,transcriber's ,note3 ,every effort has 
been made to replicate this text as     
faithfully as possible1 including       
obsolete and variant spellings and other
 inconsistencies4 ,text that has been   
changed to correct an obvious error is  
noted at the end of this ebook4  ,also1 
mismatched single and double quotes     
remain as they were in the original4    
,,the ,,arena4   ,,vol4 ,,xviii4        
,,august1 #ahig4  ,,no4 #ic4            
,illustration3 ,david ,starr ,jordan    
7with signature7     ,,evolution3 ,,what
 ,,it ,,is ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,is       
,,not4#a  ,,by ,,dr4 ,,david ,,starr    
,,jordan1  ,president of ,leland        
,stanford ,junior ,university4        #a
 ,address before the ,starr ,king       
,fraternity of ,oakland1 ,cal4  ,i4     
,,what ,,evolution ,,is4  ,this the age 
of evolution4 ,the word is used by many 
men in many senses1 and still oftener   
perhaps in no sense at all4 ,by some it 
is spoken with a haunting dread as      
though it were another name for the     

downfall of religion and of social      
stability4 ,still others speak it glibly
 and joyously as though progress and    
freedom were secured by the mere use of 
the name4 ,the word evolution           
7,entwickelung71 says a ,german writer1 
fills the vocal chords more perfectly   
than any other word4 ,it explains       
everything1 and puts the key to the     
universe into one's vest pocket4  ,so   
various has been the use of the word1 so
 rarely is this use associated with any 
definite idea1 that one hesitates to    
call himself an evolutionist4 ,evolution
 and evolutionist are almost ready to be
 cast into that limbo of spoiled        
phraseology which ,matthew ,arnold has  
found necessary for so many words in    
which other generations have delighted1 
and which they have soiled or spoiled by
 careless usage4  ,but as the word      
evolution is not yet put away1 as it is 
the bugbear of many good people1 and the
 religion of as many more equally good1 
it may be worth while to consider what  

it still means1 and what it does not    
mean4 ,for if we that use the word can  
agree on a definition1 half our quarrel 
is over4  ,it seems to me that the word 
evolution is now legitimately used in   
four different senses4 ,it is the name  
of a branch of science4 ,it is a theory 
of organic existence4 ,it is a method of
 investigation1 and it is the basis of a
 system of philosophy4  ,the ,science of
 ,organic ,evolution1 or ,bionomics4 ,as
 a science1 evolution is the study of   
changing beings acted upon by unchanging
 laws4 ,it is a matter of common        
observation that organisms change from  
day to day1 and that day by day some    
alteration in their environment is      
produced4 ,it is a matter of scientific 
investigation that these changes are    
greater than they appear4 ,they affect  
not only the individual animal or plant1
 but they affect all groups of living   
things1 classes or races or species4 ,no
 character is permanent1 no trait of    
life without change4 ,and as the living 

organism or group of organisms is       
undergoing alteration1 so does change   
take place in the objects of the        
physical world about them4 ,nothing     
endures1 says ,huxley1 save the flow of 
energy and the rational order that      
pervades it4 ,the structures and objects
 change their forms and relations1 and  
to forms and relations once abandoned   
they never return4 ,but the methods of  
change are1 so far as we can see1       
immutable4 ,the laws of life1 the laws  
of death1 and the laws of matter never  
change4 ,if the invisible forces which  
rule all visible things are themselves  
subject to modification and evolution1  
we have not detected it4 ,its cosmic    
movements are so fine as to defy human  
observation and computation4 ,in the    
control of the universe we find no trace
 of variableness nor shadow of turning4 
,it is the law of heaven and earth1     
whose way is solid1 substantial1 vast1  
and unchanging4  ,but the things we know
 do not endure4 ,only the shortness of  

human life allows us to speak of species
 or even of individuals as permanent    
entities4 ,the mountain chain is no more
 nearly eternal than the drift of sand4 
,it endures beyond the period of human  
observation4 ,it antedates and outlasts 
human history4 ,so does the species of  
animal or plant outlast and antedate the
 lifetime of one man4 ,its changes are  
slight even in the lifetime of the race4
 ,thus the species1 through the         
persistence of its type among its       
changing individuals1 comes to be       
regarded as something which is beyond   
modification1 unchanging so long as it  
exists4  ,i believe1 said the rose to   
the lily in the parable--,i believe that
 our gardener is immortal4 ,i have      
watched him from day to day since ,i    
bloomed1 and ,i see no change in him4   
,the tulip who died yesterday told me   
the same thing4  ,as a flash of         
lightning in the duration of the night1 
so is the life of man in the duration of
 nature4 ,when one looks out on a storm 

at night1 he sees for an instant the    
landscape illumined by the              
lightning-flash4 ,all seems at rest4    
,the branches in the wind1 the flying   
clouds1 the falling rain are all        
motionless in this instantaneous view4  
,the record on the retina takes no      
account of change1 and to the eye the   
change does not exist4 ,brief as the    
lightning-flash in the storm is the life
 of man compared with the great         
time-record of life upon earth4 ,to the 
untrained man who has not learned to    
read these records1 species and types in
 life are enduring4 ,thus arose the     
theory of special creation and          
permanence of type1 a theory which could
 not persist when the fact of change and
 the forces causing it came to be       
studied in detail4  ,but when man came  
to study the facts of individual        
variation and to think of their         
significance1 the current of life no    
longer seemed at rest4 ,like the flow of
 a mighty river1 never returning1 ever  

sweeping steadily on1 is the movement of
 all life4 ,the changes in human history
 are only typical of the changes that   
take place in all living creatures4 ,in 
fact1 human history is only a part of   
one great life-current1 the movement of 
which is everywhere governed by the same
 laws1 depends on the same forces1 and  
brings about like results4  ,the facts  
and generalizations of change constitute
 the subject-matter of evolution4 ,and  
as the fact of life is a fundamental    
one1 and in some degree modifies all    
phenomena which it concerns1 we have as 
the central axis of the science in      
question1 the study of organic          
evolution4 ,in fact1 while inorganic    
evolution1 or orderly change in         
environment1 exists1 we do not know to  
what degree the laws and forces of      
organic evolution can be reduced to the 
same terms of expression4 ,the theory of
 the essential and necessary unity of   
life and non-life1 of mind and matter1  
is still a matter of philosophical      

speculation only4 ,we can neither prove 
the truth of ,monism1 nor understand it2
 nor is the contrary hypothesis either  
comprehensible or credible4 ,the        
fundamental unity of organic evolution  
and inorganic evolution is yet to be    
proved1 while the laws which govern     
living matter are certainly in part     
peculiar to life4 ,for this reason the  
evolution of astronomy1 of dynamic      
geology1 of geography1 as well as the   
purely hypothetical evolution of        
chemistry1 must be separated from life  
evolution4 ,cosmic evolution and organic
 evolution show1 or seem to show1 some  
divergence from each other4 ,there are  
some elements which are not held in     
common1 or which1 at least1 are not     
identical when measured in human terms4 
,for the latter1 the science of organic 
evolution1 there is therefore certainly 
need of a distinctive term4 ,this has   
been lately furnished by ,professor     
,patrick ,geddes1 who has chosen the    
term bionomics4 ,bionomics 7,greek3     

bios1 life2 ,greek3 nomos1 law or       
custom7 is the science which treats of  
the changes in life-forms1 and of the   
laws and forces on which these changes  
depend4  ,even as thus restricted       
organic evolution1 or bionomics1 is the 
greatest of the sciences1 including in  
its subject-matter1 not only all natural
 history1 not only processes like       
cell-division and nutrition1 not only   
the laws of heredity1 variation1 natural
 selection1 and mutual help1 but all    
matters of human history1 and the most  
complicated relations of civics1        
economics1 or ethics4 ,in this enormous 
science no fact can be without a        
meaning1 and no fact or its underlying  
forces can be separated from the great  
forces whose interaction from moment to 
moment writes the great story of life4  
,and as the basis to the science of     
bionomics1 as to all other science1 must
 be taken the conception that nothing is
 due to chance or whim4 ,whatever occurs
 does so as the resultant of moving     

forces4 ,could we know and estimate     
these forces1 we should have1 so far as 
our estimate is accurate and our logic  
perfect1 the gift of prophecy4 ,knowing 
the law1 and knowing the facts1 we      
should foretell the results4 ,to be able
 in some degree to do this is the art of
 life4 ,it is the ultimate end of       
science1 which finds its final purpose  
in human conduct4  ,a law1 according to 
,darwin1 is the ascertained sequence of 
events4 ,the necessary sequence of      
events it is1 in fact1 but man knows    
nothing of what is necessary1 only of   
what has been ascertained to occur4     
,because human observation and logic can
 be only partial1 no law of life can be 
fully stated4 ,because the processes of 
the human mind are human1 with organic  
limitations1 the study of the mind      
itself becomes a part of the science of 
bionomics4 ,for it is itself an         
instrument or a combination of          
instruments by which we acquire such    
knowledge of the world outside of       

ourselves as may be needed in the art of
 living1 in the degree in which we are  
able to practise that art4  ,the        
necessary sequence of events exists1    
whether we are able to comprehend it or 
not4 ,the fall of a leaf follows fixed  
laws as surely as the motion of a       
planet4 ,it falls by chance because its 
short movement gives us no time for     
observation and calculation4 ,it falls  
by chance because1 its results being    
unimportant to us1 we give no heed to   
the details of its motion4 ,but as the  
hairs of our head are all numbered1 so  
are numbered all the gyrations and      
undulations of every chance autumn leaf4
 ,all processes in the universe are     
alike natural4 ,the creation of man or  
the growth of a state is as natural as  
the formation of an apple or the growth 
of a snow-bank4 ,all are alike          
supernatural1 for they all rest on the  
huge unseen solidity of the universe1   
the imperishability of matter and the   
immanence of law4  ,we sometimes        

classify sciences as exact and inexact1 
in accordance with our ability exactly  
to weigh forces and results4 ,the exact 
sciences deal with simple data          
accessible and capable of measurement4  
,the results of their interactions can  
be reduced to mathematics4 ,because of  
their essential simplicity1 the         
mathematical sciences have been carried 
to great comparative perfection4 ,it is 
easier to weigh an invisible planet than
 to measure the force of heredity in a  
grain of corn4 ,the sciences of life are
 inexact1 because the human mind can    
never grasp all their data4 ,nor has the
 combined effort of all men1 the flower 
of the altruism of the ages1 that we    
call science been able to make more than
 a beginning in this study4 ,but however
 incomplete our realization of the laws 
of life1 we may be sure that they are   
never broken4 ,each law is the          
expression of the best possible way in  
which causes and results can be linked4 
,it is the necessary sequence of events1

 therefore the best sequence1 if we may 
imagine for a moment that the human     
words good and bad are applicable to    
world-processes4 ,the laws of nature are
 not executors of human justice4 ,each  
one has its own operation1 and no other4
 ,each represents its own tendency      
towards cosmic order4 ,a law in this    
sense cannot be broken4 ,a broken law   
would be a discarded universe4 ,if ,god 
should wink at a single act of          
injustice1 says the ,arab proverb1 the  
whole universe would shrivel up like a  
cast-off snake-skin4 ,if ,god should    
wink at any violated law the universe   
would vanish4  ,not long ago1 in an     
examination in a theological seminary1  
the question was asked of the candidates
 for the ministry1 ,is it right to pray 
for a change of season8 ,the candidates 
thought that it was not1 for the        
relations which produce winter and      
summer are fixed in the structure of the
 solar system and cannot be altered for 
man's pleasure or man's need4 ,is it    

right to pray for rain8 ,the candidates 
generally thought that it was1 because  
the conditions of rain are so unstable  
that a little change in one way or      
another would bring rain or fair        
weather1 and that it was proper to ask  
for such change1 as it did not concern  
the economy of the universe4  ,the third
 question was3 ,when the signal service 
of the ,united ,states is well          
established1 so that weather conditions 
are perfectly known1 will it then be    
right to pray for rain8 ,and the        
candidates for the ministry could not   
tell1 for they began to see that even   
simple changes of weather may have the  
strength of the whole universe behind   
them4 ,it has never yet rained when by  
any possibility it could do otherwise4  
,it has never failed to rain when rain  
was possible4 ,the ,spanish padres in   
,california1 wise in their generation1  
allowed prayers for rain only in winter1
 when the wind was in the south4 ,the   
wind is only in the south when the air  

is affected by a cyclonic movement1 and 
this in the ,california winter means    
rain4  ,we hear good men say sometimes  
that the crying need of this strong and 
sceptical age is that it may see some   
law of nature definitely broken1 that it
 may rain when rain is impossible1 or   
that some burning bush may1 unconsuming1
 proclaim that the force which is behind
 all law is also above it and can break 
or repeal all laws at will4  ,emerson   
somewhere speaks of the purpose in      
life--,to be sound and solvent4 ,as his 
life was in all ways sound and solvent1 
perhaps such rule of conduct was his    
own4 ,but one may say1 ,that is only a  
rule4 ,the man himself should be all    
rules and requirements of his own       
establishment4 ,let ,mr4 ,emerson show  
that his life is above his principles4  
,let him break these rules4 ,let him be 
unsound and insolvent for a time4 ,then 
only will his greatness appear4  ,the   
laws of nature are the expression of the
 infinite soundness and solvency4 ,they 

will not be broken1 nor through their   
unsoundness and insolvency will the     
heavens roll away as a scroll1 nor the  
universe shrivel up as a cast-off       
snake-skin4  ,in the growing recognition
 of law has been the progress of        
science4 ,from the casting aside of     
human notions of chance and whim the    
warfare of science has had its rise4    
,for every event carried over into the  
realm of law some man has given his     
life4 ,as the ,panama railroad is said  
to have cost the life of a man for every
 cross-tie1 so has every step in the    
progress of science4 ,and such men6     
,many a time in the growth of humanity  
has it been necessary that the wisest1  
clearest1 most humane1 should die on the
 stake or the gibbet or the cross1 that 
men should come to realize the power of 
an idea2 that they should know the value
 of truth4  ,evolution as a ,theory of  
,organic ,development1 or ,darwinism4   
,in a different sense the word evolution
 is applied to the theory of the origin 

of organs and of species by divergence  
and development4 ,this theory teaches   
that all forms of life now existing or  
that have existed on the earth have     
sprung from a common stock1 which has   
undergone change in a multitude of ways 
and under varied conditions1 the forces 
and influences producing such change    
being known as the factors of organic   
evolution4 ,all characters and          
attributes of species and groups have   
developed with changing conditions of   
life4 ,the homologies among animals are 
the result of common descent4 ,the      
differences are due to various          
influences1 chief among these being     
competition in the struggle for         
existence between individuals and       
between species1 whereby those best     
adapted to their surroundings lived and 
reproduced their kind4  ,this theory is 
now the central axis of all biological  
investigation in all its branches1 from 
ethics to histology1 from anthropology  
to bacteriology4 ,in the light of this  

theory every peculiarity of structure1  
every character or quality of individual
 or species1 has a meaning and a cause4 
,it is the work of the investigator to  
find this meaning as well as to record  
the fact4 ,one of the noblest lessons   
left to the world by ,darwin is this1   
,mr4 ,frank ,cramer tells us1--this1    
which to him amounted to a profound1    
almost religious1 conviction1 that every
 fact in nature1 no matter how          
insignificant1 every stripe of color1   
every tint of flowers1 the length of an 
orchid's nectary1 unusual height in a   
plant1 all the infinite variety of      
apparently insignificant things1 is full
 of significance4 ,for him it was an    
historical record1 the revelation of a  
cause1 the lurking-place of a principle4
  ,according to the theory of evolution 
every structure of to-day finds its     
meaning in some condition of the past4  
,the inside of an animal tells what it  
really is1 for it bears the record of   
heredity4 ,the outside of an animal     

tells where its ancestors have been1 for
 it bears record of concessions to      
environment4 ,similarity in essential   
structure is known as homology4 ,by the 
theory of evolution homology1 wherever  
it is found1 is proof of                
blood-relationship4  ,the theory of     
organic evolution through natural law   
was first placed on a stable footing by 
the observations and inductions of      
,darwin4 ,it has therefore been long    
known as ,darwinism1 although that term 
has been usually associated with the    
recognition of natural selection as the 
great motive power in organic change4   
,darwinism was at first regarded as a   
working hypothesis4 ,it is now an       
integral part of biological science1    
because all opposing hypotheses have    
long since ceased to work4 ,it is as    
well attested as the theory of          
gravitation1 and its elements are open  
to less doubt4 ,all investigations in   
biology must assume it1 as without it   
most such investigations would be       

impossible4 ,naturalists could no more  
go back to the old notion of special    
creation for each species and its organs
 than astronomers could go back to the  
old notion of guiding angels as         
directors of planetary motion4 ,without 
the theory of organic development       
through natural selection1 the          
biological science of to-day would be   
impossible4  ,evolution as a ,method of 
,study4 ,in a third sense the word      
evolution is applied to a method of     
investigation4 ,it is the study of      
present conditions in the light of the  
past4 ,the preliminary work of science  
is the descriptive part4 ,this involves 
accuracy of observation and precision of
 statement1 but makes no great demands  
on the powers of logical analysis and   
synthesis4 ,the easy work of science is 
largely already done4 ,those who would  
continue investigation must study not   
only facts and structures1 but the laws 
that govern them4 ,in the words of ,john
 ,fiske1 ,whether plants or mountains or

 mollusks or subjunctive moods or tribal
 confederacies be the things studied1   
the scholars who have studied them most 
fruitfully were those who have studied  
them as phases of development4 ,their   
work has directed the current of        
thought4 ,the most difficult problems in
 life are susceptible of more or less   
perfect solution if approached by the   
method of evolution4 ,they cannot be    
even stated as problems in any other    
terms4 ,in every science worthy of the  
name the history of origins and the     
study of developing forces must take a  
leading part4  ,evolution as a ,system  
of ,cosmic ,philosophy4 ,in a fourth    
sense the word evolution has been       
applied to the philosophical conceptions
 to which the theory of evolution gives 
rise4 ,philosophy is not truth4 ,when it
 is so it becomes science4 ,at the best 
it points the way to truth4 ,the broader
 the inductive basis of any system of   
philosophy1 the greater its value as an 
intellectual help4 ,the system of       

,herbert ,spencer1 the greatest exponent
 of the philosophy of evolution1 is     
based wholly on the results of          
scientific investigation4 ,it consists  
of a series of more or less broad and   
more or less probable deductions from   
the facts and laws already known4       
,systems like these1 which rest on      
scientific knowledge1 do not rise high  
above it4 ,they can therefore be revised
 or rewritten as knowledge increases4   
,they provide the means for their own   
correction4 ,systems resting on         
aphorisms or assumptions or definitions 
must disappear as knowledge increases4  
,philosophy is never wholly identical   
with truth4 ,the partial truth which it 
may contain becomes wholly error with   
the advance of science4 ,the growth of  
exact knowledge transforms the truth in 
philosophy into science1 leaving the    
absolute falsehood as the final         
residuum4  ,from this necessary fact    
comes the ultimate decay of all creeds  
or philosophic formulae4 ,throughout the

 ages science and philosophy have been  
in conflict4 ,science is the same to all
 minds capable of grasping its          
conclusions4 ,philosophy changes with   
the point of view4 ,it is the evanescent
 perspective in which the facts and     
phenomena of the universe are seen4     
,this can never be the same under       
changing times and conditions4 ,with the
 larger knowledge of to-morrow1 there   
will be large modifications in the      
accepted philosophy of evolution4 ,each 
succeeding generation will give to the  
applications of the laws of organic life
 a different philosophical expression4  
,,ii4 ,,what ,,evolution ,,is ,,not4    
,in these four senses the word evolution
 is used with some degree of accuracy4  
,but in the current literature of the   
day the word has many other meanings1   
some of them very far from any just     
basis4 ,some things which evolution is  
not we may here notice briefly4         
,evolution is not a theory that man is a
 developed monkey4 ,the question of the 

immediate origin of man is not the      
central or overshadowing question of    
evolution4 ,this question offers no     
special difficulties in theory1 although
 the materials for exact knowledge are  
in many directions incomplete4          
,homologies more perfect than those     
connecting man with the great group of  
monkeys could not exist4 ,these imply   
the blood-relationship of the human race
 with the great host of apes and        
monkeys4 ,as to this there can be no    
shadow of a doubt4 ,and as similar      
homologies connect man with all members 
of the group of mammals1 similar        
blood-relationship must exist4 ,and     
homologies1 less close but equally      
unmistakable1 connect all backboned     
animals one with another2 and the lowest
 backboned types are closely joined to  
worm-like forms not usually classed as  
vertebrates4  ,it is perfectly true     
that1 with the higher or anthropoid     
apes1 the relations with man are        
extremely intimate4 ,but man is not     

simply a developed ape4 ,apes and men   
have diverged from the same primitive   
stock1 apelike1 manlike1 but not exactly
 the one or the other4 ,no apes or      
monkeys now extant could apparently have
 been ancestors of primitive man4 ,none 
can ever develop into man4 ,as man      
changes and diverges1 race from race1 so
 do they4 ,the influence of effort1 the 
influence of surroundings1 the influence
 of the sifting process of natural      
selection1 acts upon them as it acts    
upon man4  ,the process of evolution is 
not progress1 but better adaptation to  
conditions of life4 ,as man becomes     
fitted for social and civic life1 so    
does the ape become fitted for life in  
the tree-tops4 ,the movement of monkeys 
is towards simianity1 not humanity4 ,the
 movement of cat-life is towards        
felinity1 that of the dog-races towards 
caninity4 ,each step in evolution upward
 or downward1 whatever it may be1       
carries each species or type farther    
from the primitive stock4 ,these steps  

are never retraced4 ,for an ape to      
become a man he must go back to the     
simple characters of the simple common  
type from which both have sprung4 ,these
 characters are shown in the ape-baby   
and in the human embryo in its          
corresponding stages4 ,for ancestral    
traits lost in the adult are preserved  
in the young4 ,this comes through the   
operation of the great force of         
race-memory1 we call heredity4          
,evidence of biology points to the      
descent of all mammals1 of all          
vertebrates1 of all animals1 of all     
organic beings1 from a common stock4 ,of
 all the races of animals1 the          
anthropoid apes are nearest man4 ,their 
divergence from the same stock must be  
comparatively recent4 ,man is the       
nomadic1 the apes the arboreal1 branch  
of the same great family4  ,evolution   
does not teach that all or any living   
forms are tending towards humanity4 ,it 
does not teach1 as in ,bishop           
,wilberforce's burlesque1 that every    

favorable variety of the turnip is      
tending to become man4 ,it is not true  
that evolutionists expect to find1 as   
,dr4 ,seelye has affirmed1 the growth of
 the highest alga into a zooephyte1 a   
phenomenon for which sharp eyes have    
sought1 and which is not only natural   
but inevitable on the ,darwinian        
hypothesis1 and whose discovery would   
make the fame of any observer4  ,it is  
no wonder that a clear thinker should   
have rejected the ,darwinian hypothesis1
 when stated in such terms as this4 ,the
 line of junction in evolution is always
 at the bottom4 ,it is the lowest       
mammals which approach the lowest       
reptiles4 ,it is the lower types of     
plants which approach the lower types of
 animals4 ,it would be the lowest alga1 
to use ,dr4 ,seelye's illustration1     
which would be transmutable into the    
lowest zooephyte4 ,it is the            
unspecialized1 undifferentiated type    
from which branches diverge in different
 ways4 ,humanity is not the goal of     

evolution1 not even that of human       
evolution4 ,there will be no second     
creation of man1 except from man's own  
loins4 ,there will not be a second      
,anglo-,saxon race1 unless it has the   
old ,anglo-,saxon blood in its veins4   
,adaptation by divergence--for the most 
part by slow stages--is the movement of 
evolution4 ,while occasional leaps or   
sudden changes occur in the process1    
they are by no means the rule4 ,in most 
cases of saltatory evolution1 the       
suddenness is in appearance only4 ,it   
comes from our inability to trace the   
intermediate stages4 ,when an           
epoch-making character is acquired1 as  
the wings of a bird or the brain of man1
 the process of readjustment of other   
characters goes on with greatly         
increased rapidity4 ,but this rapidity  
of evolution is along the same lines as 
the slower processes4 ,radical changes  
from generation to generation never     
occur4 ,we do not expect to find birds  
arising from a flying-fish in the air1  

whose scales are disporting into        
feathers4 ,a flying-fish is no more of  
the nature of a bird than any other fish
 is4 ,a cow will never give birth to a  
horse1 nor a horse to a cow4 ,the slow  
operation of existing causes is the     
central fact of organic evolution1 as it
 is of the evolution of mountains and   
valleys4 ,seasons change as the         
relations which produce them change4    
,but midsummer never gives way to       
midwinter in an instant4 ,nor does the  
child in an instant become a man1 though
 in some periods of growth epoch-marking
 causes may make development more rapid4
 ,life is conservative4 ,the law of     
heredity is the expression of its       
conservatism4 ,it changes slowly1 but it
 must constantly change1 and all change 
is by necessity divergence4  ,there is  
in nature no single law of progress1 nor
 is progress in any group a necessity   
regardless of conditions4 ,that which we
 call progress rests simply on the      
survival of the better adapted1 their   

survival being accompanied by their     
reproduction4 ,those that live repeat   
themselves4 ,the innate tendency towards
 progression of the early evolutionists 
is a philosophic myth4 ,progress and    
degeneration are alike the resultants of
 the various forces at work from        
generation to generation on and within a
 race or species4 ,the same forces which
 bring progress to a group under one set
 of conditions will bring degradation   
under another4 ,in their essence the    
factors of evolution are no more laws of
 progress than the attraction of        
gravitation is4 ,cosmic order comes from
 gravitation4 ,organic order comes from 
the factors of evolution4 ,evolution is 
simply orderly change4  ,evolution is   
not ,spontaneous ,generation4 ,there is 
no necessary connection between the one 
theory and the other4 ,spontaneous      
generation1 or birth without parentage1 
on the part of small or useless         
creatures was accepted in early times   
without question4 ,as men began to      

observe these animals more carefully1   
the fact of their spontaneous generation
 was doubted4 ,a great step was made    
when it was found that to screen meat   
from flies would protect it from        
maggots4 ,a greater step came in our own
 time when it was proved that to screen 
infusions from air dust is to protect   
them from putrefaction or fermentation4 
,fermentation is life without air4 ,it  
is the decomposition of sugar by minute 
creatures who disintegrate it in their  
life processes4 ,putrefaction and decay 
are also the same in nature4 ,there is  
literal truth in ,carlyle's statement   
that there is still force in a fallen   
leaf1 else how could it rot8 ,it is the 
force of the minute organisms hidden in 
the leaf1 and whose life is the leaf's  
decay4 ,the decay and death of men from 
contagious diseases is known to be due  
to life processes of minute organisms1  
as is the gangrene which follows        
unskilful surgery4 ,the study of the    
fauna and flora within living organisms 

has now become a science of itself1     
demanding the greatest care in          
observation and the most complete of    
appliances4 ,omne vivum ex vivo1 all    
life from life1 was an aphorism of the  
naturalists of a century or two ago4 ,it
 was to them a new and broad            
generalization4 ,it has not yet been set
 aside4 ,the classic experiments of     
,tyndall show that this law applies to  
all creatures we have yet recognized or 
classified4 ,as far as science can tell1
 spontaneous generation is still a myth1
 having no basis in observation1 no     
warrant in experiment4 ,it remains as a 
pure deduction from the philosophical   
conception of ,monism1 incapable of     
proof1 insusceptible of refutation4 ,the
 argument for it is chiefly this3 ,life 
exists on a globe once lifeless4 ,how   
did life begin8 ,if not through         
spontaneous generation1 how did it come8
 ,must it not have been by the operation
 of those laws and forces which through 
all time change lifeless into living    

matter8 ,very likely1 but we do not     
know4 ,we know nothing whatever of such 
laws and forces1 and we gain nothing by 
veiling our ignorance under a           
philosophical necessity4  ,moreover1 if 
spontaneous generation occurs as a      
resultant of any forces1 like forces    
would produce it again4 ,we have never  
known it to occur4 ,should it occur the 
organisms thus produced would have no   
bonds of blood-relationship with those  
already in existence4 ,with these they  
should show no homology1 as they could  
have no inheritance in common4 ,but all 
known organisms have common homologies4 
,the factors of organic evolution are   
essentially the same for all4 ,the unity
 of life amid all its diversity seems to
 point to origin from a common stock4   
,if not from one stock1 the lines of    
division between one and another are    
hidden from us4 ,the study of embryology
 breaks down the time-honored branch    
lines of vertebrates1 articulates1      
mollusks1 and radiates4 ,the groups of  

animals are more numerous1 more complex1
 and more intertangled than ,cuvier and 
,agassiz thought4 ,the number of primary
 branches of animals or plants is       
uncertain1 their boundaries undefined4  
,if spontaneous generation exists1 it is
 a factor in evolution4 ,if it is a     
factor1 our explanation of the meaning  
and nature of homology must be          
fundamentally changed4 ,but it may be   
that it should be changed4 ,we cannot   
show that spontaneous generation does   
not exist4 ,all we know is that we have 
no means of recognizing it4 ,if there is
 now spontaneous generation of          
protoplasm1 it cannot take the form of  
any creature we know4 ,an organism fresh
 from the mint of creation would be too 
small for us to see with any microscope4
 ,it would be too simple for us to trace
 by any instrumentality now in our      
possession4 ,it could contain but a few 
molecules1 and a molecule in a drop of  
water is as small as an orange beside   
the sun4 ,our race of creatures1        

spontaneously generated1 without        
concessions to environment1 would grow  
hoary with the centuries before it came 
to our notice4 ,its descendants would   
have belonged for ages to the unnumbered
 hosts of microbes before we should be  
aware of its creation4  ,evolution is   
not a creed or a body of doctrine to be 
believed on authority4 ,there is no     
saving grace in being an evolutionist4  
,there are many who take this name and  
have no interest in finding out what it 
means or in making any application of   
its principles to the affairs of life4  
,for one who cares not to master its    
ideas1 there is no power in the word4   
,evolution is not a panacea or a        
medicine to be applied to social or     
personal ills4 ,it is simply an         
expression of the teaching of           
enlightened common sense as to the order
 of changes in life4 ,if its principles 
are mastered a knowledge of evolution is
 an aid in the conduct of life1 as      
knowledge of gravitation is essential in

 the building of machinery4  ,there is  
nothing occult in the science of        
evolution4 ,it is not the product of    
philosophic meditation or of speculative
 philosophy4 ,it is based on hard facts1
 and with hard facts it must deal4  ,it 
seems to me that it is not true that    
,evolution is a new religion1 the       
religion of the future4 ,there are many 
definitions to religion1 but evolution  
does not fit any of them4 ,it is no more
 a religion than gravitation is4 ,one   
may imagine that some enthusiastic      
follower of ,newton may1 for the first  
time1 have seen the majestic order of   
the solar system1 may have felt how     
futile was the old notion of guiding    
angels1 one for each planet to hold it  
up in space4 ,he may have received his  
first clear vision of the simple        
relations of the planets1 each forever  
falling toward the sun and toward each  
other1 each one by the same force       
forever preserved from collision4 ,such 
a man might have exclaimed1 ,great is   

gravitation2 it is the new religion1 the
 religion of the future6 ,in such       
manner1 men trained in dead traditions1 
once brought to a clear insight of the  
noble simplicity and adequacy of the    
theory of evolution1 may have exclaimed1
 ,great is evolution2 it is the new     
religion1 the religion of the future6   
,but evolution is religion in the same  
sense that every truth of the physical  
universe must be religion4 ,that which  
is true is the truest thing in the      
world1 and the recognition of the       
infinite soundness at the heart of the  
universe is an inseparable part of any  
worthy religion4  ,but1 whether religion
 or not1 the truths of evolution must be
 their own witness4 ,they can be neither
 strengthened nor controverted by any   
authority which may speak in the name of
 philosophy or of theology or of        
religion4 ,roma locuta est2 causa finita
 est is not a dictum which science can  
regard4 ,her causes are never finished4 
,no power on earth can give beforehand  

the answer to her questions4 ,her only  
court of appeal is the experience of    
man4     ,,has ,,wealth ,a ,,limitation8
  ,,by ,,robert ,n4 ,,reeves4   ,there  
is in the government of human affairs   
one order that is best for all4 ,what   
that order is and how it is to be       
attained should be the great problem for
 all who have at heart the betterment of
 the human race4  ,never in the history 
of our country were the people          
confronted with greater social problems 
than they are to-day4 ,the strikes1     
boycotts1 and general discontent of late
 years prove conclusively that there is 
yet much room for improvement in our    
social order4 ,what mean the great      
outcry and muttering of the masses8     
,what means the cry from the vast army  
of discontented which wells up from the 
very heart of the nation1 unless it     
signifies the rumbling which is often   
heard before the storm8 ,gloss it over  
as we will1 the fact stands out as      
prominent as ever1 that there is        

something radically wrong with our      
present economical system4  ,many       
remedies have been suggested1 many      
reforms have been inaugurated with the  
purpose of relieving the poverty and    
misery which press so heavily upon a    
large majority of the people4 ,stop     
immigration6 ,prohibit invention6       
exclaim some4 ,the population is        
increasing too fast6 reply others4 ,and 
so the many reforms are advocated1 all  
of which are discussed with more or less
 fairness4 ,but when it is suggested    
that wealth is becoming too             
concentrated1 that limitations should be
 placed upon it1 the cry immediately    
goes up that he who suggests such a     
remedy is an anarchist1 and one whose   
name should be synonymous with whatever 
is dangerous1 lawless1 and subversive4  
,nevertheless1 the question of wealth   
limitation cannot be dismissed with     
threats1 epithets1 or sneers4 ,it will  
not dismiss itself1 and we cannot       
dismiss it4 ,every observant person must

 admit that the great concentration of  
wealth1 whether it be in corporations1  
trusts1 or individuals1 has reached a   
point dangerous to the future prosperity
 of the nation4  ,millions of people    
idle1 wealth piled up for the few by the
 toil of the many1 paupers and          
millionaires on every side1 and the     
conditions growing worse and            
worse1--these things are enough to make 
even the most optimistic painfully      
apprehensive of the future4 ,our        
government in some respects is in no    
better condition than was the old ,roman
 ,empire just before its fall1 as       
described by ,james ,anthony ,froude4   
,if we are to believe that eminent      
historian1 the ,roman ,empire was       
crushed by the same power of unlimited1 
concentrated wealth that to-day is      
destroying the life1 the liberty1 and   
the happiness of the many in the ,united
 ,states4 ,in mediaeval ,italy1 too1    
popular freedom was lost through a      
moneyed oligarchy and proletariat4 ,so  

in every country where individual wealth
 has transcended the bounds of justice1 
the people--the toilers--have eventually
 been enslaved4  ,ours is fast becoming 
a moneyed nation2 and a moneyed nation  
is generally a weak one4 ,superfluity of
 riches1 like superfluity of food1      
causes weakness and decay4 ,individual  
prosperity or the prosperity of a       
community does not mean general         
prosperity1 or the prosperity of a      
nation4 ,thus it has been shown that1 in
 ,new ,york and ,massachusetts and those
 ,states in which the greatest wealth is
 concentrated1 the largest proportion of
 paupers are to be found4 ,in #ahcc1    
when ,tocqueville visited ,america1 he  
was struck by the equal distribution of 
wealth and the absence of capitalists4  
,half a century later1 when ,james      
,bryce1 author of ,the ,american        
,commonwealth1 visited our country1 the 
trusts1 monopolies1 and concentrated    
wealth so amazed him that he exclaimed3 
,i see the shadows of a new structure of

 society--an aristocracy of riches4     
,fifty years ago there were no great    
fortunes here1 and in fact but few      
fortunes that could be called large1 and
 in those days there was comparatively  
little poverty4 ,now we have many       
gigantic fortunes and a vast number     
ranging from #ajj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj4   
,in the past1 wealth being more equally 
distributed1 there was but little class 
distinction1 but there were a far       
greater number of what might be called  
fortunes1 and a noticeable exemption    
from that pauperism which has become    
chronic of late years4  ,the            
,probate-,court records of the various  
,states disclose the fact that          
millionaires are becoming more numerous1
 while the smaller property-owners are  
gradually sinking into the multitude of 
people possessing nothing4 ,in a        
valuable article by ,eltweed ,pomeroy on
 ,the ,concentration of ,wealth1#b some 
interesting figures and diagrams are    
given1 proving from probate records the 

exact extent to which small fortunes    
have been crowded out or merged into    
enormous ones4 ,these records are       
valuable because they are official4 ,but
 while they prove the extent to which   
wealth is concentrated1 they do not     
disclose the misery which that wealth is
 causing4 ,for that1 we must look to the
 conditions about us4 ,and in doing so  
it is not necessary to be a philosopher 
in order to see the havoc which         
concentrated wealth has wrought in      
recent years4 ,every day1 it has been   
declared1 ,america is over four million 
dollars richer at night than in the     
morning4 ,who receives this wealth8     
,surely not those who toil2 else they   
would not suffer so4 ,they receive      
little of it4 ,the national wealth1     
great as it is1 slips through their     
fingers to be collected in the vast     
reservoirs of the moneyed aristocracy4  
,they work1 but it is the work of those 
who labor to produce1 but who receive   
none of that which is produced4         

