,,bullet9 #bfj                          
,,m>*1 #aiaj   ,,mi*igan  ,,/ate        
,,agricultural ,,college  ,,exp]im5t    
,,/ation    ,,division ,,( ,,botany     
,,se$s ,,( ,,mi*igan ,,we$s      ,,by   
,w4 ,j4 ,,beal     ,,ea/ ,,lans+1       
,,mi*igan   #aiaj     ,! ,bullet9s ( ?is
 ,/ation are s5t free to all newspap]s 9
 ! ,/ate & to su* individuals int]e/$ 9 
f>m+ z may reque/ !m4 ,address all      
applications to ! ,director1 ,ea/       
,lans+1 ,mi*igan4   ,,mi*igan           
,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation      
,po/(fice & ,telegraph address1         
,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*4   ,railroad &        
,express address1              ,lans+1  
,mi*4   ,a ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,/ate    
,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,&1 ,,) ,,x1 
,,controll$ ,,by ,,!   ,,incorporat$    
,,/ate ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture         
,,hon4 ,,rob]t ,d4 ,,graham1 ,gr&       
,rapids1       ,*airman ( ! ,bo>d1      
,t]m expires #aiad   ,,hon4 ,,wm4 ,j4   
,,ob]dorff]1 ,/eph5son1          ,t]m   
expires #aiab   ,,hon4 ,wm4 ,l4         

,,c>p5t]1 ,detroit1               ,t]m  
expires #aiab   ,,hon4 ,,alfr$ ,j4      
,,doh]ty1 ,cl>e1                ,t]m    
expires #aiad   ,,hon4 ,i4 ,r4          
,,wat]bury1 ,detroit1                   
,t]m expires #aiaf   ,,hon4 ,,william   
,h4 ,,wallace1 ,bay ,port1              
,t]m expires #aiaf   ,,hon4 ,,fr$ ,m4   
,,w>n]1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1        ,ex  
(ficio   ,,jona?an ,l4 ,,snyd]1 ,a4 ,m41
 ,,ll4 ,d41       ,presid5t ( !         
,college1                      ,ex      
(ficio   ,,hon4 ,l4 ,l4 ,,wright1       
,ironwood1                       ,ex    
(ficio   ,,addison ,m4 ,,br[n1 ,a4 ,b41 
,secret>y4   ,,/ation ,,c\ncil          
,,jona?an ,l4 ,,snyd]1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4   
,d41 ,pres41          ,ex (ficio        
,,rob]t ,s4 ,,%aw1 ,b4 ,s4 ,a41         
,director   ,,*>les ,e4 ,,m>%all1 ,ph4  
,d41 ,sci5tific & ,vice       ,director 
& ,bact]iologi/   ,r4 ,h4 ,,pettit1 ,b4 
,s4 ,a41                                
,entomologi/   ,a4 ,j4 ,,patt51 ,b4 ,s41
                                        

,*emi/   ,h4 ,j4 ,,eu/ace1 ,b4 ,s41     
,horticulturi/   ,j4 ,a4 ,,jeff]y1 ,b4  
,s4 ,a41                         ,soil  
,physici/   ,w4 ,j4 ,,beal1 ,ph4 ,d41   
,botani/   ,v4 ,m4 ,,%oesmi?1 ,b4 ,s41  
,f>m ,crops   ,,addison ,m4 ,,br[n1 ,a4 
,b41                ,secret>y &         
,treasur]   ,,advisory ,,& ,,assi/ant   
,,/aff4    ,c4 ,p4 ,,halligan1 ,b4 ,s41 
,as/4 ,horticulturi/   ,o4 ,,rahn1 ,ph4 
,d41                           ,as/4    
,bact]iologi/   ,a4 ,c4 ,,&]son1 ,b4    
,s41                 ,as/4 ,dairy       
,husb&ryman   ,j4 ,b4 ,,d&5o1 ,ph4 ,d41 
,assi/4 ,botani/   ,g4 ,d4 ,,%af]1 ,ph4 
,d41              ,rese>* ,as/4 9       
,entomology   ,m4 ,a4 ,,yo!rs1 ,b4 ,s41 
,as/4 9 ,entomology   ,w4 ,,giltn]1 ,d4 
,v4 ,m4 ,m4 ,s41      ,rese>* ,as/4 9   
,bact]iology   ,c4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 ,b4 ,s41 
,rese>* ,as/4 9 ,bact]iology   ,f4 ,a4  
,,spragg1 ,m4 ,s41   ,rese>* ,as/4 9    
,crops 7,plant ,bre$+7   ,c4 ,s4        
,,rob9son1 ,m4 ,s4               ,rese>*
 ,as/4 9 ,*emi/ry   ,,miss ,z4          

,,nor?rop1 ,b4 ,s41                     
,as/4 9 ,bact]iology   ,,miss ,l4 ,m4   
,,smi?1 ,ph4 ,b41                 ,as/4 
9 ,bact]iology   ,o4 ,b4 ,,w9t]1 ,a4    
,b41                         ,as/4 9    
,*emi/ry   ,,mrs4 ,l4 ,e4 ,,l&on1       
,libr>ian   ,,sub-,,/ations4    ,*a?am1 
,alg] ,c\nty1 #afj acres de$$--,leo ,m4 
,geism> 9 *>ge4   ,grayl+1 ,craw=d      
,c\nty1 #hj acres de$$4   ,s\? ,hav51   
,van ,bur5 ,c\nty1 #aj acres r5t$2 #e   
acres     de$$--,frank ,a4 ,wilk9 9     
*>ge4   ,! design] ( ?is bullet9 fir/ _h
 9 m9d some?+ ( ! sort = ! use ( 8      
/ud5ts1 n only ! und]graduates1 b o!rs  
liv+ on f>ms1 or tea*+ 9 ,mi*igan &     
else:]e4 ,:oev] gr[s se$s to sell1 or   
buys se$s to s[1 %\ld be b5efit$ by     
consult+ ! illu/rations :i* are         
unsurpass$ = accuracy by any?+ 9 ?is    
c\ntry4 ,!y 7 all made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4  
,hillman4 ,a h& l5s co/+ f tw5ty c5ts to
 a doll> is almo/ indisp5sable 9 exam9+ 
our se$s4 ,! brief descriptions are     
necess>ily made by us+ def9ite sci5tific

 t]ms1 :i* are expla9$ 9 a gloss>y at ! 
close ( ! "w4 ,a few we$s are n         
illu/rat$1 = ! reason t ! plants h ceas$
 to produce se$s1 su* z ! horse radi%1 &
 "s ( !m are n conspicu\sly bad4 ,n f> f
 half ! illu/rations are made f small   
se$-l fruits1 likely to be mi/ak5 =     
se$s1 su* z are produc$ by d&elions1    
burdocks1 n>r[-leav$ dock1 all grasses4 
,cuts ( se$s ( sev]al clov]s are ins]t$ 
t /ud5ts may le>n to di/+ui%$ !m f we$s 
too (t5 mix$ ) !m4  ,no apology is (f]$ 
= mak+ use ( ! decimal scale in/ead ( ! 
cumb]some antiquat$ ,engli% scale1 :i*  
=tunately is gradually gr[+ out ( use4  
,9 ! back "p ( ! bullet9 are duplicate  
copies ( ! decimal scale t any "o c cut 
out & use = measur+4  ,= copies ( !     
foll[+ figures "s "t ago prep>$ by ,mr4 
,hillman1 we are indebt$ to ! au?orities
 ( ! ,agricultural ,college1 ( ,r5o1    
,nevada3 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1   
#bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 
#dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 
#fc1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #hd1 #hf1 

#hg1 #ia1 #ib1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajh1
 #aaj1 #aaf1 #abe1 #acj1 #ace1 #ach1    
#adj1 #add1 #adf1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1     
#aei1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agh1     
#agi1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahi1     
#aij1 #aia1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bab1     
#bad1 #bae4      ,a we$ is any useless  
or tr\blesome plant4     ,a plant out ( 
place or gr[+ :]e x is n want$4         
,tobacco4     ,a plant ^: virtues h n   
yet be5 discov]$4--,em]son4  ,we$s      
ev]y:]e2 !y ?rive 9 ! cornfield1 !y *oke
 :eat 9 ! field1 !y annoy ! g>dn]1 !y   
?rive 9 ! mead[1 !y spr+ up by !        
roadside1 !y encroa* on ! swamp1 !y     
damage ! fleeces ( %eep4 ,! rapid       
increase 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( we$s %\ld 
cause al>m4   ,,disadvantages ,,(       
,,we$s4  #a4 ,!y rob cultivat$ plants ( 
nutrim5t4  #b4 ,!y injure crops by cr[d+
 & %ad+4  #c4 ,!y ret>d ! "w ( h>ve/+   
gra9 by increas+ ! draft & by extra we> 
( ma*9]y4 7,b9dwe$1 ?i/les1 r$ root47   
#d4 ,!y ret>d ! dry+ ( gra9 & hay4  #e4 
,!y increase ! labor ( ?re%+1 & make    

clean+ ( se$ difficult4  #f4 ,!y damage 
! quality ( fl\r1 sometimes mak+ x ne>ly
 wor?less4 7,allium v9eale ,l47  #g4    
,mo/ ( !m are ( little value z food =   
dome/ic animals4  #h4 ,"s we$s injure   
/ock by means ( b>b$ awns4 7,squirrel   
tail grass1 wild oats1 porcup9e grass47 
#i4 ,"s ( !m injure wool & disfigure !  
tails ( cattle1 ! manes & tails (       
horses4 7,burdock1 cocklebur1           
h\nd/ongue47  #aj4 ,a few make ,hair    
balls 9 ! /oma*s ( horses4 7,rabbit-foot
 clov]1 crimson clov]47  #aa4 ,"s injure
 ! quality ( dairy products4 7,leeks1   
wild onions47  #ab4 ,p5ny cress1 &      
probably o!rs1 :5 eat5 by animals1      
injure ! ta/e ( meat4  #ac4 ,poison     
hemlock1 spott$ c[bane & ,jame/[n we$   
are v poison\s4  #ad4 ,_m we$s int]f]e )
 a rotation ( crops4  #ae4 ,all we$s    
damage ! appe>ance ( a f>m & r5d] x less
 valuable4 7,quack-grass1 ,canada ?i/le1
 planta9s47   ,,"s ,,small ,,b5efits4   
#a4 ,!y are ( "s use 9 ! _w to induce m 
frequ5t & m ?or\gh cultivation1 :i*     

b5efits crops4  #b4 ,! new arrival ( a  
we$ ( fir/ rank /imulates wat*fulness4  
7,russian ?i/le47  #c4 ,9 occupy+ ! soil
 aft] a crop has be5 remov$ !y prev5t ! 
loss ( f]tility by %ad+ ! gr\nd4  #d4   
,we$s pl[$ "u add "s humus & f]tility to
 ! soil1 ?\gh 9 a v mu* less degree ?an 
clov] or c[ peas4  #e4 ,"s ( !m furni%  
food = birds 9 w9t]4   ,,:at ,,enables  
,a ,,plant ,,to ,,become ,a ,,we$4  #a4 
,sometimes by produc+ an enorm\s numb] (
 we$s4 7,a l>ge plant ( purslane1       
#a1bej1jjj se$s2 a pat* ( daisy         
fleabane1 #c1jjj to a squ>e in*47  #b4  
,9 o!r cases by ! great vitality ( _!   
se$s4 ,%eph]d's purse1 mu/>d1 purslane1 
pigeon-grass1 pigwe$s1 pepp]-grass1 ,may
 we$1 ev5+ primrose1 sm>t we$1          
n>r[-leav$ dock1 two *ick-we$s survive  
:5 buri$ 9 ! soil ?irty ye>s at lea/1 z 
,i h f\nd by actual te/4  #c4 ,9 ea*    
prickly fruit ( a cocklebur !re are two 
se$s1 only "o ( :i* gr[s ! fir/ ye>1 !  
o!r surviv+ to gr[ ! second ye>4  #d4   
,"s are v succul5t1 & rip5 se$s ev5 :5  

pull$4 7,purslane47  #e4 ,(t5 by rip5+ &
 scatt]+ se$s be=e ! cultivat$ crop is  
mature4 7,r$ root1 fleabane47  #f4      
,sometimes by rip5+ se$s at ! "t (      
h>ve/+ a crop1 :5 all are h>ve/$ toge!r4
 7,*ess1 cockle47  #g4 ,"s se$s are     
difficult to sep>ate f se$s ( ! crop    
cultivat$4 7,sorrel1 mu/>d1 n>r[-leav$  
planta9 9 se$s ( r$ clov] & alfalfa47   
#h4 ,"s are v small & escape notice4    
7,mulle91 fleabane47  #i4 ,"s plants g  
to se$ long be=e suspect$1 z no %[y     
fl[]s ann\nce ! "t ( bloom4 7,pigwe$s47 
#aj4 ,9 a few cases ! plants break loose
 f ! soil :5 mature & become            
tumble-we$s4 7,"s pigwe$s1 ,russian     
?i/le47  #aa4 ,"s se$s & se$-l fruits   
are furni%$ ea* ) a balloon1 or a sail1 
or ) grappl+ hooks4 7,d&elion1          
/icktights1 burdock47  #ab4 ,"s rema9 ) 
! dead plant long into w9t]1 & :5 torn  
(f by ! w9d or by birds1 drift = long   
di/ances on ! sn[1 (t5 f "o f>m to      
ano!r4 7,pigwe$s47  #ac4 ,"s h creep+   
root-/ocks or tub]s4 7,quack-grass1     

nut-grass47  #ad4 ,"s def5d !mselves )  
=ks & bayonets4 7,?i/les47  #ae4 ,mo/ ( 
!m are disagreeable 9 ta/e or odor1 s t 
dome/ic animals leave !m to occupy !    
gr\nd & multiply4 7,jame/[n we$1 /9k    
grass1 milk we$47  #af4 ,plants ) /\t   
roots are sometimes pass$ ov] by ! h>r[ 
or cultivator4   ,,h[ ,,are ,,we$s      
,,introduc$ ,,& ,,h[ ,,are ,,!y         
,,spread8  #a4 ,by live /ock1 c>ri$ 9 ! 
hair or fleece or c>ri$ by ! feet2 9 "s 
in/ances pass+ alive ) ! excrem5t4  #b4 
,by ungr\nd fe$-/uff pur*as$4  #c4 ,by  
adh]+ to ! insides ( sacks :]e !y 7     
plac$ ) gra94  #d4 ,9 b>ny>d manure     
drawn f t[n4  #e4 ,9 ! pack+ ( trees1   
crock]y1 bal$ hay & /raw4  #f4 ,by      
wagons1 sleighs1 ?re%+ ma*9es4  #g4     
,sometimes by pl[s1 cultivators & h>r[s4
  #h4 ,by railway tra9s pass+ ?r\gh or  
ne> a f>m4  #i4 ,by balla/ ( boats at   
:>ves4  #aj4 ,by wool-wa/e at factories4
  #aa4 ,by birds1 squirrels1 & mice4    
#ab4 ,by wat] ( brooks1 riv]s1 by wa%+  
ra9s & by irrigat+ dit*es4  #ac4 ,by !  

w9d aid$ by little w+s or d[n1 or by    
drift+ on ! sn[4  #ad4 ,by dropp+ se$s  
to ! gr\nd f ext5d+ bran*es & repeat+ ! 
process4  #ae4 ,by creep+ root-/ocks1 z 
,june grass1 quack-grass & toad-flax4   
#af4 ,by pi]c+ potatoes1 c>rots1 etc41  
quack-grass1 ,june grass1 ,b]muda grass 
are sometimes c>ri$ to o!r fields or    
f>ms :]e ! tub]s & roots are plant$4    
#ag4 ,a f>m] buys clov] se$s or grass   
se$s t 7 gr[n 9 "s /ate t nev] be=e grew
 se$s t w5t onto 8 f>m & ?us he may get 
"s new we$s4 ,se$s ( alfalfa or "s o!r  
crop br+ new k9ds ( we$s1 especially ^? 
( dodd]4 ,z e k9d ( we$ goes onto a f>m 
to /ay !re x foll[s t z a c\ntry becomes
 old] ! great] ! numb] ( k9ds ( we$s4 ,z
 a rule ea* f>m is annually gett+ m     
sorts ( we$s1 & z ea* f>m] is cultivat+ 
we$s1 !y are m freely di/ribut$ 9 e     
field & along e roadside & by ex*ang+ !y
 are c>ri$ to neighbor+ & di/ant f>ms4  
,a great _m f>m]s buy & s[ :atev] !     
m]*ant (f]s !m "u ! "n m5tion$4 ,=      
example1 ! college has a sample ( some?+

 call$ clov] se$1 sold by a deal] 9 ?is 
/ate4 ,x conta9s ab\t #dj p] c5t (      
n>r[-leav$ planta94   ,,:]e ,,c]ta9     
,,we$s ,,are ,,tr\blesome4  ,to beg9 )1 
ye>s & ye>s ago no new f>m 9 ! wild]ness
 ( ,mi*igan conta9$ m ?an tw5ty to      
?irty-five k9ds ( we$s1 z !re 7 n m ?an 
?irty-five sorts 9 ! entire /ate1 :ile  
at pres5t !re are n f> f #bej k9ds4 ,a  
l>ge majority ( we$s hail f old]        
c\ntries1 m especially f ,europe4  ,!re 
are a few we$s1 l ,canada ?i/le &       
quack-grass1 t may infe/ any crop ( f>m 
or g>d51 b 9 mo/ cases1 :e!r to call a  
we$ v bad dep5ds on ! nature ( ! crop   
gr[n1 ! size ( ! we$-se$s & _! "t (     
rip5+4  ,"s we$s h a v wide di/ribution1
 ?riv+ all ar\nd ! _w 9 temp]ate        
climates1 :ile o!rs are m limit$ 9      
range2 "s ?rive only 9 dry1 ?91 s&y soil
 & o!rs 9 wet soils4 ,to "s ext5t !     
pres5ce ( a few we$-se$s is almo/ z     
objectionable :5 once on ! f>m1 z ?\gh  
!re 7 m1 because ^! few may ?rive & se$ 
freely4  ,9 _m respects ! li/s ( we$s = 

,new ,j]sey is diff]5t f ! li/ 9        
,mi*igan1 :ile half ! we$s ( ,nevada or 
,oregon are n kn[n 9 our /ate4  ,*ess1  
cockle1 r$ root & rye are liable to be  
tr\blesome 9 fields ( w9t] :eat1 because
 ! se$s are m or less difficult to      
sep>ate f ?is gra9 & = ! reason t !y    
require a portion ( two ye>s to come to 
maturity4  ,mead[s & pa/ures1 especially
 :]e ! l& is n f]tile1 ab\nd 9 we$s t   
require two ye>s or m to produce se$s1  
su* z n>r[-leav$ dock1 bitt] dock1 bull 
?i/le1 c>rot1 teasel1 two k9ds (        
mulle9s1 night-fl[]+ cat*fly1 ev5+      
primrose1 sev]al k9ds ( fleabane1 ox-eye
 daisy1 orange hawkwe$1 two or ?ree k9ds
 ( planta91 ,canada ?i/le1 h\nd's       
tongue1 /ick se$1 s[ ?i/le1 horse       
nettle1 butt]cups1 toad flax1 silv]y    
c9quefoil1 & _m m1 n exclud+ "s annuals1
 l crab-grass1 tickle grass1 pigeon     
grasses4 ,z crops ( corn1 potatoes1     
beans1 turnips1 beets & squa%es are     
ready to h>ve/ at ! close ( "o gr[+     
season !y are mole/$ m or less by pigeon

 grasses1 sev]al pigwe$s1 purslane1     
crab-grass1 b>ny>d grass1 tickle grass &
 a numb] ( o!rs4  ,9 #ahig "s           
sev5ty-five lots ( timo?y se$s 7 exam9$ 
& ! foll[+ li/ ( tw5ty-f\r species (    
we$s 7 f\nd4 ,d\btless o!r we$s may /ill
 be f\nd 9 o!r lots ( timo?y se$4 ,no   
sample 0 entirely free f we$s4 ,pepp]   
grass 0 mo/ common1 next foll[$ tumble  
we$ & !n %eph]d's purse3    ,am>an?us   
graecizans1 ,tumble we$4   ,am>an?us    
retr(lexus1 ,r\gh pigwe$4   ,an!mis     
,cotula1 ,may we$4   ,brassica arv5sis1 
,*>lock4   ,brassica nigra1 ,black      
mu/>d4   ,bursa ,bursa-pa/oris1         
,%eph]d's purse4   ,c>duus arv5sis1     
,canada ?i/le4   ,c>ex /ram9ea4 ,a k9d (
 s$ge4   ,*5opodium album1 ,pigwe$4     
,*5opodium filicifolium1 ,ano!r k9d (   
pigwe$4   ,lactuca ,canad5sis1 ,wild    
,lettuce4   ,lepidium ,virg9icum1 ,wild 
,pepp]-grass4   ,onagra bi5nis1 ,ev5+   
primrose4   ,panicum capill>e1 ,hair    
grass1 tickle grass4   ,plantago        
lanceolata1 ,n>r[-leav$ planta94        

,plantago ,rugelii1 ,rugel's ,planta91  
"o ( ! broad-leav$ planta9s4   ,poa     
compressa1 ,flat-/emm$ poa1 wire grass4 
,pot5tilla ,monspeli5sis1 ,r\gh         
c9quefoil4   ,prunella vulg>is1         
,self-heal4   ,rumex ,acetocella1 ,field
 or %eep sorrel4   ,sisymbrium (fic9ale1
 ,h$ge mu/>d4   ,v]b5a angu/ifolia1     
,n>r[-leav$ v]va94   ,v]b5a ha/ata1     
,blue v]va94   ,v]b5a urticifolia1 ,:ite
 v]va94  ,9 exam9+ "s #acj lots ( clov] 
se$s z f\nd 9 ! m>ket dur+ #ahig1       
?irty-two k9ds ( we$ se$s 7 f\nd4 ,%eep 
sorrel 0 mo/ common1 next to ?is yell[  
or bitt] dock & gre5 foxtail4 ,only ?ree
 samples ( clov] se$ 0 free f we$s1 b   
possibly "s we$s might h be5 se5 if l>g]
 quantities _h be5 look$ ov]4  ,dur+ !  
ye> #aijh1 elev5 ye>s lat]1 #dg k9ds (  
we$ se$s 7 f\nd 9 #abb lots ( se$ ( r$  
clov]1 a ga9 ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t4  ,dur+ 
?ree mon?s f ,janu>y #a1 #aiaj1 9 exam9+
 #dej lots ( se$s ( grasses1 clov]s &   
alfalfas1 besides l>ge numb]s ( common  
we$s t we "k1 7 #gd k9ds n kn[n to !    

