,transcrib]'s notes ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,obvi\s spell+ or typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inv5tive & contempor>y spell+ is un*ang$4 ,! book ,! ,prelim9>ies m5tion$ on page #bda is available ,end transcrib]'s notes ,,! ,,bross ,,libr>y ,! ,problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by ,james ,orr1 ,d4,d4 7,bross ,prize1 #aije7 net #a4ej ,! ,bible3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature1 by ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d4 4 4 net #a4jj ,! ,bible ( ,nature1 by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,m4,a net #a4jj ,! ,religions ( ,mod]n ,syria & ,pale/9e1 by ,fr$]ick ,jones ,bliss1 ,ph4,d net #a4ej ,! ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 by ,josiah ,royce1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 net #a4be ,,! ,,bross ,,libr>y ,,volume ,,vi ,,! ,,bross ,,lectures 4 4 #aiaa ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,religi\s ,,insight ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,lake ,,=e/ ,,college ,,on ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,william ,,bross ,,by ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york 4444 #aiab ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,,! ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,lake ,,=e/ ,,univ]sity ,publi%$ ,april4 #aiab v ,,! ,,bross ,,f\ndation ,! ,bross ,lectures are an outgr[? ( a fund e/abli%$ 9 #ahgi by ! late ,william ,bross1 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor ( ,ill9ois f #ahff to #ahgj4 ,desir+ "s memorial ( 8 son1 ,na?aniel ,bross1 :o di$ 9 #ahef1 ,mr4 ,bross ent]$ into an agreem5t ) ! ,tru/ees ( ,lake ,=e/ ,univ]sity1 :]eby !re 0 f9ally transf]r$ to !m ! sum ( =ty ?\s& doll>s1 ! income ( :i* 0 to accumulate 9 p]petuity = successive p]iods ( t5 ye>s1 ! accumulations ( "o decade to be sp5t 9 ! foll[+ decade1 = ! purpose ( /imulat+ ! be/ books or treatises on ! connection1 relation1 & mutual be>+ ( any practical sci5ce1 ! hi/ory ( our race1 or ! facts 9 any dep>tm5t ( k1 ) & ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,! object ( ! donor 0 to call out ! be/ ef=ts ( ! highe/ tal5t & ! ripe/ s*ol>%ip ( ! _w to illu/rate f sci5ce1 or f any dep>tm5t ( k1 & to demon/rate ! div9e orig9 & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures2 &1 fur!r1 to %[ h[ bo? sci5ce & revelation co9cide & prove ! exi/5ce1 vi ! provid5ce1 or any or all ( ! attributes ( ! only liv+ & true ,god1 'inf9ite1 et]nal1 & un*angeable 9 ,8 be+1 wisdom1 p[]1 hol9ess1 ju/ice1 goodness1 & tru?4' ,! gift contemplat$ 9 ! orig9al agreem5t ( #ahgi 0 f9ally consummat$ 9 #ahij4 ,! fir/ decade ( ! accumulation ( int]e/ hav+ clos$ 9 #aijj1 ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,bross ,fund began at ?is "t to c>ry out ! provisions ( ! de$ ( gift4 ,x 0 det]m9$ to give ! g5]al title ( ,! ,bross ,libr>y to ! s]ies ( books pur*as$ & publi%$ ) ! proce$s ( ! ,bross ,fund4 ,9 accordance ) ! express wi% ( ! donor1 t ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity ( 8 v de> fri5d & tea*]1 ,m>k ,hopk9s1 ,d4,d41 be pur*as$ & ev] numb]$ & kn[n z ,no4 #a ( ! s]ies1 ! ,tru/ees secur$ ! copyright ( ?is "w1 :i* has be5 republi%$ 9 a pres5tation edition z ,volume ,i ( ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! tru/ agreem5t prescrib$ two me?ods by :i* ! production ( books & treatises ( ! nature contemplat$ by ! donor 0 to be /imulat$3 #a4 ,! ,tru/ees 7 emp[]$ to (f] "o or m prizes dur+ ea* decade1 ! competition = :i* 0 to be ?r[n op5 to ! sci5tific m51 ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s & hi/orians ( all vii nations4 ,9 accordance ) ?is provision1 a prize ( #f1jjj 0 (f]$ 9 #aijb = ! be/ book fulfill+ ! conditions ( ! de$ ( gift1 ! compet+ manuscripts to be pres5t$ on or be=e ,june #a1 #aije4 ,! prize 0 aw>d$ to ! ,rev]5d ,james ,orr1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,apologetics & ,sy/ematic ,!ology 9 ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ,college1 ,glasg[1 = 8 treatise on ,! ,problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aijf z ,volume ,,iii ( ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! next dec5nial prize w be aw>d$ 9 #aiae1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( ! conditions may be obta9$ f ! ,presid5t ( ,lake ,=e/ ,college4 #b4 ,! ,tru/ees 7 also emp[]$ to select & designate any p>ticul> sci5tific man or ,*ri/ian philosoph] & ! subject on :i* he %all write1 & to agree ) him z to ! sum he %all receive = ! book or treatise to be writt54 ,"u ?is provision ! ,tru/ees h1 f "t to "t1 invit$ em95t s*ol>s to deliv] c\rses ( lectures be=e ,lake ,=e/ ,college1 su* c\rses to be subsequ5tly publi%$ z volumes 9 ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( lectures1 on ,obligatory ,morality1 0 deliv]$ 9 ,may1 #aijc1 by ! ,rev]5d ,francis ,l&ey ,patton1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,! copyright ( ! lectures is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,bross ,fund4 ,! second c\rse ( viii lectures1 on ,! ,bible3 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature1 0 deliv]$ 9 ,may1 #aijd1 by ! ,rev]5d ,m>cus ,dods1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,exegetical ,!ology 9 ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh4 ,^! lectures 7 publi%$ 9 #aije z ,volume ,,ii ( ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! ?ird c\rse ( lectures1 on ,! ,bible ( ,nature1 0 deliv]$ 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aijg1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,^! lectures 7 publi%$ 9 #aijh z ,volume ,,iv ( ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! f\r? c\rse ( lectures1 on ,! ,religions ( ,mod]n ,syria & ,pale/9e1 0 deliv]$ 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aijh1 by ,fr$]ick ,jones ,bliss1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,beirut1 ,syria4 ,^! lectures are 9 process ( publication z ,volume ,v ( ! ,bross ,libr>y4 ,! fif? c\rse ( lectures1 on ,! ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 0 deliv]$ ,novemb] #ac to #ai1 #aiaa1 by ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,^! lectures are embodi$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,,john ,,s*olte ,,noll51 ,presid5t ( ,lake ,=e/ ,college4 ,lake ,=e/1 ,ill9ois1 ,m>*1 #aiab4 ix ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i ,,! ,,religi\s ,,problem ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,individual ,,page ,introductory /atem5t3 ,limitations ( ! und]tak+ #c ,i4 ,def9ition ( ,insight1 & ( ,religi\s ,insight4 ,arbitr>y limitation ( ! def9ition ( religion "h 9 "q4 ,! problem traditionally call$ t ( ! salvation ( man z ! ma9 problem ^u :i* ! s\rces ( insight "h 9 "q are to ?r[ light #e ,,ii4 ,g5]alis$ conception ( salvation4 ,v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* ?is conception has be5 def9$ & us$4 ,result+ problem reg>d+ ! mean+ ( human life #i ,,iii4 ,outl9e ( ! programme to be foll[$ 9 ! subsequ5t discussion #ag ,,iv4 ,! concept ( revelation1 & ! religi\s p>adox4 ,fir/ /atem5t ( ?is p>adox #ai ,v4 ,individual exp]i5ce & ! inn] light4 ,:at sort ( religi\s insight is ?us to be ga9$4 ,its limitations4 ,prospect ( an appeal to o!r s\rces = aid #bf x ,,ii ,,individual ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,social ,,exp]i5ce ,,z ,,s\rces ,,( ,,religi\s ,,insight ,i4 ,! def9ition ( ! religi\s problem1 z giv5 9 ! =m] lecture1 simplifies our und]tak+ 9 c]ta9 respects1 b seems to complicate x 9 o!rs4 ,review ( ! situation4 ,outlook = fur!r /udy #cg ,,ii4 ,outl9e ( ! und]tak+ ( ! pres5t lecture #da ,,iii4 ,! motives t lead to religion are natural & human4 ,reasons :y ! objects ( religi\s insight are nev]!less conceiv$ z sup]human1 &1 z1 = our individual exp]i5ce1 my/]i\s #dd ,,iv4 ,c ^! objects be def9$ z realities or z values t our social exp]i5ce suffici5tly br+s to our k8 ,social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,its scope & importance #ed ,v4 ,! inadequacy ( social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,objections urg$ by tradition1 by rec5t individualism1 & by ,william ,james #eh ,,vi4 ,! social consci\sness z an indisp5sable factor 9 religion4 ,! consci\sness ( guilt z a s5se ( lonel9ess4 ,love z a glimpse ( some?+ sav+ & div9e4 ,! my/ical aspect ( our social consci\sness4 ,despite ?is my/ical aspect ( all our bett] social life1 our lit]al social relations are nev] suffici5t to meet ! religi\s ne$4 ,! result+ outlook t[>d /ill fur!r s\rces ( enlight5m5t #fe xi ,,iii ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,i4 ,curr5t objections to ! ,reason z a s\rce ( insight4 ,intuition vs4 ,reason4 ,reason vs4 ,exp]i5ce4 ,usual view ( ! reason z ab/ract & z analytic 9 its proc$ure #hj ,,ii4 ,b1 9 common usage1 ! words reason & reasonable (t5 ref] to some?+ :i* does n :olly dep5d ^u ab/ract ?9k+ & m]e analysis4 ,! rule ( reason4 ,! concrete use ( ! reason4 ,reason z a survey ( ! connections ( exp]i5ce1 z syn!tic1 & z involv+ broad] intuitions4 ,! alt]native3 ,ei!r in>ticulate intuition or else b>r5 ab/ract reason+1 is falsely /at$4 ,! anti!sis3 ,ei!r exp]i5ce or else reason1 also involves failure to see h[ bo? may be comb9$4 ,ab/ract ?9k+ z a means to an end4 ,?is end is ! atta9m5t ( a new & broad] intuition4 ,relation betwe5 becom+ z a little *ild & putt+ away *ildi% ?+s #hd ,,iii4 ,examples ( ! syn!tic use ( ! reason4 ,! fecundity ( d$uctive reason+4 ,novelties discov]$ by ! purely d$uctive sci5ces4 ,reason & insight 9 _! g5]al relations #ic ,,iv4 ,! reason & ! religi\s p>adox4 ,! p>adox z n peculi> to religion4 ,common s5se z an appeal to /&>ds :i* are 9 "s s5se sup]human4 ,no human individual p]sonally exp]i5ces or v]ifies :at human exp]i5ce1 9 its conceiv$ "* z an integral :ole1 is suppos$ to confirm4 ,! concepts xii ( tru? & error are dep5d5t ^u ! concept ( an appeal to an insight :i* no human individual ev] possesses4 ,?is latt] concept _c be limit$ to ! m]e _w ( common s5se1 b mu/ be univ]salis$4 ,! :ole real _w z ! object ( an all-see+ compreh5sion ( facts z !y are4 ,o!rwise our op9ions ab\t ! _w _c ev5 be false4 ,result+ syn!tic insight ( ! reason4 ,! _w z ! object pres5t to ! div9e wisdom #ajb ,,iv ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,w ,i4 ,hi/orical relations ( philosophical idealism4 ,g5]al be>+ ( ?is doctr9e ^u ! religi\s int]e/1 & ^u ! hi/ory ( religion #abj ,,ii4 ,objections to our doctr9e ( ! reason z hav+ no value = life1 & z fail+ to help t[>d solv+ ! problem ( salvation #abi ,,iii4 ,fir/ answ] to ^! objections4 ,reports ( religi\s exp]i5ce t %[ "s relations ( our doctr9e to ! problem 9 "q #aca ,,iv4 ,relations ( k & w 9 g5]al4 ,/atem5t ( ! position ( ,pragmatism4 ,result+ objections to our :ole doctr9e ( ! reason4 ,tru? z te/$ ?r\gh work+s4 ,absolute tru? z indef9able4 ,pragmatism z taught by ,james has def9$ its own =ms & te/s ( religi\s insight4 ,^! =ms & te/s ( insight are ass]t$ to be sup]ior to our own4 ,religi\s insight z sav+1 b z also empirical1 9 ,james's s5se ( t t]m1 & z nev] absolute #ace xiii ,v4 ,answ] to pragmatism4 ,our agreem5t ) "s ( its pr9cipal positions4 ,our intellig5ce z ! c\nsellor ( our actions4 ,! po9t :]e we are at issue ) pragmatism4 ,reason & w1 _! g5]al relations4 ,v9dication ( ! position tak5 9 ! =m] lecture #add ,,vi4 ,! problem z to ! absolut5ess ( tru?4 ,! close relations ( k & action d n ?r[ d\bt ^u1 b r emphasise ?is absolut5ess4 ,= all action is express$ 9 individual & absolutely irrevocable de$s4 ,^! de$s1 if ! practical issues ( life are %>ply def9$1 rema9 irrevocably on ! score ( life z hits or misses4 ,?is irrevocable "* ( our de$s insures ! fact t ! c\nsels or ideas ( ! intellect1 :i* guide our individual de$s1 are z absolutely hits or misses z are ! de$s :i* !y c\nsel4 ,result+ def9ition ( absolute tru?1 :i* is some?+ p]fectly concrete1 & z accessible z life itself #aea ,,vii4 ,application ( ?is view to ! def9ition ( reality4 ,! real _w z a life ( c\nsels & ( de$s4 ,! div9e wisdom & ! div9e w z insep>able4 ,! et]nal z1 n ! timeless1 b ! "t-inclusive insight & survey ( life #aeh ,v ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,loyalty ,i4 ,objections to all ! =ego+ s\rces ( insight z inadequate1--if consid]$ z sep>ate s\rces1--to furni% a basis = a vital & positive religion4 ,ne$ ( a new s\rce4 ,appeal to life to furni% su* a s\rce4 ,! new s\rce is due to m5's ef=ts to solve ! problem ( duty1 & results f ! relations betwe5 ! religi\s & ! moral motives #aff xiv ,,ii4 ,! hi/orical conflicts betwe5 religion & morality4 ,! relations betwe5 fai? & works1 div9e grace & moral /r5u\sness4 ,review ( ^! conflicts4 ,ne$ ( "s unify+ motive #agj ,,iii4 ,analysis ( ! bases ( morals4 ,individual & social elem5ts 9 ! idea ( duty4 ,result+ fir/ /atem5t ( ! se>* = a moral pr9ciple4 ,incomplet5ess ( ?is fir/ /atem5t #ahb ,,iv4 ,! contribution ( ! reason to ! def9ition ( a moral pr9ciple4 ,practical inadequacy ( ! result ?us f> atta9$ #ahf ,v4 ,! loyal _s illu/rat$ #aij ,,vi4 ,! motives ( ,loyalty analys$4 ,def9ition ( :at is meant by a ,cause to :i* "o is loyal4 ,! pr9cipal ( ,loyalty1 /at$ & develop$4 ,! religi\s aspect ( ! loyal _s4 ,! f9d+ ( ! cause is n due to ! w ( ! loyal be+2 8 s]vice ( ! cause is due to 8 w4 ,result+ reconciliation ( ! moral & religi\s motives4 ,! cause z a free gift ( grace4 ,! s]vice z "o's own4 ,! absolut5ess ( ! pr9ciple ( loyalty4 ,! solution ( ! religi\s p>adox #aig ,,vi ,,! ,,religi\s ,,mission ,,( ,,sorr[ ,i4 ,! consid]ation ( ,loyalty leads ov] to a new problem4 ,tribulation z a h9drance to religi\s insight4 ,reasons :y ?is is ! case1 introduc$ by a /atem5t reg>d+ our exp]i5ce ( evil4 ,! pr9ciple t ,evil ought to be altoge!r put out ( exi/5ce /at$1 & xv ! reasons !re=e indicat$4 ,man z 9 int5t a de/roy] ( evil4 ,our natural int]e/ 9 de/ructive pr[ess #bae ,,ii4 ,result+ situation 9 :i* religion seems to be plac$4 ,religion appe>s 7#a7 ,to presuppose z well z to exp]i5ce a va/ range ( evils 9 ! real _w2 7#b7 ,to dep5d ^u ! assurance t ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ! real _w is good2 & 7#c7 ,to agree ) morality 9 mak+ use ( ! pr9ciple t ,evil ought to be altoge!r put out ( exi/5ce4 ,result+ app>5t dilemma3 ,religion seems ei!r sup]flu\s or else doom$ to failure #bai ,,iii4 ,illu/rations ( ! dilemma z x appe>s 9 practical life1 & z a b>ri] 9 ! way ( ! religi\s life4 ,ne$ ( an ab/ract /atem5t ( ! dilemma z a means ( disc\nt+ our emotional confusions #bbg ,,iv4 ,reconsid]ation ( ! pr9ciple t has l$ to ! dilemma4 ,n all evils equally wor?y ( abolition4 ,idealis$ ills4 ,def9ition ( ,sorr[4 ,! process & ! results ( idealisation4 ,creative syn!sis vs4 m]e de/ruction4 ,! w9n+ ov] & conque/ ( ill4 ,/r5g? ( _s involv$ 9 su* creative syn!sis1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is nev] passive1 b always morally active4 ,sugge/ions t[>d a solution ( ! dilemma4 ,sorr[ z a s\rce ( religi\s insight #bcb ,v4 ,a rec5t lit]>y in/ance ( su* insight #bda ,,vi4 ,summ>y & sugge/ion ( possible results ( su* insight #bej xvi ,,vii ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,invisible ,,*ur* ,i4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ! religi\s objects are sup]human & sup]natural4 ,our pres5t =m ( consci\sness & ! =m ( consci\sness t belongs to ! ,_s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m is "h us$ #beg ,,ii4 ,! ,*ur*1 visible & invisible #bgb ,,iii4 ,! memb]%ip ( ! invisible *ur* #bhb ,,iv4 ,communion ) ! invisible *ur* #bia ,v4 ,! ,spiritual ,gifts ( ! invisible *ur*4 ,*>ity1 ,tol]ance & ,loyalty z ! ,fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,! "w ( ! invisible *ur* #bic #a ,i ,,! ,,religi\s ,,problem ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,individual #b #c ,i ,,! ,,religi\s ,,problem ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,individual ,my fir/ task mu/ be to =e/all possible disappo9tm5ts reg>d+ ! scope ( our inquiry4 ,9 sev5 lectures ^u a va/ topic v little c at be/ be accompli%$4 ,i want to tell y at ! outset :at are "s ( ! limitations to :i* ,i propose to subject my und]tak+s4 ,i come be=e y z a philosophical inquir] address+ a g5]al audi5ce ( ?\ghtful p4 ,?is def9ition ( my (fice implies f ! outset v notable limitations4 ,z a philosophical inquir] ,i am n "h to prea* to y1 b to appeal to y\r own ?\ghtfulness4 ,aga91 s9ce my inquiry conc]ns ! ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 y w und]/&1 ,i hope1 t ,i %all n und]take to pres5t to y any ext5d$ sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,^u s\rces ( insight we are to conc5trate our att5tion4 ,:at insight may be obta9$ f ^? s\rces we %all only attempt to indicate 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 n at l5g? to exp\nd4 ,:at !ologians w\ld call a sy/em ( dogmas1 ,i %all n und]take to def9e4 ,:at #d philosoph]s w\ld reg>d z a compreh5sive philosophy ( religion ,i %all h no "t to develop )9 our limits4 ,i am to make "s comm5ts ^u ! ways 9 :i* religi\s tru?s c become accessible to m54 ,:at tru?s ?us become accessible y mu/ 9 l>ge measure discov] by y\r own appeal to ! s\rces ( :i* ,i %all try to tell y4 ,^! some:at n>r[ limitations may h1 z ,i hope1 _! correlative advantages4 ,s9ce ,i am to speak ( s\rces1 r ?an ( cre$s or ( philosophies1 ,i may be able to appeal to p ( decid$ly v>i\s op9ions )\t direct+ undue att5tion to ! motives t divide !m4 ,i ne$ n presuppose t my he>]s are ( ! company ( believ]s or ( ! company ( d\bt]s2 & if !y are believ]s1 x matt]s little1 = my pres5t purpose1 to :at h\sehold ( ! fai? !y belong4 ,i am n "h to set p "r z to matt]s ( doctr9e1 b r to po9t out ! way t1 if pati5tly foll[$1 may t5d to lead u all t[>d light & unity ( doctr9e4 ,if y li/5 to my lat] lectures y may1 inde$1 be l$ to ask v>i\s que/ions ab\t my own cre$1 :i*1 9 ^! lectures1 ,i %all n attempt to answ]4 ,b ,i %all be cont5t if :at ,i say helps any ( y1 h[ev] little1 t[>d f9d+ = y\rselves answ]s to y\r own religi\s que/ions4 #e ,! limitations ( my task1 ?us indicat$1 w become /ill cle>] if ,i next try to def9e ! t]m ,religi\s ,insight z ,i int5d x to be "h und]/ood4 ,& fir/ ,i mu/ speak briefly ( ! ^w ,insight4 ,by insight1 :atev] ! object ( insight may be1 "o means "s k9d ( k4 ,b ! ^w insight has a c]ta9 ri*ness ( significance :]eby we di/+ui% :at we call insight f k 9 g5]al4 ,a man kn[s ! way to ! (fice :]e he does 8 bus9ess4 ,b if he is a successful man1 he has insight into ! nature & rules ( 8 bus9ess & into ! means :]eby success is atta9$4 ,a man kn[s ! names & ! faces ( 8 acqua9tances4 ,b he has "s sort ( insight into ! *>act]s ( 8 famili> fri5ds4 ,z ^! examples sugge/1 insight is a "n = a special sort & degree ( k4 ,insight is k t unites a c]ta9 bread? ( range1 a c]ta9 weal? ( acqua9tance toge!r ) a c]ta9 unity & coh]5ce ( grasp1 & ) a c]ta9 clos5ess ( intimacy :]eby ! "o :o has insight is br\ght into ne> t\* ) ! objects ( 8 insight4 ,to repeat3 ,insight is k t makes u aw>e ( ! unity ( _m facts 9 "o :ole1 & t at ! same "t br+s u into intimate p]sonal contact ) ^! facts #f & ) ! :ole :]e9 !y are unit$4 ,! ?ree m>ks ( insight are bread? ( range1 coh]5ce & unity ( view1 & clos5ess ( p]sonal t\*4 ,a man may get "s sort ( sight ( z _m ?+s z y please4 ,b if we h insight1 we view "s connect$ :ole ( ?+s1 be ?is :ole a l&scape z an arti/ sees x1 or z a w&]] surveys x f a m\nta9 top1 or be ?is :ole an organic process z a /ud5t ( ! sci5ces ( life aims to compreh5d x1 or a human "* z an appreciative biograph] tries to portray x4 ,aga91 we h insight :51 z ,i insi/1 our acqua9tance ) our object is n only coh]5t b close & p]sonal4 ,insight y _c obta9 at second h&4 ,y c le>n by rote & by he>say _m ?+s2 b if y h won insight1 y h won x n )\t ! aid ( y\r own individual exp]i5ce4 ,yet exp]i5ce is n by itself suffici5t to produce insight unless ! coh]5ce & ! bread? ( range :i* ,i h j m5tion$ be add$4 ,insight may belong to ! mo/ v>i\s sorts ( p & may be conc]n$ ) ! mo/ div]se k9ds ( objects4 ,_m v unle>n$ p h won a great deal ( insight into ! matt]s t intimately conc]n !m4 ,_m v le>n$ p h atta9$ almo/ no insight into any?+4 ,insight is no peculi> possession ( ! /ud5ts ( any te*nical specialty or ( any "o call+4 ,m5 ( sci5ce aim to rea* insight into #g ! objects ( _! rese>*es2 m5 ( affairs1 or m5 ( practical effici5cy1 h[ev] pla9 or humble _! call+1 may %[ insight ( a v high type1 :5ev] !y possess k t be>s ! m>ks indicat$1 k t is intimate & p]sonal & t involves a wide survey ( ! unity ( _m ?+s4 ,su*1 !n1 is insight 9 g5]al4 ,b ,i am to speak ( ,religi\s ,insight4 ,religi\s insight mu/ be di/+ui%$ f o!r sorts ( insight by its object1 or by its v>i\s *>act]i/ic objects4 ,n[1 ,i h no "t to und]take1 9 ?is op5+ disc\rse1 any adequate def9ition ( ! t]m ,religion or ( ! features t make an object a religi\s object4 ,religion has a long & complex hi/ory1 & a tragic v>iety ( =ms & ( objects ( belief4 ,& s religion v>ies prodigi\sly 9 its *>act]i/ics f age to age1 f "o portion ( ! human race to ano!r1 f "o individual to ano!r4 ,if we p]mitt$ ourselves to def9e religion s z m]ely to insi/ ^u :at is common to all its =ms1 civilis$ & savage1 our def9ition w\ld t5d to become s inclusive & s att5uat$ z to be almo/ useless = ! purposes ( ! pres5t brief inquiry4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we def9$ religion s z to make ! t]m d5ote m]ely :at ! believ] 9 ?is or 9 t cre$ ?9ks ( z 8 own religion1 we %\ld f ! />t cut ourselves (f f ! v bread? ( view :i* ,i myself suppose to be ess5tial to ! highe/ sort ( #h religi\s ,insight4 ,nobody fully compreh5ds :at religion is :o imag9es t 8 own religion is ! only g5u9e religion4 ,z a fact1 ,i %all !re=e ab&on at pres5t ! ef=t to give a te*nically f9i%$ def9ition ( :at con/itutes religion1 or ( ! nature ( ! religi\s objects4 ,i %all "h limit myself to a practically useful prelim9>y m5tion ( a c]ta9 feature t1 = my pres5t purpose1 %all be view$ z ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( religion1 & ( religi\s objects1 s f> z ^! lectures propose to discuss religion4 ,! high] religions ( mank9d--religions su* z ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity--h _h 9 common ?is notable feature1 namely1 t !y h be5 conc]n$ ) ! problem ( ! ,salvation ( ,man4 ,?is is sometimes express$ by say+ t !y are r$emptive religions--religions int]e/$ 9 free+ mank9d f "s va/ & univ]sal burd51 ( imp]fection1 ( unreasonabl5ess1 ( evil1 ( mis]y1 ( fate1 ( unwor?9ess1 or ( s94 ,n[1 = my pres5t purposes1 ?is int]e/ 9 ! salvation ( man %all be made1 9 ^! lectures1 ! ess5tial feature ( religion 9 s f> z religion %all "h be dealt )4 ,! religi\s objects1 :atev] !y o!rwise may prove to be1 %all be def9$ z objects su* t1 :5 we "k !m1 & 9 case we c "k !m1 ?is k ( !m helps to %[ u ! way ( salvation4 ,! c5tral & ess5tial po/ulate ( :atev] religion we1 9 ^! lectures1 are to consid]1 is ! po/ulate t man #i ne$s to be sav$4 ,& religi\s insight %all = u mean insight into ! way ( salvation & into ^? objects :]e( ! k conduces to salvation4 ,?is prelim9>y def9ition1 ?us some:at abruptly /at$1 w ar\se 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( y s]i\s d\bts & que/ions4 ,& only ! :ole c\rse ( our /udy c s]ve to furni% su* answ] to ^! d\bts & que/ions z ,i c hope to supply to y4 ,yet a fur!r ^w or two ( purely prelim9>y explanation may help to prev5t y\r ?\ghts1 at ?is po9t1 f be+ turn$ 9 a wrong direction4 ,i h def9$ religi\s insight z insight into ! way ( salvation4 ,b :at1 y may ask1 d ,i mean by ! salvation ( man or by man's ne$ ( salvation8 ,to ?is "q ,i /ill owe y a brief prelim9>y answ]4 ,,ii ,! ^w salvation naturally fir/ sugge/s to y\r own m9d c]ta9 famili> traditions :i* h play$ a great "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i d n mean to make light ( ^? traditions nor yet ( ! significance ( ! hi/orical ,*ri/ianity to :i* !y belong4 ,yet1 z ,i h already told y1 ^! lectures w h no dogmatic religi\s sy/em to exp\nd1 &1 = t v reason1 w n attempt ! grave task ( any ext5d$ discussion ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i propose at #aj "s future "t1 n 9 ^! lectures1 b ^u a :olly diff]5t occasion1 to attempt an application ( "s ( ! pr9ciples t und]lie ! pres5t lectures to ! special problems :i* ,*ri/ianity (f]s to ! /ud5t ( religion4 ,b ^! lectures are n to be directly conc]n$ ) ?is special task ( exp\nd+ or int]pret+ or e/imat+ ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,i repeat3 ,my limit$ und]tak+ is to consid] 9 company ) y ! s\rces ( religi\s insight1 n ! cont5ts ( any "o religion4 ,y w und]/&1 !re=e1 t :5 ,i def9e religi\s insight z insight into ! way ( salvation1 ,i use ! ^w salvation 9 a s5se t ,i wi% y to conceive 9 t]ms mu* m g5]al ?an ^? :i* c]ta9 ,*ri/ian traditions h made famili> to y4 ,i h already said t bo? ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity are int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( ! salvation ( mank9d1 & %>e 9 common ! po/ulate t man ne$s sav+4 ,i c\ld h nam$ /ill o!r ( ! _w's high] religions :i* are *>act]is$ by ! same great int]e/4 ,_h ,i ! "t & ! te*nical k1 ,i c\ld %[ y h[ f> backw>d 9 "t1 h[ deep d[n into ! v ess5ce ( "s ( ! religions t seem to u extremely primitive1 ?is conc]n = man's salvation1 & = a k ( ! way ( salvation1 ext5ds4 ,b ! hi/ory ( religion does n fall )9 my pres5t scope4 ,& to ! v>ieties ( religi\s doctr9e ,i c only allude by #aa way ( illu/ration4 ,yet ! m]e m5tion ( su* v>ieties may s]ve1 ,i hope1 to %[ y t :ole nations & races1 & t c\ntless millions ( m51 h conceiv$ ( _! ne$ = salvation1 & h s\ght ! way !reto1 :ile !y h kn[n no?+ ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & :ile !y h n 9 ! lea/ be5 influ5c$ by ^? dogmas reg>d+ ! fall ( man1 ! process ( r$emption1 or ! future de/9y ( ! s\l ( man :i* are br\ght to y\r m9ds :5 y he> ! ^w salvation4 ,be will+1 !n1 to g5]alise our t]m & to dissociate ! idea ( salvation f "s ( ! sett+s 9 :i* y usually h conceiv$ x4 ,s9ce !re is ?us f> 9 our discussion no "q z to ^: view ( ! way ( salvation is ! true view1 y c only ga9 by su* a dissociation1 ev5 if x be b a tempor>y ef=t at g5]alisation4 ,! cry ( humanity = salvation is n a matt] ( any "o "t or fai?4 ,! pa?os ( t cry w become only ! deep] :5 y le>n to see :y x is s univ]sal a cry4 ,! tru?1 if !re be any accessible tru?1 reg>d+ ! g5u9e way ( salvation w become only ! m preci\s to y :5 y "k by h[ widely sund]$ pa?s ! w&]]s 9 ! d>kness ( ?is _w h s\ght = ! sav+ light4 ,s let me next attempt to def9e salvation 9 a suffici5tly g5]al s5se4 ,man is an inf9itely ne$y creature4 ,he wants endlessly num]\s #ab special ?+s--food1 sleep1 pleasure1 fell[%ip1 p[] 9 all its ,protean %apes1 peace 9 all its elusive =ms1 love 9 its c\ntless disguises--9 brief1 all ! objects ( desire4 ,b among/ ^! inf9itely manifold ne$s1 ! ne$ = salvation /&s out1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o feel x1 z a ne$ t is peculi>ly p>am\nt1 s t1 accord+ to _! view ( life1 to desire salvation is to long = "s pe>l ( great price1 = ! sake ( :i* "o w\ld be ready to sell all t "o has4 ,! idea t man ne$s salvation dep5ds1 9 fact1 ^u two simpl] ideas :]e( ! ma9 idea is con/itut$4 ,! fir/ is ! idea t !re is "s end or aim ( human life :i* is m important ?an all o!r aims1 s t1 by comp>ison ) ?is aim all else is second>y & subsidi>y1 & p]haps relatively unimportant1 or ev5 va9 & empty4 ,! o!r idea is ?is3 ,t man z he n[ is1 or z he naturally is1 is 9 great dang] ( s miss+ ?is highe/ aim z to r5d] 8 :ole life a s5seless failure by virtue ( ?us com+ %ort ( 8 true goal4 ,:oev] has be5 l$ to conceive human life 9 ^! t]ms1 namely1 to ?9k t !re is = man "s sort ( highe/ good1 by contra/ ) :i* all o!r goods are relatively trivial1 & t man1 z he is1 is 9 great dang] ( los+ ?is highe/ good1 s t 8 greate/ ne$ is ( escape f ?is dang]--:oev]1 ,i say1 ?us views our life1 holds t man ne$s salvation4 ,n[1 ,i beg y to obs]ve t su* a view ( #ac life z ?is is 9 no wise dep5d5t ^u any "o dogma z to a future /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 z to heav5 & hell1 z to ! fall ( man1 or z to any po9t ( ! traditional doctr9e ( ?is or ( t special religion4 ,philosoph]s & prophets1 & ev5 cynics1 le>n$ & unle>n$ m51 sa9ts & s9n]s1 sages & fanatics1 ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians1 believ]s 9 immortality & believ]s t dea? ends all1 may agree1 yes1 h agre$1 9 view+ human life 9 ! g5]al _s j *>act]is$4 ,a v few examples may s]ve to %[ h[ wide-spread ?is long+ = salvation has be5 & h[ manifold h also be5 its guises4 ,i h already m5tion$ ,buddhism z a religion t seeks ! salvation ( man4 ,! c5tral idea ( ! orig9al s\!rn ,buddhism1 z y "k1 is pessimi/ic4 ,man1 s ! ,buddha & 8 e>li] foll[]s taught1 is naturally doom$ to mis]y4 ,?is doom is s p]vasive & s fatal t y 9 va9 w\ld seek to escape f x ?r\gh any luxuries1 or1 s to speak1 excesses1 ( good =tune4 ,on ! ?rone or 9 ! dungeon1 weal?y or a begg>1 man is always 7s ! ,buddhi/ insi/s7 ! prison] ( desire1 a creature ( long+1 consum$ by ! fires ( passion--& !re=e mis]able4 ,= man's w is insatiable1 & h5ce always disappo9t$4 ,n[ we are "h n 9 ! lea/ conc]n$ ) e/imat+ ?is pessimism4 ,?is gloomy anci5t ,indian view ( exi/5ce may be z false z #ad y please4 ,en\gh--millions ( m5 h held x1 & !re=e h long$ = salvation4 ,= if1 z ! e>ly ,buddhi/s held1 ! evil ( human life is ?us p]vasive & p>am\nt1 !n ! aim ( escap+ f su* fatal ill mu/ be deep] & m important ?an any economic aim or ?an any int5t to satisfy ?is or t special desire4 ,if man is naturally doom$ to mis]y1 ! escape f ?is natural doom mu/ be at once ! h>de/ & ! highe/ ( human tasks4 ,! old] ,buddhism und]takes to accompli% ?is task by tea*+ ! way to ! ext9ction ( desire & by ?us /rik+ at ! root ( all mis]y4 ,9 ,nirvana1 ^? :o h atta9$ ! goal h won _! way beyond all desire4 ,!y return n4 ,!y are free f ! burd5 ( human exi/5ce4 ,su* is "o view ( ! ne$ & ! way ( salvation4 ,if we turn 9 a :olly diff]5t direction1 we f9d ,plato1 9 ! great my? ( ! ,pha$rus1 9 ! argum5ts & my?s ( ! ,republic1 & 9 v>i\s o!r fam\s passages1 def9+ :at he reg>ds z ! true goal ( ! human s\l1 portray+ h[ f> we h naturally come %ort ( t goal1 & po9t+ out a way ( salvation4 ,&1 9 ano!r age1 ,m>cus ,aurelius writes 8 ,?\ghts 9 ! int]e/ ( def9+ ! end = :i* x is wor? :ile to live1 ! bondage & failure 9 :i* ! fooli% man actually lives1 & ! way out ( our fooli%ness4 ,b are ! p>tisans ( ways ( salvation #ae conf9$ to su* s]i\s & unworldly s\ls z 7 ! e>ly ,buddhi/s & ! anci5t morali/s8 ,no2 turn to mod]n times4 ,read ! /anzas into :i* ,fitzg]ald1 9 a highly mod]n _s1 v freely translat$ ! expressions ( an old ,p]sian poet--,om> ,khayyam2 or1 aga91 read ! great programme ( ,nietzs*e's e?ical & religi\s revolt z set =? only a few ye>s s9ce 9 8 ,z>a?u/ra2 or recall ,goe!'s ,fau/2 rememb] ev5 ,byron's ,manfr$2 & ^! few in/ances f among/ a va/ weal? ( m or less rec5t lit]>y examples w %[ y t ! idea ( salvation & ! se>* = salvation are matt]s t belong to no "o type ( piety or ( poetry or ( philosophy4 ,cynics & rebels1 anci5t sages & m5 :o are 9 our =emo/ rank ( "t1 c agree1 & h agre$1 9 ma9ta9+ t !re is "s goal ( life1 conceivable1 or at lea/ capable ( be+1 h[ev] dimly1 appreciat$--"s goal t1 if accessible1 w\ld fulfil & surpass our less] desires1 or w\ld save u f our bondage to less] ills1 :ile ?is goal is some?+ t we naturally miss1 or t we are 9 great dang] ( miss+--s t1 :atev] else we ne$1 we ne$ to be sav$ f ?is p]vasive & ov]ma/]+ dang] ( failure4 ,oh love1 c\ld ?\ & ,i ) fate conspire ,to grasp ?is sorry s*eme ( ?+s entire1 ,w\ld we n %att] x to bits & !n1 ,rem\ld x ne>] to ! he>t's desire8 #af ,?us ,fitzg]ald's ,om> expresses1 9 rebelli\s spee*1 ! ne$ ( salvation4 ,:at is y\r greate/ h\r8--s beg9s ,nietzs*e's ,z>a?u/ra 9 8 op5+ address to ! p4 ,& he replies3 ,x is ! h\r ( y\r great contempt--! h\r1 s he goes on to expla91 :5 y despise all ! conv5tional values & trivial maxims ( a morality & a religion t h become = y m]ely traditional1 conv5tional1 respectable1 b inf9itely petty4 ,n[1 if y obs]ve t ,/4 ,paul's epi/le to ! ,romans1 despite its utt]ly diff]5t religi\s ideas1 beg9s ) an analog\s condemnation ( ! social _w z x 01 or z x always naturally is1 y may le>n to appreciate ! univ]sal =ms 9 :i* ! ne$ = salvation comes to m5's consci\sness1 h[ev] v>i\s _! cre$4 ,sw9burne's well-kn[n *orus sums up man's life z x is1 ?us3 ,he weaves & is clo!d ) d]ision1 ,s[s1 & he %all n reap2 ,8 life is a wat* or a vision ,betwe5 a sleep & a sleep4 ,su*1 !n1 is man's ne$4 ,"h we h no cont9u+ city1 we seek a city out ( sight--su* is ano!r expression ( ?is same ne$4 ,:at ,i ask y to d1 j "h1 is to cat* a glimpse ( ?is univ]sal =m ( ! ne$ = salvation4 ,z y see1 !re is always a c]ta9 elem5t ( gloom & trag$y involv$ 9 ! fir/ conception ( ?is ne$4 #ag ,all dep5ds1 = ! fur!r =tunes ( "o's religi\s consci\sness1 ^u :e!r or n "o c get insight into ! true nature ( ?is ne$ & into ! way t[>d ! ne$$ salvation4 ,,iii ,religi\s ,insight means !n1 = my pres5t purposes1 insight into ! ne$ & into ! way ( salvation4 ,if ! problem ( human salvation has nev] come home to y\r m9d1 z a g5u9e problem ( life & ( exp]i5ce1 y w feel no int]e/ 9 religion 9 ! s5se to :i* ! pres5t lectures w arbitr>ily conf9e ! t]m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y\r live p]sonal exp]i5ce has made y intimate ) any =m or phase ( ?is problem ( ! pa!tic ne$ & cry ( man = salvation1 !n ,i c>e n1 at lea/ at ! outset ( ^! disc\rses1 :e!r y h ?\ght ( ?is problem 9 !ological or 9 secul>1 9 rev]5t or 9 rebelli\s1 or 9 cynical t]ms1 :e!r y h tri$ to solve x by sci5tific or by s5tim5tal or by traditional means1 or :e!r ! problem n[ takes %ape 9 y\r m9d z a problem to be dealt ) 9 a _s ( revolt or ( con=mity1 ( sceptical criticism or ( intuitive fai?1 ( hope or ( despair4 ,:at we want is insight1 if insight be possible1 into ! way ( salvation4 ,! problem ) :i* ^! lectures are to deal is3 ,:at are ! s\rces ( su* insight8 #ah ,at ! outset ( our ef=t to deal ) ?is problem1 ,i %all try to %[ h[ ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual human be+ is relat$ to ! issues t are be=e u4 ,t is1 9 ?is & 9 "p ( our next lecture1 ,i %all discuss ! s5se 9 :i* ! individual exp]i5ce ( any "o ( u is a s\rce ( insight into ! ne$ & ! way ( salvation4 ,h]eby we %all erelong be l$ to our social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( /ill ri*] religi\s insight4 ,& f ^! beg9n+s we %all g on to a /udy ( s\rces :i* are at once developm5ts f ^! fir/ m5tion$ s\rces1 & s\rces t are mu* m significant ?an ^! fir/ ones w\ld be if !y c\ld be isolat$ f su* developm5ts4 ,i ask y to foll[ my disc\rse 9 ! same _s ( tol]ance = v>i\s op9ions & ) ! same ef=t to und]/& ! great common features & orig9s ( ! religi\s consci\sness--) ! same _s & ef=t1 ,i say1 by :i* ,i h tri$ to be guid$ 9 :at ,i h already said to y 9 ?is introduction4 ,x is always easy to see t1 9 religion1 "o man ?9ks ?us & ano!r man ?9ks o!rwise1 & t no man kn[s z mu* z we all wi% to "k4 ,b ,i want to lay /ress ^u ^? p]5nial s\rces f :i* human insight has fl[$ & = ages 9 ! future w cont9ue to fl[4 ,to und]/& :at ^! s\rces are w help u1 ,i believe1 t[>d unity ( _s1 t[>d co-op]ation 9 ! mid/ ( all our v>ieties ( fai?1 & t[>d insight itself & ! fruits ( insight4 #ai ,,iv ,i c be/ und]take my brief initial /udy ( ! way 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual human be+ is a s\rce ( religi\s insight by meet+ an objection t a read+ ( my pr9t$ programme may h ar\s$ 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( y4 ,my li/ ( ! s\rces ( religi\s insight1 z conta9$ 9 ! titles ( ^! lectures1 makes no express ref]5ce to a s\rce :i* "s ( y w be dispos$ to reg>d z ! pr9cipal s\rce1 namely1 ,revelation4 ,"h1 "s ( y w already h said1 is a v grave omission4 ,man's pr9cipal insight into ! ne$ & ! way ( salvation comes1 & mu/ come1 y w say1 f )\t1 f ! revelation t ! div9e p[] :i* saves1 makes ( itself1 ?r\gh ,scripture or ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,n[1 s f> z ?is !sis =ms "p ( ! doctr9e ( a p>ticul> religion1 namely1 9 y\r own case1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i %all 9 ^! lectures omit any direct discussion ( t !sis4 ,! reason = ! omission ,i h already po9t$ out4 ,^! lectures und]take a limit$ task1 & mu/ be judg$ by _! *os5 limitations4 ,b 9 s f> z revelation is a g5]al t]m1 mean+ :atev] int]c\rse !re may be betwe5 ! div9e & ! human1 all ^! lectures1 9 deal+ ) s\rces ( religi\s insight1 w be deal+ ) processes ( revelation4 ,& 9 :at s5se ?is #bj ass]tion is true we %all see z we g on ) our und]tak+4 ,?is fir/ m5tion ( revelation enables me1 h[ev]1 bo? to /ate & to answ] ! objection to my programme :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 & 9 do+ s to v9dicate = ! exp]i5ce ( any religi\sly dispos$ individual its true significance z a s\rce ( insight4 ,h]eby1 z ,i hope1 ,i c =?) %[ t ev5 ! pres5t delib]ately limit$ und]tak+ ( ^! lectures has an importance :i* y ought to recognise1 :atev] y\r own views ab\t revelation may be4 ,let me suppose1 !n1 t an objector1 speak+ on behalf ( revelation z ! ma9 s\rce ( religi\s insight1 /ates 8 case briefly ?us3 ,man le>ns ( 8 ne$ = salvation *iefly ?r\gh le>n+ :at ,god's w is1 & ?r\gh a consequ5t discov]y t 8 own natural w is n 9 con=mity ) ,god's w4 ,he le>ns ab\t ! way ( salvation by f9d+ out by :at process ,god is will+ to save him4 ,bo? sorts ( k mu/ be pr9cipally m$iat$ ?r\gh ,god's revelation ( himself1 ( 8 w1 & ( 8 plan ( salvation4 ,=1 left to himself1 man _c f9d out ^! ?+s4 ,ap>t f revelation1 !y are div9e secrets4 ,h5ce ! pr9cipal s\rce ( religi\s insight mu/ be revelation4 ,:oev] /ates 8 case ?us br+s to our att5tion at ?is po9t :at ,i may v5ture to "n3 ,! ,religi\s ,p>adox1 or1 to use o!r t]ms4 ,! ,p>adox ( ,revelation4 ,i call att5tion to ?is #ba p>adox 9 no _s ( m]e cavill+ or quibbl+4 ,! importance ( ! matt] ! :ole c\rse ( ^! lectures w %[4 ,! religi\s p>adox1 z we %all def9e x1 is "o ( ! deepe/ facts 9 all religi\s hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,x w meet u ev]y:]e2 & e dev\t s\l daily faces x4 ,moreov]1 z we %all see1 x is a special case ( a p>adox reg>d+ our human insight :i* is z univ]sal & p]vasive1 9 its significance = u1 z is our human intellig5ce itself4 ,i call x "h ! religi\s p>adox4 ,i %all lat] %[ y t x might be call$1 j z correctly1 ! p>adox ( common-s5se1 ! p>adox ( reason1 ! p>adox ( k1 yes1 ! p>adox ( be+ ?\ghtfully alive 9 any s5se :atev]4 ,! religi\s p>adox1 view$ z x fir/ comes to u1 may be /at$ ?us3 ,let a man say3 ,i h ?is or ?is religi\s insight because ,god has reveal$ to me1 ?us & ?us1 8 w ab\t me & 8 plans2 has taught me my ne$ ( salvation & ! div9e way ( salvation4 ',man is bl9d because ( s92 ,revelation makes him sure2 ,)\t t :o looks )91 ,looks 9 va92 = all's obscure4' ,let a man say ?is4 ,at once1 address+ ?is believ] 9 a revelation1 we mu/ ask1 9 no je/+ _s1 b ) ! fulle/ s5se ( ! tragic gravity ( ! issue3 ,by :at m>ks d y p]sonally #bb di/+ui% a div9e revelation f any o!r sort ( report8 ,consid] = an in/ant :at ?is "q implies4 ,a depositor at a bank1 9 sign+ a *eque1 reveals to 8 bank 8 w t su* & su* funds1 :i* he already has on deposit at ! bank1 %all be paid to ! ord] ( a c]ta9 p]son4 ,h[ is ! bank able to recognise ?is revelation ( ! depositor's w8 ,! answ] is3 ,! bank1 act+ 9 ! usual ord] ( bus9ess1 reg>ds ?is revelation z g5u9e because its (fic]s already "k1 ) suffici5t assurance1 ! depositor's signature1 & c !re=e recognise x at sight1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to a c]ta9 usually negligible risk ( =g]y4 ,apply ! pr9ciple "h involv$ to ! case ( ! "o :o ackn[l$ges ! g5u95ess ( a div9e revelation4 ,9 ass]t+3 ,i "k t ?is revelation is f ,god1 ! believ] 9 ! revelation ass]ts1 9 sub/ance1 t 9 "s s5se & by "s means he p]sonally kn[s1 z x 71 ! div9e signature2 kn[s by :at m>ks ! div9e be+ reveals himself4 ,?is is ! va/ presumption1 if y w1 ^u :i* ! believ] 9 revelation dep5ds = 8 assurance4 ,he kn[s ,god's autograph4 ,n[1 h[ %all su* a k ( ! div9e autograph h aris5 9 ! m9d ( ! individual believ]8 ,has ?is believ] fir/ w&]$ ?r\gh all ! worlds to le>n h[ ! v>i\s ord]s ( be+s express !mselves1 :at m>ks ( _! wisdom & ( _! int]e/ 9 humanity #bc !y %[1 & :o among/ !m are1 or :o alone is1 actually div9e8 ,i repeat--! /up5d\s "q ?us sugge/$ is "o :i* ,i m5tion n 9 any _s ( cavil1 b solely = ! sake ( direct+ u on our fur!r way1 & ( call+ att5tion at ! outset to a fact ^u :i* all t is mo/ vital 9 ! religi\s consci\sness has 9 e age dep5d$4 ,e acceptance ( a revelation1 ,i say1 dep5ds ^u some?+ t1 9 ! individual's m9d1 mu/ be prior to ?is acceptance4 ,& ?is some?+ is an assurance t ! believ] already kn[s ! ess5tial m>ks by :i* a div9e revelation is to be di/+ui%$ f any o!r sort ( report4 ,9 o!r words1 a revelation c be view$ by y z a div9e revelation only 9 case y hold1 = :atev] reason1 or = no reason1 t y already are acqua9t$ ) ! signature :i* ! div9e w atta*es to its docum5ts1 t y "k ! m>ks ( any au!ntic revelation by :i* a div9e w c make itself kn[n to y4 ,unless1 !n1 y are to make "o suppos$ revelation dep5d = its w>rant ^u ano!r 9 an endless s]ies1 y mu/ presuppose t some:]e !re is f\nd a revelation t proves its g5u95ess by appeal+ to :at y\r own int]ior light1 y\r p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! nature ( a div9e be+1 enables y to "k z ! basis ( all y\r fur!r insight into ! div9e4 ,! "o :o appeals to revelation = guidance _c !n escape f bas+ 8 appeal #bd ^u some?+ :i* involves a p]sonal & individual exp]i5ce ( :at ! ne$ & ! way ( salvation is & ( :at ! div9e nature & expression ess5tially involves4 ,nor is ?is rem>k m]ely ! unsympa!tic comm5t ( a philosophical critic ( :at passes = revelation4 ,! tru? ( ! rem>k is ackn[l$g$ by all ^? :o h 9 "o way or ano!r insi/$ t1 )\t ! witness ( ! _s 9 ! he>t1 no ext]nal revelation c\ld enlight5 ^? :o are 9 d>kness2 t miracles by !mselves are inadequate1 because signs & wond]s _c tea* ! div9e w to ^? :om grace1 work+ inw>dly1 does n prep>e = enlight5m5t2 & t1 9 brief1 if !re is any religi\s insight :atev] accessible1 x _c come to u )\t our individual exp]i5ce z its p]sonal f\ndation4 ,n[1 ! religi\s p>adox is ?is3 ,:at "o pret5ds or at lea/ hopes to "k1 :5 !re is any "q ( religi\s insight1 is some?+ :i* has to d ) ! :ole nature & de/9y & duty & fate ( man4 ,= j su* matt]s are 9 "q :5 we talk1 n ( h[ to e>n our liv+ or ( h[ to get ?is or t worldly prosp]ity1 b ab\t our ne$ ( salvation & ab\t h[ to be sav$4 ,s deep & s weighty are ^! matt]s1 t to pret5d to "k ab\t !m seems to involve kn[+ ab\t ! :ole nature ( ?+s4 ,& :5 we conceive ( ! :ole nature #be ( ?+s z someh[ int]e/$ 9 u & 9 our salvation1 z ! religi\sly m9d$ v g5]ally d1 we call ?is nature ( ?+s div9e1 9 a v famili> s5se ( t ^w4 ,h5ce ! high] religions g5]ally und]take to "k1 z !y say1 ! div9e4 ,& by ! div9e !y mean "s real p[] or pr9ciple or be+ t saves u or t may save u4 ,b h[ is ?is div9e to be kn[n8 ,by revelation8 ,b k ?r\gh revelation c enlight5 only ! "o 9 ^: p]sonal exp]i5ce !re is some:]e an adequate int]ior light1 :i* %9es 9 ! d>kness1 & :i* p]mits him to te/ all revelations by a prior acqua9tance ) ! nature & m>ks &1 s to speak1 signature ( ! div9e w4 ,h]eupon arises ! "q3 ,h[ %\ld ,i1 weak ( wit z ,i am1 ignorant1 fallible1 a creature ( a day1 come to possess t intimate acqua9tance ) ! plan ( all ?+s1 & ) ! mean+ ( life1 & ) ! div9e1 :i* ,i mu/ obta9 9 case ,i am to pass ^u ! m>ks :]eby any revelation t c save me is to be te/$8 ,! p>adox is t a be+ :o is s ignorant ( 8 duty & ( 8 de/9y z to ne$ guidance at e po9t1 s weak z to ne$ sav+1 %\ld /ill hope1 9 8 fallible exp]i5ce1 to get into t\* ) any?+ div9e4 ,! "q is1 h[ is ?is possible8 ,:at light c my individual exp]i5ce ?r[ ^u va/ problems su* z ?is8 #bf ,v ,i h /at$ :at ,i call ! religi\s p>adox4 ,! :ole ( :at ,i h h]eaft] to tell y is ne$$ 9 ord] to ?r[ su* light z ,i c "h attempt to ?r[ ^u ! solution ( ! p>adox4 ,y w n expect1 !n1 an imm$iate answ] to ! "q ?us br\ght be=e y4 ,yet y see our pres5t situation3 ,unless !re is some?+ 9 our individual exp]i5ce :i* at lea/ beg9s to br+ u into a g5u9e t\*1 bo? ) ! fact t we ne$ salvation & ) ! m>ks :]eby we may recognise ! way ( salvation1 & ! ess5tially div9e process1 if su* !re be1 :i* alone c save--unless1 ,i say1 !re is )9 ea* ( u some?+ ( ?is int]ior light by :i* sav+ div9e tru? is to be disc]n$1 religi\s insight is impossible1 & !n no m]ely ext]nal revelation c help u4 ,let u !n1 )\t fur!r delay1 turn directly to ! inn] light1 if su* light !re be1 & ask :at1 ap>t f tradition1 ap>t f ext]nal revelation1 ap>t f explicit !ories or reports conc]n+ ! univ]se1 ap>t f all o!r s\rces1 our own individual exp]i5ce c tell u z to ! ne$ & ! way ( salvation1 & z to ! m>ks by :i* we may recognise :atev] real influ5ces1 or div9e be+s1 c int]v5e to help u 9 our ne$4 ,we %all n ^u ?is occasion answ] ! "q2 b we may d some?+ to cl>ify ! issue4 #bg ,my de> fri5d1 ! late ,william ,james1 9 8 book call$ ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 def9$1 = 8 own purposes1 religi\s exp]i5ce z ! exp]i5ce ( individuals :o reg>d !mselves z alone ) ! div9e4 ,9 portray+ :at he meant by ! div9e1 ,james emphasis$1 al?\gh 9 language diff]5t f :at ,i am us+1 ! v features ab\t ! objects ( religi\s exp]i5ce :i* ,i h j be5 try+ to *>act]ise 9 my own way4 ,^? :o h religi\s exp]i5ce1 accord+ to ,james1 get into t\* ) some?