,,creative ,,intellig5ce ,,essays ,,9 ,,! ,,pragmatic ,,attitude ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,addison ,w4 ,,moore ,,h>old ,,*apman ,,br[n ,,george ,h4 ,,mead ,,boyd ,h4 ,,bode ,,h5ry ,,waldgrave ,,/u>t ,,james ,,hayd5 ,,tufts ,,horace ,m4 ,,kall5 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,publi%$ ,janu>y1 #aiag ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,co4 ,,press ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,! ,essays :i* foll[ repres5t an attempt at intellectual cooep]ation4 ,no ef=t has be5 made1 h[ev]1 to atta9 unanimity ( belief nor to pr(f] a plat=m ( planks on :i* !re is agreem5t4 ,! cons5sus repres5t$ lies prim>ily 9 outlook1 9 conviction ( :at is mo/ likely to be fruitful 9 me?od ( approa*4 ,z ! title page sugge/s1 ! volume pres5ts a unity 9 attitude r ?an a uni=mity 9 results4 ,consequ5tly ea* writ] is def9itively responsible only = 8 own essay4 ,! read] w note t ! ,essays endeavor to embody ! common attitude 9 application to specific fields ( inquiry :i* h be5 hi/orically associat$ ) philosophy r ?an z a ?+ by itself4 ,beg9n+ ) philosophy itself1 subsequ5t contributions discuss its application to logic1 to ma!matics1 to physical sci5ce1 to psy*ology1 to e?ics1 to economics1 & !n aga9 to philosophy itself 9 conjunction ) e/hetics & religion4 ,! read] w probably f9d t ! significant po9ts ( agreem5t h to d ) ! ideas ( ! g5u95ess ( ! future1 ( intellig5ce z ! organ = det]m9+ ! quality ( t future s f> z x c come )9 human control1 & ( a c\rage\sly inv5tive individual z ! be>] ( a creatively employ$ m9d4 ,:ile all ! essays are new 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are n[ publi%$1 v>i\s contributors make _! ackn[l$gm5ts to ! editors ( ! ,philosophical ,review1 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 & ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods = use ( mat]ial :i* fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ! pages ( ^! j\rnals4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,a ,,recov]y ,,( ,,philosophy #c ,john ,dewey1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,re=mation ,,( ,,logic #gj ,addison ,w4 ,moore1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,ma!matics #aah ,h>old ,*apman ,br[n1 ,lel& ,/an=d1 ,jr41 ,univ]sity4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,& ,,individual ,,?9k] #agf ,george ,h4 ,mead1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,psy*ology #bbh ,boyd ,h4 ,bode1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,,! ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,int]e/ #bhb ,h5ry ,waldgrave ,/u>t1 ,lel& ,/an=d1 ,jr41 ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,values ,,& ,,/&>ds #ced ,james ,hayd5 ,tufts1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,value ,,& ,,exi/5ce ,,9 ,,philosophy1 ,,art1 ,,& ,,religion #dji ,horace ,m4 ,kall51 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,creative ,,intellig5ce ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,a ,,recov]y ,,( ,,philosophy ,,john ,,dewey ,intellectual advance occurs 9 two ways4 ,at times increase ( k is organiz$ ab\t old conceptions1 :ile ^! are exp&$1 elaborat$ & ref9$1 b n s]i\sly revis$1 mu* less ab&on$4 ,at o!r times1 ! increase ( k dem&s qualitative r ?an quantitative *ange2 alt]ation1 n addition4 ,m5's m9ds gr[ cold to _! =m] intellectual conc]ns2 ideas t 7 burn+ fade2 int]e/s t 7 urg5t seem remote4 ,m5 face 9 ano!r direction2 _! old] p]plexities are unreal2 consid]ations pass$ ov] z negligible loom up4 ,=m] problems may n h be5 solv$1 b !y no long] press = solutions4 ,philosophy is no exception to ! rule4 ,b x is unusually cons]vative--n1 necess>ily1 9 pr(f]+ solutions1 b 9 cl++ to problems4 ,x has be5 s alli$ ) !ology & !ological morals z repres5tatives ( m5's *ief int]e/s1 t radical alt]ation has be5 %ock+4 ,m5's activities took a decid$ly new turn1 = example1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x seems z if philosophy1 "u ! lead ( ?9k]s l ,bacon & ,desc>tes1 0 to execute an ab\t-face4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! f]m5t1 x turn$ out t _m ( ! old] problems 7 b translat$ f ,lat9 into ! v]nacul> or into ! new t]m9ology furni%$ by sci5ce4 ,! association ( philosophy ) academic tea*+ has re9=c$ ?is intr9sic cons]vatism4 ,s*ola/ic philosophy p]si/$ 9 univ]sities aft] m5's ?\ghts outside ( ! walls ( colleges _h mov$ 9 o!r directions4 ,9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s intellectual advances ( sci5ce & politics h 9 l fa%ion be5 cry/alliz$ into mat]ial ( in/ruction & n[ resi/ fur!r *ange4 ,i w\ld n say t ! _s ( tea*+ is ho/ile to t ( lib]al inquiry1 b a philosophy :i* exi/s l>gely z some?+ to be taught r ?an :olly z some?+ to be reflect$ ^u is conducive to discussion ( views held by o!rs r ?an to imm$iate response4 ,philosophy :5 taught inevitably magnifies ! hi/ory ( pa/ ?\ght1 & leads pr(essional philosoph]s to approa* _! subject-matt] ?r\gh its =mulation 9 receiv$ sy/ems4 ,x t5ds1 also1 to emphasize po9ts ^u :i* m5 h divid$ into s*ools1 = ^! l5d !mselves to retrospective def9ition & elaboration4 ,consequ5tly1 philosophical discussion is likely to be a dress+ out ( anti!tical traditions1 :]e criticism ( "o view is ?\ght to af=d pro( ( ! tru? ( its opposite 7z if =mulation ( views gu>ante$ logical exclusives74 ,direct preoccupation ) contempor>y difficulties is left to lit]ature & politics4 ,if *ang+ conduct & exp&+ k ev] requir$ a will+ness to surr5d] n m]ely old solutions b old problems x is n[4 ,i d n mean t we c turn abruptly away f all traditional issues4 ,?is is impossible2 x w\ld be ! undo+ ( ! "o :o attempt$ x4 ,irrespective ( ! pr(essionaliz+ ( philosophy1 ! ideas philosoph]s discuss are /ill ^? 9 :i* ,we/]n civilization has be5 br$4 ,!y are 9 ! backs ( ! heads ( educat$ p4 ,b :at s]i\s-m9d$ m5 n engag$ 9 ! pr(essional bus9ess ( philosophy mo/ want to "k is :at modifications & ab&onm5ts ( intellectual inh]itance are requir$ by ! new] indu/rial1 political1 & sci5tific movem5ts4 ,!y want to "k :at ^! new] movem5ts mean :5 translat$ into g5]al ideas4 ,unless pr(essional philosophy c mobilize itself suffici5tly to assi/ 9 ?is cl>ification & r$irection ( m5's ?\ghts1 x is likely to get m & m sidetrack$ f ! ma9 curr5ts ( contempor>y life4 ,?is essay may1 !n1 be look$ ^u z an attempt to =w>d ! emancipation ( philosophy f too intimate & exclusive atta*m5t to traditional problems4 ,x is n 9 int5t a criticism ( v>i\s solutions t h be5 (f]$1 b raises a "q z to ! g5u95ess1 "u ! pres5t conditions ( sci5ce & social life1 ( ! problems4 ,! limit$ object ( my discussion w1 d\btless1 give an exagg]at$ impression ( my conviction z to ! artificiality ( mu* rec5t philosophiz+4 ,n t ,i h wilfully exagg]at$ 9 :at ,i h said1 b t ! limitations ( my purpose h l$ me n to say _m ?+s p]t95t to a broad] purpose4 ,a discussion less re/rict$ w\ld /rive to en=ce ! g5u95ess1 9 _! own context1 ( que/ions n[ discuss$ ma9ly because !y h be5 discuss$ r ?an because contempor>y conditions ( life sugge/ !m4 ,x w\ld also be a grateful task to dwell ^u ! preci\s contributions made by philosophic sy/ems :i* z a :ole are impossible4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( unreal premises & ! discussion ( artificial problems1 po9ts ( view h em]g$ :i* are indisp5sable possessions ( culture4 ,! horizon has be5 wid5$2 ideas ( great fecundity /ruck out2 imag9ation quick5$2 a s5se ( ! mean+ ( ?+s creat$4 ,x may ev5 be ask$ :e!r ^! accompanim5ts ( classic sy/ems h n (t5 be5 treat$ z a k9d ( gu>antee ( ! sy/ems !mselves4 ,b :ile x is a sign ( an illib]al m9d to ?r[ away ! f]tile & ample ideas ( a ,sp9oza1 a ,kant1 or a ,hegel1 because _! sett+ is n logically adequate1 is surely a sign ( an undiscipl9$ "o to treat _! contributions to culture z confirmations ( premises ) :i* !y h no necess>y connection4 ,i ,a criticism ( curr5t philosophiz+ f ! /&po9t ( ! traditional quality ( its problems mu/ beg9 some:]e1 & ! *oice ( a beg9n+ is arbitr>y4 ,x has appe>$ to me t ! notion ( exp]i5ce impli$ 9 ! que/ions mo/ actively discuss$ gives a natural po9t ( dep>ture4 ,=1 if ,i mi/ake n1 x is j ! inh]it$ view ( exp]i5ce common to ! empirical s*ool & its oppon5ts :i* keeps alive _m discussions ev5 ( matt]s t on _! face are q remote f x1 :ile x is also ?is view :i* is mo/ unt5able 9 ! light ( exi/+ sci5ce & social practice4 ,accord+ly ,i set out ) a brief /atem5t ( "s ( ! *ief contra/s betwe5 ! or?odox description ( exp]i5ce & t cong5ial to pres5t conditions4 7i7 ,9 ! or?odox view1 exp]i5ce is reg>d$ prim>ily z a k-affair4 ,b to eyes n look+ ?r\gh anci5t spectacles1 x assur$ly appe>s z an affair ( ! int]c\rse ( a liv+ be+ ) its physical & social environm5t4 7ii7 ,accord+ to tradition exp]i5ce is 7at lea/ prim>ily7 a psy*ical ?+1 infect$ ?r\gh\t by subjectivity4 ,:at exp]i5ce sugge/s ab\t itself is a g5u9ely objective _w :i* ent]s into ! actions & suff]+s ( m5 & und]goes modifications ?r\gh _! responses4 7iii7 ,s f> z any?+ beyond a b>e pres5t is recogniz$ by ! e/abli%$ doctr9e1 ! pa/ exclusively c\nts4 ,regi/ration ( :at has tak5 place1 ref]5ce to prec$5t1 is believ$ to be ! ess5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,empiricism is conceiv$ ( z ti$ up to :at has be51 or is1 giv54 ,b exp]i5ce 9 its vital =m is exp]im5tal1 an ef=t to *ange ! giv52 x is *>act]iz$ by projection1 by rea*+ =w>d into ! unkn[n2 connexion ) a future is its sali5t trait4 7iv7 ,! empirical tradition is committ$ to p>ticul>ism4 ,connexions & cont9uities are suppos$ to be =eign to exp]i5ce1 to be by-products ( dubi\s validity4 ,an exp]i5ce t is an und]go+ ( an environm5t & a /riv+ = its control 9 new directions is pregnant ) connexions4 7v7 ,9 ! traditional notion exp]i5ce & ?\ght are anti!tical t]ms4 ,inf]5ce1 s f> z x is o!r ?an a revival ( :at has be5 giv5 9 ! pa/1 goes beyond exp]i5ce2 h5ce x is ei!r invalid1 or else a measure ( desp]ation by :i*1 us+ exp]i5ce z a spr+bo>d1 we jump out to a _w ( /able ?+s & o!r selves4 ,b exp]i5ce1 tak5 free ( ! re/rictions impos$ by ! old] concept1 is full ( inf]5ce4 ,!re is1 app>5tly1 no consci\s exp]i5ce )\t inf]5ce2 reflection is native & con/ant4 ,^! contra/s1 ) a consid]ation ( ! effect ( sub/itut+ ! acc\nt ( exp]i5ce relevant to mod]n life = ! inh]it$ acc\nt1 af=d ! subject-matt] ( ! foll[+ discussion4 ,suppose we take s]i\sly ! contribution made to our idea ( exp]i5ce by biology1--n t rec5t biological sci5ce discov]$ ! facts1 b t x has s emphasiz$ !m t !re is no long] an excuse = ignor+ !m or treat+ !m z negligible4 ,any acc\nt ( exp]i5ce mu/ n[ fit into ! consid]ation t exp]i5c+ means liv+2 & t liv+ goes on 9 & because ( an environ+ m$ium1 n 9 a vacuum4 ,:]e !re is exp]i5ce1 !re is a liv+ be+4 ,:]e !re is life1 !re is a d\ble connexion ma9ta9$ ) ! environm5t4 ,9 "p1 environm5tal en]gies con/itute organic functions2 !y ent] into !m4 ,life is n possible )\t su* direct support by ! environm5t4 ,b :ile all organic *anges dep5d ^u ! natural en]gies ( ! environm5t = _! orig9ation & occurr5ce1 ! natural en]gies sometimes c>ry ! organic functions prosp]\sly =w>d1 & sometimes act c\nt] to _! cont9uance4 ,gr[? & decay1 heal? & disease1 are alike cont9u\s ) activities ( ! natural surr\nd+s4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ! be>+ ( :at happ5s ^u future life-activity4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ?is future ref]5ce environm5tal incid5ts fall into gr\ps3 ^? favorable to life-activities1 & ^? ho/ile4 ,! successful activities ( ! organism1 ^? )9 :i* environm5tal assi/ance is incorporat$1 react ^u ! environm5t to br+ ab\t modifications favorable to _! own future4 ,! human be+ has ^u 8 h&s ! problem ( respond+ to :at is go+ on ar\nd him s t ^! *anges w take "o turn r ?an ano!r1 namely1 t requir$ by its own fur!r function+4 ,:ile back$ 9 "p by ! environm5t1 its life is any?+ b a peaceful exhalation ( environm5t4 ,x is oblig$ to /ruggle--t is to say1 to employ ! direct support giv5 by ! environm5t 9 ord] indirectly to effect *anges t w\ld n o!rwise occur4 ,9 ?is s5se1 life goes on by means ( controll+ ! environm5t4 ,its activities mu/ *ange ! *anges go+ on ar\nd x2 !y mu/ neutralize ho/ile occurr5ces2 !y mu/ trans=m neutral ev5ts into cooep]ative factors or into an effloresc5ce ( new features4 ,dialectic developm5ts ( ! notion ( self-pres]vation1 ( ! conatus ess5di1 (t5 ignore all ! important facts ( ! actual process4 ,!y argue z if self-control1 self-developm5t1 w5t on directly z a sort ( unroll+ pu% f )94 ,b life endures only 9 virtue ( ! support ( ! environm5t4 ,& s9ce ! environm5t is only incompletely enli/$ 9 our behalf1 self-pres]vation--or self-realization or :atev]--is always indirect--always an affair ( ! way 9 :i* our pres5t activities affect ! direction tak5 by indep5d5t *anges 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,h9drances mu/ be turn$ into means4 ,we are also giv5 to play+ loose ) ! conception ( adju/m5t1 z if t meant some?+ fix$--a k9d ( accommodation once = all 7ideally at lea/7 ( ! organism to an environm5t4 ,b z life requires ! fitness ( ! environm5t to ! organic functions1 adju/m5t to ! environm5t means n passive acceptance ( ! latt]1 b act+ s t ! environ+ *anges take a c]ta9 turn4 ,! high] ! type ( life1 ! m adju/m5t takes ! =m ( an adju/+ ( ! factors ( ! environm5t to "o ano!r 9 ! int]e/ ( life2 ! less ! significance ( liv+1 ! m x becomes an adju/m5t to a giv5 environm5t till at ! l[] end ( ! scale ! diff]5ces betwe5 liv+ & ! non-liv+ disappe>4 ,^! /atem5ts are ( an ext]nal k9d4 ,!y are ab\t ! conditions ( exp]i5ce1 r ?an ab\t exp]i5c+ itself4 ,b assur$ly exp]i5ce z x concretely takes place be>s out ! /atem5ts4 ,exp]i5ce is prim>ily a process ( und]go+3 a process ( /&+ some?+2 ( suff]+ & passion1 ( affection1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ^! words4 ,! organism has to endure1 to und]go1 ! consequ5ces ( its own actions4 ,exp]i5ce is no slipp+ along 9 a pa? fix$ by inn] consci\sness4 ,private consci\sness is an incid5tal outcome ( exp]i5ce ( a vital objective sort2 x is n its s\rce4 ,und]go+1 h[ev]1 is nev] m]e passivity4 ,! mo/ pati5t pati5t is m ?an a receptor4 ,he is also an ag5t--a reactor1 "o try+ exp]im5ts1 "o conc]n$ ) und]go+ 9 a way :i* may influ5ce :at is /ill to happ54 ,%e] endurance1 side-/epp+ evasions1 are1 aft] all1 ways ( treat+ ! environm5t ) a view to :at su* treatm5t w accompli%4 ,ev5 if we %ut ourselves up 9 ! mo/ clam-l fa%ion1 we are do+ some?+2 our passivity is an active attitude1 n an ext9ction ( response4 ,j z !re is no ass]tive action1 no aggressive attack ^u ?+s z !y are1 :i* is all action1 s !re is no und]go+ :i* is n on our "p also a go+ on & a go+ ?r\gh4 ,exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words1 is a matt] ( simultane\s do+s & suff]+s4 ,our und]go+s are exp]im5ts 9 v>y+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 our active try+s are trials & te/s ( ourselves4 ,?is duplicity ( exp]i5ce %[s itself 9 our happ9ess & mis]y1 our successes & failures4 ,triumphs are dang]\s :5 dwelt ^u or liv$ (f f2 successes use !mselves up4 ,any a*iev$ equilibrium ( adju/m5t ) ! environm5t is prec>i\s because we _c ev5ly keep pace ) *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,^! are s oppos$ 9 direction t we mu/ *oose4 ,we mu/ take ! risk ( ca/+ 9 our lot ) "o movem5t or ! o!r4 ,no?+ c elim9ate all risk1 all adv5ture2 ! "o ?+ doom$ to failure is to try to keep ev5 ) ! :ole environm5t at once--t is to say1 to ma9ta9 ! happy mom5t :5 all ?+s g our way4 ,! ob/acles :i* confront u are /imuli to v>iation1 to novel response1 & h5ce are occasions ( progress4 ,if a favor done u by ! environm5t conceals a ?reat1 s its disfavor is a pot5tial means ( hi!rto unexp]i5c$ modes ( success4 ,to treat mis]y z any?+ b mis]y1 z = example a bless+ 9 disguise or a necess>y factor 9 good1 is dis+5u\s apologetics4 ,b to say t ! progress ( ! race has be5 /imulat$ by ills und]gone1 & t m5 h be5 mov$ by :at !y suff] to se>* out new & bett] c\rses ( action is to speak v]aci\sly4 ,! preoccupation ( exp]i5ce ) ?+s :i* are com+ 7are n[ com+1 n j to come7 is obvi\s to any "o ^: int]e/ 9 exp]i5ce is empirical4 ,s9ce we live =w>d2 s9ce we live 9 a _w :]e *anges are go+ on ^: issue means our weal or woe2 s9ce e act ( ours modifies ^! *anges & h5ce is fraught ) promise1 or *>g$ ) ho/ile en]gies--:at %\ld exp]i5ce be b a future implicat$ 9 a pres5t6 ,adju/m5t is no timeless /ate2 x is a cont9u+ process4 ,to say t a *ange takes "t may be to say some?+ ab\t ! ev5t :i* is ext]nal & un9/ructive4 ,b adju/m5t ( organism to environm5t takes "t 9 ! pregnant s5se2 e /ep 9 ! process is condition$ by ref]5ce to fur!r *anges :i* x effects4 ,:at is go+ on 9 ! environm5t is ! conc]n ( ! organism2 n :at is already !re 9 accompli%$ & f9i%$ =m4 ,9 s f> z ! issue ( :at is go+ on may be affect$ by int]v5tion ( ! organism1 ! mov+ ev5t is a *all5ge :i* /ret*es ! ag5t-pati5t to meet :at is com+4 ,exp]i5c+ exhibits ?+s 9 _! unt]m9at$ aspect mov+ t[>d det]m9ate conclusions4 ,! f9i%$ & done ) is ( import z affect+ ! future1 n on its own acc\nt3 9 %ort1 because x is n1 really1 done )4 ,anticipation is !re=e m prim>y ?an recollection2 projection ?an summon+ ( ! pa/2 ! prospective ?an ! retrospective4 ,giv5 a _w l t 9 :i* we live1 a _w 9 :i* environ+ *anges are p>tly favorable & p>tly call\sly indiff]5t1 & exp]i5ce is b\nd to be prospective 9 import2 = any control atta9able by ! liv+ creature dep5ds ^u :at is done to alt] ! /ate ( ?+s4 ,success & failure are ! prim>y categories ( life2 a*iev+ ( good & av]t+ ( ill are its supreme int]e/s2 hope & anxiety 7:i* are n self-enclos$ /ates ( feel+1 b active attitudes ( welcome & w>9ess7 are dom9ant qualities ( exp]i5ce4 ,imag9ative =eca/ ( ! future is ?is =]unn+ quality ( behavior r5d]$ available = guidance 9 ! pres5t4 ,day-dream+ & ca/le-build+ & e/hetic realization ( :at is n practically a*iev$ are (f%oots ( ?is practical trait1 or else practical intellig5ce is a *a/5$ fantasy4 ,x makes little diff]5ce4 ,imag9ative recov]y ( ! bygone is indisp5sable to successful invasion ( ! future1 b its /atus is t ( an in/rum5t4 ,to ignore its import is ! sign ( an undiscipl9$ ag5t2 b to isolate ! pa/1 dwell+ ^u x = its own sake & giv+ x ! eulogi/ic "n ( k1 is to sub/itute ! rem9isc5ce ( old-age = effective intellig5ce4 ,! movem5t ( ! ag5t-pati5t to meet ! future is p>tial & passionate2 yet deta*$ & imp>tial /udy ( ! pa/ is ! only alt]native to luck 9 assur+ success to passion4 ,,ii ,?is description ( exp]i5ce w\ld be b a rhapsodic celebration ( ! commonplace 7 x n 9 m>k$ contra/ to or?odox philosophical acc\nts4 ,! contra/ indicates t traditional acc\nts h n be5 empirical1 b h be5 d$uctions1 f unnam$ premises1 ( :at exp]i5ce mu/ be4 ,hi/oric empiricism has be5 empirical 9 a te*nical & controv]sial s5se4 ,x has said1 ,"l1 ,"l1 ,exp]i5ce1 ,exp]i5ce2 b 9 practice x has s]v$ ideas =c$ into exp]i5ce1 n ga!r$ f x4 ,! confusion & artificiality !reby introduc$ into philosophical ?\ght is n[h]e m evid5t ?an 9 ! empirical treatm5t ( relations or dynamic cont9uities4 ,! exp]i5ce ( a liv+ be+ /ruggl+ to hold its own & make its way 9 an environm5t1 physical & social1 p>tly facilitat+ & p>tly ob/ruct+ its actions1 is ( necessity a matt] ( ties & connexions1 ( be>+s & uses4 ,! v po9t ( exp]i5ce1 s to say1 is t x doesn't occur 9 a vacuum2 its ag5t-pati5t in/ead ( be+ insulat$ & disconnect$ is b\nd up ) ! movem5t ( ?+s by mo/ intimate & p]vasive bonds4 ,only because ! organism is 9 & ( ! _w1 & its activities correlat$ ) ^? ( o!r ?+s 9 multiple ways1 is x susceptible to und]go+ ?+s & capable ( try+ to r$uce objects to means ( secur+ its good =tune4 ,t ^! connexions are ( div]se k9ds is irresi/ibly prov$ by ! fluctuations :i* occur 9 its c>e]4 ,help & h9drance1 /imulation & inhibition1 success & failure mean specifically diff]5t modes ( correlation4 ,al?\gh ! actions ( ?+s 9 ! _w are tak+ place 9 "o cont9u\s /ret* ( exi/5ce1 !re are all k9ds ( specific aff9ities1 repulsions1 & relative indiff]5cies4 ,dynamic connexions are qualitatively div]se1 j z are ! c5t]s ( action4 ,9 ?is s5se1 pluralism1 n monism1 is an e/abli%$ empirical fact4 ,! attempt to e/abli% monism f consid]ation ( ! v nature ( a relation is a m]e piece ( dialectics4 ,equally dialectical is ! ef=t to e/abli% by a consid]ation ( ! nature ( relations an ontological ,pluralism ( ,ultimates3 simple & indep5d5t be+s4 ,to attempt to get results f a consid]ation ( ! ext]nal nature ( relations is ( a piece ) ! attempt to d$uce results f _! int]nal "*4 ,"s ?+s are relatively insulat$ f ! influ5ce ( o!r ?+s2 "s ?+s are easily invad$ by o!rs2 "s ?+s are fi]cely attract$ to conjo9 _! activities ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,exp]i5ce exhibits e k9d ( connexion#a f ! mo/ intimate to m]e ext]nal juxtaposition4 ,empirically1 !n1 active bonds or cont9uities ( all k9ds1 toge!r ) /atic discont9uities1 *>act]ize exi/5ce4 ,to d5y ?is qualitative het]og5eity is to r$uce ! /ruggles & difficulties ( life1 its com$ies & trag$ies to illusion3 to ! non-be+ ( ! ,greeks or to its mod]n c\nt]p>t1 ! subjective4 ,exp]i5ce is an affair ( facilitations & *ecks1 ( be+ su/a9$ & disrupt$1 be+ let alone1 be+ help$ & tr\bl$1 ( good =tune & defeat 9 all ! c\ntless qualitative modes :i* ^! words pallidly sugge/4 ,! exi/5ce ( g5u9e connexions ( all mann] ( het]og5eity _c be d\bt$4 ,su* words z conjo9+1 disjo9+1 resi/+1 modify+1 saltatory1 & ambulatory 7to use ,james' picturesque t]m7 only h9t at _! actual het]og5eity4 ,among ! revisions & surr5d]s ( hi/oric problems dem&$ by ?is feature ( empirical situations1 ^? c5t]+ 9 ! rationali/ic-empirical controv]sy may be select$ = att5tion4 ,! implications ( ?is controv]sy are tw(old3 ,fir/1 t connexions are z homog5e\s 9 fact z 9 "n2 &1 secondly1 if g5u9e1 are all due to ?\ght1 or1 if empirical1 are arbitr>y by-products ( pa/ p>ticul>s4 ,! /ubborn p>ticul>ism ( or?odox empiricism is its out/&+ trait2 consequ5tly ! oppos$ rationalism f\nd no ju/ification ( be>+s1 cont9uities1 & ties save to ref] !m 9 gross to ! "w ( a hyp]-empirical ,reason4 ,( c\rse1 n all empiricism prior to ,hume & ,kant 0 s5sationali/ic1 pulv]iz+ exp]i5ce into isolat$ s5sory qualities or simple ideas4 ,x did n all foll[ ,locke's lead 9 reg>d+ ! entire cont5t ( g5]alization z ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 prior to ,kant1 philosoph]s 7 cont5t to draw a l9e betwe5 empirical g5]alizations reg>d+ matt]s ( fact & necess>y univ]sals apply+ to tru?s ( reason4 ,b logical atomism 0 implicit ev5 9 ?is !ory4 ,/atem5ts ref]r+ to empirical fact 7 m]e quantitative summ>ies ( p>ticul> in/ances4 ,9 ! s5sationalism :i* sprang f ,hume 7& :i* 0 left unque/ion$ by ,kant z f> z any /rictly empirical elem5t 0 conc]n$7 ! implicit p>ticul>ism 0 made explicit4 ,b ! doctr9e t s5sations & ideas are s _m sep>ate exi/5ces 0 n d]iv$ f obs]vation nor f exp]im5t4 ,x 0 a logical d$uction f a prior unexam9$ concept ( ! nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,f ! same concept x foll[$ t ! appe>ance ( /able objects & ( g5]al pr9ciples ( connexion 0 b an appe>ance4#b ,kantianism1 !n1 naturally invok$ univ]sal bonds to re/ore objectivity4 ,b1 9 s do+1 x accept$ ! p>ticul>ism ( exp]i5ce & proce$$ to supplem5t x f non-empirical s\rces4 ,a s5sory manifold be+ all :i* is really empirical 9 exp]i5ce1 a reason :i* transc5ds exp]i5ce mu/ provide syn!sis4 ,! net outcome might h sugge/$ a correct acc\nt ( exp]i5ce4 ,= we h only to =get ! app>atus by :i* ! net outcome is arriv$ at1 to h be=e u ! exp]i5ce ( ! pla9 man--a div]sity ( ceaseless *anges connect$ 9 all k9ds ( ways1 /atic & dynamic4 ,?is conclusion w\ld deal a dea?bl[ to bo? empiricism & rationalism4 ,=1 mak+ cle> ! non-empirical "* ( ! alleg$ manifold ( unconnect$ p>ticul>s1 x w\ld r5d] unnecess>y ! appeal to functions ( ! und]/&+ 9 ord] to connect !m4 ,) ! d[nfall ( ! traditional notion ( exp]i5ce1 ! appeal to reason to supplem5t its defects becomes sup]flu\s4 ,! tradition 01 h[ev]1 too /rongly entr5*$2 especially z x furni%$ ! subject-matt] ( an alleg$ sci5ce ( /ates ( m9d :i* 7 directly kn[n 9 _! v pres5ce4 ,! hi/oric outcome 0 a new crop ( artificial puzzles ab\t relations2 x fa/5$ ^u philosophy = a long "t ! qu>rel ab\t ! a priori & ! a po/]iori z its *ief issue4 ,! controv]sy is to-day quiesc5t4 ,yet x is n at all uncommon to f9d ?9k]s mod]n 9 tone & int5t :o reg>d any philosophy ( exp]i5ce z necess>ily committ$ to d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( g5u9ely g5]al propositions1 & :o take empiricism to be inh]5tly av]se to ! recognition ( ! importance ( an organiz+ & con/ructive intellig5ce4 ,! quiesc5ce allud$ to is 9 "p due1 ,i ?9k1 to %e] we>9ess4 ,b x is also due to a *ange ( /&po9t introduc$ by biological conceptions2 & p>ticul>ly ! discov]y ( biological cont9uity f ! l[] organisms to man4 ,= a %ort p]iod1 ,sp5c]ians might connect ! doctr9e ( evolution ) ! old problem1 & use ! long temporal accumulation ( exp]i5ces to g5]ate some?+ :i*1 = human exp]i5ce1 is a priori4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( ! biological way ( ?9k+ is nei!r to confirm or negate ! ,sp5c]ian doctr9e1 b to %ift ! issue4 ,9 ! or?odox position a po/]iori & a priori 7 affairs ( k4 ,b x soon becomes obvi\s t :ile !re is assur$ly some?+ a priori--t is to say1 native1 unle>n$1 orig9al--9 human exp]i5ce1 t some?+ is n k1 b is activities made possible by means ( e/abli%$ connexions ( neurones4 ,?is empirical fact does n solve ! or?odox problem2 x dissolves x4 ,x %[s t ! problem 0 misconceiv$1 & solution s\ght by bo? p>ties 9 ! wrong direction4 ,organic in/9cts & organic ret5tion1 or habit-=m+1 are und5iable factors 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,!y are factors :i* effect organization & secure cont9uity4 ,!y are among ! specific facts :i* a description ( exp]i5ce cognizant ( ! correlation ( organic action ) ! action ( o!r natural objects w include4 ,b :ile =tunately ! contribution ( biological sci5ce to a truly empirical description ( exp]i5c+ has outlaw$ ! discussion ( ! a priori & a po/]iori1 ! trans=m+ effect ( ! same contributions ^u o!r issues has gone unnotic$1 save z pragmatism has made an ef=t to br+ !m to recognition4 ,,iii ,! po9t s]i\sly at issue 9 ! notion ( exp]i5ce common to bo? sides 9 ! old] controv]sy ?us turns out to be ! place ( ?\ght or intellig5ce 9 exp]i5ce4 ,does reason h a di/9ctive (fice8 ,is !re a *>act]i/ic ord] ( relations contribut$ by x8 ,exp]i5ce1 to return to our positive conception1 is prim>ily :at is und]gone 9 connexion ) activities ^: import lies 9 _! objective consequ5ces--_! be>+ ^u future exp]i5ces4 ,organic functions deal ) ?+s z ?+s 9 c\rse1 9 op]ation1 9 a /ate ( affairs n yet giv5 or complet$4 ,:at is done )1 :at is j !re1 is ( conc]n only 9 ! pot5tialities :i* x may indicate4 ,z end$1 z :olly giv51 x is ( no acc\nt4 ,b z a sign ( :at may come1 x becomes an indisp5sable factor 9 behavior deal+ ) *anges1 ! outcome ( :i* is n yet det]m9$4 ,! only p[] ! organism possesses to control its own future dep5ds ^u ! way its pres5t responses modify *anges :i* are tak+ place 9 its m$ium4 ,a liv+ be+ may be comp>atively impot5t1 or comp>atively free4 ,x is all a matt] ( ! way 9 :i* its pres5t reactions to ?+s influ5ce ! future reactions ( ?+s ^u x4 ,)\t reg>d to its wi% or int5t e act x p]=ms makes "s diff]5ce 9 ! environm5t4 ,! *ange may be trivial z respects its own c>e] & =tune4 ,b x may also be ( incalculable importance2 x may import h>m1 de/ruction1 or x may procure well-be+4 ,is x possible = a liv+ be+ to increase its control ( welf>e & success8 ,c x manage1 9 any degree1 to assure its future8 ,or does ! am\nt ( security dep5d :olly ^u ! accid5ts ( ! situation8 ,c x le>n8 ,c x ga9 ability to assure its future 9 ! pres5t8 ,^! que/ions c5t] att5tion ^u ! significance ( reflective intellig5ce 9 ! process ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ext5t ( an ag5t's capacity = inf]5ce1 its p[] to use a giv5 fact z a sign ( some?+ n yet giv51 measures ! ext5t ( its ability sy/ematically to enl>ge its control ( ! future4 ,a be+ :i* c use giv5 & f9i%$ facts z signs ( ?+s to come2 :i* c take giv5 ?+s z evid5ces ( abs5t ?+s1 c1 9 t degree1 =eca/ ! future2 x c =m reasonable expectations4 ,x is capable ( a*iev+ ideas2 x is possess$ ( intellig5ce4 ,= use ( ! giv5 or f9i%$ to anticipate ! consequ5ce ( processes go+ on is precisely :at is meant by ideas1 by intellig5ce4 ,z we h already not$1 ! environm5t is r>ely all ( a k9d 9 its be>+ ^u organic welf>e2 its mo/ :ole-he>t$ support ( life-activities is prec>i\s & tempor>y4 ,"s environm5tal *anges are auspici\s2 o!rs are m5ac+4 ,! secret ( success--t is1 ( ! greate/ atta9able success--is = ! organic response to ca/ 9 its lot ) pres5t auspici\s *anges to /r5g!n !m & ?us to av]t ! consequ5ces fl[+ f occurr5ces ( ill-om54 ,any reaction is a v5ture2 x involves risk4 ,we always build bett] or worse ?an we c =etell4 ,b ! organism's fateful int]v5tion 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts is bl9d1 its *oice is r&om1 except z x c employ :at happ5s to x z a basis ( inf]r+ :at is likely to happ5 lat]4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* x c read future results 9 pres5t on-go+s1 its responsive *oice1 its p>tiality to ?is condition or t1 become intellig5t4 ,its bias gr[s reasonable4 ,x c delib]ately1 int5tionally1 p>ticipate 9 ! direction ( ! c\rse ( affairs4 ,its =esight ( diff]5t futures :i* result accord+ z ?is or t pres5t factor pr$om9ates 9 ! %ap+ ( affairs p]mits x to p>take intellig5tly in/ead ( bl9dly & fatally 9 ! consequ5ces its reactions give rise to4 ,p>ticipate x mu/1 & to its own weal or woe4 ,inf]5ce1 ! use ( :at happ5s1 to anticipate :at w--or at lea/ may--happ51 makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 direct$ & undirect$ p>ticipation4 ,& ?is capacity = inf]r+ is precisely ! same z t use ( natural occurr5ces = ! discov]y & det]m9ation ( consequ5ces--! =mation ( new dynamic connexions--:i* con/itutes k4 ,! fact t ?\ght is an intr9sic feature ( exp]i5ce is fatal to ! traditional empiricism :i* makes x an artificial by-product4 ,b = t same reason x is fatal to ! hi/oric rationalisms ^: ju/ification 0 ! second>y & retrospective position assign$ to ?\ght by empirical philosophy4 ,accord+ to ! p>ticul>ism ( ! latt]1 ?\ght 0 inevitably only a bun*+ toge!r ( h>d-&-fa/ sep>ate items2 ?9k+ 0 b ! ga!r+ toge!r & ty+ ( items already completely giv51 or else an equally artificial unty+--a me*anical add+ & subtract+ ( ! giv54 ,x 0 b a cumulative regi/ration1 a consolidat$ m]g]2 g5]ality 0 a matt] ( bulk1 n ( quality4 ,?9k+ 0 !re=e treat$ z lack+ con/ructive p[]2 ev5 its organiz+ capacity 0 b simulat$1 be+ 9 tru? b arbitr>y pigeon-hol+4 ,g5u9e projection ( ! novel1 delib]ate v>iation & inv5tion1 are idle fictions 9 su* a v]sion ( exp]i5ce4 ,if !re ev] 0 creation1 x all took place at a remote p]iod4 ,s9ce !n ! _w has only recit$ lessons4 ,! value ( inv5tive con/ruction is too preci\s to be dispos$ ( 9 ?is cavali] way4 ,its unc]emoni\s d5ial af=d$ an opportunity to ass]t t 9 addition to exp]i5ce ! subject has a ready-made faculty ( ?\ght or reason :i* transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,rationalism ?us accept$ ! acc\nt ( exp]i5ce giv5 by traditional empiricism1 & introduc$ reason z extra-empirical4 ,!re are /ill ?9k]s :o reg>d any empiricism z necess>ily committ$ to a belief 9 a cut-&-dri$ reliance ^u disconnect$ prec$5ts1 & :o hold t all sy/ematic organization ( pa/ exp]i5ces = new & con/ructive purposes is ali5 to /rict empiricism4 ,rationalism nev] expla9$1 h[ev]1 h[ a reason extrane\s to exp]i5ce c\ld ent] into helpful relation ) concrete exp]i5ces4 ,by def9ition1 reason & exp]i5ce 7 anti!tical1 s t ! conc]n ( reason 0 n ! fruitful expansion & guidance ( ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 b a realm ( consid]ations too sublime to t\*1 or be t\*$ by1 exp]i5ce4 ,discreet rationali/s conf9$ !mselves to !ology & alli$ bran*es ( abtruse sci5ce1 & to ma!matics4 ,rationalism w\ld h be5 a doctr9e res]v$ = academic speciali/s & ab/ract =mali/s _h x n assum$ ! task ( provid+ an apologetics = traditional morals & !ology1 !reby gett+ into t\* ) actual human beliefs & conc]ns4 ,x is notori\s t hi/oric empiricism 0 /rong 9 criticism & 9 demolition ( outworn beliefs1 b weak = purposes ( con/ructive social direction4 ,b we frequ5tly ov]look ! fact t :5ev] rationalism cut free f cons]vative apologetics1 x 0 also simply an in/rum5tality = po9t+ out inconsi/5cies & absurdities 9 exi/+ beliefs--a sph]e 9 :i* x 0 imm5sely useful1 z ! ,enlight5m5t %[s4 ,leibniz & ,voltaire 7 contempor>y rationali/s 9 m s5ses ?an "o4#c ,! recognition t reflection is a g5u9e factor )9 exp]i5ce & an indisp5sable factor 9 t control ( ! _w :i* secures a prosp]\s & significant expansion ( exp]i5ce und]m9es hi/oric rationalism z assur$ly z x aboli%es ! f\ndations ( hi/oric empiricism4 ,! be>+ ( a correct idea ( ! place & (fice ( reflection ^u mod]n idealisms is less obvi\s1 b no less c]ta94 ,"o ( ! curiosities ( or?odox empiricism is t its out/&+ speculative problem is ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,= 9 accordance ) ! notion t exp]i5ce is atta*$ to a private subject z its exclusive possession1 a _w l ! "o 9 :i* we appe> to live mu/ be ext]nal to exp]i5ce in/ead ( be+ its subject-matt]4 ,i call x a curiosity1 = if any?+ seems adequately gr\nd$ empirically x is ! exi/5ce ( a _w :i* resi/s ! *>act]i/ic functions ( ! subject ( exp]i5ce2 :i* goes its way1 9 "s respects1 indep5d5tly ( ^! functions1 & :i* fru/rates our hopes & int5tions4 ,ignorance :i* is fatal2 disappo9tm5t2 ! ne$ ( adju/+ means & ends to ! c\rse ( nature1 w\ld seem to be facts suffici5tly *>act]iz+ empirical situations z to r5d] ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w indubitable4 ,t ! description ( exp]i5ce 0 arriv$ at by =c+ actual empirical facts into con=mity ) dialectic developm5ts f a concept ( a kn[] outside ( ! real _w ( nature is te/ifi$ to by ! hi/oric alliance ( empiricism & idealism4#d ,accord+ to ! mo/ logically consi/5t editions ( or?odox empiricism1 all t c be exp]i5c$ is ! fleet+1 ! mom5t>y1 m5tal /ate4 ,t alone is absolutely & indubitably pres5t2 !re=e1 x alone is cognitively c]ta94 ,x alone is k4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! pa/ 7& ( ! future71 ( a dec5tly /able _w & ( o!r selves--inde$1 ( "o's own self--falls outside ?is datum ( exp]i5ce4 ,^! c be arriv$ at only by inf]5ce :i* is ejective--a "n giv5 to an alleg$ type ( inf]5ce t jumps f exp]i5ce1 z f a spr+bo>d1 to some?+ beyond exp]i5ce4 ,i %\ld n anticipate difficulty 9 %[+ t ?is doctr9e is1 dialectically1 a mass ( inconsi/5cies4 ,av[$ly x is a doctr9e ( desp]ation1 & z su* x is cit$ "h to %[ ! desp]ate /raits to :i* ignor+ empirical facts has r$uc$ a doctr9e ( exp]i5ce4 ,m positively in/ructive are ! objective idealisms :i* h be5 ! (fspr+ ( ! m>riage betwe5 ! reason ( hi/oric rationalism & ! alleg$ imm$iate psy*ical /uff ( hi/oric empiricism4 ,^! idealisms h recogniz$ ! g5u95ess ( connexions & ! impot5cy ( feel+4 ,!y h !n id5tifi$ connexions ) logical or rational connexions1 & ?us treat$ ! real ,_w z a syn!sis ( s5ti5t consci\sness by means ( a rational self-consci\sness introduc+ objectivity3 /ability & univ]sality ( ref]5ce4 ,"h aga91 = pres5t purposes1 criticism is unnecess>y4 ,x suffices to po9t out t ! value ( ?is !ory is b\nd up ) ! g5u95ess ( ! problem ( :i* x purports to be a solution4 ,if ! basic concept is a fiction1 !re is no call = ! solution4 ,! m important po9t is to p]ceive h[ f> ! ?\ght :i* figures 9 objective idealism comes f meet+ ! empirical dem&s made ^u actual ?\ght4 ,idealism is mu* less =mal ?an hi/oric rationalism4 ,x treats ?\ght1 or reason1 z con/itutive ( exp]i5ce by means ( unit+ & con/ructive functions1 n z j conc]n$ ) a realm ( et]nal tru?s ap>t f exp]i5ce4 ,on su* a view ?\ght c]ta9ly loses its ab/ractness & remot5ess4 ,b1 un=tunately1 9 ?us ga9+ ! :ole _w x loses its own self4 ,a _w already1 9 its intr9sic /ructure1 dom9at$ by ?\ght is n a _w 9 :i*1 save by contradiction ( premises1 ?9k+ has any?+ to d4 ,t ! doctr9e logically results 9 mak+ *ange unreal & error unacc\ntable are consequ5ces ( importance 9 ! te*nique ( pr(essional philosophy2 9 ! d5ial ( empirical fact :i* !y imply !y seem to _m a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! premises f :i* !y proce$4 ,b1 aft] all1 su* consequ5ces are ( only pr(essional import4 ,:at is s]i\s1 ev5 s9i/]1 is ! impli$ sophi/ication reg>d+ ! place & (fice ( reflection 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,a doctr9e :i* exalts ?\ght 9 "n :ile ignor+ its efficacy 9 fact 7t is1 its use 9 bett]+ life7 is a doctr9e :i* _c be ent]ta9$ & taught )\t s]i\s p]il4 ,^? :o are n conc]n$ ) pr(essional philosophy b :o are solicit\s = intellig5ce z a factor 9 ! amelioration ( actual conditions c b look askance at any doctr9e :i* holds t ! entire s*eme ( ?+s is already1 if we b acquire ! knack ( look+ at x aright1 fix$ly & completely rational4 ,x is a /rik+ manife/ation ( ! ext5t 9 :i* philosophies h be5 comp5satory 9 quality4#e ,b ! matt] _c be pass$ ov] z if x 7 simply a "q ( n grudg+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( consolation to "o amid ! irretrievable evils ( life4 ,= z to ^! evils no "o kn[s h[ _m are retrievable2 & a philosophy :i* proclaims ! ability ( a dialectic !ory ( k to reveal ! _w z already & et]nally a self-lum9\s rational :ole1 contam9ates ! scope & use ( ?\ght at its v spr+4 ,to sub/itute ! otiose insight ga9$ by manipulation ( a =mula = ! sl[ cooep]ative "w ( a humanity guid$ by reflective intellig5ce is m ?an a te*nical blund] ( speculative philosoph]s4 ,a practical crisis may ?r[ ! relation%ip ( ideas to life into an exagg]at$ ,brock5-l spectral relief1 :]e exagg]ation r5d]s p]ceptible features n ord9>ily not$4 ,! use ( =ce to secure n>r[ because exclusive aims is no novelty 9 human affairs4 ,! deploy+ ( all ! intellig5ce at comm& 9 ord] to increase ! effectiv5ess ( ! =ce us$ is n s common1 yet pres5ts no?+ intr9sically rem>kable4 ,! id5tification ( =ce--milit>y1 economic1 & adm9i/rative--) moral necessity & moral culture is1 h[ev]1 a ph5om5on n likely to exhibit itself on a wide scale except :]e intellig5ce has already be5 suborn$ by an idealism :i* id5tifies ! actual ) ! rational1 & ?us f9ds ! measure ( reason 9 ! brute ev5t det]m9$ by sup]ior =ce4 ,if we are to h a philosophy :i* w int]v5e betwe5 atta*m5t to rule ( ?umb muddl+ & devotion to a sy/ematiz$ subord9ation ( intellig5ce to preexi/5t ends1 x c be f\nd only 9 a philosophy :i* f9ds ! ultimate measure ( intellig5ce 9 consid]ation ( a desirable future & 9 se>* = ! means ( br++ x progressively into exi/5ce4 ,:5 pr(ess$ idealism turns out to be a n>r[ pragmatism--n>r[ because tak+ = grant$ ! f9ality ( ends det]m9$ by hi/oric conditions--! "t has arriv$ = a pragmatism :i* %all be empirically ideali/ic1 proclaim+ ! ess5tial connexion ( intellig5ce ) ! una*iev$ future--) possibilities involv+ a transfiguration4 ,,iv ,:y has ! description ( exp]i5ce be5 s remote f ! facts ( empirical situations8 ,to answ] ?is "q ?r[s light ^u ! subm]g5ce ( rec5t philosophiz+ 9 epi/emology--t is1 9 discussions ( ! nature1 possibility1 & limits ( k 9 g5]al1 & 9 ! attempt to rea* conclusions reg>d+ ! ultimate nature ( reality f ! answ]s giv5 to su* que/ions4 ,! reply to ! qu]y reg>d+ ! curr5cy ( a non-empirical doctr9e ( exp]i5ce 7ev5 among pr(ess$ empirici/s7 is t ! traditional acc\nt is d]iv$ f a conception once univ]sally ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! subject or be>] or c5t] ( exp]i5ce4 ,! description ( exp]i5ce has be5 =c$ into con=mity ) ?is prior conception2 x has be5 prim>ily a d$uction f x1 actual empirical facts be+ p\r$ into ! m\lds ( ! d$uctions4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is prior notion is ! assumption t exp]i5ce c5t]s 91 or ga!rs ab\t1 or proce$s f a c5t] or subject :i* is outside ! c\rse ( natural exi/5ce1 & set ov] aga9/ x3--x be+ ( no importance1 = pres5t purposes1 :e!r ?is anti!tical subject is t]m$ s\l1 or _s1 or m9d1 or ego1 or consci\sness1 or j kn[] or kn[+ subject4 ,!re are plausible gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! curr5cy ( ! idea 9 "q lies 9 ! =m :i* m5's religi\s preoccupations took = _m c5turies4 ,^! 7 delib]ately & sy/ematically o!r-worldly4 ,!y c5t]$ ab\t a ,fall :i* 0 n an ev5t 9 nature1 b an aborig9al cata/rophe t corrupt$ ,nature2 ab\t a r$emption made possible by sup]natural means2 ab\t a life 9 ano!r _w--ess5tially1 n m]ely spatially1 ,o!r4 ,! supreme drama ( de/9y took place 9 a s\l or _s :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 c\ld n be conceiv$ o!r ?an z non-natural--extra-natural1 if n1 /rictly speak+1 sup]natural4 ,:5 ,desc>tes & o!rs broke away f m$ieval int]e/s1 !y reta9$ z commonplaces its intellectual app>atus3 ,su* z1 k is ex]cis$ by a p[] t is extra-natural & set ov] aga9/ ! _w to be kn[n4 ,ev5 if !y _h wi%$ to make a complete break1 !y _h no?+ to put z kn[] 9 ! place ( ! s\l4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re 0 any available empirical sub/itute until sci5ce work$ out ! fact t physical *anges are functional correlations ( en]gies1 & t man is cont9u\s ) o!r =ms ( life1 & until social life _h develop$ an intellectually free & responsible individual z its ag5t4 ,b my ma9 po9t is n dep5d5t ^u any p>ticul> !ory z to ! hi/oric orig9 ( ! notion ab\t ! be>] ( exp]i5ce4 ,! po9t is !re on its own acc\nt4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t ! be>] 0 conceiv$ z outside ( ! _w2 s t exp]i5ce consi/$ 9 ! be>]'s be+ affect$ ?r\gh a type ( op]ations n f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w1 :ile k consi/s 9 survey+ ! _w1 look+ at x1 gett+ ! view ( a spectator4 ,! !ological problem ( atta9+ k ( ,god z ultimate reality 0 trans=m$ 9 effect into ! philosophical problem ( ! possibility ( atta9+ k ( reality4 ,= h[ is "o to get beyond ! limits ( ! subject & subjective occurr5ces8 ,famili>ity bre$s cr$ulity (t5] ?an contempt4 ,h[ c a problem be artificial :5 m5 h be5 busy discuss+ x almo/ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s8 ,b if ! assumption t exp]i5ce is some?+ set ov] aga9/ ! _w is contr>y to fact1 !n ! problem ( h[ self or m9d or subjective exp]i5ce or consci\sness c rea* k ( an ext]nal _w is assur$ly a mean+less problem4 ,:atev] que/ions !re may be ab\t k1 !y w n be ! k9d ( problems :i* h =m$ epi/emology4 ,! problem ( k z conceiv$ 9 ! indu/ry ( epi/emology is ! problem ( k 9 g5]al--( ! possibility1 ext5t1 & validity ( k 9 g5]al4 ,:at does ?is 9 g5]al mean8 ,9 ord9>y life !re are problems a-pl5ty ( k 9 p>ticul>2 e conclusion we try to rea*1 !oretical or practical1 af=ds su* a problem4 ,b !re is no problem ( k 9 g5]al4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t g5]al /atem5ts _c be made ab\t k1 or t ! problem ( atta9+ ^! g5]al /atem5ts is n a g5u9e "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 specific in/ances ( success & failure 9 inquiry exi/1 & are ( su* a "* t "o c discov] ! conditions conduc+ to success & failure4 ,/atem5t ( ^! conditions con/itutes logic1 & is capable ( be+ an important aid 9 prop] guidance ( fur!r attempts at kn[+4 ,b ?is logical problem ( k is at ! opposite pole f ! epi/emological4 ,specific problems are ab\t "r conclusions to be rea*$--:i* means1 9 effect1 "r ways ( go+ ab\t ! bus9ess ( inquiry4 ,!y imply a diff]5ce betwe5 k & error consequ5t ^u "r & wrong me?ods ( inquiry & te/+2 n a diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce & ! _w4 ,! problem ( k ueb]haupt exi/s because x is assum$ t !re is a kn[] 9 g5]al1 :o is outside ( ! _w to be kn[n1 & :o is def9$ 9 t]ms anti!tical to ! traits ( ! _w4 ,) analog\s assumptions1 we c\ld inv5t & discuss a problem ( dige/ion 9 g5]al4 ,all t w\ld be requir$ w\ld be to conceive ! /oma* & food-mat]ial z inhabit+ diff]5t worlds4 ,su* an assumption w\ld leave on our h&s ! "q ( ! possibility1 ext5t1 nature1 & g5u95ess ( any transaction betwe5 /oma* & food4 ,b because ! /oma* & food inhabit a cont9u\s /ret* ( exi/5ce1 because dige/ion is b a correlation ( div]se activities 9 "o _w1 ! problems ( dige/ion are specific & plural3 ,:at are ! p>ticul> correlations :i* con/itute x8 ,h[ does x proce$ 9 diff]5t situations8 ,:at is favorable & :at unfavorable to its be/ p]=mance8--& s on4 ,c "o d5y t if we 7 to take our clue f ! pres5t empirical situation1 includ+ ! sci5tific notion ( evolution 7biological cont9uity7 & ! exi/+ arts ( control ( nature1 subject & object w\ld be treat$ z occupy+ ! same natural _w z unhesitat+ly z we assume ! natural conjunction ( an animal & its food8 ,w\ld x n foll[ t k is "o way 9 :i* natural en]gies cooep]ate8 ,w\ld !re be any problem save discov]y ( ! peculi> /ructure ( ?is cooep]ation1 ! conditions "u :i* x occurs to be/ effect1 & ! consequ5ces :i* issue f its occurr5ce8 ,x is a commonplace t ! *ief divisions ( mod]n philosophy1 idealism 9 its diff]5t k9ds1 realisms ( v>i\s br&s1 s-call$ common-s5se dualism1 agno/icism1 relativism1 ph5om5alism1 h gr[n up ar\nd ! epi/emological problem ( ! g5]al relation ( subject & object4 ,problems n op5ly epi/emological1 su* z :e!r ! relation ( *anges 9 consci\sness to physical *anges is "o ( int]action1 p>allelism1 or automatism h ! same orig94 ,:at becomes ( philosophy1 consi/+ l>gely z x does ( diff]5t answ]s to ^! que/ions1 9 case ! assumptions :i* g5]ate ! que/ions h no empirical /&+8 ,is x n "t t philosoph]s turn$ f ! attempt to det]m9e ! comp>ative m]its ( v>i\s replies to ! que/ions to a consid]ation ( ! claims ( ! que/ions8 ,:5 dom9at+ religi\s ideas 7 built up ab\t ! idea t ! self is a /rang] & pilgrim 9 ?is _w2 :5 morals1 fall+ 9 l9e1 f\nd true good only 9 inn] /ates ( a self inaccessible to any?+ b its own private introspection2 :5 political !ory assum$ ! f9ality ( disconnect$ & mutually exclusive p]sonalities1 ! notion t ! be>] ( exp]i5ce is anti!tical to ! _w in/ead ( be+ 9 & ( x 0 cong5ial4 ,x at lea/ _h ! w>rant ( o!r beliefs & aspirations4 ,b ! doctr9e ( biological cont9uity or organic evolution has de/roy$ ! sci5tific basis ( ! conception4 ,morally1 m5 are n[ conc]n$ ) ! amelioration ( ! conditions ( ! common lot 9 ?is _w4 ,social sci5ces recognize t associat$ life is n a matt] ( physical juxtaposition1 b ( g5u9e int]c\rse--( community ( exp]i5ce 9 a non-metaphorical s5se ( community4 ,:y %\ld we long] try to pat* up & ref9e & /ret* ! old solutions till !y seem to cov] ! *ange ( ?\ght & practice8 ,:y n recognize t ! tr\ble is ) ! problem8 ,a belief 9 organic evolution :i* does n ext5d unres]v$ly to ! way 9 :i* ! subject ( exp]i5ce is ?\ght (1 & :i* does n /rive to br+ ! entire !ory ( exp]i5ce & kn[+ into l9e ) biological & social facts1 is h>dly m ?an ,pickwickian4 ,!re are _m1 = example1 :o hold t dreams1 halluc9ations1 & errors _c be acc\nt$ = at all except on ! !ory t a self 7or consci\sness7 ex]cises a modify+ influ5ce ^u ! real object4 ,! logical assumption is t consci\sness is outside ( ! real object2 t x is some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d1 & !re=e has ! p[] ( *ang+ reality into appe>ance1 ( introduc+ relativities into ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves--9 %ort1 ( infect+ real ?+s ) subjectivity4 ,su* writ]s seem unaw>e ( ! fact t ?is assumption makes consci\sness sup]natural 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w2 & t1 to say ! lea/1 ! conception c be accept$ by "o :o accepts ! doctr9e ( biological cont9uity only aft] e o!r way ( deal+ ) ! facts has be5 exhau/$4 ,reali/s1 ( c\rse 7at lea/ "s ( ! ,neo-reali/s71 d5y any su* miracul\s int]v5tion ( consci\sness4 ,b !y#f admit ! reality ( ! problem2 d5y+ only ?is p>ticul> solution1 !y try to f9d "s o!r way out1 :i* w /ill pres]ve intact ! notion ( k z a relation%ip ( a g5]al sort betwe5 subject & object4 ,n[ dreams & halluc9ations1 errors1 pleasures1 & pa9s1 possibly second>y qualities1 d n occur save :]e !re are organic c5t]s ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y clu/] ab\t a subject4 ,b to treat !m z ?+s :i* inh]e exclusively 9 ! subject2 or z pos+ ! problem ( a di/ortion ( ! real object by a kn[] set ov] aga9/ ! _w1 or z pres5t+ facts to be expla9$ prim>ily z cases ( contemplative k1 is to te/ify t "o has /ill to le>n ! lesson ( evolution 9 its application to ! affairs 9 h&4 ,if biological developm5t be accept$1 ! subject ( exp]i5ce is at lea/ an animal1 cont9u\s ) o!r organic =ms 9 a process ( m complex organization4 ,an animal 9 turn is at lea/ cont9u\s ) *emico-physical processes :i*1 9 liv+ ?+s1 are s organiz$ z really to con/itute ! activities ( life ) all _! def9+ traits4 ,& exp]i5ce is n id5tical ) bra9 action2 x is ! entire organic ag5t-pati5t 9 all its int]action ) ! environm5t1 natural & social4 ,! bra9 is prim>ily an organ ( a c]ta9 k9d ( behavior1 n ( kn[+ ! _w4 ,& to repeat :at has already be5 said1 exp]i5c+ is j c]ta9 modes ( int]action1 ( correlation1 ( natural objects among :i* ! organism happ5s1 s to say1 to be "o4 ,x foll[s ) equal =ce t exp]i5ce means prim>ily n k1 b ways ( do+ & suff]+4 ,kn[+ mu/ be describ$ by discov]+ :at p>ticul> mode--qualitatively unique--( do+ & suff]+ x is4 ,z x is1 we f9d exp]i5ce assimilat$ to a non-empirical concept ( k1 d]iv$ f an antec$5t notion ( a spectator outside ( ! _w4#g ,9 %ort1 ! epi/emological fa%ion ( conceiv+ dreams1 errors1 relativities1 etc41 dep5ds ^u ! isolation ( m9d f intimate p>ticipation ) o!r *anges 9 ! same cont9u\s nexus4 ,?us x is l cont5d+ t :5 a bottle bur/s1 ! bottle is1 9 "s self-conta9$ miracul\s way1 exclusively responsible4 ,s9ce x is ! nature ( a bottle to be :ole s z to reta9 fluids1 bur/+ is an abnormal ev5t--comp>able to an halluc9ation4 ,h5ce x _c belong to ! real bottle2 ! subjectivity ( glass is ! cause4 ,x is obvi\s t s9ce ! break+ ( glass is a case ( specific correlation ( natural en]gies1 its accid5tal & abnormal "* has to d ) consequ5ces1 n ) causation4 ,accid5t is int]f]5ce ) ! consequ5ces = :i* ! bottle is int5d$4 ,! bur/+ consid]$ ap>t f its be>+ on ^! consequ5ces is on a plane ) any o!r occurr5ce 9 ! wide _w4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( a desir$ future1 bur/+ is an anomaly1 an int]ruption ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! analogy ) ! occurr5ce ( dreams1 halluc9ations1 etc41 seems to me exact4 ,dreams are n some?+ outside ( ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts2 !y are 9 & ( x4 ,!y are n cognitive di/ortions ( real ?+s2 !y are m real ?+s4 ,!re is no?+ abnormal 9 _! exi/5ce1 any m ?an !re is 9 ! bur/+ ( a bottle4#h ,b !y may be abnormal1 f ! /&po9t ( _! influ5ce1 ( _! op]ation z /imuli 9 call+ out responses to modify ! future4 ,dreams h (t5 be5 tak5 z progno/ics ( :at is to happ52 !y h modifi$ conduct4 ,a halluc9ation may lead a man to consult a doctor2 su* a consequ5ce is "r & prop]4 ,b ! consultation indicates t ! subject reg>d$ x z an indication ( consequ5ces :i* he fe>$3 z a symptom ( a di/urb$ life4 ,or ! halluc9ation may lead him to anticipate consequ5ces :i* 9 fact fl[ only f ! possession ( great weal?4 ,!n ! halluc9ation is a di/urbance ( ! normal c\rse ( ev5ts2 ! occurr5ce is wrongly us$ ) ref]5ce to ev5tualities4 ,to reg>d ref]5ce to use & to desir$ & int5d$ consequ5ces z involv+ a subjective factor is to miss ! po9t1 = ?is has reg>d to ! future4 ,! uses to :i* a bottle are put are n m5tal2 !y d n consi/ ( physical /ates2 !y are fur!r correlations ( natural exi/5ces4 ,consequ5ces 9 use are g5u9e natural ev5ts2 b !y d n occur )\t ! int]v5tion ( behavior involv+ anticipation ( a future4 ,! case is n o!rwise ) an halluc9ation4 ,! diff]5ces x makes are 9 any case diff]5ces 9 ! c\rse ( ! "o cont9u\s _w4 ,! important po9t is :e!r !y are good or bad diff]5ces4 ,to use ! halluc9ation z a sign ( organic lesions t m5ace heal? means ! b5eficial result ( see+ a physician2 to respond to x z a sign ( consequ5ces su* z actually foll[ only f be+ p]secut$ is to fall into error--to be abnormal4 ,! p]secutors are unreal2 t is1 !re are no ?+s :i* act z p]secutors act2 b ! halluc9ation exi/s4 ,giv5 its conditions x is z natural z any o!r ev5t1 & poses only ! same k9d ( problem z is put by ! occurr5ce (1 say1 a ?und]/orm4 ,! unreality ( p]secution is n1 h[ev]1 a subjective matt]2 x means t conditions d n exi/ = produc+ ! future consequ5ces :i* are n[ anticipat$ & react$ to4 ,ability to anticipate future consequ5ces & to respond to !m z /imuli to pres5t behavior may well def9e :at is meant by a m9d or by consci\sness4#i ,b ?is is only a way ( say+ j :at k9d ( a real or natural exi/5ce ! subject is2 x is n to fall back on a preconception ab\t an unnatural subject 9 ord] to *>act]ize ! occurr5ce ( error4 ,al?\gh ! discussion may be already labor$1 let u take ano!r example--! occurr5ce ( disease4 ,by def9ition x is pa?ological1 abnormal4 ,at "o "t 9 human hi/ory ?is abnormality 0 tak5 to be some?+ dwell+ 9 ! intr9sic nature ( ! ev5t--9 its exi/5ce irrespective ( future consequ5ces4 ,disease 0 lit]ally extra-natural & to be ref]r$ to demons1 or to magic4 ,no "o to-day que/ions its naturalness--its place 9 ! ord] ( natural ev5ts4 ,yet x is abnormal--= x op]ates to effect results diff]5t f ^? :i* foll[ f heal?4 ,! diff]5ce is a g5u9e empirical diff]5ce1 n a m]e m5tal di/9ction4 ,f ! /&po9t ( be>+ on a subsequ5t c\rse ( ev5ts disease is unnatural1 9 spite ( ! naturalness ( its occurr5ce & orig94 ,! habit ( ignor+ ref]5ce to ! future is responsible = ! assumption t to admit human p>ticipation 9 any =m is to admit ! subjective 9 a s5se :i* alt]s ! objective into ! ph5om5al4 ,!re h be5 ^? :o1 l ,sp9oza1 reg>d$ heal? & disease1 good & ill1 z equally real & equally unreal4 ,h[ev]1 only a few consi/5t mat]iali/s h includ$ tru? along ) error z m]ely ph5om5al & subjective4 ,b if "o does n reg>d movem5t t[>d possible consequ5ces z g5u9e1 :olesale d5ial ( exi/5tial validity to all ^! di/9ctions is ! only logical c\rse4 ,to select tru? z objective & error z subjective is1 on ?is basis1 an unju/ifiably p>tial proc$ure4 ,take ev]y?+ z fix$ly giv51 & bo? tru? & error are arbitr>y ins]tions into fact4 ,admit ! g5u95ess ( *anges go+ on1 & capacity = its direction ?r\gh organic action bas$ on =esight1 & bo? tru? & falsity are alike exi/5tial4 ,x is human to reg>d ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* is 9 l9e ) our own ef=ts z ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 & int]ruptions z abnormal1 b ?is p>tiality ( human desire is itself a "p ( :at actually takes place4 ,x is n[ propos$ to take a p>ticul> case ( ! alleg$ epi/emological pr$icam5t = discussion1 s9ce ! entire gr\nd _c be cov]$4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ! in/ance *os5 is typical1 s t ! conclusion rea*$ may be g5]aliz$4 ,! in/ance is t ( s-call$ relativity 9 p]ception4 ,!re are almo/ endless in/ances2 ! /ick b5t 9 wat]2 ! :i/le *ang+ pit* ) *ange ( di/ance f ! e>2 objects d\bl$ :5 ! eye is pu%$2 ! de/roy$ /> /ill visible1 etc41 etc4 ,= our consid]ation we may take ! case ( a sph]ical object t pres5ts itself to "o obs]v] z a flat circle1 to ano!r z a some:at di/ort$ elliptical surface4 ,?is situation gives empirical pro(1 s x is argu$1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a real object & m]e appe>ance4 ,s9ce !re is b "o object1 ! exi/5ce ( two subjects is ! sole diff]5tiat+ factor4 ,h5ce ! two appe>ances ( ! "o real object is pro( ( ! int]v5+ di/ort+ action ( ! subject4 ,& _m ( ! ,neo-reali/s :o d5y ! diff]5ce 9 "q1 admit ! case to be "o ( k & accord+ly to con/itute an epi/emological problem4 ,!y h 9 consequ5ce develop$ wond]fully elaborate s*emes ( sundry k9ds to ma9ta9 epi/emological monism intact4 ,let u try to keep close to empirical facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! two unlike appe>ances ( ! "o sph]e are physically necess>y because ( ! laws ( reaction ( light4 ,if ! "o sph]e did n assume ^! two appe>ances "u giv5 conditions1 we %\ld be confront$ ) a hopelessly irreconcilable discrepancy 9 ! behavior ( natural en]gy4 ,t ! result is natural is evid5c$ by ! fact t two cam]as--or o!r arrangem5ts ( app>atus = reflect+ light--yield precisely ! same results4 ,photographs are z g5u9ely physical exi/5ces z ! orig9al sph]e2 & !y exhibit ! two geometrical =ms4 ,! /atem5t ( ^! facts makes no impression ^u ! confirm$ epi/emologi/2 he m]ely retorts t z long z x is admitt$ t ! organism is ! cause ( a sph]e be+ se51 f diff]5t po9ts1 z a circul> & z an elliptical surface1 ! ess5ce ( 8 cont5tion--! modification ( ! real object by ! subject--is admitt$4 ,to ! "q :y ! same logic does n apply to photographic records he makes1 z f> z ,i "k1 no reply at all4 ,! s\rce ( ! difficulty is n h>d to see4 ,! objection assumes t ! alleg$ modifications ( ! real object are cases ( kn[+ & h5ce attributable to ! influ5ce ( a kn[]4 ,/atem5ts :i* set =? ! doctr9e w always be f\nd to ref] to ! organic factor1 to ! eye1 z an obs]v] or a p]cipi5t4 ,ev5 :5 ref]5ce is made to a l5s or a mirror1 language is sometimes us$ :i* sugge/s t ! writ]'s naivete is suffici5tly gross to treat ^! physical factors z if !y 7 engag$ 9 p]ceiv+ ! sph]e4 ,b z x is evid5t t ! l5s op]ates z a physical factor 9 correlation ) o!r physical factors--notably light--s x ought to be evid5t t ! int]v5tion ( ! optical app>atus ( ! eye is a purely non-cognitive matt]4 ,! relation 9 "q is n "o betwe5 a sph]e & a w\ld-be kn[] ( x1 un=tunately condemn$ by ! nature ( ! kn[+ app>atus to alt] ! ?+ he w\ld "k2 x is an affair ( ! dynamic int]action ( two physical ag5ts 9 produc+ a ?ird ?+1 an effect2--an affair ( precisely ! same k9d z 9 any physical conjo9t action1 say ! op]ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 produc+ wat]4 ,to reg>d ! eye z prim>ily a kn[]1 an obs]v]1 ( ?+s1 is z crass z to assign t function to a cam]a4 ,b unless ! eye 7or optical app>atus1 or bra91 or organism7 be s reg>d$1 !re is absolutely no problem ( obs]vation or ( k 9 ! case ( ! occurr5ce ( elliptical & circul> surfaces4 ,k does n ent] into ! affair at all till aft] ^! =ms ( refract$ light h be5 produc$4 ,ab\t !m !re is no?+ unreal4 ,light is really1 physically1 exi/5tially1 refract$ into ^! =ms4 ,if ! same sph]ical =m ^u refract+ light to physical objects 9 two q diff]5t positions produc$ ! same geometric =ms1 !re w\ld1 inde$1 be some?+ to m>vel at--z !re w\ld be if wax produc$ ! same results 9 contact simultane\sly ) a cold body & ) a w>m "o4 ,:y talk ab\t ! real object 9 relation to a kn[] :5 :at is giv5 is "o real ?+ 9 dynamic connection ) ano!r real ?+8 ,! way ( deal+ ) ! case w probably meet ) a retort2 at lea/1 x has done s be=e4 ,x has be5 said t ! acc\nt giv5 above & ! acc\nt ( traditional subjectivism diff] only v]bally4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9 bo?1 s x is said1 is ! admission t an activity ( a self or subject or organism makes a diff]5ce 9 ! real object4 ,:e!r ! subject makes ?is diff]5ce 9 ! v process ( kn[+ or makes x prior to ! act ( kn[+ is a m9or matt]2 :at is important is t ! kn[n ?+ has1 by ! "t x is kn[n1 be5 subjectifi$4 ,! objection gives a conv5i5t occasion = summ>iz+ ! ma9 po9ts ( ! argum5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! retort ( ! objector dep5ds ^u talk+ ab\t ! real object4 ,employ ! t]m a real object1 & ! *ange produc$ by ! activity *>act]i/ic ( ! optical app>atus is ( j ! same k9d z t ( ! cam]a l5s or t ( any o!r physical ag5cy4 ,e ev5t 9 ! _w m>ks a diff]5ce made to "o exi/5ce 9 active conjunction ) "s o!r exi/5ce4 ,&1 z = ! alleg$ subjectivity1 if subjective is us$ m]ely z an adjective to designate ! specific activity ( a p>ticul> exi/5ce1 comp>able1 say1 to ! t]m f]al1 appli$ to tig]1 or metallic1 appli$ to iron1 !n ( c\rse ref]5ce to subjective is legitimate4 ,b x is also tautological4 ,x is l say+ t fle% eat]s are c>nivor\s4 ,b ! t]m subjective is s consecrat$ to o!r uses1 usually imply+ invidi\s contra/ ) objectivity 7:ile subjective 9 ! s5se j sugge/$ means specific mode ( objectivity71 t x is difficult to ma9ta9 ?is innoc5t s5se4 ,its use 9 any disp>ag+ way 9 ! situation be=e u--any s5se implicat+ contra/ ) a real object--assumes t ! organism ought n to make any diff]5ce :5 x op]ates 9 conjunction ) o!r ?+s4 ,?us we run to e>? t assumption t ! subject is het]og5e\s f e o!r natural exi/5ce2 x is to be ! "o otiose1 inop]ative ?+ 9 a mov+ _w--our old assumption ( ! self z outside ( ?+s4#aj ,:at & :]e is k 9 ! case we h be5 consid]+8 ,n1 z we h already se51 9 ! production ( =ms ( light hav+ a circul> & elliptical surface4 ,^! =ms are natural happ5+s4 ,!y may ent] into k or !y may n1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,c\ntless su* refractive *anges take place )\t be+ not$4#aa ,:5 !y become subject-matt] = k1 ! inquiry !y set on foot may take on an indef9ite v>iety ( =ms4 ,"o may be int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ m ab\t ! /ructural peculi>ities ( ! =ms !mselves2 "o may be int]e/$ 9 ! me*anism ( _! production2 "o may f9d problems 9 projective geometry1 or 9 draw+ & pa9t+--all dep5d+ ^u ! specific matt]-(-fact context4 ,! =ms may be objectives ( k--( reflective exam9ation--or !y may be means ( kn[+ some?+ else4 ,x may happ5--"u "s circum/ances x does happ5--t ! objective ( inquiry is ! nature ( ! geometric =m :i*1 :5 refract+ light1 gives rise to ^! o!r =ms4 ,9 ?is case ! sph]e is ! ?+ kn[n1 & 9 ?is case1 ! =ms ( light are signs or evid5ce ( ! conclusion to be drawn4 ,!re is no m reason = suppos+ t !y are 7mis7kn[l$ges ( ! sph]e--t ! sph]e is necess>ily & f ! />t :at "o is try+ to "k--?an = suppos+ t ! position ( ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] tube is a cognitive di/ortion ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 ea* case 7t ( ! m]cury & t (1 say1 a circul> surface7 ! prim>y datum is a physical happ5+4 ,9 ea* case x may be us$1 ^u occasion1 z a sign or evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! causes :i* br\ght x ab\t4 ,giv5 ! position 9 "q1 ! circul> =m w\ld be an intr9sically unreliable evid5ce ( ! nature & position ( ! sph]ical body only 9 case x1 z ! direct datum ( p]ception1 7 n :at x is--a circul> =m4 ,i confess t all ?is seems s obvi\s t ! read] is entitl$ to inquire into ! motive = recit+ su* pla9 facts4 ,7 x n = ! p]si/5ce ( ! epi/emological problem x w\ld be an affront to ! read]'s intellig5ce to dwell ^u !m4 ,b z long z su* facts z we h be5 discuss+ furni% ! subject-matt] ) :i* philosophiz+ is peculi>ly conc]n$1 ^! commonplaces mu/ be urg$ & reit]at$4 ,!y be> out two cont5tions :i* are important at ! juncture1 al?\gh !y w lose special significance z soon z ^! are habitually recogniz$3 ,negatively1 a prior & non-empirical notion ( ! self is ! s\rce ( ! prevail+ belief t exp]i5ce z su* is prim>ily cognitional--a k affair2 positively1 k is always a matt] ( ! use t is made ( exp]i5c$ natural ev5ts1 a use 9 :i* giv5 ?+s are treat$ z indications ( :at w be exp]i5c$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,let u make "o ef=t m to cle> up ^! po9ts4 ,suppose x is a "q ( k ( wat]4 ,! ?+ to be kn[n does n pres5t itself prim>ily z a matt] ( k-&-ignorance at all4 ,x occurs z a /imulus to action & z ! s\rce ( c]ta9 und]go+s4 ,x is some?+ to react to3--to dr9k1 to wa% )1 to put out fire )1 & also some?+ t reacts unexpect$ly to our reactions1 t makes u und]go disease1 suffocation1 dr[n+4 ,9 ?is tw(old way1 wat] or any?+ else ent]s into exp]i5ce4 ,su* pres5ce 9 exp]i5ce has ( itself no?+ to d ) k or consci\sness2 no?+ t is 9 ! s5se ( dep5d+ ^u !m1 ?\gh x has ev]y?+ to d ) k & consci\sness 9 ! s5se t ! latt] dep5ds ^u prior exp]i5ce ( ?is non-cognitive sort4 ,man's exp]i5ce is :at x is because 8 response to ?+s 7ev5 successful response7 & ! reactions ( ?+s to 8 life1 are s radically diff]5t f k4 ,! difficulties & trag$ies ( life1 ! /imuli to acquir+ k1 lie 9 ! radical disp>ity ( pres5ce-9-exp]i5ce & pres5ce-9-kn[+4 ,yet ! imm5se importance ( k exp]i5ce1 ! fact t turn+ pres5ce-9-exp]i5ce ov] into pres5ce-9-a-k-exp]i5ce is ! sole mode ( control ( nature1 has sy/ematically hypnotiz$ ,european philosophy s9ce ! "t ( ,socrates into ?9k+ t all exp]i5c+ is a mode ( kn[+1 if n good k1 !n a l[-grade or confus$ or implicit k4 ,:5 wat] is an adequate /imulus to action or :5 its reactions oppress & ov]:elm u1 x rema9s outside ! scope ( k4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! b>e pres5ce ( ! ?+ 7say1 z optical /imulus7 ceases to op]ate directly z /imulus to response & beg9s to op]ate 9 connection ) a =eca/ ( ! consequ5ces x w effect :5 respond$ to1 x beg9s to acquire mean+--to be kn[n1 to be an object4 ,x is not$ z some?+ :i* is wet1 fluid1 satisfies ?ir/1 allays uneas9ess1 etc4 ,! conception t we beg9 ) a kn[n visual quality :i* is !reaft] enl>g$ by add+ on qualities appreh5d$ by ! o!r s5ses does n re/ ^u exp]i5ce2 x re/s ^u mak+ exp]i5ce con=m to ! notion t e exp]i5ce mu/ be a cognitive not+4 ,z long z ! visual /imulus op]ates z a /imulus on its own acc\nt1 !re is no appreh5sion1 no not+1 ( color or light at all4 ,to mu* ! great] portion ( s5sory /imuli we react 9 precisely ?is :olly non-cognitive way4 ,9 ! attitude ( susp5d$ response 9 :i* consequ5ces are anticipat$1 ! direct /imulus becomes a sign or index ( some?+ else--& ?us matt] ( not+ or appreh5sion or acqua9tance1 or :atev] t]m may be employ$4 ,?is diff]5ce 7toge!r1 ( c\rse1 ) ! consequ5ces :i* g ) x7 is ! diff]5ce :i* ! natural ev5t ( kn[+ makes to ! natural ev5t ( direct organic /imulation4 ,x is no *ange ( a reality into an unreality1 ( an object into some?+ subjective2 x is no secret1 illicit1 or epi/emological trans=mation2 x is a g5u9e acquisition ( new & di/9ctive features ?r\gh ent]+ into relations ) ?+s ) :i* x 0 n =m]ly connect$--namely1 possible & future ?+s4 ,b1 replies "s "o s obsess$ ) ! epi/emological po9t ( view t he assumes t ! prior acc\nt is a rival epi/emology 9 disguise1 all ?is involves no *ange 9 ,reality1 no diff]5ce made to ,reality4 ,wat] 0 all ! "t all ! ?+s x is ev] f\nd out to be4 ,its real nature has n be5 alt]$ by kn[+ x2 any su* alt]ation means a mis-kn[+4 ,9 reply let x be said1--once m & f9ally1--!re is no ass]tion or implication ab\t ! real object or ! real _w or ! reality4 ,su* an assumption goes ) t epi/emological univ]se ( disc\rse :i* has to be ab&on$ 9 an empirical univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,! *ange is ( a real object4 ,an incid5t ( ! _w op]at+ z a physiologically direct /imulus is assur$ly a reality4 ,respond$ to1 x produces specific consequ5ces 9 virtue ( ! response4 ,wat] is n drunk unless somebody dr9ks x2 x does n qu5* ?ir/ unless a ?ir/y p]son dr9ks x--& s on4 ,consequ5ces occur :e!r "o is aw>e ( !m or n2 !y are integral facts 9 exp]i5ce4 ,b let "o ( ^! consequ5ces be anticipat$ & let x1 z anticipat$1 become an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! /imulus1 & !n !re is a kn[n object4 ,x is n t kn[+ produces a *ange1 b t x is a *ange ( ! specific k9d describ$4 ,a s]ial process1 ! successive portions ( :i* are z su* incapable ( simultane\s occurr5ce1 is telescop$ & cond5s$ into an object1 a unifi$ int]-ref]5ce ( contemporane\s prop]ties1 mo/ ( :i* express pot5tialities r ?an complet$ data4 ,because ( ?is *ange1 an object possesses tru? or error 7:i* ! physical occurr5ce z su* nev] has72 x is classifiable z fact or fantasy2 x is ( a sort or k9d1 expresses an ess5ce or nature1 possesses implications1 etc41 etc4 ,t is to say1 x is m>k$ by specifiable logical traits n f\nd 9 physical occurr5ces z su*4 ,because objective idealisms h seiz$ ^u ^! traits z con/itut+ ! v ess5ce ( ,reality is no reason = proclaim+ t !y are ready-made features ( physical happ5+s1 & h5ce = ma9ta9+ t kn[+ is no?+ b an appe>ance ( ?+s on a /age = :i* consci\sness supplies ! footlights4 ,= only ! epi/emological pr$icam5t leads to pres5tations be+ reg>d$ z cognitions ( ?+s :i* 7 previ\sly unpres5t$4 ,9 any empirical situation ( ev]yday life or ( sci5ce1 k signifies some?+ /at$ or inf]r$ ( ano!r ?+4 ,visible wat] is n a m less errone\s pres5tation ( ,h#b,o1 b ,h#b,o is a k ab\t ! ?+ we see1 dr9k1 wa% )1 sail on1 & use = p[]4 ,a fur!r po9t & ! pres5t phase ( discussion t]m9ates4 ,treat+ k z a pres5tative relation betwe5 ! kn[] & object makes x necess>y to reg>d ! me*anism ( pres5tation z con/itut+ ! act ( kn[+4 ,s9ce ?+s may be pres5t$ 9 s5se-p]ception1 9 recollection1 9 imag9ation & 9 conception1 & s9ce ! me*anism 9 e "o ( ^! f\r /yles ( pres5tation is s5sory-c]ebral ! problem ( kn[+ becomes a m9d-body problem4#ab ,! psy*ological1 or physiological1 me*anism ( pres5tation involv$ 9 see+ a *air1 rememb]+ :at ,i ate ye/]day = lun*eon1 imag9+ ! moon ! size ( a c>t :eel1 conceiv+ a ma!matical cont9uum is id5tifi$ ) ! op]ation ( kn[+4 ,! evil consequ5ces are tw(old4 ,! problem ( ! relation ( m9d & body has become a "p ( ! problem ( ! possibility ( k 9 g5]al1 to ! fur!r complication ( a matt] already hopelessly con/ra9$4 ,meantime ! actual process ( kn[+1 namely1 op]ations ( controll$ obs]vation1 inf]5ce1 reason+1 & te/+1 ! only process ) intellectual import1 is dismiss$ z irrelevant to ! !ory ( kn[+4 ,! me?ods ( kn[+ practis$ 9 daily life & sci5ce are exclud$ f consid]ation 9 ! philosophical !ory ( kn[+4 ,h5ce ! con/ructions ( ! latt] become m & m elaborately artificial because !re is no def9ite *eck ^u !m4 ,x w\ld be easy to quote f epi/emological writ]s /atem5ts to ! effect t ^! processes 7:i* supply ! only empirically v]ifiable facts ( kn[+7 are m]ely inductive 9 "*1 or ev5 t !y are ( purely psy*ological significance4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m complete inv]sion ( ! facts ?an 9 ! latt] /atem5t1 s9ce pres5tation con/itutes 9 fact ! psy*ological affair4 ,a confusion ( logic ) physiological physiology has br$ hybrid epi/emology1 ) ! amaz+ result t ! te*nique ( effective inquiry is r5d]$ irrelevant to ! !ory ( kn[+1 & ^? physical ev5ts involv$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( data = kn[+ are treat$ z if !y con/itut$ ! act ( kn[+4 ,v ,:at are ! be>+s ( our discussion ^u ! conception ( ! pres5t scope & (fice ( philosophy8 ,:at d our conclusions indicate & dem& ) ref]5ce to philosophy itself8 ,= ! philosophy :i* rea*es su* conclusions reg>d+ k & m9d mu/ apply !m1 s9c]ely & :ole-he>t$ly1 to its idea ( its own nature4 ,= philosophy claims to be "o =m or mode ( kn[+4 ,if1 !n1 ! conclusion is rea*$ t kn[+ is a way ( employ+ empirical occurr5ces ) respect to increas+ p[] to direct ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ?+s1 ! application ( ! conclusion mu/ be made to philosophy itself4 ,x1 too1 becomes n a contemplative survey ( exi/5ce nor an analysis ( :at is pa/ & done )1 b an outlook ^u future possibilities ) ref]5ce to atta9+ ! bett] & av]t+ ! worse4 ,philosophy mu/ take1 ) good grace1 its own m$ic9e4 ,x is easi] to /ate ! negative results ( ! *ang$ idea ( philosophy ?an ! positive ones4 ,! po9t t occurs to m9d mo/ readily is t philosophy w h to surr5d] all pret5sion to be peculi>ly conc]n$ ) ultimate reality1 or ) reality z a complete 7i4e41 complet$7 :ole3 ) ! real object4 ,! surr5d] is n easy ( a*ievem5t4 ,! philosophic tradition t comes to u f classic ,greek ?\ght & t 0 re9=c$ by ,*ri/ian philosophy 9 ! ,middle ,ages discrim9ates philosophical kn[+ f o!r modes ( kn[+ by means ( an alleg$ peculi>ly intimate conc]n ) supreme1 ultimate1 true reality4 ,to d5y ?is trait to philosophy seems to _m to be ! suicide ( philosophy2 to be a sy/ematic adoption ( skepticism or agno/ic positivism4 ,! p]vasiv5ess ( ! tradition is %[n 9 ! fact t s vitally a contempor>y ?9k] z ,b]gson1 :o f9ds a philosophic revolution involv$ 9 ab&onm5t ( ! traditional id5tification ( ! truly real ) ! fix$ 7an id5tification inh]it$ f ,greek ?\ght71 does n f9d x 9 8 he>t to ab&on ! c\nt]p>t id5tification ( philosophy ) se>* = ! truly ,real2 & h5ce f9ds x necess>y to sub/itute an ultimate & absolute flux = an ultimate & absolute p]man5ce4 ,?us 8 great empirical s]vices 9 call+ att5tion to ! fundam5tal importance ( consid]ations ( "t = problems ( life & m9d get compromis$ ) a my/ic1 non-empirical ,intuition2 & we f9d him preoccupi$ ) solv+1 by means ( 8 new idea ( ultimate reality1 ! traditional problems ( realities-9-!mselves & ph5om5a1 matt] & m9d1 free-w & det]m9ism1 ,god & ! _w4 ,is n t ano!r evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! classic idea ab\t philosophy8 ,ev5 ! new reali/s are n cont5t to take _! realism z a plea = approa*+ subject-matt] directly in/ead ( ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( epi/emological app>atus2 !y f9d x necess>y fir/ to det]m9e ! /atus ( ! real object4 ,?us !y too become entangl$ 9 ! problem ( ! possibility ( error1 dreams1 halluc9ations1 etc41 9 %ort1 ! problem ( evil4 ,= ,i take x t an uncorrupt$ realism w\ld accept su* ?+s z real ev5ts1 & f9d 9 !m no o!r problems ?an ^? att5d+ ! consid]ation ( any real occurr5ce--namely1 problems ( /ructure1 orig91 & op]ation4 ,x is (t5 said t pragmatism1 unless x is cont5t to be a contribution to m]e me?odology1 mu/ develop a !ory ( ,reality4 ,b ! *ief *>act]i/ic trait ( ! pragmatic notion ( reality is precisely t no !ory ( ,reality 9 g5]al1 ueb]haupt1 is possible or ne$$4 ,x occupies ! position ( an emancipat$ empiricism or a ?or\ghgo+ naive realism4 ,x f9ds t reality is a d5otative t]m1 a ^w us$ to designate indiff]5tly ev]y?+ t happ5s4 ,lies1 dreams1 insanities1 deceptions1 my?s1 !ories are all ( !m j ! ev5ts :i* !y specifically are4 ,pragmatism is cont5t to take its /& ) sci5ce2 = sci5ce f9ds all su* ev5ts to be subject-matt] ( description & inquiry--j l />s & fossils1 mosquitoes & mal>ia1 circulation & vision4 ,x also takes its /& ) daily life1 :i* f9ds t su* ?+s really h to be reckon$ ) z !y occur int]wov5 9 ! texture ( ev5ts4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! t]m reality c ev] become m ?an a blanket d5otative t]m is ?r\gh rec\rse to specific ev5ts 9 all _! div]sity & ?atness4 ,speak+ summ>ily1 ,i f9d t ! ret5tion by philosophy ( ! notion ( a ,reality feudally sup]ior to ! ev5ts ( ev]yday occurr5ce is ! *ief s\rce ( ! increas+ isolation ( philosophy f common s5se & sci5ce4 ,= ! latt] d n op]ate 9 any su* region4 ,z ) !m ( old1 philosophy 9 deal+ ) real difficulties f9ds itself /ill hamp]$ by ref]5ce to realities m real1 m ultimate1 ?an ^? :i* directly happ54 ,i h said t id5tify+ ! cause ( philosophy ) ! notion ( sup]ior reality is ! cause ( an increas+ isolation f sci5ce & practical life4 ,! phrase rem9ds u t !re 0 a "t :5 ! ent]prise ( sci5ce & ! moral int]e/s ( m5 bo? mov$ 9 a univ]se invidi\sly di/+ui%$ f t ( ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,:ile all t happ5s is equally real--s9ce x really happ5s--happ5+s are n ( equal wor?4 ,_! respective consequ5ces1 _! import1 v>ies trem5d\sly4 ,c\nt]feit money1 al?\gh real 7or r because real71 is really diff]5t f valid circulatory m$ium1 j z disease is really diff]5t f heal?2 diff]5t 9 specific /ructure & s diff]5t 9 consequ5ces4 ,9 occid5tal ?\ght1 ! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ to draw ! di/9ction betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s 9 a g5]aliz$ fa%ion & to =mulate & en=ce its trem5d\s significance = ! conduct ( life4 ,b s9ce !y _h at comm& no te*nique ( exp]im5tal analysis & no adequate te*nique ( ma!matical analysis1 !y 7 compell$ to treat ! diff]5ce ( ! true & ! false1 ! dep5dable & ! deceptive1 z signify+ two k9ds ( exi/5ce1 ! truly real & ! app>5tly real4 ,two po9ts c h>dly be ass]t$ ) too mu* emphasis4 ,! ,greeks 7 :olly "r 9 ! feel+ t que/ions ( good & ill1 z f> z !y fall )9 human control1 are b\nd up ) discrim9ation ( ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s1 ( be+ f :at only pret5ds to be4 ,b because !y lack$ adequate in/rum5talities = cop+ ) ?is diff]5ce 9 specific situations1 !y 7 =c$ to treat ! diff]5ce z a :olesale & rigid "o4 ,sci5ce 0 conc]n$ ) vision ( ultimate & true reality2 op9ion 0 conc]n$ ) gett+ along ) app>5t realities4 ,ea* _h its appropriate region p]man5tly m>k$ (f4 ,matt]s ( op9ion c\ld nev] become matt]s ( sci5ce2 _! intr9sic nature =bade4 ,:5 ! practice ( sci5ce w5t on "u su* conditions1 sci5ce & philosophy 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,bo? _h to d ) ultimate reality 9 its rigid & insup]able diff]5ce f ord9>y occurr5ces4 ,we h only to ref] to ! way 9 :i* m$ieval life wr\ght ! philosophy ( an ultimate & supreme reality into ! context ( practical life to realize t = c5turies political & moral int]e/s 7 b\nd up ) ! di/9ction betwe5 ! absolutely real & ! relatively real4 ,! diff]5ce 0 no matt] ( a remote te*nical philosophy1 b "o :i* controll$ life f ! cradle to ! grave1 f ! grave to ! endless life aft] dea?4 ,by means ( a va/ in/itution1 :i* 9 effect 0 /ate z well z *ur*1 ! claims ( ultimate reality 7 en=c$2 means ( access to x 7 provid$4 ,ackn[l$gm5t ( ,! ,reality br\ght security 9 ?is _w & salvation 9 ! next4 ,x is n necess>y to report ! /ory ( ! *ange :i* has s9ce tak5 place4 ,x is en\gh = our purposes to note t none ( ! mod]n philosophies ( a sup]ior reality1 or ! real object1 ideali/ic or reali/ic1 holds t its insight makes a diff]5ce l t betwe5 s9 & hol9ess1 et]nal condemnation & et]nal bliss4 ,:ile 9 its own context ! philosophy ( ultimate reality ent]$ into ! vital conc]ns ( m51 x n[ t5ds to be an +5i\s dialectic ex]cis$ 9 pr(essorial corn]s by a few :o h reta9$ anci5t premises :ile reject+ _! application to ! conduct ( life4 ,! increas$ isolation f sci5ce ( any philosophy id5tifi$ ) ! problem ( ! real is equally m>k$4 ,= ! gr[? ( sci5ce has consi/$ precisely 9 ! inv5tion ( an equipm5t1 a te*nique ( appliances & proc$ures1 :i*1 accept+ all occurr5ces z homog5e\sly real1 proce$s to di/+ui% ! au!nticat$ f ! spuri\s1 ! true f ! false1 by specific modes ( treatm5t 9 specific situations4 ,! proc$ures ( ! tra9$ eng9e]1 ( ! compet5t physician1 ( ! laboratory exp]t1 h turn$ out to be ! only ways ( discrim9at+ ! c\nt]feit f ! valid4 ,& !y h reveal$ t ! diff]5ce is n "o ( antec$5t fixity ( exi/5ce1 b "o ( mode ( treatm5t & ( ! consequ5ces !reon att5dant4 ,aft] mank9d has le>n$ to put its tru/ 9 specific proc$ures 9 ord] to make its discrim9ations betwe5 ! false & ! true1 philosophy arrogates to itself ! en=cem5t ( ! di/9ction at its own co/4 ,m ?an once1 ?is essay has intimat$ t ! c\nt]p>t ( ! idea ( invidi\sly real reality is ! spectator notion ( k4 ,if ! kn[]1 h[ev] def9$1 is set ov] aga9/ ! _w to be kn[n1 kn[+ consi/s 9 possess+ a transcript1 m or less accurate b otiose1 ( real ?+s4 ,:e!r ?is transcript is pres5tative 9 "* 7z reali/s say7 or :e!r x is by means ( /ates ( consci\sness :i* repres5t ?+s 7z subjectivi/s say71 is a matt] ( great importance 9 its own context4 ,b1 9 ano!r reg>d1 ?is diff]5ce is negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! po9t 9 :i* bo? agree4 ,kn[+ is view+ f outside4 ,b if x be true t ! self or subject ( exp]i5ce is "p & p>cel ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 x foll[s t ! self becomes a kn[]4 ,x becomes a m9d 9 virtue ( a di/9ctive way ( p>tak+ 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! significant di/9ction is no long] betwe5 ! kn[] & ! _w2 x is betwe5 diff]5t ways ( be+ 9 & ( ! movem5t ( ?+s2 betwe5 a brute physical way & a purposive1 intellig5t way4 ,!re is no call to repeat 9 detail ! /atem5ts :i* h be5 advanc$4 ,_! net purport is t ! directive pres5ce ( future possibilities 9 deal+ ) exi/5t conditions is :at is meant by kn[+2 t ! self becomes a kn[] or m9d :5 anticipation ( future consequ5ces op]ates z its /imulus4 ,:at we are n[ conc]n$ ) is ! effect ( ?is conception ^u ! nature ( philosophic kn[+4 ,z f> z ,i c judge1 popul> response to pragmatic philosophy 0 mov$ by two q diff]5t consid]ations4 ,by "s x 0 ?\ght to provide a new species ( sanctions1 a new mode ( apologetics1 = c]ta9 religi\s ideas ^: /&+ _h be5 ?reat5$4 ,by o!rs1 x 0 welcom$ because x 0 tak5 z a sign t philosophy 0 ab\t to surr5d] its otiose & speculative remot5ess2 t philosoph]s 7 beg9n+ to recognize t philosophy is ( acc\nt only if1 l ev]yday kn[+ & l sci5ce1 x af=ds guidance to action & !reby makes a diff]5ce 9 ! ev5t4 ,x 0 welcom$ z a sign t philosoph]s 7 will+ to h ! wor? ( _! philosophiz+ measur$ by responsible te/s4 ,i h n se5 ?is po9t ( view emphasiz$1 or h>dly recogniz$1 by pr(essional critics4 ,! diff]5ce ( attitude c probably be easily expla9$4 ,! epi/emological univ]se ( disc\rse is s highly te*nical t only ^? :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght ?9k 9 t]ms ( x4 ,x did n occur1 accord+ly1 to non-te*nical read]s to int]pret ! doctr9e t ! mean+ & validity ( ?\ght are fix$ by diff]5ces made 9 consequ5ces & 9 satisfactor9ess1 to mean consequ5ces 9 p]sonal feel+s4 ,^? :o 7 pr(essionally tra9$1 h[ev]1 took ! /atem5t to mean t consci\sness or m9d 9 ! m]e act ( look+ at ?+s modifies !m4 ,x und]/ood ! doctr9e ( te/ ( validity by consequ5ces to mean t appreh5sions & conceptions are true if ! modifications affect$ by !m 7 ( an emotionally desirable tone4 ,prior discussion %\ld h made x reasonably cle> t ! s\rce ( ?is misund]/&+ lies 9 ! neglect ( temporal consid]ations4 ,! *ange made 9 ?+s by ! self 9 kn[+ is n imm$iate &1 s to say1 cross-sectional4 ,x is longitud9al--9 ! r$irection giv5 to *anges already go+ on4 ,its analogue is f\nd 9 ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! developm5t (1 say1 iron ore into a wat*-spr+1 n 9 ^? ( ! miracle ( transub/antiation4 ,= ! /atic1 cross-sectional1 non-temporal relation ( subject & object1 ! pragmatic hypo!sis sub/itutes appreh5sion ( a ?+ 9 t]ms ( ! results 9 o!r ?+s :i* x is t5d+ to effect4 ,= ! unique epi/emological relation1 x sub/itutes a practical relation ( a famili> type3--responsive behavior :i* *anges 9 "t ! subject-matt] to :i* x applies4 ,! unique ?