,,university ,,of ,,kansas ,,publications ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history ,volume #ab1 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #dge-eja1 #g figs4 ,october #be1 #aifc ,a ,new ,genus of ,pennsylvanian ,fish 7,crossopterygii1 ,coelacanthiformes7 from ,kansas ,,by ,,joan ,,echols ,,university ,,of ,,kansas ,,lawrence #aifc ,,university ,,of ,,kansas ,,publications1 ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history ,editors3 ,e4 ,raymond ,hall1 ,chairman1 ,henry ,s4 ,fitch1 ,theodore ,h4 ,eaton1 ,jr4 ,volume #ab1 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #dge-eja1 #g figs4 ,published ,october #be1 #aifc ,,university ,,of ,,kansas ,lawrence1 ,kansas ,,printed ,,by ,,jean ,m4 ,,neibarger1 ,,state ,,printer ,,topeka1 ,,kansas #aifc ,transcriber's ,note3 ,words surrounded by tildes1 like this signifies words in bold4 ,words surrounded by underscores1 like this1 signifies words in italics4 ,a ,new ,genus of ,pennsylvanian ,fish 7,crossopterygii1 ,coelacanthiformes7 from ,kansas ,,by ,,joan ,,echols ,,introduction ,in #aica and #aicb1 ,h4 ,h4 ,lane1 ,c4 ,w4 ,hibbard and ,w4 ,k4 ,mc,nown collected the specimens that ,hibbard 7#aicc7 described and made the basis of two new species4 ,these were from the ,rock ,lake shale member of the ,stanton formation1 six miles northwest of ,garnett1 ,anderson ,county1 ,kansas4 ,in #aied1 from a locality 7,k,an-#a_/;,d1 see page #dhj7 approximately one fourth mile southwest of the first locality1 specimens were quarried by ,f4 ,e4 ,peabody1 ,r4 ,w4 ,wilson and ,r4 ,weeks4 ,in #aiee ,r4 ,r4 ,camp collected additional blocks of ,rock ,lake shale from this second locality4 ,study of all of the materials from the above mentioned localities reveals the existence of an hitherto unrecognized genus of coelacanth4 ,it is named and described below4 ,i wish to thank ,prof4 ,theodore ,h4 ,eaton1 ,jr41 for suggesting the project and for much helpful advice4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,white of the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history7 for furnishing a cast of the endocranium of ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,newberry7 for comparison1 and to ,drs4 ,donald ,baird 7,princeton ,university71 ,bobb ,schaeffer 7,american ,museum of ,natural ,history7 and ,r4 ,h4 ,denison 7,chicago ,natural ,history ,museum7 for loans and exchanges of specimens for comparison4 ,i am grateful to ,dr4 ,bobb ,schaeffer for advice on the manuscript4 ,mr4 ,merton ,c4 ,bowman assisted with the illustrations4 ,the study here reported on was made while ,i was a ,research ,assistant supported by ,national ,science ,foundation ,grant ,g-#adjac4 ,,systematic ,,descriptions ,subclass ,,crossopterygii ,superorder ,,coelacanthi ,order ,coelacanthiformes ,suborder ,,diplocercidoidei ,family ,,diplocercidae ,subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae1 new subfamily ,type genus4--,rhabdoderma ,reis1 #ahhh1 ,paleontographica1 vol4 #ce1 p4 #ga4 ,referred genus4--,synaptotylus new1 described below4 ,horizon4--,carboniferous4 ,diagnosis4--,sphenethmoid region partly ossified1 and consisting of basisphenoid1 parasphenoid1 and ethmoid ossifications2 paired basipterygoid process and paired antotic process on basisphenoid2 parasphenoid of normal size1 and closely associated with1 or fused to1 basisphenoid2 ethmoids paired in ,rhabdoderma 7unknown in ,synaptotylus74 ,discussion4--,because of the great differences in endocranial structure between the ,devonian and ,pennsylvanian coelacanths1 they are here placed in new subfamilies4 ,the two proposed subfamilies of the family ,diplocercidae are the ,diplocercinae and the ,rhabdodermatinae4 ,the ,diplocercinae include those coelacanths having two large unpaired bones in the endocranium 7at present this includes ,diplocercides ,stensioe1 ,nesides ,stensioe and ,euporosteus ,jaekel74 ,the subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae is composed of coelacanths having reduced endocranial ossification1 as described in detail above1 and now including ,rhabdoderma ,reis and ,synaptotylus n4 g4 ,members of this subfamily differ from those of the subfamily ,diplocercinae in having several paired and unpaired elements in the sphenethmoid region of the endocranium1 instead of only one larger ossification4 ,they differ from those of the suborder ,coelacanthoidei in the retention of basipterygoid processes4 ,synaptotylus is more closely related to ,rhabdoderma than to the ,diplocercines because the anterior portion of the endocranium contains only a basisphenoid1 parasphenoid1 and probably ethmoids4 ,the sphenethmoid region was certainly not a large1 unpaired unit as in the ,diplocercines4 ,probably the posterior part1 the otico-occipital region 7not known in ,synaptotylus71 was much more nearly like that of ,rhabdoderma1 which consisted of unpaired basioccipital and supraoccipital1 and paired prootics1 exoccipitals1 and anterior and posterior occipital ossifications 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3chi7 points out that in ,rhabdoderma the occipital region is considerably more ossified than in any coelacanths other than the ,devonian forms4 ,berg 7#aidj3cij7 thought that the ,carboniferous coelacanths should be placed in a separate family because they did not have two large1 unpaired bones in the endocranium4 ,rhabdoderma and ,synaptotylus represent another stage in evolution of the endocranium in coelacanths1 and1 if classification is to be based on endocranial structure1 then this stage 7represented by the two genera7 may later be given family rank as ,berg suggested4 ,because ,rhabdoderma and ,synaptotylus have only part of the sphenethmoid region ossified and because they retain basipterygoid processes1 they are considered to be related and are included in the subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae4 ,synaptotylus1 new genus ,type species4--,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,horizon4--,rock ,lake shale member1 ,stanton formation1 ,lansing group1 ,missouri series1 ,upper ,pennsylvanian4 ,diagnosis4--,late ,pennsylvanian fishes of small size1 having the following combination of characters3 on basisphenoid1 knoblike antotic processes connected by a low ridge to basipterygoid processes2 entire ventral surface of parasphenoid toothed2 anterior margin of parasphenoid notched and no evidence of hypophyseal opening4 ,dermal bones of skull smooth or with low1 rounded tubercles and striae2 fronto-ethmoid shield incompletely known but having one pair of large rectangular frontals with posterolaterally slanting anterior margins2 intertemporals large1 the lateral margins curving laterally2 postorbital triangular1 apex downward2 subopercular