+ :i*1 z he says1 gives a new dim5sion to _! life4 ,z a result ( _! bett] & m exalt$ religi\s exp]i5ce1 !y w9 a s5se ( unity ) high] p[]s1 ^: pres5ce seems to !m to secure a ne$$ b o!rwise unatta9able spiritual unity1 peace1 p[] 9 _! lives4 ,?is div9e ?us accompli%es inw>dly :at ! individual alone ) ! div9e feels to be sav+1 to be ne$$1 to be 8 pe>l ( great price4 ,?is is ,james's way ( def9+ ! objects ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,n[ ,james's :ole view ( religi\s exp]i5ce diff]s 9 _m ways f m9e4 ,b j at ! pres5t po9t 9 our inquiry1 :]e x is a "q ( :at ,i %\ld call ! mo/ elem5t>y & intimate1 b also ! crude/ & mo/ caprici\s s\rce ( religi\s insight1 namely1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual alone ) ! div9e1 ,i feel my own acc\nt to be mo/ dep5d5t ^u t ( #bh ,james & my own position to be mo/ ne>ly 9 agreem5t ) 84 ,let me ref] y1 !n1 at ?is /age1 to ,james's great collection & analysis ( ! facts ( individual religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,let me presuppose "s p]sonal acqua9tance1 on y\r "p1 ) individual exp]i5ces ( ! v>i\s types t ,james s wond]fully portrays4 ,& !n1 9 my own way1 & z indep5d5tly ( ,james's special !ories z possible1 let me tell y :at1 to my m9d1 is ! ess5tial sub/ance ( ^! elem5t>y religi\s exp]i5ces :i* may come to ! individual :5 he is alone ) ! problem ( 8 own salvation & alone ) 8 ef=ts to "k ! div9e t c save4 ,let me try to %[ y t ! individual1 ?us isolat$1 is inde$ 9 t\* ) a g5u9e s\rce ( insight4 ,let me try to indicate bo? ! value & ! limitations ( t s\rce 9 su* wise z to prep>e u to view ?is fir/ s\rce 9 its ne$$ relation to ! s\rces h]eaft] to be /udi$4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! individual may conc]n ?ree objects3 ,fir/1 8 ,ideal1 t is1 ! /&>d 9 t]ms ( :i* he e/imates ! s5se & ! value ( 8 own p]sonal life2 secondly1 8 ,ne$ ( salvation1 t is1 ! degree to :i* he falls %ort ( atta9+ 8 ideal & is sund]$ f x by evil =tune1 or by 8 own p>alysis ( w1 or by 8 inw>d bas5ess2 ?irdly1 ! pres5ce or ! com+ or ! long+ =1 or ! #bi communion ) some?+ :i* he comes to view z ! p[] t may save him f 8 ne$1 or z ! light t may dispel 8 d>kness1 or z ! tru? t %[s him ! way out1 or z ! great companion :o helps him--9 a ^w1 z 8 ,deliv]]4 ,! ,ideal1 ! ,ne$1 ! ,deliv]]--^! are ! ?ree objects :i* ! individual exp]i5ce1 z a s\rce ( religi\s insight1 has always und]tak5 to reveal4 ,james's collection ( ! facts ( religi\s exp]i5ce ri*ly illu/rates :at ,i "h h 9 m9d4 ,to t collection1 & to y\r own individual exp]i5ce1 ,i appeal z my w>rant = ?us *>act]is+ our fir/ s\rce ( insight4 ,c we say t ?is s\rce gives u g5u9e insight & is tru/wor?y8 ,does x tea* u ab\t any?+ t is real2 & if ?is be s1 h[ f> does ?is s\rce ( insight g8 ,:at is ! ext5t1 :at are ! limitations ( ! tru? t "o c hope 9 ?is way to ga98 ,z to ! fir/ two objects ( ! individual religi\s exp]i5ce1 namely1 ! individual's own p]sonal ideal & 8 s5se ( 8 ne$1 y w readily agree t "o's private exp]i5ce is1 inde$1 a s\rce ( g5u9e insight4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 f9d x h>d at fir/ to def9e j h[ f> t insight ext5ds4 ,= ! _w ( a man's private ideals & e/imates is a _w ( preci\s caprices1 because n only does "o man's private feel+s or intuitions ab\t ideals & values diff] f ano!r man's1 b e man's own ideals1 & 8 s5se ( #cj ne$1 t5d to alt] endlessly ) ! play ( 8 passions1 ) ! wax+ & wan+ ( all 8 natural p[]s1 ) 8 heal?1 ) 8 age4 ,"o =m ( ! religi\s p>adox may1 9 fact1 be /at$ ?us3 ,)\t int5se & intimate p]sonal feel+1 y nev] le>n any valuable tru?s :atev] ab\t life1 ab\t its ideals1 or ab\t its problems2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :at y "k only ?r\gh y\r feel+s is1 l ! foam ( ! sea1 un/able-- l ! pass+ h\r1 doom$ to pass away4 ,james1 z a psy*ologi/1 well knew ?is tru? ab\t ! value & ! limitations ( private exp]i5ce2 yet x 0 *>act]i/ic ( 8 ent]pris+ s\l t he 0 always look+1 9 8 plurali/ic univ]se1 = ! /range1 new religi\s exp]i5ces ( o!r & /ill o!r individuals1 )\t be+ able !reby ev5 to def9e :at all ^! ard5t s\ls 7 seek+1 namely1 "s g5u9e home l& ( ! _s1 "s place or exp]i5ce or insight 9 :i* is to be reveal$ t = ! sake ( :i* all ! feel+s1 ! caprices1 ! long+s1 ! ef=ts ( individuals are ju/ifi$--& fulfill$4 ,n[ ! be/ way ( def9+ :at x is :i* our inn] exp]i5ce ( our ideal & ( our ne$ %[s u is1 ,i ?9k1 ?is3 ,we are inde$1 & s f> j z ! ,buddhi/s said1 naturally ! creatures ( transi5t feel+s1 ( pass+ caprices1 ( v>i\s & wilful long+s4 ,b1 j because ( ?is fact1 we c get an insight1 z intimate z x is fragm5t>y1 into "o absolutely valuable ideal4 ,i d n #ca ?9k t ! ,buddhi/s be/ express$ our ideal by ! words ! ext9ction ( desire4 ,x is r ! ideal ( triumph ov] our unreason4 ,x is ! ideal t ! reign ( caprice ought to be end$1 t ! w\nds ( ! _s ought to be heal$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all our caprices1 yes1 because ( our caprices1 we le>n ! value ( "o great spiritual ideal1 ! ideal ( spiritual unity & self-possession4 ,& bo? our ideal & our ne$ come to consci\sness at once4 ,we ne$ to br+ our caprices into "s sort ( h>mony2 to b9d up ! w\nds ( :at ,james calls ! divid$ self2 to *ange ! w&]+s ( *ance passion into some?+ t %all br+ ! home l& ( ! _s1 ! unit$ goal ( life into sight4 ,& s mu* all ! great cynics1 & ! nobl] rebels1 & ! prophets & ! sa9ts & ! m>tyrs & ! sages h 9 common taught u4 ,s mu* ,socrates & ,plato & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & our mod]n tea*]s ( ! wisdom ( life1 &1 9 8 noble/ words1 ! ,buddha also1 & ,jesus1 h agre$ 9 proclaim+ z ! ideal & ! ne$ reveal$ to u by all t is deepe/ ab\t our individual exp]i5ce3 ,we ne$ to give life s5se1 to "k & to control our own selves1 to end ! natural *aos1 to br+ ord] & light into our de$s1 to make ! w>f>e ( natural passion subord9ate to ! peace & ! p[] ( ! _s4 ,?is is our ne$4 ,to live ?us is our ideal4 ,& because ?is ne$ is press+ & ?is ideal is f> (f f ! natural man1 we ne$ salvation4 #cb ,s mu*1 ,i say1 our individual exp]i5ce c br+ be=e u4 ,?is ideal & ?is ne$ c become ! objects ( an insight t is z intimate z x is1 by itself1 unsatisfy+4 ,?is ne$1 ,i ?9k1 all ! dev\t %>e1 h[ev] unle>n$ _! spee*1 h[ev] simple _! m9ds1 h[ev] v>i\s _! cre$s4 ,unity ( ,_s1 con=mity to an univ]sal ,w1 peace ) p[]--?is is our ne$4 ,x rema9s = ! individual exp]i5ce to %[ to u1 if x c1 ! pres5ce ( our ,deliv]]1 ! com+ ( t :i* we %all recognise z div9e1 j because x truly & au?oritatively reveals to ! ,self ! fulfilm5t t we ne$1 by br++ u into t\* ) ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,we ne$ to f9d ! pres5ce t c give ?is unity & self-possession to ! s\l4 ,?is pres5ce is :at all ! high] religions seek to reveal4 ,b if we are to le>n ( su* an object ( insight we mu/1 inde$1 come into t\* ) a ,p[] or a ,_s t is 9 "s true s5se n-,ourselves4 ,& s we mu/ be able someh[ to transc5d ! b\nd>ies ( any m]ely individual exp]i5ce4 ,our individual exp]i5ce mu/ become "s sort ( int]c\rse ) ,ano!r4 ,& ?is ,o!r mu/ be 9 "s s5se ! ,ma/] ( ,life1 ! ,might t ov]come? ! _w1 ! reveal] ( f9al tru?4 ,)\t ceas+ to be p]sonal & intimate1 our exp]i5ce mu/ 9 "s way come into direct t\* ) ! v nature ( reality4 ,is su* a direct t\* ) ! div9e possible8 ,! my/ics ( all ages h ma9ta9$ t x is #cc possible4 ,are !y "r8 ,to answ] ?is "q adequately w\ld be to solve ! religi\s p>adox4 ,x w\ld be to %[ :e!r & h[ ! individual1 ev5 9 8 isolation1 alone ) ! div9e1 c come to be nev]!less 9 unity ) all o!r spirits1 9 t\* ) all t lies b5ea? & above himself1 & ) all t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( reality4 ,p]haps ?is is inde$ possible4 ,unless x is possible1 revelation1 z we h se51 loses precisely its mo/ intimate significance1 z an appeal ( ! div9e _s directly to ! int]ior light4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! my/ics confess t1 if ?is is possible1 & if x happ5s 9 _! own cases1 !y alone1 view+ _! exp]i5ce m]ely z an individual exp]i5ce1 "k n h[ x happ5s1 b mu/ accept _! revelation z an insight )\t kn[+ 9 :at precise s5se x is insight4 ,x foll[s t individual exp]i5ce rema9s a s\rce ( religi\s insight z indisp5sable & z fundam5tal z x is1 by itself1 inadequate & 9 ne$ ( supplem5t4 ,unless y h inw>dly felt ! ne$ ( salvation1 & h le>n$ to hung] & ?ir/ aft] spiritual unity & self-possession1 all ! re/ ( religi\s insight is to y a seal$ book4 ,& unless1 9 mom5ts ( peace1 ( illum9ation1 ( hope1 ( devotion1 ( inw>d vision1 y h seem$ to feel ! pres5ce ( y\r ,deliv]]1 unless x has sometimes seem$ to y z if ! way to ! home l& ( ! _s 7 op5$ to y\r sight by a revelation z f ! div9e1 unless ?is #cd privilege has be5 y\rs1 ! way to a high] gr[? 9 insight w be sl[ & unc]ta9 to y4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no "o :o rema9s cont5t ) 8 m]ely individual exp]i5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! div9e & ( 8 deliv]]1 has won ! :ole ( any true insight4 ,=1 z a fact1 we are all memb]s "o ( ano!r2 & ,i c h no insight into ! way ( my salvation unless ,i !reby le>n ( ! way ( salvation = all my bre?r54 ,& !re is no unity ( ! _s unless all m5 are privileg$ to ent] x :5ev] !y see x & "k x & love x4 ,individual ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ abide ) u to ! v end ( our que/1 z "o pr9cipal & fundam5tal s\rce ( insight4 ,b x is "o aspect only ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,we %all le>n to und]/& & to e/imate x prop]ly only :5 we h f\nd its deep] relations ) our ,social ,exp]i5ce4 ,9 pass+ to our social exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 we %all n leave our individual exp]i5ce beh9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh ?us pass+ to our social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( religi\s insight1 we %all = ! fir/ "t beg9 to see :at our individual exp]i5ce means4 #ce ,,ii ,,individual ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,social ,,exp]i5ce #cf #cg ,,ii ,,individual ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,social ,,exp]i5ce ,! results ( our fir/ lecture appe> to h br\ght ! religi\s problems1 s f> z we %all attempt to consid] !m1 into a position :i* 9 "o respect simplifies1 9 ano!r respect greatly complicates our und]tak+4 ,i ,9 "o way1 ,i say1 our und]tak+ is simplifi$4 ,=1 z we h def9$ religion1 ! ma9 conc]n ( any religion t we are to recognise is ) ! salvation ( man1 & ) :atev] objects or tru?s x is important to "k if we are to f9d ! way ( salvation4 ,n[ ! exp]i5ces :i* tea* u t we ne$ :at ,i h v5tur$ to call by ! traditional "n salvation1 are1 f my po9t ( view1 exp]i5ces common to a v l>ge portion ( mank9d4 ,!y are great &1 9 c]ta9 respects at lea/1 simple exp]i5ces4 ,y c h !m & e/imate !m )\t be+ committ$ to any "o =m ( religi\s fai?1 )\t accept+ any special cre$ ab\t sup]natural #ch ?+s1 & ev5 )\t hop+ to f9d out any way ( salvation :atev]4 ,! ess5tial conditions = discov]+ t man ne$s salvation are ^!3 ,y mu/ f9d t human life has "s highe/ end2 & y mu/ also f9d t man1 z he naturally is1 is 9 great dang] ( fail+ to atta9 ?is supreme goal4 ,if y discov] ^! two facts 7& ,i p]sonally hold !m to be facts ^: reality y c exp]i5ce71 !n ! que/ = ! salvation ( man int]e/s y1 & is def9$ = y 9 g5u9ely empirical t]ms4 ,giv5 ! problem1 y may or y may n see h[ to solve x4 ,y may or y may n appeal to :at y suppose to be a revelation to guide y on ! way4 ,b 9 any case1 grant$ ^! conditions1 grant$ t y\r exp]i5ce has %[n y y\r ne$ ( salvation--!n ! problem ( religion is ^u y\r h&s4 ,soluble or insoluble1 ! topic ( a revelation f above1 or ( a sci5tific inquiry1 or ( a philosophy1 or ( a haphaz>d s]ies ( ef=ts to bett] y\r condition1 ?is problem1 if x once comes to hold y\r att5tion1 w make ( y a religi\s inquir]4 ,& s long z ?is is ! case1 no degree ( cynicism or ( despair reg>d+ ! f9d+ ( ! way to salvation1 w deprive y ( g5u9ely religi\s int]e/4 ,! issue w be "o reg>d+ facts ( live exp]i5ce4 ,! conc]ns t = y w seem to be at /ake w be p]fectly human1 & w be 9 close t\* ) e int]e/ ( daily life4 #ci ,to conceive ! bus9ess ( religion 9 ?is way simplifies our und]tak+1 9 s f> z x connects religion n m]ely ) d\btful dogmas & recondite speculations1 b r ) p]sonal & practical int]e/s & ) ! _s ( all s]i\s endeav\r4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 ?is way ( def9+ religion does1 inde$1 also complicate c]ta9 aspects ( our pres5t task4 ,= if1 f our po9t ( view1 religion ?us becomes1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! conc]n ( ev]ybody :o has once se5 t life has a highe/ goal1 & t we are all naturally 9 great dang] ( miss+ ?is goal--/ill any ef=t to /udy ! nature ( religi\s insight seems to require u to be someh[ j to all ! endless v>ieties ( human op9ion reg>d+ :at ! highe/ goal ( human life is1 & reg>d+ ! way to atta9 t goal aft] we h once def9$ x4 ,9 "s s5se1 9 our fur!r inquiry1 no?+ human c be ali5 to u1 9 case x involves any deep exp]i5ce ( man's purpose 9 liv+1 or ( man's p]il z a seek] aft] ! atta9m5t ( 8 purpose2 or any assurance reg>d+ ! pres5ce or ! p[] :i*1 ent]+ into "s sort ( union ) any man's own spiritual life1 seems to t man an apt ,deliv]] f 8 evil plight1 a g5u9ely sav+ pr9ciple 9 8 life4 ,h[ great ! result+ complications t ?reat5 our inve/igation seem to be ! conclusion ( our =m] lecture %[$ u4 ,c\ntless #dj s\ls1 tru/+ to _! individual exp]i5ce1 h le>n$1 z we at ! la/ "t indicat$1 to def9e _! ideal1 & _! ne$1 &1 ^u occasion1 to discov] ! p[] t !y took to be _! sav+ pr9ciple--_! deliv]]4 ,:o among/ all ^! 7 "r1 ei!r 9 _! judgm5t z to _! ne$ or 9 _! consci\sness t !y _h f\nd ! way t leads to peace1 to triumph1 to union ) ! goal ( human life8 ,7 all ( !m m or less "r8 ,7 any ( !m :olly delud$8 ,are !re z _m supreme aims ( life z !re are individuals8 ,are !re z _m ways ( salvation z !re are religions t m5 foll[8 ,& by :at means %all we decide su* que/ions8 ,grave & inf9itely complicat$ seem ! issues :i* ^! qu]ies ar\se4 ,^u "o side1 !n1 our problem is pa!tically simple1 human1 practical1 ev5 commonplace4 ,daily exp]i5ce1 9 s]i\s-m9d$ p1 illu/rates x4 ,! pla9e/ facts ( our life exemplify x4 ,x conc]ns no?+ m recondite ?an t trag$y ( natural human failure :i* y may con/antly witness all ab\t y1 if n )9 y4 ,^u ! o!r side1 no que/ions m br+ y into contact ) ! *aotic v>iety ( human op9ion1 & ) ! complexities ( ! :ole univ]se1 ?an d ! religi\s que/ions1 :5 ?us def9$ 9 t]ms ( m5's deepe/ ne$s & ( m5's hopes & fai?s reg>d+ ! possible escape f _! mo/ press+ p]il ( failure4 #da ,our fir/ lecture gave u a glimpse ( ?is simplicity ( ! ma9 def9ition ( our problem & ( ?is complication ) reg>d to ! conflict+ proposals t are made t[>d its special =mulation & t[>d its solution4 ,we h n[ to /udy fur!r ! s\rces ( insight ^u :i* e solution ( our problem mu/ dep5d4 ,,ii ,our pres5t lecture w be devot$ to ?ree tasks4 ,fir/1 we %all try to %[ t ! religi\s consci\sness ( mank9d1 :5 x is conc]n$ ) ! ne$ & ) ! way ( salvation1 mu/ ne$s appe> 9 _m v>i\s & app>5tly conflict+ =ms1 b t1 nev]!less1 ^! conflicts ne$ n disc\rage u4 ,=1 z we %all attempt /ill fur!r to expla91 ! und]ly+ motives ( ! high] religions are1 aft] all1 mu* m 9 agreem5t ?an ! div]sities ( cre$s & ! app>5t *aos ( religi\s exp]i5ces w\ld lead u to imag9e4 ,9 ord] to make ?is deep] unity ( ! high] religi\s life ( mank9d pla91 we %all try to %[1 m fully ?an we did 9 ! la/ lecture1 h[ ! consci\sness ( ! ideal ( life1 & ( ! ne$ ( salvation1 naturally arises 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual man4 ,! religi\s p>adox1 z1 9 our =m] lecture1 we def9$ t p>adox1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! pr9cipal religi\s motives are inde$ p]fectly natural & #db human motives1 :i* ne$ no my/]i\s mov+s f ano!r _w to expla9 _! pres5ce 9 our lives2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! v motives1 :5 once !y appe>1 =ce u to seek = relief f spiritual s\rces t _c satisfy unless !y are f> above our natural human level ( life--t is1 unless !y are 9 "s def9able s5se sup]human4 ,b ab\t sup]human matt]s x is n surpris+ t ignorant mortals %\ld widely diff]1 despite ! deep] unity t und]lies all our nobl] religi\s ne$s4 ,?us ! unity ( ! religi\s conc]ns ( mank9d is p]fectly compatible ) ! fact t m5 diff] s widely 9 fai?4 ,! my/]ies ( religion belong to our natural failure to conceive readily & to grasp adequately ! religi\s objects4 ,b our religi\s ne$ is n a my/]y2 & our religi\s int]e/s are z natural z is our ignorance4 ,! high] =ms ( ! religi\s consci\sness are due to p]fectly human motives b lead to a /ubborn que/ = ! sup]human4 ,to und]/& :5ce ! high] religions get _! mov+ pr9ciple1 y h only to survey our natural life z x is1 9 all its pa!tic & ne$y fallibility4 ,b if ! high] religions are to f9d :at !y seek1 !y call = s\rces ( insight :i* y _c def9e1 unless we are able to "k a reality t transc5ds human nature z x is--unless we c come into g5u9e int]c\rse ) a spiritual realm t is above man4 ,?is naturalness ( ! religi\s #dc motives1 ?is sup]natural & naturally baffl+ "* ( ! religi\s objects1 ,i am1 !n1 fir/ to illu/rate /ill fur!r ?an ,i at ! la/ "t 0 able to d4 ,i %all ?us be l$1 9 ! second place1 to ! m5tion ( t s\rce ( religi\s insight to :i*1 at ! close ( ! =m] lecture1 ,i direct$ y\r att5tion1 namely1 to our social exp]i5ce4 ,society1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 bo? includes & transc5ds ! individual man4 ,p]haps1 !n1 some?+ c be done t[>d solv+ ! problem ( ! religi\s p>adox1 & t[>d h>monis+ ! v>ieties ( religi\s op9ion1 by consid]+ ! religi\s mean+ ( our social consci\sness4 ,! religi\s p>adox is t ! ne$y & ignorant natural man mu/ someh[ obta9 ! spiritual p[] to get into a g5u9e t\* ) a real life t is above 8 own level4 ,if he is to be sav$1 some?+ t is div9e mu/ come to be born 9 ! humble mang] ( 8 poor natural lie4 ,h[ is ?is app>ition ( ! div9e 9 ! human1 ( ! sup]natural 9 ! natural1 conceivable8 ,x is t "q :i* mo/ ( all divides m5 into v>i\s religi\s sects4 ,p]haps a /udy ( our social exp]i5ce1 :i*1 inde$1 (t5 t5ds to m\ld our naturally n>r[ selfi%ness into nobl] spiritual =ms1 may ?r[ light ^u ?is problem4 ,& s ,i %all1 9 ?is second "p ( ! pres5t disc\rse1 /ate ! case = our social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 #dd ,we %all1 h[ev]1 no soon] /ate ?is case ?an we %all beg9 to see h[ inadequate our ord9>y social exp]i5ce is to give u full religi\s insight4 ,!re=e1 9 ! ?ird place1 ,i %all try to e/imate m critically bo? ! m]its & ! imp]fections ( ?is second s\rce ( religi\s light1 & ?us ,i %all be l$1 z ,i close1 to ! m5tion ( a ?ird s\rce1 f :i*1 z ,i hold1 we c le>n :at nei!r our unaid$ private exp]i5ce nor our ord9>y social exp]i5ce ev] adequately %[s4 ,,iii ,let me proce$ at once to ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree und]tak+s4 ,i am fur!r to illu/rate1 on ! "o h&1 ! unity & ! naturalness ( ! religi\s motives2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i am to emphasise ! my/]i\s seem+ ( ! religi\s objects4 ,& ,i am ?us to %[ ! reason :y ! fai?s ( m5 are s div]se b _! religi\s ne$s s ne>ly common4 ,at ! la/ "t ,i tri$ to def9e = y1 9 my own t]ms1 :at ! supreme purpose ( human life is1 or1 9 o!r words1 :at t highe/ good is :i* we are all 9 su* p]il ( miss+ t we ne$ salvation f ?is p]il4 ,my def9ition 0 ?is3 ,we are naturally creatures ( wav]+ & conflict+ motives1 passions1 desires4 ,! supreme aim ( life is to triumph ov] ?is natural *aos1 to set "s "o plan ( life above all ! o!rs1 to give #de unity to our desires1 to organise our activities1 to w91 n1 inde$1 ! passionless peace ( ,nirvana1 b ! /r5g? ( _s :i* is above ! n>r[ness ( ea* "o ( our sep>ate passions4 ,we ne$ to conceive ( su* a triumphant & unifi$ life1 & successfully to live x4 ,t is our goal3 ,self-possession1 unity1 peace1 & spiritual p[] ?r\gh & yet beyond all ! turmoil ( life--! victory t ov]come? 9 ! _w4 ,n[ ?is def9ition ( ! ideal life w h seem$ to "s ( y too mu* a m]ely philosophical =mula4 ,y w say t ?is is n :at pla9 m5 h 9 m9d :5 !y ask ,god's help1 or lam5t _! s9s1 or look to religion = consolation4 ,i grant y t1 s9ce ,i am "h conc]n$ ) philosophy & n ) prea*+1 ,i1 ( c\rse1 pref]1 = my pres5t purpose1 a =mulation ( ! ideal ( life 9 reflective1 9 ?\ghtful t]ms4 ,b ,i _c admit t pla9 m51 9 _! religi\s moods1 are n conc]n$ ) ! ideal ( life :i* ,i ?us reflectively =mulate4 ,i am try+ to =mulate ! ideal ( life t seems to me to und]lie all ! high] religions4 ,x is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to feel an int]e/ & ano!r ?+ to become consci\s ( ! mean+ ( ! int]e/4 ,no matt] h[ in>ticulate may be a man's s5se ( 8 ne$1 t s5se1 if deep & g5u9e1 may imply a view ( life :i* a :ole sy/em ( e?ics & ( metaphysics may be ne$$ to exp\nd4 #df ,philosophy ought to be consid]ate1 & to use m or less te*nical spee*1 b x ne$ n be on t acc\nt inhuman4 ,its conc]n is ) :at common-s5se means b does n express 9 cle>ly consci\s t]ms4 ,x does n want to sub/itute its =mulas = life4 ,x does desire to add its ?\ghtfulness to ! int5sity ( life's great conc]ns & to enlight5 u reg>d+ :at aims life has always really int5d$ to pursue4 ,my own ef=t to =mulate ! supreme end ( life does n seem to me to be =eign to common-s5se4 ,i ?9k t ?is way ( /at+ ! purpose ( life may help u to see ?r\gh _m ( ! app>5tly hopeless div]sities ( human op9ion reg>d+ :at ! highe/ good is4 ,x is cu/om>y to describe t long+ = salvation :i* is1 f ! po9t ( view ( ^! lectures1 ! f\ndation ( religion1 by say+ t ! man :o beg9s to get religi\s int]e/ discov]s t :5 left to himself he is out ( h>mony ) :at ,james calls ! high] p[]s1 t is1 ) :at a ,*ri/ian calls ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 z a cu/om>y =mula /ates ! case1 ! religi\sly dispos$ man beg9s by le>n+ t ! *ief end ( 8 exi/5ce is to come into h>mony ) ,god's w4 ,& ?is discov]y1 z su* a view supposes1 tea*es him1 = ! fir/ "t1 :at 8 ideal ( life ought to be4 ,& !re=e1 z _m say1 some?+ t is ( ! nature ( a my/]i\s revelation f )\t is ne$$ to #dg initiate ! religi\s process & to %[ u our goal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 writ]s l ,james1 :o insi/ ^u int]pret+ religion1 s f> z t is possible1 9 t]ms ( p]sonal exp]i5ce r ?an 9 t]ms ( ext]nal revelation1 h nev]!less be5 l$ to agree ) _m ( ! p>tisans ( revelation 9 reg>d+ ?is s5se ( our di%>mony ) ! high] p[]s z some?+ t mu/ h an ess5tially sup]human s\rce4 ,= ,james1 our s5se ( religi\s ne$ is an exp]i5ce :i* my/]i\sly wells up f ! sublim9al self1 f ! s\ndless dep?s ( our own subconsci\sness4 ,james1 !re=e1 conceives x probable t1 ?r\gh ! sublim9al or subconsci\s self1 we are actually ar\s$ to religi\s int]e/ by spiritual be+s ^: level is high] ?an our own1 & ^: w1 express$ to u ?r\gh ! vague b (t5 int5se s5se ( ne$ :i* ! religi\sly m9d$ feel1 does set = u an ideal task :i* is ( great] wor? ?an our natural desires1 & :i*1 :5 we c get into h>mony ) ^! p[]s ?r\gh ! aid ( _! sublim9al influ5ces1 does give a new s5se to life4 ,n[ 9 contra/ ) su* views reg>d+ ! orig9 ( t deep] s5se ( ne$ :i* is inde$ ! beg9n+ ( religion1 ,i h to insi/ t ! basis ( ! religi\s int]e/ is some?+ mu* less my/]i\s ?an ,james's suppos$ work+s ( ! high] p[]s ?r\gh our sublim9al selves1 & is also some?+ mu* m univ]sally human #dh ?an is ! opportunity to come "u ! influ5ce ( any "o revelation4 ,m5 :o nev] he>d ( ,*ri/ianity1 & m5 :o h nev] felt consci\s ( any ext]nal revelation f above1 z well z m5 :o h _h no su* sudd5 upru%es f _! own subconsci\s natures z ,james's religi\s g5iuses h report$1 are able to w9 a g5u9e religi\s int]e/1 to be aw>e ( an int5se ne$ = salvation1 & to set be=e !mselves1 9 h[ev] in>ticulate a fa%ion1 ! v ideal ( life :i* ,i h be5 try+ 9 my own way to =mulate4 ,! ne$ & ! ideal c come into sight 9 a mann] t inde$ does n 9 ! lea/ ei!r exclude or require a belief 9 "o or 9 ano!r report$ revelation1 b t l9ks bo? ! ne$ & ! ideal to our ord9>y p]sonal exp]i5ce by ties :i* are n at all my/]i\s4 ,let me %[ y1 !n1 bett] ?an my "t p]mitt$ 9 ! =m] lecture1 h[ an individual may naturally exp]i5ce :at ,i h call$ 8 ne$ ( salvation4 ,no?+ is m obvi\s ab\t ! natural c\rse ( our lives ?an is ! n>r[ness ( view to :i* we are usually subject4 ,we are n only ! victims ( conflict+ motives1 b we are (t5 too n>r[ to "k t ?is is true4 ,= we see our v>i\s life int]e/s1 s to speak1 "o at a "t4 ,we =get "o :ile we are liv+ out ano!r4 ,& s we are prone to live _m lives1 seldom not+ h[ ill h>monis$ !y are4 ,home life1 = in/ance1 may #di be "o ?+2 bus9ess life 9 pr9ciple ano!r2 sport or social ambition ano!r4 ,& ^! v>i\s lives may be liv$ ^u mutually inconsi/5t plans4 ,we =get "o "p ( ourselves 9 our tempor>y absorption 9 "s o!r "p4 ,& if1 z our naturally complex & (t5 conflict+ motives det]m9e1 ^! our v>i\s lives are out ( h>mony ) "o ano!r1 we con/antly d irrevocable de$s t emphasise & p]petuate ! results ( ?is di%>mony4 ,& z we gr[ old] our motives alt]2 yet because ( our natural n>r[ness ( int]e/1 we (t5 d n recognise ! *ange4 ,our y\? consequ5tly lays a poor f\ndation = our age2 or p]haps our mature life makes naught ( ! aspirations ( our y\?4 ,we ?us come to sp5d a great "p ( our days ?w>t+ ourselves ?r\gh ! results ( our fickl5ess1 yet )\t kn[+ :o x is t ?w>ts u4 ,we love1 &1 l ,siegfri$1 =get our =m] belov$1 & p]haps live to feel ! fatal spe>-?ru/ t av5ges our treason to our own pa/4 ,! deep] trag$ies ( life l>gely result f ?is our n>r[ness ( view4 ,b ov] aga9/ ?is n>r[ness ( our ord9>y activities !re1 inde$1 /& c]ta9 mom5ts :5 we get a wid] vision ( ourselves1 :5 we review life1 or =esee x ) a broad outlook4 ,^! are1 inde$1 mom5ts ( insight4 ,we all "k h[ tragic !y (t5 are1 because !y %[ u at a glance h[ ) ! left h& we h undone ! #ej "r h&'s "w1 h[ we h lov$ & =gott51 h[ we h sworn fealty to _m ma/]s1 & h *eat$ "o :ile we s]v$ ano!r1 h[ absorption 9 bus9ess has made u unwor?y ( home1 or h[ we h wantonly sacrific$ a fri5d 9 ord] to w9 a game1 or ga9$ our bit ( ! _w ?r\gh :at1 ^u review1 we h to call ! loss ( our s\ls4 ,su* mom5ts ( insight come to u sometimes :5 our fri5ds die1 & :5 memory rem9ds u ( our neglect$ debts ( love or ( gratitude to !m1 or :5 worldly defeat reawak5s ! long-=gott5 unworldly aspirations t we ab&on$ 9 ord] to d :at has end$ 9 e>n+ ! defeat4 ,^! are1 ,i repeat1 (t5 tragic mom5ts4 ,b !y enlight54 ,& !y %[ u our ne$4 ,& !y arise z naturally z does any o!r incid5t ( a reasonable life4 ,:at ne$ d !y %[8 ,i answ]1 ! ne$ to possess :at by m]e nature we nev] come to possess1 namely1 ! p[] to see life /eadily & see x :ole1 & !n to live triumphantly 9 ! light ( ?is vision4 ,c a pla9 man :o is no philosoph] feel ?is ne$8 ,i answ]1 ,yes1 :5ev] he has 8 mom5ts ( vision2 :5ev] he feels ! long+ = ! clean1 /raight1 unsw]v+ w1 = ! he>ty :ole life2 :5ev] he sees & regrets 8 fickl5ess1 j because x means self-defeat2 :5ev] he seeks to be true to himself4 ,at su* mom5t 8 highe/ aim is ! aim t !re %\ld be a highe/ aim 9 life1 & t #ea ?is aim %\ld w9 :at x seeks4 ,he has ! long+1 h[ev] in>ticulate1 = integrity ( _s & = success 9 w9n+ ! fruits ( integrity4 ,:5 ! pla9 man feels :at ,i v5ture ?us to =mulate1 h[ w he express 8 long+8 ,he w1 ( c\rse1 n use my pres5t =mulas4 ,he w seize ^u :atev] expressions ! cre$ or ! language ( 8 tribe may sugge/ to him4 ,he may say1 & p]haps tru?fully3 ,?is is ! ideal t ,god sets be=e me4 ,?is is ! div9e w reg>d+ my life4 ,= at su* times he conceives ( ,god z ! be+ :o has wide/ vision & :o kn[s him be/4 ,!re=e he conceives ( ,god's plan z ! fulfilm5t ( 8 own rational plan4 ,b ! int]ior s\rce ( ! pla9 man's view reg>d+ ! div9e w is simply 8 bett] vision ( ! mean+ ( 8 life1 ! vision t comes at mom5ts :5 he is n =getful ( ! :ole2 :5 he does n want to swe> fidelity to "o belov$1 & !n1 l ,siegfri$1 pursue & w9 ano!r2 :5 he wants to be true to ! :ole ( himself4 ,no wond] t he1 inde$1 conceives ?is supreme goal ( life z ! goal set = him by "s w high] ?an 8 own private w4 ,he is "r4 ,=1 z we %all see1 ?r\gh\t our lat] /udy1 we are1 inde$1 helpless ei!r to hold be=e u ?is our p]sonal vision ( ! triumphant life & ( ! unity ( ! _s1 or to turn ! vision into a practical reality1 unless we come into t\* & keep 9 t\* ) an ord] ( spiritual exi/5ce :i* is #eb 9 a p]fectly g5u9e s5se sup]human1 & 9 ! same s5se sup]natural1 & :i* c]ta9ly is n our natural selves4 ,b 9 any case ! pla9 man mu/ ne$s int]pret 8 vision ( ! ideal 9 t]ms ( :atev] conception ( ,god1 or ( ! triumphant life1 or ( spiritual p[]1 8 traditions & 8 /age ( p]sonal developm5t may sugge/ to him4 ,h5ce ! endless v>ieties 9 ! =mulation ( ! religi\s ideal4 ,:atev] is sugge/$ to a man1 at 8 mom5ts ( wid] vision1 z a law or z a motive :i*1 if x 7 ! rul+ motive or ! supreme law w\ld make life a consi/5t :ole--?is he takes to be ,god's w1 or ! tru? t is to save him if1 inde$1 salvation is possible4 ,if ?is acc\nt ( ! s\rces ( ! religi\s motive is "r1 we ne$ n view ! religi\s int]e/ z ! result ( an arbitr>y intrusion f above--z if ! gods lov$ to di/urb u & to tr\ble our peace4 ,nor ne$ we1 ) ,james1 speak ( a m>vell\s & caprici\s upru% f bel[ ! level ( our natural consci\sness4 ,yet j z little ne$ we ?9k ( religion z hav+ no conc]n ) :at is1 inde$1 sup]human4 ,religion is1 inde$1 our own affair2 = x gr[s out ( our p]sonal vision ( ! trans=mation t a div9ely enl>g$ p[] to compreh5d1 to survey1 to h>monise1 to triumph ov] our natural life w\ld give4 ,?is vision comes to u at mom5ts1 9 glimpses--& is se5 ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,our #ec ne$ is to see face to face & to live 9 ! light ?us to be discov]$4 ,& s to live w\ld be salvation4 ,! ^w salvation is fitt+1 because ! ne$ is s great & because ! trans=mation w\ld be s pr(\nd4 ,! endlessly v>i\s int]pretations ( ?is "o ideal & ( ! nature ( ! sav+ process are due to ! weal? ( life & to ! impos+ multitude ( motives & ( exp]i5ces t ! religi\s consci\sness has to consid]4 ,b b5ea? & above all ! v>ieties ( religi\s exp]i5ce lies ! ef=t to w9 9 reality :at ! vision ( ! h>moni\s & triumphant life sugge/s to u 9 our mom5ts ( cle>ness4 ,s9ce our own natures leave u hopelessly remote f ?is goal1 :ile our glimpses ( spiritual h>mony & p[] reveal to u its preci\sness1 our religi\s ne$ is supreme1 & is accompani$ ) ! p]fectly well-w>rant$ assurance t we _c atta9 ! goal unless we c get into "s sort ( communion ) a real life inf9itely ri*] ?an our own--a life t is guid$ by a p]fect & unwav]+ vision1 & t someh[ conqu]s & annuls all fickl5ess1 conflict1 & e/rangem5t4 ,su* a life rightly seems to u to be sup]human 9 its bread? ( view & 9 its spiritual p[]1 if inde$ !re be su* a life at all4 ,if !re is no su* life1 none ! less we ne$ x1 & s ne$ salvation4 ,if salvation is possible1 !n !re is 9 ! univ]se "s be+ t kn[s u1 & t is ! ma/] ( life4 ,& we seek ourselves to "k #ed ev5 z we are kn[n & to live z ! wise "o w\ld h u live4 ,?us simple &1 = all to :om ev5 ! occasional mom5ts ( wid] vision come1 univ]sal are ! religi\s motives4 ,james 0 wrong :5 he s\ght !m 9 any caprici\s int]f]5ce ( ! sublim9al self1 or ( its sup]human controls1 ) our natural selves4 ,x is we :o 9 our natural lives are caprici\s & n>r[ly int]f]e ) our own fre$om4 ,x is we :o are ! di/urb]s ( our own peace4 ,! religi\s ideal gr[s out ( ! vision ( a spiritual fre$om & peace :i* are n naturally ours4 ,no two ( u get t vision 9 q ! same way4 ,b all its =ms %[ u ! same f>-(f %9+ light4 ,! problem ( religi\s insight is ! problem :e!r t light is a mirage4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t m5 diff] z to _! special ef=ts to solve su* a problem4 ,b x is n[ our task to seek = fur!r s\rces ( insight4 ,,iv ,! =ego+ discussion may seem to h l$ u f> f ! /udy ( our social exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,b 9 fact x is a necess>y prelim9>y to t /udy & leads u v ne> to x4 ,if "o pr9cipal s\rce ( our ne$ ( salvation is ! natural n>r[ness ( our view ( ! mean+ #ee ( our own purposes & motives1 & ! consequ5t fickl5ess & ! =getful inconsi/5cy ) :i* we usually live out our days1 x seems "r1 9 se>*+ = a way t may lead t[>d salvation1 to get su* help z we c by look+ to our normal social exp]i5ce = :atev] guidance x c give4 ,! social _w is wide1 ev5 if x is /ill full ( conflict4 ,x broad5s our outlook at e turn4 ,a man corrects 8 own n>r[ness by try+ to %>e 8 fell['s po9t ( view4 ,our social responsibilities t5d to set limits to our fickl5ess4 ,social discipl9e removes "s ( our inn] conflicts1 by tea*+ u n to indulge caprices4 ,human companion%ip may calm1 may /eady our vision1 may br+ u into int]c\rse ) :at is 9 g5]al mu* bett] ?an a man's sublim9al self1 namely1 8 public1 8 humane1 8 great] social self1 :]e9 he f9ds 8 s\l & its int]e/s writ l>ge4 ,p]haps1 !n1 :atev] ! ultimate goal1 ! way out ( ! di/ractions ( ! natural self1 ! way t[>d ! div9e insight & p[] t we ne$1 lies ?r\gh our social exp]i5ce4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t 9 ! religi\s discussions ( to-day our social exp]i5ce is t s\rce ( insight ^u :i* a great numb] ( our tea*]s1 :e!r !y are pr(essional religi\s tea*]s or n1 mo/ frequ5tly insi/4 ,our pres5t "t is an age ( great conc]n ) social problems & re=ms4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t we h all le>n$ to wid5 our vision1 & to control our #ef wayw>dness1 by rememb]+ t man is a be+ :o c be nei!r und]/ood nor direct$ 9 case y try to view him 9 isolation4 ,z = salvation1 _m ( our mo/ influ5tial lead]s n[ tea* u t ! problem ( our day is ! problem ( sav+1 n ! individual z an individual1 b ! social ord] z a :ole4 ,! two t5d5cies :i* seem to be mo/ pot5t 9 ! political realm are ! g5]al t5d5cies kn[n by ! admitt$ly vague names ( democracy & socialism4 ,solid>ity1 collectivism1 ! common life--^! are ! wat*words ( "s ( ! mo/ widely influ5tial movem5ts ( our "t4 ,& ^! wat*words h1 = _m ( u1 n only a political1 b a religi\s mean+4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y ( ! popul> influ5ce ( su* dramas z ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 or ( ! numb]s ( cl]gym5 to :om ! prea*+ ( religion has come to mean1 9 ! ma91 ! prea*+ ( b5efic5t social re=ms4 ,if tea*]s :o ?us view religion z1 on ! :ole1 a movem5t t[>d ! increase ( social welf>e are ask$ :at _! c\nsel is to ! individual reg>d+ ! salvation ( 8 s\l1 !y w reply3 ,if y want to be sav$1 come out ( y\rself4 ,"s ( !m w\ld add3 ,=get y\rself4 ,b :e!r !y use ?is latt] extremely ambigu\s & d\btful =m ( advice1 !y v g5]ally agree t to seek to save y\r own s\l by any m]ely or ma9ly inw>d & non-social process is to secure p]dition4 ,x is love t saves1 !y are fond ( #eg tell+ u4 ,& 9 ?is doctr9e1 z int]pret$ 9 ! light ( our mod]n social movem5ts1 _m see ! entire ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity adapt$ to our pres5t situation4 ,nor is ! t5d5cy "h 9 "q limit$ to ! practical c\nsels ( :i* ,i h j rem9d$ y4 ,!re are ^? /ud5ts ( ! psy*ology & ! philosophy ( religion :o are dispos$ to conceive t ! :ole ess5ce ( ! religion ( all times1 ! entire mean+ ( religi\s beliefs & practices1 c be exhau/ively & accurately describ$ 9 ! purely human & social t]ms :i* ^! practical c\nsels attempt to embody4 ,a rec5t writ] on ! psy*ology ( religion def9es religion z man's consci\sness ( 8 highe/ social values1 & ma9ta9s t all religi\s beliefs are attempts to express ?is consci\sness 9 :atev] t]ms a giv5 /age ( civilisation makes natural & possible4 ,"o c easily sugge/ to any /ud5t ( g5]al hi/ory "s ( ! facts :i* su* a writ] has 9 m9d4 ,h n ! gods (t5 be5 conceiv$ z tribal deities1 & s simply z repres5tatives ( ! welf>e & ( ! w ( ! community ov] aga9/ ! wayw>dness & ! caprici\sness ( ! individual8 ,0 n ! transition f poly!ism to ! v>i\s =ms ( pan!ism & ( mono!ism det]m9$ by ! social processes t =m$ k+doms or empires1 & t f9ally l$ ov] to ! mod]n appreciation ( ! value ( ! #eh common int]e/ ( an ideally unit$ humanity8 ,7 n ! prophets ( ,israel social re=m]s8 ,0 n ! "w ( ,jesus an anticipation & a prophecy ( ! com+ consci\sness ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 z ! lov]s ( mank9d n[ conceive t bro!rhood8 ,:at has religion _h to tea* u1 "s w insi/5tly ask1 m sav+1 unify+1 su/a9+1 ?an ?is love ( man = man8 ,f su* a po9t ( view1 z y see1 our social exp]i5ce is our pr9cipal s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,& ! salvation t ?is insight br+s to our k is salvation ?r\gh ! fo/]+ ( human bro!rhood4 ,su* salvation accrues to ! individual s f> z he gives himself ov] to ! s]vice ( man1 & to mank9d 9 s f> z m5 c only be sav$ toge!r & n sep>ately4 ,i am j n[ depict+1 n judg+1 a view conc]n+ ! solution ( religi\s problems :i* y "k to be1 9 our day1 z pot5t z x is v>i$ & problematic 9 its tea*+4 ,c ?is view satisfy8 ,does ?is way ( /at+ ! case really indicate to u any adequate s\rce ( religi\s insight1 any way 9 :i* we c def9e ! true salvation ( man8 ,v ,we _c answ] ?is "q )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! views ( ^? ( our rec5t tea*]s to :om ?is purely social !ory ( ! religi\s #ei objects & values is inde$ pr(\ndly unsatisfactory4 ,t su* oppon5ts ( ! adequacy ( ! int]pretation ( religion j sugge/$ are to be f\nd among/ ! believ]s 9 famili> religi\s traditions1 we ne$ n at any l5g? set =?4 ,! traditions ( ! great religions ( ! _w d n int]pret ! old fai?s 9 ?is way1 j because ^! religi\s traditions all agree 9 reg>d+ ! human social ord] z some?+ :i* exi/s = ! sake ( an ess5tially sup]human ord]4 ,z ^! v>i\s fai?s ass]t1 man c nev] be sav$ by purely human means1 :e!r y call ^! means prev5tive m$ic9e1 or socialism1 or univ]sal bro!rhood1 or ev5 love1 s long z love means simply human love4 ,z = ,*ri/ianity1 9 all its old] =ms1 x has emphasis$ ! love ( man1 b always 9 a c]ta9 union ) ! love ( ,god :i* tradition c\ld nev] conceive z adequately expressible 9 t]ms ( our rec5t social movem5ts4 ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se is suppos$ to be a mod]n app>ition ( ! ,*ri/2 b he is explicitly a h]etic reg>d+ ! old fai? ( ! *ur*4 ,b ) tradition z tradition1 ^! lectures h to d only by way ( occasional illu/ration4 ,:at int]e/s u m1 = our pres5t purpose1 is ! fact t1 despite ! pr$om9ance ( ! social int]pretations ( religion ( :i* ,i h j rem9d$ y1 !re are /ill "s ( our rec5t tea*]s :o /\tly insi/ t our social #fj exp]i5ce does n adequately %[ u any way ( salvation :atev]4 ,& "h fir/ ,i mu/ call att5tion to c]ta9 ( ! mo/ mod]n & lea/ !ologically dispos$ ( our lead]s1 namely1 to ^? :o emphasise ! mo/ *>act]i/ic rec5t =ms ( individualism4 ,i h m5tion$ ,nietzs*e 9 my =m] lecture4 ,surely he /&s = opposition to tradition & he expresses t5d5cies t are pot5t to-day4 ,b :ile he liv$ & wrote1 he aspir$ to be a sort ( ,anti*ri/1 & prea*$ ! doctr9e t a religion ( love c nev] save1 because1 z he insi/s1 :at ! self ne$s is p[]1 & p[] is n to be won by attempt+ to please a _w ( slaves4 ,nietzs*e may seem to y1 z he has seem$ to s _m1 a hopeless abnormity2 b 8 ,titanism is 9 fact a wayw>d mod]n expression ( a motive t has always play$ its notable "p 9 ! se>* = salvation1 ev] s9ce h]oism & ! resolute w 7 fir/ discov]$ by man4 ,nietzs*e's insight too1 su* z x is1 is a social insight4 ,x comes ?r\gh not+ t1 ev5 if ! individual ne$s 8 social _w z a means ( grace & a gateway to salvation1 ! social ord]1 9 its turn1 ne$s individuals t are wor? sav+1 & c nev] be sav$ unless x expresses itself ?r\gh ! de$s & ! inn] life ( s\ls deeply consci\s ( ! dignity ( selfhood1 ( ! inf9ite wor? ( unique & int5sely consci\s p]sonal life4 #fa ,z a fact1 individualism is z pot5t an e?ical motive 9 ! life ( to-day z is ! collectivism j *>act]is$4 ,ea* ( ^! t5d5cies1 9 our pres5t social ord]1 fe$s ^u & int5sifies ! o!r4 ,socialism opposes1 & yet inevitably enc\rages1 ! purposes ( ! v individual :o feels 8 social ties z a gall+ re/ra9t4 ,x prea*es solid>ity & bro!rhood & love2 b w9s a ready he>+ f ^? :o view all ^! t5d5cies ma9ly z means :]eby !y may hope to h _! own way1 & to become1 z ,nietzs*e's ,sup]man1 beyond good & evil--ma/]s 9 ! com+ _w ( triumphant democracy4 ,! social exp]i5ce ( our "t is full ( ambigu\s lessons4 ,its way t[>d salvation leads n only ov] ! ,hill ( ,difficulty1 b bo? ways ar\nd ! hill2 & x %[s u no "o /raight & n>r[ road to peace4 ,:oev] w\ld trav]se its wild]ness & rea* salvation ne$s to supplem5t 8 social insight by a use ( o!r & deep] s\rces4 ,& z to :at ^! deep] s\rces ( insight are1 ! tea*] :om ,i h already repeat$ly cit$--,william ,james--ass]ts a doctr9e t1 z y already "k1 ,i d n reg>d z adequate1 b t ,i mu/ aga9 "h emphasise1 because its contra/ ) t social !ory ( religion :i* ,i j *>act]is$ is s in/ructive4 ,james1 9 8 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 %[s ! utmo/ lib]ality t[>d diff]5ces ( #fb fai?1 & insi/s 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( 8 book t religi\s exp]i5ce is a field :]e "o mu/ bew>e ( def9+ %>p b\nd>y l9es or ( %[+ a false exclusiv5ess4 ,yet "o b\nd>y l9e he himself def9es ) ! greate/ %>pness2 & 9 respect ( "o matt] he is rigidly exclusive4 ,religi\s exp]i5ce1 he insi/s1 is1 z y w rememb] f our fir/ lecture1 ! exp]i5ce ( an individual :o feels himself to be alone ) ! div9e4 ,& ! social types ( religi\s exp]i5ce ,james rigidly excludes f ! v>ieties :]e( he takes acc\nt4 ,& ,james's reason = ?is proc$ure is explicit4 ,9 its social aspects religion1 s he insi/s1 always becomes1 or has already become1 conv5tional4 ,james no long] f9ds 9 ! religi\s life ( communities ! novelty & indep5d5ce ( vision :i* he prizes4 ,! ess5ce ( true religi\s exp]i5ce lies1 = him1 9 its orig9ality1 9 its spontaneity1 & s 9 ! v solitude :i* is a condition1 to ,james's m9d1 = ! discov]y ( t :i* saves4 ,! words orig9ality & spontaneity emphasise ! features :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 ,james mo/ meant to emphasise4 ,! problem ( salvation1 = ,james1 mu/ be an ess5tially individual problem2 = nobody else ev] fac$ y\r ne$ ( salvation1 or _h y\r p]sonal issues to meet4 ,if y w9 religi\s insight1 y w h to w9 x v mu* z y w h to die--alone4 ,( c\rse ,james does n hesitate to te/ ! value ( religi\s #fc exp]i5ce1 9 8 pragmatic fa%ion1 by its social z well z by its individual consequ5ces4 ,! fruits ( ! _s accrue to ! g5]al advantage2 & ! sa9t1 9 ,james's op9ion1 mu/ inde$ und]take to edify1 n only himself1 b also 8 bre?r54 ,b ! effects ( religi\s insight mu/ n be confus$ ) ! s\rces4 ,james insi/s t ! s\rces are ma9ly f )9 ! individual & are only incid5tally social4 ,a religi\s discov]y has 9 common ) a poetic creation ! fact t ! religi\s g5ius1 l ! arti/1 sees 8 vision1 & produces 8 spiritual miracle1 9 solitude4 ,if y ask :e!r ?is position :i* ,james assumes is any?+ m ?an 8 own private op9ion1 & if y want to "k 8 gr\nds = x1 a clos] exam9ation ( 8 book w %[ y :y he ?us delib]ately turns 8 back ^u ! fav\rite rec5t int]pretation ( religion z an ess5tially social ph5om5on4 ,james1 9 common ) ! traditional fai?s1 al?\gh n 9 con=mity ) _! =mulas1 always conceiv$ religi\s exp]i5ce z an int]c\rse ) objects & ) p[]s t1 :atev] _! deep] bases 9 our sublim9al nature1 d n adequately express !mselves 9 our ev]yday1 worldly1 ov]t human nature4 ,& 9 our social life1 :]e ! conv5tional reigns1 :]e man imitates man or cont5ds ) man1 :]e cr[ds bu/le & ! small-talk or ! passionate /ruggle ( ! day fill ! m9d1 :]e lov]s pursue _! belov$ & are jeal\s #fd ( _! rivals1 & labor]s toil & sweat1 & worldly au?orities display _! pomp1 y meet n ! solution1 b ! problem ( life4 ,james1 z man1 0 full ( social int]e/s1 &1 z psy*ologi/1 0 fond ( /udy+ social processes4 ,b :5 a man wants peace & spiritual triumph1 ,james obs]ves t1 z an empirical fact1 he does n readily f9d !m 9 ! m>ket-place1 or on ! battle-field1 or 9 ! law c\rts1 unless1 inde$1 he comes to ^! places already full ( ! light t ! sa9tly s\ls h (t5 f\nd 9 ! wild]ness or 9 _! m$itations4 ,9 brief1 ,james always emphasises ! my/ical elem5t 9 religi\s exp]i5ce & is full ( ! assurance t religion _c f9d its food 9 ! commonplace2 :ile our social life is a realm :]e ! commonplace holds sway4 ,or aga91 ,james holds t :5 ! fai?ful h ?\ght ( _! religi\s exp]i5ce z an int]c\rse ) be+s ( a level :olly sup]human1 !y may1 inde$1 h be5 wrong 9 _! cre$s1 b 7 "r 9 hold+ t man z he lives 9 8 social _w c nev] save man4 ,our social consci\sness is too b>efac$ & op5 9 its union ( triviality & pa?os4 ,:at we want z ! sav+ p[] is1 = a tea*] su* z ,james1 some?+ m my/]i\s1 deep1 subconsci\s or sup]consci\s1 & 9 ?is s5se1 inde$1 sup]human4 ,/ill ,i am only depict+1 n yet judg+4 ,i h n[ briefly /at$ op9ions t fav\r & op9ions #fe t oppose an int]pretation ( religi\s insight 9 t]ms ( our social exp]i5ce4 ,b :at are ! m]its ( ! case8 ,9 :at s5se c !re be a religion ( ! social consci\sness8 ,,vi ,! answ] to ?is "q involves1 ,i ?9k1 two consid]ations1 bo? ( !m exemplifi$ by ! v>i\s views "h 9 "q1 bo? ( !m famili>1 bo? ( !m easily mis9t]pret$4 ,! fir/ is ! v consid]ation ^u :i* our popul> tea*]s ( salvation ?r\gh love mo/ insi/4 ,we ourselves came ^u t consid]ation at ! close ( our fir/ lecture4 ,man is1 inde$1 a be+ :o _c be sav$ alone1 h[ev] mu* solitude may help him1 at times1 t[>d insight4 ,= he is b\nd to 8 bre?r5 by spiritual l9ks t _c be brok54 ,! second consid]ation is ?is3 ,s long z man views 8 fell[-man m]ely z fell[-man1 he only complicates 8 problem1 = bo? he & 8 fell[ equally ne$ salvation4 ,_! plight is common2 _! v ne$ ( salvation *a9s !m toge!r 9 ! prison ( human sorr[4 ,if1 to adapt ! symbolism ( anci5t /ories to our case1 ! angel ( love is to appe> 9 _! prison1 is to loos5 _! *a9s1 is to op5 ! doors1 x mu/ be1 9 "s wise1 z an angel1 n z a m]ely human pres5ce1 t love mu/ appe>4 ,p]haps ! be/ way to indicate :]e9 lies ! #ff /r5g? & ! weakness1 ! irresi/ible au?ority & ! pa!tic limitation ( our social exp]i5ce z a religi\s guide1 & ! be/ way also to indicate its true relations to ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! human individual1 is to rem9d ourselves ( a v few famili> cases 9 :i* an individual f9ds t 8 own way t[>d salvation1 if any su* way is to exi/ = him at all1 lies ?r\gh 8 social _w1 s t he _c be sav$ )\t ! help ( 8 fell[s4 ,our fir/ in/ance %all be an extreme "o1 9 :i* ! s5se ( ne$ is int5se & ! long+ = salvation acute1 b :]e !re is little or no hope ( f9d+ ! way1 al?