#b ,,the ,,arena1 ,dec41 #ahif1 p4 #hb4 
,it is this condition that causes so    
many to declare that the present        
distribution of wealth does not conform 
to the principles of justice4 ,and how  
can it be otherwise1 when all wealth    
passes through the hands of the         
producers and stops only when it reaches
 those who possess most8 ,thus wealth is
 becoming with us not a power for       
general good1 but a power given to the  
few to control the many--a power of     
placing upon the masses a yoke little   
better than slavery itself4 ,the rich1  
becoming further and further removed    
from the poor1 are also becoming        
conscious of being in a measure the     
proprietors of the poor4 ,the poor have 
a knowledge of this fact1 and the       
strikes1 boycotts1 and general          
discontent are but the expression of    
that knowledge4  ,in no country in the  
world does wealth1 individual and       
corporate1 exert such an influence as in
 the ,united ,states1 and as a          

consequence1 human life is becoming     
lamentably cheap4 ,capital is taking the
 place of men1 and is valued more than  
men4 ,property is becoming sacred1 human
 life profane4 ,laws are being made not 
for the good of humanity1 but for the   
sake of property4 ,one instance may be  
mentioned here3 in the spring of #ahif a
 bill was before ,congress to remove all
 criminal cases from the jurisdiction of
 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united     
,states4 ,it was argued by those in     
favor of the bill that much of the time 
of the ,supreme ,court was consumed     
listening to criminal cases 7cases      
involving life and liberty71 while      
high-priced corporation lawyers1 whose  
cases involved millions of dollars1 were
 required to wait in ,washington until  
the criminal cases were disposed of4    
,the bill naturally passed the ,senate1 
but was defeated in the ,house4  ,this  
bill was but one of many indications    
that1 in the eye of the law1 property is
 becoming of more value than life or    

liberty4  ,in ,benjamin ,franklin's time
 it was proposed to make the possession 
of a certain amount of property a       
prerequisite for voting4 ,the amount    
would at the time have bought one ass4  
,franklin characteristically argued3 ,if
 a man with an ass could vote1 and did  
vote1 but when the ass died the man     
could not vote1 who was it1 in fact1    
voted--the man or the ass8 ,franklin's  
argument would hold good against many of
 the laws advocated to-day--laws in     
which the object is the stability of    
property rather than the freedom or     
happiness of man4 ,this condition of    
affairs1 this conflict between the right
 of liberty on the one hand1 and the    
right of property on the other1 has     
created a great political problem4 ,has 
the state a right to limit wealth8 ,is  
there a limit to the accumulations of   
individuals and corporations8 ,has the  
state the power to tax concentrated     
wealth out of existence when such wealth
 has become detrimental to the public   

peace and prosperity8 ,in other words1  
has the state the power to prevent the  
acquisition of wealth from becoming a   
public curse8 ,government1 if it stands 
for anything1 stands for the public     
interests1 and one of the objects of    
government should be the protection of  
its citizens from the encroachments of  
accumulated wealth4  ,great individual  
wealth is an anti-social interest4 ,it  
is the ascendency of individuals over   
the interests of the public4            
,individuals have1 it is true1 a certain
 amount of liberty1 but it cannot be    
denied that society has the right to    
modify the liberty of the individual    
where such liberty is but the slavery of
 the public4 ,the right to live also    
implies the right to use the things     
about us which go to make life          
comfortable and enjoyable1 and which    
have not been already appropriated by   
others4 ,it is evident1 however1 that   
the use of anything by one must         
necessarily take from the personal      

liberty of all others who otherwise     
would be able to use it4 ,and it is     
perfectly plain that just in proportion 
as one's wealth increases1 the wealth of
 others must decrease4 ,this to a       
certain extent is legitimate1 and cannot
 be prevented4 ,but when the wealth of  
one increases to such an extent as to   
deprive others of food1 shelter1 and    
even existence itself1 it infringes upon
 the equality of personal liberty far   
more than could any law that placed a   
limit to individual wealth4 ,when men   
are starving1 when paupers are          
increasing1 when to the misfortune of   
poverty is added the curse of industrial
 slavery1 when the great concentration  
of wealth affects the life and liberty  
of all1 is not a law just which takes   
from a few a portion of their wealth and
 indirectly restores it to the hands of 
the many8 ,does not the right to        
property involve and rest upon the      
admission of the right to live8         
,cardinal ,manning startled the world   

some years ago when he declared3 ,the   
obligation to feed the hungry springs   
from the natural right of every man to  
life and to the food necessary to the   
sustenance of life4 ,so strict is this  
natural right that it prevails over all 
positive laws of property4 ,necessity   
has no law1 and a starving man has a    
right to his neighbor's bread4  ,strong 
words these for a cardinal4 ,sentimental
 philosophy it may be called1 but it is 
the philosophy of justice4 ,enormous    
wealth has always been irreconcilable   
with equality4 ,its growth has caused   
the downfall of many democracies4 ,will 
it bring about the ruin of the greatest 
democracy in history8 ,are we1 with the 
awe with which we regard the institution
 of property1 becoming a nation of      
millionaires and mendicants8  ,property 
is only absolutely safe when those who  
hold it are far more numerous than those
 who do not4 ,when the middle class     
disappears from a nation and the        
property falls into the hands of a few  

over-rich men1 then property is unsafe4 
,we call such a condition an aristocracy
 of money1 and an aristocracy of money  
is always the child of a degenerated or 
degenerating democracy4 ,some people1   
however1 regard the concentration of    
wealth as an indication of progress4 ,in
 matters political the obstacle is often
 taken for the cause4 ,monopolies1      
trusts1 and other forms of concentrated 
wealth are regarded by some as the      
blessings of a prosperous nation4 ,but  
examined in the light of history we find
 that concentrated wealth has always    
been a means of obstructing if not of   
destroying a nation4 ,our nation is not 
an exception4 ,we cannot say that the   
destructive power of concentrated wealth
 is not now felt4 ,all that is necessary
 is to observe the conditions about us4 
,whenever the people of a nation become 
subservient and dependent1 and are      
oppressed and abused because they are   
so1 whenever there is little general    
prosperity but a great deal of          

prosperity for a few1 we naturally come 
to the conclusion that the cause of the 
misery and lack of general prosperity is
 the great concentration of wealth in   
the hands of the few4 ,it is this       
conclusion1 arrived at by what are      
termed the masses1 that has caused the  
many conflicts of recent years between  
labor and capital4 ,and such conflicts  
are natural4 ,man always revolts when he
 suspects his misery is the consequence 
of a social order capable of            
reformation4 ,force1 of late years1 has 
often been called upon to subdue the    
spirit of resentment which agitates the 
breasts of the poorer classes4 ,the     
militia of the various ,states and even 
government troops have been called upon 
in order to preserve property and also  
maintain the supremacy of concentrated  
wealth4  ,how long this can go on before
 a change comes we do not know4 ,it     
cannot be maintained long4 ,unless some 
law is enacted that will stop the       
encroaching power of wealth1 things will

 go on until the inequality becomes so  
glaring1 so oppressive1 that the pent-up
 social waters1 gathering force1 will   
break through the wall of concentrated  
wealth and allow society once more to   
regain its natural level4 ,every        
statesman1 every thinker1 should know   
that we cannot expect a healthy growth  
with class arrayed against class4 ,every
 strike1 every riot1 is a retrogressive 
step in our nation's history4 ,if our   
,american civilization is to endure and 
progress we must bring about a change in
 the distribution of wealth4 ,if        
conditions are such as to be beneficial 
to a small number and injurious to      
society in general1 those conditions    
should be changed4 ,unless limited1 the 
alarming development and aggressiveness 
of great capitalists and powerful       
corporations will eventually lead to the
 absolute degradation of the toiling    
masses4 ,unless checked1 it will        
continue to grow until it usurps the    
entire legislative and executive        

branches of our government1 and1 like a 
huge vampire1 slowly draws the          
life-blood from every healthy1 helpful  
creature4 ,this power of wealth is the  
greatest danger that has threatened our 
country since the civil war1 and against
 it we must constantly be on our guard4 
,if the power is permitted to grow it   
may become too late1 and can then be    
remedied only by putting class against  
class--by revolution1 which always means
 the rejoicing of the poor at the       
downfall of their oppressors4  ,this1   
then1 is to be the battle of the        
future--concentrated wealth on one hand1
 concentrated poverty on the other4 ,the
 battle should not be one of force1 but 
one of reason and agitation until wealth
 shall be bound by proper constitutional
 limitations2 a battle in which law     
shall triumph2 for the true remedy1 the 
remedy most conducive to equality1 lies 
in legislation4 ,but this legislation   
should be immediate4 ,if we desire to   
prevent actual war between class and    

class1 it is imperative that a legal    
check at once be placed upon the growing
 power for evil of aggregated wealth4   
,the limitation of wealth by law has    
received the approval of some of the    
most gifted as well as philanthropic of 
minds4 ,in our own country such men as  
,horace ,greeley1 ,theodore ,parker1 and
 ,william ,ellery ,channing have        
advocated it4 ,still1 a ready objection 
of some against the limitation of wealth
 is that any attempt to remedy by       
legislation the inequality of fortune at
 once infringes upon the right of       
personal liberty4 ,have we no laws in   
existence now which infringe upon the   
right of personal liberty8 ,do not our  
usury laws take some rights from the    
individual8 ,does not our custom-house  
law1 which permits the trunks of every  
new arrival to be searched1 infringe    
somewhat upon the right of personal     
liberty8 ,the citizen who would object  
to these laws would have but a very     
narrow conception of the true purpose of

 government4 ,if we examine our laws    
closely we shall find many that encroach
 upon individual liberty for the sake of
 public good4 ,then why should any      
objection be made to those laws which   
tend to limit wealth8  ,undoubtedly a   
tax levied upon all incomes1 which would
 be progressively raised and graduated  
according to the amount of the          
individual or corporate wealth could be 
constitutionally enacted4 ,and if a     
progressive income tax can be enacted1  
the graduated inheritance tax can also  
be enacted1 for the principle is        
practically the same4 ,senator ,david   
,b4 ,hill1 of ,new ,york1 has called the
 progressive tax a modern fad4 ,it is so
 modern1 however that it can be traced  
back to the ,romans1 ,greeks1 and       
,egyptians4 ,during the palmiest days of
 ,greece--the days of ,solon and        
,lycurgus--a progressive tax was a stern
 reality4  ,our own country has not been
 without a progressive tax4 ,in #agig a 
graded inheritance tax was levied by    

,congress4 ,this law was repealed in    
#ahjb4 ,in #ahfb a similar law was      
passed4 ,but after having been decided  
to be constitutional by the ,supreme    
,court1 it was repealed in #ahgb4       
,other governments at the present time  
tax the rich4 ,in ,england1 besides the 
income tax1 many other items of revenue 
are contributed entirely by the         
rich--contributed upon the principle    
that those who have acquired riches     
shall bear the burden of taxation4 ,in  
the ,united ,states we seem to place the
 burden of taxation upon the shoulders  
least fitted to bear it4 ,every effort  
to tax the rich1 to properly tax        
corporations and trusts1 has met with   
failure4 ,the lobbyist and corporation  
lawyer have defied the tax-gatherer     
until they have worn out the patience of
 the people4 ,the time is now ripe for  
proper legislation4 ,a progressive      
income tax and a tax upon inheritances  
should be made a law in every ,state4   
,the power to tax1 it has been said1 is 

the power to destroy4 ,if a scale of    
taxation were wisely adopted it would   
eventually enable us to reach without   
political disturbance the almost total  
abolition of an aristocracy of wealth   
and thus solve the great problem of the 
day4 ,if we are to consider humanity of 
any importance at all1 wealth must be   
limited4 ,the rights of all must be     
considered4 ,when this is done we may be
 able to have a truly prosperous        
nation--a nation in which prosperity    
will not be confined to a favored few1  
but given to all4  ,prosperity1 says    
,rousseau1 is best secured when the     
medium-class income prevails1 when no   
citizen is so rich that he can buy      
others1 and no one so poor that he might
 be compelled to sell himself4     ,,the
 ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,money ,,metals   
,i4 ,,bimetallism ,,simplified4  ,,by   
,,george ,h4 ,,lepper4   ,the           
free-silver delusion is not dead1 nor   
will it die unless the ,mc,kinley       
administration shall give it its quietus

 by providing the country with a sound  
and popular system of bimetallism4 ,even
 the most sanguine of the ,republican   
leaders must admit that the prospect of 
accomplishing this task by international
 agreement is not so encouraging as to  
make the tentative consideration of     
other plans1 not requiring concerted    
action1 unnecessary or useless4 ,the    
purpose of this article is to present   
such a plan1 and to contrast it with    
those which have already been tried1 or 
have thus far been proposed4  ,that the 
financial policy we have pursued since  
#ahgh1 the year of the ,bland-,allison  
,act1 has been absurd and ruinous hardly
 admits of two opinions4 ,secretary     
,carlisle1 in his letter of ,september  
#afth last1 gave authoritative utterance
 to what had long been tacitly          
understood4 ,he said1 ,if the time shall
 ever come when the parity of the       
present silver dollars and silver       
certificates cannot be otherwise        
maintained1 they will be received by the

 government in exchange for gold4 ,in   
other words1 the vast stores of silver  
purchased by the ,united ,states under  
the laws of #ahgh and #ahij are a dead  
asset of the ,treasury1 and cannot be   
utilized for purposes of redemption     
until sixteen ounces of silver shall    
again be equivalent to one of gold1 or  
until they are re-sold in the open      
market for gold4 ,to render this        
treasure available for ultimate         
redemptions thus becomes a prime        
condition of our problem4  ,there is a  
growing disposition in certain          
influential quarters to evade the       
difficulties in the way of international
 bimetallism by taking the government   
out of the banking business1 and        
relegating the matter of currency issues
 more and more to the banks4 ,whatever  
may be said in behalf of this course1 it
 is certainly not popular with the      
masses1 who1 justly or ignorantly1 have 
come to look upon national banks as     
favored objects of legislation1 and in  

league with syndicates and trusts4 ,but1
 aside from this1 the real core of the  
trouble is not removed4 ,we but shift   
the burden of responsibility4 ,the      
ultimate fund for redemption remains    
limited to the one metal as beforehand  
can serve the banks even less           
efficiently1 for the more divided the   
responsibility the larger the proportion
 of gold required for reserve purposes4 
,international bimetallism at the       
contemplated ratio of #af to #a1 and    
bimetallism by independent action at the
 same ratio1 although opposing issues in
 the late campaign1 are founded upon the
 same errors and misconceptions4 ,both  
assume that monetization creates a      
commercial demand for the metals1       
thereby enhancing their values2 that the
 use of gold and silver as money        
substances has been one of choice with  
us instead of necessity2 and that       
legal-tender laws create value4  ,it may
 be going too far to say that           
monetization creates no demand1 but     

whatever demand it may be supposed to   
create is not a commercial one4 ,in the 
latter sense the word signifies both an 
actual purchase1 or the exchange of one 
thing for another1 and a permanent      
withdrawal from the market of the thing 
bought4 ,the act of coinage is certainly
 not a purchase1 for1 directly or       
indirectly1 it aims to restore to the   
offerer of the bullion not something    
else1 but the precise thing received2   
nor is the metal retired from the       
market1 since it is actually or         
virtually1 though in an altered form1   
immediately restored thereto4 ,the whole
 process is merely one of bailment4 ,it 
would therefore seem incumbent upon     
those affirming the efficacy of         
monetization to raise the price of the  
metal to show by scientific analysis    
just how1 why1 and to what extent it    
does so4 ,the fact that from #agib to   
#ahgc1 with free coinage at a very close
 approximation to the market value1 not 
once did the legal and commercial ratios

 coincide1 and that the change of the   
former from #ae to #a to #af to #a in   
#ahcd had no perceptible effect on the  
market1 seems to be conclusive proof    
that the general belief that free       
coinage at a fixed ratio appreciates the
 over-valued metal is delusive4  ,it is 
important to inquire into the grounds   
upon which the use of silver and gold is
 founded1 for if we have chosen them for
 that purpose there is an implication   
that other substances might have served 
the same object almost1 if not quite1 as
 well4 ,such is not the case4 ,silver   
and gold are absolutely unique in       
possessing the qualities indispensable  
for money1 and not only nature1 but     
immemorial custom and deep-rooted       
prejudice combine to compel their use in
 the exchanges irrespective1 and even   
despite1 of legislation4 ,monetization1 
therefore1 cannot1 for this further     
reason1 add to1 or take away from1 their
 respective values1 because the         
exchangeability that monetization is    

supposed to give them is a natural      
quality and not the creature of law4    
,but so much more is this true of gold  
than of silver1 that the dependence of  
modern commerce1 and1 through it1 modern
 civilization1 upon it is almost        
absolute4 ,if1 therefore1 free coinage  
at a ratio unfair to gold were          
attempted1 gold would cease to be       
offered at the mints1 but it would      
nevertheless continue in use in final   
settlements1 especially in transactions 
of some magnitude1 thus preventing its  
decline in value4  ,suppose1 then1 that 
such a law1 national or international1  
should go into effect to-day1 would     
anyone be so fatuous as to part with his
 gold until the effect of the law could 
be discerned8 ,if the governments at the
 same time should exercise the same good
 sense1 they would retain their gold and
 disburse their silver1 but such conduct
 would defeat the very object of the    
law4 ,if1 on the other hand1 they should
 release their gold1 retaining their    

silver1 they would give fresh point to  
the oft-proved saying1 ,the fool and his
 money are soon parted4 ,a bona-fide    
attempt on the part of one or more      
powers to change the market ratio of the
 metals could result only in            
transferring government gold to private 
coffers1 and in a general fall to the   
silver basis with all its attendant     
evils4 ,meanwhile the gold would        
continue its functions as money in new  
transactions1 but at its market value1  
never by any chance reaching the public 
treasuries except on the same basis4    
,the inconvenience of transacting       
business with a metal some thirty times 
as heavy1 value for value1 as that to   
which they had been accustomed would1   
without further reason1 speedily induce 
the governments to a restoration of the 
gold standard at any cost4  ,as for the 
legal-tender quality1 it cannot be      
denied that governments here possess a  
peculiar power which individuals cannot 
exert2 but that fact does not make the  

exercise of that power morally right4   
,the quality of legal tender infused    
into the debased dollar cannot but add  
temporarily to its exchangeable value in
 a degree gradually diminishing with the
 exhaustion of the accumulated credits4 
,when1 however1 the last debtor in the  
series is reached1 and there is no      
longer a ,peter to rob for the sake of  
,paul1 the fraudulent coin must         
inevitably sink to the value it had as  
bullion prior to the act that created   
it4  ,upon such fallacies as these it is
 sought to erect the elaborate          
superstructure of the civilized world's 
monetary system6 ,some of the more      
advanced thinkers among the self-styled 
bimetallists1 realizing that some       
deference must be paid to the lessons of
 experience1 which offers not a solitary
 instance of the concurrent use of the  
two metals under a fixed ratio1 argue   
that1 even so1 the chief blessing of    
bimetallism--a less variable            
standard--will have been secured in the 

automatic oscillation from one          
circulation to the other4 ,if this      
oscillatory feature is the object       
sought1 the adoption of a ratio of #af  
to #a1 or thereabouts1 would certainly  
not secure it1 but one almost identical 
with the market ratio would be          
imperative4 ,not once in the history of 
our country did this alternation occur1 
although from #agib to #ahgc we were    
upon the double standard4 ,it is true   
that in #ahcd the circulation changed   
from silver to gold1 but that was due   
not to the automatic effect of that     
system1 but to an actual change of the  
legal ratio from #ae to #a to #af to #a4
 ,but if the legal ratio is now made to 
conform to the market one1 what becomes 
of our present silver coins8 ,must they 
be called in and be replaced by the new8
 ,if so the convenience of our          
subsidiary coinage will be sacrificed1  
for a silver dollar twice its present   
size would be intolerable4  ,the        
obstacles in the way of international   

bimetallism need not be enumerated here4
 ,the proceedings at the ,brussels      
monetary conference in #ahib1 though    
they accomplished little besides1       
certainly served to make these          
difficulties plain4 ,the primary object 
is to make silver coins and gold coins  
continuously interchangeable in trade at
 a ratio approximating as closely as    
possible to #af to #a1 and the          
discussion of the means to accomplish   
this has apparently narrowed down to one
 proposition to be answered by a simple 
yes or no3 ,shall the free coinage of   
gold and silver at the ratio of #a to   
#af be restored8 ,it will not do to     
insert any other ratio 7except1 perhaps1
 #a to #ae or #a to #ae-a_/b71 because  
if a ratio closely approximating the    
commercial one is contemplated1 each    
nation might decide the question for    
itself1 and an international agreement  
would be superfluous4 ,all the civilized
 nations have their own established     
ratios of coinage varying from #ae to   

#ae-a_/b or #af of silver to #a of gold1
 and whichever of these should prevail  
the result could not but be a serious   
matter to those nations obliged to      
reform their coinage in accordance      
therewith4 ,neither horn of the dilemma 
presented by the plan of a fixed ratio  
is practicable2 the convenient one of   
#af to #a is impossible1 and the        
commercial one would necessitate        
recoinages and make the coins           
prohibitively cumbrous4 ,the choice of  
an intermediate ratio would be a virtual
 relinquishment of the principle itself1
 for how would that ratio be arrived at 
if not by mere guess8 ,there are no data
 to guide us1 nor is there any          
formulated rule by which the desired    
ratio may be determined4 ,besides1 the  
intermediate ratio would still remain   
open to the objections advanced against 
the higher ratio1 both in requiring     
recoinage and in unduly enlarging the   
coins4  ,the inevitable result of free  
coinage at a fixed ratio is to expel the

 undervalued metal from circulation4    
,there can be but one way to prevent    
this1 and that is by a system of sliding
 scale whereby scrupulous fidelity to   
the state of the market from day to day 
may be preserved4 ,diurnal recoinages   
are of course out of the question1 but  
the thing is nevertheless both easy and 
practicable4  ,let us assume that gold  
only has hitherto been used as money1   
that #be4h grains thereof have been     
taken to be one dollar1 and that it is  
now desired to supplement it with the   
use of silver4 ,our proposition will    
necessarily take this form3 ,if one     
dollar is equal to #be4h grains of gold1
 it must be equal to as many grains of  
silver as #be4h grains of gold will buy 
in the open market4 ,here we must       
remember that what is true to-day may   
not be true to-morrow or a year hence4  
,so many grains of gold may to-day be   
worth #dab-a_/b grains of silver1       
to-morrow they may be worth but #djj1   
and next day1 #dbj4 ,by fixing the      

amount of silver in the dollar we thus  
utter through these coins a new         
falsehood each day4 ,constant values1   
not constant weights1 is what we are    
driving at2 so in lieu of the silver    
coin we must substitute a promise to pay
 a gold dollar1 or a gold dollar's worth
 of silver1 whatever the state of the   
market4 ,this is what ,i designate      
natural bimetallism4 ,the silver dollar 
and fractional pieces as we now have    
them may nevertheless continue in       
circulation1 for the promise can be     
written into them by legislation to     
redeem them1 upon surrender1 in the same
 manner as the paper promises4 ,it is   
possible that ,hamilton and his         
successors in office prior to #ahcg may 
have thought of this expedient1 but     
discarded it as not then feasible4 ,we  
must remember1 however1 that they had   
serious practical difficulties to       
contend with1 which are now happily     
removed4 ,the advantages of the         
telegraph1 the cable1 the improved means

 of transportation1 and our admirable   
system of market quotations1 enable us  
now with certainty and ease to determine
 daily what any given thing is worth in 
terms of any other4  ,in order to make  
my plan as clear as possible1 ,i shall  
run the risk of seeming elementary by   
following through1 step by step1 a      
typical transaction under it3 ,let us   
fancy that the reader1 bearing a nugget 
of gold in his left hand and another of 
silver in his right1 and desiring to    
convert them into money1 repairs to the 
,philadelphia mint4 ,he applies there to
 the proper clerk1 who1 for simplicity's
 sake1 we will suppose performs all the 
operations4 ,the clerk weighs and assays
 the two pieces of metal1 and finds the 
gold one to contain #be1hjj grains of   
standard gold1 worth precisely #a1jjj1  
which are counted out in bills4 ,a      
similar operation reveals that the lump 
of silver weighs #ce1ejj grains1 but the
 clerk is now observed to consult a     
table before saying1 ,the market        

equivalent of a gold dollar is to-day   
#gaj grains1 consequently your #ce1ejj  
grains are worth #ej2 and he then       
proceeds to count out the money in bills
 precisely like those given in payment  
for the gold4 ,upon examining these at  
his leisure the reader discovers        
imprinted thereon a contract running as 
follows3 ,this note entitles the bearer 
on demand to the denomination of the    
bill dollars in gold or to the market   
equivalent thereof in silver4  ,in the  
course of time1 say five years hence1   
these identical notes1 by the accidents 
of trade1 have come into my hands1 and  
,i desire to have them redeemed4        
,applying to the ,united ,states        
,treasury ,i find ,i am granted the     
privilege of taking payment in silver1  
in gold1 or partly in one and the       
balance in the other4 ,for the purposes 
of our illustration1 however1 we will   
adhere to the figures already used4 ,in 
exchange for the #a1jjj1 then1 ,i       
receive back precisely the weight of    

gold originally given for them4 ,for the
 #ej ,i receive six pieces of silver of 
different sizes1 which ,i notice are    
arranged upon a decimal scale of grains4
 ,they contain respectively #cj1jjj1    
#e1jjj1 #a1jjj1 #ejj1 #ajj1 and #ej     
grains2 in all #cf1fej grains1 or #a1aej
 grains in excess of the original       
quantity4 ,upon inquiry ,i learn that   
this excess is not due to any mistake by
 the clerk1 but that since the first    
transaction silver has fallen so that   
#gcc grains are now commercially equal  
to #be4h grains of gold1 and that the   
government has simply redeemed my notes 
at par4 ,after this first experience ,i 
have many subsequent transactions with  
the mint and with the ,treasury4 ,at the
 former ,i find that ,i have the choice 
of notes1 gold coin1 or silver coin4 ,at
 first ,i reject the silver coins as    
being under weight1 but upon its being  
explained that they are purposely made  
light for the sake of convenience1 and  
that they are by general law redeemable 

in the same manner as the notes1 ,i no  
longer object to them4 ,at the          
,treasury1 on the other hand1 ,i am     
sometimes1 though rarely1 informed that 
the government is exercising the option 
reserved in its contract2 that it is    
paying exclusively in gold1 or          
exclusively in silver1 or partly in one 
and partly in the other4 ,these         
occasional disappointments1 however1    
never affect the integrity of the money 
,i have in hand1 for whether redeemed in
 gold or silver1 everyone knows that it 
will be redeemed at its face value1 and 
it accordingly passes unquestioned4     
,upon several occasions ,i present bonds
 of the government for redemption1 some 
of them issued previous to the          
inauguration of the new system1 and     
others issued afterward4 ,in either case
 ,i find that the same system of        
redemption prevails as in the example of
 the notes4 ,treasury notes1 silver     
coins1 and silver certificates--one and 
all ,i discover are also redeemable like

 the new notes or convertible into them1
 so that ,i need never concern myself   
about any matter save their genuineness4
  ,gold certificates and greenbacks     
must1 of course1 be redeemed as their   
special contract requires1 but1 once    
redeemed1 they must reissue in the new  
bimetallic notes which ,i have          
described4 ,thus a very simple method is
 provided whereby this form of currency 
may be transmuted into another without  
contracting the circulation4  ,the great
 desideratum is to make our vast stores 
of silver available for ultimate        
redemptions1 and this1 natural          
bimetallism effectually accomplishes4   
,our gold reserve would therefore cease 
to be indispensable to the preservation 
of our national credit just as soon as  
the greenbacks and gold certificates    
were converted into the bimetallic notes
 or cancelled4 ,but there need be no    
fear that the gold reserve would ever   
become depleted4 ,by removing all danger
 of the debasement of our money1 by     

insuring the parity of every dollar of  
our currency with gold1 and by          
permanently retiring the greenbacks1 we 
destroy the incentive to hoard gold1    
cause its return to the reserve1 relieve
 it of half the burden it formerly had  
to sustain1 and reduce to a minimum the 
tendency to withdrawals4 ,the copious   
supply of gold thus secured would enable
 the ,treasurer to waive his option to  
pay in silver whenever the customer     
preferred gold1 thereby enabling        
merchants to use the less cumbrous metal
 for foreign shipments4 ,indeed1 it is  
entirely probable that the new notes    
would be preferred to gold in           
international as well as in domestic    
exchanges4  ,an advantage of especial   
importance is that the metals can be    
concurrently used4 ,the oscillation from
 one to the other1 even if it be        
admitted that it would provide us always
 with the better of them under whatever 
changes may occur1 is certainly not to  
be preferred to the constant and equal  

use of both4 ,the unlimited coinage of  
the two metals upon a plan so equitable1
 recognizing as it does their precise   
market relations from day to day1 would 
enable us to view with indifference the 
fluctuations of the market1 however     
great1 and to whatever cause due4       
,incidental to this advantage1 and      
second only to it in importance1 would  
be the establishment of a par of        
exchange simultaneously with the        
gold-and with the silver-using countries
 by allowing customs duties to be paid  
in silver bullion at market prices1 or  
in gold4  ,it may be contended that     
under the plan here proposed the        
government might lose by a continued    
decline in silver1 and that the silver  
it already has would remain depreciated 
far below the price the government paid 
for it4 ,i frankly admit this4 ,but is  
it reasonable to suppose that silver    
will continue to decline8 ,the          
probabilities are that in the succeeding
 twenty years the production of gold    

will increase more rapidly in proportion
 than silver2 and it also seems that    
whereas processes for extracting and    
refining silver have well-nigh reached  
their limit of economy1 the new         
processes for treating gold are rapidly 
improving4 ,nor must it be forgotten    
that should such a decline occur the    
mint deposits are from day to day       
keeping pace with the withdrawals1 the  
losses on the latter thus being         
counterbalanced by concurrent gains1 and
 interest-bearing debts being constantly
 transmuted into non-interest bearing   
currency4 ,it is equally clear that the 
utilization of a dead asset1 as the     
government stock of silver now is1 is a 
distinct gain1 and will permanently     
dispense with the future issue of bonds 
for the repletion of the gold reserve4  
,as for the silver purchased by the     
government under the ,acts of #ahgh and 
#ahij having become depreciated1 the    
fact is there whether we choose to      
recognize or ignore it4 ,there is no    

better way for palliating that loss than
 to make that silver immediately        
available for the payment of the        
nation's debts4  ,allied to the question
 of the costliness of the system is that
 of its tendency toward1 or freedom     
from1 speculative disturbances4 ,so long
 as payment solely in gold was          
compulsory1 speculators had a fertile   
field for their operations4 ,by giving  
the ,treasurer the option of payment in 
silver or gold1 however1 raids upon     
either metal can be met by paying       
exclusively in the other until the      
proper equilibrium is restored4 ,if a   
real difficulty should still be found to
 exist in practice1 a slight mint charge
 would effectually put an end to it4 ,in
 any event1 natural bimetallism is much 
less open to criticism on this score    
than the existing system1 or than that  
of the fixed ratio4  ,the pieces of     
silver with which redemptions are to be 
made are in no sense to be regarded as  
money4 ,they are distinctly merchandise1

 possessing a commercial value precisely
 equivalent to the number of money units
 received or surrendered therefor1 and  
when the notes have been redeemed1 and  
the commercial equivalent has been given
 therefor1 the government's             
responsibility ends4 ,the government    
assumes no obligation to maintain silver
 bullion at a given ratio to gold1 but  
it does assume to make each unit of     
money the equal of #be4h grains of gold4
 ,in other words1 the fluctuations in   
the value of silver are confined to it  
in its bullion shape1 and cannot enter  
into its form as money4 ,the idea that  
paper currency must be redeemed in gold1
 as money1 or silver1 as money1 is      
erroneous4 ,it is redeemed in those     
metals because they have value as       
merchandise4 ,in domestic transactions  
this fact is often lost sight of1 but it
 becomes manifest in international      
exchanges when the metallic money passes
 strictly on its merits as bullion1 and 
without regard to the stamp it bears4   

,for these reasons the ,treasury should 
not be understood as guaranteeing the   
weight or fineness of the metal1 except 
in its immediate transactions1 although 
to facilitate its ready acceptance      
between reputable merchants1 the        
affixing of the government's seal upon  
the pieces would be a very proper       
practice4  ,nor is there any mechanical 
difficulty in the way of the operation  
of the plan4 ,the silver could be       
fashioned into pieces of different sizes
 graduated upon a decimal scale of      
grains1 with the smallest piece         
containing fifty grains1 being somewhat 
larger than the current dime4 ,by       
limiting redemptions1 then1 to fifty    
dollars and multiples thereof1 our      
pieces will in every conceivable        
instance enable us to make the exchange1
 or redemption1 to the accuracy of a    
single grain on each dollar1 which is   
certainly sufficiently close for all    
practical purposes4  ,in contrast to the
 national banking system1 the bonds     

could be retired without derangement to 
our finances1 the metals forming a basis
 upon which our outstanding currency    
could directly rest--thus obviating the 
extravagant features of that system and 
stripping us of the impediment of an    
immense debt4 ,and not only this3 the   
encouragement natural bimetallism would 
hold out to owners of bullion of both   
kinds would cause our national vaults to
 be filled to overflowing with the      
sinews of war1 and make us the best     
equipped nation on the earth for a      
prolonged struggle1 should such a       
struggle come4  ,by providing a means   
for the remonetization of silver at the 
market rate we are doing its friends a  
greater kindness than they ask4 ,free   
coinage on seemingly more favorable     
terms would result in immediate         
overproduction and a glutted market1    
from which condition it would be most   
difficult to escape4 ,if there be any   
merit in the contention that a demand   
for the metal is what is needed1 and    

that that demand will enhance its price1
 so much the better1 for in that case   
not only will the condition of the      
silver industry improve1 but the        
government itself will be benefited by  
the enhancement in the value of the     
metal it already holds and may hereafter
 acquire4 ,the example set by the       
,united ,states would be gladly imitated
 by other nations1 and the use of silver
 as a basis for money would speedily    
rival that of gold4  ,viewed as an      
experiment the trial of it would be     
inexpensive and without peril1 while    
congressional debates pending its       
consideration would give no cause for   
apprehension or disturbance to business1
 since the gold standard would not be   
jeopardized4 ,but why should it be      
regarded as experimental when the most  
elementary and most familiar business   
principles are followed8  ,the question 
may be raised whether the preservation  
of the gold standard is desirable1      
since1 it is claimed1 it is gradually   

appreciating in value4 ,to this it may  
be said that the peril of the gold      
standard does not consist in the fact   
that it is rising1 but that it has been 
hitherto accompanied by the non-use of  
silver in final redemptions4 ,that an   
appreciating dollar is necessarily an   
evil is1 moreover1 fairly debatable4    
,during the period from #ahfd-ahgb      
7which our ,democratic friends delight  
to laud as the most prosperous in our   
history71 although we were nominally on 
a bimetallic basis1 contracts were made 
on that of the greenback1 which rose    
during that time an average of ten per  
cent per annum1 to wit3 from #di4b cents
 in #ahfd1 to #hi cents in #ahgb4 ,in   
other words the debtor who borrowed     
#dib4jj in #ahfd was obliged1 eight     
years later1 to pay his creditor #hij4jj
 of like purchasing power as he had     
received1 in addition to a considerably 
higher interest than now current4 ,i do 
not wish to be considered as standing   
sponsor for the rising dollar1 but it is

 a pertinent question to ask those who  
decry the gold standard for this reason1
 why the same cause did not have the    
same effect in each instance4  ,the     
objection may be made that ,i would make
 of a silver mere commodity1 but the    
point is not well taken1 inasmuch as the
 mint offerings are transmuted into     
paper currency1 which is virtually      
making silver1 money2 moreover1 the     
silver itself is retained in its present
 form of subsidiary coinage4 ,silver is 
not a moral being possessed of rights   
and sensitive to insults2 it is a mere  
thing whose function it is to serve us  
in any way we may deem most conducive to
 our interests4 ,if under the system of 
natural bimetallism it does this best1  
the question as to its money or         
commodity character is vain4 ,moreover1 
under ,gresham's law1 one metal under   
the fixed ratio is not only reduced to a
 commodity1 but is absolutely expelled  
from circulation and as a basis for     
circulation2 and we have also seen that 

in the last analysis both silver and    
gold are commodities under any system of
 specie payments4  ,under a republican  
form of government1 where frequent and  
extreme changes from one policy to      
another must be guarded against1 that   
policy should be adopted which most     
nearly conforms to justice1 and which   
the sense of the largest majority       
commends4 ,what proposition1 then1 could
 be fairer and more apt to commend      
itself to the general intelligence than 
that the metals should be monetized at  
their commercial values from day to day1
 or what policy more likely to remain   
unaffected by the mutations of parties  
and politics8  ,in conclusion let me sum
 up the salient points3 ,we have seen   
7#a7 that the chief weakness of the     
present system is the non-availability  
of silver for final redemptions2 7#b7   
that currency reform is inadequate      
because of its unpopularity and in      
failing to increase the primary basis of
 money by the addition of silver2 and   