somewhat triangular2 squamosal carrying sensory canal that curves down posteriorly and extends onto a ventral projection2 opercular generally triangular2 supratemporals elongate1 curving to fit lateral margin of intertemporals2 circumorbital plates lightly ossified4 ,palatoquadrate complex consisting of endopterygoid and ectopterygoid 7both toothed on medial surface71 quadrate1 and metapterygoid1 the latter smooth and having widened border for articulation on anterodorsal margin4 ,pectoral girdle consisting of cleithrum and clavicle 7supracleithrum not seen72 small projection on medial surface of posterior portion of cleithrum2 horizontal medial process on clavicle4 ,pelvic plate bearing three anteriorly diverging apophyses1 and one denticulate ventromedian process for articulation to opposite plate4 ,lepidotrichia jointed distally1 but not tuberculated4 ,scales oval1 having posteriorly converging ridges on posterior exposed parts4 ,the name refers to the most distinctive character of the genus1 the connected antotic and basipterygoid processes on the basisphenoid1 and is derived from ,greek1 synaptos--joined1 tylos 7masc47--knob1 projection4 ,synaptotylus is excluded from the advanced suborder ,coelacanthoidei by the retention of basipterygoid processes on the basisphenoid4 ,synaptotylus differs from ,rhabdoderma in several characters of the basisphenoid1 the most important being3 knoblike antotic processes 7those of ,rhabdoderma are wider1 more flattened and more dorsal in position72 small1 lateral basipterygoid processes 7in ,rhabdoderma these are larger and farther ventral in position74 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard7 ,coelacanthus newelli ,hibbard1 #aicc1 ,univ4 ,kansas ,sci4 ,bull41 #ba3bhj1 pl4 #bg1 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,coelacanthus arcuatus ,hibbard1 #aicc1 ,univ4 ,kansas ,sci4 ,bull41 #ba3bhb1 pl4 #bf1 fig4 #h2 pl4 #bg1 fig4 #a4 ,rhabdoderma elegans ,moy-,thomas1 #aicg 7in part71 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ajg7ser4 ,b1 pt4 #c73cii4 ,type4--,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghf;,f4 ,diagnosis4--,same as for the genus4 ,horizon4--,rock ,lake shale member1 ,stanton formation1 ,lansing group1 ,missouri series1 ,upper ,pennsylvanian4 ,localities4--,the specimens studied by ,hibbard 7,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghg;,f1 #ghh7 and no4 #aadeg were taken from the ,bradford ,chandler farm1 from the original quarry in ,,sw-#a_/d1 ,,se-#a_/d1 sec4 #cb1 ,t4#ai,s1 ,r4#ai;,e4 ,the remainder were collected from ,university of ,kansas ,museum of ,natural ,history locality ,k,an-#a_/;,d1 a quarry in sec4 #e1 ,t4#ai,s1 ,r4#ai;,e4 ,both of these are approximately six miles northwest of ,garnett1 ,anderson ,county1 ,kansas4 ,referred specimens4--,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghg;,f1 #ghh1 #iici1 #aadbd1 #aadbe1 #aadbf1 #aadbg1 #aadbh1 #aadbi1 #aadcj1 #aadca1 #aadcb1 #aadcc1 #aadcd1 #aaddi1 #aadej1 #aadea1 #aadeb1 #aadec1 #aaded1 #aadee1 #aadeg4 ,preservation4--,preservation of many of the specimens is good1 few are weathered1 but most of the remains are fragmentary and dissociated4 ,one specimen 7the type1 no4 #ghf;,f7 and half of another were nearly complete4 ,specimens are found scattered throughout the ,rock ,lake shale 7see p4 #dih74 ,morphology4--,terminology used for bones of the skull is that of ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg7 and ,schaeffer 7#aieb74 ,endocranium and parasphenoid ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,restoration of the basisphenoid1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #iici1 x #e4 ,a1 lateral view1 ,b1 posterior view1 ,c1 ventral view4 ,the basisphenoid 7see fig4 #a7 has been observed in only one specimen 7,k4 ,u4 no4 #iici7 in posterodorsal and ventral views4 ,the basisphenoid1 although somewhat crushed1 appears to be fused to the parasphenoid4 ,both antotic and basipterygoid processes are present1 and are connected by a low1 rounded ridge4 ,the antotic processes are large1 bulbar projections4 ,these processes in ,rhabdoderma are wider and more flattened 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3;figs4 #c1 #d74 ,the antotic processes are at mid-point on the lateral surface1 not dorsal as in ,rhabdoderma1 and both the processes and the ridge are directed anteroventrally4 ,the basipterygoid processes are smaller1 somewhat vertically elongated projections1 situated at the end of the low connecting ridge extending anteroventrally from the antotic processes1 and are not basal as are those of ,rhabdoderma4 ,the sphenoid condyles1 seen in posterior view1 issue from the dorsal margin of the notochordal socket4 ,the margins of the socket are rounded1 and slope down evenly to the center4 ,a slight depression situated between and dorsal to the sphenoid condyles is supposedly for the attachment of the intercranial ligament 7,schaeffer and ,gregory1 #aifa3;fig4 #a74 ,the alisphenoids extend upward1 anterodorsally from the region above the sphenoid condyles1 and may connect to ridges on the ventral surface of the frontals4 ,the lateral laminae are not preserved1 and their extent is unknown4 ,in viewing the changes in the endocranium of ,carboniferous and ,permian coelacanths1 it would be well to consider the mechanical relationship of the loss of the basipterygoid processes to the effect on swallowing prey4 ,evidently many of the coelacanths1 ,latimeria for example1 are predators 7,smith1 #aici3ajd72 to such fishes a more efficient catching and swallowing mechanism would be an adaptive improvement4 ,stensioe 7#aicb3;fig4 #ad7 presents a cross section of the ethmosphenoid moiety of the endocranium of ,diplocercides kayseri 7von ,koenen7 showing the metapterygoid of the palatoquadrate loosely articulated to both the antotic and basipterygoid processes4 ,according to ,tchernavin 7#aidh3acg7 and ,schaeffer and ,rosen 7#aifa3aij7 the swallowing of large prey depends on the ability of the fish to expand its oral cavity by allowing the posteroventral portion of the palatoquadrate and the posterior end of the mandible to swing outward4 ,where the palatoquadrate articulates with the basisphenoid at the antotic and basipterygoid processes1 as in the ,devonian coelacanths1 it can not swing so far laterally as where it articulates with only the dorsal1 antotic process4 ,perhaps the loss of the basipterygoid articulation reflects the development of a more efficient mechanism for swallowing prey in these fishes4 ,schaeffer and ,rosen 7#aifa3aia1 #aic7 show that in the evolution of the actinopterygians several changes improved the feeding mechanism3 some of these changes are3 7#a7 freeing of the maxilla from the cheek1 giving a larger chamber for