portion ( a root/ock ?ick5$1 & ) buds 7eyes7 on ! sides4 ,( c\rse1 !re are all gradations betwe5 a tub] & a root/ock4 ,helian?us tub]osus1 ! s-call$ ,j]usalem ,arti*oke 7,fig4 #aja71 & ! common ,potato1 are typical & famili> examples ( ! tub]4 ,! /alks by :i* ! tub]s are atta*$ to ! p>5t /em are at once se5 to be diff]5t f ! roots1 bo? 9 appe>ance & mann] ( gr[?4 ,! scales on ! tub]s are ! rudim5ts ( leaves2 ! eyes are ! buds 9 _! axils4 ,! ,potato-plant has ?ree =ms ( bran*es3 #a4 ,^? t be> ord9>y leaves exp&$ 9 ! air1 to dige/ :at !y ga!r f x & :at ! roots ga!r f ! soil1 & conv]t x into n\ri%m5t4 #b4 ,aft] a :ile a second set ( bran*es at ! summit ( ! plant be> fl[]s1 :i* =m fruit & se$ out ( a portion ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* ! leaves h prep>$4 #c4 ,b a l>g] "p ( ?is n\ri%m5t1 :ile 9 a liquid /ate1 is c>ri$ d[n ! /em1 into a ?ird sort ( bran*es "u gr\nd1 & accumulat$ 9 ! =m ( />* at _! extremities1 :i* become tub]s1 or depositories ( prep>$ solid food1--j z 9 ! ,turnip1 ,c>rot1 & ,dahlia 7,fig4 #hc-hg71 x is deposit$ 9 ! root4 ,! use ( ! /ore ( food is obvi\s en\gh4 ,9 ! autumn ! :ole plant dies1 except ! se$s 7if x =m$ !m7 & ! tub]s2 & ! latt] are left disconnect$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,j z t small portion ( n\ri%+ matt] :i* is deposit$ 9 ! se$ fe$s ! embryo :5 x g]m9ates1 s ! mu* l>g] portion deposit$ 9 ! tub] n\ri%es its buds1 or eyes1 :5 !y likewise gr[1 ! next spr+1 into new plants4 ,& ! great supply enables !m to %oot ) a great] vigor at ! beg9n+1 & to produce a great] am\nt ( vegetation ?an ! se$l+ plant c\ld d 9 ! same space ( "t2 :i* vegetation 9 turn may prep>e & /ore up1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks or mon?s1 ! l>ge/ quantity ( solid n\ri%+ mat]ial1 9 a =m mo/ available = food4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is1 man has transport$ ! ,potato f ! cool ,&es ( ,*ili to o!r cool climates1 & makes x yield him a copi\s supply ( food1 especially important 9 c\ntries :]e ! season is too %ort1 or ! summ]'s heat too little1 = pr(itably cultivat+ ! pr9cipal gra9-plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,tub]s ( ,helian?us tub]osus1 call$ arti*okes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,bulblet-l tub]s1 su* z are occasionally =m$ on ! /em ( a ,potato-plant above gr\nd4 #aaa4 ,! ,corm or ,solid ,bulb1 l t ( ,cyclam5 7,fig4 #ajc71 & ( ,indian ,turnip 7,fig4 #ajd71 is a v %ort & ?ick fle%y subt]ranean /em1 (t5 broad] ?an high4 ,x s5ds (f roots f its l[] end1 or r face1 leaves & /alks f its upp]4 ,! corm ( ,cyclam5 goes on to enl>ge & to produce a succession ( fl[]s & leaves ye> aft] ye>4 ,t ( ,indian ,turnip is =m$ "o ye> & is consum$ ! next4 ,fig4 #ajd repres5ts x 9 e>ly summ]1 hav+ bel[ ! corm ( la/ ye>1 f :i* ! roots h fall54 ,x is p>tly consum$ by ! gr[? ( ! /em = ! season1 & ! corm ( ! ye> is =m+ at base ( ! /em above ! l9e ( roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,corm ( ,cyclam51 mu* r$uc$ 9 size3 roots f l[] face1 leaf-/alks & fl[]-/alks f ! upp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,corm ( ,indian ,turnip 7,arisaema74 #aab4 ,! corm ( ,crocus 7,fig4 #aje1 #ajf71 l t ( its relative ,gladiolus1 is also reproduc$ annually1 ! new ones =m+ ^u ! summit & sides ( ! old4 ,su* a corm is l a tub] 9 budd+ f ! sides1 i4 e4 f ! axils ( leaves2 b ^! leaves1 in/ead ( be+ small scales1 are ! %ea?+ bases ( foliage-leaves :i* cov]$ ! surface4 ,x resembles a true bulb 9 hav+ ^! %ea?s or broad scales2 b 9 ! corm or solid bulb1 ?is solid "p or /em makes up ! pr9cipal bulk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,corm ( a ,crocus1 ! inve/+ %ea?s or dead leaf-bases /ripp$ (f4 ,! fa9t cross-l9es repres5t ! sc>s1 :]e ! leaves 7 atta*$1 i4 e4 ! nodes3 ! spaces betwe5 are ! int]nodes4 ,! exhau/$ corm ( ! previ\s ye> is und]nea?2 =m+ ones = next ye> on ! summit & sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,section ( ! same4 #aac4 ,! ,bulb1 /rictly s-call$1 is a /em l a r$uc$ corm z to its solid "p 7or plate72 :ile ! ma9 body consi/s ( ?ick5$ scales1 :i* are leaves or leaf-bases4 ,^! are l bud-scales2 s t 9 fact a bulb is a bud ) fle%y scales on an exce$+ly %ort /em4 ,comp>e a ,:ite ,lily bulb 7,fig4 #ajg7 ) ! /rong scaly buds ( ! ,hickory & ,horse-*e/nut 7,fig4 #gb & #gc71 & ! resemblance w appe>4 ,9 corms1 z 9 tub]s & root/ocks1 ! /ore ( food = future gr[? is deposit$ 9 ! /em2 :ile 9 ! bulb1 ! great] "p is deposit$ 9 ! bases ( ! leaves1 *ang+ !m into ?ick scales1 :i* closely ov]lap or enclose "o ano!r4 #aad4 ,a ,scaly ,bulb 7l t ( ! ,lily1 ,fig4 #ajg1 #ajh7 is "o 9 :i* ! scales are ?ick b comp>atively n>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,bulb ( a wild ,lily4 #ajh4 ,! same divid$ l5g?wise1 %[+ two =m+ buds ( ! next g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,a gr\nd leaf ( ,:ite ,lily1 its base 7cut across7 ?ick5$ into a bulb-scale4 ,?is pla9ly %[s t bulb-scales are leaves4 #aae4 ,a ,tunicat$ or ,coat$ ,bulb is "o 9 :i* ! scales enwrap ea* o!r1 =m+ conc5tric coats or lay]s1 z 9 ,hyac9? & ,onion4 #aaf4 ,bulblets are v small bulbs gr[+ out ( l>g] ones2 or small bulbs produc$ above gr\nd on "s plants1 z 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! bulbif]\s ,lilies ( ! g>d5s 7,fig4 #aaj71 & (t5 9 ! fl[]-clu/]s ( ! ,leek & ,onion4 ,!y are pla9ly buds ) ?ick5$ scales4 ,!y nev] gr[ into bran*es1 b deta* !mselves :5 full gr[n1 fall to ! gr\nd1 & take root !re to =m new plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,bulblets 9 ! axils ( leaves ( a ,tig] ,lily4 #aag4 ,consolidat$ ,vegetation4 ,an ord9>y h]b1 %rub1 or tree is evid5tly con/ruct$ on ! plan develop+ an ext5sive surface4 ,9 fle%y root/ocks1 tub]s1 corms1 & bulbs1 ! m endur+ portion ( ! plant is conc5trat$1 & r$uc$ = ! "t ( /ruggle 7z aga9/ dr\ght1 heat1 or cold7 to a small am\nt ( expos$ surface1 & ?is mo/ly %elt]$ 9 ! soil4 ,!re are _m simil> consolidat$ =ms :i* are n subt]ranean4 ,?us plants l ! ,h\seleek 7,fig4 #ia7 imitate a bulb4 ,among ,cactuses ! column> species ( ,c]eus 7,fig4 #aaa1 b71 may be lik5$ to root/ocks4 ,a gre5 r9d s]ves ! purpose ( foliage2 b ! surface is z no?+ comp>$ ) an ord9>y leafy plant ( ! same bulk4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! l>ge/ ,cactus kn[n1 ! ,giant ,c]eus ( ! ,gila ,riv] 7,fig4 #aaa1 9 ! backgr\nd71 :i* rises to ! height ( fifty or sixty feet1 ) a common leafy tree ( ! same height1 su* z t 9 ,fig4 #hi1 & e/imate h[ va/ly great]1 ev5 )\t ! foliage1 ! surface ( ! latt] is ?an t ( ! =m]4 ,comp>e1 9 ! same view1 an ,opuntia or ,prickly-,pe> ,cactus1 its /em & bran*es =m$ ( a succession ( ?ick & flatt5$ jo9ts 7,fig4 #aaa1 a71 :i* may be lik5$ to tub]s1 or an ,epiphyllum 7d71 hav+ %ort & flat jo9ts1 ) an ord9>y leafy %rub or h]b ( equal size4 ,& f9ally1 9 ,melon-,cactuses1 ,e*9ocactus 7c71 or o!r globose =ms 7:i* may be lik5$ to p]man5t corms71 ) _! globul> or bulb-l %apes1 we h plants 9 ! compacte/ %ape2 _! sph]ical figure be+ su* z to expose ! lea/ possible am\nt ( sub/ance to ! air4 ,^! are adaptations to climates :i* are v dry1 ei!r ?r\gh\t or = a "p ( ! ye>4 ,simil>ly1 bulb\s & corm-be>+ plants1 & ! l1 are examples ( a =m ( vegetation :i* 9 ! gr[+ season may exp& a l>ge surface to ! air & light1 :ile dur+ ! p]iod ( re/ ! liv+ vegetable is r$uc$ to a globe1 or solid =m ( ! lea/ possible surface2 & ?is protect$ by its out] coats ( dead & dry scales1 z well z by its situation "u gr\nd4 ,su* are also adapt$ to a season ( dr\ght4 ,!y l>gely belong to c\ntries :i* h a long hot season ( little or no ra91 :51 _! /alks & foliage above & _! roots b5ea? e>ly p]i%+1 ! plants re/ securely 9 _! compact bulbs1 fill$ ) n\ri%m5t & reta9+ _! moi/ure ) great t5acity1 until ! ra9y season comes r\nd4 ,!n !y %oot =? leaves & fl[]s ) wond]ful rapidity1 & :at 0 p]haps a des]t ( arid s& becomes gre5 ) foliage & gay ) blossoms1 almo/ 9 a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,section ,,vii4 ,,leaves4 #aah4 ,,/ems be> leaves1 at def9ite po9ts 7nodes1 #ac72 & ^! are produc$ 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 & subs]ve v>i\s uses4 ,! commone/ k9d ( leaf1 :i* !re=e may be tak5 z ! type or patt]n1 is an exp&$ gre5 body1 by means ( :i* ! plant exposes to ! air & light ! matt]s :i* x imbibes1 exhales c]ta9 portions1 & assimilates ! residue into vegetable matt] = its n\ri%m5t & gr[?4 #aai4 ,b ! fact is already famili> 7#aj-cj7 t leaves occur "u o!r =ms & s]ve = o!r uses1--= ! /orage ( food already assimilat$1 z 9 ?ick5$ se$-leaves & bulb-scales2 = cov]+1 z 9 bud-scales2 & /ill o!r uses are to be po9t$ out4 ,inde$1 sometimes !y are ( no s]vice to ! plant1 be+ r$uc$ to m]e scales or rudim5ts1 su* z ^? on ! root/ocks ( ,pepp]m9t 7,fig4 #ig7 or ! tub]s ( ,j]usalem ,arti*oke 7,fig4 #aja74 ,^! may be said to be ( s]vice only to ! botani/1 9 expla9+ to him ! plan ^u :i* a plant is con/ruct$4 #abj4 ,accord+ly1 j z a root/ock1 or a tub]1 or a t5dril is a k9d ( /em1 s a bud-scale1 or a bulb-scale1 or a cotyl$on1 or a petal ( a fl[]1 is a k9d ( leaf4 ,ev5 9 respect to ord9>y leaves1 x is natural to use ! ^w ei!r 9 a wid] or 9 a n>r[] s5se2 z :5 9 "o s5se we say t a leaf consi/s ( blade & petiole or leaf-/alk1 & 9 ano!r s5se say t a leaf is petiol$1 or t ! leaf ( ,hepatica is ?ree-lob$4 ,! connection %\ld make x pla9 :e!r by leaf we mean leaf-blade only1 or ! blade ) any o!r p>ts x may h4 ,& ! /ud5t w readily und]/& t by leaf 9 its l>ge/ or morphological s5se1 ! botani/ means ! organ :i* occupies ! place ( a leaf1 :atev] be its =m or its function4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,leaves ,,z ,,foliage4 #aba4 ,?is is tautological2 = foliage is simply leaves3 b x is v conv5i5t to speak ( typical leaves1 or ^? :i* s]ve ! plant = assimilation1 z foliage-leaves1 or ord9>y leaves4 ,^! may fir/ be consid]$4 #abb4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,leaf4 ,! ord9>y leaf1 complete 9 its p>ts1 consi/s ( blade1 foot-/alk1 or petiole1 & a pair ( /ipules4 #abc4 ,fir/ ! ,,blade or ,,lam9a1 :i* is ! ess5tial "p ( ord9>y leaves1 t is1 ( su* z s]ve ! purpose ( foliage4 ,9 /ructure x consi/s ( a s(t] "p1 ! gre5 pulp1 call$ p>5*yma1 :i* is trav]s$ & support$ by a fibr\s frame1 ! p>ts ( :i* are call$ ribs or ve9s1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 lik5ess 9 arrangem5t to ! ve9s ( animals4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ by a transp>5t sk91 ! ,epid]mis1 n unlike t :i* cov]s ! surface ( all fre% %oots4 #abd4 ,note t ! leaf-blade exp&s horizontally1--t is1 normally pres5ts its faces "o to ! sky1 ! o!r to ! gr\nd1 or :5 ! leaf is erect ! upp] face looks t[>d ! /em t be>s x1 ! l[] face away f x4 ,:5ev] ?is is n ! case !re is some?+ to be expla9$4 #abe4 ,! framework consi/s ( wood1--a fibr\s & t\gh mat]ial :i* runs f ! /em ?r\gh ! leaf-/alk1 :5 !re is "o1 9 ! =m ( p>allel ?reads or bundles ( fibres2 & 9 ! blade ^! spread out 9 a horizontal direction1 to =m ! ribs & ve9s ( ! leaf4 ,! /\t ma9 bran*es ( ! framework are call$ ! ,ribs4 ,:5 !re is only "o1 z 9 ,fig4 #aab1 #aad1 or a middle "o decid$ly l>g] ?an ! re/1 x is call$ ! ,midrib4 ,! small] divisions are t]m$ ,ve9s2 & _! /ill small] subdivisions1 ,ve9lets4 ,! latt] subdivide aga9 & aga91 until !y become s f9e t !y are invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! fibres ( :i* !y are compos$ are holl[2 =m+ tubes by :i* ! sap is br\ght into ! leaves & c>ri$ to e "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,leaf ( ! ,qu9ce3 b1 blade2 p1 petiole2 /1 /ipules4 #abf4 ,v5ation is ! "n ( ! mode ( ve9+1 t is1 ( ! way 9 :i* ! ve9s are di/ribut$ 9 ! blade4 ,?is is ( two pr9cipal k9ds2 namely1 ! p>allel-ve9$1 & ! nett$-ve9$4 #abg4 ,9 ,nett$-ve9$ 7also call$ ,reticulat$7 leaves1 ! ve9s bran* (f f ! ma9 rib or ribs1 divide into f9] & f9] ve9lets1 & ! bran*es unite ) ea* o!r to =m me%es ( network4 ,t is1 !y ana/omose1 z anatomi/s say ( ! ve9s & art]ies ( ! body4 ,! ,qu9ce-leaf1 9 ,fig4 #aab1 %[s ?is k9d ( ve9+ 9 a leaf ) a s+le rib4 ,! ,maple1 ,basswood1 ,plane or ,buttonwood 7,fig4 #gd7 %[ x 9 leaves ( sev]al ribs4 #abh4 ,9 p>allel-ve9$ leaves1 ! :ole framework consi/s ( sl5d] ribs or ve9s1 :i* run p>allel ) ea* o!r1 or ne>ly s1 f ! base to ! po9t ( ! leaf1--n divid+ & subdivid+1 nor =m+ me%es1 except by m9ute cross-ve9lets4 ,! leaf ( any grass1 or t ( ! ,lily ( ! ,valley 7,fig4 #aac7 w furni% a good illu/ration4 ,su* p>allel ve9s ,l9naeus call$ ,n]ves1 & p>allel-ve9$ leaves are /ill commonly call$ n]v$ leaves1 :ile ^? ( ! o!r k9d are said to be ve9$1--t]ms :i* x is conv5i5t to use1 al?\gh ^! n]ves & ve9s are all ! same ?+1 & h no lik5ess to ! n]ves & little to ! ve9s ( animals4 #abi4 ,nett$-ve9$ leaves belong to plants :i* h a pair ( se$-leaves or cotyl$ons1 su* z ! ,maple 7,fig4 #bj1 #bd71 ,bee* 7,fig4 #cc71 & ! l2 :ile p>allel-ve9$ or n]v$ leaves belong to plants ) "o cotyl$on or true se$-leaf2 su* z ! ,iris 7,fig4 #ei71 & ,indian ,corn 7,fig4 #gj74 ,s t a m]e glance at ! leaves g5]ally tells :at ! /ructure ( ! embryo is1 & ref]s ! plant to "o or ! o!r ( ^! two gr& classes1--:i* is a great conv5i5ce4 ,= :5 plants diff] f ea* o!r 9 "s "o important respect1 !y usually diff] correspond+ly 9 o!r respects also4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,a 7p>allel-ve9$7 leaf ( ! ,lily ( ! ,valley4 #aad4 ,"o ( ! ,calla ,lily4 #acj4 ,p>allel-ve9$ leaves are ( two sorts1--"o k9d1 & ! commone/1 hav+ ! ribs or n]ves all runn+ f ! base to ! po9t ( ! leaf1 z 9 ! examples already giv52 :ile 9 ano!r k9d !y run f a midrib to ! m>g91 z 9 ! common ,pick]el-we$ ( our ponds1 9 ! ,banana1 9 ,calla 7,fig4 #aad71 & _m simil> plants ( w>m climates4 #aca4 ,nett$-ve9$ leaves are also ( two sorts1 z 9 ! examples already ref]r$ to4 ,9 "o case ! ve9s all rise f a s+le rib 7! midrib71 z 9 ,fig4 #aab1 #aaf-abg4 ,su* leaves are call$ ,fea!r-ve9$ or ,p5ni-ve9$1 i4 e4 ,p9nately-ve9$2 bo? t]ms mean+ ! same ?+1 namely1 t ! ve9s are arrang$ on ! sides ( ! rib l ! plume ( a fea!r on ea* side ( ! %aft4 #acb4 ,9 ! o!r case 7z 9 ,fig4 #gd1 #abi-acb71 ! ve9s bran* (f f ?ree1 five1 sev51 or n9e ribs1 :i* spread f ! top ( ! leaf-/alk1 & run ?r\gh ! blade l ! toes ( a web-foot$ bird4 ,h5ce ^! are said to be ,palmately or ,digitately ve9$1 or 7s9ce ! ribs div]ge l rays f a c5tre7 ,radiate-ve9$4 #acc4 ,s9ce ! g5]al outl9e ( leaves accords ) ! framework or skeleton1 x is pla9 t fea!r-ve9$ 7or p5ni-ve9$7 leaves w incl9e to elongat$ %apes1 or at lea/ to be long] ?an broad2 :ile 9 radiate-ve9$ leaves m r\nd$ =ms are to be expect$4 ,a glance at ! foll[+ figures %[s ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae-abj4 ,a s]ies ( %apes ( fea!r-ve9$ leaves4 #acd4 ,=ms ( ,leaves z to ,g5]al ,outl9e4 ,x is necess>y to give names to ! pr9cipal %apes1 & to def9e !m r precisely1 s9ce !y af=d easy m>ks = di/+ui%+ species4 ,! same t]ms are us$ = all o!r flatt5$ p>ts z well1 su* z petals2 s t !y make up a great "p ( ! descriptive language ( ,botany4 ,x w be a good ex]cise = "y /ud5ts to look up leaves answ]+ to ^! names & def9itions4 ,beg9n+ ) ! n>r[] & proce$+ to ! broade/ =ms1 a leaf is said to be ,l9e> 7,fig4 #aae71 :5 n>r[1 sev]al times long] ?an wide1 & ( ! same bread? ?r\gh\t4 ,lanceolate1 or ,lance-%ap$1 :5 conspicu\sly long] ?an wide1 & tap]+ upw>ds 7,fig4 #aaf71 or bo? upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,oblong 7,fig4 #aag71 :5 ne>ly twice or ?rice z long z broad4 ,elliptical 7,fig4 #aah7 is oblong ) a fl[+ outl9e1 ! two ends alike 9 wid?4 ,oval is ! same z broadly elliptical1 or elliptical ) ! bread? consid]ably m ?an half ! l5g?4 ,ovate 7,fig4 #aai71 :5 ! outl9e is l a section ( a h5's egg l5g?wise1 ! broad] end d[nw>d4 ,orbicul>1 or ,rotund 7,fig4 #acb71 circul> 9 outl9e1 or ne>ly s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba1 oblanceolate2 #abb1 spatulate2 #abc1 obovate2 & #abd1 w$ge-%ap$1 fea!r-ve9$1 leaves4 #ace4 ,a leaf :i* tap]s t[>d ! base in/ead ( t[>d ! apex may be ,oblanceolate 7,fig4 #aba7 :5 ( ! lance-%ap$ =m1 only m tap]+ t[>d ! base ?an 9 ! opposite direction4 ,spatulate 7,fig4 #abb7 :5 m r\nd$ above1 b tap]+ !nce to a n>r[ base1 l an old-fa%ion$ spatula4 ,obovate 7,fig4 #abc7 or inv]sely ovate1 t is1 ovate ) ! n>r[] end d[n4 ,cuneate or ,cunei=m1 t is1 ,w$ge-%ap$ 7,fig4 #abd71 broad above & tap]+ by ne>ly /raight l9es to an acute angle at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe1 sagittate2 #abf1 auriculate2 & #abg1 halb]d-%ap$ or ha/ate leaves4 #acf4 ,z to ! ,base1 its %ape *>act]izes sev]al =ms1 su* z ,cordate or ,he>t-%ap$ 7,fig4 #abj1 #abi71 :5 a leaf ( an ovate =m1 or some?+ l x1 has ! outl9e ( its r\nd$ base turn$ 9 7=m+ a not* or s9us7 :]e ! /alk is atta*$4 ,r5i=m1 or ,kidney-%ap$ 7,fig4 #aca71 l ! la/1 only r\nd] & broad] ?an long4 ,auriculate1 or ,e>$1 hav+ a pair ( small & blunt projections1 or e>s1 at ! base1 z 9 "o species ( ,magnolia 7,fig4 #abf74 ,sagittate1 or arr[-%ap$1 :]e su* e>s are acute & turn$ d[nw>ds1 :ile ! ma9 body ( ! blade tap]s upw>ds to a po9t1 z 9 ! common ,sagitt>ia or ,arr[-head1 & 9 ! ,arr[-leav$ ,polygonum 7,fig4 #abe74 ,ha/ate1 or ,halb]d-%ap$1 :5 su* lobes at ! base po9t outw>ds1 giv+ ! %ape ( ! halb]d ( ! old5 "t1 z 9 ano!r ,polygonum 7,fig4 #abg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh-acb4 ,v>i\s =ms ( radiate-ve9$ leaves4 ,peltate1 or ,%ield-%ap$ 7,fig4 #acb71 is ! "n appli$ to a curi\s modification ( ! leaf1 commonly ( a r\nd$ =m1 :]e ! foot/alk is atta*$ to ! l[] surface1 in/ead ( ! base1 & !re=e is naturally lik5$ to a %ield borne by ! out/ret*$ arm4 ,! common ,wat]%ield1 ! ,nelumbium1 & ! ,:ite ,wat]-lily1 & also ! ,m&rake1 exhibit ?is sort ( leaf4 ,on comp>+ ! %ield-%ap$ leaf ( ! common ,m>% ,p5nywort 7,fig4 #acb7 ) t ( ano!r common species 7,fig4 #acj71 x is at once se5 t a %ield-%ap$ leaf is l a kidney-%ap$ 7,fig4 #acj1 #aca7 or o!r r\nd$ leaf1 ) ! m>g9s at ! base br\ght toge!r & unit$4 #acg4 ,z to ! ,apex1 ! foll[+ t]ms express ! pr9cipal v>iations3-- ,acum9ate1 ,po9t$1 or ,tap]-po9t$1 :5 ! summit is m or less prolong$ into a n>r[$ or tap]+ po9t2 z 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,acute1 end+ 9 an acute angle or n prolong$ po9t2 ,fig4 #acd4 ,obtuse1 ) a blunt or r\nd$ apex2 z 9 ,fig4 #ace1 etc4 ,truncate1 ) ! end z if cut (f squ>e2 z 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,retuse1 ) r\nd$ summit slightly ind5t$1 =m+ a v %all[ not*1 z 9 ,fig4 #acg4 ,em>g9ate1 or ,not*$1 ind5t$ at ! end m decid$ly2 z 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,obcordate1 t is1 inv]sely he>t-%ap$1 :]e an obovate leaf is m deeply not*$ at ! end 7,fig4 #aci71 z 9 ,:ite ,clov] & ,wood-sorrel2 s z to resemble a cordate leaf inv]t$4 ,cuspidate1 tipp$ ) a %>p & rigid po9t2 z 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,mucronate1 abruptly tipp$ ) a small & %ort po9t1 l a m]e projection ( ! midrib2 z 9 ,fig4 #ada4 ,ari/ate1 ,awn-po9t$1 & ,bri/le-po9t$1 are t]ms us$ :5 ?is mucronate po9t is ext5d$ into a long] bri/le-=m or sl5d] app5dage4 ,! fir/ six ( ^! t]ms c be appli$ to ! l[] z well z to ! upp] end ( a leaf or o!r organ4 ,! o!rs belong to ! apex only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc-ada4 ,=ms ( ! apex ( leaves4 #ach4 ,z to degree & nature ( ,division1 !re is fir/ ( all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,simple ,leaves1 ^? 9 :i* ! blade is ( "o piece1 h[ev] mu* x may be cut up1 & ,comp\nd ,leaves1 ^? 9 :i* ! blade consi/s ( two or m sep>ate pieces1 ^u a common leaf-/alk or support4 ,yet betwe5 ^! two k9ds e int]m$iate gradation is to be met )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb-adg4 ,k9ds ( m>g9 ( leaves4 #aci4 ,z to ,p>ticul> ,outl9es ( ,simple ,leaves 7& ! same applies to _! sep>ate p>ts71 !y are ,entire1 :5 _! g5]al outl9e is completely fill$ out1 s t ! m>g9 is an ev5 l9e1 )\t tee? or not*es4 ,s]rate1 or ,saw-too!d1 :5 ! m>g9 only is cut into %>p tee?1 l ^? ( a saw1 & po9t+ =w>ds2 z 9 ,fig4 #adb4 ,d5tate1 or ,too!d1 :5 su* tee? po9t outw>ds1 in/ead ( =w>ds2 z 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,cr5ate1 or ,scallop$1 :5 ! tee? are broad & r\nd$2 z 9 ,fig4 #add4 ,rep&1 ,undulate1 or ,wavy1 :5 ! m>g9 ( ! leaf =ms a wavy l9e1 b5d+ slightly inw>ds & outw>ds 9 succession2 z 9 ,fig4 #ade4 ,s9uate1 :5 ! m>g9 is m /rongly s9u\s or turn$ inw>ds & outw>ds2 z 9 ,fig4 #adf4 ,incis$1 ,cut1 or ,jagg$1 :5 ! m>g9 is cut into %>p1 deep1 & irregul> tee? or incisions2 z 9 ,fig4 #adg4 ,lob$1 :5 deeply cut4 ,!n ! pieces are 9 a g5]al way call$ ,,lobes4 ,! numb] ( ! lobes is briefly express$ by ! phrase two-lob$1 ?ree-lob$1 five-lob$1 _m-lob$1 etc41 z ! case may be4 #adj4 ,:5 ! dep? & "* ( ! lob+ ne$s to be m p>ticul>ly specifi$1 ! foll[+ t]ms are employ$1 viz43-- ,lob$1 9 a special s5se1 :5 ! incisions d n ext5d deep] ?an ab\t half-way betwe5 ! m>g9 & ! c5tre ( ! blade1 if s f>1 & are m or less r\nd$2 z 9 ! leaves ( ! ,po/-,oak1 ,fig4 #adh1 & ! ,hepatica1 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,cleft1 :5 ! incisions ext5d half way d[n or m1 & especially :5 !y are %>p2 z 9 ,fig4 #adi1 #aec4 ,& ! phrases two-cleft1 or1 9 ! ,lat9 =m1 bifid1 ?ree-cleft or trifid1 f\r-cleft or quadrifid1 five-cleft or qu9quefid1 etc41 or _m-cleft1 9 ! ,lat9 =m1 multifid1--express ! numb] ( ! ,segm5ts1 or portions4 ,p>t$1 :5 ! incisions are /ill deep]1 b yet d n q rea* to ! midrib or ! base ( ! blade2 z 9 ,fig4 #aej1 #aed4 ,& ! t]ms two-p>t$1 ?ree-p>t$1 etc41 express ! numb] ( su* divisions4 ,divid$1 :5 ! incisions ext5d q to ! midrib1 z 9 ! l[] "p ( ,fig4 #aea1 or to ! leaf-/alk1 z 9 ,fig4 #aee2 :i* really makes ! leaf comp\nd4 ,"h1 us+ ! ,lat9 =m1 ! leaf is said to be bisect$1 trisect$ 7,fig4 #aee71 etc41 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh1 p9nately lob$2 #adi1 p9nately cleft2 #aej1 p9nately p>t$2 #aea1 p9nately divid$1 leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb1 palmately ?ree-lob$2 #aec1 palmately ?ree-cleft2 #aed1 palmately ?ree-p>t$2 #aee1 palmately ?ree-divid$ or trisect$1 leaves4 #ada4 ,! ,mode ( ,lob+ or ,division corresponds to t ( ! ve9+1 :e!r p9nately ve9$ or palmately ve9$4 ,9 ! =m] ! not*es or incisions1 or s9uses1 com+ betwe5 ! pr9cipal ve9s or ribs are direct$ t[>d ! midrib3 9 ! latt] !y are direct$ t[>d ! apex ( ! petiole2 z ! figures %[4 #adb4 ,s degree & mode ( division may be t]sely express$ 9 brief phrases4 ,?us1 9 ! f\r upp] figures ( p9nately ve9$ leaves1 ! fir/ is said to be p9nately lob$ 79 ! special s5se71 ! second p9nately cleft 7or p9natifid 9 ,lat9 =m71 ! ?ird p9nately p>t$1 ! f\r? p9nately divid$1 or p9natisect$4 #adc4 ,correspond+ly 9 ! l[] r[1 ( palmately ve9$ leaves1 ! fir/ is palmately lob$1 ! second palmately cleft1 ! ?ird palmately p>t$1 ! f\r? palmately divid$4 ,or1 9 o!r language ( ! same mean+ 7b n[ less commonly employ$71 !y are said to be digitately lob$1 cleft1 p>t$1 or divid$4 #add4 ,! numb] ( ! divisions or lobes may come into ! phrase4 ,?us 9 ! f\r la/ nam$ figures ! leaves are respectively palmately ?ree-lob$1 ?ree-cleft 7or trifid71 ?ree-p>t$1 ?ree-divid$1 or bett] 79 ,lat9 =m71 trisect$4 ,& s = high] numb]s1 z five-lob$1 five-cleft1 etc41 up to _m-lob$1 _m-cleft or multifid1 etc4 ,! same mode ( expression may be us$ = p9nately lob$ leaves1 z p9nately #g-lob$1 -cleft1 -p>t$1 etc4 #ade4 ,! divisions1 lobes1 etc41 may !mselves be entire 7)\t tee? or not*es71 or s]rate1 or o!rwise too!d or incis$2 or lob$1 cleft1 p>t$1 etc43 9 ! latt] cases mak+ twice p9natifid1 twice palmately or p9nately lob$1 p>t$1 or divid$ leaves1 etc4 ,f ^! illu/rations "o w p]ceive h[ ! botani/1 9 two or ?ree words1 may describe any "o ( ! almo/ endlessly div]sifi$ %apes ( leaves1 s z to give a cle> & def9ite idea ( x4 #adf4 ,comp\nd ,leaves4 ,a comp\nd leaf is "o :i* has its blade 9 entirely sep>ate p>ts1 ea* usually ) a /alklet ( its own2 & ! /alklet is (t5 jo9t$ 7or articulat$7 ) ! ma9 leaf-/alk1 j z ?is is jo9t$ ) ! /em4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !re is no d\bt t ! leaf is comp\nd4 ,b :5 ! pieces h no /alklets1 & are n jo9t$ ) ! ma9 leaf-/alk1 x may be consid]$ ei!r z a divid$ simple leaf1 or a comp\nd leaf1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,?is is a matt] ( names :]e all int]m$iate =ms may be expect$4 #adg4 ,:ile ! pieces or project+ p>ts ( a simple leaf-blade are call$ ,lobes1 or 9 deeply cut leaves1 etc41 ,segm5ts1 or ,divisions1 ! sep>ate pieces or blades ( a comp\nd leaf are call$ ,,leaflets4 #adh4 ,comp\nd leaves are ( two pr9cipal k9ds1 namely1 ! ,p9nate & ! ,palmate2 answ]+ to ! two modes ( ve9+ 9 reticulat$ leaves1 & to ! two sorts ( lob$ or divid$ leaves 7#ada74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef-aeh4 ,p9nate leaves1 ! fir/ ) an odd leaflet 7odd-p9nate72 ! second ) a t5dril 9 place ( upp]mo/ leaflets2 ! ?ird abruptly p9nate1 or ( ev5 pairs4 #adi4 ,p9nate leaves are ^? 9 :i* ! leaflets are arrang$ on ! sides ( a ma9 leaf-/alk2 z 9 ,fig4 #aef-aeh4 ,!y answ] to ! fea!r-ve9$ 7i4 e4 p9nately-ve9$7 simple leaf2 z w be se5 at once on comp>+ ! =ms4 ,! leaflets ( ! =m] answ] to ! lobes or divisions ( ! latt]2 & ! cont9uation ( ! petiole1 along :i* ! leaflets are arrang$1 answ]s to ! midrib ( ! simple leaf4 #aej4 ,?ree sorts ( p9nate leaves are "h giv54 ,fig4 #aef is p9nate ) an odd or end leaflet1 z 9 ! ,common ,locu/ & ! ,a%4 ,fig4 #aeg is p9nate ) a t5dril at ! end1 9 place ( ! odd leaflet1 z 9 ! ,vet*es & ! ,pea4 ,fig4 #aeh is ev5ly or abruptly p9nate1 z 9 ! ,honey-,locu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,palmate 7or digitate7 leaf ( five leaflets1 ( ! ,sweet ,buckeye4 #aea4 ,palmate 7also nam$ ,digitate7 leaves are ^? 9 :i* ! leaflets are all borne on ! tip ( ! leaf-/alk1 z 9 ! ,lup9e1 ! ,common ,clov]1 ! ,virg9ia ,creep] 7,fig4 #ic71 & ! ,horse-*e/nut & ,buckeye 7,fig4 #aei74 ,!y evid5tly answ] to ! radiate-ve9$ or palmately-ve9$ simple leaf4 ,t is1 ! ,clov]-leaf ( ?ree leaflets is ! same z a palmately ?ree-ribb$ leaf cut into ?ree sep>ate leaflets4 ,& su* a simple five-lob$ leaf z t ( ! ,sug> ,maple1 if m cut1 s z to sep>ate ! p>ts1 w\ld produce a palmate leaf ( five leaflets1 l t ( ! ,horse-*e/nut or ,buckeye4 #aeb4 ,ei!r sort ( comp\nd leaf may h any numb] ( leaflets2 yet palmate leaves _c well h a great _m1 s9ce !y are all cr[d$ toge!r on ! end ( ! ma9 leaf-/alk4 ,"s ,lup9es h n9e or elev52 ! ,horse-*e/nut has sev51 ! ,sweet ,buckeye m commonly five1 ! ,clov] ?ree4 ,a p9nate leaf (t5 has only sev5 or five leaflets1 or only ?ree1 z 9 ,beans ( ! g5us ,phaseolus1 etc42 9 "s r>] cases only two2 9 ! ,orange & ,lemon & also 9 ! common ,b>b]ry !re is only "o6 ,! jo9t at ! place :]e ! leaflet is unit$ ) ! petiole di/+ui%es ?is la/ case f a simple leaf4 ,9 o!r species ( ^! g5]a ! lat]al leaflets also are pres5t4 #aec4 ,! leaflets ( a comp\nd leaf may be ei!r entire 7z 9 ,fig4 #abf-abh71 or s]rate1 or lob$1 cleft1 p>t$1 etc42 9 fact1 may pres5t all ! v>iations ( simple leaves1 & ! same t]ms equally apply to !m4 #aed4 ,:5 ! division is c>ri$ s f> z to sep>ate :at w\ld be "o leaflet into two1 ?ree1 or sev]al1 ! leaf becomes d\bly or twice comp\nd1 ei!r p9nately or palmately1 z ! case may be4 ,= example1 :ile ! clu/]$ leaves ( ! ,honey-,locu/ are simply p9nate1 t is1 once p9nate1 ^? on new %oots are bip9nate1 or twice p9nate1 z 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,:5 ^! leaflets are aga9 divid$ 9 ! same way1 ! leaf becomes ?rice p9nate1 or trip9nate1 z 9 _m ,acacias4 ,! fir/ divisions are call$ ,p9nae2 ! o!rs1 ,p9nules2 & ! la/1 or little blades !mselves1 ,leaflets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,a twice-p9nate 7abruptly7 leaf ( ! ,honey-,locu/4 #aee4 ,s ! palmate leaf1 if aga9 comp\nd$ 9 ! same way1 becomes twice palmate1 or1 z we say :5 ! divisions are 9 ?rees1 twice t]nate 79 ,lat9 =m bit]nate72 if a ?ird "t comp\nd$1 ?rice t]nate or trit]nate4 ,b if ! division goes /ill fur!r1 or if ! degree is v>iable1 we simply say t ! leaf is decomp\nd2 ei!r palmately or p9nately decomp\nd1 z ! case may be4 ,?us1 ,fig4 #afa repres5ts a f\r times t]nately comp\nd 79 o!r words a t]nately decomp\nd7 leaf ( a common ,mead[ ,rue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,t]nately decomp\nd leaf ( ,mead[ ,rue4 #aef4 ,:5 ! botani/1 9 describ+ leaves1 wi%es to express ! numb] ( ! leaflets1 he may use t]ms l ^!3-- ,unifoliolate1 = a comp\nd leaf ( a s+le leaflet2 f ! ,lat9 unum1 "o1 & foliolum1 leaflet4 ,bifoliolate1 ( two leaflets1 f ! ,lat9 bis1 twice1 & foliolum1 leaflet4 ,trifoliolate 7or t]nate71 ( ?ree leaflets1 z ! ,clov]2 & s on4 ,palmately bifoliolate1 trifoliolate1 quadrifoliolate1 plurifoliolate 7( sev]al leaflets71 etc43 or else ,p9nately bi-1 tri-1 quadri-1 or plurifoliolate 7t is1 ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or sev]al leaflets71 z ! case may be3 ^! are t]se ways ( d5ot+ 9 s+le phrases bo? ! numb] ( leaflets & ! k9d ( comp\nd+4 #aeg4 ,( foliage-leaves hav+ c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 /ructure1 ! foll[+ may be not$3-- #aeh4 ,p]foliate ,leaves4 ,9 ^! ! /em t be>s !m seems to run ?r\gh ! blade ( ! leaf1 m or less above its base4 ,a common ,bellwort 7,uvul>ia p]foliata1 ,fig4 #afb7 is a famili> illu/ration4 ,! l[] & e>li] leaves %[ x di/9ctly4 ,lat]1 ! plant is apt to produce "s leaves m]ely clasp+ ! /em by ! sessile & he>t-%ap$ base1 & ! late/ may be m]ely sessile4 ,s ! s]ies expla9s ! peculi>ity3 9 ! =mation ( ! leaf ! bases1 meet+ ar\nd ! /em1 gr[ toge!r !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,a summ] bran* ( ,uvul>ia p]foliata2 l[] leaves p]foliate1 upp] cordate-clasp+1 upp]mo/ simply sessile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,bran* ( a ,honeysuckle1 ) connate-p]foliate leaves4 #aei4 ,connate-p]foliate4 ,su* are ! upp] leaves ( true ,honeysuckles4 ,"h 7,fig4 #afc7 ( ! opposite & sessile leaves1 "s pairs1 especially ! upp]mo/1 9 ! c\rse ( _! =mation unite ar\nd ! /em1 :i* ?us seems to run ?r\gh ! disk =m$ by _! union4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,root/ock & equitant leaves ( ,iris4 #afe4 ,a section across ! clu/] ( leaves at ! bottom1 %[+ ! equitation4 #afj4 ,equitant ,leaves4 ,:ile ord9>y leaves spread horizontally1 & pres5t "o face to ! sky & ! o!r to ! e>?1 !re are "s t pres5t _! tip to ! sky1 & _! faces "r & left to ! horizon4 ,among ^! are ! equitant leaves ( ! ,iris or ,fl[]-de-,luce4 ,inspection %[s t ea* leaf 0 =m$ z if fold$ toge!r l5g?wise1 s t :at w\ld be ! upp] surface is )91 & all gr[n toge!r1 except next ! bottom1 :]e ea* leaf cov]s ! next y\ng] "o4 ,x 0 f _! /raddl+ ov] ea* o!r1 l a man on horseback 7z is se5 9 ! cross-section1 ,fig4 #afe71 t ,l9naeus1 ) 8 lively fancy1 call$ ^! ,equitant leaves4 #afa4 ,leaves ) no di/9ction ( ,petiole & ,blade4 ,! leaves ( ,iris j m5tion$ %[ "o =m ( ?is4 ,! flat b n>r[ leaves ( ,jonquils1 ,daffodils1 & ! cyl9drical leaf ( ,onions are o!r in/ances4 ,ne$le-%ap$ leaves1 l ^? ( ! ,p9e1 ,l>*1 & ,spruce1 & ! awl-%ap$ z well z ! scale-%ap$ leaves ( ,junip]s1 ,r$ ,c$>1 & ,arbor-,vitae 7,fig4 #aff71 are examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,bran* ( ,arbor-,vitae1 ) awl-%ap$ & scale-%ap$ leaves4 #afb4 ,phyllodia4 ,sometimes an exp&$ petiole takes ! place ( ! blade2 z 9 num]\s ,new ,holl& ,acacias1 "s ( :i* are n[ common 9 gre5h\ses4 ,su* c\nt]feit blades are call$ phyllodia1--mean+ leaf-l bodies4 ,!y may be kn[n f true blades by _! /&+ edgewise1 _! m>g9s be+ direct$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds2 :ile 9 true blades ! faces look upw>ds & d[nw>ds2 except+ 9 equitant leaves1 z already expla9$4 #afc4 ,falsely ,v]tical ,leaves4 ,^! are app>5t exceptions to ! rule1 ! blade /&+ edgewise in/ead ( flatwise to ! /em2 b ?is position comes by a twi/ ( ! /alk or ! base ( ! blade4 ,su* leaves pres5t ! two faces ab\t equally to ! light4 ,! ,compass-plant 7,silphium lac9iatum7 is an example4 ,s also ! leaves ( ,boltonia1 ( ,wild ,lettuce1 & ( a va/ numb] ( ,au/ralian ,myrtace\s %rubs & trees1 :i* mu* resemble ! phyllodia ( ! ,acacias ( ! same c\ntry4 ,!y are famili> 9 ,calli/emon1 ! ,bottle-bru% ,fl[]1 & 9 ,eucalyptus4 ,b 9 ! latt] ! leaves ( ! "y tree h ! normal /ructure & position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! ambigu\s leaf8 7cladophyllum7 ( ,myrsiphyllum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,same ( ,ruscus1 or ,but*]'s ,broom4 #afd4 ,cladophylla1 mean+ bran*-leaves4 ,! foliage ( ,ruscus 7! ,but*]'s ,broom ( ,europe7 & ( ,myrsiphyllum ( ,s\? ,africa 7cultivat$ = decoration "u ! false "n ( ,smilax7 is peculi> & puzzl+4 ,if ^! blades 7,fig4 #afg1 #afh7 are really leaves1 !y are mo/ anomal\s 9 occupy+ ! axil ( ano!r leaf1 r$uc$ to a little scale4 ,yet !y h an upp] & l[] face1 z leaves %\ld1 al?\gh !y soon twi/1 s z to /& m or less edgewise4 ,if !y are bran*es :i* h assum$ exactly ! =m & (fice ( leaves1 !y are equally extraord9>y 9 n mak+ any fur!r developm5t4 ,b 9 ,ruscus1 fl[]s are borne on "o face1 9 ! axil ( a little scale3 & ?is w\ld seem to settle t !y are bran*es4 ,9 ,asp>agus j ! same ?+s z to position are ?read-%ap$ & bran*-l4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,leaves ,,( ,,special ,,con=mation ,,& ,,use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,a "y ,agave ,am]icana1 or ,c5tury-plant2 fle%y-leav$4 #afe4 ,leaves = ,/orage4 ,a leaf may at ! same "t s]ve bo? ord9>y & special uses4 ,?us 9 ^? leaves ( ,lilies1 su* z ! common ,:ite ,lily1 :i* spr+ f ! bulb1 ! upp] & gre5 "p s]ves = foliage & elaborates n\ri%m5t1 :ile ! ?ick5$ portion or bud-scale b5ea? s]ves = ! /orage ( ?is n\ri%m5t4 ,! ?read-%ap$ leaf ( ! ,onion fulfils ! same (fice1 & ! n\ri%+ matt] x prep>es is deposit$ 9 its %ea?+ base1 =m+ "o ( ! conc5tric lay]s ( ! onion4 ,:5 ^! lay]s1 s ?ick & succul5t1 h giv5 up _! /ore to ! gr[+ p>ts )91 !y are left z ?9 & dry husks4 ,9 a ,h\seleek1 an ,aloe or an ,agave1 ! gre5 color ( ! surface ( ! fle%y leaf indicates t x is do+ ! "w ( foliage2 ! deep]-seat$ :ite portion )9 is ! /oreh\se ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* ! gre5 surface has elaborat$4 ,s1 also1 ! se$-leaves or cotyl$ons are commonly us$ = /orage4 ,"s1 z 9 "o ( ! ,maples1 ! ,pea1 ,horse-*e/nut1 ,oak1 etc41 are = no?+ else4 ,o!rs1 z 9 ,bee* & 9 our common ,beans1 give fa9t indications ( s]vice z foliage also1 *iefly 9 va94 ,/ill o!rs1 z 9 ! ,pumpk9 & ,flax1 hav+ s]v$ = /orage1 develop into ! fir/ effici5t foliage4 ,comp>e #aa1 #bb-cj1 & ! accompany+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,s]ies ( bud-scales & foliage-leaves f a develop+ bud ( ! ,l[ ,sweet ,buckeye 7,a,esculus p>viflora71 %[+ ne>ly complete gradation1 f a scale to a comp\nd leaf ( five leaflets2 & t ! scales answ] to r$uc$ petioles4 #aff4 ,leaves z ,bud-,scales s]ve to protect ! =m+ p>ts )94 ,hav+ fulfill$ ?is purpose !y commonly fall (f :5 ! %oot develops & foliage-leaves appe>4 ,occasionally1 z 9 ,fig4 #agj1 !re is a transition ( bud-scales to leaves1 :i* reveals ! nature ( ! =m]4 ,! ,lilac also %[s a gradation f bud-scale to simple leaf4 ,9 ,cornus florida 7! ,fl[]+ ,dogwood71 ! f\r bud-scales :i* ?r\gh ! w9t] protect ! head ( =m+ fl[]s rema9 until blossom+1 & !n ! base ( ea* gr[s out into a l>ge & v %[y petal-l leaf2 ! orig9al dry scale is app>5t 9 ! not* at ! apex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,%oot ( common ,b>b]ry1 %[+ transition ( foliage-leaves to sp9es4 #afg4 ,leaves z ,sp9es occur 9 sev]al plants4 ,a famili> in/ance is t ( ! common ,b>b]ry 7,fig4 #aga74 ,9 almo/ any summ] %oot1 mo/ ( ! gradations may be se5 betwe5 ! ord9>y leaves1 ) %>p bri/ly tee?1 & leaves :i* are r$uc$ to a bran*+ sp9e or ?orn4 ,! fact t ! sp9es ( ! ,b>b]ry produce a leaf-bud 9 _! axil also proves !m to be leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,leaves ( ,solanum jasm9oides1 ! petiole adapt$ = climb+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,leaf ( ,la?yrus ,aphaca1 consi/+ ( a pair ( /ipules & a t5dril4 #afh4 ,leaves = ,climb+ are v>i\s 9 adaptation4 ,true foliage-leaves s]ve ?is purpose2 z 9 ,gloriosa1 :]e ! att5uat$ tip ( a simple leaf 7o!rwise l t ( a ,lily7 hooks ar\nd a support+ object2 or 9 ,solanum jasm9oides ( ! g>d5s 7,fig4 #agb71 & 9 ,maur&ia1 etc41 :]e ! leaf-/alk coils r\nd & cl+s to a support2 or 9 ! comp\nd leaves ( ,clematis & ( ,adlumia1 9 :i* bo? ! leaflets & _! /alks hook or coil ar\nd ! support4 #afi4 ,or 9 a comp\nd leaf1 z 9 ! ,pea & mo/ ,vet*es1 & 9 ,cobaea1 :ile ! l[] leaflets s]ve = foliage1 "s ( ! upp]mo/ are develop$ z t5drils = climb+ 7,fig4 #afg74 ,9 ! common ,pea ?is is s ) all b "o or two pairs ( leaflets4 #agj4 ,9 "o ,european ,vet*1 ! leaflets are want+ & ! :ole petiole is a t5dril1 :ile ! /ipules become ! only foliage 7,fig4 #agc74 #aga4 ,leaves z ,pit*]s1 or holl[ tubes1 are famili> 9 ! common ,pit*]-plant or ,side-saddle ,fl[] 7,s>rac5ia1 ,fig4 #agd7 ( our bogs4 ,^! pit*]s are g5]ally half full ( wat]1 9 :i* flies & o!r insects are dr[n$1 (t5 9 su* numb]s z to make a ri* manure = ! plant4 ,m curi\s are "s ( ! s\!rn species ( ,s>rac5ia1 :i* seem to be specially adapt$ to ! capture & de/ruction ( flies & o!r insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,leaf ( ,s>rac5ia purpurea1 entire1 & ano!r ) ! upp] "p cut (f4 #agb4 ,! leaf ( ,nep5!s 7,fig4 #age7 comb9es ?ree /ructures & uses4 ,! exp&$ "p bel[ is foliage3 ?is tap]s into a t5dril = climb+2 & ?is be>s a pit*] ) a lid4 ,insects are caught1 & p]haps dige/$1 9 ! pit*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,leaf ( ,nep5!s2 foliage1 t5dril1 & pit*] comb9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,leaves ( ,dionaea2 ! trap 9 "o ( !m op51 9 ! o!rs clos$4 #agc4 ,leaves z ,fly-traps4 ,insects are caught 9 ano!r way1 & m exp]tly1 by ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! plants ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,dionaea or ,v5us's ,fly-trap1 :i* gr[s 9 ! s&y bogs ar\nd ,wilm+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,"h 7,fig4 #agf7 ea* leaf be>s at its summit an app5dage :i* op5s & %uts1 9 %ape some?+ l a /eel-trap1 & op]at+ mu* l "o4 ,= :5 op51 no soon] does a fly alight on its surface1 & bru% aga9/ any "o ( ! two or ?ree bri/les t gr[ !re1 ?an ! trap sudd5ly closes1 captur+ ! intrud]4 ,if ! fly escapes1 ! trap soon sl[ly op5s1 & is ready = ano!r capture4 ,:5 reta9$1 ! insect is aft] a "t moi/5$ by a secretion f m9ute gl&s ( ! inn] surface1 & is dige/$4 ,9 ! v>i\s species ( ,dros]a or ,sundew1 insects are caught by /ick+ fa/ to v viscid gl&s at ! tip ( /rong bri/les1 aid$ by adjac5t gl&-tipp$ bri/les :i* b5d sl[ly t[>d ! captive4 ,! use ( su* adaptations & op]ations may be expla9$ 9 ano!r place4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,/ipules4 #agd4 ,a leaf complete 9 its p>ts consi/s ( blade1 leaf-/alk or petiole1 & a pair ( /ipules4 ,b mo/ leaves h ei!r fugaci\s or m9ute /ipules or none at all2 _m h no petiole 7! blade be+ sessile or /alkless72 "s h no cle> di/9ction ( blade & petiole2 & _m ( ^!1 su* z ^? ( ! ,onion & all phyllodia 7#aff71 consi/ ( petiole only4 #age4 ,! base ( ! petiole is apt to be broad5$ & flatt5$1 sometimes into ?9 m>g9s1 sometimes into a %ea? :i* embraces ! /em at ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,leaf ( ,r$ ,clov]3 /1 /ipules1 adh]+ to ! base ( p1 ! petiole2 b1 blade ( ?ree leaflets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,"p ( /em & leaf ( ,pr9ce's-,fea!r 7,polygonum ori5tale7 ) ! unit$ %ea?+ /ipules =m+ a %ea? or ocrea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,t]m9al w9t] bud ( ,magnolia ,umbrella1 natural size4 #ahj4 ,out]mo/ bud-scale 7pair ( /ipules7 deta*$4 #agf4 ,/ipules are su* app5dages1 ei!r :olly or p>tly sep>at$ f ! petiole4 ,:5 q sep>ate !y are said to be free1 z 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,:5 atta*$ to ! base ( ! petiole1 z 9 ! ,rose & 9 ,clov] 7,fig4 #agg71 !y are adnate4 ,:5 ! two /ipules unite & %ea! ! /em above ! ins]tion1 z 9 ,polygonum 7,fig4 #agh71 ?is %ea? is call$ an ,ocrea f its lik5ess to a greave or legg94 #agg4 ,9 ,grasses1 :5 ! %ea?+ base ( ! leaf may answ] to petiole1 ! summit ( ! %ea? commonly projects z a ?9 & %ort membrane1 l an ocrea3 ?is is call$ a ,,ligula or ,,ligule4 #agh4 ,:5 /ipules are gre5 & leaf-l !y act z s mu* foliage4 ,9 ! ,pea !y make up no small "p ( ! actual foliage4 ,9 a relat$ plant 7,la?yrus ,aphaca1 ,fig4 #agc71 !y make ! :ole ( x1 ! rema9d] ( ! leaf be+ t5dril4 #agi4 ,9 _m trees ! /ipules are ! bud-scales1 z 9 ! ,bee*1 & v conspicu\sly 9 ! ,fig-tree1 ,tulip-tree1 & ,magnolia 7,fig4 #agi74 ,^! fall (f z ! leaves unfold4 #ahj4 ,! /ipules are sp9es or prickles 9 ,locu/ & sev]al o!r ,legum9\s trees & %rubs2 !y are t5drils 9 ,smilax or ,gre5bri]4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,leaves4 #aha4 ,phyllotaxy1 mean+ leaf-arrangem5t1 is ! /udy ( ! position ( leaves1 or p>ts answ]+ to leaves1 ^u ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,alt]nate leaves1 9 ,l9d51 ,lime-tree1 or ,basswood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,opposite leaves1 9 ,r$ ,maple4 #ahb4 ,! te*nical "n = ! atta*m5t ( leaves to ! /em is ! ins]tion4 ,leaves 7z already notic$1 #ed7 are ins]t$ 9 ?ree modes4 ,!y are ,alt]nate 7,fig4 #aha71 t is1 "o aft] ano!r1 or 9 o!r words1 ) only a s+le leaf to ea* node2 ,opposite 7,fig4 #ahb71 :5 !re is a pair to ea* node1 ! two leaves 9 ?is case be+ always on opposite sides ( ! /em2 ,:orl$ or ,v]ticillate 7,fig4 #ahc7 :5 !re are m ?an two leaves on a node1 9 :i* case !y divide ! circle equally betwe5 !m1 =m+ a ,v]ticel or :orl4 ,:5 !re are ?ree leaves 9 ! :orl1 ! leaves are "o ?ird ( ! circumf]5ce ap>t2 :5 f\r1 "o qu>t]1 & s on4 ,s ! plan ( opposite leaves1 :i* is v common1 is m]ely t ( :orl$ leaves1 ) ! fewe/ leaves to ! :orl1 namely1 two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,:orl$ leaves ( ,galium4 #ahc4 ,9 bo? modes & 9 all _! modifications1 ! arrangem5t is su* z to di/ribute ! leaves sy/ematically & 9 a way to give !m a good exposure to ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,a piece ( /em ( ,l>* ) two clu/]s 7fascicles7 ( num]\s leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,piece ( a bran* ( ,pit* ,p9e1 ) ?ree leaves 9 a fascicle or bundle1 9 ! axil ( a ?9 scale :i* answ]s to a prim>y leaf4 ,! bundle is surr\nd$ at ! base by a %ort %ea?1 =m$ ( ! delicate scales ( ! axill>y bud4 #ahd4 ,no two or m leaves ev] gr[ f ! same po9t4 ,! s-call$ ,fascicl$ or ,clu/]$ leaves are ! leaves ( a bran* ! nodes ( :i* are v close1 j z !y are 9 ! bud1 s keep+ ! leaves 9 a clu/]4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! ,l>* 7,fig4 #ahd71 9 :i* exam9ation %[s ea* clu/] to be made up ( num]\s leaves cr[d$ on a spur or %ort axis4 ,9 spr+ !re are only su* clu/]s2 b 9 summ] "s ( !m l5g!n into ord9>y %oots ) scatt]$ alt]nate leaves4 ,s1 likewise1 ea* clu/] ( two or ?ree ne$le-%ap$ leaves 9 ,pit* ,p9es 7z 9 ,fig4 #ahe71 or ( five leaves 9 ,:ite ,p9e1 answ]s to a simil> extremely %ort bran*1 spr++ f ! axil ( a ?9 & sl5d] scale1 :i* repres5ts a leaf ( ! ma9 %oot4 ,= ,p9es produce two k9ds ( leaves1--#a4 prim>y1 ! prop] leaves ( ! %oots1 n z foliage1 b 9 ! %ape ( delicate scales 9 spr+1 :i* soon fall away2 & #b4 second>y1 ! fascicl$ leaves1 f buds 9 ! axils ( ! =m]1 & ^! =m ! actual foliage4 #ahe4 ,phyllotaxy ( ,alt]nate ,leaves4 ,alt]nate leaves are di/ribut$ along ! /em 9 an ord] :i* is uni=m = ea* species4 ,! arrangem5t 9 all its modifications is said to be spiral1 because1 if we draw a l9e f ! ins]tion 7i4 e4 ! po9t ( atta*m5t7 ( "o leaf to t ( ! next1 & s on1 ?is l9e w w9d spirally ar\nd ! /em z x rises1 & 9 ! same species w always be> ! same numb] ( leaves = ea* turn r\nd ! /em4 ,t is1 any two successive leaves w always be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by an equal portion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em4 ,! di/ance 9 height betwe5 any two leaves may v>y greatly1 ev5 on ! same %oot1 = t dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! int]nodes1 or spaces betwe5 ! leaves2 b ! di/ance z measur$ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce 79 o!r words1 ! ,angul> ,div]g5ce1 or angle =m$ by any two successive leaves7 is uni=mly ! same4 #ahf4 ,two-rank$4 ,! greate/ possible div]g5ce is1 ( c\rse1 :]e ! second leaf /&s on exactly ! opposite side ( ! /em f ! fir/1 ! ?ird on ! side opposite ! second1 & !re=e ov] ! fir/1 & ! f\r? ov] ! second4 ,?is br+s all ! leaves into two ranks1 "o on "o side ( ! /em & "o on ! o!r1 & is !re=e call$ ! ,two-rank$ arrangem5t4 ,x occurs 9 all ,grasses1--9 ,indian ,corn1 = in/ance2 also1 9 ! ,basswood 7,fig4 #aha74 ,?is is ! simple/ ( all arrangem5ts1 & ! "o :i* mo/ widely di/ributes successive leaves1 b :i* !re=e gives ! fewe/ v]tical ranks4 ,next is ! #ahg4 ,?ree-rank$ arrangem5t1--t ( all ,s$ges1 & ( ,:ite ,hellebore4 ,"h ! second leaf is plac$ "o ?ird ( ! way r\nd ! /em1 ! ?ird leaf two ?irds ( ! way r\nd1 ! f\r? leaf accord+ly directly ov] ! fir/1 ! fif? ov] ! second1 & s on4 ,t is1 ?ree leaves occur 9 ea* turn r\nd ! /em1 & !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by "o ?ird ( ! circumf]5ce4 7,fig4 #ahf1 #ahg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,two-rank$ arrangem5t1 %[n 9 a piece ( ! /alk ( a ,s$ge1 ) ! leaves cut (f above _! bases2 ! leaves are numb]$ 9 ord]1 f #a to #f4 #ahg4 ,diagram or cross-section ( ! same1 9 "o plane2 ! leaves simil>ly numb]$2 %[+ two cycles ( ?ree4 #ahh4 ,five-rank$ is ! next 9 ! s]ies1 & ! mo/ common4 ,x is se5 9 ! ,apple 7,fig4 #ahh71 ,*]ry1 ,popl>1 & ! great] numb] ( trees & %rubs4 ,9 ?is case ! l9e trac$ f leaf to leaf w pass twice r\nd ! /em be=e x rea*es a leaf situat$ directly ov] any bel[ 7,fig4 #ahi74 ,"h ! six? leaf is ov] ! fir/2 ! leaves /& 9 five p]p5dicul> ranks1 ) equal angul> di/ance f ea* o!r2 & ?is di/ance betwe5 any two successive leaves is j two fif?s ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,%oot ) its leaves #e-rank$1 ! six? leaf ov] ! fir/2 z 9 ! ,apple-tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,diagram ( ?is arrangem5t1 ) a spiral l9e drawn f ! atta*m5t ( "o leaf to ! next1 & s on2 ! p>ts on ! side turn$ f ! eye are fa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,a gr\nd-plan ( ! same2 ! section ( ! leaves simil>ly numb]$2 a dott$ l9e drawn f ! edge ( "o leaf to t ( ! next m>ks out ! spiral4 #ahi4 ,! five-rank$ arrangem5t is express$ by ! fraction #b_/e4 ,?is fraction d5otes ! div]g5ce ( ! successive leaves1 i4 e4 ! angle !y =m ) ea* o!r3 ! num]ator also expresses ! numb] ( turns made r\nd ! /em by ! spiral l9e 9 complet+ "o cycle or set ( leaves1 namely1 two2 & ! d5om9ator gives ! numb] ( leaves 9 ea* cycle1 or ! numb] ( p]p5dicul> ranks1 namely1 five4 ,9 ! same way ! fraction #a_/b /&s = ! two-rank$ mode1 & #a_/c = ! ?ree-rank$3 & s ^! diff]5t sorts are express$ by ! s]ies ( fractions #a_/b1 #a_/c1 #b_/e4 ,o!r cases foll[ 9 ! same num]ical progression1 ! next be+ ! #aij4 ,eight-rank$ arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is ! n9? leaf /&s ov] ! fir/1 & ?ree turns are made ar\nd ! /em to rea* x2 s x is express$ by ! fraction #c_/h4 ,?is is se5 9 ! ,holly1 & 9 ! common ,planta94 ,!n comes ! #aia4 ,?irte5-rank$ arrangem5t1 9 :i* ! f\rte5? leaf is ov] ! fir/1 aft] five turns ar\nd ! /em4 ,! common ,h\seleek 7,fig4 #aia7 is a good example4 #aib4 ,! s]ies s f>1 !n1 is #a_/b1 #a_/c1 #b_/e1 #c_/h1 #e_/ac2 ! num]ator & ! d5om9ator ( ea* fraction be+ ^? ( ! two next prec$+ ones add$ toge!r4 ,at ?is rate ! next high] %\ld be #h_/ba1 !n #ac_/cd1 & s on2 & 9 fact j su* cases are met )1 & 7commonly7 no o!rs4 ,^! high] sorts are f\nd 9 ! ,p9e ,family1 bo? 9 ! leaves & ! cones & 9 _m o!r plants ) small & cr[d$ leaves4 ,b 9 ^? ! numb] ( ! ranks1 or ( leaves 9 ea* cycle1 c only r>ely be made out by direct inspection4 ,!y may be indirectly asc]ta9$1 h[ev]1 by /udy+ ! second>y spirals1 z !y are call$1 :i* usually become conspicu\s1 at lea/ two s]ies ( !m1 "o turn+ to ! "r & "o to ! left1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! "* ( ! phyllotaxy may be d$uc$ f ! second>y spirals1 see ,/ructural ,botany1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,a "y plant ( ! ,h\seleek1 ) ! leaves 7n yet exp&$7 numb]$1 & exhibit+ ! #ac-rank$ arrangem5t2 & %[+ second>y spirals4 #aic4 ,phyllotaxy ( ,opposite & :orl$ ,leaves4 ,?is is simple & comp>atively uni=m4 ,! leaves ( ea* pair or :orl are plac$ ov] ! int]vals betwe5 ^? ( ! prec$+1 & !re=e "u ! int]vals ( ! pair or :orl next above4 ,! :orls or pairs alt]nate or cross ea* o!r1 usually at "r angles1 t is1 !y decussate4 ,opposite leaves1 t is1 :orls ( two leaves only1 are f> common] ?an :orls ( ?ree or f\r or m memb]s4 ,?is arrangem5t 9 successive decussat+ pairs gives an advantage\s di/ribution on ! /em 9 f\r v]tical ranks4 ,:orls ( ?ree give six v]tical ranks1 & s on4 ,note t 9 descriptive botany leaves 9 :orls ( two are simply call$ opposite leaves2 & t ! t]m v]ticillate or :orl$1 is employ$ only = cases ( m ?an two1 unless ! latt] numb] is specifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,opposite leaves ( ,euonymus1 or ,sp9dle-tree1 %[+ ! successive pairs cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 #aid4 ,v]nation or ,praefoliation1 ! disposition ( ! leaf-blades 9 ! bud1 comprises two ?