,,hi/oric ,,highways ,,( ,,am]ica ,,volume #ae ,illu/ration3 ,g5]al ,roy ,/one 7,fa!r ( ! good-roads movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 ,,hi/oric ,,highways ,,( ,,am]ica ,,volume #ae ,! ,future ( ,road-mak+ 9 ,am]ica ,a ,symposium ,,by ,,ar*] ,,butl] ,,hulb]t & o!rs ,) ,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,! ,,ar?ur ,h4 ,,cl>k ,,company ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio #aije ,,copyright1 #aije ,,by ,,! ,,ar?ur ,h4 ,,cl>k ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #aa ,i4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,road-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,am]ica #ae ,,ii4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,object-,,lesson ,,road ,,"w #fg ,,iii4 ,,good ,,roads ,,= ,,f>m]s #ha ,,iv4 ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,macadam ,,roads #agj ,v4 ,,/one ,,roads ,,9 ,,new ,,j]sey #aij ,,illu/rations ,i4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,g5]al ,,roy ,,/one 7fa!r ( ! good-roads movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,a ,,good-,,roads ,,tra9 #ei ,,iii4 ,,sample ,,/eel ,,track ,,= ,,common ,,roads 7%[+ portrait ( ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge7 #ff ,,iv4 ,,typical ,,macadam ,,road ,,ne> ,,bryn ,,mawr1 ,,p5nsylvania #hc ,v4 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,grad+ #hi ,,vi4 ,,s& ,,clay ,,road ,,9 ,,ri*l& ,,c\nty1 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a #aae ,,vii4 ,,gravel ,,road ,,ne> ,,soldi]s' ,,home1 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia #abg ,,viii4 ,,oy/]-,,%ell ,,object-,,lesson ,,road #acg ,,ix4 ,,e>? ,,& ,,macadam ,,roads #afh ,,preface ,! pres5t volume on ! ,future ( ,road-mak+ 9 ,am]ica pres5ts repres5tative op9ions1 f laym5 & speciali/s1 on ! subject ( ! road "q z x /&s today4 ,aft] ! au?or's sket* ( ! "q z a :ole 9 its sociological z well z f9ancial aspects1 !re foll[s ! ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge's pap] on ,gov]nm5t ,coop]ation 9 ,object-lesson ,road ,"w4 ,! ?ird *apt] comprises a repr9t ( ,hon4 ,maurice ,o4 ,eldridge's c>eful article1 ,good ,roads = ,f>m]s1 revis$ by ! au?or = ?is volume4 ,pr(essor ,logan ,wall] ,page's pap] on ,! ,selection ( ,mat]ials = ,macadam ,roads composes *apt] f\r1 & ,e4 ,g4 ,h>rison's article on ,/one ,roads 9 ,new ,j]sey concludes ! book1 be+ specially valuable because ( ! advanc$ position ,new ,j]sey has tak5 9 ! matt] ( road-build+4 ,= illu/rations to ?is volume ! au?or is indebt$ to ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries1 ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge1 ,director4 ,a4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,m>ietta1 ,,ohio1 ,may #ca1 #aijd4 ,! ,future ( ,road-mak+ 9 ,am]ica ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,road-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,am]ica ,9 introduc+ ! subject ( ! future ( road-mak+ 9 ,am]ica1 x may fir/ be obs]v$ t !re is to be a future 9 road-build+ on ?is cont95t4 ,we h today probably ! poore/ roads ( any civiliz$ nation2 al?\gh1 consid]+ ! ext5t ( our roads1 :i* cov] p]haps a million & a half miles1 we ( c\rse h ! be/ roads ( any nation ( simil> age4 ,z we h else:]e %[n1 ! era ( railway build+ eclips$ ! great era ( road & canal build+ 9 ! ?ird & f\r? decades ( ! old c5tury1 & x is int]e/+ to note t freight rates on ,am]ican railways today are *eap] ?an on any railways 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,to move a ton ( freight 9 ,engl& "o hundr$ miles today1 y pay two doll>s & ?irty c5ts2 9 ,g]many1 two doll>s2 9 ,france1 "o doll> & sev5ty-five c5ts2 9 poor d[ntrodd5 ,russia1 "o doll> & ?irty c5ts4 ,b 9 ,am]ica x co/s on ! av]age only sev5ty-two c5ts4 ,?is is good1 b x does n by any means answ] all ! conditions2 ! av]age ,am]ican f>m is locat$ today--ev5 ) our va/ network ( railways--at lea/ t5 miles f a railroad /ation4 ,n[ railway build+ has ab\t rea*$ its limit s f> z mileage is conc]n$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 9 ! words ( ,/uyvesant ,fi%1 presid5t ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad ,company1 we h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally1 a suffici5cy ( railroads4 ,?us ! av]age f>m is left a doz5 miles f a railway1 & 9 all probability w be t f> away a c5tury f n[4 ,& note3 sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! comm]ce ( ! _w />ts = its de/9ation on wagon roads1 & we pay annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates six hundr$ million doll>s freightage to get our produce ov] our highways f ! f>ms to ! railways4 ,let me re/ate ^! important facts3 ! av]age ,am]ican f>m is t5 miles f a railway2 ! railways h ab\t rea*$ _! limit ( gr[? t]ritorially2 & we pay six hundr$ million doll>s e ye> to get ! sev5ty-five p] c5t ( our raw mat]ial & produce f our f>ms to our railways4 ,?is is ! ma9 proposition ( ! good roads problem1 & ! reason :y ! road "q is to be "o ( ! great que/ions ( ! next half c5tury4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ mu* c we save ( ?is half a billion doll>s1 at ! lea/ exp5diture ( money & 9 ! mo/ b5eficial way8 ,9 ?is problem1 z 9 _m1 ! mo/ important phase is ! "o mo/ difficult to /udy & mo/ difficult to solve4 ,x is z complex z human life itself4 ,x is ! "q ( good roads z !y affect ! social & moral life ( our rural communities4 ,x is easy to talk ( bad roads co/+ a half billion doll>s a ye>--! answ] %\ld be t ( ,hood's--,o ,god6 t bread %\ld be s de>1 & fle% & blood s *eap4 ,y _c c\nt 9 t]ms ( ! /ock ex*ange ! co/ to ?is l& ( poor roads2 = poor roads mean ! decay ( c\ntry liv+1 ! ab&onm5t ( f>ms & f>m-life1 poor s*ools1 poor *ur*es1 & homes /rick5 ) a social pov]ty t drives ! "y m5 & girls into ! cities4 ,y _c e/imate ! co/ to ?is c\ntry1 9 blood1 bra91 & muscle1 ( ! hide\s sy/em ( public roads we h possess$ 9 ! decade pass$4 ,look at any ( our cities to ! m5 :o guide ! swift ru% ( comm]cial1 social1 & religi\s affairs & y w f9d m5 ^: bir?places are n prep>+ ano!r su* g5]ation ( m5 = ! "w ( ! future4 ,= in/ance1 bad roads & good s*ools are incompatible4 ,! com+ g5]ation ( /rong m5 & /rong wom5 is cry+ out n[ = good roads4 ,!re is a close & p]man5t relation1 said ,alabama's sup]9t5d5t ( education1 exi/+ betwe5 good public roads & good public s*ools4 ,!re c be no good c\ntry s*ools 9 ! abs5ce ( good c\ntry roads4 ,let u be enc\rag$ by ?is movem5t look+ t[>d an improvem5t 9 road-build+ & road-work+4 ,i see 9 x a bett] day = ! boys & girls :o mu/ look to ! c\ntry s*ools = citiz5%ip4 ,i h be5 long+ = ye>s1 said ,presid5t ,jesse ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 to /ump ! capital /ate1 if necess>y1 9 favor ( ! l>ge consolidat$ s*oolh\se r ?an ! s+le s*oolh\ses sitt+ at ! crossroads4 ,b ! wagons c\ld n get two hundr$ y>ds 9 mo/ ( our c\nties4 ,!re=e ,i h _h to smo!r my zeal1 hold my tongue1 & wait = ! consolidat$ s*oolh\se until ,miss\ri wakes to ! necessity ( good roads4 ,!n n only %all we h consolidat$ s*oolh\ses1 b also ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool & 8 wife w live 9 ! s*ool build+1 or 9 "o close by4 ,! libr>y & read+-room ( ! s*ool w be ! libr>y & read+-room ( ! neighborhood4444 ,! ma9 assembly room ( ! consolidat$ s*oolh\se w be an assembly place = public lectures4444 ,i am 9 favor ( free text-books1 b ,i tell y "h & n[ t free text-books are a trifle comp>$ ) good roads & ! consolidat$ s*oolh\se4 ,x is f\nd t s*ool att5dance 9 /ates :]e good roads ab\nd is f tw5ty-five to fifty p] c5t great] ?an 9 /ates :i* h n good roads4 ,h[ long w x take = ! consolidat$ s*oolh\se & increas$ & regul> att5dance to be wor? half a billion doll>s to ,am]ican m5 & wom5 ( ! next g5]ation8 ,?is applies ) equal p]t95cy to :at ,i might call ! consolidat$ *ur*2 good roads make x possible = a l>g] proportion ( c\ntry resid5ts to enjoy ! sup]ior advantages ( ! spl5did city *ur*es2 9 fact good roads h 9 c]ta9 in/ances be5 held guilty ( de/roy+ ! little c\ntry *ur*4 ,?is c\ld be true )9 only a small radius ( ! cities1 & ! advantages to be ga9$ outweigh1 ,i am sure1 ! loss occasion$ by ! clos+ ( small *ur*es )9 a doz5 miles ( our l>ge t[ns & cities--*ur*es :i*1 9 _m cases1 h only occasional s]vices & are a con/ant f9ancial dra9 on ! city *ur*es4 ,f>!r out 9 ! c\ntry1 good roads w make possible "o /rong1 heal?y *ur* :]e p]haps half a doz5 weak organizations are made to lead a prec>i\s exi/5ce because bad roads make l>ge congregations impossible ?r\gh\t ! l>g] "p ( ! ye>4 ,?is also applies to city s*ools1 libr>ies1 hospitals1 museums1 & lyceums4 ,good roads w place ^! advantages )9 rea* ( millions ( c\ntry p :o n[ "k little or no?+ ( !m4 ,once beyond driv+ di/ance ( ! cities1 good roads w make x possible = ?\s&s to rea* ! suburban railways & trolley l9es4 ,:o c e/imate 9 m]e doll>s ^! advantages to ! quality ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip a c5tury h5ce8 ,am]ican f>ms are tax$ by ! gov]nm5t & pay "o-half ( ! sev5 hundr$ million doll>s x takes ye>ly to op]ate ?is gov]nm5t4 ,aft] receiv+ "o-half1 :at p] c5t does ! gov]nm5t return to !m8 ,only t5 p] c5t4 ,n9ety p] c5t goes to ! direct or indirect b5efit ( ^? liv+ 9 our cities4 ,:]e does ! gov]nm5t build its f9e build+s1 :]e does x sp5d its millions on riv]s & h>bors8 ,h[ mu* does x exp5d to ease ?is burd5 ( six hundr$ millions :i* lies s l>gely on ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica8 ,a few ye>s ago a law 0 pass$ grant+ #ej1jjj to inve/igate a plan to deliv] mail on rural deliv]y r\tes to our f>m]s & c\ntry resid5ts4 ,! law 0 treat$ ab\t z respectfully z ! long-head$ ,jesse ,hawley :o wrote a s]ies ( articles advocat+ ! build+ ( ! ,erie ,canal2 a c]ta9 pap] pr9t$ a few ( !m1 b ! editor s5t ! rema9d] back say+ he c\ld n use !m--!y 7 mak+ 8 %eet an object ( ridicule4 ,eighte5 ye>s lat] ! canal 0 built & 9 ! fir/ ye> br\ght 9 a rev5ue ( #dib1ffd4 ,s ) ! fir/ ,rural ,free ,deliv]y appropriation--! po/ma/] g5]al to ^: h&s t fir/ #ej1jjj 0 entru/$ = exp]im5tal purposes1 refus$ to try x & s5t ! money back to ! treasury4 ,today ! ,rural ,free ,deliv]y is an e/abli%$ fact1 ( immeasurable b5efit2 & if any ( ! appropriations = x are n exp5d$ x is n because !y are be+ s5t back to ! treasury by scrupul\s (ficials4 ,rural deliv]y r\tes div]ge f our t[ns & cities & give ! c\ntry p ! advantages ( a spl5did po/ (fice sy/em4 ,good roads to ^! cities w\ld give !m a score ( advantages :]e n[ !y h b ?is "o4 ,l rural deliv]y x may seem impracticable1 b 9 a %ort space ( "t ,am]ica w leap =w>d 9 ! front rank ( ! nations 9 po9t ( good highways4 ,an execrable road sy/em1 besides br++ poor s*ools & poor *ur*es1 has r5d]$ impossible any g5u9e community ( social int]e/s among c\ntry p4 ,at ! v season :5 ! f>m "w is light & social int]c\rse feasible1 at t season ! highways h be5 impassable4 ,to ?is & ! poor s*ools & *ur*es may be attribut$ ! sadde/ & really mo/ co/ly social revolution 9 ,am]ica 9 ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! decl9e ( c\ntry liv+ mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s prove disa/r\sly co/ly to any nation4 ,! ro> ( ! cannon & ! gleam ( swords1 wrote t brilliant apo/le ( outdoor life1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,murray1 is less significant ?an ! de/ruction ( ,new ,engl& home/eads1 ! brick+ up ( ,new ,engl& fireplaces & ! do+ away ) ! ,new ,engl& well-sweep2 = ^! %[ a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! circulation itself1 & prove t ! action ( ! popul> he>t has be5 int]rupt$1 modifi$ & become altoge!r diff]5t f :at x 04 ,9 ! popul> m9d ! b5efits ( c\ntry liv+ are common only z a fad2 ! boy :o goes to college & returns to ! f>m aga9 is "o ( a ?\s&4 ,:o wants to be l&lock$ five mon?s ( ! ye>1 )\t social advantages8 ,good roads1 9 "o g5]ation1 w\ld accompli% a social revolution ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates t w\ld greatly t5d to bett] our condition & bright5 ! prospect ( future /r5g?4 ,presid5t ,w9/on ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture said3 ,x might be demon/rat$ beyond a reasonable d\bt t bad roads are unfavorable to matrimony & increase ( population4 ,sev5 ( ! mo/ /alw>t lads & beautiful lasses ( ,greece 7 s5t ea* ye> to ,crete to be sacrific$ to ! ,m9otaur2 bad roads 9 ,am]ica s5d ?\s&s ( boys & girls into our cities to ! ,m9otaurs ( evil because conditions 9 ! c\ntry d n make = ! social happ9ess = :i* !y naturally ye>n4 ,?us we may h9t at ! great]1 m s]i\s1 phase ( ! road problem4 ,beside x1 ! f9ancial feature ( ! problem c h no place2 ! f>m has be5 too mu* to ! ,am]ican nation1 its product ( boys & girls has be5 too et]nally preci\s to ! cause ( lib]ty = :i* our nation /&s1 to p]mit a sy/em ( highways on ?is cont95t :i* w make x a place :]e n[ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury =eign]s1 only1 c be happy4 ,! sociological side ( ! road "q is ( m mom5t today 9 ?is c\ntry1 s f> z ! heal? ( our body politic 9 ! future is conc]n$1 ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! que/ions mo/ prom95t 9 ! two political plat=ms t come annually be=e ! p4 ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan1 :5 address+ ! ,good ,roads ,conv5tion at ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijc1 said3 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 or a fact easily asc]ta9$1 t ! p 9 ! c\ntry1 :ile pay+ _! full %>e ( c\nty1 /ate1 & f$]al taxes1 receive z a rule only ! g5]al b5efits ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! p 9 ! cities h1 9 addition to ! protection af=d$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! advantage aris+ f ! exp5diture ( public moneys 9 _! mid/4 ,! c\nty seat ( a c\nty1 z a rule1 enjoys ! refre%+ influ5ce ( an exp5diture ( c\nty money out ( proportion to its population4 ,! capital ( a /ate & ! city :]e ! /ate in/itutions are locat$1 likewise receive ! b5efit ( an exp5diture ( public money out ( proportion to _! population4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! di/ribution ( ! moneys collect$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 we f9d t ! cities1 ev5 9 a l>g] measure1 monopolize ! incid5tal b5efits t arise f ! exp5diture ( public moneys4 ,! appropriations ( ! la/ session ( ,congress am\nt$ to #gec1dhd1jah1 divid$ z foll[s3 ,agriculture #e1igh1afj ,army #gh1ach1geb ,diplomatic & consul> s]vice #a1ifh1bej ,di/rict ( ,columbia #h1fdg1dig ,=tifications #g1ahh1daf ,indians #h1eab1iej ,legislative1 executive1 & judicial dep>tm5ts #bg1eie1ieh ,milit>y ,academy #efc1bdh ,navy #ha1hgg1bia ,p5sions #aci1hdg1fjj ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t #aec1dja1dji ,sundry ,civil #hb1gbb1iee ,defici5cies #ba1efa1egb ,p]man5t annual #acb1ehi1hbj ,miscellane\s #c1bej1jjj ,x w be se5 t ! appropriation = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0 insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! total appropriations--less ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! appropriations = ! ,army & ,navy alone am\nt$ to tw5ty-five times ! sum appropriat$ = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,an analysis ( ! exp5ditures ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t w %[ t an exce$+ly small proportion ( ! money rais$ f all ! p gets back to ! f>m]s directly2 h[ mu* returns indirectly x is impossible to say1 b c]ta9 x is t ! p :o live 9 ! cities receive by f> ! major "p ( ! special b5efits t come f ! %[]+ ( public money ^u ! community4 ,! advantage obta9$ locally f gov]nm5t exp5ditures is s great t ! conte/s = c\nty seats & /ate capitals usually exce$ 9 int]e/1 if n 9 bitt]ness1 ! conte/s ov] political pr9ciples & policies4 ,s great is ! desire to secure an appropriation ( money = local purposes t _m w excuse a ,congressman's vote on ei!r side ( any "q if he c b secure ! exp5diture ( a l>ge am\nt ( public money 9 8 di/rict4 ,i emphasize ?is because x is a fact to :i* no ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,! po9t is t ! f>m] n only pays 8 %>e ( ! taxes1 b m ?an 8 %>e1 yet v little ( :at he pays gets back to him4 ,p 9 ! city pay n only less ?an _! %>e1 z a rule1 b get back practically all ( ! b5efits t come f ! exp5diture ( ! p's money4 ,let me %[ y :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t ! f>m] pays m ?an 8 %>e4 ,! f>m] has visible prop]ty1 & "u any =m ( direct taxation visible prop]ty pays m ?an its %>e4 ,:y8 ,because ! man ) visible prop]ty always pays4 ,if he has an acre ( l& ! assessor c f9d x4 ,he c c\nt ! horses & cattle4444 ,! f>m] has no?+ t escapes taxation2 &1 9 all direct taxation1 he n only pays on all he has1 b ! f>m] :o has visible prop]ty has to pay a l>ge "p ( ! taxes t ought to be paid by ! own]s ( invisible prop]ty1 :o escape taxation4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 t ! f>m] n only pays m ?an 8 %>e ( all direct taxation1 b t :5 y come to exp5d public moneys y d n sp5d !m on ! f>ms1 z a rule4 ,y sp5d !m 9 ! cities1 & give ! incid5tal b5efits to ! p :o live 9 ! cities4 ,:5 indirect taxation is consid]$1 ! f>m]'s %>e is ev5 m1 because :5 y come to collect taxes ?r\gh indirection & on consumption1 y make p pay n 9 proportion to :at !y h b 9 proportion to :at !y ne$1 & ,god has s made u t ! f>m] ne$s z mu* z anybody else1 ev5 ?\gh he may n h z mu* ) :i* to supply 8 ne$s z o!r p4 ,9 our indirect taxation1 !re=e1 = ! support ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ! f>m]s pay ev5 m out ( proportion to _! weal? & numb]s4 ,we %\ld rememb] also t :5 we collect taxes ?r\gh consumption we make ! f>m] pay n only on t :i* is import$1 b ^u mu* ( t :i* is produc$ at home4 ,?us ! f>m]'s burd5 is n measur$ by :at ! treasury receives1 b is frequ5tly _m times :at ! treasury receives4 ,?us "u indirect taxation ! burd5 ^u ! f>m] is great] ?an x ought to be2 yet :5 y trace ! exp5diture ( public moneys di/ribut$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t y f9d t ev5 9 a l>g] measure special b5efits g to ! great cities & n to ! rural communities4 ,! improvem5t ( ! c\ntry roads c be ju/ifi$ also on ! gr\nd t ! f>m]1 ! fir/ & mo/ important ( ! produc]s ( weal?1 ought to be 9 position to hold 8 crop & m>ket x at ! mo/ favorable opportunity1 :]eas at pres5t he is virtually "u compulsion to sell x z soon z x is matur$1 because ! roads may become impassable at any "t dur+ ! fall1 w9t]1 or spr+4 ,in/ead ( be+ 8 own w>eh\seman1 ! f>m] is compell$ to employ middlem51 & %>e ) !m ! pr(its ^u 8 labor4 ,i believe1 z a matt] ( ju/ice to ! f>m]1 he ought to h roads t w enable him to keep 8 crop & take x to ! m>ket at ! be/ "t1 & n place him 9 a position :]e !y c run d[n ! price ( :at he has to sell dur+ ! mon?s he mu/ sell1 & !n1 :5 he has dispos$ ( x1 run ! price up & give ! speculator :at ! f>m] ought to h4 ,! f>m] has a "r to insi/ ^u roads t w enable him to g to t[n1 to *ur*1 to ! s*oolh\se1 & to ! homes ( 8 neighbors1 z occasion may require2 &1 ) ! ext5sion ( rural mail deliv]y1 he has additional ne$ = good roads 9 ord] t he may be kept 9 communication ) ! outside _w1 = ! mail r\tes foll[ ! good roads4 ,a great deal has be5 said1 & prop]ly s1 9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( good roads ^u education4 ,9 ! conv5tion held at ,raleigh1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! acc\nt ( :i* ,i _h ! pleasure ( read+1 great emphasis 0 plac$ ^u ! fact t y c n h a s*ool sy/em su* z y ought to h unless ! roads are 9 condition = ! *ildr5 to g to s*ool4 ,:ile we are build+ great libr>ies 9 ! great cities we d n h libr>ies 9 ! c\ntry2 & !re ought to be a libr>y 9 e community4 ,in/ead ( lay+ ^u ! f>m] ! burd5 ( buy+ 8 own books1 we ought to make x possible = ! f>m]s to h ! same opportunity z ! p 9 ! city to use books 9 common1 & ?us economize on ! exp5se ( a libr>y4 ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,jesse 9 reg>d to ! consolidation ( s*oolh\ses 9 su* a way z to give ! *ild 9 ! c\ntry ! same advantages :i* ! *ild 9 ! city has4 ,we h our c\ntry s*ools1 b x is impossible 9 any community to h a well-grad$ s*ool ) only a few pupils1 unless y g to great exp5se4 ,9 cities1 :5 a *ild gets ?r\gh ! grad$ s*ool he c rema9 at home1 &1 )\t exp5se to himself or 8 p>5ts1 g on ?r\gh ! high s*ool4 ,b if ! c\ntry boy or girl desires to g f ! grad$ s*ool to ! high s*ool1 z a rule x is necess>y to g to ! c\nty seat & !re bo>d ) "s "o2 s ! exp5se to ! c\ntry *ild is mu* great] ?an to ! *ild 9 ! city4 ,i 0 glad1 !re=e1 to he> ,pr(essor ,jesse speak ( su* a consolidation ( s*ools z w give to ! *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry advantages equal to ^? enjoy$ by ! *ildr5 ( ! city4 ,& z y /udy ?is subject1 y f9d x rea*es out 9 e direction2 x t\*es u at e vital po9t4 ,:at c be ( m int]e/ to u ?an ! s*ool+ ( our *ildr58 ,:at c be ( m int]e/ to e p>5t ?an br++ ! opportunity ( educational in/ruction )9 ! rea* ( e *ild8 ,x does n matt] :e!r a man has *ildr5 himself or n4444 ,e citiz5 ( a community is int]e/$ 9 ! intellectual life ( t community4 ,sometimes ,i h he>d p compla9 t !y 7 ov]burd5$ ) taxes = ! education ( o!r p's *ildr54 ,my fri5ds1 ! man :o has no *ildr5 c n af=d to live 9 a community :]e !re are *ildr5 gr[+ up 9 ignorance2 ! man ) none has ! same duty z ! man ) _m1 b>r+ ! p]sonal pride ( ! p>5t4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t any?+ t contributes to ! g5]al diffusion ( k1 any?+ t makes m educat$ boys & girls ?r\gh\t our c\ntry1 is a matt] ( int5se int]e/ to e citiz51 :e!r he be ! fa!r ( a family or n2 :e!r he lives 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! t[n4 ,& ought n ! p h ! opportunity to att5d *ur*8 ,i am com+ to believe t :at we ne$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ev5 m ?an education ( ! intellect1 is ! education ( ! moral side ( our nature4 ,i believe1 ) ,jeff]son1 t ! *ur* & ! /ate %\ld be sep>ate4 ,i believe 9 religi\s fre$om1 & ,i w\ld n h any man's consci5ce fett]$ by act ( law2 b ,i d believe t ! welf>e ( ?is nation dem&s t man's moral nature %all be educat$ 9 keep+ ) 8 bra9 & ) 8 body4 ,9 fact1 ,i h come to def9e civilization z ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! body1 ! m9d1 & ! he>t4 ,we make a mi/ake if we believe t ?is nation c fulfil its high de/9y & mission ei!r ) m]e a?letes or m]e s*ol>s4 ,we ne$ ! education ( ! moral s5se2 & if ^! good roads w enable m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to g m frequ5tly to *ur*1 & !re he> exp\nd$ ! gospel & receive inspiration !refrom1 t alone is reason en\gh = good roads4 ,!re is a broad] view ( ?is "q1 h[ev]1 t des]ves consid]ation4 ,! f>m is1 & always has be51 conspicu\s because ( ! physical developm5t x produces1 ! intellectual /r5g? x furni%es1 & ! morality x enc\rages4 ,! "y p 9 ! c\ntry f9d heal? & vigor 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! ex]cise :i* f>m life gives2 !y acquire habits ( indu/ry & economy2 _! "w gives !m opportunity = ?