,,victory ,,out ,,of ,,ruin ,,by ,,norman ,,maclean ,,hodder ,,and ,,stoughton ,,ltd4 ,,london -- ,,new ,,york -- ,,toronto ,,mcmxxii ,printed in ,great ,britain by ,t4 and ,a4 ,,constable ,,ltd4 at the ,edinburgh ,university ,press ,,preface ,there is a joy in battle2 but the greatest of all joys is to take some part1 however humble1 in the fight for the triumph of righteousness4 ,there is a thrill such as can be found nowhere else in facing a mass of people whose prejudices and social customs are as an unscalable wall1 in compelling their attention and1 at last1 in winning them to espouse your cause4 ,to fight your opponent1 loving him all the time1 is the essence of ,christianity4 ,the excitement of betting on races or watching football matches is nothing compared to the excitement of facing an audience not knowing whether you are to be trampled on or to be applauded4 ,those who have fought under the banner of the ,king of ,kings know the indefinable joy there is in it4 ,that is why the young and the chivalrous give a swift response when the call is to a forlorn hope in the service of ,christ4 ,and the joy of it is this1 that1 whatever may happen1 you are bound to win4 ,the ,infinite has infinite resources4 ,those who array themselves against ,him are up against all the forces in the universe4 ,the fight for the ,kingdom of ,god is the greatest in which man ever fought2 it goes on ceaselessly without any discharge2 the big battalions seem always on the other side2 but ,god always wins4 ,there never has been a fight for deliverance1 a struggle for progress1 but the forces of righteousness conquered at last4 ,this book is the third of a series4 ,the ,great ,discovery portrayed the spiritual emotions of the ,great ,war2 ,stand up1 ,ye ,dead dealt with the soul of the nation in the midst of its travail2 and this third book seeks to point out the way of deliverance and renewal4 ,the malady of the world is spiritual4 ,the fountain of healing is with ,god4 ,n4 ,m4 ,,edinburgh1 ,september #aibb ,,note ,chapters ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,,xi1 ,,xii1 and ,,xiii appeared in ,the ,glasgow ,herald1 and ,chapters ,,vi1 ,,vii1 and ,x in ,the ,scotsman4 ,chapter ,v is based on an article in ,the ,glasgow ,herald1 but it has been rewritten4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,only ,,hope ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,supreme ,,need ,,chapter ,,iii ,,in ,,the ,,sacred ,,name ,,of ,,liberty6 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,greatest ,,of ,,tyrannies ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,last ,,deliverance ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,peril ,,of ,,the ,,crowd ,,chapter ,,vii ,,let ,,us ,,have ,,peace ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,peace ,,chapter ,,ix ,,no ,,room ,,chapter ,x ,,dominion ,,from ,,sea ,,to ,,sea ,,chapter ,,xi ,,there ,,were ,,in ,,the ,,same ,,country ,,shepherds ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,fulness ,,of ,,the ,,time ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,victory ,,out ,,of ,,ruin ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,only ,,hope ',to a large extent the working people of this country do not care any more for the doctrines of ,christianity than the upper classes care for the practice of that religion4'--,,john ,,bright in the year #ahhj4 ,it is wonderful how quickly1 when a peril is past1 men forget about it and straightway compose themselves to slumbrous dreams again4 ,it was so after the ,great ,war2 it is so already regarding the great strikes4 ',don't disturb our repose1' they as good as say2 'we have had an anxious time2 do let us sleep4' ,but wars and strikes are only symptoms of the hidden disease2 and the allaying of a symptom without the healing of the disease is of all things the most dangerous4 ,what we must consider is the disease and set ourselves to find a remedy4 ,then1 and then only1 will the symptoms harass us no more4 ,it was a little bald man with a straggling beard and one eye that had got a little tired of the long-continued effort to look at the other1 who set me thinking4 ,the burden of his contention was that this country and the world at large is sinking back into paganism4 ,though ,i endeavour to keep an open mind and refuse to accept opinions ready-made1 however much inclined ,i may be to shirk the preliminary fatigue of forming opinions of my own1 yet the opinions of my friend are worth recording4 ,they are at least gropings after the truth4 ,i ',what is the test of a ,christian8' asked the little man1 trying to bring his vagrant eye to bear on me2 'if we once settle that we shall be able to judge whether this is now a ,christian world4 ,the test is not beliefs or opinions regarding the ,founder of ,christianity 7for trifles such as that men used cheerfully to burn their fellows aforetime1 thinking they were doing ,god service72 to find the true test we must go back to the only test known to those who knew ,christ4 ,what was their test8 ,it was this--',if any man have not the ,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of ,his4' ,that spirit was love enduring even the ,cross--love emptying itself that it might serve4 ,now1 apply that test to our social organisation to-day4 ,in the one city you find in one street mansions such as a ,roman emperor could only desire in vain2 and a few yards away a street of crowded closes and airless dugouts and fetid tenements where little children perish4 ,herod slaughtered a score of babies and the centuries pour the vials of infamy upon him4 ,but this holocaust goes on1 year in year out1 ceaselessly4 ,yet the dwellers in the terraces tolerate that4 ,the causes that produce slums and keep slums full are manifest4 ,yet they will not rouse themselves to remove them4 ,is that being a ,christian8 ,we assemble in church and recite1 ,i believe in ,god the ,father1 and every fact of the faith we profess condemns our callous indifference4 ,if we realised that ,god is the ,father of these babes1 we would die to save them2 yet we leave them a prey to vested interests4 ,is that toleration of evil compatible with ,christianity8' ',you forget1' ,i objected1 'the law of environment4 ,no man can live ahead of his own time--at least only the great can--and we are waking up to social duty as never before4' ',waking up6' he exclaimed2 'we are going to sleep4 ,a ,christian should never need to waken up to facts like that4 ,he would have them as a burden ever on his heart until they were for ever banished4 ,he would be constantly hearing the voice of ,him who said of little ones like these that it was better for those who did them wrong that a millstone were hanged round their necks and that they were cast into the midst of the sea4444 ,if only we were ,christians1 endued with ,christ's spirit of love1 we would make an end of that at once4444 ,we are only semi-pagans4' ,,ii ',it isn't merely what you see outside1' went on the little man1 polishing his shining poll1 'but look inside the churches themselves--any one of the hundreds in this city--and what do you find8 ,you find the house of ,god given over to an unholy merchandise4 ,every church is parcelled out into so many square feet1 and these are bought and sold as ecclesiastical allotments4 ,did you ever think of that gruesome traffic1 and the weirdness of it8 ,that good news of ,love brooding over all1 caring even for the grass and the sparrow1 has now become the monopoly of the renter1 while the poor are shut out4 ,and it was at first proclaimed to the poor without money and without price1 committed to the winds of ,galilee4' ',put like that1' ,i said1 'it is rather weird4' ',aye1' he went on1 'and every half-year managers and deacons assemble in the houses of ,god to traffic in these square feet of pews4 ,there is a story how ,one long ago knotted a whip of cords and drove the traffickers out of ,his ,father's house1 ,his eyes blazing with anger4 ,would ,he not wield the same whip on these deacons and managers1 and drive them out to-day8 ,how astonished they would be1 with all the law and all the vested interest on their side 444 and yet that whip6' ,the little man fell silent1 and his strange eye looked as if he were seeing it all4 ,and he smiled curiously4 ',did you ever trespass on an ecclesiastical allotment8' he asked jerkily4 ',no6 ,well1 it is a thing not to be done4 ,i once trespassed on a garden allotment out in ,kelvinside1 just to admire some wonderful sweet-peas1 and the man who owned it found me and welcomed me like a brother1 and sent me away with a radiant bunch of flowers2 but an ecclesiastical allotment is another story4 ,an old heritor once said to me that the only thing that really roused the devil in a ,scotsman's heart was trespassing on his ecclesiastical allotment4' ',that only shows1' ,i retorted1 'how dear to a ,scotsman's heart his part in the ,church is4' ',that is only quibbling1' jerked out the bald man4 ,,iii ',last ,sunday evening1' went on the bald man1 speaking very rapidly and walking up and down the room in his excitement1 ',i went to a church situated in a mean street1 surrounded by closes that each holds the population of a sparse parish4 ,a tattered bill on the door proclaimed the traffic in seats4 ,there seemed to be no demand4 ,there were only eighteen present4 ,a cheap church1 with varnished pews1 that could hold a thousand--and only eighteen there--old people and two or three children--none who could lay hold on life with both hands4 ,to that handful a discouraged and hopeless preacher proclaimed the evangel of the love of ,god 444 but his voice died in the disconsolate and empty spaces4444 ,but when ,i came out1 there in an open space were massed thousands of men1 and the air throbbed with vitality as they listened to an orator denouncing capital and proclaiming the coming of the new day when every man could have his heart's desire--money and more money4444 ,eighteen at the church where the salt had lost its savour1 and thousands where the chaff of worldliness was the only bread served to perishing souls4' ',but you must remember that there were some churches quite full in the city that evening1' ,i interjected4 ',quite so1' resumed the bald man1 'but who were they that filled them8 ,only the one class that has still kept its hold on the seriousness and the duty of life--the middle class--the one layer of health in the nation4' ',you forget1' ,i protested1 'that the other two classes have proved that they know how to die4' ,he came to a sudden halt1 and his tripping sentences suddenly stopped4 ',yes1' he answered1 'they know how to die2 but what is the use of knowing how to die if they do not know how to live8' ,,iv ',what is the use of facing death1' went on the bald man1 resuming his walk up and down1 and pointing now and again an accusing finger1 'if death does not teach the way of life8 ,through death we conquered the greatest tyranny that ever threatened the world1 but the enemy has really been the victor1 for the spirit of the enemy has now conquered us4 ,that spirit is the covetousness that knows no law but force4 ,it does not matter whether the goal aimed at be the hegemony of the world or more and more of gold--the spirit is the same4 ,and now it has seized us4 ,there is the profiteer living on the results of other men's industry and fattening on the plunder of the public--his god is covetousness4 ,there are the millions who are ready to march over the ruins of the ,empire1 careless of the sufferings of others if only they will get their demands on the world4 ,nobody realises the futility of gaining the world and losing the life4 ,eighteen in church and thousands out for their share of the world4444 ,it is covetousness triumphant4' ,the old man came to a halt and began to speak as one weighing his words4 ',we are just sinking into savagery1' he went on4 ',the savage knows no weapon but force--and ,christianity knows no weapon but love--but we have chosen force4 ,we have1 in truth1 abolished the bludgeon of force as between man and man1 but pagan ,rome did that4 ,we have never learned that law must rule between class and class1 as well as between man and man4 ,we remained pagan in our jealousy and distrust as between class and class1 and failed to make law supreme4 ,we failed because we had no brotherliness1 no love4 ,if we had been ,christians we would have made the law of love supreme long ago4444 ,what a hollow mockery our actions are4 ,our statesmen become rhetorical over a tribunal of the nations that will make wars cease for ever1 while war reigns in our own midst4 ,tribunals and treaties are nothing if truth be not supreme in the heart4 ,but there is never a word about that4444 ,we think we can raise the world to a level higher than we have attained ourselves1 as if water could ever rise higher than its source4444 ,the law of force is honest paganism1 but this covering up of the world's foulness with scum--that is nauseating pharisaism4 ,where the spirit of love and truth is not1 there peace cannot be4' ,v ,whether the bald man with the one piercing and the other straying eye was right or wrong ,i am no great judge4 ,but it is clear that there is something very far wrong4 ,it is not in our country1 the fairest on ,god's earth1 that the evil lies1 nor in the ,empire1 the greatest and richest ever reared by man4 ,the evil is not without but within us4 ,the only hope for us is in a regenerated spirit4 ,and there is none who can give us that new spirit but the ,carpenter of ,nazareth4 ,he was ,himself a poor working man toiling for twenty years1 wielding heavy1 clumsy tools as he shaped rude ploughs in a village of poor fame4 ,he can feel for poor toiling working men2 it was ,he who first taught brotherhood4 ,to a generation that says1 ',let me get all ,i can1 however much others may suffer1' ,he says1 ',say not so1 but rather say1 ,let me serve all ,i can1 however much ,i may suffer4' ,if ,he were here now ,he would be talking to men in public-houses and at the street corners and on the fringes of crowds1 and ,he would say1 ',my brothers1 why excite yourselves over the world8 ,life is not money4 ,life is love and beauty and sonship with ,god4 ,it is not what the hand grasps but what the eye sees and the heart feels that makes life great4 ,if you want the fulness of life1 lose it4' ,and to rich men ,he would say1 ',your riches are only yours in trust that you may serve3 consecrate them or they will be taken from you4' ,he would have but one law for all--,love4 ,if they but loved there could not be any more profiteering1 or ca' canny1 or any injustice4 ,for love never says ',give1' only ',let me give4' 444 ,but1 alas6 we make room for every spirit but that4 ,for forty years we have taught the children by statute1 but they have not been taught that4 ,they have been taught figures and the records that are mainly the records of crime1 and the explanations that are no explanations4 ,we must begin again and teach our children what duty is1 what the love of ,god and man is1 what reverence is1 and how there is a moral purpose working out life and death--life if men conform to it and death if they defy it4 ,we teach everything by statute except that--the one thing needful4 ,we teach that man is to be saved by the brain2 we have forgotten that salvation is of the soul4 ,there is but one power known among men that can turn the self-willed and self-centred life into the self-sacrificing and the ,god-centred life1 and that power is the spirit of the ,carpenter of ,nazareth4 ,if we but sought it1 then it would fuse the poor fissiparous sand of our national life into the unity and potency of steel4 ,it is our only hope4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,supreme ,,need ',to me through these thin cobwebs ,death and ,eternity sat gazing4'--,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,many eager hearts looked for the redemption of mankind to come out of ,armageddon4 ,aceldama has been cleansed1 but redemption seems to tarry4 ,and nobody need be surprised4 ,out of filth and mud and horror the cleansed soul does not emerge4 ,there was a king long ago who saw ten horrible plagues succeed each other until at last the first-born lay dead--but he was the same until the sea overwhelmed him4 ,and man is the same in all ages4 ,cataclysms do not work renewal4 ,miracles do not regenerate4 ,not even the millions dead will mean a new earth or a new ,britain4 ,that new ,britain of the heart's desire will only come if men and women whose souls are quickened will arise and make their world anew4 ,the world's supreme need is not reorganisation1 but a new spirit4 ,i ,the pathos of humanity is that men are ever the victims of illusion4 ,after ,waterloo1 when a conflict that waged for a quarter of a century ended1 our fathers hailed the millennial dawn4 ,but1 alas6 ,peterloo succeeded ,waterloo4 ,the nation was seized with the passion for riches4 ,to get rich quick the nation had to be reorganised on an industrial basis1 and the people were swept out of the green of ,england and out of the straths and valleys of ,scotland into sunless1 airless cities4 ,a population that formerly lived in cottages was now piled into barracks4 ,in mills above ground and in mines beneath little children were set to labour4 ,social conditions were created that destroyed two hundred babies out of a thousand in the first year of life4 ,these conditions still continue4 ,the pages of the ,press in these last days show how horrifying they still are4 ,there are streets in our cities which are sacrificial altars on which the little children are offered to the social ,moloch4444 ,these things came after ,waterloo4 ,the cannon-fodder of war became the cannon-fodder of industry4 ,the small minority that got rich quick were balanced by the vast multitude who got poor quick4 ,and for four generations the ugly streets have presented the spectacle of files of men begging for work--begging for permission to exist6 ,to-day the files wait for the dole4 ,the folly and the greed have worked out the inevitable consequences4 ,history goes on monotonously repeating itself4 ,,ii ,and just as a hundred years ago men thought they were going to make a new and better world by reorganisation1 so also is it to-day4 ,on all hands the cry is reorganise4 ,in ,paris and in ,glasgow it is the same4 ,in ,paris they are to save the world from all future bloodshed by a treaty4 ,that childlike faith in treaties6--they have forgotten that treaties were unable to save even one fragment of ,europe eight years ago4 ,but this time the treaty is to be so very big that it will save4 ,but1 alas6 no treaty is of value beyond the truth in the soul of its signatories--and of that there is never a word4 ,no treaty can exorcise greed1 ambition1 and lust out of the heart--and it is from these wars spring4 ,if the hearts of the nations be not changed1 one more mirage will be added to the many humanity has pursued across the burning sands1 strewing the barren desert with bleached bones4 ,in ,london or ,glasgow or ,hamilton or ,fife it is the same4 ,there also the new earth is to come through redistribution4 ,society will be differently organised4 ,the voice that to-day cries1 ',what is yours is mine1' will to-morrow shout victory4 ,the day of material good will come through the maximum of pay for the minimum of work4 ,the new order will banish all our ills4 ,but the question emerges--,how is the new order to be worked8 ,if the new order is to bless humanity it must be guided and administered by men of truth1 unselfishness1 and honour4 ,unless there be such1 then the mastery of capital will be only succeeded by the tyranny of the mob4 ,none asks how such men are to be found4 ,the hope of the new world lies not so much in better machinery as in better men4 ,the men in the ,cabinets adjusting the map of the world and the men in the shipyards and the mines are alike in this1 that they forget that man's supreme need is regeneration and not reorganisation4 ,,iii ,it is on that ultimate fact--that the supreme need of the day is a new spirit--that the ,church seeks to fix the attention of the nation4 ,the ,church has only one purpose--to make ,god blaze forth once more before the eyes of men4 ,in that alone lies the salvation of the future4 ,the great host of the toilers may adopt the watchword ',brotherhood1' but that is only half a truth4 ,a brotherhood that knows nothing of a common fatherhood will not stand the day of strain4 ,the ,church therefore proclaims the full truth that the brotherhood of men only realises itself in the ,fatherhood of ,god4 ,to the nations seeking a unity by way of parchments1 the ,church must also proclaim that there can be only one ultimate unity for nations--the only unity that will stand all strain--the unity of the ,spirit4 ,the ,church has the one message for warring nations and for warring classes3 ',one is your ,master1 even ,christ1 and all ye are brethren4' ,the ,church alone can bring home to the hearts of men that the way of honour is that of service1 and the path of greatness that of sacrifice4 ,looking back on that long road by which humanity has marched forward even to this hour1 it is strange to think how the great days on which the epochs turned have not been the days of mammon-worship or of military glory1 but the days on which the ,cross suddenly blazed forth in the heavens1 as it did to ,constantine1 when the summons rang--',by this sign conquer4' ,it was then that men set their faces to climb upward1 realising that the greatest thing a man can do with his life is to lay it down4 ,and not by a cross blazing in heaven1 but by millions of crosses round which the winds moan and sigh on earth1 does ,god summon us to-day4 ,it is that summons the ,church would sound4 ,by the spirit of self-sacrifice1 by the law of love--by these alone can the world