writ]4 ,( ^! #gd k9ds1 probably "s w    
nev] become we$s ( any acc\nt4 ,"s ( ^! 
came ) alfalfa f ,montana & "s 7        
importations f ,europe & else:]e4       
,p>asitic fungi rank z we$s2 su* z ru/s 
& smuts ( :eat1 oats1 corn2 apple scab1 
black knot ( plum1 br[n rot ( *]ry1     
an?racnose ( beans4   ,,"s ,,means ,,=  
,,prev5t+ ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,we$s 
,,& ,a ,,few ,,rules ,,= ,,_!           
,,ext]m9ation4  #a4 ,! "r k9d ( a man1  
:o w c>efully obs]ve & /udy ! k9ds (    
we$s & _! habits1 fight+ ea* to ! be/   
advantage1 i4 e4 ) me?od4  #b4 ,see t   
all se$s pur*as$ or gr[n at home = se$  
are free f se$s ( we$s4 ,al?\gh (t5     
he>d1 ^! words are too little he$$4  #c4
 ,see t ?re%+ ma*9es1 hay racks1 gra9   
bags f o!r f>ms are well clean$ be=e us$
 on ! f>m4  #d4 ,cook or gr9d scre5+s & 
burn *aff :5 c]ta9 we$s are suspect$4   
#e4 ,s5d se$s to ! ,agricultural        
,college1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 = id5tification1 
unless !y are kn[n to be h>mless4  #f4  
,/rive to prev5t we$s f rip5+ se$s4 ,?is

 is especially important late 9 ! season
 9 case ( all pigwe$s1 purslane & o!rs  
:]e ! fl[]s are v small & are liable to 
be ov]look$ & ! se$s rip5 be=e _!       
pres5ce is suspect$4  #g4 ,= mead[ or   
pa/ure make ! soil v f]tile1 z mo/ we$s 
w !n be kill$ or cr[d$ by ! bett] grass 
& become ( little acc\nt4  #h4 ,modify !
 rotation ( crops ) ref]5ce to kill+ !  
we$s4  #i4 ,make a specialty ( ho$ or   
cultivat$ crops4  #aj4 ,make soil+ crops
 a prom95t feature 9 c]ta9 fields4  #aa4
 ,smo!r we$s ) quick gr[+ & ?ickly se$$ 
crops1 l r$ clov] or rye or buck:eat4   
#ab4 ,keep "s crops gr[+ on ! l& f e>ly 
spr+ till late autumn1--d\ble cropp+1 i4
 e41 two cultivat$ crops 9 "o ye> = b>n 
& cell> in/ead ( "o = use & "o ( we$s4  
#ac4 ,cultivate ?or\ghly aft] a crop is 
remov$4  #ad4 ,clean up & avoid leav+   
any vacant or out ( ! way places = bre$+
 gr\nd4  #ae4 ,:]e practicable1 remove  
f5ces & cultivate to ! gutt]s ( !       
highway4  #af4 ,keep "s %eep4  #ag4 ,:5 
once begun1 cont9ue ! "w ?or\ghly f ye> 

to ye>1 giv+ no qu>t] to we$s4 ,?is is !
 easie/ 9 ! long run & ! royal way4     
#ah4 ,:]e h& labor is employ$1 x is f>  
less exp5sive & mu* easi] to keep we$s  
d[n by rak+ or hoe+ once a week ?an by  
go+ ov] ! gr\nd mu* less frequ5tly4  ,! 
habits ( a we$ det]m9e to a great ext5t 
! be/ mode ( fight+ x4 ,c]ta9 rem$ies   
sugge/ !mselves = creep+ p]5nials1 l    
quack grass & toad flax1 :ile diff]5t   
treatm5t is be/ = n>r[-leav$ dock2 &    
/ill a diff]5t mode ( attack may be     
adopt$ = crab grass & purslane4  ,we$s  
are annuals1 z pigwe$s1 crab grass1     
purslane2 bi5nials z bull ?i/le &       
mulle9s2 p]5nials1 l quack grass1       
,canada ?i/le1 ox-eye ,daisy4  ,w x pay8
 ,! annual co/ ( successfully fight+ a  
we$y f>m ( #ajj acres 9 ,ont>io has be5 
f\nd to be ab\t #ge4 ,good cultivation 9
 ! long run pays a great] pr(it ?an     
slip%od culture4 ,x n only kills ! we$s1
 b keeps ! soil 9 condition = secur+    
good crops4 ,x cons]ves moi/ure4        
,p]5nial plants _c ga9 any if ! gre5    

leaves are n all[$ to appe>4 ,! n\ri%m5t
 /or$ 9 ! root /ocks und]gr\nd w aid !  
plant to s5d up sl5d] leaves & if ^!    
rema91 ! plants ga9 & recruit1 b if !   
leaves />t und]gr\nd & are cut (f be=e  
com+ to ! light1 ^! root /ocks are drawn
 on aga9 to furni% food to />t m leaves 
& ?us1 9 "t become exhau/$4     ,,se$s  
,,( ,,mi*igan ,,we$s4   ,,ascomycetes4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,ergot4        
,claviceps purpurea4 ,?is is a poison\s 
fungus1 n a se$1 m5tion$ "h because x is
 frequ5tly f\nd z an outgr[? ( ! gra9 ( 
_m grasses1 su* z rye1 timo?y1 r$ top4  
,to mature spores1 x mu/ pass to ano!r  
/age requir+ six mon?s or m4   ,,grass  
,,family4 ,,gram9eae4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #b4  ,quack-,grass4 ,c\*-,grass4  
,agropyron rep5s 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,florets 
ab\t #a cm4 long1 #e-n]v$ at ! %ort-awn$
 apex3 gra9 seldom produc$ & /ill less  
frequ5tly f\nd ap>t f ! floral glume &  
palea1 l9e>1 ab\t #d mm4 long1 base     
abruptly acute1 apex r\nd$1 r\nd$ on !  
back or outside1 inside concave4 ,our   

wor/ we$4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,wild ,oat4    
,av5a fauta ,l4 ,fre$ f *aff ! floral   
glume is firm1 r\gh1 br[n1 ?9ly hairy1  
ab\t #ae mm4 long1 awn f ne> ! middle   
#b-d cm4 long ) sev]al firm twi/s1      
abruptly b5t ne> ! middle1 ! true gra9  
seldom sep>at$ f ! firm] floral glume4  
,a bad we$ 9 ,oregon & ,cali=nia1 seldom
 se5 9 ,mi*igan4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#d4  ,field ,*ess4 ,bromus arv5sis 7,l47
 ,n (t5 se5 9 ?is c\ntry2 floral glume  
#f-g mm4 long be>+ an awn r long]2 gra9 
mu* l t ( ,b4 secal9us :i* see4         
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #e4  ,s(t ,*ess4 ,bromus          
hordeaceus ,l4 7,bromus mollis74 ,floral
 glume ext5d+ beyond ! gra91 #e-g n]v$1 
#f-i mm4 long1 gra9 r\nd$ on ! back1    
%ape ( a %all[ boat1 #f4e mm4 long1     
palea ?9 ) comb-l tee? on ! m>g9s4 ,wa/e
 places1 ?9 mead[s4 ,introduc$ f        
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4       
,smoo? ,brome-grass4 ,bromus racemosus  
,l4 ,florets ab\t #i mm4 long1 awn #f-aj

 mm4 long2 long]1 s(t]1 ?9n]1 ) long]   
awn ?an f\nd 9 florets ( ,b4 secal9us   
:i* see4 ,n (t5 se5 9 ?is c\ntry4       
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #g4  ,*ess ,*eat4 ,bromus secal9us
 ,l4 ,florets swoll5 a little above !   
middle1 ! floral glume r\nd$ on ! back1 
obscurely #g-n]v$1 #f-g mm4 long1 an awn
 #c-d mm4 long1 m or less2 palea cov]+ !
 concave side1 ea* edge be>+ a s+le r[ (
 /iff hairs2 glume & palea closely adh]+
 to ! gra94 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a we$
 9 :eat fields4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4
  ,b>r5 ,brome ,grass4 ,bromus /]ilis   
,l4 ,floral glume m9utely r\gh5$1 adh]+ 
to ! gra92 #e-g n]v$2 #aa-ae mm4 long2  
compress$2 concave 9 section4 ,introduc$
 f ,europe1 becom+ common 9 ! /ate4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4  ,s&-,bur4      
,bur-,grass4 ,c5*rus tribuloides ,l4    
,spikelets consi/+ ( ! gra9 & its       
cov]+s1 broad oval1 some:at flatt5$1    
ab\t #g mm4 long1 ?9ly cov]$ by /iff1   
/raight1 b>b$1 prickles1 #b-e mm4 long1 
mak+ a disagreeable & =midable bur1 (t5 

common on s&y l&4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4  ,b]muda       
,grass4 ,cynodon ,dactylon ,l41 ,p]s41  
7,capriola ,dactylon 7,l47 ,kuntze74    
,floral glume enclos+ ! gra91 smoo?1    
light color$1 oval to half-oval1 #a4e to
 #b mm4 long1 9 cross section ) two long
 sides & a %ort side half z long2 gra9  
light br[n1 obovate to oval1 a small    
nipple at ! l>g] end4  ,! plant se$s 9  
hot c\ntries b n 9 cool1 temp]ate       
regions2 spread+ *iefly by co>se1 h>d   
root/ocks4 ,introduc$4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aa4  ,small ,crab-,grass4        
,digit>ia humifusa ,p]s4 ,panicum l9e>e 
,kroa*4 ,syn!risma l9e>is 7,kro*47 ,na%4
 ,spikelets 9 ! r\gh1 be=e sev]e rubb+1 
ovoid or oblong1 flatt5$1 #b mm4 long1  
fir/ glume m9ute1 second & ?ird z long z
 ! spikelet1 s(t ) v %ort hairs1 "o ( !m
 #c-n]v$1 ! o!r #e-n]v$2 floret aft]    
sev]e rubb+1 br[n to black1 smoo?1      
floral glume ( ! r\nd$ side curv+ ov] ! 
edges bel[ cov]+ ) _! edges ab\t        
two-?irds ( ! palea4 ,introduc$ f       

,europe2 becom+ tr\blesome on ?9 lawns4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4  ,l>ge         
,crab-,grass4 ,f+] ,grass4 ,digit>ia    
sangu9alis 7,l47 ,scop4 ,panicum        
sangu9ale ,l4 ,syn!risma 7,l47 ,na%4    
,spikelets be=e sev]e rubb+1 oblong1    
acute1 #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 fir/ glume on 
flatt5$ side m9ute1 second on r\nd$ side
 ab\t half z long z ! spikelet1 pubesc5t
 or ne>ly smoo?1 ?ird glume m or less   
pubesc5t1 #e-g-n]v$2 floret1 aft] sev]e 
rubb+1 smoo?1 edges ( floral glume ?94  
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,roots v t\gh &   
com+ f ! l[] jo9ts4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ac4  ,b>ny>d ,grass4 ,e*9o*loa        
,crus-galli 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,panicum      
,crus-galli ,l4 ,florets oval1 :ite1    
yell[i% gray or br[n1 #b4d-c mm4 long1  
plano-convex1 glume on ! convex side1   
highly poli%$1 ?ree obscure longitud9al 
n]ves4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4  ,y>d-,grass4  
,wire-,grass4 ,eleus9e ,indica 7,l47    
,ga]tn4 ,florets light lead color or    
br[n be=e ?re%+ or mu* rubb+2 gra9 d>k1 

r$di% br[n1 #a4b-a4d mm41 ovoid ) ! base
 abruptly po9t$1 #c sid$1 ! corn]s      
r\nd$1 a v]tical groove along "o side2  
se5 f ! back ) ! groove side d[n & base 
t[>d ! obs]v]1 />t+ f an oval spot ne> !
 base1 #aj-ae ridges on ea* side1 ext5d 
d[nw>d & =w>d4 ,introduc$ f "s w>m]     
region ( ! ,old ,_w4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #ae4  ,/9k-,grass4 ,eragro/is     
mega/a*ya 7,koel]7 ,l9k4 ,eragro/is     
major ,ho/4 ,gra9 orange r$ or w9e color
 4#d-4f mm4 long4 ,broad oval to ne>ly  
circul>1 v slightly flatt5$1 extremities
 slightly po9t$1 embryo )9 "o edge ne> !
 base1 a f9e network ( d>k l9es evid5t  
"u a good l5s4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4  ,squirrel-tail
 ,grass4 ,hordeum jubatum ,l4 ,spikelets
 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 c5tral "o only f]tile1
 #e mm4 long1 conta9+ a gra9 adh]+ to ! 
floral glume & palea1 ! o!r two         
abortive1 sev5 awns 9 ^! ?ree spikelets1
 #d-f cm4 long1 f\r o!rs less ?an #a cm4
 long2 awns & fragm5t ( ra*is hold+ !   
clu/] ( spikelets toge!r1 all b>b$      

upw>d1 mak+ !m tr\blesome = fleeces (   
%eep & ! m\?s ( animals eat+ !m4 ,native
 ( ?is c\ntry & widely di/ribut$4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4  ,old ,wit*    
,grass4 ,tickle ,grass4 ,a ,tumble-,we$4
 ,panicum capill>e ,l4 ,florets flatt5$1
 elliptical1 apex abruptly po9t$1 ab\t  
#a4e mm4 long1 highly poli%$1 lead5     
gray1 light] at ! extremities & along ! 
edges ( ! glume1 five sl5d] light color$
 n]ves jo9 ! extremities pass+ v]tically
 ov] ! glume1 two light n]ves on !      
palea4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4  ,tall ,smoo?  
,panicum4 ,swit* ,grass4 ,panicum       
virgatum ,l4 ,a*5e surr\nd$ by two      
p]si/5t %9+ pieces1 ! floret2 floral    
glume h>d1 light br[n1 oval or          
ovate-lanceolate #b4e-c4a mm4 long4     
,apex obtusely po9t$4 ,seldom           
tr\blesome1 widely di/ribut$4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4  ,l[           
,spe>-,grass4 ,poa annua ,l4 ,florets   
/raw-color$1 #b4h-c4a mm4 long1 apex    
smoo?1 l[] half ( keel & ! base ( lat]al

 n]ves1 hav+ num]\s s(t hairs4 ,a l[    
annual grass1 introduc$ f ,europe4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4  ,flat /emm$   
,poa4 ,wire ,grass4 ,canadian ,blue     
,grass4 ,poa compressa ,l4 ,florets     
lance-obovate1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 closely 
resembl+ ^? ( ,poa prat5sis1 :i* see4   
,palea abruptly acute4 ,if well rubb$   
aft] ?re%+1 ! floret is ne>ly smoo?1    
o!rwise x conta9s on ! l[] half num]\s  
webby hairs4 ,gra9 r$di% br[n1 bo? ends 
po9t$1 #a-a4d mm4 long4 ,seldom s[n     
purposely4 ,sometimes us$ to adult]ate  
,poa prat5sis4 ,9 e>ly days ?is grass 0 
call$ blue grass by p ( ,new ,engl& &   
,new ,york ,/ate4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4  ,june ,grass4 
,k5tucky ,blue ,grass4 ,poa prat5sis ,l4
 ,florets ovate-lanceolate1 acute #c-d  
mm4 long1 ) ?ree equal sides :5 se5 9   
transv]se section1 ne>ly smoo?1 if      
sev]ely rubb$ 9 ?re%+1 o!rwise ! floral 
glume is ?ickly webb$ at ! base2 palea  
acum9ate1 gra9 light br[n1 elliptical1  
bo? ends usually po9t$ #a4b-a4d mm4     

long1 9 cross sections ) ?ree equal     
sides1 "o ( :i* has a %all[ v]tical     
groove4 ,comp>e ) ,poa compressa4       
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bb4  ,rye4 ,secale c]eale ,l4    
,gra9 light br[n1 #f-h mm4 long1        
elliptical1 base acute1 apex obtuse &   
r\nd$1 9 cross section ! back some:at   
acutely r\nd$1 ! opposite side ) a n>r[ 
v]tical groove1 surface m or less       
irregul>ly wr9kl$4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4
 ,a bad we$ 9 :eat fields4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4                
,pigeon-,grass4 ,yell[ ,foxtail4 ,set>ia
 glauca 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,*aeto*loa glauca 
7,l47 ,scrib4 ,spikelets light to d>k   
br[n1 #b4e-c mm4 long2 aft] ?re%+ or mu*
 rubb+ consi/+ ( ea* a gra9 & two firm  
cov]+s1 kn[n z a floral glume :i* cov]s 
! sides ( ! some:at depress$ palea1     
oval1 apex slightly #c-too!d1 r\nd$ side
 /rongly ar*$1 some:at ,v-%ap$1 r\gh5$  
crosswise by prom95t f9e m or less      
bran*+ ridges2 ridges ( palea on concave
 side less prom95t4 ,introduc$ f        

,europe4 ,v common 9 ho$ annual crops4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4  ,gre5         
,foxtail4 ,gre5 ,pigeon ,grass4 ,set>ia 
viridis 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,*aeto*loa viridis
 7,l47 ,na%4 ,spikelets1 light to d>k   
br[n mottl$1 #b-b4c mm4 long1 aft] ?re%+
 or mu* rubb+ consi/+ ( ! gra9 & two    
firm cov]+s1 ! r\nd$ "o kn[n z a floral 
glume :i* cov]s ! edges ( ! flatt5$     
side1 oval1 ! surface granul> & v fa9tly
 /riate1 l5g?wise & ridg$ crosswise4    
,mu* resembl+ ,hung>ian grass4          
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,f\nd ) yell[     
foxtail4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4      
,porcup9e ,grass4 ,/ipa sp>tea ,tr94    
,gra9 inclos$ 9 ! floral glume1 light   
br[n1 #ah mm4 long1 clo!d on ! l[] half 
) %ort br[n hairs slant+ upw>d1 be>+ at 
! base a %>p1 h>d1 curv$ beak1 :5 dry ! 
atta*$ awn is twi/$ = #f cm4 & /raight &
 b5t at "r angles ab\t #f cm4 ,:5       
moi/5$1 ! awn untwi/s m or less2 twi/+ &
 untwi/+ ! be>ds hold :at ! beak pi]ces1
 ?us mak+ x a =midable weapon to ent] ! 
sk9s ( %eep1 goats & dogs4 ,=tunately x 

is seldom abundant4 ,s&y l& ,mi*igan &  
we/w>d4   ,,s$ge ,,family4 ,,cyp]aceae4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4  ,yell[        
,nut-,grass4 ,cyp]us escul5tus ,l4 ,?is 
is a species ( s$ge1 & s f> z ,i h      
exam9$1 produces no se$s1 p]haps hav+   
lo/ t me?od ( reproduction1 z x acquir$ 
! habit ( spread+ by tub]s "h illu/rat$4
 ,9 moi/ soil1 sometimes a tr\blesome   
we$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4  ,ovoid  
,spike-ru%4 ,eleo*>is ovata 7,ro?47 ,r4 
,s4 ,spike ovoid1 #d-aj mm4 long1 a*5e  
pale to *e/nut br[n1 %9+1               
obovate-oblong1 compress$1 ab\t #a mm4  
long1 be>+ a triangul> tub]cle at !     
apex1 & six to eight b>b$ bri/les1      
#a4c-a4g mm4 long1 v v>iable4 ,n        
tr\blesome except 9 l[ l&4   ,,ru%      
,,family4 ,,junaceae4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bh4  ,sl5d] ,ru%4 ,juncus t5uis  
,willd4 ,se$s light br[n to amb] color1 
transluc5t1 flatt5$1 oval1 half oval1   
oblong1 ovoid1 ! acute apex curv$ to "o 
side1 ab\t #j4c mm4 long4 ,dry to moi/  
soil1 almo/ ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 n[   

migrat+ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a v common1
 grass-l ru% 9 ?is /ate1 seldom         
recogniz$ by any "o "u any "n1 except by
 a fir/-rate botani/4   ,,lily ,,family4
 ,,lilaceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4  
,field ,g>lic4 ,wild ,g>lic4 ,allium    
v9eale ,l4 ,se$s n se51 app>5tly seldom 
produc$2 bulblets 7b7 light yell[ or    
almo/ :ite1 obovoid to elliptical1 #g-h 
mm4 long1 :5 dry4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 
,tr\blesome 9 pa/ures & ta9t+ ! flavor (
 butt]2 9 :eat x ta9ts ! flavor ( fl\r4 
,p]si/5t :5 introduc$4 ,! illu/ration ( 
gra9s ( :eat 7a7 are giv5 = comp>ison4  
,,nettle ,,family4 ,,urticaceae4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4  ,sl5d]        
,nettle4 ,urtica gracilis ,ait4 ,a*5es  
compress$1 l5s-%ap$1 ovate1 r>ely oval1 
faces simil>1 smoo?1 dull & grayi% br[n1
 4#i-a4a mm4 long4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry4
 ,comp>$ ) ,u4 dioica1 ?is a*5e is ?9n] 
& %ort]4 ,prom95t 9 l[ pa/ures4         
,,buck:eat ,,family4 ,,polygonaceae4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4  ,knot-,grass4 
,polygonum avicul>e ,l4 ,?is door-y>d   

we$ is 9 no s5se a grass4 ,a*5es        
unequally #c-sid$1 ovoid1 acute1 angles 
obtuse1 surface1 dull1 light to d>k     
r$di% br[n1 f9ely granul> & /riate      
l5g?wise4 #a4h-b4b mm4 long1 usually ) !
 rema9s ( calyx atta*$4 ,native ( ?is   
c\ntry4 ,common ab\t door-y>ds4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4  ,wild         
,buck:eat4 ,polygonum ,convolvulus ,l4  
,a*5es dull1 jet-black1 equally #c-sid$1
 elliptical to obovoid1 m9utely granul> 
(t5 ) fa9t longitud9al /riation1 ! faces
 (t5 m or less concave1 ! angles r\nd$1 
#b4e-c4e mm4 long1 sometimes ) ! rema9s 
( calyx atta*$4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4   
,(t5 climb+ up corn /alks4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4  ,erect        
,knotwe$4 ,polygonum erectum ,l4 ,a*5es 
dull1 light to d>k br[n1 unequally      
#c-sid$1 ovoid or rhombic1 f9ely granul>
 & /riate l5g?wise1 ! faces sometimes   
concave1 ! angles r\nd$1 #b4e-c mm4     
long1 sometimes ) ! rema9s ( calyx      
atta*$4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,( little
 acc\nt4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4      