+ ab\t ! responsive behavior :i* con/itutes kn[+ is ! specific diff]5ce :i* m>ks x (f f o!r modes ( response1 namely1 ! "p play$ 9 x by anticipation & pr$iction4 ,kn[+ is ! act1 /imulat$ by ?is =esight1 ( secur+ & av]t+ consequ5ces4 ,! success ( ! a*ievem5t measures ! /&+ ( ! =esight by :i* response is direct$4 ,! popul> impression t pragmatic philosophy means t philosophy %all develop ideas relevant to ! actual crises ( life1 ideas influ5tial 9 deal+ ) !m & te/$ by ! assi/ance !y af=d1 is correct4 ,ref]5ce to practical response sugge/s1 h[ev]1 ano!r misappreh5sion4 ,_m critics h jump$ at ! obvi\s association ( ! ^w pragmatic ) practical4 ,!y h assum$ t ! int5t is to limit all k1 philosophic includ$1 to promot+ action1 und]/&+ by action ei!r j any bodily movem5t1 or ^? bodily movem5ts :i* conduce to ! pres]vation & gross] well-be+ ( ! body4 ,james' /atem5t1 t g5]al conceptions mu/ ca% 9 has be5 tak5 7especially by ,european critics7 to mean t ! end & measure ( intellig5ce lies 9 ! n>r[ & co>se utilities :i* x produces4 ,ev5 an acute ,am]ican ?9k]1 aft] fir/ criticiz+ pragmatism z a k9d ( ideali/ic epi/emology1 goes on to treat x z a doctr9e :i* reg>ds intellig5ce z a lubricat+ oil facilitat+ ! work+s ( ! body4 ,"o s\rce ( ! misund]/&+ is sugge/$ by ! fact t ca%+ 9 to ,james meant t a g5]al idea mu/ always be capable ( v]ification 9 specific exi/5tial cases4 ,! notion ( ca%+ 9 says no?+ ab\t ! bread? or dep? ( ! specific consequ5ces4 ,z an empirical doctr9e1 x c\ld n say any?+ ab\t !m 9 g5]al2 ! specific cases mu/ speak = !mselves4 ,if "o conception is v]ifi$ 9 t]ms ( eat+ beef/eak1 & ano!r 9 t]ms ( a favorable cr$it balance 9 ! bank1 t is n because ( any?+ 9 ! !ory1 b because ( ! specific nature ( ! conceptions 9 "q1 & because !re exi/ p>ticul> ev5ts l hung] & trade4 ,if !re are also exi/5ces 9 :i* ! mo/ lib]al e/hetic ideas & ! mo/ g5]\s moral conceptions c be v]ifi$ by specific embodim5t1 assur$ly s mu* ! bett]4 ,! fact t a /rictly empirical philosophy 0 tak5 by s _m critics to imply an a priori dogma ab\t ! k9d ( consequ5ces capable ( exi/5ce is evid5ce1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! inability ( _m philosoph]s to ?9k 9 concretely empirical t]ms4 ,s9ce ! critics 7 !mselves accu/om$ to get results by manipulat+ ! concepts ( consequ5ces & ( practice1 !y assum$ t ev5 a w\ld-be empirici/ mu/ be do+ ! same sort ( ?+4 ,x w1 ,i suppose1 rema9 = a long "t incr$ible to "s t a philosoph] %\ld really int5d to g to specific exp]i5ces to det]m9e ( :at scope & dep? practice admits1 & :at sort ( consequ5ces ! _w p]mits to come into be+4 ,concepts are s cle>2 x takes s little "t to develop _! implications2 exp]i5ces are s confus$1 & x requires s mu* "t & en]gy to lay hold ( !m4 ,& yet ^! same critics *>ge pragmatism ) adopt+ subjective & emotional /&>ds6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pragmatic !ory ( intellig5ce means t ! function ( m9d is to project new & m complex ends--to free exp]i5ce f r\t9e & f caprice4 ,n ! use ( ?\ght to accompli% purposes already giv5 ei!r 9 ! me*anism ( ! body or 9 t ( ! exi/5t /ate ( society1 b ! use ( intellig5ce to lib]ate & lib]alize action1 is ! pragmatic lesson4 ,action re/rict$ to giv5 & fix$ ends may atta9 great te*nical effici5cy2 b effici5cy is ! only quality to :i* x c lay claim4 ,su* action is me*anical 7or becomes s71 no matt] :at ! scope ( ! pre=m$ end1 be x ! ,w ( ,god or ,kultur4 ,b ! doctr9e t intellig5ce develops )9 ! sph]e ( action = ! sake ( possibilities n yet giv5 is ! opposite ( a doctr9e ( me*anical effici5cy4 ,intellig5ce z intellig5ce is inh]5tly =w>d-look+2 only by ignor+ its prim>y function does x become a m]e means = an end already giv54 ,! latt] is s]vile1 ev5 :5 ! end is label$ moral1 religi\s1 or e/hetic4 ,b action direct$ to ends to :i* ! ag5t has n previ\sly be5 atta*$ inevitably c>ries ) x a quick5$ & enl>g$ _s4 ,a pragmatic intellig5ce is a creative intellig5ce1 n a r\t9e me*anic4 ,all ?is may read l a def5se ( pragmatism by "o conc]n$ to make out = x ! be/ case possible4 ,su* is n1 h[ev]1 ! int5tion4 ,! purpose is to indicate ! ext5t to :i* intellig5ce frees action f a me*anically in/rum5tal "*4 ,intellig5ce is1 inde$1 in/rum5tal ?r\gh action to ! det]m9ation ( ! qualities ( future exp]i5ce4 ,b ! v fact t ! conc]n ( intellig5ce is ) ! future1 ) ! z-yet-unrealiz$ 7& ) ! giv5 & ! e/abli%$ only z conditions ( ! realization ( possibilities71 makes ! action 9 :i* x takes effect g5]\s & lib]al2 free ( _s4 ,j t action :i* ext5ds & approves intellig5ce has an intr9sic value ( its own 9 be+ in/rum5tal3--! intr9sic value ( be+ in=m$ ) intellig5ce 9 behalf ( ! enri*m5t ( life4 ,by ! same /roke1 intellig5ce becomes truly lib]al3 kn[+ is a human und]tak+1 n an e/hetic appreciation c>ri$ on by a ref9$ class or a capitali/ic possession ( a few le>n$ speciali/s1 :e!r m5 ( sci5ce or ( philosophy4 ,m emphasis has be5 put ^u :at philosophy is n ?an ^u :at x may become4 ,b x is n necess>y1 x is n ev5 desirable1 to set =? philosophy z a s*$ul$ program4 ,!re are human difficulties ( an urg5t1 deep-seat$ k9d :i* may be cl>ifi$ by tra9$ reflection1 & ^: solution may be =w>d$ by ! c>eful developm5t ( hypo!ses4 ,:5 x is und]/ood t philosophic ?9k+ is caught up 9 ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts1 hav+ ! (fice ( guid+ !m t[>ds a prosp]\s issue1 problems w abundantly pres5t !mselves4 ,philosophy w n solve ^! problems2 philosophy is vision1 imag9ation1 reflection--& ^! functions1 ap>t f action1 modify no?+ & h5ce resolve no?+4 ,b 9 a complicat$ & p]v]se _w1 action :i* is n in=m$ ) vision1 imag9ation1 & reflection1 is m likely to increase confusion & conflict ?an to /raight5 ?+s out4 ,x is n easy = g5]\s & su/a9$ reflection to become a guid+ & illum9at+ me?od 9 action4 ,until x frees itself f id5tification ) problems :i* are suppos$ to dep5d ^u ,reality z su*1 or its di/9ction f a _w ( ,appe>ance1 or its relation to a ,kn[] z su*1 ! h&s ( philosophy are ti$4 ,hav+ no *ance to l9k its =tunes ) a responsible c>e] by sugge/+ ?+s to be tri$1 x _c id5tify itself ) que/ions :i* actually arise 9 ! vicissitudes ( life4 ,philosophy recov]s itself :5 x ceases to be a device = deal+ ) ! problems ( philosoph]s & becomes a me?od1 cultivat$ by philosoph]s1 = deal+ ) ! problems ( m54 ,emphasis mu/ v>y ) ! /ress & special impact ( ! tr\bles :i* p]plex m54 ,ea* age kn[s its own ills1 & seeks its own rem$ies4 ,"o does n h to =eca/ a p>ticul> program to note t ! c5tral ne$ ( any program at ! pres5t day is an adequate conception ( ! nature ( intellig5ce & its place 9 action4 ,philosophy _c disav[ responsibility = _m misconceptions ( ! nature ( intellig5ce :i* n[ hamp] its efficaci\s op]ation4 ,x has at lea/ a negative task impos$ ^u x4 ,x mu/ take away ! burd5s :i* x has laid ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! common man 9 /ruggl+ ) 8 difficulties4 ,x mu/ d5y & eject t intellig5ce :i* is naught b a di/ant eye1 regi/]+ 9 a remote & ali5 m$ium ! spectacle ( nature & life4 ,to en=ce ! fact t ! em]g5ce ( imag9ation & ?\ght is relative to ! connexion ( ! suff]+s ( m5 ) _! do+s is ( itself to illum9ate ^? suff]+s & to in/ruct ^? do+s4 ,to cat* m9d 9 its connexion ) ! entrance ( ! novel into ! c\rse ( ! _w is to be on ! road to see t intellig5ce is itself ! mo/ promis+ ( all novelties1 ! revelation ( ! mean+ ( t trans=mation ( pa/ into future :i* is ! reality ( e pres5t4 ,to reveal intellig5ce z ! organ = ! guidance ( ?is trans=mation1 ! sole director ( its quality1 is to make a decl>ation ( pres5t untold significance = action4 ,to elaborate ^! convictions ( ! connexion ( intellig5ce ) :at m5 und]go because ( _! do+s & ) ! em]g5ce & direction ( ! creative1 ! novel1 9 ! _w is ( itself a program :i* w keep philosoph]s busy until some?+ m wor? :ile is =c$ ^u !m4 ,= ! elaboration has to be made ?r\gh application to all ! discipl9es :i* h an intimate connexion ) human conduct3--to logic1 e?ics1 e/hetics1 economics1 & ! proc$ure ( ! sci5ces =mal & natural4 ,i also believe t !re is a g5u9e s5se 9 :i* ! en=cem5t ( ! pivotal position ( intellig5ce 9 ! _w & !reby 9 control ( human =tunes 7s f> z !y are manageable7 is ! peculi> problem 9 ! problems ( life :i* come home mo/ closely to ourselves--to ourselves liv+ n m]ely 9 ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is easy to be fooli% ab\t ! connexion ( ?\ght ) national life4 ,b ,i d n see h[ any "o c "q ! di/9ctively national color ( ,engli%1 or ,fr5*1 or ,g]man philosophies4 ,& if ( late ! hi/ory ( ?\ght has come "u ! dom9ation ( ! ,g]man dogma ( an inn] evolution ( ideas1 x requires b a little inquiry to conv9ce oneself t t dogma itself te/ifies to a p>ticul>ly nationali/ic ne$ & orig94 ,i believe t philosophy 9 ,am]ica w be lo/ betwe5 *ew+ a hi/oric cud long s9ce r$uc$ to woody fib]1 or an apologetics = lo/ causes 7lo/ to natural sci5ce71 or a s*ola/ic1 s*ematic =malism1 unless x c someh[ br+ to consci\sness ,am]ica's own ne$s & its own implicit pr9ciple ( successful action4 ,?is ne$ & pr9ciple1 ,i am conv9c$1 is ! necessity ( a delib]ate control ( policies by ! me?od ( intellig5ce1 an intellig5ce :i* is n ! faculty ( intellect honor$ 9 text-books & neglect$ else:]e1 b :i* is ! sum-total ( impulses1 habits1 emotions1 records1 & discov]ies :i* =eca/ :at is desirable & undesirable 9 future possibilities1 & :i* contrive +5i\sly 9 behalf ( imag9$ good4 ,our life has no backgr\nd ( sanctifi$ categories ^u :i* we may fall back2 we rely ^u prec$5t z au?ority only to our own undo+--= ) u !re is su* a cont9u\sly novel situation t f9al reliance ^u prec$5t entails "s class int]e/ guid+ u by ! nose :i!r x w4 ,briti% empiricism1 ) its appeal to :at has be5 9 ! pa/1 is1 aft] all1 only a k9d ( a priorism4 ,= x lays d[n a fix$ rule = future intellig5ce to foll[2 & only ! imm]sion ( philosophy 9 te*nical le>n+ prev5ts our see+ t ?is is ! ess5ce ( a priorism4 ,we pride ourselves ^u be+ reali/ic1 desir+ a h>dhead$ cognizance ( facts1 & devot$ to ma/]+ ! means ( life4 ,we pride ourselves ^u a practical idealism1 a lively & easily mov$ fai? 9 possibilities z yet unrealiz$1 9 will+ness to make sacrifice = _! realization4 ,idealism easily becomes a sanction ( wa/e & c>efulness1 & realism a sanction ( legal =malism 9 behalf ( ?+s z !y are--! rights ( ! possessor4 ,we ?us t5d to comb9e a loose & ineffective optimism ) ass5t to ! doctr9e ( take :o take c3 a deification ( p[]4 ,all peoples at all times h be5 n>r[ly reali/ic 9 practice & h !n employ$ idealization to cov] up 9 s5tim5t & !ory _! brutalities4 ,b nev]1 p]haps1 has ! t5d5cy be5 s dang]\s & s tempt+ z ) ourselves4 ,fai? 9 ! p[] ( intellig5ce to imag9e a future :i* is ! projection ( ! desirable 9 ! pres5t1 & to inv5t ! in/rum5talities ( its realization1 is our salvation4 ,& x is a fai? :i* mu/ be nurtur$ & made articulate3 surely a suffici5tly l>ge task = our philosophy4 ,,re=mation ,,( ,,logic ,,addison ,w4 ,,moore ,i ,9 a g5]al survey ( ! developm5t ( logical !ory "o is /ruck by ! simil>ity1 n to say id5tity1 ( ! indictm5ts :i* re=m]s1 s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle1 h br\ght aga9/ x4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal ( ^! *>ges are3 fir/1 t ! !ory ( logic has left x =mal & ) little significance = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & ! conduct ( society2 second1 t x has great difficulty 9 avoid+ ! pr$icam5t ( logical op]ations t are m]ely labor$ reproductions ( non-logical activities & !re=e tautolog\s & trifl+1 or ( logical op]ations t are s f> remov$ f imm$iate1 non-logical exp]i5ce t !y are irrelevant2 ?ird1 t logical !ory has _h tr\ble 9 f9d+ room 9 its own h\sehold = bo? tru? & error2 ea* cr[ds out ! o!r4 ,! id5tity ( ^! indictm5ts reg>dless ( ! g5]al philosophical fai?1 empiricism1 or rationalism1 realism1 or idealism to :i* ! re=m] or ! logic to be re=m$ has belong$1 sugge/s t :atev] ! diff]5ces 9 ! doctr9es ( ^! v>i\s philosophic traditions1 !y possess a common gr\nd f :i* ^! common difficulties spr+4 ,x is ! conviction ( a numb] :o are at pres5t attempt+ to rid logic ( ^! anci5t disabilities t _! common s\rce is to be f\nd 9 a lack ( cont9uity betwe5 ! acts ( intellig5ce 7or to avoid ! dang]s ( hypo/asis1 intellig5t acts7 & o!r acts2 betwe5 logical conduct & o!r conduct4 ,s wide1 inde$1 is ?is brea*1 t (t5 little rema9s ( ! act ( kn[+ b ! "n4 ,x may /ill be call$ an act1 b x has no describable in/rum5ts nor te*nique ( op]ation4 ,x is an indef9able & (t5 my/ical p]=mance ( :i* only ! results c be /at$4 ,9 rec5t logical discussion ?is te*niqueless act ( kn[+ has be5 prop]ly en\gh trans=m$ into an indef9able ext]nal relation 9 :i* an entity call$ a kn[] /&s to ano!r entity call$ ! kn[n4 ,= _m c5turies ?is brea* betwe5 ! op]ations ( intellig5ce & o!r op]ations has be5 clos$ by v>i\s metaphysical devices ) ! result t logic has be5 a hybrid sci5ce1--half logic1 half metaphysics & epi/emology4 ,s great has be5 ! mom5tum ( ! metaphysical tradition t long aft] we h begun to discov] ! connection betwe5 logical & non-logical op]ations its me?ods rema9 to plague u4 ,ef=ts to heal ! brea* )\t a direct appeal to metaphysical ag5cies h be5 made by attempt+ a complete logiciz+ ( all op]ations4 ,b besides requir+ additional metaphysics to effect x1 ! proc$ure is z fatal to cont9uity z is an impassable disjunction4 ,cont9uity dem&s di/9ction z well z connection4 ,x requires ! developm5t1 ! gr[? ( old mat]ial & functions into new =ms4 ,driv5 by ! difficulties ( ?is complete logicization1 :i* are z s]i\s z ^? ( isolation1 logical !ory 0 oblig$ to re9/ate "s sort ( di/9ction4 ,?is x did by resort+ to ! categories ( explicit & implicit4 ,all s-call$ non-logical op]ations 7 reg>d$ z implicitly logical4 ,&1 p>adoxically1 logical op]ations _h = _! task ! trans=mation ( ! implicit into ! explicit4 ,an adequate acc\nt ( ! orig9 & cont9uance ( ?is isolation ( ! conduct ( intellig5ce f o!r conduct is too long a /ory to be told "h4 ,suffice x to recall t 9 ! society 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 imm$iate & reflective exp]i5ce1 betwe5 op9ion & sci5ce1 betwe5 p]cepts & univ]sals 0 fir/ made1 intellig5ce 0 l>gely ! possession ( a special & privileg$ class remov$ 9 great measure f h&-to-h& contact ) nature & ) mu* ( society4 ,because x did n fully p>ticipate 9 ! op]ations ( nature & society intellig5ce c\ld n become fully dome/icat$1 i4e41 fully naturaliz$ & socializ$ 9 its _w4 ,x 0 a *>m$ spectator ( ! cosmic & social drama4 ,d\btless :5 ,greek intellig5ce discov]$ ! di/9ction betwe5 imm$iate & reflective exp]i5ce--possibly ! mo/ mom5t\s discov]y 9 hi/ory--! _w1 z ,kant says ( ! speculations ( ,?ales1 mu/ sudd5ly h appe>$ 9 a new light4 ,b n recogniz+ ! full significance ( ?is discov]y1 ideas1 univ]sals1 became b a wondr\s spectacle = ! eye ( reason4 ,!y br\ght1 to be sure1 bless$ relief f ! bewild]+ & baffl+ flux ( p]ception4 ,b x 0 ! relief ( sanctu>y1 n ( victory4 ,t ! brilliant speculations ( ,greek intellig5ce 7 b>r5 because !re 0 no te*nique = te/+ & apply+ !m 9 detail is an old /ory4 ,b x is m]ely a re/atem5t1 n a solution1 ( ! p]t95t "q4 ,?is is3 :y did n ,greek intellig5ce develop su* a te*nique8 ,! answ] lies 9 ! fact t ! te*nique ( intellig5ce is to be f\nd precisely 9 ! details ( ! op]ations ( nature & ( human conduct f :i* an ari/ocratic intellig5ce is always 9 l>ge measure %ut (f4 ,intellig5ce _c op]ate fruitfully 9 a vacuum4 ,x mu/ be inc>nate4 ,x mu/1 z ,hegel said1 h h&s & feet4 ,:5 we turn to ! hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce ! "o ?+ t /&s out is t x 0 n until ! po9t 0 rea*$ :]e intellig5ce 0 ready 7cont9u+ ! ,hegelian figure7 to ?ru/ its h&s into ! vitals ( nature & society t x began to acquire a real control ov] its op]ations4 ,9 default ( su* controll+ te*nique !re 0 no?+ to be done ) ?is newly f\nd in/rum5t ( intellig5ce--! univ]sal--b to reta9 x z an object ( contemplation & ( wor%ipful adoration4 ,?is involv$1 ( c\rse1 its hypo/asis z ! metaphysical reality ( supreme importance4 ,) ?is1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 op9ion & sci5ce became "o ( ! k9d ( objects kn[n4 ,t univ]sals 7 kn[n by reason & p>ticul>s by s5se 0 ( little m logical significance ?an t s\nds are kn[n by ! e> & smells by ! nose4 ,p>ticul>s & univ]sals 7 equally giv54 ,if ! latt] requir$ "s ab/raction ?is 0 reg>d$ z m]ely auxili>y to ! imm$iate vision1 z sniff+ is to ! p]ception ( odor4 ,t univ]sals %\ld or c\ld be conceiv$ z exp]im5tal1 z hypo!ses1 01 :5 translat$ into lat] !ology1 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t ! p>ticul>s 9 ! _w ( op9ion 7 ! /imuli to ! recollection ( univ]sals & t ! latt] 9 turn 7 ! patt]ns1 ! =ms1 = ! p>ticul>s1 op5$ ! way 9 actual practice = ! ex]cise ( a great deal ( ! controll+ function ( ! univ]sals4 ,b ! failure to recognize ?is control value ( ! univ]sal z fundam5tal1 made x necess>y = ! univ]sal to ex]cise its function surreptiti\sly1 9 ! disguise ( a patt]n & 9 ! clumsy g>b ( imitation & p>ticipation4 ,) p]ceptions1 desires1 & impulses relegat$ to ! _w ( op9ion & %ad[s1 & ) ! newly discov]$ in/rum5t ( k turn$ into an object1 ! kn[] 0 /ripp$ ( all 8 kn[+ app>atus & 0 left an empty1 scuttl$ entity def9able & describable only z a kn[]4 ,! kn[] mu/ "k1 ev5 if he _h no?+ to "k )4 ,h5ce ! my/ical almo/ indef9able "* ( ! kn[+ act or relation4 ,i say almo/ indef9able2 = z an act x _h1 ( c\rse1 to h "s sort ( conceptualiz$ =m4 ,& ?is =m vision naturally furni%$4 ,naturally1 because intellig5ce 0 s l>gely contemplative1 & vision s l>gely imm$iate1 unanalyz$1 & diaphan\s4 ,!re 01 to be sure1 ! concept ( effluxes4 ,b ?is 0 a /atem5t ( ! fact ( vision 9 t]ms ( its results1 n ( ! process itself4 ,?us x 0 t ! :ole t]m9ology ( kn[+ :i* we /ill use 0 m\ld$ & fix$ ^u a v crude conception ( "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( its process4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is t]m9ology has add$ mu* to ! in]tia aga9/ :i* ! advance ( logical !ory has work$4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to see :at w\ld be ! effect ^u logical !ory ( ! sub/itution ( an auditory or olfactory t]m9ology = visual2 or ( a visual t]m9ology revis$ to agree ) mod]n sci5tific analysis ( ! act ( vision z det]m9$ by its connections ) o!r functions4 ,) ! act ( kn[+ /ripp$ ( its te*nique & left a b>e1 unique1 indescribable act or relation1 ! f\ndations = epi/emological & metaphysical logic 7 laid4 ,t ,greek logic escap$ ! ravages ( epi/emology 0 due to ! sav+ mat]ialism 9 its metaphysical conception ( m9d & to ! /eadfa/ness ( ! ari/ocratic regime4 ,b :5 m$ieval !ology & ,c>tesian metaphysics _h de/roy$ ! la/ remnant ( metaphysical connection betwe5 ! kn[+ m9d & nature1 & :5 revolutions _h torn ! individual f 8 social moor+s1 ! /age = epi/emological logic 0 fully set4 ,i d n mean to id5tify ! epi/emological situation ) ! ,c>tesian disjunction4 ,t disjunction 0 b ! metaphysical expression ( ! "o :i* con/itutes ! real f\ndation ( epi/emology--! disjunction1 namely1 betwe5 ! act ( kn[+ & o!r acts4 ,f ?is po9t logic has foll[$ "o ( two g5]al c\rses4 ,x has s\ght cont9uity by attempt+ to r$uce non-logical ?+s & op]ations to t]ms ( logical op]ations1 i4e41 to s5sations or univ]sals or bo?2 or x has attempt$ to exclude entirely ! act ( kn[+ f logic & to transf] logical di/9ctions & op]ations1 & ev5 ! attributes ( tru? & error to objects :i*1 significantly en\gh1 are /ill compos$ ( ^! same hypo/atiz$ logical processes4 ,! fir/ c\rse results 9 an epi/emological logic ( "s =m ( ! ideali/ic tradition1 rationalism1 s5sationalism1 or transc5d5talism1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r univ]sals1 or s5sations1 or a comb9ation ( bo?1 is made fundam5tal 9 ! con/itution ( ! object4 ,! second c\rse yields an epi/emological logic ( ! reali/ic type1--aga91 s5sational or rationali/ic 7ma!matical71 or a comb9ation ( ! two--a sort ( reali/ic transc5d5talism4 ,ea* type has ess5tially ! same difficulties ) ! processes ( inf]5ce1 ) ! problem ( *ange1 ) tru? & error1 &1 on ! e?ical side1 ) good & evil4 ,) ! processes ( kn[+ conv]t$ into objects1 & ) ! act ( kn[+ r$uc$ to a unique & ext]nal relation betwe5 ! despoil$ kn[] & ! objects made f its own hypo/atiz$ processes1 all kn[+ becomes 9 ! end imm$iate4 ,all attempts at an inf]5ce t is any?+ m ?an an elaborat$ & (t5 confus$ re/atem5t ( non-logical op]ations break d[n4 ,! associational inf]5ce ( empiricism1 ! subsumptive inf]5ce ( rationalism1 ! transc5d5tal inf]5ce ( objective idealism1 ! analytical inf]5ce ( neo-realism--all alike face ! dilemma ( an inf]5ce t is trifl+ or miracul\s1 tautolog\s or false4 ,:]e ! kn[] & its object are s con/itut$ t ! only relation 9 :i* ! latt] c /& to ! =m] is t ( pres5ce or abs5ce1 & if to be pres5t is to be kn[n1 h[1 z ,plato ask$1 c !re be any false kn[+8 ,= ^? :o accept ! =ego+ g5]al diagnosis ! prescription is obvi\s4 ,! pres5t task ( logical !ory is ! re/oration ( ! cont9uity ( ! act & ag5t ( kn[+ ) o!r acts & ag5ts4 ,b ?is is n to be done by m]ely furni%+ ! act ( kn[+ ) a body & a n]v\s sy/em4 ,if ! n]v\s sy/em be reg>d$ z only an onlook+1 behold+ n]v\s sy/em1 if no connection be made betwe5 ! logical op]ations ( a n]v\s sy/em & its o!r op]ations a n]v\s sy/em has no logical advantage ov] a purely psy*ical m9d4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t ?is movem5t t[>d re/oration ( cont9uity made 9 ! "n ( in/rum5tal or exp]im5tal logic w\ld be reg>d$1 alike1 by ! logics ( rationalism & empiricism1 ( idealism & ( realism1 z an attempt to rob intellig5ce ( its own unique & prop] "*2 to r$uce x to a m]ely psy*ological & exi/5tial affair2 to leave no place = g5u9e intellectual int]e/ & activity2 & to make sci5ce a s]ies ( m or less respectable adv5tures4 ,! c\nt] !sis is1 t ?is re/oration is truly a re/oration--n a despoliation ( ! "* & rights ( intellig5ce2 t only su* a re/oration c pres]ve ! unique function ( intellig5ce1 c prev5t x f becom+ m]ely exi/5tial1 & c provide a di/9ct place = intellectual & sci5tific int]e/ & activity4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 promise to remove ! /igma ( adv5ture f sci5ce4 ,e exp]im5t is an adv5ture2 & x is precisely ! exp]im5tal "* ( sci5tific logic t di/+ui%es x f s*ola/icism1 m$ieval or mod]n4 ,,ii ,fir/ x is cle> t a re=m ( logic bas$ ^u ! re/oration ( kn[+ to its connections ) o!r acts w beg9 ) a *apt] conta9+ an acc\nt ( ^! o!r op]ations & ! g5]al "* ( ?is connection4#ac ,logical !ory has be5 truncat$4 ,x has tri$ to beg9 & end 9 ! middle1 ) ! result t x has end$ 9 ! air4 ,logic pres5ts ! curi\s ana*ronism ( a sci5ce :i* attempts to deal ) its subject-matt] ap>t f :at x comes f & :at comes f x4 ,! objection t su* a *apt] on ! conditions & g5esis ( ! op]ations ( kn[+ belongs to psy*ology1 only %[s h[ firmly fix$ is ! discont9uity we are try+ to escape4 ,z we h se51 ! orig9al motive = leav+ ?is acc\nt ( g5esis to psy*ology 0 t ! act ( kn[+ 0 suppos$ to orig9ate 9 a purely psy*ical m9d4 ,su* an orig9 0 ( c\rse emb>rass+ to logic1 :i* aim$ to be sci5tific4 ,! old opposition betwe5 orig9 & validity 0 due to ! k9d ( orig9 assum$ & ! k9d ( validity necessitat$ by ! orig94 ,"o may well be excus$ = evad+ ! "q ( h[ ideas1 orig9at$ 9 a purely psy*ical m9d1 c1 9 ,kant's phrase1 h objective validity1 by ?r[+ out ! "q ( orig9 altoge!r4 ,:atev] difficulties rema9 = validity aft] ?is expulsion c\ld n be great] ?an ^? ( ! task ( comb9+ ! objective validity ( ideas ) _! subjective orig94 ,! :ole ( ?is *apt] on ! connection betwe5 logical & non-logical op]ations _c be writt5 "h4 ,b its c5tral po9t w\ld be t ^! o!r acts ) :i* ! act ( kn[+ mu/ h cont9uity are j ! op]ations ( our unreflective conduct4 ,note t x is unreflective1 n unconsci\s1 nor yet m]ely in/9ctive conduct4 ,x is our p]ceptive1 rememb]+1 imag9+1 desir+1 lov+1 hat+ conduct4 ,note also t we d n say psy*ical or physical1 nor psy*o-physical conduct4 ,^! t]ms /& = c]ta9 di/9ctions 9 logical conduct1#ad & we are "h conc]n$ ) ! "* ( non-logical conduct :i* is to be di/+ui%$ f1 & yet kept 9 close/ cont9uity )1 logical conduct4 ,if1 "h1 ! metaphysical logician %\ld ask3 ,are y n 9 ?is assumption ( a _w ( reflective & unreflective conduct & affection1 & ( a _w ( be+s 9 int]action1 begg+ a :ole sy/em ( metaphysics8 ! reply is t if x is a metaphysics bad = logic1 x w keep turn+ up 9 ! c\rse ( logical !ory z a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if logic enc\nt]s grave difficulties :5 x attempts to get on )\t x1 its assumption1 = ! purposes ( logic1 has all ! ju/ification possible4 ,aga9 x w be urg$ t ?is alleg$ non-logical conduct1 9 s f> z x involves p]ception1 memory1 & anticipation1 is already cognitive & logical2 or if ! act ( kn[+ is to be entirely exclud$ f logic1 !n1 9 s f> z :at is left involves objective t]ms & relations1 x1 also1 is already logical4 ,& x may be ?\ght /range t a logic bas$ ^u ! re/oration ( cont9uity betwe5 ! act ( kn[+ & o!r acts %\ld "h be insi/+ on di/9ction & sep>ation4 ,! po9t is fundam5tal2 & mu/ be dispos$ ( be=e we g on4 ,fir/1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! unity secur$ by mak+ all consci\s conduct logical turns out1 on exam9ation1 to be m nom9al ?an real4 ,z we h already se51 ?is attempt at a complete logiciz+ ( all conduct is =c$ at once to introduce ! di/9ction ( explicit & implicit1 ( consci\s & unconsci\s or subconsci\s logic4 ,"s cynics h f\nd t ?is sugge/s divid+ triangles into explicit & implicit triangles1 or into triangles & sub-triangles4 ,d\btless ! attempt to make all p]ceptions1 memories1 & anticipations1 & ev5 in/9cts & habits1 into implicit or subconsci\s inf]5ce is an awkw>d ef=t to re/ore ! cont9uity ( logical & non-logical conduct4 ,its awkw>dness consi/s 9 attempt+ to secure ?is cont9uity by ! me?od ( subsumptive id5tity1 in/ead ( f9d+ x 9 a transitive cont9uity ( function2--in/ead ( see+ t p]ception1 memory1 & anticipation become logical processes :5 !y are employ$ 9 a process ( inquiry1 ^: purpose is to relieve ! difficulties into :i* ^! op]ations 9 _! function z direct /imuli h fall54 ,logical conduct is con/itut$ by ! cooep]ation ( ^! processes = ! improvem5t ( _! fur!r op]ation4 ,to reg>d p]ception1 memory1 & imag9ation z implicit =ms or z sub-species ( logical op]ation is mu* l conceiv+ ! movem5ts ( our f+]s & arms z implicit or imp]fect species ( pa9t+1 or swimm+4 ,moreov]1 ?is doctr9e ( univ]sal logicism tea*es t :5 t :i* is p]fect is come1 imp]fection %all be done away4 ,?is %\ld mean t :5 pa9t+ becomes completely explicit & p]fect1 f+]s & h&s %all disappe>4 ,p]fect pa9t+ w be ! pure ess5ce ( pa9t+4 ,& ?is int]pretation is n /ra9$2 = ?is logic expressly tea*es t 9 ! p]fect$ real sy/em all temporal elem5ts are uness5tial to logical op]ations4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 psy*ologically necess>y = f9ite be+s1 :o c nev] h p]fectly logical exp]i5ces4 ,b1 f ! /&po9t ( a completely logiciz$ exp]i5ce1 all f9ite1 temporal processes are accid5ts1 n ess5tials1 ( logical op]ations4 ,! fact t ! processes ( p]ception1 memory1 & anticipation are trans=m$ 9 _! logical op]ation into s5sations & univ]sals1 t]ms1 & relations1 &1 z su*1 become ! subject-matt] ( logical !ory1 does n mean t !y h lo/ _! m$iat+ "*1 & h become m]ely objects ( logical contemplation at l>ge4 ,s5sations or s5se-data1 & ideas1 t]ms & relations1 are ! subject-matt] ( logical !ory = ! reason t !y sometimes succe$ & sometimes fail 9 _! logical op]ations4 ,& x is ! bus9ess ( logical !ory to diagnose ! conditions ( ?is success & failure4 ,if1 9 writ+1 my p5 becomes defective & is made an object ( inquiry1 x does n !re=e lose all its "* z a p5 & become m]ely an object at l>ge4 ,x is z an in/rum5t ( writ+ t x is inve/igat$4 ,s1 s5se-data1 univ]sals1 t]ms1 & relations z subject-matt] ( logic are inve/igat$ 9 _! "* z m$iators ( ! ambiguities & conflicts1 ( non-logical exp]i5ce4 ,if ! op]ations ( habit1 in/9ct1 p]ceptions1 memory1 & anticipation become logical1 :51 in/ead ( op]at+ z direct /imuli1 !y are employ$ 9 a process ( inquiry1 we mu/ next ask3 7#a7 "u :at conditions d !y pass ov] into ?is process ( inquiry8 7#b7 :at modifications ( op]ation d !y und]go1 :at new =ms d !y take1 & :at new results d !y produce 9 _! logical op]ations8 ,if ! act ( inquiry be n sup]impos$1 x mu/ arise out ( "s specific condition 9 ! c\rse ( non-logical conduct4 ,once m1 if ! al>m be s\nd$ at ?is proposal to f9d ! orig9 ( logical 9 non-logical op]ations x mu/ be summ>ily answ]$ by ask+ if ! "o :o raises ! cry f9ds x impossible to imag9e t "o :o is n hungry1 or angry1 or patriotic1 or wise may become s4 ,non-logical conduct is n ! ab/ract =mal contradictory ( logical conduct any m ?an pres5t satiety or fooli%ness is ! contradictory ( lat] hung] or wisdom1 or ?an ang] at "o p]son contradicts cordiality to ano!r1 or to ! same p]son1 lat]4 ,! old bogie ( ! logical irrelevance ( orig9 0 due to ! inability to conceive cont9uity except 9 ! =m ( id5tity 9 :i* !re 0 no place = ! notion ( gr[?4 ,! conditions "u :i* non-logical conduct becomes logical are famili> to ^? :o h foll[$ ! doctr9es ( exp]im5tal logic z exp\nd$ 9 ! discussions ( ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! trans=mation beg9s at ! po9t :]e non-logical processes in/ead ( op]at+ z direct unambigu\s /imuli & response become ambigu\s ) consequ5t inhibition ( conduct4 ,b aga9 ?is does n mean t at ?is juncture ! non-logical processes quit ! field & give place to a totally new faculty & process call$ reason4 ,!y /ay on ! job4 ,b !re is a *ange 9 ! job1 :i* n[ is to get rid ( ?is ambiguity4 ,?is modification ( ! task requires1 ( c\rse1 correspond+ modification & adaptation ( ^! op]ations4 ,!y take on ! =m ( s5sations & univ]sals1 t]ms & relations1 data & hypo!ses4 ,?is modification ( function & =m con/itutes reason or1 bett]1 reason+4 ,"h "s "o w ask1 ,:5ce comes ?is ambiguity8 ,h[ c a m]e p]ception or memory z su* be ambigu\s8 ,mu/ x n be ambigu\s to1 or =1 some?+1 or "s "o8 ,! po9t is well tak54 ,b x %\ld n be tak5 to imply t ! ambiguity is = a m]ely onlook+1 behold+ psy*ical m9d--especially :5 ! p]ception is itself reg>d$ z an act ( behold+4 ,nor are we any bett] (f if we suppose ! behold+ m9d to be equipp$ ) a faculty ( reason 9 ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,= ?is ?r[s no light on ! orig9 & mean+ ( ambiguity4 ,& if we seek to make all p]ceptions z su* ambigu\s & contradictory1 9 ord] to make room =1 & ju/ify1 ! op]ations ( reason1 o!r difficulties at once beset u4 ,:5 we attempt to remove ?is specific ambiguity ( p]ceptive conduct we %all be =c$1 be=e we are ?r\gh1 to appeal back to p]ception1 :i* we h condemn$ z inh]5tly contradictory1 bo? = data & = v]ification4 ,h[ev]1 ! insi/5ce t p]ception mu/ be ambigu\s to1 or =1 some?+ beyond itself is well gr\nd$4 ,& ?is 0 recogniz$ 9 ! /atem5t t x is equivocal z a /imulus 9 conduct4 ,!re ne$ be no my/]y z to h[ su* equivocation arises4 ,t !re is su* a ?+ z a conduct at all means t !re are c]ta9 be+s :o h acquir$ def9ite ways ( respond+ to "o ano!r4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ^! =ms ( int]action--in/9ct & habit1 p]ception1 memory1 etc4--are n to be locat$ 9 ei!r ( ! int]act+ be+s b are functions ( bo?4 ,! conception ( ^! op]ations z ! private functions ( an organism is ! =]unn] ( ! epi/emological pr$icam5t4 ,x results 9 a conception ( kn[+ z :olly ! act ( a kn[] ap>t f ! kn[n4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( epi/emology4 ,b to :atev] ext5t int]act+ be+s h acquir$ def9ite & specific ways ( behavior t[>d "o ano!r x is equally pla9--! !ory ( ext]nal relations not)/&+--t 9 ?is process ( int]action ^! ways ( behavior1 ( /imulus & response1 und]go modification4 ,if ! _w consi/$ ( two int]act+ be+s1 x is conceivable t ! modifications ( behavior might occur 9 su* close cont9uity ( relation to ea* ( ! int]act+ be+s t ! adju/m5t w\ld be v cont9u\s1 & !re might be little or no ambiguity & conflict4 ,b 9 a _w :]e any two int]act+ be+s h innum]able int]actions ) innum]able o!r be+s & 9 all ^! int]actions modifications are effect$1 x is to be expect$ t *anges 9 ! behavior ( ea* or bo? w occur1 s m>k$ t !y are b\nd to result 9 breaks 9 ! cont9uity ( /imulus & response--ev5 to ! po9t ( trag$y4 ,h[ev]1 ! trag$y is seldom s great t ! ambiguity ext5ds to ! :ole field ( conduct4 ,except 9 extreme pa?ological cases 7& 9 epi/emology71 complete skepticism & ab\lia d n occur4 ,ambiguity always falls )9 a field or direction ( conduct1 & ?\gh x may ext5d mu* fur!r1 & mu/ ext5d "s fur!r ?an ! po9t at :i* equivocation occurs1 yet x is nev] ubiquit\s4 ,an ambiguity conc]n+ ! action ( gravitation is no less specific ?an "o reg>d+ color or s\nd2 inde$1 ! "o may be f\nd to involve ! o!r4 ,logical conduct is1 !n1 conduct :i* aims to remove ambiguity & inhibition 9 unreflective conduct4 ,! in/rum5ts ( its op]ation are =g$ f ! processes ( unreflective conduct by su* modification & adaptation z is requir$ to enable !m to accompli% ?is end4 ,s9ce ^! logical op]ations sometimes fail & sometimes succe$ !y become ! subject-matt] ( logical !ory4 ,b ! te*nique ( ?is second involution ( reflection is n suppli$ by "s new & unique entity4 ,x also is d]iv$ f modifications ( previ\s op]ations ( bo? reflective & non-reflective conduct4 ,:ile emphasiz+ ! cont9uity betwe5 non-logical & logical op]ations1 we mu/ keep 9 m9d t _! di/9ction is ( equal importance4 ,confusion at ?is po9t is fatal4 ,a case 9 po9t is ! confusion betwe5 non-logical & logical obs]vation4 ,! results ( non-logical obs]vation1 e4g41 look+ & li/5+1 are direct /imuli to fur!r conduct4 ,b ! purpose & result ( logical obs]vation are to secure data1 n z direct /imuli to imm$iate conduct b z /imuli to ! con/ruction or v]ification ( hypo!ses :i* are ! responses ( ! logical op]ation ( imag9ation to ! data4 ,hypo!ses are anticipatory4 ,b !y diff] f non-logical anticipation 9 t !y are t5tatively1 exp]im5tally1 i4e41 logically anticipatory4 ,! non-logical op]ations ( memory & anticipation lack j ?is t5tative1 exp]im5tal "*4 ,:5 we confuse ! logical & non-logical op]ations ( ^! processes ! result is ei!r t logical processes w m]ely repeat non-logical op]ations 9 :i* case we h inf]5ce t is tautolog\s & trifl+2 or ! non-logical w attempt to p]=m logical op]ations1 & our inf]5ce is miracul\s4 ,if we seek to escape by an appeal to habit1 z 9 empiricism1 or to an objective univ]sal1 z 9 idealism & neo-realism1 we are m]ely disguis+1 n remov+ ! miracle4 ,x may be ?\ght t ?is confusion w\ld be mo/ likely to occur 9 a !ory :i* tea*es t non-logical processes are c>ri$ ov] into logical op]ations4 ,b ?is ov]looks ! fact t ! !ory recognizes at ! same "t t ^! non-logical op]ations und]go modification & adaptation to ! dem&s ( ! logical ent]prise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o make all p]ceptions1 memory1 & anticipation1 n to speak ( habit & in/9ct1 logical1 h no basis = ! di/9ction betwe5 logical & non-logical results2 :ile ^? :o refuse to give ! op]ations ( p]ception1 memory1 etc41 any place 9 logic c make no connections betwe5 logical & non-logical conduct4 ,nor are !y able to di/+ui% 9 a specific case tru? f error4 ,9 all logics t fail to make ?is connection & di/9ction betwe5 logical & non-logical op]ations !re is no crit]ion = data4 ,if ultimate simplicity is dem&$ ( ! data1 !re is no /&>d = simplicity except ! m9imum s5sibile or ! m9imum intelligibile :i* h rec5tly be5 resurrect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e simplicity is waiv$1 z 9 ! logic ( objective idealism1 !re is /ill no crit]ion ( logical adequacy4 ,b if we und]/& by logical data n any?+ t happ5s to be giv51 b some?+ s\ght z mat]ial = an hypo!sis1 i4e41 a propos$ solution 7proposition7 ( an ambigu\s object ( conduct & affection1 !n :atev] results ( obs]vation meet ?is requirem5t are logical data4 ,& :5ev] data are f\nd f :i* an hypo!sis is con/ruct$ t succe$s 9 aboli%+ ! ambiguity1 !y are simple1 adequate1 & true data4 ,no sci5ti/1 n ev5 ! ma!matician1 9 ! specific inve/igations ( 8 field1 seeks = ultimate & irr$ucible data at l>ge4 ,& if he f\nd !m he c\ld n use !m4 ,x is only 9 8 metaphysical p]sonality t he longs = su* data4 ,! data :i* ! sci5ti/ 9 any specific inquiry seeks are ! data :i* sugge/ a solution ( ! "q 9 :i* ! inve/igation />ts4 ,:5 ^! data are f\nd !y are ! irr$ucibles ( t problem4 ,b !y are relative to ! "q & answ] ( ! inve/igation4 ,_! simplicity consi/s 9 ! fact t !y are ! data f :i* a conclusion c be made4 ,! t]m simple data is tautolog\s4 ,t "o is 9 ne$ ( data m simple means t "o is 9 ne$ ( new data f :i* an hypo!sis c be =m$4 ,x is true t ! actual work+ elem5ts ) :i* ! sci5ti/ op]ates are always complex 9 ! s5se t !y are always some?+ m ?an elem5ts 9 any specific inve/igation4 ,!y h o!r connections & alliances4 ,& ?is complexity is at once ! despair & ! hope ( ! sci5ti/2 8 despair1 because he _c be sure :5 ^! o!r connections w int]f]e ) ! allegiance ( 8 elem5ts to 8 p>ticul> und]tak+2 8 hope1 because :5 ^! alliances are reveal$ !y (t5 make ! elem5ts m effici5t or exhibit capacities :i* w make !m elem5ts 9 "s o!r und]tak+ = :i* elem5ts h n be5 f\nd4 ,a g5]al resolves 8 army into s _m m>*+1 eat+1 %oot+ units2 b ^! elem5ts are some?+ m ?an m>*+1 %oot+ units4 ,!y are husb&s & fa!rs1 bro!rs & lov]s1 prote/ants & ca?olics1 arti/s & artisans1 etc4 ,& ! milit>i/ c nev] be sure at :at po9t ^! o!r activities--,i d n say m]ely ext]nal relation%ips--may upset 8 calculations4 ,if he c\ld f9d units ^: :ole & sole nature is to m>* & %oot1 8 problem w\ld be1 9 "s respects1 simpl]1 ?\gh 9 o!rs m complex4 ,z x is1 he is con/antly requir$ to ask h[ f> ^! o!r functions w support & at :at po9t !y w rebel at ! m>*+ & %oot+4 ,su*1 9 pr9ciple1 is ! situation 9 e sci5tific inquiry4 ,:5 ! failure ( ! old elem5ts occurs x is common to say t simpl] elem5ts are ne$$4 ,& d\btless 9 8 p]plexity ! sci5ti/ may long = elem5ts :i* h no entangl+ alliances1 ^: sole nature & "* is to be elem5ts4 ,b :at 9 fact he actually seeks 9 e specific inve/igation are elem5ts ^: nature & functions w n int]f]e ) _! s]v+ z units 9 ! ent]prise 9 h&4 ,b f "s o!r /&po9t ^! new elem5ts may be va/ly m complex ?an ! old1 z is ! case ) ! mod]n z comp>$ ) ! anci5t atom4 ,:5 ! elem5ts are secur$ :i* op]ate successfully1 ! non-int]f]+ connections c be ignor$ & ! elem5ts c be treat$ z if !y did n h !m1--z if !y 7 metaphysically simple4 ,b !re is no crit]ion = metaphysical simplicity except op]ative simplicity4 ,to be simple is to s]ve z an elem5t1 & to s]ve z an elem5t is to be simple4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y 9 view ( ! =ego+ to add t ! data ( sci5ce are n s5se-data1 if by s5se-data be meant data :i* are ! result ( ! op]ations ( s5se organs alone4 ,data are z mu* or m ! result ( op]ations1 fir/1 ( ! motor sy/em ( ! sci5ti/'s own organism1 & second1 ( all ( ! ma*9]y ( 8 laboratory :i* he calls to 8 aid4 ,:e!r nam$ aft] ! way !y are obta9$1 or aft] ! way !y are us$1 data are q z mu* motor z s5se4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 are !re any purely intellectual data--n ev5 = ! ma!matician4 ,"s ma!maticians may insi/ t _! symbols & diagrams are m]ely /imuli to ! platonic op]ation ( pure & giv5 univ]sals4 ,b until ma!matics c get on )\t ^! symbols or any sub/itutes ! intuitioni/ 9 ma!matics w cont9ue to h 8 say4 ,:]ev] ! discont9uity betwe5 logical op]ations & _! acts p]si/s1 all ! difficulties ) data h _! correlative difficulties ) hypo!ses4 ,9 ,mill's logic ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( hypo!ses oscillates betwe5 ! view t !y are happy guesses ( a m9d compos$ ( /ates ( consci\sness1 & ! view t !y are f\nd 9 ! facts or are impress$ on ! m9d by ! facts4 ,! miracle ( relevancy requir$ 9 ! fir/ position drives ! !ory to ! second4 ,& ! tautolog\s1 useless nature ( ! hypo!sis 9 ! second =ces ! !ory back to ! fir/ view4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t1 little wond] ,mill f9ds t ! easie/ way out is to make hypo!ses auxili>y & n indig5\s to inf]5ce4 ,b ?is exclusion ( hypo!ses z ess5tial leaves 8 acc\nt ( inf]5ce to oscillate betwe5 ! association ( p>ticul>s ( nom9alism & s*ola/ic =malism1 f bo? ( :i* ,mill1 ) ! dignifi$ zeal ( a prophet1 set out to rescue logic4 ,mill's rejection ( hypo!ses =m$ by a m9d ^: op]ations h no discov]able cont9uity ) ! op]ations ( ?+s1 or by ?+s ^: actions are indep5d5t ( ! op]ations ( ideas1 is =ev] s\nd4 ,b 8 acceptance ( ! discont9uity betwe5 ! acts ( kn[+ & ! op]ation ( ?+s1 & ! conclusion t ^! two conceptions ( ! orig9 & nature ( hypo!ses are ! only alt]natives1 7 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( 8 difficulties4 ,,iii ,! ef=ts ( classic empiricism at ! re=m ( logic h long be5 an easy m>k = ideali/ic re=m]s4 ,b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! ideali/ic logic f ! beg9n+ f9ds itself 9 precisely ! same pr$icam5t reg>d+ hypo!ses2--!y are trifl+ or false4 ,& 9 ! end !y are made1 z 9 ,mill1 accid5ts ( inf]5ce4 ,! "p play$ by ,kant's s5se-mat]ial & ! categories is almo/ ! rev]se ( ^? ( data & hypo!sis 9 sci5ce4 ,s5se mat]ial & ! categories are ! giv5 elem5ts f :i* objects are someh[ made2 9 sci5tific proc$ure data & hypo!sis are d]iv$ ?r\gh logical obs]vation & imag9ation f ! cont5t & op]ations ( imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,kant's acc\nt ( ! process by :i* objects are con/ruct$ we are n[h]e 9 sight ( any exp]im5tal proc$ure4 ,inde$1 ! real act ( kn[+1 ! selection & application ( ! category to ! s5se matt]1 is1 z ,kant 9 ! end _h to confess1 hidd5 away 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! elaborate ma*9]y ( kn[+ :i* ,kant _h con/ruct$1 ?is confession is almo/ tragic2 & ! tragic aspect gr[s :5 we f9d t ! result ( ! hidd5 op]ation is m]ely a ph5om5al object4 ,t ?is %\ld be ! case1 h[ev]1 is n /range4 ,a ph5om5al object is ! inevitable correlate ( ! hidd5 act ( kn[+ :e!r 9 a transc5d5tal or 9 an empirical logic4 ,9 va9 d we call ! act ( kn[+ con/ructive & syn!tic if its me?od ( syn!sis is hidd54 ,a transc5d5tal unity ^: me?od is indef9able has no advantage ov] empirical association4 ,x 0 ! dream ( ,kant z ( ,mill to replace ! logics ( s5sationalism & rationalism ) a logic ( ?+s & ( tru?4 ,b z ,mill's ?+s turn$ to /ates ( consci\sness1 s ,kant's are ph5om5al4 ,_! common fate proclaims _! common failure--! failure to ree/abli% cont9uity betwe5 ! conduct ( intellig5ce & o!r conduct4 ,"o ( ! *ief c\nts 9 ,hegel's indictm5t ( ,kant's logic is t x _h no influ5ce on ! me?ods ( sci5ce4#ae ,hegel's explanation is t ,kant's categories h no g5esis2 !y are n con/ruct$ 9 & z "p ( logical op]ations4 ,z giv51 ready-made1 _! relevance is a miracle4 ,b if categories be g5]at$ 9 ! process ( kn[+1 says ,hegel1 !y are indig5\s1 & _! fitness is inevitable4 ,9 su* /atem5ts ,hegel raises expectations t we are at la/ to h a logic :i* squ>es ) ! proc$ure ( sci5ce4 ,b :5 we discov] t in/ead ( be+ g5]at$ out ( all ! mat]ial involv$ 9 ! sci5tific problem ,hegel's categories are d]iv$ f ea* o!r1 misgiv+s arise4 ,& :5 we fur!r le>n t ?is g5esis is timeless1 :i* means t1 aft] all1 ! categories /& relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a clos$1 et]nal sy/em ( implication1 we ab&on hope ( a sci5tific--i4e41 exp]im5tal--logic4 ,hegel also says x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to sub/itute categories or 9 m precise language adequate notions = ! sev]al modes ( feel+1 p]ception1 desire1 & w4 ,! ^w sub/itute reveals ! po9t at issue4 ,if to sub/itute means t philosophy is a complete ex*ange ( ! modes ( feel+1 p]ception1 desire1 & w = a _w ( categories or notions1 !n1 say+ no?+ ( ! range ( values 9 su* a _w1 ! problem ( ! mean+ ( adequate is on our h&s4 ,:at is ! notion to be adequate to8 ,b if to sub/itute means t ! modes ( feel+1 p]ception1 desire1 & w1 :5 9 a specific situation ( ambiguity & inhibition1 g ov] into1 take on1 ! modes ( data & hypo!sis 9 ! ef=t to get rid ( inhibit+ conflict t is q ano!r matt]4 ,"h ! notion1 z ! sci5tific hypo!sis1 has a crit]ion = its adequacy4 ,b if ! notion usurps ! place ( feel+1 p]ception1 desire1 & w1 z _m f9d1 9 ! end1 x does 9 ,hegel's logic1 x !reby loses all te/s = ! adequacy ( its function & "* z a notion4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! logical doctr9es ( ,kant & ,hegel by ,lotze1 ,gre51 ,sigw>t1 ,bradley1 ,bosanquet1 ,royce1 & o!rs1 !re are inde$ diff]5ces4 ,b ^! diff]5ces only ?r[ _! common gr\nd into bold] relief4 ,?is common gr\nd is t1 proc$ure by hypo!ses1 by induction1 is1 9 ! language ( ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 a transi5t & ext]nal *>act]i/ic ( inf]5ce4#af ,& ! gr\nd ( ?is v]dict is ess5tially ! same z ,mill's1 :5 he rejects hypo!ses made by ! m9d1 namely1 t su* hypo!ses are too subjective 9 _! orig9 & nature to h objective validity4 ,objective idealism is try+1 l ,mill1 to escape ! subjectivism ( ! purely individual & psy*ical kn[]4 ,b1 be+ unable to recon/ruct ! f9ite kn[]1 & be+ too sophi/icat$ to make :at x reg>ds z ,mill's naive appeal to hypo!ses f\nd 9 ?+s1 x transf]s ! real process ( inf]5ce to ! objective univ]sal1 & ! process ( all ?\ght1 includ+ inf]5ce1 is n[ def9$ z ! reproduction1 by a univ]sal pres5t$ 9 a cont5t1 ( cont5ts di/+ui%$ f ! pres5t$ cont5t :i* also are diff]5ces ( ! same univ]sal4#ag ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t 9 inf]5ce ?us def9$ !re is scant room = hypo!ses4 ,!re is no?+ hypo!tical1 exp]im5tal1 or t5tative 9 ?is process ( reproduction by ! objective univ]sal z su*4 ,z little is !re any possibility ( error4 ,if !re is any?+ hypo!tical1 or any possibility ( error1 9 inf]5ce1 x is due to ! temporal1 f9ite human be+ 9 :i*1 p>adoxically en\gh1 ?is process ( reproduction goes on & to :om1 at times1 is giv5 an inf9itesimal "p 9 ! op]ation1 :ile at o!r times he is said m]ely to witness x4 ,b ! real inf]5ce does n proce$ by hypo!ses2 x is only ! f9ite m9d 9 witness+ ! real logical spectacle or 9 its inf9itesimal contribution to x t lamely proce$s 9 ?is mann]4 ,"h1 aga91 we h ! same break 9 cont9uity betwe5 ! f9ite1 human act ( kn[+ & ! op]ations t con/itute ! real _w4 ,:5 ! logic ( ! objective univ]sal rejects imputations ( h>bor+ a despoil$ psy*ical kn[] x has 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 ! objective univ]sal z kn[]1 n ! f9ite1 human act4 ,b1 if ! p>ticipations ( ! latt] are all accid5ts ( inf]5ce1 z !y are said to be1 its advantage ov] a purely psy*ical kn[]1 or /ates ( consci\sness1 is difficult to see4 ,! rejection ( metaphysical dualism is ( no consequ5ce if ! logical op]ations ( ! f9ite1 human be+ are only accid5ts ( ! real logical process4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! metaphysical disjunction is m]ely a s*ematism ( ! m fundam5tal1 logical disjunction4 ,z = tautology & miracle1 ! foll[] ( ,mill might well ask3 h[ an association ( p>ticul>s1 :e!r m5tal /ates or ?+s1 c\ld be m tautolog\s ?an a univ]sal reproduc+ its own diff]5ces8 ,& if ! transition f p>ticul> to p>ticul> is a miracle 9 :i* ! grace ( ,god is disguis$ z habit1 :y is n habit z good a disguise = ,provid5ce z univ]sals8 ,moreov]1 by :at miracle does ! "o all-inclusive univ]sal become a univ]sal8 ,& s9ce p]ception always pres5ts a numb] ( univ]sals1 :at det]m9es :i* "o %all p]=m ! reproduction8 ,f9ally1 s9ce !re are inf9ite diff]5ces ( ! univ]sal t might be reproduc$1 :at det]m9es j :i* diff]5ces %all be reproduc$8 ,9 ?is wise ! controv]sy has gone on ev] s9ce ! *all5ge ( ! old rationali/ic logic by ! nom9ali/s laun*$ ! issue ( empiricism & rationalism4 ,all ! *>ges :i* ea* makes aga9/ ! o!r are easily retort$ ^u itself4 ,ea* side is resi/less 9 attack1 b helpless 9 def5se4 ,9 a conception ( inf]5ce 9 :i* bo? data & hypo!sis are reg>d$ z ! t5tative1 exp]im5tal results ( ! processes ( p]ception1 memory1 & con/ructive imag9ation engag$ 9 ! special task ( remov+ conflict1 ambiguity1 & inhibition1 & 9 :i* ^! processes are n conceiv$ z ! functions ( a private m9d nor ( an equally private bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 b z functions ( int]act+ be+s1--9 su* a conception !re is no gr\nd = anxiety conc]n+ ! simplicity ( data1 nor ! objectivity ( hypo!ses4 ,simplicity & objectivity d n h to be secur$ ?r\gh elaborate & labor$ metaphysical con/ruction4 ,! data are simple & ! hypo!sis objective 9 s f> z !y accompli% ! "w :]e unto !y are call$--! removal ( conflict1 ambiguity1 & inhibition 9 conduct & affection4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal conception ( inf]5ce x is cle> t ! pr9ciples ( =mal logic mu/ play _! role :olly inside ! c\rse ( logical op]ations4 ,!y d n apply to relations betwe5 ^! op]ations & reality2 nor to reality itself4 ,=mal id5tity & non-contradiction signify1 9 exp]im5tal logic1 ! complete correlativity ( data & hypo!sis4 ,!y mean t 9 ! logical proc$ure data mu/ n be %ift$ )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! hypo!sis & conv]sely4 ,! doctr9e t !oretically !re may be any numb] ( hypo!ses = ! same facts is1 :5 ^! multiple hypo!ses are any?+ m ?an diff]5t names or symbols1 no?+ less ?an ! v ess5ce ( =mal contradiction4 ,x d\btless makes little diff]5ce :e!r a disease be attribut$ to big or little1 black or r$1 demons or :e!r ! cause be repres5t$ by a1 b1 or c1 etc4 ,b :]e data & hypo!ses are su* z are capable ( v]ification1 i4e41 ( mutually *eck+ up ea* o!r1 a *ange 9 "o )\t a correspond+ modification ( ! o!r is ! pr9ciple ( all =mal fallacies4#ah ,) ?is conception ( ! orig91 nature1 & functions ( logical op]ations little rema9s to be said ( _! tru? & falsity4 ,if ! :ole ent]prise ( logical op]ation1 ( ! con/ruction & v]ification ( hypo!sis1 is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! removal ( ambiguity1 & inhibition 9 conduct1 ! only relevant tru? or falsity !y c possess mu/ be det]m9$ by _! success or failure 9 t und]tak+4 ,! acceptance ( ?is view ( tru? & error1 be x said aga91 dep5ds on hold+ /eadfa/ly to ! conception ( ! op]ations ( kn[+ z real acts1 :i*1 ?\gh hav+ a di/9ct "* & function1 are yet 9 close/ cont9uity ) o!r acts ( :i* inde$ !y are b modifications & adaptations 9 ord] to meet ! logical dem&4 ,"h1 p]haps1 is ! place = a ^w on tru? & satisfaction4 ,! satisfaction :i* m>ks ! tru? ( logical op]ations--intellectual satisfaction--is ! satisfaction :i* att5ds ! accompli%m5t ( _! task1 viz41 ! removal ( ambiguity 9 conduct1 i4e41 9 our int]action ) o!r be+s4 ,x does n mean t ?is satisfaction is b\nd to be foll[$ by :olly blissful consequ5ces4 ,all our tr\bles are n ov] :5 ! di/ress ( ambiguity is remov$4 ,x may be inde$ t ! v]dict ( ! logical op]ation is t we mu/ face c]ta9 dea?4 ,v well1 we mu/ h felt x to be good to "k ! wor/1 or no inquiry w\ld h be5 />t$4 ,we %\ld h deem$ ignorance bliss & sat ) clos$ eyes wait+ = fate to ov]take u in/ead ( go+ =w>d to meet x & 9 "s measure det]m9e x4 ,dea? anticipat$ & accept$ is realit] v diff]5t f dea? t falls ^u u unaw>es1 h[ev] we may e/imate t diff]5ce4 ,if ?is di/9ction 9 ! foci ( satisfaction is kept cle> x mu/ d away ) a l>ge am\nt ( ! h$oni/ic int]pretations ( satisfaction 9 :i* _m critics h indulg$4 ,b h]eupon "s "o may exclaim1 z did a colleague rec5tly3 ,welcome to ! ranks ( ! intellectuali/s6 ,if s1 ! exp]im5tali/ is b\nd to reply t he is z will+1 & z unwill+1 to be welcom$ to ! ranks ( intellectualism z to ^? ( anti-intellectualism4 ,he wond]s1 h[ev]1 h[ long ! welcome w\ld la/ 9 ei!r4 ,among ! intellectuali/s ! welcome w\ld beg9 to cool z soon z x %\ld be discov]$ t ! ambiguity to :i* logical op]ations are ! response is n reg>d$ by ! exp]im5tali/ z a purely intellectual affair4 ,x is an ambiguity 9 conduct ) all ! att5dant affectional values t may be at /ake4#ai ,x is1 to be sure1 ! fact ( ambiguity1 & ! ef=t to resolve x1 t adds ! intellectual1 logical "* to conduct & to affectional values4 ,b if ! logical int]e/ attempts entirely to deta* itself x w soon be )\t ei!r subject-matt] or crit]ion4 ,& if x sets itself up z supreme1 we %all be =c$ to say t our qu&>ies ( affection1 our problems ( life & dea? are m]ely to furni% occasions & mat]ial = logical op]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! welcome ( ! anti-intellectuali/s is equally sure to wane :5 ! exp]im5tali/ ass]ts t ! doctr9e t logical op]ations mutilate ! :ol5ess ( imm$iate exp]i5ce ov]looks ! palpable fact t x is precisely ^! imm$iate exp]i5ces--! exp]i5ces ( intuition & in/9ct--t get into conflict & inhibit & mutilate "o ano!r1 & z a consequ5ce are oblig$ to g into logical session to pat* up ! mutilation & provide new & bett] me?ods ( cooep]ation4 ,at ?is po9t ! weakness 9 ,b]gson's view ( logical op]ations appe>s4 ,b]gson1 too1 is impress$ by ! break 9 cont9uity betwe5 logical op]ations & ! re/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ) ,mr4 ,bradley he believes ?is brea* to be ess5tially incurable1 because ! mutilations & disjunctions are due to & introduc$ by logical op]ations4 ,j :y ! latt] are introduc$ rema9s 9 ! end a my/]y4 ,bo?1 to be sure1 believe t logical op]ations are valuable = practical purposes1--= action4 ,b1 aside f ! "q ( h[ op]ations ess5tially mutilative c be valuable = action1 imm$iate intuitional exp]i5ce be+ already 9 unity ) ,reality1 :y %\ld !re be any practical ne$ = logical op]ations--lea/ ( all su* z introduce disjunction & mutilation8 ,! admission ( a dem& = logical op]ations1 :e!r *>g$ to matt]1 ! devil1 or any o!r metaphysical adv]s>y1 is1 ( c\rse1 a confession t conflict & ambiguity are z fundam5tal 9 exp]i5ce z unity & imm$iacy & t logical op]ations are !re=e no less indig5\s4 ,! failure to see ?is implication is responsible = ! p>adox t 9 ! logic ( ,creative ,evolution ! op]ations ( intellig5ce are nei!r creative nor evolutional4 ,!y n only h no con/ructive "p b are positively de/ructive & devolutional4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ^! logical op]ations1 l ^? ( ! objective univ]sal1 & l ,mill's association ( p>ticul>s1 c only reproduce 9 fragm5t>y =m :at has already be5 done1 x is difficult to see h[ !y c meet ! dem&s ( action4 ,= "h no m ?an 9 ,mill1 or 9 ! logic ( idealism1 is !re any place = con/ructive hypo!ses or any te*nique by :i* !y c become effective4 ,:atev] ,creative ,evolution may be1 !re is no place 9 its logic = ,creative ,intellig5ce4 ,,iv ,! prom95ce 9 curr5t discussion ( ! logical re=ms propos$ by ! analytic logic ( ! neo-reali/ic movem5t & ! en?usia/ic optimism ( its repres5tatives ov] ! prospective results ( ^! re=ms = logic1 sci5ce1 & practical life are ! w>rant = devot+ a special section to _! discussion4 ,!re are inde$ "s m>k$ diff]5ces ( op9ion among ! exp\nd]s ( ! new logic conc]n+ ! results :i* x is expect$ to a*ieve4 ,"s f9d t x cle>s away incr$ible accumulations ( metaphysical lumb]2 o!rs rejoice t x is to re/ore metaphysics1 once ! que5 ( ! sci5ces1 to h] anci5t ?rone4 ,b :atev] ! diff]5ce among ! repres5tatives ( analytical logic all seem agre$ at ! outset on two fundam5tal re=ms :i* ! new logic makes4 ,^! are3 fir/1 t analytic logic gets rid entirely ( ! act ( kn[+1 ! ret5tion ( :i* has be5 ! bane ( all o!r logics2 second1 9 its discov]y ( t]ms & relations1 s5se-data & univ]sals z ! simple elem5ts n only ( logic b ( ! _w1 x furni%es sci5ce at la/ ) ! simple neutral elem5ts at l>ge :i* x is suppos$ sci5ce s long has s\ght1 & m\rn$ because x f\nd !m n4 ,tak+ ^! 9 ord]1 we are told t realism frees logic z a /udy ( objective fact f all acc\nts ( ! /ates & op]ations ( m9d4 444 ,logic & ma!matics are sci5ces :i* c be pursu$ q indep5d5tly ( ! /udy ( kn[+4#bj ,! new logic believes t x deals ) no su* entities z ?\ghts1 ideas1 or m9ds1 b ) entities t m]ely are4#bj ,! motive = ! bani%m5t ( ! act ( kn[+ f logic is t z an act kn[+ is m5tal1 psy*ological1 & subjective4#ba ,all o!r logics h inde$ realiz$ ?is subjective "* ( ! act ( kn[+1 b h nei!r d>$ completely to disc>d x nor be5 able suffici5tly to c\nt]act its effects ev5 ) su* ag5cies z ! objective univ]sal to prev5t x f infect+ logic ) its subjectivity4 ,because logic has tol]at$ & attempt$ to compromise ) ?is subjective act ( kn[+1 say ^! re=m]s1 x has be5 =c$ con/antly into epi/emology & has become a hybrid sci5ce4 ,_h logic possess$ ! c\rage long ago to ?r[ ov]bo>d ?is subjective ,jonah x w\ld h be5 sp>$ ! /orms ( epi/emology & ! reefs ( metaphysics4 ,analytic logic is ! fir/ attempt 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n logical !ory at a delib]ate1 sophi/icat$ exclusion ( ! act ( kn[+ f logic4 ,o!r logics1 to be sure1 h tri$ to neutralize ! effects ( its pres5ce1 b none has _h ! tem]ity to ca/ x bodily ov]bo>d4 ,! exp]im5t1 !re=e1 is highly int]e/+4 ,we %\ld note at ! outset t 9 reg>d+ ! act ( kn[+ z incurably psy*ical & subjective analytic logic accepts a fundam5tal premise ( ! logics ( rationalism1 empiricism1 & idealism :i* x seeks to re=m4 ,x is true t x is ! bold proposal ( analytic logic to keep logic out ( ! pit ( epi/emology by exclud+ ! act ( kn[+ f logic4 ,nev]!less analytic logic /ill accepts ! subjective "* ( ?is act2 & if x excludes x f its logic x welcomes x 9 its psy*ology4 ,?is is a dang]\s situation4 ,c ! analytic logician prev5t all osmosis betwe5 8 logic & 8 psy*ology8#bb ,if n1 & if ! psy*ological act is subjective1 woe !n to 8 logic4 ,_h ! new logic begun ) a bold *all5ge ( ! psy*ical "* ( ! act ( kn[+1 ! prospect ( a logic free f epi/emology w\ld h be5 mu* bright]4 ,) ! desire to rid logic ( ! epi/emological ta9t ! exp]im5tal logic ( ! pragmatic movem5t has ! /ronge/ sympa?y4 ,b ! proposal to effect ?is by ! excision ( ! act ( kn[+ appe>s to exp]im5tal logic to be a case ( h]oic b fatal surg]y4 ,prima facie a logic ) no act ( kn[+ pres5ts an uncanny appe>ance4 ,:at sort ( logical op]ations are possible 9 su* a logic & ( :at k9d ( tru? & falsity are !y capable8 ,be=e tak+ up ^! que/ions 9 detail x is wor? :ile to note ! "* ( ! entities t m]ely are ) :i* analytic logic proposes exclusively to deal4 ,9 _! g5]al =m !y are t]ms & propositions1 s5se-data & univ]sals4 ,we are /ruck at once by ! fact t ^! entities be> ! names ( logical op]ations4 ,!y are1 to be sure1 disguis$ z entities & h be5 baptis$ 9 a highly dilute solution ( objectivity call$ subsi/5ce4 ,b ?is does n conceal _! orig91 nor does x obscure ! fact t if x is possible = any entities t m]ely are to h logical "* ^? made f hypo/atiz$ processes ( logical op]ations %\ld be ! mo/ promis+4 ,!y might be expect$ to reta9 "s ve/iges ( logical "* ev5 aft] !y h be5 torn f ! process ( inquiry & conv]t$ into entities t m]ely are4 ,also x is n surpris+ t hav+ /ripp$ ! act ( kn[+ ( its con/itu5t op]ations analytic logic %\ld feel t x c well disp5se ) ! empty %ell call$ m9d &1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey says1 wi% x on psy*ology4 ,b if ! analytic logician be also a philosoph] & p]*ance a lov] ( 8 fell[-man1 x is h>d to see h[ he c h a good consci5ce ov] ?is disposition ( ! case4 ,turn+ n[ to ! "* ( inf]5ce & ( tru? & falsity :i* are possible 9 a logic :i* excludes ! op]ation ( kn[+ & deals only ) entities t are1 all ! exp\nd]s seem to agree t 9 su* a logic inf]5ce mu/ be purely d$uctive4 ,all alleg$ induction is ei!r disguis$ d$uction or a lucky guess4 ,?is raises appreh5sion at ! />t conc]n+ ! value ( analytic logic = o!r sci5ces4 ,b let u obs]ve :at d$uction 9 analytic logic is4 ,we beg9 at once ) a di/9ction :i* involves ! :ole issue4#bc ,we are ask$ to c>efully di/+ui% logical d$uction f psy*ological d$uction4 ,! latt] is ! vulg> mean+ ( ! t]m1 & is ! ?9k]'s "n = 8 own act ( con=m+ 8 ?\ght to ! objective & indep5d5t processes t con/itute ! real logical process4 ,?is act ( con=m+ ! m9d is a purely psy*ological affair4 ,x has no logical function :atev]4 ,9 :at ! con=m+ consi/s is n cle>4 ,x seems to be m]ely ! act ( turn+ ! psy*ological eye on ! objective logical process4 ,"o beholds x 7! logical process7 z "o beholds a />1 a riv]1 a "* 9 a play4444 ,! noveli/ & ! dramati/1 l ! ma!matician & logician1 are onlook]s at ! logical spectacle4#bd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m con=m+ sugge/s a task1 ) ! possibilities ( success & failure4 ,h we1 !n1 two :olly indep5d5t possibilities ( error--"o m]ely psy*ological1 ! o!r logical8 ,! same po9t may be made ev5 m obvi\sly ) ref]5ce to ! t]m behold+4 ,! t]m is us$ z if behold+ 7 a p]fectly simple act1 hav+ no problems & no possibilities ( mi/akes--z if !re c\ld be no mis-behold+4#be ,b fix+ our psy*ological eye on ! logical spectacle1 :at does x behold8 ,a univ]sal g5]at+ an inf9ite s]ies ( id5tical in/ances ( itself--i4e41 in/ances :i* diff] only 9 logical position4 ,if 9 a _w ( entities t m]ely are ! t]m g5]ation causes p]plexity1 ! t5sion is soon reliev$2 = ?is turns out to be a m]ely subsi/5tial non-temporal g5]ation :i*1 l ,hegel's g5]ation ( ! categories1 9 no way compromises a _w ( entities t m]ely are4 ,/e]+ cle> ( ! ?icket ( metaphysical problems t we "h enc\nt]1 let u keep to ! logical trail4 ,fir/ x is cle> t logical op]ations are ( ! same reproductive repetitive type t we h f\nd 9 ! associational logic ( empiricism1 & 9 ! logic ( ! objective univ]sal4 ,inde$1 aft] objective idealism has conc$$ t ! f9ite m9d m]ely witnesses or at mo/ contributes only 9 an inf9itesimal degree to ! logical activity ( ! objective univ]sal1 :at rema9s ( ! suppos$ gulf betwe5 absolute idealism & analytic realism8 ,x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t !re c be no place 9 analytic logic = proc$ure by hypo!ses4 ,h[ev]1 x is to ! cr$it ( "s analytic logicians t !y see ?is & frankly accept ! situation in/ead ( attempt+ to reta9 hypo!ses by mak+ !m accid5ts or m]e auxili>ies ( inf]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs f9d t ! *ief glory ( analytic logic is precisely t x gives ?\ght w+s#bf = ! free con/ruction ( hypo!ses4 ,9 8 lectures on ,sci5tific ,me?ods 9 ,philosophy ,mr4 ,russell calls "s ( ! mo/ elem5tal & sacr$ entities ( analytic logic conv5i5t fictions4 ,?is ret5tion ( hypo!ses at ! co/ ( cog5cy is ( c\rse 9 ord] to avoid a break ) sci5ce4 ,^? :o see t !re is no place 9 analytic logic = hypo!ses are equally anxi\s to pres]ve _! connections ) sci5ce4 ,h5ce !y boldly *all5ge ! sup]/ition t sci5ce has any?+ to d ) hypo!ses4 ,newton's ,hypo!ses non f+o %\ld be ! motto ( e consci5ti\s sci5ti/ :o d>es tru/ 8 own p]ceptions & disreg>d ! ukase ( idealism4 ,! !ory ( m5tal con/ruction is ! *ild ( idealism1 n[ put out to s]vice = ! support ( its p>5ts4 ,!ory is no long] reg>d$ 9 sci5ce z an hypo!sis add$ to ! obs]v$ facts1 b a law :i* is f\nd 9 ! facts4#bg ,! id5tity ( ?is ) ,mill's doctr9e ( hypo!ses z f\nd 9 ?+s is obvi\s4 ,z aga9/ ! conception ( hypo!ses z free1 w+$1 con/ructions ( a psy*ical1 behold+1 gossip+ m9d we may well take our /& ) ^? :o w\ld exclude su* hypo!ses f sci5ce4 ,& ?is d\btless 0 ! sort ( m9d & sort ( hypo!ses ,newton meant :5 he said ,hypo!ses non f+o4#bh ,b _h ,newton's m9d really be5 ( ! "* :i* he1 z a physici/1 _h le>n$ f philosoph]s to suppose x to be1 & _h he really wait$ to f9d 8 hypo!ses ready-made 9 ! facts1 !re nev] w\ld h be5 any dispute ab\t :o discov]$ ! calculus1 & we %\ld nev] h be5 int]e/$ 9 :at ,newton said ab\t hypo!ses or any?+ else4 ,:at ,newton did is a mu* bett] s\rce ( in=mation on ! "p hypo!ses play 9 sci5tific me?od ?an :at he said ab\t !m4 ,! =m] speaks = itself2 ! latt] is ! pi\s repetition ( a metaphysical cre$ made necess>y by ! v sep>ation ( m9d f ?+s express$ 9 ! /atem5t quot$4 ,logically !re is little to *oose betwe5 hypo!ses f\nd ready-made 9 ! facts & ^? :i* are ! w+$ con/ructions ( a purely psy*ical m9d4 ,bo? are equally useless 9 logic & 9 sci5ce4 ,"o makes logic & sci5ce trifl+1 ! o!r makes !m miracul\s4 ,b if hypo!ses be conceiv$ n z ! output ( a cloi/]$ psy*ical entity b z ! jo9t product ( all ! be+s & op]ations involv$ 9 ! specific situation 9 :i* logical inquiry orig9ates1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 all ^? involv$ 9 ! op]ations ( ! inquiry itself 7includ+ all ! exp]im5tal mat]ial & app>atus :i* ! inquiry may require71 we %all h suffici5t cont9uity betwe5 hypo!ses & ?+s to d away ) miracle1 & suffici5t recon/ruction to avoid inf]5ce t is trifl+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! second contribution ( analytic logic t is ! basis ( ! en?usiasm ov] its prospective value = o!r sci5ces4 ,?is is ! discov]y t t]ms & propositions1 s5se-data1 & univ]sals1 are n only elem5ts ( logical op]ation b are ! simple1 neutral elem5ts at l>ge :i* sci5ce is suppos$ to h be5 seek+4 ,z ! botani/ analyzes ! /ructures ( ! vegetable organism & f9ds *emical comp\nds ( :i* !y are built s ! ord9>y *emi/ analyzes ^! comp\nds into _! elem5ts1 b does n analyze ^!4 ,! physical *emi/ analyzes ^! elem5tal atoms1 z n[ appe>s1 into m9ut] compon5ts :i* he 9 turn mu/ leave to ! ma!maticians & logicians fur!r to analyze4#bi ,aga9 x is wor? not+ t ?is mutation ( logical into ontological elem5ts seems to diff] only 9 position f ! univ]sal logicism ( absolute idealism4 ,:at are ^! simple elem5ts into :i* ! ma!matician & logician are to analyze ! crude elem5ts ( ! laboratory8 ,& h[ are ^! elem5ts to be put into op]ation 9 ! laboratory8 ,let u picture an analytic logician meet+ a physical sci5ti/ at a mom5t :5 ! latt] is di/ress$ ov] ! unmanageable complexity ( 8 elem5ts4 ,w ! logician say to ! sci5ti/3 ,y\r difficulty is t y are tru/+ too mu* to y\r mundane app>atus4 ,! k+dom ( tru? come? n ) su* ?+s4 ,=sake y\r microscopes1 te/ tubes1 refractors & resonators1 & foll[ me1 & y %all behold ! truly simple elem5ts ( :i* y h dream$48 ,& :5 ! mom5t ( revelation arrives & ! expectant sci5ti/ is solemnly told t ! simple elem5ts :i* he has s\ght s long are t]ms & propositions1 s5se-data & univ]sals1 is x surpris+ t he does n seem impress$8 ,w he n ask3 ,:at am ,i to d ) ^! 9 ! specific difficulties ( my laboratory8 ,%all ,i say to ! crude & complex elem5ts ( my laboratory op]ations3 ',be ye resolv$ into t]ms & propositions1 s5se-data & univ]sals'2 & w !y =?) obey ?is incantation & fall ap>t s t ,i may locate & remove ! hidd5 s\rce ( my difficulty8 ,are y n mock+ me & deceiv+ y\rself ) ! old ontological argum5t8 ,y\r 'simple' elem5ts--are !y any?+ b ! hypo/atiz$ process by :i* elem5ts may be f\nd8#cj ,! exp\nd]s z well z ! critics ( analytic logic h agre$ t x rea*es its mo/ critical junction :5 x faces ! problem ( tru? & error4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! logic ( objective idealism1 9 o!r respects s simil> to analytic logic1 has at ?is po9t an advantage2 = x reta9s j en\gh ( ! f9ite op]ation ( kn[+--an inf9itesimal "p w answ]--to furni% ! culture g]ms ( error4 ,b analytic logic hav+ completely /]iliz$ itself aga9/ ?is s\rce ( infection is 9 s]i\s difficulty4 ,"h aga9 x is ,pr(essor ,holt :o has ! c\rage to foll[--or %all we say behold8--8 !ory z x g5]ates ! doctr9e t error is a giv5 objective opposition ( =ces entirely indep5d5t ( any su* ?+ z a process ( inquiry & all t su* a process presupposes4 ,all collisions betwe5 bodies1 all inf]5ce betwe5 en]gies1 all process ( w>m+ & cool+1 ( />t+ & /opp+1 ( comb9+ & sep>at+1 all c\nt]balanc+s1 z 9 cantilev]s & go?ic vault+s1 are contradictory =ces :i* c be /at$ only 9 propositions t manife/ly contradict ea* o!r4#ca ,b ! argum5t proves too mu*4 ,= 9 ! _w ( =ces to :i* we h "h appeal$ !re is no =ce :i* is n oppos$ by o!rs & no p>ticle :i* is n ! c5t] ( oppos+ =ces4 ,h5ce error is ubiquit\s4 ,9 mak+ error objective we h made all objectivity errone\s4 ,we f9d ourselves oblig$ to say t ! *oir ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! ,brooklyn bridge1 ! heads on our %\ld]s are all support$ by logical errors6 ,foll[+ ^! illu/rations ( ontological contradictions !re is inde$ ?is int]e/+ /atem5t3 ,nature is s full ( ^! mutually negative processes t we are mov$ to admiration :5 a few =ces cooep]ate long en\gh to =m :at we call an organism4#cb ,! implication is1 app>5tly1 t z an opposition ( =ces is error1 cooep]ation ( =ces is tru?4 ,b :at is to di/+ui% opposition f cooep]ation8 ,9 ! illu/ration x is cle> t oppos+ =ces--error--d n int]f]e ) cooep]ative =ces--tru?4 ,:]e %\ld we f9d m c\nt]balanc+1 m />t+ & /opp+1 w>m+ & cool+1 comb9+ & sep>at+ ?an 9 an organism8 ,& if ^! processes c be /at$ only 9 propositions t are manife/ly contradictory1 are we to und]/& t tru? has errors = its con/itu5t elem5ts8 ,su* p>adoxes h always delight$ ! s\l ( absolute idealism4 ,b1 z we h se51 only ! veil ( an inf9itesimal f9itude int]v5es betwe5 ! logic ( ! objective univ]sal ( absolute idealism & ! objective logic ( analytic realism4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ?is pr$icam5t reg>d+ objective tru? & error t has driv5 mo/ analytic logicians to recall ! exil$ psy*ological1 m5tal act ( kn[+4 ,x _h to be recall$ to provide "s basis ( di/9ction betwe5 tru? & error1 b1 ?is act hav+ already be5 conceiv$ z incurably subjective1 ! result is only an ex*ange ( dilemmas4 ,= ! re9/atem5t ( ?is act ipso facto re9/ates ! epi/emological pr$icam5t to get rid ( :i* x 0 fir/ bani%$ f logic4 ,e>ne/ ef=ts to escape ?is outcome h be5 made by atta*+ ! act ( kn[+ to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ?is is a move 9 ! "r direction4 ,b s f> ! ef=t has be5 fruitless because no connection has be5 made betwe5 ! kn[+ function ( ! n]v\s sy/em & its o!r functions4 ,! result is t ! cognitive op]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z ( ! psy*ical m9d1 is t ( a m]e spectator2 & ! epi/emological problem abides4 ,an onlook+ n]v\s sy/em has no advantage ov] an onlook+ m9d4 ,onlook+1 behold+ may inde$ be a "p ( a g5u9e act ( kn[+4 ,b 9 t act x is always a /imulus or response to o!r acts4 ,x is "o ( !m2--nev] a m]e spectator ( !m4 ,x is :5 ! act ( kn[+ is cut (f f its connection ) o!r acts & f9ds itself adrift t x seeks metaphysical lodg+s4 ,& ?is x may f9d ei!r 9 an empty psy*ical m9d or 9 an equally empty body4#cc ,if1 9 re9/at+ ! act ( kn[+ z a function ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 neo-realism _h recogniz$ ! logical significance ( ! fact t ! n]v\s sy/em ( :i* kn[+ is a function is ! same n]v\s sy/em ( :i* lov+ & hat+1 desir+ & /riv+ are functions & t ! transition f ^! to ! op]ations ( inquiry & kn[+ is n a caprici\s jump b a transition motiv$ by ! lov+ & hat+1 desir+ & /riv+--if ?is _h be5 recogniz$ ! logic ( neo-realism w\ld h be5 sp>$ its emb>rassm5ts ov] ! di/9ction ( tru? & error4 ,x w\ld h se5 t ! passage f lov+ & hat+1 desir+ & /riv+ to inquiry & kn[+ is made 9 ord] to r5ew & re=m specific desires & /riv+s :i*1 ?r\gh conflict & consequ5t equivocation1 h become fruitless & va92 & x mu/ h se5 t ! results ( ! inquiry are true or false z !y succe$ or fail 9 ?is re=mation & r5ewal4 ,b once m1 x mu/ /eadily be kept 9 view t :ile ! lov+ & hat+1 desir+ & /riv+1 :i* ! logical op]ations are re=m+ & r5ew+1 are functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 !y are n functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em alone1 else ! door ( subjectivism aga9 closes ^u u4 ,lov+ & hat+1 desir+ & /riv+ h _! objects4 ,h5ce any re=mation ( ^! functions involves no less a re=mation ( _! objects4 ,:5 !re=e we say t tru? & error are relevant to desires & /riv+s1 ?is means relevant to !m z includ+ _! objects1 n z entitiz$ processes 7su* are ! pitfalls ( language7 inclos$ 9 a n]v\s sy/em or m9d4 ,) ?is be=e u ! relevance ( tru? & error to desires & /riv+s c nev] be made ! basis = ! *>ge ( subjectivism4 ,! conception ( desires z peculi>ly individual & subjective is a survival ( ! v isolation :i* is ! s\rce ( ! difficulty ) tru? & error4 ,h5ce ! appeal to ?is isolation1 made alike by idealism & realism1 9 *>g+ in/rum5tal logic ) subjectivism is an elem5t>y petitio4 ,d\btless x w be urg$ aga9 t ! act ( kn[+ is motiv$ by an indep5d5t desire & /riv+ ( its own4 ,?is is ( c\rse consonant ) ! neo-reali/ic atomism1 h[ev] inconsonant x may be ) ! conception ( implication :i* x employs4 ,if we take a small en\gh1 isolat$ segm5t ( exp]i5ce we c f9d mean+ = ?is notion1 z we may = ! idea t ! e>? is flat & t ! sun moves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,b z consequ5ces accrue we f9d z great difficulties ) ! "o z ) ! o!r4 ,if ! c\rse ( ev5ts did n br+ u to book1 if we c\ld get (f ) a m]e def9ition ( tru? & error we might g on pil+ up subsi/5tial def9itional logics _w )\t end4 ,b sublime adv5tur]s1 logically unreg5]ate & un9itiat$1 w g on sail+ we/w>d to ! confusion & conf\nd+ ( all def9itional sy/ems t leave !m out ( acc\nt4 ,! conclusion is pla94 ,if logic is to h room 9 its h\sehold = bo? tru? & error1 if x is to avoid ! old pr$icam5t ( k t is trifl+ or miracul\s1 tautolog\s or false1 if x is to h no fe> ( ! *all5ge ( o!r sci5ces or ( practical life1 x mu/ be cont5t to take = its subject-matt] ! op]ations ( intellig5ce conceiv$ z real acts on ! same metaphysical plane & 9 /ricte/ cont9uity ) o!r acts4 ,su* a logic w n fe> ! *all5ge ( sci5ce1 = x is precisely ?is cont9uity t makes possible exp]im5tation1 :i* is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,sci5ce )\t exp]im5t is inde$ a /range app>ition4 ,x is a ,greek3 logos ) no ,greek3 lege91 a sci5ce ) no scire2 & ?is spells dogmatism4 ,h[ necess>y su* cont9uity is to exp]im5tation is app>5t :5 we recall t !re is no limit to ! range ( op]ations ( e sort :i* sci5tific exp]im5t calls into play2 & t unless !re be ?or\ghgo+ cont9uity betwe5 ! logical dem& ( ! exp]im5t & all ! mat]ials & devices employ$ 9 ! process ( ! exp]im5t1 ! op]ations ( ! latt] 9 ! exp]im5t w be ei!r miracul\s or ru9\s4 ,f9ally1 if ?is cont9uity ( ! op]ations ( intellig5ce ) o!r op]ations be ess5tial to sci5ce1 its relation to practical life is ipso facto e/abli%$4 ,= sci5ce is practical life aw>e ( its problems & aw>e ( ! "p t exp]im5tal--i4e41 creative--intellig5ce plays 9 ! solution ( ^? problems4 ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,ma!matics ,,h>old ,,*apman ,,br[n ,h]b>t is said to h giv5 ! dea?bl[ to faculty psy*ology4 ,man no long] appe>s end[$ ) volition1 passion1 desire1 & reason2 & logic1 depriv$ ( its h]$it>y "r to elucidate ! op]ations ( inh]5t intellig5ce1 has ! new problem ( inve/igat+ =ms ( intellig5ce 9 ! mak+4 ,?is is no inconsequ5tial task4 ,if man orig9ally possesses only capacities :i* aft] a giv5 am\nt ( education w produce ideas & judgm5ts 7,?orndike1 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aih71 & if ^! ideas & judgm5ts are to be sub/itut$ = a my?ical intellig5ce x foll[s t trac+ _! developm5t & obs]v+ _! function+ r5d]s cle>] our conception ( _! nature & value & br+s u ne>] t exact k ( :at we are talk+ ab\t 9 :i* ! philosoph] at lea/ aspires to equal ! sci5ti/1 h[ev] mu* he may fall bel[ 8 ideal4 ,= contempor>y ?\ght conc]n+ ! ma!matical sci5ces ?is alt]$ po9t ( view g5]ates peculi>ly press+ problems4 ,ma!maticians h weigh$ ! old logic & f\nd x want+4 ,!y h build$ !mselves a new logic m adequate to _! ends4 ,b !y h n :ole-he>t$ly recogniz$ ! *ange t has come ab\t 9 psy*ology2 h5ce !y h reta9$ ! faculty ( intellig5ce knit into c]ta9 indef9ables su* z implication1 relation1 class1 t]m1 & ! l1 & h transport$ ! faculty f ! human s\l to a my/]i\s realm ( subsi/5ce :5ce x radiates its gho/ly light ^u ! realm ( exi/5ce bel[4 ,b :ile !y reproa* ! old logic1 (t5 bitt]ly1 _! new logic m]ely furni%es a m adequate %[-case 9 :i* already atta9$ k may be arrang$ to set (f its *>ms = ! obs]v] 9 ! same way t specim5s 9 a museum are display$ be=e an admir+ _w4 ,?is /atem5t is n a sweep+ condemnation1 h[ev]1 = su* a sett+ =? is n useless4 ,x resembles ! classificatory /age ( sci5ce :i*1 al?\gh n itself 9 ! highe/ s5se creative1 (t5 leads to high] /ages by br++ "u obs]vation relations & facts t might o!rwise h escap$ notice4 ,& 9 ! realm ( pure ma!matics1 ! new logic has und\bt$ly contribut$ 9 ?is mann] to su* discov]ies4 ,dang] appe>s :5 ! logician atta9s ,c>tesian intoxication ) ! beauty ( logico-ma!matical =m & tries to inf] f ! =m itself ! real nature ( ! =m$ mat]ial4 ,! realm ( subsi/5ce too (t5 has arm$ ,indef9ables ) metaphysical my?s ^: attack is valiant :5 ! doors ( reflection are op5$4 ,x may be possible1 h[ev]1 to arrive at an und]/&+ ( ma!matics )\t ent]+ ! k+dom ( ^! w>riors4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( sci5ce to make pr$iction possible4 ,! value ( pr$iction lies 9 ! fact t ?r\gh ?is function man c control 8 environm5t1 or1 at wor/1 =tify himself to meet its vag>ies4 ,to atta9 su* pr$ictions1 h[ev]1 ! _w ne$ n be grasp$ 9 its full concret5ess4 ,h5ce arise processes ( ab/raction4 ,:ile all o!r symptoms rema9 unnotic$1 ! temp]ature & pulse may m>k a disease1 or a b>omet]-read+ ! wea!r4 ,! physici/ may "w only 9 t]ms ( quantity 9 a _w :i* is equally truly qualitative4 ,all t is necess>y is to select ! elem5ts :i* are mo/ effective = pr$iction & control4 ,su* selection gives ! pr9ciple t dom9ates all ab/ractions4 ,progress is movem5t f ! less ab/ract to ! m ab/ract1 b x is progress only because ! m ab/ract is z g5u9ely an aspect ( ! concrete />t+-po9t z any?+ is4 ,moreov]1 ! outcome ( progress ( ?is sort _c be def9itely =ese5 at ! beg9n+s4 ,! simple activities ( primitive m5 h to be spontane\sly p]=m$ be=e _! value becomes evid5t4 ,only aft]w>ds c !y be cultivat$ = ! sake ( _! value1 & !n only c ! self-consci\s cultivation ( a sci5ce beg94 ,! process rema9s full n only ( p]plexities1 b ( surprises2 m5's activities lead to goals f> o!r ?an ^? :i* appe> at ! />t4 ,^! goals1 h[ev]1 nev] d5y ! me?od by :i* ! />t is made4 ,develop$ intellig5ce is no?+ b skill 9 us+ a set ( concepts g5]at$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ?is s5se ! hi/ories ( all human endeavors run p>allel4 ,:]e ! empirical bases ( a sci5ce are cont9ually 9 ! =egr\nd1 z 9 physics or *emi/ry1 ! =ego+ =mulation ( proc$ure is intelligible & acceptable to mo/ m54 ,ma!matics seem1 h[ev]1 to /& peculi>ly ap>t4 ,_m1 ) ,desc>tes1 h delight$ 9 !m on acc\nt ( ! c]titude & evid5ce ( _! reason+s & recogniz$ _! contribution to ! advancem5t ( me*anical arts4 ,b s9ce ! days ( ,kant ev5 ?is value has become a problem1 & _m a "y philosophic /ud5t has ! "q laid be=e him z to :y x is t ma!matics1 a purely conceptual sci5ce1 c tell u any?+ ab\t ! "* ( a _w :i* is1 app>5tly at lea/1 free f ! idiosyncrasies ( individual m9d4 ,x may be t ma!matics began 9 empirical practice1 su* philosoph]s admit1 b !y add t1 someh[1 9 its lat] c>e]1 x has escap$ its l[ly orig94 ,n[ x moves 9 ! high] circles ( po/ulat$ relations & arbitr>ily def9$ entities to :i* its humble prog5itors & relatives are d5i$ ! entree4 ,p>v5us1 h[ev]1 usually be> ) !m ! m>k ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! case ( ?is "o1 at lea/1 we may hope t ! hi/ory w be suffici5t to drag x f ! affectations ( its newly acquir$ set & re9/ate x 9 its prop] place 9 ! workaday _w4 ,= ! sake ( ?is hope1 we %all take ! risk ( be+ t$i\s by cit+ c]ta9 /rik+ mom5ts ( ma!matical progress2 & !n we %all try to int]pret its g5u9e /atus 9 ! _w ( work+ tru?s4 ,i ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,ari?metic ,,& ,,geometry ,! mo/ primitive ma!matical activity ( man is c\nt+1 b "h 8 fir/ ef=ts are lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( ! pa/4 ,! l[] races1 h[ev]1 yield u evid5ce t is n )\t value4 ,al?\gh ! savage m9d is n id5tical ) ! m9d ( primitive man1 !re is mu* 9 ! activities ( undevelop$ races t c ?r[ light ^u ! behavior ( peoples m advanc$4 ,we mu/ be c>eful 9 our inf]5ces1 h[ev]4 ,among ! ,au/ralians & ,s\? ,am]icans !re are peoples ^: num]ical sy/ems g little1 or n at all1 beyond ! fir/ two or ?ree numb]s4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ f ?is1 writes ,pr(essor ,boas 7,m9d ( ,primitive ,man1 pp4 #aeb-ec71 t ! p speak+ ^! languages are n capable ( =m+ ! concept ( high] numb]s4444 ,p l ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 444 or l ! ,esquimo 444 are presumably n 9 ne$ ( high] num]ical expressions1 because !re are n _m objects t !y h to c\nt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 j z soon z ^! same p f9d !mselves 9 contact ) civilization1 & :5 !y acquire /&>ds ( value t h to be c\nt$1 !y adopt ) p]fect ease high] num]als f o!r languages1 & develop a m or less p]fect sy/em ( c\nt+4444 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t c\nt+ does n become necess>y until objects are consid]$ 9 su* g5]aliz$ =m t _! individualities are entirely lo/ sight (4 ,= ?is reason x is possible t ev5 a p]son :o owns a h]d ( dome/icat$ animals may "k !m by "n & by _! *>act]i/ics1 )\t ev5 desir+ to c\nt !m4 ,& !re is "o o!r false int]pretation to be avoid$4 ,man does n feel ! ne$ ( c\nt+ & !n develop a sy/em ( num]als to meet ! ne$4 ,su* an assumption is z ridicul\s z to assume prehi/oric man ?9k+ to himself3 ,i mu/ speak1 & !n inv5t+ voice culture & gramm> to make speak+ pleasant & possible4 ,r1 :5 p[]s ( communication are once atta9$1 presumably 9 _! beg9n+s also )\t =e?\ght1 man be+ /ill m animal ?an man1 !re 7 gradually dissociat$ communications ( a k9d approa*+ :at numb]s mean to u4 ,b ! numb] is n yet a symbol ap>t f t ( ! ?+s numb]$4 ,picture writ+1 re-repres5t+ ! ?+s meant1 prec$$ developm5tally any k9d ( symbolization repres5t+ ! numb] by m]e "o-"o correspond5ce ) non-p>ticul>iz$ symbols4 ,x is plausible1 al?\gh ,i h no an?ropological au?ority = ! /atem5t1 t ! preval5ce ( f+] words z numb] symbols 7cf4 infra7 is orig9ally a consequ5ce ( ! fact t our organization makes ! h& ! natural in/rum5t ( po9t+4 ,! difficulty ( pass+ f concrete repres5tations to ab/ract symbols has be5 ke5ly /at$ by ,conant 7,! ,numb] ,concept1 pp4 #gb-gc71 al?\gh 8 t]m9ology is t ( an old psy*ology & ! limitations impli$ = ! primitive m9d are limitations ( practice r ?an ( capacity z ,mr4 ,conant seems to believe4 ,an ab/ract conception is some?