be saved4 ,,iv ,the remedy for every woe on earth is the one commandment--',love one another1 as ,i have loved you4' ,it is so divinely simple--perhaps that is why the generations refuse to listen4 ,the measure of the law is its greatness--',as ,i have loved you4' ,to obey that law means--blood4 ,it was the greatness of the sacrifice that was made and the greatness of the sacrifice demanded that stirred the hearts of men to life4 ',he loved me1 and gave ,himself for me1' the ,christian said1 and with rapture in his heart he looked at others and said1 ',he loved that man also1 and gave ,himself for him4 ,i cannot rob or murder or leave in misery a man for whom ,christ's hands were nailed to the cross4' ,that was what revolutionised the world long ago4 ,it is the only way in which the world can be revolutionised to-day4 ,if only the world can be brought to listen to the law of love1 the world will become new4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,in ,,the ,,sacred ,,name ,,of ,,liberty6 ',the ranks are gathering2 on the one side of men rightly informed and meaning to seek redress by lawful and honourable means only1 and on the other of men capable of compassion and open to reason but with personal interests at stake so vast and with all the gear and mechanism of their arts so involved in the web of past iniquity that the best of them are helpless and the wisest blind4'--,the ,right ,hon4 ,c4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,masterman4 ,it is difficult for men and women to arrive at a true estimate of their own state of mind4 ,what others think of us is often a truer gauge than what we think of ourselves1 for we can only look at ourselves through the distorting glass of self-love and self-interest4 ,in these last days we have had a wonderful revelation of what others think of us4 ,our hoardings and our advertisement pages are crowded with appeals which could only appeal to a generation that had ceased to think and ceased to bear upon their hearts the woes of their fellows4 ,in the sacred name of liberty1 in the cause of brotherhood and equality1 we were exhorted on every horizon to hold fast and change not4 ,and we were1 above all1 to beware of fanatics6 ,we are indeed fallen very low if this measure of our intelligence be correct4 ,i ,in the sacred name of liberty we are exhorted to lay no sacrilegious hand on the sacred ark of our licensing system4 ,whatever results may ensue of perishing babes and ruined manhood we must vote ,no ,change1 for liberty is great4 ,moloch of old was great2 so great that he demanded and got the sacrifice of a child now and then4 ,but ',liberty' is greater still4 ,if it be true that in proportion to the number of licences in a district is the death-rate among the babies2 if in districts crowded with public-houses there be a death-rate of something like #afj to #ahj per #ajjj babies in the first year of life1 while in districts where public-houses are rare the death-rate is about #dj per #ajjj babies in the first year of life2 and if we are to vote ,no ,change and acquiesce in that in the name of liberty1 how great that idol ,liberty must be6 ,we must examine it and make sure that its feet be not of clay4 ,,ii ,what is freedom8 ,freedom is that condition of things which enables a man to co-ordinate all his faculties for the development of what is best in him4 ,the best a man is capable of is the evolution of a character whose uprightness and honesty will command respect4 ,but no sooner does a man set his face toward that goal than he finds that he can only climb towards it by sacrificing the liberty of his lower nature4 ,the animal in man must be fettered that the spirit may grow4 ,only so can nobility of character be produced4 ,it is manifest then that freedom to produce character is only achieved by sacrificing liberty4 ,the idol ,liberty is not1 after all1 really so great4 ,the best in life is not1 however1 developed in isolation4 ,for we are bound up with our fellow-men in the complex organism of life4 ,and we have no right to exercise any liberty that will mean loss or injury to our fellows4 ,it may be beneficial to me that ,i should have the stimulus of alcohol2 it may add colour to my drab life1 and make the bores that harass me more tolerable2 and ,i may find in it a sacramental value1 as it promotes the flow of easy fellowship2 but if the provision made to supply one with that stimulus means the ruin of others--the perishing of babes and the destruction of homes--then ,i have no right to that provision4 ,the limit of my personal freedom is the beginning of hurt or injury to my fellow-men4 ,it is along this great line that civilisation has evolved4 ,each step forward has been a restriction of liberty4 ,every extension of the franchise has been a restriction of the power of the classes that ruled previously2 each new law a restriction of the right to do what one liked4 ,every great social advance has been a restriction of previous liberty4 ,no man is free now to leave his children uneducated2 no employer is free to deal as he pleases with his employed4 ,no sooner is the child born than the law has it in its grip3 within a few days the parent must register it and give a biography of its ancestors to a registrar2 then it ordains that it be inoculated4 ,at five years of age the child is deprived of liberty1 for he is shut up in barracks and then made a prisoner for ten years1 compelled to learn things that will never be of any value in all the after years4 ,after he has escaped from that prison-house1 there comes an interval of illusory liberty4 ,he comes and goes as he likes after the hours of toil4 ,then comes an emotional crisis and he marries--and what is there left of his liberty8 ,every family is established on this--the restriction of liberty4 ,the traffic in the street and the narcotic in the shop are alike in the grasp of law4 ,from the cradle to the grave a man is surrounded with restrictions of liberty4 ,there is no base liberty left to-day but the liberty to get drunk4 ,in the name of freedom there must come an end to that liberty4 ,,iii ,and yet the horizon glows with these placarded appeals to leave things as they are in the name of liberty4 ,there is a true feeling behind these appeals--the feeling that above all things ,scotsmen love freedom4 ,and so they do4 ,there is no race under the sun that have hazarded their lives so much and so frequently for freedom as we have done4 ,how it stirs our blood to read the words in which our ancestors in the year #acbj defied the ,pope when his ,holiness sided with ,england against ,king ,robert ,bruce4 ',the wrongs which we have suffered under the tyranny of ,edward are beyond description1' wrote the nobility and commonalty of ,scotland in ,parliament assembled1 '444 while a hundred of us exist we will never submit to ,england4 ,we fight not for glory1 wealth1 or honour1 but for that liberty without which no virtuous man can survive4' ,we know the end of that and of every fight our fathers fought for liberty4 ,it was the moorsmen and cottars of ,scotland1 who defied three kingdoms1 and fought on with the ,bible in one hand and the sword in the other1 that saved the liberties of nations4 ,but what liberty was it they fought for8 ,the liberty to get drunk6 ,the liberty to establish at every street corner a centre for the spreading of disease1 misery1 and pauperism6 ,those who make such appeals surely underrate the intelligence of a generation who have not yet quite forgotten the exploits and the sacrifices of their sires4 ,the freedom they achieved was the freedom to worship ,god as their consciences directed1 and to develop that national character of uprightness and understanding that has been so fraught with blessing to the world4 ,and that freedom it is left to us to carry to fruition--by developing a ,state that shall be free from ignorance1 from degradation1 from vice1 from self-indulgence--in one word1 from drunkenness in every form4 ',he who will not give up a little temporary liberty for essential safety1 deserves neither liberty nor safety1' declared ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,we shall awake and establish public safety on the ruins of a false and a degrading liberty4 ,when we shall have achieved that--then we shall be free indeed4 ,,iv ,nothing appeals to my own heart so much as the anxiety shown by those publicists regarding my taxation4 ,they feel so much for me1 and are afraid that ,i shall require to pay more of an income-tax if ,i do not vote ,no ,change4 ,this care for my personal interests touches me profoundly2 and the desire that the nation should drink itself into financial prosperity must affect every patriot's heart4 ,but1 again1 ,scotsmen can think4 ,and no sooner do we exercise our minds than we see how fallacious all this is--and how ungrounded our fears4 ,the greatest loss the nation sustains is the revenue from alcohol4 ,what are the losses that are entailed by that revenue8 ,against it must be put the pauperism that the ,state has to support1 and which is mainly caused by alcohol2 the cost of police and judges and prisons that are mainly required because of alcohol2 the loss to the ,state of the lives wasted and ruined by alcohol4 ,strike a balance--and there is no gain to the ,state from the revenues of alcohol4 ,the greatest loss the ,state sustains is the revenue it derives from the misery and degradation of its citizens4 ,no ,state can grow rich by exploiting the misery and the vice of its own people4 ,were the money now wasted in this non-productive trade devoted to industry1 the resultant product would pay the ,state over and over again for any loss from the sacrifice of alcohol4 ,already this is being proved in the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,state of ,massachusetts an increase in the taxation of theatres1 soft drinks1 candy1 and transport not only made up for the loss from the taxes on alcohol1 but realised an increase of over #ejj1jjj dollars in the first dry year6 ,there in ,america the breweries and distilleries are being converted into jam factories1 boot factories1 and where formerly #bej men were employed they now employ #aejj men6 ,one such factory bears the placard3-- ',once we made booze1 ,now we make shoes4' ,the revenue that comes from prosperity enriches a nation2 the revenue that comes from its degradation impoverishes4 ,when we are freed from the waste and ruin wrought by alcohol--then our national revenue will flourish as never before4 ,in a prosperous land the revenue will look after itself4 ,those who are so anxious lest we be overtaxed are trying to inspire us with groundless fears4 ,v ,the most sacred thing on earth is the mother and the child4 ,it is they who suffer and perish because of conditions that are indefensible4 ,the little spark of grey matter behind the eyes of a little child may become a ,newton1 a ,knox1 or a ,walter ,scott4 ',there is no wealth but life1' declared ,ruskin4 ,every motive of patriotism and religion moves us to do everything in our power to save childhood and motherhood4 ,there never in any land was any propaganda so cynical1 so unblushing as the propaganda that for weary weeks has now screamed in our ears--',no ,change4' ,the blood of four dread years1 and then--',no ,change6' ,the agony of the world's most awful ,gethsemane1 and at its end--',no ,change6' 444 ,nothing more need be said4 ,only the blind could have made such appeals4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,greatest ,,of ,,tyrannies ,the deadliest foe of humanity is the deadening power of custom4 ,what we have seen from our earliest days has no power to stir our conscience or kindle the fire of indignation4 ,it may be the case that when ,lot went down to ,sodom he was at first 'vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked4' ,but he did not continue vexed very long4 ,he got to like it4 ,at last he sat at the gates of that city with great enjoyment4 ,as he sank into the mire he became unconscious of the slough4 ,otherwise he would never have returned to it4 ,when the great war of the five kings against four reached its consummation1 and ,lot was a prisoner going north with a halter round his neck1 he often groaned1 ',if ,i ever get out of this ,i'll never look near that filthy ,sodom again4' ,like a bolt from the blue came deliverance and victory and spoils--and back he went to ,sodom and its filthy conversations as before4 ,it is such a wonderfully modern story4 ,in every age men get so accustomed to the filth that it no longer seems filth4 ,the mud of their daily habit becomes their gold4 ,i ,when we look back on the long road by which humanity has travelled and read of the things men once did in cold blood1 we wonder how they could ever have had the heart to do them4 ,the answer is--custom4 ,to us it is incredible that men should once have trafficked in human flesh and blood4 ,and yet to our forefathers of even recent years it seemed the most natural thing4 ,were there not slaves from the beginning1 and naturally there would be unto the end6 ,the captains of the slave ships would assemble their crews in their cabins for prayer meetings while the holds of their ships were filled with men and women dying in these gehennas6 ,so far from experiencing any twinges of conscience1 these slave captains regarded themselves as benefactors of humanity4 ,sir ,john ,hawkins was not alone in priding himself on the fact that he brought so many of the heathen of ,africa into ,christian lands1 where they might hear the ,gospel4 ,it is not so long ago when children of six years worked in factories from five in the morning to nine at night4 ,we who play with our babes and build our brick castles in ,spain while they shout for joy--think of it6 ,what hearts they must have had--these fathers of ours--who took the babes by their thousands and harnessed them to the car of their juggernaut6 ,and yet they were not any different from us4 ,they were only blinded by custom4444 ,whoever has wandered over the hills of his native land will remember the leap of the heart when he has suddenly seen some fair valley open up before his amazed eyes4 ,he can hear the song of the river that waters it1 he sees the clouds playing on the slopes1 his awestruck lips murmur with the great artist as he looked on ,glen ,feshie1 ',lord ,god ,almighty6' ,but no human dwelling is there1 only heaps of stones where the homesteads once stood2 only the bleating of sheep where children once shouted at play4 ,what became of the people8 ,they were driven out4 ,the will of one man or one woman drove the population of a parish into the ,cowcaddens of ,glasgow or exiled them beyond the seas4 ,and the ,church of ,christ looked on silent4 ,and the men who made the countryside waste prided themselves on the fact that they set the people1 whom they drove forth1 on the way of fortune6 ,how could men do deeds like these8 ,how could the ,church be silent in the face of them8 ,again it was just custom4 ,the ears had got so accustomed to phrases such as the 'sacredness of property1' the 'right of a man to do what he liked with his own1' that the heart forgot the sacredness of the ,gospel and the rights of the people in the land of their birth4 ,it is time we stopped mouthing about the cannon-fodder of war1 and began to speak about the cannon-fodder of custom4 ,,ii ,if poor1 blundering1 pitiful humanity had not been blinded by custom to the folly of war1 it would have made an end of war long ago4 ,but all the days of youth humanity has shut into dreary barracks1 learning all sorts of foolish things4 ,and the history it learns is just the history of war after war6 ,at fourteen the centuries seem to a boy but a river of blood4 ,he deems it an inevitable weapon in the progress of the world--this ceaseless killing6 ,it is custom alone that prevents humanity from making an end of that horror4 ,and strikes are only war in another form--the bludgeon of force6 ,kaiserism is not dead4 ,world dominion for me or destruction for you has its counterpart in two shillings for me or ruin for you4 ,the spirit is the same4 ,if custom had not deadened us to the meaning of war and strike1 we would shrink back in horror at the very sound of the words4 ,but1 instead of that1 ere humanity has recovered from the woe of the one1 we are plunged into the woes of the other4444 ,it sounds a respectable sort of word6 ,and the right of a man to stop working seems elementary--for we are not slaves4 ,but humanity has learned there is a higher word than rights--and that is duty4 ,we owe service to our brethren4 ,we can pay too high a price for two shillings more a day if they mean starving women and perishing children4 ,life is more than livelihood2 and if the endeavour to better livelihood means the destruction of life1 then it is condemned4 ,and that is what it means4 ,europe is perishing4 ,vienna is dying4 ,all over the world ,rachel is weeping for her children4 ,what ,europe needs is coal and raw materials1 that it may have wherewith to buy food4 ,and we go on strike4 ,and ships can no longer carry food or cotton2 and ,europe will starve 444 starving is a good discipline and ,i shouldn't mind 444 but1 ,god6 the little children 444 the babies4444 ',strike1' we shout1 finding it easy through long custom4 ,but our striking is only completing the work that ,kaiserism began4 ,and the little graves are dug faster and faster2 and you can hear the falling of tears like soft rain4444 ,what savages we are1 unable through any disciple to learn that the world can only be saved by submitting to law and by ceasing to wield the bludgeon of force4444 ,when one thinks of the poor suffering1 quarrelling1 dying slaves of custom2 when one sees the world in one blinding flash convulsed in the death throes--,oh1 ,god6 if only there came a gale from ,heaven--a sudden1 rushing wind4 ,only that could save a world blinded like this4 ,,iii ,you may imagine that ,i am exaggerating the power of this tyrant of whose despotism you are unconscious4 ,but you have only to think and you will at once recognise that my words are but the words of soberness4 ,use your eyes as if for the first time--and what a world this is that surrounds us6 ,i read the other day a paragraph in the morning paper that made my blood cold4 ,a discharged soldier got his gratuity and spent his day in jollity4 ,he came home at night and1 in the presence of his children1 trampled his wife to death1 and not his wife only1 but the unborn child--and in the presence of his children4 ,that1 in the most cultured city in ,bible-loving and ,christian ,scotland4 ,and every day the tale is much the same4 ,little children are perishing1 mothers are broken-hearted1 and the streets are strewn with human wreckage4 ,the casualties of war pale in significance before the casualties of peace6 ,but this does not move us3 we are accustomed to it4 ,these crowded1 reeking public-houses1 thirty to the half-mile1 battening on the misery of the poor--we have seen them from our youth and they move us not4 ,how many in our ,circuses and ,terraces and ,places will even trouble themselves to so much as vote for the deliverance of their fellow-citizens8 ,very few in these particular places1 if ,i mistake not4 ,for they cannot shake themselves loose from the yoke of custom4 ,,iv ,and this same tyrant blinds us to the goal to which we are hastening4 ,the last great proof of the power of custom is that when nations and empires were perishing they never knew they were perishing4 ,men were so accustomed to the riches and greatness and security of the ,roman empire1 that even when it was tottering to its fall they never realised that it was doomed4 ,all nations have gone the one road4 ,they have abolished ,god or the gods6 ,they have cast duty to the winds2 they have given themselves to ,mammon and to pleasure2 and they perished--but they never knew that the world that seemed to them so secure was passing away4 ,and unless there comes a change--a mighty gale from ,heaven--then this world we know must perish4 ,custom alone blinds us to the fact1 plain to the open eye4 ,scotland cannot feed her people but for a few weeks in the year4 ,for the rest they must be fed by the food brought from overseas by the fruits of our industries4 ,if these industries fail 444 we perish4 ,the ,clyde will no longer hum with the throbbing engines or great ships come with food4444 ,and every strike1 every stoppage of labour1 is but a step towards the abyss4444 ,but probably that is what ,god means4 ,he makes the wrath of men to praise ,him--,he will use hunger as the instrument wherewith to scatter the great ,scottish race broadcast over the world1 to people the mighty plains of ,canada and the wastes of ,australasia4 ,a great silence will fall over the plain of central ,scotland4 ,the most hideous of all the workings of man will be beautified when the lichen grows over the crumbling ruins4 ,the mavis will sing in the thorn-tree1 dewy with fragrance1 where ,motherwell now stands 444 or ,anderston4 ,that may be the hidden purpose of our follies and our crimes4 ,this1 at least1 is sure1 that if we cannot shake ourselves loose from the grip of custom--custom will be our destruction4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,last ,,deliverance ,every great social advance made by men in the past has been made under the pressure of public opinion4 ,that public opinion was created by a free and an unfettered ,press4 ,the grim fact that we are now faced with is that the day of the free ,press is over4 ,syndicates of capitalists control the ,press of the country1 and newspapers whose circulation approaches a couple of millions create the opinion their owners desire4 ,the duty of the newspaper is to record facts1 and communicate to the people the correct data on which public opinion can be based4 ,if the ,press purposely suppresses what is