\ght & reflection2 _! contact ) nature tea*es !m rev]5ce1 & _! environm5t promotes good habits4 ,! f>ms supply our colleges ) _! be/ /ud5ts & !y also supply our cities ) lead]s 9 bus9ess & pr(essional life4 ,9 ! c\ntry !re is nei!r great weal? nor great pov]ty--'! ri* & ! poor meet toge!r' & recognize t '! ,"l is ! fa!r ( !m all4' ,!re is a fell[%ip1 &1 to use ! ^w 9 its broade/ s5se1 a democracy 9 ! c\ntry t is mu* ne$$ today to temp] public op9ion & protect ! f\ndations ( free gov]nm5t4 ,a l>g] p]c5tage ( ! p 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city /udy public que/ions1 & a small] p]c5tage are ei!r corrupt or are corrupt$4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 = ! welf>e ( our gov]nm5t & = ! advancem5t ( our civilization t we make life ^u ! f>m z attractive z possible4 ,/ati/ics h %[n ! con/ant increase 9 ! urban population & ! con/ant decrease 9 ! rural population f decade to decade4 ,)\t tread+ ^u controv]sial gr\nd or consid]+ :e!r ?is tr5d has be5 increas$ by legislation ho/ile to ! f>m1 x w be admitt$ t ! gov]nm5t is 9 duty b\nd to gu>d jeal\sly ! int]e/s ( ! rural population1 &1 z f> z x c1 make f>m life invit+4 ,9 ! employm5t ( mod]n conv5i5ces ! city has consid]ably out/ripp$ ! c\ntry1 & naturally s1 = 9 a d5sely populat$ community ! p c by coop]ation supply !mselves ) wat]1 light1 & rapid transit at mu* small] co/ ?an !y c 9 a sp>sely settl$ c\ntry4 ,b x is evid5t t dur+ ! la/ few ye>s mu* has be5 done to increase ! com=ts ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! rural mail deliv]y has plac$ millions ( f>m]s 9 daily communication ) ! _w4 ,x has br\ght n only ! lett] b ! newspap] to ! door4 ,its promis$ enl>gem5t & ext5sion w make x possible = ! wife to ord] f ! village /ore & h h] pur*ases deliv]$ by ! mail-c>ri]4 ,! telephone has also be5 a great boon to ! f>m]4 ,x less5s by "o-half ! "t requir$ to secure a physician 9 case ( accid5t or illness--an inv5tion :i* e "m c appreciate4 ,! ext5sion ( ! electric-c> l9e also des]ves notice4 ,x is de/9$ to ext5d ! bord]s ( ! city & to increase ! numb] ( small f>ms at ! exp5se ( flats & t5em5t h\ses4 ,! suburban home w br+ light & hope to millions ( *ildr54 ,b aft] all ?is1 !re /ill rema9s a press+ ne$ = bett] c\ntry roads4 ,z long z mud plac$ an emb>go ^u city traffic1 ! f>m] c\ld be> 8 mud-made isolation ) less compla9t1 b ) ! improvem5t ( city /reets & ) ! e/abli%m5t ( p>ks & b\lev>ds1 ! f>m]'s j dem&s = bett] roads f9d increas+ expression4 ,! late brilliant congressman1 ,hon4 ,?omas ,h4 ,tongue ( ,oregon1 left on record a few p>agraphs on ! sociological effect ( good roads t ought to be pres]v$3 ,good roads d n conc]n our pockets only4 ,!y may become ! in/rum5talities = improv$ heal?1 increas$ happ9ess & pleasure1 = ref9+ ta/es1 /r5g!n+1 broad5+1 & elevat+ ! "*4 ,! toil] 9 ! great city mu/ h re/ & recreation4 ,old & "y1 & especially ! "y1 ) "* un=m$1 mu/ & w sweet5 ! daily labor ) "s pleasure4 ,x is n ! h\rs ( indu/ry1 b ! h\rs devot$ to pleasure1 t furni% ! devil 8 opportunity4 ,x is n :ile we are at "w b :ile we are at play t temptations /eal ov] ! s5ses1 put consci5ce to sleep1 despoil manhood1 & de/roy "*4 ,heal?ful & innoc5t recreations & pleasure are national ne$s & national bless+s4 ,!y are among ! mo/ important in/rum5talities ( moral re=m4 ,!y are z ess5tial to purity ( m9d & s\l z to heal?fulness ( body4 ,out beyond ! conf9es ( ! city1 ) its du/ & dirt & fil?1 morally & physically1 ^! are to be f\nd1 & good roads help to f9d !m4 ,:at peace & inspiration may come f fl[]s & music1 brooks & wat]falls6 ,h[ ! m\nta9s po9t+ heav5w>d1 ye/]day battl+ ) /orms1 today ba!d ) sun%9e1 bid y /& firm1 walk erect1 look upw>d1 *]i% hope1 & = light & guidance to call ^u ! ,creator ( all light & ( all wisdom6 ,h[ su* sc5es z ^! k9dle ! imag9ation ( ! poet1 quick5 & enl>ge ! conception ( ! arti/1 fire ! s\l ( ! orator1 purify & elevate u all6 ,b if love ( action r ?an contemplation & reflection tempts y1 h[ ! blood ?rills & ! spirits rise z "o spr+s lightly into ! saddle1 c>esses ! sl5d] neck ( an equ9e beauty1 grasps firmly ! re9s1 bids f>ewell to ! impurities ( ! city1 & da%es into ! hills & ! valleys & ! m\nta9s to commune ) nature & nature's ,god4 ,or :at joy m exquisite ?an ) pleasant companion%ip to da% along ! smoo? highway1 drawn by a noble ,am]ican trott]8 ,:at poor city sc5es c s inspire poetic feel+1 c s increase ! love ( ! beautiful1 c s elevate & broad5 & /r5g!n ! "*1 & s inspire u ) rev]5ce = ! great ,fa!r ( u all8 ,b = ! full enjoym5t ( su* pleasures good roads are indisp5sable4 ,ano!r bless+ to come ) good roads w be ! /imulus & enc\ragem5ts to rural life1 f>m life4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( population to ru% into ! great cities makes nei!r = ! heal? nor ! "*1 ! intellig5ce nor ! morals ( ! nation4 ,x has be5 said t no liv+ man c trace 8 ance/ry on bo? sides to f\r g5]ations ( city resid5ts4 ,! bra9 & ! brawn & ! morals ( ! city are con/antly repl5i%$ f ! c\ntry4 ,! be/ home life is ^u ! f>m1 & ! mo/ sacr$ ?+ 9 ,am]ica is ! ,am]ican home4 ,x lies at ! f\ndation ( our in/itutions1 ( our heal?1 ( our "*1 our prosp]ity1 our happ9ess1 "h & h]eaft]4 ,! sn>es & pitfalls set = our feet are n ne> ! home4 ,! pa?ways ^u :i* /ones are h>de/ & ?orns %>pe/ are n ^? t lead to ! sacr$ spot hall[$ by a fa!r's love & a "m's pray]s4 ,! brave/ & be/ ( m51 ! pure/ & holie/ wom51 are ^? :o be/ love1 *]i%1 & protect ! home4 ,god gu>d well ! ,am]ican home1 & ?is done1 come all ! p[]s ( d>kness & !y %all n prevail aga9/ u4 ,fa!rhood & mo!rhood are n[h]e m sacr$1 m holy1 or bett] belov$ ?an ^u ! f>m4 ,! ties ( bro!rhood & si/]hood are n[h]e m sweet or t5d]4 ,! fair fl[] ( patriotism !re rea*es its greate/ p]fection4 ,e battlefield t m>ks ! _w's progress1 ! victory ( lib]ty ov] tyranny or "r ov] wrong1 has be5 delug$ ) ! blood ( f>m]s4 ,he evades nei!r ! taxga!r] nor ! recruit+ (fic]4 ,he %irks ! p]=mance ( no public duty4 ,9 ! h\r ( its greate/ ne$s our c\ntry nev] call$ = help ^u its /alw>t yeom5 :5 ! cry 0 unhe$$4 ,! sons & daught]s ( ,am]ican f>m]s are fill+ ! sem9>ies & colleges & univ]sities ( ! l&4 ,f ! ,am]ican f>m home h gone 9 ! pa/1 z !y are go+ n[1 lead]s 9 lit]ature1 ! arts & sci5ces1 presid5ts ( great univ]sities1 ! heads ( great indu/rial ent]prises1 gov]nors ( /ates1 & memb]s ( ,congress4 ,!y h fill$ ! b5*es ( ! supreme c\rt1 ! *airs ( ! cab9et1 & ! greate/ executive (fice 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,our greate/ juri/1 our greate/ soldi]1 our greate/ orators1 ,web/] & ,clay1 our ?ree greate/ presid5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,l9coln1 & ,mc,kinley1 7 ! product ( rural homes4 ,! great presid5ts :i* ,virg9ia has giv5 to ! nation1 ^: monum5ts are all ar\nd u1 ^: rema9s re/ 9 y\r mid/1 ^: fame is immortal1 drew life & inspiration f rural homes4 ,! typical ,am]ican today is ! ,am]ican f>m]4 ,! city life1 ) its bu/le & /ir1 its hurry & ru%1 its fev]i% anxiety = weal?1 position1 & rank 9 society1 its frett+ ov] c]emonies & prec$5ts1 is break+ d[n ! heal? & intellect & ! morals ( its inhabitants4 ,^! mu/ be repl5i%$ f ! rural home4 ,:atev] %all t5d to create a love = c\ntry life1 to decrease ! ru% = ! city1 in/il a desire to dwell 9 ! society ( nature1 w make = ! heal?1 ! happ9ess1 ! ref9em5t1 ! moral & intellectual improvem5t ( ! p4 ,no?+ w contribute m to ?is ?an ! improvem5t ( our common roads1 to facilitate ! means ( communication betwe5 "o section ( ! c\ntry & ! o!r1 & betwe5 all & ! city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ n[ f ! high plane ( ! social & moral effect ( good roads1 let u look at ! f9ancial side ( ! "q4 ,good roads pay well4 ,9 urg+ good roads 9 ,virg9ia1 an (ficial ( ! ,s\!rn ,railway said t if good roads improv$ ! value ( l&s only "o doll> p] acre1 ! ga9 to ! /ate by ! improvem5t ( all ! roads w\ld be tw5ty-five million doll>s4 ,yet ?is is an inconceivably l[ e/imate2 l&s ^u improv$ roads advance 9 value f f\r to tw5ty doll>s p] acre4 ,virg9ia c\ld !re=e expect a b5efit f improv$ highways ( at lea/ "o hundr$ million doll>s--m ?an en\gh to improve h] roads _m times ov]4 ,inde$ ?is matt] ( ! increase 9 value ( l& occasion$ by good roads c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,ne> all ( our l>ge t[ns & cities ! l& w advance until x is wor? p] foot :at x 0 =m]ly wor? p] acre4 ,take ,meckl5burg ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahhj to macadamize ?ree or f\r miles ( road a ye> ) an annual fund ( #aj1jjj1 ! c\nty n[ has ov] a hundr$ miles ( spl5did roads2 ! c\nty seat has increas$ 9 population f #e1jjj to #cj1jjj4 ,i "k ( a ?irty-acre f>m1 said ,presid5t ,b>r+] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 a native ( t c\nty1 t co/ t5 doll>s an acre1 & =ty-six doll>s an acre has be5 refus$ = x1 & yet n a doll> has be5 put on x1 n ev5 to f]tilize x4 ,"s ( ! f>ms five & six miles f t[n h quadrupl$ 9 value4 ,9 ,alabama ! same ?+ has be5 f\nd true4 ,! result ( build+ ^! roads1 said ,mayor ,dr5n5 ( ,birm+ham1 is t ! prop]ty adjo9+ !m has m ?an d\bl$ 9 value4 ,t wise f9anci]1 ,d4 ,f4 ,francis1 ,presid5t ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition1 :5 sugge/+ t ,miss\ri w\ld d well to bond h]self = "o hundr$ million to build good roads1 said3 ,! av]age increase 9 ! value ( ! l&s 9 ,miss\ri w\ld be at lea/ five doll>s p] acre4 ,tak+ ,presid5t ,francis at 8 ^w1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( ,miss\ri be=e & aft] ! era ( good roads w\ld buy up ! f\r hundr$ & eighty-f\r /ate banks 9 ,miss\ri elev5 times ov]4 ,:at ,presid5t ,francis e/imates ,miss\ri w\ld be wor? ) good roads ov] & above :at h] f>ms are n[ wor? w\ld buy all ! goods t ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is produces 9 a ye>4 ,9 o!r words1 ! e/imat$ ga9 to ,miss\ri w\ld be m ?an two hundr$ & tw5ty million doll>s4 ,pass+ ! increas$ value ( l&s1 look at ! equally vital "q ( increas$ values ( crops4 ,take fir/ ! crops t w\ld be rais$ on l&s n cultivat$ today b :i* w\ld be cultivat$ 9 a day ( good roads4 ,look at ,virg9ia1 :]e only "o-?ird ( ! l& is be+ cultivat$2 ! value ( crops :i* x is c]ta9 w\ld ultimately be rais$ on l& t is n[ unproductive w\ld am\nt to at lea/ sixty million doll>s4 ,! g5]al pass5g] ag5t ( ! ,oregon ,railway & ,navigation ,company said rec5tly t 8 l9es 7 cry+ out = :eat to %ip to ,*9a2 we h ab\t rea*$ ! limit ( our facilities2 twelve or fifte5 miles is ! only di/ance f>m]s c af=d to haul _! :eat to u4 ,make x possible = !m to haul x d\ble t di/ance & y w d\ble ! bus9ess ( our railway4 ,& ! bus9ess ( local nature done by a railroad is a good crit]ion ( ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x op]ates4 ,crops n[ rais$ on l&s )9 rea* ( railways w\ld ( c\rse be enhanc$ 9 value by good roads2 m loads c\ld be tak5 at less co/2 wea!r int]f]5ces w\ld n ent] into ! "q4 ,b ( m mom5t p]haps ?an any?+ else1 a va/ am\nt ( l& ?us plac$ )9 quick rea* ( our t[ns & cities w\ld be giv5 ov] to g>d5+ = city m>kets1 a l9e ( agriculture imm5sely pr(itable1 z city p well "k4 ,! citiz5s ( ,birm+ham1 said ! mayor ( t city1 enjoy ! b5efits ( fre% products rais$ on ! f>ms along ^! improv$ roads4 ,! dairym51 ! truck f>m]s1 & o!rs 444 are put 9 t\* ) our m>kets daily1 !reby receiv+ ! b5efits ( any advance 9 f>m products4 ,poor roads are l ! int]e/ on a debt1 & !y are work+ aga9/ "o all ! "t4 ,x is noticeable t :5 good roads are built1 f>m]s1 :o are always cons]vative1 adju/ !mselves m readily to conditions4 ,!y are 9 t\* ) ! _w & !y feel m ke5ly its pulse1 mu* to _! advantage4 ,too _m f>m]s1 damn$ by bad roads1 are guilty ( ! faults ( :i* ,birm+ham's mayor accus$ ,alabama plant]s3 ,! f>m]s 9 ?is section1 he said1 are sell+ cotton today = less ?an sev5 c5ts p] p\nd1 :ile !y c\ld h sold ,iri% potatoes )9 ! pa/ few mon?s at two doll>s p] bu%el4 ,f>m]s ov] ! entire c\ntry are held to be sl[ 9 tak+ advantage ( _! :ole opportunities2 bad roads take ! life out ( !m & out ( _! horses2 !y ?9k some:at z !y ride--desp]ately sl[2 & !y w n ?9k fa/] until !y ride fa/]4 ,x is said t a man rid+ on a heavy s\!rn road saw a hat 9 ! mud2 /opp+ to pick x up he 0 surpris$ to f9d a head ( hair b5ea? x3 !n a voice came out ( ! gr\nd3 ,hold on1 boss1 don't take my hat2 ,i've got a p[]ful f9e mule d[n "h some:]e if ,i c ev] get him out4 ,y c write & speak to f>m]s until doomsday ab\t tak+ quick advantage ( ! exig5cies ( ! m>kets t are dep5d5t on !m1 b if !y h to hunt = _! horses 9 a hog-wall[ road all y\r talk w be 9 va94 ,:5 we s]i\sly face ! "q ( h[ a f9e sy/em ( highways is to be built 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is f\nd to be a complex problem4 ,= ab\t t5 ye>s n[ x has be5 s]i\sly debat$1 & ^! ye>s h se5 a l>ge advance2 until n[ ! problem has become almo/ national4 ,"o great fundam5tal idea has be5 propos$ & is n[ g5]ally accept$ by all :o h paid ! matt] any att5tion1 & t is t ^? :o live along our pres5t roads _c be expect$ to be> ! entire co/ ( build+ good roads4 ,?is may be said to be settl$ & ne$ no debate4 ,practically all m5 are agre$ t ! rural population %\ld n be> ! entire exp5se ( an improvem5t ( :i* !y1 h[ev]1 are to be ! *ief b5efici>ies2 ! /ate itself1 9 all its p>ts1 b5efits f ! improv$ conditions :i* foll[ improv$ roads1 & %\ld be> a portion ( ! exp5se4 ,d n ?9k t city p escape ! tax ( bad roads4 ,9 ,/4 ,l\is f\r hundr$ ?\s& p consume five hundr$ tons ( produce e day4 ,! co/ ( haul+ ?is produce ov] bad roads av]ages tw5ty-five c5ts p] mile & ov] good roads ab\t t5 c5ts p] mile1 mak+ a diff]5ce ( fifte5 c5ts p] mile p] ton4 ,= five hundr$ tons1 haul$ f f>ms av]ag+ t5 miles di/ance1 ?is w\ld be sev5 hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] day1 or a qu>t] ( a million doll>s a ye>--en\gh to build fifty miles ( macadamiz$ road a ye>4 ,! f>m]s %ift z mu* z !y c ( _! heavy tax on ! city p--! consum] pays ! freight4 ,ev]ybody is conc]n$ 9 ! mud-tax ( bad roads4 ,& s :at is kn[n z ! /ate aid plan has become popul>4 ,by ?is plan ! /ate pays a fix$ "p ( ! co/ ( build+ roads out ( ! g5]al fund rais$ by taxation ( all ! p & all ! prop]ty 9 ! /ate4 ,"u ^! circum/ances corporations1 railroads1 & ! v>i\s repres5tatives ( ! conc5trat$ weal? ( ! cities all contribute to ?is fund4 ,! funds are exp5d$ 9 rural di/ricts & are supplem5t$ by money rais$ by local taxation4 ,! /ate ( ,new ,york1 :i* has a good sy/em1 pays "o-half ( ! good roads fund2 ea* c\nty pays ?irty-five p] c5t1 & ! t[n%ip fifte5 p] c5t4 ,p5nsylvania has appropriat$ at "o "t six & a half millions z a good roads fund4 ,! new ,ohio law apportions ! co/ ( new roads z foll[s3 ,! /ate pays tw5ty-five p] c5t1 ! t[n%ips tw5ty-five p] c5t1 & ! c\nty fifty p] c5t4 ,( ! tw5ty-five p] c5t paid by ! t[n%ips fifte5 p] c5t is to be paid by own]s ( abutt+ prop]ty & t5 p] c5t by ! t[n%ip z a :ole4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 :i* has a model sy/em ( road-build+ & _m model roads1 ! /ate pays a ?ird1 ! c\nty a ?ird1 & ! prop]ty own]s a ?ird4 ,a m rec5t !ory 9 ,am]ican road-build+ :i* has be5 advanc$ is a plan ( national aid4#a ,?is is no new ?+ 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh x has be5 _m ye>s s9ce ! gov]nm5t has paid att5tion to roadways4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! wise/ ( our /atesm5 advocat$ l>ge plans ( int]nal improvem5t2 "o great national road1 z we h se51 0 built by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t f ! ,potomac almo/ to ! ,mississippi1 ?r\gh ,:eel+1 ,columbus1 ,indianapolis & ,v&alia1 at a co/ ( ov] six million doll>s4 ,& ?is fam\s national road 0 built1 9 "p1 ^u an e>li] pa?way1 cut ?r\gh ,ohio by ,eb5ez] ,zane 9 #agif1 also at ! ord] ( ,congress1 & = :i* he receiv$ grants ( l& :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! ?ree ?riv+ ,ohio cities1 ,zanesville1 ,lanca/]1 & ,*illico!4 ,! con/itutionality ( road-build+ by ! gov]nm5t 0 que/ion$ by "s1 b t clause grant+ x ! "r to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/ roads mu/1 9 e view1 be a h>mless p[]1 said ,james ,madison1 & may p]haps1 by judici\s managem5t1 become productive ( great public conv5i5cy4 ,no?+ :i* t5ds to facilitate ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! /ates c be deem$ unwor?y ( ! public c>e4#b ,b ! gov]nm5t 0 int]e/$ n only 9 build+ roads b 9 _m o!r phases ( public improvem5t2 x took /ock 9 ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,canal2 ,congress vot$ #cj1jjj to survey ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,canal r\te1 & ! "w 0 done by gov]nm5t eng9e]s4 ,:5 railways sup]s$$ highways1 ! gov]nm5t 0 almo/ p]suad$ to complete ! old ,national ,road ) rails & ties in/ead ( brok5 /one4 ,:5 ! ,erie ,canal 0 propos$1 a va/ s*eme ( gov]nm5t aid 0 favor$ by lead+ /atesm52#c ! gov]nm5t has greatly assi/$ ! we/]n railways by gigantic grants ( l& wor? "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight million doll>s4 ,! va/ funds ( private capital t h be5 seek+ inve/m5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 at fir/ 9 turnpike1 plank1 & macadamiz$ roads1 !n 9 canals1 & lat] 9 railways1 has r5d]$ gov]nm5t aid comp>atively unnecess>y4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s ! only "w ( int]nal improvem5t aid$ by ! gov]nm5t is ! improvem5t ( ! riv]s & h>bors1 :i* = #aijd takes ov] fifty millions ( rev5ue a ye>4 ,! sum ( #acj1efe1dhe has be5 well sp5t on riv] & h>bor improvem5t 9 ! pa/ sev5 ye>s4 ,n only are ! great riv]s1 su* z ! ,ohio & ,mississippi1 improv$1 b less] /reams4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i made a j\rney ( "o hundr$ miles d[n ! ,elk ,riv] 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 a boat elev5 in*es deep & twelve feet long2 a *annel all ! way d[n _h be5 made ab\t two feet wide by pick+ out ! /ones2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates did ?is at an exp5se ( fifte5 hundr$ doll>s4 ,! groc]ies & dry goods = ?\s&s 7 pol$ up t riv] 9 dug-outs ?r\gh t two-foot *annel4 ,i d\bt if a two-:eel vehicle c\ld trav]se ! road :i* runs ?r\gh\t t valley1 b ,i "k a f\r-:eel vehicle c\ld n4 ,! advocates ( national aid urge ! "r to e/abli% po/ roads2 ,i _h an ance/or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 said ex-,s5ator ,butl] ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :o refus$ to vote a doll> = ! improvem5t ( ,*>le/on ,h>bor2 b almo/ ! fir/ act ( my (ficial life 0 to get an appropriation ( two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& = t purpose4 ,!re is z ample con/itutional w>rant = ! improvem5t ( public roads out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury--z l>ge z !re is = ! improvem5t ( riv]s & h>bors1 or = ! support ( ! agricultural colleges4 ,b few judicial op9ions h be5 r5d]$ on ?is subject4 ,9 ! case ( ,dickey aga9/ ! ,turnpike ,company1 ! ,k5tucky c\rt ( appeals decid$ t ! p[] giv5 to ,congress by ! con/itution to e/abli% po/ roads enabl$ !m to make1 repair1 keep op51 & improve po/ roads :5 !y %all deem ! ex]cise ( ! p[] exp$i5t4 ,b 9 ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma9 on ?is subject ! ,unit$ ,/ates has no "r to adopt & use roads1 bridges1 or f]ries con/ruct$ & own$ by /ates1 corporations1 & individuals )\t _! cons5t or )\t mak+ to ! p>ties conc]n$ j comp5sation4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates elects to use su* accommodations1 x /&s ^u ! same foot+ & is subject to ! same tolls & regulations z a private individual4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ,jeff]son 0 oppos$ to ! appropriation ( money = int]nal improvem5ts1 b1 9 #ahjh1 9 writ+ to ,mr4 ,liep]1 he said1 ',give u peace until our rev5ues are lib]at$ f debt1 444 & !n dur+ peace we may *equ] our :ole c\ntry ) canals1 roads1 etc4' ,writ+ to ,j4 ,w4 ,eppes 9 #ahac he says1 ',! fonde/ wi% ( my he>t ev] 0 t ! surplus portion ( ^! taxes de/9$ = ! paym5t ( ! ,revolution>y debt %\ld1 :5 t object is accompli%$1 be cont9u$ by annual or bi5nial re5actm5ts & appli$ 9 times ( peace to ! improvem5t ( our c\ntry by canals1 roads1 & useful in/itutions4' ,congress has always claim$ ! p[] to lay out1 con/ruct1 & improve po/ roads ) ! ass5t ( ! /ates ?r\gh :i* !y pass2 also1 to op51 con/ruct1 & improve milit>y roads on l t]ms2 & ! "r to cut canals ?r\gh ! sev]al /ates ) _! cons5t = ! purpose ( promot+ & secur+ int]nal comm]ce & = ! safe & economical transportation ( milit>y /ores 9 times ( w>4 ,! presid5t has sometimes object$ to ! ex]cise ( ?is con/itutional "r1 b ,congress has nev] d5i$ x4 ,cooley1 ! highe/ au?ority on con/itutional law1 says3 ',e road )9 a ,/ate1 includ+ railroads1 canals1 turnpikes1 & navigable /reams1 exi/+ or creat$ )9 a ,/ate1 becomes a po/-road1 :5ev] by law or by ! action ( ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t provision is made = ! transportation ( ! mail ^u or ov] x4 ,_m /atesm5 & juri/s h cont5d$ t ! p[] compreh5ds ! lay+ out & con/ruction ( any roads :i* ,congress may deem prop] & ne$ful = ! conveyance ( ! mails1 & keep+ !m repair$ = ! purpose4'#d ,x has be5 _m ye>s s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t 0 int]e/$ consid]ably 9 mail r\tes on ! roadways ( ?is c\ntry2 9 ! pa/ half c5tury ! gov]nm5t has sp5t b "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s = ! improvem5t ( mail roads4 ,! new era ( rural deliv]y br+s a return1 9 "o s5se1 ( ! old /agecoa* days4 ,a ?