+ q =eign to ! ess5tially primitive m9d1 z mission>ies & explor]s h f\nd to _! *agr94 ,! savage c =m no m5tal concept ( :at civiliz$ man means by su* a ^w z s\l2 nor w\ld 8 idea ( ! ab/ract numb] #e be mu* cle>]4 ,:5 he says five1 he uses1 9 _m cases at lea/1 ! same ^w t s]ves him :5 he wi%es to say h&2 & 8 m5tal concept :5 he says five is a h&4 ,! concrete idea ( a clos$ fi/1 ( an op5 h& ) out/ret*$ f+]s1 is :at is upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,he kn[s no m & c>es no m ab\t ! pure numb] #e ?an he does ab\t ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,he sees 9 8 m5tal picture only ! real1 mat]ial image1 & 8 only compreh5sion ( ! numb] is1 ^! objects are z _m z ! f+]s on my h&4 ,!n1 9 ! lapse ( ! long int]val ( c5turies :i* int]v5e betwe5 l[e/ b>b>ism & highe/ civilization1 ! ab/ract & concrete become sl[ly dissociat$1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,fir/ ! actual h& picture fades away1 & ! numb] is recogniz$ )\t ! orig9al assi/ance furni%$ by ! d]ivation ( ! ^w4 ,b ! numb] is /ill = a long "t a c]ta9 numb] ( objects1 & n an indep5d5t concept4 ,an excell5t fur trad]'s /ory1 report$ to me by ,mr4 ,dewey1 sugge/s a fur!r impulse to c\nt besides t giv5 by ! ne$ ( keep+ a tally1 namely1 ! ne$ ( mak+ "o ?+ correspond to ano!r 9 a bus9ess transaction4 ,! ,indian laid d[n "o sk9 & ! trad] two doll>s2 if he propos$ to c\nt sev]al sk9s at once & pay = all toge!r1 ! =m] repli$ too mu* *eatem4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 dem&$ a tally ei!r by ! f+]s1 a pebble1 or a m>k made 9 ! s&1 & z ! magnitude ( su* transactions gr[s ! ne$ ( a specific numb] symbol becomes ev] m acute4 ,! fir/ ob/acle1 !n1 to ov]come--& x has already be5 successfully pass$ by _m primitive peoples--is ! ne$ ( =tuit\s atta9m5t ( a num]ical symbol1 :i* is n ! m]e repeat$ symbol ( ! ?+s numb]$4 ,significantly1 ?is symbol is usually d]iv$ f ! h&1 sugge/+ ge/ures ( tally+1 & n f ! words ( already develop$ language4 ,consequ5tly1 numb] words relate !mselves = ! mo/ "p to ! h&1 & writt5 numb] symbols1 :i* are among ! e>lie/ writ+s ( mo/ peoples1 t5d to depict x z soon z !y h pass$ beyond ! /age m5tion$ above ( m]ely repeat+ ! symbol ( ! ?+s numb]$4 ,w4 ,c4 ,eells1 9 writ+ ( ! ,numb] ,sy/ems ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7,am4 ,ma?4 ,mo41 ,nov41 #aiac2 pp4 #bfc-gb71 f9ds cle> l+ui/ic evid5ce = a digital orig9 9 ab\t #dj ( ! languages exam9$4 ,( ! non-digital in/ances1 #a 0 sometimes connect$ ) ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n1 #b ) roots mean+ sep>ation1 #c1 r>ely1 mean+ m1 or plural z di/+ui%$ f ! dual1 j z ! ,greek uses a plural z well z a dual 9 n\ns & v]bs1 #d is (t5 ! p]fect1 complete "r4 ,x is (t5 a sacr$ numb] & ! base ( a qu>t]n>y sy/em4 ,conant 7loc4 cit4 p4 #ih7 also gives a classification ( ! mean+s ( simple numb] words = m advanc$ languages2 & ev5 9 !m ! h& is con/antly 9 evid5ce1 z 9 #e1 ! h&2 #aj1 two h&s1 half a man1 :5 f+]s & toes are bo? consid]$1 or a man1 :5 ! h&s alone are consid]$2 #bj1 "o man1 two feet4 ,! o!r mean+s hang ^u ! ideas ( exi/5ce1 piece1 gr\p1 beg9n+1 = #a2 & repetition1 division1 & collection = high] num]als4 ,a peculi> difficulty lies 9 ! fact t :5 once numb]+ has become a self-consci\s ef=t1 ! collection ( ?+s to be numb]$ frequ5tly t5ds to exce$ ! numb] ( names t h become available4 ,sometimes ! difficulty is met by us+ a second man :5 ! f+]s & toes ( ! fir/ are us$ up1 sometimes by a me?od ( repetition ) ! record ( ! numb] ( ! repetition itself add$ to ! num]ical significance ( ! :ole process4 ,h5ce arise ! v>i\s sy/ems ( bases t occur 9 develop$ ma!matics4 ,b ! in]tia to be ov]come 9 ! recognition ( ! base idea is n[h]e m obvi\s ?an 9 ! ret5tion by ! comp>atively develop$ ,babylonian sy/em ( a second base ( #fj to supplem5t ! decimal "o = small] numb]s4 ,among ! ,am]ican ,indians 7,eells1 loc4 cit47 ! sy/em ( bases us$ v>ies f ! cumb]some b9>y scale1 t ex]cis$ su* a fasc9ation ov] ,leibniz 7,op]a1 ,,iii1 p4 #cdf71 ?r\gh ! r>e t]n>y1 & ! m common qu>t]n>y to ! natural qu9>y1 decimal1 & vigesimal sy/ems d]iv$ f ! use ( ! f+]s & toes 9 c\nt+4 ,! a*ievem5t ( a numb] base & numb] words1 h[ev]1 does n always op5 ! way to fur!r ma!matical developm5t4 ,only too (t5 a complexity ( expression is involv$ t almo/ imm$iately cuts (f fur!r progress4 ,?us ! ,y\cos ( ! ,amazon _c get beyond ! numb] ?ree1 = ! simple/ expression = ! idea 9 _! language is pzett>r>or9co>oac 7,conant1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #ade1 #hc1 #ec74 ,su* names z #ii1 tongo solo manani nun solo manani 7i4e41 #aj1 und]/ood1 #e plus #d times1 & #e plus #d7 ( ! ,s\ss\s ( ,si]ra ,leone2 #cii1 caxtolli onnauh poalli ipan caxtolli onnaui 7#ae plus #d times #bj plus #ae plus #d7 ( ! ,aztec2 #bi1 wick a *im5 ne nompah sam pah nep e *u w9k a 7,si\x71 make x easy to und]/& ! prov]b ( ! ,yorubas ( ,abeokuta1 ,y may be v clev]1 b y c't tell #i times #i4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ! beg9n+s ( c\nt+ v>i\s auxili>y devices 7 introduc$ to help out ! difficult task4 ,9 place ( _m m51 not*$ /icks1 knott$ /r+s1 pebbles1 or f+] pantomime 7 us$4 ,9 ! be/ =m1 ^! devices result$ 9 ! abacus2 inde$1 x 0 n until aft] ! introduction ( arabic num]als & well into ! ,r5aissance p]iod t in/rum5tal ari?metic gave way to graphical 9 ,europe 7,d4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,r>a ,ari?metica1 "u ,c\nt]s74 ,9 ea/]n ,europe1 say ,smi? & ,mikami 7,japanese ,ma!matics1 pp4 #ah-ai71 x--! abacus--has nev] be5 replac$1 = ! ts*otue is us$ ev]y:]e 9 ,russia to-day1 & :5 "o passes ov] into ,p]sia ! same type ( abacus is common 9 all ! baza>s4 ,9 ,*9a ! swan-pan is univ]sally us$ = ! purposes ( computation1 & 9 ,japan ! soroban is z /rongly entr5*$ z x 0 be=e ! invasion ( we/]n ideas4 ,giv51 !n1 ! idea ( c\nt+1 & a me*anical device to aid computation1 x /ill rema9s necess>y to obta9 "s notation 9 :i* to record results4 ,at ! e>ly dawn ( hi/ory ! ,egyptians seem to h be5 already possess$ ( numb] signs 7cf4 ,cantor1 ,ges*4 de4 ,ma?41 p4 #dd7 & ! ,pho5icians ei!r wrote out _! numb] words or us$ a few simple signs1 v]tical1 horizontal1 & oblique l9es1 a process :i* ! ,arabians p]petuat$ up to ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury 7,f9k1 p4 #ae72 ! ,greeks1 z e>ly z #fjj ,b4 ,c41 us$ ! initial lett]s ( words = numb]s4 ,b speak+ g5]ally1 hi/orical beg9n+s ( ,european numb] signs are too obscure to furni% u good mat]ial4 ,our ,indians h few numb] symbols o!r ?an words1 b :5 !y occur 7cf4 ,eells1 loc4 cit47 !y usually take ! =m ( pictorial pres5tation ( "s c\nt+ device su* z /rokes1 l9es dott$ to sugge/ a knott$ cord1 etc4 ,inde$1 ! small] ,roman num]als 7 probably b a pictorial repres5tation ( f+] symbols4 ,h[ev]1 a beautiful concrete in/ance is furni%$ u 9 ! ,japanese ma!matics 7cf4 ,smi? & ,mikami1 ,*4 ,,iii74 ,! e>lie/ in/rum5t ( reckon+ 9 ,japan seems to h be5 ! rod1 ,*'e\1 adapt$ f ! ,*9ese "u ! "n ( ,*ikusaku 7bamboo rods7 ab\t #fjj ,a4 ,d4 ,at fir/ relatively l>ge 7measur+ rods871 !y became r$uc$ to ab\t #ab cm41 b f _! t5d5cy to roll 7 quickly replac$ by ! sangi 7squ>e prisms1 ab\t #g mm4 ?ick & #e cm4 long7 & ! numb] symbols 7 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! use ( ^! rods3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 t5s1 hundr$s1 etc41 7 express$ 9 ! ev5 place by horizontal in/ead ( v]tical l9es & vice v]sa2 ?us #abfg w\ld be =m$ - 4 - ,! rods 7 arrang$ on a sort ( *essbo>d call$ ! swan-pan4 ,mu* lat] ! l9es 7 transf]r$ to pap]1 & a circle us$ to d5ote ! vacant squ>e4 ,! use ( squ>es1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ x unnecess>y to arrange ! ev5 places diff]5tly f ! odd1 s numb]s l #chjeg came to be writt5 ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- in/ead ( ---------------------------------- - - - - - - - - ---------------------------------- z 9 ! e>li] notation4 ,some:]e 9 ! c\rse ( ^! e>ly ma!matical activities ! process has *ang$ f ! m or less spontane\s op]at+ t l$ primitive man to ! fir/ enunciation ( ari?metical ideas1 & has become a self-consci\s /riv+ = ! solution ( problems4 ,?is *ange _h already tak5 place be=e ! hi/orical orig9s ( ari?metic are met4 ,?us1 ! treatise ( ,ahmes 7#bjjj ,b4 ,c47 conta9s ! curi\s problem3 #g p]sons ea* h #g cats2 ea* cat eats #g mice2 ea* m\se eats #g e>s ( b>ley2 f ea* e> #g measures ( corn may gr[2 h[ mu* gra9 has be5 sav$8 ,su* problems are1 h[ev]1 half play1 z appe>s 9 a ,leon>do ( ,pisa v]sion "s #cjjj ye>s lat]3 #g old wom5 g to ,rome2 ea* woman has #g mules2 ea* mule1 #g sacks2 ea* sack conta9s #g loaves2 ) ea* loaf are #g knives2 ea* knife is 9 #g %ea?s4 ,simil>ly 9 ,diophantus' epitaph 7#ccj ,a4 ,d473 ,diophantus pass$ #a_/f ( 8 life 9 *ildhood1 #a_/ab 9 y\?1 & #a_/g m z a ba*elor2 #e ye>s aft] 8 m>riage1 0 born a son :o di$ #d ye>s be=e 8 fa!r at #a_/b 8 age4 ,(t5 among peoples su* puzzles 7 a favorite social amusem5t4 ,?us ,braymagupta 7#fbh ,a4 ,d47 reads1 ,^! problems are propos$ simply = pleasure2 ! wise man c inv5t a ?\s& o!rs1 or he c solve ! problems ( o!rs by ! rules giv5 "h4 ,z ! sun eclipses ! />s by its brilliancy1 s ! man ( k w eclipse ! fame ( o!rs 9 assemblies ( ! p if he proposes algebraic problems1 & /ill m if he solves !m 7,cajori1 ,hi/4 ( ,ma?41 p4 #ib74 ,! limitation ( ^! e>ly me?ods is t ! notation m]ely records & does n aid computation4 ,& ?is is true ev5 ( su* a highly develop$ sy/em z 0 9 use among ! ,romans4 ,if ! read] is unconv9c$1 let him attempt "s su* problem z ! multiplication ( ,,cccxvi by ,,cccclxviii1 express+ x & c>ry+ x ?r\gh 9 ,roman num]als1 & he w long = ! abacus to assi/ 8 labors4 ,x 0 ! positional ari?metic ( ! ,arabians1 ( :i* ! orig9s are obscure1 t made possible ! developm5t ( mod]n te*nique4 ,( ?is discov]y1 or r$iscov]y f ! ,h9doos1 toge!r ) ! z]o symbol1 ,cajori 7,hi/4 ( ,ma?41 p4 #aa7 has said ( all ma!matical discov]ies1 no "o has contribut$ m to ! g5]al progress ( intellig5ce ?an ?is4 ,! notation no long] m]ely records results1 b n[ assi/s 9 p]=m+ op]ations4 ,! orig9s ( geometry are ev5 m obscure ?an ^? ( ari?metic4 ,n only is geometry z highly develop$ z ari?metic :5 x fir/ appe>s 9 occid5tal civilization1 b1 9 addition1 ! problems ( primitive peoples seem to h be5 su* t !y h develop$ no geometrical =mulae /rik+ en\gh to be record$ by inve/igators1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]4 ,b j z ! comm]cial life ( ! ,pho5icians e>ly =c$ !m self-consci\sly to develop ari?metical calculation1 s environm5tal conditions seem to h =c$ ^u ! ,egyptians a ne$ = geometrical consid]ations4 ,x is almo/ platitud9\s to quote ,h]odotus' rem>k t ! inv5tion ( geometry 0 necess>y because ( ! floods ( ! ,nile1 :i* wa%$ away ! b\nd>ies & *ang$ ! cont\rs ( ! fields4 ,& z ,proclus ,diado*us adds 7,procli ,diado*i1 9 primum ,euclidis elem5torum librum comm5t>ii--quot$ ,cantor1 ,i1 p4 #abe73 ,x is n surpris+ t ! discov]y ( ?is z well z o!r sci5ces has sprung f ne$1 because ev]y?+ 9 ! process ( beg9n+ proce$s f ! incomplete to ! complete4 ,!re takes place a suitable transition f s5sible p]ception to ?\ghtful consid]ation & rational k4 ,j z ) ! ,pho5icians1 = ! sake ( bus9ess & comm]ce1 an exact k ( numb]s _h its beg9n+1 s ) ! ,egyptians1 = ! above-m5tion$ reasons1 0 geometry contriv$4 ,! e>lie/ ,egyptian ma!matical writ+ t we "k is t ( ,ahmes 7#bjjj ,b4 ,c471 b long be=e ?is ! mural decorations ( ! temple wall involv$ _m figures1 ! con/ruction ( :i* involv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( work+ k ( su* op]ations z may be p]=m$ ) ! aid ( a rul] & compass4 ,! fact t ^! op]ations did n e>li] lead to geometry1 z rul] & compass "w seems to h done 9 ,japan 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,smi? & ,mikami1 index1 ,geometry71 is probably due to ! /age at :i* ! developm5t ( ,egyptian intellig5ce _h arriv$1 feebly advanc$ on ! road to high] ab/ract ?9k+4 ,x is ev]y:]e *>act]i/ic ( ,egyptian g5ius t little purely intellectual curiosity is %[n4 ,ev5 a/ronomical k 0 limit$ to ^? det]m9ations :i* _h religi\s or magically practical significance1 & its ari?metic & geometry nev] escap$ ^! b\nds z ) ! m imag9ative ,py?agoreans1 :]e my/ical int]pretation seems to h be5 a consequ5ce ( r ?an a /imulus to inve/igation4 ,an old ,egyptian treatise reads 7,cantor1 p4 #fc73 ,i hold ! wood5 p9 7,nebi7 & ! h&le ( ! mallet 7semes71 ,i hold ! l9e 9 concurr5ce ) ! ,goddess ,sa4fe*4 ,my glance foll[s ! c\rse ( ! />s4 ,:5 my eye comes to ! con/ellation ( ! great be> & ! "t ( ! numb] ( ! h\r det]m9$ by me is fulfill$1 ,i place ! corn] ( ! temple4 ,?is incantation me?od c\ld h>dly advance intellig5ce2 b ! me?ods ( practical measur+ 7 m effective4 ,"h ! r happy device ( us+ knott$ cords1 c>ri$ ab\t by ! ,h>p$onapts1 or cord /ret*]s1 0 ( "s mom5t4 ,especially1 ! fact t ! l5g?s #c1 #d1 & #e1 br\ght into triangul> =m1 s]v$ = an int]e/+ connection betwe5 ari?metic & ! "r triangle1 0 n a little ga91 lat] mak+ possible ! discov]y ( ! ,py?agorean !orem1 al?\gh 9 ,egypt ! !oretical prop]ties ( ! triangle 7 nev] develop$4 ,! triangle obvi\sly mu/ h be5 practically consid]$ by ! decorators ( ! temple & its build]s1 b ! cord /ret*]s r5d]$ cle> its ari?metical significance4 ,h[ev]1 ,ahmes' ,rules = atta9+ ! k ( all d>k ?+s 444 all secrets t are conta9$ 9 objects 7,cantor1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bb7 conta9s m]ely a mixture ( all sorts ( ma!matical in=mation ( a practical nature1--rules = mak+ a r\nd fruit h\se1 rules = measur+ fields1 rules = mak+ an ornam5t1 etc41 b h>dly a ^w ( ari?metical & geometrical processes 9 !mselves1 unless x be c]ta9 devices = writ+ fractions & ! l4 ,,ii ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,self-,,consci\s ,,!ory ,a *>act]i/ic ( ,greek social life is responsible bo? = ! next phase ( ! developm5t ( ma!matical ?\ght & = ! misappreh5sion ( its nature by s _m mod]ns4 ,:5 ,ar*ytas & ,m5ae*mus employ$ me*anical in/rum5ts = solv+ c]ta9 geometrical problems1 ',plato1' says ,plut>*1 'inveigh$ aga9/ !m ) great indignation & p]si/5ce z de/roy+ & p]v]t+ all ! good t !re is 9 geometry2 = ! me?od absconds f incorporeal & intellectual or s5sible ?+s1 & besides employs aga9 su* bodies z require mu* vulg> h&icraft3 9 ?is way me*anics 0 dissimilat$ & expell$ f geometry1 & be+ = a long "t look$ d[n ^u by philosophy1 became "o ( ! arts ( w>4' ,9 fact1 manual labor 0 look$ d[n ^u by ! ,greeks1 & a %>p di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 ! slaves :o p]=m$ bodily "w & really obs]v$ nature1 & ! leisur$ upp] classes :o speculat$1 & (t5 only knew nature by he>say4 ,?is expla9s mu* ( ! naive dreamy & hazy "* ( anci5t natural sci5ce4 ,only seldom did ! impulse to make exp]im5ts = oneself break ?r\gh2 b :5 x did1 a great progress result$1 z 0 ! case ( ,ar*ytas & ,ar*im$es4 ,ar*im$es1 l ,plato1 held t x 0 undesirable = a philosoph] to seek to apply ! results ( sci5ce to any practical use2 b1 :atev] might h be5 8 view ( :at ought to be 9 ! case1 he did actually introduce a l>ge numb] ( new inv5tions 7,j\rda91 ,! ,nature ( ,ma!matics1 pp4 #ah-ai74 ,foll[+ ! ,greek lead1 c]ta9 empirically m9d$ mod]n ?9k]s con/rue geometry :olly f an intellectual po9t ( view4 ,hi/ory is read by !m z e/abli%+ indubitably ! proposition t ma!matics is a matt] ( purely intellectual op]ations4 ,b by s con/ru+ x1 !y h1 9 geometry1 rememb]$ solely ! measur+ & =gott5 ! l&1 &1 9 ari?metic1 rememb]$ ! c\nt+ & =gott5 ! ?+s c\nt$4 ,ari?metic exp]i5c$ little imm$iate ga9 f its new association ) geometry1 :i* 0 de/9$ to be ( mom5t\s import 9 its latt] hi/ory1 beyond ! discov]y ( irrationals 7:i*1 h[ev]1 7 = c5turies n accept$ z numb]s71 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! problem ( root-tak+ by its association ) ! squ>e1 & int]e/ 9 negative numb]s4 ,! ,greeks _h only subtract$ small] numb]s f l>g]1 b ! ,arabs began to g5]alize ! process & _h "s acqua9tance ) negative results1 b x 0 difficult = !m to see t ^! results might really h significance4 ,n4 ,*uquet1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to int]pret ! negative numb]s1 b he rema9$ a long "t )\t imitators4 ,mi*ael ,/ifel1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 /ill calls !m ,num]i absurdi z ov] aga9/ ! ,num]i v]i4 ,h[ev]1 _! geometrical int]pretation 0 n difficult1 & !y soon won _! way into good /&+4 ,b ! case ( ! imag9>y is m /rik+4 ,! ne$ = x 0 fir/ felt :5 x 0 se5 t negative numb]s h no squ>e roots4 ,*uquet _h dealt ) second-degree equations involv+ ! roots ( negative numb]s 9 #adhd1 b says ^! numb]s are impossible1 & ,desc>tes 7,geom41 #afcg7 fir/ uses ! ^w imag9>y to d5ote !m4 ,_! introduction is due to ! ,italian algebri/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y knew t ! real roots ( c]ta9 algebraic equations ( ! ?ird degree are repres5t$ z results ( op]ations effect$ ^u impossible numb]s ( ! =m a b sqrt-#a 7:]e a & b are real numb]s7 )\t x be+ possible 9 g5]al to f9d an algebraic expression = ! roots conta9+ only real numb]s4 ,c>dan calculat$ ) ^! impossibles1 us+ !m to get real results 7#e sqrt-#ae7 7#e - sqrt-#ae7 #be - 7-#ae7 #dj1 b adds t x is a quantitas quae v]e e/ sophi/ica & t ! calculus itself adeo e/ subtilis ut e/ inutilis4 ,9 #afbi1 ,gir>d ann\nc$ ! !orem t e complete algebraic equation admits ( z _m roots1 real or imag9>y1 z !re are units 9 its degree1 b ,gauss fir/ prov$ ?is 9 #agii1 & f9ally1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,complex ,quantity1 9 #ahca4 ,geometry1 h[ev]1 among ! ,greeks pass$ into a /age ( ab/raction 9 :i* l9es1 planes1 etc41 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are und]/ood 9 our elem5t>y texts1 took ! place ( actually measur$ surfaces1 & also took on ! d$uctive =m ( pres5tation t has s]v$ z a model = all ma!matical pres5tation s9ce ,euclid4 ,m5suration smack$ too mu* ( ! ex*ange1 & be=e ! "t ( ,ar*im$es is practically :olly abs5t4 ,ev5 su* !orems z t ! area ( a triangle equals half ! product ( its base & its altitude is =eign to ,euclid 7cf4 ,cajori1 p4 #ci74 ,l9es 7 m]ely directions1 & po9ts limitations f :i* "o work$4 ,b !re 0 /ill dep5d5ce ^u ! ?+s t "o measures4 ,euclid's elem5ts1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( /rict ma!matical logic1 444 has be5 pron\nc$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce to be ',riddl$ ) fallacies' 7,cajori1 p4 #cg74 ,n logic1 b obs]vation ( ! figures drawn1 t is1 concrete symbolization ( ! processes indicat$1 saves ,euclid f error4 ,roman practical geometry seems to h come f ! ,etruscans1 b ! ,roman "h is z little inv5tive z 9 8 ari?metical v5tures1 al?\gh ! latt] 7 /imulat$ some:at by problems ( inh]itance & int]e/ reckon+4 ,inde$1 be=e ! entrance ( ,arabic le>n+ into ,europe & ! translation ( ,euclid f ! ,arabic 9 #aabj1 !re is little or no advance ov] ! ,egyptian geometry ( #fjj ,b4 ,c4 ,ev5 ! univ]sities neglect$ ma!matics4 ,at ,p>is 9 #accf a rule 0 introduc$ t no /ud5t %\ld take a degree )\t att5d+ lectures on ma!matics1 & f a comm5t>y on ! fir/ six books ( ,euclid1 dat$ #aecf1 x appe>s t c&idates = ! degree ( ,a4 ,m4 _h to give an oa? t !y _h att5d$ lectures on ^! books4 ,exam9ations1 :5 held at all1 probably did n ext5d beyond ! fir/ book1 z is %[n by ! nickname 'magi/] ma!seos' appli$ to ! ,!orem ( ,py?agoras1 ! la/ 9 ! fir/ book4444 ,at ,ox=d1 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! fir/ two books ( ,euclid 7 read 7,cajori1 loc4 cit41 p4 #acf74 ,b lat] geometry dropp$ out & n till #afai 0 a pr(essor%ip ( geometry in/itut$ at ,ox=d4 ,rog] ,bacon speaks ( ,euclid's fif? proposition z elefuga1 & x also gets ! "n ( pons as9orum f its po9t ( transition to high] le>n+4 ,z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury an ,engli% manuscript beg9s ,n[e sues "h a ,tretis ( ,geometri :]eby y may kn[e ! hegte1 depnes1 & ! br$e ( mo/ :at er!ly ?ynges4 ,! fir/ significant turn+-po9t lies 9 ! geometry ( ,desc>tes4 ,viete 7#aedj-afjc7 & o!rs _h already appli$ algebra to geometry1 b ,desc>tes1 by means ( coo]d9ate repres5tation1 e/abli%$ ! idea ( motion 9 geometry 9 a fa%ion de/9$ to react mo/ fruitfully on algebra1 & ?r\gh ?is1 on ari?metic1 z well z enorm\sly to increase ! scope ( geometry4 ,^! discov]ies are n1 h[ev]1 ( fir/ mom5t = our problem1 = ! ideas ( ma!matical entities rema9 ?r\gh\t !m ! g5]aliz$ processes t _h appe>$ 9 ,greece4 ,x is wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,engl& me*anics has always be5 taught z an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 :ile on ! ,cont95t x has be5 exp&$ d$uctively1 z a developm5t ( a priori pr9ciples4 ,,iii ,,contempor>y ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,ari?metic ,,& ,,geometry ,to develop ! complete hi/ory ( ari?metic & geometry w\ld be a task q beyond ! limits ( ?is pap]1 & ( ! writ]'s k4 ,9 ari?metic we 7 able to obs]ve a /age 9 :i* spontane\s behavior l$ to ! inv5tion ( numb] names & me?ods ( c\nt+4 ,!n1 by c]ta9 speculative & play impulses1 !re arose elem5t>y ari?metical problems :i* began to be ( int]e/ 9 !mselves4 ,geometry "h also comes into consid]ation1 &1 9 connection ) positional numb] symbols1 beg9 ^? int]actions betwe5 ari?metic & geometry t result 9 ! =ms ( our contempor>y ma!matics4 ,! complex quantities repres5t$ by numb] symbols are no long] m]ely ! necess>y results ( analyz+ comm]cial relations or practical measurem5ts1 & geometry is no long] directly bas$ ^u ! intuitively giv5 l9e1 po9t1 & plane4 ,if numb] relations are to be express$ 9 t]ms ( empirical spatial positions1 x is necess>y to con/ruct _m imag9>y surfaces1 z is done by ,riemann 9 8 !ory ( functions1 a con/ruction repres5t+ ! type ( imag9ation :i* ,po9c>e has call$ ! intuitional 9 contradi/9ction to ! logical 7,value ( ,sci5ce1 ,*4 ,i74 ,& geometry has n only be5 l$ to ! con/ruction ( _m non-,euclidian spaces1 b has ev51 ) ,peano & 8 s*ool1 be5 fre$ f ! bonds ( any necess>y spatial int]pretation :atsoev]4 ,to trace 9 concrete detail ! atta9m5t ( mod]n ref9em5ts ( numb] !ory w\ld likewise exhibit no?+ new 9 ! build+ up ( ma!matical intellig5ce4 ,we %\ld f9d1 "h1 a process c>ri$ out )\t ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces1 !re1 an analogy sugge/+ an op]ation t might lead u beyond a difficulty t _h block$ progress2 "h1 a play int]e/ lead+ to a comb9ation ( symbols out ( :i* a new idea has sprung2 !re1 a pa9/ak+ & me?odical ef=t to ov]come a difficulty recogniz$ f ! />t4 ,x is r = u n[ to ask :at x is t has be5 atta9$ by ^! means1 to inquire f9ally :at are ^? ?+s call$ numb] & l9e 9 ! broad s5se 9 :i* ! t]ms are n[ us$4 ,9 s f> z ! c>d9al numb] at lea/ is conc]n$1 ! answ] g5]ally accept$ by ,d$ek9d1 ,peano1 ,russell1 & su* writ]s is ?is3 ! numb] is a class ( simil> classes 7,:itehead & ,russell1 ,pr94 ,ma?41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #d74 ,to ! int]pretation ( ?is answ]1 ,mr4 ,russell1 ! mo/ self-consci\sly philosophical ( ^! ma!maticians1 has devot$ 8 full dialectic skill4 ,! def9ition has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ free f c]ta9 arbitr>y psy*ologiz+ t has vitiat$ _m e>li] attempts at ! problem4 ,mr4 ,russell claims = x 7#a7 t ! =mal prop]ties :i* we expect c>d9al numb]s to h result f x2 7#b7 t unless we adopt ?is def9ition or "s m complicat$ & practically equival5t def9ition1 x is necess>y to reg>d ! c>d9al numb] ( a class z indef9able 7loc4 cit41 p4 #d74 ,t ! def9ition's t]ms1 h[ev]1 are n )\t obscurity appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,russell's /ruggles ) ! zigzag !ory1 ! no-class !ory1 etc41 & f9ally 9 8 tak+ refuge 9 ! !ory ( logical types 7loc4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,"p ,v4 ,e471 :]eby ! contradiction t subv]t$ ,frege & drove ,mr4 ,russell f ! /&po9t ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics is f9ally ov]come4 ,! second ( ,mr4 ,russell's claims = 8 def9ition adds no?+ to ! fir/1 = x m]ely ass]ts t unless we adopt "s def9ition ( ! c>d9al numb] f :i* its =mal prop]ties result1 numb] is undef9$4 ,any su* def9ition w\ld be1 ipso facto1 a practical equival5t ( ! fir/4 ,we ne$ only consid] :e!r or n ! =mal prop]ties ( numb]s cle>ly foll[ f ?is def9ition4 ,mr4 ,russell's own exp]i5ce makes u hesitate4 ,:5 he fir/ adopt$ ?is def9ition f ,frege1 he 0 l$ to make ! inf]5ce t ! class ( all possible classes might furni% a type = a greate/ c>d9al numb]4 ,b ?is l$ to no?+ b p>adox & contradiction4 ,! obvi\s conclusion 0 t some?+ 0 wrong ) ! concept ( class1 & ! obvi\s way out 0 to d5y ! possibility ( any su* all-inclusive class4 ,j :y !re %\ld be su* limitation1 except t x enables "o to escape ! contradiction1 is n cle> f ,mr4 ,russell's analysis 7cf4 ,br[n1 ,! ,logic ( ,mr4 ,russell1 ,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 ,psy*41 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #he-hi74 ,fur!rmore1 to pass to ! !ory ( types on ?is gr\nd is to give up ! value ( ! fir/ claim = ! def9ition 7quot$ above71 s9ce ! =mal prop]ties ( numb]s n[ m]ely foll[ f ! def9ition because ! t]ms ( ! def9ition are re9t]pret$ f ! prop]ties ( numb]1 s t ^! prop]ties w foll[ f x4 ,! def9ition has become circul>4 ,! real difficulty lies 9 ! concept ( ! class4 ,dogmatic realism is prone to f9d "h an entity = :i*1 z x is obvi\sly n a physical ?+1 a home mu/ be provid$ 9 "s region ( be+4 ,h5ce arises ! realm ( subsi/5ce1 z = ,plato ! _w ( facts duplicat$ itself 9 a _w ( ideas4 ,b ! subsi/5t realm ( ! ma!matician is ev5 m a/\nd+ ?an ! ideal realm ( ,plato1 = ! latt] _w is a prototype ( ! _w ( ?+s1 :ile ! _w ( ! ma!matician is peopl$ by all sorts ( entities t nev] 7 on l& or sea4 ,! transf9ite numb]s ( ,cantor h1 )\t d\bt1 a def9ite ma!matical mean+1 b !y h no kn[n repres5tatives 9 ! _w ( ?+s1 nor 9 ! imag9ation ( man1 & 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( philosoph]s x may ev5 be d\bt$ :e!r an entity correlative to ! ma!matical inf9ite has ev] be5 or c ev] be specifi$4 ,mr4 ,russell n[ tea*es t classes are m]ely symbolic 7,sci4 ,me?4 9 ,phil41 p4 #bjh71 b ?is expression /ill ne$s elucidation4 ,x does1 to be sure1 avoid ! e>li] difficulty ( admitt+ new & my/]i\s metaphysical entities 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bjd71 b ! feel+ ( oddity t accompanies x seems n )\t significance4 ,:at c be meant by a m]ely symbolic class ( simil> classes !mselves m]ely symbolical8 ,i d n "k1 unless x is t we are to ?r[ ov]bo>d ! ef=t aim$ at arbitr>y & creative def9ition & proce$ 9 simple inductive & int]pretative fa%ion4 ,) classes z entities ab&on$1 we are left1 until we h pass$ to a new po9t ( view z to ari?metical entities1 9 ! position ( ! intellig5t ignoramus :o def9$ a /ock m>ket op]ation z buy+ :at y c't get ) money y nev] _h1 & sell+ :at y nev] own$ = m ?an x 0 ev] wor?4 ,! situation seems to be t we are n[ face to face ) new g5]alizations4 ,j z numb] symbols arose to d5ote op]ations gone ?r\gh 9 c\nt+ ?+s :5 att5tion is div]t$ f ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! ?+s c\nt$1 & rema9$ a symbol = ^? op]ations ) ?+s1 s n[ we are becom+ self-consci\s ( ! "* ( ! op]ations we h be5 p]=m+ & are develop+ new symbols to express possible op]ations ) op]ations4 ,! inf9ity ( ! numb] s]ies expresses ! fact t x is possible to cont9ue ! enum]at+ process indef9itely1 & :5 we are ask$ by c]ta9 ma!maticians to practise ourselves 9 su* ?\ghts z t = inf9ite s]ies a prop] "p c be ! equal ( ! :ole1 :]e equality is def9$ ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( "o-"o correspond5ce1 we are really m]ely in=m$ t among ! gr\p ( symbols us$ to d5ote ! concrete /eps ( an ev] op5 c\nt+ process are gr\ps ( symbols t c be us$ to indicate op]ations t are ( ! same type z ! giv5 "o 9 s f> z ! *>act]i/ic ( be+ an op5 s]ies is conc]n$4 ,if !re 7 any:]e an inf9ity ( ?+s to c\nt1 an un9telligible supposition1 x w\ld by no means be true t any selection ( ?+s f t s]ies w\ld be ! equival5t ( all ?+s 9 ! s]ies1 except 9 s f> z equival5ce meant t !y c\ld be arrang$ 9 ! same type ( s]ies z t f :i* !y 7 drawn4 ,simil>ly ! ma!matical conception ( ! cont9uum is no?+ b a =mulation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! cuts ( a l9e or ! numb]s ( a cont9u\s s]ies mu/ be *os5 s t !re %all rema9 no possible cut or numb] ( :i* ! *oice is n indicat$4 ,correspond5ce is rea*$ betwe5 elem5ts ( su* s]ies :5 ! correspond+ elem5ts c be rea*$ by an id5tical process4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake to id5tify ! numb] cont9uum ) ! l9e> cont9uum1 = ! latt] mu/ include ! irrational numb]s1 :]eas ! irrational numb] c nev] repres5t a spatial position 9 a s]ies4 ,= example1 ! sqrt#b is by nature a decimal involv+ an inf9ite1 i4e41 an ev] increas+1 numb] ( digits to express x &1 by virtue ( ! inf9ity ( ^! digits1 !y c nev] be look$ ^u z all giv54 ,x is !n truly a numb]1 = x expresses a g5u9e num]ical op]ation1 b x is n a position1 = x _c be a det]m9ate magnitude b m]ely a quantity approa*+ a det]m9ate magnitude z closely z "o may please4 ,t is1 )\t its complete expression1 :i* w\ld be analog\s to ! self-contradictory task ( f9d+ a greate/ c>d9al numb]1 !re c be no cut 9 ! l9e :i* is symboliz$ by x4 ,b ! op]ations ( translat+ algebraic expressions into geometrical ones & vice v]sa 7op]ations :i* are s important 9 physical inve/igations7 are facilitat$ by ! notion ( a "o to "o correspond5ce betwe5 numb] & space4 ,:5 we pass to ! transf9ite numb]s1 we h no?+ 9 ! ,alephs b ! symbols ( c]ta9 gr\p+s ( op]ations expressible 9 ord9>y numb] s]ies4 ,& ! _m =ms ( numb]s are all simply ! result ( recogniz+ value 9 nam+ def9ite gr\ps ( op]ations ( a l[] level1 :i* may itself be a complication ( processes indicat$ by ! simple num]ical signs4 ,to create su* symbols is by no means illegitimate & no p>adox results 9 any =ms z long z we rememb] t our numb]s are n ?+s b are signs ( op]ations t may be p]=m$ directly ^u ?+s or ^u o!r op]ations4 ,= example1 let u consid] su* a symbol z sqrt-#e4 -#e signifies ! totality ( a c\nt+ process c>ri$ on 9 an opposite s5se f t d5ot$ by #e4 ,to take ! squ>e root is to symbolize a numb]1 ! totality ( an op]ation1 su* t :5 ! op]ation d5ot$ by multiply+ x by itself is p]=m$ ! result is #e4 ,consequ5tly ! sqrt-#e is m]ely ! symbol ( ^! processes comb9$ 9 su* a way t ! :ole op]ation is to be consid]$ z opposite 9 "s s5se to t d5ot$ by sqrt#e4 ,h5ce1 an easy me?od = ! repres5tation ( su* imag9>ies is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( analytic geometry & a sy/em ( co-ord9ates4 ,! nature ( ?is la/ g5]alization ( ma!matics is well %[n by ,mr4 ,:itehead 9 8 monum5tal ,univ]sal ,algebra4 ,! "w beg9s ) ! def9ition ( a calculus z ,! art ( manipulat+ sub/itutive signs accord+ to fix$ rules1 & ! d$uction !refrom ( true propositions 7loc4 cit41 p4 #d74 ,! d$uction itself is really a manipulation accord+ to rules1 & ! tru? consi/s ess5tially 9 ! results be+ actually d]iv$ f ! premises accord+ to rule4 ,foll[+ ,/\t1 sub/itutive signs are *>act]iz$ ?us3 a ^w is an in/rum5t = ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x expresses2 a sub/itutive sign is a means ( n ?9k+ ab\t ! mean+ :i* x symbolizes4 ,ma!matical symbols h1 !n1 become sub/itutive signs4 ,b ?is is only possible because !y 7 at an e>ly /age ( _! hi/ory expressive signs1 & ! laws :i* connect$ !m 7 d]iv$ f ! relations ( ! ?+s = :i* !y /ood4 ,fir/ x became possible to =get ! ?+s 9 _! concret5ess1 & n[ !y h become m]e t]ms = ! relations t _h be5 g5]aliz$ betwe5 !m4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ?+s =gott5 & ! t]ms treat$ z m]e elem5ts ( a relational complex1 x is possible to /ate su* relational complexes ) ! utmo/ fre$om4 ,b ?is does n mean t ma!matics c be creat$ 9 a purely arbitr>y fa%ion4 ,! m>k ( its orig9 is ^u x 9 ! ne$ ( exhibit+ "s exi/+ situation ?r\gh :i* ! non-contradictory "* ( its po/ulates c be v]ifi$4 ,! real advantage ( ! g5]alization is t ( all g5]alizations 9 sci5ce1 namely1 t by look+ away f practical applications 7z appe>s 9 a hi/orical survey7 results are frequ5tly obta9$ t w\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ if our labor _h be5 consci\sly limit$ m]ely to ^? problems :]e ! advantages ( a solution 7 obvi\s4 ,s ! mo/ fanta/ic =ms ( ma!matics1 :i* !mselves seem to be> no relation to actual ph5om5a1 j because ! relations involv$ 9 !m are ! relations t h be5 d]iv$ f deal+ ) an actual _w1 may contribute to ! solutions ( problems 9 o!r =ms ( calculus1 or ev5 to ! creation ( new =ms ( ma!matics4 ,& ^! new =ms may /& 9 a m intimate connection ) aspects ( ! real _w ?an ! orig9al ma!matics4 ,9 #ahcf-ci !re appe>$ 9 ! ,gelehrte ,s*rift5 d] ,univ]sitaet ,kasan1 ,lobat*ewsky's epo*-mak+ ,new ,elem5ts ( ,geometry1 ) a ,complete ,!ory ( ,p>allels4 ,aft] prov+ t if a /raight l9e fall+ on two o!r /raight l9es make ! alt]nate angles equal to "o ano!r1 ! two /raight l9es %all be p>allel to "o ano!r1 ,euclid1 f9d+ himself unable to prove t 9 e o!r case !y 7 n p>allel1 assum$ x 9 an axiom4 ,b x _h nev] seem$ obvi\s4 ,lobat*ewsky's sy/em am\nt$ m]ely to develop+ a geometry on ! basis ( ! contradictory axiom1 t ?r\gh a po9t outside a l9e an indef9ite numb] ( l9es c be drawn1 no "o ( :i* %all cut a giv5 l9e 9 t plane4 ,9 #ahcb-cc1 simil> results 7 atta9$ by ,johann ,bolyai 9 an app5dix to 8 fa!r's ,t5tam5 juv5tutem /udiosam 9 elem5ta ma!seosos purae 444 introduc5di entitl$ ,! ,sci5ce ( ,absolute ,space4 ,9 #ahbd ! diss]tation ( ,riemann1 "u ,gauss1 introduc$ ! idea ( an n-ply ext5d$ magnitude1 or a /udy ( n-dim5sional manifolds & a new road 0 op5$ = ma!matical intellig5ce4 ,at fir/ ?is new k sugge/$ all sorts ( metaphysical hypo!ses4 ,if x is possible to build geometries ( n-dim5sions or geometries 9 :i* ! axiom ( p>allels is no long] true1 :y may x n be t ! space 9 :i* we make our measurem5ts & on :i* we base our me*anics is "s "o ( ^! non-,euclidian spaces8 ,& inde$ _m exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 se>* ( "s clue t ?is might be ! case4 ,su* exp]im5ts 9 relation to curv$ spaces seem$ p>ticul>ly allur+1 b all h turn$ out to be fruitless 9 results4 ,failure leads to inve/igation ( ! causes ( failure4 ,if our space _h be5 "s "o ( ^! spaces h[ w\ld x h be5 possible = u to "k ?is fact8 ,! traditional def9ition ( a /raight l9e has nev] be5 satisfactory f a physical po9t ( view4 ,to def9e x z ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is to introduce ! idea ( di/ance1 & ! idea ( di/ance itself has no mean+ )\t ! idea ( /raight l9e1 & s ! def9ition moves 9 a vici\s circle4 ,on ! metaphysical side1 ,lotze 7,metaphysik1 p4 #bdi7 & o!rs 7,m]z1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gaf7 criticiz$ ^! attempts1 on ! :ole ju/ly1 b ! be/ int]pretation ( ! situation has be5 giv5 by ,po9c>e4 ,two l9es ( ?\ght n[ lead to a reca/+ ( our conceptions ( ! fundam5tal notions ( geometry4 ,on ! "o h&1 t v inve/igation ( po/ulates t _h l$ to ! discov]y ( ! app>5tly /range non-,euclidian geometries 0 easily cont9u$ to an inve/igation ( ! simple/ basis on :i* a geometry c\ld be f\nd$4 ,!n by reaction x 0 cont9u$ ) simil> me?ods 9 deal+ ) algebra1 & o!r =ms ( analysis1 ) ! result t conceptions ( ma!matical entities h gradually em]g$ t repres5t a new /age ( ab/raction 9 ! evolution ( ma!matics1 soon to be discuss$ z ! dom9at+ conceptions 9 contempor>y ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re also develop$ ! problem ( ! relations ( ^! geometrical worlds to "o ano!r1 :i* has be5 prim>ily significant 9 help+ to cle> up ! relations ( ma!matics 9 its pure & appli$ =ms4 ,geometry pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( ab/raction l t exam9$ 9 connection ) ari?metic4 ,beg9n+ ) ! discov]y ( non-,euclidian geometry1 x has be5 becom+ m & m evid5t t a l9e ne$ n be a "n = an aspect ( a physical object su* z ! ridge-pole l9e ( a h\se & ! l1 nor ev5 = ! m ab/ract me*anical *>act]i/ic ( direction ( movem5t2--al?\gh ! p]si/5cy ) :i* intuitionally m9d$ geomet]s h s\ght to adapt su* illu/rations to _! ne$s has some:at obscur$ ?is fact4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( a mod]n treatise on geometry makes cle> :at has tak5 place4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,hilb]t beg9s 8 ,grundlag5 d] ,geometrie1 n ) def9ition ( po9ts1 l9es1 & planes1 b ) ! assumption ( ?ree diff]5t sy/ems ( ?+s 7,d+e7 ( :i* ! fir/1 call$ po9ts1 are d5ot$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 second1 call$ /raight l9es 7,g]ade71 are d5ot$ a1 b1 c1 etc41 & ! ?ird1 call$ planes1 are d5ot$ by ,greek3 alpha1 ,greek3 beta1 ,greek3 gamma1 etc4 ,! relations betwe5 ^! ?+s !n receive g5aue und voll/a5dige ,bes*reibung ?r\gh ! axioms ( ! geometry4 ,& ! fact t ^! ?+s are call$ po9ts1 l9es1 & planes is n to give to !m any ( ! connotations ord9>ily associat$ ) ^! words fur!r ?an are det]m9$ by ! axiom gr\ps t foll[4 ,inde$1 o!r geomet]s are ev5 m explicit on ?is po9t4 ,?us = ,peano 7,i ,pr9cipii di ,geometria1 #ahhi7 ! l9e is a m]e class ( entities1 ! relations among/ :i* are no long] concrete relations b types ( relations4 ,! plane is a class ( classes ( entities1 etc4 ,& an almo/ unlimit$ numb] ( examples1 ab\t :i* ! !orems ( ! geometry w express tru?s1 c be exhibit$1 n "o ( :i* has any close resemblance to spatial facts 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,philosoph]s1 x seems to me1 h be5 sl[ to recognize ! significance ( ! /ep involv$ 9 ?is la/ phase ( ma!matical ?\ght4 ,we h be5 s s*ool$ 9 an arbitr>y di/9ction betwe5 relations & concepts1 t :ile long famili> ) g5]al ideas ( concepts1 we are n famili> ) g5]aliz$ ideas ( relations4 ,yet ?is is exactly :at ma!matics is ev]y:]e pres5t+4 ,a transition has be5 made f relations to types ( relations1 s t in/ead ( speak+ 9 t]ms ( quantitative1 spatial & temporal relations1 ma!maticians c n[ talk 9 t]ms ( symmetrical1 asymmetrical1 transitive1 intransitive relational types & ! l4 ,^! pres5t1 h[ev]1 no?+ b ! empirical "* t is common to su* relations z t ( fa!r & son2 debtor & cr$itor2 ma/] & s]vant2 a is to ! left ( b1 b ( c2 c ( d2 a is old] ?an b1 b ?an c1 c ?an d1 etc4 ,h5ce ?is is n ab&onm5t ( exp]i5ce b a g5]alization ( x1 :i* results 9 a calculus pot5tially applicable n only to x b also to o!r subject-matt] ( ?\ght4 ,inde$1 if x 7 n = ! possibility ( ?is g5]alization1 ! almo/ unlimit$ applicability ( diagrams1 s useful 9 ! classroom1 to illu/rate ev]y?+ f ! nature ( reality to ! categorical imp]ative1 z well z to ! m te*nical usages ( ! psy*ological & social sci5ces1 w\ld n be und]/&able4 ,x w\ld be a p>adox1 h[ev]1 if />t+ out f processes ( c\nt+ & measur+1 g5]alizations _h be5 atta9$ t no long] _h significance = c\nt+ or measur+1 & ! non-,euclidian hyp]-dim5sional geometries seem at fir/ to pres5t ?is p>adox4 ,b1 z ! outcome ( our second l9e ( ?\ght proves1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! inve/igation ( ! relations ( diff]5t geometrical sy/ems to ea* o!r has %[n 7cf4 ,br[n1 ,! ,"w ( ,h4 ,po9c>e1 ,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 ,psy41 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #i1 p4 #bbi7 t ^! diff]5t sy/ems h a correspond5ce ) "o ano!r s t = any !orem /at$ 9 "o ( !m !re is a correspond+ !orem t c be /at$ 9 ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 giv5 any factual situation t c be /at$ 9 ,euclidian geometry1 ! aspect treat$ z a /raight l9e 9 ! ,euclidian exposition w be treat$ z a curve 9 ! non-,euclidian1 & a situation treat$ z ?ree-dim5sional by ,euclid's me?ods c be treat$ z ( any numb] ( dim5sions :5 ! prop] fundam5tal elem5t is *os51 & vice v]sa1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! elem5t w n be ! l9e or plane 9 our empirical usage ( ! t]m4 ,?is is :at ,po9c>e means by say+ t our geometry is a free *oice1 b n arbitr>y 7,! ,value ( ,sci5ce1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 ,*4 ,x1 ,sec4 #c71 = !re are _m limitations impos$ by fact ^u ! *oice1 & usually !re is "s cle> indication ( conv5i5ce z to ! sy/em *os51 bas$ on ! fundam5tal ideal ( simplicity4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t geometry & ari?metic h be5 draw+ clos] toge!r1 & t to-day ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is some:at h>d to ma9ta94 ,! old] ari?metic _h limit$ itself l>gely to ! /udy ( ! relations involv$ 9 s]ial ord]s z sugge/$ by c\nt+1 :]eas geometry _h conc]n$ itself prim>ily ) ! relations ( gr\ps ( su* s]ies to ea* o!r :5 ! s]ies1 or gr\ps ( s]ies1 are repres5t$ z l9es or planes4 ,b p>tly by int]action 9 analytic geometry1 & p>tly 9 ! g5]alization ( _! own me?ods1 bo? h come to recognize ! fundam5tal "* ( ! relations involv$ 9 _! ?\ght1 & ari?metic1 ?r\gh ! complex numb] & ! algebraic unkn[n quantities1 has come to consid] m complex s]ial types1 :ile geometry has approa*$ ! analysis ( its s]ies ?r\gh int]action ) numb] !ory4 ,= bo?1 ! cont5t ( _! entities & ! relations involv$ h be5 br\ght to a m9imum4 ,& ?is is true ev5 ( su* app>5tly ess5tially intuitional fields z projective geometry1 :]e entities c be sub/itut$ = directional l9es & ! axioms be turn$ into relational po/ulates gov]n+ _! configurations4 ,nev]!less1 geometry l ari?metic1 has rema9$ true to ! ne$ t gave x initial impulse4 ,z 9 ! beg9n+ x 0 only a me?od ( deal+ ) a concrete situation1 s 9 ! end x is no?+ b su* a me?od1 al?\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ari?metic1 f ev] clos] contact ) ! situation 9 "q1 x has be5 l$1 by ref9em5ts t ?\ghtful & cont9ual contact br+1 to dissect t situation & give he$ to aspects ( x :i* 7 undream$ ( at ! initial mom5t4 ,9 a s5se1 !n1 !re are no su* ?+s z ma!matical entities1 z s*ola/ic realism w\ld conceive !m4 ,& yet1 ma!matics is n deal+ ) unrealities1 = x is ev]y:]e conc]n$ ) real rational types & sy/ems :]e su* types may be exemplifi$4 ,or we c say 9 a purely practical way t ma!matical entities are con/itut$ by _! relations1 b ?is phrase _c "h be int]pret$ 9 ! ,hegelian ontological s5se 9 :i* x has play$ s great & s p]nici\s a "p 9 contempor>y philosophy4 ,su* metaphysical int]pretation & its consequ5ces are ! basis ( p>adoxical absolutisms1 su* z t arriv$ at by ,pr(essor ,royce 7,_w & ! ,individual1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,supplem5t>y ,essay74 ,! peculi> "* ( ab/ract or pure ma!matics seems to be t its own op]ations on a l[] level con/itute mat]ial :i* s]ves = ! subject-matt] ) :i* its lat] inve/igations deal4 ,b ma!matics is1 aft] all1 n fundam5tally diff]5t f ! o!r sci5ces4 ,! concepts ( all sci5ces alike con/itute a special language peculi>ly adapt$ = deal+ ) c]ta9 exp]i5ce adju/m5ts1 & ! diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t sci5ces m]ely express diff]5t degrees ( success ) :i* su* languages h be5 =mulat$ ) respect to mak+ x possible to pr$ict conc]n+ n yet realiz$ situations4 ,"s sci5ces are /ill seek+ _! t]ms & fundam5tal concepts1 o!rs are =mulat+ _! fir/ gramm>1 & ma!matics1 /ill inadequate1 ye>ly ga9s bo? 9 vocabul>y & flexibility4 ,b if we are to conceive ma!matical entities z m]e t]m9al po9ts 9 a relational sy/em1 x is necess>y t we %\ld become cle> z to j :at is meant by relation1 & :at is ! connection betwe5 relations & quantities4 ,mod]n ?\ght has %[n a /rong t5d5cy to insi/1 some:at arbitr>ily1 on ! int]nal or ext]nal "* ( relations4 ,! =m] emphasis has be5 prim>ily associat$ ) ideali/ic ontology1 & has (t5 br\ght ) x complex dialectic que/ions z to ! id5tity ( an individual ?+ 9 pass+ f "o relational situation to ano!r4 ,! latt] insi/5ce has meant prim>ily t ?+s d n *ange ) *ang+ relations to o!r ?+s4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 (t5 impli$ ! indep5d5t exi/5ce1 9 "s curi\sly metaphysical /ate1 ( relations t are n relat+ any?+1 & is h>dly less p>adoxical ?an ! old] view4 ,9 ! field ( physical ph5om5a1 x seems to triumph1 :ile ! facts ( social life1 on ! o!r h&1 l5d "s c\nt5ance to ! view ( ! int]nali/s4 ,l _m su* discussions1 ! be/ way ar\nd !m is to =get _! argum5ts1 & turn to a fre% & indep5d5t inve/igation ( ! facts 9 "q4 ,,iv ,,?+s1 ,,relations1 ,,& ,,quantities ,z ,i write1 ! way is pav$ = me by ,pr(essor ,coh5 7,j\rn4 ( ,phil41 ,psy41 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #bc1 ,nov4 #e1 #aiad1 pp4 #fbc-bd71 :o outl9es a !ory ( relations closely alli$ to t :i* ,i h 9 m9d4 ,pr(essor ,coh5 writes3 ,l ! di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities1 ! di/9ction betwe5 qualities & relations seems to me a %ift+ "o because ! 'nature' ( a ?+ *anges z ! ?+ %ifts f "o context to ano!r4444 ,to ,pr(essors ,montague & ,lovejoy ! '?+' is l an old-fa%ion$ l&[n] & ! qualities are its immemorial private possessions4 ,a ?+ may ent] into comm]cial relations ) o!rs1 b ^! relations are extr9sic4 ,x nev] p>ts ) its patrimony4 ,to me1 ! 'nature' ( a ?+ seems n to be s private or fix$4 ,x may consi/ entirely ( bonds1 /ocks1 fran*ises1 & o!r ways 9 :i* public cr$it or ! "r to c]ta9 transactions is repres5t$4444 ,at any rate1 relations or transactions may be reg>d$ z wid] or m prim>y ?an qualities or possessions4 ,! latt] may be def9$ z int]nal relations1 t is1 relations )9 ! sy/em t con/itutes ! '?+4' ,! nature ( a ?+ conta9s an ess5ce1 i4e41 a gr\p ( *>act]i/ics :i*1 9 any giv5 sy/em or context1 rema9 inv>iant1 s t if ^! are *ang$ ! ?+s drop out ( our sy/em 444 b ! same ?+ may pres5t diff]5t ess5ces 9 diff]5t contexts4 ,z a ?+ %ifts f "o context to ano!r1 x acquires new relations & drops old ones1 & 9 all trans=mations !re is a *ange or readju/m5t ( ! l9e betwe5 ! int]nal relations :i* con/itute ! ess5ce & ! ext]nal relations :i* are outside ! inn] circle4444 ,be=e cont9u+1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to make c]ta9 int]pretations ( ^! /atem5ts = :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,pr(essor ,coh5 is n responsible1 & ) :i* he w\ld n be :olly 9 agreem5t4 ,my g5]al attitude w be %[n by ! fir/ comm5t4 ,concepts are only means ( d5ot+ fragm5ts ( exp]i5ce directly or indirectly giv54 ,if we !n try to speak ( a nature ( a ?+ two int]pretations ( ?is expression are possible4 ,! ?+ z su* is only a bit ( reality :i* "s motive1 t )\t undue ext5sion ( ! t]m c be call$ practical1 has l$ u to treat z m or less isolable f ! re/ ( reality4 ,its nature1 !n1 may consi/ ( ei!r its relations to o!r practically isolat$ realities or ?+s1 its actual effective value 9 its environm5t 7& h5ce %ift ) ! environm5t z ,pr(essor ,coh5 po9ts out71 or may consi/ ( its ess5ce1 ! relations )9 ! sy/em1 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! pot5tialities impli$ by ^! = v>i\s environm5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se ! nature may easily *ange ) *ange 9 environm5t1 b if x *anges 9 ! second s5se1 z ,pr(essor ,coh5 rem>ks1 x drops out ( our sy/em4 ,?is ,i %\ld int]pret z mean+ t we no long] h t ?+1 b "s o!r ?+ select$ f reality by a diff]5t purpose & po9t ( view4 ,i %\ld n say ) ,pr(essor ,coh5 t ! same ?+ may pres5t diff]5t ess5ces 9 diff]5t contexts4 ,e reality is m ?an "o ?+--man is an aggregate ( atoms1 a liv+ be+1 an animal1 & a ?9k]1 & all ( ^! are diff]5t ?+s 9 ess5ce1 al?\gh hav+ c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics4 ,all attribution ( ?+%ip is ab/raction1 & all p>ticul> ?+s may be said to p>ticipate 9 high]1 i4e41 m ab/ract1 levels ( ?+%ip4 ,h5ce ! ef=t to reta9 a ?+%ip ?r\gh a *ang+ ( ess5ce seems to me b ! e*o ( ! motive t has s long d$uc$ ontological monism f ! logical fact t to conceive any two ?+s is at lea/ to ?r[ !m into a common univ]se ( disc\rse4 ,consequ5tly ,i %\ld "p company f ,pr(essor ,coh5 on ?is "o po9t 7:i* is p]haps l>gely a matt] ( def9ition1 ?\gh "h n unimportant7 & di/+ui% m]ely ! nature ( a ?+ z actual & z pot5tial4 ,( ^! ! =m] alone *anges ) ! environm5t1 :ile ! latt] *anges only z ! ?+ ceases to be by pass+ into "s o!r ?+4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! example does n d viol5ce to ,pr(essor ,coh5's ?\ght1 ,i c q und]/& ?is pap] z a /imulator ( criticism1 or z a means ( k9dl+ a fire4 ,pr(essor ,coh5 w\ld1 ,i suspect1 take ?is to mean t ! same ?+--?is pap]--mu/ be look$ ^u z hav+ two diff]5t ess5ces 9 two diff]5t contexts1 = ! same ?+ may possess two diff]5t ess5ces 9 diff]5t contexts1 :]eas ,i %\ld pref] to int]pret ! situation z mean+ t !re are be=e me ?ree 7& z _m m z may be7 diff]5t ?+s hav+ ?ree diff]5t ess5ces3 fir/1 ! pap] z a physical object hav+ a consid]able numb] ( def9ite prop]ties2 second1 writt5 words1 :i* are und\bt$ly 9 "o s5se m]e /ructural modifications ( ! physical object pap] 7i4e41 color+ on x by ink1 etc471 b ^: reality = my purpose lies 9 ! p[] ( evok+ ideas acquir$ by ?+s z symbols 7?+s1 inde$1 b ?+s ^: ess5ce lies 9 ! effects !y produce ^u a read] r ?an 9 _! physical "*72 & ?ird1 ! *emical & combu/ion produc+ prop]ties ( ! pap]4 ,n[ x is simpl] = me to consid] ! situation z "o 9 :i* ?ree ?+s h a common po9t 9 ?+%ip1 i4e41 an ab/ract elem5t 9 common1 ?an to ?9k ( a ?+ %ift+ contexts & !reby *ang+ its ess5ce4 ,b n[ my div]g5ce f ,pr(essor ,coh5 becomes m m>k$4 ,he cont9ues ) ! foll[+ example 7p4 #fbb73 ,our neighbor ,m4 is tall1 mode/1 *e]ful1 & we und]/& a bank]4 ,8 tallness1 mode/y1 *e]fulness1 & ! fact t he is a bank] we usually reg>d z 8 qualities2 ! fact t he is our neighbor is a relation :i* he seems to be> to u4 ,he may move 8 resid5ce1 cease to be our neighbor1 & yet rema9 ! same p]son ) ! same qualities4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i become 8 tailor1 8 tallness becomes translat$ into c]ta9 relations ( measurem5t2 if ,i become 8 social companion1 8 mode/y means t he w /& 9 c]ta9 social relations ) me1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 we are illu/rat+ ! doctr9e t qualities are r$ucible to relations 7cf4 p4 #fbc74 ,?is doctr9e ,i _c q accept )\t modification1 = ,i _c tell :at x means4 ,)\t any presuppositions z to subjectivity or consci\sness 7cf4 p4 #fbc1 7a747 !re are 9 ! _w z ,i "k x c]ta9 color$ objects--let ! expression be tak5 naively to avoid ideali/ico-reali/ic discussion :i* is "h irrelevant4 ,n[ x is z un9telligible to me t ! r$ fl[]s & gre5 leaves ( ! g]aniums be=e my w9d[s %\ld be r$ucible to m]e relations 9 any exi/5tial s5se1 z x w\ld be to ask = ! squ>e root ( _! odor1 ?\gh ( c\rse x is q intelligible t ! physical !ory & pr$ictions conc]n+ gre5 & r$ surfaces 7or odors7 %\ld be /at$ 9 t]ms ( atomic di/ances & e!r vibrations ( specific l5g?s4 ,! sci5tific conception is1 aft] all1 no?+ m ?an an indication ( h[ to take hold ( ?+s & manipulate !m to get =ese5 results1 & its entities are real ?+s only 9 ! s5se t !y are ! practically effective keynotes ( ! complex reality4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( r$uc+ qualities to relations1 x seems to me a mu* m intelligible view to consid] relations z ab/ract ways ( tak+ qualities 9 g5]al1 z qualities ?\ght ( 9 _! function ( bridg+ a gap or mak+ a transition betwe5 two bits ( reality t h previ\sly be5 tak5 z sep>ate ?+s4 ,inde$1 x is j because ?+s are n ontologically indep5d5t be+s 7b r selections f g5u9ely concat5at$ exi/5ce7 t relations become important z indications ( ! practical significance ( qualitative cont9uities :i* h be5 neglect$ 9 ! prior isolation ( ! ?+4 ,?us1 in/ead ( an exi/5tial _w t is a network ( relations ^: int]sections are call$ t]ms 7p4 #fbb71 ,i f9d m intelligible a qualitatively het]og5e\s reality t c be v>i\sly p>tition$ into ?+s1 & t c he ab/ractly replac$ by sy/ems ( t]ms & relations t are adequate to symbolize _! effective nature 9 p>ticul> respects4 ,!re is a t5d5cy = c]ta9 attributes to ma9ta9 _! concret5ess 7qualitativ5ess7 9 ?+s1 & = o!rs to sugge/ ! connection ( ?+s ) o!r ?+s1 & s to emphasize a m ab/ract aspect ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us !n arises a tempor>y & practical di/9ction t t5ds to be tak5 z opposition betwe5 qualities & relations4 ,z spatial & temporal *>act]i/ics possess _! *ief practical value 9 ! connection ( ?+s1 s !y1 l ,pr(essor ,coh5's neighbor-"*1 are ord9>ily assum$ ab/ractly z m]e relations1 :ile %apes1 colors1 etc41 & ,pr(essor ,coh5's mode/y1 tallness1 *e]fulness1 may be ?\ght ( m easily )\t emphasis on o!r ?+s & s t5d to be accept$ 9 _! concret5ess z qualities1 b h[ sl5d] is ! divid+-l9e ,pr(essor ,coh5's easy translation ( ^! ?+s into relations makes cle>4 ,tak5 purely intellectuali/ically1 !re w\ld be fir/ a fiction ( sep>ation 9 :at is really already cont9u\s & !n ano!r fiction to bridge ! gap ?us made4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! falsification aga9/ :i* ,b]gson inveighs4 ,b ?is int]pretation is to misund]/& ! nature ( ab/raction4 ,ab/raction does n sub/itute an unreal = a real1 b selects f reality a g5u9e *>act]i/ic ( x :i* is adequate = a p>ticul> purpose4 ,?us to conceive "t z a succession ( mom5ts is n to falsify "t1 b to select f processes go+ on 9 "t a *>act]i/ic ( !m ?r\gh :i* pr$ictions c be made1 :i* may be v]ifi$ & turn$ into an in/rum5t = ! control ( life or environm5t4 ,a simil> misund]/&+ ( ab/raction1 c\pl$ ) a full] appreciation ?an ,b]gson ev9ces ( ! value ( its results1 has l$ to ! neo-reali/ic insi/5ce on turn+ ab/ractions into exi/5t entities ( :i* ! real _w is tak5 to be an organiz$ composite aggregate4 ,! practice ( turn+ qualities into m]ely consci\s entities has done mu* to obscure ! /atus ( sci5tific kn[+1 = x has left m]e quantity z ! only real "* ( ! actual _w4 ,b once take a reali/ic /&po9t1 & quantity is no m real ?an quality4 ,= primitive man1 ! qualitative aspect ( reality is probably ! fir/ to :i* he gives he$1 & x is only ?r\gh ef=ts to get along ) ! _w 9 its qualitative "* t its quantitative side is =c$ ^u ! att5tion4 ,!n s-call$ exact sci5ce is born1 b x does n foll[ t qualities h5ce=? become insignificant4 ,!y are /ill ! basis ( all relations1 ev5 ( ^? t are mo/ directly con/ru$ z quantitative4 ,quality & quantity are only diff]5t aspects ( ! _w :i* ! /atus ( our practical life leads u to take sep>ately or ab/ractly4 ,?+ is no less an ab/raction1 9 :i* we disreg>d c]ta9 cont9uities ) ! re/ ( ! _w because we are s con/itut$ t ! dem&s ( liv+ make x exp$i5t to d s4 ,?+s once giv51 fur!r ab/ractions become possible1 among :i* are ^? lead+ to ma!matical ?9k+1 9 :i* high] ab/ractions are made1 guid$ always by ! g5]at+ problem 7cf4 ,k>l ,s*midt1 ,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,psy41 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #c1 #aiac1 pp4 #fd-ge74 ,v ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,!ory ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,! controll+ factors = ! progress ( sci5tific ?\ght are inv5tions t lead ! sci5ti/ into clos] contact ) 8 data1 & direct att5tion to complexities :i* w\ld o!rwise h escap$ obs]vation4 ,?is end is be/ fulfill$ by conceiv+ entities t "u "s po9t ( view are practically isolable f ! context 9 :i* !y occur4 ,only too (t5 philosophic ?\ght has confus$ ?is practical segregation ) ontological sep>ation1 & s be5 oblig$ to introduce metaphysical & ext]nal relations to br+ ^! entities toge!r aga9 9 a real _w1 :5 9 reality !y h nev] be5 sep>at$ f "o ano!r & h5ce n f ! real _w4 ,fur!rmore1 ! conceptual model1 built on ! l9es ( a calculus ( ma!matics1 is (t5 consid]$ ! tru? p> excell5ce aft] ! analogy ( a cam]a's portrait4 ,progress 9 sci5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s t ^! models h to be cont9ually rebuilt4 ,ea* seems to lead to fur!r k t necessitates its recon/ruction1 s t tru? takes on an ideal value z an ultimate b unatta9$1 if n unatta9able1 goal1 :ile exi/+ sci5ce becomes r$uc$ to work+ hypo!ses4 ,f a positivi/ic po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! goal is n only practically unatta9able1 b x is irrational1 = !re seems to be e evid5ce t x expresses some?+ contr>y to ! nature ( ! real4 ,yet sci5tific !ory is n :olly arbitr>y4 ,we _c con/rue nature z con/itut$ ( any sorts ( entities t may suit our :im4 ,& ?is is because sci5ce itself recognizes t its entities are n really isolat$1 b are end[$ ) all sorts ( prop]ties t s]ve to connect !m ) o!r entities4 ,!y are only symbols ( critical po9ts ( reality :i*1 conceiv$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 make ! behavior ( ! :ole intelligible4 ,inde$1 ! only significant s5se 9 :i* !y are true = ! sci5ti/ is t !y indicate real connections t might o!rwise h be5 ov]look$1 & ?is is only possible f ! fact t reality has ! *>act]i/ics t !y pres5t & t1 ) _! relations1 !y give an approximate pres5tation ( :at is actually pres5t$ j z a successful portrait pa9t] consid]s ! individuality ( ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 etc41 al?\gh he does n imply t a face is comp\nd$ ( ^! sep>ate features z a h\se is built ( bo>ds4 ,! atomic !ory1 = example1 has und\bt$ly be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice to *emi/ry1 & atoms und\bt$ly d5ote a significant re/+-place 9 ! analysis ( ! physical _w4 ,yet 9 ! light ( electron !ories1 x is becom+ m & m evid5t t atoms are n ultimate p>ticles1 & are n ev5 all alike 7,beck]1 ,iso/asy & ,radioactivity1 ,sci41 ,jan4 #bi1 #aiae7 :5 !y repres5t a s+le sub/ance4 ,aga91 :ile !re is z yet no evid5ce to sugge/ t ! electron mu/ itself be consid]$ z divisible 7unless x be ! di/9ction betwe5 ! positive & negative electron71 !re are sugge/ions t electrons may !mselves arise & pass away 7cf4 ,moore1 ,orig91 & ,nature ( ,life1 p4 #ci74 ,a wisely positivi/ic m9d1 writes ,enriques 7,problems ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #cd71 c see 9 ! atomic hypo!sis only a subjective repres5tation1#cd &1 we might add1 9 any o!r hypo!sis4 ,he cont9ues 7pp4 #cd-cf73 robb+ ! atom ( ! concrete attributes inh]5t 9 its image1 we f9d ourselves reg>d+ x z a m]e symbol4 ,! logical value ( ! atomic !ory dep5ds1 !n1 ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( a prop] correspond5ce betwe5 ! symbols :i* x conta9s & ! reality :i* we are try+ to repres5t4 ,n[1 if we g back to ! "t :5 ! atomic !ory 0 accept$ by mod]n *emi/ry1 we see t ! pla9 atomic =mulae conta9 only ! repres5tation ( ! inv>iable relations 9 ! comb9ation ( simple bodies1 9 weight & volume2 ^! la/ be+ tak5 9 relation to a well-def9$ gase\s /ate4 ,b1 once introduc$ into sci5ce1 ! atomic phraseology sugge/$ ! ext5sion ( ! mean+ ( ! symbols1 & ! se>* 9 reality = facts 9 correspond5ce ) its m ext5d$ conception4 ,! !ory advances1 urg$ on1 z x 71 by its metaphysical nature1 or1 if y wi%1 by ! association ( ideas :i* ! concrete image ( ! atom c>ries ) x4 ,?us = ! pla9 =mulae we h sub/itut$1 9 ! *emi/ry ( c>bon comp\nds1 /ructural =mulae1 :i* come to repres5t1 ?anks to ! disposition or gr\p+ ( atoms 9 a molecule1 /ructural relations ( ! second degree1 t is to say1 relations inh]5t 9 c]ta9 *emical trans=mations ) respect to :i* "s gr\ps ( elem5ts h 9 "s way an inv>iant "*4 ,& "h1 because ! image ( a simple molecule ^u a plane does n suffice to expla91 = example1 ! facts ( isom]ism1 we mu/ resort to ! /]eo-*emical repres5tation ( ,van't ,h(f4 ,mu/ we fur!r recall ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 ! facts expla9$ by ! break+ up ( molecules into ions1 ! hypo!sis sugge/$1 = example1 by ,van d] ,waals by ! view t an atom has an actual bulk8 ,mu/ we po9t to a physical ph5om5on ( q a diff]5t class1 = example1 to ! color+ ( ! ?9 film =m+ ! soap-bubbles :i* ,w4 ,?omson has tak5 z ! measure ( ! size ( a molecule8 ,su* a resume ( results %[s pla9ly t we _c help ! progress ( sci5ce by block+ ! pa? ( !ory & look+ only at its positive aspects1 t is to say1 at ! collection ( facts t x expla9s4 ,! value ( a !ory lies r 9 ! hypo!sis :i* x c sugge/1 by means ( ! psy*ological repres5tation ( ! symbols4 ,we %all n draw f all ?is ! conclusion t ! atomic hypo!sis ought to correspond to ! extremely subtle s5sations ( a be+ resembl+ a p]fect$ man4 ,we %all n ev5 reason ab\t ! possibility ( ^? imag9>y s5sations1 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ simply z an ext5sion ( our own4 ,b we %all repeat1 9 reg>d to ! atomic !ory1 :at an illu/ri\s ma/] is said to h rem>k$ z to ! unity ( matt]3 if on fir/ exam9ation a fact seems possible :i* contradicts ! atomic view ( ?+s1 !re is a /rong probability t su* a fact w be disprov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,does n su* a capacity = adaptation to facts1 ?us furni%+ a model = !m1 p]haps d5ote ! positive reality ( a !ory8 ,& ! above pr9ciples are z true ( ma!matical concepts z ( *emical4 ,ev]y:]e x is capacity ( adaptation to facts t is ! crit]ion ( a bran* ( ma!matics1 except1 ( c\rse1 t 9 ma!matics ! facts are n always physical facts4 ,ma!matics has successfully accompli%$ a g5]alization :]eby its own me?ods furni% ! mat]ial = high] g5]alizations4 ,! imag9>y numb] & ! hyp]-dim5sional or non-,euclidian geometries may be absurd if measur$ by ! /&>d ( physical reality1 b !y nev]!less h some?+ real ab\t !m 9 relation to c]ta9 ma!matical processes on a l[] level4 ,!re is no philosophic p>adox ab\t mod]n ari?metic or geometry1 once x is recogniz$ t !y are m]ely ab/ractions ( g5u9e features ( simpl] & m obvi\sly practical manipulations t are cle>ly d]iv$ f ! deal+ ( a human be+ ) g5u9e realities4 ,9 ! light ( ^! consid]ations1 ,i _c help feel+ t ! frequ5t attempts ( ma!maticians ) a philosophical turn ( m9d1 & philosoph]s :o are dipp+ into ma!matics1 to d]ive geometrical entities f psy*ological consid]ations are q mi/ak51 & are b ano!r example ( ^? traditional presuppositions ( psy*ology :i*1 ,pr(essor ,dewey has po9t$ out 7,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,psy41 & ,sci4 ,me?41 ,,xi1 ,no4 #ai1 p4 #ejh71 7 bequea!d by sev5te5?-c5tury philosophy to psy*ology1 in/ead ( orig9at+ )9 psy*ology 444 t 7 wi%$ ^u x by philosophy :5 x 0 z yet too immature to def5d itself4 ,h5ri ,po9c>e 7,sci5ce & ,hypo!sis1 ,*4 ,,iv1 ,! ,value ( ,sci5ce1 ,*4 ,,iv7 & ,enriques 7,problems ( ,sci5ce1 ,*4 ,,iv1 esp4 ,b--,! ,psy*ological ,acquisition ( ,geometrical ,concepts7 furni% two ( ! mo/ famili> examples ( ?is sort ( philosophiz+4 ,ea* isolates special s5ses1 sight1 t\*1 or motion1 & tries to %[ h[ a be+ m]ely equipp$ ) "o or ! o!r ( ^! s5ses might arrive at geometrical conceptions :i* diff]1 ( c\rse1 f space z repres5t$ by our famili> ,euclidian geometry4 ,!n comes ! "q ( fus+ ^! diff]5t sorts ( exp]i5ce into a s+le exp]i5ce ( :i* geometry may be an intelligible transcription4 ,enriques f9ds a p>allel betwe5 ! hi/orical developm5t & ! psy*o-g5etic developm5t ( ! po/ulates ( geometry 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bad seq474 ,! ?ree gr\ps ( ideas t are connect$ ) ! concepts t s]ve z ! basis = ! !ory ( cont9uum 7,analysis situs71 ( metrical1 & ( projective geometry1 may be connect$1 z to _! psy*ological orig91 ) ?ree gr\ps ( s5sations3 ) ! g5]al tactile-muscul> s5sations1 ) ^? ( special t\*1 & ( sight1 respectively4 ,po9c>e ev5 evokes ance/ral exp]i5ce to make good 8 case 7,sci4 & ,hyp41 ,*4 ,v1 end74 ,x has (t5 be5 said t if individual exp]i5ce c\ld n create geometry1 ! same is n true ( ance/ral exp]i5ce4 ,b :at does t mean8 ,is x meant t we c\ld n exp]im5tally demon/rate ,euclid's po/ulate1 b t our ance/ors h be5 able to d x8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,x is meant t by natural selection our m9d has adapt$ itself to ! conditions ( ! ext]nal _w1 t x has adopt$ ! geometry mo/ advantage\s to ! species3 or 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,n[ und\bt$ly !re may be a c]ta9 modicum ( tru? 9 ^! /atem5ts4 ,z impli$ by ! la/ quotation f ,po9c>e1 ! mod]n sci5ti/ c h>dly d\bt t ! fact ( ! adaptation ( our ?9k+ to ! _w we live 9 is due to ! fact t x is 9 t _w t we evolv$4 ,z is impli$ by bo? writ]s1 if "o c\ld limit human contact ) ! _w to a p>ticul> =m ( s5se response1 ?\ght ab\t t _w w\ld take place 9 diff]5t t]ms f :at x n[ does & w\ld presumably be less effici5t4 ,b ^! admissions d n imply t any light is ?r[n ^u ! nature ( ma!matical entities by su* ab/ractions4 ,russell 7,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy7 is 9 ! curi\s position ( rais+ ari?metic to a purely logical /atus1 b play+ ) geometry & s5sation aft] ! mann] ( ,po9c>e1 to :om he gives some:at grudg+ praise on ?is acc\nt4 ,! psy*ological me?ods ^u :i* all su* inve/igations are bas$ are op5 to all sorts ( criticisms4 ,*iefly1 ! conceptions on :i* !y are bas$1 ev5 if correct1 are only ab/ractions4 ,!re is n ! lea/ evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( organisms ) a s+le diff]5tiat$ s5se organ1 nor ! lea/ evid5ce t !re ev] 0 su* an organism4 ,inde$1 accord+ to mod]n acc\nts ( ! evolution ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7cf4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?41 ,feb41 #aiad7 diff]5t s5ses h aris5 ?r\gh a gradual diff]5tiation ( a m g5]al =m ( /imulus receptor1 & consequ5tly1 ! possibility ( ! deta*m5t ( special s5ses is ! latt] end ( ! s]ies & n ! fir/4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ma!matical concepts t we are /udy+ h only be5 grasp$ by a highly develop$ organism1 man1 b !y _h already begun to be grasp$ by him 9 an e>ly /age ( 8 c>e] be=e he _h analyz$ 8 exp]i5ce & connect$ x ) specific s5se organs4 ,x may ( c\rse be a pleasant ex]cise1 if "o likes t sort ( ?+1 to assume ) mo/ psy*ologi/s c]ta9 elem5t>y s5sations1 & !n exam9e ! am\nt ( in=mation ea* c give 9 ! light ( possible ma!matical int]pretations1 b to d s is n to %[ t a be+ s scantily end[$ w\ld ev] h acquir$ a geometry ( ! type 9 "q1 or any geometry at all4 ,inf]5ces ( ! sort are 9 ! same category ) ^? f hypo!tical *ildr51 t us$ to ju/ify all !ories ( ! p$agogue & psy*ologi/1 or f ! economic man1 t /ill1 ,i fe>1 play too great a "p 9 ! _w ( social sci5ce4 ,,vi ,,ma!matical ,,intellig5ce ,! real nature ( intellig5ce z x appe>s 9 ! developm5t ( ma!matics is some?+ q o!r ?an t ( s5sory analysis4 ,intellig5ce is fundam5tally skill1 & al?\gh skill may be acquir$ 9 connection ) "s sort ( s5sory contact ( an organism & environm5t1 x is only det]m9$ by t contact 9 ! s5se t if ! s5sory conditions 7 diff]5t ! ne$s ( ! organism might be diff]5t1 & ! k9d & degree ( skill x c\ld atta9 w\ld be o!r ?an "u ! conditions at fir/ assum$4 ,:5ev] ! beg9n+s ( ma!matics appe> ) primitive p1 we f9d a /age ( developm5t t calls = ! ex]cise ( skill 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 practical situations4 ,h5ce we f\nd e>ly 9 our inve/igations t x 0 impossible to affirm a weak intellig5ce f limit$ a*ievem5ts 9 c\nt+1 j z x w\ld be absurd to assume ! feeble intellig5ce ( a philosoph] f 8 inability to manipulate a boom]ang4 ,! in/ance m]ely sugge/s a k9d ( skill t he has nev] be5 l$ to acquire4 ,yet x is possible to di/+ui% intellectual skill1 or bett] skills1 f physical or a?letic pr[ess4 ,prim>ily1 x is direct$ at ! =mation & use ( concepts1 & ! concept is only a symbol t c be sub/itut$ = exp]i5ces4 ,a well-built concept is a "p ( a sy/em ( concepts :]e relations h tak5 ! place ( real connections 9 su* a fa%ion t1 =gett+ ! actuality1 x is possible to pres5t situations t h nev] occurr$ or at lea/ are n imm$iately giv5 at ! "t & place ( ! pres5tation1 & to sub/itute !m = actual situations 9 su* a fa%ion t ^! may be exp$i5tly met1 if or :5 su* situations pres5t !mselves4 ,an isolat$ concept1 t is1 "o n a "p ( any sy/em1 is z my?ical an entity z any savage ev] dream$4 ,inde$1 x w\ld add mu* to ! cle>ness ( our ?9k+ if we c\ld limit ! use ( intellig5ce to skill 9 con/ruct+ & us+ diff]5t sy/ems ( concepts1 & speak concretely ( ma!matical intellig5ce1 philosophical intellig5ce1 economic intellig5ce1 hi/oric intellig5ce1 & ! l4 ,! problem ( creative intellig5ce is1 aft] all1 ! problem ( ! acquisition ( c]ta9 =ms ( skill1 & :ile ! g5]al l9es are ! same = all k 7because ! in/rum5ts are ev]y:]e symbolic pres5tations1 or concepts71 9 ea* field ! situation /udi$ makes diff]5t types ( difficulties to be ov]come & sugge/ diff]5t me?ods ( atta9+ ! object4 ,9 ma!matics1 ! =mal impulse to r$uce ! cont5t ( fundam5tal concepts to a m9imum1 & to /ress m]ely relations has be5 mo/ successful4 ,we saw its results 9 su* geometries z ,hilb]t's & ,peano's1 :]e ! empty "n entity supplants ! m concrete po9t1 & ! #a ( ari?metic has ! same "*4 ,9 ! social sci5ces1 h[ev]1 su* examples z ! political & ! economic man are signal failures1 :ile1 p]haps1 ! atom & ! electron approa* ! ideal 9 physics & *emi/ry4 ,9 ma!matics1 all fur!r concepts c be def9$ by collections ( ^! fundam5tal entities con/itut$ 9 c]ta9 specifi$ ways4 ,& x is wor? not+ t bo? factually & logically a collection ( entities s def9$ is n a m]e aggregate1 b possesses a diff]5tiat$ "* ( its own :i*1 al?\gh ! resultant ( its con/itution1 is n a prop]ty ( any ( its elem5ts4 ,a :ole numb] is ?us a collection ( #as1 b ! prop]ties ( ! :ole numb] are some?+ q diff]5t f t ( ! elem5ts ?r\gh :i* x is con/itut$1 j z an atom may be compos$ ( electrons & yet1 9 val5cy1 possess a prop]ty t is n ! direct analogue ( any prop]ty possess$ by electrons n s organiz$4 ,natural sci5ce1 h[ev]1 consid]s su* build+ up ( its fundam5tal entities into new entities z a process tak+ place 9 "t r ?an z consequ5t ^u *ange ( =m ( ! :ole r5d]+ new analytic =ms exp$i5t4 ,h5ce x po9ts to ! occurr5ce ( g5u9e novelties 9 ! realm ( objective reality4 ,ma!matics1 on ! o!r h&1 has g5]aliz$ its concepts beyond ! facts impli$ 9 spatial & temporal obs]vations1 s t :ile significant 9 bo? fields by virtue ( ! nature ( its ab/ractions1 its novelties are ! novelties ( new conceptual =mations1 a di/+ui%+ ( previ\sly unnot$ g5]alizations ( relations exi/5t 9 ! realm ( facts4 ,b ! fact t "t has ?us pass$ beyond its empirical mean+ 9 ! ma!matical realm is no gr\nd = giv+ ma!matics an elevat$ position z a sci5ce ( et]nal realities1 ( subsi/5t be+s1 or ! l4 ,! g5]alization ( concepts to cov] bo? spatial & temporal facts does n create new entities = :i* a home mu/ be provid$ 9 ! p>tition ( realities4 ,metaphysicians %\ld n be ! ne$y knife gr9d]s ( ,m4 ,anatole ,france 7cf4 ,g>d5 ( ,epicurus1 ,*4 ,! ,language ( ! ,metaphysicians74 ,nev]!less1 ! success ( ab/raction = ma!matical intellig5ce has be5 imm5se4 ,no significant ?9k+ is :olly ! "w ( an individual man4 ,ideas are a product ( social cooep]ation 9 :i* "s h wre/$ crude concepts f nature1 o!rs h ref9$ !m ?r\gh usage1 & /ill o!rs h built !m into an effective sy/em4 ,! fir/ /eps 7 und\bt$ly tak5 9 an ef=t to communicate1 & progress has be5 9 "p ! progress ( language4 ,! orig9al nature ( man may h z a "p ^? reactions :i* we call curiosity1 b1 z ,augu/e ,comte long ago po9t$ out 7,levy-,bruhl1 ,a4 ,comte1 p4 #fg71 ^! reactions are among ! feeble/ ( our nature & )\t ! pressure ( practical affairs c\ld h>dly h advanc$ ! race beyond b>b>ism4 ,sci5ce 0 ! play?+ ( ! ,greek1 ! consolation ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & only = ! mod]n has x become an in/rum5t 9 su* fa%ion z to m>k an epo* 9 ! /ill dawn+ discov]y ( m9d4 ,man is1 aft] all1 rational only because ?r\gh 8 n]v\s sy/em he c hold 8 imm$iate responses 9 *eck & f9ally react z a be+ t has _h exp]i5ces & pr(it$ by !m4 ,concepts are ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ^! exp]i5ces are 9 effect pres]v$2 !y express n m]ely a fact record$ b also ! significance ( a fact1 n m]ely a contact ) ! _w b also an attitude t[>d ! future4 ,x may be t ! m]e judgm5t ( fact1 a citation ( resemblances & diff]5ces1 is ! basis ( sci5tific k1 b be=e k is wor?y ( ! "n1 ^! facts h und]gone an ideal trans=mation controll$ by ! ne$s ( successful pr$iction & motivat$ by t self-consci\s realization ( ! value ( control :i* has rais$ man above ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,! realm ( ma!matics1 :i* we h be5 exam9+1 is b "o aspect ( ! gr[? ( intellig5ce4 ,b 9 !ory1 at lea/1 x is among ! mo/ int]e/+1 s9ce 9 x are rea*$ ! highe/ ab/ractions ( sci5ce1 :ile its empirical beg9n+s are n lo/4 ,b its processes & _! significance are 9 no way diff]5t 9 ess5ce f ^? ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,x m>ks "o road ( specialization 9 ! discov]y ( m9d4 ,& 9 ^! t]ms we may read all hi/ory4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,woodbridge 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,qu>t]ly1 ,dec41 #aiab1 p4 #aj73 ,we may see man ris+ f ! gr\nd1 />tl$ by ! fir/ dim intimation t ! ?+s & =ces ab\t him are conv]tible & controllable4 ,curiosity excites him1 b he is subdu$ by an untra9$ imag9ation4 ,! ?+s t fright5 him1 he tries to fright5 9 return4 ,! ?+s t bless him1 he blesses4 ,he w\ld sc>e ! e>?'s %ad[ f ! moon & sacrifice 8 de>e/ to a propiti\s sky4 ,x avails n4 ,b ! little ?+s tea* him & discipl9e 8 imag9ation4 ,he has kick$ ! /one t bruis$ him only to be bruis$ aga94 ,s he conv]ts ! /one into a weapon & beg9s ! subjugation ( ! _w1 s++ a song ( triumph by ! way4 ,su* is 8 hi/ory 9 epitome--a blund]1 a conv]sion1 a conque/1 & a song4 ,t sequ5ce he w repeat 9 great] ?+s4 ,he w repeat x yet & rejoice :]e he n[ despairs1 conv]t+ ! *aos ( 8 social1 political1 indu/rial1 & emotional life into :olesome =ce4 ,he w s+ aga94 ,b ! discov]y ( m9d comes fir/1 & !n1 ! song4 ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,& ,,individual ,,?9k] ,,george ,h4 ,,mead ,! sci5ti/ 9 ! anci5t _w f\nd 8 te/ ( reality 9 ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! ess5ce ( ! object4 ,?is evid5ce came by way ( obs]vation1 ev5 to ! ,platoni/4 ,plato c\ld treat ?is evid5ce z ! awak+ ( memories ( ! ideal ess5ce ( ! object se5 9 a _w beyond ! heav5s dur+ a =m] /age ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! language ( ,!atetus x 0 ! agreem5t ( fluctuat+ s5sual cont5t ) ! ?\ght-cont5t impr9t$ 9 or view$ by ! s\l4 ,9 ,ari/otle x is aga9 ! agreem5t ( ! organiz$ s5su\s exp]i5ce ) ! vision :i* ! m9d gets ( ! ess5ce ( ! object ?r\gh ! p]ceptual exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( in/ances4 ,t :i* gives ! /amp ( reality is ! co9cid5ce ( ! p]cept ) a rational cont5t :i* mu/ 9 "s s5se be 9 ! m9d to insure k1 z x mu/ be 9 ! cosmos to insure exi/5ce1 ( ! object4 ,! relation ( ?is te/ ( reality to an analytical me?od is evid5t4 ,our p]ceptual _w is always m cr[d$ & confus$ ?an ! ideal cont5ts by :i* ! reality ( its mean+ is to be te/$4 ,! aim ( ! analysis v>ies ) ! "* ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ,ari/otle's !oretical sci5ces1 su* z ma!matics & metaphysics1 :]e "o proce$s by demon/ration f ! giv5 exi/5ces1 analysis isolates su* elem5ts z numb]s1 po9ts1 l9es1 surfaces1 & solids1 ess5ces & ess5tial accid5ts4 ,ari/otle approa*es nature1 h[ev]1 z he approa*es ! works ( human art4 ,inde$1 he speaks ( nature z ! artific] p> excell5ce4 ,9 ! /udy ( nature1 !n1 z 9 ! /udy ( ! practical & productive arts1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! obs]v] %\ld h ! idea--! f9al cause--z ! means ( deciph]+ ! nature ( liv+ =ms4 ,"h analysis proce$s to isolate *>act]s :i* are already pres5t 9 =ms ^: functions are assum$ to be kn[n4 ,by analogy su* id5tities z t ( fi% f9s ) limbs ( o!r v]tebrates are assum$1 & "s v /rik+ anticipations ( mod]n biological conceptions & discov]ies are rea*$4 ,ari/otle recognizes t ! !ory ( ! nature ( ! =m or ess5ce mu/ be support$ by obs]vation ( ! actual individual4 ,:at is lack+ is any body ( obs]vation :i* has value ap>t f "s !ory4 ,he te/s 8 !ory by ! obs]v$ individual :i* is already an embodi$ !ory1 r ?an by :at we are wont to call ! facts4 ,he ref]s to o!r obs]v]s to disagree ) !m4 ,he does n pres5t _! obs]vations ap>t f _! !ories z mat]ial :i* has exi/5tial value1 indep5d5t = ! "t be+ ( any hypo!sis4 ,& x is consi/5t ) ?is attitude t he nev] pres5ts ! obs]vations ( o!rs 9 support ( 8 own doctr9e4 ,8 analysis )9 ?is field ( biological obs]vation does n br+ him back to :at1 9 mod]n sci5ce1 are ! data1 b to g5]al *>act]s :i* make up ! def9ition ( ! =m4 ,8 induction involves a ga!r+ ( individuals r ?an ( data4 ,?us analysis 9 ! !oretical1 ! natural1 ! practical1 & ! productive sci5ces1 leads back to univ]sals4 ,?is is q consi/5t ) ,ari/otle's metaphysical position t s9ce ! matt] ( natural objects has reality ?r\gh its realization 9 ! =m1 :atev] appe>s )\t su* mean+ c be acc\nt$ = only z ! expression ( ! resi/ance :i* matt] (f]s to ?is realization4 ,?is is ! field ( a bl9d necessity1 n t ( a con/ructive sci5ce4 ,cont9u\s advance 9 sci5ce has be5 possible only :5 analysis ( ! object ( k has suppli$ n elem5ts ( mean+s z ! objects h be5 conceiv$ b elem5ts ab/ract$ f ^? mean+s4 ,t is1 sci5tific advance implies a will+ness to rema9 on t]ms ( tol]ant acceptance ( ! reality ( :at _c be /at$ 9 ! accept$ doctr9e ( ! "t1 b :at mu/ be /at$ 9 ! =m ( contradiction ) ^! accept$ doctr9es4 ,! doma9 ( :at is usually connot$ by ! t]m facts or data belongs to ! field ly+ betwe5 ! old doctr9e & ! new4 ,?is field is n inhabit$ by ! ,ari/otelian individual1 = ! individual is b ! realization ( ! =m or univ]sal ess5ce4 ,:5 ! new !ory has displac$ ! old1 ! new individual appe>s 9 ! place ( its pr$ecessor1 b dur+ ! p]iod )9 :i* ! old !ory is be+ dislodg$ & ! new is aris+1 a consci\sly gr[+ sci5ce f9ds itself occupi$ ) :at is on ! "o h& ! debris ( ! old & on ! o!r ! build+ mat]ial ( ! new4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is mu/ f9d its imm$iate raison d'etre 9 some?+ o!r ?an ! mean+ t is gone or ! mean+ t is n yet "h4 ,x is true t ! b>e/ facts d n lack mean+1 ?\gh a mean+ :i* has be5 !irs 9 ! pa/ is lo/4 ,! mean+1 h[ev]1 t is /ill !irs is confess$ly inadequate1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no sci5tific problem to be solv$4 ,?us1 :5 old] !ories ( ! spread ( infecti\s diseases lo/ _! validity because ( in/ances :]e ^! explanations c\ld n be appli$1 ! diagnoses & acc\nts :i* c\ld /ill be giv5 ( ! cases ( ! sickness !mselves 7 no explanation ( ! spread ( ! infection4 ,! facts ( ! spread ( ! infection c\ld be br\ght nei!r "u a doctr9e ( contagion :i* 0 %att]$ by actual ev5ts nor "u a doctr9e ( ! g]m !ory ( disease1 :i* 0 z yet unborn4 ,! logical import ( ! dep5d5ce ( ^! facts ^u obs]vation1 & h5ce ^u ! individual exp]i5ce ( ! sci5ti/1 ,i %all h occasion to discuss lat]2 :at ,i am ref]r+ to "h is t ! consci\s gr[? ( sci5ce is accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( ?is sort ( mat]ial4 ,!re 7 two fields ( anci5t sci5ce1 ^? ( ma!matics & ( a/ronomy1 )9 :i* v consid]able advance 0 a*iev$1 a fact :i* w\ld seem !re=e to (f] exception to ! /atem5t j made4 ,! !ory ( ! gr[? ( ma!matics is a disput$ t]ritory1 b :e!r ma!matical discov]y & inv5tion take place by /eps :i* c be id5tifi$ ) ^? :i* m>k ! advance 9 ! exp]im5tal sci5ces or n1 ! individual processes 9 :i* ! discov]ies & inv5tions h aris5 are almo/ uni=mly lo/ to view 9 ! demon/ration :i* pres5ts ! results4 ,x w\ld be improp] to /ate t no new data h aris5 9 ! developm5t ( ma!matics1 9 ! face ( su* innovations z ! m9us quantity1 ! irrational1 ! imag9>y1 ! inf9itesimal1 or ! transf9ite numb]1 & yet ! innovations appe> z ! reca/+ ( ! ma!matical !ories r ?an z new facts4 ,x is ( c\rse true t ^! advances h dep5d$ ^u problems su* z ^? :i* 9 ! rese>*es ( ,kepl] & ,galileo l$ to ! e>ly concepts ( ! inf9itesimal proc$ure1 & ^u su* und]tak+s z br++ ! comb9$ !ories ( geometry & algebra to be> ^u ! exp]i5ces ( cont9u\s *ange4 ,= a c5tury aft] ! =mulation ( ! inf9itesimal me?od m5 7 occupi$ 9 c>ry+ ! new tool ( analysis into e field :]e its use promis$ advance4 ,! conceptions ( ! me?od 7 uncritical4 ,its applications 7 ! c5t] ( att5tion4 ,! next c5tury und]took to br+ ord] into ! concepts1 consi/5cy into ! doctr9e1 & rigor into ! reason+4 ,! dom9at+ tr5d ( ?is movem5t 0 logical r ?an me?odological4 ,! developm5t 0 9 ! int]e/ ( ! f\ndations ( ma!matics r ?an 9 ! use ( ma!matics z a me?od = solv+ sci5tific problems4 ,( c\rse ?is has 9 no way int]f]$ ) ! fre$om ( application ( ma!matical te*nique to ! problems ( physical sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 on acc\nt ( ! ri*ness & v>iety ( ! cont5ts :i* ! use ( ma!matical me?ods 9 ! physical sci5ces import$ into ! doctr9e t ?is logical h\seclean+ became necess>y 9 ma!matics4 ,! movem5t has be5 n only logical z di/+ui%$ f me?odological b logical z di/+ui%$ f metaphysical z well4 ,x has ab&on$ a ,euclidean space ) its axioms z a metaphysical presupposition1 & x has ab&on$ an ,ari/otelian subsumptive logic = :i* def9ition is a necess>y presupposition4 ,x recognizes t ev]y?+ _c be prov$1 b x does n und]take to /ate :at ! axiomata %all be2 & x also recognizes t n ev]y?+ c be def9$1 & does n und]take to det]m9e :at %all be def9$ implicitly & :at explicitly4 ,its con/ants are logical con/ants1 z ! proposition1 ! class & ! relation4 ,) ^! & _! l & ) relatively few primitive ideas1 :i* are repres5t$ by symbols1 & us$ accord+ to c]ta9 giv5 po/ulates1 x becomes possible to br+ ! :ole body ( ma!matics )9 a s+le treatm5t4 ,! developm5t ( ?is pure ma!matics1 :i* comes to be a logic ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 has be5 made possible by su* a g5]alization ( numb] !ory & !ories ( ! elem5ts ( space & "t t ! rigor ( ma!matical reason+ is secur$1 :ile ! physical sci5ti/ is left ! wide/ fre$om 9 ! *oice & con/ruction ( concepts & imag]y = 8 hypo!ses4 ,! only compulsion is a logical compulsion4 ,! metaphysical compulsion has disappe>$ f ma!matics & ! sci5ces ^: te*niques x provides4 ,x 0 j ?is compulsion :i* conf9$ anci5t sci5ce4 ,euclidian geometry def9$ ! limits ( ma!matics4 ,ev5 me*anics 0 cultivat$ l>gely z a geometrical field4 ,! metaphysical doctr9e accord+ to :i* physical objects _h _! own places & _! own motions det]m9$ ! limits )9 :i* a/ronomical speculations c\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,)9 ^! limits ,greek ma!matical g5ius a*iev$ m>vel\s results4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( any p]iod w be limit$ by two v>iables3 ! type ( problem aga9/ :i* sci5ce =mulates its me?ods1 & ! mat]ials :i* analysis puts at ! sci5ti/'s disposal 9 attack+ ! problems4 ,! te*nical problems ( ! trisection ( an angle & ! duplication ( a cube are illu/rations ( ! problems :i* *>act]ize a geometrical doctr9e t 0 f9d+ its te*nique4 ,!re appe>s also ! me?od ( analysis ( ! problem into simpl] problems1 ! assumption ( ! tru? ( ! conclusion to be prov$ & ! process ( argu+ f ?is to a kn[n tru?4 ,! m fundam5tal problem :i* appe>s fir/ z ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 :i* becomes t ( ! det]m9ation ( ! relation ( ! circle to its diamet] & developm5t ( ! me?od ( exhau/ion1 leads up to ! sph]e1 ! regul> polyh$ra1 to conic sections & ! beg9n+s ( trigonometry4 ,numb] 0 n fre$ f ! relations ( geometrical magnitudes1 ?