true1 lends itself to the colouring of the records so that the false seems to be the true and the true false1 then it becomes the greatest public peril4 ,a generation that is doped with doctored news can scarcely arrive at the truth4 ,the newspapers are supplied free by the bureaux of the interested with news that serve their purpose4 ,thus it comes that the machinery for creating public opinion is largely in the hands of those whose purpose is that public opinion shall not destroy or lessen their profits4 ,there are noble exceptions2 but1 taking it as a whole1 the syndicated ,press of this country is no longer a mirror of the truth4 ,i ,in the ,united ,states of ,america and in ,canada there are one hundred and twenty millions who speak our language1 whose religion is also ours1 who are the most intelligent and hard-headed people on the face of the earth1 yet if one were to believe what the ,press of this country says1 one would be driven to the conclusion that they are poor foolish idealists who have said farewell to their senses4 ,and that because the ,press serves the public with doctored news4 ,one day we are told how a hundred thousand ,new ,yorkers are to march in procession through the streets demanding the return of their alcoholic drinks4 ,the columns are full of the preparations for the greatest uprising of the oppressed and parched citizens4 ,the great day comes and the procession is a fiasco4 ,but the syndicated ,press omit to record that only a miserable handful paraded the streets1 the offscourings of the city's purlieus1 amid the derision of the onlookers4 ,we are later informed under great headlines that the ,american ,medical ,association or some such society has called for the annulling of the ,prohibition ,law4 ,we feel that the climate is bound to become wet again1 for the doctors demand it4 ,but we soon learn that this particular association of doctors is a mere fragment of a noble profession--a fragment separate from the ,american ,association which corresponds to the ,british ,medical ,association4 ,but the syndicated ,press does not record that fact4 ,the ,press that distorts events after that manner can only flourish among a generation that desires not the truth4 ,,ii ,there is nothing more to be desired than that the people of ,great ,britain should acquaint themselves with the facts regarding the greatest social advance ever made by humanity in a generation4 ,can it be the case that the millions of ,america committed an act of social folly when they outlawed the liquor traffic and closed the saloons1 and that1 awakening from their dream1 they are to restore the traffic in alcohol and the saloon once more8 ,that is the impression that a spoon-fed ,press seeks to create4 ,can it be true8 ,to answer that question we must ascertain first whether the prohibition of the sale and manufacture of alcohol in the ,states was an act of panic legislation1 the result of a snap vote1 the effect of a passing enthusiasm or a fanaticism that was triumphant for a moment8 ,if it be of that order1 then it may be expected to be cast aside by a wearied and disillusioned people4 ,but the movement that prohibited alcohol across the ,atlantic has the toil and sacrifice and devotion of three generations behind it4 ,it is not a thing of yesterday4 ,as far back as #ahcd the selling of liquor to ,indians was forbidden by law4 ,seventy-six years ago 7in #ahdf7 the first ,prohibition ,law was enacted in the ,state of ,maine4 ,fifty-seven years ago the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly excluded liquor distillers and liquor sellers from the membership of the ,church4 ,in #ahgc the ,women's ,temperance ,crusade movement was inaugurated--a movement whose ideal was to make the ,united ,states safe for women and children by the suppression of the saloon4 ,in #ahic the ,anti-,saloon ,league was formed--an organisation that brought the various societies into unity and fused them into the strength of steel4 ,there were long years of work in school and of teaching in the churches ere on the #ahth ,december #aiag the ,amendment in favour of ,prohibition passed the ,legislative ,assemblies at ,washington4 ,having passed the ,house of ,representatives and the ,senate1 it had to be ratified by a majority of the various ,states4 ,the ,states had seven years in which to ratify2 but within one year and two months forty-five ,states1 with a population of over one hundred millions1 ratified the ,amendment4 ,only three out of the forty-eight ,states failed to ratify4 ,on the #bith ,january1 it being certified that three-fourths of the ,states had ratified as the ,constitution requires1 the #ahth ,amendment to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 prohibiting alcohol1 became law4 ,and on that night the leaders of the movement held a service of thanksgiving in ,washington1 and when the hour struck ushering in the first day of the new era1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,bryan began his address by reading the words3 ',they are dead that sought the young child's life4' ,an ,amendment to a ,national ,constitution which has the generations behind it is not one to be repealed4 ,to repeal it requires now a majority of three-fourths of the ,states6 ,the one great fact to remember1 is that by local option two thousand two hundred and thirty-five counties in the ,united ,states had made an end of the liquor traffic in their areas before ,prohibition became the national law1 and that there were only three hundred and five counties in all the ,states which had not declared themselves dry before ,prohibition became the law4 ,if anything be certain under the sun it is that ,prohibition is the settled and unalterable policy of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,during a visit of three months1 and after inquiries in several cities1 ,i never met a single person who wanted the saloon again reopened in the ,states4 ,whatever criticism might be made1 there was among everybody only one sentiment regarding the saloon--and that was thankfulness that it was closed for ever4 ,,iii ,there are1 however1 those who desire the ,volstead law defining alcohol amended so that the sale of beer and light wines may be permitted in restaurants with meals4 ,to us that seems reasonable2 but there is no chance of such a policy being adopted4 ,the reason is that these experiments have already been made in the ,states and have been found unworkable and unsatisfactory4 ,the settled policy of the reformers in the ,states is to seal up the sources of drunkenness4 ,every drunkard began as a moderate drinker2 and the evil has to be stayed at its source4 ,mr4 ,bryan described the process dramatically3 ',the moderate drinker says every man should stop when he has had enough4 ,but the difficulty is to know when one has had enough1 for enough is a horizon that recedes as one approaches it4 ,a frail brother was advised by a friend to drink a glass of sarsaparilla when he had had enough4 ,that's right1 was the reply1 but when ,i have had enough ,i cannot say sarsaparilla6' ,the prevailing opinion among the ,church and social leaders is that the liquor trade as it was conducted in ,america could not be mended1 and that it had to be ended4 ,and it was ended4 ,having been ended1 there is no possibility of its being amended6 ,,iv ,it is one thing to legislate and another to make that legislation effective4 ,we know that by experience in this country4 ,it took long years to make the laws against smuggling operative in this country2 and it was only after ,queen ,victoria's accession that the laws abolishing slavery in the ,british ,empire1 passed in a previous reign1 were made operative4 ,in the ,states the stage of legislation regarding alcohol is past1 and the stage of making the legislation effective has come4 ,the difficulty of making ,prohibition operative is great1 but the difficulty is being steadily overcome4 ,no law that ever was made has been fully successful3 otherwise there would be no theft and no murder in a perfect world4 ,in one ,state--,detroit--it is said that five thousand automobiles are stolen every year1 but nobody ever suggested that the commandment forbidding theft should be repealed in ,detroit4 ,there are more murders in ,new ,york in any one year than in the whole of ,ireland in its most distressful year1 but nobody suggests that the commandment against murder should be repealed in ,new ,york4 ,that a law is broken is no argument for its repeal4 ,and notwithstanding all the smuggling there is no doubt but that the ,prohibition ,law is obeyed by #ii per cent4 of the ,american people4 ',in ,nebraska there are several times as many men in the penitentiary for stealing automobiles as there are for violating the liquor laws4' ,the persons who are convicted for breaking the law are the aliens newly come to the country--,italians1 ,poles1 ,irish1 ,spaniards4 ,a native-born ,american scarcely ever is found among the breakers of the ,prohibition ,law1 and very seldom a ,scotsman4 ,but the newspapers themselves are the proof of this4 ,if the disregard of ,prohibition were the general thing1 the newspapers would cease to record it2 for according to the ,press news is the exceptional4 ,to walk to business every day is commonplace and receives no record2 but to be run down in the traffic and break a limb is news4 ,that receives its paragraph4 ,it is the exceptional that receives the big headlines4 ,and the big headlines about smuggling across the ,canadian border and from the ,bahama ,islands or about wood alcohol are the proof that these things are exceptional4 ,otherwise they would not be news4 ,that ethical passion which passed the #ahth ,amendment is now being diverted to its enforcement4 ,the traffic across the ,canadian border is being stopped1 for ,canada is now going dry4 ,the traffic from the ,bahamas under the ,british flag is being dealt with4 ',we shall move heaven and earth to make ,prohibition effective1' said the orator4 ',you had better move the ,bahamas1' came the reply4 ,it would be a disaster if the false impression created in this country by the syndicated ,press regarding the working of ,prohibition in the ,states were to lead those in authority to imagine that the people of the ,states will regard with no indignation the ,british flag being used for the flouting of the laws and of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,it is impossible that that can go on4 ,everywhere in the ,states the organisation for making ,prohibition effective is being tightened up4 ,in social reform the citizens of the ,states are determined to lead the world4 ,i for one am convinced that they will not be turned from their chosen path or deflected from their goal by bootleggers or by ,jewish syndicates4 ,whoever will judge of the condition of the ,states regarding ,prohibition from the newspapers in ,new ,york will find themselves misled4 ',in ,new ,york1' says ,the ,world1 'it will be necessary to install three enforcement agents to a family1 so that they can stand in three eight-hour shifts1 or hire the entire population of the city as special enforcement agents and set every man to watch himself4' ,that is the sort of piffle that is supplied gratis to the newspapers in this country4 ,what is forgotten is the fact that the millions of homes where the fathers and mothers live and toil1 who have carried the law1 say nothing4 ,their voice is not heard in their ,press4 ,and they have not weakened in their resolution that their country shall be a country where children shall grow up untempted and where monopolies shall no longer be free to fill the jails and the poorhouses4 ,no amount of jibes can alter the fact that there has been no ethical revolution in the history of the world comparable to that passion for righteousness which passed the #ahth ,amendment and which is now determined to enforce it4 ',our parents1' said a wet orator lately1 'taught us to lay up something for a rainy day3 how much nicer if they had only taught us to lay up something for a dry one4' ,the ,american will make any number of jokes about his climate1 but his determination is unalterable that it shall be dry4 ,there has been no great moral advance made by humanity in these last centuries which has been unable to hold its ground4 ,whatever dust may be thrown in their eyes1 the people of this country may be certain that there will be no repeal4 ,when the choice is ',repeal' or ',enforce1' the ,american chooses unhesitatingly4 ',enforce' becomes his watchword4 ,v ,though in the ,western ,states full enforcement of the ,prohibition ,law has not been effected so far1 yet the beneficial effects of the closing of the saloons are so many and great1 that he who runs may read4 ,there were four millions idle in the ,states at the time when ,i was there1 but the nation was going through the greatest industrial crisis in its history with perfect calm1 and without suffering the pangs of destitution1 because workmen no longer wasted their money in the saloons4 ,here in ,britain the idle have been pauperised by doles from the public exchequer2 in the ,united ,states there have been no doles4 ,the nation can thus come through a crisis of unemployment without half its number becoming a charge on the remainder4 ,that is possible because the sources of waste are sealed up4 ,statistics amply prove that drunkenness is rapidly disappearing4 ,the ,salvation ,army ceased its rescue work among the drunkards in ,new ,york because there were no more drunkards to be rescued4 ,in ,pittsburg ,i found the jail well-nigh empty and the poorhouse without sufficient inmates to keep it clean4 ,it is the same everywhere4 ,one great employer of labour1 whose opinion ,i asked1 said3 ',prohibition has given us a good ,monday in our factory4' ,that was the most terse and effective testimony to ,prohibition that ,i heard4 ,there is no broken time owing to drunkenness4 ,industrial efficiency has been increased #bj per cent4 ,one man who had an interest in a big hotel told me that the profits from soft drinks 7non-alcoholic7 were last year double the profit they used to make by the sale of alcohol4 ,hotels never had such a time of prosperity as they have had lately4 ,the reason is that men can bring their wives and children to stay at the hotels with perfect safety4 ,the proprietor of the biggest hotel in a city where ,i stayed told me that he was glad to be rid of the bar and that he would never have it back on any account4 ,a ,canadian-,scot who has prospered greatly told me how he became a ,prohibitionist4 ',i am interested in a mine in the north1' said he1 'and ,i went to visit it4 ,i saw the men wasting their substance and their lives in the saloons--lying around drugged1 with their pockets empty4 ,it was shocking4 ,i used to give #ejj to fight ,prohibition4 ,when the wet agent came to my office after that for my subscription1 ,i said3 ,get out6 ,i'll give #ejj a year in the future to make an end of all saloons6 ,it is thus the movement spreads4 ,the moderate drinker is as determined as the ,rechabites that the saloon shall never open its door again--and it never will4 ,one of the oddest testimonies in behalf of the success of the new law was this saying3 ',in ,detroit there has been a falling off in the taxi-cab trade4' ,the inference is that everybody can walk home now4 ',we saw1' says ,mr4 ,harold ,spender1 'only a single drunken man in ,america for three weeks1 and then he was a politician going to ,washington4' ,in a period of three months ,i saw none4 ,though this reform has been in operation for so short a time1 it has already effected the greatest miracle in modern history4 ,it has healed the sick by the hundred thousand and it has raised the dead4 ,,vi ,the readers of the commercialised ,press when they scan the inspired articles regarding ,america's social uprising have only to use their common-sense to realise that they are being served up falsehoods4 ,they have only to think what a mighty change for the betterment of humanity has been wrought in the great cities where alcohol no longer seeks and lies in wait for the unwary at every street corner4 ,instead of liquor seeking him1 the drouth must now seek the liquor--and the search is a toilsome one in a dry and parched land4 ,what a deliverance that must be for the weak-willed when the ,state no longer1 by licensed premises every few yards in the crowded streets1 tempts them to take the road to pauperism and destruction4 ,they have only to think of the lives of rich and poor whom they themselves knew1 that have made shipwreck on these rocks and shoals1 and think what a deliverance has come to the nation that no longer1 with the marshalled host of its liquor sellers1 seeks to enslave and destroy its citizens4 ,they have only to look at the city of their habitation and ask themselves why it is that so many hundred thousand of their fellow-citizens live under conditions that mean unspeakable misery4 ,why are families doomed to one-roomed houses8 why are children reared under conditions that mean their being damned before they are born8 ,the answer is--,alcohol6 ,in proportion to the number of public-houses in any district is the misery of the housing conditions4 ,you have but to scratch the surface of human misery anywhere in our cities and you find the turgid stream of alcohol4 ,let the reader of the subsidised ,press ask himself why all the money spent on clearing and cleaning slums has wrought no result8 ,it is that alcohol creates new slums faster than the old are cleared away4 ,let him ask why all the money spent in mission work1 in philanthropic work1 in rescue work1 has not diminished the mass of human misery2 and the answer is--,alcohol6 ,let him think of the money now wasted by the workers in the reeking public-houses being used to clothe and feed and house the children--and what wonderful cities we would have and what a new race we would become4 ,and all that has been done in the ,united ,states and in ,canada4 ',our great claim as ,prohibitionists1' said ,admiral ,sims1 'is that it has shut up the schools of future drunkards1 the saloons and the clubs4 ,we have saved the rising generation4' ,no amount of misrepresentations can alter facts4 ,the ,americans are not fools4 ,they know their own business4 ',in every community1' said ,president ,harding recently1 'men and women have had an opportunity to know what ,prohibition means4 ,they know that debts are more promptly paid1 that men take home the wages that once were wasted in saloons1 that families are better clothed and fed1 and more money finds its way into the savings bank4 ,in another generation ,i believe that liquor will have disappeared1 not merely from our politics1 but from our memories4' ,,vii ,great ,britain led the world in the deliverance of humanity from the degradation of slavery2 the ,united ,states and ,canada are leading the world in the still greater deliverance of humanity from the degradation of alcohol4 ,out of the ,west cometh the world's salvation4 ,america1 that is for ever singing of itself as the 'sweet land of liberty1' is now the seat of the greatest experiment in personal coercion that the world has known4 ,and that is because the ,american has freed his mind from cant4 ,he has replaced the conception of liberty as liberty to do as we like by the conception of liberty which is the liberation of large masses of the community from thraldom to their base appetites and from the oppression of grafters and profiteers4 ,the main cause of that deliverance was the awakened conscience of the people4 ,when the power to veto licences was placed in the hands of the people1 the citizens became conscious of the fact that when they voted for a licence they were just as much partners in the saloon as if they furnished the liquor and sold it standing behind the bar4 ,when they considered that the poisoning of the poor by alcohol was a road to wealth1 when they traced the misery and ruin that afflicted the community to the saloons1 they felt that they could not any longer be sharers in the traffic nor incur responsibility for it4 ,it was the ,churches of the land that wakened the conscience of the people4 ,it was better that any community perish rather than that they should offend one of the little ones for which ,christ died4444 ,what we need is that the conscience of the community should be wakened in the same manner4 ,the ,church of ,christ alone can sound the trumpet that wakens from the slumber of torpor4 ,but the ,church seems more concerned about dealing out soothing syrup to its soporific members than about wakening the dead4 ,the spectacle of bishops denouncing ,prohibition in the name of ,freedom2 of representative ,church ,councils refusing to recommend the cause of ,no-,licence2 of congregations being narcotised to the slaughter of the innocents that goes on ceaselessly all around them--the victims of ,bacchus laid for ever on his altar--while the preacher proclaims peace1 peace1 where there is no peace1 and expounds an evangel of sweetness and light while the people are perishing--all that may well make angels weep4 ,but the ,churches are wakening4 ,the founder of ,christianity prayed1 ',lead us not into temptation1' and ,christians cannot for ever acquiesce in the ,state tempting its own children to their destruction4 ,just as we look back and marvel how any ,christian could ever defend slavery1 so fifty years hence1 when the liquor traffic will have become a memory1 men will marvel how ,christians could ever have defended the ,liquor ,trade and looked on1 silent1 while it swept the young and the strong to doom4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,peril ,,of ,,the ,,crowd ,the history of humanity is in large measure the history of its own illusions4 ,it has always been towards the mirage that men have tramped with bleeding feet1 only to strew the desert with