\s& c\ntry roads are n[ us$ daily by gov]nm5t mail-c>ri]s1 b ! gov]nm5t dem&s t ! roads us$ be kept 9 good condition by ! local au?orities4 ,?us ! situation is rev]s$2 in/ead ( hold+ x to be ! duty ( ! gov]nm5t to deliv] mail 9 rural di/ricts1 ,congress holds t ! debt is on ! o!r side & t1 9 return = ! boon ( rural deliv]y1 ! rural population mu/ make good roads4 ,madison well saw t gov]nm5t improvem5t ( roads z mail r\tes w\ld be ( great g5]al b5efit2 = 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ he adds t ! p[] may p]haps by judici\s managem5t become productive ( great public conv5i5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,good-,,roads ,,tra9 ,! ,s\!rn ,roadway's good-roads tra91 ,octob] #bi1 #aija1 consi/+ ( two coa*es = (ficials & road exp]ts & t5 c>s ( road ma*9]y2 = it9]>y ?r\gh ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,t5nessee1 ,alabama1 & ,georgia ,"o great "w ! gov]nm5t has done & is do+4 ,x has f\nd$ an ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries 7describ$ else:]e7 at ,wa%+ton1 & "u ! effici5t managem5t ( ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge & ,maurice ,o4 ,eldridge a great "w ( education has be5 c>ri$ on--samples ( good roads h be5 built1 good road tra9s h be5 s5t out by ! ,s\!rn ,railway & ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral into ! ,s\?1 a laboratory has be5 e/abli%$ at ,wa%+ton1 "u ! effici5t *>ge ( ,pr(essor ,l4 ,w4 ,page1 = ! te/+ ( mat]ials free ( *>ge1 & a great deal ( road in=mation has be5 publi%$ & s5t out4 ,! ,br[nl[ ,bill1 introduc$ into ,congress at ! la/ session1 is ! late/ plan ( national aid1 & is ?us describ$ by ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries3 ,! bill provides = an appropriation ( tw5ty million doll>s4 ,?is is to be us$ only 9 connection & coop]ation ) ! v>i\s /ates or civil subdivisions ( /ates t may make application to ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( secur+ its aid to build c]ta9 roads4 ,! application mu/ be made = a specific road to be built1 & ! /ate or c\nty mak+ ! application mu/ be ready to pay half ( ! co/1 accord+ to ! plans & specifications made by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 no case c any /ate or any numb] ( c\nties )9 ! /ate receive any great] proportion ( ! tw5ty million doll>s ?an ! population ( ! /ate be>s to ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 o!r words1 all ( ! plans mu/ orig9ate 9 ! community4 ,! bill does n provide t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all g =w>d & say a road %all be built "h or a road %all be built !re4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all hold itself 9 read9ess1 :5 reque/$ to d s1 to coop]ate ) ^? :o h select$ a road !y desire to build1 provid$ !y are ready & will+ to pay "o-half ! co/4 ,!n1 if ! road is a suitable "o & is approv$ by ! gov]nm5t au?orities1 !y g =w>d & build t road1 ea* contribut+ "o-half ( ! exp5se4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! /ate los+ jurisdiction ( ! road1 x is provid$ t x may g =w>d & build ! road if x w accept ! gov]nm5t eng9e]'s e/imate4 ,= in/ance1 if a /ate or c\nty asks = t5 miles ( road1 ! e/imat$ co/ ( :i* is ?irty ?\s& doll>s1 & ! /ate or c\nty (ficials say !y are will+ to und]take ! "w = ?irty ?\s& doll>s1 ! gov]nm5t au?orizes !m to g ahead & build t road accord+ to specifications1 & :5 x is f9i%$ ! gov]nm5t w pay ! fifte5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,if ! /ate or c\nty does n wi% to take ! contract1 ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t w adv]tise & give x to ! l[e/ bidd]1 & w pay its contributory %>e & ! o!r p>ty w pay its contributory %>e4 ,x is no "p ( ! ess5tial pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is national aid plan t ! exact proportion %\ld be fifty p] c5t on ea* side4 ,any o!r figure c be adopt$4 ,"s ?9k t5 p] c5t is suffici5t2 "s ?9k ?irty-?ree & "o-?ird is ! prop] p]c5tage2 o!rs ?9k tw5ty-five p] c5t only %\ld be paid by ! gov]nm5t1 tw5ty-five p] c5t by ! /ate1 tw5ty-five p] c5t by ! c\nty1 & tw5ty-five p] c5t by ! t[n%ip4 ,! "o idea t seems to be g5]ally accept$ is t ! gov]nm5t %\ld d some?+4 ,?us ! int]e/ 9 ! great "q is beg9n+ to =ge to ! front2 ?r\gh ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries a great deal ( in=mation is be+ circulat$ t\*+ all phases ( ! "q4 ,!re is a f9e _s ( indep5d5ce display$ by ! lead]s ( ! movem5t2 no "o plan is ov]-urg$2 ! situation is su* t ! f9al conc]t$ popul> action w come f ! real gov]n+ p[]--! p4 ,:5 !y dem& t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n h ! poore/ rural roads ( any civiliz$ & "s unciviliz$ nations1 we z a nation w ha/5 into ! =e front & f9ally lead ! _w 9 ?is vital dep>tm5t ( civic life1 z we are lead+ x 9 s _m o!r dep>tm5ts today4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sample ,,/eel ,,track ,,= ,,common ,,roads ,on ! driv]'s "r is seat$ ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge1 s9ce #ahih ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries ,,footnotes3 #a ,see po/1 pp4 #fh-hj4 #b ,! ,f$]ali/1 p4 #aih4 #c ,hi/oric ,highways ( ,am]ica1 vol4 xiv1 p4 #eg4 #d ,?omas ,m4 ,cooley1 ,con/itutional ,law 7,bo/on1 #ahia71 pp4 #he-hf4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,gov]nm5t ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,object-,,lesson ,,road ,,"w#e ,9 a gov]nm5t hav+ a composite nature l t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is n always easy to det]m9e j :at %>e ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 ! /ate gov]nm5t1 & ! local gov]nm5t %\ld respectively take 9 c>ry+ out highway "w1 ?\gh x is g5]ally admitt$ t !re %\ld be coop]ation among !m all4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,republic ! ,national ,gov]nm5t itself laid out & p>tially complet$ a great national sy/em ( highways connect+ ! ,ea/ ) ! ,we/1 & ! capital ( ! nation ) its !n mo/ di/ant possessions4 ,f\rte5 million doll>s 9 all 0 appropriat$ by acts ( ,congress to be devot$ to ?is purpose1 an am\nt almo/ equal to t paid = ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,9 o!r words1 x co/ ! gov]nm5t sub/antially z mu* to make t t]ritory accessible z to pur*ase x2 & :at is true ( t t]ritory 9 its l>g] s5se is also true 9 a small way ( ne>ly e tract ( l& t is op5$ up & us$ = ! purposes ( civilization2 t is to say1 x w co/ z mu* to build up1 improve1 & ma9ta9 ! roads ( any giv5 section ( ! c\ntry z ! l& 9 its primitive condition is wor?2 & ! same rule w apply 9 mo/ cases aft] ! l& value has advanc$ consid]ably beyond t ( its primitive condition4 ,x is a g5]al rule t ! suitable improvem5t ( a highway )9 reasonable limitations w d\ble ! value ( ! l& adjac5t to x4 ,sev5 million doll>s1 half ( ! total sum appropriat$ by acts ( ,congress = ! national road sy/em1 0 devot$ to build+ ! ,cumb]l& ,road f ,cumb]l&1 ,m>yl&1 to ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 ! mo/ c5tral po9t 9 ! great ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 & sev5 hundr$ miles we/ ( ,cumb]l&4 ,! total co/ ( ?is great road 0 :olly paid out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury1 & ?\gh nev] fully complet$ on ! we/]n end1 x is ! longe/ /raight road ev] built by any gov]nm5t4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! capitals ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois1 & ! co/ p] mile 01 approximately1 t5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,x furni%es ! only important in/ance ! c\ntry has ev] _h ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t provid+ a highway at its own exp5se4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 0 nev] c>ri$ to completion1 & s9ce its ab&onm5t two g5]ations ago1 ! p ( ! diff]5t /ates h provid$ _! own highways4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y h delegat$ _! p[]s ei!r to individuals1 companies1 or corporations to build toll roads1 or to ! m9or political subdivisions & municipalities to build free roads4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! toll-road sy/em1 ! )drawal ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t f ! field ( actual road con/ruction1 & ! v>i\s /ate gov]nm5ts do+ little or no?+1 ! only rema9+ active ag5t occupy+ ! entire great field is ! local gov]nm5t 9 ea* community2 & :ile ^! v>i\s local gov]nm5ts h done & are /ill do+ ! be/ !y c "u ! circum/ances1 !re is great ne$ t _! ef=ts %\ld be supplem5t$1 _! rev5ues enl>g$1 & _! skill 9 ! art ( road con/ruction increas$4 ,! skill ( ! local sup]visor 0 suffici5t 9 primitive times1 s long z 8 pr9cipal duties consi/$ 9 cle>+ ! way ( trees1 logs1 /umps1 & o!r ob/ructions1 & %ap+ ! e>? ( :i* ! roadb$ 0 compos$ into a little bett] =m ?an nature _h left x2 & ! res\rces at 8 comm& 7 suffici5t s long z he 0 au?oriz$ to call on e able-bodi$ male citiz5 betwe5 tw5ty-"o & =ty-five ye>s ( age to d t5 days' labor annually on ! road1 especially :5 ! only labor expect$ 0 t ( deal+ ) ! mat]ial f\nd on ! spot4 ,b ) ! *ang$ conditions br\ght ab\t by ! m advanc$ /ate ( civilization1 aft] ! rights ( way h be5 cle>$ ( _! ob/ructions & ! e>? roads grad$ into ! =m ( turnpikes1 x became necess>y to h>d5 _! surfaces ) mat]ial :i* (t5 mu/ be br\ght f di/ant places4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 exp]t skill is requir$ 9 ! selection ( mat]ials1 money in/ead ( labor is requir$ to pay = ! co/ ( transportation1 & ma*9]y mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! h& processes & primitive me?ods h]et(ore employ$ 9 ord] to cru% ! rock & di/ribute x 9 ! mo/ economical mann] on ! roadb$4 ,skill & ma*9]y are also requir$ to roll & consolidate ! mat]ial s z to =m a smoo?1 h>d surface & a homog5e\s mass imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! local road (fic] n[ n only f9ds himself defici5t 9 skill & ! prop] k9d ( res\rces1 b he discov]s 9 _m cases t ! numb] ( p]sons subject to 8 call = road "w has greatly dim9i%$4 ,! great cities ( ! ,nor? h absorb$ half ( ! population 9 all ! /ates nor? ( ! ,ohio & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & ^? liv+ 9 ^! great cities are n subject to ! =m] duties ( work+ ! roads1 nor d !y pay any comp5sation 9 money 9 lieu !re(4 ,s ! /atute labor has n only become unsuitable = ! s]vice to be p]=m$1 b x is1 z /at$1 greatly dim9i%$4 ,9 ! =m] g5]ations sub/antially all ! p contribut$ to ! con/ruction ( ! highways "u ! /atute labor sy/em1 b at ! pres5t "t n m ?an half ! population is subject to ?is s]vice1 & ?is1 too1 at a "t :5 ! ne$ = highway improvem5t is greate/4 ,:ile ! =m] ways & means are inadequate or inapplicable to pres5t ne$s & conditions1 !re are o!r means m suitable = ! s]vice1 & exi/+ 9 ample proportion = e ne$4 ,! tollgate-keep] _c be call$ ^u to re/ore ! anci5t sy/em ( turnpikes & plank roads to be ma9ta9$ by a tax ^u vehicles pass+ ov] !m1 b !re c be provid$ a g5]al fund 9 ea* c\nty suffici5t to build up free roads bett] ?an ! toll roads & ) a small] burd5 ( co/ ^u ! p4 ,! /atute labor 9 ! rural di/ricts _c be dep5d$ ^u1 because x is unsuitable to ! s]vice n[ requir$ & spasmodic 9 its application1 :5 x %\ld be p]5nial2 b ?is /atute labor c be commut$ to a money tax1 ) no h>d%ips ^u ! citiz5s & ) great b5efit to ! highway sy/em4 ,=m] inhabitants ( ! ab&on$ f>ms or ! des]t$ villages _c be foll[$ to ! great cities & ! road tax :i* !y =m]ly paid be collect$ f !m aga9 to improve ! c\ntry roads2 b x c be provid$ t all ! prop]ty own]s 9 e city1 z well z 9 e c\nty1 %all pay a money tax into a g5]al fund1 :i* %all be devot$ exclusively to ! improvem5t ( highways 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,! /ate itself c ma9ta9 a g5]al fund out ( :i* a portion ( ! co/ ( e pr9cipal highway 9 ! /ate %all be paid1 & by s do+ all ! p ( ! /ate w contribute to improv+ ! highways1 z !y once did 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! nation1 :5 sub/antially all ! weal? & population 0 di/ribut$ almo/ equally ?r\gh\t ! settl$ portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,hav+ a g5]al fund ( money in/ead ( /atute labor1 x w\ld be possible to introduce m sci5tific & m economical me?ods ( con/ruction ) coop]ation4 ,?is coop]ation1 =m]ly appli$ ) good results to ! primitive conditions1 b :i* has be5 p>tially lo/ by ! dim9ution 9 ! numb] & skill ( ! co-work]s1 w\ld be re/or$ aga9 9 a great measure by draw+ ! money ) :i* to improve ! roads out ( a g5]al fund to :i* all _h contribut$4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! army has be5 us$ to advantage 9 "t ( peace 9 build+ up & ma9ta9+ ! highways4 ,!re is no army 9 ?is c\ntry = su* a purpose1 b !re is an army ( prison]s 9 e /ate1 ^: labor is s direct$1 & has be5 s direct$ = g5]ations pa/1 t x adds little or no?+ to ! common weal?4 ,! labor ( ^! prison]s1 prop]ly appli$ & direct$1 w\ld be ( great b5efit & improvem5t to ! highways1 & w\ld add greatly to ! national weal?1 :ile at ! same "t x w\ld light5 ! pressure ( competition ) free labor by )draw+ ! prison labor f ! manufacture ( comm]cial articles & apply+ x to "w n n[ p]=m$1 t is1 ! build+ ( highways or prep>+ mat]ial to be us$ !re=4 ,! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ )drawn f ! field ( road con/ruction 9 #ahcb1 has s9ce done little 9 t l9e until v rec5tly4 ,eight ye>s ago ,congress appropriat$ a small sum ( money = ! purpose ( in/itut+ a sort ( inquiry into ! prevail+ condition ( ?+s p]ta9+ to road matt]s4 ,?is appropriation has be5 cont9u$ f ye> to ye> & increas$ dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ) a view ( coop]at+ to a limit$ ext5t ) o!r ef=ts 9 road con/ruction4 ,! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t c p]=m c]ta9 duties p]ta9+ to sci5tific road improvem5t bett] ?an any o!r ag5cy4 ,sci5tific facts asc]ta9$ at "o "t by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t w s]ve = ! enlight5m5t ( ! p ( all ! /ates1 & ) no m co/ ?an w\ld be requir$ = ea* s+le /ate to make ! inve/igation & asc]ta9 ! facts = itself4 ,) a view to secur+ sci5tific facts 9 ref]5ce to ! value ( road-build+ mat]ials1 ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture has e/abli%$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 a me*anical & *emical laboratory = te/+ su* mat]ial f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,w4 ,page1 late ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 is 9 *>ge ( ?is laboratory1 & has te/$ _m samples ( rock )\t *>ge to ^? hav+ ! te/ made4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no te/ equal to ! actual application ( ! mat]ial to ! road itself4 ,) a view to mak+ m ext5sive te/s ?an c\ld be done by laboratory "w alone1 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries has1 dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s1 coop]at$ ) ! local au?orities 9 _m diff]5t /ates 9 build+ %ort sections ( object-lesson roads4 ,9 ?is "w x is int5d$ n only to contribute some?+ by way ( coop]ation on ! "p ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 b also to secure coop]ation on ! "p ( z _m diff]5t int]e/s connect$ ) ! road "q z possible4 ,! local community hav+ ! road built is mo/ l>gely int]e/$1 & is expect$ to furni% ! common labor & dome/ic mat]ial4 ,! railroad companies g5]ally coop]ate1 because !y are int]e/$ 9 hav+ bett] roads to & f _! railroad /ations4 ,!y !re=e contribute by transport+ free or at v l[ rates ! ma*9]y & su* =eign mat]ial z is ne$$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! road4 ,! manufactur]s ( e>?-h&l+ & road-build+ ma*9]y coop]ate by furni%+ all ne$$ ma*9]y = ! mo/ economical con/ruction ( ! road1 & 9 _m cases prison labor is us$ 9 prep>+ mat]ial :i* f9ally goes into ! complet$ roadb$4 ,! contribution :i* ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t makes 9 ?is s*eme ( coop]ation is bo? actually & relatively small1 b x is by means ( ?is limit$ coop]ation t x has be5 possible to produce a l>ge numb] ( object-lesson roads 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,^! h prov$ v b5eficial1 n only 9 %[+ ! sci5tific side ( ! "q1 b ! economical side z well4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj object-lesson roads 7 built "u ! direction ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries ne> ,port ,huron1 ,sag9aw1 & ,trav]se ,city1 ,mi*igan2 ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois2 & ,topeka1 ,kansas4 ,s9ce t "t ! object-lesson roads s built h be5 ext5d$ & duplicat$ by ! local au?orities )\t fur!r aid f ! gov]nm5t4 ,! p are s well pleas$ ) ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts t !y are mak+ prep>ations = additional ext5sions1 aggregat+ _m miles4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aija sample object-lesson roads 7 built on a l>g] scale 9 coop]ation ) ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral1 ,lake ,%ore1 & ,s\!rn railroad companies1 & ! ,national ,association = ,good ,roads 9 ! /ates ( ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,ill9ois1 ,new ,york1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 & ,georgia4 ,9 all ( ^! cases ! coop]ation has be5 v he>ty on ! "p ( ! /ate1 ! c\nty1 & ! municipality 9 :i* ! "w has be5 done1 & ! results h be5 v satisfactory & b5eficial4 ,hon4 ,a4 ,h4 ,long9o1 gov]nor ( ,mississippi1 9 8 spee* made at ! ,int]national ,good ,roads ,congress at ,buffalo1 ,septemb] #ag1 #aija1 said3 ,my fri5ds1 ! importance ( good roads seems to me to be s app>5t1 s self-evid5t1 t ! discussion !re( is b a discussion ( truisms4 ,mu* z we appreciate railroads1 riv]s1 & canals z means = transportation ( ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry1 !y are1 9 my judgm5t1 ( less importance to mank9d1 to ! masses ( ! p1 & to all classes ( p1 ?an are good c\ntry roads4 ,i live 9 a section ( ! c\ntry :]e t important subject has f\nd at ! h&s ( ! p app>5tly less appreciation & less ef=t t[>d improvem5t ?an 9 _m o!rs4 ,9 behalf ( ! ,good ,roads ,association1 head$ by ,colonel ,moore & ,mr4 ,ri*>dson1 :i* rec5tly met 9 ! /ate ( ,mississippi1 ,i want to say t m int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ by _! ef=ts conc]n+ ?is important subject among ! p !re ?an p]haps ev] exi/$ be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /ate4 ,by _! "w1 demon/rat+ :at c\ld be done by ! me?ods :i* !y employ$1 & by _! agitation ( ! "q1 ! p h become ar\s$ z !y nev] 7 be=e2 & s9ce _! dep>ture f ! /ate a l>ge numb] ( c\nties :i* 7 n already work+ "u ! contract sy/em h provid$ = public highways1 work$ by contract1 requir+ ! contractor to give a good & suffici5t bond1 a bond broad en\gh 9 its provisions & l>ge en\gh 9 am\nt to compel fai?ful s]vice2 & ,mississippi is today />t+ out on a high] plane ?an ev] be=e4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,by ,hon4 ,m>t9 ,dodge1 ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,good ,,roads ,,= ,,f>m]s#f ,poor roads con/itute ! greate/ drawback to rural life1 & = ! lack ( good roads ! f>m]s suff] m ?an any o!r class4 ,x is obvi\sly unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to discuss "h ! b5efits to be d]iv$ by !m f improv$ roads4 ,suffice x to say1 t ^? localities :]e good roads h be5 built are becom+ ri*]1 m prosp]\s1 & m ?ickly settl$1 :ile ^? :i* d n possess ^! advantages 9 transportation are ei!r at a /&/ill or are becom+ poor] & m sp>sely settl$4 ,if ^! conditions cont9ue1 fruitful f>ms may be ab&on$ & ri* l&s g to wa/e4 ,life on a f>m (t5 becomes1 z a result ( bottomless roads1 isolat$ & b>r5 ( social enjoym5ts & pleasures1 & c\ntry p 9 "s communities suff] su* great disadvantage t ambition is *eck$1 en]gy weak5$1 & indu/ry p>alyz$4 ,good roads1 l good /reets1 make habitation along !m mo/ desirable2 !y economize "t & =ce 9 transportation ( products1 r$uce we> & te> on horses1 h>ness & vehicles1 & enhance ! m>ket value ( real e/ate4 ,!y raise ! value ( f>m l&s & f>m products1 & t5d to beautify ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass2 !y facilitate rural mail deliv]y & are a pot5t aid to education1 religion1 & sociability4 ,*>les ,sumn] once said3 ,! road & ! s*oolma/] are ! two mo/ important ag5ts 9 advanc+ civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,macadam ,,road ,,ne> ,,bryn ,,mawr1 ,,p5nsylvania ,! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad roads is (t5 equival5t to ! diff]5ce betwe5 pr(it & loss4 ,good roads h a money value to f>m]s z well z a political & social value1 & leav+ out conv5i5ce1 com=t1 social & ref9$ influ5ces :i* good roads always enhance1 & look+ at !m only f ! almighty doll> side1 !y are f\nd to pay h&some divid5ds ea* ye>4 ,p g5]ally are beg9n+ to realize t road-build+ is a public matt]1 & t ! be/ int]e/s ( ,am]ican agriculture & ! ,am]ican p z a :ole dem& ! con/ruction ( good roads1 & t money wisely exp5d$ = ?is purpose is sure to return4 ,road-mak+ is p]fect$ by practice1 exp]i5ce1 & labor4 ,soils & clays1 s& & ores1 gravels & rocks1 are trans=m$ into beautiful roads1 /reets1 & b\lev>ds1 by me?ods :i* con=m ) _! great v>ieties ( *>act]s & ) nature's laws4 ,! art ( road-build+ dep5ds l>gely = its success ^u be+ c>ri$ on 9 con=mity ) c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples4 ,x is necess>y t roads %\ld be h>d1 smoo?1 comp>atively level1 & fit = use at all seasons ( ! ye>2 t !y %\ld be prop]ly locat$1 or laid out on ! gr\nd1 s t _! grades may be su* t animate or inanimate p[] may be appli$ ^u !m to ! be/ advantage & )\t great loss ( en]gy2 t !y %\ld be prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! gr\nd well dra9$1 ! roadb$ grad$1 %ap$1 & roll$1 & t !y %\ld be surfac$ ) ! be/ mat]ial procurable2 t !y %\ld be prop]ly ma9ta9$ or kept con/antly 9 good repair4 ,all ! important roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be & d\btless w be macadamiz$ or o!rwise improv$ 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,?is expectation %\ld gov]n _! pres5t location & treatm5t ev]y:]e4 ,unless *anges are made 9 ! location ( ! roads 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry x w\ld be worse ?an folly to macadamize !m4 ,any co/ly resurfac+ ( ! exi/+ roads w fa/5 !m :]e !y are = g5]ations1 says ,g5]al ,/one4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ?is c\ntry is n ) ! surface1 b ) ! /eep grades1 _m ( :i* are too long to be r$uc$ by cutt+ & fill+ on ! pres5t l9es1 & if ?is c\ld be done x w\ld co/ m 9 _m cases ?an relocat+ !m4 ,_m ( our roads 7 orig9ally laid out )\t any att5tion to g5]al topography1 & 9 mo/ cases foll[$ ! settl]'s pa? f cab9 to cab91 ! pig trail1 or ran along ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! f>ms reg>dless ( grades or direction4 ,mo/ ( !m rema9 today :]e !y 7 locat$ ye>s ago1 & :]e untold labor1 exp5se1 & en]gy h be5 wa/$ 9 try+ to haul ov] !m & 9 endeavors to improve _! deplorable condition4 ,! great error is made ( cont9u+ to foll[ ^! primitive pa?s ) our public highways4 ,! "r c\rse is to call 9 an eng9e] & ?r[ ! road ar\nd ! end or along ! side ( /eep hills in/ead ( cont9u+ to g ov] !m1 or to pull ! road up on dry solid gr\nd in/ead ( spla%+ ?r\gh ! mud & wat] ( ! creek or swamp4 ,f> m "t & money h be5 wa/$ 9 try+ to keep up a s+le mile ( "o ( ^! pig-track surveys ?an x w\ld take to build & keep 9 repair two miles ( good road4 ,ano!r & p]haps great] error is made by "s p]sons 9 ! ,we/ :o cont9ue to lay out _! roads on section l9es4 ,^! sections are all squ>e1 ) sides runn+ nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/4 ,a p]son wi%+ to cross ! c\ntry 9 any o!r ?an ^! directions mu/ necess>ily d s 9 rectangul> zigzags4 ,x also necessitates v (t5 ! cross+ & recross+ ( hills & valleys1 :i* might be avoid$ if ! roads _h be5 con/ruct$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,grad+ ,! old road _h a grade ( eight p] c5t2 by ! improv$ r\te ! grade is f\r p] c5t ,9 ! prairie /ate ( ,i[a1 = example1 :]e roads are no worse ?an 9 _m o!r /ates1 !re is a great] numb] ( roads hav+ mu* /eep] grades ?an are f\nd 9 ! m\nta9\s republic ( ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,m>yl& ! old /agecoa* road or turnpike runn+ f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore makes almo/ a bee l9e1 reg>dless ( hills or valleys1 & ! grades at places are z /eep z t5 or twelve p] c5t1 :]e by mak+ little det\rs ! road might h be5 made p]fectly level1 or by runn+ x up ! hills less abruptly ! grade might h be5 r$uc$ to ?ree or f\r p] c5t1 z is done 9 ! hilly regions ( _m p>ts ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,/raight roads are ! prop] k9d to h1 b 9 hilly c\ntries _! /raightness %\ld always be sacrific$ to obta9 a level surface s z to bett] accommodate ! p :o use !m4 ,graceful & natural curves con=m+ to ! lay ( ! l& add beauty to ! l&scape1 besides enhanc+ ! value ( prop]ty4 ,n only d level1 curv$ roads add beauty to ! l&scape & make l&s along !m m valuable1 b ! horse is able to utilize 8 full /r5g? ov] !m2 fur!rmore1 a horse c pull only f\r-fif?s z mu* on a grade ( two feet 9 "o hundr$ feet1 & ?is gradually less5s until ) a grade ( t5 feet 9 "o hundr$ feet he c draw b "o-f\r? z mu* z he c on a level road4 ,all roads %\ld !re=e w9d ar\nd hills or be cut ?r\gh in/ead ( runn+ ov] !m1 & 9 _m cases ! =m] c be done )\t greatly increas+ ! di/ance4 ,to illu/rate1 if an apple or pe> be cut 9 half & "o ( ! halves plac$ on a flat surface1 x w be se5 t ! horizontal di/ance ar\nd f /em to blossom is no great] ?an ! di/ance ov] betwe5 ! same po9ts4 ,! wilfulness ( "o or two private individuals sometimes becomes a b>ri] to traffic & comm]ce4 ,! great drawback to ! lay+ out ( roads on ! pr9ciple ref]r$ to is t ( ! necessity1 9 "s cases1 ( build+ !m ?r\gh ! be/ l&s1 ! *oice/ pa/ures & or*>ds1 in/ead1 z !y d n[1 ( cutt+ ar\nd ! f>m l9e or pass+ ?r\gh old worn-out fields or ov] rocky knolls4 ,b if f>m]s wi% p to "k t !y h good f>ms1 good cattle1 %eep1 or horses1 good gra91 fruit1 or vegetables1 !y %\ld let ! roads g ?r\gh ! be/ p>ts ( ! f>ms4 ,! diff]5ce 9 l5g? betwe5 a /raight road & "o :i* is slightly curv$ is less ?an "o w\ld imag9e4 ,says ,sganz93 ,if a road betwe5 two places t5 miles ap>t 7 made to curve s t ! eye c\ld see no f>!r ?an a qu>t] ( a mile ( x at once1 its l5g? w\ld exce$ t ( a p]fectly /raight road betwe5 ! same po9ts by only ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds4 ,ev5 if ! di/ance ar\nd a hill be mu* great]1 x is (t5 m economical to con/ruct x t way ?an to g ov] & necessitate ! exp5diture ( l>ge am\nts ( money 9 r$uc+ ! grade1 or a wa/e ( mu* valuable "t & en]gy 9 transport+ goods t way4 ,gillespie says t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! horizontal l5g? ( a road may be advantage\sly increas$ to avoid an asc5t by at lea/ tw5ty times ! p]p5dicul> height :i* is ?us to be avoid$--t is1 to escape a hill "o hundr$ feet high x w\ld be prop] = ! road to make su* a circuit z w\ld increase its l5g? two ?\s& feet4 ,! ma!matical axiom t a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is n1 !re=e1 ! be/ rule to foll[ 9 lay+ out a road2 bett] is ! prov]b t ! longe/ way r\nd is ! %orte/ way home4 ,! grade is ! mo/ important factor to be consid]$ 9 ! location ( roads4 ,! smoo!r ! road surface1 ! less ! grade %\ld be4 ,:e!r ! road be con/ruct$ ( e>?1 /one1 or gravel1 /eep grades %\ld always be avoid$ if possible4 ,!y become cov]$ at times ) coat+s ( ice or slipp]y soil1 mak+ !m v difficult to asc5d ) load$ vehicles1 z well z dang]\s to desc5d4 ,!y all[ wat] to ru% d[n at su* a rate z to wa% great gaps alongside or to c>ry ! surfac+ mat]ial away4 ,z ! grade increases 9 /eepness ei!r ! load has to be dim9i%$ 9 proportion or m horses or p[] atta*$4 ,f ,gillespie we f9d t if a horse c draw on a level "o ?\s& p\nds1 on a rise (-- #a foot 9-- ,p\nds #ajj feet he draws #ijj #ej feet #haj #dd feet #gej #dj feet #gbj #cj feet #fdj #be feet #edj #bd feet #ejj #bj feet #djj #aj feet #bej ,x is !re=e se5 t :5 ! grades are #a foot 9 #dd feet1 or #abj feet to ! mile1 a horse c draw only ?ree-f\r?s z mu* z he c on a level2 :]e ! grade is #a foot 9 #bd feet1 or #bbj feet to ! mile1 he c draw only "o-half z mu*1 & on a t5 p] c5t grade1 or #ebj feet to ! mile1 he is able to draw only "o-f\r? z mu* z on a level road4 ,z a *a9 is no /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k1 j s ! greate/ load :i* c be haul$ ov] a road is ! load :i* c be haul$ ?r\gh ! deepe/ mud hole or up ! /eepe/ hill on t road4 ,! co/ ( haulage is1 !re=e1 necess>ily increas$ 9 proportion to ! r\ghness ( ! surface or /eepness ( ! grade4 ,x co/s "o & "o-half times z mu* to haul ov] a road hav+ a five p] c5t grade & ?ree times z mu* ov] "o hav+ a t5 p] c5t grade z on a level road4 ,z a p]fectly level road c seldom be _h1 x is well to "k ! /eepe/ all[able grade4 ,if ! hill be "o ( great l5g?1 x is sometimes be/ to h ! l[e/ "p /eepe/1 ^u :i* ! horse is capable ( ex]t+ 8 full /r5g?1 & to make ! slope m g5tle t[>d ! summit1 to correspond ) ! cont9ually decreas+ /r5g? ( ! fatigu$ animal4 ,s f> z desc5t is conc]n$1 a road %\ld n be s /eep t ! wagons & c>riages _c be drawn d[n x ) p]fect ease & safety4 ,sir ,h5ry ,p>nell consid]$ t :5 ! grade 0 no great] ?an "o foot 9 ?irty-five feet1 vehicles c\ld be drawn d[n x at a spe$ ( twelve miles an h\r ) p]fect safety4 ,gillespie says3 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t a horse c = a %ort "t d\ble 8 usual ex]tion2 also1 t on ! be/ roads he ex]ts a pressure aga9/ 8 coll> ( ab\t "o ?irty-fif? ( ! load4 ,if he c d\ble 8 ex]tion = a "t1 he c pull "o ?irty-fif? m1 & ! slope :i* w\ld =ce him to lift t proportion w\ld be1 z se5 f ! above table1 "o ( "o 9 ?irty-five1 or ab\t a ?ree p] c5t grade4 ,on ?is slope1 h[ev]1 he w\ld be compell$ to d\ble 8 ord9>y ex]tion to draw a full load1 & x w\ld !re=e be ! maximum grade4 ,mr4 ,isaac ,b4 ,pott]1 an em95t au?ority ^u roads1 says3 ,dirty wat] & wat]y dirt make bad go+1 & mud is ! greate/ ob/acle to ! travel & traffic ( ! f>m]4 ,mud is a mixture ( dirt & wat]4 ,! dirt is always to be f\nd 9 ! roadway1 & ! wat]1 :i* comes 9 ra91 sn[1 & fro/1 s(t5s x2 horses & wagons & n>r[ :eel tires knead x & mix x1 & x soon gets into s bad a condition t a fairly load$ wagon _c be haul$ ?r\gh x4 ,we _c prev5t ! com+ ( ?is wat]1 & x only rema9s = u to get rid ( x1 :i* c be spe$ily done if we g ab\t x 9 ! "r way4 ,v few p "k h[ great an am\nt ( wat] falls ^u ! c\ntry road1 & x may surprise "s ( u to be told t on ea* mile ( an ord9>y c\ntry highway ?ree rods wide )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re falls ea* ye> an av]age ( tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& tons ( wat]4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\ntry dirt road ! wat] seems to /ick & /ay z if !re 0 no o!r place = x1 & ?is is only because we h nev] giv5 x a fair opportunity to run out ( ! dirt & f9d its level 9 o!r places4 ,we _c make a h>d road out ( s(t mud1 & no am\nt ( labor & ma*9]y w make a good dirt road t w /ay good unless "s plan is adopt$ to get rid ( ! surplus wat]4 ,wat] is a heavy1 limpid fluid1 h>d to conf9e & easy to let loose4 ,x is always seek+ = a *ance to run d[n a hill2 always try+ to f9d its l[e/ level4 ,an ess5tial feature ( a good road is good dra9age1 & ! pr9ciples ( good dra9age rema9 sub/antially ! same :e!r ! road be con/ruct$ ( e>?1 gravel1 %ells1 /ones1 or asphalt4 ,! fir/ dem& ( good dra9age is to att5d to ! %ape ( road surface4 ,?is mu/ be cr[n$1 or r\nd$ up t[>d ! c5t]1 s t !re may be a fall f ! c5t] to ! sides1 ?us compell+ ! wat] to fl[ rapidly f ! surface into ! gutt]s :i* %\ld be con/ruct$ on "o or bo? sides1 & f !re 9 turn be dis*>g$ into l>g] & m op5 *annels4 ,fur!rmore1 x is necess>y t no wat] be all[$ to fl[ across a roadway2 culv]ts1 tile1 /one1 or box dra9s %\ld be provid$ = t purpose4 ,9 addition to be+ well cov]$ & dra9$1 ! surface %\ld be kept z smoo? z possible2 t is1 free f ruts1 :eel tracks1 holes1 or holl[s4 ,if any ( ^! exi/1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n to ! side ! wat] is held back & is ei!r evaporat$ by ! sun or absorb$ by ! mat]ial ( :i* ! road is con/ruct$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! mat]ial loses its solidity1 s(t5s & yields to ! impact ( ! horses' feet & ! :eels ( vehicles1 &1 l ! wat] p\r$ ^u a gr9d/one1 s ! wat] p\r$ on a road surface :i* is n prop]ly dra9$ assi/s ! gr9d+ action ( ! :eels 9 rutt+ or completely de/roy+ ! surface4 ,:5 wat] is all[$ to /& on a road ! holes & ruts rapidly increase 9 numb] & size2 wagon aft] wagon s9ks deep] & deep]1 until ! road f9ally becomes utt]ly bad1 & sometimes impassable1 z frequ5tly f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,road dra9age is j z ess5tial to a good road z f>m dra9age is to a good f>m4 ,9 fact1 ! two g h& 9 h&1 & ! bett] ! "o ! bett] ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( miles ( public roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* are practically impassable dur+ "s portion ( ! ye> on acc\nt ( bad dra9age1 :ile = ! same reason ?\s&s ( acres ( ! ri*e/ mead[ & swamp l&s lie idle f ye> 9 to ye> out4 ,! we>+ surface ( a road mu/ be 9 effect a ro(2 t is1 ! section 9 ! middle %\ld be ! highe/ "p & ! travel$ roadway %\ld be made z imp]vi\s to wat] z possible1 s t x w fl[ freely & quickly into ! gutt]s or dit*es alongside4 ,! be/ %ape = ! cross section ( a road has be5 f\nd to be ei!r a flat ellipse or "o made up ( two plane surfaces slop+ uni=mly f ! middle to ! sides & jo9$ 9 ! c5t] by a small1 circul> curve4 ,ei!r ( ^! sections may be us$1 provid$ x is n too flat 9 ! middle = good dra9age or too /eep at ! gutt]s = safety4 ,! /eepness ( ! slope f ! c5t] to ! sides %\ld dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! surface1 be+ great] or less accord+ to its r\ghness or smoo?ness4 ,?is slope ought to be greate/ on e>? roads1 p]haps z mu* 9 "s cases z "o foot 9 tw5ty feet aft] ! surface has be5 ?or\ghly roll$ or compact$ by traffic4 ,?is v>ies f ab\t "o 9 tw5ty to "o 9 ?irty on a macadam road1 to "o 9 =ty or "o 9 sixty on ! v>i\s classes ( pavem5ts1 & = asphalt sometimes z l[ z "o 9 eighty4 ,:]e ! road is con/ruct$ on a grade or hill ! slope f ! c5t] to ! sides %\ld be slightly /eep] ?an t on ! level road4 ,! be/ cross section = roads on grades is ! "o made up f two plane surfaces slop+ uni=mly f ! c5t] to ! sides4 ,?is is done s z to avoid ! dang] ( ov]turn+ ne> ! side dit*es1 :i* w\ld necess>ily be increas$ if ! elliptical =m 7 us$4 ,! slope f ! c5t] to ! sides mu/ be /eep en\gh to lead ! wat] into ! side dit*es in/ead ( all[+ x to run d[n ! middle ( ! road4 ,e :eel track on an incl9$ roadway becomes a *annel = c>ry+ d[n ! wat]1 & unless ! curvature is suffici5t ^! tracks are quickly deep5$ into wat] c\rses :i* cut into & sometimes de/roy ! be/ improv$ road4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! wa%+ out ( e>? roads on hills x sometimes becomes necess>y to con/ruct wat] breaks2 t is1 broad %all[ dit*es arrang$ s z to cat* ! surface wat] & c>ry x ea* way into ! side dit*es4 ,su* dit*es ret>d traffic to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & (t5 result 9 ov]turn+ vehicles2 consequ5tly !y %\ld nev] be us$ until all o!r means h fail$ to cause ! wat] to fl[ into ! side *annels2 nei!r %\ld !y be all[$ to cross ! entire wid? ( ! road diagonally1 b %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,v4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits teams foll[+ ! middle ( ! road to cross ! dit* squ>ely & ?us avoid ! dang] ( ov]turn+4 ,^! dit*es %\ld n be deep] ?an is absolutely necess>y to ?r[ ! wat] (f ! surface1 & ! "p 9 ! c5t] %\ld be ! %all[e/4 ,un=tunately f>m]s & road ma/]s h a fix$ idea t "o way to prev5t hills1 long & %ort1 f wa%+ is to heap ^u !m quantities ( ^? orig9al tumul> ob/ructions kn[n indiff]5tly z ?ank-y-ma'ams1 breaks1 or hummocks1 & ! numb] !y c squeeze 9 ^u a s+le hill is positively a/oni%+4 ,quot+ ,mr4 ,isaac ,b4 ,pott]3 ,side dit*es are necess>y because ! ?\s&s ( tons ( wat] :i* fall ^u e mile ( c\ntry road ea* ye>1 9 ! =m ( ra9 or sn[1 %\ld be c>ri$ away to "s neighbor+ creek or o!r wat] *annel z fa/ z ! ra9 falls & ! sn[ melts1 s z to prev5t its =m+ mud & de/roy+ ! surface ( ! road4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is froz5 & a heavy ra9 or sudd5 ?aw occurs1 ! side dit* is ! only means ( gett+ rid ( ! surface wat]2 = no matt] h[ s&y or por\s ! soil may be1 :5 fill$ ) fro/ x is practically wat]-tight1 & ! wat] :i* falls or =ms on ! surface mu/ ei!r rema9 !re or be c>ri$ away by surface dit*es at ! sides ( ! road4 ,a side dit* %\ld h a gradually fall+ & ev5 grade at ! bottom1 & broad1 fl>+ sides to prev5t ! cav+ 9 ( its banks4 ,x c be easily cle>$ ( sn[1 we$s1 & rubbi%2 ! wat] w run into x easily f ea* side1 & x is n dang]\s to wagons & foot travel]s4 ,x is !re=e a mu* bett] dit* ?an ! k9d ( dit* v (t5 dug by erosion along ! c\ntry roadside4 ,:]e ! road is built on a grade "s provision %\ld be made to prev5t ! wa% ( ! gutt]s into great1 deep gullies4 ,?is c be done by pav+ ! bottom & sides ( ! gutt]s ) brick1 riv] rocks1 or field /one4 ,9 ord] to make ! fl[ 9 su* side dit*es z small z possible x is advisable to con/ruct outlets into ! adjac5t fields or to lay und]gr\nd pipes or tile dra9s ) op5+s into ! dit*es at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! size ( side dit*es %\ld dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! soil & ! am\nt ( wat] !y are expect$ to c>ry4 ,if possible !y %\ld be locat$ ?ree feet f ! edge ( ! travel$ roadway1 s t if ! latt] is f\rte5 feet wide !re w be tw5ty feet ( cle> space betwe5 dit*es4 ,! bottom ( ! dit* may v>y 9 wid? f ?ree to twelve in*es1 or ev5 m1 z may be f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to c>ry ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat] :i* is expect$ to fl[ ?r\gh x at any "o "t4 ,sometimes ! only dit*es necess>y to c>ry (f ! surface wat] are ^? made by ! use ( ! road ma*9es or road grad]s4 ,! blade ( ! ma*9e may be set at any desir$ angle1 & :5 drawn along by horses1 cuts into ! surface & moves ! e>? f ! sides t[>d ! c5t]1 =m+ gutt]s alongside & di/ribut+ ! e>? uni=mly ov] ! travel$ way4 ,su* gutt]s are liable to become clogg$ by bru%1 we$s1 & o!r debris1 or de/roy$ by pass+ wagons1 & x is !re=e bett]1 :5 ! space p]mits1 to h ! side dit*es above ref]r$ to1 ev5 if ! road be built ) a road ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to h a good road x is j z necess>y t wat] %\ld n be all[$ to attack ! sub/ructure f bel[ z t x %\ld n be p]mitt$ to p]colate ?r\gh x f above4 ,especially is ! =m] provision ess5tial 9 cold climates1 :]e1 if wat] is all[$ to rema9 9 ! sub/ructure1 ! :ole roadway is liable to become brok5 up & de/roy$ by fro/ & ! :eels ( vehicles4 ,!re=e1 :]e ! road runs ?r\gh l[ wet l&s or ov] c]ta9 k9ds ( clayey soils1 surface dra9age is n all t is necess>y4 ,common side dra9s cat* surface wat] & surface wat] only4 ,isaac ,pott] says3 ,_m miles ( road are on l[1 flat l&s & on spr+y soils1 & ?\s&s ( miles ( prairie roads are1 = _m weeks 9 ! ye>1 laid on a wet subsoil4 ,9 all su* cases1 &1 inde$1 9 e case :]e ! nature ( ! gr\nd is n su* z to insure quick dra9age1 ! road may be va/ly b5efit$ by "u dra9age4 ,an "u dra9 cle>s ! soil ( surplus wat]1 dries x1 w>ms x1 & makes impossible ! =mation ( deep1 heavy1 froz5 cru/s1 :i* are f\nd 9 e undra9$ road :5 ! sev]e w9t] wea!r foll[s ! heavy fall ra9s4 ,?is cru/ causes n9e-t5?s ( ! difficulties ( travel 9 ! "t ( sudd5 or long-cont9u$ ?aws4 ,roads con/ruct$ ov] wet undra9$ l&s are always difficult to manage & exp5sive to ma9ta91 & !y are liable to be brok5 up 9 wet wea!r or aft] fro/s4 ,x w be mu* *eap] 9 ! long run to g to ! exp5se ( mak+ ! dra9age ( ! subjac5t soil & sub/ructure z p]fect z possible4 ,!re is sc>cely an e>? road 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* _c be s improv$ by surface or subdra9age z to yield b5efits to ! f>m]s a hundr$ times great] 9 value ?an ! co/ ( ! dra9s !mselves4 ,"u dra9s are n exp5sive4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are *eap & easily made1 & if made 9 a sub/antial way & accord+ to ! rules ( common s5se a good "u dra9 w la/ = ages4 ,use ! be/ tools & mat]ials y c get2 employ !m z well z y "k h[1 & wait results ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,slim fagots ( wood b\nd toge!r & laid l5g?wise at ! bottom ( a c>efully grad$ dra9 dit* w answ] fairly well if /one or dra9 tile _c be _h1 & w be ( inf9ite b5efit to a dirt road laid on spr+y soils4 ,subdra9s %\ld be c>efully grad$ ) a level at ! bottom to a dep? ( ab\t f\r feet1 & %\ld h a cont9u\s fall ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g? ( at lea/ six in*es = ea* "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,if tile dra9s _c be _h1 l>ge1 flat /ones may be c>efully plac$ s z to =m a cle>1 op5 passage at ! bottom = ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! dit* %\ld !n be half fill$ ) r\gh field /ones1 & on ^! a lay] ( small] /ones or gravel & a lay] ( sod1 hay1 gravel1 c9d]s1 or /raw1 or1 if none ( ^! c be _h1 ( soil4 ,if field /ones or dra9 tile _c be procur$1 satisfactory results may be atta9$ by ! use ( logs & bru%4 ,if !re be spr+s 9 ! soil :i* might de/roy ! /ability ( ! road1 !y %\ld1 if possible1 be tapp$ & ! wat] c>ri$ "u or along ! side until x c be turn$ away into "s side *annel4 ,su* dra9s may be made ( bundles ( bru%1 field /ones1 brick1 or dra9 tiles4 ,!y %\ld be s protect$ by /raw1 sod1 or bru% z to prev5t ! soil f wa%+ 9 & clogg+ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! roads 9 ?is c\ntry are ( necessity con/ruct$ ( e>?1 :ile 9 a few ( ! ri*] & m ent]pris+ communities ! mo/ important ?or\ghf>es are surfac$ ) gravel1 %ell1 /ones1 or o!r mat]ials4 ,unless "s new sy/em = ! improvem5t ( public roads is adopt$1 ! inability ( rural communities to raise funds = ?is purpose w necess>ily cause ! con/ruction ( h>d roads to be v gradual = "s "t to come4 ,until ?is new sy/em is adopt$ ! mo/ important problem w be t ( mak+ ! mo/ ( ! roads :i* exi/1 r ?an build+ new ones ( specially prep>$ mat]ials4 ,! natural mat]ials & ! funds already available mu/ be us$ ) skill & judgm5t 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results4 ,! location1 grades1 & dra9age hav+ be5 treat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! next & mo/ important consid]ation is t ( con/ruct+ & improv+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( roads4 ,( e>? roads1 z commonly built1 x suffices to say t _! pres5t conditions %\ld n be tol]at$ 9 communities :]e !re are any o!r mat]ials ) :i* to improve !m4 ,e>? is ! poore/ ( all road mat]ials1 aside f s&1 & e>? roads require m att5tion ?an any o!r k9d ( roads1 & z a rule get less4 ,at be/1 !y possess s _m defects t !y %\ld h all ! att5tion & c>e ( :i* _! condition is susceptible4 ,) e>? alone1 h[ev]1 a v passable road c be made1 provid$ ! pr9ciples ( location1 dra9age1 & %ape ( surface1 toge!r ) t ( keep+ ! surface z smoo? & firm z possible by roll+1 be /rictly adh]$ to4 ,9 fact a good e>? road is second to none = summ] travel & sup]ior to _m ( ! s-call$ macadam or /one roads4 ,wat] is ! great road de/roy]1 & too mu* att5tion _c be giv5 to ! surface & subdra9age ( e>? roads4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* _! surfaces are compos$ is m susceptible to ! action ( wat] & m easily de/roy$ by x ?an any o!r highway mat]ial4 ,dra9age alone w (t5 *ange a bad road into a good "o1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! be/ road may be de/roy$ by ! abs5ce ( good dra9s4 ,! same c be said ( roll+1 :i* is a v important matt] 9 attempt+ to build or ma9ta9 a satisfactory e>? road4 ,if loose e>? is dump$ into ! middle ( ! road & consolidat$ by traffic1 ! action ( ! n>r[-tir$ :eels cuts x or rolls x into unev5 ruts & ridges1 :i* hold wat]1 & ultimately results1 if 9 ! w9t] season1 9 a /icky1 muddy surface1 or if x be 9 dry wea!r1 9 cov]+ ! surface ) sev]al in*es ( du/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! surface be prep>$ ) a road ma*9e & prop]ly roll$ ) a heavy roll]1 x c usually be made suffici5tly firm & smoo? to su/a9 ! traffic )\t rutt+1 & resi/ ! p5etrat+ action ( ! wat]4 ,e road is made smoo!r1 h>d]1 & bett] by roll+4 ,su* roll+ %\ld be done 9 damp wea!r1 or if t is n possible1 ! surface %\ld be spr9kl$ if ! "* ( ! soil requires su* aid = its prop] consolidation4 ,9 con/ruct+ new e>? roads all /umps1 bru%1 vegetable matt]1 rocks1 & b[ld]s %\ld be remov$ f ! surface & ! result+ holes fill$ 9 ) suitable mat]ial1 c>efully & ?or\ghly tamp$ or roll$1 be=e ! road embankm5t is comm5c$4 ,no p]i%able mat]ial %\ld be us$ 9 =m+ ! p]man5t embankm5ts4 ,:]e possible ! longitud9al grade %\ld be kept d[n to "o foot 9 ?irty feet1 & %\ld "u no circum/ances exce$ "o 9 tw5ty1 :ile t f c5t] to sides %\ld be ma9ta9$ at "o foot 9 tw5ty feet4 ,:]ev] ! subgrade soil is f\nd unsuitable x %\ld be remov$ & replac$ ) good mat]ial roll$ to a be>+1 i4e41 s z to be smoo? & compact4 ,! roadb$1 hav+ be5 br\ght to ! requir$ grade & cr[n1 %\ld be roll$ sev]al times to compact ! surface4 ,all inequalities discov]$ dur+ ! roll+ %\ld be level$ up & r]oll$4 ,on ! prep>$ subgrade1 ! e>? %\ld be spread1 h>r[$ if necess>y1 & !n roll$ to a be>+ by pass+ ! unballa/$ road roll] a numb] ( times ov] e portion ( ! surface ( ! section4 ,9 level c\ntries & ) n>r[ roads1 en\gh mat]ial may be excavat$ to raise ! roadway above ! subgrade 9 =m+ ! side dit*es by means ( road ma*9es4 ,if n1 ! requir$ e>? %\ld be obta9$ by wid5+ ! side excavations1 or f cutt+s on ! l9e ( ! new roadway1 or f pits close by1 elevat+ grad]s & mod]n dump+ or spread+ wagons be+ pref]ably us$ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 ! e>? is br\ght up to ! f9al height1 x is aga9 h>r[$1 !n trimm$ by means ( road level]s or road ma*9es & ultimately roll$ to a solid & smoo? surface ) road roll]s gradually increas$ 9 weight by ! addition ( balla/4 ,no fill+ %\ld be br\ght up 9 lay]s exce$+ n9e in*es 9 dep?4 ,dur+ ! roll+1 spr9kl+ %\ld be att5d$ to :]ev] ! "* ( ! soil requires su* aid4 ,! cross section ( ! roadway mu/ be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! la/ roll+ /age by ! addition ( e>? z ne$$4 ,on clay soils a lay] ( s&1 gravel1 or a%es spread on ! roadway w prev5t ! /ick+ ( ! clay to ! roll]4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 ! f9i%+ t\*es to ! road surface %\ld be giv5 by a heavy roll]4 ,be=e ! e>? road is op5$ to traffic1 deep & wide side dit*es %\ld be con/ruct$1 ) a fall ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g? ( at lea/ "o 9 "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,!y %\ld be clean$ & left ) ! dra9 til+ connections1 if any1 9 good work+ ord]4 ,clay soils1 z a rule1 absorb wat] q freely & s(t5 :5 saturat$1 b wat] does n readily pass ?r\gh !m2 h5ce !y are n easily subdra9$4 ,:5 us$ alone1 clay is ! lea/ desirable ( all road mat]ials1 b roads con/ruct$ ov] clay soils may be treat$ ) s& or small gravel1 f :i* a comp>atively h>d & compact mass is =m$ :i* is ne>ly imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,mat]ial ( ?is "* f\nd 9 ! natural /ate1 commonly kn[n z h>dpan1 makes1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 a v solid & durable surface4 ,9 soil compos$ ( a mixture ( s&1 gravel1 & clay1 all t is necess>y to make a good road ( its k9d is to cr[n ! surface1 keep ! ruts & holl[s fill$1 & ! dit*es op5 & free4 ,illu/ration3 ,s& ,clay ,road 9 ,ri*l& ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,s& soil ) n9e in*es ( clay & two in*es cov] ( s& ,roads are prone to we> 9 ruts1 & :5 holl[s & ruts beg9 to make _! appe>ance on ! surface ( an e>? road great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 select+ new mat]ial1 ) :i* !y %\ld be imm$iately fill$1 because a hole :i* c\ld h be5 fill$ at fir/ ) a %ovel full ( mat]ial w\ld soon ne$ a c>t full4 ,x %\ld1 if possible1 be ( a gravelly nature1 entirely free f vegetable e>?1 muck1 or mold4 ,sod or turf %\ld n be plac$ on ! surface1 nei!r %\ld ! surface be r5ew$ by ?r[+ ^u x ! worn-out mat]ial f ! gutt]s alongside4 ,! la/ injunction1 if rightly obs]v$ & ! prop] rem$y appli$1 w\ld d\btless put an end to ! deplorable condition ( ?