,,! ,,acquisitive ,,society ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,tawney ,,fell[ ,,( ,,balliol ,,college1 ,,ox=d2 ,,late ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,coal ,,indu/ry ,,commission ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,h[e1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,by ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,company ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,ii ,,rights ,,& ,,functions ,,iii ,,! ,,acquisitive ,,society ,,iv ,,! ,,nemesis ,,( ,,indu/rialism ,v ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,creative ,,"w ,,vi ,,! ,,functional ,,society ,,vii ,,indu/ry ,,z ,a ,,pr(ession ,,viii ,,! ,,vici\s ,,circle ,,ix ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,effici5cy ,x ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,work] ,,xi ,,porro ,,unum ,,necess>ium ,! au?or desires to express 8 ackn[l$gm5ts to ! ,editor ( ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = p]mission to repr9t an article :i* appe>$ 9 x4 #a ,,! ,,acquisitive ,,society ,i ,,introductory ,x is a commonplace t ! *>act]i/ic virtue ( ,engli%m5 is _! p[] ( su/a9$ practical activity1 & _! *>act]i/ic vice a reluctance to te/ ! quality ( t activity by ref]5ce to pr9ciples4 ,!y are incuri\s z to !ory1 take fundam5tals = grant$1 & are m int]e/$ 9 ! /ate ( ! roads ?an 9 _! place on ! map4 ,& x might fairly be argu$ t 9 ord9>y times t comb9ation ( intellectual tam5ess ) practical en]gy is suffici5tly s]viceable to expla91 if n to ju/ify1 ! equanimity ) :i* its possessors be> ! criticism ( m m5tally adv5tur\s nations4 ,x is ! mood ( ^? :o h made _! b>ga9 ) fate & are cont5t to take :at x (f]s )\t re-op5+ ! deal4 ,x leaves ! m9d free to conc5trate undi/urb$ ^u pr(itable activities1 because x is n di/ract$ by a ta/e = unpr(itable speculations4 ,mo/ g5]ations1 x might be said1 walk 9 a pa? :i* !y nei!r make1 nor discov]1 b accept2 ! ma9 ?+ is t !y %\ld m>*4 ,! bl9k]s worn by ,engli%m5 enable !m to trot all ! m /eadily along ! beat5 #b road1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by curiosity z to _! de/9ation4 ,b if ! m$ic9e ( ! con/itution ought n to be made its daily food1 nei!r c its daily food be made its m$ic9e4 ,!re are times :i* are n ord9>y1 & 9 su* times x is n en\gh to foll[ ! road4 ,x is necess>y to "k :]e x leads1 &1 if x leads n[h]e1 to foll[ ano!r4 ,! se>* = ano!r involves reflection1 :i* is uncong5ial to ! bu/l+ p :o describe !mselves z practical1 because !y take ?+s z !y are & leave !m z !y are4 ,b ! practical ?+ = a travel] :o is unc]ta9 ( 8 pa? is n to proce$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity 9 ! wrong direction3 x is to consid] h[ to f9d ! "r "o4 ,& ! practical ?+ = a nation :i* has /umbl$ ^u "o ( ! turn+-po9ts ( hi/ory is n to behave z ?\gh no?+ v important 7 involv$1 z if x did n matt] :e!r x turn$ to ! "r or to ! left1 w5t up hill or d[n dale1 provid$ t x cont9u$ do+ ) a little m en]gy :at x has done hi!rto2 b to consid] :e!r :at x has done hi!rto is wise1 &1 if x is n wise1 to alt] x4 ,:5 ! brok5 ends ( its indu/ry1 its politics1 its social organization1 h to be piec$ toge!r aft] a cata/rophe1 x mu/ make a decision2 = x makes a decision ev5 if x refuses to decide4 ,if x is to make a decision :i* w we>1 x mu/ travel beyond ! philosophy mom5t>ily 9 favor ) ! proprietors ( its newspap]s4 ,unless x is to move ) ! en]getic futility ( a squirrel 9 a revolv+ cage1 x mu/ h a cle> appreh5sion bo? ( ! #c defici5cy ( :at is1 & ( ! "* ( :at ought to be4 ,& to obta9 ?is appreh5sion x mu/ appeal to "s /&>d m /able ?an ! mom5t>y exig5cies ( its comm]ce or indu/ry or social life1 & judge !m by x4 ,x mu/1 9 %ort1 h rec\rse to ,pr9ciples4 ,su* consid]ations are1 p]haps1 n altoge!r irrelevant at a "t :5 facts h =c$ ^u ,engli%m5 ! reconsid]ation ( _! social in/itutions :i* no appeal to !ory c\ld induce !m to und]take4 ,an appeal to pr9ciples is ! condition ( any consid]able recon/ruction ( society1 because social in/itutions are ! visible expression ( ! scale ( moral values :i* rules ! m9ds ( individuals1 & x is impossible to alt] in/itutions )\t alt]+ t moral valuation4 ,p>liam5t1 indu/rial organizations1 ! :ole complex ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* society expresses itself1 is a mill :i* gr9ds only :at is put into x1 & :5 no?+ is put into x gr9ds air4 ,!re are _m1 ( c\rse1 :o desire no alt]ation1 & :o1 :5 x is attempt$1 w oppose x4 ,!y h f\nd ! exi/+ economic ord] pr(itable 9 ! pa/4 ,!y desire only su* *anges z w insure t x is equally pr(itable 9 ! future4 ,qu& le ,roi avait bu1 la ,pologne etait ivre4 ,!y are g5u9ely unable to und]/& :y _! c\ntrym5 _c bask happily by ! fire :i* w>ms !mselves1 & ask1 l ! ,fr5* f>m]-g5]al3--,:5 ev]y?+ goes s happily1 :y tr\ble to *ange x8 ,su* p]sons are to be piti$1 = !y lack ! social quality :i* is #d prop] to man4 ,b !y d n ne$ argum5t2 = ,heav5 has d5i$ !m "o ( ! faculties requir$ to appreh5d x4 ,!re are o!rs1 h[ev]1 :o are consci\s ( ! desire = a new social ord]1 b :o yet d n grasp ! implications ( _! own desire4 ,m5 may g5u9ely sympa?ize ) ! dem& = a radical *ange4 ,!y may be consci\s ( social evils & s9c]ely anxi\s to remove !m4 ,!y may set up a new dep>tm5t1 & appo9t new (ficials1 & inv5t a new "n to express _! resolution to effect some?+ m dra/ic ?an re=m1 & less di/urb+ ?an revolution4 ,b unless !y w take ! pa9s1 n only to act1 b to reflect1 !y end by effect+ no?+4 ,= !y deliv] !mselves b\nd to ^? :o ?9k !y are practical1 because !y take _! philosophy s mu* = grant$ z to be unconsci\s ( its implications1 & directly !y try to act1 t philosophy re-ass]ts itself1 & s]ves z an ov]rul+ =ce :i* presses _! action m deeply into ! old *annels4 ,unhappy man t ,i am2 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,:5 !y desire to place _! economic life on a bett] f\ndation1 !y repeat1 l p>rots1 ! ^w ,productivity1 because t is ! ^w t rises fir/ 9 _! m9ds2 reg>dless ( ! fact t productivity is ! f\ndation on :i* x is bas$ already1 t increas$ productivity is ! "o *>act]i/ic a*ievem5t ( ! age be=e ! w>1 z religion 0 ( ! ,middle ,ages or art ( classical ,a!ns1 & t x is precisely 9 ! c5tury :i* has se5 ! greate/ increase 9 #e productivity s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire t economic discont5t has be5 mo/ acute4 ,:5 !y are t\*$ by social compunction1 !y c ?9k ( no?+ m orig9al ?an ! dim9ution ( pov]ty1 because pov]ty1 be+ ! opposite ( ! ri*es :i* !y value mo/1 seems to !m ! mo/ t]rible ( human afflictions4 ,!y d n und]/& t pov]ty is a symptom & a consequ5ce ( social disord]1 :ile ! disord] itself is some?+ at once m fundam5tal & m incorrigible1 & t ! quality 9 _! social life :i* causes x to demoralize a few by excessive ri*es1 is also ! quality :i* causes x to demoralize _m by excessive pov]ty4 ,b increas$ production is important4 ,( c\rse x is6 ,t pl5ty is good & sc>city evil--x ne$s no gho/ f ! graves ( ! pa/ five ye>s to tell u t4 ,b pl5ty dep5ds ^u co-op]ative ef=t1 & co-op]ation ^u moral pr9ciples4 ,& moral pr9ciples are :at ! prophets ( ?is disp5sation despise4 ,s ! _w cont9ues 9 sc>city1 because x is too grasp+ & too %ort-sight$ to seek t :i* make? m5 to be ( "o m9d 9 a h\se4 ,! well-int5tion$ s*emes = social reorganization put =w>d by its comm]cial tea*]s are abortive1 because !y endeavor to comb9e incompatibles1 &1 if !y di/urb ev]y?+1 settle no?+4 ,!y are l a man :o1 :5 he f9ds t 8 %oddy boots we> badly1 ord]s a pair two sizes l>g] in/ead ( a pair ( good lea!r1 or :o makes up = putt+ a bad sixp5ce 9 ! plate on ,sunday by putt+ 9 a bad %ill+ ! next4 ,& :5 _! fit ( fev]i% en]gy #f has sp5t itself1 & !re is no?+ to %[ = x except disillusionm5t1 !y cry t re=m is impracticable1 & blame human nature1 :5 :at !y ought to blame is !mselves4 ,yet all ! "t ! pr9ciples ^u :i* indu/ry %\ld be bas$ are simple1 h[ev] difficult x may be to apply !m2 & if !y are ov]look$ x is n because !y are difficult1 b because !y are elem5t>y4 ,!y are simple because indu/ry is simple4 ,an indu/ry1 :5 all is said1 is1 9 its ess5ce1 no?+ m my/]i\s ?an a body ( m5 associat$1 9 v>i\s degrees ( competition & co-op]ation1 to w9 _! liv+ by provid+ ! community ) "s s]vice :i* x requires4 ,organize x z y w1 let x be a gr\p ( craftsm5 labor+ ) hamm] & *isel1 or peasants pl[+ _! own fields1 or armies ( me*anics ( a hundr$ diff]5t trades con/ruct+ %ips :i* are miracles ( complexity ) ma*9es :i* are ! climax ( c5turies ( inv5tion1 its function is s]vice1 its me?od is association4 ,because its function is s]vice1 an indu/ry z a :ole has rights & duties t[>ds ! community1 ! abrogation ( :i* involves privilege4 ,because its me?od is association1 ! diff]5t p>ties )9 x h rights & duties t[>ds ea* o!r2 & ! neglect or p]v]sion ( ^! involves oppression4 ,! conditions ( a "r organization ( indu/ry are1 !re=e1 p]man5t1 un*ang+1 & capable ( be+ appreh5d$ by ! mo/ elem5t>y intellig5ce1 provid$ x w read ! nature ( its c\ntrym5 9 ! l>ge outl9es ( hi/ory1 n 9 ! bloodless #g ab/ractions ( exp]ts4 ,! fir/ is t x %\ld be subord9at$ to ! community 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! be/ s]vice te*nically possible1 t ^? :o r5d] no s]vice %\ld n be paid at all1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( a function t x %\ld f9d its mean+ 9 ! satisfaction1 n ( itself1 b ( ! end :i* x s]ves4 ,! second is t its direction & gov]nm5t %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( p]sons :o are responsible to ^? :o are direct$ & gov]n$1 because x is ! condition ( economic fre$om t m5 %\ld n be rul$ by an au?ority :i* !y _c control4 ,! indu/rial problem1 9 fact1 is a problem ( "r1 n m]ely ( mat]ial mis]y1 & because x is a problem ( "r x is mo/ acute among ^? sections ( ! work+ classes ^: mat]ial mis]y is lea/4 ,x is a "q1 fir/ ( ,function1 & secondly ( ,fre$om4 #h ,,ii ,,rights ,,& ,,functions ,a function may be def9$ z an activity :i* embodies & expresses ! idea ( social purpose4 ,! ess5ce ( x is t ! ag5t does n p]=m x m]ely = p]sonal ga9 or to gratify himself1 b recognizes t he is responsible = its dis*>ge to "s high] au?ority4 ,! purpose ( indu/ry is obvi\s4 ,x is to supply man ) ?+s :i* are necess>y1 useful or beautiful1 & ?us to br+ life to body or _s4 ,9 s f> z x is gov]n$ by ?is end1 x is among ! mo/ important ( human activities4 ,9 s f> z x is div]t$ f x1 x may be h>mless1 amus+1 or ev5 exhil>at+ to ^? :o c>ry x on1 b x possesses no m social significance ?an ! ord]ly bus9ess ( ants & bees1 ! /rutt+ ( peacocks1 or ! /ruggles ( c>nivor\s animals ov] c>rion4 ,m5 h normally appreciat$ ?is fact1 h[ev] unwill+ or unable !y may h be5 to act ^u x2 & !re=e f "t to "t1 9 s f> z !y h be5 able to control ! =ces ( viol5ce & gre$1 !y h adopt$ v>i\s exp$i5ts = emphasiz+ ! social quality ( economic activity4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to emphasize x effectively1 because to d s requires a con/ant ef=t ( w1 aga9/ :i* egoti/ical in/9cts are 9 rebellion1 & because1 if t w is to prevail1 x mu/ be embodi$ 9 "s social #i & political organization1 :i* may itself become s arbitr>y1 tyrannical & corrupt z to ?w>t ! p]=mance ( function in/ead ( promot+ x4 ,:5 ?is process ( deg5]ation has gone f>1 z 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries x _h by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! indisp5sable ?+ is to break ! dead organization up & to cle> ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( do+ s1 ! individual is emancipat$ & 8 rights are enl>g$2 b ! idea ( social purpose is discr$it$ by ! discr$it ju/ly atta*+ to ! obsolete ord] 9 :i* x is embodi$4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t 9 ! new indu/rial societies :i* arose on ! ru9s ( ! old regime ! dom9ant note %\ld h be5 ! insi/5ce ^u individual rights1 irrespective ( any social purpose to :i* _! ex]cise contribut$4 ,! economic expansion :i* conc5trat$ population on ! coal-measures 01 9 ess5ce1 an imm5se movem5t ( colonization drift+ f ! s\? & ea/ to ! nor? & we/2 & x 0 natural t 9 ^? regions ( ,engl&1 z 9 ! ,am]ican settlem5ts1 ! *>act]i/ic philosophy %\ld be t ( ! pione] & ! m9+ camp4 ,! *ange ( social quality 0 pr(\nd4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 x 0 gradual1 & ! indu/rial revolution1 ?\gh cata/rophic 9 its effects1 0 only ! visible climax ( g5]ations ( subtle moral *ange4 ,! rise ( mod]n economic relations1 :i* may be dat$ 9 ,engl& f ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 co9cid5t ) ! gr[? ( a political !ory :i* replac$ ! conception ( purpose by t ( me*anism4 ,dur+ a great "p ( hi/ory m5 _h #aj f\nd ! significance ( _! social ord] 9 its relation to ! univ]sal purposes ( religion4 ,x /ood z "o rung 9 a ladd] :i* /ret*$ f hell to ,p>adise1 & ! classes :o compos$ x 7 ! h&s1 ! feet1 ! head ( a corporate body :i* 0 itself a microcosm imp]fectly reflect+ a l>g] univ]se4 ,:5 ! ,re=mation made ! ,*ur* a dep>tm5t ( ! secul> gov]nm5t1 x und]m9$ ! already enfeebl$ spiritual =ces :i* _h erect$ t sublime1 b too mu* elaborat$1 syn!sis4 ,b its influ5ce rema9$ = ne>ly a c5tury aft] ! roots :i* f$ x _h be5 sev]$4 ,x 0 ! atmosph]e into :i* m5 7 born1 & f :i*1 h[ev] practical1 or ev5 ,ma*iavellian1 !y c\ld n easily dis5gage _! spirits4 ,nor 0 x inconv5i5t = ! new /atecraft to see ! weight ( a traditional religi\s sanction add$ to its own conc]n 9 ! subord9ation ( all classes & int]e/s to ! common end1 ( :i* x conceiv$ itself1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 commonly conceiv$1 to be ! gu>dian4 ,! l9es ( ! social /ructure 7 no long] suppos$ to reproduce 9 m9iature ! plan ( a univ]sal ord]4 ,b common habits1 common traditions & beliefs1 common pressure f above gave !m a unity ( direction1 :i* re/ra9$ ! =ces ( individual v>iation & lat]al expansion2 & ! c5t] t[>ds :i* !y conv]g$1 =m]ly a ,*ur* possess+ "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,/ate1 0 n[ a ,/ate t _h clo!d itself ) _m ( ! attributes ( a ,*ur*4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engl& ( ,%akespe>e1 #aa /ill visit$ by ! gho/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,engl& :i* m]g$ 9 #agjj f ! fi]ce polemics ( ! la/ two g5]ations1 0 a diff]5ce ( social & political !ory ev5 m ?an ( con/itutional & political arrangem5ts4 ,n only ! facts1 b ! m9ds :i* apprais$ !m1 7 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,! ess5ce ( ! *ange 0 ! disappe>ance ( ! idea t social in/itutions & economic activities 7 relat$ to common ends1 :i* gave !m _! significance & :i* s]v$ z _! crit]ion4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury bo? ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur* _h abdicat$ t "p ( ! sph]e :i* _h consi/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a common body ( social e?ics2 :at 0 left ( x 0 repression ( a class1 n ! discipl9e ( a nation4 ,op9ion ceas$ to reg>d social in/itutions & economic activity z am5able1 l p]sonal conduct1 to moral crit]ia1 because x 0 no long] influ5c$ by ! spectacle ( in/itutions :i*1 arbitr>y1 caprici\s1 & (t5 corrupt 9 _! practical op]ation1 _h be5 ! outw>d symbol & expression ( ! subord9ation ( life to purposes transc5d+ private int]e/s4 ,t "p ( gov]nm5t :i* _h be5 conc]n$ ) social adm9i/ration1 if x did n end1 became at lea/ obsolesc5t4 ,= su* democracy z _h exi/$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 dead1 & ! democracy ( ! ,revolution 0 n yet born1 s t gov]nm5t pass$ into ! le?>gic h& ( classes :o wield$ ! p[] ( ! ,/ate 9 ! int]e/s ( an irresponsible ari/ocracy4 ,& ! ,*ur* 0 ev5 m remote f ! daily life ( mank9d ?an ! ,/ate4 ,philan?ropy ab\nd$2 b religion1 #ab once ! greate/ social =ce1 _h become a ?+ z private & individual z ! e/ate ( ! squire or ! work+ clo!s ( ! labor]4 ,!re 7 special disp5sations & occasional int]v5tions1 l ! acts ( a mon>* :o repriev$ a crim9al or sign$ an ord] = 8 execution4 ,b :at 0 famili>1 & human & lovable--:at 0 ,*ri/ian 9 ,*ri/ianity _h l>gely disappe>$4 ,god _h be5 ?ru/ into ! frigid altitudes ( inf9ite space4 ,!re 0 a limit$ mon>*y 9 ,heav51 z well z ^u e>?4 ,provid5ce 0 ! spectator ( ! curi\s ma*9e :i* x _h con/ruct$ & set 9 motion1 b ! op]ation ( :i* x 0 nei!r able nor will+ to control4 ,l ! occasional int]v5tion ( ! ,cr[n 9 ! proce$+s ( ,p>liam5t1 its wisdom 0 reveal$ 9 ! infrequ5cy ( its int]f]5ce4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ! abdication ( au?orities :i* _h /ood1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 = a common purpose 9 social organization1 0 ! gradual disappe>ance f social ?\ght ( ! idea ( purpose itself4 ,its place 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 tak5 by ! idea ( me*anism4 ,! conception ( m5 z unit$ to ea* o!r1 & ( all mank9d z unit$ to ,god1 by mutual obligations aris+ f _! relation to a common end1 :i* vaguely conceiv$ & imp]fectly realiz$1 _h be5 ! key/one hold+ toge!r ! social fabric1 ceas$ to be impress$ ^u m5's m9ds1 :5 ,*ur* & ,/ate )drew f ! c5t] ( social life to its circumf]5ce4 ,:at rema9$ :5 ! key/one ( ! ar* 0 remov$1 0 private rights & private int]e/s1 ! mat]ials ( a society r #ac ?an a society itself4 ,^! rights & int]e/s 7 ! natural ord] :i* _h be5 di/ort$ by ! ambitions ( k+s & prie/s1 & :i* em]g$ :5 ! artificial sup]-/ructure disappe>$1 because !y 7 ! creation1 n ( man1 b ( ,nature h]self4 ,!y _h be5 reg>d$ 9 ! pa/ z relative to "s public end1 :e!r religion or national welf>e4 ,h5ce=w>d !y 7 ?\ght to be absolute & indefeasible1 & to /& by _! own virtue4 ,!y 7 ! ultimate political & social reality2 & s9ce !y 7 ! ultimate reality1 !y 7 n subord9ate to o!r aspects ( society1 b o!r aspects ( society 7 subord9ate to !m4 ,! ,/ate c\ld n encroa* ^u ^! rights1 = ! ,/ate exi/$ = _! ma9t5ance4 ,!y det]m9$ ! relation ( classes1 = ! mo/ obvi\s & fundam5tal ( all rights 0 prop]ty--prop]ty absolute & uncondition$--& ^? :o possess$ x 7 reg>d$ z ! natural gov]nors ( ^? :o did n4 ,society arose f _! ex]cise1 ?r\gh ! contracts ( individual ) individual4 ,x fulfill$ its object 9 s f> z1 by ma9ta9+ contractual fre$om1 x secur$ full scope = _! unfett]$ ex]cise4 ,x fail$ 9 s f> z1 l ! ,fr5* mon>*y1 x ov]rode !m by ! use ( an arbitr>y au?ority4 ,?us conceiv$1 society assum$ some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( a great jo9t-/ock company1 9 :i* political p[] & ! receipt ( divid5ds 7 ju/ly assign$ to ^? :o held ! mo/ num]\s %>es4 ,! curr5ts ( social activity did n conv]ge ^u common ends1 b 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh a multitude ( *annels1 #ad creat$ by ! private int]e/s ( ! individuals :o compos$ society4 ,b 9 _! v v>iety & spontaneity1 9 ! v abs5ce ( any attempt to relate !m to a l>g] purpose ?an t ( ! individual1 lay ! be/ security ( its atta9m5t4 ,!re is a my/icism ( reason z well z ( emotion1 & ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd1 9 ! b5efic5ce ( natural in/9cts1 a sub/itute = ! ,god :om x _h expell$ f contact ) society1 & did n hesitate to id5tify !m4 ,?us ,god & nature plann$ ! g5]al frame ,& bade self-love & social be ! same4 ,! result ( su* ideas 9 ! _w ( practice 0 a society :i* 0 rul$ by law1 n by ! caprice ( ,gov]nm5ts1 b :i* recogniz$ no moral limitation on ! pursuit by individuals ( _! economic self-int]e/4 ,9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 x 0 a political philosophy :i* made rights ! f\ndation ( ! social ord]1 & :i* consid]$ ! dis*>ge ( obligations1 :5 x consid]$ x at all1 z em]g+ by an inevitable process f _! free ex]cise4 ,! fir/ fam\s expon5t ( ?is philosophy 0 ,locke1 9 :om ! dom9ant conception is ! indefeasibility ( private rights1 n ! pre-orda9$ h>mony betwe5 private rights & public welf>e4 ,9 ! great ,fr5* writ]s :o prep>$ ! way = ! ,revolution1 :ile believ+ t !y 7 ! s]vants ( an enlight5$ absolutism1 !re is an almo/ equal emphasis ^u ! sanctity ( rights & ^u ! infallibility ( ! #ae al*emy by :i* ! pursuit ( private ends is transmut$ into ! atta9m5t ( public good4 ,?\gh _! writ+s reveal ! influ5ce ( ! conception ( society z a self-adju/+ me*anism1 :i* aft]w>ds became ! mo/ *>act]i/ic note ( ! ,engli% individualism1 :at ! ,fr5* ,revolution burn$ into ! m9d ( ,europe 0 ! =m] n ! latt]4 ,9 ,engl& ! idea ( "r _h be5 negative & def5sive1 a b>ri] to ! encroa*m5t ( ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,fr5* leapt to ! attack f tr5*es :i* ! ,engli% _h be5 cont5t to def5d1 & 9 ,france ! idea became affirmative & militant1 n a weapon ( def5se1 b a pr9ciple ( social organization4 ,! attempt to ref\nd society ^u rights1 & rights spr++ n f mu/y *>t]s1 b f ! v nature ( man himself1 0 at once ! triumph & ! limitation ( ! ,revolution4 ,x gave x ! en?usiasm & infecti\s p[] ( religion4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ,engl& might seem at fir/ sight to h be5 precisely ! rev]se4 ,engli% practical m51 ^: ?\ghts 7 pit*$ 9 a l[] key1 7 a little %ock$ by ! pomp & brilliance ( t trem5d\s cre$4 ,!y _h scanty sympa?y ) ! absolute affirmations ( ,france4 ,:at captur$ _! imag9ation 0 n ! "r to lib]ty1 :i* made no appeal to _! comm]cial in/9cts1 b ! exp$i5cy ( lib]ty1 :i* did2 & :5 ! ,revolution _h reveal$ ! explosive p[] ( ! idea ( natural "r1 !y s\ght "s less m5ac+ =mula4 ,x _h be5 (f]$ !m fir/ by ,adam ,smi? & 8 precursors1 :o %[$ h[ ! me*anism ( economic life #af conv]t$ z ) an invisible h&1 ! ex]cise ( individual rights into ! in/rum5t ( public good4 ,b5?am1 :o despis$ metaphysical subtleties1 & ?\ght ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man z absurd z any o!r dogmatic religion1 complet$ ! new ori5tation by supply+ ! f9al crit]ion ( political in/itutions 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,utility4 ,h5ce=w>d emphasis 0 transf]r$ f ! "r ( ! individual to ex]cise 8 fre$om z he pleas$ to ! exp$i5cy ( an undi/urb$ ex]cise ( fre$om to society4 ,! *ange is significant4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! univ]sal & equal citiz5%ip ( ,france1 ) its five million peasant proprietors1 & ! organiz$ inequality ( ,engl& e/abli%$ solidly ^u class traditions & class in/itutions2 ! desc5t f hope to resignation1 f ! fire & passion ( an age ( illimitable vi/as to ! monoton\s beat ( ! factory eng9e1 f ,turgot & ,condorcet to ! melan*oly ma!matical cre$ ( ,b5?am & ,ric>do & ,james ,mill4 ,mank9d has1 at lea/1 ?is sup]iority ov] its philosoph]s1 t great movem5ts spr+ f ! he>t & embody a fai?2 n ! nice adju/m5ts ( ! h$oni/ic calculus4 ,s 9 ! "n ( ! rights ( prop]ty ,france aboli%$ 9 ?ree ye>s a great mass ( prop]ty rights :i*1 "u ! old regime _h robb$ ! peasant ( "p ( ! produce ( 8 labor1 & ! social trans=mation surviv$ a :ole _w ( political *anges4 ,9 ,engl& ! glad tid+s ( democracy 7 brok5 too discreetly to rea* ! e>s ( ! h9d 9 ! furr[ or ! %eph]d on ! hill2 #ag !re 7 political *anges )\t a social trans=mation4 ,! doctr9e ( ,utility1 ?\gh tr5*ant 9 ! sph]e ( politics1 involv$ no consid]able int]f]5ce ) ! fundam5tals ( ! social fabric4 ,its expon5ts 7 pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! removal ( political abuses & legal anomalies4 ,!y attack$ s9ecures & p5sions & ! crim9al code & ! proc$ure ( ! law c\rts4 ,b !y t\*$ only ! surface ( social in/itutions4 ,!y ?\ght x a mon/r\s inju/ice t ! citiz5 %\ld pay "o-t5? ( 8 income 9 taxation to an idle ,gov]nm5t1 b q reasonable t he %\ld pay "o-fif? ( x 9 r5t to an idle l&lord4 ,! diff]5ce1 nev]!lesss1 0 "o ( emphasis & expression1 n ( pr9ciple4 ,x matt]$ v little 9 practice :e!r private prop]ty & unfett]$ economic fre$om 7 /at$1 z 9 ,france1 to be natural rights1 or :e!r1 z 9 ,engl&1 !y 7 m]ely assum$ once = all to be exp$i5t4 ,9 ei!r case !y 7 tak5 = grant$ z ! fundam5tals ^u :i* social organization 0 to be bas$1 & ab\t :i* no fur!r argum5t 0 admissible4 ,?\gh ,b5?am argu$ t rights 7 d]iv$ f utility1 n f nature1 he did n pu% 8 analysis s f> z to argue t any p>ticul> "r 0 relative to any p>ticul> function1 & ?us endors$ indiscrim9ately rights :i* 7 n accompani$ by s]vice z well z rights :i* 74 ,:ile es*ew+1 9 %ort1 ! phraseology ( natural rights1 ! ,engli% ,utilit>ians reta9$ some?+ n unlike ! sub/ance ( !m4 ,= !y assum$ t private prop]ty 9 #ah l&1 & ! private own]%ip ( capital1 7 natural in/itutions1 & gave !m1 inde$1 a new lease ( life1 by prov+ to _! own satisfaction t social well-be+ mu/ result f _! cont9u$ ex]cise4 ,_! negative 0 z important z _! positive tea*+4 ,x 0 a conductor :i* div]t$ ! lightn+4 ,beh9d _! political !ory1 beh9d ! practical conduct1 :i* z always1 cont9ues to express !ory long aft] x has be5 discr$it$ 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 lay ! acceptance ( absolute rights to prop]ty & to economic fre$om z ! unque/ion$ c5t] ( social organization4 ,! result ( t attitude 0 mom5t\s4 ,! motive & inspiration ( ! ,lib]al ,movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h be5 ! attack on ,privilege4 ,b ! cre$ :i* _h exorcis$ ! spect] ( agr>ian feudalism haunt+ village & *ateau 9 ,france1 0 impot5t to dis>m ! new ogre ( indu/rialism :i* 0 /ret*+ its limbs 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,:51 %orn ( its spl5dors & illusions1 lib]alism triumph$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahcb1 x c>ri$ )\t criticism into ! new _w ( capitali/ indu/ry categories ( private prop]ty & fre$om ( contract :i* _h be5 =g$ 9 ! simpl] economic environm5t ( ! pre-indu/rial era4 ,9 ,engl& ^! categories are be+ b5t & twi/$ till !y are no long] recognizable1 & w1 9 "t1 be made h>mless4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e necessity compell$ ! cry/allization ( pr9ciples 9 a con/itution1 !y h ! rigidity ( an iron jacket4 ,! magnific5t =mulae 9 :i* a society ( f>m]s #ai & ma/] craftsm5 en%r9$ its philosophy ( fre$om are 9 dang] ( becom+ fett]s us$ by an ,anglo-,saxon bus9ess ari/ocracy to b9d insurg5t movem5ts on ! "p ( an immigrant & semi-s]vile prolet>iat4 #bj ,,iii ,,! ,,acquisitive ,,society ,?is doctr9e has be5 qualifi$ 9 practice by p>ticul> limitations to av]t p>ticul> evils & to meet exceptional em]g5cies4 ,b x is limit$ 9 special cases precisely because its g5]al validity is reg>d$ z beyond controv]sy1 &1 up to ! eve ( ! pres5t w>1 x 0 ! work+ fai? ( mod]n economic civilization4 ,:at x implies is1 t ! f\ndation ( society is f\nd1 n 9 functions1 b 9 rights2 t rights are n d$ucible f ! dis*>ge ( functions1 s t ! acquisition ( weal? & ! enjoym5t ( prop]ty are cont+5t ^u ! p]=mances ( s]vices1 b t ! individual ent]s ! _w equipp$ ) rights to ! free disposal ( 8 prop]ty & ! pursuit ( 8 economic self-int]e/1 & t ^! rights are ant]ior to1 & indep5d5t (1 any s]vice :i* he may r5d]4 ,true1 ! s]vice ( society w1 9 fact1 x is assum$1 result f _! ex]cise4 ,b x is n ! prim>y motive & crit]ion ( indu/ry1 b a second>y consequ5ce1 :i* em]ges incid5tally ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( rights1 a consequ5ce :i* is atta9$1 inde$1 9 practice1 b :i* is atta9$ )\t be+ s\ght4 ,x is n ! end at :i* economic activity aims1 or ! /&>d by :i* x is judg$1 b a by-product1 z coal-t> is a by-product ( ! #ba manufacture ( gas2 :e!r t by-product appe>s or n1 x is n propos$ t ! rights !mselves %\ld be abdicat$4 ,= !y are reg>d$1 n z a conditional tru/1 b z a prop]ty1 :i* may1 inde$1 give way to ! special exig5cies ( extraord9>y em]g5cies1 b :i* resumes its sway :5 ! em]g5cy is ov]1 & 9 normal times is above discussion4 ,t conception is writt5 l>ge ov] ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! doctr9e :i* x inh]it$ 0 t prop]ty 0 held by an absolute "r on an individual basis1 & to ?is fundam5tal x add$ ano!r1 :i* c be trac$ 9 pr9ciple f> back into hi/ory1 b :i* grew to its full /ature only aft] ! rise ( capitali/ indu/ry1 t societies act bo? unfairly & unwisely :5 !y limit opportunities ( economic ent]prise4 ,h5ce e attempt to impose obligations z a condition ( ! t5ure ( prop]ty or ( ! ex]cise ( economic activity has be5 met by uncompromis+ resi/ance4 ,! /ory ( ! /ruggle betwe5 humanit>ian s5tim5t & ! !ory ( prop]ty transmitt$ f ! eighte5? c5tury is famili>4 ,no "o has =gott5 ! opposition (f]$ 9 ! "n ( ! rights ( prop]ty to factory legislation1 to h\s+ re=m1 to int]f]5ce ) ! adult]ation ( goods1 ev5 to ! compulsory sanitation ( private h\ses4 ,may ,i n d :at ,i l ) my own8 0 ! answ] to ! proposal to require a m9imum /&>d ( safety & sanitation f ! own]s ( mills & h\ses4 ,ev5 to #bb ?is day1 :ile an ,engli% urban l&lord c cramp or di/ort ! developm5t ( a :ole city by )hold+ l& except at fancy prices1 ,engli% municipalities are )\t adequate p[]s ( compulsory pur*ase1 & mu/ ei!r pay ?r\gh ! nose or see ?\s&s ( _! memb]s ov]cr[d$4 ,! :ole body ( proc$ure by :i* !y may acquire l&1 or inde$ new p[]s ( any k9d1 has be5 c>efully design$ by lawy]s to protect own]s ( prop]ty aga9/ ! possibility t _! private rights may be subord9at$ to ! public int]e/1 because _! rights are ?\ght to be prim>y & absolute & public int]e/s second>y & cont+5t4 ,no "o ne$s to be rem9d$1 aga91 ( ! influ5ce ( ! same doctr9e 9 ! sph]e ( taxation4 ,?us ! income tax 0 excus$ z a tempor>y measure1 because ! normal society 0 conceiv$ to be "o 9 :i* ! individual sp5t 8 :ole income = himself & ow$ no obligations to society on acc\nt ( x4 ,! dea? duties 7 d5\nc$ z robb]y1 because !y impli$ t ! "r to b5efit by inh]itance 0 conditional ^u a social sanction4 ,! ,budget ( #aiji creat$ a /orm1 n because ! taxation ( l& 0 heavy--9 am\nt ! l&-taxes 7 trifl+--b because x 0 felt to involve ! doctr9e t prop]ty is n an absolute "r1 b t x may prop]ly be accompani$ by special obligations1 a doctr9e :i*1 if c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 w\ld de/roy its sanctity by mak+ own]%ip no long] absolute b conditional4 #bc ,su* an implication seems intol]able to an influ5tial body ( public op9ion1 because x has be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! free disposal ( prop]ty & ! unlimit$ exploitation ( economic opportunities1 z rights :i* are absolute & uncondition$4 ,on ! :ole1 until rec5tly1 ?is op9ion _h few antagoni/s :o c\ld n be ignor$4 ,z a consequ5ce ! ma9t5ance ( prop]ty rights has n be5 s]i\sly ?reat5$ ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x is evid5t t no s]vice is dis*>g$1 directly or indirectly1 by _! ex]cise4 ,no "o supposes1 t ! own] ( urban l&1 p]=ms qua own]1 any function4 ,he has a "r ( private taxation2 t is all4 ,b ! private own]%ip ( urban l& is z secure to-day z x 0 a c5tury ago2 & ,"l ,hugh ,cecil1 9 8 int]e/+ little book on ,cons]vatism1 decl>es t :e!r private prop]ty is mis*iev\s or n1 society _c int]f]e ) x1 because to int]f]e ) x is !ft1 & !ft is wick$4 ,no "o supposes t x is = ! public good t l>ge areas ( l& %\ld be us$ = p>ks & game4 ,b our c\ntry g5tlem5 are /ill settl$ heavily ^u _! villages & /ill slay _! ?\s&s4 ,no "o c argue t a monopoli/ is impell$ by an invisible h& to s]ve ! public int]e/4 ,b ov] a consid]able field ( indu/ry competition1 z ! rec5t ,report on ,tru/s %[s1 has be5 replac$ by comb9ation1 & comb9ations are all[$ ! same unfett]$ fre$om z individuals 9 ! exploitation ( economic opportunities4 ,no "o really believes t ! production ( coal dep5ds ^u ! paym5t ( #bd m9+ royalties or t %ips w n g to & fro unless %ip-own]s c e>n fifty p] c5t4 ^u _! capital4 ,b coal m9es1 or r ! coal m9]1 /ill pay royalties1 & %ip-own]s /ill make =tunes & are made ,pe]s4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ev]ybody is talk+ ab\t ! importance ( increas+ ! output ( weal?1 ! la/ "q1 app>5tly1 :i* x occurs to any /atesman to ask is :y weal? %\ld be squ&]$ on futile activities1 & 9 exp5diture :i* is ei!r disproportionate to s]vice or made = no s]vice at all4 ,s invet]ate1 inde$1 has become ! practice ( paym5t 9 virtue ( prop]ty rights1 )\t ev5 ! pret5se ( any s]vice be+ r5d]$1 t :51 9 a national em]g5cy1 x is propos$ to extract oil f ! gr\nd1 ! ,gov]nm5t actually proposes t e gallon %all pay a tax to l&[n]s :o nev] ev5 suspect$ its exi/5ce1 & ! +5u\s proprietors are full ( pa9$ a/oni%m5t at any "o que/ion+ :e!r ! nation is "u moral obligation to end[ !m fur!r4 ,su* rights are1 /rictly speak+1 privileges4 ,= ! def9ition ( a privilege is a "r to :i* no correspond+ function is atta*$4 ,! enjoym5t ( prop]ty & ! direction ( indu/ry are consid]$1 9 %ort1 to require no social ju/ification1 because !y are reg>d$ z rights :i* /& by _! own virtue1 n functions to be judg$ by ! success ) :i* !y contribute to a social purpose4 ,to-day t doctr9e1 if intellectually discr$it$1 is /ill ! practical f\ndation ( social #be organization4 ,h[ sl[ly x yields ev5 to ! mo/ insi/5t demon/ration ( its inadequacy is %[n by ! attitude :i* ! heads ( ! bus9ess _w h adopt$ to ! re/rictions impos$ on economic activity dur+ ! w>4 ,! control ( railways1 m9es & %ipp+1 ! di/ribution ( raw mat]ials ?r\gh a public dep>tm5t in/ead ( ?r\gh compet+ m]*ants1 ! regulation ( prices1 ! attempts to *eck pr(ite]+--! detail$ application ( ^! measures may h be5 effective or ineffective1 wise or injudici\s4 ,x is evid5t1 inde$1 t "s ( !m h be5 fooli%1 l ! re/riction ( imports :5 ! _w has five ye>s' de/ruction to repair1 & t o!rs1 if s\nd 9 conception1 h be5 que/ionable 9 _! execution4 ,if !y 7 attack$ on ! gr\nd t !y ob/ruct ! effici5t p]=mance ( function--if ! lead]s ( indu/ry came =w>d & said g5]ally1 z "s1 to _! honor1 h3--,we accept y\r policy1 b we w improve its execution2 we desire paym5t = s]vice & s]vice only & w help ! /ate to see t x pays = no?