\gh "o kn[s t if ! way c\ld be f\nd x w\ld br+ "o into t\* ) a new type ( human companion%ip4 ,we all "k h[ ! s5se ( guilt may take ! =m ( a feel+ ( ov]:elm+ lonel9ess4 ,n[ ! s5se ( guilt1 if deep & p]vasive & passionate1 involves at lea/ a dim recognition t !re is "s c5tral aim ( life & t "o has come hopelessly %ort ( t aim4 ,i may regret a blund]1 & yet h no h9t t !re is any unifi$ & supreme ideal ( life4 ,= a blund] is a special affair involv+ ! miss+ ( "s p>ticul> aim4 ,i may ev5 bitt]ly rep5t a fault1 & /ill ?9k ( t fault z a refusal to pursue "s "o sep>ate moral purpose--a violation ( ?is or ( t maxim ( conduct4 ,b ! true s5se ( guilt 9 its great] manife/ation involves a confession t ! #fg :ole self is someh[ ta9t$1 ! :ole life1 = ! "t be+1 wreck$4 ,b ! bankruptcy ( ! self implies t !re is "o highe/ purpose :i* gives ! self its value2 ! s5se ( total failure is itself a revelation ( ! value ( :at 0 lo/4 ,h5ce ! highly idealis+ t5d5cy ( ! great exp]i5ces ( moral suff]+4 ,!y lead u to ?9k n ( ?is or ( t special good1 b ( salvation & p]dition 9 _! g5]al be>+ ^u life4 ,! dep? ( ! despair %[s ! gr&eur ( :at has be5 miss$2 & x is !re=e n surpris+ t exp]i5ces ( ?is sort h be51 = s _m1 ! beg9n+s ( religi\s insight4 ,to believe t "o is cut (f f salvation may be ! v crisis t 9 ! end saves4 ,n[ "s ( ^? :o feel ?is ov]ma/]+ might ( _! guilt lay mo/ /ress ^u _! assurance t ,god has condemn$ !m4 ,& religi\s tradition has ( c\rse emphasis$ ?is way ( /at+ ! case4 ,b x is p]fectly natural1 & is surely a humane exp]i5ce1 to feel ! s5se ( guilt prim>ily 9 ! =m ( a belief t "o is an outca/ f human sympa?y & is hopelessly alone4 ,! m abnormal types ( ! s5se ( guilt1 9 n]v\s pati5ts1 frequ5tly exemplify ?is t]ror ( ! lonely s\l1 ?is inn] grief ov] ! homelessness ( ! remorseful outca/4 ,b actual guilt may be pres5t ) or )\t ! m abnormal n]v\s conditions j m5tion$1 &1 :5 pres5t1 may br+ home to ! rueful m9d #fh ! despair ( ! awak5$ b =sak5 s9n]1 & may br+ x 9 ! =m ( ! feel+ ( guilty solitude4 ,a well-kn[n expression ( su* a mood y f9d 9 ,kipl+'s lyric ( ! ,poor little %eep t h gone a/ray4 ,9 ^! v]ses ! outca/ sons ( good families1 ! g5tlem5-rank]s1 dwell toge!r 9 an agonis$ companion%ip ( common lonel9ess4 ,_! guilt & _! lo/ homes are = !m insep>ably associat$4 ,or aga93 ,b5ea? all ! fanta/ic imag]y ( ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]1 ! poet uses a p]fectly recognisable type ( ! s5se ( guilt z ! means to make 8 tale ( wond]s seem1 despite all its impossibilities1 human & ev5 plausible4 ,! incid5ts are ! miracles ( a magic dream2 b ! human nature depict$ is z real z is ! torm5t ( any guilty consci5ce4 ,someh[--no matt] h[1 or "u h[ arbitr>y conditions--! h]o has committ$ a crime )\t precisely int5d+ x to be a crime4 ,8 tale is "o ( a "y man's adv5tur\s insol5ce4 ,8 de$ has all ! too famili> *>act]s ( ! typical s9s ( wayw>d y\?4 ,& t is :y ! gay "y w$d+ gue/ mu/ he> 8 tale4 ,he--! m>9]--9 8 own y\?1 _h consci\sly meant to be only a little wanton & cruel4 ,he awak5$1 z _m a light-m9d$ y\? lat] awakes1 to f9d t1 z a fact1 he _h someh[ /ruck at ! v c5tre ( life1 at ! he>t ( love1 at ! laws t b9d ! #fi _w toge!r1 at ! _s ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 "o ?us awakes1 he sees t nature & ,god are aga9/ him4 ,b1 wor/ ( all1 he has become a curse to 8 fell[s2 & 9 turn !y curse him2 & !n !y leave him alone ) ! nightm>e life 9 dea? ( utt] solitude4 ,to 8 m9d !re are no liv+ m54 ,he sees ab\t him only ! curse 9 a dead man's eye4 ,:at life he c /ill see is no long]1 to 8 morbid eyes1 really human3 ,! _m m51 s beautiful6 ,& !y all dead did lie2 ,& a ?\s&1 ?\s& slimy ?+s ,liv$ on2 & s did ,i4 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]'s escape f ! horrors ( ?is despair1 ! beg9n+s ( 8 salvation1 date f ! fir/ mov+s ( love 9 8 he>t t[>d all liv+ be+s4 ,8 salvation is won :51 at ! end1 he f9ds ,god along ) ! goodly company at ! kirk4 ,9 brief1 ! curse ( 8 guilt is to be alone on a wide1 wide sea4 ,8 salvation comes 9 prea*+ love & companion%ip1 & 9 unit+ himself h]eby to ! ,god :o loves all ?+s bo? great & small4 ,n[ "o does n (t5 ?9k ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9] z a poem ( religi\s exp]i5ce2 b ap>t f its brilliant play ) natural magic1 its human *>m actually dep5ds ^u ?is well-f\nd$ picture ( ! lonel9ess ( guilt & ( ! escape ?r\gh lov+ union ) "o's k9d4 ,& #gj ! poet delib]ately gives to ?is picture ! =m & ! s5se ( a religi\s process ( salvation4 ,if y turn f ! dreamy product ( ,col]idge's y\?ful fancy to ! opposite pole ( mod]n lit]ature1 y f9d an in/ance ( almo/ ! same motives at ! basis ( t mo/ impressive romance ( ! ,russian ,do/oieffsky3 ,crime & ,puni%m5t4 ,do/oieffsky _h himself liv$ long 9 :at he call$ ,! ,h\se ( ! ,dead1 9 ,sib]ia1 be=e he le>n$ h[ to write ?is ma/]piece4 ,he _h be5 =c$ to soj\rn among/ ! guilty ( ! mo/ v>i\s grades4 ,he _h come to univ]salise _! exp]i5ces & to /ruggle himself ) "o =m ( ! problem ( salvation4 ,^? :o1 l ,dante1 h look$ ^u hell1 sometimes h1 inde$1 wond]s to tell u4 ,do/oieffsky cond5ses ! :ole problem ( salvation f guilt 9 ?is picture ( an individual4 ,raskolnik[1 ! h]o1 aft] 8 ?\ghtfully conceiv$ crime1 & aft] 8 labori\s ef=t at self-ju/ification1 f9ds himself ! prey ( a simply ov]:elm+ s5se t he walks alone among/ m51 & t1 9 ! cr[d$ /reets ( ! city1 he is z "o dead among/ spectres4 ,!re is n[h]e1 ,i ?9k1 a m p]suasive picture ( ! lonel9ess ( great guilt4 ,raskolnik[ c\ld n be m ! victim ( sup]natural =ces if he 7 ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,l ! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 ,raskolnik[ 9 ! end f9ds ! way to salvation ?r\gh love--! love :i* ! m>tyr$ ,sonia tea*es him--h]self1 #ga z our ,russian mo/ p]suasively pictures h]1 at once outca/ & sa9t4 ,! au?or uses religi\s conceptions :i* are bo? anci5t &1 9 8 use ( !m1 unconv5tional4 ,b ! c5tral "o ( ^! is ! famili> conception t salvation involves a reconciliation bo? ) ! social & ) ! div9e ord]1 a reconciliation ?r\gh love & suff]+--an escape f ! wild]ness ( lonely guilt to ! realm :]e m5 c und]/& "o ano!r4 ,9 su* elem5tal ways ! process ( salvation c be made to appe> z ess5tially a social process1 j because its opposite1 p]dition1 seems to mean bani%m5t f among/ m54 ,ano!r gr\p ( cases pres5ts to u ! same ne$ = human companion%ip z a means to salvation1 b pres5ts x 9 ! w9n+ guise ( salvation beg9n+ ?r\gh love1 )\t ! ma9 /ress be+ laid ^u ! previ\s despair4 ,9 su* cases ! despair may be m5tion$ b at once reliev$4 ,! religion ( fri5d%ip & ( love is a famili> human exp]i5ce4 ,james1 9 8 fe> ( debas+ religion by romantic or by gross] associations1 unju/ly neglects x 9 8 /udy ( v>ieties4 ,9 fact1 to seem to f9d ! div9e 9 ! p]son ( y\r idealis$ fri5d or belov$ is a p]fectly normal way ( beg9n+ y\r acqua9tance ) ! means ( grace4 ,y meet1 y love1 &--y seem to be f9d+ ,god4 ,or1 to use our pres5t int]pretation ( :at reveals ! #gb div9e1 love seems to furni% y ) a vision ( a p]fect life1 to give y a total survey ( ! s5se ( y\r own life1 & to beg9 to %[ y h[ to triumph4 ,if !re be any div9e life1 y say1 ?is is my vision ( its beauty & its h>mony4 ,s ! div9e appe>s 9 "o ( ,br[n+'s lat] lyrics3 ,su* a />v$ bank ( moss4 ,till1 t ,may morn4 ,blue ran ! fla% across2 ,violets 7 born6 ,sky--:at a sc[l ( cl\d ,till1 ne> & f>1 ,ray on ray split ! %r\d ,spl5did6 a />6 ,_w--h[ x wall$ ab\t ,life ) disgrace1 ,till ,god's own smile came out2 ,t 0 ?y face6 ,9 ! sonnets ( ,%akespe>e ?is religion ( fri5d%ip has f\nd "s ( its mo/ p]fect expressions4 ,haply ,i ?9k ( !e1 & !n my /ate4 ,l to ! l>k's1 at break ( day aris+ ,f sull5 e>?1 s+s hymns at heav5's gate4 ,& aga91 9 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,sonnets f ! ,portuguese1 ! religion ( love n only uses spee* int5sely p]sonal1 fond1 intimate1 b also1 #gc & delib]ately1 accompanies all ?is ) words d]iv$ f reflective metaphysics1 or f !ology1 & int5d$ to express ! miracle t ! ne>e/ mov+s ( affection are also a revelation ( ! highe/ p[]s ( ! spiritual _w4 ,h[ d ,i love !e8 ,let me c\nt ! ways4 ,i love !e to ! dep? & bread? & height ,my s\l c rea*1 :5 feel+ out ( sight ,= ! ends ( ,be+1 & ,ideal ,grace4 ,i love !e to ! level ( ev]yday's ,mo/ quiet ne$1 by sun & c&le light4 ,i love !e freely1 z m5 /rive = ,"r2 ,i love !e purely1 z !y turn f ,praise2 ,i love !e ) ! passion put to use ,9 my old griefs1 & ) my *ildhood's fai?2 ,i love !e ) a love ,i seem$ to lose ,) my lo/ sa9ts1--,i love !e ) ! brea?4 ,smiles1 te>s1 ( all my life6--&1 if ,god *oose1 ,i %all b love !e bett] aft] dea?4 ,surely "o c\ld n bett] express1 ?an ?is sonnet does1 ! naturalness ( ! religi\s motive--! my/]y ( ! religi\s object4 ,& f9ally1 turn+ f ^! cases to ^? :i* are social 9 ! l>g] s5se1 e patriotic song :i* deifies "o's c\ntry1 e o!r =m ( ! religion ( patriotism1 exemplifies ! exp]i5ce ( ! devot$ lov] ( 8 c\ntry by tea*+ t x is man's p]dition to be safe 9 case 8 social _w calls = ! sacrifice ( 8 life1 & t salvation comes ?r\gh s]vice4 #gd ,james is inde$ wrong !n to neglect ! social roads t lead t[>d ! exp]i5ce ( :at "o takes to be div9e4 ,!re is no love s simple-m9d$ t1 if x be true love1 ! way ( salvation may n seem to be op5$ ?r\gh x to ! lov]4 ,b obs]ve t1 z we review ^! in/ances1 !y %[ u h[ ! social _w :]e9 !y bid u seek our salvation is a _w ^: v ess5ce is trans=m$ by love & by its vision into some?+ t seems to ! lov] my/ical1 sup]human1 & m ?an our lit]al & commonplace social life directly exemplifies4 ,^? :o h fail$ to f9d 9 _! actual social life su* inspirations may1 inde$1 h to look1 z ! typical my/ics h g5]ally done1 else:]e1 = _! vision ( ! div9e1 ?an 9 s mu* ( ! social _w z !y "k4 ,& su* w1 inde$1 seek _! vision ( salvation 9 solitude4 ,:5 !y tell u ( _! exp]i5ce1 !y may well rem9d ! social en?usia/1 z well z ! lov]1 t ! religion ( love is no religion at all1 unless x conceives its human object n only z ?is creature1 or z ?is collection ( ne$y m5 & wom51 b z a h9t1 or revelation1 or inc>nation ( a div9e process--( a process :i* is n only human b sup]human1 & :i* c nev] be compreh5d$ 9 ! m>t & ! cr[d$ /reet unless by ! s\l t is ei!r my/ical en\gh to meet ,god also 9 ! bu%1 or rationally enlight5$ en\gh to "k t human #ge life is inde$ a revelation ( some?+ t is also sup]human4 ,i conclude1 !n1 = ! mom5t1 ?us3 ,social exp]i5ce seems to lie on ! way to salvation4 ,normally ! way to salvation1 if !re be any su* way1 mu/ lead ?r\gh social exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 our social exp]i5ce %[s u any su* way upw>d x does s1 if x truly does s1 because human social life is ! h9t1 ! lik5ess1 or ! inc>nation ( a life t lies beyond & above our pres5t human exi/5ce4 ,= human society z x n[ is1 9 ?is _w ( c>e1 is a *aos ( ne$s2 & ! :ole social ord] groans & travails toge!r 9 pa9 until n[1 long+ = salvation4 ,x c be sav$1 z ! individual c be sav$1 only 9 case !re is "s way t leads upw>d1 ?r\gh all our turmoil & our social bick]+s1 to a realm :]e t vision ( unity & self-possession :i* our cle>e/ mom5ts br+ to u becomes n m]ely vision1 b fulfilm5t1 :]e love f9ds its own1 & :]e ! p[] ( ! _s triumphs4 ,( su* a realm ! lov]s dream & ! religions tell4 ,let u appeal to a fur!r s\rce ( insight4 ,conc]n+ ! realities t we ne$1 let u next consult our ,reason4 #gf #gg ,,iii ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,reason #gh #gi ,,iii ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,?us f> we h dealt ) s\rces ( religi\s insight :i* are indisp5sable1 b :i* confess _! own inadequacy s soon z y "q !m closely4 ,individual exp]i5ce c %[ u1 9 its mom5ts ( wid] vision1 our ideal1 & its times ( despair1 ( aspiration1 or ( self-exam9ation1 our ne$4 ,b :5ev] x attempts to acqua9t u ) ! way ( salvation1 its deliv]ies are cl\d$ by ! mi/s ( private caprice & ( p]sonal emotion4 ,social exp]i5ce1 9 its religi\s aspects1 helps ! individual to w9 ! wid] outlook1 helps him also to f9d 8 way out ( ! lonel9ess ( guilt & ( failure t[>d :ol5ess ( life1 & promises salvation ?r\gh love4 ,b1 l individual exp]i5ce1 x is beset by :at we h call$ ! religi\s p>adox4 ,& x does n solve t p>adox4 ,confess+ its own defects1 x /ill und]takes to disc]n h[ to ov]come !m4 ,9 s f> z x is m]ely social exp]i5ce x deals ) ! _w ( weak mortals1 ( futile bick]+s1 & ( love t1 9 ?is _w1 deifies b nev] q f9ds its true belov$4 ,by virtue ( ?is trans=m+ love x inde$ gives #hj u ! h9t t our social _w may be an app>ition or an inc>nation ( "s div9] life ?an any mortal n[ exp]i5ces4 ,yet h[ c mortals ?us ignorant pret5d to get insight into any?+ t is div9ely exalt$8 ,?us1 bo? ! s\rces ( insight t we h ?us f> consult$ po9t beyond !mselves4 ,ea* says1 ,if salvation is possible1 !n human life mu/ be able to come into t\* ) a life ^: mean+ is sup]human4 ,our "q is3 ,is !re1 inde$1 su* a div9] life8 ,9 ord] to deal ) ?is "q1 we h resolv$ to consult /ill ano!r s\rce ( insight1 namely1 our ,reason4 ,! pres5t lecture mu/ deal ) ?is s\rce ( insight4 ,i ,:at does "o mean by ! ,reason8 ,z ,i attempt to answ] ?is "q1 ) an especial ef=t to %[ ! relations ( reason & religion1 ,i %all be aid$ by rem9d+ y at ! outset t1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is a widespread t5d5cy to discr$it ! reason z a s\rce ( any notable insight into life or into ! univ]se4 ,& ?is t5d5cy dep5ds ^u s def9+ ! bus9ess ( ! reason z %>ply to oppose1 on ! "o h&1 intuition & reason1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 reason & common-s5se exp]i5ce4 ,t is1 "s ( our rec5t tea*]s tell u t ! only sort ( insight :i* c be ( any use 9 religion mu/ be #ha won by intuitions & _c be obta9$ by :at ^! tea*]s call ! ab/ract reason4 ,by intuition1 at lea/ 9 ! religi\s field1 su* m5 mean "s sort ( direct feel+ ( ! nature ( ?+s1 "s exp]i5ce su* z ! my/ics h report$1 or su* z _m religi\s p1 :e!r te*nical my/ics or n1 call illum9ation ?r\gh fai?4 ,intuitions ( ?is sort1 !y say1 are our only guides 9 ! religi\s field4 ,z oppos$ to su* direct appreh5sion1 ! use ( reason w\ld mean ! ef=t to be guid$ by =mulas1 by explicitly /at$ ab/ract pr9ciples1 by processes ( inf]5ce1 by calculations1 or by logical demon/rations4 ,james is prom95t among/ ^? :o ?us oppose ! ab/ract reason to ! revelations ( intuition2 &1 especially 9 8 lat] works1 he is nev] we>y ( emphasis+ ! in>ticulate "* ( all our deepe/ s\rces ( religi\s insight4 ,:5 we get true religi\s insight1 s he tea*es1 we simply feel conv9c$ t ^! ?+s are s4 ,if we try to give reasons = our beliefs1 ,james holds t ! reasons are inapt aft]?\ghts1 ! outcome ( sophi/ication1 or are at be/ useful only 9 putt+ our convictions into conv5i5t ord] = purposes ( record or ( tea*+4 ,james's fav\rite /atem5t ( ! contra/ "h 9 "q id5tifies ! p>tisans ( reason ) ! def5d]s ( :at he calls b>r5 intellectualism4 ,he ma9ta9s t religion is h9d]$ r ?an help$ by su* p4 ,y atta9 conviction by processes ( #hb :i* ! b>r5 intellect c give no adequate acc\nt4 ,conviction1 9 religi\s matt]s1 emanates1 accord+ to ,james1 f ^? my/]i\s dep?s ( ! subconsci\s ab\t :i* ,i said some?+ 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,& convictions ?us result+ feel ov]:elm+ to ! p]sons :o h !m4 ,su* convictions are :at _m d5ote by ! ^w intuitions4 ,! ef=t to def9e ab/ract pr9ciples1 z gr\nds = hold+ y\r convictions to be true1 con/itutes ! only ef=t ( ! reason 9 religi\s matt]s :i* ,james recognises4 ,accord+ to ,james1 su* reason+ processes are inevitably bad4 ,& z a fact1 s he insi/s1 nobody s]i\sly believes 9 ,god because "s !ologian or philosoph] pret5ds to h demon/rat$ 8 exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 he says1 belief 9 ,god is intuitive or is no?+ ( value4 ,& reason is employ$ 9 su* matt]s m]ely because ( a frequ5t ov]fondness = ab/ract conceptions1 or at be/ because =mulas are useful = ! tea*]s ( religi\s traditions4 ,ano!r =m ( contra/1 & "o ^u :i* ,james also (t5 insi/s1 :ile _m o!r rec5t writ]s1 ^: int]e/s are n ^? ( ,james1 emphasise ! same matt]1 dep5ds ^u oppos+ reason to exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 includ+ "u ! latt] t]m n only ! intuitions ( ! dev\t1 b :atev] goes by ! "n exp]i5ce 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,we see & he> & t\*1 & by su* means get exp]i5ce4 ,b we make hypo!ses & #hc d$uce _! consequ5ces2 we assume premises & demon/rate conclusions2 &1 accord+ to su* writ]s1 :at we !n d con/itutes ! typical "w ( our reason4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! reason is t x attempts ei!r to elucidate ! mean+ ( an ass]tion1 or to prove "s proposition to be true1 )\t appeal+ to exp]i5ce to v]ify ! proposition 9 "q4 ,& su* "w ( ! reason1 z ^! writ]s tell u1 is ( v limit$ use1 9 comp>ison to ! use ( our direct exp]i5ce z a guide4 ,:at is f\nd to be true ?r\gh empirical te/s is rightly te/$4 ,:at is suppos$ to be prov$ true by ab/ract reason+ is ?us at be/ made dep5d5t = its explicit w>rant ^u ! presuppos$ tru? ( ! premises us$ 9 ! reason+ process4 ,or1 z is sometimes said1 ! reason c discov] no?+ ess5tially new4 ,x turns its premises ov] & ov]1 & gets out ( !m only :at has already be5 put into !m4 ,exp]i5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 is full ( c\ntless novelties2 = :at y c f9d ?r\gh obs]vation & exp]im5t dep5ds n ^u previ\s assumptions1 b ^u ! skill & ! good =tune ( ! inquir]1 & ^u ! weal? ( life & ( ! real _w4 ,9 brief1 = ^? :o look at reason 9 ?is way1 to use y\r reason is simply to draw necess>y inf]5ces f assum$ premises4 ,& no premises1 z su* writ]s insi/1 c w>rant any inf]5ce except ! inf]5ce ( a conclusion :i* is already hidd5 away1 s to speak1 9 ! premises !mselves4 #hd ,?us reason+1 z !y tell u1 is a process :i*1 9 ! conclusion inf]r$1 m]ely lets out ( ! bag ! cat :i* 0 conceal$ 9 t bag1 namely1 9 ! premises4 ,reason1 !re=e1 is inde$ 7s su* writ]s ass]t7 b>r5 :]ev] novelty is s\ght4 ,x is useful only = purposes ( =mulation1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ab/ract sci5ces1 :]e d$uction has a te*nical place1 z a means = prep>+ ! way = exp]im5tal te/s4 ,9 life1 exp]i5ce is ! guide to true novelty4 ,& !re=e1 if religi\s insight c be atta9$ at all1 x mu/ be due n to ! reason1 b to "s sort ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,su* objections to ! use ( reason 9 ! religi\s field dep5d1 z y see1 ^u id5tify+ ! reason+ process ) ! comb9ation ( two well-kn[n m5tal processes2 fir/1 ! process ( =m+ & us+ ab/ract conceptions2 secondly1 ! process ( analys+ ass]tions1 or comb9ations ( ass]tions1 to make m explicit :at is already conta9$ 9 _! mean+4 ,our next "q may well be ?is3 ,is su* an acc\nt ( ! "w ( reason j to ! actual usage t common-s5se is accu/om$ to make ( ?is famili> "n8 ,,ii ,to ?is "q ,i mu/ at once answ] t we all ( u daily use ! ^w reason z ! "n = a process1 or a set ( processes1 :i* c]ta9ly #he _c be r$uc$ to ! m]e p[] to =m & to use ab/ract ideas1 & to analyse ! already pr$et]m9$ mean+ ( /atem5ts4 ,:5 we speak ( an ill-temp]$ or ( a prejudic$ man z unreasonable1 we d n m]ely mean t he is unable to =m or to def9e ab/ract ideas1 or t he _c analyse ! mean+ ( 8 own /atem5ts4 ,= sometimes su* a man is cont5ti\sly ?\ghtful1 & fond ( us+ too _m "o-sid$ ab/ractions1 & eag] to argue altoge!r too vehem5tly4 ,no1 :5 we call him unreasonable1 we mean t he takes a n>r[ view ( 8 life1 or ( 8 duties1 or ( ! int]e/s ( 8 fell[-m54 ,we mean1 9 brief1 t he lacks vision = ! true relations & = ! total values ( ?+s4 ,:5 we try to correct ?is sort ( unreasonabl5ess1 we d n say to ! petulant or to ! "o-sid$ man3 ,g to ! diction>y1 & le>n h[ to def9e y\r ab/ract t]ms4 ,sometimes cont5ti\sly prejudic$ m5 are altoge!r too fond ( ! diction>y4 ,nor d we m]ely urge him to =m ! habit ( analysis4 ,no1 we may inde$ say to him3 ,be reasonable2 b we mean3 ,take a wid] outlook2 see ?+s n "o at a "t1 b _m at once2 be broad2 consid] m ?an "o side2 br+ y\r ideas toge!r2 9 a ^w1 get insight4 ,= precisely :at ,i def9$ 9 my op5+ lecture z insight is :at we h 9 m9d :51 9 su* cases1 we c\nsel a man to be reasonable4 ,s1 9 su* uses ( ! ^w reason1 reason is n oppos$ to intuition1 z ! p[] to #hf =m ab/ract ideas is suppos$ by ,james to be oppos$ to ! p[] to see ?+s by direct vision4 ,no1 reason1 9 su* cases1 means simply broad] intuition1 ! sort ( see+ t grasps _m views 9 "o1 t surveys life z x 7 f above1 t sees1 z ! w&]] views ! l>g] l&scape f a m\nta9 top4 ,:51 n long s9ce1 9 a fam\s decision1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates call$ att5tion to :at x call$ ,! rule ( reason1 & decl>$ its int5tion to judge ! work+s ( well-kn[n mod]n bus9ess me?ods by t rule1 ! c\rt c]ta9ly did n mean by ! rule ( reason ! requirem5t t acts said to be 9 re/ra9t ( trade mu/ be judg$ m]ely ?r\gh a process ( =m+ ab/ract ideas or ( analys+ ! signification ( ass]tions4 ,no1 ! c\rt 0 explicitly oppos+ c]ta9 me?ods ( e/imate :i* x reg>d$ z falsely ab/ract2 & x propos$ to sub/itute = ^! false ab/ractions a mode ( judg+ ! work+s ( c]ta9 trade comb9ations :i* 0 to involve tak+ z wide & concrete & practical a view z possible ( _! total effects4 ,ev]ybody :o read ! c\rt's words und]/ood t1 9 ?is case1 x 0 precisely ! m]ely ab/ract conception ( some?+ te*nically def9$ z a re/ra9t ( trade :i* ! c\rt wi%$1 n to make sov]eign1 b to subord9ate to ! wid] intuition ( a fair-m9d$ obs]v] ( ! :ole result1 ( a giv5 sort ( corporate comb9ation4 ,! #hg rule ( reason 0 int5d$ to br+ ! :ole "q out ( ! realm ( b>r5 ab/ractions & ( m]e analysis1 & ne>] to ! realm :]e ! tra9$ obs]vation ( ! fair m9d$ man w\ld decide ! case--ne>]1 9 fact1 to ! realm ( intuition4 ,only1 ! decisive intuition mu/ be some?+ broad1 & f>-see+1 & syn!tic1 & fair4 ,n[ ,i submit t ?is mean+ ( ! ^w reason is p]fectly famili> to all ( y4 ,reason1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is ! p[] to see widely & /eadily & connect$ly4 ,its true oppon5t is n intuition1 b :atev] makes u n>r[ 9 outlook1 & consequ5tly ! prey ( our own caprices4 ,! unreasonable p]son is ! p]son :o c see b "o ?+ at a "t1 :5 he ought to see two or _m ?+s toge!r2 :o c grasp b "o idea1 :5 a syn!sis ( ideas is requir$4 ,! reasonable man is capable ( synopsis1 ( view+ bo? or _m sides ( a "q1 ( comp>+ v>i\s motives1 ( tak+ int]e/ 9 a totality r ?an 9 a scatt]$ multiplicity4 ,y may1 ( c\rse1 admit t ?is use ( ! ^w reason is famili>2 & /ill y may say t ,james's cont5tion is nev]!less s\nd4 ,=1 z y may decl>e1 ! real issue is n reg>d+ ! mean+s t *ance to be l9k$ ) ! ^w reason1 b reg>d+ ! relative impot5ce ( t process :i* ,james *ose to call by ?is "n4 ,z a fact1 s y may ass]t1 !re exi/s ! famili> process ( =m+ ab/ract #hh conceptions2 & !re also exi/s ! process ( draw+ conclusions ?r\gh an analysis ( :at is already conta9$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! assum$ premises4 ,:e!r or no "o calls ^! two processes1 9 _! usual comb9ation1 by ! "n reason+1 ,james is "r 9 say+ t ab/ractions1 & t su* sorts ( purely analytic ab/ract reason+ z he has 9 m9d1 are incapable ( giv+ u religi\s insight4 ,& bo? ,james & ! o!rs :o oppose reason to concrete exp]i5ce are "r 9 ass]t+ t y get no novel insight :atev] ?r\gh m]e ab/ractions1 or ?r\gh m]e analysis1 b are dep5d5t = y\r advances 9 k ^u exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 z y may cont9ue1 ! issue :i* ,james & o!r empirici/s raise mu/ n be evad$ by any appeal to vagu] uses ( ! ^w reason1 :e!r common-s5se or ! ,supreme ,c\rt *ances to au?orise su* special =ms ( expression4 ,i fully agree to ! importance ( ?is comm5t & ( ! issue z ?us /at$4 ,i am ready to consid] ! issue4 ,b ,i also insi/ ^u e/imat+ ! :ole use ( reason 9 its prop] context4 ,james1 9 common ) c\ntless o!r p>tisans ( intuition 9 religi\s matt]s1 is fond ( insi/+ t all our nobl] intuitions & all our deep] fai?s are1 9 _! f\ndations1 inw>dly compell+1 b in>ticulate1 & t we degrade !m r ?an help !m :5 we def9e _! mean+ 9 ab/ract t]ms or employ processes ( explicit #hi demon/ration 9 _! def5ce4 ,james1 9 common ) _m empirici/s1 also opposes exp]i5ce 9 g5]al to all processes ( reason+1 & ass]ts t ! latt] nev] tea* u any?+ novel4 ,! issue1 fairly view$1 is !re=e n a p]fectly simple "o4 ,x involves ! "q :e!r ! two modes ( gett+ k betwe5 :i* we are ask$ to *oose are ! only modes actually 9 use4 ,intuition1 & exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 are by ,james & by o!rs %>ply contra/$ ) c]ta9 processes ( ab/raction & ( analysis4 ,x is !n po9t$ out t s9ce ^! latt] processes1 tak5 by !mselves1 nev] give u any ess5tially novel insights1 y mu/ on ! :ole cease to use y\r p[]s ( ab/raction & ( analysis1 except = ! m]e purpose ( record or ( tea*+1 or ( "s o!r su* te*nical end--computation1 analysis ( hypo!ses1 & ! l4 ,y mu/1 at lea/ 9 religi\s matt]s1 dep5d ^u ! upru%es f y\r subconsci\s self or ^u :atev] else is p]suasively in>ticulate4 ,9 ! ultimate decisions ( life1 in>ticulate intuition1 m]e fai?1 & t alone1 c save y4 ,h]eupon ! p]fectly fair "q arises :e!r ! alt]natives are ?us exhau/ively /at$4 ,mu/ "o *oose betwe5 in>ticulate fai? & b>r5 ab/ractions8 ,mu/ "o face ! alt]native3 ,ei!r intuition )\t reason+1 or else relatively fruitless analysis )\t intuition8 ,p]haps !re is a ?ird possibility4 ,p]haps "o may use "o's process ( ab/raction #ij z a sort ( prep>ation = c]ta9 articulate & noble intuitions t _c be approa*$1 by our human sort ( consci\sness1 ?r\gh any o!r way4 ,p]haps analysis is n ! :ole process :i* det]m9es demon/rations4 ,p]haps syn!sis--! view+ ( _m facts or pr9ciples or relations 9 "s sort ( unity & :ol5ess--p]haps a synoptic survey ( v>i\s articulate tru?s1 c lead u to novel insights4 ,9 t case in>ticulate intuitions & b>r5 ab/ractions are n ! only in/rum5ts betwe5 :i* we mu/ *oose4 ,= 9 t case !re w be ano!r sort ( aid1 a m explicit sort ( intuition1 a m consid]ate view ( our life & its mean+1 :i* we may adopt1 & :i* may lead u to novel results4 ,& ^! results may be n only articulate b sav+4 ,or1 to /ate ! issue m g5]ally3 ,9 seek+ = any sort ( novel tru?1 h we only ! *oice betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! data ( s5se or ( feel+ on ! "o h& & ! analysis ( ab/ract ideas & ass]tions ^u ! o!r8 ,may !re n be ano!r s\rce ( k8 ,may n ?is s\rce consi/ 9 ! syn!tic view ( _m facts 9 _! unity--9 ! grasp+ ( a complex ( relations 9 _! total significance8 ,& may n j ?is be a s\rce ( insight :i* is employ$ 9 _m ( ! processes ord9>ily kn[n z reason+ processes8 ,may n ! =mation ( ab/ract ideas1 :5 wisely us$1 be m]ely a means ( help+ u t[>d an easi] view ( l>g] unities ( fact ?an #ia our pres5t sort ( human consci\sness c\ld grasp except = ?is auxili>y device8 ,may n analysis be m]ely an aspect1 a "p ( our live ?9k+8 ,may n all g5u9e demon/ration involve syn!sis z well z analysis1 ! mak+ ( new con/ructions z well z ! dissection ( old ass]tions8 ,if s1 !n ! issue z pres5t$ by ,james & 8 allies is n rightly /at$1 because an ess5tial "p ( its context is neglect$4 ,ab/ract conceptions are1 9 fact1 9 ! live & s]i\s "w ( ?\ght1 a m]e prep>ation = intuitions & exp]i5ces t lie on high] levels ?an ^? :i*1 ap>t f ab/ract conceptions1 we m5 c rea*4 ,reason+ processes are fruitful because !y involve sorts ( exp]i5ce1 =ms ( intuition1 t y _c rea* )\t !m4 ,9 brief1 reason & exp]i5ce are n oppos$4 ,!re is an opposition betwe5 in>ticulate intuition & articulate insight4 ,!re is also an opposition betwe5 relatively bl9d exp]i5ce ( any sort & relatively rational exp]i5ce4 ,&1 9 view ( su* oppositions1 x w be p]fectly fair to def9e reason z ! p[] to get articulate insight--insight into :oles r ?an fragm5ts4 ,x w also be fair to def9e ! reason+ process z ! process ( gett+ connect$ exp]i5ce on a l>ge scale4 ,:oev] views ! matt] ?us w inde$ n be =c$ to be a "o-sid$ p>tisan ( ! reason+ process z ?us def9$4 ,he w1 fir/1 fully admit t ! =mation ( ab/ract ideas is b a means #ib to an end1 & t ?is end is ! enl>gem5t ( ! range ( our view ( ! connections ( our exp]i5ce4 ,he w secondly admit t1 z soon z ! process ( =m+ ab/ract ideas is pursu$ z an end 9 itself1 p$antry & =malism result1 :e!r ! topic be "o ( religion1 or ( sci5ce1 or ( ! _w's daily "w4 ,he w fur!r agree ) ,james1 & ) ! empirici/s g5]ally1 t m]ely analytic reason+1 if su* 71 9 its isolation1 a possible ?+1 w\ld be inde$ b>r5 intellectualism4 ,& f9ally1 if he is wise1 he w g /ill fur!r4 ,he w n despise in/9ct1 & feel+1 & ! mov+s ( fai?1 & ! in>ticulate intuitions4 ,= he w "k t all ^! ?+s are human1 are indisp5sable1 & are ! basis ^u :i* ! g5u9e "w ( ! reason1 ! wid] view ( life1 mu/ be c>ri$ t[>d its fulfilm5t4 ,= :oev] is to compreh5d ! unities ( life mu/ fir/ live4 ,:oev] is to be be/ able to survey ! l&scape f ! m\nta9 top mu/ fir/ h w&]$ 9 its pa?s & its byways1 & mu/ h gr[n famili> ) its valleys & its recesses4 ,:oev] is to get ! mature insight mu/ fir/ h become a little *ild4 ,b :oev]1 rememb]+ ! ,new ,te/am5t ^w ab\t becom+ z a little *ild1 "o-sid$ly def5ds ! in>ticulate intuitions1 z ! only s\rce ( religi\s insight1 %\ld rememb] also ! ^w ( ,/4 ,paul3 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i spake z a *ild1 ,i ?\ght z a *ild1 ,i und]/ood z a #ic *ild2 b :5 ,i became a man ,i put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( reason n to make naught ( ! indisp5sable intuitions ( ! *ildlike & ( ! fai?ful1 b to "w t[>d ! insight su* t1 if we possess$ x1 we %\ld "k ev5 z we are kn[n4 ,t :i* is weak 9 ?is _w may inde$ conf\nd _m :o are call$ wise2 b !re is no objection to its becom+ also truly wise itself4 ,= !n x w\ld all ! bett] "k :y x _h be5 able to conf\nd false wisdom4 ,,ii ,all su* consid]ations w seem to _m ( y hopelessly g5]al4 ,y w h miss$1 ?us f> 9 my acc\nt1 concrete in/ances to illu/rate h[ :at ,i h n[ call$ ! reason actually works1 h[ x is relat$ to exp]i5ce1 h[ x helps u t[>d ! broad] view ( ?+s1 h[ x makes ! connections ( life m obvi\s1 h[ x raises our intuitions to high] levels4 ,& un=tunately1 s9ce ,i h no "t to disc\rse to y ^u ! sci5ce call$ ,logic--! sci5ce "p ( ^: prop] duty x is to def9e ! nature & ! (fice ( :at ,i h n[ call$ ! reason--,i mu/ inde$ fail1 9 ?is brief summ>y1 to give y any adequate acc\nt ( :at c be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! appeal to ?is s\rce ( insight4 ,all t ,i %all try to d1 on ?is occasion1 is to m5tion #id to y a v few in/ances1 "s ( !m relatively trivial1 :]e91 ?r\gh reason+ processes1 we actually get ^! l>g] intuitions on high] levels1 ^! high] modes ( grasp+ ! unity ( ?+s4 ,hav+ ?us v imp]fectly exemplifi$ :at ,i mean by ! syn!tic processes ( reason+1 ,i %all be ready b>ely to sugge/ to y1 z ,i close1 h[ ! reason c be1 & is1 a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,9 "s rec5t logical discussions1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 my colleague ,pr(essor ,hibb5's text-book ( logic1 !re has be5 us$ an example1 trivial 9 itself1 b 9 its own way typical--an example :i* is meant to %[ h[ !re exi/s a m5tal process :i* is surely wor?y ( ! "n reason+1 & :i* is1 nev]!less1 no m]e process ( =m+ ab/ract ideas & no m]e analysis ( ! mean+ ( assum$ premises1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 bo? ab/raction & analysis h _! subord9ate places 9 ?is process4 ,! reason+ involv$ 9 ?is example is ( ! v simple/ sort4 ,x is express$ 9 an old /ory :i* _m ( y w h he>d4 ,accord+ to ?is /ory1 an ag$ ecclesia/ic1 g>rul\s & rem9isc5t1 0 once1 9 a social company1 comm5t+ ^u ! exp]i5ces t _h come to him 9 8 long & devot$ life4 ,fully mean+ to keep sacr$ ! secrets ( ! confessional1 ! old man 0 nev]!less l$ to say3 ,ah--x is /range1 & sometimes t]rible1 :at1 9 my pr(ession1 "o may h to face & consid]4 #ie ,y mu/ "k1 my fri5ds1 my v fir/ p5it5t 0--a murd]]6 ,i 0 appall$4 ,! old prie/ _h h>dly spok5 :5 ! company 0 jo9$ by an ag$ & prom95t nobleman ( ! region1 :om all pres5t greet$ ) great respect4 ,salut+ 8 prie/ly fri5d ) no little rev]5ce1 ! nobleman turn$ to ! company & said1 ) calm unconsci\sness3 ,y mu/ "k1 my fri5ds1 9 my y\? ,i 0 ! v fir/ p]son :om my honor$ fri5d "h ev] confess$4 ,n[ obs]ve4 ,! prie/ _h n said :o ! murd]] 04 ,! nobleman 9 8 contribution to ! conv]sation _h n confess$ to ! company ! murd]4 ,he _h n m5tion$ x 9 any way4 ,& ! prie/ _h scrupul\sly avoid$ m5tion+ him4 ,b all pres5t drew at once ! reasonable conclusion t1 grant+ ! correctness ( ! two ass]tions1 ! nobleman 0 a murd]]4 ,we1 ( c\rse1 mu/ all agree 9 ?is conclusion4 ,n[ is ?is conclusion ! result ( a m]e analysis ( ei!r ( ! two ass]tions made8 ,& does ! conclusion m]ely result f our p[] to =m ab/ract ideas8 ,pla9ly1 ! conclusion is due to ! p[] ( all pres5t to make a syn!sis1 or1 z "o sometimes says1 to put two & two toge!r4 ,pla9ly1 :atev] ab/ract ideas are "h us$1 x is n ^! :i* con/itute ! ma9 "w ( a reasonable be+ :o views ! situation 9 :i* ! nobleman is plac$ by ! :ole s5se ( ! conv]sation4 ,reason "h discov]s a novel fact :i* #if nei!r ! prie/ nor ! nobleman _h /at$4 ,?is discov]y is z mu* an exp]i5ce z if x 7 ! obs]vation ( an actual kill+ ( "o man by ano!r4 ,only x is ! discov]y ( ! relations involv$ 9 a syn!sis ( mean+s4 ,?is discov]y is at once empirical 7yes1 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w intuitive71 & x is a discov]y ( a necess>y connection4 ,x is n due to m]e analysis4 ,x is n a bit ( b>r5 intellectualism4 ,x is n an unpractical comm5t4 ,x is a discov]y t might wreck ! nobleman's reputation1 & t might m or less indirectly lead to 8 ultimate conviction ^u a capital *>ge4 ,n[1 t is an example1 trivial en\gh if view$ z a m]e anecdote1 b a typical example1 ( ! syn!tic & con/ructive use ( reason z a s\rce ( insight4 ,let me turn to ano!r also at fir/ sight seem+ly trivial case4 ,an ,engli% logician1 ,de ,morgan1 long ago call$ att5tion to a =m ( reason+ :i*1 up to 8 "t1 ! logicians _h unduly neglect$4 ,if y assume t a horse is an animal1 y c reasonably conclude t ! own] ( a horse is ! own] ( an animal2 t :oev] loves a horse loves an animal1 & s on indef9itely4 ,9 brief1 z y at once see1 f ! "o ass]tion1 ,a horse is an animal1 !re rationally foll[ a limitless numb] ( possible inf]5ces ( ! =m3 ,:atev] is 9 any relation ,r to a horse is 9 t same relation ,r to an animal4 ,n[ y may inde$ at fir/1 z ,i j said1 #ig imag9e su* reason+s to be comp>atively trivial4 ,:e!r !y prove to be s1 h[ev]1 dep5ds :olly ^u ! objects 9 "q1 ^u our own int]e/s 9 ^! objects1 & ^u circum/ances4 ,!y might be va/ly important4 ,f ! ass]tion1 ,mr4 ,taft is ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re foll[s1 by ?is sort ( reason+1 ! ass]tion1 ,:oev] is a p]sonal fri5d ( ,mr4 ,taft is a p]sonal fri5d ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& su* a conclusion "s p might be v glad to h y draw4 ,s1 too1 :oev] is a memb] ( ,mr4 ,taft's family1 or h\sehold1 or club1 or ( ! univ]sity ^: degrees he holds1 or :oev] is a fell[-t[nsman1 or fell[-c\ntryman1 or p>tisan1 or oppon5t1 or enemy ( ,mr4 ,taft1 :oev] agrees ) :at he says 9 8 spee*es1 :oev] plays golf ) him1 or :oev] hopes or fe>s = 8 re-election1 /&s 9 j t relation1 :atev] x may be1 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& h[ important su* rational inf]5ces might appe> = ! compreh5sion ( somebody's actual situation & prospects & acts dep5ds ^u ! p]sons & ! int]e/s t may be 9 "q4 ,to "s p j su* inf]5ces1 at "o mom5t or ano!r1 w n seem trivial1 w be wor? mak+1 & w be any?+ b feats ( b>r5 intellectualism4 ,t !y are easy inf]5ces to make is beside ! m>k4 ,i h no "t to ask y "h to /udy ) me ! h>d] inf]5ces ^u topics t d n conc]n our ma9 purpose4 ,:at ,i #ih ne$1 h[ev]1 is to illu/rate to y t su* reason+ processes g beyond m]e analysis1 & d involve a rational & articulate intuition ( a novel aspect ( exp]i5ce4 ,= ,i defy y to f9d by any m]e analysis ( ! ass]tion1 ,mr4 ,taft is ,presid5t1 ! innum]able ass]tions ab\t fri5ds1 ab\t family1 ab\t spee*es1 & policies1 & s on1 :i* z a fact rationally foll[1 9 ! indicat$ way1 f t fir/ ass]tion4 ,y f9d ^! new results by tak+ a broad] view ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 ,i ne$ to h y see is t ! reason :i*1 ev5 9 its lighte/ de$s1 c accompli% su* syn!ses1 & :i* c lead to su* ord]$ intuitions1 & c be ! endless s\rce ( su* novelties1 is n m]ely ! reason ( ^: p[]s z a s\rce ( insight ,james gives s disc\rag+ a picture4 ,hav+ ?us b>ely illu/rat$ ! !sis t reason c be bo? productive ( new insight & con/ructively syn!tic 9 its grasp ( wid] ranges ( exp]i5ce ?an we c\ld obs]ve )\t x1 let me add t1 9 ! exact sci5ces1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ma!matics1 ! reason+ process1 us+ j su* =ms ( syn!sis z ,i h n[ illu/rat$1 is con/antly lead+ inve/igators to ! mo/ v>i$ & novel discov]ies4 ,^! discov]ies are n due to m]e analysis4 ,!y are reports ( facts & ! results ( syn!tic con/ruction4 ,z ,mr4 ,*>les ,peirce loves to po9t out1 ! new discov]ies made 9 ma!matics1 & by purely rational processes1 #ii are s num]\s t = ea* ye> a volume ( _m hundr$s ( closely pr9t$ pages is ne$$ to give1 ) /rictly te*nical brevity1 ev5 ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! cont5ts ( ! pap]s conta9+ ! novel results ( t "o ye>'s rese>*es4 ,9 _! union ) o!r sci5ces1 ! ma!matical rese>*es con/antly lead to /ill va/] ranges ( novel discov]y4 ,reason1 !n1 is n m]ely b>r51 is n ma9ly conc]n$ ) unproductive analysis1 b does enri* our survey ( exp]i5ce1 ( its unity & ( its mean+4 ,p]haps "s ( y may /ill object t1 if ,i def9e reason 9 ! t]ms sugge/$ by ^! in/ances1 !re seems to be dang] ( mak+ ! ^w reason mean simply ! same z ! ^w insight4 ,= insight1 z ,i def9$ x 9 my op5+ lecture1 means a coh]5t view ( _m facts 9 "s sort ( unity4 ,& 9 ?is case1 z y may n[ say1 :y use two words at all8 ,i reply t1 9 fact1 all true insight is1 to my m9d1 rational insight1 ^u "o or ano!r level ( ! developm5t ( our p[] to become rational be+s4 ,b y w rememb] t insight1 z ,i def9$ x1 also means k :i* is intimate & manifold1 z well z k :i* views facts & relations 9 _! unity4 ,! words intuition & exp]i5ce are (t5 us$ to lay /ress ^u t aspect ( our insight :i* ei!r makes x intimate or else br+s x into t\* ) _m & v>i\s facts4 ,& su* usage is conv5i5t4 ,! ^w reason1 z ,i h j #ajj exemplifi$ its m syn!tic mean+1 calls our att5tion precisely to t aspect ( our bett] insight :i* is involv$ 9 our p[] to grasp _m facts 9 _! unity1 to see ! coh]5ce1 ! int]-relation%ip1 ! totality ( a set ( exp]i5ces4 ,n[ :5 insight rea*es high] levels1 ^! v>i\s aspects ( our k are nev] sund]$4 ,b z we gr[ t[>d high] insight1 we "k 9 "p & prophesy 9 "p & are *ild-l 9 s f> z t :i* is p]fect has n yet come4 ,9 ^!1 our imp]fect /ages ( gr[?1 sometimes our k possesses intimacy1 b /ill has to rema9 cont5t1 = ! mom5t1 ) a m in>ticulate grasp ( deep] mean+s4 ,9 su* cases ,james's sort ( intuition1 or :at is (t5 call$ bl9d fai?1 is ma9ly 9 "q4 ,& ?is is inde$ a /age on ! way to insight4 ,we feel unities b d n see !m4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z 9 mu* ( our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ! /ate ( our m9ds is diff]5t2 our k revels 91 or else cont5ds )1 ! endless v>iety & multiplicity ( ! facts ( life1 & lacks a grasp ( _! unity4 ,9 t case our insight is (t5 call$ m]ely empirical4 ,we h exp]i5ce2 & s f> our k prosp]s4 ,b we nei!r feel vaguely nor see cle>ly ! total s5se ( ?+s4 ,& 9 su* cases our sight is too busy to give u "t = high] insight4 ,z ! ,g]mans say1 we d n see ! wood because ( ! trees4 ,9 a ?ird /age ( p>tial insight we may /& #aja :]e1 = in/ance1 ! ma/]s ( ! exact sci5ces /&4 ,we !n grasp1 ) cle>ness1 l>g] unities ( controllable exp]i5ce4 ,we create objects1 z ! ma!maticians create1 9 an ideal _w ( our own contemplation2 & we !n come to see t ^! ideal creations ( ours d1 inde$1 reveal ! et]nal tru? reg>d+ a _w ( seem+ly imp]sonal or sup]p]sonal reality4 ,we le>n ( ?is reality ?r\gh ! coh]5t syn!sis ( our ideal con/ructions4 ,our intuition is 9 ?is case at once empirical1 articulate1 & su* z to survey ! broad l&scape ( ! g5u9e relations ( ?+s4 ,b alas6 9 mo/ su* cases our objects1 al?\gh !y are inde$ pres5t$ to our rational intuition1 are (t5 ab/ract en\gh 9 _! seem+4 ,!y are objects su* z numb]s1 & s]ies1 & ord]$ arrays ( highly ideal entities4 ,9 su* cases ! reason does its typical "w2 b (t5 ! objects ( our insight fail to meet ! m int5se ne$s ( life4 ,?us1 !n1 in>ticulate intuitions1 ord9>y or sometimes m sci5tific obs]vations ( ! details ( life1 & ma!matical reason+s conc]n+ ! unity & ! connections ( highly ideal objects su* z numb]s1 come to /& 9 our exp]i5ce z m or less %>ply sund]$ grades ( imp]fect insight4 ,?us we naturally come to view ! typical a*ievem5ts ( our reason z a ?+ ap>t1 & ! rational or exact sci5ces z remote bo? f ! intuitive fai? ( ! little ones & f #ajb ! weal?y exp]i5ce ( ! m5 ( common-s5se & ( ! m5 ( natural sci5ce4 ,z a fact1 all ^! /ages ( insight are h9ts ( :at ! ,supreme ,c\rt meant :5 x appeal$ to ! rule ( reason4 ,true insight1 if fulfill$1 w\ld be empirical1 = x w\ld face facts2 intuitive1 = x w\ld survey !m & grasp !m1 & be intimate ) !m2 rational1 = x w\ld view !m 9 _! unity4 ,,iv ,our l5g?y ef=t to def9e ! "w & ! place ( ! reason has br\ght u to ! ?re%old ( an appreciation ( its relation to ! religi\s insight :i* we are seek+4 ,9 look+ = salvation1 we discov] t our task is def9$ = u by ^? aspects ( individual & social exp]i5ce ^u :i* our two previ\s lectures h dwelt4 ,we h le>n$ f ! /udy ( ^! two sorts ( exp]i5ce t1 :atev] else we ne$ = our salvation1 "o ( our ne$s is to come into t\* ) a life t 9 its unity1 9 its mean+1 9 its p]fection1 is va/ly sup]ior to our pres5t human type ( life4 ,& s ! "q has pres5t$ itself3 ,h we any evid5ce t su* a sup]human type ( life is a real fact 9 ! _w8 ,! my/ics1 & _m ( ! fai?ful1 answ] ?is "q by say+3 ,yes4 ,we h su* evid5ce4 ,x is ! assurance t we get ?r\gh intuition1 ?r\gh feel+1 ?r\gh ! light reveal$ to u #ajc 9 c]ta9 mom5ts :5 ?\ght ceases1 & ! pr\d intellect is dumb1 & :5 ! div9e speaks q directly to ! passive & humbl$ s\l4 ,n[ :5 we calmly consid] ! evid5ce ( su* mom5ts ( in>ticulate conviction1 !y /rongly impress ^u u :at we h call$ ! religi\s p>adox4 ,fai?1 & ! passive & my/]i\s intuitions ( ! dev\t1 seem to dep5d on fir/ admitt+ t we are naturally bl9d & helpless & ignorant1 & wor?less to "k1 ( ourselves1 any sav+ tru?2 & ^u nev]!less insi/+ t we are q capable ( "o v l(ty type ( k--t we are capable1 namely1 ( kn[+ ,god's voice :5 we he> x1 ( di/+ui%+ a div9e revelation f all o!r reports1 ( be+ sure1 despite all our wor?less ignorance1 t ! div9e high] life :i* seems to speak to u 9 our mom5ts ( intuition is :at x decl>es itself to be4 ,if1 !n1 !re is a pride ( intellect1 does !re n seem to be an equal pride ( fai?1 an equal pret5ti\sness involv$ 9 und]tak+ to judge t c]ta9 ( our lea/ articulate intuitions are infallible8 ,surely "h is a g5u9e problem1 & x is a problem = ! reason4 ,we "k t m5 diff] 9 fai?4 ,we "k t "o man's intuition reg>d+ ! way ( salvation may seem to ano!r man to be a m]e delusion1 a deceitful dream4 ,we "k1 f ! reports ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 t at times ev5 ! sa9ts ( greate/ r5[n h d\bt$ :e!r "s ( _! mo/ p]suasive visions ( ! #ajd div9e 7 n1 aft] all1 due to ! cunn+ deceit ( an enemy ( s\ls :om !y m or less sup]/iti\sly fe>$4 ,we "k t to common-s5se1 despite its int]e/ 9 salvation1 ! reports ( ! my/ics & ( ! fai?ful h (t5 appe>$ to be b ! tale ( private & va9 imag9+s4 ,x is fair to ask :at are ! crit]ia :]eby ! true spiritual gifts1 ! g5u9e revelations1 are to be di/+ui%$4 ,& ?is1 ,i insi/1 is a "q = ! reason1 = t aspect ( our nature :i* has to d ) =m+ e/imates ( :oles r ?an ( fragm5ts--e/imates ( life 9 its entirety r ?an ( ?is or t feel+ or mom5t ( ec/asy 9 its isolation4 ,if1 h]eupon1 )\t = ! mom5t attempt+ to discuss h[ o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 ,james himself1 deal ) ! problem ( ! reasonable e/imate ( ! value ( our religi\s intuitions1 ,i sket* = y my own op9ion z to h[ reason does ?r[ light ^u ! religi\s p>adox1 ,i mu/ aga9 emphasise a matt] t ,i m5tion$ 9 my op5+ lecture & t is mu* neglect$4 ,religi\s fai? does1 inde$1 involve a seem+ly p>adoxical attempt to transc5d ! admitt$ ignorance ( ! ne$y human be+1 to admit t ( himself ?is be+ kn[s almo/ no?