\gh ,ar*im$es c\ld conceive ( a numb] great] or small] ?an any assignable magnitude4 ,) ! me?od ( exhau/ion1 ) ! conceptions ( numb] f\nd 9 writ+s ( ,ar*im$es & o!rs1 ) ! beg9n+s ( sph]ical geometry & trigonometry1 & ) ! sl[ gr[? ( algebra f9d+ its highe/ expression 9 t la/ fl>+ up ( ,greek ma!matical creation1 ! "w ( ,diophantes2 !re 7 pres5t all ! conceptions :i* 7 necess>y = attack ^u ! problems ( velocities & *ang+ velocities1 & ! developm5t ( ! me?od ( analysis :i* has be5 ! revolution>y tool ( ,europe s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,b ! problems ( a relation betwe5 ! "t & space ( a motion t %\ld *ange j z a motion1 )\t ref]5ce to ! ess5ce ( ! object 9 motion1 7 problems :i* did n1 p]haps c\ld n1 arise to confront ! ,greek m9d4 ,9 any case its ma!matics 0 firmly emb$d$ 9 a ,euclidian space4 ,?\gh !re are indications ( "s di/ru/1 ev5 9 ,greek times1 ( ! p>allel axiom1 ! sugge/ion t ma!matical reason+ c\ld be made rigor\s & compreh5sive indep5d5tly ( ! specific cont5t ( axiom & def9ition 0 an impossible "o = ! ,greek1 because su* a sugge/ion c\ld be made only on ! presupposition ( a numb] !ory & an algebra capable ( /at+ a cont9uum 9 t]ms :i* are indep5d5t ( ! s5su\s intuition ( space & "t & ( ! motion t takes place )9 space & "t4 ,9 ! same fa%ion me*anics came back to fundam5tal g5]alizations ( exp]i5ce ) ref]5ce to motions :i* s]v$ z axioms ( me*anics1 bo? cele/ial & t]re/rial3 ! assumptions ( ! natural motion ( e>?ly sub/ances to _! own places 9 /raight l9es1 & ( cele/ial bodies 9 circles & uni=m velocities1 ( an equilibrium :]e equal weights op]ate at equal di/ances f ! fulcrum4 ,! incomm5surable ( ,py?agoras & ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o pres5t ! no ?or\ghf>es ( anci5t ma!matical ?\ght4 ,nei!r ! cont9uum ( space nor ( motion c\ld be brok5 up into ultimate units1 :5 incomm5surable ratios exi/$ :i* c\ld n be express$1 & :5 motion refus$ to be divid$ into positions ( space or "t s9ce ^! are functions ( motion4 ,x 0 n until an algebraic !ory ( numb] l$ ma!maticians to ! use ( expressions = ! irrational1 ! m9us1 & ! imag9>y numb]s ?r\gh ! logical developm5t ( g5]aliz$ expressions1 t problems c\ld be =mulat$ 9 :i* ^! irrational ratios & quantities 7 involv$1 ?\gh x is also true t ! ef=t to deal ) problems ( ?is "* 0 9 no small degree responsible = ! developm5t ( ! algebra4 ,fix$ metaphysical assumptions 9 reg>d to numb]1 space1 "t1 motion1 & ! nature ( physical objects det]m9$ ! limits )9 :i* sci5tific inve/igation c\ld take place4 ,?us ?\gh ! hypo!sis ( ,cop]nicus & 9 all probability ( ,ty*o ,brahe 7 =mulat$ by ,greek a/ronom]s1 _! physical doctr9e 0 unable to use !m because !y 7 9 flagrant contradiction ) ! def9itions ! anci5t _w gave to e>?ly & cele/ial bodies & _! natural motions4 ,! atomic doctr9e ) ,democritus' ?or\ghgo+ und]tak+ to sub/itute a quantitative = a qualitative conception ( matt] ) ! location ( ! qualitative aspects ( ! _w 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! s\l appeal$ only to ! ,epicurean :o us$ ! !ory z an exorcism to drive out ( ! univ]se ! spirits :i* di/urb$ ! calm ( ! philosoph]4 ,!re 0 only "o field 9 :i* anci5t sci5ce seem$ to break away f ! fix$ assumptions ( its metaphysics & f ! def9itions ( natural objects :i* 7 ! bases = _! sci5tific inf]5ces1 ?is 0 ! field ( a/ronomy 9 ! p]iod aft] ,eudoxus4 ,up to & includ+ ! !ories ( ,eudoxus1 physical & ma!matical a/ronomy w5t h& 9 h&4 ,eudoxus' ne/s ( sph]es )9 sph]es hung on diff]5t axes revolv+ 9 diff]5t uni=m p]iods 0 ! la/ attempt ( ! ma!matician philosoph] to /ate ! anomalies ( ! heav5s1 & to acc\nt = ! /ations1 ! retrogressions1 & v>y+ velocities ( planet>y bodies by a !ory resolv+ all ph5om5a ( ^! bodies into motions ( uni=m velocities 9 p]fect circles1 & also plac+ ^! ph5om5a )9 a physical !ory consi/5t ) ! prevail+ conceptions ( ! sci5ce & philosophy ( ! "t4 ,z a physici/ ,ari/otle felt ! necessity ( introduc+ fur!r sph]es betwe5 ! ne/s ( sph]es assign$ by ,eudoxus to ! planet>y bodies1 sph]es ^: peculi> motions %\ld correct ! t5d5cy ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( sph]es to pass _! motions on to ea* o!r4 ,s9ce ! =m ( ! orbits ( heav5ly bodies & _! velocities c\ld n be consid]$ to be ! results ( _! masses & ( _! relative positions ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r2 s9ce x 0 n possible to calculate ! velocities & orbits f ! physical *>act]s ( ! bodies1 s9ce 9 a ^w ^! physical *>act]s did n ent] into ! problem ( calculat+ ! positions ( ! bodies nor (f] explanations = ! anomalies :i* ! ma!matical a/ronom] _h to expla91 x 0 n /range t he dis9t]e/$ himself f ! metaphysical cele/ial me*anics ( 8 "t & conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u ! geometrical hypo!ses by means ( :i* he c\ld hope to resolve into uni=m revolutions 9 circul> orbits ! anomal\s motions ( ! planet>y bodies4 ,! introduction ( ! epicycle ) ! def]5t & ! ecc5tric z work+ hypo!ses to solve ! anomalies ( ! heav5s is to be compreh5d$ l>gely 9 view ( ! isolation ( ! ma!matical z di/+ui%$ f ! physical problem ( a/ronomy4 ,9 no s5se 7 ^! conceptions work+ hypo!ses ( a cele/ial me*anics4 ,!y 7 ! only means ( an age ^: ma!matics 0 almo/ entirely geometrical = accompli%+ :at a lat] g5]ation c\ld accompli% by an algebraic !ory ( functions4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! und]tak+ ( ! anci5t ma!matical a/ronom] to resolve ! motions ( planet>y bodies into circul>1 uni=m1 cont9u\s1 symmetrical movem5ts is comp>able to ! !orem ( ,f\ri] :i* all[s ! ma!matician to replace any "o p]iodic function by a sum ( circul> functions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! a/ronomy ( ! ,alex&rian p]iod is a some:at cumbr\s developm5t ( ! ma!matical te*nique ( ! "t to enable ! a/ronom] to br+ ! anomalies ( ! planet>y bodies1 z !y increas$ "u obs]vation1 )9 ! axioms ( a metaphysical physics4 ,! g5ius exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ma!matical te*nique places ! names ( ,apollonius ( ,p]ga1 ,hipp>*us ( ,nicaea1 & ,ptolemy among ! great ma!maticians ( ! _w1 b !y nev] felt !mselves free to attack by _! hypo!ses ! fundam5tal assumptions ( ! anci5t metaphysical doctr9e ( ! univ]se4 ,?us x 0 said ( ,hipp>*us by ,adra/us1 a philosoph] ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 9 expla9+ 8 pref]5ce = ! epicycle to ! ecc5tric z a means ( analyz+ ! motions ( ! planet>y bodies3 ,he pref]r$ & adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( ! epicycle z m probable to 8 m9d1 because x ord]$ ! sy/em ( ! heav5s ) m symmetry & ) a m intimate dep5d5ce ) ref]5ce to ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,al?\gh he gu>d$ himself f assum+ ! role ( ! physici/ 9 devot+ himself to ! inve/igations ( ! real movem5ts ( ! />s1 & 9 und]tak+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! motions :i* nature has adopt$ f ^? :i* ! appe>ances pres5t to our eyes1 he assum$ t e planet revolv$ along an epicycle1 ! c5t] ( :i* describes a circumf]5ce conc5tric ) ! e>?4 ,ev5 ma!matical a/ronomy does n (f] an exception to ! sci5tific me?od ( ! anci5t _w1 t ( br++ to consci\sness ! concepts involv$ 9 _! _w ( exp]i5ce1 organiz+ ^! concepts ) ref]5ce to ea*1 analyz+ & re/at+ !m )9 ! limits ( _! ess5tial accid5ts1 & assimilat+ ! concrete objects ( exp]i5ce to ^! typical =ms z m or less complete realizations4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! process ( ,greek self-consci\s reflection & analysis1 ! m9d ran riot among ! concepts & _! *>act]s until ! contradictions :i* arose f ^! unsy/ematiz$ speculations br\ght ! ,greek m9d up to ! problems ( criticism & sci5tific me?od4 ,criticism l$ to ! sep>ation ( ! _m f ! "o1 ! imp]fect copy f ! p]fect type1 ! s5su\s & passionate f ! rational & ! intr9sically good1 ! imp]man5t p>ticul> f ! incorruptible univ]sal4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation ran betwe5 ! la/+ reality t answ]$ to critical objective ?\ght & ! realm ( p]i%+ imp]fect in/ances1 ( p>tially realiz$ =ms full ( unmean+ diff]5ces due to di/ortion & imp]fection1 ! realm answ]+ to a s5su\s passionate unreflective exp]i5ce4 ,x w\ld be a q inexcusable mi/ake to put all t falls on ! wrong side ( ! l9e into a subjective exp]i5ce1 = ^! *>act]s belong$ n alone to ! exp]i5ce1 b also to ! pass+ %[1 to ! _w ( imp]fectly develop$ matt] :i* belong$ to ! p]ceptual passionate exp]i5ce4 ,:ile x may n !n be class$ z subjective1 ! ,greeks ( ! ,sophi/ic p]iod felt t ?is phase ( exi/5ce 0 an exp]i5ce :i* belongs to ! man 9 8 individual life1 t life 9 :i* he revolts f ! conv5tions ( society1 9 :i* he que/ions accept$ doctr9e1 9 :i* he diff]5tiates himself f 8 fell[s4 ,protagoras seems ev5 to h und]tak5 to make ?is exp]i5ce ( ! individual1 ! /uff ( ! kn[n _w4 ,x is difficult adequately to assess ,protagoras' und]tak+4 ,he seems to be insi/+ bo? t ! man's exp]i5ce z 8 own mu/ be ! measure ( reality z kn[n & on ! o!r h& t ^! exp]i5ces pres5t norms :i* (f] a *oice 9 conduct4 ,if ?is is true ,protagoras conceiv$ ( ! individual's exp]i5ce 9 its atypical & revolution>y =m z n only real b ! possible s\rce ( full] realities ?an ! _w ( conv5tion4 ,! und]tak+ fail$ bo? 9 philosophic doctr9e & 9 practical politics4 ,x fail$ 9 bo? fields because ! subjectivi/1 bo? 9 !ory & practice1 did n succe$ 9 f9d+ a place = ! univ]sal "* ( ! object1 its mean+1 9 ! m9d ( ! individual & ?us 9 f9d+ 9 ?is exp]i5ce ! hypo!sis = ! recon/ruction ( ! real _w4 ,9 ! anci5t _w ! atypical individual1 ! revolutioni/1 ! non-con=mi/ 0 a self-seek+ adv5tur] or an an>*i/1 n an innovator or re=m]1 & subjectivism 9 anci5t philosophy rema9$ a skeptical attitude :i* c\ld de/roy b c\ld n build up4 ,hippocrates & 8 s*ool came ne>] consci\sly us+ ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual z ! actual mat]ial ( ! object ( k4 ,9 ! skeptical p]iod 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$ !y reject$ on ! "o h& ! magic ( traditional m$ic9e & on ! o!r ! empty !oriz+ t _h be5 call$ out among ! physicians by ! philosoph]s4 ,_! practical tasks held !m to imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,_! functions 9 ! gymnasia gave _! m$ic9e an int]e/ 9 heal? z well z 9 disease1 & direct$ _! att5tion l>gely t[>d diet1 ex]cise1 & climate 9 ! treatm5t ev5 ( disease4 ,9 its /udy !y h left ! mo/ admirable sets ( obs]vations1 includ+ ev5 acc\nts ( ackn[l$g$ errors & ! results ( diff]5t treatm5ts ( cases1 :i* anci5t sci5ce c pres5t4 ,x 0 ! mis=tune ( _! sci5ce t x dealt ) a complicat$ subject-matt] dep5d5t = its successful treatm5t ^u ! :ole body ( physical1 *emical1 & biological discipl9es z well z ! discov]y & inv5tion ( complicat$ te*niques4 ,!y 7 =c$ aft] all to adopt a hopelessly inadequate physiological !ory--t ( ! f\r humors--) ! correspond+ doctr9e ( heal? & disease z ! prop] & improp] mixture ( ^! fluids4 ,_! m>vel\sly f9e obs]vation ( symptoms l$ only to ! def9ition ( types & a m$ical practice :i* 0 capable ( no consi/5t progress outside ( c]ta9 fields ( surg]y4 ,?us ev5 ,greek m$ic9e 0 unable to develop a diff]5t type ( sci5tific me?od except 9 s f> z x kept alive an empiricism :i* play$ a n unimportant "p 9 po/-,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,)9 ! field ( a/ronomy 9 expla9+ ! anomalies ( ! heav5s involv$ 9 _! metaphysical assumptions1 !y built up a m>vel\sly p]fect ,euclidian geometry1 = "h ref9$ & exhau/ive def9ition ( all ! elem5ts 0 possible4 ,! problems involv$ 9 propositions to be prov$ appe>$ 9 ! individual exp]i5ce ( ! geometrician1 b ?is exp]i5ce 9 space 0 uni=m ) t ( e "o else & took on a univ]sal n an individual =m4 ,! te/ ( ! solution 0 giv5 9 a demon/ration :i* holds = e "o liv+ 9 ! same ,euclidian space4 ,:5 ! ma!matician f\nd himself c>ri$ by 8 ma!matical te*nique beyond ! assumptions ( a metaphysical physics he ab&on$ ! field ( physical a/ronomy & conf9$ himself to ! developm5t ( 8 ma!matical expressions4 ,9 o!r fields ,greek sci5ce analyz$ ) v>y+ success & critical skill only ! conceptions f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( _! "t & _w4 ,nor did ,greek ?\ght succe$ 9 =mulat+ any adequate me?od by :i* ! ultimate concepts 9 any field ( sci5ce 7 to be det]m9$4 ,x is 9 ,ari/otle's /atem5t ( induction & ! process ( def9ition t we appreciate mo/ cle>ly ! inadequacy ( _! me?od4 ,?is inadequacy lies fundam5tally 9 ,ari/otle's conception ( obs]vation :i*1 z ,i h already not$1 implies ! recognition ( an individual1 t is1 an object :i* is an embodi$ =m or idea4 ,! function ( k is to br+ out ?is ess5ce4 ,! m9d sees ?r\gh ! individuals ! univ]sal nature4 ,! value ( ! obs]vation lies1 !n1 n 9 ! controll$ p]ception ( c]ta9 data z obs]v$ facts1 b 9 ! insight ) :i* he recognizes ! nature ( ! object4 ,:5 ?is nature has be5 se5 x is to be analyz$ into ess5tial *>act]s & ?us =mulat$ into ! def9ition4 ,9 ,ari/otle's me?odology !re is no proc$ure by :i* ! m9d c delib]ately "q ! exp]i5ce ( ! community & by a controll$ me?od recon/ruct its receiv$ _w4 ,?us ! natural sci5ces 7 z really fix$ by ! conceptions ( ! community z 7 ! exact sci5ces by ! conceptions ( a ,euclidian geometry & ! ma!matics :i* ! ,greeks =mulat$ )9 x4 ,! individual )9 ^: peculi> exp]i5ce arises a contradiction to ! prevail+ conceptions ( ! community & 9 ^: creative intellig5ce appe>s ! new hypo!sis :i* makes possible a new heav5 & a new e>? c\ld utilize 8 individual exp]i5ce only 9 de/ructive skepticism4 ,subjectivism s]v$ 9 anci5t ?\ght to invalidate k n to enl>ge x4 ,zell] has sket*$ a p>allelism betwe5 ! ideal /ate ( ,plato & ! social /ructure ( ! m$ieval _w4 ,! philosoph]-k+ is repres5t$ by ! ,pope1 bel[ him answ]+ to ! w>rior class 9 ! ,platonic /ate /&s ! w>rior class ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 :o 9 !ory en=ce ! dictates ( ! ,roman curia1 :ile at ! bottom 9 bo? communities /& ! mass ( ! p b\nd to ob$i5ce to ! p[]s above4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 & t is to be f\nd 9 ! relative positions ( ! ideal worlds t dom9ate ea*4 ,plato's ideal _w beyond ! heav5s gives :at reality x has to ?is ?r\gh ! p>ticipation by ! _w ( becom+ 9 ! ideas4 ,op9ion dimly s5s$ ! ideas 9 ! evanesc5t objects ab\t x1 & ?\gh ,plato's memory !ory ( k assum$ t ! ideas _h be5 se5 9 =m] exi/5ce & m5 c\ld ?us recognize ! copies "h1 ! ideal _w 0 n )9 ! m9d b )\t4 ,9 a real s5se ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 0 )9 m5 9 ! m$ieval _w1 z 0 ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,!y 7 ideal communities t ought to exi/ on e>?1 & x 0 due to ! depravity ( m5 t !y did n exi/4 ,f "t to "t m5 und]took 9 v>i\s upheavals to realize 9 "s "p ^! spiritual & political ideals :i* !y c>ri$ )9 !m4 ,& m5 n only c>ri$ )9 !m ! ideas ( a ,new ,j]usalem 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( "o 0 ! int]e/ ( all & ( an e>?ly /ate ord]$ by a div9e decree to fulfil ?is ,*ri/ian ideal1 b ! det]m9+ causes ( ! pres5t condition & ! future realization dep5d$ also ^u ! inn] attitudes & exp]i5ces ( ! individuals !mselves4 ,)\t c>ry+ ! analogy "h too f>1 ?is relation betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual & ! _w :i* may arise ?r\gh ! realization ( 8 ideas is ! basis ( ! mo/ pr(\nd di/9ction betwe5 ! anci5t _w & ! mod]n4 ,be=e ! logic ( ?is attitude c\ld appe> 9 sci5ce a long p]iod ( intellectual & social gr[? 0 necess>y4 ,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ?is gr[? 0 ! sl[ b /eady developm5t ( psy*ological doctr9e :i* plac$ ! objective _w 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual4 ,x is n ( int]e/ "h to br+ out ! mod]n epi/emological problem t grew out ( ?is1 or to pres5t ?is 9 ! _w ( ,leibnitzian monads t _h no w9d[s or 9 ! ,b]keleyan subjective idealism4 ,:at is ( int]e/ is to po9t out t ?is attitude e/abli%$ a functional relation%ip betwe5 ev5 ! subjective exp]i5ce ( ! individual & ! object ( k4 ,a skepticism bas$ ^u subjectivism might !reaft] "q ! ju/ification ( ! ref]5ce ( exp]i5ce beyond itself2 x c\ld n "q k & its imm$iate object4 ,kant =malizes ! relation ( :at 0 subjective & :at 0 objective by id5tify+ ! =m] ) ! s5su\s cont5t ( exp]i5ce & ! latt] ) ! application ( ! =ms ( s5sibility & und]/&+ to ?is cont5t4 ,! relation%ip 0 =mal & dead4 ,kant recogniz$ no functional relation%ip betwe5 ! nature ( ! ,mannigfaltigkeit ( s5su\s exp]i5ce & ! =ms into :i* x 0 p\r$4 ,! =ms rema9$ ext]nal to ! cont5t1 b ! relation%ip 0 "o :i* exi/$ )9 exp]i5ce1 n )\t x1 & )9 ?is exp]i5ce c\ld be f\nd ! necessity & univ]sality :i* _h be5 locat$ 9 ! _w indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,! melt+ ( ^! fix$ ,kantian categories came ) ! spr+ floods ( ! romantic idealism t foll[$ ,kant4 ,! />t+-po9t ( ?is idealism 0 ,kantian4 ,)9 exp]i5ce lay ! object ( k4 ,! ,ideali/'s pr9cipal und]tak+ 0 to ov]come ! skepticism t atta*$ to ! object ( k because ( its ref]5ce to :at lies outside itself4 ,if1 z ,kant _h und]tak5 to prove1 ! reality :i* k implies mu/ rea* beyond exp]i5ce1 !n1 on ! ,kantian doctr9e t k lies )9 exp]i5ce1 k itself is infect$ ) skepticism4 ,kant's practical bridge f ! _w ( exp]i5ce to ! _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves1 :i* he walk$ by fai? & n by sight1 0 f\nd 9 ! po/ulates ( ! conduct ( ! self z a moral be+1 z a p]sonality4 ,! romantic ideali/s advance by ! same road1 ?\gh z romantici/s n critical philosoph]s1 !y fa%ion$ ! _w ( reality1 t transc5ds exp]i5ce1 out ( exp]i5ce itself1 by c5t]+ ! self 9 ! absolute self & conceiv+ ! :ole inf9ite univ]se z ! exp]i5ce ( ! absolute self4 ,! int]e/+ phase ( ?is developm5t is t ! =m :i* exp]i5ce takes 9 becom+ objective is f\nd 9 ! nature & ?\ght ( ! individual1 & t ?is process ( epi/emological exp]i5ce becomes ?us a process ( nature1 if ! objective is ! natural4 ,9 ,kant's t]ms our m9ds give laws to nature4 ,b ?is nature con/antly exhibits its dep5d5ce ^u und]ly+ n\m5a t mu/ !re=e transc5d ! laws giv5 by ! und]/&+4 ,! ,romantici/ insi/s t ?is o!r reality mu/ be ! same /uff z t ( exp]i5ce1 t 9 exp]i5ce arise =ms :i* transc5d ^? :i* b\nd ! exp]i5ce 9 its e>li] phase4 ,if 9 exp]i5ce ! =ms ( ! objective _w are !mselves involv$1 ! process ( k sets no limits to itself1 :i* x may n1 does n1 by implication transc5d4 ,z fur!r indication ( ! %ift by :i* ?\ght _h pass$ into possession ( ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves /&s ! ant9omy :i* 9 ,kantian exp]i5ce m>ks ! limit ( our k :ile 9 po/-,kantian idealism x becomes ! anti!sis t leads to ! syn!sis ^u ! high] plane4 ,contradiction m>ks ! phase at :i* ! _s becomes creative1 n simply giv+ an empty =mal law to nature1 b creat+ ! concrete univ]se 9 :i* cont5t & =m m]ge 9 true actuality4 ,! relation ( ! s5su\s cont5t to ! conceptual =m is n dead1 z 9 ,kant's doctr9e4 ,x is fus$ z p]ception into concept & c>ries its imm$iacy & concret5ess ( detail into ! concrete univ]sal z ! complete organization ( /imulation & response pass into ! flexible habit4 ,& yet 9 ! ,hegelian logic1 ! movem5t is always away f ! p]ceptual exp]i5ce t[>d ! high] realm ( ! ,idee4 ,?\ght is creative 9 ! movem5t1 b 9 its ultimate reality x transc5ds spatial & temporal exp]i5ce1 ! exp]i5ce ) :i* ! natural & ma!matical sci5ces deal4 ,?\ght is n a means ( solv+ ! problems ( ?is _w z !y arise1 b a great process ( realization 9 :i* ?is _w is =ev] transc5d$4 ,its ab/ract p>ticul>ities ( s5su\s detail belong only to ! f9ite exp]i5ce ( ! p>tial self4 ,?is _w is1 !re=e1 always incomplete 9 its reality &1 9 s f>1 always untrue4 ,tru? & full reality belong n to ! field ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 its metaphysics ,romantic ,idealism1 ?\gh x f9ds a place = sci5tific discov]y & recon/ruction1 leaves ^! disda9fully beh9d1 z incomplete phases ( ! ultimate process ( reality1 z infect$ ) untru? & deceptive unw>rant$ claims4 ,! _w is /ill too mu* ) u4 ,we recognize "h ?ree /rik+ results ( ! developm5t ( reflective consci\sness 9 ! mod]n _w3--fir/1 x is assum$ t ! objective _w ( k c be plac$ )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual )\t los+ !reby its nature z an object1 t all *>act]s ( t object c be pres5t$ z belong+ to t exp]i5ce1 :e!r adequately or n is ano!r "q2 & second1 x is assum$ t ! contradictions 9 its nature :i* are associat$ ) its inclusion 9 individual exp]i5ce1 its ref]5ces beyond itself :5 s includ$1 may !mselves be ! />t+-po9t ( a recon/ruction :i* at lea/ c>ries t object beyond ! exp]i5ce )9 :i* ^! contradictions arose2 & ?ird1 x is assum$ t ?is gr[? takes place 9 a _w ( reality )9 :i* ! incomplete exp]i5ce ( ! individual is an ess5tial "p ( ! process1 9 :i* x is n a m]e fiction1 de/roy+ reality by its repres5tation1 b is a gr[+-po9t 9 t reality itself4 ,^! *>act]s ( philosophic int]pretation1 ! inclusion ( ! object ( k 9 ! individual exp]i5ce & ! turn+ ( ! conflicts 9 t exp]i5ce into ! occasion = ! creation ( new objects transc5d+ ^! contradictions1 are ! *>act]s 9 ! consci\s me?od1 ( mod]n sci5ce1 :i* mo/ pr(\ndly di/+ui% x f ! me?od ( anci5t sci5ce4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is tantam\nt to say+ t !y are ^? :i* m>k ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 sci5ce4 ,t phase ( ! me?od ^u :i* ,i h t\*$ already has be5 its occupation ) ! s-call$ data or facts z di/+ui%$ f ,ari/otelian individuals4 ,:5ev] we r$uce ! objects ( sci5tific inve/igation to facts & und]take to record !m z su*1 !y become ev5ts1 happ5+s1 ^: h>d factual "* lies 9 ! circum/ance t !y h tak5 place1 & ?is q indep5d5tly ( any explanation ( _! tak+ place4 ,:5 !y are expla9$ !y h ceas$ to be facts & h become in/ances ( a law1 t is1 ,ari/otelian individuals1 embodi$ !ories1 & _! actuality z ev5ts is lo/ 9 ! necessity ( _! occurr5ce z expressions ( ! law2 ) ?is *ange _! p>ticul>ity z ev5ts or happ5+s disappe>s4 ,!y are b ! specific values ( ! equation :5 con/ants are sub/itut$ = v>iables4 ,be=e ! equation is kn[n or ! law discov]$ !y h no su* gr\nd ( exi/5ce4 ,up to ?is po9t !y f9d _! gr\nd = exi/5ce 9 _! m]e occurr5ce1 to :i* ! law :i* is to expla9 !m mu/ accommodate itself4 ,!re are "h sugge/$ two po9ts ( view f :i* ^! facts may be reg>d$4 ,consid]$ ) ref]5ce to a uni=mity or law by :i* !y w be ord]$ & expla9$ !y are ! ph5om5a ) :i* ! positivi/ deals2 z exi/5cies to be id5tifi$ & localiz$ be=e !y are plac$ )9 su* a uni=mity !y fall )9 ! doma9 ( ! psy*ological philosoph] :o c at lea/ place !m 9 _! relation to ! o!r ev5ts 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual :o obs]ves !m4 ,consid]$ z hav+ a residual mean+ ap>t f ! law to :i* !y h become exceptions1 !y c become ! subject-matt] ( ! rationali/4 ,x is important t we recognize t nei!r ! positivi/ nor ! rationali/ is able to id5tify ! nature ( ! fact or datum to :i* !y ref]4 ,i ref] to su* /ubborn facts z ^? ( ! sporadic appe>ance ( infecti\s diseases be=e ! g]m !ory ( ! disease 0 discov]$4 ,"h 0 a fact :i* contradict$ ! doctr9e ( ! spread ( ! infection by contact4 ,x appe>$ n z an in/ance ( a law1 b z an exception to a law4 ,z su*1 its nature is f\nd 9 its hav+ happ5$ at a giv5 place & "t4 ,if ! case _h appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( an epidemic1 its nature z a case ( ! infecti\s disease w\ld h be5 c>$ = 9 ! accept$ doctr9e1 & = its acceptance z an object ( k its location 9 space & "t z an ev5t w\ld n h be5 requir$4 ,its geographical & hi/orical traits w\ld h foll[$ f ! !ory ( ! infection1 z we id5tify by our calculations ! happy fulfilm5t ( ,?ales' prophecy4 ,! happ5+ ( an in/ance ( a law is acc\nt$ = by ! law4 ,its happ5+ may & 9 mo/ in/ances does escape obs]vation1 :ile z an exception to an accept$ law x captures att5tion4 ,its nature z an ev5t is1 !n1 f\nd 9 its appe>ance 9 ! exp]i5ce ( "s individual1 ^: obs]vation is controll$ & record$ z 8 exp]i5ce4 ,)\t its ref]5ce to ?is individual's exp]i5ce x c\ld n appe> z a fact = fur!r sci5tific consid]ation4 ,n[ ! attitude ( ! positivi/ t[>d ?is fact is t induc$ by its relation to ! law :i* is subsequ5tly discov]$4 ,x has !n fall5 into place 9 a s]ies1 & 8 doctr9e is t all laws are b uni=mities ( su* ev5ts4 ,he treats ! fact :5 x is an exception to law z an in/ance ( ! new law & assumes t ! exception to ! old law & ! in/ance ( ! new are id5tical4 ,& ?is is a great mi/ake1--! mi/ake made also by ! neo-reali/ :5 he assumes t ! object ( k is ! same )9 & )\t ! m9d1 t no?+ happ5s to :at is to be kn[n :5 x by *ance /rays into ! realm ( consci\s cognition4 ,any z yet unexpla9$ exception to an old !ory c happ5 only 9 ! exp]i5ce ( an individual1 & t :i* has its exi/5ce z an ev5t 9 "s "o's biography is a diff]5t ?+ f ! future in/ance :i* is n behold5 to any "o = its exi/5ce4 ,yet !re are1 z ,i indicat$ e>li]1 mean+s 9 ?is exceptional ev5t :i*1 at lea/ = ! "t1 are unaffect$ by ! exceptional "* ( ! occurr5ce4 ,= example1 c]ta9 cl9ical symptoms by :i* an infecti\s disease is id5tifi$ h rema9$ un*ang$ 9 diagnosis s9ce ! days ( ,hippocrates4 ,^! *>act]s rema9 z *>act]s ( ! in/ance ( ! law ( g]m-orig9 :5 ?is law has be5 discov]$4 ,?is may lead u to say t ! exception :i* appe>s = ! "t be+ z a unique incid5t 9 a biography is id5tical ) ! in/ance ( a g]m-induc$ disease4 ,inde$1 we are likely to g fur!r &1 9 ! assurance ( ! new doctr9e1 /ate t =m] exceptions c 7or ) adequate acqua9tance ) ! facts c\ld7 be prov$ to be necess>ily an in/ance ( a disease c>ri$ by a g]m4 ,! positivi/ is !re=e confid5t t ! field ( sci5tific k is made up ( ev5ts :i* are in/ances ( uni=m s]ies1 al?\gh "u conditions ( inadequate in=mation "s ( !m appe> z exceptions to ! /atem5ts ( uni=mities1 9 tru? ! latt] be+ no uni=mities at all4 ,t ?is is n a true /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! exception & ( ! in/ance1 x is n difficult to %[ if we are will+ to accept ! acc\nts :i* ! sci5ti/s !mselves give ( _! own obs]vation1 ! *ang+ =ms :i* ! hypo!sis assumes dur+ ! ef=t to rea* a solution & ! ultimate recon/ruction :i* att5ds ! f9al te/$ solution4 ,:]ev] we are =tunate en\gh1 z 9 ! biographies ( m5 su* z ,d>w9 & ,pa/eur1 to foll[ a numb] ( ! /eps by :i* !y recogniz$ problems & work$ out t5able hypo!ses = _! solution1 we f9d t ! direction :i* is giv5 to att5tion 9 ! e>ly /age ( sci5tific inve/igation is t[>d conflicts betwe5 curr5t !ories & obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & t s9ce ! =m :i* ^! obs]vations take is det]m9$ by ! opposition1 x is det]m9$ by a /atem5t :i* itself is lat] ab&on$4 ,we f9d t ! scope & "* ( ! obs]vations *ange at once :5 ! inve/igator sets ab\t ga!r+ z mu* ( ! mat]ial z he c secure1 & *anges con/antly z he =mulates t5tative hypo!ses = ! solution ( ! problem1 :i*1 moreov]1 g5]ally *anges its =m dur+ ! inve/igation4 ,i am aw>e t ?is *ange 9 ! =m ( ! data w be bru%$ aside by _m z belong+ only to ! attitude ( m9d ( ! inve/igator1 :ile x is assum$ t ! facts !mselves1 h[ev] select$ & organiz$ 9 8 obs]vation & ?\ght1 rema9 id5tical 9 _! nature ?r\gh\t4 ,inde$1 ! sci5ti/ himself c>ries ) him 9 ! :ole proc$ure ! confid5ce t ! fact-/ructure ( reality is un*ang$1 h[ev] v>i$ are ! =ms ( ! obs]vations :i* ref] to ! same entities4#ce ,! analysis ( ! fact-/ructure ( reality %[s 9 ! fir/ place t ! sci5ti/ und]takes to =m su* an hypo!sis t all ! data ( obs]vation w f9d _! place 9 ! objective _w1 & 9 ! second place to br+ !m into su* a /ructure t future exp]i5ce w lead to anticipat$ results4 ,he does n und]take to pres]ve facts 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y exi/$ 9 exp]i5ce be=e ! problem arose nor to con/ruct a _w indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce or t w n be subject itself to future recon/ructions 9 exp]i5ce4 ,he m]ely insi/s t future recon/ructions w take into acc\nt ! old 9 re-adju/+ x to ! new4 ,9 su* a process x is evid5t t ! *ange ( ! =m 9 ! data is n due to a subjective attitude ( ! inve/igator :i* c be ab/ract$ f ! facts4 ,:5 ,d>w91 = in/ance1 f\nd t ! m>l dress+s :i* f>m]s spread ov] _! soil did n s9k ?r\gh ! soil by ! =ce ( gravity z 0 suppos$1 b t ! e>?worm ca/+s 7 ?r[n up above ^! dress+s at ne>ly ! same rate at :i* !y disappe>$1 he did n correct a subjective attitude ( m9d4 ,he creat$ 9 exp]i5ce a humus :i* took ! place ( a =m] soil1 & ju/ifi$ itself by fitt+ x into ! :ole process ( dis9tegration ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x w\ld be impossible to sep>ate 9 ! e>li] exp]i5ces c]ta9 facts & c]ta9 attitudes ( m9d ent]ta9$ by m5 ) ref]5ce to ^! facts4 ,c]ta9 objects h replac$ o!r objects4 ,x is only aft] ! process ( analysis1 :i* arose out ( ! conflict+ obs]vations1 has brok5 up ! old object t :at 0 a "p ( ! object1 heavi]-?+s-pu%+-_! way-?r\gh-soil-(-light]-texture1 c become a m]e idea4 ,e>li] x 0 an object4 ,until x c\ld be te/$ ! e>?worm z ! cause ( ! disappe>ance ( ! dress+s 0 also ,d>w9's idea4 ,x became fact4 ,= sci5ce at lea/ x is q impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 :at 9 an object mu/ be fact & :at may be idea4 ,! di/9ction :5 x is made is dep5d5t ^u ! =m ( ! problem & is functional to its solution1 n metaphysical4 ,s little c a consi/5t l9e ( cleavage betwe5 facts & ideas be indicat$1 t we c nev] tell :]e 9 our _w ( obs]vation ! problem ( sci5ce w arise1 or :at w be reg>d$ z /ructure ( reality or :at errone\s idea4 ,!re is a /rong temptation to lodge ^! supposititi\s fact-/ructures 9 a _w ( conceptual objects1 molecules1 atoms1 electrons1 & ! l4 ,= ^! at lea/ lie beyond ! range ( p]ception by _! v def9ition4 ,!y seem to be 9 a realm ( ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,yet !y also are f\nd n[ 9 ! field ( fact & n[ 9 t ( ideas4 ,fur!rmore1 a /udy ( _! /ructure z !y exi/ 9 ! _w ( con/ructive sci5ce %[s t _! infra-s5sible "* is due simply to ! nature ( our s5se-processes1 n to a diff]5t metaphysical nature4 ,!y occupy space1 h measurable dim5sions1 mass1 & are subject to ! same laws ( motion z are s5sible objects4 ,we ev5 br+ !m indirectly into ! field ( vision & photograph _! pa?s ( motion4 ,! ultimate elem5ts ref]r$ to above provide a consi/5t symbolism = ! f9d+ & =mulat+ ( appli$ ma!matical sci5ces1 )9 :i* lies ! :ole field ( physics1 includ+ ,euclidian geometry z well4 ,h[ev]1 !y h succe$$ 9 provid+ no?+ m ?an a language & logic prun$ ( ! ob/9ate contradictions1 inaccuracies1 & unanalyz$ s5su\s /uff ( e>li] ma!matical sci5ce4 ,su* a rationali/ic doctr9e c nev] pres5t 9 an un*ang$ =m ! objects ) :i* natural sci5ce deals 9 any ( ! /ages ( its inve/igation4 ,x c deal only ) ultimate elem5ts & =ms ( propositions4 ,x is compell$ to fall back on a !ory ( analysis :i* rea*es ultimate elem5ts & an assumption ( inf]5ce z an indef9able4 ,su* an analysis is actually impossible ei!r 9 ! field ( ! conceptual objects into :i* physical sci5ce r$uces physical objects1 or 9 ! field ( s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,atoms c be r$uc$ into positive & negative electrical elem5ts & ^! may1 p]haps d1 imply a /ructure ( e!r t aga9 invites fur!r analysis & s on ad inf9itum4 ,none ( ! hypo!tical con/ructs c>ry ) !mselves ! "* ( be+ ultimate elem5ts unless !y are purely metaphysical4 ,if !y are fa%ion$ to meet ! actual problems ( sci5tific rese>* !y w admit ( possible fur!r analysis1 because !y mu/ be locat$ & def9$ 9 ! cont9uity ( space & "t4 ,!y _c be ! po9ts & in/ants ( mod]n ma!matical !ory4 ,nor c we rea* ultimate elem5ts 9 s5su\s exp]i5ce1 = ?is lies also )9 a cont9uum4 ,fur!rmore1 our sci5tific analyses are dep5d5t ^u ! =m t our objects assume4 ,!re is no g5]al analysis :i* rese>* 9 sci5ce has ev] us$4 ,! assumption t psy*ology provides u ) an analysis ( exp]i5ce :i* c be c>ri$ to ultimate elem5ts or facts1 & :i* !reby provides ! elem5ts out ( :i* ! objects ( our physical _w mu/ be con/ruct$1 d5ies to psy*ology its rights z a natural sci5ce ( :i* x is s jeal\s1 turn+ x into a ,b]keleyan metaphysics4 ,?is mo/ mod]n =m ( rationalism be+ unable to f9d ultimate elem5ts 9 ! field ( actual sci5ce is compell$ to take :at x c f9d !re4 ,n[ ! results ( ! analysis ( ! classical ,engli% psy*ological s*ool give ! impression ( be+ :at ,mr4 ,russell calls h>d facts1 i4e41 facts :i* _c be brok5 up into o!rs4 ,!y seem to be ! data ( exp]i5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! t]m h>d is n s uncompromis+ z is ! t]m elem5t4 ,a fact c be m or less h>d1 :ile an ultimate elem5t _c be m or less ultimate4 ,fur!rmore1 ! entirely =mal "* ( ! logic enables x to deal ) equal facility ) any cont5t4 ,"o c op]ate ) ! m or less h>d s5se-data1 putt+ !m 9 to satisfy ! seem+ v>iables ( ! propositions1 & rea* conclusions :i* are =mally correct4 ,!re is no necessity = scrut9iz+ ! data "u ^! circum/ances1 if "o c only assume t ! data are ^? :i* sci5ce is actually us+4 ,! difficulty is t no sci5ti/ ev] analyz$ 8 objects into su* s5se-data4 ,!y exi/ only 9 philosophical text-books4 ,ev5 ! psy*ologi/s recognize t ^! s5sations are ab/ractions :i* are n ! elem5ts out ( :i* objects ( s5se are con/ruct$4 ,!y are ab/ractions made f ^? objects ^: gr\nd = isolation is f\nd 9 ! peculi> problems ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1 su* z ^? ( color or tone p]ception4 ,x w\ld be impossible to make any?+ 9 t]ms ( ,b]keleyan s5se-data & ( symbolic logic out ( any sci5tific discov]y4 ,rese>* def9es its problem by isolat+ c]ta9 facts :i* appe> = ! "t be+ n z ! s5se-data ( a solipsi/ic m9d1 b z exp]i5ces ( an individual 9 a highly organiz$ society1 facts :i*1 because !y are 9 conflict ) accept$ doctr9es1 mu/ be describ$ s t !y c be exp]i5c$ by o!rs "u l conditions4 ,! gr\nd = ! analysis :i* leads to su* facts is f\nd 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! accept$ !ory & ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual sci5ti/4 ,! analysis is /rictly ad hoc4 ,z f> z possible ! exception is /at$ 9 t]ms ( accept$ mean+s4 ,only :]e ! mean+ is 9 contradiction ) ! exp]i5ce does ! fact appe> z ! happ5+ to an individual & become a p>agraph out ( 8 biography4 ,b z su* an ev5t1 ^: exi/5ce = sci5ce dep5ds ^u ! acceptance ( ! description ( him to :om x has happ5$1 x mu/ h all ! sett+ ( circum/antial evid5ce4 ,"p ( ?is circum/antial evid5ce is f\nd 9 s-call$ sci5tific control1 t is1 ! evid5ce t conditions 7 su* t simil> exp]i5ces c\ld happ5 to o!rs & c\ld be describ$ z !y are describ$ 9 ! acc\nt giv54 ,o!r p>ts ( ?is evid5ce :i* we call corroborative are f\nd 9 ! /atem5ts ( o!rs :i* be> out details ( ?is peculi> ev5t1 ?\gh x is important to note t ^! details h to be wr5*$ f _! sett+s to give ?is corroborative value4 ,to be mo/ conclusive !y mu/ h no int5tional connection ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! sci5ti/4 ,9 o!r words1 ^? individuals :o corroborate ! facts are made1 9 spite ( !mselves1 exp]i5c]s ( ! same facts4 ,! p]fection ( ?is evid5ce is atta9$ :5 ! fact c happ5 to o!rs & ! obs]v] simply details ! conditions "u :i* he made ! obs]vation1 :i* c be !n s p]fectly reproduc$ t o!rs may repeat ! exceptional exp]i5ce4 ,?is process is n an analysis ( a kn[n _w into ultimate elem5ts & _! relations4 ,su* an analysis nev] isolates ?is p>ticul> exception :i* con/itutes ! sci5tific problems z an individual exp]i5ce4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! analysis is c>ri$ dep5ds ^u ! exig5cies ( ! problem4 ,x is ! indef9ite v>iety ( ! problems :i* acc\nts = ! indef9ite v>iety ( ! facts4 ,:at con/itutes !m facts 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are us+ ! t]m is _! exceptional nature2 =mally !y appe> z p>ticul> judgm5ts1 be+ d5ials ( univ]sal judgm5ts1 :e!r positive or negative4 ,?is exceptional nature robs ! ev5ts ( a reality :i* w\ld h belong$ to !m z in/ances ( a univ]sal law4 ,x leaves !m1 h[ev]1 ) ! re/ ( _! mean+4 ,b ! value :i* !y h lo/ is j t :i* 0 ess5tial to give !m _! place 9 ! _w z x has exi/$ = ?\ght4 ,bani%$ f t univ]sally valid /ructure1 _! gr\nd = exi/5ce is f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! puzzl$ obs]v]4 ,su* an obs]vation 0 t ( ! moons ( ,jupit] made possible by ! primitive telescope ( ,galileo4 ,= ^? :o liv$ 9 a ,ptolemaic cosmos1 ^! c\ld h exi/5ce only z obs]vations ( individuals4 ,z moons !y _h di/9ct mean+1 circl+ ,jupit] z our moon circles ! e>?1 b be+ 9 contradiction ) ! ,ptolemaic ord] !y c\ld dep5d = _! exi/5ce only on ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 until a ,cop]nican ord] c\ld give !m a local habitation & a "n4 ,!n !y 7 obs]v$ n z ! exp]i5ces ( individuals b z in/ances ( planet>y ord] 9 a helioc5tric sy/em4 ,x w\ld be palpably absurd to ref] to !m z m]e s5se-data1 m]e s5sations4 ,!y are = ! "t be+ inexplicable exp]i5ces ( c]ta9 individuals4 ,!y are inexplicable because !y h a mean+ :i* is at v>iance ) ! /ructure ( ! :ole _w to :i* !y belong4 ,!y are ! ph5om5a t]m$ accid5tal by ,ari/otle & reject$ z full realities by him1 b :i* h become1 9 ! habitat ( individual exp]i5ce1 ! head/one ( ! /ructure ( mod]n rese>* ( sci5ce4 ,a rationalism :i* relegates implication to ! indef9ables _c pres5t ! process ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,implication is exactly t process by :i* ^! ev5ts pass f _! individual exi/5ce into t ( univ]sal reality1 & ! sci5ti/ is at pa9s to def9e x z ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,x is true t a proposition implies implication4 ,b ! proposition is ! /atem5t ( ! result ( ! process by :i* an object has aris5 = k & m]ely indicates ! /ructure ( ! object4 ,9 discov]y1 inv5tion1 & rese>* ! escape f ! exceptional1 f ! data ( e>ly /ages ( obs]vation1 is by way ( an hypo!sis2 & e hypo!sis s f> z x is t5able & workable 9 its =m is univ]sal4 ,no "o w\ld wa/e 8 "t ) a hypo!sis :i* confess$ly 0 n applicable to all in/ances ( ! problem4 ,an hypo!sis may be aga9 & aga9 ab&on$1 x may prove to be faulty & contradictory1 b 9 s f> z x is an in/rum5t ( rese>* x is assum$ to be univ]sal & to p]fect a sy/em :i* has brok5 d[n at ! po9t indicat$ by ! problem4 ,implication & m elaborat$ in/ances fl[ f ! /ructure ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! classical illu/ration :i* /&s at ! door ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce is ! hypo!sis :i* ,galileo =m$ ( ! rate ( ! velocity ( a fall+ body4 ,he conceiv$ t ?is 0 9 proportion to ! "t elaps$ dur+ ! fall & !n elaborat$ ! consequ5ces ( ?is hypo!sis by work+ x into ! accept$ ma!matical doctr9es ( ! physical _w1 until x l$ to an anticipat$ result :i* w\ld be actually secur$ & :i* w\ld be s *>act]i/ic an in/ance ( a fall+ body t x w\ld answ] to e o!r in/ance z he _h def9$ !m4 ,9 ?is fa%ion he def9$ 8 inf]5ce z ! anticipation ( a result because ?is result 0 a "p ( ! _w z he pres5t$ x am5d$ by 8 hypo!sis4 ,x is true t back ( ! specific implication ( ?is result lay a mass ( o!r implications1 _m n ev5 pres5t$ specifically 9 ?\ght & _m o!rs pres5t$ by symbols :i* g5]aliz$ innum]able in/ances4 ,^! implications are = ! sci5ti/ m or less implicit mean+s1 b !y are mean+s ea* ( :i* may be br\ght into "q & te/$ 9 ! same fa%ion if x %\ld become an actual problem4 ,_m ( !m :i* w\ld n h occurr$ to ,galileo z possible problems h be5 que/ion$ s9ce 8 day4 ,:at has rema9$ aft] ?is p]iod ( det]m9$ que/ion+ ( ! f\ndations ( ma!matics & ! /ructure ( ! _w ( physical sci5ce is a me?od ( agreem5t ) oneself & o!rs1 9 7a7 ! id5tification ( ! object ( ?\ght1 9 7b7 ! accept$ values ( ass5t & d5ial call$ tru? & falsehood1 & 9 7c7 ref]r+ to mean+1 9 its relation to :at is meant4 ,9 any case ! a*ievem5t ( symbolic logic1 ) its indef9ables & axioms has be5 to r$uce ?is logic to a /atem5t ( ! mo/ g5]aliz$ =m ( possible consi/5t ?\ght int]c\rse1 ) entire ab/raction f ! cont5t ( ! object to :i* x ref]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we ab/ract f its value 9 giv+ a consi/5t !ory ( numb]1 cont9uity1 & inf9ity1 ?is complete ab/raction f ! cont5t has c>ri$ ! conditions ( ?9k+ 9 agreem5t ) self & o!rs s f> away f ! actual problem ( sci5ce t symbolic logic has nev] be5 us$ z a rese>* me?od4 ,x has inde$ emphasiz$ ! fact t ?9k+ deals ) problems :i* h ref]5ce to uses to :i* x c be put1 n to a metaphysical _w ly+ beyond exp]i5ce4 ,symbolic logic has to d ) ! _w ( disc\rse1 n ) ! _w ( ?+s4 ,:at ,russell pu%es to "o side z a happy guess is ! actual process ( implication by :i*1 = example1 ! m9ute =m 9 ! diseas$ human sy/em is id5tifi$ ) unicellul> life & ! hi/ory ( ! disease ) ! life hi/ory ( ?is =m4 ,?is id5tification implies reclassification ( ^! =ms & a treatm5t ( ! disease t answ]s to _! life hi/ory4 ,hav+ made ?is id5tification we anticipate ! result ( ?is treatm5t1 call+ x an inf]5ce4 ,implication belongs to ! recon/ruction ( ! object4 ,z long z no "q has aris51 ! object is :at x means or means :at x is4 ,x does n imply any feature ( itself4 ,:5 ?r\gh conflict ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual "s feature ( ! object is divorc$ f "s mean+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! becomes a false implication4 ,:5 a hypo!tically recon/ruct$ object f9ds u anticipat+ a result :i* accords ) ! nature ( su* objects we ass]t an implication ( ?is mean+4 ,to c>ry ?is relation ( implication back into objects :i* are subject to no criticism or "q w\ld ( c\rse resolve ! _w into elem5ts connect$ by ext]nal relations1 ) ! add$ consequ5ce t ^! elem5ts c h no cont5t1 s9ce e cont5t 9 ! face ( su* an analysis mu/ be subject to fur!r analysis4 ,we rea* inevitably symbols su* z ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 :i* c symbolize no?+4 ,!oretically we c assume an implication betwe5 any elem5ts ( an object1 b 9 ?is ab/ract assumption ! symbolic logician ov]looks ! fact t he is also assum+ "s cont5t :i* is n analyz$ & :i* is ! gr\nd ( ! implication4 ,9 o!r words ?is logician confuses ! sci5tific attitude ( be+ ready to "q any?+ ) an attitude ( be+ will+ to "q ev]y?+ at once4 ,x is only 9 an unque/ion$ objective _w t ! exceptional in/ance appe>s & x is only 9 su* a _w t an exp]im5tal sci5ce te/s ! implications ( ! hypo!tically recon/ruct$ object4 ,! guess is happy because x c>ries ) x ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f its fitt+ into ! _w1 & ! guess1 9 o!r words ! hypo!sis1 takes on ?is happy =m solely because ( ! mat]ial recon/ruction :i* by its nature removes ! unhappy contradiction & promises ! successful c>ry+ out ( ! conflict+ attitudes 9 ! new objective _w4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z =mal implication4 ,:]e no recon/ruction ( ! _w is involv$ 9 our id5tification ( objects t belong to x & :]e1 !re=e1 no readju/m5t ( conduct is dem&$1 su* a logic symbolizes :at takes place 9 our direct recognition ( objects & our response to !m4 ,!n ,x is a man implies ,x is mortal = all values ( ,x exactly symbolizes ! attitude t[>d a man subject to a disease suppos$ly mortal4 ,b x fails to symbolize ! biological rese>* :i* />t+ ) inexplicable sporadic cases ( an infecti\s disease c>ries ov] f ! /udy ( ! life hi/ory ( infusoria a hypo!tical recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory ( disease & !n acts ^u ! result ( ?is assumption4 ,rese>*-sci5ce pres5ts a _w ^: =m is always univ]sal1 b ?is univ]sal =m is nei!r a metaphysical assumption nor a fix$ =m ( ! und]/&+4 ,:ile ! sci5ti/ may z a metaphysician assume ! exi/5ce ( realities :i* lie beyond a possible exp]i5ce1 or be a ,kantian or ,neo-,kantian1 nei!r ( ^! attitudes is necess>y = 8 rese>*4 ,he may be a positivi/--a disciple ( ,hume or ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,he may be a plurali/ :o conceives1 ) ,william ,james1 t ! ord] :i* we detect 9 p>ts ( ! univ]se is possibly "o t is ris+ out ( ! *aos & :i* may nev] be z univ]sal z our hypo!sis dem&s4 ,none ( ^! attitudes has any be>+ ^u 8 sci5tific me?od4 ,?is simplifies 8 ?9k+1 enables him to id5tify ! object 9 :i* he is int]e/$ :]ev] he f9ds x1 & to ab/ract 9 ! _w z he conceives x ^? features :i* c>ry ) !m ! occurr5ce he is endeavor+ to place4 ,especially x enables him to make 8 ?\ght a "p ( ! socially accept$ & socially organiz$ sci5ce to :i* 8 ?\ght belongs4 ,he is f> too mode/ to dem& t ! _w be z 8 inf]5ce dem&s4 ,he asks t 8 view ( ! _w be cog5t & conv9c+ to all ^? ^: ?9k+ has made 8 own possible1 & be an acceptable premise = ! conduct ( t society to :i* he belongs4 ,! hypo!sis has no univ]sal & necess>y *>act]s except ^? t belong to ! ?\ght :i* pres]ves ! same mean+s to ! same objects1 ! same relations betwe5 ! same relata1 ! same attributes ( ass5t & diss5t "u ! same conditions1 ! same results ( ! same comb9ations ( ! same ?+s4 ,= sci5tific rese>* ! mean+s1 ! relations ) ! relata1 ! ass5t & diss5t1 ! comb9ations & ! ?+s comb9$ are all 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ 9 its ab/ractions & id5tifications & recon/ructions und]takes to pres]ve ! values t x f9ds1 & ! necessity ( its ?9k+ lies 9 its ability to s id5tify1 pres]ve1 & comb9e :at x has isolat$ t ! ?\ght /ructure w h an id5tical import "u l conditions = ! ?9k] ) all o!r ?9k]s to :om ^! in/rum5ts ( rese>* conduct are address$4 ,:atev] conclusions ! sci5ti/ draws z necess>y & univ]sal results f 8 hypo!sis = a _w indep5d5t ( 8 ?\ght are due1 n to ! cog5cy ( 8 logic1 b to o!r consid]ations4 ,= he kn[s if he reflects t ano!r problem may arise :i* w 9 its solution *ange ! face ( ! _w built ^u ! pres5t hypo!sis4 ,he w def5d ! inexorabl5ess ( 8 reason+1 b ! premises may *ange4 ,ev5 ! cont5ts ( tridim5sional space & s5su\s "t are n ess5tial to ! cog5cy ( t reason+ nor c ! unbrok5 web ( ! argum5t assure ! cont5t ( ! _w z inv>iable4 ,8 univ]sals1 :5 appli$ to nature1 are all hypo!tical univ]sals2 h5ce ! import ( exp]im5t z ! te/ ( an hypo!sis4 ,exp]i5ce does n rule out ! possible cropp+ up ( a new problem :i* may %ift ! values atta9$4 ,exp]i5ce simply reveals t ! new hypo!sis fits into ! mean+s ( ! _w :i* are n %ak52 x %[s t1 ) ! recon/ruction :i* ! hypo!sis (f]s1 x is possible = sci5tific conduct to proce$4 ,b if ! univ]sal "* ( ! hypo!sis & ! te/$ !ory belong to ! in/rum5tal "* ( ?\ght 9 s recon/ruct+ a _w t has prov$ to be imp]fect1 & inadequate to conduct1 ! /uff ( ! _w & ( ! new hypo!sis are ! same4 ,at lea/ ?is is true = ! sci5ti/ :o has no int]e/ 9 an epi/emological problem t does n affect 8 sci5tific und]tak+s 9 "o way nor ano!r4 ,i h already po9t$ out t f ! /&po9t ( logical & psy*ological analysis ! ?+s ) :i* sci5ce deals c be nei!r ultimate elem5ts nor s5se-data2 b t !y mu/ be phases & *>act]s & p>ts ( ?+s 9 "s :ole1 p>ts :i* c only be isolat$ because ( ! conflict betwe5 an accept$ mean+ & "s exp]i5ce4 ,i h po9t$ out t an analysis is guid$ by ! practical dem&s ( a solution ( ?is conflict2 t ev5 t :i* is individual 9 its mo/ unique s5se 9 ! conflict & 9 attempts at its solution does n ent] into ! field ( psy*ology--:i* has its own problems peculi> to its sci5ce4 ,c]ta9 psy*ological problems belong to ! problems ( o!r sci5ces1 z1 = example1 t ( ! p]sonal equation belongs to a/ronomy or t ( color vision to ! !ory ( light4 ,b !y bulk small 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,x _c be successfully ma9ta9$ t a sci5tific obs]vation ( ! mo/ unique sort1 "o :i* is accept$ = ! "t be+ simply z a happ5+ 9 ?is or t sci5ti/'s exp]i5ce1 is z su* a psy*ological datum1 = ! data 9 psy*ological text-books h ref]5ce to psy*ological problems4 ,psy*ology deals ) ! consci\sness ( ! individual 9 its dep5d5ce ^u ! physiological organism & ^u ^? cont5ts :i* deta* !mselves f ! objects outside ! individual & :i* are id5tifi$ ) 8 inn] exp]i5ce4 ,x deals ) ! laws & processes & /ructures ( ?is consci\sness 9 all its exp]i5ces1 n ) exceptional exp]i5ces4 ,x is necess>y to emphasize aga9 t = sci5ce ^! p>ticul> exp]i5ces arise )9 a _w :i* is 9 its logical /ructure organiz$ & univ]sal4 ,!y arise only ?r\gh ! conflict ( ! individual's exp]i5ce ) su* an accept$ /ructure4 ,= sci5ce individual exp]i5ce presupposes ! organiz$ /ructure2 h5ce x _c provide ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! /ructure is built up4 ,?is is ! error ( bo? ! positivi/ & ( ! psy*ological philosoph]1 if sci5tific proc$ure gives u 9 any s5se a picture ( ! situation4 ,a %>p contra/ appe>s betwe5 ! accept$ hypo!sis ) its univ]sal =m & ! exp]i5ces :i* invalidate ! e>li] !ory4 ,! reality ( ^! exp]i5ces lies 9 _! happ5+4 ,!y 7 unpr$ictable4 ,!y are n in/ances ( a law4 ,! lat] !ory1 ! "o :i* expla9s ^! occurr5ces1 *anges _! "* & /atus1 mak+ !m necess>y results ( ! _w z t is conceiv$ "u ?is new doctr9e4 ,?is new /&po9t c>ries ) x a backw>d view1 :i* expla9s ! errone\s doctr9e1 & acc\nts = ! obs]vations :i* invalidat$ x4 ,e new !ory mu/ take up into itself e>li] doctr9es & rationalize ! e>li] exceptions4 ,a g5]alization ( ?is attitude places ! sci5ti/ 9 ! position ( anticipat+ lat] recon/ructions4 ,he !n mu/ conceive ( 8 _w z subject to cont9u\s recon/ructions4 ,a famili> int]pretation ( 8 attitude is t ! hypo!sis is ?us approa*+ ne>] & ne>] t[>d a reality :i* w\ld nev] *ange if x c\ld be atta9$1 or1 f ! /&po9t ( ! ,hegelian t[>d a goal at inf9ity4 ,! ,hegelian also und]takes to make ?is cont9u\s process ( recon/ruction an organic phase 9 reality & to id5tify ) nature ! process ( f9d+ exceptions & ( correct+ !m4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ?is position & t ( ! sci5ti/ :o looks be=e & aft] is t ! ,hegelian und]takes to make ! exception 9 its exceptional "* a "p ( ! reality :i* transc5ds x1 :ile ! sci5ti/ usually relegates ! exception to ! exp]i5ce ( individuals :o 7 simply caught 9 an error :i* lat] inve/igation removes4 ,! error rema9s z an hi/orical incid5t explicable p]haps z a result ( ! conditions "u :i* x occurr$1 b 9 s f> z x 0 an error1 n a "p ( reality4 ,x is cu/om>y to speak ( x z subjective1 ?\gh ?is implies t we are putt+ ! man :o 0 unwitt+ly 9 error into ! position ( ! "o :o has correct$ x4 ,to ent]ta9 t error 9 ! face ( its correction w\ld be subjective4 ,a result ( ?is int]pretation is t ! !ories are ab/ract$ f ! _w & reg>d$ z some?+ outside x4 ,x is assum$ t ! !ories are m5tal or subjective & *ange :ile ! facts rema9 un*ang$4 ,ev5 :5 x is assum$ t !ories & facts agree1 m5 speak ( a correspond5ce or p>allelism betwe5 idea & ! reality to :i* x ref]s4 ,:ile ?is attitude seems to be t ( sci5ce t[>d ! disprov$ !ories :i* lie beh9d x1 x is n its attitude to ! !ories :i* x accepts4 ,^! are n reg>d$ z m]ely p>allel to realities1 z ab/ract$ f ! /ructure ( ?+s4 ,^! mean+s g into ! makeup ( ! _w4 ,x is true t ! sci5ti/ :o looks be=e & aft] realizes t any specific mean+ :i* is n[ accept$ may be que/ion$ & disc>d$4 ,if he c>ries 8 refection f> en\gh he sees t a complete elim9ation ( all ! mean+s :i* might conceivably be s discr$it$ w\ld leave no?+ b logical con/ants1 a _w ) no facts 9 any s5se4 ,9 ?is position he may ( c\rse take an agno/ic attitude & be satisfi$ ) ! attitude ( ,hume or ,mill or ,russell4 ,b if he does s1 he w pass into ! camp ( ! psy*ological philosoph]s & w h left ! position ( ! sci5ti/4 ,! sci5ti/ always deals ) an actual problem1 & ev5 :5 he looks be=e & aft] he does s 9 s f> z he is fac+ 9 inquiry "s actual problem4 ,no actual problem c\ld conceivably take on ! =m ( a conflict involv+ ! :ole _w ( mean+4 ,! conflict always arises betwe5 an individual exp]i5ce & c]ta9 laws1 c]ta9 mean+s :ile o!rs are unaffect$4 ,^! o!rs =m ! necess>y field )\t :i* no conflict c arise4 ,!y give ! man ( rese>* 8 7,greek3 p\ /o7 ^u :i* he c =mulate 8 problem & und]take its solution4 ,! possible call+ 9 "q ( any cont5t1 :atev] x may be1 means always t !re is left a field ( unque/ion$ reality4 ,! attitude ( ! sci5ti/ nev] contemplates or c\ld contemplate ! possibility ( a _w 9 :i* !re w\ld be no reality by :i* to te/ 8 hypo!tical solution ( ! problem t arises4 ,nor does ?is attitude :5 appli$ to pa/ disc>d$ !ories necess>ily c>ry ) x ! implication t ^! old] !ories 7 subjective ideas 9 m5's m9ds1 :ile ! reality lay beside & beyond !m unm+l$ ) ideas4 ,x always f9ds a /&po9t f :i* ^! ideas 9 ! e>li] situation are /ill recogniz$ z reliable1 = !re are no sci5tific data )\t mean+s4 ,!re c\ld be no hi/ory ( sci5ce on any o!r basis4 ,no hi/ory ( sci5ce goes back to ultimate elem5ts or s5se-data1 or to any comb9ation ( b>e data on "o h& & logical elem5ts on ! o!r4 ,! _w ( ! sci5ti/ is always !re z "o 9 :i* recon/ruction is tak+ place ) cont9ual %ift+ ( problems1 b z a real _w )9 :i* ! problems arise4 ,! errors ( ! pa/ & pres5t appe> z unt5able hypo!ses :i* c\ld n be> ! te/ ( exp]im5t if ! exp]i5ce 7 suffici5tly enl>g$ & int]pret$4 ,b !y are n m]e errors to be ?r[n into ! scrap heap4 ,!y become a "p ( a diff]5t phase ( reality :i* a full] hi/ory ( ! pa/ records or a full] acc\nt ( ! pres5t int]prets1 giv+ !m !reby _! prop] place 9 a real _w4#cf ,! completion ( ?is program1 h[ev]1 awaits ! solution ( ! sci5tific problem ( ! relation ( ! psy*ical & ! physical ) ! att5dant problem ( ! mean+ ( ! s-call$ orig9 ( consci\sness 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,my own feel+ is t ^! problems mu/ be attack$ f ! /&po9t ( ! social nature ( s-call$ consci\sness4 ,! cle> indications ( ?is ,i f9d 9 ! ref]5ce ( our logical con/ants to ! /ructure ( ?\ght z a means ( communication1 9 ! explanation ( errors 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce by _! social det]m9ation1 & 9 ! int]pretation ( ! inn] field ( exp]i5ce z ! importation ( social int]c\rse into ! consci\s conduct ( ! individual4 ,b :atev] may be ! solution ( ^! problems1 x mu/ c>ry ) x su* a treatm5t ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual t ! latt] w nev] be reg>d$ m]ely z a subjective /ate1 h[ev] inadequate x may h prov$ itself z a sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,?is seems to me to be involv$ 9 ! conception ( psy*ology z a natural sci5ce & 9 any legitimate c>ry+ out ( ! ,hegelian program ( giv+ reality & creative import to individual exp]i5ce4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! individual 9 its exceptional "* is ! gr[+-po9t ( sci5ce1 fir/ ( all 9 ! recognition ( data ^u :i* ! old] !ories break1 & second 9 ! hypo!sis :i* arises 9 ! individual & is te/$ by ! exp]im5t :i* recon/ructs ! _w4 ,a sci5tific hi/ory & a sci5tific psy*ology f :i* epi/emology has be5 bani%$ mu/ place ^! obs]vations & hypo!ses toge!r ) errone\s conceptions & mi/ak5 obs]vations )9 ! real _w 9 su* a fa%ion t _! ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual & to ! _w to :i* he belongs w be compreh5sible4 ,z ,i h indicat$1 ! sci5tific !ory ( ! physical & consci\s individual 9 ! _w impli$ 9 ?is problem has /ill to be adequately develop$4 ,b !re is impli$ 9 ! conception ( su* a !ory su* a location ( ! process ( ?\ght 9 ! process ( reality z w give x an import bo? 9 ! mean+ ( ?+s & 9 ! individual's ?9k+4 ,we h ! beg9n+ ( su* a doctr9e 9 ! conception ( a functional value ( consci\sness 9 ! conduct ( liv+ =ms1 & ! developm5t ( reflective ?\ght out ( su* a consci\sness :i* puts x )9 ! act & gives x ! function ( prep>ation :]e adju/m5t is necess>y4 ,su* a process creates ! situation ) ref]5ce to :i* ! =m acts4 ,9 all adju/m5t or adaptation ! result is t ! =m :i* is adju/$ f9ds t by its adju/m5t x has creat$ an environm5t4 ,! anci5ts by _! =mulation ( ! ,ptolemaic !ory committ$ !mselves to ! _w 9 :i* ! fix$ values ( ! heav5ly ov] aga9/ ! e>?ly obta9$4 ,su* a _w 0 ! int]pretation ( ! exp]i5ce involv$ 9 _! physical & social attitudes4 ,!y c\ld n accept ! hypo!sis ( ,ari/>*us because x conflict$ ) ! _w :i* !y _h creat$1 ) ! values :i* 7 det]m9+ values = !m4 ,! same 0 true ( ! hypo!sis ( ,democritus4 ,!y c\ld n1 z !y conceiv$ ! physical _w1 accept its purely quantitative "*4 ,! conception ( a dis9t]e/$ tru? :i* we h *]i%$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages is itself a value t has a social basis z really z _h ! dogma ( ! *ur*4 ,! e>lie/ /atem5t ( x 0 p]haps t ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,free+ inve/igation f ! *ur* dogma & its att5dant logic meant to him ! fre$om to f9d 9 nature :at m5 ne$$ & c\ld use = ! amelioration ( _! social & physical condition4 ,! full implication ( ! doctr9e has be5 recogniz$ z t ( fre$om1 fre$om to effect n only values already recogniz$1 b fre$om to atta9 z well su* complete acqua9tance ) nature t new & unrecogniz$ uses w\ld be at our disposal2 t is1 t progress %\ld be "o t[>d any possible use to :i* increas$ k might lead4 ,! cult ( increas+ k1 ( cont9ually recon/ruct+ ! _w1 took ! place bo? ( ! anci5t conception ( adequately organiz+ ! _w z pres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 & ( ! m$ieval conception ( a sy/ematic =mulation on ! basis ( ! /atem5t 9 *ur* dogma ( social values4 ,?is mod]n conception proce$s f ! /&po9t n ( =mulat+ values1 b giv+ society at ! mom5t ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( alt]natives ( conduct1 i4e41 und]tak+ to fix f mom5t to mom5t ! wide/ possible field ( conduct4 ,! purposes ( conduct are to be det]m9$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a field ( alt]native possibilities ( action4 ,! ends ( conduct are n to be det]m9$ 9 advance1 b 9 view ( ! int]e/s t full] k ( conditions awak54 ,s !re appe>s a conception ( det]m9+ ! field t %all be q indep5d5t ( giv5 values4 ,a real _w :i* consi/s n ( an un*ang$ univ]se1 b ( a univ]se :i* may be cont9ually readju/$ accord+ to ! problems aris+ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! individuals )9 society4 ,! seem+ly fix$ "* ( su* a _w is f\nd 9 ! g5]ally fix$ conditions :i* und]lie ! type ( problems :i* we f9d4 ,we det]m9e ! important conditions incid5t to ! work+ out ( ! great problems :i* face u4 ,our conception ( a giv5 univ]se is =m$ 9 ! ef=t to mobilize all ! mat]ial ab\t u 9 relation to ^! problems--! /ructure ( ! self1 ! /ructure ( matt]1 ! physical process ( life1 ! laws ( *ange & ! int]relation ( *anges4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! problems c]ta9 conditions appe> fix$ & become ! /atem5t ( ! _w by :i* we mu/ det]m9e by exp]im5tal te/ ! viability ( our hypo!ses4 ,!re arises !n ! conception ( a _w :i* is unque/ion$ ov] aga9/ any p>ticul> problem4 ,:ile our sci5ce cont9ually *anges t _w1 at lea/ x mu/ be always realiz$ z !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! conceptions are aft] all relative to ! ends ( social conduct :i* may be =mulat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( any fre$om ( action4 ,we po/ulate fre$om ( action z ! condition ( =mulat+ ! ends t[>d :i* our conduct %all be direct$4 ,anci5t ?\ght assur$ itself ( its ends ( conduct & all[$ ^! to det]m9e ! _w :i* te/$ its hypo!sis4 ,we insi/ su* ends may n be =mulat$ until we "k ! field ( possible action4 ,! =mulation ( ! ends is ess5tially a social und]tak+ & seems to foll[ ! /atem5t ( ! field ( possible conduct1 :ile 9 fact ! /atem5t ( ! possible field ( conduct is actually dep5d5t on ! pu% t[>d action4 ,a mov+ end :i* is cont9ually recon/ruct+ itself foll[s ^u ! cont9ually enl>g+ field ( opportunities ( conduct4 ,! conception ( a _w ( exi/5ce1 !n1 is ! result ( ! det]m9ation at ! mom5t ( ! conditions ( ! solution ( ! giv5 problems4 ,^! problems con/itute ! conditions ( conduct1 & ! ends ( conduct c only be det]m9$ z we realize ! possibilities :i* *ang+ conditions c>ry ) !m4 ,our _w ( reality ?us becomes indep5d5t ( any special ends or purposes & we rea* an entirely dis9t]e/$ k4 ,& yet ! value & import ( ?is k is f\nd 9 our conduct & 9 our cont9ually *ang+ conditions4 ,k = its own sake is ! slogan ( fre$om1 = x alone makes possible ! cont9ual recon/ruction & enl>gem5t ( ! ends ( conduct4 ,! individual 9 8 exp]i5ces is cont9ually creat+ a _w :i* becomes real ?r\gh 8 discov]y4 ,9 s f> z new conduct arises "u ! conditions made possible by 8 exp]i5ce & 8 hypo!sis ! _w1 :i* may be made ! te/ ( reality1 has be5 modifi$ & enl>g$4 ,i h endeavor$ to pres5t ! _w :i* is an implication ( ! sci5tific me?od ( discov]y ) entire ab/raction f any epi/emological or metaphysical presuppositions or complications4 ,sci5tific me?od is indiff]5t to a _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves1 or to ! previ\s condition ( philosophic s]vitude ( ^? to :om its tea*+s are address$4 ,x is a me?od n ( kn[+ ! un*angeable b ( det]m9+ ! =m ( ! _w )9 :i* we live z x *anges f mom5t to mom5t4 ,x und]takes to tell u :at we may expect to happ5 :5 we act 9 su* or su* a fa%ion4 ,x has become a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation = a philosophy :i* is int]e/$ 9 a _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves1 & ! epi/emological problem4 ,= ! *]i%$ /ructures ( ! metaphysical _w1 hav+ ceas$ to h\se ! values ( mank9d1 provide good work+ mat]ials 9 ! hypo!tical /ructures ( sci5ce1 on condition ( surr5d]+ _! metaphysical reality2 & ! epi/emological problem1 hav+ seem+ly di$ ( inanition1 has be5 f\nd to be at bottom a problem ( me?od or logic4 ,my attempt has be5 to pres5t :at seems to me to be two capital in/ances ( ^! trans=mations4 ,sci5ce always has a _w ( reality by :i* to te/ its hypo!ses1 b ?is _w is n a _w indep5d5t ( sci5tific exp]i5ce1 b ! imm$iate _w surr\nd+ u )9 :i* we mu/ act4 ,our next action may f9d ^! conditions s]i\sly *ang$1 & !n sci5ce w =mulate ?is _w s t 9 view ( ?is problem we may logically con/ruct our next plan ( action4 ,! plan ( action %\ld be made self-consi/5t & univ]sal 9 its =m1 n t we may ?us approa* ne>] to a self-consi/5t & univ]sal reality :i* is indep5d5t ( our conduct1 b because our plan ( action ne$s to be intellig5t & g5]ally applicable4 ,aga9 sci5ce advances by ! exp]i5ces ( individuals1 exp]i5ces :i* are diff]5t f ! _w 9 :i* !y h aris5 & :i* ref] to a _w :i* is n yet 9 exi/5ce1 s f> z sci5tific exp]i5ce is conc]n$4 ,b ?is relation to ! old & new is n t ( a subjective _w to an objective univ]se1 b is a process ( logical recon/ruction by :i* out ( exceptions ! new law arises to replace a /ructure t has become inadequate4 ,9 bo? ( ^! processes1 t ( det]m9+ ! /ructure ( exp]i5ce :i* w te/ by exp]im5t ! legitimacy ( ! new hypo!sis1 & t ( =mulat+ ! problem & ! hypo!sis = its solution1 ! individual functions 9 8 full p>ticul>ity1 & yet 9 organic relation%ip ) ! society t is responsible = him4 ,x is ! import = sci5tific me?od ( ?is relation%ip t promises mo/ = ! int]pretation ( ! philosophic problems involv$4 ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,psy*ology ,,boyd ,h4 ,,bode ,if x is true t mis]y loves company1 ^? p]sons :o feel despond5t ov] ! pres5t situation 9 philosophy may console !mselves ) ! reflection t ?+s are n s bad z !y might be4 ,our fri5ds1 ! psy*ologi/s1 are afflict$ ev5 z we are4 ,! disagreem5ts ( exp]ts z to bo? ! subject-matt] & ! me?od ( psy*ology are z fundam5tal z any?+ t philosophy c %[4 ,a _s ( revolt is abroad 9 ! l&1 & psy*ology is once m on trial4 ,! compact :i* provid$ t psy*ology %\ld be admitt$ to ! rank ( a natural sci5ce1 on condition t x surr5d] its pret5sion to be ! sci5ce ( ! s\l & conf9e itself to ! /udy ( consci\sness1 is no long] consid]$ b9d+4 ,! suspicion is gr[+ t consci\sness is no?+ m nor less ?an an att5uat$ =m ( ! s\l t x pret5ds to displace4 ,consequ5tly ! psy*ology )\t a s\l to :i* we h j become accu/om$ is n[ attack$ on behalf ( a psy*ology )\t a consci\sness1 on ! gr\nd t ?is latt] /&po9t alone c give assurance aga9/ entangl+ alliances betwe5 psy*ology & metaphysics4 ,f ! side ( philosophy ?is situation is int]e/+1 n only to su* z may crave ! com=t t spr+s f ! spectacle ( di/ress1 b also to ^? :o take a m hopeful view ( pres5t-day t5d5cies4 ,! "q t is at issue is fundam5tally ! "q ( ! nature ( consci\sness1 :i* is q z important to philosophy z to psy*ology4 ,on ! "o h& x is ma9ta9$ t psy*ology has to d ) consci\sness & t its di/9ctive me?od is ! me?od ( introspection4 ,on ! o!r h& x is urg$ t psy*ology is no?+ m nor less ?an a /udy ( behavior1 t x is n a sci5ce at all1 unless ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness is d5i$ or at lea/ ignor$1 & t ! me?od ( introspection is a delusion & a sn>e4 ,! two /&po9ts are n always cle>ly =mulat$1 nor c we say t e sy/em ( psy*ology is true to type4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! lack ( cle>ness 9 ! fundam5tal concepts t makes ! /atus ( psy*ology a matt] ( s mu* unc]ta9ty4 ,! situation pres5ts an app>5t anomaly4 ,bo? p>ties pr(ess to deal ) facts ( obs]vation1 yet ! claim ( ! introspectioni/ t he obs]ves facts ( consci\sness is met by ! ass]tion ( 8 rival t !re is no consci\sness to be obs]v$4 ,h[ c ?is be1 unless we assume t introspection presupposes an esot]ic pr9ciple1 l ! pr9ciple ( grace 9 religion8 ,x seems evid5t t we h to d "h ) "s deep-seat$ misconception reg>d+ ! facts t are suppos$ to con/itute ! subject-matt] = obs]vation & description4 ,a common proc$ure on ! "p ( introspectionism is to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness z some?+ :i* is inde$ indef9able1 b :i* admits ( obs]vation & description4 ,b ?is proc$ure is no long] ju/ifi$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ass]tion t consci\sness exi/s is n ! /atem5t ( a fact b ! designation ( a problem4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! fact t we call consci\sness8 ,if ! common-s5se individual1 :o ass5ts s readily to ! proposition t we all "k consci\sness1 be ask$ to diff]5tiate betwe5 consci\sness & ! objects ( consci\sness1 he is daz$ & helpless4 ,&1 secondly1 ! ass]tion ( indef9ability involves u 9 a difficulty4 ,! indef9ability ( consci\sness has sometimes be5 lik5$ to t ( space1 b 9 ?is latt] case we f9d no su* confusion betwe5 space & ! objects 9 space4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t if consci\sness is n some?+ di/+ui%able f objects1 !re is no ne$ to discuss consci\sness1 & if x is di/+ui%able1 x mu/ be di/+ui%$ be=e we are entitl$ to proce$ ) obs]vation & description4 ,def9ition is indisp5sable1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( circumscrib+ ! facts t are to be inve/igat$4 ,moreov]1 if consci\sness _c be def9$1 nei!r c x be describ$4 ,:at is def9ition1 aft] all1 b a =m ( description8 ,to ass]t1 9 effect1 t consci\sness is indef9able because x is indescribable1 & t = ?is reason we mu/ be cont5t ) description1 is bo? a flagrant disreg>d ( consi/5cy & an unw>rant$ abuse ( our good nature4 ,?is difficulty leads on to ano!r1 = d\bts1 l lies1 h a s+ul> prop5sity to bre$ m ( _! k9d4 ,if consci\sness is some?+ t ev]ybody kn[s1 :y %\ld x be necess>y to look to ! psy*ologi/ = a description ( x8 if ! /udy ( consci\sness br+s to light any new fact1 t fact by def9ition is n a consci\s fact at all1 & consequ5tly is n ! k9d ( ?+ t we set out to describe4 ,consci\sness1 9 %ort1 _c be analyz$2 x _c be resolv$ into elem5ts or con/itu5ts4 ,x is precisely :at x is & n "s product ( our aft]-?\ght t we are pleas$ to sub/itute = x4 ,^! famili> consid]ations d n1 inde$1 decide ! issue betwe5 ! rival !ories ( psy*ology1 b !y s]ve to sugge/ t our introspective psy*ology has be5 too easily satisfi$ 9 ! conception ( its specific problem or subject-matt]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! "w t has be5 done 9 ! "n ( psy*ology has be5 peculi>ly b>r5 ( results1 s f> z a consci\sness an si* is conc]n$1 al?\gh x has l$ to a weal? ( mat]ial p]ta9+ to adaptive behavior4 ,its solid a*ievem5ts lie 9 ! doma91 n ( consci\sness1 b ( in/9ctive1 habitual1 & intellig5t adaptation4 ,x tea*es u little t has to d unequivocally ) consci\sness z di/9ct f ?+s1 b x tea*es u mu* conc]n+ /imulus & response1 att5tion & habit1 conflict & adju/m5t4 ,! doctr9e t psy*ology is a sci5ce ( behavior is ju/ifi$ at lea/ to ! ext5t t x emphasizes a factor1 ! importance ( :i* introspectionism has consi/5tly refus$ to recognize4 ,:atev] conclusion we may ultimately rea* reg>d+ ! nature ( consci\sness1 ! :ole drift ( psy*ological & biological inve/igation seems to indicate t an adequate conception ( consci\sness & ( ! di/9ctive problem ( psy*ology c be atta9$ only on ! basis ( a pa9/ak+ reflection on ! facts ( behavior4 ,i ,x is evid5t t ! attempt to asc]ta9 ! nature ( consci\sness & ( psy*ology f ! /&po9t ( behavior is committ$ to ! assumption t ! behavior 9 "q is ( a di/9ctive k9d4 ,! ju/ification ( ?is assumption w enable u to =mulate ! def9itions :i* we seek4 ,discussions ( consci\s behavior ord9>ily emphasize ! simil>ity betwe5 consci\s & reflex behavior r ?an ! diff]5ce4 ,an attitude ( expectancy1 = example1 is usually conceiv$ z a sort ( tempor>y reflex4 ,c]ta9 n]v\s connections are organiz$ = ! occasion1 s t1 :5 a giv5 /imulus arrives1 x w induce its appropriate response4 ,?is situation is be/ exemplifi$1 p]haps1 9 simple reaction-exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! subject makes a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ response ^u pres5tation ( ! /imulus4 ,! process is suppos$ to be ( ! reflex type ?r\gh\t1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ord9>y reflexes are relatively p]man5t & unv>y+1 :]eas a pre>rang$ response to a /imulus has to d ) a reflex t is made to ord] s z to meet ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t4 ,= c]ta9 purposes su* a description ( consci\s behavior is no d\bt suffici5tly accurate4 ,our pres5t conc]n1 h[ev]1 is ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! tempor>y organizations & ord9>y reflexes4 ,9 ord] to br+ out ^! diff]5ces1 let u introduce a slight complication into our reaction-exp]im5t & suppose t ! subject is to make "o ( two alt]native responses1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! /imulus4 ,8 /ate ( expectancy is accompani$ by a c]ta9 bodily set or prep>$ness = ! com+ ev5t1 al?\gh ! precise nature ( ! ev5t is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,8 n]v\s sy/em is 9 read9ess to respond ?is way or t1 or r1 x has already />t$ to act 9 bo? ( ! alt]native ways4 ,if ! subject is to respond ) ! "r h& to "o /imulus & ) ! left h& to ! o!r1 bo? h&s are 9 a /ate ( activity be=e ! /imulus appe>s4 ,! organization ( ! tempor>y reflex ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! c]ebral cortex c\ld n be a*iev$ 7 x n = ! fact t all ! movem5ts ent]+ into ! organization are nasc5tly ar\s$ be=e ! spr+ is t\*$ :i* p]mits ! act to unroll itself 9 ord]ly sequ5ce4 ,! v>i\s successive movem5ts1 !n1 :i* make up our tempor>y reflex a*ieve _! relation%ip to "o ano!r f ! fact t !y are />t$ simultane\sly1 & ?is peculi>ity con/itutes a di/9ctive feature4 ,app>5tly ?is feature is abs5t f true reflexes4 ,an act ( swall[+1 p]=m$ unconsci\sly1 may />t ! complicat$ processes ( dige/ion1 b x is m]ely ! fir/ act ( a s]ies4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! movem5ts ( ! /oma* & ( ! o!r organs conc]n$ 9 dige/ion mu/ be presuppos$ be=e ! act ( swall[+ c take place4 ,! swall[+ may />t ! o!r processes1 b we _c say t ^! o!r processes react back ^u ! fir/ act & make x "o ( swall[+ r ?an some?+ else4 ,yet ?is back /roke is precisely :at is necess>y 9 our reaction-exp]im5t1 = x is by virtue ( ?is fact t ! organization ( ! tempor>y reflex becomes a possibility4 ,! fir/ response _c take place until ! la/ is provid$ =4 ,?us ! imm$iate act ( look+ has embodi$ 9 x ! activity t is to foll[ lat]4 ,! look+ is n simply ) ! eye1 b ) ! h&s t are to complete ! response4 ,! optical response is a response :i*1 9 ! language ( ,b]gson1 prefigures or sket*es out ! act ( a lat] mom5t4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is enabl$ to act z a unit1 because ! movem5ts t are to occur at a lat] "t are repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! complete act4 ,! fir/ /age1 accord+ly1 does n occur indep5d5tly1 b z a prelim9>y to ! second4 ,) an imp]fect organization ( ! entire response1 x may happ5 t ! subsequ5t movem5ts are n suppress$ until _! prop] mom5t arrives1 b appe> 9 advance ( _! s*$ul$ "t4 ,9 writ+1 = example1 we frequ5tly omit words or add to a ^w ! f9al lett] ( "s ^w t belongs to a subsequ5t "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,an error ( ?is sort c\ld h>dly occur s readily 9 ! c\rse ( an act t belongs to ! type ( ! true reflex4 ,le/ ! read] suspect t ?is is a priori physiology1 ,i may quote ! foll[+ f a prom95t neurologi/3 ,no simple s5sory impulse c1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 rea* ! c]ebral cortex )\t fir/ be+ influ5c$ by subcortical association c5t]s1 )9 :i* complex reflex comb9ations may be effect$ & v>i\s automatisms set (f 9 accordance ) _! pre=m$ /ructure4 ,^! subcortical sy/ems are to "s ext5t modifiable by racial & individual exp]i5ce1 b _! reactions are *iefly ( ! det]m9ate or /]eotyp$ "*1 ) a relatively limit$ range ( possible reaction types = any giv5 /imulus complex4 ,x is %[n by ! l[] v]tebrates1 :i* lack ! c]ebral cortex1 t ^! subcortical me*anisms are adequate = all ( ! ord9>y simple processes ( life1 includ+ "s degree ( associative memory4 ,b "h1 :5 em]g5cies arise :i* involve situations too complex to be resolv$ by ^! me*anisms1 ! animal w pay ! inevitable p5alty ( failure--p]haps ! loss ( 8 d9n]1 or ev5 ( 8 life4 ,9 ! high] mammals ) well-develop$ cortex ! automatisms & simple associations are likewise p]=m$ ma9ly by ! subcortical app>atus1 b ! inadequacy ( ?is app>atus 9 any p>ticul> situation pres5ts n ! c]ta9ty ( failure1 b r a dilemma4 ,! rapid pre=m$ automatisms fail to give relief1 or p]haps ! situation pres5ts s _m complex s5sory excitations z to cause mutual int]f]5ce & inhibition ( all reaction4 ,!re is a /asis 9 ! subcortical c5t]s4 ,mean:ile ! high] neural resi/ance ( ! cortical pa?ways has be5 ov]come by summation ( /imuli & ! cortex is excit$ to function4 ,"h is a me*anism adapt$1 n = a limit$ numb] ( pr$et]m9$ & imm$iate responses1 b = a mu* great] range ( comb9ation ( ! aff]5t impressions ) ea* o!r & ) memory ve/iges ( previ\s reactions & a mu* l>g] range ( possible modes ( response to any giv5 set ( aff]5t impressions4 ,by a process ( trial & error1 p]haps1 ! elem5ts necess>y to effect ! adaptive response may be assembl$ & ! problem solv$4 ,x is evid5t "h t ! physiological factors 9 ! dilemma or problem z ?is is pres5t$ to ! cortex are by no means simple s5sory impressions1 b def9itely organiz$ sy/ems ( neural dis*>ge1 ea* ( :i* is a physiological resultant ( ! reflexes1 automatisms1 impulses1 & inhibitions *>act]i/ic ( its appropriate subcortical c5t]s4 ,! precise =m :i* ^! subcortical comb9ations w assume 9 response to any p>ticul> excitation is 9 l>ge measure det]m9$ by ! /ructural connections int] se4444 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! c]ebral cortex consid]$ z an ess5tial "p ( ! me*anism ( high] consci\s acts1 e aff]5t /imulus1 z we h se51 is to "s ext5t affect$ by its passage ?r\gh v>i\s subcortical association c5t]s 7i4e41 x c>ries a quale ( c5tral orig974 ,b ?is same aff]5t impulse 9 its passage ?r\gh ! sp9al cord & bra9 /em may1 be=e rea*+ ! cortex1 dis*>ge collat]al impulses into ! l[] c5t]s ( reflex coo]d9ation1 f :i* incipi5t 7or ev5 actually consummat$7 motor responses are dis*>g$ previ\s to ! cortical reaction4 ,^! motor dis*>ges may1 ?r\gh ! 'back /roke' action1 9 turn ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! sl[] cortical reaction4 ,?us ! l[] reflex response may 9 a lit]al physiological s5se act into ! cortical /imulus complex & become an integral "p ( x4#cg ,x seems cle>1 !n1 t consci\s behavior involves a c]ta9 process ( organization :i* con/itutes a diff]5tial4 ,! units ent]+ into ?is process are def9itely organiz$ sy/ems ( neural dis*>ge1 ! antec$5t organization ( ^! sev]al sy/ems be+ due ei!r to ! inh]it$ or to ! acquir$ /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( pla/icity1 ! n]v\s sy/em builds up specific =ms ( response = c]ta9 objects or situations1 & ^! =ms ( response subsequ5tly become ! mat]ial f :i* new organizations or new modes ( response are con/ruct$4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 accord+ly1 become /epp+-/ones to new a*ievem5t4 ,! new organization1 moreov]1 is n det]m9$ by a me*anism antec$5tly provid$1 b has a peculi> flexibility1 s z to meet ! dem&s ( a new situation4 ,t is1 a new mode ( proc$ure is adopt$4 ,in/ead ( be+ a purely me*anical reaction1 ! response t results f ! situation is t5tative or exp]im5tal 9 "*1 & by a process ( trial & error1 p]haps1 ! elem5ts necess>y to effect ! adaptive response may be assembl$ & ! problem solv$4 ,we may add at once t ! reorganization :i* is requir$ to con/itute consci\s behavior v>ies a great deal 9 ext5t4 ,9 an act t is m or less habitual1 a comp>atively slight modification ( ! correspond+ organiz$ sy/em ( neural dis*>ge w suffice to h>monize ! conflict+ elem5ts1 :]eas on o!r occasions a m ext5sive modification is requir$4 ,b 9 any case x appe>s t !re is a c]ta9 impropriety 9 describ+ consci\s behavior 9 t]ms ( a tempor>y reflex1 s9ce ! /udy ( ?is behavior is conc]n$ ) ! organization ( ! discordant elem5ts1 n z a result1 b prim>ily z a process4 ,9 a reflex act we may suppose t ! /imulus :i* evokes ! fir/ /age 9 ! response is l ! fir/ 9 a r[ ( up/&+ bricks1 :i* 9 fall+ knocks d[n ano!r4 ,t is1 ! reflex arc is built up by ag5cies t are q indep5d5t ( ! subsequ5t act4 ,! arc is all set up & ready = use by ! "t ! reflex act appe>s ^u ! sc5e4 ,9 ! case ( consci\s activity1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d a v diff]5t /ate ( affairs4 ,! arc is n fir/ con/ruct$ & !n us$1 b is con/ruct$ z ! act proce$s2 & ?is progressive organization is1 9 ! end1 :at is meant by consci\s behavior4 ,if ! c\rse ( a reflex act may be comp>$ ) travel+ 9 a railroad tra91 ! progress ( a consci\s act is m l t ( a b& ( explor]s1 :o hew _! pa? & build _! bridges z !y g along4 ,! direction ( ! act is n det]m9$ f )\t b f )92 ! end is int]nal to ! process4 ,?is process ( organization & purposive direction is exemplifi$ 9 e act ( att5tion4 ,is t noise1 = example1 a horse 9 ! /reet1 or is x ! ra9 on ! ro(8 ,:at we f9d 9 su* a situation is n a p>alysis ( activity1 b a r$irection4 ,! incompatibility ( responses is purely relative4 ,!re is inde$ a mutual inhibition ( ! responses = ho(-beats & ra9 respectively1 9 ! s5se t nei!r has undisput$ possession ( ! field2 b ?is v inhibition sets free ! process ( att5tion1 9 :i* ! v>i\s responses p>ticipate & cooep]ate4 ,!re is no /atic balanc+ ( =ces1 b r a process 9 :i* ! conflict is simply a condition = an activity ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,if ,i am ne> a w9d[ fac+ ! /reet1 my eye turns ?i!r = a clue2 if ! appeal to vision be elim9at$1 ! eye becomes unsee+ & cooep]ates ) ! e> by exclud+ all t is irrelevant to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 ?is process ! n]v\s sy/em functions z a unit1 ) ref]5ce to ! task ( det]m9+ ! s\rce & "* ( ! s\nd4 ,?is task or problem dom9ates ! situation4 ,a voice 9 an adjo9+ room may break 91 b only z some?+ to be ignor$ & %ut out2 :]eas a voice 9 ! /reet may become all-absorb+ z possibly indicat+ ! driv] ( ! hypo!tical horse4 ,t is1 ! reason :y ! conflict ( responses does n end 9 a deadlock1 b 9 a r$irection1 is t a c]ta9 selectiv5ess ( response comes into play4 ,out ( ! mass ( m or less in*oate activities a c]ta9 response is select$ z a rally+-po9t = ! re/1 & ?is selection is ( a purposive "*4 ,! selection is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! task 9 h&1 :i* is to re/ore a c]ta9 h>mony ( response4 ,accord+ly1 t response is select$ :i* gives promise ( =w>d+ ! bus9ess ( ! mom5t4 ,by virtue ( ?is selective "*1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! total activity becomes exalt$ among its fell[s & is entru/$ ) ! function ( det]m9+ fur!r behavior4 ,! purpose ( ! discussion1 up to ?is po9t1 is to put =w>d ?is selective or teleological "* z ! fundam5tal & diff]5tiat+ trait ( consci\s behavior2 & our task1 accord+ly1 is to give an acc\nt ( ! nature & modus op]&i ( ?is purposive control4 ,?is control1 x is evid5t1 consi/s 9 giv+ direction to behavior ) ref]5ce to results t are /ill 9 ! future4 ,! basis = ?is anticipation ( ! future is furni%$ by ! nasc5t responses :i* =e%ad[ fur!r activity1 ev5 :ile !y are /ill "u ! ?raldom ( ! inhibitions :i* hold !m back4 ,^! suppress$ activities furni% a sort ( diagram or sket* ( fur!r possible behavior1 & ! problem ( consci\sness is ! problem ( mak+ ! result or outcome ( ^! incipi5t responses effective 9 ! control ( behavior4 ,future results or consequ5ces mu/ be conv]t$ into pres5t /imuli2 & ! accompli%m5t ( ?is conv]sion is ! miracle ( consci\sness4 ,to be consci\s is to h a future possible result ( pres5t behavior embodi$ z a pres5t exi/5ce function+ z a /imulus to fur!r behavior4 ,?us ! qualities ( a p]ceptual exp]i5ce may be int]pret$1 )\t exception1 z anticipations ( ! results ( activities :i* are z yet 9 an embryonic /age4 ,! results ( ! activity t is z yet p>tly suppress$ are already express$ or anticipat$ 9 ! p]ception4 ,! pres5t exp]i5ce may1 z ,james says1 %oot its p]spective f> be=e x1 irradiat+ 9 advance ! regions 9 :i* lie ! ?\ghts z yet unborn4#ch ,a baseball play]1 = example1 :o is all set to field a ball z a prelim9>y to a fur!r play1 sees ! ball1 n simply z an approa*+ object1 b z ball-to-be-caught-&-!n-?r[n-to-fir/-base 4 ,moreov]1 ! ball1 :ile /ill on ! way1 is a ball-t-may-b\nd-to-!-"r-or- to-!-left4 ,! correspond+ movem5ts ( ! play] to ! "r or left1 & ! act ( ?r[+1 al?