,sm>t-we$4 ,polygonum ,hydropip] ,l4    
,a*5e dull1 granul>1 light to d>k r$di% 
br[n1 l5ticul>1 acutely & n>r[ly or     
broadly elliptical1 or #c-sid$1 apex    
acute1 concave on ! sides1 angles       
obtuse1 #b-c mm4 long1 sometimes ) !    
rema9s ( ! dott$ calyx atta*$4          
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,wet l&4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4  ,dock-leav$ or
 ,pale ,p]sic>ia4 ,polygonum            
lapa?ifolium ,l4 ,a*5e %9+1 d>k to      
*e/nut br[n1 #b-b4b mm4 long1 flatt5$1  
circul> to broadly ovate ) abruptly     
po9t$ apex1 ! base obtuse or be>+ !     
rema9s ( ! ?9 calyx4 ,introduc$ f       
,europe4 ,l[ wet places4  ,%ore         
,knotwe$4 ,polygonum littorale ,l9k4 ,s 
f> z ! a*5es are conc]n$1 !y are        
id5tical ) ^? ( ,p4 avicul>e above      
describ$4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,on h>d 
or ?9 places1 especially :5 newly grad$4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4  ,p5nsylvania
 ,p]sic>ia1 ,polygonum ,p5nsylvanicum   
,l4 ,a*5e %9+1 jet-black1 flatt5$1      
surface v slightly unev5 & granul> ne>ly

 circul> ) a %ort abrupt apex1 edge     
r\nd$1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 (t5 be>+ !      
rema9s ( ! calyx4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4
 ,occasional 9 annual crops4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4  ,lady's ,?umb4
 ,polygonum ,p]sic>ia ,l4 ,a*5e %9+1    
jet-black1 surface f9ely unev51 mu*     
flatt5$ ) r\nd$ edges or ) #c ne>ly     
equal concave faces1 ! edges fa9tly     
angl$ along ! c5t]1 broadly ovate1 base 
obtuse or be>+ a portion ( ! calyx1 apex
 abruptly po9t$1 #b-b4c long4 ,introduc$
 f ,europe4 ,wa/e places & /ubble gr\nd4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4  ,climb+     
,false ,buck:eat4 ,polygonum sc&5s ,l4  
,a*5e black1 %9+1 9 cross-section sides 
flat or concave1 corn]s r\nd$1 obovate1 
9 v]tical outl9e sides r\nd$ to an      
obtuse apex1 f r\nd$ sides to base      
slightly concave1 base acute1 #c4e-d mm4
 long :5 fre$ f ! p]si/5t base ( !      
calyx4 ,woods & %ady places4 ,n prom95t 
z a we$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4      
,sorrel4 ,s\r ,dock4 ,rumex ,acetosa ,l4
 ,calyx-w+s broadly ovate or orbicul>1  

he>t-%ap$ #c4e-d4e mm4 long1 a*5e %9+1 )
 #c equal sides1 broadly oval1 bo? ends 
abruptly po9t$1 ! ?9 edges usually      
light] color$ ?an ! d>k br[n or black   
convex faces1 #a4e-b mm4 long4          
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,n common4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4  ,%eep ,sorrel4
 ,rumex ,acetosella ,l4 ,a*5es usually  
closely cov]$ by dull r$di% br[n1 f9ally
 r\gh5$ calyx1 :i* is remov$ )          
difficulty2 a*5es %9+ ) #c equal sides1 
broadly oval1 ! base r\nd$1 ! apex      
abruptly po9t$1 sides convex1 r$di% br[n
 or amb] color1 corn]s obtuse1 d>k]     
color$4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh 9    
l>ge "p introduc$ f ,europe4 ,v common 9
 ?9 s&y mead[s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#da4  ,n>r[-leav$ or ,curl$ ,dock4      
,rumex crispus ,l4 ,a*5e cov]$ by #c    
br[n he>t-%ap$ calyx-w+s1 :i* are       
#b4e-c4e mm4 long1 ea* be>+ an ovoid1   
acute tub]cle2 "o ( !m is #a4e mm4 long1
 ! o!r two small]4 ,a*5e ovoid1         
#c-;angl$1 %9+1 ri* r$di%-br[n1 #a4c-a4h
 mm4 long1 4#g-a4d mm4 wide1 9 transv]se

 section ! angles prom95t1 convex sides 
& angles concave ne> ! base2 base       
abruptly acute2 :5 view$ v]tically sides
 & angles concave ne> ! apex2 apex      
abruptly acute1 comp>e ^! notes ) ^?    
conc]n+ ,r4 obtusifolius4 ,introduc$ f  
,europe4 ,v common on l[ l& & 9 mead[s4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4  ,broad-leav$  
or ,bitt] ,dock4 ,rumex obtusifolius ,l4
 ,a*5e cov]$ by ?ree br[n1              
ha/ate-deltoid calyx-w+s1 :i* are ab\t  
#d mm4 long1 ea* be>+ an                
ovoid-elliptical tub]cle1 "o ( !m #a4e  
mm4 long1 ! o!r two v n>r[1 rudim5t>y4  
,a*5es ovoid1 #c-;angl$1 less poli%$ ?an
 ^? ( ,r4 crispus1 light br[n1 #b-b4d   
mm4 long1 #a-a4d mm4 wide1 angles 9     
transv]se section slight1 sides convex1 
usually 9 a great] degree ?an 9 ! specie
 j nam$1 v]tically sides & angles v     
slightly concave or /raight ne> ! base  
:i* is abruptly acute2 sides & angles   
ne> ! apex sc>cely concave or /raight2  
apex acute4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,n v  
common4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4       

,pati5ce ,dock4 ,rumex ,pati5tia ,l4    
,calyx-w+s circul>-he>t %ap$1 #d-f mm4  
long1 "o ( !m be>+ a prom95t ovoid      
tub]cle2 a*5e ovoid-elliptical1         
#c-;angl$1 some:at poli%$1 %9+1         
light-br[n1 #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 #a4g-b   
mm4 wide1 angles prom95t1 sides /raight1
 9 transv]se section1 n c\nt+ ! angles1 
base r\nd$1 n c\nt+ ! abrupt po9t1 :5   
se5 v]tically1 ! sides ne> ! apex are   
/raight or slightly concave4 ,introduc$ 
f ,europe4 ,n common4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #dd4  ,will[-leav$ ,dock4 ,rumex  
,mexicanus ,meisn4 ,rumex salicifolius  
,we9m4 ,calyx-w+s triangul>-ovate1 ab\t 
#c mm4 long1 ea* be>+ a l>ge tub]cle2   
a*5e d>k r$di% br[n1 smoo?1 %9+1        
#a4h-b4b mm4 long1 ovoid1 angles        
prom95t1 ! sides view$ transv]sely      
r\nd$1 ! sides ( ! base z view$         
v]tically1 r\nd$1 /raight or slightly   
concave1 ne> ! apex /raight or concave4 
,a native ( ,nor!a/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,n 
common4   ,,goosefoot ,,or ,,pigwe$     
,,family4 ,,*5opodiaceae4  ,illu/ration3

 ,fig4 #de4  ,spread+ ,ora*e4 ,atriplex 
patula ,l4 ,se$s are likely to occur 9  
ei!r ( ?ree diff]5t guises1 dep5d+ ^u ! 
degree ( _! rip5ess or ! am\nt ( ?re%+  
to :i* !y h be5 subject$4  ,a*5es ?91   
dull1 granul>1 gray1 closely fitt+ !    
se$2 se$ jet-black1 %9+1 flatt5$1 ne>ly 
circul>1 edge bluntly r\nd$1 & not*$ 9  
"o place1 a groove lead+ f "o side ( a  
m>g9$ protub]ance "p way to ! c5t] ( !  
face1 #a4e-a4h mm4 9 diamet]4 ,introduc$
 f ,europe4 ,seldom tr\blesome4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4  ,pigwe$4      
,lamb's ,qu>t]s4 ,*5opodium album ,l4   
,se$s are likely to occur 9 ei!r ( ?ree 
diff]5t guises dep5d5t ^u ! degree ( _! 
rip5ess or ! am\nt ( ?re%+ to :i* !y h  
be5 subject$4 ,! figure %[s ^!          
conditions admirably4  ,se$s black1 dull
 or some:at gli/5+1 gray if n pretty    
clean2 ne>ly circul>2 some:at l5s-%ap$1 
"o side usually m ne>ly flatt5$ ?an !   
o!r #a-a4d mm4 9 diamet]1 ! edge bluntly
 r\nd$1 ! m convex side be>+ a curv$    
groove lead+ f "o side ( ! m>g9al       

protub]ance to ne> ! c5t] ( ! face1     
surface f9ely unev51 (t5 ) a fa9tly     
evid5t radiat+ /riation4 ,introduc$ f   
,europe4 ,v common 9 annual crops4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4  ,mexican ,tea4
 ,*5opodium ambrosioides ,l4 ,note      
rem>ks "u la/ prec$+ description conc]n+
 diff]5t /ages ( clean+4 ,se$s smoo?1   
%9+1 r$di% br[n1 to black1 ?ickly d\ble 
convex ) sc>cely a trace ( a hem-l m>g91
 circul>1 %ort kidney-%ap$ or ovate ) a 
not* on ! edge1 4#f-4h mm4 long4        
,introduc$ f tropical ,am]ica4 ,n       
prom95t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4      
,j]usalem ,oak4 ,*5opodium ,botrys ,l4  
,conc]n+ diff]5t /ates ( clean+1 note   
rem>ks above "u ,c4 album4  ,se$s       
p]fectly clean$ ) great difficulty1 br[n
 to black or gray1 :5 imp]fectly clean$1
 slightly flatt$ on two sides1 circul>  
or r\nd1 kidney-%ap$1 sometimes ) a     
hem-l m>g91 on "o side a fa9t groove f !
 m>g9 to ne> ! c5t] ( ! face1 4#f-4h mm4
 9 diamet]4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,n    
prom95t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4      

,oak-leav$ ,goosefoot4 ,*5opodium       
glaucum ,l4 ,conc]n+ ! diff]5t /ages (  
clean+ note rem>ks above "u ,c4 album4  
,se$s br[n to black1 m or less slightly 
granul>1 %9+1 flatt5$ on two sides1     
circul> edge bluntly r\nd$1 ) a s+le    
not* f :i* on "o side ext5ds a slight   
depression t[>d ! c5t] ( ! face1 4#e-4h 
mm4 9 diamet]4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4    
,occasional on moi/ soil4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ej4  ,maple-leav$ ,goosefoot4   
,*5opodium hybridum ,l4 ,conc]n+ !      
diff]5t /ages ( clean+1 note rem>ks     
above "u ,c4 album4  ,se$s black1 %9+1  
gre5i% gray if n fully clean$1 ne>ly    
circul>1 l5s-%ap$1 equally convex1      
#a4b-a4h mm4 9 diamet]1 ) a not* on !   
edge1 f :i* on "o side a groove leads to
 ne> ! c5t] ( ! face1 surface f9ely     
unev51 (t5 ) a fa9tly evid5t radiat+    
/riation4 ,native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,(      
little importance4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#ea4  ,_m-se$$ ,goosefoot4 ,*5opodium   
polysp]mum ,l4 ,conc]n+ diff]5t /ages ( 
clean+1 note rem>ks above "u ,c4 album4 

,se$s f9ely gl&ul>1 %9+1 jet-black1     
gre5i% gray1 :5 n fully clean$1 ne>ly   
circul> or broadly kidney-%ap$1 sides   
equally convex1 4#f-a4a mm4 9 diamet]1 )
 a not* on ! edge f :i* on "o side1 a   
groove leads to ne> ! c5t] ( ! face4    
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #eb4  ,w+$ ,pigwe$4 ,cycloloma    
atriplicifolium 7,spr5g47 ,c\lt]4 ,se$s 
are likely to occur 9 ei!r ( ?ree       
diff]5t guises dep5d+ ^u ! degree _!    
rip5ess or ! am\nt ( ?re%+ to :i* !y h  
be5 subject$4 ,see ! figure ( ?is       
species4 ,se$s granul>1 circul>1 dull1  
jet-black1 or gray 9 case ! ?9 ov>y     
rema9s1 #a4c-a4g mm4 9 diamet]1 l[] face
 convex1 ! upp] slightly convex if      
mature1 ) a slight not* on ! r\nd$ edge1
 ! l[] face be>+ a slight curv$ groove1 
lead+ f ! not* to ne> ! c5t]1 ! upp]    
face ) a light spot at ! c5t]4          
,introduc$ f we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a    
tumble we$1 n common4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ec4  ,russian ,?i/le4 ,salsola   
,kali t5uifolia ,g4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mey4 ,?is  

is n a ?i/le nor a cactus1 b a pigwe$4  
,conc]n+ diff]5t /ages ( clean+1 note   
rem>ks above "u ,*5opodium album 7see ! 
figures74 ,se$s conical1 ! apex flatt5$ 
or concave1 bo? sides %[+ ! long coil$  
embryo1 light gray 9 color1 ab\t #b mm4 
9 diamet]4 ,introduc$ f nor!rn ,europe  
into ! nor? we/ & f !re into ,mi*igan4  
,well adv]tis$1 ?\gh n ( high rank z a  
we$ 9 ?is /ate4 ,a tumble we$4          
,,am>an? ,,family4 ,,am>an?aceae4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4  ,we/]n ,wat]  
,hemp4 ,acnida tub]culata ,moq4 ,se$s   
smoo?1 highly poli%$1 br[n to jet-black1
 d\ble convex1 ne>ly circul>1 ) a slight
 not* at "o edge1 4#f-4h mm4 9 diamet]1 
small]1 light] color$1 & ?9 m>g9s less  
conspicu\s ?an ^? f\nd on ! se$s (      
,am>an?us circaezans4 ,!re are ?ree     
v>ieties ) se$s mu* ! same z ^!4 ,native
 ( l[ gr\nd 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,mi*igan4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4  ,pro/rate     
,am>an?4 ,am>an?us blitoides ,s4 ,wats4 
,se$s smoo?1 highly poli%$1 jet-black1  
d\ble convex1 ne>ly circul>1 ) a slight 

not* at "o edge1 #a4d-a4e mm4 9 diamet]4
 ,introduc$ f we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4  
,x ?rives on s&y & gravelly banks4 ,m>g9
 ( ?is se$ is less pron\nc$ ?an 9 ei!r (
 ! o!r ?ree notic$ above4 ,f\nd almo/   
ev]y:]e 9 fields ( ,mi*igan4 ,introduc$ 
f tropical ,am]ica4 ,v common 9 annual  
ho$ crops4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4    
,tumble we$4 ,am>an?us graecizans ,l4   
,se$s smoo?1 highly poli%$1 jet-black1  
d\ble convex1 ne>ly circul> ) a slight  
not* at "o edge1 4#g-a mm4 9 diamet]4   
,comp>e ) ,acnida4 ,introduc$ f tropical
 ,am]ica4 ,x ne$s s& or gravel4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4  ,sl5d]        
,pigwe$4 ,am>an?us hybridus ,l4 7,a4    
*loro/a*ys74 ,se$s smoo?1 highly poli%$1
 jet-black1 d\ble convex1 broadly ovate1
 ) a slight not* at ! n>r[ extremity1   
#a4a-a4d mm4 long4 ,di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ 
species by hav+ a se$ ovate in/ead (    
circul>4 ,introduc$ f tropical ,am]ica4 
,n abundant4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4  
,r\gh ,pigwe$s4 ,am>an?us retr(lexus ,l4
 ,sometimes incorrectly call$ r$-root4  

,se$s smoo?1 highly poli%$1 jet-black1  
d\ble convex1 broadly ovate1 ) a slight 
not* at ! n>r[ end1 4#i-a4b mm4 long4 ,!
 se$s ( ?is & ! next prec$+ are ovate1  
:ile ^? ( ! fir/ two are v ne>ly        
circul>4 ,:5 se5 edgewise1 ! hem-l m>g9 
( ?is se$ is less prom95t !n 9 ei!r ( ! 
prec$+ ?ree notic$ above4 ,f\nd almo/   
ev]y:]e 9 annual crops4 ,introduc$ f    
tropical ,am]ica4   ,,knotwe$ ,,family4 
,,illecebraceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ei4  ,knawel4 ,scl]an?us annuus ,l4 ,z 
! se$ is s+le = ea* fl[]1 x is          
unnecess>y = ! ov>y to op52 ! small1    
h>d5$1 t5-angl$ calyx ) its five ?ick   
lobes aid 9 protect+ & di/ribut+ ! se$  
)94 ,! se$ is seldom se54 ,calyx /raw   
color$1 obovoid1 #b mm4 long besides !  
five spread+1 membranace\s lobes1 :i*   
are ne>ly z long4 ,a l[ spread+ plant1  
resembl+ "s k9ds ( *ickwe$4             
,,aizoaceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4  
,c>pet-,we$4 ,mollugo v]ticillata ,l4   
,se$s orange-r$1 %9+1 flatt5$1          
kidney-%ap$ or ovoid1 4#d-4f mm4 long1  

concave on ! ?9n] edge f :i* protrudes a
 nipple-l po9t1 a l[ c5tral ridge pass+ 
ov] ! r\nd$ edge4 ,native ( w>m]        
,am]ica4 ,ne$+ s&4   ,,p9k ,,family4    
,,c>yophyllaceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#fa4  ,cockle4 ,agro/emma ,gi?ago ,l4   
,fl[]s rose-color$2 pod erect1 ovoid1   
ab\t #af mm4 long2 se$s d>k br[n to     
black1 w$ge-%ap$-triangul>1 appe>+ z    
?\gh ! two extremities 7 b5t toge!r2    
surface cov]$ ) curv$ r[s ( conspicu\s  
tee?1 "o side #c-c4e mm4 long4          
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,9 no s5se a we$  
except 9 :eat fields4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #fb4  ,?yme-leav$ ,s&wort4 ,ar5>ia
 s]pyllifolia ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 se$s     
r$di% br[n to lead color1 slightly      
flatt5$1 circul> to %ort-kidney-%ap$4   
,ea* side cov]$ ) #d-e curv$ r[s (      
smoo?1 oval tub]cles1 giv+ ! appe>ance (
 hav+ two extremities b5t toge!r1 ab\t  
#e mm4 9 diamet]4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe1
 delight+ 9 light1 poor soil4 ,:5 well  
gr[n x becomes a tumblewe$4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4  ,l>g] ,m\se-e>

 ,*ickwe$4 ,c]a/ium vulgatum ,l4 ,fl[]s 
:ite2 pods cyl9drical2 se$s light-r$di% 
yell[ to d>k r$di% br[n2 slightly       
flatt5$1 #d-sid$1 #b ( !m /raight1      
conv]g+1 "o r\nd$1 ! o!r n>r[ & not*$4  
,"s ( !m ovoid1 o!rs ne>ly circul>1     
cov]$ ) a few irregul>ly curv$ r[s (    
tub]cles1 4#d-4h mm4 9 diamet]4 ,9 l>ge 
"p introduc$ f ,europe1 ?\gh a native ( 
?is cont95t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4  
,b\nc+ ,bet4 ,soapwort4 ,sapon>ia       
(fic9alis ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 se$s d>k     
lead-color1 flatt5$1 %ort-kidney-%ap$ to
 circul> ) not* on "o side1 #b mm4      
across1 m or less1 ) #f-g curv$ r[s (   
%ort1 %9y tub]cles4 ,naturaliz$ f       
,europe1 delight+ 9 s&y soil4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4  ,c[-h]b4      
,sapon>ia ,vacc>ia ,l4 ,se$ dull1       
jet-black1 slightly r\gh5$ by great     
numb]s ( m9ute po9ts1 ne>ly sph]ical1   
#b4c mm4 9 diamet]4 ,an annual v        
tr\blesome 9 spr+ :eat4 ,introduc$ f    
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4      
,sleepy ,cat*-,fly4 ,sil5e antirrh9a ,l4

 ,fl[]s p9k2 se$s lead-color1 slightly  
flatt5$1 circul> to %ort-kidney-%ap$1   
ea* side cov]$ ) #e-f curv$ r[s ( po9t$ 
tub]cles giv+ ! appe>ance ( hav+ two    
blunt extremities b5t toge!r1 4#e-4g mm4
 across4 ,comp>e se$s ) ^? ( ,ar5>ia    
above describ$4 ,:5 9 fl[]1 two ( ! upp]
 int]nodes are glut9\s4 ,only f\nd on ?9
 soil4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4  ,=k$  
,cat*-fly4 ,sil5e di*otoma ,ehrh4 ,se$s 
r$di%-br[n1 flatt5$1 ! ?ree sides & !   
corn]s r\nd$1 ?icke/ at "o corn] n>r[+  
to ! side opposite2 se$ sc> 9 ! middle (
 ! n>r[ side1 f\r curv$ r[s ( tub]cles  
on ei!r side ( ! se$ ext5d+ to ! sc>1   
diamet] #a4c mm41 ! ?ick edge concave1  
conta9+ #f-g r[s ( tub]cles4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4  ,bladd]       
,campion4 ,sil5e latifolia 7,mill47     
,britton  ,r&le4 ,sil5e 7,mo5*7 ,g>cke4 
,fl[]s :ite2 pod cov]$ by an inflat$    
calyx1 se$s dull grayi% br[n1 flatt5$1  
w$ge-%ap$1 oval or #c-sid$1 #a-a4g mm4  
across1 #e-g curv$ r[s or tub]cles on   
ea* side4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe4        