7#c7 that the principle of the fixed    
ratio is fallacious and impracticable4  
,on the other hand1 we have discovered  
,natural ,bimetallism to be the         
application of the principles of        
everyday business to that business which
 underlies all others1--national        
finance1--and that the advantages       
resulting therefrom are3 ,it dispenses  
with the necessity of an international  
agreement with its attendant            
uncertainties1 perils1 and delays1 and  
at the same time points out the way to a
 sound and permanent home policy upon   
which all our factions could unite4 ,it 
practically restores to silver its      
unlimited coinage at its just market    
rate1 injects a healthy stimulus into   
the languishing silver industry1        
preserves our admirable system of       
subsidiary coinage1 and utilizes both   
metals as companion pillars of our      
national credit4 ,it coaxes gold to the 
mint1 keeps it there1 and does away     
permanently with bond issues4 ,it       

provides for the retirement of the      
greenbacks1 supplies their place with   
currency equally sound but less         
hazardous1 and insures the absolute     
parity of every dollar in circulation   
with every other1 and with gold4 ,in    
fine1 as every true principle must1 and 
as only a true principle can1 it answers
 every condition of the problem to which
 it applies1 and commends itself as the 
best1 if not the only1 way out of our   
financial embarrassments4   ,,ii4       
,,bimetallism ,,extinguished4  ,,by     
,,john ,,clark ,,ridpath4  ,the article 
on ,bimetallism ,simplified by ,mr4     
,george ,h4 ,lepper is open to one      
serious criticism3 the title should be  
changed to ,bimetallism ,extinguished2  
for1 when the argument is translated out
 of its sophistical form1 that is its   
precise meaning4 ,we are obliged1 in    
such a matter as this--even at the      
expense of courtesy--to break through   
the thin film of plausibility1 and at   
one stroke to lay bare what is in the   

bottom4  ,it is a marvellous thing that 
they who engage in excogitating this    
kind of double-meaning literature about 
bimetallism1 should suppose that the    
people can any longer be deluded with   
it4 ,the agents of the money-power and  
the fuglemen of the dominant political  
party seem to think that a certain      
species of casuistry and complicated    
makeshift of argument can still be      
forced into currency1 as it has been in 
the past1 and that the great ,american  
democracy can be persuaded thereby to   
accept fallacy for truth and thus to    
perpetuate the reigning ,dynasty of     
,robbers4 ,messieurs1 you can perform   
this feat no longer4  ,mr4 ,lepper      
admits in the outset that the ,mc,kinley
 administration is doomed unless it can 
provide the country with a sound and    
popular system of bimetallism4 ,as a    
matter of fact1 a sound system of       
bimetallism is simply bimetallism4 ,a   
popular system of bimetallism is simply 
bimetallism--neither more nor less4 ,in 

this vital matter1 the popularity will  
take care of itself1 and so will the    
soundness4  ,in the next place1 we      
observe that if the ,mc,kinley          
administration depends upon the adoption
 by it of any system of bimetallism1    
then the administration is doomed1      
deeply and darkly doomed1 already4 ,let 
the world know that the ,mc,kinley      
administration will not provide1 and has
 never intended to provide1 the country 
with any kind of bimetallism4 ,the      
administration has no notion of such a  
thing4 ,it was not created for such a   
useful and honorable destiny4 ,it was   
created to prevent bimetallism by       
treacherously pretending to be in favor 
of it4 ,they who created the            
administration1 they who determine and  
will continue to determine its action1  
openly sneer at any system of money     
except the gold-based system of         
monometallism4  ,mr4 ,lepper must be    
aware of this fact4 ,indeed it is to be 
hoped that there is not any longer one  

man in the ,united ,states so far gone  
down the slopes of delusion and idiotic 
infatuation as to imagine that the      
hollow pretensions of this              
administration in the direction of      
bimetallism by international agreement1 
or by any other method1 have ever been  
anything else than cunning subterfuge   
and treachery4  ,the politicians who    
worked out the ,st4 ,louis platform knew
 what they were about4 ,they knew that  
they were creating a hypocritical       
document with which to deceive and      
ensnare the ,american people4 ,they     
fixed their net and made their haul4    
,they succeeded to this extent--that    
they elected their ticket and gained    
possession of the government4 ,lo1 the  
day of judgment has already come6 ,now1 
in the endeavor to postpone the         
judgment1 they prepare arguments under  
captions that have a friendly sound but 
are at bottom bitterer than cassia and  
more mockful than the laughter of       
,mephistopheles4  ,the next stage in the

 policy of these gentlemen is to invent 
something that shall seem to be         
bimetallism1 but is not4 ,this something
 they seek to palm off on the world and 
to distract mankind with it until the   
money sharks who are chuckling behind   
the gold-vaults of two continents shall 
be enabled1 in the confusion and melee1 
to shuffle off to covert with their     
incalculable loads of booty4  ,mr4      
,lepper's paper is a document of the    
kind described4 ,the general purport of 
it is this3 ,people of the ,united      
,states1 ,i am a physician4 ,i belong to
 the silver school4 ,i am a graduate of 
the ,bimetallic ,institute4 ,this pill  
which ,i give you is out of the silver  
pharmacopoeia4 ,it will heal all your   
diseases perfectly4 ,but when you       
examine the pill which he exhibits1 you 
will find it to be a solid bolus of     
gold1 filmed over with tin foil4  ,mr4  
,lepper enters upon the discussion of   
the subject with the following          
statement3 ,the vast stores of silver   

purchased by the ,united ,states under  
the laws of #ahgh and #ahij are a dead  
asset of the ,treasury1 and cannot be   
utilized for purposes of redemption     
until sixteen ounces of silver shall    
again be equivalent to one of gold4     
,observe what becomes of these          
propositions under a truthful analysis4 
,in the first place1 our vast stores of 
silver are not vast stores4 ,they are   
not nearly as vast as they ought to be4 
,there are no bursting vaults of silver 
in the ,treasury of the ,united ,states 
and never were4 ,in the next place the  
stores of silver are not a dead asset of
 the ,treasury4 ,they are just as much a
 living asset of the ,treasury as is the
 accumulation of gold therein--and in   
the same sense4 ,these stores cannot be 
used for purposes of redemption because 
they do not exist for that purpose4 ,a  
bimetallist who is not a bimetallist is 
always strong on redemption2 and he     
knows only one redeemer--gold4 ,the     
redeeming business in our financial plan

 of salvation has been altogether       
overdone4 ,in the name of wonder1 what  
is it we want to redeem8 ,is it the     
greenbacks8 ,is it any of our legal     
tender8 ,the greenback is already       
constitutional money4 ,does ,mr4 ,lepper
 know that the greenback has been       
declared constitutional money by the    
,supreme ,court of the ,united          
,states--this with only a single        
dissenting vote8 ,does he know that     
every national bank bill in the ,united 
,states is finally redeemable in        
greenbacks8 ,does he know that in our   
scheme of redemption1 the people have   
only a paper redeemer1 while the banks1 
with the connivance of the government1  
have a redeemer of gold8 ,our vast      
stores of silver have only to be coined 
into silver dollars2 to be used as      
primary money1 just as gold is used2 to 
be paid out just as gold is paid out in 
the transaction of national business1   
and in particular in the payment of the 
national indebtedness4 ,if this is      

freely done1 the exaggerated purchasing 
power of the latter metal would at once 
be reduced to the normal standard4 ,this
 reduction would immediately express    
itself1 or begin to express itself1 in a
 general rise of prices1 in a revival of
 business1 and in a universal           
restoration of prosperity4 ,everything  
would again be well in the great        
,republic4 ,all this would happen       
without financial sin and without a     
redeemer4  ,mr4 ,lepper very properly   
says that international bimetallism and 
independent bimetallism are founded upon
 the same errors and misconceptions4 ,he
 should have said that they are founded 
upon the same truths and necessities4   
,for errors1 read truths1 and for       
misconceptions read necessities4 ,the   
writer of ,bimetallism ,simplified next 
goes on to say that whatever value may  
be created by monetization is not a     
commercial value4 ,well1 then1 what kind
 of value is it8 ,is it a social value1 
such as a man attributes to his child   

that is not for sale8 ,or is it a       
political value1 such as a party manager
 attributes to a vote that is for sale8 
,let us see whether monetization does1  
or does not1 create value4 ,we will not 
quibble about the phrase commercial     
value1 but come directly to the issue of
 value in general4 ,take the case upon  
which the goldites so greatly rely1 that
 of the safe burned in a fire with a bag
 of gold coin and a bag of silver coin  
fused within4 ,the triumphant gold      
sophist says1 ,the ten gold dollars     
fused into a lump will still be worth   
just ten dollars1 while the silver      
dollars fused into a lump will be worth 
only five dollars4 ,of course the lump  
of fused gold will be worth ten dollars 
when it is coined and measured by       
itself6 ,suppose that the lump of fused 
silver be coined into dollars again2 how
 much will that be worth8 ,everybody who
 has a premonitory symptom of common    
sense knows that the lump of fused      
silver will--if coinable again into     

dollars--be worth just as much as the   
lump of fused gold4 ,it is because the  
lump of fused gold is coinable again    
into dollars that it retains its value4 
,it is because the lump of fused silver 
is not coinable again1 under the present
 order1 that it is not worth ten        
dollars4  ,what makes the difference8   
,it is the fact of monetization for one 
of the metals1 and demonetization for   
the other4 ,does anybody suppose that   
ten dollars of silver fused into a lump 
would not still be worth ten dollars if 
the lump were re-coinable8 ,does anybody
 suppose that ten gold dollars fused    
into a lump would still be worth ten    
dollars if the lump were not            
re-coinable8 ,the fact of monetization  
not only confirms the value of one      
metal1 but it insures the value of the  
other also--that is1 it would insure it 
if monetization were not denied4        
,incidentally1 this plain statement of  
the case utterly confutes the only      
seemingly valid argument1 that is the   

two-bag argument1 with which the        
goldites have been able to support their
 theory of sound money4 ,mr4 ,lepper's  
assertion that monetization does not    
confer commercial value will have to    
rise through many circles in the spiral 
of intelligence before it reaches the   
plane of nonsense4  ,further on in his  
paper1 ,mr4 ,lepper says3 ,the          
inevitable result of free coinage at a  
fixed ratio1 is to expel the undervalued
 metal from circulation4 ,who taught him
 that8 ,perhaps ,gresham taught him4 ,if
 so1 he taught him what is not true4 ,it
 is incredible that intelligent people  
should be humbugged with such a         
fallacious proposition as ,gresham's    
so-called law4 ,suppose that under free 
coinage1 gold be undervalued1 and       
suppose that1 being so1 it begins to    
vanish--where will it go to8 ,to the    
,bank of ,england8 ,if so1 what will be 
the effect on the price of gold in the  
,bank of ,england8 ,will not the price  
begin to fall at that point at which the

 stream of gold pours out8 ,and will it 
not continue to fall as long as the     
outflow goes on8 ,what1 on the other    
hand1 will be the effect on the money   
market at that point from which the     
outflow is established8 ,will there not 
be produced a stringency behind the     
outflow1 and will not all kinds of money
 begin to appreciate at that point from 
which the flow begins8 ,and will not    
this stringency become greater and      
greater as long as the outflow          
continues8 ,and will not the prices of  
all kinds of money1 silver in           
particular1 begin to rise until the     
outflow ceases8 ,this is to say that the
 price of gold1 like the price of       
anything else whatsoever1 will fall     
wherever it accumulates1 and the price  
of silver will rise in every place from 
which the gold is drained away1 until a 
parity of values between the two money  
metals shall be inevitably established4 
,this is the real law of two money      
metals circulating together2 and        

,gresham's so-called law is only the    
hocus-pocus and ghost of a law that is  
true to begin with1 and is not true to  
end with4  ,i now come to the gist of   
,mr4 ,lepper's article1 and ,i invite   
particular attention to the heart and   
core of the matter as he presents it4   
,he says 7all the while declaring       
himself to be a bimetallist73 ,let us   
assume that gold only has hitherto been 
used as money1 that #be4h grains thereof
 have been taken to be one dollar1 and  
that it is now desired to supplement it 
with the use of silver4 ,i had not      
supposed that any person in the world   
could be under the influence of a       
delusion to the extent of propounding   
three such hypotheses as the foregoing4 
,mr4 ,lepper might with equally good    
reason1 in discussing the constitution  
of nature1 have said1 ,let us assume    
that the world is a circular disk of    
tin1 or rather1 ,let us assume that the 
world has always been regarded as a     
circular disk of tin4 ,let us assume    

that the world1 being a circular disk of
 tin1 weighs #c1hbj lbs41 and that it is
 now desired to improve its constitution
 by adding forty pounds to its weight   
and by converting it into a square      
block4 ,these propositions would be just
 as philosophical1 just as useful in    
argument1 and just as well warranted as 
those which he presents6 ,his assumption
 is that gold only has been used as     
money4 ,but it is not true that gold    
only has been used as money4 ,it is not 
true that gold principally has been used
 as money4 ,it is not true that gold has
 been as widely used as silver4 ,it is  
not true that it is as universally used 
to-day as silver4 ,it is not true that  
it was used at as early a day as was    
silver4 ,it is not true that it has been
 used as a standard unit of money and   
account in the ,united ,states as long  
and as universally as silver has been   
used4 ,it is therefore absurd to say1   
,let us assume that gold only has been  
used as money4 ,it is preposterous to   

offer such a hypothesis4 ,if we should  
grant the affirmative of such an        
assertion1 we should rush into a region 
of falsehood and fanaticism identical in
 all particulars with that station which
 the goldites now occupy1 and from which
 they send forth their clamor4  ,mr4    
,lepper says further3 ,let us assume    
that #be4h grains hitherto have been    
taken to be one dollar4 ,but it is not  
true that #be4h grains of gold have     
hitherto in our ,american system been   
taken to be one dollar4 ,it is true     
that1 according to our fundamental      
statute1 and to all subsequent statutes 
down to the year #ahgc1 #be4h grains of 
gold were taken to be of the value of a 
dollar2 but they were not a dollar4 ,our
 gold eagles were of the value of ten   
dollars2 our half eagles were of the    
value of five dollars2 our double eagles
 were of the value of twenty dollars2   
our quarter eagles were of the value of 
two and one-half dollars2 our one-dollar
 gold piece1 of #ahdi1 was not one      

dollar1 but was of the value of a       
dollar6 ,the dollar was first1 last1 and
 all the time1 defined to be a coin     
composed of #cga #a_/d grains of pure   
silver4 ,this is the very alphabet of   
the matter4 ,i have myself set forth    
these facts so many times that ,i am    
ashamed to repeat them2 for it implies  
that there are still people in the      
,united ,states so lacking in           
intelligence and information as to      
require the reiteration of the bottom   
facts and principles in our ,american   
coinage system4  ,twenty-five and       
eight-tenths grains of gold never did   
compose a dollar in the ,united ,states 
until after the year #ahgc4 ,why1       
therefore1 should ,mr4 ,lepper say1 ,let
 us assume that #be4h grains of gold    
have been taken to be one dollar8 ,then 
he goes on to say1 ,let us assume that  
it is desired to supplement it that is  
the gold dollar with silver4 ,why should
 he speak of supplementing the use of   
gold with silver1 any more than         

supplementing the use of silver with    
gold8 ,there is not as good reason for  
the proposition to supplement gold with 
silver as there is to supplement silver 
with gold4 ,herein lies the trouble with
 those gentlemen who are trying to fix  
up a plan by which not to do it4 ,they  
begin with a series of false hypotheses4
 ,they work along from these false      
assumptions until they reach some       
monstrous conclusion1 and then show how 
sound the conclusion is because it is   
logical6  ,genuine bimetallists do no   
such thing4 ,they claim the coinage of  
gold and silver on terms of absolute    
equality4 ,they do not propose to       
measure the silver by the gold1 or the  
gold by the silver4 ,they propose to    
have two standard units1 and to use the 
one unit or the other unit at the option
 of the debtor4 ,they do not propose    
that the creditor shall decide in which 
of these money metals a debt shall be   
paid or a contract made valid--simply   
for the reason that the two units       

co-exist1 and every contract and        
engagement made among men is made in the
 face of this fact1 and with the full   
knowledge of it1 and with the           
understanding of what it implies4 ,that 
understanding is that at the date of    
settlement1 the debtor1 and not the     
creditor1 shall decide in which of the  
two standard metal-moneys he shall      
discharge his obligation4 ,the option is
 his--exclusively his4 ,the transaction 
is honorable1 right1 and just4 ,whoever 
challenges it is an abettor of the      
scheme for robbing the debtor by        
compelling him to transact his business1
 and in particular to pay his debts1    
according to a standard unit differing  
from the dollar of the law and the      
contract4  ,of this outrageous fraud we 
will have no more4 ,we spew it out of   
our mouths4 ,we spit on the proposition1
 under whatever garb it comes1 to compel
 the debtors of this nation to discharge
 their obligations in a dollar differing
 from the dollar of the law and the     

contract4 ,we do not propose to         
supplement gold money with silver       
money--meaning the subordination of the 
silver to the gold4 ,we do not propose  
to supplement silver money with gold    
money--meaning that the gold shall be   
absolute and the silver only token4     
,there is no supplement about it4 ,it is
 a simple proposition to have our money 
in two kinds1 and not in one kind4 ,it  
is like laying a foundation of stone and
 brick4 ,the stone is not more dependent
 on the brick than the brick is         
dependent on the stone4 ,they are both  
built into one abutment2 they both      
contribute alike to its solidity and    
magnitude2 they both enter into its     
composition and are part of its         
structure2 and they both shall stay     
there1 gentlemen of the gold craft1 in  
spite of your efforts to take one       
constituent part of the abutment away6  
,i now come to the next essential       
division of ,mr4 ,lepper's article4 ,i  
call particular attention to what he    

proposes4 ,he says3  ,in order to make  
my plan as clear as possible1 ,i shall  
run the risk of seeming elementary by   
running through1 step by step1 a typical
 transaction under it3 ,let us fancy    
that the reader1 bearing a nugget of    
gold in his left hand and another of    
silver in his right1 and desiring to    
convert them into money1 repairs to the 
,philadelphia mint4 ,he applies there to
 the proper clerk1 who1 for simplicity's
 sake1 we will suppose performs all the 
operations4 ,the clerk weighs and assays
 the two pieces of metal1 and finds the 
gold one to contain #be1hjj grains of   
standard gold1 worth precisely #a1jjj1  
which are counted out in bills4 ,a      
similar operation reveals that the lump 
of silver weighs #ce1ejj grains1 but the
 clerk is observed to consult a table   
before saying3 ',the market equivalent  
of a gold dollar is to-day #gaj grains2 
consequently your #ce1ejj grains are    
worth #ej2' and he then proceeds to     
count out the money in bills precisely  

like those given in payment for the     
gold4 ,upon examining these at his      
leisure1 the reader discovers imprinted 
thereon a contract running as follows3  
',this note entitles the bearer on      
demand to the denomination of the bill  
dollars in gold or to the market        
equivalent thereof in silver4'  ,this   
paragraph needs only to be critically   
examined in order to show forth the     
material of which it is builded4 ,mr4   
,lepper takes his two nuggets1 the one  
of gold and the other of silver4 ,he    
goes to the mint4 ,the gold nugget      
weighs #be1hjj grains2 the silver nugget
 weighs #ce1ejj grains4 ,mr4 ,lepper    
adroitly slips in the clause that the   
gold nugget is worth precisely a        
thousand dollars6 ,in what units is the 
gold nugget worth a thousand dollars8   
,why1 in gold units4 ,he says that the  
#ce1ejj grains of silver are found to be
 worth #ej4 ,in what units is that      
amount of silver worth #ej8 ,why1 in    
gold units6 ,that is1 beginning with the

 gold standard1 and ignoring the silver 
standard1 ,mr4 ,lepper reaches          
bimetallism6 ,that is good4 ,he assumes1
 to begin with1 the thing he is trying  
to prove6 ,he assumes it in his major   
premise1 implies it in his minor        
premise1 and reaches it in his          
conclusion4 ,i say that is very good4   
,twenty-five thousand eight hundred     
grains of gold are worth precisely      
#a1jjj1 in gold dollars at the rate of  
#be4h grains to the dollar4 ,well1 ,i   
should say so4 ,the same would be true  
of tin1 of leather1 or tree-molasses4   
,only assume that something is a        
standard1 and then measure that         
something by itself and you will get    
there4 ,mr4 ,lepper gets there4 ,then   
again he assumes that the market        
equivalent of the gold dollar at the    
date referred to1 is #gaj grains of     
silver2 therefore1 #ce1ejj grains of    
silver are worth just #ej in gold4      
,forsooth1 it requires a philosopher to 
tell us that2 though a country schoolboy

 might make it out just as well4 ,it is 
only a problem in the rule of three4 ,we
 assume that silver is worth so much in 
gold2 therefore1 so much silver will be 
worth so much in gold6 ,that is1 gold is
 the standard2 but we are a bimetallist1
 and we will write a paper on           
,bimetallism ,simplified showing how we 
can create a mono-bimetallic standard4  
,the mono is the essence of ,mr4        
,lepper's scheme2 the bimetallic part of
 it is sophism and green cheese4  ,in   
his argument ,mr4 ,lepper simply        
proposes to measure gold by itself2 and 
to measure silver by gold6 ,that is all 
there is in it4 ,he seems not to know   
that anything measured by anything other
 than itself is not primary money1 and  
cannot be4 ,gold1 when coined and made  
legal tender1 is primary money when     
measured by itself4 ,silver when coined 
and made a legal tender is also primary 
money when measured by itself4 ,anything
 coined and made a legal tender is      
primary money when measured by itself4  

,it is thus that ,mr4 ,lepper creates a 
bimetallic system of money4 ,he proposes
 to keep it up in the same manner4 ,he  
simply assumes that gold is an          
unfluctuating1 eternal standard1 and    
that silver is a fluctuating1 impossible
 standard4 ,he agrees that silver may be
 used as money and even coined on a     
basis which assumes that it shall not be
 used as money and not be coined at all1
 except by the measure of gold6 ,his    
factitious and absurd device is         
therefore not bimetallism1 but          
monometallism on a basis of gold4 ,he   
might substitute pewter for silver in   
his scheme1 and it would be just as     
good2 he might substitute putty or      
plaster of paris1 and his plan would    
work as well4  ,such a scheme is not    
bimetallism at all4 ,it is monometallism
 pure and simple4 ,i have1 in a private 
way1 pointed out the fact to ,mr4       
,lepper that his plan is not what it    
pretends to be4 ,i have tried to show   
him that what he proposes is simply a   

delusion of goldite hocus-pocus4 ,as a  
matter of fact1 ,,the ,,arena has not   
the space to be devoted to the          
dissemination of such literature as ,mr4
 ,lepper's article4 ,i did not wish to  
subject the writer of ,bimetallism      
,simplified to this castigation1 but he 
would have it so4 ,it is no doubt an    
entertaining business with ,mr4 ,lepper 
to work his elaborate scheme for        
pretending to do a thing1 and not doing 
it4 ,practically1 ,i might urge upon his
 attention the fact that what he        
proposes will satisfy nobody2 certainly 
it will not satisfy the ,mc,kinley      
administration4 ,that administration    
does not propose to do anything4 ,it    
proposes to stand still1 in the midst of
 much bluster1 hoping all the time that 
the gold standard will become more and  
more fixed on the ,american people1 and 
that the silver delusion will subside4  
,mr4 ,lepper will have his labor for his
 pains4 ,his system will be laughed to  
scorn by all the goldites proper1 and it

 is certainly rejected as spurious1     
impossible1 and absurd by all genuine   
bimetallists4 ,i wish to remark in this 
case1 that the term goldite applied to  
the monometallist1 is not a misnomer or 
an unwarranted epithet2 for             
monometallists advocate the             
establishment of gold money only1 as the
 primary money and money of ultimate    
redemption4 ,on the other hand1 the term
 silverite is a misnomer2 if accepted1  
it misleads1 for it implies that he who 
is characterized as a silverite is a    
believer in silver only as the primary  
money and money of ultimate redemption4 
,there are no people of this class of   
whom we have heard4  ,bimetallists      
believe in the use of both moneys freely
 and on terms of perfect equality2 they 
will be satisfied with nothing less4    
,they know that they are in the         
majority1 and that they cannot be       
ultimately defrauded of their purpose4  
,they intend to restore our coinage to  
what it was before the ,act of #ahgc4   

,by such restoration they propose to    
break the corner on gold and to reduce  
the exaggerated purchasing power of that
 metal to the normal standard4 ,they    
intend that this reduction in the       
purchasing power of gold shall be       
answered--as they know it will be--with 
a corresponding rise in the prices of   
all the products of labor4 ,they intend 
in this way to achieve prosperity2 they 
intend to wrong no man--not even the    
bondholder2 they intend that every man  
shall have his rights according to the  
law and the contract2 they intend to    
break faith with none2 they intend to   
march right on to the achievement of    
this result2 in doing so1 they intend to
 consult themselves4 ,they know full    
well that the so-called great commercial
 nations will be glad enough to trade   
with us1 and to take our money in both  
kinds too4 ,if not1 we hold the rod6 ,if
 any nation under heaven proposes to    
discriminate against the ,united ,states
 of ,america because of our bimetallic  

standard of money1 let that nation try  
it6 ,we shall see who comes out best in 
that contest4  ,when the weak-kneed1 the
 time-serving1 and the cowardly shall be
 expelled from power2 when ,american    
patriots are in the high places of      
authority2 when the people's voice shall
 be heard as the voice of many          
waters1--all men shall then be assured  
that the great republic is able to do   
its own business in its own way1 asking 
favor of none1 menacing none1 and       
fearing none6 ,when that good day comes 
with the end of the century1 such       
literature as ,mr4 ,lepper's            
,bimetallism ,simplified1 read in the   
retrospect and in the light of a better 
verdict of the people1 will seem to the 
thoughtful student of history to have   
been the product of some humorist1      
indulging a sarcastical disposition at  
the expense of the very theory which he 
sets forth in his article4     ,,the    
,,segregation ,,and ,,permanent         
,,isolation ,,of ,,criminals4  ,,by     

,,norman ,,robinson4   ,what shall be   
done with confirmed and incorrigible    
offenders8 ,for a good many thousand    
years the world has been wrestling with 
this problem1 and in this year of grace 
it is seemingly very little nearer a    
rational solution than when the first   
fraternal brawl sent one brother into   
his grave1 and another into exile with  
the perpetual brand of a murderer       
blazing upon his terror-stricken brow4  
,the savage settles the matter with a   
tomahawk or a war club4 ,the remedy is  
at least effectual1 and society in the  
kraal or the tepee does not bother its  
dusky brain about the possible reform of
 the offender4 ,any type of criminality 
that is inconvenient or unpopular is1   
therefore1 summarily buried in the      
nearest grave4  ,up to the time of the  
,christian era1 the savage and the      
civilized man alike held substantially  
the same theories4 ,the one idea that   
dominated all criminal law was          
punishment4 ,the statutes of ,draco and 

,lycurgus never harbored the thought of 
moral improvement1 much less made       
provision for the reform of the         
criminal4 ,roman law and ,greek law were
 little better4 ,the one right which all
 offenders possessed was the right to be
 punished4 ,reformation was entirely a  
personal matter1 which theoretically in 
rare instances was possible1 to which   
the law1 save in capital cases1         
interposed no special obstacles1 and to 
which it gave no special encouragement4 
,with the advent of a new and more      
merciful dispensation1 we find gradually
 creeping in a belief that the criminal 
classes have some rights which society  
is bound to respect1 and that not the   
least important of these is the right to
 reform4 ,for two thousand years these  
not necessarily conflicting ideas of    
reform and punishment have travelled    
down the centuries in a medley of       
incongruous and often contradictory     
systems of criminal law4 ,as the better 
classes have generally made and         

administered the law1 it is not strange 
that the elder and more savage idea has 
on the whole been dominant1 and that1   
taking the world together1 the reform of
 criminals is still rather a side issue 
than an object of far-reaching and      
systematic legislative enactment4  ,even
 the most optimistic student of penology
 would be compelled to admit that our   
present methods of dealing with         
criminals are unsatisfactory to the last
 degree4 ,our systems of punishment do  
not punish in any such sense as to be a 
terror to evil-doers2 our systems of    
reformation do not reform4 ,the whole   
thing goes on in a vicious round of     
self-perpetuating infamy4 ,the central  
idea of our modern penal system--and it 
is certainly a very venerable one--is   
that in some way the world will be      
greatly benefited by shutting up its    
law-breakers for a longer or shorter    
period1 feeding them liberally1 giving  
them a period of enforced steady habits 
and steady work1 and after a while      

taking off this straight jacket of      
compulsory morality1 and turning them   
loose again with improved criminal skill
 and sharpened appetites to prey upon   
society in the old way4  ,the actual    
result of this crowding of more or less 
confirmed vice into one concentrated    
aggregation1 is simply to intensify the 
evil it was intended to remedy4 ,the    
convict who enters a prison cell for the
 first time--perhaps as the result of   
some sudden and overpowering            
temptation--a man who at heart is no    
better and no worse than his neighbors1 
and who1 if by any chance he had escaped
 conviction1 would have finished his    
life as an average citizen1 as a friend 
and advocate of the law--finds himself  
here in an entirely new environment4    
,self-respect is gone4 ,the old motive  
for honesty is gone4 ,he enters the new 
and stifling atmosphere of concentrated 
crime1 and with it comes the feeling    
that the world is all against him4 ,it  
is his first offence1 but it is by no   

means likely to be his last4 ,every man 
he sees1 save the grim rifle-carrying   
guard who growls and swears at him1 is a
 convicted criminal4 ,every object that 
his eyes fall upon intensifies the      
lesson that he is henceforth to be      
counted among the enemies of his race4  
,every breath that he breathes reeks    
with the malaria of crime4 ,he is now an
 enlisted soldier in a warfare against  
right and law and social order4 ,he is  
in the devil's own training school4 ,the
 seven other spirits more wicked than   
himself are all around him4 ,whatever   
prison rules may say1 there are certain 
to be clandestine meetings1 secret      
conferences1 in which the novice is     
initiated into the higher degrees of the
 freemasonry of crime4 ,schemes of      
profitable law-breaking swarm in the    
teeming brains of these wearers of the  
stripes1 to be turned into actual deeds 
in the good time coming1 when these apt 
pupils of the high school of depravity  
shall be free again to make war upon the

 peace and welfare of the world4 ,is it 
any wonder that this first offender     
comes out of prison a confirmed         
criminal1 and that the last state of    
that man is worse than the first8  ,if  
the same business sense were used in    
this matter which is ordinarily given to
 the management of great human concerns1
 we should soon find some way of        
improving upon this discouraging        
condition of affairs4 ,no merchant in   
his senses would discharge a dishonest  
clerk for a term of ninety days with the
 distinct understanding that he was to  
spend his enforced vacation in the      
society of thieves and cutthroats1 and  
at the end of the time be taken back    
again into his old place as though      
nothing had happened4 ,the railroad     
president who should discharge a drunken
 engineer1 and then after six months    
give him hold of his old throttle again1
 although it was in evidence that he had
 spent his retirement in a whiskey      
saloon1 studying under competent tuition

 the latest methods of holding up       
trains1 would be very apt to be bundled 
off at the next meeting of the board of 
directors to manage railroads from the  
inside of a lunatic asylum4 ,courts and 
judges and lawyers are about the only   
people on the outside that do business  
in that way4  ,is there no help for this
 state of things8 ,must the machinery of
 justice go on forever grinding over the
 same vile grist1 retrying and          
reimprisoning old offenders1 cultivating
 rather than repressing the law-breaking
 instinct1 passing on to still lower    
depths of depravity the soul once caught
 in the meshes of crime1 and at last    
dragging the great masses of offenders  
down to one common level of hopeless and
 helpless hostility to social order and 
law8  ,it is1 of course1 much easier to 
point out faults than to suggest        
effective remedies4 ,i am persuaded that
 some happy inspiration of genius will  
yet give us methods1 probably so simple 
that we shall wonder that they have not 

always been used1 by which many of the  
gravest evils which disgrace our present
 system will be effectually removed4 ,i 
think the key to the whole problem will 
ultimately be found in one              
word--segregation4 ,worcester defines to
 segregate to gather in a flock1 to set 
apart1 to separate from others4  ,in    
pursuance of this idea let us suppose1  
save in the case of certain crimes that 
disclose confirmed and hopelessly       
vicious tendencies1 that all first      
offenders were counted in a class by    
themselves4 ,for these reformatories    
should be built1 in which a complete    
segregation of the various classes of   
law-breakers should be made1 and that1  
too1 with the same idea uppermost which 
prevails in modern hospital practice1   
that infectious cases should in all     
instances be especially isolated4       
,criminal infection is as real and      
morally quite as disastrous as is       
physically that of cholera or smallpox4 
,so with this predominating idea of     

segregation2 and with a wise            
discrimination which might be difficult 
in the beginning1 but which experience  
would more or less perfectly supply1 the
 various classes of first offenders     
should be separated into distinct and   
non-communicating families4 ,hard labor 
should here mean hard labor4 ,rigid     
discipline coupled with coarse but      
wholesome food should emphasize the fact
 that this was a place1 not of          
comfortable leisure1 but of reformatory 
punishment4 ,at the same time such      
educational and moral influences as     
enlightened experience could supply     
should be brought continuously to bear1 
to give new aims1 inspire new motives1  
and impart health1 strength1 and        
soundness to morally weak but not       
necessarily hopelessly criminal natures4
  ,under enlightened management1        
commitment to such reformatories might  
be made for an indefinite period1 with  
the same limited discretion that the law
 now gives to courts of justice1 to be  

dependent largely upon the behavior of  
the criminal1 and to be determined not  
before1 but after his term of           
imprisonment began4 ,the superintendent 
and board of managers should1 in that   
case1 be clothed with large             
discretionary powers to dismiss1 to     
detain1 to place in higher or lower     
classes1 as their best judgments should 
dictate1 and as the actual and tried    
needs and progress of reform in each    
individual case might demand4 ,the vast1
 costly1 and architecturally imposing   
structures which are now denominated    
reformatories1 and which in many cases  
might be much more appropriately        
labelled failures1 if not discarded     
altogether1 could be supplemented by    
simple and inexpensive structures1      
giving abundant room and light and air4 
,with such conditions and surroundings1 
and under such a system intelligently   
administered1 it is reasonable to       
believe that no small proportion of     
first offenders1 who1 under our present 

method1 drift into the hopelessly1 and  
it might in many cases be added1        
helplessly1 criminal classes1 would be  
restored to moral soundness and         
self-respecting citizenship4  ,but with 
the most efficient system of reformation
 which human wisdom could devise1 there 
would still be a large contingent of    
incorrigible offenders1 who1 from       
hereditary taint1 bad environment1 or   
other causes1 have cut themselves off   
from all retreat1 burned the bridges    
behind them1 and enlisted in a life     
warfare against human society and law4  
,most second offenders and those whose  
brutal past points to an irredeemable   
future should properly be classed as    
life criminals1 and with these1 society1
 while not forgetting the quality of    
mercy1 should deal with firm hand and   
inexorable justice4  ,as our government 
is not so situated that penal colonies  
are practicable1 walled villages might  
be built with all the safeguards which  
modern science and inventive skill can  

supply for the absolute and permanent   
isolation of these life criminals4 ,in  
these penal villages1 various grades and
 classes should be placed each by       
itself4 ,behind these never-opening     
gates1 and under conditions that should 
relieve the world at once and forever of
 their presence1 these avowed and       
unrepentant enemies of social and civil 
order should be compelled to work out   
their own salvation4  ,no great and     
costly prisons would be needed4 ,simple 
and inexpensive cottages1 each with its 
separate plot of ground1 with furniture 
and housekeeping arrangements on the    
most frugal scale1 with absolute        
necessaries in food and clothing1 at    
least for a time1 would be required4    
,the greatest possible liberty should be
 given to each individual convict4 ,the 
industrious should be assured of the    
full benefit of their toil4 ,those who  
would not work1 should find here the    
same penalties for idleness as obtain in
 the world they had left4 ,here might be

 gathered the whole round of            
industry--artisans1 shops1 manufacturers
 of all kinds1 aided by every appliance 
of modern machinery4 ,schools1          
libraries1 and even churches would by no
 means be excluded from this            
life-convict home4 ,there is no reason  
why such a community of criminals might 
not ultimately become largely           
self-supporting and self-governing4     
,they could have their own courts1 their
 own lawyers1 their own judges1 their   
own system of penal law1 and their own  
machinery for its enforcement4  ,to each
 small company of men there should be   
allotted a cottage1 which they could    
call their own4 ,as far as possible     
these men should be left to themselves4 
,the outworking of social and economic  
laws under such conditions might        
sometimes be summary and savage1 but it 
would ultimately be salutary4 ,though   
for a while1 save as it was held back by
 the mailed hand of military power1     
crime might run riot1 the instinct of   

self-preservation would at last assert  
itself4 ,the murderer does not like to  
be murdered2 the highway robber does not
 like to be robbed2 all classes of      
criminals object to taking their own    
medicine2 and so it would come about    
that1 even out of elements the most     
incongruous and unpromising1 some form  
of social order would finally be        
evolved4 ,it is needless to say that the
 sexes should occupy separate villages4 
,this in itself would cut off one very  
formidable source of new recruits for   
the army of crime4 ,indeed1 it is hardly
 too much to predict that1 if this plan 
of permanent segregation and isolation  
were carried out for even a single      
generation1 crime would sensibly        
diminish1 our overcrowded courts would  
be relieved1 taxation be lessened1 and  
the staggering shoulders of modern      
civilization be to some extent          
unburdened from one of the heaviest     
loads they are now condemned to bear4   
,it may seem an ungenerous thing to say1

 but it is to be feared that the        
opposition to any such plans would be   
likely to come from those whose         
familiarity with the vices of the       
present system should best fit them to  
labor for and most earnestly to desire  
its improvement4 ,enlightened physicians
 gladly join in any scheme which        
promises to prevent or lessen disease1  
in spite of the fact that their living  
depends upon its prevalence4 ,so1       
enlightened judges1 lawyers1 and court  
officers might be expected cordially to 
approve of any system of moral hygiene  
which gave promise of efficiency as a   
prophylactic against crime4 ,it is to be
 feared1 however1 that there would be a 
numerically large contingent who1 like  
,demetrius the silversmith1 would feel  
that this our craft is in danger1 and   
who openly or secretly would do their   
best1 as they have in a hundred         
instances in the past1 to prevent the   
lopping off of a single twig from that  
wide-spreading tree of evil1 whose fruit

 brings little scruple and no small gain
 to the cunning craftsmen who manage the
 costly and complicated machinery of the
 courts4  ,if such a system as has been 
rudely outlined were made absolutely    
secure1 and the power of pardoning      
boards removed or greatly restricted1 it
 might be wise to abolish the death     
penalty altogether4 ,juries might then  
have fewer scruples1 and acquittals upon
 technical grounds1 in spite of plain   
and abundant evidence1 become less      
frequent4 ,mob law feeds largely upon   
the belief that even the worst criminals
 stand in little danger of punishment1  
but that by hook or by crook--mostly    
crook--especially if they or their      
friends can command means to hire       
lawyers and invoke the dilatory         
machinery of the courts1 they are almost
 certain to escape4 ,whatever1          
therefore1 tends to render the          
punishment of crime more speedy and     
certain is a direct discouragement to   
these sudden and savage outbursts of    

popular indignation against crime4  ,in 
the classification of offenders and     
their assignment to different penal     
villages1 there would1 no doubt1 be some
 so atrociously and fiendishly criminal 
that it would be a cruelty to others and
 a mistaken kindness to them to permit  
them ever to go beyond their present    
prison walls4 ,by the plan suggested1   
the penitentiaries in most of the       
,states1 now so crowded1 while being    
relieved of a large part of their       
present tenants1 could still be utilized
 for the confinement of these pariahs of
 crime4  ,of course1 in the working out 
of the plan suggested1 there is abundant
 room for all the skill and wisdom which
 past history and modern experience can 
supply4 ,whether this or some better    
method shall finally prevail depends on 
so many uncalculated and incalculable   
contingencies1 that he would be a very  
venturesome prophet who should attempt  
to forecast the future4 ,it does not1   
however1 seem reasonable that1 in all   

the upheavals of modern thought1 the    
questioning of old methods1 and the     
suggestions of new and better ones1     
which these final years of the century  
are bringing1 the treatment of the      
criminal classes shall be the one       
question that defies solution1 or that  
the new aeon which is soon to open shall
 find us still bound to a system which  
is confessedly a failure4 ,is it too    
much to hope that we can greet the      
opening of the twentieth century with a 
lustrum of prison reform1 which shall   
bring at once the noblest mercy to the  
criminal1 combined with absolute        
protection to society from its most     
avowed and most persistent foes8        
,,how ,,to ,,increase ,,national        
,,wealth ,,by ,,the ,,employment ,,of   
,,paralyzed ,,industry4  ,,by ,b4 ,o4   
,,flower4       ,it is right and        
necessary that all men should have work 
to do which      shall be worth doing   
and which should be done under such     
conditions      as would make it neither

 over-wearisome nor over-anxious4 ,turn 
this      claim about as ,i may1 think  
of it as long as ,i can1 ,i cannot find 
that it is an exorbitant                
claim4--,william ,morris4  ,on the #ahth
 of last ,may1 while in a small         
restaurant on ,fifth ,avenue1 in        
,chicago1 my attention was attracted by 
a large number of men who had           
congregated on both sides of the street 
in front of the office of the ,chicago  
,daily ,news4 ,in answer to my inquiry1 
a gentleman at my side explained that   
these men were waiting to see the ,want 
column of the ,news1 in the hope of     
being able to secure work4 ,it is an    
old1 old story1 he continued4 ,day after
 day crowds of men gather here and      
anxiously wait for the ,news to appear1 
as this paper contains more ',want'     
advertisements than any other ,chicago  
daily4 ,i waited until the boys rushed  
from the office with the newly printed  
papers1 and saw the men hurriedly buy   
copies4 ,i noticed how scores upon      