bleached bones4 ,one great illusion has been that the golden age would come when the world's autocracies gave place at last to democracy1 and the will of the multitude became law4 ,it has come2 democracy now wields the world's sceptre4 ,but alas6 the golden age tarries1 and the wistful doubt arises whether the greatest peril confronting humanity may not be just that--the sceptre in the hand of the unregenerate crowd4 ,i ,for what we have to remember is that the crowd is by its very nature and spirit capable of crimes such as the individual autocrat would shrink from in horror4 ,you may think that fantastic1 and imagine that a crowd consists1 after all1 of so many individuals1 and that the spirit of the crowd can only be the aggregate of the individuals comprising it4 ,but such a view is mistaken4 ,the corporate spirit of the crowd is not that of the units composing it4 ,the best illustration of this is the sudden reeling back into the jungle of a crowd when a panic seizes them4 ,let the cry ',fire' be raised in a crowded building1 and though the separate individuals be of the gentlest and most considerate1 yet instantly the crowd becomes daemonic1 a wrestling1 writhing1 struggling mass trampling the weak under foot1 with no thought but self-preservation4 ,there are various explanations4 ,one is the law of sympathy1 by which an emotion is intensified in being shared4 ,at the first cry of peril a wave of fear passes through the crowd2 and as each looks at the faces around him he sees fear in every eye4 ,the emotion suddenly unloosed is like a river whose source is amid the silent hills1 that gathers in its course a thousand rills1 until at last it sweeps in mighty floods everything before it4 ,before the flood of terror generated by the crowd all the decencies of civilisation vanish1 and man becomes once more the animal with but the one instinct--to fight for one's life4 ,and it is the same with anger4 ,let a skilled orator set himself to rouse the passion of a crowd1 and he will soon generate a spirit that utterly obliterates the individual4 ,let him depict the wrongs they suffer1 and anger sweeps through the multitude1 bending them to the spirit of the orator as the corn field bends before the wind4 ,though as individuals they may tremble in their shoes before their wives1 now1 fused by rhetoric into one glowing mass1 they are ready to loot a city1 pull down a ,bastille1 and level an absolutist throne with the dust4 ,but the great explanation of the spirit of the crowd as distinct from the individual is that in the surge of contagious emotion generated by the crowd the sense of personal identity is lost4 ,each only lives in the crowd4 ,and with the loss of identity comes the loss of personal responsibility4 ,i no longer stand alone to be judged for my acts2 it is the crowd who will be judged4 ,the brake of personal responsibility suddenly snaps4 ,it is thus that a crowd will commit a crime that the individual afterwards remembers with horror4 ,only a crowd could have said3 ',his blood be on us and on our children4' ,in these last years the horrors that struck a chill into the heart of the world were committed by the crowd4 ,suddenly in a ,belgian village the cry was raised1 ',we are being sniped4' ,instantly the soldiers were swept by one emotion1 and there rose the cry for vengeance4 ,then the ,mayor and the priest and a handful of village notables would be gathered and shot4 ,it was the rage and panic of a crowd seeking its own safety through brutality4 ,it is plain1 then1 that the spirit of the crowd is something far other than that of the individual1 and is capable of the greatest crimes4 ,it was the crowd that compelled ,socrates to drink the hemlock2 it was the crowd that overbore that poor vacillating weakling1 ,pilate1 with their monotonous chant1 ',crucify1 ,crucify'2 it has always been the crowd that has turned the sanctuaries into the nesting-places of owls and bats2 and the rock on which humanity may make shipwreck at last is just this--the crowd4 ,the millions of the dead have made the world safe for democracy3 the appalling question now is--,who will make democracy safe for the world8 ,,ii ,it is1 however1 only when the crowd is organised that the crowd becomes a real menace4 ,the horrors of war are unspeakable just because they are the horrors committed by the crowd perfectly organised4 ,a crowd that has met for no purpose1 and is a mere fortuitous concourse of atoms1 can do neither good nor harm4 ,in proportion to its organisation is the peril of the crowd4 ,the power of the crowd that committed the greatest crime in the history of the world lay in the fact that it was perfectly organised4 ,it was there in that chilly morning with only one purpose1 to cry1 ',crucify1 ,crucify4' ,across all the mists of the centuries we can see the organisers at work moving among the crowd4 ,they whisper to one group3 ',he struck you in your property1 overturning the tables of your barter2 if he lives you are ruined'2 and to the other3 ',remember his blasphemies3 what he called himself4' 444 ,and in the trail of the organisers arose with intenser volume the cry1 ',crucify1 ,crucify4' ,it was the organised crowd that nailed the ,son of ,man to the cross4 ,the fact that confronts us to-day is that the crowd is at last perfectly organised2 so perfectly organised that all the industry and transport of three kingdoms can be stopped by the flash of an electric wire4 ,the crowd knows what it wants1 and it has organised itself to get it4 ,but the crowd to-day is not an isolated handful such as that of old in ,athens or ,jerusalem4 ,the crowd is now world-wide and international4 ,what is shouted on the banks of the ,volga in the morning1 at noon is shouted on the ,clyde1 and at the setting of the sun in ,new ,york4 ,for the cable and the telephone and the wireless have woven humanity into one web4 ,from the rising to the setting of the sun1 slowly but steadily on the forge the international crowd is being hammered into the unity of steel4 ,in the old days the crowd had to storm their way into the presence of their ,pilates before they could cry ',crucify4' ,but to-day the organised1 super-national crowd has changed all that4 ,now the crowd can make itself heard across half the world4 ,it assembles on the banks of the ,ganges and formulates its demands4 ,the ,turk must stay at ,constantinople6 ,if not1 well1 there will be trouble4 ,there in ,london or ,paris or ,washington the modern ,pilate receives his message4 ,the cry of the crowd hums in his ears across five thousand miles4 ',what shall ,i do with the bleeding and persecuted8' asks he4 ',what is that to us8' answers the crowd on the ,ganges4 ,and expediency gains the day as it did in ,jerusalem4444 ,and fifteen thousand crosses arise with their bleeding1 agonising victims in ,anatolia4444 ,the governors of this world have had but one rule in all the ages4 ,instead of fixing their eyes on the stars they have gazed at the streets and have listened to the crowd4444 ,and the organised crowd can to-day make itself heard round all the world as it cries1 ',crucify1 ,crucify4' ,,iii ,there is to-day one other added element in the peril of the crowd1 and that is the removal of the forces that formerly restrained and curbed4 ,the witness of history is that only one spirit can stand up against and cast out the spirit of the crowd1 and that is the spirit of religion4 ,i am not speaking of ,christianity merely1 but of religion in its generic sense4 ,there was only one force in ,jerusalem on ,good ,friday stronger than the thirst for blood1 and that was the feeling that they1 the crowd1 must not defile themselves ceremonially4 ,only one power1 religion alone1 can cut the claws of the tiger in man4444 ,in the midst of the darkest deeds the thought of ,god's judgment-seat has ever and again pulled humanity up4 ,but it is gone now--that sense of the ,unseen ,assize4 ,two generations ago the international crowd of the learned 7for crowds are of many kinds71 having discovered they could explain some processes1 took it for granted that nobody initiated these processes4 ,with great congratulations on the delivery of humanity from superstition1 they bowed the ,creator out of ,his universe4 ,in so doing they thought they were ushering in a new world1 where man would find deliverance from all ill through the illumined brain4444 ,alas6 for human hopes4 ,the learned have now gone back to the old truth--that this world is organised spirit4 ,but the sad thing is that though it is easy to bamboozle the crowd1 yet1 once they are bamboozled1 it passes the wit of man to debamboozle them again4 ,the scientific crowd bowed ,god out a generation ago2 but to bow ,him in again is beyond them4 ,and the spirit of the crowd is left to-day without curb or chain from ,siberia to ,cork4 ,,iv ,there are few sadder thoughts than this--to think how the ,church has thrown away the power that once it knew how to use1 the mesmeric instinct of the crowd4 ',in our ,state1' said an ,american1 'the devil is fighting hard against the ,church6' ',ah6 in ,montana it is different1' was the reply2 'there with us1 the devil is running the ,church4' ,it would look as if it were even so4 ,wherever there was a crowd waiting anywhere on the ministry of the ,gospel1 the devil set himself to break up that crowd4 ,he did it in ways most skilful4 ,had his true personality appeared1 he would instantly have been cast forth4 ,it was therefore apparelled as an angel of light that he set about the work4 ,he never failed to mouth high-sounding phrases4 ,his favourite watchword was principle4 ,it did not matter much what the principle was if only thereby the crowd could be broken up4 ,in the beginning of the seventeenth century the evangel of ,jesus1 that was committed to the winds of ,galilee and to a handful of peasants1 was intellectualised into a massive system of propositions that was to be for all time the test of orthodoxy4 ,one might smile if the fountain of tears lay not here4 ,that religion1 which is like the wind blowing where it listeth1 was caught at last1 and embodied in legal enactments and formulas--sheltered behind statistics6 ,whoever heard of wind blowing through legal documents8 ,build shelters and there is no more wind6 ,yet these legal documents became the test of that religion which is life and which is love4 ,if any doubt was expressed about the use of shelters when men needed the fresh breeze from heaven--then the devil appeared and said that to abide by the shelter was a principle4 ,nobody must touch or change that structure4 ,if that be done1 then those who were loyal must separate4 ,by a discreet use of the principle of loyalty to confessions the devil broke up crowd after crowd of worshipping ,christians4 ,there was nothing that he could not use for that purpose4 ,the doubt arose whether the all-loving ,father could really send babes to everlasting torments or decree that the vast majority of mankind be tortured1 for ever and ever4 ,that was used to break up the ,church4 ,a hymn1 a paraphrase1 the form of a prayer1 the posture at worship1 a vestment--anything1 everything1 was good enough for the devil's purpose4 ,by these he achieved his ends4 ,the crowd was no longer to be found in one sanctuary4 ,here1 where ,i write1 in the days of my boyhood the folk assembled in the open air for their great ,christian festival on the second ,sunday of ,august4 ,it was a moving spectacle to see a couple of thousand people in the hearing of the sea1 with the hills brooding over them1 raise a psalm to heaven4 ,but that crowd has been broken up into four fragments4 ,there is no longer a crowd4 ,the devil has secured its overthrow4 ,on the wave of an emotion generated by a thousand hearts no soul shall again be wafted heavenward in that green place4 ,for the devil has seen to it that the thousand hearts shall be no longer there4 ,v ,there is a hopeful side to all this if only ,christians will learn wisdom4 ,instead of allowing the devil to break up congregations into fragments1 as he has done for a hundred years1 what the ,church must do now is to provide the crowd which will exercise the powerful attraction of the herd-instinct on the side of righteousness4 ,the spectacle presented in a poor and crowded district of a great city by competing missions--,primitives1 ,wesleyans1 ,presbyterians1 ,catholics1 ,salvation ,army1 and so on--each weak and ineffective--is heart-breaking4 ,there are so many of them that there can be a crowd at none of them4 ,the day of home-mission activities as now conducted is at an end4444 ,at ,pittsburg ,i was taken to a meeting in a great auditorium1 seated for #hjjj people1 where ,gipsy ,smith was carrying on a mission4 ,the place was crowded4 ,there was a massed choir of a few hundred voices4 ,after a great volume of praise rolled heavenward1 there came an atmosphere vibrant with the sense of the ,divine as prayer was offered4 ,i never heard ,gipsy ,smith before1 and ,i was not prejudiced in his favour4 ,but his simplicity1 his directness1 his power of speaking straight home to the heart1 made me captive4 ,here was a master of crowd-psychology4 ,the ,jesus whom this man preached was the elder brother1 the lover of men1 the saviour from self4 ,when the preacher asked those who desired to follow and obey ,jesus to stand up1 they rose in hundreds4 ,it almost seemed as if the whole congregation were on their feet4 ,the difficulty when every force seemed to lift one up was in continuing to sit still4 ,this is the only mission that can to-day be effective--the mission in which the mysterious powers latent sub-consciously in man are directed heavenward4 ,instead of weak1 isolated1 competitive missions1 if the churches would organise home-missions after this order4444 ,there in ,pittsburg1 as in every city where men such as ,gipsy ,smith exercise their ministry1 the first requisite is that the churches organise to provide the herd4 ,without the herd1 the herd-instinct cannot operate4 ,first provide the crowd1 and then the masters of crowd-psychology can turn their faces heavenward4 ,it will be a poor ruined world if the crowd be left much longer as the monopoly of the devil4 ,the laws of crowd-psychology1 which can crucify a ,christ and turn an ancient civilisation into carnage and animalism1 can also shape humanity to the noblest ends4 ,by these same laws self-sacrifice1 love1 heroism1 idealism can make their irresistible appeal4 ,along this line victory will come4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,let ,,us ,,have ,,peace ,it was to attend a ,congress of ,churches that ,i crossed the ,atlantic1 but it is not listening to speeches that gives a realisation of any country4 ,it is when wandering about the streets1 sitting in cafes1 listening in a smoking-car1 or talking to a man in a hotel lounge that one forms some impression of the atmosphere which ,americans breathe4 ,it has been asserted1 doubtless with truth1 that human aberrations are a misplaced worship4 ,that happiness which men were created to find in fellowship with the ,highest1 they seek in base and sensual forms4 ,drunkenness1 on this theory1 is a species of misdirected worship4 ,if this be granted1 then1 ,americans are of all nations the most devout4 ,they worship the vast in every form4 ,at ,pittsburg you could hear a man rolling out statistics of millions of tons of steel a year2 of harbour dues1 though the city is far from the sea1 that put even ,london and ,glasgow in the shade2 and as he speaks you feel that he has a thrill approaching adoration4 ,he is on his knees before the greatest he knows4 ,it is the same in everything4 ,a town of #ad1jjj inhabitants in #ahdj is now a city of a million4 ,he rolls the figures as if they were a mystic ritual4 ,everything with which he has to do must be the greatest on the earth4 ,i ,it was1 however1 in ,new ,york that one came to the inner shrine of ,american idealism4 ,i had stayed for two days in the academic calm of ,princeton1 had heard ,lord ,bryce lecture in iced and polished and classic phrases on the age-long problem of ,church and ,state2 had spoken to two hundred theological students who might just be in ,oxford or ,edinburgh1 for their eyes were just the same--the eyes of youth1 who perennially believe that they at least were born to put this old world right4 7,that is the wonderful feeling that keeps pulpits filled--the feeling that however much the message has been spurned and others have failed1 yet ,i cannot fail--glorious dream of youth67 ,from that atmosphere of reposeful idealism ,i was suddenly projected into the midst of ,new ,york4 ,it was a bewildering experience4 ,a friend who knew his way in the maze guided me to the ,pennsylvania hotel1 ',the biggest hotel in the world1 with #bbjj baths6' ,i found a room on the twentieth storey1 served by an 'express' service of lifts4 ,i could enter into the feelings of the countryman who1 descending in one of those for the first time and seeing floor after floor flash past1 murmured1 ',thank ,god1 ,i am safe so far4' ,having secured our 'baths' we went forth to see ,new ,york by night4 ,straight as an arrow my friend brought me to the spots where the full blaze of the illumined streets burst into view4 ,on every hand the street fronts blazed with multi-coloured lights4 ,rainbows of dazzling splendour spanned the avenues4 ,above every sky-scraper1 darkening the stars1 letters of fire proclaimed ',the ,greatest ,boot ,emporium in the ,world' or ',the ,vastest ,store in all the ,universe4' ,st4 ,john in his dreams of apocalyptic splendour in ,patmos could never have dreamed anything weirder than this4 ,far as the eye could see down ,fifth ,avenue the quivering lights proclaimed to the silent stars3 ',we are the people--the greatest on the earth6' ,but1 after all1 the world is but a tenth-rate little gutta-percha ball in the immensity of infinitude1 and it was a comfort to think that the constellations were not impressed4 ,on our way back we rested in a ',soda-,fountain' refreshment room where we sucked nectar through straws4 ',this1' said my friend1 'was a notorious saloon before the war1 and here are we1 two douce parsons1 drinking in all the phylacteries of respectability4' ,that1 on the whole1 was the most wonderful thing we saw that night in ,new ,york4 ,but as ,i looked from the dizzy height of my room in the sky-scraper1 out on that city of glittering light1 ,i seemed to realise what it meant4 ,that building of monstrous height1 these proclamations that darkened the heavens1 making the stars but a background for vaunting--what are they but the pursuit of the ideal2 the scaling of heaven by force2 the soul laying hold on immensity by both hands4 ,it is humanity on its knees before the wrong altar4 ,,ii ,it is the same when the ,great ,war is recalled1 as it inevitably is every hour4 ,to the ,american his share looms so vast that he is convinced he won the war4 ,among certain classes ',we won the war' has become a watchword4 ',my brother last year travelled through ,italy and ,france and part of ,germany1' a typical ,american will confide in you1 'and he met a ,german officer1 and this ,german told him that they thought little of the ,english and less of the ,french1 but that when the ,americans came in they recognised their masters and quitted at once4' ,hereupon a quiet man in a corner begins to talk4 ',we air a wonderful nation1 sir1 and that's a sure thing1' he nasalises2 'we had only #ej1jjj casualties1 and you had a million1 and the ,french a million and a half1 and the ,russians perhaps two millions1 and the ,italians half a million--say five millions in all among the ,europeans4 ,my friend says we won the war with #ej1jjj casualties6 ,his idea seems to be that an ,american is worth a hundred of his brethren in ,europe4 ,it is the atmosphere here1 sir4 ,we air a great nation1 sir4' ,upon this the first eyes the second speaker askance4 ,but a ,canadian takes up the tale4 ',there was an ,englishman down in ,florida this summer and he went bathing1' thus the ,canadian4 ',there was a poster forbidding bathing at a particular beach2 but there the ,englishman1 having donned his bathing suit1 plunged in4 ,the watcher of the beach rushed to him on his return to shore and reprimanded him for disobeying orders4 ,oh6 ,i am all right1 for ,i took precautions1 was the answer4 ,what precautions8 exclaimed the watcher1 at once professionally interested4 ,and the bather turned round and showed his newly-bought bathing suit4 ,on one side it bore the stars and stripes and on the other the legend ,we won the war4 ,pointing to these he said1 ,i was perfectly safe1 for no shark that ever swam in the ocean would swallow that6' 444 ,the ,canadian can beat the ,yankee at his own game4 ,he just pricks the tube and you hear the wind whizzing4 ,but in a few years nobody in the ,states outside the ranks of the learned will know anything about any one's sufferings and heroisms in the ,great ,war except their own4 ,just as to-day it is a surprise to a ,german to learn that ,wellington won ,waterloo1 so in the future it will be a surprise to an ,american to learn that ,britain and ,france by rivers of their blood won the ,great ,war4 ',we won the war' has only begun as yet to run its course4 ,,iii ,it was1 however1 at ,mount ,vernon1 sixteen miles south of ,washington1 that ,i seemed to be nearest to the soul of ,america4 ,it was with a quiet thankfulness that ,i left the city behind and went on pilgrimage to ,mount ,vernon1 the home of ,george ,washington4 ,there the scenes amid which the ,father of his country moved and had his being are unchanged4 ,in the city1 the ,washington monument1 a shaft of white marble rising to a height of '#eee feet #e #a_/h inches1' confronts one's eyes at the end of every vista4 ,but here no monument challenges the world by its height4 ,the plain1 wooden building1 painted