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4  ,night-fl[]+  
,cat*-,fly4 ,sil5e noctiflora ,l4 ,fl[]s
 :ite2 se$s dull grayi% br[n1 v slightly
 flatt5$1 oval or %ort kidney-%ap$1     
ne>ly #a4e mm4 across1 ) #h-aj curv$ r[s
 ( tub]cles on ea* side4 ,naturaliz$ f  
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4      
,spurry4 ,sp]gula arv5sis ,l4 ,fl[]s    
:ite2 se$s jet-black1 except a n>r[ly   
w+$1 light-color$ m>g91 slightly        
flatt5$1 circul> 9 outl9e #a-a4e mm4    
across1 ) a slight not* on "o side1     
surface (t5 spr9kl$ ) delicate1 fragile1
 light-color$ prickles4 ,introduc$ f    
,europe4 ,?riv+ on poor1 s&y l&4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4  ,common       
,*ickwe$4 ,/ell>ia m$ia 7,l47 ,cyrill4  
,als9e m$ia ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 se$s r$di% 
yell[ to d>k br[n1 some:at flatt5$1     
ne>ly circul>1 ea* side cov]$ ) #e-f    
curv$ r[s ( tub]cles1 giv+ ! appe>ance (
 hav+ ! two extremities b5t toge!r1 ab\t
 #a mm4 9 diamet]4 ,introduc$ f ,europe1
 ?riv+ 9 cool wea!r 9 %ade4   ,,purslane
 ,,family4 ,,portulacaceae4             

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4  ,purslane4    
,pussley4 ,portulaca ol]acea ,l4 ,fl[]s 
yell[1 se$s jet-black1 %9+1 flatt5$1    
w$ge-%ap$1 hav+ ?ree r\nd$ ne>ly equal  
sides1 broadly oval or almo/ circul>1   
(t5 hav+ a curv$ too? or po9t on "o     
side1 ) #c-d curv$ r[s ( m9ute tub]cles4
 ,se$ 4#e-4h mm4 9 diamet]4 ,naturaliz$ 
f ! s\?we/4 ,e g>d5] kn[s h[ difficult x
 is to ext]m9ate ?is we$4   ,,cr[foot   
,,family4 ,,ranunculaceae4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4  ,small-fl[]$  
,cr[foot4 ,ranunculus abortivus ,l4     
,a*5e light br[n to /raw color$1        
#j4h-a4b mm4 9 diamet]1 oblong1 #j4c mm4
 ?ick1 :5 se5 9 cross sections1 surface 
unev5 ) m9ute wr9kles1 pits & dots      
flatt5$1 broad oval to circul>1         
?ree-sid$1 be>+ ! rema9s ( a %ort curv$ 
/yle4 ,ri*1 l[ woods1 n a common we$4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4  ,bitt] or     
,tall ,butt]cup4 ,ranunculus acris ,l4  
,a*5es dull1 d>k br[n1 two-beak$1       
some:at l5s-%ap$1 #c-d mm4 long1 "o edge
 v slightly convex1 ! o!r prom95tly s1  

or some:at semicircul> 9 outl9e1 hem-l  
m>g91 obscure4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,l[
 l&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4  ,bulb\s 
,butt]cup4 ,ranunculus bulbosus ,l4     
,a*5es dull br[n1 ne>ly circul>1 diamet]
 #c-d mm42 beak %ort1 turn$ to "o side1 
surr\nd$ by a n>r[1 hem-l m>g94 ,9      
,june1 _m mead[s ( ,new ,engl& & ,new   
,york are yell[ ) great numb]s ( fl[]s4 
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,upl&2 =tunately n
 yet common 9 ?is /ate4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #gf4  ,creep+ ,butt]cup4          
,ranunculus rep5s ,l4 ,a*5es plump1     
dull1 light-br[n1 ne>ly circul>1 diamet]
 #c-d or m mm42 beak m or less hook$1   
hem-l m>g9 conspicu\s4 ,?is species     
usually se$s v sp>+ly1 b :5 once        
introduc$1 x looses no "t 9 spread+ by  
creep+ /ems4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,moi/
 l&2 a rapid spread] by runn]s4         
,,poppy ,,family4 ,,papav]aceae4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4  ,cel&9e4      
,*elidonium majus ,l4 ,yell[ sap1 yell[ 
fl[]s2 se$s d>k br[n to almo/ black1    
ovoid1 #a4b-a4e mm4 long1 ) #aj-ab curv$

 v]tical r[s ( small squ>e depressions  
on ea* side2 project+ f "o side a       
prom95t :ite or cream-color$ ridge1     
irregul>ly wr9kl$ :5 dry4 ,introduc$ f  
,europe4 ,p]si/5t4   ,,mu/>d ,,family4  
,,crucif]ae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4  
,yell[ or ,small ,alyssum4 ,alyssum     
alyssoides ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 fruit ne>ly
 circul>2 se$s ri* yell[i% br[n1 ab\t   
#a4e mm4 long1 ne>ly /raight on "o edge1
 flatt5$ slightly1 convex on ea* side or
 "o side flat1 surr\nd$ by a ?9 w+4     
,cotyl$ons accumb5t4 ,introduc$ f       
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4      
,yell[ ,rocket4 ,w9t] ,cress4 ,b>b>ea   
vulg>is ,r4 ,br4 7,b>b>ea ,b>b>ea ,l4   
,mac4 ,m47 ,se$s r\gh5$1 dull1 light    
br[n1 irregul>ly flatt5$1 broad oval1   
circul>-oval1 circul>-oblong1 cotyl$ons 
accumb5t4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4  ,ho>y         
,alyssum4 ,b]t]oa incana 7,l47 ,d4 ,c4  
,fl[]s :ite2 pods oval1 flatt5$2 se$s   
r$di% br[n1 circul>1 broad oval1 or     
rhombic 9 outl9e1 ab\t #a4e mm4 9       

diamet]1 flat on "o side %[+ a slight   
groove1 ! o!r side convex1 irregul> ow+ 
to pressure 9 ! pod4 ,cotyl$ons         
accumb5t4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a      
?rifty we$ ( ! mu/>d family4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4  ,*>lock4      
,brassica arv5sis 7,l47 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4     
,pods tipp$ ) a flatt5$ elongat$-conic1 
(t5 #a-se$$ beak4 ,see also cuts (      
rutabaga & black mu/>d4 ,introduc$ f    
,europe4 ,see /atem5ts la/ above4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4  ,rutabaga4    
,brassica campe/ris ,l4 ,se$ dull1 light
 or d>k r$di% br[n1 r\gh5$ by an        
indi/9ct net "w ( ridges1 v ne>ly       
sph]ical1 #a4d-a4h mm4 9 diamet]4 ,mu*  
cultivat$1 incl9$ to escape4 ,includ$ "h
 = comp>ison ) o!r species4 ,introduc$ f
 ,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4     
,indian ,mu/>d4 ,brassica juncea 7,l47  
,cossos4 ,see also cuts ( turnip & black
 mu/>d4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4  ,black ,mu/>d4
 ,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,ko*4 ,se$s d>k  
br[n to r$di% br[n1 #a-a4g mm41         

sph]ical1 or broadly oblong1 n flatt5$4 
,! surface ( well develop$ specim5s     
pres5ts a delicate b evid5t net "w ( f9e
 ridges :i* appe> "u ! l5s z d>k l9es4  
,! sc> 7hilum7 is a :iti%1 elevat$ spot1
 at "o extremity ( ! oblong se$s4 ,see  
cuts ( se$s ( turnip4 ,introduc$ f      
,europe4 ,a vigor\s p]si/5t we$4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4  ,small ,fruit$
 ,false-,flax4 ,camel9a microc>pa ,&rz4 
,fl[]s small1 yell[2 pods pe>-%ap$1     
flatt5$1 ab\t #f mm4 long1 surr\nd$ by a
 v]tical ridge2 se$s r$di% br[n1        
granul>1 usually broad-oval1 ab\t #a mm4
 long1 slightly flatt5$1 ! v]tical ridge
 mu* less prom95t ?an 9 ,c4 sativa4 ,:5 
wet ! se$ is soon cov]$ ) mucilage4 ,n  
yet v common4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4  ,false ,flax4 
,camel9a saliva 7,l47 ,crantz4 ,! common
 "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t x is a we$ (    
flax fields 9 ,europe4 ,fl[]s small1    
yell[i%2 pods pe>-%ap$1 slightly        
flatt5$1 #h-aj mm4 long1 surr\nd$ by a  
v]tical ridge4 ,se$s r$di% yell[1       

granul>1 usually oval1 #b-c mm4 long1 "o
 side flat or r\ndi%1 ! o!r furni%$ ) a 
prom95t v]tical or oblique ridge4 ,se$  
incumb5t4 ,:5 wet ! se$ is soon cov]$ ) 
mucilage4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4  ,%eph]d's     
,purse4 ,capsella ,bursa-pa/oris 7,l47  
,m$ic4 ,bursa ,bursa-pa/oris 7,l47      
,britton4 ,fl[]s small1 :ite2 pods flat1
 ne>ly triangul>1 ab\t #d mm4 long4     
,se$s r$di% yell[1 granul>1 oblong1     
slightly flatt5$1 #a mm4 or less long4  
,ea* side usually be>+ two longitud9al  
grooves1 sep>at+ ! surface into ?ree    
ne>ly equal p>ts1 ^! grooves indicat+ ! 
position ( ! p>ts ( ! embryo4 ,:5 plac$ 
9 wat]1 a copi\s coat ( transp>5t       
mucilage appe>s on ! surface4 ,9 ,nevada
 & ,colorado a great pe/ 9 fields (     
,alfalfa4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4     
,h>e's ,e>4 ,conr+ia ori5talis 7,l47    
,dumort4 ,se$s br[n1 surface *eck$ (f   
into m9ute irregul> pits or pat*es2     
broad oval1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 9 section  
ne>ly circul>1 except two opposite      

slight grooves ne> "o side4 ,cotyl$ons  
incumb5t4 ,introduc$1 n common4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4  ,s& ,rocket4  
,diplotaxis muralis 7,l47 ,,dc4 ,fl[]s  
yell[1 se$s r$di% yell[ or r$di% br[n1  
broad oval1 some:at flatt5$4 ,mucilag9\s
 :5 wet4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a       
vigor\s we$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4  
,worm-se$ or ,treacle ,mu/>d4 ,erysimum 
*eiran?oides ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 se$s     
r$di% yell[1 smoo?1 dull1 ab\t #a4b mm4 
long1 ovoid or oval1 m or less flatt5$1 
v>y+ mu* 9 %ape2 "s ( !m acute1 rhombic 
or triangul>1 becom+ mucilag9\s :5 wet4 
,probably introduc$ f ,europe4 ,if n    
already 9 "s portions ( ! /ate1 we may  
at any "t expect to f9d ?ree o!r species
 ( ,erysimum4 ,a vigor\s & prom95t we$4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4  ,apetal\s     
,pepp]-,grass4 ,lepidium apetalum       
,willd4 ,petals usually want+1 sometimes
 #b & m9ute2 pods flat1 ne>ly circul>2  
se$s r$di% yell[1 flatt5$1 ovate1       
#a4e-a4h mm4 long1 or m exactly1 ne>ly  
/raight on "o side & r\ndi% on ! o!r4   

,mucilag9\s :5 wet4 ,cotyl$ons incumb5t4
 ,:5 well develop$ 9 op5 places x       
becomes a tumble we$4 ,app>5tly         
naturaliz$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ib4  ,field ,pepp]-,grass or ,c[ 
,cress4 ,lepidium campe/re 7,l47 ,r4    
,br4 ,petals :ite2 pods flat1 ne>ly     
circul>2 se$s dull1 d>k br[n1 obovoid1 )
 base acute1 m or less flatt5$ on ?ree  
sides1 #b-b4e mm4 long4 ,mucilag9\s :5  
wet4 ,cotyl$ons incumb5t4 ,naturaliz$ f 
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4      
,ho>y ,cress4 ,lepidium ,draba ,l4 ,se$ 
r$di% br[n1 surface slightly unev51     
slightly flatt5$1 oval to broad oval1   
#b-b4c mm4 long1 usually ) two slight   
v]tical grooves on ea* side1 incumb5t4  
,?is may soon appe> 9 ,mi*igan4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4  ,gold5        
,pepp]-grass4 ,lepidium sativum ,l4 ,se$
 r$di% yell[ to r$di% br[n1 oval1       
slightly compress$1 (t5 ne>ly /raight on
 "o edge1 usually %[+ two v]tical       
grooves on ea* side1 #b4e mm4 long1     
cotyl$ons incumb5t4 ,?is is n a grass b 

a plant ( ! mu/>d family2 x has escap$ f
 cultivation4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 
,wild ,pepp]-,grass4 ,lepidium          
,virg9icum ,l4 ,petals :ite1 pods flat1 
ne>ly circul>2 se$s granul>1 dull1 r$di%
 yell[1 flat1 ovoid ) "o edge /raight1 !
 o!r r\nd$1 usually ) a slight w+ on !  
broad end & on ! r\nd edge4 #a4e-a4h mm4
 long4 ,mucilag9\s :5 wet4 ,cotyl$ons   
accumb5t4  ,:5 mature1 l>ge plants      
become tumble we$s4 ,app>5tly native to 
?is c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4   
,ball ,mu/>d4 ,neslia paniculata 7,l47  
,desv4 ,small fruits1 gre5i% to light   
yell[i%-br[n1 globul>1 #b mm4 9 diamet]1
 cov]$ ) net-ve9$ ridges2 #a-b se$$1    
cotyl$ons incumb5t4 ,n yet kn[n 9       
,mi*igan b may arrive any "t4 ,native ( 
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4      
,tall or ,tumbl+ ,mu/>d4 ,sisymbrium    
altissimum ,l4 ,fl[]s cream-color2 pods 
long & n>r[2 se$s r$di% yell[1 oblong1  
ab\t #a4e mm4 long1 ! apex w+$4         
,mucilag9\s :5 wet4 ,cotyl$ons incumb5t4
 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,"o ( ! wor/ we$s

 9 ! nor?we/4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 
,h$ge ,mu/>d4 ,sisymbrium (fic9ale 7,l47
 ,scop4 ,fl[]s yell[1 se$s r$di% br[n or
 yell[1 oblong1 :ile ly+ on ! flat side1
 circul> 9 outl9e at ! middle z view$ f 
! edge1 /raight on "o side f ! middle   
tap]+ to ea* end4 #a-a4e mm4 long4      
,mucilag9\s :5 wet4 ,cotyl$ons incumb5t4
 ,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ii4  ,p5ny ,cress4 ,?laspi arv5se
 ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 pods ?91 d\ble convex1
 ne>ly circul>2 se$s deep r$di% br[n1   
flat-oval or ovate1 cov]$ on ea* side by
 #ab-ad curv$ ridges :i* orig9ate &     
t]m9ate at ! n>r[ extremity4 #a4e-b mm4 
long4 ,cotyl$ons accumb5t4 ,:5 eat5 by  
c[s ! milk & meat has a disagreeable    
ta/e4 ,a bad we$1 especially 9 !        
nor?-we/4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4         
,,orp9e ,,family4 ,,crassulaceae4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4  ,mossy       
,/onecrop4 ,s$um acre ,l4 ,se$ light1   
r$di%-yell[1 some:at glossy1 obovate to 
oblong1 po9t$ at ! base1 slightly       
anatrop\s1 compress$1 #f-g mm4 long4    

,?is mossy little plant is p]si/5t :5   
once e/abli%$ 9 s&y soil4 ,introduc$ f  
,europe4   ,,rose ,,family4 ,,rosaceae4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4  ,tall ,hairy 
,agrimony4 ,agrimonia gryposepala ,wahl4
 ,agrimonia hirsuta 7,muhl47 ,bicknell4 
,fl[]s yell[4 ,bur1 consi/+ ( calyx &   
two includ$ fruits inside ( :i* are two 
se$s2 l[] "p ( bur1 top-%ap$1 r\gh1     
groov$1 above :i* are num]\s hook$      
prickles 9 sev]al r[s1 ! :ole #g-aj mm4 
long4 ,native ( woods 9 ?is c\ntry2 se$s
 mottl$ br[n1 flat on "o side1 #b4e by  
#b4e mm4 n f\nd mix$ ) grass se$4       
,sev]al o!r species are ne>ly z         
tr\blesome z ?is "o4 ,seldom f\nd out ( 
! woods4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4     
,small-fl[]$ ,agrimony4 ,agrimonia      
p>viflora ,ait4 ,fl[]s yell[2 fruit #e-f
 mm4 long & ne>ly z wide includ+ ! hook$
 bri/les2 bri/les few1 erect or spread+1
 sc>cely any recurv$2 se$s light br[n1  
broad oval1 #b4g by #b4e mm4 ) a r\nd$  
po9t at ! base m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! =m]   
species4 ,%ady places4  ,illu/ration3   

,fig4 #ajc4  ,silv]y ,c9quefoil4        
,pot5tilla arg5tea ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[1    
a*5es dull :ite to br[n1 unsymmetrically
 ovoid or %ort kidney-%ap$1 slightly    
flatt5$1 #j4e-j4g mm4 long1 smoo? or    
m>k$ by a few longitud9al curv$ ridges1 
"s ( !m =k$4 ,introduc$ into ,mi*igan f 
,europe or possibly f ! ea/]n /ates4    
,?rives 9 s&y l&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ajd4  ,"o k9d ( ,c9quefoil or          
,five-f+]4 ,pot5tilla ,canad5sis ,l4    
,a*5e unsymmetrically ovoid1 light      
/raw-color to br[n1 ridges indi/9ct1    
%ort1 wavy1 bran*$ & brok5 up1 7^!      
ridges are diff]5t f ^? ( ,p4 arg5tea or
 ,p4 monspeli5sis7 #a mm4 long1 ! a*5e  
is less flatt5$ & n>r[] 9 proportion4   
,native f ,me4 to ,ga4 ,miss4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4  ,r\gh        
,c9quefoil4 ,pot5tilla ,monspeli5sis ,l4
 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es ne>ly :ite to light
 br[n1 unsymmetrically ovoid1 or %ort   
kidney-%ap$1 slightly flatt5$1 #a mm4 or
 less 9 l5g?1 cle>ly m>k$ by a few      
longitud9al curv$ ridges1 ! long] ones  

=k$4 ,indig5\s to ,mi*igan1 ?riv+ on    
moi/ or wet l&4   ,,pulse ,,family4     
,,legum9osae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4
  ,ax ,se$4 ,ax ,wort4 ,coronilla       
scop>ioides ,ko*4 ,se$ r$di% br[n1      
oblong1 slightly flatt5$ & curv$1 #d-e  
mm4 long1 #a4e mm4 wide1 ) a circul> sc>
 9 a depression on ! middle ( "o edge1 &
 a slight ridge ! entire l5g? ( bo?     
sides4 ,introduc$ f ,europe1 n yet a    
prom95t we$ 9 ,mi*igan4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ajg4  ,bird's-foot ,trefoil4     
,gr\nd ,honeysuckle4 ,bloom-fell4 ,lotus
 corniculatus ,l4 ,se$ light br[n       
occasionally mottl$ ) black1 %9+1       
sph]ical to ovoid1 slightly compress$   
ne> "o edge1 #a-a4b mm4 9 diamet]1 !    
compress$ portion 7raphe7 ext5d+ half to
 ?ree-f\r?s ! l5g? ( ! se$ to ! hilum or
 sc>1 above ?is ! se$ is n>r[]4         
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,seldom met ) 9   
?is c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4  
,black ,m$ick4 ,nonesu*4 ,m$icago       
lupul9a ,l4 ,fl[]s light yell[2 pods    
black1 oval1 mu* flatt5$1 spirally      

coil$1 caus+ ! two extremities to ne>ly 
meet2 #b-b4h mm4 long2 se$s smoo?1 dull 
yell[ to gre51 oval1 flatt5$1           
kidney-%ap$1 ) a tub]cle ne> ! middle ( 
! concave edge or l ! figure1 #a4e-a4h  
mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f ,europe & becom+ 
frequ5t 9 grass l&4 ,its wor/ feature is
 to supply se$s t may be mi/ak5 = & mix$
 ) se$s ( alfalfa & r$ clov]4 ,! se$s   
diff] f ^? ( alfalfa 9 be+ m commonly   
egg-%ap$ ?an kidney-%ap$ 9 outl9e4 ,!   
sc> is ne>] ! small extremity 9 ^! se$s 
?an 9 ^? ( alfalfa4 ,= pa/ure ?is is    
less valuable ?an :ite clov]4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4  ,alfalfa4    
,luc]ne4 ,m$icago sativa ,l4 ,se$s v>y+ 
mu* 9 %ape & size ow+ to _! cr[d+ 9 !   
pod :5 "y1 yell[i% gre5 to light br[n4  
,! cuts give a good idea ( ! v>iety (   
%apes2 surface dull or some:at glossy1  
(t5 kidney %ap$1 ) ! sc> 9 a depression 
ne> ! middle1 ! tips may be truncate or 
acute or r\nd$1 #b-b4e mm4 long 9       
cross-section1 oval2 :5 view$ f "o edge 
x is se5 to be b5t or w>p$ 9 v>i\s ways1

 half anatrop\s1 (t5 se5 ) a slight     
depression ext5d+ along "o edge f ! sc> 
to "o end1 l>g] se$s m (t5 flatt5$ ?an  
are ! %ort]4 ,a prom95t =age plant1 !   
se$s ( :i* are (t5 adult]at$4 ,native ( 
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4     
,:ite ,sweet ,clov]4 ,melilotus alba    
,desv4 ,fl[]s :ite2 pods /raw-color to  
br[n1 co>sely & irregul>ly              
reticulate-ridg$ or wr9kl$2 se$s smoo?1 
dull1 yell[i% or gre5i%1 m /rictly      
elliptical-oblong 9 outl9e ?an ^? ( r$  
clov] & alfalfa1 be>+ ! broad1 %all[    
not* ne> "o extremity2 #b-b4b mm4 long4 
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,se$s us$ to      
adult]ate ^? ( alfalfa4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #aaa4  ,alsike ,clov]4 ,trifolium 
hybridum ,l4 ,se$s dull yell[i% gre5 to 
v d>k gre51 "s ( !m mottl$1 light] ab\t 
! se$ sc>1 flatt5$1 "o ( ! r\nd$ edges  
?ick] ?an ! o!r1 & betwe5 ! two a slight
 groove on ea* side2 se$ r\nd$ at "o    
end1 ! o!r truncate ) ! se$ sc> 9 !     
middle ( ! truncate end4 ,"s se$s are   
half anatrop\s1 resembl+ 9 %ape ^? ( r$ 

clov]2 #a4c-a4b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,:5      
comp>$ ) :ite clov]1 ^! se$s are l>g] & 
?ick]4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4  ,crimson     
,clov]4 ,sc>let ,clov]4 ,trifolium      
inc>natum ,l4 ,se$ smoo?1 %9+ :5 n old1 
color light yell[ to r$di% yell[ or     
br[n1 oval1 sc> ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance f
 ! n>r[ end1 ?ree-f\r?s anatrop\s1      
#b-b4e mm4 long1 v slightly compress$4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4  ,r$ ,clov]4  
,trifolium prat5se ,l4 ,se$s usually    
dull1 pure light yell[ to purple1       
flatt5$1 ovoid1 hav+ ! se$ sc> ne> !    
middle ( "o edge or bel[ ! middle1 half 
anatrop\s1 a slight depression on ea*   
side f ! sc> t[>d ! broad end1 ! %ort   
edge ?9n] ?an ! long edge1 #a4e-a4h mm4 
long by #a4x#a4d mm4 wide4 ,v common4   
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,mammo? ,clov] is
 a v>iety or race or r$ clov]1 ! se$s ( 
:i* are indi/+ui%able f ! se$s ( r$     
clov]4 ,z a rule !y are d>k] 9 color & r
 small]4 ,r$ clov] & mammo? clov] are   
usually mu* mix$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  