+ ab\t ! way ( salvation1 & nev]!less to insi/ t he is able to recognise 8 ,deliv]]'s voice z ! voice ( a real ma/] ( life :5 he he>s t voice1 or--ap>t f metaphor--t he is able to be sure :at revelation ( a div9e life1 n #aje 8 own1 is ! true "o :5 he happ5s to get x4 ,b religion is n alone 9 ?is p>adoxical pride ( humility4 ,sci5ce & common-s5se alike involve a simil> admission ( ! dep?s ( our human fallibility & ignorance1 on ! "o h&1 & an analog\s assurance t1 despite ?is our fragm5t>9ess ( exp]i5ce1 despite our liability to be deceiv$1 we nev]!less c recognise tru? :5 exp]i5ce once has n :olly v]ifi$ x1 b has suffici5tly help$ u to get x4 ,=1 z individuals1 we are con/antly confid5t beyond :at our pres5t exp]i5ce1 tak5 by itself1 cle>ly reveals to u4 ,we1 = in/ance1 tru/ our individual memory 9 ! s+le case1 :ile admitt+ its p]vasive fallibility 9 g5]al4 ,we p]si/5tly view ourselves z 9 reasonably close t\* ) ! g5]al & common results ( human exp]i5ce1 ev5 at ! mom5t :5 we h to admit h[ little we "k ab\t ! m9d or ! exp]i5ce ( any "o fell[-man1 ev5 our ne>e/ fri5d4 ,we say t "s ( our op9ions1 = in/ance1 are w>rant$ by ! common-s5se ( mank9d4 ,t is1 we pret5d once = all to "k a good deal ab\t :at ! common exp]i5ce ( mank9d is4 ,& yet1 if we look clos]1 we see t we d n directly see or exp]i5ce ! g5u9e inn] life ( any "o ( mank9d except ! private self :i* ea* "o ( u reg>ds z 8 own1 :ile1 if we /ill fur!r consid] ! matt]1 we c readily obs]ve h[ little ea* "o ( u really kn[s ev5 ab\t himself4 ,:5 #ajf we appeal !n to :at we call common-s5se1 we pret5d to "k :at x is t1 z we say1 ! m9d ( mank9d f9ds to be true4 ,b if we are ask$ to e/imate ! real /ate ( m9d ( any individual man1 h[ my/]i\s t /ate is6 ,9 brief1 ! p>adox ( feel+ confid5ce 9 our own judgm5t1 ev5 :ile reg>d+ all human op9ion z pr(\ndly fallible1 is n m]ely a religi\s p>adox1 b also p]vades our :ole social & p]sonal & ev5 our sci5tific types ( op9ion4 ,n to h :at is call$ a reasonable confid5ce 9 our own individual op9ions is ! m>k ( a weakl+4 ,b usually1 if our p]sonal op9ions relate to important matt]s1 !y br+ u into m or less s]i\s conflict ) at lea/ "s ( ! op9ions ( o!r m54 ,conflict is "o m>k t y\r op9ions are wor? hav+4 ,:5 ! conflict arises1 we are usually l$ to consid] h[ fallible o!r m5 are4 ,!y are fallible1 we say1 because !y are human4 ,h[ little any poor man kn[s6 ,yes1 b if ?is pr9ciple holds true1 h[ d\btful are my own op9ions6 ,yet if ,i fill my m9d ) t reflection1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r reasonable consid]ations1 ,i condemn myself n to m]e fallibility1 b to c]ta9 failure4 ,! p>adox is univ]sal4 ,x p]vades all =ms & activities ( human inquiry4 ,t is ! fir/ syn!tic obs]vation ( ! reason1 :5 x surveys ! field ( human op9ion4 ,ev]y:]e we live by und]tak+ to transc5d 9 op9ion :at ! #ajg evid5ce be=e u1 at any "o mom5t1 directly & infallibly w>rants4 ,b is x rational to d ?is8 ,& if s1 :y is x rational8 ,! answ] is t :ile !re is mu* irrational presumption & ov]confid5ce 9 our human _w1 !re is also a p]fectly rational pr9ciple :i* w>rants c]ta9 =ms & me?ods ( ?us transc5d+ 9 our op9ions ! imm$iately pres5t$ evid5ce ( ! mom5t :5 we judge4 ,?is pr9ciple is z univ]sal z x is g5]ally neglect$4 ,rightly und]/ood1 x simply trans=ms = y y\r :ole view ( ! real univ]se 9 :i* y live4 ,an op9ion ( y\rs may be true or false4 ,b :5 y =m an op9ion1 :at are y try+ to d8 ,y are try+ to anticipate1 9 "s fa%ion1 :at a wid] view1 a l>g] exp]i5ce ( y\r pres5t situation1 a full] insight into y\r pres5t ideas1 & into :at !y mean1 w\ld %[ y1 if y n[ _h t wid] view & l>g] exp]i5ce4 ,su* an ef=t to anticipate :at ! wid] view w\ld ev5 n[ %[1 if y 7 possess$ ( t view1 involves bo? :at are usually call$ !oretical int]e/s & :at pragmati/s1 su* z ,james himself1 h (t5 *>act]is$ z practical int]e/s4 ,"o c express ! matt] by say+1 t y are try+1 ?r\gh y\r op9ions1 to pr$ict :at a l>g] insight1 if x 7 pres5t to y1 w\ld %[ or w\ld f9d1 t is1 w\ld exp]i5ce4 ,y c also say t y are try+ to def9e :at #ajh a full] appreh5sion & a fair] e/imate ( y\r pres5t purposes1 & int5tions1 & int]e/s1 & de$s1 & ( _! outcome1 & ( _! place 9 life1 w\ld br+ be=e y\r vision4 ,9 brief 7:e!r y lay m /ress ^u de$s & _! outcome1 or ^u exp]i5ces & _! cont5ts71 any expression ( op9ion1 made at any "t1 is an appeal ( ! self ( ! mom5t to ! v]dict1 to ! e/imate1 to ! exp]i5ce ( a l>g] & bett] in=m$ insight1 9 ! light ( :i* ! self ( ! mom5t proposes to be judg$4 ,! special crit]ia by :i* y\r mom5t>y op9ion is te/$1 at ! "t :5 y =m t op9ion1 v>y endlessly ) y\r mood & y\r tra9+ & y\r feel+s1 & ) ! topics & tasks 9 :i* y happ5 to be int]e/$4 ,b ! univ]sal =m 9 :i* any op9ion comes to y\r consci\sness1 & gets its def9ition = y\r own m9d1 is ?is =m ( an appeal to an insight t is sup]ior 9 grasp1 9 unity1 9 coh]5ce1 9 reasonabl5ess to y\r mom5t>y insight4 ,n[ y c inde$ say3 ,:5 ,i =m & express an op9ion1 ,i appeal f my pres5t exp]i5ces to "s wid] insight t ,i view z if x 7 possible4 ,my op9ion ass]ts t if ,i 7 p]mitt$ to see :at ,i j n[ d n directly exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld f9d ! facts to be s & s4 ,b no su* acc\nt ( ! matt] is q complete4 ,ev]y?+ t y reg>d z possible has to be conceiv$ z someh[ bas$ ^u :at y reg>d #aji z actual4 ,& s1 9 fact1 y\r op9ions are always appeals to "s =m ( wid] or l>g] or deep] or ri*] insight t1 9 ! act ( appeal+ to x1 y reg>d z a pres5t or z a pa/ or z a future reality--9 brief1 z a live & p]fectly concrete insight to ^: v]dict y appeal4 ,philosoph]s (t5 express ?is by say+ t all op9ions are no?+ b ef=ts to =mulate ! real cont5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is view ,i accept4 ,s !n1 z ,i insi/1 :atev] y\r op9ions1 y\r expression ( !m is an appeal to "s wid] insight t y reg>d z real1 & t y view z a live insight :i* compreh5ds y\r ideas1 & :i* sees h[ !y are relat$ to g5u9e exp]i5ce4 ,?is1 ,i affirm1 is ! univ]sal =m :i* all op9ion takes4 ,a true op9ion is true1 because 9 fact x expresses :at ! wid] insight confirms4 ,a false op9ion is false1 because x is refut$ by ! light ( ?is same wid] view4 ,ap>t f su* a confirmation or refutation 9 ! light ( su* a l>g] view1 ! v concepts ( tru? & error1 z appli$ to op9ions :i* are n :olly confirm$ or set aside by ! in/antane\s evid5ce ( ! mom5t :5 ! op9ions are =m$ or utt]$1 h no mean+4 ,true is ! judgm5t t is confirm$ by ! l>g] view to :i* x appeals4 ,false is ! ass]tion t is n ?us confirm$4 ,^u su* a conception ! v ideas ( tru? & error dep5d4 ,)\t su* a conception tru? & error h no s5se4 ,if su* a conception is n itself #aaj a true view ( our situation1 t is1 if !re is no wid] insight1 our op9ions h nei!r tru? nor error1 & are all ( !m alike m]ely mean+less4 ,:5 y are ignorant1 y are ignorant ( :at ! wid] view makes cle> to its own insight4 ,if y blund] or are delud$1 y\r blund] is due to a defective appreh5sion :i* ! wid] view confirms4 ,& ?us1 :e!r y are ignorant or blund]+1 wise or fooli%1 :e!r ! tru? or ! falsity ( y\r pres5t op9ion is suppos$ to be actual1 "o actuality is equally & rationally presuppos$1 z ! actuality to :i* all y\r op9ions ref]1 & 9 ! light ( :i* !y possess s5se4 ,?is is ! actuality ( "s wid] insight ) ref]5ce to :i* y\r own op9ion gets its tru? or its falsity4 ,to ?is wid] insight1 to ?is always presuppos$ vision ( exp]i5ce z x is1 ( ! facts z !y are1 y are always appeal+4 ,y\r e act ( ass]tion displays ! g5u95ess ( ! appeal & exemplifies ! absolute rational necessity ( ass]t+ t ! appeal is made to an insight t is itself real4 ,frequ5tly y d1 inde$1 call ?is insight m]ely ! common-s5se ( mank9d4 ,b1 /range to say1 ?is common-s5se ( mank9d is always & inevitably conceiv$ by y 9 t]ms t di/+ui% x f ! fleet+ mom5t>y views ( any or ( all m]ely individual m54 ,m5--if ,i may judge !m by my own case1 & by :at ,i he> o!r #aaa m5 confess--m51 :5 tak5 m]ely z individuals1 always live f mom5t to mom5t 9 a flick]+ way1 normally confid5t1 inde$1 b cle>ly see+ at any "o in/ant v little at a "t4 ,!y are n>r[ 9 ! span ( ! m direct insight4 ,!y grasp data bit by bit1 & compreh5d1 9 _! in/antane\s fla%es ( insight1 only little scraps & t9y bundles ( ideas4 ,i :o n[ speak to y _c hold cle>ly & mom5t>ily be=e my m9d at once ev5 all ( ! mean+ t ,i try to express 9 two or ?ree ( my successive s5t5ces4 ,i live look+ be=e & aft]1 & p9+ = :at is n1 & grasp+ aft] unity2 & ,i f9d ea* mom5t crumbl+ z x flies2 & ea* ?\ght & ea* s5t5ce ( my disc\rse drops into mom5t>y =getfulness s soon z ,i h c>efully built up its pass+ /ructure4 ,9 our life all ?us fl[s4 ,we fly f "o fla% ( insight to ano!r4 ,b nev]!less our op9ions1 s we say1 reflect sometimes ! common-s5se ( mank9d4 ,!y con=m to ! v]dict ( humanity4 ,b :o among/ u ev] goes beyond ?us confid5tly hold+ t he reflects ! common-s5se ( mank9d8 ,:o among/ u p]sonally & individually exp]i5ces1 at any mom5t1 ! confirmation said to be giv5 by ! v]dict ( humanity8 ,! v]dict ( humanity8 ,:at man ev] f9ds imm$iately pres5t$ to 8 own p]sonal insight t totality ( data ^u :i* ?is v]dict is said to dep5d8 #aab ,! common-s5se ( mank9d8 ,:at mortal man is !re :o ev] f9ds incorporat$ 9 8 flick]+1 fleet+1 crumbl+1 n>r[ mom5ts ( p]sonal exp]i5ce ! calm & secure insight :i* ?is common-s5se ( mank9d1 or ( enlight5$ mank9d1 is said to possess8 ,no1 ! common-s5se ( mank9d is1 = u all1 a sort ( sup]-individual insight1 to :i* we appeal )\t ourselves fully possess+ x4 ,?is common-s5se ( mank9d is j ! s5se :i* no man ( u all ev] individually possesses4 ,= u all x is1 inde$1 some?+ sup]human4 ,we sp5d "p ( our busy little lives 9 some:at pret5ti\sly und]tak+ to report its dicta4 ,b x is simply "o ( ! c\ntless =ms 9 :i* we conceive ! wid] insight to be incorporat$4 ,! true rational w>rant = ?is confid5ce ( ours lies 9 ! fact t :atev] else is real1 "s =m ( su* a wid] insight1 "s ess5tially sup]-individual & sup]human insight is real4 ,= unless x is real our op9ions1 includ+ any op9ion t we may h t d\bts or que/ions or d5ies its reality1 are all equally mean+less4 ,?us ev5 :5 we appeal to common-s5se we really appeal to a g5u9e b sup]-human insight4 ,let u n "h sp5d "t1 h[ev]1 ^u analys+ ?is or t special =m 9 :i* we are accu/om$1 = "o special purpose or ano!r1 to conceive ! wid] insight4 ,:at is cle> is t we con/antly1 & 9 e op9ion1 9 e confession ( #aac ignorance appeal to su* an insight4 ,t su* an insight is real1 mu/ be presuppos$ ev5 9 ord] to ass]t t our pres5t op9ions are errors4 ,:at int]e/s u mo/ at ?is po9t is1 h[ev]1 ?is1 t :atev] else ! :ole real univ]se is1 ! real univ]se exi/s only 9 case x is ! object1 & ! v be+1 ( su* an insight1 ( su* an inclusive exp]i5ce1 ( su* a view ( :at is4 ,=1 :5 y hold any op9ions :atev] ab\t ! real _w1 or ab\t any ( its cont5ts1 *>act]s1 or values1 y\r op9ions are ei!r true or false1 & are true or false by virtue ( _! actual con=mity to ! live insight :i* exp]i5ces :at makes !m true or false1 & :i* !re=e ipso facto exp]i5ces :at ! real _w is4 ,if !re is no su* _w-possess+ insight1 !n1 once m1 y\r op9ions ab\t ! _w are nei!r true nor false4 ,or1 o!rwise /at$1 if !re is no su* inclusive insight !re is no _w4 ,to ! real _w1 !n1 ?is insight :i* compreh5ds ! _w1 & :i* kn[s :atev] is true to be true1 & :atev] is false ab\t ! _w to be false--to ! real _w ?is insight1 ,i say1 belongs4 ,& ! :ole _w belongs to x & is its object & ess5ce4 ,:atev] is real is real = t insight1 & is 9 its exp]i5ce1 & exi/s z its possession1 & z its well-kn[n & well-compreh5d$ cont5t1 & z its image & expression & mean+4 ,all ?is ,i say1 z y may note1 n because ,i hold 9 high e/eem any ( our private human #aad op9ions1 b only because1 except 9 ! light ( su* an all-see+ compreh5sion ( facts z !y are1 our individual op9ions ab\t ! _w _c ev5 be false4 ,= op9ion1 9 all its fleet+ bl9dness & 9 its human *aos ( caprices1 is ceaselessly an appeal to ! judge1 to ! se]1 to ! /&>d exp]i5ce1 to ! kn[] ( facts z !y are1 to ! wid] view1 to ! decisive insight4 ,& op9ions ab\t reality 9 its :ol5ess1 ab\t ! _w1 ab\t ! all1 are appeals to ! all-judg+ insight1 to ! all-see+ view1 to ! k & exp]i5ce t grasps ! totality ( facts1 to ! wide/ outlook1 to ! deepe/ insight1 to ! absolute rational decision4 ,if ?is be s1 !n an op9ion to ! effect t !re exi/s no su* wide/ & deepe/ insight1 & no su* f9al view1 is itself j su* an appeal to ! f9al insight1 simply because x is an op9ion ab\t reality4 ,to ass]t !n t !re is no l>ge/ view1 no f9al insight1 no exp]i5ce t is absolute1 is to ass]t t ! l>ge/ view obs]ves t !re is no l>ge/ view1 t ! f9al insight sees t !re is no su* insight1 t ! ultimate exp]i5ce is aw>e t !re is no ultimate exp]i5ce4 ,& su* an ass]tion is inde$ a self-contradiction4 ,?is1 ,i ass]t1 is ! only rational way ( /at+ ! nature ( op9ion1 ( tru? or error1 & consequ5tly ( reality4 ,?is is ! syn!sis :i* reason inevitably accompli%es :5ev] x rightly views ! nature & ! implications ( ev5 our mo/ flick]+ & errone\s & unc]ta9 #aae op9ions4 ,we c err ab\t :at y w4 ,b if we err1 we simply come %ort ( ! insight to :i* we are aim+ to con=m1 & 9 ! light ( :i* our ideas get absolutely all ( _! mean+4 ,9 e error1 9 e blund]1 9 all our d>kness1 9 all our ignorance1 we are /ill 9 t\* ) ! et]nal insight4 ,we are always seek+ to "k ev5 z we are kn[n4 ,i h s\ght 9 ?is sket* to v9dicate ! g5]al rights ( rational insight z aga9/ m]e mom5t>y or fragm5t>y intuition4 ,i h also tri$ to %[ y :at syn!sis ( reason gives u a g5u9ely religi\s insight4 ,my fir/ p5it5t1 said ! prie/ ( our /ory1 0 a murd]]4 ,& ,i1 said ! nobleman1 0 ?is prie/'s fir/ p5it5t4 ,i am ignorant ( ! va/ & my/]i\s real _w--?us says our s5se ( human fallibility & weakness :5 we are fir/ awak5$ to our ne$ ( rational guidance4 ,! say+ is true4 ,! my/]y is appall+4 ,i am ignorant ( ! real _w4 ,yes2 b reason1 reflect+ ^u ! nature & ! ess5tial mean+ ( op9ion1 ( tru?1 ( error1 & ( ignorance1 po9ts out to u ?is !sis3 ,t ( :i* ,i am ignorant is t ab\t :i* ,i c err4 ,b error is failure to con=m my mom5t>y op9ion to ! v insight :i* ,i mean & to :i* ,i am all ! :ile appeal+4 ,error is failure to con=m to ! inclusive insight :i* #aaf ov]>*es my errors ) ! heav5 ( its rational cle>ness4 ,error is failure to grasp ! v light :i* %9es 9 my d>kness1 ev5 :ile my d>kness compreh5ds x n4 ,t ( :i* ,i am ignorant is !n ess5tially ! object ( a sup]-human & div9e insight4 ,i am ignorant ( ! _w4 ,to be ignorant is to fail to grasp ! object ( ! all-inclusive & div9e insight4 ,t is ! expression ( our situation4 ,reason easily makes ! fitt+ syn!sis :5 x consid]s ! prie/ & ! nobleman4 ,i ask y to make ! analog\s syn!sis reg>d+ ! _w & ! div9e insight4 ,?is syn!sis "h takes =m 9 conclud+ t ! _w is ! object ( an all-inclusive & div9e insight1 :i* is ?us ! supreme reality4 ,i h b sket*$ = y ! contribution ( reason to our que/4 ,?is contribution w seem to _m ( y too ab/ract & too contemplative to meet vital religi\s ne$s4 ,9 fact1 :at ,i h said w mean little to y unless y come to see h[ x c be translat$ into an adequate expression 9 our active life4 ,to ?is task ( su* a fur!r int]pretation ( ! mission ( ! reason z a guide ( life my next lecture %all be devot$4 #aag ,,iv ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,w #aah #aai ,,iv ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,! ,,w ,i c\ld n discuss1 9 my la/ lecture1 ! (fice ( ! reason z a s\rce ( religi\s insight )\t sket*+ = y :at insight ,i p]sonally reg>d z ! mo/ important result ( ! "r use ( reason4 ,?is sket* 0 ( c\rse1 9 my own m9d1 a "p ( an ext5d$ body ( philosophical doctr9e4 ,x does n lie )9 ! int5t ( ^! lectures to pres5t a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,i ought1 nev]!less1 to beg9 ?is lecture by say+ a few words ab\t ! relation ( my la/ discussion to c]ta9 religi\s & philosophical op9ions ( :i* y h all he>d1 & by indicat+ :y x has seem$ to me wor? :ile to call y\r att5tion to ! m]e h9t ( a philosophy ) :i* ! la/ discussion clos$4 ,hav+ ?us indicat$ ! sett+ 9 :i* ,i want y to see ! brief exposition ( a g5]al !ory :i* ,i f9d to be indisp5sable = our ma9 purpose1 ,i %all devote ! re/ ( ?is lecture to ! task ( connect+ ! insight :i* reason gives to u ) ! ma9 purpose ( our inquiry1 namely1 ) ! und]tak+ to "k ! nature & ! way ( salvation4 ,reason is ( importance 9 s #abj f> z :at x %[s u enables u to direct our w & to come into clos] t\* ) tru?s :i* are n only !oretical1 b also practical4 ,we %all !re=e discuss at "s l5g? ! relation ( our rational k to our active life1 & ! relation ( our rational w to ! _w 9 :i* we are to "w out our salvation if we c4 ,i ,! nature & ! tea*+s ( ! human reason h int]e/$ philosoph]s f v ne>ly ! beg9n+ ( philosophical inquiry4 ,:at ,i told y ab\t ! subject 9 our =m] discussion reports a decid$ly mod]n v]sion ( a v old op9ion--an op9ion :i* has be5 repeat$ly exam9$1 revis$1 assail$1 & def5d$4 ,let me say a ^w z to its hi/ory4 ,plato held t1 ?r\gh our reason1 we are able to rise beyond ! _w ( s5se & to hold communion ) a realm ( ideally significant & et]nal be+4 ,:at ,plato really meant by 8 ideal realm1 & 9 :at s5se ! _w ( :at ,plato call$ ! et]nal realities1 ! =ms or ideas1 c\ld be1 z ,plato held x to be1 a div9e _w1 9 its wor? & dignity1 lat] philosophy repeat$ly attempt$ to grasp4 ,! results ( su* philosophical ?9k+ h deeply affect$ ! hi/ory ( religion & /ill influ5ce ! religi\s int]e/ ( all ( y4 ,"o #aba v]sion ( t philosophical tradition ^: orig9 is 9 ! ?\ght ( ,plato--a late v]sion1 & also "o greatly trans=m$ by motives ( :i* ,plato _h kn[n 9 8 day no?+1 is ! famili> v]sion to :i*1 9 ! la/ lecture1 ,i 9 pass+ allud$--! prologue to our ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,y w all agree t ?is prologue attempts to /ate a religi\s insight4 ,! relation ( ?is ,new ,te/am5t view ( ! _w ( ! reason to ! doctr9e :i* /ill lat] came to be =mulat$ by ! !ologians ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,i h "h n "t to discuss4 ,x is en\gh n[ to say t an op9ion accord+ to :i* our articulate reason1 z well z ! m in>ticulate intuition ( fai?1 has "s sort ( access to ! _w ( ! ,logos1 & "s sort ( p>ticipation 9 a g5u9e appreh5sion ( ! div9e life1 has come to =m "p ( ! religion 9 :i* y all h be5 tra9$4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 x is surely "r to say t ! reason1 z ! philosoph]s h def9$ x1 has be5 an actual s\rce ( religi\s op9ion & exp]i5ce4 ,9 mod]n times1 & especially s9ce ,kant1 philosophy has be5 l$ to see ! old] doctr9es ( ! human reason1 & ( its k ( ! div9e1 f v>i\s decid$ly novel po9ts ( view4 ,! sket* ( a !ory ( ! reason z a s\rce ( insight1 :i* ,i gave1 0 influ5c$ by ,kant's fam\s tea*+ ab\t ! nature & unity ( human exp]i5ce4 ,kant /at$ ?is !ory z ! doctr9e t all our human k involves an #abb int]pretation ( ! data ( our s5ses 9 ! light ( :at he call$ ! unity ( app]ception4 ,9 less te*nical t]ms1 ,kant's mean+ is t all facts ( :i* a human exp]i5ce c obta9 k are kn[n to u z ! possible objects ( an insight :i* we conceive to be virtually "o1 z ! insight ( our own truly kn[+ ,self1 & z ! insight )\t ref]5ce to :i* no op9ion ( ours has any s5se :atev]4 ,?is "o cognitive ,self is1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! conceiv$ virtual subject or possessor ( all t we view z our exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is presuppos$ unity is ! condition ( all our k4 ,b ,kant's doctr9e1 z he /at$ x1 is 9 _m ways problematic & dissatisfy+4 ,! =m ( philosophical idealism :i* ,i myself def5d goes 9 c]ta9 respects f> beyond ,kant's position4 ,! "o exp]i5ce1 9 :i*1 accord+ to him1 we f9d a place = any fact :i* we conceive z kn[able at all1 is def9$ by ,kant z a virtual insight1 n1 s to speak1 a live & concrete consci\sness4 ,he reg>ds x also z purely human1 z a k ( appe>ances--n ( any ultimate realities4 ,! =m ( philosophical idealism :i*1 at ! la/ "t1 ,i outl9$ dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ^u simply univ]salis+1 & r5d]+ live & concrete1 ,kant's conception ( ! ,self1 ( ! unit$ exp]i5ce1 to :i* we appeal1 & 9 ! light ( :i* our op9ions get all _! s5se--all _! "* & value z true or z false op9ions4 #abc ,?is "o ,self1 ?is unity ( exp]i5ce1 to :i* we always appeal1 _c consi/5tly be view$ by u z m]ely our own individual or private self1 or z m]ely human2 & its insight _c rationally be int]pret$ m]ely z an insight into :at is app>5t1 t is into :at is n really real4 ,nor c x be view$ m]ely z some?+ virtual--a possible unity ( exp]i5ce1 to :i* we w\ld appeal if we c\ld4 ,9 my op9ion x mu/ be conceiv$ z m live & real & concrete & consci\s & g5u9e ?an are any ( our pass+ mom5ts ( fleet+ human exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ be view$ z an actual & inclusive & div9ely rational k ( all facts 9 _! unity4 ,& ! v nature ( facts1 _! v be+ z facts1 mu/ be det]m9$ by _! pres5ce z objects 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is _w-embrac+ insight4 ,?is 0 ! philosophical !ory t ,i sket*$ 9 my =m] lecture4 ,?is is my view ( :at reason tea*es4 ,n[ ?is !sis1 ?is some:at remote desc5dant ( ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! function ( reason1 ?is mod]n v]sion ( ! concept ( ! ,logos z ! light t %9e? 9 ! d>kness ( our ord9>y human exp]i5ce1 ?is revision & trans=mation ( ! ,kantian !ory ( k1 has1 by virtue ( ! long hi/ory ( ! doctr9e 9 "q1 & by virtue ( ! difficult consid]ations ^u :i*1 z a philosophical !sis1 x re/s1 a highly te*nical "*4 ,?is te*nical aspect ( ! tea*+ 9 "q =bids1 9 ^! lectures4 #abd any adequate exposition1 or criticism1 or def5ce ( its problems & ( its m]its z a basis = a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,& y w surely n f9d unnatural ! fact t a /udy ( ! function ( ! reason %\ld inde$ involve su* te*nical & complex issues4 ,i m5tion ^! issues only to say at once h[ & h[ f>1 9 ! pres5t lectures1 we are conc]n$ ) !m4 ,we are seek+ a way ( salvation4 ,& 9 ^! discussions we are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! s\rces ( insight into :at t way is4 ,i am n attempt+ to "w out1 9 y\r pres5ce1 a sy/ematic philosophy4 ,:y1 !n1 h ,i introduc$ ?is m]e sket* ( philosophical idealism into our inevitably cr[d$ programme8 ,i answ]3 ,i h done s because ,i h want$ to illu/rate ! (fice ( reason by tell+ y 9 my own way h[ ,i view ! matt]4 ,! reason is1 9 fact1 a s\rce ( religi\s insight to _m p :o d n reflect ^u its deliv]ances z philosoph]s seek to reflect1 & :o may n agree ) me 9 :at little ,i h "t to exp\nd ( my own philosophical op9ions4 ,my ef=t has be5 to tell 9 philosophical t]ms :at su* p really mean4 ,9 su* p reason v (t5 %[s itself indirectly & concretely1 by its fruits1 ?r\gh _! de$s1 ?r\gh _! purpose1 9 a ^w1 ?r\gh _! w4 ,we %all ere long see h[ ?is c be & is ! case4 ,reason is pres5t 9 su* lives & inspires !m4 ,a g5u9e relation to "s #abe _s ( all tru?1 a p]fectly s9c]e t\* ) an articulate & univ]sal insight1 a translation ( ! lesson & ! mean+ ( ! syn!tic reason into a def9ite practical po/ulate t life %all be & is an ess5tially reasonable & !re=e an ess5tially div9e ent]prise--su* ,i f9d to be ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s insight ( _m s]i\s m9ds4 ,beside ! e>ne/ devotion ( su* p to ! bus9ess :i* life assigns to !m1 ! m]e !ories ( a philosoph] may seem %ad[y en\gh4 ,& if su* p comm5t ^u :at !y he> ( my philosophy by say+ t !y d n und]/& x1 & d\bt :e!r !y agree ) x1 ,i am n on t acc\nt at all dispos$ to compla9 ( !m1 or to ass]t t reason is to !m no s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,i take pleasure1 h[ev]1 9 obs]v+ t1 9 my op9ion1 !y agree ) my doctr9e 9 ! concrete1 & express x 9 _! religi\s life f> bett] ?an ,i c express x 9 my te*nical t]ms1 h[ev] mu* ^! p may fail to grasp :at my t]ms mean or to accept my =mulations4 ,! be/ expression ( y\r reason is y\r life1 if y live z "o enlight5$ f above ought to live4 ,y are n oblig$ to accept a te*nical =mula 9 ord] to embody ! _s ( t =mula 9 y\r daily "w4 ,i "k _m m5 :o are f> m ! s]vants & m9i/]s ( ! true rational insight ?an1 9 my pres5t human life1 ,i %all ev] succe$ 9 becom+1 & :o1 nev]!less1 ei!r are impati5t ( e #abf philosophical !ory1 or1 if philosophically tra9$1 are oppos$ to me 9 my philosophy4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ne$ to express1 9 my own way1 :at is ! insight t is really at ! he>t ( ! lives ( j su* p4 ,:at ,i am fir/ int]e/$ 9 emphasis+ is ( c\rse ?is1 t1 9 my op9ion1 my int]pretation ( ! insight ( :i* reason is ! s\rce1 actually expresses "o important aspect ( ! _s 9 :i* ^? live :om ,i reg>d z ! true s]vants ( ! div9e reason4 ,b my int]e/ 9 ! matt] does n cease "h4 ,i c1 ( c\rse1 express my op9ions only 9 ! t]ms t appeal to me4 ,b :atev] y ?9k ( my =mulas1 ,i am v anxi\s to h y see t1 z ! life ( su* p conv9c+ly %[s1 reason has be51 & is1 a s\rce ( religi\s insight to !m1 & t our philosophical diff]5ces relate simply to ! way 9 :i* we =mulate our int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ?is s\rce4 ,reason has be5 su* a s\rce ( insight4 ,t is true z an hi/orical fact4 ,if y c f9d any?+ 9 ! ,platonic dialogues :i* appeals to y z involv+ an insight t has religi\s value1 y mu/ recognise ?is tru?4 ,x is a m]e matt] ( hi/ory t ,*ri/ian doctr9e z x has come d[n to u is1 9 "o aspect1 pr(\ndly affect$ by ,plato's influ5ce4 ,! my? ( ! m5 9 ! cave1 9 ! ,platonic ,republic1 ! my? 9 ,plato's ,pha$rus1 :i* tells ab\t ! bani%m5t ( ! s\l f its heav5ly life & f its int]c\rse ) ! #abg ideal _w1 & :i* int]prets all our l(ti] human loves z a long+ ( ! s\l = its div9e home l&--^! my?s are allegories :i* ,plato int5d$ to illu/rate 8 own view ( :at reason tea*es u4 ,^! my?s express 9 figurative spee* a philosophy t actually affects to-day y\r own religi\s int]e/s4 ,= in/ance1 ?is philosophy influ5ces y\r traditional conception ( ,god1 & y\r ideas ab\t ! immortal life ( ! s\l4 ,& if ! prologue ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel seems to y to conta9 any tru?1 y\r religi\s ideas are aga9 m\ld$ by a =m ( anci5t philosophy :i* dealt ) ! nature & ) ! insight ( ! reason4 ,my own sket* ( mod]n philosophy is b a re9t]pretation ( ! v tru? :i* t anci5t doctr9e attempt$ to portray4 ,hi/orically1 !n1 "s ( y\r religi\s op9ions are actually due to ! "w ( ! reason4 ,my philosophy simply tries to int]pret to y ?is "w4 ,& reason n only has be51 b n[ is1 su* a s\rce ( insight4 ,& ?is is ! case :5ev] y try to apply ! rule ( reason to any problem ( y\r life1 & h]eby ga9 a confid5ce t1 by be+ z reasonable & fair z y c1 y are le>n+ to con=m y\r life to ! view :i*1 z y suppose1 an all-wise ,god takes ( its mean+4 ,my philosophy simply tries to tell y :y y h a "r to hold t an all-wise be+ is real4 ,i am anxi\s1 ,i say1 to h su* facts ab\t ! #abh (fice ( reason recognis$1 :atev] y may ?9k ( my philosophy4 ,& ?is is my purpose :5 ,i use my philosophy m]ely to illu/rate ! (fice ( reason4 ,= indisp5sable z individual religi\s exp]i5ce is1 9 all ! caprici\sness ( its feel+s--indisp5sable also z social religi\s exp]i5ce is1 ) all its insi/5ce ^u human love & also ^u human religi\s conv5tion--! syn!tic use ( ! reason1 t is1 ! sy/ematic ef=t to see life /eadily & see x :ole1 is also indisp5sable4 ,! rec5t ef=ts to make light ( ! "w ( reason--ef=ts to :i*1 at ! la/ lecture1 ,i direct$ y\r att5tion1 w\ld t5d1 if tak5 by !mselves1 to result 9 bas+ religion ^u an in>ticulate occultism1 ^u a sort ( psy*ical rese>* t w\ld reg>d :atev] wit* may peep & mutt]1 :atev] my/ic may be unable to tell :at he means1 :atev] dumb cry ( ! s\l may rema9 /ubbornly in>ticulate1 z a m promis+ religi\s guide ?an is any =m ( s]i\s & f>-see+ devotion to ! wid] insight1 :i* ought to survey life & to light our pa?4 ,let my own appeal to philosophy1 !n1 ev5 if y d n agree ) my =mulas1 /& z my prote/ aga9/ occultism & aga9/ ! exclusive devotion to ! in>ticulate s\rces ( religi\s insight4 ,t ,i also prize ! p]fectly indisp5sable (fice ( ! m *ild-l intuitions1 :5 !y occupy _! true place1 y already "k f my fir/ two lectures4 ,we _c 9 our pres5t life #abi d )\t ^! *ild-l intuitions4 ,we _c be j to !m )\t aim+ to live beyond !m & to put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,,ii ,if my int]pretation ( ! reason ?us gets its wor? f ! fact t x attempts by a =mula simply to illu/rate ! view :i* ! s]vants ( ! div9e reason actually & practically translate into life1 & express ?r\gh _! _s & ?r\gh _! de$s1 y may h]eupon object t my view ( ! reason z a s\rce ( religi\s insight /ill seems to y to be "o :i* x is n easy to translate into life at all4 ,:at does x pr(it a man1 y w say1 to view ! :ole _w z ! object pres5t to an all-embrac+ & div9e insight8 ,h[ does su* a view give a man ! p[] to live m reasonably ?an he o!rwise w\ld live8 ,is a _w-embrac+ reason t sees all ?+s 9 _! unity really t ma/] ( life :om our simpl] religi\s intuitions call ^u u to seek z our ,deliv]] f our natural *aos ( desires8 ,i h j ass]t$ t !re are p :o devote _! lives to ! s]vice ( su* a div9e reason4 ,b if ! div9e reason is et]nal & p]fect1 & if x sees all reality z an unity1 & if ?is is its only function1 h[ c any "o s]ve x at all8 ,! et]nal ne$s no help1 y may insi/1 & app>5tly has no conc]n = u4 ,we ne$1 = our #acj salvation1 some?+1 or "s p]sonal deliv]]1 t c tea* u n m]ely to utt] true ass]tions1 b to live wor?y lives4 ,h[ does ! insight ( ! reason enlight5 u 9 ?is respect8 ,:at w\ld "o d = a div9e ,logos1 = an all-obs]vant & all-compreh5d+ se]8 ,c\ld "o love su* a be+1 or dev\tly commune ) 8 p]fect b motionless wisdom8 ,is x true !n1 z ,i h j ma9ta9$ x to be true1 t ! insight ( ! reason1 z ,i h exp\nd$ x 9 my sket* ( a philosophy1 does really inspire ! e>ne/ & devot$ s\ls ^: _s ,i h attempt$ to express8 ,:atev] !y may ?9k ( my philosophy1 h ,i be5 j to _! practical f]v\r & to _! en]getic devotion8 ,d !y m]ely say3 ,god is omnisci5t1 !re=e our life has its purpose def9$1 & we are sav$8 ,9 brief1 ! insight ( ! reason1 z ,i h be5 /at+ its dicta1 may seem to y1 at be/1 to %[ u a sort ( heav5 :i*1 z ,i said1 ov]>*es our unwisdom ) its />ry cle>ness1 b :i* z y may n[ add we c nei!r rea*1 nor use1 nor reg>d z a rational inspiration ( our active life4 ,if x is real1 x c obs]ve u1 z x obs]ves all reality4 ,b c x save u8 ,x c rise above u4 ,b c x ent] into our w & give u a plan ( life8 ,grant+ ! validity ( ! argum5t sket*$ 9 our la/ lecture1 :at has ! all-wise kn[] ( tru? to d ) our salvation8 ,^! are famili> objections to su* a view z #aca m9e4 ,james repeat$ly urg$ !m 9 8 comm5t ^u :at he reg>d$ z n m]ely ! fallibility1 b ! futility1 or1 z he said1 ! ?9ness ( ! ideali/ic int]pretation ( ! _w ( ! reason4 ,simil> objections h be5 urg$ by _m ( ! critics ( any doctr9e simil> to m9e4 ,are ^! objections j8 ,,iii ,i c answ] su* que/ions only ?r\gh a c]ta9 gradual approa* to _! complications4 ,i want to %[ y h[ ! insight ( ! reason n only po9ts out a heav5 t ov]>*es u1 b also reveals an influ5ce t c inw>dly trans=m u4 ,to ?is end ,i %all next illu/rate1 by in/ances tak5 f life1 h[ "s p actually view _! own p]sonal relations to :at !y take to be ! div9e reason4 ,i %all ?us indicate 9 :at way su* p connect ?is div9e reason ) p]sonal ne$s ( _! own :i* !y reg>d z vital4 ,!n ,i %all %[ :y ?is n only is s 9 ! lives ( "s p1 b ought to be s = all ( u4 ,z a result we %all soon f9d t1 j z our fir/ /atem5t ( ! insight ( reason1 if inde$ x is a true /atem5t1 trans=ms our view ( ! s5se 9 :i* ! _w is real1 s a deep] /udy ( ! relations ( insight to action trans=ms our fir/ crud] notion ( ! reason itself1 ( its (fice 9 life1 & ( ! tru? t x reveals4 #acb ,i beg9 ) illu/rations tak5 f life4 ,a =m] college /ud5t ( m9e1 "s ( ^: pap]s ^u 8 own religi\s exp]i5ce ,i 0 n v long ago privileg$ to read1 und]took1 9 "o ( ^! pap]s1 to expla9 h[1 at ! "t1 he view$ ! place ( pray] 9 8 own life4 ,he 0 a man capable1 ^u ! "o h&1 ( deep emotion & ( ri* inn] life1 b on ! o!r h& highly self-critical & dispos$ to d\bt4 ,aft] a some:at pl5tiful e>ly int]e/ 9 religion1 ! result ( home tra9+ & ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 he _h come1 z he /udi$ m1 & look$ ab\t 8 _w m critically1 to "p company almo/ altoge!r ) positive fai?s ab\t religi\s matt]s4 ,8 *ildhood beliefs _h dropp$ away4 ,d\bts & disbeliefs _h tak5 _! place4 ,9 op9ion1 :5 he wrote 8 pap]s = me1 he 0 ma9ly dispos$ to a pure naturalism4 ,! gods ( ! pa/ _h vani%$ f 8 life almo/ altoge!r4 ,b1 said he1 9 8 acc\nt 7,i foll[ n 8 exact words b _! g5]al s5se71 "o old religi\s ex]cise ,i h nev] q giv5 up4 ,t 0 & is pray]4 ,a good :ile ago ,i dropp$ all conv5tional =ms ( pray]4 ,i did n say my pray]s 9 ! old way4 ,& :5 ,i pray$ ,i no long] fanci$ t ! c\rse ( nature or ( my luck 0 go+ to be alt]$ = my sake1 or t my pray]s w\ld help me to avoid any consequ5ces ( my folly or my ignorance4 ,i did n pray to get anybody to mix 9 my affairs1 s z to get me ?+s #acc t ,i want$4 ,b ?is 01 & is1 my feel+ ab\t pray]3 ,:5 ?+s are too mu* = me1 & ,i am d[n on my luck1 & ev]y?+ is d>k1 ,i g alone by myself1 & ,i bury my head 9 my h&s1 & ,i ?9k h>d t ,god mu/ "k x all & w see h[ matt]s really are1 & und]/&s me1 & 9 j t way alone1 by und]/&+ me1 w help me4 ,& s ,i try to get myself toge!r4 ,& t1 = me1 is pray]4 ,i _c repeat my /ud5t's precise =m ( expression4 ,i ?9k t ,i express to y ! _s ( :at he wrote4 ,9 any case1 ?is =m ( pray] is n peculi> to t man4 ,y see 9 :at way ! ?\ght ( ! div9e wisdom became a practical ?\ght = him--a ?\ght at once rational &1 z f> z x w5t1 sav+4 ,:5 life %att]$ 8 little human plans--well1 he lift$ up 8 eyes unto ! hills4 ,he won a sort ( consci\s & reasonable union ) ! all-see+ life4 ,he did n ask its aid z a giv] ( good =tunes4 ,he wait$ pati5tly = ! light4 ,n[ ,i d n ?9k t to be an expression ( ! :ole insight ( reason2 b1 s f> z x w5t1 t sort ( pray] 0 an ess5tially religi\s act4 ,& = t y\? x 0 also a v practical act4 ,let me turn to ano!r case4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i well knew a man1 mu* old] ?an myself1 :o has long s9ce di$4 ,a highly intellig5t man1 ambiti\s = ! ?+s ( ! _s1 he 0 also beset ) "s defects ( heal? & ) _m worldly #acd c>es4 ,8 defects ( heal? made him s5sitive to ! sort ( obs]vation t 8 physical weaknesses (t5 attract$4 ,9 addition1 he _h enemies1 & once _h to endure ! long-cont9u$ trial ( a public attack ^u 8 reputation--an attack f :i* he at l5g? came =? triumphant1 b n )\t long suff]+4 ,once ,i he>d him tell+ ab\t 8 own religion1 :i* 0 ! fai? ( a highly indep5d5t m9d4 ,:at ,i mo/ value ab\t my ?\ght ( ,god1 he 9 effect said1 is t ,i conceive ,god z ! "o :o kn[s u ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & :o e/imates u n z we seem1 b z we are1 & :o is absolutely fair 9 8 judgm5t ( u4 ,my fri5d _h no conc]n = future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! judgm5t ( ,god to :i* he appeal$1 & 9 :i*1 )\t any vanity1 he delight$1 0 simply ! fair & true judgm5t1 ! div9e kn[+ ( u all j z we are4 ,n[ d y n "k p ^: religion is ( ?is sort8 ,& are n all su* =ms ( religion1 z f> z !y g1 practical8 ,is ! recognition ( an all-see+ insight1 z some?+ real1 n 9 itself calm+1 su/a9+1 rationalis+8 ,does x n at ! v lea/ awak5 9 u ! ideal :i* ,i repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 our la/ lecture1 ! ideal ( kn[+ ourselves ev5 z we are kn[n1 & ( guid+ our lives 9 ! light ( su* a view ( ourselves8 ,c su* an ideal rema9 :olly a matt] ( !ory8 ,is x n f its v ess5ce an appeal to ! w8 #ace ,0 n my eld] fri5d f9d+ a guid+ pr9ciple ( action 9 a _w :]e he 0 (t5 misund]/ood8 ,c\ld "o /eadily conceive ,god 9 ^! t]ms )\t con/antly r5ew+ "o's p[] to face ! _w ) c\rage8 ,surely y all "k _m p :o value ! div9e z !y def9e ! div9e1 ma9ly because !y conceive ,god z :at !y call ! ,great ,companion4 ,&1 = _m su*1 x is ! intimately p]fect insight ( ?is companion t !y seem to !mselves mo/ to value4 ,! ways ( ?is companion are to !m my/]i\s4 ,b he kn[s !m4 ,!y repeat ! ^w3 ,he kn[e? ! way t ,i take4 ,he sees !m4 ,he is close to !m4 ,he e/imates !m4 ,s !y view ! matt]4 ,is n su* a conception a vitally important spr+ ( action = ^? :o possess x8 ,^! illu/rations sugge/ t "o ill appreciates ! insight ( reason1 ev5 z s imp]fectly & "o-sid$ly sket*$ by me at ! la/ lecture1 :o does n see t ?is insight has an extremely close connection ) ! w4 ,,iv ,our illu/rations h n[ prep>$ ! way = a g5]al review ( ! relations betwe5 our reason & our w4 ,we are ready at l5g? to ask :e!r any insight ( reason1 :e!r any g5]al view ( ! nature & ( ! unity ( ! _w or ( life1 #acf c\ld possibly be a m]ely !oretical insight4 ,& if we rightly answ] ?is "q1 we %all be prep>$ to reply to ! objection t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! la/ lecture1 ! div9e insight :i* ov]>*es our ignorance1 & :i* has all reality = its object1 is a lifeless1 or an unpractical1 or a m]ely remote type ( pure k4 ,our attempt to deal ) ?is new "q c be/ be made by tak+ a direct advantage ( :at "s ( y may suppose to be ! mo/ =midable ( all objections to ! :ole argum5t ( ! la/ lecture4 ,9 my sket* ( a philosophy ( ! reason1 ,i h s f> delib]ately avoid$ m5tion+ :at _m ( y w h _h 9 m9d z y h li/5$ to me1 namely1 t doctr9e ab\t our k1 & ab\t tru?1 & ab\t our mode ( access to tru?1 :i* to-day goes by ! "n ( ,pragmatism4 ,"h we h to d1 once m1 ) "s ( ! fav\rite !ses ( ,james's lat] ye>s4 ,we h also to d ) a view ) :i* my pres5t audi5ce is likely to be famili>1 at lea/ s f> z conc]ns bo? ! "n pragmatism & ! be/-kn[n fundam5tal !ses ( ! pragmati/4 ,= ,i speak 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /rongholds ( ! rec5t pragmatic movem5t4 ,i c give b a comp>atively small portion ( our limit$ "t to ! task ( expla9+ to y h[ ,i view ^? aspects ( pragmatism :i* "h conc]n our ent]prise4 ,yet ?is summ>y discussion w g f>1 ,i hope1 to %[ h[ #acg ,i view ! relations betwe5 ! reason & ! w1 & 9 h[ f> our w also seems to me to be a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,t human k is conf9$ to ! range furni%$ by human exp]i5ce1 & _c be us$ to transc5d t exp]i5ce1 is an op9ion widely repres5t$ 9 all mod]n discussion1 & especially 9 ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,my own acc\nt ( ! insight :i* ,i ref] to ! reason dep5ds n ^u simply ignor+ ?is g5]al doctr9e ab\t ! limitations ( our human k1 b ^u an ef=t to get a rational view ( :at x is t we mean by human exp]i5ce4 ,my result1 z ,i h /at$ x1 may h seem$ p>adoxical2 & ,i am f> f suppos+ t my brief sket* c\ld remove ?is p>adoxical seem+1 or c\ld answ] all objections4 ,my !sis is ess5tially ?is1 t y _c rationally conceive :at human exp]i5ce is1 & means1 except by reg>d+ x z ! fragm5t ( an exp]i5ce t is inf9itely ri*] ?an ours1 & t possesses a _w-embrac+ unity & complet5ess ( con/itution4 ,my argum5t = ?is !sis has be5 dep5d5t on an ass]tion ab\t ! s5se 9 :i* any op9ion :atev] c be ei!r true or false1 & ^u a doctr9e reg>d+ t insight to :i* we appeal :5ev] we make any significant ass]tion4 ,n[ ?is argum5t w seem to "s ( y to h be5 :olly set aside by t acc\nt ( ! nature ( judgm5ts1 ( ass]tions1 & ( _! tru? or falsity1 :i* pragmatism has rec5tly #ach ma9ta9$4 ,a new def9ition ( tru?1 y w say--or1 an old def9ition reviv$ & revis$2 a new cle>ness also z to ! anci5t issues ( philosophy2 an equally novel rec5t assimilation ( philosophical me?ods to ^? t h long be5 prom95t 9 natural sci5ce--^! ?+s h comb9$1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 to r5d] ! ,platonic tradition 9 philosophy & ! labori\s d$uctions ( ,kant1 z well z ! speculations ( ! po/-,kantian ideali/s1 no long] int]e/+4 ,i ought1 y may insi/1 to h tak5 note ( ?is fact be=e pres5t+ my n[ antiquat$ v]sion ( ! ideali/ic doctr9e ( ! reason4 ,i ought to h consid]$ fairly ! pragmati/'s !ory ( tru?4 ,i %\ld !n h se5 t our human exp]i5ce may safely be left & mu/ rationally be left1 to fight its own way to salvation )\t any aid f ! idea ( an univ]sal or all-embrac+ or div9e insight4 ,h[ does pragmatism view ! v problem ab\t ! tru? & error ( our human op9ions :i* has l$ me to su* f>-rea*+ consequ5ces8 ,= ! fir/1 x is ! boa/ ( pragmati/s t !y deal1 by pref]5ce1 ) :at !y call concrete situations1 & our concrete situation z human be+s deal+ ) reality is1 z !y ma9ta91 some?+ mu* m readily compreh5sible ?an is ! ideali/ic !ory ( a div9e insight4 ,tru? & error are *>act]s t belong to our ass]tions = reasons :i* ne$ no ov]>*+ heav5ly insight to make !m cle>4 ,9 brief1 z ! #aci pragmati/s tell u1 ! /ory ( ! nature ( tru? & ( error is ?is3 ,an ass]tion1 a judgm5t1 is always an active attitude ( a man1 :]eby1 at ! mom5t :5 he makes ?is ass]tion he directs ! c\rse ( 8 fur!r activities4 ,to say ,my be/ way out ( ! woods lies 9 t direction is1 = a w&]] lo/ 9 ! =e/1 simply to po9t out a rule or plan ( action & to expect c]ta9 results f foll[+ out t plan4 ,?is illu/ration ( ! man 9 ! woods is due to ,james4 ,an analog\s pr9ciple1 accord+ to pragmatism1 holds = any ass]tion4 ,to judge is to expect "s concrete consequ5ce to foll[ f "s =m ( activity4 ,an ass]tion has mean+ only 9 s f> z x ref]s to "s object t c be def9$ 9 empirical t]ms & t c be subject$ to fur!r direct or indirect te/s1 :]eby its relations to our own activities c become det]m9ate4 ,?us1 !n1 a judgm5t1 an op9ion1 if x means any?+ concrete1 is always an appeal to m or less accessible human exp]i5ce--& is n1 z ,i h be5 ass]t+1 an appeal to an ov]>*+ high] insight4 ,:5 y make any significant ass]tion1 y appeal to :atev] concrete human obs]vations1 exp]im5ts1 or o!r f9d+s ( data1 actual or possible1 c furni% ! te/ t ! op9ion calls =4 ,if ,i ass]t3 ,x w ra9 to-morr[1 ! ass]tion is to be v]ifi$ or refut$ by ! exp]i5ce ( m5 j z !y live1 f mom5t to mom5t4 #adj ,x rema9s to def9e1 a little m precisely1 :]e9 consi/s ?is empirical v]ification or refutation = :i* a human op9ion calls4 ,an op9ion is a def9ite "o1 z has j be5 said1 because x guides ! w ( ! p]son :o holds ! op9ion to "s def9ite c\rse ( action4 ,an op9ion !n1 if s9c]e & significant1 has consequ5ces1 leads to de$s1 modifies conduct1 & is ?us ! s\rce ( ! exp]i5ces :i* "o gets z a result ( hold+ t op9ion & ( act+ ^u x4 ,9 brief1 an op9ion has :at ! pragmati/s love to call its work+s4 ,n[ :5 ! work+s ( a giv5 op9ion1 ! empirical results to :i*1 ?r\gh our actions1 x leads1 agree ) ! expectations ( ! "o :o holds ! op9ion1 ! op9ion is to be call$ true4 ,or1 9 ! n[ well-kn[n phrase1 ,an idea 7or op9ion7 is true if x works4 ,to use ! repeat$ example ( ,pr(essor ,moore1 an op9ion t a c]ta9 too?a*e is due to a condition pres5t 9 a giv5 too? is true1 :5 an op]ation p]=m$ ^u t too?1 & p]=m$ z a consequ5ce ( t op9ion1 & ) ! expectation ( cur+ ! too?a*e works z expect$4 ,= ! op]ation is itself "o ( ! work+s ( ! op9ion 9 "q4 ,to ass]t an op9ion1 !n1 is n to appeal to an ess5tially sup]ior insight1 b is to appeal to ! work+s t foll[ f ?is op9ion :5 y act ^u x 9 concrete life4 ,no o!r sort ( tru? is kn[able4 #ada ,a consequ5ce ( ^! views1 (t5 insi/$ ^u by pragmati/s1 is t tru? is relative to ! v>i\s concrete situations :i* arise2 s t absolute or f9al tru? is indef9able by u mortals4 ,h5ce an op9ion may be true = a giv5 purpose1 or 9 "o situation 7because 9 t situation its work+s prove to be z expect$71 al?\gh x is relatively false :5 appli$ to "s o!r situation1 or to "s wid] range ( exp]i5ce4 ,absolute tru? is z unobs]vable by u 9 our exp]i5ce z is absolute position or absolute motion 9 ! physical _w4 ,e tru? is def9able ) ref]5ce to somebody's int5tions1 actions1 & successes or failures4 ,^! ?+s *ange f p]son to p]son1 f "t to "t1 f plan to plan4 ,:at is true f ! po9t ( view ( my plans ne$ n be s f y\r po9t ( view4 ,! work+s ( an op9ion v>y 9 _! significance ) ! expectations ( ^? conc]n$4 ,tru? absolute is at be/ a m]e ideal1 :i* = u ?r[s no light ^u ! nature ( ! real _w4 ,?us1 at a /roke1 pragmatism1 z und]/ood by its *ief repres5tatives at ! pres5t "t1 is suppos$ to make naught ( ! subtle1 &1 z ! pragmati/s say1 airy & fanta/ic consid]ations ^u :i* my sket* ( a philosophical idealism at ! la/ lecture dep5d$4 ,tru?1 !y insi/1 is a p]fectly human & = u mortals n 9 ! lea/ a sup]natural affair4 ,we te/ x z we c1 by foll[+ ! exp]i5c$ work+s to :i* our #adb ideas lead4 ,if ^! work+s are :at we meant !m to be1 our op9ions are j 9 s f> prov5 true4 ,if no human & empirical te/s ( ! work+s ( an op9ion are accessible to u1 ! op9ion rema9s 9 s f> mean+less4 ,if concrete te/s lead to work+s t disappo9t our human expectations1 our op9ions are 9 s f> false4 ,moreov] 7& ^u ?is all ! pragmati/s lay great /ress71 tru? is = u a temporal affair4 ,x *anges1 x fl[s1 x gr[s1 x decays4 ,x c be made et]nal only by ty+ ourselves1 = a giv5 purpose1 to ab/ract ideas :i* we arbitr>ily require to rema91 l ma!matical def9itions1 un*ang$4 ,ev5 su* ideas h no s5se ap>t f ! uses to :i* !y c be put4 ,concrete tru? gr[s or dim9i%es z our successes 9 controll+ our exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh act+ ^u our beliefs1 wax or wane4 ,tru? is subject to all ! processes ( ! evolution ( our concrete lives4 ,! et]nal is no?+ t c be = u a live pres5ce4 ,:at we deal ) is1 l ourselves1 flu5t1 subject to gr[? & decay1 dynamic1 & nev] /atic4 ,! pragmati/ recoils ) a c]ta9 mixture ( horror & amusem5t f ! conception ( an all-inclusive div9e insight4 ,t1 he says1 w\ld be some?+ /atic4 ,its _w ( absolute reality w\ld be a block univ]se & itself m]ely an aspect ( a "p1 or p]haps ! :ole1 ( j ?is block4 ,its suppos$ tru? w\ld be /atic l itself1 & !re=e dead4 #adc ,b does pragmatism =bid u to h religi\s insight8 ,no2 ,james1 9 ways :i* y h repeat$ly he>d me m5tion1 insi/s t pragmatism leaves op5 ample room = :at he ?9ks to be ! be/ sort ( religion1 namely1 = a religion suit$ to :at he calls ! dramatic temp] ( m9d4 ,tru?1 s f> z we m5 c atta9 to x1 has inde$ to be human en\gh4 ,b no?