+s2 #a/1 ! way 9 :i* ea* sep>ate leaf is fold$1 coil$1 or pack$ up 9 ! bud2 & #b;d1 ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves 9 ! bud ) respect to "o ano!r4 ,! latt] ( c\rse dep5ds v mu* ^u ! phyllotaxy1 i4 e4 ! position & ord] ( ! leaves ^u ! /em4 ,! same t]ms are us$ = x z = ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves ( ! fl[] 9 ! fl[]-bud4 ,see1 !re=e1 ,a,estivation1 or ,praefloration4 #aie4 ,z to ea* leaf sep>ately1 x is sometimes /raight & op5 9 v]nation1 b m commonly x is ei!r b5t1 fold$1 or roll$ up4 ,:5 ! upp] "p is b5t d[n ^u ! l[]1 z ! "y blade 9 ! ,tulip-tree is b5t ^u ! leaf-/alk1 x is said to be ,inflex$ or ,recl9$ 9 v]nation4 ,:5 fold$ by ! midrib s t ! two halves are plac$ face to face1 x is ,conduplicate 7,fig4 #aic71 z 9 ! ,magnolia1 ! ,*]ry1 & ! ,oak4 ,:5 fold$ back & =? l ! plaits ( a fan1 x is ,plicate or ,plait$ 7,fig4 #aid71 z 9 ! ,maple & ,currant4 ,if roll$1 x may be s ei!r f ! tip d[nw>ds1 z 9 ,f]ns & ! ,sundew 7,fig4 #aig71 :5 9 unroll+ x resembles ! head ( a crosi]1 & is said to be ,circ9ate2 or x may be roll$ up p>allel ) ! axis1 ei!r f "o edge into a coil1 :5 x is ,convolute 7,fig4 #aie71 z 9 ! ,apricot & ,plum2 or roll$ f bo? edges t[>ds ! midrib1--sometimes inw>ds1 :5 x is ,involute 7,fig4 #aih71 z 9 ! ,violet & ,wat]-,lily2 sometimes outw>ds1 :5 x is ,revolute 7,fig4 #aif71 9 ! ,rosem>y & ,azalea4 ,! figures are diagrams1 repres5t+ sections ?r\gh ! leaf1 9 ! way !y 7 repres5t$ by ,l9naeus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 #aid4 #aie4 #aif4 #aig4 #aih4 ,section ,,viii4 ,,fl[]s4 #aif4 ,fl[]s are = ! production ( se$ 7#af74 ,/ems & bran*es1 :i* = a "t put =? leaves = vegetation1 may at l5g? put =? fl[]s = reproduction4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,position ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fl[]s1 ,,or ,,infloresc5ce4 #aig4 ,fl[]-buds appe> j :]e leaf-buds appe>2 t is1 !y are ei!r t]m9al or axill>y 7#dg-di74 ,morphologically1 fl[]s answ] to %oots or bran*es1 & _! p>ts to leaves4 #aih4 ,9 ! same species ! fl[]s are usually f axill>y buds only1 or f t]m9al buds only2 b 9 "s !y are bo? axill>y & t]m9al4 #aii4 ,infloresc5ce1 :i* is ! "n us$ by ,l9naeus to signify mode ( fl[]-arrangem5t1 is accord+ly ( ?ree classes3 namely1 ,indet]m9ate1 :5 ! fl[]s are 9 ! axils ( leaves1 t is1 are f axill>y buds2 ,det]m9ate1 :5 !y are f t]m9al buds1 & s t]m9ate a /em or bran*2 & ,mix$1 :5 ^! two are comb9$4 #bjj4 ,indet]m9ate ,infloresc5ce 7likewise1 & = ! same reason1 call$ indef9ite infloresc5ce7 is s nam$ because1 z ! fl[]s all come f axill>y buds1 ! t]m9al bud may keep on gr[+ & prolong ! /em indef9itely4 ,?is is s 9 ,moneywort 7,fig4 #aii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,piece ( a fl[]+-/em ( ,moneywort 7,lysima*ia nummul>ia17 ) s+le fl[]s successively produc$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 f bel[ upw>ds1 z ! /em gr[s on4 #bja4 ,:5 fl[]s ?us arise s+ly f ! axils ( ord9>y leaves1 !y are axill>y & solit>y1 n collect$ into fl[]-clu/]s4 #bjb4 ,b :5 sev]al or _m fl[]s are produc$ ne> ea* o!r1 ! accompany+ leaves are apt to be ( small] size1 or ( diff]5t %ape or "*3 !n !y are call$ ,,bracts1 & ! fl[]s ?us br\ght toge!r =m a clu/]4 ,! k9ds ( fl[]-clu/]s ( ! indet]m9ate class h receiv$ di/9ct names1 accord+ to _! =m & disposition4 ,!y are pr9cipally ,raceme1 ,corymb1 ,umbel1 ,spike1 ,head1 ,spadix1 ,catk91 & ,panicle4 #bjc4 ,9 def9+ ^! x w be necess>y to use "s ( ! foll[+ t]ms ( descriptive botany :i* relate to infloresc5ce4 ,if a fl[] is /alkless1 i4 e4 sits directly 9 ! axil or o!r support1 x is said to be sessile4 ,if rais$ on a nak$ /alk ( its own 7z 9 ,fig4 #aii7 x is p$unculate1 & ! /alk is a ,,p$uncle4 #bjd4 ,a p$uncle on :i* a fl[]-clu/] is rais$ is a ,common p$uncle4 ,t :i* supports ea* sep>ate fl[] ( ! clu/] is a ,p>tial p$uncle1 & is g5]ally call$ a ,,p$icel4 ,! portion ( ! g5]al /alk along :i* fl[]s are dispos$ is call$ ! ,axis ( infloresc5ce1 or1 :5 cov]$ ) sessile fl[]s1 ! ,rha*is 7back-bone71 & sometimes ! ,receptacle4 ,! leaves ( a fl[]-clu/] g5]ally are t]m$ ,,bracts4 ,b :5 bracts ( diff]5t ord]s are to be di/+ui%$1 ^? on ! common p$uncle or axis1 & :i* h a fl[] 9 _! axil1 keep ! "n ( bracts2 & ^? on ! p$icels or p>tial fl[]-/alks1 if any1 t ( ,,bractlets or ,bracteoles4 ,! =m] is ! pref]able ,engli% "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,a raceme1 ) a g5]al p$uncle 7p71 p$icels 7p'71 bracts 7b71 & bractlets 7b'74 ,pla9ly ! bracts "h answ] to ! leaves 9 ,fig4 #aii4 #bje4 ,a ,raceme 7,fig4 #bjj7 is t =m ( fl[]-clu/] 9 :i* ! fl[]s1 ea* on _! own foot-/alk or p$icel1 are arrang$ along ! sides ( a common /alk or axis ( infloresc5ce2 z 9 ! ,lily ( ! ,valley1 ,currant1 ,b>b]ry1 "o section ( ,*]ry1 etc4 ,ea* fl[] comes f ! axil ( a small leaf1 or bract1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is (t5 s small t x might escape notice1 & ev5 sometimes 7z 9 ! ,mu/>d ,family7 disappe>s altoge!r4 ,! l[e/ blossoms ( a raceme are ( c\rse ! olde/1 & !re=e op5 fir/1 & ! ord] ( blossom+ is asc5d+ f ! bottom to ! top4 ,! summit1 nev] be+ /opp$ by a t]m9al fl[]1 may g on to gr[1 & (t5 does s 7z 9 ! common ,%eph]d's ,purse71 produc+ lat]al fl[]s "o aft] ano!r = _m weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,a raceme4 #bjb4 ,a corymb4 #bjc4 ,an umbel4 #bjf4 ,a ,corymb 7,fig4 #bjb7 is ! same z a raceme1 except t x is flat & broad1 ei!r convex1 or level-topp$4 ,t is1 a raceme becomes a corymb by l5g!n+ ! l[] p$icels :ile ! upp]mo/ rema9 %ort]4 ,! axis ( a corymb is %ort 9 proportion to ! l[] p$icels4 ,by extreme %ort5+ ( ! axis ! corymb may be conv]t$ into #bjg4 ,an ,umbel 7,fig4 #bjc7 z 9 ! ,milkwe$1 a sort ( fl[]-clu/] :]e ! p$icels all spr+ app>5tly f ! same po9t1 f ! top ( ! p$uncle1 s z to resemble1 :5 spread+1 ! rays ( an umbrella2 :5ce ! "n4 ,"h ! p$icels are sometimes call$ ! ,rays ( ! umbel4 ,& ! bracts1 :5 br\ght 9 ?is way into a clu/] or circle1 =m :at is call$ an ,,involucre4 #bjh4 ,! corymb & ! umbel be+ m or less level-topp$1 br++ ! fl[]s into a horizontal plane or a convex =m1 ! asc5d+ ord] ( developm5t appe>s z ,c5tripetal4 ,t is1 ! fl[]+ proce$s f ! m>g9 or circumf]5ce regul>ly t[>ds ! c5tre2 ! l[] fl[]s ( ! =m] answ]+ to ! out] ones ( ! latt]4 #bji4 ,9 ^! ?ree k9ds ( fl[]-clu/]s1 ! fl[]s are rais$ on conspicu\s p$icels 7#bjd7 or /alks ( _! own4 ,! %ort5+ ( ^! p$icels1 s z to r5d] ! fl[]s sessile or ne>ly s1 conv]ts a raceme into a ,spike1 & a corymb or an umbel into a ,head4 #baj4 ,a ,spike is a fl[] clu/] ) a m or less l5g!n$ axis1 along :i* ! fl[]s are sessile or ne>ly s2 z 9 ! ,planta9 7,fig4 #bjd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,spike ( ! common ,planta9 or ,ribwort4 #baa4 ,a ,head 7,capitulum7 is a r\nd or r\ndi% clu/] ( fl[]s1 :i* are sessile on a v %ort axis or receptacle1 z 9 ! ,button-ball1 ,button-bu% 7,fig4 #bje71 & ,r$ ,clov]4 ,x is j :at a spike w\ld become if its axis 7 %ort5$2 or an umbel1 if its p$icels 7 all %ort5$ until ! fl[]s became sessile4 ,! head ( ! ,button-bu% is nak$2 b t ( ! ,?i/le1 ( ! ,d&elion1 & ! l1 is surr\nd$ by empty bracts1 :i* =m an ,involucre4 ,two p>ticul> =ms ( ! spike & ! head h receiv$ p>ticul> names1 namely1 ! ,spadix & ! ,catk94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,head ( ! ,button-bu% 7,cephalan?us74 #bab4 ,a ,spadix is a fle%y spike or head1 ) small & (t5 imp]fect fl[]s1 z 9 ! ,calla1 ,indian ,turnip1 7,fig4 #bjf71 ,sweet ,flag1 etc4 ,x is commonly surr\nd$ or embrac$ by a peculi> envelop+ leaf1 call$ a ,,spa!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,spadix & spa! ( ! ,indian ,turnip2 ! latt] cut ?r\gh bel[4 #bac4 ,a ,catk91 or ,am5t1 is ! "n giv5 to ! scaly sort ( spike ( ! ,bir* 7,fig4 #bjg7 & ,ald]1 ! ,will[ & ,popl>1 & "o sort ( fl[]-clu/]s ( ! ,oak1 ,hickory1 & ! l1--! s-call$ ,am5tace\s trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,catk91 or ,am5t1 ( ,bir*4 #bad4 ,comp\nd fl[]-clu/]s ( ^! k9ds are n uncommon4 ,:5 ! /alks :i* 9 ! simple umbel are ! p$icels ( s+le fl[]s !mselves bran* into an umbel1 a ,comp\nd ,umbel is =m$4 ,?is is ! infloresc5ce ( ,c>away 7,fig4 #bjh71 ,p>snip1 & almo/ all ( ! great family ( ,umbellif]\s 7umbel-be>+7 plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,comp\nd ,umbel ( ,c>away4 #bae4 ,! second>y or p>tial umbels ( a comp\nd umbel are ,,umbellets4 ,:5 ! umbellets are subt5d$ by an involucre1 ?is second>y involucre is call$ an ,,involucel4 #baf4 ,a ,comp\nd raceme is a clu/] ( racemes racemosely arrang$1 z 9 ,smilac9a racemosa4 ,a comp\nd corymb is a corymb "s bran*es ( :i* bran* aga9 9 ! same way1 z 9 ,m\nta9 ,a%4 ,a comp\nd spike is a spicately dispos$ clu/] ( spikes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,diagram ( a simple panicle4 #bag4 ,a ,panicle1 su* z t ( ,oats & _m ,grasses1 is a comp\nd fl[]-clu/] ( a m or less op5 sort :i* bran*es ) app>5t irregul>ity1 nei!r into corymbs nor racemes4 ,fig4 #bji repres5ts ! simple/ panicle4 ,x is1 z x 71 a raceme ( :i* "s ( ! p$icels h bran*$ s z to be> a few fl[]s on p$icels ( _! own1 :ile o!rs rema9 simple4 ,a comp\nd panicle is "o t bran*es 9 ?is way aga9 & aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,diagram ( an opposite-leav$ plant1 ) a s+le t]m9al fl[]4 #baa4 ,same1 ) a cyme ( ?ree fl[]s2 a1 ! fir/ fl[]1 ( ! ma9 axis2 b b1 ^? ( bran*es4 #bab4 ,same1 ) fl[]s also ( ! ?ird ord]1 c c4 #bah4 ,det]m9ate ,infloresc5ce is t 9 :i* ! fl[]s are f t]m9al buds4 ,! simple/ case is t ( a solit>y t]m9al fl[]1 z 9 ,fig4 #baj4 ,?is /ops ! gr[? ( ! /em2 = its t]m9al bud1 becom+ a blossom1 c no m l5g!n 9 ! mann] ( a leaf-bud4 ,any fur!r gr[? mu/ be f axill>y buds develop+ into bran*es4 ,if su* bran*es are leafy %oots1 at l5g? t]m9at$ by s+le blossoms1 ! infloresc5ce /ill consi/s ( solit>y fl[]s at ! summit ( /em & bran*es4 ,b if ! fl[]+ bran*es be> only bracts 9 place ( ord9>y leaves1 ! result is ! k9d ( fl[]-clu/] call$ #bai4 ,a ,cyme4 ,?is is commonly a flat-topp$ or convex fl[]-clu/]1 l a corymb1 only ! blossoms are f t]m9al buds4 ,fig4 #baa illu/rates ! simple/ cyme 9 a plant ) opposite leaves1 namely1 ) ?ree fl[]s4 ,! middle fl[]1 a1 t]m9ates ! /em2 ! two o!rs1 b b1 t]m9ate bran*es1 "o f ! axil ( ea* ( ! upp]mo/ leaves2 & be+ lat] ?an ! middle "o1 ! fl[]+ proce$s f ! c5tre outw>ds1 or is ,c5trifugal4 ,?is is ! opposite ( ! indet]m9ate mode1 or t :]e all ! fl[]-buds are axill>y4 ,if fl[]+ bran*es appe> f ! axils bel[1 ! l[] ones are ! lat]1 s t ! ord] ( blossom+ cont9ues c5trifugal or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 desc5d+1 z 9 ,fig4 #bac1 mak+ a sort ( rev]s$ raceme or false raceme1--a k9d ( clu/] :i* is to ! true raceme j :at ! flat cyme is to ! corymb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,diagram ( a simple cyme 9 :i* ! axis l5g!ns1 s z to take ! =m ( a raceme4 #bbj4 ,:]ev] !re are bracts or leaves1 buds may be produc$ f _! axils & appe> z fl[]s4 ,fig4 #bab repres5ts ! case :]e ! bran*es1 b b1 ( ,fig4 #baa1 ea* ) a pair ( small leaves or bracts ab\t _! middle1 h bran*$ aga91 & produc$ ! bran*lets & fl[]s c c1 on ea* side4 ,x is ! cont9u$ repetition ( ?is :i* =ms ! full or comp\nd cyme1 su* z t ( ! ,laure/9us1 ,hobble-bu%1 ,dogwood1 & ,hydrangea 7,fig4 #bad74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,comp\nd cyme ( ,hydrangea arboresc5s1 ) neutral enl>g$ fl[]s r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 #bba4 ,a ,fascicle 7mean+ a bundle71 l t ( ! ,sweet ,william & ,ly*nis ( ! g>d5s1 is only a cyme ) ! fl[]s mu* cr[d$4 #bbb4 ,a ,glom]ule is a cyme /ill m compact$1 s z to imitate a head4 ,x may be kn[n f a true head by ! fl[]s n exp&+ c5tripetally1 t is1 n f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre4 #bbc4 ,! illu/rations ( det]m9ate or cymose infloresc5ce h be5 tak5 f plants ) opposite leaves1 :i* give rise to ! mo/ regul> cymes4 ,b ! ,rose1 ,c9quefoil1 ,butt]cup1 etc41 ) alt]nate leaves1 furni% also good examples ( cymose infloresc5ce4 #bbd4 ,a ,cymule 7or dim9utive cyme7 is ei!r a r$uc$ small cyme ( few fl[]s1 or a bran* ( a comp\nd cyme1 i4 e4 a p>tial cyme4 #bbe4 ,scorpioid or ,helicoid ,cymes1 ( v>i\s sorts1 are =ms ( det]m9ate infloresc5ce 7(t5 puzzl+ to ! /ud5t7 9 :i* "o half ( ! ramification fails to appe>4 ,s t !y may be call$ incomplete cymes4 ,! common] =ms may be und]/ood by comp>+ a complete cyme1 l t ( ,fig4 #bae ) ,fig4 #baf1 ! diagram ( a cyme ( an opposite-leav$ plant1 hav+ a s]ies ( t]m9al fl[]s & ! axis cont9u$ by ! developm5t ( a bran* 9 ! axil ( only "o ( ! leaves at ea* node4 ,! dott$ l9es on ! left indicate ! place ( ! want+ bran*es1 :i* if pres5t w\ld conv]t ?is scorpioid cyme into ! complete "o ( ,fig4 #bae4 ,fig4 #bag is a diagram ( simil> infloresc5ce ) alt]nate leaves4 ,bo? are k9ds ( false racemes 7#bai74 ,:5 ! bracts are also want+ 9 su* cases1 z 9 _m ,borrag9e\s plants1 ! true nature ( ! infloresc5ce is v mu* disguis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,a complete =k+ cyme ( an ,ar5>ia1 or ,*ickwe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,diagram ( a scorpioid cyme1 ) opposite leaves or bracts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,diagram ( analog\s scorpioid cyme1 ) alt]nate leaves or bracts4 #bbf4 ,^! di/9ctions betwe5 det]m9ate & indet]m9ate infloresc5ce1 betwe5 corymbs & cymes1 & betwe5 ! true & ! false raceme & spike1 7 n recogniz$ by botani/s mu* m ?an half a c5tury ago1 & ev5 n[ are n always att5d$ to 9 descriptions4 ,x is /ill usual & conv5i5t to describe r\nd$ or flat-topp$ & op5 ramification z corymbose1 ev5 :5 ess5tially cymose2 also to call ! rev]s$ or false racemes or spikes by ^! 7/rictly incorrect7 names4 #bbg4 ,mix$ ,infloresc5ce is t 9 :i* ! two plans are mix$ or comb9$ 9 comp\nd clu/]s4 ,a mix$ panicle is "o 9 :i*1 :ile ! prim>y ramification is ( ! indet]m9ate ord]1 ! second>y or ultimate is :olly or p>tly ( ! det]m9ate ord]4 ,a contract$ or elongat$ infloresc5ce ( ?is sort is call$ a ,,?yrsus4 ,lilac & ,horse-*e/nut af=d common examples ( mix$ infloresc5ce ( ?is sort4 ,:5 loose & op5 su* fl[]-clu/]s are call$ by ! g5]al "n ( ,panicles4 ,! heads ( ,compositae are c5tripetal2 b ! bran*es or p$uncles :i* be> ! heads are usually ( c5trifugal ord]4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,p>ts ,,or ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,fl[]4 #bbh4 ,^! 7 simply indicat$ 9 ,section ,,ii4 #af4 ,"s p>ts are necess>y to se$-be>+2 ^! are ,ess5tial ,organs1 namely1 ! ,/am5s & ,pi/ils4 ,o!rs s]ve = protection or = attraction1 (t5 = bo?4 ,su* are ! leaves ( ! ,fl[]1 or ! ,floral ,envelopes4 #bbi4 ,! ,floral ,envelopes1 tak5 toge!r1 are sometimes call$ ! ,,p]ian?1 also ,p]igone1 9 ,lat9 =m ,p]igonium4 ,9 a fl[] :i* possesses its full numb] ( organs1 ! floral envelopes are ( two k9ds1 namely1 an out] circle1 ! ,,calyx1 & an inn]1 ! ,,corolla4 #bcj4 ,! ,calyx is commonly a circle ( gre5 or gre5i% leaves1 b n always4 ,x may be ! mo/ brightly color$ "p ( ! blossom4 ,ea* calyx-leaf or piece is call$ a ,,sepal4 #bca4 ,! ,corolla is ! inn] circle ( floral envelopes or fl[]-leaves1 usually ( delicate texture & color$1 t is1 ( "s o!r color ?an gre54 ,ea* corolla-leaf is call$ a ,,petal4 #bcb4 ,!re are fl[]s 9 abundance :i* consi/ :olly ( floral envelopes4 ,su* are ! s-call$ full d\ble fl[]s1 ( :i* ! *oic] roses & camellias ( ! cultivator are famili> examples4 ,9 !m1 "u ! g>d5]'s c>e & selection1 petals h tak5 ! place ( bo? /am5s & pi/ils4 ,^! are mon/r\s or unnatural fl[]s1 incapable ( produc+ se$1 & subs]vi5t only to human gratification4 ,_! common "n ( d\ble fl[]s is n a s5sible "o3 except t x is fix$ by cu/om1 x 7 bett] to translate _! ,lat9 "n1 flores pl5i1 & call !m full fl[]s1 mean+ full ( leaves4 #bcc4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 plants regul>ly produce neutral fl[]s1 consi/+ ( floral envelopes only4 ,9 ,fig4 #bad1 "s are se5 ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cyme 9 ,hydrangea4 ,!y are likewise famili> 9 ! ,hobble-bu% & 9 ,wild-,cranb]ry tree1 ,viburnum ,oxycoccus2 :]e !y =m an attractive sett+ to ! clu/] ( small & comp>atively inconspicu\s p]fect fl[]s :i* !y adorn4 ,9 ! ,gueld] ,rose1 or ,sn[-ball ( ornam5tal cultivation1 all or mo/ ( ! blossoms ( ?is same %rub are trans=m$ into neutral fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,a flos pl5us1 namely1 a full d\ble fl[] ( ,rose4 #bcd4 ,! ,ess5tial ,organs are likewise ( two k9ds1 plac$ "o above or )9 ! o!r2 namely1 fir/1 ! ,,/am5s or f]tiliz+ organs1 & second1 ! ,,pi/ils1 :i* are to be f]tiliz$ & be> ! se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,a /am53 a1 filam5t2 b1 an!r1 dis*>g+ poll54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,a pi/il2 ) ov>y1 a1 half cut away1 to %[ ! conta9$ ovules2 b1 /yle2 c1 /igma4 #bce4 ,a ,/am5 consi/s ( two p>ts1 namely1 ! ,,filam5t or /alk 7,fig4 #bai a71 & ! ,,an!r 7b74 ,! latt] is ! only ess5tial "p4 ,x is a case1 commonly ) two lobes or cells1 ea* op5+ l5g?wise by a slit1 at ! prop] "t1 & dis*>g+ a p[d] or du/-l sub/ance1 usually ( a yell[ color4 ,?is p[d] is ! ,,poll51 or f]tiliz+ matt]1 to produce :i* is ! (fice ( ! /am54 #bcf4 ,a ,pi/il 7,fig4 #bbj1 #bba7 :5 complete1 has ?ree p>ts2 ,,ov>y1 ,,/yle1 & ,,/igma4 ,! ,ov>y1 at base1 is ! holl[ portion1 :i* conta9s "o or m ,,ovules or rudim5t>y se$s4 ,! ,/yle is ! tap]+ portion above3 ! ,/igma is a portion ( ! /yle1 usually its tip1 ) moi/ nak$ surface1 ^u :i* gra9s ( poll5 may lodge & adh]e1 & !nce make a gr[? :i* ext5ds d[n to ! ovules4 ,:5 !re is no /yle !n ! /igma occupies ! tip ( ! ov>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,model ( a simple pi/il1 ) ov>y cut across & slightly op5$ v5trally1 to %[ ! ovules & _! atta*m5t4 #bcg4 ,! ,torus or ,receptacle is ! end ( ! fl[]-/alk1 or ! portion ( axis or /em out ( :i* ! sev]al organs ( ! fl[] gr[1 ^u :i* !y are borne 7,fig4 #bbc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,fl[] ( ,s$um t]natum1 a ,/onecrop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,p>ts ( same1 two ( ea* k9d1 sep>at$ & display$2 ! torus or receptacle 9 ! c5tre2 a1 a sepal2 b1 a petal2 c1 a /am52 d1 a pi/il4 #bch4 ,! p>ts ( ! fl[] are ?us dispos$ on ! receptacle or axis ess5tially z are leaves ^u a v %ort /em2 fir/ ! sepals1 or out] floral leaves2 !n ! petals or inn] floral leaves2 !n ! /am5s2 la/ly1 at summit or c5tre1 ! pi/ils1 :5 !re are two or m ( !m1 or ! s+le pi/il1 :5 only "o4 ,fig4 #bbc %[s ! organs display$1 two ( ea* k9d1 ( su* a simple & symmetrical fl[] z t ( a ,s$um or ,/onecrop1 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,plan ,,( ,,fl[]4 #bci4 ,all fl[]s are =m$ ^u "o g5]al plan1 b ) almo/ inf9ite v>iations1 & _m disguises4 ,?is common plan is be/ und]/ood by tak+ = a type1 or /&>d = comp>ison1 "s p]fect1 complete1 regul>1 & symmetrical blossom1 & "o z simple z su* a blossom c\ld well be4 ,fl[]s are said to be ,p]fect 7h]maphrodite71 :5 provid$ ) bo? k9ds ( ess5tial organs1 i4 e4 ) bo? /am5s & pi/ils4 ,complete1 :51 besides1 !y h ! two sets ( floral envelopes1 namely1 calyx & corolla4 ,su* are completely furni%$ ) all t belongs to a fl[]4 ,regul>1 :5 all ! p>ts ( ea* set are alike 9 %ape & size4 ,symmetrical1 :5 !re is an equal numb] ( p>ts 9 ea* set or circle ( organs4 #bdj4 ,flax-fl[]s 7 tak5 = a patt]n 9 ,section ,,ii4 #af4 ,b 9 !m ! five pi/ils h _! ov>ies z x 7 consolidat$ into "o body4 ,s$um1 ,fig4 #bbb1 has ! pi/ils & all ! o!r p>ts free f su* comb9ation4 ,! fl[] is p]fect1 complete1 regul>1 & symmetrical1 b is n q z simple z x might be2 = !re are twice z _m /am5s z !re are ( ! o!r organs4 ,crassula1 a relative ( ,s$um1 cultivat$ 9 ! cons]vatories = w9t] blossom+ 7,fig4 #bbd7 is simpl]1 be+ iso/emon\s1 or ) j z _m /am5s z petals or sepals1 :ile ,s$um is diplo/emon\s1 hav+ d\ble t numb]3 x has1 inde$1 two sets ( /am5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,fl[] ( a ,crassula4 #bbe4 ,diagram or gr\nd-plan ( same4 #bda4 ,num]ical ,plan4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ei!r runs ?r\gh ! fl[] or is disc]nible 9 "s ( its p>ts4 ,?is numb] is mo/ commonly ei!r five or ?ree1 n v r>ely f\r1 occasionally two4 ,?us ! gr\nd-plan ( ! fl[]s ?us f> us$ = illu/ration is five4 ,t ( ,trillium 7,fig4 #bbf1 #bbg7 is ?ree1 z x likewise is z really1 if n z pla9ly1 9 ,tulips & ,lilies1 ,crocus1 ,iris1 & all t class ( blossoms4 ,9 "s ,s$ums all ! fl[]s are 9 f\rs4 ,9 o!rs ! fir/ fl[]s are on ! plan ( five1 ! re/ mo/ly on ! plan ( f\r1 t is1 ) f\r sepals1 f\r petals1 eight /am5s 7i4 e4 twice f\r71 & f\r pi/ils4 ,:atev] ! gr\nd numb] may be1 x runs ?r\gh ! :ole 9 symmetrical blossoms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,fl[] ( a ,trillium2 its p>ts 9 ?rees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,diagram ( fl[] ( ,trillium4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all su* diagrams ( cross-section ( blossoms1 ! p>ts ( ! out] circle repres5t ! calyx2 ! next1 corolla2 )91 /am5s 7"h 9 two circles ( ?ree ea*1 & ! cross-section is ?r\gh ! an!rs72 9 ! c5tre1 section ( ?ree ov>ies jo9$ into a comp\nd "o ( ?ree cells4 #bdb4 ,alt]nation ( ! successive ,circles4 ,9 ^! fl[]s ! p>ts ( ! successive circles alt]nate2 & su* is ! rule4 ,t is1 ! petals /& ov] ! int]vals betwe5 ! sepals2 ! /am5s1 :5 ( ! same numb]1 /& ov] ! int]vals betwe5 ! petals2 or :5 twice z _m1 z 9 ! ,trillium1 ! out] set alt]nates ) ! petals1 & ! inn] set1 alt]nat+ ) ! o!r1 ( c\rse /&s be=e ! petals2 & ! pi/ils alt]nate ) ^!4 ,?is is j z x %\ld be on ! !ory t ! circles ( ! blossom answ] to :orls ( leaves1 :i* alt]nate 9 ?is way4 ,:ile 9 su* fl[]s ! circles are to be reg>d$ z :orls1 9 o!rs !y are r to be reg>d$ z cond5s$ spirals ( alt]nate leaves4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ! m9d ( a morphological botani/1 #bdc4 ,fl[]s are alt]$ ,bran*es1 & _! p>ts1 !re=e1 alt]$ leaves4 ,t is1 c]ta9 buds1 :i* might h gr[n & l5g!n$ into a leafy bran*1 d1 "u o!r circum/ances & to accompli% o!r purposes1 develop into blossoms4 ,9 ^! ! axis rema9s %ort1 ne>ly z x is 9 ! bud2 ! leaves !re=e rema9 close toge!r 9 sets or circles2 ! out] ones1 ^? ( ! calyx1 g5]ally p>take m or less ( ! "* ( foliage2 ! next set are m delicate1 & =m ! corolla1 :ile ! re/1 ! /am5s & pi/ils1 appe> "u =ms v diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y leaves1 & are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( se$4 ,?is view gives to ,botany an int]e/ :i* "o :o m]ely notices ! %ape & c\nts ! p>ts ( blossoms1 )\t und]/&+ _! plan1 has no conception (4 #bdd4 ,t fl[]s answ] to bran*es may be %[n1 fir/1 f _! position4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! section on ,infloresc5ce1 fl[]s arise f ! same places z bran*es1 & f no o!r2 fl[]-buds1 l leaf-buds1 appe> ei!r on ! summit ( a /em1 t is1 z a t]m9al bud1 or 9 ! axil ( a leaf1 z an axill>y bud4 ,&1 z ! plan ( a symmetrical fl[] %[s1 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts on _! axis or receptacle is t ( leaves ^u ! /em4 #bde4 ,t ! sepals & petals are ( ! nature ( leaves is evid5t f _! appe>ance2 !y are commonly call$ ! leaves ( ! fl[]4 ,! calyx is mo/ g5]ally gre5 9 color1 & foliace\s 7leaf-l7 9 texture4 ,& ?\gh ! corolla is r>ely gre51 yet nei!r are prop] leaves always gre54 ,9 our wild ,pa9t$-cup1 & 9 "s sc>let ,sages1 common 9 g>d5s1 ! leaves j "u ! fl[]s are ( ! brighte/ r$ or sc>let1 (t5 mu* bright]-color$ ?an ! corolla itself4 ,& sometimes 7z 9 _m ,cactuses1 & 9 ,c>ol9a ,allspice7 !re is su* a regul> gradation f ! la/ leaves ( ! plant 7bracts or bractlets7 into ! leaves ( ! calyx1 t x is impossible to say :]e ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,if sepals are leaves1 s also are petals2 = !re is no cle>ly fix$ limit betwe5 !m4 ,n only 9 ! ,c>ol9a ,allspice & ,cactus 7,fig4 #bbi71 b 9 ! ,wat]-,lily 7,fig4 #bbh7 & 9 a v>iety ( fl[]s ) m ?an "o r[ ( petals1 !re is su* a complete transition betwe5 calyx & corolla t no "o c surely tell h[ _m ( ! leaves belong to ! "o & h[ _m to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,s]ies ( sepals1 petals1 & /am5s ( ,:ite ,wat]-,lily1 %[+ ! transitions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,a ,cactus blossom4 #bdf4 ,t /am5s are ( ! same g5]al nature z petals1 & !re=e a modification ( leaves1 is %[n by ! gradual transitions t occur betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r 9 _m blossoms2 especially 9 cultivat$ fl[]s1 su* z ,roses & ,camellias1 :5 !y beg9 to d\ble1 t is1 to *ange _! /am5s into petals4 ,"s wild & natural fl[]s %[ ! same int]e/+ transitions4 ,! ,c>ol9a ,allspice & ! ,:ite ,wat]-,lily exhibit complete gradations n only betwe5 sepals & petals1 b betwe5 petals & /am5s4 ,! sepals ( our ,wat]-,lily are gre5 outside1 b :ite & petal-l on ! inside2 ! petals1 9 _m r[s1 gradually gr[ n>r[] t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fl[]2 "s ( ^! are tipp$ ) a trace ( a yell[ an!r1 b /ill are petals2 ! next are m contract$ & /am5-l1 b ) a flat petal-l filam5t2 & a fur!r n>r[+ ( ?is completes ! g5u9e /am54 #bdg4 ,pi/ils & /am5s n[ & !n *ange into ea* o!r 9 "s ,will[s2 pi/ils (t5 turn into petals 9 cultivat$ fl[]s2 & 9 ! ,d\ble ,*]ry !y are occasionally replac$ by small gre5 leaves4 ,sometimes a :ole blossom *anges into a clu/] ( gre5 leaves1 z 9 ! gre5 roses occasionally notic$ 9 g>d5s1 & sometimes x deg5]ates into a leafy bran*4 ,s ! botani/ reg>ds pi/ils also z answ]+ to leaves2 t is1 to s+le leaves :5 simple & sep>ate1 to a :orl ( leaves :5 conjo9$4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,type4 #bdh4 ,! ,deviations1 z !y may be call$1 f ! assum$ type or patt]n ( fl[] are mo/ v>i\s & ext5sive4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 "o species & ano!r ( ! same g5us are comp>atively insignificant2 ^? betwe5 diff]5t g5]a are m /rik+2 ^? betwe5 diff]5t families & classes ( plants m & m pr(\nd4 ,!y repres5t diff]5t adaptations to conditions or modes ( life1 "s ( :i* h obvi\s or probable utilities1 al?\gh o!rs are beyond p>ticul> explanation4 ,! pr9cipal modifications may be conv5i5tly classifi$4 ,fir/ ^? :i* 9 place ( p]fect 7o!rwise call$ h]maphrodite or bisexual7 fl[]s1 give orig9 to #bdi4 ,unisexual1 or ,sep>at$1 or ,dicl9\s ,fl[]s1 imp]fect fl[]s1 z !y h be5 call$ 9 contradi/9ction to p]fect fl[]s2 b t t]m is too ambigu\s4 ,9 ^! "s fl[]s want ! /am5s1 :ile o!rs want ! pi/ils4 ,tak+ h]maphrodite fl[]s z ! patt]n1 x is natural to say t ! miss+ organs are suppress$4 ,?is expression is ju/ifi$ by ! v num]\s cases 9 :i* ! miss+ p>ts are abortive1 t is1 are repres5t$ by rudim5ts or ve/iges1 :i* s]ve to exemplify ! plan1 al?\gh useless z to (fice4 ,unisexual fl[]s are ,monoeci\s 7or ,monoic\s1 i4 e4 ( "o h\sehold71 :5 fl[]s ( bo? sorts or sexes are produc$ by ! same individual plant1 z 9 ! ,ric9us or ,ca/or-oil ,plant1 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,dioeci\s 7or ,dioic\s1 i4 e4 ( sep>ate h\seholds71 :5 ! two k9ds are borne on diff]5t plants2 z 9 ,will[s1 ,popl>s1 ,hemp1 & ,moonse$1 ,fig4 #bca1 #bcb4 ,polygam\s1 :5 ! fl[]s are "s ( !m p]fect1 & "s /am9ate or pi/illate only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,unisexual fl[]s ( ,ca/or-oil plant3 s1 /am9ate fl[]2 p1 pi/illate fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca1 /am9ate1 & #bcb1 pi/illate fl[] ( ,moonse$4 #bej4 ,a blossom hav+ /am5s & no pi/il is a ,/am9ate or ,male fl[]4 ,sometimes x is call$ a ,/]ile fl[]1 n appropriately1 = o!r fl[]s may equally be /]ile4 ,"o hav+ pi/il b no /am5s is a ,pi/illate or ,female fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,fl[] ( ,anemone ,p5nsylvanica2 apetal\s1 h]maphrodite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,fl[] ( ,saururus or ,liz>d's-tail2 nak$1 b h]maphrodite4 #bea4 ,incomplete ,fl[]s are s nam$ 9 contradi/9ction to complete3 !y want ei!r "o or bo? ( ! floral envelopes4 ,^? ( ,fig4 #bcj are incomplete1 hav+ calyx b no corolla4 ,s is ! fl[] ( ,anemone 7,fig4 #bcc71 al?\gh its calyx is color$ l a corolla4 ,! fl[]s ( ,saururus or ,liz>d's-tail1 al?\gh p]fect1 h nei!r calyx nor corolla 7,fig4 #bcd74 ,incomplete fl[]s1 accord+ly1 are ,nak$ or ,a*lamyde\s1 de/itute ( bo? floral envelopes1 z 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 or ,apetal\s1 :5 want+ only ! corolla4 ,! case ( corolla pres5t & calyx :olly want+ is extremely r>e1 al?\gh !re are seem+ in/ances4 ,9 fact1 a s+le or simple p]ian? is tak5 to be a calyx1 unless ! abs5ce or abortion ( a calyx c be made evid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,fl[] ( ,mu/>d4 #bcf4 ,its /am5s & pi/il sep>ate & enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,fl[] ( a ,violet4 #bch4 ,its calyx & corolla display$3 ! five small] p>ts are ! sepals2 ! five int]v5+ l>g] ones are ! petals4 #beb4 ,9 contradi/9ction to regul> & symmetrical1 v _m fl[]s are ,irregul>1 t is1 ) ! memb]s ( "s or all ( ! floral circles unequal or dissimil>1 & ,unsymmetrical1 t is1 :5 ! circles ( ! fl[] or "s ( !m diff] 9 ! numb] ( _! memb]s4 7,symmetrical & unsymmetrical are us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se 9 "s rec5t books1 b ! old] use %\ld be adh]$ to74 ,want ( num]ical symmetry & irregul>ity commonly g toge!r2 & bo? are common4 ,inde$1 few fl[]s are entirely symmetrical beyond calyx1 corolla1 & p]haps /am5s2 & probably no irregul> blossoms are q symmetrical4 #bec4 ,irregul> & ,unsymmetrical ,fl[]s may !re=e be illu/rat$ toge!r1 beg9n+ ) cases :i* are comp>atively free f o!r complications4 ,! blossom ( ,mu/>d1 & ( all ! v natural family :i* x repres5ts 7,fig4 #bce1 #bcf71 is regul> b unsymmetrical 9 ! /am5s4 ,!re are f\r equal sepals1 f\r equal petals2 b six /am5s1 & only two memb]s 9 ! pi/il1 :i* = ! pres5t may be left out ( view4 ,! want ( symmetry is 9 ! /am5s4 ,^! are 9 two circles1 an out] & an inn]4 ,! out] circle consi/s ( two /am5s only2 ! inn] has its prop] numb] ( f\r4 ,! fl[] ( ,violet1 :i* is on ! plan ( five1 is symmetrical 9 calyx1 corolla1 & /am5s1 inasmu* z ea* ( ^! circles consi/s ( five memb]s2 b x is conspicu\sly irregul> 9 ! corolla1 "o ( ! petals be+ v diff]5t f ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,fl[] ( a ,l>kspur4 #bdj4 ,its calyx & corolla display$2 ! five l>g] p>ts are ! sepals2 ! f\r small]1 ( two %apes1 are ! petals2 ! place ( ! fif? petal is vacant4 #bda4 ,diagram ( ! same2 ! place = ! miss+ petal m>k$ by a dott$ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,fl[] ( a ,monk%ood4 #bdc4 ,its p>ts display$2 five sepals1 ! upp] =m+ ! hood2 ! two lat]al alike1 broad & flat2 ! two l[] small4 ,! two pieces "u ! hood repres5t ! corolla1 r$uc$ to two odd-%ap$ petals2 9 c5tre ! num]\s /am5s & ?ree pi/ils4 #bdd4 ,diagram ( ! calyx & corolla2 ! ?ree dott$ l9es 9 ! place ( miss+ petals4 #bed4 ,! fl[]s ( ,l>kspur1 & ( ,monk%ood or ,aconite1 :i* are ne>ly relat$1 are bo? /rik+ly irregul> 9 calyx & corolla1 & consid]ably unsymmetrical4 ,9 ,l>kspur 7,fig4 #bci-bda7 ! irregul> calyx consi/s ( five sepals1 "o ( :i*1 l>g] ?an ! re/1 is prolong$ beh9d into a l>ge sac or spur2 b ! corolla is ( only f\r petals 7( two %apes71--! fif?1 ne$$ to complete ! symmetry1 be+ left out4 ,& ! ,monk%ood 7,fig4 #bdb-bdd7 has five v dissimil> sepals1 & a corolla ( only two v small & curi\sly-%ap$ petals1--! ?ree ne$$ to make up ! symmetry be+ left out4 ,! /am5s 9 bo? are out ( symmetry ) ! gr\nd-plan1 be+ num]\s4 ,s are ! pi/ils1 :i* are usually dim9i%$ to ?ree1 sometimes to two or to "o4 #bee4 ,fl[]s ) ,multiplication ( ,p>ts are v common4 ,! /am5s are indef9itely num]\s 9 ,l>kspur & 9 ,monk%ood 7,fig4 #bdb1 #bdc71 :ile ! pi/ils are few] ?an ! gr\nd-plan sugge/s4 ,mo/ ,cactus-fl[]s h all ! organs mu* increas$ 9 numb] 7,fig4 #bbi71 & s ( ! ,wat]-,lily4 ,9 ,anemone 7,fig4 #bcc7 ! /am5s & pi/ils are multipli$ :ile ! petals are left out4 ,9 ,butt]cups or ,cr[foot1 :ile ! sepals & petals con=m to ! gr\nd-plan ( five1 bo? /am5s & pi/ils are indef9itely multipli$ 7,fig4 #bde74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,fl[] ( ,ranunculus bulbosus1 or ,butt]cup1 9 section4 #bef4 ,fl[]s modifi$ by ,union ( ,p>ts1 s t ^! p>ts m or less lose ! appe>ance ( sep>ate leaves or o!r organs gr[+ out ( ! end ( ! /em or receptacle1 are extremely common4 ,!re are two k9ds ( su* union1 namely3-- ,coalesc5ce ( p>ts ( ! same circle by _! contigu\s m>g9s2 & ,adnation1 or ! union ( adjac5t circles or unlike p>ts4 #beg4 ,coalesc5ce is n r>e 9 leaves1 z 9 ! upp] pairs ( ,honeysuckles1 ,fig4 #afc4 ,x may all ! m be expect$ 9 ! cr[d$ circles or :orls ( fl[]-leaves4 ,datura or ,/ramonium 7,fig4 #bdf7 %[s ?is coalesc5ce bo? 9 calyx & corolla1 ! five sepals & ! five petals be+ ?us unit$ to ne> _! tips1 ea* into a tube or long & n>r[ cup4 ,^! unions make ne$ful ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,gamopetal\s1 said ( a corolla ! petals ( :i* are ?us coalesc5t into "o body1 :e!r only at base or high]4 ,! union may ext5d to ! v summit1 z 9 ,morn+ ,glory & ! l 7,fig4 #bdg71 s t ! numb] ( petals 9 x may n be app>5t4 ,! old "n = ?is 0 ,monopetal\s1 b t means "o-petall$2 :ile gamopetal\s means petals unit$1 & !re=e is ! prop] t]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,fl[] ( ,datura ,/ramonium2 gamosepal\s & gamopetal\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,funnel=m corolla ( a common ,morn+ ,glory1 deta*$ f its polysepal\s calyx4 ,polypetal\s is ! c\nt]p>t t]m1 to d5ote a corolla ( di/9ct1 t is1 sep>ate petals4 ,z x means _m petall$1 x is n ! be/ possible "n1 b x is ! old "o & 9 almo/ univ]sal use4 ,gamosepal\s applies to ! calyx :5 ! sepals are 9 ?is way unit$4 ,polysepal\s1 to ! calyx :5 ( sep>ate sepals or calyx-leaves4 #beh4 ,degree ( union or ( sep>ation 9 descriptive botany is express$ 9 ! same way z is ! lob+ ( leaves 7#aci74 ,see ,fig4 #bdi-bec1 & ! explanations4 #bei4 ,a corolla :5 gamopetal\s commonly %[s a di/9ction 7well m>k$ 9 ,fig4 #bdi-bea7 betwe5 a contract$ tubul> portion bel[1 ! ,,tube1 & ! spread+ "p above1 ! ,,bord] or ,,limb4 ,! junction betwe5 tube & limb1 or a m or less enl>g$ upp] portion ( ! tube betwe5 ! two1 is ! ,,?roat4 ,! same is true ( ! calyx4 #bfj4 ,"s names are giv5 to p>ticul> =ms ( ! gamopetal\s corolla1 applicable also to a gamosepal\s calyx1 su* z ,:eel-%ap$1 or ,rotate2 :5 spread+ out at once1 )\t a tube or ) a v %ort "o1 some?+ 9 ! %ape ( a :eel or ( its div]g+ spokes1 ,fig4 #beb1 #bec4 ,salv]-%ap$1 or ,salv]-=m2 :5 a flat-spread+ bord] is rais$ on a n>r[ tube1 f :i* x div]ges at "r angles1 l ! salv] repres5t$ 9 old pictures1 ) a sl5d] h&le b5ea?1 ,fig4 #bdi-bea1 #bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,polypetal\s corolla ( ,soapwort1 ( five petals ) long claws or /alk-l bases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,fl[] ( ,/&+ ,cypress 7,gilia coronopifolia72 gamopetal\s3 ! tube answ]+ to ! long claws 9 #bdh1 except t !y are coalesc5t3 ! limb or bord] 7! spread+ "p above7 is five-p>t$1 t is1 ! petals n !re unit$ except at v base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,fl[] ( ,cypress-v9e 7,ipomoea ,quamoclit72 l prec$+1 b limb five-lob$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,fl[] ( ,ipomoea cocc9ea2 limb almo/ entire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,:eel-%ap$ or rotate & five-p>t$ corolla ( ,bitt]sweet1 ,solanum ,dulcam>a4 #bec4 ,:eel-%ap$ & five-lob$ corolla ( ,potato4 ,bell-%ap$1 or ,campanulate2 :]e a %ort & broad tube wid5s upw>d1 9 ! %ape ( a bell1 z 9 ,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,fl[] ( a ,campanula or ,h>ebell1 ) a campanulate or bell-%ap$ corolla2 #bee1 ( a ,phlox1 ) salv]-%ap$ corolla2 #bef1 ( ,dead ,nettle 7,lamium71 ) labiate r+5t 7or gap+7 corolla2 #beg1 ( ,snapdragon1 ) labiate p]sonate corolla2 #beh1 ( ,toad-,flax1 ) a simil> corolla spurr$ at ! base4 ,funnel-%ap$1 or ,funnel=m2 gradually spread+ at ! summit ( a tube :i* is n>r[ bel[1 9 ! %ape ( a funnel or tunnel1 z 9 ! corolla ( ! common ,morn+ ,glory 7,fig4 #bdg7 & ( ! ,/ramonium 7,fig4 #bdf74 ,tubul>2 :5 prolong$ into a tube1 ) little or no spread+ at ! bord]1 z 9 ! corolla ( ! ,trumpet ,honeysuckle1 ! calyx ( ,/ramonium 7,fig4 #bdf71 etc4 #bfa4 ,al?\gh sepals & petals are usually all blade or lam9a 7#abc71 l a sessile leaf1 yet !y may h a contract$ & /alk-l base1 answ]+ to petiole4 ,?is is call$ its ,,claw1 9 ,lat9 ,unguis4 ,unguiculate petals are univ]sal & /rongly m>k$ 9 ! ,p9k tribe1 z 9 ,soapwort 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,unguiculate 7claw$7 petal ( a ,sil5e2 ) a two-p>t$ cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,a small ,passion-fl[]1 ) cr[n ( sl5d] ?reads4 #bfb4 ,su* petals1 & v>i\s o!rs1 may h an outgr[? ( ! inn] face into an app5dage or fr+e1 z 9 ,soapwort1 & 9 ,sil5e 7,fig4 #bei71 :]e x is at ! junction ( claw & blade4 ,?is is call$ a ,,cr[n1 or ,corona4 ,9 ,passion-fl[]s 7,fig4 #bfj7 ! cr[n consi/s ( num]\s ?reads on ! base ( ea* petal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,front view ( a papilionace\s corolla4 #bfb4 ,! p>ts ( ! same1 display$3 s1 ,/&>d1 or ,vexillum2 w1 ,w+s1 or ,alae2 k1 ,keel1 or ,c>9a4 #bfc4 ,irregul> ,fl[]s may be polypetal\s1 or ne>ly s1 z 9 ! papilionace\s corolla2 b mo/ ( !m are irregul> ?r\gh coalesc5ce1 :i* (t5 mu* disguises ! num]ical symmetry also4 ,z affect+ ! corolla ! foll[+ =ms h receiv$ p>ticul> names3 #bfd4 ,papilionace\s ,corolla1 ,fig4 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,?is is polypetal\s1 except t two ( ! petals coh]e1 usually b slightly4 ,x belongs only to ! ,legum9\s or ,pulse family4 ,! "n means butt]fly-l2 b ! lik5ess is h>dly obvi\s4 ,! names ( ! five petals ( ! papilionace\s corolla are curi\sly incongru\s4 ,!y are1 ,! ,,/&>d or ,bann] 7,vexillum71 ! l>ge upp] petal :i* is ext]nal 9 ! bud & wrapp$ ar\nd ! o!rs4 ,! ,,w+s 7,alae71 ! pair ( side petals1 ( q diff]5t %ape f ! /&>d4 ,! ,,keel 7,c>9a71 ! two l[] & usually smalle/ petals2 ^! are lightly coalesc5t into a body :i* be>s "s lik5ess1 n to ! keel1 b to ! pr[ ( a boat2 & ?is encloses ! /am5s & pi/il4 ,a ,pea-blossom is a typical example2 ! pres5t illu/ration is f a species ( ,locu/1 ,rob9ia hispida4 #bfe4 ,labiate ,corolla 7,fig4 #bef-beh71 :i* w\ld m prop]ly h be5 call$ ,bilabiate1 t is1 two-lipp$4 ,?is is a common =m ( gamopetal\s corolla2 & ! calyx is (t5 bilabiate also4 ,^! fl[]s are all on ! plan ( five2 & ! irregul>ity 9 ! corolla is ow+ to unequal union ( ! petals z well z to div]sity ( =m4 ,! two petals ( ! upp] or po/]ior side ( ! fl[] unite ) ea* o!r high] up ?an ) ! lat]al petals 79 ,fig4 #bef1 q to ! top71 =m+ ! ,upp] lip3 ! lat]al & ! l[] simil>ly unite to =m ! ,l[] lip4 ,! s+le not* :i* is g5]ally f\nd at ! summit ( ! upp] lip1 & ! two not*es ( ! l[] lip1 or 9 o!r words ! two lobes ( ! upp] & ! ?ree ( ! l[] lip1 reveal ! real composition4 ,s also does ! alt]nation ( ^! five p>ts ) ^? ( ! calyx outside4 ,:5 ! calyx is also bilabiate1 z 9 ! ,sage1 ?is alt]nation gives ?ree lobes or sepals to ! upp] & two to ! l[] lip4 ,two =ms ( ! labiate corolla h be5 designat$1 viz43-- ,r+5t or ,gap+1 :5 ! orifice is wide op51 z 9 ,fig4 #bef4 ,p]sonate or ,mask$1 :5 a protub]ance or intrusion ( ! base ( ! l[] lip 7call$ a ,palate7 projects ov] or closes ! orifice1 z 9 ,snapdragon & ,toad-,flax1 ,fig4 #beg1 #beh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,corolla ( a purple ,g]>dia laid op51 %[+ ! f\r /am5s2 ! cross %[s :]e ! fif? /am5 w\ld be1 if pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,corolla1 laid op51 & /am5s ( ,p5t/emon gr&iflorus1 ) a /]ile filam5t 9 ! place ( ! fif? /am51 & repres5t+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,corolla ( ,catalpa laid op51 display+ two good /am5s & ?ree abortive ones or ve/iges4 #bff4 ,!re are all gradations betwe5 labiate & regul> corollas4 ,9 ^? ( ,g]>dia1 ( "s species ( ,p5t/emon1 & ( ,catalpa 7,fig4 #bfc-bfe71 ! labiate "* is slight1 b is manife/ on close inspection4 ,9 almo/ all su* fl[]s ! plan ( five1 :i* is obvi\s or asc]ta9able 9 ! calyx & corolla1 is obscur$ 9 ! /am5s by ! abortion or suppression ( "o or ?ree ( _! numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,two fl[]-heads ( ,*iccory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,"o ( !m half cut away1 bett] %[+ "s ( ! fl[]s4 #bfg4 ,ligulate ,corolla4 ,! ligulate or ,/rap-%ap$ corolla ma9ly belongs to ! family ( ,compositae1 9 :i* num]\s small fl[]s are ga!r$ into a head1 )9 an involucre t imitates a calyx4 ,x is be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! ,d&elion & 9 ,*iccory 7,fig4 #bff74 ,ea* "o ( ^! /raps or ,ligules1 look+ l s _m petals1 is ! corolla ( a di/9ct fl[]3 ! base is a %ort tube1 :i* op5s out into ! ligule3 ! five m9ute tee? at ! end indicate ! numb] ( con/itu5t petals4 ,s ?is is a k9d ( gamopetal\s corolla1 :i* is op5 along "o side ne>ly to ! base1 & outspread4 ,! nature ( su* a corolla 7& ( ! /am5s also1 to be expla9$ 9 ! next section7 is illu/rat$ by ! fl[] ( a ,lobelia1 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,head ( fl[]s ( a ,coreopsis1 divid$ l5g?wise4 #bfh4 ,9 ,a/]s1 ,daisies1 ,sunfl[]1 ,coreopsis 7,fig4 #bfh71 & ! l1 only ! m>g9al 7or ,ray7 corollas are ligulate2 ! re/ 7^? ( ! ,disk7 are regul>ly gamopetal\s1 tubul>1 & five-lob$ at summit2 b !y are small & individually inconspicu\s1 only ! ray-fl[]s mak+ a %[4 ,9 fact1 ^? ( ,coreopsis & ( ,sunfl[] are simply = %[1 ^! ray-fl[]s be+ n only /]ile1 b neutral1 t is1 hav+ nei!r /am5s nor pi/il4 ,b 9 ,a/]s1 ,daisies1 ,gold5-rods1 & ! l1 ^! ray-fl[]s are pi/illate & f]tile1 s]v+ !re=e = se$-be>+ z well z = %[4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ! %[ is useless4 ,see ,section ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,a slice ( ! prec$+ m enl>g$1 ) "o tubul> p]fect fl[] 7a7 left /&+ on ! receptacle1 ) its bractlet or *aff 7b71 "o ligulate & neutral ray-fl[] 7cc7 & "p ( ano!r2 dd1 section ( bracts or leaves ( ! involucre4 #bfi4 ,adnation1 or ,consolidation1 is ! union ( ! memb]s ( p>ts belong+ to diff]5t circles ( ! fl[] 7#bef74 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood t 9 ?is 7z likewise 9 coalesc5ce7 ! p>ts are n =m$ & !n conjo9$1 b are produc$ 9 union4 ,!y are born unit$1 z ! t]m adnate implies4 ,to illu/rate ?is k9d ( union1 take ! accompany+ s]ies ( fl[]s 7,fig4 #bgj-bgd71 %[n 9 v]tical section4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,fig4 #bgj1 ,flax-fl[]1 !re is no adnation2 sepals1 petals1 & /am5s1 are free z well z di/9ct1 be+ sep>ately borne on ! receptacle1 "o circle )9 or above ! next2 only ! five pi/ils h _! ov>ies coalesc5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #bga1 a ,*]ry-fl[]1 ! petals & /am5s are borne on ! ?roat ( ! calyx-tube2 t is1 ! sepals are coalesc5t into a cup1 & ! petals & /am5s are adnate to ! inn] face ( ?is2 9 o!r words1 ! sepals1 petals1 & /am5s are all consolidat$ up to a c]ta9 height4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgb1 a ,purslane-fl[]1 ! same p>ts are adnate to or consolidat$ ) ! ov>y up to its middle4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgc1 a ,haw?orn-fl[]1 ! consolidation has ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ov>y2 & petals & /am5s are adnate to ! calyx /ill fur!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgd1 a ,cranb]ry-blossom1 x is ! same except t all ! p>ts are free at ! same height2 all seem to arise f ! top ( ! ov>y4 #bgj4 ,9 botanical description1 to express t]sely su* diff]5ces 9 ! relation ( ^! organs to ! pi/il1 !y are said to be ,hypogyn\s 7i4 e4 "u ! pi/il7 :5 !y are all free1 t is1 n adnate to pi/il nor connate ) ea* o!