#aad4  ,l[ ,hop-clov]4 ,trifolium       
procumb5s ,l4 ,a l[1 yell[-fl[]$ annual1
 (t5 becom+ a tumble-we$ at maturity4   
,se$s plump1 %9+1 /raw-color$ to light  
br[n1 broad oval1 v slightly flatt5$1 #a
 mm4 long1 ?ree-f\r?s anatrop\s1 i4 e41 
! sc> is a v little di/ance f "o end ( !
 se$4 ,a little way back ( ! sc> on ea* 
side is a light-color$ depression4 ,r   
rapidly spread+4 ,f ,europe4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4  ,:ite ,clov]4
 ,trifolium rep5s ,l4 ,se$s sc>cely %9+1
 yell[ to light br[n1 flatt5$1 "o ( !   
r\nd$ edges ?9n] ?an ! o!r1 & betwe5 !  
two a slight groove on ea* side1 "o end 
r\nd$1 ! o!r truncate ) a slight        
depression 9 ! c5t] conta9+ ! se$ sc>   
#a4-a4b mm4 long to #a mm4 wide4 ,! se$s
 t are truncate at "o end are anatrop\s1
 "s ( !m resembl+ ^? ( r$ clov] are half
 anatrop\s4 ,common & well kn[n1        
possibly native to ! nor!rn c\ntry4     
,,g]anium ,,family4 ,,g]aniaceae4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4  ,alfil>ia4   
,/orks-bill4 ,erodium cicut>ium 7,l47   

,l',h]4 ,fl[]s p9k2 a*5es r$di% br[n1   
hairy1 lance-%ap$1 ! small] end curv$1  
h>d1 %>p1 ! l>g] end :5 mature be>+ an  
awn spirally coil$ = half its l5g?1 !   
sickle l apex turn$ to "o side4  ,a*5es 
#e-f mm4 long1 ! coil$ portion & cycle-l
 apex ea* #aj-ae mm4 long4 ,true se$    
light br[n1 ovoid-lanceolate #b4e-b4g   
mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,?is   
plant is n yet common 9 our /ate1 b1    
judg+ f its behavior 9 ! botanic g>d51 x
 is de/9$ soon to become a bad we$4 ,on 
! des]t ran*es ( ,arizona1 ,nevada &    
else:]e1 x furni%es mu* pa/ure4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4  ,cut-leav$   
,crane's bill4 ,g]anium dissectum ,l4   
,se$ light br[n1 broadly oval or ovoid1 
surface deeply pitt$ requir+ #be-cj pits
 to =m "o r[ transv]sely ab\t ! surface4
 ,se$ sc> at ! l>g] end f :i* ext5ds a  
slight v]tical ridge rea*+ ne>ly "o-?ird
 ! l5g? ( ! se$4 ,introduc$ f ,europe1  
becom+ common4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#aah4  ,small-fl[]$ ,crane's bill4      
,g]anium pusillum ,burm4 f4 ,fl[]s      

m9ute1 p9k1 pubesc5t "u a l5s1 slightly 
compress$1 oval ) ! apex ne> "o side (  
"o end1 ab\t #b mm4 long1 ! beak ne>ly  
twice z long2 se$ r$di% br[n1 smoo?1    
oval1 slightly flatt5$1 #a4g-a4i mm4    
long4 ,introduc$ f ,europe1 a bad we$ :5
 once e/abli%$4   ,,spurge ,,family4    
,,euphorbiaceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#aai4  ,?ree-,se$$ ,m]cury4 ,acalypha   
,virg9ica ,l4 ,se$s #a4c-a4h mm4 long   
oval or obovoid1 dull1 light to d>k     
r$di% br[n or gray1 mottl$ ) black      
spots1 surface cov]$ ) num]\s irregul>  
v]tical l9es1 a ridge 7hilum7 ext5d+ f !
 po9t$ end = ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g?1       
cont9u+ to ! broad extremity z a d>k l9e
 7raphe74 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,moi/  
l&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4  ,cypress
 ,spurge4 ,euphorbia ,cyp>issias ,l4    
,se$s dull1 light lead or a%-color$1    
oval or oblong1 circul> 9 transv]se     
section1 #a4e-b mm4 long1 n includ+ an  
irregul> yell[i% app5dage 7c>uncle7 at !
 base1 a d>k v]ticle l9e 7raphe7 ext5d+ 
along "o side4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4    

,?riv+ on ?9 s&y soil4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aba4  ,too!d ,spurge4 ,euphorbia 
d5tata ,mi*x4 ,se$s a% color$1 obovoid1 
or globose1 inconspicu\sly f\r-angl$1   
base obtuse1 irregul>ly tub]culate1 #a  
mm4 or m long4 ,x ?rives 9 ! ,botanic   
,g>d5 & v likely may soon spread onto   
,mi*igan f>ms4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#abb4  ,leafy ,spurge4 ,euphorbia ,esula
 ,l4 ,se$s dull1 light drab color$1     
broad-oval1 n>r[$ at "o end1 ne>ly      
circul> 9 transv]se section1 #b4c mm4   
long1 n includ+ a wr9kl$ bun* 7c>uncle7 
at ! base1 a d>k v]tical l9e 7raphe7    
ext5d+ above "o side opposite :i* is    
ano!r ridge ! color ( ! se$4 ,introduc$ 
f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4   
,euphorbia hirsuta 7,torr74 ,weig&4     
,se$s lead color$1 obovoid approximately
 squ>e 9 transv]se section ) "o side    
n>r[] ?an ! o!rs1 #d-aj irregul>        
transv]se ridges on ea* side1 ! raphe   
/&+ along "o corn]1 ab\t #a4b mm4 long  
by #g mm4 wide4 ,s&y soil4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4  ,spott$      

,spurge4 ,euphorbia maculata ,l4 ,se$s  
obovoid-oblong1 ne>ly squ>e 9           
cross-sections1 m9utely pitt$ &         
transv]sely wr9kl$ ) #b-e brok5 wavy    
ridges1 a f9e d>k v]tical l9e 7raphe7   
along "o corn]1 color r$di% drab1 4#f-4h
 mm4 long4 ,probably introduc$ f we/ ( !
 ,rocky ,m\nta9s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#abe4  ,upright ,spott$ ,spurge4        
,euphorbia ,preslii ,guss4 ,euphorbia   
nutans ,lag4 ,se$s lead-color$          
obovoid-oblong1 ) #d unequal sides z se5
 9 cross-section1 pitt$ & transv]sely   
wr9kl$1 ) #b-e brok5 wavy ridges1 a f9e 
d>k1 v]ticle l9e 7raphe7 along "o corn]1
 #a-a4c mm4 long4 ,native ( ea/]n ,nor? 
,am]ica4 ,introduc$ 9 se$s ( r$ clov]4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4  ,?yme-leav$  
,spurge4 ,euphorbia s]pyllifolia ,p]s4  
,se$ a%-color$1 obovoid1 f\r-angl$ or   
ne>ly squ>e 9 cross-section1 ! surface  
cov]$ ) f\r or five m or less brok5     
obtuse transv]se ridges1 a sl5d]1 d>k   
l9e 7raphe7 ext5d+ f end to end on "o   
corn]4 ,dry soils1 l railway tracks4    

,,ca%ew ,,family4 ,,anac>diaceae4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4  ,poison ,ivy4
 ,rhus ,toxicod5dron ,l4 ,b]ry ne>ly    
:ite1 globul>1 ab\t #e mm4 9 diamet]1   
drupe kidney-%ap$1 concave on bo? edges1
 #c by #d4e mm4 9 diamet]1 #b mm4 ?ick4 
,to "s p v poison\s to ! t\*2 a woody   
%rub4   ,,mall[ ,,family4 ,,malvaceae4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4  ,indian      
,mall[4 ,am]ican ,jute4 ,velvet ,leaf4  
,abutilon ,!ophra/i ,m$ic4 ,abutilon    
,abutilon 7,l47 ,rusby4 ,fl[]s yell[2   
se$s br[n1 flatt5$1 #c4e-d mm4 long1    
ovoid except+ a piece cut f "o side ( ! 
small] end ) #c-d curv$ r[s ( m9ute     
sl5d] objects on ea* side1 ! raphe      
ext5d+ f ! po9t$ end to ! not* on "o    
side 7half anatrop\s74 ,naturaliz$ f    
nor!rn ,asia4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4
  ,bladd] ,ketmia4 ,hibiscus ,trionum   
,l4 ,se$ br[n1 ! surface dott$ ) num]\s1
 ragg$1 light-color$ pimples4 ,?9k ( !  
%ape z obovoid1 & !n b5t some:at to !   
side4 ,z n[ f\nd ! se$ is triangul> 9   
outl9e ) r\nd$ corn]s1 consid]ably ?9n$ 

t[>d "o corn] ne> :i* is ! se$ sc> 9 !  
mid/ ( a depression4 ,ea* side ( !      
triangle is ab\t #b mm4 long4 ,introduc$
 f ,europe4 ,n yet a prom95t we$ 9      
,mi*igan4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4    
,*eeses4 ,runn+ ,mall[4 ,malva          
rotundifolia ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 clu/] (   
#ab-ae fruits flatt5$1 circul> )        
depression on ea* side1 ov>y circul>1   
w$ge-%ap$1 v slightly r\gh5$1 ) radiat+ 
ridges2 se$s light br[n1 ne>ly smoo?1   
flatt5$1 #a4d-a4g mm4 9 diamet]1 w$ge   
%ap$1 ne>ly circul> ) a small not* on ! 
?9 edge4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4  ,:orl$       
,mall[4 ,malva v]ticillata4 ,l4 ,fl[]s  
:ite2 clu/] ( #aj-ab fruits flatt5$1    
circul> ) depression on ea* side1 c>pel 
circul>1 w$ge-%ap$1 ab\t ?ree r[s (     
irregul> %all[ pits on ! wide edge1     
radiat+ ridges on ea* flat side2 se$s   
light br[n1 ne>ly smoo?1 flatt5$1       
w$ge-%ap$1 ovate or ne>ly circul>1      
#a4e-a4g mm4 long1 ) a small not* on !  
?9 edge4 ,introduc$ f ! we/4            

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4  ,prickly     
,sida4 ,sida sp9osa ,l4 ,se$ smoo?1 dull
 br[n or r$di% br[n1 hav+ "o side r\nd &
 two sides flat or m or less concave1   
all edges obtuse :ile ly+ on "o flat    
side1 broadly ovoid1 ) "o side ne>ly    
/raight1 sc> at ! l>g] end 9 ! mid/ ( a 
slight depression1 #a4e-a4h mm4 long4 ,n
 yet common 9 ,mi*igan4 ,introduc$ f !  
tropics4   ,,/4 ,,john',s-,,wort        
,,family4 ,,hyp]icaceae4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #acc4  ,common ,/4 ,john's-wort4  
,hyp]icum p]=atum ,l4 ,se$ d>k br[n1    
mottl$ ) ab\t tw5ty-f\r v]tical r[s (   
small sc>s1 %ort oblong1 #a mm4 long1 a 
little m or less1 circul> 9             
cross-section1 a slight po9t at "o or   
bo? ends4 ,tr\blesome 9 old mead[s &    
pa/ures4 ,f ,europe4   ,,ev5+-,,primrose
 ,,family4 ,,onagraceae4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #acd4  ,small-fl[]$ ,gaura4 ,gaura
 p>viflora ,d\gl4 ,a*5es gre5i% br[n1 at
 fir/ glance1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( b>ley1 
l9e>1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 m or less      
groov$ or *annel$1 #f-h mm4 long4       

,introduc$ f ! ,s\?4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #ace4  ,common ,ev5+-,primrose4   
,o5o!ra bi5nis ,l4 ,onagra bi5nis 7,l47 
,scop4 ,fl[]s yell[2 se$s r$di% br[n or 
d>k]1 surface dull1 m9utely ridg$1 v    
irregul> 9 %ape ow+ to cr[d+ 9 ! pod1 m 
or less pyramidal & f\r or five sid$1 ! 
angles acute or ) a w+-l bord]1 #a4-a4e 
mm4 long4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4        
,,p>sley ,,family4 ,,umbellif]ae4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4  ,wat]        
,hemlock4 ,mosqua% ,root4 ,beav]        
,poison4 ,cicuta maculata ,l4 ,a*5es1 :5
 "y gr[ 9 c\ples jo9$ by _! flat sides1 
broadly oval1 some:at flatt5$1 a s+le   
"o-half oval1 #b4g-c4b mm long1 ) five  
corky yell[i% :ite v]tical /ripes       
alt]nat+ ) f\r br[n oil tubes1 ! flat   
side ) two wide light corky /ripes      
includ+ two br[n oil tubes4 ,! roots are
 v poison\s4 ,native to ,mi*igan &      
else:]e4 ,moi/ or wet l&s4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4  ,poison      
,hemlock4 ,conium maculatum ,l4 ,fl[]s  
:ite1 a*5es gr[+ 9 pairs1 light br[n1   

oval1 flat on "o side1 five ribs ext5d+ 
f "o end to ! o!r1 betwe5 !m ! surface  
ab\nds 9 m9ute v]tical projections1 a*5e
 ab\t #c4e mm4 long4 ,difficult to      
id5tify4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4  ,wild ,c>rot4
 ,daucus ,c>ota ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 a*5es  
light br[n1 /rip$ ) :ite1 oval1 flatt5$1
 be>+ num]\s frail sp9es along ! edges &
 9 two r[s l5g?wise ( "o face1 tips (   
sp9es div]g+1 (t5 hook$1 ab\t #c4e mm4  
long n includ+ ! sp9es4 ,introduc$ f    
,europe4 ,?is is ! cultivat$ c>rot      
escap$ f fields & g>d5s4 ,a great pe/ 9 
old mead[s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4  
,wild ,p>snip4 ,pa/9aca sativa ,l4      
,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es gr[+ 9 pairs1 #e-f  
mm4 long1 ) flat sides toge!r1 light    
br[n1 broad oval1 mu* flatt5$1 surr\nd$ 
by a n>r[ ?9 ridge1 #i-;curv$ %all[ ribs
 on "o side4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4      
,,milkwe$ ,,family4 ,,asclepiadaceae4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4  ,common      
,milkwe$4 ,asclepias ,syriaca ,l4 ,pods 
#h-ab cm4 long1 cov]$ ) s(t sp9y        

processes2 se$s dull light br[n1 mu*    
flatt5$1 n>r[ly obovate1 #f4e-h mm4     
long1 ! small end truncate1 surr\nd$ by 
a broad wr9kl$ w+-m>g9 or hem4 ,!       
concave side be>s a sl5d] v]tical ridge 
7raphe7 = two-?irds ( its l5g?2 ! convex
 side be>+ f9e1 %ort ridges4 ,be=e      
escap+ f ! pods1 ! small end ( ! se$    
conta9s a clu/] ( spread+ silky hairs   
7coma7 #b-c cm4 long4 ,native ( ?is     
c\ntry4 ,(t5 tr\blesome & conspicu\s 9  
light soil1 occasionally becom+ small1  
pale1 ) sl5d] bran*es & dy+4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4  ,black       
,swall[-wort4 ,cynan*um nigrum 7,l47    
,p]s4 ,v9cetoxicum nigrum ,mo5*4 ,smoo? 
pods ( ! v9e ab\t #e cm4 long2 se$s br[n
 :5 dry1 mu* flatt5$1 concave1 obovate1 
#f-h mm4 long1 ne>ly surr\nd$ by a w+   
m>g9 or hem1 ! small end truncate4 ,!   
concave side be>s a sl5d] v]tical ridge 
7raphe7 = ov] half its l5g?1 bo? sides  
be>+ f9e %ort ridges4 ,be=e escap+ f !  
pods1 ! small end ( ! se$ conta9s a     
clu/] ( spread+ silky hairs4 ,introduc$ 

f ,europe2 n yet common1 b x is p]si/5t 
:]e once />t$4   ,,morn+ ,,glory        
,,family4 ,,convolvulaceae4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4  ,small       
,b9dwe$4 ,convolvulus arv5sis ,l4 ,color
 ( se$s dull d>k br[n1 co>sely r\gh5$1  
oval1 #c-d mm4 long1 "o face convex1 !  
o!r face slop+ to ! edges f a broad1    
c5tral ridge1 becom+ mucilag9\s :5 soak$
 9 wat]4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,seldom1 
if ev]1 se$+ 9 ,mi*igan4 ,on dry1 poor  
l&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4  ,h$ge or
 ,great ,b9dwe$4 ,convolvulus sepium ,l4
 ,pod ne>ly globose1 ab\t #h mm4 9      
diamet]1 usually cov]$ by ! bracts &    
calyx2 se$s dull black or d>k br[n1     
r\gh5$1 oval1 ab\t #e mm4 long1 "o face 
convex1 ! o!r face slop+ to ! edges f a 
c5tral ridge4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4    
,seldom se$+ 9 ,mi*igan4 ,on l[ l&4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4  ,field       
,dodd]4 ,cuscuta arv5sis ,beyri*4 ,a    
pale yell[ leafless p>asitic v9e2 se$s  
dull1 yell[i% br[n1 m9utely pitt$1      
consid]ably resembl+ ^? ( r$ clov]1     

broad oval1 ovoid or sph]ical1 4#g-a mm4
 long1 "o side r\nd$ ! o!r (t5 ) two    
flat surfaces t]m9at+ 9 a ridge4 ,n     
uncommon ) alfalfa4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ade4  ,flax ,dodd]4 ,cuscuta ,epil9um 
,weihe4 ,/ems v sl5d]1 yell[ or r$1 a   
p>asitic v9e2 se$s dull1 yell[i% to d>k 
br[n1 m9utely pitt$1 ne>ly sph]ical1    
oval1 ovoid1 #a-a4e mm4 long4 ,introduc$
 f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4  
,clov] ,dodd]4 ,cuscuta ,epi?ymum ,murr4
 ,/ems v sl5d]1 a p>asitic v9e2 se$s    
oval to sph]ical1 dull1 pitt$1 color    
yell[i%1 light to d>k br[n1 light gre5  
to purple1 ab\t #b mm4 long4 ,introduc$ 
f ,europe4 ,occasionally f\nd on r$     
clov]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4       
,gronovius ,dodd]4 ,cuscuta ,gronovii   
,willd4 ,se$ light to d>k br[n1 surface 
m9utely granul>1 free f gloss1 a few    
sph]ical1 mo/ ( !m ind5t$ z !y dry or   
v>i\sly angl$ :]e !y cr[d$ aga9/ ea* o!r
 9 ! pod1 #a4e-a4g mm4 9 diamet]4       
,species ( dodd] are difficult to       
di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,?is is common on l[

 l&1 :]e x draws n\ri%m5t f a great     
v>iety ( plants1 su* z will[s1 balsams1 
nettles4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4     
,spani% ,dodd]4 ,cuscuta planiflora     
,t5ore4 ,color light to d>k p9k1 purple 
buff1 olive gre52 surface well r\gh5$1  
almo/ reticulat$1 9 %ape flatt5$ on "o  
side1 ovoid1 oval angl$1 ind5t$ 9 great 
v>iety1 #j4g-a4b mm4 long4   ,,borage   
,,family4 ,,borag9aceae4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #adi4  ,h\nd's ,tongue4           
,cynoglossum (fic9ale ,l4 ,fl[]s r$di%  
purple2 ov>y br[n deeply #d-lob$ sep>at+
 into f\r a*5es1 #e-g mm4 long1 flatt5$1
 broadly ovate or circul>1 except+ a    
slight ext5sion at "o end1 l[] side hav+
 an ovate sc>1 ne>ly half z long z !    
a*5es1 all ! re/ ( ! surface clo!d )    
/raight1 /iff1 cap-%ap$ hairs1 be>d$ on 
all sides4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,v     
objectionable 9 pa/ures4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #aej4  ,/ick-,se$4 ,burr ,se$4    
,lappula e*9ata ,gilib]t4 ,lappula      
,lappula 7,l47 ,k>/4 ,fl[]s blue1 ov>y  
deeply #d-lob$ sep>at+ into f\r w>ty    

a*5es1 ea* "o br[n1 ab\t #b4e mm4 long1 
slightly flatt5$1 ovate ) w$ge-%ap$     
apex2 ! upp] side be>+ a few /iff       
/raight1 div]g+ cap-%ap$ hairs1 be>d$ on
 all sides2 l[] side de/itute ( hairs1  
be>+ a /raight ridge f ! po9t to !      
middle ( ! l>ge end4 ,introduc$ f       
,europe4 ,v objectionable 9 pa/ures4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4  ,wild        
,comfrey4 ,lappula ,virg9iana 7,l47     
,gre5e4 ,fl[]s blue2 ov>y deeply #d-lob$
 sep>at+ into f\r br[n a*5es1 ab\t #c   
mm4 long1 flatt5$ on upp] side1 broadly 
ovate1 ! apex w$ge-%ap$1 ! upp] side    
clo!d ) /iff /raight cap-%ap$ hairs1    
be>d$ on all sides2 l[] side a l[       
#d-sid$ cone1 ne>ly smoo? ) a concave   
triangul> sc>4 ,native to ri* woodl&s4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4  ,r$ ,root4   
,:eat ,?ief4 ,corn ,gromwell4           
,li?osp]mum arv5se ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 ov>y
 #d-;divid$ sep>at+ into f\r h>d1       
conical-ovoid a*5es1 ea* dull gray1     
erect1 wr9kl$1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 convex  
on ! back1 keel$ on ! inn] side1 base   

obliquely truncate1 conta9+ two m9ute   
:ite tub]cles4 ,a prom95t we$ ( high    
rank 9 fields ( w9t] :eat4   ,,v]va9    
,,family4 ,,v]b5aceae4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aec4  ,blue ,v]va94 ,v]b5a ha/ata
 ,l4 ,a*5es cr[d$1 f\r toge!r until     
mature1 dull1 r$di% br[n1 flatt5$1      
oblong1 #a4g-b mm4 long1 bord]$ by a    
n>r[ m>g91 ! out] face convex1 be>+ #c-e
 small v]tical ridges bran*+ & unit+ at 
! apex1 =m+ a di/9ct network1 ! inn]    
face slop+ to ! m>g9 f a c5tral v]tical 
ridge2 a light color$ sc> is se5 on "o  
side ( ! base4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,n
 important4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4  
,nettle-leav$ ,v]va94 ,v]b5a urticifolia
 ,l4 ,a*5es #a4f-a4h mm4 long1 v closely
 resembl+ ! la/ above m5tion$4 ,! a*5es 
( ?is "o are a trifle %ort] & broad]1 m 
ne>ly oval ?an oblong4 ,native to ?is   
c\ntry4 ,n common 9 fields4   ,,m9t     
,,family4 ,,labiatae4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #aee4  ,dead ,nettle4 ,lamium     
amplexicaule ,l4 ,a*5es light br[n1     
conspicu\sly m>k$ by :ite spots "s ( :i*

 coalesce mak+ ! surface /rip$          
crosswise1 obovate-oblong1 po9t$ at !   
small] end1 #a4e-b mm4 long1 ! out]     
surface r\nd$1 ! inn] face angl$1 !     
concave surfaces slop+ to ! edges f a   
c5tral v]tical ridge4 ,introduc$ f      
,europe4 ,?rives 9 cool wea!r4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4  ,mo!rwort4   
,leonurus ,c>diaca ,l4 ,a*5es light     
br[n1 obovoid-oblong1 r\nd$ on "o side  
flat on ! o!r two sides1 ! truncate apex
 hairy1 #b-b4d mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f   
,europe4 ,wa/e places4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aeg4  ,:ite ,ho>h\nd4 ,m>ubium   
vulg>e ,l4 ,a*5es dull1 v>y+ f light to 
d>k br[n1 sometimes f9ely r\gh5$ by     
num]\s m9ute tub]cles1 slightly flatt5$1
 oval or obovoid1 ab\t #b mm4 long1 out]
 surface convex1 inn] face angl$ slop+  
to ! edges f a c5tral v]tical ridge1    
edges ( a*5es (t5 slightly m>g9$1       
surface lightly groov$4 ,introduc$ f    
,europe4 ,a we$ 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan :]e   
sn[ protects x 9 w9t]4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #aeh4  ,catnip4 ,catm9t4 ,nepeta  