the action of the adductor mandibulae2 7#b7 development of a coronoid process on the mandible2 and 7#c7 increase in torque around the jaw articulation4 ,in coelacanths1 at least some comparable changes occurred1 such as3 7#a7 loss of the maxillary1 thus increasing the size of the adductor chamber2 7#b7 development of the coronoid bone1 affording a greater area for muscle attachment2 7#c7 development of an arched dorsal margin on the angular2 7#d7 modification of the palatoquadrate complex1 with resultant loss of the basipterygoid processes4 ,in ,synaptotylus the basipterygoid processes are small1 not basally located1 and perhaps not functional4 ,a more efficient feeding mechanism developed rapidly during the ,carboniferous and has remained almost unaltered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,restoration of the parasphenoid1 based on ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #iici1 #aadea1 x #e4 ,a1 ventral view1 ,b1 dorsal view and cross sections4 ,the parasphenoid 7see fig4 #b7 is a shovel-shaped bone having a wide anterior portion and a narrower posterior portion of nearly uniform width4 ,most of the ventral surface is covered with minute granular teeth4 ,the anterior margin is flared and curved posteromedially from the lateral margin to a median triangular projection4 ,the lateral margins curve smoothly from the greatest anterior width to the narrow central portion1 where the margins become somewhat thickened and turned dorsally4 ,posterior to this the lateral margins are probably nearly straight4 ,the external surface of the anterior section is nearly flat and has a central depressed area the sides of which slope evenly to the center4 ,the internal surface is smooth and centrally convex4 ,because of the fragmentary nature of all four observed specimens1 total length was not measured but is estimated to be #ae to #bj mm4 ,the opening of the hypophyseal canal was not present1 possibly because of crushing4 ,ethmoidal ossifications were not preserved in any of the specimens studied4 ,the parasphenoid differs from that of ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,newberry7 in being more flared and widened anteriorly and more concave centrally4 ,dermal bones of the skull ,various portions of the cranial roof are preserved in several specimens 7see fig4 #c74 ,for comparisons with ,rhabdoderma elegans1 see ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3;fig4 #a74 ,the premaxillaries and rostral elements are not preserved in any of the specimens4 ,only one pair of relatively large frontals have been observed2 they are #e4e to #i4j mm4 long and #b4j to #c4e mm4 wide4 ,these are nearly flat bones1 with the greatest width posteriorly #j4a to #a4j mm4 wider than the anterior portion4 ,the midline suture is straight1 the lateral margins are nearly straight1 the anterior margin slopes evenly posterolaterally1 and the posterior margin is slightly convex to straight4 ,the anterior margin in ,r4 elegans is essentially straight4 ,ornamentation consists of sparse1 unevenly spaced1 coarse tubercles or short striae4 ,in one specimen both bones have small clusters of tubercles near the lateral margins and about #b4j mm4 from the posterior margin4 ,none of these bones has alisphenoids or ridges on the ventral surface1 as ,stensioe 7#aiba3fe1 #ig7 described for ,wimania and ,axelia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,diagram of the dermal bones of the skull1 in lateral view1 based on ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghh and #aadcb4 x #b-a_/b approximately4 ,only six supraorbitals have been preserved 7see fig4 #c74 ,these are nearly square1 flat1 thin bones lying nearly in place adjacent to a frontal on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh4 ,the smallest is anterior2 the margins of all are nearly straight4 ,the bones are unornamented4 ,each bears a pore of the supraorbital line just below the midline4 ,the supraorbitals of ,r4 elegans have a triangular outline and do not bear pores4 ,intertemporals 7fig4 #c7 on several specimens vary from approximately #i4j to #ae4j mm4 in length1 #b4j to #b4g mm4 in anterior width1 and increase to #d4e to #h4j mm4 in maximum posterior width4 ,the midline suture is straight1 the anterior margin is concave and the lateral margin proceeds laterally in a concave curve to the widest portion4 ,in ,r4 elegans only the anterior half of the corresponding margin is concave4 ,the posterior margin is slightly rounded and slopes anteriorly toward the lateral margin4 ,ornamentation is usually of randomly oriented tubercles and striae1 although striae are more common in the posterior third and may be longitudinal1 whereas tubercles occur mainly on the anterior section4 ,no evidence of sensory pores1 as seen on the intertemporal of ,r4 elegans1 has been found4 ,the supratemporals were observed on only one specimen 7,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh71 7fig4 #c74 ,sutures were difficult to distinguish but the medial margin is presumed to curve to fit and to articulate with the lateral margins of the intertemporals4 ,lateral margins are smoothly curved but the anterior and posterior margins were broken off4 ,there appears to be no ornamentation on this bone4 ,the supratemporals are much more elongated and curving than those in ,r4 elegans4 ,the cheek region is nearly complete in one specimen 7,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh71 and scattered parts occur in a few others 7see fig4 #c74 ,the lacrimojugal of no4 #ghh is elongate1 with both ends curving dorsally4 ,it differs from the lacrimojugal in ,r4 elegans1 in which the anterior end extends anteriorly and is not curved dorsally4 ,the posterior and anterior margins are not preserved2 the greatest height appears to be posterior4 ,pores of the suborbital portion of the infraorbital sensory canal are seen on the dorsal surface of the bone4 ,in ,r4 elegans the pores are on the lateral surface4 ,a section of the lacrimojugal on specimen no4 #aadbe1 broken at both ends1 shows a thin layer of bone perforated by the pores and covering a groove for the canal within the dorsal margin of the bone4 ,both specimens are unornamented4 ,a nearly complete postorbital 7fig4 #c7 on specimen no4 #ghh is nearly triangular1 with the apex ventral4 ,the concave anterior margin bears pores of the postorbital part of the infraorbital line4 ,ornamentation consists of widely spaced1 coarse tubercles4 ,part of one squamosal is preserved4 ,it is somewhat triangular and its apex is ventral4 ,this bone is associated with the postorbital1 subopercular and lacrimojugal on no4 #ghh4 ,the preopercular sensory line passes down the curving ventral margin of this bone1 and extends ventrally onto a