\s&s ( miles ( e>? roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a road-mak] %\ld n g to ! o!r extreme & fill up ruts & holes ) /one or l>ge gravel4 ,9 _m cases x w\ld be wis] to dump su* mat]ial 9 ! riv]4 ,^! /ones d n we> uni=mly ) ! re/ ( ! mat]ial1 b produce bumps & ridges1 & 9 ne>ly e case result 9 mak+ two holes in/ead ( "o4 ,e hole or rut 9 a roadway1 if n tamp$ full ( "s good mat]ial l t ( :i* ! road is con/ruct$1 w become fill$ ) wat]1 & f9ally ) mud & wat]1 & w be dug deep] & wid] by ea* pass+ vehicle4 ,! "w ( ma9ta9+ e>? roads w be mu* increas$ by lack ( c>e 9 prop]ly f9i%+ ! "w4 ,! labor & money sp5t 9 roll+ a newly-made road may save _m times t am\nt ( labor & money 9 mak+ future repairs4 ,aft] ! mat]ial has be5 plac$ x %\ld n be left = ! traffic to consolidate1 or = ! ra9s to wa% (f into ! dit*es1 b %\ld be c>efully =m$ & surfac$1 & !n1 if possible1 roll$4 ,! roll+ n only consolidates ! mat]ial1 b puts ! roadb$ 9 prop] %ape = travel imm$iately4 ,if !re is any?+ m try+ on man or bea/ ?an to travel ov] an unimprov$ road1 x mu/ be to travel ov] "o :i* has j be5 work$ by ! antiquat$ me?ods n[ 9 vogue 9 _m ( ! /ates4 ,! travel$ way %\ld nev] be repair$ by ! use ( pl[s or scoops4 ,! pl[ breaks up ! compact surface :i* age & traffic h made tol]able4 ,e>? roads c be rapidly repair$ by a judici\s use ( road ma*9es & road roll]s4 ,! road ma*9e places ! mat]ial :]e x is mo/ ne$$1 & ! roll] compacts & keeps x !re4 ,! labor-sav+ ma*9]y n[ manufactur$ = road-build+ is j z effectual & necess>y z ! mod]n m[]1 self-b9d]1 & ?ra%]4 ,road grad]s & roll]s are ! mod]n inv5tions necess>y to p]man5t & economical con/ruction4 ,two m5 ) two teams c build m road 9 "o day ) a grad] & roll] ?an fifty m5 c ) picks & %ovels1 & d x m uni=mly & m ?or\ghly4 ,d\btless ! be/ way to keep an e>? road1 or any road1 = t matt]1 9 repair is by ! use ( wide tires on all wagons c>ry+ heavy burd5s4 ,wat] & n>r[ tires aid ea* o!r 9 de/roy+ /reets1 macadam1 gravel1 & e>? roads4 ,n>r[ tires are also among ! mo/ de/ructive ag5ts to ! fields1 pa/ures1 & mead[s ( f>ms1 :ile on ! o!r h& wide tires are road-mak]s2 !y roll & h>d5 ! surface1 & e load$ wagon becomes 9 effect a road roll]4 ,no?+ s mu* t5ds to ! improv+ ( a road z ! cont9u$ roll+ ( its surface4 ,te/s rec5tly made at ! exp]im5t /ations 9 ,utah & ,miss\ri %[ t wide tires n only improve ! surface ( roads1 b t "u ord9>y circum/ances less p[] is requir$ to pull a wagon on :i* wide tires are us$4 ,! introduction 9 rec5t ye>s ( a wide metallic tire :i* c be plac$ on any n>r[-tir$ :eel at ! co/ ( two doll>s ea*1 has remov$ "o v s]i\s objection to ! propos$ sub/itution ( broad tires = ! n>r[ ones n[ 9 use4 ,repairs on e>? roads %\ld be att5d$ to p>ticul>ly 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 b ! great mi/ake ( lett+ all ! repairs g until t "t %\ld rot be made4 ,! great want ( ! c\ntry road is daily c>e1 & ! soon] we d away ) ! sy/em ( work+ out our road taxes1 & pay su* taxes 9 money1 ! soon] w x be possible to build improv$ roads & to hire exp]ts to keep !m con/antly 9 good repair4 ,roads c\ld !n secure att5tion :5 su* att5tion is mo/ ne$$4 ,if !y are repair$ only annually or semiannually !y are seldom 9 good condition b :5 !y are giv5 daily or weekly c>e !y are almo/ always 9 good condition1 &1 moreov]1 ! second me?od co/s f> less ?an ! fir/4 ,a portion ( all levy tax money rais$ = road purposes %\ld be us$ 9 buy+ improv$ road ma*9]y1 & 9 con/ruct+ ea* ye> a few miles ( improv$ /one or gravel roads4 ,! only exceptions to ! in/ructions giv5 on road dra9age are f\nd 9 ! attempt to improve a s& road4 ,! m "o improves ! dra9age ( a s& road ! m deplorable becomes its condition4 ,no?+ w ru9 "o quick] ?an to dig a dit* on ea* side & dra9 all ! wat] away4 ,! be/ way to make su* a road firm is to keep x con/antly damp4 ,v bu%y or %ady trees alongside su* roads prev5t ! evaporation ( wat]4 ,! usual way ( m5d+ roads :i* run ov] loose s&y soils is to cov] ! surface ) t\gh clay or mix ! clay & s& toge!r4 ,?is is q an exp5sive treatm5t if ! clay has to be transport$ a great di/ance1 b ! exp5se may be r$uc$ by improv+ only eight or t5 feet or half ( ! roadway4 ,any /rong1 fibr\s sub/ance1 & especially "o :i* holds moi/ure1 su* z ! refuse ( sug> cane or sorghum1 & ev5 common /raw1 flax1 or swamp grass1 w be useful4 ,sp5t tan is ( "s s]vice1 & wood fib] 9 any =m is excell5t4 ,! be/ is ! fibr\s sawdu/ made 9 saw+ %+les by ^? ma*9es :i* cut l5g?wise ( ! fib] into ! side ( ! block4 ,sawdu/ is fir/ spread on ! road f eight to t5 in*es deep1 & ?is is cov]$ ) s& to protect ! road aga9/ fire light$ f pipes or cig>s c>elessly ?r[n or empti$ on ! roadb$4 ,! s& also keeps ! sawdu/ damp4 ,! du/ & s& soon become h>d & pack$1 & ! :eels ( ! heavie/ wagons make b little impression ^u ! surface4 ,! roadb$ appe>s to be almo/ z solid z a plank road1 b is mu* easi] = ! teams4 ,! road prep>$ 9 ?is mann] w rema9 good = f\r or five ye>s & w !n require r5ew+ 9 "s p>ts4 ,! ord9>y lumb] sawdu/ w\ld n be s good1 ( c\rse1 b if mix$ ) plan] %av+s might s]ve fairly well4 ,roads built ( poles or logs laid across ! roadway are call$ corduroy roads1 because ( _! corrugat$ or ribb$ appe>ance4 ,l e>? roads1 !y %\ld nev] be built :]e x is possible to secure any o!r good mat]ial2 b1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 swampy1 timb]$ regions1 o!r mat]ial is unavailable1 & z ! road w\ld be absolutely impassable )\t !m at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 x is well to "k h[ to make !m4 ,roads ( ?is "* %\ld be fifte5 or sixte5 feet wide1 s z to enable wagons to pass ea* o!r4 ,logs are sup]ior to poles = ?is purpose & %\ld be us$ if possible4 ,! foll[+ 9 reg>d to ! con/ruction ( corduroy roads is f ,gilmore's ,roads1 ,/reets1 & ,pavem5ts3 ,! logs are all cut ! same l5g?1 :i* %\ld be t ( ! requir$ wid? ( ! road1 & 9 lay+ !m d[n su* c>e 9 selection %\ld be ex]cis$ z w give ! smalle/ jo9ts or op5+s betwe5 !m4 ,9 ord] to r$uce z mu* z possible ! resi/ance to draft & ! viol5ce ( ! repeat$ %ocks to :i* vehicles are subject$ ^u ^! roads1 & also to r5d] its surface practicable = draft animals1 x is cu/om>y to level up betwe5 ! logs ) small] pieces ( ! same l5g? b split to a triangul> cross section4 ,^! are ins]t$ ) edges d[nw>d 9 ! op5 jo9ts1 s z to br+ _! surface ev5 ) ! upp] sides ( ! l>ge logs1 or z ne>ly s z practicable4 ,^u ! b$ ?us prep>$ a lay] ( bru%wood is put1 ) a few in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) soil or turf on top to keep x 9 place4 ,?is completes ! road4 ,! logs are laid directly ^u ! natural surface ( ! soil1 ^? ( ! same or ne>ly ( ! same diamet] be+ kept toge!r1 & ! top cov]+ ( soil is excavat$ f side dit*es4 ,cross dra9s may usually be omitt$ 9 roads ( ?is k9d1 z ! op5+s betwe5 ! logs1 ev5 :5 laid ) utmo/ c>e1 w furni% m ?an ample wat] way = dra9age f ! dit* on ! upp] to t on ! l[] side ( ! road4 ,:5 ! passage ( a creek ( consid]able volume is to be provid$ =1 & 9 localities subject to fre%ets1 cross dra9s or culv]ts are made :]ev] necess>y by ! omission ( two or m logs1 ! op5+s be+ bridg$ ) planks1 split rails1 or poles laid transv]sely to ! axis ( ! road & re/+ on cross beams not*$ into ! logs on ei!r side4 ,! ess5tial requirem5t ( a good road is t x %\ld be firm & unyield+ at all times & 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 s t its surface may be smoo? & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,e>? roads at be/ fulfil none ( ^! requirem5ts1 unless !y be cov]$ ) "s artificial mat]ial4 ,on a well-made gravel road "o horse c draw twice z l>ge a load z he c on a well-made e>? road4 ,on a h>d smoo? /one road "o horse c pull z mu* z f\r horses w on a good e>? road4 ,if l>g] loads c be haul$ & bett] "t made on good h>d roads ?an on good e>? ones1 ! area & ! numb] ( p b5efit$ are increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! improvem5t ( _! surface4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t a f>m f\r or five miles f ! m>ket or %ipp+ po9t locat$ on or ne> a h>d road is virtually ne>] ! m>ket ?an "o situat$ only two or ?ree miles away1 b locat$ on a s(t & yield+ road4 ,h>d roads are divid$ "h into ?ree classes--gravel1 %ell1 & /one4 ,al?\gh x is impracticable1 & 9 _m cases impossible1 = communities to build good /one roads1 a surface ( gravel may frequ5tly be us$ to advantage1 giv+ f> bett] results ?an c\ld be atta9$ by ! use ( e>? alone4 ,:]e b$s ( good gravel are available ?is is ! simple/1 *eape/1 & mo/ effective me?od ( improv+ c\ntry roads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gravel ,,road ,,ne> ,,soldi]s' ,,home1 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia ,9 connection ) ! build+ & ma9t5ance ( gravel roads ! mo/ important matt] to consid] is t ( select+ ! prop] mat]ial4 ,a small proportion ( argillace\s s&1 clayey1 or e>?y matt] conta9$ 9 "s gravel enables x to pack readily & consolidate "u traffic or ! road roll]4 ,seaside & riv] gravel1 :i* is compos$ usually ( r\nd$1 wat]worn pebbles1 is unfit = surfac+ roads4 ,! small /ones ( :i* !y are compos$1 hav+ no angul> projections or %>p edges1 easily move or slide aga9/ ea* o!r1 & w n b9d toge!r1 & ev5 :5 mix$ ) clay may turn freely1 caus+ ! :ole surface to be loose1 l mat]ials 9 a %ak5 sieve4 ,inf]ior qualities ( gravel c sometimes be us$ = f\ndations2 b :]e x becomes necess>y to employ su* mat]ial ev5 = t purpose x is well to mix j en\gh s&y or clayey loam to b9d x firmly toge!r4 ,= ! we>+ surface or ! top lay] ! pebbles %\ld1 if possible1 be comp>atively clean1 h>d1 angul>1 & t\gh1 s t !y w readily consolidate & w n be easily pulv]iz$ by ! impact ( traffic1 into du/ & mud4 ,!y %\ld be co>se1 v>y+ 9 size f half an in* to an in* & "o-half4 ,:]e blue gravel or h>dpan & clean bank gravel are procurable1 a good road may be made by mix+ ! two toge!r4 ,pit gravel or gravel dug f ! e>? z a rule conta9s too mu* e>?y matt]4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be remov$ by sift+4 ,= ?is purpose two sieves are necess>y1 ?r\gh :i* ! gravel %\ld be ?r[n4 ,! me%es ( "o sieve %\ld be "o & "o-half or two in*es 9 diamet]1 :ile ! me%es ( ! o!r %\ld be ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,all pebbles :i* w n g ?r\gh ! "o & "o-half in* me%es %\ld be reject$ or brok5 s t !y w g ?r\gh4 ,all mat]ial :i* sifts ?r\gh ! ?ree-f\r?s in* me%es %\ld be reject$ = ! road1 b may be us$ 9 mak+ side pa?s4 ,! excell5t road :i* c be built f mat]ials prep>$ 9 ?is way is s f> sup]ior to ! "o made ( ! natural clayey mat]ial t ! exp5se & tr\ble ( sift+ is _m times repaid4 ,! be/ gravel = road-build+ /&s p]p5dicul> 9 ! bank2 t is1 :5 ! pit has be5 op5$ up ! rema9d] /&s compact & firm & _c be dislodg$ except by use ( ! pick1 & :5 x gives way falls 9 great *unks or solid masses4 ,su* mat]ial usually conta9s t\gh angul> gravel ) j en\gh cem5t+ prop]ties to enable x to readily pack & consolidate1 & requires no fur!r treatm5t ?an to place x prop]ly on ! prep>$ roadb$4 ,"s e>? roads may be greatly improv$ by cov]+ ! surface ) a lay] ( ?ree or f\r in*es ( gravel1 & sometimes ev5 a ?9n] lay] may prove ( v great b5efit if kept 9 prop] repair4 ,! subsoil ( su* roadway ought1 h[ev]1 to be well dra9$1 or ( a light & por\s nature4 ,roads con/ruct$ ov] clay soils require a lay] ( at lea/ six in*es ( gravel4 ,! gravel mu/ be deep en\gh to prev5t ! weight ( traffic =c+ ! surface mat]ial into weak places 9 ! clay b5ea?1 & also to prev5t ! surface wat] f p]colat+ ?r\gh & s(t5+ ! clay & caus+ ! :ole roadway to be torn up4 ,ow+ to a lack ( k reg>d+ con/ruction1 indiff]5ce1 or c>elessness 9 build+ or improv+1 roads made ( gravel are (t5 v mu* worse ?an !y ought to be4 ,"s ( !m are made by simply dump+ ! mat]ial into ruts1 mud holes1 or gutt]-l depressions1 or on unimprov$ f\ndation1 & are left ?us = traffic to consolidate1 :ile o!rs are made by cov]+ ! surface ) inf]ior mat]ial )\t any att5tion be+ paid to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( dra9age4 ,z a result ( su* ?\ghtless & haphaz>d me?ods ! road usually becomes r\gh] & m completely cov]$ ) holes ?an be=e4 ,9 con/ruct+ a gravel road ! roadb$ %\ld fir/ be br\ght to ! prop] grade4 ,ord9>ily an excavation is !n made to ! dep? ( eight to t5 in*es1 v>y+ 9 wid? ) ! requirem5ts ( traffic4 ,= a f>m or f>m+ community ! wid? ne$ n be great] ?an t5 or twelve feet4 ,a roadway :i* is too wide is n only useless1 b ! extra wid? is a positive damage4 ,any wid? beyond t ne$$ = ! traffic is n only a wa/e ( money 9 con/ruct+ ! road1 b is ! cause ( a nev]-end+ exp5se 9 ma9ta9+ x4 ,! surface ( ! roadb$ %\ld pref]ably h a fall f ! c5t] to ! sides ! same z t to be giv5 ! f9i%$ road1 & %\ld1 if possible1 be ?or\ghly roll$ & consolidat$ until p]fectly smoo? & firm4 ,a lay]1 n ?ick] ?an f\r in*es1 ( good gravel1 su* z t recomm5d$ above1 %\ld !n be spread ev5ly ov] ! prep>$ roadb$4 ,su* mat]ial is usually c>ri$ ^u a road 9 :eelb>r[s or dump c>ts1 & !n spread 9 ev5 lay]s ) rakes1 b ! late/ & be/ device = ?is purpose is a spread+ c>t4 ,if a roll] _c be _h1 ! road is ?r[n op5 to traffic until x becomes fairly well consolidat$2 b x is impossible prop]ly to consolidate mat]ials by ! movem5t ( vehicles ov] ! road1 & if ?is means is pursu$ con/ant wat*fulness is necess>y to prev5t unequal we> & to keep ! surface smoo? & free f ruts4 ,! "w may be ha/5$ & facilitat$ by ! use ( a horse roll] or light /eam roll]2 & ( c\rse f> bett] results c be accompli%$ by ?is means4 ,if ! gravel be too dry to consolidate easily x %\ld be kept moi/ by spr9kl+4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be made too wet1 z any e>?y or clayey matt] 9 ! gravel is liable to be dissolv$4 ,z soon z ! fir/ lay] has be5 prop]ly consolidat$1 a second1 ?ird1 &1 if necess>y1 f\r? lay]1 ea* ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 is spread on & treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 until ! road is built up to ! requir$ ?ickness & cross section4 ,! ?ickness 9 mo/ cases ne$ n be great] ?an t5 or twelve in*es1 & ! fall f ! c5t] to ! sides ought n to be great] ?an "o foot 9 tw5ty feet1 or less ?an "o 9 tw5ty-five4 ,! la/ or surface lay] %\ld be roll$ until ! :eels ( heavily load$ vehicles pass+ ov] x make no visible impression4 ,if ! top lay] is defici5t 9 b9d+ mat]ial & w n prop]ly consolidate1 a ?9 lay]1 n exce$+ "o in* 9 ?ickness1 ( s& or gravelly loam or clay1 %\ld be ev5ly spread on & slightly spr9kl$ if 9 dry wea!r1 be=e ! roll+ is begun4 ,h>dpan or /one scre5+s are mu* pref]r$ = ?is purpose if !y c be _h4 ,! t5d5cy ( mat]ial to spread "u ! roll] & "w t[>d ! sides c be resi/$ by roll+ t portion ne>e/ ! gutt]s fir/4 ,to give ! surface ! requir$ =m & to secure uni=m d5sity1 x is necess>y at times to employ m5 ) rakes to fill any depressions :i* may =m4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a gravel road 9 good condition1 x is well to keep piles ( gravel alongside at frequ5t int]vals1 s t ! p]son :o repairs ! road c get ! mat]ial )\t go+ too f> = x4 ,z soon z ruts or holes appe> on ! surface "s ( ?is good fre% mat]ial %\ld be add$ & tamp$ into position or kept rak$ smoo? until prop]ly consolidat$4 ,if ! surface ne$s repl5i%+ or r\nd+ up1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) new roads aft] consid]able we>1 ! mat]ial %\ld be appli$ 9 sections or pat*es1 rak$ & roll$ until h>d & smoo?4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! wat] f high] places does n dra9 ^u or run across ! road4 ,! side dit*es1 culv]ts1 & dra9s %\ld be kept op5 & free f debris4 ,9 _m ( ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates road /ones d n exi/2 nei!r is x possible to secure good co>se gravel4 ,no su* mat]ial c be secur$ except at su* an exp5se = freight z to practically preclude its use = road-build+4 ,oy/] %ells c be secur$ *eaply 9 mo/ ( ^! /ates1 & :5 appli$ directly ^u s& or s&y soil1 eight or t5 in*es 9 ?ickness1 !y =m excell5t roads = pleasure driv+ & light traffic4 ,%ells we> mu* m rapidly ?an brok5 /one or gravel ( good quality1 & consequ5tly roads made ( !m require m con/ant att5tion to keep !m 9 good ord]4 ,9 mo/ cases !y %\ld h an entirely new surface e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,:5 prop]ly ma9ta9$ !y possess _m ( ! qualities f\nd 9 good /one or gravel roads1 & s f> z beauty is conc]n$ !y _c be surpass$4 ,! greate/ ob/acles to good /one road con/ruction 9 mo/ places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! exi/+ me?ods ( build+ & sy/ems ( managem5t1 :]eby millions ( doll>s are annually wa/$ 9 improp] con/ruction or 9 mak+ trifl+ repairs on tempor>y /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oy/]-,,%ell ,,object-,,lesson ,,road ,9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 ne> ,mobile1 ,alabama ,! practice ( us+ too s(t1 too brittle1 or rott5 mat]ial on roads _c be too sev]ely condemn$4 ,"s p seem to ?9k t if a /one qu>ries easily1 breaks easily1 & packs readily1 x is ! v be/ /one = road-build+4 ,?is practice1 toge!r ) t ( plac+ ! mat]ial on unimprov$ f\ndations & leav+ x ?us = traffic to consolidate1 has done a great deal to de/roy ! confid5ce ( _m p 9 /one roads4 ,!re is no reason 9 ! _w :y a road %\ld n la/ = ages if x is built ( good mat]ial & kept 9 prop] repair4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! money sp5t is m ?an wa/$4 ,x is m economical1 z a rule1 to br+ good mat]ials a long di/ance by rail or wat] ?an to employ inf]ior ones procur$ close at h&4 ,! durability ( roads dep5ds l>gely ^u ! p[] ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$ to resi/ ^? natural & artificial =ces :i* are con/antly act+ to de/roy !m4 ,! fragm5ts ( :i* !y are con/ruct$ are liable to be attack$ 9 cold climates by fro/1 & 9 all climates by wat] & w9d4 ,if compos$ ( /one or gravel1 ! p>ticles are con/antly gr9d+ aga9/ ea* o!r & be+ expos$ to ! impact ( ! tires ( vehicles & ! feet ( animals4 ,atmosph]ic ag5cies are also at "w decompos+ & dis9tegrat+ ! mat]ial4 ,x is obvi\sly necess>y1 !re=e1 t great c>e be ex]cis$ 9 select+ = ! surfac+ ( roads ^? /ones :i* are less liable to be de/roy$ or decompos$ by ^! physical1 dynamical1 & *emical =ces4 ,silice\s mat]ials1 ^? compos$ ( fl9t or qu>tz1 al?\gh h>d1 are brittle & defici5t 9 t\ghness4 ,granite is n desirable because x is compos$ ( ?ree mat]ials ( diff]5t natures1 viz41 qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 ! fir/ ( :i* is brittle1 ! second liable to decompose rapidly1 & ! ?ird lam9able or ( a scaly or lay]like nature4 ,"s granites :i* conta9 hornbl5de in/ead ( feldsp> are desirable4 ,! d>k] ! v>iety ! bett]4 ,gneiss1 :i* is compos$ ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 m or less di/9ctly slaty1 is inf]ior to granite4 ,mica-slate /ones are altoge!r useless4 ,! argillace\s slates or clayey slates make a smoo? surface1 b "o :i* is easily de/roy$ :5 wet4 ,! s&/ones are utt]ly useless = road-build+4 ,! t\gh] lime/ones are v good1 b ! s(t] ones1 ?