,cat>ia ,l4 ,a*5es dull1 light r$di%    
br[n to ne>ly black1 ) two lat]ally     
plac$ cavities ne> ! base1 ea* fill$ )  
:ite spongey tissue1 broadly oval1      
slightly flatt5$1 #a4c-a4g mm4 long4    
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,sc>cely a we$4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4  ,self-heal4  
,heal-all4 ,prunella vulg>is ,l4 ,a*5es 
light to d>k br[n1 slightly r\gh5$1 hav+
 a diffus$ lu/]1 slightly flatt5$1 oval 
or oblong1 ! base tap]+ to a small      
:iti%1 triangul> app5dage1 out] side    
convex hav+ d>k v]ticle l9es1 ! o!r face
 slop+ to ! edges f a c5tral ridge1     
becom+ mucilag9\s :5 soak$ 9 wat]4      
,native to ?is c\ntry4   ,,night ,,%ade 
,,family4 ,,solanaceae4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #afj4  ,jimson ,we$4 ,?orn-apple4 
,datura ,/ramonium ,l4 ,pods ovoid1     
d5sely prickly1 ab\t #d cm4 long2 se$s  
black to br[n1 flatt5$1 ) #f-aj slight  
irregul> elevations1 ! :ole surface     
cov]$ ) m9ute %all[ pits1 %ort kidney   
%ap$1 i4 e41 "o edge ne>ly /raight or   
slightly not*$1 ! rema9d] ( ! m>g9 mak+ 

ab\t two-?irds ( a circle4 #c-c4e mm4   
long4 ,mo/ likely introduc$ f ,asia4 ,a 
co>se1 poison\s we$ f\nd 9 wa/e places4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4  ,purple      
,jimson ,we$4 ,purple ,?orn-apple4      
,datura ,tatula4 ,! color ( ! /ems are  
purple1 ! fl[]s & pods ne>ly ! same z ^?
 la/ above2 se$s ( ! two sc>cely if at  
all unlike4 ,naturaliz$ f tropical      
,am]ica4 ,wa/e places4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #afb4  ,horse ,nettle4 ,solanum   
,c>ol95se ,l4 ,b]ry orange-yell[1 #a4f  
to #b cm4 9 diamet]2 se$s lemon yell[1  
slightly d\ble convex1 obovate #b4a-b4i 
mm4 long1 surface f9ely granul> all ov]4
 ,native ( ! s\?we/ ,u4 ,s4 ,x spreads  
rapidly by long roots4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #afc4  ,black ,night%ade4 ,solanum
 nigrum ,l4 ,b]ry black1 smoo?1 globose1
 #h-aj mm4 9 diamet]2 se$s f9ely        
granul>1 dull1 yell[i% to light br[n1   
flatt5$1 unsymmetrically ovate1 ab\t    
#a4e mm4 long4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,i
 h ! be/ ( au?ority = say+ t ^! b]ries  
:5 ripe make good pies1 :e!r ! uncook$  

fruit is poison\s !re is less pro(4 ,(  
little importance4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#afd4  ,beak$ ,night%ade4 ,solanum      
ro/ratum ,dunal4 ,fruit surr\nd$ by a   
p]si/5t prickly calyx ab\t #b cm4 long2 
se$s flatt5$1 irregul>ly undulate or    
wr9kl$1 d>k br[n or black1 usually ovate
 or circul> 9 outl9e1 #b-b4e mm4 9      
diamet]1 surface cov]$ ) small pits4    
,introduc$ into ,mi*igan f ! s\?we/4 ,a 
co>se prickly we$4   ,,figwort ,,family4
 ,,scrophul>iaceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #afe4  ,butt] & ,eggs4 ,toad-,flax4    
,l9>ia vulg>is ,hill4 ,l9>ia ,l9>ia     
7,l47 ,k>/4 ,fl[]s yell[ & orange2 se$s 
d>k br[n or black1 flat1 circul> or     
oval1 surr\nd$ by a broad w+-m>g91 ! w+ 
not*$ & cov]$ by num]\s f9e radiat+     
ridges1 ! surface ( ! se$ r\gh5$ by     
num]\s project+ po9ts1 se$1 includ+ its 
w+1 #a4e-b mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f       
,europe4 ,a vigor\s we$ 9 mead[s1       
spread+ by se$s & by root /ocks4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4  ,mo? ,mulle94
 ,v]bascum ,blatt>ia ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2  

pod #f mm4 diamet]2 se$s light to d>k   
br[n1 4#e-a mm4 long1 column>1 lat]al   
surface slightly angul> & #f-sid$1 base 
truncate or obliquely s & broad] ?an !  
r\nd$ apex1 ?us some:at ?imble-%ap$1 ea*
 lat]al face deeply pitt$ 9 longitud9al 
r[s1 ! pits 9 contigu\s r[s1 alt]nat+4  
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a vile we$ 9     
mead[s & pa/ures4  ,velvet-,leav$       
,mulle94 ,v]bascum ,?apsus ,l4 ,fl[]s   
yell[2 pod #f mm4 high2 se$s _c be      
di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty by means ( ! ord9>y  
l5s f ^? ( mo? mulle94 ,! pitt$ surface 
seems to pr$om9ate 9 ,v]bascum          
,blatt>ia1 :ile ! groov$ surface seems  
to be m common 9 ! se$s ( ,v4 ,?apsus4  
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,common 9 ?9      
pa/ures4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4     
,wall ,spe$well4 ,v]onica arv5sis ,l4   
,pods he>t-%ap$2 se$s dull1 light yell[1
 flatt5$1 oval1 4#g-a4a mm4 long on "o  
side appe>+ z ?\gh ! two ends _h be5    
br\ght toge!r by b5d+4 ,f ,europe4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4  ,common      
,spe$well4 ,v]onica (fic9alis ,l4 ,pods 

he>t-%ap$2 se$s dull1 pale yell[1       
flatt5$1 broadly oval to broadly        
obovate1 4#h-a4b mm4 long1 ) a small sc>
 ne> ! middle ( "o side1 f :i* ext5ds a 
fa9t l9e 7raphe7 to "o extremity4       
,appe>+ z ?\gh introduc$4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #afi4  ,purslane ,spe$well4      
,v]onica p]egr9a ,l4 ,pods he>t-%ap$2   
se$s dull1 light r$di% yell[1 flatt5$1  
oval to broadly obovate 4#e-4h mm4 long1
 ) a small sc> a little above ! middle (
 "o side1 f :i* ext5ds a d>k l9e 7raphe7
 to "o extremity4 ,mo/ likely native to 
?is c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4  
,?yme-leav$ ,spe$well4 ,v]onica         
s]pyllifolia ,l4 ,pods broadly          
he>t-%ap$2 se$s pale yell[1 a trifle    
d>k] ?an ^? ( ,v4 (fic9alis1 light1     
r$di% yell[1 9 %ape & m>k+s mu* l ^? (  
,v4 p]egr9a1 flatt5$1 broadly oval to   
obovate 4#e-4g mm4 long1 ) a small sc>  
ne> ! middle on "o side1 f :i* ext5ds a 
d>k l9e 7raphe7 to "o extremity4        
,app>5tly native to ?is c\ntry4  ,se$s (
 ! ,v]onicas are v difficult to di/+ui% 

f "o ano!r4   ,,planta9 ,,family4       
,,plantag9aceae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#aga4  ,s& ,planta94 ,plantago ar5>ia   
,w4  ,k4 ,se$s d>k amb] br[n1 %9+1 r\nd$
 on ! back l ! bottom ( a %all[ canoe1  
#b4e-c mm4 long1 transv]se groove ar\nd 
! middle ( ! back1 opposite side ) a    
groove ext5d+ l5g?wise1 ab\t z wide z ! 
ridge on ei!r side ( x2 hilum 9 ! middle
 ( ! groove4 ,f\nd at ,h>risville1 ,mi*4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4             
,l>ge-bract$ ,planta94 ,plantago ari/ata
 ,mi*x4 ,se$s oval1 dull1 light to d>k  
br[n1 #b4b-c mm4 long1 %ap$ l a %all[1  
?ick-wall$ canoe ) ends r\nd$ alike1    
out] face m>k$ by a %all[1 transv]se    
groove at or ne> ! middle1 a :ite l9e   
m>k+ ! m>g9 at ! base on ! canoe inside1
 two :ite-m>g9$ pits occupy+ ! middle ( 
! concave side4 ,introduc$ f ! we/ 9    
clov] se$s1 n yet common4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #agc4  ,rib-,grass4 ,n>r[-leav$  
,planta94 ,plantago lanceolata ,l4 ,se$s
 %9+1 amb]-color$ to br[n1 oval1 #b-b4e 
mm4 long1 %ap$ l a %all[1 ?ick-wall$    

canoe ) ends r\nd$ alike1 a d>k sc>     
occupy+ ! middle ( ! n>r[ concave side1 
a fa9t1 transv]se groove across ! convex
 side ne> ! middle sometimes app>5t4    
,(t5 f\nd mix$ ) clov] se$s f :i* x is v
 difficult to sep>ate4 ,introduc$ f     
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4     
,broad-leav$ ,planta94 ,plantago major  
,l4 ,se$s1 light to d>k br[n or v ne>ly 
black1 #a-a4e mm4 long1 slightly        
flatt5$1 ) acute edges v v>iable 9 %ape1
 oval1 oblong1 rhomboidal & trapezoid1 !
 surface r\gh5$ by sl5d]1 color$ ridges1
 appe>+ "u ! l5s z slightly wavy l9es1  
radiat+ f ! sc>4 ,! cle> light gre5     
color ( ! l[] end ( ! leaf-/em is an    
easy m>k to di/+ui% ?is plant f ano!r   
broad-leav$ planta91 ,p4 ,rugelii 9 :i* 
! base ( leaf is r$4 ,introduc$ f       
,europe4 ,ab\t door y>ds4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #age4  ,rugel's ,broad-leav$     
,planta94 ,plantago ,rugelii ,decne4    
,se$s d>k br[n to black1 mu* l ^? ( ,p4 
major1 b l>g]1 #a4e-b4e mm4 long        
slightly flatt5$1 ) edges acute1 v      

v>iable 9 %ape1 oval oblong1 rhomboidal1
 surface m9utely r\gh5$ & dull1 b :olly 
)\t ridge or l9es z 9 ,p4 major4 ,native
 ( ?is c\ntry4 ,l[] end ( leaf-/alk r$1 
& n cle> gre5 z 9 ,p4 major4 ,a vile pe/
 9 clov] fields4   ,,madd] ,,family4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4  ,blue ,field 
,madd]4 ,%]>dia arv5sis ,l4 ,! p>ts (t5 
call$ se$s are 9 reality ! half-fruits  
rip5$1 ea* "o be>+ at ! apex ?ree1 :ite1
 po9t$1 p]si/5t calyx lobes1 ! inn] face
 %[+ a v]tical groove1 & 9 "s ( ! fruits
 ! calyx is brok5 (f4 ,surface dull     
br[n1 clo!d ) small :ite hairs1 obovoid1
 #b-b4e mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f ,europe1 
n (t5 f\nd 9 ! nor!rn /ates4   ,,teasel 
,,family4 ,,dipsacaceae4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #agg4  ,wild ,teasel4 ,dipsacus   
sylve/ris ,huds4 ,a*5e br[n1 m9utely    
hairy1 #d mm4 long1 oblong1 squ>e 9     
cross-section1 ) f\r v]tical ribs on !  
angles & f\r on ! sides4 ,se$ susp5d$1  
anatrop\s1 suppli$ ) endosp]m4          
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a we$ requir+ two
 ye>s f se$ to se$+4   ,,composite      

,,family4 ,,compositae4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #agh4  ,y>r[4 ,milfoil4 ,a*illea  
,millefolium ,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 a*5es :ite
 to gray1 f9ely /riate l5g?wise1        
flatt5$1 oblong1 tap]+ at ! l[] end1    
/raight or curv$4 #b-b4c long4 ,mo/     
likely introduc$ f ,europe4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4  ,ragwe$4     
,ambrosia artemisiifolia ,l4 ,a*5es h>d1
 /raw-color$ to light br[n or black1    
top-%ap$1 broadly oval1 #b4e-c mm4 long1
 besides ! beak #a4e mm4 long1 ! sides  
irregul>ly ridg$ v]tically1 ) #e-aj %ort
 tee? at ! apex4 ,sometimes ! h>d cov]+ 
is remov$ by a clov] hull]1 expos+ !    
nak$ se$4 ,native ( ! ,u4 ,s4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4  ,great       
,ragwe$4 ,ambrosia trifida ,l4 ,a*5es   
h>d1 br[n1 m or less mottl$1 top-%ap$1  
#g-h mm4 besides ! /\t beak #b-c mm4    
long1 sides ) #e /\t ridges t]m9at+ 9 #e
 %ort tee?4 ,native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,riv] bottoms1 l[ l&1 sometimes #ae ft4 
high4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4  ,corn 
,camomile4 ,an!mis arv5sis ,l4 ,a*5es v 

v>iable1 creamy :ite to light br[n1     
oblong1 w$ge-%ap$ 9 outl9e1 circul> to  
f\r-angl$ 9 cross-section1 m or less    
ribb$ l5g?wise1 a ripple-%ap$ sc> at !  
n>r[ end2 apex truncate ) a m9ute       
projection 9 ! c5t]1 (t5 ) a n>r[ ridge 
ab\t ! m>g94 ,ab\t #a4g mm4 long4       
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,seldom tr\blesome
 9 ,mi*igan4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 
,may-we$4 ,dog's-,f5nel4 ,an!mis ,cotula
 ,l4 ,out] fl[]s :ite2 a*5es /raw color 
to light br[n1 obovoid 7l>ge end        
upp]mo/7 to oblong1 circul> 9 outl9e1   
#a4c-a4h mm4 long1 ) #aj w>ty ribs4     
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,old roads & wa/e 
places4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4      
,great ,burdock4 ,arctium ,lappa4 ,s f> 
z ,i h se5 ! a*5es ( ?is species1 :5    
comp>$ ) ,a4 m9us1 are d>k] color$1 r   
long]1 ! ribs m di/9ct4  ,small]        
,burdock4 ,arctium m9us ,b]uh4 ,possibly
 only a v>iety ( ,a4 ,lappa ,l41 b !    
prevail+ plant 9 c5tral ,mi*igan4 ,i see
 no way ( di/+ui%+ ! a*5es ( "o f ! o!r2
 b x makes little diff]5ce z "o burdock 

is z bad z ano!r4  ,fl[]s purple2 a*5es 
dull br[n1 (t5 spott$ ) black1 /raight  
or curv$1 slightly flatt5$1             
oblong-prismatic ) #c-e n>r[ly ridg$    
angles1 & occasionally o!r small]       
ridges1 #d4e-f mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f   
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4     
,bi5nial ,wormwood4 ,artemisia bi5nis   
,willd4 ,a*5es d>k br[n1 smoo?1 some:at 
flatt5$1 #c-d angl$1 obovate1 n>r[$ at !
 base 4#h-a4c mm4 long4 ,native 9 !     
nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & introduc$ ea/ 
) grass se$s4 ,moi/ l&4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ahe4  ,small] ,bur-,m>igold4     
,bid5s c]nua ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es    
#d-f mm4 long1 dull br[n1 ! awns light]1
 flatt5$1 #d-;angl$1 w$ge-%ap$1 awns    
#b-d1 b>b$ d[nw>d z also are ! ribs4    
,native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,l[ l&s4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4  ,purple-/emm$
 ,swamp ,begg>-ticks4 ,bid5s connata    
,muhl4 ,fl[]s orange2 a*5es br[n1       
w$ge-%ap$ or obovate1 hairy1 tub]cl$1   
flatt5$1 #d-;angl$1 #d-too!d1 #d-f mm4  
long1 a*5es & tee? d[nw>dly b>b$4       

,swamps1 common4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ahg4  ,begg>-ticks4 ,bid5s frondosa ,l4
 ,a*5es dull br[n1 tub]cl$1 mu* flatt5$1
 obovate or oval1 #f-ab mm4 long1 awns  
usually #b1 spread+ b>b$ d[nw>d4 ,l[    
l&s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4  ,/>    
,?i/le4 ,c5taurea sol/itialis ,l4 ,a*5e 
cream :ite to mottl$ br[n1 flatt5$1 oval
 ab\t #b mm4 long2 sc> ( atta*m5t 9 a   
not* ( "o edge above ! r\nd$ base1 apex 
truncate ) a small tub]cle 9 ! middle4  
,f\nd 9 se$s ( alfalfa4 ,a ragg$ plant f
 ,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4    
,ox-eye ,daisy4 ,*rysan!mum ,leucan!mum 
,l4 ,fl[]s :ite2 a*5es br[n or black )  
t5 :ite conspicu\s v]tical ribs1 n>r[ly 
obovate #a4e-a4h mm4 long1 be>+ a       
tub]cle at ! apex4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4
 ,becom+ common4 ,a prom95t we$ 9 old   
pa/ures & mead[s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#aij4  ,*ickory4 ,*i*orium ,intybus ,l4 
,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es light br[n1 m or    
less mottl$ or spott$ ) black1 /raight  
or curv$1 #d-e angl$1 flatt5$1 apex     
truncate cr[n$ ) a d\ble r[ ( m9ute     

scales4 ,a*5es #b4e-c mm4 long4         
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #aia4  ,canada ,?i/le4 ,cirsium   
arv5se 7,l47 ,scop4 ,c>duus arv5sis     
7,l47 ,robs4 ,fl[]s purple or :ite2     
a*5es smoo?1 light br[n1 curv$ or       
/raight1 n>r[ly obovoid or oblong1      
slightly flatt5$1 #b-c mm4 long1 apex   
truncate1 cup-%ap$ ) a tub]cle 9 ! c5t]4
 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,a we$ ( fir/    
rank4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4  ,bull 
,?i/le4 ,cirsium lanceolatum 7,l47      
,hill4 ,c>duus lanceolatus ,l4 ,fl[]s   
purple2 a*5es smoo?1 ne>ly :ite1 ) %>p  
v]tical br[n /ripes1 slightly flatt5$1  
obovate or oblong1 usually curv$ ne> !  
apex1 #c-d mm4 long1 apex truncate ) a  
l>ge tub]cle 9 ! c5t]4 ,introduc$ f     
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4     
,n>r[ leav$ ,hawksbe>d4 ,crepis tectorum
 ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5e *e/nut br[n1    
/raight or curv$1 l9e>1 ribs #aj1 smoo? 
or rugose2 #c4d mm4 long4 ,introduc$ f  
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4     
,fire-we$4 ,ere*tites hi]acifolia 7,l47 

,raf4 ,a*5es br[n1 l9e>1 #b4b-b4h mm4   
long1 flatt5$1 /raight or curv$1 hav+ t5
 v]tical ribs betwe5 :i* are m9ute :ite 
oppress$ hairs1 ! extremities truncate1 
wid] ?an ! n>r[ portion b5ea?1 ! apex   
:ite ) a tub]cle project+ f ! c5t] ( a  
m9ute cup4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,n (  
mu* importance4  ,annual ,fleabane4     
,erig]on annuus 7,l47 ,p]s4 ,fl[]s :ite2
 a*5es smoo?1 %9+1 br[ni% :ite1         
transluc5t1 flatt5$1 obovate or oblong1 
4#g-4i mm4 long1 be>+ at ! apex a :orl (
 v small div]g+ bri/les1 ! longe/ ones  
hav+ be5 rubb$ (f4 ,fa9t traces ( a few 
oppress$ hairs may be se5 "u a good l5s4
 ,native to ?is c\ntry & a v prom95t we$
 9 ?9 mead[s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4
  ,horse-we$4 ,erig]on ,canad5sis ,l4   
,leptilon ,canad5se 7,l47 ,britton4     
,a*5es oblong1 dull cream color1 mu*    
flatt5$1 #a-a4c mm4 long1 %9+1 smoo? or 
conta9+ a few m9ute oppress$ bri/les1   
apex truncate1 be>+ a :orl ( bri/les1 ! 
longe/ hav+ be5 rubb$ (f4 ,native ( ?is 
c\ntry4 ,comp>e ! above description ) t 