\gh pres5t only z inhibit$ or incipi5t acts1 are nev]!less embodi$ 9 ! visual exp]i5ce4 ,simil>ly my c\* looks s(t & invit+1 because ! optical /imulation sugge/s or prompts1 n only ! act ( ly+ d[n1 b also ! k9d ( relaxation t is made possible by a com=table b$4 ,s likewise ! tig]'s jaws & claws look cruel & horrible1 because 9 t p]ception are reflect$ ! incipi5t movem5ts ( def5se & recoil :i* are go+ on 9 ! body ( ! obs]v]4 ,p]ception1 l our air-ca/les1 or l dreams 9 ! ,freudian !ory1 pres5ts :at is at be/ b a sugge/ion or program 9 ! guise ( accompli%$ fact4 ,?is projection1 h[ev]1 ( our subm]g$ activities into our p]ceptions requires a m precise /atem5t4 ,accord+ to ! =ego+ cont5tion1 ! appe>ance1 = example1 ( a razor's edge z %>p is ! s5sory correlate ( an incipi5t response :i*1 if x 7 to atta9 full-bl[n p]fection1 w\ld be ! reaction to a cut4 ,by hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ! response is inhibit$1 & x is ?is inhibition :i* calls =? ! p]ception ( ! object4 ,if ! response enc\nt]$ no ob/ruction1 adaptation w\ld be complete & p]ception w\ld n occur4 ,s9ce !re is a block+ ( ! response1 nature resorts to a special device 9 ord] to ov]come ! difficulty1 & ?is device consi/s 9 furni%+ ! organism ) a new type ( /imulus4 ,! razor z p]ceiv$ does n actually cut j n[1 b x bodies =? ! quality 'w cut1' i4e41 ! p]ceiv$ attribute d]ives its "* f :at ! object w1 or may1 d at a future "t4 ,t is1 a p]ceiv$ object is a /imulus :i* controls or directs ! organism by results :i* h n yet occurr$1 b :i* w1 or may1 occur 9 ! future4 ,! uniqu5ess ( su* a /imulus lies 9 ! fact t a cont+5t result someh[ becomes op]ative z a pres5t fact2 ! future is transf]r$ into ! pres5t s z to become effective 9 ! guidance ( behavior4 ,?is control by a future t is made pres5t is :at con/itutes consci\sness4 ,a liv+ body may respond to an actual cut by a knife on purely me*anical or reflex pr9ciples2 b to respond to a cut by anticipation1 i4e41 to behave ) ref]5ce to a m]ely possible or future injury1 is manife/ly an exhibition ( intellig5ce4 ,n t !re ne$ be any consci\s ref]5ce to ! future z future 9 ! act4 ,m]ely to see ! object z %>p is suffici5t to give direction to conduct4 ,b %>p is equival5t to w cut2 ! quality ( %>pness is a translation ( future possibility into t]ms ( pres5t fact1 & z ?us translat$ ! future possibility becomes a factor 9 ! control ( behavior4 ,p]ception1 !re=e1 is a po9t :]e pres5t & future co9cide4 ,:at ! object w d is1 9 itself1 j a cont+5cy1 an ab/ract possibility1 b 9 p]ception ?is possibility clo!s itself 9 ! g>m5ts ( pres5t1 concrete fact & ?us provides ! organism ) a diff]5t environm5t4 ,! environm5t provides a new /imulus by und]go+ a c]ta9 k9d ( *ange1 i4e41 by ex]cis+ a peculi> function ( control4 ,?is control is see+1 & ! :ole my/]y ( consci\sness is j ?is r5d]+ ( future /imulations or results into t]ms ( pres5t exi/5ce4 ,consci\sness1 accord+ly1 is a "n = a c]ta9 *ange t takes place 9 ! /imulus2 or1 m specifically1 x is a "n = ! control ( conduct by future results or consequ5ces4 ,to acquire su* a /imulus & to become consci\s are "o & ! same ?+4 ,z 0 indicat$ previ\sly1 ! consci\s /imulus is correlat$ ) ! v>i\s inh]it$ & acquir$ motor t5d5cies :i* h be5 set (f & :i* are /ruggl+ = expression1 & ! uniqu5ess ( ! /imulus lies 9 ! fact t ! adaptive value ( ^! nasc5t motor t5d5cies becomes op]ative z ! det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 ! organization ( ! response4 ,! response1 = example1 to %>p or w cut is rem9isc5t ( an e>li] reaction 9 :i* ! organism engag$ 9 c]ta9 def5sive movem5ts z ! result ( an actual injury4 ,t is1 ! response to %>p is a nasc5t or incipi5t =m ( a response :i* at ! "t ( its fir/ occurr5ce 0 ! expression ( a maladaptation4 ,! response t is induc$ :5 an object is se5 z %>p w\ld be biologically bad1 if x 7 complet$1 & ! fact t ! object is se5 z %>p means t ?is result is =e%ad[$ & op]ates z a /imulus to prev5t su* maladaptation4 ,simil>ly ! c\* :i* meets my we>y eye becomes a /imulus to repose because ! nasc5t activity :i* is ar\s$ w\ld be biologically good if complet$4 ,9 any case ! "* ( ! /imulus is det]m9$ by ! adaptive value :i* ! incipi5t activity w\ld h if x 7 c>ri$ out4 ,consci\sness1 accord+ly1 is j a future adaptation t has be5 set to "w s z to br+ ab\t its own realization4 ,! future ?us becomes op]ative 9 ! pres5t1 9 mu* ! same way z ! prospects = next ye>'s crop may be conv]t$ by ! f>m] into ready money ) :i* to secure ! tools = its production4 ,to ju/ify ?is conclusion by a detail$ & ext5sive application ( ?is int]pretation to e =m ( quality & relation w\ld c>ry u beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t und]tak+4 ,x is a view1 h[ev]1 :i* (f]s possibilities t h n z yet be5 prop]ly recogniz$4 ,c]ta9 consid]ations1 besides ^? already discuss$1 may be m5tion$ z giv+ x an antec$5t plausibility4 ,z reg>ds simple s5se-qualities1 !re is abundant reason = believ+ t ,locke's doctr9e ( simple ideas is a viol5t p]v]sion ( ! facts4 ,to assume t ! la/ results ( analysis are ! fir/ ?+s 9 exp]i5ce is to give a fatal twi/ to psy*ology & to commit u to ! fruitless agonies ( epi/emology4 ,! orig9al bloom+1 buzz+ confusion ) :i* exp]i5ce />ts becomes diff]5tiat$ into specific qualities only to ! ext5t t c]ta9 typical & organiz$ =ms ( response are built up )9 ! body4 ,s5se-qualities1 9 o!r words1 are functionally n simple b extremely complex2 !y owe _! di/9ctiv5ess or individuality to ! fact t ea* ( !m embodies a specific set ( cues or anticipations1 ) ref]5ce to fur!r exp]i5ces4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a quality l %>pness & a quality l r$ lies 9 ! fact t ! =m] is a translation ( a relatively simple possibility1 viz41 w cut1 :]eas ! latt] embodies a great] v>iety ( anticipations4 ,! p]ception ( r$1 be+ ! outcome ( _m comp>isons & associations1 presupposes a complex physical response :i* conta9s multitud9\s t5d5cies to re9/ate =m] responses2 & ! comb9$ effect ( ^! suppress$ t5d5cies is ! p]ception ( a color :i* (f]s possibilities ( control ov] behavior 9 su* directions z rem9isc5ces1 idle associations1 or p]haps scrut9y & inve/igation4 ,a simil> explanation evid5tly applies to ab/ract ideas1 :i* nei!r admit ( r$uction to reviv$ s5sations nor compel ! adoption ( a peculi>ly spiritual or psy*ic exi/5ce 9 ! =m ( unanalyzable mean+s4 ,"h aga9 a complex mode ( response mu/ be assum$1 hav+ z its correlate an exp]i5ce describable only 9 t]ms ( its function+1 :i* is su* z to enable ! organism to act intellig5tly1 i4e41 ) ref]5ce to future results1 :i* are suffici5tly embodi$ 9 ! exp]i5ce to secure appropriate behavior4 ,aga91 ?is po9t ( view (f]s a satisfactory solution = ! "t-worn puzzle ( relativity4 ,if p]ception is j ! translation ( future possible /imulations into pres5t fact1 !re is assur$ly no ju/ification = ! notion t p]ception di/orts ! facts or t discrepancies among diff]5t p]ceptions prove _! subjectivity4 ,!re rema9s b "o te/ by :i* ! correctness or validity ( p]ception may be judg$1 viz41 :e!r ! p]ceiv$ object proves to be ! k9d ( /imulus :i* is report$ or anticipat$ 9 ! pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,s f> our discussion has emphasiz$ ! anticipatory "* ( ! consci\s /imulus4 ,future consequ5ces come into ! pres5t z conditions = fur!r behavior4 ,^! anticipations are bas$1 inde$1 ^u previ\s happ5+s1 b !y ent] into ! pres5t situation z conditions t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b to take !m into acc\nt means t ! consci\s situation is ess5tially incomplete & 9 process ( trans=mation or recon/ruction4 ,?is peculi> incomplet5ess or cont+5cy /&s out prom95tly :5 ! situation rises to ! level ( unc]ta9ty & p]plexity4 ,to borr[ ! classical illu/ration ( ! *ild & ! c&le1 ! *ild is 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty because ! neural activity ( ! mom5t comprises two incompatible sy/ems ( dis*>ge1 ! "o be+ a grasp+ & hold+1 ! o!r a )drawal & su* fur!r movem5ts z may be induc$ by contact ) fire4 ,h5ce ! c&le has ! s$uctiv5ess ( a prize1 b at ! same "t c>ries ! sugge/ion ( burn+ ! f+]s4 ,t is1 ! p]ceiv$ object has a unique "* ( unc]ta9ty1 :i* inh]es 9 x z a pres5t positive quality4 ,we are "h confront$ ) g5u9e cont+5cy1 su* z is enc\nt]$ n[h]e else4 ,o!r modes ( behavior may be unc]ta9 9 ! s5se t ! incom+ /imulation f9ds no fix$ l9e ( dis*>ge laid d[n = itself )9 ! organism4 ,9 seek+ to conv]t itself into response x may ei!r sweep away ! ob/ructions 9 its pa? or "w itself out along l9es ( less resi/ance1 9 ways t no man c =etell4 ,!re may be mom5ts ( equilibrium1 mom5ts :5 x rema9s to be se5 :]e ! dam w break & ! curr5t ru% ?r\gh4 ,su* unc]ta9ty1 h[ev]1 is ! unc]ta9ty ( ! by/&] :o attempts to =eca/ :at w happ5 next4 ,x is n ! unc]ta9ty t figures z an integral "p ( consci\s behavior4 ,?is inh]5t unc]ta9ty means t consci\s behavior1 z contra/$ ) ! me*anical "* ( ! reflexes1 is ess5tially exp]im5tal4 ,! unc]ta9ty exi/s precisely because an ef=t is "u way to cle> up ! unc]ta9ty4 ,! resort to eye or e> or to reflective ?9k+ is sugge/$ by ! correspond+ nasc5t responses & is an endeavor to secure some?+ :i* is /ill to seek1 b :i*1 :5 f\nd1 w meet ! requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,translat+ ?is process into t]ms ( /imulus & response1 we may say t ! consci\s /imulus ( ! mom5t induces ! inve/igation or scrut9y :i* pres5tly results 9 ! arrival ( a /imulus t is adequate to ! situation4 ,! /imulus1 9 o!r words1 provides = its own successor2 or we may say t ! process z a :ole is a self-direct+1 self-det]m9+ activity4 ,/imulus & response are n successive /ages or mom5ts1 b r simultane\s functions or phases ( ! total process4 ,)9 ?is process ! giv5 situation is ! /imulus because x is t aspect or function :i* guides ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! activity1 :ile ! bodily movem5ts are ! response because !y already embody ! activity t is to foll[4 ,! significant circum/ance "h is t /imulus & response resi/ ! temporal sep>ation t we f9d 9 a purely reflex act2 /imulus & response are b\nd toge!r z correlat$ functions 9 a unit>y1 self-direct+ process1 s t ^! twa9 are "o fle%4 ,situations ( unc]ta9ty & expectancy1 z exemplifi$ by ! famili> *ild-c&le incid5t1 are ( int]e/1 because !y emphasize bo? ! anticipatory "* ( exp]i5ce & ! peculi> recon/ruction ( ! /imulus4 ,^! situations1 h[ev]1 diff] m]ely 9 degree1 n 9 k9d1 f o!r exp]i5ces2 _! m]it is t 9 !m ! di/9ctive "* ( consci\s life is writ l>ge4 ,to say t !y are consci\s situations is to say t !y are s con/itut$ t ! possibilities ( a subsequ5t mom5t are embodi$ 9 !m z a positive quality4 ,9 !m ! pres5t mom5t embodies a future t is cont+5t4 ,& simil>ly ! response has nei!r ! pr$et]m9$ organization ( ! reflex nor ! aimless "* ( a response t issues 9 a set ( r&om movem5ts4 ,x is1 s to speak1 ( a g5]aliz$ "*1 l ! paleontological specim5s t =e%ad[ 9 _! /ructure ! adv5t ( bo? fi% & reptile4 ,?is =m ( organization1 h[ev]1 :ile exemplifi$ mo/ /rik+ly 9 situations ( unc]ta9ty1 p]ta9s to all consci\s behavior4 ,9 utt]+ a s5t5ce1 = example1 we "k 9 advance :at we are go+ to say1 yet ! s5t5ce %apes itself into def9ite =m only z we proce$2 or p]haps we get /uck1 & by hemm+ & haw+ be> witness t a /ruggle = a c]ta9 k9d ( organization is go+ on4 ,! same ^w 9 diff]5t contexts is a diff]5t ^w 9 ea* in/ance1 by virtue ( ! color+ t x takes on f :at is to foll[ aft]4 ,& ?is is equally true ( our mo/ casual exp]i5ces4 ,! auditory or visual object t we happ5 to notice & imm$iately aft]w>ds ignore is appreh5d$ ) ref]5ce to ! possibility ( w>rant+ fur!r att5tion1 or else x pres5ts itself z an intrud] t is to be exclud$ 9 ord] t we may g on ) ! conc]n ( ! mom5t4 ,all exp]i5ce is a k9d ( intellig5ce1 a control ( pres5t behavior ) ref]5ce to future adju/m5t4 ,to be 9 exp]i5ce at all is to h ! future op]ate 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! future may be 9 ! nature ( an end or goal t controls a s]ies ( activities or x may be ( a mom5t>y & casual k9d4 ,9 any case ! "* ( ! /imulus *anges ) ! progress ( ! act4 ,! book on ! table mu/ become successively book-to-be-rea*$-=1 book-to-be-pick$-up1 & book-to-be-op5$1 unless ! process is to drop back to ! type ( reflex4 ,?is developm5t ( ! /imulus gives g5u9e cont9uity1 s9ce e mom5t 9 ! process comes z a fulfilm5t ( its pr$ecessor & z a transition-po9t to its successor4 ,9 a purely me*anical act response foll[s /imulus l ! successive /rokes ( a clock4 ,x is a t\*-&-g affair2 ! /imulus presses ! button & !n subsides1 :ile ! neural organization does ! re/4 ,9 consci\s behavior1 on ! o!r h&1 /imulus & response keep /ep ) ea* o!r4 ,a m]e succession ( /imuli w\ld r$uce consci\s behavior to a s]ies ( explosive j]ks1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,to be consci\s at all is to duplicate 9 pr9ciple ! agility ( ! tight-rope p]=m]1 :o cont9u\sly e/abli%es new co-ord9ations accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t & ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! controll+ consid]ation ( keep+ "r side up4 ,! s5sory /imulus provides cont9u\sly = its own rehabilitation or appropriate trans=mation1 & 9 a simil> way ! neural organization is nev] a f9i%$ ?+1 b is 9 con/ant process ( readju/m5t to meet ! dem&s ( an adaptation t /ill lies 9 ! future4 ,x is ?is relation%ip ( pres5t response to ! response ( ! next mom5t t con/itutes ! di/9ctive trait ( consci\s behavior4 ,! relatively unorganiz$ responses ( ! pres5t mom5t1 9 becom+ reflect$ 9 ! exp]i5c$ object1 reveal _! outcome or mean+ be=e !y h become ov]t1 & ?us provide ! conditions ( intellig5t action4 ,9 o!r words1 future consequ5ces become trans=m$ into a /imulus = fur!r behavior4 ,we are confront$ "h ) a di/9ctive mode ( op]ation1 :i* mu/ be prop]ly recogniz$1 if we are to give a consi/5t & intellig5t acc\nt ( consci\s behavior4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we refuse to recognize ! adv5t "h ( a new category1 intellig5ce becomes an anomaly & my/]y deep5s into contradiction4 ,s9ce intellig5ce or consci\sness mu/ be provid$ = someh[1 we are =c$ back ^u ei!r int]actionism or else epiph5om5alism1 m or less disguis$ "u a euphoni\s "n1 su* z psy*o-physical p>allelism or ! d\ble-aspect !ory4 ,t is1 ! relation ( /imulus & response is ei!r r$uc$ to pla9 cause & effect or else is reject$ altoge!r & supplant$ by a b>e concomitance ( ! physical & m5tal s]ies4 ,9 ei!r case consci\s behavior is r$uc$ to ! type ( reflex action1 ! only issue betwe5 ! two doctr9es be+ ! "q :e!r or n x is necess>y or p]missible to int]polate m5tal l9ks 9 ! causal *a94 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( p>allelism1 consci\s behavior is no?+ m ?an a complicat$ =m ( reflex1 :i* goes on )\t any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( m9d or intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce adds no?+ to ! situation except itself2 x c>ries no implications or new significance ) reg>d to conduct4 ,! psy*ic correlate is p]mitt$ to tag along1 b ! explanations ( response rema9 ! same 9 k9d z !y 7 be=e !y rea*$ ! level ( consci\sness4 ,m]e complexity %\ld n becl\d ! issue4 ,e bra9 process1 l e reflex activity1 is presumably ! result ( physico-*emical processes4 ,! assumption ( a my/]i\s intuition or 'psy*ic =ce' adds no?+ to ! me*ani/ic explanation1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is mo/ fragm5t>y4 ,! int]actioni/s g out ( _! way unnecess>ily 9 assum+ a special activity ( consci\sness to acc\nt = ! dislocation ( reactions f s5sations4 ,! n]v\s organization suffices to expla9 x4 ,di/ant-/imuli & c5tral /imuli co-op]ate to br+ ab\t anticipatory reactions2 =esight is b ! consci\s side ( ?is process4 ,! ph5om5on is bo? physical & m5tal4#ci ,! passage j quot$ is fairly typical4 ,s9ce ! m5tal is an aspect or concomitant ( ! physical x is cle>ly entitl$ to an occasional honorable m5tion1 b ! fact rema9s t ! explanation ( behavior is to be giv5 :olly 9 t]ms ( neural organization4 ,! m5tal is q lit]ally an also ran4 ,to say t a physico-*emical process is also m5tal is ( no p>ticul> significance z long z x is impli$ t ! end or goal ( ! process plays no "p 9 %ap+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! m5tal simply gives dignity to ! occasion1 l ! s$an *air ) no bottom1 9 :i* ! ,iri%man's admir]s1 accord+ to ,james's /ory1 ran him along to ! place ( banquet & :i* prompt$ ! h]o to rem>k3 ,fai?1 if x wasn't = ! honor ( ! ?+1 ,i might z well h come on foot4 ,x is ?is empty %[ ( respect :i* ! int]actioni/s seek to avoid :5 !y make ! m5tal a di/9ct l9k 9 ! causal sequ5ce4 ,! physical fir/ causes ! m5tal1 & ! m5tal 9 turn br+s ab\t a *ange 9 ! physical4 ,9 ?is way a c]ta9 importance is inde$ secur$ to m5tal facts1 b x appe>s t1 s f> z purposive action is conc]n$1 we are no bett] (f ?an we 7 be=e4 ,! m5tal is simply ano!r k9d ( cause2 x has z little option reg>d+ its physical effect z ! physical cause has ) reg>d to its m5tal effect4 ,non-me*anical behavior is aga9 rul$ out1 or else a va9 attempt is made to secure a place = x ?r\gh ! introduction ( an indep5d5t psy*ic ag5cy4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t we are "u no antec$5t obligation to ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( an activity t is n entirely r$ucible to ! type ( ev]yday cause & effect4 ,b nei!r does sci5tific zeal & incorruptibility require u to d viol5ce to ! facts 9 ord] to secure ?is uni=mity ( type4 ,n to speak at all ( ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ?is dualism1 x seems und5iable t "s facts p]si/5tly refuse to con=m to ! type ( me*anism1 unless !y are previ\sly clubb$ into submission4 ,=esight & ! s5se ( obligation1 = example1 mu/ le>n to reg>d !mselves z no?+ m ?an an int]e/+ indication ( ! way 9 :i* ! neural ma*9]y is op]at+ be=e !y w fit into ! s*eme4 ,& simil>ly ! progress ( an argum5t is no way controll$ or direct$ by ! end 9 view1 or by consid]ations ( logical coh]5ce1 b by ! impact ( causation4 ,ideas lose _! p[] to guide conduct by prevision ( ! future1 & tru? & error consequ5tly lose _! significance1 save p]haps z manife/ations ( c]ebral op]ations4 ,s9ce reason+ involves association1 x mu/ be r$ucible to b>e association2 ! sequ5ce ( ! process is j sequ5ce & no?+ m4 ,a description ( ?is k9d is on a p> ) ! celebrat$ op9ion t viol9 music is j a case ( scrap+ horse-hair on catgut4 ,ev]y?+ t is di/9ctive 9 ! facts is left out ( acc\nt1 & we are =c$ to ! conclusion t no conclusion has any logical significance or value4 ,9 ! end ^! difficulties1 & 9 fact mo/ ( our philosophic ills1 may be trac$ back to ! prejudice t exp]i5ce or kn[+ is a process 9 :i* ! objects conc]n$ d n p>ticipate & h no %>e4 ,?is assumption commits u at once to v>i\s coroll>ies & ?us bre$s a set ( ab/ractions t pass !mselves (f z entities & add !mselves to ! _w ( our exp]i5ce z demon/rable facts4 ,9 philosophy1 z 9 ! f9ancial _w1 !re is a con/ant temptation to d bus9ess on a basis ( fictiti\s capitalization4 ,our ab/ract physico-*emical processes1 ) _! correlates1 su* z passive1 indep5d5t objects1 s\ls1 m9ds1 or absolutes1 d n repres5t actual work+ capital1 b wat]$ /ock1 & _! inevitable t5d5cy is to conv]t ! legitimate bus9ess ( philosophy into a campaign ( exploitation1 :i* is none ! less exploitation because x is frequ5tly done 9 ! int]e/s ( :at are suppos$ to be ! spiritual values ( man4 ,a c>eful inv5tory ( our assets br+s to light no su* entities z ^? :i* h be5 plac$ to our cr$it4 ,we d n f9d body & object & consci\sness1 b only body & object4 ,we d n f9d objects t rema9 indiff]5t to ! exp]i5tial process1 b r objects t exhibit a flexibility & mobility :i* defy all description4 ,we d n f9d a self-suffici5t environm5t or absolute to :i* intellig5ce mu/ ne$s adju/ itself1 b an environm5t t is at odds ) itself & /ruggl+ 9 ! ?roes ( a recon/ruction4 ,! process ( intellig5ce is some?+ t goes on1 n 9 our m9ds1 b 9 ?+s2 x is n photographic1 b creative4 ,f ! simple/ p]ception to ! mo/ ideal aspiration or ! wilde/ halluc9ation1 our human exp]i5ce is reality engag$ 9 ! guidance or control ( behavior4 ,?+s und]go a *ange 9 becom+ exp]i5c$1 b ! *ange consi/s 9 a do+1 9 ! assumption ( a c]ta9 task or duty4 ,! exp]i5tial object h5ce v>ies ) ! response2 ! situation & ! motor activity fit toge!r l ! sections ( a brok5 b[l4 ,! be>+ ( ?is /&po9t on ! int]pretation ( psy*ology is readily app>5t4 ,if x be grant$ t consci\sness is j a "n = behavior t is guid$ by ! results ( acts n yet p]=m$ b reflect$ be=eh& 9 ! objects ( exp]i5ce1 x foll[s t ?is behavior is ! peculi> subject-matt] ( psy*ology4 ,x is only by ref]5ce to behavior t a di/9ctive field c be m>k$ (f = psy*ological ent]prise4 ,:5 we say t ! flame is hot1 ! /one h>d1 & ! ice cold & slipp]y1 we are describ+ objects & no?+ m4 ,^! qualities are1 inde$1 anticipations ( future possibilities1 b ?is means simply t ! objects are describ$ 9 t]ms ( _! prop]ties or capacities z /imuli ( ! organism4 ,su* an acc\nt leaves out ( consid]ation c]ta9 *anges :i* ?+s und]go :5 !y ex]cise ! function ( controll+ or direct+ *anges 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! body4 ,a quality1 su* z %>p or hot1 is n m5tal or con/itut$ by consci\sness1 b ! function ( ! quality 9 giv+ direction to behavior ?r\gh c]ta9 *anges :i* x und]goes is consci\sness4 ,! *anges t take place 9 ?+s z a result ( association1 att5tion1 or memory1 are *anges t h no significance1 save ) reg>d to _! function z /imuli to new adju/m5ts4 ,psy*ology1 !re=e1 is prop]ly a /udy ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! *ange or developm5t ( /imuli2 m specifically x is a /udy ( ! conditions :i* gov]n su* processes z ^? by :i* problems are solv$1 lessons are memoriz$1 habits & attitudes are built up1 & decisions are rea*$4 ,to call su* /udy appli$ psy*ology is to misund]/& ! prop] scope & purpose ( ! subject4 ,psy*ology frequ5tly has occasion to draw ext5sively ^u physics & physiology1 b x has its own problem & its own me?od ( proc$ure4 ,t ?is view ( consci\s behavior %\ld involve an ext5sive re9t]pretation ( famili> facts is altoge!r natural & inevitable4 ,if consci\sness is a =m ( control1 ! "q1 = example1 :at is 9 consci\sness & :at is n mu/ be int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to ?is function ( control4 ,9 a s5se we p]ceive _m ?+s to :i* we are n pay+ att5tion1 su* z ! light 9 ! room or ! famili> *airs & bookcases4 ,^! are p]ceiv$ m>g9ally1 z we say1 9 ! s5se t ! pres5ce ( ^! objects affects ! total adju/m5t ( ! mom5t 9 su* a way t ! exp]i5ce w\ld become a clue to ^! objects if !y 7 )drawn4 ,& simil>ly we may speak ( m>g9al s5sations ( /ra9 or movem5t1 to indicate possible clues to c]ta9 bodily activities :i* are factors 9 ! process4 ,^! m>g9al p]ceptions or images are n actual exi/5ces1 b are symbols & no?+ m4 ,! significance ( ^! symbols is t !y po9t to c]ta9 conditions by :i* ! exp]i5ces 9 "q are det]m9$4 ,?us ! "q :e!r a giv5 exp]i5ce involves c]ta9 s5sations is j a "q :e!r c]ta9 bodily or extra-bodily conditions are involv$ 9 ! exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is ref]5ce to conditions is ignor$ & exp]i5ce is expla9$ 9 t]ms ( s5sory mat]ial t bl5ds & fuses & o!rwise disposes itself1 ! explanation is no long] sci5ce b sleight-(-h&4 ,psy*ology has no prop] conc]n ) su* my?ical con/itu5ts ( consci\sness2 its bus9ess is ) ?+s z relat$ to conduct1 :i* is to say t psy*ology is a sci5ce ( behavior4 ,,ii ,accord+ to ! /&po9t set =? 9 ! prec$+ discussion1 ! key to a consi/5t & fruitful int]pretation ( consci\sness & psy*ology lies 9 behavior4 ,if we turn n[ to ! psy*ology ( introspection1 :i* has be5 dom9ant s _m ye>s1 we f9d a /&po9t & mode ( proc$ure :i*1 on ! surface at lea/1 is ( a radically diff]5t k9d4 ,x behooves u1 !re=e1 to consid] ?is /&po9t 9 "s detail 9 ord] to ju/ify ! attempt to re9t]pret & evaluate x 9 ! light ( our own doctr9e4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture = introspective psy*ology is to be f\nd1 s x seems1 n 9 ! facts ( behavior1 b 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 focal & m>g9al exp]i5ce4 ,x is on ?is di/9ction t ! introspective psy*ologi/ bases ! attempt to give a psy*ological analysis & description ( ! cont5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,to analyze & describe ! facts ( consci\sness is to br+ ! m>g9al con/itu5ts ( exp]i5ce into ! :ite light ( att5tion4 ,analysis & description are possible j because exp]i5ce is s l>gely a welt] ( elem5ts t disguise _! id5tity & "*4 ,9 "s way ^! unrecogniz$ & unid5tifi$ elem5ts are con/itu5ts ( ! total exp]i5ce4 ,to borr[ ! language ( a writ] quot$ by ,james1 ,h[ev] deeply we may suppose ! att5tion to be engag$ by any ?\ght1 any consid]able alt]ation ( ! surr\nd+ ph5om5a w\ld /ill be p]ceiv$2 ! mo/ ab/ruse demon/ration 9 ?is room w\ld n prev5t a li/5]1 h[ev] absorb$1 f notic+ ! sudd5 ext9ction ( ! lights4#dj ,or1 z ,james rem>ks3 ,x is j l ! ov]tones 9 music4 ,diff]5t in/rum5ts give ! 'same note1' namely1 v>i\s upp] h>monics ( x :i* diff] f "o in/rum5t to ano!r4 ,!y are n sep>ately he>d by ! e>2 !y bl5d ) ! fundam5tal note & suffuse x1 & alt] x4#da ,let ! att5tion be direct$ to ^! ov]tones1 h[ev]1 & !y at once deta* !mselves f _! surr\nd+s & /ep =? into ! light ( day4 ,ev5 s ! tick+ ( ! clock may pass unnotic$ 9 ! s5se t x is an undiscrim9at$ elem5t 9 ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness2 b if ! tick+ comes to a sudd5 /op1 ! feel+ ( a void 9 our consci\sness proclaims ! fact t some?+ has gone out f x4 ,! obs]vation & description ( ! facts ( consci\sness1 !n1 is bas$ directly on ! fact t exp]i5ce1 z ! psy*ologi/ deals ) x1 possesses a focus & m>g94 ,nature z conceiv$ by ! physical sci5ces pres5ts no su* di/9ction4 ,! facts are :at !y are1 & _! "* z focal or m>g9al1 z cle> or obscure1 dep5ds altoge!r ^u _! relation to an intellig5ce4 ,or we may say t if ! facts ( exp]i5ce 7 always focal & nev] m>g9al1 x w\ld nev] occur to u to speak ( consci\sness z we d at pres5t4 ,z long z we conf9e ourselves to a giv5 color1 %ape or temp]ature1 z exp]i5c$ focally1 we are n deal+ ) consci\sness1 b ) objects4 ,an analysis ( su* facts t does n br+ 9 ! m>g9al is n an analysis ( consci\sness1 b an analysis ( physical reality4 ,ev5 if we consid] non-physical objects1 su* z ma!matical or economic concepts1 we f9d t our analysis is n psy*ological z long z ! m>g9al is left out4 ,! consid]ation ( ! m>g91 h[ev]1 br+s u into ! pres5ce ( facts :i* are ( a di/9ctive k9d & :i* w>rant a new sci5ce4 ,let ! m>g9 be elim9at$ & psy*ology disappe>s at ! same "t4 ,! psy*ological doctr9e ( focus & m>g91 !n1 is a matt] ( fundam5tal importance4 ,on ! int]pretation ( ?is doctr9e dep5d our sy/ems ( psy*ology & ( philosophy4 ,:at1 !n1 is meant by focus & m>g98 ,if we turn to our psy*ologies1 we seem to be confront$ once m ) some?+ t ev]ybody kn[s & nobody c def9e4 ,b s9ce we h to d ) a di/9ction1 ! obligation to diff]5tiate _c be :olly ignor$4 ,consci\sness is sometimes lik5$ to a visual field & sometimes to ! waves ( ! sea4 ,l ! visual field x has a =egr\nd & a backgr\nd1 a ne> & a remote1 a c5t] & a m>g9 or p]iph]y4 ,! cont5ts ( consci\sness are vivid or cle> 9 ! c5t] ( ?is field & fade away into vagu5ess or obscur5ess 9 proportion to _! approa* to ! p]iph]y4 ,or1 to take ! o!r comp>ison1 ! focus may be repres5t$ by ! cre/ ( a wave & ! m>g9 by :at we may call its base4 ,?is illu/ration has ! advantage t x indicates ! diff]5ce betwe5 high] & l[] degrees ( conc5tration4 ,z conc5tration increases1 ! cre/ ( ! wave rises high] & its wid? decreases1 :ile ! rev]se is true :]e ! conc5tration ( att5tion is less int5se4 ,all consci\sness possesses ! di/9ction ( focus & m>g9 9 "s degree2 h[ev] mu* we may be absorb$ 9 an object or topic1 !re is always an indirect m5tal vision t in=ms u ( o!r facts1 :i* = ! "t be+ are 9 ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness4 ,= purposes ( description a metaphor is at be/ a clumsy device4 ,x has a t5d5cy to sub/itute itself = ! ?+ to be describ$ & ?us to conceal its limitations & inaccuracies4 ,! pres5t case is no exception4 ,i am =c$ to ?9k t ! visual field 9 p>ticul> is a ?or\ghly vici\s metaphor :5 employ$ to body =? ! di/9ction ( focus & m>g94 ,:atev] ?is di/9ction may 9 ! end turn out to be1 x is n su* z ?is comp>ison w\ld lead "o to suppose4 ,objects se5 9 indirect vision appe> obscure & blurr$ precisely because !y are 9 ! focus ( consci\sness4 ,we get pretty mu* ! same sort ( obscur5ess or blur on a pr9t$ page :5 we look at x 9 indirect vision z we d :5 we look at x f a di/ance t is j too great to make out ! words or *>act]s4 ,:at ! illu/ration %[s is t ?+s look diff]5t accord+ z ! circum/ances "u :i* we see !m are diff]5t1 b :at be>+ ?is has on m>g9al consci\sness is n at all obvi\s to an unsophi/icat$ intellig5ce4 ,:5 we speak ( a focus & m>g9 9 consci\sness1 we are presumably deal+ ) consci\s fact4 ,n[ ?is illu/ration ( ! visual field does n repres5t consci\s fact4 ,ord9>y p]ception c>ries ) x no s5se ( obscur5ess at all1 & :5 x does we h exactly ! same k9d ( situation z :5 an object is too di/ant or 9 "s o!r way inaccessible to satisfactory p]ception4 ,t is1 ! object p]ceiv$ is 9 ! 'focus' & n 9 ! m>g94 ,! obscur5ess ( objects :5 se5 ) ! m>g9 ( ! ret9a has no m to d ) ! m>g9 ( consci\sness ?an ! obscur5ess caus$ by an attack ( dizz9ess or by a morn+ fog4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t consci\sness may be uncle> ev5 ?\gh !re be no s5se ( uncle>ness1 t !re is su* a ?+ z intr9sic cle>ness1 q ap>t f ob/acles & problems4 ,9 o!r words1 ! same s5sation is capable ( realiz+ v>i\s degrees ( cle>ness4 ,x is n at all obvi\s1 h[ev]1 :y ! diff]5t exp]i5ces t are conc]n$ 9 su* a comp>ison %\ld be call$ ! same s5sation4 ,z long z we ab/ract f objective ref]5ce1 ea* s5sation is j :at x is & !re is no opportunity to make comp>isons on ! basis ( cle>ness4 ,a s5sation z su*--if we are b\nd to speak ( s5sations--c by no possibility be an obscure s5sation1 = ! trait t we call obscur5ess or vagu5ess con/itutes ! intr9sic be+ ( t s5sation4 ,if we p]mit ourselves to speak ( cle>ness at all1 we %\ld r say t x possesses a maximum ( cle>ness1 s9ce x has manag$ to express or pres5t its :ole nature ) n "o trait or feature lack+4 ,:at m c\ld be dem&$1 9 ! way ( cle>ness1 ( any consci\s fact ?an t x %\ld body =? e detail t x possesses8 ,if s5sations or /ates ( consci\sness possess degrees ( cle>ness1 x seems to foll[ t we may scrut9ize !m = ! purpose ( discov]+ *>act]i/ics t 7 pres5t ?\gh sc>cely p]ceiv$1 9 mu* ! same way t ! poli%+ ( old furniture br+s out ! gra9 9 ! wood4 ,b su* a p>allel1 ,i submit1 is pla9 nons5se4 ,! supposition t consci\sness is some?+ t 9 due "t & ) good =tune may atta9 consci\sness is too absurd = discussion1 ev5 ?\gh x is a supposition t plays a consid]able role 9 pres5t-day psy*ology4 ,! purpose ( ! discussion1 up to ?is po9t1 has n be5 to d5y ! validity ( ! di/9ction betwe5 focus & m>g91 b to insi/ ^u ! necessity ( reconsid]+ ! mean+ ( ?is di/9ction1 if we are to atta9 to a workable def9ition ( consci\sness & a fruitful or ev5 intelligible conception ( ! problem ( psy*ology4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! doctr9e ( focus & m>g9 involves ! raison d'etre ( psy*ology4 ,ap>t f ?is doctr9e we h no task or problem t psy*ology c claim z its di/9ctive possession4 ,! analysis ( :at is 9 ! focus ( consci\sness is adequately provid$ = 9 ! o!r sci5ces2 x is only ) ! introduction ( :at is call$ ! m>g9 t an ent]prise ( a diff]5t k9d becomes necess>y4 ,b1 secondly1 ?is di/9ction ( focus & m>g9 _c be drawn on ! basis ( ! exp]i5c$ contra/ betwe5 cle>ness & obscur5ess4 ,! v fact t any?+ is exp]i5c$ z obscure means t x is an object ( att5tion1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is 9 ! focus ( consci\sness & n 9 ! m>g94 ,! comp>ison ( focus & m>g9 ) direct & indirect vision is mislead+1 because x sugge/s t exp]i5ces are m>g9al 9 proportion z !y are felt z obscure4 ,&1 ?irdly1 if we und]take to di/+ui% betwe5 focus & m>g9 on ! basis ( a diff]5ce 9 cle>ness or vividness ( :i* no note is tak5 at ! "t1 we enc\nt] ! difficulty t exp]i5ce or consci\sness1 tak5 ab/ractly1 does n admit ( su* v>iations 9 degree1 & s ?is crit]ion likewise goes by ! bo>d4 ,! situation is inde$ peculi>4 ,t !re is a realm ( psy*ological fact is univ]sally conc$$4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is conviction a great body ( fact & ( doctr9e has be5 built up4 ,x w\ld be folly to d5y ei!r ! di/9ctiv5ess or ! significance ( ?is a*ievem5t4 ,& yet ,james's description ( psy*ology z a /r+ ( raw facts2 a little gossip & wrangle ab\t op9ions2 a little classification & g5]alization on ! m]e descriptive level2 a /rong prejudice t we h /ates ( m9d & t our bra9 conditions !m1#db is n :olly untrue ev5 today4 ,x is ev5 possible = a pres5t-day critic to outdo ,james & ma9ta9 t ! legitimacy ( psy*ology z a sep>ate inquiry is a matt] ( fai? r ?an ( sight4 ,! 'raw facts' ( :i* ,james speaks resolve !mselves into physical & physiological mat]ial on ! "o h& & metaphysical dogmas on ! o!r2 ! gossip & wrangle are l>gely ov] fictiti\s problems2 ! classifications & g5]alizations z a rule involve trespass+ on o!r fields2 ! prejudice t we h /ates ( m9d has less /&+-gr\nd today ?an x _h tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is /ill plausible gr\nd = ,james's pessimi/ic comm5t3 ,?is is no sci5ce1 x is only ! hope ( a sci5ce4 ,a situation su* z ?is c>ries ) x ! insi/5t sugge/ion t ! tr\ble lies1 n prim>ily 9 ! nature ( ! subject-matt]1 b 9 our conception ( ! problem4 ,! matt] ( a sci5ce1 z ,james says1 is ) u4 ,& if ! di/9ction ( focus & m>g9 con/itutes ! />t+-po9t & ju/ification = a sci5ce ( psy*ology1 a bett] und]/&+ ( ?is di/9ction w mean a m adequate appreciation ( ! problem ) :i* psy*ology has to deal4 ,z a />t+-po9t = a reconsid]ation ( focus & m>g91 we may take ^? exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! di/9ction ( cle>ness & obscur5ess is pres5t$ z an exp]i5c$ fact4 ,let u !n turn once m to ! famili> illu/ration ( ! visual field4 ,:5 we look at a pr9t$ page1 !re is always "s "o portion ( x1 p]haps a ^w1 :i* we see m cle>ly ?an we d ! re/2 & out beyond ! m>g9 ( ! page we are /ill consci\s ( objects :i* we see only 9 a v imp]fect way4#dc ,t is1 we appreciate ! di/9ction betwe5 :at lies 9 ! c5t] ( our visual field & :at is m remote1 j because 9 ?is exp]im5t we are try+ to see :at lies beyond ! c5t] )\t turn+ our eyes 9 t direction4 ,we set ourselves ! task ( see+ :at is on ! page1 & at ! same "t we int]pose an artificial ob/acle4 ,h5ce ! s5se ( ef=t1 & ! contra/ betwe5 :at is cle> & :at is obscure4 ,! pres5t exp]i5ce is obscure1 n inh]5tly1 b only ) ref]5ce to a c]ta9 problem or "q4 ,x is inadequate z an anticipation ( fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,! contra/ betwe5 cle> & obscure is creat$ by our attempt to ov]come ! difficulty1 & is !re=e abs5t f ord9>y1 unob/ruct$ visual p]ception4 ,! situation describ$ 9 ! foll[+ famili> quotation f ,james is an illu/ration ( ! same ?+3 ,suppose we try to recall a =gott5 "n4 ,! /ate ( our consci\sness is peculi>4 ,!re is a gap !re92 b no m]e gap4 ,x is a gap t is int5sely active4 ,a sort ( wrai? ( ! "n is 9 x1 beckon+ u 9 a giv5 direction1 mak+ u at mom5ts t+le ) ! s5se ( our clos5ess1 & !n lett+ u s9k back )\t ! long$-= t]m4#dd ',i met ?is man on ! tra91 & lat] at ! reception2 b :at is 8 "n8' ,! /ruggle r5ds our consci\sness 9 twa94 ,! occasions ( our meet+1 8 appe>ance1 8 conv]sation1 are solid fact1 yet all suffus$ ) ! p]vasive1 evansc5t wrai? t tantalizes u ) glimpses :i* half reveal & half conceal ! "n we seek to grasp4 ,to acc\nt = su* exp]i5ces simply 9 t]ms ( half-subm]g$ s5sations & images is to d viol5ce to all ! requirem5ts = cle> ?9k+4 ,if we rule out explanations ( ?is k9d1 we are evid5tly =c$ to ! conclusion t ^! exp]i5ces are obscure1 n 9 !mselves or 9 ! ab/ract1 b ) ref]5ce to ! function ( putt+ u 9 possession ( ! "n to :i* !y are inadequate clues4 ,x is ! subsequ5t1 satisfactory exp]i5ce ( ! "n :i* furni%es our /&>d = cle>ness2 9 o!r words1 ! implications ( obscur5ess are ( a functional1 & n ( a /atic or /ructural1 k9d4 ,! m>g9al "* ( an exp]i5ce is simply a ref]5ce to its function z a clue or cue to "s fur!r exp]i5ce1 i4e41 a ref]5ce to its "* z a *ang+ /imulus4 ,or we may say t ! di/9ction betwe5 focus & m>g9 is j ano!r aspect ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! conditions = fur!r activity & ! incomplet5ess :i* leads to fur!r adju/m5t4 ,! transf] ( ! future into ! pres5t gives u a fact1 "h & n[1 & 9 ?is respect ! exp]i5ce is entirely focal 9 "*1 & z su* x is subject-matt] = ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! exp]i5ce1 x is j :at x is1 & n some?+ else4 ,) respect to ! fur!r exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* x conditions or = :i* x prep>es ! way1 ! pres5t exp]i5ce is entirely m>g9al1 i4e41 9 its "* z a *ang+ /imulus x is subject-matt] = psy*ology4 ,! di/9ction ( focus & m>g91 !n1 is bas$ ultimately ^u ! function ( exp]i5ce 9 ! control ( behavior4 ,! giv5 situation is a pres5t fact & is 9 functional *ange2 or1 9 t]ms ( our pres5t discussion1 x has bo? a focus & a m>g94 ,z pres5t fact x is a reality :i* requires recognition 9 ! =m ( adju/m5t2 z 9 functional *ange x provides opportunity = br++ ! adju/m5t to fruition4 ,t is1 ! exp]i5ce bo? sets a task or makes a dem& & x po9ts ! way4 ,! di/9ction is a di/9ction ( function1 n ( /atic exi/5ce1 & x is ?is di/9ction :i* is repres5t$ by ! contra/ ( focus & m>g94 ,if we comp>e ?is int]pretation ( focus & m>g9 ) t ( traditional psy*ology1 we f9d t ! latt] con/rues ! relation ( ! pres5t to ! future exp]i5ce :olly 9 /atic t]ms1 ! functional relation be+ left out ( acc\nt4 ,! lat] exp]i5ce is read back into its pr$ecessor 9 ! =m ( dim or m>g9al images1 :i* ne$ b %[ !mselves m completely to make ! two id5tical4 ,if ^! s5sations 7 int5d$ only z symbols ( a functional relation%ip1 x w\ld p]haps be sc>cely wor? :ile to ent] a prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,b :5 ! functional relation%ip is q ov]look$1 ! explanation t is giv5 becomes exce$+ly dubi\s4 ,! tick+ ( ! clock1 = example1 t is pres5t1 ?\gh unnotic$1 ! ov]tones ( ! note t suffuse ! :ole )\t div]t+ att5tion to _! individual qualities1--9 :at precise way are facts ( ?is k9d conc]n$ 9 ! description ( ! exp]i5ce :i* !y modify8 ,a /udy ( ! clock or ( ! ov]tones c h>dly pass z an analysis ( consci\sness2 x is too obvi\sly an affair ( physics4 ,su* a /udy becomes m]ely an excuse = repeat+ ! analyses ( physics & read+ !m (f 9 t]ms ( s5sations & images4 ,moreov]1 ! transf] ( all ?is mat]ial to consci\sness looks suspici\sly l a transaction 9 m5tal *emi/ry4 ,:]e1 !n1 is psy*ology to ga9 a foo?old8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! uncanny s5sations & images1 :i* nobody exp]i5ces1 unless x be _! "* z symbols ( adju/m5t8 ,!y h no legitimate /atus1 & psy*ology1 by consequ5ce1 has no legitimate problem1 except 9 s f> z !y repres5t ^? possible acts ( adaptation :i* are ! sole & prop] conc]n ( psy*ology4 ,x rema9s to po9t out briefly ! be>+ ( ^! results on :at is call$ ! me?od ( introspection4 ,we are sometimes assur$ t introspection has disc>d$ ! belief 9 a sep>ate m5tal /uff or subject-matt]1 b !re is gr\nd = ! suspicion t su* prote/ations are made 9 ! same _s t we affirm our belief 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts or ! ,gold5 ,rule1 ) no ?\ght ( be+ tak5 s]i\sly4 ,at all ev5ts1 )\t a lit]al look+ )9 x seems to become exce$+ly difficult to diff]5tiate introspection f ord9>y obs]vation z practis$ 9 ! o!r sci5ces4 ,! reason = ?is difficulty is t !re is no?+ left 9 introspection by :i* x c be diff]5tiat$4 ,! t]m introspection prop]ly designates1 n a me?od b a problem2 ! problem1 namely1 ( int]pret+ giv5 facts ) ref]5ce to _! function 9 ! control ( behavior4 ,if psy*ology is to ju/ify its claim to ! /atus ( a sci5ce1 x is 9 duty b\nd to secure = itself bo? an objective crit]ion = ! adjudication ( disputes :i* o!rwise are ( necessity int]m9able1 & a subject-matt] t is n simply a h]itage ( metaphysical prejudice1 b a realm ( fact t is atte/$ by ev]yday obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,,iii ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! doctr9e t psy*ology is a sci5ce ( behavior has acquir$ a c]ta9 prom95ce4 ,x is presuppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ! behavior ) :i* psy*ology is conc]n$ is ( a di/9ctive sort2 b ! diff]5tia is un=tunately ! v ?+ t ! behaviori/ has hi!rto left out ( acc\nt4 ,9 8 revolt aga9/ introspectionism1 :i* has be5 accu/om$ to give to its subject-matt] a subjectivi/ic & psy*ic int]pretation1 he goes to ! o!r extreme & relies on behavior pure & simple4 ,be+ )\t a s]viceable diff]5tia1 he is unable to m>k (f ! field ( psy*ology f contigu\s t]ritory4 ,! selection ( c]ta9 problems )9 ! g5]al range ( behavior1 ) no recognition ( any di/9ctive trait to guide & ju/ify ! selection1 is h>dly en\gh to w>rant a new sci5ce4 ,ev5 an arbitr>y pr9ciple ( selection is bett] ?an none1 & x w\ld1 !re=e1 be q z reasonable to subdivide ! field ( botany 9 ! int]e/s ( a new sci5ce1 & gr\p toge!r = sep>ate botanical /udy ^? fl[]s :i* h enabl$ poets to give symbolic expression to ! beauty ( wom54 ,t ! pr9ciple ( selection is1 9 ! end1 ! ability to modify behavior ?r\gh ! anticipation ( possible consequ5ces1 appe>s f ! fact t ! category ( /imulus & response is o!rwise f\nd to be unworkable4 ,x is true t 9 ! simpl] =ms ( behavior /imulus & response may be correlat$ )\t practical difficulty4 ,b :5 we deal ) :at has be5 call$ delay$ ov]t response1 ! matt] becomes m complicat$ & ! !oretical difficulty becomes m prom95t4 ,! behaviori/ w\ld n s]i\sly und]take to record ev]y?+ t happ5s betwe5 /imulus & response4 ,he proce$s selectively1 tak+ ! relation ( /imulus & response z 8 clue4 ,he is prop]ly int]e/$ 9 ! movem5ts :i* result f ! application ( ! /imulus only 9 s f> z !y con/itute response4 ,o!rwise 8 /udy is n a /udy ( behavior1 b a /udy ( movem5ts4 ,b :5 does a movem5t con/itute a response8 ,d we label z /imulus ! spok5 ^w :i* results 9 ov]t action a week lat]1 or ! visual p]ception :i* sets a complicat$ & long-drawn-out problem1 = no o!r reason ?an t x appe>s some:]e z an antec$5t 9 ! causal *a9 ( ev5ts8 ,if s1 !re is no obvi\s reason :y ! ev5t :i* occurr$ j be=e or imm$iately aft] ! soi-disant /imulus %\ld n be reg>d$ z ! true /imulus4 ,unless a satisfactory reason is =?com+1 x w\ld seem bett] to sub/itute cause & effect = /imulus & response & to drop ! t]m behavior f our vocabul>y4 ,psy*ology !n becomes a /udy ( c]ta9 causal relation%ips1 b is /ill )\t a pr9ciple = ! selection ( ^? causal ev5ts :i* are suppos$ to con/itute its peculi> subject-matt]4 ,ev5 if we manage to become reconcil$ to ?is situation1 h[ev]1 our tr\bles are n yet at an end4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! difficulty 9 c]ta9 cases ( %[+ t ! ev5t :i* is select$ z /imulus or cause be>s any significant relation%ip to ! ev5t :i* figures 9 our s*eme z ! response4 ,! /imulus is suppos$ to h a causal connection ) ! response1 b h[ are we to "k t ?is is ! fact8 ,h[ are we to "k t ! eng9e] :o solves a problem = me at my reque/ might n h done s anyway8 ,no behaviori/ c possibly %[ t ! air waves set 9 motion by my vocalization 7 an indisp5sable /imulus4 ,we d\btless believe t ! spok5 ^w 0 9 fact ! sp>k :i* lit ! fuse & f9ally explod$ ! m9e1 b ?is belief involves a complication ( causes :i* x is :olly beyond our p[] to control or to v]ify4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t we are able1 z a matt] ( fact1 to correlate /imulus & response4 ,i "k t x 0 ! spok5 ^w :i* caus$ ! commission to be execut$1 = ! exp]t rem9ds me ( ! fact & pres5ts a bill4 ,b nei!r ( u makes any pret5se t 8 belief is d]iv$ f a scrut9y ( ! causal sequ5ce4 ,memory furni%es u ) a %ortcut to ! result4 ,:ile our pres5t acts are d\btless connect$ ) ! pa/ ?r\gh causation1 we d n reg>d !m z simply ! effects ( antec$5t causes4 ,!y are r responses to pres5t /imuli4 ,! exp]t pres5ts 8 bill1 be+ mov$ !reto by a /imulus :i* may be indicat$ by say+ t x is ! spok5-^w-con/itut+-a-commission-n[-compl et$-&-entitl+-me- to-comp5sation4 ,t is1 ! /imulus _c be pu%$ back & an*or$ at a fix$ po9t 9 ! pa/1 b is a pres5t factor at ! mom5t ( response & is op]ative by virtue ( its anticipation ( future ev5ts4 ,if1 !n1 psy*ology is to be reg>d$ z a /udy ( behavior1 x is pla9ly necess>y to re9t]pret ! category ( behavior4 ,= example1 a purely me*anical response to a light-/imulus may prop]ly be view$ z response to ! e!r-vibration or wave-l5g? ^u :i* x foll[s 9 temporal sequ5ce4 ,b if ?is /imulation results 9 :at is commonly call$ consci\sness1 a diff]5t k9d ( response ensues4 ,! light-/imulus becomes a cause or occasion = ! act ( look+4 ,b :y look1 unless x be to secure a new /imulus = fur!r response8 ,we /op to look1 precisely because ! fir/ /imulus does n run smoo?ly (f ! reel4 ,! response w n g =w>d1 b is halt$ & exp5ds itself 9 ! ef=t to secure a fur!r /imulus4 ,?is is ! mom5t ( att5tion1 9 :i* ! /imulus und]goes a process ( trans=mation1 concomitantly ) ! process ( reorganization 9 ! motor responses1 & 9 ! direction ( ends or results t are =e%ad[$ 9 x4 ,?is *ange 9 ! /imulus takes place "u c]ta9 specifiable conditions1 & ! /udy ( ^! conditions is a /udy ( su* processes z p]ceiv+1 att5d+1 rememb]+1 & delib]at+1 :i* are di/9ctively psy*ological 9 _! nature4 ,processes ( ?is k9d1 if tak5 z *anges 9 /imuli1 f9d an objective crit]ion 9 ! adaptive behavior = ! sake ( :i* !y occur1 & !y provide psy*ology ) a di/9ctive task & subject-matt]4 ,z aga9/ ! introspectioni/1 !n1 ! behaviori/ is ju/ifi$ 9 8 cont5tion t psy*ological proc$ure mu/ be objective & exp]im5tal 9 "*4 ,! dang] to :i* he has expos$ himself is ! failure to diff]5tiate 8 problem f t ( physiology & physics4 ,x is only by a prop] recognition ( bo? ! objective & ! di/9ctive "* ( consci\s behavior t psy*ology c free itself ( ! reproa* :i* is heap$ ^u x by memb]s ( its own h\sehold & take ! place t rightfully belongs to x 9 ! community ( ! sci5ces4 ,,iv ,accord+ to ! prec$+ exposition1 ! curr5t psy*ological doctr9e ( focus & m>g9 is an attempt to r$uce ! *anges 9 ! /imulus to t]ms ( /atic entities d5om9at$ s5sations & images4 ,by ab/ract+ f *ange we conv]t ! new /imulus t is already on ! way into in]t s5sory mat]ial1 :i* l5ds itself to purely analytic treatm5t4 ,9 ?is way ! sugge/$ h>dness ( ! rock becomes a c5trally ar\s$ s5sation ( a /ubb$ toe1 ! heat ( ! c&le becomes an image ( a burn1 etc4 ,z 0 said be=e1 ! s5sations are n exi/5ces1 b repres5tatives or symbols ( our nasc5t activities2 !y are ! /atic equival5ts ( ?is =e%ad[+ or ref]5ce to ! future4 ,! explanation ( exp]i5ce t we f9d 9 ,james & ,b]gson approximates ?is view s closely 9 "o respect & dep>ts f x s widely 9 ano!r z to w>rant a brief discussion4 ,a prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! doctr9e advocat$ by ,james & ,b]gson is ! emphasis giv5 to ! =e%ad[+s or anticipations ( ! future4 ,exp]i5ces ( conflict1 su* z ! /ruggle to recall a "n1 take on _! peculi> color+1 s ^! writ]s cont5d1 f _! relation%ip to a beyond1 to some?+ :i* is yet to be4 ,if we are to und]/& exp]i5ce z x really is1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! besett+ temptation to translate ev]y?+ into spatial equival5ts4 ,?is =w>d ref]5ce is usually read (f z a di/9ction & contra/ betwe5 simultane\sly exi/+ compon5ts4 ,"s con/itu5t is fir/ set ap>t z ! nucleus or focus & is !n envelop$ ) an elusive1 intangible wrai? ( mean+1 :i* is call$ ! m>g94 ,we h be5 taught to ?9k ( ! focus z made up ( s5sory mat]ial ( "s sort & silh\ett$ aga9/ a backgr\nd lit up by ! fitful1 inconsequ5tial heat-lightn+ ( mean+4 ,b ?is is a p]v]sion ( ! facts4 ,:5 we are engag$ 9 a problem x is precisely ^! un=m$ mean+s t are ( int]e/ & importance4 ,!y are 9 ! focus ( consci\sness1 9 s f> z we c speak ( a focus at all4 ,!y absorb our att5tion & direct our en]gies4 ,!y in=m u ( a m>g91 n by refus+ to compete = our att5tion ) m important or m int]e/+ facts1 b by body+ =? ! unf9i%$ "* ( ! situation4 ,h5ce ?is beckon+1 ?is t+l+ ) ! s5se ( clos5ess1 ?is s9k+ back :5 our ef=ts meet ) defeat4 ,focus & m>g91 9 %ort1 h to d ) movem5t1 ) transition1 & n ) a /atic field4 ,^! situations are felt z inh]5tly un/able & 9 process ( recon/ruction4 ,!re is a peculi> s5se ( activity1 ( some?+ do+1 ( a future knock+ on ! door ( ! pres5t4 ,:at is ?us on its way to ! pres5t we c designate only 9 t]ms ( ! object z x is aft] x has arriv$4 ,to call x m>g9al is to imm]se ! object 9 ?is temporal flux1 :i* embodies p]fectly ! *>act]i/ics ( ,b]gsonian duration4 ,b ?is is only a fir/ /ep4 ,if we turn n[ to ^? exp]i5ces f :i* ?is inn] diremption ( fact & mean+ is abs5t1 we f9d a process t is ess5tially ! same 9 k9d4 ,!y likewise con/itute a temporal fl[1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no s5se ( duration or ( *ange z su*4 ,! diff]5t mom5ts ( ^! exp]i5ces are n me*anically juxtapos$1 b bl5d toge!r 9 mu* ! same way z :5 ! process is exp]i5c$ z a process4 ,9 pr9ciple we h ! same transition1 ! same becom+1 ! same gr[? f less to m1 ! same activity ( cont9u\s recon/ruction4 ,consci\s life1 we f9d1 is a cont9u\s adju/m5t2 ea* ( its mom5ts is a transitive /ate4 ,! m ev5ly fl[+ exp]i5ces are likewise end[$ ) a focus & m>g91 n 9 ! =m ( /atic elem5ts1 b z a dynamic relation%ip ( :at is ) :at is to be4 ,su* an int]pretation ( exp]i5ce1 moreov]1 op5s ! way = a prop] valuation ( ! psy*ologi/'s proc$ure4 ,! concept ( s5sation is me?odology pure & simple4 ,grant$ t focus & m>g9 are su* z 0 indicat$ a mom5t ago1 h[ are !y to be describ$1 unless we resort to "s ,hilfsbegriff su* z s5sations8 ,james's description ( ! ef=t to recall a =gott5 "n is n description at all 9 a sci5tific s5se1 s9ce ! wrai? ( ! "n t we are try+ to recov] is ( too une>?ly a fabric to be weigh$ & measur$ by accept$ sci5tific /&>ds4 ,x makes u t+le1 x lets u s9k back1 b su* portrayal is lit]ature r ?an sci5ce4 ,our fir/ /ep mu/ be to resolve our mat]ial into compon5ts4 ,^! compon5ts we id5tify ) g5u9e elem5ts if we c1 ) pi\s fictions if we mu/2 b until ?is is done !re c be no exact description4 ,!re c be no precision 9 our /atem5t ( ! facts & no =mulation ( ! laws t gov]n _! *anges4 ,?is view und5iably has a c]ta9 plausibility4 ,z long z ! results are atta9$ :i* ! psy*ologi/ sets out to rea*1 we ne$ n be hyp]s5sitive on ! score ( me?ods4 ,9 ! field ( natural sci5ce1 at all ev5ts1 ?is ,jesuitical pr9ciple is n incompatible ) respectability4 ,if x be true1 h[ev]1 t s5sation is b a tool or artifact1 a means to an end1 :at is ! end t is to be atta9$ by ?is device8 ,x is at ?is po9t t we come to ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,accord+ to ! view previ\sly elaborat$1 ! anticipations ( ! future h to d ) ! results ( our possible acts1 & s5sations are simply symbols = ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 our complex motor responses4 ,9 ! case ( ,b]gson & ,james1 h[ev]1 ! clue t is furni%$ by response is disc>d$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! future1 be+ dissociat$ f behavior1 is tak5 z evid5ce ( an ab/ract or metaphysical duration1 s t exp]i5ce is someh[ o!r ?an x seems2 & s5sation is reg>d$ z ! translation ( duration into ! language ( space4 ,associationism is ju/ifi$ 9 its belief t reality is diff]5t f its appe>ance 9 our exp]i5ce1 b is criticiz$ = attempt+ to int]pret ! real 9 t]ms ( space r ?an "t4 ,9 bo? cases ! lead ( ! subject-matt] is ab&on$ 9 favor ( an explanation t is d]iv$ f a f\r?-dim5sional plane ( exi/5ce4 ,! suspicion t ^! two positions h a deep-seat$ aff9ity is /r5g!n$ if we call to m9d t ! concept ( s5sation 0 orig9at$1 n 9 ! int]e/s ( me?odology1 b z ! expression ( a hi/oric preconception t mi/ook fiction = fact4 ,! fundam5tal error back ( x 0 ! prepo/]\s notion t consci\sness consi/s ( subconsci\s or unconsci\s con/itu5ts1 :i* by _! me*anical or *emical comb9ations make our exp]i5ce :at x is4 ,! "q :i* x raises & :i* has afflict$ u ev5 to ! pres5t day is n prim>ily ! "q ( fact1 b ! "q ( intelligibility1 z ! controv]sy ov] m9d/uff abundantly atte/s4 ,:e!r we reg>d exp]i5ce z made up ( s5sory mat]ial1 h[ev]1 or z con/itut$ 9 a ,b]gsonian fa%ion1 is a matt] ( detail2 ! prim>y "q is :e!r a di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness z x appe>s & z x really is has any mean+4 ,9 s f> z ?is di/9ction is ma9ta9$1 we are beat+ ! ?9 air ( my?ology1 despite our re9t]pretations & ju/ifications4 ,true conv]sion does n consi/ 9 a r5am+ ( old gods1 b dem&s a humble & a contrite he>t4 ,to call s5sation an artifact1 a me?odological device1 )\t a surr5d] ( ! metaphysical assumption t lies back ( ,associationism is n to correct ! evil1 b is m likely to be treat$ z an indulg5ce = s9s t are yet to be committ$4 ,?is fundam5tal id5tity is presumably ! reason = c]ta9 o!r simil>ities1 :i* w\ld p]haps n be readily anticipat$4 ,bo? doctr9es und]take to tell u :at is go+ on beh9d ! sc5es1 :at consci\sness or exp]i5ce really is4 ,! descriptions pres5t an a/oni%+ diff]5ce ( vocabul>y1 b if we take c>e n to be misl$ by sup]ficial diff]5ces1 we f9d an equally a/oni%+ agreem5t z to cont5t4 ,f ! "o side consci\sness is expla9$ z a juxtaposition ( elem5ts2 f ! o!r z an int]p5etration ( elem5ts s complete t ! p>ts c be nei!r isolat$ nor di/+ui%$ f ! :ole4 ,on ! "o h& we f9d a multiplicity )\t unity1 on ! o!r a unity )\t multiplicity4 ,9 ! "o acc\nt ! temporal unit is a s5sation devoid ( int]nal temporal div]sity2 9 ! o!r duration z su* is a unity 9 :i* pa/1 pres5t1 & future bl5d into an undiff]5tiat$ :ole4 ,! "o position ga!rs its facts by a my/ify+ process call$ introspection2 ! o!r obta9s its results f a my/ical faculty ( intuition4 ,! diff]5ce 9 language rema9s1 b bo? acc\nts lead u away into a twilight region :]e words sub/itute !mselves = facts4 ,z 0 sugge/$ a mom5t ago1 ! contra/ betwe5 ord9>y exp]i5ce & some?+ else ( :i* x is ! appe>ance is ! result ( ! failure to give prop] recognition to ! facts ( behavior4 ,if we connect ! =w>d ref]5ce ( exp]i5ce ) ! op]ations ( our nasc5t activities1 we h no ne$ ( a pure duration or ( bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 reality & its appe>ances4 ,9 ! same way1 if we con/rue s5sations z j symbols ( our responses1 we rid ourselves ( problems t are insoluble because !y are un9telligible4 ,su* problems con/itute metaphysics 9 ! bad s5se ( ! ^w1 :e!r !y %[ !mselves 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce or ( philosophy4 ,to describe exp]i5ce by ref]5ce to su* a real is to expla9 :at we "k 9 t]ms ( :at we d n "k4 ,! "q :at is real is absolutely /]ile4 ,our descriptions & explanations mu/ rema9 on ! same plane z ! exp]i5ces ) :i* !y deal1 & n seek aft] a real ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,if we are to h an explanation ( consci\sness at all1 ! explanation mu/ n take u back to hypo!tical s5sations t are almo/ b n q exp]i5c$1 nor to a duration 9 :i* all di/9ctions are swall[$ up1 b mu/ be r5d]$ 9 t]ms ( o!r facts t dwell 9 ! light ( common day4 ,by way ( conclusion ,i v5ture to urge once m t a prop] consid]ation ( ! facts ( behavior w furni% u ) a key t w unlock _m a door4 ,! conception ( /imulus & response gives u a diff]5tia = exp]i5ce & also enables u to di/+ui% )9 exp]i5ce betwe5 consci\sness & object4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we disreg>d behavior1 we are b\nd to lose our way4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! exp]i5c$ & ! unexp]i5c$ is ei!r wip$ out or else is p]mitt$ to conv]t itself into a di/9ction betwe5 appe>ance & reality t leads n[h]e & expla9s no?+4 ,! significance ( tru? z ! successful guidance ( behavior1 9 accordance ) ! program laid d[n 9 ! organization ( /imulus & response1 is lo/ to sight & rec\rse is _h to a f\r?-dim5sional tru? or reality = ! miracle ( brea?+ life into ! dead bones ( our philosophic ab/ractions4 ,! /udy ( behavior con/itutes a mode ( approa* t holds out ! hope ( deliv]ance f que/ions t %\ld nev] h be5 ask$4 ,we are on a diff]5t &1 let u hope1 a high] level :5 we cease to ask h[ consci\sness c lay hold ( passive objects1 or h[ k ueb]haupt is possible1 & conc]n ourselves r ) ! wondr\s activity :]eby ?is pla/ic dance ( circum/ance t we call ! univ]se transc5ds ! doma9 ( me*anism & embodies itself 9 ! values ( consci\s life4 ,,! ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,int]e/ ,,h5ry ,,waldgrave ,,/u>t ,sec4 #a4 ,9 ! logic ( ,in/rum5talism1 tru? has be5 id5tifi$ ) usefulness & ! good ) ! satisfactory4 ,classify+ critics h se5 9 ?is ! damag+ m>k ( ,utilit>ianism1 c]ta9 ( !m deem+ ,am]ikanismus an ev5 %rewd] & m specific diagnosis4 ,! association ( ^! t]ms toge!r & ! aptness ( ei!r to express :at ! critics h 9 m9d are matt]s ( small int]e/4 ,x is ( m importance to discov]1 beh9d ! reproa* impli$1 ! assumptions :i* may h made ! reproa* seem p]t95t4 ,"o _c1 ( c\rse1 suppose x to express a %e] g5]al av]sion to ! useful or an ascetic abhorr5ce ( all satisfaction on pr9ciple4 ,puritanism1 ae/heticism1 & p$antry %\ld be la/ resorts 9 any se>* = an int]pretative clue4 ,! di/ru/ ( ,utilit>ianism ne$ be ascrib$ to none ( ^!4 ,x comes in/ead f a conception ( ! true ,utilit>ian z a dull & dogmatic be+ ) no int]e/s beyond ! range ( 8 own un9quir+ vision1 no aspiration beyond ! complac5t survey ( 8 own p]fections & no /&>ds beyond ! inv5tory ( 8 own b\rgeois ta/es & prejudices4 ,! type is inde$ n yet ext9ct 9 our day3 b is x plausible to *>ge a new philosophy ) conspir+ to p]petuate x8 ,is ,in/rum5talism only phili/9ism call$ by a m descriptive "n8 ,x pr(esses at lea/ to be a logic ( hypo!sis & exp]im5t1 :]eas = ! p]fect phili/9e !re are no ultimate problems & h5ce no logic b ! logic ( self-evid5ce4 ,:5 ,in/rum5talism speaks ( ne$s & int]e/s 9 its analysis ( tru? & goodness does x !n mean ! ne$s & int]e/s t def9e ! individual 9 :at is sometimes invidi\sly t]m$ a biological s5se--int]e/s t control him be=e 8 conduct becomes 9 any way a problem = himself8 ,q z a matt] ( c\rse1 j ?is has be5 ! assumption4 ,! satisfactor9ess ( prompt & cog5t classification has _h a h& 9 ! v9dication ( tru?'s supremacy ov] satisfaction4 ,9 ! view ( in/rum5talism ?is ready int]pretation ( its mean+ is no?+ less ?an ! ?9k+ ( ! un?9kable & ! body+-=? ( :at is n4 ,! man :o has solv$ a problem simply is n ! man he 0 be=e--if 8 problem 0 a g5u9e "o & x 0 he :o solv$ x4 ,he _c measure & judge ! outcome by 8 e>li] dem&s = ! v good reason t ! outcome ( real delib]ation empties ^! e>li] dem&s ( _! int]e/ & au?ority = him4 ,c ! conception ?us sugge/$ ( p]sonal gr[? ?r\gh ex]cise ( creative or con/ructive intellig5ce be 9 any measure v]ifi$ by a g5]al survey ( ! economic side ( life8 ,has x any important be>+s ^u any p>ts ( economic !ory8 ,^! are ! que/ions to :i* ?is essay is address$4 ,i ,sec4 #b4 ,h[ h ! real or fanci$ ne$s ( ! av]age p]son ( today come to be :at !y are8 ,= all sorts & conditions ( m51 ! ways & means ( liv+ h1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury or two--ev5 dur+ ! pa/ decade or two--und]gone revolution>y *anges4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! *anges h be5 relatively sup]ficial1 t\*+ only c]ta9 ext]nalities & ent]+ 9 no important way into life's und]ly+ & dom9ant motives4 ,o!rs1 no d\bt1 may fairly be held to confuse & disp]se ! en]gies ( m51 in/ead ( mak+ = :ol5ess1 sanity & developm5t ( human int]e/ & p[]4 ,& critics ( indu/rial & social progress :o h felt ! ne$ = res]vations ( ?is sort fall easily into a c]ta9 mood ( hi/oric homesickness = ! suppos$ simplicity ( an e>li] age4 ,b our int]e/1 9 ?is discussion1 is 9 ! g5esis1 ! actual process ( becom+1 ( our pres5t /&>ds ( liv+1 n _! value z rat$ by any critical 7or uncritical7 /&>d4 ,& accord+ly we %all take x = a fact t on ! :ole ! av]age p]son ( today is reasonably1 p]haps unreasonably1 well satisfi$ ) 8 telephone1 8 typewrit]1 & 8 motor-c>2 ) 8 swift & easy j\rney+s ov] l& & sea2 ) 8 increas+ly sci5tific m$ical att5dance & public sanitation2 ) 8 virtually free supplies ( lit]ature & in=mation1 new & old1 & ) 8 electric light or 8 midnight oil 7triple di/ill$7 to aid 9 ! p]usal4 ,m ?an ?is1 he is s well satisfi$ ) all ^! mod]n inv5tions t1 hi/orical or ae/hetical or o!r holidays ap>t1 he w\ld nev] = a mom5t disp5se ) any "o ( !m z a matt] ( free *oice4 ,grossly mat]ial & humbly in/rum5tal ?\gh !y are1 ^! ?+s & _! l con/itute ! framework su/a9+ ! :ole sy/em ( spiritual functions t make up ! life we live today1 z a society & z individuals4 ,& our pres5t problem simply is ! way 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ receiv$ by ^? :o 7 to use !m1 & pass$ into _! pres5t common acceptance4 ,to put ! matt] 9 g5]al t]ms1 h[ is x t novel means ( action or enjoym5t1 despite _! novelty1 are able to comm& fair scrut9y & he>+ & c contrive to make _! way1 (t5 v spe$ily1 into a position ( importance = indu/ry & life8 ,!re is an easy & n unnatural way ( ?9k+ ( ?is process z we see x go+ on ab\t u t may keep u long unm9dful ( ev5 ! possibility ( su* a "q4 ,9 e field ( action1 we habitually look back ^u accompli%$ *anges f "s pres5t well-secur$ vantage-po9t1 & z we trace ! /eps by :i* !y h come to pass x is almo/ inevitable t we %\ld fir/ see ! sequ5ce z an approa*1 direct or devi\s b always sure1 to ! /age on :i* we happ5 to h tak5 our /&4 ,x seems cle> to u t :at we h atta9$ is bett] ?an aught t has gone be=e--if x 7 n di/9ctly satisfactory on its own m]its we %\ld n n[ be tak+ x z ! /&po9t = a survey4 ,b once x is s tak51 our recognition ( its appreciable & satisfy+ sup]iority passes ov] ins5sibly into metaphysics4 ,:at we n[ f9d good we f9d ourselves p]ceiv+ to h be5 all ! :ile pr$e/9$ 9 ! et]nal s*eme ( ?+s6 ,we pause 9 retrospect l ! wayf>] :o has rea*$ ! turn+ ( a m\nta9 road or ! man ( middle age :o = ! fir/ "t feels t 8 pr(essional position is assur$4 ,?is1 we say1 ju/ifies ! ef=t x has co/1 ?is at la/ is really liv+6 ,& ! next /ep 9 retrospective recon/ruction foll[s easily2 ?is 0 my true goal f ! fir/1 ! dim & inexpressible hope ( :i* w\ld n let me pause & kept me until n[ dissatisfi$4 ,! end 0 pres5t 9 ! beg9n+1 provok+ ! fir/ grop+ ef=ts & af=d+ progressively ! te/ & measure by :i* _! results 7 f\nd ev] want+4 ,?is retrospective logic may expla9 ! pres5ce & p]5nial *>m ( ^? panoramic pages 9 our encyclopa$ias purport+ to %[ =? ! gradual p]fect+ ( great in/rum5talities ^u :i* our mod]n life dep5ds4 ,we survey ! evolution ( pr9t+1 = example1 f ! wood5 blocks ( ! ,*9ese or ( ,laur5s ,co/] d[n to ! ,hoe press1 ! /]eotype plate1 & ! l9otype ma*9e4 ,or we see ! =ms ( writt5 record f pictur$ papyrus1 cunei=m brick1 & manuscript scroll d[n to ! pr9t$ book & ! typewritt5 page2 ! means ( c>riage by l& f ! ox-c>t ( ! patri>*s to ! /age-coa*1 ! ,cannonball ,limit$1 ! motor-truck1 & ! twelve-cyl9d] t\r+-c>4 ,& z "o contemplates ^! *e]fully color$ exhibits !re is 9 ea* case an almo/ irresi/ible sugge/ion ( a con/ant & compell+ ne$ ( univ]sal man seek+ 9 m & m m>vell\sly +5i\s ways an adequate expression & satisfaction4 ,?is ne$ seems nev] to h laps$ or *ang$ its nature4 ,all along bo? driv+ p[] & direction1 x has be5 ! "o fix$ factor 9 a long process 9 :i* all else has be5 fluctuat+1 cont+5t1 & imp]fect--all else except ! nature ( ! mat]ials & ! pr9ciples ( me*anics1 :i*1 too1 are se5 9 ! end to h be5 mutely conspir+ t[>d ! result4 ,ess5tial human nature1 x seems cle>1 does n & happily _c *ange4 ,spiritual progress1 9 ?is ultimate optimism1 means simply cle>] vision1 complet] k1 & a less petulant & self-ass]tive habit ( insi/5ce ^u ! details ( p>ticul> purposes z individual impulse & idiosyncrasy def9e !m4 ,we =tunate be+s ( today h available1 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( our life1 c]ta9 in/rum5talities1 & to ^! our int]e/s atta*4 ,^! int]e/s ( ours 9 _! proportional /r5g? 7s ! argum5t runs7 express our native & g5]ic con/itution 9 s f> z ?is con/itution has be5 able z yet to a*ieve outw>d expression & embodim5t4 ,& accord+ly1 9 int]pret+ ! long hi/ory ( te*nological evolution1 we take :at we conceive ourselves n[ to be z normative & ess5tial4 ,we project back into ! lives ( primitive man1 ( our own racial ance/ors1 or ( our gr&fa!rs1 ! habits & requirem5ts :i* we ackn[l$ge 9 ourselves today & we conceive ! m5 ( ! pa/ to h be5 driv5 =w>d on ! ways ( progress by ! id5tical discont5t t w\ld presumably beset ourselves if we 7 to be sudd5ly c>ri$ back to _! scale & mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,sec4 #c4 ,:atev] else may be ?\ght ( x1 !re is at lea/ ?is to be said = ! cult ( hi/oric homesickness to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made3 x happ5s to be at "o ) mod]n e?nology & hi/ory 9 sugge/+ t e>li] cultures 7 on ! :ole n less cont5t & self-satisfi$ 9 _! condition ?an our own4 ,x is primitive man1 n ! mod]n1 :o is sl[ to move & is satisfi$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ) ! mann] ( life 9 :i* he fancies 8 p to h liv$ f "t immemorial4 ,*ange 9 e>ly social gr\ps is tragic :5 x is n ins5sible4 ,x comes ?r\gh conque/ & enslavem5t by outsid]s or ?r\gh /ress ( ! dread ( ^!1 or by gradual adaptation ( cu/om to fail+ environm5tal res\rces or to increas+ weal?4 ,ass5t to *ange is 9 g5]al grudg+ or tacit at be/ & is commonly veil$ by "s m or less transp>5t fiction4 ,& our suspicion ( fallacy lurk+ some:]e 9 ! type ( retrospective ,idealism we h be5 consid]+ is /r5g!n$ :5 we come to look a little closely to details4 ,to take a commonplace example--c x be held t ! diff]5ce betwe5 us+ a typewrit] & writ+ by h& is purely & simply a matt] ( degree--t ! ma*9e s]ves ! same purpose & accompli%es ! same k9d ( result z ! p51 b simply does ! "w m easily1 rapidly1 & neatly8 ,und\bt$ly "s su* impression may easily be ga!r$ f an ext]nal survey ( ! ways t m5 h us$ at diff]5t times = putt+ _! ideas on record4 ,b x ignores important aspects ( ! case4 ,= "o ?+1 ! mod]n inv5tion effects a sav+ ( ! writ]'s "t :i* c be us$ 9 fur!r inve/igation or 9 m c>eful revision or 9 "s way :olly unrelat$ to lit]>y "w1 & if ! ma*9e makes any "p ( ! writ]'s task less irksome1 or ! task z a :ole less engross+1 ! :ole matt] ( lit]>y ef=t becomes less =bidd+ & its place & influ5ce z a social or a p]sonal function may = bett] or = worse be alt]$4 ,! diff]5ce br\ght to pass transc5ds m]e te*nical facility--x ramifies into a manifold ( diff]5ces affect+ ! entire qualitative "* & mean+ ( ! lit]>y function4 ,& only by an arbitr>y sophi/ication ( ! facts c ?is complexity ( new outcome be ?\ght ( z implicit & dynamic 9 ! e>li] /age4 ,9 ! same way precisely1 ! motor-c>1 z e "o kn[s1 has vanqui%$ di/ance & has revolutioniz$ suburban life4 ,9 ,engl& x is said to h made acute ! issue ( plural vot+4 ,9 ,am]ica x is hail$ by ! optimi/ic z ! solution ( ! vex$ problem ( urban conc5tration & ! decl9e ( agriculture4 ,ev5 z a means ( recreation x is said by ! initiat$ to trans=m ! :ole mean+ ( "o's physical environm5t1 exploit+ new values 9 sky & air & ! gre5 e>?1 :i* pass ! utmo/ possibilities ( family c>ry-all or coa* & f\r4 ,or consid] ! ocean /eam%ip & its influ5ce3 today we travel freely ov] ! _w1 = all mann] ( reasons1 suffici5t or o!rwise4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago di/ant j\rney+s by sea or l& 7 ardu\s & full ( p]il1 und]tak5 only by ! mo/ adv5tur\s or ! mo/ curi\s or = urg5t ne$4 ,n[ commodities ( e sort c be transport$ to virtually e qu>t] ( ! globe--rails & locomotives1 cem5t & /ructural /eel1 ma*9]y ( all k9ds f ! motor & ! dynamo to ! pr9t+ press & ! c9ematograph1 9 a ^w :atev] is necess>y to recreate ! wa/e places ( ! e>? & to make life 9 ^! regions humanly liveable4 ,! %e] scale & magnitude ( su* op]ations lifts !m above ! level ( ! int]national trade ( five hundr$ or ev5 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& _! f>-rea*+ results ( e sort 9 ! lives ( nations & ( individuals ! _w ov] c 9 no intelligible s5se be und]/ood z m]e homog5e\s multiples ( :at trade meant be=e our age ( /eam1 iron1 & electricity4 ,f9ally1 we may ?9k ( mod]n developm5ts 9 pr9t+ z comp>$1 = example1 ) ! /ate ( ! craft 9 ! days :5 ! ,new ,engl& ,prim] s]v$ to induct juv5ile ,am]ica into ! pleasant pa?s ( art & lit]ature4 ,& x is cle> t ! me*anical art t makes books & read+ bo? widely invit+ & easily possible ( enjoym5t today is n m]ely a m p]fect sub/itute = ! quill & ink-horn ( ! m$iaeval scribe or ev5 = ! pr9t+ press ( ,caxton or ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,! enorm\sly & v>i\sly height5$ effici5cy ( ! me*anical in/rum5talities n[adays available has = good & = evil c>ri$ =w>d ! :ole function ( pr9t+ & publication into relations & effects :i* are qualitatively new & beyond ! possible conception ( ! e>li] inv5tors & read]s4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! real evolution 9 su* cases ( ! com+ ( a new commodity or a new in/rum5t into common & e/abli%$ use is an evolution ( a m radical1 m di/9ctly epig5etic type ?an ! pictur$ /ories ( ! encyclopa$ia-mak] s]ve to sugge/4 ,at ea* =w>d /ep ! novelty makes possible n m]ely satisfactions m adequate z measur$ by exi/+ requirem5ts or m economical 9 t]ms ( co/1 b new satisfactions also = :i* no dem& or desire be=e exi/$ or c\ld possibly exi/--satisfactions :i*1 once become habitual1 make ! cont5tm5t ( =m] times 9 ! lack ( !m h>d to und]/& or cr$it4 ,& inde$ ! /ory is p]haps nev] q "o-sid$2 ! ga9 we reckon is p]haps nev] absolutely unmix$4 ,!re may be1 p]haps mu/ 9 pr9ciple be1 n only ga9 b loss4 ,! books we read h lo/ some?+ ( ! *>m ( ! illum9at$ manuscript2 our compositors & l9otyp]s1 x may be1 h =gott5 some?+ ( ! piety & devotion ( ! m$iaeval scribe & copyi/4 ,s ev]y:]e 9 indu/ry ! ma*9e depreciates & pu%es out ! skill$ artisan & craftsman1 summon+ into 8 place ! hir$ op]ative ^: bus9ess is to fe$ & s]ve in/ead ( to conceive & execute4 ,= *eapness & abundance1 = conv5i5ce ( repair & replacem5t we ev]y:]e sacrifice some?+ ( arti/ic quality 9 ! in/rum5talities ( life & action & some?+ ( fre$om & self-expression 9 ! processes ( manufacture4 ,?us aga91 to *ange ! v5ue1 !re are ^? :o miss 9 democratic gov]nm5t or 9 an e?ical type ( religion ! poignant & exalt+ spiritual quality ( devotion to a p]sonal sov]eign or a p]sonal ,god4 ,:atev] "o's judgm5t may be 9 p>ticul> cases1 !re c be no reason = disput+ t 9 epig5etic or creative evolution !re is1 9 a s5se1 loss z well z ga94 ,!re is no m reason = suppos+ t all t 0 :olesome or ennobl+ or beautiful 9 an e>li] function mu/ someh[ h its specific comp5sation 9 k9d infallibly pres5t 9 ! new ?an = suppos+ t all t is desirable 9 ! new mu/ surely h be5 pres5t disc]nibly or indisc]nibly 9 ! old4 ,if we are on ! :ole satisfi$ ) ! new on its intr9sic m]its z a pres5t complex fact1 we h !re9 suffici5t gr\nd = say+ t x m>ks a /age 9 progress4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is :at su* a proposition means4 ,& ! old !n appe>s m or less widely discont9u\s ) ! new--n m]ely t x %[s1 9 units ( measure1 less ( ! acceptable quality or qualities :i* ! new fact or situation is f\nd to possess1 b t x belongs = u to a qualitatively diff]5t level & ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,h[1 we wond]1 c\ld our ance/ors h f\nd life tol]able 9 _! undra9$ & imp]fectly heat$ dwell+s1 )\t ! telephone1 ! morn+'s news ( ! _w by cable1 & ! phonograph8 ,h[1 aga91 c\ld feudal homage & fealty h ev] be5 ! f\ndation ( social ord] 9 c\ntries :]e today e elector is wont to ?9k & to act 9 8 public relations no long] z a subject b z a citiz54 ,& h[1 9 /ill a diff]5t sph]e1 c\ld ! fa!r or ! "m ( a happy family ( *ildr5 ev] h f\nd ! fre$om & irresponsibility ( ba*elorhood endurable8 ,%all we say t 9 *anges l ^! we h to d simply ) ! quantitative increase ( "s quality1 pres5t 9 small measure 9 ! e>li] /ages & 9 l>g] measure 9 ! lat]8 ,or %all we evade ! issue ) ! g5]al admission t ( c\rse1 z e s*oolboy kn[s1 !re are 9 ?is _w _m diff]5ces ( degree t someh[ am\nt to diff]5ces ( k9d8 ,z a matt] ( fact :at has happ5$ 9 e case l ^! is an actual *ange ( /&>d1 a new con/ruction 9 ! gr[+ sy/em ( "o's norms ( value & behavior4 ,provisionally1 ?\gh hopefully1 a /ep has be5 tak5--a real ev5t 9 p]sonal & 9 social hi/ory has be5 giv5 place & date4 ,f "s s\rce beyond ! scope & nature ( ! e>li] function a sugge/ion or an impulsion has come by :i* ! ag5t has endeavor$ to move =w>d4 ,! *ange wr\ght is a transc5d5ce ( ! e>li] level ( exp]i5ce & valuation1 n a wid5+ & cl>ification ( vision on t level4 ,& ! /&>ds :i* gov]n on ! new level s]ve n s mu* to condemn ! old z to seal its consignm5t to disuse & oblivion4 ,lea/ ( all c a judgm5t or appraisal ( ! old f ! /&po9t ( ! new be tak5 = a transcript ( ! motives :i* l$ to ! transition4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves m closely1 h[ev]1 to ! sph]e ( mat]ial goods & _! uses4 ,& 9 ?is sph]e objection to ! view propos$ w run 9 "s su* t]ms z ! foll[+3 ,take our ance/ors1 = example1 & _! h\sehold arrangem5ts to :i* invidi\s ref]5ce has be5 made3 :y %\ld we suppose t _! seem+ cont5tm5t 0 any?+ m 7or less7 ?an a dignifi$ composure 9 :i* we might well imitate !m--an attitude 9 no way preclud+ a def9ite s5se ( specific discom=ts & emb>rassm5ts & a di/9ct det]m9ation to be rid ( !m z soon z might be8 ,&1 9 fact1 if !y 7 satisfi$ ) :at !y _h :y did !y receive ! new :5 x 0 (f]$8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 n satisfi$1 h[ is ! fact intelligible except ^u ! assumption t !y _h di/9ct & def9ite wants n yet suppli$1 & 7 wi%+ 7b pati5tly7 = conv5i5ces & com=ts ( a sort n yet exi/5t4 ,& ?is latt] hypo!sis1 x w be urg$1 is precisely :at ! =ego+ argum5t has s\ght to discr$it z an acc\nt ( ! mov+ spr+s 9 ! evolution ( consumption4 ,sec4 #e4 ,any adequate discussion ( ! c5tral issue ?us pres5t$ w\ld fall into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 be=e a consumption good c come into g5]al acceptance & curr5cy x mu/ h be5 9 "s way discov]$1 sugge/$ or inv5t$1 & ! psy*ology ( inv5tion is und\bt$ly a matt] ( v great complexity & difficulty4 ,b = ! purposes ( ! pres5t inquiry all ?is may be pass$ ov]4 ,! o!r bran* ( a full discussion ( our problem has to d ) ! reception ( ! newly inv5t$ commodity or process into wid] & wid] use--& ?is aga9 is a social ph5om5on n less complex ?an ! o!r4 ,x is ?is ph5om5on ( increas+ ext5sion & vogue1 ( wid5+ propagation f p]son to p]son1 t is directly ( pres5t conc]n = u--& 9 p>ticul> ! individual p]son's attitude t[>d ! new ?+ & ! nature ( ! int]e/ he takes 9 x4 ,x has rec5tly be5 argu$ by a le>n$ & acute inve/igator ( economic orig9s t inv5tion is ! "m ( necessity1 & n ! *ild4#de ,su* a complete rev]sal ( all our ord9>y ?\ght ab\t ! matt] seems at fir/ %e] p>adox4 ,:at1 "o may ask1 c ev] sugge/ an inv5tion & :at c give x welcome & curr5cy b an exi/+ ne$--:i*1 if x happ5s to be = ! "t be+ lat5t & unconsci\s1 ne$s only ! pres5tation ( its appropriate means ( satisfaction to ar\se & awak5 x fully into action8 ,b ?is p>adox z to inv5tion is at all ev5ts n m p>adoxical ?an ! view z to ! reception ( new commodities & ! rise ( new desires t has be5 above sugge/$4 ,:at x appe>s to imply is 9 pr9ciple id5tical ) :at has seem$1 f our consid]ation ( ! o!r aspect ( ! g5]al situation1 to be ! simple empirical fact2 nei!r ! exi/5ce ( ! new commodity nor our int]e/ 9 x :5 x is pres5t$ admits ( explanation z an effect on ea* p>ticul> occasion ( a preexi/+ unsatisfi$ desire = x4 ,:at bo? sides ( ! problem br+ to view is a c]ta9 orig9al b5t or con/itutive "* ( human nature--a pr$isposition1 an elan vital p]haps1 :i* we mu/ recognize z no?+ less ?an p]fectly g5]al & compreh5sive--f9d+ expression 9 inv5tive ef=t & likewise 9 ! read9ess ) :i* ! individual meets a new commodity halfway & gives x opportunity to become = him1 if x c1 a new necessity & ! s\rce ( a new type ( satisfaction4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( logic1 z ,william ,james might h said1 su* a v]sion ( psy*ological fact may seem ess5tially self-contradictory4 ,unless1 x may be argu$1 a novelty :5 pres5t$ excites "s mann] ( desire = itself 9 ! behold]1 ! behold] w make no ef=t t[>ds x & ?us take no /ep away f 8 exi/+ sy/em ( life to a new sy/em 9 :i* a new desire & a new commodity %all h a place4 ,s mu* w\ld seem cle> en\gh b ! "q imm$iately foll[s3 ,h[ c a ?+ t is new ar\se desire8 ,9 s f> z x is new x mu/ ex vi t]m9i be unkn[n & want+ def9ition 9 t]ms ( rememb]$ pa/ exp]i5ces2 & h[ c a ?+ unkn[n make t connection ) ! pres5t "* ( ! individual :i* mu/ be deem$ necess>y to ! ar\sal ( desire 9 him8 ,a new ?+ w\ld seem1 !n1 f ?is po9t ( view1 to be able to ar\se desire only 9 s f> z x is able to conceal or subord9ate its aspects ( novelty & appe> z kn[n & well-accr$it$--ei!r ?is or !re mu/ be 9 ! individual "s def9ite in/9ctive me*anism ready to be set 9 action by ! ?+'s pres5tm5t4 ,& on nei!r ( ^! suppositions c hav+ to d ) ! new ?+ effect any fundam5tal or radical diff]5ce 9 ! individual--x c s]ve at mo/ only to br+ out :at 0 already !re 9 him 9 a lat5t or implicit /atus4 ,:atev] new developm5ts ( p[] or desire may be atta9$ & organiz$ into ! individual's "* ?r\gh 8 comm]ce ) ! novelty mu/ be new 9 only a sup]ficial s5se--!y w be new only z occurr5ces1 only z ! /rik+ ( ! h\r by ! clock & ! result+ abrasion ( ! bell & hamm] are new ev5ts4 ,b ! clock 0 made to /rike2 x is ! nature ( metal to we> away & likewise ^! *anges 9 ! individual are 9 deep] tru? n new at all b only a disclosure ( ! ag5t's "*1 a fur!r fulfilm5t along pree/abli%$ & unalt]able l9es :i* all along 0 mak+ headway 9 ! ag5t's e>li] que/s & ef=ts & atta9m5ts4 ,!re is a s5se1 no d\bt1 9 :i* "s su* v]sion ( ! facts z ?is is unansw]able1 b controv]sial advantage is paid =1 "h z else:]e 9 ! logic ( absolute idealism1 at ! co/ ( tangible mean+ & practical importance4 ,j :at does ! cont5tion come to8 ,let u say1 = example1 t "o has le>n$ to use a typewrit]4 ,:at has happ5$ is l an illit]ate p]son's le>n+ to read & write4 ,correspond5ce ) "o's fri5ds beg9s to take on new mean+ & to acquire new value2 "o beg9s to f9d a new pleasure & /imulation tak+ ! place ( ! ineffectual driv+s ( an uneasy consci5ce4 ,all ?is1 let u say1 has come f ! mod]ate outlay = a sup]ior me*anical in/rum5t4 ,& n[ let x be grant$ t x w\ld n h come if ! =tunate individual _h n be5 :at he 04 ,if x has come x is because ! individual & ! re/ ( ! _w 7 ( su* a sort t ! revival & new gr[? ( int]e/ c\ld take its rise ) ! provision ( ! new in/rum5tality4 ,b :at1 precisely1 does su* a /atem5t mean8 ,:at sort ( v]ification does x admit (8 ,:at fruitful insight into ! concrete facts ( ! case does x convey8 ,( :at sort1 prior to ! ev5t1 does x %[ ! individual to h be58 ,! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t he 0 ( no sort1 !n & !re & ) ref]5ce to ! pur*ase--he 0 ( no sort decisively4 ,he 0 nei!r pur*as] nor rejector4 ,he 0 nei!r a conv9c$ typi/ nor pi\sly confirm$ 9 8 pr$ilection = writ+ by h&4 ,he 0 nei!r :olly we>y ( 8 correspond5ce nor fully cognizant ( ! importance ( int]c\rse ) 8 fri5ds = 8 s\l's good4 ,he may h be5 dissatisfi$ & rebelli\s or he may h be5 com=tably p]suad$ t lett]-writ+1 ?\gh an irksome labor1 0 ev5 at t suffici5tly wor? :ile4 ,! mo/ t c be said is simply t he mu/ h be5 will+ & desir\s to try ! exp]im5t = ! sake ( any good1 imag9able or beyond pres5t imag9ation1 t might come ( x4 ,b be+ ( su* a sort z ?is c\ld n prejudge ! issue--al?\gh1 und\bt$ly1 9 will+ness to raise an issue !re lies always ! possibility ( *ange4 ,all ! plausibility ( ! dogma we are "h consid]+ comes f its ha/y inclusion ( ?is g5]al attitude ( con/ructively exp]im5tal inquiry & ef=t1 ?is ess5tial "* ( creative intellig5ce1 z "o among ! concrete int]e/s :i* con/itute & def9e our p>ticul> problems 9 _! inception4 ,to say ex po/ facto t ! individual mu/ h be5 ( su* a sort z to d :at he has 9 fact done is a purely v]bal comm5t :i*1 :atev] may be its uses1 c assur$ly be ( no use :atev] 9 sugge/+ ei!r solution or me?od = ! next situation to arise4 ,x may be com=tably reassur+ aft]w>ds1 b x is an empty oracle be=eh&4 ,sec4 #f4 ,if !n logic is unable to express ! nature ( our =w>d look+ int]e/ 9 ! unexp]i5c$ & unpr$ictable1 p]haps ! empirical fact w speak = itself4 ,we call ?+s new2 we recognize _! novelty & _! novelty excites our int]e/4 ,b j z we are sometimes told t we c only "k ! new 9 t]ms ( its resemblances to :at we h kn[n be=e1 s x may be held t 9 ! end we c desire x only on ! l condition4 ,are we1 !n1 to conclude t ! seem+ novelty ( ?+s new is an illusion1 or %all we hold1 on ! contr>y1 t novelty ne$ n be expla9$ away & t a spontane\s con/ructive int]e/ /&s m or less con/antly ready 9 u to g out to meet x & possess x8 ,unque/ionably1 let u say ! latt]4 ,any new commodity w1 ( c\rse1 resemble 9 "p or 9 a g5]al way "s old "o4 ,x is said t ba?-tubs are sometimes us$ 9 model t5em5ts z coal-b9s4 ,old uses p]si/ un*ang$ 9 ! pres5ce ( new possibilities4 ,b 9 g5]al new possibilities invite int]e/ & ef=t because our exp]im5tal & con/ructive b5t contrives on ! :ole to make head aga9/ habituation & r\t9e4 ,we recognize ! new z new4 ,& if x be cont5d$ t novelty 9 its own "r _c be a gr\nd ( int]e/1 t novelty mu/ fir/ get re/atem5t z ! old ) c]ta9 accid5ts ext]nally adh]+1 ! answ] is t ! accid5ts int]e/ u nev]!less4 ,!y may prove _! "r to /& z ! v ess5ce ( "s new k9d t "o may wi% to let take =m & "* = him4 ,in/ead ( ! *ips & %av+s1 !y are 9 fact ! raw mat]ial ( ! logical process4 ,= if we c "k ! new z new1 if we c "k ! accid5t z accid5tal 9 a commodity be=e u1 ! fact betrays an incipi5t int]e/ 9 ! quality or aspect t its novelty or cont+5cy at lea/ does n ?w>t4 ,& is ?is q all8 ,w x be disput$ t a relation ( a quality or feature to ourselves :i* we c "k1 "n1 & recognize--l novelty--mu/ be kn[n1 z any?+ else is kn[n1 ?r\gh an int]e/ ( :i* x is ! appropriate t]m9us8#df ,& !re is no difficulty 9 po9t+ to in/ances 9 :i* ! "* ( novelty seems fundam5tal4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! int]e/ "o feels 9 sp5d+ a day ) a fri5d or 9 mak+ a new acqua9tance or1 say1 9 ent]+ on ! c>es ( p>5?ood4 ,or aga91 take ! impulse t[>d rese>*1 arti/ic creation1 or arti/ic /udy & appreciation4 ,or aga91 take ! int]e/ 9 topography & exploration4 ,t !re is 9 su* ph5om5a z ^! a c]ta9 ess5tially & irr$ucibly =w>d look1 a c]ta9 residual fre$om ( our int]e/ & ef=t f dep5d5ce on ! detail ( prior exp]i5ce d[n to date1 probably few p]sons )\t ult]ior philosophical prepossessions w dispute4 ,if we call ^! ph5om5a in/9ctive we are us+ ! t]m 9 a f> m loose & g5]al s5se ?an x seems to h 9 ! be/ usage ( animal psy*ology4 ,if we call !m attitudes or dispositions1 su* a t]m has at lea/ ! negative m]it ( sett+ !m ap>t f ! class ( in/9ctive acts1 b x may c>ry ) x a connotation ( fixity & unconsci\sness t aft] all surr5d]s ! ess5tial di/9ction4 ,x w suffice to look at a s+le "o ( ^! in/ances4 ,9 fri5d%ip1 = example1 !re is und\bt$ly /rongly op]ative a desire = ! m]e recurr5ce1 9 our fur!r fri5dly int]c\rse1 ( c]ta9 values t h become habitual & famili>4 ,we may h long kn[n & become atta*$ to a fri5d's tones ( voice1 peculi>ities ( mann] & ext]nal appe>ance1 turns ( spee* & ?