+ =bids u to ent]ta9 ! belief t !re are sup]human & sup]natural realities1 =ms ( be+1 liv+ & spiritual p]sonalities1 or sup]p]sonalities1 z v>i\s & l(ty z y please1 provid$ only t !y be su* z to make :atev] evid5ce ( _! be+ is accessible to u capable ( def9ition 9 a human & empirical way4 ,! tru?1 namely1 ( our belief ab\t su* be+s1 has to be te/$ by u 9 t]ms ( our own concrete religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,su* beliefs1 l o!rs1 mu/ "w 9 ord] to be true4 ,t is1 ^! beliefs1 h[ev] !y arise1 mu/ lead to conduct2 & ! results ( ?is conduct mu/ t5d to our religi\s com=t1 to our unity ( feel+1 to our peace1 or p[]1 or sa9tl9ess1 or o!r =m ( spiritual p]fection4 ,! fruits ( ! _s are ! empirical te/s ( a religi\s doctr9e2 &1 ap>t f ^? upru%es ( fai? f ! subconsci\s :]e( we h spok5 9 previ\s lectures1 !re are = ,james no o!r te/s ( ! tru? ( religi\s convictions ?an ^!4 ,! tru? ( religion consi/s 9 its successful work+s4 ,h5ce1 h[ev]1 religion dep5ds ^u an #add ev]-r5ew$ te/+ ( its op9ions ?r\gh a c>ry+ ( !m out 9 life4 ,insight w\ld be b>r5 7 x n quick5$ & appli$ ?r\gh our w4 ,to ,james1 z we already "k1 reason1 z su*1 seems to be ( little use 9 religion4 ,b action1 resolute liv+1 te/+ ( y\r fai? ?r\gh y\r works & ?r\gh its own work+s1 ?is is religion--an endlessly re/less & dramatic process1 nev] an union ) any absolute atta9m5t ( ! goal4 ,v ,n[ 9 :at way c ,i hope1 y may ask1 to answ] ^! impressive & to _m rec5t writ]s decisive consid]ations ( ! pragmati/s8 ,my answ]1 l my =ego+ /atem5t ( my own =m ( idealism1 dep5ds ^u extremely simple consid]ations4 ,_! int]e/ = our discussion lies 9 ! fact t !y h to d ) ! relation betwe5 reason & action1 & betwe5 ! real _w & ! human w4 ,z a fact1 ! w z well z ! reason is a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,no tru? is a sav+ tru?--yes1 no tru? is a tru? at all unless x guides & directs life4 ,!re9 ,i he>tily agree ) curr5t pragmatism & ) ,james himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w is a collection ( re/less caprices unless x is unifi$ by a rational ideal4 ,& no tru? c h any work+s at all1 )\t ev5 !reby %[+ itself to be1 j 9 s f> z x actually works1 an et]nal #ade tru?4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 :at ,i h ass]t$ ab\t ! insight :i* ! reason gives u is s f> f be+ oppos$ to ! pragmati/'s facts1 t e rational consid]ation ( ! type ( tru? :i* !y def9e leads u back to ! consid]ation ( absolute tru? & to ! ass]tion ( an all-inclusive insight4 ,only1 :5 we view ?is all-inclusive insight f ! po9t ( view :i* ! pragmati/s n[ emphasise 7& :i* ,i myself h emphasis$ f a p]iod long ant$at+ ! rec5t pragmati/ movem5t71 su* a fair e/imate ( ! insight ( reason trans=ms our fir/ & sup]ficial op9ion ( its nature & ( its mean+4 ,x becomes ! insight ( a rational w1 ^: expression is ! _w1 & ^: life is t 9 :i* we too live & move & h our be+4 ,let me briefly dwell on ea* ( ! consid]ations :i* ,i "h h 9 m9d4 ,to me1 z a philosophical /ud5t1 !y are n new2 =1 z ,i repeat1 ,i insi/$ ^u !m ye>s ago1 be=e ! mod]n pragmati/ic controv]sy began4 ,fir/1 !n1 !re are c]ta9 respects 9 :i* ,i fully agree ) rec5t pragmatism4 ,i agree t e op9ion expresses an attitude ( ! w1 a prep>$ness = action1 a det]m9ation to guide a plan ( action 9 accordance ) an idea4 ,:oev] ass]ts any?+ ab\t ! way out ( ! woods1 or ab\t ! cause & possible cure ( a too?a*e1 def9es a c\rse ( action 9 accordance ) "s purpose1 & among/ o!r ?+s pr$icts ! #adf possible outcome ( t c\rse ( action4 ,! outcome t he pr$icts is def9$ 9 t]ms ( exp]i5ce1 &1 s f> z t is possible1 9 t]ms ( human exp]i5ce4 ,& n[ ?is is true1 n only ( ass]tions or op9ions ab\t too?a*es4 ,x is true also ( ass]tions ab\t all objects 9 heav5 or e>?4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a purely intellectual =m ( ass]tion :i* has no elem5t ( action ab\t x4 ,an op9ion is a de$4 ,x is a de$ int5d$ to guide o!r de$s4 ,x proposes to h :at ! pragmati/s call work+s4 ,t is1 x und]takes to guide ! life ( ! "o :o ass]ts ! op9ion4 ,9 t s5se1 all tru? is practical4 ,if y ass]t a proposition 9 ma!matics1 y propose to guide ! computations1 or o!r syn!tic processes1 ( :oev] is int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 ma!matical objects4 ,if y say ,!re is a ,god1 & "k :at y mean by ! t]m ,god1 y lay d[n "s sort ( rule = su* =ms ( action z involve a fitt+ ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's be+ & significance4 ,s f>1 !n1 ,i :olly side ) ! pragmati/s4 ,!re is no pure intellect4 ,!re is no g5u9e insight :i* does n also exi/ z a guide to "s sort ( action4 ,fur!rmore1 ! prop] work+s ( an ass]tion1 ! rational results ( ! application ( ?is op9ion to life1 mu/1 if ! ass]tion is true1 agree ) ! expectations ( ! "o :o def9es ! ass]tion4 ,& ^! work+s belong1 inde$1 to ! realm ( actual & concrete exp]i5ce1 be ?is #adg exp]i5ce :olly human1 or be x1 9 "s respect1 an exp]i5ce :i* is high] & ri*] ?an any m]ely human exp]i5ce4 ,op9ions are active appeals to real life--a life to :i* we are always seek+ to adju/ ourselves1 & 9 :i* we are always look+ to f9d our place4 ,! que/ = salvation itself is su* an ef=t to adju/ our own life to ! _w's life4 ,& if ! _w's life f9ds our ef=ts to def9e our relation to ! _w's actual & p]fectly concrete exp]i5ce inadequate1 !n our ass]tions are 9 j s f> false2 !y lead 9 t case to blund]+ actions4 ,we fail4 ,& 9 su* cases our op9ions1 inde$1 d n "w4 ,all ?is ,i myself insi/ ^u4 ,b next ,i ask y to note t ! v significance ( our human life dep5ds ^u ! fact t we are always und]tak+ to adju/ ourselves to a life1 & to a type ( exp]i5ce1 :i*1 concrete & real ?\gh x is1 is nev] r$ucible to ! t]ms ( any purely human exp]i5ce4 ,7 ?is n ! case2 7 n e significant ass]tion conc]n$ ) a type & =m ( life & ( exp]i5ce :i* no man ev] gets2 7 n all our actions guid$ by ideas & ideals t c nev] be adequately express$ 9 simply human t]ms2 7 all ?is1 ,i say1 n ! case1 !n--nei!r sci5ce nor religion1 nei!r worldly prud5ce nor ideal morality1 nei!r natural common-s5se nor ! l(tie/ =ms ( spirituality w\ld be possible4 ,"h ,i c only repeat1 b n[ ) explicit ref]5ce to ! active aspect ( our op9ions #adh & ( our exp]i5ce1 ! comm5ts t ,i made 9 my =m] lecture4 ,man z he is exp]i5ces f mom5t to mom5t4 ,:at is "h & n[1 n future work+s1 n pa/ expectations1 b ! pres5t--?is is :at he m imm$iately gets & v]ifies4 ,^! mom5t>y exp]i5ces ( 81 ^! pa9s & ^! data ( p]ception1 are :at he c p]sonally v]ify = himself4 ,& to ?is life 9 ea* in/ant he is conf9$1 s f> z 8 own p]sonal & individual exp]i5ce is conc]n$4 ,b man means1 he int5ds1 he e/imates1 he judges life1 n z x appe>s to him at any "o in/ant1 b z 9 ! long run1 or = ! common-s5se ( mank9d1 or z f a rational po9t ( view he holds t x ought to be judg$4 ,n[ ,i aga9 insi/--!re is n "o ( u :o ev] directly obs]ves 9 8 own p]son :at x is :i* ev5 ! s-call$ common-s5se ( mank9d is said to v]ify & f9d to be true4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* mank9d is said to possess is n m]ely ! m]e collection ( y\r mom5t>y feel+s or p]ceptions1 or m9e4 ,x is a conceiv$ integral exp]i5ce :i* no individual man ev] gets be=e him4 ,:5 we conceive x1 we fir/ treat x z some?+ imp]sonal4 ,if x is p]sonal1 ! p]son :o gets x be=e him is great] ?an any man4 ,yet unless "s su* integral exp]i5ce is z concrete & g5u9e a fact1 z real a life1 z any life t y & ,i f mom5t to mom5t lead1 !n all s-call$ common-s5se is mean+less4 ,b if su* an integral exp]i5ce #adi is real1 !n t by :i* ! pragmatic work+s ( our private & p]sonal op9ions are to be te/$ & are te/$ is a c]ta9 integral :ole ( life 9 :i* we all live & move & h our be+1 b :i* is no m ! m]e heap & collection ( our mom5ts ( fragm5t>y exp]i5ce1 & ( our vicissitudes ( %ift+ moods1 ?an a symphony is a m]e collection ( notes on pap]1 or ( scrap$ /r+s & quiv]+ tubes1 or ( air waves1 or ev5 ( ! de$s ( sep>ate musicians4 ,! life1 !n1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! concrete :ole1 :]e9 our ass]tions h _! work+s1 ) :i* our active ideas are lab\r+ to agree1 to :i* our w endlessly /rives to adju/ itself1 9 :i* we are sav$ or lo/1 is a life ^: t\* ) our ef=ts is z close z its sup]iority to our m]ely human n>r[ness is concretely & actively triumphant :5ev] our pett9ess gets m\ld$ to a high] reasonabl5ess4 ,& unless su* a life above our individual level is real1 our human ef=ts h no s5se :atev]1 & *aos dr[ns out ! mean+ ( ! pragmati/s & ( ! ideali/s alike4 ,if "o asks1 h[ev]1 by :at work+s our significant ass]tions propose to be judg$1 ,i answ]1 by _! work+s z exp]i5c$ & e/imat$ f ! po9t ( view ( su* a l>g] life1 z con=m+ to its w1 or fall+ %ort !re(1 z lead+ t[>d or away f our salvation4 ,= x is j su* a l>g] life by :i* we all propose & int5d to be judg$1 :5ev] we make our active appeal to life take ! #aej =m ( any s]i\s ass]tion :atev]4 ,if a man proposes to let 8 ideas be te/$ n by 8 mom5t>y caprice1 & n by any mom5t>y datum ( exp]i5ce1 b by :at proves to be _! work+s 9 ! long run1 !n already he is appeal+ to an ess5tially sup]human type ( empirical te/ & e/imate4 ,= no man tak5 z ?is individual ev] p]sonally exp]i5ces ! long run1 t is1 ! integral c\rse & mean+1 ! "r e/imate & work+ ( a long s]ies ( exp]i5ces & de$s4 ,= a man individually obs]ves n[ ?is mom5t & n[ t--nev] _! presuppos$ integration1 nev] _! union 9 a s+le :ole ( significant life4 ,if a man says t ! work+s ( 8 ideas are to be te/$ by sci5tific exp]i5ce1 !n aga9 he appeals n to ! v]dict ( any human obs]v]1 b to ! integrat$ & univ]salis$ & relatively imp]sonal & sup]p]sonal syn!sis ( ! results ( c\ntless obs]v]s4 ,& s1 :atev] y reg>d z a g5u9e te/ ( ! work+s ( y\r ideas is "s liv+ :ole ( exp]i5ce above ! level ( any "o ( our individual human lives4 ,to ?is :ole y inde$ actively appeal4 ,! appeal is an act ( w4 ,& 9 turn y reg>d t to :i* y appeal z an exp]i5ce :i* is j z live & concrete z y\r own1 & :i* c>ries out its own w 9 t x snubs or welcomes y\r ef=ts ) a w z he>ty z is y\r own4 ,= :at e/imates y\r de$s1 #aea & gives !m _! mean+1 is a life z g5u9e z y\rs & an activity z real z y\rs4 ,pragmatism is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! :ole process z no m]e contemplation1 no m]ely re/ful or /atic con=mity ( passive idea to motionless insight1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z a significant int]action ( life ) life & ( w ) w4 ,b ! m vital ! process1 ! m pragmatic ! te/ ( our active op9ions ?r\gh ! con=mity or non-con=mity ( _! purposes to ! life :]e9 we dwell & h our be+1 ! m vital becomes ! fact t1 :e!r we are sav$ or lo/1 we belong to ! _w's life1 & are "p !re(1 :ile1 unless ?is life is m ?an m]ely human 9 its rational weal? ( concrete mean+1 we mortals h no mean+ :atev]1 & ! ass]tions ( common-s5se z well z ( religion lapse into absurdity4 ,,vi ,9 ord] fairly to e/imate aright our relation to ?is l>g] life1 we mu/ briefly review ! fur!r !sis ^u :i* rec5t pragmatism lays s mu* /ress--! !sis t1 s9ce ! tru? ( an op9ion consi/s 9 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( its empirical work+s ) _! anticipat$ consequ5ces1 all tru? is bo? temporal & relative & _c be ei!r et]nal or absolute4 ,let me !n say a ^w z to ! absolut5ess ( tru?4 ,! !sis ( pragmatism z to ! active nature #aeb & ! practical mean+ ( all op9ions may be illu/rat$ by a simile t1 z ,i ?9k1 well br+s out ! s5se 9 :i*1 z ,i hold1 pragmatism itself is a true doctr9e4 ,any s9c]e op9ion ann\nces a plan ( action :]eby we are1 9 "s way1 to adju/ ourselves = "s purpose to a real object4 ,t is1 an op9ion lays d[n1 9 "s =m1 a rule = "s sort ( conduct4 ,?is rule is ( c\rse valid only = "o :o has "s specific int]e/ 9 ! object 9 "q4 ,= y c guide action only by appeal+ to ! w ( ! "o :om y guide4 ,?is is ! pragmati/'s view ( ! nature ( all ass]tions & op9ions4 ,& s f>1 z y already "k1 ,i agree ) ! pragmati/4 ,?is acc\nt is correct4 ,?is be+ s1 we c1 = ! sake ( a simile1 comp>e any def9ite op9ion to ! c\nsel t a coa* may give to a play] :om he is direct+4 ,! play] wants to play ! game4 ,he !re=e accepts its rules1 & has 8 int]e/s 9 :at ! pragmati/s call ! concrete situation4 ,! play]1 at any po9t 9 8 tra9+ or 9 8 activities z a play]1 may also accept ! coa*'s guidance1 & put himself "u ! coa*'s directions4 ,if1 h]eupon1 ! play] acts 9 accordance ) :at ! coa* orda9s1 ! coa*'s directions h work+s4 ,_! work+s are 9 s f> ! de$s ( ! play]4 ,^! de$s1 if ! issues ( ! game are %>ply def9$1 are :at we may call hits or misses4 ,t is1 ea* "o ( !m ei!r is #aec :at1 = ! purposes ( ! game & ! play]1 x ought to be1 or else x is n :at x ought to be4 ,& ea* act ( ! play] is a hit or a miss 9 a p]fectly objective s5se1 z a real de$ belong+ to a _w ^: relations are det]m9$ by ! rules & ev5ts ( ! game & by ! purposes ( ! :ole body ( play]s4 ,apply+ ! simile to ! case ( ass]tions1 we may say3 ,an ass]tion is an act :]eby our de$s are provid$ ) a sort ( coa*+4 ,life itself is our game4 ,op9ions coa* ! active w z to h[ to d its de$4 ,if ! op9ion is def9ite en\gh1 & if ! active w obeys ! coa*1 ! op9ion has work+s4 ,^! work+s are our intellig5t de$s1 :i* translate our op9ions into new life4 ,if our purposes are def9ite en\gh1 & if ! issues ( life are = u %>ply def9$1 ^! de$s are1 ) ref]5ce to our purposes1 ei!r hits or misses1 ei!r successful or unsuccessful acts1 ei!r /eps t[>d w9n+ or /eps t[>d failure4 ,all ?is is surely concrete en\gh4 ,&1 9 real life1 ?is acc\nt applies equally to ! practical situations ( ! work%op or ( ! m>ket-place1 & to ! ideas & de$s ( a religi\s man seek+ salvation4 ,b n[ "o ( ! c5tral facts ab\t life is t e de$ once done is ipso facto irrevocable4 ,t is1 at any mom5t y p]=m a giv5 de$ or y d n4 ,if y p]=m x1 x is done & _c be undone4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 :at #aed is done & :at is left undone is1 9 ! real & empirical _w1 a p]fectly absolute diff]5ce4 ,! opportunity = a giv5 individual de$ returns n2 = ! mom5t :5 t individual de$ c be done nev] recurs4 ,"h is a case :]e ! rational con/itution ( ! :ole univ]se gets into def9ite relation to our mom5t>y exp]i5ce4 ,& if any "o wants to be 9 t\* ) ! ,absolute--) t reality :i* ! pragmati/s fancy to be peculi>ly remote & ab/ract--let him simply d any individual de$ :atev] & !n try to undo t de$4 ,let ! exp]im5t tea* him :at "o means by call+ reality absolute4 ,let ! tru?s :i* t exp]i5ce tea*es any rational be+ %[ him also :at is meant by absolute tru?4 ,= ?is irrevocable & absolute "* ( ! de$1 :5 once done1 rationally det]m9es an equally irrevocable "* ab\t ! tru? or falsity ( any act ( judgm5t1 ( any ass]tion or op9ion1 :i* has actually call$ 9 a concrete situation = a giv5 de$1 & :i* !re=e has _h ?is individual de$ = any "p ( its int5d$ work+s4 ,let u return to ! simile ( ! game4 ,suppose ! coa* to c\nsel a giv5 de$ ( ! play]4 ,suppose ! play]1 act+ on ! coa*'s advice1 to p]=m t de$1 to make t play4 ,suppose ! play to be a misplay4 ,! play1 once made1 _c be recall$4 ,x /&s1 if ! rules ( ! game require x s to /&1 on ! score4 ,if x /&s !re1 !n j t item ( ! score #aee c nev] be *ang$ "u ! rules ( ! game4 ,! score is1 = ! game1 absolute & irrevocable4 ,if ! coa* c\nsell$ t misplay1 8 c\nsel 0 an error4 ,& j z ! play]'s score _c be *ang$ )\t simply ab&on+ ! rules ( ! game1 s too ! coa*'s record z a blund]] is1 9 respect ( ?is "o bit ( c\nsel1 unalt]able4 ,analog\s results hold = ! play]'s successful hits & = ! coa*+ t requir$ !m4 ,all ?is is no result ( ab/ractions or ( b>e !ory4 ,x is ! result ( hav+ ! w to play ! game4 ,x is ! absolute tru? t results f jo9+ def9ite practical issues4 ,return+ to life1 we mu/ say3 ,if our ass]tions h a det]m9ate mean+1 !y get _! concrete work+s ?r\gh c\nsell+ det]m9ate individual de$s4 ,ea* de$1 z an individual act1 is irrevocable & is absolutely :at x is4 ,our de$s1 judg$ 9 ! light ( a reasonable survey ( life--a survey ( life su* z t to :i*1 :5 we =m our op9ions1 & :5 we act on our op9ions1 we int5d to appeal--are1 = a det]m9ate purpose1 ei!r hits or misses4 ,if ! issues ( life 9 "q :5 we act are def9ite en\gh1 our de$s1 "u ! rules ( ! game ( life1 _c avoid ?is "* ( be+ ! "r de$s or ! wrong de$s = ! purpose 9 "q & 9 view ( _! actual place 9 real life4 ,:oev] s acts t 8 de$s are done1 z a cant phrase has x1 ) a /r+ atta*$ to !m--t is1 :oev] reg>ds #aef 8 de$s z hav+ only relative reality1 z capable ( be+ recall$ if he *ooses1 is n act+ s]i\sly4 ,he is n1 z !y say1 really play+ ! game4 ,&1 z a fact1 he is trifl+ ) absolute reality4 ,he is n only n s]i\s2 he views real life z x absolutely is n4 ,= :atev] individual de$ he actually does is absolutely irrevocable1 :e!r he wants to recall x or n4 ,once done1 x /&s et]nally on ! _w's score4 ,n[ ,i insi/1 :atev] ass]tion1 or op9ion1 reg>d$ z itself an expression ( "o's w1 has = its int5d$ work+ "o ( ^! irrevocable de$s1 is 9 s f> =? true1 z ! individual de$ :i* x c\nsels is = ! requir$ purpose q irrevocably a "r de$ :5 e/imat$ ) ref]5ce to ?is purpose & to ! life into ^: score x ent]s4 ,t is1 ! op9ion is true 9 s f> z ! work+ :i* x c\nsels is a de$ t is 9 fact a hit 9 ! *os5 game ( life "u ! rules ( t game4 ,& :atev] op9ion c\nsels a de$ t1 z ! work+ ( ?is op9ion1 is a miss 9 ! game ( life1 is a false op9ion4 ,&1 s ,i insi/1 ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! tru? & falsity ( an op9ion t c\nsels an individual de$ is z absolute & irrevocable z is ! place ( ! de$ :5 once done on ! score ( ! game ( life4 ,:oev] d5ies ?is position simply trifles ) ! v nature ( all individual facts ( exp]i5ce2 trifles also ) life & ) 8 own decisive w4 ,e s]i\s man does 8 daily bus9ess ) an #aeg assurance t1 s9ce 8 de$s are irrevocable1 8 guid+ op9ions1 t c\nsel 8 individual de$s give1 9 an equally irrevocable way1 "r or wrong guidance1 precisely 9 s f> z !y get _! work+s concretely pres5t$ 9 8 de$s4 ,& ?is view ab\t life is no philosoph]'s ab/raction4 ,x is ! only g5u9ely concrete view4 ,its contradiction is n m]ely illogical1 b practically inane4 ,i _c d a de$ & !n undo x4 ,!re=e ,i _c decl>e x to be = a det]m9ate purpose ! "r individual de$ at ?is po9t 9 life1 & !n say t ,i did n really mean t c\nsel to be tak5 z simply & !re=e absolutely true4 ,absolute reality 7namely1 ! sort ( reality t belongs to irrevocable de$s71 absolute tru? 7namely1 ! sort ( tru? t belongs to ^? op9ions :i*1 = a giv5 purpose1 c\nsel individual de$s1 :5 ! de$s 9 fact meet ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$7--^! two are n remote affairs inv5t$ by philosoph]s = ! sake ( b>r5 intellectualism4 ,su* absolute reality & absolute tru? are ! mo/ concrete & practical & famili> ( matt]s4 ,! pragmati/ :o d5ies t !re is any absolute tru? accessible has nev] rightly consid]$ ! v mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! reasonable w1 namely1 t x is always c\nsell+ irrevocable de$s1 & !re=e is always giv+ c\nsel t is = its own det]m9ate purpose irrevocably "r or wrong precisely 9 s f> z x is def9ite c\nsel4 #aeh ,"o ( ! lea/ enc\rag+ features ( rec5t discussion is ! prom95ce & popul>ity ( ^? philosophical op9ions :i* are always proclaim+ _! concrete & practical "*1 :ile ignor+ ! mo/ vital & concrete feature ( all volunt>y life4 ,= ! v ess5ce ( ! w is t1 at e mom5t ( action1 x decides absolute issues1 because x does irrevocable de$s1 & !re=e1 if intellig5t at all1 is guid$ by op9ions t are z absolutely true or false z _! int5d$ work+s are irrevocable4 ,i repeat3 ,if y want to "k :at an absolute tru? is1 & :at an absolute falsity1 d any?+ :atev]1 & !n try to undo y\r de$4 ,y w f9d t ! op9ion :i* %\ld c\nsel y to reg>d x z capable ( be+ undone gives y simply & absolutely false coa*+ z to any game ( life :atev]4 ,e ef=t to undo y\r de$ is a blund]4 ,e op9ion t y c undo is a trivial & absolutely false absurdity4 ,j su* triviality & absurdity belong to ! !sis t absolute tru? is an unpractical & inaccessible ab/raction4 ,,vii ,if1 ) su* a view ( ! nature ( absolute tru?1 we turn back to e/imate ! s5se 9 :i* our op9ions ab\t ! _w z a :ole c be true or false1 we n[ see t our acc\nt bo? ( ! insight ( ! reason1 & ( ! nature ( ! _w1 #aei has become enri*$ by ?is :ole analysis ( ! nature ( op9ion4 ,op9ions ab\t ! univ]se are c\nsels z to h[ to adju/ y\r de$s to ! purposes & requirem5ts :i* a survey ( ! :ole ( ! life :]eto y\r life belongs %[s to be ! g5u9ely rational purposes & requirem5ts4 ,e su* op9ion !n1 :e!r true or false1 is an ef=t to adju/ y\r w & y\r conduct to ! int5ts ( a supreme w :i* decides values1 e/abli%es ! rule ( life1 e/imates purposes 9 ! light ( complete insight4 ,t is1 ! insight to :i* y\r op9ions appeal is inde$ ! insight ( a real be+ :o values1 e/imates1 e/abli%es1 decides1 z concretely z y d1 & :o is !re=e n only all-wise1 b possess$ ( a w4 ,y\r se>* = salvation is a seek+ to adju/ y\rself to ?is supreme w4 ,t su* a w is real is z true z x is true t any op9ion :atev] :i* y c =m ) reg>d to ! real _w is ei!r true or false4 ,h[ev] ignorant y are1 y are1 !n1 9 con/ant t\* ) ! ma/] ( life2 = y are con/antly do+ irrevocable de$s ^: f9al value1 ^: actual & total success or failure1 c only be real1 or be kn[n1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! insight t faces ! :ole ( real life1 & ) ref]5ce to ! purposes ( ! w ^: expression is ! entire univ]se4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y say1 ) ! pragmati/s3 ,!re is no :ole _w1 !re is no complete view1 !re is no w t wills ! _w2 = all #afj is temporal1 & "t fl[s1 & novelties con/antly appe>1 & ! _w is j n[ incomplete1 & !re=e !re is no?+ et]nal1 !n my answ] is p]fectly def9ite4 ,( c\rse !re is1 j at ?is po9t ( "t1 no complete _w4 ,( c\rse1 e new de$ introduces novelties into ! temporal _w4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 to ass]t ?is is to ass]t t ! future1 & 9 fact all ! future1 9 all its individual detail1 belongs to reality1 & =ms "p ( its :ol5ess4 ,to admit ?is is to admit t ! true insight1 & ! div9e w1 require1 & get1 ! endless :ole ( future "t1 z well z ( pa/ "t1 be=e !m 9 "o1 n timeless1 b "t-inclusive survey1 :i* embraces ! :ole ( real life4 ,& j su* a survey1 & j su* a life1 n timeless1 b "t-inclusive1 con/itute ! et]nal1 :i* is real1 n ap>t f "t1 & f our lives1 b 91 & ?r\gh & above all our individual lives4 ,! div9e w wills 9 u & 9 all ?is _w1 ) its endless pa/ & its endless future1 at once4 ,! div9e insight is n lifeless4 ,x includes & surveys all life4 ,all is temporal 9 its ceaseless fl[ & 9 its sequ5ce ( individual de$s4 ,all is et]nal 9 ! unity ( its mean+4 ,to ass]t ?is1 ,i insi/1 is n to d5y our fre$om & our initiative4 ,! div9e w wills me1 precisely 9 s f> z x wills t1 9 ea* ( my individual de$s1 ,i %\ld !n & !re express my own unique1 & 9 s f> free1 *oice4 ,& to ass]t1 z ,i d1 t ! div9e w wills all at once #afa is n to ass]t t x wills all at any "o mom5t ( "t1 b only t ! div9e w is express$ 9 ! totality ( its de$s t are done 9 all mom5ts ( "t4 ,b ?is1 y w say1 is /ill philosophy1 n :at ! pla9 man ne$s = 8 religion4 ,! "q rema9s3 ,?r\gh :at s\rce ( insight are we able to adju/ our daily lives to ?is div9e wisdom & to ?is div9e w8 ,i answ]3 ,?r\gh a s\rce ( insight :i* is accessible to ! pla9e/ & simple/ reasonable & s9c]e human be+4 ,yet ?is s\rce ( insight1 n yet expressly nam$ 9 our /udy1 includes 9 a beautiful & spiritual unity ! true s5se ( our individual exp]i5ce1 ( our social exp]i5ce1 ( our reason1 & ( our w1 & gives u at l5g? a g5u9e religion4 ,?is new s\rce we are to /udy 9 our next lecture4 #afb #afc ,v ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,loyalty #afd #afe ,v ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,loyalty ,our fir/ two lectures dealt ) s\rces ( religi\s insight well kn[n to all ( y1 h[ev] unsatisfactory y may h f\nd !m4 ,our ?ird & f\r? lectures h l$ u into philosophical discussions :i* _m ( y w h f\nd nei!r satisfactory nor famili>4 ,& s1 9 imag9ation1 ,i c he> y decl>+ t1 if ! =ego+ s\rces ( insight are inde$ all t we h1 religi\s tru? seems /ill v f> away4 ,! sa9ts1 ,i he> y say+1 may com=t u :5 !y tell u ( _! p]sonal & private intuitions2 b !y p]plex u ) ! conflict+ v>iety ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,! social en?usia/s und]take to %[ u ! way to salvation ?r\gh love2 b ! _w ( m5 9 :i* !y bid u seek ! div9e is a _w t is by nature z mu* 9 ne$ ( salvation z we ourselves are4 ,! sages po9t to ! />ry heav5 ( reason :i*1 z !y insi/1 ov]>*es u2 b ?is heav5 seems cold2 & its />s appe> f> away f our ne$y life4 ,& if1 reply+ to ?is v objection1 &1 incid5tally1 reply+ also to ! doctr9e ( ! pragmati/s1 #aff somebody insi/s t ?is heav5ly _w ( ! reason is also an expression ( ! liv+ div9e w1 we /ill rememb] t our deepe/ ne$ is to see h[ ! div9e w may be done on e>? z x is 9 heav54 ,& ?is is :at we h n yet le>n$ to see4 ,! =ego+ s\rces !n appe> to leave u1 aft] all1 ) no vital & positive religion4 ,i ,?us "s ( y may at ?is po9t express y\r discont5t4 ,if y d1 ,i f9d ?is discont5t ju/ifi$4 ,if ! =ego+ lectures _h inde$ exhau/$ ! acc\nt ( ! accessible s\rces ( religi\s insight1 we %\ld be hopeless ( f9d+ any religion t c\ld satisfy at once ! individual ne$ = salvation1 ! social requirem5t t we %\ld seek = salvation ?r\gh union ) our bre?r51 ! rational dem& = a coh]5t view ( tru?1 & ! aim ( ! w to con=m itself to ! laws ( ! ma/] ( life ) :om we ne$ to be unit$4 ,9 o!r words1 all ( ! =ego+ s\rces ( insight1 consid]$ z sep>ate s\rces1 pres5t to u problems :i* !y d n solve1 & leave ! real nature ( ! sav+ process cl\d$ by mi/s ( ignorance4 ,:at we mo/ ne$ at ?is po9t is "s s\rce ( insight :i* %all %[ h[ to unite ! lessons t ! prec$+ s\rces h furni%$4 ,! pres5t lecture mu/ be devot$ to an acc\nt ( su* a s\rce4 ,i %\ld be q #afg helpless to engage 9 ?is new und]tak+ 7 x n = ! fact t ! spiritual life ( humanity's be/ s]vants & fri5ds has long s9ce %[n u h[ to ov]come ! difficulties by :i* our pres5t inquiry is1 at ?is po9t1 beset4 ,^! fri5ds & s]vants ( mank9d h us$1 9 fact1 t s\rce ( insight :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! clos+ words ( ! la/ lecture1 a s\rce by means ( :i* ! results & ! mov+ pr9ciples ( individual exp]i5ce1 ( social exp]i5ce1 ( reason1 & ( w are br\ght into a c]ta9 creative unity to :i* ! noble/ spiritual atta9m5ts ( our _w are due4 ,we %all return1 !re=e1 9 ?is lecture1 f speculation to life2 & our guides w be1 n ! philosoph]s1 nor yet ! g5iuses ( ! in>ticulate religi\s intuitions1 b ^? :o1 :ile !y inde$ possess intuitions & ?\ghts1 also actually live 9 ! _s4 ,nev]!less1 = our purpose1 ! =ego+ me?od ( approa*+ our topic has be51 ,i hope1 ju/ifi$4 ,we wi% to "k ! s\rces & to see :at ea* is wor?4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] ea* s\rce 9 its di/9ction f ! o!rs4 ,!n only c we see :at br+s !m toge!r 9 ! high] religi\s life4 ,we mu/ reflect :]e religion itself w9s its way )\t reflection4 ,_h we begun our /udy :]e ?is lecture beg9s1 ) ! ef=t to und]/& at once ?is new s\rce ( insight1 we %\ld h be5 less able ?an we n[ are to disc]n ! motives t ent] into its #afh con/itution & to appreciate its accompli%m5ts4 ,we h _h to emphasise difficulties 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = our /udy ( t s\rce ( insight :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity's /ruggles t[>d ! light1 has be/ enabl$ m5 to triumph ov] ^! difficulties4 ,?is new s\rce has come into ! lives ( m5 9 intimate connection ) _! ef=ts to solve ! problem n m]ely ( religion1 9 our pres5t s5se ( ! ^w1 b also ( duty4 ,i %all !re=e fir/ h to tell y h[ ! problem ( duty is di/+ui%$ f ! problem ( religion4 ,!n ,i %all %[ y h[ ! ef=t to solve ea* ( ^! problems has ?r[n light ^u ! o!r4 ,duty & religion h1 9 ! m9ds ( all ( y1 close relations4 ,bo? h to d ) our ideals1 ) our ne$s1 ) ! con=m+ ( our lives to our ideals1 & ) ! atta9m5t ( "s sort ( good4 ,yet y also well "k t ^! relations ( duty & ( morality on ! "o h&1 ( religion & ( salvation on ! o!r1 are n relations easy to def9e ) entire cle>ness4 ,"s m5 9 our age1 z y "k1 tell y t !y are unable1 9 _! pres5t /ate ( m9d1 to get mu* help f religion4 ,& "s m5 :o insi/ t ! religi\s problems h = !m no solution :atev]1 are ard5tly & s9c]ely dutiful 9 _s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o1 9 _! own m9ds1 are s sure ( salvation t !y actually make light ( ! call ( duty1 or at lea/ #afi see little t is sav+ 9 ! ?\ght ( duty4 ,9 ! op9ion ( v _m1 no ef=t to lead a dutiful life c lead to salvation unless "s sort ( div9e grace1 :i* is a free gift f above1 int]v5es to accompli% ! sav+ process4 ,mean:ile1 !re are ^? :o decl>e n only t ! dutiful life t5ds ( itself to lead to salvation1 b t ! p]si/5t do+ ( our duty is precisely ! :ole ( :at con/itutes salvation4 ,y w readily see t ! plan ( ^! lectures =bids any direct /udy ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e reg>d+ ! relation ( fai? to works1 ( div9e grace to human dutifulness4 ,! m]e m5tion ( ,/4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 side by side ) ! rem9d] t1 at _m times 9 hi/ory1 & especially to-day1 !re are ^? = :om1 despite ,paul's tea*+ z to ! vanity ( m]e works1 !re is no religion b ! religion ( duty1 w s]ve to %[ t s]i\s que/ions are "h involv$1 & t ! true relations betwe5 religion & morality are by no means self-evid5t4 ,let me briefly di/+ui% betwe5 ! religi\s int]e/ & ! moral int]e/4 ,!n we may be able to recognise h[ closely !y are relat$1 & yet h[ f>1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 !y may drift ap>t1 & h[ %>ply !y may sometimes come to be oppos$4 #agj ,,ii ,!re is an obvi\s contra/ betwe5 ! po9ts ( view f :i* morality & religion consid] ! problem ( life4 ,:atev] may be y\r views z to :at y\r duty is1 x is pla9 t ! moral int]e/ c5tres ab\t ?is idea ( duty4 ,t is1 ! moral int]e/ seeks to def9e "r de$s & to insi/ t !y %all be done4 ,x e/imates ! rightness ( de$s ) ref]5ce to "s ideal ( life4 ,b h[ev] x conceives ?is ideal1 x makes its ma9 appeal to ! active individual4 ,x says3 ,d ?is4 ,! religi\s int]e/1 on ! o!r h&1 c5tres ab\t ! s5se ( ne$1 or1 if x is successful 9 f9d+ ?is ne$ satisfi$1 x c5tres ab\t ! k ( t :i* has deliv]$ ! ne$y f _! dang]4 ,x appeals = help1 or waits pati5tly = ! ,"l1 or rejoices 9 ! pres5ce ( salvation4 ,x !re=e may assume any "o ( _m diff]5t attitudes t[>d ! problem ( duty4 ,x may seek salvation ?r\gh de$s1 or aga9 x may n1 9 ! m9ds ( "s m51 appeal to ! active nature 9 any vigor\s way :atev]4 ,"s religi\s moods are passive1 contemplative1 receptive1 ador+ r ?an /r5u\s4 ,x is !re=e q consi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( a religi\s int]e/ to feel suspici\s ( ! dutiful re/lessness ( _m ard5t s\ls4 ,!y also s]ve :o only /& & wait4 #aga ,su* is sometimes ! com=t+1 sometimes ! w>n+ ^w t seems to _m to express ! religi\s int]e/4 ,?is g5]al contra/ betwe5 ! two int]e/s assumes _m special =ms :5 we consid] h[ morali/s--t is1 tea*]s :o especially emphasise ! call ( duty--may /& relat$ to ! two po/ulates ^u :i*1 z we h se51 ! high] religions base _! appeal4 ,religion1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 dep5ds ^u ass]t+3 7#a7 ,t !re is "s "o highe/ end ( exi/5ce1 "s goal ( life1 "s *ief good2 & 7#b7 ,t1 by nature1 man is 9 great dang] ( completely fail+ to atta9 ?is good1 s t he ne$s to be sav$ f ?is dang]4 ,n[ ! fir/ ( ^! two po/ulates religion has frequ5tly1 al?\gh n always1 %>$ ) ! morali/s1 t is1 ) ^? :o devote !mselves to tea*+ u h[ to act rightly4 ,ari/otle1 = in/ance1 bas$ 8 e?ical doctr9e 7"o ( ! mo/ influ5tial books 9 ! hi/ory ( morals7 ^u ! po/ulate t !re is a highe/ good4 ,_m o!rs :o h discuss$ or h prea*$ morality1 h ass]t$ t all obligations are subject to "o ultimate obligation1 :i* is ! requirem5t to act ) ref]5ce to ! highe/ good4 ,yet ?is agreem5t z to ! highe/ good turns out to be n q univ]sal :5 "o comp>es ! op9ions ( ! tea*]s ( religion1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ! morali/s on ! o!r4 ,popul> & traditional morality (t5 takes ! =m ( a little ho>d ( #agb maxims ab\t "r acts--maxims ^: relations to "o ano!r1 & to any "o highe/ goal ( life1 rema9 obscure4 ,ea* maxim is suppos$ to def9e a duty4 ,( c\rse x also tells u h[ to w9 "s special good or h[ to avoid "s p>ticul> evil4 ,b :at ?is special duty has to d ) w9n+ any "o highe/ good is n ?us made explicit4 ,& s9ce _m :o make traditional morality prom95t 9 _! m9ds & lives are unaw>e ( ! deep] _s t inde$1 z ,i hold1 und]lies e s]i\s endeav\r1 ^! p]sons simply rema9 unconsci\s t _! morality has any religi\s motive or t !y are deal+ ) ! problem ( salvation4 ,ev5 "s pr(essional tea*]s ( duty are m]e legali/s :o d n succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! law :i* !y tea* to any rational unity4 ,& = su* p ! po/ulate :i* religion makes ! head ( ! corn] is r a /umbl+-/one4 ,!y d\bt or "q :e!r !re is any highe/ good :atev] or any pe>l ( great price4 ,yet !y illu/rate ! ess5tial feature ( morality by insi/+ t c]ta9 de$s mu/ be done4 ,b1 h[ev] x may be ) ! fir/ ( ! religi\s po/ulates1 x is ! second 7! po/ulate t we are naturally 9 v great dang] ( miss+ ! true goal ( life7 :i* leaves op5 ! great] room = diff]5ces ( int]e/ z betwe5 ! religi\s tea*]s & ! tea*]s ( duty4 ,suppose t we are 9 agreem5t 9 hold+ t !re is a highe/ #agc good4 ,nev]!less1 ! "q3 ,h[ f> is man naturally 9 dang] ( miss+ ?is supreme goal8 is a "q :i*1 s9ce we are all fallible mortals1 leaves room = _m v>ieties ( op9ion4 ,h[ ,i myself view ! matt]1 ,i told y 9 our fir/ lecture4 ,& to me ! religi\s ne$ seems an insi/5t & cle> ne$4 ,b _m morali/s are p>tisans ( duty z a sub/itute = religion4 ,& !y are (t5 mu* m optimi/ic reg>d+ human nature ?an ,i am4 ,9 _! op9ion ! goal c be rea*$1 or at lea/ /eadily approa*$1 by simple dutifulness 9 conduct1 )\t any aid f o!r motives t %\ld t5d to our salvation4 ,!re is1 !n1 a pe>l ( great price4 ,b--s su* tea*]s hold--:y sell all t y h to buy t pe>l1 :5 by nature y are able to w9 x ?r\gh a reasonable ef=t8 ,dutifulness is ! "n = ! _s t leads to su* an ef=t4 ,& dutifulness1 say ^! tea*]s1 is z natural z any o!r normal function4 ,no g5]al cata/rophe ?reat5s our de/9y1 !y insi/4 ,:y n d "r8 ,t is 9 y\r own p]sonal p[] & is suffici5t = y\r deepe/ ne$4 ,y ne$ cry out = no aid f above4 ,y c be sav$ if y *oose4 ,!re is no d>k problem ( salvation4 ,to su* optimi/s ! int5sely religi\s (t5 respond ) t /range horror &1 repugnance :i* only v close agreem5t c make possible4 ,ne> spiritual k9 c w> toge!r ) a bitt]ness t mutual /rang]s _c %>e4 ,9 ?is case1 #agd z y see1 ! goal is ! same = bo? p>ties to ! controv]sy4 ,bo? want to rea* "s highe/ good4 ,! *e]ful optimi/s simply feel sure ( be+ able to rea*1 ?r\gh action1 :at ! e>ne/ly dev\t are passionately seek+ by ! aid ( fai?4 ,yet ea* side may reg>d ! o!r ) a deep s5se ( sacr$ av]sion4 ,fanatic6 cries ! p>tisan ( duty to 8 religi\s bro!r4 ,m]e morali/1 retorts ! o!r1 & feels t no ill "n c\ld c>ry m well-f\nd$ opprobrium4 ,! issue involv$ is inde$ bo? delicate & mom5t\s4 ,! same issue may become only grav] 9 its int5sity :51 9 a giv5 case1 a religi\s man & a morali/ agree z to bo? ( ! ma9 po/ulates ( religion1 s t = bo? !re is a highe/ good to seek & a great p]il to avoid4 ,= n[ ! "q arises3 ,:at way leads to salvation8 ,suppose t ! answ] to ?is "q seems1 at any po9t 9 ! developm5t ( human insight1 simply d\btful4 ,suppose my/]y ov]hangs ! fur!r pa? t lies be=e bo? ! religi\s inquir] & ! morali/4 ,9 su* a case ! religi\s int]e/ meets at lea/ a tempor>y defeat4 ,! religi\s inquir] mu/ ackn[l$ge t he is baffl$4 ,b j ?is defeat ( ! religi\s int]e/ (t5 seems to be ! morali/'s opportunity4 ,y _c discov] y\r ne$$ sup]human tru?s1 he !n says4 ,y _c t\* heav54 ,y rema9 b a man4 ,b at all ev5ts y c #age d a man's "w1 h[ev] h>d t "w is1 h[ev] oppos$ x is to y\r natural slo? & degradation1 h[ev] great ! dang] ( p]dition4 ,p]haps nobody kn[s ! way ( salvation4 ,b a man c "k & c daily d ea* day's duty4 ,he does n "k h[ to atta9 ! goal4 ,b he kn[s :at ! goal is1 & x is bett] to die /riv+ = ! goal ?an to live idly gaz+ up into heav54 ,9 su* a case1 ev5 if ! morali/ fully recognises ! dep? ( our ne$ ( salvation1 & ! greatness ( ! dang]1 /ill ! /r5u\s pursuit ( duty (t5 seems to him to be a necess>y sub/itute = religion4 ,& !n ! morali/ may reg>d 8 own position z ! only "o t befits a tru?-lov+ man2 & ! religi\s int]e/s1 :i* appe> to fix ! att5tion ^u remote & hopeless my/]ies1 may seem to him h9drances to ! devot$ moral life4 ,aga9/ all dang]s & d\bts he hurls 8 ev]la/+ ,no4 ,8 only solution lies 9 /r5u\sness4 ,he is f> f ! ,fa!r's h\se4 ,he kn[s n ev5 :e!r !re is any fa!r or any home ( ! _s4 ,b he proposes to face ! tru? z x is1 & to die z a w>rior dies1 fight+ = duty4 ,b ( c\rse q a diff]5t outcome is1 = _m m9ds1 ! true lesson ( life4 ,! religi\s man may come to feel sure t ! way ( salvation is inde$ kn[n to him2 b x may seem to him a way t is op5$ n ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( moral individuals1 b only ?r\gh ! work+s #agf ( "s div9e p[] t1 ( its own mov+1 elects to save mank9d4 ,9 ?is case ! classic doctr9e t grace alone saves1 & t1 )\t su* grace1 works are b vanity1 is1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 emphasis$ by religi\s tea*]s 9 _! controv]sies ) ! morali/s4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity illu/rates sev]al types ( doctr9e accord+ to :i* div9e grace is necess>y to salvation1 s t m]e morality n only _c save1 b ( itself ev5 t5ds to insure p]dition4 ,& 9 ! hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism !re appe> tea*+s closely analog\s to ^! evangelical =ms ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,s ! religi\s int]e/s "h 9 "q are v human & wide-spread4 ,:oev] ?us views ! way ( salvation c 9 fact appeal to va/ bodies ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 bo? individual & social1 to support 8 opposition aga9/ ^? :o see 9 ! /r5u\s life ! only hone/ mode ( deal+ ) our problem4 ,:oev] has once felt1 "u any circum/ances1 8 helplessness to d "r kn[s :at su* religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ne$ ( grace means4 ,h5ce x is easy to see h[ ! e>ne/ foll[]s ( a religion may condemn ^? morali/s :o agree ) !m bo? z to ! ne$ & z to ! dang]s ( ! natural man4 ,9 fact ! two p>ties may condemn ea* o!r all ! m because bo? accept ! two po/ulates ^u :i* ! que/ = salvation is bas$4 ,yet ev5 ^! are n ! only =ms 9 :i* ?is tragic conflict among/ bre?r5 (t5 appe>s4 #agg ,i mu/ m5tion /ill ano!r =m4 ,suppose t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! foll[]s ( "s religion1 n only ! k ( ! way ( salvation is op51 b also ! atta9m5t ( ! goal1 ! ent]+ into re/1 ! fruition1 is1 = ! sa9ts or = ! enlight5$1 an actual exp]i5ce4 ,!re is1 !n1 su* a ?+ z a complete w9n+ ( ! highe/ good4 ,s ! fai?ful may tea*4 ,h]eupon ! morali/s may adopt ! phrase :i* ,james frequ5tly us$ 9 oppos+ ^? :o seem$ to !mselves to be 9 actual t\* ) "s absolute ,be+4 ,! only use ( ! op9ion ( su* p1 ,james 9 sub/ance said1 is t x gives !m a sort ( moral holiday4 ,= ,james1 q errone\sly1 z ,i ?9k1 suppos$ t :oev] believ$ ! highe/ good to be 9 any way realis$ 9 ! actual _w1 0 !reby consci\sly releas$ f ! call ( duty1 & ne$ only say3 ,god's 9 8 heav51 ,all's "r ) ! _w4 ,9 su* a _w1 namely1 !re w\ld be1 z ,james suppos$1 no?+ = a righte\s man to d4 ,! alt]native t p]haps ! only way :]eby ,god c be 9 8 heav51 or all "r ) ! _w1 is ! way t ess5tially includes ! do+ ( /r5u\s de$s by righte\s m51 ,james p]si/5tly ignor$1 ne> z su* an alt]native 0 to ! _s ( 8 own pragmatism4 ,nev]!less1 x is true t !re h inde$ #agh be51 among/ ! religi\sly m9d$1 _m :o h conceiv$ ! highe/ good m]ely 9 ! =m ( "s re/ful communion ) ! ma/] ( life1 m]ely z tranquillity 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 or m]ely z a contemplative delight 9 "s sort ( beauty4 ,& x is true t "s ( ^! h said3 ,! sa9ts1 or at all ev5ts ! enlight5$1 ev5 9 ! pres5t life1 d ent] into ?is re/4 ,& = !m !re is inde$ no?+ left to d4 ,to su*1 ( c\rse1 ! morali/s may reply3 ,y enlight5$ ones seem to ?9k y\rselves entitl$ to a 'moral holiday4' ,we /r5u\s s\ls reject y\r idl5ess z unwor?y ( a man4 ,y\r religion is a b>r5 ae/heticism1 & is s :e!r x takes ! outw>d =m ( an ascetic & unworldly contemplation or assumes ! behavi\r ( a company ( highly cultivat$ pleasure-seek]s :o delight 9 art m]ely = art's sake & "k no?+ ( duty4 ,to su* believ]s 9 salvation ?r\gh m]e atta9m5t ( peace1 ,james's criticism rightly applies4 ,9 ^! lectures1 z ,i ask y to note1 ,i h nev] def9$ salvation 9 su* t]ms4 ,salvation includes triumph & peace1 b peace only 9 & ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! _s & ! life ( /r5u\s activity4 ,b su* p>tisans ( ! religion ( spiritual idl5ess z ,i h m5tion$ may nev]!less return ! morali/'s scorn ) scorn4 ,if !y are advocates ( art = art's sake1 ( m]e beauty z ! highe/ good1 !y f9d ! re/lessness ( ! #agi morali/s hectic or b>b>\s4 ,if !y are my/ical quieti/s1 !y reg>d m]e moralism z ! /ruggl+ ( a s\l t is n sav$4 ,if moral endeav\r 7 ! la/ ^w1 !y insi/1 we %\ld all ( u be 9 ! ,hades ( ,sisyphus4 ,& no d\bt _! scorn1 ev5 if ill-f\nd$1 des]ves consid]ation4 ,= ev5 ! mo/ "o-sid$ emphasis ^u any aspect ( spiritual tru? is in/ructive1 if only y\r eyes are op54 ,su* are "s ( ! ways 9 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory1 ! religi\sly m9d$ & ! morali/s h be5 divid$4 ,to sum up3 ,c]ta9 ( ! lov]s ( religion h1 ^u occasion1 condemn$ morali/s1 sometimes z legali/s :o d n "k t !re is any highe/ good1 sometimes z va9 optimi/s :o ignore ! dang] ( p]dition1 sometimes z despis]s ( div9e grace1 sometimes z ! b>b>\s tr\bl]s ( spiritual peace4 ,c]ta9 morali/s1 9 _! turn1 & accord+ z !y ignore or accept ! po/ulates ^u :i* ! religi\s int]e/ is bas$1 h condemn$ ! dev\t1 sometimes z ! sl&]]s ( our heal?y human nature1 sometimes z seek]s 9 ! void = a light t does n %9e1 sometimes z slavi% s\ls :o hope to get f grace gifts t !y h n ! c\rage to e>n = !mselves1 sometimes z idl]s too fond ( moral holidays4 ,&1 z morali/s1 _! common cry has be51 ev] s9ce ! times ( ,amos3 ,woe unto ^? :o are at ease 9 ,zion4 #ahj ,we h review$1 !n1 "s ( ^! conflicts4 ,i hope t y see ^u :at g5]al issue !y all alike turn4 ,! morali/s are ess5tially ! p>tisans ( action4 ,!y seek a good4 ,b _! great po/ulate is t !re is some?+ "r = u to d4 ,!re=e ! issue is t betwe5 our ne$ ( some?+ n ourselves to save u & our p[] to w9 a great] or less] good ?r\gh our own moral activity4 ,:oev] s exclusively emphasises ! fact t ! div9e is n ( our mak+1 & t its ways are n our ways1 & t its good is some?+ beyond our p[] to create or atta9 ( ourselves--:oev]1 ,i say1 s exclusively emphasises ^! ?+s t he makes light ( our ef=ts to atta9 ! good some:]e comes into conflict ) morali/s4 ,:oev]1 z morali/1 s exclusively appeals to our own en]gies t he seems to hold t our duty w\ld be j z mu* our duty1 ,if we 7 alone ^u ! e>? & ! gods bl9d1 some:]e meets ! religi\s oppon5t :o mocks 8 pride1 or despises 8 re/lessness1 or lam5ts 8 contempt = ! div9e grace4 ,n[ ^! conflicts are1 ,i insi/1 no m]ely speculative controv]sies4 ,!y play a great "p 9 hi/ory4 ,!y h d>k5$ c\ntless lives4 ,& !y gr[ out ( motives deep 9 human nature4 ,:at is "h mo/ important = u is t !y po9t u t[>d our new s\rce ( insight4 ,:at a n>r[] way ( liv+ c divide1 a deep] & #aha tru] mode ( liv+ c unite4 ,our problem assumes a new =m4 ,is !re any mode ( liv+ t is j bo? to ! moral & to ! religi\s motives8 ,is !re any way ( reconcil+ our ne$1 ( a grace t %all save ) ! call ( ! moral life t we %all be /r5u\s 9 ! pursuit ( our duty8 ,let u "h approa* ?is problem f ! side ( our moral consci\sness4 ,= at ?is po9t we are already famili> ) ! religi\s ne$4 ,does !re exi/ among/ m5 a type ( morality t1 9 & = itself1 is already ess5tially religi\s1 s t x kn[s no?+ ( ?is conflict betwe5 duty & religion8 ,i reply1 !re is su* a type ( morality4 ,!re is a sort ( consci\sness :i* equally dem&s ( ^? :om x inspires1 spiritual atta9m5t & /r5u\sness1 s]5ity & activity1 resignation & vig\r1 life 9 ! _s & ceaseless ent]prise 9 s]vice4 ,is ?is =m ( consci\sness some?+ belong+ only to highly & intellectually cultivat$ s\ls8 ,is x ! fruit ( ab/ract ?9k+ alone8 ,is x ! peculi> possession ( ! philosoph]s8 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 does x arise solely ?r\gh dumb & in>ticulate intuitions8 ,is x consi/5t only ) a highly s5sitive & my/ical temp]am5t8 ,does x belong only to ! *ildhood ( ! _s8 ,is x exclusively connect$ ) ! belief 9 "s "o cre$8 ,to all ^! que/ions ,i reply3 ,no4 ,?is sort ( consci\sness is possess$ 9 a v #ahb high degree by "s ( ! humble/ & lea/ erudite ( mank9d4 ,^? 9 ^: lives x is a notable feature may be p]sonally kn[n only to a few ne> fri5ds4 ,b ! _s 9 :i* !y live is ! mo/ preci\s ( humanity's possessions4 ,& su* p may be f\nd belong+ to all ! ages 9 :i* we c discov] any g5u9ely humane activities1 & to all ^? peoples t h be5 able to d great "w1 & to all ! fai?s t conta9 any recognisable elem5t ( high] religi\s significance4 ,,iii ,i c be/ %[ y :at ,i mean by next v briefly review+ ! motives ^u :i* ! idea ( duty itself re/s1 & by !n %[+ to :at1 ^u ! noble/ level ( human ef=t1 ^! motives lead4 ,our moral int]e/s h a developm5t :i*1 9 all its high] phases1 runs at lea/ p>allel to ! developm5t ( our religi\s int]e/s1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! two sorts ( int]e/s seem to cla%4 ,! moral problems arise ?r\gh c]ta9 int]actions t take place betwe5 our individual & our social exp]i5ce4 ,! reason reviews ^! int]actions & takes int]e/ 9 unify+ our plan ( life4 ,! w is always1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 conc]n$ 9 ! que/ions t "h arise4 ,= :atev] else morality is1 x is c]ta9 t y\r morality has to d ) y\r conduct1 & t #ahc moral goodness _c be y\rs unless y\r w itself is good4 ,weal? might come to y z a m]e gift ( =tune4 ,pleasure might be br\ght to y f )\t1 s f> z y h ! m]e capacity = pleasure4 ,! same might appe> to be true ev5 9 case ( salvation1 if1 inde$1 salvation is :olly due to sav+ grace4 ,b moral goodness1 if y c get x at all1 requires y\r active coop]ation4 ,y c e>n x only 9 case y d some?