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,flax-fl[] 9 section2 ! p>ts all free1--hypogyn\s4 ,p]igyn\s 7ar\nd ! pi/il7 :5 connate ) ea* o!r1 t is1 :5 petals & /am5s are ins]t$ or borne on ! calyx1 :e!r z 9 ,*]ry-fl[]s 7,fig4 #bga7 !y are free f ! pi/il1 or z 9 ,purslane & ,haw?orn 7,fig4 #bgb1 #bgc7 !y are also adnate bel[ to ! ov>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,*]ry-fl[] 9 section2 petals & /am5s adnate to tube ( calyx1--p]igyn\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,purslane-fl[] 9 section2 calyx1 petals1 /am5s1 all adnate to l[] half ( ov>y1--p]igyn\s4 ,epigyn\s 7on ! ov>y7 :5 s adnate t all ^! p>ts appe> to arise f ! v summit ( ! ov>y1 z 9 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,! la/ two t]ms are n v def9itely di/+ui%$4 #bga4 ,ano!r & a simpl] =m ( expression is to describe p>ts ( ! fl[] z be+ ,free1 :5 n unit$ ) or ins]t$ ^u o!r p>ts4 ,di/9ct1 :5 p>ts ( ! same k9d are n unit$4 ,?is t]m is ! c\nt]p>t ( coalesc5t1 z free is ! c\nt]p>t ( adnate4 ,_m writ]s use ! t]m free indiscrim9ately = bo?2 b x is bett] to di/+ui% !m4 ,connate is a t]m common = ei!r n free or n di/9ct1 t is1 = p>ts unit$ cong5itally1 :e!r ( same or ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,adnate1 z prop]ly us$1 relates to ! union ( dissimil> p>ts4 #bgb4 ,9 /ill ano!r =m ( expression1 ! t]ms sup]ior & inf]ior h be5 mu* us$ 9 ! s5se ( above & bel[4 ,sup]ior is said ( ! ov>y ( ,flax-fl[]1 ,*]ry1 etc41 because above ! o!r p>ts2 x is equival5t to ov>y free4 ,or x is said ( ! calyx1 etc41 :5 above ! ov>y1 z 9 ,fig4 #bgc-bge4 ,inf]ior1 :5 appli$ to ! ov>y1 means ! same z calyx adnate2 :5 appli$ to ! floral envelopes1 x means t !y are free4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,haw?orn-blossom 9 section2 p>ts adnate to :ole face ( ov>y1 & ) ea* o!r beyond2 ano!r grade ( p]igyn\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,cranb]ry-blossom 9 section2 p>ts epigyn\s4 #bgc4 ,position ( ,fl[] or ( its ,p>ts4 ,! t]ms sup]ior & inf]ior1 or upp] & l[]1 are also us$ to indicate ! relative position ( ! p>ts ( a fl[] 9 ref]5ce to ! axis ( infloresc5ce4 ,an axill>y fl[] /&s betwe5 ! bract or leaf :i* subt5ds x & ! axis or /em :i* be>s ?is bract or leaf4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 sectional diagrams 7z 9 ,fig4 #bge1 #bgf7 by a transv]se l9e = ! bract1 & a small circle = ! axis ( infloresc5ce4 ,n[ ! side ( ! blossom :i* faces ! bract is ! ,ant]ior1 or ,inf]ior1 or ,l[] side2 :ile ! side next ! axis is ! ,po/]ior1 or ,sup]ior1 or ,upp] side ( ! fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,diagram ( papilionace\s fl[] 7,rob9ia1 ,fig4 #bfa71 ) bract bel[2 axis ( infloresc5ce above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,diagram ( ,violet-fl[]2 %[+ ! relation ( p>ts to bract & axis4 #bgd4 ,s1 9 ! labiate corolla 7,fig4 #bef-beh71 ! lip :i* is compos$ ( ?ree ( ! five petals is ! ant]ior1 or inf]ior1 or l[] lip2 ! o!r is ! po/]ior1 or sup]ior1 or upp] lip4 #bge4 ,9 ,violets 7,fig4 #bch1 #bgf71 ! odd sepal is po/]ior 7next ! axis72 ! odd petal is !re=e ant]ior1 or next ! subt5d+ leaf4 ,9 ! papilionace\s fl[] 7,fig4 #bfa1 & diagram1 ,fig4 #bge71 ! odd sepal is ant]ior1 & s two sepals are po/]ior2 consequ5tly1 by ! alt]nation1 ! odd petal 7! /&>d7 is po/]ior or upp]1 & ! two petals =m+ ! keel are ant]ior or l[]4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,p>ts ,,9 ,,! ,,bud4 #bgf4 ,a,estivation 0 ! fanciful "n giv5 by ,l9naeus to d5ote ! disposition ( ! p>ts1 especially ! leaves ( ! fl[]1 be=e ,an!sis1 i4 e4 be=e ! blossom op5s4 ,praefloration1 a bett] t]m1 is sometimes us$4 ,?is is ( importance 9 di/+ui%+ diff]5t families or g5]a ( plants1 be+ g5]ally uni=m 9 ea*4 ,! ae/ivation is be/ se5 by mak+ a slice across ! fl[]-bud2 & x may be express$ 9 diagrams1 z 9 ! accompany+ figures4 #bgg4 ,! pieces ( ! calyx or ! corolla ei!r ov]lap ea* o!r 9 ! bud1 or !y d n4 ,:5 !y d n ov]lap1 ! ae/ivation is ,valvate1 :5 ! pieces meet ea* o!r by _! abrupt edges1 )\t any infold+ or ov]lapp+2 z ! calyx ( ! ,l9d5 or ,basswood 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,diagram ( a fl[] ( ,l9d51 %[+ ! calyx valvate & corolla imbricate 9 ! bud1 etc4 ,induplicate1 :i* is valvate ) ! m>g9s ( ea* piece project+ inw>ds1 z 9 ! calyx ( a common ,virg9's-b[]1 ,fig4 #bgh1 or ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,valvate-induplicate ae/ivation ( calyx ( common ,virg9's-b[]4 ,involute1 :i* is ! same b ! m>g9s roll$ inw>d1 z 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge-fl[]$ species ( ,clematis1 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,valvate-involute ae/ivation ( same 9 ,v9e-b[]1 ,clematis ,vitialla4 ,r$uplicate1 a r>] modification ( valvate1 is simil> b ) m>g9s project+ outw>d4 ,op51 ! p>ts n t\*+ 9 ! bud1 z ! calyx ( ,mignonette4 #bgh4 ,:5 ! pieces ov]lap 9 ! bud1 x is 9 "o ( two ways2 ei!r e piece has "o edge 9 & "o edge out1 or "s pieces are :olly outside & o!rs :olly inside4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! ae/ivation is ,convolute1 also nam$ ,contort$ or ,twi/$1 z 9 ,fig4 #bhj1 a cross-section ( a corolla v /rongly ?us convolute or roll$ up toge!r1 & 9 ! corolla ( a ,flax-fl[] 7,fig4 #bha71 :]e ! petals only mod]ately ov]lap 9 ?is way4 ,"h "o edge ( e petal cov]s ! next be=e x1 :ile its o!r edge is cov]$ by ! next beh9d x4 ,! o!r mode is ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,convolute ae/ivation1 z 9 ! corolla-lobes ( ,ole&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,diagram ( a ,flax-fl[]2 calyx imbricat$ & corolla convolute 9 ! bud4 ,imbricate or ,imbricat$1 9 :i* ! out] p>ts cov] or ov]lap ! inn] s z to break jo9ts1 l tiles or %+les on a ro(2 :5ce ! "n4 ,:5 ! p>ts are ?ree1 ! fir/ or out]mo/ is :olly ext]nal1 ! ?ird :olly int]nal1 ! second has "o m>g9 cov]$ by ! fir/ :ile ! o!r ov]laps ! ?ird or inn]mo/ piece3 ?is is ! arrangem5t ( alt]nate ?ree-rank$ leaves 7#ahg74 ,:5 !re are five pieces1 z 9 ! corolla ( ,fig4 #bbe1 & calyx ( ,fig4 #bha1 z also ( ,fig4 #bda1 #bgf1 two are ext]nal1 two are int]nal1 & "o 7! ?ird 9 ! spiral7 has "o edge cov]$ by ! out]mo/1 :ile its o!r edge cov]s ! inn]mo/2 :i* is j ! five-rank$ arrangem5t ( alt]nate leaves 7#ahh74 ,:5 ! pieces are f\r1 two are out] & two are inn]2 :i* answ]s to ! arrangem5t ( opposite leaves4 #bgi4 ,! imbricate & ! convolute modes sometimes v>y "o into ! o!r1 especially 9 ! corolla4 #bhj4 ,9 a gamopetal\s corolla or gamosepal\s calyx1 ! %ape ( ! tube 9 ! bud may sometimes be noticeable4 ,x may be ,plicate or ,plait$1 t is1 fold$ l5g?wise2 & ! plaits may ei!r be turn$ outw>ds1 =m+ project+ ridges1 z 9 ! corolla ( ,campanula2 or turn$ inw>ds1 z 9 t ( ,g5tian ,belladonna2 or ,sup]volute1 :5 ! plaits are convolutely wrapp$ r\nd ea* o!r1 z 9 ! corolla ( ,morn+ ,glory & ( ,/ramonium1 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,upp] "p ( corolla ( ,datura ,/ramonium 9 ! bud2 & bel[ a section %[+ ! convolution ( ! plaits4 ,section ,,ix4 ,,/am5s ,,9 ,,p>ticul>4 #bha4 ,&roecium is a te*nical "n = ! /am9ate sy/em ( a fl[] 7t is1 = ! /am5s tak5 toge!r71 :i* x is sometimes conv5i5t to use4 ,! prec$+ section has dealt ) modifications ( ! fl[] p]ta9+ ma9ly to calyx & corolla4 ,^? relat+ to ! /am5s are n[ to be indicat$4 ,fir/ z to #bhb4 ,ins]tion1 or place ( atta*m5t4 ,! /am5s usually g ) ! petals4 ,n r>ely !y are at base ,epipetal\s1 t is1 ins]t$ on 7or adnate to7 ! corolla1 z 9 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,:5 free f ! corolla1 !y may be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,corolla ( ,morn+ ,glory laid op51 to %[ ! five /am5s ins]t$ on x1 ne> ! base4 ,hypogyn\s1 ins]t$ on ! receptacle "u ! pi/il or gynoecium4 ,p]igyn\s1 ins]t$ on ! calyx1 t is1 ) ! l[] "p ( filam5t adnate to ! calyx-tube4 ,epigyn\s1 borne app>5tly on ! top ( ! ov>y2 all :i* is expla9$ 9 ,fig4 #bgj-bgd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,/yle ( a ,lady's ,slipp] 7,cyprip$ium71 & /am5s unit$ ) x2 a1 a1 ! an!rs ( ! two good /am5s2 /1 an abortive /am51 :at %\ld be its an!r *ang$ into a petal-l body2 /ig1 ! /igma4 ,gyn&r\s is ano!r t]m relat+ to ins]tion ( r>] occurr5ce1 t is1 :]e ! /am5s are ins]t$ on 79 o!r words1 adnate to7 ! /yle1 z 9 ,lady's ,slipp] 7,fig4 #bhd71 & 9 ! ,or*is family g5]ally4 #bhc4 ,9 ,relation to ea* ,o!r1 /am5s are m commonly ,di/9ct1 t is1 )\t any union ) ea* o!r4 ,b :5 unit$1 ! foll[+ te*nical t]ms ( long use indicate _! modes ( mutual connection3-- ,monadelph\s 7f two ,greek words1 mean+ 9 "o bro!rhood71 :5 unit$ by _! filam5ts into "o set1 usually into a r+ or cup bel[1 or into a tube1 z 9 ! ,mall[ ,family 7,fig4 #bhf71 ! ,passion-fl[] 7,fig4 #bfj71 ! ,lup9e 7,fig4 #bhg71 & 9 ,lobelia 7,fig4 #bhe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,fl[] ( ,lobelia c>d9alis1 ,c>d9al fl[]2 corolla mak+ approa* to ! ligulate =m2 filam5ts 7/7 monadelph\s1 & an!rs 7a7 syng5esi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,fl[] ( a ,mall[1 ) calyx & corolla cut away2 %[+ monadelph\s /am5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,monadelph\s /am5s ( ,lup9e4 #bhh4 ,diadelph\s /am5s 7#i & #a7 ( a ,pea-blossom4 ,diadelph\s 7mean+ 9 two bro!rhoods71 :5 unit$ by ! filam5ts into two sets1 z 9 ! ,pea & mo/ ( its ne> relatives 7,fig4 #bhh71 usually n9e 9 "o set1 & "o 9 ! o!r4 ,triadelph\s 7?ree bro!rhoods71 :5 ! filam5ts are unit$ 9 ?ree sets or clu/]s1 z 9 mo/ species ( ,hyp]icum4 ,p5tadelph\s 7five bro!rhoods71 :5 9 five sets1 z 9 "s species ( ,hyp]icum & 9 ,am]ican ,l9d5 7,fig4 #bgg1 #bhi74 ,polyadelph\s 7_m or sev]al bro!rhoods7 is ! t]m g5]ally employ$ :5 ^! sets are sev]al1 or ev5 m ?an two1 & ! p>ticul> numb] is left unspecifi$4 ,^! t]ms all relate to ! filam5ts4 ,syng5esi\s is ! t]m to d5ote t /am5s h _! an!rs unit$1 coalesc5t into a r+ or tube2 z 9 ,lobelia 7,fig4 #bhe71 9 ,violets1 & 9 all ( ! great family ( ,compositae4 #bhd4 ,_! ,numb] 9 a fl[] is commonly express$ directly1 b sometimes adjectively1 by a s]ies ( t]ms :i* 7 ! "n ( classes 9 ! ,l9naean artificial sy/em1 ( :i* ! foll[+ names1 z also ! prec$+1 are a survival3-- ,mon&r\s1 i4 e4 solit>y-/am5$1 :5 ! fl[] has only "o /am51 ,di&r\s1 :5 x has two /am5s only1 ,tri&r\s1 :5 x has ?ree /am5s1 ,tetr&r\s1 :5 x has f\r /am5s1 ,p5t&r\s1 :5 x has five /am5s1 ,hex&r\s1 :5 ) six /am5s1 & s on to ,poly&r\s1 :5 x has _m /am5s1 or m ?an a doz54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,"o ( ! five /am5-clu/]s ( ! fl[] ( ,am]ican ,l9d51 ) accompany+ scale4 ,! five clu/]s are %[n 9 section 9 ! diagram ( ?is fl[]1 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,five syng5esi\s /am5s ( a ,coreopsis4 #bia4 ,same1 ) tube laid op5 & display$4 #bhe4 ,= :i* t]ms1 see ! ,gloss>y4 ,!y are all ,greek num]als prefix$ to -&ria 7f ! ,greek71 :i* ,l9naeus us$ = &roecium1 & are made into an ,engli% adjective1 -&r\s4 ,two o!r t]ms1 ( same orig91 designate p>ticul> cases ( numb] 7f\r or six7 9 connection ) unequal l5g?4 ,namely1 ! /am5s are ,didynam\s1 :51 be+ only f\r1 !y =m two pairs1 "o pair long] ?an ! o!r1 z 9 ! ,trumpet ,creep]1 9 ,g]>dia 7,fig4 #bfc71 etc4 ,tetradynam\s1 :51 be+ only six1 f\r ( !m surpass ! o!r two1 z 9 ! ,mu/>d-fl[] & all ! ,crucif]\s family1 ,fig4 #bce4 #bhf4 ,! ,filam5t is a k9d ( /alk to ! an!r1 commonly sl5d] or ?read-l3 x is to ! an!r ne>ly :at ! petiole is to ! blade ( a leaf4 ,!re=e x is n an ess5tial "p4 ,z a leaf may be )\t a /alk1 s ! an!r may be ,sessile1 or )\t a filam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,/am5 ( ,isopyrum1 ) innate an!r4 #bic4 ,( ,tulip-tree1 ) adnate 7& extrorse7 an!r4 #bid4 ,( ,ev5+ ,primrose1 ) v]satile an!r4 #bhg4 ,! ,an!r is ! ess5tial "p ( ! /am54 ,x is a sort ( case1 fill$ ) a f9e p[d]1 ! ,poll51 :i* s]ves to f]tilize ! pi/il1 s t x may p]fect se$s4 ,! an!r is said to be ,innate 7z 9 ,fig4 #bib71 :5 x is atta*$ by its base to ! v apex ( ! filam5t1 turn+ nei!r inw>d nor outw>d2 ,adnate 7z 9 ,fig4 #bic71 :5 atta*$ z x 7 by "o face1 usually = its :ole l5g?1 to ! side ( a cont9uation ( ! filam5t2 & ,v]satile 7z 9 ,fig4 #bid71 :5 fix$ by or ne> its middle only to ! v po9t ( ! filam5t1 s z to sw+ loosely1 z 9 ! ,lily1 9 ,grasses1 etc4 ,v]satile or adnate an!rs are ,introrse1 or ,incumb5t1 :5 fac+ inw>d1 t is1 t[>d ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 z 9 ,magnolia1 ,wat]-,lily1 etc4 ,extrorse1 :5 fac+ outw>dly1 z 9 ! ,tulip-tree4 #bhh4 ,r>ely does a /am5 be> any resemblance to a leaf1 or ev5 to a petal or fl[]-leaf4 ,nev]!less1 ! botani/'s idea ( a /am5 is t x answ]s to a leaf develop$ 9 a peculi> =m & = a special purpose4 ,9 ! filam5t he sees ! /alk ( ! leaf2 9 ! an!r1 ! blade4 ,! blade ( a leaf consi/s ( two simil> sides2 s ! an!r consi/s ( two ,,lobes or ,,cells1 "o answ]+ to ! left1 ! o!r to ! "r1 side ( ! blade4 ,! two lobes are (t5 connect$ by a prolongation ( ! filam5t1 :i* answ]s to ! midrib ( a leaf2 ?is is call$ ! ,,connective4 ,?is is conspicu\s 9 ,fig4 #bib1 :]e ! connective is s broad t x sep>ates ! two cells ( ! an!r to "s di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,diagram ( ! l[] "p ( an an!r1 cut across above1 & ! upp] "p ( a leaf1 to %[ h[ ! "o answ]s to ! o!r2 ! filam5t to petiole1 ! connective to midrib2 ! two cells to ! "r & left halves ( ! blade4 #bhi4 ,a simple conception ( ! morphological relation ( an an!r to a leaf is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bie1 an ideal figure1 ! l[] "p repres5t+ a /am5 ) ! top ( its an!r cut away2 ! upp]1 ! correspond+ upp] "p ( a leaf4 #bij4 ,s an!rs are g5]ally two-cell$4 ,b z ! poll5 beg9s to =m 9 two p>ts ( ea* cell 7! ant]ior & ! po/]ior71 sometimes ^! two /rata are n conflu5t1 & ! an!r ev5 at maturity may be f\r-cell$1 z 9 ,moonse$ 7,fig4 #bif72 or r1 9 t case 7! ^w cell be+ us$ = ea* lat]al half ( ! organ71 x is two-cell$1 b ! cells bilocellate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,/am5 ( ,moonse$1 ) an!r cut across2 ?is #d-;cell$1 or r #d-locellate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,/am5 ( ,p5t/emon pubesc5s2 ! two an!r-cells div]g+1 & almo/ conflu5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,/am5 ( ,mall[2 ! an!r suppos$ to answ] to t ( ,fig4 #big1 b ! cells completely conflu5t into "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,/am5 ( ,globe ,am>an?2 v %ort filam5t be>+ a s+le an!r-cell2 x is op5 f top to bottom1 %[+ ! poll5 )94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj-cje4 ,/am5s ( sev]al plants ( ! ,labiate or ,m9t ,family4 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,( a ,mon>da3 ! two an!r-cells ) bases div]g5t s t !y are transv]se to ! filam5t1 & _! contigu\s tips conflu5t1 s z to =m "o cell op5+ by a cont9u\s l9e4 ,fig4 #cja4 ,( a ,calam9?a3 ! broad connective sep>at+ ! two cells4 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,( a ,sage 7,salvia ,texana72 ) long & sl5d] connective resembl+ =ks ( ! filam5t1 "o be>+ a good an!r-cell2 ! o!r an abortive or poor "o4 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,ano!r ,sage 7,s4 cocc9ea71 ) connective long] & m ?read-%ap$1 ! l[] =k hav+ its an!r-cell :olly want+4 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,( a ,:ite ,sage1 ,audib]tia gr&iflora2 ! l[] =k ( connective a m]e ve/ige4 ,fig4 #cje4 ,( ano!r ,:ite ,sage 7,a4 /a*yoides71 ! l[] =k ( connective suppress$4 #bia4 ,b an!rs may become "o-cell$1 & t ei!r by conflu5ce or by suppression4 #bib4 ,by conflu5ce1 :5 ! two cells run toge!r into "o1 z !y ne>ly d 9 mo/ species ( ,p5t/emon 7,fig4 #big71 m s 9 ,mon>da 7,fig4 #cjj71 & completely 9 ! ,mall[ 7,fig4 #bih7 & all ! ,mall[ family4 #bic4 ,by suppression 9 c]ta9 cases ! an!r may be r$uc$ to "o cell or halv$4 ,9 ,globe ,am>an? 7,fig4 #bii7 !re is a s+le cell )\t ve/ige ( any o!r4 ,diff]5t species ( ,sage & ( ! ,:ite ,sages ( ,cali=nia %[ v>i\s grades ( abortion ( "o ( ! an!r-cells1 along ) a s+ul> l5g!n+ ( ! connective 7,fig4 #cjb-cje74 #bid4 ,! splitt+ op5 ( an an!r = ! dis*>ge ( its poll5 is t]m$ its ,dehisc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,/am5 ) ! usual dehisc5ce ( an!r d[n ! side ( ea* cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,/am5 ( ,pyrola2 cells op5+ by a t]m9al hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,/am5 ( ,b>b]ry2 cells ( an!r ea* op5+ by an uplift$ valve4 #bie4 ,z ! figures %[1 ?is is commonly by a l9e along ! :ole l5g? ( ea* cell1 ei!r lat]al or1 :5 ! an!rs are extrorse1 (t5 along ! out] face1 & :5 introrse1 along ! inn] face ( ea* cell4 ,sometimes ! op5+ is only by a *9k1 hole1 or pore at ! top1 z 9 ! ,azalea1 ,pyrola 7,fig4 #cjg71 etc42 sometimes a "p ( ! face sep>ates z a sort ( trap-door 7or valve71 h+$ at ! top1 & op5+ to all[ ! escape ( ! poll51 z 9 ! ,sassafras1 ,spice-bu%1 & ,b>b]ry 7,fig4 #cjh74 #bif4 ,poll54 ,?is is ! p[d]y matt]1 commonly ( a yell[ color1 :i* fills ! cells ( ! an!r1 & is dis*>g$ dur+ blossom+1 aft] :i* ! /am5s g5]ally fall or )] away4 ,"u ! microscope x is f\nd to consi/ ( gra9s1 usually r\nd or oval1 & all alike 9 ! same species1 b v diff]5t 9 diff]5t plants4 ,s t ! plant may sometimes be recogniz$ f ! poll5 alone4 ,sev]al =ms are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,magnifi$ poll5 ( a ,lily1 smoo? & oval2 #caj1 ( ,e*9ocy/is1 groov$ l5g?wise2 #caa1 ( ,sicyos1 ) bri/ly po9ts & smoo? b&s2 #cab1 ( ,musk ,plant 7,mimulus71 ) spiral grooves2 #cac1 ( ,succory1 twelve-sid$ & dott$4 #big4 ,an ord9>y poll5-gra9 has two coats2 ! out] coat ?icki%1 b weak1 & frequ5tly adorn$ ) l9es or b&s1 or /udd$ ) po9ts2 ! inn] coat is extremely ?9 & delicate1 b ext5sible1 & its cavity :5 fre% conta9s a ?icki% protoplasmic fluid1 (t5 r5d]$ turbid by an imm5se numb] ( m9ute p>ticles t float 9 x4 ,z ! poll5 matures ?is fluid usually dries up1 b ! protoplasm does n lose its vitality4 ,:5 ! gra9 is wett$ x absorbs wat]1 swells up1 & is apt to bur/1 dis*>g+ ! cont5ts4 ,b :5 weak syrup is us$ x absorbs ?is sl[ly1 & ! t\gh inn] coat w sometimes break ?r\gh ! out] & beg9 a k9d ( gr[?1 l t :i* takes place :5 ! poll5 is plac$ ^u ! /igma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,magnifi$ poll5 ( ,hibiscus & o!r ,mall[-plants1 beset ) prickly projections2 #cae1 ( ,circaea1 ) angles be>+ little lobes2 #caf1 ( ,ev5+ ,primrose1 ! ?ree lobes z l>ge z ! c5tral body2 #cag1 ( ,kalmia1 f\r gra9s unit$1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ,hea? family2 #cah1 ( ,p9e1 z x 7 ( ?ree gra9s or cells unit$2 ! lat]al empty & light4 #bih4 ,"s poll5-gra9s are1 z x 71 lob$ 7z 9 ,fig4 #cae1 #caf71 or =m$ ( f\r gra9s unit$ 7z 9 ! ,hea? family1 ,fig4 #cag73 t ( ,p9e 7,fig4 #cah7 has a l>ge r\nd$ & empty bladd]-l expansion ^u ea* side4 ,?is r5d]s su* poll5 v buoyant1 & capable ( be+ transport$ to a great di/ance by ! w9d4 #bii4 ,9 species ( ,acacia simple gra9s lightly coh]e into globul> pellets4 ,9 ,milkwe$s & 9 mo/ ,or*ids all ! poll5 ( an an!r-cell is compact$ or coh]5t into "o mass1 call$ a ,poll5-mass1 or ,,poll9ium1 plural ,,poll9ia4 7,fig4 #cai-cbb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4 ,poll51 a pair ( poll9ia ( a ,milkwe$1 ,asclepias1 atta*$ by /alks to a gl&2 mod]ately magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,poll9ium ( an ,or*is 7,hab5>ia71 ) its /alk atta*$ to a /icky gl&2 magnifi$4 #cba4 ,"s ( ! packets or p>tial poll9ia1 ( :i* ,fig4 #cbj is made up1 m magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,"o ( ! p>tial poll9ia1 torn up at top to %[ ! gra9s 7:i* are ea* compos$ ( f\r71 & highly magnifi$4 ,section ,x4 ,,pi/ils ,,9 ,,p>ticul>4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,angiosp]m\s ,,or ,,ord9>y ,,gynoecium4 #cjj4 ,gynoecium is ! te*nical "n = ! pi/il or pi/ils ( a fl[] tak5 collectively1 or = :atev] /&s 9 place ( ^!4 ,! v>i\s modifications ( ! gynoecium & ! t]ms :i* relate to !m require p>ticul> att5tion4 #cja4 ,! ,,pi/il1 :5 only "o1 occupies ! c5tre ( ! fl[]2 :5 !re are two pi/ils1 !y /& fac+ ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]2 :5 sev]al1 !y commonly =m a r+ or circle2 & :5 v num]\s1 !y are g5]ally cr[d$ 9 r[s or spirals on ! surface ( a m or less enl>g$ or elongat$ receptacle4 ,_! numb] gives rise to c]ta9 t]ms1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ^? us$ = /am5s 7#bhd71 :i* are survivals ( ! names ( ord]s 9 ! ,l9naean artificial sy/em4 ,! names 7 co9$ by prefix+ ,greek num]als to -gynia us$ = gynoecium1 & *ang$ into adjectives 9 ! =m ( -gyn\s4 ,t is1 a fl[] is ,monogyn\s1 :5 x has a s+le pi/il1 :e!r t be simple or comp\nd2 ,digyn\s1 :5 x has only two pi/ils2 ,trigyn\s1 :5 ) ?ree2 ,tetragyn\s1 ) f\r2 ,p5tagyn\s1 ) five2 ,hexagyn\s1 ) six2 & s on to ,polygyn\s1 ) _m pi/ils4 #cjb4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,complete ,pi/il1 z already twice expla9$ 7#af1 #bcf71 are ! ,,ov>y1 ! ,,/yle1 & ! ,,/igma4 ,! ov>y is "o ess5tial "p3 x conta9s ! rudim5ts ( se$s1 call$ ,,ovules4 ,! /igma at ! summit is also ess5tial3 x receives ! poll51 :i* f]tilizes ! ovules 9 ord] t !y may become se$s4 ,b ! /yle1 commonly a tap]+ or sl5d] column borne on ! summit ( ! ov>y1 & be>+ ! /igma on its apex or its side1 is no m necess>y to a pi/il ?an ! filam5t is to ! /am54 ,accord+ly1 !re is no /yle 9 _m pi/ils3 9 ^! ! /igma is sessile1 t is1 re/s directly on ! ov>y 7z 9 ,fig4 #cbf74 ,! /igma is v v>i\s 9 %ape & appe>ance1 be+ sometimes a little knob 7z 9 ! ,*]ry1 ,fig4 #bga71 sometimes a po9t or small surface ( b>e tissue 7z 9 ,fig4 #cbg-ccj71 & sometimes a longitud9al cre/ or l9e 7z 9 ,fig4 #cbd1 #cda-cdc71 or x may occupy ! :ole l5g? ( ! /yle1 z 9 ,fig4 #cca4 #cjc4 ,! ^w ,pi/il 7,lat91 ,pi/illum7 means a pe/le4 ,x came into use 9 ! fir/ place = su* fl[]s z ^? ( ,cr[n ,imp]ial1 or ,lily1 9 :i* ! pi/il 9 ! c5tre 0 lik5$ to ! pe/le1 & ! p]ian? ar\nd x to ! mort>1 ( ! apo!c>y4 #cjd4 ,a pi/il is ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,x is simple :5 x answ]s to a s+le fl[]-leaf1 comp\nd :5 x answ]s to two or ?ree1 or a full] circle ( su* leaves conjo9$4 #cje4 ,c>pels4 ,x is conv5i5t to h a "n = ea* fl[]-leaf ( ! gynoecium2 s x is call$ a ,c>pel1 9 ,lat9 ,c>pellum or ,c>pidium4 ,a simple pi/il is a c>pel4 ,ea* compon5t fl[]-leaf ( a comp\nd pi/il is likewise a c>pel4 ,:5 a fl[] has two or m pi/ils1 ^! ( c\rse are simple pi/ils1 t is1 sep>ate c>pels or pi/il-leaves4 ,!re may be only a s+le simple pi/il to ! fl[]1 z 9 a ,pea or ,*]ry blossom 7,fig4 #bga72 !re may be two su*1 z 9 _m ,saxifrages2 or _m1 z 9 ! ,/rawb]ry4 ,m commonly ! s+le pi/il 9 ! c5tre ( a blossom is a comp\nd "o4 ,!n !re is seldom mu* difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( c>pels or pi/il-leaves t compose x4 #cjf4 ,! ,simple ,pi/il1 view$ morphologically1 answ]s to a leaf-blade ) m>g9s incurv$ & unit$ :]e !y meet1 s =m+ a clos$ case or pod 7! ov>y71 & be>+ ovules at ! suture or junction ( ^! m>g9s3 a tap]+ upp] portion ) m>g9s simil>ly inroll$1 is suppos$ to =m ! /yle2 & ^! same m>g9s1 expos$ at ! tip or = a portion ( ! l5g?1 become ! /igma4 ,comp>e1 "u ?is view1 ! ?ree accompany+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,an inroll$ small leaf1 su* z 9 d\ble-fl[]$ ,*]ry blossoms is (t5 se5 to occupy ! place ( a pi/il4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,a simple pi/il 7( ,isopyrum71 ) ov>y cut across2 ! inn] 7v5tral7 face turn$ t[>d ! eye3 ! ovules seem to be borne on ! v5tral suture1 answ]+ to leaf-m>g9s3 ! /igma above se5 also to answ] to leaf-m>g9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,pod or simple pi/il ( ,cal?a or ,m>%-,m>igold1 :i* has op5$1 & %$ its se$s4 #cjg4 ,s a simple pi/il %\ld h a "o-cell$ ov>y1 only "o l9e ( atta*m5t = ! ovules1 a s+le /yle1 & a s+le /igma4 ,c]ta9 v>iations f ?is normal condition :i* sometimes occur d n invalidate ?is morphological conception4 ,= in/ance1 ! /igma may become two-lob$ or two-ridg$1 because x consi/s ( two leaf-m>g9s1 z ,fig4 #cbd %[s2 x may become #b-locellate by ! turn+ or gr[+ inw>d ( "o ( ! sutures1 s z to divide ! cavity4 #cjh4 ,!re are two or ?ree t]ms :i* prim>ily relate to ! p>ts ( a simple pi/il or c>pel1 & are !nce c>ri$ on to ! comp\nd pi/il1 viz43-- ,,v5tral ,,suture1 ! l9e :i* answ]s to ! unit$ m>g9s ( ! c>pel-leaf1 !re=e naturally call$ a suture or seam1 & ! v5tral or inn] "o1 because 9 ! circle ( c>pel-leaves x looks inw>d or to ! c5tre ( ! fl[]4 ,,dorsal ,,suture is ! l9e d[n ! back ( ! c>pel1 answ]+ to ! midrib ( ! leaf1--n a seam !re=e2 b at maturity _m fruits1 su* z pea-pods1 op5 by ?is dorsal z well z by ! v5tral l9e4 ,,plac5ta1 a "n giv5 to ! surface1 :atev] x be1 :i* be>s ! ovules & se$s4 ,! "n may be ne$less :5 ! ovules gr[ directly on ! v5tral suture1 or f its top or bottom2 b :5 !re are _m ovules !re is usually "s expansion ( an ovule-be>+ or se$-be>+ surface2 z is se5 9 our ,m&rake or ,podophyllum1 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,simple pi/il ( ,podophyllum1 cut across1 %[+ ovules borne on plac5ta4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,pi/il ( a ,saxifrage1 ( two simple c>pels or pi/il-leaves1 unit$ at ! base only1 cut across bo? above & bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,comp\nd #c-;c>pell>y pi/il ( common ,/4 ,john's-wort1 cut across3 ! ?ree /yles sep>ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,! same ( %rubby ,/4 ,john's-wort2 ! ?ree /yles z well z ov>ies "h unit$ into "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,comp\nd #c-;c>pell>y pi/il ( ,tradescantia or ,spid]wort2 ! ?ree /igmas z well z /yles & ov>y completely coalesc5t into "o4 #cji4 ,a ,comp\nd ,pi/il is a comb9ation ( two1 ?ree1 or a great] numb] ( pi/il-leaves or c>pels 9 a circle1 unit$ into "o body1 at lea/ by _! ov>ies4 ,! annex$ figures %\ld make x cle>4 ,a s]ies ( ,saxifrages might be select$ ! gynoecium ( :i* w\ld %[ e gradation betwe5 two simple pi/ils1 or sep>ate c>pels1 & _! complete coalesc5ce into "o comp\nd & two-cell$ ov>y4 ,ev5 :5 ! con/itu5t /yles & /igmas are completely coalesc5t into "o1 ! nature ( ! comb9ation is usually reveal$ by "s ext]nal l9es or grooves1 or 7z 9 ,fig4 #cbh-ccj7 by ! int]nal p>titions1 or ! numb] ( ! plac5tae4 ,! simple/ case ( comp\nd pi/il is t #caj4 ,) two or m ,cells & ,axile ,plac5tae1 namely1 ) z _m cells z !re are c>pels1 t h unit$ to compose ! organ4 ,su* a pi/il is j :at w\ld be =m$ if ! simple pi/ils 7two1 ?ree1 or five 9 a circle1 z ! case may be71 l ^? ( a ,paeony or ,/onecrop 7,fig4 #bbd1 #bbe71 press$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 7 to coh]e by _! contigu\s p>ts4 ,9 su* a case ! plac5tae are naturally axile1 or all br\ght toge!r 9 ! axis or c5tre2 & ! ov>y has z _m ,,dissepim5ts1 or int]nal ,p>titions1 z !re are c>pels 9 its composition4 ,= ^! are ! contigu\s & coalesc5t walls or sides ( ! compon5t c>pels4 ,:5 su* pi/ils rip5 into pods1 !y (t5 sep>ate along ^! l9es into _! elem5t>y c>pels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca1 #ccb4 ,pi/il ( a ,s&wort1 ) v]tical & transv]se section ( ! ov>y3 free c5tral plac5ta4 #caa4 ,"o-cell$1 ) free ,c5tral ,plac5ta4 ,! common] case is t ( ,purslane 7,fig4 #bgb7 & ( ! ,p9k & ,*ickwe$ families 7,fig4 #cca1 #ccb74 ,?is is expla9$ by suppos+ t ! p>titions 7su* z ^? ( ,fig4 #cbi7 h e>ly vani%$ or h be5 suppress$4 ,inde$1 traces ( !m may (t5 be detect$ 9 ,p9ks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally supposable t 9 ! ,primula family ! free c5tral is d]iv$ f p>ietal plac5tation by ! c>pels be>+ ovules only at base1 & =m+ a consolidat$ common plac5ta 9 ! axis4 ,mitella & ,dionaea help out ?is conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,plan ( a "o-cell$ ov>y ( ?ree c>pel-leaves1 ) p>ietal plac5tae1 cut across bel[1 :]e x is complete2 ! upp] "p %[+ ! top ( ! ?ree leaves x is compos$ (1 approa*+1 b n unit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,cross section ( ! ov>y ( ,fro/ we$ 7,helian!mum71 ) ?ree p>ietal plac5tae1 be>+ ovules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,cross section ( an ov>y ( ,hyp]icum graveol5s1 ! ?ree l>ge plac5tae meet+ 9 ! c5tre1 s z to =m a ?ree-cell$ ov>y4 #ccf4 ,same 9 fruit1 ! plac5tae n[ sep>ate & r\nd$4 #cab4 ,"o-cell$1 ) ,p>ietal ,plac5tae4 ,9 ?is n uncommon case x is conceiv$ t ! two or ?ree or m c>pel-leaves ( su* a comp\nd pi/il coalesce by _! adjac5t edges1 j z sepal-leaves d to =m a gamosepal\s calyx1 or petals to =m a gamopetal\s corolla1 & z is %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ccc1 & 9 an actual cross-section1 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,"h ea* c>pel is an op5 leaf1 or ) "s intr(lexion1 be>+ ovules along its m>g9s2 & ea* plac5ta consi/s ( ! contigu\s m>g9s ( two pi/il-leaves gr[n toge!r4 ,!re is e gradation betwe5 ?is & ! ?ree-cell$ ov>y ) ! plac5tae 9 ! axis1 ev5 9 ! same g5us1 sometimes ev5 9 diff]5t /ages 9 ! same pi/il 7,fig4 #cce1 #ccf74 ,sec4 #b4 ,,gymnosp]m\s ,,gynoecium4 #cac4 ,! ord9>y pi/il has a clos$ ov>y1 & accord+ly ! poll5 c act ^u ! conta9$ ovules only indirectly1 ?r\gh ! /igma4 ,?is is express$ 9 a t]m ( ,greek d]ivation1 viz43-- ,angiosp]m\s1 mean+ t ! se$s are borne 9 a sac or clos$ vessel4 ,! c\nt]p>t t]m is ,gymnosp]m\s1 mean+ nak$-se$$4 ,?is k9d ( pi/il1 or gynoecium1 ! simple/ ( all1 yet ! mo/ peculi>1 *>act]izes ! ,p9e family & its relatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,a pi/il1 t is1 a scale ( ! cone1 ( a ,l>*1 at ! "t ( fl[]+2 inside view1 %[+ its pair ( nak$ ovules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,bran*let ( ! ,am]ican ,arbor-,vitae1 consid]ably l>g] ?an 9 nature1 t]m9at$ by its pi/illate fl[]s1 ea* consi/+ ( a s+le scale 7an op5 pi/il71 toge!r =m+ a small cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,"o ( ! scales or c>pels ( ! la/1 remov$ & m enl>g$1 ! inside expos$ to view1 %[+ a pair ( ovules on its base4 #cad4 ,:ile ! ord9>y simple pi/il is conceiv$ by ! botani/ to be a leaf roll$ toge!r into a clos$ pod 7#cjf71 ^? ( ! ,p9e1 ,l>* 7,fig4 #ccg71 ,c$>1 & ,arbor-,vitae 7,fig4 #cch1 #cci7 are op5 leaves1 9 ! =m ( scales1 ea* be>+ two or m ovules on ! inn] face1 next ! base4 ,at ! "t ( blossom+1 ^! pi/il-leaves ( ! "y cone div]ge1 & ! poll51 s abundantly %$ f ! /am9ate blossoms1 falls directly ^u ! expos$ ovules4 ,aft]w>d ! scales close ov] ea* o!r until ! se$s are ripe4 ,!n !y sep>ate t ! se$s may be %$4 ,z ! poll5 acts directly on ! ovules1 su* pi/il 7or organ act+ z pi/il7 has no /igma4 #cae4 ,9 ! ,yew1 & 9 ,torreya & ,g+ko1 ! gynoecium is r$uc$ to extreme/ simplicity1 t is1 to a nak$ ovule1 )\t any visible c>pel4 #caf4 ,9 ,cycas ! l>ge nak$ ovules are borne on ! m>g9s or lobes ( an obvi\s op5 leaf4 ,all ,,gymnosp]m\s plants h o!r peculi>ities1 also di/+ui%+ !m1 z a class1 f ,,angiosp]m\s plants4 ,section ,,xi4 ,,ovules4 #cag4 ,ovule 7f ! ,lat91 mean+ a little egg7 is ! te*nical "n ( t :i* 9 ! fl[] answ]s to & becomes ! se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,a clu/] ( ovules1 p5dul\s on _! funicles4 #cah4 ,ovules are nak$ 9 gymnosp]m\s plants 7z j describ$71 9 all o!rs !y are enclos$ 9 ! ov>y4 ,!y may be produc$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! cell or cells ( ! ov>y1 & !n !y are apt to be num]\s1 or only f "s "p ( x1 g5]ally ! top or ! bottom4 ,9 ?is case !y are usually few or s+le 7solit>y1 z 9 ,fig4 #cda-cdc74 ,!y may be sessile1 i4 e4 )\t /alk1 or !y may be atta*$ by a di/9ct /alk1 ! ,,funicle or ,,funiculus 7,fig4 #cdj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4 ,section ( ! ov>y ( a ,butt]cup1 l5g?wise1 %[+ its asc5d+ ovule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4 ,section ( ! ov>y ( ,buck:eat1 %[+ ! erect ovule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,section ( ! ov>y ( ,anemone1 %[+ its susp5d$ ovule4 #cai4 ,consid]$ z to !n position & direction 9 ! ov>y1 !y are ,horizontal1 :5 !y are nei!r turn$ upw>d nor d[nw>d1 z 9 ,podophyllum 7,fig4 #cbf71 ,asc5d+1 :5 ris+ obliquely upw>ds1 usually f ! side ( ! cell1 n f its v base1 z 9 ! ,butt]cup 7,fig4 #cda71 & ! ,purslane 7,fig4 #bgb71 ,erect1 :5 ris+ upright f ! v base ( ! cell1 z 9 ! ,buck:eat 7,fig4 #cdb71 ,p5dul\s1 :5 hang+ f ! side or f ne> ! top1 z 9 ! ,flax 7,fig4 #bgj71 & ,susp5d$1 :5 hang+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! v summit ( ! cell1 z 9 ! ,anemone 7,fig4 #cdc74 ,all ^! t]ms equally apply to se$s4 #cbj4 ,9 /ructure an ovule is a pulpy mass ( tissue1 usually ) "o or two coats or cov]+s4 ,! foll[+ p>ts are to be not$1 viz4-- ,,k]nel or ,,nucleus1 ! body ( ! ovule4 ,9 ! ,mi/letoe & "s relat$ plants1 !re is only ?is nucleus1 ! coats be+ want+4 ,,tegum5ts1 or coats1 sometimes only "o1 m commonly two4 ,:5 two1 "o has be5 call$ ,,prim9e1 ! o!r ,,secund9e4 ,x w s]ve all purposes to call !m simply out] & inn] ovule coats4 ,,orifice1 or ,,=am51 an op5+ ?r\gh ! coats at ! organic apex ( ! ovule4 ,9 ! se$ x is ,micropyle4 ,,*alaza1 ! place :]e ! coats & ! k]nel ( ! ovule bl5d4 ,,hilum1 ! place ( junction ( ! funiculus ) ! body ( ! ovule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,or?otrop\s ovule ( ,buck:eat3 c1 hilum & *alaza2 f1 orifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4 ,campylotrop\s ovule ( a ,*ickwe$3 c1 hilum & *alaza2 f1 orifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,amphitrop\s ovule ( ,mall[3 f1 orifice2 h1 hilum2 r1 rhaphe2 c1 *alaza4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,anatrop\s ovule ( a ,violet1 ! p>ts lett]$ z 9 ! la/4 #cba4 ,! ,k9ds ( ,ovules4 ,! ovules 9 _! gr[? develop 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t ways & !reby are di/+ui%$ into ,or?otrop\s or ,/raight1 ^? :i* develop )\t curv+ or turn+1 z 9 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,! *alaza is at ! ins]tion or base1 ! =am5 or orifice is at ! apex4 ,?is is ! simple/1 b ! lea/ common k9d ( ovule4 ,campylotrop\s or ,incurv$1 9 :i*1 by ! great] gr[? ( "o side1 ! ovule curves into a kidney-%ap$ outl9e1 s br++ ! orifice d[n close to ! base or *alaza2 z 9 ,fig4 #cde4 ,amphitrop\s or ,half ,inv]t$1 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,"h ! =m+ ovule1 in/ead ( curv+ p]ceptibly1 keeps its axis ne>ly /raight1 &1 z x gr[s1 turns r\nd ^u its base s f> z to become transv]se to its funiculus1 & adnate to its upp] "p = "s di/ance4 ,!re=e 9 ?is case ! atta*m5t ( ! funiculus or /alk is ab\t ! middle1 ! *alaza is at "o end1 ! orifice at ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh-cej4 ,?ree e>ly /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ovule ( a ,magnolia1 %[+ ! =m+ out] & inn] coats :i* ev5 9 ! lat] figure h n yet completely enclos$ ! nucleus2 #cea1 fur!r advanc$1 & #ceb1 completely anatrop\s ovule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4 ,longitud9al section1 & #ced1 transv]se section ( #ceb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4 ,same z #cec1 enl>g$ %[+ ! p>ts 9 section3 a1 out] coat2 b1 inn] coat2 c1 nucleus2 d1 rhaphe4 ,anatrop\s or ,inv]t$1 z 9 ,fig4 #cdg1 ! commone/ k9d1 s call$ because 9 its gr[? x has z x 7 turn$ ov] ^u its /alk1 to :i* x has cont9u$ adnate4 ,! organic base1 or *alaza1 ?us becomes ! app>5t summit1 & ! orifice is at ! base1 by ! side ( ! hilum or place ( atta*m5t4 ,! adnate portion ( ! funiculus1 :i* appe>s z a ridge or cord ext5d+ f ! hilum to ! *alaza1 & :i* di/+ui%es ?is k9d ( ovule1 is call$ ! ,,rhaphe4 ,! amphitrop\s ovule 7,fig4 #cdf7 has a %ort or incomplete rhaphe4 #cbb4 ,fig4 #cdh-ceb %[ ! /ages ?r\gh :i* an ovule becomes anatrop\s 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[?4 ,! annex$ two figures are sections ( su* an ovule at maturity2 & ,fig4 #cee is ,fig4 #cec enl>g$1 ) ! p>ts lett]$4 ,section ,,xii4 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,receptacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4 ,longitud9al section ( fl[] ( ,sil5e ,p5nsylvanica1 %[+ /ipe betwe5 calyx & corolla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4 ,fl[] ( a ,cleome ( ! section ,gyn&ropsis1 %[+ broad5$ receptacle to be> petals1 l5g!n$ /ipe bel[ ! /am5s1 & ano!r betwe5 ^! & pi/il4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4 ,pi/il ( ,g]anium or ,cranesbill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4 ,! same1 ripe1 ) ! five c>pels splitt+ away f ! long beak 7c>pophore71 & hang+ f its top by _! recurv+ /yles4 #cbc4 ,! ,torus or ,receptacle ( ! fl[] 7#bcg1 ,fig4 #bbc7 is ! portion :i* belongs to ! /em or axis4 ,9 all prec$+ illu/rations x is small & %ort4 ,b x sometimes l5g!ns1 sometimes ?ick5s or v>i\sly enl>ges1 & takes on v>i\s =ms4 ,"s ( ^! h receiv$ special names1 v few ( :i* are 9 common use4 ,a l5g!n$ portion ( ! receptacle is call$ ,a ,,/ipe4 ,?is "n1 :i* means simply a trunk or /alk1 is us$ 9 botany = v>i\s /alks1 ev5 = ! leaf-/alk 9 ,f]ns4 ,x is also appli$ to ! /alk or petiole ( a c>pel1 9 ! r>e cases :5 !re is any1 z 9 ,gold?read4 ,!n x is te*nically di/+ui%$ z a ,,!caphore4 ,:5 !re is a /alk1 or l5g!n$ int]node ( receptacle1 directly "u a comp\nd pi/il1 z 9 ,/anleya & "s o!r ,crucif]ae1 x is call$ a ,,gynophore4 ,:5 ! /alk is develop$ bel[ ! /am5s1 z 9 mo/ species ( ,sil5e 7,fig4 #cef71 x has be5 call$ an ,,an?ophore or ,,gonophore4 ,9 ,fig4 #ceg ! torus is dilat$ above ! calyx :]e x be>s ! petals1 !n !re is a long int]node 7gonophore7 betwe5 x & ! /am5s2 !n a %ort] "o 7gynophore7 betwe5 ^! & ! pi/il4 #cbd4 ,a ,c>pophore is a prolongation ( receptacle or axis betwe5 ! c>pels & be>+ !m4 ,umbellif]\s plants & ,g]anium 7,fig4 #ceh1 #cei7 af=d *>act]i/ic examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj4 ,longitud9al section ( a "y /rawb]ry1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,simil> section ( a "y ,rose-hip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4 ,enl>g$ & top-%ap$ receptacle ( ,nelumbium1 at maturity4 #cbe4 ,fl[]s ) v num]\s simple pi/ils g5]ally h ! receptacle enl>g$ s z to give !m room2 sometimes becom+ broad & flat1 z 9 ! ,fl[]+ ,raspb]ry1 sometimes elongat$1 z 9 ! ,blackb]ry1 ! ,magnolia1 etc4 ,x is ! receptacle 9 ! ,/rawb]ry 7,fig4 #cfj71 mu* enl>g$ & pulpy :5 ripe1 :i* =ms ! eatable "p ( ! fruit1 & be>s ! small se$-l pi/ils on its surface4 ,9 ! ,rose 7,fig4 #cfa71 in/ead ( be+ convex or conical1 ! receptacle is deeply concave1 or urn-%ap$4 ,inde$1 a ,rose-hip may be lik5$ to a /rawb]ry turn$ inside out1 l ! f+] ( a glove rev]s$1 & ! :ole cov]$ by ! adh]5t tube ( ! calyx4 ,! calyx rema9s b5ea? 9 ! /rawb]ry4 #cbf4 ,9 ,nelumbium1 ( ! ,wat]-,lily family1 ! s+ul> & greatly enl>g$ receptacle is %ap$ l a top1 & be>s ! small pi/ils imm]s$ 9 sep>ate cavities ( its flat upp] surface 7,fig4 #cfb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,hypogyn\s disk 9 ,orange4 #cbg4 ,a ,disk is an enl>g$ l[ receptacle or an outgr[? f x1 hypogyn\s :5 und]nea? ! pi/il1 z 9 ,rue & ! ,orange 7,fig4 #cfc71 & p]igyn\s :5 adnate to calyx-tube 7z 9 ,buck?orn1 ,fig4 #cfd1 #cfe71 & ,*]ry 7,fig4 #bga71 or to bo? calyx-tube & ov>y1 z 9 ,haw?orn 7,fig4 #bgc74 ,a flatt5$ hypogyn\s disk1 und]ly+ ! ov>y or ov>ies1 & f :i* !y fall away at maturity1 is sometimes call$ a ,,gynobase1 z 9 ! ,rue family4 ,9 "s ,borrag9e\s fl[]s1 su* z ,h\nd/ongue1 ! gynobase runs up 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ! c>pels into a c>pophore4 ,! s-call$ epigyn\s disk 7or ,,/ylopodium7 cr[n+ ! summit ( ! ov>y 9 fl[]s ( ,umbellif]ae1 etc41 _c be said to belong to ! receptacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,fl[] ( a ,buck?orn %[+ a conspicu\s p]igyn\s disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,v]tical section ( same fl[]4 ,section ,,xiii4 ,,f]tilization4 #cbh4 ,! end ( ! fl[] is atta9$ :5 ! ovules become se$s4 ,a fl[] rema9s = a c]ta9 "t 7long] or %ort] accord+ to ! species7 9 an!sis1 t is1 9 ! prop] /ate = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is end4 ,dur+ an!sis1 ! ovules h to be f]tiliz$ by ! poll52 or at lea/ "s poll5 has to rea* ! /igma1 or 9 gymnosp]my ! ovule itself1 & to set up ! peculi> gr[? ^u its moi/ & p]meable tissue1 :i* has = result ! production ( an embryo 9 ! ovules4 ,by ?is ! ovules are said to be f]tiliz$4 ,! fir/ /ep is poll9ation1 or1 s to say1 ! s[+ ( ! prop] poll5 ^u ! /igma1 :]e x is to g]m9ate4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,adaptations ,,= ,,poll9ation ,,( ,,! ,,/igma4 #cbi4 ,^! v>i\s & ev]-int]e/+ adaptations & processes are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,botanical ,text ,book1 ,/ructural ,botany1 *ap4 ,,vi4 sect4 iv41 also 9 a brief & simple way 9 ,botany = ,"y ,p1 ,h[ ,plants ,behave4 ,s m]e outl9es only are giv5 "h4 #ccj4 ,sometimes ! application ( poll5 to ! /igma is left to *ance1 z 9 dioeci\s w9d-f]tiliz$ fl[]s2 sometimes x is r5d]$ v sure1 z 9 fl[]s t are f]tiliz$ 9 ! bud2 sometimes ! poll5 is prev5t$ f rea*+ ! /igma ( ! same fl[]1 al?\gh plac$ v ne> to x1 b !n !re are always arrangem5ts = its transf]5ce to ! /igma ( "s o!r blossom ( ! k9d4 ,x is among ^! la/ t ! mo/ exquisite adaptations are met )4 #cca4 ,accord+ly1 "s fl[]s are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to close or self-f]tilization2 o!rs to cross f]tilization2 "s = ei!r1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,close ,f]tilization occurs :5 ! poll5 rea*es & acts ^u a /igma ( ! v same fl[] 7?is is also call$ self-f]tilization71 or1 less closely1 ^u o!r blossoms ( ! same clu/] or ! same individual plant4 ,cross ,f]tilization occurs :5 ovules are f]tiliz$ by poll5 ( o!r individuals ( ! same species4 ,hybridization occurs :5 ovules are f]tiliz$ by poll5 ( "s o!r 7necess>ily "s ne>ly relat$7 species4 #ccb4 ,close ,f]tilization w\ld seem to be ! natural result 9 ord9>y h]maphrodite fl[]s2 b x is by no means s 9 all ( !m4 ,m commonly ! arrangem5ts are su* t x takes place only aft] "s opportunity = cross f]tilization has be5 af=d$4 ,b close f]tilization is inevitable 9 :at are call$ ,clei/ogam\s ,fl[]s1 t is1 9 ^? :i* are f]tiliz$ 9 ! fl[]-bud1 :ile /ill unop5$4 ,mo/ fl[]s ( ?is k9d1 inde$1 nev] op5 at all2 b ! clos$ floral cov]+s are =c$ (f by ! gr[? ( ! precoci\sly f]tiliz$ pi/il4 ,common examples ( ?is are f\nd 9 ! e>li] blossoms ( ,specul>ia p]foliata1 9 ! lat] ones ( mo/ ,violets1 especially ! /emless species1 9 our wild ,jewel we$s or ,impati5s1 9 ! subt]ranean %oots ( ,amphic>paea4 ,e plant :i* produces ^! clei/ogam\s or bud-f]tiliz$ fl[]s be>s also m conspicu\s & op5 fl[]s1 usually ( bright colors4 ,! latt] v commonly fail to set se$1 b ! =m] are prolific4 #ccc4 ,cross ,f]tilization is naturally provid$ = 9 dioeci\s plants 7#bdi71 is mu* favor$ 9 monoeci\s plants 7#bdi71 & h>dly less s 9 di*ogam\s & 9 het]ogon\s fl[]s 7#cch74 ,cross f]tilization dep5ds ^u ! transportation ( poll52 & ! two pr9cipal ag5ts ( conveyance are w9ds & insects4 ,mo/ fl[]s are 9 _! :ole /ructure adapt$ ei!r to ! "o or to ! o!r4 #ccd4 ,w9d-f]tilizable or ,anemophil\s fl[]s are m commonly dioeci\s or monoeci\s1 z 9 ,p9es & all conif]\s trees1 ,oaks1 & ,bir*es1 & ,s$ges2 yet sometimes h]maphrodite1 z 9 ,planta9s & mo/ ,grasses2 !y produce a sup]abundance ( v light poll51 adapt$ to be w9d-borne2 & !y (f] nei!r nect> to fe$ w+$ insects1 nor fragrance nor bright colors to attract !m4 #cce4 ,insect-f]tilizable or ,entomophil\s fl[]s are ^? :i* are s\ght by insects1 = poll5 or = nect>1 or = bo?4 ,?r\gh _! visits poll5 is convey$ f "o fl[] & f "o plant to ano!r4 ,insects are attract$ to su* blossoms by _! bright colors1 or _! fragrance1 or by ! nect> 7! mat]ial ( honey7 !re provid$ = !m4 ,:ile supply+ _! own ne$s1 !y c>ry poll5 f an!rs to /igmas & f plant to plant1 ?us br++ ab\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( cross f]tilization4 ,will[s & "s o!r dioeci\s fl[]s are s f]tiliz$1 *iefly by bees4 ,b mo/ insect-visit$ fl[]s h ! /am5s & pi/ils associat$ ei!r 9 ! same or 9 contigu\s blossoms4 ,ev5 :5 9 ! same blossom1 an!rs & /igmas are v commonly s situat$ t "u insect-visitation1 "s poll5 is m likely to be deposit$ ^u o!r ?an ^u own /igmas1 s giv+ a *ance = cross z well z = close f]tilization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 num]\s fl[]s1 ( v v>i\s k9ds1 h _! p>ts s arrang$ t !y mu/ almo/ necess>ily be cross-f]tiliz$ or be b>r51 & are !re=e dep5d5t ^u ! aid ( insects4 ,?is aid is secur$ by diff]5t exquisite adaptations & contrivances1 :i* w\ld ne$ a volume = full illu/ration4 ,inde$1 !re is a good numb] ( volumes devot$ to ?is subject4#a #ccf4 ,"s ( ! adaptations :i* favor or ensure cross f]tilization are peculi> to ! p>ticul> k9d ( blossom4 ,or*ids1 ,milkwe$s1 ,kalmia1 ,iris1 & papilionace\s fl[]s ea* h _! own special contrivances1 q diff]5t = ea*4 #ccg4 ,irregul> fl[]s 7#bec7 & especially irregul> corollas are usually adaptations to insect-visitation4 ,s are all ,nect>ies1 :e!r holl[ spurs1 sacs1 or o!r concavities 9 :i* nect> is secret$1 & all nect>if]\s gl&s4 #cch4 ,moreov]1 !re are two arrangem5ts = cross f]tilization common to h]maphrodite fl[]s 9 v>i\s diff]5t families ( plants1 :i* h receiv$ special names1 ,di*ogamy & ,het]ogony4 #cci4 ,di*ogamy is ! common] case4 ,fl[]s are di*ogam\s :5 ! an!rs dis*>ge _! poll5 ei!r be=e or aft] ! /igmas ( t fl[] are 9 a condition to receive x4 ,su* fl[]s are ,prot]&r\s1 :5 ! an!rs are e>li] ?an ! /igmas1 z 9 ,g5tians1 ,campanula1 ,epilobium1 etc4 ,prot]ogyn\s1 :5 ! /igmas are mature & moi/5$ = ! reception ( poll51 be=e ! an!rs ( t blossom are ready to supply x1 & are )]$ be=e t poll5 c be suppli$4 ,planta9s or ,ribworts 7mo/ly w9d-f]tiliz$7 are /rik+ly prot]ogyn\s3 s is ,amorpha1 our ,papaws1 ,scrophul>ia1 & 9 a less degree ! blossom ( ,pe>s1 ,haw?orns1 & ,horse-*e/nut4 #cdj4 ,9 ,sabbatia1 ! l>ge-fl[]$ species ( ,epilobium1 & /rik+ly 9 ,cl]od5dron1 ! di*ogamy is supplem5t$ & p]fect$ by movem5ts ( ! /am5s & /yle1 "o or bo?1 adju/$ to make sure ( cross f]tilization4 #cda4 ,het]ogony4 ,?is is ! case 9 :i* h]maphrodite & f]tile fl[]s ( two sorts are produc$ on diff]5t individuals ( ! same species2 "o sort hav+ high] an!rs & l[] /igmas1 ! o!r hav+ high] /igmas & l[] an!rs4 ,?us reciprocally dispos$1 a visit+ insect c>ries poll5 f ! high an!rs ( ! "o to ! high /igma ( ! o!r1 & f ! l[ an!rs ( ! "o to ! l[ /igma ( ! o!r4 ,^! plants are practically z if dioeci\s1 ) ! advantage t bo? k9ds are fruitful4 ,h\/onia & ,mit*ella1 or ,p>tridge-b]ry1 are excell5t & famili> examples4 ,^! are cases ( ,het]ogone ,dimorphism1 ! relative l5g?s be+ only %ort & long reciprocally4 ,het]ogone ,trimorphism1 9 :i* !re is a mid-l5g? z well z a long & a %ort set ( /am5s & /yle2 occurs 9 ,ly?rum ,salic>ia & "s species ( ,oxalis4 #cdb4 ,!re mu/ be "s ess5tial advantage 9 cross f]tilization or cross bre$+4 ,o!rwise all ^! v>i\s1 elaborate1 & exquisitely adju/$ adaptations w\ld be aimless4 ,d\btless ! advantage is ! same z t :i* is realiz$ 9 all ! high] animals by ! di/9ction ( sexes4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,action ,,( ,,poll51 ,,& ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,embryo4 #cdc4 ,poll5-gr[?4 ,a gra9 ( poll5 may be ju/ly lik5$ to "o ( ! simple bodies 7spores7 :i* answ] = se$s 9 ,cryptogam\s plants4 ,l "o ( ^!1 x is capable ( g]m9ation4 ,:5 deposit$ ^u ! moi/ surface ( ! /igma 7or 9 "s cases ev5 :5 at a c]ta9 di/ance7 x gr[s f "s po9t1 its liv+ inn] coat break+ ?r\gh ! in]t out] coat1 & protrud+ 9 ! =m ( a delicate tube4 ,?is z x l5g!ns p5etrates ! loose tissue ( ! /igma & ( a loose conduct+ tissue 9 ! /yle1 fe$s ^u ! n\ri%+ liquid matt] !re provid$1 rea*es ! cavity ( ! ov>y1 ent]s ! orifice ( an ovule1 & atta*es its extremity to a sac1 or ! l9+ ( a def9ite cavity1 9 ! ovule1 call$ ! ,embryo-,sac4 #cdd4 ,orig9ation ( ! ,embryo4 ,a globule ( liv+ matt] 9 ! embryo-sac is =m$1 & is 9 "s way plac$ 9 close proximity to ! apex ( ! poll5 tube2 x probably absorbs ! cont5ts ( ! latt]2 x !n sets up a special gr[?1 & ! ,embryo 7#h-aj7 or rudim5t>y plantlet 9 ! se$ is ! result4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,beg9n+ ) "o by ,c4 ,c4 ,spr5gel 9 #agic1 & aga9 9 our day ) ,d>w91 ,on ! ,v>i\s ,contrivances by :i* ,or*ids are f]tiliz$ by ,insects1 & 9 succe$+ works4 ,section ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fruit4 #cde4 ,its ,nature4 ,! ov>y matures into ! ,fruit4 ,9 ! /ricte/ s5se ! fruit is ! se$-vessel1 te*nically nam$ ! ,,p]ic>p4 ,b practically x may include o!r p>ts organically connect$ ) ! p]ic>p4 ,especially ! calyx1 or a "p ( x1 is (t5 incorporat$ ) ! ov>y1 s z to be undi/+ui%ably a portion ( ! p]ic>p1 & x ev5 =ms along ) ! receptacle ! :ole bulk ( su* edible fruits z apples & pe>s4 ,! receptacle is an obvi\s "p 9 blackb]ries1 & is ! :ole edible portion 9 ! /rawb]ry4 #cdf4 ,also a clu/] ( di/9ct c>pels may1 9 rip5+1 be consolidat$ or compact$1 s z practically to be tak5 = "o fruit4 ,su* are raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 ! ,magnolia fruit1 etc4 ,moreov]1 ! rip5$ product ( _m fl[]s may be compact$ or gr[n toge!r s z to =m a s+le comp\nd fruit4 #cdg4 ,its k9ds h !re=e to be di/+ui%$4 ,also v>i\s names ( common use 9 descriptive botany h to be m5tion$ & def9$4 #cdh4 ,9 respect to composition1 accord+ly1 fruits may be classifi$ into ,simple1 ^? :i* result f ! rip5+ ( a s+le pi/il1 & consi/ only ( ! matur$ ov>y1 ei!r by itself1 z 9 a *]ry1 or ) calyx-tube completely incorporat$ ) x1 z 9 a gooseb]ry or cranb]ry4 ,aggregate1 :5 a clu/] ( c>pels ( ! same fl[] are cr[d$ into a mass2 z 9 raspb]ries & blackb]ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,=m+ fruit 7capsule7 ( ,gaul!ria1 ) calyx ?ick5+ ar\nd its base4 #cfg4 ,section ( same mature1 ! b]ry-l calyx ne>ly enclos+ ! capsule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,section ( a "p ( a /rawb]ry4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #cfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,simil> section ( "p ( a blackb]ry4 #cgj4 ,"o ( its compon5t simple fruits 7drupe7 9 section1 %[+ ! pulp1 /one1 & conta9$ se$2 m enl>g$4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #cge4 ,accessory or ,an?oc>p\s1 :5 ! surr\nd+s or supports ( ! pi/il make up a "p ( ! mass2 z does ! loose calyx *ang$ into a fle%y & b]ry-l envelope ( our ,w9t]gre5 7,gaul!ria1 ,fig4 #cff1 #cfg7 & ,buffalo-b]ry1 :i* are o!rwise simple fruits4 ,9 an aggregate fruit su* z ! /rawb]ry ! great mass is receptacle 7,fig4 #cfj1 #cfh72 & 9 ! blackb]ry 7,fig4 #cfi7 ! juicy receptacle =ms ! c5tral "p ( ! savory mass4 ,multiple or ,collective1 :5 =m$ f sev]al fl[]s consolidat$ into "o mass1 ( :i* ! common receptacle or axis ( infloresc5ce1 ! floral envelopes1 & ev5 ! bracts1 etc41 make a "p4 ,a mulb]ry 7,fig4 #djh1 :i* sup]ficially mu* resembles a blackb]ry7 is ( ?is multiple sort4 ,a p9e-apple is ano!r example4 #cdi4 ,9 respect to texture or consi/5ce1 fruits may be di/+ui%$ into ?ree k9ds1 viz4-- ,fle%y ,fruits1 ^? :i* are m or less s(t & juicy ?r\gh\t2 ,/one ,fruits1 or ,drupace\s1 ! out] "p fle%y l a b]ry1 ! inn] h>d or /ony1 l a nut2 & ,dry ,fruits1 ^? :i* h no fle% or pulp4 #cej4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! way ( dissem9at+ ! conta9$ se$1 fruits are said to be ,indehisc5t :5 !y d n op5 at maturity4 ,fle%y fruits & /one fruits are ( c\rse indehisc5t4 ,! se$ becomes free only ?r\gh decay or by be+ f$ ^u by animals4 ,^? :i* escape dige/ion are ?us dissem9at$ by ! latt]4 ,( dry fruits _m are indehisc5t2 & ^! are v>i\sly arrang$ to be transport$ by animals4 ,"s bur/ irregul>ly2 _m are ,dehisc5t1 t is1 !y split op5 regul>ly along c]ta9 l9es1 & dis*>ge ! se$s4 ,a dehisc5t fruit almo/ always conta9s _m or sev]al se$s1 or at lea/ m ?an "o se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,leafy %oot & b]ry 7cut across7 ( ! l>g] ,cranb]ry1 ,vacc9ium macroc>pon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,pepo ( ,g\rd1 9 section4 #cgc4 ,"o c>pel ( same 9 diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,longitud9al & transv]se sections ( a pe> 7pome74 #cea4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( fruit :i* h receiv$ sub/antive names & are ( common use 9 descriptive botany are ! foll[+4 ,( fle%y fruits ! lead+ k9d is #ceb4 ,! ,b]ry1 su* z ! gooseb]ry & currant1 ! blueb]ry & cranb]ry 7,fig4 #cga71 ! tomato1 & ! grape4 ,"h ! :ole fle% is s(t ?r\gh\t4 ,! orange is a b]ry ) a lea!ry r9d4 #cec4 ,! ,pepo1 or ,g\rd-fruit1 is a h>d-r9d$ b]ry1 belong+ to ! ,g\rd family1 su* z ! pumpk91 squa%1 cucumb]1 & melon1 ,fig4 #cgb1 #cgc4 #ced4 ,! ,pome is a "n appli$ to ! apple1 pe> 7,fig4 #cgd71 & qu9ce2 fle%y fruits1 l a b]ry1 b ! pr9cipal ?ickness is calyx1 only ! pap]y pods arrang$ l a /> 9 ! core really belong+ to ! c>pels4 ,! fruit ( ! ,haw?orn is a drupace\s pome1 some?+ betwe5 pome & drupe4 #cee4 ,( fruits :i* are ext]nally fle%y & int]nally h>d ! lead+ k9d is #cef4 ,! ,drupe1 or ,/one-fruit2 ( :i* ! *]ry1 plum1 & pea* 7,fig4 #cge7 are famili> examples4 ,9 ?is ! out] "p ( ! ?ickness ( ! p]ic>p becomes fle%y1 or s(t5s l a b]ry1 :ile ! inn] h>d5s1 l a nut4 ,f ! way 9 :i* ! pi/il is con/ruct$1 x is evid5t t ! fle%y "p "h answ]s to ! l[]1 & ! /one to ! upp] face ( ! compon5t leaf4 ,! lay]s or conc5tric portions ( a drupe1 or ( any p]ic>p :i* is ?us sep>able1 are nam$1 :5 ?us di/+ui%able into ?ree portions1-- ,epic>p1 ! ext]nal lay]1 (t5 ! m]e sk9 ( ! fruit1 ,mesoc>p1 ! middle lay]1 :i* is commonly ! fle%y "p1 & ,endoc>p1 ! inn]mo/ lay]1 ! /one4 ,b m commonly only two portions ( a drupe are di/+ui%$1 & are nam$1 ! out] "o ,s>coc>p or ,exoc>p1 = ! fle%1 ! fir/ "n ref]r+ to ! fle%y "*1 ! second to its be+ an ext]nal lay]2 & ,putam5 or ,endoc>p1 ! ,/one1 )94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4 ,longitud9al section ( a pea*1 %[+ fle%1 /one1 & se$4 #ceg4 ,! typical or true drupe is ( a s+le c>pel4 ,b1 n to multiply te*nical names1 ?is "n is ext5d$ to all su* fruits :5 fle%y )\t & /ony )91 al?\gh ( comp\nd pi/il1--ev5 to ^? hav+ sev]al or sep>able /ones1 su* z ! fruit ( ,holly4 ,^! /ones 9 su* drupes1 or drupace\s fruits1 are call$ ,pyr5ae1 or ,nucules1 or simply ,nutlets ( ! drupe4 #ceh4 ,( ,dry fruits1 !re is a great] div]sity ( k9ds hav+ di/9ct names4 ,! indehisc5t sorts are commonly "o-se$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgf4 ,ak5e ( a ,butt]cup4 #cgg4 ,! same1 divid$ l5g?wise1 to %[ ! conta9$ se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,ak5e ( ,virg9's-b[]1 reta9+ ! fea!r$ /yle1 :i* aids 9 dissem9ation4 #cei4 ,! ,ak5e or ,a*5ium is a small1 dry & indehisc5t "o-se$$ fruit1 (t5 s se$-l 9 appe>ance t x is popul>ly tak5 = a nak$ se$4 ,! fruit ( ! ,butt]cup or ,cr[foot is a good example1 ,fig4 #cgf1 #cgg4 ,its nature1 z a rip5$ pi/il 79 ?is case a simple c>pel71 is app>5t by its be>+ ! rema9s ( a /yle or /igma1 or a sc> f :i* ?is has fall54 ,x may reta9 ! /yle & use x 9 v>i\s ways = dissem9ation 7,fig4 #cgh74 #cfj4 ,! fruit ( ,compositae 7?