scores of eyes searched the ,help       
,wanted columns1 and how1 one by one1   
they started in quest of work4 ,i       
noticed the countenances of the weary   
watchers4 ,among them were to be seen   
almost all types of faces1 but all1 save
 one1 were anxious1 careworn1 or stolid4
 ,i shuddered as1 standing inside the   
restaurant unobserved1 ,i beheld this   
sight of appalling misery and national  
shame4 ,the faces of these men have     
haunted me ever since4 ,hunger was      
there1 hate was there1 despair was      
hovering over more than one countenance4
 ,there were wan1 dull eyes1 wolfish    
eyes1 and eyes eloquent with mute       
appeals for kindness4 ,there was the    
hunted look of a beast at bay1 and the  
craven expression of a broken spirit4   
,one only among the throng seemed able  
to be merry1 though his thin face and   
worn clothes indicated his wretchedness4
 ,the tragedy of these lives remains    
with me4 ,i know that this awful        
condition is unnecessary4 ,i know that a

 little more conscience1 a little more  
love1 a keener sense of justice1 and a  
little honest concern for the rights of 
men and the enduring welfare of the     
state1 a settled determination to       
overcome this condition and place the   
good of the people and the cause of     
justice above a shortsighted policy of  
selfishness1 would change the whole     
aspect of things1 now so ominous1 so    
menacing1 and so essentially unjust4    
,this panorama of exiled industry1      
seeking vainly for employment1 may be   
witnessed from the ,atlantic to the     
,pacific4  ,i am not of that number who 
can regard these spectacles with        
indifference1 nor can ,i feel1 as do    
some others1 that because the present   
order is essentially unjust in its      
practical workings it is well to turn a 
cold shoulder to movements calculated to
 arrest the downward drift of life and  
lessen the unfathomable misery of the   
poor in order that the crisis may be    
hastened4 ,for while ,i believe that the

 present order is as surely outgrown as 
was feudalism in the sixteenth century1 
and though ,i believe most profoundly   
that this order must pass away or       
civilization perish1 as have perished   
the civilizations of former ages1 yet ,i
 also appreciate the fact1 which to me  
is very important1 that the only way to 
bring about the revolution peaceably is1
 first1 to educate the brain and touch  
the conscience of the people2 and1      
second1 to check the growing bitterness 
and hate in the hearts of our           
unfortunates by giving them employment  
and treating them with justice and      
humanity4 ,if a crisis is precipitated1 
fed by blind hate and a bitterness born 
of a consciousness of injustice long    
endured1 it will assume the form of an  
uncontrollable storm1 a blind1          
passionate outburst1 in which the       
guiding influences of reason1 judgment1 
and conscience will be absent4 ,it will 
spread devastation in all directions1   
destroying the innocent as well as the  

guilty4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we push 
forward an intelligent educational      
agitation1 appealing to the judgment1   
the conscience1 and the sense of right  
in the people1 and at the same time     
supply means for maintaining            
self-respecting manhood among the       
unemployed until this waiting time is   
over1 our civilization will move onward 
without the crash or shock of force1 the
 destruction of property1 and the loss  
of life incident to all struggles in    
which physical force and blind passion  
dominate4 ,it is necessary to examine   
this problem on the side of human       
dignity and on the side of national     
life4 ,the question of utility1 though  
of far less concern in its ultimate     
effect on conditions1 has also an       
important place in the discussion4      
,only under conditions which are        
fundamentally unjust1 and only where the
 finer sensibilities of man have been   
blinded and deadened1 could it be       
possible to witness the spectacle of    

millions of men and women begging for   
work1 and begging in vain1 in a nation  
of fabulous wealth and almost boundless 
resources2 and yet such a condition     
prevails in our republic to-day4 ,it is1
 therefore1 time for every patriotic    
citizen to lay aside all partisan       
contentions and face this great question
 as we would face any great danger which
 suddenly came upon the nation1 not as  
partisans1 but as patriots2 not as      
warring factions seeking victory for    
some special body or party1 but as men  
and women who have the welfare of the   
race at heart1 and who appreciate the   
gravity of the situation4 ,it is the    
eternal law of recompense that when     
justice is long denied and the rights of
 man are systematically ignored1 though 
the sufferers may ,samson-like crush    
themselves in the ruins of the temple1  
yet the temple and its inmates also must
 fall4 ,or if by some chance the ruin   
comes not through the strength of the   
burdened ones1 it will nevertheless come

 with unerring certainty1 and not       
unfrequently through the very excesses  
of those who have hardened their hearts 
against the cry of justice4  ,such is   
the interdependence of the units in     
national life that a wrong committed    
against one injures the whole people2   
and when that wrong is inflicted upon a 
large number of the units1 and is of    
long duration1 its fatal effects become 
very apparent4 ,you cannot crush a      
finger or a toe without causing your    
whole body to suffer in consequence4    
,you may disregard the hurt1 you may    
ignore the wound until mortification    
sets in1 but the result means death or  
the loss of one of the most valuable    
members of your body4 ,it is precisely  
so with national life2 for such is the  
divine economy1 such the inevitable law 
of progress1 that only by conscious     
recognition of human brotherhood1 and of
 the rights and obligations which it    
implies1 can any nation or civilization 
move onward and upward without those    

great periods of depression and decline 
which too frequently end in total       
eclipse4  ,shortsighted1 indeed1 is that
 policy which places gold above manhood4
 ,when lust for gain stifles the voice  
of conscience1 and the cry of the       
disinherited is heard throughout a land 
of marvellous wealth1 a nation is       
confronted by a deadly peril which calls
 for a supreme effort on the part of    
every man and woman of conviction4  ,it 
is useless to close our eyes to the fact
 that the rising tide of bitterness is  
turning into hate1 and that hate darkens
 the eye of judgment1 obscures reason1  
and deadens conscience4 ,a few years    
ago1 when ,i wrote a brief paper on the 
menace of the unemployed1 ,i was assured
 that the deplorable condition then     
present was temporary1 that in a few    
months at most it would be a thing of   
the past1 and that therefore it was not 
a problem calling for the intervention  
of the government2 but to-day there are 
far more unemployed than there were     

then4 ,the problem is assuming gigantic 
proportions1 and the instincts of       
self-preservation second the demand of  
humanity in calling for immediate       
measures for the relief and the         
maintenance of self-respecting manhood4 
,whenever a workingman becomes a tramp  
or sinks into the social cellar1 as tens
 of thousands are now doing1 the nation 
suffers a real injury4 ,present         
conditions call for prompt action4 ,the 
unemployed must receive that succor     
which will in no conventional sense be  
charity1 but which will elevate instead 
of degrade4 ,and this can be done by the
 state allowing those armies of men who 
now unwillingly represent unproductive  
labor to become armies for increasing   
the wealth of the country1 by extending 
the productive area of the nation's     
domain1 and by providing against the    
ruin which constantly menaces tens of   
thousands of industrious people in such 
a way as to stimulate business in all   
its ramifications by placing in         

circulation the equivalents for the work
 performed and the wealth earned4 ,the  
ancient ,romans understood the          
importance of having great works        
substantially built4 ,the mighty        
highways which centred in the ,eternal  
,city1 and the great public works which 
contributed so much to the comfort and  
happiness and grandeur of ,rome1 while  
not constructed with a view to affording
 employment to the unemployed1 were wise
 measures for the benefit of the state1 
and it is safe to say that no           
expenditures were more serviceable or   
contributed more to the greatness and   
essential wealth of the empire1 save the
 money spent in the patronage of        
education4  ,the ancient ,peruvians went
 further4 ,they argued that the         
happiness1 welfare1 and prosperity of   
one was the concern of all4 ,they       
banished poverty by giving every person 
productive work1 and by their system    
transformed every foot of tillable land 
into productive gardens1 enabling them  

to support in affluence an immense      
population1 only a small fraction of    
which could have subsisted under        
conditions such as prevail with us4 ,in 
our country to-day we have vast areas of
 useless land1 only waiting to be       
transformed into tillable acres second  
in richness to no land in the country4  
,to-day we have necessary work in the   
way of internal improvements which is   
imperatively demanded1 and which1 but   
for the slothfulness and indifference of
 our government1 would be performed1    
thereby enormously increasing the wealth
 of the nation2 while the performing of 
the same would give productive          
employment to millions of idle hands4   
,a striking illustration of the criminal
 neglect and shortsightedness of our    
government was seen this last spring in 
the devastation created by the floods in
 the ,mississippi ,valley1 rendered     
possible through the inadequate levee   
system4 ,here the losses to crops and in
 stock killed are said to have been     

considerably over twelve million        
dollars1 to say nothing of the enormous 
outlay which will be required to patch  
up the levees and make the devastated   
farms again habitable4 ,this great loss 
would have been averted had the         
government acted upon the suggestions   
which ,i made some years ago in a paper 
on ,emergency ,measures for ,maintaining
 ,self-respecting ,manhood1 in which it 
was shown that a permanent levee was    
practicable1 and could be built in such 
a way as to resist the floods1 reclaim  
many hundreds of thousands of acres of  
rich land1 and protect millions of      
dollars' worth of property which is now 
under a yearly menace through danger of 
floods4  ,in this enterprise1 which ,i  
shall again touch upon1 we have a       
striking illustration of a practicable  
work which would immediately increase   
the national wealth far beyond the      
outlay required1 while it would also    
change an army of idle consumers into an
 army of wealth-producers4  ,but as ,i  

wish to consider this question more at  
length a little later1 ,i now pass on to
 a brief notice of the vast tracts of   
land in the ,west1 which have not yet   
fallen into the clutches of land        
syndicates1 and which for a             
comparatively small outlay by proper    
irrigation could be transformed into    
garden spots4 ,take1 for example1 the   
,state of ,nevada4 ,here we find immense
 tracts of arid land1 representing      
millions of acres1 which to-day are     
unproductive for lack of moisture1 but  
which1 wherever irrigation has been     
introduced1 have been transformed into  
wonderfully productive garden land4 ,mr4
 ,william ,m4 ,smythe1 in the ,april    
,forum1 has given some very interesting 
facts in regard to the agricultural     
resources of ,nevada1 from which we     
summarize the following3       ,the most
 painstaking and systematic inquiry1    
however1 ever made      with regard to  
the extent of her water supply resulted 
in the      conclusion that at least    

#f1jjj1jjj acres of rich soil could be  
irrigated4 ,the commission of #ahic     
reported twenty lakes and sixteen       
rivers of importance1 which with minor  
streams and springs could be      made  
to irrigate upward of #e1jjj1jjj acres2 
and artesian wells      would bring up  
the total to the figure above named4 ,it
 should be      borne in mind that the  
splendid agricultural prosperity of     
,colorado      and ,utah is based upon a
 cultivated area of only about          
#b1jjj1jjj      acres4 ,it seems1 then1 
that1 so far as her agricultural        
capabilities are concerned1 ,nevada     
might sustain at least as many          
people as do ,utah and ,colorado put    
together1 at their present stage      of
 development4 ,the products of the      
irrigated lands of ,nevada are      the 
fruits1 the vegetables1 cereals1 and    
grasses of the temperate      zone1 and1
 in the extreme southern portions1 the  
more delicate      products of the      
semi-tropics1 such as figs1 olives1     

pomegranates1      almonds1 ,madeira    
walnuts1 and1 in sheltered places1 even 
oranges4      ,when we add that ,nevada1
 like all parts of the arid plateau1 is 
distinguished for pure dry air1 an      
extraordinary amount of      sunshine1  
and consequently a very high degree of  
healthfulness1 it      can be scarcely  
maintained that the state is destitute  
of      attractions4  ,what is true in  
regard to the possibilities of ,nevada  
is true of large areas of land in other 
,western ,states and ,territories4 ,it  
must be remembered that irrigated land  
can be relied upon to yield bountiful   
crops with practical regularity1 as the 
water-supply is ever present1 while for 
most persons the fine pure air in these 
high regions is peculiarly healthful and
 invigorating4 ,thus the great ,west    
still offers millions of acres of       
exceedingly productive land which can be
 transformed into gardens and made to   
increase the national wealth by untold  
millions if the government will treat   

these tracts as any wise or thrifty     
private owner would treat them4 ,if the 
government or the various commonwealths 
would take all the available land which 
can be irrigated and give to the        
unemployed work at fair wages until the 
great desert tracts become fertile      
areas1 the national or state domain     
would be enormously increased in wealth 
at a relatively small cost through the  
wise employment of the now paralyzed    
hand of industry4  ,returning to the    
question of the ,mississippi river1 let 
our national government build a         
permanent levee1 which1 like the great  
highways of ancient ,rome1 should be    
built to endure for generations4        
,there are1 says ex-,governor ,lionel   
,sheldon1 over twenty-three      million
 acres exposed to overflow from the     
mouth of the ,ohio to the      ,gulf of 
,mexico4 ,the productive power of these 
lands is not excelled      in any part  
of the world1 and by proper cultivation 
they would      annually add many       

hundreds of millions of dollars to the  
national      wealth and afford         
profitable employment for several       
hundreds of      thousands of people4   
,eminent engineers who have examined the
 levees under the auspices of the       
,mississippi river commissioners1 agree 
that the problem is one which can be    
successfully solved if a sufficient     
amount is appropriated for so gigantic  
an undertaking1 which would require     
substantial uniformity in the width of  
the channel of the river by building    
spurs and dikes at points where the     
,mississippi is too wide1 the proper    
riveting of the banks wherever caving is
 likely to occur1 together with the     
building of permanent levees of a height
 and strength sufficient to confine the 
waters in the channel4 ,it is stated    
that since #ahfe the cost of repairs has
 amounted to considerably over forty    
million dollars1 yet owing to the fact  
that this work is of a temporary        
character the benefits which would be   

derived from a permanent levee are lost1
 and every few years the floods         
necessitate fresh expenditures of vast  
sums of money4 ,hence this patchwork    
policy is shortsighted and in the long  
run the most expensive4 ,the carrying   
out of a comprehensive plan for         
permanent improvements by the erection  
of impregnable levees and the governing 
of the currents by dikes and spurs1     
would give us a territory1 now          
absolutely useless1 which would annually
 add hundreds of millions of dollars to 
our national wealth4  ,the great arid   
plains of the ,west and the levees of   
the ,mississippi are merely examples of 
internal improvements of a perfectly    
legitimate character which could be     
undertaken most properly by the general 
government1 under ,sec4 ,,viii of the   
,constitution1 which authorizes the     
raising of revenue to pay the debts and 
provide for the common defence and the  
general welfare of the ,united ,states4 
,by such internal improvements as those 

mentioned above the nation's wealth     
would be increased to a far greater     
extent than by the amount of outlay     
required for the completion of the work1
 while these enterprises would at once  
give productive employment to our       
millions of out-of-works1 and this army 
of employed would put into immediate    
circulation large sums of money which   
would at once stimulate business through
 all its ramifications and bring about  
the long-hoped-for good times4  ,but at 
the very threshold of the discussion we 
are met with the declaration that we    
have no money in the ,treasury with     
which to carry on these great projects4 
,before answering this objection ,i wish
 to point out the fact that we have     
millions of dollars to spend for a      
useless navy1 a navy which in the hands 
of our senile government does not       
protect the life or the property of     
,american citizens1 a navy which is a   
constant and an enormous expense4 ,while
 almost unlimited sums can be raised for

 the building and equipment of          
battleships1 we have not a dollar to aid
 honest industry to maintain            
self-respecting manhood by engaging in  
works which would add immensely to the  
real wealth of the nation4  ,and1 again1
 before pointing out how this money     
could be raised1 ,i would call attention
 to the fact that this cry is by no     
means a new one4 ,it was raised1 and    
with much more show of foundation1      
during the dark hours of the early      
sixties1 but the great ,civil ,war      
exploded the fallacy4 ,one would think  
that in the presence of the stupendous  
facts connected with the conduct of our 
,civil ,war1 even if the question of the
 value to the state of an independent1  
contented1 and prosperous manhood should
 be left out of consideration1 the      
shallowness of the objection would be so
 apparent that it would have no weight  
with thoughtful persons4 ,let us not    
forget that there was a time in the     
history of our country when the         

,treasury of our government was empty1 a
 time of great national peril when gold 
had fled across the seas or into the    
vaults of the bankers and usurers1 as it
 ever flees in time of danger1 when     
public credit was greatly impaired by   
the presence of war within our borders  
and a strong probability that even if   
the national government escaped         
overthrow a large number of the ,states 
would become an independent nation4 ,in 
this crisis we had men in charge of the 
government who were statesmen1 men great
 enough to rise to the emergency of the 
hour4 ,now1 if we were able under such  
conditions to carry to a successful     
termination the most expensive and      
memorable civil war of modern times by  
the aid of the greenback1 surely there  
would be no risk in resorting to a      
similar medium of exchange for the      
carrying on of a work which would       
immediately add to the nation's         
resources and free from the bondage of  
involuntary idleness a large army of men

 who are now a burden to society and a  
danger to stable government4  ,if1      
however1 the fiction by which           
bondholders enslave the people still    
holds such power over our legislators   
and the public mind that the menace of  
the growing army of unemployed1 the     
injury to the state by the enforced     
degradation of her children1 and the    
continued unproductivity of both soil   
and industry must go on unless a        
concession is made1 it would be wiser to
 make the concession than to let the    
crime against manhood continue4 ,i      
therefore suggest that bonds on the land
 to be reclaimed be issued to the amount
 of the national notes used for these   
great works in redeeming the now useless
 land4 ,the bonds issued against these  
lands could be cancelled as the lands   
were sold4 ,i do not for a moment hold  
that this is necessary4 ,i only advance 
this suggestion in case the prejudice   
fostered by selfish and interested      
classes might otherwise defeat a work of

 such inconceivable importance4  ,the   
inevitable result which would follow    
such wise1 statesmanlike1 and humane    
proceedings on the part of the          
government may be briefly summarized as 
follows3  ,through this judicious1      
far-sighted1 and enlightened course the 
government would1 first1 so strengthen  
and intrench herself in the hearts of   
the people that armories and militia    
would be little needed against the      
menace of lawlessness within our        
borders1 while this wise solicitude and 
care for the welfare of her citizens    
would make millions of persons1 who     
to-day have little or no love for a     
nation which is indifferent to their    
manly cry for work1 loyal defenders of  
the flag4 ,by such a broad1 wise1 and   
just course the ,united ,states would do
 more than she could in any other way to
 render herself impregnable in time of  
danger4 ,second1 by affording millions  
of her citizens the opportunity to      
engage in productive work she would     

utilize a vast amount of idle energy in 
adding to the permanent wealth of the   
nation1 and the state would be          
fulfilling the noble function of        
government to promote justice1 increase 
happiness1 and ennoble citizenship4 ,she
 would be restoring hope and the spirit 
of independent manhood to her children1 
and so would prevent a great increase in
 beggary1 in degradation1 and in crime1 
which must inevitably follow unless     
present conditions are radically        
changed4 ,from an economic point of view
 the government would be far richer     
through the amount saved from what      
otherwise would be required to provide  
prisons1 poorhouses1 and court expenses4
 ,third1 it would add vastly to the     
nation's wealth in increasing by untold 
millions the annual product of real     
wealth1 while it would also supply homes
 for millions of home-seekers4 ,fourth1 
it would bring prosperity to ,america4  
,let us suppose three millions of those 
now idle should be thus enabled to      

engage in productive work1 there would  
then be placed in circulation each week 
from five to ten million dollars more   
money than there is now1 and it would be
 paid out in small amounts1 so that the 
bulk of it would instantly go into      
general circulation4 ,the men would not 
only purchase for their own needs1 but  
would send a part of their earnings to  
their loved ones1 who would thus be able
 to do what they cannot now do--buy     
coal1 wood1 groceries1 and1 indeed1     
life's various necessaries4 ,the prices 
of the farmer's crops would naturally   
rise1 and he in turn would be able to   
increase his buildings and purchase more
 machinery4 ,the increased demand for   
clothing would raise the price of wool  
and cotton1 while it would start up the 
factories without any resort to         
artificial measures1 such as levying a  
tax on imported goods4  ,the difference 
between present hard times and low      
prices and good times and high prices   
would be illustrated in this way3       

,to-day millions of our people are idle1
 a load and an expense2 they cannot buy 
what they need at any price1 for they   
have nothing to buy with4 ,millions of  
others have to curtail in every way1    
frequently doing without many needed    
things1 for times are such that it is   
impossible for them to do more than     
barely subsist4 ,now1 the millions who  
to-day buy nothing1 because they have   
nothing to buy with1 under these        
provisions for internal improvements    
would soon be buying regularly1 because 
they would have the wherewithal to buy4 
,they would gladly pay the farmer1      
manufacturer1 and merchant more than    
what they now ask because they would    
have something to buy with1 while to-day
 they have nothing2 and those other     
millions who are curtailing expenses to 
the last degree would gladly pay the    
increased amount1 for all lines of      
productive business would receive an    
impetus from the great addition to the  
circulating medium put forth as a result

 of the productive work being carried   
on4 ,now1 our tariff taxes may put up   
prices for the favored classes1 but they
 thereby increase the burdens of all    
save those who are enabled to gain added
 wealth from the taxes imposed on the   
millions who are yet able to buy1 while 
the small increase in the demand for    
work1 so long as millions are unable to 
buy what is made1 would make but little 
impression on the vast army of          
unemployed4  ,a tariff tax is a burden  
to the millions1 stimulating prices     
artificially1 and benefiting chiefly the
 very wealthy4 ,but the plan for        
internal improvements here outlined     
would give all ablebodied men productive
 work which would benefit the nation far
 more than the amount of the outlay     
involved1 and afford time for the       
general work of education1 by which     
justice and equitable conditions could  
be brought about1 to proceed4 ,those who
 love peace1 those who would see mankind
 elevated and the wealth of the nation  

preserved and increased1 should favor   
this great palliative movement for      
maintaining self-respecting manhood1 for
 enriching the nation's resources1 and  
for insuring prosperity in the quickest 
and most healthful manner possible4     
,,an ,,open ,,letter ,,to ,,eastern     
,,capitalists4  ,,by ,,charles ,c4      
,,millard4   ,gentlemen3 ,against you   
individually1 or as a class of persons  
who have accumulated more or less       
wealth1 and who loan it at interest to  
those who perhaps have been less        
fortunate1 ,i have not the least        
prejudice4 ,i believe that yours is an  
honest as well as a legitimate business2
 that great wealth may be1 and often is1
 won by honest means2 and that it does  
not border upon the marvellous that the 
capitalist is often an honest man1 and  
the pauper as often a rogue4 ,i believe 
that you are as honest as other men are1
 and that if you fully understood the   
situation in the ,west and ,south1 and  
knew that a certain line of conduct     

would result to your own advantage      
financially1 and also be a great benefit
 to the whole country1 you would act as 
other honest people would act under     
similar circumstances2 and it is because
 ,i so believe1 that ,i write this      
letter4  ,i write neither as a partisan 
nor in the interests of any party1 but  
to give plain facts which can be easily 
verified1 and to show how these facts   
are seen and felt by those who1 like    
myself1 have been born and bred on the  
boundless prairies1 and have had a      
varied experience with the ups and downs
 of life on the sunset side of the      
,father of ,waters4 ,i hope by so doing 
to help you to realize the extent of the
 disasters which a continuance of the   
present financial policy will inevitably
 bring to you as well as to us4   ,,the 
,,actual ,,condition4  ,in #ahhf1 the   
chief clerk and trusted agent of a great
 loan company1 who has since been in the
 employ of ,jarvis ,conklin  ,co41 said 
to me3 ,there is plenty of money to     

loan1 but the securities are practically
 exhausted4 ,everything in sight was    
covered with a mortgage4 ,the few who   
had escaped the mania of speculation did
 not want any mortgage on farm or city  
property4 ,loans since then have been   
mostly renewals1 and for a time one     
company loaned money to be paid to      
another2 but1 with a few exceptions1 the
 ,eastern money borrowed since #ahhj has
 not been paid1 and anyone familiar with
 the facts does not need the gift of    
prophecy to foretell that1 under the    
present conditions1 it never can or will
 be paid4  ,the mortgages1 bonds1 and   
most of the coupons you still hold1 and1
 in many cases1 you also have a deed to 
the property2 but neither the one nor   
the other is of any practical present   
value4 ,the mortgagor is dead1 moved    
away1 bankrupt1 or working at daily     
labor--when he can get work--for his    
daily bread4 ,therefore the debt is     
worthless1 and the property is but      
little better4 ,the very best of        

it--costly business blocks in the heart 
of the cities--is unremunerative4 ,no   
intelligent poor man would1 or could1   
take a brick block as a gift and keep   
the taxes and interest paid4  ,and      
perhaps the larger share of the city    
property is unoccupied or paying no     
rental4 ,he who rides upon a ,western   
railroad can see the proof of this from 
the car windows4 ,in every city1 town1  
village1 and on not a few farms1 can be 
seen the broken or boarded-up windows   
which are the footprints1 not of time1  
but of the ,eastern mortgage4 ,this     
property belongs to you4 ,no ,western   
man pays taxes or interest1 and no one  
expects to pay the principal4 ,no one   
wants the property2 no one has any use  
for it2 and no want ever existed which  
it was calculated to fill1 except in the
 brain of the monomaniac who built it4  
,whether you have foreclosed or not1 the
 property is virtually yours2 the       
mortgagor has no equity in it4 ,while he
 had an equity1 the decline in prices   

affected that equity2 now it affects    
only your interest4  ,you own our       
business buildings1 mansions1 and       
cottages4 ,you have an everlasting grip 
on our public buildings1 ,board of      
,trade halls1 ,young ,men's ,christian  
,association buildings1 and even our    
churches4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wooley1 in   
the pulpit of the ,central ,christian   
,church of ,wichita1 said recently3     
,every church building in this city1    
except one1 is heavily incumbered1 and  
most of them are practically insolvent4 
,even the calamity howlers of the       
,populist party are afraid or ashamed to
 tell the truth1 and the whole truth1   
about our financial condition4  ,and it 
is not improving4 ,a few farm mortgages 
are being paid1 and scarcely any new    
ones are being made except renewals2 but
 all the reduction so made is more than 
equalled by the sum of defaulted        
interest payments on mortgages          
outstanding4 ,the statements in the     
papers1 that the mortgage indebtedness  

of ,kansas--or some other ,state--was   
reduced so many thousand dollars during 
the past year1 are misleading4 ,they are
 regularly published to restore         
confidence4 ,for the benefit of my      
,eastern brother1 ,i will explain1 lest 
he may imagine that we are each year    
paying back more money than we borrowed 
during that time1 and that therefore1 in
 the course of geologic time1 our debts 
would be paid4  ,the reduction is a     
reduction of record only4 ,i have known 
of the payment of #be to reduce the     
record of #fej1 and #bj to make a       
reduction of #djj2 and for various      
reasons many mortgages are cancelled    
without any cash payment4 ,these are    
well-known facts1 and ,i could give a   
long list of those which have come under
 my own personal observation1 while the 
mortgages which ,i have known to be paid
 in full might be counted on the fingers
 of one hand4  ,in addition to this1    
nearly every city or incorporated town1 
and many of the counties1 have a bonded 

indebtedness as large as they can       
possibly carry4 ,in some cases bonds    
have been issued and sold to pay        
interest on other bonds1 and in one case
 at least--,pratt ,centre--the interest 
payments have been discontinued by order
 of the council4   ,,the ,,future       
,,prospect4  ,so far ,i have been       
dealing only with the past and the      
present1 and have given only a plain    
statement of facts1 the value of which  
must depend upon my capacity as an      
observer1 my opportunities for          
observation1 and my truthfulness as a   
writer4 ,if you are inclined to be      
sceptical1 inquire of your neighbors who
 hold1 or have held1 ,western mortgages4
 ,the value of my forecast of the       
immediate future must depend upon the   
character of my reasoning and judgment4 
,as death and taxes are certain1 it is  
safe to predict that taxes will be      
levied to pay the interest1 and         
afterwards the principal1 of city bonds4
 ,also1 it may be assumed that you1 who 

own the larger and more valuable share  
of the property1 will pay the lion's    
share of the taxes4 ,the ,western man   
has let go2 he is not in the deal2 and  
when one capitalist is taxed to pay     
another1 he is not an interested party4 
,i sympathize with you4 ,you have       
exchanged good money for bad property2  
and with the property you have assumed  
the bulk of our burden of taxation4 ,you
 must pay our bonds1 pay for the repairs
 and improvements of public property1   
pay for educating our children and      
making our laws1 and yet you have no    
voice in determining when1 how1 or to   
what extent these things shall be done2 
nor power to prevent the jobs and steals
 which accompany such transactions in   
,kansas as well as in ,new ,york4  ,but1
 notwithstanding my sympathy1 and the   
additional fact that ,i must indirectly 
suffer from the effects of your suicidal
 policy1 it is amusing to see you trying
 to squeeze the remaining value out of  
your own property4 ,for1 ,i repeat1 it  

is yours4 ,interest payments will cease 
in the same ratio that they have ceased1
 and for the same reasons4 ,and the     
principal cause will be that the        
mortgagor has discovered that he has no 
equity in the property4 ,if property is 
worth only what it will bring in money1 
there are few pieces of mortgaged       
property in the ,west in which there    
still remains an equity4 ,but many      
farmers are economizing and wearing rags
 in order to make interest payments1    
which can only result in putting the    
evil day a little further off4  ,the    
,westerner is a practical man4 ,when he 
finds that the equity is all squeezed   
out of his property1 and that it is     
still being squeezed at the same rate1  
he stops paying taxes and interest1 uses
 the property free while you are        
foreclosing1 saves up a little money1   
buys a house for about one-tenth of the 
money it cost to build it1 moves it onto
 a clear lot1 and is then ready to help 
you squeeze your property by voting for 

taxes for various purposes4 ,under like 
circumstances the farmer raises one or  
two crops without rent1 taxes1 or       
interest1 clothes his family more       
comfortably1 replaces worn-out          
machinery1 rents a farm1 and is in      
better circumstances than he has been   
for years4   ,,the ,,proposed ,,remedy4 
,it may be that there is no remedy1 but 
that will not prevent us from trying to 
find one4 ,during the last ten years we 
have experimented4 ,we have tried       
,democratic rule and ,republican rule2  
the ,mc,kinley bill and the ,wilson     
bill2 tariff for protection and tariff  
for revenue only2 a ,treasury surplus   
and a ,treasury deficit2 yet none of    
these things have sensibly affected the 
squeezing process4 ,we have lost our    
faith in the tariff and in              
tariff-tinkering1 as well as in the     
leaders who recommend it4 ,we have      
dismissed our old political leaders and 
chosen new ones2 and as your            
gold-standard squeezing policy is the   

only rational cause in sight for the    
origin and continuance of our           
condition--to use an expressive ,western
 phrase--we are going for it4  ,we are  
willing that you should own and control 
the property which was ours1 and in     
which your money was invested1 but when 
you attempt to force upon us your       
financial policy1 your politics1 and    
your religion1 we object4 ,you may own  
and control the property1 but not us2   
here we draw the line4 ,this is what    
,marsh ,murdock had in his mental view  
when he said at the ,st4 ,louis         
,convention1 ,you want to own the       
country and run it too4 ,but the veteran
 editor of the ,eagle has changed his   
mind and consented to being run4  ,you  
have bought the leading papers1 caused  
our editors to change their minds1      
flooded the country with a trashy       
literature that is an insult to our     
intelligence1 and provided funds to pay 
third-rate preachers for preaching to us
 a religion which we do not want4 ,we   

are not rich1 yet we are able to pay for
 our education and our religion--if it  
is a kind that will be of any use to us4
  ,we do not fear the result of our     
experiment4 ,if we fail1 the same old   
squeeze will continue2 if we succeed1   
there is a prospect of relief4 ,without 
variation1 there is not even a prospect 
of bettering our condition4 ,if we      
should succeed in creating that         
financial paradox1 a fifty-three-cent   
dollar1 we are such political heretics  
as to prefer that kind of a dollar to   
none1 or to confidence4 ,we have        
unbounded confidence in the dollars     
which jingle in our pockets1 but very   
little in those which exist only in the 
imagination1 and are represented by     
stocks1 bonds1 checks1 drafts1          
clearing-house certificates1 and other  
devices1 which always fail to perform   
the function of money in the last       
extremity1 when money is most needed4   
,do not allow yourselves to be terrified
 at the ghost of a silver dollar1 for   

the ghost of it is all that will ever   
trouble you4 ,in the event of free      
coinage1 the trains going ,east will not
 be loaded with silver dollars to pay   
off old mortgages4 ,i have seen a       
statement in ,eastern papers to the     
effect that we wanted cheap money with  
which to pay our debts4 ,it is a base   
slander2 every intelligent ,western man 
knows that1 whatever happens short of   
the miraculous1 only a small share of   
our mortgage debts will be paid4  ,all  
the holdings you now have in the ,west1 
new and old taken together1 are not     
worth fifty-three cents on the dollar2  
and you cannot now in any way realize   
that much from them2 and if your present
 policy is indefinitely continued you   
have no prospect of ever realizing      
fifty-three per cent on your            
investments4 ,if1 then1 you should be   
paid in silver dollars1 or if a larger  
share of the loans should be paid under 
the new conditions1 you would be a      
gainer and not a loser by the change4   

,it seems to me that an increase in the 
volume of money and rising prices are   
the opportunity for you to realize from 
your holdings1 for without some         
favorable change you will hardly realize
 twenty-five per cent4  ,you can test   
the truth of these statements4 ,take    
twenty holdings1 not selected1 and try  
to convert them into cash4 ,or offer    
them to some capitalist who has         
travelled extensively in the ,west      
during the last five years4 ,time will  
convince you1 if nothing else will2 but 
the knowledge may come a little too late
 for practical purposes4 ,you ought to  
be with us in this free-silver movement1
 and you would be if you knew what we   
know4 ,we are not fools1 although we may
 appear so to you2 we know what we want1
 and we are trying to get it4  ,you     
threaten to draw in your money from the 
,west4 ,if you have any money in the    
,west which you can draw in1 the sooner 
you do it the better2 it will be an     
heroic remedy instead of misery long    

drawn out4 ,a panic will return like a  
boomerang upon yourselves1 and make your
 property still less valuable4 ,you can 
cause a panic1 break our business men1  
make more idle men and tramps1 and1 in  
short1 concentrate three or four years  
of squeezing into a few weeks or months2
 but what benefit can you hope to derive
 from it8  ,whatever adds to our        
prosperity will increase the actual     
value of your holdings2 our interests   
are identical1 then why should you      
desire the continuance of present       
conditions8 ,have the present conditions
 done anything for you1 as far as       
,western investments are concerned8 ,is 
not your increase of capital simply an  
increase on paper which you can never   
realize8 ,we cordially invite you to    
join us in our effort to bring on an era
 of prosperity2 forsake your political  
leaders1 as we have forsaken ours1 and  
use at least as much common sense in    
politics as you do in business4  ,save  
this article2 it will be good reading   

after the election is over4 ,it is not  
politics1 it is business2 it is the     
naked truth4 ,the writer does not want  
to borrow any money2 he seeks no office1
 is not a politician1 has no axe to     
grind1 and expects no reward1 except to 
share in the general prosperity1 as he  
has shared in the general adversity1 in 
the capacity of a humble citizen4       
,,wichita1 ,,kansas4     ,,the          
,,telegraph ,,monopoly4  ,,by ,,prof4   
,,frank ,,parsons4   ,,xiii4  #aj4 ,the 
,union of ,telegraph and ,post is needed
 for the ,interests of the ,post as well
 as for those of the ,telegraph4 ,it    
will elevate the skill and competency of
 postal employees4 ,when mails do not   
arrive on time1 it will inform the      
public thronging the post office1 not   
merely that the mail has not arrived1   
but when it will arrive4 ,it will permit
 the employment of the telegraph in     
tracing a missent letter or package1    
rectifying an erroneous address1        
discovering the whereabouts of an       

absentee1 etc4 ,it will permit the more 
rapid extension of the free-delivery    
system by affording a larger basis for  
its sustenance4 ,it will multiply many  
fold the rapidity in transmitting       
letters across the continent4  ,the     
telegraph is naturally a part of the    
post office1#c as much a part of it as  
the sewing machine is a part of a       
dressmaking establishment4 ,suppose the 
government were in the clothing business
 7as it might have been to advantage    
during the war71 and continued to sew   
the garments entirely by hand1 leaving  
the sewing machine to private           
enterprise2 it would be a charming      
situation for private enterprise1 but   
not very delightful for the government4 
,with such advantages private enterprise
 would be apt to deprive the government 
of the best part of its business in     
spite of its willingness to work for    
people at cost4 ,the same thing has     
happened to some extent with the        
telegraph and telephone1 and will happen

 to a far greater extent if they are    
allowed to continue in private control4 
,if trunk lines for automatic transit   
were established by a private company1  
even at #be cents per hundred words 7a  
rate sufficient to pay a very large     
profit on a corporate investment1 water 
and all71 the post office would soon    
lose a considerable portion of its most 
valuable business1 the letter mail      
between the large cities4#d        #c   
,mr4 ,hubbard says3 ,the telegraph and  
the post office are           two great 
pieces of machinery going on1 both for  
the same           purpose1 the         
transmission of intelligence 7,j4 ,t4   
,u4 p4 #ag74           ,prof4 ,ely calls
 the telegraph the logical completion of
 the           post office 7,,arena1    
,dec4 #ahie1 p4 #di74 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field 
says3           ,why should not the two 
branches of what is really one service  
to the public be brought together in    
this country1 as in other               
countries1 and placed under one         

management8 ,it would certainly         
be a great convenience to the people if 
every telegraph office           were a 
post office1 and every post office a    
telegraph office           7,n4 ,a4     
,review1 ,mar4 #ahhf74        #d        
,postmaster-,general ,cave ,johnson     
said3 ,experience teaches           that
 if individual enterprise is allowed to 
perform such           portions of the  
business of the ,government as it may   
find for           its advantage1 the   
,government will soon be left to perform
           unprofitable portions of it  
only1 and must be driven to             
abandon it entirely or carry it on at a 
heavy tax upon the           public     
,treasury4444 ,i may further add that   
the ,department           created under 
the ,constitution and designed to       
exercise           exclusive power for  
the transmission of intelligence1 must  
necessarily be superseded in much of its
 most important           business if   
the telegraph be permitted to remain    

under the           control of          
individuals 7,reps4 of #ahde and #ahdf74
            ,postmaster-,general        
,cresswell said in #ahgb3 ,if the       
effects of           rivalry between the
 telegraph and the mail upon the        
revenues           of the post office   
have not been serious1 it is due alone  
to           the liberal management of  
the latter as compared with that of     
the companies1 a management which since 
the invention of the           telegraph
 has reduced the rates of postage from  
#be to #c cents1           and increased
 tenfold the correspondence of the      
country 7,rep4           #ahgb1 pp4     
#bb-c74            ,one of ,hannibal    
,hamlin's three great reasons for a     
postal           telegraph was for the  
sake of the post-office system1 which   
may at any time be depleted by a strong 
telegraph in private           hands    
7,cong4 ,globe1 #db-b1 p4 #ceed74  ,in  
times of pestilence the telegraph will  
save the post office from embargo4 ,a   

letter from ,port ,gibson1 ,miss41 says3
       ,whenever the yellow fever breaks
 out at any point1 all cities and       
towns1 and some counties1 having        
communication with the infected         
districts1 at once declare a rigid      
quarantine4 ,the effect of this      is 
to cut off all communication between    
themselves and the outside      world4  
,trains and boats are prevented from    
receiving or delivering      the mails4 
,business men are unable to communicate 
by letter with      their               
correspondents1 and all are prevented   
from hearing from      relatives and    
friends in the quarantined places1      
except by      telegraph1 whose rates   
prevent many from using the wires4#e    
#e ,wan4 ,arg4 p4 #ach4  ,the infection 
does not travel on an electric wire1 and
 if the post office possessed the       
telegraph1 its business would go        
smoothly on in spite of the plague1     
instead of being brought to a dead      
standstill throughout the region of     

disaster at the very time when hearts   
are breaking for daily news1 and        
communication is of the utmost          
importance to alleviate the quarantine4 
#aa4 ,employees will be benefited by    
passing from a regime of oppression to  
one of elevation2 from low wages#f and  
long hours to high wages and short      
hours2 from a service almost hopeless of
 promotion to a service of almost       
limitless possibilities to the man of   
character1 brain1 and energy2 from an   
employment in which they are regarded as
 so much machinery to be obtained at the
 lowest market rates and worked for all 
the profit there is in them to an       
employment in which their comfort and   
advancement are among the main objects  
of solicitude with the management2 from 
a business in which they have no share  
to a business in which they are equal   
partners with all their fellow-citizens2
 from serfdom to liberty and manhood4   
,no more boycotting and black-listing1  
no more denial of the rights of         

organization and petition4        #f ,in
 the last ,congressional investigation1 
dated ,may #bf1           #ahif1 the    
great telegraph inventor ,p4 ,b4        
,delayner testified           that the  
pay of ,american operators had fallen   
forty per cent           in the last    
twenty years2 and he said that1 while   
the ,british           operator has had 
two increases of pay since #ahia1 his   
,american           brother has had four
 reductions1 and to-day the ,british    
operator is better paid for the same    
amount of work1 and by           his    
environment occupies a higher plane of  
comfort and           contentment1 than 
the ,american operator4 ,good behavior  
and           diligence in his duties   
warrant him a life position1 from       
which the whim and caprice of no one can
 drive him4 ,he is not           an     
itinerant wandering from place to place 
looking for work           and hired for
 a day or a week1 to be again sent      
adrift1 nor is           he permitted to

 work overtime to the detriment of his  
health           and the exclusion of   
another wage-earner from his share4 ,his
           increasing years of service  
are taken into account in various       
beneficial ways4 ,he has his yearly     
vacation4 ,he is not cut off            
in sickness1 and1 most important of all1
 he is not 'turned           down' in   
old age1 but is retired on a pension1   
proportioned to           his years of  
service 7,sen4 ,doc4 #bia1 #ed-a1 pp4   
#d1 #f74  ,some of the consequences will
 be the lifting of thousands to a higher
 plane of living1 the annihilation of   
strikes by uprooting the causes of      
them1#g the improvement of the service  
as already stated under the seventh     
sub-head of this section1 etc41 etc4    
#g ,joseph ,medill1 the publisher of the
 ,chicago ,tribune1           expressed 
the opinion to the ,blair ,committee    
that1 with a           postal telegraph1
 there would be no strikes any more than
           among the clerks in the      