( ,erig]on annuus4 ,common 9 wa/e       
places4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4      
,daisy ,fleabane4 ,erig]on ramosus      
7,walt47 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4 ,fl[]s :ite2 a*5es 
ne>ly id5tical ) ^? la/ describ$1       
,erig]on annuus1 bri/les %ort]1 less    
div]g+1 surface be>+ m m9ute appress$   
hairs :5 se5 "u a l5s4 ,native to ?is   
c\ntry & prom95t 9 "s ?9 mead[s4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4  ,sweet       
,ev]la/+4 ,gnaphalium polycephalum      
,mi*x4 ,gnaphalium obtusifolium ,l4     
,out] scales ( ! head ?91 :ite1 /iff2   
a*5es yell[i% :ite or br[n1 slightly    
flatt5$1 smoo?1 oval or oblong1 4#e-4g  
mm4 long4 ,native to ?is c\ntry4 ,n (t5 
tr\blesome4  ,mu* practice ) a good l5s 
& c>eful comp>isons ) o!r small a*5es w 
be necess>y 9 id5tify+ su* specim5s z   
are furni%$ by ?is species4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4  ,l[ ,cudwe$4 
,gnaphalium ulig9osum ,l4 ,out] scales (
 ! head ?91 br[n1 m or less wooly2 a*5es
 4#d-4f mm4 long1 yell[i% :ite to br[n1 
slightly flatt5$1 smoo?1 n>r[ly oblong  

4#d-4f mm4 long4 ,a*5es n>r[] & r %ort] 
?an ^? ( ,g4 obtusifolium4 ,native to   
?is c\ntry4 ,n ( high rank z a we$4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4  ,broad-leav$ 
,gum ,plant4 ,gr9delia squ>rosa 7,pur%47
 ,dunal4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es creamy :ite
 or light br[n1 v v>iable 9 appe>ance1 m
 or less flatt5$1 (t5 #d-;angl$1 /raight
 to mu* curv$1 n>r[$ at ! base1 apex    
truncate1 (t5 concave ) a di/9ct m>g9al 
rim1 "s ( !m n v unlike ^? ( ,canada    
?i/le1 "s ( !m smoo?1 o!rs f9ely groov$ 
or ridg$ l5g?wise1 o!rs some:at wr9kl$1 
#b4e-c mm4 long4 ,occasionally introduc$
 f ! we/ ) se$s ( grasses or clov]4     
,usually n p]si/5t 9 ,mi*igan4          
,arti*oke4 ,helian?us tub]osus ,l4      
,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es black1 %9y m or     
less1 slightly flatt5$1 pubesc5t ) v    
%ort hairs1 ) f\r obtuse angles1 n>r[ly 
obovate1 #f-g mm4 long1 "o side ( !     
small] end project+ beyond ! o!r side4  
,native ( ?is c\ntry2 cultivat$ by      
,indians4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4    
,gold5 ,m\se or ,orange-,e> ,hawkwe$4   

,devil's ,pa9t-,bru%4 ,hi]acium         
aurantiacum4 ,fl[]s orange yell[2 a*5es 
jet black1 oblong1 /raight or curv$1    
apex truncate1 base abruptly tap]+1     
cyl9drical1 ! sides be>+ #aj n>r[1      
v]tical ridges4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,9
 ,ea/]n ,new ,york & ,we/]n             
,massa*usetts mead[s ab\nd 9 l>ge areas 
( ?is vile we$1 #a4h-b4b mm4 long4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4  ,m\se-,e>    
,hawkwe$4 ,hi]acium ,pilosella ,l4      
,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es jet black1 oblong1  
/raight or curv$1 apex truncate1 base   
abruptly po9t$1 cyl9drical or n>r[ly    
oval1 ! sides be>+ #aj n>r[ v]tical     
ridges4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,! a*5es v
 closely resemble ^? ( ! orange hawkwe$4
 ,x doesn't matt] mu*1 = ! habits are ! 
same1 & "o is ab\t z noxi\s z ! o!r4    
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bjb4  ,elecampane4 ,inula        
,hel5ium ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es light  
br[n1 /raight or curv$1 l9e>1 flatt5$1  
#d-e mm4 long1 #d sid$ ) #e-h obscure   
v]tical ridges on ea* side1 apex        

concave1 ! m>g9 be>+ a circle ( %ort    
/iff bri/les1 ! rema9s ( long] ones4    
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,n common4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4  ,m>% ,eld]4  
,iva xan?iifolia 7,fres547 ,nutt4 ,a*5es
 v>i\s %ades ( br[n to black1 flatt5$ or
 rhombic 9 section1 obovoid1 #a4e-b mm4 
long1 longitud9ally1 /riate ) f9e l9es4 
,native to ! upp] p59sula ( ,mi*igan :]e
 x mo/ likely 0 at "o "t introduc$ f !  
we/4 ,x has n be5 f\nd 9 ! l[] p59sula1 
probably because x _h no means ( com+   
across ,lake ,mi*igan4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #bjd4  ,wild ,lettuce4 ,lactuca   
,canad5sis ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es black
 or ne>ly s1 flatt5$1 oval1 be>+ #c     
ribs1 ! lat]al ones sometimes d\ble1 !  
middle "o sl5d]1 surface ab\nd+ 9 m9ute 
transv]se ridges z se5 "u a l5s1 !      
rema9s ( a beak sometimes rema9+4       
,native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,o!r species (    
,lettuce are m or less tr\blesome4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4  ,prickly     
,lettuce4 ,lactuca virosa ,l4 ,= _m ye>s
 errone\sly call$ ,lactuca sc>iola4     

,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es dull1 d>k br[n1     
mottl$ ) black1 flatt5$1 be>+ #e-g r\gh1
 v]tical ridges1 int]sp]s$ by z _m      
small] ones2 oblong1 obovate1 wide/ t[>d
 ! tap]+ apex4 #c-c4e mm4 long4 ,"s ( ! 
leaves turn "o edge up & ! o!r d[n4     
,introduc$ f ,europe & has prov$ itself 
a rem>kable travell]4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bjf4  ,fall ,d&elion4 ,leontodon 
autumnalis ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es light
 br[n1 l9e>1 ) #e broad1 r\nd$ ribs2    
a*5e #d-f4e mm4 long1 /raight or curv$1 
! out] trav]s$1 ) l[ transv]se ridges4  
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bjg4  ,black-ey$ ,susan4 ,yell[  
,daisy4 ,rudbeckia hirta ,l4 ,a*5e      
purple-br[n to black1 slightly tap]+ f  
base to apex #a4e-a4h mm4 long1 base    
abruptly po9t$1 apex truncate1 9 cross  
section ne>ly squ>e1 hav+ #e-g sl5d]    
v]tical ridges on ea* side besides a    
l>g] "o at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,widely  
di/ribut$ 9 mead[s & pa/ures4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4  ,corn        
,s[-,?i/les4 ,son*us arv5sis ,l4 ,fl[]s 

yell[2 a*5es dull1 d>k r$di% br[n1      
oblong1 extremities blunt1 slightly     
flatt5$1 be>+ f\r co>se1 fold-l ridges1 
) two small] ridges betwe5 ea* ( ! two  
l>ge ones1 transv]sely wr9kl$1 #b4e-c   
mm4 long4 ,?is species is a p]5nial     
spread+ by roots-/alks z well z by se$s4
 ,introduc$ 9 ,europe4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #bji4  ,sp9y ,s[-,?i/le4 ,son*us  
asp] 7,l47 ,hill4 ,fl[]s pale yell[2    
a*5es dull /raw-color to r$di% br[n1 mu*
 flatt5$1 obovate1 oblong1 extremities  
blunt1 ea* side be>+ #c-e v]tical       
ridges1 surface ne>ly smoo?1 #b4e-c mm4 
long4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4  ,common      
,s[-,?i/le4 ,son*us ol]aceus ,l4 ,fl[]s 
pale yell[2 a*5es r$di% br[n1 l9e>1     
oblanceolate1 #c mm4 long1 flatt5$      
extremities blunt1 #e unev5 wr9kl$      
ridges on ea* side4 ,introduc$ f        
,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4     
,r$-,se$$ ,d&elion4 ,t>axacum           
ery?rosp]mum ,&rz4 ,a*5e bright r$ or r$
 r$di% br[n1 flatt5$1 oblanceolate1 #c  

mm4 long1 #a mm4 wide or less1 ! r$ beak
 #a mm4 long1 prickles (t5 ext5d+ ne>ly 
to ! base along twelve v]tical ribs1 !  
a*5es n>r[]1 %ort]1 mu* d>k] 9 color1 ) 
prickles ext5d+ f>!r d[n ! ribs1 ! %ort 
beak long]2 ! plant is e>li]1 (t5       
small]1 :5 comp>$ ) ! o!r species4      
,d\btless ?is is m common ?an has be5   
report$1 hav+ be5 ov]look$4 ,introduc$ f
 ,europe4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4    
,d&elion4 ,t>axacum (fic9ale ,web]4     
,t>axacum ,t>axacum 7,l47 ,k>/4 ,fl[]s  
yell[2 a*5es dull light to d>k br[n1    
flatt5$ oblanceolate1 ?read-l beak two  
to ?ree times z long z ! a*5e1 ! /\t    
color$ beak #j4e mm4 long4 ,! mo/       
conspicu\s "* ( ! a*5es lies 9 !        
b>b-l-too!d edges & ridges ( ea* ( !    
simil> faces1 ext5d+ along ! upp] half4 
,a*5e1 #c-d mm4 long1 hav+ twelve       
longitud9al ridges1 #a4b mm4 wide4      
,introduc$ f ,europe4 ,tr\blesome on ?9 
lawns4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4       
,salsify4 ,oy/]-,plant4 ,tragopogon     
porrifolius ,l4 ,fl[]s purple2 a*5es    

dull light br[n1 ne>ly cyl9drical2 apex 
tap]+1 mo/ly t]m9at+ 9 a sl5d] beak :i* 
is (t5 long] ?an ! body ( ! a*5e4 ,a*5e 
/raight or curv$1 #aj-ribb$1 #ab-ah mm4 
long1 out]mo/ co>sely r\gh5$ by upw>dly 
direct$1 :iti%1 scale-l projections4    
,native ( ,europe4  ,mead[ ,salsify4    
,yell[ ,goat's ,be>d4 ,tragopogon       
prat5sis ,l4 ,fl[]s yell[2 a*5es dull1  
light br[n1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 apex      
tap]+1 mo/ly t]m9at+ 9 a sl5d] beak4    
,a*5e /raight or curv$1 #aj-ribb$1      
#ab-ae mm4 long1 ! inn] ones ( ! head   
smoo?1 ! out]-mo/ co>sely r\gh5$ by     
upw>dly direct$1 :iti%1 scale-l         
projections4 ,introduc$ f ,europe4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4  ,am]ican     
,cocklebur4 ,xan?ium ,canad5sis ,mill4  
,a*5es or burs r$di% br[n1 oblong1      
circul> 9 section1 two-beak$1 ab\t #bj  
mm4 long1 cov]$ ) /\t hook$ prickles4   
,ea* bur encloses two se$s4 ,native (   
?is c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4  
,sp9y ,clotbur4 ,xan?ium sp9osum ,l4    
,bur oblong1 light br[n1 v slightly     

flatt5$1 #aj-ac mm4 long1 ! beaks weak &
 small1 small hook$ prickles #c-d mm4   
long1 ea* bur conta9s two se$s4         
,introduc$ f ,europe4  ,broad           
,cocklebur4 ,xan?ium /rum>ium ,l4 ,bur  
d>k br[n1 oval1 circul> 9 sections      
#ab-bb mm4 long1 beaks /\t1 ne>ly       
/raight1 sp9es ab\t #e mm4 long1 surface
 ( burs & base ( sp9es clo!d ) m9ute    
hook$ prickles4 ,naturaliz$ f ,europe4  
,,index4                                
,page    ,abutilon1 #ade    ,acalypha1  
#adc      ,,ac-,,cum',,b5t1 lean+ or ly+
 ^u1 appli$ to cotyl$ons :5     !       
caulicle 7radicle7 is fold$ aga9/ _!    
contigu\s edges1     %[n z ,symbol3 #j  
rotat$ #ij deg4 clockwise4              
,a-,,*5e'1 a*5ium1 a small1 dry1        
"o-se$$1 indehisc5t fruit1     likely to
 be mi/ak5 = a se$4    ,a*illea1 #afj   
,acnida1 #abf      ,a-,,cu',,m9-,,ate1  
end+ 9 a prolong$ tap]+ po9t4           
,agrimonia1 #ach    ,agrimony1 tall     
hairy1 #ach    ,agro/emma1 #abh         
,agropyron1 #aaj    ,aizoaceae1 #abh    

,alfalfa1 #adj    ,allium1 #aai         
,alfil>ia1 #adb    ,alsike clov]1 #ada  
,als9e1 #aca    ,alyssum1 #acb          
,alyssum1 ho>y1 #acc    ,am>an?1 #abf1  
#abg    ,am>an? family1 #abf            
,am>an?aceae1 #abf    ,am>an?us1 #abg   
,ambrosia1 #afj1 #afa    ,am]ican jute1 
#ade    ,anac>diaceae1 #ade             
,a-,,nat',,ro-,,p\s1 a "n appli$ to an  
ovule or se$ :i* gr[s s     t !         
funiculus coh]es to ! :ole l5g? =m+ a   
raphe     along ! edge br++ ! hilum ne> 
! micropyle :ile !     *alaza is at !   
o!r extremity4    ,annual fleabane1 #afe
    ,an!mis1 #afa    ,apetal\s          
pepp]-grass1 #ace      ,a',,pex1 ! tip  
or gr[+ po9t ( an organ4    ,arctium1   
#afb    ,ar5>ia1 #abi    ,artemisia1    
#afb    ,arti*oke1 #afg                 
,asclepiadaceae1 #adi    ,asclepias1    
#adi    ,atriplex1 #abd    ,av5a1 #aaj  
,,awn1 a bri/le-%ap$ app5dage4    ,ax   
se$1 #aci    ,ax wort1 #aci     ,ball   
mu/>d1 #acg    ,b>b>ea1 #acc            
,,b>b$1 furni%$ ) rigid po9ts or %ort   

bri/les1 usually     reflex$ l ! b>b ( a
 fi%-hook4    ,b>ny>d grass1 #aad       
,beak$ night%ade1 #aef    ,beav] poison1
 #adh    ,begg>-ticks1 #afc    ,b]muda  
grass1 #aac    ,b]t]oa1 #acc    ,bid5s1 
#afb1 #afc    ,bi5nial wormwood1 #afb   
,b9dwe$1 #aej    ,bird's-foot trefoil1  
#aci    ,bitt] butt]cup1 #aca    ,bitt] 
dock1 #abb    ,black-ey$ susan1 #afi    
,black m$ick1 #aci    ,black mu/>d1 #acd
    ,black night%ade1 #aef    ,black    
swall[-wort1 #adi    ,bladd] campion1   
#acj    ,bladd] ,ketmia1 #adf           
,bloom-fell1 #aci    ,bluefield madd]1  
#aei    ,blue grass1 #aaf    ,blue      
grass1 ,canadian1 #aaf    ,blue grass1  
,k5tucky1 #aaf    ,blue ,v]va91 #aec    
,borage family1 #aeb    ,borag9aceae1   
#aeb    ,b\nc+ ,bet1 #abi               
,broad-leav$ ,dock1 #abb    ,broad-leav$
 planta91 #aei    ,brome grass1 #aab    
,bromus1 #aaa    ,buck:eat family1 #aai 
,buck:eat1 wild1 #abj    ,bulb\s        
butt]cup1 #acb    ,bull ?i/le1 #afd     
,burdock1 #afb    ,bur-grass1 #aab      

,bur-m>igold1 #afb    ,bur-se$1 #aeb    
,bursa1 #acd    ,butt]cup1 bitt]1       
creep+1 or tall1 #aca    ,butt] & eggs1 
#aef     ,camel9a1 #acd    ,canada      
?i/le1 #afd    ,canadian blue grass1    
#aaf    ,capriola1 #aac    ,capsella1   
#acd    ,c>duus1 #afd1 #afe             
,c>pet-we$1 #abh      ,,c>',,un-,,cle1  
an excresc5ce or protub]ance ne> ! hilum
 ( a     se$4    ,c>yophyllaceae1 #abh  
,ca%ew family1 #ade    ,cat*-fly1 #abi1 
#acj    ,catm9t1 #aed    ,catnip1 #aed  
,cel&9e1 #acb    c4 m4 c5timet]1 see    
rul$ l9es on la/ page1 #ahc    ,c5*rus1 
#aab    ,c5taurea1 #afc    ,c5timet]1   
see rul$ l9es on la/ page1 #ahc         
,c]a/ium1 #abi    ,*aeto*loa1 #aag      
,*>lock1 #acc    ,*eat1 #aab    ,*eeses1
 #adf    ,*elidonium1 #acb              
,*5opodiaceae1 #abd    ,*5opodium1 #abd1
 #abe1 #abf    ,*ess1 b>r51 field1      
smoo?1 s(t1 #aaa    ,*ickory1 #afd      
,*ickwe$1 #abi1 #aca    ,*rysan!mum1    
#afc    ,ci*orium1 #afd    ,cicuta1 #adh
    ,c9quefoil1 silv]y1 #ach1 #aci      

,cirsium1 #afd1 #afe    ,claviceps1 #aaj
    ,climb+ false buck:eat1 #aba        
,clov] dodd]1 #aea    ,cockle1 #abh     
,cocklebur1 #aga      ,,co',,ma1 a tuft 
( hair on a se$4    ,common *ickwe$1    
#aca    ,common milkwe$1 #adi    ,common
 spe$well1 #aeg    ,compositae1 #afj    
,composite family1 #afj    ,conium1 #adh
    ,conr+ia1 #ace    ,convolvulaceae1  
#aej    ,convolvulus1 #aej    ,corn     
camomile1 #afa    ,corn gromwell1 #aec  
,coronilla1 #aci    ,c\* grass1 #aaj    
,c[-cress1 #acf    ,crab-grass1 #aac-aad
    ,crassulaceae1 #ach    ,creep+      
butt]cup1 #acb    ,crepis1 #afe         
,cress1 c[1 #acf    ,crimson clov]1 #ada
    ,cr[foot1 #aca    ,cr[foot family1  
#aca    ,crucif]ae1 #acb    ,curl$      
,dock1 #abb    ,cut-leav$ ,crane's bill1
 #adb    ,cuscuta1 #aej1 #aea           
,cycloloma1 #abf    ,cynan*um1 #adi     
,cynodon1 #aac    ,cynoglossum1 #aeb    
,cyp]aceae1 #aah    ,cyp]us1 #aah       
,cypress spurge1 #adc     ,daisy        
fleabane1 #aff    ,d&elion1 #agj        

,datura1 #aee    ,daucus1 #adh    ,dead 
nettle1 #aed      ,,del',,toid1 %ap$ l !
 ,greek lett] delta2 triangul>4         
,devil's pa9t-bru%1 #afg    ,digitalis1 
#aac    ,diplotaxis1 #ace    ,dipsaceae1
 #afj    ,dipsacus1 #afj    ,dock1 #aba 
,dock-leav$ ,p]sic>ia1 #abj    ,dodd]1  
#aej    ,dog's f5nel1 #afa              
,e*9o*loa1 #aad    ,elecampane1 #afg    
,eleo*>is1 #aah    ,eleus9e1 #aad       
,,el-,,lip',,tic-,,al1 oblong & r\nd$ at
 ! ends2 long] ?an oval4                
,,em',,bry-,o1 ! little plant =m+ a "p (
 ! se$1 usually     consi/+ ( caulicle1 
"o or m cotyl$ons & a plumule4          
,eragro/is1 #aae    ,ere*tites1 #afe    
,ergot1 #aaj    ,erig]on1 #afe1 #aff    
,erodium1 #adb    ,erysimum1 #ace       
,euphorbia1 #adc1 #add                  
,euphorbiaceae1 #adc    ,ev5+ primrose1 
#adg    ,ev5+ primrose family1 #adg     
,fall d&elion1 #afh    ,false ,buck:eat1
 #aba    ,false flax1 #acd              
,,fe',,male ,,fl[',,er1 "o hav+ pi/ils  
only1 b no /am5s2     pi/illate fl[]4   

,,f]',,tile1 produc+ fruit1 or          
reproductive bodies ( any k9d4    ,field
 dodd]1 #aej    ,field g>lic1 #aai      
,field madd]1 #aei    ,field            
pepp]-grass1 #acf    ,figwort family1   
#aef    ,fire-we$1 #afe    ,five f+]1   
#aci    ,flat-/emm$ ,poa1 #aaf    ,flax 
dodd]1 #aej    ,fleabane1 #afe1 #aff    
,floral glume      ,,flo',,ret1 a s+le  
fl[] ( a head or clu/]1 especially 9    
,compositae4    ,=k$ cat*fly1 #acj      
,foxtail1 gre51 yell[1 #aag     ,g>lic1 
field1 wild1 #aai    ,gaura1 #adg       
,g]aniaceae1 #adb    ,g]anium family1   
#adb      ,,glume1 "o ( ! out] floral   
envelopes 9 grasses or s$ges4     ,! t]m
 z n[ us$ includes ! bracts 7empty      
glumes7 :i*     subt5d a spikelet & !   
l[] ( ! two bracts subt5d+     !        
individual fl[] 7fl[]+ or floral glume1 
lemma74    ,gnaphalium1 #aff    ,gold5  
pepp]-grass1 #acf    ,goosefoot1 #abe   
,goosefoot family1 #abd      ,,gra91 !  
c>yopsis or fruit ( ,gram9eae2 any small
 se$4    ,grass1 crab1 #aad    ,grass   

family1 we$s 91 #aaj    ,grass1 old     
wit*1 #aae    ,grass1 porcup9e1 #aag    
,grass1 /9k1 #aae    ,gre5 foxtail1 #aag
    ,great b9dwe$1 #aej    ,great       
burdock1 #afb    ,great ragwe$1 #afa    
,gr9delia1 #aff    ,gronovius' dodd]1   
#aea    ,gr\nd honeysuckle1 #aci    ,gum
 plant1 #aff     ,h>e's e>1 #ace        
,,has',,tate1 l ! head ( a              
halb]d--appli$ to leaves :i*     h a    
spread+ lobe on ea* side ( ! base4      
,hawksbe>d1 #afe    ,heal-all1 #aee     
,h$ge b9dwe$1 #aej    ,h$ge mu/>d1 #acg 
,helian?us1 #afg    ,hibiscus1 #adf     
,hi]acium1 #afg    ,hillman1 ,f4 ,h41   
graduate ( ! ,college 9 #ahhh2 exp]t    
draftsman ( ! se$ ,division ( ,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c1 #ajc    ,hilum1 #acd            
,,hi',,lum1 ! sc> or po9t ( atta*m5t ( a
 se$4    ,ho>h\nd1 #aed    ,ho>y        
alyssum1 #acc    ,ho>y cress1 #acf      
,honeysuckle1 gr\nd1 #aci    ,hordeum1  
#aae    ,horse nettle1 #aee             
,horse-we$1 #afe    ,h\nd's tongue1 #aeb
    ,hyp]icaceae1 #adg    ,hyp]icum1    