+ to possess x4 ,its motto reads3 ,erwirb es um es zu besitz54 ,!re=e ! moral "q always takes ! =m ( ask+3 ,:at am ,i to d8 ,! fir/ contribution to ! answ] is furni%$1 ^u all levels ( our self-consci\sness1 by our individual exp]i5ce4 ,& "o app>5tly simple tea*+ t we get f ?is s\rce may be /at$ 9 a maxim :i* wayw>d p (t5 insi/ ^u1 b :i* only ! v highe/ type ( morality c rationally int]pret3 ,i am to d :at ,i *oose1 9 case only ,i "k :at ,i *oose & am able to d x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 my only limitations1 at fir/ sight1 seem to be ^? set = me by my physical weakness4 ,!re are _m ?+s t1 if ,i _h ! p[]1 ,i %\ld or might *oose to d4 ,b s9ce ,i frequ5tly _c accompli% my w1 ,i mu/ le>n to limit myself to :at ,i c c>ry out4 ,s f>1 ,i say1 our individual exp]i5ce1 if tak5 z our sole moral guide1 seems at fir/ to po9t out ! way4 #ahd ,b ?is fir/ tea*+ ( our individual exp]i5ce is by no means s simple z x seems4 ,= ! "q arises3 ,:at is x1 on ! :ole1 t ,i *oose to d8 ,&1 z we saw v e>ly 9 ^! discussions1 ea* ( u is by nature s full ( caprices & ( v>i\s aims1 t1 left to ourselves1 we live n only n>r[ly b inconsi/5tly4 ,h5ce we sp5d mu* ( our lives 9 f9d+ out1 aft] ! fact1 t :at we *ose to d at "o mom5t ( our lives has hopelessly ?w>t$ :at we int5d$ to d at "s o!r mom5t4 ,self-w !n1 left to itself1 means self-defeat4 ,t is ! lesson ( life4 ,& ! "q3 ,:at is x t1 on ! :ole1 ,i w\ld *oose to d if ,i _h ! p[]8 is a "q t individual exp]i5ce1 tak5 by itself1 nev] answ]s 9 any /eadily consi/5t way4 ,!re=e1 z we all soon] or lat] come to see1 "o ( our mo/ p]si/5t limitations is n our physical weakness to accompli% :at we *oose1 b our incapacity1 :5 left to ourselves1 to f9d out :at x is t we propose & really *oose to d4 ,!re=e1 j because individual exp]i5ce1 tak5 by itself1 nev] gives /eady guidance1 we h to look else:]e = a rule4 ,! "q3 ,:at am ,i to d8 is nev] 9 practice answ]$ )\t consult+1 m or less p]si/5tly1 our social exp]i5ce4 ,be+ :at we are1 naturally greg>i\s1 imitative1 &1 :5 tra9$1 conv5tional creatures1 :o1 inde$1 (t5 fight ) our k9d1 b :o also love our k9d1 :o n only #ahe _c be> to be too mu* alone1 b are simply helpless :5 :olly isolat$ f our fell[s 7unless we h already le>n$ 9 _! company ! v arts t we may be able to use :ile we are alone71 we c give no answ] to ! "q3 ,:at is to be my *oice8 )\t pretty con/antly consult+ our social int]e/s4 ,& ^! int]e/s are inde$ pl5tiful & absorb+4 ,b !y too are naturally conflict+4 ,& s1 tak5 z !y come1 !y give u no rule ( life4 ,to be sure1 ! social w 9 g5]al says to u3 ,live ) y\r fell[s1 = y _c d )\t !m4 ,le>n f !m h[ to live2 = y h to live m or less 9 _! way4 ,imitate !m1 co-op]ate ) !m1 at lea/ en\gh to w9 su* ideas z w help y to "k :at y want & su* skill z w make y be/ able to accompli% :atev]1 9 view ( y\r social tra9+1 y are l$ to *oose4 ,d n oppose !m too mu*1 = !y are _m1 &1 if /irr$ up aga9/ y1 c easily de/roy y4 ,con=m1 !n1 to _! w en\gh to get p[] to h y\r own way4 ,& s f> our ord9>y social w gives u m or less consi/5t c\nsel4 ,b beyond su* really r b>r5 advice 7! c\nsel ( an inane worldly prud5ce71 our social exp]i5ce1 z x daily comes to u1 has no s+le ideal to furni%1 no actually univ]sal rules to lay d[n4 ,=1 z ,i g ab\t 9 social relations1 sometimes ,i love my fell[s & sometimes ,i feel antipa?y = !m4 ,sometimes #ahf ,i am full ( pity = _! woes & long to help !m4 ,sometimes !y are my rivals2 & ,i !n naturally try to cru% !m4 ,!re is ?us no "o social t5d5cy t1 z x comes to u 9 ! c\rse ( our ord9>y social exp]i5ce1 gives u suffici5t guidance to tell u h[ to escape self-defeat4 ,= my love & pity w> ) my social gre$ & ) my rivalries4 ,i am s f> left to my *aos4 ,?us1 !n1 if ,i sum up my position1 ,i inde$ propose to d :at ,i *oose1 9 s f> z ,i am able1 & 9 s f> z ,i c f9d out :at x is t ,i *oose & c avoid ?w>t+ myself by my own *oices4 ,& ! art ( le>n+ h[ to *oose1 & :at to *oose1 & h[ to c>ry out my w1 is = me1 s9ce ,i am greg>i\s1 imitative1 & conv5tionalis$1 a social art4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no social art t ,i ord9>ily le>n is suffici5t ei!r to tea* me my :ole purpose 9 life1 or to make a consi/5t self ( me1 or to lead me out ( t *aos ( self-?w>t+ ef=ts :]e9 s _m m5 pass _! lives4 ,,iv ,y already "k1 f our =m] discussion1 h[ our reason views ! situation ?us creat$ by ?is *aos ( social & ( individual int]e/s4 ,h[ real & h[ confus$ ?is *aos is1 ! daily record ( c]ta9 aspects ( ! ord9>y social life ( m5 :i* y see 9 ea* morn+'s newspap] #ahg may s]ve to illu/rate4 ,^! pr9ces & peoples1 ^! rebels & execution]s1 ^! /rik]s & employ]s1 ^! lov]s & murd]]s1 ^! trad]s & bankrupts1 ^! :o seem = ! mom5t to triumph & ^! :o j n[ appe> to be gr\nd "u ! oppon5t's or ! oppressor's heel1 :at arts ( liv+ 7 !y & are !y all foll[+8 ,well1 ea* 9 8 way appe>s to h be5 *oos+ to h 8 own w2 yet ea*1 be+ a social creature1 _h le>n$ f 8 fell[s all 8 va9 little arts ( life4 ,ea* lov$ "s ( 8 fell[s & 0 ! rival ( o!rs4 ,ea* _h 8 /&>ds ( liv+1 /&>ds due to "s m or less accid5tal & un/able union ( all ! motives ?us b>ely sugge/$4 ,! news ( ! day tells y h[ "s ( ^! won _! aims1 = ! mom5t1 :ile o!rs 7 ?w>t$4 ,:at ,i ask y to note1 & :at ! reason ( e man 9 8 m enlight5$ mom5ts %[s him1 is t ea* ( ^! :o at any mom5t 0 ?w>t$1 precisely 9 s f> z he _h any w ( 8 own at all1 0 defeat$ n only by 8 fell[s1 b by himself4 ,= ?is special w ( 8 0 "s caprice n l>ge en\gh to meet 8 own ends4 ,! c>e]1 = in/ance1 ( t man :o fail$ 9 love or 9 bus9ess or 9 politics is wreck$4 ,8 reputation is lo/4 ,well1 x 0 8 w1 z a social be+1 to aim at j su* a c>e] & to value j t sort ( reputation4 ,_h he *os5 to be a h]mit1 or a sa9t1 or a ,/oic1 :at w\ld j su* #ahh a c>e] & su* a reputation h be5 to him8 ,h[ c\ld he h lo/ unless he _h s\ght8 ,& 8 failure1 to :at 0 x due8 ,no d\bt to "s *oice ( 8 own q z mu* z to 8 rival's skill4 ,he want$ fre$om to c>ry on 8 own speculations4 ,he got t fre$om & lo/ 8 =tune4 ,he want$ to be free to *oose :om & h[ to love4 ,he _h 8 way & defeat$ 8 own aim4 ,he *ose to foll[ 8 ambitions4 ,!y h l$ him :]e he is4 ,su* are p]fectly reasonable reflections ^u ! c\rse ( ord9>y social conflicts4 ,!y sugge/ to our m consid]ate mom5ts ! v sort ( reflection :i*1 at ! outset ( ! pres5t discussion1 l$ u to def9e ! religi\s ideal ( salvation4 ,only n[ ?is type ( reflection appe>s z aim+ to lead u to "s practical rule = guid+ our active life4 ,= our att5tion is n[ fix$1 n on a condition to be call$ salvation1 b on a rule = do+ some?+ 9 accordance ) our own true w4 ,?is rule is1 negatively /at$1 ! foll[+3 ,d n seek1 ei!r 9 y\r individual self z y are or 9 y\r social exp]i5ce z x comes1 = ! :ole tru? ei!r ab\t :at y\r own w is or ab\t h[ y c get y\r aims4 ,= if y conf9e y\rself to su* s\rces ( moral insight1 y w g on ?w>t+ y\rself q z g5u9ely1 ev5 if by good luck1 n q z sc&al\sly1 z ! bankrupt speculators & ! /rik]s & ! outca/ oppressors1 & ! politicians #ahi & ! murd]]s1 & ! depos$ mon>*s & ! defeat$ revolutioni/s1 ( :om y read 9 ! newspap]s1 h ?w>t$ bo? _! individual & _! social w4 ,9 brief3 ,put n y\r tru/ 9 caprices1 ei!r individual or social4 ,on ! positive side1 ! rule "h 9 "q is3 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at is y\r true *oice1 & h[ y c live )\t ?w>t+ y\rself1 make y\r pr9ciple ( life su* t :atev] =tune besets y1 y c inw>dly say3 ,i h n really fail$1 = ,i h act$ z ,i int5d$1 & also z ,i /ill int5d to act1 & h _h my w :atev] ! consequ5ces t =tune has br\ght to me1 or h[ev] my mom5t>y mood happ5s to *ange1 or h[ev] ?is or t social caprice leads m5 to love or to despise me4 ,su* is ! moral insight t ! fir/ use ( y\r reason1 9 ?us review+ life1 sugge/s4 ,or1 z ! moral common-s5se ( ! wise has (t5 /at$ ! rule "h 9 "q3 ,s act t1 ^u any calm review ( ! s5se ( y\r individual & ( y\r social life1 y %all nev] h gr\nd to regret ! pr9ciple ( y\r action1 nev] h gr\nd to say3 ,by *oos+ ?us ,i ?w>t$ my own w4 ,z y he> ^! /atem5ts1 ,i hope t1 r$uc$ to _! v l[e/ t]ms3 ,s act z nev] to h reason to regret ! pr9ciple ( y\r action1 !y express a sort ( c\nsel = life :i* is n /range to common-s5se1 ev5 if x has receiv$ an ab/ract expression 9 ! fam\s e?ical philosophy ( ,kant4 #aij ,only1 z y w rightly insi/1 ?is c\nsel is inde$ a seem+ly hopeless c\nsel ( p]fection :5 x is address$ to ! natural man1 :o m]ely has tak5 8 in/9cts z he f\nd !m develop+1 & 8 social _w z he has felt x fasc9at+ or di/urb+ him1 & :o has !n /umbl$ on1 m or less prud5tly & ob/9ately try+ to f9d out :at x really is t he wants to d 9 life4 ,su* a man w cry out3 ,b h[ %all ,i discov] a pr9ciple ( life su* t1 if ,i hold !reto1 ,i %all nev]1 ^u any reasonable survey ( life1 regret foll[+ t pr9ciple8 ,v ,"h at l5g? let life itself answ] ! "q4 ,z ,i 0 prep>+ ^! v words1 & ?9k+ :at new in/ance to *oose1 9 ord] to illu/rate afre% ! v pr9ciple t ,i h 9 m9d1 ! newspap] ( ! day1 side by side ) its usual *ronicle ( unreason & ( disa/]1 report$ ! approa*+ end ( a public s]vant4 ,?is public s]vant 0 ,ida ,lewis1 :o = fifty ye>s 0 ! (ficial keep] ( ! ,lime ,rock ligh?\se 9 ,n>ragansett ,bay4 ,%e _h be5 kn[n = m ?an fifty ye>s = h] e>ly & lat] (t5-repeat$ h]oism z a life-sav]4 ,& n[ %e 0 at la/ on h] dea?-b$4 ,%e has s9ce di$4 ,i "k no?+ ( h] c>e] b :at public reports h told4 ,s f> z h] duty requir$ h] at h] po/1 #aia %e kept h] light burn+ ?r\gh all ! nights & ! /orms ( ^? _m ye>s4 ,%e sav$1 9 all1 ^u v>i\s occasions1 eighte5 lives ( ^? :o 7 9 dang] f wreck4 ,h] occupation ?us _h its p]ils4 ,x _h1 :at mu/ h be5 mu* h>d] to endure1 its /eady call ^u daily fidelity4 ,x 01 on ! :ole1 an obscure & humble occupation2 al?\gh by *ance1 z well z by reason ( h] skill & devotion1 ?is p>ticul> ligh?\se keep] 0 privileg$ to become 9 a s5se fam\s4 ,b c]ta9ly x c\ld h be5 no "p ( h] orig9al plan to pursue a fam\s c>e]4 ,:5 we seek public prom95ce we d n select ! call+ ( ! ligh?\se keep]4 ,i d n "k h[ %e came to f9d ?is call+4 ,%e may n ev5 h *os5 x4 ,b %e c]ta9ly *ose h[ to live h] life :5 %e _h f\nd x4 ,:at x means = ! _w to h su* lives liv$1 a v little ?\ght w %[ u4 ,:at _s is ne$$ to live su* lives z !y %\ld be liv$1 we seldom consid]1 until su* a public s]vant1 dy+ ) ! fruits ( h] ye>s to "s ext5t kn[n to ! public1 rem9ds u ( our debt & ( h] devotion4 ,! newspap] 9 :i* ,i read ( ?is case1 9 comm5t+ ^u its significance1 also report$ 7,i d n "k h[ accurately71 ?is incid5t1 ( :i* "s ( y may "k m ?an ,i d4 ,i quote ! words3 ,footnote3 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript1 ,octob] #bc1 #aiaa4 ,=ty-"o ye>s ago1 ,daniel ,williams1 keep] ( #aib ! light at ,little ,trav]se ,bay1 9 ,lake ,mi*igan1 w5t out 9 a boat = ! rescue ( a %ip's crew 9 di/ress1 & did n come back alive4 ,= ?ree days ! /orm cont9u$4 ,b 8 sorr[+ wid[ did n =get o!r lives1 & ea* night climb$ ! w9d+ /airs & trimm$ ! lamp4 ,?is duty %e dis*>g$ until ! gov]nm5t le>n$ ! situation1 :5 x au?oris$ h] to cont9ue4 ,& %e is /ill at h] po/4 ,ligh?\se keep]s are n ! only p :o live ?us4 ,!re are c\ntless lights kept alive 9 homes :]e want or we>9ess or /ormy sorr[ h long s9ce & (t5 ent]$1 & h aga9 & aga9 seem$ ab\t to ov]:elm1 b :]e1 aft] _m ye>s1 fai?ful s\ls1 well kn[n to _m ( y1 are1 despite =tune1 /ill at _! po/1 ) ! light burn+4 ,& n[1 ,i ask y1 ,:at is ! _s :i* rules su* lives8 ,x is a _s :i* is famili> 9 song & /ory2 = m5 always love to tell ab\t x :5 !y meet ) impressive examples ( its work+s4 ,:at ,i regret is t1 :5 m5 repeat su* songs & /ories1 famili>ity bre$s1 n inde$ contempt 7= our :ole nature rejoices to ?9k ( su* de$s71 b a c]ta9 t5d5cy to false emphasis4 ,we notice ! dramatic & h]oic incid5ts ( su* lives1 & are *>m$ ) ! picturesque or ) ! ?rill+ features ( ! tale4 ,& s we seem to ourselves to be deal+ ma9ly ) anecdotes & ) accid5ts4 ,we fail #aic suffici5tly to consid] t back ( ! exceptional %[ ( h]oism !re has to be ! p]sonal "*1 itself ! result ( ye>s ( devotion & ( tra9+-- ! "* t has made itself ready = ^! dramatic b1 aft] all1 n supremely significant opportunities4 ,only :5 we 9 m9d run ov] s]ies ( su* cases d we see t we are deal+ ) a _s suit$ n only to great occasions1 b to e mom5t ( reasonable life1 & n only to any "o or two call+s1 b to all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,! _s 9 "q is ! "o :i* is (t5 well illu/rat$ 9 ! lives ( w>riors :o will+ly face dea? = _! flag--if only !y face dea? n m]ely z brutes may also face x 7because _! fight+ blood is ar\s$71 b z reasonable m5 face dea? :o cle>ly see :at conditions make x man's p]dition to be safe4 ,!re are two te/s by :i* we may "k :e!r ! w>riors really h ! _s ( :i* ,i am speak+1 namely1 ! _s t 0 also1 & q equally1 pres5t 9 ! wid[ :o1 9 all ! agony ( a new grief1 & ?r\gh ! /orm t _h tak5 away h] husb&1 /ill climb$ ! lonely /airway & trimm$ ! lamp :i* he c\ld nev] aga9 t5d4 ,! fir/ te/ t ! w>rior & ! ligh?\se t5d] are mov$ by ! same _s is furni%$ by ! fact t ^? w>riors :o are rightly fill$ ) ?is _s are z well able to live by x 9 peace z 9 w>2 are1 = in/ance1 able ev5 to surr5d] to #aid ! foe1 :5 =tune & duty require !m to d s--to surr5d]1 ,i say1 ) ! same calm dignity & unbrok5 c\rage t ,lee %[$ 9 8 int]view ) ,grant at ,appomattox1 & t inspir$ him 9 ! ye>s ( defeat & ( new toils ?r\gh :i* he _h /ill to live aft] ! w>4 ,t is1 ! w>rior1 if rightly inspir$1 is z ready = life z = dea?1 is z ready = peace z = w>2 & despises defeat z mu* z dang]--fe>+ only slo? & di%on\r & ab&onm5t ( ! s]vice4 ,! o!r te/ is :e!r ! w>rior is ready to recognise & to hon\r1 ) cle> cordiality1 ?is same _s :5 x is manife/$ 9 ano!r call+1 or 9 ano!r s]vice1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 is manife/$ by 8 enemy4 ,= !n ! w>rior kn[s t w>f>e itself is only ! accid5t ( =tune1 & t ! true _s ( 8 own act is "o :i* c\ld be manife/$ )\t reg>d to ! special occasion t has requir$ him to face dea? j "h or to fight on ?is side4 ,if ! _s ( ! w>rior be>s ^! te/s1 8 fai?fulness is ( ! type t c\ld be %[n z well by ! lonely light-t5d] 9 h] grief z by ! h]o = :om glory waits4 ,& aga91 ?is _s is ! v "o t m>tyrs h %[n :5 !y di$ = _! fai?2 t pati5t mo!rs & fa!rs1 h[ev] obscure & humble1 %[ :5 !y toil1 9 true devotion1 = _! homes2 t lov]s mean to express :5 !y utt] su* words z ! ones :i* we e>li] quot$ f ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,& le/ all ^! #aie in/ances %\ld impress y ) ! idea t ! _s 9 "q has to d only ) brilliant emotional col\r+s1 su* z ^? :i* fill our imag9ations :5 we ?9k ( w>1 & ( brave dea?s1 & ( h]oic triumph ov] grief1 & ( lov]s' v[s1 let me turn at once to :at "s ( y may ?9k to be ! o!r extreme ( life4 ,let me say t1 to my m9d1 ! calm & labori\s devotion to a sci5ce :i* has made possible ! life-"w ( a ,newton1 or ( a ,maxwell1 or ( a ,d>w9 is /ill ano!r example1 & a v great example1 ( ?is same _s--an example full ( ! same /r5u\sness1 ! same fasc9at$ love ( an idealis$ object1 &1 be/ ( all1 full ( ! will+ness to face unkn[n =tunes1 h[ev] h>d1 & to ab&on1 :5 t is necess>y1 mom5t>y joys1 h[ev] de>1 9 a pursuit ( "o ( ! pr9cipal goods :i* humanity ne$s--namely1 an und]/&+ ( ! wond]ful _w 9 :i* we mortals are requir$ to "w out our de/9y4 ,x is n a sup]ficial resemblance t ! ligh?\se t5d] & ! sci5tific man bo? seek to keep & to spread light = ! guidance ( m54 ,! ligh?\se t5d]1 ! "m1 ! w>rior1 ! patriot1 ! m>tyr1 ! true lov]1 ! sci5tific inve/igator--!y all may %[1 ,i insi/1 ?is same ess5tial _s1 ,pati5t ?r\gh ! wat*es long1 ,s]v+ mo/ ) none to see2 #aif sup]ior to =tune because some?+ t is wor?i] ?an any =tune seems to call !m to _! task4 ,su* are undismay$ 9 defeat4 ,s ,newton 0 undismay$ :5 he look$ = ! ne$$ confirmation ( 8 !ory 9 ! motion ( ! moon & = ! "t fail$4 ,he work$ on /eadily1 )\t any ef=t to w9 r5[n by ha/y publication ( possible explanations1 until new advances ( sci5ce %[$ :y confirmation _h s f> be5 lack+ & br\ght him :at he ne$$4 ,s ,lee turn$ to ! new life aft] ! w>4 ,s ! wid[ climb$ ! lonely /airway1 despite h] lo/ "o1 & because ( h] lo/ "o4 ,s ! m>tyrs fac$ ! lions4 ,^! all 7 su/a9$ ?r\gh long toil1 or bewild]+ grief1 by a _s t t5d$ to make !m ma/]s ( _! own lives & to br+ !m into unity ) ! ma/] ( all life4 ,we h illu/rat$ ! _s4 ,we n[ ask3 ,:at is ! pr9ciple :i* dom9ates su* lives8 ,is x or is x n a pr9ciple su*1 t "o at any "t :olly devot$ to x c\ld !reaft]1 ^u a reasonable review ( life1 wisely regret hav+ *os5 to live ?us8 ,if x is n su* a pr9ciple1 if on ! contr>y x is a pr9ciple su* t any reasonable view ( life approves x1 let u "k :at x is1 let u deta* x f ! accid5tal conditions :i* at once adorn & disguise x = our imag9ation1 let u read x s z to see h[ x applies to e sort ( reasonable life--& !n we %all be 9 possession #aig ( ! solution ( our moral problem4 ,!n we %all "k :at x is t1 if we are inde$ rational1 we really *oose to d s soon z we le>n h[ to live4 ,,vi ,if we consid] c>efully any su* fai?ful lives z ,i h j exemplifi$1 we see t1 h[ev] simple-m9d$ & unreflective "s ( ! p may be :o le>n to live 9 ?is way1 ! motives t guide !m are su* z w be> a great deal ( ?\ghtful reflection4 ,! p :om ,i h 9 m9d1 & ( :om su* in/ances tea* u some?+1 are1 9 ! fir/ place1 individuals ( consid]able weal? & /r5g? ( p]sonal "*4 ,!y c]ta9ly are resolute4 ,!y h a w ( _! own4 ,!y make *oices4 ,& s ! contribution ( _! individual exp]i5ce to _! moral purpose is l>ge4 ,x w\ld be wrong to say1 z "s d1 t !y are *>act]is$ by m]e altruism1 by utt] self-=getfulness1 by liv+ solely = o!rs4 ,if y 7 on a wreck 9 a /orm1 & ! ligh?\se keep] 7 com+ out to save y1 y w\ld take little com=t 9 ! belief1 if y _h su* a belief1 t1 s9ce he 0 a man :o _h always liv$ = o!rs1 he _h nev] all[$ himself ! selfi% delight ( be+ fond ( h&l+ a boat ) skill or ( swimm+ = ! m]e love ( ! wat]4 ,no1 on ! contr>y1 y w\ld rejoice to believe1 if y #aih c\ld1 t he _h always delight$ 9 boat+ & 9 swimm+1 & 0 ju/ly va9 ( 8 pr[ess on ! wat]4 ,! m ( a self he _h delight$ly or ) a j pride tra9$ on ! wat]1 ! m ( a self he might h to save y )4 ,:5 we are 9 desp]ate ne$1 we nev] wi% be+s :o1 z "s say1 h no ?\ght ( self to help u 9 our plight4 ,we want robu/ help]s :o h be5 tra9$ ?r\gh _! p]sonal fondness = ! skill & ! pr[ess t !y c n[ %[ 9 help+ u4 ,s individual self-developm5t belongs ( necessity to ! p ^: fai?fulness we are to prize 9 an em]g5cy4 ,& if p resolve to become effectively fai?ful 9 "s practical s]vice1 _! pr9ciple ( action includes individual self-developm5t4 ,9 ! second place1 p ( ! type :om ,i "h h 9 m9d h /rong social motives4 ,_! fai?fulness is a recognition ( ! significance1 9 _! eyes1 ( "s socially important call4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 is too obvi\s a fact to ne$ fur!r m5tion4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place1 ^! p are guid$ by a motive :i* di/+ui%es _! type ( social consci\sness f ! *ance & fickle int]e/s 9 ?is or t =m ( p]sonal & social success :i* ,i exemplifi$ a %ort "t s9ce4 ,a peculi> grace has be5 inde$ grant$ to !m--a free gift1 b "o :i* !y c only accept by be+ ready to e>n x--a preci\s treasure t !y _c #aii possess )\t lov+ & s]v+ ! life t has ?us end[$ !m--a tal5t :i* !y _c hide1 b mu/ employ to e>n new usury--a tal5t :i* seems to !m n to belong to !mselves1 b to _! ma/]1 :o w require x ( !m1 increas$4 ,?is grace1 ?is gift1 is :at may be call$ _! ,cause4 ,sometimes x appe>s to !m 9 w9n+ guise1 se5 9 ! dep?s ( ! eyes ( a belov$ "o1 or symbolis$ by a flag1 or express$ ?r\gh a song4 ,sometimes !y ?9k ( x m au/]ely1 & "n x sci5ce1 or ! s]vice1 or ! tru?4 ,sometimes !y conceive x expressly z a religi\s object1 & call x1 n unwisely1 ,god's w4 ,b h[ev] !y conceive x1 or :atev] "n !y give to x1 x has c]ta9 features by :i* y may easily "k x4 ,! ,cause1 = p ( ?is _s1 is nev] "o individual p]son alone1 ev5 if1 z 9 ! lov]'s case1 ! devot$ p]son c5tres x ab\t ! self ( "o belov$4 ,= ev5 ! lov]s "k t !y transfigure ! belov$ be+1 & speak ( _! love 9 t]ms t c\ld n be true1 unless t :i* !y really s]ve 7 mu* m ?an any "o individual4 ,! ,cause = any su* devot$ s]vant ( a cause z we h be5 describ+ is "s conceiv$1 & yet also real1 spiritual unity :i* l9ks _m individual lives 9 "o1 & :i* is !re=e ess5tially sup]human1 9 exactly ! s5se 9 :i* we f\nd ! realities ( ! _w ( ! reason to be sup]human4 ,yet ! cause is n1 on t #bjj acc\nt1 any m]e ab/raction4 ,x is a live some?+3 ,my home1 my family1 my c\ntry1 my s]vice1 mank9d1 ! *ur*1 my art1 my ,sci5ce1 ! cause ( humanity1 or1 once m1 ,god's w1--su* are names = ! cause4 ,"o ?9ks ( all ^! objects z liv+ expressions ( :at p]fectly concrete & ne$y p want & require4 ,b "o also ?9ks ( ! cause z unify+ _m individuals 9 its s]vice1 & z graci\sly furni%+ to !m :at !y ne$1 namely1 ! opportunity to be "o 9 _s4 ,! cause1 !n1 is some?+ bas$ ^u human ne$s1 & inclusive ( human ef=ts1 & alive ) all ! w>m? ( human consci\sness & ( human love & desire & ef=t4 ,"o also ?9ks ( ! cause z sup]human 9 ! scope1 ! weal?1 ! unity1 & ! reasonabl5ess ( its purposes & ( its accompli%m5ts4 ,su* is ! cause4 ,t ! individual loves x is1 9 any "o case1 due to ! *ances ( 8 temp]am5t & ( 8 developm5t4 ,t x c be conceiv$ & s]v$ is a matt] ( social exp]i5ce4 ,t x is m wor?y to be s]v$ ?an are any pass+ :ims1 individual or social1 is ! insight :i* ! individual gets :5ev] he surveys 8 life 9 its wid] unities4 ,t to s]ve x requires creative ef=t2 t x _c be s]v$ except by positive de$s is ! result ( all "o's k ( x4 ,t 9 su* s]vice "o f9ds self-expression ev5 9 & ?r\gh self-surr5d]1 & is m ( a self ev5 because "o gives "o's #bja self1 is ! daily exp]i5ce ( all :o h f\nd su* a cause4 ,t su* s]vice enables "o to face =tune ) a new c\rage1 because1 :atev] happ5s to ! s]vant ( ! cause1 he is seek+ n 8 own =tune1 b t ( ! cause1 & has !re=e disc\nt$ 8 own p]sonal defeats1 is ! result ( ! :ole _s "h 9 "q4 ,= su* a practical attitude t[>d su* a cause ,i "k no bett] "n ?an ! good old ^w ,loyalty4 ,& h]eupon we are ready = a /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple :i* dom9ates loyal lives4 ,all ! =ego+ cases 7 cases ( loyalty4 ,9 ea* "s "o _h f\nd a cause1 a live spiritual unity1 above 8 own individual level4 ,?is cause is no m]e heap or collection ( o!r human be+s2 x is a life ( _m bre?r5 9 unity4 ,! simple/ /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ! loyal p]son 0 ! maxim3 ,be loyal to y\r cause4 ,some:at m fully /at$ ?is pr9ciple w\ld read3 ,devote y\r :ole self to y\r cause4 ,su* a pr9ciple does n mean ,lose y\rself1 or ,aboli% y\rself1 or ev5 simply ,sacrifice y\rself4 ,x means3 ,be z ri* & full & /rong a self z y c1 & !n1 ) all y\r he>t & y\r s\l & y\r m9d & y\r /r5g?1 devote y\rself to ?is y\r cause1 to ?is spiritual unity 9 :i* individuals may be1 & 7:5 !y are loyal7 actually are1 unit$ 9 a life ^: mean+ is above ! sep>ate mean+s ( any or ( all natural human be+s4 #bjb ,yet ev5 ?us ! pr9ciple :i* actually inspires e ?or\ghly loyal action has n be5 fully /at$4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! w>riors1 despite ! fact t _! duty requires !m to compass if !y c ! defeat ( _! foes1 be/ %[ _! loyal _s if !y prize ! loyalty ( _! foes & hon\r loyalty :]ev] !y f9d x4 ,we call su* a _s t hon\rs loyalty 9 ! foe a _s ( *ivalry4 ,y & ,i may rememb] t ,lee 0 ! foe ( t ,union 9 ^: triumph we n[ rejoice4 ,yet we may & %\ld look ^u him z1 9 8 own p]sonal int5t1 a model ( ! _s ( true loyalty2 = he gave all t he _h & 0 to :at he f\nd to be 8 cause4 ,su* an insight into ! mean+ ( ! loyalty ( ! foe1 *ivalry requires4 ,!re=e1 ! true _s ( loyalty1 includ+1 z is reasonable1 ?is _s ( *ivalry1 also requires u to /ate ! pr9ciple ( loyalty 9 a /ill deep] & m univ]sal =m4 ,! true pr9ciple ( loyalty is1 9 fact1 an union ( two pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ is3 ,be loyal4 ,! second is3 ,s be loyal1 t is1 s seek1 s accept1 s s]ve y\r cause t !reby ! loyalty ( all y\r bre?r5 ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 ?r\gh y\r example1 ?r\gh y\r influ5ce1 ?r\gh y\r own love ( loyalty :]ev] y f9d x1 z well z ?r\gh ! sort ( loyalty :i* y exemplify 9 y\r de$s1 %all be aid$1 fur!r$1 increas$ s f> z 9 y lies4 ,c ?is pr9ciple be act$ out8 ,c x direct life8 ,is x a b>r5 ab/raction8 ,let ! life & #bjc ! de$ ( ! lonely ligh?\se keep] give ! reply4 ,:o1 among/ u1 :atev] 8 own cause1 is n in/ruct$ & aid$ 9 8 loyalty by ! fai?ful de$ ( su* a devot$ s\l8 ,su* p are !n1 9 tru?1 n loyal m]ely to _! own private cause4 ,!y are loyal to ! cause ( all loyal p4 ,=1 to any enlight5$ survey ( life1 all ! loyal1 ev5 :5 *ance & human bl9dness =ce !m at any mom5t to w> ) "o ano!r1 are1 9 fact1 spiritual bre?r54 ,!y h a common cause--! cause ( fur!r+ univ]sal loyalty ?r\gh _! own *oice & _! own s]vice4 ,! _s ( *ivalry simply br+s ?is fact to m9d4 ,! loyal are inspir$ by ! loyal1 are su/a9$ by !m4 ,e "o ( !m f9ds 9 ! loyal 8 k9dr$1 8 fell[-s]vants4 ,:oev] is concretely loyal1 t is1 :oev] :olly gives himself to "s cause t b9ds _m human s\ls 9 "o sup]human unity1 is j 9 s f> s]v+ ! cause n only ( all mank9d1 b ( all ! rational spiritual _w4 ,i repeat !n3 ,! true pr9ciple ( all ! loyal is3 ,s be loyal to y\r own cause z !reby to s]ve ! advancem5t ( ! cause ( univ]sal loyalty4 ,n[ ( ! pr9ciple ?us =mulat$ ,i ass]t t x is a pr9ciple fit to be made ! basis ( an univ]sal moral code4 ,!re is no duty1 !re is no virtue ^: w>rant & ^: value y _c d$uce f ?is "o pr9ciple4 ,*>ity1 ju/ice1 fidelity1 decisiv5ess1 /r5u\sness1 tru?fulness1 #bjd effici5cy1 wise self-ass]tion1 wat*ful self-re/ra9t1 pati5ce1 defiance ( =tune1 resignation 9 defeat1 y\r daily social duties1 y\r individual self-developm5t1 y\r p]sonal rights & dignity1 y\r ob$i5ce to ! calls ( duty1 y\r ju/ifi$ self-sacrifices1 y\r rational pride 9 ! unique moral (fice to :i* y h individually be5 call$--all ^!1 ,i ass]t1 c be rightly def9$1 def5d$1 e/imat$1 & put into practice ?r\gh an accurate und]/&+ & developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( loyalty j laid d[n4 ,s9ce ,i am1 inde$1 speak+ ( s\rces ( insight1 & am n portray+ at any l5g? _! results1 y w n expect ( me a d$uction ( su* a moral code "h4 ,b ?is ass]tion ( m9e is no m]e boa/4 ,i h repeat$ly endeav\r$1 else:]e1 to portray loyalty & to apply its pr9ciples to life4 ,= ! mom5t x suffices to ask y to consid] ! lives ( ! loyal1 9 su* examples z ,i h sugge/$ to y1 & to try = y\rselves to see :at !y tea*4 ,to help y 9 su* a consid]ation1 ,i may "h simply rem9d y t :5 "o is n only loyal b enlight5$1 "o _c f9ally approve or accept any cause or any mode ( liv+ t1 :ile seem+ 9 itself to be a cause or a mode ( liv+ su* z embodies ! _s ( loyalty1 /ill dep5ds ^u or involves contempt = ! loyalty ( o!r m51 or a disposition to prey ^u _! loyalty & to deprive !m ( any cause to :i* !y c be loyal4 ,no loyalty t lives by #bje de/roy+ ! loyalty ( y\r neighb\r is j to its own true int5t4 ,& t is :y *>ity & ju/ice are fruits ( ! loyal _s4 ,& t is :y1 if y\r cause & y\r loyal action are rightly accept$ & c>ri$ out1 ! common int]e/s ( all rational be+s are s]v$ by y\r loyalty precisely 9 s f> z y\r p[]s p]mit4 ,:atev] y\r special cause 7& y\r special p]sonal cause--y\r love1 y\r home1 or y\r call+--y mu/ h71 y\r true cause is ! spiritual unity ( all ! _w ( reasonable be+s4 ,?is cause y fur!r1 s f> z 9 y lies1 by y\r e de$4 ,& t also is :y ! pr9ciple ( loyalty1 once rightly def9$ & s]v$ by y--s]v$ ) ! :ole en]gy & p[] ( y\r p]sonal self--is a pr9ciple t1 ^u any enlight5$ survey ( y\r life y c nev] regret hav+ s]v$4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at we 7 seek+--an absolute moral pr9ciple1 a guide = all action4 ,b ev5 ?is is n ! :ole mean+ ( :at ! _s ( loyalty has to tea* y4 ,y\r cause1 ?us concretely & yet univ]sally def9$1 is some?+ ( :i* y c always1 & n[ tru?fully & )\t any pa!tic fallacy1 say1 :at ,br[n+'s lov] said 9 ! lyric t ,i quot$ 9 our second lecture3 ,_w1 h[ x wall$ ab\t ,life ) disgrace1 ,till ,god's own smile came out ,t 0 ?y face4 #bjf ,= y\r cause c only be reveal$ to y ?r\gh "s pres5ce t fir/ tea*es y to love ?is unity ( ! spiritual life4 ,?is pres5ce w come to y 9 a belov$ =m1 z some?+ human1 de>1 vitally fasc9at+4 ,x may be a p]son--a face--or a liv+ community ( human be+s t fir/ reveals x to y4 ,y c1 inde$1 *oose x z y\r cause4 ,y\r w is ne$$4 ,loyalty is no m]e s5tim5t4 ,x is ! will+ & practical & ?or\gh-go+ devotion ( a self to a cause4 ,b y c nev] *oose y\r cause until y h fir/ f\nd x4 ,& y mu/ f9d x 9 human %ape4 ,& y mu/ love x be=e y c *oose its s]vice4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] f> y g 9 loyalty1 y w nev] reg>d y\r loyalty z a m]e morality4 ,x w also be 9 ess5ce a religion4 ,x w always be to y a f9d+ ( an object t comes to y f )\t & above1 z div9e grace has always be5 said to come4 ,h5ce loyalty is a s\rce n only ( moral b ( religi\s insight4 ,! _s ( true loyalty is ( its v ess5ce a complete syn!sis ( ! moral & ( ! religi\s int]e/s4 ,! cause is a religi\s object4 ,x f9ds y 9 y\r ne$4 ,x po9ts out to y ! way ( salvation4 ,its pres5ce 9 y\r _w is to y a free gift f ! realm ( ! _s--a gift t y h n ( y\rself1 b ?r\gh ! will+ness ( ! _w to manife/ to y ! way ( salvation4 ,?is free gift fir/ compels y\r love4 ,!n y freely give y\rself 9 return4 #bjg ,!re=e1 ! _s ( loyalty completely reconciles ^? bitt] & tragic wrangles betwe5 ! m]e morali/s & ! p>tisans ( div9e grace4 ,x supplies 9 its unity also ! way to def9e1 9 h>moni\s fa%ion1 ! ideal ( :at y\r individual exp]i5ce seeks 9 its ne$1 ( :at y\r social _w1 groan+ & travail+ 9 pa9 toge!r1 longs = z our common salvation1 ( :at ! reason conceives z ! div9e unity ( ! _w's mean+1 ( :at ! rational w requires y to s]ve z ,god's w4 ,?r\gh loyalty1 !n1 n only ! absolute moral insight1 b ! absolute religi\s insight1 z y gr[ 9 grace & p]si/ 9 s]vice1 may be & w be gradually & tru?fully reveal$ to y4 ,= loyalty1 ?\gh ju/ify+ no moral holidays1 %[s y ! w ( ! spiritual _w1 ! div9e w1 & s gives y re/ 9 toil1 peace 9 ! mid/ ( c>e4 ,& loyalty also1 ?\gh leav+ y 9 no my/ic trance1 displays to y ! law t holds ! :ole rational _w toge!r2 ?\gh %[+ y ! div9e grace1 calls ^u y = ! /r5u\s giv+ ( y\r :ole self to action2 ?\gh requir+ ( y no philosophical tra9+1 tells y :at ! highe/ reason c b ju/ify2 &1 ?\gh conc]n$ ) no m]e signs & wond]s1 %[s y ! graci\s & et]nal miracle ( a spiritual realm :]e1 :atev] =tunes & miracles & div9e be+s !re may be1 y1 9 s f> z y are loyal1 are & are to be always at home4 #bjh ,& all ?is is true because ! _s ( loyalty at once expresses y\r own p]sonal ne$ & reason1 & def9es = y ! only purpose t c\ld be ju/ifi$ f ! po9t ( view ( "o :o survey$ all volunt>y & rational life4 ,?is is ! purpose to fur!r ! unity ( :atev] spiritual life y c influ5ce1 & to d ?is by y\r e rational de$1 precisely 9 s f> z y\r p[]s p]mit4 ,?is is a law = all rational be+s4 ,no angels c\ld d m ?an ?is4 ,!re is a fam\s ^w t ,*auc] put into ! m\? ( 8 ,griselda at ! mom5t :5 h] husb& tri$ h] pati5ce ) 8 la/ & utmo/ cruelty4 ,t ^w1 utt]$ by a woman to a m]e individual human creature :o happ5$ to be h] husb&1 seems helplessly pa!tic & slavi% en\gh4 ,yet ,*auc] himself w>ns u t ! old tale1 truly int]pret$1 %\ld be view$ z an allegory ( ! deep] relations betwe5 ! s\l & ,god4 ,ev5 s1 to _m ( our lead+ mod]n m9ds ! allegory1 :5 int]pret$ 9 ?is way1 may seem h>% en\gh4 ,m]e morali/s may make light ( x1 because x seems oppos$ to ! dignity ( ! moral _s ( individual self-respect4 ,only ! p>tisans ( a div9e grace1 adm9i/]$ ?r\gh inscrutable div9e decrees1 w\ld1 y might suppose1 /ill see any wor? 9 s cruel an allegory4 ,nev]!less1 ?is judgm5t ( ! allegory is false4 ,let a truly loyal be+--our ligh?\se keep]1 = in/ance--our patriot or m>tyr1 let ,lee or ,newton1 #bji let :oev] is fill$ ) ! "r _s ( loyalty--:oev]1 ?r\gh ! light t he trims1 int5ds to light5 & to unify s mu* ( ! spiritual _w z he c ev] rea* by 8 de$--let su* a loyal be+ utt] ,griselda's ^w4 ,let him utt] x z 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ma/] ( life1 :o (f]s to all ! loyal ! div9e grace ( f9d+ !mselves ?r\gh _! devotion to _! cause4 ,let him address ?is ^w ,z unto "o t he>s ,a cry above ! conqu]$ ye>s4 ,let him utt] ?is ^w z ! summ>y & confession ( 8 :ole life ( loyalty4 ,& !n ,griselda's ^w is no long] slavi%4 ,x is full ( ! resolute c\rage1 ( ! spl5did contempt = m]e =tune1 ( ! unconqu]able spiritual self-ass]tion1 yes1 x is full ( ! dea?less w1 :i* are ( ! v ess5ce ( loyalty1 & :i*1 inde$1 mu/ ov]come &1 9 ! et]nal realm1 d ov]come ! _w4 ,griselda's ^w 0 ?is3 ,b c]tes1 ,"l1 = none adv]sitie1 ,to di5 9 ?is case x %all n be ,t ,i 9 h]te & m9de %\ld aye rep5te1 ,t ,i y gave my s\l ) :ole int5te4 ,:oev] ?us addresses 8 ^w1 n to a human individual1 b z unto ! ma/] ( life1 & !n4 #baj s9c]ely & p]si/5tly & lov+ly1 lives t ^w out 9 8 life1 has solv$ ! religi\s p>adox4 ,f out ! lonely & d>k5$ dep?s ( 8 p]sonal f9itude1 f out ! *aos ( 8 social prompt+s & ( 8 worldly ambitions1 amid all ! /orms ( =tune1 mid/ ( hell's laught] & noises appall+1 he has he>d ! voice ( ! ,_s4 ,he has he>d1 &--h[ev] unle>n$--he has und]/ood4 ,8 own lamp is burn+1 & ?r\gh 8 de$ ! et]nal light %9es 9 ! d>kness ( ?is _w4 #baa ,,vi ,,! ,,religi\s ,,mission ,,( ,,sorr[ #bab #bac ,,vi ,,! ,,religi\s ,,mission ,,( ,,sorr[ ,x v (t5 happ5s to u t to rea* any notable result1 ei!r 9 life or 9 insight1 is ev5 !reby to introduce ourselves to a new problem4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! und]tak+ ( ^! lectures su* is our exp]i5ce4 ,! religi\s insight ^: s\rce is ! loyal _s 0 our topic 9 ! =ego+ lecture4 ,if my own view is correct1 ?is s\rce is by f> ! mo/ important t we h yet consid]$4 ,x unites ! _s & ! mean+ ( all ! =ego+ s\rces4 ,rightly int]pret$1 x po9ts ! way to a true salvation4 ,yet ! v la/ words ( our sket* ( ! fruits ( loyalty 7 ( necessity grave words4 ,int5d+ to %[ ?r\gh :at _s man escapes f total failure1 we 7 br\ght face to face ) ! trag$ies :i* /ill beset ! high] life4 ,adv]sity--poor ,griselda fac$ x 9 ! tale4 ,we left ! loyal _s appe>+ to u--z x does appe> 9 its /ronge/ repres5tatives1 able1 someh[1 9 ! p[] t is due to its insight1 to triumph ov] =tune4 ,b side by side ) ?is sugge/ion #bad ( ! nature ( t :i* ov]comes ! _w /ood ! inevitable rem9d] ( ! ^w3 ,9 ?is _w ye %all h tribulation4 ,h[ is tribulation relat$ to religi\s insight8 ,t is our pres5t problem4 ,x has be5 =c$ ^u our att5tion by ! /udy ( ! place & ! mean+ ( loyalty4 ,"s und]/&+ ( ?is problem is necess>y to any fur!r compreh5sion ( ! lessons ( all ! =ego+ s\rces ( insight1 & is ( peculi> significance = any def9ition ( ! (fice ( religion4 ,to ne>ly all ( u1 at "s "t 9 our lives1 & to _m ( u at all times1 ! tragic aspect ( human life seems to be a pr(\nd h9drance to religi\s insight ( any /able sort4 ,i mu/ "h fir/ br+ m fully to y\r m9ds :y ?is is s--:y ! exi/5ce ( trag$y 9 human exi/5ce appe>s to _m moods1 & to _m p1 de/ructive ( fai? 9 any religi\s tru? & a b>ri] aga9/ rational assurance reg>d+ ! ultimate triumph ( any?+ good4 ,!n ,i want to devote ! re/ ( ?is lecture to %[+ h[ sorr[1 h[ ! :ole burd5 ( human tribulation1 has be51 & reasonably may be1 n m]ely a b>ri] 9 ! way ( insight1 b also a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ! title ( ! pres5t lecture4 #bae ,i ,we approa* our problem fully m9dful ( ! limitations to :i* ! purpose ( ^! lectures conf9es u4 ,! problem ( evil has _m metaphysical1 !ological1 moral1 & common-s5se aspects ^u :i* ,i c say no?+ :atev] 9 ! pres5t context4 ,human sorr[ appe>s 9 our pa?way 9 ^! lectures z a topic = u to consid]1 fir/1 because :atev] s\rce ( religi\s insight we h ?us f> consult$ has %[n u man /ruggl+ ) "s sort ( ill1 &1 secondly1 because !re are aspects ( ?is v /ruggle :i* w provide u ) a new s\rce ( religi\s insight1 & :i* w ?us t5d to ?r[ new light ^u ! mean+ ( all ! o!r s\rces4 ,a ?or\gh-go+ /udy ( ! problem ( evil w\ld require ( u a complete philosophy n only ( religion b ( reality4 ,b we are limit+ ourselves1 9 ^! discussions1 to a survey ( c]ta9 s\rces4 ,! reasons :y ! exi/5ce & ! prom95ce ( evil 9 human life seem to all ( u at "s times1 & to _m ( u at all times1 a h9drance to ! acceptance ( any religi\s solution ( ! problems ( life are famili>4 ,i ne$ !n only to rem9d y :at !y are4 ,)\t go+ into any subtleties reg>d+ ! def9ition ( evil1 x is obvi\s t our fir/ *>act]i/ic reaction :5 we meet ) :at we take #baf to be an evil is an ef=t to get rid ( x1 to %un its pres5ce1 or to remove x f exi/5ce4 ,pa91 cold1 burn+ heat1 disease1 />vation1 dea?1 our enemies1 our dang]s1 ^! are facts t1 precisely s f> z we f9d !m evil1 we face ) ! det]m9ation to annul altoge!r _! evil aspect4 ,a *>act]i/ic result ( ?is t5d5cy appe>s 9 ! fact t man1 :o ( all animals is mo/ cle>ly aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( evil 9 8 _w1 is = t v reason n only an +5i\s devis] ( new inv5tions = gett+ good ?+s & = supply+ 8 ne$s1 b is also ! mo/ de/ructive ( animals4 ,he w>s ) 8 natural surr\nd+s1 & /ill m ) 8 fell[-m51 9 ways t %[ h[ ! in/9ctive av]sions ^u :i* 8 e/imates ( evil are f\nd$ are re9=c$ by ! habits :i* he =ms 9 8 conte/s ) ill =tune4 ,man ! de/roy] ( evil ?us appe>s1 9 mu* ( 8 life1 z a de/roy] :o is also l>gely mov$ by a love ( de/ruction = its own sake4 ,?is love plays a great "p 9 ! =mation ( ev5 v high levels ( our social & moral consci\sness4 ,! h]oes ( song & /ory1 & (t5 ( hi/ory z well1 are fasc9at+ p>tly1 or *iefly1 because !y c\ld kill & did s4 ,we love victory ov] ill4 ,kill+ seems to involve su* a victory4 ,s we love kill+1 at lea/ 9 ! h]o tales4 ,! result is (t5 a c]ta9 inconsi/5cy4 ,! gods (f]$ ,a*illes ! *oice betwe5 a %ort life full ( ! glori\s slay+ ( enemies & a long life ( #bag h>mless obscurity4 ,he *ose ! %ort life2 & !re=e he is to be rememb]$ =ev]4 ,= ev5 :5 he w\ld n fight1 8 de/ructive wra? s5t ! s\ls ( _m valiant h]oes to ,hades1 & left !mselves a prey to ! dogs & birds ( ! air4 ,& :5 he return$ to battle1 :at became ( ,hector8 ,! song ( ! ,nibelungs op5s by assur+ u t ! old /ories tell ( _m wond]s1 & ( h]oes wor?y ( praise 7von ,held5 lobeba]571 & ( great lab\rs 7von gross] ,arebeit74 ,^! great lab\rs consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! slay+ ( o!r m54 ,& ?is slay+ 0 obvi\sly wor?y ( praise2 = x gave u a model = all our own /ruggle ) evil4 ,z = ! h]oes ( hi/ory1 ( c\rse1 we love to dwell ^u _! con/ructive lab\rs4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at sort ( comp>ison is !re 9 :at ! pla9 man1 ap>t f a high] enlight5m5t1 usually calls glory1 betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,napoleon8 ,no d\bt !re w always be admir]s ( ,napoleon :o w ?9k ( him z a misund]/ood re=m] lab\r+ = ! build+ up ( an ideal ,europe4 ,b ev5 su* admir]s w jo9 ) ! pla9 man 9 dwell+1 ) especial fasc9ation1 ^u ! ,napoleon ( ,au/]litz4 ,& !y w n =get ev5 ,borod9o4 ,no d\bt ! lov]s ( ,wa%+ton f9d him glori\s4 ,b :]e1 9 8 c>e]1 belongs ! glory ( hav+ put an end to ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 or ( hav+ de/roy$ ! polity ( ! ,europe ( ! old maps8 #bah ,man ! de/roy] ?us glories 9 8 pr[ess1 & adores ! h]oes :o 7 ! m9i/]s ( dea?4 ,& s9ce1 ( c\rse1 8 w>f>e is always direct$ aga9/ some?+ t he takes to be an evil1 ! pr9ciple :i* directs 8 glori\s conflicts seems to be "o easy ( g5]al /atem5t1 inconsi/5t z "s ( ! reason+s f\nd$ ^u x seem to be4 ,?is pr9ciple is3 ,all evil ought to be de/roy$4 ,!re ought to be none4 ,x %\ld be swept out ( exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( ! w>f>e ) evil is ?us ab/ractly /at$1 x does n tell u :at we are to reg>d z an evil4 ,x leaves ! wise e/imate ( good & evil to be le>n$ ?r\gh a clos] /udy ( ! facts ( life4 ,no d\bt1 !n1 ,a*illes1 & ! o!r h]oes ( song & /ory1 may h become z glori\s z !y are by reason ( our excessive love ( de/ruction due to "s imp]fect e/imate ( ! true values ( life4 ,& !re=e ! m]e /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple leaves op5 a v wide range = diff]5ce ( op9ion & = inconsi/5cy ( view z to :at x is t ought to be de/roy$4 ,! natural e/imate ( ! pla9 man1 :5 he loves ! h]oes ( old1 seems to imply t "o ( ! *ief ills t man ought to de/roy usually takes ! =m ( "s o!r man4 ,& ?is way ( e/imat+ m5 9 t]ms ( _! success 9 kill+ o!r m5 has its obvi\s inconsi/5cies4 ,b1 aft] all1 z "o may insi/1 mu* is ga9$ :5 we h made up our m9ds z to :at #bai ought to be done ) evil1 :e!r evil is incorporat$ 9 our enemies1 9 our pa9s1 or 9 our s9s4 ,we may leave to advanc+ civilisation1 or p]haps to "s triumph ( religion1 ! correction ( our excessive fondness = ! de/ruction ( human life4 ,:at is ess5tially important is t x is "p ( man's mission to de/roy evil4 ,& ab\t ?is g5]al tea*+ ! sa9ts & ! w>riors1 s x seems1 may well agree4 ,religion1 x may be said1 c h no?+ to urge aga9/ ?is fundam5tal axiom4 ,s f> all appe>s cle>4 ,evil ought to be driv5 out ( ! _w4 ,common-s5se says ?is4 ,e /ruggle ) climate or ) disease or ) our foes is c>ri$ on 9 ?is _s4 ,! se>* = salvation is itself--s "o may insi/--simply ano!r in/ance ( ?is de/ructive conflict ) imp5d+ ills4 ,all t is mo/ elem5tal 9 our hatr$s ?us agrees ) :atev] is l(tie/ 9 our s\ls1 9 fac+ evils ) our ev]la/+ ,no4 ,all ! diff]5ces ( moral op9ion are m]e diff]5ces z to :at to de/roy4 ,man is always ! de/roy] ( ill4 ,,ii ,b if y grant ! g5]al pr9ciple ?us /at$1 ! pres5ce ( evil 9 ?is _w1 9 ! =ms t we all recognise1 & 9 ! degree ( importance t x atta9s 9 all our lives1 seems1 inde$1 a v s]i\s h9drance 9 ! way ( religi\s insight4 #bbj ,& ! reason is pla94 ,religion1 z we h said1 9 seek+ salvation1 seeks "s =m ( communion ) ! ma/] ( life4 ,t is1 x seeks to come into t\* ) a p[]1 a pr9ciple1 or a m9d1 or a he>t1 t1 on ! "o h&1 possesses1 or1 ) approval1 surveys or controls ! real nature ( ?+s1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 welcomes u 9 our conflicts ) evil1 supports our ef=ts1 & secures our success4 ,i h made no ef=t1 9 ^! lectures1 to def9e a !ological cre$4 ,su* a cre$ =ms a topic 9 :i* ,i take great int]e/ b :i* lies beyond ! limitations ( ?is disc\rse4 ,yet our /udy ( ! hi/orical relations betwe5 religion & morality1 our e>li] analysis ( ! religi\s ne$1 h %[n u t unless y are able to make "s sort ( effective appeal to pr9ciples t l9k y ) ! :ole nature ( ?+s1 y\r religi\s ne$ mu/ rema9 unsatisfi$1 & y\r la/ ^w w h to take1 at be/1 ! =m ( a moral1 n a religi\s doctr9e4 ,religion does n require u to solve all my/]ies2 b x does require = its /ability "s assurance t1 s f> z conc]ns our ne$ ( salvation1 & despite ! dang]s t imp]il our salvation1 ^? t are ) u1 :5 we are rightly enlight5$1 are m ?an ^? t are aga9/ u4 ,9 ord] to make ?is fact yet cle>]1 let u suppose t all su* assurance is tak5 away f u4 ,review ! result4 ,let x be suppos$ t we ne$ salvation4 ,let x be grant$ t1 z we naturally #bba are1 ,9 our bl9dness & n>r[ness1 & 9 ! caprices ( our passions1 we _c f9d ! way out unless we c get into t\* ) "s spiritual unity & reasonable life su* z ! loyal man's cause seems to reveal to him4 ,let x be fur!r suppos$1 h[ev]1 t all human causes are1 9 _! way & "t1 z mu* subject to *ance & to ! caprici\s bl[s ( =tune z we ourselves individually are4 ,let x be imag9$ t ! cause ( causes1 ! unity ( ! :ole spiritual _w1 is1 9 fact1 a m]e dream4 ,let ! insight ( ! reason & ( ! w1 :i*1 :5 tak5 9 _! unity1 h be5 said by me to reveal to u t ! univ]se is 9 its ess5ce ,_s1 & t ! cause ( ! loyal is n only a reality1 b ! reality--let ?is insight1 ,i say1 be reg>d$ z an illusion4 ,let no o!r spiritual view ( reality prove probable4 ,!n1 inde$1 we %all be left m]ely ) ideals ( life 9 our h&s1 b ) no assurance t real life1 9 its :ol5ess1 approves or fur!rs ^! ideals4 ,our ne$ ( salvation w !n1 to be sure1 /ill rema94 ,our def9ition ( :at salvation w\ld be if x %\ld become ours w be un*ang$4 ,b1 hav+ ?us ab&on$ z illusory or z unc]ta9 all ! s\rces ( insight :i* ,i h s f> be5 def5d+1 we %all h ^u our h&s only ! moral /ruggle = ! good z our be/ res\rce4 ,we %all !n hope = no assurance ( salvation4 ,we %all ab&on religion to ! realm ( my?ical consolations1 & %all face a grim _w ) only #bbb su* moral c\rage z we c mu/] = ! unc]ta9 conflict4 ,our loyalty itself w lose its religi\s aspect4 ,= ! objective goodness ( our cause--! div9e grace :i* its pres5ce seems to (f] to our life--w no long] mean any?+ b a fa9t & unc]ta9 hope1 :i* we %all keep or n accord+ to ! caprices ( our p]sonal resolutions4 ,su*1 ,i say1 w\ld be ! outcome ( reject+ all s\rces ( religi\s insight into ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,! result1 9 ! case n[ suppos$1 w be "o :i* any hone/ man w inde$ accept if he mu/1 b :i* no "o c reg>d z includ+ any satisfactory religi\s insight :atev]4 ,i c]ta9ly d n "h pres5t ^! consid]ations z 9 !mselves any argum5ts = religion1 or z 9 !mselves furni%+ support = our previ\s argum5ts reg>d+ ! nature & ! m]its ( ! s\rces ( insight :i* we h be5 review+4 ,! case = :i* ,i h argu$ 9 ! =ego+ lectures mu/ inde$ /& or fall solely ^u its own m]its4 ,& if ! reason & ! w1 z ! _s ( loyalty int]prets & unifies _! tea*+s1 d n really %[ u any tru? ab\t ! :ole nature ( ?+s1 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t ask to h _! tea*+s tol]at$ m]ely because1 )\t su* tea*+s1 we %\ld lose our gr\nds = hold+ to a religi\s int]pretation ( life4 ,if we mu/ fall back ^u m]e moral resolut5ess1 & ab&on any assurance z to ! religi\s objects1 & z to #bbc ! way & ! atta9m5t ( salvation1 ,i1 = "o1 am q ready to accept ! call ( life1 & to fight on = a good end s long z ,i c1 )\t seek+ = religi\s consolations t h once be5 %[n to be my?ical4 ,b ,i h indicat$ to y1 9 g5]al1 my gr\nds = hold+ t our previ\s s\rces actually d give u an insight :i* is n only moral b religi\s1 & d ?r[ light ^u our relations to a reason :i* moves 9 all ?