,,!  ,,ess5tial ,,fai?  ,,(  ,,!        
,,univ]sal ,,*ur*2  ,,d$uc$ ,,f  ,,!    
,,sacr$ ,,records4  ,,by ,,h>riet       
,,m>t9eau4  ',nulli praeclusa religio   
e/2 omnibus patet1 omnes admittit1 omnes
 invitat2 non elegit domum nec c5sum2   
nudo hom9e cont5ta e/4'  ,,bo/on1       
,,leon>d ,c4 ,,b[les4 #ahcc4  ,m9ot     
,pratt1----,pr9t]4     ,,adv]tisem5t4   
,9 ,m>* #ahcj ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% &
 ,=eign ,unit>ian ,association (f]$ 'a  
premium = ?ree tracts1 to be approv$ by 
!m1 ! object ( :i* %\ld be !            
introduction & promotion ( ,*ri/ian     
,unit>ianism among ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 !
 ,jews1 & ! ,mahomm$ans respectively4'  
,ea* ( ! ,essays 0 to be s5t to !       
,committee ) ! "n ( ! writ] 9 a seal$   
note1 :i* w\ld be op5$ only aft] !      
decision 9 favor ( ! successful c&idate4
 ,miss ,m>t9eau obta9$ ! ?ree prizes4 ,!
 celebrity :i* %e has acquir$ 9 ?is     
c\ntry by ^? ( h] works :i* h be5       
repr9t$ "h has induc$ ! belief t ^!     
,essays w\ld be read ) int]e/1 al?\gh if

 !y _h come f an unkn[n au?or ! nature (
 ! subjects might prev5t _! g5]al       
circulation4 ,! ability1 ! tact1 & ! f9e
 _s :i* !y display mu/ increase !       
admiration ( ,miss ,m>t9eau's tal5ts :i*
 already prevails among u4 ,= grasp &   
vigor ( ?\ght1 = a ri* & felicit\s /yle 
( expression1 & = g5]al p[] ( argum5t1  
)\t ! slighte/ mixture ( asp]ity or     
unfairness1 !y w be> comp>ison ) almo/  
any writ+s ( ! same class4 ,! au?or has 
judici\sly adopt$ a diff]5t me?od (     
treat+ ea* subject1 & may !re=e expect t
 op9ions w be v>i\s ab\t ! comp>ative   
m]its ( ! ?ree ,essays1 accord+ to !    
intellectual habits or ta/es ( read]s4  
,b no "o c fail to pron\nce !m all      
rem>kable productions4  ,! ,essay       
address$ to ! ,ca?olics 0 fir/ publi%$4 
,x is !re=e n[ fir/ repr9t$1 & w be     
foll[$ imm$iately by ^? writt5 = ! ,jews
 & ! ,mahomm$ans4  ,e4 ,s4 ,g4  ,,bo/on1
 ,may #a/1 #ahcc4     ,,prelim9>y       
,,address4   ,z ,*ri/ians address+      
,*ri/ians1 we1 ^: fai? is call$         

,unit>ianism1 invite y1 our ,roman      
,ca?olic bre?r51 to jo9 ) u 9 inve/igat+
 ! orig9 & true nature ( t ,gospel :i*  
we agree 9 believ+ wor?y ( ! deepe/     
/udy1 ! mo/ unremitt+ int]e/1 & ! highe/
 reg>d4 ,we agree 9 believ+ e ,*ri/ian  
to be b\nd to promote ! welf>e ( 8 race 
to ! utmo/ ( 8 ability2 & t t welf>e is 
be/ promot$ by ! ext5sive spread & firm 
e/abli%m5t ( ,div9e tru?4 ,we agree 9   
believ+ t all o!r gifts :i* ! ,fa!r ( m5
 has %[]$ on human k9d are insignificant
 9 comp>ison ) ! disp5sation ( grace3 or
 r1 t _! value is unrecognis$ till      
int]pret$ by x4 ,we alike feel t !      
mat]ial frame ( ! univ]se1 fair z x is1 
is b z a sil5t picture till a liv+      
beauty is brea!d into x1 & a div9e      
h>mony evolv$ f x by its be+ made !     
expon5t ( ,god's purposes ( grace4 ,we  
alike feel t ! r\nd ( life is dull &    
tame1 & its vicissitudes we>isome &     
irritat+1 till x becomes cle> t !y are  
prep>ative to a high] /ate4 ,we alike   
feel t worldly pursuits1 & ev5          

intellectual employm5ts1 are objectless 
& un9t]e/+1 till !y c be ref]r$ to      
purposes ^: complete fulfilm5t mu/ take 
place beyond ! grave4 ,we alike feel h[ 
p]vad+1 h[ p]petual is ! influ5ce (     
,gospel pr9ciples 9 ennobl+ e incid5t1 9
 hall[+ e vicissitude ( life2 9 equaliz+
 human emotions2 9 animat+ ! sympa?ies1 
9 vivify+ ! enjoym5ts1 & blunt+ !       
sorr[s1 ( all :o adopt ^? pr9ciples 9   
full conviction ( ! und]/&+1 & 9 p]fect 
s9c]ity ( he>t4 ,we agree 9 feel+ h[ !  
:ole aspect ( exi/5ce *anges1 z ! p[] & 
beauty ( ! ,gospel become m             
influ5tial2--z we le>n :]e to deposit   
our c>es1 :]e to fix our hope1 :at to   
prize z a real possession1 & :at to     
reg>d z b loss 9 comp>ison ( our        
ine/imable ga94 ,we feel 9 common h[    
endurance may become a privilege1 &     
e>?ly humiliation our highe/ honor1 :5  
su/a9$ 9 ! _s1 & incurr$ = ! sake1 ( !  
,gospel4 ,feel+ ?us alike respect+ !    
value ( a common possession1 desir+ 9   
common t all our race %\ld be p>tak]s ( 

x1 mak+ x ! mo/ e>ne/ ( our pray]s t we 
may receive x 9 its purity & employ x   
righte\sly1 :y %\ld we n help "o ano!r  
to appreh5d x & hold x firmly8 ,we "k1 f
 ! records ( hi/ory1 h[ ! adh]5ts ( y\r 
fai? h s priz$ x z to sacrifice all ?+s 
= x2 h[ ,ca?olic confessors h borne long
 & pa9ful te/imony1 & h[ ,ca?olic m>tyrs
 h triumphantly su/a9$ ! la/ pro( ( !   
/r5g? ( _! convictions4 ,we c ref] y to 
simil> examples among ^? :o believ$ z we
 believe2 & nei!r y nor we c d\bt1 t    
%\ld occasions ( self-sacrifice aga9    
arise1 e true ,*ri/ian 9 y\r body & 9   
ours w\ld %[ once m :at ! ,gospel c d 9 
dive/+ ! _w ( its allurem5ts & dea? (   
its t]rors4 ,:y !n %\ld we n            
congratulate ea* o!r on our common hope8
 ,hav+ laid hold on ! same an*or ( !    
s\l1 :y %\ld we n rejoice 9 ea* o!r's   
/r5g?8 ,&1 diff]+ z we d 9 ! mode (     
hold+ a common privilege1 :y %\ld we n  
reason toge!r to asc]ta9 :]e ! diff]5ce 
lies1 :5ce x arose1 & by :at means x may
 be obviat$8 ,?\gh y & we may n reg>d   

v>iations 9 ,*ri/ian fai? ) an equal    
degree ( regret & dread1 we yield n to y
 or to any on e>? 9 our appreciation ( !
 value ( tru?1 & 9 our desire t x may   
become ! common possession ( our race4  
,!re=e x is t we n[ propose to y an     
inve/igation into its pr9ciples2 & !re=e
 x is t we seek ! removal ( all         
imp$im5ts to our jo9+ 9 h& z we already 
d 9 he>t1 9 br++ ^? :o are a/ray to !   
fold ( ! true ,%eph]d4  ,! same means ( 
asc]ta9+ ,div9e tru? are 9 y\r h&s & 9  
ours1 if1 z y\r be/ writ]s decl>e & z we
 believe1 y h free access to !          
,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4  
,our v]sions ( ^? ,scriptures are1 x is 
true1 n exactly alike4 ,x appe>s to u t 
y\rs are1 9 v>i\s m9or1 & 9 "s          
consid]able po9ts1 less correct ?an our 
own3 b fair inve/igation w settle ?is   
diff]5ce z well z o!rs2 & if n1 su*     
v>iations con/itute no insurm\ntable    
h9drance4 ,! ess5tial tru? ( ! ,gospel  
is n involv$ 9 any or all ( ^? modes (  
expression 9 :i* our respective v]sions 

( ! ,scriptures diff]4 ,! difficulties  
:i* are ?us orig9at$ are ( v inf]ior    
mom5t to ^? by :i* our sep>ation is     
p]petuat$1 & :i* dep5d on our           
application ( ! _s r ?an our            
int]pretation ( ! lett] ( ! sacr$       
records4 ,:5 we c z p]fectly agree 9 our
 op9ions conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 z we d
 9 our v5]ation & gratitude = 8 hol9ess 
& love2 :5 we %all mutually rejoice 9 ! 
univ]sality z well z 9 ! bless$ness ( ! 
salvation he br\ght1 we %all n dispute  
respect+ ! lett] ( "s ( 8 in/ructions1  
or long lam5t ! difficulty ( reconcil+  
"s app>5t discrepancies4 ,if1 z y       
decl>e1 ! ,scriptures are 9 common use  
among y1 !y mu/ be all[$ to be ! rule ( 
y\r fai? z well z ( y\r practice2 !y mu/
 be int5d$ = y\r in/ruction z well z y\r
 confirmation2 !y mu/ supply subjects ( 
?\ght z well z ( feel+4 ,d u ! ju/ice   
!n1 ?us to use !m z (t5 z y he> u appeal
 to !m4 ,comp>e our int]pretation ( !   
,gospel ) ! records !mselves4 ,comp>e   
our d$uctions f facts ) ! orig9al       

/atem5t ( ^? facts1 & ) all :i* ?r[s    
light on !m f ! hi/ory1 ! disc\rses1 !  
epi/les :i* foll[4 ,to :atev] common    
gr\nd !re is betwe5 u1 let u repair2 &  
s9ce t common gr\nd is ! v spot :]e !   
liv+ wat]s fir/ sprang up1 !re c be no  
d\bt b t a pati5t se>* w br+ vital      
refre%m5t to u all4  ,we "k1 bre?r51 t  
our mode ( belief appe>s to y "u !      
greate/ possible disadvantage1 z be+1   
ev5 m ?an ,prote/ant religion g5]ally1  
dive/$ ( ! claims & graces ( antiquity4 
,y reg>d our sect z newly =m$ f !       
disp]s$ elem5ts ( o!r sects :i* h melt$ 
away4 ,y f9d no m5tion ( our h]esy 9 !  
records ( ! middle ages1 or only su*    
h9ts ( ! doctr9es n[ held by ,unit>ians 
z might s]ve z sugge/ions ( our pres5t  
op9ions3 & y !re=e naturally conclude t 
! p>ts ( our fai? to :i* y object are b 
( ye/]day1 & consequ5tly ! impi\s       
inv5tions ( m54 ,if x 7 s1 our pres5t   
address w\ld inde$ be indef5sible2 our  
*all5ge to inve/igation w\ld be an      
insult2 our appeal to ! ,scriptures w\ld

 be blasphemy4 ,b to %ake y\r conviction
 ( ?is assum$ fact1 to conv9ce y if     
possible t ! rev]se is ! fact1 is !     
object ( ! exposition ( our op9ions :i* 
we n[ pres5t to y1 & ( e ef=t to expla9 
& def5d our fai?4 ,x is because we      
believe our religion to be primitive    
,*ri/ianity t we are atta*$ to x z o!r  
,*ri/ians are to !irs4 ,x is because we 
feel t we c c>ry back our op9ions to a  
remot] antiquity ?an o!r ,*ur*es1 t we  
pref] !m2 & ?\gh !y 7 completely hidd5  
"u ! unau?oriz$ in/itutions ( ! middle  
ages1 we f9d no difficulty 9 e/abli%+ _!
 id5tity ) ^? :i* 7 diffus$ by !        
mess5g]s & "u ! sanction ( ,god4 ,he :o 
sees a /ream gu%+ =? f ! cave1 & c trace
 x back no fur!r ?an ! d>kness :5ce x   
issues1 may reasonably conclude t he /&s
 ne> its s\rce2 b !re may be a wayf>] :o
 by obs]vation & exp]i5ce kn[s & c atte/
 t ?is is no subsidi>y spr+1 b !        
reappe>ance ( a hidd5 /ream1 ^: s\rce is
 hall[$ & ^: curr5t is inexhau/ible4 ,we
 only ask y to li/5 to our evid5ce (    

?is1 & to admit x or n1 z y %all be     
aft]w>ds dispos$4  ,we agree ) y 9 y\r  
rev]5ce = antiquity 9 respect ( ! fai?2 
& desire no?+ m ?an t by _! comp>ative  
claims to antiquity our respective      
religions %\ld be judg$4 ,we feel t     
grace z well z au?ority is conf]r$ by e 
evid5ce ( long duration4 ,we c ent] into
 y\r rev]5ce = y\r doctr9es1 because !y 
7 held by ,sa9ts 9 cloi/]s :i* h crumbl$
 to du/1 by h]oes & an*orites ^: arms 7 
! relics ( c5turies gone by1 or ^: rocky
 abodes h reta9$ _! sanctity = a ?\s&   
ye>s4 ,we c und]/& y\r emotions on      
receiv+ sacram5ts or witness+ c]emonies 
:i* fo/]$ ! devotion ( ! sa9tly & !     
h]oic ( ! old5 "t1 & :i* fill$ !        
,*ri/ian temples abroad ) music &       
fragrance1 :ile 9 our l& ! smoke (      
,druidical sacrifices 0 asc5d+ (f5sively
 to ,heav54 ,b we ?us sympa?ise because 
we too ref] our wor%ip to anci5t days4  
,our he>ts also ?rill "u ! impulses :i* 
are propagat$ f af>4 ,we also delight 9 
spiritual ex]cises1 because !y are      

sanctifi$ by long-tri$ efficacy2 & enjoy
 our devotion m1 because ! same hopes   
exhil>at$1 ! same tru/ support$ our     
spiritual k9dr$ ( ! remote/ ,*ri/ian    
antiquity4 ,9 our ,*ur*es we believe we 
feel ! _s ( bro!rhood :i* fir/ gave to !
 believ]s "o he>t & "o s\l4 ,9 ! sil5ce 
( our *amb]s1 or amid/ ! solitudes (    
nature1 we are op5 to ! same inc5tives  
to pray] & praise :i* visit$ ,pet] on ! 
h\se-top1 & ,paul amid/ ! p]ils ( ! sea4
 ,:5 int5t ^u ! words ( life1 we1 l !   
,apo/le1 are impell$ to exclaim1 ',o6 ! 
dep? ( ! ri*es bo? ( ! wisdom & k (     
,god6' ,& 7 ! times ( p]secution to     
recur1 we d\bt n b t1 at ! v /ake1 !    
consci\sness ( fell[%ip ) ! holy ,/eph5 
w\ld add vigor to our c\rage & spl5dor  
to our hopes4 ,we refuse to p]petuate ! 
impos+ ritual ( ! e>ly ages because x is
 n antique en\gh3 b :5ev] we behold two 
or ?ree ga!r$ toge!r to wor%ip ) ! he>t 
& voice alone2 :5 we see m5 assembl+ on 
! fir/ day ( ! week to break bread 9    
remembrance ( ,*ri/1 9 ! simplicity ( ! 

primitive ord9ance2 :5 we see tea*]s1 9 
all ext]nal ?+s l _! bre?r51 ga!r+      
wisdom f ! f[ls ( ! air & ! lilies ( !  
field1--we c\ld almo/ =get ! lapse (    
ages 9 sympa?y ) ^? f :om !y sep>ate u4 
,su* a sympa?y1 if orig9at$ "h1 w be    
p]fect$ h]eaft]2 = x is too purely      
spiritual to be dissolv$ by dea?4 ,x w  
!n be also ext5d$ to all 9 :om ! _s ( ! 
,gospel is a vivify+ pr9ciple2 z x w\ld 
be "h1 if we c\ld ?r[ (f our prejudices 
& see ea* o!r z we are4 ,if x is to be1 
:y %\ld x n already be8 ,) ! ,gospel    
be=e u1 ) "s portion ( its light beam+  
on ea* ( u1 "s measure ( its k9dly w>m? 
gl[+ )9 u1 :y %\ld we turn away coldly &
 sil5tly f communion respect+ our be/   
treasure8  ,if ei!r body believe _!     
bre?r5 9 error1 is x "r to leave !m s   
)\t an ef=t to reclaim !m8 ,if bo?      
believe ! tru? de/9$ to prevail1 is x n 
incumb5t on !m to assi/ t preval5ce8 ,we
 believe x is2 & !re=e we address y2    
m+l+ ) our entreaties = y\r co-op]ation 
9 ! developm5t ( ,div9e tru? e>ne/      

pray]s t ! ,fa!r w abundantly adm9i/] to
 all ! res\rces ( t intellectual p[] &  
,*ri/ian love :i* con/itute a s\nd m9d4 
,,! ,,ess5tial ,,fai? ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sal
 ,,*ur*4   ,! primitive ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 
ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,j]usalem by ! comm& (   
,*ri/1 & sanctifi$ by ! desc5t ( ! ,holy
 ,_s1 consi/$ exclusively ( ,jews4 ,!   
?ree ?\s& :o 7 baptiz$ on t memorable   
occasion1 ! numb]s :i* 7 daily add$ to !
 ,*ur*1 ! multitude :o 7 conv]t$ to     
,*ri/ianity dur+ ! next fifte5 ye>s1 7  
all ,jews4 ,9 "s cases1 ! process (     
conv]sion 0 probably gradual2 b 9 _m1 we
 "k x 0 sudd51 be+ caus$ by ! imm$iate &
 irresi/ible evid5ce ( miracles4 ,!     
*ange ( conviction :i* x 0 necess>y to  
"w 9 conv]t+ a ,jew1 0 ( a nature :i*   
c\ld be effect$ spe$ily & completely by 
! display ( "o miracul\s te/imony4 ,x 0 
n a *ange 9 all1 or any ( 8 views (     
,deity & ,provid5ce4 ,he 0 n requir$ to 
rel9qui% a s+le article ( religi\s      
belief :i* he _h previ\sly held "u a    
div9e sanction4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( 

! ,jewi% religion1--! /rict ,unity (    
,jehovah1--he 0 au?oriz$ to reta94 ,he 0
 confirm$ 9 8 dep5d5ce on all t !       
,prophets _h spok51 9 8 conceptions ( ! 
,div9e attributes1 & 9 8 tru/ 9 ,div9e  
,provid5ce4 ,! only "q on :i* dep5d$ 8  
adh]+ to ! ,old1 or embrac+ ! ,new      
,disp5sation1 01 :e!r ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0
 or 0 n ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,z ! ,jews 7
 b\nd by ! requisitions ( _! own law    
7,deut4 xviii4 #ai7 to receive          
implicitly :atev] %\ld be taught 9      
,god's "n by a div9ely au?oriz$ prophet1
 _! reception ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity
 0 a sure consequ5ce ( _! ackn[l$gem5t (
 ! ,messiah2 & t _! ackn[l$gem5t (      
,jesus 9 t "* 0 ! only ?+ ess5tial to   
make !m ,*ri/ians we h consi/5t &       
abundant evid5ce 9 ! :ole ,scripture    
hi/ory4 ,9 ! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/les to ! p 
( _! own nation1 we f9d no intimations (
 any ne$ful *ange 9 _! conceptions (    
,god1 & ( 8 mode ( gov]nm5t4 ,on !      
contr>y1 x 0 because ! ,jews 7 already  
prep>$ = _! reception ( ,*ri/ianity by  

_! belief 9 ! ,unity ( ,god & !         
consi/5cy ( 8 moral gov]nm5t1 t !y 7 !  
mo/ imm$iately & ! mo/ easily           
incorporat$ ) ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,= pro( (
 ?is1 we ref] to ! :ole ( ! disc\rse    
deliv]$ by ! ,apo/le ,pet] on ! day (   
,p5teco/1 & to e o!r disc\rse address$  
by ! ,apo/les to ,jewi% he>]s4  ,! fir/ 
,g5tiles :o 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 7 n
 wor%ip]s ( a plurality ( ,gods2 b m5 :o
 f int]c\rse ) ,jews1 or f o!r          
opportunities ( spiritual advancem5t1 _h
 atta9$ to ! belief ( ,"o ,god1         
indivisible 9 8 nature & unrivall$ 9 8  
supremacy4 ,! same mode ( tea*+ :i*     
suffic$ = ! ,jews1 suffic$ = !m also1 z 
f> z ! ess5tial tru? ( ,*ri/ianity 0    
conc]n$2 & ! same me?od 0 !re=e adopt$1 
z may be se5 9 ! disc\rse ( ,pet] 9 !   
h\se ( ,cornelius4  ,! next conv]ts 7 f 
! disciples ( ! ,pagan !ology ( ,greece 
& ,rome2 ) !m a diff]5t me?od (         
in/ruction 0 ne$$4 ,till !y knew some?+ 
( ! ,div9e nature1 x 0 useless to op5 to
 !m ! ,div9e disp5sations4 ,! disc\rse (

 ,paul at ,a!ns did n !re=e beg9 )      
ann\nc+ ! ,savi\r3 if x _h1 8           
inquisitive he>]s w\ld p]haps h inquir$ 
:e!r ?is mess5g] 0 s5t by ,jupit]       
himself1 or :e!r he 0 a deputy ( "s ( ! 
inf]ior gods4 ,! ,apo/le nam$ n ! "n (  
,*ri/ till he _h taught ! fundam5tal    
doctr9e--t ,jehovah is n only supreme1 b
 sole2 t all inf9ite attributes are     
c5t]$ 9 him2 t all disp5sations proce$ f
 him2 n only ^? ( nature1 by :i* ! human
 race is creat$ & pres]v$2 b--! way be+ 
n[ prep>$ = ! annunciation--t ( grace1  
by :i* ! _w is to be r$eem$ ?r\gh him   
:om ,god _h orda9$ to be a ,pr9ce & a   
,savi\r4  ,! hea!n conv]ts ( ! latt]    
class _h mu* m to le>n1 be=e !y c\ld    
become confirm$ ,*ri/ians1 ?an _! m     
enlight5$ bre?r5 :o _h be5 prep>$ by    
int]c\rse ) ,jews4 ,!y 7 equally ready 9
 admitt+ ! evid5ce ( miracles1 b n      
equally cle> z to ! object = :i* ^?     
miracles 7 wr\ght4 ,:5 ,paul & ,b>nabas 
re/or$ ! cripple at ,ly/ra1 ! prie/s & p
 c\ld sc>cely be re/ra9$ f (f]+         

sacrifice to !m z gods1 ev5 aft] !      
,apo/les _h expla9$ to !m ! true nature 
( ,deity4 ,yet ! true religion1 be+     
pati5tly & fai?fully taught1 01 at l5g?1
 fully und]/ood & receiv$2 & ! ?ree     
classes ( conv]ts1 ,jews1 proselytes1 & 
pagans1 7 made "o 9 ,*ri/2 hold+1 9     
undi/urb$ h>mony ( conviction1 !        
ess5tial doctr9es ( ! /rict ,unity (    
,jehovah1 ! div9e au?ority ( ,jesus     
,*ri/1 & consequ5tly1 ! div9e orig9 ( ! 
,gospel he br\ght4  ,?is unity ( ! fai? 
seems to h be5 fir/ brok5 9 ^u by !     
introduction ( a f\r? class ( conv]ts1  
:o1 by incorporat+ _! =m] philosophical 
doctr9es ) ! new !ology !y _h embrac$1  
orig9at$ ! fir/ h]esy4 ,!re _h be5      
disputes1 x is true1 9 ! *ur*2 b n      
conc]n+ matt]s ( fai?4 ,9 ^! disputes ! 
,apo/les !mselves _h be5 n only involv$1
 b actually oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,^!      
que/ions relat$ to ! fanci$ necessity ( 
! adoption by ! ,g5tiles ( ! =ms ( !    
,jewi% law3 que/ions ( great importance 
to ! ,jews1 z affect+ _! views ( !      

ultimate design ( ,*ri/ianity2 to !     
,g5tiles1 z involv+ _! spiritual        
lib]ties2 & to u & ! ,*ri/ian _w at     
l>ge1 z ?r[+ light on ! transactions ( !
 primitive times1 & z hav+ orig9at$ "s (
 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4  ,b !y bore no     
relation to ! ess5tial doctr9es1 :i* 7  
held free f corruption1 controv]sy1 or  
ev5 d\bt1 till "s conv]ts f !           
philosophical sect ( ! ,gno/ics         
introduc$1 )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? (  
,*ri/1 ! fir/ ta9t ( t corruption f :i* 
! true fai? has nev] s9ce be5 fre$4  ,! 
fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,gno/ic          
philosophy 01 t all m9d is ultimately   
d]iv$ f ! ,supreme m9d2 t ! s\ls ( all  
m5 h !re=e pre-exi/$2 t !re is a high]  
ord] ( spirits1 m imm$iately emanat+ f !
 ,supreme2 t ^! sup]ior intellig5ces    
desc5d occasionally to inhabit ! bodies 
( m51 or to assume _! app>5t =m4 ,?is   
doctr9e1 to :i* !y 7 mu* atta*$1 !      
,gno/ic conv]ts easily contriv$ to      
connect ) _! new !ology1 believ+ ,jesus 
to be "o ( ^! sup]ior intellig5ces 9 a  

visible =m1 or t ! man ,jesus 0 animat$ 
by su* a _s1 :o 0 9 reality ! ,*ri/4    
,aga9/ ?is corruption ( ! simplicity ( !
 fai? ! ,apo/le ,john prote/$ 9 8 ,fir/ 
& ,second ,epi/les1 9 :i* he foll[$ !   
example ( ,pet]1 ,paul1 & ,jude4 ,t !   
,gno/ics 7 ! p]sons he _h 9 view1 is    
evid5t f ! fact t no o!r s*ismatics at t
 p]iod tr\bl$ ! peace ( ! *ur*1 & also f
 8 own application ( 8 c5sure to su* z  
'confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 !   
fle%4' 7#b ,john #g47 ,! 'fables &      
endless g5ealogies' :i* ,paul reprobates
 7#a ,tim4 i4 #d47 _h ! same orig92 & ! 
practices to :i* !y l$1 ( '=bidd+ to    
m>ry1 & comm&+ to ab/a9 f meats1' are   
condemn$ by him z ! "w ( 's$uc+         
spirits4' ,( ! same class 7 ! 'false    
tea*]s1' accus$ by ,pet] ( br++ 9 fatal 
h]esies1 'by reason ( :om ! ways ( tru? 
%all be evil spok5 (4' ,all ! op9ions & 
practices d5\nc$ by ,jude1 7 ei!r       
publicly ma9ta9$ by ! ,gno/ics1 or      
g5]ally ascrib$ to !m4  ,9 ord] to      
disprove ! tru? ( ?is repres5tation1 x w

 be necess>y to %[ :o besides ! ,gno/ics
 d5i$ t ! man ,jesus 0 ! true ,*ri/2 :o 
besides ! ,gno/ics prop\nd$ fables1     
orig9at$ s*isms1 & 7 addict$ to         
sup]/iti\s practices1 at ! times 9 :i* !
 ,apo/les wrote4 ,?is1 we conceive1 _c  
be done4  ,t ! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce (
 ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 new & /range to !      
fai?ful tea*]s ( ! *ur* we "k1 n only f 
_! own intimation t x 0 s1 b f !        
positive pro( :i* ! ,scriptures af=d ( !
 abs5ce ( all prep>ation = x4 ,! prea*+ 
( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! conduct &        
disc\rses ( ,jesus 7 su* z to give 8    
disciples ! idea ( 8 be+ truly &        
entirely man2 div9e inde$ 9 8 d]iv$ p[] 
& spiritual p]fection1 b human 9 8      
nature4 ,8 disciples accord+ly te/ifi$ 9
 _! words & actions t !y _h no ?\ght ( 8
 be+ any ?+ else4 ,!y receiv$ him z _!  
,messiah2 b 9 all besides !y rema9$     
,jews1 ascrib+ to ,god alone all div9e  
attributes1 wor%ip+ him alone1 & pay+   
honor to ,jesus only z 8 mo/ exalt$     
mess5g]4 ,if !y _h be5 requir$ to reg>d 

him z ,god1 ! hi/ory ( _! conv]sion w\ld
 h be5 widely diff]5t f :at x is4 ,a    
doctr9e to !m s new & wond]ful1 w\ld h  
engross$ _! m9ds1 w\ld h bani%$         
famili>ity f _! int]c\rse ) ! ,savi\r1  
w\ld h p]vad$ _! prea*+s & writ+s2 &1   
in/ead ( be+ :olly omitt$ 9 _! addresses
 to _! conv]ts1 w\ld h be5 made1 z 9    
mod]n cre$s1 a prim>y & ess5tial article
 ( belief4 ,n till ! introduction (     
ori5tal sup]/itions into ! *ur*1 h[ev]1 
d we f9d unque/ionable evid5ce t su* a  
doctr9e _h be5 conceiv$ by any          
individual m9d2 & !n ! in=mation is     
convey$ 9 ! =m ( decid$ c5sure ( !      
doctr9e on ! "p ( ! promulgators &      
gu>dians ( ! new fai?4 ,ev5 aft] ?is    
h]esy 0 introduc$1 we f9d no traces ( x 
9 ! works ( ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 till  
ne>ly a c5tury & a half f ! bir? (      
,*ri/1--except 9 a v few writ+s1 s      
unc]ta9 9 _! date1 s wild & allegorical 
9 _! composition1 & s evid5tly &        
ext5sively int]polat$1 z to be ( little 
or no au?ority4 ,we ref] to ! works     

commonly ascrib$ to ,b>nabus1 ,h]mas1 & 
,ignatius4 ,! only g5u9e epi/le (       
,clem5s ,romanus :i* has come d[n to u1 
nei!r advocates1 c\nt5ances1 nor alludes
 to any su* doctr9e4  ,ev5 !            
philosophiz+ ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury1 
aga9/ :om ! ,apo/les wrote1 w5t no fur!r
 ?an to suppose ! ,*ri/ to be a sup]ior 
intellig5ce1 inhabit+ a mortal =m1 or   
assum+ ! appe>ance ( "o3 ,c]9?us ma9ta9+
 t ,jesus 0 a man born ( ,joseph & ,m>y1
 & t at 8 baptism ! ,*ri/ desc5d$ ^u    
him2 :ile ,m>cion held t ! ,son ( ,god  
took ! ext]ior =m ( a man1 & appe>$ z a 
man2 & )\t be+ born1 or gradually gr[+  
up to ! full /ature ( a man1 he %[$     
himself at once 9 ,galilee z a man gr[n4
 ,x 0 n till ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 himself a    
philosoph]1 wrote an apology =          
,*ri/ianity to a philosophical ,roman   
emp]or 7,a4 ,d4 #adj71 t any di/9ct     
m5tion appe>s to h be5 made ( ! doctr9e 
( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,x is n surpris+  
t--feel+ h[ great a reproa* ! dea? ( !  
cross mu/ be 9 ! eyes ( ! pot5tate :om  

he wi%$ to conciliate1 & f9d+ 8 mode (  
exposition prep>$ by ! ,gno/ic          
,*ri/ians1 & by ! application made by ! 
le>n$ ,philo ( ! ,platonic doctr9e ( !  
,logos1--,ju/9 ,m>tyr %\ld h be5 tempt$ 
to recomm5d 8 new !ology by introduc+ an
 admixture ( t philosophy :i* has prov$1
 accord+ to ! w>n+s ( ! ,apo/le1 a 'va9 
deceit4' ,su* we h no hesitation 9 call+
 x4 ,a doctr9e ( ?is nature _c be 9 "p  
true1 b liable to mi/ake3 x mu/ be      
absolutely true or absolutely false4 ,we
 hold x to be ! latt]2 because x 0 n    
made a subject ( di/9ct revelation by   
,*ri/1 a prim>y article ( belief by !   
,apo/les1 or ev5 a matt] ( di/9ct m5tion
 = a c5tury & a half f ! bir? ( ,*ri/4  
,all t1 f ! /udy ( ! records (          
,revelation1 we hold to be ! prim>y &   
ess5tial doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 /& =?  
conspicu\sly 9 ! tea*+s1 are confirm$ by
 ! de$s1 & illu/rat$ 9 ! lives ( !      
,savi\r & 8 foll[]s4 ,we propose to br+ 
!m =w>d1 ) _! evid5ce1 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 
,i4 ,! /rict ,unity ( ,god4  ,,ii4 ,!   