narrow projection4 ,a low ridge1 nearly vertical1 passes dorsally from about mid-point of the canal to the dorsal portion4 ,the anterior margin is nearly straight1 the ventral margin is concave1 and the dorsal margin is convex dorsally but may be incomplete4 ,perhaps the squamosal and preopercular are fused4 ,the surface appears smooth2 the view may be of the medial side4 ,the squamosal of ,r4 elegans is nearly triangular and notably different from that of ,synaptotylus newelli4 ,the subopercular 7fig4 #c7 shows closely spaced tubercles on the lateral surface4 ,the bone is an elongated1 irregular triangle with the apex pointing anterodorsally4 ,the margins are incomplete1 except for the concave1 curving anterior margin4 ,numerous operculars 7fig4 #c7 occur in the suite of specimens1 both isolated and nearly in place4 ,each is subtriangular2 the apex of the triangle is ventral4 ,a slight convexity projects from the anterodorsal border4 ,the posterior margin is broadly but shallowly indented4 ,otherwise the margins are smooth4 ,maximum height ranges from #h4j to #aa4j mm41 and maximum width from #h4j to #ac4j mm4 ,ornamentation varies from a few widely spaced1 randomly oriented tubercles to closely spaced tubercles merging posteriorly into striae4 ,on some specimens these are parallel to the dorsal border1 and oblique in the central portion4 ,on the posterior margins of several operculars the striae break up into tubercles4 ,a few operculars have closely spaced tubercles over much of the surface4 ,the internal surface is smooth4 ,visceral skeleton ,the palatoquadrate complex1 best seen on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #iici 7fig4 #d71 consists of endopterygoid1 ectopterygoid1 metapterygoid and quadrate4 ,no trace of epipterygoids1 dermopalatines or autopalatines1 such as ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3cib1 fig4 #e7 described for ,rhabdoderma1 has been observed4 ,the endopterygoid has a long1 ventral1 anteriorly-directed process1 and an anterodorsal process that meets the metapterygoid in forming the processus ascendens4 ,the suture between the endopterygoid and metapterygoid1 seen in lateral view1 is distinct in some specimens and has an associated ridge2 these bones appear to be fused in others1 without regard to size4 ,this suture curves dorsally from a point anterior to the quadrate and passes anterodorsally to the extremity of the processus ascendens4 ,the suture is visible on the medial side only near the processus ascendens1 for it is covered by a dorsal1 toothed extension of the endopterygoid4 ,the endopterygoid has a smooth lateral surface2 the medial surface is covered with tiny granular teeth1 in characteristic line and dot arrangement4 ,the teeth extend onto the ventral surface of the ventral process4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,restoration of the palatoquadrate complex1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #iici1 x #e4 ,a1 medial view1 ,b1 lateral view4 ,two long1 narrow1 splintlike bones covered on one surface with granular teeth are interpreted as ectopterygoids4 ,these are #ac4j and #af4j mm4 long and each is #a4e mm4 wide4 ,orientation of these is unknown1 but they probably fitted against the ventral surface of the ventral process of the endopterygoid 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3;fig4 #e74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,a1 ceratohyal1 lateral 787 view1 based on ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #aadbi and #aadeg1 x #e4 ,b1 urohyal1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadeg1 x #e4 ,the metapterygoid has a smooth surface in both views4 ,the dorsal edge has a thickened1 flared margin that presumably articulated with the antotic process of the basisphenoid4 ,no articular surface for the basipterygoid process has been observed4 ,the quadrate is distinct and closely applied to the posteroventral margin of the complex4 ,in medial view the margin is nearly straight and continues to the ventral edge4 ,the ventral surface is thickened and forms a rounded1 knoblike articular surface4 ,in lateral view the surface is smooth2 the anterior margin is irregular 7or perhaps broken on all specimens71 and proceeds in an irregular convex curve from the posterior to the ventral margin4 ,the general shape of the palatoquadrate complex is most nearly like that of ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3;fig4 #e74 ,the orientation of the complex in the living fish was probably oblique1 with the processus ascendens nearly vertical1 the quadrate oblique1 and the ventral process of the endopterygoid extending dorsoanteriorly and articulating with the parasphenoid4 ,of the hyoid arch only the ceratohyals 7see fig4 #e;,a7 are preserved in several specimens4 ,these are long1 curved bones with a posteroventral process and widened1 flaring posterior margin4 ,the medial 787 surface is concave in one specimen4 ,the lateral 787 surface displays a distinct ridge on several specimens1 arising on the dorsal surface opposite the posteroventral process and extending diagonally to the anteroventral end of the anterior limb4 ,the impression of one other specimen appears to have a central ridge because of greater dorsal thickness and narrowness4 ,both surfaces are unornamented4 ,the urohyal 7see fig4 #e;,b7 is an unornamented1 ,y-shaped bone1 with the stem of the ,y pointing anteriorly4 ,orientation with respect to dorsal and ventral surfaces is uncertain4 ,in one view a faint ridge1 also ,y-shaped1 occurs on the expanded posterior portion1 and the surface is convex4 ,the anterior process has a convex surface1 sloping evenly off to the lateral margin2 the opposite side of the process has a concave surface4 ,the posterior portion has a slightly depressed area 7see fig4 #e;,b7 at the junction of the arms of the ,y4 ,the five branchial arches are represented by the ceratobranchials1 several of which are preserved on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadca4 ,these are long bones with anteriorly curving ventral ends4 ,the medial surfaces are partly covered with minute granular teeth2 only the dorsal part is without teeth4 ,the dorsal articular surface is convex dorsally and rounded4 ,the mandible 7fig4 #c71 the best specimens of which are ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghh and #aadbe1 is seen only in lateral and ventral views1 with only angular1 splenial and dentary visible4 ,the angular forms the main body of the mandible1 and is similar to that of ,spermatodus4 ,the dorsal margin of the angular is expanded in the central region1 with some variation4 ,one specimen has an expanded portion slightly anterior to that of the opposite angular4 ,the articular surface near