,,bulletin #bfj ,,march1 #aiaj ,,michigan ,,state ,,agricultural ,,college ,,experiment ,,station ,,division ,,of ,,botany ,,seeds ,,of ,,michigan ,,weeds ,,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,beal ,,east ,,lansing1 ,,michigan #aiaj ,the ,bulletins of this ,station are sent free to all newspapers in the ,state and to such individuals interested in farming as may request them4 ,address all applications to the ,director1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,,michigan ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,station ,postoffice and ,telegraph address1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,railroad and ,express address1 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,a ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,and1 ,,with ,,it1 ,,controlled ,,by ,,the ,,incorporated ,,state ,,board ,,of ,,agriculture ,,hon4 ,,robert ,d4 ,,graham1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,chairman of the ,board1 ,term expires #aiad ,,hon4 ,,wm4 ,j4 ,,oberdorffer1 ,stephenson1 ,term expires #aiab ,,hon4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,,carpenter1 ,detroit1 ,term expires #aiab ,,hon4 ,,alfred ,j4 ,,doherty1 ,clare1 ,term expires #aiad ,,hon4 ,i4 ,r4 ,,waterbury1 ,detroit1 ,term expires #aiaf ,,hon4 ,,william ,h4 ,,wallace1 ,bay ,port1 ,term expires #aiaf ,,hon4 ,,fred ,m4 ,,warner1 ,governor of the ,state1 ,ex officio ,,jonathan ,l4 ,,snyder1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,president of the ,college1 ,ex officio ,,hon4 ,l4 ,l4 ,,wright1 ,ironwood1 ,ex officio ,,addison ,m4 ,,brown1 ,a4 ,b41 ,secretary4 ,,station ,,council ,,jonathan ,l4 ,,snyder1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pres41 ,ex officio ,,robert ,s4 ,,shaw1 ,b4 ,s4 ,a41 ,director ,,charles ,e4 ,,marshall1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,scientific and ,vice ,director and ,bacteriologist ,r4 ,h4 ,,pettit1 ,b4 ,s4 ,a41 ,entomologist ,a4 ,j4 ,,patten1 ,b4 ,s41 ,chemist ,h4 ,j4 ,,eustace1 ,b4 ,s41 ,horticulturist ,j4 ,a4 ,,jeffery1 ,b4 ,s4 ,a41 ,soil ,physicist ,w4 ,j4 ,,beal1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,botanist ,v4 ,m4 ,,shoesmith1 ,b4 ,s41 ,farm ,crops ,,addison ,m4 ,,brown1 ,a4 ,b41 ,secretary and ,treasurer ,,advisory ,,and ,,assistant ,,staff4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,halligan1 ,b4 ,s41 ,asst4 ,horticulturist ,o4 ,,rahn1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,asst4 ,bacteriologist ,a4 ,c4 ,,anderson1 ,b4 ,s41 ,asst4 ,dairy ,husbandryman ,j4 ,b4 ,,dandeno1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,assist4 ,botanist ,g4 ,d4 ,,shafer1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,research ,asst4 in ,entomology ,m4 ,a4 ,,yothers1 ,b4 ,s41 ,asst4 in ,entomology ,w4 ,,giltner1 ,d4 ,v4 ,m4 ,m4 ,s41 ,research ,asst4 in ,bacteriology ,c4 ,w4 ,,brown1 ,b4 ,s41 ,research ,asst4 in ,bacteriology ,f4 ,a4 ,,spragg1 ,m4 ,s41 ,research ,asst4 in ,crops 7,plant ,breeding7 ,c4 ,s4 ,,robinson1 ,m4 ,s4 ,research ,asst4 in ,chemistry ,,miss ,z4 ,,northrop1 ,b4 ,s41 ,asst4 in ,bacteriology ,,miss ,l4 ,m4 ,,smith1 ,ph4 ,b41 ,asst4 in ,bacteriology ,o4 ,b4 ,,winter1 ,a4 ,b41 ,asst4 in ,chemistry ,,mrs4 ,l4 ,e4 ,,landon1 ,librarian ,,sub-,,stations4 ,chatham1 ,alger ,county1 #afj acres deeded--,leo ,m4 ,geismar in charge4 ,grayling1 ,crawford ,county1 #hj acres deeded4 ,south ,haven1 ,van ,buren ,county1 #aj acres rented2 #e acres deeded--,frank ,a4 ,wilkin in charge4 ,the designer of this bulletin first had in mind something of the sort for the use of his students1 not only the undergraduates1 but others living on farms1 or teaching in ,michigan and elsewhere4 ,whoever grows seeds to sell1 or buys seeds to sow1 should be benefited by consulting the illustrations which are unsurpassed for accuracy by anything in this country4 ,they were all made by ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,hillman4 ,a hand lens costing from twenty cents to a dollar is almost indispensable in examining our seeds4 ,the brief descriptions are necessarily made by using definite scientific terms1 which are explained in a glossary at the close of the work4 ,a few weeds are not illustrated1 for the reason that the plants have ceased to produce seeds1 such as the horse radish1 and some of them are not conspicuously bad4 ,not far from half the illustrations are made from small seed-like fruits1 likely to be mistaken for seeds1 such as are produced by dandelions1 burdocks1 narrow-leaved dock1 all grasses4 ,cuts of seeds of several clovers are inserted that students may learn to distinguished them from weeds too often mixed with them4 ,no apology is offered for making use of the decimal scale instead of the cumbersome antiquated ,english scale1 which fortunately is gradually growing out of use4 ,in the back part of the bulletin are duplicate copies of the decimal scale that any one can cut out and use for measuring4 ,for copies of the following figures some time ago prepared by ,mr4 ,hillman1 we are indebted to the authorities of the ,agricultural ,college1 of ,reno1 ,nevada3 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #bc1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fc1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #ia1 #ib1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #abe1 #acj1 #ace1 #ach1 #adj1 #add1 #adf1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agh1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bab1 #bad1 #bae4 ,a weed is any useless or troublesome plant4 ,a plant out of place or growing where it is not wanted4 ,tobacco4 ,a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered4--,emerson4 ,weeds everywhere2 they thrive in the cornfield1 they choke wheat in the field1 they annoy the gardner1 they thrive in the meadow1 they spring up by the roadside1 they encroach on the swamp1 they damage the fleeces of sheep4 ,the rapid increase in the number and variety of weeds should cause alarm4 ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,weeds4 #a4 ,they rob cultivated plants of nutriment4 #b4 ,they injure crops by crowding and shading4 #c4 ,they retard the work of harvesting grain by increasing the draft and by extra wear of machinery4 7,bindweed1 thistles1 red root47 #d4 ,they retard the drying of grain and hay4 #e4 ,they increase the labor of threshing1 and make cleaning of seed difficult4 #f4 ,they damage the quality of flour1 sometimes making it nearly worthless4 7,allium vineale ,l47 #g4 ,most of them are of little value as food for domestic animals4 #h4 ,some weeds injure stock by means of barbed awns4 7,squirrel tail grass1 wild oats1 porcupine grass47 #i4 ,some of them injure wool and disfigure the tails of cattle1 the manes and tails of horses4 7,burdock1 cocklebur1 houndstongue47 #aj4 ,a few make ,hair balls in the stomachs of horses4 7,rabbit-foot clover1 crimson clover47 #aa4 ,some injure the quality of dairy products4 7,leeks1 wild onions47 #ab4 ,penny cress1 and probably others1 when eaten by animals1 injure the taste of meat4 #ac4 ,poison hemlock1 spotted cowbane and ,jamestown weed are very poisonous4 #ad4 ,many weeds interfere with a rotation of crops4 #ae4 ,all weeds damage the appearance of a farm and render it less valuable4 7,quack-grass1 ,canada thistle1 plantains47 ,,some ,,small ,,benefits4 #a4 ,they are of some use in the world to induce more frequent and more thorough cultivation1 which benefits crops4 #b4 ,the new arrival of a weed of first rank stimulates watchfulness4 7,russian thistle47 #c4 ,in occupying the soil after a crop has been removed they prevent the loss of fertility by shading the ground4 #d4 ,weeds plowed under add some humus and fertility to the soil1 though in a very much less degree than clover or cow peas4 #e4 ,some of them furnish food for birds in winter4 ,,what ,,enables ,a ,,plant ,,to ,,become ,a ,,weed4 #a4 ,sometimes by producing an enormous number of weeds4 7,a large plant of purslane1 #a1bej1jjj seeds2 a patch of daisy fleabane1 #c1jjj to a square inch47 #b4 ,in other cases by the great vitality of their seeds4 ,shepherd's purse1 mustard1 purslane1 pigeon-grass1 pigweeds1 pepper-grass1 ,may weed1 evening primrose1 smart weed1 narrow-leaved dock1 two chick-weeds survive when buried in the soil thirty years at least1 as ,i have found by actual test4 #c4 ,in each prickly fruit of a cocklebur there are two seeds1 only one of which grows the first year1 the other surviving to grow the second year4 #d4 ,some are very succulent1 and ripen seeds even when pulled4 7,purslane47 #e4 ,often by ripening and scattering seeds before the cultivated crop is mature4 7,red root1 fleabane47 #f4 ,sometimes by ripening seeds at the time of harvesting a crop1 when all are harvested together4 7,chess1 cockle47 #g4 ,some seeds are difficult to separate from seeds of the crop cultivated4 7,sorrel1 mustard1 narrow-leaved plantain in seeds of red clover and alfalfa47 #h4 ,some are very small and escape notice4 7,mullein1 fleabane47 #i4 ,some plants go to seed long before suspected1 as no showy flowers announce the time of bloom4 7,pigweeds47 #aj4 ,in a few cases the plants break loose from the soil when mature and become tumble-weeds4 7,some pigweeds1 ,russian thistle47 #aa4 ,some seeds and seed-like fruits are furnished each with a balloon1 or a sail1 or with grappling hooks4 7,dandelion1 sticktights1 burdock47 #ab4 ,some remain with the dead plant long into winter1 and when torn off by the wind or by birds1 drift for long distances on the snow1 often from one farm to another4 7,pigweeds47 #ac4 ,some have creeping root-stocks or tubers4 7,quack-grass1 nut-grass47 #ad4 ,some defend themselves with forks and bayonets4 7,thistles47 #ae4 ,most of them are disagreeable in taste or odor1 so that domestic animals leave them to occupy the ground and multiply4 7,jamestown weed1 stink grass1 milk weed47 #af4 ,plants with stout roots are sometimes passed over by the harrow or cultivator4 ,,how ,,are ,,weeds ,,introduced ,,and ,,how ,,are ,,they ,,spread8 #a4 ,by live stock1 carried in the hair or fleece or carried by the feet2 in some instances passing alive with the excrement4 #b4 ,by unground feed-stuff purchased4 #c4 ,by adhering to the insides of sacks where they were placed with grain4 #d4 ,in barnyard manure drawn from town4 #e4 ,in the packing of trees1 crockery1 baled hay and straw4 #f4 ,by wagons1 sleighs1 threshing machines4 #g4 ,sometimes by plows1 cultivators and harrows4 #h4 ,by railway trains passing through or near a farm4 #i4 ,by ballast of boats at wharves4 #aj4 ,by wool-waste at factories4 #aa4 ,by birds1 squirrels1 and mice4 #ab4 ,by water of brooks1 rivers1 by washing rains and by irrigating ditches4 #ac4 ,by the wind aided by little wings or down1 or by drifting on the snow4 #ad4 ,by dropping seeds to the ground from extending branches and repeating the process4 #ae4 ,by creeping root-stocks1 as ,june grass1 quack-grass and toad-flax4 #af4 ,by piercing potatoes1 carrots1 etc41 quack-grass1 ,june grass1 ,bermuda grass are sometimes carried to other fields or farms where the tubers and roots are planted4 #ag4 ,a farmer buys clover seeds or grass seeds that were grown in some state that never before grew seeds that went onto his farm and thus he may get some new weeds4 ,seeds of alfalfa or some other crop bring new kinds of weeds1 especially those of dodder4 ,as every kind of weed goes onto a farm to stay there it follows that as a country becomes older the greater the number of kinds of weeds4 ,as a rule each farm is annually getting more sorts of weeds1 and as each farmer is cultivating weeds1 they are more freely distributed in every field and along every roadside and by exchanging they are carried to neighboring and distant farms4 ,a great many farmers buy and sow whatever the merchant offers them under the name mentioned4 ,for example1 the college has a sample of something called clover seed1 sold by a dealer in this state4 ,it contains about #dj per cent of narrow-leaved plantain4 ,,where ,,certain ,,weeds ,,are ,,troublesome4 ,to begin with1 years and years ago no new farm in the wilderness of ,michigan contained more than twenty to thirty-five kinds of weeds1 as there were not more than thirty-five sorts in the entire state1 while at present there are not far from #bej kinds4 ,a large majority of weeds hail from older countries1 more especially from ,europe4 ,there are a few weeds1 like ,canada thistle and quack-grass1 that may infest any crop of farm or garden1 but in most cases1 whether to call a weed very bad depends on the nature of the crop grown1 the size of the weed-seeds and their time of ripening4 ,some weeds have a very wide distribution1 thriving all around the world in temperate climates1 while others are more limited in range2 some thrive only in dry1 thin1 sandy soil and others in wet soils4 ,to some extent the presence of a few weed-seeds is almost as objectionable when once on the farm1 as though there were more1 because these few may thrive and seed freely4 ,in many respects the lists of weeds for ,new ,jersey is different from the list in ,michigan1 while half the weeds of ,nevada or ,oregon are not known in our state4 ,chess1 cockle1 red root and rye are liable to be troublesome in fields of winter wheat1 because the seeds are more or less difficult to separate from this grain and for the reason that they require a portion of two years to come to maturity4 ,meadows and pastures1 especially where the land is not fertile1 abound in weeds that require two years or more to produce seeds1 such as narrow-leaved dock1 bitter dock1 bull thistle1 carrot1 teasel1 two kinds of mulleins1 night-flowering catchfly1 evening primrose1 several kinds of fleabane1 ox-eye daisy1 orange hawkweed1 two or three kinds of plantain1 ,canada thistle1 hound's tongue1 stick seed1 sow thistle1 horse nettle1 buttercups1 toad flax1 silvery cinquefoil1 and many more1 not excluding some annuals1 like crab-grass1 tickle grass1 pigeon grasses4 ,as crops of corn1 potatoes1 beans1 turnips1 beets and squashes are ready to harvest at the close of one growing season they are molested more or less by pigeon grasses1 several pigweeds1 purslane1 crab-grass1 barnyard grass1 tickle grass and a number of others4 ,in #ahig some seventy-five lots of timothy seeds were examined and the following list of twenty-four species of weeds were found4 ,doubtless other weeds may still be found in other lots of timothy seed4 ,no sample was entirely free from weeds4 ,pepper grass was most common1 next followed tumble weed and then shepherd's purse3 ,amaranthus graecizans1 ,tumble weed4 ,amaranthus retroflexus1 ,rough pigweed4 ,anthemis ,cotula1 ,may weed4 ,brassica arvensis1 ,charlock4 ,brassica nigra1 ,black mustard4 ,bursa ,bursa-pastoris1 ,shepherd's purse4 ,carduus arvensis1 ,canada thistle4 ,carex straminea4 ,a kind of sedge4 ,chenopodium album1 ,pigweed4 ,chenopodium filicifolium1 ,another kind of pigweed4 ,lactuca ,canadensis1 ,wild ,lettuce4 ,lepidium ,virginicum1 ,wild ,pepper-grass4 ,onagra biennis1 ,evening primrose4 ,panicum capillare1 ,hair grass1 tickle grass4 ,plantago lanceolata1 ,narrow-leaved plantain4 ,plantago ,rugelii1 ,rugel's ,plantain1 one of the broad-leaved plantains4 ,poa compressa1 ,flat-stemmed poa1 wire grass4 ,potentilla ,monspeliensis1 ,rough cinquefoil4 ,prunella vulgaris1 ,self-heal4 ,rumex ,acetocella1 ,field or sheep sorrel4 ,sisymbrium officinale1 ,hedge mustard4 ,verbena angustifolia1 ,narrow-leaved vervain4 ,verbena hastata1 ,blue vervain4 ,verbena urticifolia1 ,white vervain4 ,in examining some #acj lots of clover seeds as found in the market during #ahig1 thirty-two kinds of weed seeds were found4 ,sheep sorrel was most common1 next to this yellow or bitter dock and green foxtail4 ,only three samples of clover seed was free from weeds1 but possibly some weeds might have been seen if larger quantities had been looked over4 ,during the year #aijh1 eleven years later1 #dg kinds of weed seeds were found in #abb lots of seed of red clover1 a gain of nearly #ej per cent4 ,during three months from ,january #a1 #aiaj1 in examining #dej lots of seeds of grasses1 clovers and alfalfas1 besides large numbers of common weeds that we know1 were #gd kinds not known to the writer4 ,of these #gd kinds1 probably some will never become weeds of any account4 ,some of these came with alfalfa from ,montana and some were importations from ,europe and elsewhere4 ,parasitic fungi rank as weeds2 such as rusts and smuts of wheat1 oats1 corn2 apple scab1 black knot of plum1 brown rot of cherry1 anthracnose of beans4 ,,some ,,means ,,for ,,preventing ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,weeds ,,and ,a ,,few ,,rules ,,for ,,their ,,extermination4 #a4 ,the right kind of a man1 who will carefully observe and study the kinds of weeds and their habits1 fighting each to the best advantage1 i4 e4 with method4 #b4 ,see that all seeds purchased or grown at home for seed are free from seeds of weeds4 ,although often heard1 these words are too little heeded4 #c4 ,see that threshing machines1 hay racks1 grain bags from other farms are well cleaned before used on the farm4 #d4 ,cook or grind screenings and burn chaff when certain weeds are suspected4 #e4 ,send seeds to the ,agricultural ,college1 ,east ,lansing1 for identification1 unless they are known to be harmless4 #f4 ,strive to prevent weeds from ripening seeds4 ,this is especially important late in the season in case of all pigweeds1 purslane and others where the flowers are very small and are liable to be overlooked and the seeds ripen before their presence is suspected4 #g4 ,for meadow or pasture make the soil very fertile1 as most weeds will then be killed or crowded by the better grass and become of little account4 #h4 ,modify the rotation of crops with reference to killing the weeds4 #i4 ,make a specialty of hoed or cultivated crops4 #aj4 ,make soiling crops a prominent feature in certain fields4 #aa4 ,smother weeds with quick growing and thickly seeded crops1 like red clover or rye or buckwheat4 #ab4 ,keep some crops growing on the land from early spring till late autumn1--double cropping1 i4 e41 two cultivated crops in one year for barn and cellar instead of one for use and one of weeds4 #ac4 ,cultivate thoroughly after a crop is removed4 #ad4 ,clean up and avoid leaving any vacant or out of the way places for breeding ground4 #ae4 ,where practicable1 remove fences and cultivate to the gutters of the highway4 #af4 ,keep some sheep4 #ag4 ,when once begun1 continue the work thoroughly from year to year1 giving no quarter to weeds4 ,this is the easiest in the long run and the royal way4 #ah4 ,where hand labor is employed1 it is far less expensive and much easier to keep weeds down by raking or hoeing once a week than by going over the ground much less frequently4 ,the habits of a weed determine to a great extent the best mode of fighting it4 ,certain remedies suggest themselves for creeping perennials1 like quack grass and toad flax1 while different treatment is best for narrow-leaved dock2 and still a different mode of attack may be adopted for crab grass and purslane4 ,weeds are annuals1 as pigweeds1 crab grass1 purslane2 biennials as bull thistle and mulleins2 perennials1 like quack grass1 ,canada thistle1 ox-eye ,daisy4 ,will it pay8 ,the annual cost of successfully fighting a weedy farm of #ajj acres in ,ontario has been found to be about #ge4 ,good cultivation in the long run pays a greater profit than slipshod culture4 ,it not only kills the weeds1 but keeps the soil in condition for securing good crops4 ,it conserves moisture4 ,perennial plants cannot gain any if the green leaves are not allowed to appear4 ,the nourishment stored in the root stocks underground will aid the plant to send up slender leaves and if these remain1 the plants gain and recruit1 but if the leaves start underground and are cut off before coming to the light1 these root stocks are drawn on again to furnish food to start more leaves and thus1 in time become exhausted4 ,,seeds ,,of ,,michigan ,,weeds4 ,,ascomycetes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,ergot4 ,claviceps purpurea4 ,this is a poisonous fungus1 not a seed1 mentioned here because it is frequently found as an outgrowth of the grain of many grasses1 such as rye1 timothy1 red top4 ,to mature spores1 it must pass to another stage requiring six months or more4 ,,grass ,,family4 ,,gramineae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,quack-,grass4 ,couch-,grass4 ,agropyron repens 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,florets about #a cm4 long1 #e-nerved at the short-awned apex3 grain seldom produced and still less frequently found apart from the floral glume and palea1 linear1 about #d mm4 long1 base abruptly acute1 apex rounded1 rounded on the back or outside1 inside concave4 ,our worst weed4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,wild ,oat4 ,avena fauta ,l4 ,freed from chaff the floral glume is firm1 rough1 brown1 thinly hairy1 about #ae mm4 long1 awn from near the middle #b-d cm4 long with several firm twists1 abruptly bent near the middle1 the true grain seldom separated from the firmer floral glume4 ,a bad weed in ,oregon and ,california1 seldom seen in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,field ,chess4 ,bromus arvensis 7,l47 ,not often seen in this country2 floral glume #f-g mm4 long bearing an awn rather longer2 grain much like that of ,b4 secalinus which see4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,soft ,chess4 ,bromus hordeaceus ,l4 7,bromus mollis74 ,floral glume extending beyond the grain1 #e-g nerved1 #f-i mm4 long1 grain rounded on the back1 shape of a shallow boat1 #f4e mm4 long1 palea thin with comb-like teeth on the margins4 ,waste places1 thin meadows4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,smooth ,brome-grass4 ,bromus racemosus ,l4 ,florets about #i mm4 long1 awn #f-aj mm4 long2 longer1 softer1 thinner1 with longer awn than found in florets of ,b4 secalinus which see4 ,not often seen in this country4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,chess ,cheat4 ,bromus secalinus ,l4 ,florets swollen a little above the middle1 the floral glume rounded on the back1 obscurely #g-nerved1 #f-g mm4 long1 an awn #c-d mm4 long1 more or less2 palea covering the concave side1 each edge bearing a single row of stiff hairs2 glume and palea closely adhering to the grain4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a weed in wheat fields4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,barren ,brome ,grass4 ,bromus sterilis ,l4 ,floral glume minutely roughened1 adhering to the grain2 #e-g nerved2 #aa-ae mm4 long2 compressed2 concave in section4 ,introduced from ,europe1 becoming common in the state4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,sand-,bur4 ,bur-,grass4 ,cenchrus tribuloides ,l4 ,spikelets consisting of the grain and its coverings1 broad oval1 somewhat flattened1 about #g mm4 long1 thinly covered by stiff1 straight1 barbed1 prickles1 #b-e mm4 long1 making a disagreeable and formidable bur1 often common on sandy land4 ,native of this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bermuda ,grass4 ,cynodon ,dactylon ,l41 ,pers41 7,capriola ,dactylon 7,l47 ,kuntze74 ,floral glume enclosing the grain1 smooth1 light colored1 oval to half-oval1 #a4e to #b mm4 long1 in cross section with two long sides and a short side half as long2 grain light brown1 obovate to oval1 a small nipple at the larger end4 ,the plant seeds in hot countries but not in cool1 temperate regions2 spreading chiefly by coarse1 hard rootstocks4 ,introduced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,small ,crab-,grass4 ,digitaria humifusa ,pers4 ,panicum lineare ,kroach4 ,syntherisma linearis 7,kroch47 ,nash4 ,spikelets in the rough1 before severe rubbing1 ovoid or oblong1 flattened1 #b mm4 long1 first glume minute1 second and third as long as the spikelet1 soft with very short hairs1 one of them #c-nerved1 the other #e-nerved2 floret after severe rubbing1 brown to black1 smooth1 floral glume of the rounded side curving over the edges below covering with their edges about two-thirds of the palea4 ,introduced from ,europe2 becoming troublesome on thin lawns4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,large ,crab-,grass4 ,finger ,grass4 ,digitaria sanguinalis 7,l47 ,scop4 ,panicum sanguinale ,l4 ,syntherisma 7,l47 ,nash4 ,spikelets before severe rubbing1 oblong1 acute1 #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 first glume on flattened side minute1 second on rounded side about half as long as the spikelet1 pubescent or nearly smooth1 third glume more or less pubescent1 #e-g-nerved2 floret1 after severe rubbing1 smooth1 edges of floral glume thin4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,roots very tough and coming from the lower joints4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,barnyard ,grass4 ,echinochloa ,crus-galli 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,panicum ,crus-galli ,l4 ,florets oval1 white1 yellowish gray or brown1 #b4d-c mm4 long1 plano-convex1 glume on the convex side1 highly polished1 three obscure longitudinal nerves4 ,native of this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,yard-,grass4 ,wire-,grass4 ,eleusine ,indica 7,l47 ,gaertn4 ,florets light lead color or brown before threshing or much rubbing2 grain dark1 reddish brown1 #a4b-a4d mm41 ovoid with the base abruptly pointed1 #c sided1 the corners rounded1 a vertical groove along one side2 seen from the back with the groove side down and base toward the observer1 starting from an oval spot near the base1 #aj-ae ridges on each side1 extend downward and forward4 ,introduced from some warmer region of the ,old ,world4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,stink-,grass4 ,eragrostis megastachya 7,koeler7 ,link4 ,eragrostis major ,host4 ,grain orange red or wine color 4#d-4f mm4 long4 ,broad oval to nearly circular1 very slightly flattened1 extremities slightly pointed1 embryo within one edge near the base1 a fine network of dark lines evident under a good lens4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,squirrel-tail ,grass4 ,hordeum jubatum ,l4 ,spikelets in clusters of three1 central one only fertile1 #e mm4 long1 containing a grain adhering to the floral glume and palea1 the other two abortive1 seven awns in these three spikelets1 #d-f cm4 long1 four others less than #a cm4 long2 awns and fragment of rachis holding the cluster of spikelets together1 all barbed upward1 making them troublesome for fleeces of sheep and the mouths of animals eating them4 ,native of this country and widely distributed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,old ,witch ,grass4 ,tickle ,grass4 ,a ,tumble-,weed4 ,panicum capillare ,l4 ,florets flattened1 elliptical1 apex abruptly pointed1 about #a4e mm4 long1 highly polished1 leaden gray1 lighter at the extremities and along the edges of the glume1 five slender light colored nerves join the extremities passing vertically over the glume1 two light nerves on the palea4 ,native to this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,tall ,smooth ,panicum4 ,switch ,grass4 ,panicum virgatum ,l4 ,achene surrounded by two persistent shining pieces1 the floret2 floral glume hard1 light brown1 oval or ovate-lanceolate #b4e-c4a mm4 long4 ,apex obtusely pointed4 ,seldom troublesome1 widely distributed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,low ,spear-,grass4 ,poa annua ,l4 ,florets straw-colored1 #b4h-c4a mm4 long1 apex smooth1 lower half of keel and the base of lateral nerves1 having numerous soft hairs4 ,a low annual grass1 introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,flat stemmed ,poa4 ,wire ,grass4 ,canadian ,blue ,grass4 ,poa compressa ,l4 ,florets lance-obovate1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 closely resembling those of ,poa pratensis1 which see4 ,palea abruptly acute4 ,if well rubbed after threshing1 the floret is nearly smooth1 otherwise it contains on the lower half numerous webby hairs4 ,grain reddish brown1 both ends pointed1 #a-a4d mm4 long4 ,seldom sown purposely4 ,sometimes used to adulterate ,poa pratensis4 ,in early days this grass was called blue grass by people of ,new ,england and ,new ,york ,state4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,june ,grass4 ,kentucky ,blue ,grass4 ,poa pratensis ,l4 ,florets ovate-lanceolate1 acute #c-d mm4 long1 with three equal sides when seen in transverse section1 nearly smooth1 if severely rubbed in threshing1 otherwise the floral glume is thickly webbed at the base2 palea acuminate1 grain light brown1 elliptical1 both ends usually pointed #a4b-a4d mm4 long1 in cross sections with three equal sides1 one of which has a shallow vertical groove4 ,compare with ,poa compressa4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,rye4 ,secale cereale ,l4 ,grain light brown1 #f-h mm4 long1 elliptical1 base acute1 apex obtuse and rounded1 in cross section the back somewhat acutely rounded1 the opposite side with a narrow vertical groove1 surface more or less irregularly wrinkled4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a bad weed in wheat fields4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,pigeon-,grass4 ,yellow ,foxtail4 ,setaria glauca 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,chaetochloa glauca 7,l47 ,scrib4 ,spikelets light to dark brown1 #b4e-c mm4 long2 after threshing or much rubbing consisting of each a grain and two firm coverings1 known as a floral glume which covers the sides of the somewhat depressed palea1 oval1 apex slightly #c-toothed1 rounded side strongly arched1 somewhat ,v-shaped1 roughened crosswise by prominent fine more or less branching ridges2 ridges of palea on concave side less prominent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,very common in hoed annual crops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,green ,foxtail4 ,green ,pigeon ,grass4 ,setaria viridis 7,l47 ,beauv4 ,chaetochloa viridis 7,l47 ,nash4 ,spikelets1 light to dark brown mottled1 #b-b4c mm4 long1 after threshing or much rubbing consisting of the grain and two firm coverings1 the rounded one known as a floral glume which covers the edges of the flattened side1 oval1 the surface granular and very faintly striate1 lengthwise and ridged crosswise4 ,much resembling ,hungarian grass4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,found with yellow foxtail4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,porcupine ,grass4 ,stipa spartea ,trin4 ,grain inclosed in the floral glume1 light brown1 #ah mm4 long1 clothed on the lower half with short brown hairs slanting upward1 bearing at the base a sharp1 hard1 curved beak1 when dry the attached awn is twisted for #f cm4 and straight and bent at right angles about #f cm4 ,when moistened1 the awn untwists more or less2 twisting and untwisting the beards hold what the beak pierces1 thus making it a formidable weapon to enter the skins of sheep1 goats and dogs4 ,fortunately it is seldom abundant4 ,sandy land ,michigan and westward4 ,,sedge ,,family4 ,,cyperaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,yellow ,nut-,grass4 ,cyperus esculentus ,l4 ,this is a species of sedge1 and so far as ,i have examined1 produces no seeds1 perhaps having lost that method of reproduction1 as it acquired the habit of spreading by tubers here illustrated4 ,in moist soil1 sometimes a troublesome weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,ovoid ,spike-rush4 ,eleocharis ovata 7,roth47 ,r4 ,s4 ,spike ovoid1 #d-aj mm4 long1 achene pale to chestnut brown1 shining1 obovate-oblong1 compressed1 about #a mm4 long1 bearing a triangular tubercle at the apex1 and six to eight barbed bristles1 #a4c-a4g mm4 long1 very variable4 ,not troublesome except in low land4 ,,rush ,,family4 ,,junaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,slender ,rush4 ,juncus tenuis ,willd4 ,seeds light brown to amber color1 translucent1 flattened1 oval1 half oval1 oblong1 ovoid1 the acute apex curved to one side1 about #j4c mm4 long4 ,dry to moist soil1 almost throughout ,north ,america1 now migrating to all parts of the world4 ,a very common1 grass-like rush in this state1 seldom recognized by any one under any name1 except by a first-rate botanist4 ,,lily ,,family4 ,,lilaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,field ,garlic4 ,wild ,garlic4 ,allium vineale ,l4 ,seeds not seen1 apparently seldom produced2 bulblets 7b7 light yellow or almost white1 obovoid to elliptical1 #g-h mm4 long1 when dry4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,troublesome in pastures and tainting the flavor of butter2 in wheat it taints the flavor of flour4 ,persistent when introduced4 ,the illustration of grains of wheat 7a7 are given for comparison4 ,,nettle ,,family4 ,,urticaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,slender ,nettle4 ,urtica gracilis ,ait4 ,achenes compressed1 lens-shaped1 ovate1 rarely oval1 faces similar1 smooth1 dull and grayish brown1 4#i-a4a mm4 long4 ,native of this country4 ,compared with ,u4 dioica1 this achene is thinner and shorter4 ,prominent in low pastures4 ,,buckwheat ,,family4 ,,polygonaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,knot-,grass4 ,polygonum aviculare ,l4 ,this door-yard weed is in no sense a grass4 ,achenes unequally #c-sided1 ovoid1 acute1 angles obtuse1 surface1 dull1 light to dark reddish brown1 finely granular and striate lengthwise4 #a4h-b4b mm4 long1 usually with the remains of calyx attached4 ,native of this country4 ,common about door-yards4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,wild ,buckwheat4 ,polygonum ,convolvulus ,l4 ,achenes dull1 jet-black1 equally #c-sided1 elliptical to obovoid1 minutely granular often with faint longitudinal striation1 the faces often more or less concave1 the angles rounded1 #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 sometimes with the remains of calyx attached4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,often climbing up corn