\gh n ( a s+le c>pel7 is also an ak5e4 ,9 ?is case ! p]ic>p is inve/$ by an adh]5t calyx-tube2 ! limb ( :i*1 :5 x has any1 is call$ ! ,,pappus4 ,?is "n 0 fir/ giv5 to ! d[n l t ( ! ,?i/le1 b is appli$ to all =ms "u :i* ! limb ( ! calyx ( ! comp\nd fl[] appe>s4 ,9 ,lettuce1 ,d&elion 7,fig4 #chd71 & ! l1 ! a*5ium z x matures tap]s upw>ds into a sl5d] beak1 l a /alk to ! pappus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,ak5e ( ,maywe$ 7no pappus74 #chj4 ,t ( ,succory 7its pappus a %all[ cup74 #cha4 ,( ,sunfl[] 7pappus ( two decidu\s scales74 #chb4 ,( ,sneezewe$ 7,hel5ium71 ) its pappus ( five scales4 #chc4 ,( ,s[-,?i/le1 ) its pappus ( delicate d[ny hairs4 #chd4 ,( ! ,d&elion1 its pappus rais$ on a long beak4 #cfa4 ,a ,cremoc>p 7,fig4 #che71 a "n giv5 to ! fruit ( ,umbellif]ae1 consi/s z x 7 ( a pair ( ak5es unit$ completely 9 ! blossom1 b splitt+ ap>t :5 ripe into ! two clos$ c>pels4 ,ea* ( ^! is a ,m]ic>p or ,hemic>p1 names seldom us$4 #cfb4 ,a ,utricle is ! same z an ak5e1 b ) a ?9 & bladd]y loose p]ic>p2 l t ( ! ,goosefoot or ,pigwe$ 7,fig4 #chf74 ,:5 ripe x may bur/ op5 irregul>ly to dis*>ge ! se$2 or x may op5 by a circul> l9e all r\nd1 ! upp] "p fall+ (f l a lid2 z 9 ! ,am>an? 7,fig4 #chg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che4 ,fruit 7cremoc>p7 ( ,osmorrhiza2 ! two ak5e-l ripe c>pels sep>at+ at maturity f a sl5d] axis or c>pophore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4 ,utricle ( ! common ,pigwe$ 7,*5opodium album74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4 ,utricle 7pyxis7 ( ,am>an?1 op5+ all r\nd 7circumscissile74 #cfc4 ,a ,c>yopsis1 or ,gra91 is l an ak5e ) ! se$ adh]+ to ! ?9 p]ic>p ?r\gh\t1 s t fruit & se$ are incorporat$ into "o body2 z 9 :eat1 ,indian corn1 & o!r k9ds ( gra94 #cfd4 ,a ,nut is a dry & indehisc5t fruit1 commonly "o-cell$ & "o-se$$1 ) a h>d1 cru/ace\s1 or bony wall1 su* z ! cocoa-nut1 hazelnut1 *e/nut1 & ! acorn 7,fig4 #cg1 #chh47 ,"h ! involucre1 9 ! =m ( a cup at ! base1 is call$ ! ,,cupule4 ,9 ! ,*e/nut ! cupule =ms ! bur2 9 ! ,hazel1 a leafy husk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4 ,nut 7acorn7 ( ! ,oak1 ) its cup or cupule4 #cfe4 ,a ,sam>a1 or ,key-fruit1 is ei!r a nut or an ak5e1 or any o!r indehisc5t fruit1 furni%$ ) a w+1 l t ( ,a% 7,fig4 #chi71 & ,elm 7,fig4 #cij74 ,! ,maple-fruit is a pair ( keys 7,fig4 #cia74 #cff4 ,dehisc5t ,fruits1 or ,pods1 are ( two classes1 viz41 ^? ( a simple pi/il or c>pel1 & ^? ( a comp\nd pi/il4 ,two common sorts ( ! fir/ are nam$ z foll[s3-- #cfg4 ,! ,follicle is a fruit ( a simple c>pel1 :i* dehisces d[n "o side only1 i4 e4 by ! inn] or v5tral suture4 ,! fruits ( ,m>% ,m>igold 7,fig4 #cib71 ,paeony1 ,l>kspur1 & ,milkwe$ are ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4 ,sam>a or key ( ! ,:ite ,a%1 w+$ at end4 #cij4 ,sam>a ( ! ,am]ican ,elm1 w+$ all r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4 ,pair ( sam>as ( ,sug> ,maple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4 ,follicle ( ,m>% ,m>igold 7,cal?a palu/ris74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4 ,legume ( a ,sweet ,pea1 op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4 ,lom5t or jo9t$ legume ( a ,tick-,trefoil 7,desmodium74 #cfh4 ,! ,legume or true ,pod1 su* z ! peapod 7,fig4 #cic71 & ! fruit ( ! ,legum9\s or ,pulse family g5]ally1 is "o :i* op5s along ! dorsal z well z ! v5tral suture4 ,! two pieces into :i* x splits are call$ ,,valves4 ,a ,,lom5t is a legume :i* is con/rict$ betwe5 ! se$s1 & at l5g? breaks up crosswise into di/9ct jo9ts1 z 9 ,fig4 #cid4 #cfi4 ,! pods or dehisc5t fruits belong+ to a comp\nd ov>y h sev]al te*nical names3 b !y all may be reg>d$ z k9ds ( #cgj4 ,! ,capsule1 ! dry & dehisc5t fruit ( any comp\nd pi/il4 ,! capsule may dis*>ge its se$s ?r\gh *9ks or pores1 z 9 ! ,poppy1 or bur/ irregul>ly 9 "s "p1 z 9 ,lobelia & ! ,snapdragon2 b commonly x splits op5 7or is dehisc5t7 l5g?wise into regul> pieces1 call$ ,,valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie4 ,capsule ( ,iris1 ) loculicidal dehisc5ce2 bel[1 cut across4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4 ,pod ( a ,m>% ,/4 ,john's-wort1 ) septicidal dehisc5ce4 #cga4 ,regul> ,dehisc5ce 9 a capsule takes place 9 two ways1 :i* are be/ illu/rat$ 9 pods ( two or ?ree cells4 ,x is ei!r ,loculicidal1 or1 splitt+ directly into ! loculi or cells1 t is1 d[n ! back 7or ! dorsal suture7 ( ea* cell or c>pel1 z 9 ,iris 7,fig4 #cie72 or ,septicidal1 t is1 splitt+ ?r\gh ! p>titions or septa1 z 9 ,/4 ,john's-wort 7,fig4 #cif71 ,rhodod5dron1 etc4 ,?is divides ! capsule into its compon5t c>pels1 :i* !n op5 by _! v5tral suture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cig1 #cih4 ,diagrams ( ! two modes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cii4 ,diagram ( septifragal dehisc5ce ( ! loculicidal type4 #djj4 ,same ( ! septicidal or m>g9icidal type4 #cgb4 ,9 loculicidal dehisc5ce ! valves naturally be> ! p>titions on _! middle2 9 ! septicidal1 half ! ?ickness ( a p>tition is borne on ! m>g9 ( ea* valve4 ,see ! annex$ diagrams4 ,a v>iation ( ei!r mode occurs :5 ! valves break away f ! p>titions1 ^! rema9+ atta*$ 9 ! axis ( ! fruit4 ,?is is call$ ,septifragal dehisc5ce4 ,"o =m is se5 9 ! ,morn+-,glory 7,fig4 #djj74 #cgc4 ,! capsules ( ,rue1 ,spurge1 & "s o!rs1 are bo? loculicidal & septicidal1 & s split into half-c>pell>y valves or pieces4 #cgd4 ,! ,silique 7,fig4 #dja7 is ! te*nical "n ( ! peculi> pod ( ! ,mu/>d family2 :i* is two-cell$ by a false p>tition /ret*$ across betwe5 two p>ietal plac5tae4 ,x g5]ally op5s by two valves f bel[ upw>d1 & ! plac5tae ) ! p>tition are left beh9d :5 ! valves fall (f4 #cge4 ,a ,silicle or ,p\* is only a %ort & broad silique1 l t ( ! ,%eph]d's ,purse1 ,fig4 #djb1 #djc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dja4 ,silique ( a ,cadam9e or ,spr+ ,cress4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djb4 ,silicle ( ,%eph]d's ,purse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djc4 ,same1 ) "o valve remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djd4 ,pyxis ( ,purslane1 ! lid deta*+4 #cgf4 ,! ,pyxis is a pod :i* op5s by a circul> horizontal l9e1 ! upp] "p =m+ a lid1 z 9 ,purslane 7,fig4 #djd71 ! ,planta91 ,h5bane1 etc4 ,9 ^! ! dehisc5ce ext5ds all r\nd1 or is circumscissile4 ,s x does 9 ,am>an? 7,fig4 #chg71 =m+ a "o-se$$ utricul> pyxis4 ,9 ,jeff]sonia1 ! l9e does n sep>ate q r\nd1 b leaves a portion = a h+e to ! lid4 #cgg4 ,( ,multiple or ,collective ,fruits1 :i* are prop]ly masses ( fruits aggregat$ into "o body 7z is se5 9 ! ,mulb]ry 7,fig4 #djh71 ,p9e-apple1 etc471 !re are two k9ds ) special names & ( peculi> /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dje4 ,a fig-fruit :5 "y4 #djf4 ,same 9 section4 #djg4 ,magnifi$ portion1 a slice1 %[+ "s ( ! fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djh4 ,a mulb]ry4 #dji4 ,"o ( ! gra9s y\ng]1 enl>g$2 se5 to be a pi/illate fl[] ) calyx becom+ fle%y4 #daj4 ,same1 ) fle%y calyx cut across4 #cgh4 ,! ,syconium or ,fig-fruit 7,fig4 #dje1 #djf7 is a fle%y axis or summit ( /em1 holl[$ out1 & l9$ )9 by a multitude ( m9ute fl[]s1 ! :ole becom+ pulpy1 & 9 ! common fig1 lusci\s4 #cgi4 ,! ,/robile or ,cone 7,fig4 #daa71 is ! peculi> multiple fruit ( ,p9es1 ,cypresses1 & ! l2 h5ce nam$ ,conif]ae1 viz4 cone-be>+ plants4 ,z already %[n 7#cac71 ^! cones are op5 pi/ils1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( flat scales1 regul>ly ov]ly+ ea* o!r1 & press$ toge!r 9 a spike or head4 ,ea* scale be>s "o or two nak$ se$s on its inn] face4 ,:5 ripe & dry1 ! scales turn back or div]ge1 & 9 ! ,p9e ! se$ peels (f & falls1 g5]ally c>ry+ ) x a w+1 a "p ( ! l9+ ( ! scale1 :i* facilitates ! disp]sion ( ! se$s by ! w9d 7,fig4 #dab1 #dac74 ,9 ,arbor-,vitae1 ! scales ( ! small cone are few1 & n v unlike ! leaves4 ,9 ,cypress !y are v ?ick at ! top & n>r[ at ! base1 s z to make a peculi> sort ( clos$ cone4 ,9 ,junip] & ,r$ ,c$>1 ! few scales ( ! v small cone become fle%y1 & rip5 into a fruit :i* closely resembles a b]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daa4 ,cone ( a common ,pit* ,p9e4 #dab4 ,inside view ( a sep>at$ scale or op5 c>pel2 "o se$ 9 place3 #dac1 ! o!r se$4 ,section ,,xv4 ,,! ,,se$4 #chj4 ,se$s are ! f9al product ( ! fl[]1 to :i* all its p>ts & (fices are subs]vi5t4 ,l ! ovule f :i* x orig9ates1 a se$ consi/s ( coats & k]nel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dad4 ,se$ ( a ,l9d5 or ,basswood cut ?r\gh l5g?wise1 & magnifi$1 ! p>ts lett]$3 a1 ! hilum or sc>2 b1 ! out] coat2 c1 ! inn]2 d1 ! album52 e1 ! embryo4 #cha4 ,! ,se$-coats are commonly two 7#cbj71 ! out] & ! inn]4 ,fig4 #dad %[s ! two1 9 a se$ cut ?r\gh l5g?wise4 ,! out] coat is (t5 h>d or cru/ace\s1 :5ce x is call$ ! ,te/a1 or %ell ( ! se$2 ! inn] is almo/ always ?9 & delicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dae4 ,a w+$ se$ ( ! ,trumpet-,creep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daf4 ,"o ( ,catalpa1 ! k]nel cut to %[ ! embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dag4 ,se$ ( ,milkwe$1 ) a ,coma or tuft ( long silky hairs at "o end4 #chb4 ,! %ape & ! m>k+s1 s v>i\s 9 diff]5t se$s1 dep5d mo/ly on ! out] coat4 ,sometimes ?is fits ! k]nel closely2 sometimes x is exp&$ into a w+1 z 9 ! ,trumpet-,creep] 7,fig4 #dae71 & occasionally ?is w+ is cut up into %r$s or tufts1 z 9 ! ,catalpa 7,fig4 #daf72 or in/ead ( a w+ x may be> a ,coma1 or tuft ( long & s(t hairs1 z 9 ! ,milkwe$ or ,silkwe$ 7,fig4 #dag74 ,! use ( w+s1 or d[ny tufts is to r5d] ! se$s buoyant = disp]sion by ! w9ds4 ,?is is cle>1 n only f _! evid5t adaptation to ?is purpose1 b also f ! fact t w+$ & tuft$ se$s are f\nd only 9 fruits t split op5 at maturity1 nev] 9 ^? t rema9 clos$4 ,! coat ( "s se$s is beset ) long hairs or wool4 ,cotton1 "o ( ! mo/ important vegetable products1 s9ce x =ms ! pr9cipal clo?+ ( ! l>g] "p ( ! human race1 consi/s ( ! long & woolly hairs :i* ?ickly cov] ! :ole surface ( ! se$4 ,!re are also cre/s or o!r app5dages ( v>i\s sorts on c]ta9 se$s4 ,a few se$s h an additional1 b m or less incomplete cov]+1 outside ( ! real se$-coats call$ an #chc4 ,aril1 or ,arillus4 ,! loose & transp>5t bag :i* encloses ! se$ ( ! ,:ite ,wat]-,lily 7,fig4 #dah7 is ( ?is k9d4 ,s is ! mace ( ! nutmeg2 & also ! sc>let pulp ar\nd ! se$s ( ! ,waxwork 7,cela/rus7 & ,/rawb]ry-bu% 7,euonymus74 ,! aril is a gr[? f ! extremity ( ! se$-/alk1 or f ! plac5ta :5 !re is no se$-/alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dah4 ,se$ ( ,:ite ,wat] ,lily1 enclos$ 9 its aril4 #chd4 ,a %ort & ?icki% app5dage at or close to ! hilum 9 c]ta9 se$s is call$ a ,,c>uncle or ,,/rophiole 7,fig4 #dai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dai4 ,se$ ( ,ric9us or ,ca/or oil plant1 ) c>uncle4 #che4 ,! v>i\s t]ms :i* def9e ! position or direction ( ! ovule 7erect1 asc5d+1 etc47 apply equally to ! se$3 s also ! t]ms anatrop\s1 or?otrop\s1 campylotrop\s1 etc41 z already def9$ 7#cbj1 #cba71 & su* t]ms z ,,hilum1 or ,sc> left :]e ! se$-/alk or funiculus falls away1 or :]e ! se$ 0 atta*$ directly to ! plac5ta :5 !re is no se$-/alk4 ,,rhaphe1 ! l9e or ridge :i* runs f ! hilum to ! *alaza 9 anatrop\s & amphitrop\s se$s4 ,,*alaza1 ! place :]e ! se$-coats & ! k]nel or nucleus are organically connect$1--at ! hilum 9 or?otrop\s & campylotrop\s se$s1 at ! extremity ( ! rhaphe or tip ( ! se$ 9 o!r k9ds4 ,,micropyle1 answ]+ to ! ,=am5 or orifice ( ! ovule4 ,comp>e ! accompany+ figures & ^? ( ! ovules1 ,fig4 #cda-cee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbj4 ,se$ ( a ,violet 7anatrop\s73 a1 hilum2 b1 rhaphe2 c1 *alaza4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dba4 ,se$ ( a ,l>kspur 7also anatrop\s72 ! p>ts lett]$ z 9 ! la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbb4 ,! same1 cut ?r\gh l5g?wise3 a1 ! hilum2 c1 *alaza2 d1 out] se$ coat2 e1 inn] se$-coat2 f1 ! album52 g1 ! m9ute embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbc4 ,se$ ( a ,/4 ,john's-wort1 divid$ l5g?wise2 "h ! :ole k]nel is embryo4 #chf4 ,! ,k]nel1 or ,nucleus1 is ! :ole body ( ! se$ )9 ! coats4 ,9 _m se$s ! k]nel is all ,embryo2 9 o!rs a l>ge "p ( x is ! ,album54 ,= example1 9 ,fig4 #dbc1 x is :olly embryo2 9 ,fig4 #dbb1 all b ! small speck 7g7 is album54 #chg4 ,! ,album5 or ,endosp]m ( ! se$ is suffici5tly *>act]iz$ & its (fice expla9$ 9 ,sect4 ,,iii41 #ca-ce4 #chh4 ,! ,embryo or ,g]m1 :i* is ! rudim5t>y plantlet & ! f9al result ( blossom+1 & its developm5t 9 g]m9ation h be5 ext5sively illu/rat$ 9 ,sections ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,its ess5tial p>ts are ! ,radicle & ! ,cotyl$ons4 #chi4 ,its ,radicle or ,caulicle 7! =m] is ! t]m long & g5]ally us$ 9 botanical descriptions1 b ! latt] is ! m correct "o1 = x is ! initial /em1 :i* m]ely gives orig9 to ! root71 z to its position 9 ! se$1 always po9ts to & lies ne> ! micropyle4 ,9 relation to ! p]ic>p x is ,sup]ior1 :5 x po9ts to ! apex ( ! fruit or cell1 & ,inf]ior1 :5 x po9ts to its base1 or d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbd4 ,embryo ( ,calycan?us2 upp] "p cut away1 to %[ ! convolute cotyl$ons4 #cij4 ,! ,cotyl$ons h already be5 illu/rat$ z respects _! numb]1--giv+ ! important di/9ction ( ,dicotyl$on\s1 ,polycotyl$on\s & ,monocotyl$on\s embryos 7#cf-dc71--;also z reg>ds _! ?ickness1 :e!r foliace\s or fle%y2 & "s ( ! v v>i\s %apes & adaptations to ! se$ h be5 figur$4 ,!y may be /raight1 or fold$1 or roll$ up4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cotyl$ons may be roll$ up z x 7 f "o m>g91 z 9 ,calycan?us 7,fig4 #dbd71 or f apex to base 9 a flat spiral1 or !y may be bo? fold$ 7plicate7 & roll$ up 7convolute71 z 9 ,sug> ,maple 7,fig4 #aa47 ,9 "o v natural family1 ! ,crucif]ae1 two diff]5t modes prevail 9 ! way ! two cotyl$ons are br\ght r\nd aga9/ ! radicle4 ,9 "o s]ies !y are ,accumb5t1 t is1 ! edges ( ! flat cotyl$ons lie aga9/ ! radicle1 z 9 ,fig4 #dbe1 #dbf4 ,9 ano!r !y are ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbe4 ,se$ ( ,bitt] ,cress1 ,b>b>ea1 cut across to %[ ! accumb5t cotyl$ons4 #dbf4 ,embryo ( same1 :ole4 ,incumb5t1 or ) ! plane ( ! cotyl$ons br\ght up 9 ! opposite direction1 s t ! back ( "o ( !m lies aga9/ ! radicle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbg1 #dbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbg4 ,se$ ( a ,sisymbrium1 cut across to %[ ! incumb5t cotyl$ons4 #dbh4 ,embryo ( ! same1 deta*$ :ole4 #cia4 ,z to ! situation ( ! embryo ) respect to ! album5 ( ! se$1 :5 ?is is pres5t 9 any quantity1 ! embryo may be ,axile1 t is occupy+ ! axis or c5tre1 ei!r = mo/ ( its l5g?1 z 9 ,violet 7,fig4 #dbi71 ,b>b]ry 7,fig4 #dh71 & ,p9e 7,fig4 #ef72 & 9 ^! x is /raight4 ,b x may be v>i\sly curv$ or coil$ 9 ! album51 z 9 ,helian!mum 7,fig4 #dcj71 9 a ,potato-se$ 7,fig4 #ej71 or ,onion-se$ 7,fig4 #fj71 & ,l9d5 7,fig4 #dad72 or x may be coil$ ar\nd ! outside ( ! album51 p>tly or into a circle1 z 9 ,*ickwe$ 7,fig4 #dca1 #dcb7 & 9 ,mirabilis 7,fig4 #eb74 ,! latt] mode prevails 9 ,campylotrop\s se$s4 ,9 ! c]eal gra9s1 su* z ,indian ,corn 7,fig4 #fg7 & ,rice 7,fig4 #dcj;a71 & 9 all o!r ,grasses1 ! embryo is /raight & appli$ to ! outside ( ! abundant album54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbi4 ,section ( se$ ( ,violet2 anatrop\s ) /raight axile embryo 9 ! album54 #dcj4 ,section ( se$ ( ,rock ,rose1 ,helian!mum ,canad5se2 or?otrop\s1 ) curv$ embryo 9 ! album54 #dcj;a4 ,section ( a gra9 ( ,rice1 l5g?wise1 %[+ ! embryo outside ! album51 :i* =ms ! pr9cipal bulk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dca4 ,se$ ( a ,*ickwe$1 campylotrop\s4 #dcb4 ,section ( same1 %[+ sl5d] embryo coil$ ar\nd ! outside ( ! album5 ( ! k]nel4 #cib4 ,! matur$ se$1 ) embryo ready to g]m9ate & reproduce ! k9d1 completes ! cycle ( ! vegetable life 9 a phan]ogam\s plant1 ! acc\nt ( :i* began ) ! se$ & se$l+4 ,section ,,xvi4 ,,vegetable ,,life ,,& ,,"w4 #cic4 ,! foll[+ simple outl9es ( ! anatomy & physiology ( plants 7#c7 are add$ to ! prec$+ /ructural "p = ! bett] prep>ation ( /ud5ts 9 descriptive & sy/ematic botany2 also to give to all le>n]s "s g5]al idea ( ! life1 gr[?1 intimate /ructure1 & action ( ! be+s :i* compose s l>ge a "p ( organic nature4 ,^? :o w\ld ext5d & v]ify ! facts & pr9ciples "h outl9$ w use ! ,physiological ,botany ( ! ,botanical ,text ,book1 by ,pr(essor ,goodale1 or "s simil> book4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,anatomical ,,/ructure ,,& ,,gr[?4 #cid4 ,gr[? is ! increase ( a liv+ ?+ 9 size & sub/ance4 ,x appe>s s natural t plants & animals %\ld gr[1 t "o r>ely ?9ks ( x z requir+ explanation4 ,x seems en\gh to say t a ?+ is s because x grew s4 ,gr[? f ! se$1 ! g]m9ation & developm5t ( an embryo into a plantlet1 & at l5g? into a mature plant 7z illu/rat$ 9 ,sections ,,ii4 & ,,iii471 c be foll[$ by ord9>y obs]vation4 ,b ! embryo is already a m9iature plantlet1 sometimes ) h>dly any visible di/9ction ( p>ts1 b (t5 "o :i* has already made v consid]able gr[? 9 ! se$4 ,to inve/igate ! =mation & gr[? ( ! embryo itself requires well-tra9$ eyes & h&s1 & ! exp]t use ( a good comp\nd microscope4 ,s ?is is beyond ! rea* ( a beg9n]4 #cie4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh obs]vation may %[ t a se$l+1 weigh+ only two or ?ree gra9s1 may d\ble its bulk & weight e week ( its e>ly gr[?1 & may 9 "t produce a huge am\nt ( vegetable matt]1 x is /ill to be ask$ :at ?is vegetable matt] is1 :]e x came f1 & by :at means plants are able to increase & accumulate x1 & build x up into ! fabric ( h]bs & %rubs & l(ty trees4 #cif4 ,protoplasm4 ,all ?is fabric 0 built up "u life1 b only a small portion ( x is at any "o "t alive4 ,z gr[? proce$s1 life is pass$ on f ! old to ! new p>ts1 mu* z x has pass$ on f p>5t to (fspr+1 f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 unbrok5 cont9uity4 ,protoplasm is ! common "n ( t plant-/uff 9 :i* life ess5tially resides4 ,all gr[? dep5ds ^u x2 = x has ! peculi> p[] ( gr[+ & multiply+ & build+ up a liv+ /ructure1--! animal no less ?an ! vegetable /ructure1 = x is ess5tially ! same 9 bo?4 ,inde$1 all ! animal protoplasm comes prim>ily f ! vegetable1 :i* has ! pr]ogative ( produc+ x2 & ! protoplasm ( plants furni%es all t portion ( ! food ( animals :i* =ms _! fle% & liv+ fabric4 #cig4 ,! v simple/ plants 7if su* may specifically be call$ plants r ?an animals1 or "o may say1 ! simple/ liv+ ?+s7 are m]e p>ticles1 or pellets1 or ?reads1 or ev5 indef9ite masses ( protoplasm ( vague =m1 :i* possess p[]s ( motion or ( *ang+ _! %ape1 ( imbib+ wat]1 air1 & ev5 o!r matt]s1 & ( assimilat+ ^! into plant-/uff = _! own gr[? & multiplication4 ,_! gr[? is increase 9 sub/ance by incorporation ( t :i* !y take 9 & assimilate4 ,_! multiplication is by spontane\s division ( _! sub/ance or body into two or m1 ea* capable ( cont9u+ ! process4 #cih4 ,! embryo ( a phan]ogam\s plant at its beg9n+ 7#cdd7 is ess5tially su* a globule ( protoplasm1 :i* soon con/ricts itself into two & m su* globules1 :i* hold toge!r insep>ably 9 a r[2 !n ! la/ ( ! r[ divides )\t sep>ation 9 ! two o!r planes1 to =m a comp\nd mass1 ea* gra9 or globule ( :i* goes on to d\ble itself z x gr[s2 & ! def9ite %ap+ ( ?is /ill increas+ mass builds up ! embryo into its =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcc-dcf4 ,figures to illu/rate ! e>li] /ages 9 ! =mation ( an embryo2 a s+le mass ( protoplasm 7,fig4 #dcc7 divid+ into two1 ?ree1 & !n into m incipi5t cells1 :i* by cont9u$ multiplication build up an embryo4 #cii4 ,cell-walls4 ,:ile ?is gr[? 0 go+ on1 ea* gra9 ( ! =m+ /ructure =m$ & clo!d itself ) a coat1 ?9 & transp>5t1 ( some?+ diff]5t f protoplasm1--some?+ :i* h>dly & only transi5tly1 if at all1 p>takes ( ! life & action4 ,! protoplasm =ms ! liv+ organism2 ! coat is a k9d ( protective cov]+ or %ell4 ,! protoplasm1 l ! fle% ( animals :i* x gives rise to1 is compos$ ( f\r *emical elem5ts3 ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 ,oxyg51 & ,nitrog54 ,! coat+ is ( ! nature ( wood 7is1 inde$1 t :i* makes wood71 & has only ! ?ree elem5ts1 ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 & ,oxyg51 9 its composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcg4 ,magnifi$ view ( "s ( a simple fre% wat] ,alga1 ! ,tetraspora lubrica1 ea* sph]e ( :i* may answ] to an individual plant4 #djj4 ,al?\gh ! =m+ /ructure ( an embryo 9 ! f]tiliz$ ovule is v m9ute & difficult to see1 !re are _m simple plants ( l[e/ grade1 ab\nd+ 9 pools ( wat]1 :i* m readily %[ ! e>li] /ages or simple/ /ates ( plant-gr[?4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* is common 9 e>ly spr+1 requires only mod]ate magnify+ p[] to br+ to view :at is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dcg4 ,9 a slimy mass :i* holds all loosely toge!r1 little sph]es ( gre5 vegetable matt] are se51 assembl$ 9 f\rs1 & ^! f\rs !mselves 9 clu/]s ( f\rs4 ,a transi5t inspection %[s1 :at prolong$ wat*+ w\ld confirm1 t ea* sph]e divides fir/ 9 "o plane1 !n 9 ! o!r1 to make f\r1 soon acquir+ ! size ( ! orig9al1 & s on1 produc+ successive gr\ps ( f\rs4 ,^! pellets ea* =m on _! surface a transp>5t wall1 l t j describ$4 ,! delicate wall is = "s "t capable ( expansive gr[?1 b is f ! fir/ mu* firm] ?an ! protoplasm )92 ?r\gh x ! latt] imbibes surr\nd+ moi/ure1 :i* becomes a wat]y sap1 occupy+ vacuities 9 ! protoplasmic mass :i* enl>ge or run toge!r z ! p]iph]y increases & di/5ds4 ,:5 full gr[n ! protoplasm may become a m]e l9+ to ! wall1 or "s ( x c5tral1 z a nucleus1 ?is usually connect$ ) ! wall-l9+ by delicate ?reads ( ! same sub/ance4 ,s1 :5 full gr[n1 ! wall ) its l9+--a vesicle1 conta9+ liquid or "s solid matt]s & 9 age mo/ly air--naturally came to be nam$ a ,cell4 ,b ! "n 0 sugge/$ by1 & fir/ us$ only =1 cells 9 comb9ation or built up into a fabric1 mu* z a wall is built ( bricks1 t is1 into a #dja4 ,cellul> ,/ructure or ,tissue4 ,suppose num]\s cells l ^? ( ,fig4 #dcg to be heap$ up l a pile ( cannon-balls1 & z !y grew1 to be compact$ toge!r :ile s(t & yield+2 !y w\ld flatt5 :]e !y t\*$1 & ea* sph]e1 be+ t\*$ by twelve surr\nd+ ones w\ld become twelve-sid$4 ,fig4 #dch w\ld repres5t "o ( !m4 ,suppose ! contigu\s faces to be unit$ into "o wall or p>tition betwe5 adjac5t cavities1 & a cellul> /ructure w\ld be =m$1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #dci4 ,roots1 /ems1 leaves1 & ! :ole ( phan]ogam\s plants are a fabric ( c\ntless numb]s ( su* cells4 ,no su* exact regul>ity 9 size & %ape is ev] actually f\nd2 b a ne>ly tru?ful magnifi$ view ( a small portion ( a slice ( ! fl[]-/alk ( a ,calla ,lily 7,fig4 #ddj7 %[s a fairly correspond+ /ructure2 except t1 ow+ to ! great air-spaces ( ! int]ior1 ! fabric may be lik5$ r to a /ack ( *imneys ?an to a solid fabric4 ,9 "y & p>tly transp>5t p>ts "o may disc]n ! cellul> /ructure by look+ d[n directly on ! surface1 z ( a =m+ root4 7,fig4 #hb1 #dda1 #ddb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dch4 ,diagram ( a vegetable cell1 su* z x w\ld be if :5 sph]ical x 7 equally press$ by simil> surr\nd+ cells 9 a heap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dci4 ,ideal con/ruction ( cellul> tissue s =m$1 9 section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,magnifi$ view ( a portion ( a transv]se slice ( /em ( ,calla ,lily4 ,! great spaces are tubul> air-*annels built up by ! cells4 #djb4 ,! sub/ance ( :i* cell-walls are ma9ly compos$ is call$ ,,cellulose4 ,x is ess5tially ! same 9 ! /em ( a delicate leaf or petal & 9 ! wood ( an ,oak1 except t 9 ! latt] ! walls are mu* ?ick5$ & ! calibre small4 ,! protoplasm ( ea* liv+ cell appe>s to be completely %ut up & isolat$ 9 its %ell ( cellulose2 b microscopic inve/igation has br\ght to view1 9 _m cases1 m9ute ?reads ( protoplasm :i* "h & !re trav]se ! cell-wall ?r\gh m9ute pores1 ?us connect+ ! liv+ portion ( "o cell ) t ( adjac5t cells4 7,see ,fig4 #ddg1 c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dda4 ,mu* magnifi$ small portion ( "y root ( a se$l+ ,maple 7su* z ( ,fig4 #hb72 & #ddb1 a few cells ( same m magnifi$4 ,! prolongations f ! back ( "s ( ! cells are root hairs4 #djc4 ,! hairs ( plants are cells =m$ on ! surface2 ei!r elongat$ s+le cells 7l ! root-hairs ( ,fig4 #dda1 #ddb71 or a r[ ( %ort] cells4 ,cotton fibres are long & simple cells gr[+ f ! surface ( ! se$4 #djd4 ,! size ( ! cells ( :i* common plants are made up v>ies f ab\t ! ?irtie? to ! ?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,an ord9>y size ( %ort or r\ndi% cells is f #a_/cjj to #a_/ejj ( an in*2 s t !re may g5]ally be f #bg to #abe millions ( cells 9 ! compass ( a cubic in*6 #dje4 ,"s p>ts are built up z a compact /ructure2 9 o!rs cells are arrang$ s z to build up regul> air-*annels1 z 9 ! /ems ( aquatic & o!r wat]-lov+ plants 7,fig4 #ddj71 or to leave irregul> spaces1 z 9 ! l[] "p ( mo/ leaves1 :]e ! cells only "h & !re come into close contact 7,fig4 #ddc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddc4 ,magnifi$ section ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( a leaf ( ,florida ,/>-,anise4 #djf4 ,all su* s(t cellul> tissue1 l ?is ( leaves1 t ( pi?1 & ( ! gre5 b>k1 is call$ ,,p>5*yma1 :ile fibr\s & woody p>ts are compos$ ( ,,pros5*yma1 t is1 ( peculi>ly trans=m$ #djg4 ,/r5g!n+ ,cells4 ,common cellul> tissue1 :i* makes up ! :ole /ructure ( all v "y plants1 & ! :ole ( ,mosses & o!r vegetables ( ! l[e/ grade1 ev5 :5 full gr[n1 is too t5d] or too brittle to give ne$ful /r5g? & t\ghness = plants :i* are to rise to any consid]able height & support !mselves4 ,9 ^! ne$ful /r5g? is imp>t$1 & ! conveyance ( sap ?r\gh ! plant is facilitat$1 by ! *ange1 z !y are =m$1 ( "s cells into ?ick]-wall$ & t\gh] tubes1 & by ! runn+ toge!r ( "s ( ^!1 or ! prolongation ( o!rs1 into holl[ fibres or tubes ( v>i\s size4 ,two sorts ( su* trans=m$ cells g toge!r1 & ess5tially =m ! #djh4 ,wood4 ,?is is f\nd 9 all common h]bs1 z well z 9 %rubs & trees1 b ! =m] h mu* less ( x 9 proportion to ! s(t] cellul> tissue4 ,x is =m$ v e>ly 9 ! gr[? ( ! root1 /em1 & leaves1--traces ( x appe>+ 9 l>ge embryos ev5 :ile yet 9 ! se$4 ,^? cells t l5g!n1 & at ! same "t ?ick5 _! walls =m ! prop] ,,woody ,,fibre or ,,wood-,,cells2 ^? ( l>g] size & ?9n] walls1 :i* are ?ick5$ only 9 c]ta9 p>ts s z to h peculi> m>k+s1 & :i* (t5 are se5 to be made up ( a r[ ( cyl9drical cells1 ) ! p>titions betwe5 absorb$ or brok5 away1 are call$ ,,ducts1 or sometimes ,,vessels4 ,!re are all gradations betwe5 wood-cells & ducts1 & betwe5 bo? ^! & common cells4 ,b 9 mo/ plants ! ?ree k9ds are fairly di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddd4 ,magnifi$ wood-cells ( ! b>k 7ba/-cells7 ( ,basswood1 "o & "p ( ano!r4 #dde4 ,"s wood cells f ! wood 7& bel[ "p ( a duct72 & #ddf1 a deta*$ wood-cell ( ! same2 equally magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddg4 ,"s wood cells f ,buttonwood1 ,platanus1 highly magnifi$1 a :ole cell & l[] end ( ano!r on ! left2 a cell cut half away l5g?wise1 & half ( ano!r on ! "r2 "s pores or pits 7a7 se5 on ! left2 :ile b b m>k sections ?r\gh ^! on ! cut surface4 ,:5 liv+ & "y ! protoplasm ext5ds into ^! & by m9ut] p]=ations connects across !m4 ,9 age ! pits become op5 passages1 facilitat+ ! passage ( sap & air4 #dji4 ,! prop] cellul> tissue1 or p>5*yma1 is ! gr\nd-"w ( root1 /em1 & leaves2 ?is is trav]s$1 *iefly l5g?wise1 by ! /r5g!n+ & conduct+ tissue1 wood-cells & duct-cells1 9 ! =m ( bundles or ?reads1 :i*1 9 ! /ems & /alks ( h]bs are few] & comp>atively scatt]$1 b 9 %rubs & trees s num]\s & cr[d$ t 9 ! /ems & all p]man5t p>ts !y make a solid mass ( wood4 ,!y ext5d into & ramify 9 ! leaves1 spread+ out 9 a horizontal plane1 z ! framework ( ribs & ve9s1 :i* supports ! s(t] cellul> portion or p>5*yma4 #daj4 ,wood-,cells1 or ,woody ,fibres1 consi/ ( tubes1 commonly betwe5 "o & two ?\s&?s1 b 9 ,p9e-wood sometimes two or ?ree hundr$?s1 ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^? f ! t\gh b>k ( ! ,basswood1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddd1 are only ! fifte5-hundr$? ( an in* wide4 ,^? ( ,buttonwood 7,fig4 #ddg7 are l>g]1 & are "h highly magnifi$ besides4 ,! figures %[ ! way wood-cells are commonly put toge!r1 namely1 ) _! tap]+ ends ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1--splic$ toge!r1 z x 71--?us giv+ m /r5g? & t\ghness4 ,9 h>d woods1 su* z ,hickory & ,oak1 ! walls ( ^! tubes are v ?ick1 z well z d5se2 :ile 9 s(t woods1 su* z ,:ite ,p9e & ,basswood1 !y are ?9n]4 #daa4 ,wood-cells 9 ! b>k are g5]ally long]1 f9]1 & t\gh] ?an ^? ( ! prop] wood1 & appe> m l fibres4 ,= example1 ,fig4 #ddf repres5ts a cell ( ! wood ( ,basswood ( av]age l5g?1 & ,fig4 #ddd "o 7& "p ( ano!r7 ( ! fibr\s b>k1 bo? drawn to ! same scale4 ,z ^! long cells =m ! pr9cipal "p ( fibr\s b>k1 or ba/1 !y are nam$ ,ba/-cells or ,ba/-fibres4 ,^! give ! great t\ghness & flexibility to ! inn] b>k ( ,basswood 7i4 e4 ,ba/-wood7 & ( ,lea!rwood2 & !y furni% ! invaluable fibres ( flax & hemp2 ! prop] wood ( _! /ems be+ t5d]1 brittle1 & de/roy$ by ! processes :i* sep>ate = use ! t\gh & sl5d] ba/-cells4 ,9 ,lea!rwood 7,dirca7 ! ba/-cells are rem>kably sl5d]4 ,a view ( "o1 if magnifi$ on ! scale ( ,fig4 #ddd1 w\ld be a foot & a half long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddh4 ,magnifi$ bit ( a p9e %av+1 tak5 p>allel ) ! silv] gra94 #ddi4 ,sep>ate :ole wood-cell1 m magnifi$4 #dej4 ,same1 /ill m magnifi$2 bo? sections repres5t$3 a1 disks 9 section1 b1 9 face4 #dab4 ,! wood-cells ( ,p9es1 & m or less ( all o!r ,conif]\s trees1 h on two ( _! sides v peculi> disk-%ap$ m>k+s 7,fig4 #ddh-dej7 by :i* t k9d ( wood is recognizable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dea1 #deb4 ,a l>ge & a small] dott$ duct f ,grape-,v9e4 #dac4 ,ducts1 also call$ ,,vessels1 are mo/ly l>g] ?an wood-cells3 inde$1 "s ( !m1 z 9 ,r$ ,oak1 h calibre l>ge en\gh to be disc]n$ on a cross section by ! nak$ eye4 ,!y make ! visible porosity ( su* k9ds ( wood4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,dott$ ducts 7,fig4 #dea1 #deb71 ! surface ( :i* appe>s z if riddl$ ) r\nd or oval pores4 ,su* ducts are commonly made up ( a r[ ( l>ge cells m or less conflu5t into a tube4 ,scal>i=m ducts 7,fig4 #deh1 #dei71 common 9 ,f]ns1 & g5]ally angl$ by mutual pressure 9 ! bundles1 h transv]sely elongat$ ?9 places1 p>allel ) ea* o!r1 giv+ a ladd]-l appe>ance1 :5ce ! "n4 ,annul> ducts 7,fig4 #deg7 are m>k$ ) cross l9es or r+s1 :i* are ?ick5$ portions ( ! cell-wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dec1 #ded4 ,spiral ducts :i* uncoil into a s+le ?read4 #dee4 ,spiral duct :i* te>s up z a b&4 #def4 ,an annul> duct1 ) v>iations above4 #deg4 ,loose spiral duct pass+ into annul>4 #deh4 ,scal>i=m ducts ( a ,f]n2 "p ( a bundle1 prismatic by pressure4 #dei4 ,"o torn into a b&4 ,spiral ducts or vessels 7,fig4 #dec-dee7 h ?9 walls1 /r5g!n$ by a spiral fibre adh]5t )94 ,?is is z delicate & z /rong z spid]-web3 :5 uncoil$ by pull+ ap>t1 x te>s up & annihilates ! cell-wall4 ,! uncoil$ ?reads are se5 by g5tly pull+ ap>t _m leaves1 su* z ^? ( ,am>yllis1 or ! /alk ( a ,/rawb]ry leaflet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfj4 ,milk ,vessels ( ,d&elion1 ) cells ( ! common cellul> tissue4 #dfa4 ,o!rs f ! same old] & gorg$ ) milky juice4 ,all highly magnifi$4 ,laticif]\s ducts1 ,vessels ( ! ,latex1 or ,milk-vessels are peculi> bran*+ tubes :i* hold latex or milky juice 9 c]ta9 plants4 ,x is v difficult to see !m1 & m s to make out _! nature4 ,!y are peculi> 9 bran*+ & inosculat+1 s z to make a net-"w ( tubes1 runn+ 9 among ! cellul> tissue2 & !y are v small1 except :5 gorg$ & old 7,fig4 #dfj1 #dfa74 ,sec4 #b4 ,,cell-,,cont5ts4 #dad4 ,! liv+ cont5ts ( "y & active cells are ma9ly protoplasm ) wat] or wat]y sap :i* ?is has imbib$4 ,old & effete cells are (t5 empty ( solid matt]1 conta9+ only wat] ) :atev] may be dissolv$ 9 x1 or air1 accord+ to ! "t & circum/ances4 ,all ! v>i\s products :i* plants 9 g5]al elaborate1 or :i* p>ticul> plants specially elaborate1 out ( ! common food :i* !y d]ive f ! soil & ! air1 are conta9$ 9 ! cells1 & 9 ! cells !y are produc$4 #dae4 ,sap is a g5]al "n = ! pr9cipal liquid cont5ts1--,crude sap1 = t :i* ! plant takes 91 ,elaborat$ sap = :at x has dige/$ or assimilat$4 ,!y mu/ be undi/+ui%ably mix$ 9 ! cells4 #daf4 ,among ! solid matt]s into :i* cells conv]t "s ( _! elaborat$ sap two are g5]al & mo/ important4 ,^! are ,*lorophyll & ,/>*4 #dag4 ,*lorophyll 7mean+ leaf-gre57 is :at gives ! gre5 color to h]bage4 ,x consi/s ( s(t gra9s ( r complex nature1 p>tly wax-l1 p>tly protoplasmic4 ,^! ab\nd 9 ! cells ( all common leaves & ! gre5 r9d ( plants1 :]ev] expos$ to ! light4 ,! gre5 color is se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t sk9 ( ! leaf & ! walls ( ! conta9+ cells4 ,*lorophyll is ess5tial to ord9>y assimilation 9 plants3 by its means1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 ! plant conv]ts crude sap into vegetable matt]4 #dah4 ,f> ! l>ge/ "p ( all vegetable matt] produc$ is t :i* goes to build up ! plant's fabric or cellul> /ructure1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,!re is no "o good "n = ?is mo/ important product ( vegetation4 ,9 its f9al /ate ( cell-walls1 ! p]man5t fabric ( h]b & %rub & tree1 x is call$ ,cellulose 7#djh73 9 its mo/ soluble =m x is ,sug> ( "o or ano!r k9d2 9 a less soluble =m x is ,dextr9e1 a k9d ( liquefi$ />*3 9 ! =m ( solid gra9s /or$ up 9 ! cells x is ,/>*4 ,by a s]ies ( slight *emical *anges 7ma9ly a v>iation 9 ! wat] ent]+ into ! composition71 "o ( ^! =ms is conv]t$ into ano!r4 #dai4 ,/>* 7,f>9a or ,fecula7 is ! =m 9 :i* ?is common plant mat]ial is1 z x 71 laid by = future use4 ,x consi/s ( solid gra9s1 some:at diff]5t 9 =m 9 diff]5t plants1 9 size v>y+ f #a_/cjj to #a_/djjj ( an in*1 p>tly transluc5t :5 wet1 & ( a pe>ly lu/re4 ,f ! conc5tric l9es1 :i* commonly appe> "u ! microscope1 ! gra9s seem to be made up ( lay] ov] lay]4 ,:5 loose !y are commonly oval1 z 9 potato-/>* 7,fig4 #dfb73 :5 mu* compact$ ! gra9s may become angul> 7,fig4 #dfc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfb4 ,"s magnifi$ />*-gra9s1 9 two cells ( a potato4 #dfc4 ,"s cells ( ! album5 or fl\ry "p ( ,indian ,corn1 fill$ ) />*-gra9s4 #dbj4 ,! />* 9 a potato 0 produc$ 9 ! foliage4 ,9 ! soluble =m ( dextr9e1 or t ( sug>1 x 0 convey$ ?r\gh ! cells ( ! h]bage & /alks to a subt]ranean %oot1 & !re /or$ up 9 ! tub]4 ,:5 ! potato spr\ts1 ! />* 9 ! vic9ity ( develop+ buds or eyes is *ang$ back aga91 fir/ into mucilag9\s dextr9e1 !n into sug>1 dissolv$ 9 ! sap1 & 9 ?is =m x is made to fl[ to ! gr[+ p>ts1 :]e x is laid d[n into cellulose or cell-wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfd4 ,f\r cells f dri$ ,onion-peel1 ea* hold+ a cry/al ( diff]5t %ape1 "o ( !m tw9n$4 #dfe4 ,"s cells f /alk ( ,rhub>b-plant1 ?ree conta9+ *lorophyll2 two 7"o torn across7 ) rhaphides4 #dff4 ,rhaphides 9 a cell1 f ,arisaema1 ) small cells surr\nd+4 #dfg4 ,prismatic cry/als f ! b>k ( ,hickory4 #dfh4 ,glom]ate cry/al 9 a cell1 f ,beet-root4 #dfi4 ,a few cells ( ,locu/-b>k1 a cry/al 9 ea*4 #dgj4 ,a deta*$ cell1 ) rhaphides be+ =c$ out1 z happ5s :5 put 9 wat]4 #dba4 ,besides ^! cell-cont5ts :i* are 9 obvi\s & ess5tial relation to nutrition1 !re are o!rs ! use ( :i* is problematical4 ,( su* ! commone/ are #dbb4 ,cry/als4 ,^! :5 sl5d] or ne$le-%ap$ are call$ ,,rhaphides4 ,!y are ( inorganic matt]1 usually ( oxalate or phosphate or sulphate ( lime4 ,"s1 at lea/ ( ! latt]1 may be direct cry/allizations ( :at is tak5 9 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] absorb$1 b o!rs mu/ be ! result ( "s elaboration 9 ! plant4 ,"s plants h h>dly any2 o!rs ab\nd 9 !m1 especially 9 ! foliage & b>k4 ,9 ,locu/-b>k almo/ e cell holds a cry/al2 s t 9 a squ>e in* n ?ick] ?an writ+-pap] !re may be ov] a million & a half ( !m4 ,:5 ne$le-%ap$ 7rhaphides71 z 9 /alks ( ,calla-,lily1 ,rhub>b1 or ,f\r-o'clock1 !y are usually pack$ 9 %eaf-l bundles4 7,fig4 #dfe1 #dff47 ,sec4 #c4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,roots ,,& ,,/ems4 #dbc4 ,?is is s ne>ly ! same t an acc\nt ( ! int]nal /ructure ( /ems may s]ve = ! root also4 #dbd4 ,at ! beg9n+1 ei!r 9 ! embryo or 9 an incipi5t %oot f a bud1 ! :ole /em is ( t5d] cellul> tissue or p>5*yma4 ,b wood 7consi/+ ( wood-cells & ducts or vessels7 beg9s to be =m$ 9 ! e>lie/ gr[?2 & is f ! fir/ arrang$ 9 two ways1 mak+ two g5]al k9ds ( wood4 ,! diff]5ce is obvi\s ev5 9 h]bs1 b is m conspicu\s 9 ! endur+ /ems ( %rubs & trees4 #dbe4 ,on "o or ! o!r ( ^! two types ! /ems ( all phan]ogam\s plants are con/ruct$4 ,9 "o1 ! wood is made up ( sep>ate ?reads1 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! :ole diamet] ( ! /em4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! wood is all collect$ to =m a lay] 79 a slice across ! /em appe>+ z a r+7 betwe5 a c5tral cellul> "p :i* has none 9 x1 ! ,pi?1 & an out] cellul> "p1 ! ,b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dga4 ,diagram ( /ructure ( ,palm or ,yucca4 #dgb4 ,/ructure ( a ,corn /alk1 9 transv]se & longitud9al section4 #dgc4 ,same ( a small ,palm /em4 ,! dots on ! cross sections repres5t cut ends ( ! woody bundles or ?reads4 #dbf4 ,an ,asp>agus-%oot & a ,corn-/alk = h]bs1 & a rattan = a woody k9d1 repres5t ! fir/ k9d4 ,to x belong all plants ) monocotyl$on\s embryo 7#dj74 ,a ,bean-/alk & ! /em ( any common %rub or tree repres5t ! second2 & to x belong all plants ) dicotyl$on\s or polycotyl$on\s embryo4 ,! fir/ has be5 call$1 n v prop]ly1 ,endog5\s1 :i* means inside-gr[+2 ! second1 prop]ly en\gh1 ,exog5\s1 or outside-gr[+4 #dbg4 ,endog5\s ,/ems1 ^? ( ,monocotyls 7#dj71 atta9 _! greate/ size & mo/ *>act]i/ic developm5t 9 ,palms & ,dragon-trees1 !re=e *iefly 9 w>m climates1 al?\gh ! ,palmetto & "s ,yuccas become trees along ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 su* /ems ! woody bundles are m num]\s & cr[d$ t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 & s ! h>d] wood is outside2 :ile 9 an exog5\s /em ! olde/ & h>de/ wood is t[>d ! c5tre4 ,an endog5\s /em has no cle> di/9ction ( pi?1 b>k1 & wood1 conc5trically arrang$1 no silv] gra91 no annual lay]s1 no b>k t peels (f clean f ! wood4 ,yet old /ems ( ,yuccas & ! l1 t cont9ue to increase 9 diamet]1 d =m a sort ( lay]s & a k9d ( scaly b>k :5 old4 ,yuccas %[ well ! curv+ ( ! woody bundles 7,fig4 #dga7 :i* bel[ tap] out & are lo/ at ! r9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgd4 ,%ort piece ( /em ( ,flax1 magnifi$1 %[+ ! b>k1 wood1 & pi? 9 a cross section4 #dbh4 ,exog5\s ,/ems1 ^? ( ,dicotyls 7#cg71 or ( plants com+ f dicotyl$on\s & also polycotyl$on\s embryos1 h a /ructure :i* is famili> 9 ! wood ( our ord9>y trees & %rubs4 ,x is ! same 9 an h]bace\s %oot 7su* z a ,flax-/em1 ,fig4 #dgd7 z 9 a ,maple-/em ( ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?1 except t ! woody lay] is commonly ?9n] or p]haps r$uc$ to a circle ( bundles4 ,x 0 s 9 ! tree-/em at ! beg9n+4 ,! wood all =ms 9 a cyl9d]1--9 cross section a r+--ar\nd a c5tral cellul> "p1 divid+ ! cellul> core )91 ! pi?1 f a cellul> b>k )\t4 ,z ! wood-bundles increase 9 numb] & 9 size1 !y press ^u ea* o!r & become w$ge-%ap$ 9 ! cross section2 & !y cont9ue to gr[ f ! outside1 next ! b>k1 s t !y become v ?9 w$ges or plates4 ,betwe5 ! plates or w$ges are v ?9 plates 79 cross section l9es7 ( mu* compress$ cellul> tissue1 :i* connect ! pi? ) ! b>k4 ,! plan ( a "o-ye>-old woody /em ( ?is k9d is exhibit$ 9 ! figures1 :i* are ess5tially diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dge4 ,diagram ( a cross section ( a v "y exog5\s /em1 %[+ six woody bundles or w$ges4 #dgf4 ,same lat]1 ) w$ges increas$ to twelve4 #dgg4 ,/ill lat]1 ! w$ges fill+ ! space1 sep>at$ only by ! ?9 l9es1 or m$ull>y rays1 runn+ f pi? to b>k4 #dbi4 ,:5 su* a /em gr[s on f ye> to ye>1 x adds annually a lay] ( wood outside ! prec$+ "o1 betwe5 t & ! b>k4 ,?is is exog5\s gr[?1 or outside-gr[+1 z ! "n d5otes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgh4 ,piece ( a /em ( ,s(t ,maple1 ( a ye> old1 cut crosswise & l5g?wise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgi4 ,a portion ( ! same1 magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhj4 ,a small piece ( ! same1 tak5 f "o side1 rea*+ f ! b>k to ! pi?1 & highly magnifi$3 a1 a small bit ( ! pi?2 b1 spiral ducts ( :at is call$ ! m$ull>y %ea?2 c1 ! wood2 d1 d1 dott$ ducts 9 ! wood2 e1 e1 annul> ducts2 f1 ! lib] or inn] b>k2 g1 ! gre5 b>k2 h1 ! corky lay]2 i1 ! sk91 or epid]mis2 j1 "o ( ! m$ull>y rays1 or plates ( silv] gra91 se5 on ! cross-section4 #dcj4 ,"s new b>k is =m$ e ye>1 z well z new wood1 ! =m] inside1 z ! latt] is outside ( t ( ! ye> prec$+4 ,! r+ or zone ( t5d] =m+ tissue betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood has be5 call$ ! ,cambium ,lay]4 ,cambium is an old "n ( ! physiologi/s = nutritive juice4 ,& ?is ?9 lay] is s gorg$ ) ri* nutritive sap :5 spr+ gr[? is r5ew$1 t ! b>k !n seems to be loose f ! wood & a lay] ( viscid sap 7or cambium7 to be p\r$ out betwe5 ! two4 ,b !re is all ! :ile a connection ( ! b>k & ! wood by delicate cells1 rapidly multiply+ & gr[+4 #dca4 ,! ,b>k ( a ye>-old /em consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 m or less di/9ct1 namely1--beg9n+ next ! wood1-- #a4 ,! ,,lib] or ,,fibr\s ,,b>k1 ! ,inn] ,b>k4 ,?is conta9s "s wood-cells1 or _! equival5t1 commonly 9 ! =m ( ba/ or ba/-cells 7#daa1 ,fig4 #ddd71 su* z ^? ( ,basswood or ,l9d51 & among h]bs ^? ( flax & hemp1 :i* are spun & wov5 or made into cordage4 ,x also conta9s cells :i* are nam$ sieve-cells1 on acc\nt ( num]\s slits & pores 9 _! walls1 by :i* ! protoplasm ( contigu\s cells communicates4 ,9 woody /ems1 :5ev] a new lay] ( wood is =m$1 "s new lib] or inn] b>k is also =m$ outside ( x4 #b4 ,! ,,gre5 ,,b>k or ,middle ,b>k4 ,?is consi/s ( cellul> tissue only1 & conta9s ! same gre5 matt] 7*lorophyll1 #dag7 z ! leaves4 ,9 woody /ems1 be=e ! season's gr[? is complet$1 x becomes cov]$ by #c4 ,! ,,corky ,,lay] or ,out] ,b>k1 ! cells ( :i* conta9 no *lorophyll1 & are ( ! nature ( cork4 ,common cork is ! ?ick corky lay] ( ! b>k ( ! ,cork-,oak ( ,spa94 ,x is ?is :i* gives to ! /ems or twigs ( %rubs & trees ! aspect & ! color peculi> to ea*1--light gray 9 ! ,a%1 purple 9 ! ,r$ ,maple1 r$ 9 sev]al ,dogwoods1 etc4 #d4 ,! ,,epid]mis1 or sk9 ( ! plant1 consi/+ ( a lay] ( ?ick-sid$ empty cells1 :i* may be consid]$ to be ! out]mo/ lay]1 or 9 mo/ h]bace\s /ems ! only lay]1 ( cork-cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dha4 ,magnifi$ view ( surface ( a bit ( "y ,maple wood f :i* ! b>k has be5 torn away1 %[+ ! wood-cells & ! b>k-ends ( m$ull>y rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhb4 ,section 9 ! opposite direction1 f b>k 7on ! left7 to beg9n+ ( pi? 7on ! "r71 & a m$ull>y ray ext5d+ f "o to ! o!r4 #dcb4 ,! gre5 lay] ( b>k seldom gr[s mu* aft] ! fir/ season4 ,sometimes ! corky lay] gr[s & =ms new lay]s1 inside ( ! old1 = ye>s1 z 9 ! ,cork-,oak1 ! ,sweet ,gum-tree1 & ! ,:ite & ! ,pap] ,bir*4 ,b x all dies aft] a :ile2 & ! cont9ual enl>gem5t ( ! wood )9 f9ally /ret*es x m ?an x c be>1 & soon] or lat] cracks & r5ds x1 :ile ! wea!r acts p[]fully ^u its surface2 s ! old] b>k p]i%es & falls away piecemeal ye> by ye>4 #dcc4 ,s on old trunks only ! inn] b>k rema9s4 ,?is is r5ew$ e ye> f )9 & s kept alive1 :ile ! old] & out] lay]s die1 are fissur$ & r5t by ! di/5d+ trunk1 wea!r$ & worn1 & ?r[n (f 9 fragm5ts1--9 "s trees sl[ly1 s t ! b>k ( old trunks may acquire great ?ickness2 9 o!rs1 m rapidly4 ,9 ,honeysuckles & ,grape-,v9es1 ! lay]s ( lib] loos5 & die :5 only a ye> or two old4 ,! annual lay]s ( lib] are sometimes z di/9ct z ^? ( ! wood1 b (t5 n s4 #dcd4 ,! ,wood ( an exog5\s trunk1 hav+ ! old gr[?s cov]$ by ! new1 rema9s ne>ly un*ang$ 9 age1 except f decay4 ,:]ev] !re is an annual susp5sion & r5ewal ( gr[?1 z 9 temp]ate climates1 ! annual gr[?s are m or less di/9ctly m>k$1 9 ! =m ( conc5tric r+s on ! cross section1 s t ! age ( ! tree may be kn[n by c\nt+ !m4 ,ov] twelve hundr$ lay]s h be5 c\nt$ on ! /umps ( ,sequoias 9 ,cali=nia1 & x is probable t "s trees n[ liv+ ant$ate ! ,*ri/ian era4 #dce4 ,! reason :y ! annual gr[?s are di/+ui%able is1 t ! wood =m$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! season is m or less diff]5t 9 ! size or "* ( ! cells f t ( ! close4 ,9 ,oak1 ,*e/nut1 etc41 ! fir/ wood ( ! season ab\nds 9 dott$ ducts1 ! calibre ( :i* is _m times great] ?an t ( ! prop] wood-cells4 #dcf4 ,sap-wood1 or ,alburnum4 ,?is is ! new] wood1 liv+ or rec5tly alive1 & tak+ "p 9 ! conveyance ( sap4 ,soon] or lat]1 ea* lay]1 z x becomes m & m deeply cov]$ by ! new] ones & f>!r f ! region ( gr[?1 is conv]t$ into #dcg4 ,he>t-wood1 or ,duram54 ,?is is dri]1 h>d]1 m solid1 & mu* m durable z timb]1 ?an sap-wood4 ,x is g5]ally ( a diff]5t color1 & x exhibits 9 diff]5t species ! hue peculi> to ea*1 su* z r$di% 9 ,r$-,c$>1 br[n 9 ,black-,walnut1 black 9 ,ebony1 etc4 ,! *ange ( sap-wood into he>t-wood results f ! ?ick5+ ( ! walls ( ! wood-cells by ! deposition ( h>d matt]1 l9+ ! tubes & dim9i%+ _! calibre2 & by ! deposition ( a vegetable color+-matt] peculi> to ea* species4 ,! he>t-wood1 be+ no long] a liv+ "p1 may decay1 & (t5 does s1 )\t ! lea/ injury to ! tree1 except by dim9i%+ ! /r5g? ( ! trunk1 & s r5d]+ x m liable to be ov]?r[n4 #dch4 ,! ,liv+ ,p>ts ( a ,tree1 ( ! exog5\s k9d1 are only ^!3 fir/1 ! rootlets at "o extremity2 second1 ! buds & leaves ( ! season at ! o!r2 & ?ird1 a zone consi/+ ( ! newe/ wood & ! newe/ b>k1 connect+ ! rootlets ) ! buds or leaves1 h[ev] widely sep>at$ ^! may be1--9 ! talle/ trees f two to f\r hundr$ feet ap>t4 ,& ^! p>ts ( ! tree are all r5ew$ e ye>4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t trees may live s long1 s9ce !y annually reproduce ev]y?+ t is ess5tial to _! life & gr[?1 & s9ce only a v small "p ( _! bulk is alive at once4 ,! tree survives1 b no?+ n[ liv+ has be5 s long4 ,9 x1 z else:]e1 life is a transitory ?+1 ev] ab&on+ ! old1 & r5ew$ 9 ! "y4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,leaves4 #dci4 ,! wood 9 leaves is ! framework ( ribs1 ve9s1 & ve9lets 7#abe71 s]v+ n only to /r5g!n !m1 b also to br+ 9 ! sap1 & to di/ribute x ?r\gh\t e "p4 ,! cellul> portion is ! gre5 pulp1 & is ne>ly ! same z ! gre5 lay] ( ! b>k4 ,s t ! leaf may prop]ly en\gh be reg>d$ z a sort ( expansion ( ! fibr\s & gre5 lay]s ( ! b>k4 ,x has no prop] corky lay]2 b ! :ole is cov]$ by a transp>5t sk9 or epid]mis1 resembl+ t ( ! /em4 #ddj4 ,! cells ( ! leaf are ( v>i\s =ms1 r>ely s compact z to =m a close cellul> tissue1 usually loosely arrang$1 at lea/ 9 ! l[] "p1 s z to give copi\s int]v5+ spaces or air passages1 communicat+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole int]ior 7,fig4 #ddc1 #dhc74 ,! gre5 color is giv5 by ! *lorophyll 7#dag71 se5 ?r\gh ! v transp>5t walls ( ! cells & ?r\gh ! transluc5t epid]mis ( ! leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhc4 ,magnifi$ section ( a leaf ( ,:ite ,lily1 to exhibit ! cellul> /ructure1 bo? ( upp] & l[] /ratum1 ! air-passages ( ! l[]1 & ! epid]mis or sk91 9 section1 also a little ( t ( ! l[] face1 ) "s ( its /omates4 #dda4 ,9 ord9>y leaves1 hav+ an upp] & "u surface1 ! gre5 cells =m two di/9ct /rata1 ( diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,^? ( ! upp] /ratum are oblong or cyl9drical1 & /& endwise to ! surface ( ! leaf1 usually close toge!r1 leav+ h>dly any vacant spaces2 ^? ( ! l[] are commonly irregul> 9 %ape1 mo/ ( !m ) _! long] diamet] p>allel to ! face ( ! leaf1 & are v loosely arrang$1 leav+ _m & wide air-*amb]s4 ,! gre5 color ( ! l[] is !re=e dilut$1 & pal] ?an t ( ! upp] face ( ! leaf4 ,! upp] "p ( ! leaf is s con/ruct$ z to be> ! direct action ( ! sun%9e2 ! l[] s z to af=d fre] circulation ( air1 & to facilitate transpiration4 ,x communicates m directly ?an ! upp] ) ! ext]nal air by means ( ,/omates4 #ddb4 ,! ,epid]mis or sk9 ( leaves & all "y %oots is be/ se5 9 ! foliage4 ,x may readily be /ripp$ (f f ! surface ( a ,lily-leaf1 & /ill m s f m fle%y & s(t leaves1 su* z ^? ( ,h\seleek4 ,! epid]mis is usually compos$ ( a s+le lay]1 occasionally ( two or ?ree lay]s1 ( empty cells1 mo/ly ( irregul> outl9e4 ,! s9u\s l9es :i* trav]se x1 & may be disc]n$ "u l[ p[]s ( ! microscope 7,fig4 #dhg71 are ! b\nd>ies ( ! epid]mal cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhd4 ,small portion ( epid]mis ( ! l[] face ( a ,:ite-,lily leaf1 ) /omata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhe4 ,"o ( ^!1 m magnifi$1 9 ! clos$ /ate4 #dhf4 ,ano!r /oma1 op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhg4 ,small portion ( epid]mis ( ! ,g>d5 ,balsam1 highly magnifi$1 %[+ v s9u\s-wall$ cells1 & ?ree /omata4 #ddc4 ,brea?+-pores1 or ,/omates1 ,/omata 7s+ul>1 a ,/oma1--lit]ally1 a m\?7 are op5+s ?r\gh ! epid]mis into ! air-*amb]s or int]cellul> passages1 always betwe5 & gu>d$ by a pair ( ?9-wall$ gu>dian cells4 ,al?\gh mo/ abundant 9 leaves1 especially on _! l[] face 7t :i* is scre5$ f direct sunlight71 !y are f\nd on mo/ o!r gre5 p>ts4 ,!y e/abli% a direct communication betwe5 ! ext]nal air & t 9 ! loose int]ior ( ! leaf4 ,_! gu>dian cells or lips1 :i* are s(t & delicate1 l ^? ( ! gre5 pulp )91 by _! great] or less turgidity op5 or close ! orifice z ! moi/ure or dryness v>ies4 #ddd4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,lily ! /omata are s rem>kably l>ge t !y may be se5 by a simple microscope ( mod]ate p[]1 & may be disc]n$ ev5 by a good h& l5s4 ,!re are ab\t #fj1jjj ( !m to ! squ>e in* ( ! epid]mis ( ! l[] face ( ?is ,lily-leaf1 & only ab\t #cjjj to ! same space on ! upp] face4 ,x is comput$ t an av]age leaf ( an ,apple-tree has on its l[] face ab\t #ajj1jjj ( ^! m\?s4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,plant ,,food ,,& ,,assimilation4 #dde4 ,only plants are capable ( orig9at+ organizable matt]1 or ! mat]ials :i* compose ! /ructure ( vegetables & animals4 ,! ess5tial & peculi> "w ( plants is to take up portions ( e>? & air 7wat] belong+ to bo?7 ^u :i* animals _c live at all1 & to conv]t !m into some?+ organizable2 t is1 into some?