to resemble stone1 with a piazza extending along the whole front1 consisting of two storeys and an attic with dormer windows1 surmounted by a small cupola and an ancient weathervane1 is just as it was when ,washington lived and died4 ,in these rooms with the tables and chairs and bed and pictures1 and the books 7duplicates mostly71 just as they were a hundred and fifty years ago1 there were dreamed dreams that have changed half the world4 ,out of this farm-house came the impulse and the power wherewith ',the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard around the world4' ,there could be found few spots on earth in which one could better muse on the mutability of earthly affairs than in these rooms tenanted by ghosts4 ,here in the main hall is the key of the ,bastille1 sent by ,lafayette from ,paris as a gift to ,washington after the capture of the prison in #aghi4 ',give me leave1 my dear ,general1' wrote ,lafayette1 'to present you with a picture of the ,bastille1 just as it looked a few days after ,i ordered its demolition1 with the main key of the fortress of despotism4 ,it is a gift which ,i owe as a son to my adopted country1 as an aide-de-camp to my ,general1 as a missionary of liberty to its patriarch4' ,no nation ever owed so great a debt for its liberty as the ,united ,states owed to ,france4 ,george ,washington won the ,war of ,independence because half the people of ,britain sympathised with him1 knowing that he was fighting their battle for liberty as well as his own2 but mainly because ,france espoused his cause on sea and land1 and sent him money1 and men1 and leaders such as ,lafayette4 ,but in the realm of international politics gratitude has no place4 ,when ,france in #aiad faced the menace of overwhelming and final destruction2 when ,belgium1 to whose independence the ,united ,states was a signatory at the ,hague ,convention1 was overrun1 the ,government at ,washington did not even enter a protest1 and the ,president still addressed the ,kaiser as 'great and good friend4' ,while ,france that won her liberty for ,america was for three years in ,gethsemane1 the ,states were 'too proud to fight4' ,as late as #aiag there was the famous speech about 'peace without victory4' ,it was only when a ,presidential ,election was gained by 'the ,man who kept us out of the war1' and when the interests of the ,states on the high seas were threatened with ruin1 that the ,americans at last entered the fray4 ,if ,britain had acted as the ,states did1 ,france to-day would have been the conscript appendage of ,germany4 ,when the ,american ,ambassador in ,london declared in a candid moment that ,america came into the war for 'her own interests1' the resolutions passed and the speeches made disowning him were amazing4 ,that key of the ,bastille there in ,mount ,vernon is a monument of international ingratitude4 ,there is no reason to narcotise ourselves into believing that poor humanity has been changed for ever in this year of grace at ,washington4 ,,iv ,to-day ,mount ,vernon is a shrine1 and a sky-scraping monument dominates ,washington1 but ,george ,washington learned in his own day the lesson that in politics there is no gratitude4 ,the founder of the great ,republic did not escape the common fate4 ,he was accused as ,president of drawing more than his salary1 of aping at monarchy2 there were hints of the guillotine being needed2 until at last the scurrilous attacks drove ,washington to declare at a ,cabinet meeting in #agic that he would rather be in his grave than in his present position4 ,it is said that at the end he would have preferred to seek reunion with ,britain4 7,an ,american lecturer was howled down in ,new ,york two years ago for venturing to refer to that67 ,this at least is sure1 that ,washington was glad to end his days in the peace of ,mount ,vernon4 ,if this may seem incredible one has only to think of the fate of ,clemenceau1 of ,venizelos1 or of ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,there is to-day in ,washington a living monument of national ingratitude4 ,whatever may be thought of many of the acts of ,president ,wilson1 of his leaving ,france to her fate until he won his election to the second term of office by the help of the anti-,british and pacifist votes1 yet posterity will undoubtedly acclaim him as ,lincoln now is acclaimed4 ,it was he who not only1 with the dreamers of all the years1 dreamed the dream of perpetual peace1 but by his unbending will-power forced the nations of ,europe to place that dream1 materialised in the ,league of ,nations1 in the forefront of the ,treaty of ,versailles4 ,that was one of those epoch-making events on which the history of the world turns4 ,it is idle to think that the coming generations will not place the man who did that among the greatest of the human race4 ,and yet to-day his own countrymen can find no words strong enough to express their contempt and dislike4 ,there is no more pathetic figure in all the world4 ,a shattered body gains him no respite from abuse4 ,when the broken man drove for the last time from the ,white ,house to his own home--the burden at last laid down--a demonstration organised by the ,league of ,nations ,union cheered him at his gate4 ,they would not go away until he spoke4 ,he was taken to a window1 and after saying a few words he pointed to his throat1 in token that he could not further reply to the ovation4 ,history can scarcely parallel that tragedy4 ,but ,woodrow ,wilson can comfort himself with the thought that the hosannas will rise in chorus when he is dead4 ,george ,washington has now a monument #eee feet high2 a hundred years hence ,woodrow ,wilson will have a monument #fff feet high4 ,the generations of those who garnish tombs never fail4 ',i tremble for my country1' said ,president ,jefferson1 'when ,i remember that ,god is just4' ,v ,the world has raised a chorus of rejoicing over the results of the ,conference at ,washington4 ,while we rejoice at the prospect of reducing the number of battleships1 we can only rejoice with trembling4 7,it is ,america1 who had the ,japanese navy on the brain1 that has the greatest cause to rejoice47 ,but agreements and treaties are not going to save us4 ,the crucial question is not the form and context of a treaty1 but rather whether there is among men sufficient truth and righteousness to fulfil its terms4 ,the warfare of the future will be a warfare of chemistry4 7,according to a statement ascribed to ,edison1 the whole population of ,london can in the future be wiped out in eight hours by poison gas67 ,is there a possibility of restricting laboratories and the massing of deadly germs8 ,the men who will release the energy in an atom will be able to destroy a world4 ,if we look at facts we shall not be drugged by oratory4 ',rhetoric1' said ,theodore ,roosevelt1 'is a poor substitute for the habit of looking facts resolutely in the face4' ,the facts confronting us are ominous enough4 ,twice recently one of the greatest of nations has thrown over the signature of its ,supreme ,head and its ,secretary of ,state4 ,the ,united ,states repudiated its ,president and refused to ratify the ,league of ,nations2 and not only that1 but refused also to ratify the ,agreement made with ,france and ,britain to secure ,france against future aggression4 ,the present misery and unrest in ,europe are largely due to the failure of one hundred and ten millions of the ,english-speaking race to honour the signature of their ,chief4 ,the best of them bewail it1 and say that it is the fault of their political system4 ,under the worst system of ,european government such events would be impossible4 ,but though the failure to ratify treaties be grievous1 yet the failure to observe treaties duly ratified is still more grievous4 ,and the history of our relations with the ,states is largely the history of broken treaties4 ,there was the famous ,clayton-,bulwer ,treaty of #ahej regarding the ,panama ,canal2 it was repudiated in #ahhj1 and its history since is a history of broken agreements4 ,there have been so many conferences1 so many agreements1 so many treaties since the days of the ,holy ,alliance to the days of ,the ,hague1 and the end has always been the same4 ,in #aiaf ,mr4 ,elihu ,root made a speech in the ,american ,senate1 the echoes of which will ring round the world in the coming years4 ,the burden of his sorrow was shame for his country's repudiation of their obligation to protect ,belgium4 ,here are some sentences3-- ',wherever there was respect for law1 it revolted against the wrong done to ,belgium4 ,wherever there was true passion for liberty1 it blazed out for ,belgium4 ,wherever there was humanity it mourned for ,belgium4444 ,the law protecting ,belgium was our law and the law of every civilised country4444 ,we had played our part1 in conjunction with other civilised nations1 in making that law4444 ,moreover1 that law was written into a solemn and formal ,convention1 signed and ratified by ,germany1 and ,belgium and ,france1 and the ,united ,states4444 ,when ,belgium was invaded1 that ,agreement was binding1 not only morally1 but strictly and technically1 because there was then no nation a party to the war which was not also a party to the ,convention4 ,the invasion of ,belgium was a breach of contract with us for the maintenance of a law of nations4444 ,the ,american ,government failed to rise to the demands of a great occasion4 ,gone were the old love of justice1 the old passion for liberty1 the old sympathy with the oppressed1 the old ideals of an ,america helping the world towards a better future1 and there remained in the eyes of mankind only solicitude for trade and profit and prosperity and wealth4' ,yes1 humanity might mourn for ,belgium1 and the ,states stand aloof in spite of its plighted word1 but what of that when an election had to be won and the ,irish vote conciliated6 ,the world being what it is there can be no hope of deliverance along the road of treaties4 ,there can be no salvation by parchments4 ,you cannot make a treaty when there is no sense of truth and honour4 ,you cannot make a treaty with paganism4 ,there is no truth or honour there for a treaty to rest on4 ,and the world is still overwhelmingly pagan4 ,europe may have been baptized and ,america also1 but ,asia still dreams that its day will return4 ,japan is haunted by the dreams of ,potsdam1 and the hunger of empire is in her eyes4 ,china1 ,india1 ,africa1 and the ,turk are not yet even baptized6 ,and yet people think that we have arrived at last within sight of the millennium4 ,the characteristic of humanity is its credulous simplicity4 ,men cannot rid themselves of the fond belief that they can reform the jungle by manicuring the tiger's claws4 ,,vi ,the march of events is the proof that the woe of humanity is too deeply seated to be healed by any human salve4 ,there is no balm in any ,gilead for these wounds4 ,the first step towards the rehabilitation of the world would be the mutual cancelling of the nations' debts to each other4 ,the ,united ,states alone makes this impossible4 ,money that we borrowed for our allies1 and which we cannot recover from our allies1 ,america insists that we pay4 ,and yet that money was spent to save ,america as well as ourselves4 ,to realise that one has only to think what would have happened if ,germany had won8 ,the greatest day in the history of ,scotland was when the ,german fleet1 its crimes against the laws of ,neptune for ever ended1 came sailing into the ,forth to surrender4 ,through the mist that shrouded it there never moved a procession so humiliating and so woeful4 ,judgment at last overtook the murderers who gloated over the ,lusitania6 ,but supposing ,germany had won1 what then8 ,the first condition would have been the surrender of the ,british fleet at ,kiel4 ,and we would have no choice2 for a starving nation must sacrifice everything to feed its children4 ,but what would have happened then8 ,think of the ,emperor ,william master of the ,british and ,french fleets as well as his own4 ,what would have become of the ,monroe ,doctrine next morning8 ,what would have become of the scores he had to settle about the supplying of munitions to his foes8 ,in face of the might confronting her1 ,america would have been helpless4 ,new ,york would have been given to the flames if ,america came not to heel4 ,we saved the great ,republic as well as ,france and ourselves4 ,and now1 having given our sons and our treasure1 we are being bled white that we may pay ,america for the munitions which we used in her defence4 ,these payments are earmarked for the payment of ,american war-pensions6 ,the world has never seen so grotesque a situation4 ,the protected and the delivered demand that their protectors and deliverers should pay for the privilege of protecting and delivering them6 ,what is at the back of so preposterous a state of things8 ,it is this1 that there is the shadow of a ,presidential ,election looming ahead1 and the cancelling of the debts guaranteed by ,britain would be unpopular4 ,one can quite realise the use the ,irish orators would make of that4 ,we forget that ,anglophobia is still the staple of ,american history as taught in her schools4 ,the ,boston ,tea ,party and the ,war of ,independence were due to ,british vices and the triumph of ,american virtues4 ,to cancel the debts for which such a nation is responsible would be to repudiate the makers of ,america6 444 ,what is required1 of course1 is the right education of the ,american democracy4 ,schools should teach that it is impossible in so imperfect a world that all the right can be on one side4 ,yet that is how history is taught1 not only there but here4 ,our foes also were always wrong6 ,there will be no peace in the world until the spirit of spread-eagleism is replaced by that of meekness2 until nations and men realise that we are members one of another1 and that we are here to help and serve each other4 ,until that new spirit breathes through the masses of humanity1 there will be war4 ,and we shall have to endure4 ,we who saved ,america must pay for the privilege of saving her2 and we must do it while every opportunity of doing so is snatched from us4 ,a tariff that will exclude our goods has been established2 the only way left to pay is by acting as carriers on the seas6 ,now we are to be driven from that service by nationally subsidised mercantile ,american fleets6 ,and yet we must pay6 444 ,if anything could waken humanity to the fact that the conversion of the people can alone save the world1 it would be this4 ,missionaries to convert the hearts of the ,american voters is the world's supreme need4 ,,vii ,one of the most impressive sights in ,new ,york is the tomb of ,general ,grant4 ,its site overlooking the deep-gorged ,hudson river is most impressive4 ,it is a square building of white granite without and white marble within1 surmounted by a cupola with ,ionic columns4 ,above the door1 between two figures emblematic of peace and war1 are inscribed the words1 ',let us have peace4' ,these are the closing words of his letter accepting the ,presidency4 ,grant had a right to use the words1 for he was a great peace-maker4 ,he made peace by conquering the forces of disruption4 ,he kept stubbornly at it4 ,but when he won at last he would not humiliate ,lee by taking his sword from him2 and when he was told that ,lee's men owned their own horses--',let them keep them1' said ,grant2 'they will need them for the spring ploughing4' ,nor would he allow any salvos of victory4 ',we are all citizens of the same ,republic1' said he2 'let us have peace4' ,to-day the whole world is one ,republic woven together by the mighty shuttles of steamships1 airships1 and wireless4 ,in that world there can be no hermit nation4 ,in that world1 'let us have peace4' ,in the ,governor's garden at the base of the slope that leads to the citadel1 in ,quebec1 there is an obelisk that stirs the heart4 ,it is a monument to ,wolfe and ,montcalm4 ,the one died content that he had won a dominion greater than he knew for the nation that he loved2 the other1 dying1 comforted himself with the thought that he did not live to see the surrender of ,quebec4 ,there1 these two heroic souls1 near the scene of their heroism1 share a common monument4 ,the inscription is the most beautiful ,i know3-- ,mortem1 ,virtus1 ,communem1 ,famam ,historia ,monumentum ,posteritas ,dedit4 ',valour gave them a common death2 history a common fame2 posterity a common monument4' ,that obelisk visualises the hope of the future4 ,it would indeed be a miserable world in which men went on hating for ever4 ,only the spirit of ,him who for the love of men stooped to a cross can dig the grave of hate and war at last4 ,when the world shall awake from its nightmare and shall listen to ,him1 then the world will have peace4 ,,viii ,when ,i shall have forgotten all else1 ,i shall remember a morning spent in ,trinity ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,the oldest grave in the graveyard surrounding it is that of a little child1 ,richard ,churcher1 'who died the #e of ,april #afha of age #e years and #e months4' ,the child's name has outlived the city2 for the old city is gone4 ,a few years ago the spire of ,trinity ,church was a landmark4 ,now they are completely hidden by the buildings of enormous height that surround them4 ,by contrast the church and spire look like toys4 ,one building soars to #gbd feet--#di storeys1 with elevators rising #da storeys in one minute1 and express elevators #cj storeys in #cj seconds6 ,even ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral surrounded by buildings such as the ,woolworth1 rising to #hjj feet1 would be dwarfed into significance1 and ,trinity ,church is small compared to ,st4 ,paul's4 ,it is when one ponders such a scene that one realises what it is that is wrong with the world4 ,the towers and pinnacles of ,mammon soar everywhere high above the puny sanctuaries of faith4 ,the evangel of the ,carpenter of ,nazareth is jostled aside and crowded out4 ,what the world has to do is to make room once more for love and self-sacrifice--for idealism4 ,that is the only road to salvation4 ,nobody knows that better than the ,american4 ,he likes to listen to oratory about world-peace2 but when the oratory is done he smiles4 ',we might as well1' says he1 'try to lift ourselves by our bootlaces4' ,and that is the moral of it all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,united ,states refused the mandate for ,armenia1 and the mandate for ,constantinople1 and dishonoured the signature of its chief magistrate guaranteeing the security of ,france4 ,to-day the blood of the slain cries to ,heaven1 and ,britain is left alone holding the gates of ,europe against a race whose only rule is government by massacre4 ,and from ,america the ,press reports a cablegram to the ,prime ,minister3--',win civilisation's everlasting appreciation by keeping the brutes out of ,europe4 ,americans expect every ,englishman to do his duty4' ,what a strange species of humour6 ,in very truth the regeneration of the world's democracies is the only road to peace4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,peace ,the supreme need of the world to-day is peace4 ,europe is sinking into the morass of despair because across their frontiers a dozen nations drilled and armed are watching each other with sullen eyes4 ,from the shores of the ,pacific to the long wash of ,australasian seas everywhere it is the same4 ,civilisation is perishing2 but it is a civilisation armed to the teeth that is awaiting its obsequies4 ,every newspaper proclaims the one need is ,peace4 ,the ,conference on disarmament has but one word to express the sum of all its desires--,peace4 ,there must be some stupendous barrier in the way when all this yearning and endless talking fail to reach the goal of humanity's striving4 ,however eagerly the nations pursue it1 peace seems to be for ever a receding horizon4 ,if on one spot of an anguished world statesmen confer as to the things that make for peace1 yet behind their fortified frontiers the nations are still sharpening their swords4 ,it is1 as it has ever been1 a mad world4 ,i ,there must be some hidden cause of this failure of humanity to work out its own deliverance4 ,and our duty is to find out that cause4 ,it is quite possible to make an idol even of peace4 ,peace is not necessarily the supreme good4 ,if there have been wars which call for repentance and humiliation on the part of those who waged them1 there have been again and again periods of peace which call for even deeper humiliation and keener repentance4 ,if we have waged war when we ought to have been at peace1 we have as often been at peace when we ought to have waged war4 ,time and again1 a generation ago1 we heard of ,armenians being massacred4 ,but we kept the peace4 ,there never was a more disgraceful peace in the history of the world1 and awful has been the price that we have paid for it4 ,to keep the peace when the innocent are being massacred is damnation4 ,peace is not then the supreme word in man's vocabulary4 ,by mouthing it man often falls into the mire4 ,there is a greater word by far1 and that is--righteousness4 ,the only peace worth having is the fruit of righteousness4 ,that is why peace flies faster than its pursuers4 ,the votaries of peace have forgotten that fruit does not grow without roots and soil4 ,eloquence can do much1 but it cannot grow grapes without vines deep rooted in the soil4 ,and peace is a fruit of the spirit deep rooted in righteousness4 ,and the nations pursuing peace have forgotten that pilgrimages to ,washington or ,the ,hague may be good1 but the supreme need of humanity is to go on pilgrimage to the fountains that will cleanse the heart4 ,the deliverance of the world is not by way of renewed or remodelled treaties1 but by the old1 old way of renewed and