,treasury or the officers of the army4  
,government employees do not resign en  
masse4 ,their pay is           good as a
 rule1 and1 anyway1 they could not get  
it raised till           ,congress      
thought it right2 and a strike would not
 be apt to           hasten the         
achievement of their purposes1 but would
 place them           face to face with 
the limitless power of the ,united      
,states4           ,instead of occupying
 a position of brave revolt against     
corporate oppression1 impervious to     
petition1 the strikers           would  
place themselves in the position of     
deliberately           departing from   
ready and hopeful redress by peaceful   
petition           and discussion1 to   
the very objectionable method of        
obstructing the public business1 defying
 the people's           government1 and 
dictating terms to the nation4          
,the telegraph system would no longer be
 subject to such           disasters as 
that so well described by the ,hon4 ,wm4

 ,roche in           the ,ohio          
legislature ,jan4 #bith1 #ahhe3 ,a      
convulsion of the           trade and   
commerce of the entire country resulted1
 when1 on           the #aith of ,july1 
#ahhc1 #ab1jjj operators left their     
posts           after the flat refusal  
of the magnates to give audience to     
their representatives to state their    
case4  #ab4 ,the press will be relieved 
of an ever present tyranny likely at any
 moment to transfer itself from the     
potential to the real4#h ,sen4 ,report  
#bdb1 #dc-a1 p4 #e1 says3        #h ,we 
have seen in ,part ,,vi 7,,arena1 ,june1
 #ahif7 how rates were           raised 
on papers that criticised the ,western  
,union's president           or         
advocated a postal telegraph too        
vigorously1 how papers           were   
ordered not to criticise news reports   
under penalty of           loss of news 
facilities1 etc4 ,it is interesting to  
note that           even the largest and
 most influential papers do not always  

escape persecution4 ,in his speech in   
the ,house1 ,mar4 #a1 #ahhd1            
the ,hon4 ,john ,a4 ,anderson1 of       
,kansas1 tells us that the              
,chicago ,inter-,ocean had the lease of 
a private wire from                     
,washington to ,chicago1 and published  
,washington news every           day4 ,a
 few weeks since1 ,senator ,hill spoke  
for the postal           telegraph4 ,the
 ,inter-,ocean published the speech     
verbatim4           ,that evening word  
was sent to the ,inter-,ocean that the  
lease           was terminated4 ,the    
manager of the ,inter-,ocean said       
afterwards that their relations with the
 ,western ,union were           still   
friendly1 but he had to be1 of course1  
in order to keep           the general  
despatches4       ,the operation of the 
postal-telegraph system would result in 
a      speedy termination of this       
alliance between the telegraph and news 
association1 and groups of favored      
papers1 and will be a very              

important step toward the freedom of the
 press4  ,sen4 ,rep4 #egg1 #dh-a1 p4    
#af1 says3       ,the bill for a postal 
telegraph will lessen the danger of a   
concealed censorship of news whereby it 
may be colored and      distorted so as 
to subserve political purposes1 to      
mislead public      opinion as to the   
merits or demerits of men and measures1 
to      pervert legislation1 and to     
favor schemes of private gain4  ,the    
press of the nation will not be         
forbidden to criticise the news1 nor    
will any paper be excluded from equal   
participation in the benefits of the    
telegraph service--equal rates to all1  
special privileges to none4 ,moreover1  
the rates will be greatly reduced for   
all press despatches1 and papers will be
 able to buy the world's history every  
day for a fraction of what they pay now 
for imperfect and garbled reports4  ,as 
a result of ,national ,ownership in     
,england1 the press rates have been     
reduced so low that every country paper 

can afford to print the latest          
telegraphic despatches as it goes to    
press1 and a telegraph or telephone is  
at every country post office4#i         
#i ,sen4 ,doc4 #bje1 #ed-a1 p4 #ej2     
,report of ,u4 ,s4 ,consul at           
,southampton1 ,consular ,reports1 vol4  
xlvii1 ,no4 #age1 ,april1               
#ahie1 p4 #efd4 ,the press rate in      
,england averages nine cents            
per hundred words4 ,in this country it  
is at least #dj cents per               
hundred2 the electrician ,p4 ,b4 ,delany
 says it is #ej cents per           #ajj
 7,sen4 ,doc4 #bia1 ,may1 #ahif1 p4 #c74
            ,the ,report last quoted    
contains the testimony of ,mr4 ,bell of 
the ,typographical ,union1 ,may #bj1    
#ahif1 in which he says3 ,the           
news of this country is controlled by   
two great press           associations1 
and in any place in which either has a  
footing1           no new journal can be
 established and secure telegraphic news
           except on such terms as may  

be prescribed by the paper or           
papers that already occupy the field4   
,in ,england1 on the           contrary1
 all papers are on an equal footing4    
,the           ,typographical ,union is 
fully alive to the benefits of a        
government telegraph2 in fact1 labor and
 commerce in general           very     
strongly favor the reform4 ,mr4 ,bell   
says3 ,in this           movement of    
ours we are supported by all the        
organized bodies           of workingmen
 in this country4 ,we are a unit on this
 question           7p4 #ag74  #ac4     
,discrimination will receive a serious  
blow4 ,no more telegraph rebates of #bj 
or #dj or #ej per cent to favored       
individuals and corporations4 ,no more  
telegraph blanks for legislators1       
politicians1 and lobbyists4 ,no more    
delaying ,b's despatch until the rival  
message of ,c is sent4 ,no more         
precedence for bucket-shops and gamblers
 over honest business and government    
despatches4  #ad4 ,gambling in          

government stocks will cease1           
speculators in wheat1 corn1 pork1       
copper1 oil1 and other products of      
industry will be unable to control the  
wires for their uses1 or even secure a  
precedence over the lines1 and the      
,louisiana ,lottery and similar frauds  
will no longer find a refuge in the     
telegraph as they do at present4 ,the   
post office has been taken away from the
 gamblers2 it is time the telegraph were
 taken from them also4 ,the telegraph in
 the hands of cunning men may be the    
means of abstracting millions of money  
from the producers of the country1 and  
may even become a potent factor in the  
causation of panic and depression4 ,on  
page #c of his ,argument for a postal   
telegraph1 ,mr4 ,wanamaker says3        
,the measureless body of producers1 in  
order not to be manipulated      and    
robbed by the speculators1 need to be   
nearer the consumers2 and      the      
measureless body of consumers1 in order 
not to be manipulated      and robbed by

 the same speculators1 need to be nearer
 to the      producers4  ,take the      
telegraph away from the speculators and 
give it to the producers and consumers1 
that they may come into the closest     
possible relations4  #ae4 ,political    
corruption will lose an able contributor
 when the telegraph ceases to belong to 
a private corporation 7,see ,part ,,vii1
 ,,arena1 ,july1 #ahif74  #af4 ,a       
,postal telegraph will be a step toward 
a fairer distribution of wealth and away
 from the congestion of power and wealth
 in the hands of a few unscrupulous men1
 which is one of the chief dangers      
threatening the future of the country   
7,see ,part ,,viii1 ,,arena1 ,august1   
#ahif74 ,on this ground alone the       
establishment of a national telegraph   
would be justified1 were there no other 
reason in the case4  #ag4 ,the public   
safety demands a national telegraph1 not
 merely as a precaution against         
corruption1 speculation1 and panic1     
congestion of wealth and power1 strikes1

 and duress of the press1 but also as a 
military measure and a valuable addition
 to the police power of the             
government1--a means of strength in time
 of war1 and a conservator of law and   
order by aiding in the capture of       
criminals and in the general enforcement
 of the law4 ,we have already quoted the
 opinion of ,mr4 ,scudamore that the    
postal telegraph will strengthen the    
country from hostility from without1 and
 the maintaining of law and order within
 the kingdom4 ,let us call attention    
here to the weighty words of the ,new   
,york ,public1 cited in ,wanamaker's    
,argument1 pp4 #bjf-g3       ,the       
,government itself absolutely needs a   
telegraphic system for its      own     
protection4 ,this will not seem the     
language of exaggeration      when it is
 considered that the ordinary           
enforcement of laws1 the      capture of
 offenders1 the success of fiscal       
operations1 the      protection of the  
country against domestic insurrection   

and foreign      invasion1 have come to 
depend in these days upon the instant   
transmission of intelligence with       
certain and absolute secrecy4 ,it       
may at any time come to pass that the   
private interests of those              
controlling a telegraph system shall    
require the non-enforcement of      the 
law1 the prevention or delay of a       
financial operation1 or the      partial
 success of a domestic outbreak or      
foreign inroad4 ,it is      nonsense to 
say that this cannot happen4 ,if ,mr4   
,gould could      suppress for a few    
hours or days1 news of an outbreak on   
the      ,pacific coast or of the       
capture of a hostile ironclad from      
,europe1      he could make millions by 
it4 ,the ,government has no certainty   
that      he would throw away millions4 
,it has no certainty that its orders    
bearing on great financial operations   
may not be betrayed and its      aims   
thwarted4 ,when the ,government was     
hunting for the ,star ,route            

offenders1 how many would have been     
caught if its despatches had      been  
secretly betrayed8 ,an important witness
 happened to be a      ,government      
director of the ,union ,pacific         
,railroad1 and it has      always been a
 mysterious fact that the officers in   
search of him      could never catch    
him4  #ah4 ,it will be a step toward    
civil-service reform4 ,every increase of
 public business brings us nearer to    
thorough civil-service reform1 because  
it enhances the importance of that      
reform1 impresses the need of it more   
strongly upon the people1 and deepens   
their sentiment in its favor4 ,this has 
been the experience of ,european cities 
and states4 ,a good reason why they are 
ahead of us in civil-service management1
 is because they are ahead of us in the 
public ownership of railroads1          
telegraphs1 telephones1 etc4  ,in the   
case of the telegraph there are special 
reasons to expect that government       
control would carry with it an extension

 of the civil-service principle4 ,in the
 opinion of ,mr4 ,rosewater the postal  
telegraph would be an entering wedge for
 the greatest possible success of the   
civil service4 ,he says3       ,it would
 bring into the postal service a large  
number of skilled      operatives whose 
services could not be easily dispensed  
with4 ,they      would be divided in    
politics like every other class of      
citizens1      their experience and     
trustworthiness would be of great       
moment1 and      their trustworthiness  
would be increased by the knowledge that
 they      could not be displaced by    
partisan politics4 ,this has been the   
experience in ,great ,britain1 and would
 be the same here4 ,once get      the   
postal service under government control 
and the civil-service      act1 and you 
would soon be able to place all         
departments of the      government under
 the same system1 and a large share of  
the public      nuisance incident to    
office-holding would be done away with1 

leaving the officers free to inquire    
into and learn their duties to          
their office and to the public4#aj      
#aj ,the ,voice1 ,aug4 #bi1 #ahie1 pp4  
#a1 #h4  ,prof4 ,ely says3       ,one of
 the strongest arguments in favor of a  
postal telegraph1 is      that such a   
telegraph would carry with it an        
improvement in our      civil service4  
,it would increase the number of offices
 in which      civil-service rules would
 be applied1 even according to existing 
law1 and it would be an irresistible    
argument in favor of the      extension 
and elevation of the civil service4     
,some want to have us      wait until   
the civil service has been already      
improved1 but the      purchase of the  
telegraph lines would inevitably carry  
with it the      improvement of the     
civil service4  ,the country would      
insist upon it4 ,the acquisition of the 
telegraph lines by the nation would     
convert more people to civil-service    
reform in one day than all the speeches 

which have ever been delivered on the   
subject would win to this good cause in 
a year4#aa       #aa ,the total number  
of positions that must now be filled    
from the classified civil-service lists 
is #he1ajj1 out of a           total of 
a little more than #bjj1jjj positions in
 the national           service1 aside  
from the army and navy4  ,the plan      
advocated in this paper includes the    
civil-service act as one of its         
essential terms1 for without it we run  
the risk of having1 for a time at least1
 boss-ownership instead of public       
ownership of the telegraph4 ,the recent 
extension of the civil-service act to   
#cj1jjj new positions1 argues well for  
the future of this great reform4#ab     
,that such an order should have come    
from ,president ,cleveland1 who has not 
been noted for his absence of partisan  
feeling1 indicates that the election of 
a man of thorough independence would    
probably complete the transformation of 
our service4 ,even without that1 the    

work will be done by the piece1 each    
president ordering a section into line  
at the end of his term when the delay of
 justice can no longer aid his own      
political purposes1 but may1 on the     
contrary1 strengthen his successor4 ,or 
he may act before the end of his term   
and from less selfish motives2 the main 
thing for the nation is that he act4    
#ab ,,arena1 ,dec4 #ahie1 pp4 #ea-b4    
#ai4 ,the public ownership of the       
telegraph will remove one of the        
antagonisms that weaken the cohesion of 
society and retard the development of   
civilization4#ac        #ac ,see ,part  
,,viii1 ,,arena1 ,august1 #ahif4  #bj4  
,it will be a step toward cooeperation  
and partnership1 away from private      
monopoly1 usurpations1 and taxation     
without representation4#ad        #ad   
,see ,parts ,,viii and ,,ix1 ,,arena1   
,aug4 and ,sept4 #ahif4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,let us  
now see what the defendants have to say2
 that means the ,western ,union1 for1 as

 ,mr4 ,bell said to the ,senate         
,committee on ,post offices and ,post   
roads1 ,may #bjth1 #ahif3       ,the    
only persons who have ever put in an    
appearance in opposition      to this   
measure1 have been the officers1        
attorneys1 and agents of      the       
telegraph companies4 ,no representative 
of the people has ever      opposed     
it4#ae            #ae ,sen4 ,doc4 #bia1 
#ed-a1 p4 #ah4    ,,the ,,provisional   
,,government ,,of ,,the ,,cubans4  ,,by 
,,thomas ,w4 ,,steep4   ,when the       
recognition of belligerency was argued  
for the ,cubans by the friends of ,cuba 
in ,congress1 it became a question of   
pivotal importance as to whether the    
,cubans had a government to recognize as
 dual to that of ,spain2 whether the    
government1 if any1 was merely nominal  
or chimerical2 whether1 if existing and 
operating1 it had the potency to receive
 recognition and thus justify such      
action by the ,united ,states4  ,the    
first thing that attracted my interest  

on arriving at the war field of ,cuba1  
in the ,province of ,santiago1 early one
 sunny morning in ,january1 was the     
obsequious ceremony of the government   
prefecto who received me and gave me my 
first roasted boniato1 upon which ,i    
afterwards so often appeased hunger4 ,i 
had come out on the field by crawling   
beneath the barbed-wire military line   
around ,santiago one night and marching 
by stealth in the early dawn to the     
mountains and over them to the interior4
 ,a body of ,cubans escorted me4        
,fatigued and hungry1 the prefecto's    
attention in serving coffee and boniatos
 seemed over-due kindness4 ,i offered to
 pay him1 but he raised his hands and   
said1 ,no6 ,no6 ,he was a government    
officer4 ,from that time on my interest 
was enlisted in the study of the civil  
organization of the ,cubans4  ,when     
ex-,president ,cleveland intimated that 
the civil government provisional of the 
,cuban insurgents was puerile and       
immature1 and said it was1 for the most 

part1 a government on paper1 he was more
 correct than otherwise4 ,in the first  
place1 however1 let me say that the     
,cubans have a government1 that it is   
not an impractical one1 that the people 
are loyal to it4 ,to this loyalty1 which
 is so striking for its widespread      
prevalence1 and so sympathy-eliciting   
because of the sacrifices which are made
 for it by the ,cubans1 ,i shall refer  
later4  ,the statement made by the      
ex-,president1 while for the most part  
correct1 is superficial1 because it does
 not substantiate its assertiveness4 ,it
 is one that any intelligent observer of
 the anterior conditions of ,cuba last  
,december might have correctly though   
vaguely made4  ,the ,cuban government is
 immature4 ,to say that most of it      
exists on paper is not sinistrous to an 
ambitious civil organization which has  
been in existence but two years4        
,schemed exactly like that of the       
,states1 the unfavorable condition under
 which it labors makes many of its      

functions of mere nominal existence4    
,for instance1 the ,secretary of ,state 
just at this time has no duty to perform
 other than1 perhaps1 to doff his       
figurative robes of state and get out   
and fight4 ,the ,secretary of ,war has  
no routine office1 because the ,cubans  
have no diplomatic corps and the        
rebellion is conducted by aggressive    
generals who have the munitions of war  
in their own hands4  ,yet the ,cuban    
insurgents have established a civil     
organization in the interior over which 
they hold sway1 the strength and        
qualities of endurance and prominence of
 which defy the government of ,spain    
itself4 ,the remoteness of the ,cuban   
headquarters1 and the control which     
,spain has had over the regular news    
channels that lead from ,cuba1 have kept
 the world largely in ignorance of the  
real condition of the ,cuban insurgents4
  ,fundamentally and upon which the     
plans of the government are drawn1 the  
,republic of ,cuba now comprehends all  

the area of the island of ,cuba4 ,the   
disposition taken by the head civil     
officers is that the entire island is   
under dominion of the ,cuban ,republic1 
but that because some powerful foreign  
enemy has landed on certain parts and   
taken possession--as1 for instance1     
,havana and its harbor1 and ,santiago   
and other cities--the civil rule cannot 
be extended into these quarters until by
 strategy the enemy can be driven from  
the shores of ,cuba4 ,in the national   
organization the power of government was
 transferred by the popular assembly to 
a ,council of ,government4 ,then        
departments were formed1 with           
secretaries at the head--state1 war1    
foreign affairs1 interior1 and finances4
 ,at the head of the government were    
placed a provisional ,president and     
,vice-,president4 ,in the ,council of   
,government is vested the legislative   
power4  ,politically the island is      
divided into four ,states1 ,oriente1    
,camaguey1 ,las ,villas1 and ,occidente4

 ,each ,state is divided into districts1
 and each district into as many         
prefecturas and sub-prefecturas as are  
deemed necessary4 ,a district has from  
seven to fifteen prefecturas4 ,the      
,state is presided over by a ,governor1 
who reports to the ,secretary of        
,interior4 ,the ,lieutenant-,governor is
 under the ,governor1 and has           
jurisdiction over a district4 ,his corps
 consists of one secretary and one      
assistant clerk4 ,the prefectura is the 
smallest political subdivision but      
one--the sub-prefectura4 ,the prefectura
 has a secretary and assistants4 ,then  
follow the sub-prefecturas1 of which    
there are generally from four to eight  
in each prefectura4  ,the               
,lieutenant-,governor is the            
intermediary between the ,governor and  
the prefectura4 ,besides his executive  
functions the prefecto has judicial     
power4 ,he records all contracts between
 citizens1 including marriages4 ,he has 
the power to form a jury and to try all 

cases1 from the simplest intrigues to   
those of spies guilty of treason1       
whenever the cases cannot be submitted  
to court-martial4  ,every portion of    
territory possessed by the ,cubans is   
subject to civil order4 ,the minutest   
detail is so accurately and delicately  
balanced that1 though the thoroughness  
for which the civil officers are even   
now adroitly working has not yet been   
attained1 the whole governmental        
machinery is in harmonic operation4     
,the facts which ,i have set down       
relative to the geographic distribution 
of the government ,i have myself seen4  
,i spent much time in the saddle on the 
march with ,carlos ,manuel de ,cespedes1
 who1 as ,governor of ,oriente1 conducts
 the affairs of state in the saddle4    
,with him ,i visited the prefectural    
workshops and many well-managed         
prefecturas4 ,i saw much rearranging and
 readjusting of these functions by the  
,governor4  ,almost the first thing the 
,governor said to me at our first       

meeting at ,baire ,arriba1 was3 ,i have 
been wishing for months that ,i could   
get hold of an ,american newspaper man  
to show him the inside of the           
revolution4 ,the ,american people don't 
know how strong we are4 ,they have no   
way of finding out4 ,now ,i will show   
you our civil government as it is in    
operation4 ,we visited the medical      
posts--drug-stores as the ,cubans call  
them--the tanneries1 workshops1 and the 
various officials1 including the        
tax-collector4  ,supplementary to the   
regular lines of civic routine are other
 branches of organization necessitated  
by the war4 ,the most important of these
 is that of the tax-collector4 ,the     
,state tax-collector has as many        
subordinate officers as the ,governor4  
,taxes are levied on those engaged in   
commercial pursuits4 ,this commerce is1 
of course1 only internal4 ,the levying  
of taxes and the subsequent shipment of 
,spanish money to the ,united ,states   
for use by the ,junta has created great 

scarcity of money among the insurgents4 
,the schedule in effect when ,i was with
 chief tax-collector ,tomas ,pedro      
,grinan1 in ,february1 was as follows3  
,coffee and cocoa        #d pesos per   
#ajj pounds4   ,timber                  
#h         #ajjj feet4   ,hemp          
#d         #ajj pounds4   ,wax          
#d         #ajj pounds4   ,honey        
#a peso per #ajj pounds4   ,cattle      
#c pesos per head4   ,cheese            
#b         #ajj pounds4   ,bananas      
4#jc peso per bunch4   ,tobacco 7leaf7  
#e pesos per #ajj pounds4  ,the commerce
 consists of the exchange of the        
products of one part of the island with 
those of another4 ,i once saw ,cespedes 
stop a coffee merchant1 and1 upon his   
inability to produce a receipt for the  
tax on the coffee he was transporting1  
take into custody him and twelve little 
pack-mules4 ,the man pleaded that there 
was no tax-collector in the vicinity    
when he started on his journey1 paid his
 fine1 which ,i think was thirty pesos1 

and continued his march with a receipt  
for taxes4  ,four important branches of 
the government of the ,republic of ,cuba
 are the territorial guard1 the coast   
inspection1 the postal service1 and the 
workshop system4 ,each prefectura has   
under its supervision ten armed         
territorial guards1 who serve also as   
police4 ,these guards scout the ,spanish
 columns when they venture from their   
blockhouses4  ,every district with a    
seacoast has a civil coast inspector1   
who ranks as a captain in the army4 ,he 
is assisted by a sub-inspector1 who acts
 as his secretary4 ,the inspectors have 
established along the coast line and in 
every bay and inlet watch posts1        
commanded each by a vigilant1 who has   
under him eight or ten coast-guards4 ,in
 this way1 when a ,spanish man-of-war   
sets out from a port1 the news is       
signalled along the coast1 and the      
,cubans1 if she be in sight of the land1
 watch every movement of the ship4 ,the 
coast-guards have captured many small   

,spanish sailing vessels4  ,saltmaking  
is carried on under the direction of an 
inspector4 ,all the salt consumed by the
 ,cubans is made from distilled sea     
water4 ,a hundred men are continually   
boiling sea water in ,santiago de ,cuba 
province4 ,these saltmakers are ready at
 all times to take up arms4  ,the postal
 system is under the direct care of the 
,governor of each ,state4 ,along the    
rough roads at intervals of ten or      
fifteen miles are established the ,cuban
 postmasters1 each supplied with from   
four to eight couriers4 ,in this way    
official as well as private             
communications are carried to any part  
of the island4 ,each post office is     
supplied with a registering stamp1 so   
that the time of the coming or going of 
every parcel is registered upon it4     
,there is a dead-letter office1 and the 
lists are published monthly at the      
presses of ,el ,cubano ,libre4  ,the    
workshops are under charge of foremen4  
,these shops turn out all kinds of      

roughly made but substantial leather    
goods1 such as shoes1 boots1 bags1      
saddles1 straps1 and belts4 ,gun shops1 
powder factories1 and cartridge         
factories are said to exist on the      
island1 but ,i never saw them4 ,the     
making of other metal articles1 such as 
cooking utensils1 is in its infancy4    
,the ,cubans are struggling hard to form
 some sort of a school system4 ,the     
little press in the woods was just      
printing a little primer1 written on the
 fields1 to be distributed among        
families for the tutoring of children   
when ,i left the printing establishment 
last ,january4  ,the medical posts and  
stations are under military order1 and  
are purely provisional4 ,the post of ,el
 ,mate1 in ,jiguani1 ,i found in charge 
of ,dr4 ,farrel1 a graduate of a medical
 institute in ,spain1 and ,dr4 ,rafael  
de ,lorie of ,new ,york4 ,this post is  
tolerably well stocked4 ,it contains    
about one hundred pounds of antiseptic  
plasters1 tablets and gauzes1 #aj1jjj   

quinine pills and powders1 thirty pounds
 of drugs1 ten pounds of narcotics1 and 
fifty quarts of tonics4  ,like the whole
 military system of the ,cubans1 this   
post has an objectionable management1   
subject only to the orders of a few     
officials1 so that it does little       
practical good1 and many persons are    
dying for want of proper medical        
attention4  ,i have told in this article
 what ,i have seen during four months of
 constant travel among the insurgents4  
,when it is remembered that the ,cubans 
have spread the rebellion over more than
 two-thirds of the area of the island1  
and have carried into effect1 for their 
purposes1 a provisional form of         
government successfully in the time of  
war1 it is reasonable to suppose that   
they are capable of rearranging their   
government and maintaining it in time of
 peace4     ,a ,,noted ,,american       
,,preacher4  ,,by ,,duncan              
,mc,d,e,r,m,i,d1 ,m4 ,a4   ,it is       
interesting1 while it is said that      

preaching is losing its ancient power1  
to find here and there a preacher whose 
influence is increasing instead of      
diminishing4 ,one of these is the ,rev4 
,minot ,j4 ,savage1 ,d4 ,d41 of the     
,unitarian ,church4  ,the writer desires
 to call attention to the two essential 
conditions of this preacher's influence 
and popularity4 ,this will be           
instructive not only to the public1 but 
to the clerical profession as well4 ,one
 of these conditions may be found in the
 wide latitude of ,american opinion1    
especially as it expresses itself in    
,new ,england1 and particularly in the  
city of ,boston where ,mr4 ,savage spent
 many years as a preacher4   ,i4  ,in   
the community in which one lives1 no    
less than in himself1 often lies the    
secret of a man's strength and          
greatness4 ,the individual shares the   
endowment or potency of those impersonal
 forces which sustain and enhance public
 life4 ,the spirit which animates the   
broader ranges of general history acts  

with unhindered freedom on the narrower 
sphere of the individual mind and often 
becomes the creator of its better       
moments4 ,silent influences1 hidden     
providences1 are at work in society of  
which the individual has no suspicion1  
and whose effects cannot be recorded in 
statistics4 ,below the plane of         
conscious recognition there are         
far-reaching movements of thought which 
transcend our powers of understanding1  
but which act with almost unbounded sway
 in controlling the thought and life of 
each person4 ,the early promise is      
fulfilled in the ripening powers of the 
mind under the cumulative influences    
which nourish it from without4 ,in the  
order which surrounds the individual1   
and in the movement of which he has     
become a part1 we see1 as clearly as in 
himself1 the inevitable promise of his  
ultimate destiny4  ,in whatever pertains
 to liberal culture ,boston is never    
weak or wavering4 ,boston impresses one 
as possessing innate respect and        

enthusiasm for intellectual supremacy1  
and reverence for the pure sentiments of
 religion as continuous forces in human 
life4 ,for two and a half centuries it  
has been the wish and work of her most  
cultivated minds to give human thought  
and life the highest expression2 and    
this has been done with monumental      
activity4 ,in ,boston1 culture and      
religious piety have never been         
decadent2 over and above the            
controversies and schisms and sectarian 
quarrels which from time to time have   
rent the churches1 they have remained   
intact4 ,in spite of the manifold       
currents of opposing tendencies1 which  
now and then threaten to overwhelm      
cherished beliefs and to lift the world 
off its hinges1 they remain essential   
elements in this city's social life4    
,they are stern present necessities1    
unwritten and immutable laws which she  
will not and cannot transgress4 ,from   
the founding of the city by the choice  
spirits of the seventeenth century1 they

 have retained their vitality and have  
been affirmed without doubt or debate4  
,with the growing demands and maturity  
of her civilization she reiterates them 
as her loftiest and most sacred         
privileges1 subject to no vicissitudes4 
,with these primitive traits eternally  
vital1 thought is quick1 and            
intellectual enthusiasm spreads rapidly4
 ,boston is always stirring with new    
ideas and with the passion for a broader
 ethical and religious development4 ,the
 character and repute which she acquired
 in former days for literary taste1     
clerical influence1 and the             
administration of religion are to-day   
influencing surrounding secularity and  
the hurrying concerns of daily life4    
,they are animating every institution   
and ordinance1 every supreme and        
exquisite medium of feeling1 every      
revelation of truth and hope in the     
human mind4 ,in this exhaustless tide of
 thought and aspiration1 which we may   
accept as ,boston's native product1 it  

is easy to interest the people and to   
unite them in any attempt for the good  
of mankind under the sanction of        
culture1 benevolence1 or religion4  ,but
 religion is felt to be ,boston's       
greatest need and glory4 ,in this city  
of philosophy and poetry1 art and       
business energy1 religious faith and    
life have their proper place1 and are   
invested with power and dignity4 ,fixed 
habit and traditional thought           
contribute1 without doubt1 to the need  
and sacredness of religion2 yet its     
transcendent results are due to the     
permanent disposition of the people4    
,they are the appropriate manifestation 
of a religious culture and spirit that  
are fitted for all time1 the logic of   
truths born of religious intuitions     
working out in the most practical       
results4 ,however universally certain   
religious beliefs are ignored1 there is 
no disposition to put culture or        
philanthropy above the gospel1 the      
school above the church1 or to make the 

schoolmaster1 the literary autocrat1 or 
the princes of wealth take precedence of
 the preacher4 ,the spirit of           
conventionalism reigns more or less in  
,boston's religious life2 yet religion  
makes an irresistible appeal to the     
understanding1 the conscience1 and the  
heart4 ,everything is compelled to bow  
to its influence and to feel its        
inspiration4 ,although our churches     
present various theological tendencies1 
from the stiffest orthodoxy to the      
freest rationalism and pantheism1 and   
with creeds yet confessedly nowhere     
settled1 reason never pronounces        
religion absurd2 to it homage is        
accorded4 ,it is still the deepest and  
holiest interest of man4 ,we all have an
 elevated sense of its vast importance  
in the destiny of mankind4 ,its         
manifestations may change1 but its      
spirit is ever the same4 ,while edifices
 of towering magnificence1 grand        
displays of musical talent1 time-honored
 ordinances1 and attractions for popular

 reverence are fashionable and full of  
beauty and significance1 and1 possibly1 
prudent means to stimulate our patronage
 and to save to the ranks of the        
churches the votaries of all that is    
artistic and refining and impressive1   
they are no sure sign that spiritual    
life is departing2 they have their      
utility1 they foster the higher         
interests of mind and heart4 ,these     
symbols of religious faith are not the  
productions of cold1 speculative        
reasoning1 but the statement of truth   
wrought into the convictions of the     
devout and spiritually minded4  ,guided 
by these facts we may assume that the   
man who distinguishes himself in ,boston
 as a preacher is one to whom           
considerable interest attaches4 ,upon   
such a man1 as upon all her citizens of 
rare attainments and peculiar personal  
excellence1 she confers distinction4    
,the ,rev4 ,minot ,j4 ,savage1 ,d4 ,d41 
who recently changed his residence and  
his ministry from ,boston to ,new ,york1

 and whose successful work in the former
 city may be a prophecy of enduring     
honors in the latter1 has thus          
distinguished himself and been rewarded4
  ,when ,mr4 ,savage came from the ,west
 to ,boston1 he came as a stranger1 as  
,i myself heard him say4 ,for years he  
thought and walked and worked alone4 ,he
 was unpopular1 and he felt his         
unpopularity4 ,all religious sects1 even
 that of his own persuasion1 were       
critical and sceptical4 ,as a preacher  
he had fellowship nowhere4 ,he was met  
as a preacher of unwelcome and          
unwholesome doctrines4 ,but he came as  
one having a special dispensation1 as   
the witness and repository of new truth1
 as the representative of no low and    
paltry type of the ,christian ministry1 
but as a living testimony to the reality
 and power and excellency of religion   
and its institutions4 ,he felt the      
difficulties with which he had to       
contend4 ,they were manifold1 subtle1   
and fraught with deepest peril to his   

ministry4 ,prejudices1 precedents1 and  
the theology of the schools--whose only 
merit seemed to be that it was smitten  
with a passion to reduce ,christian     
doctrine to logical form--were arrayed  
in open hostility to him4 ,he was met by
 the regime of ecclesiastical orders1 by
 men who preached the ,gospel according 
to established and venerable routine1   
and whose credentials1 not their wisdom1
 were their only power4 ,but although he
 felt himself to be a persona non       
grata1--another unpopular person to     
suffer for his beliefs1--he girded      
himself for earnest uncompromising      
warfare4 ,he planted against every      
church his strongest batteries of       
criticism1 satire1 and sarcasm4 ,he     
poured forth his thoughts in words that 
made men's ears tingle1 till the        
protestations of his adversaries fell   
from their lips with something of a     
hollow sound4 ,half preacher1 half      
assassin1 as he was thought to be1      
repudiating as offensive the doctrines  

of the ,cross1 and hating with every    
drop of his blood the general traditions
 and faith of the ,church1 he worked and
 awaited the day of his triumph4 ,it    
came4  ,boston is slow to recognize new 
prophets2 yet religious belief of every 
kind is treated with gentleness and     
indulgence4 ,the preachers of the city  
might regard ,mr4 ,savage as a teacher  
of positive error1 but they could not   
object to the hospitality of ,boston1 a 
citizen and preacher of which ,mr4      
,savage became on the footing of        
democratic fraternity4 ,by the free     
development of reason and the spread of 
intelligence ,boston has become         
temperate and tolerant4 ,she will not   
enslave the understanding or deny anyone
 one vestige of religious freedom4 ,with
 her1 religion is a practical and       
spiritual thing rather than a theoretic 
and ceremonial4 ,the latter helps to    
stimulate the former to the fullest     
discharge of duty1 but does not in      
itself constitute religion4 ,the one    

comes by internal necessity1 the other  
belongs to the sphere of outward        
operation1 of inventive and enterprising
 minds4 ,religion is a living mode of   
thought sustained by personal character1
 and needs not ambitious terminology or 
supervision4 ,boston trusts her         
instincts1 as ,emerson has taught her1  
and asks only ample scope for the       
imperative working of her religious     
sentiment and the life of the heart4    
,under these favoring conditions1 by    
which ,boston1 like a mother1 works out 
her own character in the spirit and life
 of her gifted men1 the ,rev4 ,mr4      
,savage was impelled onward in his      
daring enterprise4 ,with stern fidelity 
,boston exercised a definite and        
pervasive influence on ,mr4 ,savage's   
mind4 ,although his religious thinking  
came upon the public like a new birth1  
he was only reiterating its progressive 
thought and the stout emphasis it placed
 on thinking out religion in            
intelligible terms and in all the       

breadth of its activities4 ,instrumental
 rather than absolute1 ,boston's        
versatile and expansive thought         
furnished the new preacher his coveted  
opportunity4 ,her faith failed not1 nor 
did her courage falter4 ,silently she   
was assailing the old theology and      
elaborating the new1 in which she has   
unhesitating belief1 and which entered  
with enlightening and nourishing force  
into ,mr4 ,savage's broad and free      
opinions4 ,it came to him as the        
expression of the abiding atmosphere in 
which he dwelt and with a beneficent    
bearing on his ministry4 ,favored thus  
by the concurrent voices of those to    
whom he ministered1 and by the general  
freedom and grace of the entire         
community1 ,mr4 ,savage made a real and 
salutary advance in his religious work  
in ,boston4 ,and supported by the       
judgment of an ever widening public1    
conservative thinkers about him felt his
 influence on current religious opinion4
 ,while he indulged a liberty of        