\gh !y b9d & make a smoo? surface v quickly1 are too weak = heavy loads2 !y we>1 wa%1 & bl[ away v rapidly4 ,! mat]ials employ$ = surfac+ roads %\ld be bo? h>d & t\gh1 & %\ld possess by all means cem5t+ & recem5t+ qualities4 ,= ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e !re are no fro/s to cont5d )1 ! be/ qualities ( lime/one are consid]$ q satisfactory s f> z ! cem5t+ & recem5t+ qualities are conc]n$2 b 9 mo/ cases roads ( ?is class ( mat]ial d n /& ! we> & te> ( traffic l ^? built ( trap rock1 & :5 expos$ to ! sev]e nor!rn w9t]s su* mat]ial dis9tegrates v rapidly4 ,9 fact1 trap rock1 nigg] heads1 te*nically kn[n z diabase1 & diorites1 are consid]$ by mo/ road eng9e]s ( long exp]i5ce to be ! v be/ /ones = road-build+4 ,trap rocks z a rule possess all ! qualities mo/ desir$ = road /ones4 ,!y are h>d & t\gh1 & :5 prop]ly brok5 to small sizes & roll$ ?or\ghly1 cem5t & consolidate into a smoo?1 h>d cru/ :i* is imp]vi\s to wat]1 & ! brok5 p>ticles are s heavy t !y are n readily brok5 or wa%$ away4 ,un=tunately ! mo/ useful /ones = road-build+ are ! mo/ difficult to prep>e1 & z trap rocks are h>d] to break ?an any o!r /ones !y usually co/ m4 ,! f\ndation or l[] c\rses may be =m$ ( "s ( ! s(t] /ones l gneiss or lime/one1 b trap rock %\ld be us$ = ! we>+ surface1 if possible1 ev5 if x has to be br\ght f a di/ance4 ,z to ! con/ruction ( macadam roads1 ,mr4 ,pott] says3 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a macadam road 9 any giv5 locality1 ! "q ( economy g5]ally compels u to use a mat]ial f\nd ne> at h&1 & :]e a local qu>ry does n exi/ field /one & /one ga!r$ f ! b$s ( riv]s & small /reams may (t5 be made to s]ve e purpose4 ,_m ( ! /ones & b\ld]s ?us obta9$ are ( trap rock1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t all h>d field & riv] /ones1 if brok5 to a prop] size1 w make fairly good & sometimes v excell5t road metal4 ,no elaborate te/ is requir$ to det]m9e ! h>dness ( any giv5 specim54 ,a /eel hamm] 9 ! h&s ( an intellig5t workman w reveal 9 a g5]al way ! relative degree ( t\ghness ( two or m pieces ( rock4 ,field & riv] /one (f] an additional advantage 9 t !y are quickly h&l$1 are g5]ally ( conv5i5t size1 & are m readily brok5 ei!r by h& or by ma*9e ?an mo/ v>ieties ( rock :i* are qu>ri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x is a simple task to break /one = macadam roadways1 & by ! aid ( mod]n inv5tions x c be done *eaply & quickly4 ,h&-brok5 /one is fairly out ( date & is r>ely us$ 9 ,am]ica :]e any consid]able am\nt ( "w is to be und]tak54 ,/one may be brok5 by h& at diff]5t po9ts along ! roadside :]e repairs are ne$$ f "t to "t1 b ! extra co/ ( production by ?is me?od =bids its be+ c>ri$ on :]e ext5d$ "w is und]tak54 ,h&-brok5 /one is g5]ally m uni=m 9 size1 m ne>ly cubical 9 %ape1 & has %>p] angles ?an t brok5 by ma*9]y1 b ! latt]1 :5 prop]ly assort$ or scre5$1 has be5 f\nd to meet e requirem5t4 ,a good cru%] driv5 by eight horsep[] w turn out f =ty to eighty cubic y>ds ( two-in* /one p] day ( t5 h\rs1 & w co/ f f\r hundr$ doll>s upw>d1 accord+ to quality4 ,"s cru%]s are made ei!r /ation>y1 semi/ation>y1 or portable1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! pur*as]1 & = c\ntry-road "w x is sometimes v desirable to h a portable cru%] to facilitate its easy transf] f "o "p ( ! t[n%ip to ano!r4 ,! same portable eng9e t is us$ 9 ?ra%+1 saw+ wood1 & o!r op]ations requir+ ! use ( /eam p[] may be us$ 9 runn+ a /one cru%]1 b x is be/ to rememb] t a cru%] w d its be/ & mo/ economical "w :5 run by a ma*9e hav+ a horsep[] some:at 9 excess ( ! p[] actually requir$4 ,z ! /one comes f ! break] ! pieces w be f\nd to %[ a consid]able v>iety 9 size1 & by _m practical road-mak]s x is reg>d$ z be/ t ^! sizes %\ld be assort$ & sep>at$1 s9ce ea* has its p>ticul> use4 ,to d ?is "w by h& w\ld be tr\blesome & exp5sive1 & scre5s are g5]ally employ$ = t purpose4 ,scre5s are n absolutely necess>y1 & _m road-mak]s d n use !m2 b !y insure uni=mity 9 size ( pieces1 & uni=mity means 9 _m cases sup]ior we>1 smoo?ness1 & economy4 ,mo/ ( ! scre5s 9 common use today are ( ! rot>y k9d4 ,9 op]at+ !y are g5]ally s arrang$ t ! product ( ! cru%] falls directly into ! rot>y scre51 :i* revolves on an incl9$ axis & empties ! sep>ate pieces into small b9s bel[ ! cru%]4 ,a bett] =m = _m purposes includes a l>g] & m elaborate outfit1 9 :i* ! /one is c>ri$ by an elevator to ! scre5 & by ! scre5 empti$ into sep>ate b9s accord+ to ! respective sizes4 ,f ! b9s x is easily load$ into wagons or spread+ c>ts & haul$ to any desir$ po9t along ! l9e ( ! road4 ,! size to :i* /one %\ld be brok5 dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! /one1 ! am\nt ( traffic to :i* ! road w be subject$1 & to "s ext5t ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! /one is put 9 place4 ,if a h>d1 t\gh /one is employ$ x may be brok5 into r\gh cubes or pieces ( ab\t "o & a half in*es 9 l>ge/ face dim5sions1 & :5 brok5 to su* a size ! product ( ! cru%] may g5]ally be us$ to good advantage )\t ! tr\ble ( scre5+1 s9ce du/ 'tail+s' & f9e /uff d n accumulate 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! break+ ( ! t\gh] /one4 ,if only mod]ate traffic is to be provid$ =1 ! h>d] lime/ones may be brok5 s ! pieces w pass ?r\gh a two-in* r+1 ?\gh sizes runn+ f two & a qu>t] to two & a half in*es w insure a m durable roadway1 & if a /eam roll] is us$ 9 compact+ ! metal x w be br\ght to a smoo? surface )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,z a rule1 x may be said t to adh]e closely to a size runn+ f two & a qu>t] to two & a half in*es 9 l>ge/ face dim5sions1 & to use c>e 9 exclud+ too l>ge a proportion ( small /uff z well z all pieces ( excessive size1 w insure a satisfactory & durable macadam road4 ,macadam insi/$ t no l>ge /one %\ld ev] be employ$ 9 road-mak+1 &1 inde$1 mo/ mod]n road build]s practice 8 pr9ciple t small angul> fragm5ts are ! c>d9al requirem5ts4 ,z a g5]al rule x has be5 /at$ t no /one l>g] ?an a walnut %\ld be us$ = ! surfac+ ( roads4 ,/one roads are built 9 mo/ cases accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,john ,l4 ,macadam1 :ile "s are built by ! me?ods advocat$ by ,tel=d4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples ( con/ruction relates to ! propriety or necessity ( a pav$ f\ndation b5ea? ! cru/ ( brok5 /one4 ,tel=d advocat$ ?is pr9ciple1 :ile ,macadam /rongly d5i$ its advantages4 ,9 build+ roads v few iron-clad rules c be laid d[n = univ]sal application2 skill & judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 design+ & build+ ea* road s t x w be/ meet ! requirem5ts ( ! place x is to occupy4 ,! relative value ( ! tel=d & macadam sy/ems c mo/ always be det]m9$ by ! local circum/ances1 conditions1 & necessities "u :i* ! road is to be built4 ,! =m] sy/em seems to h ! advantage 9 swampy1 wet places1 or :]e ! soil is 9 /rata v>y+ 9 h>dness1 or :]e ! f\ndation is liable to get s(t 9 spots4 ,"u mo/ o!r circum/ances exp]i5c$ road build]s pref] ! macadam con/ruction1 n only because x is consid]$ be/1 b also because x is mu* *eap]4 ,! macadam road consi/s ( a mass ( angul> fragm5ts ( rock deposit$ usually 9 lay]s ^u ! roadb$ or prep>$ f\ndation & consolidat$ to a smoo?1 h>d surface produc$ by ! passage ( vehicles or by use ( a road roll]4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is cru/ v>ies ) ! soil1 ! nature ( ! /one us$1 & ! am\nt ( traffic :i* ! road is expect$ to h4 ,x %\ld be s ?ick t ! greate/ load w n affect ! f\ndation4 ,! weight usually comes ^u a v small "p ( ! surface1 b is spread ov] a l>ge area ( ! f\ndation1 & ! ?ick] ! cru/ ! m uni=mly w ! load be di/ribut$ ov] ! f\ndation4 ,macadam e>ne/ly advocat$ ! pr9ciple t all artificial road-build+ dep5d$ :olly = its success ^u ! mak+ & ma9ta9+ ( a solid dry f\ndation & ! cov]+ ( ?is f\ndation ) a durable wat]pro( coat+ or ro( ( brok5 /one4 ,! f\ndation mu/ be solid & firm2 if x be o!rwise ! cru/ is useless4 ,a road build] %\ld always rememb] t )\t a durable f\ndation !re is no durable road4 ,hundr$s ( miles ( macadam roads are built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye> on unimprov$ or un/able f\ndations & almo/ z _m miles g to pieces = ?is same reason4 ,says ,macadam3 ,! /one is employ$ to =m a secure1 smoo?1 wat]-tight floor+1 ov] :i* vehicles may pass ) safety & exp$ition at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,its ?ickness %\ld be regulat$ only by ! quality ( ! mat]ial necess>y to =m su* a floor+ & n at all by any consid]ation z to its own indep5d5t p[] ( be>+ weight4444 ,! errone\s idea t ! evils ( an und]dra9$1 wet1 clayey soil c be rem$i$ by a l>ge quantity ( mat]ials has caus$ a l>ge "p ( ! co/ly & unsuccessful exp5ditures 9 mak+ /one roads4 ,! evils f improp] con/ruction ( /one roads are ev5 great] ?an ^? result+ f ! use ( improp] mat]ial4 ,macadam nev] int5d$ t a het]og5e\s conglom]ation ( /ones & mud %\ld be call$ a macadam road4 ,! mi/ake is (t5 made ( deposit+ brok5 /one on an old road )\t fir/ prep>+ a suitable f\ndation4 ,! result1 9 mo/ cases1 is t ! dirt & mud prev5t ! /one f pack+ & by ! action ( traffic ooze to ! surface1 :ile ! /ones s9k deep] & deep]1 leav+ ! road z bad z be=e4 ,ano!r great mi/ake is (t5 made ( spread+ l>ge & small /ones ov] a well-grad$ & well-dra9$ f\ndation & leav+ !m ?us = traffic to consolidate4 ,! surface ( a road left 9 ?is mann] is (t5 kept 9 con/ant turmoil by ! l>g] /ones1 :i* "w !mselves to ! surface & are knock$ hi!r & ?i!r by ! :eels ( vehicles & ! feet ( animals4 ,^! plans ( con/ruction _c be too sev]ely condemn$4 ,! roadb$ %\ld be fir/ grad$1 !n c>efully surface-dra9$4 ,! e>? %\ld !n be excavat$ to ! dep? to :i* mat]ial is to be spread on & ! f\ndation prop]ly %ap$ & slop$ ea* way f ! c5t] s z to dis*>ge any wat] :i* may p]colate ?r\gh4 ,?is curvature %\ld con=m to ! curvature ( ! f9i%$ road4 ,a %\ld]+ ( firm e>? or gravel %\ld be left or made on ea* side to hold ! mat]ial 9 place1 & %\ld ext5d to ! gutt]s at ! same curvature z ! f9i%$ road4 ,! f\ndation %\ld !n be roll$ until h>d & smoo?4 ,^u ?is b$ spread a lay] ( five or six in*es ( brok5 /one1 :i* /one %\ld be free f any e>?y mixture4 ,?is lay] %\ld be ?or\ghly roll$ until compact & firm4 ,/one may be haul$ f ! /one-cru%] b9s or f ! /one piles 9 ord9>y :eelb>r[s or f wagons1 & %\ld be di/ribut$ broadca/ ov] ! surface ) %ovels1 & all inequalities level$ up by ! use ( rakes4 ,if ?is me?od ( spread+ is employ$1 grade /akes %\ld be us$ s z to insure a uni=mity ( ?ickness4 ,aft] ! /akes are driv5 ! height ( ! lay] is m>k$ on _! sides1 & if ?\ght necess>y a piece ( /\t cord is /ret*$ f /ake to /ake1 %[+ ! exact height to :i* ! lay] %\ld be spread4 ,spread+ c>ts h be5 rec5tly inv5t$ :i* n only place ! /one :]e x is ne$$ )\t ! use ( %ovels1 b spread x on 9 lay]s ( any desir$ ?ickness & at ! same "t sev]al in*es wid] ?an ! c>ts !mselves4 ,if ! /ones h be5 sep>at$ into two or ?ree diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ size %\ld compose ! bottom lay]1 ! next size ! second lay]1 etc4 ,! surface ( ea* c\rse or lay] %\ld be ?or\ghly & repeat$ly roll$ & spr9kl$ until x becomes firm1 compact1 & smoo?4 ,! fir/ lay]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be spr9kl$1 z ! wat] is liable to s(t5 ! f\ndation4 ,! roll+ ought to be done along ! side l9es fir/1 gradually work+ t[>d ! c5t] z ! job is be+ complet$4 ,9 roll+ ! la/ c\rse x is well to beg9 by roll+ fir/ ! %\ld]+s or ! side roads if su* exi/4 ,a coat ( ?ree-qu>t] in* /one & scre5+s1 ( suffici5t ?ickness to make a smoo? & uni=m surface1 %\ld compose ! la/ c\rse1 &1 l ! o!r lay]s1 %\ld be roll$ until p]fectly firm & smoo?4 ,z a f9al te/ ( p]fection1 a small /one plac$ on ! surface w be cru%$ be=e be+ driv5 into ! mat]ial4 ,if none ( ! /ones us$ be l>g] ?an w pass ?r\gh a two-in* r+1 !y c be spread on 9 lay]s z above describ$ )\t sep>at+ !m by scre5s4 ,wat] & b9d+ mat]ial--/one scre5+s or good pack+ gravel--c be add$ if f\nd necess>y = prop] consolidation4 ,e>? or clay %\ld nev] be us$ = a b9d+ mat]ial4 ,en\gh wat] %\ld be spr9kl$ on to wa% 9 & fill all voids betwe5 ! brok5 /ones ) b9d+ mat]ial & to leave su* mat]ial damp en\gh to insure a set4 ,if a road is built ( t\gh1 h>d /one1 & if ! b9d+ mat]ial has ! same *>act]i/ics1 a /eam roll] is ess5tial = spe$y results4 ,a horse roll] may be us$ to good advantage if ! s(t] v>ieties ( /one are employ$4 ,= g5]al purposes a roll] weigh+ f eight to twelve tons is all t is necess>y4 ,heavi] weights are difficult to h&le ^u unimprov$ surfaces unless !y be con/ruct$ l ! ,addison roll]1 ! weight ( :i* c be increas$ or light5$ at w by fill+ ! drum ) wat] or draw+ ! wat] out4 ,?is roll] c be made to weigh z mu* z eight tons &1 l sev]al o!r v excell5t ones n[ on ! m>ket1 is provid$ ) anti-friction roll] be>+s1 :i* light5 ! draft consid]ably4 ,e /one road1 unless prop]ly built ) small /ones & j en\gh b9d+ mat]ial to fill ! voids1 pres5ts a honeycomb$ appe>ance4 ,9 fact1 a measure conta9+ two cubic feet ( brok5 /one w hold 9 addition "o cubic foot ( wat]1 & a cubic y>d ( brok5 macadam w weigh j ab\t "o-half z mu* z a solid cubic y>d ( ! same k9d ( /one4 ,isaac ,pott] says3 ,to insure a solid roadway & to fill ! l>ge proportion ( voids or int]/ices betwe5 ! diff]5t pieces ( brok5 /one1 "s f9] mat]ial mu/ be introduc$ into ! /ructure ( ! roadway1 & ?is mat]ial is usually call$ a b9d]1 or by "s road-mak]s a 'fill]4' ,!re us$ to be mu* cont5tion reg>d+ ! use ( b9d+ mat]ial 9 ! mak+ ( a macadam road1 b x is n[ conc$$ by ne>ly all practical & exp]i5c$ road-mak]s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 t ! use ( a b9d+ mat]ial is ess5tial to ! prop] con/ruction ( a good macadam road4 ,x adds to its solidity1 insures tightness by clos+ all ( ! spaces betwe5 ! loose1 irregul> /ones1 & b9ds toge!r ! macadam cru/ 9 a way t gives x firmness1 ela/icity1 & durability4 ,b9d+ mat]ial to produce ! be/ results %\ld be equal 9 h>dness & t\ghness ) ! road /one2 ! be/ results are !re=e obta9$ by us+ scre5+s or spalls f ! brok5 /one us$4 ,co>se s& & gravel c sometimes be us$ ) impunity z a b9d]1 b ! wisdom ( us+ loam or clay is v mu* que/ion$4 ,:5 ! latt] mat]ial is us$ = a b9d] ! road is apt to become v du/y 9 dry wea!r1 & /icky1 muddy1 & rutty 9 wet wea!r4 ,! "* ( ! f\ndation %\ld nev] take ! place ( prop] dra9age4 ,! advisability ( und]gr\nd or subdra9age %\ld always be c>efully consid]$ :]e ! road is liable to be attack$ f b5ea? by wat]4 ,9 mo/ cases good subdra9s w s dry ! f\ndation out t ! macadam con/ruction c be resort$ to4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?or\gh dra9age is difficult or d\btful1 & 9 su* cases x is desirable to adopt "s heavy con/ruction l ! tel=d2 &1 fur!rmore1 ! difficulty ( procur+ p]fectly solid & reliable roadb$s 9 _m places is (t5 ov]come by ! use ( ?is sy/em4 ,9 mak+ a tel=d road ! surface = ! f\ndation is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z = a macadam road4 ,a lay] ( brok5 /one is !n plac$ on ! roadb$ f five to eight in*es 9 dep?1 dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness to be giv5 ! f9i%$ road4 ,z a rule ?is f\ndation %\ld =m ab\t two-?irds ( ! total ?ickness ( ! mat]ial4 ,! /one us$ = ! fir/ lay] may v>y 9 ?ickness f two to f\r in*es & 9 l5g? f eight to twelve in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! upp] edges ( ! /ones %\ld n exce$ f\r in*es4 ,!y are set by h& on _! broade/ edges l5g?wise across ! road1 break+ jo9ts z mu* z possible4 ,all project+ po9ts are !n brok5 (f & ! int]/ices or cracks fill$ ) /one *ips1 & ! :ole /ructure w$g$ & consolidat$ into a solid & complete pavem5t4 ,^u ?is pavem5t lay]s ( brok5 /ones are spread & treat$ 9 ! same way z = a macadam road4 ,/one roads %\ld be frequ5tly scrap$1 s z to remove all du/ & mud4 ,no?+ de/roys a /one road quick] ?an du/ or mud4 ,! h& me?od ( scrap+ ) a hoe is consid]$ be/4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully adju/$ ! ma*9]y built = ?is purpose may be1 x is liable to ravel a road by loos5+ "s ( ! /ones4 ,! gutt]s & surface dra9s %\ld be kept op51 s t all wat] fall+ ^u ! road or on ! adjac5t gr\nd may promptly fl[ away4 ,says ,spald+1 a road au?ority3 ,if ! road metal be ( s(t mat]ial :i* we>s easily1 x w require con/ant sup]vision & small repairs :5ev] a rut or depression may appe>4 ,mat]ial ( ?is k9d b9ds readily ) new mat]ial t may be add$1 & may 9 ?is mann] frequ5tly be kept 9 good condition )\t great difficulty1 :ile if n att5d$ to at once :5 we> beg9s to %[ x w v rapidly increase1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! road4 ,9 mak+ repairs by ?is me?od ! mat]ial is commonly plac$ a little at a "t & compact$ by pass+ vehicles4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be ! same z t ( ! road surface & n f9e mat]ial1 :i* w\ld soon r$uce to p[d] "u ! loads :i* come ^u x4 ,by c>eful att5tion to m9ute repairs 9 ?is mann] a surface may be kept 9 good condition until x we>s s ?9 z to require r5ewal4 ,9 case ! road be ( h>d] mat]ial1 t w n s readily comb9e :5 a ?9 coat+ is add$1 repairs may n be frequ5t1 z ! surface w n we> s rapidly1 & imm$iate att5tion is n s important4 ,x is usually m satisfactory 9 ?is case to make m ext5sive repairs at "o "t1 z a l>g] quantity ( mat]ial add$ at once may be m readily compact$ to a uni=m surface1 ! repairs tak+ ! =m ( an additional lay] ^u ! road4 ,:]e ! mat]ial ( ! road surface is v h>d & durable1 a well-con/ruct$ road may we> q ev5ly & require h>dly any att5tion1 beyond ord9>y small repairs1 until worn out4 ,x is n[ usually consid]$ ! be/ practice to leave su* a road to itself until x we>s v ?91 & !n r5ew x by an entirely new lay] ( brok5 /one plac$ on ! worn surface & )\t 9 any way di/urb+ t surface4 ,if a ?9 lay] only ( mat]ial is to be add$ at "o "t1 9 ord] t x may unite firmly ) ! upp] lay] ( ! road1 x is usually necess>y to break ! bond ( ! surface mat]ial be=e plac+ ! new lay]1 ei!r by pick+ x up by h& or by a /eam roll] ) %ort spikes 9 its surface1 if su* a ma*9e is at h&4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 t only ! surface lay] be loos5$ & t ! solidity ( ! body ( ! road be n di/urb$1 z might be ! case if ! spikes are too long4 ,9 repair+ roads ! "t-honor$ cu/om ( wait+ until ! road has lo/ its %ape or until ! surface has become fill$ ) holes or ruts %\ld nev] be tol]at$4 ,mu* good mat]ial is wa/$ by spread+ a ?ick coat ov] su* a road & leav+ x ?us = pass+ vehicles to consolidate4 ,! mat]ial necess>y to replace defects 9 a road %\ld be add$ :5 ! necessities arise & %\ld be ( ! be/ quality & ! smalle/ possible quantity4 ,if prop]ly laid 9 small pat*es ! inconv5i5ce to traffic w be sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,if su* repairs are made 9 damp wea!r1 z !y ought to be1 little or no difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ a lay] ( /one to consolidate prop]ly4 ,if mud fills ! rut or hole to be repair$1 x %\ld be c>efully remov$ be=e ! mat]ial is plac$4 ,wide tires %\ld be us$ on all heavy vehicles :i* trav]se /one roads4 ,a f\r or five in* /one or gravel road w la/ long] )\t repair :5 wide tires are us$ ?an an eight or t5 in* road ( ! same mat]ial on :i* n>r[ tires are us$4 ,n only %\ld bru% & we$s be remov$ f ! roadside1 b grass %\ld be s[n1 trees plant$1 & a side pa? or walk be prep>$ = ! use ( p$e/rians1 especially wom5 & *ildr51 go+ to & com+ f *ur*1 s*ool1 & places ( bus9ess & amusem5t4 ,c\ntry roads c be made f> m useful & attractive ?an !y usually are1 & ?is may be secur$ by ! exp5diture ( only a small am\nt ( labor & money4 ,al?\gh su* improvem5ts are n necess>y1 !y make ! surr\nd+s attractive & invit+ & add to ! value ( prop]ty & ! pleasure ( ! travel]4 ,if trees are plant$ alongside ! road !y %\ld be f> en\gh back to admit ! w9d & sun4 ,mo/ /rong gr[+ trees are apt to ext5d _! roots "u ! gutt]s & ev5 b5ea? ! roadway if !y are plant$ too close to ! roadside4 ,ev5 if !y be plant$ at a safe di/ance ^? v>ieties %\ld be select$ :i* s5d _! roots d[nw>d r ?an horizontally4 ,! mo/ useful & beautiful tree correspond+ ) ^! requirem5ts is ! *e/nut1 :ile c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! pe>1 *]ry1 & mulb]ry answ] ! same purpose4 ,:]e !re is no dang] ( roots damag+ ! subdra9age or ! sub/ructure ( ! road1 "s o!r favorite v>ieties w\ld be elms1 rock maples1 horse-*e/nuts1 bee*es1 p9es1 & c$>s4 ,climate1 v>iety ( species select$1 & good judgm5t w det]m9e ! di/ance betwe5 su* trees4 ,elms %\ld be ?irty feet ap>t1 :ile ! less spread+ v>ieties ne$ n be s f>4 ,! trunks %\ld be trimm$ to a consid]able height1 s z to admit ! sun & air4 ,fruit trees are plant$ along ! roadsides 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 :ile mulb]ry trees may be se5 along ! roads 9 ,france1 s]v+ ! tw(old purpose ( food = silkworms & %ade4 ,if "s ( our _m v>ieties ( useful1 fruitful1 & beautiful trees 7 plant$ along ! roads 9 ?is c\ntry1 & if "s means c\ld be devis$ = protect+ ! product1 en\gh rev5ue c\ld be d]iv$ !refrom to pay = ! ma9t5ance ( ! road along :i* !y ?r[ _! grateful %ade4 ,! improvem5t ( c\ntry roads is *iefly an economical "q1 relat+ pr9cipally to ! wa/e ( ef=t 9 haul+ ov] bad roads1 ! sav+ 9 money1 "t1 & en]gy 9 haul+ ov] good ones1 ! initial co/ ( improv+ roads1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ good & bad ones4 ,x is n necess>y to enl>ge on ?is subject 9 ord] to conv9ce ! av]age read] t good roads r$uce ! resi/ance to traffic1 & consequ5tly ! co/ ( transportation ( products & goods to & f f>ms & m>kets is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! initial co/ ( a road dep5ds ^u ! co/ ( mat]ials1 labor1 ma*9]y1 ! wid? & dep? to :i* ! mat]ial is to be spread on1 & ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,all ^! ?+s v>y s mu* 9 ! diff]5t /ates t x is impossible to "n ! exact am\nt = :i* a mile ( a c]ta9 k9d ( road c be built4 ,! introduction 9 rec5t ye>s ( improv$ road-build+ ma*9]y has enabl$ ! au?orities 9 "s ( ! /ates to build improv$ /one & gravel roads q *eaply4 ,fir/-class s+le-track /one roads1 n9e feet wide1 h be5 built ne> ,can&aigua1 ,new ,york1 = #ijj to #a1jjj p] mile4 ,_m excell5t gravel roads h be5 built 9 ,new ,j]sey = #a1jjj to #a1cjj p] mile4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 con/ruct$ 0 plac$ on 9 two lay]s1 ea* be+ rak$ & ?or\ghly roll$1 & ! :ole mass consolidat$ to a ?ickness ( eight in*es4 ,9 ! same /ate macadam roads h be5 built1 = #b1jjj to #e1jjj p] mile1 v>y+ 9 wid? f n9e to tw5ty feet & 9 ?ickness ( mat]ial f f\r to twelve in*es4 ,tel=d roads f\rte5 feet wide & t5 to twelve in*es ?ick h be5 built 9 ,new ,j]sey = #d1jjj to #f1jjj p] mile4 ,macadam roads h be5 built at ,bridgeport & ,fairfield1 ,connecticut1 eighte5 to tw5ty feet wide1 = #c1jjj to #e1jjj p] mile4 ,a tel=d road sixte5 feet wide & twelve in*es ?ick 0 built at ,fanwood1 ,new ,j]sey1 = #i1ejj p] mile4 ,macadam roads h be5 built 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 sixte5 to tw5ty feet wide1 = #d1jjj to #e1jjj p] mile4 ,massa*usetts roads are co/+ all ! way f #f1jjj to #be1jjj p] mile4 ,a mile ( brok5 /one road1 fifte5 feet wide1 co/s 9 ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts ab\t #e1gjj p] mile1 :ile a mile ( ! same wid? & k9d ( road co/s 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,j]sey only #d1gjj4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! fact t ! topography ( ,massa*usetts is some:at r\gh] ?an t ( ,new ,j]sey1 necessitat+ ! r$uction ( _m /eep grades & ! build+ ( exp5sive reta9+ walls & bridges1 & p>tly to ! diff]5ce 9 me?ods ( con/ruction & ! diff]5ce 9 prices ( mat]ials1 labor1 etc4 ,d\btless ! /ate ( ,new ,j]sey is build+ m roads & bett] roads = less money p] mile ?an any o!r /ate 9 ! ,union4 ,its roads are n[ co/+ f tw5ty to sev5ty c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,:]e ! tel=d con/ruction is us$ !y sometimes co/ z mu* z sev5ty-?ree c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,! av]age co/ ( all classes ( ! roads ( t /ate dur+ ! la/ season 0 ab\t fifty c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,! /one 01 z a rule1 spread on to a dep? ( n9e in*es1 :i*1 aft] roll+1 gave a dep? ( ab\t eight in*es4 ,at ?is rate a s+le-track road eight feet wide co/s ab\t #b1cdf p] mile1 :ile a d\ble-track road f\rte5 feet wide co/s ab\t #d1ajf p] mile1 & "o eighte5 feet wide co/s ab\t #e1bhj p] mile4 ,:]e ! mat]ial is spread on s z to consolidate to a f\r-in* lay] ! eight-foot road w co/ ab\t #a1agc p] mile1 ! f\rte5-foot road ab\t #b1jec p] mile1 :ile ! "o eighte5 feet wide w co/ ab\t #b1fdj p] mile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>? ,,& ,,macadam ,,roads ,built by convict labor 9 ,meckl5burg ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,! total co/ ( ma9ta9+ roads 9 good ord] ranges1 on acc\nt ( v>y+ conditions1 betwe5 z wide limits almo/ z ! initial co/ ( con/ruction4 ,suffice x to say t all money sp5t on repair+ e>? roads becomes ea* ye> a total loss )\t mat]ially improv+ _! condition4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 ! mo/ exp5sive roads t c be us$1 :ile on ! o!r h& /one roads1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ ( good mat]ial & kept 9 p]fect condition1 are ! mo/ satisfactory1 ! *eape/1 & mo/ economical roads t c be con/ruct$4 ,! road t w be/ suit ! ne$s ( ! f>m]1 9 ! fir/ place1 mu/ n be too co/ly2 &1 9 ! second place1 mu/ be ( ! v be/ k9d1 = f>m]s %\ld be able to d _! heavy haul+ ov] !m :5 _! fields are too wet to "w & _! teams w\ld o!rwise be idle4 ,! be/ road = ! f>m]1 all ?