converted souls4 ,,ii ,how has peace ever come to men8 ,it has come in one way only--the way of the renewed spirit4 ,i have been reading again the wonderful story of this ,scotland of ours1 and that old1 simple truth has come home to me afresh4 ,the problem that confronted ,scotland in the dawn of its history was how to unify and pacify warring tribes that were ceaselessly drenching the land with blood4 ,and the way the problem was solved here is the way in which alone it can be solved on the greater stage of the whole world4 ,fourteen hundred years ago there was no ,scotland anywhere on the map4 ,there were four kingdoms in ,north ,britain--the ,picts north of the ,grampians1 the ,britons in ,strathclyde1 the ,angles in the ,lothians and southward to the ,tweed1 and in ,kintyre a small and feeble colony of ,scots who had crossed from ,ireland4 7,in those days a ,scot was invariably an ,irishman47 ,in those distressful days wars in ,north ,britain were as common as strikes are now1 and women went forth to battle along with the men4 ,and they were wars of extermination--without mercy4 ,out of that welter how did unity and peace come8 ,the uniter and pacifier came out of ,ireland4 ,the ,scots in ,kintyre were ,christians1 and the pagan ,picts under ,king ,brude inflicted on them a shattering defeat4 ,it looked as if ,christianity were on the eve of being stamped out in ,kintyre4 ,to ,columba in ,ireland there came the cry of his kinsmen's woe--',come over and help us4' ,to a man burning with ardour and longing for new fields to conquer for his ,master1 that cry was like a bugle summoning to battle4 ,he came to their help1 but not with spears and arrows4 ,he came with the might of the ,cross4 ,the greatness of the man is revealed in the fact that instead of material weapons he went straight to the fountain-head of the misery4 ,he realised that there was only one way of salvation for the ,christian ,scots in ,kintyre1 and that was by converting to ,christ the wild people in the ,north that had braved the ,roman arms and were still in their primitive savagery4 ,in those days to convert a clan one had first to convert the chief2 to convert a nation one had first to convert the king4 ,the goal towards which ,st4 ,columba set his face was the castle of ,king ,brude at ,inverness4 ,iona was but the base for the great campaign that was to make ,north ,britain safe for ,christians4 ,if to-day the problem be how to make the world safe for democracy 7though the problem is really greater--how to produce a democracy worth the sacrifice of making the world safe for it71 in the sixth century the problem was how to make ,scotland safe for ,christ4 ,,iii ,the greatest story in our history is that which tells how ,columba made his venture of faith and conquered4 ,he never lacked courage this man4 ',do you think1 ,columba1 shall ,i be saved8' asked the ,king of ,ireland4 ',certainly not1' answered ,columba1 'unless you break off from your sins1 repent1 and be converted4' ,the courage wherewith he faced his kinsfolk1 with that same courage he now faced his enemy4 ,we can see his galley sailing up ,loch ,linnhe with the ,cross at the masthead1 and the face of the leader set like a flint4 ,he would go to the stronghold of paganism4 ,up the great glen the little band trudged with death lurking behind every bush1 but there was never a thought of faltering4 ,in vain did ,king ,brude bar his gates against him4 ,no walls can shut out the ,spirit1 no gates of iron can debar the ,word living and powerful4 ,outside the gates ,columba and his band begin to chant a ,psalm--',we have heard with our ears1 ,o ,god1 our fathers have told us1 what work ,thou didst in their days 444 how ,thou didst drive out the heathen with ,thy hand4444' ,and as that voice of his rolled like thunder the ,king and the people 'were affrighted with fear intolerable4' ,the gates were flung open and ,king ,brude surrendered to the ambassador of ,christ4 ,the wild race1 whom the legions of ,rome could not subdue1 were conquered by an unarmed man4 ,what a light must have been in that man's eye3 what a fire in his heart6 ,from that day ,scotland was safe for the followers of ,christ1 and the little band of ,christians in ,kintyre could now sleep peacefully at night1 for ,king ,brude was learning the law of love and the way of peace4 ,from that day the good seed was sown broadcast over all the land4 ,that dauntless messenger traversed sombre1 uncharted gulfs1 trod his way along rock-strewn sounds1 and the darkness of the centuries faded before the ,cross that gleamed at the masthead4 ,the ,picts became ,christians1 and in due course united with the ,christian ,scots in ,kintyre1 and ,scotland found a name4 ,in time the ,angles and ,strathclyde were merged in the unity of the ,kingdom of ,scotland4 ,there came first the unity of one ideal1 of one law1 of one faith--and out of that there came the four kingdoms merged at last in the unity of the one ,kingdom of ,scotland4 ,until at last1 after weary centuries1 the sounds of war hushed into silence3 clan no longer lifted up sword against clan2 brethren in ,christ could no longer slay one another4 ,peace lay at last like a golden shaft across all the land4 ,one fearless unarmed man faced a king with the weapons of the ,spirit1 sowed the harvest which we are now reaping4 ,,iv ,it is only by that road that humanity can come at last to the great goal of universal peace4 ,it is the road that nations are unwilling to tread4 ,they still are following the mirage that has strewn the deserts of time with the bleached skeletons of those who set out to reach it4 ,the mirage is salvation by treaties4 ,that idol has had hecatombs offered on its altars1 and unless there comes a change it will have hecatombs in the future4 ,if there be no truth and righteousness in the heart that signs1 then treaties are valueless4 ,the history of the centuries is the proof of their futility4 ,the treaties of to-day can no more save than the treaties of all the yesterdays4 ,for the nations that sign cannot trust each other4 ,in the hearts of the nations there is not throned that righteousness which can be trusted4 ,the world's sickness is of the soul4 ,what the nations need is that truth and righteousness be enthroned in their midst4 ,without that1 peace is only the scum on the surface of the foul and stagnant pool4 ,and the witness of the centuries is that righteousness is the fruit of the vision of ,god4 ,the foundation of righteousness is the realisation of the ceaseless operation of the laws whose source is ,god4 ,if only the vision of ,god could blaze forth before the eyes of democracies as it blazed forth before the eyes of ,king ,brude1 then the way of peace would open up for groaning humanity4 ,how can there be lasting peace in a world of conflicting ideals8 ,can ,christianity be at peace with ,mohammedanism stained with the blood of millions of ,armenians2 with paganism still brooding over the ideal of an empire based on force8 ,can the ideals of unselfish service and of pride and greed lie down in peace together8 ,there can be no peace until humanity is brought into a unity of the soul--of allegiance to one ,king1 of obedience to one law4 ,the only hand worthy to wield the sceptre of the world is the hand that was nailed to a ,cross4 ,what the world has to realise is that the ,manger overthrows the ,caesars1 and that the road leading to a ,cross is the way of peace4 ,when we shall send forth over all the world men endued with the spirit of ,st4 ,columba1 then there will be hope of the world4 ,but that is the last thing we think of4 ,we fondly believe that while we ourselves are sinking back into the mire we shall be able to lift the world up into light2 while we ourselves turn our backs on the ,prince of ,peace1 that we will bestow peace on the world4 ,it is the weirdest of all obsessions4 ,when ,william ,ewart ,gladstone was once asked how a man of his intellect could listen to such dull sermons1 he answered--',i go to church because ,i love ,england4' ,there is a wider motive--',i go to church because ,i love the world1 because ,i can hear there a law that men should love one another with a love that stoops to a ,cross1 by which alone the world can be saved4' ,it is vain for nations that forsake the worship of a ,god of love to spend their days devising schemes for bringing peace to a ruined world4 ,for there is no way of peace save one--the way of love4 ,no nation has as yet tried that way4 ,and there is no sign that they mean to try it4 ,the world waits for the man who will convince it that the new order must be based on fraternity and not on fighting4 ,but the world will applaud him instantly4 ,fraternity--that's the word6 ,most excellent6 ,but when the new ,columba will go on to show that fraternity without a ,fatherhood to rest on is meaningless and powerless2 that humanity can only realise its brotherhood in a common ,father--even ,god4 ,then the world will once more shrug its shoulders4 ',this is the same old wheeze1' it will say--and go its way4 ,for we have no longer any use for ,god4 ,that is the root of our misery4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,no ,,room ,there is an old ,gaelic proverb that says3 ',where there is heart-room there also is house-room4' ,there was room enough in that mean inn for the farmers with their pouches filled with money for the tax1 for the soldiers that swaggered with the pride of empire1 for the village-talebearers with their rude jests2 but for a poor woman in the hour of her need there was no room4 ,she was shut out because there was not found in that inn any with heart big enough to make room for her4 ,what was she anyway8--a mere chattel2 and what her child8--already there were too many children2 and the only course to adopt was to let most of them die6 ,and so at its dawn we can see what a mighty change ,christianity has made in the world4 ,though the mother and the ,child were shut out of the inn and consigned to the asses' stall1 yet because of that mother and ,child womanhood is to-day honoured and childhood most precious4 ,to-day1 in whatever land on which the shadow of the ,cross has fallen1 there is heart-room and house-room for mother and child4 ,i ,as one reads the old beautiful story1 this foot-note that explains how the ,founder of ,christianity was born in a stable because 'there was no room for them in the inn' stirs the mind with a wistful poignancy4 ,the book slips down on the knees and the imagination awakes4 ,the essence of nineteen centuries of ,christian history is here4 ,the web of all the centuries is woven after the one pattern4 ,shut out at ,his birth1 ,his fate has been the same ever since4 ,he came with the message of humanity's renewal4 ,he proclaimed the most revolutionary doctrine ever preached to men--that the pariahs of humanity1 publicans1 sinners1 slaves1 those ignorant of the law and therefore accursed1 were all the sons of ,god2 and that only one law was requisite1 that men should love one another with a love that gleamed red with sacrificial blood4 ,but what have men done with this evangel8 ,they have shut it out6 ,it was too beautiful for their gross hearts and their self-clouded eyes4 ,it was also very difficult4 ,it required the changed heart and the transfigured life4 ,and that has always been most difficult--to transmute the self-centred into the ,god-centred and all it means4 ,so men set themselves to circumvent that demand for the surrendered heart--and they offered the surrendered brain4 ,that is quite easy4 ,they formulated logical propositions setting forth that thus and thus ,god acted1 and they said--',believe this and be saved1 or disbelieve and be damned6' ,christianity that came into the world as spirit and life became mere intellectual gymnastics6 ,and with the name of the ,lord of ,love on their lips ,christians cheerfully burnt each other because their definitions differed4444 ,what an amazing fate to overtake the most beautiful thing that ever was seen on the earth6 444 ,a ,borgia sits on the throne of ,st4 ,peter2 ,calvin burns ,servetus2 the ,jesuit exterminates his opponents2 the ,covenanter proclaims that he prefers to die than to live and see 'this intolerable toleration'2 and all the time the ,lord ,jesus ,christ is shut out4 ,not wholly shut out1 however1 for ,he has in every age found a shelter and a welcome in the stables and the sheds1 among the ragged1 the mean1 and the outcasts of humanity4 ,,ii ,it is not only in the great organisations that bear ,his name that there has often been found no room for the ,christ2 but still less has there been found room for ,him in the social order4 ,this great revolutionary identifies ,himself so closely with humanity1 that ,he declares that whosoever receives a little child and loves it receives and loves ,him4 ,how then do we deal with the ,founder of ,christianity as ,he comes to us in the form of a little child1 saying1 ',receive ,me'8 444 ,this is the way we deal with ,him4 ,every five minutes of the day a baby dies somewhere in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,there are districts in great cities where two hundred out of one thousand perish in the first year of life4 ,a third of the possible population die in the years of childhood4 ,the horrors of war are small compared to the horrors of peace1 to which we have become so inured that we scarce notice them4 ,we have taken the sunshine and the fresh air and the starlight from millions of our fellow citizens and shut them up in barracks and surrounded them with forces of degeneration1 and have provided them a narcotic for their misery1 so that womanhood becomes degraded and childhood pines and dies4 ,still1 after nineteen centuries1 ,jesus ,christ is shut out from the social order we have laboriously created4 ,and we celebrate ,christmas ,day without so much as a sense of incongruity between our beliefs and our actions4 ,,ii ,one of the weirdest symptoms of decay in our day is the way the whole social system seems to have conspired to shut out the child4 ,in the last years property-owners had one condition that was unaltered3 they would not let their houses to tenants with children4 ',how many children and how old are they8' was the deciding question that always shut the door4 ,the coming of a baby was often the signal that brought an ejectment warrant4 ,the penalty for bringing a child into the world was being thrown into the street4 ,the men who filled the inn at ,bethlehem with mirth nineteen centuries ago have had a mighty multitude who shared their spirit4 ,rents have been to them more to be desired than babies4 ,here is an advertisement that appeared in the ,daily ,chronicle of #bith ,may #aiag3 ',chapel-keepers1 man and wife 7no children71 for large ,congregational church1 ,central ,london2 must be total abstainers 444 #e rooms1 coal and light provided4--,write ------1 hon4 secretary1 444 ,e4,c4 #d4' ,i forbear giving the name of the ,christian church that provides five rooms for its 'keeper' and slams the door in the face of the child4 7,the curious can find it in the files47 ,even in this day1 when the child is so precious to the race1 one can see unblushing advertisements for gardeners and lodge-keepers with the clause 'no children4' ,that the children of this world should act so is deplorable2 but that the children of the light should have 'five rooms1' and in them all no place for a cradle--that suggests doom4 ,think of that congregation hailing1 with songs of rapture1 the coming of the ,child2 the preacher getting dewy over the callousness of the inn in ,bethlehem--and their own servants forbidden a child6 444 ,it was something like that which caused a prophet of old to exclaim--',judgment begins in the ,house of ,god4' ,,iv ,at this ,christmastide what we need most is to make room for the ,child4 ,people are ever ready to make room for that which they recognise to be precious4 ,the most precious thing on earth is goodness4 ,give any mother her choice of her son being rich and a rogue1 or poor and good2 she will choose poverty4 ,there is no power that builds up men and women in unselfishness and goodness but the power that is radiated from ,him whose life on earth began in a manger4 ,we must1 if need be1 cast away our costliest treasures that we may make room4444 ,in very truth ,he cannot now be shut out altogether4 ,no contumely will drive ,him hence4 ,it is different now from the day when a woman groped her way in agony to the asses and the stall4 ,different now1 for ,he comes in through the closed doors4 ,that is how the world has not been able to destroy ,christianity2 and that is how the ,child conquers at the last4 ,,chapter ,x ,,dominion ,,from ,,sea ,,to ,,sea ,no part of the ,empire rendered the cause of the world's soul in the world war greater service than ,canada4 ,when the clouds of chlorine gas were let loose it was the ,canadians who stopped the gap through which the torrent of destruction was flowing4 ,and the question the wounded men gasped out of tortured throats and lungs was not ',shall ,i live8' but ',did the ,huns get through8' ,in the great host that at last swept the wolves back to their lair1 the ,canadians were foremost4 ',we pledge ourselves solemnly before ,god to keep faith with our fallen comrades1' wrote ,general ,currie to ,sir ,robert ,borden1 and nobly did they fulfil the pledge4 ,to-day when a citizen of the ,states begins to demonstrate how his countrymen won the war1 a ,canadian produces the official statistics from his pocket and shows how the ten millions of ,canada gave more of their sons over to death and wounds than the total casualties of the one hundred and ten millions in the ,states4 ,and it is not surprising that ,canada should have a clear vision of the ideal of duty4 ,the very name that their country bears lifts that young nation into the fellowship of the highest ideal4 ,when a name was discussed for the new confederation an inspiration came to ,sir ,leonard ,tilley as he read the eighth verse of the seventy-second psalm3 ',he shall have dominion also from sea to sea1 and from the river unto the ends of the earth1' and on his initiative the name ,dominion was adopted4 ,not for ,canada alone but for the whole ,empire that name sets forth the only ideal4 ,the cry of ',world-dominion or death' can only be overcome at last by the watchword ',god-dominion and ,life4' ,i ,it is difficult for men to learn the lesson of their own most bitter experience4 ,only when the ,cross stands far back across the years does its meaning and purpose faintly gleam on the minds of men4 ,it need be no matter for surprise that men who did not themselves stand in the breach of death should be unable to articulate the master-word of the future4 ,that great word will be--,spirit4 ,what the world gazed on for four years of woe was the triumph of the spirit4 ,to the men who1 footsore and limping1 marched back from ,mons1 defeat was incredible--their souls knew not the word4 ,and because victory1 even as they retreated1 was in their souls1 they swept the enemy back from the gates of ,paris4 ,for four years in mud and misery and defeat the soul endured and triumphed4 ,it was the greatest of all the soldiers of ,france who said to his body as it shrank in his first battle3 ',tremblest thou8 ,if thou knewest the dangers into which ,i shall this day carry thee1 thou wouldest tremble6' ,often and often in these four years the poor worn suffering body said1 ',i have had enough--enough of mud and vermin--,i am fed up2 ,i will do no more1' but when the call of duty came the soul said to the body1 ',i will make you face it1 make you go through with it'2 and the soul compelled the body to charge into the very face of death4 ,it was the spark of the ,divine in the soul that enabled our brothers to conquer the shrinking of flesh and blood and so to conquer the foe4 ,it is in the measure that armies are souls that armies conquer4 ,and it has been the same at home in castle and cot-house4 ,we have but to think of the wives and mothers4 ',they let them go forth at the wheels ,of the guns and denied not4 ,but then the surprise ,when one sits quiet alone6 ,then one weeps1 then one kneels1 ,god6 how the house feels4' ,however deeply the iron pierced1 there was never a thought of defeat being even possible4 ,and when the call came the women toiled in the factories1 and the ammunition dumps were their spirit materialised4 ,at home and in the battle-line the final destiny of every nation depends upon the soul4 ,,ii ,still more is the mastery of this word apparent when we consider the future destiny of the world4 ,one result of the world's blood-bath is that all thoughtful men are asking1 ,how can the world be saved in the future8 ,and multitudes discuss the way of the world's salvation by a ,league of ,nations or other method4 ,by parchments and signatures the world is to be saved6 ,all that is but the folly with which men have deceived themselves in all ages4 ,the folly is apparent when we ask1 ,whence do wars spring8 ,they spring from greed and lust and ambition--from the life surrendered to evil4 ,we speak of the horror of war2 what we should speak of is the horror of wickedness4 ,for war is only a symptom1 not the disease4 ,what all these weary discussions about ',leagues to make an end of war1' and the new watchword ',no more war1' aim at is the doing away with the symptom--leaving the disease to run its deadly course4 ,to suppress symptoms without removal of the hidden cause is the way of death4 ,what the nations must face is the disease and its healing6 ,it is with nations as with individuals6 ,how can a man protect himself against a thief4 ,he can do it in three ways4 ,he may 7#a7 use force2 or 7#b7 he may make an agreement with the thief--enter into a treaty with him2 or 7#c7 he may endeavour to reform the thief4 ,the first method is militarism and1 