speculation1 he instilled religious     
habits of thought and the spirit of     
worship into many inquiring minds1 and  
enabled them to identify themselves with
 the highest development of his own     
religious consciousness4 ,boston and    
vicinity became fully appreciative of   
the distinctiveness of his mission and  
of his apprehensions of the truth4 ,in  
recognition1 therefore1 of the          
unmeasured praise and enthusiastic      
acceptance which he received from the   
public1 he was honored1 at the close of 
his ministry in ,boston1 with the degree
 of ,doctor of ,divinity at ,harvard    
,university4 ,harvard thus expressed her
 highest confidence in the truth and    
permanence of his ministry4 ,this famous
 institution of classic1 scientific1    
philosophic1 and sacred learning        
attested the sanity of the mind and     
doctrines of this once obscure and      
despised but now noted preacher4   ,,ii4
  ,another condition of the ,rev4 ,minot
 ,j4 ,savage's influence and popularity 

as a preacher is his ethical intensity4 
,in the preceding section ,i have spoken
 of what has actually taken place4 ,i   
have there shown the favoring conditions
 under which ,mr4 ,savage labored in the
 city which was to him both friend and  
teacher1 and where he has done his most 
efficient work as a preacher4 ,the      
particular type of religious thought    
represented by him in the pulpit has not
 been brought about by his or any man's 
device4 ,for generations it has been    
pouring itself forth from mind to mind  
in philosophy1 science1 poetry1 and     
religious thought4 ,he did not initiate 
any distinctive movement2 he only helped
 to popularize and make permanent       
doctrines which already had found favor 
among the people4 ,he emphasized these  
and vitalized anew their application to 
the ,christian religion4 ,in this       
section ,i shall devote myself to a     
study of the ethical intensity of his   
ministry4  ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,savage's    
ministry of nearly a quarter of a       

century in ,boston teaches some         
important lessons4 ,and while he has had
 many critics1 no one has yet displayed 
and made current his most emphatic      
qualities as a preacher4 ,in attempting 
this the writer does so not from the    
standpoint of the theologian or the     
professional clergyman1 but from that of
 a liberal thinker with mind unfettered 
by any prepossession4  ,the first thing 
to be noted is the candor of the man1   
the great sincerity which marks whatever
 he says and does4 ,his theology is     
simple2 his creed1 which is neither the 
,apostles' nor the ,nicene1 nor the     
utterances of modern pontiffs1 but in a 
measure his own1 is readily             
comprehended1 and betrays a sweet       
reasonableness which invites the        
subscription of anyone without fear or  
trembling or convulsive revolution4 ,and
 while some of his fundamental beliefs  
impinge against current prejudices and  
awaken enmities1 he fearlessly submits  
them to the judgment and common sense of

 mankind4 ,what he believes he preaches1
 and what he does not he rejects with   
all the vehemence of a man of           
conviction4 ,correct modes or forms of  
religious thought he conceives to be    
necessary1 and the more so the firmer   
will be one's principles of duty4 ,yet  
essential and sanctifying as this is1   
more essential in his opinion is an     
honest mind1--a mind that is faithful in
 the pursuit of truth and true to its   
own convictions and inspirations4 ,he   
believes that the most perfect man is he
 who is most diligent in duty and       
fervent in spirit2 who incorporates the 
truth into his selfhood2 who toils with 
a prompt and ardent devotion to know the
 truth1 to maintain his opinions firmly1
 to diffuse and propagate them by every 
means consistent with a perfect         
character4 ,with unselfish courage ,mr4 
,savage resists every allurement to     
compromise4 ,never timid1 never         
complaisant or patronizing1 he exhibits 
some of the rarest virtues of the human 

mind4 ,oh that there were more like him 
in this indolent and obsequious world6  
,compared with ,mr4 ,savage's strength  
of character1 how contemptible are some 
of the clerical and theological enigmas 
of our day4 ,waning and waxing periods  
are not uncommon in our pulpits and our 
schools of divinity4 ,now and then they 
diffuse a feeble as well as a strong    
glimmer of religious virtue1 and too    
often become the presages of things with
 which we have no patience4 ,it is      
painful to see preachers and professors1
 like chartered buffoons1 suppressing   
the light of reason1 intruding into     
places and folds to which they do not   
belong1 and sanctioning what in their   
hearts they do not accept4 ,among our   
clergymen1 where intelligence1          
character1 and earnestness are          
everything1 we witness a conspicuous    
lack of sovereign motives shaping and   
harmonizing life and doctrine4 ,nothing 
is more marked to-day in the ,american  
pulpit than theological insincerity and 

indifference to the obligation to preach
 only what is believed4 ,instead of     
feeling the might of conscientious will 
and the higher aspirations of the age1  
they are faint and muffled echoes of    
that moral force which has given        
efficiency to the ,christian ministry4  
,we still hear the boast that the       
ministry of to-day has outgrown the old 
,puritan austerity and the lines marked 
out in earlier and more rigorous        
periods4 ,may we not admit also that the
 courage1 the righteousness1 and the    
heroic discharge of duty1 by which the  
,puritan has attracted the attention and
 the admiration of the world1 have lost 
something of their former greatness and 
power8 ,like hunters1 too many preachers
 are on the scent1 not for the truth1   
but for game1--for gain and earthly     
glory4 ,to speak the truth might        
interfere with their vocation2 it might 
throw out of market their stock in      
trade4  ,yet ought not the preacher to  
stick to his text8 ,so great an advocate

 of the truth should speak the truth and
 practise it4 ,he should feel inspired  
with a strong and awful prepossession in
 its favor4 ,he need not make pretension
 to infallibility1 but we expect of him 
the absolute veracity of his sacred     
calling and learning4 ,his living should
 never depend upon sustaining an error  
or an untruth4 ,if it does1 he does not 
deserve the name he bears1 and is not in
 the strictest sense a teacher and      
leader of thought4 ,we will excuse a    
deficiency of knowledge1 but never a    
deficiency in character1--in the word   
and spirit of what he proclaims as the  
truth4 ,every truly devout minister of  
the ,gospel should rise and erase this  
stigma from his profession4 ,it is a    
humiliating reproach that any of this   
class of teachers lack true insight1    
truthfulness1 and faithful service2 that
 they mask their convictions1 that they 
will not act out their opinions4 ,this  
is a perversion of what man really is4  
,it makes him a vanishing spirit        

destitute of true sentiment1 character1 
and practical rectitude4 ,forms of      
worship and of religion may be temporary
 and change1 but love of truth and      
conviction should always be an active   
power1 uniform1 eternal4 ,even in our   
theological schools1 where the human    
spirit is supposed to be exorcised into 
worlds of graver and graver realities1  
we are just now learning some valuable  
lessons in the flexibility of           
theological opinion4  ,he who stands in 
a conspicuous place in any community    
will always be looked at4 ,what he says 
and does will be judged by everybody4   
,his person and life and character1 his 
joys and sorrows1 are things of public  
gossip and interest4 ,and if the        
uniqueness of his position in society be
 due to some sacred calling1 such as a  
teacher of religious truth1 he evokes   
the highest esteem and expectations4    
,all truth is sacred2 and truth's       
propagator is expected to be1 not only a
 truth-seeker1 but a teacher of it in   

the interests of the public weal4 ,the  
responsibility of this is distributed   
among all men1 but nowhere is it so     
great as with the professed preacher and
 teacher of religious truth4 ,he cannot 
absolve himself from it4 ,it is the     
price he pays for his exalted privilege1
 his dignified position4  ,the          
creed-test of the ,andover theological  
school may be unwarranted at the present
 time4 ,yet while there is such a test1 
and the old creed comes up and insists  
upon being reaffirmed in its original   
meaning by each incumbent1 we are       
bewildered the moment we attempt to     
harmonize what happened there recently  
with stalwart conviction and vital      
piety4 ,within a few months we have seen
 the ,andover creed1 over which there   
has been so much wrangling1 and some of 
whose doctrines make the human heart    
to-day sink in despair1 receiving       
unqualified indorsement4 ,with          
unfaltering confidence this ancient     
creed was reaffirmed by a professor of  

that school of divinity without         
modifying the conditions of             
subscription4 ,this surprises us4 ,it   
may be that the recently inducted       
,professor of ,sacred ,rhetoric did not 
signify explicit allegiance to this     
creed1 whose doctrines are so inflexibly
 maintained by our older theologians1   
but simply gave his assent1 just as the 
clergy of the noble ,church of ,england 
are giving their assent1 but not their  
strict adherence1 to the ,thirty-nine   
,articles4 ,and yet what is progressive 
orthodoxy1 so boldly and ably           
enunciated1 but a growing away from the 
old ,andover creed8  ,or is it only a   
question of emphasis1 not of dogma8 ,are
 we to infer that the old dogma abides1 
while only the emphasis alters8 ,it may 
be that progressive orthodoxy is not    
what it professes to be1 that instead of
 giving religious thought a definite    
impulse and being a necessary onward    
step in sacred learning1 religious      
thought is only receiving a richer and  

deeper volume as it lies in its old bed4
 ,be this as it may1 the verbal assent  
and subscription of the new incumbent   
gave fresh force to every dogma of the  
old faith4 ,true1 we could not expect   
him to be so recreant as to disown this 
venerable creed1 to break the           
traditional thread and cease to be the  
heir of his sires4  ,yet we should like 
to see progressive orthodoxy1 or the    
,new ,theology1 of ,andover mean        
something2 represent1 without the       
slightest misgiving1 some distinctive   
dogma1 some fresh insight into religious
 truth4 ,at present it is an            
unintelligible hypothesis4 ,it does not 
appear to be definitely settled4 ,a     
master hand has sketched it1 but there  
are none to complete and make it        
triumphant4 ,why not go to the root of  
the matter8 ,progressive orthodoxy is   
yet only in the air4 ,on paper it is    
inspiring2 in practice1 a paradox to the
 discomfiture of every friend of the    
revival of religious thought4 ,it is    

subtle and disputatious1 and predicts   
for itself a reforming mission1 but it  
has not the courage of its convictions2 
it looks like a clever juggling of      
divinity4 ,we may speak with the tongues
 of men and of angels1 but unless we    
have deep convictions and feel the      
intensity of the principles we are      
attempting to promulgate1 we are as     
sounding brass2 we lower the dignity of 
truth and moral worth1 we offend the    
purity of conscience4 ,filled with the  
ecstasies of an office while enacting an
 untruth is satanic2 it is unworthy of  
any trained intelligence4 ,honest       
conviction is the indispensable         
condition of the preacher and teacher4  
,without it he compromises the sacred   
character of his particular commission1 
of his appointed trust4  ,all this is   
meant to throw light upon the artless   
simplicity1 the outspoken but sensitive 
judgment1 the indefinable strength of   
character1 of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,savage4   
,beneath all he says and does we may see

 the calm utterance of unwavering       
convictions and an individuality        
unimpaired4 ,he is thoroughly possessed 
with the sense of duty2 he has his being
 there4 ,there is nothing spurious in   
him2 he disguises no hypocrisy4 ,we see 
in him no secret acquiescence with what 
he cannot conscientiously accept4       
,always standing in the full light of   
the incomparable obligation and         
privilege of his work1--which is a      
cheerful1 happy exercise1 not a doleful 
and despondent one1--he influences the  
world not only as a teacher1 but as a   
character4 ,he proclaims the sanctity of
 his office not by a set of pious       
phrases1 but by a spotless devotion to  
it1 as the only way by which he most    
completely can subserve the public      
welfare4 ,this perpetually invests the  
man and his ministry with interest and  
with an almost magic power4  ,the       
ethical intensity of ,mr4 ,savage's     
character unfolds itself in his         
preaching as a consistent result4 ,in   

the sermon the convictions of the man   
are not sacrificed4 ,he puts more than  
words into his sermons2 he puts himself4
 ,he speaks the truth bluntly1 as if it 
were not a hard but an easy attainment1 
and an element of human nature4 ,without
 pretension or self-exaltation1 craving 
no man's praise and envying no man's    
distinction1 he endeavors in an         
unwavering and high-spirited manner to  
disclose in his sermons the great       
verities1 the substantial realities1 of 
life4  ,in the broadest sense of the    
word ,mr4 ,savage is not a man of       
scholarly attainments or tastes2 not    
many are4 ,he is nevertheless a highly  
cultivated man4 ,whether he addresses us
 through the faculties of speech or     
through his written compositions1 we    
always feel the independence of his     
intellect1 his delicate and             
discriminating moral sense1 and his love
 of truth4 ,his sermons1 his public     
utterances1 and his devout invocations  
exhibit a maturity of mind and a range  

of culture which enable him to impress  
other minds with whatever has possession
 of his own4 ,in the pulpit1 in         
authorship1 in every mode of religious  
activity1 we meet the cultivated1       
sincere1 and reverent man4 ,we feel the 
influence of his sympathetic mind and   
singular chasteness of spirit in hearty 
and symmetrical development4 ,a culture 
like this1 combined with a nature deeply
 religious1 brings one into possession  
more or less completely of truths which 
make a direct appeal to the             
understanding4 ,it has enabled ,mr4     
,savage to enjoy a certain lordship in  
the realm of mind and mental life4 ,he  
is an example of the dictum1 that he who
 would think truly on spiritual things  
must first be spiritually minded4 ,in   
both his acted and his written life he  
seems to comprehend and to realize the  
truth1 to have reached the loftiest     
heights of fellowship with eternal      
wisdom4 ,judging from his own serene1   
unclouded1 and practical vision of the  

truth1 one is driven to the conclusion  
that he is proclaiming and formulating  
the ultimate gospel of mankind4  ,some  
may sneer and scoff at his deadly       
notions and perverted thoughts1 but in  
his demand for personal life1           
development of conscience1 and          
attainment in righteousness1 his        
ministry is potent2 its inspiration is  
constant4 ,he believes and preaches only
 those truths which are possible to     
rational belief4 ,with that exquisite   
instinct which characterizes all his    
thinking1 he places1 as if he were in   
apostolic succession1 man's greatest    
need in coming to himself and in making 
religion inseparable from personal      
thought and character4 ,mr4 ,savage     
holds this forth as man's paramount     
task1 to refuse which is alone to be    
faithless and hopeless and unforgiven4  
,his idea of religion consists in       
nothing external or formal2 nothing can 
avail with him but the culture of the   
soul and the quiet discharge of duty4   

,it is his superlative merit that he    
enables one to feel his own capacity of 
thought as a positive and independent   
efficacy1 and to rest upon the authority
 of his own conscience as the hope of   
glory and as a cooerdinating power with 
,holy ,writ4 ,he makes a broad survey of
 human nature1 and commands men to      
traverse the whole range of their being 
and to call themselves to rigid account 
until the germs of moral debility are   
cast out of the heart4 ,man is not to   
waste his energies in grasping the      
immense and misty proportions of the    
beliefs of this or that traditionist or 
minute systems to which souls are often 
bent in unwilling conformity4 ,the      
object of his ministry is to summon men 
to reckon with themselves every day1 and
 to regenerate themselves by right      
thinking and by deeds of piety4 ,in his 
opinion each person is a spiritual      
agency1 a marvellous display of divine  
power and goodness1 not only in the     
majesty of the truth which he           

apprehends1 but in the dignity of the   
life which he may live4 ,temptation may 
open its alluring paths1 evil may       
solicit us1 sin may lead us astray1     
sorrow may drag us down2 yet they need  
not4 ,his public ministry is devoted to 
the infusion of this better             
sentiment1--that man is not the mere    
victim of circumstances1 the necessary  
prey of temptation1 or the helpless     
subject of wrong2 that he need not      
contemplate life in indolent despair1   
but may check the dominion of sin and   
impurity1 rise above not only           
intemperate indulgence1 but every       
intemperate desire and impulse1 and form
 dispositions of peculiar excellence1 of
 original strength and beauty4  ,mr4    
,savage's ministry1 then1 is full of    
truth and power4 ,it is strongly        
personal and ethical4 ,there is no abler
 advocate of this important truth and   
master-word of the ,gospel and of       
religion4 ,it is a divine truth ever    
working in him1 breaking into           

utterances1 and giving to his beliefs   
and his life the highest dignity4 ,with 
him it is a persistent and overwhelming 
duty to give to his ministry this       
practical content1 this ethical         
intensity4 ,in this he is evangelical4  
,the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new   
,testaments assert or imply that without
 our personal agency1 and without the   
truth in the substance and texture of   
our characters1 there can be no         
spiritual elevation or final perfection4
 ,in the terms of the ,scriptures the   
divine resources are infinite2 but      
instead of overwhelming our personal    
agency or responsibility they make a    
stupendous demand upon us4 ,the truth   
must be received with unhesitating      
acceptance and assimilated to our       
individual being4  ,to teach such       
consummate truths the ,rev4 ,minot ,j4  
,savage1 ,d4 ,d41 strong in every fibre 
of intellectual and religious faith1 has
 devoted his talents1 his strength1 and 
his life1 and for that reason he stands 

before the ,american people as one of   
their most noted preachers4     ,,the   
,,civic ,,outlook4  ,,by ,,henry        
,,randall ,,waite1 ,,ph4 ,d4   ,i4      
,,fraternal ,,government4  ,the         
disposition to give due attention to the
 spirit of ,american institutions is one
 which needs cultivation4 ,government1  
looked upon only as machinery1 may      
easily become a means for the           
accomplishment of ends very different   
from those intended by its designers4   
,in this connection some recent         
utterances by ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott are   
worthy of serious thought3       ,it is 
sometimes said that the majority rules  
in ,america1 and it      would be       
unfortunate if it were true4 ,the       
,french ,revolution shows      that no  
despotism of the individual is so cruel 
as the despotism of      the majority4  
,when the decisions of the majority or  
minority are      supported by the whole
 people that is ,americanism4 ,our      
democracy is      not founded on the    

idea that our people make mistakes1 but 
that the      decision of all the people
 is better than that of one class1 and  
that all the men are better judges than 
priests and kings and their             
instruments4 ,fraternal government is   
what we are trying to      establish1   
and whoever strikes against the spirit  
of fraternalism      strikes against the
 foundation of our government4 ,we can  
get along      with anything bad in our 
laws and correct it in our progress1 but
      we can never live and prosper with
 the ,east arrayed against the          
,west1 the ,north against the ,south1   
rich against the poor1 and labor        
against capital4   ,,ii4 ,,true         
,,americanism4  ,whatever other meaning 
may attach to the word ,americanism1    
,dr4 ,abbott points to its best         
definition4 ,but what he has in mind    
cannot be expected in the absence of a  
spirit which is made manifest in real   
fraternalism conjoined with faithful    
devotion to intelligent convictions of  

duty4 ,this spirit will take patriotism 
out of the realm of mere sentiment into 
that of noble passion4 ,it will give to 
citizenship so high a meaning that      
failures in civic duty will take on--as 
they clearly ought to do--the character 
of sins against one's own manhood and   
against the brotherhood of which the    
citizen is a member4 ,if this spirit be 
underneath our laws and manifest in     
their administration1 we need have      
little anxiety as to their statutory    
form4 ,political as well as scriptural  
wisdom expresses itself in the statement
 that the letter of the law kills1 the  
spirit alone gives life4   ,,iii4 ,,the 
,,right ,,spirit ,,in ,,citizenship4    
,how the spirit of genuine citizenship  
is to be made ascendant is a question of
 increasing concern4 ,it may            
nevertheless be doubted whether         
organized forces for its suppression do 
not1 in the matter of painstaking and   
persistent energy and adroit management1
 excel the organized elements specially 

devoted to its cultivation4 ,citizenship
 activities1 politically considered1 for
 the most part are merged in the        
machinery of parties2 and this          
machinery1 instead of representing in   
its tenets the will of great bodies of  
independent and well-intentioned        
suffragists1 is too often so manipulated
 by a few skilful and unprincipled      
political machinists as to represent    
their will instead4 ,it is obvious that 
in so far as these clever machinists are
 able to run our politics to suit       
themselves1 the very machinery through  
which the right spirit in citizenship   
must come to power1 if at all1 is turned
 into a means for its own suppression4  
,it thus comes to pass that we have the 
pitiable spectacle of great party       
organizations through which masses of   
honest and patriotic citizens           
farcically--nay1 tragically--cooeperate 
for the accomplishment of results1      
which1 while secured through their votes
 and in their name1 are in reality      

results of the clandestine and sinister 
work of a few men4   ,,iv4 ,,reform ,,in
 ,,primary ,,elections4  ,plainly1 if   
the right spirit in citizenship is to be
 ascendant1 it must find some means of  
doing away with the boss system in      
politics4 ,this system is made possible 
only by the ease with which primary     
elections are controlled by coteries of 
designing men4 ,here is a battlefield   
where the best and worst elements in our
 politics need to be brought into       
immediate and conclusive conflict4 ,a   
system which foists upon the people as  
its candidates for office those whom    
they have had no real voice in choosing1
 and who are not worthy1 represents an  
actual subversion of popular government1
 and calls for such a manifestation of  
the spirit of true ,americanism as shall
 overthrow it once for all4 ,this       
question is an overshadowing one4       
,pollution at the fountain means        
pollution everywhere4 ,men elected to   
office through shameful methods may     

sometimes be better than the methods by 
which they have profited1 but they are  
not to be trusted4 ,their responsibility
 is to the bosses1 not to the citizens  
whose machine-directed votes elected    
them4 ,the only sentiment to which they 
bow is that expressed by the leader     
whose favor bestowed1 and whose         
hostility will deprive them of1 official
 position and emoluments4 ,the immediate
 outlook is not1 however1 without hope4 
,independent movements in several       
,states are in progress looking to the  
complete uprooting of the boss system4  
,in parts of ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1      
,indiana1 and ,california1 and in some  
of the ,southern ,states the ,crawford  
,county method1 which takes the choice  
of candidates out of the hands of the   
few and places it in the hands of the   
majority of voters1 is already being    
tried4 ,in ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 and   
,minnesota similar methods have been the
 subject of legislative action1 and     
satisfactory results are anticipated4   

,this is a reform which should not be   
left to the advocacy of a few           
individuals1 or to the members of a few 
organizations like the ,american        
,institute of ,civics and local civic   
reform bodies4 ,members of these bodies 
have done much and will do more to      
promote it1 but its final success       
depends upon the manifestation          
everywhere of an aroused public spirit  
whose demands cannot be denied4   ,v4   
,,civics ,,in ,,public ,,schools4  ,much
 progress has recently been made in     
educational provisions for the          
instruction necessary to qualify        
,american youth for the intelligent and 
efficient discharge of civic            
obligations4 ,the ,patria ,club of ,new 
,york ,city1 a strong body organized    
under the auspices of the ,american     
,institute of ,civics and devoted to the
 objects which it represents1 has       
offered prizes to the pupils in the     
schools in the vicinity of ,new ,york   
for the purpose of stimulating their    

interest in matters of government and   
citizenship1 and has undertaken a       
similar work in connection with the     
charity industrial schools of that city4
 ,of great importance is the action of  
the ,new ,york ,board of ,education     
looking to specific instruction in      
civics in all the city schools1 and its 
later action in giving to this subject  
an important place in the curriculum of 
the high schools which are to be        
established the coming year4 ,another   
organization which contributes to the   
same results1 the ,american ,guards1 is 
represented by battalions in several    
,new ,york schools4 ,this movement1     
which has already extended into many    
schools in different ,states1 is under  
the fostering care of ,col4 ,h4 ,h4     
,adams1 an officer of the ,institute of 
,civics4 ,the guards are composed of    
boys who voluntarily devote a certain   
amount of time1 out of school hours1 to 
exercises promotive of a virile and     
intelligent patriotism4 ,these exercises

 include military drill1 and the        
youthful guards1 in their becoming      
uniforms1 develop a marked degree of    
manliness and self-respect4 ,two of the 
battalions are under the leadership of  
public-school principals1 ,e4 ,h4 ,boyer
 and ,d4 ,e4 ,gaddes1 councillors of the
 ,institute of ,civics4 ,the guards     
participated in the ceremonies at the   
dedication of the ,grant monument1 and  
no organization in line attracted more  
favorable attention4   ,,vi4 ,,rural    
,,influences ,,on ,,urban ,,affairs4    
,it cannot be denied that the hitherto  
controlling power of voters in rural    
districts has frequently been used to   
the prejudice of city interests4        
,representatives from country regions   
have lent their aid in effecting vicious
 as well as wholesome changes in        
legislation affecting municipalities1   
and this aid has sometimes been secured 
by corrupt methods4 ,it is nevertheless 
true that the average country voter and 
the average legislator who represents   

him sincerely desire to promote only    
such legislation as will be of highest  
advantage to urban communities4 ,if     
their votes fail to secure this result  
it is more often because of insufficient
 knowledge of urban conditions and      
needs1 than of indifference or corrupt  
influences4  ,it is1 therefore1 a matter
 of the very highest importance that    
citizens remote from our great cities be
 made sufficiently familiar with        
municipal needs to enable them to reach 
wiser conclusions as to the desirability
 or undesirability of special measures  
affecting their political1 social1 and  
industrial interests4 ,opinions based1  
as now1 chiefly upon the statements of a
 partisan press1 too often represent the
 interests of a party regardless of     
those of the municipalities directly    
concerned4  ,with the steady growth of  
our great cities in population and      
political power1 the question of        
wholesome ,state legislation in matters 
affecting their civic and moral         

wellbeing1 is one of no less importance 
to rural communities than to the cities 
themselves4 ,controlling power is       
already drifting cityward in many       
,states1 and rural voters who have not  
contributed to the creation of right    
civic conditions in our great           
municipalities may soon find this power 
used to their own serious injury4 ,in   
this connection the ,new ,york          
,christian ,advocate1 referring to the  
possibilities of good and evil in the   
,greater ,new ,york1 justly says3       
,the only balancing force in preventing 
the evil from triumphing      over the  
good1 will be the influence of the      
remainder of the ,empire      ,state4   
,the morale of cities differs from that 
of rural regions in      that the       
evil-minded can consort and conceal     
their deeds1 can      obtain great      
political power2 and large cities are   
prone to      legalize vice and admit of
 organized political corruption4        
,whereas      elsewhere the laws are    

generally in harmony with morality1 and 
the      difficulty of concealment      
impedes the growth and the increase of  
the arrogance of vice4       ,the force 
of ,greater ,new ,york in legislation   
and the administration      of law1 is  
something appalling to contemplate4     
,permanent antagonism      between the  
,metropolis and the rest of the ,state  
will in itself be      a demoralizing   
element4 ,yet unless the ,state watches 
this immense      aggregation of        
heterogeneous peoples and cities1       
,greater ,new ,york      may become a   
pervading source of corruption4 ,if     
there be one      tendency confirmed by 
history1 it is that smaller cities      
imitate      the greater1 that towns    
imitate the smaller cities1 and         
villages1      the towns4 ,thus for good
 or ill the most populous centres become
      the controlling force4   ,,vii4   
,,woman',s ,,work ,,in ,,civics4  ,the  
growth of organizations which are       
directed by women1 wholly or chiefly    

devoted to reforms in civic conditions1 
has been paralleled by hardly any       
popular movement of recent years4 ,the  
,women's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 
although hardly more than a juvenile    
among other great organizations1 is     
second to few of them in its            
potentiality for good4 ,women's clubs   
are found everywhere1 and1 wherever     
found1 for the most part represent a    
serious purpose to find and apply right 
remedies to existing civic and social   
evils4 ,the ,federation of ,women's     
,clubs brings all of these local        
movements into harmonious efforts for   
the upbuilding of unselfish patriotism  
in the community and the highest virtue 
in the home4 ,the ,national ,health     
,protective ,association1 whose second  
annual meeting was recently held in     
,philadelphia1 has already made a record
 for itself1 through its branches in    
many cities1 which evidences not only a 
reason for its existence1 but the       
capacity and success which women have   

brought to the solution of some of the  
most important problems of city life1   
such as protection from contagious      
diseases1 the supply of pure water and  
pure milk1 the prevention of food       
adulterations1 improvements in tenement 
conditions1 provisions affecting the    
health of working people1 attention to  
the sick children of the very poor1 and 
a score of equally important matters4   
,the chairman of this organization is   
,mrs4 ,etta ,osgood of ,portland1       
,maine1 and its leading members include 
,dr4 ,lozier of ,new ,york1 ,mrs4 ,a4   
,j4 ,perry of ,brooklyn1 ,mrs4 ,theo4   
,f4 ,seward of ,orange1 ,n4 ,j41 ,mrs4  
,henry ,birkenbine of ,wayne1 ,pa41     
,mrs4 ,l4 ,e4 ,harvey of ,dayton1 ,o41  
,miss ,florence ,parsons of ,yonkers1   
,n4 ,y41 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,e ,weiks of         
,buffalo1 and ,mrs4 ,john ,h4 ,scribner 
of ,philadelphia4  ,in the same city was
 also held1 shortly after the meeting of
 the ,health ,protective ,association1  
the ,triennial ,convention of ,working  

,women's ,societies4 ,this gathering of 
earnest women was notable for the       
keenness which its members brought to   
the discussion of questions affecting   
the interests of working women1 and the 
equal sincerity of their desire to reach
 only just conclusions4 ,here is an     
opportunity for the bright women who are
 at the head of the ,federation of      
,women's ,clubs to establish reciprocal 
relations which will be fruitful in     
great good4   ,,viii4 ,,municipal       
,,reform ,,organizations4  ,the third   
year of the ,national ,reform ,league   
has been completed with results full of 
encouragement to the members of the     
various social organizations of which it
 is composed4 ,its annual meeting at    
,louisville1 ,ky41 was attended by one  
hundred and fifty delegates4 ,much of   
the success of the widely extended work 
represented by this national            
organization is due to the persistent   
and unselfish activities of its able    
secretary1 ,mr4 ,clinton ,rogers        

,woodruff1 of the ,philadelphia bar1 who
 closed his address before the          
convention with these encouraging words3
       ,in every direction the outlook  
is bright and promising1 not of the     
immediate fulfilment of all the hopes   
and desires of those who are      most  
deeply interested perhaps1 but of       
substantial progress and      steady    
growth4 ,the sentiment for better       
government is gaining day      by day4  
,it is not a movement for a particular  
form of local      government or of     
specific panaceas for municipal evils1  
but rather      one to bring the        
citizens1 those who are primarily       
responsible1 to      a fuller           
appreciation and a more general         
discharge of the duties of              
citizenship--in short1 a movement for   
citizenship reform4 ,the                
indifference and apathy of the average  
voter have been a matter of      general
 comment4 ,to overcome this1 and to     
replace it with that      interest and  

that action without which no permanent  
reform can be      accomplished1 the    
realization that good government depends
 for its      very existence upon good  
men1 is the fundamental basis of        
municipal      reform4 ,charter         
revision1 civil-service rules and       
regulations1 fair      elections1 and an
 honest count and return are all        
important2 but      they depend for     
their success upon sound public opinion1
 and that      depends upon good        
citizenship4 ,good laws are important2  
good      citizenship is essential4     
,the ,good ,citizenship ,league of      
,minneapolis adds to the means of its   
increasingly useful work by the         
publication of a carefully edited little
 periodical under the title of ,facts1  
in which information that might not     
otherwise reach them in proper form is  
placed before all citizens4 ,e4 ,f4     
,waite is ,president1 and ,alfred       
,sherlock1 ,secretary1 with offices at  
#bed ,hennepin ,avenue4   ,,ix4 ,,city  

,,taxpayers4  ,mr4 ,charles ,richardson1
 vice-president of the ,national        
,municipal ,league1 in seeking the      
causes for the non-participation of     
large taxpayers in efforts to secure    
good government in cities1 finds the    
following among other reasons3          
#ast4 ,because they fear that their     
opposition to influential               
politicians may be punished by an       
increase in their assessments for       
taxation1 or by a loss of custom or     
employment1 or by some other      action
 injurious to their personal or business
 interests4       #bnd4 ,because as     
investors1 employees1 or otherwise1 they
 have or      hope to have some         
pecuniary interests in corporations1    
contracts1      or offices1 which would 
be much less profitable under a         
government      too pure to be          
corrupted1 and too intelligent to be    
outwitted4       #crd4 ,because they    
believe that it pays better in dollars  
and cents      to submit to existing    

abuses than to expend the time and money
      required for a long and difficult 
series of political contests4           
#dth4 ,because they consider that       
national legislation affects their      
personal interests far more than any    
probable action of their local          
government1 and that their national     
party must therefore be      supported  
in its efforts to strengthen itself by  
securing complete      control of local 
affairs4       #eth4 ,because they      
believe the local machine of the        
opposition party      is still worse    
than their own1 and that to promote its 
success by      wasting their votes on a
 third ticket would only be jumping out 
of      the frying pan into the fire4   
#fth4 ,because they have no faith in the
 possibility of subjecting      politics
 to the principles of common honesty1 or
 public affairs to      the methods of  
intelligent business4       ,this list  
is not complete1 but it is sufficiently 
formidable to      show that the        

progress of reform principles among the 
taxpayers      must continue to be slow 
and difficult1 unless city government   
can      be made to appear much more    
important and interesting than it has   
hitherto seemed to be4   ,x4 ,,civics   
,,in ,,state ,,universities4  ,a writer 
in ,christian ,work1 urging the         
importance of action such as the        
,american ,institute of ,civics is      
devoted to1 says3       ,with the new   
way of looking at ,government1 and with 
new tasks      imposed upon it1 must    
come preparation for the grave          
responsibilities of the present and     
future4 ,old ideas linger after         
they have subserved their purposes4 ,we 
are living in an industrial      age4   
,especially is it true in a country like
 the ,united ,states that      the      
ordinary pursuits of peace outweigh a   
hundredfold the interests      of war4  
,nevertheless1 we have our well-equipped
 academy at ,west      ,point to prepare
 young men for the army1 and our        

excellent academy      at ,annapolis to 
prepare young men for the navy2 but we  
have no      civil academy to give men  
careful preparation for the civil       
service1 which is of inestimably more   
importance to us than either      the   
army or navy so far as ordinary1        
everyday life is concerned4      ,even  
in his day1 ,washington saw the         
importance of a national      university
 which should fulfil many of the        
purposes of such an      academy4 ,as a 
part of the remedy for trusts and       
combinations1 and      an important     
part1 the writer would mention          
institutions designed      to give the  
most careful training in preparation for
 every branch      of the civil service4
 ,this should go hand in hand with the  
enlargement of this service4 ,the       
progress which has already been         
made in the reformation of our civil    
service is gratifying1 but              
something far more than has yet been    
advocated by any                        

civil-service-reform association is     
needed4 ,as part of the general         
programme of the solution of the problem
 of monopoly1 the      development of   
the ,state universities of the country  
along the line      of civics may be    
mentioned4 ,each ,state university      
should1 in      addition to other       
things1 be a civil academy4   ,,xi4 ,a  
,,betrayal ,,of ,,reform4  ,these are   
the words applied to an act of the      
,republican ,governor of ,new ,york by  
one of the ablest and stanchest         
,republican journals of that ,state1 the
 ,mail and ,express of ,new ,york ,city4
 ,it goes on to say3       ,gov4        
,black's approval of the bill to place  
the civil service of      this ,state at
 the mercy of machine politics is a     
perversion of      ,republican principle
 and a betrayal of reform4 ,there is not
 one      legitimate public interest    
that this measure will benefit2 not a   
single purpose of honest administration 
that it will strengthen1      nor an    

object of sound party policy that it    
will help to      accomplish4       ,the
 ,governor's bill is a step backward    
from the advanced position      of the  
party on the civil-service issue4 ,it is
 a trick to nullify      the merit      
principle in appointments to public     
office1 and it opens      the way for a 
full restoration of the spoils system4  
,there is not a      boss nor a machine 
politician in the ,state who does not   
indorse it4      ,there is not an       
intelligent supporter of honest civil   
service who      will not denounce it4  
,the rank and file of the ,republican   
party repudiate the ,governor's         
bill and disclaim all responsibility for
 it4 ,party sentiment has      spoken   
against it in unmistakable terms4 ,the  
,governor's reflections      upon those 
who opposed the bill are neither well   
grounded nor in      good taste4 ,they  
mean nothing save that he is sensitive  
to the      criticism which his         
ill-advised measure has                 

provoked--criticism      which1 it may  
truthfully be said1 is abundantly       
warranted by the      character of the  
bill itself as well as by his own       
amazing advocacy      of the spoils     
system in the public service4   ,,xii4  
,,state ,,aid ,,to ,,industries4        
,massachusetts has undertaken an        
interesting experiment in the way of    
promoting home industries4 ,with the aim
 of producing in that ,state the finer  
grade of goods now produced only in     
foreign markets1 the legislature two    
years ago appropriated #be1jjj for the  
establishment of a textile school in any
 town which might make a like           
appropriation for the same object4 ,this
 offer has now been accepted by the     
citizens of ,lowell1 and the first      
school of the character proposed is     
being established4 ,it is hoped that    
this experiment may lead to results     
which will in some degree compensate for
 the industrial losses sustained by ,new
 ,england through the competition of the

 multiplying cotton mills in the ,south4
   ,,xiii4 ,,reading ,,matter ,,for     
,,prisoners4  ,some time ago1 in        
response to a need brought to its       
attention by one of the local officers  
in ,texas1 the ,american ,institute of  
,civics offered to superintend the      
distribution among the prisons of the   
,united ,states of literature suitable  
for the use of prisoners4 ,citizens were
 asked to cooeperate1 and much good     
literature has thus been placed in the  
hands of those who have found it not    
only a source of entertainment1 but1    
through its refining and elevating      
influences1 a means of great benefit4   
,this beneficent work can be            
indefinitely extended with a little cost
 if citizens who appreciate its         
importance will give to it their aid by 
contributions of literature1 such as    
wholesome works of fiction1 popular     
works of history1 treatises on the      
useful arts and industries1 popular     
periodicals1 etc41 etc42 or by assisting

 in the payment of the cost of          
collection and distribution4 ,one of the
 ,institute's councillors in the ,state 
of ,washington1 ,president ,penrose of  
,whitman ,college1 has recently made an 
appeal for such literature for the use  
of convicts in the ,washington          
penitentiary4 ,inquiries as to methods  
of cooeperation1 or gifts for the prison
 literature expense fund1 may be sent to
 the ,american ,institute of ,civics1   
#bjc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4     ,,the   
,,tempest ,,the ,,sequel ,,to ,,hamlet4 
,,by ,,emily ,,dickey ,,beery4   ,the   
,tempest is a little enchanted world    
where play all the forces that are      
manifested in the larger creation from  
the lowest animalism to the highest     
manhood1 harmonious with his invisible  
environment4 ,this world in             
miniature--true to the laws of the      
macrocosm--begins in chaos1 storm1 and  
stress1 but finds completion in supernal
 air and divine peace4 ,we shall find by
 consecutive study of the dramas that   

the poet1 in his creative work1 has ever
 risen from lower manifestations to     
higher as his own soul soared on higher 
and higher wing4 ,prospero was his last1
 greatest1 and divinest thought of man  
in his unfolding godward4  ,nature in   
her evolution takes no vast strides1 and
 her supreme poet follows her divine    
current of growth from the animal man to
 the grand manifestation of his ideal4  
,he understood that in man's unfolding  
not a round could be missed of the      
,jacob's ,ladder resting upon the earth1
 but reaching into the heavens4  ,in    
this ideal world of ,the ,tempest1      
,caliban stands upon the earth groping  
to attain the first step1 while         
,prospero stands upon the summit with   
his face heavenward4 ,this typical man  
comes upon the stage on a high plane of 
development4 ,long previously he had    
left the rank and file of humanity to   
tread the ever lonely path to higher    
achievement1 therefore we must look     
below him to find1 among the creations  

of the poet1 the incarnation which was  
the chrysalis for this last ideal4 ,here
 our intuitive perception immediately   
descries ,hamlet1 that wonderful human  
mystery who was the first of            
,shakspere's sons to enter the precincts
 of the inner life and catch a glimpse  
of the godlike potentialities of the    
human soul4  ,in ,hamlet was the        
struggle of birth2 in ,prospero1 the    
glory of achievement1 the fulfilment to 
some extent of the poet's ideal man1 and
 the first to realize that the power of 
thought is the supreme force in the     
universe4 ,hamlet caught the first      
glimpse of this truth when he said1     
,there's nothing good or bad but        
thinking makes it so4 ,he is the hero of
 spiritual birth and growth in man from 
the dawning of the soul-life1 through   
its fierce struggles to dominate the    
lower self and rise into realms of      
clearer light and truth4 ,the godlike   
reason which was not left in him to rust
 unused1 in its aspiration became       

illuminated by intuition and revealed to
 his awe-inspired gaze new worlds not   
dreamed of by the ,horatios of his time4
  ,hamlet was lost in wonder at himself4
 ,the lower forces of his nature along  
the old inherited lines of thought1     
coming in contact with the higher       
thought-currents1 newly created1 caused 
the blended stream to turn awry and lose
 the name of action1 termed by the      
unseeing world lack of courage and      
will-power4 ,even he could not          
understand but that in some inexplicable
 way he must be a coward1 because he    
could not perceive the why of his       
delaying vengeance4 ,yet he knew he was 
brave to the core of his being4 ,when   
his military friends1 distilled almost  
to jelly with the act of fear1 would    
have restrained him from following the  
spirit of his father1 he cries out3     
,why1 what should be the fear8 ,i do not
 set my life at a pin's fee2      and   
for my soul1 what can it do to that1    
being a thing immortal as      itself8  