+ else--!re might be controv]sy z to ! facts1 b !re c\ld be none z to ! pr9ciple4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! gravam5 ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ^! re/rictions appe>s g5]ally to be precisely ! opposite4 ,!y are d5\nc$ by mo/ ( _! critics n because !y limit ! opportunity ( s]vice1 b because !y dim9i% ! opportunity = ga91 n because !y prev5t ! trad] enri*+ ! community1 b because !y make x #bf m difficult = him to enri* himself2 n1 9 %ort1 because !y h fail$ to conv]t economic activity into a social function1 b because !y h come too ne> succe$+4 ,if ! f9ancial advis] to ! ,coal ,controll] may be tru/$1 ! %>ehold]s 9 coal m9es w\ld appe> to h done fairly well dur+ ! w>4 ,b ! proposal to limit _! pr(its to #a_/b p] ton is describ$ by ,"l ,ga9=d z %e] robb]y & confiscation4 ,) "s honorable exceptions1 :at is dem&$ is t 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ ! directors ( indu/ry %\ld be free to h&le x z an ent]prise conduct$ = _! own conv5i5ce or advancem5t1 in/ead ( be+ compell$1 z !y h be5 p>tially compell$ dur+ ! w>1 to subord9ate x to a social purpose4 ,= to admit t ! crit]ion ( comm]ce & indu/ry is its success 9 dis*>g+ a social purpose is at once to turn prop]ty & economic activity f rights :i* are absolute into rights :i* are cont+5t & d]ivative1 because x is to affirm t !y are relative to functions & t !y may ju/ly be revok$ :5 ! functions are n p]=m$4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to imply t prop]ty & economic activity exi/ to promote ! ends ( society1 :]eas hi!rto society has be5 reg>d$ 9 ! _w ( bus9ess z exi/+ to promote !m4 ,to ^? :o hold _! position1 n z function>ies1 b by virtue ( _! success 9 mak+ indu/ry contribute to _! own weal? & social influ5ce1 su* a rev]sal ( means & ends appe>s little less ?an a revolution4 ,= x means t !y mu/ ju/ify be=e a social tribunal #bg rights :i* !y h hi!rto tak5 = grant$ z "p ( an ord] :i* is above criticism4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! significance ( ! opposition betwe5 ! two pr9ciples ( individual rights & social functions 0 mask$ by ! doctr9e ( ! inevitable h>mony betwe5 private int]e/s & public good4 ,competition1 x 0 argu$1 0 an effective sub/itute = hone/y4 ,to-day t subsidi>y doctr9e has fall5 to pieces "u criticism2 few n[ w\ld pr(ess adh]5ce to ! comp\nd ( economic optimism & moral bankruptcy :i* l$ a n9ete5? c5tury economi/ to say3 ,gre$ is held 9 *eck by gre$1 & ! desire = ga9 sets limits to itself4 ,! disposition to reg>d individual rights z ! c5t] & pivot ( society is /ill1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p[]ful elem5t 9 political ?\ght & ! practical f\ndation ( indu/rial organization4 ,! labori\s refutation ( ! doctr9e t private & public int]e/s are co-incid5t1 & t man's self-love is ,god's ,provid5ce1 :i* 0 ! excuse ( ! la/ c5tury = its wor%ip ( economic egotism1 has a*iev$1 9 fact1 surpris+ly small results4 ,economic egotism is /ill wor%ip$2 & x is wor%ip$ because t doctr9e 0 n really ! c5t] ( ! position4 ,x 0 an outwork1 n ! citadel1 & n[ t ! outwork has be5 captur$1 ! citadel is /ill to w94 ,:at gives its special quality & "*1 its t\ghness & cohesion1 to ! indu/rial sy/em built up 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half1 is n its explod$ !ory ( economic h>monies4 ,x is ! doctr9e t #bh economic rights are ant]ior to1 & indep5d5t ( economic functions1 t !y /& by _! own virtue1 & ne$ adduce no high] cr$5tials4 ,! practical result ( x is t economic rights rema91 :e!r economic functions are p]=m$ or n4 ,!y rema9 to-day 9 a m m5ac+ =m ?an 9 ! age ( e>ly indu/rialism4 ,= ^? :o control indu/ry no long] compete b comb9e1 & ! rivalry betwe5 prop]ty 9 capital & prop]ty 9 l& has long s9ce end$4 ,! basis ( ! ,new ,cons]vatism appe>s to be a det]m9ation s to organize society1 bo? by political & economic action1 z to make x secure aga9/ e attempt to ext+ui% paym5ts :i* are made1 n = s]vice1 b because ! own]s possess a "r to extract income )\t x4 ,h5ce ! fusion ( ! two traditional p>ties1 ! propos$ /r5g!n+ ( ! second *amb]1 ! return to protection1 ! swift conv]sion ( rival indu/riali/s to ! advantages ( monopoly1 & ! attempts to buy (f ) concessions ! m influ5tial section ( ! work+ classes4 ,revolutions1 z a long & bitt] exp]i5ce reveals1 are apt to take _! color f ! regime :i* !y ov]?r[4 ,is x any wond] t ! cre$ :i* affirms ! absolute rights ( prop]ty %\ld sometimes be met ) a c\nt]-affirmation ( ! absolute rights ( labor1 less anti-social1 inde$1 & inhuman1 b almo/ z dogmatic1 almo/ z intol]ant & ?\ghtless z itself8 ,a society :i* aim$ at mak+ ! acquisition ( weal? cont+5t ^u ! dis*>ge ( social #bi obligations1 :i* s\ght to proportion remun]ation to s]vice & d5i$ x to ^? by :om no s]vice 0 p]=m$1 :i* inquir$ fir/ n :at m5 possess b :at !y c make or create or a*ieve1 might be call$ a ,functional ,society1 because 9 su* a society ! ma9 subject ( social emphasis w\ld be ! p]=mance ( functions4 ,b su* a society does n exi/1 ev5 z a remote ideal1 9 ! mod]n _w1 ?\gh some?+ l x has hung1 an unrealiz$ !ory1 be=e m5's m9ds 9 ! pa/4 ,mod]n societies aim at protect+ economic rights1 :ile leav+ economic functions1 except 9 mom5ts ( abnormal em]g5cy1 to fulfil !mselves4 ,! motive :i* gives color & quality to _! public in/itutions1 to _! policy & political ?\ght1 is n ! attempt to secure ! fulfilm5t ( tasks und]tak5 = ! public s]vice1 b to increase ! opportunities op5 to individuals ( atta9+ ! objects :i* !y conceive to be advantage\s to !mselves4 ,if ask$ ! end or crit]ion ( social organization1 !y w\ld give an answ] rem9isc5t ( ! =mula ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,b to say t ! end ( social in/itutions is happ9ess1 is to say t !y h no common end at all4 ,= happ9ess is individual1 & to make happ9ess ! object ( society is to resolve society itself into ! ambitions ( numb]less individuals1 ea* direct$ t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( "s p]sonal purpose4 ,su* societies may be call$ ,acquisitive ,societies1 because _! :ole t5d5cy & int]e/ & preoccupation is to promote ! acquisition ( weal?4 ,! #cj appeal ( ?is conception mu/ be p[]ful1 = x has laid ! :ole mod]n _w "u its spell4 ,s9ce ,engl& fir/ reveal$ ! possibilities ( indu/rialism1 x has gone f /r5g? to /r5g?1 & z indu/rial civilization invades c\ntries hi!rto remote f x1 z ,russia & ,japan & ,india & ,*9a are drawn into its orbit1 ea* decade sees a fre% ext5sion ( its influ5ce4 ,! secret ( its triumph is obvi\s4 ,x is an invitation to m5 to use ! p[]s ) :i* !y h be5 end[$ by nature or society1 by skill or en]gy or rel5tless egotism or m]e good =tune1 )\t inquir+ :e!r !re is any pr9ciple by :i* _! ex]cise %\ld be limit$4 ,x assumes ! social organization :i* det]m9es ! opportunities :i* diff]5t classes %all 9 fact possess1 & conc5trates att5tion ^u ! "r ( ^? :o possess or c acquire p[] to make ! fulle/ use ( x = _! own self-advancem5t4 ,by fix+ m5's m9ds1 n ^u ! dis*>ge ( social obligations1 :i* re/ricts _! en]gy1 because x def9es ! goal to :i* x %\ld be direct$1 b ^u ! ex]cise ( ! "r to pursue _! own self-int]e/1 x (f]s unlimit$ scope = ! acquisition ( ri*es1 & !re=e gives free play to "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( human in/9cts4 ,to ! /rong x promises unfett]$ fre$om = ! ex]cise ( _! /r5g?2 to ! weak ! hope t !y too "o day may be /rong4 ,be=e ! eyes ( bo? x susp5ds a gold5 prize1 :i* n all c atta91 b = :i* ea* may /rive1 ! en*ant+ vision ( inf9ite expansion4 ,x assures m5 t !re are no ends o!r #ca ?an _! ends1 no law o!r ?an _! desires1 no limit o!r ?an t :i* !y ?9k advisable4 ,?us x makes ! individual ! c5t] ( 8 own univ]se1 & dissolves moral pr9ciples into a *oice ( exp$i5ces4 ,& x imm5sely simplifies ! problems ( social life 9 complex communities4 ,= x relieves !m ( ! necessity ( discrim9at+ betwe5 diff]5t types ( economic activity & diff]5t s\rces ( weal?1 betwe5 ent]prise & av>ice1 en]gy & unscrupul\s gre$1 prop]ty :i* is legitimate & prop]ty :i* is !ft1 ! j enjoym5t ( ! fruits ( labor & ! idle p>asitism ( bir? or =tune1 because x treats all economic activities z /&+ ^u ! same level1 & sugge/s t excess or defect1 wa/e or sup]fluity1 require no consci\s ef=t ( ! social w to av]t !m1 b are correct$ almo/ automatically by ! me*anical play ( economic =ces4 ,"u ! impulse ( su* ideas m5 d n become religi\s or wise or arti/ic2 = religion & wisdom & art imply ! acceptance ( limitations4 ,b !y become p[]ful & ri*4 ,!y inh]it ! e>? & *ange ! face ( nature1 if !y d n possess _! own s\ls2 & !y h t appe>ance ( fre$om :i* consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( ob/acles betwe5 opportunities = self-advancem5t & ^? :om bir? or weal? or tal5t or good =tune has plac$ 9 a position to seize !m4 ,x is n difficult ei!r = individuals or = societies to a*ieve _! object1 if t object be suffici5tly limit$ & imm$iate1 & if !y are n di/ract$ f its #cb pursuit by o!r consid]ations4 ,! temp] :i* d$icates itself to ! cultivation ( opportunities1 & leaves obligations to take c>e ( !mselves1 is set ^u an object :i* is at once simple & practicable4 ,! eighte5? c5tury def9$ x4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury has v l>gely atta9$ x4 ,or1 if x has n atta9$ x1 x has at lea/ grasp$ ! possibilities ( its atta9m5t4 ,! national output ( weal? p] head ( population is e/imat$ to h be5 approximately #bjj 9 #aiad4 ,unless mank9d *ooses to cont9ue ! sacrifice ( prosp]ity to ! ambitions & t]rors ( nationalism1 x is possible t by ! ye> #bjjj x may be d\bl$4 #cc ,,iv ,,! ,,nemesis ,,( ,,indu/rialism ,su* happ9ess is n remote f a*ievem5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a*iev+ x1 h[ev]1 ! _w has be5 confront$ by a gr\p ( unexpect$ consequ5ces1 :i* are ! cause ( its malaise1 z ! ob/ruction ( economic opportunity 0 ! cause ( social malaise 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,& ^! consequ5ces are n1 z is (t5 sugge/$1 accid5tal mal-adju/m5ts1 b fl[ naturally f its dom9ant pr9ciple3 s t !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! cause ( its p]plexity is n its failure1 b ! quality ( its success1 & its light itself a k9d ( d>kness4 ,! w to economic p[]1 if x is suffici5tly s+le-m9d$1 br+s ri*es4 ,b if x is s+le-m9d$ x de/roys ! moral re/ra9ts :i* ought to condition ! pursuit ( ri*es1 & !re=e also makes ! pursuit ( ri*es mean+less4 ,= :at gives mean+ to economic activity1 z to any o!r activity is1 z we h said1 ! purpose to :i* x is direct$4 ,b ! fai? ^u :i* our economic civilization reposes1 ! fai? t ri*es are n a means b an end1 implies t all economic activity is equally e/imable1 :e!r x is subord9at$ to a social purpose or n4 ,h5ce x divorces ga9 f s]vice1 & ju/ifies rew>ds = :i* no function is p]=m$1 or :i* are out ( all proportion to x4 ,weal? 9 mod]n societies is di/ribut$ accord+ to #cd opportunity2 & :ile opportunity dep5ds p>tly ^u tal5t & en]gy1 x dep5ds /ill m ^u bir?1 social position1 access to education & inh]it$ weal?2 9 a ^w1 ^u prop]ty4 ,= tal5t & en]gy c create opportunity4 ,b prop]ty ne$ only wait = x4 ,x is ! sleep+ p>tn] :o draws ! divid5ds :i* ! firm produces1 ! residu>y legatee :o always claims 8 %>e 9 ! e/ate4 ,because rew>ds are divorc$ f s]vices1 s t :at is priz$ mo/ is n ri*es obta9$ 9 return = labor b ri*es ! economic orig9 ( :i*1 be+ reg>d$ z sordid1 is conceal$1 two results foll[4 ,! fir/ is ! creation ( a class ( p5sion]s ^u indu/ry1 :o levy toll ^u its product1 b contribute no?+ to its increase1 & :o are n m]ely tol]at$1 b applaud$ & admir$ & protect$ ) assidu\s c>e1 z ?\gh ! secret ( prosp]ity resid$ 9 !m4 ,!y are admir$ because 9 ! abs5ce ( any pr9ciple ( discrim9ation betwe5 incomes :i* are paym5t = functions & incomes :i* are n1 all incomes1 m]ely because !y repres5t weal?1 /& on ! same level ( appreciation1 & are e/imat$ solely by _! magnitude1 s t 9 all societies :i* h accept$ indu/rialism !re is an upp] lay] :i* claims ! enjoym5t ( social life1 :ile x repudiates its responsibilities4 ,! r5ti] & 8 ways1 h[ famili> !y 7 9 ,engl& be=e ! w>6 ,a public s*ool & !n club life 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & !n ano!r club 9 t[n2 ,london 9 ,june1 :5 ,london is pleasant1 ! moors 9 ,augu/1 & pheasants 9 ,octob]1 ,cannes 9 #ce ,decemb] & hunt+ 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*2 & a :ole _w ( ris+ b\rgeoisie eag] to imitate !m1 s$ul\s to make _! exp5sive wat*es keep "t ) ?is prepo/]\s cal5d>6 ,! second consequ5ce is ! degradation ( ^? :o labor1 b :o d n by _! labor comm& l>ge rew>ds2 t is ( ! great majority ( mank9d4 ,& ?is degradation foll[s inevitably f ! refusal ( m5 to give ! purpose ( indu/ry ! fir/ place 9 _! ?\ght ab\t x4 ,:5 !y d t1 :5 _! m9ds are set ^u ! fact t ! mean+ ( indu/ry is ! s]vice ( man1 all :o labor appe> to !m honorable1 because all :o labor s]ve1 & ! di/9ction :i* sep>ates ^? :o s]ve f ^? :o m]ely sp5d is s crucial & fundam5tal z to oblit]ate all m9or di/9ctions bas$ on diff]5ces ( income4 ,b :5 ! crit]ion ( function is =gott51 ! only crit]ion :i* rema9s is t ( weal?1 & an ,acquisitive ,society rev]5ces ! possession ( weal?1 z a ,functional ,society w\ld honor1 ev5 9 ! p]son ( ! humble/ & mo/ labori\s craftsman1 ! arts ( creation4 ,s weal? becomes ! f\ndation ( public e/eem1 & ! mass ( m5 :o labor1 b :o d n acquire weal?1 are ?\ght to be vulg> & mean+less & insignificant comp>$ ) ! few :o acquire weal? by good =tune1 or by ! skilful use ( economic opportunities4 ,!y come to be reg>d$1 n z ! ends = :i* alone x is wor? :ile to produce weal? at all1 b z ! in/rum5ts ( its #cf acquisition by a _w t decl9es to be soil$ by contact ) :at is ?\ght to be ! dull & sordid bus9ess ( labor4 ,!y are n happy1 = ! rew>d ( all b ! v mean is n m]ely money1 b ! e/eem ( _! fell[-m51 & !y "k !y are n e/eem$1 z soldi]s1 = example1 are e/eem$1 ?\gh x is because !y give _! lives to mak+ civilization t !re is a civilization :i* x is wor? :ile = soldi]s to def5d4 ,!y are n e/eem$1 because ! admiration ( society is direct$ t[>ds ^? :o get1 n t[>ds ^? :o give2 & ?\gh workm5 give mu* !y get little4 ,& ! r5ti]s :om !y support are n happy2 = 9 disc>d+ ! idea ( function1 :i* sets a limit to ! acquisition ( ri*es1 !y h also disc>d$ ! pr9ciple :i* alone give ri*es _! mean+4 ,h5ce unless !y c p]suade !mselves t to be ri* is 9 itself m]itori\s1 !y may bask 9 social admiration1 b !y are unable to e/eem !mselves4 ,= !y h aboli%$ ! pr9ciple :i* makes activity significant1 & !re=e e/imable4 ,!y are1 inde$1 m truly pitiable ?an "s ( ^? :o envy !m4 ,= l ! spirits 9 ! ,inf]no1 !y are puni%$ by ! atta9m5t ( _! desires4 ,a society rul$ by ^! notions is necess>ily ! victim ( an irrational inequality4 ,to escape su* inequality x is necess>y to recognize t !re is "s pr9ciple :i* ought to limit ! ga9s ( p>ticul> classes & p>ticul> individuals1 because ga9s drawn f c]ta9 s\rces or exce$+ c]ta9 am\nts are illegitimate4 ,b su* a limitation implies a #cg /&>d ( discrim9ation1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! assumption t ea* man has a "r to :at he c get1 irrespective ( any s]vice r5d]$ = x4 ,?us privilege1 :i* 0 to h be5 exorcis$ by ! gospel ( #aghi1 returns 9 a new guise1 ! creature no long] ( unequal legal rights ?w>t+ ! natural ex]cise ( equal p[]s ( h& & bra91 b ( unequal p[]s spr++ f ! ex]cise ( equal rights 9 a _w :]e prop]ty & inh]it$ weal? & ! app>atus ( class in/itutions h made opportunities unequal4 ,inequality1 aga91 leads to ! mis-direction ( production4 ,=1 s9ce ! dem& ( "o income ( ,l#ej1jjj is z p[]ful a magnet z ! dem& ( #ejj incomes ( ,l#ajj1 x div]ts en]gy f ! creation ( weal? to ! multiplication ( luxuries1 s t1 = example1 :ile "o-t5? ( ! p ( ,engl& are ov]cr[d$1 a consid]able "p ( !m are engag$1 n 9 supply+ t defici5cy1 b 9 mak+ ri* m5's hotels1 luxuri\s ya*ts1 & motorc>s l t us$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>1 ) an int]ior inlaid ) silv] 9 qu>t]$ mahogany1 & uphol/]$ 9 fawn su$e & morocco1 :i* 0 rec5tly b\ght by a suburban capitali/1 by way ( enc\rag+ useful indu/ries & rebuk+ public extravagance ) an example ( private economy1 = ! trifl+ sum ( #ad1jjj4 ,?us "p ( ! goods :i* are annually produc$1 & :i* are call$ weal?1 is1 /rictly speak+1 wa/e1 because x consi/s ( articles :i*1 ?\gh reckon$ z "p ( ! income ( ! nation1 ei!r %\ld n h be5 produc$ until o!r articles _h already #ch be5 produc$ 9 suffici5t abundance1 or %\ld n h be5 produc$ at all4 ,& "s "p ( ! population is employ$ 9 mak+ goods :i* no man c make ) happ9ess1 or inde$ )\t loss ( self-respect1 because he kn[s t !y _h mu* bett] n be made2 & t 8 life is wa/$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,ev]ybody recognizes t ! army contractor :o1 9 "t ( w>1 set sev]al hundr$ navvies to dig an artificial lake 9 8 gr\nds1 0 n add+ to1 b subtract+ f1 ! weal? ( ! nation4 ,b 9 "t ( peace _m hundr$ ?\s& workm51 if !y are n digg+ ponds1 are do+ "w :i* is equally fooli% & wa/eful2 ?\gh1 9 peace1 z 9 w>1 !re is important "w1 :i* is wait+ to be done1 & :i* is neglect$4 ,x is neglect$ because1 :ile ! effective dem& ( ! mass ( m5 is only too small1 !re is a small class :i* we>s sev]al m5's clo!s1 eats sev]al m5's d9n]s1 occupies sev]al families' h\ses1 & lives sev]al m5's lives4 ,z long z a m9ority has s l>ge an income t "p ( x1 if sp5t at all1 mu/ be sp5t on trivialities1 s long w "p ( ! human en]gy & me*anical equipm5t ( ! nation be div]t$ f s]i\s "w1 :i* enri*es x1 to mak+ trivialities1 :i* impov]i%es x1 s9ce !y c only be made at ! co/ ( n mak+ o!r ?+s4 ,& if ! pe]s & millionaires :o are n[ prea*+ ! duty ( production to m9]s & dock labor]s desire t m weal?1 n m wa/e1 %\ld be produc$1 ! simple/ way 9 :i* !y c a*ieve _! aim is to transf] to ! public _! :ole incomes ov] 7say7 #e1jjj a ye>1 9 ord] t x may #ci be sp5t 9 sett+ to "w1 n g>d5]s1 *auffeurs1 dome/ic s]vants & %opkeep]s 9 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,london1 b build]s1 me*anics & tea*]s4 ,s to ^? :o clamor1 z _m n[ d1 ,produce6 ,produce6 "o simple "q may be address$3--,produce :at8 ,food1 clo?+1 h\se-room1 art1 k8 ,by all means6 ,b if ! nation is scantily furni%$ ) ^! ?+s _h x n bett] /op produc+ a good _m o!rs :i* fill %op w9d[s 9 ,reg5t ,/reet8 ,if x desires to re-equip its indu/ries ) ma*9]y & its railways ) wagons1 _h x n bett] refra9 f hold+ exhibitions design$ to enc\rage ri* m5 to re-equip !mselves ) motor-c>s8 ,:at c be m *ildi% ?an to urge ! necessity t productive p[] %\ld be increas$1 if "p ( ! productive p[] :i* exi/s already is misappli$8 ,is n less production ( futilities z important z1 inde$ a condition (1 m production ( ?+s ( mom5t8 ,w\ld n ,sp5d less on private luxuries be z wise a cry z produce m8 ,yet ?is result ( inequality1 aga91 is a ph5om5on :i* _c be prev5t$1 or *eck$1 or ev5 recogniz$ by a society :i* excludes ! idea ( purpose f its social arrangem5ts & indu/rial activity4 ,= to recognize x is to admit t !re is a pr9ciple sup]ior to ! me*anical play ( economic =ces1 :i* ought to det]m9e ! relative importance ( diff]5t occupations1 & ?us to ab&on ! view t all ri*es1 h[ev] compos$1 are an end1 & t all economic activity is equally ju/ifiable4 #dj ,! rejection ( ! idea ( purpose involves ano!r consequ5ce :i* e "o lam5ts1 b :i* no "o c prev5t1 except by ab&on+ ! belief t ! free ex]cise ( rights is ! ma9 int]e/ ( society & ! dis*>ge ( obligations a second>y & incid5tal consequ5ce :i* may be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,x is t social life is turn$ into a sc5e ( fi]ce antagonisms & t a consid]able "p ( indu/ry is c>ri$ on 9 ! int]vals ( a disguis$ social w>4 ,! idea t indu/rial peace c be secur$ m]ely by ! ex]cise ( tact & =be>ance is bas$ on ! idea t !re is a fundam5tal id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 ! diff]5t gr\ps engag$ 9 x1 :i* is occasionally int]rupt$ by regrettable misund]/&+s4 ,bo? ! "o idea & ! o!r are an illusion4 ,! disputes :i* matt] are n caus$ by a misund]/&+ ( id5tity ( int]e/s1 b by a bett] und]/&+ ( div]sity ( int]e/s4 ,?\gh a =mal decl>ation ( w> is an episode1 ! conditions :i* issue 9 a decl>ation ( w> are p]man5t2 & :at makes !m p]man5t is ! conception ( indu/ry :i* also makes inequality & functionless incomes p]man5t4 ,x is ! d5ial t indu/ry has any end or purpose o!r ?an ! satisfaction ( ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,t motive produces indu/rial w>f>e1 n z a regrettable incid5t1 b z an inevitable result4 ,x produces indu/rial w>1 because its tea*+ is t ea* individual or gr\p has a "r to :at !y c get1 & d5ies t !re is any pr9ciple1 o!r ?an ! me*anism ( ! m>ket1 :i* det]m9es :at #da !y ought to get4 ,=1 s9ce ! income available = di/ribution is limit$1 & s9ce1 !re=e1 :5 c]ta9 limits h be5 pass$1 :at "o gr\p ga9s ano!r gr\p mu/ lose1 x is evid5t t if ! relative incomes ( diff]5t gr\ps are n to be det]m9$ by _! functions1 !re is no me?od o!r ?an mutual self-ass]tion :i* is left to det]m9e !m4 ,self-int]e/1 inde$1 may cause !m to refra9 f us+ _! full /r5g? to en=ce _! claims1 &1 9 s f> z ?is happ5s1 peace is secur$ 9 indu/ry1 z m5 h attempt$ to secure x 9 int]national affairs1 by a balance ( p[]4 ,b ! ma9t5ance ( su* a peace is cont+5t ^u ! e/imate ( ! p>ties to x t !y h m to lose ?an to ga9 by an ov]t /ruggle1 & is n ! result ( _! acceptance ( any /&>d ( remun]ation z an equitable settlem5t ( _! claims4 ,h5ce x is prec>i\s1 ins9c]e & %ort4 ,x is )\t f9ality1 because !re c be no f9ality 9 ! m]e addition ( increm5ts ( income1 any m ?an 9 ! gratification ( any o!r desire = mat]ial goods4 ,:5 dem&s are conc$$ ! old /ruggle recomm5ces ^u a new level1 & w always recomm5ce z long z m5 seek to end x m]ely by increas+ remun]ation1 n by f9d+ a pr9ciple ^u :i* all remun]ation1 :e!r l>ge or small1 %\ld be bas$4 ,su* a pr9ciple is (f]$ by ! idea ( function1 because its application w\ld elim9ate ! surpluses :i* are ! subject ( cont5tion1 & w\ld make x evid5t t remun]ation is bas$ ^u s]vice1 #db n ^u *ance or privilege or ! p[] to use opportunities to drive a h>d b>ga94 ,b ! idea ( function is incompatible ) ! doctr9e t e p]son & organization h an unlimit$ "r to exploit _! economic opportunities z fully z !y please1 :i* is ! work+ fai? ( mod]n indu/ry2 &1 s9ce x is n accept$1 m5 resign !mselves to ! settlem5t ( ! issue by =ce1 or propose t ! ,/ate %\ld sup]s$e ! =ce ( private associations by ! use ( its =ce1 z ?\gh ! abs5ce ( a pr9ciple c\ld be comp5sat$ by a new k9d ( ma*9]y4 ,yet all ! "t ! true cause ( indu/rial w>f>e is z simple z ! true cause ( int]national w>f>e4 ,x is t if m5 recognize no law sup]ior to _! desires1 !n !y mu/ fight :5 _! desires collide4 ,= ?\gh gr\ps or nations :i* are at issue ) ea* o!r may be will+ to submit to a pr9ciple :i* is sup]ior to !m bo?1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld submit to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! idea1 :i* is popul> ) ri* m51 t indu/rial disputes w\ld disappe> if only ! output ( weal? 7 d\bl$1 & e "o 7 twice z well (f1 n only is refut$ by all practical exp]i5ce1 b is 9 its v nature f\nd$ ^u an illusion4 ,= ! "q is "o n ( am\nts b ( proportions2 & m5 w fight to be paid #abj a week1 in/ead ( #hj1 z readily z !y w fight to be paid #bj in/ead ( #af1 z long z !re is no reason :y !y %\ld be paid #hj in/ead ( #abj1 & z long z o!r m5 :o d n "w are paid any?+ #dc at all4 ,if m9]s dem&$ high] wages :5 e sup]flu\s *>ge ^u coal-gett+ _h be5 elim9at$1 !re w\ld be a pr9ciple ) :i* to meet _! claim1 ! pr9ciple t "o gr\p ( work]s ought n to encroa* ^u ! livelihood ( o!rs4 ,b z long z m9]al own]s extract royalties1 & exceptionally productive m9es pay ?irty p] c5t4 to abs5tee %>ehold]s1 !re is no valid answ] to a dem& = high] wages4 ,= if ! community pays any?+ at all to ^? :o d n "w1 x c af=d to pay m to ^? :o d4 ,! naive compla9t1 t workm5 are nev] satisfi$1 is1 !re=e1 /rictly true4 ,x is true1 n only ( workm51 b ( all classes 9 a society :i* conducts its affairs on ! pr9ciple t weal?1 in/ead ( be+ proportion$ to function1 belongs to ^? :o c get x4 ,!y are nev] satisfi$1 nor c !y be satisfi$4 ,= z long z !y make t pr9ciple ! guide ( _! individual lives & ( _! social ord]1 no?+ %ort ( inf9ity c\ld br+ !m satisfaction4 ,s "h1 aga91 ! preval5t insi/5ce ^u rights1 & preval5t neglect ( functions1 br+s m5 into a vici\s circle :i* !y _c escape1 )\t escap+ f ! false philosophy :i* dom9ates !m4 ,b x does some?+ m4 ,x makes t philosophy itself seem plausible & exhil>at+1 & a rule n only = indu/ry1 9 :i* x _h its bir?1 b = politics & culture & religion & ! :ole compass ( social life4 ,! possibility t "o aspect ( human life may be s exagg]at$ z to ov]%ad[1 #dd & 9 "t to atrophy1 e o!r1 has be5 made famili> to ,engli%m5 by ! example ( ,prussian milit>ism4 ,milit>ism is ! *>act]i/ic1 n ( an army1 b ( a society4 ,its ess5ce is n any p>ticul> quality or scale ( milit>y prep>ation1 b a /ate ( m9d1 :i*1 9 its conc5tration on "o p>ticul> elem5t 9 social life1 ends f9ally by exalt+ x until x becomes ! arbit] ( all ! re/4 ,! purpose = :i* milit>y =ces exi/ is =gott54 ,!y are ?\ght to /& by _! own "r & to ne$ no ju/ification4 ,in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z an in/rum5t :i* is necess>y 9 an imp]fect _w1 !y are elevat$ into an object ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 z ?\gh ! _w w\ld be a poor insipid place )\t !m1 s t political in/itutions & social arrangem5ts & intellect & morality & religion are cru%$ into a mold made to fit "o activity1 :i* 9 a sane society is a subord9ate activity1 l ! police1 or ! ma9t5ance ( prisons1 or ! cleans+ ( sew]s1 b :i* 9 a milit>i/ /ate is a k9d ( my/ical epitome ( society itself4 ,milit>ism1 z ,engli%m5 see pla9ly en\gh1 is feti* wor%ip4 ,x is ! pro/ration ( m5's s\ls be=e1 & ! lac]ation ( _! bodies to appease1 an idol4 ,:at !y d n see is t _! rev]5ce = economic activity & indu/ry & :at is call$ bus9ess is also feti* wor%ip1 & t 9 _! devotion to t idol !y torture !mselves z ne$lessly & indulge 9 ! same mean+less antics z ! ,prussians did 9 _! wor%ip ( milit>ism4 ,= :at ! milit>y tradition & _s h done = ,prussia1 #de ) ! result ( creat+ milit>ism1 ! comm]cial tradition & _s h done = ,engl&1 ) ! result ( creat+ indu/rialism4 ,indu/rialism is no m a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( an economically develop$ society ?an milit>ism is a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( a nation :i* ma9ta9s milit>y =ces4 ,x is no m ! result ( apply+ sci5ce to indu/ry ?an milit>ism is ! result ( ! application ( sci5ce to w>1 & ! idea t x is some?+ inevitable 9 a community :i* uses coal & iron & ma*9]y1 s f> f be+ ! tru?1 is itself a product ( ! p]v]sion ( m9d :i* indu/rialism produces4 ,m5 may use :at me*anical in/rum5ts !y please & be none ! worse = _! use4 ,:at kills _! s\ls is :5 !y all[ _! in/rum5ts to use !m4 ,! ess5ce ( indu/rialism1 9 %ort1 is n any p>ticul> me?od ( indu/ry1 b a p>ticul> e/imate ( ! importance ( indu/ry1 :i* results 9 x be+ ?\ght ! only ?+ t is important at all1 s t x is elevat$ f ! subord9ate place :i* x %\ld occupy among human int]e/s & activities into be+ ! /&>d by :i* all o!r int]e/s & activities are judg$4 ,:5 a ,cab9et ,m9i/] decl>es t ! greatness ( ?is c\ntry dep5ds ^u ! volume ( its exports1 s t ,france1 ) exports comp>atively little1 & ,elizabe?an ,engl&1 :i* export$ next to no?+1 are presumably to be piti$ z altoge!r inf]ior civilizations1 t is ,indu/rialism4 ,x is ! confusion ( "o m9or dep>tm5t ( life ) ! #df :ole ( life4 ,:5 manufactur]s cry & cut !mselves ) knives1 because x is propos$ t boys & girls ( f\rte5 %all att5d s*ool = eight h\rs a week1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education is s gravely impress$ by _! appreh5sions1 t he at once all[s ! h\rs to be r$uc$ to sev51 t is ,indu/rialism4 ,x is feti* wor%ip4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nm5t obta9s money = a w>1 :i* co/s #bh1jjj1jjj a day1 by clos+ ! ,museums1 :i* co/ #hj1jjj a ye>1 t is ,indu/rialism4 ,x is a contempt = all int]e/s :i* d n contribute obvi\sly to economic activity4 ,:5 ! ,press clamors t ! "o ?+ ne$$ to make ?is isl& an ,arcadia is productivity1 & m productivity1 & yet m productivity1 t is ,indu/rialism4 ,x is ! confusion ( means ) ends4 ,m5 w always confuse means ) ends if !y are )\t any cle> conception t x is ! ends1 n ! means1 :i* matt]--if !y all[ _! m9ds to slip f ! fact t x is ! social purpose ( indu/ry :i* gives x mean+ & makes x wor? :ile to c>ry x on at all4 ,& :5 !y d t1 !y w turn _! :ole _w upside d[n1 because !y d n see ! poles ^u :i* x ought to move4 ,s :51 l ,engl&1 !y are ?or\ghly indu/rializ$1 !y behave l ,g]many1 :i* 0 ?or\ghly milit>iz$4 ,!y talk z ?\gh man exi/$ = indu/ry1 in/ead ( indu/ry exi/+ = man1 z ! ,prussians talk$ ( man exi/+ = w>4 ,!y res5t any activity :i* is n color$ by ! pr$om9ant int]e/1 because x seems a rival to x4 ,s !y #dg de/roy religion & art & morality1 :i* _c exi/ unless !y are dis9t]e/$2 & hav+ de/roy$ ^!1 :i* are ! end1 = ! sake ( indu/ry1 :i* is a means1 !y make _! indu/ry itself :at !y make _! cities1 a des]t ( unnatural dre>9ess1 :i* only =getfulness c make endurable1 & :i* only excitem5t c enable !m to =get4 ,torn by suspicions & recrim9ations1 avid ( p[]1 & oblivi\s ( duties1 desir+ peace1 b unable to seek peace & ensue x1 because unwill+ to surr5d] ! cre$ :i* is ! cause ( w>1 to :at c "o comp>e su* a society b to ! int]national _w1 :i* also has be5 call$ a society & :i* also is social 9 no?+ b "n8 ,& ! comp>ison is m ?an a play ^u words4 ,x is an analogy :i* has its roots 9 ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,x is n a *ance t ! la/ two c5turies1 :i* saw ! new gr[? ( a new sy/em ( indu/ry1 saw also ! gr[? ( ! sy/em ( int]national politics :i* came to a climax 9 ! p]iod f #ahgj to #aiad4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r are ! expression ( ! same _s & move 9 ob$i5ce to simil> laws4 ,! ess5ce ( ! =m] 0 ! repudiation ( any au?ority sup]ior to ! individual reason4 ,x left m5 free to foll[ _! own int]e/s or ambitions or appetites1 untrammel$ by subord9ation to any common c5t] ( allegiance4 ,! ess5ce ( ! latt] 0 ! repudiation ( any au?ority sup]ior to ! sov]eign /ate1 :i* aga9 0 conceiv$ z a compact self-conta9$ unit--a unit #dh :i* w\ld lose its v ess5ce if x lo/ its indep5d5ce ( o!r /ates4 ,j z ! "o emancipat$ economic activity f a me% ( antiquat$ traditions1 s ! o!r emancipat$ nations f arbitr>y subord9ation to ali5 races or ,gov]nm5ts1 & turn$ !m into nationalities ) a "r to "w out _! own de/9y4 ,nationalism is1 9 fact1 ! c\nt]p>t among nations ( :at individualism is )9 !m4 ,x has simil> orig9s & t5d5cies1 simil> triumphs & defects4 ,= nationalism1 l individualism1 lays its emphasis on ! rights ( sep>ate units1 n on _! subord9ation to common obligations1 ?