the posterior end has not been observed2 the posterior end of the angular slopes off abruptly4 ,the anterior sutures are seen in only two specimens1 ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghh1 #aadbe4 ,the dentary meets the angular in a long oblique suture2 the dentary gradually tapers posterodorsally and ends on the dorsal surface of the angular4 ,the splenial fits into a posteriorly directed1 deep ,v-shaped notch on the ventral surface4 ,the lateroventral surface of the angular contains sensory pores of the mandibular line4 ,the ventral surface extends medially into a narrow shelf1 approximately #a4j mm4 wide1 which extends the full length of the bone2 the external surface of this shelf is smooth and slightly concave dorsally4 ,ornamentation of the angular consists of tubercles and longitudinal or oblique striae1 occurring mostly on the expanded portion4 ,the medial surface is not seen4 ,several broken specimens show a central canal filled with a rod of calcite2 in one of these the sensory pores are also calcite-filled and appear to be connected to the rod4 ,thus the pores originally opened into a central canal4 ,the dentary is an unornamented bone with the anterior half curving medially2 the greatest height is anterior4 ,this bone in specimen ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadbe bears irregularly spaced1 simple1 recurved1 conical teeth2 nine were counted1 but there is space for many others4 ,one other specimen1 no4 #aadbi1 seems to have tiny tubercles on the surface4 ,the dentary meets the splenial dorsally in a straight suture4 ,the splenial also curves medially1 and as stated1 meets the dentary in a straight suture4 ,ornamentation on this bone was not observed4 ,the posterior margin is ,v-shaped and fits the notch in the angular4 ,the ventral surface bears three or more sensory pores of the mandibular line4 ,the gular plates are oval4 ,the medial margin is straight to slightly curved1 the lateral margin curved crescentically1 the posterior end is blunt1 and the anterior end somewhat rounded4 ,ornamentation varies greatly2 some bones show only a few tubercles1 whereas others exhibit an almost concentric pattern of closely spaced striae4 ,typically there are some tubercles in the anterior quarter or third of the total length2 these pass into longitudinally oriented striae in the posterior section4 ,a few have only randomly oriented1 widely-spaced striae4 ,the internal surface is smooth4 ,the coronoid 7,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadbh7 is a triangular bone1 with the apex pointing dorsally4 ,the lateral surface is smooth2 no teeth were observed4 ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3bib1 #bic7 mentions several tooth-bearing coronoids in ,rhabdoderma1 but as yet these have not been seen in ,synaptotylus4 ,axial skeleton ,only three specimens 7,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghg;,f1 #aadej7 show parts of the vertebral column1 but isolated neural and haemal arches are numerous4 ,all are of the coelacanth type1 having ,y-shaped neural and haemal arches1 without centra4 ,a total count of #ch was obtained1 but this was incomplete2 the actual number was probably near #ej4 ,counts of #aj and #af haemal arches were obtained in two of the specimens4 ,total height of neural arches ranges from #g4e to #ab4j mm41 and of haemal arches1 from #i4j to #ab4j mm4 ,the shorter arches are anterior and the height increases gradually to a maximum in the caudal region4 ,height of the spines varies from #d4j to #i4j mm41 or from twice the height of the arch in the anterior to three times the height in the caudal region4 ,total width of the base1 measured in isolated specimens because lateral views in other specimens prevented measuring width1 ranges from #j4g to #d4b mm4 ,the short1 broad arches having short spines occur at the anterior end of the spinal column2 the narrower arches having tall spines occur toward the caudal end4 ,broken neural and haemal arches show a thin covering of bone with a central1 calcite-filled cavity1 which in life may have been filled with cartilage 7,stensioe1 #aicb3eh1 fig4 #bj74 ,no ossified ribs have been observed1 either isolated or in place4 ,for further description of the axial skeleton1 see ,hibbard 7#aicc74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,paired fin girdles4 ,a1 pectoral girdle1 lateral view1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadcc1 x #c4e4 ,b1 pelvic girdle basal plate1 medial 787 view1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh1 x #h4 ,anterior is toward the left4 ,girdles and paired fins ,a nearly complete pectoral girdle on specimen ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadcc 7see fig4 #f;,a7 has only a cleithrum and clavicle4 ,no evidence of an extracleithrum or supracleithrum has been observed1 but the extracleithrum may be fused to the cleithrum4 ,the two bones form a boot-shaped unit1 with the anteroventral part turned medially to form a horizontal process which meets the opposite half of the girdle4 ,in lateral view the surface is unornamented1 and convex in the ventral half4 ,the suture between the cleithrum and clavicle begins on the expanded posterior portion1 the boot-heel1 at a point immediately below the greatest width on the posterior margin1 passes anteriorly1 then turns sharply and parallels the anterior margin4 ,the shape of the cleithrum resembles that in ,rhabdoderma and the internal surface is not ridged 7see ,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3;fig4 #i74 ,the exact orientation in the fish is uncertain1 but if the median extension is really horizontal1 then the posterior expansion is directed caudally4 ,the medial surface is concave1 steepest near the anterior margin1 and then slopes outward evenly4 ,in medial view one specimen 7,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadbf7 shows a small1 caudally directed projection of bone1 evidently for articulation of the fin-skeleton1 at the widest portion of the cleithrum4 ,sutures on several specimens were indistinct4 ,broken specimens show sutural faces1 but many nearly complete specimens show little or no indication of sutures1 without regard to size of the girdles4 ,the internal structure of the fin was not observed4 ,numerous isolated basal plates of the pelvic girdle have revealed details of structure but no information on the orientation4 ,presumably the basal plates of ,synaptotylus had essentially the same orientation as those of other coelacanths 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3cie74 ,the most complete basal plate is ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh 7see fig4 #f;,b74 ,the three apophyses diverge anteriorly2 the horizontal one is