whether in the form of armies or policemen1 is costly and uncertain4 ,the second only protects so long as the thief finds it convenient or in his own interest to keep it4 ,neither a burglar nor a robber-state can be warded off by treaties4 ,the third alone provides a certain protection2 the only safety is that the thief experience a change of spirit--be1 in short1 converted4 ',admirable1' said ,cardinal ,fleury1 when a scheme for 'perpetual peace' was submitted to him2 'admirable1 save for one omission--,i find no provision for sending missionaries to convert the hearts of princes4' ,the day of princes is over1 and the day of democracy has come4 ,the first requisite of perpetual peace is that the nations of the world experience a change of heart and spirit--should repent4 ,but in all the schemes for ending war there is no suggestion of sending missionaries to convert the world's democracies4 ,france has 'extinguished the lights of heaven which none shall rekindle'2 ,england1 if the number of worshippers in the churches be any gauge1 is rapidly sinking back into paganism2 and across the ,atlantic the ,united ,states is resolved to live unto itself alone1 separating itself from the perishing nations2 while on the ,continent of ,europe there is but one ritual3 ',we did no wrong3 we did not begin the war4' ,missionaries to convert the democracies of the world--they are needed in legions4 ,but such a need is not in all the thoughts of the orators4 ,they can only think of forming leagues to abolish the vultures that swoop down on the carcases4 ,they cannot realise that the only way to make an end of the swooping vulture is to make an end of carcases4 ,unless the world experiences a spiritual and moral renewal1 any league that would secure it peace in the midst of its depravity would only secure its moral doom4 ,it is manifest then that the only way to abolish war is to bring the body into subjection to the spirit4 ,the way of salvation is the way of spiritual renewal4 ,love does not kill or poison1 and humanity's feet need to be guided into the way of love4 ,along that road there is but the one guide3 ,he who said ',i am the way4444 ,love as ,i have loved you4' ,the measure of that love is the ,cross4 ,and that is why the way to salvation leads through ,calvary4444 ,peace will only come when the kingdoms of this world shall submit to that kingdom of the soul whose dominion is from sea to sea4 ',i find a hundred little indications to reassure one that ,god comes1' writes ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ',the time draws near when mankind will awake 444 and there shall be 444 no leader but the one ,god of mankind4' ,but though ,mr4 ,wells writes sentences so vital as that1 yet when one asks him what ,god is--he is silent4 ,is ,he holy and righteous8 ,though ,mr4 ,wells' ,god is but an abstraction1 yet the truth remains4 ,the coming of the ,kingdom of ,god is the one hope of mankind--that ,kingdom which ,jesus preached4 ,and the entrance into that ,kingdom is by way of repentance and love and faith4 ,when the soul of the world awakes to that1 the day of deliverance shall have dawned4 ,,iii ,this1 then1 must be the goal of human effort1 to bring the nations of the world into such a unity of spirit that war will no longer be thinkable4 ,but we1 as a nation1 can only do this if we ourselves bring our lives into conformity with the laws of righteousness4 ,it is manifest that no amount of oratory will enable us to raise the world to any higher level than we have attained ourselves4 ,the first duty1 then1 is to see that we base our own lives on righteousness4 ,the problem is how to bring to bear on the human heart those motives that will move it irresistibly towards righteousness4 ,that road is not easy to travel and the choice of it means effort and travail4 ,it means a battle against selfishness and self-seeking--a battle long-drawn-out4 ,why should men choose that conflict rather than ease and self-indulgence8 ,there can be no reason save this3 that ,god wills and enjoins righteousness4 ,but does ,he8 ,we know very little about ,god1 and the strange thing is that the more knowledge that comes to us regarding ,him1 the more mysterious ,he becomes4 ,but there is one thing that we do know with absolute certainty regarding ,god1 and it is this--that all down the thousands of years of recorded history the power of the ,unseen ,ruler of the universe can be traced fighting against iniquity1 burying corrupt nations under the avalanche1 digging the grave for tyranny and corruption4 ,the history of the world is the history of ,god making an end of crime4 ,the way to destruction has been the way of iniquity4 ,that ,god should have so ordered the universe that the stars in their courses fight against the ,siseras1 that all its forces are at last arrayed for the destruction of evil1 is the proof that ,god is righteous and holy and that the passion in ,his heart is that ,his children should be righteous and holy4 ,the world1 as ,god means it1 is the school for the training of men and women in goodness--and so in the image of ,god4444 ,it is only the call of the ,unseen ,ruler as ,he summons ,his children to bring their lives into unison with ,himself1 that can turn the feet into the way of righteousness4 ,there is no impelling force equal to the choice of good rather than evil except this--that ,god wills goodness4 ,no other motive save that can turn the faces of men towards the heights4 ,,iv ,the greatest of all questions then is this--how most efficiently to bring that motive to bear upon the nation4 ,it is in the early and plastic years that the destiny of individuals is fixed4 ,if anywhere1 it is in our schools that our children shall learn the things out of which are the issues of life and death4 ,what atmosphere shall we surround our children with in our schools8 is the supreme question4 ',to educate without religion is only to produce clever devils1' declared the ,duke of ,wellington in his downright way4 ,and as a nation we have made sure of everything being taught--except religion4 ,no government-inspector ever asks about it6 ,what a waste it all is and what a travesty--this pumping of facts and figures into the weary1 jaded brains of little children4 ,only five per cent4 or so of the people are capable of benefiting by a long process of education--yet everybody must be confined in dreary barracks from five to fifteen years1 learning things that will never be of use and are straightway forgotten4 ,we ordained that all the children should be taught1 but in our usual blundering fashion we never settled what we should teach them4 ,the child looks out on a world of wonder1 and proves its wisdom by peopling every grove and every hill with fairies4 ,for the child the world is spiritual4 ,and it comes to us and asks how came it and why came it8 ,but our legislators decreed that1 so far as they were concerned1 the child should be taught geography and the names of rivers and hills1 but not about the ,god who made the rivers and hills and the world2 botany1 but not about the ,god who made the grass and the flowers2 physiology1 but not about the ,god who fashioned man2 dates of kings and of battles1 but not about the ,god whose providence is written over all history2 about laws1 but not about the ,source of all law--the divine commands that regulate human action4 ,the only part of man that the educators considered was the brain4 ,if they intellectualised the race they deemed that the millennium would come4 ,they did it4 ,but the millennium is further off than ever4 ,they caused all the people to go through the mills where knowledge was ground out2 they learned to read and write4 ,the only consequence was that they became the victims of every charlatan4 ,they turned their arithmetic into roguery and their literature into lust4 ,they became the victims of the gamblers and the betting touts4 ,they pursued the missing words and became the disciples of demagogues4 ,and salvation has tarried though the brain has been nurtured4 ,yes6 there has come a vast progress6 ,london in the next war can be completely destroyed by spraying it with gas bombs--in eight hours6 ,education1 with ,god left out1 will1 then1 have come to its fruition6 ,v ,national education will only become a means of deliverance from evil when our schools shall have been transformed into the nurseries of goodness4 ,for after all1 what we need is good men and women4 ,clever men are as common as berries2 what the world cries for is men who can be trusted1 men whose motive will be the welfare of others and not their own4 ',his fame was immense1' was the verdict on a ,roman patriot2 'his private property was so scanty that there was not enough to pay the expenses of his funeral4 ,he was buried at the public cost4 ,the matrons mourned him as they mourned ,brutus4' ,ah6 the terrible thing is not to die poor but to die with a character no man honours4 ,to train our children to love and desire goodness is our need4 ,the history of the ages is the proof that goodness cannot flourish apart from religion4 ,and the ,bible tells the story of the dealing of ,god with men--of the evolution of religion4 ,it is that which constitutes the supreme value of the book4 ,but no book has suffered more at the hands of its friends than has the ,bible4 ,the ,bible is an ,eastern book1 and it is filled with glowing metaphors and parables4 ,dull1 unimaginative ,western minds said3 ',these are literally true1 and unless you believe them so you are lost4' ,the writer of the beautiful book of ,jonah wrote a story rebuking the narrow spirit of the ,jews1 and his book has become the citadel of all the narrow souls who see nothing in it but the whale4 ,children should be taught that science and religion cannot contradict each other1 because they both are revelations of the one ,god2 that the ,bible is full of poetry and parables which the writers never meant that any should mistake for treatises2 that the slaughter of the ,canaanites and the psalms of cursing are no more of the essence of religion1 than the ,stuart tyranny the essence of ,scotland2 that the serpent in the garden and ,jonah in the whale are parables2 that religion1 in short1 is a flowing and deepening river and not a stagnant pool4 ,but religion as too often taught in our schools is only the teaching of things which the growing boy discovers to be untrue4 ,so far from doing good1 it is the destruction of religion4 ,when the ,bible is taught as the record of the evolution of the revelation of ,god1 it will move the hearts of men towards goodness while time endures1 for it enshrines the figure of ,him who based a ,kingdom on love and meekness--a ,kingdom that endures for ever1 because no guns can fight against a ,spirit1 nor any frontiers bar it4 ,the education that has not this as its base may produce the chlorine gas--but it will never produce that goodness which alone maketh great4 ,but the course is so crowded that something must be jettisoned4 ,and as inspectors take no note of religion--let it be thrown overboard4 ,its total omission in ,secondary ,schools is declared necessary1 because the syllabus is too crowded already6 ,it is as if a man having a ship laden with dross were offered some nuggets of fine gold and answered1 ',my ship is overloaded already1 ,i cannot take more4' ,but he wouldn't be such a fool4 ,he would throw everything overboard1 if need be1 to make room6 ,,vi ,in the last year of the ,great ,war a new ,education ,bill was passed for the ,northern ,kingdom1 and provision was made for everything but the teaching of religion4 ,at every election the voters who desire that religion be continued must have another spell of sentry-go to secure it--all except ,roman ,catholics and ,episcopalians6 ,truly we are of the race of the ,bourbons4 ,the expense of teaching has been trebled2 the futility of what is taught remains as before4 ,i heard the ,chairman of an ,education ,authority being asked whether provision was made in the schools for teaching the children the scientific facts about alcohol4 ,he replied that the syllabus was too crowded already6 ,alcohol has claimed more victims from humanity than all the wars and famines of all the centuries2 and yet our children were not to be taught the truth about it because the syllabus was so crowded6 ,what is it they teach that could compare in value with the truths of temperance and self-discipline8 ,through a course of training so expensive that the countryside is well-nigh bankrupt because of its cost1 the children pass and they go forth into the world unwarned of the rocks and shoals on which the millions have perished4444 ,that1 at this time of day1 we should shut the doors of our schools against the knowledge of ,god1 in whose love alone men can find their healing1 and against the teaching of truth and temperance1 which alone can make children grow in character and goodness1 seems possible only on the supposition that we have been bereft of our judgment4 ',if they do abolish ,god from their poor bewildered hearts1' said ,carlyle1 'all or most of them1 there will be seen for some length of time1 perhaps for some centuries1 such a world as few are dreaming of4' ,,chapter ,,xi ,,there ,,were ,,in ,,the ,,same ,,country ,,shepherds ',he would denounce the horrors of ,christmas until it almost made me blush to look at a hollyberry4'--,,edmund ,,gosse',s ,father and ,son4 ,the world is moving so fast that1 before each nightfall1 yesterday is forgotten4 ,sitting here before the fire ,i have been stirring up my memory1 and1 out of the subconscious1 queer recollections have emerged4 ,i can see now the grim-faced ,highland minister demonstrating in the month of ,december to his perfect satisfaction that the ,founder of ,christianity was born in midsummer1 and that ,christmas was but a pagan festival sprinkled over with holy water so-called4 ,i think it was the first time ,i heard of ,christmas4 ,that good man denounced the horrors of ,christmas with such zest that ,i1 too1 would have blushed to look at a hollyberry--only no holly grew in that part of the ,isle4 ,and that was so not because the ,isle was remote and the folk spoke there an ancient and little-known language that segregated them from the great life of the world4 ,it was the same in great centres very conscious of their own culture4 ,it was really only yesterday that ,walter ,smith was dealt with by his presbytery for holding the first ,christmas service in his church in ,edinburgh4 ,but we have travelled far since that particular yesterday1 and ,i am glad that the children of to-day will never need to blush before a hollyberry4 ,for from the ,solway to the ,pentland ,firth the church bells everywhere to-day summon the people to keep holy day and go on pilgrimage to ,bethlehem4 ,i ,there was never a time when the people of this land needed more to go on such a pilgrimage4 ,there are ample signs that ,mammon has captured the hearts of this generation4 ,the day is gone on which ,ruskin declared that there is no wealth but life4 ,we have outlived that4 ,a full bank account and an empty house--that is our modern wealth4 ,the rich flaunt their riches in a world seething with discontent4 ,and the aforetime quiescent masses now demand that ,mammon should smile on them4 ,society may perish1 but they must have their full share in the largesse of ,mammon4 ,on the altar of that god duty and patriotism are laid as the meet offering4 ',great is ,mammon1' is the burden of the praise of our day4 ,and what a god before whom to bow the knee6 ,it is only when ,i go on pilgrimage to-day to the grotto in the rock in which the asses were stabled in ,bethlehem and to the stall where the ,child is laid that ,i can realise the vulgarity and the meanness of ,mammon4 ,out of that manger there issued a power compared to which all other influences that moulded men are as the rushlight to the sun2 in that stable lies the fountain out of which sprang the river that has borne on its bosom for nineteen centuries all of beauty and of truth and of love wherewith humanity has been blessed2 and yet all that came out of the direst poverty4 ,mammon had no smile for the greatest and most radiant thing in all the world's history4 ,money secures at least food and shelter1 and it was because they had none that the innkeeper shut them out4 ,if they could have showed him a purse full of gold pieces1 he would soon have made room4 ,and all the life of this ,jesus was woven after that pattern4 ,the cheapest food sold then were sparrows4 ,it was because ,he was often sent to buy them that ,he knew that two of them were sold in the market place for a farthing4 ,the patched garment is the symbol of poverty--or used to be6 ,and ,he knew all about garments being patched and patched until they were past mending4 ,at the eventide when the boy ,james brought a coat to be mended ,he heard ,his mother say with a weary sigh3 ',i have mended this again and again3 nobody can keep boys in decent clothes2 so different from girls2 a new patch will just tear a bigger hole in the old4' ,often ,he saw ,his mother cast a half-farthing into the treasury1 for she had nought else4 ,the tax-gatherer comes1 and there isn't a coin to pay4 ,jesus gave much1 but ,he never gave any money1 for ,he had none to give4 ,he was homeless for three years1 deemed mad by ,his family1 with no place where to lay ,his head4 ,a grave given in charity receives ,him at the last4 ,the place of ,jesus from the manger to the grave is among the poorest of the poor4 ,he belonged to the great class of the disinherited4 ,if the greatest thing on earth sprang from poverty such as this1 then surely ,christmas pours the contempt of heaven upon ,mammon4 ,,ii ,we have only to look at him with eyes cleansed by gazing at the ,child in the manger and we realise how tawdry a god this ,mammon is4 ,what can he do for us8 ,nothing of any worth4 ,he has never minted a coinage which can buy the inspiration of a noble thought1 which can purchase love for the starved heart1 or can endow a man with the vision and the faculty divine4 ,one has but to consider a moment and he will realise the poverty-stricken condition of ,mammon's devotees4 ,they can command speed on earth or in the air2 they can fly a hundred miles an hour2 but what is the good when at the end of the hundred miles they are as at the beginning--sated1 restless1 and dissatisfied8 ,they can command no speed by which they can escape from themselves4 ,and it is vain to wing a flight upwards through the air if heaven be empty overhead2 vain to alight five hundred miles away if on earth there be no temple1 no holy day1 no shrine at which to worship4 ',you own the land1' said the poor painter to the new-rich who boasted his land3 'you own the land but ,i own the landscape4' ,the great gift is to own the landscape4 ,and no money ever bought that4 ,the only thing ,mammon can do is to secure food1 shelter1 and clothes4 ,it can also secure freedom from work--but that is a freedom shared with the tramp4 ,life is greater far than livelihood2 and the worshippers of ,mammon lose the very essence and the end of life in a vain pursuit of the means of living4 ,that is the witness raised by ,christmas as it calls the nations to realise the true greatness of man4 ,to a generation that has made life a hectic rush after money and pleasure1 ,christmas testifies that to estimate any man by the money he owns is to blaspheme against the ,child laid in the manger4 ,the wealth of ,croesus makes him but the prey of the conqueror1 and the dust of centuries has buried the pomp and glory of emperors4 ,but this ,child1 cradled in poverty1 reigns from generation to generation4 ,the voice of an ,alexander or a ,napoleon would to-day cause no heart to beat quicker2 but millions would die for ,him4 ,and that because ,he alone revealed to men the things that are unpurchasable1 the riches that are unseen4 ,he alone made men realise that a man's life consisteth not in the things that he possesseth1 but rather in the thoughts that he thinks1 in the motives that sway his action2 in the ideals towards which he presses2 in the ,god whom he worships and makes his own4 ,how great a revolution ,he made4 ,that one hour in the manger has changed the world4 ,every time ,i sit down to write a letter and head it #aibb ,i bear witness to the truth--that the world ,i know began when a ,child laid in the manger brought to earth the realisation that all the great and noble things in life can be mine--though my raiment be shabby and though my banker never thinks it worth his while to throw me even a word when ,i reluctantly pass in through his swing door4 ,what a wonderful new wine ,he brought1 and how generously does ,he pour it into our bottles4 ,still new--after nineteen centuries6 ,still bursting the old bottles on all sides6 ,i can be quite patient4 ,there is no need for passionately tearing them in pieces4 ,nineteen centuries6 ,what are they in the arithmetic of eternity6 ,give the ,child time--and all the bottles of ,mammon and vulgarity will at last be burst4 ,,iii ,no wonder ,christmas sends a glow of warmth round the heart1 and causes joy bells to ring in the souls of even the drooping4 ,it is to-day as it was of old1 when the disciples--poor1 dull1 purblind men--were disputing even near the end as to which of them would have the greater position and the greater wealth and honour4 ,and ,jesus placed a little child in the midst and said1 ',except ye be converted1 and become as a little child1 ye cannot enter the kingdom4' ,and in a world weary of disputing1 sated with strife as to who is to have the higher place and the greater portion1 ,christmas places the ,child in the midst and says1 ',except ye be converted444' ,what men need is not the sharing of a booty1 but the regenerating of a ,spirit4 ,the faith1 the trust1 the purity1 the love of the childlike spirit--that's