stalks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,erect ,knotweed4 ,polygonum erectum ,l4 ,achenes dull1 light to dark brown1 unequally #c-sided1 ovoid or rhombic1 finely granular and striate lengthwise1 the faces sometimes concave1 the angles rounded1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 sometimes with the remains of calyx attached4 ,native to this country4 ,of little account4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,smart-weed4 ,polygonum ,hydropiper ,l4 ,achene dull1 granular1 light to dark reddish brown1 lenticular1 acutely and narrowly or broadly elliptical1 or #c-sided1 apex acute1 concave on the sides1 angles obtuse1 #b-c mm4 long1 sometimes with the remains of the dotted calyx attached4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,wet land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,dock-leaved or ,pale ,persicaria4 ,polygonum lapathifolium ,l4 ,achene shining1 dark to chestnut brown1 #b-b4b mm4 long1 flattened1 circular to broadly ovate with abruptly pointed apex1 the base obtuse or bearing the remains of the thin calyx4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,low wet places4 ,shore ,knotweed4 ,polygonum littorale ,link4 ,so far as the achenes are concerned1 they are identical with those of ,p4 aviculare above described4 ,native of this country4 ,on hard or thin places1 especially when newly graded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,pennsylvania ,persicaria1 ,polygonum ,pennsylvanicum ,l4 ,achene shining1 jet-black1 flattened1 surface very slightly uneven and granular nearly circular with a short abrupt apex1 edge rounded1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 often bearing the remains of the calyx4 ,native to this country4 ,occasional in annual crops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,lady's ,thumb4 ,polygonum ,persicaria ,l4 ,achene shining1 jet-black1 surface finely uneven1 much flattened with rounded edges or with #c nearly equal concave faces1 the edges faintly angled along the center1 broadly ovate1 base obtuse or bearing a portion of the calyx1 apex abruptly pointed1 #b-b4c long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,waste places and stubble ground4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,climbing ,false ,buckwheat4 ,polygonum scandens ,l4 ,achene black1 shining1 in cross-section sides flat or concave1 corners rounded1 obovate1 in vertical outline sides rounded to an obtuse apex1 from rounded sides to base slightly concave1 base acute1 #c4e-d mm4 long when freed from the persistent base of the calyx4 ,woods and shady places4 ,not prominent as a weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,sorrel4 ,sour ,dock4 ,rumex ,acetosa ,l4 ,calyx-wings broadly ovate or orbicular1 heart-shaped #c4e-d4e mm4 long1 achene shining1 with #c equal sides1 broadly oval1 both ends abruptly pointed1 the thin edges usually lighter colored than the dark brown or black convex faces1 #a4e-b mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,sheep ,sorrel4 ,rumex ,acetosella ,l4 ,achenes usually closely covered by dull reddish brown1 finally roughened calyx1 which is removed with difficulty2 achenes shining with #c equal sides1 broadly oval1 the base rounded1 the apex abruptly pointed1 sides convex1 reddish brown or amber color1 corners obtuse1 darker colored4 ,native of this country1 though in large part introduced from ,europe4 ,very common in thin sandy meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,narrow-leaved or ,curled ,dock4 ,rumex crispus ,l4 ,achene covered by #c brown heart-shaped calyx-wings1 which are #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 each bearing an ovoid1 acute tubercle2 one of them is #a4e mm4 long1 the other two smaller4 ,achene ovoid1 #c-;angled1 shining1 rich reddish-brown1 #a4c-a4h mm4 long1 4#g-a4d mm4 wide1 in transverse section the angles prominent1 convex sides and angles concave near the base2 base abruptly acute2 when viewed vertically sides and angles concave near the apex2 apex abruptly acute1 compare these notes with those concerning ,r4 obtusifolius4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,very common on low land and in meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,broad-leaved or ,bitter ,dock4 ,rumex obtusifolius ,l4 ,achene covered by three brown1 hastate-deltoid calyx-wings1 which are about #d mm4 long1 each bearing an ovoid-elliptical tubercle1 one of them #a4e mm4 long1 the other two very narrow1 rudimentary4 ,achenes ovoid1 #c-;angled1 less polished than those of ,r4 crispus1 light brown1 #b-b4d mm4 long1 #a-a4d mm4 wide1 angles in transverse section slight1 sides convex1 usually in a greater degree than in the specie just named1 vertically sides and angles very slightly concave or straight near the base which is abruptly acute2 sides and angles near the apex scarcely concave or straight2 apex acute4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not very common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,patience ,dock4 ,rumex ,patientia ,l4 ,calyx-wings circular-heart shaped1 #d-f mm4 long1 one of them bearing a prominent ovoid tubercle2 achene ovoid-elliptical1 #c-;angled1 somewhat polished1 shining1 light-brown1 #b4e-c4e mm4 long1 #a4g-b mm4 wide1 angles prominent1 sides straight1 in transverse section1 not counting the angles1 base rounded1 not counting the abrupt point1 when seen vertically1 the sides near the apex are straight or slightly concave4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,willow-leaved ,dock4 ,rumex ,mexicanus ,meisn4 ,rumex salicifolius ,weinm4 ,calyx-wings triangular-ovate1 about #c mm4 long1 each bearing a large tubercle2 achene dark reddish brown1 smooth1 shining1 #a4h-b4b mm4 long1 ovoid1 angles prominent1 the sides viewed transversely rounded1 the sides of the base as viewed vertically1 rounded1 straight or slightly concave1 near the apex straight or concave4 ,a native of ,northeastern ,north ,america4 ,not common4 ,,goosefoot ,,or ,,pigweed ,,family4 ,,chenopodiaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,spreading ,orache4 ,atriplex patula ,l4 ,seeds are likely to occur in either of three different guises1 depending upon the degree of their ripeness or the amount of threshing to which they have been subjected4 ,achenes thin1 dull1 granular1 gray1 closely fitting the seed2 seed jet-black1 shining1 flattened1 nearly circular1 edge bluntly rounded1 and notched in one place1 a groove leading from one side of a margined protuberance part way to the center of the face1 #a4e-a4h mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,seldom troublesome4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,pigweed4 ,lamb's ,quarters4 ,chenopodium album ,l4 ,seeds are likely to occur in either of three different guises dependent upon the degree of their ripeness or the amount of threshing to which they have been subjected4 ,the figure shows these conditions admirably4 ,seeds black1 dull or somewhat glistening1 gray if not pretty clean2 nearly circular2 somewhat lens-shaped1 one side usually more nearly flattened than the other #a-a4d mm4 in diameter1 the edge bluntly rounded1 the more convex side bearing a curved groove leading from one side of the marginal protuberance to near the center of the face1 surface finely uneven1 often with a faintly evident radiating striation4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,very common in annual crops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,mexican ,tea4 ,chenopodium ambrosioides ,l4 ,note remarks under last preceding description concerning different stages of cleaning4 ,seeds smooth1 shining1 reddish brown1 to black1 thickly double convex with scarcely a trace of a hem-like margin1 circular1 short kidney-shaped or ovate with a notch on the edge1 4#f-4h mm4 long4 ,introduced from tropical ,america4 ,not prominent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,jerusalem ,oak4 ,chenopodium ,botrys ,l4 ,concerning different states of cleaning1 note remarks above under ,c4 album4 ,seeds perfectly cleaned with great difficulty1 brown to black or gray1 when imperfectly cleaned1 slightly flatted on two sides1 circular or round1 kidney-shaped1 sometimes with a hem-like margin1 on one side a faint groove from the margin to near the center of the face1 4#f-4h mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not prominent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,oak-leaved ,goosefoot4 ,chenopodium glaucum ,l4 ,concerning the different stages of cleaning note remarks above under ,c4 album4 ,seeds brown to black1 more or less slightly granular1 shining1 flattened on two sides1 circular edge bluntly rounded1 with a single notch from which on one side extends a slight depression toward the center of the face1 4#e-4h mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,occasional on moist soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,maple-leaved ,goosefoot4 ,chenopodium hybridum ,l4 ,concerning the different stages of cleaning1 note remarks above under ,c4 album4 ,seeds black1 shining1 greenish gray if not fully cleaned1 nearly circular1 lens-shaped1 equally convex1 #a4b-a4h mm4 in diameter1 with a notch on the edge1 from which on one side a groove leads to near the center of the face1 surface finely uneven1 often with a faintly evident radiating striation4 ,native of this country4 ,of little importance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,many-seeded ,goosefoot4 ,chenopodium polyspermum ,l4 ,concerning different stages of cleaning1 note remarks above under ,c4 album4 ,seeds finely glandular1 shining1 jet-black1 greenish gray1 when not fully cleaned1 nearly circular or broadly kidney-shaped1 sides equally convex1 4#f-a4a mm4 in diameter1 with a notch on the edge from which on one side1 a groove leads to near the center of the face4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,winged ,pigweed4 ,cycloloma atriplicifolium 7,spreng47 ,coulter4 ,seeds are likely to occur in either of three different guises depending upon the degree their ripeness or the amount of threshing to which they have been subjected4 ,see the figure of this species4 ,seeds granular1 circular1 dull1 jet-black1 or gray in case the thin ovary remains1 #a4c-a4g mm4 in diameter1 lower face convex1 the upper slightly convex if mature1 with a slight notch on the rounded edge1 the lower face bearing a slight curved groove1 leading from the notch to near the center1 the upper face with a light spot at the center4 ,introduced from western ,united ,states4 ,a tumble weed1 not common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,russian ,thistle4 ,salsola ,kali tenuifolia ,g4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mey4 ,this is not a thistle nor a cactus1 but a pigweed4 ,concerning different stages of cleaning1 note remarks above under ,chenopodium album 7see the figures74 ,seeds conical1 the apex flattened or concave1 both sides showing the long coiled embryo1 light gray in color1 about #b mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from northern ,europe into the north west and from there into ,michigan4 ,well advertised1 though not of high rank as a weed in this state4 ,a tumble weed4 ,,amaranth ,,family4 ,,amaranthaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,western ,water ,hemp4 ,acnida tuberculata ,moq4 ,seeds smooth1 highly polished1 brown to jet-black1 double convex1 nearly circular1 with a slight notch at one edge1 4#f-4h mm4 in diameter1 smaller1 lighter colored1 and thin margins less conspicuous than those found on the seeds of ,amaranthus circaezans4 ,there are three varieties with seeds much the same as these4 ,native of low ground in central and southern ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,prostrate ,amaranth4 ,amaranthus blitoides ,s4 ,wats4 ,seeds smooth1 highly polished1 jet-black1 double convex1 nearly circular1 with a slight notch at one edge1 #a4d-a4e mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it thrives on sandy and gravelly banks4 ,margin of this seed is less pronounced than in either of the other three noticed above4 ,found almost everywhere in fields of ,michigan4 ,introduced from tropical ,america4 ,very common in annual hoed crops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,tumble weed4 ,amaranthus graecizans ,l4 ,seeds smooth1 highly polished1 jet-black1 double convex1 nearly circular with a slight notch at one edge1 4#g-a mm4 in diameter4 ,compare with ,acnida4 ,introduced from tropical ,america4 ,it needs sand or gravel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,slender ,pigweed4 ,amaranthus hybridus ,l4 7,a4 chlorostachys74 ,seeds smooth1 highly polished1 jet-black1 double convex1 broadly ovate1 with a slight notch at the narrow extremity1 #a4a-a4d mm4 long4 ,distinguished from the preceding species by having a seed ovate instead of circular4 ,introduced from tropical ,america4 ,not abundant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,rough ,pigweeds4 ,amaranthus retroflexus ,l4 ,sometimes incorrectly called red-root4 ,seeds smooth1 highly polished1 jet-black1 double convex1 broadly ovate1 with a slight notch at the narrow end1 4#i-a4b mm4 long4 ,the seeds of this and the next preceding are ovate1 while those of the first two are very nearly circular4 ,when seen edgewise1 the hem-like margin of this seed is less prominent then in either of the preceding three noticed above4 ,found almost everywhere in annual crops4 ,introduced from tropical ,america4 ,,knotweed ,,family4 ,,illecebraceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,knawel4 ,scleranthus annuus ,l4 ,as the seed is single for each flower1 it is unnecessary for the ovary to open2 the small1 hardened1 ten-angled calyx with its five thick lobes aid in protecting and distributing the seed within4 ,the seed is seldom seen4 ,calyx straw colored1 obovoid1 #b mm4 long besides the five spreading1 membranaceous lobes1 which are nearly as long4 ,a low spreading plant1 resembling some kinds of chickweed4 ,,aizoaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,carpet-,weed4 ,mollugo verticillata ,l4 ,seeds orange-red1 shining1 flattened1 kidney-shaped or ovoid1 4#d-4f mm4 long1 concave on the thinner edge from which protrudes a nipple-like point1 a low central ridge passing over the rounded edge4 ,native of warmer ,america4 ,needing sand4 ,,pink ,,family4 ,,caryophyllaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,cockle4 ,agrostemma ,githago ,l4 ,flowers rose-colored2 pod erect1 ovoid1 about #af mm4 long2 seeds dark brown to black1 wedge-shaped-triangular1 appearing as though the two extremities were bent together2 surface covered with curved rows of conspicuous teeth1 one side #c-c4e mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,in no sense a weed except in wheat fields4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,thyme-leaved ,sandwort4 ,arenaria serpyllifolia ,l4 ,flowers white2 seeds reddish brown to lead color1 slightly flattened1 circular to short-kidney-shaped4 ,each side covered with #d-e curved rows of smooth1 oval tubercles1 giving the appearance of having two extremities bent together1 about #e mm4 in diameter4 ,naturalized from ,europe1 delighting in light1 poor soil4 ,when well grown it becomes a tumbleweed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,larger ,mouse-ear ,chickweed4 ,cerastium vulgatum ,l4 ,flowers white2 pods cylindrical2 seeds light-reddish yellow to dark reddish brown2 slightly flattened1 #d-sided1 #b of them straight1 converging1 one rounded1 the other narrow and notched4 ,some of them ovoid1 others nearly circular1 covered with a few irregularly curved rows of tubercles1 4#d-4h mm4 in diameter4 ,in large part introduced from ,europe1 though a native of this continent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,bouncing ,bet4 ,soapwort4 ,saponaria officinalis ,l4 ,flowers white2 seeds dark lead-color1 flattened1 short-kidney-shaped to circular with notch on one side1 #b mm4 across1 more or less1 with #f-g curved rows of short1 shiny tubercles4 ,naturalized from ,europe1 delighting in sandy soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,cow-herb4 ,saponaria ,vaccaria ,l4 ,seed dull1 jet-black1 slightly roughened by great numbers of minute points1 nearly spherical1 #b4c mm4 in diameter4 ,an annual very troublesome in spring wheat4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,sleepy ,catch-,fly4 ,silene antirrhina ,l4 ,flowers pink2 seeds lead-color1 slightly flattened1 circular to short-kidney-shaped1 each side covered with #e-f curved rows of pointed tubercles giving the appearance of having two blunt extremities bent together1 4#e-4g mm4 across4 ,compare seeds with those of ,arenaria above described4 ,when in flower1 two of the upper internodes are glutinous4 ,only found on thin soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,forked ,catch-fly4 ,silene dichotoma ,ehrh4 ,seeds reddish-brown1 flattened1 the three sides and the corners rounded1 thickest at one corner