best developed and the dorsal one is least well developed4 ,a median process 7,schaeffer1 #aieb3di71 denticulate on several specimens1 articulates with the corresponding process of the opposite plate4 ,the expanded part that articulates with the skeleton of the fin extends caudally4 ,the posterior expanded part is nearly square in outline1 resembling the dorsal1 rectangular projection4 ,one side bears ridges leading to the extremities of the apophyses1 and faint crenulations on the median process4 ,this may be the medial view4 ,the other view displays a smooth surface1 usually without indication of the ridges seen in the reverse view4 ,these specimens differ somewhat from the basal plates of ,rhabdoderma and appear to be intermediate between ,rhabdoderma and ,coelacanthus 7,moy-,thomas1 #aicg3;fig4 #aj;,a1 ,b74 ,the apophyses are not free as in ,rhabdoderma but webbed with bone almost to their extremities1 as in ,coelacanthus4 ,the pelvic fin is seen in only two specimens 7,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghh74 ,that on no4 #ghh is lobate and has #be lepidotrichia1 jointed for approximately the distal half1 and #b4e to #ac4j mm4 in length4 ,total length of the fin is #be4j mm4 ,there is no trace of the internal skeletal structure or of the articulation to the basal plate in either specimen4 ,for a description of the fin on no4 #ghf;,f1 see ,hibbard 7#aicc3bha74 ,unpaired fins ,a few isolated bones on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh 7fig4 #g7 are interpreted as basal plates of the unpaired fins4 ,for additional description of the unpaired fins on the type1 ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghf;,f1 see ,hibbard 7#aicc74 ,two of these bones are flat1 smooth and oblong1 bearing a diagonal ridge that extends in the form of a projection4 ,orientation is completely unknown4 ,these may be basal plates of the anterior dorsal fin4 ,the fin on no4 #ghf;,f that ,hibbard 7#aicc3bha7 interpreted as the posterior dorsal fin is now thought to be the anterior dorsal fin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard74 ,basal plates of unpaired fins4 ,a1 anterior dorsal fin1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh1 x #aj4 ,b1 posterior dorsal fin1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghh1 x #ab4 ,c1 anal fin1 based on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadej1 x #e4 ,anterior is toward the left4 ,one distinctive bone may represent the basal plate of the posterior dorsal fin4 ,this incomplete specimen shows two projecting curved processes1 bearing low but distinct ridges1 which diverge1 probably anteriorly4 ,the central portion is narrow4 ,the two ridges continue onto the posterior portion4 ,this has been broken off1 but shows that the ridges diverge again4 ,the surface is smooth1 except for the ridges4 ,as before1 orientation is uncertain4 ,on no4 #ghf;,f this fin was interpreted by ,hibbard 7#aicc3bha7 as the anal fin4 ,only part of one basal plate of the anal fin was preserved on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #aadej4 ,that plate is oblong and has an expanded anterior end4 ,the narrow1 constricted part bears two oblique ridges and a few tubercles4 ,the posterior part has nearly straight margins 7represented by impressions7 and the posterior margin is oblique1 sloping anteroventrally4 ,the flared anterior part has a smooth surface4 ,this basal plate is more nearly like those of ,coelacanthus1 according to the descriptions given by ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3cii74 ,the basal plate is associated with seven apparently unjointed1 incomplete lepidotrichia4 ,the anal fin on no4 #ghf;,f is interpreted as the anterior dorsal fin 7,hibbard1 #aicc3bha74 ,the caudal fins are preserved on ,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghg;,f1 and have a total of #bd lepidotrichia1 #ab above and #ab below4 ,these are jointed for the distal half or two-thirds1 and are up to #af4j mm4 in length4 ,in specimen no4 #ghg;,f the supplementary caudal fin has at least seven lepidotrichia1 the longest of which is #aa4j mm4 but incomplete4 ,anterior lepidotrichia appear unjointed but the posterior ones are jointed for the distal two-thirds 787 7these are broken off74 ,the supplementary caudal fin is approximately #a4e mm4 long and #h4j mm4 or more wide4 ,the supplementary caudal fin on ,k4 ,u4 no4 #ghf;,f described by ,hibbard 7#aicc3bha7 could not be observed2 this part of the caudal fin is missing4 ,squamation ,in the suite of specimens isolated scales are numerous1 but patches of scales are rare4 ,only two specimens 7,k4 ,u4 nos4 #ghf;,f1 #ghg;,f7 are complete enough for scale counts1 but preservation permits only partial counts4 ,in general the scales resemble those of ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,newberry74 ,the scales are oval4 ,the exposed posterior part of each bears posteriorly converging ridges2 the anterior part is widest and shows a fine fibrillar structure4 ,there are at least six scale-rows on either side of the lateral line4 ,lateral line scales show no pores1 and except for slight irregularities in the orientation and length of the posterior ridges1 closely resemble the others4 ,central ridges on the lateral line scales are shorter and tend to diverge from the center of the impression of the canal4 ,the lateral line canal shows only as the impression of a continuous canal #j4g mm4 in diameter4 ,preservation is poorest in scales along the line of the neural and haemal arches2 therefore lateral line scales are rarely preserved4 ,isolated scales are of two types3 those on which the posterior ridges converge sharply and form the gothic arch configuration mentioned by ,hibbard 7#aicc3bhb71 and those which do not4 ,both types of scales can be present on one fish1 as shown by specimen no4 #ghh4 ,this is not apparent on nos4 #ghf;,f and #ghg;,f2 all of the scales on these specimens appear to be much alike4 ,both ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3che7 and ,schaeffer 7#aieb3ea1 #eb7 have remarked on the variation of the scales on different parts of the same fish4 ,because the number of ridges and amount of convergence of the ridges is not related to size of the scale1 it is concluded that these characters are not of taxonomic significance4 ,the strong resemblance of the scales of the ,garnett specimens to those of ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,newberry7 caused ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3cii7 to add ,hibbard's two species to the synonymy of ,r4 elegans4 ,but at that time only the scales could be adequately described4 ,if the shape of the scale and the number and pattern of ridges can vary with age1 size and shape of the scale1 