\gh its units are races or nations1 n individual m54 ,l individualism x appeals to ! self-ass]tive in/9cts1 to :i* x promises opportunities ( unlimit$ expansion4 ,l individualism x is a =ce ( imm5se explosive p[]1 ! j claims ( :i* mu/ be conc$$ be=e x is possible to invoke any alt]native pr9ciple to control its op]ations4 ,= "o _c impose a sup]national au?ority ^u irritat$ or discont5t$ or oppress$ nationalities any m ?an "o c subord9ate economic motives to ! control ( society1 until society has recogniz$ t !re is a sph]e :i* !y may legitimately occupy4 ,&1 l individualism1 if pu%$ to its logical conclusion1 x is self-de/ructive4 ,= z nationalism1 9 its brilliant y\?1 beg9s z a claim t nations1 because !y are spiritual be+s1 %all det]m9e !mselves1 & passes too (t5 into a claim t !y %all dom9ate o!rs1 s individualism beg9s by ass]t+ ! "r ( m5 to #di make ( _! own lives :at !y c1 & ends by condon+ ! subjection ( ! majority ( m5 to ! few :om good =tune or special opportunity or privilege h enabl$ mo/ successfully to use _! rights4 ,!y rose toge!r4 ,x is probable t1 if ev] !y decl9e1 !y w decl9e toge!r4 ,= life _c be cut 9 comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ! long run ! _w reaps 9 w> :at x s[s 9 peace4 ,& to expect t int]national rivalry c be exorcis$ z long z ! indu/rial ord] )9 ea* nation is su* z to give success to ^? ^: exi/5ce is a /ruggle = self-aggr&izem5t is a dream :i* has n ev5 ! m]it ( be+ beautiful4 ,s ! p]v]sion ( nationalism is imp]ialism1 z ! p]v]sion ( individualism is indu/rialism4 ,& ! p]v]sion comes1 n ?r\gh any flaw or vice 9 human nature1 b by ! =ce ( ! idea1 because ! pr9ciple is defective & reveals its defects z x reveals its p[]4 ,= x ass]ts t ! rights ( nations & individuals are absolute1 :i* is false1 in/ead ( ass]t+ t !y are absolute 9 _! own sph]e1 b t _! sph]e itself is cont+5t ^u ! "p :i* !y play 9 ! community ( nations & individuals1 :i* is true4 ,?us x con/ra9s !m to a c>e] ( indef9ite expansion1 9 :i* !y dev\r cont95ts & oceans1 law1 morality & religion1 & la/ ( all _! own s\ls1 9 an attempt to atta9 inf9ity by ! addition to !mselves ( all t is f9ite4 ,9 ! meantime _! rivals1 & _! subjects1 & !y !mselves are consci\s ( ! dang] ( oppos+ =ces1 & seek to #ej pur*ase security & to avoid a collision by organiz+ a balance ( p[]4 ,b ! balance1 :e!r 9 int]national politics or 9 indu/ry1 is un/able1 because x reposes n on ! common recognition ( a pr9ciple by :i* ! claims ( nations & individuals are limit$1 b on an attempt to f9d an equipoise :i* may avoid a conflict )\t adjur+ ! ass]tion ( unlimit$ claims4 ,no su* equipoise c be f\nd1 because1 9 a _w :]e ! possibilities ( increas+ milit>y or indu/rial p[] are illimitable1 no su* equipoise c exi/4 ,?us1 z long z m5 move on ?is plane1 !re is no solution4 ,!y c obta9 peace only by surr5d]+ ! claim to ! unfett]$ ex]cise ( _! rights1 :i* is ! cause ( w>4 ,:at we h be5 witness+1 9 %ort1 dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 bo? 9 int]national affairs & 9 indu/ry1 is ! breakd[n ( ! organization ( society on ! basis ( rights divorc$ f obligations4 ,soon] or lat] ! collapse 0 inevitable1 because ! basis 0 too n>r[4 ,= a "r is simply a p[] :i* is secur$ by legal sanctions1 a capacity1 z ! lawy]s def9e x1 resid+ 9 "o man1 ( controll+1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,/ate1 ! action ( o!rs1 & a "r %\ld n be absolute = ! same reason t a p[] %\ld n be absolute4 ,no d\bt x is bett] t individuals %\ld h absolute rights ?an t ! ,/ate or ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld h !m2 & x 0 ! reaction aga9/ ! abuses ( absolute p[] by ! ,/ate :i* l$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to ! decl>ation ( ! absolute rights ( individuals4 #ea ,! mo/ obvi\s def5se aga9/ ! ass]tion ( "o extreme 0 ! ass]tion ( ! o!r4 ,because ,gov]nm5ts & ! relics ( feudalism _h encroa*$ ^u ! prop]ty ( individuals x 0 affirm$ t ! "r ( prop]ty 0 absolute2 because !y _h /rangl$ ent]prise1 x 0 affirm$ t e man _h a natural "r to conduct 8 bus9ess z he pleas$4 ,b1 9 reality1 bo? ! "o ass]tion & ! o!r are false1 &1 if appli$ to practice1 mu/ lead to disa/]4 ,! ,/ate has no absolute rights2 !y are limit$ by its commission4 ,! individual has no absolute rights2 !y are relative to ! function :i* he p]=ms 9 ! community ( :i* he is a memb]1 because1 unless !y are s limit$1 ! consequ5ces mu/ be some?+ 9 ! nature ( private w>4 ,all rights1 9 %ort1 are conditional & d]ivative1 because all p[] %\ld be conditional & d]ivative4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! end or purpose ( ! society 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,!y are conditional on be+ us$ to contribute to ! atta9m5t ( t end1 n to ?w>t x4 ,& ?is means 9 practice t1 if society is to be heal?y1 m5 mu/ reg>d !mselves n z ! own]s ( rights1 b z tru/ees = ! dis*>ge ( functions & ! in/rum5ts ( a social purpose4 #eb ,v ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,creative ,,"w ,! application ( ! pr9ciple t society %\ld be organiz$ ^u ! basis ( functions1 is n recondite1 b simple & direct4 ,x (f]s 9 ! fir/ place1 a /&>d = discrim9at+ betwe5 ^? types ( private prop]ty :i* are legitimate & ^? :i* are n4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half1 political ?\ght has oscillat$ betwe5 two conceptions ( prop]ty1 bo? ( :i*1 9 _! diff]5t ways1 are extravagant4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! practical f\ndation ( social organization has be5 ! doctr9e t ! p>ticul> =ms ( private prop]ty :i* exi/ at any mom5t are a ?+ sacr$ & inviolable1 t any?+ may prop]ly become ! object ( prop]ty rights1 & t1 :5 x does1 ! title to x is absolute & uncondition$4 ,! mod]n indu/rial sy/em took %ape 9 an age :5 ?is !ory ( prop]ty 0 triumphant4 ,! ,am]ican ,con/itution & ! ,fr5* ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man bo? treat$ prop]ty z "o ( ! fundam5tal rights :i* ,gov]nm5ts exi/ to protect4 ,! ,engli% ,revolution ( #afhh1 undogmatic & retic5t ?\gh x 01 _h 9 effect done ! same4 ,! great individuali/s f ,locke to ,turgot1 ,adam ,smi? & ,b5?am all repeat$1 9 diff]5t language1 a simil> conception4 ,?\gh :at gave ! ,revolution its #ec diabolical "* 9 ! eyes ( ! ,engli% upp] classes 0 its treatm5t ( prop]ty1 ! dogma ( ! sanctity ( private prop]ty 0 ma9ta9$ z t5aci\sly by ,fr5* ,jacob9s z by ,engli% ,tories2 & ! !ory t prop]ty is an absolute1 :i* is held by _m mod]n ,cons]vatives1 is id5tical1 if only !y knew x1 ) t n only ( ! m5 ( #aghi1 b ( ! ,conv5tion itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! attack has be5 almo/ z undiscrim9at+ z ! def5se4 ,private prop]ty has be5 ! c5tral position aga9/ :i* ! social movem5t ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s has direct$ its =ces4 ,! criticism ( x has rang$ f an imag9ative communism 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y & p]sonal ( necess>ies1 to prosaic & p>tially realiz$ proposals to transf] c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty f private to public own]%ip1 or to limit _! exploitation by re/rictions impos$ by ! ,/ate4 ,b1 h[ev] v>y+ 9 emphasis & 9 me?od1 ! g5]al note ( :at may conv5i5tly be call$ ! ,sociali/ criticism ( prop]ty is :at ! ^w ,socialism itself implies4 ,its ess5ce is ! /atem5t t ! economic evils ( society are prim>ily due to ! unregulat$ op]ation1 "u mod]n conditions ( indu/rial organization1 ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty4 ,! div]g5ce ( op9ion is natural1 s9ce 9 mo/ discussions ( prop]ty ! oppos+ !ori/s h usually be5 discuss+ diff]5t ?+s4 ,prop]ty is ! mo/ ambigu\s ( categories4 ,x cov]s a multitude ( rights :i* h no?+ 9 common except t !y are ex]cis$ by p]sons & en=c$ by ! ,/ate4 #ed ,ap>t f ^! =mal *>act]i/ics1 !y v>y indef9itely 9 economic "*1 9 social effect1 & 9 moral ju/ification4 ,!y may be conditional l ! grant ( pat5t rights1 or absolute l ! own]%ip ( gr\nd r5ts1 t]m9able l copyright1 or p]man5t l a freehold1 z compreh5sive z sov]eignty or z re/rict$ z an easem5t1 z intimate & p]sonal z ! own]%ip ( clo!s & books1 or z remote & intangible z %>es 9 a gold m9e or rubb] plantation4 ,x is idle1 !re=e1 to pres5t a case = or aga9/ private prop]ty )\t specify+ ! p>ticul> =ms ( prop]ty to :i* ref]5ce is made1 & ! j\rnali/ :o says t private prop]ty is ! f\ndation ( civilization agrees ) ,pr\dhon1 :o said x 0 !ft1 9 ?is respect at lea/ t1 )\t fur!r def9ition1 ! words ( bo? are mean+less4 ,argum5ts :i* support or demoli% c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty may h no application to o!rs2 consid]ations :i* are conclusive 9 "o /age ( economic organization may be almo/ irrelevant 9 ! next4 ,! c\rse ( wisdom is nei!r to attack private prop]ty 9 g5]al nor to def5d x 9 g5]al2 = ?+s are n simil> 9 quality1 m]ely because !y are id5tical 9 "n4 ,x is to discrim9ate betwe5 ! v>i\s concrete embodim5ts ( :at1 9 itself1 is1 aft] all1 little m ?an an ab/raction4 ,! orig9 & developm5t ( diff]5t k9ds ( propriet>y rights is n mat]ial to ?is discussion4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! hi/orical process by :i* !y h be5 e/abli%$ & recogniz$1 ! #ee rationale ( private prop]ty traditional 9 ,engl& is t :i* sees 9 x ! security t ea* man w reap :]e he has s[n4 ,if ,i despair ( enjoy+ ! fruits ( labor1 said ,b5?am1 repeat+ :at 7 9 all ess5tials ! argum5ts ( ,locke1 ,i %all only live f day to day2 ,i %all n und]take labors :i* w only b5efit my enemies4 ,prop]ty1 x is argu$1 is a moral "r1 & n m]ely a legal "r1 because x insures t ! produc] w n be depriv$ by viol5ce ( ! result ( 8 ef=ts4 ,! p]iod f :i* t doctr9e 0 inh]it$ diff]$ f our own 9 ?ree obvi\s1 b significant1 respects4 ,prop]ty 9 l& & 9 ! simple capital us$ 9 mo/ indu/ries 0 widely di/ribut$4 ,be=e ! rise ( capitali/ agriculture & capitali/ indu/ry1 ! own]%ip1 or at any rate ! secure & effective occupation1 ( l& & tools by ^? :o us$ !m1 0 a condition prec$5t to effective "w 9 ! field or 9 ! work%op4 ,! =ces :i* ?reat5$ prop]ty 7 ! fiscal policy ( ,gov]nm5ts & 9 "s c\ntries1 = example ,france1 ! decay+ relics ( feudalism4 ,! int]f]5ce bo? ( ! "o & ( ! o!r involv$ ! sacrifice ( ^? :o c>ri$ on useful labor to ^? :o did n4 ,to resi/ !m 0 to protect n only prop]ty b indu/ry1 :i* 0 indissolubly connect$ ) x4 ,too (t51 inde$1 resi/ance 0 ineffective4 ,accu/om$ to ! mis]y ( ! rural proprietor 9 ,france1 ,voltaire rem>k$ ) a/oni%m5t t 9 ,engl& ! peasant may be ri*1 & does n fe> to increase ! numb] ( 8 bea/s or to cov] 8 ro( ) tiles4 ,& #ef ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t>ians & ! ,fr5* philosoph]s :o made ! inviolability ( prop]ty rights ! c5t] ( _! political !ory1 :5 !y def5d$ ^? :o own$1 7 incid5tally1 if sometimes un9t5tionally1 def5d+ ^? :o labor$4 ,!y 7 protect+ ! yeoman or ! ma/] craftsman or ! m]*ant f see+ ! fruits ( 8 toil squ&]$ by ! hang]s-on at ,/4 ,james or ! c\rtly p>asites ( ,v]sailles4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! doctr9e :i* f\nd ! ju/ification ( private prop]ty 9 ! fact t x enabl$ ! indu/ri\s man to reap :]e he _h s[n1 0 n a p>adox1 b1 z f> z ! mass ( ! population 0 conc]n$1 almo/ a truism4 ,prop]ty 0 def5d$ z ! mo/ sacr$ ( rights4 ,b x 0 def5d$ z a "r :i* 0 n only widely ex]cis$1 b :i* 0 indisp5sable to ! p]=mance ( ! active function ( provid+ food & clo?+4 ,= x consi/$ pr$om9antly ( "o ( two types1 l& or tools :i* 7 us$ by ! own] = ! purpose ( production1 & p]sonal possessions :i* 7 ! necessities or am5ities ( civiliz$ exi/5ce4 ,! =m] _h its rationale 9 ! fact t ! l& ( ! peasant or ! tools ( ! craftsman 7 ! condition ( 8 r5d]+ ! economic s]vices :i* society requir$2 ! latt] because furniture & clo!s are indisp5sable to a life ( dec5cy & com=t4 ,! propriet>y rights--&1 ( c\rse1 !y 7 num]\s--:i* _h _! s\rce1 n 9 "w1 b 9 pr$atory =ce1 7 protect$ f criticism by ! wide di/ribution ( "s k9d #eg ( prop]ty among ! mass ( ! population1 & 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 ! crud] ( !m 7 gradually :ittl$ d[n4 ,:5 prop]ty 9 l& & :at simple capital exi/$ 7 g5]ally diffus$ among all classes ( society1 :51 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! typical workman 0 n a labor] b a peasant or small ma/]1 :o c\ld po9t to ! /rips :i* he _h pl[$ or ! clo? :i* he _h wov51 :5 ! great] "p ( ! weal? pass+ at dea? consi/$ ( l&1 h\sehold furniture & a /ock 9 trade :i* 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f x1 ! moral ju/ification ( ! title to prop]ty 0 self-evid5t4 ,x 0 obvi\sly1 :at !ori/s said t x 01 & pla9 m5 knew x to be1 ! labor sp5t 9 produc+1 acquir+ & adm9i/]+ x4 ,su* prop]ty 0 n a burd5 ^u society1 b a condition ( its heal? & effici5cy1 & inde$1 ( its cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,to protect x 0 to ma9ta9 ! organization ?r\gh :i* public necessities 7 suppli$4 ,if1 z 9 ,tudor ,engl&1 ! peasant 0 evict$ f 8 hold+ to make room = %eep1 or cru%$1 z 9 eighte5? c5tury ,france1 by arbitr>y taxation & seigneurial dues1 l& w5t out ( cultivation & ! :ole community 0 %ort ( food4 ,if ! tools ( ! c>p5t] or smi? 7 seiz$1 pl[s 7 n repair$ or horses %od4 ,h5ce1 be=e ! rise ( a comm]cial civilization1 x 0 ! m>k ( /atesman%ip1 alike 9 ! ,engl& ( ! ,tudors & 9 ! ,france ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 to *]i% ! small prop]ty-own] ev5 to ! po9t ( (f5d+ ! great4 ,popul> s5tim5t idealiz$ ! #eh yeoman--! ,joseph ( ! c\ntry :o keeps ! poor f />v+--n m]ely because he own$ prop]ty1 b because he work$ on x1 d5\nc$ t br++ ( ! liv+s ( _m into ! h&s ( "o1 :i* capitali/ societies reg>d ) equanimity z an inevitable1 &1 app>5tly1 a laudable result ( economic developm5t1 curs$ ! usur] :o took advantage ( 8 neighbor's necessities to live )\t labor1 0 %ock$ by ! call\s indiff]5ce to public welf>e %[n by ^? :o n hav+ be=e _! eyes ei!r ,god or ! pr(it & advantage ( ! realm1 h enclos$ ) h$ges & dykes t[ns & hamlets1 & 0 suffici5tly p[]ful to compel ,gov]nm5ts to int]v5e to prev5t ! lay+ ( field to field1 & ! engross+ ( looms--to set limits1 9 %ort1 to ! scale to :i* prop]ty might gr[4 ,:5 ,bacon1 :o comm5d$ ,h5ry ,,vii = protect+ ! t5ant "r ( ! small f>m]1 & plead$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = m dra/ic l& legislation1 wrote ,weal? is l muck4 ,x is n good b if x be spread1 he 0 express+ 9 an epigram :at 0 ! commonplace ( e writ] on politics f ,=tescue at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to ,h>r+ton 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5?4 ,! mod]n cons]vative1 :o is incl9$ to take au pi$ de la lettre ! vigor\s argum5t 9 :i* ,"l ,hugh ,cecil d5\nces ! doctr9e t ! ma9t5ance ( propriet>y rights ought to be cont+5t ^u ! use to :i* !y are put1 may be rem9d$ t ,"l ,hugh's own !ory is ( a k9d to make 8 ance/ors turn 9 _! graves4 ,( ! two memb]s ( ! #ei family :o a*iev$ di/9ction be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! eld] advis$ ! ,cr[n to prev5t l&lords evict+ t5ants1 & actually propos$ to fix a pecuni>y maximum to ! prop]ty :i* diff]5t classes might possess1 :ile ! y\ng] attack$ enclos+ 9 ,p>liam5t1 & c>ri$ legislation compell+ l&lords to build cottages1 to let !m ) small hold+s1 & to pl[ up pa/ure4 ,william & ,rob]t ,cecil 7 sagaci\s & responsible m51 & _! view t ! protection ( prop]ty %\ld be accompani$ by ! en=cem5t ( obligations ^u its own]s 0 %>$ by mo/ ( _! contempor>ies4 ,! idea t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty involves ! "r ( ! own] to use x1 or refra9 f us+ x1 9 su* a way z he may please1 & t its pr9cipal significance is to supply him ) an income1 irrespective ( any duties :i* he may dis*>ge1 w\ld n h be5 und]/ood by mo/ public m5 ( t age1 &1 if und]/ood1 w\ld h be5 repudiat$ ) indignation by ! m reputable among !m4 ,!y f\nd ! mean+ ( prop]ty 9 ! public purposes to :i* x contribut$1 :e!r !y 7 ! production ( food1 z among ! peasantry1 or ! managem5t ( public affairs1 z among ! g5try1 & hesitat$ nei!r to ma9ta9 ^? k9ds ( prop]ty :i* met ^! obligations nor to repress ^? uses ( x :i* appe>$ likely to conflict ) !m4 ,prop]ty 0 to be an aid to creative "w1 n an alt]native to x4 ,! pat5tee 0 secur$ protection = a new inv5tion1 9 ord] to secure him ! fruits ( 8 own bra91 b ! monopoli/ :o grew #fj fat on ! indu/ry ( o!rs 0 to be put d[n4 ,! law ( ! village b\nd ! peasant to use 8 l&1 n z he himself might f9d mo/ pr(itable1 b to gr[ ! corn ! village ne$$4 ,long aft] political *anges _h made direct int]f]5ce impracticable1 ev5 ! high] ranks ( ,engli% l&[n]s cont9u$ to dis*>ge1 h[ev] caprici\sly & tyrannically1 duties :i* 7 vaguely felt to be ! contribution :i* !y made to ! public s]vice 9 virtue ( _! e/ates4 ,:5 z 9 ,france1 ! obligations ( own]%ip 7 repudiat$ almo/ z completely z !y h be5 by ! own] ( to-day1 nemesis came 9 an onslaught ^u ! position ( a noblesse :i* _h reta9$ its rights & abdicat$ its functions4 ,prop]ty repos$1 9 %ort1 n m]ely ^u conv5i5ce1 or ! appetite = ga91 b on a moral pr9ciple4 ,x 0 protect$ n only = ! sake ( ^? :o own$1 b = ! sake ( ^? :o work$ & ( ^? = :om _! "w provid$4 ,x 0 protect$1 because1 )\t security = prop]ty1 weal? c\ld n be produc$ or ! bus9ess ( society c>ri$ on4 ,:atev] ! future may conta91 ! pa/ has %[n no m excell5t social ord] ?an t 9 :i* ! mass ( ! p 7 ! ma/]s ( ! hold+s :i* !y pl[$ & ( ! tools ) :i* !y work$1 & c\ld boa/1 ) ! ,engli% freehold]1 t x is a quietness to a man's m9d to live ^u 8 own & to "k 8 heir c]ta94 ,) ?is conception ( prop]ty & its practical expression 9 social in/itutions ^? :o urge t society %\ld be #fa organiz$ on ! basis ( function h no qu>rel4 ,x is 9 agreem5t ) _! own doctr9e1 s9ce x ju/ifies prop]ty by ref]5ce to ! s]vices :i* x enables its own] to p]=m4 ,all t !y ne$ ask is t x %\ld be c>ri$ to its logical conclusion4 ,= ! argum5t has evid5tly m ?an "o edge4 ,if x ju/ifies c]ta9 types ( prop]ty1 x condemns o!rs2 & 9 ! conditions ( mod]n indu/rial civilization1 :at x ju/ifies is less ?an :at x condemns4 ,! tru? is1 inde$1 t ?is !ory ( prop]ty & ! in/itutions 9 :i* x is embodi$ h surviv$ into an age 9 :i* ! :ole /ructure ( society is radically diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 =mulat$1 & :i* made x a valid argum5t1 if n = all1 at lea/ = ! mo/ common & *>act]i/ic k9ds ( prop]ty4 ,x is n m]ely t ! own]%ip ( any sub/antial %>e 9 ! national weal? is conc5trat$ to-day 9 ! h&s ( a few hundr$ ?\s& families1 & t at ! end ( an age :i* began ) an affirmation ( ! rights ( prop]ty1 propriet>y rights are1 9 fact1 f> f be+ widely di/ribut$4 ,nor is x m]ely t :at makes prop]ty insecure to-day is n ! arbitr>y taxation ( uncon/itutional mon>*ies or ! privileges ( an idle noblesse1 b ! insatiable expansion & aggregation ( prop]ty itself1 :i* m5aces ) absorption all prop]ty less ?an ! greate/1 ! small ma/]1 ! little %opkeep]1 ! c\ntry bank1 & has turn$ ! mass ( mank9d into a prolet>iat work+ "u ! ag5ts & = ! pr(it ( ^? :o own4 ,! *>act]i/ic fact1 :i* diff]5tiates mo/ #fb mod]n prop]ty f t ( ! pre-indu/rial age1 & :i* turns aga9/ x ! v reason+ by :i* =m]ly x 0 support$1 is t 9 mod]n economic conditions own]%ip is n active1 b passive1 t to mo/ ( ^? :o own prop]ty to-day x is n a means ( "w b an in/rum5t = ! acquisition ( ga9 or ! ex]cise ( p[]1 & t !re is no gu>antee t ga9 be>s any relation to s]vice1 or p[] to responsibility4 ,= prop]ty :i* c be reg>d$ z a condition ( ! p]=mance ( function1 l ! tools ( ! craftsman1 or ! hold+ ( ! peasant1 or ! p]sonal possessions :i* contribute to a life ( heal? & effici5cy1 =ms an insignificant proportion1 z f> z its value is conc]n$1 ( ! prop]ty rights exi/+ at pres5t4 ,9 mod]n indu/rial societies ! great mass ( prop]ty consi/s1 z ! annual review ( weal? pass+ at dea? reveals1 nei!r ( p]sonal acquisitions su* z h\sehold furniture1 nor ( ! own]'s /ock-9-trade1 b ( rights ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z royalties1 gr\nd-r5ts1 &1 above all1 ( c\rse %>es 9 indu/rial und]tak+s :i* yield an income irrespective ( any p]sonal s]vice r5d]$ by _! own]s4 ,own]%ip & use are normally divorc$4 ,! great] "p ( mod]n prop]ty has be5 att5uat$ to a pecuni>y li5 or bond on ! product ( indu/ry :i* c>ries ) x a "r to paym5t1 b :i* is normally valu$ precisely because x relieves ! own] f any obligation to p]=m a positive or con/ructive function4 ,su* prop]ty may be call$ passive prop]ty1 or prop]ty = acquisition1 = exploitation1 or = p[]1 #fc to di/+ui% x f ! prop]ty :i* is actively us$ by its own] = ! conduct ( 8 pr(ession or ! upkeep ( 8 h\sehold4 ,to ! lawy] ! fir/ is1 ( c\rse1 z fully prop]ty z ! second4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r economi/s %all call x ,prop]ty at all1 & n r1 z ,mr4 ,hobson has sugge/$1 ,improp]ty1 s9ce x is n id5tical ) ! rights :i* secure ! own] ! produce ( 8 toil1 b is opposite ( !m4 ,a classification ( propriet>y rights bas$ ^u ?is diff]5ce w\ld be in/ructive4 ,if !y 7 arrang$ accord+ to ! clos5ess ) :i* !y approximate to "o or o!r ( ^! two extremes1 x w\ld be f\nd t !y 7 spread along a l9e /ret*+ f prop]ty :i* is obvi\sly ! paym5t =1 & condition (1 p]sonal s]vices1 to prop]ty :i* is m]ely a "r to paym5t f ! s]vices r5d]$ by o!rs1 9 fact a private tax4 ,! r\gh ord] :i* w\ld em]ge1 if all details & qualification 7 omitt$1 might be some?+ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,prop]ty 9 paym5ts made = p]sonal s]vices4 #b4 ,prop]ty 9 p]sonal possessions necess>y to heal? & com=t4 #c4 ,prop]ty 9 l& & tools us$ by _! own]s4 #d4 ,prop]ty 9 copyright & pat5t rights own$ by au?ors & inv5tors4 #e4 ,prop]ty 9 pure int]e/1 includ+ mu* agricultural r5t4 #f4 ,prop]ty 9 pr(its ( luck & good =tune3 quasi-r5ts4 #g4 ,prop]ty 9 monopoly pr(its4 #fd #h4 ,prop]ty 9 urban gr\nd r5ts4 #i4 ,prop]ty 9 royalties4 ,! fir/ f\r k9ds ( prop]ty obvi\sly accompany1 & 9 "s s5se condition1 ! p]=mance ( "w4 ,! la/ f\r obvi\sly d n4 ,pure int]e/ has "s aff9ities ) bo?4 ,x repres5ts a necess>y economic co/1 ! equival5t ( :i* mu/ be born1 :atev] ! legal arrangem5ts "u :i* prop]ty is held1 & is ?us unlike ! prop]ty repres5t$ by pr(its 7o!r ?an ! equival5t ( sal>ies & paym5t = necess>y risk71 urban gr\nd-r5ts & royalties4 ,x relieves ! recipi5t f p]sonal s]vices1 & ?us resembles !m4 ,! crucial "q = any society is1 "u :i* ea* ( ^! two broad gr\ps ( categories ! great] "p 7measur$ 9 value7 ( ! propriet>y rights :i* x ma9ta9s are at any giv5 mom5t to be f\nd4 ,if !y fall 9 ! fir/ gr\p creative "w w be enc\rag$ & idl5ess w be depress$2 if !y fall 9 ! second1 ! result w be ! rev]se4 ,! facts v>y widely f age to age & f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,nor h !y ev] be5 fully reveal$2 = ! lords ( ! jungle d n hunt by daylight4 ,x is probable1 at lea/1 t 9 ! ,engl& ( #aeej to #agej1 a l>g] proportion ( ! exi/+ prop]ty consi/$ ( l& & tools us$ by _! own]s ?an ei!r 9 contempor>y ,france1 :]e feudal dues absorb$ a consid]able proportion ( ! peasants' income1 or ?an 9 ! ,engl& ( #ahjj to #ahej1 :]e ! new capitali/ manufactur]s made hundr$s p] c5t4 :ile manual work]s 7 goad$ by />vation into ineffectual #fe revolt4 ,x is probable t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?anks to ! ,revolution1 ,france & ,engl& *ang$ places1 & t 9 ?is respect n only ,irel& b ! ,briti% ,dom9ions resemble ! =m] r ?an ! latt]4 ,! trans=mation c be /udi$ be/ ( all 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 p>ts ( :i* ! population ( peasant proprietors & small ma/]s ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury 7 replac$ 9 ?ree g5]ations by a prop]tyless prolet>iat & a capitali/ plutocracy4 ,! abolition ( ! economic privileges ( agr>ian feudalism1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( equality1 0 ! driv+ =ce ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & :i* has tak5 place1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 9 all c\ntries t\*$ by its influ5ce1 has be5 l>gely c\nt]-balanc$ s9ce #ahjj by ! gr[? ( ! inequalities spr++ f ,indu/rialism4 ,9 ,engl& ! g5]al effect ( rec5t economic developm5t has be5 to swell propriet>y rights :i* entitle ! own]s to paym5t )\t "w1 & to dim9i% ^? :i* c prop]ly be describ$ z functional4 ,! expansion ( ! =m]1 & ! process by :i* ! simpl] =ms ( prop]ty h be5 m]g$ 9 !m1 are movem5ts ! significance ( :i* x is h>dly possible to ov]-e/imate4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a consid]able body ( prop]ty :i* is /ill ( ! old] type4 ,b ?\gh work+ l&lords1 & capitali/s :o manage _! own bus9esses1 are /ill 9 ! aggregate a num]\s body1 ! organization = :i* !y /& is n t :i* is mo/ repres5tative ( ! mod]n economic _w4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy = ! own]%ip & adm9i/ration ( #ff prop]ty to be sep>at$1 ! g5]al ref9em5t ( prop]ty into a claim on goods produc$ by an unkn[n work]1 is z unmi/akable z ! gr[? ( capitali/ indu/ry & urban civilization !mselves4 ,villages are turn$ into t[ns & prop]ty 9 l& *anges f ! hold+ work$ by a f>m] or ! e/ate adm9i/]$ by a l&lord into r5ts1 :i* are adv]tis$ & b\ght & sold l any o!r inve/m5t4 ,m9es are op5$ & ! rights ( ! l&[n] are conv]t$ into a tribute = e ton ( coal :i* is br\ght to ! surface4 ,z jo9t-/ock companies take ! place ( ! individual ent]prise :i* 0 typical ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! factory sy/em1 organization passes f ! employ] :o bo? owns & manages 8 bus9ess1 into ! h&s ( sal>i$ (ficials1 & aga9 ! mass ( prop]ty-own]s is swoll5 by ! multiplication ( r5ti]s :o put _! weal? at ! disposal ( indu/ry1 b :o h no o!r connection ) x4 ,! *ange is tak+ place 9 our day mo/ conspicu\sly1 p]haps1 ?r\gh ! displacem5t 9 retail trade ( ! small %opkeep] by ! multiple /ore1 & ! sub/itution 9 manufactur+ indu/ry ( comb9es & amalgamations = sep>ate bus9esses conduct$ by compet+ employ]s4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 x is n only by economic developm5t t su* claims are creat$4 ,out ( ! eat] came =? meat1 & out ( ! /rong came =? sweetness4 ,x is probable t w>1 :i* 9 b>b>\s ages us$ to be blam$ z de/ructive ( prop]ty1 has rec5tly creat$ m titles to prop]ty ?an almo/ all o!r causes put toge!r4 ,inf9itely div]se z are ^! propriet>y rights1 !y #fg h ! common *>act]i/ic ( be+ s entirely sep>at$ f ! actual objects ov] :i* !y are ex]cis$1 s r>ifi$ & g5]aliz$1 z to be analog\s almo/ to a =m ( curr5cy r ?an to ! prop]ty :i* is s closely unit$ to its own] z to seem a "p ( him4 ,_! isolation f ! r\gh environm5t ( economic life1 :]e ! mat]ial objects ( :i* !y are ! symbol are %ap$ & h&l$1 is _! *>m4 ,x is also _! dang]4 ,! hold :i* a class has ^u ! future dep5ds on ! function :i* x p]=ms4 ,:at nature dem&s is "w3 few work+ ari/ocracies1 h[ev] tyrannical1 h fall52 few functionless ari/ocracies h surviv$4 ,9 society1 z 9 ! _w ( organic life1 atrophy is b "o /age remov$ f dea?4 ,9 proportion z ! l&[n] becomes a m]e r5ti] & indu/ry is conduct$1 n by ! rude en]gy ( ! compet+ employ]s :o dom9at$ its infancy1 b by ! sal>i$ s]vants ( %>ehold]s1 ! argum5t = private prop]ty :i* reposes on ! impossibility ( f9d+ any organization to sup]s$e !m loses its application1 = !y are already sup]s$$4 ,:atev] may be ! ju/ification ( ^! types ( prop]ty1 x _c be t :i* 0 giv5 = ! prop]ty ( ! peasant or ! craftsman4 ,x _c be t !y are necess>y 9 ord] to secure to ea* man ! fruits ( 8 own labor4 ,= if a legal "r :i* gives #bjj1jjj a ye> to a m9]al own] 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & to a gr\nd l&lord 9 ,london secures ! fruits ( labor at all1 ! fruits are ! proprietor's & ! labor t ( "s "o else4 ,prop]ty #fh has no m insidi\s enemies ?an ^? well-mean+ an>*i/s :o1 by def5d+ all =ms ( x z equally valid1 involve ! in/itution 9 ! discr$it atta*+ to its extravagances4 ,9 reality1 :atev] conclusion may be drawn f ! fact1 ! great] "p ( mod]n prop]ty1 :e!r1 l m9]al rights & urban gr\nd-r5ts1 x is m]ely a =m ( private taxation :i* ! law all[s c]ta9 p]sons to levy on ! indu/ry ( o!rs1 or :e!r1 l prop]ty 9 capital1 x consi/s ( rights to paym5t = in/rum5ts :i* ! capitali/ _c himself use b puts at ! disposal ( ^? :o c1 has z its ess5tial feature t x conf]s ^u its own]s income unaccompani$ by p]sonal s]vice4 ,9 ?is respect ! own]%ip ( l& & ! own]%ip ( capital are normally simil>1 ?\gh f o!r po9ts ( view _! diff]5ces are important4 ,to ! economi/ r5t & int]e/ are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! latt]1 ?\gh x is (t5 accompani$ by surplus elem5ts :i* are m]g$ ) x 9 divid5ds1 is ! price ( an in/rum5t ( production :i* w\ld n be =?com+ = indu/ry if ! price 7 n paid1 :ile ! =m] is a diff]5tial surplus :i* does n affect ! supply4 ,to ! bus9ess community & ! solicitor l& & capital are equally inve/m5ts1 betwe5 :i*1 s9ce !y possess ! common *>act]i/ic ( yield+ income )\t labor1 x is inequitable to discrim9ate2 & ?\gh _! significance z economic categories may be diff]5t1 _! effect z social in/itutions is ! same4 ,x is to sep>ate prop]ty f creative ability1 & to divide society into two classes1 ( :i* "o has its #fi prim>y int]e/ 9 passive own]%ip1 :ile ! o!r is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u active "w4 ,h5ce ! real analogy to _m k9ds ( mod]n prop]ty is n ! simple prop]ty ( ! small l&-own] or ! craftsman1 /ill less ! h\sehold goods & de> dome/ic am5ities1 :i* is :at ! ^w sugge/s to ! guileless m9ds ( cl]ks & %opkeep]s1 & :i* /amp$e !m into display+ ! f]ocity ( t]rifi$ %eep :5 ! cry is rais$ t ,prop]ty is ?reat5$4 ,x is ! feudal dues :i* robb$ ! ,fr5* peasant ( "p ( 8 produce till ! ,revolution aboli%$ !m4 ,h[ d royalties diff] f qu9ta9es & lods et v5tes8 ,!y are simil> 9 _! orig9 & simil> 9 be+ a tax levi$ on ea* increm5t ( weal? :i* labor produces4 ,h[ d urban gr\nd-r5ts diff] f ! paym5ts :i* 7 made to ,engli% s9ecuri/s be=e ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb8 ,!y are equally tribute paid by ^? :o "w to ^? :o d n4 ,if ! monopoly pr(its ( ! own] ( banalites1 ^: t5ant mu/ gr9d corn at 8 mill & make w9e at 8 press1 7 an intol]able oppression1 :at is ! sanctity atta*+ to ! monopoly pr(its ( ! capitali/s1 :o1 z ! ,report ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,committee on tru/s tells u1 9 soap1 tobacco1 wallpap]1 salt1 cem5t & 9 ! textile trades 444 are 9 a position to control output & prices or1 9 o!r words1 c compel ! consum] to buy f !m1 at ! figure !y fix1 on pa9 ( n buy+ at all8 ,all ^! rights--royalties1 gr\nd-r5ts1 monopoly pr(its--are ,prop]ty4 ,! criticism mo/ fatal to !m is n t ( ,sociali/s4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! #gj argum5ts by :i* prop]ty is usually def5d$4 ,= if ! mean+ ( ! in/itution is to enc\rage indu/ry by secur+ t ! work] %all receive ! produce ( 8 toil1 !n precisely 9 proportion z x is important to pres]ve ! prop]ty :i* a man has 9 ! results ( 8 own ef=ts1 is x important to aboli% t :i* he has 9 ! results ( ! ef=ts ( "s "o else4 ,! consid]ations :i* ju/ify own]%ip z a function are ^? :i* condemn x z a tax4 ,prop]ty is n !ft1 b a good deal ( !ft becomes prop]ty4 ,! own] ( royalties :o1 :5 ask$ :y he %\ld be paid ,l#ej1jjj a ye> f m9]als :i* he has nei!r discov]$ nor develop$ nor work$ b only own$1 replies ,b x's ,prop]ty6 may feel all ! awe :i* 8 language sugge/s4 ,b 9 reality he is behav+ l ! snake :i* s9ks into its backgr\nd by pret5d+ t x is ! dead bran* ( a tree1 or ! lunatic :o tri$ to cat* rabbits by sitt+ beh9d a h$ge & mak+ a noise l a turnip4 ,he is practis+ protective--& sometimes aggressive--mimicry4 ,8 s5tim5ts ab\t prop]ty are ^? ( ! simple toil] :o fe>s t :at he has s[n ano!r may reap4 ,8 claim is to be all[$ to cont9ue to reap :at ano!r has s[n4 ,x is sometimes sugge/$ t ! less attractive *>act]i/ics ( our indu/rial civilization1 its comb9ation ( luxury & squalor1 its class divisions & class w>f>e1 are accid5tal maladju/m5ts :i* are n root$ 9 ! c5t] ( its be+1 b are excresc5ces :i* economic progress itself may 9 "t be expect$ to correct4 ,t agreeable optimism w n survive an #ga exam9ation ( ! op]ation ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty 9 l& & capital 9 indu/rializ$ communities4 ,9 c\ntries :]e l& is widely di/ribut$1 9 ,france or 9 ,irel&1 its effect may be to produce a g5]al diffusion ( weal? among a rural middle class :o at once "w & own4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! developm5t ( indu/rial organization has sep>at$ ! own]%ip ( prop]ty & ! p]=mance ( "w1 ! normal effect ( private prop]ty is to transf] to functionless own]s ! surplus aris+ f ! m f]tile sites1 ! bett] ma*9]y1 ! m elaborate organization4 ,no cle>] exemplifications ( ?is law ( r5t has be5 giv5 ?an ! figures suppli$ to ! ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission by ,sir ,ar?ur ,l[es ,dick5son1 :i* %[$ t 9 a giv5 qu>t] ! co/s p] ton ( produc+ coal v>i$ f #c4ab to #ab p] ton1 & ! pr(its f nil to #d4ab4 ,! di/ribution 9 divid5ds to %>ehold]s ( ! surplus accru+ f ! work+ ( ri*] & m accessible seams1 f special opportunities & access to m>kets1 f sup]ior ma*9]y1 managem5t & organization1 involves ! e/abli%m5t ( ,privilege z a national in/itution1 z mu* z ! mo/ arbitr>y exactions ( a feudal seigneur4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( an inequality :i* is n accid5tal or tempor>y1 b necess>y & p]man5t4 ,& on ?is inequality is erect$ ! :ole app>atus ( class in/itutions1 :i* make n only ! income1 b ! h\s+1 education1 heal? & mann]s1 inde$ ! v physical appe>ance ( diff]5t classes ( ,engli%m5 almo/ z diff]5t f ea* o!r z ?