unlimit$ nature ( ! ,r$emption by ,*ri/4
  ,,iii4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,future ,/ate4  
,f ^!1 v>i\s subord9ate pr9ciples may be
 d]iv$1 "s ( ! mo/ important ( :i* we   
%all aft]w>ds specify2 & !n proce$ to   
treat ( ! tempor>y sanctions &          
in/itutions ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 di/9ction f
 its p]man5t pr9ciples4  ,x _c be       
necess>y = ,*ri/ians1 :5 address+       
,*ri/ians1 to ent] ^u ! evid5ce = !     
div9e au?ority "u :i* ! ,savi\r (f]$ 8  
,gospel1 or = ! consequ5t div9e orig9 ( 
t ,gospel4 ,! "n adopt$ by bo? p>ties is
 a suffici5t te/imony to ! unity ( _!   
fai? ?us f>4 ,conc]n+ ! nature ( ,*ri/1 
we h already decl>$ t1 9 accordance )   
:at we believe to h be5 ! fai? ( !      
primitive ages1 we reg>d ! ,savi\r z    
human 9 8 nature1 b sup]human 9 8 p[]s1 
& div9ely appo9t$ & sanction$ 9 8 (fice4
 ,! title ',son ( ,god' is peculi>ly &  
indefeasibly 8 own2 = to no o!r be+1 z  
f> z our k ext5ds1 has s immeasurable a 
portion ( au?ority1 ( p[]1 ( grace &    
tru?1 be5 v\*saf$2 9 no o!r has dwelt   

'all ! fulness ( ! ,godhead bodily4' ,! 
homage ( rev]5ce _c be too fully &      
freely r5d]$ to him :o 0 ) ,god 9 ,8    
manife/ pres5ce2 :o 0 "o ) ,him 9 8     
purposes ( et]nal salvation to ! human  
race2 :o 0 ! expon5t ( ^? purposes1 & ! 
means ( t salvation4 ,! homage ( love _c
 be too fully & freely r5d]$ to him :o  
suff]$ = our transgressions1 & di$ = our
 ju/ification2 :o lov$ u ) m ?an e>?ly  
love2 :o suff]$ 9 8 compassion = ! s9s &
 sorr[s ( m51 z well z 9 ! inflictions  
he su/a9$ = _! sakes2 & :o1 ?\gh w\nd$ 9
 _s & tortur$ 9 body1 made use ( ! rule1
 au?ority1 & p[] ) :i* he 0 inve/$1 n = 
8 own relief1 b = our deliv]ance4 ,to   
him :o br\ght u salvation1 x is little  
to (f] deep gratitude & unb\nd$ love4 ,!
 homage ( ob$i5ce _c be too fully &     
freely r5d]$ to him :o 0 wise ) ! wisdom
 ( ,god1 pure 9 he>t1 s9less 9 8 life1 &
 sanctifi$ by grace f ! beg9n+4 ,ev5 if 
we did n "k t ob$i5ce to ,*ri/ is ! way 
to life et]nal1 t ob$i5ce w\ld be due to
 8 div9e claims3 b kn[+ ?is1 x %\ld be  

/eadfa/ z our fai?1 *e]ful z our hope1 &
 b\ndless z our love4 ,su* 0 ! ob$i5ce1 
su* 7 ! rev]5ce & love ( ! holy         
,apo/les2 & we desire to p>ticipate 9 !m
 z fully z we jo91 ) he>t & m9d1 9 all t
 !y h said conc]n+ him4 ,!y b[ be=e 8   
cele/ial au?ority1--s d we4 ,!y v5]ate 8
 p]fect hol9ess1--s d we4 ,!y bless 8   
love1 te/ifi$ 9 8 suff]+s1 seal$ by 8   
dea?1 & glorifi$ by 8 resurrection1--s d
 we4 ,!y /rove to be ob$i5t 9 all       
?+s1--& we ackn[l$ge ! obligation       
incumb5t on u to be s likewise2 & t we  
may be s1 we dilig5tly inquire :at 7 !  
doctr9es :i* he confirm$ & reveal$4  ,! 
great fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! /rict      
,unity ( ,jehovah 0 abundantly confirm$ 
by ! ,gospel4 ,x _h be5 long held 9 its 
purity by ! ,jews1 & 0 appreh5d$ by a   
few1 a v few1 enlight5$ hea!ns4 ,x is   
call$ an ess5tial doctr9e (             
,*ri/ianity1--n because x 0 orig9at$ by 
,*ri/ianity1 b because x 0 ?us fir/     
introduc$ to ! _w at l>ge1 & because no 
o!r doctr9e c\ld /& )\t x4 ,x has       

accord+ly be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 words by all  
:o h tak5 on !mselves ! "n ( ,*ri/1 :ile
 9 its sub/ance x has be5 held pure by v
 few1 we appreh5d1 s9ce ! apo/olic age4 
,by ! ,unity ( ,god we und]/& n a unity 
( sub/ance connect$ ) a v>iety ( p]sons1
 or a unity ( p]sons accompani$ ) a     
division ( attributes2 b a conc5tration 
( ! attributes ( ,deity 9 "o et]nal1    
indivisible sub/ance4 ,?is1 our         
fundam5tal religi\s belief1 is d]iv$ bo?
 f reason & f ,scripture1 & is confirm$ 
equally by bo?4  ,if we exam9e our own  
m9ds1 we f9d t our fir/ notions ( a ,god
 are l[ & e>?ly4 ,we conceive ( ,him z (
 an e>?ly p>5t1 wat*+ ov] our sleep )   
bodily eyes1 furni%+ our food ) a bodily
 h&1 & foll[+ u f place to place ) a    
mat]ial pres5ce4 ,z infancy passes away1
 our conceptions become less gross4 ,we 
?9k ( ,him z omnipres5t & invisible2 b1 
d]iv+ our notions f our exp]i5ce1 we    
conceive ( him z subject to emotions &  
passions4 ,we believe 9 ! real          
exi/5ce--if n ( 8 smiles & fr[ns--( 8   

joy1 sorr[ & ang]1 pleasure & pa94 ,we c
 !n imag9e 8 kn[+ & rememb]+ all t has  
ev] tak5 place1 b c sc>cely conceive ( 8
 unlimit$ pres5ce4 ,our *ildi% ob$i5ce  
is !n yield$ z to our p>5ts1--p>tly     
?r\gh fe>1 p>tly ?r\gh a desire (       
approbation1 & p>tly ) ! hope ( ( giv+  
pleasure4 ,all ! qualities or attributes
 :i* we ascribe to ,god h _! orig9 &    
c\nt]p>ts 9 our p>5ts1 or ^? :o supply  
_! place to u3 & 9 no o!r way c !       
conception ( ,deity be orig9at$4 ,no m9d
 c arrive at ! recognition ( a g5]al    
pr9ciple1 b ?r\gh an obs]vation ( its   
p>ticul> applications2 nor c a          
conception be =m$1 o!rwise ?an by !     
gradual reception ( its elem5ts2 or     
enl>g$1 b by add+ to _! numb]4 ,f !     
wat*fulness ( its p>5t 9 satisfy+ its   
wants & def5d+ x f injury1 ! *ild =ms   
its fir/ notion ( ,provid5ce2 & f !     
visit+s ( p>5tal approbation &          
displeasure1 ( a moral gov]nor4 ,:5 !   
pres5ce ( ,deity is ?us recognis$1 "s m 
ab/ract qualities are by degrees        

attribut$ to him4 ,in/ances ( ! /r5g?1  
=esight1 & k ( ! p>5t are daily         
witness$2 & ^!1 some:at magnifi$1 are   
transf]r$ to ,deity2--& ! moral         
attributes h ! same orig94 ,/ead9ess 9  
aw>d+ recomp5ce1 t5d]ness 9 inflict+    
puni%m5t1 or read9ess 9 remitt+ x on    
rep5tance1 gradually communicate !      
ab/ract ideas ( ju/ice1 compassion1 &   
m]cy4 ,our fir/ l[ notions ( hol9ess are
 =m$ by putt+ toge!r all ! be/ qualities
 we h obs]v$ 9 ! p]sons ar\nd u1 &      
suppos+ !m to be unimpair$ by ! faults  
we are consci\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,all ^!  
attributes are ascrib$ to "o ,be+2 & !  
conception1 already m exalt$ ?an any we 
h =m$ ( any o!r individual be+1 is fur!r
 improv$ by ! ri*] elem5ts ( a m ext5d$ 
exp]i5ce4 ,! imag9ation becom+ /rong] z 
! mat]ials suppli$ to its activity      
become m abundant1 ! conception ( ,deity
 p]petually gr[s 9 gr&eur & beauty1 till
 x absorbs ! intellect ( a ,newton &    
engrosses ! affections ( a ,f5elon4     
,/ill1 ?is notion ( a ,be+ :om we "k &  

feel to be inf9ite1 is =m$ f ! results (
 our f9ite exp]i5ce2 & ! conception1    
h[ev] improv$ 9 degree1 is un*ang$ 9    
k9d4 ,let x be magnifi$ to ! utmo/      
ext5t1 x is /ill only magnifi$1 n       
metamorphos$4 ,z !re is a /rict analogy 
betwe5 ! moral attributes ( ,god & ( m51
 !re is also a /rict analogy betwe5 _!  
natural modes ( be+4 ,ju/ice 9 ,god is !
 same quality z ju/ice 9 m51 h[ev]      
p]fect$ & enl>g$2 & ,unity 9 ,god is !  
same z individuality 9 m51 ?\gh ascrib$ 
to an almighty & omnipres5t ,be+4  ,a   
p]petual & p]fect conc5tration (        
attributes is ess5tial to our notion (  
"o ,god4 ,we c conceive ( 8 manife/+ "o 
attribute 9 an especial mann] on "o     
occasion1 & ano!r on ano!r2 we c imag9e 
him conf]r+ p[] analog\s to 8 own on an 
inf]ior be+2 b we _c conceive ( 8 lay+  
aside1 ( 8 depriv+ himself ( any ( !    
attributes ( 8 nature1 or ( delegat+ 8  
p[]1--if by su* delegation be impli$ any
 dim9ution or inactivity ( x 9 ,himself4
 ,x is conceivable t he might employ "s 

sup]ior intellig5ce 9 creat+ ! mat]ial  
_w 7?\gh we h no au?ority to suppose t  
he did s27 b x is n conceivable t ! "w 0
 n1 at ! same "t1 :olly 8 own4 ,x is    
conceivable t he might s5d--x is c]ta9 t
 he did s5d--a be+ div9ely furni%$ = !  
"w1 to in/itute a disp5sation ( grace1 &
 to (f] p>don & peace to s9ful m54 ,b x 
is n conceivable t ! div9e attribute (  
m]cy c\ld previ\sly1 or subsequ5tly1 or 
ev]1 be laid aside1 or transf]r$1 or    
susp5d$2 t 8 unalt]able purposes c\ld be
 *ang$1 8 compassion r\s$1 8 sympa?ies  
mov$ by any act ( any be+1 human or     
angelic4 ,to suppose s1 is suppos+ 8    
purposes mutable1 & 8 compassion        
dormant2 t is1 dive/+ him ( ,deity4 ,we 
c1 9 accordance ) our conception (      
,deity1 und]/& h[ ! disp5sation ( grace 
may be committ$1 z x 0 committ$1 to a   
f9ite be+4 ,b to suppose x !            
indefeasible pr]ogative ( any et]nal    
,be+ b ,god1 is cle>ly to suppose two   
,gods3 & if ! (fice ( sanctification be 
appropriat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 we mu/    

suppose ?ree ,gods4 ,h[ev] long & deeply
 we may reflect & /rive to reconcile    
contradictions1 we %all f9d at l5g? t x 
is ess5tial to our belief 9 ,"o ,god1 t 
we ascribe creation1 r$emption &        
sanctification1 ultimately :olly to ,him
 '( :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & to :om are all  
?+s4'  ,?is unalt]able decision ( !     
reason is confirm$ 9 e possible way by  
revelation4 ,x is ne$less to adduce pro(
 f ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z x 
is univ]sally kn[n t ! ,jews held1 z !  
fundam5tal doctr9e ( _! religion1 !     
/rict ,unity ( ,jehovah1 9 nature1      
p]son1 & attributes4 ,!re is n !        
slighte/ intimation1 9 ! records ( ! new
 disp5sation1 t any *ange took place 9 !
 op9ions ( ! ,apo/les1 or ( any o!r     
,jewi% conv]ts1 respect+ ! nature or    
p]son ( ,god4 ,!y speak & write ( ,him z
 ,"o1 orda9+ ! salvation ( ! _w ?r\gh   
,*ri/1 & ,himself sanctify+ ^? :o 7     
appo9t$ to assi/ 9 ! "w4 ,jesus ev]     
spoke ( himself z ! s]vant ( ! ,mo/     
,high1 d]iv+ 8 purposes & 8 p[]s f on   

high1 & ascrib+ 8 a*ievem5ts to ! grace 
manife/$ !nce3 ',i d no?+ ( myself2 b z 
my ,fa!r ha? taught me ,i speak ^! ?+s4 
,& he t s5t me is ) me3 ! ,fa!r ha? n   
left me alone2 = ,i d always ^? ?+s t   
please him4' 7,john viii4 #bh1 #bi47    
',my doctr9e is n m9e1 b 8 t s5t me4 ,if
 any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e
 7:e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak (  
myself4' ,john vii4 #af1 #ag47 ,aga91 9 
intimat+ ! %>e :i* %\ld be apportion$ to
 8 disciples 9 publi%+ ! new            
disp5sation1 he says1 ',ye are !y :o h  
cont9u$ ) me 9 my trials4 ,& ,i appo9t  
unto y a k+dom1 z my ,fa!r ha? appo9t$  
unto me2 t ye may eat & dr9k at my table
 9 my k+dom1 & sit on ?rones1 judg+ !   
twelve tribes ( ,israel4' 7,luke xxii4  
#bh1 #bi1 #cj47 ,x is n conceivable t1  
anxi\s z he ev] 0 to attract ! att5tion 
( m5 to ! nature ( 8 mission1 & to      
magnify ! importance ( ! new cov5ant1 he
 %\ld h conceal$ ! mo/ wond]ful &       
important circum/ance belong+ to x1 & h 
n only left m5 9 ignorance ( 8 highe/   

claims to _! homage & ob$i5ce1 b h l$ !m
 into x4 ,t ev5 8 imm$iate foll[]s & !  
primitive ,*ur* _h no suspicion ( !     
,*ri/ be+ m ?an ! mo/ exalt$ ( ,god's   
mess5g]s1 we h already decl>$ our       
conviction2 a conviction :i* is confirm$
 by e page ( _! writ+s4 ,paul 0 c>eful  
to decl>e '! :ole c\nsel ( ,god4' ,yet 9
 ! passage ( 8 writ+s 9 :i*1 above all  
o!rs he exalts ! ,savi\r1 he tells h[1 =
 ! meekness ) :i* he bore ! honors :i*  
con/itut$ 9 him a resemblance to ,god1 =
 ! humility ) :i* he took on him ! (fice
 ( a s]vant1 & ! compassion :i* caus$ 8 
submission to ! dea? ( ! cross1--he 0   
yet m exalt$ by ,god1 & favor$ ) t "n   
:i* is above e "n1 ?r\gh :i* e man is   
privileg$ to wor%ip1 & e tongue p]mitt$ 
to (f] praise1 confess+ 't ,jesus ,*ri/ 
is ,"l to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4'      
7,phil4 ii4 #e--aa47 ,pet]1 9 ! disc\rse
 by :i* ?ree ?\s& p]sons 7 conv]t$ to   
,*ri/ianity1 spoke ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z 
'a man approv$ ( ,god by miracles1 &    
wond]s1 & signs1 :i* ,god did by him2' &

 z be+ made ,"l & ,*ri/1 rais$ f dea? & 
exalt$ to heav5 by ,god4 ,john repeats1 
9 e =m ( expression1 t ! love ( ,god 0  
especially manife/$ by 8 s5d+ 8 ,son to 
be ! ,savi\r ( ! _w2 & t z ! ,"l        
manife/$ 8 love = u by lay+ d[n 8 life1 
we also %\ld be ready to lay d[n our    
lives = "o ano!r4 ,jude addresses 8     
,epi/le to ! ,*ri/ians z to m5          
'sanctifi$ by ,god ! ,fa!r2' & 9 almo/ e
 apo/olic b5$iction & salutation we f9d 
! "w ( sanctification z well z ( grace  
ascrib$ to ! ,fa!r4  ,b x is m          
satisfactory z well z easy to appeal to 
! :ole body ( ! sacr$ writ+s 7:i* we    
confid5tly d17 ?an to sep>ate passages =
 pro( t ,god ! ,fa!r is ! sole orig9ator
 ( e "w ( nature & ( grace2 t z w9ds are
 8 mess5g]s1 & flam+ fires 8 m9i/]s 9 ! 
_w ( matt]1--righte\s m51 prophets1     
apo/les1 & above all1 ,*ri/1 ! ,holy    
,"o1 are 8 ag5ts 9 ! adm9i/ration ( !   
spiritual _w1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( !        
disp5sation ( grace4  ,jehovah be+ ?us  
sole 9 ! possession ( ! attributes (    

,deity1 is ! sole object ( religi\s     
wor%ip2 = to ,god alone may su*         
adoration be innoc5tly paid4 ,?is       
ass]tion re/s n alone on ! comm&s       
deliv]$ f above to ! ,israelites2 ?\gh  
we hold ! au?ority ( ! second comm&m5t (
 ! ,decalogue1 z x /&s 9 ,prote/ant     
,bibles1 & is includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% v]sion 
( ! comm&m5ts1 to be equal to t ( any "p
 ( ! ,mosaic law4 ',?\ %alt wor%ip      
,jehovah ?y ,god1 & him only %alt ?\    
s]ve1' is a summ>y ( ! entire purposes &
 details ( ! fir/ disp5sation2 & !      
fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ! second is  
bas$4  ,! prohibitions to ! ,jews to    
pray to any b ,jehovah are too num]\s to
 be adduc$1 & too cle> to ne$ any fur!r 
notice ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,t !        
,israelites are n =bidd5 to seek !      
int]cession ( dep>t$ spirits is acc\nt$ 
= by _! ignorance at fir/ ( a life      
beyond ! grave1 & _! unc]ta9ty respect+ 
its value aft]w>ds3 b t !re 0 a total   
abs5ce ( all desire to seek !           
int]cession ( a m$iator 9 spiritual     

communion1 is evid5t4 ,:5 ,eli%a /ood by
 ,jordan to witness ! asc5t ( ,elijah1  
no pray]s 7 waft$ to heav5 9 ! *>iot (  
fire2 no grace 0 s\ght ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !
 glorifi$ prophet4 ,:5 dang]s compass$  
r\nd ! prophet & 8 s]vant 9 ,do?an1 & a 
vision ( heav5ly ho/s 0 op5$ to !m1 no  
supplication 0 (f]$ ?r\gh ! radiant     
mess5g]s2 b ,eli%a (f]$ 8 pray]         
imm$iately to ,jehovah4 ,he1 ) all 8    
nation1 w\ld h felt ! lib]ty ( direct   
communion ) ,god too great a privilege  
to be =gone1 ev5 if ! notion _h occurr$ 
to !m4 ,no j fe>s :i* !y c\ld ent]ta9   
c\ld be obviat$ by ! employm5t ( an     
int]cessor2 no desir$ bless+ c\ld be s  
easily obta9$ z by a direct appeal to ! 
compassion ( ! ,fa!r ( m]cies4 ,x w\ld h
 be5 well if ! p>tak]s ( a full] measure
 ( grace _h1 9 ?is respect1 be5 l-m9d$ )
 _! anci5t bre?r52 _h felt l !m1 t !    
highe/ spiritual privilege is a free    
access to ! div9e pres5ce1 ! faire/     
spiritual promise t :i* decl>es ',if ?\ 
wilt call1 ,jehovah %all answ] !e4 ,come

 nigh unto me1 & ,i w he> !e4'--,?is    
privilege x 0 :i* ,jesus himself us$ mo/
 abundantly2 & ?is promise he sanction$ 
by ^w & example1 & taught 8 foll[]s to  
appropriate4 ,he exhort$ !m to pray z he
 himself pray$1 9 full assurance ( fai?1
 freely & imm$iately4 ,on no subject 7 8
 tea*+s m explicit1 or 8 own practice & 
t ( 8 ,apo/les m fully asc]ta9$4 ,he    
taught !m 9 :at _s1 9 :at mann]1 & = :at
 objects to pray2 viz4 believ+ t :at !y 
ask$ %\ld be giv51 t :at !y s\ght %\ld  
be f\nd2--retir+ into recesses :]e none 
c\ld int]m$dle ) ! communion ( ! he>t2  
seek+ :atev] is ne$ful = ! body & ! s\l2
 supplies ( ! means ( life1 p>don1 grace
 & peace4 ,aft] ?is mann] 8 foll[]s     
pray$ & taught o!rs to pray4 ,paul m+l$ 
pray]s = =giv5ess ( 8 e>ly misguid$ zeal
 ) ?anksgiv+s = ! grace v\*saf$ to him1 
& ascriptions ( praise to ! supreme     
orda9] ( salvation4 ,pet] pray$ = /r5g? 
to su/a9 p]secution1 & = guidance 9 8   
mission4 ,james direct$ 8 he>]s to ask (
 ,god1 if !y s\ght wisdom4 ,9 all _!    

exhortations to pray]1 h[ev]1 !re is no 
intimation ( a possibility t x may be   
(f]$ o!rwise ?an imm$iately to ,him to  
:om ! ,savi\r pray$4 ,believ+1 z we are 
conv9c$ !y did1 t ,*ri/ 0 ! son & s]vant
 ( ,him :o he>e? pray]1 & n au?oris$ to 
usurp t holy pr]ogative1 no purpose c\ld
 be answ]$ by address+ supplications to 
him1 b t ( ali5at+ ! he>t ( ! suppliant 
f ! prime ,giv] ( good1 & no motive c\ld
 be assign$ = ! act b a crim9al di/ru/ (
 ! div9e love1 or a gr\ndless hope (    
evad+ 8 ju/ice2 motives little likely to
 actuate apo/olic m9ds4 ,to prev5t1     
h[ev]1 ! supposition t su* motives c\ld 
h occurr$1 t ! practice ( pray+ to ,*ri/
 c\ld h subsi/$1 we are 9 possession ( a
 decl>ation f ,jesus himself :i*        
obviates all d\bt4 ,:5 ab\t to bid      
f>ewell to 8 ,apo/les1 & to resign      
himself to dea?1 he promis$ !m com=t f  
above2 & f ! f\nta9 ( prophetic light   
)91 ca/s gleams ^u ! /ormy future = !   
guidance ( ! trembl+ pilgrims :om he    
left beh9d4 ,he told !m t joy %\ld visit

 ! _w ?r\gh _! sorr[2 & t 8 "n1 exalt$  
by ! results ( 8 mission & sanctifi$ by 
dea?1 %\ld be ! seal ( ! rectitude ( _! 
pray]s1 & ! pl$ge ( _! success2 :ile he 
di/9ctly disclaim$ any "p 9 ! reception 
( _! pray]s1 any assumption ( ! (fices (
 m$iation or int]cession4 ',ye n[ h     
sorr[2 b ,i w see y aga91 & y\r he>t    
%all rejoice1 & y\r joy no man take? f  
y4 ,& 9 t day ye %all ask me no?+4      
,v]ily ,i say unto y1 :atsoev] ye %all  
ask ! ,fa!r 9 my "n1 he w give x y4     
,hi!rto ye h ask$ no?+ 9 my "n3 ask1 &  
ye %all receive1 t y\r joy may be full4 
,^! ?+s h ,i spok5 unto y 9 prov]bs3 b !
 "t come? :5 ,i %all no m speak unto y 9
 prov]bs1 b ,i %all %[ y pla9ly ( !     
,fa!r4 ,at t day ye %all ask 9 my "n2 & 
,i say n unto y1 t ,i w pray ! ,fa!r =  
y3 = ! ,fa!r himself love? y1 because ye
 love me1 & believe t ,i came =? f      
,god4' 7,john xvi4 #bb-bg47  ,accord+ to
 ^! say+s1 ! ,apo/les made _! reque/s = 
! m abundant effusions ( grace 9 ! "n ( 
,*ri/2 b1 believ+ t ! ,fa!r himself lov$

 !m1 !y felt no ne$ ( o!r supplication  
?an _! own1 = b5efits :i* he 0 m ready  
to grant ?an !y c\ld be eag] to receive4
 ,if we may judge ( _! op9ions by !     
records :i* rema91 we %\ld be conv9c$ t 
!y reg>d$ ! ,holy ,_s z a div9e p[]     
only1 & n a div9e p]son4 ,z a p[]1 z    
influ5ce ex]t$ by ,god himself1 is ! _s 
spok5 ( 9 all ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les2 z  
:5 ,paul expresses ! relation :i* ! _s  
be>s to ,god to be ! same z ! _s ( a man
 be>s to man2 ',:at man kn[e? ! ?+s ( a 
man1 save ! _s ( man :i* is 9 him8 ,ev5 
s1 ! ?+s ( ,god kn[e? no man1 b ! _s (  
,god4' 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #aa47 ,! mode 9 :i*
 ! op]ations ( ! _s are describ$ by !m  
is p]fectly inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( its 
be+ a sep>ate p]son4 ,conv]ts 7 said to 
be baptiz$ ) ! _s & fill$ ) ! _s1 & !y 7
 exhort$ n to qu5* ! _s4 ,by ! direction
 giv5 to 'baptize 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( 
! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,_s1' no?+ m 0      
und]/ood by ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 z we 
le>n f !mselves1 ?an ! duty ( spread+ t 
religion :i* 0 giv5 by ,god ?r\gh ,jesus

 ,*ri/1 & comfirm$ by miracul\s p[]1    
?\gh1 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 x     
began to be us$ z a =m prescrib$ by     
,*ri/4 ,z a =m x does n appe> to h be5  
adopt$ by 8 foll[]s1 :o seem to h       
baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus only4 ,l        
,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day1 !y believ$ !  
,holy ,_s to h be5 ! same by :i* !      
anci5t prophets spoke2 b1 unlike ! mod]n
 belief1 _! conviction evid5tly 01 t ?is
 _s 0 ! same :i* mov$ on ! face ( !     
wat]s :5 ! univ]se 0 call$ up f *aos2 ! 
same :i* 0 manife/$ at ,s9ai2 ! same :i*
 fill$ ! temple ( ,solomon & abode 9 !  
,holy ( ,holies2 ! same :i* wr\ght !    
works :i* ,*ri/ decl>$ 7 n ( himself2 ! 
same :i* 0 & ev] %all be1 'above all1   
?r\gh all1 & 9 all4' ,!y believ$ ! ,_s  
to be ,god himself1 work+ 9 8 creatures 
'to w & to d ( 8 good pleasure4'  ,!    
peculi> end[m5ts :i* 7 conf]r$ on !     
disciples 9 ! apo/olic age 7 call$ !    
gifts ( ! ,_s2 & ! ?anksgiv+s :i* 7     
pres5t$ = !m 7 always (f]$ imm$iately to
 ,god1 f :om e good & p]fect gift 0 kn[n

 to come4 ,:5 ?is ,_s 0 spok5 ( z an    
imp]sonal exi/5ce1 z an influ5ce1 a p[]1
 x c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be made ! object (  
wor%ip any m ?an ! gifts x br\ght4 ,:5  
reg>d$ z a p]sonal exi/5ce1 i4 e4 z     
,god1 x 01 ( c\rse1 ! object ( direct   
wor%ip4 ,b1 z possess+ any p[] (        
int]cession1 we may confid5tly decl>e x 
nev] 0 appeal$ to1 till ! ,*ri/ian      
!ology _h be5 mix$ up ) ! pr9ciples ( ! 
hea!n philosophy4 ,among all !          
figurative illu/rations ( ! (fices &    
p[]s ( ! ,_s1 among all ! highly wr\ght 
p]sonifications & bold metaphors :i*    
*>act]ize ! ,hebrew /yle ( ! apo/olic   
writ+s1 we f9d no intimation t homage   
may be (f]$1 or int]cession made1 ?r\gh 
x or any exi/5ce :atev]1 p]sonal or     
imp]sonal4 ,ev5 ! highly figurative     
passage :i* we meet ) ,romans viii4     
#be-bh1 & :i* is1 we believe1 ! *ief    
basis on :i* re/s ! practice ( false    
wor%ip 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 admits ( no su* 
int]pretation z is commonly giv5 to x4  
,x ne$s only a c>eful read+ ( ! :ole    

*apt] to p]ceive t '! _s' !re spok5 ( is
 n ! ,holy ,_s2 n ! imm$iate div9e      
influ5ce ( :i* we he> s mu*2 b ! new    
life suppos$ to be introduc$ by !       
,gospel1 9 opposition to '! fle%' or    
evil pr9ciple by :i* m5 7 liable to     
condemnation "u ! old disp5sation4 ,aft]
 decl>+ t ! fulness ( salvation mu/ be  
wait$ = ) ,*ri/ian hope1 ! apo/le       
cont9ues1 ',likewise ?is _s1 also helpe?
 our infirmities3 = we "k n :at we %\ld 
pray = z we ought1 b ! _s itself make?  
int]cession = u ) groans :i* _c be      
express$4 ,b ,he :o se>*e? ! he>ts kn[e?
 :at is ! m9d ( ! _s1 t x int]c$e? = !  
sa9ts accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,& we "k t 
all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t love   
,god1 :o are call$ accord+ to 8         
purpose4' ,9 ! weakness ( our nature1 we
 "k n :at mo/ to desire & pray =1 b ! _s
 ( ! ,gospel in=ms & aids u2 obta9+ = u 
b5efits :i* we c\ld n o!rwise h enjoy$4 
,& ! b5efits ?us obta9$ are su* z !     
div9e w design$ = u2 all ?+s ?us t5d+ to
 our good2 ! div9e purposes1 ! aids ( ! 