narrowing to the side opposite2 seed scar in the middle of the narrow side1 four curved rows of tubercles on either side of the seed extending to the scar1 diameter #a4c mm41 the thick edge concave1 containing #f-g rows of tubercles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,bladder ,campion4 ,silene latifolia 7,mill47 ,britton ,randle4 ,silene 7,moench7 ,garcke4 ,flowers white2 pod covered by an inflated calyx1 seeds dull grayish brown1 flattened1 wedge-shaped1 oval or #c-sided1 #a-a4g mm4 across1 #e-g curved rows or tubercles on each side4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,night-flowering ,catch-,fly4 ,silene noctiflora ,l4 ,flowers white2 seeds dull grayish brown1 very slightly flattened1 oval or short kidney-shaped1 nearly #a4e mm4 across1 with #h-aj curved rows of tubercles on each side4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,spurry4 ,spergula arvensis ,l4 ,flowers white2 seeds jet-black1 except a narrowly winged1 light-colored margin1 slightly flattened1 circular in outline #a-a4e mm4 across1 with a slight notch on one side1 surface often sprinkled with delicate1 fragile1 light-colored prickles4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,thriving on poor1 sandy land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,common ,chickweed4 ,stellaria media 7,l47 ,cyrill4 ,alsine media ,l4 ,flowers white2 seeds reddish yellow to dark brown1 somewhat flattened1 nearly circular1 each side covered with #e-f curved rows of tubercles1 giving the appearance of having the two extremities bent together1 about #a mm4 in diameter4 ,introduced from ,europe1 thriving in cool weather in shade4 ,,purslane ,,family4 ,,portulacaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,purslane4 ,pussley4 ,portulaca oleracea ,l4 ,flowers yellow1 seeds jet-black1 shining1 flattened1 wedge-shaped1 having three rounded nearly equal sides1 broadly oval or almost circular1 often having a curved tooth or point on one side1 with #c-d curved rows of minute tubercles4 ,seed 4#e-4h mm4 in diameter4 ,naturalized from the southwest4 ,every gardener knows how difficult it is to exterminate this weed4 ,,crowfoot ,,family4 ,,ranunculaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,small-flowered ,crowfoot4 ,ranunculus abortivus ,l4 ,achene light brown to straw colored1 #j4h-a4b mm4 in diameter1 oblong1 #j4c mm4 thick1 when seen in cross sections1 surface uneven with minute wrinkles1 pits and dots flattened1 broad oval to circular1 three-sided1 bearing the remains of a short curved style4 ,rich1 low woods1 not a common weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,bitter or ,tall ,buttercup4 ,ranunculus acris ,l4 ,achenes dull1 dark brown1 two-beaked1 somewhat lens-shaped1 #c-d mm4 long1 one edge very slightly convex1 the other prominently so1 or somewhat semicircular in outline1 hem-like margin1 obscure4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,low land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,bulbous ,buttercup4 ,ranunculus bulbosus ,l4 ,achenes dull brown1 nearly circular1 diameter #c-d mm42 beak short1 turned to one side1 surrounded by a narrow1 hem-like margin4 ,in ,june1 many meadows of ,new ,england and ,new ,york are yellow with great numbers of flowers4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,upland2 fortunately not yet common in this state4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,creeping ,buttercup4 ,ranunculus repens ,l4 ,achenes plump1 dull1 light-brown1 nearly circular1 diameter #c-d or more mm42 beak more or less hooked1 hem-like margin conspicuous4 ,this species usually seeds very sparingly1 but when once introduced1 it looses no time in spreading by creeping stems4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,moist land2 a rapid spreader by runners4 ,,poppy ,,family4 ,,papaveraceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,celandine4 ,chelidonium majus ,l4 ,yellow sap1 yellow flowers2 seeds dark brown to almost black1 ovoid1 #a4b-a4e mm4 long1 with #aj-ab curved vertical rows of small square depressions on each side2 projecting from one side a prominent white or cream-colored ridge1 irregularly wrinkled when dry4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,persistent4 ,,mustard ,,family4 ,,cruciferae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,yellow or ,small ,alyssum4 ,alyssum alyssoides ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 fruit nearly circular2 seeds rich yellowish brown1 about #a4e mm4 long1 nearly straight on one edge1 flattened slightly1 convex on each side or one side flat1 surrounded by a thin wing4 ,cotyledons accumbent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,yellow ,rocket4 ,winter ,cress4 ,barbarea vulgaris ,r4 ,br4 7,barbarea ,barbarea ,l4 ,mac4 ,m47 ,seeds roughened1 dull1 light brown1 irregularly flattened1 broad oval1 circular-oval1 circular-oblong1 cotyledons accumbent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,hoary ,alyssum4 ,berteroa incana 7,l47 ,d4 ,c4 ,flowers white2 pods oval1 flattened2 seeds reddish brown1 circular1 broad oval1 or rhombic in outline1 about #a4e mm4 in diameter1 flat on one side showing a slight groove1 the other side convex1 irregular owing to pressure in the pod4 ,cotyledons accumbent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a thrifty weed of the mustard family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,charlock4 ,brassica arvensis 7,l47 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4 ,pods tipped with a flattened elongated-conic1 often #a-seeded beak4 ,see also cuts of rutabaga and black mustard4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,see statements last above4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,rutabaga4 ,brassica campestris ,l4 ,seed dull1 light or dark reddish brown1 roughened by an indistinct net work of ridges1 very nearly spherical1 #a4d-a4h mm4 in diameter4 ,much cultivated1 inclined to escape4 ,included here for comparison with other species4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,indian ,mustard4 ,brassica juncea 7,l47 ,cossos4 ,see also cuts of turnip and black mustard4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,black ,mustard4 ,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,koch4 ,seeds dark brown to reddish brown1 #a-a4g mm41 spherical1 or broadly oblong1 not flattened4 ,the surface of well developed specimens presents a delicate but evident net work of fine ridges which appear under the lens as dark lines4 ,the scar 7hilum7 is a whitish1 elevated spot1 at one extremity of the oblong seeds4 ,see cuts of seeds of turnip4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a vigorous persistent weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,small ,fruited ,false-,flax4 ,camelina microcarpa ,andrz4 ,flowers small1 yellow2 pods pear-shaped1 flattened1 about #f mm4 long1 surrounded by a vertical ridge2 seeds reddish brown1 granular1 usually broad-oval1 about #a mm4 long1 slightly flattened1 the vertical ridge much less prominent than in ,c4 sativa4 ,when wet the seed is soon covered with mucilage4 ,not yet very common4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,false ,flax4 ,camelina saliva 7,l47 ,crantz4 ,the common name is derived from the fact that it is a weed of flax fields in ,europe4 ,flowers small1 yellowish2 pods pear-shaped1 slightly flattened1 #h-aj mm4 long1 surrounded by a vertical ridge4 ,seeds reddish yellow1 granular1 usually oval1 #b-c mm4 long1 one side flat or roundish1 the other furnished with a prominent vertical or oblique ridge4 ,seed incumbent4 ,when wet the seed is soon covered with mucilage4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,shepherd's ,purse4 ,capsella ,bursa-pastoris 7,l47 ,medic4 ,bursa ,bursa-pastoris 7,l47 ,britton4 ,flowers small1 white2 pods flat1 nearly triangular1 about #d mm4 long4 ,seeds reddish yellow1 granular1 oblong1 slightly flattened1 #a mm4 or less long4 ,each side usually bearing two longitudinal grooves1 separating the surface into three nearly equal parts1 these grooves indicating the position of the parts of the embryo4 ,when placed in water1 a copious coat of transparent mucilage appears on the surface4 ,in ,nevada and ,colorado a great pest in fields of ,alfalfa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,hare's ,ear4 ,conringia orientalis 7,l47 ,dumort4 ,seeds brown1 surface checked off into minute irregular pits or patches2 broad oval1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 in section nearly circular1 except two opposite slight grooves near one side4 ,cotyledons incumbent4 ,introduced1 not common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,sand ,rocket4 ,diplotaxis muralis 7,l47 ,,dc4 ,flowers yellow1 seeds reddish yellow or reddish brown1 broad oval1 somewhat flattened4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a vigorous weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,worm-seed or ,treacle ,mustard4 ,erysimum cheiranthoides ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 seeds reddish yellow1 smooth1 dull1 about #a4b mm4 long1 ovoid or oval1 more or less flattened1 varying much in shape2 some of them acute1 rhombic or triangular1 becoming mucilaginous when wet4 ,probably introduced from ,europe4 ,if not already in some portions of the state1 we may at any time expect to find three other species of ,erysimum4 ,a vigorous and prominent weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,apetalous ,pepper-,grass4 ,lepidium apetalum ,willd4 ,petals usually wanting1 sometimes #b and minute2 pods flat1 nearly circular2 seeds reddish yellow1 flattened1 ovate1 #a4e-a4h mm4 long1 or more exactly1 nearly straight on one side and roundish on the other4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,cotyledons incumbent4 ,when well developed in open places it becomes a tumble weed4 ,apparently naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,field ,pepper-,grass or ,cow ,cress4 ,lepidium campestre 7,l47 ,r4 ,br4 ,petals white2 pods flat1 nearly circular2 seeds dull1 dark brown1 obovoid1 with base acute1 more or less flattened on three sides1 #b-b4e mm4 long4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,cotyledons incumbent4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,hoary ,cress4 ,lepidium ,draba ,l4 ,seed reddish brown1 surface slightly uneven1 slightly flattened1 oval to broad oval1 #b-b4c mm4 long1 usually with two slight vertical grooves on each side1 incumbent4 ,this may soon appear in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,golden ,pepper-grass4 ,lepidium sativum ,l4 ,seed reddish yellow to reddish brown1 oval1 slightly compressed1 often nearly straight on one edge1 usually showing two vertical grooves on each side1 #b4e mm4 long1 cotyledons incumbent4 ,this is not a grass but a plant of the mustard family2 it has escaped from cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,wild ,pepper-,grass4 ,lepidium ,virginicum ,l4 ,petals white1 pods flat1 nearly circular2 seeds granular1 dull1 reddish yellow1 flat1 ovoid with one edge straight1 the other rounded1 usually with a slight wing on the broad end and on the round edge4 #a4e-a4h mm4 long4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,cotyledons accumbent4 ,when mature1 large plants become tumble weeds4 ,apparently native to this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,ball ,mustard4 ,neslia paniculata 7,l47 ,desv4 ,small fruits1 greenish to light yellowish-brown1 globular1 #b mm4 in diameter1 covered with net-veined ridges2 #a-b seeded1 cotyledons incumbent4 ,not yet known in ,michigan but may arrive any time4 ,native of ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,tall or ,tumbling ,mustard4 ,sisymbrium altissimum ,l4 ,flowers cream-color2 pods long and narrow2 seeds reddish yellow1 oblong1 about #a4e mm4 long1 the apex winged4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,cotyledons incumbent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,one of the worst weeds in the northwest4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,hedge ,mustard4 ,sisymbrium officinale 7,l47 ,scop4 ,flowers yellow1 seeds reddish brown or yellow1 oblong1 while lying on the flat side1 circular in outline at the middle as viewed from the edge1 straight on one side from the middle tapering to each end4 #a-a4e mm4 long4 ,mucilaginous when wet4 ,cotyledons incumbent4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,penny ,cress4 ,thlaspi arvense ,l4 ,flowers white2 pods thin1 double convex1 nearly circular2 seeds deep reddish brown1 flat-oval or ovate1 covered on each side by #ab-ad curved ridges which originate and terminate at the narrow extremity4 #a4e-b mm4 long4 ,cotyledons accumbent4 ,when eaten by cows the milk and meat has a disagreeable taste4 ,a bad weed1 especially in the north-west4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,,orpine ,,family4 ,,crassulaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,mossy ,stonecrop4 ,sedum acre ,l4 ,seed light1 reddish-yellow1 somewhat glossy1 obovate to oblong1 pointed at the base1 slightly anatropous1 compressed1 #f-g mm4 long4 ,this mossy little plant is persistent when once established in sandy soil4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,,rose ,,family4 ,,rosaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,tall ,hairy ,agrimony4 ,agrimonia gryposepala ,wahl4 ,agrimonia hirsuta 7,muhl47 ,bicknell4 ,flowers yellow4 ,bur1 consisting of calyx and two included fruits inside of which are two seeds2 lower part of bur1 top-shaped1 rough1 grooved1 above which are numerous hooked prickles in several rows1 the whole #g-aj mm4 long4 ,native of woods in this country2 seeds mottled brown1 flat on one side1 #b4e by #b4e mm4 not found mixed with grass seed4 ,several other species are nearly as troublesome as this one4 ,seldom found out of the woods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,small-flowered ,agrimony4 ,agrimonia parviflora ,ait4 ,flowers yellow2 fruit #e-f mm4 long and nearly as wide including the hooked bristles2 bristles few1 erect or spreading1 scarcely any recurved2 seeds light brown1 broad oval1 #b4g by #b4e mm4 with a rounded point at the base more pronounced than in the former species4 ,shady places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,silvery ,cinquefoil4 ,potentilla argentea ,l4 ,flowers yellow1 achenes dull white to brown1 unsymmetrically ovoid or short kidney-shaped1 slightly flattened1 #j4e-j4g mm4 long1 smooth or marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges1 some of them forked4 ,introduced into ,michigan from ,europe or possibly from the eastern states4 ,thrives in sandy land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,one kind of ,cinquefoil or ,five-finger4 ,potentilla ,canadensis ,l4 ,achene unsymmetrically ovoid1 light straw-color to brown1 ridges indistinct1 short1 wavy1 branched and broken up1 7these ridges are different from those of ,p4 argentea or ,p4 monspeliensis7 #a mm4 long1 the achene is less flattened and narrower in proportion4 ,native from ,me4 to ,ga4 ,miss4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,rough ,cinquefoil4 ,potentilla ,monspeliensis ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes nearly white to light brown1 unsymmetrically ovoid1 or short kidney-shaped1 slightly flattened1 #a mm4 or less in length1 clearly marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges1 the longer ones forked4 ,indigenous to ,michigan1 thriving on moist or wet land4 ,,pulse ,,family4 ,,leguminosae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,ax ,seed4 ,ax ,wort4 ,coronilla scoparioides ,koch4 ,seed reddish brown1 oblong1 slightly flattened and curved1 #d-e mm4 long1 #a4e mm4 wide1 with a circular scar in a depression on the middle of one edge1 and a slight ridge the entire length of both sides4 ,introduced from ,europe1 not yet a prominent weed in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,bird's-foot ,trefoil4 ,ground ,honeysuckle4 ,bloom-fell4 ,lotus corniculatus ,l4 ,seed light brown occasionally mottled with black1 shining1 spherical to ovoid1 slightly compressed near one edge1 #a-a4b mm4 in diameter1 the compressed portion 7raphe7 extending half to three-fourths the length of the seed to the hilum or scar1 above this the seed is narrower4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,seldom met with in this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,black ,medick4 ,nonesuch4 ,medicago lupulina ,l4 ,flowers light yellow2 pods black1 oval1 much flattened1 spirally coiled1 causing the two extremities to nearly meet2 #b-b4h mm4 long2 seeds smooth1 dull yellow to green1 oval1 flattened1 kidney-shaped1 with a tubercle near the middle of the concave edge or like the figure1 #a4e-a4h mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe and becoming frequent in grass land4 ,its worst feature is to supply seeds that may be mistaken for and mixed with seeds of alfalfa and red clover4 ,the seeds differ from those of alfalfa in being more commonly egg-shaped than kidney-shaped in outline4 ,the scar is nearer the small extremity in these seeds than in those of alfalfa4 ,for pasture this is less valuable than white clover4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,alfalfa4 ,lucerne4 ,medicago sativa ,l4 ,seeds varying much in shape and size owing to their crowding in the pod when young1 yellowish green to light brown4 ,the cuts give a good idea of the variety of shapes2 surface dull or somewhat glossy1 often kidney shaped1 with the scar in a depression near the middle1 the tips may be truncate or acute or rounded1 #b-b4e mm4 long in cross-section1 oval2 when viewed from one edge it is seen to be bent or warped in various ways1 half anatropous1 often seen with a slight depression extending along one edge from the scar to one end1 larger seeds more often flattened than are the shorter4 ,a prominent forage plant1 the seeds of which are often adulterated4 ,native of ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,white ,sweet ,clover4 ,melilotus alba ,desv4 ,flowers white2 pods straw-color to brown1 coarsely and irregularly reticulate-ridged or wrinkled2 seeds smooth1 dull1 yellowish or greenish1 more strictly elliptical-oblong in outline than those of red clover and alfalfa1 bearing the broad1 shallow notch near one extremity2 #b-b4b mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,seeds used to adulterate those of alfalfa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,alsike ,clover4 ,trifolium hybridum ,l4 ,seeds dull yellowish green to very dark green1 some of them mottled1 lighter about the seed scar1 flattened1 one of the rounded edges thicker than the other1 and between the two a slight groove on each side2 seed rounded at one end1 the other truncate with the seed scar in the middle of the truncate end4 ,some seeds are half anatropous1 resembling in shape those of red clover2 #a4c-a4b mm4 in diameter4 ,when compared with white clover1 these seeds are larger and thicker4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,crimson ,clover4 ,scarlet ,clover4 ,trifolium incarnatum ,l4 ,seed smooth1 shining when not old1 color light yellow to reddish yellow or brown1 oval1 scar about one-third the distance from the narrow end1 three-fourths anatropous1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 very slightly compressed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,red ,clover4 ,trifolium pratense ,l4 ,seeds usually dull1 pure light yellow to purple1 flattened1 ovoid1 having the seed scar near the middle of one edge or below the middle1 half anatropous1 a slight depression on each side from the scar toward the broad end1 the short edge thinner than the long edge1 #a4e-a4h mm4 long by #a4x#a4d mm4 wide4 ,very common4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,mammoth ,clover is a variety or race or red clover1 the seeds of which are indistinguishable from the seeds of red clover4 ,as a rule they are darker in color and rather smaller4 ,red clover and mammoth clover are usually much mixed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,low ,hop-clover4 ,trifolium procumbens ,l4 ,a low1 yellow-flowered annual1 often becoming a tumble-weed at maturity4 ,seeds plump1 shining1 straw-colored to light brown1 broad oval1 very slightly flattened1 #a mm4 long1 three-fourths anatropous1 i4 e41 the scar is a very little distance from one end of the seed4 ,a little way back of the scar on each side is a light-colored depression4 ,rather rapidly spreading4 ,from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,white ,clover4 ,trifolium repens ,l4 ,seeds scarcely shining1 yellow to light brown1 flattened1 one of the rounded edges thinner than the other1 and between the two a slight groove on each side1 one end rounded1 the other truncate with a slight depression in the center containing the seed scar #a4-a4b mm4 long to #a mm4 wide4 ,the seeds that are truncate at one end are anatropous1 some of them resembling those of red clover are half anatropous4 ,common and well known1 possibly native to the northern country4 ,,geranium ,,family4 ,,geraniaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,alfilaria4 ,storks-bill4 ,erodium cicutarium 7,l47 ,l',her4 ,flowers pink2 achenes reddish brown1 hairy1 lance-shaped1 the smaller end curved1 hard1 sharp1 the larger end when mature bearing an awn spirally coiled for half its length1 the sickle like apex turned to one side4 ,achenes #e-f mm4 long1 the coiled portion and cycle-like apex each #aj-ae mm4 long4 ,true seed light brown1 ovoid-lanceolate #b4e-b4g mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,this plant is not yet common in our state1 but1 judging from its behavior in the botanic garden1 it is destined soon to become a bad weed4 ,on the desert ranches of ,arizona1 ,nevada and elsewhere1 it furnishes much pasture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,cut-leaved ,crane's bill4 ,geranium dissectum ,l4 ,seed light brown1 broadly oval or ovoid1 surface deeply pitted requiring #be-cj pits to form one row transversely about the surface4 ,seed scar at the larger end from which extends a slight vertical ridge reaching nearly one-third the length of the seed4 ,introduced from ,europe1 becoming common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,small-flowered ,crane's bill4 ,geranium pusillum ,burm4 f4 ,flowers minute1 pink1 pubescent under a lens1 slightly compressed1 oval with the apex near one side of one end1 about #b mm4 long1 the beak nearly twice as long2 seed reddish brown1 smooth1 oval1 slightly flattened1 #a4g-a4i mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe1 a bad weed when once established4 ,,spurge ,,family4 ,,euphorbiaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,three-,seeded ,mercury4 ,acalypha ,virginica ,l4 ,seeds #a4c-a4h mm4 long oval or obovoid1 dull1 light to dark reddish brown or gray1 mottled with black spots1 surface covered with numerous irregular vertical lines1 a ridge 7hilum7 extending from the pointed end for about one-third the length1 continuing to the broad extremity as a dark line 7raphe74 ,native to this country4 ,moist land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,cypress ,spurge4 ,euphorbia ,cyparissias ,l4 ,seeds dull1 light lead or ash-colored1 oval or oblong1 circular in transverse section1 #a4e-b mm4 long1 not including an irregular yellowish appendage 7caruncle7 at the base1 a dark verticle line 7raphe7 extending along one side4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,thriving on thin sandy soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,toothed ,spurge4 ,euphorbia dentata ,michx4 ,seeds ash colored1 obovoid1 or globose1 inconspicuously four-angled1 base obtuse1 irregularly tuberculate1 #a mm4 or more long4 ,it thrives in the ,botanic ,garden and very likely may soon spread onto ,michigan farms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,leafy ,spurge4 ,euphorbia ,esula ,l4 ,seeds dull1 light drab colored1 broad-oval1 narrowed at one end1 nearly circular in transverse section1 #b4c mm4 long1 not including a wrinkled bunch 7caruncle7 at the base1 a dark vertical line 7raphe7 extending above one side opposite which is another ridge the color of the seed4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,euphorbia hirsuta 7,torr74 ,weigand4 ,seeds lead colored1 obovoid approximately square in transverse section with one side narrower than the others1 #d-aj irregular transverse ridges on each side1 the raphe standing along one corner1 about #a4b mm4 long by #g mm4 wide4 ,sandy soil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,spotted ,spurge4 ,euphorbia maculata ,l4 ,seeds obovoid-oblong1 nearly square in cross-sections1 minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled with #b-e broken wavy ridges1 a fine dark vertical line 7raphe7 along one corner1 color reddish drab1 4#f-4h mm4 long4 ,probably introduced from west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,upright ,spotted ,spurge4 ,euphorbia ,preslii ,guss4 ,euphorbia nutans ,lag4 ,seeds lead-colored obovoid-oblong1 with #d unequal sides as seen in cross-section1 pitted and transversely wrinkled1 with #b-e broken wavy ridges1 a fine dark1 verticle line 7raphe7 along one corner1 #a-a4c mm4 long4 ,native of eastern ,north ,america4 ,introduced in seeds of red clover4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,thyme-leaved ,spurge4 ,euphorbia serpyllifolia ,pers4 ,seed ash-colored1 obovoid1 four-angled or nearly square in cross-section1 the surface covered with four or five more or less broken obtuse transverse ridges1 a slender1 dark line 7raphe7 extending from end to end on one corner4 ,dry soils1 like railway tracks4 ,,cashew ,,family4 ,,anacardiaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,poison ,ivy4 ,rhus ,toxicodendron ,l4 ,berry nearly white1 globular1 about #e mm4 in diameter1 drupe kidney-shaped1 concave on both edges1 #c by #d4e mm4 in diameter1 #b mm4 thick4 ,to some people very poisonous to the touch2 a woody shrub4 ,,mallow ,,family4 ,,malvaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,indian ,mallow4 ,american ,jute4 ,velvet ,leaf4 ,abutilon ,theophrasti ,medic4 ,abutilon ,abutilon 7,l47 ,rusby4 ,flowers yellow2 seeds brown1 flattened1 #c4e-d mm4 long1 ovoid excepting a piece cut from one side of the smaller end with #c-d curved rows of minute slender objects on each side1 the raphe extending from the pointed end to the notch on one side 7half anatropous74 ,naturalized from northern ,asia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,bladder ,ketmia4 ,hibiscus ,trionum ,l4 ,seed brown1 the surface dotted with numerous1 ragged1 light-colored pimples4 ,think of the shape as obovoid1 and then bent somewhat to the side4 ,as now found the seed is triangular in outline with rounded corners1 considerably thinned toward one corner near which is the seed scar in the midst of a depression4 ,each side of the triangle is about #b mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not yet a prominent weed in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,cheeses4 ,running ,mallow4 ,malva rotundifolia ,l4 ,flowers white2 cluster of #ab-ae fruits flattened1 circular with depression on each side1 ovary circular1 wedge-shaped1 very slightly roughened1 with radiating ridges2 seeds light brown1 nearly smooth1 flattened1 #a4d-a4g mm4 in diameter1 wedge shaped1 nearly circular with a small notch on the thin edge4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,whorled ,mallow4 ,malva verticillata4 ,l4 ,flowers white2 cluster of #aj-ab fruits flattened1 circular with depression on each side1 carpel circular1 wedge-shaped1 about three rows of irregular shallow pits on the wide edge1 radiating ridges on each flat side2 seeds light brown1 nearly smooth1 flattened1 wedge-shaped1 ovate or nearly circular1 #a4e-a4g mm4 long1 with a small notch on the thin edge4 ,introduced from the west4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,prickly ,sida4 ,sida spinosa ,l4 ,seed smooth1 dull brown or reddish brown1 having one side round and two sides flat or more or less concave1 all edges obtuse while lying on one flat side1 broadly ovoid1 with one side nearly straight1 scar at the larger end in the midst of a slight depression1 #a4e-a4h mm4 long4 ,not yet common in ,michigan4 ,introduced from the tropics4 ,,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort ,,family4 ,,hypericaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,common ,st4 ,john's-wort4 ,hypericum perforatum ,l4 ,seed dark brown1 mottled with about twenty-four vertical rows of small scars1 short oblong1 #a mm4 long1 a little more or less1 circular in cross-section1 a slight point at one or both ends4 ,troublesome in old meadows and pastures4 ,from ,europe4 ,,evening-,,primrose ,,family4 ,,onagraceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,small-flowered ,gaura4 ,gaura parviflora ,dougl4 ,achenes greenish brown1 at first glance1 having the appearance of barley1 linear1 swollen in the middle1 more or less grooved or channeled1 #f-h mm4 long4 ,introduced from the ,south4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,common ,evening-,primrose4 ,oenothera biennis ,l4 ,onagra biennis 7,l47 ,scop4 ,flowers yellow2 seeds reddish brown or darker1 surface dull1 minutely ridged1 very irregular in shape owing to crowding in the pod1 more or less pyramidal and four or five sided1 the angles acute or with a wing-like border1 #a4-a4e mm4 long4 ,native to this country4 ,,parsley ,,family4 ,,umbelliferae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,water ,hemlock4 ,mosquash ,root4 ,beaver ,poison4 ,cicuta maculata ,l4 ,achenes1 when young grow in couples joined by their flat sides1 broadly oval1 somewhat flattened1 a single one-half oval1 #b4g-c4b mm long1 with five corky yellowish white vertical stripes alternating with four brown oil tubes1 the flat side with two wide light corky stripes including two brown oil tubes4 ,the roots are very poisonous4 ,native to ,michigan and elsewhere4 ,moist or wet lands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,poison ,hemlock4 ,conium maculatum ,l4 ,flowers white1 achenes growing in pairs1 light brown1 oval1 flat on one side1 five ribs extending from one end to the other1 between them the surface abounds in minute vertical projections1 achene about #c4e mm4 long4 ,difficult to identify4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,wild ,carrot4 ,daucus ,carota ,l4 ,flowers white2 achenes light brown1 striped with white1 oval1 flattened1 bearing numerous frail spines along the edges and in two rows lengthwise of one face1 tips of spines diverging1 often hooked1 about #c4e mm4 long not including the spines4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,this is the cultivated carrot escaped from fields and gardens4 ,a great pest in old meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,wild ,parsnip4 ,pastinaca sativa ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes growing in pairs1 #e-f mm4 long1 with flat sides together1 light brown1 broad oval1 much flattened1 surrounded by a narrow thin ridge1 #i-;curved shallow ribs on one side4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,,milkweed ,,family4 ,,asclepiadaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,common ,milkweed4 ,asclepias ,syriaca ,l4 ,pods #h-ab cm4 long1 covered with soft spiny processes2 seeds dull light brown1 much flattened1 narrowly obovate1 #f4e-h mm4 long1 the small end truncate1 surrounded by a broad wrinkled wing-margin or hem4 ,the concave side bears a slender vertical ridge 7raphe7 for two-thirds of its length2 the convex side bearing fine1 short ridges4 ,before escaping from the pods1 the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs 7coma7 #b-c cm4 long4 ,native of this country4 ,often troublesome and conspicuous in light soil1 occasionally becoming small1 pale1 with slender branches and dying4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,black ,swallow-wort4 ,cynanchum nigrum 7,l47 ,pers4 ,vincetoxicum nigrum ,moench4 ,smooth pods of the vine about #e cm4 long2 seeds brown when dry1 much flattened1 concave1 obovate1 #f-h mm4 long1 nearly surrounded by a wing margin or hem1 the small end truncate4 ,the concave side bears a slender vertical ridge 7raphe7 for over half its length1 both sides bearing fine short ridges4 ,before escaping from the pods1 the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs4 ,introduced from ,europe2 not yet common1 but it is persistent where once started4 ,,morning ,,glory ,,family4 ,,convolvulaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,small ,bindweed4 ,convolvulus arvensis ,l4 ,color of seeds dull dark brown1 coarsely roughened1 oval1 #c-d mm4 long1 one face convex1 the other face sloping to the edges from a broad1 central ridge1 becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,seldom1 if ever1 seeding in ,michigan4 ,on dry1 poor land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,hedge or ,great ,bindweed4 ,convolvulus sepium ,l4 ,pod nearly globose1 about #h mm4 in diameter1 usually covered by the bracts and calyx2 seeds dull black or dark brown1 roughened1 oval1 about #e mm4 long1 one face convex1 the other face sloping to the edges from a central ridge4 ,native to this country4 ,seldom seeding in ,michigan4 ,on low land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,field ,dodder4 ,cuscuta arvensis ,beyrich4 ,a pale yellow leafless parasitic vine2 seeds dull1 yellowish brown1 minutely pitted1 considerably resembling those of red clover1 broad oval1 ovoid or spherical1 4#g-a mm4 long1 one side rounded the other often with two flat surfaces terminating in a ridge4 ,not uncommon with alfalfa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,flax ,dodder4 ,cuscuta ,epilinum ,weihe4 ,stems very slender1 yellow or red1 a parasitic vine2 seeds dull1 yellowish to dark brown1 minutely pitted1 nearly spherical1 oval1 ovoid1 #a-a4e mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,clover ,dodder4 ,cuscuta ,epithymum ,murr4 ,stems very slender1 a parasitic vine2 seeds oval to spherical1 dull1 pitted1 color yellowish1 light to dark brown1 light green to purple1 about #b mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,occasionally found on red clover4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,gronovius ,dodder4 ,cuscuta ,gronovii ,willd4 ,seed light to dark brown1 surface minutely granular1 free from gloss1 a few spherical1 most of them indented as they dry or variously angled where they crowded against each other in the pod1 #a4e-a4g mm4 in diameter4 ,species of dodder are difficult to distinguish one from the other4 ,this is common on low land1 where it draws nourishment from a great variety of plants1 such as willows1 balsams1 nettles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,spanish ,dodder4 ,cuscuta planiflora ,tenore4 ,color light to dark pink1 purple buff1 olive green2 surface well roughened1 almost reticulated1 in shape flattened on one side1 ovoid1 oval angled1 indented in great variety1 #j4g-a4b mm4 long4 ,,borage ,,family4 ,,boraginaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,hound's ,tongue4 ,cynoglossum officinale ,l4 ,flowers reddish purple2 ovary brown deeply #d-lobed separating into four achenes1 #e-g mm4 long1 flattened1 broadly ovate or circular1 excepting a slight extension at one end1 lower side having an ovate scar1 nearly half as long as the achenes1 all the rest of the surface clothed with straight1 stiff1 cap-shaped hairs1 bearded on all sides4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,very objectionable in pastures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,stick-,seed4 ,burr ,seed4 ,lappula echinata ,gilibert4 ,lappula ,lappula 7,l47 ,karst4 ,flowers blue1 ovary deeply #d-lobed separating into four warty achenes1 each one brown1 about #b4e mm4 long1 slightly flattened1 ovate with wedge-shaped apex2 the upper side bearing a few stiff straight1 diverging cap-shaped hairs1 bearded on all sides2 lower side destitute of hairs1 bearing a straight ridge from the point to the middle of the large end4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,very objectionable in pastures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,wild ,comfrey4 ,lappula ,virginiana 7,l47 ,greene4 ,flowers blue2 ovary deeply #d-lobed separating into four brown achenes1 about #c mm4 long1 flattened on upper side1 broadly ovate1 the apex wedge-shaped1 the upper side clothed with stiff straight cap-shaped hairs1 bearded on all sides2 lower side a low #d-sided cone1 nearly smooth with a concave triangular scar4 ,native to rich woodlands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,red ,root4 ,wheat ,thief4 ,corn ,gromwell4 ,lithospermum arvense ,l4 ,flowers white2 ovary #d-;divided separating into four hard1 conical-ovoid achenes1 each dull gray1 erect1 wrinkled1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 convex on the back1 keeled on the inner side1 base obliquely truncate1 containing two minute white tubercles4 ,a prominent weed of high rank in fields of winter wheat4 ,,vervain ,,family4 ,,verbenaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,blue ,vervain4 ,verbena hastata ,l4 ,achenes crowded1 four together until mature1 dull1 reddish brown1 flattened1 oblong1 #a4g-b mm4 long1 bordered by a narrow margin1 the outer face convex1 bearing #c-e small vertical ridges branching and uniting at the apex1 forming a distinct network1 the inner face sloping to the margin from a central vertical ridge2 a light colored scar is seen on one side of the base4 ,native to this country4 ,not important4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,nettle-leaved ,vervain4 ,verbena urticifolia ,l4 ,achenes #a4f-a4h mm4 long1 very closely resembling the last above mentioned4 ,the achenes of this one are a trifle shorter and broader1 more nearly oval than oblong4 ,native to this country4 ,not common in fields4 ,,mint ,,family4 ,,labiatae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,dead ,nettle4 ,lamium amplexicaule ,l4 ,achenes light brown1 conspicuously marked by white spots some of which coalesce making the surface striped crosswise1 obovate-oblong1 pointed at the smaller end1 #a4e-b mm4 long1 the outer surface rounded1 the inner face angled1 the concave surfaces sloping to the edges from a central vertical ridge4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,thrives in cool weather4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,motherwort4 ,leonurus ,cardiaca ,l4 ,achenes light brown1 obovoid-oblong1 rounded on one side flat on the other two sides1 the truncate apex hairy1 #b-b4d mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,waste places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,white ,hoarhound4 ,marubium vulgare ,l4 ,achenes dull1 varying from light to dark brown1 sometimes finely roughened by numerous minute tubercles1 slightly flattened1 oval or obovoid1 about #b mm4 long1 outer surface convex1 inner face angled sloping to the edges from a central vertical ridge1 edges of achenes often slightly margined1 surface lightly grooved4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a weed in northern ,michigan where snow protects it in winter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,catnip4 ,catmint4 ,nepeta ,cataria ,l4 ,achenes dull1 light reddish brown to nearly black1 with two laterally placed cavities near the base1 each filled with white spongey tissue1 broadly oval1 slightly flattened1 #a4c-a4g mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,scarcely a weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,self-heal4 ,heal-all4 ,prunella vulgaris ,l4 ,achenes light to dark brown1 slightly roughened1 having a diffused luster1 slightly flattened1 oval or oblong1 the base tapering to a small whitish1 triangular appendage1 outer side convex having dark verticle lines1 the other face sloping to the edges from a central ridge1 becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water4 ,native to this country4 ,,night ,,shade ,,family4 ,,solanaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,jimson ,weed4 ,thorn-apple4 ,datura ,stramonium ,l4 ,pods ovoid1 densely prickly1 about #d cm4 long2 seeds black to brown1 flattened1 with #f-aj slight irregular elevations1 the whole surface covered with minute shallow pits1 short kidney shaped1 i4 e41 one edge nearly straight or slightly notched1 the remainder of the margin making about two-thirds of a circle4 #c-c4e mm4 long4 ,most likely introduced from ,asia4 ,a coarse1 poisonous weed found in waste places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,purple ,jimson ,weed4 ,purple ,thorn-apple4 ,datura ,tatula4 ,the color of the stems are purple1 the flowers and pods nearly the same as those last above2 seeds of the two scarcely if at all unlike4 ,naturalized from tropical ,america4 ,waste places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,horse ,nettle4 ,solanum ,carolinense ,l4 ,berry orange-yellow1 #a4f to #b cm4 in diameter2 seeds lemon yellow1 slightly double convex1 obovate #b4a-b4i mm4 long1 surface finely granular all over4 ,native of the southwest ,u4 ,s4 ,it spreads rapidly by long roots4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,black ,nightshade4 ,solanum nigrum ,l4 ,berry black1 smooth1 globose1 #h-aj mm4 in diameter2 seeds finely granular1 dull1 yellowish to light brown1 flattened1 unsymmetrically ovate1 about #a4e mm4 long4 ,native to this country4 ,i have the best of authority for saying that these berries when ripe make good pies1 whether the uncooked fruit is poisonous there is less proof4 ,of little importance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,beaked ,nightshade4 ,solanum rostratum ,dunal4 ,fruit surrounded by a persistent prickly calyx about #b cm4 long2 seeds flattened1 irregularly undulate or wrinkled1 dark brown or black1 usually ovate or circular in outline1 #b-b4e mm4 in diameter1 surface covered with small pits4 ,introduced into ,michigan from the southwest4 ,a coarse prickly weed4 ,,figwort ,,family4 ,,scrophulariaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,butter and ,eggs4 ,toad-,flax4 ,linaria vulgaris ,hill4 ,linaria ,linaria 7,l47 ,karst4 ,flowers yellow and orange2 seeds dark brown or black1 flat1 circular or oval1 surrounded by a broad wing-margin1 the wing notched and covered by numerous fine radiating ridges1 the surface of the seed roughened by numerous projecting points1 seed1 including its wing1 #a4e-b mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a vigorous weed in meadows1 spreading by seeds and by root stocks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,moth ,mullein4 ,verbascum ,blattaria ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 pod #f mm4 diameter2 seeds light to dark brown1 4#e-a mm4 long1 columnar1 lateral surface slightly angular and #f-sided1 base truncate or obliquely so and broader than the rounded apex1 thus somewhat thimble-shaped1 each lateral face deeply pitted in longitudinal rows1 the pits in contiguous rows1 alternating4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a vile weed in meadows and pastures4 ,velvet-,leaved ,mullein4 ,verbascum ,thapsus ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 pod #f mm4 high2 seeds cannot be distinguished with certainty by means of the ordinary lens from those of moth mullein4 ,the pitted surface seems to predominate in ,verbascum ,blattaria1 while the grooved surface seems to be more common in the seeds of ,v4 ,thapsus4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,common in thin pastures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,wall ,speedwell4 ,veronica arvensis ,l4 ,pods heart-shaped2 seeds dull1 light yellow1 flattened1 oval1 4#g-a4a mm4 long on one side appearing as though the two ends had been brought together by bending4 ,from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,common ,speedwell4 ,veronica officinalis ,l4 ,pods heart-shaped2 seeds dull1 pale yellow1 flattened1 broadly oval to broadly obovate1 4#h-a4b mm4 long1 with a small scar near the middle of one side1 from which extends a faint line 7raphe7 to one extremity4 ,appearing as though introduced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,purslane ,speedwell4 ,veronica peregrina ,l4 ,pods heart-shaped2 seeds dull1 light reddish yellow1 flattened1 oval to broadly obovate 4#e-4h mm4 long1 with a small scar a little above the middle of one side1 from which extends a dark line 7raphe7 to one extremity4 ,most likely native to this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,thyme-leaved ,speedwell4 ,veronica serpyllifolia ,l4 ,pods broadly heart-shaped2 seeds pale yellow1 a trifle darker than those of ,v4 officinalis1 light1 reddish yellow1 in shape and markings much like those of ,v4 peregrina1 flattened1 broadly oval to obovate 4#e-4g mm4 long1 with a small scar near the middle on one side1 from which extends a dark line 7raphe7 to one extremity4 ,apparently native to this country4 ,seeds of the ,veronicas are very difficult to distinguish from one another4 ,,plantain ,,family4 ,,plantaginaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,sand ,plantain4 ,plantago arenaria ,w4 ,k4 ,seeds dark amber brown1 shining1 rounded on the back like the bottom of a shallow canoe1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 transverse groove around the middle of the back1 opposite side with a groove extending lengthwise1 about as wide as the ridge on either side of it2 hilum in the middle of the groove4 ,found at ,harrisville1 ,mich4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,large-bracted ,plantain4 ,plantago aristata ,michx4 ,seeds oval1 dull1 light to dark brown1 #b4b-c mm4 long1 shaped like a shallow1 thick-walled canoe with ends rounded alike1 outer face marked by a shallow1 transverse groove at or near the middle1 a white line marking the margin at the base on the canoe inside1 two white-margined pits occupying the middle of the concave side4 ,introduced from the west in clover seeds1 not yet common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,rib-,grass4 ,narrow-leaved ,plantain4 ,plantago lanceolata ,l4 ,seeds shining1 amber-colored to brown1 oval1 #b-b4e mm4 long1 shaped like a shallow1 thick-walled canoe with ends rounded alike1 a dark scar occupying the middle of the narrow concave side1 a faint1 transverse groove across the convex side near the middle sometimes apparent4 ,often found mixed with clover seeds from which it is very difficult to separate4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,broad-leaved ,plantain4 ,plantago major ,l4 ,seeds1 light to dark brown or very nearly black1 #a-a4e mm4 long1 slightly flattened1 with acute edges very variable in shape1 oval1 oblong1 rhomboidal and trapezoid1 the surface roughened by slender1 colored ridges1 appearing under the lens as slightly wavy lines1 radiating from the scar4 ,the clear light green color of the lower end of the leaf-stem is an easy mark to distinguish this plant from another broad-leaved plantain1 ,p4 ,rugelii in which the base of leaf is red4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,about door yards4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,rugel's ,broad-leaved ,plantain4 ,plantago ,rugelii ,decne4 ,seeds dark brown to black1 much like those of ,p4 major1 but larger1 #a4e-b4e mm4 long slightly flattened1 with edges acute1 very variable in shape1 oval oblong1 rhomboidal1 surface minutely roughened and dull1 but wholly without ridge or lines as in ,p4 major4 ,native of this country4 ,lower end of leaf-stalk red1 and not clear green as in ,p4 major4 ,a vile pest in clover fields4 ,,madder ,,family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,blue ,field ,madder4 ,sherardia arvensis ,l4 ,the parts often called seeds are in reality the half-fruits ripened1 each one bearing at the apex three1 white1 pointed1 persistent calyx lobes1 the inner face showing a vertical groove1 and in some of the fruits the calyx is broken off4 ,surface dull brown1 clothed with small white hairs1 obovoid1 #b-b4e mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe1 not often found in the northern states4 ,,teasel ,,family4 ,,dipsacaceae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,wild ,teasel4 ,dipsacus sylvestris ,huds4 ,achene brown1 minutely hairy1 #d mm4 long1 oblong1 square in cross-section1 with four vertical ribs on the angles and four on the sides4 ,seed suspended1 anatropous1 supplied with endosperm4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a weed requiring two years from seed to seeding4 ,,composite ,,family4 ,,compositae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,yarrow4 ,milfoil4 ,achillea ,millefolium ,l4 ,flowers white2 achenes white to gray1 finely striate lengthwise1 flattened1 oblong1 tapering at the lower end1 straight or curved4 #b-b4c long4 ,most likely introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,ragweed4 ,ambrosia artemisiifolia ,l4 ,achenes hard1 straw-colored to light brown or black1 top-shaped1 broadly oval1 #b4e-c mm4 long1 besides the beak #a4e mm4 long1 the sides irregularly ridged vertically1 with #e-aj short teeth at the apex4 ,sometimes the hard covering is removed by a clover huller1 exposing the naked seed4 ,native of the ,u4 ,s4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,great ,ragweed4 ,ambrosia trifida ,l4 ,achenes hard1 brown1 more or less mottled1 top-shaped1 #g-h mm4 besides the stout beak #b-c mm4 long1 sides with #e stout ridges terminating in #e short teeth4 ,native to the ,united ,states4 ,river bottoms1 low land1 sometimes #ae ft4 high4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,corn ,camomile4 ,anthemis arvensis ,l4 ,achenes very variable1 creamy white to light brown1 oblong1 wedge-shaped in outline1 circular to four-angled in cross-section1 more or less ribbed lengthwise1 a ripple-shaped scar at the narrow end2 apex truncate with a minute projection in the center1 often with a narrow ridge about the margin4 ,about #a4g mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,seldom troublesome in ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,may-weed4 ,dog's-,fennel4 ,anthemis ,cotula ,l4 ,outer flowers white2 achenes straw color to light brown1 obovoid 7large end uppermost7 to oblong1 circular in outline1 #a4c-a4h mm4 long1 with #aj warty ribs4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,old roads and waste places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,great ,burdock4 ,arctium ,lappa4 ,so far as ,i have seen the achenes of this species1 when compared with ,a4 minus1 are darker colored1 rather longer1 the ribs more distinct4 ,smaller ,burdock4 ,arctium minus ,beruh4 ,possibly only a variety of ,a4 ,lappa ,l41 but the prevailing plant in central ,michigan4 ,i see no way of distinguishing the achenes of one from the other2 but it makes little difference as one burdock is as bad as another4 ,flowers purple2 achenes dull brown1 often spotted with black1 straight or curved1 slightly flattened1 oblong-prismatic with #c-e narrowly ridged angles1 and occasionally other smaller ridges1 #d4e-f mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,biennial ,wormwood4 ,artemisia biennis ,willd4 ,achenes dark brown1 smooth1 somewhat flattened1 #c-d angled1 obovate1 narrowed at the base 4#h-a4c mm4 long4 ,native in the northwestern ,united ,states and introduced east with grass seeds4 ,moist land4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,smaller ,bur-,marigold4 ,bidens cernua ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes #d-f mm4 long1 dull brown1 the awns lighter1 flattened1 #d-;angled1 wedge-shaped1 awns #b-d1 barbed downward as also are the ribs4 ,native of this country4 ,low lands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,purple-stemmed ,swamp ,beggar-ticks4 ,bidens connata ,muhl4 ,flowers orange2 achenes brown1 wedge-shaped or obovate1 hairy1 tubercled1 flattened1 #d-;angled1 #d-toothed1 #d-f mm4 long1 achenes and teeth downwardly barbed4 ,swamps1 common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,beggar-ticks4 ,bidens frondosa ,l4 ,achenes dull brown1 tubercled1 much flattened1 obovate or oval1 #f-ab mm4 long1 awns usually #b1 spreading barbed downward4 ,low lands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,star ,thistle4 ,centaurea solstitialis ,l4 ,achene cream white to mottled brown1 flattened1 oval about #b mm4 long2 scar of attachment in a notch of one edge above the rounded base1 apex truncate with a small tubercle in the middle4 ,found in seeds of alfalfa4 ,a ragged plant from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,ox-eye ,daisy4 ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum ,l4 ,flowers white2 achenes brown or black with ten white conspicuous vertical ribs1 narrowly obovate #a4e-a4h mm4 long1 bearing a tubercle at the apex4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,becoming common4 ,a prominent weed in old pastures and meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,chickory4 ,chichorium ,intybus ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes light brown1 more or less mottled or spotted with black1 straight or curved1 #d-e angled1 flattened1 apex truncate crowned with a double row of minute scales4 ,achenes #b4e-c mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,canada ,thistle4 ,cirsium arvense 7,l47 ,scop4 ,carduus arvensis 7,l47 ,robs4 ,flowers purple or white2 achenes smooth1 light brown1 curved or straight1 narrowly obovoid or oblong1 slightly flattened1 #b-c mm4 long1 apex truncate1 cup-shaped with a tubercle in the center4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,a weed of first rank4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,bull ,thistle4 ,cirsium lanceolatum 7,l47 ,hill4 ,carduus lanceolatus ,l4 ,flowers purple2 achenes smooth1 nearly white1 with sharp vertical brown stripes1 slightly flattened1 obovate or oblong1 usually curved near the apex1 #c-d mm4 long1 apex truncate with a large tubercle in the center4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,narrow leaved ,hawksbeard4 ,crepis tectorum ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achene chestnut brown1 straight or curved1 linear1 ribs #aj1 smooth or rugose2 #c4d mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,fire-weed4 ,erechtites hieracifolia 7,l47 ,raf4 ,achenes brown1 linear1 #b4b-b4h mm4 long1 flattened1 straight or curved1 having ten vertical ribs between which are minute white oppressed hairs1 the extremities truncate1 wider than the narrow portion beneath1 the apex white with a tubercle projecting from the center of a minute cup4 ,native to this country4 ,not of much importance4 ,annual ,fleabane4 ,erigeron annuus 7,l47 ,pers4 ,flowers white2 achenes smooth1 shining1 brownish white1 translucent1 flattened1 obovate or oblong1 4#g-4i mm4 long1 bearing at the apex a whorl of very small diverging bristles1 the longest ones having been rubbed off4 ,faint traces of a few oppressed hairs may be seen under a good lens4 ,native to this country and a very prominent weed in thin meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,horse-weed4 ,erigeron ,canadensis ,l4 ,leptilon ,canadense 7,l47 ,britton4 ,achenes oblong1 dull cream color1 much flattened1 #a-a4c mm4 long1 shining1 smooth or containing a few minute oppressed bristles1 apex truncate1 bearing a whorl of bristles1 the longest having been rubbed off4 ,native of this country4 ,compare the above description with that of ,erigeron annuus4 ,common in waste places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,daisy ,fleabane4 ,erigeron ramosus 7,walt47 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4 ,flowers white2 achenes nearly identical with those last described1 ,erigeron annuus1 bristles shorter1 less diverging1 surface bearing more minute appressed hairs when seen under a lens4 ,native to this country and prominent in some thin meadows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,sweet ,everlasting4 ,gnaphalium polycephalum ,michx4 ,gnaphalium obtusifolium ,l4 ,outer scales of the head thin1 white1 stiff2 achenes yellowish white or brown1 slightly flattened1 smooth1 oval or oblong1 4#e-4g mm4 long4 ,native to this country4 ,not often troublesome4 ,much practice with a good lens and careful comparisons with other small achenes will be necessary in identifying such specimens as are furnished by this species4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,low ,cudweed4 ,gnaphalium uliginosum ,l4 ,outer scales of the head thin1 brown1 more or less wooly2 achenes 4#d-4f mm4 long1 yellowish white to brown1 slightly flattened1 smooth1 narrowly oblong 4#d-4f mm4 long4 ,achenes narrower and rather shorter than those of ,g4 obtusifolium4 ,native to this country4 ,not of high rank as a weed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,broad-leaved ,gum ,plant4 ,grindelia squarrosa 7,pursh47 ,dunal4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes creamy white or light brown1 very variable in appearance1 more or less flattened1 often #d-;angled1 straight to much curved1 narrowed at the base1 apex truncate1 often concave with a distinct marginal rim1 some of them not very unlike those of ,canada thistle1 some of them smooth1 others finely grooved or ridged lengthwise1 others somewhat wrinkled1 #b4e-c mm4 long4 ,occasionally introduced from the west with seeds of grasses or clover4 ,usually not persistent in ,michigan4 ,artichoke4 ,helianthus tuberosus ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes black1 shiny more or less1 slightly flattened1 pubescent with very short hairs1 with four obtuse angles1 narrowly obovate1 #f-g mm4 long1 one side of the smaller end projecting beyond the other side4 ,native of this country2 cultivated by ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,golden ,mouse or ,orange-,ear ,hawkweed4 ,devil's ,paint-,brush4 ,hieracium aurantiacum4 ,flowers orange yellow2 achenes jet black1 oblong1 straight or curved1 apex truncate1 base abruptly tapering1 cylindrical1 the sides bearing #aj narrow1 vertical ridges4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,in ,eastern ,new ,york and ,western ,massachusetts meadows abound in large areas of this vile weed1 #a4h-b4b mm4 long4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,mouse-,ear ,hawkweed4 ,hieracium ,pilosella ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes jet black1 oblong1 straight or curved1 apex truncate1 base abruptly pointed1 cylindrical or narrowly oval1 the sides bearing #aj narrow vertical ridges4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,the achenes very closely resemble those of the orange hawkweed4 ,it doesn't matter much1 for the habits are the same1 and one is about as noxious as the other4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,elecampane4 ,inula ,helenium ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes light brown1 straight or curved1 linear1 flattened1 #d-e mm4 long1 #d sided with #e-h obscure vertical ridges on each side1 apex concave1 the margin bearing a circle of short stiff bristles1 the remains of longer ones4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,not common4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,marsh ,elder4 ,iva xanthiifolia 7,fresen47 ,nutt4 ,achenes various shades of brown to black1 flattened or rhombic in section1 obovoid1 #a4e-b mm4 long1 longitudinally1 striate with fine lines4 ,native to the upper peninsula of ,michigan where it most likely was at one time introduced from the west4 ,it has not been found in the lower peninsula1 probably because it had no means of coming across ,lake ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,wild ,lettuce4 ,lactuca ,canadensis ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes black or nearly so1 flattened1 oval1 bearing #c ribs1 the lateral ones sometimes double1 the middle one slender1 surface abounding in minute transverse ridges as seen under a lens1 the remains of a beak sometimes remaining4 ,native of this country4 ,other species of ,lettuce are more or less troublesome4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,prickly ,lettuce4 ,lactuca virosa ,l4 ,for many years erroneously called ,lactuca scariola4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes dull1 dark brown1 mottled with black1 flattened1 bearing #e-g rough1 vertical ridges1 interspersed by as many smaller ones2 oblong1 obovate1 widest toward the tapering apex4 #c-c4e mm4 long4 ,some of the leaves turn one edge up and the other down4 ,introduced from ,europe and has proved itself a remarkable traveller4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,fall ,dandelion4 ,leontodon autumnalis ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes light brown1 linear1 with #e broad1 rounded ribs2 achene #d-f4e mm4 long1 straight or curved1 the outer traversed1 with low transverse ridges4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,black-eyed ,susan4 ,yellow ,daisy4 ,rudbeckia hirta ,l4 ,achene purple-brown to black1 slightly tapering from base to apex #a4e-a4h mm4 long1 base abruptly pointed1 apex truncate1 in cross section nearly square1 having #e-g slender vertical ridges on each side besides a larger one at each of the four corners4 ,widely distributed in meadows and pastures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,corn ,sow-,thistles4 ,sonchus arvensis ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes dull1 dark reddish brown1 oblong1 extremities blunt1 slightly flattened1 bearing four coarse1 fold-like ridges1 with two smaller ridges between each of the two large ones1 transversely wrinkled1 #b4e-c mm4 long4 ,this species is a perennial spreading by roots-stalks as well as by seeds4 ,introduced in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,spiny ,sow-,thistle4 ,sonchus asper 7,l47 ,hill4 ,flowers pale yellow2 achenes dull straw-color to reddish brown1 much flattened1 obovate1 oblong1 extremities blunt1 each side bearing #c-e vertical ridges1 surface nearly smooth1 #b4e-c mm4 long4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,common ,sow-,thistle4 ,sonchus oleraceus ,l4 ,flowers pale yellow2 achenes reddish brown1 linear1 oblanceolate1 #c mm4 long1 flattened extremities blunt1 #e uneven wrinkled ridges on each side4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,red-,seeded ,dandelion4 ,taraxacum erythrospermum ,andrz4 ,achene bright red or red reddish brown1 flattened1 oblanceolate1 #c mm4 long1 #a mm4 wide or less1 the red beak #a mm4 long1 prickles often extending nearly to the base along twelve vertical ribs1 the achenes narrower1 shorter1 much darker in color1 with prickles extending farther down the ribs1 the short beak longer2 the plant is earlier1 often smaller1 when compared with the other species4 ,doubtless this is more common than has been reported1 having been overlooked4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,dandelion4 ,taraxacum officinale ,weber4 ,taraxacum ,taraxacum 7,l47 ,karst4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes dull light to dark brown1 flattened oblanceolate1 thread-like beak two to three times as long as the achene1 the stout colored beak #j4e mm4 long4 ,the most conspicuous character of the achenes lies in the barb-like-toothed edges and ridges of each of the similar faces1 extending along the upper half4 ,achene1 #c-d mm4 long1 having twelve longitudinal ridges1 #a4b mm4 wide4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,troublesome on thin lawns4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,salsify4 ,oyster-,plant4 ,tragopogon porrifolius ,l4 ,flowers purple2 achenes dull light brown1 nearly cylindrical2 apex tapering1 mostly terminating in a slender beak which is often longer than the body of the achene4 ,achene straight or curved1 #aj-ribbed1 #ab-ah mm4 long1 outermost coarsely roughened by upwardly directed1 whitish1 scale-like projections4 ,native of ,europe4 ,meadow ,salsify4 ,yellow ,goat's ,beard4 ,tragopogon pratensis ,l4 ,flowers yellow2 achenes dull1 light brown1 nearly cylindrical1 apex tapering1 mostly terminating in a slender beak4 ,achene straight or curved1 #aj-ribbed1 #ab-ae mm4 long1 the inner ones of the head smooth1 the outer-most coarsely roughened by upwardly directed1 whitish1 scale-like projections4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,american ,cocklebur4 ,xanthium ,canadensis ,mill4 ,achenes or burs reddish brown1 oblong1 circular in section1 two-beaked1 about #bj mm4 long1 covered with stout hooked prickles4 ,each bur encloses two seeds4 ,native of this country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,spiny ,clotbur4 ,xanthium spinosum ,l4 ,bur oblong1 light brown1 very slightly flattened1 #aj-ac mm4 long1 the beaks weak and small1 small hooked prickles #c-d mm4 long1 each bur contains two seeds4 ,introduced from ,europe4 ,broad ,cocklebur4 ,xanthium strumarium ,l4 ,bur dark brown1 oval1 circular in sections #ab-bb mm4 long1 beaks stout1 nearly straight1 spines about #e mm4 long1 surface of burs and base of spines clothed with minute hooked prickles4 ,naturalized from ,europe4 ,,index4 ,page ,abutilon1 #ade ,acalypha1 #adc ,,ac-,,cum',,bent1 leaning or lying upon1 applied to cotyledons when the caulicle 7radicle7 is folded against their contiguous edges1 shown as ,symbol3 #j rotated #ij deg4 clockwise4 ,a-,,chene'1 achenium1 a small1 dry1 one-seeded1 indehiscent fruit1 likely to be mistaken for a seed4 ,achillea1 #afj ,acnida1 #abf ,a-,,cu',,min-,,ate1 ending in a prolonged tapering point4 ,agrimonia1 #ach ,agrimony1 tall hairy1 #ach ,agrostemma1 #abh ,agropyron1 #aaj ,aizoaceae1 #abh ,alfalfa1 #adj ,allium1 #aai ,alfilaria1 #adb ,alsike clover1 #ada ,alsine1 #aca ,alyssum1 #acb ,alyssum1 hoary1 #acc ,amaranth1 #abf1 #abg ,amaranth family1 #abf ,amaranthaceae1 #abf ,amaranthus1 #abg ,ambrosia1 #afj1 #afa ,american jute1 #ade ,anacardiaceae1 #ade ,a-,,nat',,ro-,,pous1 a name applied to an ovule or seed which grows so that the funiculus coheres to the whole length forming a raphe along the edge bringing the hilum near the micropyle while the chalaza is at the other extremity4 ,annual fleabane1 #afe ,anthemis1 #afa ,apetalous pepper-grass1 #ace ,a',,pex1 the tip or growing point of an organ4 ,arctium1 #afb ,arenaria1 #abi ,artemisia1 #afb ,artichoke1 #afg ,asclepiadaceae1 #adi ,asclepias1 #adi ,atriplex1 #abd ,avena1 #aaj ,,awn1 a bristle-shaped appendage4 ,ax seed1 #aci ,ax wort1 #aci ,ball mustard1 #acg ,barbarea1 #acc ,,barbed1 furnished with rigid points or short bristles1 usually reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook4 ,barnyard grass1 #aad ,beaked nightshade1 #aef ,beaver poison1 #adh ,beggar-ticks1 #afc ,bermuda grass1 #aac ,berteroa1 #acc ,bidens1 #afb1 #afc ,biennial wormwood1 #afb ,bindweed1 #aej ,bird's-foot trefoil1 #aci ,bitter buttercup1 #aca ,bitter dock1 #abb ,black-eyed susan1 #afi ,black medick1 #aci ,black mustard1 #acd ,black nightshade1 #aef ,black swallow-wort1 #adi ,bladder campion1 #acj ,bladder ,ketmia1 #adf ,bloom-fell1 #aci ,bluefield madder1 #aei ,blue grass1 #aaf ,blue grass1 ,canadian1 #aaf ,blue grass1 ,kentucky1 #aaf ,blue ,vervain1 #aec ,borage family1 #aeb ,boraginaceae1 #aeb ,bouncing ,bet1 #abi ,broad-leaved ,dock1 #abb ,broad-leaved plantain1 #aei ,brome grass1 #aab ,bromus1 #aaa ,buckwheat family1 #aai ,buckwheat1 wild1 #abj ,bulbous buttercup1 #acb ,bull thistle1 #afd ,burdock1 #afb ,bur-grass1 #aab ,bur-marigold1 #afb ,bur-seed1 #aeb ,bursa1 #acd ,buttercup1 bitter1 creeping1 or tall1 #aca ,butter and eggs1 #aef ,camelina1 #acd ,canada thistle1 #afd ,canadian blue grass1 #aaf ,capriola1 #aac ,capsella1 #acd ,carduus1 #afd1 #afe ,carpet-weed1 #abh ,,car',,un-,,cle1 an excrescence or protuberance near the hilum of a seed4 ,caryophyllaceae1 #abh ,cashew family1 #ade ,catch-fly1 #abi1 #acj ,catmint1 #aed ,catnip1 #aed ,celandine1 #acb c4 m4 centimeter1 see ruled lines on last page1 #ahc ,cenchrus1 #aab ,centaurea1 #afc ,centimeter1 see ruled lines on last page1 #ahc ,cerastium1 #abi ,chaetochloa1 #aag ,charlock1 #acc ,cheat1 #aab ,cheeses1 #adf ,chelidonium1 #acb ,chenopodiaceae1 #abd ,chenopodium1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,chess1 barren1 field1 smooth1 soft1 #aaa ,chickory1 #afd ,chickweed1 #abi1 #aca ,chrysanthemum1 #afc ,cichorium1 #afd ,cicuta1 #adh ,cinquefoil1 silvery1 #ach1 #aci ,cirsium1 #afd1 #afe ,claviceps1 #aaj ,climbing false buckwheat1 #aba ,clover dodder1 #aea ,cockle1 #abh ,cocklebur1 #aga ,,co',,ma1 a tuft of hair on a seed4 ,common chickweed1 #aca ,common milkweed1 #adi ,common speedwell1 #aeg ,compositae1 #afj ,composite family1 #afj ,conium1 #adh ,conringia1 #ace ,convolvulaceae1 #aej ,convolvulus1 #aej ,corn camomile1 #afa ,corn gromwell1 #aec ,coronilla1 #aci ,couch grass1 #aaj ,cow-cress1 #acf ,crab-grass1 #aac-aad ,crassulaceae1 #ach ,creeping buttercup1 #acb ,crepis1 #afe ,cress1 cow1 #acf ,crimson clover1 #ada ,crowfoot1 #aca ,crowfoot family1 #aca ,cruciferae1 #acb ,curled ,dock1 #abb ,cut-leaved ,crane's bill1 #adb ,cuscuta1 #aej1 #aea ,cycloloma1 #abf ,cynanchum1 #adi ,cynodon1 #aac ,cynoglossum1 #aeb ,cyperaceae1 #aah ,cyperus1 #aah ,cypress spurge1 #adc ,daisy fleabane1 #aff ,dandelion1 #agj ,datura1 #aee ,daucus1 #adh ,dead nettle1 #aed ,,del',,toid1 shaped like the ,greek letter delta2 triangular4 ,devil's paint-brush1 #afg ,digitalis1 #aac ,diplotaxis1 #ace ,dipsaceae1 #afj ,dipsacus1 #afj ,dock1 #aba ,dock-leaved ,persicaria1 #abj ,dodder1 #aej ,dog's fennel1 #afa ,echinochloa1 #aad ,elecampane1 #afg ,eleocharis1 #aah ,eleusine1 #aad ,,el-,,lip',,tic-,,al1 oblong and rounded at the ends2 longer than oval4 ,,em',,bry-,o1 the little plant forming a part of the seed1 usually consisting of caulicle1 one or more cotyledons and a plumule4 ,eragrostis1 #aae ,erechtites1 #afe ,ergot1 #aaj ,erigeron1 #afe1 #aff ,erodium1 #adb ,erysimum1 #ace ,euphorbia1 #adc1 #add ,euphorbiaceae1 #adc ,evening primrose1 #adg ,evening primrose family1 #adg ,fall dandelion1 #afh ,false ,buckwheat1 #aba ,false flax1 #acd ,,fe',,male ,,flow',,er1 one having pistils only1 but no stamens2 pistillate flower4 ,,fer',,tile1 producing fruit1 or reproductive bodies of any kind4 ,field dodder1 #aej ,field garlic1 #aai ,field madder1 #aei ,field pepper-grass1 #acf ,figwort family1 #aef ,fire-weed1 #afe ,five finger1 #aci ,flat-stemmed ,poa1 #aaf ,flax dodder1 #aej ,fleabane1 #afe1 #aff ,floral glume ,,flo',,ret1 a single flower of a head or cluster1 especially in ,compositae4 ,forked catchfly1 #acj ,foxtail1 green1 yellow1 #aag ,garlic1 field1 wild1 #aai ,gaura1 #adg ,geraniaceae1 #adb ,geranium family1 #adb ,,glume1 one of the outer floral envelopes in grasses or sedges4 ,the term as now used includes the bracts 7empty glumes7 which subtend a spikelet and the lower of the two bracts subtending the individual flower 7flowering or floral glume1 lemma74 ,gnaphalium1 #aff ,golden pepper-grass1 #acf ,goosefoot1 #abe ,goosefoot family1 #abd ,,grain1 the caryopsis or fruit of ,gramineae2 any small seed4 ,grass1 crab1 #aad ,grass family1 weeds in1 #aaj ,grass1 old witch1 #aae ,grass1 porcupine1 #aag ,grass1 stink1 #aae ,green foxtail1 #aag ,great bindweed1 #aej ,great burdock1 #afb ,great ragweed1 #afa ,grindelia1 #aff ,gronovius' dodder1 #aea ,ground honeysuckle1 #aci ,gum plant1 #aff ,hare's ear1 #ace ,,has',,tate1 like the head of a halberd--applied to leaves which have a spreading lobe on each side of the base4 ,hawksbeard1 #afe ,heal-all1 #aee ,hedge bindweed1 #aej ,hedge mustard1 #acg ,helianthus1 #afg ,hibiscus1 #adf ,hieracium1 #afg ,hillman1 ,f4 ,h41 graduate of the ,college in #ahhh2 expert draftsman of the seed ,division of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 #ajc ,hilum1 #acd ,,hi',,lum1 the scar or point of attachment of a seed4 ,hoarhound1 #aed ,hoary alyssum1 #acc ,hoary cress1 #acf ,honeysuckle1 ground1 #aci ,hordeum1 #aae ,horse nettle1 #aee ,horse-weed1 #afe ,hound's tongue1 #aeb ,hypericaceae1 #adg ,hypericum1 #adg ,illecebraceae1 #abh ,,in-,,cum',,bent1 leaning or lying upon2 applied to cotyledons when the caulicle is folded against the track of one of them1 shown as ,symbol3 o4 ,indian mallow1 #ade ,indian mustard1 #acc ,indigenous1 #aci ,,in-,,dig',e-,,nous1 native and original to the region4 ,inula1 #afg ,iva1 #afg ,,in',,vo-,,lu-,,cre1 a set of bracts immediately subtending a flower or inflorescence4 ,jerusalem oak1 #abe ,jimson weed1 #aee ,juncaceae1 #aah ,june grass1 #aaf ,,keel1 the joined pair of petals in a papilionaceous corolla2 a projecting ridge along the back of an organ4 ,knawel1 #abh ,knot-grass1 #aai ,knotweed1 #abj ,knotweed family1 #abh ,labiatae1 #aed ,lactuca1 #afh ,lady's ,thumb1 #aba ,lamb's quarters1 #abd ,lamium1 #aed ,,lan',,ce-,o-,,late1 tapering abruptly towards the base and gradually towards the apex1 like the head of a lance4 ,lappula1 #aeb ,large-bracted plantain1 #aeh ,leafy spurge1 #adc ,leguminosae1 #aci ,leontodon1 #afh ,leonurus1 #aed ,lepidium1 #acf ,leptilon1 #afe ,liliaceae1 #aai ,lily family1 #aai ,linaria1 #aef ,,lin',e-,,ar1 very narrow with the margins parallel or nearly so4 ,lithospermum1 #aec ,low cudweed1 #aff ,lucerne1 #adj ,lotus1 #aci ,low hop-clover1 #ada ,madder family1 #aei ,mallow1 #ade1 #adf ,mallow family1 #ade ,malva1 #adf ,malvaceae1 #ade1 #adf ,mammoth clover1 #ada ,many-seeded goosefoot1 #abf ,maple-leaved goosefoot1 #abe ,marsh elder1 #afg ,marubium1 #aed ,may-weed1 #afa ,medicago1 #aci1 #adj ,melilotus1 #adj ,mexican tea1 #abe ,milfoil1 #afj ,milkweed1 #adi ,milkweed family1 #adi ,millimeter1 see last page of this bulletin ,mint family1 #aed m4 m4 ,millimeter1 see ruled lines on last page1 #aci ,mollugo1 #abh ,morning-glory family1 #aej ,mossy stonecrop1 #ach ,motherwort1 #aed ,moth mullein1 #aef ,mouse-ear chickweed1 #abi ,mouse-ear hawkweed1 #afg ,mullein1 #aef1 #aeg ,musquash-root1 #adh ,mustard1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace ,mustard family1 #acb ,narrow-leaved dock1 #abb ,narrow-leaved hawk's beard1 #afe ,narrow-leaved plantain1 #aeh ,nepeta1 #aed ,neslia1 #acg ,nettle family1 #aai ,nettle-leaved vervain1 #aec ,night-flowering catchfly1 #acj ,nightshade1 #aef ,night-shade family1 #aee ,nonesuch1 #aci ,nut-grass1 #aah ,oak-leaved goosefoot1 #abe ,oat1 wild1 #aaj ,,ob-,,lan',,ce-,o-,,late1 lanceolate in form1 but tapering toward the base more than toward the apex4 ,,ob',,long1 longer than wide with nearly parallel sides4 ,compare ,oval4 ,,ob-,o',,vate1 a flat body broader toward the apex than the base4 ,see ,ovate4 ,,ob-,o',,void1 a solid body broader towards the apex than the base4 ,see ,ovoid4 ,,ob-,,tuse'1 having a rounded end or apex2 blunt4 ,oenothera1 #adg ,old witch grass1 #aae ,onagraceae1 #adg ,orache1 spreading1 #abd ,orpine family1 #ach ,o',,val1 about twice as long as broad1 with regular curved outlines1 broadly elliptical4 ,o',,vate1 like a longitudinal section of an ordinary hen's egg1 with the attachment1 if any1 at the broad end4 ,o',,void1 the shape of a hen's egg and attached1 if at all1 at the large end4 ,ovoid spike rush1 #aah ,ox-eye daisy1 #afc ,oyster-plant1 #agj ,paint brush1 #afg ,,pa',,le-,a1 ,,pa',,let1 the upper bract which with the floral glume incloses the flower in grasses4 ,pale persicaria1 #abj ,panicum1 #aac ,panicum capillare1 #aae ,panicum1 smooth1 #aae ,papaveraceae1 #acb ,parsley family1 #adh ,parsnip1 wild1 #adi ,pastinaca1 #adi ,patience dock1 #abc ,pennsylvania persicaria1 #abj ,penny cress1 #acg ,peppergrass1 #ace1 #acf ,persicaria1 dock-leaved1 #abj ,pigeon grass1 #aag ,pigweed1 #abd ,pigweed family1 #abd ,pink family1 #abh ,plantago1 #aeh1 #aei ,plantain family1 #aeh ,poa annua1 #aaf ,poa compressa1 #aaf ,poa1 flat-stemmed1 #aaf ,poa pratensis1 #aaf ,poison hemlock1 #adh ,poison ivy1 #ade ,polygonaceae1 #aai ,polygonum1 #aai-abj ,poppy family1 #acb ,porcupine grass1 #aag ,portulaca1 #aca ,portulacaceae1 #aca ,potentilla1 #ach1 #aci ,prickly lettuce1 #afh ,prickly sida1 #adf ,prostrate amaranth1 #abg ,prunella1 #aee ,,pu-,,bes',,cent1 clothed with soft and rather short hairs4 ,pulse family1 #aci ,purple ,jimsonweed1 #aee ,purple-stemmed beggar-ticks1 #afc ,purslane family1 #aca ,purslane speedwell1 #aeg ,pusley1 #aca ,quack grass1 #aaj ,ragweed1 #afj ,ranunculaceae1 #aca ,ranunculus1 #aca1 #acb ,,ra',,phe1 the adherent funiculus connecting the hilum and chalaza in anatropous or amphitropous ovules or seeds4 ,red clover1 #ada ,red-seeded dandelion1 #agj ,red root1 #aec ,,re-,,tic',u-,,late1 in the form of network4 ,rhus1 #ade ,rib-grass1 #aeh ,rocket1 yellow1 #acc ,,root1 the descending axis which is destitute of leaves or nodes4 ,,root ,,stock1 rhizome1 a stem usually subterranean and more or less thickened1 producing young branches4 ,rosaceae1 #ach ,rose family1 #ach ,rough cinquefoil1 #aci ,rough pigweed1 #abg ,rudbeckia1 #afi ,rugel's broad-leaved plantain1 #aei ,rumex1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc ,running mallow1 #adf ,rush family1 #aah ,rush1 slender1 #aah ,rush1 spike1 #aah ,russian thistle1 #abf ,rutabaga1 #acc ,rye1 #aaf ,salsify1 #agj ,salsola1 #abf ,sand-bur1 #aab ,sand plantain1 #aeh ,sand rocket1 #ace ,sandwort1 #abi ,saponaria1 #abi ,scarlet clover1 #ada ,scleria1 #abh ,scrophulaceae1 #aef ,secale1 #aaf ,sedge family1 #aah ,sedum1 #ach ,self-heal1 #aee ,setaria glauca1 viridis1 #aag ,sheep sorrel1 #abb ,shepherd's purse1 #acd ,sherardia1 #aei ,shore knot-weed1 #abj ,sida1 #adf ,silene1 #abi1 #acj ,silvery cinquefoil1 #ach ,sisymbrium1 #acg ,sleepy catchfly1 #abi ,slender pigweed1 #abg ,slender nettle1 #aai ,slender rush1 #aah ,small alyssum1 #acb ,smaller burdock1 #afb ,small-flowered crane's bill1 #adb ,small-flowered crowfoot1 #aca ,small-fruited false flax1 #acd ,smut-weed1 #abj ,solanaceae1 #aee ,solanum1 #aee1 #aef ,sonchus1 #afi ,sorrel1 #aba ,sour dock1 #aba ,sow-thistle1 #afi ,spanish dodder1 #aea ,spear grass1 #aaf ,speedwell1 #aeg ,spergula1 #acj ,,spike',,let1 a small or secondary spike1 as found in grasses4 ,spotted spurge1 #add ,spring clotbur1 #aga ,spring sow-thistle1 #afi ,spurge family1 #adc ,spurry1 #acj ,squirrel-tail grass1 #aae ,st4 ,john's-wort family1 #adg ,star thistle1 #afc ,stellaria1 #aca ,,ster',,ile1 not fertile4 ,stick-seed1 #aeb ,stink grass1 #aae ,stipa spartea1 #aag ,stonecrop1 mossy1 #ach ,stork's-bill1 #adb ,,stri',,ate1 striped with parallel ridges and grooves4 ,swallow-wort1 #adi ,swamp begger-ticks1 #afc ,sweet clover1 #adj ,sweet everlasting1 #aff ,syntherisma1 #aac ,tall buttercup1 #aca ,tall mustard1 #acg ,taraxacum1 #agj ,teasel family1 #afj ,thistle1 #afd ,thistle1 ,russian1 #abf ,thorn apple1 #aee ,three-seeded mercury1 #adc ,thyme-leaved sandwort1 #abi ,thyme-leaved speedwell1 #aeg ,thyme-leaved spurge1 #add ,toad-flax1 #aef ,tragopogon1 #agj ,treacle mustard1 #ace ,trefoil1 #aci ,trifolium1 #ada1 #adb ,,trun',,cate1 terminating abruptly1 as though cut off or flattened at the end4 ,compare ,premorse and ,succise4 ,,tu',,ber-,,cle1 a swollen part or a root due to bacteria4 ,usually applies to such as possess the power to fix nitrogen2 a little tuber4 ,tumbleweed1 #abg ,tumbling mustard1 #acg ,umbelliferae1 #adh ,upright spotted spurge1 #add ,urtica1 #aai ,velvet leaf1 #ade ,velvet-leaved mullein1 #aeg ,verbascum1 #aef1 #aeg ,verbena1 #aec ,verbenaceae1 #aec ,veronica1 #aeg ,vervain family1 #aec ,vincetoxicum1 #adi ,wall speedwell1 #aeg ,water hemlock1 #adh ,water hemp1 #abf ,weed1 defined1 #ajc ,weed1 what enables a plant to become one1 #aje ,weeds1 disadvantages of1 #ajd ,weeds1 found in certain crops and why1 #ajg ,weeds1 how introduced and how spread1 #ajf ,weeds1 how to exterminate1 #ajh ,weeds1 lists of1 in clovers and grasses1 #ajg ,weeds of ,michigan compared with those elsewhere1 #ajg ,weeds1 some small benefits from1 #ajd ,weeds1 where certain ones are troublesome1 #ajg ,weeds1 where they come from1 #ajg ,western water hemp1 #abf ,wheat thief1 #aec ,white clover1 #adb ,white hoarhound1 #aed ,white sweet clover1 #adj ,whorled mallow1 #adf ,wild carrot1 #adh ,wild comfrey1 #aeb ,wild garlic1 #aai ,wild lettuce1 #afh ,wild parsnip1 #adi ,wild peppergrass1 #acf ,willow-leaved dock1 #abc ,winged pigweed1 #abf ,wild buckwheat1 #abj ,wild oat1 #aaj ,winter cress1 #acc ,wire grass1 #aad1 #aaf ,witchgrass1 old1 #aae ,worm-seed1 #ace ,wormwood1 #afb ,xanthium1 #aga ,yard grass1 #aad ,yarrow1 #afj ,yellow alyssum1 #acb ,yellow daisy1 #afi ,yellow foxtail1 #aag ,yellow goat's beard1 #agj ,yellow rocket1 #acc ,symbol3 right pointing index ,if not familiar with the decimal scale used in recording measurements in this volume1 the reader can clip out one of those found below and use it for measuring4 ,illustration ,transcriber's ,notes ,use the first phrase to find the change4 ,page #b 'a dollar is almost indispensable in' ,changed 'indispensible' to 'indispensable'4 ,page #b 'they annoy the gardner4' 'gardner' may be 'gardener'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #aje 'enormous number of weeds4' 'weeds' may be 'seeds'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #aad 'three obscure longitudinal' ,changed 'obcure' to 'obscure'4 ,page #aai ',urtica gracilis' ,changed ',utrica' to ',urtica'4 ,page #abj ',polygonum ,convolvulus' ,changed ',concolvulus' to ',convolvulus'4 ,page #abj 'elliptical to obovoid1' ,changed 'ellipical' to 'elliptical'4 ,page #aba 'base obtuse or bearing' ,changed 'abtuse' to 'obtuse'4 ,page #abb ',rumex ,acetosella' ,changed ',rumux' to ',rumex'4 ,changed ',actosella' to ',acetosella'4 ,page #abd 'faintly evident radiating striation' ,changed 'striatian' to 'striation'4 ,page #abe 'one side a groove leads to near' ,changed 'grove' to 'groove'4 ,page #abe ',chenopodium hybridum' ,changed 'hybrium' to 'hybridum'4 ,page #abf ',acnida tuberculata' ,changed 'tubercalala' to 'tuberculata'4 ,page #aca ',purslane4 ,pussley4' ,changed ',purselane' to ',purslane'4 ,page #aca 'nearly circular1 each side covered with #e-f curved rows of tubercles1 giving the appearance of having the two extremities bent together1' ,these two lines were reversed in original4 ,page #aca 'in outline1 hem-like margin1' ,changed 'hemlike-like' to 'hem-like'4 ,page #acd 'scar 7hilum7 is a whitish1' ,changed 'whittish' to 'whitish'4 ,page #acf ',lepidium ,draba' ,changed ',lepidum' to ',lepidium'4 ,page #ach 'slightly anatropous1' ,changed 'anatroupous' to 'anatropous'4 ,page #ach ',agrimonia gryposepala' ,changed 'cryposepala' to 'gryposepala'4 ,page #ada 'long by #a4x#a4d mm4 wide4' '#a4x#a4d mm4' maybe '#a4-a4d mm4'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #adb 'are half anatropous' ,changed 'anathropous' to 'anatropous'4 ,page #add 'verticle line 7raphe7' 'verticle' may be 'vertical'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #adg ',,st4 ,,john',s-,,wort ,,family4 ,,hypericaceae4' ',,hypepicaceae' changed to ',,hypericaceae'4 ,page #aej ',convolvulus arvensis' ,changed ',convolvoulus' to ',convolvulus'4 ,page #aec 'four hard1 conical-ovoid' ,changed 'connical' to 'conical'4 ,page #aec 'long1 bordered by a narrow margin1' ,changed 'bordred' to 'bordered'4 ,page #aee 'convex having dark verticle lines1' 'verticle' may be 'vertical'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #aef 'dull1 yellowish to light brown1' 'grown' changed to 'brown'4 ,page #aef '4#e-a mm4 long1 columnar1' ,changed 'colummar' to 'columnar'4 ,page #aeg ',purslane ,speedwell' ,changed ',purselane' to ',purslane'4 ,page #aeg 'with certainty by means of' ,changed 'certainity' to 'certainty'4 ,page #aeg 'oval to broadly obovate1' ,changed 'obvate' to 'obovate'4 ,page #aei 'shape1 oval1 oblong1 rhomboidal' ,changed 'rhombodial' to 'rhomboidal'4 ,page #afd ',chickory4 ,chichorium ,intybus' ',chicory' and ',cichorium' are the generally accepted spellings today4 ,unchanged4 ,page #afe ',leptilon ,canadense' ,changed ',leptiton' to ',leptilon'4 ,page #afe 'extremities truncate1' ,changed 'extremeties' to 'extremities'4 ,page #afg 'brown1 straight or curved1' ,changed 'stright' to 'straight'4 ,page #afg ',iva xanthiifolia' ,may be 'xanthifolia'4 ,unchanged4 ,page #afg 'or rhombic in section1' ,changed 'rhombicin' to 'rhombic in'4 ,page #afh ',leontodon autumnalis' ,changed 'autunalis' to 'autumnalis'4 ,page #afi 'spreading by roots-stalks' 'root-stocks' and 'roots-stalks' used interchangeably4 ,unchanged4 ,page #afi ',introduced in ,europe4' ,may be ',introduced from ,europe4' ,unchanged4 ,page #agj ',taraxacum ,taraxacum' ,changed ',taraxacum ,taraxicum' to ',taraxacum ,taraxacum'4 ,page #agj 'faces1 extending along' ,changed 'exending' to 'extending'4 ,page #agc 'ending in a prolonged tapering point4' ,changed 'prolonge' to 'prolonged'4 ,page #age ',clover dodder1 #aea' ,changed '#ea' to '#aea'4 ,page #agg ',lithospermum1' ,changed ',lithospernum' to ',lithospermum'4 ,page #agg ',hoary alyssum1' ,changed 'allyssum' to 'alyssum'4 ,page #agh 'lanceolate in form1' ,changed 'laceolate' to 'lanceolate'4 ,page #agh ',ox-eye daisy1' ,changed 'daisey' to 'daisy'4 ,page #aha ,tall mustard1 #acg ,changed '#bcg' to '#acg'4