\ght & ! l1 :i* we miss 9 abs5ce & :i* give u pleasure :5 we meet ! fri5d aga94 ,b if ! fri5d%ip is n "o ( pleasure or utility simply1 b ( virtue#dg z well1 !re is also pres5t on bo? sides a con/ructive or progressive or creative int]e/4 ,& ?is int]e/1 /at$ on its self-reg>d+ & introspective side1 is m ?an a desire = ! m]e grateful recurr5ce ( ! old looks & words reco9$ at ! old m9t4 ,x is an int]e/ look+ into ! undone va/1 an int]e/ 9 an indef9ite prolongation1 an inf9ite s]ies1 ( jo9t exp]i5ces ! end ( :i* _c & ne$ n be =ese5 & ! nature ( :i* nei!r c nor ne$ be =eca/$4 ,& !re is ! same *>act]i/ic 9 all ! o!r in/ances m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,x is n a desire = recurr5t satisfactions ( a det]m9ate type1 b an int]e/ 9 ! active developm5t ( unexp]i5c$ & indet]m9ate possibilities4 ,if f9ally ! "q be press$1 h[ !re c be an int]e/ ( ?is seem+ly self-contradictory type 9 human nature1 ! answ] c only be t we mu/ take ! facts z we f9d !m4 ,is su* a conception inh]5tly m difficult ?an ! view t all ramifications & developm5ts ( human int]e/ are concretely pr$et]m9$ & implicit a priori8 ,to ignore or d5y palpable fact because x eludes ! rea* ( a curr5t type ( conceptual analysis is to "p company ) bo? sci5ce & philosophy4 ,we are 9 fact "h deal+ ) ! ess5tial m>k & trait ( :at is call$ self-consci\s process4 ,if !re are ultimates & indef9ables 9 ?is _w ( ours1 self-consci\sness may z fairly claim ! dignity or av[ ! discr$it z any o!r ( ! li/4 ,sec4 #g4 ,does our int]e/ 9 economic goods on occasion exhibit ! trait ( :i* we are "h speak+8 ,precisely ?is is our pres5t cont5tion4 ,& yet x seems n too mu* to say t virtually all economic !ory1 :e!r ! classical or ! pres5t dom9ant type t has drawn its t]m9ology & work+ concepts f ! o/5sible psy*ology ( ! ,au/rian ,s*ool1 is f\nd$ ^u ! contradictory assumption4 ,! economic int]e/1 our desire & e/eem = solid & matt]-(-fact ?+s l m>ket commodities & /&>diz$ m>ket s]vices1 has be5 conceiv$ z no?+ vision>y & speculative1 z no pe]+ into ! inf9ite or outrea*+ ( an inexpressible discont5t1 b an intellig5t1 cle>-ey$ grasp+ & hold+ ( kn[n satisfactions = measur$ & ackn[l$g$ desires4 ,art & religion1 fri5d%ip & love1 sport & adv5ture1 morality & legislation1 ^! all may be fields = ! free play & con/ructive exp]im5tation ( human faculty1 b 9 our economic ef=ts & relations we are suppos$ to tread ! solid gr\nd ( fact4 ,bus9ess is bus9ess4 ,wa/e n1 want n4 ,fir/ a liv+1 !n 7p]haps7 a good life4#dh ,& we are assur$ "o ne$ n recoil f ! h>d logic ( su* maxims1 = !y d n dispute ! exi/5ce ( spaci\s 7& well-%ad$7 suburban regions fr++ ! busy areas ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,su* is ! assumption4 ,we h said t x precludes ! admission ( speculation z an economic factor4 ,speculation = economic !ory is a purely comm]cial ph5om5on1 a haz>d+ ( capital on ! supposition t desires w be f\nd ready & wait+ = ! commodity produc$--) a suffici5t (f]+ ( pur*as+ p[] to af=d a pr(it4 ,& ! creation ( dem&1 :]e ?is is "p ( ! program ( speculative ent]prise1 means ! ar\sal ( a dormant or implicit desire1 9 ! s5se above discuss$--!re is no?+1 at all ev5ts1 9 o!r p>ts ( curr5t !ory to indicate a diff]5t conception4 ,! economi/ w probably cont5d t :at ! process ( ! creation ( dem& may be is n 8 b ! psy*ologi/'s affair2 t 8 pr(essional conc]n is only :e!r or n ! economic dem&1 z an objective m>ket fact1 be actually =?com+4 ,b :at we "h cont5d = z a fact ( economic exp]i5ce is a speculation t is 9 ! nature ( p]sonal adv5ture & n simply an adv5tur+ ( /ock4 ,sec4 #h4 ,= :at is ! nature ( ! economic exp]i5ce or situation1 consid]$ z a c]ta9 type ( juncture 9 ! life ( an individual8 ,x may be %ortly describ$ z ! process ( det]m9+ h[ mu* ( "o's "t1 /r5g?1 or ext]nal res\rces ( any sort %all be exp5d$ = :atev] "o is ?9k+ ( do+ or acquir+4 ,two g5]al motives ent] "h to gov]n ! e/imate & ea* may %[ ! r\t9e or ! innovative phase4 ,9 any "w !re is possible1 fir/1 m or less ( ! workman's int]e/--an int]e/ n m]ely 9 a conv5tional /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ! f9i%$ result b also 9 bett]m5t ( ! /&>d & 9 a correspond+ height5$ excell5ce ( te*nique & _s 9 ! execution4#di ,^! int]e/s1 )\t ref]5ce to ! useful result & = _! own sake 7i4e41 = ! workman's sake1 9 ways n specifiable 9 advance71 may comm& a %>e ( "o's available "t1 /r5g?1 & res\rces4 ,9 ! second place1 any "w or ef=t or (f] to give 9 ex*ange has a nameable result ( "s k9d 9 view--a crop ( :eat1 a coat1 a musical r5dition1 or ! education ( a *ild4 ,:y are su* ?+s produc$ or s\ght =8 ,v]bally & platitud9\sly "o may answ]3 ,= ! sake ( ! satisfactions !y are expect$ to af=d4 ,b su* an answ] ignores ! contra/ ( attitudes t bo? workman%ip & productive or acquisitive ef=t 9 ! ord9>y s5se display4 ,z ! workman may con=m to 8 /&>d or may be ambiti\s to surpass x1 s ! int5d+ consum] may be c\nt+ on kn[n satisfactions or hop+ = satisfactions ( a k9d t he has nev] kn[n be=e4 ,bo? sorts ( ef=t may be ( ei!r ! r\t9e or ! innovative type4 ,9 nei!r workman%ip nor acquisition c "o fix ^u r\t9e z ! normal type1 hop+ to d]ive or to expla9 away ! inevitable residue ( out/&+ cases4 ,= z a matt] ( fact ! out/&+ cases prove to be our only clue to a k ( h[ r\t9e is made4#ej ,! above =mula w apply1 ) ! appropriate *anges ( emphasis1 to buy]s & sell]s 9 an organiz$ m>ket1 z well z to ! p>ties to a simple transaction ( b>t]4 ,two ma9 empirical *>act]i/ics ( ! economic situation are sugge/$ 9 putt+ ! /atem5t 9 j ^! t]ms4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! prim>y problem 9 su* a situation is t ( ex*ange valuation1 ! fixation ( a subjective 7or bett]1 a p]sonal7 price ratio betwe5 :at ! ag5t wi%es to acquire & :atev] x is t he (f]s 9 ex*ange4 ,! ag5t ?us is engag$ 9 det]m9+ :at %all be ! relative importance = himself ( two commodities or ex*angeable goods4 ,& 9 ! second place ^! goods get _! values det]m9$ toge!r & 9 relation to ea* o!r1 nev] s+ly & ) a view to subsequ5t comp>ison4 ,^! values :5 !y h be5 det]m9$ w be measur$ 9 t]ms ( m>g9al utility 9 accordance ) famili> pr9ciples1 b ! m>g9al utilities t are to express ! atta9$ & accept$ ratio at :i* ex*ange ev5tually takes place are n kn[n quantities at all 9 ! inception ( ! process ( comp>ison4 ,if ^! dogmatic /atem5ts seem to issue 9 hopeless p>adox or worse1 !n let u n fe> to face ! p>adox & fix its l9es ) all possible di/9ctness4 ,c a man decide to (f] s mu* ( "o commodity = s mu* ( ano!r unless he fir/ has settl$ :at ea* is wor? to him 9 "s intelligible t]ms or o!r8 ,& is n ?is latt] 9 po9t ( fact ! real decision--at all ev5ts cle>ly m ?an half ! battle8 ,does n ! ex*ange ratio to :i* "o c agree leap to ! eyes1 9 fact1 z soon z ! absolute values 9 ! case h be5 once isolat$ & giv5 num]ical expression8 ,9 a s+le ^w we "h jo9 issue4 ,= ! comp>ison 9 su* a case is con/ructive comp>ison1 n a me*anical measur+ ( fix$ magnitudes1 z ! above objection tacitly assumes4 ,& con/ructive comp>ison is ess5tially a transitive or inductive op]ation :]eby ! ag5t moves f "o level to ano!r1 alt]+ 8 /&>d ( liv+ 9 "s m or less important way1 emb>k+ ^u a new int]e/1 ent]+ ^u ! =mation ( a new habit or ^u a new accession ( p[] or effectiv5ess--mak+ or seek+ to make1 9 %ort1 "s trans=mation 9 8 environm5t & 9 himself t %all give 8 life z an entire sy/em a *ang$ t5or & p]spective4 ,! t]m con/ructive comp>ison is ?us int5d$1 among o!r ?+s1 to sugge/ t ! process is 9 ! nature ( adv5ture1 n calculation1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?\gh adv5tur\s x is n %e] haz>d uncontroll$4 ,& ! motive dom9ant ?r\gh\t ! process--! economic motive 9 its con/ructive phase--is nei!r m nor less ?an a supposition1 on ! ag5t's "p1 t !re may be =?com+ = him 9 ! giv5 case 9 h& j su* an epig5etic developm5t ( new significance & value z we h f\nd actual hi/ory to disclose z a normal result ( economic innovation4 ,x is ! gi/ ( h$onism1 9 economic !ory z 9 its o!r expressions1 t inevitably ! ag5t's int]e/s & motives are re/rict$ 9 e case to ! precise range & scope ( 8 exi/+ t5d5cies & desires2 he c be provok$ to act only by ! hope ( j ^? p>ticul> future pleasures or means ( pleasure :i* ! pres5t con/itution ( 8 nature enables him to enjoy4 ,idealism assumes t ! em]g5t new int]e/ ( ! pres5t 0 wrapp$ up or impli$1 9 "s s5se1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! remote & imm$iate pa/--int]e/s ( :i* ! ag5t at ! "t c\ld ( c\rse be b imp]fectly aw>e4 ,su* diff]5ces z "o c disc]n betwe5 ! two int]pretations seem small inde$--l _m o!rs to :i* idealism has be5 wont to po9t 9 disp>agem5t ( ! h$oni/ic _w view4 ,= 9 bo? philosophies ! ag5t is )\t initiative & effect2 he is 9 pr9ciple b ! conv]g5ce ( imp]sonal motive p[]s :i* x is1 9 ! "o view1 absurdly futile1 9 ! o!r misguid$ly presumptu\s1 to try to alt] or control4 ,sec4 #i4 ,a commodity s\ght or enc\nt]$ may !n be ( int]e/ to u = reasons ( ! foll[+ ?ree g5]al sorts4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may simply be ! normal & appropriate object ( "s e/abli%$ desire ( ours4 ,we may be seek+ ! commodity because ?is desire has fir/ become active1 or enc\nt]+ ! commodity 9 ! m>ket may h sudd5ly awak5$ ! desire4 ,illu/ration seems sup]flu\s2 tobacco = ! habitual smok]1 clo?+ ( mo/ sorts = ! ord9>y p]son1 regul> supplies ( ! h\sehold /aples--^! w suffice4 ,?is is ! prov9ce )9 :i* a h$oni/ic acc\nt ( ! economic motive holds good ) a cog5cy t anti-h$oni/ic criticism has n be5 able to dissolve4 ,our outlays = su* ?+s z ^! may z a rule be held 9 _! due & prop] relation to ea* o!r--at all ev5ts 9 _! e/abli%$ or normal relation--simply by recall+ at critical times our relative m>g9al likes & dislikes = !m4 ,t ^! likes & dislikes are n self-explanatory1 t !y are concrete expectations & n ab/ract affective elem5ts1 does n seem greatly to matt] :]e ! issue lies betwe5 ma9ta9+ or r5\nc+ an exi/+ s*$ule ( consumption4 ,& 9 ?is same classification belong also indu/rial & comm]cial exp5ditures ( a simil>ly r\t9e sort4 ,ev5 :]e ! scale ( op]ations is be+ enl>g$1 exp5ditures = ma*9es1 fuel1 raw mat]ials1 & labor may h be5 s c>efully plann$ 9 advance ) ref]5ce to ! desir$ increase ( output or pecuni>y pr(it t no special problem ( motivation atta*es directly to !m4 ,& ^! outlays are s important 9 indu/ry & comm]ce t ! impression comes easily to prevail t all bus9ess und]tak+1 & !n all consumption ( f9i%$ goods1 fall "u ! simple h$oni/ic type4 ,b if we keep to ! plane ( f9al consumption1 !re appe>s a second sort ( situation4 ,our int]e/ 9 ! commodity be=e u may be due to a sugge/ion ( "s sort t prompts u to take a /ep beyond ! limits t our pres5t =m$ desires m>k out4 ,! sugge/ion may be giv5 by adroit adv]tis+1 by fa%ion1 by ! habits ( ano!r class to :i* "o may aspire or by a p]son to :om "o may look z guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d4 ,an au?ority ( "o sort or ano!r invites or con/ra9s u to take ! m]its ( ! article on tru/4 ,actual trial & use may %[1 n s mu* t x c m9i/] to a lat5t desire z t we h be5 able ?r\gh its use to =m a habit t con/itutes a settl$ ne$4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re is a m spontane\s & intr9sically p]sonal type ( int]e/ :i* is v l>gely indep5d5t ( sugge/ion or au?ority4 ,a ?+ ( beauty1 a new au?or1 a new acqua9tance1 a new sport or game1 a new conv5i5ce or me*anical device may *all5ge "o's curiosity & p[]s ( appreciation1 may seem to (f] a new facility 9 action or "s unimag9$ release f labor or re/riction4 ,! adv5ture ( m>riage & p>5?ood1 ! intimate attraction ( great music1 ! my/]y ( an unkn[n language or a =bidd5 c\ntry1 ! disda9ful alo(ness ( a m\nta9 peak dom9at+ a l&scape are conspicu\s in/ances invit+ a m spontane\s type ( con/ructive int]e/ t f9ds abundant expression also 9 ! m commonplace situations & em]g5cies ( ev]yday life4 ,x is %e] play ^u words to speak 9 su* cases ( a pleasure ( adv5tur\sness1 a pleasure ( discov]y1 a pleasure ( conque/ & ma/]y1 assign+ ?is z ! motive 9 ord] to br+ ^! int]e/s to ! type t fits addiction to "o's p>ticul> old coat or easy-*air4 ,! specific pleasure alleg$ c\ld n exi/ 7 ! t5d5cy n active be=eh&4 ,:ile ! same is true 9 a s5se = habitual concrete pleasures 9 relation to _! correspond+ habits1 ! irr$ucible diff]5ce 9 con/ructive int]e/ z a type lies 9 ! transition :i* ?is type ( int]e/ purposes & effects f "o level ( concrete or sub/antive desire & pleasure to ano!r4 ,"h "o consci\sly looks to a result t he _c =esee or =etell2 9 ! o!r type 8 int]e/ z int]e/ goes /raight to its m>k1 su/a9$ by a confid5t =eca/4#ea ,sec4 #aj4 ,b con/ructive int]e/s1 :e!r provok$ by sugge/ion or ( ! m freely imag9ative type1 may1 z has be5 said1 be held to lie outside ! scope ( economic !ory4 ,h[ a desire = a c]ta9 ?+ has come to get expression may seem q immat]ial--economically speak+4 ,economics has no conc]n ) human folly z su* or human imitativ5ess1 or human aspiration high or l[ or any o!r ( ! multitude ( motives t h to d ) secul> *anges 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ & 9 ! ideals ( life at l>ge4 ,x has no conc]n ) any?+ t lies beh9d ! fact t ,i am 9 ! m>ket ) my m9d made up to buy or sell a ?+ at a c]ta9 price4 ,& ! answ] to ?is cont5tion mu/ be t x fir/ rev]ses & !n di/orts ! true p]spective ( our economic exp]i5ce4 ,let x be admitt$ freely--inde$1 let x be insi/$ on--t ! def9ition ( a sci5ce mu/ be det]m9$ by ! pragmatic te/4 ,if an economi/ elects to conc]n himself ) ! problems ( :at has be5 call$ ! loose me*anics ( trade !re c be no "q ( 8 "r to d s or ( ! importance ( ! s]vices he may r5d] !reby1 bo? to !ory & to practice4 ,b on ! o!r h& economic !ory _c be !re=e1 once & = all1 made a matt] ( acc\nt+--to ! effacem5t ( all problems & aspects ( problems ( :i* ! acc\ntant has no pr(essional cognizance4 ,j ?is1 app>5tly1 is :at x means to level d[n all types ( int]e/ to ! h$oni/ic1 leav+ aside z extra-economic ^? t too palpably resi/ ! op]ation4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t fre%ly sugge/$ modes ( consumption & ends ( ef=t require exp5diture & sacrifice no less ?an ! habitual1 t ! exploration ( ,tibet or ( ! ,pol> ,seas affects ! m>ket = supplies n less c]ta9ly ?an ! s*$ul$ voyages ( oceanic l9]s4 ,moreov]1 beh9d ^! s*$ul$ voyages !re are all ! v>i$ motives t induce p to travel & ! desires t lead to ! %ipm5t ( goods4 ,%all x be said t all ( ^! motives & desires mu/ be traceable back to settl$ habits ( behavior & consumption8 ,& if ?is _c be ma9ta9$ is x n haz>d\s to assume t su* g5]al problems ( economic !ory z ! det]m9ation ( m>ket values or ( ! %>es 9 di/ribution require no recognition ( ! o!r empirical types ( int]e/8 ,^! types1 if !y are g5u9e1 are surely important2 !y may well prove to be1 9 _m ways1 fundam5tally important4 ,= a commodity t has become habitual mu/ once h be5 new & untri$4 ,sec4 #aa4 ,! economic dem&s :i* make up ! budget ( a p>ticul> p]son at a p>ticul> "t are cle>ly int]dep5d5t4 ,a man's income or ! great] "p ( x is usually di/ribut$ among v>i\s *annels ( exp5diture 9 a c]ta9 fairly con/ant way4 ,9 proportion to ! def9it5ess ( ?is di/ribution & ! resolut5ess ) :i* x is ma9ta9$ does ! impression ga9 /r5g? t ! man is c>ry+ out a consi/5t plan ( "s sort4 ,su* a regul> plan ( exp5diture may be drawn out into a s*$ule1 sett+ =? ! am\nts requir$ at a c]ta9 price = ! unit ( ea* k9d4 ,& su* a s*$ule is an expression 9 detail1 9 t]ms ( ways & means1 ( ! type ( life "o has elect$ to lead4 ,= virtually any income above ! level ( b>e physical subsi/5ce1 !re w be an indef9ite numb] ( alt]native budgets possible4 ,a little less may be sp5t = h\sehold conv5i5ces & adornm5ts & a little m = food4 ,"s recreations may be sacrific$ = an occasional book or magaz9e4 ,"o may build a h\se or pur*ase a motor-c> in/ead ( go+ abroad4 ,& :i*ev] *oice is made1 relat$ exp5ditures mu/ be made 9 consequ5ce = :i*1 on ! assumption ( a def9ite am\nt ( income1 comp5sation mu/ be made by curtailm5t ( outlay at o!r po9ts4 ,:at seems cle> 9 g5]al is t "o's total budget is relative to ! g5]al plan & mann] ( life "o deems = him ! be/ possible & t ?is plan1 m or less def9itely =mulat$1 m or less /eadily op]ative1 is :at really det]m9es h[ f> exp5diture %all g 9 ?is direction & 9 t4 ,! budget z a :ole w def9e = ! individual an equilibrium among 8 v>i\s recogniz$ wants2 if ! "w ( calculat+ x has be5 c>efully done !re w be = ! "t be+ no t5d5cy to *ange 9 any item4 ,if1 !n1 we *oose to say 9 su* a case t ! individual c>ries 8 exp5diture along ea* l9e to ! precise po9t at :i* ! la/ or m>g9al utility enjoy$ is precisely equal to ! m>g9al utility on e o!r l9e1 x seems n difficult to grasp :at su* a /atem5t means4 ,q h>mlessly1 all t x c mean is t ! individual has plann$ precisely :at he has plann$ & is n sorry = x1 & = ! "t be+ does n ?9k he c improve ^u x4 ,z !re is "o e>? draw+ t[>d its c5t] ea* billi>d ball ( ! doz5 9 equilibrium 9 a b[l1 s !re is beh9d ! budget ( ! individual "o complex p]sonal conception ( a way ( life t fixes m or less c]ta9ly & cle>ly ! k9ds & int5sities ( 8 wants & assigns to ea* its %>e ( pur*as+ p[]4 ,t ! units or elem5ts 9 equilibrium hold _! positions ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r = reasons capable ( sep>ate /atem5t = ea* unit seems a supposition no less impossible 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,to ?9k ( ea* k9d ( want 9 ! individual's nature z hold+ sep>ately 9 fee simple & clamor+ = full & sep>ate satisfaction 9 its sep>ate k9d1 is ! *>act]i/ic illusion ( a purely =mal type ( analysis4 ,! p]man5ce ( a budget & its c>ry+ out no d\bt require ! due & precise realization ( ea* plott$ m>g9al utility--to g fur!r ?an ?is along any "o l9e w\ld inevitably mean gett+ n s f> along c]ta9 o!rs1 & ?us a di/ort$ & disappo9t+ total atta9m5t 9 ! end4 ,b to say t "o actually plans & controls 8 exp5ditures along v>i\s l9es by ! ultimate aim ( atta9+ equival5t t]m9al utilities on ea* is q ano!r /ory4 ,x is mu* l say+ t ! squ>e in*es ( canvas assign$ 9 a picture to sky & sea & cranni$ wall are arrang$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( id5tical & equal effects = arti/ or behold] f ! la/ in*es pa9t$ ( ea* k9d4 ,! =mula ( ! equality ( m>g9al effects is no con/ructive pr9ciple2 x is only a concise if inde$ some:at grotesque way ( phras+ ! ess5tial fact t no *ange ( ! qualitative :ole is go+ to be made1 because no imp]fection 9 x z a :ole is felt4#eb ,sec4 #ab4 ,we come1 !n1 to ! problem ( ! individual's enc\nt] ) a new commodity4 ,9 g5]al1 a pur*ase 9 su* a case mu/ am\nt to m or less ( a dep>ture f ! s*eme ( life 9 =ce & a transition ov] to a diff]5t "o4 ,& a new commodity 79 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m has be5 us$ above7 is apt to be initially m tempt+ ?an an addition along "s l9e ( exp5diture already repres5t$ 9 ! budget4 ,! latt]1 suppos+ !re has be5 no *ange ( price & no increase ( income1 is usually a m]e irregul>ity1 an insurg5t dep>ture f "s "o specification ( a total plan )\t prelim9>y comp5sat+ adju/m5t or appropriate *ange at o!r po9ts4 ,! erratic outlay1 if consid]able1 w result 9 %e] disord] & extravagance--indef5sible & self-condemn$ on ! pr9ciples ( ! individual's own economy4 ,b ) a new commodity ! case /&s diff]5tly4 ,x is m int]e/+ to consid] a really new proposal ?an to reop5 a case once clos$ :5 no evid5ce di/9ctly new is (f]$4 ,a %e] temptation or an isolat$ impulse t[>d new outlay along a l9e already measur$ 9 "o's s*eme has ! =ce ( habit & a presumption ( un-wisdom to ov]come4 ,if ! case is "o n ( temptation b ( be+ urg$ "o is apt to answ]1 ,no1 ,i c make no use ( any m ( t4 ,b a new commodity has ! *>m ( its novelty1 a *>m consi/+ 9 ! promise1 9 positive fa%ion1 ( new qualitative values ab\t :i* a new entire s*$ule w h to be organiz$4 ,p>tly its /r5g? ( appeal lies 9 its radicalism2 x ga9s ready att5tion n only by its promise b by its boldness4 ,prep>$ness ga9s a m ready acclaim ?an bett] s*ools or ! extirpation ( disease4 ,! automobile & ! mov+ picture probably h a vogue today f> surpass+ any use ( e>li] equival5ts t a m]e g5]al augm5tation ( incomes c\ld h br\ght ab\t4 ,inde$1 ! economic dang] ( ! middle classes 9 pres5t-day society lies n 9 m]e occasional excess at c]ta9 po9ts b 9 he$less commitm5t to a %[y & ?9n$-out s*eme ( life 9 :i* ! elem5ts are ill-*os5 & ill-proportion$ & f :i*1 z a :ole1 abid+ satisfaction _c be drawn4 ,x is :]e real & ?or\ghgo+ *ange 9 ! mann] ( life is hopeless t irregul> intemp]ance ( v>i\s sorts appe>s to bulk relatively l>ge/ z an economic evil4 ,%all we n say1 h[ev]1 t ! sup]ior attraction ( ! new 9 competition ) e/abli%$ l9es ( exp5diture only indicates ! great] satiation ( ! wants ! latt] repres5t & ! comp>ative fre%ness ( ! wants ! novelty w satisfy8 ,on ! contr>y ! latt] wants are 9 ! full s5se n yet exi/5t1 ! new satisfactions are untri$ & unmeasur$2 ! old] wants h ! advantage ( position1 & if satiat$ today1 w reass]t !mselves ) a pr$ictable /r5g? tomorr[4 ,! new wants1 x is true1 if !y are acquir$1 w be "p ( a new sy/em1 b ! pres5t fact rema9s t _! full mean+ _c be kn[n 9 advance ( trial & ! fur!r outl9es ( ! new s*eme ( uses & values _c be drawn up until ?is mean+ has be5 le>n$4 ,if1 !n1 ! new commodity is tak51 x is n because ! promis$ satisfaction & ! sum ( kn[n utilities to be sacrific$ are f\nd equal1 nor aga9 because ! new commodity w fit neatly into a place 9 ! exi/+ s*$ule t c be vacat$ = x4 ,?is latt] is ! case ( sub/itution4 ,su* an int]pretation ( ! facts is retrospective only2 x is a =mal decl>ation t ! ex*ange has be5 deem$ on ! :ole wor? :ile1 b ! reasons = ?is outcome su* a =mula is p[]less to sugge/4 ,9 g5]al ! new commodity & ! habits x eng5d]s c\ld n rema9 )\t effect ^u a sy/em into :i* !y might be me*anically introduc$4 ,c]ta9 items 9 ! s*$ule1 associat$ 9 use ) ^? disp5s$ ) = ! new1 mu/ be r5d]$ obsolete by ! *ange4 ,! new int]e/s call$ into play w draw to !mselves & to _! fur!r developm5t att5tion :i* may be 9 l>ge measure div]t$ f ! int]e/s ( old] /&+4 ,& 9 ! new sy/em all int]e/s rema9+ ov] f ! old w accord+ly /& 9 a new light & _! objects w be valu$1 w be held important1 = reasons t w ne$ fre% /atem5t4#ec ,9 simil> fa%ion x might be argu$ t ! commodities or uses :i* "o sacrifices = ! sake ( a new v5ture are inevitably m ?an a simple d$uction t curtails "o's s*$ule 9 a c]ta9 k9d & am\nt4 ,su* a d$uction or excision mu/ leave ! rema9+ l9es ( ! orig9al complex hang+ at loose ends4 ,! cat*+-up ( ^! & _! coo]d9ation ) ! new int]e/ mu/ 9 any ev5t am\nt1 z has be5 cont5d$1 to a ?or\ghgo+ reorganization4 ,:at mu/ really happ5 !n1 9 ! ev5t ( action1 is 9 pr9ciple no?+ less ?an ! disappe>ance ( ! :ole f :i* ! sacrific$ uses are dissev]$4 ,^! latt]1 !re=e1 /& 9 ! process ( decision z a symbol = ! exi/+ p]sonal economy z a :ole4 ,! old ord] & ! new confront ea* o!r z an accept$ view ( fact & a plausible hypo!sis ev]y:]e confront ea* o!r & ! issue = ! individual is ! practical issue ( mak+ ! transition to a new work+ level4 ,to decl>e t ! sali5t elem5ts ( ! confront+ complexes are quantitatively equival5t is only to ann\nce 9 symbolic t]ms t ! transition has be5 effect$1 ! die ca/4#ed ,sec4 #ac4 ,! /atem5t ?us giv5 has be5 purposely made1 = _m transactions ( ! sort ref]r$ to1 some?+ ( an ov]-/atem5t4 ,if ,i contemplate pur*as+ a typewrit] or a book on an unfamili> b invit+ subject x may well seem some:at extravagant to describe ! situation z an opposition betwe5 two s*emes ( life4 ,is ! issue s mom5t\s2 is ! act s revolution>y8 ,b ! purpose ( our ov]-/atem5t 0 simply to make cle> ! type ( situation )\t reg>d to ! magnitudes involv$4 ,no novelty t c>ries "o 9 any respect beyond ! range ( exi/+ habits c be :olly )\t its collat]al effects nor c its proximate & prop] significance be measur$ 9 advance4 ,?is is 9 pr9ciple z true ( a relatively slight innovation z ( a consid]able "o4 ,& our pres5t consci\s exagg]ation dep>ts less widely f ! tru? ?an ! alt]native usual preoccupation ( economic !ory ) ! logic ( r\t9e desire & dem&4 ,= ! ph5om5a ( r\t9e & habit are !reby made a /&>d by :i* all o!rs1 if inde$ recogniz$ z real at all1 mu/ be judg$ exceptional4 ,&1 z we %all see1 to d ?is introduces difficulty into c]ta9 p>ts ( sub/antive economic !ory4 ,aga91 objection may atta* to ! view t equival5ce ( ! sali5t memb]s ( ! oppos+ sy/ems is only ano!r "n = ! compreh5sive fact ( ! novelty's acceptance4 ,= if we hesitate 9 su* a case1 is ?is n because we judge ! price too high8 ,:at c ?is signify b t ! s]vice or satisfaction we expect f ! novelty falls %ort ( suffic+ to conv9ce u8 ,& unless we are deal+ ) measur$ quantities1 h[ c we come to ?is conclusion8 ,moreov]1 if ! novel commodity is divid$ into units we may take a small] quantity :5 ! price dem&$ is high ?an if ! price 7 l[]4 ,& does ?is n sugge/ pr$et]m9$ value-magnitudes z data8 ,b if "o takes ?us a small] am\nt1 z ! argum5t cont5ds1 x is because !re is a presumption ( be+ able to make "s important total use ( x & !re is no g5]al reason app>5t = suppos+ t ?is w be m]ely a fractional "p ( a l>g] b l significance t might be hop$ = f a l>g] quantity4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ! prospect simply may n tempt at all2 ! small] quantity may be deem$ an improbable support = a really promis+ total program & ! pres5t program w hold its gr\nd1 n s]i\sly %ak54 ,! total dem& ( a m>ket = a giv5 commodity is no d\bt 9 "s sort a ma!matical function ( ! price4 ,! l[] ! price ! great] 9 "s ratio w be ! numb] ( p]sons :o w buy & 9 g5]al ! great] ! numb] ( units tak5 by ^? :o are already buy]s4 ,b t su* a proposition admits ( /ati/ical pro( f ! obs]vation ( a s]ies ( price *anges 9 a m>ket af=ds no presumption conc]n+ ! nature ( ! reasons t move any individual p]son to 8 action4 ,! !oretical temptation is /rong1 "h z else:]e1 9 pass+ f ! /udy ( m>kets to ! p]sonal economy ( ! individual =?) to f9d ?is also a traffick+ 9 unit-quantities & m>g9al satisfactions to :i* ! concepts & notation ( m>ket analysis w readily apply4 ,x rema9s to consid] c]ta9 implications ( ?is view ( economic desire & dem&4 ,,ii ,sec4 #ad4 ,x is evid5t t ! issue f9ally at /ake 9 any economic problem ( con/ructive comp>ison1 is an e?ical issue4 ,two imm$iate alt]natives are be=e "o--to exp5d a sum ( money 9 "s new & int]e/+ way1 or to keep x devot$ to ! uses ( "o's e/abli%$ plan4 ,^u ! *oice1 "o recognizes1 h+e consequ5ces ( l>g] & m compreh5sive importance ?an ! m]e pres5t enjoym5t or non-enjoym5t ( ! new commodity4#ee ,& ^! m important consequ5ces are important because !re appe>s to lie 9 !m ! possibility ( a type ( p]sonal "* div]g5t f ! pres5t type & f any pres5t po9t ( view incomm5surable ) x4#ef ,! e?ical urg5cy ( su* a problem w impress "o 9 ! measure 9 :i* "o c see t su* an issue really does dep5d ^u 8 pres5t action & irretrievably dep5ds4 ,& we are able n[ to see :at t economic quality is t atta*es to e?ical problems at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t & calls = a supplem5t>y type ( treatm5t4 ,let u fir/ consid] c]ta9 types ( juncture 9 conduct t w be recogniz$ at once z e?ical & 9 :i* any economic aspect is relatively inconspicu\s4 ,temp]ance or intemp]ance1 tru? or falsehood1 idl5ess or indu/ry1 hone/y or fraud1 social ju/ice or class-int]e/--^! w s]ve4 ,:at makes su* problems z ^! e?ical is _! dem& = creative intellig5ce4 ,9 ea*1 alt]native types ( "* or mann]s ( life /& initially oppos$4 ,if ! concrete issue is really problematical1 if !re is no rule t "o c foll[ 9 ! case ) full assurance1 con/ructive comp>ison1 :e!r cov]tly or op5ly1 mu/ come into play4 ,h[ long1 !n1 w a problem ( temp]ance or intemp]ance1 idl5ess or indu/ry1 pres]ve its obvi\sly e?ical "* )\t admixture8 ,j s long1 app>5tly1 z ! modes ( conduct t come into view z possible solutions are consid]$ & valu$ ) reg>d to _! directly physiological & psy*ological consequ5ces alone4 ,any giv5 sort ( conduct1 t is to say1 makes inevitably = ! =mation ( c]ta9 habits ( m9d or muscle1 weak5+1 or preclud+ ! =mation (1 c]ta9 o!rs4 ,att5tion is engross$ t is !reby n available else:]e1 "t & /r5g? are exp5d$1 discrim9ations are dull$ & %>p5$1 sympa?ies & s5sitivities are n>r[$ & broad5$1 e trait & b5t ( "* is directly or indirectly affect$ 9 "s way by e resolve conclud$ & e action emb>k$ ^u4 ,if "o moves a c]ta9 way along a c]ta9 l9e he c nev] return to ! />t+-po9t & set out un*ang$ along any o!r4 ,if "o does "o ?+ "o _c d ano!r4 ,& :5 ! suffici5t reasons = ?is mutual exclusion lie 9 ! /ructure & organization ( ! human m9d & body our delib]ation z betwe5 ! two alt]natives1 our con/ructive comp>ison ( !m rema9s ^u ! e?ical plane4 ,if "o does "o ?+ "o _c d ano!r4 ,if we sub/itute ! well-worn say+ "o _c eat 8 cake & h x we indicate ! economic plane ( con/ructive comp>ison ) all ne$ful cle>ness4 ,?is is 9 fact ! situation t has be5 already "u discussion at su* l5g? above & ! economic quality ( :i* we are j n[ 9 que/ arises f nei!r m nor less ?an ! fact ( our dep5d5ce 9 ! work+ out ( our p]sonal problems ^u limit$ ext]nal res\rces4 ,! ev5tual solution s\ght "u ^! circum/ances rema9s e?ical z be=e4 ,b to rea* x1 x is necess>y to br+ into consid]ation n only su* o!r int]e/s & ends z ! psy*o-physical /ructure ( human nature & ! laws ( "*-developm5t %[ to be involv$1 b a /ill wid] range ( int]e/s less intimately or int]nally relat$ to ! focal int]e/ ( ! occasion b imp]atively requir+ to be he>d4 ,if my acquisition ( a phonograph turns ^u ! direct psy*ological be>+ ( ! new int]e/ ^u my o!r int]e/s1 its probable effects :e!r good or bad ^u my musical ta/es & ! diplomatic complications ) my neighbors 9 :i* ! possession ( ! in/rum5t may involve me1 ! problem ( its pur*ase rema9s cle>ly 9 ! e?ical phase4 ,b :5 ,i c\nt ! co/ 9 t]ms ( sacrifices :i* ! pur*ase price makes necess>y1 f lit]ature d[n to food & fuel1 & mu/ draw ?is :ole range ( fact also into ! adju/m5t if ,i c1 ! economic phase is rea*$4 ,9 pr9ciple two entire & v concrete s*emes ( life n[ /& oppos$4 ,j :at concrete sacrifices ,i %all make ,i d n "k--?is1 9 fact1 is "o way ( /at+ my problem4 ,nor1 conv]sely1 d ,i "k j :at ,i %all be able to make ! phonograph wor? to me4 ,x is my task to come to a conclusion 9 ! case t %all be explicit & cle> en\gh to enable me to judge 9 ! ev5t :e!r my expectation has be5 realiz$ & ,i h act$ wisely or unwisely4 ,?us a problem is economic :5 ! fact ( ! limitation ( my ext]nal res\rces mu/ be ev5tually & frankly fac$4 ,! *>act]i/ic quality ( a problem gr[n economic is a c]ta9 vexati\sness & seem+ irrationality 9 ! ill-assort$ array ( nev]!less indisputable int]e/s1 prosaic & ideal1 t h to be r$uc$ to ord]4 ,x is p]haps ?is *>act]i/ic emotional quality ( economic problems t has ins5sibly incl9$ economi/s to favor a simpl] & m cle>-cut analysis4 ,z = e?ical problems--!y h be5 left to consci5ce or to ! jurisdiction ( a greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple 9 :i* ! ord9>y individual or legislator has someh[ come to take an int]e/4 ,t !y arise & become urg5t 9 u ( c\rse does human nature unimpea*able cr$it & economics mu/ by all means wait respectfully ^u _! settlem5t4 ,s mu* is conc$$4 ,b economics is economics1 :5 all is said & done4 ,:at we mean by ! economic int]e/ is an int]e/ 9 ! direct & sev]al satisfactions t a man c get f ! sev]al ?+s he %rewdly f9ds x wor? 8 :ile to pay =4 ,& %rewdness means nicety ( calculation1 accuracy ( measurem5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( tangible loss & ga94 ,"h1 !n1 is no field = e?ics b a field ( fact4 ,?us e?ics on h] side mu/ also wait until ! case is fully ready = h] praise or blame4 ,su* is ! modus viv5di4 ,b its simplicity is ov]simple & unreal4 ,x pictures ! economic man z b\nd 9 ! *a9s ( a p]functory def]5ce t he w\ld ?r[ (f if he c\ld4 ,= ! !ory ( con/ructive comp>ison or creative intellig5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( a seek] & recipi5t ( psy*ic income & a calculator ( ga9 & loss1 he is a p]sonal ag5t ma9ta9+ cont9uity ( action 9 a life ( discont9u\sly *ang+ levels ( int]e/ & exp]i5ce4 ,8 measure ( atta9m5t lies n 9 an accel]at+ rate ( psy*ic income1 b 9 an increas+ s5se ( p]sonal effectiv5ess & an increas+ read9ess & confid5ce be=e new junctures4 ,! possession & use ( commodities are1 !n1 n 9 !mselves & directly economic facts at all4 ,z mat]ial ?+s commodities s]ve c]ta9 purposes & effect c]ta9 results4 ,!y are means to ends & _! s]v+ s is a matt] ( te*nology4 ,b d ,i s]i\sly want _! s]vices8 ,?is is a matt] ( my e?ical po9t ( view4 ,d ,i want !m at ! price dem&$ or at :at price & h[ _m8 ,?is is ! economic "q & x obvi\sly is a "q :olly e?ical 9 import--m broadly & inclusively e?ical1 9 fact1 ?an ! e?ical "q 9 its e>li] & m humanly invit+ =m4 ,& :at we h n[ to see is ! fact t no consid]ation t has a be>+ ^u ! problem 9 its e?ical phase c lose its importance & relevance 9 ! subsequ5t phase4 ,!re c be no re/riction ( ! economic int]e/1 = example1 to egoism4 ,if on g5]al pr9ciples ,i w\ld really r use goods produc$ 9 safe & cleanly factories or produc$ by union labor1 !re is no possible reason :y ?is %\ld n incl9e me to pay ! high] prices t su* goods may co/ & make ! ne$ful readju/m5t 9 my budget4 ,is !re reason :y my valuation ( ^! goods %\ld n ?us be ! decisive act t takes me out ( "o relation to indu/rial work]s & sets me 9 ano!r--c any?+ else1 inde$1 q s di/9ctly d ?is8 ,= economic valuation is only ! fixation ( a pur*ase price1 or an ex*ange relation 9 t]ms ( price & quantity1 ^u :i* two s*emes ( life1 two diff]+ p]spectives ( social contact & relation%ip conv]ge--! s*eme ( life f :i* ,i am dep>t+ & ! "o ^u :i* ,i h resolv$ to make my haz>d4 ,x is ?is election1 ?is transition1 t ! pur*ase price expresses--draw+ all ! /r&s ( int]e/ & action into a knot s t a s+le grasp may seize !m4 ,! only ess5tial egoism 9 ! case lies 9 ! subjectivism ( ! fact t inevitably ! em]g5cy & ! act are m9e & n ano!r's4 ,?is is ! egoc5tric pr$icam5t 9 its e?ical aspect4 ,& ! egoc5tric pr$icam5t proves ,hobbes & ,la ,ro*ef\cauld z little z x proves ,b]keley or ,k>l ,pe>son4 ,no social int]e/1 no objective int]e/ ( any sort1 is %[n ung5u9e by my rememb]+ 9 season t if ,i _c fill my coal-b9 ,i %all freeze4#eg ,sec4 #ae4 ,?is logical & psy*ological cont9uity ( ! e?ical & economic problems sugge/s c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations ( "s practical int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place z to egoism4 ,i am1 let u say1 an employ]4 ,if ,i am int]e/$ 9 procur+ j labor1 9 ! s5se ( foot-p\nds ( en]gy1 !n und\bt$ly labor p]=m$ "u safe & heal?ful conditions is wor? no m to me ?an o!r labor 7provid$ x does n prove m effici5t74 ,b is ?is attitude ( int]e/ 9 j foot-p\nds ( en]gy ! attitude p> excell5ce or solely entitl$ to be call$ economic8 ,& j ?is may be ass]t$ = ! reason t an exclusive int]e/ 9 j labor is ! only int]e/ 9 ! case t m5 ( bus9ess1 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 c ent]ta9 )\t go+ spe$ily to ! wall4 ,if1 !n1 ,i d 9 fact pay m ?an ,i mu/ 9 wages or if ,i exp5d m ?an a b>e m9imum = conv5i5ces & safety-gu>ds ?is is n because ( ! valuation ,i put ^u labor1 b only because ,i take pleasure 9 ! cont5tm5t & well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,& ?is is n bus9ess b uplift--or else a subtle =m ( emotional self-indulg5ce4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t by legislation simil> work+ conditions h be5 made m&atory = ! entire indu/ry & suppose t ! community approves ! law1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( *e]fully pay+ s mu* ( ! additional co/ !reby impos$ z may be %ift$ ^u !m4 ,%all we say t ?is is an e?ical intrusion into ! sph]e ( economics or %all we say t ! =m] economic dem& = labor z su* has giv5 place to an economic dem& = labor bett] circum/anc$ or bett] paid8 ,! community at all ev5ts is pay+ ! increase ( price or a "p ( ! increase4 ,x seems arbitr>y to insi/ t ! old price is /ill ! economic price ( ! commodity & ! increase only ! price ( a quiet consci5ce4 ,! notion ( a /rictly economic dem& = labor pure & simple seems 9 fact a concept ( acc\nt+4 ,to meet ! community's dem& = ! commodity a numb] ( produc]s 7 requir$4 ,! lea/ capable ( ^! c\ld make bo? ends meet at ! prevail+ price only by ignor+ all b ! sev]ely imp]sonal aspects ( ! process4 ,tak+ ^! co/s z a base1 o!r m capable or m =tunate produc]s may h be5 able to make additional exp5ditures ( ! sort 9 "q1 *>g+ ^! p]haps to welf>e acc\nt4 ,! law !n int]v5es1 mak+ labor 9 effect m exp5sive = all by requir+ ! sup]ior conv5i5ces or by compell+ employ]s' insurance aga9/ accid5ts to workm5 or by en=c+ outright a high] m9imum wage4 ,! old basic labor co/ becomes ?us obsolete4 ,& )\t prejudg+ z to ! exp$i5cy ( su* legislation 9 p>ticul> indu/rial or bus9ess situations may we n prote/ aga9/ a priori & :olesale condemnation ( su* legislation z m]ely irresponsibly e?ical & unsci5tific8 ,is x n1 r1 economically exp]im5tal & con/ructive1 am\nt+ 9 sub/ance to a simple insi/5ce t h5ce=? ! hir+ & pay+ ( labor %all express a wid] range ( social int]e/s--%all signalize a m cle>ly self-validat+ level ( compreh5sion1 on ! "p ( employ]s & consum]s1 ( ! social significance ( indu/ry ?an ! old8 ,& may we n prote/ also1 z a matt] ( %e] logic1 aga9/ c>ry+ ov] a produc]'s di/9ction ( acc\nt+ betwe5 labor co/ & welf>e co/ into ! consum]'s valuation ( ! article8 ,h[ & to :at end %all a di/9ction be drawn betwe5 8 e/eem = ! trimm$ & isolat$ article & 8 e/eem = ! m5 :o made x--:i*1 tak5 toge!r1 dispose him to pay a c]ta9 undivid$ price = x8 ,= ! egoism ( m5 is no fix$ & unalt]able fact4 ,tak+ x z a po/ulate1 a ma!matical !ory ( m>ket ph5om5a may be erect$ ^u x1 b su* a po/ulate is purely =mal1 tak+ no note ( ! reasons :i* at any giv5 "t lie beh9d ! individuals' dem& or supply s*$ules4 ,x am\nts simply to an assumption t ^! s*$ules w n *ange dur+ ! lapse ( "t contemplat$ 9 ! problem 9 h&4 ,& x !re=e _c s]ve z ! basis = a social sci5ce4 ,z an actual social ph5om5on egoism is m]ely a disclosure ( a c]ta9 pres5t n>r[ness & in]tness 9 ! nature ( ! individual :i* may or may n be def9itive = him4 ,x is precisely on a p> ) anemia1 dyspepsia or fatigue1 or any o!r l unhappy fact ( p]sonal biography4 ,sec4 #af4 ,!re is ano!r sugge/ion ( e?ical & economic cont9uity t may be briefly indicat$4 ,if our view ( ?is relation is correct1 a problem1 by becom+ economic1 may lose some?+ 9 dramatic int]e/ & gr&iosity b ga9s 9 precision & complexity4 ,9 ! economic phase an issue becomes s5sibly crucial4 ,x is 9 ?is phase t are *iefly develop$ ^? qualities ( cle>-head$ness1 temp]at5ess ( ?\ght & action1 & well-f\nd$ self-reliance t are ! f\ndation ( all g5u9e p]sonal morality & social effectiv5ess4 ,& "o may "q !re=e ! e?ical consequ5ces ( su* measures z old age1 sickness1 & indu/rial accid5t insurance or insurance aga9/ unemploym5t4 ,9 proportion z ^! measures are effective !y am\nt to a con/ant virtual addition to ! individual's income f ye> to ye> )\t correspond+ ef=t & =e?\ght on 8 "p4 ,!y may accord+ly be condemn$ z sy/ematic paup]ization--! end[m5t ( ! unfit4 ,!re is evid5tly a fundam5tal problem "h at issue1 ap>t f all adm9i/rative difficulties4 ,cle>ly ?is type ( criticism assumes a p]man5t incapacity 9 human nature or 9 mo/ actual be+s !re) end[$1 to recognize z s]i\sly important o!r int]e/s ?an ^? ^u :i* h+e physical life & dea?4 ,! ord9>y man1 x is believ$1 is held back f moral ,quixotism z f mat]ial extravagance by ! fe> ( />vation alone2 & x is assum$ t !re are no o!r int]e/s 9 ! normal man t c or ev] w be s :olesomely effective to ^! ends4 ,& two rem>ks 9 answ] appe> n )\t a measure ( p]t95ce4 ,fir/1 if :at is alleg$ be true 7& !re is evid5ce 9 ,mal?us' ,essay & else:]e to support x7 x seems less a pro( ( orig9al s9 & inp]fectibility ?an a reproa* to a social ord] ^: collective t5or & in/itutions leave ! mass unt\*$ & unawak5$ above ! level ( animal reproduction & ^: inequalities ( opportunity prev5t awak5$ life f gr[+ /rong4 ,& second1 ! democratic society ( ! future1 if x exempts ! individual 9 "p or :olly f ! dread ( premature physical ext9ction mu/ leave him on high] levels ( int]e/ simil>ly dep5d5t = success or failure ^u 8 ultimate p]sonal discretion4 ,& is x inconceivable t on high] levels !re %\ld ev] g5u9ely be su* a p]si/+ type ( issue = ! multitude ( m58#eh ,sec4 #ag4 ,we h held con/ructive comp>ison 9 its economic phase to be a reciprocal evaluat+ ( ! sali5t memb]s ( two budgets4 ,! respective budgets 9 su* a case express 9 ! outcome 7#a7 ! plane ( life to :i* "o is to move & 7#b7 ! plane "o is =sak+4 ,x 0 ! sali5t memb] ( ! =m] t pres5t$ ! problem at ! outset4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! process its associates 7 ga!r$ ab\t x 9 _! due proportions & p]spective4 ,! sali5t memb] ( ! latt] 7i4e41 :atev] ! pur*ase is to oblige "o to d )\t71 x 0 ! bus9ess ( con/ructive comp>ison to s+le out f among its associates & designate = sacrifice4 ,9 any case at all dep>t+ f ! type ( sub/itution pure & simple1 ! commodities sacrific$ w come to h a c]ta9 value 9 ex*ange t cle>ly is a new fact1 a new judgm5t1 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is value 9 ex*ange1 ?is subjective or p]sonal ex*ange value1 may fitt+ly be t]m$ a value = transition4 ,! transition once made1 ! ex*ange once conclud$1 ,i %all deem ! motor-c>1 = example1 t ,i h n b\ght to replace "o us$-up1 to be wor? less ?an ! piano ,i h b\ght in/ead4 ,?is inde$ 79 no disp>ag+ s5se7 is a tautology4 ,b does ?is less] relative value equal or exce$ or fall %ort ( ! value ! c> w\ld h _h if no "q ( a piano _h be5 rais$ at all & ,i _h b\ght x 9 replacem5t ( ! old "o z a matt] ( c\rse8 ,h[ c "o say8 ,! "q seems unmean+1 = ! levels ( value ref]r$ to are diff]5t & discont9u\s & ! magnitudes belong to diff]5t ord]s4 ,9 a ^w1 because a value = transition m>ks a resolve & succ9ctly describes an act1 x _c be brok5 9 two & express$ z an equat+ ( two magnitudes indep5d5tly def9able ap>t f ! relation4 ,! motor-c> _h its value z a memb] ( ! old sy/em--! piano has its value z a memb] ( ! new4 ,! piano is wor? m ?an ! c>2 ! c> is wor? less ?an ! piano--^! are ! prospective & retrospective views across a gulf t sep>ates two speci\s pres5ts1 n judgm5ts ( /atic inequality 9 t]ms ( a common measure4 ,is value1 !n1 absolute or relative8 ,is value or price ! prior notion8 ,0 ! classical ,engli% economics sup]ficial 9 its pr$ilection = ! relative conception ( value8 ,or is ! reign+ ,au/rian economics pr(\nd 9 its reliance ^u m>g9al utility8 ,by way ( answ] let u ask--,:at 9 our _w c be m absolute a fact ?an a man's transition f "o level ( exp]i5ce & action to ano!r8 ,c ! flight ( "t be /ay$ or turn$ backw>d8 ,& if n c ! acts by ^: intr9sic uniqu5ess & successiv5ess "t becomes fill$ = me & by :i* ,i feel "t's s5sible passage z swift or sl[1 lose _! individuality8 ,b x is n by a m]e empiric temporalism alone t ! suffici5t absolut5ess ( ! pres5t act is atte/$4 ,my transition f phase to phase ( f9itude is a ?+ s absolute t ,idealism itself has deem$ an ,absolute indisp5sable to assure its safe & sane a*ievem5t4 ,& ) all ,idealism's di/ru/ ( imm$iate exp]i5ce = e evid5tial use1 ! ,ideali/ does n scruple to cite ! high] obvi\sness ( p]sonal ef=t1 atta9m5t1 & fruition z ! be/ ( evid5ce = 8 mo/ mom5t\s tru? ( all4#ei ,& accord+ly 79 %>p desc5t7 we ne$ n hesitate to reg>d value 9 ex*ange z a prim>y fact 9 its own "r1 /&+ 9 no ne$ ( resolution into m>g9al pseudo-absolutes4 ,a price agre$ to & paid m>ks a real transition to ano!r level4 ,!re are bo? m>g9al valuation & ,w]?altung on ?is level1 b !y are subord9ate incid5ts to ?is level's mapp+ & ! cons]vation ( its res\rces4 ,on ?is level e m>g9al utility is relative1 z we h se51 to e o!r ?r\gh _! common relation to ! complex plan ( organization z a :ole4#fj ,sec4 #ah4 ,9 conclusion "o m "q closely relat$ to ! =ego+ may be briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,we h held t ! individual's attitude t[>d a commodity is 9 ! fir/ in/ance "o ( putt+ a price-e/imate ^u x & only second>ily t ( hold+ x 9 a provisionally settl$ m>g9al e/eem4 ,if ?is pr9ciple ( ! priority ( price-e/imation or ex*ange value is true1 x seems evid5t t !re c be no l9e ( dem>cation drawn 7except = d\btfully exp$i5t p$agogical purposes7 betwe5 7#a7 ,subjective valuations ) :i* individuals are conceiv$ to come to a m>ket & 7#b7 a me*anical equilibration ( dem& & supply :i* x is ! di/9ctive & sole function ( m>ket conc\rse to effect4 ,9 su* a view ! m>ket process 9 /rict logic mu/ be timeless z x is spaceless2 a sup]position ( ! two curves is effect$ & !y are se5 to cross 9 a common po9t :i* _! %apes geometrically pr$et]m9e4 ,discussion1 9 any prop] s5se1 c be no inh]5t "p ( a m>ket process ?us conceiv$4 ,once 9 ! m>ket1 buy]s & sell]s c only decl>e _! subjective ex*ange valuations ( ! commodity & await ! outcome ) a dispassionate c]ta9ty t :oev] may ga9 by ex*ang+ at ! price to be det]m9$1 ^? :o _c ex*ange w at all ev5ts n lose4 ,b consid]$ z a typical lik5ess ( m5 :o h se5 a ?+ !y want & are seek+ to possess x1 ?is picture ( m+l$ hope & resignation is n conv9c+4 ,mo/ actual (f]+ ( goods = sale t "o obs]ves sugge/s less ! dispassionate mann] ( ! physiologi/ or psy*ologi/ tak+ ! measure ( 8 subject's reactions1 s5sibilities1 & pref]5ces ?an ! m ma/]ful proc$ure ( ! physician or ! hypnoti/ :o seeks to uproot or modify or recon/ruct !m4 ,?is is ! process kn[n 9 economic writ+ s9ce ,adam ,smi? z ! higgl+ & b>ga9+ ( ! m>ket4 ,9 fact1 ! individual's ante-m>ket valuation1 :5 !re tempor>ily is "o1 is an ex*ange valuation ( ! con/ructive or exp]im5tal & !re=e 79 any significant s5se ( ! ^w7 p]fectly objective type1 & ! m>ket process into :i* ?is ent]s is only a p]fectly homog5e\s temporal cont9uation ( x t c>ries ! individual =w>d to decisive action4 ,!re is no m reason = a sep>ation "h ?an = sund]+ ! ante-exp]im5tal sket*+ out ( an hypo!sis 9 any bran* ( rese>* f ! "w ( putt+ ! hypo!sis to exp]im5tal te/4 ,! results ( exp]im5t may s]ve 9 a m>k$ way 9 bo? sorts ( process to elucidate or recon/ruct ! hypo!sis4 ,! higgl+ & b>ga9+ ( ! m>ket has be5 accord$ b scant att5tion by economi/s4 ,x has app>5tly be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( irrelevance--a com$y "p1 at be/1 9 ! s]i\s drama ( indu/ry & trade1 nev] = a mom5t h9d]+ ! significant movem5t & outcome ( ! major action4 ,z if to excuse ! incompet5ce ( ?is treatm5t 7or z ano!r phase ( x7 !ory has t5d$ to lay /ress ^u1 & mildly to deplore1 c]ta9 ( ! less amiable & engag+ aspects ( ! process4 ,! v t]m inde$ z us$ by ,adam ,smi?1 import$ a c]ta9 ae/hetic dise/eem1 albeit temp]$ ) indulg5t approbation on o!r gr\nds4 ,9 ,boehm-,baw]k's m mod]n acc\nt ?is approbation has giv5 place to a neutral tol]ance4 ,a c]ta9 buy]1 he says 79 8 discussion ( simple isolat$ ex*ange71 w give z mu* z ?irty p\nds = a horse2 ! horse's own] w take z little z t5 p\nds--^! are pr$et]m9$ & fix$ valuations br\ght to ! ex*ange negotiations & no?+ t happ5s 9 ! game ( wits is conceiv$ to modify !m4 ,! price w !n be fix$ some:]e betwe5 ^! limits4 ,b h[8 ,"h 444 we read1 is room = any am\nt ( 'higgl+4' ,accord+ z 9 ! conduct ( ! transaction ! buy] or ! sell] %[s ! great] dext]ity1 cunn+1 ob/9acy1 p[]-(-p]suasion1 or su* l1 w ! price be =c$ ei!r to its l[] or to its upp] limit4#fa ,b ! higgl+ _c t\* ! und]ly+ attitudes4 ,ev5 p[] ( p]suasion is only "o "p ( skill 9 b>ga9+1 ) all ! re/ & l all ! re/2 if x 7 m ?an ?is !re w\ld be = ,boehm-,baw]k no !oretically gr\nd$ price limits to def9e ! range ( accid5tal settlem5t & ! :ole explanation1 z a !ory ( price1 w\ld r$uce to nullity4#fb ,) ?is1 !n1 appe>s to fall away all gr\nd = a "o-sid$1 or ev5 a %>ply two-sid$1 conception ( ! process ( fixation ( m>ket-values4 ,a m>g9al utility !ory & a co/ ( production !ory ( m>ket price alike assume t ! factor *os5 z ! ultimate det]m9ant is a fix$ fact def9$ by conditions :i* ! actual spatial & temporal meet+-toge!r ( buy]s & sell]s 9 ! m>ket _c affect4 ,9 ?is logical s5se1 ! *os5 det]m9ant is 9 ea* case an ante-m>ket or extra-m>ket fact & ! same is true ( ! blades ( ,m>%all's fam\s pair ( scissors4 ,! price ( a c]ta9 article let u say is #e4 ,accord+ to ! curr5t type ( analysis ?is is ! price because1 int5d+ buy]s' & sell]s' valuations ( ! article be+ j :at !y are1 x is at ?is figure t ! l>ge/ numb] ( ex*anges c occur4 ,7 ! price high] !re w\ld be m p]sons will+ to sell ?an to buy2 7 x l[] !re w\ld be m p]sons will+ to buy ?an to sell4 ,at #e no buy] or sell] :o means :at he says ab\t 8 valuation :5 he ent]s ! m>ket goes away disappo9t$ or dissatisfi$4 ,) ?is price e/abli%$ all sell]s ^: co/s ( production prev5t _! con=m+ to x mu/ drop out ( ! m>ket2 s mu/ all buy]s ^: desire = ! article does n w>rant _! pay+ s mu*4 ,m fundam5tally !n1 ,:y is #e ! price8 ,is x because int5d+ buy]s & ! m>g9al buy] 9 p>ticul> d n desire ! article m /rongly8 ,or is x because conditions ( production1 all ?+s consid]$1 d n p]mit a l[] m>g9al unit co/8 ,! argum5t might seem hopeless4 ,b ! advantage is claim$ = ! pr9ciple ( dem&4 ,)\t dem& aris+ out ( desires expressive ( wants !re w\ld simply be no value1 no production1 & no price4 ,dem& evokes production & sanctions co/4 ,b co/ exp5d$ c give no value to a product t no "o wants4 ,does x foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! co/ ( a commodity 9 :i* on its g5]al m]its ,i h come to take a hypo!tical int]e/ c 9 no wise affect my actual price-(f] = x8 ,c x contribute no?+ to ! precis] def9ition ( my int]e/ :i* is ev5tually to be express$ 9 a price (f]8 ,if ! answ] is ,no1 = h[ c ?is ext]nal fact affect ! /r5g? ( y\r desire = ! object8--!n ! reason giv5 begs ! "q at issue4 ,is my int]e/ 9 ! object an int]e/ 9 ! object alone8 ,& is ! co/ ( ! object a fact = me ext]nal & indiff]5t8 ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 n uncommon to be assur$ t an article _c be produc$ = less1 t "o or ano!r ( its elem5ts ( co/ is high] ?an w\ld be natural to suppose4 ,n always sci5tifically accurate1 su* assurances express an evid5t confid5ce t !y w n be )\t effect ^u a hesitant b fair-m9d$ pur*as]4 ,& 9 o!r ways z well1 ! position ( sell]s 9 ! m>ket is n s def5seless z a /rict utility !ory ( price conceives--ap>t f ! /&po9t ( an ab/ract normality t c nev] contrive to get itself realiz$ 9 empirical fact4#fc ,x is true t1 9 g5]al1 "o t5ds to pur*ase an article ( a giv5 famili> k9d :]e its price1 all ?+s consid]$1 is l[e/4 ,9 consequ5ce ! less capable produc]s or sell]s mu/ g to ! wall4 ,b ! fact seems ma9ly regulative & ( subord9ate importance4 ,is x equally c]ta9 t z betwe5 bran*es ( exp5diture1 su* z clo?+1 food1 & %elt]1 *ildr51 books1 & social int]c\rse1 ! %>es ( income we exp5d ^u !m or ! m>g9al prices we are cont5t to pay express ! orig9al /r5g? ( sep>ate & unmodifi$ extra-m>ket int]e/s8 ,on ! contr>y we h paid 9 ! pa/ :at we h _h to pay1 :at we h deem$ j & reasonable1 :at we h be5 will+ exp]im5tally to haz>d ^u ! possibility ( ! outlay's prov+ to h be5 wor? :ile4 ,9 ^! twilight-zones ( indet]m9ation1 co/ z well z o!r factors ( supply h _h _! opportunity4 ,%all we nev]!less insi/ t our dem&s are ideally fix$1 ev5 ?\gh 9 fallible human fact !y are m or less indi/9ct1 yield+ & modifiable8 ,on ! contr>y !y are 9 pr9ciple & = ! mo/ "p indet]m9ate & expectant ( sugge/$ exp]im5tal %ap+ f ! supply side ( ! m>ket4 ,x is less 9 !ory ?an 9 fact t !y h a salut>y t5d5cy 7none too dep5dable7 t[>d rigidity4 ,,conclusion ,sec4 #ai4 ,! argum5t may n[ be summ>ily review$4 ,i4 ,h[ are we to und]/& ! acquisition1 by an individual1 ( :at are call$ new economic ne$s & int]e/s8 ,except by a fairly obvi\s fallacy ( retrospection we _c reg>d ?is ph5om5on z a m]e ar\sal ( s-call$ lat5t or implicit desires4 ,new products & new means ( production af=d satisfactions & br+ ab\t objective results :i* are unimag9able & !re=e unpr$ictable1 9 any descriptive fa%ion1 9 advance4 ,9 a reali/ic or empirical view ( ! matt]1 ^! con/itute g5u9ely new developm5ts ( p]sonality & ( social function1 n m]e unfold+s ( a pre=m$ logical or vital sy/em4 ,human nature is modifiable & economic *oice & action are factors 9 ?is indivisible process 7,sec4,sec4 #b-d74 ,n[ logically x w\ld seem cle> t unless a new commodity is an object ( desire x w n be made or paid =4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) equal logic1 a new commodity1 x w\ld seem1 _c be an object ( desire because all desire mu/ be = :at we already "k4 ,we seem confront$ ) a complete impasse 7,sec4 #e74 ,b ! impasse is conceptual only4 ,we h simply to ackn[l$ge ! pat5t fact ( our recognition ( ! new z novel & our int]e/ 9 ! new 9 its out/&+ "* ( novelty4 ,we ne$ only express & int]pret ?is fact1 in/ead ( fancy+ ourselves b\nd to expla9 x away4 ,x is an int]e/ n less g5u9e & significant 9 economic exp]i5ce ?an else:]e 7,sec4,sec4 #f1 #g74 ,its importance lies 9 ! fact t x obliges u to reg>d :at is call$ economic *oice n z a balanc+ ( utilities1 m>g9al or o!rwise1 b z a process ( con/ructive comp>ison4 ,! new commodity & its pur*ase price are 9 reality symbols = alt]natively possible sy/ems ( life & action4 ,c ! old be rel9qui%$ = ! new8 ,be=e ?is "q is answ]$ ea* sy/em may be criticiz$ & int]pret$ f ! /&po9t ( ! o!r1 ea* may be supplem5t$ by sugge/ion1 by dictate ( tradition & by impulsive prompt+1 by inf]5ce1 & by conjecture4 ,f9ally 9 exp]im5tal fa%ion an election mu/ be made4 ,! sy/em z accept$ may or may n be1 9 t]ms1 id5tical ) "o ( ! initial alt]natives2 x c nev] be id5tical 9 full mean+ & p]spective ) ei!r "o4 ,& 9 ! end we h n *os5 ! new because its value1 z se5 be=eh&1 measur$ m ?an ! value ( ! old1 b we n[ decl>e ! old1 se5 9 retrospect1 to h be5 wor? less 7,sec4,sec4 #h-ab74 ,!re are app>5tly no valid objections to ?is view to be drawn f ! curr5t logical type ( m>g9al-utility analysis 7,sec4 #ac74 ,,ii4 ,because s-call$ economic *oice is 9 reality con/ructive comp>ison x mu/ be reg>d$ z ess5tially e?ical 9 import4 ,e?ics & economic !ory1 in/ead ( deal+ ) sep>ate problems ( conduct1 deal ) di/+ui%able b insep>able /ages belong+ to ! complete analysis ( mo/1 if n all1 problems 7,sec4 #ad74 ,?is view sugge/s1 7a7 t no reasons 9 exp]i5ce or 9 logic exi/ = id5tify+ ! economic int]e/ ) an attitude ( exclusive or p>ticul>i/ic egoism 7,sec4 #ae71 & 7b7 t social re=m]s are ju/ifi$ 9 _! assumption ( a c]ta9 p]fectibility 9 human nature--a con/ructive responsiv5ess in/ead ( an ins5sate & /ubborn in]tia 7,sec4 #af74 ,aga91 9 ! process ( con/ructive comp>ison 9 its economic phase1 ,price or ,ex*ange ,value is1 9 app>5t accord ) ! ,engli% classical tradition1 ! fundam5tal work+ conception4 ,value z absolute is ess5tially a subord9ate & cons]vative conception1 belong+ to a /atus ( sy/em & r\t9e1 & is absolute 9 a purely functional s5se 7,sec4 #ag74 ,& f9ally con/ructive comp>ison1 ) price or ex*ange value z its dom9ant conception1 is cle>ly no?+ if n a m>ket process4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 !n1 !re c be no su* ante-m>ket def9it5ess & rigidity ( dem& s*$ules z a /rictly m>g9al-utility !ory ( m>ket prices logically mu/ require 7,sec4 #ah74 ,sec4 #bj4 ,9 at lea/ two respects ! argum5t falls %ort ( :at might be desir$4 ,no acc\nt is giv5 ( ! actual proc$ure ( con/ructive comp>ison & no?+ l a complete survey ( ! lead+ ideas & problems ( economic !ory is und]tak5 by way ( v]ification4 ,b to h suppli$ ! =m] 9 any satisfactory way w\ld h requir$ an unduly ext5d$ discussion ( ! m g5]al1 or e?ical1 phases ( con/ructive comp>ison4 ,! o!r defici5cy is less regrettable1 s9ce ! task 9 "q is "o t c\ld only be hopefully und]tak5 & conv9c+ly c>ri$ ?r\gh by a pr(essional economi/4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 x is p]haps en\gh to h f\nd 9 our economic exp]i5ce & behavior ! same int]e/ 9 novelty t is s manife/ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( life1 & ! same atta9m5t ( new self-validat+ levels ( p[] & int]e/1 ?r\gh ! acquisition & exploitation ( ! novel4 ,9 our economic exp]i5ce1 no m ?an else:]e1 is satisfaction an ultimate & self-explanatory t]m4 ,satisfaction c>ries ) x always a ref]5ce to ! level ( p[] & int]e/ t makes x possible & on :i* x mu/ be measur$4 ,to seek satisfaction = its own sake or to h+e "o's int]e/ 9 sci5ce or art ^u _! ability to s]ve ! palpable ne$s ( ! pres5t mom5t--^!1 toge!r1 make up ! mean+ ( :at is call$ ,utilit>ianism4 ,& ,utilit>ianism 9 ?is s5se 7:i* is f> less :at ,mill meant by ! t]m ?an a tradition he c\ld nev]1 ) all 8 /riv+1 q get free (71 ?is type ( ,utilit>ianism spells r\t9e4 ,x is ! surr5d] ( initiative & control1 9 ! que/ = ends 9 life1 = a phili/9e pleas$ acceptance ( ! ends t ,nature1 assi/$ by ! adv]tisem5t-writ]s1 sets be=e u4 ,b ?is type ( ,utilit>ianism is less frequ5t 9 actual occurr5ce ?an its vogue 9 popul> lit]ature & else:]e may appe> to indicate4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we m (t5 look to satisfaction1 n z an end ( ef=t or a condition to be pres]v$1 b z ! evid5ce t an exp]im5tal v5ture has be5 ju/ifi$ 9 its ev5t4 ,& ?is is a widely diff]5t matt]1 = 9 ?is !re is no inh]5t implication ( a habit-b\nd or egoi/ic n>r[ness ( int]e/ 9 ! conceiv+ or ! laun*+ ( ! v5ture4 ,! economic int]e/1 z a function ( intellig5ce1 f9ds its prop] expression 9 a valuation set ^u "o ?+ 9 t]ms ( ano!r--a valuation t is ei!r a /ep 9 a settl$ plan ( sp5d+ & consumption or m>ks ! pass+ ( an old plan & our emb>kation on a new4 ,f su* a view x mu/ foll[ t ! economic bett]m5t ( an individual or a society c consi/ nei!r 9 ! accumulation ( mat]ial weal? alone nor 9 a m div]sifi$ te*nical k & skill4 ,= ! individual or = a collectivi/ /ate !re mu/ be add$ to ^! ?+s al]tness & imag9ation 9 ! p]sonal que/ & discov]y ( values & a broad & critical intellig5ce 9 mak+ ! actual trial ( !m4 ,)\t a comm5surate ga9 9 ^! qualities x w avail little to make te*nical tra9+ & indu/rial opportunity m free or ev5 to make ! rew>ds ( ef=t m equitable & secure4 ,b x has be5 "o ( ! purposes ( ?is discussion to sugge/ t j ?is gr[? 9 outlook & intellig5ce may 9 ! long run be c\nt$ on--n inde$ z a direct & simple consequ5ce ( increas+ mat]ial abundance b z an expression ( an inh]5t creativ5ess 9 man t responds to discipl9e & education & w n fail to recognize ! opportunity x seeks4 ,real economic progress is e?ical 9 aim & outcome4 ,we _c ?9k ( ! economic int]e/ z re/rict$ 9 its ex]cise to a c]ta9 sph]e or level ( ef=t--su* z ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life or ! ga9+ ( a livelihood or ! satisfaction ( our s-call$ mat]ial wants1 or ! pursuit ( an enlight5$1 or an un5light5$1 self-reg>d4 ,economics has no special relation to mat]ial or ev5 to commonplace ends4 ,its mat]ialism lies n 9 its aim & t5d5cy b 9 its problem & me?od4 ,x has no bias t[>d a l[] ord] ( mundane values4 ,x only takes note ( ! ways & degrees ( dep5d5ce ^u mundane res\rces & conditions t values ( e ord] mu/ ackn[l$ge4 ,x rem9ds u t morality & culture1 if !y are g5u9e1 mu/ "k n only :at !y int5d b :at !y co/4 ,!y mu/ und]/& n only ! direct b ! indirect & accid5tal be>+ ( _! purposes ^u all ( our int]e/s1 private & social1 t !y are likely to affect4 ,! deta*m5t ( ! economic int]e/ f any p>ticul> level or class ( values is only ! obv]se aspect ( ! special k9d ( conc]n x has ) values ( e sort4 ,! v g5]ality ( ! economic int]e/1 & ! ab/ractness ( ! ideas by :i* x ma9ta9s r\t9e or safegu>ds *ange 9 our exp]i5ce1 are :at make x unmi/akably e?ical4 ,)\t specific ends ( its own1 x af=ds no gr\nd = dogmatism or apologetics4 ,& ?is indicates z ! appropriate task ( economic !ory n ! arre/ & ?w>t+ b ! /eady+ & %ap+ ( social *ange4 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,values ,,& ,,/&>ds#fd ,,james ,,hayd5 ,,tufts ,writ+ ab\t e?ics has t5d$ to take "o ( two directions4 ,on ! "o h& we h description ( conduct 9 t]ms ( psy*ology1 or an?ropology4 ,on ! o!r a /udy ( ! concepts "r & wrong1 good & bad1 duty & fre$om4 ,if we foll[ ! fir/ l9e we may attempt to expla9 conduct psy*ologically by %[+ ! simple ideas or feel+s & ! causal connections or laws ( habit & association out ( :i* actions arise4 ,or an?ropologically we may %[ ! successive /ages ( cu/om & taboo1 or ! family1 religi\s1 political1 legal1 & social in/itutions f :i* morality has em]g$4 ,b we meet at once a difficulty if we ask :at is ! be>+ ( ?is description & analysis4 ,w x aid me 9 ! practical judgm5t ,:at %all ,i d8 ,9 physics !re is no correspond+ difficulty4 ,to analyze gravity enables u to compute an orbit1 or aim a gun2 to analyze electric action is to h ! basis = light+ /reets & c>ry+ messages4 ,x assumes ! uni=mity ( nature & takes no responsibility z to :e!r we %all aim guns or :e!r our messages %all be ( w> or ( peace4 ,:]eas 9 e?ics x is claim$ t ! elem5ts are s *ang$ by _! comb9ation--t ! process is s ess5tial a factor--t no pr$iction is c]ta94 ,& x is also claim$ t ! ends !mselves are p]haps to be *ang$ z well z ! means4 ,/at$ o!rwise1 suppose t mank9d has pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages1 c m]e obs]vation ( ^! tell me :at next8 ,p]haps ,i don't c>e to repeat ! pa/2 h[ c ,i plan = a bett] future8 ,or grant t ,i may discov] in/9ct & emotion1 habit & association 9 my ?9k+ & will+1 h[ w ?is guide me to direct my ?9k+ & will+ to "r ends8 ,! second me?od has t5d$ to exam9e concepts4 ,good is an et]nal1 *angeless patt]n2 x is to be discov]$ by a vision2 or "r & good are b o!r t]ms = nature's or reason's univ]sal laws :i* are timeless & :olly unaffect$ by human desires or passions2 moral nature is s\l1 & s\l is creat$ n built up ( elem5ts1--su* 7 "s ( ! old] absolutisms4 ,"r & good are unique concepts n to be resolv$ or expla9$ 9 t]ms ( any?+ else1--?is is a m mod]n !sis :i* on ! face ( x may appe> to disc\rage analysis4 ,! e?ical _w is a _w ( et]nal values4 ,philosophy by tak+ "p 9 empirical que/ions s9ks bo? itself & !m4 ,^! doctr9es br+ high claims1 b are !y m valuable = human guidance ?an ! empirical me?od8#fe ,! k t is sup]human only is ridicul\s 9 man4 ,no man c ev] f9d 8 way home ) ! pure circle unless he has also ! art ( ! impure4 ,x is ! conviction ( ?is pap] t 9 e?ics1 z 9 k1 ?\ghts )\t cont5ts are empty2 p]cepts )\t concepts are bl9d4 ,description ( :at has be5--empiricism--is futile 9 itself to project & criticize4 ,intuitions & d$uctions a priori are empty4 ,! ?\ghts ( e?ics are ( c\rse ! t]ms "r1 good1 ought1 wor?1 & _! k94 ,! p]cepts are ! in/9cts & emotions1 ! desires & aspirations1 ! conditions ( "t & place1 ( nature1 & in/itutions4 ,yet x is mislead+ to say t 9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( morals we are m]ely empirici/s1 & c hope to f9d no crit]ion4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if we 7 /udy+ non-moral be+s4 ,b moral be+s h to "s degree guid$ life by judgm5ts & n m]ely foll[$ impulse or habit4 ,e>ly judgm5ts z to taboos1 cu/oms1 & conduct may be crude & 9 ne$ ( correction2 !y are none ! less judgm5ts4 ,ov] & ov] we f9d !m re%ap$ to meet *ange f hunt+ to agriculture1 f want to pl5ty1 f w> to peace1 f small to l>ge gr\p+s4 ,mu* m cle>ly :5 we consid] civiliz$ peoples1 ! int]action betwe5 reflection & impulse becomes pat5t4 ,to /udy ?is int]action c be reg>d$ z futile = ! future only if we discr$it all pa/ moral a*ievem5t4 ,^? writ]s :o h bas$ _! e?ics ^u concepts h frequ5tly express$ ! conviction t ! security ( morality dep5ds ^u ! "q :e!r good & "r are absolute & et]nal ess5ces indep5d5t ( human op9ion or volition4 ,a diff]5t s\rce ( /&>ds :i* to "s (f]s m promise = ! future is ! fact ( ! moral life z a con/ant process ( =m+ & re%ap+ ideals & ( br++ ^! to be> ^u conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,to con/ruct a "r & good is at lea/ a process t5d+ to responsibility1 if ?is con/ruction is to be = ! real _w 9 :i* we mu/ live & n m]ely = a _w ( fancy or caprice4 ,x is n ! aim ( ?is pap] to give a compreh5sive outl9e ( e?ical me?od4 ,f\r factors 9 ! moral life w be po9t$ out & ?is analysis w be us$ to emphasize especially c]ta9 social & con/ructive aspects ( our concepts ( "r & good4 ,i ,! f\r factors :i* x is propos$ to emphasize are ^!3 7#a7 ,life z a biological process involv+ relation to nature1 ) all t ?is signifies 9 ! equipm5t ( in/9cts1 emotions1 & selective activity by :i* life ma9ta9s itself4 7#b7 ,int]relation ) o!r human be+s1 includ+ on ! "o h& associat+1 gr\p+1 mat+1 communicat+1 cooep]at+1 comm&+1 obey+1 wor%ip+1 adjudicat+1 & on ! psy*ological side ! v>i\s in/9cts1 emotions1 susceptibilities to p]sonal /imulation & appropriate responses 9 language & behavior :i* und]lie or are evok$ by ! life 9 common4 7#c7 ,intellig5ce & reason1 ?r\gh :i* exp]i5ce is int]relat$1 view$ z a :ole1 enl>g$ 9 imag9ation4 7#d7 ,! process ( judgm5t & *oice1 9 :i* diff]5t elem5ts are br\ght toge!r1 consid]$ 9 "o consci\s univ]se1 evaluat$ or measur$1 !reby giv+ rise reciprocally to a self on ! "o h& & to approv$ or *os5 objects on ! o!r4 7#a7 ,life4 ,life is at lea/ ! raw mat]ial ( all values1 ev5 if x is n 9 itself entitl$ to be call$ good )\t qualification4 ,= 9 ! process ( n\ri%+ & protect+ itself1 ! plant or animal selects & 9 ! case ( high] animals1 manipulates2 x adapts itself to nature & adapts nature to itself2 x %[s reciprocal relation ( means to end1 ( :ole to "p4 ,x =e%ad[s ! consci\s processes 9 s _m ways t m5 h always be5 try+ to read back "s degree ( consci\sness4 ,& life 9 ! animal1 at lea/1 is reg>d$ z hav+ exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa91 & emotions ( fe>1 ang]1 %ame1 & sex1 :i* are an insep>able aspect ( values4 ,if x is n ! supreme or only good1 if m5 freely sacrifice x = o!r ends1 x is none ! less an inevitable factor4 ,pessimi/ic !ories inde$ h cont5d$ t life is evil & h s\ght to place good 9 a w-less ,nirvana4 ,yet su* !ories make limit$ appeal4 ,_! prote/ is ultimately n aga9/ life z life b aga9/ life z pa9ful4 ,& _! refutation is r to be intru/$ to ! con/ructive possibilities ( fre] life ?an to an analysis ( concepts4 ,ano!r class ( !ories :i* omit life f ! good is t :i* holds to ab/ractly ontological concepts ( good z an et]nal ess5ce or =m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( good 0 n m]ely a fix$ ess5ce4 ,x 0 also = ,plato ! self-mov+ & ! cause ( all motion4 ,& fur!r1 ,plato evid5tly believ$ t life1 ! v nature ( ! s\l1 0 itself 9 ! class ( supreme values along ) ,god & ! good4 ,! prize ( immortality 0 ,greek3 kalon & ! hope great4 ,& ) ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s ! good ( contemplation no less truly ?an ! good ( action _h elem5ts ( value d]iv$ f ! vital process4 ,su* a my/ic z ,sp9oza1 :o f9ds good 9 ! und]/&+ values ?is because 9 x man is active1 & w\ld unite himself ) ! ,all because 9 ,god is ,p[] & ,fre$om4 ,! ,hebrew prophet f\nd a ^w capable ( evok+ great e?ical values :5 he urg$ 8 c\ntrym5 to *oose life1 & ,*ri/ian tea*+ f\nd 9 ! conception ( et]nal life an ideal ( pr(\nd appeal4 ,x is n surpris+ t ) 8 biological int]e/s ,sp5c] %\ld h set up life ( greate/ l5g? & bread? z a goal4 ,! /ruggle ( ! pres5t w> emphasizes trem5d\sly two aspects ( ?is factor ( life4 ,national life is an ideal :i* gets its emotional back+ l>gely f ! imag]y ( our physical life4 ,= any "o ( ! small nations involv$ to give up its national life--:atev] ! possibilities ( bett] organiz$ indu/ry or m com=table mat]ial conditions--seems to x a desp]ate alt]native4 ,self-def5se is reg>d$ by ! v>i\s p[]s at w> z a complete ju/ification n m]ely = arm$ resi/ance or attack b = ru?less acts4 ,& if we are tempt$ to say t ! w> involves a prodigal wa/e ( individual life on a scale nev] kn[n be=e1 we are at ! same "t compell$ to recognize t nev] be=e has ! b>e de/ruction ( life ar\s$ su* horror4 ,= nev] be=e has peace set its =ces s det]m9$ly to protect life4 ,! span ( human life has be5 l5g!n$3 ! wa/efulness ( accid5t & disease has be5 magnifi$4 ,! dumb acquiesc5ce ) :i* =m] g5]ations accept$ ! dea? ( infants & *ildr5 & ^? 9 ! prime ( life has giv5 way to active & increas+ly successful ef=ts to pres]ve4 ,! enorm\s increase 9 sci5tific /udy ( biology1 includ+ eug5ics1 reflects n only an advance ( sci5ce b a tr5d 9 morality4 ,x is sc>cely conceivable t x %\ld gr[ less 9 absolute importance1 :atev] crises may tempor>ily cause its depreciation relatively to o!r values4 ,"o exception to ! gr[+ appreciation calls = notice--! int]e/ 9 immortality appe>s to be less r ?an great]4 ,! /rong belief 9 life beyond ! grave :i* s9ce ! days ( anci5t ,egypt has prevail$ 9 ! ma9 /ream ( ,we/]n culture seems n only to be affect$ by ! sci5tific temp] ( ! day1 b also to be subject to a %ift 9 int]e/4 ,?is may be 9 "p a reaction f o!r-worldl9ess4 ,9 "p x may be due to loss ( f]vor = a !ological picture ( a future heav5 ( a r monoton\s sort & may signify n s mu* loss ( int]e/ 9 life z desire = a m vital k9d ( cont9uance4 ,x is n true t all t a man ha? w he give = 8 life1 yet x is true t no valu+ process is intelligible t leaves out life ) its impulses1 emotions1 & desires z ! fir/ factor to be reckon$ )4 7#b7 ,! second factor is ! life 9 common1 ) its sy/em ( relations1 & its correspond+ in/9cts1 emotions1 & desires4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 9 rec5t ye>s on ! social nature ( man t x seems unnecess>y to elaborate ! obvi\s4 ,prote/ has ev5 be5 rais$ aga9/ ! exagg]ation ( ! social4 ,b ,i believe t 9 c]ta9 po9ts at lea/ we h n yet p5etrat$ to ! he>t ( ! social factor1 & its significance = morals4 ,s f> z ! moral aspect is conc]n$ ,i "k no?+ m significant ?an ! attitude ( ! ,common ,law z set =? by ,pr(essor ,p\nd4#ff ,?is has s\ght to base its sy/em ( duties on relations4 ,! relation :i* 0 prom95t 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 t ( l&lord & t5ant2 o!r relations are ^? ( pr9cipal & ag5t1 ( tru/ee1 etc4 ,an old] relation 0 t ( k9%ip4 ,! k9 0 held = ! w]geld2 ! goel mu/ av5ge 8 next ( k92 ! fa!r mu/ provide = prospective p>5ts-9-law2 ! *ild mu/ s]ve ! p>5ts4 ,duty 0 ! legal t]m = ! relation4 ,9 all ?is !re is no romanticism1 no exagg]ation ( ! social2 !re is a fair /atem5t ( ! facts :i* m5 h recogniz$ & act$ ^u ! _w ov] & 9 all times4 ,individuali/ic times or peoples h modifi$ c]ta9 phases4 ,! ,roman law s\ght to gr\nd _m ( its duties 9 ! contract1 ! w ( ! p>ties4 ,b cov5ants by no means exhau/ duties4 ,& accord+ to ,pr(essor ,p\nd ! :ole c\rse ( ,engli% & ,am]ican law today is bely+ ! g5]alization ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 t ! evolution ( law is a progress f /atus to contract4 ,we are %ap+ law ( insurance1 ( public s]vice companies1 n by contract b by ! relation ( insur] & insur$1 ( public utility & patron4 ,psy*ologically1 ! correlate ( ! sy/em ( relations is ! set ( in/9cts & emotions1 ( capacity = /imulation & response1 :i* presuppose society = _! ex]cise & 9 turn make society possible4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! reality & /r5g? ( ^! 9 bo? animals & m54 ,! be> w fight = h] "y m savagely ?an = h] life4 ,! human "m's ?\ghts c5t] f> m int5sely ^u h] (fspr+ ?an ^u h] own p]son4 ,! man :o is cut dead by all 8 acqua9tance suff]s m ?an he w\ld f hung] or physical fe>4 ,! passion ( sex frequ5tly ov]ma/]s e in/9ct ( individual prud5ce4 ,! majority ( m5 face pov]ty & live 9 want2 relatively few pref] physical com=t to family ties4 ,ari/otle's ,greek3 philia is ! (t5e/ quot$ recognition ( ! emotional basis ( common life1 b a /atem5t ( ,kant's e>li] ye>s is p>ticul>ly happy4 ,! po9t to :i* ! l9es ( direction ( our impulses conv]ge is ?us n only 9 ourselves1 b !re are besides p[]s mov+ u 9 ! w ( o!rs outside ( ourselves4 ,h5ce arise ! moral impulses :i* (t5 c>ry u away to ! discomfiture ( selfi%ness1 ! /rong law ( duty1 & ! weak] ( b5evol5ce4 ,bo? ( ^! wr+ f u _m a sacrifice1 & al?\gh selfi% incl9ations n[ & !n prepond]ate ov] bo?1 ^! /ill nev] fail to ass]t _! reality 9 human nature4 ,?us we recognize t 9 our mo/ secret motives1 we are dep5d5t ^u ! rule ( ! g5]al w4#fg ,! law ( duty1 & ,i believe we may add1 ! conception ( "r1 d arise objectively 9 ! social relations z ! common law assumes & subjectively 9 ! social in/9cts1 emotions1 & ! m intimate social consci\sness :i* _h n be5 work$ out 9 ! "t ( ,kant z x has be5 by rec5t au?ors4 ,?is po9t w receive fur!r treatm5t lat]1 b ,i desire to po9t out 9 anticipation t if "r & duty h _! orig9 9 ?is social factor !re is at lea/ a presumption aga9/ _! be+ subord9ate e?ically to ! conception ( good z we f9d !m 9 c]ta9 writ]s4 ,if !y h indep5d5t orig9 & are ! outgr[? ( a special aspect ( life x is at lea/ probable t !y are n to be subord9at$ to ! good unless ! v notion ( good is itself reciprocally modifi$ by "r 9 a way t is n usually recogniz$ 9 teleological sy/ems4 7#c7 ,intellig5ce & reason imply 7a7 consid]+ ! propos$ act or ! actually p]=m$ act z a :ole & 9 its relations4 ,especially !y mean consid]+ consequ5ces4 ,9 ord] to =esee consequ5ces !re is requir$ n only empirical obs]vation ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 n only d$uction f already =mulat$ concepts--z :5 we say t inju/ice w cause h>d feel+s & revolt--b t r>] quality :i* 9 ! pres5ce ( a situation disc]ns a mean+ n obvi\s1 sugge/s an idea1 inju/ice1 to int]pret ! situation4 ,situations are nei!r already label$ unju/1 nor are !y obvi\sly unju/ to ! ord9>y m9d4 ,analysis into elem5ts & re>rangem5t ( ! elem5ts into a new syn!sis are requir$4 ,?is is em95tly a syn!tic or creative activity4 ,fur!r x is evid5t t ! activity ( intellig5ce 9 consid]+ consequ5ces implies n only :at we call reason+ 9 ! n>r[] s5se b imag9ation & feel+4 ,= ! consequ5ces ( an act :i* are ( importance e?ically are consequ5ces :i* are n m]ely to be describ$ b are to be imag9$ s vividly z to be felt1 :e!r !y are consequ5ces t affect ourselves or affect o!rs4 7b7 ,b x w\ld be a v n>r[ intellig5ce t %\ld attempt to consid] only consequ5ces ( a s+le propos$ act )\t consid]+ also o!r possible acts & _! consequ5ces4 ,! second important *>act]i/ic ( intellig5ce is t x consid]s ei!r o!r means ( rea*+ a giv5 end1 or o!r ends1 & by work+ out ! consequ5ces ( ^! also has ! basis = delib]ation & *oice4 ,! me?od ( multiple work+ hypo!ses1 urg$ z highly important 9 sci5tific inve/igation1 is no less ess5tial 9 ! moral field4 ,to br+ sev]al ends into ! field ( consid]ation is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! intellig5t1 or z we (t5 say1 ! op5-m9d$ man4 ,su* consid]ation z ?is wid5s ! capacity ( ! ag5t & m>ks him (f f ! creature ( habit1 ( prejudice1 or ( in/9ct4 7c7 ,intellig5ce implies consid]+ 9 two s5ses all p]sons involv$1 t is1 x means tak+ into acc\nt n only h[ an act w affect o!rs b also h[ o!rs look at x4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ?is activity ( intellig5ce _c be cut (f f its roots 9 social int]c\rse4 ,x is by ! processes ( give & take1 ( /imulus & response1 9 a social m$ium t ?is possibility ( look+ at ?+s f a diff]5t angle is secur$4 ,& once m ?is diff]5t angle is n ga9$ by :at 9 ! /rict s5se c\ld be call$ a purely intellectual op]ation1 al?\gh x has come to be s well recogniz$ z ! necess>y equipm5t = deal+ successfully ) conditions t we commonly *>act]ize ! p]son z /upid :o does n take acc\nt ( :at o!rs ?9k & feel & h[ !y w react to a project$ l9e ( conduct4 ,?is social elem5t 9 intellig5ce is to a consid]able degree impli$ 9 ! t]m reasonable1 :i* signifies n m]ely t a man is logical 9 8 processes b also t he is ready to li/5 to :at o!rs say & to look at ?+s f _! po9t ( view :e!r he f9ally accepts x or n4 ,! broad gr\nds on :i* x is bett] to use ! ^w intellig5ce ?an ! ^w reason 9 ! analysis ) :i* we are conc]n$ are two4 7#a7 ,x is n a "q-begg+ t]m :i* t5ds to commit u at ! outset to a specific doctr9e z to ! s\rce ( our judgm5ts4 7#b7 ,! activity ( intellig5ce :i* is n[ mo/ significant = e?ical progress is n sugge/$ by ! t]m reason1 = unless we arbitr>ily smuggle 9 "u ! t]m practical reason ! :ole activity ( ! moral consci\sness )\t inquiry z to ! propriety ( ! "n we %all be likely to omit ! con/ructive & creative ef=ts to promote morality by positive supply+ ( enl>g$ education1 new s\rces ( int]e/1 & m op5 fields = developm5t1 by replac+ haunt+ fe>s ( mis]y ) positive hopes1 & by sugge/+ new imag]y1 new ambitions 9 ! place ( sodd5 indiff]5ce or s5suality4 ,! t]m reason z us$ by ! ,/oics & by ,kant meant control ( ! passions by "s law--"s au?ority cosmic or logical4 ,x prep>$ = ! inevitable2 x =bade ! private po9t ( view4 ,b z ?us pres5t+ a negative aspect ! law 0 long ago *>act]iz$ by a pr(\nd moral g5ius z weak4 ,x has its value z a s*oolma/]1 b x is n 9 itself capable ( supply+ ! new life :i* dissolves ! old s5tim5t1 breaks up ! settl$ evil habit1 & supplies bo? l>g] ends & effective motives4 ,if we /ate human progress 9 objective fa%ion we may say t al?\gh m5 today are /ill z 9 e>li] times engag$ 9 gett+ a liv+1 9 mat+1 9 re>+ ( (fspr+1 9 fight+ & adv5ture1 9 play1 & 9 art1 !y are also engag$ 9 sci5ce & inv5tion1 int]e/$ 9 ! news ( o!r human activities all ov] ! _w2 !y are adju/+ diff]5ces by judicial processes1 cooep]at+ to promote g5]al welf>e1 enjoy+ ref9$ & m p]man5t fri5d%ips & affections1 & view+ life 9 its trag$y & com$y ) enhanc$ emotion & broad] sympa?y4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! "w ( ! religi\s or arti/ic g5ius z n 9 "q "h1 ! great objective ag5cies 9 br++ ab\t ^! *anges h be5 on ! "o h& ! gr[? ( inv5tion1 sci5tific me?od1 & education1 & on ! o!r ! increase 9 human int]c\rse & communication4 ,reason plays its "p 9 bo? ( ^! 9 free+ ! m9d f wa/eful sup]/iti\s me?ods & 9 analyz+ situations & te/+ hypo!ses1 b ! t]m is inadequate to d ju/ice to t creative elem5t 9 ! =mation ( hypo!ses :i* f9ds ! new1 & x t5ds to leave out ( acc\nt ! social po9t ( view involv$ 9 ! wid5+ ( ! area ( human int]c\rse4 ,m w be said ^u ?is po9t 9 connection ) ! discussion ( rationalism4 7#d7 ,! process ( judgm5t & *oice4 ,! elem5ts are n ! sum4 ,! moral consci\sness is n j ! urge ( life1 plus ! social relations1 plus intellig5ce4 ,! process ( moral delib]ation1 evaluation1 judgm5t1 & *oice is itself ess5tial4 ,9 ?is process are born ! concepts & /&>ds good & "r1 & likewise ! moral self :i* utt]s ! judgm5t4 ,x is 9 ?is tw(old respect syn!tic1 creative4 ,x is z an int]pretation ( ?is process t ! concept ( fre$om arises4 ,f\r aspects ( ! process may be not$4 7a7 ,! process involves hold+ possibilities ( action1 or objects = valuation1 or ends = *oice1 9 consci\sness & measur+ !m "o aga9/ ano!r 9 a simultane\s field--or 9 a field ( alt]nat+ objects1 any ( :i* c be cont9ually recall$4 ,"o possibility aft] ano!r may be tri$ out 9 anticipation & its relations successively consid]$1 b ! comp>ison is ess5tial to ! complete moral consci\sness4 7b7 ,! process yields a univ]se ( valu$ objects z di/+ui%$ f a subjective consci\sness ( desires & feel+s4 ,we say1 ,?is is "r1 ,t is good4 ,e is 9 su* judgm5ts may be d5i$ by an is n & we hold "o alt]native to be true1 ! o!r false4 ,z ! m>ket or ! /ock ex*ange or bo>d ( trade fixes values by a meet+ ( buy]s & sell]s & settles ! price ( :eat accurately en\gh to enable f>m]s to decide h[ mu* l& to se$ = ! next season1 s ! _w ( m5 & wom5 :o mu/ live toge!r & cooep]ate1 or fight & p]i%1 =ces ^u consci\sness ! necessity ( adju/m5t4 ,! prelim9>y approa*es are usually hesitant & subjective--l ! (f]s or bids 9 ! m>ket--e4g41 ,i %\ld l to g to college2 ,i believe t is a good ?+2 ,my p>5ts ne$ my help2 x does n seem "r to leave !m4 ,! judgm5ts f9ally em]ge4 ,a college education is good2 ,x is wrong to leave my p>5ts--bo? seem+ly objective yet conflict+1 & unless ,i c secure bo? ,i mu/ seem+ly =ego actual objective good1 or commit actual wrong4 7c7 ,! process may be describ$ also z "o ( univ]saliz+ ! judg+ consci\sness4 ,= x is a c\nt]p>t ( ! objective implication ( a judgm5t t x is n an affirmation z to any individual's op9ion4 ,?is negative *>act]ization ( ! judgm5t is commonly conv]t$ into ! positive doctr9e t any "o :o is unprejudic$ & equally well in=m$ w\ld make ! same judgm5t4 ,/rictly speak+ ! judgm5t itself repres5ts 9 its complet$ =m ! elim9ation ( ! private attitude r ?an ! express inclusion ( o!r judges4 ,b 9 ! mak+ ( ! judgm5t x is probable t ?is elim9ation ( ! private is rea*$ by a m5tal ref]5ce to o!r p]sons & _! attitudes1 if n by an actual conv]sation ) ano!r4 ,x is dubi\s :e!r an individual t _h nev] communicat$ ) ano!r w\ld get ! di/9ction betwe5 a private subjective attitude & ! g5]al or objective4 ,moreov]1 "o =m ( ! moral judgm5t3 ,?is is "r1 speaks ! language ( law--( ! collective judgm5t1 or ( ! judge :o he>s bo? sides b is nei!r4 ,?is g5]aliz+ or univ]saliz+ is frequ5tly suppos$ to be ! *>act]i/ic activity ( reason4 ,i believe t a comp>ison ) ! k9dr$ value judgm5ts 9 economics supports ! doctr9e t 9 judgm5ts z to ! good z well z 9 ^? z to "r1 !re is no product ( any simple faculty1 b r a syn!tic process 9 :i* ! social factor is prom95t4 ,a compell+ motive t[>d an objective & univ]sal judgm5t is f\nd 9 ! practical conditions ( moral judgm5ts4 ,unless m5 agree on su* fundam5tal ?+s z kill+1 /eal+1 & sex relations !y _c get on toge!r4 ,n t :5 ,i say1 ,kill+ is wrong1 ,i mean to affirm ,i agree ) y 9 object+ to x2 b t ! necessity 7a7 ( act+ z if ,i ei!r d or d n approve x1 & 7b7 ( ei!r mak+ my attitude agree ) y\rs1 or y\rs agree ) m9e1 or ( fight+ x out ) y or ) ! :ole =ce ( organiz$ society1 compels me to put my attitude into objective t]ms1 to meet y & society on a common plat=m4 ,?is is a syn!sis1 an a*ievem5t4 ,to attribute ! syn!sis to any faculty ( practical reason1 adds no?