,gospel1 & ! circum/ances amid/ :i* t   
aid supports u4 ,all ?is has a v cle>   
ref]5ce1 n to any m$iation ( ! ,holy    
,_s1 to :i* !re is no allusion :atev]2 b
 to ! ag5cy ( ! new disp5sation 9       
deliv]+ m5 'f ! bondage ( corruption    
into ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! *ildr5 (      
,god4'--,if ! int]cession ( ,*ri/ be    
ne$less because ! ,fa!r himself love? u1
 mu* m ne$less mu/ be ! m$iation ( !    
,_s1 ev5 7 !re su* a sep>ate p]sonal    
exi/5ce2 & yet m ne$less mu/ be ! good  
(fices ( ,sa9ts1 suppos+ !m capable (   
r5d]+ su* a s]vice to _! mortal bre?r54 
,^? :o1 l ourselves1 d]ive _! religi\s  
belief f ! ,bible alone1 c sc>cely meet 
on ! gr\nd ( argum5t ^? :o pr(ess 'mo/  
firmly to admit & embrace apo/olical &  
ecclesia/ical traditions1' if ! subject 
( discussion be o!r ?an ! au?ority ( su*
 traditions4 ,on ?is discussion we %all 
ent] h]eaft]4 ,x only belongs to !      
pres5t division ( our subject to obs]ve1
 t1 n admitt+ ! au?ority ( ecclesia/ical
 traditions 9 matt]s ( fai?1 & f9d+ 9 ! 

,scriptures no intimation ( homage be+  
due to ! "m ( ,*ri/1 or ! holy m5 :o    
glorifi$ ! ,gospel 9 _! lives & dea?s1  
we (f] no su* homage1 & t ! wor%ip &    
invocation ( su* are a direct infr+em5t 
( ! comm&1 ',?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y    
,god1 & him only %all ?\ s]ve4'  ,x is n
 difficult to trace ! orig9 & progress (
 a cu/om :i*1 ?\gh f\nd$ on a natural   
v5]ation = hol9ess seal$ by dea?1 is 9  
our op9ion m fatal to ! purity1 &       
inimical to ! dignity ( ! ,gospel t any 
o!r :i* its pr(essors h adopt$4--,x 0 a 
cu/om 9 ! e>ly times ( ,*ri/ianity1 to  
meet = wor%ip at ! tombs ( ! ,m>tyrs2 n 
= ! sake ( pay+ homage to ! dep>t$1 b   
because ! survivors f\nd _! devotional  
feel+s m s5sibly excit$ !re4 ,_!        
imag9ations 7 at ! same "t possess$ by !
 poetical fictions ( ! pagan philosophy1
 :i* repres5t$ ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ z hov]+
 r\nd ! place ( int]m5t1 & consci\s (   
:at 0 pass+ ne>4 ,f ?is sup]/ition arose
 ! practice ( mak+ (f]+s annually 9 ! "n
 ( ! deceas$1 z an ackn[l$gem5t t !y 7  

/ill consid]$ memb]s ( _! respective    
*ur*es4 ,?is practice appe>s to h be5   
fir/ adopt$ at ! dea? ( ,polyc>p1 & to h
 spe$ily gr[n into a rite sc>cely       
di/+ui%able f ! sup]/itions ( hea!nism4 
,t]tullian obs]ves1 ',we make oblations 
= ! dead & = _! m>tyrdom1 ye>ly1 on     
c]ta9 days4' ,at ?is "t x 0 ! g5]al     
belief t ! usual abode ( ! dead 0 9     
subt]rane\s places1 or at lea/ 'bel[1'  
some:]e ne> ! e>?1 & z long z ?is belief
 subsi/$1 pray]s 7 (f]$ = ! dead1--= _! 
pres5t repose & joyful future           
resurrection4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 ?us pray$
 =4 ,z ! ,m>tyrs 7 m highly ?\ght (1    
h[ev]1 ?an o!r deceas$ ,*ri/ians1 x     
began to be imag9$1 ab\t ! middle ( !   
f\r? c5tury1 t !y 71 by peculi> favor1  
admitt$ e>li] to ! imm$iate pres5ce (   
,god1 & p]mitt$ to ex]t influ5ce ev5 ov]
 8 purposes4 ,!n began ! solicitations  
address$ to m5 doom$ to dea?1 t !y w\ld 
be m9dful ( ! survivors2 & ! agreem5ts (
 companions1 t :i*ev] %\ld fir/ dep>t   
%\ld petition at ! foot ( ! heav5ly     

?rone = 8 mortal fri5d4 ,9 a few m ye>s 
arose ! cu/om ( invok+ ! spirits suppos$
 to hov] ne> ! tombs2 "s hesitation be+ 
impli$ 9 ! expression 'if !y 7 inde$    
pres5t1 & _h any influ5ce 9 ?+s bel[4'  
,x 0 yet a long "t be=e pray] 0 (f]$ to 
,sa9ts 9 g5]al1 & 9 ! public s]vices ( !
 ,*ur*4 ,t ! practice1 if x _h be5      
orig9at$1 0 n approv$ by ! ,fa!rs ( !   
,*ur* 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 we "k on ! direct
 te/imony ( ,orig51 :o says t m5 are n  
to pray to any d]iv$ be+ 7n ev5 to ,*ri/
 himself71 b to ,god ! ,fa!r ( all4     
,au/9 disapprov$ ( pray+ = ! ,sa9ts1    
?\gh he believ$ t ! ,*ur* might be help$
 by _! int]cession2 at ! same "t        
ackn[l$g+1 ',x is true ! ,sa9ts d n     
!mselves he> :at passes bel[1 b !y he> (
 x by o!rs :o die & g to !m4'  ,! "t :5 
! cu/om ( invok+ ! ,sa9ts 0 fir/        
c\nt5anc$ by ! ,*ur* may be fix$ ab\t ! 
end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ! fif?1 all     
opposition to x _h ceas$1 & ! images (  
,m>tyrs began to be reg>d$ ) peculi>    
honor2 x be+ imag9$ by _m t ! homage    

paid to ! image drew d[n into x !       
propiti\s pres5ce ( ! cele/ial be+ :om x
 repres5t$2 9 ! same mann] z ! /atues ( 
,jupit] & o!r pagan gods 7 believ$ by   
hea!n wor%ip]s to become in/9ct ) div9e 
life4 ,! temples ( ! ,m>tyrs 7 n[1 z    
,!odoret in=ms u1 ornam5t$ ) little     
figures1 ( gold & silv]1 repres5t+ eyes1
 feet1 h&s1 c41 deposit$ = ! acceptance 
( ! lords ( ! temples1 z memorials (    
cures wr\ght by !m on ^! sev]al memb]s3 
^! memorials proclaim+ ! p[] ( ! dead2  
^: p[]1 aga91 demon/rates _! ,god to be 
! true ,god4 ,h[ *ang$ 0 ?is ,*ri/ianity
 f t giv5 by him :o =bade 8 foll[]s to  
ask any?+ ev5 ( him1 because ! ,fa!r    
himself lov$ !m6  ,conc]n+ ,m>y1 ! "m ( 
,jesus1 ^? :o h n v[$ to admit          
ecclesia/ical traditions z matt]s (     
fai?1 pret5d to little k f ! "t ( ! dea?
 ( ,*ri/4 ,h] "n is m5tion$ b once 9 !  
,book ( ,acts1 :5 %e is enum]at$ among !
 disciples :o 7 collect$ aft] ! asc5sion
 ( ,jesus2 & h[ & :]e %e liv$ & di$1 we 
h no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,! fir/ act (    

respect to h] memory :i* is on record is
 c5sur$ by ,epiphanius1 z 'a h]esy ( !  
wom54' ,x consi/$ ( an (f]+ ( cakes1    
prep>$ & (f]$ by wom5 only1 & g5]ally   
disapprov$ (1 7?\gh oblations on tombs 7
 !n v common17 because x 0 n kn[n :]e %e
 0 int]r$4 ,x may be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 f ! 
acc\nt giv5 by ,epiphanius1 t pray]s 7  
by "s p]sons (f]$ to ! ,virg91 ?\gh he  
rebukes ! new sup]/ition4 ,! fir/ p]son 
( au?ority :o is kn[n to h introduc$ &  
c\nt5anc$ ! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 is ,pet]     
,gnapheus1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 :o 9 ! fif? 
c5tury appo9t$ h] "n to be invok$ 9 !   
pray]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if su* homage 7 h]   
due1 h[ came ! ,apo/les & ! apo/olic    
,fa!rs to )hold x f h]8 ,:y 0 h] claim  
disall[$ s long8  ,we c fully ent] into1
 & are f> f disapprov+ (1 ! natural     
curiosity :i* prompts an inquiry into ! 
fate ( "o :om all g5]ations unite 9     
call+ bless$4 ,:5 we pond]1 z we _c b d1
 h] privileges above all womanhood      
besides2 :5 we imag9e ! int5tness ( s\l 
) :i* %e mu/ h wat*$ ! c\rse ( h] holy  

,son2 p]ceiv+ p]haps be=e all o!rs !    
manife/ations ( div9e grace 9 him2      
becom+ m & m elat$ 9 h] hopes1 z !      
pres5ce ( ,god 9 him became m evid5t2   
trembl+ at ! malignity ( ! rul]s & !    
madness ( ! p2 & f9ally s9k+ 9          
desolation ( he>t :5 e vital hope appe>$
 ext+ui%$2 we _c b se>* = an au!ntic    
record ( :at befell h] aft] ! day :5 !  
belov$ disciple took h] to 8 own home4  
,b be+ conv9c$1 z we are1 t no su*      
record exi/s1 we d>e n fill up ! hi/ory 
) conjectures ( our own2 mu* less admit 
! claims f\nd$ on fable & support$ by   
sup]/ition1 :i* are advanc$ 9 h] favor  
by writ]s :o possess$ no m k ( h] /ate  
?an ourselves1 & :o 7 mu* less impress$ 
by exp]i5ce ) ! importance ( keep+      
religion pure1 simple1 & undefil$4 ,we  
reg>d ,m>y z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sons  
pres5t$ by hi/ory1 b z 9 no respect     
connect$ ) ! ,gospel we receive4        
,*ri/ianity 0 n reveal$ till ,*ri/      
became a man2 & z ,m>y _h no act or "p 9
 its diffusion1 %e be>s no o!r relation 

to u ?an z a be+ ^: lot engages our     
sympa?ies1 & ^: t5d] nature & pi\s "*   
%\ld excite our affection & emulation4  
,= ! same reasons1 h[ev] l>gely we may  
%>e ! univ]sal curiosity respect+ ! /ate
 ( ! dead1 h[ev] rationally our         
philosophy may conceive1 or h[ev]       
vividly our imag9ations may repres5t !m 
z liv+1 z obs]v+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 z     
p>ticipat+ 9 our emotions1 z enjoy+ !   
manife/ pres5ce ( ,god1 we d>e n f\nd   
any religi\s belief or practice on su*  
speculations4 ,if our religi\s          
obs]vances _h be5 9 any way connect$ ) !
 dead1 we %\ld h kn[n some?+ ( _! /ate &
 (fices2 b z no su* k is imp>t$1 z !re 0
 no pret5sion to x 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 &   
especially z ,*ri/ianity cle>ly po9ts to
 ,god z ! sole object ( religi\s wor%ip1
 we invoke ! dep>t$ = no o!r purpose ?an
 to satisfy our speculative d\bts1 we   
attribute to !m no o!r (fice ?an t (    
ende>+ ! pa/ & hall[+ ! future1 & (f] no
 o!r oblations ?an ^? ( ! memory & !    
affections4 ,ev5 if we believ$ !m       

p]mitt$ to int]c$e = u ) our ,fa!r1 we  
%\ld be sl[ to seek _! aid2 = if !re be 
"o privilege m preci\s ?an ano!r1 x is t
 ( direct1 intimate communion ) ,him :o 
kn[e? our weakness & our /r5g?2 if !re  
be "o provision m sacr$ ?an ano!r 9 !   
*>t] ( our 'glori\s lib]ty1' x is t by  
:i* !y :o are f> (f & !y :o are ne> h   
equal access unto ! ,fa!r2 n ?r\gh !    
m9i/rations ( inf]ior spirits1 b face to
 face 9 ! sanctu>y ( 8 pres5ce4 ,he is n
 only our sure1 b our ne> refuge2 n only
 our unfail+1 b our v pres5t help2 n    
only our hope1 b our p]petual joy4 ,!   
deepe/ ( our joys & griefs1 ^? :i* x is 
mo/ necess>y to confide to ,him :o caus$
 !m1 are absolutely incommunicable to   
all besides2 & :at is emphatically true 
( our self-commun+s1 t '! he>t kn[e? its
 own bitt]ness1' is yet m true ( _s     
wor%ip1 'no /rang] int]m$dl+ ) its joy4'
  ,hav+ ?us /at$ ! gr\nds ( our diss5t f
 t clause ( ! symbol ( ,pius ,,iv4 :i*  
decl>es t '! ,sa9ts reign+ toge!r )     
,*ri/ are to be honor$ & invocat$1 & t  

!y (f] pray]s to ,god = u1' x is ne$less
 to notice :at foll[s2 viz4 t _! relics 
are to be v5]at$2 't ! images ( ,*ri/ & 
! ,"m ( ,god1 ev] ,virg91 & also ( ! o!r
 sa9ts1 are to be _h & reta9$2 & t due  
honor & v5]ation are to be giv5 to !m4' 
,su* practices we hold to be utt]ly     
inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple t ,god is ! sole
 object ( religi\s wor%ip2 :i* pr9ciple 
is d]iv$ f :at we h laid d[n z ! fir/   
ess5tial doctr9e ( ,revelation1--!      
,unity ( ,jehovah4  ,! next ess5tial    
doctr9e is1  ,,ii4 ,! unlimit$ ext5t ( !
 ,r$emption by ,*ri/4  ,a l>ge          
proportion ( ! diff]5ces :i* h aris5 9 !
 ,*ri/ian _w respect+ ! doctr9e (       
r$emption1 proce$ f ! v>iety ( mean+s   
:i* is atta*$ to ! t]m salvation4 ,:ile 
"o p>ty und]/&s by x an admission to !  
privileges ( ! ,gospel1 & a consequ5t   
emancipation f ! p5alties ( ! old       
disp5sation2 ano!r1 ! /ate ( virtue &   
peace :i* w prevail :5 ,*ri/ianity has  
compass$ ! globe2 & a ?ird1 a future    
/ate ( p]fect bliss 9 contra/ to "o (   

et]nal torm5t2 !re is little hope ( a   
mutual und]/&+ respect+ ! doctr9e (     
,ju/ification4 ,our "p n[ is to /ate our
 own views1 & n to ent] on any          
discussion ( ^? ( o!rs4  ,we believe t  
by salvation ! ,scripture writ]s        
commonly signifi$ ! /ate ( privilege    
into :i* ,*ri/ian believ]s 7 br\ght by  
_! adoption ( ! pr9ciples ( hol9ess &   
peace :i* ! ,gospel af=ds4 ,?us1 accord+
 to its orig9al mean+1 ! t]m 0          
appropriat$ to a /ate ( comp>ative      
bless$ness 9 ?is _w2 b z ! pr9ciples ( !
 ,gospel ex]t ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce ov] 
our spiritual /ate1 ov] our capacity =  
happ9ess 9 a future _w1 ! t]m ,salvation
 has naturally & n improp]ly be5        
accommodat$ to signify a /ate ( future  
safety & bliss4 ,t x did n always mean  
?is1 h[ev]1 is evid5t to all att5tive   
read]s ( ! ,scriptures2 z !re is n "o ( 
,paul's epi/les or disc\rses :i* w\ld be
 intelligible1 if he 7 suppos$ to decl>e
 8 conv]ts sav$ f ! pa9s ( hell1 in/ead 
( f ! dom9ion ( ! evils ( hea!nism1 or !

 condemnation ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,by       
r$emption1 we und]/& a release f ! same 
evils & p5alties effect$ by a sacrifice 
on ! "p ( a b5evol5t m$iator4 ,by       
remission ( s9s1 we und]/& ! =giv5ess & 
consequ5t remission ( puni%m5t :i* are  
promis$ 9 ! ,gospel on condition (      
rep5tance & newness ( life4 ,by         
ju/ification1 we believe ! sacr$ writ]s 
sometimes to signify ! process by :i*   
believ]s are releas$ f all obligations  
incurr$ t[>ds ! old law1 & br\ght into a
 /ate ( spiritual fre$om2 & sometimes t 
free /ate itself4 ,we conceive t ?is    
int]pretation ( t]ms--n new & arbitr>y1 
b only dive/$ ( ! false associations :i*
 h be5 long ga!r+ r\nd !m--w cle> up mo/
 ( ! my/]ies :i* obscure a v important  
,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & enable u1 9 comp>+  
scripture ) scripture1 to disc]n a      
consi/5cy ( views & a dep? ( tru? :i*   
af=d an irresi/ible evid5ce ( _! div9e  
au?ority4  ,! :ole s*eme ( revelation we
 conceive to be ! me?od design$ by !    
div9e wisdom1 & adopt$ by ! div9e       

b5evol5ce1 = br++ ! human race into a   
/ate ( purity & peace m rapidly ?an c\ld
 be effect$ by ! religion ( nature4 ,!  
welf>e ( ! :ole race 0 no less ! object 
( ! ,jewi% ?an ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1
 ?\gh its app>5t privileges 7 conf9$ to 
! peculi> p4 ,^! privileges1 imm$iately 
& positively advantage\s to ! *os5 p1 7 
remotely & relatively s to o!rs1 by     
e/abli%+ be=e _! eyes evid5ces ( a div9e
 moral gov]nm5t2 & z a moral gov]nm5t   
implies consi/5cy ( au?ority1 x af=ds a 
/rong presumption ( ! unity ( !         
,gov]nor4 ,! ,jews 7 l$ on f !          
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,div9e ,unity to
 ! appreh5sion ( a div9e moral gov]nm5t2
 :ile obs]vant hea!ns1 p]ceiv+ ! moral  
results ( ! national vicissitudes ( !   
,hebrew p1 d$uc$ !nce ! tru? ( ! ,unity 
( ! ,deity4 ,mean:ile1 bo? 7 advanc+ to 
a /ate ( fitness = a full] revelation2 !
 ,jews m rapidly ?an ! hea!ns1 z be+    
specially plac$ "u ! s*oolma/] :o 0 to  
br+ !m unto ,*ri/2 b /ill1 disp5s+      
spiritual b5efits t[>ds ! hea!n1 = ^:   

sake z well z = _! own !y 7 plac$ 9 a   
/ate ( privilege4 ,! old disp5sation1   
?\gh a condition ( light & privilege    
comp>$ ) t ( nature1 0 a /ate ( d>kness 
& bondage :5 contra/$ ) ,*ri/ianity4    
,?\gh ! ,hebrews _h m elevat$           
conceptions ( ,god & cle>] notions (    
duty ?an ! ,g5tiles1 !y yet c\ld n      
appreciate ! ri*es ( div9e grace1 or !  
ext5t ( div9e & human relations1 or !   
full beauty ( hol9ess4 ,!y 7 burd5$ by a
 heavy yoke ( ritual obs]vances2 an     
escape f ! p5alties ( ! law 0           
impossible2 & especially1 !y _h no c]ta9
 k ( a future life4 ,! bless+s !re=e :i*
 ,*ri/ianity (f]$1--! r$emption f !     
bondage ( ! law1 ! remission ( !        
p5alties ( s9 on rep5tance1 !           
ju/ification by :i* !y 7 plac$ 9 a      
condition ( spiritual p[] & fre$om1--7  
wor?y ( all ! exultation exp]i5c$ & all 
! ?anksgiv+s express$ by ^? :o 7 ?us    
r$eem$1 =giv51 & ju/ifi$4 ,^! bless+s 7 
yet m valuable to ! ,g5tiles1 9         
proportion to ! m rigor\s bondage &     

deep] moral d>kness to :i* !y _h be5    
subject$4 ,in/ead ( ! /rict b salut>y   
discipl9e ( ! law1 !y _h su/a9$ !       
tyranny ( lawless appetites & passions1 
_h liv$ )\t o!r re/ra9ts ?an ^? (       
nature2 & _h no hope 9 dea?1 b ! glimm]+
 & unc]ta9 presages :i* _! own faculties
 or long-corrupt$ traditions suppli$4   
,! mode ( prep>ation = ! introduction ( 
! ,gospel af=ds a /rong presumption t   
its b5efits 7 int5d$ = ! :ole race4 ,!  
,jews _h be5 l$ on to ! po9t :5 _!      
spiritual developm5t absolutely requir$ 
a m expansive revelation2 & ! ,g5tiles 7
 prep>$1 by _! obs]vation ( ! ,hebrew p1
 & by _! own wants1 s9s1 & sorr[s1 to   
receive ) joy happi] tid+s ?an _! fonde/
 hopes c\ld anticipate1 & ri*] b5efits  
?an _! desires c\ld previ\sly h         
compreh5d$4 ,! b5efits ( ! ,gospel1 aft]
 be+ (f]$ to ! ,jews & p>tially accept$ 
by !m1 7 freely held out to ! :ole human
 race1 & receiv$ by all :o 7 consci\s ( 
! ne$ ( !m3 s t ! ,gospel 0 truly :at ! 
ag$ ,simeon decl>$ x1 '! salvation :i*  

,god _h prep>$ be=e all p2 a light to   
light5 ! ,g5tiles1 & ! glory ( 8 p      
,israel4'  ,yet !re 7 _m among ! p (    
,israel :o 7 bl9d to ?is glory1 & _m ( !
 ,g5tiles :o reject$ ?is guid+ light4   
,?is rejection 0 n caus$ by any         
re/rictive quality 9 ! revelation1 any  
provision 9 ! ,gospel itself = !        
limitation ( its privileges3 nor 0 x    
caus$ by any previ\s arbitr>y decree ( !
 orda9] ( salvation1 t on acc\nt ( "s v 
anci5t ev5t1 totally unconnect$ ) !     
pres5t disp5sation1 a l>ge majority ( ! 
human race %\ld be r5d]$ absolutely     
incapable ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! bless+s (    
r$emption4 ,x 0 occasion$ by !          
prejudices ( n>r[ m9ds1 by ! ignorance (
 d>k5$ m9ds1 by ! spiritual pride (     
presumptu\s m9ds1 by ! petty hopes &    
fe>s ( selfi% m9ds1--prejudices1        
ignorance & selfi%ness naturally aris+ 9
 ! !n /ate ( ! _w1 & n to be imm$iately 
or spe$ily got rid ( b by miracle3 a    
mode ( ag5cy :i* ! ,div9e ,be+ has      
frequ5tly made use ( to sanction 8      

revelations1 b nev] to prep>e ! human   
m9d = _! reception4 ,?us spiritual      
ignorance & moral bl9dness are1 we      
appreh5d1 ! only ob/acles to univ]sal   
r$emption2 & we firmly believe t ^!     
ob/acles are only tempor>y4 ,! ,gospel  
itself be>s su* an indisputable "* (    
p]man5ce & univ]sality 7z we %all       
h]eaft] %[71 & s evid5t a provision is  
made = ! gradual dissipation ( d>kness &
 error1 t we may confid5tly anticipate !
 "t :5 ! hope ( ! ,gospel %all be ! ri* 
possession ( e individual ( e nation4   
,t x w be s we conclude1 n f ! p]suasion
 ( our own hopes1 or at ! bidd+ ( our   
reason 9 opposition to ! decl>ations (  
,scripture2 b because e pr9ciple d]iv$ f
 ! ,gospel sanctions ! comm&s ( our     
reason & af=ds a w>rant ( our hope4 ,!re
 is 9 no ,gospel1 ,hi/ory1 or ,epi/le1 a
 h9t ( any re/riction or limitation ( ! 
bless+s ( r$emption4 ,*ri/ is ev] spok5 
( z hav+ di$ = all2 !re are ?anksgiv+s 9
 ! "n ( all1 invitations embrac+ all1 & 
anticipations ( ! ultimate bliss ( all4 

,^? :o are m\rn$ ov]1 reproa*$1         
entreat$1 compassionat$1 because !y w n 
accept fre$om & peace1 are spok5 ( z    
exclud$ by _! own unfitness = grace1    
aris+ f natural causes1 & n by any s9 ( 
any ance/or1 or by any arbitr>y decree (
 ,god1 or by any repellant & exclusive  
"* 9 ! disp5sation ( grace itself4 ,its 
mo/ di/+ui%+ "*1 on ! contr>y1 0 its    
b\ndlessness4 ,its fir/ "w 0 to ?r[ d[n 
! wall ( p>tition :i* _h sep>at$ !      
favor$ p f o!rs1 to aboli% arbitr>y     
di/9ctions1 to ex*ange ! multif>i\s     
conditions ( ! old law = ! few1 simple &
 univ]sal requisites ( salvation decl>$ 
9 ! new4 ,if o!r di/9ctions h s9ce be5  
in/itut$1 o!r conditions impos$1 o!r    
requisites insi/$ on1 !y are no "p (    
,*ri/ianity1 & %all no m imp$e its      
ultimate preval5ce ?an ! cl\d :i* %r\ds 
! lightn+ c prev5t its %9+ f "o "p ( !  
heav5 unto ! o!r4  ,x may be object$1 & 
) ju/ice1 t ?is me?od ( consid]+ ! s*eme
 ( ju/ification makes out ! gift ( grace
 to be only ultimately & n /rictly      

univ]sal2 unlimit$ 9 its t5d5cies1 b    
hi!rto v limit$ 9 ! diffusion ( its     
bless+s3 & h5ce may arise an inquiry    
conc]n+ ! fate ( ^? :o h di$ )\t ! hope 
( ! ,gospel4  ,z to ! limit$ spread ( ! 
,gospel ?us f>1 x is our bus9ess n to   
assign ! f9al cause ( ! fact1 b to admit
 & reason on ! fact itself4 ,! fact     
occasions no horror 9 our m9ds1 & less  
regret ?an is felt p]haps by any        
d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians besides          
ourselves2 & = ?is reason1 t we d n hold
 p]dition to be ! only alt]native to    
salvation by ,*ri/4 ,we f9d no sanction 
= s fe>ful a collocation ( t]ms 9 !     
record ( ! cov5ant2 no mode ( reconcil+ 
! doctr9e ?us orig9at$ ) ! attributes ( 
,deity1 or ) our conceptions ( ju/ice1  
mu* less ( b5ignity4 ,moreov] we c      
cle>ly disc]n ?r\gh :at misconception ! 
mon/r\s belief 9 ! ev]la/+ de/ruction ( 
unbeliev]s1 :e!r by natural or moral    
necessity1 has sprung to bir?4 ,we      
believe x to h aris5 f ! be=e-m5tion$   
misappreh5sion ( ! t]ms ,salvation1     

,remission ( s9s1 & ,ju/ification4  ,to 
! enjoym5t ( ! bless+s ( ! ,gospel no   
alt]native c\ld be oppos$ b _!          
non-possession2 to ! remission ( s9s1 b 
_! ret5tion2 to ju/ification1 b         
condemnation "u ! law4 ,b x does n foll[
 t :5 ^! t]ms are %ift$ f _! orig9al    
use1 & accommodat$ to a subject to :i*  
!y d n naturally belong1 !y %\ld be /ill
 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 no o!rs be+ all[$ to
 int]v5e4 ,if x be g5]ally agre$ to     
und]/& by ,salvation a /ate ( p]fect    
bliss aft] dea?1 x is well3 b if any man
 !n *oose to transf] ! t]m ,p]dition f  
mean+ ! loss ( ! privileges (           
,*ri/ianity to ! loss ( ! happ9ess (    
heav5 & a consequ5t subjection to ! pa9s
 ( hell1 he goes fur!r ?an ! cu/om>y use
 ( language all[s1 fur!r ?an reason c   
sanction1 & mu* fur!r a/ray f a true    
!ology ?an he c at pres5t e/imate1 or c 
h]eaft] suffici5tly deplore4 ,x is      
m\rnful en\gh t myriads h di$ 9         
ignorance & error1 t ?\s&s h reject$    
(f]$ light2 b no words c express !      

horror ( ! popul> doctr9e ( ! et]nal    
condemnation ( all :o h n di$ 9 ! fai? (
 ,*ri/1 or our reprobation ( !          
corruption ?r\gh :i* su* a doctr9e has  
be5 orig9at$1 receiv$1 & reta9$4 ,:ile  
we believe t grace & tru? came by ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 & t 'all ?+s are b loss = !     
excell5cy ( ! k ( ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l1'
 we _c believe t wra? f above & mis]y f 
bel[1 s9 f )9 & d>kness ar\nd1 de/9$ to 
be dissipat$ only by ! flames ( hell1   
are ! portion ( all b ^? :o are equally 
happy ) ourselves4 ,our belief appe>s to
 u m consi/5t ) our appreh5sions ( !    
p]fections ( our ,fa!r1 ) our           
int]pretations ( 8 provid5ce1 & ) ! _s (
 8 reveal$ law4 ,we believe t ?\gh      
,*ri/ianity is ! focus 9 :i* all !      
lights ( reason & religion are          
conc5trat$1 e ray is n !re absorb$4 ,we 
believe t ?\gh %ad[s brood m or less    
d>kly ov] e hea!n l&1 !re is 9 ! mo/    
remote a glimm]+ ( ! dawn2 a ray :i* may
 direct ! eye t[>ds ! f\nta9 ( glory1 & 
engage ! att5tion to wat* ! ris+ ( t sun

 :i* %all set no m4  ,we believe t !    
rew>ds ( righte\sness are promis$ to    
all2 & t ! practice ( righte\sness is n 
limit$ to any k9dr$1 tongue1 or p1 or   
ess5tially connect$ ) any religi\s      
belief4 ,we hold t retribution is !     
univ]sal sanction ( ! univ]sal moral    
law2 & if ! nature ( ! sanction be m    
fully und]/ood by ,*ri/ians1 & !re=e    
practically admitt$ ) great] read9ess1  
let !m be z grateful z !y w = ! great   
privilege1 b bew>e ( suppos+ t !        
sanction is aboli%$ to all besides4 ,"u 
! v>i\s obscurations ( ?is sanction1    
savage virtue may be inf]ior to         
civiliz$1--,hott5tot to ,roman virtue1 z
 bo? are to ,*ri/ian hol9ess2 b !re is e
 reason to believe t ! savage :o        
surr5d]$ 8 h>d-e>n$ meal to ! hungry    
/rang]1 & ! ,pagan s5ators & w>riors :o 
toil$ & bl$ = _! c\ntry1 7 z sure ( an  
appropriate rew>d z ! mo/ b5evol5t &    
h]oic ( ,*ri/ians4  ,! unlimit$ nature (
 salvation 9 ?is s5se1 leads u on to    
ano!r great doctr9e ( ! ,gospel2 viz4   

,,iii4 ,a ,future ,/ate4  ,?is tru?1 !  
mo/ important to human improvem5t1 ! mo/
 int]e/+ to human affections1 0 s fully 
br\ght to light by ! ,gospel1 t         
,*ri/ians h diff]$ respect+ x no fur!r  
?an z to ! "t & mode 9 :i* future       
retribution w take place4 ,t ,jesus di$ 
on ! cross1 0 inclos$ 9 ! sepul*re1 & 0 
l$ =? !nce by ! manife/ p[] ( ,god1 are 
facts too well au!nticat$ to be que/ion$
 to any purpose by ! mo/ h>dy sceptic2 &
 on !m securely re/s ! sublime belief   
:i*1 f ! mid/ ( obscurity1 _h already   
*e]$ ! b]eav$1 animat$ ! m>tyr1 & exalt$
 ! hopes & fe>s ( ! great body ( !      
,hebrew nation4 ,!y _h be5 l$1 l _m ( ! 
,g5tiles1 by ! m\rnful que/ion+s ( _!   
affections1 to inquire conc]n+ a future 
/ate1 & at l5g? to believe 9 x2 b _!    
indi/9ct belief 0 widely diff]5t 9      
nature & f> inf]ior 9 p[] to ! firm &   
cle> fai? ) :i* ! resurrection ( ,*ri/  
au?oriz$ !m to look =w>d4 ,_! =m] belief
 0 /rong en\gh to reconcile !m to dea?2 
& p]haps !y _h suffici5tly cle>         

convictions t ! future life w\ld be a   
sc5e ( retribution1 to gov]n _! own     
conduct by "s reg>d to x2 b ! evid5ce 0 
n su* z to au?orize _! press+ on ! m9ds 
( o!rs ! motives :i* ! doctr9e n[ af=ds4
 ,)\t ! evid5ce ( ! facts ( ,*ri/'s     
resurrection1 ,paul c\ld n h made ,felix
 tremble at ! prospect ( judgem5t to    
come2 or h en=c$ ! duties ( ma/]s to _! 
s]vants by consid]ations ( _!           
acc\ntability to a ma/] 9 heav52 or h   
felt h[ f> bett] x 0 to dep>t & be )    
,*ri/ ?an to pursue 8 e>?ly labors4 ,)\t
 ?is evid5ce1 ,/eph5 c\ld n h met 8 fate
 z if he _h be5 welcom+ ! h\r ( re/ f   
:i* ! beams ( a new day %\ld awak5 him4 
,)\t ?is evid5ce1 no "o ( ! ,apo/les    
c\ld h pass$ ?r\gh 8 labors & suff]+s ) 
zeal1 pati5ce1 & *e]fulness2 = we h _!  
own te/imony1 t if 9 ?is life only !y _h
 _h hope 9 ,*ri/1 !y w\ld h be5 ( all m5
 ! mo/ mis]able4 ,)\t ?is evid5ce1 n    
only w\ld ! hopes ( millions :o h s9ce  
liv$ h vacillat$1 ! peace ( millions h  
be5 at ! m]cy ( sickness & dea?1 & _!   

spiritual /r5g? 9 p]petual p]il f       
temptation1 b ! /ate ( morals ?r\gh !   
:ole civiliz$ _w1 imp]fect z x yet is1  
w\ld h be5 f> inf]ior to :at we see x1 &
 c\ld nev] atta9 ! purity :i* we        
confid5tly anticipate 9 "s future age4  
,)\t ?is evid5ce1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld be   
almo/ no?+2 = ! doctr9e ( future        
retribution is n only its mo/ important 
revelation1 b x is s intimately connect$
 ) e o!r1 z a sanction1 t ! ,*ur* might 
z well be suppos$ complete )\t its *ief 
corn]-/one1 z ,*ri/ianity to be         
efficaci\s if depriv$ ( ?is la/ gr&     
tru?4 ,?is evid5ce we h1 h[ev]2 &       
possess+ x1 x is ( comp>atively little  
importance h[ widely m5 diff] 9 _!      
speculations z to ! "t & mode 9 :i* !   
future life %all succe$ to ! pres5t1 & z
 to ! nature ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* 
%all foll[ _! probation4 ,! belief 9 a  
c]ta9 & righte\s retribution is all t is
 en=c$ ^u u by ,*ri/ianity1 all t is a  
necess>y consequ5ce ( our fai? 9 !      
resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,yet1 z a t5d5cy  

to unau?oriz$ speculation1 & also a     
misappreh5sion ( "s ,scriptural         
expressions1 appe> to u to h caus$ a v  
ext5sive =getfulness t retribution is n 
only c]ta91 b w be righte\s1 we mu/ ent]
 on "s explanation ( our views respect+ 
! ext5t ( puni%m5t ( :i* ! life to come 
is to be ! sc5e4  ,we say respect+ !    
ext5t only1 because ! nature ( !        
puni%m5t is a subject ( f> inf]ior      
importance1 & "o on :i* we possess s    
little light t x may fairly be left to !
 imag9ation ( ea* individual to conceive
 = himself4 ,"s p]sons1 p]haps ! great  
majority ( e d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians1    
believe t ! pa9s ( actual burn+ w be    
inflict$ on a corporeal frame1          
susceptible ( suff]+ 9 ! same way z !   
body :i* we at pres5t inhabit1 b r5d]$  
inde/ructible4 ,o!rs conceive t !       
,scripture language :i* describes !     
wick$ z torm5t$ by fire is metaphorical1
 & t x cle>ly ref]s1 by way ( allusion1 
to ! valley ( ,h9nom1 :]e corrupt       
sub/ances 7 dev\r$ by worms1 & :]e human

 sacrifices 7 (f]$ by fire to ,molo*4   
,su* imag9e t ! future suff]+s ( ! wick$
 w be purely m5tal1 b n !re=e ! less    
sev]e & awful4 ,if x _h be5 necess>y to 
=m cle> conceptions on ?is subject1 a   
full] light w\ld h be5 ca/ ^u x2 & z t  
full] light is n grant$1 we may fairly  
suppose t we _c at pres5t und]/& ! exact
 nature ( ! evil ( :i* we are           
emphatically call$ on to bew>e4 ,b ( !  
duration ( ! evil1 we believe ourselves 
s f> qualifi$ to judge1 z to anticipate 
t x w n be et]nal4  ,our reasons = ?us  
det]m9+ are v>i\s4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/      
place1 utt]ly inconceivable t ,god %\ld 
appo9t to any individual ( 8 creatures a
 lot 9 :i* mis]y pr$om9ates ov]         
happ9ess4 ,our belief 9 ! ,div9e        
presci5ce requires t we suppose ! fate (
 e man to be orda9$ f ! beg9n+4 ,our    
fai? 9 ! ,div9e m]cy requires t we %\ld 
expect an ov]balance ( good 9 ! exi/5ce 
( e be+ ?us orda9$2 & t 9 no case c !   
puni%m5t be disproportionate to ! (f5ce4
 ,our fai? 9 ! ,div9e b5evol5ce inspires

 a conviction t all evil is to be made  
subsidi>y to good1 & t !re=e all        
puni%m5t mu/ be corrective1 all suff]+  
rem$ial4 ,?us f> ! light ( nature tea*es
 u to anticipate ! f9al re/itution (    
s9n]s4  ,x is confirm$ by               
revelation1--by e passage ( ! sacr$     
records :i* repres5ts ,god z a t5d]     
,fa!r to all ! human race1 z j & good1 z
 incapable ( be+ 'angry = ev]1' or (    
tak+ pleasure 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 & 
z *a/is+ 9 m]cy1 = corrective purposes4 
,x is confirm$ by e passage :i*         
describes ! good br\ght into ! _w by    
,*ri/ z ov]balanc+ ! evil produc$ by !  
introduction ( s9 & dea?4 ,x is confirm$
 by e passage :i* prophetically ann\nces
 ! triumph ( ! ,gospel ov] all adv]se   
p[]s1--dea?1 s91 & sorr[4 ,above all1 x 
is confirm$ by ! :ole t5or ( ! prea*+s &
 writ+s ( ! ,savi\r & 8 foll[]s1--by !  
_s ( b\ndless b5evol5ce1 ( joyful fai?1 
( exult+ hope1 :i* is e :]e bl5d$ ) _!  
emphatic w>n+s ( ! p]ils ( s91 & _!     
m\rnful regret = ! infatuation ( s9n]s4 

,x appe>s to u t aga9/ all ?is array (  
evid5ce on ! "o side1 little or none c  
be adduc$ on ! o!r4  ,t :i* is br\ght   
=w>d mo/ frequ5tly & ) ! mo/ %[ ( reason
 is ! expressions commonly translat$    
ev]la/+1 & :i* are appli$ bo? to !      
future happ9ess ( ! righte\s & mis]y ( !
 wick$4 ,^! t]ms 7:i* are mu* less      
frequ5tly appli$ to a future /ate ?an is
 commonly suppos$7 d n inv>iably signify
 'ev]la/+' & 'et]nal1' z is evid5t f _! 
be+ appli$ to v>i\s in/itutions & /ates 
:i* h already come to an end & pass$    
away3 z to ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 :i* is 
decl>$ to h be5 long s9ce annull$2 to ! 
prie/hood ( ,a>on1 ( :i* no ve/iges     
rema92 & to ! flames ( ,geh5na1 :i* h   
be5 qu5*$ = ages4 ,! /rictly correct    
r5d]+ ( ! t]ms 9 ^! cases is p]man5t1   
cont9ual1 la/+1 & n absolutely et]nal4  
,9 ord] to reconcile ! t]ms z usually   
r5d]$ ) ! attribute ( ,div9e ju/ice1 "s 
,*ri/ians h imag9$ t ! limit$ puni%m5t (
 ! wick$ w be foll[$ by imm$iate        
de/ruction2 b ?is supposition leaves !  

difficulty :]e x 0 be=e1 & is besides   
de/itute ( all support f reason or      
,scripture2 z x is incompatible ) ! "* (
 ! ,div9e disp5sations t puni%m5t %\ld  
be appo9t$ = any b corrective purposes1 
or t s9 & sorr[ %\ld triumph 9 !        
annihilation ( any individual ( ,god's  
creatures4  ,if we are ask$ :y !n we    
firmly believe 9 ! immortality ( !      
righte\s8 we reply1 t we f\nd our fai?  
on mu* bett] evid5ce ?an ! use ( ! t]ms 
we h n[ be5 consid]+4 ,we believe x1    
because ! happ9ess ( ! creature is !    
fulfilm5t ( ! ends ( creation &         
provid5ce2 because happ9ess is an et]nal
 pr9ciple1 :ile mis]y is only a tempor>y
 influ5ce2 & because x w\ld argue       
imp]fection 9 ! ,deity1 if he 7 ei!r    
unable or unwill+ to prolong a holy &   
blissful exi/5ce4  ,?is doctr9e1--( !   
limit$ & corrective nature ( future     
puni%m5t1--is (t5 lik5$ by ^? :o        
disbelieve & disapprove x1 to ! ,ca?olic
 doctr9e ( purgatory2 a lik5ess :i*     
,ca?olics & ,unit>ians are p]haps       

equally unwill+ to admit1 ?\gh ! latt] h
 little d\bt t ! belief 9 purgatory is a
 corruption ( ! g5u9e doctr9e z !y hold 
x n[4  ,x 0 ! op9ion ( _m ( ! ,fa!rs 9 v
 e>ly times1 t ! _w w\ld be de/roy$ by  
fire2 t ! good w\ld be purifi$ by !     
process1 & ! wick$ consum$4 ,x is cle> t
 !y d]iv$ a "p ( ?is belief f "s o!r    
s\rce ?an ! ,scriptures2 b x is equally 
cle> t !y _h no notion ( an et]nity (   
torm5t4 ,orig51 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 8   
ma/]1 ) ,gregory ,nazianz51 & o!rs ( !  
,fa!rs1 held t ! wick$ w\ld survive ?is 
puni%m5t1 & come out purifi$ & fit = a  
blissful /ate4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e (    
purgatory probably arose out ( "s ( ^!  
op9ions1 ?\gh x embraces mu* :i* does n 
appe> to h ent]$ into ! imag9ations ( ! 
,fa!rs4 ,its sub/ance1 z decl>$ 9 !     
c\ncils ( ,flor5ce & ,tr5t1 is t e man  
is liable bo? to temporal & et]nal      
puni%m5t = 8 s9s2 t ! et]nal puni%m5t   
may be escap$ by fai? 9 ! atonem5t (    
,*ri/2 b t ! temporal mu/ be borne by ! 
individual 9 ?is _w or at 8 entrance on 

! next2 t ! suff]+s ( ^? :o und]go      
purgation may be reliev$ by ! pray]s &  
suffrages ( _! e>?ly bre?r51 ?\gh 9 :at 
mann] ?is relief is wr\ght1 :e!r by a   
process ( satisfaction1 or (            
int]cession1 or ( any o!r me?od1 x is n 
ess5tial to true fai? to be c]tifi$4    
,nei!r is x necess>y to "k :]e ! place (
 purgation is2 ( :at nature its pa9s    
are1 & h[ long suff]]s may be deta9$    
!re4 ,! belief 9 purgatory 01 = "s ages1
 held by all ,*ri/ians1 except ! anci5t 
,wald5ses1 :o left ! ,*ur* ( ,rome be=e 
! doctr9e 0 e/abli%$ !re1 & :o nev]     
admitt$ x4 ,soon aft] ! ,re=mation1 x 0 
ab&on$ by all :o left ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 s
 t x has s9ce be5 peculi> to t *ur*4    
,our reasons = reject+ x are1 t we f9d  
no trace ( x 9 ,scripture1 & t1 z we    
decl>$ be=e1 we d n admit ecclesia/ical 
traditions z matt]s ( fai?4 ,we also    
reject ! notion t any "p ( ! puni%m5t ( 
s9 c be escap$ ?r\gh ! sacrifices1 or   
m$iation1 or int]cession ( any be+      
:omsoev]4 ,we h be5 frequ5tly accus$ (  

impair+ a div9ely appo9t$ sanction by   
ass]t+ ! limit$ ext5t ( future puni%m5t2
 b we ?9k t ! sanction is1 9 reality1   
aboli%$ by ! admission t ! ,div9e       
decrees may be set aside by human acts1 
& t ! relations ( good & evil1 virtue & 
vice1 :i* are decl>$ to be immutable1   
may be *ang$ at ! pleasure ( mortal     
ag5ts4 ,we believe ! puni%m5t ( s9 to be
 ( limit$ duration2 b z c]ta9 z !       
exi/5ce ( ! moral ag5t1 & z little      
capable ( remission ?r\gh ! w ( any     
creat$ be+ z ! law :i* regulates ! rise 
& fall ( ! tides1 ! *anges ( ! moon1 & !
 revolutions ( ! planets4 ,we hold x to 
be awful1 n only f its c]ta9ty1 b f its 
conceal$ nature4 ,x w d\btless transc5d 
all t ! exp]i5ce ( e>? c sugge/ to !    
imag9ation4 ,c x be said t we impair ?is
 sanction :5 we hold t ! suff]+         
consequ5t on guilt is absolutely c]ta91 
la/+ 9 its duration1 & inconceivably    
dreadful 9 its nature8 ,:at appreh5sions
 c\ld be fitt$ to excite great] dread8  
,= ! purpose ( expla9+ :y we believe t  

no "p ( ! consequ5ces ( guilt c be evad$
 ?r\gh ! sacrifices1 m$iation1 or       
int]cession ( any be+ :atsoev]1 x is    
necess>y to pass on to ! next division (
 our subject4 ,hav+ /at$ ! ?ree lead+   
doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,unity ( ,god1
 ! unlimit$ scope ( ! plan ( r$emption1 
& a future /ate1 we n[ proce$ briefly to
 exam9e ! pr9ciples ( morals propos$ by 
! ,gospel4  ,! fundam5tal tru?s (       
,morals are et]nal z ,he to :om !y      
prim>ily relate1 & immutable z !        
purposes :i* !y subs]ve4 ,b x is        
necess>y t !y %\ld be communicat$ to m5 
"u diff]5t =ms & accord+ to v>i\s       
me?ods1 z m9ds are prep>$ to receive !m3
 & _! application mu/ also be regulat$  
accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* m5 are  
plac$4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 propos$ to    
,adam 9 ,p>adise1 to ,abraham 9         
,be]%eba1 & to ,paul :5 he set 8 face   
/eadfa/ly to g to ,j]usalem1 kn[+ t     
bonds & afflictions await$ him !re4     
,ob$i5ce to ,god 0 ! motive propos$ =   
ab/a9+ f ! =bidd5 fruit1 = sacrific+ an 

only son1 & = fac+ suff]+ & dea?4 ,b an 
intimation :i* 0 all p[]ful ) ,abraham 0
 insuffici5t to secure a mu* less pa9ful
 ob$i5ce f ,adam2 & ! self-devotion (   
,paul 0 ennobl$ 9 all its manifold      
in/ances1 by its spr++1 n f s _m express
 directions1 b f a pr9ciple1 undeviat+ &
 p]petual 9 its op]ation4 ,9 ! infancy (
 ! race1 x w\ld h be5 utt]ly useless to 
reveal ! gr& pr9ciples ( morals 9 any   
o!r way ?an t :i* 0 adopt$1 viz4 by     
exhibit+ _! application 9 v>i\s         
in/ances4 ,! ,div9e w 0 !re=e made kn[n 
9 express directions1 probably v few 9  
numb] at fir/1 & gradually increas+ 9   
numb] & importance1 s z to enable       
obs]v]s1 f rem>k+ ! simil> t5d5cy (     
sev]al1 to inf] a g5]al pr9ciple f !m4  
,all ! records :i* we possess ( ! hi/ory
 ( ! race to ! call+ ( ! ,israelites out
 ( ,egypt1 prove ?is to h be5 ! me?od   
adopt$4 ,! comm&s ( ,god1 & ! promises &
 ?reats by :i* !y 7 sanction$1 bore an  
analogy1 9 _! gradual elevation1 to ^?  
by :i* we influ5ce an op5+ m9d 9 its    

progress f ! fir/ manife/ation (        
intellig5ce to ! age :5 ! p[] (         
consci5ce is recognizable4 ,9 ! ,mosaic 
sy/em1 a consid]able advance 0 made1 a  
direct appeal to consci5ce be+ in/itut$1
 & ! gradual revelation ( a moral       
gov]nm5t be+ provid$ =4 ,m5 7 !n taught1
 n :at we n[ "k1 t ! relation betwe5    
virtue & happ9ess1 vice & mis]y1 is     
immutable 7:i* !y c\ld n h und]/ood17 b 
t 9 _! p>ticul> case1 ob$i5ce to c]ta9  
laws w\ld secure prosp]ity1 & disob$i5ce
 adv]sity4 ,su* ob$i5ce1 ! mo/ virtu\s 7
 incit$ to r5d]1 f a fe> & love ( ,god2 
b !y c\ld n h r5d]$ x 9 any b specifi$  
cases1 because1 n yet be+ made acqua9t$ 
) ! pr9ciple z a pr9ciple1 !y c\ld n    
direct its application = !mselves4 ,!   
case 0 ! same ) ! o!r great pr9ciple1   
,b5evol5ce1 z ) ,piety2 &1 accord+ly1 ! 
body ( laws :i* 0 prep>$ = ! ,israelites
 0 volum9\s1 & _! sanctions 7 express$ 9
 a copi\s v>iety ( promises & ?reat5+s1 
& embodi$ 9 a bur!nsome ritual1 consi/+ 
*iefly ( p5al acts4 ,:5 ! nation _h ?us 

be5 ex]cis$ long en\gh to prep>e x =    
ent]+ on a new c\rse ( moral ag5cy 7z we
 prep>e a *ild = ! spontane\s ex]cise ( 
filial duty & frat]nal love by a        
discipl9e ( express comm&s & p>ticul>   
acts17 ,*ri/ianity 0 disp5s$1 & m5 7 at 
l5g? furni%$ ) ! pr9ciples !mselves1 )  
^: application !y 7 h5ce=? to be        
entru/$4  ,*ri/ianity 0 design$ to be   
p]man5t & univ]sal2 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh x 0  
fir/ communicat$ 9 ! =m be/ adapt$ to ^?
 :o 7 fir/ to receive x1 x conta9s )9   
itself t :i* %all fit x to be a         
revelation to ! m9d ( man 9 e /age4  ,x 
conta9s et]nal pr9ciples ( doctr9e &    
morals1 embodi$ 9 facts1 :i* are ! only 
immutable & univ]sal language4 ,! "* (  
,*ri/ af=ds a nev]-fail+ sugge/ion1 & a 
p]fect illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples (      
morals2 a sugge/ion :i* only ! mo/      
c>eless m9ds c fail to receive1 & an    
illu/ration by :i* only ! mo/ h>d5$ c   
fail to be impress$4 ,f him x 0 le>n$   
:at "p ( ! moral law ( ,moses 0 to be   
reta9$ & :at =gone2 h[ mu* 0 vital &    

p]man5t & h[ mu* ext]nal & tempor>y4 ,f 
him x 0 le>n$1 & %all be le>n$ to ! end 
( "t1 h[ ! sympa?y :i* caus$ te>s at !  
grave ( ,laz>us1 ! compassion :i*       
reliev$ ! wid[$ "m ( ,na91 ! t5d]ness   
:i* ye>n$ t[>ds ! rep5tant ,apo/le1 !   
diffusive love :i* embrac$ 9 its pray]  
all ( e age & nation :o ne$$ ! gospel ( 
grace1 comb9$ to en=ce & adorn !        
pr9ciple ( ,b5evol5ce4 ,8 p>ables are   
eloqu5t 9 _! praise ( b5evol5ce2 8      
entreaties to mutual love are urg5t1 & 8
 comm&s decisive2 b ! eloqu5ce ( 8      
example is by f> m urg5t & irresi/ible4 
,f him x 01 & ev] %all be1 le>n$ t !    
rule ( life is to be f\nd 9 ! w ( ,god4 
,f 8 devotion to ! "w :i* ,god _h giv5  
him to d1 f 8 p]petual ref]5ce ( all ?+s
 to ! ,div9e w1 f 8 unhesitat+          
submission to suff]+ & dea?1 f 8 supreme
 delight 9 devotional communion1 we le>n
 h[ ,piety is ! pre-em95t pr9ciple (    
feel+ & action :i* m5 are requir$ to    
adopt4 ,! p>ables :i* inculcate ready   
filial ob$i5ce & sorr[ = disob$i5ce1 !  

decl>ations t x 0 8 meat & dr9k to d ! w
 ( ,god1 & t he 0 n alone because !     
,fa!r 0 ) him1 are p[]ful en=cem5ts ( ! 
pr9ciple2 b n s p[]ful z ! acts (       
ob$i5ce & resignation 9 :i* its p[] %one
 =?4 ,! :ole s*eme ( morals is          
compreh5d$ 9 ! precepts1 ',?\ %alt love 
! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & s\l1 &   
m9d1 & /r5g?1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself2' b
 ! conc5tration ( tru? & beauty is less 
respl5dant1 less engag+1 less univ]sally
 cle> & int]e/+1 ?an 9 ! "* ( him :o    
d$uc$ ^! two pr9ciples f all ! law & !  
prophets4  ,) ^! two pr9ciples1 & all ! 
subord9ate ones :i* are d]iv$ f !m1 are 
connect$ sanctions f above1 :i* atte/ _!
 orig9 & secure _! adoption4 ,by an     
irrev]sible decree ( ,him :o f\nd$      
nature & v\*saf$ a revelation1 c]ta9    
/ates ( enjoym5t & suff]+ are connect$ )
 ! practical adoption or rejection ( !  
pr9ciples ( duty1 n by way ( arbitr>y   
appo9tm5t1 b ( natural consequ5ce4 ,!   
relations ( hol9ess & happ9ess1 ( guilt 
& mis]y1 are unalt]able2 %[n to be s by 

! tea*+s ( nature & exp]i5ce1 by !      
explicit decl>ations ( ,scripture1 & by 
e species ( evid5ce :i* ! m9d ( man is  
capable ( receiv+4  ,?\gh ! *ief object 
( ! ,*ri/ian revelation 0 to make ?is   
relation m evid5t ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e1
 _m :o receiv$ ! ,gospel imag9e t x     
discov]s to !m a means by :i* ! relation
 may be susp5d$ or de/roy$4 ,?is        
misappreh5sion we hold to be m fatal 9  
its moral consequ5ces ?an any o!r :i*   
human prejudice has orig9at$4 ,by :at   
appe>s to u a /range p]v]sion (         
,scripture language1 & by ! gradual     
increase ( "s subord9ate errors1 x began
 to be imag9$1 "s c5turies ago1 t1 ?\gh 
mis]y is necess>ily connect$ ) guilt1   
yet t ! guilt may be p]petrat$ by "o    
p]son1 & ! consequ5t mis]y endur$ by    
ano!r2 & ?is belief has subsi/$ 9 almo/ 
e ,*ri/ian *ur* till ?is day4 ,x is well
 t x has be5 conf9$ to ! *ur*es1 & t its
 application has be5 limit$1 by all b   
,ca?olics1 to "o v peculi> case2 = if x 
_h become ! common doctr9e ( our s*ools1

 & colleges1 & homes1 if x _h be5 en=c$ 
by p>5ts & moral philosoph]s & pr(essors
 z a g5]al tru?1 z x is by div9es )     
ref]5ce to a p>ticul> case1 ! v         
f\ndations ( virtue w\ld h be5 ov]?r[n1 
& ! =ce ( its sanctions n only wa/$ b   
fatally p]v]t$4  ,happily ! acc5ts (    
reason & religion h be5 too di/9ct &    
h>moni\s to be ov]p[]$ by ! dictates (  
error1 or v ext5sively neglect$4        
,not)/&+ all t religi\s tea*]s h        
errone\sly inculcat$ ( ! possible &     
actual sep>ation ( guilt & its puni%m5t 
on ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s suff]+1         
education has /ill proce$$1 & moral     
discipl9e be5 en=c$ z if no su* false   
pr9ciple _h ev] be5 advocat$4 ,*ildr5   
are sway$ by hope & fe> ( ! consequ5ces 
( _! actions to !mselves2 &             
self-gov]nm5t is en=c$ at a rip] age by 
! same motives1 ?\gh enl>g$ & elevat$4  
,9 religion alone has an error1 z absurd
 9 its nature z injuri\s 9 its t5d5cies1
 be5 reta9$ ?us long by ! =ce (         
prejudice2 & t x has n spread fur!r we  

hold to be ow+ to its manife/ folly & to
 its evid5tly noxi\s influ5ce :5 appli$ 
to any case b t to :i* x is appropriat$4
 ,!re c be no sur] pro( t ! pr9ciple    
itself is false4  ,x is difficult to "k 
:]e to beg9 9 disprov+ a doctr9e :i* is 
repugnant to e o!r doctr9e1 inconsi/5t )
 e receiv$ tru?1 & incompatible ) e     
admitt$ div9e & human relation1 ) e kn[n
 attribute ( m9d1 div9e or human4 ,x w  
be suffici5t to /ate "o reason = utt]ly 
reject+ z we d ! doctr9e ( vic>i\s      
suff]+2 t reason be+ sugge/$ & confirm$ 
bo? by our own und]/&+s & by ,scripture4
  ,x is cle> t no man c s9 = ano!r4 ,he 
may s9 at ! in/igation ( ano!r1 or = !  
suppos$ b5efit ( ano!r2 b 9 ! fir/ case1
 ! s9 rema9s ) bo?1 & 9 ! la/1 ) !      
p]petrator only4 ,moral disease ?us be>s
 an exact analogy to natural disease4   
,natural disease may be communicat$1 or 
ev5 incurr$ = ! b5efit ( ano!r1 b x _c  
be s transf]r$ z to be annihilat$ )     
respect to ! p]son :o 0 fir/ subject to 
x4 ,! case is precisely ! same ) ! pa9  

:i* is ! insep>able consequ5ce ( s94 ,if
 endur$ by any b ! s9n]1 x is actually &
 completely disconnect$ ) ! s94 ,x is no
 long] a puni%m5t1 b a gratuit\s        
infliction4 ,?is is s evid5t t1 if      
propos$ 9 any c\rt ( ju/ice b t f :i*   
our pure/ conceptions ( ju/ice are      
d]iv$1 ! reason & consci5ce ( e man w\ld
 exclaim aga9/ ! mon/r\s notion ( a     
sub/itution ( puni%m5t4 ,if a man _h    
transgress$ ! laws ( 8 c\ntry by !ft1   
w\ld he n be ! mo/ unju/ judge ^u e>? :o
 w\ld s5t5ce 8 eld] bro!r1 kn[n to be   
innoc5t & virtu\s1 to imprisonm5t or    
dea? = ! (f5ce8  ,w\ld ! case be alt]$1 
except 9 ! way ( aggravation1 if !      
s5t5ce 7 inflict$ at ! desire ( !       
innoc5t man8 ,w\ld any purpose ( ju/ice 
be answ]$ by su* a process8 ,w\ld n e   
pr9ciple ( equity--to say no?+ (        
b5evol5ce--be violat$8 ,w\ld n ! suff]] 
be z fooli% & bl9d 9 8 submission z !   
judge arbitr>y 9 ! infliction8 ,is x n  
utt]ly impossible t a transaction1      
p]fectly analog\s 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh      

inf9itely m mom5t\s 9 its influ5ces1    
%\ld take place betwe5 ! j ,judge1 !    
t5d] ,fa!r ( m51 a creature made        
fallible by ,him1 & ,8 holy & belov$    
,son8  ,b we are told x is n = u to     
argue ?us on ! "r & wrong ( a           
transaction :i* has tak5 place1 & is    
cont9ually tak+ place1 by ,div9e        
appo9tm5t4 ,x is en\gh t ,god has       
appo9t$ ?is me?od ( salvation4  ,!      
lawfulness ( exam9+ ! ,div9e decrees )  
int5t to und]/& !m1 w be discuss$       
h]eaft]4 ,our bus9ess n[ is to decl>e :y
 we d n believe ?is to be ! appo9t$     
me?od ( salvation1 set =? 9 ! sacr$     
records4 ,rep5tance 7includ+ n m]ely    
%ame & sorr[ = s91 b newness ( life7    
appe>s to u to /& =? on ! face ( ! sacr$
 records z ! gr&1 ! sole1 condition (   
=giv5ess ( s9s4 ,! fai? 9 ,*ri/1 :i* is 
s /r5u\sly insi/$ on z a requisite1 is  
valuable z induc+ sorr[ = s9 & purity ( 
life4 ,our obligations to ,*ri/1 :i* are
 s vividly describ$1 are due to him = ! 
b5efits he has be/[$ on u ?r\gh 8       