+ t1 "u life1 may be built up into vegetable & animal /ructures4 ,all ! food ( animals is produc$ by plants4 ,animals live ^u vegetables1 directly or at second h&1 ! c>nivor\s ^u ! h]bivor\s2 & vegetables live ^u e>? & air1 imm$iately or at second h&4 #ddf4 ,! ,food ( plants1 !n1 prim>ily1 is e>? & air4 ,?is is evid5t en\gh f ! way 9 :i* !y live4 ,_m plants w fl\ri% 9 pure s& or p[d]$ *alk1 or on ! b>e face ( a rock or wall1 wat]$ m]ely ) ra94 ,& almo/ any plant may be made to gr[ f ! se$ 9 moi/ s&1 & increase its weight _m times1 ev5 if x w n come to p]fection4 ,_m naturally live susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( trees high 9 ! air1 & n\ri%$ by x alone1 nev] hav+ any connection ) ! soil2 & "s :i* naturally gr[ on ! gr\nd1 l ! ,live-=ev] ( ! g>d5s1 :5 pull$ up by ! roots & hung 9 ! air w (t5 fl\ri% ! :ole summ] long4 #ddg4 ,x is true t fa/-gr[+ plants1 or ^? :i* produce mu* vegetable matt] 9 "o season 7especially 9 su* conc5trat$ =m z to be useful z food = man or ! high] animals7 w come to maturity only 9 an enri*$ soil4 ,b :at is a ri* soil8 ,"o :i* conta9s decompos+ vegetable matt]1 or "s decompos+ animal matt]2 t is1 9 ei!r case1 "s decompos+ organic matt] =m]ly produc$ by plants4 ,aid$ by ?is1 gra9-be>+ & o!r important vegetables w gr[ m rapidly & vigor\sly1 & make a great] am\nt ( n\ri%+ matt]1 ?an !y c\ld if left to d ! :ole "w at once f ! beg9n+4 ,s t 9 ^! cases also all ! organic or organizable matt] 0 made by plants1 & made out ( e>? & air4 ,f> ! l>g] & mo/ ess5tial "p 0 air & wat]4 #ddh4 ,two k9ds ( mat]ial are tak5 9 & us$ by plants2 ( :i* ! fir/1 al?\gh m or less ess5tial to p]fect plant-gr[?1 are 9 a c]ta9 s5se subsidi>y1 if n accid5tal1 viz43-- ,e>?y con/itu5ts1 ^? :i* are left 9 ! =m ( a%es :5 a leaf or a /ick ( wood is burn$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,^! consi/ ( "s pota% 7or soda 9 a m>9e plant71 "s silex 7! same z fl9t71 & a little lime1 alum9e1 or magnesia1 iron or manganese1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 etc41--"s or all ( ^! 9 v>iable & usually m9ute proportions4 ,!y are su* mat]ials z happ5 to be dissolv$1 9 small quantity1 9 ! wat] tak5 up by ! roots2 & :5 t is consum$ by ! plant1 or flies (f pure 7z x l>gely does7 by exhalation1 ! e>?y matt] is left beh9d 9 ! cells1--j z x is left incru/+ ! sides ( a teakettle 9 :i* mu* h>d wat] has be5 boil$4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 !re is m e>?y matt] 7i4 e4 m a%es7 9 ! leaves ?an 9 any o!r "p 7sometimes z mu* z sev5 p] c5t1 :5 ! wood conta9s only two p] c5t72 because x is ?r\gh ! leaves t mo/ ( ! wat] escapes f ! plant4 ,"s ( ?is e>?y matt] incru/s ! cell-walls1 "s goes to =m cry/als or rhaphides1 :i* ab\nd 9 _m plants 7#dbb71 "s ent]s into c]ta9 special vegetable products1 & "s appe>s to be necess>y to ! well-be+ ( ! high] ord]s ( plants1 al?\gh =m+ no necess>y "p ( ! prop] vegetable /ructure4 ,! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! organic fabric are ^? :i* are dissipat$ into air & vapor 9 complete burn+4 ,!y make up f #hh to #ii p] c5t ( ! leaf or /em1 & ess5tially ! :ole bo? ( ! cellulose ( ! walls & ! protoplasm ( ! cont5ts4 ,burn+ gives ^! mat]ials ( ! plant's /ructure back to ! air1 ma9ly 9 ! same condition 9 :i* ! plant took !m1 ! same condition :i* is rea*$ m sl[ly 9 natural decay4 ,! *emical elem5ts ( ! cell-walls 7or cellulose1 #djb71 z also ( />*1 sug>1 & all t class ( organizable cell-mat]ial1 are c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 7#cii74 ,! same1 ) nitrog51 are ! con/itu5ts ( protoplasm1 or ! truly vital "p ( vegetation4 #ddi4 ,^! *emical elem5ts out ( :i* organic matt]s are compos$ are suppli$ to ! plant by wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & "s comb9ations ( nitrog54 ,wat]1 f> m l>gely ?an any?+ else1 is imbib$ by ! roots2 also m or less by ! foliage 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,wat] consi/s ( oxyg5 & hydrog52 & cellulose or plant-wall1 />*1 sug>1 etc41 h[ev] diff]5t 9 _! qualities1 agree 9 conta9+ ^! two elem5ts 9 ! same relative proportions z 9 wat]4 ,c>bonic acid gas 7,c>bon dioxide7 is "o ( ! compon5ts ( ! atmosph]e1--a small "o1 ord9>ily only ab\t #a_/bejj ( its bulk1--suffici5t = ! supply ( vegetation1 b n en\gh to be injuri\s to animals1 z x w\ld be if accumulat$4 ,e curr5t or breeze ( air br+s to ! leaves exp&$ 9 x a succession ( fre% atoms ( c>bonic acid1 :i* x absorbs ?r\gh its multitud9\s brea?+-pores4 ,?is gas is also tak5 up by wat]4 ,s x is br\ght to ! gr\nd by ra91 & is absorb$ by ! roots ( plants1 ei!r z dissolv$ 9 ! wat] !y imbibe1 or 9 ! =m ( gas 9 ! int]/ices ( ! soil4 ,manur$ gr\nd1 t is1 soil conta9+ decompos+ vegetable or animal matt]s1 is con/antly giv+ out ?is gas into ! int]/ices ( ! soil1 :5ce ! roots ( ! gr[+ crop absorb x4 ,c>bonic acid ?us suppli$1 prim>ily f ! air1 is ! s\rce ( ! c>bon :i* =ms mu* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! sub/ance ( e plant4 ,! proportion ( c>bon may be r\ghly e/imat$ by *>r+ "s wood or foliage2 t is1 by heat+ x out ( contact ) ! air1 s z to decompose & drive (f all ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! fabric1 leav+ ! l>ge bulk ( *>coal or c>bon beh9d4 ,nitrog51 ! rema9+ plant-elem5t1 is a gas :i* makes up m ?an two ?irds ( ! atmosph]e1 is br\ght into ! foliage & also to ! roots 7be+ mod]ately soluble 9 wat]7 9 ! same ways z is c>bonic acid4 ,! nitrog5 :i*1 mix$ ) oxyg51 a little c>bonic acid1 & vapor ( wat]1 con/itutes ! air we brea!1 is ! s\rce ( ?is f\r? plant-elem5t4 ,b x is v d\btful if ord9>y plants c use any nitrog5 gas directly z food2 t is1 if !y c directly cause x to comb9e ) ! o!r elem5ts s z to =m protoplasm4 ,b :5 comb9$ ) hydrog5 7=m+ ammonia71 or :5 comb9$ ) oxyg5 7nitric acid & nitrates7 plants appropriate x ) avidity4 ,& sev]al natural processes are go+ on 9 :i* nitrog5 ( ! air is s comb9$ & suppli$ to ! soil 9 =ms directly available to ! plant4 ,! mo/ effici5t is nitrification1 ! =mation ( nitre 7nitrate ( pota%7 9 ! soil1 especially 9 all f]tile soils1 ?r\gh ! action ( a bact]ial f]m5t4 #dej4 ,assimilation 9 plants is ! conv]sion ( ^! inorganic sub/ances--ess5tially1 wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & "s =m ( comb9$ or comb9able nitrog5--into vegetable matt]4 ,?is mo/ dilute food ! liv+ plant conc5trates & assimilates to itself4 ,only plants are capable ( conv]t+ ^! m9]al into organizable matt]s2 & ?is all-important "w is done by !m 7s f> z all ord9>y vegetation is conc]n$7 only #dea4 ,"u ! light ( ! sun1 act+ ^u gre5 p>ts or foliage1 t is1 ^u ! *lorophyll1 or ^u :at answ]s to *lorophyll1 :i* ^! p>ts conta94 ,! sun 9 "s way supplies a p[] :i* enables ! liv+ plant to orig9ate ^! peculi> *emical comb9ations1--to organize matt] into =ms :i* are alone capable ( be+ end[$ ) life4 ,! pro( ( ?is proposition is simple2 & x %[s at ! same "t1 9 ! simple/ way1 :at a plant does ) ! wat] & c>bonic acid x consumes4 ,namely1 #a/1 x is only 9 sun%9e or bright daylight t ! gre5 p>ts ( plants give out oxyg5 gas1--!n !y regul>ly d s2 & #b;d1 ! giv+ out ( ?is oxyg5 gas is requir$ to r5d] ! *emical composition ( wat] & c>bonic acid ! same z t ( cellulose1 t is1 ( ! plant's p]man5t fabric4 ,?is %[s :y plants spread out s l>ge a surface ( foliage4 ,leaves are s _m work%ops1 full ( ma*9]y work$ by sun-p[]4 ,! emission ( oxyg5 gas f any sun-lit foliage is se5 by plac+ "s ( ?is "u wat]1 or by us+ an aquatic plant1 by collect+ ! air bubbles :i* rise1 & by not+ t a tap] burns bright] 9 ?is air4 ,or a leafy plant 9 a glass globe may be suppli$ ) a c]ta9 small p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid gas1 & aft] prop] exposure to sun%9e1 ! air on be+ te/$ w be f\nd to conta9 less c>bonic acid & j s mu* ! m oxyg5 gas4 #deb4 ,n[ if ! plant is mak+ cellulose or any equival5t sub/ance1--t is1 is mak+ ! v mat]ials ( its fabric & gr[?1 z mu/ g5]ally be ! case1--all ?is oxyg5 gas giv5 (f by ! leaves comes f ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid tak5 9 by ! plant4 ,= cellulose1 & also />*1 dextr9e1 sug>1 & ! l are compos$ ( c>bon along ) oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 j ! proportions to =m wat]4 ,& ! c>bonic acid & wat] tak5 91 less ! oxyg5 :i* ! c>bon br\ght ) x z c>bonic acid1 & :i* is giv5 (f f ! foliage 9 sun%9e1 j repres5ts ! manufactur$ article1 cellulose4 #dec4 ,x comes to ! same if ! fir/ product ( assimilation is sug>1 or dextr9e :i* is a sort ( soluble />*1 or />* itself4 ,& 9 ! plant all ^! =ms are readily *ang$ into "o ano!r4 ,9 ! t9y se$l+1 z fa/ z ?is assimilat$ matt] is =m$ x is us$ 9 gr[?1 t is1 9 ! =mation ( cell-walls4 ,aft] a "t "s or mu* ( ! product may be accumulat$ 9 /ore = future gr[?1 z 9 ! root ( ! turnip1 or ! tub] ( ! potato1 or ! se$ ( corn or pulse4 ,?is /ore is ma9ly 9 ! =m ( />*4 ,:5 gr[? beg9s anew1 ?is />* is turn$ into dextr9e or into sug>1 9 liquid =m1 & us$ to n\ri% & build up ! g]m9at+ embryo or ! new %oot1 :]e x is at l5g? conv]t$ into cellulose & us$ to build up plant-/ructure4 #ded4 ,b t :i* builds plant-fabric is n ! cellul> /ructure itself2 ! "w is done by ! liv+ protoplasm :i* dwells )9 ! walls4 ,?is also has to take & to assimilate its prop] food1 = its own ma9t5ance & gr[?4 ,protoplasm assimilates1 along ) ! o!r ?ree elem5ts1 ! nitrog5 ( ! plant's food4 ,?is comes prim>ily f ! va/ /ock 9 ! atmosph]e1 b ma9ly ?r\gh ! e>?1 :]e x is accumulat$ ?r\gh v>i\s processes 9 a f]tile soil1--ma9ly1 s f> z conc]ns crops1 f ! decomposition ( =m] vegetables & animals4 ,?is protoplasm1 :i* is =m$ at ! same "t z ! simpl] cellulose1 is ess5tially ! same z ! fle% ( animals1 & ! s\rce ( x4 ,x is ! common basis ( vegetable & ( animal life4 #dee4 ,s plant-assimilation produces all ! food & fabric ( animals4 ,/>*1 sug>1 ! oils 7:i* are1 z x 71 ^! f>9ace\s matt]s m deoxidat$71 *lorophyll1 & ! l1 & ev5 cellulose itself1 =m ! food ( h]bivor\s animals & mu* ( ! food ( man4 ,:5 dige/$ !y ent] into ! blood1 und]go v>i\s trans=mations1 & are at l5g? decompos$ into c>bonic acid & wat]1 & exhal$ f ! lungs 9 respiration1--9 o!r words1 are giv5 back to ! air by ! animal z ! v same mat]ials :i* ! plant took f ! air z its food1--are giv5 back to ! air 9 ! same =m t !y w\ld h tak5 if ! vegetable matt] _h be5 left to decay :]e x grew1 or if x _h be5 set on fire & burn$2 & ) ! same result1 too1 z to ! heat1--! heat 9 ?is case produc+ & ma9ta9+ ! prop] temp]ature ( ! animal4 #def4 ,! protoplasm & o!r products conta9+ nitrog5 7glut51 legum9e1 etc471 & :i* are mo/ accumulat$ 9 gra9s & se$s 7= ! n\ri%m5t ( _! embryos :5 !y g]m9ate71 compose ! mo/ nutriti\s vegetable food consum$ by animals2 !y =m _! prop] fle% & s9ews1 :ile ! e>?y con/itu5ts ( ! plant =m ! e>?y matt] ( ! bones1 etc4 ,at l5g? decompos$1 9 ! secretions & excretions1 ^! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts are ?r\gh successive *anges f9ally resolv$ into m9]al matt]1 into c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammonia or "s nitrates1--into exactly or ess5tially ! same mat]ials :i* ! plants took up & assimilat$4 ,animals dep5d ^u vegetables absolutely & directly = _! subsi/5ce2 also indirectly1 because #deg4 ,plants purify ! air = animals4 ,9 ! v process by :i* !y create food !y take f ! air c>bonic acid gas1 injuri\s to animal respiration1 :i* is cont9ually p\r$ into x by ! brea?+ ( all animals1 by all decay1 by ! burn+ ( fuel & all o!r ord9>y combu/ion2 & !y re/ore an equal bulk ( life-su/a9+ oxyg5 ne$ful = ! respiration ( animals1--ne$ful1 also1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 = plants 9 any "w !y d4 ,= 9 plants1 z well z 9 animals1 "w is done at a c]ta9 co/4 ,sec4 #f4 ,,plant ,,"w ,,& ,,movem5t4 #deh4 ,z ! organic basis & truly liv+ mat]ial ( plants is id5tical ) t ( animals1 s is ! life at bottom ess5tially ! same2 b 9 animals some?+ is add$ at e rise f ! l[e/ to highe/ organisms4 ,action & "w 9 liv+ be+s require movem5t4 #dei4 ,liv+ ?+s move2 ^? n liv+ are only mov$4 ,plants move z truly z d animals4 ,! latt]1 n\ri%$ z !y are ^u organiz$ food1 :i* has be5 prep>$ = !m by plants1 & is f\nd only "h & !re1 mu/ ne$s h ! p[] ( go+ aft] x1 ( collect+ x1 or at lea/ ( tak+ x 92 :i* requires !m to make spontane\s movem5ts4 ,b ord9>y plants1 ) _! wide-spread surface1 always 9 contact ) ! e>? & air on :i* !y fe$1--! latt] ev]y:]e ! same1 & ! =m] v mu* s1--might be ?\ght to h no ne$ ( movem5t4 ,ord9>y plants1 inde$1 h no locomotion2 "s float1 b mo/ are root$ to ! spot :]e !y grew4 ,yet probably all ( !m execute v>i\s movem5ts :i* mu/ be z truly self-caus$ z are ^? ( ! l[] grades ( animals1--movem5ts :i* are ov]look$ only because too sl[ to be directly obs]v$4 ,nev]!less1 ! motion ( ! h\r-h& & ( ! m9ute-h& ( a wat* is n less real ?an t ( ! second-h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhh4 ,two individuals ( an ,oscill>ia1 magnifi$4 #dfj4 ,locomotion4 ,moreov]1 _m microscopic plants liv+ 9 wat] are se5 to move freely1 if n briskly1 "u ! microscope2 & s likewise d m conspicu\s aquatic plants 9 _! embryo-l or se$l+ /ate4 ,ev5 at maturity1 species ( ,oscill>ia 7su* z 9 ,fig4 #dhh1 m9ute worm-%ap$ plants ( fre% wat]s1 tak+ ?is "n f _! oscillat+ motions7 freely execute ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( movem5t1 ! v delicate inve/+ coat ( cellulose n imp$+ ! action ( ! liv+ protoplasm )94 ,ev5 :5 ?is coat is firm] & h>d5$ ) a silice\s deposit1 su* cresc5t-%ap$ or boat-%ap$ "o-cell$ plants z ,clo/]ium or ,n>icula are able 9 "s way to move along f place to place 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhi4 ,a few cells ( a leaf ( ,naias flexilis1 highly magnifi$3 ! arr[s indicate ! c\rses ( ! circulat+ curr5ts4 #dfa4 ,movem5ts 9 ,cells1 or ,cell-circulation1 sometimes call$ ,cyclosis1 has be5 detect$ 9 s _m plants1 especially 9 comp>atively transp>5t aquatic plants & 9 hairs on ! surface ( l& plants 7:]e x is easie/ to obs]ve71 t x may be inf]r$ to take place 9 all cells dur+ ! mo/ active "p ( _! life4 ,?is motion is commonly a /ream+ movem5t ( ?reads ( protoplasm1 c>ry+ along solid granules by :i* ! action may be obs]v$ & ! rate measur$1 or 9 "s cases x is a rotation ( ! :ole protoplasmic cont5ts ( ! cell4 ,a comp>atively l[ magnify+ p[] w %[ x 9 ! cells ( ,nitella & ,*>a 7:i* are cryptogam\s plants72 & "u a mod]ate p[] x is well se5 9 ! ,tape ,grass ( fre% wat]1 ,vallisn]ia1 & 9 ,naias flexilis 7,fig4 #dhi74 ,m9ute p>ticles & l>g] gre5i% globules are se5 to be c>ri$ along1 z if 9 a curr5t1 ar\nd ! cell1 pass+ up "o side1 across ! end1 d[n ! o!r & across ! bottom1 complet+ ! circuit sometimes )9 a m9ute or less :5 well w>m$4 ,to see x well 9 ! cell1 :i* l a /r+ ( beads =m ! hairs on ! /am5s ( ,spid]wort1 a high magnify+ p[] is ne$$4 #dfb4 ,transf]5ce ( ,liquid f ,cell to ,cell1 & s f place to place 9 ! plant1 ! absorption ( wat] by ! rootlets1 & ! exhalation ( ! great] "p ( x f ! foliage1--^! & simil> op]ations are gov]n$ by ! physical laws :i* regulate ! diffusion ( fluids1 b are controll$ by ! action ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,equally "u vital control are ! v>i\s *emical trans=mations :i* att5d assimilation & gr[?1 & :i* involve n only molecul> movem5ts b conveyance4 ,gr[? itself1 :i* is ! =mation & %ap+ ( new p>ts1 implies ! direction ( int]nal activities to def9ite ends4 #dfc4 ,movem5ts ( ,organs4 ,! liv+ protoplasm1 9 all b ! l[e/ grade ( plants1 is enclos$ & to common appe>ance isolat$ 9 sep>ate cells1 ! walls ( :i* c only 9 _! e>lie/ /ate be said to be alive4 ,/ill plants are able to cause ! protoplasm ( adjac5t cells to act 9 conc]t1 & by _! comb9$ action to effect movem5ts 9 roots1 /ems1 or leaves1 "s ( !m v sl[ & gradual1 "s manife/ & /rik+4 ,su* movem5ts are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh individually m9ute *anges 9 ! =m or t5sion 9 ! protoplasm ( ! innum]able cells :i* make up ! /ructure ( ! organ4 ,"s ( ! sl[] movem5ts are effect$ dur+ gr[?1 & may be expla9$ by inequality ( gr[? on ! two sides ( ! b5d+ organ4 ,b ! m rapid *anges ( position1 & "s ( ! sl[ ones1 _c be s expla9$4 #dfd4 ,root-movem5ts4 ,9 its gr[? a root turns or b5ds away f ! light & t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 s t 9 l5g!n+ x buries itself 9 ! soil :]e x is to live & act4 ,e "o mu/ h obs]v$ ?is 9 ! g]m9ation ( se$s4 ,c>eful obs]vations h %[n t ! tip ( a gr[+ root also makes little sweeps or %ort movem5ts f side to side4 ,by ?is means x m readily ins9uates itself into yield+ portions ( ! soil4 ,! root-tips w also turn t[>d moi/ure1 & s secure ! mo/ favorable positions 9 ! soil4 #dfe4 ,/em-movem5ts4 ,! root end ( ! caulicle or fir/ jo9t ( /em 7t bel[ ! cotyl$ons7 acts l ! root1 9 turn+ d[nw>d 9 g]m9ation 7mak+ a complete b5d to d s if x happ5s to po9t upw>d z ! se$ lies 9 ! gr\nd71 :ile ! o!r end turns or po9ts skyw>d4 ,^! opposite positions are tak5 9 complete d>kness z readily z 9 ! light1 9 dryness z mu* z 9 moi/ure3 !re=e1 s f> z ^! movem5ts are physical1 ! two portions ( ! same int]node appe> to be oppositely affect$ by gravitation or o!r influ5ces4 #dff4 ,ris+ into ! air1 ! /em & gre5 %oots g5]ally1 :ile "y & pliable1 b5d or direct !mselves t[>d ! light1 or t[>d ! /rong] light :5 unequally illum9at$2 :ile roots turn t[>d ! d>kness4 #dfg4 ,_m gr[+ /ems h also a movem5t ( ,nutation1 t is1 ( nodd+ successively 9 diff]5t directions4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by a tempor>y increase ( turgidity ( ! cells along "o side1 ?us b[+ ! /em ov] to ! opposite side2 & ?is l9e ( turgesc5ce travels r\nd ! %oot cont9ually1 f "r to left or f left to "r accord+ to ! species3 ?us ! %oot b5ds to all po9ts ( ! compass 9 succession4 ,commonly ?is nutation is slight or h>dly obs]vable4 ,x is mo/ m>k$ 9 #dfh4 ,tw9+ ,/ems 7,fig4 #ij74 ,! gr[+ upp] end ( su* /ems1 z is famili> 9 ! ,hop1 ,pole ,beans1 & ,morn+-,glory1 turns ov] 9 an incl9$ or horizontal direction1 ?us /ret*+ out to rea* a neighbor+ support1 & by ! cont9ual *ange 9 ! direction ( ! nodd+1 sweeps ! :ole circle1 ! sweeps be+ ! long] z ! /em l5g!ns4 ,:5 x /rikes aga9/ a support1 su* z a /em or bran* ( a neighbor+ plant1 ! motion is arre/$ at ! contact1 b cont9ues at ! gr[+ apex beyond1 & ?is apex is ?us made to w9d spirally ar\nd ! support+ body4 #dfi4 ,leaf-movem5ts are all b univ]sal4 ,! pres5tation by mo/ leaves ( _! upp] surface to ! light1 f :atev] direction t may come1 is an in/ance2 = :5 turn$ upside d[n !y twi/ or b5d r\nd on ! /alk to recov] ?is normal position4 ,leaves1 & ! leaflets ( comp\nd leaves1 *ange ?is position at nightfall1 or :5 ! light is )drawn2 !y !n take :at is call$ _! sleep+ po/ure1 resum+ ! diurnal position :5 daylight returns4 ,?is is v /rik+ 9 ,locu/-trees1 9 ! ,s5sitive ,plant 7,fig4 #dij71 & 9 ,woodsorrel4 ,"y se$l+s droop or close _! leaves at night 9 plants :i* are n ?us affect$ 9 ! adult foliage4 ,all ?is is ?\ght to be a protection aga9/ ! cold by nocturnal radiation4 #dgj4 ,v>i\s plants climb by a coil+ movem5t ( _! leaves or _! leaf-/alks4 ,famili> examples are se5 9 ,clematis1 ,maur&ia1 ,tropaeolum1 & 9 a ,solanum :i* is mu* cultivat$ 9 gre5h\ses 7,fig4 #agb74 ,9 ! latt]1 & 9 o!r woody plants :i* climb 9 ?is way1 ! petioles ?ick5 & h>d5 aft] !y h grasp$ _! support1 ?us secur+ a v firm hold4 #dga4 ,t5dril movem5ts4 ,t5drils are ei!r leaves or /ems 7#ih1 #afh71 specially develop$ = climb+ purposes4 ,cobaea is a good example ( p>tial trans=mation2 "s ( ! leaflets are normal1 "s ( ! same leaf are little t5drils1 & "s int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,! ,passion-fl[]s give good examples ( simple /em-t5drils 7,fig4 #ib72 ,grape-,v9es1 ( bran*$ ones4 ,mo/ t5drils make revolv+ sweeps1 l ^? ( tw9+ /ems4 ,^? ( "s ,passion-fl[]s1 9 sultry wea!r1 are apt to move fa/ en\gh = ! movem5t actually to be se5 = a "p ( ! circuit1 z pla9ly z t ( ! second-h& ( a wat*4 ,two h]bace\s species1 ,passiflora gracilis & ,p4 sicyoides 7! fir/ an annual1 ! second a /rong-root$ p]5nial ( ! easie/ cultivation71 are admirable = illu/ration bo? ( revolv+ movem5ts & ( s5sitive coil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dij4 ,piece ( /em ( ,s5sitive ,plant 7,mimosa pudica71 ) two leaves1 ! l[] op51 ! upp] 9 ! clos$ /ate4 #dgb4 ,movem5ts "u ,irritation4 ,! mo/ famili> case is t ( ! ,s5sitive ,plant 7,fig4 #dij74 ,! leaves sudd5ly take _! nocturnal position :5 r\ghly t\*$ or :5 %ock$ by a j>4 ,! leaflets close 9 pairs1 ! f\r outspread p>tial petioles come clos] toge!r1 & ! common petiole is depress$4 ,! seat ( ! movem5ts is at ! base ( ! leaf-/alk & /alklets4 ,s*rankia1 a ne> relative ( ! ,s5sitive ,plant1 acts 9 ! same way1 b is sl[]4 ,^! are n anomal\s actions1 b only extreme manife/ations ( a faculty m or less common 9 foliage4 ,9 ,locu/ & ,honey-,locu/s = example1 repeat$ j>s w sl[ly produce simil> effects4 #dgc4 ,leaf-/alks & t5drils are adapt$ to _! uses 9 climb+ by a simil> s5sitiv5ess4 ,! coil+ ( ! leaf-/alk is 9 response to a k9d ( irritation produc$ by contact ) ! support+ body4 ,?is may be %[n by g5tle rubb+ or prolong$ pressure ^u ! upp] face ( ! leaf-/alk1 :i* is soon foll[$ by a curvature4 ,t5drils are /ill m s5sitive to contact or light friction4 ,?is causes ! free end ( ! t5dril to coil r\nd ! support1 & ! s5sitiv5ess1 propagat$ d[nw>d along ! t5dril1 causes t side ( x to become less turgesc5t or ! opposite side m s1 ?us ?r[+ ! t5dril into coils4 ,?is %ort5+ draws ! plant up to ! support4 ,t5drils :i* h n laid hold w at l5g? commonly coil spontane\sly1 9 a simple coil1 f ! free apex d[nw>d4 ,9 ,sicyos1 ,e*9ocy/is1 & ! above m5tion$ ,passion-fl[]s 7#dga71 ! t5dril is s s5sitive1 "u a high summ] temp]ature1 t x w curve & coil promptly aft] "o or two light /rokes by ! h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dia4 ,portion ( /em & leaves ( ,telegraph-plant 7,desmodium gyrans71 almo/ ( natural size4 #dgd4 ,among spontane\s movem5ts ! mo/ s+ul> are ^? ( ,desmodium gyrans ( ,india1 sometimes call$ ,telegraph-plant1 :i* is cultivat$ on acc\nt ( ?is action4 ,( its ?ree leaflets1 ! l>g] 7t]m9al7 "o moves only by droop+ at nightfall & ris+ ) ! dawn4 ,b its two small lat]al leaflets1 :5 9 a cong5ial high temp]ature1 by day & by night move upw>d & d[nw>d 9 a succession ( j]ks1 /opp+ occasionally1 z if to recov] f exhau/ion4 ,9 mo/ plant-movem5ts "s obvi\sly useful purpose is subs]v$3 ?is ( ,desmodium gyrans is a riddle4 #dge4 ,movem5ts 9 ,fl[]s are v v>i\s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable are 9 "s way connect$ ) f]tilization 7,sect4 ,,xiii474 ,"s occur "u irritation3 ! /am5s ( ,b>b]ry />t =w>d :5 t\*$ at ! base inside3 ^? ( _m poly&r\s fl[]s 7( ,sp>mannia v /rik+ly7 spread outw>dly :5 lightly bru%$3 ! two lips or lobes ( ! /igma 9 ,mimulus close aft] a t\*4 ,"s are automatic & are connect$ ) di*ogamy 7#cci73 ! /yle ( ,sabbatia & ( l>ge-fl[]$ species ( ,epilobium b5ds ov] /rongly to "o side or turns d[nw>d :5 ! blossom op5s1 b sl[ly erects itself a day or two lat]4 #dgf4 ,extraord9>y ,movem5ts connect$ ) ,capture ( ,insects4 ,! mo/ /rik+ cases are ^? ( ,dros]a & ,dionaea2 = an acc\nt ( :i* see ,h[ ,plants ,behave1 & ,goodale's ,physiological ,botany4 #dgg4 ,! upp] face ( ! leaves ( ! common species ( ,dros]a1 or ,sundew1 is beset ) /\t bri/les1 hav+ a gl&ul> tip4 ,?is tip secretes a drop ( a cle> b v viscid liquid1 :i* gli/5s l a dew-drop 9 ! sun2 :5ce ! popul> "n4 ,:5 a fly or o!r small insect1 attract$ by ! liquid1 alights ^u ! leaf1 ! viscid drops are s t5aci\s t !y hold x fa/4 ,9 /ruggl+ x only becomes m completely entangl$4 ,n[ ! neighbor+ bri/les1 :i* h n be5 t\*$1 sl[ly b5d inw>d f all sides t[>d ! captur$ insect1 & br+ _! /icky apex aga9/ its body1 ?us increas+ ! numb] ( bonds4 ,moreov]1 ! blade ( ! leaf commonly aids 9 ! capture by becom+ concave1 its sides or edges turn+ inw>d1 :i* br+s /ill m ( ! gl&-tipp$ bri/les into contact ) ! captive's body4 ,! insect p]i%es2 ! cle> liquid disappe>s1 app>5tly by absorption into ! tissue ( ! leaf4 ,x is ?\ght t ! absorb$ secretion takes ) x "s ( ! juices ( ! insect or ! products ( its decomposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dib4 ,plant ( ,dionaea muscipula1 or ,v5us's ,fly-trap1 r$uc$ 9 size4 #dgh4 ,dionaea muscipula1 ! mo/ rem>kable vegetable fly-trap 7,fig4 #agf1 #dib71 is relat$ to ! ,sundews1 & has a m special & active app>atus = fly-cat*+1 =m$ ( ! summit ( ! leaf4 ,! two halves ( ?is r\nd$ body move z if !y 7 h+$ ^u ! midrib2 _! edges are fr+$ ) sp9y b n gl&ul> bri/les1 :i* int]lock :5 ! organ closes4 ,^u ! face are two or ?ree %ort & delicate bri/les1 :i* are s5sitive4 ,!y d n !mselves move :5 t\*$1 b !y propagate ! s5sitiv5ess to ! organ itself1 caus+ x to close ) a quick movem5t4 ,9 a fre% & vigor\s leaf1 "u a high summ] temp]ature1 & :5 ! trap lies widely op51 a t\* ( any "o ( ! m9ute bri/les on ! face1 by ! f+] or any extrane\s body1 spr+s ! trap 7s to say71 & x closes sudd5ly2 b aft] an h\r or s x op5s aga94 ,:5 a fly or o!r small insect alights on ! trap1 x closes 9 ! same mann]1 & s quickly t ! int]cross+ m>g9al bri/les ob/ruct ! egress ( ! insect1 unless x be a small "o & n wor? tak+4 ,aft]w>ds & m sl[ly x completely closes1 & presses d[n ^u ! prey2 !n "s hidd5 gl&s p\r out a glairy liquid1 :i* dissolves out ! juices ( ! insect's body2 next all is re-absorb$ into ! plant1 & ! trap op5s to repeat ! op]ation4 ,b ! same leaf p]haps nev] captures m ?an two or ?ree insects4 ,x ages in/ead1 becomes m rigid & motionless1 or decays away4 #dgi4 ,t "s few plants %\ld ?us take animal food w appe> less surpris+ :5 x is consid]$ t ho/s ( plants ( ! l[] grade1 kn[n z ,fungi1 m\lds1 ru/s1 f]m5ts1 ,bact]ia1 etc41 live ^u animal or o!r organiz$ matt]1 ei!r decay+ or liv+4 ,t plants %\ld execute movem5ts 9 ord] to accompli% ! ends ( _! exi/5ce is less surpris+ n[ :5 x is kn[n t ! liv+ sub/ance ( plants & animals is ess5tially ! same2 t ! be+s ( bo? k+doms p>take ( a common life1 to :i*1 z !y rise 9 ! scale1 o!r & high] end[m5ts are successively sup]add$4 #dhj4 ,"w uses up mat]ial & en]gy 9 plants z well z 9 animals4 ,! latt] live & "w by ! consumption & decomposition ( t :i* plants h assimilat$ into organizable matt] ?r\gh an en]gy d]iv$ f ! sun1 & :i* is1 s to say1 /or$ up 9 ! assimilat$ products4 ,9 e int]nal action1 z well z 9 e movem5t & ex]tion1 "s portion ( ?is assimilat$ matt] is trans=m$ & ( its /or$ en]gy exp5d$4 ,! /eam-eng9e is an organism = conv]t+ ! sun's radiant en]gy1 /or$ up by plants 9 ! fuel1 into me*anical "w4 ,an animal is an eng9e f$ by vegetable fuel 9 ! same or o!r =ms1 f ! same s\rce1 by ! decomposition ( :i* x also does me*anical "w4 ,! plant is ! produc] ( food & accumulator ( sol> en]gy or =ce4 ,b ! plant1 l ! animal1 is a consum] :5ev] & by s mu* z x does any "w except its great "w ( assimilation4 ,e int]nal *ange & movem5t1 e trans=mation1 su* z t ( />* into sug> & ( sug> into cell-walls1 z well z e movem5t ( p>ts :i* becomes ext]nally visible1 is done at ! exp5se ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( its assimilat$ matt] & ( its /or$ en]gy2 t is1 by ! decomposition or combu/ion ( sug> or "s su* product into c>bonic acid & wat]1 :i* is giv5 back to ! air1 j z 9 ! animal x is giv5 back to ! air 9 respiration4 ,s ! respiration ( plants is z real & z ess5tial z t ( animals4 ,b :at plants consume or decompose 9 _! life & action is ( insignificant am\nt 9 comp>ison ) :at !y compose4 ,section ,,xvii4 ,,cryptogam\s ,,or ,,fl[]less ,,plants4 #dha4 ,ev5 ! beg9n] 9 botany %\ld h "s g5]al idea ( :at cryptogam\s plants are1 & :at are ! obvi\s di/9ctions ( ! pr9cipal families4 ,al?\gh ! l[] grades are difficult1 & ne$ special books & good microscopes = _! /udy1 ! high] ord]s1 su* z ,f]ns1 may be det]m9$ almo/ z readily z phan]ogam\s plants4 #dhb4 ,l9naeus gave to ?is l[] grade ( plants ! "n ( ,cryptogamia1 !reby indicat+ t _! organs answ]+ to /am5s & pi/ils1 if !y _h any1 7 recondite & unkn[n4 ,!re is no valid reason :y ?is long-famili> "n %\ld n be kept up1 along ) ! c\nt]p>t "o ( ,phan]ogamia 7#f71 al?\gh organs analog\s to /am5s & pi/il1 or r to poll5 & ovule1 h be5 discov]$ 9 all ! high] & mo/ ( ! l[] grades ( ?is s]ies ( plants4 ,s also ! ,engli% synonym\s "n ( ,fl[]less ,plants is bo? good & conv5i5t3 = !y h n fl[]s 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,! ess5tials ( fl[]s are /am5s & pi/ils1 giv+ rise to se$s1 & ! ess5tial ( a se$ is an embryo 7#h74 ,cryptogam\s or ,fl[]less plants are propagat$ by ,,spores2 & a spore is n an embryo-plantlet1 b mo/ly a s+le plant-cell 7#cii74 #dhc4 ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 :i* compose ! high] ord]s ( ?is s]ies ( plants1 h /ems & 7usually7 leaves1 con/ruct$ ^u ! g5]al plan ( ord9>y plants2 t is1 !y h wood 7wood-cells & vessels1 #djh7 9 ! /em & leaves1 9 ! latt] z a frame "w ( ve9s4 ,b ! l[] grades1 hav+ only ! m elem5t>y cellul> /ructure1 are call$ ,cellul> ,cryptogams4 ,f> ! l>g] numb] ( ! =m] are ,f]ns3 :]e=e t class has be5 call$ #dhd4 ,pt]idophyta1 ,pt]idophytes 9 ,engli% =m1 mean+ ,f]n-plants1--t is1 ,f]ns & _! relatives4 ,!y are ma9ly ,horsetails1 ,f]ns1 ,club-,mosses1 & v>i\s aquatics :i* h be5 call$ ,hydropt]ides1 i4 e4 ,wat]-,f]ns4 #dhe4 ,horsetails1 ,equisetaceae1 is ! "n ( a family :i* consi/s only 7among n[-liv+ plants7 ( ,equisetum1 ! botanical "n ( ,horsetail & ,sc\r+ ,ru%4 ,!y h holl[ /ems1 ) p>titions at ! nodes2 ! leaves consi/ only ( a :orl ( scales at ea* node1 ^! coalesc5t into a %ea?3 f ! axils ( ^! leaf-scales1 9 _m species1 bran*es gr[ out1 :i* are simil> to ! /em b on a mu* small] scale1 close-jo9t$1 & ) ! tips ( ! leaves m app>5t4 ,at ! apex ( ! /em appe>s ! fructification1 z x is call$ = lack ( a bett] t]m1 9 ! =m ( a %ort spike or head4 ,?is consi/s ( a good numb] ( /alk$ %ields1 be>+ on _! inn] or "u face sev]al w$ge-%ap$ spore-cases4 ,! spore-cases :5 !y rip5 op5 d[n ! inn] side & dis*>ge a great numb] ( gre5 spores ( a size l>ge en\gh to be well se5 by a h&-glass4 ,! spores are aid$ 9 _! dis*>ge & dissem9ation by f\r club-%ap$ ?reads atta*$ to "o "p ( !m4 ,^! are hygrometric3 :5 moi/ !y are roll$ up ov] ! spore2 :5 dry !y /raight51 & exhibit lively movem5ts1 clos+ ov] ! spore :5 brea!d ^u1 & unroll+ promptly a mom5t aft] z !y dry4 7,see ,fig4 #dic-dih47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dic4 ,upp] "p ( a /em ( a ,horsetail1 ,equisetum sylvaticum4 #did4 ,"p ( ! head or spike ( spore-cases1 ) "s ( ! latt] tak5 (f4 #die4 ,view 7m enl>g$7 ( "u side ( ! %ield-%ap$ body1 be>+ a circle ( spore-cases4 #dif4 ,"o ( ! latt] deta*$ & m magnifi$4 #dig4 ,a spore ) ! atta*$ arms moi/5$4 #dih4 ,same :5 dry1 ! arms ext5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dii4 ,a ,tree-,f]n1 ,dicksonia arboresc5s1 ) a "y "o ne> its base4 ,9 front a common h]bace\s ,f]n 7,polypodium vulg>e7 ) its creep+ /em or root/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejj4 ,a section ( ! trunk ( a ,tree-,f]n4 #dhf4 ,f]ns1 or ,filices1 a mo/ attractive family ( plants1 are v num]\s & v>i$4 ,9 w>m & equable climates "s rise into =e/-trees1 ) habit ( ,palms2 b mo/ ( !m are p]5nial h]bs4 ,! wood ( a ,f]n-trunk is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f t ( a palm1 or ( any exog5\s /em ei!r4 ,a section is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ejj4 ,! curv$ plates ( wood ea* t]m9ate upw>d 9 a leaf-/alk4 ,! subt]ranean trunk or /em ( any /rong-gr[+ h]bace\s ,f]n %[s a simil> /ructure4 ,mo/ ,f]ns are circ9ate 9 ! bud2 t is1 are roll$ up 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,uncoil+ z !y gr[1 !y h "s lik5ess to a crosi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eja4 ,! ,walk+-,f]n1 ,camptosorus1 r$uc$ 9 size1 %[+ its fruit-dots on ! ve9s approximat$ 9 pairs4 #ejb4 ,a small piece 7p9nule7 ( a ,%ield-,f]n3 a r[ ( fruit-dots on ea* side ( ! midrib1 ea* cov]$ by its kidney-%ap$ indusium4 #ejc4 ,a spore-case f ! latt]1 j bur/+ by ! p>tial /raight5+ ( ! incomplete r+2 well magnifi$4 #ejd4 ,?ree ( ! spores ( #eji1 m magnifi$4 #eje4 ,s*izaea pusilla1 a v small & simple-leav$ ,f]n1 drawn ne>ly ( natural size4 #ejf4 ,"o ( ! lobes ( its fruit-be>+ portion1 magnifi$1 be>+ two r[s ( spore-cases4 #ejg4 ,spore-case ( ! latt]1 deta*$1 op5+ l5g?wise4 #ejh4 ,add]-tongue1 ,ophioglossum2 spore-cases 9 a k9d ( spike3 a1 a portion ( ! fruit+ "p1 ab\t natural size2 %[+ two r[s ( ! firm spore-cases1 :i* op5 transv]sely into two valves4 #dhg4 ,! fructification ( ,f]ns is borne on ! back or "u side ( ! leaves4 ,! e>ly botani/s ?\ght ?is su* a peculi>ity t !y always call$ a ,f]n-leaf a ,,frond1 & its petiole a ,,/ipe4 ,usage cont9ues ^! t]ms1 al?\gh !y are sup]flu\s4 ,! fruit ( ,f]ns consi/s ( ,,spore-,,cases1 te*nically ,,sporangia1 :i* gr[ out ( ! ve9s ( ! leaf4 ,sometimes ^! are di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole l[] surface ( ! leaf or frond1 or ov] ! :ole surface :5 !re are no prop] leaf-blades to ! frond1 b all is r$uc$ to /alks4 ,commonly ! spore-cases occupy only deta*$ spots or l9es1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a ,,sorus1 or 9 ,engli% m]ely a ,fruit-dot4 ,9 _m ,f]ns ^! fruit-dots are nak$2 9 o!rs !y are produc$ "u a scale-l bit ( membrane1 call$ an ,,indusium4 ,9 ,maid5hair-,f]ns a little lobe ( ! leaf is fold$ back ov] ea* fruit-dot1 to s]ve z its %ield or indusium4 ,9 ! true ,brake or ,brack5 7,pt]is7 ! :ole edge ( ! fruit-be>+ "p ( ! leaf is fold$ back ov] x l a hem4 #dhh4 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! spore-cases c be made out ) a common h& magnify+ glass4 ,! commone/ k9d 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ejc7 has a /alk =m$ ( a r[ ( jo9t$ cells1 & is itself compos$ ( a lay] ( ?9-wall$ cells1 b is incompletely surr\nd$ by a bord] ( ?ick]-wall$ cells1 =m+ ! ,,r+4 ,?is ext5ds f ! /alk up "o side ( ! spore-case1 r\nd its summit1 desc5ds on ! o!r side1 b !re gradually vani%es4 ,9 rip5+ & dry+ ! %r9k+ ( ! cells ( ! r+ on ! out] side causes x to /raight52 9 do+ s x te>s ! spore-case op5 on ! weak] side & dis*>ges ! m9ute spores t fill x1 commonly ) a j]k :i* scatt]s !m to ! w9d4 ,ano!r k9d ( spore-case 7,fig4 #ejg7 is /alkless1 & has its r+-cells =m+ a k9d ( cap at ! top3 at maturity x splits f top to bottom by a regul> dehisc5ce4 ,a ?ird k9d is ( firm texture & op5s across into two valves1 l a clam-%ell 7,fig4 #ejh;a73 ?is k9d makes an approa* to ! next family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eji4 ,a "y pro?allus ( a ,maid5-hair1 mod]ately enl>g$1 & an old] "o ) ! fir/ f]n-leaf develop$ f ne> ! not*4 #eaj4 ,middle portion ( ! "y "o1 mu* magnifi$1 %[+ bel[1 p>tly among ! rootlets1 ! an!ridia or f]tiliz+ organs1 & above1 ne> ! not*1 ?ree pi/illidia to be f]tiliz$4 #dhi4 ,! spores g]m9ate on moi/5$ gr\nd4 ,9 a cons]vatory !y may be f\nd g]m9at+ on a damp wall or on ! edges ( a well-wat]$ fl[]-pot4 ,in/ead ( directly =m+ a f]n-plantlet1 ! spore gr[s fir/ into a body :i* closely resembles a small ,liv]wort4 ,?is is nam$ a ,,pro?allus 7,fig4 #eji73 f "s po9t ( ?is a bud appe>s to orig9ate1 :i* produces ! fir/ f]n-leaf1 soon foll[$ by a second & ?ird1 & s ! /em & leaves ( ! plant are set up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eaa4 ,lycopodium ,c>ol9ianum1 ( ne>ly natural size4 #eab4 ,inside view ( "o ( ! bracts & spore-case1 magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eac4 ,op5 #d-valv$ spore-case ( a ,selag9ella1 & its f\r l>ge spores 7macrospores71 magnifi$4 #ead4 ,macrospores ( ano!r ,selag9ella4 #eae4 ,same sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eaf4 ,plant ( ,isoetes4 #eag4 ,base ( a leaf & conta9$ sporoc>p fill$ ) microspores cut across1 magnifi$4 #eah4 ,same divid$ l5g?wise1 equally magnifi$2 "s microspores se5 at ! left4 #eai4 ,section ( a spore-case conta9+ macrospores1 equally magnifi$2 at ! "r ?ree macrospores m magnifi$4 #dij4 ,inve/igation ( ?is pro?allus "u ! microscope result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a :olly unsuspect$ k9d ( f]tilization1 tak+ place at ?is g]m9at+ /age ( ! plant4 ,on ! "u side ( ! pro?allus two k9ds ( organs appe> 7,fig4 #eaj74 ,"o may be lik5$ to an op5 & depress$ ovule1 ) a s+le cell at bottom answ]+ to nucleus2 ! o!r1 to an an!r2 b in/ead ( poll51 x dis*>ges corkscrew-%ap$ microscopic filam5ts1 :i* be> "s cilia ( extreme t5uity1 by ! rapid vibration ( :i* ! filam5ts move freely ov] a wet surface4 ,^! filam5ts travel ov] ! surface ( ! pro?allus1 & ev5 to o!r pro?alli 7= !re are natural hybrid ,f]ns71 rea* & ent] ! ovule-l cavities1 & f]tilize ! cell4 ,?is !reupon sets up a gr[?1 =ms a vegetable bud1 & s develops ! new plant4 #dia4 ,an ess5tially simil> process ( f]tilization has be5 discov]$ 9 ! prec$+ & ! foll[+ families ( ,pt]idophytes2 b x is mo/ly subt]ranean & v difficult to obs]ve4 #dib4 ,club-,mosses or ,lycopodiums4 ,"s ( ! common k9ds1 call$ ,gr\nd ,p9e1 are famili>1 be+ l>gely us$ = ,*ri/mas wrea?s & o!r decoration4 ,!y are l[ ev]gre5s1 "s creep+1 all ) consid]able wood 9 _! /ems3 ?is ?ickly beset ) small leaves4 ,9 ! axils ( "s ( ^! leaves1 or m commonly1 9 ! axils ( peculi> leaves *ang$ into bracts 7z 9 ,fig4 #eaa1 #eab7 spore-cases appe>1 z r\ndi% or kidney-%ap$ bodies1 ( firm texture1 op5+ r\nd ! top into two valves1 & dis*>g+ a great quantity ( a v f9e yell[ p[d]1 ! spores4 #dic4 ,! ,selag9ellas h be5 sep>at$ f ,lycopodium1 :i* !y mu* resemble1 because !y produce two k9ds ( spores1 9 sep>ate spore-cases4 ,"o k9d 7,,microspores7 is j t ( ,lycopodium2 ! o!r consi/s ( only f\r l>ge spores 7,,macrospores71 9 a spore-case :i* usually breaks 9 pieces at maturity 7,fig4 #eac-eae74 #did4 ,! ,quillworts1 ,isoetes 7,fig4 #eaf-eai71 are v unlike ,club ,mosses 9 aspect1 b h be5 associat$ ) !m4 ,!y look m l ,ru%es1 & live 9 wat]1 or p>tly out ( x4 ,a v %ort /em1 l a corm1 be>s a clu/] ( roots und]nea?2 above x is cov]$ by ! broad bases ( a clu/] ( awl-%ap$ or ?read-%ap$ leaves4 ,! spore-cases are imm]s$ 9 ! bases ( ! leaves4 ,! out] leaf-bases conta9 num]\s macrospores2 ! inn] are fill$ ) innum]able microspores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebj4 ,plant ( ,m>silia quadrifoliata1 r$uc$ 9 size2 at ! "r a pair ( sporoc>ps ( ab\t natural size4 #die4 ,! ,pillworts 7,m>silia & ,pilul>ia7 are l[ aquatics1 :i* be> globul> or pill-%ap$ fruit 7,,sporoc>ps7 on ! l[] "p ( _! leaf-/alks or on _! sl5d] creep+ /ems4 ,! leaves ( ! common] species ( ,m>silia might be tak5 = f\r-leav$ ,clov]4 7,see ,fig4 #ebj47 ,! sporoc>ps are usually rais$ on a %ort /alk4 ,)9 !y are divid$ l5g?wise by a p>tition1 & !n crosswise by sev]al p>titions4 ,^! p>titions be> num]\s delicate sacs or spore-cases ( two k9ds1 int]mix$4 ,! l>g] ones conta9 ea* a l>ge spore1 or macrospore2 ! small] conta9 num]\s microspores1 imm]s$ 9 mucilage4 ,at maturity ! fruit bur/s or splits op5 at top1 & ! two k9ds ( spores are dis*>g$4 ,! l>ge ones 9 g]m9ation produce a small pro?allus2 ^u :i* ! cont5ts ( ! microspores act 9 ! same way z 9 ,f]ns1 & ) a simil> result4 #dif4 ,azolla is a little float+ plant1 look+ l a small ,liv]wort or ,moss4 ,its bran*es are cov]$ ) m9ute & scale-%ap$ leaves4 ,on ! "u side ( ! bran*es are f\nd egg-%ap$ ?9-wall$ sporoc>ps ( two k9ds4 ,! small ones op5 across & dis*>ge microspores2 ! l>g] bur/ irregul>ly1 & br+ to view globose spore-cases1 atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! sporoc>p by a sl5d] /alk4 ,^! delicate spore-cases bur/ & set free ab\t f\r macrospores1 :i* are f]tiliz$ at g]m9ation1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,pillworts & ,quillworts4 7,see ,fig4 #eba-ebf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eba4 ,small plant ( ,azolla ,c>ol9iana4 #ebb4 ,portion magnifi$1 %[+ ! two k9ds ( sporoc>p2 ! small ones conta9 microspores4 #ebc repres5ts "o m magnifi$4 #ebd4 ,! l>g] sporoc>p m magnifi$4 #ebe4 ,same m magnifi$ & bur/ op51 %[+ /alk$ spore-cases4 #ebf4 ,two ( ! latt] highly magnifi$2 "o ( !m bur/+ %[s f\r conta9$ macrospores2 betwe5 ! two1 ?ree ( ^! spores highly magnifi$4 #dig4 ,cellul> ,cryptogams 7#dhc7 are s call$ because compos$1 ev5 9 _! high] =ms1 ( cellul> tissue only1 )\t prop] wood-cells or vessels4 ,_m ( ! l[] k9ds are m]e plates1 or ribbons1 or simple r[s ( cells1 or ev5 s+le cells4 ,b _! highe/ ord]s foll[ ! plan ( ,f]ns & phan]ogam\s plants 9 hav+ /em & leaves = _! upw>d gr[?1 & commonly roots1 or at lea/ rootlets1 to atta* !m to ! soil1 or to trunks1 or to o!r bodies on :i* !y gr[4 ,plants ( ?is grade are *iefly ,mosses4 ,s z a :ole !y take ! "n ( #dih4 ,bryophyta1 ,bryophytes 9 ,engli% =m1 ,bryum be+ ! ,greek "n ( a ,moss4 ,^! plants are ( two pr9cipal k9ds3 true ,mosses 7,musci1 :i* is _! ,lat9 "n 9 ! plural72 & ,hepatic ,mosses1 or ,liv]worts 7,hepaticae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebg4 ,s+le plant ( ,physcomitrium pyri=me1 magnifi$4 #ebh4 ,top ( a leaf1 cut across2 x consi/s ( a s+le lay] ( cells4 #dii4 ,mosses or ,musci4 ,! pale ,peat-mosses 7species ( ,sphagnum1 ! pr9cipal compon5t ( sphagn\s bogs7 & ! /rong-gr[+ ,hair-cap ,moss 7,polytri*um7 are among ! l>g] & common] repres5tatives ( ?is num]\s family2 :ile ,f\nta9 ,moss 7,font9alis7 9 runn+ wat] sometimes atta9s ! l5g? ( a y>d or m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s are b>ely individually di/+ui%able to ! nak$ eye4 ,fig4 #ebg repres5ts a common little ,moss1 enl>g$ to ab\t twelve times its natural size2 & by its side is "p ( a leaf1 mu* magnifi$1 %[+ t x is compos$ ( cellul> tissue 7p>5*yma-cells7 only4 ,! leaves ( ,mosses are always simple1 di/9ct1 & sessile on ! /em4 ,! fructification is an urn-%ap$ spore-case1 9 ?is z 9 mo/ cases rais$ on a sl5d] /alk4 ,! spore-case loosely be>s on its summit a ?9 & po9t$ cap1 l a c&le-ext+ui%]1 call$ a ,calyptra4 ,deta*+ ?is1 x is f\nd t ! spore-case is l a pyxis 7#cgf71 t is1 ! top at maturity comes (f z a lid 7,op]culum72 & t ! int]ior is fill$ ) a gre5 p[d]1 ! spores1 :i* are dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! op5 m\?4 ,9 mo/ ,mosses !re is a fr+e ( "o or two r[s ( tee? or membrane ar\nd ?is m\? or orifice1 ! ,p]i/ome4 ,:5 moi/ ! p]i/ome closes hygrometrically ov] ! orifice m or less2 :5 dri] ! tee? or processes commonly b5d outw>d or recurve2 & !n ! spores m readily escape4 ,9 ,hair-cap ,moss a membrane is /ret*$ q across ! m\?1 l a drum-head1 reta9+ ! spores until ?is we>s away4 ,see ,figures #ebg-eda = details4 #ejj4 ,f]tilization 9 ,mosses is by ! analogues ( /am5s & pi/ils1 :i* are hidd5 9 ! axils ( leaves1 or 9 ! clu/] ( leaves at ! end ( ! /em4 ,! analogue ( ! an!r 7,an!ridium7 is a cellul> sac1 :i* 9 bur/+ dis*>ges innum]able delicate cells float+ 9 a mucilag9\s liquid2 ea* ( ^! bur/s & sets free a vibratile self-mov+ ?read4 ,^! ?reads1 "o or m1 rea* ! orifice ( ! pi/il-%ap$ body1 ! ,pi/illidium1 & act ^u a p>ticul> cell at its base )94 ,?is cell 9 its gr[? develops into ! spore-case & its /alk 7:5 !re is any71 c>ry+ on its summit ! wall ( ! pi/illidium1 :i* becomes ! calyptra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebi4 ,mnium cuspidatum1 small] ?an nature4 #ecj4 ,its calyptra1 deta*$1 enl>g$4 #eca4 ,its spore-case1 ) top ( /alk1 magnifi$1 ! lid 7#ecb7 be+ deta*$1 ! out] p]i/ome appe>s4 #ecc4 ,"p ( a cellul> r+ 7annulus7 :i* 0 "u ! lid1 outside ( ! p]i/ome1 m magnifi$4 #ecd4 ,"s ( ! out] & ( ! inn] p]i/ome 7consi/+ ( jo9t$ tee?7 mu* magnifi$4 #ece4 ,an!ridia & a pi/illidium 7! s-call$ fl[]7 at end ( a /em ( same plant1 ! leaves torn away 7,symbol = ,male1 an!ridia1 ,symbol = ,female1 pi/illidium71 magnifi$4 #ecf4 ,a bur/+ an!ridium1 & "s ( ! accompany+ jo9t$ ?reads1 highly magnifi$4 #ecg4 ,summit ( an op5 spore-case ( a ,moss1 :i* has a p]i/ome ( #af pairs ( tee?4 #ech4 ,! d\ble p]i/ome ( a ,hypnum4 #eci-eda4 ,spore-case1 deta*$ calyptra1 & top ( m enl>g$ spore-case & deta*$ lid1 ( ,physcomitrium pyri=me 7,fig4 #ebg73 orifice %[s t !re is no p]i/ome4 #eja4 ,liv]worts or ,hepatic ,mosses 7,hepaticae7 9 "s k9ds resemble true ,mosses1 hav+ di/9ct /em & leaves1 al?\gh _! leaves occasionally run toge!r2 :ile 9 o!rs !re is no di/9ction ( /em & leaf1 b ! :ole plant is a leaf-l body1 :i* produces rootlets on ! l[] face & its fructification on ! upp]4 ,^? ( ! moss-l k9d 7sometimes call$ ,scale-,mosses7 h _! t5d] spore-cases splitt+ into f\r valves2 & ) _! spores are int]mix$ "s sl5d] spiral & v hygrometric ?reads 7call$ ,elat]s7 :i* are ?\ght to aid 9 ! disp]sion ( ! spores4 7,fig4 #edb-edd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edb4 ,fructification ( a ,jung]mannia1 magnifi$2 its cellul> spore-/alk1 surr\nd$ at base by "s ( ! leaves1 at summit ! #d-valv$ spore-case op5+1 dis*>g+ spores & elat]s4 #edc4 ,two elat]s & "s spores f ! same1 highly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edd4 ,"o ( ! frondose ,liv]worts1 ,/eetzia1 o!rwise l a ,jung]mannia2 ! spore-case n yet protrud$ f its %ea?4 #ejb4 ,m>*antia1 ! commone/ & l>ge/ ( ! true ,liv]worts1 =ms l>ge gre5 plates or fronds on damp & %ady gr\nd1 & s5ds up f "s "p ( ! upp] face a /\t /alk1 end+ 9 a sev]al-lob$ umbrella-%ap$ body1 "u ! lobes ( :i* hang sev]al ?9-wall$ spore-cases1 :i* bur/ op5 & dis*>ge spores & elat]s4 ,riccia natans 7,fig4 #ede7 consi/s ( w$ge-%ap$ or he>t-%ap$ fronds1 :i* float free 9 pools ( /ill wat]4 ,! "u face be>s copi\s rootlets2 9 ! sub/ance ( ! upp] face are ! spore-cases1 _! po9t$ tips m]ely project+3 !re !y bur/ op51 & dis*>ge _! spores4 ,^! are comp>atively few & l>ge1 & are 9 f\rs2 s !y are v l ! macrospores ( ,pillworts or ,quillworts4 #ejc4 ,?allophyta1 or ,?allophytes 9 ,engli% =m4 ,?is is ! "n = ! l[] class ( ,cellul> ,cryptogams1--plants 9 :i* !re is no m>k$ di/9ction into root1 /em1 & leaves4 ,roots 9 any prop] s5se !y nev] h1 z organs = absorb+1 al?