+s1 to a div9e w :i* expresses itself 9 all ! univ]se1 & to a g5u9e revelation ( its purposes :i* ?is makes ( itself :5 x inspires our loyalty4 ,my pres5t purpose is1 n to re9=ce ^! gr\nds by ! m]e ?reat t _! rejection w\ld involve an ab&onm5t ( any well-gr\nd$ religi\s assurance1 b to pres5t to y ! fact t religion is1 inde$1 a se>* = a really div9e f\ndation = ! sav+ process4 ,religion diff]s f morality 9 look+ beyond our own active resolut5ess = some?+--n ourselves--t gives a w>rant1 f\nd$ 9 ! :ole nature ( ?+s--a w>rant = hold+ t ?is resolut5ess w succe$ & w br+ u into union ) t :i* saves4 ,h5ce x is1 inde$1 true t if !re is no ma/] ( life ) :om we c come into t\*1 no triumph ( ! good 9 ! univ]se1 no real s\rce ( salvation--religion mu/ result 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,& !n our only rec\rse mu/1 inde$1 be ! moral w4 ,?is rec\rse is "o t1 z we h se51 #bbd _m 9 our "t are q ready to accept4 ,& su*1 9 my own op9ion1 are = reasons t !y d n !mselves admit actually well on _! way t[>d real salvation4 ,only x is useless to attribute to !m1 9 _! pres5t /age ( conviction1 any consci\s & assur$ possession ( religi\s insight4 ,to sum up1 !n1 religion dem&s ! pres5ce ( ! ma/] ( life z a real be+1 & dep5ds ^u hold+ t ! good triumphs4 ,b if we attempt to comb9e ! two ass]tions1 ,all evil ought to be de/roy$ & ,9 ! univ]se z a :ole ! good triumphs1 & h]eupon to face ! facts ( human life z religion f9ds !m1 we are at once involv$ 9 famili> p]plexities4 ,) _m ( ^! p]plexities ! limitations ( ! pres5t discussion1 z already expla9$1 =bid u to deal4 ,i am m]ely try+ to %[1 = ! mom5t1 :y ! pres5ce ( evil 9 our lives seems to be a h9drance 9 ! way ( religi\s insight4 ,& x is en\gh if ,i emphasise at ?is po9t :at mu/ readily come to ! consci\sness ( all ( y :5 y consid] ! situation 9 :i* our :ole argum5t seems n[ to h plac$ u4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! religi\s ne$ itself presupposes n only ! pres5ce1 b ! usual preval5ce ( v great evils 9 human life4 ,= unless man is 9 great dang] ( miss+ ! pe>l ( great price1 he /&s 9 no ne$ ( a sav+ process4 ,a religi\s man may come to possess an acquir$ optimism--! h>d-won result ( ! religi\s #bbe process :i* seems to him to h po9t$ out ! way ( salvation4 ,b a man :o beg9s ) ! assurance t all is ord9>ily well ) human nature is preclud$ f religion1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w religion1 by 8 v type ( optimism4 ,su* an optimi/ ( ! fir/ int5tion1 su* a believ] t 9 ! ma9 x is well ) human nature1 c be1 z we h se51 a morali/1 al?\gh he is usually a v simple-m9d$ morali/1 z unaw>e ( ! grav] moral problems z he is *e]fully indiff]5t to ! h>d case 9 :i* mo/ ( 8 bre?r5 live4 ,b :oev] sees ! deep ne$ ( human salvation1 z ! v>i\s cynics & rebels & sages & prophets :om we cit$ 9 our fir/ lecture h se5 x1 has begun by recognis+ ! bitt]ness ( human loss & defeat--! gravity ( ! evil case ( ! natural man4 ,7 n ! _w z x n[ is v evil1 :at1 !n1 7 ! call = religion8 ,religion takes its orig9 9 our s5se ( deep ne$--9 o!r words1 9 our recognition t evil has a v real place 9 life4 ,tempora pessima--,! times are v evil--is ?us no phrase ( a m]ely m$iaeval type ( _w-hatr$4 ,! woes ( man are ! presuppos$ basis ( fact ^u :i* ! se>* = salvation re/s4 ,& ! fur!r "o goes 9 ! pursuit ( ! s\rces ( religi\s insight1 ! m1 z we h ourselves f\nd1 does "o's orig9al recognition ( ! ill ( ! human _w become bo? deep5$ & v>i$4 ,f ! solitude ( "o's individual #bbf sorr[s "o goes out to seek = religi\s relief 9 ! social _w1 only to f9d h[ mu* m manifold ! *aos ( ord9>y social life is ?an is ! conflict ( "o's private passions4 ,if "o asks guidance f reason1 reason appe>s at fir/ z a sort ( _s brood+ ^u ! face ( ! dep?s ( unreason4 ,:5 loyalty itself is creat$1 x f9ds itself beset by adv]sities4 ,if evil drives u to seek relief 9 religion1 religion ?us tea*es u to "k1 bett] & bett]1 ! trag$y ( life4 ,its fir/ ^w is1 ?us1 ab\t evil & ab\t ! escape f evil4 ,b its lat] words appe> to h be5 a p]si/5t disc\rse ^u our tribulations4 ,b h[ c religion1 ?us presuppos+ ! pres5ce ( evil 9 our life1 & illu/rat+ ?is pres5ce anew at e /ep1 und]take to lead u to any assurance ( ! triumph ( a good pr9ciple 9 ! real _w1 9 case1 z seems s f> obvi\s1 su* a triumph ( a good pr9ciple w\ld mean t all evil is to be simply de/roy$ & wip$ out ( exi/5ce8 ,briefly re/at+ ! situation1 x is ?is3 ,if ! evils ( human life are inde$ b transi5t & sup]ficial incid5ts1 or if--to use a well-kn[n extreme =m ( /atem5t--evil is an unreality altoge!r--!n religion is sup]flu\s4 ,= !re is no ne$ ( salvation unless man's ord9>y case is1 inde$1 v really a h>d case1 t is1 unless evil is a reality1 & a deep-root$ "o4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if evil is ?us deep-root$ 9 ! v #bbg conditions ( human life z !y are1 & if x p]si/s ^u high] levels ev5 ( ! religi\s life1 religion seems 9 dang] ( total failure4 ,= unless goodness is someh[ at ! real he>t ( ?+s--is1 s to speak1 ! core ( reality--! hope ( salvation is a dream1 & religion deceives u4 ,b goodness1 by ! hypo!sis t we are j n[ consid]+1 requires t evil %\ld be :olly aboli%$4 ,h[ c t :i* %\ld n exi/ at all1 namely1 evil1 be 9 su* wise ! expression ( ! real nature ( ?+s t on ! "o h& religion is ne$$ to save u f evil1 & yet is able to d s only by br++ u to "k t ! real nature ( ?+s is good8 ,"h is our problem4 ,& x is a h>d "o4 ,9 brief1 z y may say1 religion mu/ take its *oice4 ,ei!r ! evil 9 ! _w is ( no great importance1 & !n religion is useless2 or ! ne$ ( salvation is great1 & ! way is /raight & n>r[2 & !n evil is deeply root$ 9 ! v nature ( reality1 & religion seems a failure4 ,,iii ,i believe t !re is "s advantage 9 /at+ 9 ?is some:at crabb$ & dialectical fa%ion1 a problem :i* mo/ ( u usually approa* ?r\gh mu* m direct & pa!tic exp]i5ce4 ,"o advantage 9 crabb$ness & 9 fondness = dialectic is t x sometimes t5ds to cle> away ! cl\ds #bbh ) :i* emotion f mom5t to mom5t surr\nds c]ta9 great problems ( life4 ,z ,i said e>li]1 9 speak+ ( ! (fice ( ! reason1 ab/ract ideas are b means to an end4 ,_! end is to help u to a cle> & rational survey ( ! connections ( ?+s4 ,:5 y are to exam9e ! l&scape f a height1 9 ord] to obta9 a wide prospect1 y may h to use a glass1 or a compass1 or "s o!r in/rum5t ( ab/raction1 9 ord] to def9e :at ! di/ance t5ds to r5d] obscure1 or :at ! manifoldness ( ! sc5]y survey$ makes x h>d rightly to view 9 its true relations4 ,&1 9 su* cases1 ! glass or ! compass is b an auxili>y1 int5d$ to help 9 ! end y\r :ole outlook4 ,n[ ! _w ( good & evil is a _w ( wide prospects1 ( va/ di/ances1 ( manifold features4 ,a bit ( dialectics1 us+ ab/ract & "o-sid$ consid]ations 9 succession1 may prep>e ! way = see+ ! :ole bett]4 ,! pla9 man well kn[s ! problem t ,i h j be5 *>act]is+4 ,he kn[s h[ x may ent] 8 religi\s life4 ,only he does n usually ?9k ( x ab/ractly4 ,x pi]ces 8 he>t4 ,/unn$ by a grief1 he may say3 ,i h tru/$ ,god1 & n[ he =sakes me4 ,h[ c a good ,god p]mit ?is horror 9 my life8 ,yet ! pla9 man1 if religi\sly m9d$1 also kn[s :at is meant by say+1 ,out ( ! dep?s h ,i cri$4 ,& he kn[s1 too1 t "p ( ! preci\sness ( 8 #bbi v idea ( ,god dep5ds ^u ! fact t !re are dep?s1 & t out ( !m "o c cry1 & t ,god is precisely a be+ :o someh[ he>s ! cry f ! dep?s4 ,god1 pragmatically view$1 z "s ( our rec5t tea*]s express ! matt]1 is ?us (t5 def9$ = ! pla9 man's religi\s exp]i5ce z a help] 9 tr\ble4 ,7 !re no tr\ble1 !re w\ld be1 !n1 x w\ld seem1 no cry ( ! s\l = su* a be+1 & v possibly no su* be+ conceiv$ by ! s\l t n[ cries4 ,yet ?is v ,god--"o cries to him because he is suppos$ to be all-p[]ful1 & to d all ?+s well1 & !re=e to be a v pres5t help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,all ?is seems cle> en\gh at ! "t :5 "o is on ! way up1 out ( ! dep?s1 or :5 "o beg9s to praise ,god 9 ! ,psalmi/'s words1 because1 z "o n[ says3 ,he ha? plant$ my feet ^u a rock1 & ha? e/abli%$ my go+s4 ,b h[ does all ?is seem at ! mom5t :5 "o sudd5ly falls into ! pit ( sorr[1 & :5 "o's eyes are turn$ d[nw>d2 :5 he :o doe? all ?+s well p]mits ! utmo/ trea*]y ( =tune1 & :5 ! "o :o c he> e cry seems deaf to "o's mo/ he>tr5d+ plead+s8 ,! famili> explanation t all ?is is a p5alty = "o's s9s may awak5 an e*o ( ,job's prote/ 9 ! m9d ( ! man :o kn[s n h[ he has des]v$ ?is woe1 or may ar\se ! deep] & n[ consci\sly dialectical comm5ts on ! my/]y involv$ 9 ! fact t ,god #bcj p]mits s94 ,:y 0 ,i made ?us bl9d & s9ful8 "o may cry4 ,& h]eupon religi\s insight becomes1 inde$1 confus$ en\gh1 & may turn = relief to t well-kn[n type ( defiance :i*1 if n religi\s1 is at lea/ moral2 = x is a prote/ aga9/ evil4 ,if at su* mom5ts ,god is1 inde$1 to our d>k5$ vision1 &1 = u1 :o wait = 8 bless+1 z if he 7 sleep+ or on a j\rney1 "o c at lea/1 z moral ag5t1 utt] ?is prote/ aga9/ ill1 & wond] :y 8 omnipot5ce does n make x effective4 ,"o ?us beg9s1 z x 71 to try h]oically to d ! abs5t ,god's "w = him4 ,all ^! are famili> exp]i5ces4 ,!y f9d u1 too (t51 unprep>$4 ,!y f9d u :5 emotion t5ds to cl\d e insight4 ,!y illu/rate a c]ta9 dialectical process :i* belongs to all human life & :i* plays its "p 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( religion4 ,p]haps x is well to /ate an aspect ( ?is dialectical process ab/ractly1 crabb$ly1 & unemotionally1 z we h j done1 9 ord] t we may make ourselves ! m ready to face ! issue :5 life exemplifies x ) cru%+ sudd5ness1 & :5 ,! pa9ful pl\gh%>e ( passion ,gr9ds d[n to our utt]mo/ rock4 ,! problem1 z j ab/ractly /at$1 is ?is4 ,religion seems to face ?is dilemma3 ,ei!r !re are no great & ess5tial ills ab\t human life2 #bca & !n !re is no great dang] ( p]dition1 & no great ne$ ( salvation1 & religion has no notable (fice2 or !re are great & ess5tial ills1 & man's life is 9 bitt] ne$ ( salvation2 b 9 t case evil is deeply root$ 9 ! v nature ( ! reality f :i* we h sprung2 & !re=e religion has no "r to assure u ( communion ) a real ma/] ( life :o is able to d ) evil :at n only ought to be done ) x1 b ought always to h be5 done ) x by any be+ able to (f] man any g5u9e salvation4 ,= 7z we are assum+7 :at ought to be done1 yes1 :at ought to h be5 done ) evil f ! beg9n+1 is & 0 ?is3 ,to bani% x altoge!r f exi/5ce4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is1 :5 ab/ractly /at$1 ! dilemma 9 :i* religion seems to be plac$4 ,( ?is dilemma ! c\ntless /ruggles ( ! human s\l :51 9 ! _s ( "s practical religion1 x seeks = salvation & faces its woes are examples4 ,^! /ruggles are inf9itely pa!tic & 9 life are (t5 confus+ to insight4 ,is !re any value 9 consid]+ ?is ab/ract /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is dilemma seems to be f\nd$8 ,possibly !re is1 if we c h]eby be l$ also to consid]--n inde$1 9 ?is place1 ! problems ( !ology1 or ! metaphysics ( evil1 b a new s\rce ( insight4 #bcb ,,iv ,?is new s\rce ( insight beg9s to come to u :5 we obs]ve1 z we c (t5 obs]ve if we li/5 ) clos] att5tion to ! voices ( our own he>ts1 t ! g5]al pr9ciple1 ,evil ought simply to be put out ( exi/5ce1 does n express our :ole attitude t[>d all evils1 & gives only an imp]fect acc\nt ei!r ( our m common-place & elem5tal or ( our m elevat$1 h]oic1 & reasonable e/imates ( life4 ,! pr9ciple3 ,evil ought to be simply aboli%$1 is1 inde$1 "o t we unque/ionably apply1 9 our ord9>y life1 to a va/ range ( natural ills4 ,b x is n univ]sal4 ,let u fir/ indicate its app>5t range4 ,physical pa91 :5 suffici5tly viol5t1 is an example ( an ill t appe>s to u1 9 all its great] manife/ations1 pla9ly intol]able4 ,s x seems to u to illu/rate ! pr9ciple t ,evil ought to be put out ( exi/5ce4 ,we desire1 ) reg>d to x1 simply its abolition4 ,! same is true ( :at "o may call unassimilat$ griefs ( all levels--! %ocks ( calamity at ! mom5t :5 !y fir/ /rike1 ! angui% ( loss or ( disappo9tm5t precisely :5 ^! ?+s are new to u & appe> to h no place 9 our life-plan4 ,^! are typical ills4 ,& !y all illu/rate ills t seem to u to be wor?y only ( de/ruction4 ,! magnitude ( su* ills z factors 9 #bcc ! individual & 9 ! social _w (t5 appe>s to u immeasurable4 ,pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 ! cruelties ( oppressors1 ! wrecks ( innoc5t human lives by cruel =tunes--all ^! seem1 = our ord9>y e/imates1 facts t we c 9 no wise assimilate1 ju/ify1 or reasonably compreh5d4 ,t is1 we c see1 9 ! s+le case1 no reason :y su* ev5ts %\ld =m "p ( human life--except t s x inde$ is4 ,!y seem1 to our natural und]/&+1 simply opaque data ( exp]i5ce1 to be annull$ or remov$ if we c4 ,& to su* ills1 f our human po9t ( view1 ! pr9ciple3 ,!y ought to be simply driv5 out ( exi/5ce1 is naturally appli$ )\t limitation4 ,! app>5t range ( ?is pr9ciple is !re=e1 inde$1 v wide4 ,n[ x =ms no "p ( our pres5t disc\rse to consid] 9 detail ! possible !ological or metaphysical basis = a possible explanation ( su* ills1 ,i h else:]e writt5 too mu* & too (t5 ab\t ! problem ( evil to be subject to ! accusation ( neglect+ ! pa?os & ! trag$y ( ^! massive ills4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i c at once say4 ,9 s f> z ills appe> to u ?us1 !y are1 inde$1 no s\rces ( religi\s insight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 :5 ?us view$1 9 all _! blackness1 !y c be1 & are1 s\rces ( moral en?usiasm & e>ne/ness4 ,man ! de/roy]1 :51 awak+ to ! pres5ce ( su* ills 9 8 _w1 he cont5ds ) !m1 gets a p]fectly #bcd def9ite moral cont5t into 8 life4 ,& he has 8 "r to d s4 ,:atev] 8 religion1 he is morally au?oris$ to lab\r aga9/ ^! unm$iat$ evils ) ! he>tie/ intol]ance4 ,:5 su* lab\r takes on social =ms1 x helps t[>d ! l(tie/ humanity4 ,! w> ) pa9 & disease & oppression1 ! ef=t to b9d up w\nds & to snat* s\ls f de/ruction--all ^! ?+s con/itute "s ( man's greate/ opportunities = loyalty4 ,nev]!less1 :5 man loyally w>s ) ! ills su* z physical angui% & pe/il5ce & fam9e & oppression1 he does n !reby t5d to discov]1 ?r\gh 8 own loyal act1 :y su* individual ills are p]mitt$ 9 ! _w4 ,9 s f> z ^! evils give him opportunity = s]vice1 !y appeal to 8 loyalty z a w>rior aga9/ !m4 ,if 8 cause includes1 = him1 activities t ent] into ?is w>f>e ) ills t are to be de/roy$1 ^! ills h ?us indirectly conduc$ to 8 religi\s life4 ,b x is 8 loyalty t 9 su* cases is 8 s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,! ills !mselves t he ?us de/ructively fights rema9 to him z opaque z be=e4 ,:y !y f9d _! place 9 ! _w he does n see4 ,n[ t !y are f\nd !re1 he kn[s :at to d ) !m--namely1 to annul !m1 to put !m out ( exi/5ce1 z a "p ( 8 loyal s]vice4 ,b if he is religi\sly m9d$1 he does n = a mom5t conceive t ! ills ) :i* he w>s are !re simply to give him ! opportunity = 8 s]vice4 ,s f> !n x is1 inde$4 #bce true t ! ills :i* we h simply to de/roy (f] u no s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,b n[1 z ,i mu/ insi/1 n all ! ills t we "k are ( ?is nature4 ,wide & deep & t]rible z are ^? conflicts ) ! incompreh5sible ills ( =tune ^: pres5ce 9 ! _w we d n und]/&1 !re are o!r ills4 ,& t[>d ^! o!r ills we take an attitude :i* is n :olly de/ructive4 ,we f9d !m1 ^u a clos] view1 insep>ably b\nd up ) good--s closely b\nd up !re) t we c\ld n conceive a life :]e9 ?is sort ( good :i* is "h b\nd up ) ?is sort ( ill c\ld be sep>at$ !refrom4 ,9 ^! cases ! pr9ciple3 ,evil %\ld be simply put out ( exi/5ce1 proves to be a palpable falsity4 ,z our k ( su* ills gr[s cle>]1 we commonly f9d t !re is1 inde$1 some?+ ab\t !m1 z !y at any "o mom5t appe> to u1 :i* ought1 inde$1 to be annull$1 set aside1 de/roy$4 ,b ?is annull+ ( "o mom5t>y or at lea/ transi5t aspect ( ! ill is b "p1 9 su* cases1 ( a con/ructive process1 :i* involves gr[? r ?an de/ruction--a passage to a new life r ?an a ca/+ :olly out ( life4 ,su* ills we remove only 9 s f> z we assimilate !m1 idealise !m1 take !m up into ! plan ( our lives1 give !m mean+1 set !m 9 _! place 9 ! :ole4 ,n[ su* ills1 z ,i mu/ insi/1 play a v great "p 9 life & especially 9 ! high] life4 ,our #bcf attitude t[>d !m con/itutes1 above all1 on ! v highe/ levels ( our reasonabl5ess1 a v great "p ( our attitude t[>d ! :ole problem ( life4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! idealis$ evils1 man ! de/roy] becomes trans=m$ into man ! creator4 ,& he does s )\t 9 ! lea/ ab&on+ 8 ju/ifi$ moral di/9ctions1 )\t indulg+ 9 any sort ( moral holiday1 & )\t becom+ unwill+ to de/roy :5 he _c o!rwise rationally face ! facts be=e him ?an by de/roy+4 ,he is n less /r5u\s 9 8 deal+ ) 8 moral situation because he has discov]$ h[ to sub/itute gr[? = de/ruction & creative assimilation = b>r5 ho/ility4 ,he is all ! m effectively loyal 9 ! pres5ce ( su* ills1 because he sees h[ !y c become1 = 8 consci\sness1 p>ts ( a good :ole4 ,ills ( ?is sort may become1 & 9 ! bett] cases d become1 s\rces ( religi\s insight4 ,_! pres5ce 9 our _w enables u ! bett] to compreh5d its spiritual unity4 ,& because !y are (t5 v deep & tragic ills1 :i* we face only ) v deep & de> travail ( _s1 !y h9t to u h[1 f ! po9t ( view ( a _w-embrac+ insight1 ! c\ntless & t]rible ills ( ! o!r sort1 :i* we _c n[ und]/&1 & :i*1 at pres5t1 appe> to u m]ely z wor?y ( utt] de/ruction1 may /ill also h _! places1 z /ages & phases ( expression1 9 ! l>g] life to :i* we belong4 ,9 our own p[] to assimilate #bcg & spiritualise our own ills1 we c get at times a h9t ( su* l>g] spiritual processes4 ,9 ^! v processes we also1 ?r\gh our loyal endeav\r1 c act our own real "p2 al?\gh :at ! l>g] processes are we _c expect at pres5t to compreh5d bett] ?an a sympa?is+ dog1 ^: ma/] is devot+ 8 life to fur!r+ ! highe/ spiritual welf>e ( a nation or ( all mank9d1 c "k :y 8 ma/]'s face is n[ grief-/rick5 & n[ joy\s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ills t we c spiritualise & idealise )\t m]ely de/roy+ !m h9t to u t1 despite ! uncompreh5d$ *aos ( seem+ly hopeless trag$y ) :i* = our pres5t view human life seems to be beset1 ! vision ( ! spiritual triumph ( ! good :i* reason & loyalty pres5t to u ne$ n be an illusion1 b is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,! _w is inf9ite4 ,) our pres5t view we c\ld n expect to grasp directly ! unity ( its mean+4 ,we h s\rces ( insight :i* t5d to our salvation by %[+ u1 9 g5]al1 al?\gh c]ta9ly n 9 detail1 ! nature ( ! spiritual process :i*1 z ^! s\rces ( insight p]si/5tly po9t out1 con/itutes ! ess5ce ( reality4 ,:e!r ^! s\rces are !mselves valid & tru/wor?y is a "q to be consid]$ ^u its own m]its4 ,i h /at$ my case s f> z our brief review requires x to be /at$4 ,i mu/ leave to y\r own consid]at5ess ! fur!r e/imate ( :at ^! #bch s\rces tea*1 bo? z to ! reality ( ! ma/] ( life & z to ! nature ( ! process ( salvation4 ,my pres5t conc]n is simply ) ! cl\d t ! pres5ce ( evil seems to cause to pass ov] ! face ( all ^! s\rces4 ,i _c und]take :olly to dispel ?is cl\d by %[+ y 9 detail :y pe/il5ces or :y brok5 he>ts are p]mitt$ to exi/ 9 ?is _w4 ,b ,i c %[ y t !re are1 inde$1 ills1 & v d>k ills 9 life1 :i* n only are !re1 b are ess5tial to ! highe/ life4 ,i d n exagg]ate our p[] to solve my/]ies :5 ,i insi/ t ^! ills con/itute n an opaque h9drance to insight1 n a cl\d ov] ! sun ( reason & ( loyalty1 b r a s\rce ( insight4 ,&1 z ,i insi/1 !y con/itute su* a s\rce )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ an excuse = any indol5ce 9 our moral /ruggle ) precisely ^? aspects ( su* ills z we ought to de/roy4 ,!y %[ u h[ ! triumph ( ! moral w ov] su* adv]sities is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! recognition t ! mo/ rational type ( life dem&s ! exi/5ce ( j su* adv]sities4 ,_! pres5ce 9 our _w does n excuse slo?1 does n ju/ify a moral holiday1 does n p]mit u to enjoy any m]e luxury ( my/ical contemplation ( ! triumph ( ! div9e 9 ! _w1 )\t ourselves tak+ our rational & /r5u\s "p 9 ! actual atta9m5t ( su* triumph4 ,b :at ^! =ms ( ill %[ u is t !re are accessible cases 9 :i* if--b only if--"o does ! div9e w--"o #bci c "k ( ! doctr9e t tea*es h[ ! div9e w c & does become p]fect1 n ?r\gh ! m]e abolition ( evil1 b ?r\gh suff]+4 ,su* cases ( ill are true s\rces ( insight4 ,!y reveal to u "s ( ! deepe/ tru?s ab\t :at loyalty1 & spiritual triumph1 & ! good really are4 ,!y make = salvation4 ,!y drive away cl\ds & br+ u face to face ) ! w ( ! _w4 ,i h s f> spok5 ( evil 9 g5]al4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ,i ne$ a "n = ! ills t "o rationally faces only :5 "o1 ?r\gh "s ess5tially active1 con/ructive1 moral process1 creatively assimilates & idealise !m1 & ?us w9s !m ov] to be a "p ( good--n :5 "o m]ely drives !m out ( exi/5ce4 ,"o "n = su* ills is ,griselda's "n3 ,adv]sities4 ,b ,i h *os51 9 ! title ( ?is lecture1 to use ! vagu] unte*nical "n3 ,sorr[4 ,a great physical pa91 y 9 g5]al _c1 at lea/ at ! mom5t1 idealise4 ,y !n & !re face x only z some?+ intol]able1 & c see no good except ?r\gh its m]e abolition4 ,! same is true ( any cru%+ bl[ ( =tune1 precisely 9 s f> z x cru%es4 ,all su* ?+s y !n & !re view n>r[ly4 ,_! my/]y lies 9 ! v fact t !y are ?us1 = ! mom5t1 se5 only n>r[ly4 ,h5ce1 !y are ipso facto h9drances to insight4 ,b a sorr[--:5 y use ! ^w y h already begun to assimilate & idealise ! fact t y #bdj call a sorr[4 ,t y h begun to idealise x1 ! v luxury ( deep grief (t5 vaguely h9ts1 sometimes cle>ly %[s4 ,= sorr[s may h already become tragically preci\s to y4 ,w\ld y =get y\r lo/ love1 or y\r dead1 or y\r days t are no m1 ev5 if y c\ld8 ,is m]e de/ruction1 !n1 y\r only t5d5cy 9 ! pres5ce ( su* sorr[s4 ,a clos] view ( y\r attitude t[>d su* sorr[s %[s t !y are n only cl\d+ b reveal+4 ,!y beg91 !y may endlessly cont9ue1 to %[ y ! way into ! spiritual realm & ! nature ( ?is realm4 ,by sorr[1 !n1 ,i "h mean an exp]i5ce ( ill :i* is n :olly an exp]i5ce ( t :i* z y !n & !re believe ought to be simply driv5 out ( exi/5ce4 ,! insight ( :i* sorr[ is ! s\rce1 is an insight t t5ds to awak5 )9 y a new view ( :at ! spiritual realm is4 ,?is view is n 9 ! lea/ :at "s rec5t writ]s h bl9dly proclaim$ x to be--a philosoph]'s artificial ab/raction--a cruel ef=t to sub/itute a s(t doctr9e ( ! /udy = a moral & humane fac+ ( ! h>d facts ( human life4 ,no1 ?is view is ! s\l ( ! tea*+ ( all ! _w's noble/ & mo/ practical guides to ! mo/ concrete liv+4 ,?is view faces h>dness1 x endures & ov]comes4 ,poets1 prophets1 m>tyrs1 sages1 arti/s1 ! h]oes ( spirituality ( e l& & clime1 h f\nd 9 x com=t1 resolution1 & triumph4 ,! philosoph]1 at be/1 c report :at #bda ^! h se54 ,& s(t1 inde$1 is ! type ( ?\ghtful ef=t :i* decl9es to foll[ ) its ideas :at all ^! h le>n$ to express 9 _! lives & 9 _! religion4 ,v ,because ,i am "h n /at+ = y a m]ely speculative doctr9e conc]n+ ! place ( evil 9 a good & rational spiritual _w1 ,i once m ne$1 at ?is po9t1 to appeal z directly z ,i c to life4 ,let me pres5t to y1 f rec5t lit]ature1 a notewor?y in/ance ( ! use ( our pres5t s\rce ( insight4 ,! in/ance is confess$ly "o :]e no complete & det]m9ate religi\s cre$ is def5d$ z ! result ( ! use ( ! insight 9 "q4 ,& an actually et]nal tru? ab\t ! spiritual _w--a v old tru? 9 ! lore ( ! wise1 b a deeply ne$$ tru? = our own day--is illu/rat$ by ! in/ance :i* ! tale portrays4 ,i ref] to a rec5t %ort /ory1 publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 & writt5 by ,cornelia ,a4 ,p4 ,com]4 ,x is entitl$ ,! ,prelim9>ies4 ,x is1 to my m9d1 an impressive union ( a g5u9ely effective realism & a deep symbolism4 ,! *>act]s are v real human be+s4 ,_! problem is "o ( ! mo/ famili> problems ( daily life--! problem z to ! advisability ( ! propos$ m>riage ( two "y lov]s4 ,! #bdb conditions ( ! problem are h>d facts1 ( a g5]al type t is un=tunately frequ5t en\gh "u our confus+ mod]n conditions4 ,^! facts are view$ 9 ! tale z su* p might well view !m4 ,& yet ! issues involv$ are1 l all ! problems ( "y lov]s1 issues t are b\nd up ) all ! int]e/s ( religion & ) ! :ole problem ( ! reality ( a spiritual _w4 ,^! issues are treat$ z !y truly are1 ) a result t is fairly sup]natural 9 its anci5t b always new appeal to a s\rce ( insight t we c rea* only ?r\gh sorr[4 ,s9ce ! "q inevitably conc]ns ! prospects ( ! propos$ m>riage1 ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! problem is fully 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( rec5t pragmatism4 ,! tru? ( ! ass]tion3 ,we ought to m>ry1 is surely a tru? t1 z ! pragmati/s w\ld say1 ! "y lov]s :o make ! ass]tion %\ld reg>d z q insep>able f ! probable results to :i* ?is m>riage w lead 9 concrete life4 ,su* a tru? !n is1 "o w\ld say1 :olly empirical4 ,a m>riage proposal1 to use ! fav\rite phrase ( pragmatism1 is a work+ hypo!sis4 ,su* hypo!ses mu/ be submitt$ to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,no su* te/1 x w\ld seem1 w\ld be absolute4 ,:at does poor humanity "k z to ! real values ( our de/9y8 ,mean:ile ! :ole problem ( good & evil is 9 "q4 ,m>riage1 especially "u c]ta9 conditions1 w lead to "o or ano!r sorr[4 ,c "o face #bdc sorr[ ) any really deep] tru/ 9 life8 ,is life really a good at all1 s9ce !re is s mu* sorr[ 9 x8 ,mu/ n any prud5t p]son be afraid ( life8 ,ought ! lov]s to defy =tune & to ignore obvi\s worldly prud5ce8 ,su* is ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! problem4 ,its treatm5t 9 ?is admirable sket* %[s an insight into ! nature ( good & evil :i* ,i _h myself come to reg>d z v little pres5t to ! m9ds ( ! /ory-tell]s ( to-day1 :o are s (t5 dom9at$ by ! rec5t love ( p[]1 by ! t$i\s bl9dness ( mod]n individualism1 by false doctr9es z to ! m]ely temporal exp$i5cy ( tru?1 & by ! m]ely glitt]+ %[ ( unspiritual worldly effici5cy4 ,i rejoice to f9d t1 9 a lit]ature :i* has be51 ( late1 s deva/at$ by a popul>ly trivial int]pretation ( pragmatism1 & by an equally trivial disreg>d = ! rule ( reason1 !re is /ill place = s /raight=w>d & practical a recognition ( et]nal tru? z ! wise woman :o has writt5 ?is %ort /ory exemplifies4 ,! issue reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> m>riage proposal is /at$ at once 9 ! op5+ words ( ! tale3 ,"y ,oliv] ,pick]sgill 0 9 love ) ,pet] ,lanni?orne's daught]4 ,pet] ,lanni?orne 0 s]v+ a six-ye> t]m 9 ! p5it5ti>y = embezzlem5t4 ,! "y h]o is depict$ z a high-m9d$ y\? ( unque/ionable & prosp]\s social #bdd position 9 8 community4 ,8 belov$ is a loyal daught] :o is conv9c$ t h] fa!r's crime 0 due solely to a mom5t>y & b5evol5t weakness1 & to a m9d confus$ by c>e = ! ne$s & too importunate requirem5ts ( 8 own family4 ,n unju/ly attribut+ ! fa!r's f9al d[nfall to ! impati5ce1 to ! agonis+ discont5t1 & to ! worldly ambition ( h] own "m1 ! daught] ) _s replies to ! lov]'s proposal by say+ pla9ly3 ,i w nev] m>ry any "o :o doesn't respect my fa!r z ,i d4 ,! lov]s some:at easily come to t]ms1 at lea/ app>5tly1 z to ?is sole pres5t gr\nd = disagreem5t4 ,! y\?1 n )\t inw>d difficulty1 is ready to accept ! daught]'s v]sion ( h] fa!r's misadv5ture4 ,9 any case1 love makes him indiff]5t to m]ely worldly scruples1 & he has no fe> ( 8 own p[] to face 8 community z ! lov+ husb& ( a convict's daught]2 ?\gh !re is1 inde$1 no d\bt z to ! fa!r's actual guilt1 & al?\gh ,lanni?orne is kn[n to h admitt$ ! ju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,b to love1 & to be magnanim\sly hopeful--?is is n ! same z to conv9ce o!r p t su* a m>riage is prud5t1 or is likely1 z ! pragmati/s w\ld say1 to h exp$i5t work+s4 ,"y ,oliv] has to p]suade ,ru?'s "m on ! "o h&1 8 own fa!r on ! o!r1 t su* a m>riage is reasonable4 ,bo? prove to be h>d to conv9ce4 ,to ! ord9>y scruples ( worldly #bde prud5ce :i* "y lov]s g5]ally h to answ]1 !y easily add seem+ly unansw]able objections4 ,! "m--! convict's wife--n[ a brilliantly cle>-witt$ b hopelessly n>r[-m9d$ invalid--a brok5 woman ( ! _w--pragmatically enlight5$1 9 a way1 by ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( sorr[1 b n 9 ! lea/ br\ght !reby to any deep] insight1 faces ! lov] z an intrud] ^u h] daught]'s peace & h] own desolation4 ,%e has kn[n1 %e says1 :at ! bitt]ness ( an unhappy m>riage c be & is4 ,if %e h]self has _h h] %>e ( blame = h] husb&'s d[nfall1 t only ! m %[s h] su* tru? z1 9 ?is d>k _w1 %e /ill c grasp4 ,i d n want my daught]s to m>ry--?is is1 to h]1 ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! bitt]ness ( h] own m>riage has taught h] ?is lesson1 :i* %e exp\nds to ! lov] ) all ! passion ( w\nd$ pride & ! de>-b\ght lore ( life z %e has le>n$ x4 ,b ( c\rse1 z %e admits1 %e may be wrong4 ,let ! lov] consult h] husb& at ! jail4 ,he--! convict--is a well-mean+ man1 aft] all4 ,he fell2 b he is n at he>t a crim9al4 ,let him say :e!r he wants 8 daught] to take up ! burd5 ( ?is new trag$y4 ,s ! "m concludes h] p>able4 ,! lov]1 baffl$1 b /ill hopeful1 next turns to 8 own fa!r = cons5t & enc\ragem5t4 ,b n[ he has to li/5 to ! tea*+s ( a l(ti] yet to him pr(\ndly disc\rag+ prud5ce4 #bdf ,oliv]'s fa!r is a truly high-m9d$ man ( ! _w1 ) a g5u9ely religi\s feel+ 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8 m9d1 & is int5sely devot$ to 8 son4 ,b f ?is propos$ mat* he recoils ) a natural horror4 ,! _w is full ( good girls4 ,:y n *oose "o :o br+s no su* sorr[ ) h]8 ,pet] ,lanni?orne 0 9 8 crime no worse1 inde$1 ?an _m o!r m5 :o are n 9 jail4 ,he ev5 meant on ! :ole well1 & blund]$1 until at la/ f blund] he drift$ into crime4 ,he !n took 8 p5alty l a man1 & own$ t x 0 j4 ,b1 aft] all1 he 0 f\nd out4 ,su* a ta9t la/s4 ,x _c be remov$ by rep5tance4 ,! propos$ m>riage c only lead to mis]y4 ,pet] ,lanni?orne himself1 :o1 aft] all1 kn[s :at's :at1 w\ld be ! fir/ to admit ?is fact1 if "o ask$ 8 advice4 ,if ! son mu/ p]si/ 9 mak+ light ( a lov+ fa!r's wisdom--well1 let him !n consult ,pet] ,lanni?orne himself4 ,ask ! convict 9 8 prison :at a man ne$s & expects 9 ! family ( ! woman :om he is to m>ry4 ,?is is ! fa!r's firm b k9dly ultimatum4 ,t]rifi$ by ! gravity ( repeat$ w>n+s1 & dispirit$ by hav+ to leave 8 de>e/ problem to ! decision ( ! convict himself1 ,oliv] det]m9es to face ! inevitable4 ,he arranges = ! int]view at ! jail1 & is left by ! w>d5 alone ) ! prison] 9 ! prison libr>y4 ,sudd5ly1 z he faces 8 man1 ! y\? f9ds himself #bdg 9 ! pres5ce ( "o :o has someh[ be5 trans=m$ z if by a sup]natural p[]4 ,z = ! convict's p]son-- ,8 features 7 irregul> & unnoticeable2 b ! sum-total ( !m gave ! impression ( =ce4 ,x 0 a /rong face1 yet y c\ld see t x _h once be5 a weak "o4 ,x 0 a trem5d\sly human face1 a face l a battle-gr\nd1 sc>r$ & seam$ & l9$ ) ! /ress ( invisible conflicts4444 ,n a triumphant face at all1 & yet !re 0 peace 9 x4 ,someh[1 ! man _h a*iev$ some?+1 arriv$ some:]e1 & ! record ( ! j\rney 0 pite\s & t]rible4 ,yet x drew ! eyes 9 awe z mu* z 9 wond]1 & 9 pity n at all4 ,oliv]1 reassur$ by ! new pres5ce1 & glad to f9d himself at la/ fac+ a man :o has no?+ left to fe> 9 life1 /ates z well z possible 8 ma9 problem4 ,! fa!r ( 8 belov$ li/5s1 fir/ ) surprise at ! news1 !n ) s]i\sness4 ,oliv] f9ds himself =c$ to cut deep :5 he repeats 8 own fa!r's appeal to "k ! convict's op9ion ab\t :at a man expects to meet 9 8 future wife's family1 & !n pauses ) a ke5 s5se ( ! cruelty ( 8 own position4 ,b ,lanni?orne1 :o has long s9ce become accu/om$ to feel+ ! pl\gh%>e ( passion gr9d d[n to 8 utt]mo/ rock1 is p]fectly ready ) 8 response4 ,z ! y\? pauses & !n beg9s a new appeal-- ,! man look$ up & held up an arre/+ h&4 ,let me cle> ! way = y a little1 he said4 ,x 0 a h>d #bdh ?+ = y to come & seek me out 9 ?is place4 ,i l y\r com+4 ,mo/ "y m5 w\ld h refus$1 or come 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,i want y to und]/& t if 9 ,ru?'s eyes1 & my wife's1 & y\r fa!r's1 my c\nsel has value1 x is because !y ?9k ,i see ?+s z !y are4 ,& t means1 fir/ ( all1 t ,i "k myself = a man :o committ$ a crime & is pay+ ! p5alty4 ,i am satisfi$ to be pay+ x4 ,z ,i see ju/ice1 x is j4 ,s1 if ,i seem to w9ce at y\r necess>y allusions to x1 t is "p ( ! price4 ,i don't want y to feel t y are blund]+ or hurt+ me m ?an is necess>y4 ,y h got to lay ! ?+ be=e me z x is4 ,some?+ 9 ! words1 9 ! dry1 pati5t mann]1 9 ! endurance ( ! man's face1 t\*$ ,oliv] to ! quick & made him feel all mann] ( new ?+s3 su* z a s5se ( ! moral poise ( ! univ]se1 acquiesc5ce 9 its retributions1 & a curi\s pride1 ak9 to ,ru?'s own1 9 a man :o c\ld meet him aft] ?is fa%ion1 9 ?is place4 ,h]eupon1 fully ar\s$1 ! y\? tells ) fre$om :y ! problem seems s h>d = ! "y p1 & h[ _! eld]s all insi/ ^u su* frightful disc\ragem5ts1 & h[ mu* he longs to "k ! tru? ab\t life1 & :e!r all su* d\bts & scruples z ^? ( 8 own fa!r & ( ,ru?'s "m are well f\nd$4 ,at la/ ! prison] beg9s 8 reply3 ,!y hav5't ! po9t ( view1 he said4 ,x is life t is ! great adv5ture4 ,n love1 n m>riage1 n bus9ess4 ,!y are j *apt]s 9 ! book4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to take ! road fe>lessly--to h c\rage to live "o's life4 ,c\rage8 #bdi ,lanni?orne nodd$4 ,t is ! great ^w4 ,don't y see :at ails y\r fa!r's po9t ( view1 & my wife's8 ,"o wants absolute security 9 "o way = ,ru?2 ! o!r wants absolute security 9 ano!r way = y4 ,& security--:y1 x's j ! "o ?+ a human be+ c't h1 ! ?+ t's ! damnation ( him if he gets x6 ,! reason x is s h>d = a ri* man to ent] ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is t he has t false s5se ( security4 ,to dem& x j dis9tegrates a man4 ,i don't "k :y4 ,x does4 ,oliv] %ook 8 head unc]ta9ly4 ,i don't q foll[ y1 sir4 ,oughtn't "o to try to be safe8 ,"o ought to try1 yes4 ,t is common prud5ce4 ,b ! po9t is t1 :atev] y d or get1 y ar5't aft] all secure4 ,!re is no su* condition1 & ! h>d] y dem& x1 ! m risk y run4 ,s x is up to a man to take all reasonable precautions ab\t 8 money1 or 8 happ9ess1 or 8 life1 & tru/ ! re/4 ,:at e man 9 ! _w is look+ = is ! s5se ( hav+ ! ma/]y ov] life4 ,b ,i tell y1 boy1 !re is only "o ?+ t really gives x6 ,& t is8 ,lanni?orne hesitat$ p]ceptibly4 ,= ! ?+ he 0 ab\t to tell ?is undiscipl9$ lad 0 8 mo/ preci\s possession2 x 0 ! price ( wisdom = :i* he _h paid ) ! ye>s ( 8 life4 ,no man p>ts lightly ) su* k4 ,x comes1 he said1 ) an ef=t1 ) ! k ( our p[] to endure4 ,t's x4 ,y are safe only :5 y c /& ev]y?+ t c happ5 to y4 ,!n1 & !n only6 ,endurance is ! measure ( a man6 444 ,sometimes ,i ?9k x is h>d] to endure :at we des]ve1 l me1 said ,lanni?orne1 ?an :at we don't4 ,i 0 afraid1 y see1 afraid = my wife & all ( !m4 ,anyh[1 take my ^w = x4 ,c\rage is security4 ,!re is no o!r k9d4 #bej ,!n--,ru? & ,i-- ,ru? is ! core ( my he>t6 said ,lanni?orne ?ickly4 ,i w\ld r die ?an h h] suff] m ?an %e mu/4 ,b %e mu/ take h] *ances l ! re/4 ,x is ! law ( ?+s4 ,if y "k y\rself fit = h]1 & feel reasonably sure y c take c>e ( h]1 y h a "r to tru/ ! future4 ,myself1 ,i believe !re is "s ,"o to tru/ x to4 ,! speak] ( ?is h>d-won wisdom1 aft] ?is appeal to ! et]nal1 utt]s 8 la/ tremul\s ^w z f a fa!r's lov+ he>t1 & !n ! int]view mu/ end4 ,! au?or concludes3 ,f9d+ 8 way out ( ! prison y>d a few m9utes lat]1 ,oliv] look$1 unsee+1 at ! high walls t so>$ aga9/ ! blue spr+ sky4 ,he c\ld n realise !m1 !re 0 su* a s5se ( light1 air1 space1 9 8 _s4 ,app>5tly1 he 0 j :]e he _h be5 an h\r be=e1 ) all 8 battles /ill to fight1 b really he knew !y 7 already won1 = 8 weapon _h be5 =g$ & put 9 8 h&4 ,he left 8 boyhood beh9d him z he pass$ t /]n ?re%old1 = ! la/ h\r _h made a man ( him1 & a prison] _h giv5 him ! ma/]-key t op5s e door4 ,,vi ,n[ ?is1 ,i insi/1 is insight4 ,x is no s(t doctr9e4 ,x is f> beyond ! sort ( pragmatism t accepts ! te/ ( mom5t>y results4 ,z f> z x goes1 x is religi\s insight4 ,x is insight1 moreov]1 into ! nature ( c]ta9 ills :i* _c1 yes1 :i* 9 pr9ciple1 & ev5 by omnipot5ce1 #bea c\ld n1 be simply remov$ f exi/5ce )\t aboli%+ ! conditions :i* are logically necess>y to ! v highe/ good t we "k4 ,life 9 ! _s simply presupposes ! conditions t ^! ills exemplify4 ,:at sorr[ is deep] ?an ! full recognition ( "o's own n[ irrevocable de$1 if "o has1 h]eupon1 fully to confess t ?is de$ is1 f "o's own pres5t po9t ( view1 a crime8 ,yet h[ c\ld su* ills be simply remov$ f exi/5ce if any range ( individual expression1 ( fre$om1 ( p[] to *oose is to be left op5 at all8 ,h[ c "o possess spiritual effectiv5ess--! privilege t y\? mo/ ard5tly dem&s--)\t assum+ ! risk involv$ 9 tak+ p]sonal responsibility = "s aspects ( ! lives ( our fell[s8 ,z = our blund]s1 :at m preci\s privilege d we all claim ?an ! privilege ( mak+ our own blund]s1 or at lea/ a due proportion ( !m8 ,:5 we act1 e act is done = et]nity1 s9ce x is irrevocable4 ,:5 we love1 we ask ! privilege to b9d up o!r de/9ies ) our own4 ,! trag$ies ( su* a _w z ours are1 !re=e1 n su* z c\ld be simply wip$ out ( exi/5ce1 unless "o 7 ready to deprive e individual p]sonality bo? ( its range ( free *oice & ( its effectiv5ess ( action4 ,:5 we suff]1 !n1 9 su* a _w1 we "k inde$ t !re ne$ h be5 no su* suff]+ _h !re be5 no _w at all4 ,b precisely :5 our ills are mo/ b\nd up ) #beb our own p]sonal wills1 we "k t no m]e removal ( su* ills c\ld h occurr$ )\t ! abolition ( all ! conditions :i* our spiritual fre$om1 our long+ = effectiv5ess1 & our love = union ) o!r p]sonalities make u reg>d z ! conditions ( ! highe/ good4 ,no ,god c\ld conceivably give y ! good ( self-expression )\t grant+ y ! privilege1 n only ( *oos+ wrongly1 b ( involv+ y\r bre?r5 9 ! results ( y\r misde$4 ,= :5 y love y\r k9d1 y aim to be a factor 9 _! lives2 & to deprive y ( ?is privilege w\ld be to insure y\r total failure4 ,b if y possess ?is privilege1 y %>e 9 a life t1 9 proportion to its importance & dep? & range & ri*ness ( spiritual relations1 is full ( ! possibilities ( trag$y4 ,face su* trag$y1 h[ev]1 & :at does x %[ y8 ,! possibility1 n ( annull+ an evil1 or ( ceas+ to regret x1 b ( %[+ spiritual p[]1 fir/1 ?r\gh idealis+ y\r grief1 by see+ ev5 ?r\gh ?is grief ! dep? ( ! significance ( our relations z individuals to "o ano!r1 to our social ord]1 & to ! :ole ( life2 secondly1 ?r\gh endur+ y\r =tune2 & ?irdly1 ?r\gh conqu]+1 by ! might ( ! _s1 ^? goods :i* c only be won ?r\gh su* sorr[4 ,:at ^? goods are1 ! convict has j1 if only 9 small "p1 told u4 ,griselda told u some?+ ab\t !m :i* is mu* deep] /ill4 ,= adv]sity & loyalty are1 inde$1 simply insep>able #bec companions4 ,!re c\ld n be loyalty 9 a _w :]e ! loyal be+ himself met no adv]sities t p]sonally belong$ to & ent]$ 8 own inn] life4 ,t ?is is true1 let e loyal exp]i5ce be> witness4 ,n[ su* sorr[s1 su* idealis$ evils1 :i* are s int]wov5 ) good t if ! preci\s grief 7 :olly remov$ f exi/5ce1 ! c\rage1 ! fidelity1 ! spiritual self-possession1 ! peace ?r\gh & 9 & beyond tribulation :i* su* trials alone make possible1 w\ld also be remov$--!y surely %[ u t ! ab/ract pr9ciple3 ,evil ought to be aboli%$1 is false4 ,!y %[ u t ! div9e w also mu/ be made p]fect ?r\gh suff]+4 ,s9ce we c compreh5d ! mean+ ( su* exp]i5ces only ?r\gh resolute action1 ?r\gh c\rage1 ?r\gh loyalty1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! _s1 !y 9 no wise ju/ify slo?1 or m]e passivity1 or my/ical idl5ess4 ,! active deal+ ) su* sorr[ gives1 z ,james himself once well ass]ts1 a new dim5sion to life4 ,no exp]i5ces g fur!r ?an d ^! to %[ u h[1 9 our loyalty & 9 our c\rage1 we are becom+ "o ) ! ma/] ( life1 :o ?r\gh sorr[ ov]comes4 ,let man1 ! de/roy]1 !n rememb] t !re is "o ill :i* he c\ld n de/roy1 ev5 if he 7 ,god1 )\t also de/roy+ all ! spiritual pr[ess 9 :i* all ^? rejoice :o1 inspir$ by an ambition inf9itely above t ( ,a*illes1 long #bed to be "o ) ,god ?r\gh be>+ & ov]com+ ! sorr[s ( a _w4 ,we h ?us indicat$ a s\rce ( insight4 ,to tell m ab\t :at x reveals w\ld at once lead me1 z y see1 close to ! mo/ vital ( all ,*ri/ian tea*+s1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,b su* a /udy belongs else:]e4 #bee ,,vii ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,invisible ,,*ur* #bef #beg ,,vii ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,invisible ,,*ur* ,my pres5t & conclud+ lecture mu/ beg9 ) "s explanations ( :at ,i mean by ! t]m ,! ,unity ( ! ,_s4 ,!n ,i %all h to def9e my use ( ! t]m ,! ,invisible ,*ur*4 ,!reaft]1 we %all be free to devote ourselves to ! consid]ation ( a s\rce ( religi\s insight z omnipres5t z x is v>i\sly int]pret$ by ^? :o1 ?r\gh\t all ! religi\s _w1 daily appeal to its guidance4 ,! outcome ( our discussion may help "s ( y1 z ,i hope1 to turn y\r att5tion m t[>d ! region :]e ! greate/ help is to be f\nd 9 ! cultivation ( t true loyalty :i*1 if ,i am "r1 is ! he>t & core ( e high] religion4 ,i ,9 ^! lectures ,i h repeat$ly call$ ! religi\s objects1 t is1 ! objects :]e( ! k t5ds to ! salvation ( man1 sup]human & sup]natural objects4 ,i h m or less fully expla9$1 z ,i w5t1 ! s5se 9 :i* #beh ,i hold ^! objects to be bo? sup]human & sup]natural4 ,b e use ( famili> traditional t]ms is likely to ar\se misund]/&+s4 ,i h p]fectly def9ite reasons = my *oice ( ! traditional words 9 "q z adjectives :]e) to *>act]ise ! religi\s objects4 ,b ,i d n want to leave 9 y\r m9ds any d\bts z to :at my usage is delib]ately int5d$ to imply4 ,i d n want to seem to make any wrong use ( ! vagu] associations :i* w be 9 y\r m9ds :5 some?+ human is comp>$ ) some?+ sup]human1 & :5 ! natural & ! sup]natural are contra/$4 ,?is clos+ lecture1 9 :i* ,i am to deal ) an aspect ( spiritual life :i* we h ev]y:]e 9 our disc\rse tacitly presuppos$1 b :i* n[ is to take its def9itive place on our li/ ( s\rces ( religi\s insight1 gives me my be/ opportunity to =e/all useless misund]/&+s by putt+ myself ^u record z to ! precise s5se 9 :i* bo? ! new s\rce itself & ev]y?+ else sup]human & sup]natural to :i* religion has a rational "r to appeal is1 to my m9d1 a reality1 & is a s\rce or an object ( human insight4 ,i %all !re=e expla9 ! two adjectives j emphasis$ by giv+ y a some:at full] acc\nt ( _! s5se ?an ,i h h]et(ore /at$4 ,if ! new acc\nt t\*es ^u te*nical matt]s1 ,i hope t1 by our long li/ ( illu/rations ( ! sup]human & ( ! sup]natural1 we h n[ suffici5tly prep>$ ! way4 #bei ,9 my g5]al sket* ( ! *>act]i/ics ( human nature :i* awak5 9 u ! s5se ( our ne$ = salvation1 ,i laid /ress1 bo? 9 our fir/ & 9 our second lectures1 ^u our n>r[ness ( outlook z "o pr9cipal & p]vasive defect ( man z he naturally is con/itut$4 ,i illu/rat$ ?is n>r[ness by "s ( its mo/ practically notewor?y in/ances4 ,repeat$ly ,i return$1 9 lat] discussions1 to ?is same feature ( our life4 ,n[ man's n>r[ness ( natural outlook ^u life is fir/ ( all due to some?+ :i* ,i h to call ! =m ( human consci\sness4 ,:at ,i mean by ?is =m1 ,i h already illu/rat$ to y freely by ! v in/ances to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,b te*nical cle>ness z to su* topics is h>d to atta94 ,all[ me1 !n1 to insi/ ) "s c>e ^u matt]s :i* are z influ5tial 9 m\ld+ our :ole de/9y z !y are commonly neglect$ 9 our discussions ( ! problems ( life & ( reality4 ,man c att5d to b a v n>r[ range ( facts at any "o in/ant4 ,common-s5se obs]vation %[s y ?is4 ,psy*ological exp]im5t emphasises x 9 manifold ways4 ,li/5 to a rhy?mic s]ies ( beats--drum beats--or ! /rokes ( an eng9e1 or ! feet ( horses pass+ by 9 ! /reet4 ,y _c directly grasp ) entire cle>ness m ?an a v brief sequ5ce ( ^! beats1 or o!r s\nds1 or ( rhy?mic phrases ( any k9d4 ,if ! rhy?m ( a regul>ly repeat$ set ( s\nds is too #bfj long1 or too complex1 x becomes confus$ = y4 ,y _c make out by y\r direct att5tion :at x is at lea/ until x has by repetition gr[n famili>4 ,let sev]al objects be br\ght be=e y at once4 ,y c att5d to "o & !n to ano!r at pleasure if only !y /ay !re to be att5d$ to4 ,b only a v few di/9ct objects c be sudd5ly se5 at once1 & at a s+le glance1 & recognis$1 ?r\gh t "o in/antane\s pres5tation1 = :at !y are4 ,if ! objects are reveal$ to y 9 ! d>kness by an electric sp>k1 or are se5 ?r\gh a s+le slit 9 a scre5 t rapidly moves be=e y\r eyes--s t ! objects are expos$ to y\r obs]vation only dur+ ! extremely brief "t :5 ! slit passes directly betwe5 !m & y\r eyes--?is limit ( y\r p[] to grasp sev]al di/9ct objects at once1 ^u a s+le inspection1 c be exp]im5tally te/$4 ,! results ( su* exp]im5ts conc]n u "h only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way4 ,en\gh--z su* te/s %[--:at "o may call ! span ( our consci\sness1 its p[] to grasp _m facts 9 any "o individual mom5t ( our lives1 is extremely limit$4 ,x is limit$ z to ! numb] ( simultane\sly pres5t$ facts t we c grasp at "o view1 c di/+ui%1 & recognise1 & hold cle>ly be=e u4 ,x is also limit$ ) reg>d to ! numb] & ! duration ( ! successive facts t we c s face z directly to grasp ! "* ( _! succession1 rhy?mic or o!rwise4 #bfa ,n[ ?is limitation ( ! span ( our consci\sness is1 ,i repeat1 an ev]-pres5t defect ( our human type ( consci\s life4 ,t is :y ,i call x a defect 9 ! =m ( our consci\s life4 ,x is n a defect limit$ to ! use ( any "o ( our s5ses4 ,x is n a failure ( eyes or ( e>s to furni% to u a suffici5t v>iety ( facts to obs]ve4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? our eyes & our e>s almo/ con/antly ra9 9 ^u u1 especially dur+ our m desultory wak+ life1 an ov]weal? ( impressions4 ,if we want to "k facts1 & to atta9 cle>ness1 we h to pick out a few ( ^! impressions1 f in/ant to in/ant1 = m c>eful direct inspection4 ,9 any case1 !n1 ?is limitation is n due to ! defects ( our s5ses4 ,x is our :ole consci\s make-up1 our *>act]i/ic way ( becom+ aw>e ( ?