,gospel1 & n = any subsequ5t arbitr>y   
gift1 :i* we feel x impossible = him to 
h (f]$1 = u to avail ourselves (1 & =   
,god to accept4 ,our obligations to him 
are b\ndless & et]nal2--= hav+ devot$ & 
sacrific$ 8 life to furni% u ) !        
conditions ( salvation1--to tea* u      
rep5tance1 & incite u to hol9ess4 ,he 0 
truly a sacrifice = m52 he suff]$ & di$ 
because !y 7 s9n]s1 & 9 ord] to br+ !m  
salvation4 ,?is ! ,scripture tea*es1 &  
?is we readily admit2 f9d+1 h[ev]1 no   
intimation t any s9 has ev] be5 =giv5 on
 any o!r condition ?an t ( rep5tance2 t 
rep5tance has ev] fail$ to procure      
=giv5ess2 t any be+ :atev] has at any "t
 ex]cis$ or possess$ ! p[] ( sep>at+ s9 
& suff]+ by tak+ ei!r ^u himself1 or (  
transf]r+ bo? f ! consci\sness ( ano!r  
to 8 own2 t if ! endurance ( suff]+ by  
sub/itution 7 possible1 x c\ld n be     
righte\s2 or t if x 7 n unrighte\s1 x   
c\ld be available to any b5efic5t       
purpose4 ,f9d+ none ( ^! suppositions1 b
 all _! opposites 9 ! _s & detail ( !   

sacr$ records1 we absolutely reject !   
popul> doctr9e ( ! atonem5t by ,*ri/1   
:ile we reg>d 8 sacrifices = u )        
rev]5tial gratitude1 & our obligations  
to him ) awe & rejoic+4  ,! m att5tively
 we pond] 8 in/ructions & ! m amply we  
e/imate ! b5efits he br\ght u1 ! m      
consci\s d we become ( ! impiety (      
)hold+ f ! ,supreme ,au?or ( our        
salvation ! gratitude & praise :i* are  
due to 8 free1 unpur*as$ grace4 ,x is   
giv5 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 b x orig9ates 9 ,god4 
,x comes ?r\gh a m$iator2 b t m$iator 0 
appo9t$1 in=m$1 guid$ by ,god4 ,to him  
,*ri/ ascrib$1 n only ! acceptance ( 8  
sacrifice & m$iation2 b ! design 9 :i* x
 orig9at$1 ! means by :i* x 0 wr\ght1 & 
! end :i* x %\ld ultimately accompli%2 &
 ! m we contemplate ! design1 become    
acqua9t$ ) ! means1 & joyfully          
anticipate ! end1 ! m eag]ly d we jo9 ) 
,*ri/ 9 ascrib+ to ,jehovah ! glory & ! 
praise4  ,we w n[ expla9 our mean+ 9    
say+ t ! ,ca?olics alone1 ( all         
,*ri/ians :o h admitt$ ! doctr9e (      

satisfaction = s91 h n re/rict$ its     
application to "o v peculi> case4 ,!y h 
be5 p]fectly consi/5t 9 n s re/rict+ x2 
& !y w\ld h be5 m ext5sively consi/5t if
 !y _h gone z mu* beyond ! po9t !y h    
rea*$1 z !y h beyond ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & 
! disciples ( ,calv94 ,if ! pr9ciple be 
s\nd1 x w be> a b\ndless application2 if
 x be uns\nd1 x c be no "p ( revelation1
 & %\ld be in/antly rel9qui%$4 ,if      
atonem5t = s9 by a transf]r5ce (        
puni%m5t be possible 9 any case1 x _c be
 pron\nc$ impossible 9 any simil> case4 
,if spiritual guilt c be aton$ = by     
ritual sacrifices1 9 any in/ance1 no "o 
kn[s t x may n 9 any o!r in/ance4 ,!re=e
 if ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& holds t ! ,jewi%   
sacrifices 7 9 /rict analogy ) t (      
,*ri/1 !y _c reasonably condemn ! (f]+ (
 ! mass1 & pi\s gifts (f]$ by ! innoc5t 
on behalf ( ! s9n]4 ,nei!r c !          
,calv9i/s1 :o reg>d ! ,mosaic (f]+s z   
atonem5ts = spiritual s91 consi/5tly    
object to ! practice ( p5ance1 or !     
pr9ciple ( grant+ indulg5ces4 ,x appe>s 

to u t !re is no t5able gr\nd betwe5 !  
ultimate ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple & its    
absolute rejection1--betwe5 dissolv+ to 
ea* individual ! connection betwe5 guilt
 & puni%m5t1 & ass]t+ t connection to be
 absolutely indissoluble3 !reby ma9ta9+ 
! g5u9e ,scripture doctr9e t rep5tance  
alone c obta9 remission ( s9s4  ,!      
lawfulness ( ! practice ( p5ance & !    
enjoym5t ( indulg5ces is1 we p]ceive1   
def5d$ by ,ca?olics z be+ e/abli%$ on ! 
same gr\nd z ! ,jewi% sacrifices4 ,!y   
expressly /ate t ! et]nal pa9 due to    
guilt _c be remov$ by indulg5ces1 or    
av]t$ by p5ance1 b only ! temporal pa9  
ov] :i* ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has no p[] (     
remission4 ,?is be>s a /rong analogy to 
! case ( ! ,mosaic sacrifices1 :i* 7    
c]emonial atonem5ts = brea*es ( !       
c]emonial law1 & 7 n ( !mselves1 z is   
univ]sally all[$1 int5d$ to av]t !      
p5alties ( spiritual guilt4 ,b ?is      
analogy yields no c\nt5ance to !        
,ca?olic practices we are consid]+1     
unless x c be prov$ t two di/9ct species

 ( puni%m5t 7 div9ely orda9$1 & two     
di/9ct me?ods ( atonem5t prescrib$4 ,&  
ev5 if ?is 7 prov$1 ! case w\ld n be    
complete3 = ?\gh we %\ld suppose two    
k9ds ( puni%m5t1 & two me?ods (         
reconciliation appo9t$1 x is fur!r      
necess>y t ! (f5d] %\ld be liable to two
 di/9ct species ( (f5ce2 a position 9   
:i* none b an anci5t ,jew 0 ev] plac$4  
,! ,div9e sanctions 7 altoge!r s diff]5t
 "u ! ,jewi% f :at !y are decl>$ to be  
"u ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 t no analogy 
:i* c be in/itut$ betwe5 !m w hold ) any
 complet5ess4 ,a future /ate (          
retribution =m$ no "p ( ! revelation    
made to ! ,jews4 ,to !m1 ! ultimate     
puni%m5t :i* !y c\ld anticipate 0       
national adv]sity1 :i* 0 ! infallible   
consequ5ce ( moral guilt 7unless av]t$  
by rep5tance71 z ritual p5alties 7 !    
necess>y atonem5t = brea*es ( ! ext]nal 
law4 ,( ,*ri/ians1 a high] ob$i5ce is   
requir$1--a m spiritual devotion to ! w 
( ,god2 & ?is high] ob$i5ce is en=c$ by 
m elevat$ sanctions4 ,*ri/ians are free 

f ! ,div9e imposition ( ext]nal         
obs]vances1 & !re=e f all div9ely       
appo9t$ ext]nal p5alties4 ,!y are to    
wor%ip 9 _s & 9 tru?2 to yield ! ob$i5ce
 ( ! he>t2 & all _! outw>d manife/ations
 ( devotion are ( human                 
appo9tm5t2--salut>y1 no d\bt1 & ev5     
necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( piety1 b /ill 
optional1 possess+ only a d]iv$ value1 &
 9 _! v nature incapable ( be+ made     
atonem5t = s94 ,spiritual atonem5t1 i4  
e4 rep5tance1 is ! only atonem5t :i* !  
,gospel prescribes or supposes possible 
= spiritual guilt4 ,rep>ation inde$ is  
to be made by ! guilty to ! injur$      
p]son1 :5 ! case admits ( x2 b ?is      
rep>ation does n con/itute ! atonem5t1  
nor does x p>take ( ! nature ( p5ance4  
,x is only an ext]nal atonem5t = an     
ext]nal injury1 & is an evid5ce t !     
spiritual atonem5t1--rep5tance1 has be5 
already made4 ,x be>s a relation to t   
class ( (f5ces only :i* imm$iately      
respects our fell[-m51 & is             
impracticable 9 cases :]e ! (f5ce is    

aga9/ ,god & ourselves4 ,9 su* cases1   
ext]nal p5ance be>s no o!r relation to !
 (f5ce ?an su* z ! weak w ( man has     
orig9at$2--a relation arbitr>y1         
unsanction$ by ,god1 & !re=e p]il\s to  
man4  ,?is relation1 be+ ?us arbitr>y1  
fails ( ! object = :i* x 0 e/abli%$4 ,_!
 belief 9 ! efficacy ( p5ance is ?us    
/at$ by ,ca?olics4 7,we copy f !        
univ]sally accr$it$ "w1 entitl$ ',roman 
,ca?olic ,pr9ciples 9 ref]5ce to ,god & 
! ,k+1' fir/ publi%$ 9 #afhj1 & ev] s9ce
 ackn[l$g$ z a fai?ful exposition47     
',?\gh no creature :atsoev] c make      
condign satisfaction1 ei!r = ! guilt (  
s91 or ! pa9 et]nal due to x1 ?is       
satisfaction be+ prop] to ,*ri/ our     
,savi\r only1 yet p5it5t s9n]s1 r$eem$  
by ,*ri/1 may1 z memb]s ( ,*ri/1 9 "s   
measure satisfy by pray]1 fa/+1         
alms-de$s1 & o!r works ( piety1 = !     
temporal pa9 :i*1 9 ! ord] ( ,div9e     
ju/ice sometimes rema9s due1 aft] !     
guilt ( s9 & pa9s et]nal h be5 remitt$4 
,su* p5it5tial works are1 not)/&+1 no   

o!rwise satisfactory ?an z jo9$ & appli$
 to t satisfaction :i* ,jesus made ^u ! 
cross1 9 virtue ( :i* alone all our good
 works f9d a grateful acceptance 9 !    
sight ( ,god4'  ,z we h already /at$ our
 op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! sacrifice 
( ,*ri/1 we h only to inquire1 9 our    
exam9ation ( ?is passage1 into ! mean+ (
 ! words temporal pa94 ,if !y be int5d$ 
to signify ! natural evil consequ5ces ( 
s9 9 ?is _w1 x is cle> t no p5ance (    
human in/itution c av]t !m2 s9ce ! v    
efficacy ( ?is p5ance w\ld prove ^!     
consequ5ces n to be natural b arbitr>y4 
,a man :o has defraud$ 8 neighbor _c    
pres]ve or recov] 8 "* = hone/y1 or     
secure ! confid5ce ( ^? ar\nd him 'by   
pray]1 fa/+1 alms-de$s1 or o!r works (  
piety4' ,! means are n adapt$ to ! end4 
,! me?od he mu/ pursue1 & ! only "o :i* 
c be us$ ) effect1 is to re/ore t :i* he
 _h unju/ly obta9$1 & to p]sev]e 9 a    
c\rse ( integrity till ! rectitude ( 8  
motives becomes unque/ionable4 ,if 9 !  
mean:ile he employs pray]1 fa/+1 &      

alms-de$s z means ( r\s+ 8 highe/       
affections & confirm+ 8 virtu\s         
resolutions1 he may f9d !m s f>         
efficaci\s2 b ! removal ( ! temporal    
pa91 ! /a9 ^u 8 reputation1 is n        
ascribable to !m1 b is ! consequ5ce ( 8 
well atte/$ rep5tance4  ,b x appe>s     
d\btful :e!r we h rightly int]pret$ !   
words temporal pa92 s9ce ! be+ obnoxi\s 
to ?is pa9 is "o ( ! qualifications = ! 
discipl9e ( purgatory4 ,we wi% t an     
exact acc\nt c\ld be obta9$ ( its real  
nature3 ?\gh1 be x :at x may1 x is cle> 
to u t no natural p5alty c be av]t$ by s
 arbitr>y an in/itution z t ( p5ance4 ,!
 clause on indulg5ces is z foll[s4 ,we  
quote ! doctr9al "p ( x1 t we may avoid 
! dang]1 ( :i* x w>ns u1 ( *>g+ on !    
,*ur* su* abuses or mi/akes z h be5     
sometimes committ$ 9 po9t ( grant+ &    
ga9+ indulg5ces1 ?r\gh ! remissness or  
ignorance ( individuals4  ',! guilt (   
s91 or pa9 et]nal due to x1 is nev]     
remitt$ by :at ,ca?olics call           
indulg5ces2 b only su* temporal         

puni%m5ts z rema9 due aft] ! guilt is   
remitt$3 ^! indulg5ces be+ no?+ else ?an
 a mitigation or relaxation1 ^u j       
causes1 ( canonical p5ances1 enjo9$ by !
 pa/ors ( ! ,*ur* on p5it5t s9n]s1      
accord+ to _! sev]al degrees ( dem]it4' 
,our conviction ( ! absolute inefficacy 
( canonical p5ances to obta9 ! end = :i*
 !y are practis$ hav+ be5 /at$1 we      
proce$ to consid] ! legitimacy ( ! p[]  
by :i* su* acts are impos$1 & a         
remission f !m grant$4 ,we %all gr\nd   
our argum5ts on "s ( ! subord9ate       
pr9ciples1 :i* are cle>ly d$ucible f !  
prim>y pr9ciples ( doctr9e & morals :i* 
we h already /at$ & arrang$4  ,"o ( ^!  
pr9ciples1 ^: claim to admission is     
seldom unequivocally d5i$ 9 !ory1 ?\gh  
too (t5 practically disall[$1 is        
,*ri/ian ,lib]ty1--! indefeasible "r ( e
 man to fre$om f all human control 9    
spiritual conc]ns4 ,?is compreh5ds ! "r 
( entire privacy ( consci5ce1 (         
exemption f all inquiry & int]f]5ce 9   
spiritual matt]s1 ( exam9+1 int]pret+1  

comp>+ & und]/&+ ! sacr$ records "u a   
responsibility to none b ,god2 & ( =m+1 
*ang+1 & ann\nc+ op9ions )\t h9d]ance or
 mole/ation4 ,we are aw>e t ?is pr9ciple
 is seldom c>ri$ out to its utmo/ l5g?1 
ev5 9 speculation2 & z seldom is x      
absolutely reject$4 ,b1 z we h said )   
respect to ano!r pr9ciple1 & z we w\ld  
say ( all1 let x be put to ! te/ (      
reason & exp]i5ce2 & if s\nd1 let x be  
fully admitt$ ) all its consequ5ces2 if 
uns\nd1 let x be disc>d$4 ,! process (  
atte/ation :i* we h in/itut$ obliges u  
to receive x unhesitat+ly1 & to act on x
 unres]v$ly4  ,! prim>y spiritual       
relation ( m5 is to ,god2 _! highe/     
subord9ate relation is to ea* o!r4 ,_!  
conduct 9 ! subord9ate relation is to be
 regulat$ by a reg>d to ! prim>y2 b !   
prim>y relation is n to be invad$ by any
 influ5ces f bel[4 ,! relations betwe5  
man & man are e/abli%$ by ,god & guid$  
by ,him to ! fulfilm5t ( purposes kn[n  
only to ,him1 except 9 s f> z x has     
pleas$ ,him to reveal !m4 ,! relation ( 

! m9d ( man to its ,mak] is1 on !       
contr>y1 s intimate z to admit ( no     
int]v5tion2 & ( a nature :i* _c be      
affect$ by any influ5ce :atev]4 ,?is    
relation may be unp]ceiv$2 7?\gh !re is 
p]haps no in/ance on record ( its be+ s7
 x may be he$lessly =gott52 x may be1 z 
alas6 x too (t5 is1 obscur$ by ! %ades (
 vice or ! influ5ces ( spiritual        
tyranny2 b x c nev] be usurp$ or *ang$2 
& ! "t mu/ come :5 ?is indissoluble     
relation %all be recogniz$ & claim$ z   
compreh5d+ all ! manifold privileges (  
exi/5ce4 ,! c\rse ( nature seems design$
 to lead m5 to its p]ception1 & ! gr&   
object ( revelation is to blazon x =?2  
:ile e intimation ( its nature describes
 x z sacr$ f all invasion4 ,e           
manife/ation ( ! ,div9e w mu/1 !re=e1 be
 made to ea* individual m9d z           
exclusively z if no o!r m9d exi/$4 ,!   
religion ( nature1 ?\gh adopt$ 9 v>i\s  
c\ntries1 & amid/ its diff]5t aspects   
among diff]5t nations1 embrac$ by       
myriads "u e =m1 is yet a bond betwe5   

,god & e individual man z complete z if 
t man alone _h be5 creat$4 ,9 l mann] ! 
,gospel is a cov5ant betwe5 ,god & !    
human race only z x is a cov5ant betwe5 
,god & e individual ( t race :o %all    
embrace x3 & !re c be two p>ties only to
 ! transaction1--he :o (f]s !           
conditions1 & he :o accepts or rejects  
!m4 ,to no "o has ! ,au?or ( ?is cov5ant
 deput$ ! p[] ( impos+ ! conditions1 or 
( judg+ h[ f> !y h be5 fulfill$1 or (   
pass+2 s5t5ce accord+ly4 ,to none c\ld  
he depute ?is p[] )\t mak+ him1 9 fact1 
! only p]son ) :om ! inf]ior p>ty has to
 d1 i4 e4 ! ,god ( ! inf]ior p>ty4 ,x   
may be object$ t we argue ^u a metaphor2
 b1 let ! ,gospel be reg>d$ "u e        
possible aspect1 ! same tru? w /ill be  
demon/rable1--t betwe5 ! ,creator & !   
creat$ no creat$ p[] c1 )\t ! ,div9e    
concurr5ce1 int]f]e2 & t 9 ! spiritual  
creation1 ! p[]s requisite = int]f]5ce  
be+ above ^? ( humanity1 su* concurr5ce 
nev] c h be51 & nev] c be grant$4  ,if !
 nature ( ,*ri/ian ob$i5ce _h be5       

diff]5t1--if x _h be5 ritual in/ead (   
spiritual1 x may be conceiv$ possible t 
,god might h committ$ to man ! p[] (    
judg+ & s5t5c+2 b ! ?+s ( ! he>t1 !     
desires1 ! /ruggles ) temptation1 !     
sil5t conflicts1 ! unapp>5t defeats &   
victories ( consci5ce1 are kn[n & c be  
kn[n by none b ,god4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium (   
confession alone c "o man ga9 any       
insight into ! spiritual /ate ( ano!r2 &
 no m$ium c be m deceptive4 ,x is p]haps
 impossible = ! mo/ consci5ti\s m9d to  
communicate to ! mo/ cong5ial fell[-m9d 
a fai?ful detail ( ! ?\ghts1 wi%es1     
hopes1 & fe>s ( any s+le h\r2 & if x 7  
possible1 ! fell[-m9d w\ld /ill be      
incapable ( =m+ an e/imate ( ! spiritual
 /ate1 or ( direct+ ! necess>y          
discipl9e2 because ! app>5t results (   
op]ations :i* he does n und]/& are all !
 mat]ials t he has to judge f2 :]eas !  
object ( discipl9e is to rectify !      
op]ations !mselves4 ,if a man confesses 
to 8 bosom fri5d t 8 devotional feel+s h
 be5 = "s "t pa/ s5sibly weak5+2 t he   

looks on ! beautiful _w ( nature )      
apa?y1 & ?9ks on ! p]petual pres5ce (   
,god )\t awe or delight2 t 8 _s is dead 
9 ! public (fices ( devotion1 & rov+ :5 
x ought to be fix$ 9 pray]2 8 fri5d may 
m\rn ) him ov] s pa9ful an exp]i5ce1 &  
sugge/1 m or less wisely1 me?ods ( ar\s+
 ! sleep+ faculties1 & k9dl+ anew !     
fail+ fires ( devotion4 ,b he does ?is z
 an advis]1 & n z a judge2 = ! p[] (    
judg+ is n giv5 to him4 ,he kn[s n :e!r 
! orig9 ( ! di/emp] be bodily or m5tal3 
he kn[s no?+ ( ! ?\s& influ5ces1 f )9 & 
f )\t1 :i* h ( late modifi$ ! delicate  
processes ( ! intellect & ! s\l4 ,he _c 
!re=e "k :at re/orative influ5ces are   
mo/ ne$$2 :e!r mute conv]se ) nature or 
busy int]c\rse ) m52 :e!r ! t]rify+ or !
 allur+ appeals ( ! ,gospel2 :e!r !     
awful claims ( ! ,div9e hol9ess1 or !   
mild p]suasions ( ! ,div9e compassion2  
:e!r any or all ( ^!1 or ( ! manifold   
influ5ces besides :i* are p]petually    
disp5s$ by ,him :o kn[e? our frame1 b h 
nev] be5 confid$ to ! empirical disposal

 ( man4  ,if1 z is evid5tly ! case1 all 
human judgm5t ( s9 & hol9ess is         
comp>ative in/ead ( positive1 & !re=e   
ev] *ang+ z ! means ( comp>ison become m
 ample & ! faculty /rong]1 x is         
manife/ly impossible = any "o m9d to =m 
an exact e/imate ( ! qualities ( ano!r  
by any b its own imp]fect & v>y+        
measure3 & s9ce to ,god alone are !     
pr9ciples ( morals pres5t 9 _! complete 
developm5t1 to ,him alone c _!          
infallible application belong4 ,! ag5cy 
( m5 on ea* o!r is appo9t$ accord+ly4   
,!y may confess _! s9s "o to ano!r = _! 
mutual relief & guidance2 b su*         
confession mu/ be /rictly volunt>y1 &   
c>efully disconnect$ ) all incl9ation   
t[>ds spiritual usurpation on ! "o h& & 
subs]vi5ce on ! o!r4  ,!re is no subject
 on :i* ! sacr$ writ]s are m explicit   
?an ?is1 & none on :i* _! practice      
exhibit$ a m eloqu5t comm5t>y4 ,he> :at 
! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles ass]ts 9 def5ce (
 ! spiritual lib]ty ( ! lea/ enlight5$  
memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :o 71 z he believ$1 9 

error respect+ "s modes ( practice :i* 7
 v important at t "t4 ',him t is weak 9 
! fai?1 receive ye2 b n = d\btful       
disput+s4 ,"o believe? t he may eat all 
?+s2 b ano!r :o is weak eate? h]bs only4
 ,let n him t eate? despise him t eate? 
n2 & let n him t eate? n judge him t    
eate?2 = ,god ha? receiv$ him4 ,:o art  
?\ t judge/ ! s]vant ( ano!r8 ,to 8 own 
ma/] he /&e? or falle?4 ,b he %all be   
e/abli%$1 = ,god is able to e/abli% him4
 ,x is writt51 ',z ,i live1 sai? ! ,"l1 
e knee %all b[ to me1 & e tongue %all   
confess to ,god4' ,s !n e "o ( u %all   
give acc\nt ( himself to ,god4 ,let u n 
!re=e judge "o ano!r any m4' 7,romans   
xiv47 ,?is 0 ! rule :i* ! ,apo/le obs]v$
 9 all 8 transactions ) ! infant *ur*es 
:i* ref]r$ _! spiritual conc]ns to him1 
z _! fa!r & gu>dian 9 ! fai?4 ,he d5\nc$
 guilt1 exp\nd$ ! fai?1 gu>d$ aga9/     
error1 & us$ e me?od ( argum5t1         
p]suasion1 & entreaty1 ) :i* 8 head &   
he>t c\ld furni% him to e/abli% !m 9    
righte\sness2 he set be=e !m e motive ( 

hope & fe>1 & fai?fully decl>$ ! :ole   
c\nsel ( ,god1 z b\nd by 8 (fice1 &     
privileg$ by 8 unequall$ qualifications2
 b he ?r\gh\t ab/a9$ f int]m$dl+ ) any  
man's consci5ce1 n only by direct       
int]f]5ce1 b by indirect influ5ce4 ,let 
u see h[ scrupul\s 0 8 reg>d to lib]ty (
 consci5ce4 ',i "k & am p]suad$ by ! ,"l
 ,jesus t !re is no?+ unclean ( itself3 
b to him t e/eeme? any?+ to be unclean1 
to him x is unclean4 ,all ?+s inde$ are 
pure2 b x is evil = t man :o eate? )    
(f5ce4 ,x is good nei!r to eat fle%1 nor
 to dr9k w9e1 nor any?+ by :i* ?y bro!r 
/umble?1 or is (f5d$1 or is made weak4  
,ha/ ?\ fai?8 ,h x to ?yself be=e ,god4'
 7,romans xiv47 ,a yet m em95t example  
is on record1 ^: conduct be>s a ref]5ce 
to a case ( /ill m awful responsibility 
?an t in/anc$ by ! ,apo/le4 ',if any man
 he> my words & believe n1 ,i judge him 
n3 = ,i came n to judge ! _w1 b to save 
! _w4 ,he t rejecte? me1 & receive? n my
 words1 ha? "o t judge? him3 ! ^w t ,i h
 spok51 ! same %all judge him 9 ! la/   

day4 ,= ,i h n spok5 ( myself2 b ! ,fa!r
 :o s5t me1 he gave me a comm&m5t :at ,i
 %\ld say & :at ,i %\ld speak4 7,john   
xii4 #dg-di47 ,h[1 9 ! face ( ^!        
decl>ations1 c m5 impea* ! fai? &       
pron\nce s5t5ce on ! practice ( _!      
bre?r51 assum+ _! own judgm5ts z ! /&>d 
( tru?1 & _! own conceptions z ! measure
 ( hol9ess8 ,h[1 9 ! face ( ^!          
decl>ations1 c m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel h ev] 
grasp$1 z a "r1 ! p[] :i* ,*ri/ himself 
disclaim$2 n leav+ judgm5t till ! la/   
day1 b deliv]+ ov] to reproa* & dea? ^? 
:o 7 'weak 9 ! fai?1' or p]plex$ )      
'd\btful disputations'8 ,h[1 9 ! face ( 
^! decl>ations1 c prie/s ( any *ur* h   
d5i$ t to 8 own ma/] e man /&s or falls1
 & h made close inquisition into !      
secrets ( ! s\l1 pret5d+ to und]/& its  
errors1 & presumptu\sly und]tak+ to     
cleanse its secret faults by me?ods :i* 
no voice f above has sanction$ z lawful1
 & no sign f on high has %[n to be      
efficaci\s8 ,c\ld su* inquisitors & su* 
prie/s 7& !y are to be f\nd 9 e ,*ur*7 h

 m+l$ ) ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 !y w\ld h   
cri$ out = fire f heav5 on ! ,sam>itans1
 not)/&+ e prohibition2 !y w\ld h       
que/ion$ ! s9ful ,m>y1 n satisfi$ ) h]  
lov+ mu*1 till !y _h asc]ta9$ h[ mu*2 !y
 w\ld h pron\nc$ ! "y lawy] v f> f !    
k+dom ( ,god unless he c\ld h made a    
full] pr(ession ( fai?2 &1 meet+ !      
adult]ess 9 ! out] c\rts ( ! temple z %e
 left ! mild pres5ce ( ,jesus1 w\ld h   
prescrib$ h] p5ance ) a rigor well      
pleas+ to ! accus]s1 :o 7 !mselves too  
mode/ to ca/ ! fir/ /one4 ,s9ce ,jesus1 
:o knew :at 0 9 ! he>ts ( ^? ar\nd him1 
=bore to condemn1 mu* m ought !y to =be>
 :o h no su* k4 ,if he aw>d$ no puni%m5t
 to ^? :o reject$ ! ,gospel he und]/ood 
s well1 mu* less %\ld !y :o are !mselves
 b le>n]s inflict pa9 ( body or m9d on  
_! fell[-disciples :o und]/& diff]5tly1 
or ! unbeliev]s :o _c und]/& at all4 ,if
 he :o spake z 8 ,fa!r comm&$ him left x
 to ! ,fa!r to en=ce ^! comm&s1 x ill   
becomes ^? on :om ! ,_s has n desc5d$ to
 assume an au?ority :i* inspiration     

itself c\ld n sanction4 ,x becomes !m to
 le>n :at !y !mselves are1 be=e !y judge
 h[ little _! bre?r5 are :at !y ought to
 be4 ,x becomes !m to asc]ta9 _! own    
sup]iority ov] ! ,apo/les1 be=e !y claim
 an au?ority ) :i* no ,apo/le ev]       
believ$ himself to be inve/$2 & :i*1 if 
he _h s imag9$1 he w\ld h pray$ =       
p]mission to resign4 ,f> less p]il\s1 f>
 less burd5some w\ld be a commission f  
on high to guide ! seasons1 to disp5se  
%[]s & sun%9e1 & regulate ! produce ( ! 
fields1 ?an to control ! spiritual      
movem5ts1 & adm9i/] ! f]tiliz+ influ5ces
 "u :i* ! fruits ( hol9ess are to spr+  
up unto ev]la/+ life4  ,t any su*       
commission 0 ev] giv51 is z true 9 ! "o 
case z 9 ! o!r2 & ! belief ( any        
individual t to himself x 0 ev] confid$1
 is a pro( ( uns\ndness 9 he>t or bra94 
,to any man x is honor en\gh1 z x 0 to  
,paul & ,apollos1 to plant & to wat]4   
,to ,god alone x belongs to give & to   
measure ! increase4  ,we !re=e          
disapprove ( ! practice ( confession z  

adopt$ by ,ca?olics1 = "o reason among  
_m1 t x infr+es lib]ty ( consci5ce1 by  
mak+ man practically acc\ntable to man1 
& c\nt5anc+ an assumption ( t p[] to    
judge & puni% :i* belongs to ,god alone4
 ,! puni%m5ts ( canonical p5ances are1 x
 is true1 ( human in/itution2 b !y are  
aw>d$ to spiritual guilt1 ( :i* no "o   
has a "r to take cognizance b ,god4 ,we 
!re=e d5y ! "r ( any man to impose      
p5ances1 or1 9 consequ5ce1 to issue     
indulg5ces2 & we hold t :]ev] su* a "r  
is claim$1 ! pr]ogative ( ,god is invad$
 & ! cause ( 8 ,gospel injur$4  ,*ri/ian
 lib]ty secures to e man ! "r1 n only ( 
read+ ! sacr$ records = himself1 b (    
int]pret+ !m = himself2 ( asc]ta9+ by 8 
own unbias$ judgm5t :at !y tea*1 & (    
hold+ ! op9ions ?us =m$ )\t be+         
acc\ntable to any man or to any body (  
m54 ,9 advocat+ ! free p]usal ( !       
,scriptures & ! =mation ( individual    
op9ions f !m1 we %all be c>eful to avoid
 any bias f ! popul> & false impression1
 t ! fai?ful pa/ors ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*  

w\ld prohibit _! flocks f read+ !       
,bible3 & we %all ent] on no discussion 
respect+ ! comp>ative fidelity (        
,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,engli%           
translations ( ! ,scriptures4 ,on !     
latt] po9t1 mu* mu/ be said1 if any?+2 s
 mu*1 t no room w\ld be left u = matt]s 
( great] importance4 ,important z x is t
 ! sacr$ books %\ld be fai?fully r5d]$1 
t x %\ld be %[n h[ long-preval5t errors1
 suppos$ to be c\nt5anc$ by !m1 are n s 
c\nt5anc$2 important z x is1 = in/ance1 
to decide :e!r ! sacr$ tea*] said       
',rep5t1' or ',d p5ance1' x is yet m    
important to develop ! pr9ciples to :i* 
all modes ( expression are subs]vi5t3 to
 att5d to ! _s r ?an ! lett]1 to e/abli%
 tru?s & explode errors to ! p]ception (
 :i* e intellect is adequate1 ?an to    
debate matt]s to :i*1 ?\gh ( inf]ior    
mom5t1 peculi> qualifications are       
requisite4  ,we will+ly accept ! foll[+ 
te/imony ( ,f5elon to ! fact ( !        
unre/rict$ use ( ! sacr$ writ+s 9 ! e>ly
 times ( ,*ri/ianity2 ?\gh we diss5t f !