\gh "s ( ! l>g] ,seawe$s 7su* z ! ,sea ,col&]1 ,fig4 #eec7 h !m z holdfa/s4 ,in/ead ( axis & foliage1 !re is a /ratum ( frond1 9 su* plants commonly call$ a ,,?allus 7by a /ra9$ use ( a ,greek & ,lat9 ^w :i* means a gre5 %oot or b\gh71 :i* may h any k9d ( =m1 leaf-l1 /em-l1 bran*y1 ext5d$ to a flat plate1 or ga!r$ into a sph]e1 or drawn out into ?reads1 or r$uc$ to a s+le r[ ( cells1 or ev5 r$uc$ to s+le cells4 ,inde$1 ,?allophytes are s multif>i\s1 s num]\s 9 k9ds1 s protean 9 _! /ages & trans=mations1 s recondite 9 _! fructification1 & _m s microscopic 9 size1 ei!r ( ! plant itself or its ess5tial organs1 t !y h to be elaborately describ$ 9 sep>ate books & made subjects ( special /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ede1 #edf4 ,two plants ( ,riccia natans1 ab\t natural size4 #edg4 ,magnifi$ section ( a "p ( ! frond1 %[+ two imm]s$ spore-cases1 & "o empti$ space4 #edh4 ,magnifi$ section ( a spore-case ) "s spores4 #edi4 ,magnifi$ spore-case torn out1 & spores2 "o figure ( ! spores unit$2 ! o!r ( ! f\r sep>at$4 #ejd4 ,nev]!less1 x may be well to try to give "s g5]al idea ( :at ,algae & ,li*5s & ,fungi are4 ,l9naeus _h !m all "u ! ord]s ( ,algae & ,fungi4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,li*5s 7 sep>at$2 b ( late x has be5 made mo/ probable t a ,li*5 consi/s ( an ,alga & a ,fungus conjo9$4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be s 9 "s ( ! ambigu\s =ms4 ,botani/s are 9 ! way ( br++ out new classifications ( ! ,?allophytes1 z !y come to und]/& _! /ructure & relations bett]4 ,"h1 x ne$ only be said t #eje4 ,li*5s live 9 ! air1 t is1 on ! gr\nd1 or on rocks1 trunks1 walls1 & ! l1 & gr[ :5 moi/5$ by ra9s4 ,!y assimilate air1 wat]1 & "s e>?y matt]1 j z d ord9>y plants4 ,algae1 or ,seawe$s1 live 9 wat]1 & live ! same k9d ( life z d ord9>y plants4 ,fungi1 :atev] m$ium !y inhabit1 live z animals d1 ^u organic matt]1--^u :at o!r plants h assimilat$1 or ^u ! products ( _! decay4 ,true z ^! g5]al di/9ctions are1 x is no less true t ^! ord]s run toge!r 9 _! l[e/ =ms2 & t ,algae & ,fungi may be trac$ d[n into =ms s l[ & simple t no cle> l9e c be drawn betwe5 !m2 & ev5 into =ms ( :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r !y %\ld be call$ plants or animals4 ,x is z well to say t !y are n high en\gh 9 rank to be di/9ctively ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a peculi> gr\p ( plants1 :i* 9 simplicity ( composition resemble ! simpl] ,algae1 :ile 9 fructification & 9 ! arrangem5ts ( _! simple cells into /em & bran*es !y seem to be ( a high] ord]1 viz43-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eej4 ,bran* ( a ,*>a1 ab\t natural size4 #eea4 ,a fruit+ portion1 magnifi$1 %[+ ! /ructure2 a sporoc>p1 & an an!ridium4 #eeb4 ,outl9es ( a portion ( ! /em 9 section1 %[+ ! c5tral cell & ! out] or cortical cells4 #ejf4 ,*>aceae4 ,^! are aquatic h]bs1 ( consid]able size1 ab\nd+ 9 ponds4 ,! simpl] k9ds 7,nitella7 h ! /em =m$ ( a s+le r[ ( tubul> cells1 & at ! nodes1 or junction ( ! cells1 a :orl ( simil> bran*es4 ,*>a 7,fig4 #eej-eeb7 is ! same1 except t ! cells :i* make up ! /em & ! pr9cipal bran*es are /r5g!n$ by a coat+ ( _m small] tubul> cells1 appli$ to ! surface ( ! ma9 or c5tral cell4 ,! fructification consi/s ( a globul> sporoc>p ( consid]able size1 :i* is spirally enwrapp$ by tubul> cells twi/$ ar\nd x3 by ! side ( ?is is a small] & globul> an!ridium4 ,! latt] breaks up into eight %ield-%ap$ pieces1 ) an int]nal /alk1 & be>+ long & ribbon %ap$ filam5ts1 :i* consi/ ( a r[ ( delicate cells1 ea* ( :i* dis*>ges a free-mov+ microscopic ?read 7! analogue ( ! poll5 or poll5-tube71 ne>ly 9 ! mann] ( ,f]ns & ,mosses4 ,"o ( ^! ?reads rea*es & f]tilizes a cell at ! apex ( ! nucleus or solid body ( ! sporoc>p4 ,?is subsequ5tly g]m9ates & =ms a new individual4 #ejg4 ,algae or ,seawe$s4 ,! prop] ,seawe$s may be /udi$ by ! aid ( ,pr(essor ,f>l['s ,m>9e ,algae ( ,new ,engl&2 ! fre%-wat] species1 by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,woods's ,fre%-wat] ,algae ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a l>g] & less accessible volume4 ,a few common =ms are "h v briefly m5tion$ & illu/rat$1 to give an idea ( ! family4 ,b !y are ( almo/ endless div]sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eec4 ,ag>um ,turn]i1 ,sea ,col&] 7s call$ f ! p]=ations ) :i* ! frond1 z x gr[s1 becomes riddl$72 v mu* r$uc$ 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eed4 ,upp] end ( a ,rockwe$1 ,fucus vesiculosus1 r$uc$ half or m1 b1 ! fructification4 #ejh4 ,! common ,rockwe$ 7,fucus vesiculosus1 ,fig4 #eed1 ab\nd+ betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k on ! coa/71 ! r>] ,sea ,col&] 7,ag>um ,turn]i1 ,fig4 #eec71 & ,lam9>ia1 ( :i* ! l>g] =ms are call$ ,devil's ,aprons1 are good repres5tatives ( ! olive gre5 or br[ni% ,seawe$s4 ,!y are atta*$ ei!r by a disk-l base or by root-l holdfa/s to ! rocks or /ones on :i* !y gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eee4 ,magnifi$ section ?r\gh a f]tile conceptacle ( ,rockwe$1 %[+ ! l>ge spores 9 ! mid/ ( ?reads ( cells4 #eef4 ,simil> section ( a /]ile conceptacle1 conta9+ sl5d] an!ridia4 ,f ,f>l['s ,m>9e ,algae ( ,new ,engl&4 #eji4 ,! holl[ & inflat$ places 9 ! ,fucus vesiculosus or ,rockwe$ 7,fig4 #eed7 are air-bladd]s = buoyancy4 ,! fructification =ms 9 ! sub/ance ( ! tips ( ! frond3 ! r\gh dots m>k ! places :]e ! conceptacles op54 ,! spores & ! f]tiliz+ cells are 9 diff]5t plants4 ,sections ( ! two k9ds ( conceptacles are giv5 9 ,fig4 #eee & #eef4 ,! cont5ts ( ! conceptacles are dis*>g$ ?r\gh a small orifice :i* 9 ea* figure is at ! m>g9 ( ! page4 ,! l>ge spores are =m$ eight toge!r 9 a "m-cell4 ,! m9ute motile filam5ts ( ! an!ridia f]tilize ! l>ge spores aft] injection into ! wat]3 & !n ! latt] promptly acquire a cell-wall & g]m9ate4 #eaj4 ,! ,florideae or ,rose-r$ s]ies ( m>9e ,algae 7:i*1 h[ev]1 are sometimes gre5 or br[ni%7 are ! mo/ attractive to amateurs4 ,! delicate ,porphyra or ,lav] is 9 "s c\ntries eat5 z a delicacy1 & ! c>tilag9\s ,*ondrus crispus has be5 l>gely us$ = jelly4 ,besides _! conceptacles1 :i* conta9 true spores 7,fig4 #efj71 !y mo/ly h a fructification 9 ,tetraspores1 t is1 ( spores orig9at+ 9 f\rs 7,fig4 #eei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eeg4 ,small plant ( ,*ondrus crispus1 or ,c>rage5 ,moss1 r$uc$ 9 size1 9 fruit2 ! spots repres5t ! fructification1 consi/+ ( num]\s tetraspores 9 bun*es 9 ! sub/ance ( ! plant4 #eeh4 ,section ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( "o ( ! lobes1 magnifi$1 pass+ ?r\gh two ( ! imb$d$ fruit-clu/]s4 #eei4 ,two ( its tetraspores 7spores 9 f\rs71 highly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efj4 ,section ?r\gh a conceptacle ( ,deless]ia ,leprieurei1 mu* magnifi$1 %[+ ! spores1 :i* are s+le specializ$ cells1 two or ?ree 9 a r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efa4 ,a piece ( ! rose-r$ ,deless]ia ,leprieurei1 d\ble natural size4 #efb4 ,a piece cut out & mu* magnifi$1 %[+ t x is compos$ ( a lay] ( cells4 #efc4 ,a few ( ! cells m highly magnifi$3 ! cells are gelat9\s & ?ick-wall$4 #eaa4 ,! ,grass-gre5 ,algae sometimes =m broad membran\s fronds1 su* z ^? ( ! common ,ulva ( ! sea-%ore1 b mo/ ( !m =m m]e ?reads1 ei!r simple or bran*$4 ,to ?is division belong almo/ all ! ,fre%-wat] ,algae1 su* z ^? :i* con/itute ! silky ?reads or gre5 slime ( runn+ /reams or /&+ pools1 & :i* 7 all call$ ,conf]vas be=e _! imm5se div]sity 0 kn[n4 ,"s are =m$ ( a s+le r[ ( cells1 develop$ ea* f ! end ( ano!r4 ,o!rs bran*1 ! top ( "o cell produc+ m ?an "o new "o 7,fig4 #efd74 ,o!rs1 ( a k9d :i* is v common 9 fre% wat]1 simple ?reads made ( a l9e ( cells1 h ! *lorophyll & protoplasm ( ea* cell arrang$ 9 spiral l9es or b&s4 ,!y =m spores 9 a peculi> way1 :i* gives to ?is family ! designation ( conjugat+ ,algae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efd4 ,! gr[+ end ( a bran*+ ,conf]va 7,cladophora glom]ata71 mu* magnifi$2 %[+ h[1 by a k9d ( budd+ gr[?1 a new cell is =m$ by a cross p>tition sep>at+ ! new] tip f ! old] "p bel[2 also1 h[ ! bran*es arise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efe4 ,two magnifi$ individuals ( a ,spirogyra1 =m+ spores by conjugation2 a complet$ spore at base3 above1 successive /ages ( ! conjugation are repres5t$4 #eab4 ,at a c]ta9 "t two p>allel ?reads approa* ea* o!r m closely2 contigu\s p>ts ( a cell ( ea* ?read bulge or gr[ out1 & unite :5 !y meet2 ! cell-wall p>titions betwe5 !m are absorb$ s z to op5 a free communication2 ! spiral b& ( gre5 matt] 9 bo? cells breaks up2 ! :ole ( t ( "o cell passes ov] into ! o!r2 & ( ! unit$ cont5ts a l>ge gre5 spore is =m$4 ,soon ! old cells decay1 & ! spore set free is ready to g]m9ate4 ,fig4 #efe repres5ts sev]al /ages ( ! conjugat+ process1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld nev] be f\nd all toge!r l ?is 9 "o pair ( ?reads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eff4 ,clo/]ium acutum1 a common ,desmid1 mod]ately magnifi$4 ,x is a s+le firm-wall$ cell1 fill$ ) gre5 protoplasmic matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efg4 ,m magnifi$ view ( ?ree /ages ( ! conjugation ( a pair ( ! same4 #eac4 ,desmids & ,diatomes1 :i* are microscopic "o-cell$ plants ( ! same class1 conjugate 9 ! same way1 z is %[n 9 a ,clo/]ium by ,fig4 #eff1 #efg4 ,"h ! :ole liv+ cont5ts ( two individuals are incorporat$ into "o spore1 = a fre% />t4 ,a reproduction :i* co/s ! life ( two individuals to make a s+le new "o w\ld be fatal to ! species if !re 7 n a provision = multiplication by ! prompt division ( ! new-=m$ individual into two1 & ^! aga9 into two1 & s on 9 geometrical ratio4 ,& ! co/ly process w\ld be mean+less if !re 7 n "s real advantage 9 su* a fre% />t1 t is1 9 sexes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efh4 ,e>ly /age ( a species ( ,botrydium1 a globose cell4 #efi1 #egj4 ,/ages ( gr[?4 #ega4 ,full-gr[n plant1 ext5d$ & ramifi$ bel[ 9 a root-l way4 #egb4 ,a ,vau*]ia2 s+le cell gr[n on into a mu*-bran*$ ?read2 ! end ( "s bran*es enl>g+1 & ! gre5 cont5ts 9 "o 7a7 !re cond5s$ into a spore4 #egc4 ,m magnifi$ view ( a1 & ! mature spore escap+4 #egd4 ,bryopsis plumosa2 apex ( a /em ) its bran*lets2 all ! ext5sion ( "o cell4 ,v>i\sly magnifi$4 #ead4 ,!re are o!r ,algae ( ! grass-gre5 s]ies :i* consi/ ( s+le cells1 b :i* by cont9u$ gr[? =m plants ( consid]able size4 ,?ree k9ds ( ^! are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #efh-egd4 #eae4 ,li*5s1 ,lat9 ,li*5es1 are to be /udi$ 9 ! works ( ! late ,pr(essor ,tuck]man1 b a popul> exposition is greatly ne$$4 ,! subjo9$ illu/rations 7,fig4 #ege-ehj7 may simply indicate :at "s ( ! common] =ms are l4 ,! cup1 or %ield-%ap$ spot1 or knob1 :i* be>s ! fructification is nam$ ! ,apo!cium4 ,?is is ma9ly compos$ ( sl5d] sacs 7,asci71 hav+ ?read-%ap$ cells int]mix$2 & ea* ascus conta9s few or sev]al spores1 :i* are commonly d\ble or treble4 ,mo/ ,li*5s are flat expansions ( grayi% hue2 "s ( !m foliace\s 9 texture1 b nev] ( bright gre5 color2 m are cru/ace\s2 "s are :olly pulv]ul5t & ne>ly =mless4 ,b 9 sev]al ! vegetation l5g!ns into an axis 7z 9 ,fig4 #ehj71 or imitates /em & bran*es or ?reads1 z 9 ! ,re9de]-,moss on ! gr\nd 9 our nor!rn woods1 & ! ,usnea hang+ f ! b\ghs ( old trees ov]head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ege4 ,a /one on :i* v>i\s ,li*5s are gr[+1 su* z 7pass+ f left to "r7 a ,p>melia1 a ,/icta1 & on ! "r1 ,lecidia geographica1 s call$ f its pat*es resembl+ ! outl9e ( isl&s or cont95ts z depict$ ^u maps4 #egf4 ,piece ( ?allus ( ,p>melia consp]sa1 ) section ?r\gh an apo!cium4 #egg4 ,section ( a small] apo!cium1 enl>g$4 #egh4 ,two asci ( same1 & conta9$ spores1 & accompany+ filam5ts2 m magnifi$4 #egi4 ,piece ( ?allus ( a ,/icta1 ) section1 %[+ ! imm]s$ apo!cia2 ! small op5+s ( ^! dot ! surface4 #ehj4 ,cladonia cocc9ea2 ! fructification is 9 ! sc>let knobs1 :i* surr\nd ! cups4 #eaf4 ,fungi4 ,= ?is imm5se & greatly div]sifi$ class1 x mu/ "h suffice to indicate ! p>ts ( a ,mu%room1 a ,spha]ia1 & ( "o or two common ,m\lds4 ,! true vegetation ( common ,fungi consi/s ( sl5d] cells :i* =m :at is call$ a ,mycelium4 ,^! filam5t\s cells l5g!n & bran*1 gr[+ by ! absorption ?r\gh _! :ole surface ( ! decay+1 or organizable1 or liv+ matt] :i* !y fe$ ^u4 ,9 a ,mu%room 7,ag>icus71 a knobby mass is at l5g? =m$1 :i* develops into a /\t /alk 7,/ipe71 be>+ ! cap 7,pileus73 ! "u side ( ! cap is cov]$ by ! ,hym5ium1 9 ?is g5us consi/+ ( radiat+ plates1 ! gills or ,lamellae2 & ^! be> ! p[d]y spores 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! gills are f\nd to be /udd$ ) project+ cells1 ea* ( :i*1 at ! top1 produces f\r /alk$ spores4 ,^! =m ! p[d] :i* collects on a %eet ( pap] ^u :i* a mature ,mu%room is all[$ to re/ = a day or two4 7,fig4 #eha-ehf47 #eag4 ,! escul5t ,morel1 also ,spha]ia 7,fig4 #ehe1 #ehf71 & _m o!r ,fungi be> _! spores 9 sacs 7asci7 exactly 9 ! mann] ( ,li*5s 7#eae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eha4 ,ag>icus campe/ris1 ! common edible ,mu%room4 #ehb4 ,section ( cap & /alk4 #ehc4 ,m9ute portion ( a section ( a gill1 %[+ "s spore-be>+ cells1 mu* magnifi$4 #ehd4 ,"o ( ^!1 ) its f\r spores1 m magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehe4 ,spha]ia rosella4 #ehf4 ,two ( ! asci & conta9$ d\ble spores1 q l ^? ( a ,li*52 mu* magnifi$4 #eah4 ,( ! ,m\lds1 "o ( ! common] is ! ,bread-,m\ld 7,fig4 #ehg74 ,9 fruit+ x s5ds up a sl5d] /alk1 :i* be>s a globul> sac2 ?is bur/s at maturity & dis*>ges innum]able spores4 ,! blue ,*eese-,m\ld 7,fig4 #ehh7 be>s a clu/] ( bran*es at top1 ea* ( :i* is a r[ ( nak$ spores1 l a /r+ ( beads1 all break+ ap>t at maturity4 ,botrytis 7,fig4 #ehi71 ! fruit+ /alk ( :i* bran*es1 & ea* bran* is tipp$ ) a spore1 is "o ( ! _m m\lds :i* live & fe$ ^u ! juices ( o!r plants or ( animals1 & are (t5 v de/ructive4 ,! extremely num]\s k9ds ( smut1 ru/1 mildew1 ! f]m5ts1 bact]ia1 & ! l1 _m ( !m v de/ructive to o!r vegetable & to animal life1 are also l[ =ms ( ! class ( ,fungi4#a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehg4 ,ascophora1 ! ,bread-,m\ld4 #ehh4 ,asp]gillus glaucus1 ! m\ld ( *eese1 b common on m\ldy vegetables4 #ehi4 ,a species ( ,botrytis4 ,all magnifi$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,introduction to ,cryptogam\s ,botany1 or ?ird volume ( ,! ,botanical ,text ,book1 n[ 9 prep>ation by ! au?or's colleague1 ,pr(essor ,f>l[1 w be ! prop] guide 9 ! /udy ( ! ,fl[]less ,plants1 especially ( ! ,algae & ,fungi4 ,,section ,,xviii4 ,,classification ,,& ,,nom5clature4 #eai4 ,classification1 9 botany1 is ! consid]ation ( plants 9 respect to _! k9ds & relation%ips4 ,"s sy/em ( ,nom5clature1 or nam+1 is necess>y = fix+ & express+ botanical k s z to make x available4 ,! va/ multiplicity ( plants & ! v>i\s degrees ( _! relation%ip imp]atively require ord] & sy/em1 n only z to names = designat+ ! k9ds ( plants1 b also z to t]ms = def9+ _! diff]5ces4 ,nom5clature is conc]n$ ) ! names ( plants4 ,t]m9ology supplies names ( organs or p>ts1 & t]ms to designate _! diff]5ces4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,k9ds ,,& ,,relation%ip4 #ebj4 ,plants & animals h two great peculi>ities3 #a/1 !y =m !mselves2 & #b;d1 !y multiply !mselves4 ,!y reproduce _! k9d 9 a cont9u$ succession ( #eba4 ,individuals4 ,m9]al ?+s occur z masses1 :i* are divisible into small] & /ill small] ones )\t alt]ation ( prop]ties4 ,b organic ?+s 7vegetables & animals7 exi/ z individual be+s4 ,ea* owes its exi/5ce to a p>5t1 & produces simil> individuals 9 its turn4 ,s ea* individual is a l9k ( a *a92 & to ?is *a9 ! natural-hi/orian applies ! "n ( #ebb4 ,species4 ,all ! desc5dants f ! same /ock !re=e compose "o species4 ,& x 0 f our obs]v+ t ! sev]al sorts ( plants or animals /eadily reproduce !mselves1 or1 9 o!r words1 keep up a succession ( simil> individuals1 t ! idea ( species orig9at$4 ,!re are few species1 h[ev]1 9 :i* man has actually obs]v$ ! succession = _m g5]ations4 ,x c\ld seldom be prov$ t all ! ,:ite ,p9e trees or ,:ite ,oaks ( any =e/ came f ! same /ock4 ,b obs]vation hav+ famili>iz$ u ) ! g5]al fact t individuals proce$+ f ! same /ock are ess5tially alike1 we inf] f _! close resemblance t ^! simil> individuals belong to ! same species4 ,t is1 we inf] x :5 ! individuals are z mu* l ea* o!r z ^? are :i* we "k1 or confid5tly suppose1 to h sprung f ! same /ock4 #ebc4 ,id5tity 9 species is inf]r$ f close simil>ity 9 all ess5tial respects1 or :5ev] ! diff]5ces1 h[ev] consid]able1 are n kn[n or reasonably suppos$ to h be5 orig9at$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t "u *ang$ conditions4 ,no two individuals are exactly alike2 a t5d5cy to v>iation p]vades all liv+ ?+s4 ,9 cultivation1 :]e v>iations are look$ aft] & c>$ =1 v /rik+ diff]5ces come to light2 & if 9 wild nature !y are less common or less conspicu\s1 x is p>tly because !y are unc>$ =4 ,:5 su* v>iant =ms are pretty well m>k$ !y are call$ #ebd4 ,v>ieties4 ,! ,:ite ,oak1 = example1 pres5ts two or ?ree v>ieties 9 ! %ape ( ! leaves1 al?\gh !y may be all alike ^u ea* p>ticul> tree4 ,! "q (t5 arises1 & x is (t5 h>d to answ]1 :e!r ! diff]5ce 9 a p>ticul> case is t ( a v>iety1 or is specific4 ,if ! =m]1 x may commonly be prov$ by f9d+ su* int]m$iate degrees ( diff]5ce 9 v>i\s individuals z to %[ t no cle> di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 !m2 or else by obs]v+ ! v>iety to v>y back aga9 9 "s ( its (fspr+4 ,! sorts ( ,apples1 ,pe>s1 ,potatoes1 & ! l1 %[ t diff]5ces :i* are p]man5t 9 ! individual1 & cont9ue un*ang$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations :5 propagat$ by division 7z by (fsets1 cutt+s1 grafts1 bulbs1 tub]s1 etc471 are n likely to be reproduc$ by se$4 ,/ill !y sometimes are s1 & p]haps always t5d 9 t direction4 ,= ! fundam5tal law 9 organic nature is t (fspr+ %all be l p>5t4 ,,races are su* /rongly m>k$ v>ieties1 capable ( com+ true to se$4 ,! diff]5t sorts ( ,:eat1 ,maize1 ,peas1 ,radi%es1 etc41 are famili> examples4 ,by select+ ^? individuals ( a species :i* h develop$ or inh]it$ any desirable peculi>ity1 keep+ !m f m+l+ ) _! less promis+ bre?r51 & select+ aga9 ! mo/ promis+ plants rais$ f _! se$s1 ! cultivator may 9 a few g5]ations r5d] almo/ any v>iety transmissible by se$1 s long z x is c>$ = & kept ap>t4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! way ! cultivat$ dome/icat$ races1 s useful to man1 h be5 fix$ & pres]v$4 ,races1 9 fact1 c h>dly1 if at all1 be said to exi/ indep5d5tly ( man4 ,b man does n really produce !m4 ,su* peculi>ities--(t5 surpris+ en\gh--n[ & !n orig9ate1 we "k n h[ 7! plant sports1 z ! g>d5]s say72 !y are only pres]v$1 propagat$1 & g5]ally fur!r develop$1 by ! cultivator's skilful c>e4 ,if left alone1 !y are likely to dw9dle & p]i%1 or else rev]t to ! orig9al =m ( ! species4 ,vegetable races are commonly annuals1 :i* c be kept up only by se$1 or h]bs ( :i* a succession ( g5]ations c be _h e ye> or two1 & s ! education by selection be complet$ )\t great lapse ( "t4 ,b all fruit-trees c\ld probably be fix$ into races 9 an equal numb] ( g5]ations4 ,,bud-,,v>ieties are ^? :i* spr+ f buds in/ead ( se$4 ,!y are uncommon to any m>k$ ext5t4 ,!y are sometimes call$ ,sports1 b ?is "n is equally appli$ to v>iations among se$l+s4 ,,cross-,,bre$s1 /rictly s-call$1 are ! v>iations :i* come f cross-f]tiliz+ "o v>iety ( a species ) ano!r4 ,,hybrids are ! v>ieties1 if !y may be s call$1--:i* come f ! cross+ ( species 7#cca74 ,only ne>ly relat$ species c be hybridiz$2 & ! result+ prog5y is usually self-/]ile1 b n always4 ,hybrid plants1 h[ev]1 may (t5 be f]tiliz$ & made prolific by ! poll5 ( "o or ! o!r p>5t4 ,?is produces ano!r k9d ( cross-bre$s4 #ebe4 ,species are ! units 9 classification4 ,v>ieties1 al?\gh ( utmo/ importance 9 cultivation & ( consid]able consequ5ce 9 ! flora ( any c\ntry1 are ( less botanical significance4 ,= !y are apt to be indef9ite & to %ade (f "o =m into ano!r4 ,b species1 ! botani/ expects to be di/9ct4 ,inde$1 ! practical diff]5ce to ! botani/ betwe5 species & v>ieties is ! def9ite limitation ( ! "o & ! indef9it5ess ( ! o!r4 ,! botani/'s det]m9ation is p>tly a matt] ( obs]vation1 p>tly ( judgm5t4 #ebf4 ,9 an enl>g$ view1 v>ieties may be incipi5t species2 & ne>ly relat$ species probably came f a common /ock 9 e>li] times4 ,= !re is e reason to believe t exi/+ vegetation came f ! m or less *ang$ vegetation ( a prec$+ geological era4 ,h[ev] t may be1 species are reg>d$ z p]man5t & ess5tially un*ang$ 9 _! succession ( individuals ?r\gh ! actual ages4 #ebg4 ,!re are1 at ne>ly ! l[e/ computation1 z _m z "o hundr$ ?\s& species ( phan]ogam\s plants1 & ! cryptogam\s species are ?\ght to be /ill m num]\s4 ,!y are all connect$ by resemblances or relation%ips1 ne> & remote1 :i* %[ t !y are all p>ts ( "o sy/em1 realizations 9 nature1 z we may affirm1 ( ! conception ( ,"o ,m9d4 ,z we survey !m1 !y d n =m a s+le & connect$ *a91 /ret*+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ organiz$ species1 al?\gh !re obvi\sly are l[] & high] grades4 ,b ! species ?r\gh\t gr\p !mselves1 z x 71 into clu/]s or con/ellations1 & ^! into /ill m compreh5sive clu/]s1 & s on1 ) gaps betwe54 ,x is ?is clu/]+ :i* is ! gr\nd ( ! recognition ( k9ds ( species1 t is1 ( gr\ps ( species ( successive grades or degree ( g5]ality2 su* z t ( simil> species into ,g5]a1 ( g5]a into ,families or ,ord]s1 ( ord]s into ,classes4 ,9 classification ! sequ5ce1 proce$+ f high] or m g5]al to l[] or special1 is always ,,class1 ,,ord]1 ,,g5us1 ,,species1 ,,v>iety 7if ne$ be74 #ebh4 ,g5]a 79 ! s+ul>1 ,g5us7 are assemblages ( closely relat$ species1 9 :i* ! ess5tial p>ts are all con/ruct$ on ! same p>ticul> type or plan4 ,:ite ,oak1 ,r$ ,oak1 ,sc>let ,oak1 ,live ,oak1 etc41 are s _m species ( ! ,oak g5us 7,lat91 ,qu]cus74 ,! ,*e/nuts compose ano!r g5us2 ! ,bee*es ano!r4 ,! ,apple1 ,pe>1 & ,crab are species ( "o g5us1 ! ,qu9ce repres5ts ano!r1 ! v>i\s species ( ,haw?orn a ?ird4 ,9 ! animal k+dom ! common cat1 ! wild-cat1 ! pan!r1 ! tig]1 ! leop>d1 & ! lion are species ( ! cat k9d or g5us2 :ile ! dog1 ! jackal1 ! diff]5t species ( wolf1 & ! foxes1 compose ano!r g5us4 ,"s g5]a are repres5t$ by a va/ numb] ( species1 o!rs by few1 v _m by only "o kn[n species4 ,= ! g5us may be z p]fectly repres5t$ 9 "o species z 9 sev]al1 al?\gh1 if ?is 7 ! case ?r\gh\t1 g5]a & species w\ld ( c\rse be id5tical4 ,! ,bee* g5us & ! ,*e/nut g5us w\ld be j z di/9ct f ! ,oak g5us ev5 if b "o ,bee* & ,*e/nut 7 kn[n2 z inde$ 0 once ! case4 #ebi4 ,ord]s are gr\ps ( g5]a t resemble ea* o!r2 t is1 !y are to g5]a :at g5]a are to species4 ,z famili> illu/rations1 ! ,oak1 ,*e/nut1 & ,bee* g5]a1 along ) ! ,hazel g5us & ! ,hornbeams1 all belong to "o ord]4 ,! ,bir*es & ! ,ald]s make ano!r2 ! ,popl>s & ,will[s1 ano!r2 ! ,walnuts 7) ! ,butt]nut7 & ! ,hickories1 /ill ano!r4 ,! ,apple g5us1 ! ,qu9ce & ! ,haw?orns1 along ) ! ,plums & ,*]ries & ! ,pea*1 ! ,raspb]ry ) ! ,blackb]ry1 ! ,/rawb]ry1 ! ,rose1 belong to a l>ge ord]1 :i* takes its "n f ! ,rose4 ,mo/ botani/s use ! names ,ord] & ,family synonym\sly2 ! latt] m popul>ly1 z ! ,rose ,family1 ! =m] m te*nically1 z ,ord] ,rosaceae4 #ecj4 ,b :5 ! two are di/+ui%$1 z is common 9 zoology1 ,family is ( l[] grade ?an ,ord]4 #eca4 ,classes are /ill m compreh5sive assemblages1 or great gr\ps4 ,?us1 9 mod]n botany1 ! ,dicotyl$on\s plants compose "o class1 ! ,monocotyl$on\s plants ano!r 7#cf-dj74 #ecb4 ,^! f\r grades1 ,class1 ,ord]1 ,g5us1 ,species1 are ( univ]sal use4 ,v>iety comes 9 ^u occasion4 ,=1 al?\gh a species may h no recogniz$ v>ieties1 a g5us implies at lea/ "o species belong+ to x2 e g5us is ( "s ord]1 & e ord] ( "s class4 #ecc4 ,b ^! grades by no means exhau/ ! res\rces ( classification1 nor suffice = ! elucidation ( all ! di/9ctions :i* botani/s recognize4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a high] grade ?an t ( class is ne$ful = ! mo/ compreh5sive ( divisions1 t ( all plants into ! two ,s]ies ( ,phan]ogam\s & ,cryptogam\s 7#f72 & 9 natural hi/ory !re are ! two ,k+doms or ,realms1 ! ,vegetable & ! ,animal4 #ecd4 ,moreov]1 ! /ages ( ! scaffold+ h be5 v>i\sly ext5d$1 z requir$1 by ! recognition ( assemblages l[] ?an class b high] ?an ord]1 viz4 ,subclass & ,cohort2 or l[] ?an ord]1 a ,subord]2 or betwe5 ?is & g5us1 a ,tribe2 or betwe5 ?is & tribe1 a ,subtribe2 or betwe5 g5us & species1 a ,subg5us2 & by "s a species has be5 divid$ into ,subspecies1 & a v>iety into ,subv>ieties4 ,la/ ( all are ,individuals4 ,suffice x to rememb] t ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal grades 9 classification1 ) ! prop] sequ5ce2 also t only ^? "h pr9t$ 9 small capitals are fundam5tal & univ]sal 9 botany3-- ,,s]ies1 ,,class1 ,subclass1 ,cohort1 ,,ord]1 or ,,family1 ,subord]1 ,tribe1 ,subtribe1 ,,g5us1 ,subg5us or ,section1 ,,species1 ,v>iety4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,names1 ,,t]ms1 ,,& ,,*>act]s4 #ece4 ,! "n ( a plant is ! "n ( its g5us foll[$ by t ( ! species4 ,! "n ( ! g5us answ]s to ! surname 7or family "n72 t ( ! species to ! baptismal "n ( a p]son4 ,?us ,qu]cus is ! "n ( ! ,oak g5us2 ,qu]cus alba1 t ( ! ,:ite ,oak1 ,q4 rubra1 t ( ,r$ ,oak1 ,q4 nigra1 t ( ! ,black-,jack1 etc4 ,botanical names be+ ,lat9 or ,lat9iz$1 ! adjective "n ( ! species comes aft] t ( ! g5us4 #ecf4 ,names ( ,g5]a are ( "o ^w1 a sub/antive4 ,! old] ones are mo/ly classical ,lat91 or ,greek adopt$ into ,lat92 su* z ,qu]cus = ! ,oak g5us1 ,fagus = ! ,bee*1 ,corylus1 ! ,hazel1 & ! l4 ,b z m g5]a became kn[n1 botani/s _h new names to make or borr[4 ,_m are nam$ f "s appe>ance or prop]ty ( ! fl[]s1 leaves1 or o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,to take a few examples f ! e>ly pages ( ! ,manual ( ! ,botany ( ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1--! g5us ,hepatica comes f ! %ape ( ! leaf1 resembl+ t ( ! liv]4 ,myosurus means m\se-tail4 ,delph9ium is f delph91 a dolph91 & alludes to ! %ape ( ! fl[]1 :i* 0 ?\ght to resemble ! classical figures ( ! dolph94 ,xan?orrhiza is f two ,greek words mean+ yell[-root1 ! common "n ( ! plant4 ,cimicifuga is =m$ ( two ,lat9 words mean+ to drive away bugs1 i4 e4 ,bugbane1 ! ,sib]ian species be+ us$ to keep away su* v]m94 ,sangu9>ia1 ! ,bloodroot1 is nam$ f ! blood-l color ( its juice4 ,o!r g5]a are d$icat$ to di/+ui%$ botani/s or promot]s ( sci5ce1 & be> _! names3 su* are ,magnolia1 :i* commemorates ! e>ly ,fr5* botani/1 ,magnol2 & ,jeff]sonia1 nam$ aft] ,presid5t ,jeff]son1 :o s5t ! fir/ explor+ exp$ition ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,o!rs be> ! "n ( ! discov]] ( ! plant2 z1 ,s>rac5ia1 d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,s>raz91 ( ,quebec1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ to s5d ! common ,pit*]-plant to ! botani/s ( ,europe2 & ,claytonia1 fir/ made kn[n by ! e>ly ,virg9ian botani/ ,clayton4 #ecg4 ,names ( ,species4 ,! "n ( a species is also a s+le ^w1 app5d$ to t ( ! g5us4 ,x is commonly an adjective1 & !re=e agrees ) ! g5]ic "n 9 case1 g5d]1 etc4 ,sometimes x relates to ! c\ntry ! species inhabits2 z1 ,claytonia ,virg9ica1 fir/ made kn[n f ,virg9ia2 ,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis1 f ,canada1 etc4 ,m commonly x d5otes "s obvi\s or *>act]i/ic trait ( ! species2 z1 = example1 9 ,s>rac5ia1 our nor!rn species is nam$ purpurea1 f ! purple blossoms1 :ile a m s\!rn "o is nam$ flava1 because its petals are yell[2 ! species ( ,jeff]sonia is call$ diphylla1 mean+ two-leav$1 because its leaf is divid$ into two leaflets4 ,"s species are nam$ aft] ! discov]]1 or 9 complim5t to a botani/ :o has made !m kn[n2 z1 ,magnolia ,fras]i1 nam$ aft] ! botani/ ,fras]1 "o ( ! fir/ to f9d ?is species2 & ,s>rac5ia ,drummondii1 = a ,pit*]-plant f\nd by ,mr4 ,drummond 9 ,florida4 ,su* p]sonal specific names are ( c\rse writt5 ) a capital initial lett]4 ,occasionally "s old sub/antive "n is us$ = ! species2 z ,magnolia ,umbrella1 ! ,umbrella tree1 & ,ranunculus ,flammula4 ,^! are also writt5 ) a capital initial1 & ne$ n accord ) ! g5]ic "n 9 g5d]4 ,geographical specific names1 su* z ,canad5sis1 ,c>ol9iana1 ,am]icana1 9 ! lat] usage are by "s writt5 )\t a capital initial1 b ! old] usage is bett]1 or at lea/ m accordant ) ,engli% or?ography4 #ech4 ,v>ietal ,names1 :5 any are requir$1 are made on ! plan ( specific names1 & foll[ ^!1 ) ! prefix v>4 ,ranunculus ,flammula1 v>4 reptans1 ! creep+ v>iety3 ,r4 abortivus1 v>4 micran?us1 ! small-fl[]$ v>iety ( ! species4 #eci4 ,9 record+ ! "n ( a plant x is usual to app5d ! "n1 or an abbreviation ( ! "n1 ( ! botani/ :o fir/ publi%$ x2 & 9 a flora or o!r sy/ematic "w1 ?is ref]5ce to ! s\rce ( ! "n is complet$ by a fur!r citation ( ! "n ( ! book1 ! volume & page :]e x 0 fir/ publi%$4 ,s ,ranunculus acris1 ,l41 means t ?is ,butt]cup 0 fir/ s nam$ & describ$ by ,l9naeus2 ,r4 multifidus1 ,pur%1 t ?is species 0 s nam$ & publi%$ by ,pur%4 ,! suffix is no "p ( ! "n1 b is an abbreviat$ ref]5ce1 to be add$ or omitt$ z conv5i5ce or def9it5ess may require4 ,! au?ority = a g5]ic "n is simil>ly record$4 ,?us1 ,ranunculus1 ,l41 means t ! g5us 0 s nam$ by ,l9naeus2 ,myosurus1 ,dill41 t ! ,m\se-tail 0 e/abli%$ z a g5us "u ?is "n by ,dill5ius2 ,caulophyllum1 ,mi*x41 t ! ,blue ,coho% 0 publi%$ "u ?is "n by ,mi*aux4 ,! full ref]5ce 9 ! la/-nam$ in/ance w\ld be1 9 ,flora ,boreali-,am]icana1 fir/ volume1 #bje? page1--9 ! cu/om>y abbreviation1 ,mi*x4 ,fl4 i4 #bje4 #edj4 ,names ( ,ord]s are giv5 9 ! plural numb]1 & are commonly =m$ by prolong+ ! "n ( a g5us ( ! gr\p tak5 z a repres5tative ( x4 ,= example1 ! ord] ( :i* ! ,butt]cup or ,cr[foot g5us1 ,ranunculus1 is ! repres5tative1 takes f x ! "n ( ,ranunculaceae2 mean+ ,plantae ,ranunculaceae :5 writt5 out 9 full1 t is1 ,ranunculace\s ,plants4 ,"s old descriptive names ( ord]s are kept up1 su* z ,crucif]ae = ! ord] to :i* ,cress & ,mu/>d belong1 f ! cruci=m appe>ance ( _! exp&$ corolla1 & ,umbellif]ae1 f ! fl[]s be+ 9 umbels4 #eda4 ,names ( ,tribes1 also ( subord]s1 subtribes1 & ! l1 are plurals ( ! "n ( ! typical g5us1 less prolong$1 usually 9 eae1 ineae1 ideae1 etc4 ,?us ! prop] ,butt]cup tribe is ,ranunculeae1 ( ! ,clematis tribe1 ,clematideae4 ,:ile ! ,rose family is ,rosaceae1 ! special ,rose tribe is ,roseae4 #edb4 ,names ( ,classes1 etc4 ,= ^! see ! foll[+ synopsis ( ! actual classification adopt$1 p4 #ahc4 #edc4 ,s a plant is nam$ 9 two words1 ! g5]ic & ! specific names1 to :i* may be add$ a ?ird1 t ( ! v>iety1 ^u occasion4 ,! g5]ic "n is peculi>3 obvi\sly x mu/ n be us$ twice ov] 9 botany4 ,! specific "n mu/ n be us$ twice ov] 9 ! same g5us1 b is free = any o!r g5us4 ,a ,qu]cus alba1 or ,:ite ,oak1 is no h9drance to ,betula alba1 or ,:ite ,bir*2 & s ( o!r names4 #edd4 ,*>act]s & ,descriptions4 ,plants are *>act]iz$ by a t]se /atem5t1 9 botanical t]ms1 ( _! peculi>ities or di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,! "* ( ! ord] %\ld include no?+ :i* is common to ! :ole class x belongs to2 t ( ! g5us1 no?+ :i* is common to ! ord]2 t ( ! species no?+ :i* is %>$ ) all o!r species ( ! g5us2 & s ( o!r divisions4 ,descriptions may ent] into complete details ( ! :ole /ructure4 #ede4 ,t]m9ology1 also call$ ,glossology1 is nom5clature appli$ to organs or p>ts1 & _! =ms or modifications4 ,ea* organ or special "p has a sub/antive "n ( its own3 %apes & o!r modifications ( an organ or "p are designat$ by adjective t]ms1 or1 :5 ! =ms are peculi>1 sub/antive names are giv5 to !m4 ,by ! correct use ( su* botanical t]ms1 & by prop] subord9ation ( ! *>act]s "u ! ord]1 g5us1 species1 etc41 plants may be describ$ & det]m9$ ) mu* precision4 ,! classical language ( botany is ,lat94 ,:ile mod]n languages h _! own names & t]ms1 ^! usually lack ! precision ( ! ,lat9 or ,lat9iz$ botanical t]m9ology4 ,=tunately1 ?is ,lat9iz$ t]m9ology has be5 l>gely adopt$ & incorporat$ into ! ,engli% te*nical language ( botany1 ?us secur+ precision4 ,& ^! t]ms are l>gely ! basis ( specific names ( plants4 #edf4 ,a gloss>y or vocabul>y ( ! pr9cipal botanical t]ms us$ 9 phan]ogam\s & vascul> cryptogam\s botany is app5d$ to ?is volume1 to :i* ! /ud5t may ref]1 z occasion arises4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,sy/em4 #edg4 ,two sy/ems ( classification us$ to be recogniz$ 9 botany1--! artificial & ! natural2 b only ! latt] is n[ ?\ght to des]ve ! "n ( a sy/em4 #edh4 ,artificial classifications h = object m]ely ! asc]ta9+ ( ! "n & place ( a plant4 ,!y d n attempt to express relation%ips1 b s]ve z a k9d ( diction>y4 ,!y di/ribute ! g5]a & species accord+ to "s "o peculi>ity or set ( peculi>ities 7j z a diction>y di/ributes words accord+ to _! fir/ lett]s71 disreg>d+ all o!r consid]ations4 ,at pres5t an artificial classification 9 botany is ne$$ only z a key to ! natural ord]s1--z an aid 9 ref]r+ an unkn[n plant to its prop] family2 & su* keys are /ill v ne$ful1 at lea/ = ! beg9n]4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! ord]s !mselves 7 n cle>ly made out1 an artificial classification 0 requir$ to lead ! /ud5t d[n to ! g5us4 ,two su* classifications 7 long 9 vogue3 ,fir/1 t ( ,t\rne=t1 f\nd$ ma9ly on ! leaves ( ! fl[]1 ! calyx & corolla3 ?is 0 ! preval5t sy/em ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 b x has long s9ce gone by4 ,x 0 succe$$ by ! well-kn[n #edi4 ,artificial ,sy/em ( ,l9naeus1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on ! /am5s & pi/ils4 ,x consi/s ( tw5ty-f\r classes1 & ( a v>iable numb] ( ord]s2 ! classes f\nd$ ma9ly on ! numb] & disposition ( ! /am5s2 ! ord]s p>tly ^u ! numb] ( /yles or /igmas1 p>tly ^u o!r consid]ations4 ,useful & popul> z ?is sy/em 0 d[n to a "t )9 ! memory ( /ill surviv+ botani/s1 x is n[ completely obsolete4 ,b ! tradition ( x survives 9 ! names ( its classes1 ,mon&ria1 ,di&ria1 ,tri&ria1 etc41 :i* are famili> 9 t]m9ology 9 ! adjective t]ms mon&r\s1 di&r\s1 tri&r\s1 etc4 7#bhd72 also ( ! ord]s1 ,monogynia1 ,digynia1 ,trigynia1 etc41 pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( monogyn\s1 digyn\s1 trigyn\s1 etc4 7#cja72 & 9 ! "n ,cryptogamia1 t ( ! #bd? class1 :i* is cont9u$ = ! l[] s]ies 9 ! natural classification4 #eej4 ,natural ,sy/em4 ,a g5u9e sy/em ( botany consi/s ( ! ord]s or families1 duly arrang$ "u _! classes1 & hav+ ! tribes1 ! g5]a1 & ! species arrang$ 9 !m accord+ to _! relation%ips4 ,?is1 :5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 is ! ,natural ,sy/em2 because x is int5d$ to express1 z well z possible1 ! v>i\s degrees ( relation%ip among plants1 z pres5t$ 9 nature2 t is1 to rank ^? species & ^? g5]a1 etc41 next to ea* o!r 9 ! classification :i* are really mo/ alike 9 all respects1 or1 9 o!r words1 :i* are con/ruct$ mo/ ne>ly on ! same p>ticul> plan4 #eea4 ,!re c be only "o natural sy/em ( botany1 if by ?is t]m is meant ! plan accord+ to :i* ! vegetable creation 0 call$ into be+1 ) all its grades & div]sities among ! species1 z well ( pa/ z ( ! pres5t "t4 ,b !re may be _m natural sy/ems1 if we mean ! attempts ( m5 to int]pret & express t plan1--sy/ems :i* w v>y ) advanc+ k1 & ) ! judgm5t & skill ( diff]5t botani/s4 ,^! mu/ all be v imp]fect1 be> ! impress ( individual m9ds1 & be %ap$ by ! curr5t philosophy ( ! age4 ,b ! endeavor always is to make ! classification answ] to ,nature1 z f> z any sy/em c :i* has to be express$ 9 a def9ite & s]ial arrangem5t4 #eeb4 ,s1 al?\gh ! classes1 ord]s1 g5]a1 etc41 are natural1 or z natural z ! sy/emati/ c make !m1 _! gr\p+ or ord] ( arrangem5t 9 a book1 mu/ necess>ily be 9 great measure artificial4 ,inde$1 x is q impossible to arrange ! ord]s1 or ev5 ! few classes1 9 a s+le s]ies1 & yet h ea* gr\p /& next to its ne>e/ relatives on bo? sides4 #eec4 ,especially x %\ld be und]/ood t1 al?\gh phan]ogam\s plants are ( high] grade ?an cryptogam\s1 & angiosp]m\s or ord9>y phan]ogam\s high] ?an ! gymnosp]m\s1 yet !re is no culm9ation 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 nor any highe/ or l[e/ ord] ( phan]ogam\s plants4 #eed4 ,! p>ticul> sy/em mo/ l>gely us$ at pres5t 9 ! classification ( ! ord]s is ess5tially ! foll[+3-- ,,s]ies ,i4 ,,phan]ogamia3 ,,phan]ogam\s ,,or ,,fl[]+ ,,plants4 ,,class ,i4 ,,dicotyl$ones ,,angiosp]meae1 call$ = %ortness 9 ,engli%1 ,,dicotyl$ons or ,,dicotyls4 ,ovules 9 a clos$ ov>y4 ,embryo dicotyl$on\s4 ,/em ) exog5\s plan ( gr[?4 ,leaves reticulate-ve9$1 ,artificial ,division ,i4 ,,polypetalae1 ) petals mo/ly pres5t & di/9ct4 ,ord]s ab\t #hj 9 numb]1 ,ranunculaceae to ,cornaceae4 ,artificial ,division ,,ii4 ,,gamopetalae1 ) gamopetal\s corolla4 ,ord]s ab\t #de1 ,caprifoliaceae to ,plantag9aceae4 ,artificial ,division ,,iii4 ,,apetalae or ,,incompletae1 ) p]ian?1 :5 pres5t1 ( calyx only4 ,ord]s ab\t #ce 9 numb]1 f ,nyctag9aceae to ,salicaceae4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,dicotyl$ones ,,gymnosp]meae1 9 ,engli% ,,gymnosp]ms4 ,no ov>y or p]ic>p1 b ovules & se$s nak$1 & no prop] calyx nor corolla4 ,embryo dicotyl$on\s or polycotyl$on\s4 ,/em ) exog5\s plan ( gr[?4 ,leaves mo/ly p>allel-ve9$4 ,consi/s ( ord] ,gnetaceae1 :i* /rictly connects ) ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyls1 ( ,conif]ae1 & ( ,cycadaceae4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,monocotyl$ones1 9 ,engli% ,,monocotyl$ons or ,,monocotyls4 ,angiosp]m\s4 ,embryo monocotyl$on\s4 ,/em ) endog5\s plan ( gr[?4 ,leaves mo/ly p>allel-ve9$4 ,division ,i4 ,,petaloideae4 ,p]ian? complete1 hav+ ! equival5t ( bo? calyx & corolla1 & all ! inn] s]ies coroll9e4 ,ab\t #ah ord]s4 ,division ,,ii4 ,,calyc9ae4 ,p]ian? complete 79 two s]ies7 b n coroll9e1 mo/ly ?icki% or glumace\s4 ,*iefly two ord]s1 ,juncaceae1 ! true ,ru%es1 & ,palmae1 ,palms4 ,division ,,iii4 ,,spadiciflorae or ,,nudiflorae4 ,p]ian? none1 or rudim5t>y & incomplete3 infloresc5ce spadice\s4 ,( five ord]s1 ,typhaceae & ,aroideae ! pr9cipal4 ,division ,,iv4 ,,glumaceae4 ,p]ian? none1 or v rudim5t>y3 glumace\s bracts to ! fl[]s4 ,ord]s ma9ly ,cyp]aceae & ,gram9eae4 ,,s]ies ,,ii4 ,,cryptogamia3 ,,cryptogam\s ,,or ,,fl[]less ,,plants4 ,,class ,i4 ,,pt]idophyta1 ,,pt]idophytes 7#dhd74 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,bryophyta1 ,,bryophytes 7#dih74 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,?allophyta1 ,,?allophytes 7#ejc74 ,,section ,,xix4 ,,botanical ,,"w4 #eee4 ,"s h9ts & brief in/ructions = ! collection1 exam9ation1 & pres]vation ( specim5s are add$4 ,!y are especially int5d$ = ! assi/ance ( ^? :o h n ! advantage ( a tea*]4 ,!y apply to phan]ogam\s plants & ,f]ns only1 & to sy/ematic botany4#a ,sec4 #a4 ,,collection1 ,,or ,,h]borization4 #eef4 ,z mu* z possible1 plants %\ld be exam9$ 9 ! liv+ /ate1 or :5 fre%ly ga!r$4 ,b dri$ specim5s %\ld be prep>$ = m leisurely exam9ation & = comp>ison4 ,to ! work+ botani/ good dri$ specim5s are indisp5sable4 #eeg4 ,botanical ,specim5s1 to be complete1 %\ld h root or root/ock1 /em1 leaves1 fl[]s1 bo? op5 & 9 bud1 & fruit4 ,sometimes ^! may all be obta9$ at "o ga!r+2 m commonly two or ?ree ga!r+s at diff]5t times are requisite1 especially = trees & %rubs4 #eeh4 ,9 ,h]boriz+1 a good knife & a n>r[ & /rong tr[el are ne$$2 b a v /rong knife w s]ve in/ead ( a tr[el or small pick = digg+ out bulbs1 tub]s1 & ! l4 ,to c>ry ! specim5s1 ei!r ! t9 box 7vasculum7 or a portfolio1 or bo? are requir$4 ,! t9 box is be/ = ! collection ( specim5s to be us$ fre%1 z 9 ! class-room2 also = v ?ick or fle%y plants4 ,! portfolio is indisp5sable = long exp$itions1 & is be/ = specim5s :i* are to be pres]v$ 9 ! h]b>ium4 #eei4 ,! ,vasculum1 or ,botanical ,collect+-box1 is made ( t91 9 %ape l a c&le-box1 only flatt]1 or ! small] sizes l an ,engli% s&wi*-case2 ! lid op5+ = ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( "o side ( ! box4 ,any portable t9 box ( conv5i5t size1 & capable ( hold+ specim5s a foot or fifte5 in*es long1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,! box %\ld %ut close1 s t ! specim5s may n wilt3 !n x w keep leafy bran*es & mo/ fl[]s p]fectly fre% = a day or two1 especially if slightly moi/5$4 ,!y %\ld n be wet4 #efj4 ,! ,portfolio is be/ made ( two pieces ( solid b9d]'s-bo>d1 cov]$ ) enamel clo?1 :i* also =ms ! back1 & fa/5$ by /raps & buckles4 ,x may be f a foot to tw5ty in*es long1 f n9e to elev5 or twelve in*es wide4 ,x %\ld conta9 a ne$ful quantity ( smoo? b /rong & pliable pap] 7?9 s-call$ ,manilla pap] is be/71 ei!r fa/5$ at ! back z 9 a book1 or loose 9 fold$ %eets :5 n v _m specim5s are requir$4 ,z soon z ga!r$1 ! specim5s %\ld be sep>ately laid betwe5 ! leaves or 9 ! fold$ %eets1 & kept "u mod]ate pressure 9 ! clos$ portfolio4 #efa4 ,( small h]bs1 especially annuals1 ! :ole plant1 root & all1 %\ld be tak5 = a specim54 ,( l>g] ones bran*es w suffice1 ) "s leaves f ne> ! root4 ,en\gh ( ! root or subt]ranean "p ( ! plant %\ld be collect$ to %[ :e!r x is an annual1 a bi5nial1 or a p]5nial4 ,?ick roots1 bulbs1 tub]s1 or bran*es ( specim5s int5d$ to be press$ %\ld be ?9n$ ) a knife1 or cut into slices4 ,keep ! specim5s )9 ! l5g? ( fifte5 or sixte5 in*es1 by fold+1 or :5 t _c be done1 by cutt+ into l5g?s4 #efb4 ,= ,dry+ ,specim5s a good supply ( s(t & unsiz$ pap] is want$2 & "s conv5i5t means ( apply+ consid]able pressure4 ,to make good dri$ botanical specim5s1 dry !m z rapidly z possible betwe5 _m ?icknesses ( sun-dri$ pap] to absorb _! moi/ure1 "u z mu* pressure z c be giv5 )\t cru%+ ! m delicate p>ts4 ,?is pressure may be _h by a botanical press1 ( :i* v>i\s =ms h be5 contriv$2 or by weights plac$ ^u a bo>d1--f =ty to eighty or a hundr$ p\nds1 accord+ to ! quantity ( specim5s dry+ at ! "t4 ,= use :ile travell+1 a good portable press may be made ( ?ick b9d]s' bo>ds = ! sides1 & ! pressure may be appli$ by /rong /raps ) buckles4 ,/ill bett]1 on "s acc\nts1 are portable presses made ( wire network1 :i* all[ ! dampness to escape by evaporation betwe5 ! me%es4 ,= h]borization 9 a small way1 a light wire-press may be tak5 into ! field & made to s]ve also z a portfolio4 #efc4 ,x is well to h two k9ds ( pap]1 namely1 dri]s ( bibul\s pap]1 /it*$ into pads 7or ! pads may be ( ?ick c>pet-pap]1 cut to size7 & ?9 smoo? pap]1 fold$ once2 ! specim5s to be laid into ! fold1 ei!r :5 ga!r$ or on return+ f ! excursion4 ,^! %eets are to hold ! specim5s until !y are q dry4 ,e day1 or at fir/ ev5 twice a day1 ! specim5s1 left undi/urb$ 9 _! %eets1 are to be %ift$ into fire-dri$ or sun-dri$ fre% dri]s1 & ! pressure r5ew$1 :ile ! moi/ %eets are spread out to dry1 s z to take _! turn aga9 at ! next %ift+4 ,?is c\rse mu/ be cont9u$ until ! specim5s are no long] moi/ to ! t\*4 ,good & comely specim5s are ei!r made or spoil$ )9 ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r or ?irty-six h\rs4 ,aft] t1 :5 pl5ty ( dri]s are us$1 x may n be necess>y to *ange !m s frequ5tly4 #efd4 ,succul5t plants1 :i* long refuse to "p ) life & moi/ure1 & ,spruces & "s o!r ev]gre5s :i* are apt to ca/ (f _! leaves1 may be plung$ = a mom5t into boil+ wat]1 all b ! fl[]s4 ,delicate fl[]s may be encas$ 9 ?9 tissue pap] :5 put into ! press4 ,?ick p>ts1 l ! heads ( ,sunfl[]s & ,?i/les1 may be cut 9 two or into slices4 #efe4 ,dri$ specim5s may be pack$ 9 bundles1 ei!r 9 fold$ pap] or ^u s+le half-%eets4 ,x is bett] t su* pap] %\ld n be bibul\s4 ,! packages %\ld be well wrapp$ or kept 9 close cases4 #eff4 ,poison+ is necess>y if specim5s are to be p]man5tly pres]v$ f ! depr$ation ( insects4 ,! usual application is an almo/ saturat$ solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 #ie p] c5t alcohol1 freely appli$ ) a l>ge & s(t bru%1 or ! specim5s dipp$ into "s ( ! solution p\r$ into a l>ge & flat di%2 ! wett$ specim5s to be transf]r$ = a %ort "t to dri]s4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,h]b>ium4 #efg4 ,! botani/'s collection ( dri$ specim5s1 ticket$ ) _! names1 place1 & "t ( collection1 & sy/ematically arrang$ "u _! g5]a1 ord]s1 etc41 =ms a ,hortus ,siccus or ,h]b>ium4 ,x comprises n only ! specim5s :i* ! proprietor has himself collect$1 b ^? :i* he acquires ?r\gh fri5dly ex*anges1 or 9 o!r ways4 ,! specim5s ( an h]b>ium may be kept 9 fold$ %eets ( pap]2 or !y may be fa/5$ on half-%eets ( ?ick & :ite pap]1 ei!r by gumm$ slips1 or by glue appli$ to ! specim5s !mselves4 ,! =m] is be/ = private & small h]b>ia2 ! latt] = l>ge ones :i* are mu* turn$ ov]4 ,ea* %eet %\ld be appropriat$ to "o species2 two or m diff]5t plants %\ld nev] be atta*$ to ! same %eet4 ,! g5]ic & specific "n ( ! plant %\ld be add$ to ! l[] "r-h& corn]1 ei!r writt5 on ! %eet1 or on a ticket pa/$ d[n2 & ! "t ( collection1 ! locality1 ! color ( ! fl[]s1 & any o!r in=mation :i* ! specim5s !mselves d n af=d1 %\ld be duly record$ ^u ! %eet or ! ticket4 ,! %eets ( ! h]b>ium %\ld all be ( exactly ! same dim5sions4 ,! h]b>ium ( ,l9naeus is on pap] ( ! common foolscap size1 ab\t elev5 in*es long & sev5 wide4 ,?is is too small4 ,sixte5 & ?ree eigh?s in*es by elev5 & a half in*es is an approv$ size4 #efh4 ,! %eets conta9+ ! species ( ea* g5us are to be plac$ 9 g5us-cov]s1 made ( a full %eet ( ?ick pap] 7su* z ! /ronge/ ,manilla-hemp pap]71 to be :5 fold$ ( ! same dim5sions z ! species-%eet b slightly wid]3 ! "n ( ! g5us is to be writt5 on "o ( ! l[] corn]s4 ,^! are to be arrang$ "u ! ord]s to :i* !y belong1 & ! :ole kept 9 clos$ cases or cab9ets1 ei!r laid flat 9 comp>tm5ts1 l pigeon-holes1 or else plac$ 9 ?ick portfolios1 arrang$ l folio volumes4 ,all %\ld be kept1 z mu* z practicable1 9 du/-pro( & insect-pro( cases or boxes4 #efi4 ,fruits1 tub]s1 & o!r h>d p>ts1 too ?ick = ! h]b>ium1 may be kept 9 pa/ebo>d or light wood5 boxes1 9 a collection ap>t4 ,small loose fruits1 se$s1 deta*$ fl[]s1 & ! l may be conv5i5tly pres]v$ 9 pap] capsules or envelopes1 atta*$ to ! h]b>ium-%eets4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,inve/igation ,,& ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,plants4 #egj4 ,! ,implem5ts requir$ are a h& magnify+ glass1 a pocket l5s ( an in* or two focus1 or a glass ( two l5ses1 "o ( ! l[] & ! o!r ( ! high] p[]2 & a %>p p5knife = dissection4 ,) ^! & reasonable p]sev]ance ! /ructure ( ! fl[]s & fructification ( mo/ phan]ogam\s plants & ,f]ns c be made out4 ,b = ease & com=t1 z well z = c]ta9ty & "r tra9+1 ! /ud5t %\ld h "s k9d ( simple /age microscope1 & "u ?is make all dissections ( small p>ts4 ,)\t x ! /ud5t w be apt to fall into ! bad habit ( guess+ :]e he ought to asc]ta94 #ega4 ,! simple microscope may be r$uc$ to a good l5s or d\blet1 ( an in* focus1 m\nt$ ov] a glass /age1 s t x c be mov$ up & d[n & also sidewise1 & ) 7or )\t7 a little mirror und]nea?4 ,a bett] "o w\ld h "o or two additional l5ses 7say ( half & ( a qu>t] in* focus71 a pretty l>ge /age1 on ! glass ( :i* sev]al small objects c be plac$ & conv5i5tly br\ght "u ! l5s2 & its height or t ( ! l5s %\ld be adju/able by a rack-"w2 also a swivel-m\nt$ little mirror b5ea?1 :i* is ne$$ = m9ute objects to be view$ by transmitt$ light4 #egb4 ,= dissect+ & display+ small p>ts on ! /age ( ! microscope1 besides a ?9-blad$ knife1 ! only tools ne$$ are a good /ock ( common ne$les ( v>i\s sizes1 m\nt$ 9 h&les1 & "o or m saddl]'s-ne$les1 :i*1 be+ triangul>1 may be gr\nd to %>p edges conv5i5t = dissection4 ,also a pair ( delicate-po9t$ =ceps2 ^? ) curv$ po9ts us$ by ! d5ti/ are mo/ conv5i5t4 ,a cup ( clean wat] is indisp5sable1 ) :i* to moi/5 or wet1 or 9 :i* occasionally to float delicate p>ts4 ,small fl[]s1 buds1 fruits1 & se$s ( dri$ specim5s c be dissect$ q z well z fre% ones4 ,!y h only to be soak$ 9 w>m or boil+ wat]4 #egc4 ,! comp\nd microscope is r>ely necess>y except 9 cryptogamic botany & vegetable anatomy2 b x is v useful & conv5i5t1 especially = ! exam9ation ( poll54 ,to ! advanc$ botani/ x is a necessity1 to all /ud5ts ( botany an aid & delight4 #egd4 ,analysis4 ,a few directions & h9ts may be giv54 ,! mo/ important is ?is3 ,9 /udy+ an unkn[n plant1 make a complete exam9ation ( all its p>ts1 & =m a cle> idea ( its floral /ructure & t ( its fruit1 f p]ic>p d[n to ! embryo1 or z f> z ! mat]ials 9 h& all[1 be=e tak+ a /ep t[>d f9d+ out its "n & relation%ip by means ( ! keys or o!r helps :i* ! ,manuals & ,floras provide4 ,if x is ! "n m]ely t is want$1 ! %ort] way is to ask "s "o :o already kn[s x4 ,to v]ify ! po9ts ( /ructure "o by "o z !y happ5 to occur 9 an artificial key1 )\t any prep>atory inve/igation1 is a usual b is n ! be/ nor ! sure/ way4 ,x is well to make draw+s or outl9e sket*es ( ! small] p>ts1 & especially diagrams ( ! plan ( ! fl[]1 su* z ^? ( ,fig4 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bge-bgg4 ,= ^!1 cross sections ( ! fl[]-bud or fl[] are to be made3 & longitud9al sections1 su* z ,fig4 #bgj-bgd1 are equally important4 ,! dissection ev5 ( small se$s is n difficult aft] "s practice4 ,commonly !y ne$ to be soak$ or boil$4 #ege4 ,! "r appreciation ( *>act]s & t]ms us$ 9 description ne$s practice & calls = judgm5t4 ,plants d n gr[ exactly by rule & plummet1 & measurem5ts mu/ be tak5 loosely4 ,diff]5ce ( soil & situation are respond$ to by consid]able v>iations1 & o!r div]g5ces occur :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by ! surr\nd+s1 nor be anticipat$ 9 g5]al descriptions4 ,annuals may be v depaup]ate 9 dry soils or seasons1 or v l>ge :5 p>ticul>ly well n\ri%$4 ,w>m & arid situations promote1 & wet ones are apt to dim9i% pubesc5ce4 ,salt wat] causes increas$ succul5ce4 ,! color ( fl[]s is apt to be light] 9 %ade1 & bright] 9 op5 & elevat$ situations4 ,a color or hue n normal to ! species n[ & !n occurs1 :i* no?+ 9 ! conditions w acc\nt =4 ,a :ite-fl[]$ v>iation ( any o!r color$ blossom may always be expect$2 ?is1 ?\gh x may be notable1 no m indicates a di/9ct v>iety ( ! species ?an an alb9o w\ld a v>iety ( ! human species4 ,! num]ical plan is subject to v>iation 9 "s fl[]s2 ^? on ! plan ( five may n[ & !n v>y to f\r or to six4 ,v>iations ( ! outl9e or lob+ ( leaves are s famili> t !y d n mu* mislead4 ,only wid] & long] obs]vation suffices to prev5t or correct mi/akes 9 botanical /udy4 ,b ! weigh+ ( evid5ce & ! balanc+ ( probabilities1 no less ?an ! use ( ! well-ord]$ & logical sy/em ( classification1 give z excell5t tra9+ to ! judgm5t z ! se>* = ! facts !mselves does to ! obs]v+ p[]s4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,signs ,,& ,,abbreviations4 #egf4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ^!1 :e!r ( =m] or actual use1 see ,/ructural ,botany ( ! ,botanical ,text ,book1 pp4 #cfg1 #cib1 z also = ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! acc5tuation ( names4 ,x is ne$ful "h to expla9 only ^? us$ 9 ! ,manuals & ,floras ( ?is c\ntry1 = :i* ! pres5t volume is an introduction & companion4 ,!y are n num]\s4 #egg4 ,9 arrang+ ! species1 at lea/ ^? ( a l>ge g5us1 ! divisions are d5ot$ & graduat$ z foll[s3 ,! sign ,sec4 is prefix$ to sections ( ! highe/ rank3 ^! sections :5 !y h names affix$ to !m 7z ,prunus ,sec4 ,c]asus7 may be call$ subg5]a4 ,:5 ! divisions ( a g5us are n ( su* importance1 or :5 divisions are made "u ! subg5us itself1 ! mo/ compreh5sive ones are m>k$ by a/]isks1 99 = ! fir/1 99 99 = ! second1 & s on4 ,subdivisions are m>k$ ) a prefix$ 2 ^? "u ?is head ) 2 & ^? "u ?is ) 1 if !re be s _m grades4 ,a simil> notation is foll[$ 9 ! synopsis ( ! g5]a ( an ord]4 #egh4 ,! int]rogation po9t is us$ 9 botany to indicate d\bt4 ,?us ,clematis crispa1 ,l48 expresses a d\bt :e!r ! plant 9 "q is really ! ,clematis crispa ( ,l9naeus4 ,clematis8 polypetala expresses a d\bt :e!r ! plant s nam$ is really a ,clematis4 ,on ! o!r h& ! exclamation po9t 767 is us$ to d5ote c]ta9ty :5ev] !re is special ne$ to affirm ?is4 #egi4 ,= size or height1 ! common signs ( degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds1 h be5 us$1 ?us1 #a deg41 #b'1 #c1 /& respectively = a foot1 two in*es1 & ?ree l9es or twelf?s ( an in*4 ,a bett] way1 :5 su* brevity is ne$$1 is to write #a;ft4 #b;94 #cl4 #ehj4 ,signs = duration us$ by ,l9naeus 7 ,symbol = ,sun = an annual1 ,symbol = ,m>s = a bi5nial1 ,symbol = ,jupit] = a p]5nial h]b1 ,symbol l num]al #e )\t ! top b> = a %rub or tree4 ,de,candolle br\ght 9 ,symbol = ,sun = a plant t di$ aft] once fl[]+1 ,symbol ) num]al #a 9 a circle if annual1 ,symbol ) num]al #b 9 a circle if bi5nial4 #eha4 ,to indicate sexes1 ,symbol = ,male means /am9ate or male plant or blossom2 ,symbol = ,female1 pi/illate or female2 ,symbol l t = ,m]cury1 b ) two inv]t$ breve acc5ts ov] x1 p]fect or h]maphrodite4 #ehb4 ,to save room x is n uncommon to use ,symbol = inf9ity 9 place ( _m2 ?us1 ,/am5s ,symbol = inf9ity1 = /am5s indef9itely num]\s3 ,symbol = inf9ity flora = pluriflora or _m-fl[]$4 ,/ill m common is ! =m ,/am5s #e-bj1 or ,calyx #d-e-p>t$1 = /am5s f five to tw5ty1 calyx f\r-p>t$ or five-p>t$1 & ! l4 ,su* abbreviations h>dly ne$ explanation4 #ehc4 ,! same may be said ( su* abbreviations z ,cal4 = calyx1 ,cor4 = corolla1 ,pet4 = petals1 ,/4 = /am5s1 ,pi/4 = pi/il1 ,hab4 = habitat1 mean+ place ( gr[?1 ,h]b4 = h]b>ium1 ,hort4 = g>d54 ,also l4 c41 loco citato1 :i* avoids repetition ( volume & page4 #ehd4 ,/ructural ,botany has six pages ( abbreviations ( ! names ( botani/s1 mo/ly ( botanical au?ors4 ,z !y are n ( mu* consequ5ce to ! beg9n]1 :ile ! m advanc$ botani/ w "k ! names 9 full1 or "k :]e to f9d !m1 only a selection is "h app5d$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= full] directions 9 _m p>ticul>s1 see ,/ructural ,botany1 pp4 #cgj-cgd4 ,,abbreviations ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,botani/s4 ,adans4 ,adanson4 ,ait4 ,aiton4 ,all4 ,allioni4 ,&r4 ,&rews4 ,arn4 ,arnott4 ,aub4 ,aublet4 ,b>tr4 ,b>tram4 ,beauv4 ,palisot de ,beauvois4 ,b5?4 ,b5?am4 ,b]nh4 ,b]nh>di4 ,bigel4 ,jacob ,bigel[4 ,bong4 ,bong>d4 ,bonpl4 ,bonpl&4 ,br4 or ,r4 ,br4 ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,cass4 ,cass9i4 ,cav4 ,cavanilles4 ,*am4 ,*amisso4 ,*apm4 ,*apman4 ,*ois4 ,*oisy4 ,clayt4 ,clayton4 ,curt4 ,curtis4 ,curt4 7,m4 ,a47 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtis4 ,d>l4 ,d>l+ton4 ,,dc4 ,de,candolle4 ,de,cand4 ,a4 ,,dc4 ,alphonse ,de,candolle4 ,desc4 ,desc\rtilz4 ,desf4 ,desfonta9es4 ,desv4 ,desvaux4 ,dill4 ,dill5ius4 ,d\gl4 ,d\glas4 ,duham4 ,duhamel4 ,dun4 ,dunal4 ,eat4 ,eaton 7,amos7 or ,d4 ,c4 ,ehrh4 ,ehrh>t4 ,ell4 ,elliott4 ,endl4 ,endli*]4 ,engelm4 ,engelmann4 ,engl4 ,engl]4 ,fis*4 ,fis*]4 ,froel4 ,froeli*4 ,ga]tn4 ,ga]tn]4 ,gaud4 ,gaud94 ,gaudi*4 ,gaudi*aud4 ,g+4 ,g+9s4 ,gmel4 ,gmel94 ,good4 ,good5\gh4 ,grev4 ,greville4 ,griseb4 ,griseba*4 ,gron4 ,gronovius4 ,gronov4 ,hall4 ,hall]4 ,h>tm4 ,h>tmann4 ,h>tw4 ,h>tweg4 ,h>v4 ,h>vey4 ,haw4 ,hawor?4 ,hegelm4 ,hegelmai]4 ,hemsl4 ,hemsley4 ,h]b4 ,h]b]t4 ,h(fm4 ,h(fmann4 ,h(fmans4 ,h(fmansegg4 ,hook4 ,hook]4 ,hook4 f4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]4 ,hornem4 ,hornemann4 ,huds4 ,hudson4 ,humb4 ,humboldt4 ,,hbk4 ,humboldt1 ,bonpl&1 & ,kun?4 ,jacq4 ,jacqu94 ,jacq4 f4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jacqu94 ,juss4 ,jussieu4 ,a4 ,juss4 ,adri5 de ,jussieu4 ,kit4 ,kitaibel4 ,l4 or ,l9n4 ,l9naeus4 ,labill4 ,labill>di]e4 ,lag4 ,lagasca4 ,lam4 ,lam>ck4 ,l$eb4 ,l$eb\r4 ,lehm4 ,lehmann4 ,lesq4 ,lesqu]eux4 ,less4 ,less+4 ,le/ib4 ,le/ibudois4 ,l',h]4 ,l',h]iti]4 ,l9db4 ,l9db]g4 ,l9dh4 ,l9dheim]4 ,l9dl4 ,l9dley4 ,lodd4 ,loddiges4 ,l\d4 ,l\don4 ,m4 ,bieb4 ,m>s*all von ,bieb]/e94 ,m>%4 ,m>%all 7,humphrey74 ,m>t4 ,m>tius4 ,ma/4 ,ma/]s4 ,maxim4 ,maxim[icz4 ,meisn4 ,meisn] or ,meissn4 ,meissn]4 ,mi*x4 or ,mx4 ,mi*aux4 ,mi*x4 f4 ,f4 ,a4 ,mi*aux4 ,mill4 ,mill]4 ,miq4 ,miquel4 ,mit*4 ,mit*ell4 ,moc4 ,moc9o4 ,moq4 ,moqu9-,t&on4 ,moric4 ,moric&4 ,moris4 ,morison4 ,muell4 ,arg4 ,j4 ,muell]4 ,muell4 7,f47 ,f]d9& ,muell]4 ,muhl4 ,muhl5b]g4 ,murr4 ,murray4 ,naud4 ,naud94 ,neck4 ,neck]4 ,nees ,nees von ,es5beck4 ,n4 ab ,e4 ,nutt4 ,nuttall4 ,o$4 ,o$]4 ,ort4 ,ortega4 ,p4 de ,beauv4 ,palisot de ,beauvois4 ,pall4 ,pallas4 ,p>l4 ,p>latore4 ,pav4 ,pavon4 ,p]s4 ,p]soon4 ,plan*4 ,plan*on4 ,pluk4 ,pluk5et4 ,plum4 ,plumi]4 ,poir4 ,poiret4 ,radlk4 ,radlk(]4 ,raf4 ,raf9esque4 ,r$4 ,r$\te4 ,rei*5b4 ,rei*5ba*4 ,ri*4 ,l4 ,c4 ,ri*>d4 ,ri*4 f4 or ,a4 ,a*ille ,ri*>d4 ,ri*>ds4 ,ri*>dson4 ,ridd4 ,riddell4 ,roem4 ,s*ult4 ,roem] ,s*ultes4 ,rottb4 ,rottboell4 ,rupr4 ,rupre*t4 ,/4 ,hil4 ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,salisb4 ,salisbury4 ,s*k4 ,s*kuhr4 ,s*le*t4 ,s*le*t5dal4 ,s*rad4 ,s*rad]4 ,s*reb4 ,s*reb]4 ,s*we94 ,s*we9itz4 ,scop4 ,scopoli4 ,spr5g4 ,spr5gel4 ,/]nb4 ,/]nb]g4 ,/eud4 ,/eudel4 ,sull4 ,sullivant4 ,?unb4 ,?unb]g4 ,torr4 ,torrey4 ,t\rn4 ,t\rne=t4 ,trautv4 ,trautvett]4 ,tr94 ,tr9ius4 ,tuck4 ,tuck]man4 ,vaill4 ,vaillant4 ,v5t4 ,v5t5at4 ,vill4 ,vill>s4 ,wahl4 ,wahl5b]g4 ,walds4 ,wald/e94 ,wall4 ,walli*4 ,wallr4 ,wallro?4 ,walp4 ,walp]s4 ,walt4 ,walt]4 ,wang4 ,wang5heim4 ,wats4 ,s]5o ,watson1 unless o!r initials are giv54 ,w$d4 ,w$dell4 ,w5dl4 ,w5dl&4 ,wiks4 ,wik/rom4 ,willd4 ,willd5[4 ,wulf4 ,wulf54 ,zucc4 ,zucc>9i4 ,zuccag4 ,zuccag9i4 ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,index1 ,,or ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,t]ms ,,9 ,,descriptive ,,botany1 ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,an ,,index4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( unclassical /ud5ts1 ! common] ,lat9 & ,greek words 7or _! equival5ts 9 ,engli% =m7 :i* ent] into ! composition ( botanical names1 z well z ( te*nical t]ms1 are add$ to ?is ,gloss>y4 ,! numb]s ref] to pages4 ,a1 at ! beg9n+ ( words ( ,greek d]ivation1 commonly signifies a negative1 or ! abs5ce ( some?