+s be+ consid]$1 is a solid1 well-built /one road1 s n>r[ z to be only a s+le track1 b hav+ a firm e>? road on "o or bo? sides4 ,:]e ! traffic is n v ext5sive ! purposes ( good roads are bett] s]v$ by n>r[ tracks ?an by wide ones1 :ile _m ( ! objectionable features ( wide tracks are remov$1 ! initial co/ ( con/ruction is cut d[n "o-half or m1 & ! *>ges = repair r$uc$ 9 proportion4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,by ,hon4 ,maurice ,o4 ,eldridge1 ,assi/ant ,director ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,macadam ,,roads#g ,no "o rock c be said to be a univ]sally excell5t road mat]ial4 ,! climatic conditions v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t localities1 & ! volume & "* ( traffic v>y s mu* on diff]5t roads1 t ! prop]ties necess>y to meet all ! requirem5ts c be f\nd 9 no "o rock4 ,if ! be/ macadam road be desir$1 t mat]ial %\ld be select$ :i* be/ meets ! conditions ( ! p>ticul> road = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! movem5t = bett] c\ntry roads :i* has receiv$ su* an impetus f ! bicycle organizations is /ill felt1 & is ga9+ =ce f ! rapid introduction ( horseless vehicles4 ,to ?is dem&1 :i* comes 9 a l>ge measure f ! urban population1 is to be add$ t ( ! f>m]1 :o is wak5+ to ! fact t good roads greatly increase ! pr(its f 8 f>m produce1 & ?us mat]ially bett] 8 condition2 & to ! f>m]1 inde$1 we mu/ look = any real improvem5t 9 our c\ntry roads4 ,9 consid]+ ! comp>ative values ( diff]5t rocks = road-build+1 x mu/ be tak5 = grant$ 9 all cases t ! road is prop]ly laid out1 con/ruct$1 & ma9ta9$4 ,= if ?is is n ! case1 only inf]ior results c be expect$1 no matt] h[ good ! mat]ial may be4 ,9 mo/ cases ! selection ( a mat]ial = road-mak+ is det]m9$ m by its *eapness & conv5i5ce ( location ?an by any prop]ties x may possess4 ,b :5 we consid] ! numb] ( roads all ov] our c\ntry :i* are bad f neglect & f obsolete me?ods ( ma9t5ance t w\ld be mu* improv$ by ! use ( any rock1 ?is reg>d = economy is n to be entirely deprecat$4 ,at ! same "t1 z a c>eless selection leads to co/ly & inf]ior results1 too mu* c>e _c be us$ 9 select+ ! prop] mat]ial :5 good roads are desir$ at ! l[e/ co/4 ,:5 macadam roads are fir/ introduc$ into a di/rict !y are at wor/ s f> sup]ior to ! old e>? roads t ! "q is r>ely ask$1 :e!r1 if ano!r mat]ial _h be5 us$1 bett] roads w\ld n h be5 obta9$1 & ?is at a small] co/4 ,:5 mi/akes are made !y are n g5]ally discov]$ until mu* "t & money h be5 exp5d$ on inf]ior roads4 ,su* errors c 9 a great measure be avoid$ if reasonable c>e is tak5 9 ! selection ( a suitable mat]ial4 ,to select a mat]ial 9 a haphaz>d way1 )\t consid]+ ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> road on :i* x is to be us$1 is n unlike an ill p]son tak+ ! ne>e/ m$ic9e at h&1 )\t ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! malady or ! prop]ties ( ! drug4 ,if a road is bad1 ! exact tr\ble mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$ be=e ! prop] rem$y c be appli$4 ,if ! surface ( a macadam road cont9ues to be too muddy or du/y aft] ! necess>y dra9age precautions h be5 foll[$1 !n ! rock ( :i* x is con/ruct$ lacks suffici5t h>dness or t\ghness to meet ! traffic to :i* x is subject$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! f9e b9d+ mat]ial ( ! surface is c>ri$ (f by w9d & ra9 & is n replac$ by ! we> ( ! co>s] fragm5ts1 ! surface /ones w soon loos5 & all[ wat] to make its way freely to ! f\ndation & br+ ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! road4 ,su* conditions are br\ght ab\t by an excess ( h>dness or t\ghness ( ! rock = ! traffic4 ,"u all conditions a rock ( high cem5t+ value is desirable2 =1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 su* a rock bett] resi/s ! we> ( traffic & ! action ( w9d & ra94 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 w be ref]r$ to aga94 ,until comp>atively rec5t ye>s b little 0 kn[n ( ! relative values ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( rock z road mat]ial1 & good results 7 obta9$ m by *ance & g5]al obs]vation ?an ?r\gh any special k ( ! subject4 ,^! conditions1 h[ev]1 d n obta9 at pres5t1 = ! subject has receiv$ a great deal ( c>eful /udy1 & a fairly accurate e/imate c be made ( ! fitness ( a rock = any conditions ( climate & traffic4 ,9 road-build+ ! attempt %\ld be made to get a p]fectly smoo? surface1 n too h>d1 too slipp]y1 or too noisy1 & z free z possible f mud & du/1 & ^! results are to be atta9$ & ma9ta9$ z *eaply z possible4 ,su* results1 h[ev]1 c only be _h by select+ ! mat]ial & me?ods ( con/ruction be/ suit$ to ! conditions4 ,9 select+ a road mat]ial x is well to consid] ! ag5cies ( de/ruction to roads t h to be met4 ,among ! mo/ important are ! we>+ action ( :eels & horses' feet1 fro/1 ra91 & w9d4 ,to f9d mat]ials t c be/ )/& ^! ag5cies "u all conditions is ! great problem t confronts ! road-build]4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 x w be well to consid] "s ( ! physical prop]ties ( rock :i* are important 9 road-build+1 = ! value ( a road mat]ial is dep5d5t 9 a l>ge measure on ! degree to :i* x possesses ^! prop]ties4 ,!re are _m su* prop]ties t affect road-build+1 b only ?ree ne$ be m5tion$ "h4 ,!y are h>dness1 t\ghness1 & cem5t+ or b9d+ p[]4 ,by h>dness is meant ! p[] possess$ by a rock to resi/ ! we>+ action caus$ by ! abrasion ( :eels & horses' feet4 ,t\ghness1 z und]/ood by road-build]s1 is ! adhesion betwe5 ! cry/al & f9e p>ticles ( a rock1 :i* gives x p[] to resi/ fracture :5 subject$ to ! bl[s ( traffic4 ,?is important prop]ty1 :ile di/9ct f h>dness1 is yet intimately associat$ ) x1 & c 9 a measure make up = a defici5cy 9 h>dness4 ,h>dness1 = in/ance1 w\ld be ! resi/ance (f]$ by a rock to ! gr9d+ ( an em]y :eel2 t\ghness1 ! resi/ance to fracture :5 /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,cem5t+ or b9d+ p[] is ! prop]ty possess$ by ! du/ ( a rock to act1 aft] wett+1 z a cem5t to ! co>s] fragm5ts compos+ ! road1 b9d+ !m toge!r & =m+ a smoo?1 imp]vi\s %ell ov] ! surface4 ,su* a %ell1 =m$ by a rock ( high cem5t+ value1 protects ! und]ly+ mat]ial f we> & acts z a cu%ion to ! bl[s f horses' feet1 & at ! same "t resi/s ! wa/e ( mat]ial caus$ by w9d & ra91 & pres]ves ! f\ndation by %$d+ ! surface wat]4 ,b9d+ p[] is ?us1 probably1 ! mo/ important prop]ty to be s\ght = 9 a road-build+ rock1 z its pres5ce is always necess>y = ! be/ results4 ,! h>dness & t\ghness ( ! b9d] surface m ?an ( ! rock itself repres5ts ! h>dness & t\ghness ( ! road1 = if ! weight ( traffic is suffici5t to de/roy ! bond ( cem5tation ( ! surface1 ! /ones bel[ are soon loos5$ & =c$ out ( place4 ,:5 !re is an abs5ce ( b9d+ mat]ial1 :i* (t5 occurs :5 ! rock is too h>d = ! traffic to :i* x is subject$1 ! road soon loos5s or ravels4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t a rock possess+ all ?ree ( ! prop]ties m5tion$ 9 a high degree does n "u all conditions make a good road mat]ial2 on ! contr>y1 "u c]ta9 conditions x may be altoge!r unsuitable4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 if a c\ntry road or city p>k way1 :]e only a light traffic prevails1 7 built ( a v h>d & t\gh rock ) a high cem5t+ value1 nei!r ! be/1 nor1 if a s(t] rock 7 available1 w\ld ! *eape/ results be obta9$4 ,su* a rock w\ld s effectively resi/ ! we> ( a light traffic t ! am\nt ( f9e du/ worn (f w\ld be c>ri$ away by w9d & ra9 fa/] ?an x w\ld be suppli$ by we>4 ,consequ5tly ! b9d] suppli$ by we> w\ld be insuffici5t1 & if n suppli$ f "s o!r s\rce ! road w\ld soon g to pieces4 ,! fir/ co/ ( su* a rock w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances be great] ?an t ( a s(t] "o & ! necess>y repairs result+ f its use w\ld also be v exp5sive4 ,a v good illu/ration ( ?is po9t is ! fir/ road built by ! ,massa*usetts ,highway ,commission4 ,?is road is on ! isl& ( ,nantucket & 0 subject$ to a v light traffic4 ,! commission desir$ to build ! be/ possible road1 & consequ5tly ord]$ a v h>d & t\gh trap rock f ,salem1 consid]$ !n to be ! be/ macadam rock 9 ! /ate4 ,deliv]$ on ! road ?is rock co/ #c4ej p] ton1 ! excessive price be+ due to ! co/ ( transportation4 ,! road 0 9 e way prop]ly con/ruct$1 & ?or\ghly roll$ ) a /eam roll]2 b 9 spite ( e precaution x soon began to ravel1 & repeat$ roll+ 0 only ( tempor>y b5efit1 = ! rock 0 too h>d & t\gh = ! traffic4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 ! road 0 resurfac$ ) lime/one1 :i* 0 mu* s(t] ?an ! trap1 x became excell5t4 ,s9ce !n all roads built on ! isl& h be5 con/ruct$ ( native granite b[ld]s ) good results1 & at a mu* l[] co/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is h>d & t\gh rock1 :i* gave su* poor results at ,nantucket1 7 us$ on a road :]e ! traffic 0 suffici5t to we> (f an ample supply ( b9d]1 v mu* bett] results w\ld be obta9$ ?an if a rock lack+ bo? h>dness & t\ghness 7 us$2 =1 9 ! latt] case1 ! we> w\ld be s great t ruts w\ld be =m$ :i* w\ld prev5t ra9 wat] dra9+ f ! surface4 ,! wat] ?us collect+ on ! surface w\ld soon make its way to ! f\ndation & de/roy ! road4 ,! du/ 9 dry wea!r w\ld also be excessive4 ,only two examples ( ! misuse ( a road mat]ial h be5 giv51 b1 z !y repres5t extreme conditions1 x is easy to see ! l>ge numb] ( int]m$iate mi/akes t c be made1 = !re are few rocks ev5 ( ! same v>iety t possess ! same physical prop]ties 9 a l degree4 ,! climatic & physical conditions to :i* roads are subject$ are equally v>i$4 ,! excell5ce ( a road mat]ial may1 !re=e1 be said to dep5d entirely on ! conditions :i* x is int5d$ to meet4 ,x may be well to m5tion a few o!r prop]ties ( rock t be> on road-build+1 ?\gh !y w n be discuss$ "h4 ,!re are "s rocks1 su* z lime/ones1 t are hygroscopic1 or possess ! p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! air1 & 9 dry climates su* rocks are di/9ctly valuable1 z ! cem5tation ( rock du/ is 9 a l>ge measure dep5d5t = its full developm5t on ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,! degree to :i* a rock absorbs wat] may also be important1 = 9 cold climates ?is to "s ext5t det]m9es ! liability ( a rock to fracture by freez+4 ,x is n s important1 h[ev]1 z ! absorptive p[] ( ! road itself1 = if a road holds mu* wat] ! de/ruction wr\ght by fro/ is v great4 ,?is tr\ble is g5]ally due to faulty con/ruction r ?an to ! mat]ial4 ,! d5sity or weight ( a rock is also consid]$ ( importance1 z ! heavi] ! rock ! bett] x /ays 9 place & ! bett] x resi/s ! action ( w9d & ra94 ,only a few ( ! prop]ties ( rock important to road build]s h be5 consid]$1 b if ^! are borne 9 m9d :5 a mat]ial is to be select$ bett] results are sure to be obta9$4 ,9 select+ a road mat]ial ! conditions to :i* x is to be subject$ %\ld fir/ be consid]$4 ,^! are pr9cipally ! annual ra9fall1 ! av]age w9t] temp]ature1 ! "* ( prevail+ w9ds1 ! grades1 & ! volume & "* ( ! traffic t is to pass ov] ! road4 ,! climatic conditions are readily obta9$ f ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & a satisfactory record ( ! volume & "* ( ! traffic c be made by any compet5t p]son liv+ 9 view ( ! road4 ,9 ,france ! measur+ ( traffic has receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion1 & a c5sus is kept = all ! national highways4 ,! traffic !re is rat$ & r$uc$ to units 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a horse haul+ a public vehicle or c>t load$ ) produce or m]*&ise is consid]$ z ! unit ( traffic4 ,ea* horse haul+ an empty c>t or private c>riage c\nts z "o-half unit2 ea* horse1 c[1 or ox1 unh>ness$1 & ea* saddle horse1 "o-fif? unit2 ea* small animal 7%eep1 goat1 or hog71 "o-?irtie? unit4 ,a record is made ( ! traffic e ?irte5? day ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & an av]age tak5 to det]m9e its mean am\nt4 ,"s su* g5]al me?od ( classify+ traffic 9 units is desirable1 z x p]mits ! traffic ( a road to be express$ 9 "o numb]4 ,be=e ?is ,fr5* me?od c be appli$ to ! traffic ( our c\ntry x w be necess>y to modify consid]ably ! mode ( rat+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] :i* c be /udi$ & prop]ly adju/$ by ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries4 ,x is mo/ important to obta9 a record ( ! av]age numb] ( horses & vehicles & k9d ( vehicles t pass ov] an e>? road 9 a day be=e ! macadam road is built4 ,! small co/ ( su* a record is trifl+ :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ ( a macadam road 7f #d1jjj to #aj1jjj p] mile = a fifte5-foot road71 9 view ( ! fact t an error 9 ! selection ( mat]ial may co/ a mu* l>g] sum ( money4 ,aft] a record ( ! traffic is obta9$1 if ! road is to be built ( cru%$ rock = ! fir/ "t1 an all[ance = an imm$iate increase 9 traffic am\nt+ at lea/ to t5 or fifte5 p] c5t _h be/ be made1 = ! improv$ road g5]ally br+s traffic f adjo9+ roads4 ,to simplify ! matt] some:at1 ! diff]5t classes ( traffic to :i* roads are subject$ may be divid$ into five gr\ps1 :i* may be call$ city1 urban1 suburban1 highway1 & c\ntry road traffic1 respectively4 ,city traffic is a traffic s great t no macadam road c )/& x1 & is su* z exi/s on ! bus9ess /reets ( l>ge cities4 ,= su* a traffic /one & wood blocks1 asphalt1 brick1 or "s su* mat]ials are necess>y4 ,urban traffic is su* z exi/s on city /reets :i* are n subject$ to cont9u\s heavy team+1 b :i* h to )/& v heavy we>1 & ne$ ! h>de/ & t\ghe/ macadam rock4 ,suburban traffic is su* z is common 9 ! suburbs ( a city & ! ma9 /reets ( c\ntry t[ns4 ,highway traffic is a traffic equal to t ( ! ma9 c\ntry roads4 ,c\ntry road traffic is a traffic equal to t ( ! less frequ5t$ c\ntry roads4 ,! city traffic w n be consid]$ "h4 ,= an urban traffic1 ! h>de/ & t\ghe/ rock1 or 9 o!r words1 a rock ( ! highe/ we>+ quality t c be f\nd1 is be/4 ,= a suburban traffic ! be/ rock w\ld be "o ( high t\ghness b ( less h>dness ?an "o = urban traffic4 ,= highway traffic a rock ( m$ium h>dness & t\ghness is be/4 ,= c\ntry road traffic x is be/ to use a comp>atively s(t rock ( m$ium t\ghness4 ,9 all cases high cem5t+ value %\ld be s\ght1 & especially if ! locality is v wet or w9dy4 ,rocks belong+ to ! same species & hav+ ! same "n1 su* z traps1 granites1 qu>tzites1 etc41 v>y almo/ z mu* 9 diff]5t localities 9 _! physical road-build+ prop]ties z !y d f rocks ( di/9ct species4 ,?is v>iation is also true ( ! m9]al composition ( rocks ( ! same species1 z well z 9 ! size & arrangem5t ( _! cry/als4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to classify rocks = road-build+ by simply giv+ _! specific names4 ,x c be said1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 species ( rock possess 9 common "s road-build+ prop]ties4 ,= in/ance1 ! trap#h rocks z a class are h>d & t\gh & usually h b9d+ p[]1 & consequ5tly /& heavy traffic well2 & = ?is reason !y are frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! be/ rocks = road-build+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always true1 = num]\s examples c be %[n :]e trap rock hav+ ! above prop]ties 9 ! highe/ degree has fail$ to give good results on light traffic roads4 ,! reason trap rock has ga9$ s mu* favor ) road-build]s is because a l>ge majority ( macadam roads 9 our c\ntry are built to /& an urban traffic1 & ! traps /& su* a traffic bett] ?an any o!r s+le class ( rocks4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r rocks t w /& an urban traffic p]fectly well1 & !re are traps t are n suffici5tly h>d & t\gh = a suburban or highway traffic4 ,! granites are g5]ally brittle1 & _m ( !m d n b9d well1 b !re are a great _m :i* :5 us$ "u prop] conditions make excell5t roads4 ,! felsites are usually v h>d & brittle1 & _m h excell5t b9d+ p[]1 "s v>ieties be+ suitable = ! heavie/ macadam traffic4 ,lime/ones g5]ally b9d well1 are s(t1 & frequ5tly hygroscopic4 ,qu>tzites are almo/ always v h>d1 brittle1 & h v l[ b9d+ p[]4 ,! slates are usually s(t1 brittle1 & lack b9d+ p[]4 ,! above g5]alizations are ( necessity vague1 & = practical purposes are ( little value1 s9ce rocks ( ! same v>iety occurr+ 9 diff]5t localities h v wide ranges ( "*4 ,x consequ5tly happ5s 9 _m cases1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are a numb] ( rocks to *oose f1 t ! difficulty ( mak+ ! be/ selection is great1 & ?is difficulty is con/antly increas+ ) ! rapidly gr[+ facilities ( transportation & ! increas$ range ( *oice :i* ?is p]mits4 ,on acc\nt ( _! desirable road prop]ties "s rocks are n[ %ipp$ sev]al hundr$ miles = use4 ,!re are b two ways 9 :i* ! value ( a rock z a road mat]ial c be accurately det]m9$4 ,"o way1 & beyond all d\bt ! sure/1 is to build sample roads ( all ! rocks available 9 a locality1 to measure ! traffic & we> to :i* !y are subject$1 & keep an accurate acc\nt ( ! co/ bo? ( con/ruction & annual repairs = ea*4 ,by ?is me?od actual results are obta9$1 b x has grave & obvi\s disadvantages4 ,x is v co/ly 7especially s :5 ! results are negative71 & x requires s great a lapse ( "t be=e results are obta9$ t x _c be consid]$ a practical me?od :5 macadam roads are fir/ be+ built 9 a locality4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 results ?us obta9$ are n applicable to o!r roads & mat]ials4 ,su* a me?od1 :ile excell5t 9 its results1 c only be adopt$ by communities :i* c af=d ! necess>y "t & money1 & is entirely inadequate = g5]al use4 ,! o!r me?od is to make laboratory te/s ( ! physical prop]ties ( available rocks 9 a locality1 /udy ! conditions obta9+ on ! p>ticul> road t is to be built1 & !n select ! mat]ial t be/ suits ! conditions4 ,?is me?od has ! advantages ( giv+ spe$y results & ( be+ inexp5sive1 & z f> z ! results ( laboratory te/s h be5 comp>$ ) ! results ( actual practice !y h be5 f\nd to agree4 ,laboratory te/s on road mat]ials 7 fir/ adopt$ 9 ,france ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & _! usefulness has be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,! te/s = rock !re are to det]m9e its degree ( h>dness1 resi/ance to abrasion1 & resi/ance to compression4 ,9 #ahic ! ,massa*usetts ,highway ,commission e/abli%$ a laboratory at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity = te/+ road mat]ials4 ,! ,fr5* abrasion te/ 0 adopt$1 & te/s = det]m9+ ! cem5t+ p[] & t\ghness ( rock 7 add$4 ,s9ce !n simil> laboratories h be5 e/abli%$ at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,wiscons9 ,geological ,survey1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has n[ e/abli%$ a road-mat]ial laboratory 9 ! ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 :]e any p]son resid+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may h road mat]ials te/$ free by apply+ = in/ructions to ! ,(fice ( ,public ,road ,inquiries4 ,! laboratory is equipp$ ) ! app>atus necess>y = c>ry+ on su* "w1 & ! ,dep>tm5t int5ds to c>ry on g5]al inve/igations on roads4 ,"p ( ! g5]al plan w be to make te/s on actual roads = ! purpose ( comp>+ ! results ) ^? obta9$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,besides te/+ road mat]ials = ! public1 blank =ms = record+ traffic w be suppli$ by ! dep>tm5t to any "o int5d+ to build a road4 ,:5 ^! =ms are fill$ & return$ to ! laboratory1 toge!r ) ! samples ( mat]ials available = build+ ! road1 ! traffic ( ! road w be rat$ 9 its prop] gr\p1 z describ$ above2 ea* prop]ty ( ! mat]ials w be te/$ & simil>ly rat$ accord+ to its degree1 ! climatic conditions w be consid]$1 & exp]t advice giv5 z to ! prop] *oice to be made4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,by ,logan ,wall] ,page1 exp]t 9 *>ge ( ,road ,mat]ial ,laboratory1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry4 #h ,?is t]m is d]iv$ f ! ,sw$i% ^w trappa1 mean+ /eps1 & 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! cry/alliz$ basalts ( ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 :i* mu* resemble /eps 9 appe>ance4 ,z n[ us$ by road build]s1 x embraces a l>ge v>iety ( igne\s rocks1 *iefly ^? ( f9e cry/all9e /ructure & ( d>k-blue1 gray1 & gre5 colors4 ,!y are g5]ally diabases1 diorites1 tra*ytes1 & basalts4--,,page4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,/one ,,roads ,,9 ,,new ,,j]sey#i ,z ,new ,j]sey conta9s a great v>iety ( soils1 !re are _m conditions to be met ) 9 road con/ruction4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate is hilly1 :]e we h clay1 s(t /one1 h>d /ones1 loose /ones1 quicks&1 & m>%es4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! sea%ore sections1 ! roads are at _! wor/ 9 summ] 9 consequ5ce ( loose1 dry s&1 :i* sometimes drifts l sn[4 ,9 we/ ,new ,j]sey1 :i* comprises ! s\!rn end ( ! /ate1 !re is mu* loose1 s(t s&1 consid]able clay1 m>%es1 & l[ l&s n easily dra9$4 ,9 addition to ! condition ( ! soil1 !re is ! economic condition to be consid]$4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns or cities1 :]e !re is heavy c>t+ by reason ( manufactories & produce m>ket+1 x is necess>y to h heavy1 ?ick1 sub/antial roads1 :ile 9 m rural di/ricts & along ! sea%ore1 :]e ! travel is pr9cipally by light c>riages1 a light] roadb$ con/ruction is pref]r$4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 :]e ! roads are us$ = imm$iate neighborhood purposes1 an inexp5sive road is desirable4 ,! ma9 ?or\ghf>es h to be con/ruct$ ) a view to consid]able increase ( travel1 z f>m]s 9 ! outly+ di/ricts :o =m]ly devot$ _! "t to graz+ ( /ock1 rais+ ( gra91 etc41 f9d x m pr(itable to *ange ! mode ( f>m+ to t ( truck rais+1 fruit gr[+1 etc4 ,! road eng9e]s ( ,new ,j]sey f9d t !y _c foll[ old pa?s & make _! roads aft] "o /yle or patt]n4 ,te*nical eng9e]+ 9 road con/ruction mu/ yield to ! practical1 common-s5se plan ( action4 ,an eng9e] ) pl5ty ( money & mat]ial at h& c con/ruct a good road almo/ any:]e & meet any condition1 b ) limit$ res\rces & a v>iety ( physical conditions he has to cut ! g>m5t to suit ! clo?4 ,we />t out ) ?is dilemma4 ,we mu/ h bett] roads1 & our means = gett+ !m be+ v limit$1 if we _c get !m z good z we w\ld l1 let u get !m z good z we c4 ,let me give a practical illu/ration4 ,/one-road con/ruction outside ( turnpike corporations 9 ,we/ ,j]sey 0 begun 9 ! spr+ ( #ahia4 ,i 0 call$ on by ! t[n%ip committee ( ,*e/] ,t[n%ip1 ,burl+ton ,c\nty1 to con/ruct "s roads4 ,moore/[n is a ?riv+ t[n ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& inhabitants 9 ! c5t] ( ! t[n%ip4 ,! roads to be con/ruct$1 ) "o exception1 ran out ( ! t[n to ! t[n%ip limits1 be+ f "o-half to ?ree miles 9 l5g?4 ,! roads 7 g5]ally = local purposes4 ,!re 7 t5 roads1 aggregat+ ab\t elev5 miles4 ,! bond+ ( ! t[n%ip 0 vot$ ^u1 & x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to c>ry ! bond+ project ( #dj1jjj1 to h all ^! roads con/ruct$ ( /one macadam4 ,! roads to be improv$ 7 det]m9$ on at a t[n meet+ )\t consult+ an eng9e] z to ! co/1 etc41 s t ! pla9 "q submitt$ to me 01 ,c y con/ruct elev5 miles ( /one road n9e feet wide = #dj1jjj8 ,! conditions to be met 7 ^!3 ,!re 0 no /one suitable = road-build+ ne>] ?an f sixty to eighty miles2 co/ ( freight1 ab\t sev5ty-five c5ts p] ton2 ! hauls f ! railroad sid+ av]ag$ ab\t "o & ?ree-qu>t] miles2 price ( teams 9 summ]1 :5 f>m]s 7 busy1 ab\t #c4ej p] day4 ,9 prep>ation = road con/ruction !re 7 sev]al hills to be cut f "o to ?ree feet2 causeways & embankm5ts to be made ov] wet & swampy gr\nd4 ,= ?is latt] "w ! prop]ty hold]s & o!rs int]e/$ along ! road agre$ to furni% teams1 ! t[n%ip pay+ = labor]s4 ,! next difficulty 0 ! k9d ( a road to build4 ,z ! wid? 0 fix$ at n9e feet z a "p ( ! conditions = bond+1 !re seem$ only "o way left to apply ! economics--t 01 9 ! dep? ( ! roads4 ,on ! dry1 s&y soils ,i put ! macadam six in*es deep2 ?is dep? 0 appli$ to ab\t six miles ( road4 ,on roads :]e ! heavie/ travel w\ld come ! roadb$ 0 made eight in*es deep4 ,on soils hav+ spr+s & on embankm5ts ov] causeways ! dep? 0 t5 in*es ) /one f\ndation1 kn[n z tel=d4 ,:]e spr+s exi/$1 !y 7 cut (f by und]dra9s4 ,x _h be5 ! practice ( eng9e]s 9 _! specifications to call = ! be/ trap rock = all ! /one con/ruction4 ,z ?is rock is h>d to cru% & difficult to be transport$ "s sev5ty or eighty miles to ?is "p ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,i f\nd t 9 ord] to con/ruct all ( ! road f ?is be/ mat]ial x w\ld take m money ?an ! bonds w\ld provide2 s ,i _h half ( ! dep? :i* =ms ! f\ndation made ( good dry s$im5t>y rock4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is !re is consid]able slate1 b ! break+ is n ne>ly s co/ly z ! break+ ( sy5ite or ,j]sey trap rock1 & !re 0 a sav+ ( ?irty p] c5t4 ,z ! surface ( ! road _h to take all ! we>1 ,i requir$ ! be/ trap rock = ?is purpose4 ,s9ce ! con/ruction ( ^! roads 9 ,*e/] ,t[n%ip1 roads are n[ built "u ! /ate-aid act by c\nty (ficials & paid = z foll[s3 ,"o-?ird by ! /ate1 t5 p] c5t by ! adjo9+ prop]ty hold]s1 & ! balance 7#ef-b_/c p] c5t7 by ! c\nty4 ,! roads con/ruct$ "u ?is act are g5]ally lead+ roads & ^? mo/ly trav]s$ by heavy teams4 ,!y are con/ruct$ simil>ly to ^? 9 ,*e/] ,t[n%ip1 except+ t !y are g5]ally twelve feet wide & f t5 to twelve in*es deep4 ,_m ( !m h a tel=d f\ndation1 :i* is n[ put d[n at ab\t ! same price z macadam1 & meets mo/ ( ! conditions bett] ?an macadam4 ,! less exp5sive /one is us$ = f\ndations1 & ! be/ & m co/ly = surface only4 ,9 ?is way ! co/ ( con/ruction has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,9 reg>d to ! wid?1 a road n9e or t5 feet wide has be5 f\nd to be q z s]viceable z "o ( great] wid?1 unless x is made f\rte5 feet & ov]4 ,x is n claim$ t a n>r[ road is j z good z a wide road1 b x has be5 f\nd bett] to h ! co/ 9 l5g? ?an 9 wid? 9 rural di/ricts4 ,9 & ne> t[ns1 :]e !re is almo/ con/ant pass+1 ! road %\ld n be less ?an f f\rte5 to tw5ty feet 9 wid?4 ,! difficulty 9 gett+ on & (f ! /one road :]e teams are pass+ is n s great z is suppos$4 ,to meet ?is difficulty 9 ! pa/1 on ea* side ( ! road ! specifications require ! contractor to make a %\ld] ( clay1 gravel1 or o!r h>d e>?2 ?is is nev] less ?an ?ree feet & sometimes six to eight feet 9 wid?1 accord+ to ! k9ds ( soil ! road is compos$ ( & ! liability ( frequ5t meet+ & pass+4 ,9 rural di/ricts ! top-dress+ ( ^! %\ld]s is tak5 f ! side dit*es2 grass sods are mix$ 9 :5 f\nd1 & 9 "s cases grass se$ is s[n4 ,z ! /one roadb$ takes ! travel ! grass soon beg9s to gr[1 receiv+ consid]able f]tiliz+ mat]ial f ! wa%+ ( ! road2 & :5 ! sod is once =m$ ! wa/e mat]ial f ! we> ( ! road is lodg$ 9 ! grass sod & ! %\ld] becomes h>d & firm1 except :5 ! fro/ is com+ out4 ,ano!r mode ( build+ a rural road *eaply & /ill h room = pass+ )\t gett+ (f ! /one con/ruction is to make ! roadb$ prop] ab\t t5 feet wide1 t5 or twelve in*es deep2 !n h w+s ( macadam on ea* side ?ree feet wide & five or six in*es deep4 ,9 case t5 feet is us$ ! two w+s w\ld make ! /one con/ruction six feet wide4 ,if ! road is made consid]ably high] 9 ! c5t] ?an ! sides1 z x %\ld be1 ! travel1 p>ticul>ly ! load$ teams1 w keep 9 ! c5t]1 & ! w+s w only be us$ 9 pass+ & %\ld la/ z long z ! ?ick] "p ( ! road4 ,! prep>ation ( ! road & mak+ x suitable = ! /one b$ is "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( road con/ruction4 ,?is1 once done prop]ly1 is p]man5t4 ,:]ev] x is possible ! hills %\ld be cut & l[ places fill$1 s t ! maximum grade w n exce$ five or six feet rise 9 "o hundr$ feet2 :]e hills _c be r$uc$ to ?is grade )\t incurr+ too mu* exp5se1 ! hill1 if possible1 %\ld be avoid$ by relay+ ! road 9 ano!r place4 ,:]ev] /one roads h be5 con/ruct$ x has be5 f\nd t ^? us+ !m = draw+ heavy loads w increase ! capacity ( _! wagons s z to c>ry ?ree or f\r times ! load =m]ly c>ri$4 ,?is c easily be done :]e ! road has a maximum grade ( n great] ?an five or six p] c5t1 z be=e /at$2 b :5 ! grade is great] ?an ?is ! p[] to be exp5d$ on su* loads ^u su* grades w exhau/ & we> out ! horses2 ?us a suppos$ sav+ 9 heavy load+ may prove to be a loss4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! road x is necess>y to h ! dit*es wide & deep en\gh to c>ry all ! wat] to ! ne>e/ natural wat] way4 ,^! dit*es %\ld at all times be kept cle> ( we$s & tra%1 s t ! wat] w n be reta9$ 9 pools4 ,bad roads (t5 occur because ?is important matt] is ov]look$4 ,on hills ! slope or side grade 9 con/ruction f c5t] ( road to side dit*es %\ld be increas$ s z to exce$ t ( ! longitud9al grade2 t is1 if ! latt] is1 say1 five p] c5t1 ! slope to side %\ld be at lea/ six p] c5t & ov]4 ,:]e ! road 9 rural di/ricts is on roll+ gr\nd & hills d n exce$ ?ree or f\r p] c5t1 x is an unnecess>y exp5se to cut ! small ones1 b all %ort rises %\ld be cut & small depressions fill$4 ,a roll+ road is n objectionable1 & besides !re is no bett] roadb$ = lay+ on metal ?an ! h>d cru/ =m$ by ord9>y travel4 ,9 putt+ on ! metal1 p>ticul>ly on n>r[ roads1 ! roadb$ %\ld be set high2 x w soon get flat en\gh4 ,x is bett] to put ! %\ld]+ up to ! /one ?an to dig a tr5* to put ! /one 94 ,if ! road aft] prep>ation is ab\t level f side to side & ! /one or metal con/ruction is to be1 say1 t5 in*es deep1 ! sides ( ! roadb$ to receive ! metal %\ld be cut ab\t ?ree in*es & plac$ on ! side to help =m ! %\ld]2 ! re/ ( ! %\ld]1 :5 suitable1 be+ tak5 f ! dit*es & sides 9 =m+ ! prop] slope4 ,! f\ndation to receive ! metal1 if ! natural roadb$ is n us$ & ! b$ is ( s(t e>?1 %\ld be roll$ until x is h>d & compact4 ,x %\ld also con=m to ! same slope z ! road :5 f9i%$ f c5t] to sides4 ,if ! b$ or f\ndation is ( s(t s& roll+ w be ( little use4 ,9 ?is case c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! b$ z uni=m z possible :ile ! /one is be+ plac$ on ! f\ndation4 ,:5 ! road passes ?r\gh villages & t[ns ! grad+ %\ld r$uce ! roadb$ to a grade z ne>ly level z possible4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! side dit*es ne$ n necess>ily always con=m to ! c5t] grade ( ! road4 ,:5 ! c5t] grade is level ! side dit*es %\ld be grad$ to c>ry (f ! wat]4 ,9 "s cases ,i h f\nd x necess>y to run ! grade = ! side dit*es 9 an opposite direction f ! grade ( ! road4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n (t5 occur4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to get ! wat] (f ! road z soon z possible aft] x falls1 & !n n all[ x to rema9 9 ! dit*es4 ,& j "h ! eng9e] w meet ) _m difficulties4 ,! l&[n]s 9 rural di/ricts are oppos$ to hav+ ! wat] f ! roads let onto _! l&s1 & disputes (t5 arise z to :]e ! natural wat] way is locat$4 ,?is %\ld be det]m9$ by ! p 9 ! neighborhood1 or by ! local au?orities4 ,i h f\nd 9 sev]al cases1 :]e ! wat] f side dit*es 0 all[$ to run on ! l&1 t ! l& 0 g5]ally b5efit$ by hav+ ! soil enri*$ by ! f]tiliz+ matt] f ! road4 ,aft] ! roadb$ has be5 ?or\ghly prep>$1 if made ( loam or clay1 x %\ld be roll$ & made z h>d & compact z possible4 ,:]ev] a depression appe>s x %\ld be fill$ up & made uni=mly h>d4 ,place ^u x a light coat ( loam or f9e clay1 :i* w act z a b9d]4 ,if ! roll] us$ is n too heavy x may be roll$ to advantage1 b ! roll+ ( ?is c\rse dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! /ones4 ,if ! /ones are cubical 9 =m roll+ is b5eficial1 b if !y are ( %ale & _m ( !m ?9 & flat1 roll+ has a t5d5cy to br+ ! flat sides to ! surface4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! next c\rse ( f9e /one = ! surface w n firmly compact & unite ) !m4 ,:5 ! f\ndation is ( tel=d x is important t /ones n too l>ge %\ld be us$4 ,!y %\ld n exce$ t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 six in*es on "o side1 :i* is laid next to ! e>?1 & f\r in*es on top1 ! dep? dep5d+ on ! ?ickness ( ! road4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! f9i%$ road is eight in*es1 ! tel=d pavem5t %\ld n exce$ five in*es2 if x is t5 or m in*es deep1 !n ! tel=d c\ld be six in*es4 ,x ne$ 9 no case be great] ?an ?is1 z ?is is suffici5t to =m ! base or f\ndation ( ! metal con/ruction4 ,! surface ( ! tel=d pavem5t %\ld be z uni=m z possible1 all project+ po9ts brok5 (f1 & int]/ices fill$ 9 ) small /one4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! /one set up p]p5dicul> ) ! roadb$ & set l5g?wise across ! road ) jo9ts brok54 ,?is f\ndation %\ld be well hamm]$ d[n ) sl$ge hamm]s & made h>d & compact4 ,^u ?is feature greatly dep5ds ! smoo?ness ( ! surface ( ! road & uni=m we>4 ,if put d[n compactly roll+ is n necess>y1 & if n put d[n solid roll+ might d x damage 9 caus+ ! l>ge /ones to lean & set on _! edges in/ead ( on ! flat sides4 ,i ref] to in/ances :]e ! road is to be t5 in*es & ov]4 ,!n put on a light coat or c\rse ( "o & "o-half in* /one1 ) a light coat ( b9d+1 & !n put on ! roll]1 ?us sett+ ! f9] /one well ) ! f\ndation & compact+ ! :ole mass toge!r4 ,aft] ! macadam or tel=d f\ndation is well laid & compact$1 ! surface or we>+ /one is put on4 ,if ! ?ickness ( ! road is great en\gh1 say twelve or f\rte5 in*es1 ?is surface /one %\ld be put on 9 c\rses1 say ( ?ree & f\r in*es1 z may be requir$ = ! det]m9$ ?ickness ( ! road4 ,on ea* c\rse !re %\ld be appli$ a b9d+1 b only suffici5t to b9d ! metal toge!r or fill up ! small int]/ices4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t brok5 /one is us$ 9 ord] to =m a compact mass4 ,! sides ( ! /one %\ld come toge!r & n be kept ap>t by :at we call b9d+ mat]ial2 !re=e only su* quantity %\ld be us$ z w fill up ! small int]/ices made by reason ( ! irregul>ity ( ! /one4 ,ea* c\rse %\ld be ?or\ghly roll$ to get ! metal z compact z possible4 ,:5 ! /one con/ruction is made to ! requir$ dep? or ?ickness1 ! :ole surface %\ld be subject$ to a coat ( scre5+s ab\t "o in* ?ick4 ,?is mu/ be kept damp by spr9kl+1 & ?or\ghly roll$ until ! :ole mass becomes consolidat$ & ! surface smoo? & uni=m4 ,be=e ! roll+ is f9i%$ ! %\ld]s %\ld be made up & cov]$ ) gravel or o!r h>d e>? & dress$ (f to ! side dit*es4 ,:5 practicable ^! %\ld h ! same grade or slope z ! /one con/ruction4 ,?is f9i% %\ld also be roll$ & made uni=m1 s t1 9 ord] t ! wat] may pass (f freely1 !re w be no ob/ruction betwe5 ! /one roadb$ & side dit*es4 ,to prev5t wa%es & insure z mu* h>dness z possible on roads 9 rural di/ricts1 grass %\ld be enc\rag$ to gr[ s z to make a /iff sod4 ,= %\ld]+1 :5 ! natural soil is ( s(t s&1 a /iff clay is desirable4 ,:5 ! natural soil is ( clay1 !n gravel or co>se s& c be us$1 cov]+ ! :ole ) ! dit* scrap+s or o!r f]tiliz+ mat]ial1 :]e grass sod is desirable4 ,( c\rse ?is is n desirable 9 villages & t[ns4 ,= b9d+1 :at is call$ g>d5 loam is ! be/4 ,:5 ?is _c be f\nd use any s(t clay or e>? free f clods or r\nd /ones4 ,x mu/ be spread on v lightly & uni=mly4 ,any good dry /one n liable to dis9tegrate c be us$ z metal = f\ndation = ei!r tel=d or macadam con/ruction4 ,= ! surface x is necess>y to h ! be/ /one obta9able4 ,l ! edge ( a tool1 x does ! s]vice & mu/ take ! we>4 ,z 9 ! tool x pays to h ! be/ ( /eel1 s on ! road1 :i* is subject to ! we> & te> ( /eel horse%oes & heavy iron tires1 x is f\nd ! *eape/ to h ! be/ ( /one4 ,x is difficult to describe ! k9d ( /one t is be/4 ,! be/ is g5]ally sy5ite trap rock1 b ?is t]m does n give any def9ite idea4 ,! k9d us$ 9 ,new ,j]sey is call$ ! g5]al "n ( ,j]sey trap rock4 ,x is a gray sy5ite1 & is f\nd 9 great quantities 9 a range runn+ f ,j]sey ,city1 on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 to a po9t on ! ,delaw>e betwe5 ,tr5ton & ,lamb]tville4 ,!re are quantities ( good /one ly+ nor? ( ?is l$ge1 b none s\? ( x4 ,! be/ is at or ne> ,j]sey ,city4 ,! same k9d ( /one is f\nd 9 ! same ranges ( hills 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b 9 ! g5]al run x is n s good4 ,! liability to s(tness & dis9tegration increases aft] leav+ ! ea/]n "p ( ,new ,j]sey1 & :ile good /one may be f\nd1 ! ve9s ( poor] /one increase z we g s\? & we/4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! h>de/ /ones are be/ = road purposes1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,! h>d qu>tz w cru% "u ! :eels ( a heavy load4 ,x is t\ghness 9 ! /one t is necess>y2 !re=e a mix$ /one1 l sy5ite1 is ! be/4 ,?is we>s smoo?1 z ! r\gh edges ( ! /one come 9 contact ) ! :eels4 ,x requires good judgm5t bas$ on exp]i5ce to det]m9e ! "r k9d ( /one to take ! con/ant we> ( horse%oes & wagon tires4 ,if good roads are desir$1 ! "w is n done :5 ! road is complet$ & ready = travel4 ,!re are _m causes :i* make repair+ necess>y4 ,i w ref] to only a few ( !m4 ,/one roads are liable to get out ( ord] because ( too mu* wat] or want ( wat]2 also1 :5 ! natural roadb$ is s(t & spr+y & has n be5 suffici5tly dra9$2 :5 wat] is all[$ to /& 9 dit*es & =m pools along ! road1 & :5 ! op5 w9t]s give u a sup]abundance ( wet4 ,be=e ! road becomes ?or\ghly consolidat$ by travel x is liable to become s(t & /ones get loose & move "u ! :eels ( ! heavily load$ wagons4 ,9 ! e>? f\ndation on :i* ! /one b$ re/s ! wat] f9ds ! s(t spots4 ,! :eels ( ! load$ teams =m ruts1 & p>ticul>ly :]e n>r[ tires are us$4 ,! "w ( repair %\ld beg9 z soon z defects appe>1 =1 if neglect$1 aft] e ra9 ! depressions make little pools ( wat] & hold x l a bas94 ,9 e case ?is wat] s(t5s ! mat]ial1 & ! wagon tires & horse%oes *urn up ! bottoms ( ! bas9s4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,if all[$ to g on1 ! road becomes r\gh1 & ! we> & te> ( ! horses & wagons are increas$4 ,/one roads out ( repair1 l any common road 9 simil> condition1 w be f\nd exp5sive to ^? :o use & ma9ta9 !m4 ,! way to d is to look ov] a road aft] a ra91 :5 ! depressions & bas9s w %[ !mselves4 ,:5ev] "o is l>ge en\gh to receive a %ovelful ( brok5 /one1 scrape out ! s(t dirt & let x =m a r+ ar\nd ! depression4 ,fill ) brok5 /one to ab\t an in* or two above ! surface ( ! road4 ,! r+ ( dirt ar\nd w keep ! /one above ! surface 9 place1 & ! pass+ :eels w "w x on ! brok5 /one & also act z a b9d]4 ,! :ole w "w d[n & become compact & ev5 ) ! road surface4 ,! ruts are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,use "o & "o-half in* /one = ?is2 small] /ones w soon gr9d up & ! hole appe> aga94 ,! second cause ( ! necessity = road repairs is want ( wat]4 ,?is occurs 9 summ] dur+ hot1 dry spells4 ,! surface /one unravels2 t is1 becomes loose :]e ! horses travel4 ,?is condition is m liable to be f\nd on dry1 s&y soils1 & :]e ! roadb$ is subject to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & :]e ! w9ds sweep (f all ! b9d+ mat]ial f ! surface4 ,9 clay soil !re is little or no tr\ble f unravel+4 ,! cause be+ f\nd1 ! rem$y is appli$ 9 ?is way3 ,put on wat] ) ! spr9kl] be=e all ! b9d+ mat]ial is bl[n (f4 ,if ! hot1 dry wea!r cont9ues1 spr9kl+ %\ld cont9ue4 ,d ?is 9 ! ev5+ or late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! next mode is to repair ! road by plac+ ! mat]ial back z x 0 orig9ally4 ,! loose /ones are plac$ 9 ! depressions & good b9d+ mat]ial--g>d5 loam or f9e clay--is put on1 !n roll ! :ole repeat$ly & damp5 by spr9kl+ z ne$$ until ! :ole surface becomes smoo? & h>d4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t too mu* b9d+ mat]ial is n us$4 ,if too mu* is us$ x w injure ! road 9 w9t] :5 !re is an excess ( wat]4 ,:5 a road has be5 neglect$ & all[$ to become unev5 & r\gh1 or is by con/ant use worn d[n to ! f\ndation /ones1 !re %\ld be a g5]al repair+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if x is ! r\ghness & unev5ness t is ! only defect1 ?is may be rem$i$ by ! use ( a l>ge1 heavy roll] ) /eel spikes 9 its roll+ :eels4 ,?is w puncture ! surface s t an ord9>y h>r[ w te> up ! surface /ones4 ,!n take ! spikes out ( ! roll] :eels1 &1 ) spr9kl+ & roll+1 ! roadb$ c be repair$ & made l a new road4 ,b if ! cause ( ! r\ghness is f we>+ away ( ! /one1 s t ! surface ( ! road is br\ght d[n to or ne> ! f\ndation1 !n ! road ne$s resurfac+4 ,! mode ( treatm5t is ! same z 9 ! o!r case4 ,9 di/ricts :]e !re is /one suitable = road con/ruction ! c\nty1 t[n1 t[n%ip1 or o!r municipality1 propos+ to con/ruct /one roads1 %\ld own a /one qu>ry & a /one cru%]4 ,= grad+ & prep>+ ! road = con/ruction1 dress+ up sides1 cle>+ out side dit*es1 etc41 a good road ma*9e is necess>y4 ,= con/ruct+ roads & repair+ !m a roll] is necess>y1 ! weight dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( road con/ruct$4 ,if ! road is n wide a roll] ( f f\r to six tons is all ! weight necess>y4 ,! roll+ %\ld be cont9u$ until compactness is obta9$4 ,= wide1 heavy roads a /eam roll] ( fifte5 tons c be us$ to advantage4 ,a spr9kl+ wagon completes ! li/ t is necess>y = ! c\nty or t[n or o!r municipality con/ruct+ its own roads4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,h>rison1 ,c4 ,e41 ,secret>y ,new ,j]sey ,road ,improvem5t ,association4 ,important ,hi/orical ,publications ,,( ,! ,ar?ur ,h4 ,cl>k ,company 99 99 99 99 99 ,full descriptive circul>s w be mail$ on application ,! mo/ important project ev] und]tak5 9 ! l9e ( ,philipp9e hi/ory 9 any language1 above all ! ,engli%4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s #adic-ahih 99 99 99 99 99 ,be+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,philipp9es f _! discov]y to ! pres5t "t 99 99 99 99 99 ,,explorations by e>ly ,navigators1 descriptions ( ! ,isl&s & _! ,peoples1 _! ,hi/ory1 & records ( ! ,ca?olic ,missions1 z relat$ 9 contemporane\s books & manuscripts1 %[+ ! political1 economic1 comm]cial1 & religi\s conditions ( ^? ,isl&s f _! e>lie/ relations ) ,european ,nations to ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,translat$1 & edit$ & annotat$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,,blair1 & ,j4 ,a4 ,,rob]tson1 ) introduction & additional notes by ,e4 ,g4 ,,b\rne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ,analytical ,index & ,illu/rations4 ,limit$ edition1 fifty-five volumes1 l>ge #hvo1 clo?1 uncut1 gilt top4 ,price1 #d4jj net p] volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! almo/ total lack ( acceptable mat]ial on ,philipp9e hi/ory 9 ,engli% gives ?is und]tak+ an imm$iate value4 --,,james ,a4 ,,le ,,roy 9 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review4 ,) our fre%5$ int]e/ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,am]ican read]s ought n to neglect ! new possessions 9 t region :i* n[ fly ! ,/>s & ,/ripes4 --,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,n[ at lea/ !re %\ld be no difficulty = ! ,am]ican /ud5t to ga9 a cle> view ( ! difficulties :i* bo? ! ,spani>ds & _! successors h _h to cont5d ) 9 ^! isl&s1 :5 !y h ?is "w be=e !m1 & h n1 z =m]ly1 to obta9 in=mation f obscure ,spani% s\rces1 9 a language hi!rto comp>atively little /udi$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 444 welcome to all /ud5ts ( ! ,f> ,ea/4--,engli% ,hi/orical ,review4 ,e>ly ,we/]n ,travels #agdh-ahdf 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,annotat$ ,,repr9ts ( "s ( ! be/ & r>e/ contempor>y volumes ( travel1 descriptive ( ! ,aborig9es & ,social & ,economic ,conditions 9 ! ,middle & ,f> ,we/1 dur+ ! ,p]iod ( ,e>ly ,am]ican ,settlem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,edit$1 ) ,hi/orical1 ,geographical1 ,e?nological1 & ,bibliographical ,notes1 & ,introductions & ,index1 by ,reub5 ,gold ,?waites ,editor ( ,! ,jesuit ,relations & ,alli$ ,docum5ts1 ,wiscons9 ,hi/orical ,collections1 ,*ronicles ( ,bord] ,w>f>e1 ,h5nep9's ,new ,discov]y1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) facsimiles ( ! orig9al title-pages1 maps1 portraits1 views1 etc4 #ca volumes1 l>ge #hvo1 clo?1 uncut1 gilt tops4 ,price #d4jj net p] volume 7except ! ,maximili5 ,atlas1 :i* is #ae4jj net74 ,limit$ edition2 ea* set numb]$ & sign$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,elaborate ,analytical ,index to ! ,:ole ,almo/ all ( ! r>e orig9als are )\t indexes4 ,9 ! pres5t repr9t s]ies1 ?is imm5se mass ( hi/orical data w be made accessible ?r\gh "o exhau/ive analytical index1 to occupy ! conclud+ volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 _m cases ! records reproduc$ are s r>e t ?is collection w be practically ! only res\rce ( ! /ud5t ( ! orig9al s\rces ( our e>ly hi/ory4 ,! pr9t+ & b9d+ ( ! edition are h&some & at ! same "t s sub/antial t ! docum5ts reproduc$ may be said to h be5 rescu$ once = all "t4--,public ,op9ion4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #db b5 *ang$ to be5 ,page #id surface+ *ang$ to surfac+ ---------------------------------------- -------