 conclud+ rem>k4 ,! passage is translat$
 f a lett] f ,f5elon to ! ,bi%op (      
,arras4 7,oeuvres ,spirituels de        
,f5elon1 #hvo4 tom4 #d1 p4 #bda47 ',i   
?9k t mu* tr\ble has be5 tak5 9 our     
times v unnecess>ily1 to prove :at is   
inconte/able1 ?an 9 ! fir/ ages ( !     
,*ur* ! laity read ! ,holy ,scriptures4 
,x is cle> z daylight1 t all p read !   
,bible & s]vice 9 _! native languages2 t
 z a "p ( good education1 *ildr5 7 made 
to read !m2 t 9 _! s]mons1 ! m9i/]s ( ! 
,*ur* regul>ly expla9$ to _! flocks :ole
 books ( ! sacr$ volume2 t ! sacr$ text 
( ! ,scriptures 0 v famili> to ! p2 t ! 
cl]gy exhort$ ! p to read !m2 t ! cl]gy 
blam$ ! p = n read+ !m1 & consid]$ !    
neglect ( ! p]usal ( !m z a s\rce (     
h]esy & immorality4 ,b 9 all ?is ! ,*ur*
 us$ a wise economy2 adapt+ ! g5]al     
practice to ! circum/ances & wants (    
individuals4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t a   
p]son c\ld n be a ,*ri/ian1 or n be well
 in/ruct$ 9 8 religion1 )\t p]us+ !     
sacr$ writ+s4 ,:ole c\ntries ( b>b>ians1

 innum]able multitudes ( ! fai?ful 7 ri*
 7to use ! words ( ,/4 ,paul7 9 words & 
sci5ce1 ?\gh !y _h n read ! sacr$       
writ+s4 ,to li/5 to ! pa/ors ( ! ,*ur*  
:o expla9 ! ,scriptures to ! fai?ful &  
di/ribute among !m su* p>ts z are suit$ 
to _! wants1 is to read ! ,scriptures4' 
,?is la/ proposition is 9 p]fect        
accordance ) ! cre$ :i* decl>es t 'to ! 
holy ,"m ,*ur* x belongs to judge ( !   
true s5se & int]pretation ( ! ,holy     
,scriptures1' b inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple 
held by u1 t no man has ! p[] ( judg+ = 
ano!r or ! "r to prescribe ! op9ions (  
ano!r4 ',:at !n is to be done1' x is    
ask$1 ') ^? :o _c read = !mselves8' ,!y 
mu/ take :at !y c obta9 f _! pa/ors1 or 
f any o!r m$ium ( communication4 ,if !  
m$ium be z fai?ful z human fallibility  
all[s1 mu* tru? may be le>n$ & ! means (
 hol9ess may be abundantly af=d$3 b yet 
! le>n] is preclud$ by 8 ignorance f !  
full enjoym5t ( 8 ,*ri/ian lib]ty2 & to 
hang on ! lips ( 8 in/ructor is f>1 v f>
 f be+ ! same ?+ z read+ ! ,scriptures =

 himself4  ,su* a 'wise economy' z      
,f5elon speaks ( seems to u b a fle%ly  
wisdom1 a n>r[ policy orig9at$ by m51   
disc\nt5anc$ by ,god1 & available to    
p]petuate1 n ! ,gospel itself1 b !      
corruptions :i* 7 e>ly mix$ ) x1 & :i* w
 n /& ! te/ ( exam9ation4 ,:o 0 to      
decide :at 'p>ts 7 suit$ to _! wants8'  
,:o kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 b ! _s ( a man 
:i* is 9 him8 ,:o gave ! p[] (          
prohibition to read ! ,scriptures ov]   
su* z '7 n dispos$ to read !m to _!     
advantage8' ,:o 0 to judge ( !          
disposition2 :o c\ld disc]n ! t5d5cy (  
inquiry2 :o c\ld e/imate ! advantage &  
disadvantage ( ! results8 ,h[ d>$ !     
,*ur* to ')hold f ! laity ! p]usal ( !  
,bible )\t p]mission ( _! pa/ors1' f !  
assumption t x 0 'unsafe to all[ ! p at 
l>ge to read ! sacr$ text8' ,h[ unsafe8 
,= ! ,gospel itself8 ,! ,div9e c>e w\ld 
h provid$ a prev5tive or a rem$y1 if !  
dang] _h be5 real4 ,= ! honor ( ,god8   
,he w\ld h made provision = its         
v9dication4 ,= ! spiritual welf>e ( ! p8

 ,x c\ld n h be5 injur$ by ! free use ( 
! means orda9$ to p]fect x3 nor 0 x ev] 
! prov9ce ( pa/ors to promote t welf>e  
by o!r means ?an ! ,gospel au?orizes4 ,&
 :]e is ! pat5t = ! monopoly ( !        
,scriptures to be f\nd8 ,b x is alleg$ t
 !re are _m passages 9 ! sacr$ volume   
:i*1 be+ h>d to be und]/ood1 are wre/$  
by ! un/able & ! ignorant to !          
de/ruction ( ! purity ( _! fai?4 ,true4 
,b ! case 0 ! same 9 ! days ( !         
,apo/les2 & did ,pet] ev] desire t      
,paul's writ+s %\ld !re=e be kept back f
 ! unle>n$ & un/able8 ,or did he enjo9  
an explanation ( !m f ! wise1 to :i* !  
fooli% %\ld be requir$ to ass5t8 ,no2 he
 recomm5d$ caution 9 giv+ he$ to o!r    
m5's errors1 & gr[? 9 ! k ( ,*ri/       
,jesus2 bo? :i* mu/ be bett] promot$ by 
indep5d5t ?\ght & judgm5t ?an by        
subs]vi5ce to any m9d1 h[ev] pure &     
enlight5$4 ,*ri/ himself1 ?\gh he knew  
:at 0 9 man1 nev] requir$ ?is subs]vi5ce
 f any "o ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he gave 8       
in/ructions 9 z _m diff]5t =ms z we h !m

 9 n[3 9 disc\rses1 9 p>ables1 9 famili>
 dialogue1 & by actions2 & inv>iably he 
left to ! he>]s ! application ( !       
pr9ciples ?us convey$1 except :5 press$ 
by 8 imm$iate foll[]s = an              
int]pretation4 ,he took no pa9s to      
pres]ve 8 ,gospel f '! ra% criticisms ( 
! vulg>1' z ! piety ( ,f5elon errone\sly
 advises4 ,he did n act ^u ! belief t   
previ\s in/ruction 0 necess>y to !      
compreh5sion ( ! ^w ( life1 or t '! p   
%\ld be full ( ! _s ( ! ,gospel be=e !y 
are entru/$ ) ! lett]4' ,! lett] ( !    
,gospel n[ is ! same z ! lett] ( !      
,gospel !n2 ! _s n[1 z !n1 is only to be
 got at ?r\gh ! lett]2 & ! lett] n[1 z  
!n1 is only valuable z x communicates ! 
_s4 ,*ri/ did n ?9k t 'x %\ld only be   
p]mitt$ to ! simple1 ! docile1 & !      
humble2 to ^? :o wi% to n\ri% !mselves )
 its div9e tru?s 9 sil5ce2 & )held f ^? 
:o m]ely seek to satisfy _! curiosity1  
to dispute1 to dogmatize1 to criticize4'
 ,?is doctr9e ( ,f5elon is1 we are told1
 & ev] has be51 ! doctr9e ( ! ,roman    

,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,7 ! disciples to :om   
,*ri/ spoke ( ! bread ( life & :o !re=e 
=sook him1 'docile & humble8' ,yet :at  
say+ 0 m 'h>d to be und]/ood8' ,:5 he   
decl>$ ! nature ( 8 ,gospel1 & !        
au?ority "u :i* he propos$ x1 7 !       
,ph>isees 9 ! temple 'simple & docile8' 
,0 !re no disposition 'to dispute1 to   
dogmatize1 to criticize' among ! eld]s1 
! scribes1 ! ,sadducees :om he ref]r$ to
 8 works1 assur$ ( ! tempor>y nature ( !
 ,jewi% cov5ant1 & bes\ght to li/5 to ! 
tru? :i* %\ld make !m free8 ,! glad     
tid+s ( salvation 7 !n prea*$1 z !y     
ought to be n[1 to ! poor & ignorant )\t
 fe> t :at is truly ! ,gospel c be      
dang]\sly misappreh5d$1 & )\t intimation
 t ! fai? ne$s ! int]pretation (        
fallible und]/&+s1 or ! gu>dian%ip (    
human wisdom4  ,if we believ$ 7:i* we d 
n7 t error 9 matt]s ( fai? c\ld ( itself
 endang] salvation1--i4 e4 exclude f !  
happ9ess ( a future /ate1--we %\ld be   
conv9c$ t ^? 7 mu* m liable to error :o 
adopt$ ! fai? aft] x _h pass$ ?r\gh a   

fallible m9d1 ?an ^? :o receiv$ x f     
,*ri/ himself1 speak+ directly1 z 9 fact
 he does1 9 ! fai?ful records :i* !     
,bible pres5ts4 ,& ! m feeble & ignorant
 ! recipi5t m9d1 ! m liable w x be to   
admit ! errors ( o!rs1 z well z to      
orig9ate "s ( its own4 ,:ile1 if ref]r$ 
to ! sacr$ volume itself = 8 fai?1 a man
 is 9 dang] ( ent]ta9+ no errors b 8    
own4 ,h[ev] imp]fect 8 m5tal vision may 
be1 he is ?us m likely to behold !      
object 9 its true =m & colors1 ?an by ! 
int]position ( a faulty m$ium4 ,if x be 
object$ t ! m$ium1 s f> f be+ faulty1   
corrects ! imp]fections ( ! natural     
faculty1 we ask = ! te/ ( its possess+  
?is quality1 & = ! pro( t x 0 ev]       
conf]r$4  ,b1 be+ conv9c$1 = reasons    
giv5 be=e1 t ! possession ( ! true fai? 
is n an indisp5sable requisite = future 
happ9ess1 & t ! non-possession ( x is n 
to be foll[$ by et]nal mis]y1 or by any 
arbitr>y infliction :atev]1 we _c admit 
! plea ( c>e = ! s\ls ( m5 z any reason 
or excuse = tr5*+ on ! natural lib]ty ( 

! m9d1 or prescrib+ op9ions :i* ,*ri/   
himself only adm9i/]$ ! means ( =m+1 &  
:i* 8 ,apo/les presum$ n to impose4     
,purity ( fai? is ! mo/ exalt$ atta9m5t 
( ! mo/ exalt$ m9d1--! ri*e/ ( ! myriads
 ( ri* bless+s :i* ! ,fa!r ( our spirits
 has plac$ )9 our rea*4 ,x %\ld be s\ght
 z ! mo/ preci\s ( all treasures2 x %\ld
 be gu>d$ z ! mo/ sacr$ ( all tru/s3 b  
?\gh x may be won by any1 x c be        
communicat$ by none4 ,x is ! especial   
rew>d ( individual se>*1 & loses its v  
nature by be+ transf]r$3 = t :i* is tru?
 to a man :o has discov]$ x = himself1 c
 be tru? to ano!r man only s f> z 8     
faculties are ex]cis$ ^u x1 appreh5d1 & 
adopt x4 ,?is1 :i* may be ju/ly said (  
all tru?1 may be especially decl>$ (    
religi\s tru?1 :i* is ( no value unless 
made a vivify+ pr9ciple1 & c nev] become
 a vivify+ pr9ciple unless p]ceiv$ by ! 
und]/&+ & recogniz$ by ! he>t4  ,! true 
(fice ( ! pa/ors ( ! ,*ur* 7& likewise (
 all believ]s7 is to lead o!rs to t k ( 
! tru? :i* c nev] be impos$4 ,_! conc]n 

= ! spiritual welf>e ( _! bre?r5 c nev] 
be too e>ne/2 _! dilig5ce 9 guidance &  
gu>dian%ip1 too eag]2 _! value = purity 
( fai?1 too high2 or _! appreh5sion (   
spiritual dang]1 too ready or too ard5t4
 ,b all ?is conc]n & appreh5sion %\ld be
 ju/ly direct$1 & ?is guidance &        
gu>dian%ip ex]cis$ ) a reg>d to ! rights
 ) :i* ,god has inve/$ e man4 ,! fir/   
object to be desir$ is spiritual        
advancem5t1 to :i* intellectual         
rectitude is subsidi>y4 ,! fir/ object (
 dread is moral corruption1 & n m5tal   
error4 ,! guidance to be ex]cis$ is t ( 
an exp]i5c$ ov] an inexp]i5c$ p]son4 ,! 
"o po9ts out to ! o!r ! sn>es & dang]s  
into :i* he is liable to fall1 ! labyr9?
 9 :i* he may lose himself1 & ! v>i\s   
t5d5cies ( diff]5t pa?s2 b he has no    
lawful p[] to insi/ ^u a p>ticul> pa?   
be+ pursu$1 or to condemn 8 companion to
 de/ruction = int]pret+ diff]5tly !     
invitation on :i* !y bo? proce$4 ,!     
gu>dian%ip is fai?ful z long z x consi/s
 9 w>n+ (f ! attacks ( temptation1      

decl>+ ! ?reats & promises ( ! ,gospel1 
& educat+ = indep5d5t action2 b x       
becomes tyranny :5 re/ra9ts are impos$  
on ! ex]cise ( ! faculties1 & any       
imp$im5ts are ?r[n 9 ! way ( a free     
range ?r\gh ! spiritual _w ( :i* ,god   
has made e man an inhabitant4 ,x is !   
(fice ( ,*ri/ian pa/ors to /udy ! sacr$ 
records ) all dilig5ce1 /riv+ to asc]ta9
 by ! help ( le>n+ & philosophy1 & e o!r
 help1 :at ! true fai? is1 & h[ o!r m9ds
 may be be/ dispos$ = its appreh5sion2  
to place be=e ^? m9ds :atev] may be/ t5d
 to enlight51 conv9ce1 & e/abli% !m2 to 
excite !m to activity & /imulate !m to  
fur!r action :5 ar\s$4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is 
!y mu/ n g4 ,! m9d mu/ "w out ! results 
= itself2 & = ^? results none b itself c
 be answ]able4 ,its safety or p]il re/s 
) ,god1 :o ha? giv5 into no man's h& !  
s\ls ( 8 bre?r54  ,x is ju/ly obs]v$ by 
,ca?olics1 t _m ( ! v p]sons :o compla9 
( ! disc\ragem5t by !m ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! 
g5]al p]usal ( ! ,scriptures1 circulate 
! ,book ( ,common ,pray] ( ! ,*ur* (    

,engl& 'z a safegu>d aga9/ !            
mis9t]pretation ( ! ,bible1' & by _!    
d\bt & dread ( ! consequ5ces ( mak+ !   
,bible common1 seem to admit !          
probability & dang] ( su*               
mis9t]pretation4 ,x is v true t su*     
inconsi/5cies obta9 among ,prote/ants1 &
 su* inconsi/5cies w exi/ z long z !re  
is any dread ( c>ry+ out a good pr9ciple
 to its full ext5t4 ,if all ,prote/ants 
adh]$ to ! gr& pr9ciple ( ! ,re=mation1 
t ! ,bible alone is ! religion (        
,prote/ants1 !re w\ld n only be no      
damnatory clauses 9 _! cre$s1 b no      
cre$s1--no embody+ 9 an un*ang+ =m (    
words pr9ciples :i* 7 giv5 9 no su* =m1 
:i* _c be receiv$ "u ! same aspect by   
m9ds diff]5tly prep>$1 & :i* are too    
expansive 9 _! nature to be long conf9$ 
)9 arbitr>y limits ( human imposition4  
,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& =sakes its fundam5tal 
pr9ciple ( diss5t f ! ,roman ,ca?olic   
,*ur* :5 x w\ld secure uni=mity ( fai?  
by fram+ articles ( fai?1 by keep+ back 
! ,bible f ! feeble/ intellect1 or      

appo9t+ 'a safegu>d1' or int]f]+ 9 any  
way betwe5 ! ,bible & ! m9ds :i* are to 
d]ive _! religion f x4 ,if uni=mity (   
fai? _c be ?us obta9$1 x is a necess>y  
consequ5ce ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple t    
uni=mity ( fai? is n necess>y to        
salvation4 ,?is consequ5ce1 :i* we fully
 admit1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 ! lett] & _s
 ( h] articles & cre$s1 inconsi/5tly    
d5ies4  ,x is manife/ly absurd to exhort
 a man to d]ive 8 fai? f ! ,bible1 if x 
is decl>$ to him be=eh& :at he is b\nd  
at 8 et]nal p]il to believe4 ,yet ?is is
 9 fact done1 :5 ! ,book ( ,common      
,pray] is circulat$ z a safegu>d to !   
,bible1 & also :5 a ,ca?olic is made to 
decl>e on 8 admission to ! ,*ur*1 ',i   
also admit ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures accord+ 
to ! s5se :i* ! holy ,"m ,*ur* has held 
& does hold1' c4 ,= purposes ( fai?1 all
 use 9 read+ ! ,bible is ov] :5 ?is     
decl>ation is made4 ,! disciple c only1 
:ile /riv+ to le>n 8 duty f ! sacr$     
pages1 wond] at :at he f9ds !re2--at !  
appeals to individual judgm5t2 at !     

addresses to ! intimate consci\sness ( e
 man2 at ! fre$om all[$ & enc\rag$ among
 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians2 at ! abs5ce ( all    
pret5sion to au?ority 9 matt]s ( op9ion1
 ( all wi% to prescribe1 ( all t5d5cy to
 dom9e]4 ,if he be intellig5t1 x w occur
 to him z surpris+ t no cre$1 if cre$s  
be good ?+s1 0 giv5 by our ,savi\r to 8 
,apo/les be=e he left !m1 weak & divid$ 
9 ! fai? z !y at t "t 74 ,& aga91 :5 !y 
7 /rong & unit$1 b :5 d\bt & disagreem5t
 7 creep+ into _! *ur*es1 x mu/ seem    
/range t ,*ri/1 :o manife/ly wat*$ ov] !
 int]e/s ( 8 ,*ur*1 %\ld n h au?oriz$ & 
communicat$ a pr(ession ( fai? m ample &
 p>ticul> ?an t :i* _h hi!rto accompani$
 baptism2 viz4 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 & t  
remission ( s9s came by rep5tance4      
,f9d+ no trace ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ among
 all ! sacr$ books1 he w inquire into   
its orig91 & discov] t x 0 n compos$ by 
! ,apo/les1,a & t :51 9 an evil h\r1 x 0
 propos$ = g5]al adoption1 its ma9      
purpose 0 to exclude ! ,gno/ics1 :o w\ld
 h mix$ up _! false philosophy & va9    

deceits ) ! simple fai? 9 ,*ri/ :i* !n1 
z n[1 con/itut$ a man a ,*ri/ian4 ,hav+ 
gone ?us f>1 ! disciple beg9s to d\bt   
:e!r he has hi!rto possess$ & ex]cis$ ! 
spiritual lib]ty :i* is 8 bir?right4 ,if
 he pursue ! inquiry he w1 und\bt$ly ca/
 (f ! re/ra9ts :i* man's wisdom has     
impos$ on 8 faculties1 & int]pret1      
judge1 & believe = himself4 ,if he look 
back to 8 promise to admit ! s5se (     
,scripture only z ! ,*ur* decl>es x1 &  
r5ews t promise1 he mu/ lay aside e hope
 ( purify+ & /r5g!n+ 8 fai? by 8        
scriptural /udies4 ,h5ce=? x w inde$ be1
 z ,f5elon decl>es1 ! same ?+ to him to 
read ! words ( ,*ri/1 & to he> an       
explanation ( !m f 8 pa/or4 ,n = ?is 7 !
 ,b]aeans cit$ z an example by ,paul2 n 
by ^! means 0 ,timo?y prep>$ = 8        
ext5sive labors2 n ?us did ,apollos le>n
 h[ to apply 8 vigor\s tal5ts to !      
s]vice ( ! infant *ur*es4 ,all ^! m5    
se>*$ ! ,scriptures1 knew ! ,scriptures 
f _! y\? up1 7 le>n$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 f 
:i* !y asc]ta9$ = !mselves ! promise (  

,*ri/'s com+1 & !mselves appli$ ! te/s  
:i* prov$ t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 ?is      
,*ri/4  ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,"l ,k+'s    
',critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4'
  ,e man has a natural "r1 n only to =m 
8 op9ions = himself1 b to *ange !m z    
frequ5tly z he %all believe himself l$  
to d s4 ,?is natural "r is n only       
sanction$1 b its ex]cise is approv$1 by 
! ,gospel4 ,z long z ! op9ions ( m5 are 
n absolutely "r1 z long z !y fall %ort (
 ! tru? z x w be p]ceiv$ 9 heav51 !re is
 room & occasion = a *ange2 & su* a     
*ange1 :]ev] record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
is record$ ) approbation4 ,:]e 0 !re ev]
 a m ext5sive *ange ( op9ion ?an 9      
,apollos on 8 conv]sion8 ,yet 9 8 y\?1  
,apollos 0 z or?odox1 z und\bt$ly       
correct 9 8 religi\s op9ions be=e !     
introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 z any       
,*ri/ian :o n[ subscribes all ! cre$s ( 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b :at w\ld h be5 !   
consequ5ce if he _h engag$ nev] to 'take
 & int]pret ! ,scriptures o!rwise ?an   
accord+ to ! unanim\s cons5t ( !'       

,rabbis2 or if he _h promis$1 v[$1 &    
sworn mo/ con/antly to pr(ess 8 pres5t  
fai? :ole & entire1 ) ,god's assi/ance1 
to ! end ( 8 life8 ,x is true t no      
revelation is likely to sup]s$e ! fai? (
 ,*ri/ians2 b x is1 at ! same "t1 z     
little probable t no developem5t ( !    
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity %\ld cause      
gradual *anges ( op9ion 9 ! c\rse ( a   
lifetime1 z x !n 0 t ,judaism %\ld n be 
exp&$ into ! full] revelation ( !       
,gospel4 ,if1 l ,apollos1 we believe    
rightly n[1 x is impossible to answ] =  
no *ange ( op9ion be+ necess>y to enable
 u to believe rightly tw5ty ye>s h5ce4  
,! view :i* we h already tak5 ( !       
expansive t5d5cy ( ! et]nal pr9ciples ( 
,*ri/ianity au?orizes our decl>+ t a    
gradual enl>gem5t ( views1 i4 e4 *ange (
 op9ions1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( !  
correct appreh5sion ( religi\s tru?4    
,cre$s are int5d$ to be p]man5t &       
univ]sal pr(essions ( fai?2 & are !     
in/rum5t by :i* a uni=mity ( fai? is to 
be secur$1 if su* a ?+ be yet possible4 

,b cre$s nev] h fulfill$1 & nev] c      
fulfil1 any "o ( ^! purposes4 ,no       
uni=mity ( fai? has exi/$ s9ce ! fir/   
cre$ 0 fram$2 no "o =mul>y has be5      
univ]sally receiv$ among ,*ri/ians2 &   
exp]i5ce already indicates1 :at ! lapse 
( "t w prove1--t no cre$ w be p]man5t4  
,if ! mo/ anci5t ( cre$s1 commonly call$
 ! ,apo/les'1 be nam$ 9 answ] to ! la/  
rem>k1 let x be rememb]$ t ! fir/ v]sion
 ( ?is =mul>y giv5 by ,ir5aeus1 & !     
subsequ5t ones by ,t]tullian1 ,cyril (  
,alex&ria1 & o!rs1 7 z widely diff]5t f 
^? n[ 9 use z f ea* o!r4 ,widely diff]5t
 v]sions ( ?is cre$ are us$ 9 ! ,ca?olic
 ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 & ^? :o      
subscribe to ! same =m ( words und]/& ^?
 words v>i\sly4 ,! p]man5ce ( ?is mo/   
anci5t ( cre$s is 9 "n only2 & ! "n     
itself is a false assumption4  ,cre$s _c
 be p]man5t & univ]sal1 unless !        
language ( :i* !y consi/ is also p]man5t
 & univ]sal2 :i* no language has ev]    
be54 ,!re is no te/ by :i* x c be prov$ 
t any two m9ds affix precisely ! same   

mean+ to ! commone/ t]ms2 :ile we h     
abundant evid5ce t v ab/ract t]ms 7su* z
 ab\nd 9 cre$s7 convey v diff]5t notions
 to diff]5t m9ds4 ,?us1 if ! t]ms ( a   
language 7 absolutely immutable1 & if "o
 language prevail$ ov] ! :ole e>?1 !re  
w\ld /ill be room = a v>iety (          
int]pretations ( any?+ express$ 9 t     
language4 ,b ! mutations :i* "t         
occasions 9 e tongue1 & ! necessity (   
translation & re-translation1 increase a
 ?\s&fold ! *ances ( su* a v>iety1 &    
inde$ r5d] x absolutely unavoidable4  ,x
 is well1 !re=e1 t ! tru?s ( religi\s   
doctr9e _c be made "o ) ! language 9 :i*
 any age or nation *ooses to clo! !m1 z 
t language is necess>ily mutable4 ,& x  
w\ld be well if believ]s 7 h5ce=? & =   
ev] to desi/ f ! attempt to connect :at 
is mutable ) :at is immutable1 t :i* is 
p]i%able ) t :i* is immortal1 by requir+
 ! pres5t age to adopt ! language ( !   
pa/1 & provid+ = a simil> adoption by ! 
future4 ,if !y wi% ! spiritual          
conceptions ( =m] ages to be p]petuat$1 

?is may be/ be done by *ang+ ! t]ms z _!
 mean+s become modifi$1 & n by reta9+ !m
 ! m p]t9aci\sly1 ! m v>i$ are !        
conceptions !y orig9ate4 ,if ! ,gospel  
itself _h be5 insep>ably connect$ ) any 
=m ( language1 or embodi$ 9 any?+ b     
facts1 x w\ld ere n[ h pass$ away1 or h 
be5 s f> trans=m$ z to be a diff]5t     
religion4 ,x w\ld h be5 untranslateable2
 x w\ld h be5 untransf]rable to any     
c\ntry beyond t 9 :i* x orig9at$2 x w\ld
 h be5 un9telligible to succe$+         
g5]ations ( ev5 native inhabitants ( t  
c\ntry4 ,x is only 9 s f> z ,*ri/ianity 
is dis5cumb]$ ( =mul>ies ( fai?1 &      
emancipat$ f ! gu>dian%ip ( ,c\ncils1 t 
x becomes ! religion ( mank9d4 ,!       
metaphysical clauses ( ! ,apo/les'      
,cre$1 & ! canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1  
may conta9 ! belief ( a few1 a v few1   
speculative m9ds4 ,! decl>ation t ,god  
s5t ,*ri/ ,jesus into ! _w to save      
s9n]s1 conta9s ! sub/antial belief (    
,*ri/5dom1 :i* w be ! fai? ( ! :ole     
_w1--because x is ,*ri/ianity4  ,x is z 

impossible = a man to prescribe to      
himself ! fai? ( 8 future ye>s1 z = "o  
age to prescribe ! fai? ( a succe$+ age3
 & = ! same reasons4 ,he may 9 8 y\?    
/ate an op9ion 9 unambigu\s t]ms1 & )   
p]fect s9c]ity1 :i*1 if he /ill hold1 he
 _c /ate 9 ! same t]ms t5 ye>s aft]4 ,! 
op9ion may be sub/antially ! same1 & yet
 h su* a be>+ ^u "s o!r op9ion1 or may  
be s modifi$ by "s o!r op9ion t ! same  
=m ( words may n express x fully1 or    
p]haps correctly4 ,x is yet m probable t
 ! conceptions :i* are n[ atta*$ to !   
t]ms are enl>g$ by 8 improv$ exp]i5ce2 s
 t1 if he w\ld decl>e ! same tru?1 he   
mu/ *ange 8 t]ms2 or if he c            
consci5ti\sly reta9 ! t]ms1 he mu/ h    
modifi$ 8 op9ion4 ,:at enlight5$1       
reflect+ ,*ri/ian und]/&s exactly ! same
 by any "o p>able1 any "o axiom1 any "o 
fact ( ,scripture t he did :5 he fir/   
admitt$ its tru?8 ,he believ$ x !n2 he  
believes x n[2 b h[ diff]5tly s9ce      
sci5ce has br\ght new evid5ce to light1 
s9ce philosophy has develop$ its orig9 &

 t5d5cies1 s9ce exp]i5ce has te/$ its   
tru?1 & fai? inve/$ x ) a hall[$ int]e/ 
& an inde/ructible beauty6 ,h[1 !re=e1  
is x possible = any "o fai?fully to     
engage t 8 views ev5 ( et]nal tru? %all 
nev] be modifi$6 ,witness+1 z e reflect+
 man does1 ! gradual evolution ( tru? f 
! vicissitudes ( human exp]i5ce1 & f !  
successive disp5sations & ! progressive 
c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 he may ) safety     
decl>e t ,gospel tru? is immutable &    
div9e2 b he w avoid ! presumption (     
suppos+ t all h] ri*es are already %$   
into 8 bosom1 t h] brighte/ light is    
p\r$ ^u 8 feeble eye4 ,he w r hope t 8  
appreh5sion w cont9ually become cle>]1 8
 p[]s invigorat$1 & 8 capacities enl>g$1
 till 8 views ( religi\s tru? become z  
unlike :at !y 7 :5 fir/ admitt$1 z !    
fair face ( nature appe>s to ! new-born 
infant & to ! mighty poet4 ,he w reject1
 z an infr+em5t ( 8 inali5able rights1 e
 attempt to b9d him d[n to engagem5ts   
:i* x may n be 9 8 p[] to fulfil4 ,he w 
refuse to promise t 8 intellect %all    

rema9 /ation>y2 & to p]mit t any        
individual1 any c\ncil1 or any *ur*1    
%all usurp t spiritual influ5ce :i* he  
tru/s %all be imm$iately disp5s$ f !    
f\nta9 ( grace & tru?4 ,desir+ wisdom1  
he asks ( ,god2 n pr(an+ & annull+ 8    
pray] by engag+ to receive x only 9     
c]ta9 measure2 & if any *ur* on e>?     
int]f]e to prescribe ! measure1 he      
rejects ! int]f]5ce z unau?oriz$ by !   
lett] ( ! ,gospel & condemn$ by its _s4 
,*ri/ian lib]ty compreh5ds an entire    
fre$om f re/ra9t 9 ! publication (      
op9ions4 ,to 8 own ma/] e man /&e? or   
falle?1 n only 9 ! =mation ( 8 op9ions1 
b 9 ! use he makes ( !m :5 =m$4 ,accord+
 to 8 consci5ti\sness 9 seek+ = tru?1 & 
n accord+ to ! accuracy ( 8 judgm5t1 w  
he be judg$ by ,god 9 =m+ 8 op9ions2 &  
:5 =m$1 he w be responsible1 n = !      
rectitude ( 8 influ5ce1 b = ! rectitude 
( 8 int5tions 9 ex]t+ x4 ,:at a man     
believes to be ! tru?1 x is 8 duty to   
decl>e 9 ! me?od & degree :i* b5evol5ce 
& prud5ce may po9t out to be ! be/4 ,=  