+2 z apetal\s1 )\t petals2 aphyll\s1 leafless1 c4 ,9 words beg9n+ ) a v[el1 ! prefix is an2 z anan!r\s1 de/itute ( an!r4 ,abnormal1 contr>y to ! usual or ! natural /ructure4 ,aborig9al1 orig9al 9 ! /ricte/ s5se2 same z indig5\s4 ,abortive1 imp]fectly =m$1 or rudim5t>y4 ,abortion1 ! imp]fect =mation or ! non-=mation ( "s "p4 ,abrupt1 sudd5ly t]m9at+2 z1 = in/ance1 ,abruptly p9nate1 p9nate )\t an odd leaflet at ! end1 #eh4 ,acan?o-1 sp9y4 ,acaulesc5t 7acaulis71 app>5tly /emless2 ! prop] /em1 be>+ ! leaves & fl[]s1 be+ v %ort or subt]ranean4 ,accessory1 some?+ additional2 z ,accessory buds1 #cj1 #ca2 ,accessory fruits1 #aah4 ,accresc5t1 gr[+ l>g] aft] fl[]+4 ,accrete1 gr[n to4 ,accumb5t1 ly+ aga9/ a ?+4 ,! cotyl$ons are accumb5t :5 !y lie ) _! edges aga9/ ! radicle1 #abh4 ,acephal\s1 headless4 ,ac]ose1 ne$le-%ap$1 z ! leaves ( ,p9es4 ,acetabuli=m1 sauc]-%ap$4 ,a*a5ium1 or ,a*5ium 7plural a*5ia71 a "o-se$$1 se$-l fruit1 #abj4 ,a*lamyde\s 7fl[]71 )\t floral envelopes1 #hf4 ,acicul>1 ne$le-%ap$2 m sl5d] ?an ac]ose4 ,ac9aci=m1 scimit>-%ap$1 l "s bean-pods4 ,ac9es1 ! sep>ate gra9s ( a fruit1 su* z ! raspb]ry4 ,acorn1 ! nut ( ! ,oak1 #abb4 ,acotyl$on\s1 de/itute ( cotyl$ons or se$-leaves4 ,acrog5\s1 gr[+ f ! apex1 z ! /ems ( ,f]ns & ,mosses4 ,acrog5s1 or ,acrog5\s ,plants1 a "n = ! vascul> cryptogam\s plants1 #aef4 ,aculeate1 arm$ ) prickles1 i4 e4 aculei2 z ! ,rose & ,bri]4 ,aculeolate1 arm$ ) small prickles1 or slightly prickly4 ,acum9ate1 tap]-po9t$1 #ed4 ,acute1 m]ely %>p-po9t$1 or end+ 9 a po9t less ?an a "r angle1 #ed4 ,adelph\s 7/am5s71 jo9$ 9 a frat]nity 7adelphia72 see monadelph\s1 c4 ,ad51 ,greek = gl&4 ,s ,ad5ophor\s1 gl&-be>+4 ,adh]5t1 /ick+ to1 or m commonly1 gr[+ fa/ to ano!r body4 ,adnate1 lit]ally1 gr[+ fa/ to1 born adh]5t1 #ie4 ,! an!r is adnate :5 fix$ by its :ole l5g? to ! filam5t or its prolongation1 #aja4 ,adnation1 ! /ate ( be+ adnate1 #id4 ,adpress$ or appress$1 br\ght into contact )1 b n unit$4 ,adsc5d5t1 asc5d5t1 or asc5d+1 ris+ gradually upw>ds1 #ci4 ,adsurg5t1 or assurg5t1 same z asc5d+1 #ci4 ,adv5titi\s1 out ( ! prop] or usual place2 e4 g4 ,adv5titi\s buds1 #cj4 ,adv5tive1 appli$ to =eign plants accid5tally or sp>+ly introduc$ into a c\ntry1 b h>dly to be call$ naturaliz$4 ,a,equilateral1 equal-sid$2 oppos$ to oblique4 ,a]ial roots1 c41 #cf4 ,a,eruginous1 v]digris-color$4 ,a,estival1 produc$ 9 summ]4 ,a,estivation1 ! arrangem5t ( p>ts 9 a fl[]-bud1 #ig4 ,agam\s1 sexless4 ,aggregate fruits1 #aah4 ,agre/is1 gr[+ 9 fields4 ,air-cells or ,air-passages1 spaces 9 ! tissue ( leaves & "s /ems1 #aca4 ,air-,plants1 #cf4 ,ak5e or ,ak5ium1 #abj4 ,ala 7plural1 alae71 a w+2 ! side-petals ( a papilionace\s corolla1 #ib4 ,alaba/rum1 a fl[]-bud4 ,al>1 situat$ 9 ! =ks ( a /em4 ,alate1 w+$4 ,albesc5t1 :iti%1 or turn+ :ite4 ,albus1 ,lat9 = :ite4 ,album5 ( ! se$1 n\ri%+ matt] /or$ up ) ! embryo1 #ba1 #abg4 ,album51 a vegetable product1 ( f\r elem5ts4 ,album9\s 7se$s71 furni%$ ) album51 #ba4 ,alburnum1 "y wood1 sap-wood1 #adb4 ,alliace\s1 ) odor ( g>lic4 ,allogam\s1 close f]tilization4 ,alpe/r9e1 subalp9e4 ,alp9e1 belong+ to high m\nta9s above ! limit ( =e/s4 ,alt]nate 7leaves71 "o aft] ano!r1 #bi1 #fg4 ,petals are alt]nate ) ! sepals1 or /am5s ) ! petals1 :5 !y /& ov] ! int]vals betwe5 !m1 #hb4 ,alveolate1 honeycomb-l4 ,am5t1 ! scaly spike ( trees l ! ,bir* & ,will[1 #ge4 ,am5tace\s1 catk9-l1 or catk9-be>+4 ,amorph\s1 %apeless1 )\t any def9ite =m4 ,amphic>p\s1 produc+ two k9ds ( fruit4 ,amphiga/rium 7plural1 amphiga/ria71 a peculi> /ipule-l leaf ( ,liv]worts4 ,amphitrop\s ovules or se$s1 #aaa4 ,amphora1 a pit*]-%ap$ organ4 ,amplectant1 embrac+4 ,amplexicaul 7leaves71 clasp+ ! /em by ! base4 ,ampullace\s1 swell+ out l a bottle or bladd] 7ampulla74 ,amylace\s1 ,amyloid1 compos$ ( />* 7amylum71 or />*-l4 ,an&r\s1 )\t /am5s4 ,anan!r\s1 )\t an!rs4 ,anan?\s1 de/itute ( fl[]s2 fl[]less4 ,ana/omos+1 =m+ a net-"w 7ana/omosis71 z ! ve9s ( leaves1 #ej4 ,anatrop\s ovules or se$s1 #aaa4 ,ancipital 7anceps71 two-edg$4 ,&roecium1 a "n = ! /am5s tak5 toge!r1 #ih4 ,&ro-dioeci\s1 fl[]s /am9ate on "o plant1 p]fect on ano!r4 ,&rogyn\s1 hav+ bo? /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s 9 ! same clu/]4 ,&rophore1 a column ( unit$ /am5s1 z 9 a ,mall[4 ,&r\s1 or ,&]1 &ra1 &rum1 ,greek 9 comp\nds = male1 or /am5s4 ,anemophil\s1 w9d-lov+1 said ( w9d-f]tilizable fl[]s1 #aac4 ,anfractuose1 b5t hi!r & ?i!r z ! an!rs ( ! ,squa%1 c4 ,angiosp]mae1 ,angiosp]m\s1 ) se$s =m$ 9 an ov>y or p]ic>p1 #aji4 ,angul> div]g5ce ( leaves1 #fi4 ,anisos1 unequal4 ,anisom]\s1 p>ts unequal 9 numb]4 ,anisopetal\s1 ) unequal petals4 ,anisophyll\s1 ! leaves unequal 9 ! pairs4 ,annual 7plant71 fl[]+ & fruit+ ! ye> x is rais$ f ! se$1 & !n dy+1 #cg4 ,annul>1 9 ! =m ( a r+1 or =m+ a circle4 ,annulate1 m>k$ by r+s2 or furni%$ ) an ,annulus1 or r+1 l t ( ! spore-case ( mo/ ,f]ns4 ,9 ,mosses x is a r+ ( cells plac$ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! spore-case & ! lid 9 _m species4 ,annot9\s1 ye>ly1 or 9 ye>ly gr[?s4 ,ant]ior1 9 ! blossom1 is ! "p next ! bract1 i4 e4 ext]nal2 :ile ! po/]ior side is t next ! axis ( infloresc5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! ,pea1 c41 ! keel is ant]ior1 & ! /&>d po/]ior1 #if4 ,an!la1 an op5 paniculate cyme4 ,an!r1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! /am51 :i* conta9s ! poll51 #ad1 #hj1 #aja4 ,an!ridium 7plural an!ridia71 ! organ 9 ,cryptogams :i* answ]s to ! an!r ( ,fl[]+ ,plants1 #aej4 ,an!rif]\s1 an!r-be>+4 ,an!sis1 ! p]iod or ! act ( ! expansion ( a fl[]4 ,an?oc>pus 7fruits71 #aah4 ,an?ophore1 a /ipe betwe5 calyx & corolla1 #aac4 ,an?os1 ,greek = fl[]2 9 composition1 ,monan?\s1 "o-fl[]$1 c4 ,antic\s1 same z ant]ior4 ,antrorse1 direct$ upw>ds or =w>ds4 ,apetal\s1 de/itute ( petals1 #hf4 ,aphyll\s1 leafless4 ,apical1 belong+ to ! apex or po9t4 ,apiculate1 po9tlet$2 tipp$ ) a small po9t4 ,apoc>p\s 7pi/ils71 :5 ! sev]al pi/ils ( ! same fl[] are sep>ate4 ,apophysis1 any irregul> swell+2 ! enl>gem5t at ! base ( ! spore-case ( ! ,umbrella-,moss4 ,apo!cium1 ! fructification ( ,li*5s1 #aga4 ,app5dage1 any sup]add$ "p4 ,app5diculate1 provid$ ) app5dages4 ,appress$1 close press$ to ! /em1 c4 ,apricus1 gr[+ 9 dry & sunny places4 ,apt]\s1 w+less4 ,aquatic 7,aquatilis71 liv+ or gr[+ 9 wat]2 appli$ to plants :e!r gr[+ "u wat]1 or ) all b ! base rais$ out ( x4 ,ara*noid1 ,araneose1 cobwebby2 clo!d )1 or consi/+ (1 s(t d[ny fibres4 ,arbore\s1 ,arboresc5t1 tree-l1 9 size or =m1 #ci4 ,arboretum1 a collection ( trees4 ,ar*egonium 7plural ar*egonia71 ! organ 9 ,mosses1 c41 :i* is analog\s to ! pi/il ( ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,arcuate1 b5t or curv$ l a b[4 ,ar5ose 7,ar5>ius71 gr[+ 9 s&4 ,areolate1 m>k$ out into little spaces or areolae4 ,arg5te\s1 or ,arg5tate1 silv]y-l4 ,argillose1 gr[+ 9 clay4 ,argos1 ,greek = pure :ite2 ,argophyll\s or ,argyrophyll\s1 :ite-leav$1 c4 ,argutus1 acutely d5tate4 ,arillate 7se$s7 furni%$ ) an aril4 ,arilli=m1 aril-l4 ,arillus1 or ,aril1 a fle%y gr[? f base ( a se$1 #abf4 ,ari/ate1 awn$1 i4 e4 furni%$ ) an ari/a1 l ! be>d ( ,b>ley1 c41 #ed4 ,ari/ulate1 dim9utive ( ! la/2 %ort-awn$4 ,arrect1 br\ght into upright position4 ,arr[-%ap$ or ,arr[-head$1 same z sagittate1 #ec4 ,articulat$1 jo9t$2 furni%$ ) jo9ts or articulations1 :]e x sep>ates or incl9es to d s4 ,articulat$ leaves1 #eg4 ,artificial ,classification1 #aha4 ,asc5d+ 7/ems1 c471 #ci2 7se$s or ovules71 #aaj4 ,ascidium1 a pit*]-%ap$ body1 l leaves ( ,s>rac5ia4 ,ascus 7asci71 a sac1 ! spore-case ( ,li*5s & "s ,fungi4 ,asp]gilli=m1 %ap$ l ! bru% us$ to spr9kle holy wat]2 z ! /igmas ( _m ,grasses4 ,asp]\s1 r\gh to t\*4 ,assimilation1 #add1 #adg4 ,assurg5t1 same z asc5d+1 #ci4 ,atrop\s or ,atropal 7ovules71 same z or?otrop\s4 ,aurantiac\s1 orange-color$4 ,aure\s1 gold54 ,auriculate1 furni%$ ) auricles or e>-l app5dages1 #ec4 ,autogamy1 self-f]tilization1 #aae4 ,awl-%ap$1 %>p-po9t$ f a broad] base1 #fa4 ,awn1 ! bri/le or be>d ( ,b>ley1 ,oats1 c42 or any simil> app5dage4 ,awn$ or ,awn-po9t$1 furni%$ ) an awn or long bri/le-%ap$ tip1 #ed4 ,axil1 ! angle on ! upp] side betwe5 a leaf & ! /em1 #ac4 ,axile1 belong+ to ! axis1 or occupy+ ! axis4 ,axill>y 7buds1 c471 occurr+ 9 an axil1 #bg4 ,axis1 ! c5tral l9e ( any body2 ! organ r\nd :i* o!rs are atta*$2 ! root & /em4 ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+ ,axis1 #ch4 ,baccate1 b]ri$1 b]ry-l1 ( a pulpy nature l a b]ry 7bacca74 ,badius1 *e/nut-color$4 ,bann]1 see ,/&>d1 #ib4 ,b>bate1 be>d$2 be>+ tufts1 spots1 or l9es ( hairs4 ,b>b$1 furni%$ ) a b>b or d\ble hook2 z ! apex ( ! bri/le on ! fruit ( ,e*9osp]mum 7,/ickse$71 c4 ,b>bellate1 said ( ! bri/les ( ! pappus ( "s ,compositae :5 beset ) %ort1 /iff hairs1 long] ?an :5 d5ticulate1 b %ort] ?an :5 plumose4 ,b>bellulate1 dim9utive ( b>bellate4 ,b>k1 ! cov]+ ( a /em outside ( ! wood1 #ach1 #adj4 ,basal1 belong+ or atta*$ to ! ,base1 t extremity ( any organ by :i* x is atta*$ to its support4 ,basifix$1 atta*$ by its base4 ,ba/1 ,ba/-fibres1 #acd4 ,beak$1 end+ 9 a prolong$ n>r[ tip4 ,be>d$1 see b>bate4 ,be>d is sometimes us$ = awn1 m commonly = long or /iff hairs ( any sort4 ,bell-%ap$1 ( ! %ape ( a bell1 z ! corolla ( ,h>ebell1 #ij4 ,b]ry1 a fruit pulpy or juicy ?r\gh\t1 z a grape1 #aai4 ,bi- 7or ,bis71 9 comp\nd words1 twice2 z ,bi>ticulate1 twice-jo9t$1 or two-jo9t$2 sep>at+ into two pieces4 ,biauriculate1 hav+ two e>s1 z ! leaf 9 fig4 #abf4 ,bicallose1 hav+ two callosities or h>d] spots4 ,bic>9ate1 two-keel$4 ,bicipital 7,biceps71 two-head$2 divid+ into two p>ts4 ,biconjugate1 twice pair$1 z :5 a petiole =ks twice4 ,bid5tate1 hav+ two tee? 7n twice or d\bly d5tate74 ,bi5nial1 ( two ye>s' cont9uance2 spr++ f ! se$ "o season1 fl[]+ & dy+ ! next1 #ch4 ,bif>i\s1 two-rank$2 arrang$ 9 two r[s4 ,bifid1 two-cleft to ab\t ! middle4 ,bifoliolate1 a comp\nd leaf ( two leaflets1 #ei4 ,bifurcate1 twice =k$2 or m commonly1 =k$ into two bran*es4 ,bijugate1 be>+ two pairs 7( leaflets1 c474 ,bilabiate1 two-lipp$1 z ! corolla ( ,labiatae4 ,bilamellate1 ( two plates 7lamellae71 z ! /igma ( ,mimulus4 ,bilob$1 ! same z two-lob$4 ,bilocellate1 :5 a cell is divid$ into two locelli4 ,bilocul>1 two-cell$2 z mo/ an!rs1 ! pod ( ,foxglove1 c4 ,b9>y1 9 twos4 ,b9ate1 9 c\ples1 two toge!r4 ,bip>tite1 ! ,lat9 =m ( two-p>t$4 ,b9odal1 ( two nodes4 ,b9omial1 ( two words1 z ! "n ( g5us & species tak5 toge!r1 #ahj4 ,bipalmate1 twice palmately divid$4 ,bip>\s1 be>+ two4 ,bip9nate 7leaf71 twice p9nate1 #eh4 ,bip9natifid1 twice p9natifid1 #eg4 ,bip9natisect1 twice p9nately divid$4 ,biplicate1 twice fold$ toge!r4 ,bis]ial1 or ,bis]iate1 occupy+ two r[s1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,bis]rate1 d\bly s]rate1 z :5 ! tee? ( a leaf are !mselves s]rate4 ,bisexual1 hav+ bo? /am5s & pi/il4 ,bit]nate1 twice t]nate2 i4 e4 pr9cipal divisions ?ree1 ea* be>+ ?ree leaflets1 #ei4 ,bladd]y1 ?9 & inflat$4 ,blade ( a leaf1 its exp&$ portion1 #di4 ,bloom1 ! :iti% p[d] on "s fruits1 leaves1 c4 ,boat-%ap$1 concave )9 & keel$ )\t1 9 %ape l a small boat4 ,bord] ( corolla1 c41 #hi4 ,bra*iate1 ) opposite bran*es at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,bra*y-1 %ort1 z ,bra*yc>p\s1 %ort-fruit$1 c4 ,bract 7,bractea71 ! leaf ( an infloresc5ce4 ,specially1 ! bract is ! small leaf or scale f ! axil ( :i* a fl[] or its p$icel proce$s1 #gc4 ,bracteate1 furni%$ ) bracts4 ,bracteolate1 furni%$ ) bractlets4 ,bracteose1 ) num]\s or conspicu\s bracts4 ,bractlet 7,bracteola71 or ,bracteole1 is a bract seat$ on ! p$icel or fl[]-/alk1 #gc4 ,bran*1 ,bran*+1 #bg4 ,brea?+-pores1 #add4 ,bri/les1 /iff1 %>p hairs1 or any v sl5d] bodies ( simil> appe>ance4 ,bri/ly1 beset ) bri/les4 ,bri/le-po9t$1 #ed4 ,brunne\s1 br[n4 ,bru%-%ap$1 see asp]gilli=m4 ,bryology1 t "p ( botany :i* relates to ,mosses4 ,bryophyta1 ,bryophytes1 #afc4 ,bud1 a bran* 9 its e>lie/ or undevelop$ /ate1 #bg4 ,bud-scales1 #fc4 ,bulb1 a leaf-bud ) fle%y scales1 usually subt]ranean1 #df4 ,bulbils1 dim9utive bulbs4 ,bulbif]\s1 be>+ or produc+ bulbs4 ,bulbose or bulb\s1 bulb-l 9 %ape1 c4 ,bulblets1 small bulbs1 borne above gr\nd1 #df4 ,bulb-scales1 #df4 ,bullate1 appe>+ z if bli/]$ or bladd]y 7f bulla1 a bubble74 ,byssace\s1 compos$ ( f9e flax-l ?reads4 ,caduc\s1 dropp+ (f v e>ly1 comp>$ ) o!r p>ts2 z ! calyx 9 ! ,poppy1 fall+ :5 ! fl[] op5s4 ,ca]ule\s1 blue4 ,ca]ulesc5t1 becom+ blui%4 ,caespitose1 or ,cespitose1 gr[+ 9 turf-l pat*es or tufts4 ,cala?i=m1 cup-%ap$4 ,calc>ate1 furni%$ ) a spur 7calc>71 #hf1 #hg4 ,calceolate or ,calcei=m1 slipp]-%ap$1 l "o petal ( ! ,lady's ,slipp]4 ,callose1 h>d5$2 or furni%$ ) callosities or ?ick5$ spots4 ,calv\s1 bald or nak$ ( hairs4 ,calyciflorus1 :5 petals & /am5s are adnate to calyx4 ,calyc9e1 belong+ to ! calyx4 ,calyculate1 furni%$ ) an out] accessory calyx 7calyculus7 or set ( bracts look+ l a calyx1 z 9 true ,p9ks4 ,calyptra1 ! hood or veil ( ! capsule ( a ,moss1 #afc4 ,calyptrate1 hav+ a calyptra4 ,calyptri=m1 %ap$ l a calyptra or c&le-ext+ui%]4 ,calyx1 ! out] set ( ! floral envelopes or leaves ( ! fl[]1 #ad1 #gi4 ,cambium1 ,cambium-lay]1 #adj4 ,campanulate1 bell-%ap$1 #ij4 ,campylotrop\s1 or ,campylotropal1 curv$ ovules & se$s1 #aaa4 ,campylosp]m\s1 appli$ to fruits ( ,umbellif]ae :5 ! se$ is curv$ 9 at ! edges1 =m+ a groove d[n ! inn] face2 z 9 ,sweet ,cicely4 ,canaliculate1 *annell$1 or ) a deep longitud9al groove4 ,cancellate1 lattic$1 resembl+ lattice-"w4 ,c&idus1 ,lat9 = pure :ite4 ,canesc5t1 grayi%-:ite2 ho>y1 usually because ! surface is cov]$ ) f9e :ite hairs4 ,incan\s is :it] /ill4 ,can\s1 :it5$ ) pubesc5ce2 see incan\s4 ,capillace\s1 ,capill>y1 hair-l 9 %ape2 z f9e z hair or sl5d] bri/les4 ,capitate1 hav+ a globul> apex1 l ! head on a p94 ,capitellate1 dim9utive ( capitate4 ,capitulum1 a close r\nd$ d5se clu/] or head ( sessile fl[]s1 #gd4 ,capreolate1 be>+ t5drils 7f capreolus1 a t5dril74 ,capsule1 a dry dehisc5t se$-vessel ( a comp\nd pi/il1 #abb4 ,capsul>1 relat+ to1 or l a capsule4 ,capture ( insects1 #aed4 ,c>9a1 a keel2 ! two ant]ior petals ( a papilionace\s fl[]1 #ib4 ,c>9ate1 keel$1 furni%$ ) a %>p ridge or projection on ! l[] side4 ,c>iopsis1 or ,c>yopsis1 ! "o-se$$ fruit or gra9 ( ,grasses1 #aba4 ,c>ne\s1 fle%-color$2 pale r$4 ,c>nose1 fle%y 9 texture4 ,c>pel1 or ,c>pidium1 a simple pi/il or a pi/il-leaf1 #ajf4 ,c>pell>y1 p]ta9+ to a c>pel4 ,c>pology1 t dep>tm5t ( botany :i* relates to fruits4 ,c>pophore1 ! /alk or support ( a pi/il ext5d+ betwe5 its c>pels1 #aac4 ,c>pos1 ,greek = fruit4 ,c>tilag9\s1 or ,c>tilag9e\s1 firm & t\gh 9 texture1 l c>tilage4 ,c>uncle1 an excresc5ce at ! sc> ( "s se$s1 #abf4 ,c>unculate1 furni%$ ) a c>uncle4 ,c>yophyllace\s1 p9k-l3 appli$ to a corolla ( #e long-claw$ petals4 ,casside\s1 helmet-%ap$4 ,cassus1 empty & /]ile4 ,cat5ate1 or ,cat5ulate1 end to end z 9 a *a94 ,catk91 see ,am5t1 #ge4 ,caudate1 tail$1 or tail-po9t$4 ,caudex1 a sort ( trunk1 su* z t ( ,palms2 an upright root/ock1 #ci1 #dd4 ,caudicle1 ! /alk ( a poll5-mass1 c4 ,caulesc5t1 hav+ an obvi\s /em1 #cf4 ,caulicle1 a little /em1 or rudim5t>y /em 7( a se$l+71 #aa1 #abg4 ,caul9e1 ( or belong+ to a /em1 #cf4 ,caulis1 ,lat9 "n ( /em4 ,cauloc>pic1 equival5t to p]5nial4 ,caulome1 ! caul9e p>ts ( a plant4 ,cell 7dim9utive1 ,cellule71 ! cavity ( an an!r1 ov>y1 c42 "o ( ! anatomical elem5ts1 #aca4 ,cellul> ,cryptogams1 #afb4 ,cellul> tissue1 #aca4 ,cellulose1 #aca4 ,cell-walls1 #acj4 ,c5trifugal 7infloresc5ce71 produc$ or exp&+ 9 succession f ! c5tre outw>ds1 #gg4 ,c5tripetal1 ! opposite ( c5trifugal1 #gd4 ,cephala1 ,greek = head4 ,9 comp\nds1 ,monocephal\s1 ) "o head1 ,microcephal\s1 small-head$1 c4 ,c]eal1 belong+ to corn1 or corn-plants4 ,c]nu\s1 nodd+2 ! summit m or less incl9+4 ,*aeta1 ,greek = bri/le4 ,*aff1 small membran\s scales or bracts on ! receptacle ( ,compositae2 ! glumes1 c41 ( grasses4 ,*affy1 furni%$ ) *aff1 or ( ! texture ( *aff4 ,*alaza1 t "p ( ! ovule :]e all ! p>ts gr[ toge!r1 #aaj1 #abf4 ,*annell$1 holl[$ out l a gutt]2 same z canaliculate4 ,"*1 a phrase express+ ! ess5tial m>ks ( a species1 g5us1 c41 #aha4 ,*>tace\s1 ( ! texture ( pap] or p>*m5t4 ,*loros1 ,greek = gre51 :5ce ,*loran?\s1 gre5-fl[]$2 ,*loroc>p\s1 gre5-fruit$1 c4 ,*lorophyll1 leaf gre51 #acf4 ,*lorosis1 a condition 9 :i* naturally color$ p>ts turn gre54 ,*oripetal\s1 same z polypetal\s4 ,*orisis1 sep>ation ( ! normally unit$ p>ts1 or :]e two or m p>ts take ! place ( "o4 ,*romule1 color+ matt] 9 plants1 especially :5 n gre51 or :5 liquid4 ,*rysos1 ,greek = gold5 yell[1 :5ce ,*rysan?\s1 yell[-fl[]$1 c4 ,cicatrix1 ! sc> left by ! fall ( a leaf or o!r organ4 ,ciliate1 beset on ! m>g9 ) a fr+e ( cilia1 i4 e4 ( hairs or bri/les1 l ! eyela%es fr++ ! eyelids1 :5ce ! "n4 ,c9]e\s1 or ,c9]ace\s1 a%-grayi%2 ( ! color ( a%es4 ,circ9ate1 roll$ inw>ds f ! top1 #gb4 ,circumscissile1 or ,circumcissile1 divid$ by a circul> l9e r\nd ! sides1 z ! pods ( ,purslane1 ,planta91 c41 #abd4 ,circumscription1 g5]al outl9e4 ,cirrhif]\s1 or ,cirrhose1 furni%$ ) a t5dril 7,lat91 ,cirrhus72 z ! ,grape-v9e4 ,cirrhose also means resembl+ or coil+ l t5drils1 z ! leaf-/alks ( ,virg9's-b[]4 ,m prop]ly ,cirrus & ,cirrose4 ,citre\s1 lemon-yell[4 ,clados1 ,greek = bran*4 ,cladophylla1 #fd4 ,class1 #agh1 #ahc4 ,classification1 #age1 #ahc4 ,cla?rate1 lattic$2 same z cancellate4 ,clavate1 club-%ap$2 sl5d] bel[ & ?ick5$ upw>ds4 ,clavellate1 dim9utive ( clavate4 ,claviculate1 hav+ ,claviculae1 or little t5drils or hooks4 ,claw1 ! n>r[ or /alk-l base ( "s petals1 z ( ,p9ks1 #ia4 ,clei/ogam\s 7,clei/ogamy71 f]tiliz$ 9 clos$ bud1 #aae4 ,cleft1 cut into lobes1 #ee4 ,close f]tilization1 #aae4 ,climb+1 ris+ by cl++ to o!r objects1 #ci1 #aea4 ,club %ap$1 see clavate4 ,clu/]$1 leaves1 fl[]s1 c41 aggregat$ or collect$ into a bun*4 ,clypeate1 buckl]-%ap$4 ,coadunate1 same z connate1 i4 e4 unit$4 ,coalesc5t1 gr[+ toge!r4 ,coalesc5ce1 #hh4 ,co>ctate1 contract$ or br\ght close toge!r4 ,coat$1 hav+ an integum5t1 or cov]$ 9 lay]s4 ,coat$ bulb1 #df4 ,cobwebby1 same z ara*noid2 be>+ hairs l cobwebs or gossam]4 ,cocc9e\s1 sc>let-r$4 ,coccus 7plural cocci71 anci5tly a b]ry2 n[ mo/ly us$ to d5ote ! sep>able c>pels or nutlets ( a dry fruit4 ,co*le>i=m1 spoon-%ap$4 ,co*leate1 coil$ or %ap$ l a snail-%ell4 ,coelosp]m\s1 appli$ to ^? fruits ( ,umbellif]ae :i* h ! se$ holl[$ on ! inn] face1 by incurv+ ( top & bottom2 z 9 ,cori&]4 ,coh]5t1 usually ! same z connate4 ,cohort1 "n sometimes us$ = gr\ps betwe5 ord] & class1 #agh4 ,coleorhiza1 a root-%ea?4 ,collat]al1 side by side4 ,collective fruits1 #aah4 ,collum or ,coll>1 ! neck or junction ( /em & root4 ,color$1 p>ts ( a plant :i* are o!r-color$ ?an gre54 ,columella1 ! axis to :i* ! c>pels ( a comp\nd pi/il are (t5 atta*$1 z 9 ,g]anium 7#aab71 or :i* is left :5 a pod op5s1 z 9 ,azalea4 ,column1 ! unit$ /am5s1 z 9 ,mall[1 or ! /am5s & pi/ils unit$ into "o body1 z 9 ! ,or*is family4 ,column>1 %ap$ l a column or pill>4 ,coma1 a tuft ( any sort 7lit]ally1 a head ( hair71 #abe4 ,comose1 tuft$2 be>+ a tuft ( hairs1 z ! se$s ( ,milkwe$1 #abf4 ,commissure1 ! l9e ( junction ( two c>pels1 z 9 ! fruit ( ,umbellif]ae4 ,complanate1 flatt5$4 ,comp\nd leaf1 #ed1 #eg4 ,comp\nd pi/il1 #ajg4 ,comp\nd umbel1 #ge1 c4 ,complete 7fl[]71 #ha4 ,complicate1 fold$ ^u itself4 ,compress$1 flatt5$ on opposite sides4 ,conceptacle1 #afh4 ,conc9n\s1 neat4 ,concolor1 all ( "o color4 ,con*i=m1 %ell- or half-%ell-%ap$4 ,conduplicate1 fold$ ^u itself l5g?wise1 #ga4 ,cone1 ! fruit ( ! ,p9e family1 #abd4 ,conif]\s1 cone-be>+4 ,conf]tus1 mu* cr[d$4 ,conf]rum9ate1 /uck toge!r1 z ! cotyl$ons 9 a horse-*e/nut4 ,conflu5t1 bl5d$ toge!r2 or ! same z coh]5t4 ,con=m$1 simil> to ano!r ?+ x is associat$ ) or comp>$ to2 or closely fitt$ to x1 z ! sk9 to ! k]nel ( a se$4 ,conge/$1 ,conglom]ate1 cr[d$ toge!r4 ,conglom]ate1 cr[d$ into a glom]ule4 ,conjugate1 c\pl$2 9 s+le pairs4 ,conjugation1 #agj4 ,connate1 unit$ or gr[n toge!r f ! fir/ =mation1 #if4 ,connate-p]foliate1 :5 a pair ( leaves are connate r\nd a /em1 #fj4 ,connective1 ,connectivum1 ! "p ( ! an!r connect+ its two cells1 #aja4 ,conniv5t1 conv]g+1 or br\ght close toge!r4 ,consolidation 7floral71 #id4 ,consolidat$ =ms ( vegetation1 #dg4 ,cont5ts ( cells1 #acf4 ,cont9u\s1 ! rev]se ( int]rupt$ or articulat$4 ,contort$1 twi/$ toge!r4 ,contort$ ae/ivation1 same z convolute1 #ig4 ,contortuplicate1 twi/$ back ^u itself4 ,contract$1 ei!r n>r[$ or %ort5$4 ,contr>y1 turn$ 9 opposite direction to ! ord9>y4 ,convolute1 roll$ up l5g?wise1 z ! leaves ( ! ,plum 9 v]nation1 #gb4 ,9 ae/ivation1 same z contort$1 #ig4 ,cordate1 he>t-%ap$1 #ec4 ,coriace\s1 resembl+ lea!r 9 texture4 ,corky1 ( ! texture ( cork4 ,corky lay] ( b>k1 #ada4 ,corm1 a solid bulb1 l t ( ,crocus1 #de4 ,corne\s1 ( ! consi/5ce or appe>ance ( horn4 ,corniculate1 furni%$ ) a small horn or spur4 ,cornute1 horn$2 be>+ a horn-l projection or app5dage4 ,corolla1 ! leaves ( ! fl[] )9 ! calyx1 #ad1 #gi4 ,corollace\s1 ,coroll9e1 l or belong+ to a corolla4 ,corona1 a coronet or cr[n2 an app5dage at ! top ( ! claw ( "s petals1 #ia4 ,coronate1 cr[n$2 furni%$ ) a cr[n4 ,cortex1 b>k4 ,cortical1 belong+ to ! b>k 7cortex74 ,corticate1 coat$ ) b>k or b>k-l cov]+4 ,corymb1 a flat or convex indet]m9ate fl[]-clu/]1 #gd4 ,corymbif]\s1 be>+ corymbs4 ,corymbose1 9 corymbs1 approa*+ ! =m ( a corymb1 or bran*$ 9 t way4 ,co/a1 a rib2 ! midrib ( a leaf1 c4 ,co/ate1 ribb$4 ,cotyl$ons1 ! prop] leaves ( ! embryo1 #aa1 #abg4 ,crat]i=m1 goblet-%ap$ or deep sauc]-%ap$4 ,creep+ 7/ems71 gr[+ flat on or b5ea? ! gr\nd & root+1 #ci4 ,cremoc>p1 a half-fruit1 or "o ( ! two c>pels ( ,umbellif]ae1 #aba4 ,cr5ate1 or ,cr5ell$1 ! edge scallop$ into r\nd$ tee?1 #ee4 ,cr5ulate1 m9utely or slightly cr5ate4 ,cre/$1 or ,cri/ate1 be>+ any elevat$ app5dage l a cre/4 ,cretace\s1 *alky or *alk-l4 ,cribrose1 or cribri=m1 pi]c$ l a sieve ) small ap]tures4 ,cr9ite1 be>+ long hairs4 ,crispate1 curl$ or crispy4 ,croce\s1 saffron-color1 deep r$di%-yell[4 ,cross-bre$s1 ! prog5y ( int]br$ v>ieties1 #agf4 ,cross f]tilization1 #aae4 ,cr[n1 see corona4 ,cr[n$1 see coronate4 ,cruciate1 or ,cruci=m1 cross-%ap$4 ,cruci=m ,corolla1 #hf4 ,cru/ace\s1 h>d & brittle 9 texture2 cru/-l4 ,cryptogam\s ,plants1 ,cryptogams1 #aj1 #aef4 ,cryptos1 conceal$1 z ,cryptopetal\s1 ) conceal$ petals1 c4 ,cry/als 9 plants1 #acg4 ,cucullate1 hood$1 or hood-%ap$1 roll$ up l a cornet ( pap]1 or a hood 7cucullus71 z ! spa! ( ,indian ,turnip1 #ge4 ,culm1 a /raw2 ! /em ( ,grasses & ,s$ges1 #ci4 ,cultrate1 %ap$ l a tr[el or broad knife4 ,cuneate1 ,cunei=m1 w$ge-%ap$1 #ec4 ,cup-%ap$1 same z cya?i=m or ne> x4 ,cupule1 a little cup2 ! cup to ! acorn ( ! ,oak1 #abb4 ,cupul>1 or ,cupulate1 provid$ ) a cupule4 ,cupulif]\s1 cupule-be>+4 ,curvive9$1 ) curv$ ribs or ve9s4 ,curvis]ial1 9 oblique or spiral ranks4 ,cu%ion1 ! enl>gem5t at ! ins]tion or base ( a petiole4 ,cuspidate1 tipp$ ) a %>p & /iff po9t or cusp1 #ed4 ,cut1 same z incis$1 or appli$ g5]ally to any %>p & deep division1 #ee4 ,cuticle1 ! sk9 ( plants1 or m /rictly its ext]nal pellicle4 ,cyane\s1 bright blue4 ,cya?i=m1 9 ! %ape ( a cup1 or p>ticul>ly ( a w9e-glass4 ,cycle1 "o complete turn ( a spire1 or a circle1 #gj4 ,cyclical1 roll$ up circul>ly1 or coil$ into a complete circle4 ,cyclosis1 circulation 9 clos$ cells1 #adi4 ,cyl9drace\s1 approa*+ to ! ,cyl9drical =m1 t]ete & n tap]+4 ,cymbae=m1 or ,cymbi=m1 same z boat-%ap$4 ,cyme1 a clu/] ( c5trifugal infloresc5ce1 #gg4 ,cymose1 furni%$ ) cymes1 or l a cyme4 ,cymule1 a p>tial or dim9utive cyme1 #gg4 ,deca- 79 words ( ,greek d]ivation71 t52 z ,decagyn\s1 ) #aj pi/ils or /yles1 ,decam]\s1 ( #aj p>ts1 ,dec&r\s1 ) #aj /am5s1 c4 ,decidu\s1 fall+ (f1 or subject to fall2 said ( leaves :i* fall 9 autumn1 & ( a calyx & corolla :i* fall be=e ! fruit =ms4 ,decl9ate1 decl9$1 turn$ to "o side1 or d[nw>ds4 ,decomp\nd1 sev]al times comp\nd$ or divid$1 #ei4 ,decumb5t1 recl9$ on ! gr\nd1 ! summit t5d+ to rise1 #ci4 ,decurr5t 7leaves71 prolong$ on ! /em b5ea? ! ins]tion1 z 9 ,?i/les4 ,decussate1 arrang$ 9 pairs :i* successively cross ea* o!r1 #ga4 ,d$uplication1 same z *orisis4 ,def9ite1 :5 ( a uni=m numb]1 & n above twelve or s4 ,def9ite ,infloresc5ce1 #gb4 ,deflex$1 b5t d[nw>ds4 ,deflorate1 pa/ ! fl[]+ /ate1 z an an!r aft] x has dis*>g$ its poll54 ,dehisc5ce1 ! regul> splitt+ op5 ( capsule or an!r1 #ajc1 #aai4 ,dehisc5t1 op5+ by regul> dehisc5ce1 #aai1 #abc4 ,deliquesc5t1 bran*+ (f s t ! /em is lo/ 9 ! bran*es1 #cb4 ,deltoid1 ( a triangul> %ape1 l ! ,greek capital ,delta4 ,dem]s$1 gr[+ bel[ ! surface ( wat]4 ,d5droid1 ,d5dritic1 tree-l 9 =m or appe>ance4 ,d5dron1 ,greek = tree4 ,d5i1 t5 toge!r4 ,d5s1 ,lat9 = too?4 ,d5tate1 too!d1 #ee4 ,d5ticulate1 furni%$ ) d5ticulations1 or little tee?4 ,depaup]ate1 impov]i%$ or />v$1 & s bel[ ! natural size4 ,depress$1 flatt5$ or z if press$ d[n f above4 ,d]ma1 ,greek = sk94 ,desc5d+1 t5d+ gradually d[nw>ds4 ,desc5d+ axis1 ! root4 ,desmos1 ,greek = ?+s connect$ or b\nd toge!r4 ,det]m9ate ,infloresc5ce1 #gb4 ,dextrorse1 turn$ to ! "r h&4 ,di- ,dis 79 ,greek comp\nds7 two1 z ,diadelph\s 7/am5s71 unit$ by _! filam5ts 9 two sets1 #ii4 ,diagnosis1 a %ort di/+ui%+ "* or descriptive phrase4 ,dialypetal\s1 same z polypetal\s4 ,di&r\s1 hav+ two /am5s1 c4 ,diaphan\s1 transp>5t or transluc5t4 ,dic>pell>y1 ( two c>pels4 ,di*lamyde\s 7fl[]71 hav+ bo? calyx & corolla4 ,di*ogam\s1 ,di*ogamy1 #aaf4 ,di*otom\s1 two-=k$4 ,dicl9\s1 hav+ ! /am5s 9 "o fl[]1 ! pi/ils 9 ano!r1 #he4 ,dicocc\s 7fruit71 splitt+ into two cocci or clos$ c>pels4 ,dicotyls1 #bc4 ,dicotyl$on\s 7embryo71 hav+ a pair ( cotyl$ons1 #bc4 ,dicotyl$on\s ,plants1 #bc1 #ahb4 ,didym\s1 tw94 ,didynam\s 7/am5s71 hav+ f\r /am5s 9 two pairs1 #ajj4 ,diffuse1 spread+ widely & irregul>ly4 ,digitate 7f+]$71 :]e ! leaflets ( a comp\nd leaf are all borne on ! apex ( ! petiole1 #eh4 ,digyn\s 7fl[]71 hav+ two pi/ils or /yles1 #aje4 ,dim]\s1 made up ( two p>ts1 or its organs 9 twos4 ,dimidiate1 halv$2 z :]e a leaf or leaflet has only "o side develop$4 ,dimorphism1 #aag4 ,dimorph\s1 ,dimorphic1 ( two =ms1 #aag4 ,dioeci\s1 or ,dioic\s1 ) /am5s & pi/ils on diff]5t plants1 #he4 ,dipetal\s1 ( two petals4 ,diphyll\s1 two-leav$4 ,dipt]\s1 two-w+$4 ,diplo-1 ,greek = d\ble1 z ,diplo/emon\s1 ) two sets ( /am5s4 ,disci=m or ,disk-%ap$1 flat & circul>1 l a disk or quoit4 ,discoidal1 or ,discoid1 belong+ to or l a disk4 ,discolor1 ( two diff]5t colors or hues4 ,discrete1 sep>ate1 opposite ( concrete4 ,disepal\s1 ( two sepals4 ,disk1 ! face ( any flat body2 ! c5tral "p ( a head ( fl[]s1 l ! ,sunfl[]1 or ,coreopsis1 z oppos$ to ! ray or m>g92 a fle%y expansion ( ! receptacle ( a fl[]1 #aac4 ,disk-fl[]s1 ^? ( ! disk 9 ,compositae4 ,dissect$1 cut deeply into _m lobes or divisions4 ,dissepim5ts1 ! p>titions ( a comp\nd ov>y or a fruit1 #ajh4 ,dissili5t1 bur/+ 9 pieces4 ,di/i*\s1 two-rank$4 ,di/9ct1 uncomb9$ ) ea* o!r1 #ie4 ,di!c\s1 ( two !cae or an!r-cells4 ,div>icate1 /raddl+2 v widely div]g5t4 ,divid$ 7leaves1 c471 cut into divisions d[n to ! base or midrib1 #ee4 ,dodeca1 ,greek = twelve2 z ,dodecagyn\s1 ) twelve pi/ils or /yles1 ,dodec&r\s1 ) twelve /am5s4 ,dodrans1 span-long4 ,dolabri=m1 axe-%ap$4 ,dorsal1 p]ta9+ to ! back 7dorsum7 ( an organ4 ,dorsal ,suture1 #ajf4 ,dott$ ,ducts1 #adh4 ,d\ble ,fl[]s1 :]e ! petals are multipli$ unduly1 #gi4 ,d[ny1 clo!d ) a coat ( s(t & %ort hairs4 ,drupace\s1 l or p]ta9+ to a drupe4 ,drupe1 a /one-fruit1 #abj4 ,drupelet or ,drupel1 a little drupe4 ,ducts1 ! s-call$ vessels ( plants1 #acd4 ,dumose1 bu%y1 or relat+ to bu%es4 ,duram51 ! he>t-wood1 #adb4 ,dw>f1 rem>kably l[ 9 /ature4 ,e-1 z a prefix ( ,lat9 comp\nd words1 means de/itute (2 z eco/ate1 )\t a rib or midrib2 exalbum9\s1 )\t album51 c4 ,e>$1 see auriculate1 #ec4 ,ebracteate1 de/itute ( bracts4 ,ebracteolate1 de/itute ( bractlets4 ,eburne\s1 ivory-:ite4 ,e*9ate1 arm$ ) prickles 7l a h$gehog74 ,e*9ulate1 a dim9utive ( x4 ,ed5tate1 too?less4 ,effete1 pa/ be>+1 c42 said ( an!rs :i* h dis*>g$ _! poll54 ,effuse1 v loosely bran*$ & spread+4 ,egl&ulose1 de/itute ( gl&s4 ,elat]s1 ?reads mix$ ) ! spores ( ,liv]worts1 #afe4 ,ellipsoidal1 approa*+ an elliptical figure4 ,elliptical1 oval or oblong1 ) ! ends regul>ly r\nd$1 #eb4 ,em>g9ate1 not*$ at ! summit1 #ed4 ,embryo1 ! rudim5t>y plantlet 9 a se$1 #aa1 #abg4 ,embryonal1 belong+ or relat+ to ! embryo4 ,embryo-sac1 #aag4 ,em]s$1 rais$ out ( wat]4 ,endecagyn\s1 ) elev5 pi/ils or /yles4 ,endec&r\s1 ) elev5 /am5s4 ,endemic1 peculi> to ! c\ntry geographically4 ,endoc>p1 ! inn] lay] ( a p]ic>p or fruit1 #abj4 ,endo*rome1 ! color+ matt] ( ,algae & ! l4 ,endog5\s ,/ems1 #ach4 ,endog5\s plants1 an old "n = monocotyl$ons4 ,endopleura1 inn] se$-coat4 ,endorhizal1 radicle or root %ea!d 9 g]m9ation4 ,endosp]m1 ! album5 ( a se$1 #ba4 ,endo/ome1 ! orifice 9 ! inn] coat ( an ovule4 ,ennea-1 n9e4 ,enneagyn\s1 ) n9e petals or /yles4 ,enne&r\s1 n9e-/am5$4 ,ensate1 ,ensi=m1 sword-%ap$4 ,entire1 ! m>g9s n at all too!d1 not*$1 or divid$1 b ev51 #ee4 ,entomophil\s1 said ( fl[]s frequ5t$ & f]tiliz$ by insects1 #aac4 ,ephem]al1 la/+ = a day or less1 z ! corolla ( ,purslane1 c4 ,epi-1 ,greek = ^u4 ,epicalyx1 su* an involucel z t ( ,malvaceae4 ,epic>p1 ! out]mo/ lay] ( a fruit1 #abj4 ,epid]mal1 relat+ to ! ,epid]mis1 or sk9 ( a plant1 #ej1 #ada1 #adc4 ,epigae\s1 gr[+ on ! e>?1 or close to ! gr\nd4 ,epigyn\s1 ^u ! ov>y1 #ie1 #ii4 ,epipetal\s1 borne on ! petals or ! corolla1 #ii4 ,epiphyll\s1 borne on a leaf4 ,epiphyte1 a plant gr[+ on ano!r plant1 b n n\ri%$ by x1 #cf4 ,epiphytic or ,epiphytal1 relat+ to ,epiphytes4 ,epipt]\s1 w+$ at top4 ,episp]m1 ! sk9 or coat ( a se$1 especially ! out] coat4 ,equal1 alike 9 numb] or l5g?4 ,equally p9nate1 same z abruptly p9nate1 #eg4 ,equitant 7rid+ /raddle71 #fj4 ,erion1 ,greek = wool4 ,erian?\s1 woolly-fl[]$4 ,eriophor\s1 wool-be>+1 c4 ,erose1 erod$1 z if gnaw$4 ,ero/rate1 n beak$4 ,ery?ros1 ,greek = r$4 ,ery?roc>p\s1 r$-fruit$1 c4 ,ess5tial ,organs ( ! fl[]1 #hj4 ,e/ivation1 see ae/ivation4 ,etiolat$1 blan*$ by exclud+ ! light1 z ! /alks ( ,cel]y4 ,eu1 ,greek prefix1 mean+ v1 or mu*4 ,ev]gre51 hold+ ! leaves ov] w9t] & until new ones appe>1 or long]4 ,ex1 ,lat9 prefix2 privative 9 place ( e :5 next lett] is a v[el4 ,s ,exalate1 w+less2 ,exalbum9\s 7se$71 )\t album51 #ba4 ,excurr5t1 runn+ out1 z :5 a midrib projects beyond ! apex ( a leaf1 or a trunk is cont9u$ to ! v top ( a tree1 #cb4 ,exigu\s1 puny4 ,exilis1 lank or meagre4 ,eximius1 di/+ui%$ = size or beauty4 ,exo-1 9 ,greek comp\nds1 outw>d1 z 9 ,exoc>p1 out] lay] ( a p]ic>p1 #abj4 ,exog5\s1 outw>d gr[+4 ,exog5\s /ems1 #aci4 ,exorhizal1 radicle 9 g]m9ation n %ea!d4 ,exo/ome1 ! orifice 9 ! out] coat ( ! ovule4 ,explanate1 spread or flatt5$ out4 ,exs]t$1 protrud+ out (1 z ! /am5s out ( ! corolla4 ,ex/ipulate1 de/itute ( /ipules4 ,ext9e1 out] coat ( a poll5-gra94 ,extra-axill>y1 said ( a bran* or bud some:at out ( ! axil1 #ca4 ,extrorse1 turn$ outw>ds2 ! an!r is extrorse :5 fa/5$ to ! filam5t on ! side next ! pi/il1 & op5+ on ! out] side1 #aja4 ,falcate1 scy!-%ap$2 a flat body curv$1 its edges p>allel4 ,false ,racemes1 #gh4 ,family1 9 botany same z ,ord]1 #agg4 ,f>9a1 meal or />*y matt]1 #acf4 ,f>9ace\s1 mealy 9 texture4 ,f>9ose1 cov]$ ) a mealy p[d]4 ,fasciate1 b&$2 also appli$ to mon/r\s /ems :i* gr[ flat4 ,fascicle1 a close clu/]1 #gg4 ,fascicl$1 ,fasciculat$1 gr[+ 9 a bundle or tuft1 z ! leaves ( ,l>*1 #fh1 & roots ( ,peony1 #ce4 ,fa/igiate1 close1 p>allel1 & upright1 z ! bran*es ( ,lomb>dy ,popl>4 ,faux 7plural1 fauces71 ! ?roat ( a calyx1 corolla1 c41 #hi4 ,faveolate1 ,favose1 honeycomb$2 same z alveolate4 ,fea!r-ve9$1 ) ve9s ( a leaf all spr++ f ! sides ( a midrib1 #ea4 ,fecula or ,faecula1 />*1 #acf4 ,female fl[] or plant1 "o be>+ pi/ils only4 ,f5e/rate1 pi]c$ ) "o or m l>ge holes1 l w9d[s4 ,f]rug9e\s1 or ,f]rug9\s1 resembl+ iron-ru/2 r$-grayi%4 ,f]tile1 fruit-be>+1 or capable ( x2 also said ( an!rs produc+ good poll54 ,f]tilization1 ! process by :i* poll5 causes ! embryo to be =m$1 #aad4 ,fibre 7woody71 #acc4 ,fibr\s1 conta9+ mu* fibre1 or compos$ ( fibres4 ,fibrillose1 =m$ ( small fibres1 or ,fibrillae4 ,fibro-vascul> bundle or tissue1 =m$ ( fibres & vessels4 ,fiddle-%ap$1 obovate ) a deep recess on ea* side4 ,fidus1 ,lat9 suffix = cleft1 z ,bifid1 two-cleft4 ,filam5t1 ! /alk ( a /am51 #ad1 #hj1 #aja2 also any sl5d] ?read-%ap$ body4 ,filam5tose1 or ,filam5t\s1 be>+ or =m$ ( sl5d] ?reads4 ,fili=m1 ?read-%ap$2 long1 sl5d]1 & cyl9drical4 ,fimbriate1 fr+$2 furni%$ ) fr+es 7fimbriae74 ,fimbrillate1 ,fimbrillif]\s1 be>+ small fimbriae1 i4 e4 fimbrillae4 ,fissip>\s1 multiply+ by division ( "o body into two4 ,fissus1 ,lat9 = split or divid$4 ,fi/ul>1 or ,fi/ulose1 holl[ & cyl9drical1 z ! leaves ( ! ,onion4 ,flabelli=m1 or ,flabellate1 fan-%ap$4 ,flagellate1 or ,flagelli=m1 long1 n>r[1 & flexible1 l ! ?ong ( a :ip2 or l ! runn]s 7flagellae7 ( ! ,/rawb]ry4 ,flavesc5t1 yell[i%1 or turn+ yell[4 ,flavus1 ,lat9 = yell[4 ,fle%y1 compos$ ( firm pulp or fle%4 ,flexuose1 or ,flexu\s1 b5d+ 9 opposite directions1 9 a zigzag way4 ,float+1 swimm+ on ! surface ( wat]4 ,floccose1 compos$ ( or be>+ tufts ( woolly or long & s(t hairs4 ,flora 7! goddess ( fl[]s71 ! plants ( a c\ntry or di/rict1 tak5 toge!r1 or a "w sy/ematically describ+ !m1 #i4 ,floral ,envelopes1 or ,fl[]-leaves1 #gi4 ,floret1 a dim9utive fl[]1 "o ( a mass or clu/]4 ,floribund1 abundantly florif]\s4 ,florula1 ! flora ( a small di/rict4 ,flos1 floris1 ,lat9 = fl[]4 ,flosculus1 dim9utive1 same z floret4 ,fl[]1 ! :ole organs ( reproduction ( ,pha5ogam\s plants1 #ad1 #gb4 ,fl[]-bud1 an unop5$ fl[]4 ,fl[]+ ,plants1 #aj1 #aef4 ,fl[]less ,plants1 #aj1 #aef4 ,fly-trap leaves1 #fe4 ,fluitans1 ,lat9 = float+4 ,fluviatile1 belong+ to a riv] or /ream4 ,foliace\s1 belong+ to1 or ( ! texture or nature (1 a leaf 7folium74 ,foliate1 provid$ ) leaves4 ,lat9 prefixes d5ote ! numb] ( leaves1 z bifoliate1 trifoliate1 c4 ,foliose1 leafy2 ab\nd+ 9 leaves4 ,foliolate1 relat+ to or be>+ leaflets 7foliola72 trifoliolate1 ) ?ree leaflets1 c4 ,folium 7plural1 folia71 ,lat9 = leaf4 ,follicle1 a simple pod1 op5+ d[n ! inn] suture1 #abb4 ,follicul>1 resembl+ or belong+ to a follicle4 ,food ( ,plants1 #add4 ,foot-/alk1 ei!r petiole or p$uncle1 #di4 ,=am51 a hole or orifice1 z t ( ! ovule1 #aaj4 ,=am9ose1 ,=am9ulose1 pi]c$ ) holes4 ,=k$1 bran*$ 9 two or ?ree or m4 ,=nicate1 be>+ =nices4 ,=nix1 little ar*$ scales 9 ! ?roat ( "s corollas1 z ( ,comfrey4 ,foveate1 deeply pitt$4 ,foveolate1 dim9utive ( foveate4 ,free1 n unit$ ) any o!r p>ts ( a diff]5t sort1 #ie4 ,fr+$1 ! m>g9 beset ) sl5d] app5dages1 bri/les1 c4 ,frond1 :at answ]s to leaves 9 ,f]ns1 c41 #aeg2 or to ! /em & leaves fus$ into "o1 z 9 ,liv]wort4 ,frondesc5ce1 ! bur/+ into leaf4 ,frondose1 frond-be>+2 l a frond1 or sometimes us$ = leafy4 ,fructification1 ! /ate or result ( fruit+4 ,fructus1 ,lat9 = fruit4 ,fruit1 ! matur$ ov>y & all x conta9s or is connect$ )1 #aag4 ,fruit-dots 9 ,f]ns2 see ,sorus4 ,fru/ulose1 consi/+ ( a *a9 ( simil> pieces1 or ,fru/ules4 ,frutesc5t1 some:at %rubby2 becom+ a %rub 7,frutex71 #ci4 ,fruticulose1 l a small %rub1 or ,fruticulus4 ,fruticose1 %rubby1 #ci4 ,fugaci\s1 soon fall+ (f or p]i%+4 ,fulcrate1 hav+ accessory organs or fulcra1 i4 e4 props4 ,fulv\s1 tawny2 dull yell[ ) gray4 ,fungus1 ,fungi1 #agb4 ,funicle1 ,funiculus1 ! /alk ( a se$ or ovule1 #aaj4 ,funnel=m1 or funnel-%ap$1 exp&+ gradually upw>ds into an op5 m\?1 l a funnel or tunnel1 #ij4 ,furcate1 =k$4 ,furfurace\s1 cov]$ ) bran-l f9e scurf4 ,furr[$1 m>k$ by longitud9al *annels or grooves4 ,fusc\s1 deep gray-br[n4 ,fusi=m1 sp9dle-%ap$1 #cf4 ,galbalus1 ! fle%y or at l5g? woody cone ( ,junip] & ,cypress4 ,galea1 a helmet-%ap$ body1 z ! upp] sepal ( ! ,monk%ood1 #hg4 ,galeate1 %ap$ l a helmet4 ,gamopetal\s1 ( unit$ petals1 #hi4 ,gamophyll\s1 =m$ ( unit$ leaves4 ,gamosepal\s1 =m$ ( unit$ sepals1 #hi4 ,gem9ate1 tw92 9 pairs4 ,gemma1 ,lat9 = a bud4 ,gemmation1 ! /ate ( budd+2 budd+ gr[?4 ,gemmule1 a small bud2 ! plumule1 #ac4 ,g5]a1 plural ( g5us4 ,g5iculate1 b5t abruptly1 l a knee 7g5u71 z _m /ems4 ,g5]ic ,names1 #agi4 ,g5us1 a k9d ( a rank above species1 #agg4 ,g]m1 a gr[+ po9t2 a "y bud2 sometimes ! same z embryo1 #abg4 ,g]m51 ! old "n = ov>y4 ,g]m9ation1 ! developm5t ( a plantlet f ! se$1 #ab4 ,g]ontogae\s1 inhabit+ ! ,old ,_w4 ,gibb\s1 m tumid at "o place or on "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,gilv\s1 dirty r$di%-yell[4 ,glabrate1 becom+ glabr\s ) age1 or almo/ glabr\s4 ,glabr\s1 smoo?1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ no hairs1 bri/les1 or o!r pubesc5ce4 ,gladiate1 sword-%ap$1 z ! leaves ( ,iris4 ,gl&s1 small cellul> organs :i* secrete oily or aromatic or o!r products2 !y are sometimes sunk 9 ! leaves or r9d1 z 9 ! ,orange1 ,prickly ,a%1 c42 sometimes on ! surface z small projections2 sometimes rais$ on hairs or bri/les 7gl&ul> hairs1 c471 z 9 ! ,sweetbri] & ,sundew4 ,! "n is also giv5 to any small swell+s1 c41 :e!r !y secrete any?+ or n2 s t ! ^w is loosely us$4 ,gl&ul>1 ,gl&ulose1 furni%$ ) gl&s1 or gl&-l4 ,glans 7,gl&71 ! acorn or ma/ ( ,oak & simil> fruits4 ,gl>eose1 gr[+ 9 gravel4 ,glaucesc5t1 slightly glauc\s1 or blui%-gray4 ,glauc\s1 cov]$ ) a bloom1 viz4 ) a f9e :ite p[d] ( wax t rubs (f1 l t on a fre% plum1 or a cabbage-leaf4 ,globose1 sph]ical 9 =m1 or ne>ly s4 ,globul>1 ne>ly globose4 ,glo*idiate1 or ,glo*ide\s1 7bri/les7 b>b$2 tipp$ ) b>bs1 or ) a d\ble hook$ po9t4 ,glom]ate1 closely aggregat$ into a d5se clu/]4 ,glom]ule1 a d5se head-l clu/]1 #gg4 ,glossology1 ! dep>tm5t ( botany 9 :i* te*nical t]ms are expla9$4 ,glumace\s1 glume-l1 or glume-be>+4 ,glume2 ,glumes are ! husks or floral cov]+s ( ,grasses1 or1 p>ticul>ly1 ! out] husks or bracts ( ea* spikelet4 ,glumelles1 ! inn] husks ( ,grasses4 ,gonophore1 a /ipe bel[ /am5s1 #aac4 ,gossyp9e1 cottony1 floccul5t4 ,gracilis1 ,lat9 = sl5d]4 ,gra91 see ,c>yopsis1 #aba4 ,gram9e\s1 grass-l4 ,granul>1 compos$ ( gra9s4 ,granule1 a small gra94 ,graveol5t1 heavy-sc5t$4 ,grise\s1 gray or blui%-gray4 ,gr[?1 #abi4 ,grum\s1 or ,grumose1 =m$ ( co>se clu/]$ gra9s4 ,guttate1 spott$1 z if by drops ( some?+ color$4 ,gymnos1 ,greek = nak$1 z ,gymnoc>p\s1 nak$-fruit$4 ,gymnosp]m\s1 nak$-se$$1 #aji4 ,gymnosp]m\s gynoecium1 #aji4 ,gymnosp]mae1 or ,gymnosp]m\s ,plants1 #ahc4 ,gyn&r\s1 ) /am5s borne on1 i4 e4 unit$ )1 ! pi/il1 #ii4 ,gynoecium1 a "n = ! pi/ils ( a fl[] tak5 altoge!r1 #aje4 ,gynobase1 a depress$ receptacle or support ( ! pi/il or c>pels1 #aad4 ,gynophore1 a /alk rais+ a pi/il above ! /am5s1 #aac4 ,gyno/egium1 a %ea? ar\nd pi/ils1 ( :atev] nature4 ,gyno/emium1 "n ( ! column 9 ,or*ids1 c41 consi/+ ( /yle & /igma ) /am5s comb9$4 ,gyrate1 coil$ or mov+ circul>ly4 ,gyrose1 /rongly b5t to & fro4 ,habit1 ! g5]al aspect ( a plant1 or its mode ( gr[?4 ,habitat1 ! situation or c\ntry 9 :i* a plant gr[s 9 a wild /ate4 ,hairs1 hair-l gr[?s on ! surface ( plants4 ,hairy1 beset ) hairs1 especially longi% ones4 ,halb]d-%ap$1 see ha/ate1 #ec4 ,halv$1 :5 appe>+ z if "o half ( ! body 7 cut away4 ,hamate1 or ,hamose1 hook$2 ! end ( a sl5d] body b5t r\nd4 ,hamulose1 be>+ a small hook2 a dim9utive ( ! la/4 ,haplo-1 9 ,greek comp\nds1 s+le2 z ,haplo/emon\s1 hav+ only "o s]ies ( /am5s4 ,ha/ate1 or ,ha/ile1 %ap$ l a halb]d2 furni%$ ) a spread+ lobe on ea* side at ! base1 #ec4 ,head1 capitulum1 a =m ( infloresc5ce1 #gd4 ,he>t-%ap$1 ( ! %ape ( a he>t z pa9t$ on c>ds1 #ec4 ,he>t-wood1 ! old] or matur$ wood ( exog5\s trees1 #adb4 ,helicoid1 coil$ l a helix or snail-%ell1 #gg4 ,helmet1 ! upp] sepal ( ,monk%ood is s call$4 ,helvol\s1 grayi%-yell[4 ,hemi- 9 comp\nds f ! ,greek1 half2 e4 g4 ,hemisph]ical1 c4 ,hemic>p1 half-fruit1 "o c>pel ( an ,umbellif]\s plant1 #aba4 ,hemitrop\s 7ovule or se$71 ne>ly same z amphitrop\s1 #abc4 ,hepta- 79 words ( ,greek orig971 sev52 z ,heptagyn\s1 ) sev5 pi/ils or /yles4 ,heptam]\s1 its p>ts 9 sev5s4 ,hept&r\s1 hav+ sev5 /am5s4 ,h]b1 plant n woody1 at lea/ above gr\nd4 ,h]bace\s1 ( ! texture ( an h]b2 n woody1 #ci4 ,h]b>ium1 ! botani/'s arrang$ collection ( dri$ plants1 #ahf4 ,h]borization1 #ahd4 ,h]maphrodite 7fl[]71 hav+ /am5s & pi/ils 9 ! same blossom1 #ha4 ,hesp]idium1 orange-fruit1 a h>d-r9d$ b]ry4 ,het]o-1 9 ,greek comp\nds1 means ( two or m sorts1 z ,het]oc>p\s1 be>+ fruit ( two k9ds or %apes4 ,het]ogam\s1 be>+ two or m sorts ( fl[]s 9 "o clu/]4 ,het]ogony1 ,het]ogone1 or ,het]ogon\s1 ) /am5s & pi/il reciprocally ( two sorts1 #aaf4 ,het]o/yl$ is same4 ,het]omorph\s1 ( two or m %apes4 ,het]ophyll\s1 ) two sorts ( leaves4 ,het]otrop\s 7ovule71 ! same z amphitrop\s1 #abc4 ,hexa- 79 ,greek comp\nds71 six2 z ,hexagonal1 six-angl$4 ,hexagyn\s1 ) six pi/ils or /yles4 ,hexam]\s1 its p>ts 9 sixes4 ,hex&r\s1 ) six /am5s4 ,hexapt]\s1 six-w+$4 ,hib]naculum1 a w9t] bud4 ,hiemal1 relat+ to w9t]4 ,hil>1 belong+ to ! hilum4 ,hilum1 ! sc> ( ! se$2 its place ( atta*m5t1 #aaj1 #abf4 ,hippocrepi=m1 horse%oe-%ap$4 ,hirsute1 clo!d ) /iffi% or be>d-l hairs4 ,hirtell\s1 m9utely hirsute4 ,hispid1 bri/ly1 beset ) /iff hairs4 ,hispidul\s1 dim9utive ( hispid4 ,hi/ology1 #i4 ,ho>y1 grayi%-:ite2 see canesc5t1 c4 ,holos]ice\s1 all ov] s]ice\s or silky4 ,homo-1 9 ,greek comp\nds1 all alike or ( "o sort4 ,homodrom\s1 runn+ 9 "o direction4 ,homogam\s1 a head or clu/] ) fl[]s all ( "o k9d4 ,homog5e\s1 uni=m 9 nature2 all ( "o k9d4 ,homogone1 or ,homogon\s1 c\nt]p>t ( ,het]ogone or ,homo/yl$4 ,homolog\s1 ( same type2 ?us petals & sepals are ! homologues ( leaves4 ,homomall\s 7leaves1 c471 orig9at+ all r\nd an axis1 b all b5t or curv$ to "o side4 ,homorph\s1 all ( "o %ape4 ,homotrop\s 7embryo71 curv$ ) ! se$2 curv$ only "o way4 ,hood1 same z helmet or galea4 ,hood$1 hood-%ap$2 see cucullate4 ,hook$1 same z hamate4 ,horn1 a spur or "s simil> app5dage4 ,horny1 ( ! texture ( horn4 ,hort5sis1 p]ta9+ to ! g>d54 ,hortus ,siccus1 an h]b>ium1 or collection ( dri$ plants1 #ahf4 ,humifuse1 ,humi/rate1 spread ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,humilis1 l[ 9 /ature4 ,hyal9e1 transp>5t1 or p>tly s4 ,hybrid1 a cross-bre$ betwe5 two alli$ species1 #agf4 ,hydrophytes1 wat]-plants4 ,hyemal1 see hiemal4 ,hym5ium ( a ,mu%room1 #agb4 ,hypan?ium1 a holl[ fl[]-receptacle1 su* z t ( ,rose4 ,hypo-1 ,greek prefix = "u1 or und]nea?4 ,hypocotyle1 or ,hypocotyl1 "p ( /em bel[ ! cotyl$ons1 #aa4 ,hypocrat]i=m1 prop]ly ,hypocrat]imorph\s1 salv]-%ap$4 ,hypogaean1 or ,hypogae\s1 produc$ "u gr\nd1 #ai4 ,hypogyn\s1 ins]t$ "u ! pi/il1 #ie1 #ii4 ,hy/]an?\s1 ) ! blossoms develop$ e>li] ?an ! leaves4 ,icos&r\s1 hav+ #bj 7or #ab or m7 /am5s ins]t$ on ! calyx4 ,imb]bis1 ,lat9 = be>dless4 ,imbricate1 ,imbricat$1 ,imbricative1 ov]lapp+ "o ano!r1 l tiles or %+les on a ro(1 z ! bud-scales ( ,horse-*e/nut & ,hickory1 #bg4 ,9 ae/ivation1 :]e "s leaves ( ! calyx or corolla are ov]lapp$ on bo? sides by o!rs1 #ih4 ,imm>g9ate1 de/itute ( a rim or bord]4 ,imm]s$1 gr[+ :olly "u wat]4 ,imp>i-p9nate1 p9nate ) a s+le leaflet at ! apex1 #eg4 ,imp]fect fl[]s1 want+ ei!r /am5s or pi/ils1 #he4 ,inaequilat]al1 unequal-sid$1 z ! leaf ( a ,begonia4 ,inane1 empty1 said ( an an!r :i* produces no poll51 c4 ,inapp5diculate1 n app5dag$4 ,incan\s1 ,incanesc5t1 ho>y ) s(t :ite pubesc5ce4 ,inc>nate1 fle%-color$4 ,incis$1 cut r deeply & irregul>ly1 #eh4 ,includ$1 enclos$2 :5 ! "p 9 "q does n project beyond ano!r4 ,incomplete ,fl[]1 want+ calyx or corolla1 #hf4 ,incrassat$1 ?ick5$4 ,incub\s1 ) tip ( "o leaf ly+ flat ov] ! base ( ! next above4 ,incumb5t1 lean+ or re/+ ^u2 ! cotyl$ons are incumb5t :5 ! back ( "o ( !m lies aga9/ ! radicle1 #abh2 ! an!rs are incumb5t :5 turn$ or look+ inw>ds4 ,incurv$1 gradually curv+ inw>ds4 ,indef9ite1 n uni=m 9 numb]1 or too num]\s to m5tion 7ov] #ab74 ,indef9ite or ,indet]m9ate ,infloresc5ce1 #gb4 ,indehisc5t1 n splitt+ op52 i4 e4 n dehisc5t1 #aai4 ,indig5\s1 native to ! c\ntry4 ,individuals1 #age4 ,indum5tum1 any hairy coat+ or pubesc5ce4 ,induplicate1 ) ! edges turn$ inw>ds1 #ig4 ,induviate1 clo!d ) old & )]$ p>ts or induviae4 ,indusium1 ! %ield or cov]+ ( a fruit-dot ( a ,f]n1 #aei4 ,in]mis1 ,lat9 = un>m$1 n prickly4 ,inf]ior1 gr[+ bel[ "s o!r organ1 #if4 ,inf]tile1 n produc+ se$1 or poll51 z ! case may be4 ,inflat$1 turgid & bladd]y4 ,inflex$1 b5t inw>ds4 ,infloresc5ce1 ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s on ! /em1 #gb4 ,infra-axill>y1 situat$ b5ea? ! axil4 ,infundibuli=m or ,infundibul>1 funnel-%ap$1 #ij4 ,innate 7an!r71 atta*$ by its base to ! v apex ( ! filam5t1 #aja4 ,innovation1 a "y %oot1 or new gr[?4 ,ins]tion1 ! place or ! mode ( atta*m5t ( an organ to its support1 #ie1 #ii4 ,integ]1 entire1 n lob$4 ,integ]rimus1 q entire1 n s]rate4 ,int]cellul> ,passages or ,spaces1 #aca1 #adc4 ,int]foliace\s1 betwe5 ! leaves ( a pair or :orl4 ,int]node1 ! "p ( a /em betwe5 two nodes1 #ac4 ,int]petiol>1 betwe5 petioles4 ,int]rupt$ly p9nate1 p9nate ) small leaflets int]mix$ ) l>g]4 ,int9e1 inn] coat ( a poll5 gra94 ,intrafoliace\s 7/ipules1 c471 plac$ betwe5 ! leaf or petiole & ! /em4 ,introrse1 turn$ or fac+ inw>ds2 i4 e4 t[>ds ! axis ( ! fl[]1 #aja4 ,intruse1 z x 7 pu%$ inw>ds4 ,inv]s$ or ,inv]t$1 :]e ! apex is 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! organ x is comp>$ )4 ,involucel1 a p>tial or small involucre1 #gf4 ,involucellate1 furni%$ ) an involucel4 ,involucrate1 furni%$ ) an involucre4 ,involucre1 a :orl or set ( bracts ar\nd a fl[]1 umbel1 or head1 c41 #gd1 #ge4 ,involute1 9 v]nation1 #gb2 roll$ inw>ds f ! edges1 #ig4 ,irregul> ,fl[]s1 #hf1 #ia4 ,isos1 ,greek = equal 9 numb]4 ,isom]\s1 ! same numb] 9 ! successive circles or sets4 ,iso/emon\s1 ! /am5s equal 9 numb] to ! sepals or petals4 ,jo9t$1 sep>ate or sep>able at "o or m places into pieces1 #fd1 c4 ,jugum 7plural ,juga71 ,lat9 = a pair1 z ( leaflets1--?us ,unijugate1 ( a s+le pair2 ,bijugate1 ( two pairs1 c4 ,julaceus1 l a catk9 or ,julus4 ,keel1 a project+ ridge on a surface1 l ! keel ( a boat2 ! two ant]ior petals ( a papilionace\s corolla1 #ib4 ,keel$1 furni%$ ) a keel or %>p longitud9al ridge4 ,k]mes9e1 ,c>m9e-r$4 ,k]nel ( ! ovule & se$1 #aaj4 ,key1 or ,key-fruit1 a ,sam>a1 #abb4 ,kidney-%ap$1 resembl+ ! outl9e ( a kidney1 #ec4 ,labellum1 ! odd petal 9 ! ,or*is ,family4 ,labiate1 same z bilabiate or two-lipp$1 #ib4 ,labiatiflor\s1 hav+ fl[]s ) bilabiate corolla4 ,labium 7plural1 ,labia71 ,lat9 = lip4 ,lac]ate1 ) m>g9 appe>+ z if torn4 ,lac9iate1 sla%$2 cut into deep n>r[ lobes or ,lac9iae4 ,lactesc5t1 produc+ milky juice1 z does ! ,milkwe$1 c4 ,lacteus1 ,lat9 = milk-:ite4 ,lacunose1 full ( holes or gaps4 ,lacu/r9e1 belong+ to lakes4 ,laevigate1 smoo? z if poli%$4 ,lat91 ,laevis1 smoo?1 z oppos$ to r\gh4 ,lag5i=m1 g\rd-%ap$4 ,lagop\s1 ,lat91 h>e-foot$2 d5sely clo!d ) long s(t hairs4 ,lamell> or ,lamellate1 consi/+ ( flat plates1 ,lamellae4 ,lam9a1 a plate or blade1 ! blade ( a leaf1 c41 #di4 ,lanate1 ,lanose1 woolly2 clo!d ) long & s(t entangl$ hairs4 ,lanceolate1 lance-%ap$1 #eb4 ,lanug9\s1 cottony or woolly4 ,lat5t buds1 conceal$ or undevelop$ buds1 #cj4 ,lat]al1 belong+ to ! side4 ,latex1 ! milky juice1 c41 ( plants1 #ace4 ,lax 7,laxus71 loose 9 texture1 or sp>se2 ! opposite ( cr[d$4 ,leaf1 #di4 ,leaf-buds1 #ca4 ,leaflet1 "o ( ! divisions or blades ( a comp\nd leaf1 #eg4 ,leaf-l1 same z foliace\s4 ,lea!ry1 ( ab\t ! consi/5ce ( lea!r2 coriace\s4 ,legume1 a simple pod :i* dehisces 9 two pieces1 l t ( ! ,pea1 #abb4 ,legum9\s1 belong+ to legumes1 or to ! ,legum9\s ,family4 ,l5ticul>1 l5s-%ap$2 i4 e4 flatti% & convex on bo? sides4 ,lappace\s1 bur-l4 ,lasio1 ,greek = woolly or hairy1 z ,lasian?us1 woolly-fl[]$4 ,lat]iti\s1 brick-color$4 ,laticif]\s1 conta9+ latex1 #ace4 ,latus1 ,lat9 = broad1 z ,latifolius1 broad-leav$4 ,leaf-sc>1 ,leaf-/alk1 petiole4 ,l5ticels1 l5ticul> dots on "y b>k4 ,l5tig9ose1 z if freckl$4 ,lepal1 a made-up ^w = a /am9ode4 ,lepis1 ,greek = a scale1 :5ce ,lepidote1 lepr\s2 cov]$ ) scurfy scales4 ,leptos1 ,greek = sl5d]2 s ,leptophyll\s1 sl5d]-leav$4 ,leukos1 ,greek = :ite2 :5ce ,leucan?