it follows that assignment of isolated scales to a species should not be attempted4 ,assignment to genus should be made only with caution4 ,discussion4--,the relationship of ,synaptotylus to other coelacanths is obscure at present4 ,the knoblike antotic processes on the basisphenoid are unlike those of any other known coelacanth4 ,the palatoquadrate complex is shaped like that of ,rhabdoderma elegans but consists of fewer bones1 probably because of fusion4 ,the scales resemble those of ,rhabdoderma4 ,with regard to general shape of fin girdles1 the pectoral girdle resembles that of ,eusthenopteron more than that of ,rhabdoderma1 but the cleithrum is more nearly like the cleithrum of ,rhabdoderma4 ,the pelvic girdle appears to be midway between those of ,rhabdoderma and ,coelacanthus in general appearance4 ,regarding the basal plates of the remaining fins1 those of ,synaptotylus appear to resemble basal plates of both ,rhabdoderma and ,coelacanthus4 ,considering the structure of the sphenethmoid region of the braincase1 ,synaptotylus is probably more closely related to ,rhabdoderma than to other known coelacanth genera4 ,,comments ,,on ,,classifications ,classification of ,carboniferous coelacanths has been difficult1 partly because the remains are commonly fragmentary1 and significant changes in anatomy did not become apparent in early studies4 ,in general1 coelacanths have been remarkably stable in most characters1 and it has been difficult to divide the group into families4 ,as ,schaeffer 7#aieb3ef7 pointed out1 definition of coelacanth genera and species has previously been made on non-meristic characters1 and the range of variation within a species has received little attention4 ,for example1 ,reis 7#ahhh3ga7 established the genus ,rhabdoderma1 using the strong striation of the scales1 gular plates and posterior mandible as the main characters of this ,carboniferous genus4 ,moy-,thomas 7#aicg3cii-daa7 referred all ,carboniferous species to ,rhabdoderma1 redescribed the genus and compared it to ,coelacanthus1 the ,permian genus4 ,he cited as specific characters the ornamentation of the angulars1 operculars and gular plates 7,moy-,thomas1 #aice3ci2 #aicg3che74 ,individual variation in some species has rendered ornamentation a poor criterion4 ,this variation is apparent in ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard71 some specimens having little or no ornamentation2 others having much more4 ,the number of ridges and pattern of ridges on the scales also varies4 ,schaeffer 7#aieb3ef7 has found this to be true of ,diplurus also4 ,moy-,thomas 7#aice3dj2 #aicg3che7 realized that the type of scale is a poor criterion for specific differentiation4 ,in the search for features useful in distinguishing genera of coelacanths1 ,schaeffer and ,gregory 7#aifa3c1 #g7 found the structure of the basisphenoid to be distinctive in known genera1 and thought it had taxonomic significance at this level4 ,higher categories should have as their basis characters that display evolutionary sequences4 ,a recent classification 7,berg1 #aidj71 followed in this paper1 reflects two evolutionary trends in endocranial structure of coelacanths3 reduction of endocranial ossification and loss of the basipterygoid processes4 ,because there has been little change in other structures in coelacanths1 ,berg's classification is the most useful4 ,berg 7#aidj3cij7 includes ,rhabdoderma in the suborder ,diplocercidoidei because of the presence of the basipterygoid processes1 and in the single family1 ,diplocercidae1 but remarks that because of the reduced amount of endocranial ossification the ,carboniferous ,diplocercidae probably constitute a distinct family4 ,in considering this concept of classification1 the subfamilies ,diplocercinae and ,rhabdodermatinae of the family ,diplocercidae are proposed above4 ,the subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae includes at present ,rhabdoderma and ,synaptotylus4 ,the principal characters of the subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae1 named for the first known genus1 are the retention of the basipterygoid processes and the reduction of endocranial ossification4 ,application of this classification based upon endocranial structure would probably change existing groupings of species of ,carboniferous coelacanths2 the entire complex of ,carboniferous genera should be redescribed and redefined4 ,it will be necessary to consider endocranial structure in any future classification4 ,the greater part of the evolution previously mentioned appears to have been accomplished during the ,carboniferous2 thereafter coelacanth structure became stabilized4 ,the trend progressed from ,devonian coelacanths which had two large unpaired bones in the endocranium1 and both antotic and basipterygoid processes on the basisphenoid1 to ,carboniferous fishes in which ossification was reduced to a number of paired and unpaired bones embedded in cartilage1 and retaining both processes1 and then post-,carboniferous kinds with reduced ossification and no basipterygoid processes4 ,the ,pennsylvanian was evidently the time of greatest change for the coelacanths1 and they have not changed significantly since1 in spite of the fact that since the ,jurassic they have shifted their environment from shallow1 fresh water to moderate depth in the sea 7,schaeffer1 #aiec3;fig4 #a74 ,the changes in endocranial structure appear to be significant1 and are perhaps related to higher efficiency of the mouth parts in catching and swallowing prey 7see p4 #dhb74 ,,environment ,the coelacanth fishes from the ,rock ,lake shale are part of the varied fauna collected from ,garnett4 ,peabody 7#aieb3ch7 listed many elements of the fauna and flora1 and concluded that the deposits are of lagoonal origin4 ,in addition to numerous invertebrates 7including microfossils7 and arthropods1 a number of vertebrates other than coelacanths have been found4 ,these include at least one kind of shark1 ,hesperoherpeton garnettense ,peabody1 one or more kinds of undescribed labyrinthodonts and the reptiles ,petrolacosaurus kansensis ,lane1 ,edaphosaurus ecordi ,peabody1 and ,clepsydrops 7undescribed species74 ,this is indeed a rich vertebrate fauna1 and the earliest known reptilian fauna4 ,much of the rock contains plant remains4 ,the flora that has been identified is adapted to growing in a well-drained soil2 although it contains some elements considered characteristic of the ,permian1 it is of ,pennsylvanian age 7,moore et al41 #aicf74 ,peabody 7#aieb3ch-ci7 discusses the features of these lagoonal sediments4 ,much of the fauna and flora suggests continental origin1 but the many marine invertebrates at some horizons indicate that at least some of the sediments were of