:at b ?is d we v5]ate ! h]oic ,/eph51 & 
e o!r m>tyr :o bore witness to ! tru? 9 
! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,yet = :at b 
?is h ,*ri/ians be5 l$ to ! /ake by     
,*ri/ians1 age aft] age1 "u ! pret5d$   
sanction ( a religion ( lib]ty & bro!rly
 love8 ,= :at b ?is h ,ca?olics &       
,prote/ants vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 tortur+ 9   
body & m9d m5 ^: consci5ce 0 omnipot5t  
ov] ! love ( lib]ty & life1 & :o ?us %[$
 t1 :e!r _! intellects 7 or 7 n         
unfai?ful1 _! s\ls 7 true to ,god8 ,=   
:at b ?is are ! lov]s ( tru? ev5 yet too
 (t5 puni%$1 directly or indirectly1 =  
invit+ o!rs to p>ticipate 9 ! b5efits   
:i* !y believe !y h ga9$4 ,/eph5 0 /on$ 
because he 0 a h]etic2 ,paul wor%ip$ !  
,god ( 8 fa!rs accord+ to a way :i* 0 !n
 call$ h]esy1 & = :i* he 0 p]secut$     
?r\gh life & unto dea?4 ,pet] & ,john 7 
br\ght be=e ! high prie/ & rul]s =      
publi%+ _! h]esy1 & puni%$ = refus+ to  
cease to publi% x4 ,yet has ?is _! h]esy
 prevail$2 & ?us %all e new tru?        
prevail1 & its promulgators be honor$1 9

 despite ( ! wra? ( man2 :ile ! m freely
 errors are canvass$1 ! soon] w !y be   
expos$4 ,:at 0 once said ) tru? 9       
relation to ! ,gospel ( tru?1--',if ?is 
c\nsel or ?is "w be ( m51 x w come to   
n\ght3 b if x be ( ,god1 ye _c ov]?r[   
x1'--may be said ) equal wisdom ( e o!r 
k9d ( tru? & ! te/ ( inve/igation is a  
mu* sur] "o ?an t :i* is furni%$ by !   
prejudices & ! passions ( m54 ,!re is no
 natural1 no ,div9e law :i* sanctions ! 
infliction ( pa9 = ! ex]cise ( !        
intellect1 or = communicat+ ! results ( 
t ex]cise2 & t any human law or cu/om   
%\ld h exi/$ by :i* injury ( m9d1 body1 
or e/ate is made ! consequ5ce ( !       
=mation & publication ( op9ions1 is a   
pro( t ! natural rights ( man h n be5   
und]/ood1 & t ! _s ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty has
 n p]vad$ ,*ri/ian society4 ,z long z   
reproa* is atta*$ to ! act ( promulgat+ 
op9ions 7indep5d5t ( ! mann]17 z long z 
! hold] ( op9ions is treat$ ) ! same    
reprobation z ! op9ions !mselves1 z long
 z he is prospectively consign$ ov] to  

p]dition z !y are to dete/ation1 z long 
z ideas ( m]it & dem]it are associat$ ) 
! convictions ( ! und]/&+1 or blame is  
atta*$ to ! act ( mak+ ^? convictions   
kn[n1 n only w ! subord9ate pr9ciples ( 
! ,gospel rema9 9 "p unrecogniz$1 b its 
ess5tial pr9ciples w be violat$2 = x is 
cle>ly a duty ( piety to reveal all t is
 believ$ to h be5 discov]$ ( ! works &  
ways ( ,god2--& ( b5evol5ce to          
communicate :at1 be+ conceiv$ to be     
tru?1 is conceiv$ to be int5d$ = !      
univ]sal b5efit ( ! race4  ,x may excite
 surprise t we h n "h exam9$ ! claim ( !
 ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* to spiritual      
supremacy3 b x w bett] accord ) our plan
 to take t claim into consid]ation :ile 
treat+ ( ! tempor>y in/itutions (       
,*ri/ianity4  ,f ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( 
! ,gospel we d]ive our belief t         
,*ri/ianity1 is n design$ = any union1  
p]man5t or tempor>y1 ) worldly p[] &    
gr&eur2 t x is incapable ( su* a        
connexion2 be+ injur$ in/ead ( confirm$ 
by ! support ( temporal au?ority1 &     

impair$ in/ead ( adorn$ by ! adjuncts ( 
worldly pomp4 ,?is pr9ciple is ass]t$ 9 
words by e ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 exi/5ce2 b  
violat$1 9 fact1 by almo/ z _m4         
,*ri/ianity is ackn[l$g$ to be a        
religion ( pov]ty ( _s1 ( self-d5ial1 ( 
loos5ess f ! _w & its possessions4 ,if  
?is pr9ciple 7 c>ri$ out into ea*       
individual case1 x is pla9 t ! pomp &   
ambition :i* h despoil$ ! ,gospel ( its 
purity c\ld no long] exi/4 ,x is        
rem>kable t ?is pov]ty & self-d5ial are 
mo/ insi/$ on 9 ^? ,*ur*es :]e !        
temporal p[] & luxury are ! mo/         
excessive4 ,we he> ( !m above all f     
,ca?olics1 ^: popes1 c>d9als1 & bi%ops  
h1 9 e age1 exce$$ all temporal pr9ces 9
 ! enjoym5t ( spl5dor & luxury4 ,we he> 
( !m f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ^: sup]ior     
(fic]s revel 9 unb\nd$ weal?1 &         
especially prize ! connexion ) ! ,/ate  
:i* _! (fice occasions4 ,:ile we        
,unit>ians1 :o hold t ,*ri/ianity is ( a
 purely spiritual nature1 & !re=e       
di%onor$ by ! pret5d$ support ( p[]s    

inf]ior to its own1 insi/ mu* less      
e>ne/ly ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on ! duty (
 self-mortification & volunt>y pov]ty4  
,our ,*ur*1 7 x z ext5sive z ! ,ca?olic1
 w\ld conta9 no ecclesia/ical pr9ces1 & 
no fri>s2 no pot5tates clo!d 9 purple & 
f9e l95 & f>+ sumptu\sly e day f !      
rev5ues ( ! ,*ur*1 & no believ]s ^:     
piety is te/ifi$ by a v[ ( pov]ty4 ,we  
believe t our religion ought to be ex]t$
 9 control+ ! passions1 exalt+ !        
desires1 & equaliz+ ! affections1 n s   
mu* by regulat+ ! ext]nal manife/ations 
( ^? passions & desires1 z by influ5c+ !
 he>t4 ,self-d5ial is taught mu* bett]  
by inspir+ ! love ( our neighbor1 ?an by
 ! prohibition ( innoc5t com=ts &       
pleasures4 ,spirituality is mu* bett]   
taught by mak+ spiritual ?+s ! objects (
 supreme desire1 ?an by comm&+ an       
o/5tati\s avoidance ( ! enjoym5ts (     
life4 ,b :ile ! ,gospel ?us leaves m5   
free to foll[ ! b5t ( innoc5t           
desires1--to decide1 ea* = himself1 :at 
is lawful & exp$i5t1--x lays a p[]ful   

re/ra9t on all ! passions1 & curbs all  
prop5sities :i* are inconsi/5t ) its    
purity & spirituality4 ,all worldly     
ambition1 all selfi% luxury are utt]ly  
incompatible ) ! fai? ( ! ,gospel1 :i*  
disall[s e claim f\nd$ on itself to     
di/9ctions ( rank1 to abundance ( weal?1
 to p[] ov] ! possessions ( o!r m51 to !
 indulg5ce ( e>?ly desires4 ,! ,gospel  
af=ds no sanction to ! accumulation (   
weal?1 or to ! assumption ( au?ority4 ,x
 af=ds examples1 on ! contr>y1 (        
submission to temporal au?ority1 ( !    
endurance ( volunt>y pov]ty 9 h>d%ip1 n 
because pov]ty & h>d%ip are 9 !mselves  
spiritually desirable1 b because !y 7   
necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( "s b5evol5t    
end4 ,f ! ,gospel we le>n t ,jesus      
utt]ly disclaim$ all pret5sions to      
au?ority1 except 9 ^? matt]s :]e 8      
au?ority 0 supreme4 ',:o made me a judge
 or a divid] ov] y8' 0 8 remon/rance )  
^? :o ref]r$ ! disposal ( an inh]itance 
to him3 & 8 reply respect+ ! lawfulness 
( pay+ tribute 0 su* z ought to h       

obviat$ all d\bt :e!r temporal &        
spiritual p[] c\ld ev] be prop]ly unit$2
 ',r5d] unto ,caes> ! ?+s t are         
,caes>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are       
,god's4' ,:at c\ld be meant by !        
decl>ation ',my k+dom is n ( ?is _w1' b 
t 8 au?ority 0 ( a spiritual nature     
only8 ,:y did he /r5u\sly oppose e      
attempt to make him a k+8 ,:y did he s5d
 =? ! sev5ty disciples )\t gold & silv] 
& *anges ( raim5t8 ,:y did he recomm5d  
to ! ri* man to sell 8 possessions1 if  
weal? & p[] c be made ! means ( s]v+ !  
int]e/s ( ! ,gospel8 ,:y 0 8 indignation
 s p]petually r\s$ by ! spiritual       
assumptions ( ! ,ph>isees1 b because    
religion 0 9 !m disgrac$ by its         
connexion ) worldly greatness8 ,yet n a 
few ,*ri/ians h lov$ ! *ief seats 9     
public assemblies1 & homage 9 ! /reets2 
n a few h made proclamation :5 !y       
disp5s$ _! alms1 & pray$ 9 ! high ways2 
n a few h tak5 on !mselves to appo9t    
places 9 ! ,messiah's k+dom :i* !       
,messiah himself refus$ to promise1     

because su* p[] belong$ to ,god alone4  
,:ile he decl9$ all int]f]5ce 9 matt]s (
 temporal conc]n1 & reject$ all support 
to 8 ,gospel f magi/]ial au?ority1 & all
 b5efit f ! res\rces ( weal?1 x is cle> 
t su* support mu/ ev] be ne$less & su*  
res\rces unhall[$4  ,h[ does x happ51 x 
is p]petually ask$1 t :ile ! "r to      
temporal p[] is abjur$ 9 words by e     
,*ur*1 ! ,/ate religion ( e c\ntry af=ds
 an in/ance ( its assumption8 ,x happ5s1
 z _m o!r /range & inconsi/5t ?+s happ51
 ?r\gh ! misuse ( t]ms4 ,:at we call    
temporal p[]1 ! advocates ( a ,/ate     
religion call spiritual p[]2 & ?us h all
 ecclesia/ical abuses be5 ju/ifi$ f !   
day t ecclesia/ical dom9ation 0         
e/abli%$4 ,by spiritual au?ority h k+s  
be5 en?ron$ & depos$2 by spiritual      
au?ority h tributes be5 rais$1 w>s be5  
orig9at$ & conduct$1 prop]ties be5      
confiscat$1 & lives =feit$6 ,by         
spiritual au?ority 7 ! ,crusades begun &
 c>ri$ on2 by spiritual au?ority h popes
 divid$ & di/ribut$ k+doms1 h c>d9als   

negotiat$ & prie/s intrigu$6 ,by        
spiritual au?ority did ,wolsey amass 8  
treasures1 & rule 8 sov]eign at home1 & 
! ag5ts ( 8 sov]eign abroad6 ,by        
spiritual au?ority does ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&
 dem& ti!s1 & "u ! same sanction d h]   
bi%ops legislate4 ,:at !n is temporal   
p[]8 ,:at are worldly pomp & weal?8  ,! 
abuses :i* h de=m$ e ,/ate religion 9   
turn are evid5t to all1--ev5 to ^? :o   
/ill help to support !m2 b ! orig9 ( ^? 
abuses is n g5]ally asc]ta9$4 ,we       
ascribe !m to ! error ( mix+ up !       
p]man5t pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity ) its   
tempor>y in/itutions4  ,spiritual       
pr9ciples c only be recogniz$ by means (
 ext]nal manife/ations2 b ! pr9ciples & 
! manife/ation are n ! same ?+2 nor c !y
 h a la/+ connexion1 z e ?+ ext]nal is  
mutable1 :ile ! pr9ciples ( tru? are    
immutable4 ,z long z m9d is connect$ )  
body1 z long z ! intellect c only be    
rea*$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & ! he>t ?r\gh !   
intellect1 tru? mu/ be inve/$ ) a =m1 & 
realities be accompani$ by %ad[s4 ,b t  

=m is *angeable1 & ^? %ad[s are fleet+3 
! proximate cause ( :i* is ! con/itution
 ( all mat]ial ?+s2 & ! f9al cause1 !   
ultimate univ]sal recognition ( !       
pr9ciples ( tru?4 ,we h already describ$
 h[ ^! pr9ciples 7 communicat$ to !     
,israelites by means ( ord9ances :i* !  
m9d ( man has long s9ce outgr[n4 ,!     
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity 71 9 l mann]1   
embodi$ 9 in/itutions1 "s ( :i* are     
obsolete1 :ile o!rs rema92 b1 s9ce      
,*ri/ianity is de/9$ n to be sup]s$$ by 
any o!r s*eme1 x appe>s to foll[        
necess>ily f ! pr9ciples on :i* we h be5
 reason+1 t none ( its in/itutions 71 l 
! ,jewi%1 positive1 b av[$ly adopt$ f   
motives ( exp$i5cy4 ,x is !re=e ! belief
 ( a portion ( ! ,unit>ian body1 t ,*ri/
 himself appo9t$ no ord9ance = p]man5t  
adoption1 & t ^? :i* 7 appo9t$ by !     
,apo/les1 & sanction$ by _! practice1 7 
e/abli%$ on ! gr\nd ( exp$i5cy alone4   
,!y 7 n !re=e ! less obligatory ^u _!   
disciples 9 ^? times1 nor ^u u1 z f> z !
 orig9al gr\nd ( ! ord9ances rema9s2 b z

 "s apo/olic practices h1 ?r\gh !       
revolutions ( human affairs1 become     
obsolete1 x is desirable to to se>* into
 ! f\ndation ( all4  ,baptism _c be     
call$ a ,*ri/ian in/itution1 s9ce ! rite
 0 practis$ long be=e ! mission ( !     
,bapti/2 b "s ( our body adopt x z a    
,*ri/ian ord9ance1 because x 0 c\nt5anc$
 by ,jesus & adm9i/]$ by 8 foll[]s3 :ile
 o!r ,unit>ians1 deem+ ! practice (     
baptism inexp$i5t 9 _! circum/ances (   
age & c\ntry1 decl9e ! rite !mselves1 b 
recomm5d its use 9 cases analog\s to ^? 
9 :i* x 0 fir/ adopt$1 i4 e4 9 cases (  
conv]sion f ,paganism4 ,!re are o!rs :o 
wi% to aboli% x altoge!r1 f a fe> (     
enc\rag+ sup]/ition by an ungr\nd$      
atta*m5t to ext]nal obs]vances4  ,!     
ord9ance ( ! ,"l's ,supp] is consid]$ a 
positive in/itution ( ,*ri/ianity by    
almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ! great   
majority ( ,unit>ians includ$4 ,!       
,society ( ,fri5ds1 & ! ,free-?9k+      
,*ri/ians1 are p]haps ! only sects :o   
positively decl9e1 f pr9ciple1 !        

practice ( ! rite2 :ile "s ,unit>ians   
deem x inconsi/5t ) _! pr9ciples to     
believe t ,*ri/ design$ ! ord9ance =    
p]man5t & univ]sal adoption4 ,x is      
practis$ by _m z a means1 a v important 
means1 ( increas+ love & excit+ to      
ob$i5ce1 :ile !y yet _c plead a ,div9e  
sanction 9 its favor1 or mu* less       
suppose t any peculi> quality resides 9 
:at is eat5 & drank1 or any peculi>     
virtue 9 ! act ( eat+ & dr9k+ by :i* any
 peculi> privilege c be atta9$4 ,9 ^!   
la/ suppositions all our body are agre$1
 s9ce no intimation c be f\nd 9 !       
,scriptures t ! sacram5tal bread & w9e 7
 at any "t us$ o!rwise ?an z m]ely      
emblematical ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0
 ! practice ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to       
assemble = ! supp]1 ea* c>ry+ 8 portion 
( ! fea/1 :i* 0 eat5 l any o!r fea/1 &  
frequ5tly ) excess on ! "p ( ! ri*1 :ile
 8 poor] neighbor hung]$4 ',:5 ye come  
toge!r1' says ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 xi4   
#bj-bc171 x is n to eat ! ,"l's ,supp]2 
= 9 eat+1 e "o take? be=e ano!r 8 own   

supp]1 & "o is hungry & ano!r is drunk54
 ,:at8 ,h ye n h\ses to eat & dr9k 98   
,or despise ye ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 & %ame !m
 t h n8' 7v4 #cc47 ',:]e=e1 my bre?r51  
:5 ye come toge!r to eat1 wait "o =     
ano!r4 ,& if any man hung]1 let him eat 
at home2 t ye come n toge!r unto        
condemnation4'--,x is n conceivable t ^!
 ,*ri/ians _h any notion t :at !y ate & 
drank 0 9 itself sacr$1 or t ! ,apo/le 0
 aw>e ( any o!r purpose ( ! rite b t (  
'%[+ =? ! ,"l's dea? till he came4'     
,?is rite 0 usually practis$ on ! fir/  
day ( ! week1 :5 ! disciples met to     
commemorate ! resurrection ( _! ,"l1 &  
to wor%ip toge!r4 ,! cu/om ( meet+ on a 
/at$ day = wor%ip has be5 cont9u$ ev]   
s9ce2 & ! day has be5 wisely set ap>t = 
purposes ( re/ & refre%m5t to body &    
m9d4 ,an in/itution s simple = purposes 
s salut>y w probably1 h[ev] abus$1 be ( 
v long /&+1 ev5 aft] x is m g5]ally     
all[$ ?an at pres5t1 n to be a ,div9e   
appo9tm5t4 ,! ,jewi% ,sabba? 0 a ,div9e 
ord9ance = ! use ( ! ,jews2 & by !m     

alone has ! la/ day ( ! week be5 reg>d$ 
z sacr$4 ,! ,"l's ,day1 or1 z x         
sometimes call$1 ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?1 is 
a totally diff]5t in/itution1 & "o :i*  
is pr(ess$ly arbitr>y1 ?\gh subs]vi5t to
 v important objects4 ,if ! ,jews 7     
enc\rag$ by _! ,messiah to look to !    
f9al purposes ( _! sabbatical           
in/itution1 mu* m ought we1 ! subjects (
 a m enl>g$ disp5sation1 to be> 9 m9d t 
all ext]nal obs]vances are b means to   
ends2 ord9ances ( :i* x is c]ta9 t !y 7 
made = man1 & n man = !m4  ,:atev] may  
be ! div]sity ( op9ion among ,unit>ians 
respect+ ! gr\nd ( ! ?ree ord9ances j   
ref]r$ to1 !re is none ) reg>d to ^?    
in/itutions ^: p]iod appe>s to h be5    
det]m9$ at ! mom5t ( _! orig94  ,!      
in/itution ( ,apo/olic ,ord9ation1 :i* !
 ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* holds to be ( a  
p]man5t nature1 we believe n to h be5   
design$ to outlive ! ,apo/les4 ,we      
p]ceive no intimation 9 ! v>i\s         
in/ructions giv5 !m :i* c lead u to     
imag9e t _! (fice 0 int5d$ to be or c\ld

 be bequea!d4 ,!y 7 *os5 to be witnesses
 ( ! circum/ances ( ! life & dea? (     
,*ri/1 & ! deposit>ies ( miracul\s p[]s 
aft] 8 asc5sion2 b z ! assi/ance ( !    
,holy ,_s1 t is ! p[] conf]r$ f on high1
 0 only a tempor>y sanction1 ! peculi>  
(fice ) :i* x 0 connect$ c\ld also be   
only tempor>y4 ,! evid5ce :i* we possess
 on ?is v important subject consi/s ( ! 
words ( ,*ri/ himself1 address$ to 8    
,apo/les respect+ _! mission1 _! own    
incid5tal obs]vations1 & ! facts :i*    
ecclesia/ical hi/ory pres5ts4 ,f all ^! 
s\rces ( evid5ce we d]ive our belief t !
 (fice ( witness+1 :i* is absolutely    
untransf]rable1 0 ! peculi> (fice ( !   
twelve ,apo/les2 t !y 7 especially      
qualifi$ by x = ! task ( prea*+ &       
e/abli%+ ! new ,gospel1 & t to enable !m
 to d s ) suffici5t effect1 among ! _m &
 great difficulties :i* ! /ate ( ! _w !n
 pres5t$1 ! miracul\s gifts ( ! ,_s 7   
grant$ to !m1 ) p[] to imp>t !m to      
:omsoev] !y w\ld1 & t ?is miracul\s p[] 
0 coexi/5t ) ! apo/olic age1--) :at is  

v>i\sly call$ '! age1' '! k+dom ( ,god1'
 '! k+dom ( ,*ri/1' '! k+dom ( heav52' t
 is1 f ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s to !      
abolition ( ,judaism on ! ov]?r[ (      
,j]usalem4 ,we f9d no evid5ce ( miracles
 aft] t "t :i* is at all to be comp>$ ) 
t on :i* we rely respect+ ! apo/olic    
gifts2 none :i* all[s u to hesitate 9   
our op9ion1 t ) ! apo/les expir$ ! p[] (
 communicat+ miracul\s privileges2 & t  
on !m alone 7 su* privileges imm$iately 
conf]r$4 ,^! gifts ( ! ,_s s]v$ z a     
,div9e sanction to _! te/imony1 & 7     
!re=e coexi/5t ) t te/imony2 & ! same   
evid5ce :i* record$ _! te/imony aft] _! 
dea?1 record$ ! ,div9e sanction         
likewise2 & ^u ?is broad & immutable    
f\ndation is built ! ,*ri/ian fai?1     
aga9/ :i*1 accord+ to ! ,savi\r's       
promise1 no opposition has prevail$ or c
 prevail4 ,:5 "s :o c\ld n d5y !        
peculi>ity ( 8 mission1 b w\ld n admit 8
 pre-em95t claims1 suppos$ him to be    
,john ! ,bapti/1 o!rs ,elijah1 & o!rs   
,j]emiah or ano!r ( ! prophets1 ,simon  

,pet]1 :o 0 n bl9d$ by prejudice1 & :o  
believ$ = ! works' sake 9 opposition to 
! op9ions ( m51 boldly decl>$ him to be 
'! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god4' ,jesus 
pron\nc$ him bless$1 because he believ$ 
:at ! p[] ( ,god made manife/1 & n :at  
m5 decl>$2 & promis$ t on su* te/imony z
 8 %\ld ! ,gospel be e/abli%$1 s t no   
opposition %\ld prevail aga9/ x2 & fur!r
 decl>$ t x %\ld be 9 ! p[] ( ,pet] to  
admit m5 into ! privileges ( ! ,gospel1 
& to h ext5sive influ5ce ov] _!         
spiritual /ate4 ',bless$ art ?\1 ,simon2
 = fle% & blood ha? n reveal$ x unto !e1
 b my ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,& ,i also   
say unto !e t ?\ art ,pet] 7a rock17 &  
on ?is rock ,i w build my *ur*1 & !     
gates ( dea? %all n prevail aga9/ x4 ,& 
,i w give unto !e ! keys ( ! k+dom (    
heav52 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d on e>?    
%all be b\nd 9 heav52 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt
 loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9 heav54'   
,?is promise 0 fulfill$4 ,pet] bore     
te/imony f> & wide1 ) all ! zeal & en]gy
 by :i* he 0 *>act]iz$1 to ! life1      

tea*+s & dea? ( 8 div9e ma/]2 & f ?is   
te/imony1 9 conjunction ) t ( 8 bre?r51 
is d]iv$ ! evid5ce on :i* ,*ri/ianity is
 receiv$ to ?is day4 ,pet] _h also      
pre-em95t p[] 9 ! infant ,*ur*1 conv]t+ 
?ree ?\s& p]sons on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 & 
aft]w>ds prea*+1 baptiz+1 & add+        
multitudes to ^? :o 7 press+ into !     
k+dom ( ,god4  ,no record exi/s ( any   
attempt on 8 "p to delegate any portion 
( 8 p[]2 none ( :i* c\ld be transf]r$ b 
su* au?ority 9 ! ,*ur* z he possess$ "u 
! mode ( *ur* gov]nm5t :i* !n subsi/$4  
,t :i* con/itut$ ! *ief glory ( ! ,pr9ce
 ( ! ,apo/les belong$ to him z ! foll[] 
( ,jesus & z an em95t recipi5t ( ! gifts
 ( ! ,_s4 ,x appe>s exce$+ly improbable 
t ,pet] ev] 0 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ?\gh he   
suff]$ imprisonm5t & p]haps m>tyrdom    
!re4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,apo/les 0 g5]al1 &
 seems to h be5 ex]cis$ g5]ally1 in/ead 
( be+ fix$ 9 any "o congregation4 ,at   
all ev5ts x is cle> t ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome 
did n lay claim to any preem95ce ov] !  
patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1    

,antio* & ,j]usalem1 7fur!r ?an z !y all
 claim$ prec$5ce ( "o ano!r on acc\nt ( 
! dignity ( _! sev]al cities1 & !       
sup]ior weal? ( _! sees17 till ! ,arian 
controv]sy af=d$ !m v>i\s opportunities 
( ext5d+ _! p[]4 ,:5 remon/rances 7 (f]$
 by ! six? ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 9 ,a4 ,d4 
#dbf1 & by _m o!r assemblies1 aga9/ !   
encroa*m5ts ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome1 ! pleas
 :i* are n[ br\ght =w>d 9 support ( _!  
claim to supremacy _h nev] be5 he>d (2 &
 !y 7 9 fact nev] adduc$ till _m        
c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]4 ,x 0 n    
till ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury t ! title
 ( ,pope 0 appropriat$ by ! ,bi%ops (   
,rome2 x be+ appli$ to all bi%ops at    
fir/1 & aft]w>ds to ^? :o held ! l>g]   
sees1 z :5 ,cornelius1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1  
call$ ,cyprian ! ,pope ( ,c>?age4 ,!    
assumption ( ! title ( ,univ]sal ,bi%op 
by ,john ( ,con/ant9ople1 t[>ds ! end ( 
! six? c5tury1 0 condemn$ by ,gregory ! 
,great1 !n ,bi%op ( ,rome1 z presumption
 & ev5 blasphemy2 & he fur!r %[$ 8 s5se 
( ! presumption by inve/+ himself ) !   

humbl] title ( ,s]vus ,s]vorum ,dei4    
,yet s soon aft] z ,a4 ,d4 #fjf1        
,boniface ,,iii4 obta9$ ( ! ,emp]or     
,phocas t ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome alone %\ld  
h5ce=? call !mselves ,univ]sal ,bi%ops3 
! claim be+ f\nd$ on ! dignity ( ! city 
& ! weal? ( ! see1 & n on ! transmission
 ( ! apo/olic (fice f ,pet]1 ( :i* n !  
slighte/ h9t appe>s to h be5 giv5 till  
,leo compla9$ t ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on _h 
grant$ 8 claim to preem95ce on no bett] 
gr\nd ?an ! importance ( ! city :]e he  
presid$4 ,ev5 he1 h[ev]1 _h no ?\ght (  
advanc+ pret5sions to infallibility1 z !
 successor ( an infallible ,apo/le2 ?is 
additional claim be+ res]v$ = ,aga?o1   
:o1 9 #fhj1 br\ght =w>d ! novel doctr9e 
't ! *air ( ,rome--nev] err$1 nor c err 
9 any po9t2' & t 'all ! con/itutions ( !
 ,roman ,*ur* are to be receiv$ z if !y 
_h be5 deliv]$ by ! div9e voice ( ,/    
,pet]4' ,s t !re is an utt] abs5ce (    
pro( t '! ,ca?olic or ,univ]sal ,*ur*   
has be5 visibly cont9u$ ?r\gh all ages 9
 "o uni=m fai?1 be+ guid$ & pres]v$ f   

error 9 matt]s ( fai? by ! assi/ance ( !
 ,holy ,_s4' ,on ! contr>y1 !re is e k9d
 ( evid5ce to prove t ! sup]natural     
influ5ces ( ! ,_s ceas$ ) ! close ( !   
apo/olic age2 t divisions ( v>i\s k9ds &
 degrees exi/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ov]  
:i* ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome = five or six     
c5turies ex]t$ no pre-em95t control1 &  
:i* ! decrees ( ,c\ncils 7 ( no avail to
 soo! & unite4 ,we !re=e hold apo/olic  
ord9ation to h be5 a tempor>y           
in/itution1 & at ! "t m univ]sally      
und]/ood to be s ?an p]haps any o!r     
provision = ! spread ( ! ,gospel4  ,(   
any su* in/itution z a ,*ur*1 p]man5t or
 tempor>y1 e/abli%$ by ,*ri/1 & di/9ct f
 ! simple exhibition ( 8 ,gospel1 we f9d
 n ! mo/ remote h9t 9 any records b ^? (
 ! va9 imag9ations ( m54 ,a ,*ur* means 
lit]ally an assemblage2 & ! ,*ur* (     
,*ri/ signifies1 ev]y:]e 9 ! sacr$      
writ+s1 ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,:]e !   
t]m is limit$1 x signifies assemblages (
 ,*ri/ians 9 diff]5t places1 z ! ,*ur*  
at ,cor9?1 ! ,*ur* at ,ephesus1 c4 ,by !