444 ,my fate cries out1 and makes each  
petty artery in this      body as hardy 
as the ,nemean lion's nerve4  ,he was   
strong of will and resolute of purpose1 
but had reached the plane of development
 where his higher nature would not      
permit him to commit murder4 ,yet the   
strong current of popular opinion1 as   
well as all hereditary and sub-conscious
 influences in himself1 were ever       
impelling him to do the deed4 ,in his   
soul-growth1 ,hamlet had passed the     
plane of revenge as a passion1 but had  
not reached the divine heights of       
forgiveness4 ,to avenge the murder of   
his father was to him a sacred command  
and duty coming in conflict with another
 equally sacred duty voiced by his      
higher self1 and the mighty meeting of  
these two soul-forces always resulted in
 inaction4 ,this moral battleground is  
the pivotal point of the drama1         
indirectly putting in motion all the    
forces which terminate in the final     
catastrophe4  ,in his thoughtful moods  

his disposition was ever shaken with    
thoughts beyond the reaches of our      
souls1 saying1 ,why is this8 wherefore8 
what should we do8 ,it was the unlaid   
ghost of his higher self that propounded
 these queries to the apparition4 ,the  
birth-throes of thought were giving him 
entrance into a new world where he began
 to see ,what a piece of work is man6   
how infinite in faculty6 in action how  
like an angel6 in apprehension how like 
a ,god6  ,the thoughts that ,hamlet     
voices had passed through ,shakspere's  
brain1 and the wonderful powers         
manifested by ,prospero had been        
apprehended by his own prophetic vision4
 ,hamlet might have moved along on the  
lower plane successfully1 but the law of
 spiritual growth1 the divine force     
upheaving and uplifting his soul against
 the barriers of his sub-conscious      
mentality and his environment1 finally  
ended in the sad tragedy4 ,yet in the   
defeat was a victory1 for it was merely 
the turn of the spiral downward for a   

higher rise in evolution4  ,prospero is 
first revealed to us at about the age of
 ,hamlet when the curtain falls and     
hides him from our tear-dimmed eyes4    
,shakspere loved ,hamlet4 ,he was       
dearest to his heart of all his         
children1 and he felt that he must not  
die1 but must come into the full        
fruition of the immortals4 ,the soul so 
nobly struggling from its swaddling     
clothes must become a freed spirit of   
godlike power4 ,therefore he presents to
 us an ideal world where ,hamlet sits   
upon the throne as ,prospero1           
transported and rapt in secret studies1 
neglecting worldly ends1 all dedicated  
to closeness and the bettering of his   
mind with that which o'erprized all     
popular rate4 ,prospero was born a      
higher type1 therefore the divine in him
 had freer action4 ,his soul opened to  
the over-soul like a flower to the      
sunlight4  ,the divine force in man is  
his will--his true will--and this force 
in its perfect exercise has no human    

limitation4 ,it is only the seeming will
 that is limited4 ,this power1          
manifested in thought1 is represented by
 ,ariel4  ,the statement of ,prospero   
that his studies bettered his mind to   
such high degree is proof that they were
 those not of the magician1 but of the  
philosopher and true psychologist1 for  
the study of magic darkens the soul and 
degrades the intellect4 ,prospero's     
power was not magical1 and ,shakspere   
used the word magician only to bring the
 drama within touch of his audience1    
knowing full well that the wise would   
understand1 for wisdom is justified of  
her children4  ,in the manifestation of 
soul-power we first perceive the true   
greatness of ,prospero and the heights  
to which ,shakspere's own soul had      
risen1 for the stream cannot rise higher
 than its source4 ,the greatness of     
,julius ,caesar is weighed in the       
balance and found wanting1 for every    
truly great nature must be the rounded  
out and harmonious development of the   

intellectual1 moral1 and spiritual4     
,this is the measure of ,prospero1 and  
in his unfolding1 unseen realms and     
previously unknown powers had opened1   
according to eternal law1 to his        
demanding soul4  ,the ,tempest is       
philosophical1 psychological1 and       
occult--philosophical because thought is
 the motor power4 ,le ,conte says3 ,that
 deepest of all questions--the nature   
and origin of natural forces--is a      
question for philosophy and not for     
science4 ,thought is a natural force2   
yes1 a dynamic force of the most intense
 power4 ,it may be a search-light of the
 universe1 a thunderbolt of destruction1
 or a messenger of light and love with  
healing in its wings4 ,the mantle of    
,prospero is simply an emblem of power1 
and the word is so understood among the 
,orientals4 ,in ,scripture1 when ,elijah
 ascended in his fiery chariot1 his     
mantle fell upon ,elisha1 who           
immediately caused the waters to retreat
 from its stroke and continued clothed  

with his master's power4 ,so ,prospero1 
robing himself in his mantle or laying  
it aside1 means his exercise or         
non-exercise of what are termed         
supernatural powers4  ,victor ,hugo says
 that ,shakspere did not question the   
invisible world1 he rehabilitated it4   
,he did not deny man's supernatural     
power1 he consecrated it4 ,there is no  
reason why man in his higher estate     
should not have free intercourse with a 
world invisible to him in his lower     
conditions4 ,can the grub have the same 
companionship as the butterfly8  ,victor
 ,hugo also says that the ',midsummer   
,night's ,dream' depicts the action of  
the invisible world on man1 but ',the   
,tempest' symbolizes the action of man  
on the invisible world4 ,in the poet's  
youth1 man obeys the spirits4 ,in the   
poet's ripe age1 the spirits obey man4  
,this shows a fine apprehension of the  
interior revealings of the supreme      
poetic genius4 ,every great and true    
poet is also a prophet and seer4 ,then  

why should not ,shakspere--the supremest
 in all the tide of time--not have the  
widest and most far-reaching vision of  
the wonderful attainments and powers of 
the perfected man4 ,he undoubtedly saw  
and felt the grandeur of the ages to    
come1 and knew1 with divine prescience1 
that only the hem of the garment of     
knowledge had been as yet touched4      
,there is but one power in the universe1
 and as ,emerson says1 ,every man is an 
inlet to the whole4 ,then where is his  
limitation8  ,did not nature obey the   
,nazarene1 and the winds and mountainous
 waves lie gently down at ,his bidding8 
,and did ,he not say that ,his disciples
 should do greater works than ,he had   
done8 ,then why should not ,prospero1 as
 a typical man1 have control over all   
the forces of nature8  ,it is           
interesting to note that ,shakspere has 
given to him almost the identical powers
 of the ,man of ,nazareth6 ,this is not 
strange1 as it is an absolute truth that
 when man rises to the royalty of spirit

 every element will be his obedient     
servant4 ,thought will be the agent of  
his ministries2 which the poet has so   
marvellously portrayed in its           
personification as ,ariel4 ,ariel says3 
,thy thoughts ,i cleave to2 and         
,prospero1 in calling him1 ,come with a 
thought4 ,it is now claimed by the most 
advanced and best psychologists1 that a 
forceful1 living thought does become a  
real embodiment which may be perceived  
by the finer senses4 ,ariel was what the
 mind of his master made him1 sometimes 
a sprite1 sometimes a sea-nymph1 again a
 harpy1 anything and everything the     
master directed4  ,sycorax symbolized   
ignorance1 and thought had been long    
imprisoned in the holds of nature by    
this creature of darkness1 but ever     
painfully struggling to reach the light4
 ,ignorance imprisoned thought1 but     
could not free it4 ,prospero1 as wisdom1
 gave it freedom and directed its action
 until he could send it forth in still  
more glorious freedom4 ,freedom of      

thought is a dominant strain in the     
drama1 and is even sung by the reeling  
ripe ,stephano4 ,caliban represents the 
child of ignorance1 closely allied to   
nature and partaking of its poetry and  
grandeur4 ,he is man in his first       
estate1 just emerging from the animal4  
,yet1 in this crude1 forbidding aspect  
how superior in dignity compared with   
,stephano and ,trinculo in their vile   
abasement through the vices of          
civilization4  ,shakspere's knowledge of
 the power of thought over the body is  
shown in his saying that ,sycorax1      
through age and envy1 had grown into a  
hoop2 and of ,caliban that1 ,as with age
 his body uglier grows1 so his mind     
cankers4 ,it is not strange that        
,shakspere perceived the new psychology1
 for ,milton sang--      ,oft ,converse 
with heavenly habitants     ,begins to  
cast a beam on the outward shape1       
,the unpolluted temple of the mind1     
,and turns it by degrees to the soul's  
essence1     ,till all be made immortal4

  ,the poet ,spenser most beautifully   
expresses this truth in saying3      ,so
 every spirit1 as it is more pure1      
,and hath in it the more of heavenly    
light1     ,so it the fairer body doth  
procure       ,to habit in4444     ,for 
of the soul the body form doth take1    
,for soul is form1 and doth the body    
make4  ,this is the teaching also of    
,st4 ,paul1 that the body must be       
transformed by the renewing of the mind4
  ,here we perceive the source of the   
heavenly beauty and grace of ,miranda4  
,the pure in heart shall see ,god4 ,her 
thought and vision wrought out for her a
 bodily expression that made her seem   
celestial to the beholder1 and held him 
in doubt whether she were goddess or    
mortal4  ,in esoteric thought the       
perfected being must be an equal        
blending of the masculine and feminine1 
which ,balzac has so gloriously         
interpreted in his ,seraphita4 ,this    
quality we see in ,prospero1 the gentle1
 refined element of motherhood1 blended 

with sublime dignity and strength4 ,his 
child was to him a cherubim infusing him
 with fortitude from heaven1 and he gave
 to her the richest dower of            
inheritance--knowledge1 with purity of  
heart and purpose4 ,with the gentle     
patience of love he instructed her in   
the laws of nature and her being1 with  
divine purity of thought4 ,for all      
nature is pure as ,god himself4 ,thus   
,miranda became the peerless young ,eve 
of blended wisdom and innocence4  ,after
 a display of his power1 he states1 in  
his address to ,ferdinand1 the most     
abstruse problems of the ideal          
philosophy4      ,these 444 were all    
spirits1 and     ,are melted into air1  
into thin air2     ,and1 like the       
baseless fabric of this vision1     ,the
 cloud-capp'd towers1 the gorgeous      
palaces1     ,the solemn temples1 the   
great globe itself1     ,yea1 all which 
it inherit1 shall dissolve     ,and1    
like this insubstantial pageant faded1  
,leave not a rack behind4 ,we are such  

stuff     ,as dreams are made on1 and   
our little life     ,is rounded with a  
sleep4  ,this sublime inspiration was   
almost the last outburst of the mighty  
genius of ,shakspere1 and is a fitting  
crown of glory4  ,prospero was fully    
conscious of his superiority1 and with  
simple but grandest dignity he claims   
that practically it was his own power   
that worked all the wonders4 ,most      
sublimely he expresses this when he     
calls before him his invisible helpers3 
,ye elves of hills1 brooks1 standing    
lakes and groves1     ,and ye that on   
the sands with printless foot     ,do   
chase the ebbing ,neptune and do fly him
     ,when he comes back2 444 by whose  
aid1     ,weak masters though ye be1 ,i 
have bedimm'd     ,the noontide sun1    
call'd forth the mutinous winds1        
,and 'twixt the green sea and the azured
 vault     ,set roaring war2 to the     
dread rattling thunder     ,have ,i     
given fire1 and rifted ,jove's stout oak
     ,with his own bolt2 the            

strong-based promontory     ,have ,i    
made shake1 and by the spurs plucked up 
,the pine and cedar2 graves at my       
command     ,have waked their sleepers1 
oped1 and let them forth     ,by my so  
potent art4  ,passing from his power    
over nature to the manifestation of his 
higher self with men1 we see the        
spiritual plane he had reached4 ,in     
coming again in contact with the world  
of humanity his first action is the     
recognition of the good and the         
forgiving the evil3                     
--,o good ,gonzalo1     ,my true        
preserver1 and a loyal sir     ,to him  
thou follow'st1 ,i will pay thy graces  
,home both in word and deed4  ,his      
divine forgiveness of those who had so  
cruelly wronged him shows the height of 
his spiritual attainment3      ,though  
with their high wrongs ,i am struck to  
the quick1     ,yet with my nobler      
reason 'gainst my fury     ,do ,i take  
part2 the rarer action is     ,in virtue
 than in vengeance3 they being penitent1

     ,the sole drift of my purpose doth 
extend     ,not a frown further4  ,in   
the very remarkable events of his life  
he recognizes a higher power in all his 
guidance4 ,was ,milan thrust from       
,milan1 that his issue should become    
kings of ,naples8      ,there's a       
divinity that shapes our ends1          
,roughhew them how we will4  ,in no     
drama has the poet risen to such supreme
 types of character4 ,prospero was the  
highest expression of ,shakspere's      
latest thought1 but only the shadowing  
forth of a supremer ideal4 ,we can      
portray what is beneath us far more     
vividly and truly than what is above us4
 ,shakspere had lived ,hamlet1 and that 
is why he so vitally touches every human
 soul4 ,in ,prospero it was the vision  
by the great poetic soul of a promised  
land he had only viewed from a mountain 
top4 ,he had seen the wonderfully       
luscious grasps of ,eschol1 but had not 
yet tasted them4 ,this is why we feel   
the vast yet subtle difference between  

,hamlet and ,the ,tempest4  ,if the     
immortal poet had lived the years       
allotted to man1 with ever increasing   
openness of vision1 his own soul would  
have attained that lofty height where1  
from the pattern on the mount1 he would 
have portrayed the splendor of divine   
manhood in godlike majesty1 the soul    
irradiating the body like the shining   
face of ,moses in its halo of           
awe-inspiring divinity4 ,the people     
required a veil2 they would require one 
still4  ,although ,shakspere left us    
before he had lived in the radiance of  
the truly spiritual realm1 we may well  
crown his ,prospero with his words of   
another3      ,he sits 'mongst men like 
a descended ,god3     ,he hath a kind of
 honor sets him off1     ,more than a   
mortal seeming4     ,,the ,,creative    
,,man4  ,,by ,,stinson ,,jarvis4   ,in  
the ,april number of this magazine its  
,editor gave us a paper called ,the ,man
 in ,history4 ,readers will not have    
failed to note the grand width and depth

 it gave to ordinary views4 ,the facts  
concerning the human being1 from the    
earliest records to those of the present
 day1 were marshalled in so masterly a  
way1 and the mental grip on the whole   
mass was so far-reaching and unique1    
that people must have perceived that    
they were gaining the benefits of a     
lifetime study4  ,this article is       
therefore in no sense a reply to ,dr4   
,ridpath's masterpiece4 ,on the         
contrary1 ,i wish to refer to all the   
historical events as he has introduced  
them1 and can only regret that want of  
space forbids a reprint which would     
enable the original to be read with     
these comments4 ,my endeavor is simply  
to bring forward for contemporaneous    
consideration certain suggestions which 
seem to me to be of a highly interesting
 character1 and which were forced in    
upon my own thought by the results of   
experiments upon the human being4 ,after
 the long series of articles published  
in ,,the ,,arena about three years ago1 

many of my readers will not require     
further explanation of these            
experiments2 but for others ,i will     
briefly refer1 later on in this paper1  
to the phenomena which greatly affect   
one's views regarding man's powers and  
possibilities1 together with the nature 
and extent of his agency in the world's 
events4  ,dr4 ,ridpath has brought      
forward as interesting a question as was
 ever laid before a public1 namely1 how 
far1 if at all1 ,man is the maker of    
history4 ,and by the word history the   
learned author does not mean those      
records of events which any chance      
chronicler may choose to present1 but   
the events themselves1 their causes1    
action1 and results4 ,here he presents  
both sides of the question1 with the    
arguments which may be alternately used 
in support of each4 ,he cites two master
 thinkers1 ,carlyle and ,buckle1 whose  
differences of opinion relative to man's
 agency in history were distinctly      
defined3 ,carlyle seeking the hero in   

each great event1 and recognizing only  
one force1 that of ,god1 behind the     
principal actor of the temporary drama1 
and never satisfied until the individual
 origins of history could be discovered4
 ,on the other hand1 ,buckle1 to whom   
man1 including the part he played1      
appeared as the mere result of          
historical forces1 and in the view of   
scientific rationalism contemplating    
only the lines of an infinite and       
unalterable causation encompassing the  
world and bringing to pass whatever is  
done by the agency of men en masse4  ,i 
confess ,i was not by any means clear at
 first as to what ,buckle meant by this 
infinite and unalterable causation4 ,if 
he meant the shapings of heredity coming
 down through many generations to       
produce a man able to lead in a certain 
event1 then ,i followed him4 ,i also    
sufficiently understood him if he       
referred to national desires and        
necessities assisting to produce        
competent manipulators of important     

events4 ,but ,i did not gather until    
later that this language might possibly 
be intended to include what in common   
parlance is called the will of ,god4    
,in the alternation of contention which 
,dr4 ,ridpath lays before us with so    
much skill1 we are all more or less     
familiar with the ,carlyle side of the  
argument1 so let us consider a part of  
what is said on the ,buckle side4 ,in   
sentences collected from different      
portions1 the believer in the           
predominance of universal causation is  
represented as speaking in this way3    
,men produce nothing4 ,they control     
nothing4 ,on the contrary1 they      are
 themselves like bubbles thrown up with 
the heavings of an      infinite sea4   
,they do not direct the course of       
history4 ,nations go      to battle as  
the clouds enter a storm4 ,do clouds    
really fight1 or      are they not      
rather driven into concussion8 ,are not 
unseen forces      behind both the      
nations and the clouds8 ,what was ,rome 

but a      catapult1 and ,caesar but the
 stone8 ,he was flung from it beyond the
      ,alps to fall upon the barbarians 
of ,gaul and ,britain4 ,what was        
,alfred but the bared right arm of      
,england8 ,what was ,dante but a        
wail of the middle ages8--and what was  
,luther but a tocsin8 ,what      was    
,napoleon but a thunderbolt rattling    
among the thrones of      ,europe8 ,he  
did not fling himself1 but was flung6   
,the whole tendency of inquiry          
respecting the place of man in          
history has been to reduce the agency of
 the individual4 ,every      advance in 
our scientific knowledge has confirmed  
what was      aforetime only a          
suspicion1 that the influence of man1 as
 man1 on      the world's course of     
events is insignificant4 ,over all there
 is a      controlling ,force and       
,tendency1 without which events and     
facts and      institutions are         
nothing4444 ,history may be defined as  
the      aggregate of human forces      

acting under law1 moving invisibly--but 
with visible phenomena4444 ,the         
individuals who contribute to the       
vast volume do not understand their     
contributions thereto1 or the           
general scheme of which they are little 
more than the atomic parts4       ,over 
this aggregate of human forces there    
presides somehow and      somewhere a   
,will1 a ,purpose1 a ,principle1 the    
nature of which no      man knoweth to  
this day4 ,to this ,will and ,purpose1  
to this      universal ,plan1 which we  
are able to see dimly manifested in the 
general results and course of things1   
men give various names      according to
 their age and race2 according to their 
biases of      nature and education4    
,some call it 444 ,fate2 some1 the      
,first ,cause2      some1 the ,logos2   
some1 ,providence2 some of the greatest 
races have      called it ,god4  ,we    
come then to the admission on the       
,buckle side of the argument that the   
forces referred to as universal         

causation may possibly include the will 
of ,god4 ,and from the time this        
admission is made there seems to be     
little of material difference between   
the contestants4 ,practically1 both     
refer1 or may refer1 back to the will of
 ,god2 and the discussion here brings me
 to the point at which some pertinent   
questions may be asked4  ,in what       
historical crises has the will of ,god  
been manifested8 ,can you confidently   
point to one8 ,if so1 your              
conversational friend will probably call
 your attention to some terrible        
disasters which arose from it4 ,perhaps 
you may thus point to some monarchy4    
,but your iconoclastic friend will      
probably refer you to a loathsome system
 of parasitic adulation1 in which place 
and position went by favoritism and     
whimsical preference1 and where         
advancement through personal merit was  
almost unknown4 ,these ills1 you think1 
could not be present in a republic2 but 
when you point to one of these1 your    

attention is directed to an internal    
rottenness in which justice and liberty 
are bought and sold by men who must make
 their fortunes during a short term of  
irresponsible office4 ,you are then apt 
to smile at the idea that any of these  
represented the intentions of ,god4     
,or1 to take an extreme case1 you may   
instance the life1 teachings1 and death 
of ,christ4 ,but if your friend be a    
fairly good amateur historian he can    
sufficiently indicate the many wars1 the
 almost countless conflicts and         
incalculable amount of manslaughter that
 belief in ,christ gave rise to4 ,he can
 tell of those stupendous waves of      
crusadic fanaticism in the course of    
which the pillage and rapine of utterly 
lawless hordes brought undying disgrace 
upon ,europe4 ,he can pile story upon   
story of carnage and divided homes until
 you may possibly conclude that it would
 have been better for the world if the  
cross of ,golgotha had never been heard 
of4 ,a wrong conclusion1 most certainly2

 but one that has oceans of facts to    
back it4  ,outside the cases in which   
retribution has seemed to follow close  
upon wrongdoing1 where can we find a    
momentous event of history which we can 
point out to ourselves and say with     
confidence1 ,that1 certainly1 was       
brought about by the will of ,god4 ,if  
amalgamation of hostile baronies into   
one dominant nation and the acquirement 
of many civil advantages may be regarded
 as a blessing1 then some will point    
back to an immensely picturesque figure 
of history and claim that the ,norman   
,william was one specially produced by  
the divine will for an event from which 
issued peculiarly valuable results4 ,but
 here we have to face a question which  
is continually prominent when historical
 events are attributed to the will of   
,god3 ,is it necessary1 we are driven to
 ask ourselves1 that ,god's purposes be 
brought to a culmination through        
trickery1 perjury1 manslaughter1 and    
every kind of falsity8 ,personally ,i   

feel totally unable to think this4 ,i   
wish to mention the difficulties which  
everyone who thinks honestly must       
encounter1 and to do so reverently4     
,history thus seems to enforce          
acceptance of one of two conclusions3   
,either that the justice of ,god is not 
what we are glad to suppose it to be2 or
 else that these matters were not       
conducted according to the divine will4 
,for in ,william's case we find all     
these difficulties3 the claim to be     
acting on ,harold's promise1 the prior  
mortgaging of the intended results to   
the church of ,rome in order to gain the
 assistance of foreign hordes by calling
 the proposed invasion a holy war1 and  
other trickeries which need not now be  
set out4 ,he brought his newly-made     
,england into the bondage of a          
hierarchy1 and in buying ,romish aid    
established a precedent that was        
followed by other kings until           
priestcraft gained the unlimited power  
which drained the coffers of ,europe1   

impoverished ,italy1 beggared ,spain1   
revelled in the demoniacal ,inquisition1
 subsequently degraded the ,lower       
,canadians to almost the ignorance of   
the beasts1 and is now using the whole  
of its political power to fasten its    
vampire clutch upon the fair virgin     
provinces of the ,canadian ,northwest4  
,if ,william could have foreseen some   
results of his handiwork he could have  
been properly regarded as one of the    
worst devils ever let loose upon the    
earth4 ,and yet we are asked to believe 
that all these things were foreknown to 
the ,deity1 and that the shaping of     
,william's policy was under the divine  
will4  ,this brief survey of a great    
event is only one of a large number that
 could be made1 each collection of      
occurrences showing similar mixed       
conditions--some exhibiting resulting   
benefits1 but in many cases mingled with
 disaster and distress to such an extent
 that the movement as a whole cannot    
possibly be attributed by any thinking  

person to the divine will4  ,every      
historian will admit that in the great  
events of history1 the conquests and    
other large acquisitions of territory1  
some one or more of the following       
disgraces were present3 the killing of  
human beings1 false pretences1 pillage  
and rapine1 human tortures1 treacheries1
 imprisonments1 introductions of        
diseases1 plagues1 and bad habits1      
traffic in drugs and liquors which      
debauched1 degraded1 and killed4 ,such a
 list is almost endless4 ,and shall we  
say that an ,almighty ,father caring for
 his children could have desired such   
proceedings8 ,surely not6 ,let us be    
sensible and conform our judgment to the
 evidence4  ,in doing so1 what is our   
alternative8 ,are we not forced to      
comprehend that even the most valuable  
improvements were only advanced so far  
as human intelligence could advance them
 when this intelligence was illuminated 
by a partial exercise of its highest    
faculties8 ,are we not forced to admit  

that the resulting benefits1 whether    
personal or national1 were for the most 
part those which were humanly foreseen1 
and that the subsequent disasters were  
for the most part those which could not 
be foreseen by human intelligence8--or  
were foreseen and intentionally risked  
and braved8 ,has there been a single    
event of history which cannot be        
honestly attributed to human            
intelligence--this being aided by a     
partial exercise of its highest         
faculties8  ,what1 then1 are these      
highest faculties8 ,what are the powers 
within man which enable him to transcend
 other men1 and previous men8 ,let me   
here state my conviction1 which later on
 will seem justified1 that advance in   
comprehension of the higher faculties in
 man must be gained through a further   
acquaintance with phenomena which may be
 present in hypnotic conditions4 ,i do  
not mean that personal attention to the 
experiments is necessary1 no matter how 
preferable4 ,nor do ,i suggest that they

 tell as much as one could wish--at     
least1 so far as ,i have followed them4 
,mine have only led me to the outside   
ramparts of vast realms which await the 
investigations of others4  ,what ,i mean
 is that everyone should in some way be 
made certain1 either through personal   
experiment or reliable hearsay1 that in 
the human make-up there are faculties   
which may be forced by will-power into  
an activity which they do not manifest  
in the ordinary daily life4 ,there is no
 reason to doubt that these are the same
 faculties which become so apparent in  
the keen-sightedness of those who are   
great in statecraft1 diplomacy1         
business1 or in any other way4 ,with    
ordinary people1 especially the laboring
 classes1 these faculties seem more     
inactive1 through disuse4 ,in most men  
they seem to show activity only when    
forced by concentration and will-power2 
but there are bright people of both     
sexes in whom they seem very alert      
without urging4  ,my reasons for stating

 that everyone should be acquainted with
 these peculiarities are well founded4  
,without this the admission that there  
is a soul in man is largely due to the  
compulsion of hearsay4 ,without this1   
and certain other studies1 some of the  
reasons for the evolution of man and    
beast are obscured1 and the most telling
 argument in favor of further evolution 
remains practically a blank4 ,without   
this we need not look for a better      
understanding of man's place in history4
 ,but1 on the other hand1 this kind of  
research supplies proof of many         
seemingly miraculous powers in man which
 have valuable explanations to make in  
regard to the history of history4  ,here
 the truth-seeker may prove to himself  
the reality of soul4 ,and why should    
anyone admit its reality if he has never
 had cause to regard himself as anything
 better than a good-natured animal8     
,unless he has had made clear to him    
some soul-truths 7which1 owing to the   
fact that every human being is a        

hypnotic patient1 are generally made    
manifest without any dabbling in        
experiments7--unless1 ,i say1 he has    
been in some way convinced of the       
reality of soul1 his moral ramparts are 
chiefly constructed of the hearsay that 
provides but slim defence4 ,the         
suggestion here is that the best way to 
be able to believe in miracles is to    
learn how to perform them6  ,this paper1
 however1 will deal solely with man's   
place in history1 which is only a       
section of the ranges of view which the 
study of the mesmeric phenomena forces  
into consideration4 ,we want to know    
more about those who have controlled    
armies1 nations1 events1 and themselves4
 ,we want to gain a better idea of the  
forces at work in the making of history2
 how far1 if not entirely1 man was      
responsible2 how far1 if at all1 he was 
assisted in any peculiar way toward the 
acquirement of a farsightedness superior
 to that of his fellows2 why historical 
events1 both in their inception and     

action1 were so peculiarly human and    
often so dreadfully animal2 why the     
sought-for and acquired benefits have so
 often been mingled with distress and   
catastrophe4  ,these somewhat numerous  
inquiries are answered1 in effect1 by an
 exposition of the faculties referred   
to1 and of the powers by which these may
 be forced into increased activity4     
,when these are understood so far as    
they can be explained here1 then the    
answers to all the above queries will   
become apparent to those who apply the  
facts to their knowledge of history2 and
 they will need no more detailed answer 
than that which ,i shall give4  ,many   
have noted the fact that the foremost   
personages of history have been men of  
great will-power4 ,they might be        
,french1 ,greek1 ,jew1 or ,moslem2 they 
might be of any occupation1 rank1 or    
color2 but always they were men of great
 will-power4 ,this has been the one     
peculiarity common to all4 ,but why     
should will-power be a sine qua non of  

greatness8 ,the reasons will appear as  
we proceed4  ,in the year #ahig an      
attempt to explain mesmerism is not as  
necessary as it used to be4 ,the amount 
of notice which the newspapers give to  
the subject suggests that an interest in
 it is very widespread in ,america4     
,even the most illiterate must now be   
aware that persons may be so influenced 
by the wills of others that they pass   
into a sleep1 or a condition resembling 
sleep1 during which they are to a large 
extent1 and sometimes entirely1 subject 
to the wills of the actuators4          
,professionals have also assisted in    
instructing the public as to the minor  
phenomena4 ,one of them has lately been 
making money in ,new ,york by keeping   
his patient in the hypnotic trance for a
 week1 during which ignorant medical    
students and doctors tried brutal       
methods of awakening the victim--the    
same methods which disgrace some of the 
hospitals when unfortunates pass into   
trances from unknown causes4 ,in other  

cases1 persons in the audience are      
requested to pencil secretly some lines 
on paper and hide the writings in their 
pockets4 ,the patient on the stage then 
reads the writing1 and this reading is  
subsequently compared with the hidden   
papers and found to be correct4 ,the    
numbers engraved on people's watches are
 also read in the same way4  ,i have    
never attended such performances because
 they had nothing to teach me2 and if   
confederates were used1 all ,i can say  
is that the performances could be given 
much more easily without confederates4  
,my reason for mentioning these people  
is that their work1 if genuine1 as ,i   
suppose1 allows me a greater brevity in 
this paper2 also because their large    
numbers prove the truth of what ,i      
published long ago1 that anyone of      
fairly strong will-power can perform    
these seeming marvels if a suitable     
patient can be procured4 ,it may1       
however1 be accepted as absolutely      
correct that the vision of mesmerized   

patients is not impeded by materials4   
,in my earliest experiments ,i tried all
 kinds of receptacles when secreting    
articles4 ,but the changes made no      
difference4 ,the patients can discern   
the interior of an iron box as easily as
 we in the ordinary state can see       
through a glass one4 ,of course this has
 nothing to do with ordinary vision1 the
 eyelids being closed at the time4 ,all 
such trials as this ,i ranked in the    
lowest grade1 because the patients may  
have been reading what was within my own
 knowledge--a faculty that was partly   
exhibited to prominent men in chief     
cities by ,mr4 ,stuart ,cumberland and  
,mr4 ,irving ,bishop4  ,this classifying
 of my experiments is only to bring on  
their mention in the order in which they
 seem to increase in importance4 ,as a  
fact1 the same faculties attend to them 
all4 ,still1 the division is useful4    
,second1 then1 come those which dealt   
with long distances4 ,to one of my first
 patients 7a messenger in a law-office7 