\gh ! m9ority 7 #gb ali5 settl]s e/abli%$ amid ! rude civilization ( a race ( impov]i%$ aborig9es4 ,s ! ju/ification ( private prop]ty traditional 9 ,engl&1 :i* saw 9 x ! security t ea* man w\ld enjoy ! fruits ( 8 own labor1 ?\gh l>gely applicable to ! age 9 :i* x 0 =mulat$1 has und]gone ! fate ( mo/ political !ories4 ,x has be5 refut$ n by ! doctr9es ( rival philosoph]s1 b by ! prosaic c\rse ( economic developm5t4 ,z f> z ! mass ( mank9d are conc]n$1 ! ne$ :i* private prop]ty o!r ?an p]sonal possessions does /ill (t5 satisfy1 ?\gh imp]fectly & prec>i\sly1 is ! ne$ = security4 ,to ! small inve/ors1 :o are ! majority ( prop]ty-own]s1 ?\gh own+ only an insignificant fraction ( ! prop]ty 9 exi/5ce1 its mean+ is simple4 ,x is n weal? or p[]1 or ev5 leisure f "w4 ,x is safety4 ,!y "w h>d4 ,!y save a little money = old age1 or = sickness1 or = _! *ildr54 ,!y inve/ x1 & ! int]e/ /&s betwe5 !m & all t !y dread mo/4 ,_! sav+s are ( conv5i5ce to indu/ry1 ! income f !m is conv5i5t to !mselves4 ,:y1 !y ask1 %\ld we n reap 9 old age ! advantage ( en]gy & ?rift 9 y\?8 ,& ?is hung] = security is s imp]i\s t ^? :o suff] mo/ f ! abuses ( prop]ty1 z well z ^? :o1 if !y c\ld pr(it by !m1 w\ld be lea/ incl9$ to d s1 w tol]ate & ev5 def5d !m1 = fe> le/ ! knife :i* trims dead matt] %\ld cut into ! quick4 ,!y h se5 too _m m5 dr[n to be #gc critical ( dry l&1 ?\gh x be an inhospitable rock4 ,!y are haunt$ by ! nightm>e ( ! future1 &1 if a burgl> broke x1 w\ld welcome a burgl>4 ,?is ne$ = security is fundam5tal1 & almo/ ! grave/ indictm5t ( our civilization is t ! mass ( mank9d are )\t x4 ,prop]ty is "o way ( organiz+ x4 ,x is q compreh5sible !re=e1 t ! in/rum5t %\ld be confus$ ) ! end1 & t any proposal to modify x %\ld create dismay4 ,9 ! pa/1 human be+s1 roads1 bridges & f]ries1 civil1 judicial & cl]ical (fices1 & commissions 9 ! army h all be5 private prop]ty4 ,:5ev] x 0 propos$ to aboli% ! rights ex]cis$ ov] !m1 x 0 prote/$ t _! removal w\ld involve ! de/ruction ( an in/itution 9 :i* ?rifty m5 _h inve/$ _! sav+s1 & on :i* !y dep5d$ = protection amid ! *ances ( life & = com=t 9 old age4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 prop]ty is n ! only me?od ( assur+ ! future1 nor1 :5 x is ! way select$1 is security dep5d5t ^u ! ma9t5ance ( all ! rights :i* are at pres5t normally involv$ 9 own]%ip4 ,9 s f> z its psy*ological f\ndation is ! necessity = secur+ an income :i* is /able & c]ta91 :i* is =?com+ :5 its recipi5t _c "w1 & :i* c be us$ to provide = ^? :o _c provide = !mselves1 :at is really dem&$ is n ! comm& ov] ! fluctuat+ proce$s ( "s p>ticul> und]tak+1 :i* accompanies ! own]%ip ( capital1 b ! security :i* is (f]$ by an annuity4 ,prop]ty is ! in/rum5t1 security is ! object1 & :5 "s alt]native way is =?com+ #gd ( provid+ ! latt]1 x does n appe> 9 practice t any loss ( confid5ce1 or fre$om or indep5d5ce is caus$ by ! abs5ce ( ! =m]4 ,h5ce n only ! manual work]s1 :o s9ce ! rise ( capitalism1 h r>ely 9 ,engl& be5 able to accumulate prop]ty suffici5t to act z a gu>antee ( income :5 _! p]iod ( active e>n+ is pa/1 b also ! middle & pr(essional classes1 increas+ly seek security to-day1 n 9 inve/m5t1 b 9 insurance aga9/ sickness & dea?1 9 ! pur*ase ( annuities1 or 9 :at is 9 effect ! same ?+1 ! accumulation ( "p ( _! sal>y t[>ds a p5sion :i* is paid :5 _! sal>y ceases4 ,! pr(essional man may buy %>es 9 ! hope ( mak+ a pr(it on ! transaction4 ,b :5 :at he desires to buy is security1 ! =m :i* 8 inve/m5t takes is usually "o k9d or ano!r ( insurance4 ,! tea*]1 or nurse1 or gov]nm5t s]vant looks =w>d to a p5sion4 ,wom51 :o fifty ye>s ago w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z dep5d5t almo/ z completely z if fem99ity 7 an incurable disease ) :i* !y _h be5 born1 & ^: fa!rs1 unless ri* m51 w\ld h be5 torm5t$ ) anxiety = fe> le/ !y %\ld n save suffici5t to provide = !m1 n[ receive an education1 support !mselves 9 pr(essions1 & save 9 ! same way4 ,x is /ill only 9 comp>atively few cases t ?is type ( provision is made2 almo/ all wage-e>n]s outside gov]nm5t employm5t1 & _m 9 x1 z well z l>ge numb]s ( pr(essional m51 h no?+ to fall back ^u 9 sickness or old age4 ,b t does n alt] ! fact #ge t1 :5 x is made1 x meets ! ne$ = security1 :i*1 ap>t1 ( c\rse1 f p]sonal possessions & h\sehold furniture1 is ! pr9cipal mean+ ( prop]ty to by f> ! l>ge/ elem5t 9 ! population1 & t x meets x m completely & c]ta9ly ?an prop]ty itself4 ,nor1 inde$1 ev5 :5 prop]ty is ! in/rum5t us$ to provide = ! future1 is su* provision dep5d5t ^u ! ma9t5ance 9 its entirety ( ! :ole body ( rights :i* accompany own]%ip to-day4 ,prop]ty is n simple b complex4 ,t ( a man :o has inve/$ 8 sav+s z an ord9>y %>ehold] comprises at lea/ ?ree rights1 ! "r to int]e/1 ! "r to pr(its1 ! "r to control4 ,9 s f> z :at is desir$ is ! gu>antee = ! ma9t5ance ( a /able income1 n ! acquisition ( additional weal? )\t labor--9 s f> z 8 motive is n ga9 b security--! ne$ is met by int]e/ on capital4 ,x has no necess>y connection ei!r ) ! "r to residu>y pr(its or ! "r to control ! managem5t ( ! und]tak+ f :i* ! pr(its are d]iv$1 bo? ( :i* are ve/$ to-day 9 ! %>ehold]4 ,if all t 7 desir$ 7 to use prop]ty z an in/rum5t = pur*as+ security1 ! obvi\s c\rse--f ! po9t ( view ( ! inve/or desir+ to insure 8 future ! safe/ c\rse--w\ld be to assimilate 8 position z f> z possible to t ( a deb5ture hold] or mortgagee1 :o obta9s ! /able income :i* is 8 motive = inve/m5t1 b :o nei!r incurs ! risks nor receives ! pr(its ( ! speculator4 ,to insi/ t ! elaborate app>atus ( propriet>y rights :i* #gf di/ributes divid5ds ( ?irty p] c5t to ! %>ehold]s 9 ,coats1 & sev]al ?\s&s a ye> to ! own] ( m9]al royalties & gr\nd-r5ts1 & !n all[s !m to transmit ! bulk ( ga9s :i* !y h n e>n$ to desc5dants :o 9 _! turn w ?us be reliev$ f ! necessity ( e>n+1 mu/ be ma9ta9$ = ! sake ( ! wid[ & ! orphan1 ! va/ majority ( :om h nei!r & w\ld gladly "p ) !m all = a safe annuity if !y _h1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 extravagantly mal-a-propos4 ,x is l pit*+ a man into ! wat] because he expresses a wi% = a ba?1 or pres5t+ a tig] cub to a h\sehold] :o is plagu$ ) mice1 on ! gr\nd t tig]s & cats bo? belong to ! g5us felis4 ,! tig] hunts = itself n = its ma/]s1 & :5 game is sc>ce w hunt !m4 ,! classes :o own little or no prop]ty may rev]5ce x because x is security4 ,b ! classes :o own mu* prize x = q diff]5t reasons1 & laugh 9 _! sleeve at ! innoc5ce :i* supposes t any?+ z vulg> z ! sav+s ( ! petite b\rgeoisie h1 except at elections1 any int]e/ = !m4 ,!y prize x because x is ! ord] :i* qu>t]s !m on ! community & :i* provides = ! ma9t5ance ( a leisure class at ! public exp5se4 ,possession1 said ! ,egoi/1 )\t obligation to ! object possess$1 approa*es felicity4 ,functionless prop]ty appe>s natural to ^? :o believe t society %\ld be organiz$ = ! acquisition ( private weal?1 & attacks ^u x p]v]se or malici\s1 because ! "q :i* !y ask ( any in/itution is1 ,:at does x yield8 ,& su* prop]ty yields mu* #gg to ^? :o own x4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o hold t social unity & effective "w are possible only if society is organiz$ & weal? di/ribut$ on ! basis ( function1 w ask ( an in/itution1 n1 ,:at divid5ds does x pay8 b ,:at s]vice does x p]=m8 ,to !m ! fact t mu* prop]ty yields income irrespective ( any s]vice :i* is p]=m$ or obligation :i* is recogniz$ by its own]s w appe> n a quality b a vice4 ,!y w see 9 ! social confusion :i* x produces1 paym5ts disproportionate to s]vice "h1 & paym5ts )\t any s]vice at all !re1 & dissatisfaction ev]y:]e1 a conv9c+ confirmation ( _! argum5t t to build on a f\ndation ( rights & ( rights alone is to build on a quicks&4 ,f ! port5t\s exagg]ation into an absolute ( :at once 01 & /ill might be1 a sane & social in/itution mo/ o!r social evils foll[ ! p[] ( ^? :o d n "w ov] ^? :o d1 ! alt]nate subs]vi5ce & rebelli\sness ( ^? :o "w t[>ds ^? :o d n1 ! />v+ ( sci5ce & ?\ght & creative ef=t = fe> t exp5diture ^u !m %\ld imp+e on ! com=t ( ! slugg>d & ! fa9eant1 & ! arrangem5t ( society 9 mo/ ( its subsidi>y activities to suit ! conv5i5ce n ( ^? :o "w usefully b ( ^? :o sp5d gaily1 s t ! mo/ hide\s1 desolate & p>simoni\s places 9 ! c\ntry are ^? 9 :i* ! greate/ weal? is produc$1 ! ,clyde valley1 or ! cotton t[ns ( ,lanca%ire1 or ! m9+ villages ( ,scotl& & ,wales1 & ! gaye/ & mo/ luxuri\s #gh ^? 9 :i* x is consum$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( social heal? & economic effici5cy1 society %\ld obta9 its mat]ial equipm5t at ! *eape/ price possible1 & aft] provid+ = depreciation & expansion %\ld di/ribute ! :ole product to its work+ memb]s & _! dep5d5ts4 ,:at happ5s at pres5t1 h[ev]1 is t its work]s are hir$ at ! *eape/ price :i* ! m>ket 7z modifi$ by organization7 all[s1 & t ! surplus1 some:at dim9i%$ by taxation1 is di/ribut$ to ! own]s ( prop]ty4 ,pr(its may v>y 9 a giv5 ye> f a loss to #ajj p] c5t4 ,b wages are fix$ at a level :i* w enable ! m>g9al firm to cont9ue produc+ "o ye> ) ano!r2 & ! surplus1 ev5 :5 due p>tly to effici5t managem5t1 goes nei!r to manag]s nor manual work]s1 b to %>ehold]s4 ,! mean+ ( ! process becomes />tl+ly app>5t :51 z 9 ,lanca%ire to-day1 l>ge blocks ( capital *ange h&s at a p]iod ( abnormal activity4 ,! exi/+ %>ehold]s receive ! equival5t ( ! capitaliz$ expectation ( future pr(its4 ,! work]s1 z work]s1 d n p>ticipate 9 ! imm5se increm5t 9 value2 & :51 9 ! future1 !y dem& an advance 9 wages1 !y w be met by ! answ] t pr(its1 :i* be=e ! transaction w\ld h be5 reckon$ l>ge1 yield %>ehold]s aft] x only a l[ rate ( int]e/ on _! inve/m5t4 ,! tru? is t :]eas 9 e>li] ages ! protection ( prop]ty 0 normally ! protection ( "w1 ! relation%ip betwe5 !m has come 9 ! c\rse ( ! economic developm5t ( ! la/ two c5turies to #gi be v ne>ly rev]s$4 ,! two elem5ts :i* compose civilization are active ef=t & passive prop]ty1 ! labor ( human ?+s & ! tools :i* human be+s use4 ,( ^! two elem5ts ^? :o supply ! fir/ ma9ta9 & improve x1 ^? :o own ! second normally dictate its "*1 its developm5t & its adm9i/ration4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh politically free1 ! mass ( mank9d live 9 effect "u rules impos$ to protect ! int]e/s ( ! small section among !m ^: prim>y conc]n is own]%ip4 ,f ?is subord9ation ( creative activity to passive prop]ty1 ! work] :o dep5ds ^u 8 bra9s1 ! organiz]1 inv5tor1 tea*] or doctor suff]s almo/ z mu* emb>rassm5t z ! craftsman4 ,! real economic cleavage is n1 z is (t5 said1 betwe5 employ]s & employ$1 b betwe5 all :o d con/ructive "w1 f sci5ti/ to labor]1 on ! "o h&1 & all ^: ma9 int]e/ is ! pres]vation ( exi/+ propriet>y rights ^u ! o!r1 irrespective ( :e!r !y contribute to con/ructive "w or n4 ,if1 !re=e1 "u ! mod]n conditions :i* h conc5trat$ any sub/antial %>e ( prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( a small m9ority ( ! population1 ! _w is to be gov]n$ = ! advantages ( ^? :o own1 x is only incid5tally & by accid5t t ! results w be agreeable to ^? :o "w4 ,9 practice !re is a con/ant collision betwe5 !m4 ,turn$ into ano!r *annel1 half ! weal? di/ribut$ 9 divid5ds to functionless %>ehold]s1 c\ld secure e *ild a good education up to #ah1 c\ld re-end[ ,engli% ,univ]sities1 & 7s9ce m effici5t production is #hj important7 c\ld equip ,engli% indu/ries = m effici5t production4 ,half ! +5uity n[ appli$ to ! protection ( prop]ty c\ld h made mo/ indu/rial diseases z r>e z smallpox1 & mo/ ,engli% cities into places ( heal? & ev5 ( beauty4 ,:at /&s 9 ! way is ! doctr9e t ! rights ( prop]ty are absolute1 irrespective ( any social function :i* its own]s may p]=m4 ,s ! laws :i* are mo/ /r+5tly en=c$ are /ill ! laws :i* protect prop]ty1 ?\gh ! protection ( prop]ty is no long] likely to be equival5t to ! protection ( "w1 & ! int]e/s :i* gov]n indu/ry & pr$om9ate 9 public affairs are propriet>y int]e/s4 ,a mill-own] may poison or mangle a g5]ation ( op]atives2 b 8 bro!r magi/rates w let him (f ) a caution or a nom9al f9e to poison & mangle ! next4 ,= he is an own] ( prop]ty4 ,a l&[n] may draw r5ts f slums 9 :i* "y *ildr5 die at ! rate ( #bjj p] #ajjj2 b he w be none ! less welcome 9 polite society4 ,= prop]ty has no obligations & !re=e c d no wrong4 ,urban l& may be held f ! m>ket on ! outskirts ( cities 9 :i* human be+s are liv+ ?ree to a room1 & rural l& may be us$ = sport :5 villag]s are leav+ x to ov]cr[d !m /ill m4 ,no public au?ority int]v5es1 = bo? are prop]ty4 ,to ^? :o believe t in/itutions :i* repudiate all moral significance mu/ soon] or lat] collapse1 a society :i* confuses ! protection ( prop]ty ) ! pres]vation ( its functionless p]v]sions w appe> z prec>i\s z t :i* has left ! memorials ( its #ha ta/eless frivolity & m ta/eless o/5tation 9 ! g>d5s ( ,v]sailles4 ,d m5 love peace8 ,!y w see ! greate/ enemy ( social unity 9 rights :i* involve no obligation to co-op]ate = ! s]vice ( society4 ,d !y value equality8 ,prop]ty rights :i* disp5se _! own]s f ! common human necessity ( labor make inequality an in/itution p]meat+ e corn] ( society1 f ! di/ribution ( mat]ial weal? to ! tra9+ ( intellect itself4 ,d !y desire great] indu/rial effici5cy8 ,!re is no m fatal ob/acle to effici5cy ?an ! revelation t idl5ess has ! same privileges z indu/ry1 & t = e additional bl[ ) ! pick or hamm] an additional pr(it w be di/ribut$ among %>ehold]s :o wield nei!r4 ,inde$1 functionless prop]ty is ! greate/ enemy ( legitimate prop]ty itself4 ,x is ! p>asite :i* kills ! organism t produc$ x4 ,bad money drives out good1 &1 z ! hi/ory ( ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s %[s1 :5 prop]ty = acquisition or p[] & prop]ty = s]vice or = use jo/le ea* o!r freely 9 ! m>ket1 )\t re/rictions su* z "s legal sy/ems h impos$ on ali5ation & inh]itance1 ! latt] t5ds normally to be absorb$ by ! =m]1 because x has less resi/+ p[]4 ,?us functionless prop]ty gr[s1 & z x gr[s x und]m9es ! creative en]gy :i* produc$ prop]ty & :i* 9 e>li] ages x protect$4 ,x _c unite m51 = :at unites !m is ! bond ( s]vice to a common purpose1 & t bond x repudiates1 s9ce its v #hb ess5ce is ! ma9t5ance ( rights irrespective ( s]vice4 ,x _c create2 x c only sp5d1 s t ! numb] ( sci5ti/s1 inv5tors1 arti/s or m5 ( lett]s :o h sprung 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury f h]$it>y ri*es c be numb]$ on "o h&4 ,x values nei!r culture nor beauty1 b only ! p[] :i* belongs to weal? & ! o/5tation :i* is ! symbol ( x4 ,s ^? :o dread ^! qualities1 en]gy & ?\ght & ! creative _s--& !y are _m--w n discrim9ate1 z we h tri$ to discrim9ate1 betwe5 diff]5t types & k9ds ( prop]ty1 9 ord] t !y may pres]ve ^? :i* are legitimate & aboli% ^? :i* are n4 ,!y w endeavor to pres]ve all private prop]ty1 ev5 9 its mo/ deg5]ate =ms4 ,& ^? :o value ^? ?+s w try to promote !m by reliev+ prop]ty ( its p]v]sions1 & ?us enabl+ x to return to its true nature4 ,!y w n desire to e/abli% any vision>y communism1 = !y w realize t ! free disposal ( a suffici5cy ( p]sonal possessions is ! condition ( a heal?y & self-respect+ life1 & w seek to di/ribute m widely ! prop]ty rights :i* make !m to-day ! privilege ( a m9ority4 ,b !y w refuse to submit to ! naive philosophy :i* w\ld treat all propriet>y rights z equal 9 sanctity m]ely because !y are id5tical 9 "n4 ,!y w di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 prop]ty :i* is us$ by its own] = ! conduct ( 8 pr(ession or ! upkeep ( 8 h\sehold1 & prop]ty :i* is m]ely a claim on weal? produc$ by ano!r's labor4 ,!y w insi/ t #hc prop]ty is moral & heal?y only :5 x is us$ z a condition n ( idl5ess b ( activity1 & :5 x involves ! dis*>ge ( def9ite p]sonal obligations4 ,!y w endeavor1 9 %ort1 to base x ^u ! pr9ciple ( function4 #hd ,,vi ,,! ,,functional ,,society ,! application to prop]ty & indu/ry ( ! pr9ciple ( function is compatible ) sev]al diff]5t types ( social organization1 & is z unlikely z m important revelations to be ! secret ( ^? :o cry ,lo "h6 & ,lo !re6 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t m5 %\ld fix _! m9ds ^u ! idea ( purpose1 & give t idea pre-em95ce ov] all subsidi>y issues4 ,if1 z is pat5t1 ! purpose ( indu/ry is to provide ! mat]ial f\ndation ( a good social life1 !n any measure :i* makes t provision m effective1 s long z x does n conflict ) "s /ill m important purpose1 is wise1 & any in/itution :i* ?w>ts or encumb]s x is fooli%4 ,x is fooli%1 = example1 to cripple education1 z x is crippl$ 9 ,engl& = ! sake ( indu/ry2 = "o ( ! uses ( indu/ry is to provide ! weal? :i* may make possible bett] education4 ,x is fooli% to ma9ta9 prop]ty rights = :i* no s]vice is p]=m$1 = paym5t )\t s]vice is wa/e2 & if x is true1 z /ati/icians affirm1 t1 ev5 7 income equally divid$1 income p] head w\ld be small1 !n x is all ! m fooli%1 = sailors 9 a boat h no room = fir/-class pass5g]s1 & x is all ! m important t none ( ! small national income %\ld be misappli$4 ,x is fooli% to leave ! direction ( indu/ry #he 9 ! h&s ( s]vants ( private prop]ty-own]s :o !mselves "k no?+ ab\t x b its balance %eets1 because ?is is to div]t x f ! p]=mance ( s]vice to ! acquisition ( ga91 & to subord9ate ^? :o d creative "w to ^? :o d n4 ,! c\rse ( wisdom 9 ! affairs ( indu/ry is1 aft] all1 :at x is 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( organiz$ life4 ,x is to consid] ! end = :i* economic activity is c>ri$ on & !n to adapt economic organization to x4 ,x is to pay = s]vice & = s]vice only1 & :5 capital is hir$ to make sure t x is hir$ at ! *eape/ possible price4 ,x is to place ! responsibility = organiz+ indu/ry on ! %\ld]s ( ^? :o "w & use1 n ( ^? :o own1 because production is ! bus9ess ( ! produc] & ! prop] p]son to see t he dis*>ges 8 bus9ess is ! consum] = :om1 & n = ! own] ( prop]ty1 x ought to be c>ri$ on4 ,above all x is to insi/ t all indu/ries %all be conduct$ 9 complete publicity z to co/s & pr(its1 because publicity ought to be ! antiseptic bo? ( economic & political abuses1 & no man c h confid5ce 9 8 neighbor unless bo? "w 9 ! light4 ,z f> z prop]ty is conc]n$1 su* a policy w\ld possess two edges4 ,on ! "o h&1 x w\ld aim at aboli%+ ^? =ms ( prop]ty 9 :i* own]%ip is divorc$ f obligations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld seek to enc\rage ^? =ms ( economic organization "u :i* ! work]1 :e!r own] or n1 is free to c>ry on 8 "w )\t %>+ its control or its pr(its ) ! m]e r5ti]4 ,?us1 if 9 c]ta9 #hf sph]es x involv$ an ext5sion ( public own]%ip1 x w\ld 9 o!rs fo/] an ext5sion ( private prop]ty4 ,= x is n private own]%ip1 b private own]%ip divorc$ f "w1 :i* is corrupt+ to ! pr9ciple ( indu/ry2 & ! idea ( "s sociali/s t private prop]ty 9 l& or capital is necess>ily mis*iev\s is a piece ( s*ola/ic p$antry z absurd z t ( ^? cons]vatives :o w\ld inve/ all prop]ty ) "s k9d ( my/]i\s sanctity4 ,x all dep5ds :at sort ( prop]ty x is & = :at purpose x is us$4 ,provid$ t ! ,/ate reta9s its em95t doma91 & controls ali5ation1 z x does "u ! ,home/ead laws ( ! ,dom9ions1 ) suffici5t /r+5cy to prev5t ! creation ( a class ( functionless prop]ty-own]s1 !re is no inconsi/5cy betwe5 enc\rag+ simultane\sly a multiplication ( peasant f>m]s & small ma/]s :o own _! own f>ms or %ops1 & ! abolition ( private own]%ip 9 ^? indu/ries1 un=tunately to-day ! mo/ conspicu\s1 9 :i* ! private own] is an abs5tee %>ehold]4 ,inde$1 ! second re=m w\ld help ! fir/4 ,9 s f> z ! community tol]ates functionless prop]ty x makes difficult1 if n impossible1 ! re/oration ( ! small ma/] 9 agriculture or 9 indu/ry1 :o _c easily hold 8 own 9 a _w dom9at$ by great e/ates or capitali/ f9ance4 ,9 s f> z x aboli%es ^? k9ds ( prop]ty :i* are m]ely p>asitic1 x facilitates ! re/oration ( ! small prop]ty-own] 9 ^? k9ds ( indu/ry = :i* small own]%ip is adapt$4 ,a sociali/ic policy t[>ds ! =m] is n #hg antagoni/ic to ! di/ributive /ate1 b1 9 mod]n economic conditions1 a necess>y prelim9>y to x1 & if by ,prop]ty is meant ! p]sonal possessions :i* ! ^w sugge/s to n9e-t5?s ( ! population1 ! object ( sociali/s is n to und]m9e prop]ty b to protect & increase x4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 l>ge scale & small scale production w always be unc]ta9 & fluctuat+1 dep5d+1 z x does1 on te*nical conditions :i* _c be =ese53 a *eap5+ ( electrical p[]1 = example1 might result 9 ! dec5tralization ( manufactures1 z /eam result$ 9 _! conc5tration4 ,! fundam5tal issue1 h[ev]1 is n betwe5 diff]5t scales ( own]%ip1 b betwe5 own]%ip ( diff]5t k9ds1 n betwe5 ! l>ge f>m] or ma/] & ! small1 b betwe5 prop]ty :i* is us$ = "w & prop]ty :i* yields income )\t x4 ,! ,iri% l&lord 0 aboli%$1 n because he own$ a l>ge scale1 b because he 0 an own] & no?+ m2 if1 & :5 ,engli% l&-own]%ip has be5 equally att5uat$1 z 9 t[ns x already has be51 x w des]ve to meet ! same fate4 ,once ! issue ( ! "* ( own]%ip has be5 settl$1 ! "q ( ! size ( ! economic unit c be left to settle itself4 ,! fir/ /ep1 !n1 t[>ds ! organization ( economic life = ! p]=mance ( function is to aboli% ^? types ( private prop]ty 9 return = :i* no function is p]=m$4 ,! man :o lives by own+ )\t work+ is necess>ily support$ by ! indu/ry ( "s "o else1 & is1 !re=e1 too exp5sive a luxury to be enc\rag$4 ,?\gh he des]ves to be #hh treat$ ) ! l5i5cy :i* ought to be1 & usually is n1 %[n to ^? :o h be5 br\ght up f infancy to any o!r disreputable trade1 indulg5ce to individuals mu/ n condone ! in/itution ( :i* bo? !y & _! neighbors are ! victims4 ,judg$ by ?is /&>d1 c]ta9 k9ds ( prop]ty are obvi\sly anti-social4 ,! rights 9 virtue ( :i* ! own] ( ! surface is entitl$ to levy a tax1 call$ a royalty1 on e ton ( coal :i* ! m9] br+s to ! surface1 to levy ano!r tax1 call$ a way-leave1 on e ton ( coal transport$ "u ! surface ( 8 l& ?\gh its am5ity & value may be q unaffect$1 to di/ort1 if he pleases1 ! developm5t ( a :ole di/rict by refus+ access to ! m9]als except ^u 8 own t]ms1 & to cause "s #c1ejj to #d1jjj million tons to be wa/$ 9 b>ri]s betwe5 diff]5t prop]ties1 :ile he 9 ! meantime contributes to a *orus ( lam5tation ov] ! wick$ness ( ! m9]s 9 n produc+ m tons ( coal = ! public & incid5tally m private taxes = himself--all ?is adds an agreeable t\* ( humor to ! drab quality ( our indu/rial civilization = :i* m9]al own]s des]ve p]haps "s recognition1 ?\gh n ! #djj1jjj odd a ye> :i* is paid to ea* ( ! f\r lead+ play]s1 or ! #bd1jjj1jjj a ye> :i* is di/ribut$ among ! cr[d4 ,! al*emy by :i* a g5tleman :o has nev] se5 a coal m9e di/ills ! cont5ts ( t place ( gloom into elegant *amb]s 9 ,london & a place 9 ! c\ntry is n ! monopoly ( royalty own]s4 ,a simil> feat ( pre/idigitation is p]=m$ by ! #hi own] ( urban gr\nd-r5ts4 ,9 rural di/ricts "s l&lords1 p]haps _m l&lords1 are p>tn]s 9 ! haz>d\s & difficult bus9ess ( agriculture1 &1 ?\gh !y may (t5 ex]cise a p[] :i* is socially excessive1 ! position :i* !y hold & ! income :i* !y receive are1 9 "p at la/1 a return = ! functions :i* !y p]=m4 ,! own]%ip ( urban l& has be5 ref9$ till ( t crude ore only ! pure gold is left4 ,x is ! p]fect s9ecure1 = ! only function x involves is t ( collect+ its pr(its1 & 9 an age :5 ! /ruggle ( ,lib]alism aga9/ s9ecures 0 /ill suffici5tly rec5t to /ir "s *ords ( memory1 ! la/ & greate/ ( lib]al ?9k]s drew ! obvi\s d$uction4 ,! reasons :i* =m ! ju/ification 444 ( prop]ty 9 l&1 wrote ,mill 9 #ahdh1 are valid only 9 s f> z ! proprietor ( l& is its improv]4444 ,9 no s\nd !ory ( private prop]ty 0 x ev] contemplat$ t ! proprietor ( l& %\ld be m]ely a s9ecuri/ qu>t]$ on x4 ,urban gr\nd-r5ts & royalties are1 9 fact1 z ! ,prime ,m9i/] 9 8 unreg5]ate days sugge/$1 a tax :i* "s p]sons are p]mitt$ by ! law to levy ^u ! indu/ry ( o!rs4 ,!y diff] f public taxation only 9 t _! am\nt increases 9 proportion n to ! nation's ne$ ( rev5ue b to its ne$ ( ! coal & space on :i* !y are levi$1 t _! gr[? inures to private ga9 n to public b5efit1 & t if ! proce$s are wa/$ on frivol\s exp5diture no "o has any "r to compla91 because ! arrangem5t by :i* ,"l ,smi? sp5ds weal? produc$ by ,mr4 ,br[n on objects :i* d no good to ei!r is "p #ij ( ! sy/em :i*1 "u ! "n ( private prop]ty1 ,mr4 ,br[n z well z ,"l ,smi? h le>n$ to reg>d z ess5tial to ! high] welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b if we accept ! pr9ciple ( function we %all ask :at is ! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t1 & = :at end ! inhabitants (1 = example1 ,london pay #fd1jjj1jjj a ye> to _! gr\nd l&lords4 ,& if we f9d t x is = no purpose & no end1 b t ^! ?+s are l ! horse%oes & nails :i* ! ,city ( ,london pres5ts to ! ,cr[n on acc\nt ( l& 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,clem5t ,danes1 !n we %all n deal h>%ly ) a qua9t hi/orical survival1 b nei!r %all we all[ x to di/ract u f ! bus9ess ( ! pres5t1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 hi/ory b !re 7 n hi/ory any long]4 ,we %all close ^! *annels ?r\gh :i* weal? leaks away by resum+ ! own]%ip ( m9]als & ( urban l&1 z "s communities 9 ! ,briti% ,dom9ions & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe h resum$ x already4 ,we %all secure t su* l>ge accumulations z rema9 *ange h&s at lea/ once 9 e g5]ation1 by increas+ our taxes on inh]itance till :at passes to ! heir is little m ?an p]sonal possessions1 n ! "r to a tribute f indu/ry :i*1 ?\gh qualifi$ by dea?-duties1 is :at ! son ( a ri* man inh]its to-day4 ,we %all treat m9]al own]s & l&-own]s1 9 %ort1 z ,plato w\ld h treat$ ! poets1 :om 9 _! ability to make some?+ out ( no?+ & to bewit* mank9d ) words !y a little resemble1 & cr[n !m ) fl[]s & u%] !m politely out ( ! ,/ate4 #ia ,,vii ,,indu/ry ,,z ,a ,,pr(ession ,rights )\t functions are l ! %ades 9 ,hom] :i* drank blood b scatt]$ trembl+ at ! voice ( a man4 ,to ext+ui% royalties & urban gr\nd-r5ts is m]ely to explode a sup]/ition4 ,x ne$s z little--& z mu*--resolution z to put "o's h& ?r\gh any o!r gho/4 ,9 all indu/ries except ! dim9i%+ numb] 9 :i* ! capitali/ is himself ! manag]1 prop]ty 9 capital is almo/ equally passive4 ,almo/1 b n q4 ,=1 ?\gh ! majority ( its own]s d n !mselves ex]cise any positive function1 !y appo9t ^? :o d4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! "q ( h[ capital is to be own$ is di/9ct f ! "q ( h[ x is to be adm9i/]$1 & t ! =m] c be settl$ )\t prejudice to ! latt]4 ,to inf]1 because %>ehold]s own capital :i* is indisp5sable to indu/ry1 t !re=e indu/ry is dep5d5t ^u ! ma9t5ance ( capital 9 ! h&s ( %>ehold]s1 to write1 ) "s economi/s1 z ?\gh1 if private prop]ty 9 capital 7 fur!r att5uat$ or aboli%$ altoge!r1 ! con/ructive en]gy ( ! manag]s :o may own capital or may n1 b r>ely1 9 ! m important indu/ries1 own m ?an a small fraction ( x1 mu/ necess>ily be impair$1 is to be guilty ( a robu/ non-sequitur & to ignore ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( #ib contempor>y indu/ry4 ,! less ! m]e capitali/ talks ab\t ! necessity = ! consum] ( an effici5t organization ( indu/ry1 ! bett]2 =1 :atev] ! future ( indu/ry may be1 an effici5t organization is likely to h no room = him4 ,b ?\gh %>ehold]s d n gov]n1 !y reign1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( say+ once a ye> le roy le veult4 ,if _! rights are p>$ d[n or ext+ui%$1 ! necessity = "s organ to ex]cise !m w /ill rema94 ,& ! "q ( ! own]%ip ( capital has ?is mu* 9 common ) ! "q ( indu/rial organization1 t ! problem ( ! con/itution "u :i* indu/ry is to be conduct$ is common to bo?4 ,t con/itution mu/ be s\ght by consid]+ h[ indu/ry c be organiz$ to express mo/ p]fectly ! pr9ciple ( purpose4 ,! application to indu/ry ( ! pr9ciple ( purpose is simple1 h[ev] difficult x may be to give effect to x4 ,x is to turn x into a ,pr(ession4 ,a ,pr(ession may be def9$ mo/ simply z a trade :i* is organiz$1 incompletely1 no d\bt1 b g5u9ely1 = ! p]=mance ( function4 ,x is n simply a collection ( individuals :o get a liv+ = !mselves by ! same k9d ( "w4 ,nor is x m]ely a gr\p :i* is organiz$ exclusively = ! economic protection ( its memb]s1 ?\gh t is normally among its purposes4 ,x is a body ( m5 :o c>ry on _! "w 9 accordance ) rules design$ to en=ce c]ta9 /&>ds bo? = ! bett] protection ( its memb]s & = ! bett] s]vice ( ! public4 ,! /&>ds :i* x ma9ta9s may be high or l[3 all pr(essions h "s rules :i* protect ! int]e/s #ic ( ! community & o!rs :i* are an imposition on x4 ,its ess5ce is t x assumes c]ta9 responsibilities = ! compet5ce ( its memb]s or ! quality ( its w>es1 & t x delib]ately prohibits c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct on ! gr\nd t1 ?\gh !y may be pr(itable to ! individual1 !y are calculat$ to br+ into disrepute ! organization to :i* he belongs4 ,:ile "s ( its rules are trade union regulations design$ prim>ily to prev5t ! economic /&>ds ( ! pr(ession be+ l[]$ by unscrupul\s competition1 o!rs h z _! ma9 object to secure t no memb] ( ! pr(ession %all h any b a purely pr(essional int]e/ 9 8 "w1 by exclud+ ! inc5tive ( speculative pr(it4 ,! conception impli$ 9 ! words unpr(essional conduct is1 !re=e1 ! exact opposite ( ! !ory & practice :i* assume t ! s]vice ( ! public is be/ secur$ by ! unre/rict$ pursuit on ! "p ( rival trad]s ( _! pecuni>y self-int]e/1 )9 su* limits z ! law all[s4 ,x is significant t at ! "t :5 ! pr(essional classes _h deifi$ free competition z ! arbit] ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 !y did n dream ( apply+ x to ! occupations 9 :i* !y !mselves 7 prim>ily int]e/$1 b ma9ta9$1 & inde$1 elaborat$ ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* a pr(essional consci5ce might f9d expression4 ,! rules !mselves may sometimes appe> to ! layman arbitr>y & ill-conceiv$4 ,b _! object is cle>4 ,x is to impose on ! pr(ession itself ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ ! quality ( ! s]vice1 & to prev5t its common purpose be+ fru/rat$ ?r\gh #id ! undue influ5ce ( ! motive ( pecuni>y ga9 ^u ! necessities or cupidity ( ! individual4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 indu/ry z x exi/s to-day & a pr(ession is1 !n1 simple & unmi/akable4 ,! ess5ce ( ! =m] is t its only crit]ion is ! f9ancial return :i* x (f]s to its %>ehold]s4 ,! ess5ce ( ! latt]1 is t1 ?\gh m5 ent] x = ! sake ( livelihood1 ! measure ( _! success is ! s]vice :i* !y p]=m1 n ! ga9s :i* !y amass4 ,!y may1 z 9 ! case ( a successful doctor1 gr[ ri*2 b ! mean+ ( _! pr(ession1 bo? = !mselves & = ! public1 is n t !y make money b t !y make heal?1 or safety1 or k1 or good gov]nm5t or good law4 ,!y dep5d on x = _! income1 b !y d n consid] t any conduct :i* increases _! income is on t acc\nt good4 ,& :ile a boot-manufactur] :o retires ) half a million is c\nt$ to h a*iev$ success1 :e!r ! boots :i* he made 7 ( lea!r or br[n pap]1 a civil s]vant :o did ! same w\ld be impea*$4 ,s1 if !y are doctors1 !y recognize t !