marine origin4 ,little can be said about the actual environment of the living fishes of the genus ,synaptotylus4 ,remains of these fishes occur in layers containing marine invertebrates1 as well as in those containing plant remains and vertebrate skeletal parts1 and in those nearly completely composed of dark carbonaceous material4 ,most of the remains are fragmentary and consist of isolated bones1 isolated scales1 and dissociated skulls2 only one specimen and half of another are nearly complete4 ,many published statements on ,rhabdoderma1 a related genus1 indicate both marine and fresh-water environments4 ,wehrli 7#aica3aae7 regarded ,rhabdoderma elegans 7,newberry7 as a euryhaline species1 and cited its occurrence with both marine and fresh-water fossils4 ,aldinger 7#aica3aii7 also found this to be the case with other species1 and ,fiege 7#aiea3ag7 quotes others as giving the same information4 ,keller 7#aicd3iac7 thought that few ,carboniferous fishes were exclusively marine1 and stated that the majority of them became adapted to fresh water during the late ,carboniferous4 ,later1 ,schaeffer 7#aiec3age7 stated that all ,carboniferous and ,permian coelacanths were fresh-water fishes1 and that many were from swamp deposits4 ,if ,keller is correct1 then members of the genus ,synaptotylus may have inhabited the lagoon1 the adjacent sea1 or the streams draining into the lagoon4 ,perhaps these fishes swam upstream1 as modern salmon and tarpon do1 although there is no direct evidence for this4 ,possibly they lived in the lagoon at times of scant rainfall and little runoff1 when the salinity of lagoon water approached normal marine values or the fishes may have lived in the streams1 and after death were washed into the lagoon4 ,as numerous remains of land plants and animals were washed in1 perhaps this best accounts for the presence of the fish in nearly all layers of the deposits1 not only the marine strata4 ,,summary ,a new genus of ,pennsylvanian coelacanths1 ,synaptotylus1 is described and a previously named species1 ,coelacanthus newelli ,hibbard1 #aicc 7,c4 arcuatus ,hibbard1 #aicc1 is a junior synonym71 is referred to this genus4 ,all specimens of ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard7 were collected from the ,rock ,lake shale member of the ,stanton formation1 ,lansing group1 ,missouri series1 six miles northwest of ,garnett1 ,anderson ,county1 ,kansas4 ,synaptotylus is distinguished from all other coelacanths by a basisphenoid having large1 knoblike antotic processes each connected by a low ridge to a small basipterygoid process4 ,synaptotylus is most closely related to ,rhabdoderma1 but is intermediate between ,rhabdoderma and ,coelacanthus in shape of the fin girdles and basal plates4 ,two new subfamilies1 ,diplocercinae and ,rhabdodermatinae1 of the family ,diplocercidae1 are proposed4 ,synaptotylus and ,rhabdoderma are included in the subfamily ,rhabdodermatinae1 because both exhibit reduced ossification in the endocranium and retain basipterygoid processes4 ,loss of the basipterygoid processes in post-,carboniferous coelacanths may reflect the development of a more efficient feeding mechanism1 by allowing the palatoquadrate complex and mandible to swing farther laterally and expand the oral cavity4 ,synaptotylus newelli 7,hibbard7 may have occupied either the sea or fresh water2 these fishes occur in lagoonal deposits with reptiles and amphibians1 arthropods1 marine invertebrates and remains of land plants4 ,because scale patterns on ,synaptotylus and ,rhabdoderma are so nearly similar and vary with size of the scale and its location on the fish1 it is recommended that isolated scales not be assigned to a species1 and to a genus only with great caution4 ,,literature ,,cited ,,aldinger1 ,h4 #aica4 ,ueber karbonische ,fische aus ,westfaelen4 ,paleont4 ,zeit41 #ac3ahf-bja4 ,,berg1 ,l4 ,s4 #aidj4 ,classification of fishes1 both ,recent and fossil4 ,moscow and ,leningrad1 #aidj 7,j4 ,w4 ,edwards1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan1 #aidg1 offset reproduction1 pp4 #a-cde1 #aig figs41 plus ,english translation of text1 pp4 #cdf-eag1 #aidg47 ,,fiege1 ,k4 #aiea4 ,eine ,fisch-,schwimmspur aus dem ,culm bei ,waldeck4 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,geol4 and ,palaeont4 ,jahrgang #aiea3i-ca4 ,,hibbard1 ,c4 ,w4 #aicc4 ,two new species of ,coelacanthus from the middle ,pennsylvanian of ,anderson ,county1 ,kansas4 ,kansas ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 #ba3bgi-bhg4 ,,keller1 ,g4 #aicd4 ,fischreste aus dem oberkarbon des ,ruhrgebiets4 ,gluckauf1 #gj3iac-iag4 ,,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 ,,elias1 ,m4 ,k41 and ,,newell1 ,n4 ,d4 #aicf4 ,a ,permian flora from the ,pennsylvanian rocks of ,kansas4 ,jour4 ,geol41 #dd3a-ca4 ,,moy-,,thomas1 ,j4 ,a4 #aice4 ,a synopsis of the coelacanth fishes of the ,yorkshire ,coal ,measures4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ae 7ser4 #aj73 #cg-df4 #aicg4 ,the ,carboniferous coelacanth fishes of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ajg 7,b73 #chc-dae4 ,,peabody1 ,f4 ,e4 #aieb4 ,petrolacosaurus kansensis ,lane1 a ,pennsylvanian reptile from ,kansas4 ,kansas ,univ4 ,paleont4 ,contrib41 #a3a-da4 ,,reis1 ,o4 ,m4 #ahhh4 ,die ,coelacanthinen mit besonderen ,beruecksichtigung der im ,weissen ,jura ,bayerns verkommenden ,arten4 ,palaeontographica1 #ce3a-if4 ,,schaeffer1 ,b4 #aieb4 ,the ,triassic coelacanth fish ,diplurus1 with observations on the evolution of the ,coelacanthini4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ii3;art4 #b1 #bi-gh4 #aiec4 ,latimeria and the history of the coelacanth fishes4 ,new ,york ,acad4 ,sci4 ,trans41 7#b7 #ae3agj-agh4 ,,schaeffer1 ,b41 and ,,gregory1 ,j4 ,t4 #aifa4 ,coelacanth fishes from the continental ,triassic of the western ,united ,states4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,novitates1 #bjcf3a-ah4 ,,schaeffer1 ,b41 and ,,rosen1 ,d4 ,e4 #aifa4 ,major adaptive levels in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism4 ,am4 ,zool41 #a3ahg-bjd4 ,,smith1 ,j4 ,l4 ,b4 #aici4 ,a living coelacanthid fish from ,south ,africa4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,south ,africa1 #bh3a-ajf4 ,s,t,e,n,s,i,oe1 ,e4 ,a4 #aiba4 ,triassic fishes from ,spitzbergen4 ,part ,i4 ,vienna1 ,adolf ,holzhausen3 #a-cjg4 #aicb4 ,triassic fishes from ,east ,greenland4 ,meddel4 om ,gronland1 #ch3a-cje4 ,,tchernavin1 ,v4 ,v4 #aidh4 ,on the mechanical working of the head of bony fishes4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #aah3abi-adc4 ,,wehrli1 ,h4 #aica4 ,die ,fauna der ,westfaelischen ,stufen ,a und ,b der ,bochumer ,mulde zwischen ,dortmund und ,kamen 7,westfaelen74 ,palaeontographica1 #gd3ic-acd4 ,transmitted ,march #bi1 #aifb4