\s1 :ite-fl[]$1 c4 ,lib]1 ! inn] b>k ( ,exog5\s /ems1 #adj4 ,lid1 see op]culum4 ,ligne\s1 or ,lignose1 woody 9 texture4 ,ligulate1 furni%$ ) a ligule1 #ic4 ,ligule1 ,ligula1 ! /rap-%ap$ corolla 9 _m ,compositae1 #ic2 ! membran\s app5dage at ! summit ( ! leaf-%ea?s ( mo/ ,grasses1 #fg4 ,limb1 ! bord] ( a corolla1 c41 #hi4 ,limbate1 bord]$ 7,lat91 ,limbus1 a bord]74 ,l9e1 ! twelf? ( an in*2 or ,fr5* l9es1 ! t5?4 ,l9e>1 n>r[ & flat1 ! m>g9s p>allel1 #eb4 ,l9eate1 m>k$ ) p>allel l9es4 ,l9eolate1 m>k$ ) m9ute l9es4 ,l+ulate1 ,l+ui=m1 tongue-%ap$4 ,lip1 ! pr9cipal lobes ( a bilabiate corolla or calyx1 #ib4 ,litoral or ,littoral1 belong+ to ! %ore4 ,livid1 pale lead-color$4 ,lobe1 any projection or division 7especially a r\nd$ "o7 ( a leaf1 c4 ,lob$ or ,lobate1 cut into lobes1 #ee1 #ef2 ,lobulate1 into small lobes4 ,locellate1 hav+ ,locelli1 i4 e4 comp>tm5ts 9 a cell3 ?us an an!r-cell is (t5 bilocellate4 ,loculam5t1 same z loculus4 ,locul>1 relat+ to ! cell or comp>tm5t 7,loculus7 ( an ov>y1 c4 ,loculicidal 7dehisc5ce71 splitt+ d[n ?r\gh ! back ( ea* cell1 #abc4 ,locu/a1 a "n = ! spikelet ( ,grasses4 ,lodicule1 "o ( ! scales answ]+ to p]ian?-leaves 9 ,grass-fl[]s4 ,lom5t1 a pod :i* sep>ates transv]sely into jo9ts1 #abb4 ,lom5tace\s1 p]ta9+ to or resembl+ a lom5t4 ,lorate1 ?ong-%ap$4 ,lunate1 cresc5t-%ap$4 ,lunulate1 dim9utive ( lunate4 ,lupul9e1 l hops4 ,lusus1 ,lat9 = a sport or abnormal v>iation4 ,luteolus1 yell[i%2 dim9utive ( ,luteus1 ,lat9 = yell[4 ,lutesc5t1 v]g+ to yell[4 ,lyrate1 lyre-%ap$2 a p9natifid leaf ( an obovate or spatulate outl9e1 ! end-lobe l>ge & r\ndi%1 & ! l[] lobes small1 z 9 fig4 #adi4 ,macros1 ,greek = long1 sometimes also us$ = l>ge3 ?us ,macrophyll\s1 long or l>ge-leav$1 c4 ,macrospore1 ! l>ge k9d ( spore1 :5 !re are two k9ds1 #afj1 #afa4 ,maculate1 spott$ or blot*$4 ,male 7fl[]s or plants71 hav+ /am5s b no pi/il4 ,mammose1 brea/-%ap$4 ,m>cesc5t1 )]+ )\t fall+ (f4 ,m>g9al1 belong+ to m>g94 ,m>g9ate1 m>g9$ ) an edge diff]5t f ! re/4 ,m>g9icidal dehisc5ce1 #abc4 ,m>itime1 belong+ to sea-coa/s4 ,m>morate1 m>bl$4 ,mas41 ,masc41 ,mascul9e1 male4 ,mask$1 see p]sonate4 ,mealy1 see f>9ace\s4 ,m$ian1 ,m$ial1 belong+ to ! middle4 ,m$ifix$1 atta*$ by ! middle4 ,m$ull>y1 belong+ to1 or ( ! nature (1 pi? 7,m$ulla72 pi?y4 ,m$ull>y ,rays1 ! silv]-gra9 ( wood1 #adj1 #ada4 ,m$ull>y ,%ea?1 a set ( ducts j ar\nd ! pi?1 #adj4 ,meio/emon\s1 hav+ few] /am5s ?an petals4 ,membranace\s or ,membran\s1 ( ! texture ( membrane2 ?9 & s(t4 ,m5iscoid1 cresc5t-%ap$4 ,m]ic>p1 "o c>pel ( ! fruit ( an ,umbellif]\s plant1 #aba4 ,m]ismatic1 sep>at+ into p>ts by ! =mation ( p>titions across4 ,m]\s1 f ! ,greek = "p2 us$ ) num]al prefix to d5ote ! numb] ( pieces 9 a set or circle3 z ,monom]\s1 ( only "o1 ,dim]\s1 ) two1 ,trim]\s1 ) ?ree p>ts 7sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 c47 9 ea* circle4 ,mesoc>p1 ! middle "p ( a p]ic>p1 :5 t is di/+ui%able into ?ree lay]s1 #abj4 ,mesophloeum1 ! middle or gre5 b>k4 ,micropyle1 ! clos$ orifice ( ! se$1 #aaj1 #abf4 ,microspore1 ! small] k9d ( spore :5 !re are two k9ds1 #afa4 ,midrib1 ! middle or ma9 rib ( a leaf1 #ej4 ,milk-vessels1 #ace4 ,m9iate1 v]milion-color$4 ,mitri=m1 mitre-%ap$3 9 ! =m ( a peak$ cap1 or "o cleft at ! top4 ,monili=m1 necklace-%ap$2 a cyl9drical body contract$ at int]vals4 ,monoc>pic 7duration71 fl[]+ & se$+ b once1 #ch4 ,mono*lamyde\s1 hav+ only "o floral envelope4 ,monocotyl$on\s 7embryo71 ) only "o cotyl$on1 #bd4 ,monocotyl$on\s ,plants1 #bd4 ,monocotyls1 #bd4 ,monoeci\s1 or ,monoic\s 7fl[]71 hav+ /am5s or pi/ils only1 #he4 ,monogyn\s 7fl[]71 hav+ only "o pi/il1 or "o /yle1 #aje4 ,monopetal\s 7fl[]71 ) ! corolla ( "o piece1 #hi4 ,monophyll\s1 "o-leav$1 or ( "o piece4 ,monos1 ,greek = solit>y or only "o2 ?us ,monadelph\s1 /am5s unit$ by _! filam5ts into "o set1 #ii2 ,mon&r\s 7fl[]71 hav+ only "o /am51 #ajj4 ,monosepal\s1 a calyx ( "o piece2 i4 e4 ) ! sepals unit$ into "o body4 ,monosp]m\s1 "o-se$$4 ,mon/rosity1 an unnatural deviation f ! usual /ructure or =m4 ,morphology1 ,morphological ,botany1 #i2 ! dep>tm5t ( botany :i* treats ( ! =ms :i* an organ may assume4 ,mos*ate1 ,musk-l 9 odor4 ,movem5ts1 #adi4 ,mucronate1 tipp$ ) an abrupt %ort po9t 7,mucro71 #ed4 ,mucronulate1 tipp$ ) a m9ute abrupt po9t2 a dim9utive ( ! la/4 ,multi-1 9 composition1 _m2 z ,multangul>1 _m-angl$2 ,multicipital1 _m-head$1 c42 ,multif>i\s1 9 _m r[s or ranks2 ,multifid1 _m-cleft2 ,multilocul>1 _m-cell$2 ,multis]ial1 9 _m r[s4 ,multiple ,fruits1 #aah1 #abd4 ,muricate1 beset ) %ort & h>d or prickly po9ts4 ,muri=m1 wall-l2 resembl+ c\rses ( bricks 9 a wall4 ,mutic\s1 po9tless1 blunt1 un>m$4 ,mycelium1 ! spawn ( ,fungi2 i4 e4 ! filam5ts f :i* ,mu%rooms1 c41 orig9ate1 #agb4 ,nak$1 want+ "s usual cov]+1 z a*lamyde\s fl[]s1 #hf2 gymnosp]m\s se$s1 #aji1 #abe1 c4 ,names 9 botany1 #agi4 ,nanus1 ,lat9 = dw>f4 ,napi=m1 turnip-%ap$1 #ce4 ,natural ,sy/em1 #ahb4 ,naturaliz$1 introduc$ f a =eign c\ntry1 & fl\ri%+ wild4 ,navicul>1 boat-%ap$1 l ! glumes ( mo/ ,grasses4 ,necklace-%ap$1 look+ l a /r+ ( beads2 see monili=m4 ,nect>1 ! sweet secretion 9 fl[]s f :i* bees make honey1 c4 ,nect>if]\s1 honey-be>+2 or hav+ a nect>y4 ,nect>y1 ! old "n = petals & o!r p>ts ( ! fl[] :5 ( unusual %ape1 especially :5 honey-be>+4 ,s ! holl[ spur-%ap$ petals ( ,columb9e 7 call$ nect>ies2 also ! curi\s long-claw$ petals ( ,monk%ood1 #hg1 c4 ,ne$le-%ap$1 long1 sl5d]1 & rigid1 l ! leaves ( ,p9es4 ,nemorose or ,nemoral1 inhabit+ groves4 ,n]ve1 a "n = ! ribs or ve9s ( leaves :5 simple & p>allel1 #ej4 ,n]v$1 furni%$ ) n]ves1 or simple & p>allel ribs or ve9s1 #ej4 ,n]vose1 conspicu\sly n]v$4 ,n]vulose1 m9utely n]vose4 ,nett$-ve9$1 furni%$ ) bran*+ ve9s =m+ network1 #ej1 #ea4 ,neut]1 ,neutral1 sexless4 ,neutral fl[]1 #gi4 ,nig]1 ,lat9 = black4 ,nigricans1 ,lat9 = v]g+ to black4 ,nitid1 %9+4 ,nival1 liv+ 9 or ne> sn[4 ,niveus1 sn[-:ite4 ,nodd+1 b5d+ s t ! summit hangs d[nw>d4 ,node1 a knot2 ! jo9ts ( a /em1 or ! "p :5ce a leaf or a pair ( leaves spr+s1 #ac4 ,nodose1 knotty or knobby4 ,nodulose1 furni%$ ) little knobs or knots4 ,nom5clature1 #age1 #agi4 ,normal1 accord+ to rule1 natural4 ,notate1 m>k$ ) spots or l9es ( a diff]5t color4 ,nucam5tace\s1 relat+ to or resembl+ a small nut4 ,nuci=m1 nut-%ap$ or nut-l4 ,nucleus1 ! k]nel ( an ovule 7#aaj7 or se$ 7#abg7 ( a cell4 ,nucule1 same z nutlet4 ,nude1 7,lat91 ,nudus71 nak$4 ,s ,nudicaulis1 nak$-/emm$1 c4 ,nut1 ,lat9 ,nux1 a h>d1 mo/ly "o-se$$ indehisc5t fruit2 z a *e/nut1 butt]nut1 acorn1 #aba4 ,nutant1 nodd+4 ,nutlet1 a little nut2 or ! /one ( a drupe4 ,ob- 7mean+ ov] aga9/71 :5 prefix$ to words signifies inv]sion2 z1 ,obcompress$1 flatt5$ ! opposite ( ! usual way2 ,obcordate1 he>t-%ap$1 ) ! broad & not*$ end at ! apex in/ead ( ! base1 #ed2 ,oblanceolate1 lance-%ap$ ) ! tap]+ po9t d[nw>ds1 #eb4 ,oblique1 appli$ to leaves1 c41 means unequal-sid$4 ,oblong1 f two to f\r times z long z broad1 #eb4 ,obovate1 inv]sely ovate1 ! broad end upw>d1 #ec4 ,obovoid1 solid obovate4 ,obtuse1 blunt or r\nd at ! end1 #ed4 ,obv]se1 same z inv]se4 ,obvolute 79 ! bud71 :5 ! m>g9s ( "o piece or leaf alt]nately ov]lap ^? ( ! opposite "o4 ,ocellate1 ) a circul> color$ pat*1 l an eye4 ,o*roleuc\s1 yell[i%-:ite2 dull cream-color4 ,ocreate1 furni%$ ) ,ocreae 7boots71 or /ipules 9 ! =m ( %ea?s1 #fg4 ,octo-1 ,lat9 = eight1 ent]s into ! composition ( ,octagyn\s1 ) eight pi/ils or /yles2 ,octam]\s1 its p>ts 9 eights2 ,oct&r\s1 ) eight /am5s1 c4 ,oculate1 ) eye-%ap$ m>k+4 ,(fic9al1 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 !re=e kept 9 ! %ops4 ,(fset1 %ort bran*es next ! gr\nd :i* take root1 #dj4 ,oides1 t]m9ation1 f ! ,greek1 to d5ote lik5ess2 s ,dian?oides1 ,p9k-l4 ,ol]ace\s1 escul5t1 z a pot-h]b4 ,oligos1 ,greek = few2 ?us ,oligan?\s1 few-fl[]$1 c4 ,olivace\s1 olive-gre54 ,oophoridium1 a "n = spore-case conta9+ macrospores4 ,opaque1 appli$ to a surface1 means dull1 n %9+4 ,op]culate1 furni%$ ) a lid 7,op]culum71 z ! spore-case ( ,mosses1 #afc4 ,opposite1 said ( leaves & bran*es :5 on opposite sides ( ! /em f ea* o!r 7i4 e4 9 pairs71 #bi1 #fh4 ,/am5s are opposite ! petals1 c41 :5 !y /& be=e !m4 ,oppositifolius1 situat$ opposite a leaf4 ,orbicul>1 ,orbiculate1 circul> 9 outl9e1 or ne>ly s1 #eb4 ,ord]1 gr\p bel[ class1 #agh4 ,ord9al names1 #ahj4 ,organ1 any memb] ( ! plant1 z a leaf1 a /am51 c4 ,organography1 /udy ( organs1 #i4 ,organog5esis1 t ( ! developm5t ( organs4 ,orgyalis1 ( ! height ( a man4 ,or?os1 ,greek = /raight2 ?us1 ,or?oc>p\s1 ) /raight fruit2 ,or?o/i*\s1 /raight-rank$4 ,or?otrop\s 7ovule or se$71 #aaa4 ,osse\s1 ( a bony texture4 ,outgr[?s1 gr[?s f ! surface ( a leaf1 petal1 c4 ,oval1 broadly elliptical1 #eb4 ,ov>y1 t "p ( ! pi/il conta9+ ! ovules or future se$s1 #ad1 #hj1 #aje4 ,ovate1 %ap$ l an egg1 ) ! broad] end d[nw>ds2 or1 9 pla9 surfaces1 su* z leaves1 l ! section ( an egg l5g?wise1 #eb4 ,ovoid1 ovate or oval 9 a solid =m4 ,ovule1 ! body :i* is de/9$ to become a se$1 #ad1 #hj1 #aje1 #aaj4 ,ovulif]\s1 ovule-be>+4 ,palate1 a projection ( ! l[] lip ( a labiate corolla into ! ?roat1 z 9 ,snapdragon1 c4 ,palea 7plural paleae71 *aff2 ! inn] husks ( ,grasses2 ! *aff or bracts on ! receptacle ( _m ,compositae1 z ,coreopsis1 & ,sunfl[]4 ,paleace\s1 furni%$ ) *aff1 or *affy 9 texture4 ,paleolate1 hav+ ,paleolae or paleae ( a second ord]1 or n>r[ paleae4 ,palet1 ,engli% t]m = palea4 ,palmate1 :5 leaflets or ! divisions ( a leaf all spread f ! apex ( ! petiole1 l ! h& ) ! outspread f+]s1 #eg1 #eh4 ,palmately 7ve9$1 lob$1 c471 9 a palmate mann]1 #ea1 #ef4 ,palmatifid1 -lob$1 -sect1 palmately cleft1 or lob$1 or divid$4 ,paludose1 inhabit+ m>%es4 ,palu/r9e1 same4 ,p&uri=m1 or ,p&urate1 fiddle-%ap$ 7:i* see74 ,panicle1 an op5 & bran*$ clu/]1 #ha4 ,panicl$1 ,paniculate1 arrang$ 9 panicles1 or l a panicle4 ,pannose1 cov]$ ) a felt ( woolly hairs4 ,pap]y1 ( ab\t ! consi/5ce ( lett]-pap]4 ,papilionace\s1 butt]fly-%ap$2 appli$ to su* a corolla z t ( ! ,pea1 #ia4 ,papilla 7plural papillae71 little nipple-%ap$ protub]ances4 ,papillate1 ,papillose1 cov]$ ) papillae4 ,pappus1 ?i/le-d[n4 ,! d[n cr[n+ ! a*5ium ( ! ,?i/le1 ,gr\ndsel1 c41 & :atev] 9 ,compositae answ]s to calyx1 :e!r hairs1 tee?1 or scales1 #aba4 ,papyrace\s1 l p>*m5t 9 texture4 ,p>allel-ve9$ or n]v$ 7leaves71 #ej4 ,p>aphyses1 jo9t$ filam5ts mix$ ) ! an!ridia ( ,mosses4 ,p>asitic1 liv+ z a p>asite1 i4 e4 on ano!r plant or animal1 #cg4 ,p>5*emyt\s1 compos$ ( p>5*yma4 ,p>5*yma1 s(t cellul> tissue ( plants1 l ! gre5 pulp ( leaves1 #acb4 ,p>ietal 7plac5tae1 c471 atta*$ to ! walls 7p>ietes7 ( ! ov>y4 ,p>ip9nate1 p9nate ) an ev5 numb] ( leaflets4 ,p>t$1 sep>at$ or cleft into p>ts almo/ to ! base1 #ee4 ,p>!nog5esis1 produc+ se$ )\t f]tilization4 ,p>tial involucre1 same z an involucel2 p>tial petiole1 a division ( a ma9 leaf-/alk or ! /alk ( a leaflet2 p>tial p$uncle1 a bran* ( a p$uncle2 p>tial umbel1 an umbellet1 #gf4 ,p>tition1 a segm5t ( a p>t$ leaf2 or an int]nal wall 9 an ov>y1 an!r1 c4 ,patelli=m1 disk-%ap$1 l ! patella or kneepan4 ,pat5t1 spread+1 op54 ,patul\s1 mod]ately spread+4 ,pauci-1 9 composition1 few2 z pauciflor\s1 few-fl[]$1 c4 ,pe>-%ap$1 solid obovate1 ! %ape ( a pe>4 ,pect9ate1 p9natifid or p9nately divid$ into n>r[ & close divisions1 l ! tee? ( a comb4 ,p$ate1 l a bird's foot2 palmate or palmately cleft1 ) ! side divisions aga9 cleft1 z 9 ,viola p$ata1 c4 ,p$icel1 ! /alk ( ea* p>ticul> fl[] ( a clu/]1 #gc4 ,p$icellate1 ,p$icell$1 borne on a p$icel4 ,p$alis1 ,lat9 = a foot high or long4 ,p$uncle1 a fl[]-/alk1 :e!r ( a s+le fl[] or ( a fl[]-clu/]1 #gc4 ,p$uncl$1 ,p$unculate1 furni%$ ) a p$uncle4 ,peloria1 an abnormal return to regul>ity & symmetry 9 an irregul> fl[]2 commone/ 9 ,snapdragon4 ,peltate1 %ield-%ap$2 said ( a leaf1 :atev] its %ape1 :5 ! petiole is atta*$ to ! l[] side1 some:]e )9 ! m>g91 #ec4 ,pelvi=m1 bas9-%ap$4 ,p5d5t1 hang+4 ,p5dul\s1 some:at hang+ or droop+4 ,p5icillate1 ,p5icilli=m1 tipp$ ) a tuft ( f9e hairs1 l a pa9t]'s p5cil2 z ! /igmas ( "s ,grasses4 ,p5nate1 same z p9nate4 ,p5n9]v$ & ,p5nive9$1 p9nately ve9$1 #ea4 ,p5ta- 79 words ( ,greek composition71 five2 z ,p5tadelph\s1 #ii2 ,p5tagyn\s1 ) five pi/ils or /yles2 ,p5tam]\s1 ) its p>ts 9 fives1 or on ! plan ( five2 ,p5t&r\s1 hav+ five /am5s1 #aab2 ,p5ta/i*\s1 9 five ranks1 c4 ,pepo1 a fruit l ! ,melon & ,cucumb]1 #aai4 ,p]5nial1 la/+ f ye> to ye>1 #ch4 ,p]fect 7fl[]71 hav+ bo? /am5s & pi/ils1 #ha4 ,p]foliate1 pass+ ?r\gh ! leaf1 9 appe>ance1 #fj4 ,p]=ate1 pi]c$ ) holes1 or ) transp>5t dots resembl+ holes1 z an ,orange-leaf4 ,p]i-1 ,greek = ar\nd2 f :i* are su* t]ms z ,p]ian?1 ! leaves ( ! fl[] collectively1 #gi4 ,p]ic>p1 ! rip5$ ov>y2 ! walls ( ! fruit1 #aag4 ,p]ic>pic1 belong+ to ! p]ic>p4 ,p]igonium1 ,p]igone1 same z p]ian?4 ,p]igynium1 bodies ar\nd ! pi/il2 appli$ to ! clos$ cup or bottle-%ap$ body 7( bracts7 :i* encloses ! ov>y ( ,s$ges1 & to ! bri/les1 little scales1 c41 ( ! fl[]s ( "s o!r ,cyp]aceae4 ,p]igyn\s1 ! petals & /am5s borne on ! calyx1 #ie1 #ii4 ,p]iph]ic1 ar\nd ! outside1 or p]iph]y1 ( any organ4 ,p]isp]m1 a "n = ! album5 ( a se$4 ,p]i/ome1 ! fr+e ( tee? to ! spore-case ( ,mosses1 #afc4 ,p]si/5t1 rema9+ beyond ! p]iod :5 su* p>ts commonly fall1 z ! leaves ( ev]gre5s1 & ! calyx ( su* fl[]s z p]si/ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! fruit4 ,p]sonate1 mask$2 a bilabiate corolla ) a palate 9 ! ?roat1 #ib4 ,p]tuse1 p]=at$ ) a hole or slit4 ,p]ulate1 hav+ scales 7,p]ulae71 su* z bud-scales4 ,pes1 p$is1 ,lat9 = ! foot or support1 :5ce ,longipes1 long-/alk$1 c4 ,petal1 a leaf ( ! corolla1 #ad1 #gi4 ,petalody1 metamorphosis ( /am5s1 c41 into petals4 ,petaloid1 ,petal9e1 petal-l2 resembl+ or color$ l petals4 ,petiole1 a foot/alk ( a leaf2 a leaf-/alk1 #di4 ,petiol$1 ,petiolate1 furni%$ ) a petiole4 ,petiolulate1 said ( a leaflet :5 rais$ on its own p>tial leaf-/alk4 ,petraeus1 ,lat9 = gr[+ on rocks4 ,phalanx1 phalanges1 bundles ( /am5s4 ,pha5ogam\s1 or ,phan]ogam\s1 plants be>+ fl[]s & produc+ se$s2 same z ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,pha5ogams1 ,phan]ogams1 #aj4 ,phloeum1 ,greek "n = b>k1 :5ce ,endophloeum1 inn] b>k1 c4 ,pho5ice\s1 deep r$ v]g+ to sc>let4 ,phycology1 ! botany ( ,algae4 ,phyllocladia1 bran*es assum+ ! =m & function ( leaves4 ,phyllodium 7plural1 phyllodia71 a leaf :]e ! seem+ blade is a dilat$ petiole1 z 9 ,new ,holl& ,acacias1 #fa4 ,phyllome1 foli> p>ts1 ^? answ]+ to leaves 9 _! nature4 ,phyllon 7plural1 phylla71 ,greek = leaf & leaves2 us$ 9 _m comp\nd t]ms & names4 ,phyllotaxis1 or ,phyllotaxy1 ! arrangem5t ( leaves on ! /em1 #fg4 ,physiological ,botany1 #i4 ,phytography1 relates to *>act]iz+ & describ+ plants4 ,phyton1 or ,phytom]1 a "n us$ to designate ! pieces :i* by _! repetition make up a plant1 !oretically1 viz4 a jo9t ( /em ) its leaf or pair ( leaves4 ,pileus ( a mu%room1 #agb4 ,pilif]\s1 be>+ a sl5d] bri/le or hair 7pilum71 or beset ) hairs4 ,pilose1 hairy2 clo!d ) s(t sl5d] hairs4 ,p9na1 a prim>y division ) its leaflets ( a bip9nate or trip9nate leaf4 ,p9nule1 a second>y division ( a bip9nate or trip9nate leaf1 #ff4 ,p9nate 7leaf71 :5 leaflets are arrang$ along ! sides ( a common petiole1 #eg4 ,p9nately lob$1 cleft1 p>t$1 divid$1 ve9$1 #ef4 ,p9natifid1 ,p9natisect1 same z p9nately cleft & p9nately p>t$1 #ef4 ,pisi=m1 pea-%ap$4 ,pi/il1 ! se$-be>+ organ ( ! fl[]1 #ad1 #hj1 #aje4 ,pi/illate1 hav+ a pi/il1 #he4 ,pi/illidium1 ! body :i* 9 ,mosses answ]s to ! pi/il1 #aei1 #afd4 ,pit*]s1 #fd4 ,pi?1 ! cellul> c5tre ( an exog5\s /em1 #ach4 ,plac5ta1 ! surface or "p ( ! ov>y to :i* ! ovules are atta*$1 #ajg4 ,plac5ti=m1 ne>ly same z quoit-%ap$4 ,plait$ 79 ! bud71 or ,plicate1 fold$1 #gb1 #ih4 ,platy-1 ,greek = broad1 9 comp\nds1 su* z ,platyphyll\s1 broad-leav$1 c4 ,pleio-1 ,greek = full or ab\nd+1 us$ 9 comp\nds1 su* z ,pleiopetal\s1 ( _m petals1 c4 ,plumbeus1 lead-color$4 ,plumose1 fea!ry2 :5 any sl5d] body 7su* z a bri/le ( a pappus or a /yle7 is beset ) hairs along its sides1 l ! plume ( a fea!r4 ,plumule1 ! bud or fir/ %oot ( a g]m9at+ plantlet above ! cotyl$ons1 #ac4 ,pluri-1 9 composition1 _m or sev]al2 z ,plurifoliolate1 ) sev]al leaflets4 ,pod1 specially a legume1 #abb2 also may be appli$ to any sort ( capsule4 ,podium1 a foot/alk or /ipe1 us$ only 9 ,greek comp\nds1 z 7suffix$7 ,leptopodus1 sl5d]-/alk$1 or 7prefix$7 ,podocephalus1 ) a /alk$ head1 & 9 ,podosp]m1 a se$ /alk or funiculus4 ,pogon1 ,greek = be>d1 comes into v>i\s comp\nds4 ,po9tless1 de/itute ( any po9t$ tip1 su* z a mucro1 awn1 acum9ation1 c4 ,poll51 ! f]tiliz+ p[d] conta9$ 9 ! an!r1 #ad1 #hj1 #ajc4 ,poll5-gr[?1 #aag4 ,poll5if]\s1 poll5-be>+4 ,poll5-mass1 ,poll9ium1 ! unit$ mass ( poll51 #ajd1 z 9 ,milkwe$ & ,or*is4 ,pollic>is1 ,lat9 = an in* long4 ,poll9ation1 ! application ( poll5 to ! /igma1 #aad4 ,poly-1 9 comp\nd words ( ,greek orig91 same z multi- 9 ^? ( ,lat9 orig9 viz4 _m1 z ,polyadelph\s1 /am5s unit$ by _! filam5ts into sev]al bundles1 #ajj4 ,poly&r\s1 ) num]\s /am5s 7ins]t$ on ! receptacle71 #ajj4 ,polyc>pic1 t]m us$ by ,de,candolle 9 ! s5se ( p]5nial4 ,polycotyl$on\s1 hav+ _m 7m ?an two7 cotyl$ons1 z ,p9es1 #bc4 ,polygam\s1 hav+ "s p]fect & "s unisexual fl[]s1 #he4 ,polygonal1 _m-angl$4 ,polygyn\s1 ) _m pi/ils or /yles1 #aje4 ,polym]\s1 =m$ ( _m p>ts ( ea* set4 ,polymorph\s1 ( sev]al or v>y+ =ms4 ,polypetal\s1 :5 ! petals are di/9ct or sep>ate 7:e!r few or _m71 #hi4 ,polyphyll\s1 _m-leav$2 =m$ ( sev]al di/9ct pieces4 ,polysepal\s1 same z ! la/ :5 appli$ to ! calyx1 #hi4 ,polysp]m\s1 _m-se$$4 ,pome1 ! apple1 pe>1 & simil> fle%y fruits1 #aai4 ,pomif]\s1 pome-be>+4 ,porrect1 out/ret*$4 ,po/]ior side or portion ( a fl[] 7:5 axill>y7 is t t[>d ! axis1 #if4 ,p\*1 ! silicle or %ort pod1 z ( ,%eph]d's ,purse1 #abc4 ,praecoci\s 7,lat91 praecox71 unusually e>ly 9 developm5t4 ,praefloration1 same z ae/ivation1 #ig4 ,praefoliation1 same z v]nation1 #ga4 ,praemorse1 end+ abruptly1 z if bitt5 (f4 ,prat5sis1 ,lat9 = gr[+ 9 mead[s4 ,prickles1 %>p elevations ( ! b>k1 com+ (f ) x1 z ( ! ,rose4 ,prickly1 be>+ prickles1 or %>p projections l !m4 ,prim9e1 ! out] coat ( ! cov]+ ( ! ovule1 #aaj4 ,primordial1 e>lie/ =m$2 primordial leaves are ! fir/ aft] ! cotyl$ons4 ,prismatic1 prism-%ap$2 hav+ ?ree or m angles b\nd+ flat sides4 ,proc]\s1 tall1 or tall & slim4 ,process1 any projection f ! surface or edge ( a body4 ,procumb5t1 trail+ on ! gr\nd1 #ci4 ,procurr5t1 runn+ ?r\gh b n project+4 ,produc$1 ext5d$ or project+2 ! upp] sepal ( a ,l>kspur is produc$ above into a spur1 #hg4 ,prolif]\s 7lit]ally1 be>+ (fspr+71 :]e a new bran* rises f an old] "o1 or "o head or clu/] ( fl[]s out ( ano!r4 ,propaculum or ,propagulum1 a %oot = propagation4 ,pros5*yma1 a tissue ( wood-cells4 ,pro/rate1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd1 #ci4 ,prot&r\s or ,prot]&r\s1 ! an!rs fir/ matur+1 #aaf4 ,prot]an?\s1 fl[]+ be=e leaf+4 ,prot]ogyn\s or ,protogyn\s1 ! /igmas fir/ to mature1 #aaf4 ,pro?allium or ,pro?allus1 #afj4 ,protoplasm1 ! s(t nitrog5\s l9+ or cont5ts1 or liv+ "p1 ( cells1 #abi4 ,protos1 ,greek = fir/2 9 v>i\s comp\nds4 ,pru9ose1 ,pru9ate1 fro/$2 cov]$ ) a p[d] l ho>-fro/4 ,pseudo-1 ,greek = false4 ,pseudo-bulb1 ! a]ial corms ( epiphytic ,or*ids1 c4 ,psilos1 ,greek = b>e or nak$1 us$ 9 _m comp\nds4 ,pt]idophyta1 ,pt]idophytes1 #aef4 ,pt]is1 ,greek = w+1 & g5]al "n = ,f]n1 ent]s into _m comp\nds4 ,pub]ul5t1 cov]$ ) f9e & %ort or almo/ imp]ceptible d[n4 ,pubesc5t1 hairy or d[ny1 especially ) f9e & s(t hairs or pubesc5ce4 ,pulv]ul5t or ,pulv]ace\s1 z if du/$ ) f9e p[d]4 ,pulv9ate1 cu%ion$1 or %ap$ l a cu%ion4 ,pumilus1 l[ or little4 ,punctate1 dott$1 ei!r ) m9ute holes or :at look z su*4 ,puncticulate1 m9utely punctate4 ,pung5t1 prickly-tipp$4 ,punice\s1 c>m9e-r$4 ,purpureus1 orig9ally r$ or crimson1 m us$ = dull] or blui%-r$4 ,pusillus1 weak & small1 t9y4 ,putam51 ! /one ( a drupe1 or ! %ell ( a nut1 #abj4 ,pygmaeus1 ,lat9 = dw>f4 ,pyramidal1 %ap$ l a pyramid4 ,pyr5e1 ,pyr5a1 a se$-l nutlet or /one ( a small drupe4 ,pyri=m1 pe>-%ap$4 ,pyxidate1 furni%$ ) a lid4 ,pyxis1 ,pyxidium1 a pod op5+ r\nd horizontally by a lid1 #abd4 ,quadri-1 9 words ( ,lat9 orig91 f\r2 z ,quadrangul>1 f\r-angl$2 ,quadrifoliate1 f\r-leav$2 ,quadrifid1 f\r-cleft4 ,quat]nate 9 f\rs4 ,qu9ate1 9 fives4 ,qu9que1 five4 ,qu9cuncial1 9 a qu9cunx2 :5 ! p>ts 9 ae/ivation are five1 two ( !m outside1 two inside1 & "o half out & half 94 ,qu9tuple1 five-fold4 ,race1 a m>k$ v>iety :i* may be p]petuat$ f se$1 #agf4 ,raceme1 a fl[]-clu/]1 ) "o-fl[]$ p$icels arrang$ along ! sides ( a g5]al p$uncle1 #gc4 ,racemose1 be>+ racemes1 or raceme-l4 ,ra*is1 see rha*is4 ,radial1 belong+ to ! ray4 ,radiate1 or ,radiant1 furni%$ ) ray-fl[]s1 #id4 ,radiate-ve9$1 #eb4 ,radical1 belong+ to ! root1 or app>5tly com+ f ! root4 ,radicant1 root+1 tak+ root on or above ! gr\nd4 ,radicels1 little roots or rootlets4 ,radicle1 ! /em "p ( ! embryo1 ! l[] end ( :i* =ms ! root1 #aa1 #abg4 ,rameal1 belong+ to a bran*4 ,ramose1 full ( bran*es 7rami74 ,ram5tace\s1 beset ) ?9 *affy scales 7,ram5ta71 z ! /alks ( _m ,f]ns4 ,ramification1 bran*+1 #bg4 ,ramulose1 full ( bran*lets 7ramuli74 ,raphe1 see rhaphe4 ,ray1 p>ts div]g+ f a c5tre1 ! m>g9al fl[]s ( a head 7z ( ,coreopsis1 #id71 or clu/]1 z ( ,hydrangea 7#gh71 :5 diff]5t f ! re/1 especially :5 ligulate & div]g+ 7l rays or sunbeams72 also ! bran*es ( an umbel1 #gd4 ,ray-fl[]s1 #id4 ,receptacle1 ! axis or support ( a fl[]1 #ha1 #aab2 also ! common axis or support ( a head ( fl[]s1 #gc4 ,recl9$1 turn$ or curv$ d[nw>ds2 ne>ly recumb5t4 ,rect9]v$1 ) /raight n]ves or ve9s4 ,recurv$1 curv$ outw>ds or backw>ds4 ,r$uplicate 79 ae/ivation71 valvate ) ! m>g9s turn$ outw>ds1 #ig4 ,reflex$1 b5t outw>ds or backw>ds4 ,refract$1 b5t sudd5ly1 s z to appe> brok5 at ! b5d4 ,regul>1 all ! p>ts simil> 9 %ape1 #hb4 ,r5i=m1 kidney-%ap$1 #ec4 ,rep&1 wavy-m>g9$1 #ee4 ,rep5t1 creep+1 i4 e4 pro/rate & root+ und]nea?4 ,replum1 ! frame ( "s pods 7z ( ,prickly ,poppy & ,cress71 p]si/5t aft] ! valves fall away4 ,reptant1 same z rep5t4 ,resup9ate1 inv]t$1 or appe>+ z if upside d[n1 or rev]s$4 ,reticulat$1 ! ve9s =m+ network1 #ej4 ,reti=m1 9 network4 ,ret9]v$1 reticulate-ve9$4 ,retr(lex$1 b5t backw>ds2 same z reflex$4 ,retuse1 blunt$2 ! apex n only obtuse b some:at ind5t$1 #ed4 ,revolute1 roll$ backw>ds1 z ! m>g9s ( _m leaves1 #gb4 ,rha*is 7! backbone71 ! axis ( a spike or o!r body1 #gc4 ,rhaphe1 ! cont9uation ( ! se$-/alk along ! side ( an anatrop\s ovule or se$1 #aab1 #abf4 ,rhaphides1 cry/als1 especially ne$le-%ap$ ones1 9 ! tissues ( plants1 #acg4 ,rhizan?\s1 fl[]+ f ! root4 ,rhizoma1 ,rhizome1 a root/ock1 #db-dd4 ,rhombic1 9 ! %ape ( a rhomb4 ,rhomboidal1 approa*+ t %ape4 ,rib1 ! pr9cipal piece1 or "o ( ! pr9cipal pieces ( ! framework ( a leaf1 or any simil> elevat$ l9e along a body1 #di1 #ej4 ,rimose1 hav+ *9ks or cracks4 ,r+1 an ela/ic b& on ! spore-cases ( ,f]ns1 #aei4 ,r+5t1 gr9n+2 gap+ op51 #ib4 ,rip>i\s1 on riv]-banks4 ,rivalis1 ,lat9 = gr[+ along brooks2 or ,rivul>is1 9 rivulets4 ,root1 #cc4 ,root-hairs1 #ce4 ,rootlets1 small roots1 or root-bran*es1 #cc4 ,root/ock1 root-l trunks or portions ( /ems on or "u gr\nd1 #db4 ,roridus1 dewy4 ,rosace\s1 arrang$ l ! petals ( a rose4 ,ro/ellate1 be>+ a small beak 7,ro/ellum74 ,ro/rate1 be>+ a beak 7,ro/rum7 or a prolong$ app5dage4 ,rosulate1 9 a rosette or clu/] ( spread+ leaves4 ,rotate1 :eel-%ap$1 #hi4 ,rotund1 r\nd$ or r\ndi% 9 outl9e4 ,rub]1 ,lat9 = r$ 9 g5]al4 ,rubesc5t1 ,rubicund1 r$di% or blu%+4 ,rudim5t>y1 imp]fectly develop$1 or 9 an e>ly /ate ( developm5t4 ,ruf\s1 ,rufesc5t1 br[ni%-r$ or r$di%-br[n4 ,rugose1 wr9kl$2 r\gh5$ ) wr9kles4 ,rum9at$ 7album571 p5etrat$ ) irregul> *annels or portions1 z a nutmeg1 look+ z if *ew$4 ,runc9ate1 co>sely saw-too!d or cut1 ! po9t$ tee? turn$ t[>ds ! base ( ! leaf1 z ! leaf ( a ,d&elion4 ,runn]1 a sl5d] & pro/rate bran*1 root+ at ! end1 or at ! jo9ts1 #dj4 ,sabulose1 gr[+ 9 s&4 ,sac1 any clos$ membrane1 or a deep purse-%ap$ cavity4 ,saccate1 sac-%ap$4 ,sagittate1 arr[head-%ap$1 #ec4 ,salsug9\s1 gr[+ 9 bracki% soil4 ,salv]-%ap$1 or ,salv]-=m1 ) a bord] spread+ at "r angles to a sl5d] tube1 #hi4 ,sam>a1 a w+-fruit1 or key1 #abb4 ,sam>oid1 l a sam>a or key-fruit4 ,sap1 ! juices ( plants g5]ally1 #acf4 ,sapwood1 #adb4 ,saprophytes1 #cg4 ,s>coc>p1 ! fle%y "p ( a /one-fruit1 #abj4 ,s>m5tace\s1 ,s>m5tose1 be>+ long & flexible twigs 7,s>m5ts71 ei!r spread+ or procumb5t4 ,saw-too!d1 see s]rate1 #ee4 ,scabr\s1 r\gh or h>% to ! t\*4 ,scal>i=m1 ) cross-b&s1 resembl+ ! /eps ( a ladd]1 #acd4 ,scales1 ( buds1 #bh2 ( bulbs1 c41 #df4 ,scallop$1 same z cr5ate1 #ee4 ,scaly1 furni%$ ) scales1 or scale-l 9 texture4 ,sc&5t1 climb+1 #ci4 ,scape1 a p$uncle ris+ f ! gr\nd or ne> x1 z 9 _m ,violets4 ,scapi=m1 scape-l4 ,scapig]\s1 scape-be>+4 ,sc> ( ! se$1 #abf4 ,leaf-sc>s1 #bg1 #bh4 ,sc>i\s or ,sc>iose1 ?91 dry1 & membran\s4 ,scion1 a %oot or slip us$ = graft+4 ,scl]os1 ,greek = h>d1 h5ce ,scl]oc>p\s1 h>d-fruit$4 ,scobi=m1 resembl+ sawdu/4 ,scorpioid or ,scorpioidal1 curv$ or circ9ate at ! end1 #gg4 ,scrobiculate1 pitt$2 excavat$ into %all[ pits4 ,scurf1 ,scurf9ess1 m9ute scales on ! surface ( _m leaves1 z ( ,goosefoot4 ,scutate1 ,scuti=m1 buckl]-%ap$4 ,scutellate1 or ,scutelli=m1 sauc]-%ap$ or platt]-%ap$4 ,secund1 "o-sid$2 i4 e4 :]e fl[]s1 leaves1 c41 are all turn$ to "o side4 ,secund9e1 ! inn] coat ( ! ovule1 #aaj4 ,se$1 #abe4 ,se$-leaves1 see cotyl$ons4 ,se$-vessel1 #abg4 ,segm5t1 a subdivision or lobe ( any cleft body4 ,segregate1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,semi-1 9 comp\nd words ( ,lat9 orig91 half2 z ,semi-adh]5t1 z ! calyx or ov>y ( ,purslane2 ,semicordate1 half-he>t-%ap$2 ,semilun>1 l a half-moon2 ,semiovate1 half-ovate1 c4 ,sem9al1 relat+ to ! se$ 7,sem574 ,sem9if]\s1 se$-be>+4 ,semp]vir5t1 ev]gre54 ,s5sitiv5ess 9 plants1 #adi1 #aeb4 ,s5>y1 9 sixes4 ,sepal1 a leaf or division ( ! calyx1 #ad1 #gi4 ,sepaloid1 sepal-l4 ,sepal9e1 relat+ to ! sepals4 ,sep>at$ ,fl[]s1 ^? hav+ /am5s or pi/ils only1 #he4 ,septate1 divid$ by p>titions4 ,sept5ate1 ) p>ts 9 sev5s4 ,septicidal1 :]e dehisc5ce is ?r\gh ! p>titions1 #abc4 ,septif]\s1 be>+ ! p>tition4 ,septifragal1 :]e ! valves 9 dehisc5ce break away f ! p>titions1 #abc4 ,septum 7plural septa71 a p>tition or dissepim5t4 ,s]ial1 or ,s]iate1 9 r[s2 z bis]ial1 9 two r[s1 c4 ,s]ice\s1 silky2 clo!d ) sat9y pubesc5ce4 ,s]ot9\s1 late 9 ! season4 ,s]rate1 ! m>g9 cut into tee? 7,s]ratures7 po9t+ =w>ds1 #ee4 ,s]rulate1 same z ! la/1 b ) f9e tee?4 ,sessile1 sitt+2 )\t any /alk4 ,sesqui-1 ,lat9 = "o & a half2 s ,sesquip$alis1 a foot & a half long4 ,seta1 a bri/le1 or a sl5d] body or app5dage resembl+ a bri/le4 ,setace\s1 bri/le-l4 ,seti=m1 bri/le-%ap$4 ,setig]\s1 be>+ bri/les4 ,setose1 beset ) bri/les or bri/ly hairs4 ,setula1 a dim9utive bri/le4 ,setulose1 provid$ ) su*4 ,sex1 six4 ,sexangul>1 six-angl$4 ,sexf>i\s1 six-fac$4 ,%ea?1 ! base ( su* leaves z ^? ( ,grasses1 :i* are ,%ea?+1 wrapp$ r\nd ! /em4 ,%ield-%ap$1 same z scutate1 or z peltate1 #ec4 ,%rub1 ,%rubby1 #ci4 ,sieve-cells1 #adj4 ,sigmoid1 curv$ 9 two directions1 l ! lett] ,s1 or ! ,greek sigma4 ,silicle1 a p\*1 or %ort pod ( ! ,cress ,family1 #abc4 ,siliculose1 be>+ a silicle1 or a fruit resembl+ x4 ,silique1 capsule ( ! ,cress ,family1 #abc4 ,siliquose1 be>+ siliques or pods :i* resemble siliques4 ,silky1 glossy ) a coat ( f9e & s(t1 close-press$1 /raight hairs4 ,silv]-gra91 ! m$ull>y rays ( wood1 #aci4 ,silv]y1 %9+ :ite or blui%-gray1 usually f a silky pubesc5ce4 ,simple1 ( "o piece2 oppos$ to comp\nd4 ,s9i/rorse1 turn$ to ! left4 ,s9uate1 ) m>g9 alt]nately b[$ inw>ds & outw>ds1 #ee4 ,s9us1 a recess or bay2 ! re-ent]+ angle betwe5 two lobes or projections4 ,sleep ( ,plants 7s call$71 #aea4 ,smoo?1 prop]ly speak+ n r\gh1 b (t5 us$ = glabr\s1 i4 e4 n pubesc5t4 ,sobolif]\s1 be>+ %oots 7,soboles7 f ne> ! gr\nd4 ,solit>y1 s+le2 n associat$ ) o!rs4 ,sordid1 dull or dirty 9 hue4 ,sor$iate1 be>+ pat*es on ! surface4 ,sorosis1 "n ( a multiple fruit1 l a p9e-apple4 ,sorus1 a fruit-dot ( ,f]ns1 #aei4 ,spadice\s1 *e/nut-color$4 ,also spadix-be>+4 ,spadix1 a fle%y spike ( fl[]s1 #ge4 ,span1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! tip ( ! ?umb & ( little f+] out/ret*$1 six or sev5 in*es4 ,spa?ace\s1 resembl+ or furni%$ ) a ,spa!1 a bract :i* inwraps an infloresc5ce1 #ge4 ,spatulate1 or ,spa?ulate1 %ap$ l a spatula1 #eb4 ,species1 #age4 ,specific ,names1 #agi4 ,specim5s1 #ahd4 ,sp]maphore1 or ,sp]mophore1 "o ( ! names ( ! plac5ta4 ,sp]mum1 ,lat9 =m ( ,greek ^w = se$2 mu* us$ 9 composition4 ,spica1 ,lat9 = spike2 h5ce ,spicate1 9 a spike1 ,spici=m1 9 %ape resembl+ a spike4 ,spike1 an infloresc5ce l a raceme1 only ! fl[]s are sessile1 #gd4 ,spikelet1 a small or a second>y spike2 ! infloresc5ce ( ,grasses4 ,sp9e1 #da1 #fd4 ,sp9dle-%ap$1 tap]+ to ea* end1 l a radi%1 #cf4 ,sp9esc5t1 tipp$ by or deg5]at+ into a ?orn4 ,sp9ose1 or ,sp9if]\s1 ?orny4 ,spiral ,vessels or ducts1 #ace4 ,spi?ame\s1 span-high4 ,spora1 ,greek "n = se$1 us$ 9 comp\nd words4 ,sporadic1 widely disp]s$4 ,sporangium1 a spore-case 9 ,f]ns1 c41 #aeh4 ,spore1 a body result+ f ! fructification ( ,cryptogam\s plants1 9 !m ! analogue ( a se$4 ,spore-case 7,sporangium71 #aeh4 ,sporoc>p1 #afb4 ,sport1 a newly appe>$ v>iation1 #agf4 ,sporule1 same z a spore1 or a small spore4 ,spumesc5t1 appe>+ l fro?4 ,spur1 any project+ app5dage ( ! fl[]1 look+ l a spur b holl[1 z t ( ,l>kspur1 fig4 #bci4 ,squamate1 ,squamose1 or ,squamace\s1 furni%$ ) scales 7squamae74 ,squamellate1 or ,squamulose1 furni%$ ) little scales 7,squamellae1 or ,squamulae74 ,squami=m1 %ap$ l a scale4 ,squ>rose1 :]e scales1 leaves1 or any app5dages spread widely f ! axis on :i* !y are ?ickly set4 ,squ>rulose1 dim9utive ( squ>rose2 slightly squ>rose4 ,/a*ys1 ,greek = spike4 ,/alk1 ! /em1 petiole1 p$uncle1 c41 z ! case may be4 ,/am51 #ad1 #hj1 #ih4 ,/am9ate1 furni%$ ) /am5s1 #hf4 ,/am9eal1 relat+ to ! /am5s4 ,/am9odium1 an abortive /am51 or o!r body 9 place ( a /amem4 ,/&>d1 ! upp] petal ( a papilionace\s corolla1 #ib4 ,/>*1 #acf1 #afc4 ,/ation1 ! p>ticul> k9d ( situation 9 :i* a plant naturally occurs4 ,/ellate1 ,/ellul>1 />ry or />-l2 :]e sev]al simil> p>ts spread out f a common c5tre1 l a />4 ,/em1 #ci4 ,/emlet1 dim9utive /em4 ,/emless1 de/itute or app>5tly de/itute ( /em4 ,/5os1 ,greek = n>r[2 h5ce ,/5ophyll\s1 n>r[-leav$1 c4 ,/]ile1 b>r5 or imp]fect4 ,/igma1 ! "p ( ! pi/il :i* receives ! poll51 #ad1 #hj1 #aje4 ,/igmatic1 or ,/igmatose1 belong+ to ! /igma4 ,/ipe 7,lat9 ,/ipes71 ! /alk ( a pi/il1 c41 :5 x has any1 #aab2 also ( a ,f]n1 #aeh1 & ( a ,mu%room1 #agb4 ,/ipel1 a /ipule ( a leaflet1 z ( ! ,bean1 c4 ,/ipellate1 furni%$ ) /ipels1 z 9 ! ,bean tribe4 ,/ipitate1 furni%$ ) a /ipe4 ,/ipulace\s1 belong+ to /ipules4 ,/ipulate1 furni%$ ) /ipules4 ,/ipules1 ! app5dages on ea* side ( ! base ( c]ta9 leaves1 #ff4 ,/irps 7plural1 /irpes71 ,lat9 = race4 ,/ock1 us$ = race or s\rce4 ,also = any root-l base f :i* ! h]b gr[s up4 ,/ole1 or ,/olon1 a trail+ or recl9$ & root+ %oot1 #dj4 ,/olonif]\s1 produc+ /olons4 ,/omate 7,lat9 ,/oma1 plural ,/omata71 ! brea?+-pores ( leaves1 #add4 ,/one-fruit1 #aai4 ,/orage-leaves1 #fb4 ,/ram9e\s1 /raw-l1 or /raw-color$4 ,/rap-%ap$1 long1 flat1 & n>r[4 ,/riate1 or ,/riat$1 m>k$ ) sl5d] longitud9al grooves or /ripes4 ,/rict1 close & n>r[2 /raight & n>r[4 ,/rigillose1 ,/rigose1 beset ) /\t & appress$1 /iff or rigid bri/les4 ,/robilace\s1 relat+ to or resembl+ a ,/robile1 a multiple fruit 9 ! =m ( a cone or head1 #abd4 ,/rombuli=m1 twi/$1 l a spiral %ell4 ,/rophiole1 same z c>uncle1 #abf4 ,/rophiolate1 furni%$ ) a /rophiole4 ,/ruma1 a w52 a swell+ or protub]ance ( any organ4 ,/rumose1 be>+ a /ruma4 ,/upose1 l t[4 ,/yle1 a /alk betwe5 ov>y & /igma1 #ad1 #hj1 #aje4 ,/ylif]\s1 ,/ylose1 be>+ /yles or conspicu\s ones4 ,/ylopodium1 an epigyn\s disk1 or an enl>gem5t at ! base ( ! /yle4 ,sub-1 z a prefix1 ab\t1 ne>ly1 some:at2 z ,subcordate1 slightly cordate2 ,subs]rate1 slightly s]rate2 ,subaxill>y1 j b5ea? ! axil1 c4 ,subclass1 ,subord]1 ,subtribe1 #agh4 ,sub]ose1 corky or cork-l 9 texture4 ,subulate1 awl-%ap$2 tap]+ f a broadi% or ?icki% base to a %>p po9t4 ,succise1 z if cut (f at l[] end4 ,succub\s1 :5 cr[d$ leaves are ea* cov]$ by base ( next above4 ,suck]s1 %oots f subt]ranean bran*es1 #ci4 ,suffrutesc5t1 slightly %rubby or woody at ! base only1 #ci4 ,suffruticose1 r m ?an suffrutesc5t1 #cg1 #ci4 ,sulcate1 groov$ longitud9ally ) deep furr[s4 ,sup]ior1 above1 #if2 sometimes equival5t to po/]ior1 #if4 ,sup]num]>y ,buds1 #cj1 #ca4 ,sup]volute1 plait$ & convolute 9 bud1 #ig4 ,sup9e1 ly+ flat1 ) face upw>d4 ,supra-axill>y1 borne above ! axil1 z "s buds1 #ca4 ,supra-decomp\nd1 _m times comp\nd$ or divid$4 ,surculose1 produc+ suck]s 7,surculi7 or %oots resembl+ !m4 ,susp5d$1 hang+ d[n4 ,susp5d$ ovules or se$s hang f ! v summit ( ! cell :i* conta9s !m4 ,sutural1 belong+ or relat+ to a suture4 ,suture1 ! l9e ( junction ( contigu\s p>ts gr[n toge!r1 #ajf4 ,sword-%ap$1 appli$ to n>r[ leaves1 ) acute p>allel edges1 tap]+ above4 ,syconium1 ! fig-fruit1 #abd4 ,sylve/r9e1 gr[+ 9 woods4 ,symmetrical ,fl[]1 simil> 9 ! numb] ( p>ts ( ea* set1 #hb4 ,sympetal\s1 same z gamopetal\s4 ,sympode1 ,sympodium1 a /em compos$ ( a s]ies ( sup]pos$ bran*es 9 su* a way z to imitate a simple axis1 z 9 ,grape-v9e4 ,synan!r\s or ,syng5esi\s1 :]e /am5s are unit$ by _! an!rs1 #ajj4 ,sync>p\s 7fruit or pi/il71 compos$ ( sev]al c>pels consolidat$ into "o4 ,synonym1 an equival5t sup]s$$ "n4 ,synsepal\s1 same z gamosepal\s4 ,sy/em 7artificial & natural71 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,sy/ematic ,botany1 ! /udy ( plants aft] _! k9ds1 #i4 ,tabesc5t1 wa/+ or %rivell+4 ,tail1 any long & sl5d] prolongation ( an organ4 ,tap]-po9t$1 same z acum9ate1 #ed4 ,tap-root1 a root ) a /\t tap]+ body1 #cb-ce4 ,tawny1 dull yell[i%1 ) a t+e ( br[n4 ,taxonomy1 ! "p ( botany :i* treats ( classification4 ,tegm51 a "n = ! inn] se$-coat4 ,t5dril1 a ?read-%ap$ organ us$ = climb+1 #dj4 ,t]ete1 long & r\nd2 same z cyl9drical1 only x may tap]4 ,t]m9al1 borne at1 or belong+ to1 ! extremity or summit4 ,t]m9ology treats ( te*nical t]ms2 same z ,glossology1 #aha4 ,t]nate1 ,t]nately1 9 ?rees4 ,tessellate1 9 *eck]-"w4 ,te/a1 ! out] 7& usually ! h>d]7 coat or %ell ( ! se$1 #abe4 ,te/ace\s1 ! color ( unglaz$ pott]y4 ,tetra- 79 words ( ,greek composition71 f\r2 z1 ,tetracocc\s1 ( f\r cocci4 ,tetradynam\s1 :]e a fl[] has six /am5s1 two %ort] ?an ! f\r1 #aja4 ,tetragonal1 f\r-angl$4 ,tetragyn\s1 ) f\r pi/ils or /yles4 ,tetram]\s1 ) its p>ts or sets 9 f\rs4 ,tetr&r\s1 ) f\r /am5s1 #ajj4 ,tetraspore1 a quadruple spore1 #afi4 ,?alamaflor\s1 ) petals & /am5s ins]t$ on ! torus or ,?alamus4 ,?allophyta1 ,?allophytes1 #afe4 ,?allus1 a /ratum1 9 place ( /em & leaves1 #afe4 ,!ca1 a case2 ! cells or lobes ( ! an!r4 ,!caphore1 ! /ipe ( a c>pel1 #aac4 ,?orn1 an indurat$ po9t$ bran*1 #da1 #db4 ,?read-%ap$1 sl5d] & r\nd or r\ndi%1 l a ?read4 ,?roat1 ! op5+ or gorge ( a monopetal\s corolla1 c41 :]e ! bord] & ! tube jo91 & a little bel[1 #hi4 ,?yrse or ,?yrsus1 a compact & pyramidal panicle ( cymes or cymules1 #gi4 ,tom5tose1 clo!d ) matt$ woolly hairs 7tom5tum74 ,tongue-%ap$1 long & flat1 b ?icki% & blunt4 ,too!d1 furni%$ ) tee? or %ort projections ( any sort on ! m>g92 us$ especially :5 ^! are %>p1 l saw-tee?1 & d n po9t =w>ds1 #ee4 ,top-%ap$1 %ap$ l a top1 or a cone ) apex d[nw>ds4 ,torose1 ,torulose1 knobby2 :]e a cyl9drical body is swoll5 at int]vals4 ,torus1 ! receptacle ( ! fl[]1 #ha1 #aab4 ,tra*ea1 a spiral duct4 ,tra*ys1 ,greek = r\gh2 us$ 9 comp\nds1 z1 ,tra*ysp]m\s1 r\gh-se$$4 ,transv]se1 across1 /&+ "r & left in/ead ( =e & aft4 ,tri- 79 composition71 ?ree2 z1 ,triadelph\s1 /am5s unit$ by _! filam5ts into ?ree bundles1 #ii4 ,tri&r\s1 :]e ! fl[] has ?ree /am5s1 #aab4 ,tribe1 #agh4 ,tri*ome1 ( ! nature ( hair or pubesc5ce4 ,tri*otom\s1 ?ree-=k$4 ,tricocc\s1 ( ?ree cocci or r\ndi% c>pels4 ,tricolor1 hav+ ?ree colors4 ,trico/ate1 hav+ ?ree ribs4 ,tricuspidate1 ?ree-po9t$4 ,trid5tate1 ?ree-too!d4 ,tri5nial1 la/+ = ?ree ye>s4 ,trif>i\s1 9 ?ree v]tical r[s2 look+ ?ree ways4 ,trifid1 ?ree-cleft1 #ef4 ,trifoliate1 ?ree-leav$4 ,trifoliolate1 ( ?ree leaflets4 ,trifurcate1 ?ree-=k$4 ,trigon\s1 ?ree-angl$1 or triangul>4 ,trigyn\s1 ) ?ree pi/ils or /yles1 #aaf4 ,trijugate1 9 ?ree pairs 7jugi74 ,trilob$ or ,trilobate1 ?ree-lob$1 #ee4 ,trilocul>1 ?ree-cell$1 z ! pi/ils or pods 9 fig4 #cbh-ccj4 ,trim]\s1 ) its p>ts 9 ?rees4 ,trimorphism1 #aag4 ,trimorphic or ,trimorph\s1 9 ?ree =ms4 ,tr9]vate1 ?ree-n]v$1 or ) ?ree sl5d] ribs4 ,trioeci\s1 :]e !re are ?ree sorts ( fl[]s on ! same or diff]5t individuals1 z 9 ,r$ ,maple4 ,a =m ( ,polygam\s4 ,trip>tible1 sep>able into ?ree pieces4 ,trip>tite1 ?ree-p>t$1 #ee4 ,tripetal\s1 hav+ ?ree petals4 ,triphyll\s1 ?ree-leav$2 compos$ ( ?ree pieces4 ,trip9nate1 ?rice p9nate1 #ei4 ,trip9natifid1 ?rice p9nately cleft1 #eg4 ,triple-ribb$1 ,triple-n]v$1 c41 :]e a midrib bran*es into ?ree1 ne> ! base ( ! leaf4 ,triquetr\s1 %>ply ?ree-angl$2 & especially ) ! sides concave1 l a bayonet4 ,tris]ial1 or ,tris]iate1 9 ?ree r[s1 "u ea* o!r4 ,tri/i*\s1 9 ?ree longitud9al or p]p5dicul> ranks4 ,tri/igmatic1 or ,tri/igmatose1 hav+ ?ree /igmas4 ,trisulcate1 ?ree-groov$4 ,trit]nate1 ?ree times t]nate1 #ei4 ,trivial ,"n1 ! specific "n4 ,tro*le>1 pulley-%ap$4 ,trumpet-%ap$1 tubul>2 enl>g$ at or t[>ds ! summit4 ,truncate1 z if cut (f at ! top4 ,trunk1 ! ma9 /em or g5]al body ( a /em or tree4 ,tube 7( corolla1 c471 #hi4 ,tub]1 a ?ick5$ portion ( a subt]ranean /em or bran*1 provid$ ) eyes 7buds7 on ! sides1 #dd4 ,tub]cle1 a small excresc5ce4 ,tub]cl$1 or ,tub]culate1 be>+ excresc5ces or pimples4 ,tubae=m1 trumpet-%ap$4 ,tub]\s1 resembl+ a tub]4 ,tub]if]\s1 be>+ tub]s4 ,tubul>1 holl[ & ( an elongat$ =m2 holl[$ l a pipe1 #ia4 ,tubuliflor\s1 be>+ only tubul> fl[]s4 ,tunicate1 coat$2 inve/$ ) lay]s1 z an onion1 #df4 ,turb9ate1 top-%ap$4 ,turio 7plural turiones71 /rong "y %oots or suck]s spr++ out ( ! gr\nd2 z ,asp>agus-%oots4 ,turnip-%ap$1 broad] ?an high1 abruptly n>r[$ bel[1 #ce4 ,tw9+1 asc5d+ by coil+ r\nd a support1 #ci4 ,type1 ! ideal patt]n1 #aj4 ,typical1 well exemplify+ ! *>act]i/ics ( a species1 g5us1 c4 ,ulig9ose1 gr[+ 9 swamps4 ,umbel1 ! umbrella-l =m ( infloresc5ce1 #gd4 ,umbellate1 9 umbels4 ,umbellif]\s1 be>+ umbels4 ,umbellet 7umbellula71 a second>y or p>tial umbel1 #gf4 ,umbilicate1 depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 l ! ends ( an apple2 ) a navel4 ,umbonate1 boss$2 furni%$ ) a l[1 r\nd$ projection l a boss 7umbo74 ,umbraculi=m1 umbrella-%ap$4 ,un>m$1 de/itute ( sp9es1 prickles1 & ! l4 ,uncial1 an in* 7uncia7 9 l5g?4 ,unc9ate1 or ,uncate1 hook-%ap$2 hook$ ov] at ! end4 ,"u-%rub1 p>tially %rubby1 or a v l[ %rub4 ,undulate or ,undate1 wavy1 or wavy-m>g9$1 #ee4 ,unequally p9nate1 p9nate ) an odd numb] ( leaflets1 #fe4 ,unguiculate1 furni%$ ) a claw 7unguis71 #ia4 ,uni-1 9 comp\nd words1 "o2 z ,unicellul>1 "o-cell$4 ,uniflor\s1 "o-fl[]$4 ,unifoliate1 "o-leav$4 ,unifoliolate1 ( "o leaflet1 #ei4 ,unijugate1 ( "o pair4 ,unilabiate1 "o-lipp$4 ,unilat]al1 "o-sid$4 ,unilocul>1 "o-cell$4 ,uniovulate1 hav+ only "o ovule4 ,unis]ial1 9 "o horizontal r[4 ,unisexual1 hav+ /am5s or pi/ils only1 #he4 ,univalv$1 a pod ( only "o piece aft] dehisc5ce4 ,unsymmetrical ,fl[]s1 #hf4 ,urceolate1 urn-%ap$4 ,utricle1 a small ?9-wall$1 "o-se$$ fruit1 z ( ,goosefoot1 #aba4 ,utricul>1 l a small bladd]4 ,vag9ate1 %ea!d1 surr\nd$ by a %ea? 7vag9a74 ,valve1 "o ( ! pieces 7or doors7 into :i* a dehisc5t pod1 or any simil> body1 splits1 #abb1 #abc4 ,valvate1 ,valvul>1 op5+ by valves4 ,valvate1 9 ae/ivation1 #ig4 ,v>iety1 #agf4 ,vascul>1 conta9+ vessels1 or consi/+ ( vessels or ducts1 #acd4 ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 #aef4 ,vault$1 ar*$2 same z =nicate4 ,vegetable ,life1 c41 #abh4 ,vegetable anatomy1 #abi4 ,ve9s1 ! small ribs or bran*es ( ! framework ( leaves1 c41 #di1 #ej4 ,ve9$1 ,ve9y1 furni%$ ) evid5t ve9s4 ,ve9less1 de/itute ( ve9s4 ,ve9lets1 ! small] ramifications ( ve9s1 #ej4 ,velate1 furni%$ ) a veil4 ,velut9\s1 velvety to ! t\*4 ,v5ation1 ! ve9+ ( leaves1 c41 #ej4 ,v55ate1 poison\s4 ,v5ose1 ve9y2 furni%$ ) conspicu\s ve9s4 ,v5tral1 belong+ to t side ( a simple pi/il1 or o!r organ1 :i* looks t[>ds ! axis or c5tre ( ! fl[]2 ! opposite ( dorsal2 z ! ,v5tral ,suture1 #ajf4 ,v5tricose1 inflat$ or swell$ out on "o side4 ,v5ulose1 furni%$ ) ve9lets4 ,v]micul>1 worm-l1 %ap$ l worms4 ,v]nal1 belong+ to spr+4 ,v]nation1 ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves 9 ! bud1 #ga4 ,v]nicose1 ! surface appe>+ z if v>ni%$4 ,v]rucose1 w>ty2 beset ) little projections l w>ts4 ,v]satile1 atta*$ by "o po9t1 s t x may sw+ to & fro1 #aja4 ,v]tex1 same z apex4 ,v]tical1 upright1 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 l5g?wise4 ,v]ticil1 a :orl1 #fh4 ,v]ticillate1 :orl$1 #fh4 ,v]ticilla/]1 a false :orl1 =m$ ( a pair ( opposite cymes4 ,vesicul>1 bladd]y4 ,vesp]t9e1 appe>+ or exp&+ at ev5+4 ,vessels1 ducts1 c41 #acd4 ,vexill>y1 ,vexill>1 relat+ to ! ,vexillum1 ! /&>d ( a papilionace\s fl[]1 #ib4 ,villose1 %aggy ) long & s(t hairs 7,villosity74 ,vim9e\s1 produc+ sl5d] twigs1 su* z ^? us$ = wick]-"w4 ,v9e1 9 ! ,am]ican use1 any trail+ or climb+ /em2 z a ,grape-v9e4 ,viresc5t1 ,viridesc5t1 gre5i%2 turn+ gre54 ,virgate1 w&-%ape2 z a long1 /raight1 & sl5d] twig4 ,visc\s1 ,viscid1 hav+ a glut9\s surface4 ,vitta 7plural vittae71 ! oil-tubes ( ! fruit ( ,umbellif]ae4 ,vitell9e1 yell[1 ( ! hue ( yolk ( egg4 ,vivip>\s1 spr\t+ or g]m9at+ :ile atta*$ to ! p>5t plant4 ,voluble1 tw9+2 z ! /em ( ,hops & ,beans1 #ci4 ,volute1 roll$ up 9 any way4 ,wavy1 ! surface or m>g9 alt]nately convex & concave1 #ee4 ,waxy1 resembl+ beeswax 9 texture or appe>ance4 ,w$ge-%ap$1 broad above1 tap]+ by /raight l9es to a n>r[ base1 #ec4 ,:eel-%ap$1 #hi4 ,:orl1 an arrangem5t ( leaves1 c41 9 circles ar\nd ! /em4 ,:orl$1 arrang$ 9 :orls1 #fh4 ,w+1 any membran\s expansion4 ,w+s ( papilionace\s fl[]s1 #ib4 ,w+$1 furni%$ ) a w+2 z ! fruit ( ,a% & ,elm1 fig4 #cjj1 #cja4 ,wood1 #acc1 #adb4 ,woody1 ( ! texture or consi/+ ( wood4 ,woody ,fibre1 or ,wood-,cells1 #acd4 ,woolly1 clo!d ) long & entangl$ s(t hairs4 ,"w 9 plants1 #adi1 #aee4 ,xan?os1 ,greek = yell[1 us$ 9 comp\nds2 z ,xan?oc>pus1 yell[-fruit$4 ,zygomorph\s1 said ( a fl[] :i* c be bisect$ only 9 "o plane into simil> halves4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,9 ! ,lat9-#a text v]sion1 ! oe-ligature 0 simply replac$ by ! two sep>ate *>act]s4 ,o!r non-,lat9-#a symbols 7 replac$ by ,symbol 4441 :]e ! ellipsis 0 replac$ by an explanation ( ! symbol4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! ,greek delta "* 9 ! gloss>y = ,deltoid 0 replac$ by ,delta4 ,spell+ v>iants :]e x wasn't possible to det]m9e ! au?or's int5t 7 left z is4 ,^! include3 backbone & back-bone2 ,buttonwood & ,button-wood2 cross section & cross-section2 foot/alk & foot-/alk2 network & net-"w2 ,paeony & ,peony2 peapod & pea-pod1 plus plurals2 p5nive9$ & p5ni-ve9$1 plus capitaliz$ v]sions2 ,sapwood & ,sap-wood2 ,sn[ball & ,sn[-ball2 ,v]ticil & ,v]ticel2 ,woodsorrel & ,wood-sorrel4 ,*ang$ ,v5ation to ,v]nation on page vi3 ,v]nation or ,praefoliation4 ,*ang$ ,isoetes to ,isoetes on page viii3 ,quillworts 7,isoetes74 ,*ang$ liquifies to liquefies on page #ba3 z x liquefies4 ,*ang$ frame-"w to framework on page #eb3 ! framework or skeleton4 ,*ang$ leaf/alk to leaf-/alk 9 ?ree places3 ! caption to figure #gd2 on page #ga3 b5t ^u ! leaf-/alk2 9 ! index entry = ,petiolulate4 ,*ang$ ,honey ,locu/ to ,honey-,locu/ 9 ! caption to figure #ie3 bran*+ ?orn ( ,honey-,locu/4 ,page #dg has a ref]5ce to ,fig4 #hi1 :i* does n seem to foll[ f ! text4 ,fig4 #hj w\ld make m s5se1 b ! orig9al 0 n *ang$4 ,remov$ extra comma be=e clos+ p>5!sis on page #ea3 ! ,maple 7,fig4 #bj1 #bd74 ,*ang$ ,l9naeus to ,l9naeus on page #ej3 ,l9naeus call$ ,n]ves4 ,*ang$ ,sug>-,maple to ,sug> ,maple on page #eh3 t ( ! ,sug> ,maple4 ,*ang$ quadrifoliate to quadrifoliolate on page #ei3 trifoliolate1 quadrifoliolate1 plurifoliolate4 ,! ref]5ce to ,fig4 #afg on page #fd is probably int5d$ to ref] to ,fig4 #aeg1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! caption to figure #ahf says t ?is is a two-rank$ arrangem5t4 ,al?\gh x's cle> f ! text & figure t ?is is actually a ?ree-rank$ arrangem5t1 ! orig9al text 0 pres]v$4 ,*ang$ colon to semi-colon 9 ! caption to figure #bai3 a1 filam5t2 b1 an!r4 ,*ang$ comma to p]iod aft] ,fig4 #bed 9 its caption4 ,*ang$ ,funnel-=m to ,funnel=m on page #ij3 ,funnel-%ap$1 or ,funnel=m4 ,ins]t$ clos+ p>5!sis 9 caption to figure #cjd3 ,( a ,sage 7,salvia ,texana74 ,*ang$ ,butt] cup to ,butt]cup on page #abj3 fruit ( ! ,butt]cup4 ,*ang$ c>pophorse to c>pophore on page #aba3 a sl5d] axis or c>pophore4 ,*ang$ cocoanut to cocoa-nut on page #abb3 su* z ! cocoa-nut4 ,*ang$ ,sepifragal to ,septifragal on page #abc3 ,septifragal dehisc5ce4 ,ins]t$ miss+ text 7,fig4 on page #abh3 ,rice 7,fig4 #dcj;a74 ,p]haps ! ref]5ce to unit #djh on page #acf %\ld be to unit #djb2 b x 0 n *ang$4 ,*ang$ ,:ite-,p9e to ,:ite ,p9e on page #adh3 ,:ite ,p9e & ,basswood4 ,*ang$ discov>y to discov]y on page #afj3 discov]y ( a :olly unsuspect$ k9d4 ,*ang$ sporo-c>ps to sporoc>ps 9 ! caption to figure #ebj4 ,*ang$ semi-colon to p]iod aft] microspores 9 ! caption to figure #ebb4 ,*ang$ ,lepreiurei to ,leprieurei 9 ! caption to figure #efa4 ,*ang$ ,sun-fl[]s to ,sunfl[]s on page #ahg3 ,sunfl[]s & ,?i/les4 ,*ang$ symbol = ,e>? to symbol = ,male on page #ahi 9 unit #eha3 ,to indicate sexes1 ,symbol = ,male means /am9ate4 ,pres]v$ ! ord] ( ! index entries1 ev5 ?\gh !y ar5't /rictly alphabetical4 ,remov$ extra comma aft] ,amphitrop\s 9 its index entry4 ,! index ref]5ces = ,anemophil\s & ,entomophil\s %\ld probably be #aae1 r ?an #aac1 b 7 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,an!ridium %\ld probably be #aei1 r ?an #aej1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,*ang$ %ort-fluit$ to %ort-fruit$ 9 ! index entry = ,bra*y-4 ,! index ref]5ces = ,caulesc5t & ,caul9e %\ld probably be #ch1 r ?an #cf1 b 7 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,cladophylla %\ld probably be #fa1 r ?an #fd1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,dott$ ,ducts %\ld probably be #acd1 r ?an #adh1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,*ang$ trifoliate to trifoliolate 9 ! index entry = ,foliolate4 ,*ang$ #f to #ac 9 ! index entry = ,gemmule4 ,! index ref]5ces = ,hemitrop\s & ,het]otrop\s %\ld probably be #aaa1 r ?an #abc1 b 7 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,hortus ,siccus 0 *ang$ f #bja to #ahf4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,incis$ %\ld probably be #ee1 r ?an #eh1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,jo9t$ is #fd1 & 0 n *ang$ ev5 ?\gh x does n seem to make s5se4 ,bett] c&idates include #eg & #abb4 ,! index ref]5ces = ,laticif]\s & ,milk-vessels 7 *ang$ f #ach to #ace4 ,*ang$ ! la/ index ref]5ce = ,ligule f #eg to #fg2 also ! ref]5ce = ,ocreate4 ,*ang$ comma to semi-colon aft] #hf 9 ! index entry = ,nak$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,panicle %\ld probably be #gf1 r ?an #ha1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ces = ,p5t&r\s & ,tri&r\s %\ld probably be #ajj1 r ?an #aab1 b 7 n *ang$4 ,*ang$ leaf /alk to leaf-/alk 9 its index entry1 z well z ! index entry = ,petiole4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,p9nule %\ld probably be #ei1 r ?an #ff1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,se$-vessel %\ld probably be #aag1 r ?an #abg1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! second index ref]5ce = ,/>* is #afc1 & 0 n *ang$ ev5 ?\gh x does n seem to make s5se4 ,*ang$ "o to on 9 ! index entry = ,/ipules3 app5dages on ea* side4 ,! index ref]5ce to page #cg = ,suffruticose doesn't seem to make s5se1 b 0 left z is4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,trigyn\s %\ld probably be #aje1 r ?an #aaf1 b 0 n *ang$4 ,! index ref]5ce = ,unequally ,p9nate %\ld probably be #eh1 r ?an #fe1 b 0 n *ang$4