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct :i* _c be practis$1 h[ev] l>ge ! fee (f]$ = !m1 because !y are unpr(essional2 if s*ol>s & tea*]s1 t x is wrong to make money by delib]ately deceiv+ ! public1 z is done by mak]s ( pat5t m$ic9es1 h[ev] mu* ! public may clamor to be deceiv$2 if judges or public s]vants1 t !y mu/ n increase _! incomes by sell+ ju/ice = money2 if soldi]s1 t ! s]vice comes fir/1 & _! private incl9ations1 #ie ev5 ! reasonable pref]5ce ( life to dea?1 second4 ,e c\ntry has its traitors1 e army its des]t]s1 & e pr(ession its blacklegs4 ,to idealize ! pr(essional _s w\ld be v absurd2 x has its sordid side1 &1 if x is to be fo/]$ 9 indu/ry1 safegu>ds w be ne$$ to *eck its excesses4 ,b !re is all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ma9ta9+ a /&>d :i* is occasionally ab&on$1 & affirm+ z ! c5tral tru? ( exi/5ce t !re is no /&>d to ma9ta94 ,! mean+ ( a pr(ession is t x makes ! traitors ! exception1 n z !y are 9 indu/ry1 ! rule4 ,x makes !m ! exception by uphold+ z ! crit]ion ( success ! end = :i* ! pr(ession1 :atev] x may be1 is c>ri$ on1 & subord9at+ ! incl9ation1 appetites & ambitions ( individuals to ! rules ( an organization :i* has z its object to promote ! p]=mance ( function4 ,!re is no %>p l9e betwe5 ! pr(essions & ! indu/ries4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! trade ( tea*+1 :i* to-day is on ! :ole an honorable public s]vice1 0 r a vulg> speculation ^u public cr$ulity2 if ,mr4 ,sque]s 0 a c>icature1 ! ,ox=d ( ,gibbon & ,adam ,smi? 0 a solid port-f$ reality2 no local au?ority c\ld h p]=m$ "o-t5? ( ! duties :i* are c>ri$ out by a mod]n municipal corporation e day1 because !re 0 no body ( public s]vants to p]=m !m1 & su* z !re 7 took bribes4 ,x is conceivable1 at lea/1 t "s bran*es ( m$ic9e might h develop$ on ! l9es ( indu/rial capitalism1 ) hospitals z factories1 #if doctors hir$ at competitive wages z _! h&s1 l>ge divid5ds paid to %>ehold]s by cat]+ = ! ri*1 & ! poor1 :o d n (f] a pr(itable m>ket1 suppli$ ) an inf]ior s]vice or ) no s]vice at all4 ,! idea t !re is "s my/]i\s diff]5ce betwe5 mak+ munitions ( w> & fir+ !m1 betwe5 build+ s*ools & tea*+ 9 !m :5 built1 betwe5 provid+ food & provid+ heal?1 :i* makes x at once inevitable & laudable t ! =m] %\ld be c>ri$ on ) a s+le eye to pecuni>y ga91 :ile ! latt] are conduct$ by pr(essional m5 :o expect to be paid = s]vice b :o nei!r wat* = w9dfalls nor raise _! fees m]ely because !re are m sick to be cur$1 m *ildr5 to be taught1 or m enemies to be resi/$1 is an illusion only less a/oni%+ ?an t ! lead]s ( indu/ry %\ld welcome ! insult z an honor & we> _! humiliation z a k9d ( halo4 ,! "w ( mak+ boots or build+ a h\se is 9 itself no m degrad+ ?an t ( cur+ ! sick or tea*+ ! ignorant4 ,x is z necess>y & !re=e z honorable4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ equally b\nd by rules :i* h z _! object to ma9ta9 ! /&>ds ( pr(essional s]vice4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ equally free f ! vulg> subord9ation ( moral /&>ds to f9ancial int]e/s4 ,if indu/ry is to be organiz$ z a pr(ession1 two *anges are requisite1 "o negative & "o positive4 ,! fir/1 is t x %\ld cease to be conduct$ by ! ag5ts ( prop]ty-own]s = ! advantage ( prop]ty-own]s1 #ig & %\ld be c>ri$ on1 in/ead1 = ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,! second1 is t1 subject to rigor\s public sup]vision1 ! responsibility = ! ma9t5ance ( ! s]vice %\ld re/ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ^?1 f organiz] & sci5ti/ to labor]1 by :om1 9 effect1 ! "w is conduct$4 ,! fir/ *ange is necess>y because ! conduct ( indu/ry = ! public advantage is impossible z long z ! ultimate au?ority ov] its managem5t is ve/$ 9 ^? ^: only connection ) x1 & int]e/ 9 x1 is ! pursuit ( ga94 ,z indu/ry is at pres5t organiz$1 its pr(its & its control belong by law to t elem5t 9 x :i* has lea/ to d ) its success4 ,"u ! jo9t-/ock organization :i* has become normal 9 all ! m important indu/ries except agriculture1 x is manag$ by ! sal>i$ ag5ts ( ^? by :om ! prop]ty is own$4 ,x is successful if x returns l>ge sums to %>ehold]s1 & unsuccessful if x does n4 ,if an opportunity pres5ts itself to increase divid5ds by practices :i* det]iorate ! s]vice or degrade ! work]s1 ! (ficials :o adm9i/] indu/ry act /rictly )9 _! duty if !y seize x1 = !y are ! s]vants ( _! employ]s1 & _! obligation to _! employ]s is to provide divid5ds n to provide s]vice4 ,b ! own]s ( ! prop]ty are1 qua prop]ty-own]s functionless1 n 9 ! s5se1 ( c\rse1 t ! tools ( :i* !y are proprietors are n useful1 b 9 ! s5se t s9ce "w & own]%ip are increas+ly sep>at$1 ! effici5t use ( ! tools is n dep5d5t on ! ma9t5ance ( ! propriet>y rights ex]cis$ ov] !m4 #ih ,( c\rse !re are _m manag+ directors :o bo? own capital & adm9i/] ! bus9ess4 ,b x is none ! less ! case t mo/ %>ehold]s 9 mo/ l>ge indu/ries are normally %>ehold]s & no?+ m4 ,nor is _! economic int]e/ id5tical1 z is sometimes assum$1 ) t ( ! g5]al public4 ,a society is ri* :5 mat]ial goods1 includ+ capital1 are *eap1 & human be+s de>3 inde$ ! ^w ri*es has no o!r mean+4 ,! int]e/ ( ^? :o own ! prop]ty us$ 9 indu/ry1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 ( ! manag]s :o adm9i/] indu/ry & :o !mselves are s]vants1 & (t5 v ill-paid s]vants at t1 is t _! capital %\ld be de> & human be+s *eap4 ,h5ce1 if ! indu/ry is su* z to yield a consid]able return1 or if "o unit 9 ! indu/ry1 ow+ to "s special advantage1 produces m *eaply ?an its neighbors1 :ile sell+ at ! same price1 or if a revival ( trade raises prices1 or if supplies are controll$ by "o ( ! comb9es :i* are n[ ! rule 9 _m ( ! m important indu/ries1 ! result+ surplus normally passes nei!r to ! manag]s1 nor to ! o!r employees1 nor to ! public1 b to ! %>ehold]s4 ,su* an arrangem5t is prepo/]\s 9 ! lit]al s5se ( be+ ! rev]se ( t :i* w\ld be e/abli%$ by consid]ations ( equity & common s5se1 & gives rise 7among o!r ?+s7 to :at is call$ ! /ruggle betwe5 labor & capital4 ,! phrase is apposite1 s9ce x is z absurd z ! relations ( :i* x is int5d$ to be a description4 ,to deplore ill-feel+ or to advocate #ii h>mony betwe5 labor & capital is z rational z to lam5t ! bitt]ness betwe5 c>p5t]s & hamm]s or to promote a mission = re/or+ amity betwe5 mank9d & its boots4 ,! only significance ( ^! cli*es is t _! repetition t5ds to muffle _! inanity1 ev5 to ! po9t ( p]suad+ s5sible m5 t capital employs labor1 mu* z our pagan ance/ors imag9$ t ! o!r pieces ( wood & iron1 :i* !y deifi$ 9 _! day1 s5t _! crops & won _! battles4 ,:5 m5 h gone s f> z to talk z ?\gh _! idols h come to life1 x is "t t "s "o broke !m4 ,labor consi/s ( p]sons1 capital ( ?+s4 ,! only use ( ?+s is to be appli$ to ! s]vice ( p]sons4 ,! bus9ess ( p]sons is to see t !y are !re to use1 & t no m ?an ne$ be is paid = us+ !m4 ,?us ! application to indu/ry ( ! pr9ciple ( function involves an alt]ation ( propriet>y rights1 because ^? rights d n contribute1 z !y n[ are1 to ! end :i* indu/ry exi/s to s]ve4 ,:at gives unity to any activity1 :at alone c reconcile ! conflict+ claims ( ! diff]5t gr\ps engag$ 9 x1 is ! purpose = :i* x is c>ri$ on4 ,if m5 h no common goal x is no wond] t !y %\ld fall out by ! way1 nor are !y likely to be reconcil$ by a r$i/ribution ( _! provisions4 ,if !y are n cont5t bo? to be s]vants1 "o or o!r mu/ be ma/]1 & x is idle to suppose t ma/]%ip c be held 9 a /ate ( susp5se betwe5 ! two4 ,!re c be a division ( functions betwe5 diff]5t grades ( work]s1 or betwe5 work] & consum]1 & ea* c #ajj h 9 8 own sph]e ! au?ority ne$$ to enable him to fill x4 ,b !re _c be a division ( functions betwe5 ! work] & ! own] :o is own] & no?+ else1 = :at function does su* an own] p]=m8 ,! provision ( capital8 ,!n pay him ! sum ne$$ to secure ! use ( 8 capital1 b nei!r pay him m nor admit him to a position ( au?ority ov] production = :i* m]ely z an own] he is n qualifi$4 ,= ?is reason1 :ile an equilibrium betwe5 work] & manag] is possible1 because bo? are work]s1 t :i* x is s\ght to e/abli% betwe5 work] & own] is n4 ,x is l ! proposal ( ! ,g]mans to negotiate ) ,belgium f ,brussels4 ,_! proposals may be excell5t3 b x is n evid5t :y !y are :]e !y are1 or h[1 s9ce !y d n contribute to production1 !y come to be putt+ =w>d proposals at all4 ,z long z !y are 9 t]ritory :]e !y h no bus9ess to be1 _! excell5ce z individuals w be ov]look$ 9 annoyance at ! sy/em :i* puts !m :]e !y are4 ,x is =tunate inde$1 if no?+ worse ?an ?is happ5s4 ,= "o way ( solv+ ! problem ( ! conflict ( rights 9 indu/ry is n to base rights on functions1 z we propose1 b to base !m on =ce4 ,x is to re-e/abli% 9 "s veil$ & decor\s =m ! in/itution ( slav]y1 by mak+ labor compulsory4 ,9 ne>ly all c\ntries a conc]t$ refusal to "w has be5 made at "o "t or ano!r a crim9al (f5se4 ,!re are to-day p>ts ( ! _w 9 :i* ,european capitali/s1 un*eck$ by any public op9ion or au?ority #aja indep5d5t ( !mselves1 are free to impose almo/ :at t]ms !y please ^u workm5 ( ignorant & helpless races4 ,9 ^? di/ricts ( ,am]ica :]e capitalism /ill reta9s its primitive lawlessness1 ! same result appe>s to be produc$ ^u immigrant workm5 by ! ?reat ( viol5ce4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! conflict ( rights :i* f9ds expression 9 indu/rial w>f>e does n arise1 because ! rights ( "o p>ty h be5 ext+ui%$4 ,! simplicity ( ! rem$y is s attractive t x is n surpris+ t ! ,gov]nm5ts ( indu/rial nations %\ld coquet f "t to "t ) ! policy ( compulsory arbitration4 ,aft] all1 x is plead$1 x is only analog\s to ! action ( a sup]national au?ority :i* %\ld use its common =ce to prev5t ! outbreak ( w>4 ,9 reality1 compulsory arbitration is ! opposite ( any policy :i* su* an au?ority c\ld pursue ei!r ) ju/ice or ) hope ( success4 ,= x takes = grant$ ! /ability ( exi/+ relation%ips & int]v5es to adju/ incid5tal disputes ^u ! assumption t _! equity is recogniz$ & _! p]man5ce desir$4 ,9 indu/ry1 h[ev]1 ! equity ( exi/+ relation%ips is precisely ! po9t at issue4 ,a ,league ( ,nations :i* adju/$ betwe5 a subject race & its oppressors1 betwe5 ,slavs & ,magy>s1 or ! inhabitants ( :at 0 once ,prussian ,pol& & ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 on ! assumption t ! subord9ation ( ,slavs to ,magy>s & ,poles to ,prussians 0 "p ( an un*angeable ord]1 w\ld rightly be resi/$ by all ^? :o ?9k lib]ty m preci\s ?an peace4 ,a ,/ate :i*1 9 ! #ajb "n ( peace1 %\ld make ! conc]t$ cessation ( "w a legal (f5se w\ld be guilty ( a simil> betrayal ( fre$om4 ,x w\ld be solv+ ! conflict ( rights betwe5 ^? :o own & ^? :o "w by aboli%+ ! rights ( ^? :o "w4 ,s "h aga91 unless we are prep>$ to re-e/abli% "s =m ( =c$ labor1 we rea* an impasse4 ,b x is an impasse only 9 s long z we reg>d ! propriet>y rights ( ^? :o own ! capital us$ 9 indu/ry z absolute & an end 9 !mselves4 ,if1 in/ead ( assum+ t all prop]ty1 m]ely because x is prop]ty1 is equally sacr$1 we ask :at is ! purpose = :i* capital is us$1 :at is its function1 we %all realize t x is n an end b a means to an end1 & t its function is to s]ve & assi/ 7z ! economi/s tell u7 ! labor ( human be+s1 n ! function ( human be+s to s]ve ^? :o happ5 to own x4 ,& f ?is tru? two consequ5ces foll[4 ,! fir/ is t s9ce capital is a ?+1 :i* ought to be us$ to help indu/ry z a man may use a bicycle to get m quickly to 8 "w1 x ought1 :5 x is employ$1 to be employ$ on ! *eape/ t]ms possible4 ,! second is t ^? :o own x %\ld no m control production ?an a man :o lets a h\se controls ! meals :i* %all be cook$ 9 ! kit*51 or ! man :o lets a boat ! spe$ at :i* ! r[]s %all pull4 ,9 o!r words1 capital %\ld always be got at co/ price1 :i* means1 unless ! ,/ate f9ds x wise1 z x v well may1 to own ! capital us$ 9 c]ta9 indu/ries1 x %\ld be paid ! l[e/ int]e/ #ajc = :i* x c be obta9$1 b %\ld c>ry no "r ei!r to residu>y divid5ds or to ! control ( indu/ry4 ,!re are1 9 !ory1 five ways by :i* ! control ( indu/ry by ! ag5ts ( private prop]ty-own]s c be t]m9at$4 ,!y may be expropriat$ )\t comp5sation4 ,!y may volunt>ily surr5d] x4 ,!y may be froz5 out by action on ! "p ( ! work+ p]sonnel1 :i* itself und]takes su* functions1 if any1 z !y h p]=m$1 & makes !m sup]flu\s by conduct+ production )\t _! assi/ance4 ,_! propriet>y int]e/ may be limit$ or att5uat$ to su* a degree t !y become m]e r5ti]s1 :o are gu>ante$ a fix$ paym5t analog\s to t ( ! deb5ture-hold]1 b :o receive no pr(its & be> no responsibility = ! organization ( indu/ry4 ,!y may be b\ght out4 ,! fir/ alt]native is exemplifi$ by ! hi/orical confiscations ( ! pa/1 su* z1 = in/ance1 by ! seizure ( ecclesia/ical prop]ty by ! rul+ classes ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& & mo/ o!r ,prote/ant /ates4 ,! second has r>ely1 if ev]1 be5 tri$--! ne>e/ approa* to x1 p]haps1 0 ! fam\s abdication ( ,augu/ #d?1 #aghi4 ,! ?ird is ! me?od app>5tly contemplat$ by ! build+ guilds :i* are n[ 9 process ( =mation 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! f\r? me?od ( treat+ ! capitali/ is foll[$ by ! co-op]ative movem5t4 ,x is also t propos$ by ! committee ( employ]s & trade-unioni/s 9 ! build+ indu/ry ov] :i* ,mr4 ,fo/] presid$1 & :i* propos$ t employ]s %\ld be paid a fix$ sal>y1 & a fix$ rate ( #ajd int]e/ on _! capital1 b t all surplus pr(its %\ld be pool$ & adm9i/]$ by a c5tral body repres5t+ employ]s & work]s4 ,! fif? has repeat$ly be5 practis$ by municipalities1 & some:at less (t5 by national gov]nm5ts4 ,:i* ( ^! alt]native me?ods ( remov+ indu/ry f ! control ( ! prop]ty-own] is adopt$ is a matt] ( exp$i5cy to be decid$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,nationalization1 !re=e1 :i* is sometimes advanc$ z ! only me?od ( ext+ui%+ propriet>y rights1 is m]ely "o species ( a consid]able g5us4 ,x c be us$1 ( c\rse1 to produce ! desir$ result4 ,b !re are "s indu/ries1 at any rate1 9 :i* nationalization is n necess>y 9 ord] to br+ x ab\t1 & s9ce x is at be/ a cumbr\s process1 :5 o!r me?ods are possible1 o!r me?ods %\ld be us$4 ,nationalization is a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,prop]ly conceiv$ its object is n to e/abli% /ate managem5t ( indu/ry1 b to remove ! dead h& ( private own]%ip1 :5 ! private own] has ceas$ to p]=m any positive function4 ,x is un=tunate1 !re=e1 t ! abolition ( ob/ructive prop]ty rights1 :i* is indisp5sable1 %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ) a s+le =mula1 :i* may be appli$ ) advantage 9 ! special circum/ances ( "s indu/ries1 b ne$ n necess>ily be appli$ 9 all4 ,own]%ip is n a "r1 b a bundle ( rights1 & x is possible to /rip !m (f piecemeal z well z to /rike !m (f simultane\sly4 ,! own]%ip ( capital involves1 z we h said1 ?ree ma9 claims2 ! "r to int]e/ z ! price ( capital1 ! "r to #aje pr(its1 & ! "r to control1 9 virtue ( :i* manag]s & workm5 are ! s]vants ( %>ehold]s4 ,^! rights 9 _! fulle/ degree are n ! inv>iable accompanim5t ( own]%ip1 nor ne$ !y necess>ily co-exi/4 ,! +5uity ( f9anci]s long ago devis$ me?ods ( grad+ /ock 9 su* a way t ! own]%ip ( "s c>ries full control1 :ile t ( o!rs does n1 t "s be> all ! risk & are entitl$ to all ! pr(its1 :ile o!rs are limit$ 9 respect to bo?4 ,all are prop]ty1 b n all c>ry propriet>y rights ( ! same degree4 ,z long z ! private own]%ip ( indu/rial capital rema9s1 ! object ( re=m]s %\ld be to att5uate its influ5ce by insi/+ t x %all be paid n m ?an a rate ( int]e/ fix$ 9 advance1 & t x %\ld c>ry ) x no "r ( control4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! position ( ! ord9>y %>ehold] w\ld approximate to t ( ! own] ( deb5tures2 ! prop]ty 9 ! indu/ry w\ld be conv]t$ into a mortgage on its pr(its1 :ile ! control ( its adm9i/ration & all pr(its 9 excess ( ! m9imum w\ld rema9 to be ve/$ else:]e4 ,s1 ( c\rse1 w\ld ! risks4 ,b risks are ( two k9ds1 ^? ( ! individual bus9ess & ^? ( ! indu/ry4 ,! =m] are mu* heavi] ?an ! latt]1 = ?\gh a coal m9e is a speculative inve/m5t1 coal m9+ is n1 & z long z ea* bus9ess is manag$ z a sep>ate unit1 ! paym5ts made to %>ehold]s mu/ cov] bo?4 ,if ! own]%ip ( capital 9 ea* indu/ry 7 unifi$1 :i* does n mean c5traliz$1 ^? risks :i* are incid5tal to individual competition w\ld be #ajf elim9at$1 & ! cr$it ( ea* unit w\ld be t ( ! :ole4 ,su* a *ange 9 ! "* ( own]%ip w\ld h ?ree advantages4 ,x w\ld aboli% ! gov]nm5t ( indu/ry by prop]ty4 ,x w\ld end ! paym5t ( pr(its to functionless %>ehold]s by turn+ !m into cr$itors paid a fix$ rate ( int]e/4 ,x w\ld lay ! only possible f\ndations = indu/rial peace by mak+ x possible to conv]t indu/ry into a pr(ession c>ri$ on by all grades ( work]s = ! s]vice ( ! public1 n = ! ga9 ( ^? :o own capital4 ,! organization :i* x w\ld produce w be describ$1 ( c\rse1 z impracticable4 ,x is int]e/+1 !re=e1 to f9d x is t :i* exp]i5ce has l$ practical m5 to sugge/ z a rem$y = ! disord]s ( "o ( ! mo/ important ( national indu/ries1 t ( build+4 ,! "q be=e ! ,committee ( employ]s & workm51 :i* issu$ la/ ,augu/ a ,report ^u ! ,build+ ,trade1 0 ,sci5tific ,managem5t & ! ,r$uction ( ,co/s4#a ,^! are n phrases :i* sugge/ an economic revolution2 b x is some?+ little %ort ( a revolution t ! signatories ( ! report propose4 ,=1 z soon z !y came to grips ) ! problem1 !y f\nd t x 0 impossible to h&le x effectively )\t recon/itut+ ! g5]al fabric ( indu/rial relation%ips :i* is its sett+4 ,:y is ! s]vice suppli$ by ! indu/ry ineffective8 ,p>tly because ! work]s d n give _! full en]gies to ! p]=mance ( _! "p 9 production4 #ajg ,:y d !y n give _! be/ en]gies8 ,because ( ! fe> ( unemploym5t1 ! dis9cl9ation ( ! op]atives to make unlimit$ pr(it = private employ]s1 ! lack ( int]e/ ev9c$ by op]atives ow+ to _! non-p>ticipation 9 control1 ineffici5cy bo? manag]ial & op]ative4 ,h[ are ^! psy*ological ob/acles to effici5cy to be c\nt]act$8 ,by increas$ sup]vision & spe$+ up1 by ! allurem5ts ( a premium bonus sy/em1 or ! o!r devices by :i* m5 :o are too +5i\s to h imag9ation or moral insight w\ld bully or cajole poor human nature into do+ :at--if only ! sy/ems !y inv5t w\ld let x6--x desires to d1 simple duties & hone/ "w8 ,n at all4 ,by turn+ ! build+ ( h\ses into :at tea*+ n[ is1 & ,mr4 ,sque]s ?\ght x c\ld nev] be1 an honorable pr(ession4 ,we believe1 !y write1 t ! great task ( our ,indu/rial ,c\ncil is to develop an entirely new sy/em ( indu/rial control by ! memb]s ( ! indu/ry itself--! actual produc]s1 :e!r by h& or bra91 & to br+ !m into co-op]ation ) ! ,/ate z ! c5tral repres5tative ( ! community :om !y are organiz$ to s]ve4 ,in/ead ( unlimit$ pr(its1 s indisp5sable z an inc5tive to effici5cy1 ! employ] is to be paid a sal>y = 8 s]vices z manag]1 & a rate ( int]e/ on 8 capital :i* is to be bo? fix$ & 7unless he fails to e>n x ?r\gh 8 own ineffici5cy7 gu>ante$2 any?+ 9 excess ( x1 any pr(its 9 fact1 :i* 9 o!r indu/ries are di/ribut$ z divid5ds to %>ehold]s1 he is to #ajh surr5d] to a c5tral fund to be adm9i/]$ by employ]s & workm5 = ! b5efit ( ! indu/ry z a :ole4 ,in/ead ( ! f9ancial /&+ ( ea* firm be+ treat$ z an inscrutable my/]y to ! public1 ) ! result t x is sometimes a my/]y to itself1 !re is to be a sy/em ( public co/+ & audit1 on ! basis ( :i* ! indu/ry w assume a collective liability = ^? firms :i* are %[n to be compet5tly manag$4 ,in/ead ( ! work]s be+ dismiss$ 9 slack times to /ruggle along z be/ !y c1 !y are to be ma9ta9$ f a fund rais$ by a levy on employ]s & adm9i/]$ by ! trade unions4 ,!re is to be publicity z to co/s & pr(its1 op5 deal+ & hone/ "w & mutual helpfulness1 in/ead ( ! competition :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury reg>d$ z an effici5t sub/itute = !m4 ,capital is n to employ labor4 ,labor1 :i* includes manag]ial labor1 is to employ capital2 & to employ x at ! *eape/ rate at :i*1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! trade1 x c be got4 ,if x employs x s successfully t !re is a surplus :5 x has be5 fairly paid = its own s]vices1 !n t surplus is n to be divid$ among %>ehold]s1 =1 :5 !y h be5 paid int]e/1 !y h be5 paid _! due2 x is to be us$ to equip ! indu/ry to provide /ill m effective s]vice 9 ! future4 ,s "h we h ! majority ( a body ( practical m51 :o c>e no?+ = sociali/ !ories1 propos+ to e/abli% organiz$ ,public ,s]vice 9 ! ,build+ ,indu/ry1 recomm5d+1 9 %ort1 t _! indu/ry %all be turn$ into a pr(ession4 ,& !y d x1 x #aji w be obs]v$1 by j t functional organization1 j t conv]sion ( full propriet>y rights into a mortgage secur$ 7z f> z effici5t firms are conc]n$7 on ! indu/ry z a :ole1 j t transf]5ce ( ! control ( production f ! own] ( capital to ^? ^: bus9ess is production1 :i* we saw is necess>y if indu/ry is to be organiz$ = ! p]=mance ( s]vice1 n = ! pecuni>y advantage ( ^? :o hold propriet>y rights4 ,_! ,report is ( ! fir/ importance z (f]+ a policy = att5uat+ private prop]ty 9 capital 9 ! important gr\p ( indu/ries 9 :i* private own]%ip1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is likely = "s consid]able "t to cont9ue1 & a valuable s]vice w\ld be r5d]$ by any "o :o w\ld "w out 9 detail ! application ( its pr9ciple to o!r trades4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 t ?is is ! only way1 or 9 highly capitaliz$ indu/ries ! mo/ feasible way1 9 :i* ! *ange c be br\ght ab\t4 ,_h ! movem5t aga9/ ! control ( production by prop]ty tak5 place be=e ! rise ( limit$ companies1 9 :i* own]%ip is sep>at$ f managem5t1 ! transition to ! organization ( indu/ry z a pr(ession might also h tak5 place1 z ! employ]s & workm5 9 ! build+ trade propose t x %\ld1 by limit+ ! rights ( private own]%ip )\t aboli%+ x4 ,b t is n :at has actually happ5$1 & !re=e ! proposals ( ! build+ trade are n ( univ]sal application4 ,x is possible to reta9 private own]%ip 9 build+ & 9 indu/ries l build+1 #aaj :ile *ang+ its "*1 precisely because 9 build+ ! employ] is normally n m]ely an own]1 b some?+ else z well4 ,he is a manag]2 t is1 he is a workman4 ,& because he is a workman1 ^: int]e/s1 & /ill m ^: pr(essional _s z a workman may (t5 outweigh 8 int]e/s & m]ely f9ancial _s z an own]1 he c =m "p ( ! productive organization ( ! indu/ry1 aft] 8 rights z an own] h be5 trimm$ & limit$4 ,b t dual position is abnormal1 & 9 ! highly organiz$ indu/ries is becom+ m abnormal e ye>4 ,9 coal1 9 cotton1 9 %ip-build+1 9 _m bran*es ( eng9e]+ ! own] ( capital is n1 z he is 9 build+1 an organiz] or manag]4 ,8 connection ) ! indu/ry & int]e/ 9 x is purely f9ancial4 ,he is an own] & no?+ m4 ,& because 8 int]e/ is m]ely f9ancial1 s t 8 conc]n is divid5ds & production only z a means to divid5ds1 he _c be work$ into an organization ( indu/ry :i* ve/s adm9i/ration 9 a body repres5t+ all grades ( produc]s1 or produc]s & consum]s toge!r1 = he has no purpose 9 common ) !m2 s t :ile jo9t c\ncils betwe5 work]s & manag]s may succe$1 jo9t c\ncils betwe5 work]s & own]s or ag5ts ( own]s1 l mo/ ( ! s-call$ ,:itley ,c\ncils1 w n1 because ! necessity = ! m]e own] is itself "o ( ! po9ts 9 dispute4 ,! ma/] build]1 :o owns ! capital us$1 c be includ$1 n qua capitali/1 b qua build]1 if he surr5d]s "s ( ! rights ( own]%ip1 z ! ,build+ ,indu/ry ,committee propos$ t he %\ld4 ,b #aaa if ! %>ehold] 9 a colli]y or a %ipy>d abdicates ! control & unlimit$ pr(its to :i*1 qua capitali/1 he is at pres5t entitl$1 he abdicates ev]y?+ t makes him :at he is1 & has no o!r /&+ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,he _c %>e1 l ! ma/] build]1 9 its managem5t1 because he has no qualifications :i* w\ld enable him to d s4 ,8 object is pr(it2 & if indu/ry is to become1 z employ]s & work]s 9 ! build+ trade propose1 an organiz$ public s]vice1 !n its subord9ation to ! %>ehold] ^: object is pr(it1 is1 z !y cle>ly see1 precisely :at mu/ be elim9at$4 ,! ma/] build]s propose to give x up4 ,!y c d s because !y h _! place 9 ! indu/ry 9 virtue ( _! function z workm54 ,b if ! %>ehold] gave x up1 he w\ld h no place at all4 ,h5ce 9 coal m9+1 :]e own]%ip & managem5t are %>ply sep>at$1 ! own]s w n admit ! b>e possibility ( any sy/em 9 :i* ! control ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! m9es is %>$ betwe5 ! managem5t & ! m9]s4 ,i am au?oriz$ to /ate on behalf ( ! ,m9+ ,association1 ,"l ,ga9=d1 ! *ief witness on behalf ( ! m9e-own]s1 in=m$ ! ,coal ,commission1 t if ! own]s are n to be left complete executive control !y w decl9e to accept ! responsibility = c>ry+ on ! indu/ry4#b ,s ! m9e-own]s bl[ away 9 a s5t5ce ! :ole body ( plausible make-believe :i* re/s on ! idea t1 :ile private own]%ip rema9s #aab unalt]$1 indu/rial h>mony c be produc$ by ! magic =mula ( jo9t control4 ,& !y are "r4 ,! repres5tatives ( workm5 & %>ehold]s1 9 m9+ & 9 o!r indu/ries1 c meet & negotiate & discuss4 ,b jo9t adm9i/ration ( ! %>ehold]s' prop]ty by a body repres5t+ %>ehold]s & workm5 is impossible1 because !re is no purpose 9 common betwe5 !m4 ,= ! only purpose :i* c\ld unite all p]sons engag$ 9 indu/ry1 & ov]rule _! p>ticul> & div]g5t int]e/s1 is ! provision ( s]vice4 ,& ! object ( %>ehold]s1 ! :ole significance & meti] ( indu/ry to !m1 is n ! provision ( s]vice b ! provision ( divid5ds4 ,9 indu/ries :]e managem5t is divorc$ f own]%ip1 z 9 mo/ ( ! highly organiz$ trades x is to-day1 !re is no obvi\s halfway h\se1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! ret5tion ( ! pres5t sy/em & ! complete extrusion ( ! capitali/ f ! control ( production4 ,! *ange 9 ! "* ( own]%ip1 :i* is necess>y 9 ord] t coal or textiles & %ip-build+ may be organiz$ z pr(essions = ! s]vice ( ! public1 _c easily spr+ f )94 ,! /roke ne$$ to lib]ate !m f ! control ( ! prop]ty-own] mu/ come f )\t4 ,9 !ory x might be /ruck by action on ! "p ( organiz$ work]s1 :o w\ld aboli% residu>y pr(its & ! "r ( control by ! m]e proc$ure ( refus+ to "w z long z !y 7 ma9ta9$1 on ! hi/orical analogy (f]$ by peasants :o h de/roy$ #aac pr$atory prop]ty 9 ! pa/ by decl9+ to pay its dues & admit its gov]nm5t1 9 :i* case ,p>liam5t w\ld int]v5e only to regi/] ! community's ass5t to ! fait accompli4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! conditions ( mod]n indu/ry be+ :at !y are1 t c\rse1 ap>t f its o!r disadvantages1 is s unlikely to be attempt$1 or1 if attempt$1 to succe$1 t x c be neglect$4 ,! alt]native to x is t ! *ange 9 ! "* ( prop]ty %\ld be affect$ by legislation 9 virtue ( :i* ! rights ( own]%ip 9 an indu/ry are b\ght out simultane\sly4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?\gh ! proc$ure is diff]5t1 ! result ( ! *ange1 once x is accompli%$1 is ! same4 ,private prop]ty 9 capital1 9 ! s5se ( ! "r to pr(its & control1 is aboli%$4 ,:at rema9s ( x is1 at mo/1 a mortgage 9 favor ( ! previ\s proprietors1 a dead leaf :i* is pres]v$1 ?\gh ! sap ( indu/ry no long] fe$s x1 z long z x is n ?\ght wor? :ile to /rike x (f4 ,& s9ce ! capital ne$$ to ma9ta9 & equip a mod]n indu/ry c\ld n be provid$ by any "o gr\p ( work]s1 ev5 7 x desirable on o!r gr\nds t !y %\ld /ep completely into ! position ( ! pres5t own]s1 ! complex ( rights :i* con/itutes own]%ip rema9s to be %>$ betwe5 !m & :atev] organ may act on behalf ( ! g5]al community4 ,! =m]1 = example1 may be ! heir ( ! pres5t own]s z f> z ! control ( ! r\t9e & adm9i/ration ( indu/ry is conc]n$3 ! latt] may succe$ to _! "r to dispose ( residu>y pr(its4 ,! elem5ts compos+ prop]ty1 h1 9 fact1 to be #aad dis5tangl$3 & ! fact t to-day1 "u ! common "n ( own]%ip1 sev]al diff]5t p[]s are ve/$ 9 id5tical h&s1 mu/ n be all[$ to obscure ! probability t1 once private prop]ty 9 capital has be5 aboli%$1 x may be exp$i5t to re-allocate ^? p[]s 9 detail z well z to transf] !m en bloc4 ,! ess5ce ( a pr(ession is1 z we h sugge/$1 t its memb]s organize !mselves = ! p]=mance ( function4 ,x is ess5tial !re=e1 if indu/ry is to be pr(essionaliz$1 t ! abolition ( functionless prop]ty %\ld n be int]pret$ to imply a cont9uance "u public own]%ip ( ! abs5ce ( responsibility on ! "p ( ! p]sonnel ( indu/ry1 :i* is ! normal accompanim5t ( private own]%ip work+ ?r\gh ! wage-sy/em4 ,x is ! m important to emphasize t po9t1 because su* an implication has sometimes be5 convey$ 9 ! pa/ by "s ( ^? :o h pres5t$ ! case = "s su* *ange 9 ! "* ( own]%ip z has be5 urg$ above4 ,! "n consecrat$ by cu/om to ! trans=mation ( prop]ty by public & ext]nal action is nationalization4 ,b nationalization is a ^w :i* is nei!r v felicit\s nor free f ambiguity4 ,prop]ly us$1 x means m]ely own]%ip by a body repres5t+ ! nation4 ,b x has come 9 practice to be us$ z equival5t to a p>ticul> me?od ( adm9i/ration1 "u :i* (ficials employ$ by ! ,/ate /ep into ! position ( ! pres5t directors ( indu/ry1 & ex]cise all ! p[] :i* !y ex]cis$4 ,s ^? :o desire to ma9ta9 ! sy/em "u :i* indu/ry is c>ri$ on1 n z a pr(ession #aae s]v+ ! public1 b = ! advantage ( %>ehold]s1 attack nationalization on ! gr\nd t /ate managem5t is necess>ily ineffici5t1 & tremble ) appreh5sion :5ev] !y po/ a lett] 9 a lett]-box2 & ^? :o desire to *ange x reply t /ate s]vices are effici5t & praise ,god :5ev] !y use a telephone2 z ?\gh ei!r private or public adm9i/ration _h c]ta9 peculi> & unalt]able *>act]i/ics1 in/ead ( dep5d+ = its quality1 l an army or railway company or s*ool1 & all o!r und]tak+s1 public & private alike1 n on :e!r ^? :o conduct x are private (ficials or /ate (ficials1 b on :e!r !y are prop]ly tra9$ = _! "w & c comm& ! good w & confid5ce ( _! subord9ates4 ,! argum5ts on bo? sides are +5i\s1 b 9 reality ne>ly all ( !m are beside ! po9t4 ,! m]its ( nationalization d n /& or fall ) ! effici5cy or ineffici5cy ( exi/+ /ate dep>tm5ts z adm9i/rators ( indu/ry4 ,= nationalization1 :i* means public own]%ip1 is compatible ) sev]al diff]5t types ( managem5t4 ,! con/itution ( ! indu/ry may be unit>y1 z is 7= example7 t ( ! po/-(fice4 ,or x may be f$]al1 z 0 t design$ by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey = ! ,coal ,indu/ry4 ,adm9i/ration may be c5traliz$ or dec5traliz$4 ,! au?orities to :om x is intru/$ may be compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! consum]s1 or ( repres5tatives ( pr(essional associations1 or ( /ate (ficials1 or ( all ?ree 9 sev]al diff]5t proportions4 ,executive "w may be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( civil #aaf s]vants1 tra9$1 recruit$ & promot$ z 9 ! exi/+ /ate dep>tm5ts1 or a new s]vice may be creat$ ) a proc$ure & /&>ds ( its own4 ,x may be subject to ,treasury control1 or x may be f9ancially autonom\s4 ,! problem is1 9 fact1 ( a famili>1 ?\gh difficult1 ord]4 ,x is "o ( con/itution-mak+4 ,x is commonly assum$ by controv]siali/s t ! organization & managem5t ( a nationaliz$ indu/ry mu/1 = "s undef9$ reason1 be simil> to t ( ! po/-(fice4 ,"o might z reasonably sugge/ t ! patt]n exempl> ( private ent]prise mu/ be ! ,/eel ,corporation or ! ,imp]ial ,tobacco ,company4 ,! adm9i/rative sy/ems obta9+ 9 a society :i* has nationaliz$ its f\ndation indu/ries w1 9 fact1 be z v>i\s z 9 "o t resigns !m to private own]%ip2 & to discuss _! relative advantages )\t def9+ :at p>ticul> type ( ea* is ! subject ( ref]5ce is to-day z unhelpful z to approa* a mod]n political problem 9 t]ms ( ! ,ari/otelian classification ( con/itutions4 ,! highly ab/ract dialectics z to ent]prise1 initiative1 bureaucracy1 r$ tape1 democratic control1 /ate managem5t1 :i* fill ! press ( c\ntries occupi$ ) indu/rial problems1 really belong to ! d>k ages ( economic ?\ght4 ,! fir/ task ( ! /ud5t1 :atev] 8 p]sonal conclusions1 is1 x may be sugge/$1 to contribute :at he c to ! re/oration ( sanity by insi/+ t in/ead ( ! argum5t be+ conduct$ ) ! c\nt]s ( a highly inflat$ & rapidly depreciat+ v]bal curr5cy1 ! exact situation1 #aag 9 s f> z is possible1 %all be /at$ z x is2 unc]ta9ties 7( :i* !re are _m7 %all be treat$ z unc]ta91 & ! precise mean+ ( alt]native proposals %all be /rictly def9$4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! m]its ( ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey's report 0 t1 by /at+ 9 great detail ! type ( organization :i* he recomm5d$ = ! ,coal ,indu/ry1 he imp>t$ a new precision & reality into ! :ole discussion4 ,:e!r 8 conclusions are accept$ or n1 x is f ! basis ( cle>ly def9$ proposals su* z 8 t ! future discussion ( ^! problems mu/ proce$4 ,x may n f9d a solution4 ,x w at lea/ d some?+ to create ! temp] 9 :i* alone a reasonable solution c be s\ght4 ,nationalization1 !n1 is n an end1 b a means to an end1 & :5 ! "q ( own]%ip has be5 settl$ ! "q ( adm9i/ration rema9s = solution4 ,z a means x is likely to be indisp5sable 9 ^? indu/ries 9 :i* ! rights ( private proprietors _c easily be modifi$ )\t ! action ( ! ,/ate1 j z ! pur*ase ( l& by c\nty c\ncils is a necess>y /ep to ! e/abli%m5t ( small hold]s1 :5 l&[n]s w n volunt>ily "p ) _! prop]ty = ! purpose4 ,b ! object 9 pur*as+ l& is to e/abli% small hold]s1 n to set up f>ms adm9i/]$ by /ate (ficials2 & ! object ( nationaliz+ m9+ or railways or ! manufacture ( /eel %\ld n be to e/abli% any p>ticul> =m ( /ate managem5t1 b to release ^? :o d con/ructive "w f ! control ( ^? ^: sole int]e/ is pecuni>y ga91 9 ord] t !y may be free to #aah apply _! en]gies to ! true purpose ( indu/ry1 :i* is ! provision ( s]vice1 n ! provision ( divid5ds4 ,:5 ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty has tak5 place1 x w probably be f\nd t ! necess>y provision = ! gov]nm5t ( indu/ry w involve n m]ely ! fre$om ( ! produc]s to produce1 b ! creation ( ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* ! consum]1 = :om he produces1 c express 8 wi%es & criticize ! way 9 :i* !y are met1 z at pres5t he normally _c4 ,b t is ! second /age 9 ! process ( reorganiz+ indu/ry = ! p]=mance ( function1 n ! fir/4 ,! fir/ is to free x f subord9ation to ! pecuni>y int]e/s ( ! own] ( prop]ty1 because !y are ! magnetic pole :i* sets all ! compasses wrong1 & :i* causes indu/ry1 h[ev] swiftly x may progress1 to progress 9 ! wrong direction4 ,nor does ?is *ange 9 ! "* ( prop]ty involve a brea* ) ! exi/+ ord] s %>p z to be impracticable4 ,! phraseology ( political controv]sy cont9ues to reproduce ! conv5tional anti!ses ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury2 private ent]prise & public own]%ip are /ill contra/$ ) ea* o!r z light ) d>kness or d>kness ) light4 ,b1 9 reality1 beh9d ! =mal %ell ( ! traditional legal sy/em ! elem5ts ( a new body ( relation%ip h already be5 prep>$1 & f9d piece-meal application ?r\gh policies devis$1 n by sociali/s1 b by m5 :o repeat ! =mulae ( individualism1 at ! v mom5t :5 !y are und]m9+ x4 ,! ,es*-,cumm9s ,act 9 ,am]ica1 ! #aai ,act e/abli%+ a ,m9i/ry ( ,transport 9 ,engl&1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,duckham's s*eme = ! organization ( ! coal m9es1 ! proposals ) reg>d to ! coal indu/ry ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t itself1 appe> to h ! common *>act]i/ic ( reta9+ private own]%ip 9 "n1 :ile att5uat+ x 9 fact1 by plac+ its op]ators "u ! sup]vision1 accompani$ sometimes by a f9ancial gu>antee1 ( a public au?ority4 ,s*emes ( ?is g5]al "* appe>1 inde$1 to be ! fir/ in/9ctive reaction produc$ by ! discov]y t private ent]prise is no long] function+ effectively2 x is probable t !y possess c]ta9 m]its ( a te*nical ord] analog\s to ^? associat$ ) ! amalgamation ( compet+ firms into a s+le comb9ation4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! compromise :i* !y repres5t is p]man5tly t5able4 ,:at1 aft] all1 x may be ask$1 are ! advantages ( private own]%ip :5 x has be5 p>$ d[n to ! po9t :i* policies ( ?is ord] propose8 ,may n ! own] ^: rights !y are design$ to protect n unreasonably reply to _! au?ors1 ,?ank y = no?