+s1 :i* is express$ by ?is limitation ( our consci\s span4 ,on ?is plan our human consci\sness is =m$4 ,?us our type ( aw>5ess is con/itut$4 ,9 ?is way we are all doom$ to live4 ,x is our human fate to grasp cle>ly only a few facts or ideas at any "o in/ant4 ,& s1 be+ :at we are1 we h to make ! be/ ( our human nature4 ,mean:ile1 x is ( our v ess5ce z reasonable be+s t we are always cont5d+ ) ! consequ5ces ( ?is our natural n>r[ness ( span4 ,we are always actively rebell+ at our own =m ( consci\sness1 s long z we are try+ to "k or to d any?+ significant4 ,we want to grasp #bfb _m ?+s at once1 n m]ely a few4 ,we want to survey life 9 long /ret*es1 n m]ely 9 in/antane\s glimpses4 ,we are always l be+s :o h to see our univ]se ?r\gh ! cracks t our successive in/ants op5 be=e u1 & z quickly close aga94 ,& we want to see ?+s1 n ?r\gh ^! in/antane\s cracks1 b )\t int]v5+ walls1 ) wide outlook1 & 9 all _! true v>iety & unity4 ,nor is ?is rebellion ( ours aga9/ ! m]e =m ( consci\sness any m]ely idle curiosity or peevi% seek+ = a b>r5 weal? ( v>ieties4 ,salvation itself is at /ake 9 ?is /ruggle = a wid] cle>ness ( outlook4 ,! wise/ s\ls1 z we h ?r\gh\t se51 agree ) common-s5se prud5ce 9 ! desire to see at any "o in/ant great] v>ieties ( ideas & ( objects ?an our =m ( consci\sness p]mits u to grasp4 ,to escape f ! limitations impos$ ^u u by ! natural n>r[ness ( our span ( consci\sness--by ! =m ( consci\sness 9 :i* we live--?is is ! common int]e/ ( sci5ce & ( religion1 ( ! m contemplative & ( ! m active aspects ( our high] nature4 ,our =m ( consci\sness is "o ( our *ief human sorr[s4 ,by devices su* z ! rhy?mic pres5tation ( facts to our att5tion we c d some?+--n v mu*--to enl>ge our span ( consci\sness4 ,b = mo/ purposes we c make only an indirect1 n a direct1 escape f our limitations ( span4 ,our salvation dep5ds ^u ! w9n+ ( su* #bfc indirect successes4 ,indirectly we escape1 9 s f> z we use our p[]s ( habit-=m+1 ( memory1 & ( ab/raction1 to prep>e = u objects ( mom5t>y exp]i5ce su* z h come to acquire = u a wide range ( mean+1 s t1 :5 we get be=e our mom5t>y att5tion b a few ( ^! objects at once1 we /ill are able to compreh5d1 aft] our human fa%ion1 ranges & connections & unities ( fact :i* ! n>r[ =m ( our span ( consci\sness =bids u to grasp ) directness4 ,?us1 ! repetition ( simil> exp]i5ces =ms habits su* t ea* elem5t ( "s new in/ant ( pass+ exp]i5ce comes to u saturat$ ) ! mean+ t1 z we look back ^u our pa/ life1 we suppose to h result$ f ! :ole c\rse ( :at has happ5$4 ,& ?r\gh su* endlessly v>i$ processes ( habit-=m+1 we come to rea* /ages ( insight 9 :i* ! in/antane\s pres5tation ( a few facts gets = u1 at a giv5 mom5t1 ! value ( an indirect appreciation ( :at we nev] directly grasp--t is1 ! value ( a wide survey ( life4 ,all t we usually call k is due to su* indirect grasp+ ( :at ! in/ant c only h9t to u1 al?\gh we usually feel z if ?is indirect pres5tation 7 itself a direct insight4 ,let me exemplify3 ,! od\r ( a fl[] may come to u burd5$ ) a mean+ t we reg>d z ! total result ( a :ole summ] ( our life4 ,! wr9kl$ face ( an old man reveals to u1 9 its mom5t>ily pres5t$ #bfd traces1 ! signs ( :at we take to h be5 8 lifetime's exp]i5ce & sl[ly won p]sonal "*4 ,&1 9 v mu* ! same way1 almo/ any pass+ exp]i5ce may seem to u to speak ) ! voice ( ye>s1 or ev5 ( ages1 ( human life4 ,to take yet ano!r in/ance3 a s+le musical *ord epitomises ! result ( all our =m] he>+s ( ! musical composition :i* x introduces4 ,9 ?is way we live1 despite our n>r[ness1 z if we saw widely2 & we con/antly view z if x 7 our actual exp]i5ce1 a s5se & connection ( ?+s :i* actually nev] gets fully translat$ 9 any mom5t ( our lives1 b is always simply presuppos$ z ! int]pretation :i* a wid] view ( life w\ld v]ify4 ,?us b\nd$ 9 ! nut%ell ( ! pass+ in/ant1 we c\nt ourselves 79 "o way or ano!r1 & :atev] our op9ions71 k+s ( ! inf9ite realm ( exp]i5ce1 or w\ld d s 7 x n t1 l ,hamlet1 we h s _m bad dreams1 :i* make u d\bt ! correctness ( our int]pretations1 & feel our ne$ ( an escape f ?is /ubborn natural prison ( our own =m ( consci\sness4 ,we !re=e appeal1 9 all our tru?-seek+1 to a wid] view ?an our own pres5t view4 ,our mo/ sy/ematic mode ( indirect escape f ! consequ5ces ( our n>r[ span ( consci\sness1 is ! mode :i* our ?9k+ processes1 t is1 our deal+s ) ab/ract & g5]al ideas exemplify4 #bfe ,su* ab/ract & g5]al ideas1 z we e>li] saw1 are means to ends--nev] ends 9 !mselves4 ,by means ( g5]alisation or ab/raction we c gradually come to *oose signs :i* we c m or less successfully sub/itute = long s]ies ( pres5t$ objects ( exp]i5ce2 & we c also tra9 ourselves into active ways ( e/imat+ or ( describ+ ?+s--ways su*1 t by rem9d+ ourselves ( ^! our active attitudes t[>d ! bus9ess ( life1 we c seem to ourselves to epitomise 9 an in/ant ! s5se ( ye>s or ev5 ( ages ( human exp]i5ce4 ,su* signs & symbols & attitudes con/itute our /ore ( g5]al & ab/ract ideas4 ,our m or less sy/ematic & volunt>y ?9k+ is a process ( obs]v+1 at "o or ano!r in/ant1 ! connections & ! mean+s ( a v few ( ^! our signs & attitudes at once4 ,we actively put toge!r ^! ideas ( ours1 & wat*1 at ! in/ant1 ! little connections t !n & !re are able to appe>1 despite ! n>r[ness ( our span ( consci\sness4 ,t1 = in/ance1 is :at happ5s :5 we add up columns ( figures1 or ?9k out a problem1 or plan our practical lives4 ,b because ea* ( ! ideas us$1 ea* ( ^! signs or symbols or attitudes1 c be m or less safely sub/itut$ = "s va/ body ( facts ( exp]i5ce1 :at we obs]ve only 9 & ?r\gh our n>r[ span c indirectly help u to appreciate some?+ ^: real mean+ only a v wide range ( exp]i5ce1 a consci\sness ^: #bff span is enorm\sly va/] ?an ours1 c\ld possibly pres5t directly4 ,?us1 conf9$ to our own =m & span ( consci\sness z we are1 we sp5d our lives 9 acquir+ or devis+ ways to accompli% indirectly :at we are =bidd5 directly to atta91 namely1 ! discov]y ( tru? & ( mean+ su* z only a consci\sness ( ano!r =m ?an ours c realise4 ,n[1 z ,i ma9ta9$ 9 our ?ird & f\r? lectures1 ! :ole validity & value ( ?is indirect proc$ure ( ours dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple t su* a wid] view ( ?+s1 su* a l>g] unity ( consci\sness1 su* a direct grasp ( ! mean+s at :i* we indirectly b ceaselessly aim is a reality 9 ! univ]se4 ,z ,i !re ma9ta9$1 ! :ole reality ( ! univ]se itself mu/ he def9$1 9 t]ms ( ! reality ( su* an inclusive & direct grasp ( ! :ole s5se ( ?+s4 ,i c "h only repeat my op9ion t ?is !sis is "o :i* nobody c d5y )\t self-contradiction4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! n>r[ =m ( consci\sness t we human be+s possess & ! wid] & wide/ =ms ( consci\sness ^: reality e common-s5se ef=t to give s5se to life1 & e sci5tific ef=t to discov] ! total v]dict ( exp]i5ce presupposes--! diff]5ce1 ,i say1 betwe5 ^! two =ms ( consci\sness is lit]ally express$ by call+ ! "o =m 7! =m t we all possess7 human1 & by call+ ! o!r =m 7! =m ( a wid] consci\sness :i* views #bfg exp]i5ce z x is7 sup]human4 ,! wid] consci\s view ( ?+s t we %>e only indirectly1 ?r\gh ! devices j po9t$ out1 is c]ta9ly n human2 = no mortal man ev] directly possesses x4 ,x is real2 =1 z we saw 9 our /udy ( ! reason1 if y d5y ?is ass]tion 9 "o %ape1 y reaffirm x 9 ano!r4 ,= y c def9e ! tru? & falsity ( y\r own op9ions only by presuppos+ a wid] view t sees z a :ole :at y see 9 fragm5ts4 ,t unity ( consci\sness :i* we presuppose 9 all our indirect ef=ts to get into t\* ) its direct view ( tru? is above our level4 ,x includes :at we actually get be=e u 9 our =m ( consci\sness4 ,x also includes all t we are try+ to grasp indirectly4 ,n[ :at is n human1 & is above our level1 & includes all ( our insight1 b transc5ds & corrects our indirect ef=ts by its direct grasp ( facts z !y are1 c be/ be call$ sup]human4 ,! !sis t su* a sup]human consci\sness is a reality is a !sis precisely equival5t to ! ass]tion t our exp]i5ce has any real s5se or connection :atev] beyond ! m]e fragm5t ( connect$ness t1 at any "o in/ant1 we directly grasp4 ,fur!rmore1 to call su* a l>g] consci\sness--inclusive ( our own1 b diff]+ f ours1 9 =m1 by ! va/ness ( its span & ! v>iety & complet5ess ( ! connections t x surveys--to call x1 ,i say1 a sup]natural consci\sness is to use a phraseology t c be v #bfh delib]ately &1 if y *oose1 te*nically def5d$4 ,by natural we mean simply3 ,subject to ! laws :i* hold = ! sorts ( be+s ^: "* & behavi\r our empirical sci5ces c /udy4 ,if y sudd5ly f\nd t y c\ld p]sonally & individually & cle>ly grasp1 by an act ( direct att5tion1 ! s5se & connection ( ?\s&s ( exp]i5ces at once1 in/ead ( ! ?ree or f\r pres5t$ facts ( exp]i5ce ^: relations y c n[ directly obs]ve 9 any "o ( y\r mom5ts ( consci\sness1 y w\ld inde$ say t y _h be5 miracul\sly trans=m$ into ano!r type ( be+ ^: insight _h acquir$ an angelic sort ( weal? & cle>ness4 ,b :5ev] y ass]t 7z e sci5tific !ory1 & e common-s5se op9ion1 reg>d+ ! real connections ( ! facts ( human exp]i5ce requires y to ass]t71 t n only ?\s&s1 b a c\ntless collection ( data ( human exp]i5ce actually possess a p]fectly coh]5t total s5se & mean+1 su* z no individual man ev] directly obs]ves1 ?is y\r ass]tion1 :i* und]takes to be a report ( facts1 & :i* explicitly relates to facts ( exp]i5ce1 implies ! ass]tion t !re exi/s su* a sup]human survey ( ! real nature & connection ( our own natural realm ( consci\s life4 ,we ourselves are /rictly limit$ by ! natural conditions t det]m9e our own =m ( consci\sness4 ,& no conditions c be reg>d$ by u z m *>act]i/ically natural ?an are ^!4 ,= #bfi u human be+s to transc5d ^? conditions1 by survey+ c\ntless data at once1 w\ld require an utt]mo/ exception to ! natural laws :i* are f\nd to gov]n our human type ( consci\sness4 ,to believe t any man ev] _h accompli%$ ! direct survey ( ! :ole range ( ! physical connections ( ! sol> & /ell> sy/ems at once--9 o!r words1 _h grasp$ ! :ole range ( a/ronomical exp]i5ce 9 a s+le act ( att5tion--w\ld be to believe t a mo/ incr$ible miracle _h at "s "t tak5 place--an incr$ible miracle s f> z any k t we n[ possess enables u to =esee :at ! natural conditions "u :i* man lives1 & is1 9 human =m1 consci\s1 p]mit4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to accept1 z we all d1 ! validity ( t sci5tific int]pretation ( ! data ( human exp]i5ce :i* a/ronomy reports is to ackn[l$ge t su* an int]pretation m or less completely records a sy/em ( facts :i* are no?+ if !y are n 9 "s def9ite s5se empirical1 al?\gh1 9 _! :ol5ess1 !y are exp]i5c$ by no man4 ,t is1 ! acceptance ( ! sub/antial tru? ( a/ronomy involves ! ackn[l$gm5t t "s su*1 to u simply sup]human1 consci\sness is precisely z real z ! />s are real1 & z _! c\rses1 & z all _! relations are real4 ,yet1 ( c\rse1 we _c und]take to inve/igate any process su* z w\ld enable u to def9e ! natural conditions "u :i* any su* sup]human #bgj survey ( a/ronomical facts w\ld become psy*ologically possible4 ,! acceptance ( our natural sci5ces1 z valid int]pretations ( connections ( exp]i5ce :i* our =m ( consci\sness =bids u directly to v]ify1 logically presupposes1 at e /ep1 t su* sup]human =ms & unities ( consci\sness are real4 ,= ! facts ( sci5ce are indef9able except z facts 9 & = a real exp]i5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we c hope = no advance 9 physical or 9 psy*ological k :i* w\ld enable u to br+ ^! high] =ms ( consci\sness "u :at we call natural laws4 ,s ! sup]human =ms ( consci\sness rema9 = u also sup]natural4 ,t !y are1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if any ass]tion :atev] ab\t our _w is to be ei!r true or false4 ,= all ass]tions are made ab\t exp]i5ce1 & ab\t its real connections1 & ab\t its sy/ems4 ,b :at conditions1 :at natural causes1 br+ su* sup]human =ms ( consci\sness into exi/5ce we are unable to inve/igate4 ,= e ass]tion ab\t nature or ab\t natural laws presupposes t natural facts & laws are real only 9 s f> z !y are ! objects kn[n to su* high] unities ( consci\sness4 ,! unities 9 "q are !mselves no natural objects2 :ile all natural facts are objects = !m & are expressions ( _! mean+4 ,?us def9ite are my reasons = ass]t+ t =ms ( consci\sness sup]ior to our own are real1 #bga & t !y are all f9ally unit$ 9 a s+le1 _w-embrac+ insight1 :i* has also ! "* ( express+ a _w-w4 ,?us def9ite are also my gr\nds = call+ su* high] unities ( consci\sness bo? sup]human & sup]natural4 ,by ! t]m ,! unity ( ! _s ,i "n simply ! unity ( mean+ :i* belongs to ^! sup]human =ms ( consci\sness4 ,we ourselves p>take ( ?is unity1 & %>e x1 9 s f> z1 9 our lives also1 we discov] & express1 9 :atev] way our own =m ( consci\sness p]mits1 tru? & life t br+ u into t\* & into h>mony ) ! high] =ms ( consci\sness1 t is1 ) ! _s :i*1 9 its :ol5ess1 kn[s & e/imates ! _w1 & :i* expresses itself 9 ! life ( ! _w4 ,?us ne> are we1 9 e ex]cise ( our reasonable life1 to ! sup]human & to ! sup]natural4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 !re is positively no ne$ ( magic1 or ( miracle1 or ( my/]i\s prompt+s f ! subconsci\s1 to prove to u ! reality ( ! human & ( ! sup]natural1 or to def9e our reasonable relations ) x4 ,& ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 our own type ( consci\sness & ?is high] life is a diff]5ce ( =m1 & is also a diff]5ce ( cont5t precisely 9 s f> z its wid] & wide/ span ( consci\s insight implies t ! sup]human type ( consci\sness possesses a dep? ( mean+1 a complet5ess ( expression1 a weal? ( facts1 a cle>ness ( vision1 a successful #bgb embodim5t ( purpose :i*1 9 view ( ! n>r[ness ( our =m ( consci\sness1 d n belong to u4 ,man ne$s no miracles to %[ him ! sup]natural & ! sup]human4 ,y ne$ no signs & wond]s1 & no psy*ical rese>*1 to prove t ! unity ( ! _s is a fact 9 ! _w4 ,common-s5se tacitly presupposes ! reality ( ! unity ( ! _s4 ,sci5ce /udies ! ways 9 :i* its life is express$ 9 ! laws :i* gov]n ! ord] ( exp]i5ce4 ,reason gives u insight into its real be+4 ,loyalty s]ves x1 & rep5ts n ( ! s]vice4 ,salvation means our positive h>mony ) its purpose & ) its manife/ation4 ,,ii ,among/ ! s\rces ( insight :i* br+ u into def9ite & practical relations ) t spiritual _w ^: nature has n[ be5 aga9 def9$1 "o ( ! mo/ effective is ! life & ! ^w ( o!r m5 :o are m9d$ to be loyal to g5u9e causes1 & :o are already1 ?r\gh ! s]vice ( _! common causes1 br\ght toge!r 9 "s =m ( spiritual bro!rhood4 ,! real unity ( ! life ( su* fell[-s]vants ( ! ,_s is itself an in/ance ( a sup]human consci\s reality2 & its memb]s are devot$ to br++ !mselves into h>mony ) ! purposes ( ! univ]se4 ,any #bgc bro!rhood ( m5 :o ?us loyally live 9 ! ,_s is1 f my po9t ( view1 a bro!rhood ess5tially religi\s 9 its nature1 precisely 9 proportion z x is practically mov$ by an ef=t to s]ve--n m]ely ! special cause to :i* its memb]s1 because ( _! tra9+ & _! traditions1 happ5 to be devot$1 b also ! common cause ( all ! loyal4 ,su* a bro!rhood1 s f> z x is inde$ human1 &1 !re=e n>r[1 may n v expressly def9e :at ?is common cause ( all ! loyal is1 = its memb]s may n be ?\ghtfully reflective p4 ,b if1 :ile rejoic+ 9 _! own p]fectly real frat]nal unity1 !y are also practically guid$ by ! love ( fur!r+ bro!rhood among/ m5 9 g5]al2 if !y respect ! loyalty ( o!r m5 s f> z !y und]/& t loyalty2 if !y seek1 n to s[ discord among/ ! bre?r5 ( our communities1 b to be a city set on a hill1 t n only _c be hid1 b is also a model = o!r cities--a c5tre = ! spread+ ( ! _s ( loyalty--!n ! memb]s ( su* an ess5tially fruitful bro!rhood are actually loyal to ! cause ( causes4 ,!y are a s\rce ( insight to all :o "k ( _! life1 & :o rightly appreciate its mean+4 ,& ( su* is ! k+dom ( loyalty4 ,& ! communities :i* su* m5 =m & s]ve are ess5tially religi\s communities4 ,ea* "o is an example ( ! unity ( ! ,_s4 ,ea* "o /&s = a reality t belongs to ! sup]human _w4 #bgd ,s9ce ! v>iety ( social =ms :i* appe> "u human conditions is an unpr$ictably va/ v>iety1 & s9ce ! motives :i* guide m5 are endlessly complex1 diff]5t communities ( loyal p may possess su* a religi\s "* & value 9 ! mo/ v>i\s degrees4 ,= x results f ! n>r[ness ( ! human =m ( consci\sness t m51 at any "o mom5t1 "k n ! :ole ( :at !y mean4 ,no %>p l9e c be drawn sund]+ ! bro!rhoods & p>tn]%ips1 & o!r social organisations :i* m5 devise1 into ^? :i* = ! m5 conc]n$ are consci\sly religi\s1 & ^? :i*1 by virtue ( _! abs5ce ( int]e/ 9 ! l>g] & deep] loyalties are secul>4 ,! te/ :]eby su* a di/9ction %\ld be made is 9 pr9ciple a def9ite te/4 ,b to apply ! te/ to e possible case requires a se>*+ ( human he>ts & a j e/imate ( de$s & motives :]eto1 9 our ignorance1 we are v g5]ally inadequate4 ,a bus9ess firm w\ld seem to be1 9 g5]al1 no model ( a religi\s organisation4 ,yet x ju/ly dem&s loyalty f its memb]s & its s]vants4 ,if x lives & acts m]ely = ga91 x is secul> inde$4 ,b if its bus9ess is socially b5efic5t1 if its cause is hon\rable1 if its deal+s are hone/1 if its treatm5t ( its allies & rivals is su* z makes = ! confid5ce1 ! cordiality1 & ! /ability ( ! :ole comm]cial life ( its community & 7:5 its influ5ce ext5ds s f>7 ( ! _w1 if #bge public _s & true patriotism inspire its do+s1 if x is always ready on occasion to sacrifice ga9 = hon\r's sake--!n !re is no reason :y x may n become & be a g5u9ely & f]v5tly religi\s bro!rhood4 ,c]ta9ly a family c become a religi\s organisation2 & "s ( ! mo/ anci5t traditions ( mank9d h dem&$ t x %\ld be "o4 ,!re is also1 & ju/ly1 a religion ( patriotism1 :i* reg>ds ! c\ntry z a div9e in/itution4 ,su* a religion s]ves ! unity ( ! _s 9 a p]fectly g5u9e way4 ,"s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s religi\s movem5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory h gr[n out ( su* an idealis$ patriotism4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 transf]r+ local names f ,judea to a heav5ly _w1 has borne witness to ! sacr$ness t patriotism1 ^u its high] levels1 acquires4 ,9 brief1 ! "q :e!r a giv5 human bro!rhood is a religi\s in/itution or n is a "q = t bro!rhood to decide = itself1 subject only to ! tru? ab\t its real motives4 ,has its cause ! *>act]s t m>k a fitt+ cause ( loyalty8 ,does x s s]ve its cause z !reby to fur!r ! expression ( ! div9e unity ( ! _s 9 ! =m ( devot$ human lives1 n only )9 its own bro!rhood1 b z widely z its influ5ce ext5ds8 ,!n x is an ess5tially religi\s organisation4 ,nor does ! ext5t ( its worldly influ5ce enable y to decide h[ f> x meets ^! requirem5ts4 ,nor yet does ! #bgf numb] ( p]sons 9 its memb]%ip =m any ess5tial crit]ion4 ,:]ev] two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r1 & are liv+ z !y c 9 ! ,_s t ! div9e w 7:i* wills ! loyal union ( all mank9d7 requires ( !m--!re1 inde$1 ! "w ( ! ,_s is done2 & ! organisation 9 "q is a religi\s bro!rhood4 ,x ne$s no human sanction to make x su*4 ,?\gh x dwell on a des]t isl&1 & ?\gh all its memb]s soon die & are =gott5 ( m51 its loyal de$s are irrevocable facts ( ! et]nal _w2 & ! univ]sal life kn[s t "h at lea/ ! div9e w is express$ 9 human acts4 ,b s f> z su* communities bo? exi/ & are di/9ctly recognisable z religi\s 9 _! life & int5t1 !y =m a s\rce ( religi\s insight to all :o come "u _! influ5ce4 ,su* a s\rce acts z a means :]eby any or all ( our previ\s s\rces may be op5$ to u1 may become effective1 may be> fruit4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is new s\rce1 we f9d ! cr[n+ s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,?is la/ /atem5t is "o :i* is accept$ by _m :o w\ld nev]!less limit its application to c]ta9 religi\s communities1 & to ^? only2 or :o1 9 "s cases1 w\ld limit its application to "s "o religi\s community4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 _m :o say1 = v>i\s special reasons1 t ! cr[n+ s\rce ( religi\s insight is ! visible *ur*4 ,by ?is t]m ^? :o use x 9 any ( its traditional s5ses1 mean "o religi\s #bgg in/itution only1 or at mo/ only a c]ta9 gr\p ( religi\s organisations4 ,! visible *ur* is a religi\s organisation1 or gr\p ( su* organisations1 :i* is *>act]is$ by c]ta9 traditions1 by a c]ta9 real or suppos$ hi/ory1 by a m or less well-def9$ cre$1 & by fur!r ass]tions conc]n+ ! div9e revelation to :i* x owes its orig9 & au?ority4 ,) ! doctr9al que/ions involv$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( ?is def9ition1 ^! lectures1 z y n[ well "k1 h no direct conc]n4 ,x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to say t ! visible *ur* ?us def9$ is inde$1 & explicitly1 & 9 our pres5t s5se1 a religi\s organisation4 ,9 all ^? hi/orical =ms :i* "h conc]n u1 ! visible *ur* has und]tak5 to %[ m5 ! way to salvation4 ,x has c>ri$ out its task by unit+ its memb]s 9 a spiritual bro!rhood4 ,x has 9 ideal ext5d$ its int]e/ to all mank9d4 ,x has aim$ at univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,x has def9$ & call$ out loyalty4 ,x has conceiv$ ?is loyalty z a s]vice ( ,god & z a loyalty to ! cause ( all mank9d4 ,its traditions1 ! lives ( its s]vants1 its s]vices1 its tea*+s1 h be5 & are an inexhau/ible s\rce ( religi\s insight to ! va/ multitudes :om x has influ5c$ &1 9 its v>i\s =ms & embodim5ts1 /ill influ5ces4 ,n unnaturally1 !re=e1 ^? :o accept its own doctr9es reg>d+ its orig9 & hi/ory view su* a visible *ur* n only z by f> ! mo/ important s\rce ( religi\s #bgh insight1 b also z a s\rce occupy+ an entirely unique position4 ,! delib]ate limitations ( ! und]tak+ ( ^! lectures =bid me1 z ,i h j rem9d$ y1 to consid] 9 any detail ?is suppos$ uniqu5ess ( ! position :i* s _m ( y w assign to "s =m ( ! hi/orical ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,aft] :at ,i h said z to ! nature & ! v>iety ( ! =ms :i* ! spiritual life has tak51 & /ill takes1 among/ m51 y w nev]!less n be surpris$ if1 )\t attempt+ to judge ! correctness ( ! traditions ( ! visible *ur*1 ,i =?) po9t out t1 to ! high] religi\s life ( mank9d ! life ( ! visible *ur* /&s relat$ z "p to :ole2 & t v va/ ranges ( ! high] religi\s life ( mank9d h gr[n & fl\ri%$ outside ( ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& :5 ! religi\s life ( mank9d is view$ 9 its hi/orical connections1 tru? requires u to insi/ t ,*ri/ianity itself has be5 dep5d5t = its insight & its p[] ^u _m diff]5t s\rces1 "s ( :i* assum$ human =m n only long be=e ,*ri/ianity came into be+1 b 9 nations & 9 civilisations :i* 7 n dep5d5t = _! own spiritual weal? ^u ! ,jewi% religi\s traditions t ,*ri/ianity itself und]took to trans=m & to assimilate4 ,*ri/ianity is1 9 its orig9s1 n only ,jewi% b ,hell5ic1 bo? z to its doctr9es & z to its type ( spirituality4 ,x is a syn!sis ( religi\s motives #bgi :i* _h _! s\rces widely spread ?r\gh\t ! pre-,*ri/ian _w ( ,hell5ism4 ,its own insight is p>tly due to ! non-,*ri/ian _w4 ,z a fact1 !n1 ! unity ( ! ,_s1 ! religi\s life :i* has be5 & is embodi$ 9 ! =m ( human frat]nities1 is ! peculi> possession ( no "o "t1 or nation1 & belongs to no unique & visible *ur*4 ,yet su* an unity is a s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,we h a "r to use x :]ev] we f9d x & h[ev] x becomes accessible to u4 ,z a fact1 we all use su* insight )\t foll[+ any "o pr9ciple z to ! selection ( ! hi/orical s\rces4 ,socrates & ,plato & ,sophocles are religi\s tea*]s f :om we h all directly or indirectly le>n$1 :e!r we "k x or n4 ,our own ,g]manic ance/ors1 & ! traditions ( ! ,roman ,empire1 h influ5c$ our type ( loyalty & h taught u spiritual tru? t we %\ld n o!rwise "k4 ,moreov]1 t :i* ,i h call$ ! cause ( all ! loyal1 ! real unity ( ! :ole spiritual _w1 is n m]ely a moral ideal4 ,x is a religi\s reality4 ,its s]vants & m9i/]s are pres5t :]ev] religi\s bro!rhood f9ds s9c]e & he>ty manife/ation4 ,9 ! sight ( a p]fectly real b sup]human k ( ! real purposes & effective de$s ( mank9d1 all ! loyal1 :e!r !y individually "k ! fact or n1 are1 & 9 all times h be51 "o g5u9e & religi\s bro!rhood4 ,human n>r[ness & ! #bhj vicissitudes ( ! _w ( "t h hidd51 & /ill hide1 ! k ( ?is community ( ! loyal f human eyes4 ,b indirectly x comes to light :5ev] ! loyalty ( "o visible spiritual community comes1 ?r\gh any sort ( tradition1 or cu/om1 or song or /ory1 or wise ^w or noble de$1 to awak5 new manife/ations ( ! loyal life 9 fai?ful s\ls any:]e among/ m54 ,i call ! community ( all :o h s\ght = salvation ?r\gh loyalty ! ,invisible ,*ur*4 ,:at makes x invisible to u is our ignorance ( ! facts ( human hi/ory &1 /ill m1 our n>r[ness 9 our appreciation ( spiritual tru?4 ,& ,i m]ely report ! g5u9e facts1 human & sup]human1 :5 ,i say t :atev] any =m ( ! visible *ur* has done or w d = ! religi\s life ( mank9d1 ! cr[n+ s\rce ( religi\s insight is1 = u all1 ! actual loyalty1 s]vice1 devotion1 suff]+1 accompli%m5t1 traditions1 example1 tea*+1 & triumphs ( ! invisible *ur* ( all ! fai?ful4 ,& by ! invisible *ur* ,i mean ! bro!rhood consi/+ ( all :o1 9 any clime or l&1 live 9 ! ,_s4 ,our t]ms h n[ be51 s f> z my "t p]mits1 %>ply def9$4 ,i am "h n appeal+ to vague s5tim5ts ab\t human bro!rhood1 or to m]ely moral ideals ab\t :at we m]ely hope t man may yet come to be4 ,& ,i am n = a mom5t committ+ myself to any m]e wor%ip ( humanity1 s long z "o conceives humanity z ! m]e collection ( ^? :o are subject to ! #bha natural laws t gov]n our pres5t physical & m5tal exi/5ce4 ,humanity1 view$ z a m]e product ( nature1 is n>r[-m9d$ & degrad$ en\gh4 ,its life is full ( uncompreh5d$ evils & ( mutual misund]/&+s4 ,x is n a fitt+ object ( any religi\s rev]5ce4 ,b x ne$s salvation4 ,x has be5 f9d+ salvation ?r\gh loyalty4 ,& ! true cause1 ! g5u9e community1 ! real spiritual bro!rhood ( ! loyal is a sup]human & n m]ely a human reality4 ,x expresses itself 9 ! lives ( ! loyal4 ,9 s f> z ^! expressions directly or indirectly inspire our own g5u9e loyalty1 !y give u insight4 ,( su* insight1 :atev] y may le>n f communion ) any =m ( ! visible *ur*1 is an in/ance--a special embodim5t4 ,! invisible *ur*1 !n1 is no m]ely human & secul> in/itution4 ,x is a real & sup]human organisation4 ,x includes & transc5ds e =m ( ! visible *ur*4 ,x is ! actual subject to :i* belong all ! spiritual gifts :i* we c hope to enjoy4 ,if y\r spiritual eyes 7 op51 no div]sity ( human tongues1 no /rang5ess ( rites or ( cu/oms or ( o!r =ms ( s]vice1 no accid5tal qua9tnesses ( tradition or ( symbols or ( cre$s1 w\ld hide f y\r vision its p]fections4 ,x believes ev]y:]e 9 ! unity ( ! ,_s1 & aims to save m5 ?r\gh w9n+ !m ov] to ! consci\s s]vice ( its own unity4 ,& x grants y ! free grace ( :atev] religi\s insight y c acquire f outside y\rself4 #bhb ,if y are truly religi\s1 y live 9 x & = x4 ,y conceive its life 9 y\r own way &1 no d\bt1 "u ! limitations ( y\r own "t & cre$4 ,b y _c flee f its pres5ce4 ,& y\r salvation lies 9 its reality1 9 y\r s]vice1 & 9 y\r communion ) its endlessly v>i$ company ( ^? :o suff] & :o 9 ! might ( ! _s ov]come4 ,let me tell y some?+ ( ?is life ( ! invisible *ur*4 ,,iii ,& fir/ let me speak ( its memb]%ip4 ,we h n[ repeat$ly def9$ ! te/ ( su* memb]%ip4 ,! invisible *ur* is ! spiritual bro!rhood ( ! loyal4 ,only a se>*] ( he>ts c q c]ta9ly "k :o are ! really loyal4 ,we c be sure reg>d+ ! nature ( loyalty4 ,t loyalty itself %\ld come to m5's consci\sness 9 ! mo/ v>i\s =ms & degrees1 & cl\d$ by ! mo/ tragic misund]/&+s1 ! n>r[ =m ( human consci\sness1 & ! bl9dness & v>iety ( human passion1 make necess>y4 ,if "o is loyal to a n>r[ & evil cause1 z ! robb] or ! pirate may be loyal to 8 b& or to 8 %ip1 a consci\s ef=t to s]ve ! unity ( ! :ole spiritual _w may seem at fir/ sight to be exclud$ by ! nature ( ! loyalty 9 "q4 ,b :at makes a cause evil1 & unwor?y ( loyal #bhc s]vice1 is ! fact t its s]vice is de/ructive ( ! causes ( o!r m51 s t ! evil cause preys ^u ! loyalty ( ! spiritual bre?r5 ( ^? :o s]ve x1 & s t !reby ! s]vants ( ?is cause d actual wrong to mank9d4 ,b ?is v fact may n be und]/ood by ! individual robb] or pirate4 ,he may be devot$ ) all 8 he>t & s\l & m9d & /r5g? to ! be/ cause t he kn[s4 ,he may !re=e s9c]ely conceive t ! ma/] ( life au?orises 8 cause4 ,9 t case1 & s f> z ?is belief is s9c]e1 ! robb] or pirate may be a g5u9ely religi\s man4 ,does ?is /atem5t seem to y an absurd quibble8 ,!n look ov] ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,"s at lea/ ( ! ,crusad]s 7 g5u9ely religi\s4 ,t we all readily admit4 ,b !y 7 obvi\sly1 = ! mo/ "p1 robb]s & murd]]s1 & sometimes pirates1 ( :at we %\ld n[ ?9k ! lea/ religi\s type if !y 7 to-day sail+ ! ,m$it]ranean or deva/at+ ! l&s4 ,read 9 ,hakluyt's ,voyages ! acc\nts ( ! _s 9 :i* ! ,engli% explor]s & w>riors ( ! ,elizabe?an age accompli%$ _! great "w4 ,9 ^! acc\nts a g5u9ely religi\s type ( patriotism & ( ,*ri/ianity (t5 expresses itself side by side ) a reckless hatr$ ( ! ,spani>d & a f]ocity :i* tol]ates ! mo/ obvi\s expressions ( m]e natural gre$4 ,^! h]oes ( ! beg9n+s ( ! ,briti% ,empire (t5 h>dly knew :e!r !y 7 r ! adv5tur\s #bhd m]*ants1 or ! loyal w>riors = ,engl&1 or ! def5d]s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or simply pirates4 ,9 fact !y 7 all ^! ?+s at once4 ,consid] ! ,scotti% clans z !y 7 up to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! _s t !y fo/]$ has s9ce f\nd magnific5t expression 9 ! loyalty ( ! ,scotti% p & 9 its lat] & f>-rea*+ s]vice ( "s ( ! noble/ causes t m5 "k4 ,yet ^! clans lov$ cattle-?iev+ & tortur$ _! enemies4 ,:5 did !y beg9 to be really patriots & s]vants ( mank9d8 ,:5 did !y beg9 to be truly & he>tily religi\s8 ,:o ( u c tell8 ,gre$ & bl9dness are natural to man4 ,8 =m ( consci\sness r5d]s him unable1 9 _m cases1 to realise _! unreasonabl5ess1 ev5 :5 he has already come into s9c]ely spiritual relations ) ! cause ( all ! loyal4 ,:at we c "k is t gre$ & bl9dness are nev] ( !mselves religi\s1 & t ! way ( salvation is ! way ( loyalty4 ,b ,i "k n :at degrees ( gre$y bl9dness are consi/5t ) an actual memb]%ip 9 ! invisible *ur*1 z ,i h j def9$ its memb]%ip4 ,:5 ,i meet1 h[ev]1 ) ! manife/ations ( ! _s ( univ]sal loyalty1 :e!r 9 clansman1 or 9 crusad]1 or 9 ,elizabe?an & piratical ,engli% def5d] ( 8 c\ntry's fai?1 or 9 ! ,spani>d :om he hat$1 ,i hope t ,i may be able to use1 n ! gre$ or ! passions ( ^! p1 b _! #bhe religi\s pr[ess1 _! free surr5d] ( !mselves to _! cause1 z a s\rce ( insight4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! invisible *ur* is !re=e n to be det]m9$ by m]e conv5tions1 b by ! inw>d _s ( ! fai?ful1 z express$ 9 _! loyal life accord+ to _! lights4 ,yet ( ^? :o seem to u mo/ cle>ly to belong to ! s]vice ( ! _s1 x is easy to enum]ate c]ta9 v pot5t gr\ps1 to ^: devotion we all owe an unspeakably great debt4 ,! sages1 ! poets1 ! prophets1 ^: insight we consult$ 9 our op5+ lecture1 & h us$ ?r\gh\t ^! disc\rses1 =m su* gr\ps4 ,x is indiff]5t to u to :at clime or l& or tongue or visible religi\s body !y belong$ or to-day belong4 ,!y h s9c]ely s]v$ ! cause ( ! _s4 ,!y are to u con/ant s\rces ( religi\s insight4 ,ev5 ! cynics & ! rebels1 :om we cit$ 9 our op5+ lecture1 h be51 9 _m individual cases1 dev\tly religi\s s\ls :o simply c\ld n see ! light z !y consci\sly ne$$ to see x1 & :o loyally refus$ to lie = conv5tion's sake4 ,su* h (t5 s]v$ ! cause ( ! _s ) a f]v\r t y ill und]/& s long z _! words m]ely %ock y4 ,!y (t5 seem z if !y 7 ho/ile to ! unity ( ! _s4 ,b1 9 _m cases1 x is ! n>r[ness ( our nature1 ! *aos ( our unspiritual passions1 ! b>r5 =malism ( our conv5tions t !y assail4 ,& su* assaults turn our eyes upw>d to ! unity ( #bhf ! _s f :5ce alone consolation & escape may come4 ,indirectly1 !re=e1 su* s\ls are (t5 ! misund]/ood prophets ( new ways ( salvation = m54 ,:5 !y are loyal1 :5 _! v h>dness is due to _! resolute tru?fulness1 !y are (t5 among/ ! mo/ effective fri5ds ( a deep] religi\s life4 ,a notable crit]ion :]eby1 q ap>t f m]e conv5tions1 y may try ! spirits t pret5d or appe> to be religi\s1 & may disc]n ! memb]s ( ! invisible *ur* f ^? :o are n memb]s1 is ! crit]ion ( ! prophet ,amos3 ,woe unto !m t are at ease 9 ,zion4 ,?is1 z ,i said e>li]1 is "o ( ! fav\rite te/s appli$ by morali/s = di/+ui%+ ^? :o s]ve f ^? :o m]ely enjoy4 ,t x is also a religi\s te/1 & :y x is a religi\s te/1 our acqua9tance ) ! _s ( loyalty has %[n u4 ,religion1 :5 triumphant1 includes1 inde$1 ! exp]i5ce ( inw>d peace2 b ! peace :i* is n won ?r\gh /r5u\s loyal s]vice is deceitful & corrupt+4 ,x is ! conque/ ov] & ?r\gh tribulation :i* saves4 ,:oev] conceives religion m]ely z a com=table release f sorr[s1 z an agreeable bani%m5t ( c>es1 z a simple escape f pa91 kn[s n :at evil is1 or :at our human nature is1 or :at our ne$ ( salvation means1 or :at ! w ( ! ma/] ( life dem&s4 ,!re=e1 a visible *ur* t appe>s simply 9 ! =m ( a cure = worry1 or a #bhg prev5tive ( tr\ble1 seems to me to be lack+ 9 a full s5se ( :at loyalty is4 ,worry is inde$1 9 itself1 n a religi\s ex]cise4 ,b x is (t5 an effective prelim9>y1 & is sometimes1 accord+ to ! vicissitudes ( natural temp]1 a relatively h>mless accompanim5t1 to a deeply religi\s life4 ,c]ta9ly ! m]e abs5ce ( worry1 ! m]e atta9m5t ( a s5su\s tranquillity1 is no crit]ion ( memb]%ip 9 ! invisible *ur*4 ,bett] a cynic or a rebel aga9/ conv5tional religi\s =ms1 or a pessimi/1 or a worry+ s\l1 if only su* a be+ is /r5u\sly loyal accord+ to 8 lights1 ?an "o to :om religion means simply a tranquil adoration )\t loyalty4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 _m ( ! tranquil are also loyal4 ,:5 ?is is true we c only rejoice 9 _! atta9m5ts4 ,if we look = o!r examples /ill ( types ( spirituality :i* seem to imply memb]%ip 9 ! invisible *ur*1 ,i myself "k ( few bett] in/ances ( ! g5u9ely religi\s _s ?an ^? :i* are pres5t$ to u1 9 rec5t times1 by ! m devot$ s]vants ( ! cause ( any "o ( ! advanc+ natural sci5ces4 ,& su* in/ances are peculi>ly in/ructive1 because _m great m5 ( sci5ce1 z a result ( _! p]sonal temp]am5t & tra9+1 are little int]e/$ 9 ! =ms ( ! visible *ur*1 & v frequ5tly are loa? to admit t _! call+ has religi\s be>+s4 ,b :5 ! matt] is rightly view$1 "o sees t ! great sci5tific inve/igator is n only pr(\ndly #bhh loyal1 b s]ves a cause :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 probably does m to unify e sort ( :olesome human activity1 to b9d 9 "o all ! high] int]e/s ( humanity1 to br+ m5 ( v>i\s l&s & races close toge!r 9 _s ?an does any o!r "o special cause t mod]n m5 s]ve4 ,! cause ( any s]i\s sci5tific inve/igator is1 f my po9t ( view1 a sup]human cause1 = precisely ! reasons :i* ,i h already expla9$ to y4 ,! individual sci5tific work]1 un9t]e/$ z he usually is 9 metaphysics1 & unconc]n$ z he (t5 is ab\t ! relation ( 8 task to ! int]e/s ( ! visible *ur*1 kn[s inde$ t ) all 8 he>t1 & s\l1 & m9d1 & /r5g? he s]ves a cause t he conceives to be wor?y4 ,he kn[s1 also1 t ?is cause is b5efic5t1 & t x plays a great "p 9 ! direct+ ( human activities1 :e!r because 8 sci5ce already has practical applications1 or because ! k ( nature is 9 itself an elevat+ & enl>g+ influ5ce = mank9d4 ,! sci5tific inve/igator kn[s also t1 :ile 8 individual exp]i5ce is ! s\rce to :i* he p]sonally looks = new obs]vations ( facts1 8 private obs]vations contribute to sci5ce only 9 s f> z o!r inve/igators c v]ify 8 results4 ,h5ce 8 :ole sci5tific life consi/s 9 submitt+ all 8 mo/ priz$ discov]ies to ! rigid te/ ( an e/imate t belongs to no individual human exp]i5ce1 b t is1 or t ?r\gh loyal ef=ts t5ds to become1 ! common possession #bhi ( ! organis$ exp]i5ce ( all ! work]s 9 8 field4 ,s f> ! devot$ inve/igator goes 9 8 own consci\sness z to 8 "w4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 9 e/imat+ 8 ideals & 8 value1 he sometimes seems n to wi% to g1 ei!r because he is unreflective or because he is mode/4 ,b :5 we rememb] t ! unity ( human exp]i5ce1 9 ! light ( :i* sci5tific results are te/$1 & to ^: gr[? & enri*m5t ! sci5tific work] is devot$1 is inde$ a sup]human reality ( ! type t we h n[ discuss$2 :5 we also recall ! pr(\nd values :i* ! sci5tific ideal has = all dep>tm5ts ( human life 9 our day2 :51 fur!r1 we see h[ resolutely ! true inve/igator gives 8 all to contribute to :at is really ! unity ( ! _s1 we may well wond] :o is 9 ess5ce m he>tily religi\s ?an ! completely devot$ sci5tific inve/igator--su* a man1 = in/ance1 z 0 ,f>aday4 ,:5 ,i h ! =tune to he> ( really great sci5tific work]s :o are z ready to die = _! sci5ce 7if an exp]im5t or an obs]vation requires risk7 z to live = x ?r\gh ye>s ( worldly privation & ( rigid surr5d] ( private int]e/s to tru?1 & :5 ,i !n by *ance also he> t "s ( !m 7 call$1 or p]haps ev5 call$ !mselves1 irreligi\s m51 ,i confess t ,i ?9k ( ! little girl :o walk$ by ,wordswor?'s side on ! bea* at ,calais4 ,! poet e/imat$ h] #bij v>iety ( religi\s exp]i5ce 9 words t ,i feel mov$ to apply to ! ard5tly loyal h]o ( sci5ce3 ,?\ dwelle/ 9 ,abraham's bosom all ! ye>1 ,& wor%ip'/ at ! temple's inmo/ %r9e1 ,god be+ ) !e :5 we "k x n4 ,!re also exi/s a some:at ?readb>e v]se ( ! poet ,"y :i* tells u h[ ! undev\t a/ronom] is mad4 ,i %\ld pref] to say t ! really loyal sci5tific man :o imag9es himself undev\t is n inde$ mad at all1 b1 l ,wordswor?'s "y companion at ,calais1 unobs]vant ( himself & ( ! wondr\s & beautiful love t inspires him4 ,= he is1 inde$1 inspir$ by a love = some?+ mu* m div9e ?an is t augu/ assemblage ( me*anical & physical ph5om5a call$ ! />ry heav5s4 ,! s\l ( 8 "w is ! s]vice ( ! unity ( ! _s 9 "o ( its mo/ exalt$ =ms4 ,t all :o1 belong+ to any body ( ! visible *ur*1 are s]i\sly loyal to ! div9e accord+ to _! lights1 are memb]s also ( ! invisible *ur*1 ne$s1 aft] :at ,i h said1 no fur!r explanation4 ,b if1 survey+ ?is multitude t no man c numb] f e k9dr$1 & tribe1 & nation1 & tongue1 y say t entrance to ! invisible *ur* is gu>d$ by b>ri]s t seem to y n high en\gh or /rong en\gh1 ,i reply t ?is memb]%ip is inde$ te/$ by ! sev]e/ ( rules4 #bia ,d y s]ve ) all y\r he>t1 & s\l1 & m9d1 & /r5g? a cause t is sup]human & t is inde$ div9e8 ,?is is ! "q :i* all h to answ] :o are to ent] ?is ! mo/ spiritual ( all human bro!rhoods4 ,,iv ,! invisible *ur* is to be to u a s\rce ( insight4 ,?is means t we mu/ ent] into "s sort ( communion ) ! fai?ful if we are to enjoy ! fruits ( _! insight4 ,&1 ap>t f "o's own life ( loyal s]vice itself1 ! pr9cipal means ( grace--t is1 ! pr9cipal means ( atta9+ in/ruction 9 ! _s ( loyalty1 enc\ragem5t 9 its toils1 solace 9 its sorr[s1 & p[] to endure & to triumph--! pr9cipal means ( grace1 ,i say1 :i* is op5 to any man lies 9 su* communion ) ! fai?ful & ) ! unity ( ! _s :i* !y express 9 _! lives4 ,x is natural t we %\ld beg9 ?is process ( communion ?r\gh direct p]sonal relations ) ! fell[-s]vants ( our own special cause4 ,h5ce :atev] is usually said by ^? :o belong to any section ( ! visible *ur* reg>d+ ! spiritual advantages :i* foll[ f ent]+ ! communion ( _! own body may be accept$1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 z hav+ :atev] tru? ! devotion & ! religi\s life ( any "o body ( fai?ful s]vants ( ! unity ( ! _s may give #bib to su* /atem5ts :5 appli$ precisely to _! own memb]s4 ,b to u all alike ! voice ( ! invisible *ur* speaks--x su/a9s u all alike by its c\nsels1 n m]ely 9 s f> z our own p]sonal cause & our bre?r5 ( t s]vice are kn[n to u1 b 9 s f> z we are ready to und]/& ! loyal life1 & to be inspir$ by x1 ev5 :5 ^? :o exemplify its int5ts & its values are f> f u 9 _! type ( exp]i5ce & 9 ! mann] ( _! s]vice4 ,y rememb] ! rule ( loyalty3 ,s s]ve y\r cause t if possible ?r\gh y\r s]vice ev]ybody :om y influ5ce %all be r5d]$ a m devot$ s]vant ( 8 own cause1 & !reby ( ! cause ( causes--! unity ( all ! loyal4 ,n[ ! rule = us+ ! invisible *ur* z a s\rce ( insight is ?is3 ,s be prep>$ to int]pret1 & sympa!tically to compreh5d1 ! causes & ! s]vice ( o!r m51 t :oev] s]ves ! cause ( causes1 ! unity ( all ! loyal1 may ev5 !reby t5d to help y 9 y\r p]sonal s]vice ( y\r own special cause4 ,to cultivate ! compreh5sion & ! rev]5ce = loyalty1 h[ev]1 & :]ev] loyalty may be f\nd1 is to prep>e y\rself = a fitt+ communion ) ! invisible *ur*4 ,& 9 su* communion ,i f9d ! cr[n+ s\rce ( religi\s insight4 ,:at ,i say is :olly consi/5t !n ) ! recognition ( ! preci\sness ( ! visible *ur* to its memb]s4 ,once m1 #bic h[ev]1 ,i po9t out ! fact t ! visible *ur* is z preci\s z x is because x is inde$ devot$ to ! unity ( ! _s1 t is1 because x is a "p & an organ ( ! invisible *ur*4 ,v ,i _c close ?is extremely imp]fect sket* ( our cr[n+ s\rce ( insight )\t apply+ to our pres5t doctr9e ( ! invisible *ur*1 ! et]nally true tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul reg>d+ spiritual gifts4 ,z ,paul's ,cor9?ians1 9 _! little community1 fac$ ! problem ( ! div]sity ( ! gifts & p[]s :]eby _! v>i\s memb]s und]took to s]ve ! common cause--z ?is div]sity ( gifts t5d$ f ! outset to doctr9al diff]5ces ( op9ion1 z ! diff]5ces ?reat5$ to confuse loyalty by br++ bre?r5 into conflict--ev5 s1 b ) immeasurably va/] complications1 ! :ole religi\s _w1 ! invisible community ( ! loyal1 has always fac$1 & /ill faces1 a div]sity ( p[]s & ( =ms ( insight1 a div]sity due to ! endlessly v>i\s temp]am5ts1 capacities & sorts & conditions ( m54 ,! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 z ,paul sket*$ its situation1 0 a m9iature ( religi\s humanity4 ,all ! ways t ! loyal foll[ lead upw>d to ! realm ( ! _s1 :]e reason is at once ! ov]>*+ heav5 & ! all-vitalis+ devotion :i* b9ds #bid e loyal individual to ! ma/] ( life4 ,b 9 our univ]se ! "o dem&s ! _m4 ,! inf9ite becomes inc>nate ?r\gh ! f9ite4 ,! pa?s t lead ! loyal to ! k ( ! et]nal pass = our vision1 ) manifold cross+s & ) p]plex+ w&]+s1 ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ?is pres5t _w4 ,! div9e life is won ?r\gh suff]+4 ,& religi\s hi/ory is a tale ( suff]+--( mutual misund]/&+ among/ bre?r5 :o h f mom5t to mom5t be5 able to rememb] ,god only by n>r[ly misread+ ! he>ts ( _! bre?r54 ,! div]sity ( spiritual gifts has develop$1 9 religi\s hi/ory1 an endless w> ( factions4 ,! invisible *ur* has frequ5tly come to consci\sness 9 ! =m ( sects t say3 ,ours alone is ! true spiritual gift4 ,?r\gh our triumph alone is ! _w to be sav$4 ,man w rea* salvation only :5 our own ,j]usalem is ! univ]sally recognis$ holy city4 ,n[ x is useless to r$uce ! _m to ! "o m]ely by wip+ out ! _m4 ,x is useless to make "s new sect ^: cre$ %all be t !re are to be no sects4 ,! unity ( ! visible *ur*1 "u any "o cre$1 or ) any "o settl$ sy/em ( religi\s practices1 is an unatta9able & undesirable ideal4 ,! v>ieties ( religi\s exp]i5ce 9 ,james's s5se ( t t]m are endless4 ,! div]sity ( gifts is z great z is ! div]sity ( /rong & loyal p]sonalities4 ,:at ,/4 ,paul saw1 9 ! m9iature case pres5t$ to him by ! #bie ,cor9?ian *ur*1 0 t all ! real gifts1 & all ! consequ5tly inevitable diff]5ces ( approa* to ! religi\s problems1 & all ! diff]5ces ( individual religi\s insight 7 necess>y to a weal?y religi\s life1 & might s]ve ! unity ( ! _s1 if only !y 7 conceiv$ & us$ subject to ! spiritual gift :i* he def9$ z ,*>ity4 ,n[ ! ,paul9e ,*>ity is simply t =m ( loyalty :i* %\ld *>act]ise a company ( bre?r5 :o already h recognis$ _! bro!rhood1 :o consci\sly "k t _! cause is "o & t ! _s :i* !y s]ve is "o4 ,= su* bre?r51 loyalty naturally takes ! =m ( a self-surr5d] t ne$ n seek its own1 or ass]t itself vehem5tly1 because ! visible unity ( ! community 9 "q is already ackn[l$g$ by all ! fai?ful pres5t1 s t ea* int5ds to edify1 n himself alone1 b 8 bre?r51 & also int5ds n to conv]t 8 bro!r to a new fai?1 b to e/abli% him 9 a fai? already recognis$ by ! community4 ,yet s9ce ! ,cor9?ians1 w>r+ ov] _! div]sity ( gifts1 _h come to lose sight ( ! common _s1 ,paul simply recalls !m to _! flag1 by 8 poem ( *>ity1 :i* is also a te*nically true /atem5t ( h[ ! pr9ciple ( loyalty applies to a bro!rhood fully consci\s ( its common aim4 ,b ! v intimacy ( ! ,paul9e picture ( *>ity makes x h>d to apply ?is acc\nt ( ! #bif loyalty t %\ld reign )9 a religi\s family to ! problems ( a _w :]e fai? does n und]/& fai?1 :]e ! contra/s ( op9ion seem to ! m5 9 "q to exclude community ( ! _s1 :]e ! fight+ blood ev5 ( sa9tly s\ls is /irr$ by p]secutions or heat$ by a hatr$ ( seem+ly false cre$s4 ,& ,paul himself c\ld n speak 9 ! language ( *>ity1 ei!r :5 he ref]r$ to ^? :om he call$ false bre?r5 or *>act]is$ ! ,hell5ic-,roman spiritual _w to ^: ?\ght & _s he ow$ s mu*4 ,z ! ,cor9?ians1 w>r+ ov] ! spiritual gifts1 7 a m9iature repres5tation ( ! motives t h l$ to religi\s w>s1 s ,/4 ,paul's own failure to speak ) *>ity z soon z c]ta9 matt]s ( controv]sy arose 9 8 m9d1 %[s 9 m9iature ! difficulty t ! visible *ur*1 9 all its =ms1 has _h to unite loyal /r5u\sness ( devotion to ! tru? t "o sees ) tol]ance = ! fai?s ^: mean+ "o _c und]/&4 ,& yet1 :at ,paul said ab\t *>ity mu/ be univ]salis$ if x is true4 ,:5 we univ]salise ! ,paul9e ,*>ity1 x becomes once m ! loyalty t1 z a fact1 is n[ ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ h] loyal own2 b t /ill1 l *>ity1 rejoices 9 ! tru?4 ,su* loyalty loves loyalty ev5 :5 race or cre$ di/9ctions make x h>d or impossible = u to feel fond ( ! p]sons & practices & op9ions :]eby our m di/ant bre?r5 #big embody _! spiritual gifts4 ,su* loyalty is tol]ant4 ,tol]ance is :at *>ity becomes :5 we h to deal ) ^? ^: special cause we j n[ _c und]/&4 ,loyalty is tol]ant1 n z if tru? 7 indiff]5t1 or z if !re 7 no contra/ betwe5 worldl9ess & spirituality1 b is tol]ant precisely 9 s f> z ! be/ s]vice ( loyalty & ( religion & ( ! unity ( ! _s consi/s 9 help+ our bre?r5 n to our own1 b to _! own4 ,su* loyalty implies g5u9e fai? 9 ! abid+ & supreme unity ( ! _s4 ,only by ?us univ]salis+ ! doctr9e :i* ,paul prea*$ to ! ,cor9?ians c we be prep>$ to use to ! full ?is cr[n+ s\rce ( insight--! doctr9e1 ! example1 ! life1 ! inspiration1 :i* is embodi$ 9 ! c\ntless =ms & expressions ( ! invisible *ur*4 ,! "w ( ! invisible *ur*--x is j t "w to :i* all ^! lectures h be5 direct+ y\r att5tion4 ,! s\rces ( insight are !mselves ! work+ ( its _s 9 our spirits4 ,if ,i h done any?+ 7h[ev] unwor?y7 to op5 ! m9ds ( any ( y to ^! work+s1 my fragm5t>y ef=ts w n h be5 9 va94 ,i h no au?ority to det]m9e y\r own insight4 ,seek insight :]e x is to be f\nd4