what we need4 ,what we do or what we get matters nought1 if only that spirit be in the heart4 ,one man may whirl past in a ,rolls-,royce1 befurred1 bejewelled1 and may be the most pauperised soul on earth2 while the stone-breaker at the roadside may be the inheritor of all things and rich beyond all dreams4 ,christmas is the surety of that4 ,that was the wisdom of ',stonecracker ,john1' who sang3-- ',the good ,lord made the earth and sky1 ,the river and the sea--and me6 ,he made no roads1 but here am ,i ,as happy as can be2 ,for it is just as if he said-- ,john1 that's the job for thee4 ,and so in my appointed place1 ,by ,god's good grace1 ,i work1 according to his plan1 ,and would not change with any man4' ,to-day1 as it has done for the centuries and the years that are so many that one wearies in counting them1 ,christmas throws the halo of beauty over all shepherds abiding in the fields calling on their dogs2 over all toilers in mines and workshops2 over all stonebreakers and street-sweepers2 over all mothers and all babes4 ,it proclaims to-day with a voice whose certainty changes not that the man who serves ,mammon and gains the world while he loses his soul makes a grievous and a profitless barter4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,fulness ,,of ,,the ,,time ,if there be no will guiding the affairs of men towards a predestined end1 what a meaningless welter it all is6 ,what a record of wars and feuds1 of rising and of perishing empires1 of civilisations born and civilisations overwhelmed3 in very truth ',a tale ,told by an idiot3 full of sound and fury ,signifying nothing4' ,there is unity and a new dignity in the tale when one gets up on a hill and sees it in far perspective4 ,things did not happen by chance4 ,there was through it all a purpose at work1 welding humanity together with the cement of blood1 throwing down the barriers of race and language1 silencing the sound of tumult and war until at last the song is heard on the plain of ,bethlehem that has sung itself into the hearts of men1 ushering in the dawn of peace and goodwill4 ,in the fulness of the time the ,child was laid in the manger4 ,i ,every advance of humanity in its upward struggle has sprung from some divine dissatisfaction4 ,it was the fulness of the time in that the world1 disillusioned and dissatisfied1 realised its need4 ,the ,greek found no answer for their moral needs in the pantheon of gods that filled the heart with the passion for beauty alone4 ,socrates before drinking the hemlock advised his disciples to search for another teacher2 but that other could not be found4 ,the only remedy for the ills of man that they discovered was that he should cut himself loose from the world--a gospel of suicide4 ,the ,roman made a god of power4 ,but when he had conquered the world1 invested it with roads and bridges and by force had imposed peace on it1 then he confronted the awful mystery of his own personality1 and his questioning was baffled by a silence in which there was no voice nor any that answered4 ,his gods became objects of derision4 ,in the gratification of his bodily cravings he sought to lull the hunger of his soul4 ,at last ,rome presented the dread spectacle of a ,nero who was at once 'a priest1 an atheist1 and a god4' ,there is preserved a record which visualises the awful depths to which that pagan world descended4 ,nero had murdered his mother1 and he comes back to ,rome nervous as to how the people will receive him4 ,but the citizens poured out to meet him in their thousands1 and rent the welkin with their shouts of welcome--',hail1 ,nero1 the god6' ,if that world was to be saved1 it had to be saved then4 ,if ,god was ever to intervene in the affairs of men1 ,he had to intervene then4 ,the extremity of man was ,god's opportunity4 ,the ,unseen ,ruler must either come and deliver a world such as that or abdicate4 ,the coming of the ,child was a necessity4 ,,ii ,it is very hard to understand how things do happen2 and our only comfort is that we really understand nothing4 ,we have in these last years been mesmerised into thinking that we understand a great deal when in reality we understand nothing at all4 ,we camouflage our ignorance by speaking of law--but what is it8 ,why do like causes produce a like result always8 ,no answer4 ,we used to explain the heavens by gravitation4 ,what is it8 ,no answer4 ,we ushered in the new age of electricity4 ,what is it6 ,silence6 ,there is no reason1 then1 for rebelling against the fact that we cannot understand the greatest of all mysteries--the coming of ,god more fully into the lives of men4 ,all we can hope to do is to realise how natural it is that ,god should so come to men4 ,as the years pass that thought becomes more and more natural4 ,in other days ,god was thought of as dwelling far removed from the world4 ,that is not now the great thought regarding ,god4 ',whatever sort of being ,god may be1' writes ,william ,james1 ',he is nevermore that mere external inventor of contrivances intended to manifest ,his glory in which our great-grandfathers took such satisfaction4' 7,the conception of our great-grandfathers may have been limited2 but it is more important that we should try to be as good men as they were47 ,this conception of 'an absentee ,god outside the world watching it go1' has given place to another4 ,the world is now realised as spiritual through and through2 the shrine of an indwelling life4 ,god is in the world1 has always been in the world1 and man's reasoning and loving is but a reflection of his ,maker's reason and love4 ,through all the weary centuries ,god has been with men1 in men1 striving with their spirits1 never absent from them1 the source of all their aspirations1 visions1 and dreams4 ,if that be so1 it is the most natural thing in all history that in the fulness of the time1 when the need was greatest1 ,god should come in fuller measure into the lives that ,he had made4 ,surely natural that the glows and flashes preceding the dawn should at last break forth into the glory of the sunrise4 ,god1 who has been with man from the dawn1 guiding and leading1 at last in the noontide speaks with the articulate ,word1 making ,his purpose clear4 ,if once we realise that there has never been an impassable chasm between ,god and man1 then the incredible becomes credible4 ,for this is not an isolated event2 it is rather the beginning of another great stage in man's spiritual evolution by which ,god comes and dwells more and more in the hearts of men1 becoming incarnate in lives risen from the dead2 in souls renewed after ,his image4 ,,iii ,with us1 too1 it is the fulness of the time4 ,if ,god intervenes when the need is sorest1 and when man realises the need--then we can well cherish the expectation that another manifestation of ,god is at hand4 ,nineteen centuries ago ,he came to a world whose religion was dead4 ,with us it is not dead2 it is sore stricken4 ,the glow has vanished1 and those who bow down in the house of ,god in our day do so largely from force of habit1 and not because they believe4 ,religion to-day curbs few evils1 and is powerless against the selfishness that sacrifices the well-being of nations on the altars of self-interest4 ,and1 just as in ,rome the unrest of soul made the degenerate a prey to every charlatan and soothsayer that came out of the ,east1 so the spiritual hunger of our day brings men and women to crystal-gazers and table-rappers1 bowing down before every superstition1 however gross4 ,and if the ,rome of the ,caesars sought to allay its soul hunger at the banquets of pleasure1 so also with us4 ,low forms of pleasure have led the multitudes captive4 ,the ,london of ,charles ,,ii4 could not hold a candle to the ,london or ,glasgow of to-day in the way of refinements of material sensation4 ,the old cry of 'bread and circuses' has given place to the cry of dancing-halls and doles6 ,in that old world at last there was no room for the cradle in the family life--the babe was shut out4 ,and so to-day4 ,there is every sign that ,god must again intervene and save1 or the civilisation we know will be buried with the civilisations of all the past4 ,the fountain of inspiration1 of cleansing1 of righteousness must be opened afresh1 and its reviving waters sent flowing over all the land4 ,unless ,god does so come there is no hope4 ,but all history is the proof that ,he will so come4 ,we can hear the rumble of ,his chariot wheels as ,he comes4 ,here and there the ,spirit is moving on the face of the waters4 ,of old it was shepherds and fishermen who first received the glad tidings4 ,that fishermen should be the first to feel the coming outrush of spiritual power in our day is wholly natural4 ,the glad tidings of ,christmas is that ,god is ever coming to ,his own4 ,the duty laid upon us is that we prepare ,his way1 and make room for ,him4 ,it will be a new ,edinburgh and a new ,glasgow when the renewing ,spirit shall have swept through them4 ,it is the one hope4 ,in ,melrose ,abbey there is an old inscription1 ',when ,jesus comes the shadows depart4' ,some monk who felt the shadows gathering round him realised ,christ as a living presence--and the shadows were wafted away4 ,and he carved the words4 ,and our shadows will vanish when ,he who lay in the manger will come again1 in the fulness of ,his reviving and quickening ,spirit4 ,then ,god will again work marvels in transfigured lives and in nations reborn4 ,,iv ,there are some good people to whom the word ,revival is anathema4 ,there have always been such people4 ',their doctrines are most repulsive1 and strongly tinctured with impertinence and disrespect to their superiors1' wrote the ,duchess of ,buckingham to ,lady ,huntingdon1 regarding the early ,methodists4 ',it is monstrous to be told that you have a heart as sinful as the common wretches that crawl the earth4 ,this is highly insulting1 and ,i wonder that your ,ladyship should relish any sentiment so much at variance with high rank and good breeding4' ,yet it was that same ,revival of religion in the days of ,wesley and ,whitefield that saved ,england when the evil days befell in the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth4 ,there is no nobler figure in all history than that of ,john ,wesley riding over the whole country1 reading as he rode1 contesting all ,england for ,god1 everywhere wakening the dead4 ,to duchesses and highly refined folk that ,revival seemed to be 'repulsive' and 'monstrous4' ,religion was good enough in its own place1 but it must not interfere with their amusements4 ,they wanted their religion well iced4 ,to-day when only another such outrush of spiritual energy can save a poor sick world1 there is no need to trouble about the mocker4 ,there is only reason to rejoice that there are manifest stirrings in the depths of human life which no earthly theory can explain4 ,often and often on wearied men there comes the breath of a new life1 and armies1 long worn out1 arise and snatch redemption out of ruin4 ,the prelude to these triumphs of the ,spirit has always been a sense of expectation springing up mysteriously out of the depths4 ,that expectation is wholly natural4 ,we have come through the most awful carnival of blood and tears in the world's history1 and so far there has been no result commensurate with the sacrifice4 ,the old world is dead and the new tarries while men are left ',wandering between two worlds1 one dead1 ,the other powerless to be born1' ,if man's extremity be ,god's opportunity1 then1 once more1 it is the fulness of the time4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,victory ,,out ,,of ,,ruin ,the world has always been a hard place for minorities4 ,majorities are capable of crimes which1 as individuals1 they would shrink from in horror4 ,and no crimes that stain the pages of history can equal in ghastly cruelty those which have been perpetrated under the influence of religious passions4 ,the ,founder of ,christianity was crucified at the frenzied call of those who were the most devout and religious of their day4 ,the ,pharisees prayed nine hours a day6 ,their cry1 ',crucify6 ,crucify6' still rings in the ear4 ,i ,human nature has not changed very much in these nineteen centuries4 ,and the majority of mankind are still pretty much as they were4 ,there is not much good in getting suffused with sentiment over a minority of one crucified so long ago4 ,it is more important to realise that the grim tragedy is for ever and for ever being repeated4 ,it is a grim thought to think that the very passions of self-righteousness and self-interest which crucified the ,galilean are now operating in ,his name4 ,in a little village in the ,hebrides well known to me1 four ,presbyterian churches celebrate the ,communion in ,august4 ,here they are--the ,parish ,church2 the ,united ,free ,church2 the ,free ,church2 the ,free ,presbyterian ,church6 ,if you attended a service in any of these you would not know any difference between them4 ,on all vital matters they are at one4 ,but there they are in the very name of ,christ negating ,his purpose and breaking ,his law4 ,for ,his purpose is to unite men together2 bring them into the fellowship and unity of love4 ,and they break up that small community into four fragments--and they do it from the highest motives and under the sanctions of the name of the ,highest4 ,they act exactly as the ,pharisees acted nineteen centuries ago4 ,they too were moved by the highest motives2 they too had a passion for the ,sabbath4 ,the ,christians to-day1 like the ,pharisee of old1 make the gospel vain by their traditions4 ,if ,he came ,himself and said to them1 ',you are wrong3 my law is that ye love one another3 the sign of my faithful followers is the love their lives evince1' 444 ,he wouldn't be listened to4 ,they would not cry ',crucify4' 444 ,no6 ,they would only give ,him a nickname and declare that ,he had no right principles6 444 ,but it isn't in remote villages one beholds that4 ,it can be seen anywhere4 ,moderators and bishops and dignitaries have met for a quarter of a century in ,edinburgh to knock at the door of heaven with petitions asking ,god to unite them6 ,and they will meet anywhere--in licensed premises even--except in a church2 they will do anything except have the ,communion together4444 ,and they go on praying6 ,to-day the very bigotry that sent the ,lord stumbling to ,calvary under a ,cross is glorified by the name of ,christ4 ,that to-day is ,his crucifixion4 ,,ii ,that1 however1 is but half a truth4 ,when we take long views we can realise that there is no day in the year when we have more right to cherish the spirit of hope than on this day when the world waits for the ,easter joy bells3 ,rejoice1 ,rejoice4 ,the message of a day such as this is that no cause that has in it the seed of righteousness1 however feeble it may be and however overwhelming its opponents1 need give way to despair4 ,there never was a minority so feeble on the face of the earth as these ,galileans whose ,master had been crucified4 ,the cause was lost4 ,they had not even understood what ,he had tried to teach them4 ,while ,he spoke of a kingdom not of this world they could think of nothing but pitiful thrones such as ,herod's6 ,they left ,him in a minority of one--and that minority was crucified4 ,nobody in all the wide world knew or understood why ,he hung there4444 ,he who was to smash the ,gentiles1 as the ,jew believed1 was there crucified by ,gentiles2 ,he who was innocent was stamped for ever with the criminal's brand--done to death with two thieves4 ,if ever there was an end made of any cause there was an end made of that personified by the ,carpenter of ,nazareth4 ,the majority trampled the minority into extinction4 ,the body can be crucified and can be sealed up in a tomb1 but majorities are powerless against the spirit4 ,when his disciples asked ,socrates where they would bury him he replied3 ',you can bury me anywhere if you can catch me6' ,the soul can never be caught2 can never be sealed up in a tomb4 ,the wind bloweth where it listeth2 and no walls1 however high1 can imprison it2 no tomb hold it4 ,out of the dust the new life arose--the life of the spirit4 ,and suddenly men realised that a kingdom not of this world--an empire without legions--was not only thinkable and possible1 but was actually established4 ,so has it always been since3 the perishing of the body has been but the triumphing of the spirit4 ,,iii ,one of the miracles of history is the way in which that crucified ideal arose and conquered2 in which peasants and fishermen went forth to sow the seed of an invisible kingdom beneath the feet of militarists and tyrants1 who though they rooted it up could never destroy it1 until at last the minority was transformed into a majority4 ,and that same miracle is for ever being repeated4 ,what happened then happens now4 ,and there are two reasons for that4 ,the first is that man is much nobler than he is himself aware of4 ,beneath the subliminal consciousness there are untold riches--golden ore waiting to be mined4 ,under the influence of the herd-instinct and of crowd-psychology a man can on ,friday yell1 ,crucify6 ,crucify6 but on ,saturday he may enter the valley of repentance and be made anew4 ,memory awakes in him when he is alone4 ,he recalls the face and the words of the ,crucified2 doubts arise as to whether it was right--that cry of ,crucify4 ,no malefactor could have borne himself like that4444 ,long-forgotten feelings are let loose4 ,truly that ,man had a regal spirit4 ,however much a man may sink1 he never sinks below the capacity of feeling the contagion of a triumphant spirit4 ,where is the man who cannot thrill as he hears ,livingstone say1 ',i'll go anywhere1 provided it is forward'8 ,it is in that hidden depth the hope of humanity lies4 ,the cause that seems lost rallies to its side the multitudes that no sooner do the wrong than they are smitten with shame therefor and repent thereof4 ,from the ranks of its enemies the cause of righteousness ever recruits its most valiant fighters4 ,the ,sauls are transformed into ,pauls1 and powerless minorities into triumphing majorities4 ,not only are the laws of the spirit on the side of the righteous minority1 but also the laws of the universe4 ,the cause of reform cannot ultimately be defeated because the unchanging laws of nature are arrayed against evil4 ,the great ally of every righteous minority is death4 ,that was how ,christianity conquered at the first4 ,the ,christians lived righteous lives1 and by the very laws of life outlived the ,pagans4 ,so is it now4 ,the life of self-indulgence and self-interest has no vitality to resist4 ,death removes it4 ,the ranks of the devotees of pleasure are being swiftly depleted4 ,death is the great ally of righteousness4 ,the multitude1 who wanted to turn back to ,egypt1 'died by the plague before the ,lord' in the wilderness4 ,some virulent influenza came--and they hadn't the stamina to resist6 444 ,that's how majorities vanish and room is made for the vigorous and healthy minority to possess the land4 ,,iv ,the ,calvaries of ,christ are to-day everywhere4 ,wherever a child hungers or perishes1 wherever men and women decay and die1 there ,he1 who identifies ,himself with men1 is again crucified4 ,where little babies die1 #bjj out of every thousand2 where in proportion to the number of licensed premises is the death-rate among the babes--there ,he is crucified4 ,here1 in this capital city1 an hour in the evening has been added to the hours on which the monopolists in alcohol prey on the people1 that more homes may be ruined and more children perish4 ,it seems utterly hopeless4 ,what is the use of trying to arouse people so dead to the decencies of life as this8 ,but1 to-morrow1 the city will begin to be ashamed4 ,the ,church will begin to rouse itself4 ,when ,lord ,shaftesbury was toiling to free #ce1jjj children from five to thirteen years in ,lancashire alone from the ,moloch of the factory he wrote--',the sinners are with me and the saints against me4' ,that is indeed weird3 how often has the ,church looked on1 indifferent1 while wrong triumphed4 ,there is nothing more pathetic than to see the ,church mustering up courage to condemn what the world has already judged and set aside6 444 ,but to-day the message that comes across all the centuries to the heart of all minorities struggling for the right is this--',be of good cheer3 victory is on the way3 though it tarry1 wait for it6' ,the darkness of ,calvary is but the prelude to the triumph of ,easter morning4 ,,stand ,,up1 ,,ye ,,dead #crd ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ',it is a book that shakes the heart4444 ,we know no man who has seen into the heart and verity of things more clearly1 ,awake thou that sleepest4444 ,in the hands of a master in ,israel the same thrilling1 disturbing cry will wake men from their apathy and complacency4'--,the ,british ,weekly4 ',one of our prophetic voices is ,norman ,maclean4444 ,some people do not know how dead they are1 and others do not know how much life there is in the apparently dead4 ,let both sorts read this book and awake4444 ,a terrible chapter is called ,the ,slum in the ,man4'--,public ,opinion4 ',unless you have the heart of a ,kaiser it must thrill you through and through4'--,from ,defeat or ,victory1 by ,,abthur ,,mee and ,j4 ,,stuart ,,holden4 ',there are few writers in whom sympathetic insight and uncompromising moral judgment1 mystic intuition and prophetic fire1 are so perfectly blended4'--,the ,christian4 ,,hodder ,,and ,,stoughton ,,ltd4 ,,london ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author ,,dwellers ,,in ,,the ,,mist ,,hills ,,of ,,home ,,can ,,the ,,world ,,be ,,won ,,for ,,christ8 ,,the ,,burnt-,,offering ,,africa ,,in ,,transformation ,,the ,,great ,,discovery ,,stand ,,up1 ,,ye ,,dead ,,god ,,and ,,the ,,soldier ,,life ,,of ,,james ,,cameron ,,lees