+ to our in=mation1 b t5ds r to obscure ! facts4 7d7 ,! process is ?us a reciprocal process ( valu+ objects & ( con/ruct+ & recon/ruct+ a self4 ,! object z fir/ imag$ or anticipat$ und]goes enl>gem5t & *ange z x is put into relations to o!r objects & z ! consequ5ces ( adoption or rejection are tri$ 9 anticipation4 ,! self by reflect+ & by enl>g+ its scope is simil>ly enl>g$4 ,x is ! result+ self :i* is ! f9al valu]4 ,! values ( mo/ objects are at fir/ fix$ = u by in/9ct or !y are sugge/$ by ! e?os & mores ( our gr\ps--family1 society1 national religions1 & reign "u ! appe>ance ( habitual self-sugge/$ t5d5cies4 ,! self is con/itut$ accord+ly4 ,collisions ) o!r selves1 conflicts betwe5 gr\p valuations & /&>ds & individual impulses or desires1 failure ( old /&>ds z appli$ to new situations1 br+ ab\t a m consci\s def9ition ( purposes4 ,! ag5t id5tifies himself ) ^! purposes1 & values objects ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,9 ?is process ( revalu+ & def9+1 ( comp>+ & anticipation1 fre$om is f\nd if any:]e4 ,= if ! process is a real "o ! elem5ts d n rema9 unaffect$ by _! relation to ea* o!r & to ! :ole4 ,! act is n det]m9$ by any s+le antec$5t or by ! sum ( antec$5ts4 ,x is det]m9$ by ! process4 ,! self is n made :olly by h]$ity1 or environm5t4 ,x is itself creat+ = ea* ( its elem5ts a new environm5t1 viz41 ! process ( reflection & *oice4 ,& if man c *ange ! h]$ity ( pigeons & race horses by suitable selection1 if e sci5tific exp]im5t is a v>y+ ( conditions1 x is at lea/ plausible t man c guide 8 own acts by intellig5ce1 & revise 8 values by criticism4 ,! self is itself creat+ = ea* ( its elem5ts a new environm5t--?is is a fact :i* if kept 9 m9d w enable u to see ! ab/ractness & fallacies n m]ely ( lib]t>ianism & det]m9ism1 b ( subjectivism & objectivism4 ,subjective or inw>d !ories h s\ght /&>ds 9 ! self2 b 9 reg>d+ ! self z an entity indep5d5t ( su* a process z we h describ$ !y h expos$ !mselves to ! criticism ( provid+ only private1 v>iable1 accid5tal1 unau?oritative s\rces ( /&>ds--in/9cts1 or emotions1 or intuitions4 ,! self ( ! full moral consci\sness1 h[ev]1--! only "o :i* c claim acceptance or au?ority--is born only 9 ! process ( consid]+ real conditions1 ( weigh+ & *oos+ betwe5 alt]natives ( action 9 a real _w ( nature & p]sons4 ,its judgm5ts are m ?an subjective4 ,objectivism 9 its absoluti/ & ab/ract =ms assumes a /&>d--nature1 ess5ce1 law--indep5d5t ( process4 ,su* a /&>d is easily %[n to be free f any?+ individual1 private1 or *ang+4 ,x is univ]sal1 consi/5t1 & et]nal1 9 fact x has _m good ma!matical *>act]i/ics1 b un=tunately x is n moral4 ,z ma!matical1 logical1 biological1 or :at n1 x (f]s no /&>d t appeals to ! moral nature z au?oritative or t c help u to f9d our way home4 ,,ii ,if we are dissatisfi$ ) cu/om & habit & seek to take philosophy = ! guide ( life we h two possibilities3 7#a7 we may look = ! good1 & treat "r & duty z subord9ate concepts :i* indicate ! way to ! good1 t is1 consid] !m z good z a means1 or 7#b7 we may seek fir/ to d "r irrespective ( consequ5ces1 9 ! belief t 9 will+ to d "r we are already 9 possession ( ! highe/ good4 ,9 ei!r case we may consid] our /&>ds & values ei!r z 9 "s s5se fix$ or z 9 ! mak+4#fh ,we may suppose t good is objective & absolute1 t "r is discov]$ by a rational faculty1 or we may consid] t 9 reg>d+ good z objective we h n made x indep5d5t ( ! valu+ process & t 9 treat+ "r z a /&>d we h n !reby made x a fix$ concept to be discov]$ by ! pure intellect4 ,! position ( ?is pap] w be 7#a7 t good :ile objective is yet objective z a value & n z an ess5ce or physical fact2 7#b7 t a social factor 9 value ?r[s light ^u ! relation betwe5 moral & o!r values2 7#c7 t "r is n m]ely a means to ! good b has an indep5d5t place 9 ! moral consci\sness2 7#d7 t "r :ile signify+ ord] does n necess>ily involve a timeless1 et]nal ord] s9ce x ref]s to an ord] ( p]sonal relations2 7#e7 t ! conception ( "r in/ead ( be+ a matt] = pure reason or ev5 ! cognitive faculty %[s an intimate bl5d+ ( ! emotional & intellectual & t ?is appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 ! conception ( ! reasonable4 7#a7 ,we beg9 ) ! "q ( ! syn!tic & objective "* ( ! good4 ,) ,g4 ,e4 ,moore z ) ! utilit>ians ! good is ! ultimate concept4 ,"r & duty are means to ! good4 ,moore & ,ra%dall also foll[ ,sidgwick 9 reg>d+ good z unique1 t is1 z syn!tic4 ,sidgwick emphasiz$ 9 ?is especially ! po9t t moral value _c be decid$ by physical exi/5ce or ! c\rse ( evolution1 nor c ! good be reg>d$ z mean+ ! pleasant4 ,moore & ,russell re9=ce ?is4 ,h[ev] true x may be t pleasure is "o among o!r good ?+s or t life is "o among o!r good ?+s1 good does n mean ei!r pleasure or survival4 ,good means j good4 ,a simil> ?\ght und]lies ,croce's division ( ! ,practical into ! two sph]es ( ! ,economic & ! ,e?ical4 ,! economic activity is t :i* wills & effects only :at corresponds to ! conditions ( fact 9 :i* a man f9ds himself2 ! e?ical activity is t :i*1 al?\gh x correspond to ^! conditions1 also ref]s to some?+ t transc5ds !m4 ,to ! fir/ correspond :at are call$ individual ends1 to ! second univ]sal ends2 ! "o gives rise to ! judgm5t conc]n+ ! great] or less coh]5ce ( ! action tak5 9 itself1 ! o!r to t conc]n+ its great] or less coh]5ce 9 respect to ! univ]sal end1 :i* transc5ds ! individual4#fi ,utilit>ianism is accord+ to ,croce an attempt to r$uce ! ,e?ical to ! ,economic =m1 al?\gh ! utilit>ians z m5 attempt 9 v>i\s ways to make a place = t di/9ction :i* z philosoph]s !y w\ld suppress4 ,man is n a consum] ( pleasures4 ,he is a creator ( life4 ,) ?is claim ( ! di/9ctive1 syn!tic1 "* ( ! moral consci\sness & ( ! impossibility ( te/+ ! wor? ( ideals by cosmic laws1 or by gratification ( p>ticul> wants z measur$ by pleasure1 ,i h no issue4 ,! analysis ( ! moral judgm5t made above po9ts out j h[ x is t good is syn!tic4 ,x is syn!tic 9 t x repres5ts a measur+ & valu+ ( ends--in/9ctive & imag9$1 individual & social--aga9/ ea* o!r & z "p ( a :ole to :i* a gr[+ self corresponds4 ,x is syn!tic 9 t x repres5ts n m]ely a process ( evaluat+ ends :i* mat* actually def9$ desires1 b also a process 9 :i* ! gr[+ self1 dissatisfi$ ) any ends already 9 view1 gropes = "s new def9ition ( ends t %all bett] respond to its liv+1 creative capacity1 its active syn!tic "*4 ,good is ! concept = j ?is valu+ process z c>ri$ on by a consci\s be+ t is n cont5t to take its desire z ready made by its pres5t con/ruction1 b is rea*+ out = ends t %all respond to a gr[+1 exp&+1 inclusive1 social1 self4 ,x expresses value z value4 ,value z value6 n z be+2 nor z indep5d5t ess5ce2 nor z any?+ /atic & fix$4 ,= a syn!tic self1 a liv+ p]sonality1 c\ld f9d no supreme value 9 ! complete abs5ce ( valu+1 9 ! cessation ( life1 9 ! negation ( t v activity ( projection1 adv5ture1 con/ruction1 & syn!sis 9 :i* x has /ruck out ! concept good4 ,a !ory ( e?ics :i* upholds ! syn!tic "* ( ! good may be criticiz$ z be+ n syn!tic en\gh if x fails to see t on ! basis ( ! mutual det]m9ation ( p]cepts & concepts1 ( self & objects1 ! syn!tic "* ( ! process mu/ be reflect$ 9 ! ultimate mean+ ( ! category :i* symbolizes & incorporates ! process4 7#b7 ,we may f9d "s light ^u ! "q h[ moral value gets its di/9ctive & unique "*1 & h[ x comes to be m objective ?an economic value if we consid] "s ( ! social factors 9 ! moral judgm5t4 ,= al?\gh ! concept good is root$ 9 ! life process ) its selective activity & att5d+ emotions x involves a subtle social elem5t1 z well z ! m commonly recogniz$ factors ( intellig5ce4 ,)9 ! fundam5tal selective process two types ( behavior t5d to diff]5tiate 9 response to two g5]al sorts ( /imulation4 ,"o sort is simpl]1 m monoton\s1 m easily analyzable4 ,response to su* /imulation1 or treatm5t ( objects :i* may be describ$ "u ^! t]ms ( simple1 analyzable1 etc41 is easily organiz$ into a habit4 ,x calls = no great %ifts 9 att5tion1 no sudd5 readju/m5ts4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t x4 ,z satisfy+ v>i\s wants x has a c]ta9 k9d ( value4 ,x1 h[ev]1 evokes no consci\sness ( self4 ,t[>d ! m v>iable1 complex sort ( /imuli1 great] att5tion1 con/ant adju/m5t & readju/m5t1 are necess>y4 ,objects ( ! fir/ sort are treat$ z ?+s1 9 ! s5se t !y d n call out any respect f u or h any intr9sic value4 ,we und]/& !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 manipulate !m1 consume !m1 ?r[ !m away4 ,we reg>d !m z valuable only ) ref]5ce to our wants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 objects ( ! second sort take _! place 9 a bi-focal situation4 ,our att5tion %ifts alt]nately to _! behavior & to our response1 or1 conv]sely1 f our act to _! response4 ,?is back & =? movem5t ( att5tion 9 ! case ( c]ta9 ( ^! objects is re9=c$ by ! fact t c]ta9 /imuli f !m or f ! organism1 f9d peculi> responses already prep>$ 9 social in/9cts2 ge/ure & language play _! "p4 ,su* a bi-focal situation z ?is1 :5 completely develop$1 involves p]sons4 ,9 its e>li] /ages x is ! quasi-p]sonal attitude :i* is f\nd 9 c]ta9 savage religi\s attitudes1 9 c]ta9 ae/hetic attitudes1 & 9 ! emotional attitudes :i* we all h t[>d _m ( ! objects ( daily life4 ,economic values arise 9 connection ) attitudes t[>d ?+s4 ,we buy ?+s1 we sell !m4 ,!y h value j 9 t !y gratify our wants1 b !y d n compel any revision or *ange 9 wants or 9 ! self :i* wants4 ,!y repres5t a p>tial int]e/--or if !y become ! total int]e/ we reg>d !m z n[ 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,values ( p]sonal affection arise z we f9d a con/ant rapport 9 ?\ght1 feel+1 purpose1 betwe5 ! two memb]s ( our social consci\sness4 ,! attitude is t ( go+ along ) ano!r & !reby ext5d+ & enri*+ our exp]i5ces4 ,we ent] into 8 ideas1 range ) 8 imag9ation1 k9dle at 8 en?usiasms1 sympa?ize ) 8 joys or sorr[s4 ,we may disagree ) our fri5d's op9ions1 b we d n ma9ta9 a critical attitude t[>d him1 t is1 t[>d 8 fundam5tal convictions & attitudes4 ,if home is ! place :]e1 :5 y h to g !re1 !y h to take y 91 z ,fro/ puts x1 a fri5d is "o :o1 :5 y g to him1 has to accept y4 ,moral values also arise 9 a social or p]sonal relation--n 9 relation to ?+s4 ,?is is on ! surface 9 ! =m ( judgm5t2 ,he is a good man1 ,t is a good act4 ,if x is less obvi\s 9 ! practical judgm5t1 ,?is is ! bett] c\rse ( action1 i4e41 ! c\rse :i* leads to ! great] good1 or to ! good1 ?is is because we fail to disc]n t ! good 9 ^! cases is a some?+ ) :i* ,i c id5tify myself1 n a some?+ :i* ,i m]ely possess & keep sep>ate f my p]sonality4 ,x is some?+ ,i %all be r ?an h4 ,or if ,i speak ( a %>e or p>ticipation x is a %>+ 9 ! s5se ( ent]+ into a k9dr$ life4 ,x is an ideal1 & an ideal = a consci\s p]sonal be+ c h>dly be o!r ?an consci\s4 ,x may be object$ t h[ev] p]sonal ! ideal x is n on ?is acc\nt necess>ily social4 ,x embodies :at ,i w\ld be1 b does n necess>ily imply response to any o!r p]sonality4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to ov]look ! analyses :i* rec5t psy*ology has made ( ! p]sonal4 ,! ideal does n develop 9 a vacuum4 ,x implies = "o ?+ individuality :i* is conceivable only z o!r individuals are di/+ui%$4 ,x implies ! def9ition ( purposes1 & su* def9ition is sc>cely if ev] attempt$ except z a possible _w ( purposes is envisag$4 ,a,esthetic valuation is 9 c]ta9 respects int]m$iate betwe5 ! valuation ( ?+s on ! "o h& & ! moral evaluation ( acts ( p]sons or consci\s /ates on ! o!r4 ,a,esthetic objects are 9 _m cases seem+ly ?+s & yet ev5 z ?+s !y are quasi-p]sonal2 !y are view$ ) a c]ta9 sympa?y q diff]5t f t :i* we feel = a purely economic object4 ,if x is a "w ( art ! arti/ has embodi$ 8 ?\ght & feel+ & ! obs]v] f9ds x !re4 ,! exp]i5ce is t ( ,e9fuehlung4 ,yet we d n expect ! k9d ( response :i* we look = 9 fri5d%ip1 nor d we take ! object z m]ely a factor = ! guidance or control ( our own action z 9 ! practical judgm5t ( morality4 ,! ae/hetic becomes ! object ( contemplation1 n ( response2 ( embodi$ mean+1 n ( individuality4 ,x is s f> p]sonal t no "o ( ae/hetic s5sibility likes to see a ?+ ( beauty de/roy$ or mi/reat$4 ,! situation 9 :i* we recognize 9 an object mean+ & embodi$ feel+1 or at lea/ f9d s\rces ( /imulation :i* appeal to our emotions1 develops an ae/hetic enhancem5t ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,! ae/hetic value pr$icate is ! outcome ( ?is peculi> enhancem5t4 ,x seems t ! social nature ( ! judgm5t plays a "p also 9 ! v>y+ objectivity ( values4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t "s values are treat$ z belong+ to objects4 ,if we _c expla9 ?is fully we may get "s light ^u ! situation by notic+ ! degree to :i* ?is is true 9 ! cases ( ! k9ds ( values already describ$4 ,economic values are dubi\sly objective4 ,we use bo? =ms ( expression4 ,we say on ! "o h&1 ,i want :eat1 ,!re is a dem& = :eat1 or1 on ! o!r1 ,:eat is wor? "o doll> a bu%el4 ,conv]sely1 ,!re is no dem& = ! old-fa%ion$ high-fram$ bicycle or ,x is wor?less4 ,! ,middle ,ages reg>d$ economic value z completely objective4 ,a ?+ _h a real value4 ,! retail] c\ld n add to x4 ,! m$iaeval economi/ believ$ 9 ! ext]nality ( relations2 he prosecut$ = ! (f5ses ( =e/all+ & regrat+ ! man :o w\ld make a pr(it by m]ely *ang+ ?+s 9 place4 ,he condemn$ usury4 ,we h def9itely ab&on$ ?is !ory4 ,we recognize t x is ! want :i* makes ! value4 ,to make ex*ange possible & socialize to "s degree ! scale ( prices we dep5d ^u a public m>ket or a /ock ex*ange4 ,9 values ( p]sonal affection we may beg9 ) a purely individual attitude1 ,i love or e/eem my fri5d4 ,if ,i put x m objectively ,i may say1 ,he is an honor$ & valu$ fri5d4 ,p]haps /ill m objectively1 we--especially if we are fem99e--may say ,is n ,x de>8 ,we may !n g on to seek a social /&>d4 ,we p]haps look = re9=cem5t 9 a small gr\p ( l-m9d$4 ,we are a little p]plex$ &1 x may be1 aggriev$ if o!r memb]s ( ! circle d n love ! "o :om we love4 ,9 su* a gr\p judgm5t ( a common fri5d !re is d\btless great] objectivity ?an 9 ! economic judgm5t4 ,! value ( a fri5d does n dep5d ^u 8 adju/m5t to our wants4 ,z ,ari/otle po9t$ out1 true fri5d%ip is = its own sake4 ,its value is dis9t]e/$4 ,if a man does n c>e = an economic good x does n reflect ^u him4 ,he may be c>eless ( futures1 neglectful ( corn1 indiff]5t to /eel4 ,x less5s ! dem&1 l[]s ! values ( ^! goods1 an inf9itesimal1 b does n write him d[n an inf]ior p]son4 ,to fail to prize a possible fri5d is a reflection ^u u4 ,h[ev] ! fact t 9 ! v nature ( ! case "o c sc>cely be a p]sonal fri5d to a l>ge1 n to say a univ]sal gr\p1 op]ates to limit ! objectivity4 ,9 ! ae/hetic & moral attitudes we incorporate value 9 ! object decisively4 ,we d n l to ?9k t beauty c be *ang$ ) %ift+ fa%ions or to affirm t ! firmam5t 0 ev] any?+ b sublime4 ,x seems to belong to ! v ess5ce ( "r t x is some?+ to :i* ! self c commit itself 9 absolute loyalty & f9ality4 ,&1 z = good1 we may say ) ,moore 9 judgm5ts ( intr9sic value1 at lea/1 we judge conc]n+ a p>ticul> /ate ( ?+s t x w\ld be wor? :ile--w\ld be a good ?+--t t /ate ( ?+s %\ld exi/1 ev5 if no?+ else 7 to exi/ besides4 ,) reg>d to ?is problem ( objectivity x is significant 9 ! fir/ place t ! k9d ( situation out ( :i* ?is object value is affirm$ 9 ae/hetic & moral judgm5ts is a social situation4 ,x contra/s 9 ?is respect ) ! economic situation4 ,! economic is inde$ social 9 s f> z x sets ex*ange values1 b ! object valu$ is n a social object4 ,! ae/hetic & moral object is su* an object4 ,n only is !re no contradiction 9 giv+ to ! symbolic =m or ! moral act intr9sic value3 !re is entire plausibility 9 do+ s4 ,= 9 s f> z ! situation is really p]sonal1 ei!r memb] is fundam5tally equal to ! o!r & may be treat$ z embody+ all ! value ( ! situation4 ,! value :i* rises to consci\sness 9 ! situation is made m complete by elim9at+ f consid]ation ! orig9at+ factors1 ! plural ag5ts ( admiration or approval1 & incorporat+ ! :ole product ab/ractly 9 ! object4 ,9 ?us call+ att5tion to ! social or p]sonal "* ( ! ae/hetic or moral object x is n int5d$ to m9imize t factor 9 ! judgm5t :i* we prop]ly speak ( z ! univ]saliz+ activity ( ?\ght1 mu* less to ov]look ! importance ( ! judgm5tal process itself4 ,! int5tion is to po9t out "s ( ! reasons :y 9 "o case ! ?9k+ process does univ]salize :ile 9 ! o!r x does n1 :y 9 "o case ! judgm5t is completely objective :ile 9 ! o!r x is n4 ,9 bo? ae/hetic & moral judgm5ts social art1 social action1 social judgm5ts1 ?r\gh collective decisions prep>e ! way = ! g5]al non-p]sonal1 objective =m4 ,x is probable t man w\ld n say1 ,?is is "r1 us+ ! ^w z an adjective1 if he _h n fir/ said1 z memb] ( a judicially act+ gr\p1 ,?is is "r1 us+ ! ^w z a n\n4 ,& f9ally :atev] we may claim z to ! cognitive nature ( ! ae/hetic & moral judgm5t1 ! only te/ = ! beauty ( an object is t p]sons ( ta/e discov] x4 ,! only te/ = ! rightness ( an act is t p]sons ( good "* approve x4 ,! only te/ = goodness is t good p]sons on reflection approve & *oose x--j z ! te/ = good p]sons is t !y *oose & d ! good4 7#c7 ,"r is n m]ely a means to good b has a place ( its own 9 ! moral consci\sness4 ,_m ( our moral *oices or judgm5ts d n take ! =m ( *oice betwe5 "r & wrong1 or betwe5 duty & its opposite2 !y appe> to be *oices betwe5 goods4 ,t is1 we d n always consid] our value z cry/alliz$ into a pres5t /&>d or feel a t5sion betwe5 a resi/+ & an au?oritative self4 ,b :5 !y d em]ge !y signify a di/9ct factor4 ,:at ,moore says ( good may be said also ( "r4 ,"r means j "r1 no?+ else4 ,t is1 we mean t acts s *>act]iz$ correspond exactly to a self 9 a peculi> attitude1 viz41 "o ( adequate /&>diz+ & adju/m5t1 ( equilibrium1 9 view ( all relations4 ,! concept signifies t 9 f9d+ our way into a moral _w into :i* we are born 9 ! process ( valu+ & judg+1 we take along ! imag]y ( social judgm5t 9 :i* ?r\gh language & behavior ! individual is con/antly adju/+ himself1 n only to ! social in/itutions1 & gr\p organization b f> m subtly & unconsci\sly to ! social consci\sness & attitudes4 ,?is conception ( an ord] to :i* ! act mu/ ref] has usually be5 reg>d$ z peculi>ly a rational factor4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r an ord] ( social elem5ts1 ( a nature ( p]sons1 ?an ( a nature ( ?+s4 ,9 savage life ! position ( fa!r1 wife1 *ild1 gue/1 or o!r memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t facts ( ! situation4 ,! relation%ip ( v>i\s totem gr\ps & int]-m>ry+ gr\ps is ! v focus ( moral consci\sness4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( su* a cosmic conception ( ord] z ,dike & ,!mis1 ,rita & ,tao1 ! ,way is n imp]sonal cosmos4 ,x is at lea/ quasi-p]sonal4 ,& if we say su* primitive my? has no be>+ on :at ! nature ( "r or ! true mean+ ( "r is1 x is p]t95t to repeat t concepts )\t p]cepts are empty2 t ! t]m means no?+ except ! conceptual int]pretation ( a unique syn!tic process 9 :i* an act plac$ 9 relation to a /&>d is !reby giv5 new mean+4 ,s long z cu/om or law =ms ! only or ! dom9ant factor 9 ! process1 we h little developm5t ( ! ideal concept "r z di/9ct f a factual /&>d4 ,b :5 reason & intellig5ce ent]1 p>ticul>ly :5 t creative activity ( intellig5ce ent]s :i* attempts a new con/ruction ( ends1 a new ord]+ ( possible exp]i5ce1 !n ! /&>diz+ process is set free2 a new self ) new possibilities ( relation seeks expression4 ,! concept "r reflects ! /&>diz+1 valu+ process ( a syn!tic ord] & a syn!tic self4 ,duty born simil>ly 9 ! _w ( social relations & reflect+ especially ! t5sion betwe5 ! individual & ! l>g] :ole is likewise giv5 full moral significance :5 x becomes a t5sion )9 ! syn!tic self4 ,& z ?us reflect+ ! imm$iate attitudes ( ! self to an ideal social ord] bo? "r & duty are n to be treat$ m]ely z means to any value :i* does n include z integrant factors j :at ^! signify4 ,?is view is contr>y to t ( ,moore1 = :om "r does & c mean no?+ b 'cause ( a good result1' & is ?us id5tical ) useful4#gj ,! "r act is t :i* has ! be/ consequ5ces4#ga ,simil>ly duty is t action :i* w cause m good to exi/ 9 ! ,univ]se ?an any possible alt]native4 ,x is evid5t t ?is makes x impossible = any f9ite m9d to ass]t confid5tly t any act is "r or a duty4 ,accord+ly x foll[s t we nev] h any reason to suppose t an action is our duty3 we c nev] be sure t any action w produce ! greate/ value possible4#gb ,:atev] ! conv5i5ce ( su* a def9ition ( "r & duty = a simplifi$ e?ics x c h>dly be claim$ to accord ) ! moral consci\sness1 = m5 h notori\sly suppos$ c]ta9 acts to be duty4 ,to say t a p>5t has no reason to suppose t x is 8 duty to c>e = 8 *ild is m ?an p>adox4 ,& a /ill great] contradiction to ! morality ( common s5se inh]es 9 ! doctr9e t ! "r act is t :i* has ! be/ consequ5ces4 ,consid]+ all ! good to lit]ature & free inquiry :i* has result$ f ! condemnation ( ,socrates x is highly probable--or at lea/ x is arguable--t ! condemnation _h bett] results ?an an acquittal w\ld h yield$4 ,b x w\ld be contr>y to our ord9>y use ( language to ma9ta9 t ?is made ! act "r4 ,or to take a m rec5t case3 ! pres5t w> may conceivably lead to a m p]man5t peace4 ,! sev]ities1 practis$ by "o p>ty1 may /ir ! o!r to great] indignation & lead ultimately to triumph ( ! latt]4 ,w ! acts 9 "q be t]m$ "r by ! second p>ty if !y actually h ?is effect8 ,on ?is hypo!sis ! m outrage\s an act & ! great] ! reaction aga9/ x1 ! bett] ! consequ5ces are likely to be & h5ce ! m reason to call ! act "r & a duty4 ,! p>adox results f omitt+ f "r ! elem5ts ( ! imm$iate situation & consid]+ only consequ5ces4 ,! v mean+ ( ! concept "r1 implies focuss+ att5tion ^u ! pres5t r ?an ^u ! future4 ,x sugge/s a cross-section ( life 9 its relations4 ,if ! "t process 7 to be arre/$ imm$iately aft] our act ,i ?9k we might /ill speak ( x z "r or wrong4 ,9 try+ to judge a propos$ act we d\btless try to discov] :at x w mean1 t is1 we look at consequ5ces4 ,b ^! consequ5ces are look$ ^u z giv+ u ! mean+ ( ! pres5t act & we d n on ?is acc\nt subord9ate ! pres5t act to ^! consequ5ces4 ,especially we d n mean to elim9ate ! significance ( ?is v process ( judgm5t4 ,x is significant t 9 consid]+ :at are ! intr9sic goods ,moore enum]ates p]sonal affection & ! appreciation ( beauty1 & ) less positiv5ess1 true belief1 b does n include any m5tion ( ! valu+ or *oos+ or creative consci\sness4 7#d7 ,if we reg>d "r z ! concept :i* reflects ! judgm5t ( /&>diz+ our acts by "s ideal ord]1 que/ions arise z to ! objectivity ( ?is ord] & ! fix$ or mov+ "* ( ! impli$ /&>d4 ,ra%dall lays great /ress ^u ! importance ( objectivity3 ,assur$ly !re is no sci5tific problem ^u :i* s mu* dep5ds z ^u ! answ] we give to ! "q :e!r ! di/9ction :i* we are accu/om$ to draw betwe5 "r & wrong belongs to ! region ( objective tru? l ! laws ( ma!matics & ( physical sci5ce1 or :e!r x is bas$ ^u an actual emotional con/itution ( individual human be+s4#gc ,! appraisem5t ( ! v>i\s desires & impulses by myself & o!r m5 is a piece ( insight into ! true nature ( ?+s4#gd ,:ile ^! /atem5ts are prim>ily int5d$ to oppose ! moral s5se view ( ! judgm5t1 !y also be> ^u ! "q :e!r "r is some?+ fix$4 ,! phrase insight into ! true nature ( ?+s sugge/s at once ! view t ! nature ( ?+s is q indep5d5t ( any attitude ( human be+s t[>d x4 ,x is some?+ :i* ! seek] = moral tru? may discov] b no?+ :i* he c 9 any way modify4 ,x is urg$ t if we are to h any sci5ce ( e?ics at all :at 0 once "r mu/ be conceiv$ z always "r 9 ! same circum/ances4#ge ,i hold no brief = ! position--if any "o holds ! position--t 9 say+ ?is is "r ,i am mak+ an ass]tion ab\t my own feel+s or ^? ( any "o else4 ,z already /at$ ! function ( ! judg+ process is to det]m9e objects1 ) ref]5ce to :i* we say is or is n4 ,! emotional !ory ( ! moral consci\sness does n give adequate recognition to ?is4 ,b j z little z ! process ( ! moral consci\sness is satisfi$ by an emotional !ory ( ! judgm5t does x sanction any conception ( objectivity :i* requires t values are "h or !re once = all2 t !y are fix$ entities or a nature ( ?+s ^u :i* ! moral consci\sness may look = its in=mation b ^u :i* x ex]cises no influ5ce4 ,! process ( attempt+ to give--or discov]--moral values is a process ( mutual det]m9ation ( object & ag5t4 ,we h to d 9 morals n ) a nature ( ?+s b ) natures ( p]sons4 ,! v *>act]i/ic ( a p]son z we h und]/ood x is t he is syn!tic1 is actually creat+ some?+ new by organiz+ exp]i5ces & purposes1 by judg+ & *oos+4 ,objectivity does n necess>ily imply *angelessness4 ,:e!r "r is a t]m ( fix$ & *angeless "* dep5ds ^u :e!r ! ag5ts are fix$ units1 ei!r 9 fact or 9 ideal4 ,if1 z we ma9ta91 "r is ! correlate ( a self confront+ a _w ( o!r p]sons conceiv$ z all relat$ 9 an ord]1 ! vital "q is :e!r ?is ord] is a fix$ or a mov+ ord]4 ,/raight is a t]m ( fix$ cont5t j because we conceive space 9 timeless t]ms2 x is by its v mean+ a cross-section ( a /atic ord]4 ,b a _w ( liv+ intellig5t ag5ts 9 social relations is 9 its v presuppositions a _w ( activity1 ( mutual und]/&+ & adju/m5t4 ,rationali/ic !ory1 l$ a/ray by geometrical conceptions1 conceiv$ t a univ]sal crit]ion mu/ be l a /raight l9e1 a fix$ & timeless--or et]nal--entity4 ,b 9 su* an ord] ( fix$ units !re c\ld be no selection1 no adju/m5t to o!r *ang+ ag5ts1 no adv5ture ^u ! new unte/$ possibility :i* m>ks ! advance ( e great moral idea1 9 a ^w1 no morality ( ! positive & con/ructive sort4 ,& if x be object$ t ! pr$icate ( a judgm5t mu/ be timeless :atev] ! subject1 t ! ^w is z ,plato insi/s _c be us$ if all fl[s1 we reply t if "r! correlate ( a mov+ ord]1 ( liv+ social intellig5t be+s1 x is q possible to affirm ,?is is accord+ to t law4 ,if our logic provides no =m ( judgm5t = ! analysis ( su* a situation x is inadequate = ! facts :i* x w\ld int]pret4 ,b 9 tru? mank9d's moral judgm5ts h nev] committ$ !mselves to any su* implication4 ,we recognize ! futility ( attempt+ to answ] simply any su* que/ions z :e!r ! ,israelites did "r to conqu] ,canaan or ,hamlet to av5ge 8 fa!r4 7#e7 ,! category ( "r has usually be5 closely connect$1 if n id5tifi$1 ) reason or cognitive activity z contra/$ ) emotion4 ,pr(essor ,dewey on ! contr>y has po9t$ out cle>ly#gf ! impossibility ( sep>at+ emotion & ?\ght4 ,to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ano!r 444 is ! sure/ way to atta9 univ]sality & objectivity ( moral k4 ,! only truly g5]al1 ! reasonable z di/9ct f ! m]ely %rewd or clev] ?\ght1 is ! g5]\s ?\ght4 ,b 9 ! case ( c]ta9 judgm5ts su* z ^? approv+ fairness & ! g5]al good ,sidgwick f9ds a rational intuition4 ,! pr9ciple ( imp>tiality is obta9$ by consid]+ ! simil>ity ( ! individuals t make up a ,logical ,:ole or ,g5us4#gg ,ra%dall *all5ges any b a rationali/ic e?ics to expla9 fairness z contra/$ ) p>tiality ( affection4 ,!re is )\t "q a prop]ly rational or intellectual elem5t 9 ! judgm5t ( imp>tiality1 namely1 analysis ( ! situation & comp>ison ( ! units4 ,b :at we %all set up z our units--:e!r we %all treat ! g5tile or ! b>b>ian or negro z a p]son1 z end & n m]ely means1 or n1 dep5ds on some?+ q o!r ?an reason4 ,& ?is o!r factor is n cov]$ by ! t]m practical reason4 ,9 fact no e?ical pr9ciple %[s bett] ! subtle bl5d+ ( ! emotional & social factors ) ! rational4 ,= ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ju/ice is aw>e t only an extraord9>ily +5i\s exegesis c\ld reg>d ju/ice z hav+ ev] be5 gov]n$ by a ma!matical logic4 ,! logic ( ju/ice has be5 ! logic ( a we-gr\p gradually exp&+ its area4 ,or x has be5 ! logic ( a ,magna ,*>ta--a docum5t ( special privileges wre/$ f a sup]ior by a /rong gr\p1 & gradually wid5+ its b5efits ) ! admission ( o!rs into ! favor$ class4 ,or x has be5 ! logic ( class1 9 :i* ^? ( ! same level are treat$ alike b ^? ( diff]5t levels ( bir? or weal? are treat$ proportionately4 ,yet x w\ld seem f>-fet*$ to ma9ta9 t ! c\ntrym5 ( ,euclid & ,ari/otle 7 defici5t 9 ! ability to p]=m s simple a reason+ process z ! judgm5t "o equals "o1 or t m5 :o develop$ ! ,roman ,law1 or built ! ca!drals ( ! ,middle ,ages1 7 simil>ly lack+ 9 elem5t>y analysis4 ,inequality r ?an equality has be5 ! rule 9 ! _w's ju/ice4 ,x has n only be5 ! practice b ! approv$ pr9ciple4 ,x /ill is 9 reg>d to great areas ( life4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is no g5]al disapproval ( ! great inequalities 9 opportunity = *ildr51 to say no?+ ( inequalities 9 di/ribution ( weal?4 ,9 ,engl& high] education is = ! classes r ?an = ! masses4 ,9 ,prussia ! inequality 9 vot+ /r5g? ( diff]5t gr\ps & ! practical immunity ( ! milit>y class f ! con/ra9ts ( civil law seem to an ,am]ican unfair4 ,! we/]n /ates ( ! ,union ?9k x unfair to re/rict ! suffrage to males & give wom5 no voice 9 ! det]m9ation ( matt]s ( su* vital int]e/ to !m z ! law ( divorce1 ! gu>dian%ip ( *ildr51 ! regulation ( wom5's labor1 ! sale ( alcoholic liquors1 ! protection ( milk & food supply4 ,are all ^! diff]5ces ( practice & conviction due to ! fact t "s p use reason :ile o!rs d n8 ,( c\rse 9 e case excell5t reasons c be giv5 = ! inequality4 ,! g5tile %\ld n be treat$ z a ,jew because he is n a ,jew4 ,! slave %\ld n be treat$ z a free citiz5 because he is n a free citiz54 ,! *url %\ld n h ! same w]geld z ! ?ane because he is l[born4 ,! m able %\ld possess m goods4 ,! woman %\ld n vote because %e is n a man4 ,! reason+ is cle> & unimpea*able if y accept ! premises1 b :at gives ! premises8 ,9 e case cit$ ! premise is det]m9$ l>gely if n exclusively by social or emotional factors4 ,if reason c !n prescribe equally well t ! slave %\ld be giv5 rights because he is a man ( simil> traits or d5i$ rights because he has diff]5t traits f 8 ma/]1 if ! ,jew may ei!r be giv5 8 place ( equality because he ha? eyes1 h&s1 organs1 dim5sions1 s5ses1 affections1 passions1 or d5i$ equality because he diff]s 9 desc5t1 if a woman is equal z reg>ds taxpay+ b unequal z reg>ds vot+1 x is at lea/ evid5t t reason is no unambigu\s s\rce ( morality4 ,! devil c quote ,scripture & x is a v poor reason] :o _c f9d a reason = any?+ t he wi%es to d4 ,a p>tiality t is m or less consi/5tly p>tial to c]ta9 sets or classes is p]haps z ne> imp>tiality z man has yet come1 :e!r by a rational faculty or any o!r4 ,is x1 !n1 ! int5t ( ?is argum5t m]ely to reit]ate t reason is & ought to be ! slave ( ! passions8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! int5t is to sub/itute = su* blanket words z reason & passions a m adequate analysis4 ,& :at diff]5ce w ?is make8 ,z reg>ds ! p>ticul> po9t 9 controv]sy x w make ?is diff]5ce3 ! rationali/ hav+ smuggl$ 9 "u ! cov] ( reason ! :ole moral consci\sness !n proce$s to assume t because two & two are always f\r1 or ! relations ( a /raight l9e are timeless1 !re=e e?ics is simil>ly a matt] ( fix$ /&>ds & timeless goods4 ,a legal fri5d told me t he once sp5t a ye> try+ to decide :e!r a corporation 0 or 0 n a p]son & !n conclud$ t ! "q 0 immat]ial4 ,b :5 ! supreme c\rt decid$ t a corporation 0 a p]son 9 ! mean+ ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t x !reby made ! corporation heir to ! rights e/abli%$ prim>ily = ! negro4 ,c ! moral consci\sness by tak+ ! "n reason become heir to all ! privileges ( ! absolute idea & to ! timelessness ( space & numb]8 ,suppose ,i am to divide an apple betwe5 my two *ildr5--two *ildr51 two pieces--?is is an analysis ( ! situation :i* is obvi\s & may well be call$ ! analytic activity ( reason4 ,b %all ,i give to ea* an equal %>e on ! gr\nd t bo? are equally my *ildr5 or %all ,i reason t z ,john is old] or l>g] or hungri] or m5tally ke5] or m g5]\s or is a male1 he %all h a l>g] piece ?an ,jane8 ,to settle ?is x may be said t we ought to see :e!r !re is any connection betwe5 ! size ( ! piece & ! p>ticul> quality ( ,john :i* is consid]$1 or t by a some:at diff]5t use ( reason we %\ld look at ! :ole situation & see h[ we %all be/ promote family h>mony & mutual affection4 ,to settle ! fir/ ( ^! problems1 t ( ! connection betwe5 ! size ( ! piece & ! size ( ! hung] or ! sex ( ! *ild1 is seem+ly aga9 a "q ( analysis1 ( f9d+ id5tical units1 b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s t ! case is n s simple2 t ! l>g] *ild %\ld h ! l>g] piece is by no means self-evid5t4 ,?is is 9 pr9ciple d\btless ! logic1 to him t ha? %all be giv54 ,x is ! logic ( ! survival ( ! /rong1 b ov] aga9/ t ! moral consci\sness has always set ano!r logic :i* says t ! small] *ild %\ld h ! l>g] piece if !reby intellig5t sympa?y c contribute t[>d ev5+ up ! lot ( ! small]4 ,n[ x is precisely ?is attitude ( ! moral consci\sness :i* is n sugge/$ by ! t]m reason1 = x is q diff]5t f ! analytic & id5tify+ activity4 ,?is analytical & id5tify+ activity may v well rule out ( c\rt ! hypo!sis t ,i %\ld give ,john ! l>g] piece because he has already eat5 too mu* or because he has j f\nd a p5ny or because he has r$ hair2 x has und\bt$ly help$ 9 aboli%+ su* practices z t ( te/+ innoc5ce by ! ordeal4 ,b be=e ! crucial "q ( ju/ice :i* divides mod]n society1 namely1 :e!r we %all lay emphasis ^u adju/m5t ( rew>ds to previ\s abilities1 habits1 possessions1 "*1 or %all lay /ress ^u ne$s1 & ! possibility ( br++ ab\t a great] measure ( equality1 ! doctr9e :i* w\ld f9d its /&>d 9 an a priori reason is helpless4 ,if we look at ! second te/ sugge/$1 namely1 t ( consid]+ ! situation z a :ole ) a view to ! h>mony ( ! *ildr5 & ! mutual affection )9 ! family1 !re c be ev5 less "q t ?is is no m]e logical problem ( ! individuals 9 a logical g5us4 ,x is ! social problem ( individuals :o h feel+s & emotions z well z ?\ght & w4 ,! problem ( di/ribut+ ! apple fairly is !n a complex 9 :i* at lea/ ! foll[+ processes ent]4 7#a7 ,analysis ( ! situation to %[ all ! relevant factors ) ! full be>+ ( ea*2 7#b7 putt+ y\rself 9 ! place ( ea* "o to be consid]$ & exp]i5c+ to ! full ! claims1 ! difficulties & ! purposes ( ea* p]son involv$2 7#c7 consid]+ all ( ^! z memb]s ( ! situation s t no individual is giv5 rights or all[$ claims except 9 s f> z he repres5ts a po9t ( view :i* is compreh5sive & sympa!tic4 ,?is ,i take x is ! =ce ( ,presid5t ,wilson's utt]ance :i* has comm&$ su* wide acceptance3 ,am]ica asks no?+ = h]self except :at %e has a "r to ask 9 ! "n ( humanity4 ,kant aim$ to express a high & democratic ideal ( ju/ice 9 8 doctr9e t we %\ld treat e rational be+ z end4 ,! defect 9 8 /atem5t is t ! rational process z su* has nev] treat$ & s f> z c be =ese5 nev] w treat human be+s z ends4 ,to treat a human be+ z an end x is necess>y to put oneself into 8 place 9 8 :ole nature & n simply 9 8 univ]saliz+1 & legislative aspects3 ,kant's pr9ciple is pr(\nd & noble1 b 8 label = x is mislead+ & leaves a door op5 = appall+ disreg>d ( o!r p's feel+s1 sympa?ies1 & moral s5tim5ts1 z ,pr(essor ,dewey has indicat$ 9 8 rec5t lectures on ,g]man ,philosophy & ,politics4 ,! t]m reasonable1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ 9 law & common life z a crit]ion ( "r1 seems to imply t reason is a /&>d4 ,z already /at$1 common life und]/&s by ! reasonable man "o :o n only uses 8 own ?9k+ p[]s b is will+ to li/5 to reason z pres5t$ by "s "o else4 ,he makes all[ance = frailties 9 human nature4 ,to be reasonable means1 v ne>ly1 tak+ into acc\nt all factors ( ! case n only z ,i see !m b z m5 ( v>y+ capacities & int]e/s reg>d !m4 ,! type ( ! unreasonable employ] is ! man :o refuses to talk ov] ?+s ) ! labor]s2 to put himself 9 _! place2 or to look at matt]s f ! po9t ( view ( society z a :ole4 ,j z little does ! t]m reasonable z us$ 9 law p]mit a purely intellectuali/ic view ( ! process or an a priori /&>d4 ,! "q z to :at is reasonable c>e or a reasonable price is (t5 decl>$ to be a matt] n = ! c\rt b = ! jury to decide1 i4e41 x is n to be d$uc$ f any settl$ pr9ciple b is a "q ( :at ! av]age ?\ghtful man1 :o consid]s o!r p z well z himself1 w\ld d "u ! circum/ances4 ,a glance at "s ( ! judicial def9itions ( su* phrases z reasonable c>e1 reasonable d\bt1 reasonable law1 z br\ght toge!r 9 ,words & ,phrases ,judicially ,def9$1 illu/rates ?is view4 ,we get a picture n ( any def9ite /&>d b ( su* a process z we h describ$ 9 our analysis1 namely1 a process into :i* ! exi/+ social tradition1 ! mutual adju/m5ts ( a *ang+ society & ! intellig5t consid]ation ( all facts1 ent]4 ,! c\rts h v>i\sly def9$ ! reasonable 7#a7 z ! cu/om>y1 or ord9>y1 or legal1 or 7#b7 z accord+ ) ! exi/+ /ate ( k 9 "s special field1 or 7#c7 z proce$+ on due consid]ation ( all ! facts1 or 7#d7 z (f]+ suffici5t basis = action4 ,= example1 7#a7 reasonable c>e means accord+ to ! usages1 habits1 & ord9>y risks ( ! bus9ess1 7#b7 surgeons %\ld keep up ) ! late/ advances 9 m$ical sci5ce1 7#c7 a reasonable price is su* a price z ! jury w\ld "u all ! circum/ances decide to be reasonable4 ,if1 aft] an imp>tial comp>ison & consid]ation ! jury c say c&idly !y are n satisfi$ ) ! def5dant's guilt !y h a reasonable d\bt4 ,"u 7#d7 falls "o ( v>i\s def9itions ( beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,! evid5ce mu/ be su* z to produce 9 ! m9ds ( prud5t m5 su* c]ta9ty t !y w\ld act )\t hesitation 9 _! own mo/ important affairs4 ,!re is evid5tly gr\nd = ! /atem5t ( "o judge t reasonable 7he 0 speak+ ! phrase reasonable c>e1 b 8 words w\ld seem to apply to o!r cases7 _c be measur$ by any fix$ or inflexible /&>d4 ,pr(essor ,freund *>act]izes reasonable z ! negation ( precision4 ,9 ! developm5t ( judicial int]pretation z appli$ to ! ,%]man ,law ! t5d5cy is to hold t ! rule ( reason w reg>d z =bidd5 by ! /atute 7a7 su* comb9ations z h hi/orically be5 prohibit$ & 7b7 su* z seem to "w "s def9ite injury4 ,,iii ,! above view ( ! function ( intellig5ce1 & ( ! syn!tic "* ( ! consci\s process may be fur!r def9$ 9 c]ta9 aspects by comp>ison ) ! view ( ,pr(essor ,fite1 :o likewise develops ! significance ( consci\sness & p>ticul>ly ( intellig5ce = our e?ical concepts & social program4 ,pr(essor ,fite insi/s t 9 contra/ ) ! functional psy*ology :i* w\ld make consci\sness m]ely a means to ! pres]vation ( ! organic individual 9 me*anical work+ ord]1 ! :ole value ( life f ! /&po9t ( ! consci\s ag5t consi/s 9 its be+ consci\s4 ,creative mom5ts 9 :i* !re is complete consci\s control ( mat]ials & te*nique repres5t high & unique individuality4 ,ext5sion ( range ( consci\sness makes ! ag5t a l>g] & m inclusive be+1 = he is liv+ 9 ! future & pa/ z well z 9 ! pres5t4 ,consci\sness means t a new & orig9al =ce is ins]t$ into ! economy ( ! social & ! physical _w4#gh ,on ! basis ( ! importance ( consci\sness ,pr(essor ,fite w\ld gr\nd 8 ju/ification ( rights1 8 conception ( ju/ice1 & 8 social program4 ,! individual d]ives 8 rights simply f ! fact t he kn[s :at he is do+1 h5ce z individuals diff] 9 intellig5ce !y diff] 9 rights4 ,! problem ( ju/ice is t ( accord+ to ea* a degree ( recognition proportion$ to 8 intellig5ce1 t is1 treat o!rs z ends s f> z !y are intellig5t2 s f> z !y are ignorant treat !m z means4#gi ,! consci\s individual :5 deal+ ) o!r consci\s individuals w take acc\nt ( _! aims1 z ( o!r factors 9 8 situation4 ,?is w involve 'adju/m5t1' b n ab&onm5t ( ends1 i4e41 self-sacrifice4 ,obligation to consid] ^! ends ( o!rs is bas$ on '! same logic t b9ds me to get out ( ! way ( an approa*+ tra94'#hj ,! po9t 9 :i* ! conception ( rights & ju/ice & ! impli$ social program advocat$ 9 ?is pap] diff]s z ,i view x f t ( ,pr(essor ,fite is briefly ?is4 ,i reg>d bo? ! individual & 8 rights z ess5tially syn!tic & 9 con/ant process ( recon/ruction4 ,!re=e :at is due to any individual at a mom5t is n measur$ by 8 pres5t /age ( consci\sness4 ,x is measur$ r by 8 possibilities ?an 8 actualities4 ,?is does n mean t ! actual is to be ignor$1 b x does mean t if we take our /& ^u ! actual we are committ$ to a program ) little place = imag9ation1 ) an emphasis all on ! side ( giv+ p :at !y des]ve r ?an ( mak+ !m capable ( des]v+ m4 ,pr(essor ,fite's position ,i reg>d z conceiv+ consci\sness itself too l>gely 9 ! category ( ! id5tical & ! /atic r ?an 9 ! m consci\s categories ( con/ant recon/ruction4 ,:5 by virtue ( consci\sness y conceive new ends 9 addition to y\r =m] p>ticul> ideas ( pres5t good ! problem is1 he says1 to secure p]fect fulfilm5t ( ea* ( !m4 ,! usefulness or advantage or pr(itabl5ess ( ent]+ into social relations is ! c5tral category = measur+ _! value & _! obligation4 ,n[ ! conception ( secur+ p]fect fulfilm5t ( all "o's aims by means ( society r ?an ( putt+ "o's own aims into ! process = reciprocal modification & adju/m5t ) ! aims ( o!rs & ( ! new social :ole involves a view ( ^! ends z fix$1 an ess5tially me*anical view4 ,! same is ! implication 9 consid]+ society f ! po9t ( view ( use & pr(it4 ,z previ\sly sugge/$ ^! economic t]ms apply appropriately to ?+s r ?an to intr9sic values4 ,to consid] ! uses ( a fell[-be+ is to measure him 9 t]ms ( "s o!r end ?an 8 own intr9sic p]sonal wor?4 ,to consid] family life or society z pr(itable implies 9 ord9>y language t su* life is a means = secur+ ends already e/abli%$ r ?an t x proves a good to ! man :o inve/s 9 x & !reby becomes himself a new individual ) a new /&>d ( values4 ,any object to be *os5 mu/ ( c\rse h value to ! *oos]4 ,b x is "o ?+ to be valu$ because x appeals to ! actual *oos] z already con/itut$2 x is ano!r ?+ to be valu$ because x appeals to a mov+ self :i* adv5tures ^u ?is new unprov$ objective4 ,?is second is ! di/9ction ( tak+ an int]e/ in/ead ( be+ int]e/$4 ,! second po9t ( div]g5ce is t ,pr(essor ,fite lays great] /ress ^u ! intellectual side ( intellig5ce1 :]eas ,i %\ld d5y t ! intellectual activity 9 itself is adequate to give ei!r a basis = obligation or a me?od ( deal+ ) ! social problem4 ,! prim>y fact1 z ,pr(essor ,fite well /ates x1 is t m5 are consci\s be+s & !re=e "k !mselves & "o ano!r4 ,x involves a mutual recognition ( p]sonal ends4 ,t v k :i* %[s ! individual himself %[s him also t he is liv+ 9 a _w ) o!r p]sons & o!r ?+s ^: mode ( behavior & ^: int]e/s det]m9e = him ! conditions ?r\gh :i* 8 own int]e/s are to be realiz$4 ,:at k9d ( k is x :i* %[s ! individual himself8 ,pr(essor ,fite has two q diff]5t ways ( ref]r+ to ?is4 ,he uses "o set ( t]ms :5 he w\ld contra/ 8 view ) ! s5tim5tal1 or ! ,ori5tal1 or ju/ify exploitation by ^? :o "k bett] :at !y are ab\t ?an ! exploit$4 ,he uses ano!r set ( t]ms to *>act]ize x :5 he wi%es to comm5d 8 view z human1 & frat]nal1 & z af=d+ ! only firm basis = social re=m4 ,9 ! fir/ case he speaks ( m]e kn[+2 ( intellig5ce z cle>1 & f>-sight$1 ( high] degrees ( consci\sness z simply m 9 "o4 ,our te/ ( intellig5ce w\ld be bread? ( vision 79 a coh]5t view71 f95ess & ke5ness ( insight4#ha ,9 ! second case x is g5]\s1 x w %[ an intellig5t sympa?y2 x seeks fell[%ip1 & w\ld n elect to live 9 a social environm5t 9 :i* ! di/9ction ( 'inf]iors' 7 an ess5tial "p ( ! idea4#hb ,! type ( intellig5ce is f\nd n 9 ! man seek+ weal? or p[]1 nor 9 ! legal acum5 :i* =eca/s all discov]able consequ5ces & devises means to c>ry out purposes1 b 9 lit]ature & art4#hc ,! t]ms :i* cov] bo? ^! mean+s are ! words consid] & consid]ate4 ,bread? ( consid]ation gives ! basis = rights4 ,! selfi% man is ! inconsid]ate4#hd ,?is t]m plays ! "p ( ! amor intellectualis 9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 :i* enables him at once to disc>d all emotion & yet to keep x4 ,= consid]ation is us$ 9 common life1 & def9$ 9 ! diction>ies1 z mean+ bo? exam9ation1 c>eful ?\ght1 & appreciative or sympa!tic reg>d4 ,! ambiguity 9 ! t]m may well h s]v$ to disguise f ! au?or himself ! d\ble role :i* intellig5ce is made to play4 ,! broad] use is ! only "o t does ju/ice to ! moral consci\sness1 b we _c include sympa?y & /ill ma9ta9 t m]e kn[+ cov]s ! :ole4 ,! insi/5ce at times ^u ! m]e kn[+ is a me*anical elem5t :i* ne$s to be remov$ be=e ! e?ical implications c be accept$4 ,once m1 h[ does "o "k himself & o!rs8 ,is x ! same process precisely z kn[+ a me*anical object8 ,?\ghts )\t p]cepts are empty1 & :at are ! p]cepts 9 ! two cases8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 t ( kn[+ ?+s1 ! p]cepts are colors1 s\nds1 resi/ances2 9 ! case ( p]sons ! p]cepts are impulses1 feel+s1 desires1 passions1 z well z images1 purposes1 & ! reflective process itself4 ,9 ! =m] case we con/ruct objects dehumaniz$2 9 ! latt] we keep !m m or less concrete4 ,b n[1 j z primitive man did n s ?or\ghly de-p]sonalize nature1 b left 9 x an elem5t ( p]sonal aim1 s sci5ce may view human be+s z objects ^: purposes & ev5 feel+s may be pr$ict$1 & h5ce may1 z ,pr(essor ,fite well puts x1 view !m me*anically4 ,:at he fails to note is t j ?is me*anical po9t ( view is ! view ( m]e kn[+--if m]e has any significance at all1 x is meant to %ut out s5tim5t4 ,& ?is me*anical view is entirely equal to ! adjectives ( cle>1 f>-sight$1 & ev5 broad s f> z ?is means m 9 "o4 ,= x is n ess5tial to a me*anical po9t ( view t we consid] m5 9 masses or /udy !m by /ati/ics4 ,i may calculate ! purposes & actions1 yes1 & ! emotions & values ( "o1 or ( a ?\s&1 & be increas+ly cle>1 & f>-sight$1 & broad1 b if x is m]e kn[+--sci5tific in=mation--x is /ill me*anical1 i4e41 ext]nal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is to be a k t has ! qualities ( human5ess1 or intellig5t sympa?y1 x mu/ h "s ( ! /uff ( feel+1 ev5 z 9 ! realm ( ?+s an arti/'s =e/ w diff] f t ( ! mo/ f>-sight$1 cle>1 & broad /ati/ician1 by be+ ri* ) color & mov+ l9e4 ,& ?is leads to a /atem5t ( ! way 9 :i* my fell[-be+s w f9d place 9 my self4 ,i grant t if !y are !re ,i %all take "s acc\nt ( !m4 ,b !y may be !re 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,!y may be !re z population if ,i am a /ati/ician1 or z consum]s1 or z rivals1 or z enemies1 or z fell[s1 or z fri5ds4 ,!y w h a value 9 ea* case1 b x w sometimes be a positive value1 & sometimes a negative value4 ,:i* x w be1 & h[ great x w be1 dep5ds n on ! m]e fact ( ^! objects be+ 9 consci\sness b on ! capacity 9 :i* !y are !re4 ,& ?is capacity dep5ds on ! dom9ant int]e/ & n on m]e kn[+4 ,! tr\ble ) ! selfi% man1 says ,pr(essor ,fite1 is t he fails to consid]1 he fails to take acc\nt ( me4#he ,well1 !n1 :y does he fail8 ,:y does he n take acc\nt ( me8 ,he probably does consid] me 9 sev]al ( ! ways t are possible & 9 ! ways t x suits him to consid] me4 ,i call him selfi% because he does n consid] me 9 ! "o p>ticul> way 9 :i* ,i wi% to be consid]$4 ,& :at w get me into 8 consid]ation f ?is po9t ( view8 ,9 "s cases x may be t ,i c speak3 ,sir1 y are /&+ on my toe1 & z ! message enc\nt]s no ob/acle 9 any fix$ purpose or temp]am5tal b5t ! idea has no difficulty 9 p5etrat+ 8 m9d4 ,9 o!r cases x may int]f]e ) 8 desire to raise himself z high z possible1 b ,i may conv9ce him by ! same logic z t ( an approa*+ railway tra9--t he mu/ reg>d me4 ,9 /ill o!r cases--& x is ^! t always te/ ,individualism--,i am n myself aw>e ( ! injury1 or ,i am too fa9t to prote/4 ,h[ %all ^? :o h no voice to speak get consid]ation8 ,only by intellig5t sympa?y1 & by j ^? emotions root$ 9 in/9ctive social t5d5cies :i* an intellectuali/ic ,individualism excludes or di/ru/s4 ,,iv ,:at practical conclusion1 if any1 foll[s f ?is int]pretation ( ! moral consci\sness & its categories8 ,moral progress involves bo? ! =mation ( bett] ideals & ! adoption ( su* ideals z actual /&>ds & guides ( life4 ,if our view is correct we c con/ruct bett] ideals nei!r by logical d$uction nor solely by insight into ! nature ( ?+s--if by ?is we mean ?+s z !y are4 ,we mu/ r take z our />t+-po9t ! conviction t moral life is a process involv+ physical life1 social int]c\rse1 measur+ & con/ructive intellig5ce4 ,we %all endeavor to fur!r ea* ( ^! factors ) ! conviction t ?us we are mo/ likely to recon/ruct our /&>ds & f9d a full] good4#hf ,physical life1 :i* has (t5 be5 depreciat$ f ! moral po9t ( view1 is n inde$ by itself supreme1 b x is c]ta9 t mu* evil *>g$ to a bad w is due to morbid or defective conditions ( ! physical organism4 ,"o w\ld be a%am$ to write su* a truism 7 x n t our juv5ile c\rts & our prison inve/igations %[ h[ f> we are f hav+ s5s$ x 9 ! pa/4 ,& our pres5t labor conditions %[ h[ f> our organization ( indu/ry is f any dec5t provision = a heal?y1 s\nd1 vigor\s life ( all ! p4 ,?is w> is %ock+ 9 its de/ruction1 b x is d\btful if x c d ! h>m to ,great ,brita9 t h] factory sy/em has done4 ,& if life is 9 "o respect less ?an ideals1 9 ano!r respect x is great]2 = x provides ! possibility n only ( c>ry+ out exi/+ ideals b ( ! bir? ( new & high] ideals4 ,social int]action likewise has be5 mu* discuss$ b is /ill v inadequately realiz$4 ,! great possibilities ( cooep]ation h long be5 utiliz$ 9 w>4 ,) ! factory & comm]cial organization ( ! pa/ c5tury we h h9ts ( _! economic p[]4 ,our s*ools1 books1 newspap]s1 are remov+ "s ( ! b>ri]s4 ,b h[ f> diff]5t social classes are f any k1 n to say appreciation1 ( ea* o!r6 ,h[ f> diff]5t races are ap>t6 ,h[ easy to inculcate national hatr$ & di/ru/6 ,! f\r? great problem :i* baffles ,wells's h]o 9 ! ,rese>* ,magnific5t is yet f> f solution4 ,! great dang] to morality 9 ,am]ica lies n 9 any !ory z to ! subjectivity ( ! moral judgm5t1 b 9 ! conflict ( classes & races4 ,intellig5ce & reason are 9 c]ta9 respects advanc+4 ,! social sci5ces are f9d+ tools & me?ods4 ,we are le>n+ to ?9k ( mu* ( our moral in]tia1 our wa/e ( life1 our n>r[ness1 our muddl+ & blund]+ 9 social arrangem5ts1 z /upid--we d n l to be call$ /upid ev5 if we scorn ! imputation ( claim+ to be good4 ,b we d n organize peace z effectively z w>4 ,we %r9k be=e ! ?\ght ( exp5d+ = sci5tific inve/igation sums comp>able ) ^? us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,& is s*ol>%ip entitl$ to %ift ! blame entirely ^u o!r int]e/s8 ,p]haps if x conceiv$ its tasks 9 great] t]ms & address$ itself to !m m en]getically x w\ld f9d great] support4 ,& f9ally ! process ( judgm5t & appraisal1 ( exam9ation & revaluation4 ,to judge = ! sake ( judg+1 to analyze & evaluate = ! sake ( ! process h>dly seems wor? :ile4 ,b if we supply ! process ) ! new factors ( increas$ life1 physical1 social1 intellig5t1 we %all be compell$ to new valuations4 ,su* has be5 ! c\rse ( moral developm5t2 we may expect ?is to be repeat$4 ,! great w> & ! *anges t em]ge ought to set new tasks = e?ical /ud5ts4 ,z m$ievalism1 ! c5tury ( enlight5m5t1 & ! c5tury ( indu/rial revolution1 ea* _h its e?ics1 s ! c5tury t foll[s ought to h its e?ics1 r\s$ by ! problem ( deal+ fundam5tally ) economic1 social1 racial1 & national relations1 & us+ ! res\rces ( bett] sci5tific me?od ?an belong$ to ! e?ical sy/ems :i* s]v$ well _! "t4 ,only wilful mis9t]pretation w suppose t ! me?od "h set =? is t ( tak+ e want or desire z itself a f9al ju/ification1 or ( mak+ morality a matt] ( arbitr>y caprice4 ,b "s may 9 all s9c]ity raise ! "q3 ,is morality !n aft] all simply ! %ift+ mores ( gr\ps /umbl+ =w>d--or backw>d1 or sidewise--) no fix$ /&>ds ( "r & good8 ,if ?is is s h[ c we h any confid5ce 9 our pres5t judgm5ts1 to say no?+ ( call+ o!rs to an acc\nt or ( reason+ ) !m8 ,:at we h aim$ to pres5t z a moral me?od is ess5tially ?is3 to take into our reckon+ all ! factors 9 ! situation1 to take into acc\nt ! o!r p]sons involv$1 to put ourselves into _! places by sympa?y z well z conceptually1 to face collisions & difficulties n m]ely 9 t]ms ( fix$ concepts ( :at is good or fair1 & :at ! "r ( ea* p>ty conc]n$ may be1 b ) ! conviction t we ne$ new def9itions ( ! ideal life1 & ( ! social ord]1 & ?us reciprocally ( p]sonality4 ,?us h>moniz$1 free1 & responsible1 life may well f9d new mean+ also 9 ! old] intr9sic goods ( fri5d%ip1 ae/hetic appreciation & true belief4 ,& x is n likely to omit ! satisfaction 9 actively con/ruct+ new ideals & work+ = _! fulfilm5t4 ,frankly1 if we d n accept ?is me?od :at rema9s8 ,c any "o by pure reason discov] a s+le =w>d /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( ! social situation or a s+le new value 9 ! moral ideal8 ,c any analysis ( ! pure concept ( "r & good tea* u any?+8 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! moral judgm5t is n analytic b syn!tic4 ,! moral life is n natural b spiritual4 ,& _s is creative4 ,,value ,,& ,,exi/5ce ,,9 ,,philosophy1 ,,art1 ,,& ,,religion ,,horace ,m4 ,,kall5 ,he :o assidu\sly comp>es ! pr(\nd & ! commonplace w f9d _! diff]5ce to turn m]ely on ! mann] ( _! expression2 a pr(undity is a commonplace =mulat$ 9 /range or o!rwise obscure & un9telligible t]ms4 ,?is mu/ be my excuse = beg9n+ ) ! trite rem>k t ! _w we live 9 is n "o :i* 0 made = u1 b "o 9 :i* we happ5$ & grew4 ,i am mu* aw>e t !re exi/s a l>ge & influ5tial class ( p]sons :o d n ?9k s2 & ,i (f] ?is rem>k ) all def]5ce to devotees ( idealism1 & to o!r su* pieti/s :o p]si/ 9 argu+ t ! tr\ble :i* we d enc\nt] 9 ?is vale ( te>s spr+s f ! inw>dness ( our own natures & n f t ( ! _w4 ,i wi%1 inde$1 t ,i c\ld agree ) !m1 b unhappily _! v argum5ts prev5t me1 s9ce1 if ! _w 7 actually z !y ?9k x1 !y c\ld n ?9k x z !y d4 ,9 fact1 !y c\ld n ?9k4 ,?9k+--worse luck6--came into be+ z response to discom=t1 to pa91 to unc]ta9ty1 to problems1 su* z c\ld n exi/ 9 a _w truly made = u2 :ile f "t immemorial pure z di/9ct f human consci\sness has be5 id5tifi$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 ) self-absorption & self-suffici5cy2 z a god1 a goal to atta91 n a fact to re/ 94 ,x is notable t ^? :o believe ! _w actually to h be5 made = u devote mo/ ( _! ?9k+ to expla9+ away ! exp]i5ces :i* h made all m5 feel t ! _w 0 actually n made = u4 ,_! *ief bus9ess1 aft] prov+ ! _w to be all good1 is solv+ ! problem ( evil4 ,yet1 _h !re really be5 no evil1 ?is evil consequ5ce c\ld n h ensu$3 exi/5ce w\ld h em]g$ z beatitude & n z adju/m5t2 ?9k+ might 9 tru? h be5 self-absorb$ contemplation1 blissful intuition1 n pa9ful le>n+ by ! me?od ( trial & error4 ,alas t :at might h be5 _c come into be+ by =ce ( discursive demon/ration6 ,if x c\ld1 goodness alone w\ld h exi/$ & be5 real1 & evil w\ld h be5 non-exi/5ce1 unreality1 & appe>ance--all by ! =ce ( ! ,^w4 ,z x is1 ! appe>ance ( evil is 9 s f> =? no less an evil ?an its reality2 9 tru?1 x is reality & its be/ witnesses are ! hi/oric attempts to expla9 x away4 ,= ev5 z appe>ance x has a def9ite & inexpugnable "* ( its own :i* _c be de/roy$ by subsumption "u ! /&po9t ( ! :ole1 ! absolute good1 ! ov]-individual values4 ,nor1 s9ce only /icks & /ones break bones & names nev] hurt1 c x be aboli%$ by ! epi!t appe>ance4 ,to d5y reality to evil is to multiply ! evil4 ,x is to make two problems gr[ :]e only "o grew be=e1 to add to ! problem ( evil ! problem ( appe>ance )\t s]v+ any end t[>d ! solution ( ! real problem h[ evil c be effectively aboli%$4 ,i may !n1 9 view ( ^! reflections1 hold myself safe 9 assum+ t ! _w we live 9 0 n made = u2 t1 humanly speak+1 x is op5 to improvem5t 9 a great _m directions4 ,x w be comp>atively innocu\s to assume also1 z a coroll>y1 t 9 s f> z ! _w 0 made = m9d1 x has be5 made s by man1 t civilization is ! adaptation ( nature to human nature4 ,& z a second coroll>y x may be safely assum$ t ! _w does n /ay made2 civilization has br\ght its own problems & peculi> evils4 ,i realize t1 9 ! light ( my title1 mu* ( :at ,i h writt5 above mu/ seem irrelevant1 s9ce ! problem ( evil has n1 )9 ! philosophic tradition1 be5 consid]$ "p ( a problem ( values z su*4 ,if ,i dwell on x1 ,i d s to indicate t ! problem ( evil c p]haps be be/ und]/ood 9 ! light ( ano!r problem3 ! problem1 namely1 ( :y m5 h creat$ ! problem ( evil4 ,= obvi\sly1 evil c be problematic only 9 an absolutely good _w1 & ! idea t ! _w is absolutely good is n a g5]alization ^u exp]i5ce1 b a contradiction ( exp]i5ce4 ,if !re exi/s a metaphysical problem ( evil1 h5ce1 x arises out ( ?is g5]alization2 x is second>y1 n prim>y2 & ! prim>y problem requires solution be=e ! second>y "o c be und]/ood4 ,& :at else1 "u ! circum/ances1 c ! prim>y "o be ?an ?is3 ,:y d m5 contradict _! own exp]i5ce8 ,,ii ,s put1 ! problem sugge/s its own solution4 ,x indicates1 fir/ ( all1 t nature & human nature are n completely compatible1 t consequ5tly1 conclusions are be+ =c$ by nature on human nature :i* human nature res5ts & rejects1 & t traits are be+ assign$ to nature by human nature :i* nature does n possess1 b :i*1 if possess$1 w\ld make h] cong5ial to human ne$s4 ,all ?is is s platitud9\s t ,i feel a%am$ to write x2 b !n1 h[ c "o avoid platitudes )\t avoid+ tru?8 ,& tru? "h is ! obvi\s fact t s9ce human nature is ! po9t ( exi/5ce to :i* good & evil ref]1 :at is call$ value has its seat necess>ily 9 human nature1 & :at is call$ exi/5ce has its seat necess>ily 9 ! nature ( :i* human nature is a "p & ap>t4 ,value1 9 s f> =?1 is a cont5t ( nature1 hav+ its roots 9 h] conditions & its life 9 h] =ce1 :ile ! conv]se is n true4 ,all nature & all exi/5ce is n spontane\sly & intr9sically a cont5t ( value4 ,only t portion ( x :i* is human is su*4 ,humanly speak+1 non-human exi/5ces become valuable by _! efficaci\s be>+ on humanity1 by _! propiti\s or _! disa/r\s relations to human consci\sness4 ,x is ^! relations :i* delimit ! sub/ance ( our goods & evils1 & ^!1 at bottom1 are indi/+ui%able f consci\sness4 ,!y d n1 ne$ n1 & _c connect all exi/5ce ) human life4 ,!y are inevitably implicat$ only ) ^? :i* make human life possible at all4 ,( ! environm5t1 !y p]ta9 only to t portion :i* is fit by ! implicat$ conditions ( life itself4 ,x may !re=e be said t natural exi/5ce produces & su/a9s "s values1--at lea/ ! m9imal value :i* is id5tical ) ! b>e exi/5ce ( mank9d--on its own acc\nt1 b no m4 ,! residual environm5t rema9s--irrelevant & m5ac+1 wid] ?an consci\sness & indep5d5t ( x4 ,value1 h5ce1 is a specific k9d ( natural exi/5ce among o!r exi/5ces4 ,to say t x is non-exi/5t 9 nature1 is to say t value is n co9cid5t & coexi/5t ) o!r exi/5ces1 j z :5 x is said t a ?+ is n r$1 ! mean+ is t r$ is n copres5t ) o!r qualities4 ,conv]sely1 to say t value exi/s 9 nature is to say t nature & human nature1 ?+s & ?\ghts1 are 9 "s respect h>moni\s or id5tical4 ,h5ce1 :at human nature tries to =ce ^u nature mu/ be1 by implication1 non-exi/5t 9 nature b actual 9 m9d1 s t ! nature ( value mu/ be held insep>able f ! nature ( m9d4#hg ,x foll[s t value is1 9 orig9 & "*1 completely irrational4 ,at ! f\ndations ( our exi/5ce x is relation ( _! conditions & objects to our major in/9cts1 our appetites1 our feel+s1 our desires1 our ambitions--mo/ cle>ly1 to ! self-reg>d+ in/9ct & ! in/9cts ( nutrition1 reproduction1 & greg>i\sness4 ,conc]n+ ^?1 z ,william ,james writes1 ,sci5ce may come & consid] _! ways & f9d t mo/ ( !m are useful4 ,b x is n = ! sake ( _! utility t !y are foll[$1 b because at ! mom5t ( foll[+ !m we feel t x is ! only appropriate & natural ?+ to d4 ,n a man 9 a billion :5 tak+ 8 d9n]1 ev] ?9ks ( utility4 ,he eats because ! food ta/es good & makes him want m4 ,if y ask him :y he %\ld want to eat m ( :at ta/es l t1 in/ead ( rev]+ y z a philosoph]1 he w probably laugh at y = a fool4 ,! connection betwe5 ! savory s5sation & ! act x awak5s is = him absolute & selb/v]/a5dli*1 an a priori syn!sis ( ! mo/ p]fect sort1 ne$+ no pro( b its own evid5ce4444 ,to ! metaphysician alone c su* que/ions occur z ',:y d we smile :5 pleas$1 & n sc[l8 ,:y are we unable to talk to a cr[d z we talk to a s+le fri5d8 ,:y does a p>ticul> maid5 turn our wits upside d[n8' ,! common man c only say '( c\rse we smile1 ( c\rse our he>t palpitates at ! sight ( a cr[d1 ( c\rse we love ! maid51 t beautiful s\l clad 9 t p]fect =m1 s palpably & flagrantly made f all et]nity to be lov$4' ,& s1 probably1 does ea* animal feel ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+s x t5ds to d 9 ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> objects4444 ,to ! broody h5 ! notion w\ld probably seem mon/r\s t !re %\ld be a creature 9 ! _w to :om a ne/ful ( eggs 0 n ! utt]ly fasc9at+ & preci\s & nev]-to-be-too-mu*-set-^u object x is to h]4 ,9 sum1 fundam5tal values are relations1 responses1 attitudes1 imm$iate1 simple1 subjectively obvi\s1 & irrational4 ,b ev]y?+ else becomes valuable or rational only by ref]5ce to !m4 ,/udy !m or o!rs empirically1#hh & !y appe> z types ( specific behavior1 simple or complicat$1 consi/+ ( a giv5 motor set ( ! organism1 /rong emotional tone1 & aggregates ( connect$ ideas1 m or less sy/ematiz$4 ,9 ! slang ( ! new m$ical psy*ology :i* has done s mu* to uncov] _! me?od & me*anism1 !y are call$ complexes2 e?ics has call$ !m int]e/s1 & t designation w d well en\gh4 ,!y are ! prim>y & morally ultimate efficaci\s units ( :i* human nature is comp\nd$1 & x is 9 t]ms ( ! _w's be>+ ^u _! de/9y t we evaluate nature & judge h] significance & wor?4 ,n[ 9 int]e/1 ! important delimit+ quality is emotional tone4 ,:atev] else is %>able1 t is n4 ,x is ! v /uff ( our attitudes1 ( our acceptances & rejections ( ! _w & its cont5ts1 ! v ess5ce ( ! relations we be> to ^!4 ,t ^! relations %all be id5tical = any two human be+s requires t ! two %all be id5tical3 two p]sons _c hold ! same relation to ! same or diff]5t objects any m ?an two objects c occupy absolutely ! same space at ! same "t4 ,h5ce1 all our diff]5ces & disagreem5ts4 ,h[ev] socially-m9d$ we may be1 m]e num]ical div]sity compels u to act z sep>ate c5t]s1 to value ?+s ) ref]5ce to sep>ate int]e/s1 to ori5t our worlds sev]ally1 & ) ourselves z c5t]s4 ,?is ori5t+ is ! relat+ ( ! environm5t to our int]e/s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( our worlds ( appreciation1 ! creation ( our ord]s ( value4 ,h[ev] mu* ^! cross & int]p5etrate1 co9cide !y nev] c4 ,our int]e/s1 fur!rmore1 are possibly z num]\s z our reflex arcs4 ,ea* may1 & mo/ d1 con/itute di/9ct & indep5d5t valuations ( _! objects1 to :i* !y respond1 & ea*1 ) ^! objects1 rema9s an irr$ucible sy/em4 ,b reflex arcs & int]e/s d n act alone4 ,!y act l armies2 !y comp\nd & are integrat$1 & :5 s integrat$ _! valuations fuse & con/itute ! m complex & massive feel+s1 pleasures & pa9s1 ! emotions ( ang]1 ( fe>1 ( love2 ! s5tim5ts ( respect1 ( admiration1 ( sympa?y4 ,!y rema91 ?r\gh all degrees ( complexity1 appraisem5ts ( ! environm5t1 reactions ^u x1 behavior t[>d x1 z subject to empirical exam9ation by ! psy*ologi/ z ! environm5t itself by ! physici/4 ,) a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 a fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,:5 y h an emotion y _c y\rself exam9e x4 ,effectively z ! m9d may "w 9 sections1 x _c ) sanity be divid$ aga9/ itself nor long rema9 s4 ,a feel+ _c be _h & exam9$ 9 ! same "t4 ,& ?\gh ! inve/igator :o /udies ! nature ( r$ does n become r$1 ! inve/igator :o /udies ! actual emotion ( ang] does t5d to become angry4 ,emotion is infecti\s2 ang] begets ang]2 fe>1 fe>2 love1 love2 hate1 hate2 actions1 relations1 attitudes1 :5 actual1 integrate & fuse2 z feel+s1 !y con/itute ! s5se ( behavior1 v>y+ accord+ to a *ang+ & un/able equilibrium ( factors )9 ! organism2 !y are actually und]nea? ! sk91 & consequ5tly1 to "k !m alive is to h !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to "k ?+s is simply to h a relation to !m4 ,! same ?+ may be bo? lov$ & hat$1 desir$ or spurn$1 by diff]5t m9ds at ! same "t or by ! same m9d at diff]5t times4 ,"o1 = example1 values :iskey positively1 approa*es1 absorbs x1 aims to increase its quantity & sale2 ano!r appreh5ds x negatively1 turns f x1 /rives to ou/ x f ! _w4 ,!n1 accord+ to ^! direct & imm$iate valuations ( :iskey1 its place 9 ! common _w ( ! two m9ds w be det]m9$4 ,to save or de/roy x1 !y may seek to de/roy ea* o!r4 ,ev5 simil> positive valuations ( ! object might imply ?is mutual repugnance & de/ruction4 ,?us1 rivals 9 love3 !y enhance & glorify ! same woman1 b z %e is n o!rwise %>able1 !y /rive to elim9ate ea* o!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w ( values ! num]ical di/9ctness ( ! seats or c5t]s ( value1 :atev] _! id5tity o!rwise1 keeps !m ultimately inimical4 ,!y may t]m9ate 9 ! common object1 b !y orig9ate 9 diff]5t s\ls & !y are relat$ to ! object l two magnets ( l pol>ity to ! same piece ( iron t lies betwe5 !m4 ,mo/ ( :at is ord]ly 9 society & 9 sci5ce is ! outcome ( ! adju/m5t ( j su* oppositions3 our civilization is an un/able equilibrium ( objects1 ?r\gh ! cooep]ation1 antipa?y1 & fusion ( value-relations4 ,individuals are no bett] (f2 p]sonality is con/ruct$ 9 ! same way4 ,if1 inde$1 ! _w _h be5 made = u1 we might h be5 sp>$ ?is w>f>e to man ^u e>?4 ,life might h be5 ! obvi\s irrational fl[ ( bliss s vividly describ$ by ,william ,james2 nature & human nature w\ld h be5 "o2 bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 !m w\ld nev] h be5 ! task ( ! t5d]-m9d$ among philosoph]s4 ,un=tunately our m]e num]ical diff]5ce1 ! m]e num]ical diff]5ce ( ! int]e/s :i* compose our egos1 makes ! tr\ble1 s t we are compell$ to devote mo/ ( our lives to conv]t+ ! diff]5t into ! same4 ,! major "p ( our in/9cts s]ve ?is function recognizably1 e4g41 nutrition1 & ! high] p[]s d s no less1 if n s obvi\sly4 ,g5]alization is no?+ m1 ?9k+ no?+ else4 ,x is ! assimilation ( _m in/ances into "o =m1 law1 or purpose2 ! pres]vation ( e/abli%$ cont5ts ( value1 j z nutrition is ! pres]vation ( life by means ( ! conv]sion ( =eign matt] into ! =m & sub/ance ( ! body4 ,by b[els & by bra91 :at is necess>y1 :at w fe$ ! irrationally giv5 int]e/1 is pres]v$ & consum$3 ! re/ is ca/ (f z wa/e1 z irrelevance1 z contradiction4 ,! relation may1 ( c\rse1 also rev]se itself4 ,face to face ) ! immovable & inexorable1 ! m9d may accept x ) due resignation1 or x may *all5ge its tyranny & exclude x f its _w4 ,x may seek or create or discov] a sub/itute t x is cont5t to accept1 ?\gh ?is w 9 turn alt] ! c\rse & "* ( ! int]e/ :i* 9 su* an in/ance def9es ! m9d's action4 ,?us1 a way out = "o ( ! lov]s ( ! same girl might be to become a depress$ & ye>n+ ba*elor1 realiz+ 8 pot5tial sexuality 9 ! vic>i\s reproduction ( rev]ie & s5tim5t2 ano!r might be to div]t ! /ream ( 8 affections to ano!r girl1 reorganiz+ 8 life ab\t a diff]5t c5t] & acquir+ a new sy/em ( practical values det]m9$ by ?is c5t]2 a ?ird might be a complete r$irection ( 8 sexual en]gies ^u objects ! int]e/ 9 :i* we w\ld call1 abnormal & anti-social 9 "o case1 & 9 ano!r l(ty & spiritual4 ,9 ! latt] case sexuality w\ld h be5 dep]sonaliz$2 x w\ld h *ang$ into poetic & humanit>ian passion2 x w\ld h become love z ,plato means u to take ! ^w4 ,b ea* ( ^! processes w\ld h be5 a conv]sion1 ?r\gh ! ne$ def9$ by an id5tical in/9ct1 ( ! same into ! diff]5t2 ! human nature :i* exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange w\ld be deeply o!r ?an ! human nature 9 :i* ! *ange culm9at$4 ,9 ea* case a condition ?ru/ ^u ! _s by its environm5t w\ld h occasion$ ! creation & ma9t5ance ( an environm5t dem&$ by ! _s4 ,yet 9 s f> z x 0 n truly ! same z t envisag$ 9 ! primitive dem&1 x w\ld /ill imply ! trag$y ( ! _w n made = u & ! problem ( evil1 9 :i* ! life ( ! _s is p]si/5tly a salvage ( "o ( two always incompatible goods1 a sav+ by surr5d]4 ,& ?is is all t a m9d is--an affair ( sav+ & reject+1 ( valu+ ) a sy/em ( objects ( :i* a liv+ body & its desires & op]ations1 its int]e/s1 are focal & ! objects m>g9al1 = its /&>d4 ,m9d1 ?us1 is nei!r simple1 nor immutable1 nor /able2 x is a ?+ to be *ang$1 confus$1 cle>$1 made-up1 tra9$4 ,"o body1 ,i h writt5 else:]e1#hi 9 ! c\rse ( its lifetime1 has _m m9ds1 only p>tially unit$4 ,m5 are all too (t5 ( two m9ds4 ,! unity ( a m9d dep5ds on its consi/5t pursuit ( "o int]e/1 al?\gh we !n call x n>r[2 or on ! cooep]ation & h>mony ( its _m int]e/s4 ,frequ5tly1 two or m m9ds may /ruggle = ! possession ( ! same body2 t is1 ! body may be divid$ by two elaborately sy/ematiz$ t5d5cies to act4 ,! beg9n+ ( su* division occurs :]ev] !re is a difficulty 9 decid+ betwe5 alt]native modes ( behavior2 ! end is to be obs]v$ 9 ^? cases ( dual or multiple p]sonality 9 :i* ! body has ord]$ a great collection ( objects & sy/ematiz$ s l>ge a collection ( int]e/s 9 su* typically di/9ct ways z to h set up = itself diff]5t & oppos$ m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 two or fifty or a million bodies may be ( ! same m9d4 ,unhappily1 diff]5ce ( m9d1 div]sity & conflict ( int]e/s is q z fundam5tal1 if n m s1 z sam5ess ( m9d1 cooep]ation & unity ( int]e/s4 ,?is ! philosophical tradition suffici5tly atte/s4 ,to ,plato man is at once a protean bea/1 a lion1 & an intellect2 ! la/ hav+ = its prop] task to rule ! fir/ & to regulate ! second1 :i* is always rebelli\s & irruptive4#ij ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian tradition man is at once fle% & _s1 et]nally 9 conflict ) "o ano!r1 & ! =m] is to be mortifi$ t ! latt] may h et]nal life4 ,common s5se divides u into head & he>t1 nev] q at peace ) "o ano!r4 ,!re is no ne$ ( pil+ up citations4 ,add to ! inw>d di%>monies ( m9d its incompatibilities ) ! environm5t1 & y p]ceive at once h[ completely x is1 f mom5t to mom5t1 a !at] & its life a drama ( :i* ! int]e/s t compose x are at once protagoni/s & directors4 ,! cata/rophe ( ?is unceas+ drama is always t "o or m ( ! play]s is driv5 f ! /age ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,x may be t ! environm5t--social conditions1 comm]cial necessity1 intellectual urg5cy1 allies ( o!r int]e/s--w drive x (f2 x may be t its own intr9sic unpleasantness w bani% x1 w put x out ( m9d2 :atev] ! cause1 x is put out4 ,putt+ x out does n1 h[ev]1 end ! drama2 putt+ x out s]ves to complicate ! drama4 ,= ! new psy*ology#ia %[s t :5ev] an int]e/ or a desire or impulsion is put out ( ! m9d1 x is really1 if n extirpat$1 put into ! m9d2 x is driv5 f ! consci\s level ( exi/5ce to ! unconsci\s4 ,x reta9s its =ce & direction1 only its "w n[ lies und]gr\nd4 ,its life h5ce=w>d consi/s p>tly 9 a direct oppugnance to ! inhibitions t keep x d[n1 p>tly 9 burr[+ b5ea? & ar\nd !m & seek+ out unwont$ *annels ( escape4 ,s9ce life is long1 repressions accumulate1 ! mass ( exi/5ce ( feel+ & desire t5ds to become compos$ entirely ( ^! repressions1 lay] ^u lay]1 ) e int]e/ 9 ! aggregate /riv+ to atta9 place 9 ! daylight ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 empirically & metaphysically1 no "o int]e/ is m excell5t ?an any o!r4 ,repress$ or pat5t1 ea* is1 :e!r 9 a completely favorable environm5t or 9 a completely indiff]5t univ]se1 or be=e ! b> ( an absolute ju/ice1 or "u ! dom9ation ( an absolute & univ]sal good1 entitl$ to its free fulfilm5t & p]fect ma9t5ance4 ,ea* is a =m ( ! good2 ! ess5tial cont5t ( ea* is good4 ,t any are n fulfill$1 b repress$1 is a fact to be record$1 n an appe>ance to be expla9$ away4 ,& x may turn out t ! exi/5ce ( ! fact may expla9 ! ef=t to expla9 x away4 ,= :]e int]e/s are 9 conflict ) ea* o!r or ) reality1 & :]e ! los] is n extirpat$1 its rev5ge may be j ?is self-fulfilm5t 9 unreality1 9 idea1 :i* philosophies ( absolute values (f] x4 ,dreams1 "s ( ! arts1 religion1 & philosophy may inde$ be consid]$ z su* fulfilm5ts1 worlds ( luxuriant self-realization ( all t "p ( our nature :i* ! h>% conjunctions ) ! environm5t ov]?r[ & suppress4 ,sometimes abortive self-expressions ( fru/rat$ desires1 sometimes ideal comp5sations = ! %ortcom+s ( exi/5ce1 !y are always equally ideal recon/ructions ( ! surr\nd+ evil ( ! _w into =ms ( ! good4 ,& because !y are comp5sations 9 idea1 !y are sub/itut$ = exi/5ce1 apprais$ z true1 & good1 & beautiful1 & real1 :ile ! exp]i5ces :i* h suppress$ ! desires !y realize are condemn$ z illusory & unreal4 ,9 !m humanity has its free/ play & ample/ expression4 ,,iii ,?is has be51 & /ill to a v great ext5t rema9s1 mo/ specifically true ( philosophy4 ,! environm5t ) :i* philosophy conc]ns itself is no?+ less ?an ! :ole univ]se2 its cont5t is1 )9 ! hi/ory ( its dom9ant tradition1 absolutely g5]al & ab/ract2 x is1 ( all great human ent]prises1 ev5 religion1 lea/ con/ra9$ by ! direction & m>* ( ev5ts or ! m&ate ( circum/ance4 ,l music1 x expresses mo/ truly ! imm$iate & intr9sic int]e/s ( ! m9d1 its native bias & its inw>d goal4 ,x has be5 con/itut$1 = ?is reason1 ( ! s-call$ normative sci5ces1 envisag+ ! non-exi/5t z real1 =c+ ^u nature pure values1 =ms ( ! _s incid5t to ! total life ( ?is _w1 unmix$ ) bas] matt]4 ,to =mulate ultimate /&>ds1 to be completely & utt]ly lyrical has be5 ! pr]ogative ( philosophy alone4 ,s9ce ^! /&>ds reappe> 9 all o!r recon/ructions ( ! environm5t & mo/ cle>ly 9 art & 9 religion1 x is p]t95t to enum]ate !m1 & to indicate briefly _! be>+ on exi/5ce4 ,! =emo/ out/&+ is p]haps ! unity ( ! _w4 ,confront$ by ! p]plex+ m5ace ( ! v>iation ( exp]i5ce1 ! di*otomies & oppositions ( ?\ghts & ?+s1 ! fusion & div]sifications ( _m ?+s into "o & "o into _m1 mank9d has1 f ! mom5t x became reflective1 felt 9 ! relation ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m ! pres5ce ( a riddle t eng5d]$ & su/a9$ uneas9ess1 a my/]y t conceal$ a ?reat4 ,! m9d's own pref]5ce1 giv5 ! physiological processes t condition its exi/5ce1 con/itution1 & op]ation1 c\ld h>dly come to re/ 9 a m fundam5tal normation ?an ,unity4 ,a _w :i* is "o is easi] to live 9 & )2 initial adju/m5t !re9 is f9al adju/m5t2 9 its sub/ance !re exi/s no?+ sudd5 & 9 its "* no?+ uncontrollable4 ,x gu>antees :atev] vital equilibrium ! organism has a*iev$ 9 x1 ill or good4 ,x secures life 9 atta9m5t & possession1 insur+ x repose1 simplicity1 & spaci\sness4 ,a _w :i* is _m complicates exi/5ce3 x dem&s wat*ful consid]ation ( irr$ucible discrete individualities3 x necessitates ! integration & humanization 9 a common sy/em ( adju/m5t ( entities :i* 9 ! la/ analysis refuse all ord]+ & reject all subord9ation1 consequ5tly keep+ ! m9d on an ev]la/+ jump1 compell+ x to pay ) et]nal vigilance ! price ( be+4 ,! pref]5ce = unity1 !n1 is almo/ inevitable1 & ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 f ! ,v$as to ! ,brahma ,somaj & f ,?ales to ,b]gson1 is significantly unanim\s 9 its attempts to prove t ! _w is1 someh[1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh "o4 ,t ! on5ess requires pro( is prima facie evid5ce t x is a value1 a desid]ate1 n an exi/5ce4 ,& h[ valuable x is may be se5 m]ely 9 ! fact t x d]ealizes ! inn] conflict ( int]e/s1 ! incompatibilities betwe5 nature & man1 ! unc]ta9ties ( k1 & ! c]ta9ties ( evil1 & sub/itutes !re=e ! ultimate happy unison :i* ! id5tity ( ! diff]5t compels4 ,unity is ! common desid]ate ( philosophic sy/ems ( all metaphysical types--neutral1 mat]iali/ic1 ideali/ic4 ,b ! dom9ant tradition has t5d$ to ?9k ?is unity 9 t]ms ( int]e/1 ( _s1 ( m5tality4 ,x has t5d$1 9 a ^w1 to assimilate nature to human nature1 to id5tify ?+s ) ! values ( ?+s1 to envisage ! _w 9 ! image ( man4 ,to x1 ! _w is all _s1 ego1 or idea2 & if n su* ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 !n entirely subs]vi5t1 9 its unhumaniz$ p>ts1 to ! purposes & int]e/s ( ego1 idea1 or _s4 ,:y1 is obvi\s4 ,a _w ( :i* ! ,"o sub/ance is su* con/itutes a totality ( int]e/ & purpose :i* faces no conflict & has no enemy4 ,x is fulfilm5t ev5 be=e x is ne$1 & ne$1 inde$1 is only illusion4 ,ev5 :5 its numb] is _m1 ! _w is a bett] _w if ! /uff ( ^! _m is ! same /uff z ! _s ( man4 ,= m9d is m at home ) m9d ?an ) ?+s2 ! pa!tic fallacy is ! mo/ inevitable & mo/ g5]al4 ,al?\gh ! totality ( _s is conceiv$ z good1 t is1 z actualiz+ all our desid]ates & ideals1 x w\ld /ill be felt t1 ev5 if ! totality 7 evil1 & n ,god1 b ! ,devil rul$ ! roo/1 ! _w s con/itut$ mu/ be bett] ?an "o utt]ly non-spiritual4 ,we c und]/& & be at home ) malevol5ce3 x (f]s at lea/ ! b5efits ( simil>ity1 ( companion%ip1 ( intimat5ess1 ( consub/antiality ) w2 its behavior may be =ese5 & its int5tions influ5c$2 b no horror c be great] ?an t ( utt] ali5cy4 ,h[ mu* ( religion turns ) a p]si/5t tropism to ! consid]ation ( ! devil & 8 works1 & h[ mu* x has f\ght 8 elim9ation f ! cosmic s*eme6 ,yet nev] because x lov$ ! devil4 ,! deep-ly+ reason is ! fact t ! humanization ( ,evil into ,devil mitigates ,evil & improves ! _w4 ,philosophy has be5 lea/ free f ?is corrective & spiritiz+ bias4 ,?\gh x has c>$ less = ! devil1 x has pr$om9antly repudiat$ ali5cy1 has s\ght to prove _s ! cause & sub/ance ( ! _w1 & 9 t degree1 to transmute ! ali5cy ( nature into sam5ess ) human nature4 ,) unity & spirituality1 et]nity makes a ?ird4 ,?is norm is a fundam5tal attribute ( ! ,"o ,god himself1 & int]*angeable ) 8 ineffable "n3 ! ,"l is ,et]nal1 & ! ,et]nal1 ev5 m ?an ! ,"o1 receives ! eulogium ( exclusive realness4 ,to ! philosophical tradition x is ! mo/ real4 ,once m ! reason %\ld be obvi\s4 ,! und]ly+ urge :i* pu%es ! m9d to ?9k ! _w z a unity pu%es x ev5 m inexorably to ?9k ! _w z timeless4 ,= unity is ass]t$ only aga9/ ! p]plexities ( a manyness :i* may be /atic & un*ang+1 & h5ce comp>atively simple4 ,b et]nity is ass]t$ & set aga9/ mutability3 x is ! negation ( *ange1 ( "t1 ( novelty1 ( ! sudd5ness & slaught] ( ! flux ( life itself1 :i* consumes :at x g5]ates1 und]m9es :at x builds & sweeps to de/ruction :at x f\nds to endure4 ,*ange is ! ar*-enemy ( a life :i* /ruggles = self-pres]vation1 ( an intellect :i* op]ates spontane\sly by ! logic ( id5tity1 ( a w :i* seeks to conv]t o!rs into sames4 ,x sub/itutes a diff]5t self = ! old1 x falsifies sy/ems ( ?\ght & det]iorates sy/ems ( life4 ,x makes unity impossible & manyness inevitable4 ,x upsets e actual equilibrium t life atta9s4 ,x op5s ! doors & w9d[s ( e clos$ & com=table cosmos to all transcosmic w9ds t bl[1 ) :atev] !y c>ry ( possible dang] & possible ill4 ,x is ! v s\l ( *aos 9 :i* ! pleasant1 ord]$ _w is su* a little helpless ?+4 ,( ?is *ange et]nity is by prim>y int5tion ! negation1 z its philological =m %[s4 ,x is n-"t1 )\t positive intr9sic cont5t1 & 9 its second>y significances1 i4e41 9 ^? significances :i* appe> 9 metaphysical dialectic1 )\t mean+2 s9ce x is !re a pure negation1 intr9sically affirm+ no?+1 ( ! same "* z n-man or n-donkey1 /&+ = a nature altoge!r unspecific & indet]m9able 9 ! residual univ]se4 ,by a sort ( obv]se implication x does1 h[ev]1 possess1 9 ! philosophic tradition1 a positive cont5t :i* accrues to x by virtue ( :at x d5ies4 ,?is cont5t makes x a designation = ! p]si/5ce & p]durability ( desid]at$ quality--f metaphysical unity & spirituality to ! happy hunt+-gr\nds or a woman's affection4 ,at bottom x means ! assurance t ! cont5ts ( value _c & w n be alt]$ or de/roy$1 t _! natures & _! relations to man d n und]go *ange4 ,!re is no record$ attempt to prove t evil is et]nal3 et]nity is et]nity ( ! good alone4 ,unity1 spirituality1 & et]nity1 !n1 are ! =ms :i* cont5ts ( value receive "u ! %ap+ h&s ( ! philosophic tradition1 to :i* !y owe _! metaphysical designation & ( :i* ! bus9ess has s l>gely & uniquely be5 to prove !m ! f\ndations & ontological roots ( univ]sal nature4 ,b ! problem ( evil does n come to complete solution ) ^!4 ,ev5 9 a s+le1 metaphysically spiritual & un*ang+ _w1 man himself may /ill be less ?an a metaphysical absolute & 8 prop] individuality doom$ to absorption1 8 wi%es to ob/ruction & fru/ration4 ,( man1 !re=e1 ! tradition posits immortality & fre$om1 & ev5 ! mat]iali/ic sy/ems h s\ght to keep someh[ room = "s =m ( ^! goods4 ,to turn fir/ to immortality4 ,its s\rce & matrix is less ! love ( life ?an ! fe> ( dea?--t fe> :i* ,lucretius1 d\r poet ( disillusion1 s nobly deplor$4 ,t he _h ev] himself be5 possess$ ( x is n cle>1 b x is p]fectly cle> t 8 altoge!r s\nd argum5ts aga9/ x h n aboli%$ its op]ation1 nor its effect ^u human "*1 society1 & imag9ation4 ,fe> :i* made ! gods1 made also ! immortality ( man1 ! d5ial ( dea?4 ,:at ! fe>'s unmi/akable traits may be has nev] be5 articulately said1 p]haps nev] c be said4 ,mo/ ( u nev] may und]go ! fe> ( dea?2 we und]go com=t & discom=t1 joy & sorr[1 intoxication & reaction1 love & disgu/2 we aim to pres]ve ! "o & to aboli% ! o!r1 b we d n kn[+ly und]go ! fe> ( dea?4 ,inde$1 x is logically impossible t we %\ld1 s9ce to d s w\ld be to acquire an exp]i5ce ( dea? su* t we %\ld be consci\s ( be+ unconsci\s1 s5sible ( be+ ins5sible1 aw>e ( be+ unaw>e4 ,we %\ld be requir$ to be & n to be at ! same in/ant1 9 view ( :i* ,lucretius bo? logically & wisely advises u to rememb] t :5 dea? is1 we are n2 & :5 we are1 dea? is n4 ,exp]i5ce & feel+ are1 h[ev]1 nei!r logical nor wise1 & to ^! dea? is f> f ! m]e non-be+ :i* ! poet w\ld h u ?9k x4 ,to ^! x has a positive reality :i* makes ! fe> ( x a g5u9e cause ( conduct 9 individuals & 9 gr\ps1 ) a basis 9 k su* z is realiz$ 9 ! dim9i%+ ( consci\sness "u anae/hetic1 9 dreams ( c]ta9 types1 & mo/ g5]ally 9 ! nasc5t imitation ( ! rigor mortis :i* makes look+ ^u ! dead su* a horror to mo/ ( u4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 some?+ is lack+ t[>d ! complete realization ( dea?1 & *ildr5 & primitive peoples nev] realize x at all4 ,its full mean+ comes out z an unsatisfi$ hung] 9 ! liv+ r ?an z a condition ( ! dead1 :o1 alive1 w\ld h satisfi$ ?is hung]4 ,& ! realization ( ?is mean+ requires sophi/ication1 requires a l5g?y corporate memory & ! disillusions :i* civilization eng5d]s4 ,primitive peoples ask = no pro( ( immortality because !y h no notion ( mortality2 civiliz$ ?9k+ has l>gely conc]n$ itself ab\t ! pro( ( immortality because its assurance ( life has be5 %ak5 by ! realization ( dea? ?r\gh ! gnaw+ ( desire :i* only ! dead c\ld /ill4 ,! pro( :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght is (f]$ aga9 & aga91 be x not$1 is n ( ! reality ( life1 b ( ! unreality & inefficacy ( dea?4 ,immortality is l et]nity1 a negative t]m2 x is immortality4 ,! exp]i5c$ fact is mortality2 & ! fe> ( x is only an inv]sion ( ! desire :i* x fru/rates1 j z fru/rat$ love becomes hatr$4 ,! doctr9e ( immortality1 h5ce1 spr+s f ! fe> ( dea?1 n f ! love ( life1 & immortality is a value-=m1 n an exi/5ce4 ,n[1 al?\gh fe> ( dea? & love ( life are 9 con/ant play 9 "* & conduct1 nei!r con/itutes ! orig9al1 innoc5t urge ( life )9 u4 ,w to live1 w to p[]1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & o!r ,g]manic hypo/ases ( exp]i5c$ ev5ts :i* ! great civil w> 9 ,europe is j n[ giv+ su* an air+1 h>dly des]ve1 z natural data1 ! high metaphysical /atus t ,s*op5hau]1 ,nietzs*e1 & company h giv5 !m4 ,!y foll[ 9 fact ^u a m prim>y type ( liv+1 act+ =m1 a type to :i* ! pa!tic fallacy or any o!r mann] ( psy*ologiz+ may n apply4 ,! mo/ t c be said ab\t ?is type is t its e>li] /ages are relat$ to its lat] ones z pot5tial is to k9etic en]gy4 ,if1 s9ce we are discuss+ a metaphysical issue1 we mu/ my?ologize1 we might call x ! w to self-expression4 ,_h ?is w *anc$ to happ5 9 a _w :i* 0 made = x1 or _h x itself be5 ! sub/ance ( ! _w1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 w to live1 & w to p[]1 nev] c\ld h sup]v5$4 ,all ?ree ( ^! expressions designate data :i* require an opposite1 a c\nt]-w1 to give !m mean+4 ,!re c be a /ruggle = exi/5ce only :5 !re are ob/acles !reto1 a w to live only :5 !re are ob/ructions to life1 a w to p[] only :5 !re is a resi/ance aga9/ :i* p[] may be ex]cis$4 ,expression alone is self-imply+ & self-suffici5t1 & 9 an altoge!r favorable environm5t we might h realiz$ our in/9cts1 impulses1 int]e/s1 appetites & desires1 express$ & actualiz$ our pot5tialities1 & :5 our day is done1 h ceas$1 z unconc]n$ ab\t go+ on z ab\t />t+4 ,met*nik(f speaks some:]e ( an in/9ct t[>d dea? & ! euphoria :i* accompanies its realization4 ,he cites1 ,i ?9k1 no m ?an two or ?ree cases4 ,to mo/ ( u ! m]e notion ( ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( su* an in/9ct seems fanciful & uncanny4 ,yet f ! /&po9t ( biology no?