 univ]sal ,*ur* x is impossible to      
und]/& any ?+ b ! total numb] ( ,*ri/ian
 believ]s3 nor c we conceive ( any means
 by :i* x c be %[n t ! primitive        
,*ri/ians und]/ood o!rwise1 or t ! t]m c
 admit ( any o!r int]pretation4 ,we     
hold1 !re=e1 t ! propositions we are    
ab\t to quote f ! docum5t to :i* we h   
be=e ref]r$ 7',roman ,ca?olic           
,pr9ciples1' c47 are f\nd$ on an        
unau?oriz$ & errone\s conception ( !    
nature ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ',! way or   
means by :i* man may arrive at ! k ( !  
my/]ies ( ! ,gospel' are decl>$ to be 'n
 by ! read+ ( ,scripture1 int]pret$     
accord+ to ! private judgm5t ( ea*      
disjunctive p]son or nation 9 p>ticul>2 
b by an att5tion & submission to ! voice
 ( ! ,ca?olic or ,univ]sal ,*ur*1       
e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ = ! in/ruction ( all2 
spread = t end ?r\gh all nations1 &     
visibly cont9u$ 9 ! succession ( pa/ors 
& p ?r\gh all ages4 ,f ?is ,*ur*1 guid$ 
9 tru?1 & secur$ f error 9 matt]s ( fai?
 by ! promis$ assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,gho/1

 e "o may le>n ! "r s5se ( !            
,scriptures1 & su* ,*ri/ian my/]ies &   
duties z are necess>y to salvation4 ,?is
 ,*ur*1 ?us e/abli%$1 ?us spread1 ?us   
cont9u$1 ?us guid$1 9 "o uni=m fai? &   
subord9ation ( gov]nm5t1 is t :i* is    
call$ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*3 !        
qualities j m5tion$1 unity1 indefici5cy1
 visibility1 succession1 & univ]sality1 
be+ evid5tly applicable to h]4 ,f !     
te/imony & au?ority ( ?is ,*ur* x is t  
we receive ! ,scriptures1 & believe !m  
to be ! ^w ( ,god2 & z %e c assur$ly    
tell u :at p>ticul> book is ! ^w ( ,god1
 s %e c1 ) ! l assurance1 tell u also ! 
true s5se & mean+ ( x 9 controv]t$ po9ts
 ( fai?2 ! same ,_s t wrote !           
,scriptures1 direct+ h] to und]/& bo? !m
 & all matt]s necess>y to salvation4'   
,z we believe ourselves includ$ 9 !     
univ]sal ,*ur*1 i4 e4 9 ! numb] (       
,*ri/ian believ]s1 we ackn[l$ge no      
au?ority b t :i* ?us includ$ u1--!      
au?ority ( ,*ri/ himself3 to no o!r     
voice b 81 z deliv]$ 9 ,scripture1 d we 

li/5 ) submission2 & to none d we commit
 ! (fice ( int]pretation2 believ+ t ,god
 has giv5 to e man ! inali5able "r &    
suffici5t p[] to asc]ta9 = himself :at  
doctr9es & duties are necess>y to       
salvation4 ,:at ! ,romi% ,*ur* may be   
:i*1 s f> f be+ 'univ]sal' expressly    
assumes ! p[] ( guid+ & in=m+ ,*ri/ian  
believ]s1 we pr(ess n to und]/&1 hav+   
receiv$ no evid5ce ( its orig9 & no     
atte/ation ( its claims2 b we "k t 9 !  
,*ri/ian ,*ur* !re has nev] be51 s9ce ! 
apo/olic age1 '"o uni=m fai? &          
subord9ation ( gov]nm5t2' nor d we      
believe t su* subord9ation is design$ by
 ,provid5ce1 or t su* uni=mity is       
compatible ) ! pres5t nature ( man1 or  
ess5tial to 8 safety & peace4 ,believ+ t
 ! ,scriptures conta9 ! ^w ( ,god1 & t !
 natural faculties ( man are its        
appropriate int]pret]s1 we d>e n commit 
to o!rs ! task ( receiv+ a message :i*  
we "k to be address$ imm$iately to      
ourselves2 especially z we are conv9c$  
t1 s9ce ! apo/olic age1 no peculi> gifts

 ( wisdom or ( tongues h be5 conf]r$ on 
any man4 ,! same ,_s :i* dictat$ !      
,gospel we believe to p]vade ! :ole     
spiritual univ]se1 giv+ wisdom lib]ally 
to all :o seek x1 & enlight5+ ^? :o d ! 
w ( ,god respect+ ! doctr9e :i* is (    
,god4  ,s9ce ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* _c 
f9d a basis = its claims 9 !            
,scriptures1 ^? claims mu/ be f\nd$ on !
 'apo/olical & ecclesia/ical traditions'
 :i* %e requires h] memb]s 'mo/ firmly  
to admit & embrace4' ,! "q betwe5 !     
,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,*ur*es on ?is    
subject is1--:at traditions are to be   
receiv$ & :at reject$2 = ! "o ,*ur* w\ld
 be z unwill+ to receive all t h be5    
curr5t1 z ! o!r to reject all t h be5   
sub/antiat$4 ,x is evid5t1 z !          
,prote/ant ,*ur* admits1 t ! ,*ri/ians  
:o 7 n conv]t$ by ! ,apo/les !mselves1 &
 :o liv$ be=e ! publication ( !         
canonical ,scriptures1 c\ld h _h no o!r 
f\ndation = _! fai? ?an tradition2 & on 
! same gr\nd we e/abli% our belief 9 !  
g5u95ess ( ! ,scriptures2 i4 e41 we     

decl>e !m canonical4  ,:5 we reject     
traditions !re=e1 x is n z traditions1 b
 9 proportion to _! evid5ce4 ,if !y     
appe> inconsi/5t ) ! sacr$ writ+s1      
incompatible ) ! convictions ( reason1  
or disagree+ ) ! circum/ances ( ! age1  
we feel t ! balance ( evid5ce is aga9/  
!m4 ,if !y be m]ely vague &             
inconsequ5tial1 & n contradictory to ea*
 o!r or to any kn[n tru?1 we hold !m    
loosely1 )\t firm conviction & )\t      
positive disbelief4 ,if !y be1 n only   
consi/5t )1 b corroborative ( asc]ta9$  
tru?1 cle> 9 ! orig91 & e>ly &          
ext5sively held1 our fai? 9 !m is will+ 
& /eadfa/4 ,( ! fir/ class are ^?       
traditions :i* 7 plead$ be=e ! second   
,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ,a4 ,d4 #ghg1 on behalf
 ( ! wor%ip ( images1 :i* we reject on  
all ! gr\nds m5tion$ above2 viz4 because
 !y are inconsi/5t ) ! _s & lett] ( !   
sacr$ books2 because !y are incompatible
 ) ! convictions ( our reason1 & because
 !y are p]fectly irreconcileable ) !    
practice ( ! ,apo/les & ! discipl9e ( ! 

primitive ,*ur*4 ,( ! second class are  
^? :i* relate ! v>i\s fate ( ! fir/     
foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 & :i* we admit 9 !     
abs5ce ( all o!r evid5ce1 ?\gh on su*   
slight gr\nds z to h no firm conviction 
( _! tru?4 ,( ! ?ird class are ^? by :i*
 we receive ! sacr$ books z g5u9e1 & :i*
 comm& belief f _! univ]sal preval5ce1  
_! /rong inh]5t probability1 & p]fect   
consonance ) ! cont5ts ( ! books        
!mselves4 ,x w be easily anticipat$ f   
:at we h said1 t we reject ^? traditions
 :i* corroborate ! claims ( ! ,roman    
,ca?olic ,*ur* to a special div9e       
commission2 s9ce su* traditions are 9   
opposition to :at we recognize z ! _s ( 
! ,gospel1 & unsanction$ by ! conduct ( 
! ,apo/les1 especially ( ,pet]4 ,reject+
 ^! traditions1 we hold ! op9ion sugge/$
 by ! record ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 t  
_! special commission expir$ ) !mselves2
 t apo/olical ord9ation 0 a tempor>y    
in/itution2 & t ! special influ5ce ( !  
,holy ,_s 0 design$ to be a tempor>y    
sanction4  ,! *ur* ( ,engl& appe>s to u 

to m]it ! c5sure & ev5 ! ridicule ca/ ^u
 h] by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* = !      
inconsi/5cy ( h] in/itutions ) !        
pr9ciple on :i* %e pr(esses to act1--!  
pr9ciple ( ! ,re=mation1--t ! ,bible    
alone is ! religion ( ,prote/ants4      
,ca?olics & prote/ants ,diss5t] jo9 9   
*all5g+ h] to produce f ! ,bible !      
gr\nds ( ! practice1 among o!rs1 (      
episcopal ord9ation2 includ+1 z x does1 
! decl>ation ( ! regul> transmission ( !
 (fice1 ) its peculi> gifts ( ! ,_s1 f !
 times ( ,/ ,pet] till ! pres5t day4    
,reject+1 z %e does1 ! ecclesia/ical    
traditions on :i* ! ,ca?olics dep5d1 &  
unable z %e is to adduce au?ority f !   
,scriptures to :i* ,diss5t]s appeal1 %e 
has no alt]native b to own ! practice   
ungr\nd$1 or to adduce "s ?ird au?ority1
 hi!rto unhe>d (4  ,"s ( ! mo/          
objectionable =ms ( ord9ation = ,*ri/ian
 pa/or%ip 71 not)/&+1 reta9$ by v>i\s   
d5om9ations ( ,diss5t]s long aft] _!    
sep>ation f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & are /ill
 p>tially held2 b ,unit>ians h altoge!r 

rel9qui%$ ! conception t ! tea*]s ( !   
,gospel are peculi>ly qualifi$ = _!     
(fice o!rwise ?an by _! volunt>y        
devotion to x1 & by ^? natural means (  
/udy1 reflection & pray] :i* _! duty    
requires !m /r5u\sly to employ4  ,we    
conceive t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has be5 l$  
into ! inconsi/5cy m5tion$ above by     
conceiv+ 9 common ) ! ,ca?olics1 & z we 
?9k errone\sly1 t ! in/itutions ( ,*ur* 
gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 ! apo/olic age are a
 "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !re=e de/9$ to be  
p]man5t4 ,h] ,*ur* gov]nm5t is1 x is    
true1 n ! same1 because x _c1 by        
possibility1 be s1 ! lapse ( ages hav+  
wr\ght unavoidable *anges2 b ?is        
mutability1 :i* ought to prove to h] !  
tempor>y nature ( ! in/itution1 only    
makes h] cl+ ! m eag]ly to ! po9ts (    
resemblance :i* %e conceives to h be5   
pres]v$ betwe5 h] own con/itution & t ( 
! primitive ,*ur*2 =gett+ t su* suppos$ 
resemblance is imm$iately d]iv$ f t v   
,ca?olic ,*ur* ^: sup]/itions inspir$ h]
 ) s mu* horror at ! ,re=mation4 ,:atev]

 resemblance ! two ,*ur*es be> to !     
primitive ,*ur* 9 its ext]nal (fices1 !y
 be> 9 common4  ,?is resemblance1 h[ev]1
 is b slight4 ,9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian   
,*ur*1 regulat$ by eld]s *os5 f ! p1 & 9
 no way di/+ui%$ f !m 9 rank or le>n+1 &
 s]v$ by deacons1 ^: (fice 0 to         
di/ribute ! funds held by all 9 common1 
we c sc>cely recognize ! orig9al ( !    
pomp\s e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* religion is n[ 
believ$ to be pres]v$ 9 its purity1     
till1 on exam9+ ! hi/ory1 we trace !    
degrees by :i* spiritual dom9ation 0    
secur$4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! eld]s s]v$ !
 (fice ( mod]ator 9 ! assemblies :i* met
 = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,9 "t1 !    
(fice became p]man5t1 & ! 'con/ant      
presid5t' 0 all[$ to appropriate ! title
 ( 'bi%op1' :i* _h be=e be5 common to   
all ! eld]s4 ,:5 numb]s increas$ s t    
small] congregations 7 sep>at$ f "o     
l>g]1 ea* colony _h an eld] at its head1
 & ! *ief ( ! p>5t ,*ur* became a       
diocesan bi%op4 ,l>ge c\ntry            
congregations 71 h[ev]1 emp[]$ to *oose 

a complete set ( (fic]s = !mselves1     
consi/+ ( bi%ops1 eld]s1 & deacons1 & 7 
indep5d5t ( ! city ,*ur*es1 till !      
,c\ncil held at ,antio* ,a4 ,d4 #cda    
=bade c\ntry bi%ops to orda9 prie/s or  
deacons1 & all[$ !m ! p[] ( *oos+ only !
 inf]ior (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! next /ep 0
 to aboli% ! ord] ( c\ntry bi%ops2      
c\ntry deans & ar* prie/s be+ sub/itut$4
 ,at l5g?1 synods 7 held1 at :i* !      
bi%ops met z deputies ( ! p1 to         
communicate conc]n+ affairs ( common    
int]e/1 =gett+ f "t to "t ! "* 9 :i* !y 
appe>$1 & v5tur+ to make decrees by _!  
own au?ority1 & ev5 to claim a p[] (    
prescrib+ 9 matt]s ( fai? & discipl9e4  
,! pr9cipal bi%op 9 a l>ge di/rict 0    
employ$ by 8 bre?r5 to convoke ^!       
assemblies2 & z ! *oice usually fell on 
! *ief (fic] ( ! metropolitan ,*ur*1 !  
title ( metropolitan bi%op or ar*-bi%op 
0 appli$ to him2 :i* t]m became common 9
 ! ,*ur* aft] ! ye> #dcj4 ,! patri>*s 7 
( a high] rank /ill2 & !re 7 only five (
 !m1 belong+ to ! sees ( ,rome1         

,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 &    
,j]usalem4 ,!y 7 n call$ ,primates till 
! "t ( ,leo ,i4 ,! ambition ( ! cl]gy   
f\nd ext5sive means ( gratification 9 ! 
*anges made by ,con/ant9e1 :o adapt$ !  
gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* to t ( ! ,/ate1 :i*  
he _h newly divid$ & ord]$4 ,z ! sup]ior
 cl]gy grasp$ at great] p[]1 ! inf]ior  
cl]gy press$ ^u _! /eps2 & we soon he> (
 ar*-presbyt]s & ar*-deacons1 & ( !     
occasional union ( ! (fices ( prie/ &   
deacon 9 ! same individual4 ,?us did !  
s]vants gradually become ! ma/]s ( !    
,*ur*2 & ?us1 9 f\r c5turies1 0 !       
con/itution ( ,*ri/ian congregations s  
entirely *ang$1 t sc>cely a %ad[ ( _!   
orig9al in/itutions rema9$4  ,?is brief 
detail 7! tru? ( :i* is s well kn[n t x 
is ne$less to give z our au?ority e     
accr$it$ ecclesia/ical hi/ory7 af=ds !  
be/ argum5t = ! tempor>y nature ( !     
in/itutions ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 &         
sanctions ! decl>ation ( ^? :o are *>g$ 
by ei!r ,*ur* ) s*ism1 t be=e !y c aga9 
be requir$ to jo9 ! ,e/abli%m5t1 t      

,e/abli%m5t mu/ be r$uc$ to ! simplicity
 ( gov]nm5t & discipl9e :i* *>act]iz$ ! 
primitive *ur*4 ,! bi%ops mu/ assume    
no?+ ov] _! bre?r51 & be sup]ior 9 no   
respect b 9 hol9ess2 !y mu/ be /ew>ds ( 
,god1 n giv5 to lucre1 b em95t 9 fai?1 9
 temp]ance1 9 *>ity4 ,! deacons mu/     
adm9i/] ! common rev5ues ( ! *ur* = !   
b5efit ( ^? :o h ne$1 appropriat+ no?+  
!mselves nor suff]+ o!rs to appropriate4
 ,! *ur* itself mu/ be1 9 all its views 
& objects1 n ( ?is _w2 hav+ no respect (
 p]sons1 n aw>d+ to ! man 9 goodly      
app>el a bett] place ?an to ! poor man 9
 vile raim5t1 reject+ e inducem5t to !  
usurpation ( secul> p[]1 & leav+ to !   
consci5ce ( e man1 z ,pet] ref]r$ to !  
consci5ce ( ,ananias1 ! obligation (    
contribut+ to ! common rev5ue4 ',:ile ! 
l& rema9$1 0 x n ?9e own8 ,& aft] x 0   
sold1 0 n ! price 9 ?9e own p[]8' is n !
 language ( ecclesia/ical tax-ga!r]s 9 !
 pres5t day3 & till all contributions to
 ! *ur*es become /rictly volunt>y1 till 
! *ur*es abjure all temporal au?ority1 &

 free _! discipl9e & ritual f !         
encroa*m5ts ( spiritual tyranny & !     
defilem5ts ( sup]/ition1 nei!r ! "o nor 
! o!r c advance any claim to spiritual  
allegiance1 & m5 :o diss5t f bo? may    
hold !mselves innoc5t ( ! s9 ( s*ism4   
,?us mu* we say on ! supposition t x    
might be possible or desirable to re/ore
 ! anci5t con/itution ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b we  
make su* a supposition only = ! sake (  
meet+ ! views ( ^? :o1 feel+ t !        
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts ( ! pres5t day
 are un*ri/ian1 w\ld fa9 sub/itute = !m 
! simple in/itutions ( ! primitive      
,*ur*4 ,believ+ z we d1 t all su*       
in/itutions mu/ be class$ among !       
non-ess5tials ( ,*ri/ianity1 we w\ld h  
!m modifi$ accord+ to ! circum/ances ( !
 age & c\ntry 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,x
 is n possible t "s ( ! orig9al ,*ri/ian
 ord9ances c be advantage\sly employ$ 9 
e c\ntry & ?r\gh e age4 ,! fir/         
,*ri/ians belong$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to !     
middl+ & l[] classes ( society1 &       
consequ5tly _h few possessions4 ,^!     

possessions1 ) :atev] 0 volunt>ily (f]$ 
by ! few ri* m5 among !m1 7 ga!r$ into a
 common /ock1 9 ord] t all might be s f>
 fre$ f secul> c>es z to be able to     
devote _! m9ds & he>ts to ! fur!rance ( 
! cause ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is obvi\s t !   
same reasons = e/abli%+ a community (   
goods d n exi/ 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 :]e 
! fai? has no long] to ma9ta9 a /ruggle 
) ! p[]s :i* oppos$ its fir/            
promulgation4 ,nor c\ld su* a community 
( goods answ] ! same purposes 9 a weal?y
 comm]cial /ate & among ! cantons (     
,switz]l&1 among ! nobles & boors (     
,russia1 & ! back-woodsm5 ( ,am]ica2 9  
/ates :]e civilization is mo/ advanc$1 &
 9 regions :]e ! rights ( prop]ty are   
almo/ unrecogniz$4  ,! same may be said 
( ! ext]nal modes ( wor%ip4 ,grant+ t ! 
complex c]emonies ( ,roman ,ca?olic     
wor%ip1 s ne>ly resembl+ ! rites (      
,paganism1 might1 by possibility1 admit 
( a connexion ) pure ,*ri/ian fai?1 x _c
 be suppos$ t ! cross1 wax lights1 &    
inc5se c ev] =m a ritual appropriate to 

! cu/oms ( ,arabs or ,indians1 or t !y w
 help ! devotion ( ! fiftie? g5]ation f 
! pres5t4 ,primitive modes ( wor%ip h1  
by a s+ul> ord]+ ( circum/ances1 be5    
pres]v$ among ! ,vaudois1 & are /ill    
consonant ) _! secul> /ate3 b m5 :o     
dwell amid/ rav9es & m\nta9 =e/s ?9k &  
feel diff]5tly1 & !re=e wor%ip diff]5tly
 f ^? :o inhabit ! cities ( ! pla92 :ile
 ! fai? ( all is ess5tially ! same4 ,x  
is1 !re=e1 unreasonable ( ! ,ca?olic    
,*ur* to require ( all h] memb]s1 dwell 
:]e !y may1 9 ! nor? or 9 ! s\?1 9 !    
metropolis or ! wild]ness1 ! v[1 ',i    
also receive & admit ! c]emonies ( !    
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 receiv$ & approv$ 9 !   
solemn adm9i/ration ( all ! sev5        
sacram5ts4'  ,f> m reasonable is !      
,gospel 9 its requisitions1 ! sole      
condition ( ^: promises is1 t m5 %all   
'wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?4' ,we h   
said t ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ian fai? is !    
same ?r\gh all v>ieties ( manife/ation4 
,x has ev] be5 s1 & x %all ev] be s1 =  
^! v>ieties ( manife/ation are orda9$ = 

! v purpose ( pres]v+ ! ess5ce4 ,!y are 
orda9$1 le/ m51 too mu* reg>d+ ?+s se5 &
 temporal1 %\ld conf\nd ) !m ?+s unse5 &
 et]nal2 %\ld n only incorporate        
religion 9 mat]ial =ms1 b id5tify x )   
!m4 ,!y are orda9$ t m5 may le>n :at    
,*ri/ianity really is1 :at ! ,"l ,god   
requires ( !m conc]n+ x1 :at ,he        
promises !m 9 x1 :at ,he purposes to    
effect by x2 & fur!rmore1 t m5 may      
mutually recognize ! new bond (         
bro!rhood :i* ! ,gospel discloses1 by   
:i* all are made heirs ( ,god &         
jo9t-heirs ) ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,?is         
recognition mu/ take place z soon z !   
nature & design ( ,*ri/ianity are       
und]/ood1 be x "h or h]eaft]1 9 ?is _w  
or 9 ! next2 & surely ! soon] ! bett]4  
,t mode ( belief :i* enc\rages ! close/ 
inve/igation into ! pr9ciples (         
,*ri/ianity2 :i* discov]s ! mo/ cle>ly  
all spiritual relations2 :i* af=ds ! mo/
 di/9ct appreh5sion ( ! p]man5ce &      
univ]sality ( ! ,gospel2 :i* disc]ns h[ 
its promises are ratifi$1 its ?reat5+s  

confirm$1 its tru?s corroborat$ by all  
o!r spiritual influ5ces1 by all !       
results ( human exp]i5ce1 & all !       
developm5ts ( ,provid5ce1--mu/ be ! be/ 
adapt$ to ! ne$s & capabilities ( an    
ev]-exp&+ & immortal _s4 ,t mode (      
belief :i* adapts itself to all times & 
circum/ances1 & :i* is indep5d5t ( all  
influ5ces b ^? :i* are unfail+1 mu/ be !
 true/ & be/3 & su* a fai? actually     
exi/s 9 ^? views ( ,*ri/ianity "u :i* x 
appe>s z simple & diffusive z natural   
religion4  ,! ,gre5l&]1 :o sees h[      
rapidly all natural influ5ces comb9e to 
enhance ! bloom ( 8 transi5t summ]1     
recognizes ! same attributes (          
,provid5ce z ! philosoph] :o m>ks !     
expansion ( m9d "u ! vicissitudes (     
ev5ts3 bo? are natural religioni/s4 ,!  
great tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity may be also   
common to bo?4 ,! ,gre5l&] loses ! wife 
( 8 bosom1 & w&]s on ! icy %ore to wat* 
if any skiff trav]ses ! horizon1 to br+ 
him tid+s f ! _w ( spirits2 he li/5s to 
! sull5 ro> ( ! waves & ! moan+ ( ! w9d1

 9 ! int5se hope t ! voice ( a _s may   
m+le ) _! murmurs4 ,! philosoph] :o has 
suff]$ b]eavem5t feels a simil> want1   
?\gh 8 ye>n+s are diff]5tly express$4 ,8
 reason is adjur$1 & n 8 s5ses1 to yield
 evid5ce ( a life beyond ! grave2 & !   
intellect ( ! "o is z int5tly fix$ z !  
eye & e> ( ! o!r on :atev] may br+ a    
solution ( 8 d\bts4 ,is n ! ma9 fact (  
,*ri/ianity t :i* is preem95tly fitt$ to
 af=d consolation & hope to bo?8 ,to ea*
 9 ! proportion 9 :i* he is able to     
receive x8 ,! ,gre5l&]1 :o believes t   
!re has be5 an actual resurrection 9    
pro( t all m5 %all live aft] dea?1 is   
soo!d & *e]$ by hope4 ,he is brave :5   
toss$ by ! /orms ( ! ocean or half-buri$
 9 a sn[-drift1 because dea? is no long]
 ! fe>ful ?+ x 04 ,he is pati5t :5 8    
w9t] /ore ( provisions is exhau/$ & 8   
*ildr5 ask him = food1 because 8 fai?   
tea*es him t he :o c re/ore ! dead f !  
grave c pres]ve ! liv+1 ?\gh ! means may
 n be imm$iately app>5t4 ,?is fai? is ! 
same ) t on :i* ! philosoph] reposes 8  

tru/1 :5 he sees ?+s t yet are n z ?\gh 
!y 71--! revelations ( ! grave1 !       
spiritual & intellectual communion ( a  
high] /ate1 & ! bless$ results ( !      
trials & privations ( ! pres5t4 ,& a    
simil> cong5iality prevails respect+ e  
o!r ess5tial doctr9e & pr9ciple ( !     
,gospel2 & ev5 respect+ its m9or        
details4 ,! univ]sal spread ( ,glad     
,tid+s is a fit subject = univ]sal      
rejoic+4 ,! moral beauty ( ! ,savi\r's  
"* is recognizable by all2 ! _s ( 8     
tea*+s is cong5ial to all2 & ! v        
illu/rations 9 :i* !y are set =? are ( a
 univ]sal nature4 ,/orms ev]y:]e beat on
 human dwell+s1 & 9 all regions fl[]s   
spr+1 & ! lights ( heav5 %9e & are      
obscur$4 ,! filial & frat]nal relations 
subsi/ ev]y:]e2 wid[$ mo!rs m\rn ov] !  
bi] ( a son1 & rejoic+s are witness$ at 
m>riage fea/s4 ,! p>ables ( ! ,gospel   
are ! mo/ appropriate elem5t>y tea*+s = 
all m9ds f pole to pole2 & ! pr9ciples  
:i* ,*ri/ propos$ comm& ! ass5t ( e     
intellect1 f t ( ! *ild :om he set 9 !  

mid/ ( 8 foll[]s1 to t :i*1 exalt$ by   
all holy influ5ces1 is surr\nd$ on its  
release f ! grave by a ?rong ( p]fect$  
spirits4 ,x is = man to bew>e h[ he     
limits :at ,god has ?us made univ]sal2  
h[ he monopolizes :at ,god designs to be
 diffus$2 h[ he encumb]s by human       
inv5tions t tru? :i* ,div9e wisdom has  
made free to all4  ,by ! ,gospel1 a new 
relation is e/abli%$ betwe5 ,him :o     
gives & him :o receives x2 & x is = man 
to bew>e h[ he attempts to modify ?is   
relation1 or to intrude on ! special    
communion :i* x e/abli%es4 ,x is n 9 !  
p[] ( man to take away any ?+ f !       
,gospel1 ?\gh he may n>r[ ! capacity (  
its recipi5ts2 b he mu/ bew>e h[ he adds
 to x ! tea*+s ( 8 own l[ & va9         
imag9ations4 ,he c d no?+ to impair     
,div9e tru?1 = x is made invuln]able by 
,god3 b he may impair & de/roy its      
efficacy = himself & 8 bre?r51 by mi/ak+
 its nature & p]v]t+ its influ5ces2 by  
transf]r+ to o!rs ! task :i* he may n   
delegate1 ( admitt+ its evid5ces &      

int]pret+ its comm&s4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( 
man to sil5ce ! voice ( ,god speak+ on  
e>? ?r\gh ,*ri/2 b he mu/ bew>e ( li/5+ 
to any o!r expon5t ( ! ,div9e w1 :e!r or
 n he ref] 8 claim to ,/ ,pet]2 :e!r or 
n he appeal to human wisdom ?ron$ 9 !   
papal *air or atte/$ by ! unanimity (   
,c\ncils2 :e!r or n he entitle himself !
 ,vic> ( ,*ri/ on e>?4  ,x is n 9 ! p[] 
( man to re/rict ! influ5ces ( !        
,gospel4 ,:at !y h be51 !y w be2 :at !y 
h done1 !y w cont9ue to effect4 ,!y w   
bless ! _s 9 its w&]+s & 9 its          
retirem5ts1 mak+ ! univ]se ! record (   
its hi/ory1 & its inmo/ recesses !      
dwell+-place ( ,deity4 ,!y w re/ra9 !   
excesses1 *a/5 ! emotions1 & ennoble !  
sympa?ies ( humanity4 ,!y w bless life1 
& hall[ ! grave4 ,!y w develope !mselves
 p]petually z ages roll on1 till x %all 
be _! l[e/ (fice to /ill ! sigh+s &     
subdue ! conflicts ( ! _s2 :ile _!      
highe/ %all /ill be1 s to direct its    
pursuit ( ultimate objects1 s to        
invigorate its natural & moral p[]s1 z  

to evid5ce to itself its ev]-gr[+       
resemblance to its ,mak]4 ,x is = man to
 bew>e le/ he exclude himself f ^!      
influ5ces or impair _! op]ation by      
mi/ak+ sup]/ition = religion1 & by      
sup9ely rel9qui%+ ! intellectual &      
spiritual lib]ty ) :i* ,*ri/ has made   
him free4