#adg     ,illecebraceae1 #abh           
,,9-,,cum',,b5t1 lean+ or ly+ ^u2 appli$
 to cotyl$ons :5     ! caulicle is fold$
 aga9/ ! track ( "o ( !m1 %[n     z     
,symbol3  o4    ,indian mall[1 #ade     
,indian mu/>d1 #acc    ,indig5\s1 #aci  
,,9-,,dig',e-,,n\s1 native & orig9al to 
! region4    ,inula1 #afg    ,iva1 #afg 
,,9',,vo-,,lu-,,cre1 a set ( bracts     
imm$iately subt5d+ a fl[] or            
infloresc5ce4     ,j]usalem oak1 #abe   
,jimson we$1 #aee    ,juncaceae1 #aah   
,june grass1 #aaf       ,,keel1 ! jo9$  
pair ( petals 9 a papilionace\s corolla2
 a     project+ ridge along ! back ( an 
organ4    ,knawel1 #abh    ,knot-grass1 
#aai    ,knotwe$1 #abj    ,knotwe$      
family1 #abh     ,labiatae1 #aed        
,lactuca1 #afh    ,lady's ,?umb1 #aba   
,lamb's qu>t]s1 #abd    ,lamium1 #aed   
,,lan',,ce-,o-,,late1 tap]+ abruptly    
t[>ds ! base & gradually     t[>ds !    
apex1 l ! head ( a lance4    ,lappula1  
#aeb    ,l>ge-bract$ planta91 #aeh      
,leafy spurge1 #adc    ,legum9osae1 #aci

    ,leontodon1 #afh    ,leonurus1 #aed 
,lepidium1 #acf    ,leptilon1 #afe      
,liliaceae1 #aai    ,lily family1 #aai  
,l9>ia1 #aef      ,,l9',e-,,ar1 v n>r[ )
 ! m>g9s p>allel or ne>ly s4            
,li?osp]mum1 #aec    ,l[ cudwe$1 #aff   
,luc]ne1 #adj    ,lotus1 #aci    ,l[    
hop-clov]1 #ada     ,madd] family1 #aei 
,mall[1 #ade1 #adf    ,mall[ family1    
#ade    ,malva1 #adf    ,malvaceae1     
#ade1 #adf    ,mammo? clov]1 #ada       
,_m-se$$ goosefoot1 #abf    ,maple-leav$
 goosefoot1 #abe    ,m>% eld]1 #afg     
,m>ubium1 #aed    ,may-we$1 #afa        
,m$icago1 #aci1 #adj    ,melilotus1 #adj
    ,mexican tea1 #abe    ,milfoil1 #afj
    ,milkwe$1 #adi    ,milkwe$ family1  
#adi    ,millimet]1 see la/ page ( ?is  
bullet9    ,m9t family1 #aed    m4 m4   
,millimet]1 see rul$ l9es on la/ page1  
#aci    ,mollugo1 #abh    ,morn+-glory  
family1 #aej    ,mossy /onecrop1 #ach   
,mo!rwort1 #aed    ,mo? mulle91 #aef    
,m\se-e> *ickwe$1 #abi    ,m\se-e>      
hawkwe$1 #afg    ,mulle91 #aef1 #aeg    

,musqua%-root1 #adh    ,mu/>d1 #acc1    
#acd1 #ace    ,mu/>d family1 #acb       
,n>r[-leav$ dock1 #abb    ,n>r[-leav$   
hawk's be>d1 #afe    ,n>r[-leav$        
planta91 #aeh    ,nepeta1 #aed          
,neslia1 #acg    ,nettle family1 #aai   
,nettle-leav$ v]va91 #aec               
,night-fl[]+ cat*fly1 #acj              
,night%ade1 #aef    ,night-%ade family1 
#aee    ,nonesu*1 #aci    ,nut-grass1   
#aah     ,oak-leav$ goosefoot1 #abe     
,oat1 wild1 #aaj                        
,,ob-,,lan',,ce-,o-,,late1 lanceolate 9 
=m1 b tap]+ t[>d !     base m ?an t[>d !
 apex4      ,,ob',,long1 long] ?an wide 
) ne>ly p>allel sides4 ,comp>e          
,oval4      ,,ob-,o',,vate1 a flat body 
broad] t[>d ! apex ?an ! base4     ,see 
,ovate4      ,,ob-,o',,void1 a solid    
body broad] t[>ds ! apex ?an ! base4    
,see ,ovoid4      ,,ob-,,tuse'1 hav+ a  
r\nd$ end or apex2 blunt4    ,o5o!ra1   
#adg    ,old wit* grass1 #aae           
,onagraceae1 #adg    ,ora*e1 spread+1   
#abd    ,orp9e family1 #ach             

,o',,val1 ab\t twice z long z broad1 )  
regul> curv$     outl9es1 broadly       
elliptical4      ,o',,vate1 l a         
longitud9al section ( an ord9>y h5's    
egg1     ) ! atta*m5t1 if any1 at !     
broad end4      ,o',,void1 ! %ape ( a   
h5's egg & atta*$1 if at all1 at !      
l>ge end4    ,ovoid spike ru%1 #aah     
,ox-eye daisy1 #afc    ,oy/]-plant1 #agj
     ,pa9t bru%1 #afg      ,,pa',,le-,a1
 ,,pa',,let1 ! upp] bract :i* ) ! floral
 glume     incloses ! fl[] 9 grasses4   
,pale p]sic>ia1 #abj    ,panicum1 #aac  
,panicum capill>e1 #aae    ,panicum1    
smoo?1 #aae    ,papav]aceae1 #acb       
,p>sley family1 #adh    ,p>snip1 wild1  
#adi    ,pa/9aca1 #adi    ,pati5ce dock1
 #abc    ,p5nsylvania p]sic>ia1 #abj    
,p5ny cress1 #acg    ,pepp]grass1 #ace1 
#acf    ,p]sic>ia1 dock-leav$1 #abj     
,pigeon grass1 #aag    ,pigwe$1 #abd    
,pigwe$ family1 #abd    ,p9k family1    
#abh    ,plantago1 #aeh1 #aei           
,planta9 family1 #aeh    ,poa annua1    
#aaf    ,poa compressa1 #aaf    ,poa1   

flat-/emm$1 #aaf    ,poa prat5sis1 #aaf 
,poison hemlock1 #adh    ,poison ivy1   
#ade    ,polygonaceae1 #aai             
,polygonum1 #aai-abj    ,poppy family1  
#acb    ,porcup9e grass1 #aag           
,portulaca1 #aca    ,portulacaceae1 #aca
    ,pot5tilla1 #ach1 #aci    ,prickly  
lettuce1 #afh    ,prickly sida1 #adf    
,pro/rate am>an?1 #abg    ,prunella1    
#aee      ,,pu-,,bes',,c5t1 clo!d ) s(t 
& r %ort hairs4    ,pulse family1 #aci  
,purple ,jimsonwe$1 #aee                
,purple-/emm$ begg>-ticks1 #afc         
,purslane family1 #aca    ,purslane     
spe$well1 #aeg    ,pusley1 #aca         
,quack grass1 #aaj     ,ragwe$1 #afj    
,ranunculaceae1 #aca    ,ranunculus1    
#aca1 #acb      ,,ra',,phe1 ! adh]5t    
funiculus connect+ ! hilum & *alaza     
9 anatrop\s or amphitrop\s ovules or    
se$s4    ,r$ clov]1 #ada    ,r$-se$$    
d&elion1 #agj    ,r$ root1 #aec         
,,re-,,tic',u-,,late1 9 ! =m ( network4 
,rhus1 #ade    ,rib-grass1 #aeh         
,rocket1 yell[1 #acc      ,,root1 !     

desc5d+ axis :i* is de/itute ( leaves or
 nodes4      ,,root ,,/ock1 rhizome1 a  
/em usually subt]ranean & m or     less 
?ick5$1 produc+ "y bran*es4             
,rosaceae1 #ach    ,rose family1 #ach   
,r\gh c9quefoil1 #aci    ,r\gh pigwe$1  
#abg    ,rudbeckia1 #afi    ,rugel's    
broad-leav$ planta91 #aei    ,rumex1    
#aba1 #abb1 #abc    ,runn+ mall[1 #adf  
,ru% family1 #aah    ,ru%1 sl5d]1 #aah  
,ru%1 spike1 #aah    ,russian ?i/le1    
#abf    ,rutabaga1 #acc    ,rye1 #aaf   
,salsify1 #agj    ,salsola1 #abf        
,s&-bur1 #aab    ,s& planta91 #aeh      
,s& rocket1 #ace    ,s&wort1 #abi       
,sapon>ia1 #abi    ,sc>let clov]1 #ada  
,scl]ia1 #abh    ,scrophulaceae1 #aef   
,secale1 #aaf    ,s$ge family1 #aah     
,s$um1 #ach    ,self-heal1 #aee         
,set>ia glauca1 viridis1 #aag    ,%eep  
sorrel1 #abb    ,%eph]d's purse1 #acd   
,%]>dia1 #aei    ,%ore knot-we$1 #abj   
,sida1 #adf    ,sil5e1 #abi1 #acj       
,silv]y c9quefoil1 #ach    ,sisymbrium1 
#acg    ,sleepy cat*fly1 #abi    ,sl5d] 

pigwe$1 #abg    ,sl5d] nettle1 #aai     
,sl5d] ru%1 #aah    ,small alyssum1 #acb
    ,small] burdock1 #afb               
,small-fl[]$ crane's bill1 #adb         
,small-fl[]$ cr[foot1 #aca              
,small-fruit$ false flax1 #acd          
,smut-we$1 #abj    ,solanaceae1 #aee    
,solanum1 #aee1 #aef    ,son*us1 #afi   
,sorrel1 #aba    ,s\r dock1 #aba        
,s[-?i/le1 #afi    ,spani% dodd]1 #aea  
,spe> grass1 #aaf    ,spe$well1 #aeg    
,sp]gula1 #acj      ,,spike',,let1 a    
small or second>y spike1 z f\nd 9       
grasses4    ,spott$ spurge1 #add        
,spr+ clotbur1 #aga    ,spr+ s[-?i/le1  
#afi    ,spurge family1 #adc    ,spurry1
 #acj    ,squirrel-tail grass1 #aae     
,/4 ,john's-wort family1 #adg    ,/>    
?i/le1 #afc    ,/ell>ia1 #aca           
,,/]',,ile1 n f]tile4    ,/ick-se$1 #aeb
    ,/9k grass1 #aae    ,/ipa sp>tea1   
#aag    ,/onecrop1 mossy1 #ach          
,/ork's-bill1 #adb      ,,/ri',,ate1    
/rip$ ) p>allel ridges & grooves4       
,swall[-wort1 #adi    ,swamp            

begg]-ticks1 #afc    ,sweet clov]1 #adj 
,sweet ev]la/+1 #aff    ,syn!risma1 #aac
     ,tall butt]cup1 #aca    ,tall      
mu/>d1 #acg    ,t>axacum1 #agj          
,teasel family1 #afj    ,?i/le1 #afd    
,?i/le1 ,russian1 #abf    ,?orn apple1  
#aee    ,?ree-se$$ m]cury1 #adc         
,?yme-leav$ s&wort1 #abi    ,?yme-leav$ 
spe$well1 #aeg    ,?yme-leav$ spurge1   
#add    ,toad-flax1 #aef    ,tragopogon1
 #agj    ,treacle mu/>d1 #ace           
,trefoil1 #aci    ,trifolium1 #ada1 #adb
      ,,trun',,cate1 t]m9at+ abruptly1 z
 ?\gh cut (f or flatt5$     at ! end4   
,comp>e ,premorse & ,succise4           
,,tu',,b]-,,cle1 a swoll5 "p or a root  
due to bact]ia4 ,usually     applies to 
su* z possess ! p[] to fix nitrog52 a   
little     tub]4    ,tumblewe$1 #abg    
,tumbl+ mu/>d1 #acg     ,umbellif]ae1   
#adh    ,upright spott$ spurge1 #add    
,urtica1 #aai     ,velvet leaf1 #ade    
,velvet-leav$ mulle91 #aeg    ,v]bascum1
 #aef1 #aeg    ,v]b5a1 #aec             
,v]b5aceae1 #aec    ,v]onica1 #aeg      

,v]va9 family1 #aec    ,v9cetoxicum1    
#adi     ,wall spe$well1 #aeg    ,wat]  
hemlock1 #adh    ,wat] hemp1 #abf       
,we$1 def9$1 #ajc    ,we$1 :at enables a
 plant to become "o1 #aje    ,we$s1     
disadvantages (1 #ajd    ,we$s1 f\nd 9  
c]ta9 crops & :y1 #ajg    ,we$s1 h[     
introduc$ & h[ spread1 #ajf    ,we$s1 h[
 to ext]m9ate1 #ajh    ,we$s1 li/s (1 9 
clov]s & grasses1 #ajg    ,we$s (       
,mi*igan comp>$ ) ^? else:]e1 #ajg      
,we$s1 "s small b5efits f1 #ajd         
,we$s1 :]e c]ta9 ones are tr\blesome1   
#ajg    ,we$s1 :]e !y come f1 #ajg      
,we/]n wat] hemp1 #abf    ,:eat ?ief1   
#aec    ,:ite clov]1 #adb    ,:ite      
ho>h\nd1 #aed    ,:ite sweet clov]1 #adj
    ,:orl$ mall[1 #adf    ,wild c>rot1  
#adh    ,wild comfrey1 #aeb    ,wild    
g>lic1 #aai    ,wild lettuce1 #afh      
,wild p>snip1 #adi    ,wild pepp]grass1 
#acf    ,will[-leav$ dock1 #abc    ,w+$ 
pigwe$1 #abf    ,wild buck:eat1 #abj    
,wild oat1 #aaj    ,w9t] cress1 #acc    
,wire grass1 #aad1 #aaf    ,wit*grass1  

old1 #aae    ,worm-se$1 #ace            
,wormwood1 #afb     ,xan?ium1 #aga      
,y>d grass1 #aad    ,y>r[1 #afj         
,yell[ alyssum1 #acb    ,yell[ daisy1   
#afi    ,yell[ foxtail1 #aag    ,yell[  
goat's be>d1 #agj    ,yell[ rocket1 #acc
  ,symbol3 "r po9t+ index ,if n famili> 
) ! decimal scale us$ 9 record+         
measurem5ts 9 ?is volume1 ! read] c clip
 out "o ( ^? f\nd bel[ & use x =        
measur+4  ,illu/ration     ,transcrib]'s
 ,notes    ,use ! fir/ phrase to f9d !  
*ange4  ,page #b    'a doll> is almo/   
indisp5sable 9'    ,*ang$ 'indisp5sible'
 to 'indisp5sable'4  ,page #b    '!y    
annoy ! g>dn]4'    'g>dn]' may be       
'g>d5]'4 ,un*ang$4  ,page #aje          
'enorm\s numb] ( we$s4'    'we$s' may be
 'se$s'4 ,un*ang$4  ,page #aad    '?ree 
obscure longitud9al'    ,*ang$ 'obcure' 
to 'obscure'4  ,page #aai    ',urtica   
gracilis'    ,*ang$ ',utrica' to        
',urtica'4  ,page #abj    ',polygonum   
,convolvulus'    ,*ang$ ',concolvulus'  
to ',convolvulus'4  ,page #abj          

'elliptical to obovoid1'    ,*ang$      
'ellipical' to 'elliptical'4  ,page #aba
    'base obtuse or be>+'    ,*ang$     
'abtuse' to 'obtuse'4  ,page #abb       
',rumex ,acetosella'    ,*ang$ ',rumux' 
to ',rumex'4    ,*ang$ ',actosella' to  
',acetosella'4  ,page #abd    'fa9tly   
evid5t radiat+ /riation'    ,*ang$      
'/riatian' to '/riation'4  ,page #abe   
'"o side a groove leads to ne>'         
,*ang$ 'grove' to 'groove'4  ,page #abe 
',*5opodium hybridum'    ,*ang$         
'hybrium' to 'hybridum'4  ,page #abf    
',acnida tub]culata'    ,*ang$          
'tub]calala' to 'tub]culata'4  ,page    
#aca    ',purslane4 ,pussley4'    ,*ang$
 ',purselane' to ',purslane'4  ,page    
#aca    'ne>ly circul>1 ea* side cov]$ )
 #e-f curv$ r[s ( tub]cles1   giv+ !    
appe>ance ( hav+ ! two extremities b5t  
toge!r1'    ,^! two l9es 7 rev]s$ 9     
orig9al4  ,page #aca    '9 outl9e1 hem-l
 m>g91'    ,*ang$ 'hemlike-l' to        
'hem-l'4  ,page #acd    'sc> 7hilum7 is 
a :iti%1'    ,*ang$ ':itti%' to ':iti%'4

  ,page #acf    ',lepidium ,draba'      
,*ang$ ',lepidum' to ',lepidium'4  ,page
 #ach    'slightly anatrop\s1'    ,*ang$
 'anatr\p\s' to 'anatrop\s'4  ,page #ach
    ',agrimonia gryposepala'    ,*ang$  
'cryposepala' to 'gryposepala'4  ,page  
#ada    'long by #a4x#a4d mm4 wide4'    
'#a4x#a4d mm4' maybe '#a4-a4d mm4'4     
,un*ang$4  ,page #adb    'are half      
anatrop\s'    ,*ang$ 'ana?rop\s' to     
'anatrop\s'4  ,page #add    'v]ticle l9e
 7raphe7'    'v]ticle' may be 'v]tical'4
 ,un*ang$4  ,page #adg    ',,/4         
,,john',s-,,wort ,,family4              
,,hyp]icaceae4'    ',,hypepicaceae'     
*ang$ to ',,hyp]icaceae'4  ,page #aej   
',convolvulus arv5sis'    ,*ang$        
',convolv\lus' to ',convolvulus'4  ,page
 #aec    'f\r h>d1 conical-ovoid'       
,*ang$ 'connical' to 'conical'4  ,page  
#aec    'long1 bord]$ by a n>r[ m>g91'  
,*ang$ 'bordr$' to 'bord]$'4  ,page #aee
    'convex hav+ d>k v]ticle l9es1'     
'v]ticle' may be 'v]tical'4 ,un*ang$4   
,page #aef    'dull1 yell[i% to light   

br[n1'    'gr[n' *ang$ to 'br[n'4  ,page
 #aef    '4#e-a mm4 long1 column>1'     
,*ang$ 'columm>' to 'column>'4  ,page   
#aeg    ',purslane ,spe$well'    ,*ang$ 
',purselane' to ',purslane'4  ,page #aeg
    ') c]ta9ty by means ('    ,*ang$    
'c]ta9ity' to 'c]ta9ty'4  ,page #aeg    
'oval to broadly obovate1'    ,*ang$    
'obvate' to 'obovate'4  ,page #aei      
'%ape1 oval1 oblong1 rhomboidal'        
,*ang$ 'rhombodial' to 'rhomboidal'4    
,page #afd    ',*ickory4 ,*i*orium      
,intybus'    ',*icory' & ',ci*orium' are
 ! g5]ally accept$ spell+s today4       
,un*ang$4  ,page #afe    ',leptilon     
,canad5se'    ,*ang$ ',leptiton' to     
',leptilon'4  ,page #afe    'extremities
 truncate1'    ,*ang$ 'extremeties' to  
'extremities'4  ,page #afg    'br[n1    
/raight or curv$1'    ,*ang$ '/right' to
 '/raight'4  ,page #afg    ',iva        
xan?iifolia'    ,may be 'xan?ifolia'4   
,un*ang$4  ,page #afg    'or rhombic 9  
section1'    ,*ang$ 'rhombic9' to       
'rhombic 9'4  ,page #afh    ',leontodon 

autumnalis'    ,*ang$ 'autunalis' to    
'autumnalis'4  ,page #afi    'spread+ by
 roots-/alks'    'root-/ocks' &         
'roots-/alks' us$ int]*angeably4        
,un*ang$4  ,page #afi    ',introduc$ 9  
,europe4'    ,may be ',introduc$ f      
,europe4' ,un*ang$4  ,page #agj         
',t>axacum ,t>axacum'    ,*ang$         
',t>axacum ,t>axicum' to ',t>axacum     
,t>axacum'4  ,page #agj    'faces1      
ext5d+ along'    ,*ang$ 'ex5d+' to      
'ext5d+'4  ,page #agc    'end+ 9 a      
prolong$ tap]+ po9t4'    ,*ang$         
'prolonge' to 'prolong$'4  ,page #age   
',clov] dodd]1 #aea'    ,*ang$ '#ea' to 
'#aea'4  ,page #agg    ',li?osp]mum1'   
,*ang$ ',li?osp]num' to ',li?osp]mum'4  
,page #agg    ',ho>y alyssum1'    ,*ang$
 'allyssum' to 'alyssum'4  ,page #agh   
'lanceolate 9 =m1'    ,*ang$ 'laceolate'
 to 'lanceolate'4  ,page #agh           
',ox-eye daisy1'    ,*ang$ 'daisey' to  
'daisy'4  ,page #aha    ,tall mu/>d1    
#acg    ,*ang$ '#bcg' to '#acg'4