+8 ,individual ent]prise has its m]its3 s also1 p]haps1 has public own]%ip4 ,b1 by ! "t ^! s*emes h done ) x1 n mu* rema9s ( ! simple & obvi\s sy/em ( natural lib]ty1 :ile _! inv5tors are preclud$ f appeal+ to ! motives :i* are emphasiz$ by advocates ( nationalization4 ,x is "o ?+ to be an entrepr5eur ) a _w ( adv5ture & unlimit$ pr(its--if !y c be a*iev$--be=e "o4 ,x is q ano!r to be a director ( a railway company or coal #abj corporation ) a m9imum rate ( pr(it gu>ante$ by ! ,/ate1 & a maximum rate ( pr(it :i* _c be exce$$4 ,hybrids are apt to be /]ile4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 9 draw+ ! tee? ( private capitalism1 ?is type ( compromise does n draw out mo/ ( its virtues z well4 ,s1 :5 a c]ta9 /age ( economic developm5t has be5 rea*$1 private own]%ip1 by ! admission ( its def5d]s1 c no long] be tol]at$ 9 ! only =m 9 :i* x is free to display ! *>act]i/ic1 & q g5u9e1 advantages = ! sake ( :i* x us$ to be def5d$4 ,&1 z /ep by /ep x is :ittl$ d[n by tacit concessions to ! practical necessity ( protect+ ! consum]1 or elim9at+ wa/e1 or meet+ ! claims ( ! work]s1 public own]%ip becomes1 n only on social gr\nds1 b = reasons ( economic effici5cy1 ! alt]native to a type ( private own]%ip :i* appe>s to c>ry ) x few rights ( own]%ip & to be s+ul>ly devoid ( privacy4 ,inevitably & un=tunately ! *ange mu/ be gradual4 ,b x %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,:51 z 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! ,/ate has acquir$ ! own]%ip ( great masses ( indu/rial capital1 x %\ld reta9 x1 in/ead ( surr5d]+ x to private capitali/s1 :o prote/ at once t x w be manag$ s ineffici5tly t x w n pay & manag$ s effici5tly t x w und]sell !m4 ,:5 e/ates are be+ brok5 up & sold1 z !y are at pres5t1 public bodies %\ld ent] ! m>ket & acquire !m4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! ridicul\s b>ri]1 inh]it$ f an age 9 :i* municipal corporations 7 corrupt olig>*ies1 :i* #aba at pres5t prev5ts ,engl&'s ,local ,au?orities f acquir+ prop]ty 9 l& & indu/rial capital1 except = purposes specifi$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 %\ld be aboli%$1 & !y %\ld be free to und]take su* s]vices z ! citiz5s may desire4 ,! objection to public own]%ip1 9 s f> z x is intellig5t1 is 9 reality l>gely an objection to ov]-c5tralization4 ,b ! rem$y = ov]-c5tralization1 is n ! ma9t5ance ( functionless prop]ty 9 private h&s1 b ! dec5traliz$ own]%ip ( public prop]ty1 & :5 ,birm+ham & ,man*e/] & ,le$s are ! little republics :i* !y %\ld be1 !re is no reason to anticipate t !y w tremble at a :isp] f ,:itehall4 ,^! ?+s %\ld be done /eadily & cont9u\sly q ap>t f ! special cases l t ( ! m9es & railways1 :]e ! private own]%ip ( capital is /at$ by ! exp]ts to h be5 responsible = intol]able wa/e1 or ! manufacture ( ornam5ts ,transcrib]'s note3 armam5ts8 & alcoholic liquor1 :i* are politically & socially too dang]\s to be left 9 private h&s4 ,!y %\ld be done n 9 ord] to e/abli% a s+le =m ( bureaucratic managem5t1 b 9 ord] to release ! indu/ry f ! dom9ation ( propriet>y int]e/s1 :i*1 :atev] ! =m ( managem5t1 are n m]ely tr\blesome 9 detail b vici\s 9 pr9ciple1 because !y div]t x f ! p]=mance ( function to ! acquisition ( ga94 ,if at ! same "t private own]%ip is %ak51 z rec5tly x has be51 by action on ! "p ( p>ticul> gr\ps ( work]s1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,!re are m ways ( kill+ a cat ?an #abb dr[n+ x 9 cream1 & x is all ! m likely to *oose ! cream if !y are expla9$ to x4 ,b ! two me?ods are complem5t>y1 n alt]native1 & ! attempt to f\nd rival s*ools on an imag9>y incompatibility betwe5 !m is a bad case ( ! odium sociologicum :i* afflicts re=m]s4 #a ,repr9t$ 9 ,! ,indu/rial ,c\ncil = ! ,build+ ,indu/ry4 #b ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission1 ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bejf4 #abc ,,viii ,,! ,,vici\s ,,circle ,:at =m ( managem5t %\ld replace ! adm9i/ration ( indu/ry by ! ag5ts ( %>ehold]s8 ,:at is mo/ likely to hold x to its ma9 purpose1 & to be lea/ at ! m]cy ( pr$atory int]e/s & functionless sup]num]>ies1 & ( ! alt]nations ( sull5 dissatisfaction & spasmodic revolt :i* at pres5t di/ract x8 ,:atev] ! sy/em ^u :i* indu/ry is adm9i/]$1 "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,its economic processes & results mu/ be public1 because only if !y are public c x be kn[n :e!r ! s]vice ( indu/ry is vigilant1 effective & honorable1 :e!r its purpose is be+ realiz$ & its function c>ri$ out4 ,! def5se ( secrecy 9 bus9ess resembles ! def5se ( adult]ation on ! gr\nd t x is a legitimate weapon ( competition2 inde$ x has ev5 less ju/ification ?an t fam\s doctr9e1 = ! condition ( effective competition is publicity1 & "o motive = secrecy is to prev5t x4 ,^? :o conduct indu/ry at ! pres5t "t & :o are mo/ emphatic t1 z ! ,duke ( ,well+ton said ( ! unre=m$ ,h\se ( ,commons1 !y h nev] read or he>d ( any measure up to ! pres5t mom5t :i* c 9 any degree satisfy ! m9d t ! me?od ( conduct+ x c 9 any way be improv$1 are also ^? app>5tly :o1 ) "s #abd honorable exceptions1 are mo/ reluctant t ! full facts ab\t x %\ld be kn[n4 ,& x is crucial t !y %\ld be kn[n4 ,x is crucial n only because1 9 ! pres5t ignorance ( ! real economic situation1 all indu/rial disagreem5ts t5d inevitably to be battles 9 ! d>k1 9 :i* ignorant armies cla% by night1 b because1 unless !re is complete publicity z to pr(its & co/s1 x is impossible to =m any judgm5t ei!r ( ! reasonabl5ess ( ! prices :i* are *>g$ or ( ! claims to remun]ation ( ! diff]5t p>ties engag$ 9 production4 ,= balance %eets1 ) _! opportunities = conceal+ pr(its1 give no cle> light ^u ! fir/1 & no light at all ^u ! second4 ,& s1 :5 ! facts come out1 ! public is agha/ at revelations :i* %[ t indu/ry is conduct$ ) bewild]+ f9ancial extravagance4 ,if ! full facts _h be5 publi%$1 z !y %\ld h be51 qu>t] by qu>t]1 ^! revelations w\ld probably n h be5 made at all1 because publicity itself w\ld h be5 an antiseptic & !re w\ld h be5 no?+ s5sational to reveal4 ,! ev5ts ( ! la/ few ye>s are a lesson :i* %\ld ne$ no repetition4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 surpris$ at ! price *>g$ = mak+ %ells at a "t :5 its soldi]s 7 ord]$ by ,headqu>t]s n to fire m ?an a few r\nds p] day1 :atev] ! ne$ = retaliation1 because !re 7 n m ?an a few to fire1 e/abli%es a co/+ dep>tm5t to analyze ! e/imates submitt$ by manufactur]s & to comp>e !m1 item by item1 ) ! co/s 9 its own factories4 ,x f9ds t1 ?r\gh ! m]e pool+ ( k1 #abe "s ( ! r$uctions made 9 ! price ( %ells & simil> munitions1 z ! ,*>t]$ ,acc\ntant employ$ by ! ,dep>tm5t tells u1 h be5 z high z #ej ( ! orig9al price4 ,! h\sehold consum] grumbles at ! price ( coal4 ,= once 9 a way1 amid a /orm ( indignation f influ5tial p]sons engag$ 9 ! indu/ry1 ! facts are publi%$4 ,& :at d !y %[8 ,t1 aft] #b_/f has be5 add$ to ! already high price ( coal because ! poor] m9es are alleg$ n to be pay+ _! way1 #ba ( ! output exam9$ by ! ,commission 0 produc$ at a pr(it ( #a_/- to #c_/- p] ton1 #cb at a pr(it ( #c_/- to #e_/-1 #ac at a pr(it ( #e_/- to #g_/-1 & #ad at a pr(it ( #g_/- p] ton & ov]1 :ile ! pr(its ( di/ributors 9 ,london alone am\nt 9 ! aggregate to ov] #c1bjj1jjj1 & ! co-op]ative movem5t1 :i* aims n at pr(it1 b at s]vice1 di/ributes h\sehold coal at a co/ ( f #b_/- to #d_/- less p] ton ?an is *>g$ by ! coal trade6#a ,b ^! are exceptions4 ,!y may be4 ,x is possible t 9 ! indu/ries1 9 :i*1 z ! rec5t ,committee on ,tru/s has told u1 p[]ful ,comb9ations or ,consolidations ( "o k9d or ano!r are 9 a position effectively to control output & prices1 n only co/s are cut to ! b>e m9imum b pr(its are inconsid]able4 ,b !n :y insi/ on ?is humiliat+ tradition ( secrecy ) reg>d to !m1 :5 e "o :o uses _! products1 & e "o :o r5d]s hone/ s]vice to production1 /&s to ga9 by publicity8 ,if indu/ry is to become a pr(ession1 :atev] its #abf managem5t1 ! fir/ ( its pr(essional rules %\ld be1 z ,sir ,john ,mann told ! ,coal ,commission1 t all c>ds %\ld be plac$ on ! table4 ,if x 7 ! duty ( a ,public ,dep>tm5t to publi% qu>t]ly exact returns z to co/s ( production & pr(its 9 all ! firms ?r\gh\t an indu/ry1 ! ga9 9 m]e productive effici5cy1 :i* %\ld appeal to our en?usia/s = output1 w\ld be consid]able2 = ! organization ^: co/s 7 lea/ w\ld become ! /&>d ) :i* all o!r types ( organization w\ld be comp>$4 ,! ga9 9 morale1 :i* is also1 absurd ?\gh x may seem1 a condition ( effici5cy1 w\ld be incalculable4 ,= indu/ry w\ld be conduct$ 9 ! light ( day4 ,its co/s1 necess>y or unnecess>y1 ! di/ribution ( ! return to x1 reasonable or caprici\s1 w\ld be a matt] ( common k4 ,x w\ld be held to its purpose by ! m]e impossibility ( p]suad+ ^? :o make its products or ^? :o consume !m to acquiesce1 z !y acquiesce n[1 9 exp5diture :i* is mean+less because x has contribut$ no?+ to ! s]vice :i* ! indu/ry exi/s to p]=m4 ,! organization ( indu/ry z a pr(ession does n involve only ! abolition ( functionless prop]ty1 & ! ma9t5ance ( publicity z ! indisp5sable condition ( a /&>d ( pr(essional honor4 ,x implies also t ^? :o p]=m its "w %\ld und]take t its "w is p]=m$ effectively4 ,x means t !y %\ld n m]ely be held to ! s]vice ( ! public by fe> ( p]sonal inconv5i5ce or p5alties1 b t !y %\ld treat ! dis*>ge ( pr(essional #abg responsibilities z an obligation atta*+ n only to a small elite ( intellectuals1 manag]s or bosses1 :o p]=m ! te*nical "w ( bus9ess managem5t1 b z impli$ by ! m]e entry into ! indu/ry & z re/+ on ! corporate cons5t & initiative ( ! rank & file ( work]s4 ,x is precisely1 inde$1 9 ! degree to :i* t obligation is int]pret$ z atta*+ to all work]s1 & n m]ely to a select class1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! exi/+ indu/rial ord]1 collectivism & ! organization ( indu/ry z a pr(ession resides4 ,! fir/ involves ! utilization ( human be+s = ! purpose ( private ga92 ! second _! utilization = ! purpose ( public s]vice2 ! ?ird ! association 9 ! s]vice ( ! public ( _! pr(essional pride1 solid>ity & organization4 ,! diff]5ce 9 adm9i/rative ma*9]y betwe5 ! second & ?ird might n be consid]able4 ,bo? involve ! dra/ic limitation or transf]5ce to ! public ( ! propriet>y rights ( ! exi/+ own]s ( indu/rial capital4 ,bo? w\ld necessitate ma*9]y = br++ ! op9ion ( ! consum]s to be> ^u ! s]vice suppli$ !m by ! indu/ry4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! obligations ( ! produc] to ! public are conceiv$4 ,he may ei!r be ! executant ( ord]s transmitt$ to him by its ag5ts2 or he may1 ?r\gh 8 organization1 himself take a positive "p 9 det]m9+ :at ^? ord]s %\ld be4 ,9 ! =m] case he is responsible = 8 own "w1 b n = any?+ else4 ,if he hews 8 /9t ( coal1 x is no bus9ess ( 8 :e!r ! pit is a #abh failure2 if he puts 9 ! normal numb] ( rivets1 he disclaims all fur!r int]e/ 9 ! price or ! sea-wor?9ess ( ! %ip4 ,9 ! latt] 8 function embraces some?+ m ?an ! p]=mance ( ! specializ$ piece ( "w allott$ to him4 ,x includes also a responsibility = ! success ( ! und]tak+ z a :ole4 ,& s9ce responsibility is impossible )\t p[]1 8 position w\ld involve at lea/ s mu* p[] z is ne$$ to secure t he c affect 9 practice ! conduct ( ! indu/ry4 ,x is ?is collective liability = ! ma9t5ance ( a c]ta9 quality ( s]vice :i* is1 inde$1 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( a pr(ession4 ,x is compatible ) sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 or inde$1 :5 ! unit ( production is n a gr\p1 b an individual1 ) h>dly any gov]nm5t at all4 ,:at x does involve is t ! individual1 m]ely by ent]+ ! pr(ession %\ld h committ$ himself to c]ta9 obligations 9 respect ( its conduct1 & t ! pr(essional organization1 :atev] x may be1 %\ld h suffici5t p[] to enable x to ma9ta9 !m4 ,! dem& = ! p>ticipation ( ! work]s 9 ! control ( indu/ry is usually advanc$ 9 ! "n ( ! produc]1 z a plea = economic fre$om or indu/rial democracy4 ,political fre$om1 writes ! ,f9al ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission ( ,indu/rial ,relations1 :i* 0 pres5t$ 9 #aiaf1 c exi/ only :]e !re is indu/rial fre$om4444 ,!re are n[ )9 ! body ( our ,republic indu/rial communities :i* are virtually ,pr9cipalities1 oppressive to ^? dep5d5t ^u !m = a livelihood #abi & a dreadful m5ace to ! peace & welf>e ( ! nation4 ,! vanity ( ,engli%m5 may s(t5 ! %ad[s & height5 ! lights4 ,b ! conc5tration ( au?ority is too deeply root$ 9 ! v ess5ce ( ,capitalism = diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( ! arbitr>9ess ) :i* x is ex]cis$ to be o!r ?an trivial4 ,! control ( a l>ge works does1 9 fact1 conf] a k9d ( private jurisdiction 9 matt]s conc]n+ ! life & livelihood ( ! work]s1 :i*1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,commission sugge/s1 may prop]ly be describ$ z indu/rial feudalism4 ,x is n easy to und]/& h[ ! traditional lib]ties ( ,engli%m5 are compatible ) an organization ( indu/ry :i*1 except 9 s f> z x has be5 qualifi$ by law or trade unionism1 p]mits populations almo/ z l>ge z ^? ( "s fam\s cities ( ! pa/ to be controll$ 9 _! ris+ up & ly+ d[n1 9 _! "w1 economic opportunities1 & social life by ! decisions ( a ,committee ( half-a-doz5 ,directors4 ,! mo/ cons]vative ?9k]s recognize t ! pres5t organization ( indu/ry is intol]able 9 ! sacrifice ( lib]ty :i* x entails ^u ! produc]4 ,b ea* ef=t :i* he makes to emancipate himself is met by a prote/ t if ! exi/+ sy/em is incompatible ) fre$om1 x at lea/ secures effici5t s]vice1 & t effici5t s]vice is ?reat5$ by movem5ts :i* aim at plac+ a great] measure ( indu/rial control 9 ! h&s ( ! work]s4 ,! attempt to drive a w$ge betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum] is obvi\sly ! cue ( all ! int]e/s :i* are consci\s t by !mselves !y are unable to hold back #acj ! flood4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 t dur+ ! la/ few mon?s !y %\ld h conc5trat$ _! ef=ts ^u repres5t+ t e advance 9 ! dem&s & 9 ! p[] ( any p>ticul> gr\p ( work]s is a new imposition ^u ! g5]al body ( ! public4 ,em95t p]sons1 :o are n obvi\sly produc+ m ?an !y consume1 expla9 to ! work+ classes t unless !y produce m !y mu/ consume less4 ,highly syndicat$ comb9ations w>n ! public aga9/ ! m5ace ( pr$atory syndicalism4 ,! own]s ( m9es & m9]als1 9 _! new role z protectors ( ! poor1 lam5t ! selfi%ness ( ! m9]s1 z ?\gh no?+ b pure philan?ropy _h hi!rto caus$ pr(its & royalties to be reluctantly accept$ by !mselves4 ,! assumption ^u :i* ?is body ( argum5t re/s is simple4 ,x is t ! exi/+ organization ( indu/ry is ! safegu>d ( productive effici5cy1 & t f e attempt to alt] x ! work]s !mselves lose m z consum]s ?an !y c ga9 z produc]s4 ,! _w has be5 dra9$ ( its weal? & dem&s abundance ( goods4 ,! work]s dem& a l>g] income1 great] leisure1 & a m secure & dignifi$ /atus4 ,^! two dem&s1 x is argu$1 are contradictory4 ,= h[ c ! consum] be suppli$ ) *eap goods1 if1 z a work]1 he insi/s on high] wages & %ort] h\rs8 ,& h[ c ! work] secure ^! conditions1 if z a consum]1 he dem&s *eap goods8 ,s indu/ry1 x is ?\ght1 moves 9 a vici\s circle ( %ort] h\rs & high] wages & less production1 :i* 9 "t mu/ mean #aca long] h\rs & l[] wages2 & e "o receives less1 because e "o dem&s m4 ,! picture is plausible1 b x is fallaci\s4 ,x is fallaci\s n m]ely 9 its crude assumption t a rise 9 wages necess>ily involves an increase 9 co/s1 b = ano!r & m fundam5tal reason4 ,9 reality ! cause ( economic confusion is n t ! dem&s ( produc] & consum] meet 9 blunt opposition2 =1 if !y did1 _! incompatibility1 :5 !y 7 incompatible1 w\ld be obvi\s1 & nei!r c\ld d5y 8 responsibility to ! o!r1 h[ev] mu* he might seek to evade x4 ,x is t !y d n1 b t1 z indu/ry is organiz$ to-day1 :at ! work] =egoes ! g5]al body ( consum]s does n necess>ily ga91 & :at ! consum] pays ! g5]al body ( work]s does n necess>ily receive4 ,if ! circle is vici\s1 its vice is n t x is clos$1 b t x is always half op51 s t "p ( production leaks away 9 consumption :i* adds no?+ to productive en]gies1 & t ! produc]1 because he kn[s ?is1 does n fully use ev5 ! productive en]gy :i* he comm&s4 ,x is ! consci\sness ( ?is leak :i* sets e "o at cross purposes4 ,no conceivable sy/em ( indu/rial organization c secure indu/rial peace1 if by peace is meant a complete abs5ce ( disagreem5t4 ,:at c\ld be secur$ w\ld be t disagreem5ts %\ld n fl>e up into a beacon ( class w>f>e4 ,if e memb] ( a gr\p puts some?+ into a common pool on condition ( tak+ some?+ out1 !y may /ill qu>rel ab\t ! size ( ! %>es1 z *ildr5 qu>rel #acb ov] cake2 b if ! total is kn[n & ! claims admitt$1 t is all !y c qu>rel ab\t1 &1 s9ce !y all /& on ! same foot+1 any "o :o holds out = m ?an 8 fell[s mu/ %[ "s good reason :y he %\ld get x4 ,b 9 indu/ry ! claims are n all admitt$1 = ^? :o put no?+ 9 dem& to take some?+ out2 bo? ! total to be divid$ & ! proportion 9 :i* ! division takes place are s$ul\sly conceal$2 & ^? :o preside ov] ! di/ribution ( ! pool & control :at is paid out ( x h a direct int]e/ 9 secur+ z l>ge a %>e z possible = !mselves & 9 allott+ z small a %>e z possible to o!rs4 ,if "o contributor takes less1 s f> f x be+ evid5t t ! ga9 w g to "s "o :o has put some?+ 9 & has z good a "r z himself1 x may g to "s "o :o has put 9 no?+ & has no "r at all4 ,if ano!r claims m1 he may secure x1 )\t plund]+ a fell[-work]1 at ! exp5se ( a sleep+ p>tn] :o is believ$ to plund] bo?4 ,9 practice1 s9ce !re is no cle> pr9ciple det]m9+ :at !y ought to take1 bo? take all t !y c get4 ,9 su* circum/ances d5unciations ( ! produc] = exploit+ ! consum] miss ! m>k4 ,!y are inevitably reg>d$ z an economic v]sion ( ! milit>y device us$ by armies :i* advance beh9d a scre5 ( wom5 & *ildr51 & !n prote/ at ! brutality ( ! enemy 9 %oot+ non-combatants4 ,!y are int]pret$ z evid5ce1 n t a section ( ! produc]s are exploit+ ! rema9d]1 b t a m9ority ( prop]ty-own]s1 :i* is 9 opposition to #acc bo?1 c use its economic p[] to make ef=ts direct$ aga9/ ^? :o consume mu* & produce little reb\nd on ^? :o consume little & produce mu*4 ,& ! grievance1 ( :i* ! ,press makes s mu*1 t "s work]s may be tak+ too l>ge a %>e comp>$ ) o!rs1 is mask$ by ! mu* great] grievance1 ( :i* x says no?+ :atev]1 t "s idl]s take any %>e at all4 ,! abolition ( paym5ts :i* are made )\t any correspond+ economic s]vice is ?us "o ( ! indisp5sable conditions bo? ( economic effici5cy & indu/rial peace1 because _! exi/5ce prev5ts diff]5t classes ( work]s f re/ra9+ ea* o!r1 by unit+ !m all aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,ei!r ! pr9ciple ( indu/ry is t ( function1 9 :i* case slack "w is only less immoral ?an no "w at all2 or x is t ( grab1 9 :i* case !re is no morality 9 ! matt]4 ,b x _c be bo?4 ,& x is useless ei!r = prop]ty-own]s or = ,gov]nm5ts to lam5t ! mote 9 ! eye ( ! trade unions z long z1 by insi/+ on ! ma9t5ance ( functionless prop]ty1 !y decl9e to remove ! beam 9 _! own4 ,! tru? is t only work]s c prev5t ! abuse ( p[] by work]s1 because only work]s are recogniz$ z possess+ any title to h _! claims consid]$4 ,& ! fir/ /ep to prev5t+ ! exploitation ( ! consum] by ! produc] is simple4 ,x is to turn all m5 into produc]s1 & ?us to remove ! temptation = p>ticul> gr\ps ( work]s to =ce _! claims at ! exp5se ( ! public1 by remov+ ! valid excuse t su* ga9s z !y may get are #acd tak5 f ^? :o at pres5t h no "r to !m1 because !y are disproportionate to s]vice or obta9$ = no s]vice at all4 ,inde$1 if "w 7 ! only title to paym5t1 ! dang] ( ! community be+ exploit$ by highly organiz$ gr\ps ( produc]s w\ld l>gely disappe>4 ,=1 :5 no paym5ts 7 made to non-produc]s1 !re w\ld be no debatable gr\nd = :i* to /ruggle1 & x w\ld become evid5t t if any "o gr\p ( produc]s took m1 ano!r mu/ put up ) less4 ,"u su* conditions a body ( work]s :o us$ _! /rong /rategic position to extort extravagant t]ms = !mselves at ! exp5se ( _! fell[-work]s might prop]ly be describ$ z exploit+ ! community4 ,b at pres5t su* a /atem5t is mean+less4 ,x is mean+less because be=e ! community c be exploit$ ! community mu/ exi/1 & its exi/5ce 9 ! sph]e ( economics is to-day n a fact b only an aspiration4 ,! proc$ure by :i*1 :5ev] any section ( work]s advance dem&s :i* are reg>d$ z inconv5i5t by _! ma/]s1 !y are d5\nc$ z a b& ( an>*i/s :o are prey+ on ! public may be a conv5i5t weapon 9 an em]g5cy1 b1 once x is submitt$ to analysis1 x is logically self-de/ructive4 ,x has be5 appli$ )9 rec5t ye>s1 to ! po/m51 to ! eng9e]s1 to ! policem51 to ! m9]s & to ! railway m51 a population ) _! dep5d5ts1 ( "s eight million p]sons2 & 9 ! case ( ! la/ two ! :ole body ( organiz$ labor made common cause ) ^? ( ^: exorbitant dem&s x 0 alleg$ to be ! victim4 ,b :5 ^! #ace work]s & _! sympa?iz]s are d$uct$1 :at is ! community :i* rema9s8 ,x is a naive ari?metic :i* produces a total by subtract+ "o by "o all ! items :i* compose x2 & ! art :i* discov]s ! public int]e/ by elim9at+ ! int]e/s ( successive sections ( ! public smacks ( ! rhetorician r ?an ( ! /atesman4 ,! tru? is t at pres5t x is idle to seek to resi/ ! dem&s ( any gr\p ( work]s by appeals to ! int]e/s ( society1 because to-day1 z long z ! economic plane alone is consid]$1 !re is n "o society b two1 :i* dwell toge!r 9 uneasy juxtaposition1 l ,s9bad & ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea1 b :i* 9 _s1 9 ideals1 & 9 economic int]e/1 are worlds asund]4 ,!re is ! society ( ^? :o live by labor1 :atev] _! craft or pr(ession1 & ! society ( ^? :o live on x4 ,all ! latt] _c comm& ! sacrifices or ! loyalty :i* are due to ! =m]1 = !y h no title :i* w be> inspection4 ,! in/9ct to ignore t tragic division in/ead ( end+ x is amiable1 & sometimes g5]\s4 ,b x is a s5tim5tality :i* is l ! morbid optimism ( ! consumptive :o d>es n admit ev5 to himself ! virul5ce ( 8 disease4 ,z long z ! division exi/s1 ! g5]al body ( work]s1 :ile x may suff] f ! /ruggles ( any "o gr\p )9 x1 nev]!less supports !m by its sympa?y1 because all are int]e/$ 9 ! results ( ! conte/ c>ri$ on by ea*4 ,diff]5t sections ( work]s w ex]cise mutual re/ra9t only :5 ! t]m9ation ( ! #acf /ruggle leaves !m face to face ) ea* o!r1 & n z n[1 ) ! common enemy4 ,! ideal ( a unit$ society 9 :i* no "o gr\p uses its p[] to encroa* ^u ! /&>ds ( ano!r is1 9 %ort1 unatta9able1 except ?r\gh ! prelim9>y abolition ( functionless prop]ty4 ,^? to :om a leisure class is "p ( an immutable ord] )\t :i* civilization is inconceivable1 d>e n admit1 ev5 to !mselves1 t ! _w is poor]1 n ri*]1 because ( its exi/5ce4 ,s1 :51 z n[ x is important t productive en]gy %\ld be fully us$1 !y /amp & cry1 & write to ,! ,times ab\t ! necessity = increas$ production1 ?\gh all ! "t !y !mselves1 _! way ( life & exp5diture1 & _! v exi/5ce z a leisure class1 are among ! causes :y production is n increas$4 ,9 all _! economic plans !y make "o res]vation1 t1 h[ev] necessit\s ! _w may be1 x %all /ill support !m4 ,b m5 :o "w d n make t res]vation1 nor is !re any reason :y !y %\ld2 & appeals to !m to produce m weal? because ! public ne$s x usually fall ^u deaf e>s1 ev5 :5 su* appeals are n involv$ 9 ! ignorance & misappreh5sions :i* (t5 *>act]ize !m4 ,= ! workman is n ! s]vant ( ! consum]1 = ^: sake great] production is dem&$1 b ( %>ehold]s1 ^: prim>y aim is divid5ds1 & to :om all production1 h[ev] futile or frivol\s1 s long z x yields divid5ds1 is ! same4 ,x is useless to urge t he %\ld produce m weal? = ! #acg community1 unless at ! same "t he is assur$ t x is ! community :i* w b5efit 9 proportion z m weal? is produc$4 ,if e unnecess>y *>ge ^u coal-gett+ _h be5 elim9at$1 x w\ld be reasonable t ! m9]s %\ld set a mu* ne$$ example by refus+ to extort bett] t]ms = !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! public4 ,b !re is no reason :y !y %\ld "w = l[] wages or long] h\rs z long z ^? :o are to-day responsible = ! managem5t ( ! indu/ry conduct x ) ! extravagance & wa/e /igmatiz$ by ! mo/ em95t (ficial witness be=e ! ,coal ,commission1 or :y ! consum] %\ld grumble at ! rapacity ( ! m9] z long z he all[s himself to be mulct$ by swoll5 pr(its1 ! co/s ( an ineffective organization1 & unnecess>y paym5ts to sup]flu\s middlem54 ,if to-day ! m9] or any o!r workman produces m1 he has no gu>antee t ! result w be l[] prices r ?an high] divid5ds & l>g] royalties1 any m ?an1 z a workman1 he c det]m9e ! quality ( ! w>es :i* 8 employ] supplies to cu/om]s1 or ! price at :i* !y are sold4 ,nor1 z long z he is directly ! s]vant ( a pr(it-mak+ company1 & only indirectly ! s]vant ( ! community1 c any su* gu>antee be (f]$ him4 ,x c be (f]$ only 9 s f> z he /&s 9 an imm$iate & direct relation to ! public = :om indu/ry is c>ri$ on1 s t1 :5 all co/s h be5 met1 any surplus w pass to x1 & n to private individuals4 ,x w be accept$ only 9 s f> z ! work]s 9 ea* indu/ry are n m]ely s]vants execut+ ord]s1 b #ach !mselves h a collective responsibility = ! "* ( ! s]vice1 & c use _! organizations n m]ely to protect !mselves aga9/ exploitation1 b to make positive contributions to ! adm9i/ration & developm5t ( _! indu/ry4 #a ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission1 ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 pp4 #ibfa-i4 #aci ,,ix ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,effici5cy ,?us x is n only = ! sake ( ! produc]s1 on :om ! old indu/rial ord] weigh$ mo/ heavily1 t a new indu/rial ord] is ne$$4 ,x is ne$$ = ! sake ( ! consum]s1 because ! ability on :i* ! old indu/rial ord] prid$ itself mo/ & :i* is flaunt$ mo/ z an argum5t aga9/ *ange1 ! ability to s]ve !m effectively1 is itself visibly break+ d[n4 ,x is break+ d[n at :at 0 always its mo/ vuln]able po9t1 ! control ( ! human be+s :om1 ) *>act]i/ic indiff]5ce to all b _! economic significance1 x di/ill$ = its own purposes into an ab/raction call$ ,labor4 ,! fir/ symptom ( its collapse is :at ! fir/ symptom ( economic collapses has usually be5 9 ! pa/--! failure ( cu/om>y /imuli to evoke _! cu/om>y response 9 human ef=t4 ,till t failure is recogniz$ & indu/ry reorganiz$ s t new /imuli may h free play1 ! collapse w n correct itself1 b1 d\btless ) spasmodic revivals & flick]+s ( en]gy1 w cont9ue & accel]ate4 ,! cause ( x is simple4 ,x is t ^? ^: bus9ess x is to direct economic activity are increas+ly incapable ( direct+ ! m5 ^u :om economic activity dep5ds4 ,! fault is n t ( individuals1 b ( a sy/em1 ( ,indu/rialism itself4 #adj ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury indu/ry 0 driv5 by two =ces1 hung] & fe>1 & ! employ] comm&$ !m bo?4 ,he c\ld grant or )hold employm5t z he pleas$4 ,if m5 revolt$ aga9/ 8 t]ms he c\ld dismiss !m1 & if !y 7 dismiss$ :at confront$ !m 0 />vation or ! workh\se4 ,au?ority 0 c5traliz$2 its in/rum5ts 7 passive2 ! "o ?+ :i* !y dread$ 0 unemploym5t4 ,& s9ce !y c\ld nei!r prev5t its occurr5ce nor d m ?an a little to mitigate its horrors :5 x occurr$1 !y submitt$ to a discipl9e :i* !y c\ld n resi/1 & indu/ry pursu$ its c\rse ?r\gh _! passive acquiesc5ce 9 a p[] :i* c\ld cru% !m individually if !y attempt$ to oppose x4 ,t sy/em might be laud$ z effici5t or d5\nc$ z inhuman4 ,b1 at lea/1 z its admir]s 7 nev] tir$ ( po9t+ out1 x work$4 ,&1 l ! ,prussian ,/ate1 :i* alike 9 its virtues & defici5cies x n a little resembl$1 z long z x work$ x surviv$ d5unciations ( its me?ods1 z a /rong man w ?r[ (f a disease4 ,b to-day x is ceas+ to h ev5 ! qualities ( its defects4 ,x is ceas+ to be effici5t4 ,x no long] secures ! ev]-increas+ output ( weal? :i* x (f]$ 9 its gold5 prime1 & :i* enabl$ x to sil5ce criticism by an impos+ spectacle ( mat]ial success4 ,?\gh x /ill works1 x works unev5ly1 amid con/ant friction & jolts & /oppages1 )\t ! confid5ce ( ! public & )\t full confid5ce ev5 9 itself1 a tyrant :o mu/ intrigue & cajole :]e =m]ly he comm&$1 a gaol] :o1 if n yet #ada depriv$ ( :ip1 d>e only adm9i/] mod]ate *a/isem5t1 & :o1 ?\gh he /ill prote/s t he alone c keep ! treadmill mov+ & get ! corn gr\nd1 is compell$ to surr5d] s mu* ( 8 au?ority z to make x que/ionable :e!r he is wor? 8 keep4 ,= ! in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* ,capitalism ex]cis$ discipl9e are "o by "o be+ tak5 f x4 ,x _c pay :at wages x likes or "w :at h\rs x likes4 ,9 well-organiz$ indu/ries ! p[] ( arbitr>y dismissal1 ! v c5t] ( its au?ority1 is be+ %ak51 because m5 w no long] tol]ate a sy/em :i* makes _! livelihood dep5d5t on ! caprices ( an individual4 ,9 all indu/ries alike ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! dread ( />vation c no long] be us$ to c[ dissatisfi$ work]s into submission1 because ! public w no long] all[ involunt>y unemploym5t to result 9 />vation4 ,& if ,capitalism is los+ its control ( m5's bodies1 /ill m has x lo/ its comm& ( _! m9ds4 ,! product ( a civilization :i* reg>d$ ! poor z in/rum5ts1 at wor/ ( ! luxuries1 at be/ ( ! virtues1 ( ! ri*1 its psy*ological f\ndation fifty ye>s ago 0 an ignorance 9 ! mass ( mank9d :i* l$ !m to rev]5ce z wisdom ! v follies ( _! ma/]s1 & an almo/ animal incapacity = responsibility4 ,education & exp]i5ce h de/roy$ ! passivity :i* 0 ! condition ( ! p]petuation ( indu/rial gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( an olig>*y ( private capitali/s4 ,! workman ( to-day has z little belief 9 ! intellectual sup]iority ( _m ( ^? :o direct indu/ry z he has 9 ! morality ( #adb ! sy/em4 ,x appe>s to him to be n only oppressive1 b wa/eful1 un9tellig5t & ineffici5t4 ,9 ! light ( 8 own exp]i5ce 9 ! factory & ! m9e1 he reg>ds ! claim ( ! capitali/ to be ! self-appo9t$ gu>dian ( public int]e/s z a piece ( sanctimoni\s hypocrisy4 ,= he sees e day t effici5cy is sacrific$ to %ortsight$ f9ancial int]e/s2 & :ile z a man he is outrag$ by ! inhumanity ( ! indu/rial ord]1 z a pr(essional :o kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 good "w & bad he has a gr[+ contempt at once = its misplac$ p>simony & its misplac$ extravagance1 = ! :ole app>atus ( adult]ation1 adv]tisem5t & quack]y :i* seems insep>able f ! pursuit ( pr(it z ! ma9 /&>d ( indu/rial success4 ,s ,capitalism no long] secures /r5u\s "w by fe>1 = x is ceas+ to be =midable4 ,& x _c secure x by respect1 = x has ceas$ to be respect$4 ,& ! v victories by :i* x seeks to reass]t its wan+ pre/ige are m disa/r\s ?an defeats4 ,employ]s may congratulate !mselves t !y h ma9ta9$ intact _! "r to fre$om ( managem5t1 or oppos$ successfully a dem& = public own]%ip1 or brok5 a movem5t = high] wages & %ort] h\rs4 ,b :at is success 9 a trade dispute or 9 a political /ruggle is (t5 a defeat 9 ! work%op3 ! workm5 may h lo/1 b x does n foll[ t _! employ]s1 /ill less t ! public1 :i* is pr9cipally compos$ ( workm51 h won4 ,= ! object ( indu/ry is to produce goods1 & to produce !m at ! l[e/ co/ 9 human ef=t4 #adc ,b !re is no al*emy :i* w secure effici5t production f ! res5tm5t or di/ru/ ( m5 :o feel contempt = ! ord] "u :i* !y "w4 ,x is a commonplace t cr$it is ! f\ndation ( indu/ry4 ,b cr$it is a matt] ( psy*ology1 & ! workman has 8 psy*ology z well z ! capitali/4 ,if confid5ce is necess>y to ! inve/m5t ( capital1 confid5ce is n less necess>y to ! effective p]=mance ( labor by m5 ^: sole livelihood dep5ds ^u x4 ,if !y are n yet /rong en\gh to impose _! w1 !y are /rong en\gh to resi/ :5 _! ma/]s w\ld impose !irs4 ,!y may "w r ?an /rike4 ,b !y w "w to escape dismissal1 n = ! great] glory ( a sy/em 9 :i* !y d n believe2 &1 if !y are dismiss$1 ^? :o take _! place w d ! same4 ,t ?is is "o cause ( a l[ output has be5 /at$ bo? by employ]s & work]s 9 ! build+ indu/ry1 & by ! repres5tatives ( ! m9]s be=e ! ,coal ,commission4 ,x 0 reit]at$ ) impressive emphasis by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey4 ,nor is x s]i\sly conte/$ by employ]s !mselves4 ,:at else1 inde$1 d _! repeat$ d5unciations ( re/riction ( output mean except t !y h fail$ to organize indu/ry s z to secure ! effici5t s]vice :i* x is _! special function to provide8 ,nor is x appropriate to ! situation to indulge 9 full-blood$ d5unciations ( ! selfi%ness ( ! work+ classes4 ,to draw an indictm5t aga9/ a :ole nation is a proc$ure :i* is z impossible 9 indu/ry z x is 9 politics4 ,in/itutions mu/ be adapt$ to human nature1 n #add human nature to in/itutions4 ,if ! effect ( ! indu/rial sy/em is su* t a l>ge & increas+ numb] ( ord9>y m5 & wom5 f9d t x (f]s !m no adequate motive = economic ef=t1 x is m]e p$antry to d5\nce m5 & wom5 in/ead ( am5d+ ! sy/em4 ,?us ! "t has come :5 absolutism 9 indu/ry may /ill w9 its battles1 b loses ! campaign1 & loses x on ! v gr\nd ( economic effici5cy :i* 0 ( its own selection4 ,9 ! p]iod ( transition1 :ile economic activity is di/ract$ by ! /ruggle betwe5 ^? :o h ! "n & habit ( p[]1 b no long] ! full reality ( x1 & ^? :o are daily w9n+ m ( ! reality ( p[] b are n yet its recogniz$ repositories1 x is ! consum] :o suff]s4 ,he has nei!r ! s]vice ( docile ob$i5ce1 nor ! s]vice ( intellig5t co-op]ation4 ,= slav]y w "w--z long z ! slaves w let x2 & fre$om w "w :5 m5 h le>n$ to be free2 b :at w n "w is a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,s ! public goes %ort ( coal n only because ( ! te*nical defici5cies ( ! sy/em "u :i* x is rais$ & di/ribut$1 b because ! sy/em itself has lo/ its driv+ =ce--because ! coal own]s c no long] p]suade ! m9]s into produc+ m divid5ds = !m & m royalties = ! own]s ( m9]als1 :ile ! public _c appeal to !m to put _! :ole p[] into s]v+ itself1 because x has *os5 t !y %\ld be ! s]vants1 n ( itself1 b ( %>ehold]s4 ,&1 ?is dilemma is n1 z "s suppose1 tempor>y1 #ade ! aft]ma? ( w>1 or peculi> to ! coal indu/ry1 z ?