,i showed scenes in ,syria1 ,egypt1     
,athens1 and ,rome1 and after ,i had    
removed him from the mesmeric sleep ,i  
handed him a pile of photographs which  
,i had brought from foreign countries4  
,he turned them over rapidly and picked 
out the picture of the scene he had     
witnessed1 and without hesitation4 ,i   
ranked all this class next to lowest in 
importance because ,i had the scenes in 
my own mind at the time4 ,yet the       
patients saw more than ,i was thinking  
of4 ,when ,i showed this messenger the  
obelisk in front of ,st4 ,peter's at    
,rome1 he also described the great      
colonnade around the piazza1 which ,i   
had at the moment forgotten4 ,subsequent
 experiments with others made me know   
that he was viewing the scene itself4   
,the class ranked third1 or next higher1
 were those in which the patients were  
called from a distance4 ,in the         
,arlington ,heights ,sanitarium some of 
the patients formerly received1 and ,i  
suppose still receive1 beneficial       

hypnotic treatment4 ,one patient1 ,grace
 ----1 could be called into the office  
at any time by the simple will of ,dr4  
,ring1 the proprietor4 ,i received the  
account from a valued nurse who attended
 this patient in the hospital4 ,i was   
able to do the same thing myself in one 
case1 but only when the patient was at  
some occupation which did not require   
much concentration4 ,i am not prepared  
to speak as to the spaces across which  
this influence may be exerted4 ,with    
another patient1 who was over two miles 
away1 the experiment seemed fairly      
successful1 but ,i am not sufficiently  
certain to claim a success4  ,in class  
four1 the patients told facts which had 
not been previously within their        
knowledge or mine4 ,for tests of this   
kind ,i would procure from friends some 
old coins wrapped up so that ,i could   
not know the dates on them4 ,when the   
first patient with whom this was tried  
was told to pass into the sleep she     
called out the date of the coin almost  

instantaneously--#agic4 ,i thought she  
was still awake and guessing4 ,but in   
that instant she had passed into a deep 
sleep and had told the date correctly4  
,in the fifth class the reader's        
credence will be much tested4 ,many of  
the ,scripture miracles were not a whit 
more difficult to believe4 ,in fact1    
some were precisely the same4           
,professional frauds have created much  
hostility to the idea of anyone         
possessing clairvoyance4 ,but the       
somewhat amusing fact is that every     
human being is a clairvoyant--which     
could be shown beyond disagreement if   
the doubter were placed in the mesmeric 
trance4 ,an instructive experiment has  
lately been told me1 in which the same  
patient1 ,grace ----1 was used4 ,a ,mrs4
 ,fuller1 an invalid in the hospital1   
was anxious about her daughter1 who had 
not lately written4 ,dr4 ,chapin1 one of
 the house doctors1 was the actuator4   
,under his will the faculties of ,grace 
---- were made to see the child1 then   

about thirty miles off4 ,she described  
,mrs4 ,fuller's home1 its interior1 the 
daughter coming from school with her    
books1 whom she talked to1 what she     
said1 the precise time on a peculiar old
 clock in the room1 and a call on a     
neighbor then made by the daughter--all 
of which was afterward proved to have   
been correctly reported4 ,i mention ,dr4
 ,chapin's work because it relieves me  
of some of the seeming egotism which a  
recital of this kind enforces1 and      
because my own experiments1 which were1 
in effect1 precisely the same1 though   
different in detail1 have been published
 elsewhere4#af       #af ,the ,ascent of
 ,life1 by ,stinson ,jarvis4 ,postal    
address1           ,branch ,x1 ,new     
,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,price #a4ej4  ,as if    
these facts were not astounding enough1 
we come finally to a sixth class1 in    
which we find that these marvels can be 
produced by one's own will-power acting 
on one's own interior faculties--the    
proofs of which ,i have already         

published4  ,now here1 ,i submit1 we get
 our right clew to the true position of 
man in history4 ,we now see why great   
men had always to be possessed of       
peculiar will-power4 ,they were great   
when the intensities of their ambitions1
 desires1 or necessities forced from    
their soul-faculties some portions of   
knowledge which gave them a temporary   
ascendency1 such1 for instance1 as would
 provide an advantage in strategy1      
statecraft1 duplicity1 treachery1 or any
 other qualities which have assisted men
 who were leaders4 ,there was no limit  
to this1 for the experiments show that  
there is some quality in the soul of man
 that seems to be omniscient1 or in     
direct correspondence with omniscience4 
,it was always through stress4 ,none    
have become great in idleness or        
slackened energies4 ,and as soon as the 
stress ceased1 after the occasion for   
the intense strivings of years passed1  
when the fruits of victory were being   
enjoyed1 when the aim of life was simply

 to hold and not to gain1 then the man  
ceased to be markedly different from    
others4 ,then other men lead1 because   
nature's leaderships are gained by that 
intensest concentration which forces the
 best methods from the soul-faculties4  
,apply this system of nature to any     
great event of history and you will     
invariably find it accomplishing the    
known results4 ,there you will find a   
man making a name for himself1 and1 in a
 sense1 making history4 ,always through 
stress1 strain1 and necessity1 in the   
same ways that extraordinary ingenuity  
comes to men and animals to assist their
 escape from situations of dire peril4  
,lock up the human wild beasts who      
agonize for liberty1 and you will find  
that few jails will hold them4 ,and     
their escapes may well be called        
miraculous4  ,the question then comes   
back for answer3 ,what about this       
universal causation8--,fate8--the will  
of ,god8 ,here it must be said1 as      
before1 that no event of history can be 

selected which cannot be honestly       
referred to the intelligence of man when
 this has been assisted by a partial use
 of his soul-faculties4 ,when human     
projects ran foul of natural laws1      
disaster followed4 ,for instance1 the   
acquirement of a new territory may take 
a vast amount of energy and heroic      
fighting--and the will of one man may   
then be paramount in making a fact of   
history coupled with his name2 but if   
the army of occupation dies in the      
swamps of the conquered country1 shall  
the disaster be attributed to ,god8     
,shall we not rather say that if the    
events of history were in ,his intended 
control they would be less cruel1 less  
human1 less bestial8 ,can anyone trace a
 lasting benefit that arose from        
,napoleon's career8 ,the meteor         
disappeared into impalpable dust4 ,the  
conquered lands returned to their       
owners4 ,was any country improved by his
 coming8 ,he left a bloody trail through
 ,egypt1 but not till the last decade   

has the ,egyptian fellah known a whiff  
of liberty or justice for two thousand  
years4 ,the only outcome that lasts to  
the present day is the assisted vanity  
of the ,french people1 a vanity built on
 the abilities of one man1 which were   
lost to the country when he died4 ,does 
anyone see a trace of the will of ,god  
in all this8 ,i do not4  ,his ,corsican 
mother bore him while she attended her  
husband in his battles4 ,the offspring  
was marked for war in his mother's womb4
 ,he was preeminently a natural product2
 and in him we find indomitable will    
continually concentrated on faculties   
which yielded the discernments that made
 him master of men and master of war4   
,no man came under his scrutiny without 
feeling that he was read to the core4   
,the weaknesses1 strengths1 vanities1   
braveries1 and ambitions of others were 
all read1 used1 and played upon for one 
man's ends4 ,and from ,bismarck back to 
,cyrus we find all the great ones ruling
 in the same way--through the           

discernments that are will-forced from  
the soul-faculties4  ,but among lesser  
men1 and in everyday life8 ,here1 the   
same1 only in lesser degrees2 not with a
 knowledge of the processes at work1 and
 thus without the conscious direction of
 effort which would produce more        
satisfactory results2 though often the  
world is astonished when the            
extraordinary introspection of some     
business men enables them to make money 
in all their dealings4 ,this is not     
luck4 ,their amassed wealth is the proof
 of their life's strain--almost another 
name for it4 ,and it should be remarked1
 in passing1 that most of the great ones
 have been deeply religious in their own
 ways4 ,jay ,gould was deeply religious 
in his own way1 though ,i am told he    
wrecked many4 ,so is ,bismarck4 ,so were
 ,wellington and ,von ,moltke--men who  
guided frightful carnage4 ,we may smile 
at the religion which wrecks and kills  
and prays1 but we do not remove the     
combination2 and it is probable that the

 great ones have been too closely       
conscious of their own sudden           
discernments to find a gross materialism
 possible4 ,it was the same with the    
pagans4 ,even ,bonaparte had an implicit
 belief in what he called his lucky     
star4  ,the followers of ,buckle claim  
that man is personally hardly more than 
a cipher in history1 that his name is   
hardly worth writing in the great       
scroll4 ,but how is this when the fate  
of ,europe rests1 as it may rest at this
 moment1 wholly and solely in the       
faculties of one man8 ,the instinct of  
hero-worship is too deep-set to be      
valueless4 ,and the experiments which do
 so much to explain the sources of      
increased human knowledge point to the  
fact that it is in the man of the hour  
that the history of the hour is written4
 ,one leads2 the others follow4 ,gifted 
he may be1 even before he is born2      
endowed he may be1 by forefathers who   
were clean2 but when the event          
approaches there is always one who more 

than others realizes the stress1 strain1
 or peril1 and in a mighty effort       
creates from his own faculties a scheme 
or plan which others are glad to follow4
  ,that is greatness4 ,that is history4 
,that is creation4 ,for creation is of  
spirit2 and man1 as these seemingly     
trivial experiments prove1 is also1 in  
part1 of spirit4 ,the disasters that may
 result through other causes from his   
action are only the proof of his        
humanness--proof that his strain for    
enlightenment was not continued4 ,in    
these ways history is human1 but always 
with a partly secreted and godlike      
faculty awaiting demand4 ,seek1 and ye  
shall find4 ,knock1 and it shall be     
opened unto you4 ,the greatest man that 
ever lived taught this4 ,and whatever he
 was1 or was not1 he knew more than any 
other man4  ,this article is by no means
 intended to suggest that the will of   
,god need not be considered in the study
 of history4 ,when it is proved that    
human privacy is impossible1 and that   

any ordinary person's soul may be made  
to see us at all times1 then we may be  
quite sure that the ,giver of these     
faculties to man possesses them himself 
and that we are watched both personally 
and nationally4 ,but the article is     
intended to suggest that man has        
progressed and has been great when the  
exercise of his will-power1 or the      
concentrated desire of prayer1 has      
forced his interior faculties1 perhaps  
through their correspondences1 to help  
him through enlightenment4 ,we find     
ourselves placed on this planet in total
 ignorance as to why we came or where we
 go1 but there seems to be one          
continuous purpose through all--that man
 shall improve4 ,it may be that high    
intelligence1 combined with experience  
in all grades of life1 is required      
somewhere else4 ,it may be that in order
 to gain such experience it must be     
lived through4 ,there would certainly be
 no striving if everything came to us as
 an unearned gift4 ,the disasters       

resulting from one man's action are a   
warning to the next venturer2 and if    
experience is not1 or cannot be1 sent   
into a soul as an unearned gift1 then   
the higher wisdom may be                
non-interference4  ,the estimate of     
man's personal agency in history is     
necessarily raised when the faculties he
 has utilized in gaining his ends are   
inquired into4 ,such a study seems to   
lead toward an alteration in the        
accepted idea of divine control in      
matters of history when it suggests this
 intention--that the divinity of a right
 control shall be shown through man4    
,such a study shows that he is          
sufficiently endowed with a spiritual   
nature1 not only for this purpose1 but  
for any other2 and it suggests that1 as 
his faculties bring him into direct     
connection with some ,all-knowledge from
 which every kind of intelligence may be
 drawn1 he is expected to use his       
opportunities2 also that the natural    
consequences of mistakes will not be    

rectified except through the            
intelligence supplied to further demand4
     ,,plaza ,,of ,,the ,,poets4  ,,the 
,,new ,,woman4#ag  ,,by ,,miles         
,,menander ,,dawson4       #ag ,from    
advance sheets of ,poems of the ,new    
,time1 by ,miles           ,menander    
,dawson1 ,the ,humboldt ,library1       
,publishers3 ,new ,york4                
,cloth1 #abmo1 #a4jj4       ,she stands 
beside her mate1 companion-wise1        
,erect1 self-poised1 with clear1        
straightforward eyes4     ,for what she 
knows he is she holds him dear1     ,and
 not for what she fancies him--with     
fear4      ,brave spirit6               
,disillusionized1 she lifts     ,what   
blinder women bear as heaven's ill      
gifts4     ,she asks but1 ere she       
reproduce a man1     ,he truly be one1  
so a woman can4      ,she gives not for 
the asking1 nor as one     ,who does    
unpleasant things that must be done4    
,nay1 he who half-unwilling love        
receives     ,knows not the full-orbed  

joy she freely gives4      ,emancipated1
 on firm feet she stands1     ,and all  
that man exacts of her demands2     ,the
 new morality1 the art of life1     ,and
 not obedience1 holds her as wife4      
,hail1 the new woman6 ,by her choices   
she     ,determines wisely what mankind 
shall be4     ,she will not with eyes   
open be beguiled     ,to choose a       
tainted father for her child4           
,,under ,,the ,,stars4  ,,by ,,coates   
,,kinney4             ,it is a sad1 sad 
sight4--,carlyle4      ,o stars6 as the 
flakes of a snowstorm       ,how ye fly 
and fall and drift6     ,swift snowing  
of suns out of darkness1       ,whirled 
by winds of force and whiffed6          
,fly6 fall6 but the wind the ,almighty  
,still behind you always runs1          
,still pushes you onward together1      
,fixed each sun in drift of suns4       
,fixed1 ay1 to the vision of mortal     
,never change hath shown in you2        
,lands1 seas1 and their kingdoms and    
races       ,all have changed1 but ye   

are true--     ,still true to the old   
constellations1       ,such as when the 
forebrain first     ,uplifted itself to 
their glories       ,with this human    
spirit's thirst4      ,calm6 still6     
though in every sparkle       ,motions  
like the thunderbolt1     ,wide         
whirlings of worlds in their sunlight1  
,planet's wheel and comet's volt1       
,all hang1 as it were1 in a dewdrop     
,frozen to a steadfast gleam2     ,time1
 place1 dwindled down to a glitter1     
,whimseys of an instant's dream4        
,drift6 drift6 all the universe drifting
       ,round some sun too vast for     
thought6     ,on6 on6 awful maelstrom of
 matter       ,whirling in a gulf of    
naught6     ,whirl6 wheel6 and my soul  
like a seabird       ,flies across and  
dips and flees--     ,wild wings of my  
soul1 like the seabird's1       ,tossed 
and lost upon the seas6     ,,the ,,cry 
,,of ,,the ,,valley4  ,,by ,,charles    
,,melvin ,,wilkinson4       ,too long1  
too long on the mountain's brow         

,you linger1 ,o storm-cloud6 ,know you  
not     ,i1 the suffering lowland1 need 
you now       ,where the scorching sun  
glares hot8      ,you deluge the barren 
cliffs of chalk       ,while wither the 
grass and the fruitful grain1     ,and  
the red rose1 shrivelling1 dies on its  
stalk       ,with a smothered cry for   
rain4      ,you lavish your wealth on   
the lordly height       ,that knows not 
a miser's need therefor1--     ,with a  
smile ,i must take what is mine by right
       ,as the gift true souls abhor4   
,but the rain that is mine by the love  
of ,god1       ,by the grace of the     
mountain a gift to me1     ,of what     
avail to the parching sod1       ,since 
it runneth down to the sea8      ,o     
cloud1 ,i charge you to right my wrongs6
       ,be just with the bounty of      
,god's own hand1     ,and scatter the   
rain where the rain belongs1       ,on  
the hot and thirsty land4      ,i charge
 you1 cloud1 by the love of ,god1       
,that you pour ,his gift on the humble  

plain     ,till the myriad mouths of the
 parching sod       ,drink deep of the  
blessed rain4     ,a ,,radical4  ,,by   
,,robert ,f4 ,,gibson4       ,i am a    
,radical1 and this my faith3     ,the   
aim and hope of all true citizens       
,are justice and real happiness for all4
     ,some are content--,i know not     
why--to sit     ,among the sleepy       
worshippers who fill     ,the gilded    
temple of conservatism1     ,and        
sitting1 awestruck1 there they think    
they serve4     ,i am too busy for      
idolatry4     ,i carry in my hand a     
naked sword1     ,and pity1 roused for  
one1 stays not my hand     ,when prompt1
 sure blows mean freedom for a score4   
,that is my faith1 and ,i am not afraid 
,to face my ,maker when my name is      
called4     ,,the ,,editor',s ,,evening4
  ,our ,totem4   ,carlyle has remarked  
upon the significance of symbolism4 ,all
 nations seek a sign4 ,the sign becomes 
the visible expression of the highest   
thought4 ,it is made into an emblem     

around which the given people march by  
day and encamp by night4 ,thus have come
 all the totems which mankind have      
lifted up1 from the brazen snake in the 
desert to the ,stars and ,stripes on the
 mountain4  ,symbolism has its beauty   
and also its ugliness4 ,in some cases   
the symbol is happily conceived4 ,it is 
benign2 it expresses hope1 truth1       
fidelity1 aspiration1 even immortality4 
,behold the egg of the ,egyptians and   
their circle expressive of undying life 
and eternity4 ,note the owl of the      
,athenians4 ,note the sweet lily of     
ancient ,provence1 adopted by ,france as
 the emblem of purity and national      
peace4 ,note the ,irish shamrock--that  
delicate green trifolium which has      
signified so much of union and hope to  
an enthusiastic and failing race4 ,on   
the other hand1 note the serpent of the 
,aztecs1 the crawling reptiles of       
,malaysia and ,india1 the savage beasts 
and carnivorous birds adopted as the    
symbols of race-life and purpose by the 

coarse barbarians of northern ,europe1  
and preserved on the flags and banners  
of their descendants to the present day4
  ,russia is a bear4 ,germany is a black
 eagle4 ,france also1 in her ,bonaparte 
mood1 is an eagle4 ,imperial ,rome was  
an eagle from the days of the ,caesars4 
,great ,britain is a lion1 and ,prussia 
is a leopard1 and ,siam is an elephant1 
and ,mexico is still a snake4 ,as for   
,great ,britain1 not satisfied with one 
lion1 she repeats him seven times1      
rampant or couchant1 on the royal       
standard4 ,she also preserves on her    
coat-of-arms and coins the unicorn1 that
 fabulous1 one-horned monster of a      
horrid dream4  ,the ,american ,republic 
seems to have accepted the eagle for its
 totem4 ,we might have taken a bear or a
 caribou1 but the eagle has pleased our 
mythologists more--and so1 instead of   
belonging to the tribe of the ,turkey1  
the tribe of the ,dog1 or the tribe of  
the ,calf1 we belong to the tribe of the
 ,eagle4 ,but what does our totem       

signify8  ,the eagle in our symbolism   
and war-myth has come to us from the    
past4 ,he was of old the totem of the   
,romans4 ,from the ,tiber he flew beyond
 the ,alps1 to perch on the standards of
 ,german chieftains and ,gallic         
emperors4 ,he has visited all lands that
 are affected with the civil and ethnic 
life of ,rome4 ,he has appeared here and
 there on the flags of the ,latin races 
in the ,old ,world and the ,new4 ,he has
 made an eyrie in our mountains1 and his
 scream has been heard in our wars4 ,he 
has settled on our flagstaffs1 and has  
been seen by certain and sundry poets   
who apostrophize him in verse4 ,he has  
been admired by orators whose           
imaginations rise as high as battle and 
conquest1 but not as high as the ,stars 
and ,stripes4 ,he has been adored in    
academic essays4 ,he has hovered over   
the pages of inchoate histories1 until  
his claim to be regarded as the         
,american bird is established4 ,the     
eagle has become traditional as the     

totem of the ,united ,states4  ,in so   
far as the eagle is the symbol of the   
independence and freedom of men1 let us 
accept him6 ,in so far as he represents 
the idea and sublimity of height and    
flight1 let him soar6 ,the eagle as a   
sign of the free voyage of the human    
mind1 triumphant over nature1 visiting  
on strong wing the far and otherwise    
inaccessible heights of escape and      
glory1 is the noblest of all the totems 
ever discovered by man2 for flight is   
the noblest and most sublime of earthly 
actions4 ,height is the sublimest of all
 earthly stations4 ,height and flight   
are precisely the dream which we would  
select from the infinite visions of the 
soul and have engraved on our seal as a 
motto for eternity4 ,height and flight  
and freedom6  ,in so far as the eagle   
may be regarded as the bird of the past2
 in so far as he stands for violence and
 conquest2 in so far as he represents   
the rending and destruction of life1 the
 carnivorous passion in mankind1 the    

rage of battle and triumph1--to that    
extent be there no eagle for the        
,republic or for us6 ,it is high time   
that some race of men should rise to the
 height of discarding violence and blood
 as the beginnings of fame and power4   
,it is high time that some race should  
renounce all bears and leopards and     
lions and mythological monsters as the  
symbols of its spirit and purpose4 ,it  
is high time that some nation should    
ascend to a level from which it may look
 down on the savage emblems and         
beast-born symbolism of the past world  
as no longer fit to express the central 
purposes and noblest visions of an      
enlightened people4  ,the ,american     
eagle in the better and more glorious   
sense--in the sense in which he typifies
 freedom and height and flight--is a    
totem of which neither philosopher nor  
peasant need be ashamed4 ,the eagle's   
wing is more than pinion2 it is thought4
 ,the eagle's eye is more than fierce   
disdain2 it is a flash of ineffable     

light4 ,his glance is more than terror2 
it is an arrow shot into the darkness4  
,his breast is more than pressure and   
force2 it is defiance of wind and       
battle-rack4 ,his spirit is more than   
destruction2 it is supremacy over       
chaotic elements and the triumph of the 
emancipated spirit4 ,his scream is more 
than the shriek of carnal victory and   
rage of destroying strength2 it is the  
cry of liberty and the shout of progress
 to all peoples in the valleys of the   
world4  ,give man the spirit of the     
eagle4 ,give him height and flight and  
freedom4 ,give us who are ,americans the
 splendid arena of the plains and the   
open vault of heaven4 ,give us the      
mountain1 the beetling crag1 the        
precipice1 the gnarled oak1 the         
lightning1 and the cloud4 ,give us the  
warfare of the lawless elements1 the    
world-blaze of the magnificent sun1 the 
starlight of the profound and           
unspeakable night4 ,give us the         
transport of the unchained seasons1 the 

snow-blast and the sun-flash1 the       
tenderness of the dawn1 the sorrow of   
the evening1 the rainspout of the       
bursting nimbus1 and the mellow light of
 autumn4 ,give us the splendid          
apocalypse of ,october and the infinite 
air-bath of the perfumed ,june4 ,give us
 all the aspirations of the man-soul    
standing in the midst of this splendor  
and mutation1 standing high and opening 
the eagle-wing to cloudland and the sky1
 soaring and circling unfettered1       
viewing all lakes and hills from the    
aerial curves of freedom1 alighting at  
will on the chosen summit1 undisturbed  
by fear and untroubled by the torments  
of power6   ,vive ,la ,france4  ,a      
strange fact is the apathy of the       
,american nation towards ,france and the
 ,french people4 ,there is every reason 
to expect a different sentiment on this 
side of the sea4 ,france was ever our   
friend2 since the colonial days we have 
never warred with her4 ,the ,french were
 our allies when the days were dark and 

the winds of our destiny were loosed on 
the deep4 ,we had been assailed by an   
unnatural mother4 ,that strong mother   
had wronged us1 treated us as aliens1   
erased us from her book1 turned loose   
mercenary armies upon us1 killed our    
patriot fathers4  ,in that hour of fate 
,france appeared willingly on the scene 
as our champion4 ,she succored us4      
,whatever may have been her motive1 she 
put her aegis over our head4 ,she sent  
her heroes to our camps2 she gave us    
,lafayette and ,rochambeau4 ,she placed 
her fleets at our ports1 with guns      
pointed seaward for protection4 ,then1  
when the fight was won1 she aided us to 
enlarge our territories1 to confirm our 
new republican empire4 ,though in the   
afterdays of her monarchical gloom      
,france sometimes looked askance at our 
flag1 the ,french nation was never once 
disloyal to us--never once indifferent  
to the fate of our great democracy4  ,in
 our institutional development for more 
than a century we have proceeded on the 

same general lines with the ,french4 ,if
 we are satisfied with the result--if we
 believe in our republic--we ought1 in  
good reason1 to believe in the republic 
of ,france2 for the republic is a       
universal fact1 little trammelled by    
locality4 ,the barrier of race ought not
 to predominate over political and      
social sympathies4 ,the barrier of race 
ought not to separate us from our own4  
,the fact that we are allied in ethnic  
descent with the ,english people ought  
not to make us enamored of the social   
life and civil institutions of ,great   
,britain4 ,much less should the         
industrial and commercial life of       
,england allure us as if to provoke a   
like manner of life in ourselves4 ,least
 of all should the financial method of  
,great ,britain lead us by imitation to 
fix upon ourselves a similar incubus and
 horror4  ,this leads us to say that to 
break away from ,great ,britain1 even   
when incited thereto by the antipathy   
and prejudice which we must needs hold  

against her2 to leave her behind2 to    
treat her as a historical fact not      
favorable1 but inimical rather1 to our  
progress and independent destiny1--seems
 to be the hardest task imposed upon the
 ,american democracy4 ,the preference of
 race and language is so profound1 the  
influences of the commercial life are so
 far-reaching1 the admiration for       
political stability is so natural1 the  
domination of centralized wealth is so  
overwhelming1 and the allurements of    
consolidated power so well calculated to
 fascinate the masses1 that even        
,american democracy has found it hard to
 break the ,british tie and sail away   
uncabled and disenchanted on the sea4   
,this deluded instinct of attachment to 
,great ,britain1 and this unnatural lack
 of sympathy for ,france have cost us   
dearly4 ,the two sentiments have        
modified our national life1 and have    
left a result different by not a little 
from what it would have been if         
influenced by other and more wholesome  

dispositions on our part4 ,our          
nationality has lost much force on both 
counts--on the score of our illogical   
attachment to ,great ,britain on the one
 hand1 and of our unnatural indifference
 to ,france on the other4 ,under the one
 influence we have become tolerant of   
subserviency as a national trait1 and   
under the other we have become in a     
measure incapable of enthusiasm4 ,the   
addition of ,british subserviency has   
been aggravated with the subtraction of 
,french enthusiasm from our public and  
private life4  ,all this had been better
 otherwise4 ,all this--even after the   
lapse of a hundred and twenty-one years 
from the great summer of our            
,independence--ought still to be        
bettered with amendment4 ,it is not     
needed1 stiff as we have already become 
in our national instincts and methods1  
to go forward by going backwards4 ,to   
approximate ,great ,britain is to go    
backwards4 ,the ,english people are     
among the greatest of the historic      

races1 but the ,british monarchy1 with  
its mediaeval pretensions1 its humbug of
 a throne and a crown1 its subordinated 
ranks of society1 its military and naval
 despotism1 and its vast skein of       
tentaculae stretching to every valuable 
thing in the world1--is perhaps the one 
thing that modern civilization should   
most dread and put away from the field  
of its desires4  ,on the other hand     
,france is1 in nearly all respects1     
admirable4 ,her mobility is life1 and   
her warmth is a fructifying force4      
,france gives forth more than she takes 
from the nations4 ,her republic is a    
splendid piece of political workmanship4
 ,her spirit is patriotic4 ,her people1 
instead of straggling over the world    
like adventurers and pirates1 remain in 
the borders of ,la ,patrie1 happy and   
vital in the possession of freedom4     
,her lilies still bloom in the depth of 
the valleys4  ,her vineyards are a      
covert under which if there be a        
peasantry it is not a peasantry forced  

down by oppression1 but only the modest 
residue of the stronger life above and  
beyond4 ,the free institutions of this  
beautiful land are the natural          
counterpart of our own2 we should be all
 the better for warming ourselves not a 
little in the glow of the ,gallic       
enthusiasm4 ,vive la ,france6   ,le     
,siecle4      ,the century passes as a  
broken dream       ,that fades into the 
darkness ere the dawn6       ,the hopes 
it cherished and its griefs are gone    
,as spirit-shadows on ,time's silent    
stream6     ,the outcry and the anguish 
of it seem       ,like echoes on dusk   
hills--like lights upon       ,the      
haunted borders of oblivion--     ,pale 
will-o'-wisps of a disordered scheme4   
,o thou ,new ,age that comest6 welcome  
thrice--       ,more welcome than the   
ever-welcome birth         ,of the      
expected love-child of our youth6       
,bring us a nobler portion--nobler twice
       ,than ever yet was given unto    
earth6         ,bring us our            

freedom--bring us love and truth4       
,,book ,,reviews4       ,in this        
,department of ,,the ,,arena no book    
will be reviewed which      is not      
regarded as a real addition to          
literature4  ,president ,jordan's ,saga 
of the ,seal4  ,david ,starr ,jordan1   
,president of ,leland ,stanford ,junior 
,university1 has many times deserved    
well of his country4 ,as a scientific   
man he has1 we believe1 given to the    
,american public and the world a greater
 number of original monographs on       
important branches of current           
investigation than has any of his       
distinguished contemporaries4 ,from his 
special department of ichthyology1 in   
which he became an expert fully a score 
of years ago1 he has branched into      
nearly all fields of scientific         
exploration1 finding ever new paths1    
leading to new regions and new empires  
of knowledge4  ,upon this basis is      
builded ,dr4 ,jordan's fame as an       
educator4 ,in two great ,states of the  

,union he has presided over the affairs 
of high-grade institutions of learning4 
,after a successful career as ,president
 of the ,indiana ,university1 he was    
selected from the great array of        
,american scholars to preside over the  
destinies of ,leland ,stanford ,junior  
,university1 at ,palo ,alto1            
,california4 ,but the onerous duties and
 responsibilities of these positions    
have hardly distracted ,dr4 ,jordan's   
mind from his central motive and aim of 
scientific investigation4 ,through all  
the years of his busy career he has     
prosecuted his researches with the most 
conspicuous success4  ,meanwhile1 he has
 endeared himself to the ,american      
people as an able publicist1 whose      
writings and leadership have become     
potent in many lines of our public      
policy4 ,president ,cleveland had the   
good judgment to select ,dr4 ,jordan to 
preside over the inquiry into the       
condition of affairs in ,bering ,sea4   
,the fur-seal imbroglio had already     

become an international menace2 the     
peace of great nations was threatened by
 it4 ,it has thus fallen to ,dr4        
,jordan's lot in his official position  
to conduct an inquiry of the highest    
importance4 ,he is the ,united ,states  
,commissioner in charge of the fur-seal 
investigation1 and it is this fact and  
the results of this fact that now bring 
him to the fore in a literary           
production1 the only adverse criticism  
on which is its brevity4 ,would it were 
longer4  ,in #ahif ,dr4 ,jordan         
published his ,observations on the ,fur 
,seals of the ,pribilof ,islands4 ,this 
was a preliminary report4 ,but it is    
nevertheless replete with statements of 
the bottom facts and of generalized     
information from which a clear notion of
 the condition of affairs in the        
fur-seal regions must be derived4 ,it is
 not of this work1 however1 that we     
shall at the present speak1 but rather  
of ,dr4 ,jordan's later production1     
,matka and ,kotik2 a ,tale of the       

,mist-,islands4#ah       #ah ,matka and 
,kotik2 a ,tale of the ,mist-,islands4  
,by ,david           ,starr ,jordan1    
,president of the ,leland ,stanford     
,junior           ,university and of the
 ,california ,academy of ,sciences2     
,united           ,states ,commissioner 
in charge of ,fur-,seal ,investigations4
 ,one           volume1 square          
duodecimo1 illustrated1 pp4 #fh4 ,san   
,francisco3           ,the ,whitaker    
,ray ,company1 #ahig4  ,it appears that 
during his investigations from a        
scientific and official point of view   
the author's mind has been profoundly   
impressed on the sentimental and poetic 
side by the conditions in which he found
 himself in the ,pribilof ,islands4 ,the
 result of this profound impression is  
the little work before us4 ,though it is
 done in prose it is none the less a    
poem2 it is the ,saga of the ,seals4 ,it
 is a poetic appeal to all ,christendom 
in the simple and dramatic way of       
,frithiof and his contemporaries4       

,matka and ,kotik will be a revelation  
to those of ,dr4 ,jordan's friends and  
admirers who were not already acquainted
 with the deep1 clear vein of poetry in 
his composition4 ,i have noted that     
several of our nineteenth-century       
scientists have this vein4 ,huxley was  
of this number2 the spirits at the      
seances used to designate him as the    
,poet of ,science4 ,dr4 ,jordan in      
,matka and ,kotik vindicates his right  
to be known as the ,american ,poet of   
,science4  ,it is evident that while the
 ,president of the ,fur-,seal           
,commission was performing his duty in  
the ,pribilofs1 in the summer of #ahif1 
his mind became profoundly impressed    
with the sorrows of the seal4 ,not only 
have commerce and the equity of nations 
been outraged in this matter1 but the   
cry of humanity is heard4 ,aye1 more2   
the cry of the seals themselves is      
heard2 and it is this cry that ,dr4     
,jordan has interpreted and sent to the 
world4 ,not satisfied with the          

preparation of his preliminary report1  
he has found opportunity to appease his 
sense of indignation1 by writing this   
book1 every line of which tells a story 
of avarice and crime and butchery which1
 if we mistake not1 the roused-up spirit
 of mankind will soon abate4  ,dr4      
,jordan's book is a sort of dramatical  
story1 the personae of which are all    
,seals except one man1 ,apollon the     
,destroyer1 and a few of the creatures  
such as ,chignotto1 the sea-otter2      
,bobrik1 her son2 ,epatka1 the sea      
parrot2 ,eichkao1 the blue fox2 ,isogh1 
the hair-seal2 ,amogada1 the walrus2    
,sivutch1 the sea lion2 and ,kagua1 his 
wife1 etc4 ,the principal actors are    
,atagh1 an old beach-master living on   
the ,tolstoi ,mys2 ,matka1 his wife2    
,kotik1 their child2 ,unga1 ,atagh's    
brother2 ,polsi1 ,matka's brother2      
,minda and ,lakutha1 ,kotik's sisters2  
,ennatha1 ,matka's sister1 and ,annak1  
,ennatha's child4 ,it is the manner of  
life and fate of these personages that  

,dr4 ,jordan has delineated in the ,tale
 of the ,mist-,islands4 ,he tells us    
that it is a true story--that the author
 personally knew ,matka before ,kotik   
was born1 and that he witnessed the     
events which he describes4  ,i shall not
 attempt to give an extended review of  
the story of ,matka and ,kotik4 ,i must 
satisfy myself and1 ,i trust1 incite the
 interest of the readers of ,,the       
,,arena1 by sketching only an outline of
 the ,saga of the ,seal4 ,the scene of  
the story is the ,mist-,island1 or1 more
 properly1 certain parts of the shore   
and headlands of that island whereon the
 seals pass an important part of their  
migratory life4 ,from these coast lines 
they take to sea at certain seasons and 
swim away1 generally to the south4      
,tolstoi ,head is the point of          
observation from which ,dr4 ,jordan     
begins his charming delineations of     
seal-life1 and there he concludes the   
story2 which1 in the meantime1          
transforms itself into the pathos of sad

 separations and finally into the dumb  
tragedy of slaughter and death4  ,the   
author gives character--human           
character--to his personages1           
discriminating them according to their  
natures into beings whose very names1   
notwithstanding the limited range of    
their faculties1 bring us into intimate 
and profound sympathy with them4 ,old   
,atagh1 the lordly sea-bull of the      
,tolstoi ,mys1 looms up grandly above   
the rest--    ,in shape and gesture     
proudly eminent4  ,matka1 the wife1 is  
an embodiment of her sex4 ,kotik is the 
child of her choice4 ,all her offspring 
are veritable children3 the uncles are  
uncles1 the aunts are aunts1 the cousins
 are cousins1 and the rest are the rest4
 ,even the supers appear in the nebulous
 names of the drama4  ,the point of the 
,tale of the ,mist-,islands1 the great  
lesson of it1 is the horrid abuses and  
cruelties to which the seals have been  
subjected by the brutal fur-pirates who 
have thronged the ,alaskan waters in the

 past two decades1 and whose intolerable
 lust of slaughter and devastation has  
threatened the extinction of the        
fur-seal race4 ,if the story of ,matka  
and ,kotik could be perused1 as it      
should be1 by the ,american people1 the 
very mothers of the country would rise  
up against the piratical butchers of the
 ,pribilofs1 who would quail under their
 frown4 ,meanwhile1 diplomacy drags its 
length1 and official reports carry to   
,congressional ,committees a vague      
statistical account of what has been    
done and is still doing in the ,alaskan 
waters4  ,i most heartily commend to all
 who are interested--and who is not8--in
 the fur-seal question and in the manner
 of its solution1 ,dr4 ,jordan's        
interesting little book4 ,i have hardly 
ever seen a better piece of ,english    
than this4 ,the author's style is       
admirable4 ,i scarcely recall another   
book so monosyllabic and terse4 ,whoever
 commences to read ,matka and ,kotik    
will continue to the end4 ,the story    

fascinates while it instructs4 ,i dare  
say that ,dr4 ,jordan1 in the scientific
 sketches which are cunningly scattered 
in these paragraphs1 is always correct4 
,if our space permitted1 we should be   
glad to make extended quotations in     
illustration of the sterling merits of  
this tale of our far ,northwest4 ,i     
shall be obliged to conclude the review 
with only a single extract1 but must    
first remark that ,matka and ,kotik is  
illustrated with forty-two striking     
photographic reproductions1 the beauty  
and excellency of which can hardly be   
too highly praised4 ,to these are added 
thirty-four pen sketches by ,miss ,chloe
 ,frances ,lesley1 a student in zooelogy
 in ,leland ,stanford ,junior           
,university4 ,the illustrations which   
appear are adapted to the text with     
perfect good taste4 ,we also note ,the  
,calendar of the ,mist-,islands4 ,this  
is appended to the story proper1 as is  
also the map of the ,mist-,island4 ,in  
the calendar ,dr4 ,jordan gives a diary 

of the movements of the seals beginning 
,january #ast and ending ,november      
#aeth4 ,these notes convey a great      
amount of scientific information in the 
most condensed and interesting form4 ,it
 is evident that ,dr4 ,jordan has       
written under a strong sense of the     
significance of the scenes which he     
wishes to portray4 ,at the close1 he    
says3       ,and when ,kotik came back  
in the spring and climbed over the      
broken      ice-floes to take his place 
at ,tolstoi1 ,atagh was sleeping yet4   
,it      was the sleep of death6        
,and now the dreary days have come to   
the twin ,mist-,islands4 ,the      ships
 of the ,pirate ,kings swarm in the ,icy
 ,sea4 ,to the ,islands of      the     
,four ,mountains they have found the    
way4 ,the great ,smoke-,island      has 
ceased to roar1 because it cannot keep  
them back4 ,the blood of      the       
silken-haired ones1 thousand by         
thousand1 stains the waves as      they 
rise and fall4 ,the decks of the        

schooners are smeared with      their   
milk and their blood1 while their little
 ones are left on the      rocks to wail
 and starve4 ,the cries of the little   
ones go up day      and night from all  
the deserted homes1 from ,tolstoi and   
,zoltoi1      from ,lukanin and         
,vostochni1 and from the sister island  
of ,staraya      ,artil4                
,meanwhile1 ,kotik and ,unga1 ,polsi and
 ,holostiak1 stand in their      places1
 roaring and groaning1 waiting for the  
silken-haired ones      that never come4
       ,their call comes across the     
green waves as ,i write4 ,i turn my eyes
      away from ,tolstoi ,head and put  
aside my pen4 ,it is growing very       
chill4 ,the mist is rising from the     
,salt ,lagoon1 and there is no          
brightness on the ,zoltoi sands4        
,,the ,,arena ,,for ,,september4   ,,the
 ,,arena for ,september will carry to   
our patrons more than the usual number  
of superior contributions4 ,several of  
these are timely to a degree4 ,it is    

intended that the great questions of the
 epoch--the real questions in which the 
people feel an instinctive              
concern--shall be discussed in ,,the    
,,arena with the sole purpose of        
elucidating them in the best possible   
manner1 thus conducing to the betterment
 of the serious conditions now present  
in ,american society4  ,one such article
 of the first importance will appear in 
the number for ,september4 ,this is a   
contribution on the ,,concentration ,,of
 ,,wealth1 by ,herman ,e4 ,taubeneck1   
well known as an expert in the political
 and economic questions of the times4   
,the present article is the first of two
 on the same subject4 ,mr4 ,taubeneck   
patiently undertakes the theme on the   
foundation of fact1 and reaches his     
conclusions by an able and irrefutable  
inductive argument4  ,a second article  
of like interest is that on ,,multiple  
,,money1 by ,eltweed ,pomeroy1          
,president of ,the ,direct ,legislation 
,league of the ,united ,states4 ,mr4    

,pomeroy is known to ,,the ,,arena      
readers as a strong and thoroughgoing   
publicist whose writings are as         
instructive in subject-matter as they   
are lucid in style4  ,a third           
contribution in ,,the ,,arena for       
,september will be an article entitled  
,,anticipating ,,the ,,unearned         
,,increment1 by ,hon4 ,i4 ,w4 ,hart1    
,official ,reporter of the ,third       
,judicial ,district of ,idaho4 ,mr4     
,hart's contribution is a powerful      
expose of the evils of land speculation 
in cities and towns1 and the consequent 
extravagant prices of realty and of high
 rents4  ,our special contributor1 sent 
by the courtesy of the ,yarmouth        
,steamship ,co4 and the ,dominion       
,atlantic and ,intercolonial ,railways  
to ,nova ,scotia and ,new ,brunswick to 
investigate the ,social and ,industrial 
,conditions prevailing in those regions1
 is engaged in completing his article1  
and the same will appear in ,,the       
,,arena for ,september4  ,besides the   

abovenamed contributions1 ,,the ,,arena 
for ,september will contain ,,studies   
,,in ,,ultimate ,,society1 by ,lawrence 
,gronlund and ,k4 ,t4 ,takahashi2 a     
special article1 ,,the ,,author ,,of    
,,the ,,messiah1 by ,b4 ,o4 ,flower2 an 
article entitled ,,suicide3 ,,is ,,it   
,,worth ,,while8 by ,charles ,b4        
,newcomb2 ,,the ,,first ,,deadly ,,sin1 
by ,marvin ,dana2 ,,museums ,,of        
,,reproduced ,,art1 by ,arthur          
,altschul2 ,,the ,,civic ,,outlook1 by  
,dr4 ,henry ,randall ,waite2 ,plaza of  
the ,poets2 ,editor's ,evening2 ,book   
,reviews1 etc4 ,our readers will find   
,,the ,,arena for ,september1 with its  
#add well-filled pages1 a feast of good 
things1 participating in which they will
 be wiser and stronger for the battle   
that is toward in these lands4   ,the   
,great ,opportunity4  ,the reduction of 
the subscription price of ,,the ,,arena 
to two dollars and fifty cents a year   
brings to all the friends and relatives 
of ,,the ,,arena family 7their name     

being legion7 a golden opportunity to   
add their names to the swelling list of 
our patrons4 ,let every champion of our 
cause send in his name and the names of 
his friends for the subscribers' list of
 ,,the ,,arena4 ,begin with the number  
for ,july and thus secure the complete  
volume4  ,remember the great reduction6 
#b4ej for ,,the ,,arena for one year6   
,address all subscriptions and other    
business communications to    ,,john ,d4
 ,,mcintyre1 ,manager1            ,arena
 ,company1                 ,copley ,sq41
 ,boston4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,transcriber's ,notes3     
,the transcriber made these changes to  
the text to correct obvious errors3     
#a4 p4 #afe aggressivenes --            
aggressiveness   #b4 p4 #ahb assest --  
asset   #c4 p4 #bjj uncalculable --     
incalculable   #d4 p4 #bjh involutary --
 involuntary   #e4 p4 #bba ,footnote    
anchor missing for footnote #i4         
,footnote text             placed after 
most likely paragraph4   #f4 p4 #bbf aud

 --  and   #g4 p4 #bei abtruse --       
abstruse   #h4 p4 #bff falculties --    
faculties  ,end of ,transcriber's ,notes