+ %\ld be m natural4 ,ea* liv+ ?+ has its span1 :i* consi/s ( a cycle f bir? ?r\gh maturation & s5esc5ce to dissolution1 & ! latt] half ( ! process is z fateful & inevitable z ! =m]6 ,dy+ is itself ! inexpugnable conclusion ( t sett+ free ( organic pot5tialities :i* we call life1 & if dy+ seems horrid & unnatural1 x seems s because = mo/ ( u dea? is viol5t1 because its occasion is a %ock f )\t1 n ! realization ( a t5d5cy f )94 ,9 a completely favorable environm5t we %\ld n /ruggle to exi/1 we %\ld simply exi/2 we %\ld n w to live1 we %\ld simply live1 i4e41 we %\ld actualize our pot5tialities & die4 ,b1 once m alas1 our environm5t is n completely favorable1 & !re's ! rub4 ,t disord]ly con/ellation ( in/9cts & appetites & int]e/s :i* con/itutes ! p]sonality ( ! be/ ( u does n "w itself out ev5ly4 ,at ! mo/ favorable1 our self-realizations are lopsid$ & di/ort$4 ,= e capacity ( ours 9 full play1 !re are a score at lea/ mutilat$1 sometimes extirpat$1 always repress$4 ,!y nev] atta9 ! free fullness ( expression :i* is consci\sness1 or :5 !y d1 !y f9d !mselves confront$ ) an oppon5t :i* neutralizes _! maturation at e po9t4 ,h5ce1 z ,i h already indicat$1 !y rema9 91 or rev]t to1 ! subt]ranean regions ( our lives1 & gov]n ! mak+ ( our biographies f _! seats bel[4 ,:at !y fail to atta9 9 fact !y succe$ 9 g5]at+ 9 imag9ation to comp5sate = ! failure2 !y realize !mselves vic>i\sly4 ,! doctr9e ( immortality is ! g5]ic =m ( su* vic>i\s self-realization1 z frequ5tly by means ( dead fri5ds & relatives to ^: absolute non-be+ ! m9d w n ass5t1 z by means ( ! ev]la/+ heav5 9 :i* ! m9d may =ev] disport itself amid ^? delights x _h to =ego on e>?4 ,mu* ( ! und]ly+ motive ( ! doctr9e is a sehnsu*t & no/algia aft] ! abs5t dead2 little a conc]n = ! cont9uity ( ! visible liv+4 ,& (t5 ?is passion is s int5se t sy/em aft] sy/em 9 ! philosophic tradition is con/ruct$ to satisfy x1 & ev5 ! mo/ disillusion$ ( sy/ems--= example1 ,sp9oza's--w pres]ve its =m if n its sub/ance4 ,t ! fre$om ( ! w %all be a p>ticul>iz$ comp5satory desid]ate l ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! unity1 ! spirituality1 & ! et]nity ( ! _w is a p]v]sion work$ ^u ?is ideal by ! hi/oric accid5t we call ,*ri/ianity4 ,! assumptions ( t !ory conc]n+ ! nature ( ! univ]se & ! de/9y ( man1 be+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh comp5satory1 *ang$ fre$om f ! possible fact & actual hope ( ,hell5ic sy/ems into ! problem ( ! ,*ri/ian ones4 ,! consequ5t controv]sy ov] free-w1 ! casui/ic entanglem5t ( ?is ideal ) ! notion ( responsibility1 its !ological developm5t 9 ! problem ( ! relation ( an omnipot5t ,god to a recalcitrant creature1 h completely obscur$ its primal significance4 ,= ! anci5ts1 ! free man & ! wise man 7 id5tical1 & ! wise man 0 "o :o all 9 all _h s ma/]$ ! secrets ( ! univ]se t !re 0 no desire ( 8 t 0 n actually realiz$1 no wi% ! satisfaction ( :i* 0 ob/ruct$4 ,8 way 9 ! _w 0 a way )\t let or h9drance4 ,n[ fre$om & wisdom 9 ?is s5se is nev] a fact & ev] a value4 ,its atta9m5t ensues ^u creat$ di/9ctions betwe5 appe>ance & reality1 ^u ! po/ulation ( ! metaphysical exi/5ce ( ! value-=ms ( ! unity1 spirituality1 & ! et]nity ( ! _w1 9 ! realization ( :i* ! wise man f\nd$ 8 wisdom & ga9$ 8 fre$om4 ,fre$om1 !n1 is an ideal t c\ld h aris5 only 9 ! face ( ob/ruction to action direct$ t[>d ! fulfill+ & satisfy+ ( int]e/s4 ,x is ! assurance ( ! smoo? & un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( behavior2 ! fl[ ( desire into fulfilm5t1 ( ?\ght into de$1 ( act into fact4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ p]vasive & fundam5tal ( all desid]ates1 & 9 a def9ite way ! o!rs may be said to d]ive f x & to realize x4 ,= ! s\l's immortality1 ! _w's unity & spirituality & et]nity1 are b conditions :i* facilitate & assure ! fl[ ( life )\t ob/ruction4 ,!y def9e a _w 9 :i* dang]1 evil1 & fru/ration are non-exi/5t2 !y s recon/itute our actual environm5t t ! ob/ructions x (f]s to ! c\rse ( life are aboli%$4 ,!y make ! _w rational1 & 9 ! great philosophic tradition ! fre$om ( man is held to be a function ( ! rationality ( ! _w4 ,?us1 ev5 det]m9i/ic solutions ( ! problem ( fre$om are at bottom no m ?an ! rationalization ( natural exi/5ce by ! dialectical removal ( ob/ructions to human exi/5ce4 ,once m1 ,sp9oza's solution is typical1 & its =m is t ( all idealisms z well4 ,x ensues by way ( id5tification ( ! ob/ruction's int]e/ ) ^? ( ! ob/ructee3 ! _w becomes ego or ! ego ! _w1 ) no?+ outside to h9d] or to int]f]e4 ,9 ! absolute1 exi/5ce is decl>$ to be value de facto2 9 fact1 de jure4 ,& by virtue ( ?is comp5sat+ reciprocity ! c\rse ( life runs free4 ,is any pro( necess>y t ^! value-=ms are n ! cont5ts ( ! daily life8 ,if !re be1 :y ?is unv>y+ succession ( attempts to prove t !y are ! cont5ts ( daily life t goes by ! "n ( hi/ory ( philosophy8 ,9 fact1 exp]i5ce z x comes f mom5t to mom5t is n "o1 h>moni\s & ord]ly1 b multifold1 discordant1 & *aotic4 ,its /uff is n _s1 b /ones & railway wrecks & volcanoes & ,mexico & subm>9es1 & tr5*es1 & frightfulness1 & ,g]many1 & disease1 & wat]s1 & trees1 & />s1 & mud4 ,x is n et]nal1 b *anges f in/ant to in/ant & f season to season4 ,actually1 m5 d n live =ev]2 dea? is a fact1 & immortality is lit]ally z well z 9 philosophic disc\rse n s mu* an aspiration = ! cont9uity ( life z an aspiration = ! elim9ation ( dea?1 purely immortality4 ,actually ! w is n free1 ea* int]e/ enc\nt]s ob/ruction1 no int]e/ is completely satisfi$1 all are ultimately cut (f by dea?4 ,su* are ! g5]al features ( all human exp]i5ce1 by age un)]$1 & ) inf9ite v>iety =ev] un/al$4 ,! traditional philosophic treatm5t ( !m is to d5y _! reality1 & to call !m appe>ance1 & to satisfy ! g5]ic human int]e/ :i* !y oppose & repress by means ( ! hi/orical recon/ruction 9 imag9ative dialectic ( a _w con/itut$ by ^! mo/ g5]aliz$ value-=ms & !n to eulogize ! recon/ruction ) ! epi!t reality4 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts1 su* recon/ruction becomes limit$ to ! biography ( p>ticul> individuals1 is an expression ( _! concrete & unique int]e/1 is liv$ & act$ on1 x is call$ p>anoia4 ,! diff]5ce is n "o ( k9d1 b ( concret5ess1 application1 & individuality4 ,su* a philosophy appli$ univ]sally 9 ! daily life is a madness1 l ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce3 kept 9 its prop] sph]e1 x is a f9e art1 ! f9e/ & mo/ human ( ! arts1 a recon/ruction 9 disc\rse ( ! :ole univ]se1 9 ! image ( ! free human _s4 ,philosophy has be5 reasonable because x is s unp]sonal1 ab/ract1 & g5]al1 l music2 because1 9 spite ( its labels1 its recon/ructions rema9 pure desid]ates & value-=ms1 nev] to be confus$ ) & sub/itut$ = exi/5ce4 ,b philosoph]s ev5 to ?is day (t5 h ! delusion t ! sub/itutions are actually made4#ib ,,iv ,x is ! purity ( ! value-=ms imag9$ 9 philosophy t makes philosophy normative4 ,! arts1 :i* x judges1 h an id5tical orig9 & an indi/+ui%able int5t1 b !y are prop]ly its subord9ates because !y h n its purity4 ,!y1 too1 aim at remodel+ discordant nature into h>mony ) human nature4 ,!y1 too1 are dom9at$ by value-=ms :i* %all satisfy z ne>ly z possible all int]e/s1 %all lib]ate & fulfil all repressions1 & %all supply to our lives t unity1 et]nity1 spirituality1 & fre$om :i* are ! exfoliations ( our c5tral desire--! desire to live4 ,b :]e philosophy has m]ely negat$ ! concrete /uff ( exp]i5ce & def9$ its reality 9 t]ms ( desire alone1 ! arts ackn[l$ge ! reality ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 accept x z x comes1 elim9at+1 add+1 mold+1 until ! values desid]at$ become exi/5t 9 ! concrete imm$iacies ( exp]i5ce z su*4 ,art does n sub/itute values = exi/5ce by *ang+ _! roles & call+ "o appe>ance & ! o!r reality3 art conv]ts values into exi/5ces1 x realizes values1 inject+ !m into nature z f> z may be4 ,x creates tru? & beauty & goodness4 ,b x does n claim = its results great] reality ?an nature's4 ,x claims = its results great] imm$iate h>mony ) human int]e/s ?an nature4 ,! propiti\s reality ( ! philosoph] is ! unse53 ! h>moni\s reality ( ! arti/ mu/ be s5sible4 ,philosophy says t app>5t actual evil is m]ely app>5t3 art compels pot5tial app>5t good actually to appe>4 ,philosophy realizes fundam5tal values transc5d5tally beyond exp]i5ce3 art realizes !m )9 exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 m5 *]i% no illusions conc]n+ ! cont5ts ( a novel1 a picture1 a play1 a musical composition4 ,!y are tak5 = :at !y are1 & are enjoy$ = :at !y are4 ,! %opgirl1 organiz+ h] life on ! basis ( eight doll>s a week1 we>s flimsy = broadclo? & ! tail fea!r ( a roo/] = an o/ri* plume4 ,%e is z capable ( we>+ & enjoy+ broadclo? & o/ri* plume z ,my ,lady1 ^: income is eight doll>s a m9ute4 ,b %e has n !m1 & 9 all likelihood1 )\t a social revolution %e nev] w h !m4 ,9 ! novels ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 h[ev]1 or ( ,miss ,jean ,libbey1 :i* %e religi\sly reads 9 ! /reet-c> on h] way to ! %op2 9 ! motion picture !at] :i* %e visits = t5 c5ts aft] h] supp] ( corn$ beef1 cabbage1 & cream puffs1 %e comes into possession ( !m =?)1 vic>i\sly1 & ( all ,my ,lady's prop] p]quisites--! ,pr9ce ,*>m+1 ! motor-c>1 ! ,*9ese pug1 ! fl[]s1 & ! co/ly bonbons4 ,= ! "t be+ h] life is lib]at$1 new av5ues ( exp]i5ce are actually op5$ to h]1 all sorts ( unsatisfi$ desires are satisfi$1 all sorts ( pot5tialities realiz$4 ,all t %e might h be5 & is n1 %e becomes ?r\gh art1 "h & n[1 & cont9u\sly ) ! drab workaday life :i* is h] lot1 & %e becomes ?is )\t any comp5satory d]ealization ( t life1 )\t any transc5d5talism1 )\t any loss ( grip on ! necessities ( h] exp]i5ce3 /r5g!n$1 on ! contr>y1 & embold5$1 to meet !m z !y are4 ,i might multiply examples3 = e object ( f9e art has ! same int5tion1 & if adequate1 accompli%es ! same end--f ! sculptures ( ,phidias & ! dramas ( ,euripides1 to ! sky-scrap]s ( ,sullivan & ! dances ( ,pavl[a4 ,b !re is ne$ only to consid] ! multitude ( ab/ract descriptions ( ! ae/hetic enc\nt]4 ,! arti/'s bus9ess is to create ! o!r object 9 ! enc\nt]1 & ?is object1 9 ,miss ,puff]'s words1 :i* are completely repres5tative & typical1 is su* t ! organism is 9 a condition ( repose & ( ! highe/ possible tone1 functional effici5cy1 enhanc$ life4 ,! p]sonality is br\ght into a /ate ( unity & self-complet5ess4 ,! object1 :5 appreh5d$1 awak5s ! active function+ ( ! :ole organism directly & h>moni\sly ) itself1 cuts x (f f ! surr\nd+ _w1 %uts t _w out = ! "t be+1 & =ms a complete1 h>moni\s1 & self-suffici5t sy/em1 peculi> & unique 9 ! fact t !re is no pass+ f ?is de$ into fur!r adaptation ) ! object4 ,/ruggle & ali5cy are at end1 & :atev] activity n[ goes on feels self-cons]v+1 spontane\s1 free4 ,! ne$ ( readju/m5t has disappe>$1 & ) x ! feel+ ( /ra91 ob/ruction1 & resi/ance1 :i* is its sign4 ,!re is no?+ b ! object1 & t is possess$ completely1 satisfy+1 & z if =ev]4 ,art1 9 a ^w1 supplies an environm5t f :i* /rife1 =eignness1 ob/ruction1 & dea? are elim9at$4 ,x actualizes unity1 spirituality1 & et]nity 9 ! environm5t2 x frees & enhances ! life ( ! self4 ,to ! environm5t :i* art successfully creates1 ! m9d f9ds itself completely & h>moni\sly adapt$ by ! initial act ( p]ception4 ,9 ! _w ( art1 value & exi/5ce are "o4 ,v ,if art may be said to create values1 religion has be5 said to cons]ve !m4 ,b ! values cons]v$ are n ^? creat$3 !y are ! values po/ulat$ by philosophy z metaphysical reality4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 philosophy sub/itutes ^! values = ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 religion makes !m cont9u\s ) ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,= religion value & exi/5ce are on ! same level1 b value is m pot5t & environs exi/5ce1 direct+ x = its own ends4 ,! unique cont5t ( religion1 h5ce1 is a specific imag9ative ext5sion ( ! environm5t ) value-=ms3 ! visible _w is ext5d$ at ei!r end by heav5 & hell2 ! _w ( m9ds1 by ,god1 ,satan1 angels1 demons1 sa9ts1 & s on4 ,b :]e philosophy imag9atively aboli%es exi/5ce 9 behalf ( value1 :]e art realizes value 9 exi/5ce1 religion t5ds to control & to escape ! environm5t :i* exi/s by means ( ! environm5t :i* is po/ulat$4 ,! aim ( religion is salvation f s94 ,salvation is ! escape f exp]i5ce to heav5 & ! bosom ( ,god2 :ile hell is ! comp5satory readju/m5t ( inn] quality to out] condition = ! ali5 & ! enemy1 )\t ! k ( ^: exi/5ce life 9 heav5 c\ld n be complete4 ,9 religion1 h5ce1 ! conv]sion ( ! repress$ array ( int]e/s into ideal value-=ms is less radical & ab/ract ?an 9 philosophy1 & less *eck$ by fusion ) exi/5ce ?an 9 art4 ,religion is1 !re=e1 at "o & ! same "t m c>nal & less reasonable ?an philosophy & art4 ,its hi/ory & protagoni/s exhibit a clos] k9%ip to :at is call$ insanity#ic--t be+1 9 ess5ce1 ! sub/itution 9 actual life ( ! creatures ( ! imag9ation :i* satisfy repress$ ne$s = ^? ( reality :i* repress !m4 ,x is a somnambulism :i* int5sifies r ?an aboli%es ! contra/ betwe5 :at is desir$ & :at mu/ be accept$4 ,x (f]s itself ultimately r z a refuge f reality ?an a control ( x1 & its developm5t z an in/itution has turn$ on ! creation & use ( devices to make ?is escape feasible4 ,= religion1 !re=e1 ! p]ception t ! actual _w1 :atev] its hi/ory1 is n[ n adapt$ to human nature1 is ! true po9t ( dep>ture4 ,?us religion takes m acc\nt ( exp]i5ce ?an comp5satory philosophy2 x does n de-realize exi/5t evil4 ,! out] conflict betwe5 human nature & nature1 primitively articulat$ 9 consci\sness & conduct by ! di/ress eng5d]$ ?r\gh ! fact t ! food supply dep5ds ^u ! m>* ( ! seasons1#id becomes lat] assimilat$ to ! inn] conflict betwe5 oppos+ int]e/s1 wi%es1 & desires4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole s con/itut$ gets express$ 9 ! idea ( s94 ,t idea makes outw>d prosp]ity dep5d5t ^u inw>d purity1 al?\gh x (t5 transf]s ! locus ( ! prosp]ity to ano!r _w4 ,?r\gh its op]ation =tune becomes a function ( consci5ce & ! "o desire ( religi\s ?9k+ & religi\s practice becomes to br+ ! two to a happy outcome1 to aboli% ! conflicts4 ,?is desid]at$ abolition is salvation4 ,x is express$ 9 ! ideas ( a fall1 or a sep>ation f heav5 & reunion !re)4 ,! ma*9]y ( ?is reunion ( ! divid$1 ! reconv]sion ( ! diff]5tiat$ into ! same1 consi/s ( ! furniture ( religi\s symbols & c]emonials--my?s1 baptisms1 sacram5ts1 pray]s1 & sacrifices3 & all ^! are at ! same "t in/rum5ts & expressions ( desires4 ,god is lit]ally ! cons]vation ( values4#ie ,god's life 9 et]nity1 writes ,ari/otle1 :o "h dom9ates ! e>li] tradition1 is t :i* we enjoy 9 our be/ mom5ts1 b are unable to possess p]man5tly3 its v be+ is delight4 ,& z actual be+ is delight1 s ! v>i\s functions ( wak+1 p]ceiv+1 ?9k+1 are to u ! pleasante/ p>ts ( our life4 ,p]fect & absolute ?\ght is j ?is absolute vision ( p]fection4#if ,ev5 ! lea/ somnambuli/ic ( ! transc5d5tal philosophies has repeat$1 n improv$ ^u ,ari/otle4 ,! highe/ conceptions t ,i get f exp]i5ce ( :at goodness & beauty are1 ,royce decl>es1 ! noble/ life t ,i c imag9e1 ! complete/ bless$ness t ,i c ?9k1 all ^! are b fa9t sugge/ions ( a tru? t is inf9itely realiz$ 9 ! ,div9e1 t kn[s all tru?4 ,:atev] p]fection !re is sugge/$ 9 ^! ?+s1 t he mu/ fully "k & exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is ae/hetic excell5ce1 ?is maximum ( ideality is 9 & by itself inadequate4 ,god1 to be ,god1 mu/ "w4 ,he is fir/ ( all ! invisible socius1 ! ev]-liv+ witness1 9 ^: eyes ! di%>monies & inju/ices ( ?is life are enregi/]$1 & :o 9 ! life ev]la/+ r$resses ! balances & adju/s ! acc\nt4 ,ev5 8 grace is n unconditional2 x requires a return1 9 de$ or fai?2 a paym5t by :i* ! fact ( 8 salvation is made visible4 ,b ?is paym5t is made id5tical by ! great religions ( disillusion ) no?+ o!r ?an ! concrete condition f :i* ! fai?ful are to be sav$4 ,if ! self is n impov]i%$1 unkempt1 & hungry1 9 fact1 x is made s4 ,cleanl9ess may be next to godl9ess1 b self-defilem5t is godl9ess2 sa9?ood1 if we are to tru/ ! lives ( sa9ts1 :e!r 9 ,asia or 9 ,europe1 is co9cid5t ) insanitation2 sa9tly virtues are depress$ virtues1--humility1 hope1 meekness1 pity2 & su* conditions ( life :i* def9e ! holy ones are un:olesome--pov]ty1 asceticism1 squalor1 fil?4 ,h5ce1 by an ironic inv]sion1 religions ( disillusion1 be+ o!r-worldly1 id5tify escape f an actual unpropiti\s environm5t ) subm]g5ce 9 x2 t be+ ! visible & indisp5sable sign ( an op]ative grace4 ,s ! beatitudes3 ! bless$ are ! poor1 ! m\rn]s1 ! meek4 ,beg9n+ z a correction ( ! evils ( exi/5ce1 religion ends by (f]+ an infallible av5ue ( escape f !m ?r\gh po/ulat+ a desid]at$ type ( exi/5ce :i* op]ates to ga!r ! _s to itself4 ,= ?is reason ! value-=ms ( ! spirituality or spiritual control ( ! univ]se & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l h be5 v l>gely ! practical conc]n ( religion alone1 s9ce ^! are ! in/rum5ts indisp5sable to ! atta9m5t ( salvation4 ,9 s f> =? religion has be5 an art & its in/itutional association ) ! arts has be5 made "o ( its conspicu\s ju/ifications4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z x has decl>$ values to be op]ative )\t mak+ !m actually exi/5t x has be5 only a black art1 a magic4 ,x has ignor$ ! actual causes 9 ! nature & hi/ory ( ?+s1 & has sub/itut$ = !m non-exi/5t desirable causes1 ultimately r$ucible to a s+le1 et]nal1 b5efic5t _s1 omnipot5t & free4 ,to conv]t ^! into exi/5ce1 an op]ation :i* is ! obvi\s int5t ( mu* contempor>y ?9k+ 9 religion1#ig x mu/1 h[ev]1 give up ! assumption t !y already exi/ qua _s4 ,b :5 religion gives up ?is assumption1 religion gives up ! gho/4 ,:at x dem&s ( ! gho/1 & ( all hypo/atiz$ or an?ropomorphiz$ ultimate value-=ms1 is t !y %all "w1 & its life z an in/itution dep5ds ^u mak+ !m "w4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce becomes a refuge f ! failure ( sci5ce1 magic f me*anism1 & by means ( !m & _! k9d1 blissful immortality1 complete self-fulfilm5t is to be atta9$--aft] dea?4 ,!re is a beautiful l& ( some:]e1 a happy life beyond1 b x is beyond life4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh religion confuses value & exi/5ce1 x localizes ! great value-=ms outside ( exi/5ce4 ,its hi/ory has be5 an epic ( ! retreat & decimation ( ! gods f ! _w1 a movem5t f animism & pluralism to transc5d5talism & monism2 & concomitantly1 ( an elaboration & ext5sion ( in/itutional devices by :i* ! sav+ value-=ms are to be made & kept op]ative 9 ! _w4 ,,vi ,let u consid] ?is hi/ory a little4 ,consci\sness ( feel+1 psy*ologi/s are agre$1 is prior to consci\sness ( ! objects ( feel+4 ,! w's inw>d /ra91 int5se ?robs ( s5sation1 pangs & pulses ( pleasure & pa9 make up ! bulk ( ! undiff]5tiat$ primal sum ( s5ti5ce4 ,! s\l is aw>e ( h]self be=e %e is aw>e ( h] _w4 ,a *ildi% or primeval m9d1 face to face ) an environm5t actual1 dreamt1 or rememb]$1 does n di/+ui% f its privacy ! objective or ! common4 ,all is %ot ?r\gh ) ! pa?os & triumph :i* come unacc\ntably z desir$ good or evad$ evil2 all has ! same t5sions & effects ends 9 ! same mann] z ! labor+1 /ra9+1 volitional life )94 ,^! feel+s1 residu>y qualities1 ! la/ float+1 unatta*$ s$im5t ( a _w organiz$ by association & classifi$ by activity1 ^! subtle/ ( all its be+s1 f9ally t]m$ m9d & self1 at fir/ suffuse & dom9ate ! :ole4 ,ev5 :5 objects are di/+ui%$ & _! places det]m9$ ^! are n abs5t2 & ! s-call$ pre-animi/ic fai?s are n ! less suffus$ ) _s because ! spiritual has n yet receiv$ a local habitation & "n4 ,!y diff] f animism 9 ?is only1 n 9 t _! objects are *>act]iz$ by lack ( animation & vital tonality4 ,& ?is is necess>y4 ,= religion mu/ be an?ropopa?ic be=e x becomes an?ropomorphic2 s9ce feel+1 eloqu5t ( good & evil1 is ! fir/ & deepe/ ess5ce ( consci\sness1 & only by its w&]+ f home are =ms di/+ui%$ & man's nature sep>at$ f t ( ?+s & bea/s4 ,:5 practice has coo]d9at$ activity1 & reflection di/+ui%$ places1 animism prop] arises4 ,fir/ ! environm5t is felt z ! s\l's k9dr$2 !n its op]ations are fanci$ 9 t]ms dramatic & p]sonal4 ,! _w becomes almo/ in/9ctively def9$ z a hegemony ( spirits simil> to man1 ) p[]s & passions l 81 & direct$ = 8 de/ruction or cons]vation1 b *iefly = _! own glory & self-ma9t5ance4 ,! va/ pa!tic fallacy makes religion ( ! :ole ( life4 ,x is at ?is po9t indi/+ui%able f sci5ce or e?ics4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! pregnant matrix ( all subsequ5t disc\rse ab\t ! univ]se4 ,its "* is su* t x becomes ! det]m9at+ factor ( human adaptations to ! conditions impos$ by ! environm5t1 by envisag+ ! endur+ & efficaci\s elem5ts among ^! conditions z p]sons4 ,! satisfaction ( felt ne$s is r5d]$ !reby inevitably social2 & 9 a l mann] fe> ( _! fru/ration _c be unsocial4 ,life is conceiv$ & act$ out z a miracul\s traffic ) ! univ]se2 & ! univ]se z a b& ( spirits :o monopolize ! good & make free gifts ( evil1 :o c be fe>$1 ?reat5$1 wor%ip$1 scold$1 :e$l$1 coax$1 brib$1 deceiv$1 enslav$1 held 9 awe1 & above all1 us$ = ! prosecution ( desid]at$ ends & ! fulfilm5t ( in/9ctive desires4 ,! fir/ record$ cogniz$ ord] is a moral ord] 9 :i* fragm5t>y feel+s1 in/9ctive impulsions1 & spontane\s imag9+s are hypo/atiz$1 ideas are id5tifi$ ) _! causes1 all ! cont5ts ( ! immature1 sudd51 primitive1 blund]+ consci\sness receive a vital figure & a prop] "n4 ,s man makes himself m at home 9 ! _w )\t1--t _w :i* enslaves ! _s s fe>fully & ) su* /rang5ess1 & :i* j z miracul\sly yields su* ec/asy1 su* p[]1 su* unacc\ntable good6 ,9 ?is imm$iate s5se ! s\l controls ! _w by becom+ symbolic ( x2 x is ! _w's fir/ language4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an in>ticulate1 blund]+1 incoh]5t ?+ & ! cues :i* x furni%es to ! nature ( ! environm5t are z (t5 z n dang]\s & mislead+4 ,:5 b[s & arr[s1 cry/als & caves1 cl\ds & wat]s1 dung & dew1 m\nta9s & trees1 bea/s & visions1 are treat$ z *iefs & m5 mu/ be treat$1 !n ! moral regim5 initiat$1 tak+ little acc\nt ( ! b>e/ real qualities manife/$ by ^! ?+s1 & attribut+ ! maximum importance to ! *>act]s po/ulat$ & =eign1 is successful nei!r 9 allay+ evil nor 9 ext5d+ good4 ,its b5efits are adv5titi\s & its malfeasance con/ant4 ,food buri$ ) ! dead 0 food lo/2 blood sme>$ ^u ! b[ to make x %oot bett] s]v$ only to make ! h&s unskilful by imp$+ _! activity4 ,initiation1 c]emony1 sacrificial ritual1 fa/+1 & isolation involv$ privations = :i* no adequate return 0 recov]$1 ev5 by ! m$ic9e-man ^: absolute & ephem]al p[] ne$$ only ! betrayal ( circum/ances = its own de/ruction1 tak+ him along ) x1 (t5] ?an n1 to disgrace or dea?4 ,z ! cumulus ( exp]i5ce on exp]i5ce grew great]1 *ance violations ( tradition1 or cu/om1 or ritual1 or =mula a*iev+ = ! violator a ma/]y or /ability :i* p]=mance & ob$i5ce fail$ to a*ieve1 ! new h]esy became ! lat] or?odoxy1 = 9 religion1 z 9 all o!r matt]s human1 no?+ succe$s l success4 ,an impot5t god has no div9ity2 a disus$ pot5cy means a dy+ life among ! immortals z on ! e>?4 ,& z ! gods !mselves seem$ (t5 to give _! wor%ip]s ! lie1 ! futility ( ! p]sonal & dramatic def9itions ( ! imm$iate environm5t became sl[ly recogniz$1 ! recognition v>y+ 9 ext5t1 & cle>] 9 practice ?an 9 disc\rse4 ,accord+ly ! mo/ primitive ( ! animisms und]w5t a necess>y modification4 ,! pla/icity ( objects "u de/ructive treatm5t1 ! impot5ce ( taboo be=e elem5t>y ne$s1 ! adequate satisfactions :i* violations ( ! div9e law br\ght1--^! kill$ _m gods & drove o!rs f _! homes 9 ! he>ts ( ?+s4 ,! objects s purg$ became matt]s ( accurate k4 ,:]e animation is d5i$ ! :ole environm5t1 wisdom beg9s to di/+ui% betwe5 _s-haunt$ matt] & ! purely mat]ial2 k ( p]son & k ( ?+s diff]5tiate1 & sci5ce1 ! imp]sonal & m pot5t k ( ! environm5t1 prop]ly beg9s4 ,famili>ity leads to control1 control to contempt1 & = ! unreflective m9d1 p]sonality is n1 z = ! sophi/icat$1 an attribute ( ! contemptible4 ,! incalculable appe>ance ( ?und]1 ! magic gre$ ( fire1 ! malice1 ! spontaneity1 ! ?re% & pulse z ( life :i* seems to *>act]ize :atev] is caprici\s or imp5etrable or uncontrollable are too mu* l ! felt ?robs ( consci\sness to become dehumaniz$4 ,to ! v>iable alone1 !re=e1 is transc5d5t animation attribut$4 ,n ! seasonal v>iation ( ! sun's heat1 b ! joy & ! sorr[ ( :i* 8 heat is ! occasion made him div9e4 ,:5 ! gods appe>1 to take ! place ( ! imman5t spirits imm$iately pres5t 9 ?+s1 !y appe>1 !re=e1 z already transc5d5t1 ) habitations j beyond ! well-kn[n3 on high m\nta9s1 9 ! skies1 9 d>k =e/s1 9 caves1 9 all regions fe>$ or unexplor$4 ,b *iefly ! gods inhabit ^? spaces :5ce issue ! p[] ( d>kness & de/ruction1 p>ticul>ly ! heav51 a ^w ^: mean+ is n[1 z x 0 primitively1 id5tical ) div9ity4 ,! savage becomes a pagan by giv+ concrete p]sonality to ! dreadful unkn[n4 ,!nce x is t ! anci5t poet assigns ! gods a l9eage ( fe>2 & fe> may truly be said to h made ! gods1 9 s f> z ! gods p]sonify ! fe> :i* made !m4 ,! moral level ( ^! figm5ts alt]s ) ! level ( _! habitation2 _! p[] v>ies ) _! remot5ess2 ,zeus lives 9 ! highe/ heav5 & is arbit] ( ! de/9y ( bo? gods & man4 ,to him & to 8 l !re _c be ! relation ( equality :i* is su/a9$ betwe5 m5 & spirits ( ! l[] ord]4 ,8 v love is bla/+2 int]*ange ( commodities1 good = good & evil = evil is n possible :]e he is conc]n$4 ,gods ( ! high] ord] he exemplifies1 ev5 all ! gods ( ,olympus1 ( ! ,himalayas1 ( ,valhalla1 are lit]ally be+s invok$ & implor$1 z well z dwell]s 9 heav54 ,to !m man pays a toll on all excell5ce he ga9s or f9ds2 libations & burnt-(f]+s1 ! fat & ! fir/ fruits3 he exi/s by _! suff]ance & s]ves _! caprice4 ,he is _! toy1 born = _! pleasure1 & liv+ by _! ne$4 ,b j because m5 conceive !mselves to be play-?+s ( ! gods1 !y def9e 9 ! gods ! ideals ( mank9d4 ,= ! div9e p[] is p[] to live =ev]1 & ! sum ( human desire is j ! desire to ma9ta9 its humanity 9 fre$om & happ9ess endlessly4 ,& exactly ^? capacities & in/rum5ts ( self-ma9t5ance1--all t is beauty1 or tru?1 or goodness1 ! v ess5ce ( value 9 any ( its =ms1--! gods are conceiv$ to possess & to control3 ^! !y may grant1 )hold1 de/roy4 ,!y are z et]nal z _! habitations1 ! m\nta9s2 z ru?less z _! elem5t1 ! sea2 z omnipres5t z ! heav5s1 _! home4 ,to become l ! gods1 !re=e1 ! ma/]s & fa!rs ( m51 is to rema9 et]nally & absolutely human3 s t :o is mo/ l !m on e>? takes 8 place beside !m 9 heav54 ,h]cules & ,elias & ,kri%na1 ,caka-,muni & ,i%v>a1 ,jesus & ,baha ,ullah4 ,nay1 !y are ! v gods !mselves1 manife/ z m56 ,! hi/ory ( ! gods ?us pres5ts a d\ble aspect3 x is fir/ a *>act]ization ( ! important objects & processes ( nature & _! survival-values1--! sun1 ?und]1 ra91 & e>?quakes2 dissolution1 rebir?1 & love2 & aga9 x is ! n>ration ( activities native & delightful to mank9d4 ,zeus is a promiscu\s lov] z well z a wield] ( ?und]bolts2 ,apollo n only drives ! *>iot ( ! sun2 he plays & dances1 disc\rses melody & h]ds %eep4 ,b :ile ! portrait ( ! he>t's desire 9 fictiti\s adv5tures ( div9ity ende>s ! gods to ! _s1 ! exploration ( ! elem5ts 9 ! environm5t ^: natures !y dramatically express1 de/roys _! =ce1 r$uces _! numb]1 & drives !m /ill fur!r into ! unkn[n4 ,olympus is surr5d]$ = ! planets & ! fix$ />s4 ,) remot5ess ( location comes transmutation ( "*4 ,! =ces ( ! environm5t :i* 7 ! div9ity are n[ conceiv$ z in/rum5tal to its uses4 ,its p[] is m subtly describ$2 its nature becomes a m purely ideal expression ( human aspiration4 ,physical remot5ess & metaphysical ultimacy are ak94 ,god among ! />s is bett] ?an ,god on ,olympus4 ,if1 z ) ! ,p>sees1 ! unfavorable "* ( ! environm5t is express$ 9 ano!r & equal be+1--! devil1 !n ! god ( good mu/1 9 ! symbolic /ruggle1 become ! ultimate victor & rema9 ! m pot5t director ( man's de/9y4 ,9 religion1 !re=e1 :5 ! m9d gr[s at all by exp]i5ce1 monism develops spontane\sly4 ,= ! "* ( ! god becomes increas+ly m relevant to hope ?an to ! conditions ( hope's satisfaction4 ,& :at man fir/ ( all & beyond all aspires to1 is t s+le1 undivid$ good1--! free fl[ ( 8 unit>y life1 /able1 complete1 et]nal4 ,!re is h5ce always to be f\nd a *ief & fa!r among ! gods :o1 z mank9d ga9 9 wisdom & 9 mat]ial p[]1 consumes 8 mates & 8 *ildr5 l ,kronos or ,jahweh1 inh]its _! attributes & p]=ms _! functions4 ,! *ief div9ity becomes ! only div9ity2 a god becomes ,god4 ,b div9ity1 9 becom+ "o & unique1 becomes also transc5d5t4 ,mono!ism pu%es ,god altoge!r beyond ! s5sible environm5t4 ,p]sonality1 in/ead ( be+ ! nature ( ! _w1 has become its gr\nd & cause1 & all t mank9d loves is cons]v$1 9 ord] t man1 :om ,god loves1 may h 8 desire & live =ev]4 ,life is et]nal & happ9ess necess>y1 beyond nature1--9 heav54 ,f9ally1 9 transc5d5tal idealism1 ! poles meet2 :at has be5 put et]nally ap>t is et]nally unit$2 ! immat]ial1 impalpable1 transc5d5t heav5 is made "o & cont9u\s ) ! gross & unhappy natural _w4 ,"o is ! o!r2 ! o!r ! "o4 ,god is ! _w & transc5ds x2 is ! evil & ! good :i* conqu]s & consumes t evil4 ,! environm5t becomes ?us describ$ z a s+le1 et]nal1 consci\s unity1 9 :i* all ! actual b transitory values ( ! actual b transitory life are cons]v$ & et]naliz$4 ,9 a description ( ,god su* z ,royce's or ,ari/otle's ! environm5t is ! et]nity ( all its con/itu5ts t are de>e/ to man4 ,religion1 :i* began z a def9ition ( ! environm5t z x mov$ & controll$ mank9d1 ends by describ+ x z mank9d desires x to be4 ,! environm5t is n[ ! a=em5tion$ ideal socius or self :i* satisfies p]fectly all human requirem5ts4 ,plurali/ic & qu>relsome animism has become moni/ic & h>moni\s spiritism4 ,=ces h turn$ to excell5ces & ne$s to satisfactions4 ,necessity has be5 transmut$ to ,provid5ce1 s9 has be5 id5tifi$ ) salvation1 value ) exi/5ce1 & exi/5ce ) impot5ce & illusion be=e ,provid5ce1 salvation1 & value4 ,,vii ,) ?is is complet$ ! reply to ! "q3 ,:y d m5 contradict _! own exp]i5ce8 ,exp]i5ce is1 z ,sp9oza says1 passion & action1 bo? inextricably m+l$ & co9cid5t1 ) ! good & evil ( !m z int]wov5 z !y4 ,t piecemeal conque/ ( ! evil :i* we call civilization has n ev5 ! promise ( f9ality4 ,x is a ,p5elope's web1 always ne$+ to be wov5 anew4 ,n[1 9 exp]i5ce desire anticipates & outleaps action & fact rebuffs desire4 ,desire realizes itself1 consequ5tly1 9 ideas objectifi$ by ! p[] ( spee* into indep5d5t & autonom\s subjects ( disc\rse1 :]eby exp]i5ce is ,"o1 ,et]nal1 a ,_s or ,spiritually ,controll$1 :]e9 man has ,fre$om & ,immortality4 ,^!1 ! con/antly desid]at$ traits ( a p]fect univ]se1 are 9 fact ! limits ( :at adequacy environm5tal satisfactions c atta91 ideas hypo/atiz$1 normative ( exi/5ce1 b n con/itut+ x4 ,) !m1 9 philosophy & religion1 ! m9d confronts ! exp]i5ces ( dea? & ob/ruction1 ( manifoldness1 *ange & mat]iality1 & d5ies !m1 z ,pet] d5i$ ,jesus4 ,! visible _w1 be+ n z we want x1 we imag9e an unse5 "o t satisfies our want1 decl>+ ! visible "o an illusion by its side4 ,s we "w a radical sub/itution ( desid]ates = actualities1 ( ideals = facts1 ( values = exi/5ces4 ,art alone ackn[l$ges ! actual relations betwe5 ^! contra/+ pairs4 ,art alone s op]ates z 9 fact to conv]t _! oppugnance into id5tity4 ,intr9sically1 its :ole purpose & te*nique consi/s ( transmutation ( values into exi/5ces1 9 ! inc>nation ! realization ( values4 ,! philosophy & religion ( tradition1 on ! contr>y1 consi/s intr9sically 9 ! flat d5ial ( reality1 or at lea/1 co-reality1 to exi/5ce1 & ! transf] ( t eulogium to value-=ms z su*4 ,metaphysics1 !ology1 e?ics1 logic1 ae/hetics1 dialectic developm5ts z !y are ( norms or realities :i* !mselves c h no mean+ )\t ! app>5t1 *ang+ _w !y measure & belie1 assume consequ5tly a deta*m5t & self-suffici5cy !y d n actually possess4 ,_! hi/orians h treat$ !m z if !y _h no context1 z if ! elaboration ( ! ideal t5d5cies ( ! successive sy/ems expla9$ _! orig91 "*1 & significance4 ,b 9 fact !y are un5d[$ ) ?is pure intr9sicality1 & _! developm5t is n to be acc\nt$ = z ext]iorization ( innate motive or an unfoldm5t ( inw>d implications4 ,!y h a context2 !y are cross$ & int]p5etrat$ by out] int]e/s & extrane\s consid]ations4 ,_! mean+1 9 s f> z x is n m]ely ae/hetic1 is nil ap>t f ^! int]e/s & consid]ations ( :i* !y are sometimes expressions1 sometimes recon/ructions1 & f :i* !y are p]si/5tly refuges4 ,philosophy & religion are1 9 a ^w1 no less ?an art1 social facts4 ,!y are responses to gr\p situations )\t :i* !y _c be und]/ood4 ,al?\gh analysis has %[n !m to be root$ 9 c]ta9 p]si/5t motives & conditions ( human nature by ^: virtue !y issue 9 def9ite cont\rs & significances1 !y acquire individuality & specific importance only ?r\gh int]action ) ! con/antly v>y+ social situations 9 :i* !y arise1 on :i* !y op]ate1 & by :i* !y are 9 turn op]at$ on4 ,philosophy has p]haps suff]$ mo/ ( all f nesci5ce ( ^? & f devot+ itself1 at a m9imum1 to ! satisfaction ( t passion = on5ess1 = logical consi/5cy )\t :i* philosophic sy/ems w\ld nev] arise1 nor ! metaphysical di/9ction betwe5 appe>ance & reality2 & ) :i* ! same sy/ems h made up a hi/oric aggregate ( /rik+ly repugnant & qu>relsome units4 ,x is ?is pursuit ( consi/5cy z aga9/ correctness :i* has result$ 9 ! irrelevance ( philosophy t ! philosoph]1 unconsci\s ( 8 motives & roots1 or naively id5tify+1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( an elaborate dialectic1 8 in/9ctive & responsive valuations ( exi/5ce ) its categoric ess5ces1 confuses ) inw>d autonomy & ! vision ( ! real4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sy/ems ( tradition beg9 z attempts to transvalue social situations ^: exi/5ce is tr\blesome & end z utt]ances ( :i* ! specific be>+1 save to ! sy/em ( an oppon5t1 is undiscov]able4 ,! attempt to correct ! environm5t 9 fact concludes z an abolition ( x 9 words4 ,! philosophic sy/em becomes a solipsism1 a pure lyric expression ( ! appetites ( human nature4 ,= ?is p]v]sity ( ! philosophic tradition ,plato is p]haps1 m ?an any "o else1 answ]able4 ,he is ! fir/ explicitly to h r$uplicat$ ! _w1 to h set exi/5ces ov] aga9/ values1 to h made !m dep5d5t ^u values1 to h assign$ absolute reality to ! comp5satory ideals1 & to h id5tifi$ philosophy ) preoccupation ) ^! ideals4 ,beh9d 8 !ory ( life lay f> f agreeable p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! attitude ( political p[] t[>d philosophic ideas4 ,its rip5+ 0 co9cid5t ) ! mo/ di/ress+ p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,w> 0 ! confrontation ( two social sy/ems1 radically oppos$ 9 =m1 me?od1 & outlook4 ,democracy1 9 ,a!ns1 _h become synonym\s ) demagogu]y1 corruption1 ineffici5cy1 inju/ice & unscrupul\sness 9 e aspect ( public affairs4 ,! gov]nm5t _h no consi/5t policy & no c5traliz$ responsibility2 divid$ c\nsel l$ to cont9ual disa/] )\t1 & p>ty politics rott$ ! /r5g? )94 ,beside ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 a communi/ic olig>*y1 0 a t[] ( /r5g? & effectiv5ess4 ,! ,sp>tans made mi/akes2 !y 7 sl[1 inept1 rude1 & tyrannical1 b !y 7 a unit on ! w>1 _! policy 0 consi/5t1 responsibilities 7 adequately c5t]$1 good ord] & loyalty designat$ ! aims & habits ( life4#ih ,! ,republic is ! response to ! confrontation ( ,sp>tan & ,a!nian2 ! attempt to f9d an adequate solution ( ! great social problem ?is confrontation express$4 ,! successful /ate becomes 9 x ! model = ! metaphysical "o1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 fact & ideal is am5d$ by dialectically =c+ ! implications ( exi/5ce 9 ! direction ( desire4 ,nei!r ,a!ns nor ,sp>ta pres5t$ a completely satisfactory social organization4 ,!re mu/ !re=e exi/ a type ( social organization :i* is s satisfy+4 ,x mu/ h exi/$ f et]nity1 & mu/ be 9 ess5ce id5tical ) et]nal good1 id5tical ) t on5ess & spirituality1 lack+ :i*1 no?+ is important4 ,?is ar*etypal social organization ^: ess5ce is excell5ce1 x is ! cong5ital vocation ( ! philosoph] to contemplate & to realize4 ,philosoph]s are h5ce ! p>agons among animals1 lov]s ( tru?1 hat]s ( falsehood & ( multiplicity1 spectators ( all "t & all exi/5ce4 ,9 !m ! p[] to gov]n %\ld be ve/$4 ,_! nature is ( ! same /uff z ! ,highe/ ,good ) :i* x conc]ns itself1 b be+ su*1 x appe>s1 m]ely appe>s alas6 irrelevant to ! actual situations ( ! daily life4 ,! philosoph] is h5ce oppos$ & expell$ by t ar*-sophi/1 ,public ,op9ion3 ! man on ! /reet1 fail+ to und]/& him1 dubs him prat]1 />-gaz]1 good-=-no?+4#ii ,he becomes an ineffectual /rang]1 an outlaw1 9 a _w 9 :i* he %\ld be ma/]4 ,plato's description ( ! philosoph] & philosophy is1 x w be se51 at once an apology & a program4 ,b x is a program :i* has be5 petrifi$ into a comp5satory ideal4 ,! confession ( impot5ce1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! programmatic int5t is due to id5tification ( ! ideal ) metaphysical fact1 to ! hypo/asis ( ! ideal4 ,) ,*ri/ianism1 t be+ a philosophy op]at+ z a religion1 _w-we>9ess made ! apology unnecess>y & conv]t$ ! hypo/asis into ! basis ( t program ( complete surr5d] ( ! attempt to ma/] ! problems ( exi/5ce ^u :i* ensu$ ! arre/ ( sci5ce & civilization = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ,greeks 7 n _w-we>y1 & consequ5tly1 _! joy 9 life & exi/5ce contribut$ a m9imum ( relevance to _! o!r-worldly dreams4 ,ne$ x be reass]t$ t ! :ole ,platonic sy/em1 at its ri*e/ & be/ 9 ! ,republic1 is bo? an expression ( & a comp5sation = a concrete social situation8 ,once x 0 =mulat$ x became a "p ( t situation1 alt]$ x1 s]v$ z ano!r among ! actual causes :i* det]m9$ ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,its hi/oric & efficaci\s significance is def9$ by t situation1 b philosoph]s ignore ! situation & accept ! sy/em z pa9t]s accept a l&scape--z ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,n[1 ! ae/hetic aspect ( ! philosophic sy/em1 its autonomy1 & consequ5t irrelevancy1 are und5iable4 ,once x comes to be1 its intr9sic excell5ce may con/itute its infallible ju/ification = exi/5ce1 ) no m to be said2 & if its def5d]s or propon5ts claim$ no?+ m = x ?an ?is imm$iate satisfactor9ess1 !re w\ld be no qu>rel ) !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 pres5t 9 _! m9ds a s5se ( ! o!r be>+s ( _! sy/ems4 ,!y claim !m1 9 any ev5t1 to be true1 t is1 to be relevant to a situation reg>d$ z m important because m la/+ly det]m9ative ( conduct1 m real ?an ! situation ( :i* !y are born4 ,_! sy/ems are (f]$1 h5ce1 z maps ( life1 z guides to ! ev]la/+4 ,t !y int5d to def9e "s me?od = ! cons]vation ( life et]nally1 is cle> en\gh f _! initial motivation & =mal issue3 all ! ,socratics1 ) _! m9ds fix$ on happ9ess or salvation accord+ to ! preval5ce ( disillusionm5t among !m2 ! ,*ri/ian sy/ems1 /ill ,socratic1 b z resolutely o!r-worldly z disillusion$ ,buddhi/s2 ! sy/ems ( ,sp9oza1 ( ,kant1 ! :ole subsequ5t horde ( idealisms1 up to ! contempor>y ,g]manoid & ,g]man ideali/ic soliloquies1--!y all decl>e t ! vanity & multiplicity ( life z x is leads !m to seek = ! p]man5t & ! mean+ful1 & !y ea* f9d x accord+ to ! idiosyncrasies ( ! p>ticul> impulses & t]ms !y />t )4 ,t _! ,sn>k turns out 9 e case to be a ,boojum is ano!r /ory4 ,yet ?is /ory is :at gives philosophy1 l religion1 its social significance4 ,if its roots1 z its actual biography %[s1 did n rea* deep 9 ! soil ( ev5ts1 if its issues _h no fruitage 9 ev5ts made ov] by its be+1 x w\ld nev] h be5 s closely id5tifi$ ) intellig5ce & its sy/ematic hypo/asis w\ld nev] h ensu$4 ,! fact is t philosophy1 l all =ms ( creative intellig5ce1 is a tool be=e x is a p]fection4 ,its autonomy sup]v5es on its efficaci\sness2 x does n prec$e its efficaci\sness4 ,m5 philosophize 9 ord] to live be=e !y live 9 ord] to philosophize4 ,ari/otle's description ( ! self-suffici5cy ( !ory is possible only = a life :]e9 !ory _h already e>n$ ?is self-suffici5cy z practice1 9 a life1 t is1 :i* is itself an art1 organiz$ by ! application ( value-=ms to its exi/5t psy*o-physical processes 9 su* a way t its exi/5ce inc>nates ! values x desid]ates & ! values p]fect ! exi/5ce t embodies !m4 ,! biography ( philosophy1 h5ce1 reveals x to h ! same possibilities & ! same fate t all o!r ideas h4 ,today ideas are ! pat5t ( our humanity1 ! /uff & =m ( intellig5ce1 ! diff]5tiae betwe5 u & ! bea/s4 ,9 s f> =?1 !y express ! surplusage ( vitality ov] ne$1 ! creative fre$om ( life at play4 ,?is is ! ?+ we see 9 ! imag9+s & fantasies ( *ildhood1 ^: environm5t is by social int5t =m$ to favor & su/a9 its be+4 ,! capacity = spontaneity ( idea appe>s to decrease ) maturity1 & ! few favor$ heal?y mortals ) :om x rema9s are call$ m5 ( g5ius4 ,william ,james 0 su* a man1 & !re are a few /ill among ! philosoph]s4 ,b 9 ! mass & 9 ! long run1 ideas are n a prim>y confirmation ( our humanity2 9 ! mass & long !y are w>n+s ( m5ace to x1 a sign ( its dis9tegration4 ,ev5 s radical an intellectuali/ z ,mr4 ,santayana *]i%es ?is obs]vation to ! degree ( almo/ sugge/+ x z ! dogma t all ideas h _! orig9 9 inn] or out] maladju/m5t4#ajj ,h[ev] ?is may be1 t ! dom9ant philosophic ideas arise out ( radical di%>monies betwe5 nature & human nature ne$ n be "h reit]at$1 :ile ! provocative "* ( m9or maladju/m5ts is to be inf]r$ f ! f]tility ( ideas 9 un/able m9ds1 ( :atev] type1 f ! neura/h5ic to ! mad4 ,ideas repres5t 9 ^! cases ! limits ( vital ela/icity1 ! attempt ( ! organism to ma9ta9 its organic balance2 x is z if a balloon1 compress$ on "o side1 bulg$ on ! o!r4 ,ideas1 !n1 be> ?ree types ( relations to organic life1 relations socially inc>nat$ 9 traditional art1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,fir/ ( all !y may be an expression ( innate capacities1 ! v ess5ce ( ! fre$om ( life4 ,9 c]ta9 arts1 su* z music1 !y are j ?is4 ,9 ! opposite case !y may be ! effect ( ! compression ( innate capacities1 an outcome ( ob/ruction to ! free l[ ( life4 ,!y are !n comp5satory4 ,:]e expressive ideas are conflu5t ) exi/5ce1 comp5satory ideas div]ge f exi/5ce2 !y become pure value-=ms ^: p>am\nt realization is traditional philosophy4 ,_! rise & motivation 9 bo? ^! =ms is unconsci\s4 ,!y are ideas1 b n yet intellig5ce4 ,! ?ird in/ance falls betwe5 ^! orig9al two4 ,! idea is nei!r m]ely a free expression ( innate capacities1 nor a comp5sation = _! ob/ruction or compression4 ,aris+ z ! effect ( a di%>mony1 x develops z an en*annelm5t ( organic p[]s direct$ to ! conv]sion ( ! di%>mony into an adju/m5t4 ,x does n use up vital en]gies l ! expressive idea1 x is n an abortion ( !m1 l ! comp5satory idea4 ,x uses !m1 & is aw>e t x uses !m--t is1 x is a program ( action ^u ! environm5t1 ( conv]sion ( values into exi/5ces4 ,su* an idea has ! diff]5tia ( intellig5ce4 ,x is creative2 x actually conv]ts nature into =ms appropriate to human nature4 ,x aboli%es ! ,o!rworld ( ! comp5satory tradition 9 philosophy by inc>nat+ x 9 ?is _w2 x aboli%es ! ,o!rworld ( ! religioni/1 r5d]$ important by belittl+ ! actual "o1 by re/or+ ! work+ relation%ips betwe5 ?\ghts & ?+s4 ,?is re/oration develops z recon/ruction ( ! _w 9 fact4 ,x consi/s specifically ( ! art & sci5ce :i* compose ! efficaci\s ent]prises ( hi/ory & ( :i* ! actual web ( our civilization is spun4 ,manife/ 9 its purity 9 art1 x att5ds unconsci\sly bo? religion & philosophy1 = ! /r&s ( life keep int]weav+1 & :atev] is1 9 our collective be+1 *anges & is *ang$ by :atev] else may be1 t is 9 rea*4 ,! life ( reason is initially unconsci\s because x c le>n only by liv+ to seek a reason = life4 ,once x discov]s t x c become self-ma9ta9+ alone ?r\gh relevance to its gr\nd & conditions1 ! control :i* ?is relevance yields makes x s infecti\s t x t5ds to p]meate e human in/itution1 ev5 religion & philosophy4 ,philosophy1 x is true1 has lagg$ beh9d ev5 religion 9 relevancy1 b ! lagg+ has be5 due n to ! int5tion ( ! philosoph] b to ! inh]5t "* ( ! task he assum$4 ,bo? art & religion1 we h se51 possess an imm$iacy & concret5ess :i* philosophy lacks4 ,art recon/ructs correlative portions ( ! environm5t = ! eye1 ! e>1 ! hopes & fe>s ( ! daily life4 ,religion ext5ds ?is recon/ruction beyond ! actual environm5t1 b applies its sav+ te*nique at ! critical po9ts 9 ! c>e] ( ! gr\p or ! individual2 to control ! food-supply1 to protect 9 bir?1 pubesc5ce1 m>riage1 & dea?4 ,all its motives are gr\nd$ 9 specific in/9cts & ne$s1 all its recon/ructions & comp5sations culm9ate ) ref]5ce to ^!4 ,philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 deals ) ! :ole nature ( man & 8 :ole environm5t4 ,x seeks prim>ies & ultimates4 ,its traditional task is s to def9e ! univ]se z to articulate !reby a !ory ( life & et]nal salvation4 ,x e/abli%es contact ) reality at no individual1 specific po9t3 its reals are real 9 g5]al4 ,x aims1 9 a ^w1 to be relevant to all nature1 & to express ! :ole s\l ( man4 ,! consequ5ce is inevitable3 x =feits relevance to ev]y?+ natural2 t\*+ no?+ actual1 x recon/ructs no?+ actual4 ,its concrete/ inc>nation is a dialectic design wov5 ( words4 ,! sy/ems ( tradition1 h5ce1 are works ( art1 to be contemplat$1 enjoy$1 & believ$ 91 b n to be act$ on4 ,=1 s9ce action is always concrete & specific1 always det]m9$ to "t1 place1 & occasion1 we _c 9 fact adapt ourselves to ! aggregate inf9itude ( ! environm5t1 or t to ourselves4 ,some?+ always /&s out1 recalcitrant1 inv9cible1 defiant4 ,b x is j su* an adaptation t philosophy int5ds1 & ! futility ( ! int5tion is ev9c$ by ! fact t ! sy/ems ( tradition cont9ue side by side ) ! realities !y d5y1 & live unmix$ 9 "o & ! same m9d1 z a picture ( ! ocean on ! wall ( a d9+ room 9 an inl& t[n4 ,our op]ative relations to !m t5d always to be ess5tially ae/hetic4 ,we may & d believe 9 !m 9 spite ( life & exp]i5ce1 because belief 9 !m1 involv+ no action1 involves no practical risk4 ,:]e action is a consequ5ce ( a philosophic sy/em1 ! sy/em seems to di*otomize into art & religion4 ,x becomes p>ticul>iz$ into a te*nique ( liv+ or ! dogma ( a sect1 & s p>ticul>iz$ x becomes radically self-consci\s & an aspect ( creative intellig5ce4 ,s p>ticul>iz$1 x is1 h[ev]1 no long] philosophy1 & philosophy has 7,i hope ,i may say ?is )\t pr(essional bias7 an inali5able place 9 ! life ( reason4 ,?is place is rationally def9$ = x by ! discov]y ( its gr\nd & function 9 ! mak+ ( civilization2 & by ! p]fection ( its possibilities ?r\gh ! def9ition ( its natural relation%ips4 ,?us1 x is1 9 its ess5tial hi/oric "* at lea/1 z f9e an art z music1 ! mo/ inw>d & human ( all arts4 ,x may be1 & human nature be+ :at x is1 und\bt$ly w cont9ue to be1 an add$ item to ! creations :]e) man makes 8 _w a bett] place to live 91 preci\s 9 t x envisages & projects ! excell5ces & p]fections 8 he>t desires & 8 imag9ation !re=e def9es4 ,s tak51 x is n a sub/itution = ! _w1 b an addition to x1 a refraction ( x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( human nature1 z a l&scape pa9t+ by ,:i/l] or ,turn] is n a sub/itution = ! actual l&scape1 b an int]pretation & imag9ative p]fection ( x1 m suitable to ! eye ( man4 ,a sy/em l ,b]gson's is su* a "w1 & its ae/hetic adequacy1 its beauty1 may be measur$ by ! ackn[l$gm5t x receives & ! influ5ce x ex]cises4 ,*oos+ "o ( ! items ( exp]i5ce z its m$ium1 & ?is item ! mo/ preci\s 9 ! m9d's eye :i* ! hi/ory ( philosophy reveals1 x proce$s to fabricate a dialectical image ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* all ! comp5satory desid]ates are express$ & realiz$4 ,x entices m9ds ( all ord]s1 & !y are happy to dwell 9 x1 = ! nonce realiz+ 9 ! p]ception ( ! sy/em ! values x utt]s4 ,by ab&on+ all pret5se to be true1 philosophic sy/ems ( ! traditional sort may atta9 ! simple b supreme excell5ce ( beauty1 & re/ cont5t !re)4 ,! philosophic ideal1 h[ev]1 is traditionally n beauty b tru?3 ! function ( a philosophic sy/em is n pres5tative1 b repres5tative & causal1 & t ! sy/ems ( tradition h _h & /ill h consequ5ces z well z "*1 is obvi\s en\gh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be not$ t ^! consequ5ces h issu$ out ( ! fact t ! sy/ems h be5 specific items ( exi/5ce among o!r equally & ev5 m specific items1 ?\ght by p>ticul> m51 at p>ticul> times & 9 p>ticul> places4 ,z su* !y h be5 programs = meet+ ev5ts & inc>nat+ values2 op]ative ideals aim+ to recreate ! _w accord+ to det]m9$ /&>ds4 ,!y h look$ =w>d r ?an backw>d1 h tacitly ackn[l$g$ ! reality ( *ange1 ! irr$ucible pluralism ( nature1 & ! g5u95ess ( ! activities1 oppugnant or h>moniz+1 betwe5 ! items ( ! ,cosmic4 ,_m !y o/5sibly negate4 ,! tru?1 9 a ^w1 has be5 exp]im5tal & prospective2 ! desid]ates !y utt]$ op]at$ actually z su* & n z already exi/+4 ,hi/orians ( philosophy1 treat+ x z if x _h no context1 h d5i$ or ignor$ ?is role ( philosophy 9 human ev5ts1 b hi/orians ( ! ev5ts !mselves c\ld n avoid obs]v+ & enregi/]+ x4 ,only )9 v rec5t ye>s1 z an effect ( ! concept ( evolution 9 ! field ( ! sci5ces1 h philosoph]s z su* envisag$ ?is non-ae/hetic aspect ( philosophy's gr\nd & function 9 ! mak+ ( civilization & h made x ! basis = a sob] vision :i* may or may n h beauty1 b :i* _c h f9ality4 ,su* a vision is aga9 no?+ m ?an traditional philosophy become consci\s ( its "* & limitations & %orn ( its pret5se4 ,x is a program to execute r ?an a metaphysic to re/ 94 ,its proc$ure is ! proc$ure ( all ! arts & sci5ces4 ,x frankly ackn[l$ges ! realities ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 ! turbul5ce & complexity ( ! flux1 ! int]p5etrative confusion ( ord]s1 ! inw>d self-div]sification ( ev5 ! simple/ ?+1 :i* *ange means1 & ! cont9ual em]g5ce ( novel entities1 un=ese5 & unprevisible1 f ! reciprocal action ( ! old] aggregate4 ,?is p]ceptual reality x aims to rem\ld accord+ to ! he>t's desire4 ,accord+ly x drops ! pret5se ( envisag+ ! univ]se & devotes itself to its m mode/ task ( apply+ its /&>ds to a p>ticul> item t ne$s to be remade4 ,x is believ$ 91 b no long] )\t risk1 =1 )\t becom+ a dogma1 x /ill subjects itself to ! te/s ( action4 ,s x ackn[l$ges t x mu/ & w itself und]go con/ant modification ?r\gh ! process ( action1 9 :i* x uses ev5ts1 9 _! mean+s r ?an 9 _! natures1 to map out ! future & to make x am5able to human nature4 ,philosophy s us$ is1 z ,john ,dewey some:]e says1 a mode & organ ( exp]i5ce among _m o!rs4 ,9 a _w ! v core ( :i* is *ange1 x is direct$ ^u t :i* is n yet1 to previse & to =m its "* & to map out ! way ( life )9 x4 ,its aim is ! lib]ation & enl>gem5t ( human capacities1 ! enfran*isem5t ( man by ! actual realization ( values4 ,9 its integrate "* !re=e1 x envisages ! life ( reason & realizes x z ! art ( life4 ,:]e x is successful1 beauty & use are conflu5t & id5tical 9 x4 ,x conv]ts sight into insight4 ,x infuses exi/5ce ) value1 mak+ !m "o4 ,x is ! concrete inc>nation ( ,creative ,intellig5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ^w relation suff]s f ambiguity4 ,i am speak+ "h ( connexion1 dynamic & functional int]action4 ,relation is a t]m us$ also to express logical ref]5ce4 ,i suspect t mu* ( ! controv]sy ab\t int]nal & ext]nal relations is due to ?is ambiguity4 ,"o passes at w f exi/5tial connexions ( ?+s to logical relation%ip ( t]ms4 ,su* an id5tification ( exi/5ces ) t]ms is cong5ial to idealism1 b is p>adoxical 9 a pr(ess$ realism4 #b ,!re is "s ga9 9 sub/itut+ a doctr9e ( flux & int]p5etration ( psy*ical /ates1 a la ,b]gson1 = t ( rigid discont9uity4 ,b ! sub/itution leaves unt\*$ ! fundam5tal mis/atem5t ( exp]i5ce1 ! conception ( exp]i5ce z directly & prim>ily inn] & psy*ical4 #c ,ma!matical sci5ce 9 its =mal aspects1 or z a bran* ( =mal logic1 has be5 ! empirical /ronghold ( rationalism4 ,b an empirical empiricism1 9 contra/ ) or?odox d$uctive empiricism1 has no difficulty 9 e/abli%+ its jurisdiction z to d$uctive functions4 #d ,x is a %ame to devote ! ^w idealism1 ) its lat5t moral1 practical connotations1 to a doctr9e ^: t5ets are ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( a physical _w1 & ! psy*ical "* ( all objects--at lea/ z f> z !y are kn[able4 ,b ,i am foll[+ usage1 n attempt+ to make x4 #e ,see ,dr4 ,kall5's essay1 bel[4 #f ,! !y means ! "s ( ! prior s5t5ce--^? ^: realism is epi/emological1 in/ead ( be+ a plea = tak+ ! facts ( exp]i5ce z we f9d !m )\t refraction ?r\gh epi/emological app>atus4 #g ,x is int]e/+ to note t "s ( ! reali/s :o h assimilat$ ! cognitive relation to o!r exi/5tial relations 9 ! _w 7in/ead ( treat+ x z an unique or epi/emological relation7 h be5 =c$ 9 support ( _! conception ( k z a pres5tative or spectatorial affair to ext5d ! def9+ features ( ! latt] to all relations among ?+s1 & h5ce to make all ! real ?+s 9 ! _w pure simples1 :olly indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,s conceiv$ ! doctr9e ( ext]nal relations appe>s to be r ! doctr9e ( complete ext]nality ( ?+s4 ,aside f ?is po9t1 ! doctr9e is int]e/+ = its dialectical +5uity & = ! elegant developm5t ( assum$ premises1 r ?an conv9c+ on acc\nt ( empirical evid5ce support+ x4 #h ,9 o!r words1 !re is a g5]al problem ( error only because !re is a g5]al problem ( evil1 conc]n+ :i* see ,dr4 ,kall5's essay1 bel[4 #i ,comp>e ! pap] by ,pr(essor ,bode4 #aj ,z ! attempt to reta9 ! epi/emological problem & yet to reject ideali/ic & relativi/ic solutions has =c$ "s ,neo-reali/s into ! doctr9e ( isolat$ & indep5d5t simples1 s x has also l$ to a doctr9e ( ,eleatic pluralism4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ! subject makes no diff]5ce to any?+ else1 x is held t no ultimate real makes any diff]5ce to any?+ else--all ?is r ?an surr5d] once = all ! g5u95ess ( ! problem & to foll[ ! lead ( empirical subject-matt]4 #aa ,!re is almo/ no end to ! v>i\s dialectic developm5ts ( ! epi/emological situation4 ,:5 x is held t all ! relations ( ! type 9 "q are cognitive1 & yet x is recogniz$ 7z x mu/ be7 t _m su* trans=mations g unrem>k$1 ! !ory is supplem5t$ by introduc+ unconsci\s psy*ical modifications4 #ab ,conception-pres5tation has1 ( c\rse1 be5 made by _m 9 ! hi/ory ( speculation an exception to ?is /atem5t2 pure memory is also made an exception by ,b]gson4 ,to take cognizance ( ?is matt] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 acc5tuate1 n relieve1 ! difficulty rem>k$ ^u 9 ! text4 #ac ,cf4 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 ,*s4 ,i & ,,ii1 by ,dewey2 also ,epi/emology & ,m5tal ,/ates1 ,tufts1 ,phil4 ,rev41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 :i* des]ves to rank z "o ( ! e>ly docum5ts ( ! exp]im5tal movem5t4 #ad ,cf4 ,! ,def9ition ( ! ,psy*ical1 ,g4 ,h4 ,mead1 ,dec5nial ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 #ae ,cf4 ,! ,logic ( ,hegel-,wallace1 p4 #aag4 #af ,bosanquet's ,logic1 #bnd ,ed41 p4 #aga4 ,! id5tification ( induction & proc$ure by hypo!sis occurs on p4 #aef4 #ag ,ibid41 p4 #ad 7italics m9e74 #ah ,p]haps ! mo/ complete exhibition ( ! breakd[n ( =mal logic consid]$ z an acc\nt ( ! op]ation ( ?\ght ap>t f its subject-matt] is to be f\nd 9 ,s*ill]'s ,=mal ,logic4 #ai ,cf4 ,/u>t on ,valuation z a ,logical ,process 9 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory4 #bj ,! ,new ,realism1 pp4 #dj-da4 #ba ,cf4 ,montague1 pp4 #bef-eg2 also ,russell1 ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy1 pp4 #bg-fe-ff1 et passim2 & ,holt's ,concept ( ,consci\sness1 pp4 #ad;ff41 discuss$ bel[4 #bb ,cf4 ,angell1 ,relations ( ,psy*ology to ,philosophy1 ,dec5nial ,publications ( ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,vol4 ,,iii2 also ,ca/ro1 ,! ,respective ,/&po9ts ( ,psy*ology & ,logic1 ,philosophic ,/udies1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,no4 #d4 #bc ,i am "h foll[+1 9 ! ma91 ,pr(essor ,holt because he alone appe>s to h _h ! c\rage to develop ! full consequ5ces ( ! premises ( analytic logic4 #bd ,! ,concept ( ,consci\sness1 pp4 #ad-ae4 #be ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is onlook+ act ) ! acc\nt ( consci\sness fur!r on4 ,z psy*ological ?is act ( onlook+ mu/ be an act ( consci\sness4 ,b consci\sness is a cross-section or a projection ( ?+s made by _! int]action ) a n]v\s sy/em4 ,"h consci\sness is a function ( all ! int]act+ factors4 ,x is 9 ! play4 ,x is ! play4 ,x is n 9 a spectator's box4 ,h[ c consci\sness be a function ( all ! ?+s put into ! cross-section & yet be a m]e behold] ( ! process8 ,moreov]1 :at is x t makes any p>ticul>1 spectacle1 or cross-section logical8 ,if x be said all are logical :at significance has ! t]m8 #bf ,cf4 ,russell's ,sci5tific ,me?ods 9 ,philosophy1 p4 #ei4 #bg ,holt1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abh-cj4 #bh ,9 fact1 ,newton1 9 all probability1 _h ! ,c>tesian pure notions 9 m9d4 #bi ,holt1 op4 cit41 p4 #aah 7italics m9e74 ,cf4 also ,p]ry's ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 pp4 #ajh & #caa4 #cj ,! "* ( elem5ts & ! nature ( simplicity h be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #bge4 #cb ,ibid41 p4 #bge4 #cc ,?is lack ( cont9uity betwe5 ! cognitive function ( ! n]v\s sy/em & its o!r functions acc\nts = ! /range p>adox 9 ! logic ( neo-realism ( an act ( kn[+ :i* is subjective & yet is ! act ( s palpably an objective affair z a n]v\s sy/em4 ,! explanation is t ! ess5ce ( all deprecat$ subjectivity is1 z be=e po9t$ out1 functional isolation4 ,t ?is sort ( subjectivity %\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! psy*ical is n /range1 s9ce a liv+ organism is v difficult to isolate1 :ile ! t]m psy*ical1 9 its metaphysical s5se1 seems to /& = little else ?an j ?is complete isolation4 ,hav+ once appeal$ to ! n]v\s sy/em x seems incr$ible t ! physiological cont9uity ( its functions ) ea* o!r & ) its environm5t %\ld n h sugge/$ ! logical coroll>y4 ,only ! =ce ( ! prepossession ( ma!matical atomism 9 analytic logic c acc\nt = its failure to d s4 #cd ,b x w\ld be bett] to use ! t]m logically-practical in/ead ( subjective ) ! psy*ical implications ( t t]m4 #ce ,an analysis :i* has be5 _m times c>ri$ out has made x cle> t sci5tific data nev] d m ?an approximate ! laws & entities ^u :i* our sci5ce re/s4 ,x is equally evid5t t ! =ms ( ^! laws & entities !mselves %ift 9 ! recon/ructions ( incessant rese>*1 or :]e !y seem mo/ secure c\ld consi/5tly be *ang$1 or at lea/ c\ld be fundam5tally diff]5t 7 our psy*ological /ructure or ev5 our conv5tions ( ?\ght diff]5t4 ,i ne$ only ref] to ! ,sci5ce et ,hypo!se ( ,po9c>e & ! ,problems ( ,sci5ce ( ,enriques4 ,! positivi/ :o und]takes to c>ry ! /ructure ( ! _w back to ! data ( obs]vation1 & ! uni=mities appe>+ 9 ! accept$ hypo!ses ( gr[+ sci5ces _c ma9ta9 t we ev] succe$ 9 isolat+ data :i* mu/ rema9 ! same 9 ! kaleidoscope ( our rese>* sci5ce2 nor are we bett] s]v$ if we retreat to ! ultimate elem5ts ( po9ts & in/ants :i* our pure ma!matics assumes & implicitly def9es1 & 9 connection ) :i* x has work$ out ! mod]n !ory ( ! numb] & cont9u\s s]ies1 its /atem5ts ( cont9uity & inf9ity4 #cf ,9 o!r words1 sci5ce assumes t e error is ex po/ facto explicable z a function ( ! real conditions "u :i* x really arose4 ,h5ce1 consci\sness1 set ov] aga9/ ,reality1 0 n its condition4 #cg ,c4 ,judson ,h]rick1 ,"s ,reflections on ! ,orig9 & ,significance ( ! ,c]ebral ,cortex1 ,j\rnal ( ,animal ,behavior1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbh-bcc4 #ch ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bef4 #ci ,h4 ,c4 ,w>r51 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 ,page #ic4 #dj ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i1 p4 #bda1 note4 #da ,ibid41 p4 #beh4 #db ,psy*ology4 ,brief] ,c\rse4 ,p4 #dfh4 #dc ,angell1 ,psy*ology1 p4 #fe4 #dd ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bea4 #de ,?or/e9 ,vebl53 ,! ,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip1 p4 #caf4 #df ,x may /ill be argu$ t we mu/ dep5d ^u analogy 9 our acceptance or rejection ( a new commodity4 ,= any elem5t ( novelty mu/ surely sugge/ some?+ to u1 mu/ mean some?+ to u1 if x is to attract or repel4 ,?us1 ! motor-c> w :irl u rapidly ov] ! c\ntry1 ! motor-boat w d>t ov] ! wat] )\t ef=t on our "p4 ,& 9 su* measure z we h _h !m hi!rto1 we h always enjoy$ exp]i5ces ( rapid motion4 ,^! new in/rum5ts simply promise a p]fectly well-kn[n sort ( exp]i5ce 9 full] measure4 ,s ! argum5t may run4 ,& our m5tal process 9 su* a case may accord+ly be held to be no?+ m my/]i\s ?an a pass+ by analogy f ! old ways 9 :i* we got rapid motion 9 ! pa/ to ! new way :i* n[ promises m ( ! same4 ,& m ( ! same is :at we want4 ,m ( ! same means "h int5sive magnitude & 9 ?is connection at all ev5ts x begs ! "q4 ,b]gson's polemic seems p]fectly valid aga9/ su* a use ( ! notion4 ,b kept 9 logical t]ms ! case seems cle>]4 ,x is said t we reason 9 su* a case by analogy4 ,we d1 inde$2 b :at is analogy8 ,! t]m expla9s no?+ until ! real process beh9d ! t]m is cle>ly & reali/ically conceiv$4 ,:at ,i %all "h sugge/ holds true1 ,i ?9k1 z an acc\nt ( analogical inf]5ce g5]ally & n simply = ! economic type ( case we h "h to d )4 ,reason+ is too (t5 ?\ght ( z proce$+ f giv5 indep5d5t premises--z "h 7#a7 ! fact t hi!rto ! driv+ we h mo/ enjoy$ & ! sail+ we h mo/ enjoy$ h be5 fa/ & 7#b7 ! fact t ! motor-c> is fa/4 ,b d we accept ! conclusion because ! premises sugge/ x 9 a way we _c resi/8 ,on ! contr>y1 /at$ ?us1 ! premises cle>ly d n w>rant ! conclusion t ! motor-c> w be enjoyable4 ,su* a /atem5t ( ! premises is :olly =mal & ex po/ facto4 ,:at1 !n1 is our actual m5tal process 9 ! case8 ,! tru? is1 ,i ?9k1 t we simply--yes1 psy*ologically--wi% to try t promis$ unhe>d-( rate ( spe$6 ,t comes fir/ & =emo/4 ,b we mean to be reasonably prud5t on ! :ole1 al?\gh we are av[$ly adv5tur\s j n[ 9 ?is p>ticul> direction6 ,we1 !re=e1 ransack our memory = o!r fa/ ?+s we h kn[n1 to see :e!r !y h enc\ragem5t to give u4 ,we try to supply ourselves ) a major premise because ! new proposal 9 its own "r int]e/s u--in/ead ( hav+ ! major premise already !re to co]ce u by a purely logical compulsion z soon z we invade its sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,& confess$ly1 9 po9t ( logic1 !re is no su* compulsion 9 ! second figure3 !re is only a timid & vexati\s neutrality1 a m]e n prov54 ,:y1 !n1 d we 9 fact take ! mu* admir$ inductive leap1 9 seem+ defiance ( /rict logic8 ,:y d we close our eyes to logic1 turn our back ^u logic1 behave z if logic 7 n & _h nev] be58 ,9 po9t ( fact1 we d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,! inductive leap is no leap away f logic1 b ! impulsion ( logic's ma9spr+ se5 only 9 its legitimate ev5t4 ,because we h n tak5 c>e to see ! impulse com+1 x surprises u & we are fright5$4 ,& we look ab\t = an illusive assurance 9 "s law ( ?\ght1 or "s "q-begg+ univ]sal premise ( ,nature's uni=mity4 ,we d n see t we 7 already conditionally committ$ to ! leap by our initial int]e/4 ,gett+ our premises toge!r is no hurri$ =g+ ( a *a9 to save u f our own madness 9 ! nick ( "t4 ,we are only hop+ to rid ourselves ( an excess ( cons]vative balla/4 ,to reason by analogy is n to repress or to disp5se ) ! int]e/ 9 ! radically novel1 b to give me?odical & intellig5t expression to t int]e/4 #dg ,ari/otle's ,nicoma*aean ,e?ics 7,welldon's transl471 ,book ,,viii4 #dh ,cf4 ,ari/otle's ,politics 7,j[ett's trans47 ,,iii4 #i4 ,sec4#f ff4 & else:]e2 ,nicom4 ,e?ics1 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,,iii 7end74 #di ,cf4 ,vebl53 op4 cit4 #ej ,w4 ,mc,dougall 9 8 ,social ,psy*ology 7,ed4 #aiab1 pp4 #ceh ff47 recognizes incomplete anticipation ( ! end ( action z a g5u9e type ( prelim9>y situation 9 human behavior1 b appe>s to reg>d ?is z 9 s f> a levell+-d[n ( man to ! bl9dness ( ! brutes4 ,b incomplet5ess is a highly ambigu\s t]m & seems "h to beg ! "q4 ,incomplet5ess may be giv5 an emphasis 9 :i* x imports conjecture & hypo!sis--almo/ any?+1 9 fact1 b bl9dness4 ,r d ! brutes get levell$ up to man by su* facts z ^? ,mc,dougall cites4 #ea take r\t9e to be ! ess5ce & mean+ ( h$onism4 ,!re are two fundam5tal types ( conduct--r\t9e & con/ructiv5ess4 ,ref]5ce may be made "h to ,boehm-,baw]k's pron\ncem5t on h$onism 9 ,kapital und ,kapitalz9s1 #aiab 7,,ii-#b1 pp4 #caj ff473 ,:at p love & hate1 /rive t[>ds or fight (f--:e!r only pleasure & pa9 or o!r 'lovable' & 'hatable' ?+s z well1--is a matt] ( entire indiff]5ce to ! economi/4 ,! only ?+ important is t !y d love & hate c]ta9 ?+s4444 ,! d$uctions ( m>g9al utility !ory lose no :it ( _! cog5cy ev5 if c]ta9 ends 7dep5d5t = _! realization ^u a supply ( goods inadequate to ! fulfillm5t ( all ends )\t limit7 are held to h ! "* n ( pleasure b ( some?+ else4 ,! m>g9al utility may be a lea/ pleasure or a compet+ lea/ utility ( "s o!r sort4444 7p4 #cag74 ,?is is a n uncommon view4 ,z ,w4 ,c4 ,mit*ell has sugge/$1 x is too obvi\s to be :olly conv9c+4 7,j\rn4 ,pol4 ,ec41 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,rationality ( ,economic ,activity47 ,vebl5 has made x p]fectly cle> t p>ticul> matt]s ( !ory are affect$ by ! presupposition ( h$onism4 7,j\rn4 ,pol4 ,ec41 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,econ41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #adg ff47 ,! matt] is too complex = a footnote1 b ,i ?9k x ( little consequ5ce :e!r pleasure be 9 any case reg>d$ z sub/antively ! end ( desire or n4 ,?is is l>gely a matt] ( words4 ,:at is important is ! practical "q :e!r a ?+ is s habitual ) me t :5 ! issue arises ,i _c or w n give x up & take an int]e/ 9 some?+ new ! utility ( :i* ,i _c z yet be cognizant ( because x p>tly re/s ) me to create x4 ,if ?is is ! fact x w surely look z if pleasure or ! avoidance ( pa9 7 my end 9 ! case4 ,h$onism & egoism are 9 ! end conv]tible t]ms4 ,!re is conduct we>+ ! outw>d aspect ( altruism t is egoti/ic 9 fact--n because x 0 f ! fir/ ins9c]e or self-delusive1 b because x has become habitual & may 9 a crisis be held to = ! sake ( ! satisfaction x af=ds4 ,g5u9e altruism1 on ! o!r h&1 is a =m ( con/ructiv5ess4 #eb ,until aft] ?is essay 0 f9i%$ ,i _h n se5 ,john ,a4 ,hobson's book entitl$ ,"w & ,weal?1 ,a ,human ,valuation 7,london1 #aiad74 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ def9itely call$ to ?is "w by a fri5d among ! economi/s :o read my f9i%$ ,,ms4 late 9 #aiae1 & ref]r$ me 9 p>ticul> to ! conclud+ *apt] on ,social ,sci5ce & ,social ,art4 ,on n[ t>dily read+ ?is *apt] ,i f9d t1 z any read] w readily p]ceive1 x di/9ctly anticipates1 almo/ v]batim 9 p>ts1 :at ,i h tri$1 ) f> less success1 to say 9 ! =ego+ two p>agraphs above4 ,hobson argues1 ) *>act]i/ic cle>ness & effect1 = ! qualitative uniqu5ess & ! integral "* ( p]sonal budgets1 hold+ t ! logic ( m>g9ality is an entirely illusory acc\nt ( ! psy*ical process by :i* a man lays out 8 money1 or 8 "t1 or 8 en]gy 7p4 #cca74 ,s f> z x is true t ! la/ sov]eign ( my exp5diture 9 bread equals 9 utility ! la/ sov]eign ( my exp5diture 9 books1 t fact proce$s n f a comp>ison1 consci\s1 or unconsci\s1 ( ^! sep>ate items at ?is m>g91 b f ! p>ts assign$ respectively to bread & books 9 ! organic plan ( my life4 ,quantitative analysis1 inh]5tly incapable ( compreh5d+ qualitative unity or qualitative diff]5ces1 c only pret5d to r$uce ! latt] to quantitative diff]5ces4 ,:at x actually does is to ignore alike ! unity ( ! :ole & ! qualitativ5ess ( ! p>ts 7p4 #ccd74 ,hobson n only uses ! analogy ( ! arti/ & ! picture 7p4 #ccj7 precisely z ,i h done1 b (f]s /ill o!r illu/rations ( ! pr9ciple t seem to me ev5 m apt & tell+4 ,?\gh n indebt$ to him = :at ,i h put into ! above p>agraphs1 ,i am glad to be able to cite ! au?ority ( s di/+ui%$ an economi/ & sociologi/ = conclusions to :i* ,i f\nd my own way4 ,o!r p>ts z well ( ,"w & ,weal? 7e4g41 ,*apt] ,,iv1 on ,! ,creative ,factor 9 ,production7 seem to h a close relation to ! ma9 !me ( ! pres5t discussion4 #ec ,x may be wor? :ile to glance "h = ! sake ( illu/ration at an e?ical view ( pref]5ce p>allel ) ! economic logic above conte/$4 ,! act :i* is "r 9 t x promotes "o int]e/1 is1 by ! same pr9ciple1 writes ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 wrong 9 t x injures ano!r int]e/4 ,!re is no contradiction 9 ?is fact 444 simply because x is possible = ! same ?+ to possess sev]al relations1 ! "q ( _! compatibility or incompatibility be+ 9 ea* case a "q ( empirical fact4 ,n[ 444 an act 444 may be d\bly "r 9 t x conduces to ! fulfillm5t ( two int]e/s4 ,h5ce arises ! conception ( comp>ative goodness4 ,if ! fulfillm5t ( "o int]e/ is good1 ! fulfillm5t ( two is bett]2 & ! fulfillm5t ( all int]e/s is be/4444 ,morality1 !n1 is su* p]=mance z "u ! circum/ances1 & 9 view ( all ! int]e/s affect$1 conduces to mo/ goodness4 ,9 o!r words1 t act is morally "r :i* is mo/ "r4 7,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #ccd4 ,cf4 also ,! ,moral ,economy74 ,x is evid5t t con/ructive *ange 9 ! und]ly+ sy/em 7or aggregate87 ( ! ag5t's int]e/s gets no recognition "h z a matt] ( moral conc]n or z a fact ( ! ag5t's moral exp]i5ce4 ,?us ,p]ry und]/&s ! mean+ ( fre$om to lie 9 ! fact t int]e/s op]ate1 i4e41 t int]e/s exi/ z a c]ta9 class ( op]ative factors 9 ! univ]se along ) factors ( o!r sorts4 ,i c & d1 )9 limits1 act z ,i w4 ,action1 9 o!r words1 is gov]n$ by desires & int5tions4 7pp4 #cdb ff474 ,! cosmical h]oics ( ,b]tr& ,russell are ?us n q ! la/ ^w 9 ,e?ics 7p4 #cdf74 ,nev]!less1 ! free man1 9 ,p]ry's view1 app>5tly mu/ get on ) ! int]e/s t once = all initially def9$ him z a moral con/ant 7p4 #cdc74 #ed ,9 a rec5t int]e/+ discussion ( ,self-int]e/ 7,t4 ,n4 ,c>v]1 ,essays 9 ,social ,ju/ice1 #aiae1 ,*ap4 ,,iii7 occurs ! foll[+3 ,we may conclude 444 t ev5 aft] we elim9ate f our consid]ation all o!r be+s ?an self1 !re is yet a possible di/9ction betwe5 "o's pres5t & "o's future self4 ,x is always1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5t self :i* e/eems or appreciates all int]e/s :e!r !y be pres5t or future4 ,& ! pres5t self e/imates or appreciates pres5t int]e/s some:at m highly ?an x does future int]e/s4 ,9 ?is respect ! pres5t self appreciates ! int]e/s ( ! future self accord+ to a law q analog\s to1 if inde$ x be n ! same law z t accord+ to :i* x appreciates ! int]e/s ( o!rs 7p4 #ga74 ,?is bit ( subjective analysis 7p4 #fj71 a proc$ure r scornfully condemn$ z subjective quibbl+ on ! foll[+ page1 mu/ be c\nt$ a =tunate lapse4 ,x c\ld be bett]$1 ,i ?9k1 9 only "o po9t4 ,mu/ ! future self ( c\rse & always get lic5se to live by meet+ ! /&>ds ( ! pres5t self8 ,has ! pres5t self no mode/y1 no curiosity1 no s5se ( humor8 ,if x is s /upidly h>d & fa/1 h[ c a self new & qualitatively diff]5t ev] get ^u its feet 9 a man8 ,9 "s m5 no su* ?+ c happ5--b mu/ x be 9 all m5 impossible & impossible ( c\rse8 ,& :at ( ! o!r self8 ,c>v] has n appli$ ! me?ods ( subjective analysis to *ange f self to self or f int]e/ 9 self to int]e/ 9 o!rs4 ,! pres5t t5se ( =mal logic gov]ns fundam5tally ?r\gh\t ! :ole acc\nt4 ,if ?is essay 7 a volume ,i %\ld try to consid]1 f ! po9t ( view ( con/ructive intellig5ce1 ! explanation ( int]e/ z due to ! und]valuation ( future goods4 #ee ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #c-h4 #ef ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 pp4 #bje-aa4 #eg ,! t]m egoc5tric pr$icam5t 7cf4 ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry3 ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies1 p4 #abi ff47 has _h1 = a philosophic t]m1 a rem>kable lit]>y success4 ,b at be/ x conveys a p>tial view ( ! situation x purports to describe4 ,! egoc5tricity ( our exp]i5ce1 view$ 9 its relation to action1 seems1 rightly consid]$1 less a pr$icam5t ?an an opportunity1 a responsibility & an immunity4 ,= 9 relation to action1 x means 7#a7 t an objective complex situation has become1 9 v>i\s ( its aspects1 a matt] ( my cognizance 9 t]ms significant to me4 ,t s _m ( its aspects h come into relations ( conflict or re5=cem5t significant = me is my opportunity = recon/ructive ef=t if ,i *oose to avail myself ( x4 ,because1 aga91 ,i am ?us on h& myself 7op4 cit41 p4 #abi7 & am ?us able to report ^u ! situation1 ,i am 7#b7 responsible1 9 ! measure ( my advantages1 = ! adequacy ( my p]=mance4 ,& f9ally 7#c7 ,i _c be held to acc\nt = failure to reckon ) su* aspects ( ! situation z ,i _c get hold ( 9 ! guise ( ideas1 objects ( k or exp]i5ces 7,ibid474 ,our egoc5tricity is1 !n1 a pr$icam5t only s long z "o /ubbornly insi/s1 to no obvi\s positive purpose1 on ?9k+ ( k z a self-suffic+ entitative complex1 l a vision sudd5ly appe>+ full-bl[n out ( ! blue1 & z invit+ judgm5t 9 t isolat$ "* on ! repres5tative adequacy :i* x is suppos$ to claim 7cf4 ,a4 ,w4 ,moore1 ,isolat$ ,k1 ,j\rn4 ( ,philos41 etc41 ,vol4 ,,xi74 ,! way out ( ! pr$icam5t = ,p]ry & 8 colleagues is to attack ! traditional subjective & repres5tative aspects ( k4 ,b1 ?is c>ri$ out1 :at rema9s ( k is a cross-section ( neutral entities :i* /ill reta9s all ! orig9al unacc\ntability1 g5etically speak+1 & ! orig9al intr9sic & isolat$ self-suffici5cy traditionally suppos$ to belong to k4 ,! o/5sible ga9 a*iev$ = k is an alleg$ pro( ( its ultimate self-validation or ! mean+lessness ( any suspicion ( its validity 7because !re is no uncontroll$ & di/ort+ int]m$iation ( consci\sness 9 ! case74 ,b to wage /r5u\s w> on subjectivism & repres5tationism & /ill to h on h& a problem call+ = ! inv5tion ad hoc ( an entire new !ory ( m9d & k seems a wa/e ( good ammunition on r unimportant outworks4 ,!y might h be5 circumv5t$4 ,b :at conc]ns u "h is ! e?ical p>allel4 ,! egoc5tric pr$icam5t 9 ?is aspect purports to compel ! admission by ! altrui/ t s9ce :atev] he *ooses to d mu/ be 8 act & is obvi\sly done because he wi%es1 = good & suffici5t reasons ( 8 own1 to d x1 !re=e he is an egoi/ aft] all--p]haps 9 spite ( himself & !n aga9 p]haps n4 ,! e?ical realism ( ,g4 ,e4 ,moore 7,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 #aijc7 breaks out ( ! pr$icam5t by decl>+ ,good indep5d5t ( all desire1 wi% or human int]e/ & indef9able1 & by supply+ a p>tial li/ ( ?+s ?us indep5d5tly good4 ,:at ,i d1 ,i d because x seems likely to put me 9 possession ( objective ,good1 n because x accords ) "s habit or :im ( m9e 7al?\gh my own pleasure is und\bt$ly "o ( ! good ?+s74 ,x is notewor?y t ,p]ry decl9es to foll[ ,moore 9 ?is 7op4 cit41 p4 #cca ff474 ,n[ su* an e?ical objectivism c give no acc\nt ( ! motivation1 or ! process1 ( ! individual's ef=ts to atta91 = guidance 9 any case1 a m adequate appreh5sion ( :at ?+s are good ?an he may already possess1 j z ! objectivi/ !ory ( consci\sness 7 k7 c supply no clue z to h[ or :e!r a m or a less compreh5sive or a qualitatively diff]5t cross-section ( entities c or %\ld be got into "o's m9d z w>rant or guidance 7/imulus7 = a contemplat$ response t is to meet a pres5t em]g5cy 7cf4 ,john ,dewey1 ,! ,reflex ,arc ,concept 9 ,psy*ology1 ,psy*ol4 ,rev41 ,vol4 ,,iv74 ,?us nei!r sort ( deliv]ance out ( ! alleg$ pr$icam5t ( egoc5tricity abates 9 ! lea/ ! only s]i\s inconv5i5ce or dang] ?reat5$ by subjectivism4 #eh ,cf4 ,w4 ,je?ro ,br[n1 ,! ,und]ly+ ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,legislation 7#c;d ed41 ,london1 #aiad71 pp4 #afe-fh4 #ei ,bosanquet3 ,pr9ciple ( ,individuality & ,value1 pp4 #ac1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd1 #bg1 #cj4 #fj ,! case aga9/ ! ,au/rian explanation ( m>ket-price 9 t]ms ( m>g9al utility has be5 well summ$ up & re-en=c$ by ,b4 ,m4 ,&]son 9 8 monograph1 ,social ,value 7,bo/on1 #aiaa74 ,&]son f9ds ! fatal flaw 9 ! ,au/rian acc\nt to consi/ 9 ! psy*ological p>ticul>ism ( ! m>g9al utility !ory4 ,! only way1 he holds1 to provide an adequate f\ndation = a non-circul> !ory ( price is to und]/& ! m>g9al e/imates p put ^u goods z resultants ( ! entire moral1 legal1 in/itutional1 sci5tific1 ae/hetical1 & religi\s /ate ( society at ! "t4 ,?is total & !re=e absolute /ate ( affairs1 if ,i und]/& ! argum5t1 is to be reg>d$ z focuss$ to a unique po9t 9 ! e/imate ea* man puts ^u a commodity4 ,?us1 presumably1 ! values :i* come toge!r1 summ$ up 9 ! total dem& & supply s*$ules = a commodity 9 ! m>ket1 are social values & ! resultant m>ket-price is a social price4 ,?is cross-sectional social totality ( conditions is /rongly sugge/ive ( an ideali/ic ,absolute4 ,! individual is a m]e focuss+ ( imp]sonal /ra9s & /resses 9 ! ,absolute4 ,b ! real society is a radically temporal process4 ,! real c5t]s ( initiation 9 x are creatively intellig5t individuals ^: economic "* z su* expresses itself n 9 absolute m>g9al regi/rations b 9 price e/imates4 ,on ! priority ( price to value ,i v5ture to claim ! support ( ,a4 ,a4 ,"y1 ,"s ,limitations ( ! ,value ,concept1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,econ41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #dji 7esp4 pp4 #dag-ai74 ,incid5tally1 ,i suspect ! attempt to recon/ruct e?ical !ory z a bran* ( :at is call$ ,w]t!orie to be a mi/ake & likely to result only 9 useless & mislead+ t]m9ology4 #fa ,positive ,!ory ( ,capital 7,eng4 trans474 ,bk4 ,,iv1 ,*4 ,,ii4 ,! passage is un*ang$ 9 ! au?or's late/ edition 7#aiab74 #fb ,x is po9t$ out 7e4g41 by ,dav5port 9 8 ,economics ( ,ent]prise1 pp4 #ec-ed7 t1 ma!matically1 9 a m>ket :]e l>ge numb]s ( buy]s & sell]s confront ea* o!r ) _! respective maximum & m9imum valuations on ! commodity ?is int]val )9 :i* price mu/ fall becomes indef9itely small to ! po9t ( vani%+4 ,?is is d\btless 9 accord ) ! law ( probability1 b x w\ld be an obvi\s fallacy to see 9 ?is any mann] ( pro( or presumption t !re=e ! assumptions z to ! nature ( ! individual valuations ^u :i* su* analysis proce$s are true4 ,9 a l>ge m>ket :]e ?is int]val is suppos$ to be a vani%+ quantity is !re m or less higgl+ & b>ga9+ ?an 9 a small m>ket :]e ! int]val is admitt$ly p]ceptible8 ,& if !re is higgl+ & b>ga9+ 7op4 cit41 pp4 #if-ig71 :at is x do+ t is ( price-fix+ importance unless !re be suppos$ to be a critical int]val = x to "w 98 ,su* a use ( probability-!ory is a good example ( ! way 9 :i* ma!matics may be us$ to cov] ! false assumptions :i* h to be made 9 ord] to make a ma!matical treatm5t ( c]ta9 sorts ( subject-matt] initially plausible z description ( concrete fact4 #fc ,z ,i h else:]e argu$ 7,subjective & ,ex*ange ,value1 ,j\rn4 ,pol4 ,econ41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bbg-cj74 ,by ! same tok51 ,i confess skepticism ( ! classical ,engli% doctr9e t co/ c affect price only ?r\gh its effect ^u quantity produc$4 ,if all ! commodities us$ by man1 wrote ,s5ior 7quot$ by ,dav5port1 op4 cit41 p4 #eh71 7 suppli$ by nature )\t any int]f]5ce :atev] ( human labor1 b 7 suppli$ 9 precisely ! same am\nts t !y n[ are1 !re is no reason to suppose ei!r t !y w\ld cease to be valuable or w\ld ex*ange at any o!r ?an ! pres5t proportions4 ,b is ?is inductive evid5ce or illu/rative rhetoric8 ,"o wond]s1 inde$1 :e!r private prop]ty w\ld ev] h develop$ or h[ long mod]n society w\ld tol]ate x if all weal? 7 ! gift ( nature in/ead ( only "s ( x 7t "p1 ( c\rse1 :i* requires no use ( produc$ capital goods = its appropriation74 #fd ,c]ta9 po9ts 9 ?is discussion h be5 rais$ 9 two pap]s1 entitl$1 ,! ,pres5t ,task ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,int4 ,j\r4 ( ,e?ics1 ,,xx1 & ,e?ical ,value1 ,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,psy41 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,v1 p4 #eag4 #fe ,cf4 also ,john ,dewey1 ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 ^u ,philosophy1 & ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 ,*4 ,,xvi4 #ff ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,,xxv1 #aiad1 pp4 #a-bd4 #fg ,dreams ( a ,_s ,se]4 #fh ,cf4 ,a4 ,w4 ,moore1 ,pragmatism & ,its ,critics1 #beg-gh4 #fi ,croce1 ,philosophy ( ! ,practical1 pp4 #cab f4 #gj ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 p4 #adg4 #ga ,e?ics1 *4 ,v4 #gb ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 p4 #adi4 #gc ,ra%dall1 ,is ,consci5ce an ,emotion8 pp4 #aii f4 #gd ,ibid41 #agg4 #ge ,g4,e4 ,moore1 ,e?ics1 ,*4 ,,iii4 #gf ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 pp4 #ccd f4 #gg ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #chj4 #gh ,individualism1 #ee1 #fa1 #fb4 #gi ,lectures ,,iii & ,,iv1 especially #age1 #agf1 #bce-ci4 #hj ,pp4 #aaa ff41 #agb-ge1 #cbi ff4 #ha ,pp4 #gc1 #ahf1 #bcf1 #bfa f41 #bfg1 #bfi4 #hb #abd1 #ahb1 #cja4 #hc #bfc ff41 #abc4 #hd ,pp4 #ahj1 #bda4 #he ,p4 #ahj4 #hf ,art & religion h d\btless _! important p>ts 9 embody+ values1 or 9 add+ ! consci\sness ( memb]%ip 9 a l>g] union ( spirits1 or ( relation to a cosmic ord] conceiv$ z e?ical1 b ! limits ( our discussion d n p]mit treatm5t ( ^! factors4 #hg ,cf4 my pap]1 ,goodness1 ,cognition1 & ,beauty1 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bec4 #hh ,cf4 ,?orndike1 ,! ,orig9al ,nature ( ,man2 ,s4 ,freud1 ,die ,traumdeutung1 ,psy*opa?ologie des ,alltagsleb51 etc42 ,mc,dougall1 ,social ,psy*ology4 #hi ,! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bef4 #ij ,cf4 ,plato1 ,republic1 ,,ix1 #ega1 #egb1 = an explicit anticipation ( ,freud4 #ia ,?is new psy*ology is n s v new4 #ib ,cf4 ,hock+1 ,! ,mean+ ( ,god 9 ,human ,exp]i5ce1 = ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! somnambulisms4 ,b any ideali/ic sy/em w d1 f ,plato to ,bradley4 #ic ,cf4 ,james1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 #id ,cf4 ,jane ,h>rison1 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual4 #ie ,cf4 my pap]1 ,is ,belief ,ess5tial 9 ,religion81 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,octob]1 #aiaj4 #if ,metaphysics1 ,book ,lambda4 #ig ,?is is accompli%$ usually by ignor+ ! diff]5tia ( ! t]m ( religion1 & us+ x simply z an adjective ( eulogy1 z 9 ! common practice ! t]m ,*ri/ian is made coext5sive ) ! d5otation ( good1 or social4 ,= example1 a ,*ri/ian g5tleman c diff] 9 no disc]nible way f a g5tleman n s qualifi$ save by believ+ 9 c]ta9 !ological propositions4 ,b 9 usage1 ! adjective is simply tautolog\s4 ,comp>e ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 ,! ,moral ,economy2 ,e4 ,s4 ,ames1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce2 ,j4 ,h4 ,leuba1 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion2 ,h4 ,m4 ,kall51 ,is ,belief ,ess5tial 9 ,religion8 #ih ,! condition ( ,engl& & ,g]many 9 ! pres5t civil w> 9 ,europe e*oes ?is situation4 #ii ,cf4 ,republic1 ,books ,v & ,,vi4 #ajj ,cf4 ,w9ds ( ,doctr9e & ,reason 9 ,common ,s5se4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,passages 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 #b4 ,punctuation has be5 normaliz$4 ,z well z obvi\s mispr9ts h be5 correct$4 #c4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 #d4 ,! ^w ,pho5icians uses an oe ligature 9 ! orig9al4