\gh ! m9]s alone 7 ! *ildr5 ( s9 :i* 9 ! la/ few mon?s !y h be5 describ$ to be4 ,x is p]man5t2 x has spread f>2 &1 z sleep+ spirits are /irr$ into life by education & "o indu/ry aft] ano!r develops a /rong corporate consci\sness1 x w spread fur!r4 ,nor w x be resolv$ by lam5tations or m5aces or d5unciations ( lead]s ^: only significance is t !y say op5ly :at pla9 m5 feel privately4 ,= ! matt] at bottom is "o ( psy*ology4 ,:at has happ5$ is t ! motives on :i* ! indu/rial sy/em reli$ = sev]al g5]ations to secure effici5cy1 secure x no long]4 ,& x is z impossible to re/ore !m1 to revive by m]e exhortation ! complex ( hopes & fe>s & ignorance & pati5t cr$ulity & passive acquiesc5ce1 :i* toge!r made m51 fifty ye>s ago1 pla/ic in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( indu/rialism1 z to re/ore innoc5ce to any o!rs ( ^? :o h eat5 ( ! tree ( k4 ,! ideal ( "s intellig5t & respectable bus9ess m51 ! re/oration ( ! gold5 sixties1 :5 workm5 7 docile & confid+1 & trade unions 7 /ill half illegal1 & =eign competition meant ,engli% competition 9 =eign c\ntries1 & prices 7 ris+ a little & n ris+ too mu*1 is ! "o ,utopia :i* c nev] be realiz$4 ,! ,k+ may walk nak$ z long z 8 c\rti]s prote/ t he is clad2 b :5 a *ild or a fool has brok5 ! spell a tailor is m important ?an all _! admiration4 ,if ! public1 :i* suff]s f ! slack5+ ( economic activity1 #adf desires to end its malaise1 x w n laud z admirable & all-suffici5t ! op]ation ( motives :i* are pla9ly ceas+ to move4 ,x w seek to lib]ate new motives & to enli/ !m 9 its s]vice4 ,x w endeavor to f9d an alt]native to inc5tives :i* 7 always degrad+1 to ^? :o us$ !m z mu* z to ^? ^u :om !y 7 us$1 & :i* n[ are adequate inc5tives no long]4 ,& ! alt]native to ! discipl9e :i* ,capitalism ex]cis$ ?r\gh its in/rum5ts ( unemploym5t & />vation is ! self-discipl9e ( responsibility & pr(essional pride4 ,s ! dem& :i* aims at /rong] organization1 full] responsibility1 l>g] p[]s = ! sake ( ! produc] z a condition ( economic lib]ty1 ! dem& = fre$om1 is n anti!tic to ! dem& = m effective "w & increas$ output :i* is be+ made 9 ! int]e/s ( ! consum]4 ,x is complem5t>y to x1 z ! insi/5ce by a body ( pr(essional m51 :e!r doctors or univ]sity tea*]s1 on ! ma9t5ance ( _! pr(essional indep5d5ce & dignity aga9/ attempts to *eap5 ! s]vice is n ho/ile to an effici5t s]vice1 b1 9 ! long run1 a condition ( x4 ,! c\rse ( wisdom = ! consum] w\ld be to ha/51 s f> z he c1 ! transition4 ,=1 z at pres5t conduct$1 indu/ry is work+ aga9/ ! gra94 ,x is compass+ sea & l& 9 its ef=ts to ov]come1 by +5i\s f9ancial & te*nical exp$i5ts1 ob/acles :i* %\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,x is try+ to produce its results by conqu]+ pr(essional feel+ in/ead ( us+ x4 ,x is c>ry+ n only its inevitable economic burd5s1 b an ev] increas+ #adg load ( ill w & skepticism4 ,x has 9 fact %ot ! bird :i* caus$ ! w9d to bl[ & goes ab\t its bus9ess ) ! corpse r\nd its neck4 ,comp>$ ) t psy*ological incubus1 ! te*nical defici5cies ( indu/ry1 s]i\s ?\gh !y (t5 are1 are a bagatelle1 & ! bus9ess m5 :o prea* ! gospel ( production )\t (f]+ any plan = deal+ ) :at is n[ ! c5tral fact 9 ! economic situation1 resemble a ,*ri/ian apologi/ :o %\ld avoid di/urb+ ! equanimity ( 8 audi5ce by c>efully omitt+ all ref]5ce ei!r to ! fall ( man or ! s*eme ( salvation4 ,if x is desir$ to increase ! output ( weal?1 x is n a p>adox1 b ! /atem5t ( an elem5t>y economic truism to say t active & con/ructive co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! rank & file ( work]s w\ld d m to contribute to t result ?an ! discov]y ( a new coal-field or a g5]ation ( sci5tific inv5tion4 ,! fir/ condition ( enli/+ on ! side ( con/ructive "w ! pr(essional feel+ :i* is n[ apa!tic1 or ev5 ho/ile to x1 is to secure t :5 x is giv5 its results accrue to ! public1 n to ! own] ( prop]ty 9 capital1 9 l&1 or 9 o!r res\rces4 ,= ?is reason ! att5uation ( ! rights at pres5t involv$ 9 ! private own]%ip ( indu/rial capital1 or _! complete abolition1 is n ! dem& ( idealogues1 b an indisp5sable elem5t 9 a policy ( economic effici5cy1 s9ce x is ! condition ( ! mo/ effective function+ ( ! human be+s ^u :om1 ?\gh1 l o!r truisms1 x is (t5 =gott51 #adh economic effici5cy ultimately dep5ds4 ,b x is only "o elem5t4 ,co-op]ation may range f m]e acquiesc5ce to a vigilant & zeal\s initiative4 ,! crit]ion ( an effective sy/em ( adm9i/ration is t x %\ld succe$ 9 enli/+ 9 ! conduct ( indu/ry ! lat5t =ces ( pr(essional pride to :i* ! pres5t indu/rial ord] makes little appeal1 & :i*1 inde$1 ,capitalism1 9 its w> ^u trade union organization1 endeavor$ = _m ye>s to /amp out altoge!r4 ,nor does ! efficacy ( su* an appeal repose ^u ! assumption ( t *ange 9 human nature1 :i* is ! triumphant r$uctio ad absurdum advanc$ by ^? :o are lea/ satisfi$ ) ! work+ ( human nature z x is4 ,:at x does involve is t c]ta9 elem5t>y facts %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt1 in/ead (1 z at pres5t1 be+ ignor$4 ,t all "w is di/a/eful & t e man desires to secure ! l>ge/ income ) ! lea/ ef=t may be z axiomatic z x is assum$ to be4 ,b 9 practice x makes all ! diff]5ce to ! attitude ( ! individual :e!r ! collective s5tim5t ( ! gr\p to :i* he belongs is on ! side ( ef=t or aga9/ x1 & :at /&>d ( ef=t x sets4 ,t1 z employ]s compla91 ! public op9ion ( consid]able gr\ps ( work]s is aga9/ an int5sification ( ef=t z long z "p ( its result is increas$ divid5ds = %>ehold]s1 is no d\bt1 z f> z m]e effici5cy is conc]n$1 ! grave/ indictm5t ( ! exi/+ indu/rial ord]4 ,b1 ev5 :5 public own]%ip has tak5 ! place ( private capitalism1 its ability to comm& #adi effective s]vice w dep5d ultimately ^u its success 9 secur+ n m]ely t pr(essional feel+ is no long] an oppos+ =ce1 b t x is actively enli/$ ^u ! side ( ma9ta9+ ! highe/ possible /&>d ( effici5cy :i* c reasonably be dem&$4 ,to put ! matt] concretely1 :ile ! exi/+ own]%ip ( m9es is a positive inducem5t to ineffici5t "w1 public own]%ip adm9i/]$ by a bureaucracy1 if x w\ld remove ! te*nical defici5cies emphasiz$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,r$mayne z insep>able f ! sep>ate adm9i/ration ( #c1jjj pits by #a1ejj diff]5t companies1 w\ld be only too likely to miss a capital advantage :i* a diff]5t type ( adm9i/ration w\ld secure4 ,x w\ld lose bo? ! assi/ance to be d]iv$ f ! te*nical k ( practical m5 :o "k by daily exp]i5ce ! po9ts at :i* ! details ( adm9i/ration c be improv$1 & ! /imulus to effici5cy spr++ f ! corporate pride ( a pr(ession :i* is responsible = ma9ta9+ & improv+ ! "* ( its s]vice4 ,pr(essional _s is a =ce l gravitation1 :i* 9 itself is nei!r good nor bad1 b :i* ! eng9e] uses1 :5 he c1 to d 8 "w = him4 ,if x is fooli% to idealize x1 x is equally %ortsight$ to neglect x4 ,9 :at are describ$ p> excell5ce z ! s]vices x has always be5 recogniz$ t esprit de corps is ! f\ndation ( effici5cy1 & all means1 "s wise & "s mis*iev\s1 are us$ to enc\rage x3 9 practice1 inde$1 ! p[] ^u :i* ! c\ntry reli$ z its ma9 safegu>d 9 an em]g5cy 0 ! pr(essional zeal ( ! navy & no?+ else4 ,nor is #aej t _s peculi> to ! pr(essions :i* are conc]n$ ) w>4 ,x is a matt] ( common tra9+1 common responsibilities1 & common dang]s4 ,9 all cases :]e difficult & disagreeable "w is to be done1 ! =ce :i* elicits x is normally n m]ely money1 b ! public op9ion & tradition ( ! little society 9 :i* ! individual moves1 & 9 ! e/eem ( :i* he f9ds t :i* m5 value 9 success4 ,to ignore t mo/ p[]ful ( /imuli z x is ignor$ to-day1 & !n to lam5t t ! ef=ts :i* x produces are n =?com+1 is ! climax ( p]v]sity4 ,to aim at elim9at+ f indu/ry ! gr[? & action ( corporate feel+1 = fe> le/ an organiz$ body ( produc]s %\ld exploit ! public1 is a plausible policy4 ,b x is %ort-sight$4 ,x is to p\r away ! baby ) ! ba?1 & to l[] ! quality ( ! s]vice 9 an attempt to safegu>d x4 ,a wise sy/em ( adm9i/ration w\ld recognize t pr(essional solid>ity c d mu* ( its "w = x m effectively ?an x c d x itself1 because ! _s ( 8 pr(ession is "p ( ! individual & n a =ce outside him1 & w\ld make x its object to enli/ t temp] 9 ! public s]vice4 ,x is only by t policy1 inde$1 t ! elaboration ( cumbr\s regulations to prev5t m5 do+ :at !y %\ld n1 ) ! incid5tal result ( sometimes prev5t+ !m f do+ :at !y %\ld--x is only by t policy t :at is me*anical & ob/ructive 9 bureaucracy c be av]t$4 ,= indu/ry _c run )\t laws4 ,x mu/ ei!r control itself by pr(essional /&>ds1 or x mu/ be controll$ by (ficials :o are n ( ! #aea craft & :o1 h[ev] zeal\s & well-mean+1 c h>dly h ! feel ( x 9 _! f+]s4 ,public control & criticism are indisp5sable4 ,b !y %\ld n be too detail$1 or !y defeat !mselves4 ,x w\ld be bett] t1 once fair /&>ds h be5 e/abli%$1 ! pr(essional organization %\ld *eck (f5ses aga9/ prices & quality ?an t x %\ld be necess>y = ! ,/ate to d s4 ,! alt]native to m9ute ext]nal sup]vision is sup]vision f )9 by m5 :o become imbu$ ) ! public obligations ( _! trade 9 ! v process ( le>n+ x4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 pr(essional 9 indu/ry4 ,= ?is reason collectivism by itself is too simple a solution4 ,its failure is likely to be t ( o!r rationali/ sy/ems4 ,dann hat er die ,!ile 9 se9] ,h&1 ,fehlt leid]6 nur das gei/ige ,b&4 ,if indu/rial reorganization is to be a liv+ reality1 & n m]ely a plan ^u pap]1 its aim mu/ be to secure n only t indu/ry is c>ri$ on = ! s]vice ( ! public1 b t x %all be c>ri$ on ) ! active co-op]ation ( ! organizations ( produc]s4 ,b co-op]ation involves responsibility1 & responsibility involves p[]4 ,x is idle to expect t m5 w give _! be/ to any sy/em :i* !y d n tru/1 or t !y w tru/ any sy/em 9 ! control ( :i* !y d n %>e4 ,_! ability to c>ry pr(essional obligations dep5ds ^u ! p[] :i* !y possess to remove ! ob/acles :i* prev5t ^? obligations f be+ dis*>g$1 & ^u _! will+ness1 :5 !y possess ! p[]1 to use x4 #aeb ,two causes appe> to h hamp]$ ! committees :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) coal m9es dur+ ! w> to increase ! output ( coal4 ,"o 0 ! reluctance ( "s ( !m to dis*>ge ! invidi\s task ( impos+ p5alties = abs5teeism on _! fell[-workm54 ,! o!r 0 ! exclusion ( faults ( managem5t f ! control ( _m committees4 ,9 "s cases all w5t well till !y dem&$ t1 if ! m9]s 7 p5aliz$ = abs5teeism :i* 0 due to !m1 ! managem5t %\ld be p5aliz$ simil>ly :5 m5 :o desir$ to "w 7 s5t home because1 z a result ( defective organization1 !re 0 no "w = !m to d4 ,_! dem& 0 resi/$ z int]f]5ce ) ! managem5t1 & ! attempt to en=ce regul>ity ( att5dance broke d[n4 ,nor1 to take ano!r example f ! same indu/ry1 is x to be expect$ t ! weight ( ! m9]s' organization w be ?r[n on to ! side ( great] production1 if x has no p[] to insi/ on ! removal ( ! defects ( equipm5t & organization1 ! %ortage ( trams1 rails1 tubs & timb]1 ! cream+ ( ! pits by ! work+ ( easily got coal to _! future detrim5t1 _! wa/eful lay\t caus$ by ! vag>ies ( sep>ate own]%ip1 by :i* at pres5t ! output is r$uc$4 ,! public _c h x bo? ways4 ,if x all[s workm5 to be treat$ z h&s x _c claim ! s]vice ( _! wills & _! bra9s4 ,if x desires !m to %[ ! zeal ( skill$ pr(essionals1 x mu/ secure t !y h suffici5t p[] to all[ ( _! dis*>g+ pr(essional responsibilities4 ,9 ord] t workm5 may aboli% any re/rictions on output :i* #aec may be impos$ by !m1 !y mu/ be able to insi/ on ! abolition ( ! re/rictions1 m mis*iev\s because m effective1 :i*1 z ! ,committee on ,tru/s has rec5tly told u1 are impos$ by organizations ( employ]s4 ,9 ord] t ! m9]s' lead]s1 in/ead ( m]ely b>ga9+ z to wages1 h\rs & work+ conditions1 may be able to appeal to _! memb]s to increase ! supply ( coal1 !y mu/ be 9 a position to secure ! removal ( ! causes ( l[ output :i* are due to ! defici5cies ( ! managem5t1 & :i* are to-day a f> m s]i\s ob/acle ?an any reluctance on ! "p ( ! m9]4 ,if ! workm5 9 ! build+ trade are to take comb9$ action to accel]ate production1 !y mu/ z a body be consult$ z to ! purpose to :i* _! en]gy is to be appli$1 & mu/ n be expect$ to build fa%ionable h\ses1 :5 :at are requir$ are six-room$ cottages to h\se families :i* are at pres5t liv+ ) ?ree p]sons to a room4 ,x is deplorable1 inde$1 t any human be+s %\ld cons5t to degrade !mselves by produc+ ! articles :i* a consid]able numb] ( workm5 turn out to-day1 boots :i* are p>tly br[n pap]1 & furniture :i* is n fit to use4 ,! rev5ge ( outrag$ humanity is c]ta91 ?\gh x is n always obvi\s2 & ! p5alty paid by ! consum] = tol]at+ an organization ( indu/ry :i*1 9 ! "n ( effici5cy1 de/roy$ ! responsibility ( ! workman1 is t ! s]vice ) :i* he is provid$ is n ev5 effici5t4 ,he has always paid x1 ?\gh he has n se5 x1 9 quality4 ,to-day he is beg9n+ to #aed realize t he is likely to pay x 9 quantity z well4 ,if ! public is to get effici5t s]vice1 x c get x only f human be+s1 ) ! initiative & caprices ( human be+s4 ,x w get x1 9 %ort1 9 s f> z x treats indu/ry z a responsible pr(ession4 ,! collective responsibility ( ! work]s = ! ma9t5ance ( ! /&>ds ( _! pr(ession is1 !n1 ! alt]native to ! discipl9e :i* ,capitalism ex]cis$ 9 ! pa/1 & :i* is n[ break+ d[n4 ,x involves a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! position bo? ( employ]s & ( trade unions4 ,z long z ! direction ( indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( prop]ty-own]s or _! ag5ts1 :o are conc]n$ to extract f x ! maximum pr(it = !mselves1 a trade union is necess>ily a def5sive organization4 ,absorb$1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! /ruggle to resi/ ! d[nw>d ?ru/ ( ,capitalism ^u ! work]s' /&>d ( life1 & d5\nc$1 on ! o!r1 if x presumes1 to int]f]e ) managem5t1 ev5 :5 managem5t is mo/ obvi\sly ineffici5t1 x is an opposition :i* nev] becomes a gov]nm5t & :i* has nei!r ! w nor ! p[] to assume responsibility = ! quality ( ! s]vice (f]$ to ! consum]4 ,if ! abolition ( functionless prop]ty transf]r$ ! control ( production to bodies repres5t+ ^? :o p]=m con/ructive "w & ^? :o consume ! goods produc$1 ! relation ( ! work] to ! public w\ld no long] be indirect b imm$iate1 & associations :i* are n[ purely def5sive w\ld be 9 a position n m]ely to criticize & oppose b to advise1 to initiate & to en=ce ^u _! own memb]s ! obligations ( ! craft4 #aee ,x is obvi\s t 9 su* circum/ances ! s]vice (f]$ ! consum]1 h[ev] c>efully safegu>d$ by 8 repres5tation on ! au?orities controll+ ea* indu/ry1 w\ld dep5d prim>ily ^u ! success ( pr(essional organizations 9 f9d+ a sub/itute = ! discipl9e ex]cis$ to-day by ! ag5ts ( prop]ty-own]s4 ,x w\ld be necess>y = !m to ma9ta9 by _! own action ! zeal1 effici5cy & pr(essional pride :i*1 :5 ! b>b>\s weapons ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h be5 disc>d$1 w\ld be ! only gu>antee ( a high level ( production4 ,nor1 once ?is new function has be5 made possible = pr(essional organizations1 is !re any extravagance 9 expect+ !m to p]=m x ) reasonable compet5ce4 ,h[ f> economic motives are balk$ to-day & c\ld be /r5g!n$ by a diff]5t type ( indu/rial organization1 to :at ext5t1 & "u :at conditions1 x is possible to enli/ 9 ! s]vices ( indu/ry motives :i* are n purely economic1 c be asc]ta9$ only aft] a /udy ( ! psy*ology ( "w :i* has n yet be5 made4 ,su* a /udy1 to be ( value1 mu/ />t by ab&on+ ! conv5tional assumptions1 popul>iz$ by economic textbooks & accept$ z self-evid5t by practical m51 t ! motives to ef=t are simple & con/ant 9 "*1 l ! pressure ( /eam 9 a boil]1 t !y are id5tical ?r\gh\t all ranges ( economic activity1 f ! /ock ex*ange to ! %unt+ ( wagons or lay+ ( bricks1 & t !y c be elicit$ & /r5g!n$ only by directly economic inc5tives4 ,9 s f> z motives 9 indu/ry h be5 consid]$ hi!rto1 x has usually be5 done #aef by writ]s :o1 l mo/ expon5ts ( sci5tific managem5t1 h />t$ by assum+ t ! categories ( bus9ess psy*ology c\ld be (f]$ ) equal success to all classes ( work]s & to all types ( productive "w4 ,^? categories appe> to be d]iv$ f a simplifi$ analysis ( ! m5tal processes ( ! company promot]1 f9anci] or inve/or1 & _! validity z an int]pretation ( ! motives & habits :i* det]m9e ! attitude to 8 "w ( ! bricklay]1 ! m9]1 ! dock labor] or ! eng9e]1 is precisely ! po9t 9 "q4 ,cle>ly !re are c]ta9 types ( indu/ry to :i* !y are only p>tially relevant4 ,x c h>dly be assum$1 = example1 t ! degree ( skill & en]gy br\ght to 8 "w by a surgeon1 a sci5tific inve/igator1 a tea*]1 a m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 an ,indian civil s]vant & a peasant proprietor are capable ( be+ express$ precisely & to ! same degree 9 t]ms ( ! economic advantage :i* ^? diff]5t occupations (f]4 ,obvi\sly ^? :o pursue !m are influ5c$ to "s consid]able1 ?\gh unc]ta91 ext5t by economic inc5tives4 ,obvi\sly1 aga91 ! precise "* ( ea* process or /ep 9 ! ex]cise ( _! respective avocations1 ! p]=mance ( an op]ation1 ! c>ry+ out ( a piece ( inve/igation1 ! selection ( a p>ticul> type ( educational me?od1 ! prep>ation ( a report1 ! decision ( a case or ! c>e ( live /ock1 is n imm$iately dep5d5t ^u an exact calculation ( pecuni>y ga9 or loss4 ,:at appe>s to be ! case is t 9 c]ta9 walks ( life1 :ile ! occupation is *os5 aft] a consid]ation ( #aeg its economic advantages1 & :ile economic reasons exact ! m9imum degree ( activity ne$$ to av]t dismissal f x or failure1 ! actual level ( en]gy or pr(ici5cy display$ dep5d l>gely ^u conditions ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,among !m are ! "* ( ! tra9+ receiv$ be=e & aft] ent]+ ! occupation1 ! cu/om>y /&>d ( ef=t dem&$ by ! public op9ion ( "o's fell[s1 ! desire = ! e/eem ( ! small circle 9 :i* ! individual moves & to be recogniz$ z hav+ made good & n to h fail$1 int]e/ 9 "o's "w1 rang+ f devotion to a det]m9ation to d ju/ice to x1 ! pride ( ! craftsman1 ! tradition ( ! s]vice4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to sugge/ t any consid]able body ( m5 are un9flu5c$ by economic consid]ations4 ,b to repres5t !m z am5able to su* inc5tives only is to give a q unreal & booki% picture ( ! actual conditions "u :i* ! "w ( ! _w is c>ri$ on4 ,h[ l>ge a "p su* consid]ations play v>ies f "o occupation to ano!r1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! "w :i* x does & ! mann] 9 :i* x is organiz$4 ,9 :at is call$ p> excell5ce indu/ry1 calculations ( pecuni>y ga9 & loss are m p[]ful ?an 9 mo/ ( ! s-call$ pr(essions1 ?\gh ev5 9 indu/ry !y are m con/antly pres5t to ! m9ds ( ! bus9ess m5 :o direct x1 ?an to ^? ( ! manag]s & te*nicians1 mo/ ( :om are paid fix$ sal>ies1 or to ! rank & file ( wage-work]s4 ,9 ! pr(essions ( tea*+ & m$ic9e1 9 _m bran*es ( ! #aeh public s]vice1 ! necess>y qualities are secur$1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! capitali/ employ]1 p>tly by pecuni>y inc5tives1 p>tly by tra9+ & education1 p>tly by ! acceptance on ! "p ( ^? ent]+ !m ( ! traditional obligations ( _! pr(ession z "p ( ! normal framework ( _! work+ lives4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is n con/ant & unalt]able4 ,x spr+s f ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t types ( occupation are organiz$1 on ! tra9+ :i* !y (f]1 & ! morale :i* !y cultivate among _! memb]s4 ,! psy*ology ( a vocation c 9 fact be *ang$2 new motives c be elicit$1 provid$ /eps are tak5 to all[ !m free expression4 ,x is z feasible to turn build+ into an organiz$ pr(ession1 ) a relatively high code ( public honor1 z x 0 to d ! same = m$ic9e or tea*+4 ,! tru? is t we ought radically to revise ! presuppositions z to human motives on :i* curr5t pres5tations ( economic !ory are ord9>ily f\nd$ & 9 t]ms ( :i* ! discussion ( economic "q is usually c>ri$ on4 ,! assumption t ! /imulus ( imm95t p]sonal want is ei!r ! only spur1 or a suffici5t spur1 to productive ef=t is a relic ( a crude psy*ology :i* has little w>rant ei!r 9 pa/ hi/ory or 9 pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,x d]ives :at plausibility x possesses f a confusion betwe5 "w 9 ! s5se ( ! l[e/ quantum ( activity ne$$ to escape actual />vation1 & ! "w :i* is giv51 irrespective ( ! fact t elem5t>y wants may already h be5 satisfi$1 ?r\gh ! natural disposition ( ord9>y m5 to ma9ta91 & ( extraord9>y #aei m5 to improve ^u1 ! level ( ex]tion accept$ z reasonable by ! public op9ion ( ! gr\p ( :i* !y are memb]s4 ,x is ! old diff]5ce1 =gott5 by society z (t5 z x is le>n$1 betwe5 ! labor ( ! free man & t ( ! slave4 ,economic fe> may secure ! m9imum ef=t ne$$ to escape economic p5alties4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 has made progress possible 9 ! pa/1 & :at1 x may be sugge/$1 matt]s to ! _w to-day1 is n ! b>e m9imum :i* is requir$ to avoid actual want1 b ! capacity ( m5 to br+ to be> ^u _! tasks a degree ( en]gy1 :i*1 :ile x c be /imulat$ by economic inc5tives1 yields results f> 9 excess ( any :i* are necess>y m]ely to avoid ! extremes ( hung] or de/itution4 ,t capacity is a matt] ( tra9+1 tradition & habit1 at lea/ z mu* z ( pecuni>y /imulus1 & ! ability ( a pr(essional association repres5t+ ! public op9ion ( a gr\p ( work]s to raise x is1 !re=e1 consid]able4 ,once indu/ry has be5 lib]at$ f its subs]vi5ce to ! int]e/s ( ! functionless prop]ty-own]1 x is 9 ?is sph]e t trade unions may be expect$ increas+ly to f9d _! function4 ,its importance bo? = ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! community & = ! special int]e/s ( p>ticul> gr\ps ( work]s c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,te*nical k & manag]ial skill are likely to be available z readily = a committee appo9t$ by ! work]s 9 an indu/ry z = a committee appo9t$1 z n[1 by ! %>ehold]s4 ,b x is m & m evid5t to-day t ! crux ( ! economic situation is n #afj ! te*nical defici5cies ( indu/rial organization1 b ! gr[+ inability ( ^? :o direct indu/ry to comm& ! active good w ( ! p]sonnel4 ,_! co-op]ation is promis$ by ! conv]sion ( indu/ry into a pr(ession s]v+ ! public1 & promis$1 z f> z c be judg$1 by t alone4 ,nor is ! assumption ( ! new & (t5 disagreeable obligations ( int]nal discipl9e & public responsibility "o :i* trade unionism c af=d1 once ! *ange is accompli%$1 to %irk1 h[ev] ali5 !y may be to its pres5t traditions4 ,= ultimately1 if by sl[ degrees1 p[] foll[s ! ability to wield x2 au?ority goes ) function4 ,! work]s _c h x bo? ways4 ,!y mu/ *oose :e!r to assume ! responsibility = indu/rial discipl9e & become free1 or to repudiate x & cont9ue to be s]fs4 ,if1 organiz$ z pr(essional bodies1 !y c provide a m effective s]vice ?an t :i* is n[1 ) increas+ difficulty1 extort$ by ! ag5ts ( capital1 !y w h made good _! hold ^u ! future4 ,if !y _c1 !y w rema9 among ! less calculable in/rum5ts ( production :i* _m ( !m are to-day4 ,! in/9ct ( mank9d w>ns x aga9/ accept+ at _! face value spiritual dem&s :i* _c ju/ify !mselves by practical a*ievem5ts4 ,& ! road along :i* ! organiz$ work]s1 l any o!r class1 mu/ climb to p[]1 />ts f ! provision ( a m effective economic s]vice ?an _! ma/]s1 z _! grip ^u indu/ry becomes increas+ly vacillat+ & unc]ta91 are able to supply4 #afa ,x ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,work] ,! conv]sion ( indu/ry into a pr(ession w involve at lea/ z great a *ange 9 ! position ( ! managem5t z 9 t ( ! manual work]s4 ,z ea* indu/ry is organiz$ = ! p]=mance ( function1 ! employ] w cease to be a pr(it mak] & become :at1 9 s f> z he holds 8 position by a reputable title1 he already is1 "o workman among o!rs4 ,9 "s indu/ries1 :]e ! manag] is a capitali/ z well1 ! alt]ation may take place ?r\gh su* a limitation ( 8 int]e/ z a capitali/ z x has be5 propos$ by employ]s & work]s to introduce into ! build+ indu/ry4 ,9 o!rs1 :]e ! :ole "w ( adm9i/ration re/s on ! %\ld]s ( sal>i$ manag]s1 x has already 9 "p be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! economic conditions ( ?is *ange h1 inde$1 be5 prep>$ by ! sep>ation ( own]%ip f managem5t1 & by ! gr[? ( an intellectual prolet>iat to :om ! sci5tific & manag]ial "w ( indu/ry is increas+ly intru/$4 ,! conc5tration ( bus9esses1 ! elaboration ( organization1 & ! developm5ts spr++ f ! application ( sci5ce to indu/ry h result$ 9 ! multiplication ( a body ( indu/rial bra9 work]s :o make ! old classifications into employ]s & workm51 :i* is /ill curr5t 9 common spee*1 an absurdly #afb mislead+ description ( ! indu/rial sy/em z x exi/s to-day4 ,to complete ! trans=mation all t is ne$$ is t ?is new class ( (ficials1 :o fifty ye>s ago 7 almo/ unkn[n1 %\ld recognize t !y1 l ! manual work]s1 are ! victims ( ! dom9ation ( prop]ty1 & t bo? pr(essional pride & economic int]e/ require t !y %\ld ?r[ 9 _! lot ) ! re/ ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 con/ructive "w4 ,_! position to-day is (t51 inde$1 v f> f be+ a happy "o4 ,_m ( !m1 l "s m9e manag]s1 are mis]ably paid4 ,_! t5ure ( _! po/s is sometimes highly insecure4 ,_! opportunities = promotion may be few1 & di/ribut$ ) a s+ul> caprici\sness4 ,!y see ! prizes ( indu/ry aw>d$ by favoritism1 or by ! nepotism :i* results 9 ! head ( a bus9ess unload+ ^u x a family ( sons :om x w\ld be economical to pay to keep out ( x1 & :i*1 indignantly d5\nc$ on ! r>e occasions on :i* x occurs 9 ! public s]vice1 is s mu* ! rule 9 private indu/ry t no "o ev5 que/ions its propriety4 ,dur+ ! w> !y h f\nd t1 :ile ! organiz$ work]s h secur$ advances1 _! own sal>ies h (t5 rema9$ almo/ /ation>y1 because !y h be5 too g5teel to take "p 9 trade unionism1 & t to-day !y are sometimes paid less ?an ! m5 = ^: "w !y are suppos$ to be responsible4 ,reg>d$ by ! workm5 z ! hang]s-on ( ! ma/]s1 & by _! employ]s z "o section among ! re/ ( ! h&s1 !y h ! odium ( capitalism )\t its p[] or its pr(its4 #afc ,f ! conv]sion ( indu/ry into a pr(ession ^? :o at pres5t d its intellectual "w h z mu* to ga9 z ! manual work]s4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( function1 = :i* we h plead$ z ! basis ( indu/rial organization1 supplies ! only intelligible /&>d by :i* ! p[]s & duties ( ! diff]5t gr\ps engag$ 9 indu/ry c be det]m9$4 ,at ! pres5t "t no su* /&>d exi/s4 ,! social ord] ( ! pre-indu/rial era1 ( :i* fa9t traces h surviv$ 9 ! =ms ( academic organization1 0 m>k$ by a c>eful grad+ ( ! successive /ages 9 ! progress f appr5tice to ma/]1 ea* ( :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by cle>ly def9$ rights & duties1 v>y+ f grade to grade & toge!r =m+ a hi]>*y ( functions4 ,! indu/rial sy/em :i* develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury did n admit any pr9ciple ( organization o!r ?an ! conv5i5ce ( ! individual1 :o by ent]prise1 skill1 good =tune1 unscrupul\s en]gy or m]e nepotism1 happ5$ at any mom5t to be 9 a position to wield economic au?ority4 ,8 p[]s 7 :at he c\ld ex]cise2 8 rights 7 :at at any "t he c\ld ass]t4 ,! ,lanca%ire mill-own] ( ! fifties 01 l ! ,cyclops1 a law unto himself4 ,h5ce1 s9ce subord9ation & discipl9e are indisp5sable 9 any complex und]tak+1 ! subord9ation :i* em]g$ 9 indu/ry 0 t ( s]vant to ma/]1 & ! discipl9e su* z economic /r5g? c\ld impose ^u economic weakness4 ,! alt]native to ! allocation ( p[] by ! /ruggle ( individuals = self-aggr&izem5t is its #afd allocation accord+ to function1 t ea* gr\p 9 ! complex process ( production %\ld wield s mu* au?ority z1 & no m au?ority ?an1 is ne$$ to enable x to p]=m ! special duties = :i* x is responsible4 ,an organization ( indu/ry bas$ on ?is pr9ciple does n imply ! m]g+ ( specializ$ economic functions 9 an undiff]5tiat$ indu/rial democracy1 or ! oblit]ation ( ! bra9 work]s b5ea? ! %e] mass ( artisans & labor]s4 ,b x is incompatible ) ! unlimit$ ex]cise ( economic p[] by any class or individual4 ,x w\ld h z its fundam5tal rule t ! only p[]s :i* a man c ex]cise are ^? conf]r$ ^u him 9 virtue ( 8 (fice4 ,!re w\ld be subord9ation4 ,b x w\ld be pr(\ndly diff]5t f t :i* exi/s to-day4 ,= x w\ld n be ! subord9ation ( "o man to ano!r1 b ( all m5 to ! purpose = :i* indu/ry is c>ri$ on4 ,!re w\ld be au?ority4 ,b x w\ld n be ! au?ority ( ! individual :o imposes rules 9 virtue ( 8 economic p[] = ! atta9m5t ( 8 economic advantage4 ,x w\ld be ! au?ority spr++ f ! necessity ( comb9+ diff]5t duties to atta9 a common end4 ,!re w\ld be discipl9e4 ,b x w\ld be ! discipl9e involv$ 9 pursu+ t end1 n ! discipl9e en=c$ ^u "o man = ! conv5i5ce or pr(it ( ano!r4 ,"u su* an organization ( indu/ry ! bra9 work] might expect1 z nev] be=e1 to come to 8 own4 ,he w\ld be e/imat$ & promot$ by 8 capacity1 n by 8 means4 ,he w\ld be less likely ?an at pres5t to f9d doors clos$ to him because ( pov]ty4 ,8 #afe judges w\ld be 8 colleagues1 n an own] ( prop]ty int5t on divid5ds4 ,he w\ld n suff] f ! p]v]sion ( values :i* rates ! tal5t & en]gy by :i* weal? is creat$ l[] ?an ! possession ( prop]ty1 :i* is at be/ _! p5sion] & at wor/ ! sp5d-?rift ( :at intellig5ce has produc$4 ,9 a society organiz$ = ! enc\ragem5t ( creative activity ^? :o are e/eem$ mo/ highly w be ^? :o create1 z 9 a _w organiz$ = enjoym5t !y are ^? :o own4 ,su* consid]ations are too g5]al & ab/ract to c>ry conviction4 ,great] concret5ess may be giv5 !m by comp>+ ! pres5t position ( m9e-manag]s ) t :i* !y w\ld occupy 7 effect giv5 to ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey's s*eme = ! nationalization ( ! ,coal ,indu/ry4 ,a body ( te*nicians :o are weigh+ ! probable effects ( su* a reorganization w naturally consid] !m 9 relation bo? to _! own pr(essional prospects & to ! effici5cy ( ! s]vice ( :i* !y are ! work+ heads4 ,!y w prop]ly take into acc\nt que/ions ( sal>ies1 p5sions1 security ( /atus & promotion4 ,at ! same "t !y w wi% to be satisfi$ z to po9ts :i*1 ?\gh n less important1 are less easily def9$4 ,"u :i* sy/em1 private or public own]%ip1 w !y h mo/ p]sonal discretion or au?ority ov] ! conduct ( matt]s )9 _! pr(essional compet5ce8 ,"u :i* w !y h ! be/ gu>antees t _! special k w c>ry due weight1 & t1 :5 h&l+ matt]s ( art1 !y w n be ov]ridd5 or ob/ruct$ by amateurs8 #aff ,z f> z ! specific case ( ! ,coal ,indu/ry is conc]n$ ! "q ( security & sal>ies ne$ h>dly be discuss$4 ,! greate/ admir] ( ! pres5t sy/em w\ld n argue t security ( /atus is among ! advantages :i* x (f]s to its employees4 ,x is notori\s t 9 "s di/ricts1 at lea/1 manag]s are liable to be dismiss$1 h[ev] pr(essionally compet5t !y may be1 if !y express 9 public views :i* are n approv$ by ! directors ( _! company4 ,inde$1 ! criticism :i* is normally made on ! public s]vices1 & made n :olly )\t reason1 is t ! security :i* !y (f] is excessive4 ,on ! "q ( sal>ies r m ?an "o-half ( ! colli]y companies ( ,great ,brita9 !mselves suppli$ figures to ! ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission4#a ,if _! returns may be tru/$1 x w\ld appe> t m9e-manag]s are paid1 z a class1 sal>ies ! p>simony ( :i* is ! m surpris+ 9 view ( ! emphasis laid1 & q prop]ly laid1 by ! m9e-own]s on ! manag]s' responsibilities4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,/ate does n normally (f]1 & ought n to (f]1 f9ancial prizes comp>able ) ^? ( private indu/ry4 ,b x is improbable1 _h ! m9es be5 its prop]ty dur+ #afg ! la/ t5 ye>s1 t m ?an "o-half ! manag]s w\ld h be5 9 receipt ( sal>ies ( "u ,l#cja p] ye>1 & ( less ?an ,l#ejj 9 #aiai1 by :i* "t prices _h m ?an d\bl$1 & ! aggregate pr(its ( ! m9e-own]s 7( :i* ! great] "p 01 h[ev]1 tak5 by ! ,/ate 9 taxation7 _h am\nt$ 9 five ye>s to ,l#afj1jjj1jjj4 ,x w\ld be mislead+ to sugge/ t ! sal>ies paid to m9e-manag]s are typical ( private indu/ry1 nor ne$ x be d5i$ t ! probable effect ( turn+ an indu/ry into a public s]vice w\ld be to r$uce ! size ( ! l>ge/ prizes at pres5t (f]$4 ,:at is to be expect$ is t ! l[] & m$ium sal>ies w\ld be rais$1 & ! l>ge/ some:at dim9i%$4 ,x is h>dly to be d5i$1 at any rate1 t ! majority ( bra9 work]s 9 indu/ry h no?+ to fe> on f9ancial gr\nds f su* a *ange z is propos$ by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey4 ,"u ! normal organization ( indu/ry1 pr(its1 x _c be too (t5 insi/$1 d n g to !m b to %>ehold]s4 ,!re does n appe> to be any reason to suppose t ! sal>ies ( manag]s 9 ! m9es mak+ m ?an #e_/- pr(it a ton 7 any l>g] ?an ^? mak+ "u #c_/-4 ,! f9ancial aspect ( ! *ange is n1 h[ev]1 ! only po9t :i* a gr\p ( manag]s or te*nicians h to consid]4 ,!y h also to weigh its effect on _! pr(essional /atus4 ,w !y h z mu* fre$om1 initiative & au?ority 9 ! s]vice ( ! community z "u private own]%ip8 ,h[ t "q is answ]$ dep5ds ^u ! =m giv5 to ! adm9i/rative sy/em ?r\gh :i* a public s]vice is #afh conduct$4 ,x is possible to conceive an arrangem5t "u :i* ! life ( a m9e-manag] w\ld be made a burd5 to him by p]petual recalcitrance on ! "p ( ! m5 at ! pit = :i* he is responsible4 ,x is possible to conceive "o "u :i* he w\ld be hamp]$ to ! po9t ( p>alysis by irritat+ int]f]5ce f a bureaucracy at headqu>t]s4 ,9 ! pa/ "s manag]s ( co-op]ative work%ops suff]$1 x w\ld seem1 f ! =m]3 _m (fic]s ( ,employm5t ,ex*anges are ! victims1 unless common rumor is mislead+1 ( ! latt]4 ,x is q legitimate1 inde$ x is indisp5sable1 t ^! dang]s %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,! problem ( reorganiz+ indu/ry is1 z has be5 said above1 a problem ( con/itution mak+4 ,x is likely to be h&l$ successfully only if ! defects to :i* diff]5t types ( con/itutional ma*9]y are likely to be liable are po9t$ out 9 advance4 ,once1 h[ev]1 ^! dang]s are realiz$1 to devise precautions aga9/ !m appe>s to be a comp>atively simple matt]4 ,if ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,sankey's proposals be tak5 z a concrete example ( ! position :i* w\ld be occupi$ by ! manag]s 9 a nationaliz$ indu/ry1 x w be se5 t !y d n involve ei!r ( ! two dang]s :i* are po9t$ out above4 ,! manag] w1 x is true1 "w ) a ,local ,m9+ ,c\ncil or pit committee1 :i* is to meet =tnightly1 or (t5] if ne$ be1 to advise ! manag] on all que/ions conc]n+ ! direction & safety ( ! m9e1 & if ! manag] refuses to take ! advice ( ! ,local ,m9+ ,c\ncil on any "q conc]n+ ! safety & heal? ( ! m9e1 su* "q %all be ref]r$ to #afi ! ,di/rict ,m9+ ,c\ncil4 ,x is true also t1 once su* a ,local ,m9+ ,c\ncil is =mally e/abli%$1 ! manag] w f9d x necess>y to w9 its confid5ce1 to lead by p]suasion1 n by m]e driv+1 to e/abli%1 9 %ort1 ! same relation%ips ( comrade%ip & good w z ought to exi/ betwe5 ! colleagues 9 any common und]tak+4 ,b 9 all ?is !re is no?+ to und]m9e 8 au?ority1 unless au?ority be und]/ood to mean an arbitr>y p[] :i* no man is fit to ex]cise1 & :i* few m51 9 _! sob] mom5ts1 w\ld claim4 ,! manag] w be appo9t$ by1 & responsible to1 n ! m5 ^: "w he sup]vises1 b ! ,di/rict ,m9+ ,c\ncil1 :i* controls all ! pits 9 a di/rict1 & on t c\ncil he w be repres5t$4 ,nor w he be at ! m]cy ( a di/ant cl]kocracy1 ov]:elm+ him ) circul>s & ov]rid+ 8 exp]t k ) impracticable m&ates devis$ 9 ,london4 ,! v k]nel ( ! s*emes advanc$ bo? by ,ju/ice ,sankey & by ! ,m9]s' ,f$]ation is dec5traliz$ adm9i/ration )9 ! framework ( a national sy/em4 ,!re is no "q ( manag+ ! indu/ry f ,:itehall4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t coal-fields v>y s widely t reliance on local k & exp]i5ce are ess5tial1 & x is to local k & exp]i5ce t x is propos$ to intru/ ! adm9i/ration ( ! indu/ry4 ,! con/itution :i* is recomm5d$ is1 9 %ort1 n ,unit>y b ,f$]al4 ,!re w be a division ( functions & p[] betwe5 c5tral au?orities & di/rict au?orities4 ,! =m] w lay d[n g5]al rules z to ^? matt]s :i* mu/ necess>ily #agj be dealt ) on a national basis4 ,! latt] w adm9i/] ! indu/ry )9 _! own di/ricts1 &1 z long z !y comply ) ^? rules & provide _! quota ( coal1 w possess local autonomy & w foll[ ! me?od ( work+ ! pits :i* !y ?9k be/ suit$ to local conditions4 ,?us int]pret$1 public own]%ip does n appe> to confront ! bra9 work] ) ! dang] ( un9tellig5t int]f]5ce ) 8 special te*nique1 ( :i* he is1 q naturally1 appreh5sive4 ,x (f]s him1 inde$1 f> l>g] opportunities ( pr(essional developm5t ?an are op5 to all b a favor$ few to-day1 :5 ! consid]ations ( productive effici5cy1 :i* x is 8 special meti] to promote1 are liable to be ov]ridd5 by %ort-sight$ f9ancial int]e/s op]at+ ?r\gh ! pressure ( a ,bo>d ( ,directors :o desire to %[ an imm$iate pr(it to _! %>ehold]s1 & :o1 to obta9 x1 w cream ! pit1 or "w x 9 a way o!r ?an consid]ations ( te*nical effici5cy w\ld dictate4 ,& ! int]e/ ( ! community 9 secur+ t ! manag]'s pr(essional skill is lib]at$ = ! s]vice ( ! public1 is z great z 8 own4 ,= ! economic developm5ts ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s h made ! manag]ial & te*nical p]sonnel ( indu/ry ! repositories ( public responsibilities ( q incalculable importance1 :i*1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 !y c h>dly at pres5t dis*>ge4 ,! mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ic ( mod]n indu/rial organization is t production is c>ri$ on "u ! g5]al direction ( bus9ess m51 :o d n !mselves necess>ily "k any?+ ( productive processes4 ,bus9ess #aga & indu/ry t5d to an increas+ ext5t to =m two comp>tm5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh unit$ )9 ! same economic sy/em1 employ diff]5t types ( p]sonnel1 evoke diff]5t qualities & recognize diff]5t /&>ds ( effici5cy & workman%ip4 ,! te*nical & manag]ial /aff ( indu/ry is1 ( c\rse1 z am5able z o!r m5 to economic inc5tives4 ,b _! special "w is production1 n f9ance2 &1 provid$ !y are n sm>t+ "u a s5se ( economic inju/ice1 !y want1 l mo/ workm51 to see ! job done prop]ly4 ,! bus9ess m5 :o ultimately control indu/ry are conc]n$ ) ! promotion & capitalization ( companies1 ) competitive sell+ & ! adv]tisem5t ( w>es1 ! control ( m>kets1 ! secur+ ( special advantages1 & ! arrangem5t ( pools1 comb9es & monopolies4 ,!y are preoccupi$1 9 fact1 ) f9ancial results1 & are int]e/$ 9 ! actual mak+ ( goods only 9 s f> z f9ancial results accrue f x4 ,! *ange 9 organization :i* has1 to a consid]able degree1 specializ$ ! sph]es ( bus9ess & managem5t is comp>able 9 its importance to t :i* sep>at$ bus9ess & labor a c5tury & a half ago4 ,x is specially mom5t\s = ! consum]4 ,z long z ! functions ( manag]1 te*nician & capitali/ 7 comb9$1 z 9 ! classical era ( ! factory sy/em1 9 ! s+le p]son ( ! employ]1 x 0 n unreasonable to assume t pr(its & productive effici5cy ran simil>ly toge!r4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! +5uity ) :i* economi/s prov$ #agb t1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( sub/itution1 he w\ld *oose ! mo/ economical process1 ma*9e1 or type ( organization1 wore a c]ta9 plausibility4 ,true1 ! employ] might1 ev5 s1 adult]ate 8 goods or exploit ! labor ( a helpless class ( work]s4 ,b z long z ! p]son direct+ indu/ry 0 himself prim>ily a manag]1 he c\ld h>dly h ! tra9+1 ability or "t1 ev5 if he _h ! incl9ation1 to conc5trate special att5tion on f9ancial ga9s unconnect$ )1 or oppos$ to1 progress 9 ! arts ( production1 & !re 0 "s ju/ification = ! conv5tional picture :i* repres5t$ ! manufactur] z ! gu>dian ( ! int]e/s ( ! consum]4 ,) ! draw+ ap>t ( ! f9ancial & te*nical dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry--) ! sep>ation ( bus9ess f production--! l9k :i* b\nd pr(its to productive effici5cy is t5d+ to be snapp$4 ,!re are m ways ?an =m]ly ( secur+ ! =m] )\t a*iev+ ! latt]2 & :5 x is plead$ t ! int]e/s ( ! capta9 ( indu/ry /imulate ! adoption ( ! mo/ economical me?ods & ?us secure indu/rial progress1 x is necess>y to ask economical = :om8 ,?\gh ! organization ( indu/ry :i* is mo/ effici5t1 9 ! s5se ( (f]+ ! consum] ! be/ s]vice at ! l[e/ real co/1 may be t :i* is mo/ pr(itable to ! firm1 x is also true t pr(its are con/antly made 9 ways :i* h no?+ to d ) effici5t production1 & :i* sometimes1 inde$1 imp$e x4 ,! mann] 9 :i* bus9ess may f9d t ! me?ods :i* pay itself be/ are ^? :i* a truly #agc sci5tific managem5t w\ld condemn may be illu/rat$ by ?ree examples4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole mass ( pr(its :i* are obta9$ by ! adroit capitalization ( a new bus9ess1 or ! recon/ruction ( "o :i* already exi/s1 h h>dly any connection ) production at all4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a ,lanca%ire cotton mill capitaliz$ at ,l#ajj1jjj is b\ght by a ,london syndicate :i* re-floats x ) a capital ( ,l#ejj1jjj--n at all an extravagant case--:at exactly has happ5$8 ,9 _m cases ! equipm5t ( ! mill = production rema9s1 aft] ! process1 :at x 0 be=e x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 valu$ at a diff]5t figure1 because x is anticipat$ t ! product ( ! mill w sell at a price :i* w pay a reasonable pr(it n only ^u ! l[]1 b ^u ! high]1 capitalization4 ,if ! app>5t /ate ( ! m>ket & prospects ( ! indu/ry are su* t ! public c be induc$ to believe ?is1 ! promot]s ( ! recon/ruction f9d x wor? :ile to recapitalize ! mill on ! new basis4 ,!y make _! pr(it n z manufactur]s1 b z f9anci]s4 ,!y d n 9 any way add to ! productive effici5cy ( ! firm1 b !y acquire %>es :i* w entitle !m to an increas$ return4 ,normally1 if ! m>ket is favorable1 !y "p ) ! great] numb] ( !m z soon z !y are acquir$4 ,b1 :e!r !y d s or n1 :at has occurr$ is a process by :i* ! bus9ess elem5t 9 indu/ry obta9s ! "r to a l>g] %>e ( ! product1 )\t 9 any way increas+ ! effici5cy ( ! s]vice :i* is (f]$ to ! consum]4 ,o!r examples ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! control ( #agd production by bus9ess cuts across ! l9e ( economic progress are ! wa/es ( competitive indu/ry & ! pr(its ( monopoly4 ,x is well kn[n t ! price paid by ! consum] includes m>ket+ co/s1 :i* to a v>y+1 b to a l>ge1 ext5t are exp5ses n ( supply+ ! goods1 b ( supply+ !m "u conditions involv+ ! exp5ses ( adv]tisem5t & competitive di/ribution4 ,= ! individual firm su* exp5ses1 :i* enable x to absorb "p ( a rival's trade1 may be an economy3 to ! consum] ( milk or coal--to take two flagrant in/ances--!y are pure loss4 ,nor1 z is sometimes assum$1 are su* wa/es conf9$ to di/ribution4 ,te*nical reasons are /at$ by railway manag]s to make desirable a unification ( railway adm9i/ration & by m9+ exp]ts ( m9es4 ,b1 up to ! w>1 bus9ess consid]ations ma9ta9$ ! exp5sive sy/em "u :i* ea* railway company 0 op]at$ z a sep>ate sy/em1 & /ill prev5t colli]ies1 ev5 colli]ies 9 ! same di/rict1 f be+ adm9i/]$ z p>ts ( a s+le organization4 ,pits are dr[n$ out by wat]1 because companies _c agree to apportion betwe5 !m ! co/s ( a common dra9age sy/em2 mat]ials are b\ght1 & products sold1 sep>ately1 because colli]ies w n comb9e2 small coal is left 9 to ! am\nt ( millions ( tons because ! mo/ economical & te*nically effici5t work+ ( ! seams is n necess>ily t :i* yields ! l>ge/ pr(it to ! bus9ess m5 :o control production4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! wide diff]5ces 9 economic /r5g? :i* exi/ betwe5 diff]5t m9es disc\rage ! unification :i* is economically desirable2 naturally ! #age directors ( a company :i* owns a good ?+ d n desire to m]ge int]e/s ) a company work+ coal t is poor 9 quality or exp5sive to m9e4 ,:51 z increas+ly happ5s 9 o!r indu/ries1 competitive wa/es1 or "s ( !m1 are elim9at$ by comb9ation1 !re is a g5u9e advance 9 te*nical effici5cy1 :i* mu/ be set to ! cr$it ( bus9ess motives4 ,9 t ev5t1 h[ev]1 ! div]g5ce betwe5 bus9ess int]e/s & ^? ( ! consum]s is m]ely pu%$ "o /age fur!r =w>d2 x arises1 ( c\rse1 ov] ! "q ( prices4 ,if any "o is dispos$ to ?9k t ?is picture ( ! economic wa/e :i* accompanies ! dom9ation ( production by bus9ess int]e/s is ov]drawn1 he may be invit$ to consid] ! criticisms ^u ! sy/em pass$ by ! effici5cy eng9e]s1 :o are increas+ly be+ call$ ^u to advise z to indu/rial organization & equipm5t4 ,! high] (fic]s ( ! corporation1 writes ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,gantt ( a ,public ,utility ,company e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! w>1 h all )\t exception be5 m5 ( ! 'bus9ess' type ( m9d1 :o h made _! success ?r\gh f9anci]+1 buy+1 sell+1 etc4444 ,z a matt] ( fact x is well kn[n t our indu/rial sy/em has n measur$ up z we _h expect$4444 ,! reason = its fall+ %ort is und\bt$ly t ! m5 direct+ x _h be5 tra9$ 9 a bus9ess sy/em op]at$ = pr(its1 & did n und]/& "o op]at$ solely = production4 ,?is is no criticism ( ! m5 z individuals2 !y simply did n "k ! job1 &1 :at is worse1 !y did n "k t !y did n "k x4 #agf ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ,bus9ess & ,managem5t are sep>at$1 ! latt] be+ employ$ "u ! direction ( ! =m]1 x _c be assum$ t ! direction ( indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( p]sons ^: prim>y conc]n is productive effici5cy4 ,t a consid]able degree ( effici5cy w result incid5tally f ! pursuit ( bus9ess pr(its is n1 ( c\rse1 d5i$4 ,:at seems to be true1 h[ev]1 is t ! ma9 int]e/ ( ^? direct+ an indu/ry :i* has rea*$ ?is /age ( developm5t is giv5 to f9ancial /rategy & ! control ( m>kets1 because ! ga9s :i* ^! activities (f] are normally s mu* l>g] ?an ^? accru+ f ! m]e improvem5t ( ! processes ( production4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t x is precisely t improvem5t :i* is ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! consum]4 ,he may tol]ate l>ge pr(its z long z !y are ?\ght to be ! symbol ( effici5t production4 ,b :at he is conc]n$ ) is ! supply ( goods1 n ! value ( %>es1 & :5 pr(its appe> to be made1 n by effici5t production1 b by skilful f9anci]+ or %rewd comm]cial tactics1 !y no long] appe> m]itori\s4 ,if1 9 disgu/ at :at he has le>n$ to call pr(ite]+1 ! consum] seeks an alt]native to a sy/em "u :i* product is controll$ by ,bus9ess1 he c h>dly f9d x except by mak+ an ally ( ! manag]ial & te*nical p]sonnel ( indu/ry4 ,!y organize ! s]vice :i* he requires2 !y are relatively little implicat$1 ei!r by mat]ial int]e/ or by psy*ological bias1 9 ! f9ancial me?ods :i* he di/ru/s2 !y (t5 f9d ! control ( _! pr(essions by bus9ess m5 :o are #agg prim>ily f9anci]s irritat+ 9 ! ob/ruction :i* x (f]s to te*nical effici5cy1 z well z %>p & close-fi/$ 9 ! treatm5t ( sal>ies4 ,bo? on public & pr(essional gr\nds !y belong to a gr\p :i* ought to take ! initiative 9 promot+ a p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! produc]s & ! public4 ,!y c (f] ! community ! sci5tific k & specializ$ ability :i* is ! mo/ important condition ( progress 9 ! arts ( production4 ,x c (f] !m a m secure & dignifi$ /atus1 l>g] opportunities = ! ex]cise ( _! special tal5ts1 & ! consci\sness t !y are giv+ ! be/ ( _! "w & _! lives1 n to enri*+ a h&ful ( un9spir+1 if innocu\s1 %>ehold]s1 b to ! s]vice ( ! great body ( _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,if ! la/ advantage be dismiss$ z a phrase--if m$ical (fic]s ( heal?1 directors ( education1 directors ( ! co-op]ative :olesale be assum$ to be q un9flu5c$ by any consci\sness ( social s]vice--! fir/ two1 at any rate1 rema94 ,& !y are consid]able4 ,x is ?is gradual dis5gagem5t ( manag]ial te*nique f f9ancial int]e/s :i* w\ld appe> ! probable l9e along :i* ! employ] ( ! future w develop4 ,! sub/itution ?r\gh\t indu/ry ( fix$ sal>ies = fluctuat+ pr(its w\ld1 9 itself1 deprive 8 position ( half ! humiliat+ atmosph]e ( pr$atory ent]prise :i* emb>rasses to-day any man ( honor :o f9ds himself1 :5 he has be5 paid = 8 s]vices1 9 possession ( a surplus = :i* !re is no assignable reason4 ,nor1 once l>ge incomes f pr(its h be5 ext+ui%$1 ne$ 8 sal>y be l>ge1 #agh z incomes are reckon$ to-day4 ,x is said t among ! b>b>ians1 :]e weal? is /ill measur$ by cattle1 great *iefs are describ$ z hundr$-c[ m54 ,! manag] ( a great ent]prise :o is paid #djj1jjj a ye>1 might simil>ly be describ$ z a hundr$-family man1 s9ce he receives ! income ( a hundr$ families4 ,x is true t special tal5t is wor? any price1 & t a paym5t ( #djj1jjj a ye> to ! head ( a bus9ess ) a turnov] ( millions is economically a bagatelle4 ,b economic consid]ations are n ! only consid]ations4 ,!re is also ! po9t ( honor4 ,& ! tru? is t ^! hundr$-family sal>ies are ung5tlemanly4 ,:5 really important issues are at /ake e "o realizes t no dec5t man c /& out = 8 price4 ,a g5]al does n haggle ) 8 gov]nm5t = ! precise pecuni>y equival5t ( 8 contribution to victory4 ,a s5try :o gives ! al>m to a sleep+ battalion does n sp5d next day collect+ ! capital value ( ! lives he has sav$2 he is paid #a_/- a day & is lucky if he gets x4 ,! comm&] ( a %ip does n cram himself & 8 belong+s into ! boats & leave ! crew to scramble out ( ! wreck z be/ !y c2 by ! tradition ( ! s]vice he is ! la/ man to leave4 ,!re is no reason :y ! public %\ld insult manufactur]s & m5 ( bus9ess by treat+ !m z ?\gh !y 7 m ?ick-sk9n$ ?an g5]als & m extravagant ?an privates4 ,to say t !y are wor? a good deal m ?an ev5 ! exorbitant sal>ies :i* a few ( !m get is (t5 true4 ,b x is beside ! po9t4 ,no "o has any bus9ess to #agi expect to be paid :at he is wor?1 = :at he is wor? is a matt] betwe5 8 own s\l & ,god4 ,:at he has a "r to dem&1 & :at x conc]ns 8 fell[-m5 to see t he gets1 is en\gh to enable him to p]=m 8 "w4 ,:5 indu/ry is organiz$ on a basis ( function1 t1 & no m ?an t1 is :at he w be paid4 ,to d ! manag]s ( indu/ry ju/ice1 ?is :9+ = m money is a vice to :i* !y 7z di/9ct f _! %>ehold]s7 are n p>ticul>ly prone4 ,!re is no reason :y !y %\ld be4 ,if a man has important "w1 & en\gh leisure & income to enable him to d x prop]ly1 he is 9 possession ( z mu* happ9ess z is good = any ( ! *ildr5 ( ,adam4 #a ,! ,coal ,m9es ,dep>tm5t suppli$ ! foll[+ figures to ! ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission 7,vol4 ,,iii1 ,app4 #ff74 ,!y relate to #eg p] c5t4 ( ! colli]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,sal>y1 includ+ bonus & ,numb] ( ,manag]s value ( h\se & coal #aiac #aiai ,l#ajj or less 4444444444444444444444444444444 #d #b ,l#aja to ,l#bjj 4444444444444444444444444444444 #acd #c ,l#bja to ,l#cjj 4444444444444444444444444444444 #bhj #bi ,l#cja to ,l#djj 4444444444444444444444444444444 #afa #bea ,l#dja to ,l#ejj 4444444444444444444444444444444 #cba #bac ,l#eja to ,l#fjj 4444444444444444444444444444444 #eg #adf ,l#fja & ov] 444444444444444444444444444444 #ej #aeb #ahj ,,xi ,,porro ,,unum ,,necess>ium ,s ! organization ( society on ! basis ( function1 in/ead ( on t ( rights1 implies ?ree ?+s4 ,x means1 fir/1 t propriet>y rights %all be ma9ta9$ :5 !y are accompani$ by ! p]=mance ( s]vice & aboli%$ :5 !y are n4 ,x means1 second1 t ! produc]s %all /& 9 a direct relation to ! community = :om production is c>ri$ on1 s t _! responsibility to x may be obvi\s & unmi/akable1 n lo/1 z at pres5t1 ?r\gh _! imm$iate subord9ation to %>ehold]s ^: int]e/ is n s]vice b ga94 ,x means1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! obligation = ! ma9t5ance ( ! s]vice %all re/ ^u ! pr(essional organization ( ^? :o p]=m x1 & t1 subject to ! sup]vision & criticism ( ! consum]1 ^? organizations %all ex]cise s mu* voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( indu/ry z may be ne$$ to secure t ! obligation is dis*>g$4 ,x is obvi\s1 inde$1 t no *ange ( sy/em or ma*9]y c av]t ^? causes ( social malaise :i* consi/ 9 ! egotism1 gre$1 or qu>relsom5ess ( human nature4 ,:at x c d is to create an environm5t 9 :i* ^? are n ! qualities :i* are enc\rag$4 ,x _c secure t m5 live up to _! pr9ciples4 ,:at x c d is to e/abli% _! social ord] ^u pr9ciples to :i*1 if !y please1 !y c #aha live up & n live d[n4 ,x _c control _! actions4 ,x c (f] !m an end on :i* to fix _! m9ds4 ,&1 z _! m9ds are1 s1 9 ! long run & ) exceptions1 _! practical activity w be4 ,! fir/ condition ( ! "r organization ( indu/ry is1 !n1 ! intellectual conv]sion :i*1 9 _! di/ru/ ( pr9ciples1 ,engli%m5 are dispos$ to place la/ or to omit altoge!r4 ,x is t emphasis %\ld be transf]r$ f ! opportunities :i* x (f]s individuals to ! social functions :i* x p]=ms2 t !y %\ld be cle> z to its end & %\ld judge x by ref]5ce to t end1 n by incid5tal consequ5ces :i* are =eign to x1 h[ev] brilliant or allur+ ^? consequ5ces may be4 ,:at gives its mean+ to any activity :i* is n purely automatic is its purpose4 ,x is because ! purpose ( indu/ry1 :i* is ! conque/ ( nature = ! s]vice ( man1 is nei!r adequately express$ 9 its organization nor pres5t to ! m9ds ( ^? engag$ 9 x1 because x is n reg>d$ z a function b z an opportunity = p]sonal ga9 or advancem5t or display1 t ! economic life ( mod]n societies is 9 a p]petual /ate ( morbid irritation4 ,if ! conditions :i* produce t unnatural t5sion are to be remov$1 x c only be effect$ by ! gr[? ( a habit ( m9d :i* w approa* que/ions ( economic organization f ! /&po9t ( ! purpose :i* x exi/s to s]ve1 & :i* w apply to x some?+ ( ! _s express$ by ,bacon :5 he said t ! "w ( man ought to be c>ri$ on = ! glory ( ,god & ! relief ( m5's e/ate4 #ahb ,view$ f t angle issues :i* are insoluble :5 treat$ on ! basis ( rights may be f\nd m susceptible ( reasonable treatm5t4 ,= a purpose1 is1 9 ! fir/ place a pr9ciple ( limitation4 ,x det]m9es ! end = :i*1 & !re=e ! limits )9 :i*1 an activity is to be c>ri$ on4 ,x divid$ :at is wor? do+ f :at is n1 & settles ! scale ^u :i* :at is wor? do+ ought to be done4 ,x is 9 ! second place1 a pr9ciple ( unity1 because x supplies a common end to :i* ef=ts c be direct$1 & submits int]e/s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise conflict1 to ! judgm5t ( an ov]-rul+ object4 ,x is1 9 ! ?ird place1 a pr9ciple ( apportionm5t or di/ribution4 ,x assigns to ! diff]5t p>ties ( gr\ps engag$ 9 a common und]tak+ ! place :i* !y are to occupy 9 c>ry+ x out4 ,?us x e/abli%es ord]1 n ^u *ance or p[]1 b ^u a pr9ciple1 & bases remun]ation n ^u :at m5 c ) good =tune snat* = !mselves nor ^u :at1 if unlucky1 !y c be induc$ to accept1 b ^u :at is appropriate to _! function1 no m & no less1 s t ^? :o p]=m no function receive no paym5t1 & ^? :o contribute to ! common end receive hon\rable paym5t = hon\rable s]vice4 ,frate1 la no/ra volonta quieta ,virtu di c>ita1 *e fa vol]ne ,sol quel *'avemo1 e d'altro non ci asseta4 ,si disiassimo esse piu sup]ne1 ,=an discordi li no/ri disiri ,dal vol] di colui *e qui ne c]ne4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahc ,anzi e =male ad e/o beato esse ,t5]si d5tro alla div9a vogli1 ,p] *'una fansi no/re vogli e /esse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*i>o mi fu allor com' ogni dove ,9 ,cielo e p>adiso1 e si la grazia ,del sommo b5 d'un modo non vi piove4 ,! fam\s l9es 9 :i* ,picc>da expla9s to ,dante ! ord] ( ,p>adise are a description ( a complex & multi=m society :i* is unit$ by ov]ma/]+ devotion to a common end4 ,by t end all /ations are assign$ & all activities are valu$4 ,! p>ts d]ive _! quality f _! place 9 ! sy/em1 & are s p]meat$ by ! unity :i* !y express t !y !mselves are glad to be =gott51 z ! ribs ( an ar* c>ry ! eye f ! floor f :i* !y spr+ to ! vault 9 :i* !y meet & int]lace4 ,su* a comb9ation ( unity & div]sity is possible only to a society :i* subord9ates its activities to ! pr9ciple ( purpose4 ,= :at t pr9ciple (f]s is n m]ely a /&>d = det]m9+ ! relations ( diff]5t classes & gr\ps ( produc]s1 b a scale ( moral values4 ,above all1 x assigns to economic activity itself its prop] place z ! s]vant1 n ! ma/]1 ( society4 ,! burd5 ( our civilization is n m]ely1 z _m suppose1 t ! product ( indu/ry is ill-di/ribut$1 or its conduct tyrannical1 or its op]ation int]rupt$ by embitt]$ disagreem5ts4 ,x is t indu/ry itself has come to hold a position ( exclusive pr$om9ance among human int]e/s1 :i* no s+le int]e/1 & lea/ ( all ! provision ( ! #ahd mat]ial means ( exi/5ce1 is fit to occupy4 ,l a hypo*ondriac :o is s absorb$ 9 ! processes ( 8 own dige/ion t he goes to 8 grave be=e he has begun to live1 indu/rializ$ communities neglect ! v objects = :i* x is wor? :ile to acquire ri*es 9 _! fev]i% preoccupation ) ! means by :i* ri*es c be acquir$4 ,t obsession by economic issues is z local & transitory z x is repulsive & di/urb+4 ,to future g5]ations x w appe> z pitiable z ! obsession ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by religi\s qu>rels appe>s to-day2 inde$1 x is less rational1 s9ce ! object ) :i* x is conc]n$ is less important4 ,& x is a poison :i* inflames e w\nd & turns ea* trivial scrat* into a malignant ulc]4 ,society w n solve ! p>ticul> problems ( indu/ry :i* afflict x1 until t poison is expell$1 & x has le>n$ to see indu/ry itself 9 ! "r p]spective4 ,if x is to d t1 x mu/ re>range its scale ( values4 ,x mu/ reg>d economic int]e/s z "o elem5t 9 life1 n z ! :ole ( life4 ,x mu/ p]suade its memb]s to r5\nce ! opportunity ( ga9s :i* accrue )\t any correspond+ s]vice1 because ! /ruggle = !m keeps ! :ole community 9 a fev]4 ,x mu/ s organize indu/ry t ! in/rum5tal "* ( economic activity is emphasiz$ by its subord9ation to ! social purpose = :i* x is c>ri$ on4 #ahe ,,index ,abolition ( private own]%ip1 #adg ,abs5teeism1 #aeb ,absolute rights1 #ej-ea ,absolutism 9 indu/ry1 #add ,acquisitive societies1 #bi-cb ,adm9i/ration1 #aae-aaf ,allocation ( p[]1 #afc-afd ,am]ican ,con/itution1 #ah-ai1 #eb ,annuities1 #gd ,arbitration1 compulsory1 #aja ,bacon1 quot$1 #eh1 #aha ,b5?am1 #af1 #eb1 #ee ,bra9 work]s1 position ( !1 #afa-aga ,briti% ,coal ,indu/ry1 reorganization (1 #aff-aga ,build+ ,guilds1 #ajc ,build+ ,trade ,report1 #ajf-aaj ,bureaucracy1 #aaf1 #adi ,capitalism1 & production1 #agc-agf2 d[nw>d ?ru/ (1 #aed2 9 ,am]ica1 #aja2 los+ control1 #ada-adb1 #adh ,cecil1 ,"l ,hugh1 #bc1 #eh ,cecil1 ,rob]t1 #ei ,cecil1 ,william1 #ei ,*ur* & ,/ate1 #aj-ac ,coal ,indu/ry ,commission1 #ga1 #abf1 #acg1 #adc2 report (1 #aff-afg ,coal ,m9es ,committees1 #aeb ,comb9ations1 #abe1 #acj ,committee on ,tru/s1 #aec ,competition1 #bg ,compulsory arbitration1 #aja ,confiscations1 #ajc ,cons]vatism1 ! ,new1 #bh ,consum]1 exploitation ( !1 #acc-acd ,co-op]ative ,movem5t & co/ ( coal1 #abe ,dante1 quot$1 #ahb-ahc ,dea? ,duties1 #bb ,democratic control1 #aaf ,dick5son1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,l[es1 #ga ,directorate control1 #abi ,duckham1 ,sir ,ar?ur1 #aai ,duke ( ,well+ton1 quot$1 #abc ,economic confusion1 cause (1 #aca-acb ,economic discont5t1 increase (1 #e ,economic egotism1 #bg1 ,economic expansion1 #i ,effici5cy1 ! condition (1 #aci-afj2 ?r\gh ,esprit de ,corps1 #adi-aej ,employ]1 wan+ p[] ( !1 #adj ,engl&1 & natural "r1 #ae-af2 & ,france contra/$1 #af-ag2 ,indu/rialism 91 #dd-dg2 ,lib]al ,movem5t 91 #ah2 ov]-cr[d+ ( population 91 #cg2 propriet>y rights 91 #fd et seq4 ,engli% l&lordism1 #bb-bc ,engli%m51 *>act]i/ics (1 #a-c2 vanity (1 #abi ,engli% ,revolution ( #afhh1 #eb ,es*-,cumm9s ,act1 #aah ,exp$i5cy1 rule (1 #af ,feudalism1 #ah ,fix$ sal>ies1 #agg-agh ,=c$ labor1 #ajb ,france1 social & indu/rial conditions 91 #af-ag2 ,feudalism 91 #ah2 ,revolution 91 #ae1 #fe1 #fi ,fr5* ,revolution1 #ae1 #fe1 #fi ,function1 def9ition (1 #h2 z a basis = remun]ation1 #da-db2 z a basis ( social reorganization1 #ahj2 ,function & ,fre$om1 #g ,functional ,society1 #bi1 #hd-ij ,functionless prop]ty-own]s1 #gi1 #hf2 aboli%m5t (1 #hg-hh2 an exp5sive luxury1 #hg ,ga9=d1 ,"l1 quot$1 #bf1 #aaa ,gantt1 ,h4 ,l41 #age ,gov]nm5t control 9 w> "t1 #be-bf ,gr\nd-r5ts1 #hi-ij1 #ia ,hobson1 ,mr41 #fc ,hundr$-,family ,man1 #agh ,imp]ial ,tobacco ,company1 #aaf ,incomes1 #da ,income ,tax1 #bb ,income )\t s]vice1 #fh ,individualism1 #dh-di ,individual rights1 #i ,individual rights vs4 social functions1 #bg ,indu/rial problems1 #g ,indu/rial reorganization1 #aea1 #aee ,indu/rial revolution1 #i ,indu/rial societies1 #i ,indu/rial w>f>e1 cause (1 & rem$y =1 #dj-db ,indu/rialism1 #ah2 a poison1 #ahd2 comp>$ to ,milit>ism1 #dd-df2 exagg]at$ e/imate ( its importance1 #de-df2 failure ( pres5t sy/em1 #aci-ada2 nemesis (1 #cc-ea2 spread (1 #cj2 t5d5cy (1 #ca-cb ,indu/ry1 & a pr(ession1 #id1 #ig2 z a pr(ession1 #ia et seq41 #abe-abf2 defici5cies (1 #adg2 def9ition (1 #f2 h[ private control ( may be t]m9at$1 #ajc-ajd2 & ! advantages ( su* a *ange1 #ajf2 ,build+ ,trades' ,plan =1 #ajh1 #aaa2 motives 91 #aee-aei2 nationalization (1 #ajd1 #aad-aah2 pres5t organization ( intol]able1 #abi2 purpose (1 #h1 #df1 #aha2 "r organization (1 #f-g2 ! means n ! end1 #df-dg ,inh]itance taxes1 #ij ,insurance1 #gd ,jo9t control1 #aaa-aab ,jo9t-/ock companies1 #ff ,jo9t-/ock organizations1 #ig ,labor1 absolute rights (1 #bh2 & capital1 #ih-ajj1 #ajh2 compulsory1 #ajj2 control ( break+ d[n1 #aci et seq42 degradation (1 #ce2 =c$1 #ajb ,league ( ,nations1 #aja ,lib]al ,movem5t1 #ah ,locke1 #ad1 #eb1 #ee ,managem5t divorc$ f own]%ip1 #aab-aac ,mann1 ,sir ,john1 #abf ,milit>ism1 #dd-de ,mill1 quot$1 #hi ,m9e manag]s1 position (1 #afb1 #aff-afh ,m9+ royalties1 #bc-bd1 #hh ,nationalism1 #dh-di ,nationalization1 #aad1 #aag2 ( ! ,coal ,indu/ry1 #aae1 #afe1 #afh-afi ,natural "r 9 ,france1 #ae2 9 ,engl&1 #ae-af2 doctr9e (1 #ba ,(ficials1 position "u ! pres5t economic sy/em1 #afb ,old indu/rial ord] a failure1 #aci2 its effect on ! consum]1 #add ,organization1 = public s]vice in/ead ( private ga9s1 #abg ,ov]-c5tralization1 #aba ,own]%ip1 a new sy/em (1 #aab-aad ,p5sion]s1 #cd ,pov]ty a symptom ( social disord]1 #e ,private ent]prise & public own]%ip1 #aah-abj ,private own]%ip1 #abj2 abolition (1 #adg2 ( indu/rial capital1 #aje-ajf ,private rights & public welf>e1 #ad-ae ,privileges1 #bd ,produc]1 obligation ( !1 #abg-abh2 responsibility (1 #abh ,production1 increas$1 #e2 l>ge scale & small scale1 #hg2 misdirection (1 #cg-ci2 :y n increas$1 #acf ,productivity1 #d1 #df ,pr(essional ,_s1 !1 #adi-aej ,pr(its1 & production1 #agc-agf2 division (1 #acc ,prolet>iat1 #ai1 #fe ,prop]ty1 absolute rights (1 #eb1 #hj2 & creative "w1 #eb et seq42 classification (1 #fc1 #fd2 complexity (1 #ge2 functionless1 #gf-gg1 #ha2 9 l&1 #ef-fj2 9 rights & royalties1 #fb2 m9ority own]%ip (1 #gi2 mo/ ambigu\s ( categories1 #ec-ed2 passive own]%ip (1 #fb2 private1 #gj-gb2 protection (1 #gh-gj2 rights1 #ej-ea2 security 91 #gb-gc2 sociali/ fallacy reg>d+1 #hf ,pr\dhon1 #ed ,publicity ( co/s & pr(its1 #he1 #abc-abd1 #abf1 #acb ,r$mayne1 ,sir ,ri*>d1 #adi ,re=mation !1 #aj-ac2 effect on society1 #ab-ad ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb1 #fi ,religion1 #aj2 *anges 91 #aa-ab ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indu/rial ,commission1 #aiaf1 #abh-abi ,ri*es1 mean+ (1 #ih ,rights ( ,man1 ,fr5* ,decl>ation (1 !1 #af1 #eb ,rights1 & ,functions1 #h-ai2 doctr9e (1 #ba et seq41 #dc-dd2 )\t functions1 #fa ,rights ( ! %>ehold]1 #ge ,royalties1 #bc-bd1 #fb ,royalties1 & prop]ty1 #gj2 f coal m9+ prop]ties1 #hh2 a tax ^u ! indu/ry ( o!rs1 #hi ,sankey1 ,ju/ice1 #aae1 #aag1 #adc1 #afe1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi ,security ( income1 #gc-ge ,s]vice z a basis ( remun]ation1 #be1 #da-db1 #he1 #acc ,%>ehold]s1 #ia-ib ,%ells1 co/ ( mak+1 #abd-abe ,smi?1 ,adam1 #ae1 #eb1 #ie ,social inequality1 #cf-cg ,social reorganizations1 s*emes =1 #e ,social w>1 #dj ,socialism1 #ec ,society1 duality ( mod]n1 #ace ,society1 functional organization (1 #eb ,/ate managem5t1 #aaf1 #aag ,/eel ,corporation1 #aaf ,sup]vision f )91 #aea ,syndicalism1 #acj ,taxation1 #bb ,tru/s1 ,report on1 #bc ,unit$ ,/ates1 trans=mation 91 #fe ,utilit>ians1 ! ,engli%1 #ag ,utility1 #af-ag ,vici\s ,circle1 !1 #dc1 #abc-ach ,voltaire1 quot$1 #ee ,wages & co/s1 #aca ,wages & pr(its1 #gh ,weal?1 acquisition (1 #bj et seq42 z f\ndation = public e/eem1 #ce-cf2 di/ribution ( on basis ( function1 #gg2 fallacy ( increas$1 #db-de2 h[ to increase output (1 #adg2 inequality (1 #cg-ch2 limitation (1 #cf-cg2 output (1 #cg-ch2 production & consumption (--a contra/1 #gg-gh2 wa/e (1 #cg-ci ,:itley ,c\ncils1 #aaj ,wom5 self-support+1 #gd ,work] & ,sp5d]1 #gg-gh ,work]s1 collective responsibility (1 #aed ,work]s' control1 #abh ,workm51 z h&s1 #aeb2 pres5t indep5d5ce (1 #ade-adf2 responsibility ( de/roy$1 #aec-aed2 s]vants ( %>ehold]s1 #acf-acg2 treatm5t (1 #aeb-aec