,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,armor-pi]c+ ,%ells 7,) ,sugge/ions = _! ,improvem5t7 ,by ,,c>los ,,de ,,zafra1 ,m4,e4 ,faculty ,lectur]1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity #aiae ,hi/orical ,! manufacture ( projectiles to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( w>f>e has be5 br\ght to its pres5t high /age ( developm5t ?r\gh a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts bas$1 at fir/1 m ^u !ory ?an p]haps any o!r bran* ( eng9e]+4 ,9 ! days ( wood5 vessels v little ?\ght 0 giv5 to ! actual physical prop]ties ( ! !n ca/ iron sph]ical mass4 ,! gun 0 ! ag5t ^u :i* dep5d$ ! ability ( ! projectile to p5etrate4 ,! projectile1 be+ confront$ by s slight a resi/+ mat]ial z wood1 0 di/ort$ or physically affect$ to practically no degree by ! resi/+ m$ium4 ,:5 fight+ y>d-arm to y>d-arm ! p[] ( ! gun 0 suffici5t to fully p5etrate ! enemy1 :ile at long ranges consid]able damage w\ld be execut$ )\t 9 ! lea/ impair+1 by ! %ock ( impact 7:i* 0 inconsid]able z comp>$ ) mod]n conditions7 ! physical condition ( ! %ot4 ,9 ! days ( ! all-wood vessel ! guns 7 ( ! smoo?-bore class divid$ into v>i\s types ) nom5clature accord+ to ! size or weight ( ! %ot1 v mu* z !y are today1 i4e41 #c-p\nd]1 #f-p\nd]1 #d-;in*1 #aj-;in*1 etc4 ,a g5]al review ( ! gradual developm5t ( projectiles w be f\nd b5eficial & helpful to a m complete und]/&+ ( ! complexities involv$ 9 ov]com+ ! pres5t day difficulties4 ,9 ! smoo?-bore gun sph]ical %ot 0 us$4 ,?is 0 by no means a tight fitt+ device4 ,^u fir+ ! gun consid]able p[d] pressure 0 lo/ ?r\gh ! rapid escape ( ! gases pa/ ! %ot betwe5 x & ! bore ( ! gun4 ,?is w\ld mo/ naturally be expect$ s9ce at be/ ! surface ( contact betwe5 ! %ot & ! bore w\ld be only a circul> l9e quickly elim9at$ or worn away ?r\gh friction "u ! high temp]ature ( ! burn+ gases beh9d ! %ot4 ,! mo/ obvi\s way to elim9ate t we>+ away ( ! be>+ surface 0 to increase x1 9 do+ :i* ! escape ( gas pa/ ! projectile w\ld be greatly *eck$1 & ! gas pressure beh9d ! projectile increas$ 7ex]t+1 !reby1 a great] propell+ =ce7 & imp>t+ to ! projectile great] velocity1 increas$ mom5tum1 & consequ5t increas$ p5etration4 ,b an increase 9 ! be>+ surface ( ! %ot necessitat$ an alt]ation 9 its %ape introduc+ difficulties affect+ ! accuracy ( its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,x 0 n an appreciation ( any ineffectiv5ess 9 ! e>ly %ot t fir/ br\ght ab\t a realization ( ! importance ( obta9+ ! highe/ possible results f ! mat]ial at h&1 = no difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 p5etrat+ ! e>ly wood5 b>ri]s4 ,b ) ! introduction ( rail-road & boil] iron & an*or *a9s along ! sides ( ! vessels ( w> z a protection x 0 demon/rat$ t ! old r\nd %ot previ\sly mo/ effective at ! same range 0 n[ ( little consequ5ce4 ,armor$ vessels1 ?\gh crude z 0 _! armor1 c\ld ) impunity run up along side a wood5 enemy & dem& imm$iate surr5d] ) imm$iate de/ruction z ! p5alty = non-compliance4 ,x is only necess>y to ref] to ! ,naval ,hi/ory ( ! ,civil ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t ?is 0 s4 ,?us began "o ( ! greate/ indu/rial w>s ( ! ,_w--! ,battle ( ,guns & ,armor1 :i* has be5 con/antly wag$ ?r\gh ye>s ( int]national peace & prosp]ity1 & is de/9$ to cont9ue indef9itely or until ! ,utopian days ( ,univ]sal ,dis>mam5t & ev]la/+ peace arrive4 ,e>ly ,developm5ts ,) ! *ange f ! sph]ical to ! longitud9al projectile1 difficulties 9 secur+ accuracy ( flight arose n previ\sly exi/+4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! elongat$ projectile w\ld tumble or revolve ab\t its transv]se axis dur+ its flight1 also wobble or describe a cork screw or spiral trajectory--capital defects requir+ imm$iate att5tion4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! gyroscope to ! effect t a body w\ld ma9ta9 any desir$ position :ile revolv+ at a high rate ab\t ! prop] axis 0 kn[n & x 0 f\nd desirable to adopt ?is pr9ciple 9 "s practical mann] to ! developm5t & improvem5t ( ! projectile4 ,x 0 believ$ t 7 x possible to give a high rotative spe$ to ! projectile ab\t its major axis ! desir$ object ( keep+ t axis co-incid5t ) ! v]tical plane ( ! trajectory w\ld be accompli%$4 ,among ! fir/ /eps t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! mod]n rifl$ artill]y & elongat$ projectile we f9d c]ta9 improvem5ts to h orig9at$ 9 ! small arms pieces4 ,9 8 ,report on ! ,art ( ,w> 9 ,europe 9 #ahed1 #ahee1 & #ahef ,colonel ,r4 ,delafield1 ,u4,s4,a41 gives ! fir/ ref]5ce ( imm$iate importance to ! subject 9 "q4 ,! small arms bullet 0 ( lead :i* readily adapt$ itself to su* configuration z 0 desir$4 ,great contr>iety ( op9ion exi/$ z to ! be/ =m ( ball & pr9ciple1 ev51 by :i* x 0 caus$ to p>take ( ! rifle twi/ ( ! gun b>rel4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! fir/ =ms & me?ods adopt$ & are wor?y ( consid]ation3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,among ! ,fr5* & "s o!rs ! tige pr9ciple 0 employ$4 ,x consi/$ 9 =c+ ! base ( ! ball op5 s z to fit ! bore & rifle grooves by driv+ x on a project+ spike 9 ! bottom ( ! gun atta*$ to ! bree*1 & ris+ ?r\gh ! *>ge ( p[d]1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,= ?is purpose a c\nt]sunk ramm] head to fit ov] ! head ( ! ball _h to be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,9 ! ,engli% ,enfield rifle a =m ( ball 0 us$ consi/+ ( a holl[ cup or cone 9 ! bor$-out base ( ! ball 7,figs4 #b & #c7 ! action ( ! p[d] driv+ ?is cup into ! ball caus+ x to exp& & take ! rifl+4 ,iron cups 7 us$ 9 ! ,crimea b because ( occasionally cutt+ (f & leav+ 9 ! bore a r+ ( lead 7 disc>d$ = solid wood or papi] ma*e cups 7,fig4 #d74 ,figs4 #e & #f %[ =ms ( holl[ base balls us$ by ! ,fr5* & ,russians1 9 :i* ! direct action ( ! p[d] on ! base caus$ ! s\ght = expansion into ! rifl+4 ,! ,russians at ,seba/opol employ$ also a f\r? pr9ciple consi/+ ( two %ort projections or lugs on ! cyl9drical "p ( ! solid ball to engage 9 two grooves cut 9 ! bore ( ! gun4 ,its proportions are illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,! modifications ( ! prec$+ =ms1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #h & #i 7 us$ 9 ! ,crimea by ! ,s>d9ian army :i* also us$ a smoo?bore musket ) solid ball z p] ,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,fr5* army ,z\aves us$ a solid cyl9dro-conical groov$ ball1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 9 a tige rifle4 ,! #ahef ,au/rian rifle us$ a solid cyl9dro-conical ball1 ) two deep grooves cut 9 ! cyl9drical "p su* t ! p>ts betwe5 ! grooves are =c$ toge!r & outw>ds1 or upset by ! explosion ( ! p[d]1 to fill ! bore & ! rifle grooves1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac illu/rates ! same pr9ciple z us$ by ! ,saxon army4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ah ,o!r =ms us$ at ! "t by ! v>i\s ,p[]s are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 & #ah4 ,b x 0 an op5 "q z to :i* 0 ! be/ =m1 no ,p[] be+ fully satisfi$4 ,x may be not$ "h t z ! bree*-load+ rifle _h n up to ?is "t be5 suffici5tly p]fect$1 all ! above bullets 7 = muzzle load+ rifles4 ,bree*-load+ arms _h be5 kn[n = ov] two c5turies b 7 z yet unreliable1 clumsy1 & g5]ally imp]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,lanca/] ,gun4 ,! e>ly me?ods adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( cannon to imp>t to ! projectile ! desir$ rot>y motion are z int]e/+ z ! e>ly me?ods adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! projectile4 ,heavy rifl$ artill]y 0 introduc$ 9 #ahef aga9/ ,cron/adt4 ,! ,engli% artill]y at ,seba/opol us$ ! ,lanca/] ,gun1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! =m ( ! bore section ( ?is gun 0 t ( an ellipse ( #h & #h-e_/h diamet]s1 ! bore be+ g5]at$ by ! section ( su* an elipse mak+ a revolution ( ab\t "o-qu>t] turn 9 ! l5g? ( ! bore1 ! c5t] ( ! section always co-incid5t ) ! longitud9al axis ( ! gun1 =m+ !reby a cont9u\s elliptical cyl9d]1 ! great] axis at ! muzzle ly+ 9 ! v]tical plane & gradually becom+ horizontal at ! bree* section1 or 9 o!r words1 ! :ole l5g? & section ( ! bore 0 a rifle twi/ ( "o qu>t] ( a turn 9 its l5g?4 ,! projectile 0 a wr\ght iron %ell ( ! =m & size indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj1 z asc]ta9$ by measurem5t ( "o f\nd 9 ! tr5*es at ,seba/opol4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,! use ( ^! guns 9 ! siege 0 by no means satisfactory1 giv+ nei!r precision ( fire nor extraord9>y range1 :ile ! gun m (t5 fail$ by bur/+ ?an o!r types4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 met ) favor & 0 /udi$ & improv$ ^u4 ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ ! rifle pr9ciple to heavy guns consi/$ 9 ca/+ a segm5t ( a sph]e 7ne>ly7 on ! side ( ! cyl9d] "p ( ! %ot ) correspond+ grooves 9 ! bore ( ! gun1 mak+ ab\t "o turn 9 tw5ty feet4 ,x is some:at l ! pr9ciple ( ! solid musket ball1 ,fig4 #g ) a diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! projections1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ ,fig4 #ba1 giv+ ! =m & size 7ne>ly7 ( ! %ot4 ,guns ( ?is patt]n 7 adopt$ = _m ( ! gunboats fitt$ out by ,france = op]ations 9 ! ,baltic 9 #ahef1 "s ) f\r & o!rs ) two guns ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,! bore ( ! gun _h a circul> section ( #f-a_/b diamet] ) two grooves cut 9 x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 :i* 9 ! l5g? ( ! bore _h a twi/ equal to "o turn 9 six met]s4 ,figures #bc & #bd repres5t ca/ iron %ot ( v peculi> %ape1 int5d$ app>5tly1 z a sub/itute = ! rifle groove4 ,!y 7 cyl9d]s ( ab\t f\r in*es diamet]1 ) a flatt5$ sph]ical head f :i* ?ree spiral op5+s communicate ) ! op5 int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9drical "p 0 =m$ ) grooves4444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,! ,mod]n ,type ( ,gun ,f ^! e>lie/ examples ! developm5t ( artill]y has be5 gradual until ! pres5t day ( ! built-up gun ) an en]gy & range undream$ ( 9 ! e>li] days4 ,! built-up gun ( today has atta9$ to a calibre ( #af in*es1 a l5g? ( ne>ly #ej feet1 a weight ( #abd tons1 & an extreme range at #db deg4 elevation ( #bj4i miles ) a maximum height ( trajectory ( ov] #e-c_/d miles4 ,! projectile1 too1 has increas$ 9 size f a few p\nds to ! "o ton or #b1bdj-p\nd mass us$ 9 ! above gun4 ,! en]gy imp>t$ to x at ! muzzle am\nts to #f1djh-;foot tons assur+ a p5etration at ! muzzle ( #cc4h in*es ( /eel1 or at #c1ejj y>ds ( #bg4e in*es1 ! muzzle velocity be+ #a1ige-;foot-seconds & p[d] *>ge #fdj p\nds ( smokeless4 ,! maximum pressure 9 ! p[d] *amb] all[$ is #cg1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,briefly ! mod]n gun is a built-up piece1 con/ruct$ by fitt+ or %r9k+ sup]-impos$ hoops or cyl9d]s "o ov] ! o!r 9 size & numb] z diagramatically expla9$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 suffici5t to re-in=ce ! bore to )/& ! v>i$ pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 #ac-;in* ,b4,l4,r4 7,total ,l5g?1 #dj feet47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,! twi/ or rot>y motion is imp>t$ to ! projectile by means ( ! rifl+ 9 ! bore4 ,fig4 #bf %[s ! cross-section ( an #h-;in* gun ) ! dim5sions ( ! rifl+1 :i* is compos$ ( two elem5ts1 ! groove or spiral cut made 9 ! bore & ! l& or space betwe5 two adjac5t grooves4 ,to take ^! grooves rotat+ b&s ( s(t metal1 g5]ally copp]1 are fitt$ to ! projectile z w be expla9$ "u ,manufacture ( ,projectiles4 ,classification ( ,projectiles ,projectiles are classifi$ accord+ to _! calibre1 type ( gun = :i* !y are int5d$1 mat]ial ( :i* !y are made1 etc41 z p] ! foll[+ s*eme us$ 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,army = m>k+ cases ( projectiles3 ,ca/ /eel ,in* ,rifle ,ca/ iron ,mort> ,common /eel ,%ot ,armor pi]c+ ,%ell ,r5dable ,a4,p4 ,weight empty--,lbs4 ,capp$ or uncapp$ or ,capp$ & groov$ = base cov] or ,uncapp$ & groov$ = base cov] ,base ,fuze ,po9t ,manufacture ( ,projectiles ,:ile a high /ate ( developm5t has be5 atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( armor-pi]c+ %ells att5tion w be conf9$ to _! manufacture 9 s mu* z ! me?ods = improvem5t h]e9aft] sugge/$ are int5d$ to affect ! physical & n ! *emical prop]ties ( ! mat]ial1 & are1 !re=e1 applicable to all projectiles 9 :i* ! /resses to be resi/$ exce$ ! resi/+ p[]s ( ! projectiles z at pres5t manufactur$4 ,! function to be p]=m$ by an armor-pi]c+ %ell is t ( fully p5etrat+1 )\t disruption to itself1 an armor plate 9 ?ickness equal to1 at lea/1 ! calibre ( ! %ell 9 "q1 & !n be 9 condition = effective bur/+4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! ,army & ,navy specifications p]ta9 to3 ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,workman%ip 7,art #bj1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,! projectiles mu/ be ( =g$ /eel1 s\nd1 & free f cracks1 seams1 & o!r defects#a4 #a ,italics are ^? ( ! au?or & ref] to defects :i* x is ! object ( 8 design & me?od ( manufacture to rem$y4 ,! base plugs mu/ be ( =g$ /eel1 anneal$ aft] =g+ or temp]+1 free f seams1 cracks1 & o!r defects1 & h ! foll[+ physical prop]ties3 ,ela/ic limit #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj p\nds ,t5sile /r5g? #ij1jjj to #ajj1jjj ,elongation #ah p] c5t4 ,contraction #be ,! projectiles %all be ma*9e-f9i%$1 be=e treatm5t1 z close to ! prescrib$ dim5sions z may be consi/5t ) t op]ation1 & mu/1 if necess>y1 be f9ally f9i%$ to ! prescrib$ dim5sions )9 ! all[$ v>iations4 ,cyl9drical t5sile-te/ specim5s ) diamet] ( /em ( #j4eje in* w be us$ 9 all cases :5 ! piece is suffici5tly ?ick to f9i% ! /em to t dim5sion2 :5 n1 ! inspectors w det]m9e ! exact =m or diamet] ( ! specim5s to be us$1 ! l>ge/ practicable be+ us$1 consid]+ ! piece "u te/4 ,a l5g? ( /em betwe5 gauge m>ks ( #b in*es w be us$ 9 all cases :]e ! elongation is to be tak54 ,,capp+ 7,art4 #ba1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,all /eel projectiles %all be fitt$1 :5 requir$1 ) a cap ( s(t /eel plac$ ^u ! po9t1#b ! caps to be ( ! dim5sions %[n on ! approv$ draw+s & secur$ 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance by means ( a groove1 to be turn$ on ! head ( ! projectile prior to temp]+4 #b ,see ,frontispiece4 ,! /eel = ! cap mu/ %[ a t5sile /r5g? n to exce$ #fj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 an elongation aft] rupture ( n less ?an #cj p] c5t1 & a r$uction 9 area ( n less ?an #de p] c5t on /&>d specim5s1 #b in*es long betwe5 measur+ po9ts & #j4eje in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! caps w be ?or\ghly anneal$ be=e be+ plac$ ^u ! projectiles & w be free f cracks & all o!r defects4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,detection ,,( ,,holes1 ,,cracks1 ,,etc4 7,art4 #bg1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,aft] ! submission ( a lot to ! inspector = selection ( samples = balli/ic te/1 & be=e f9al deliv]y1 ! projectiles mu/ be subject$ to an int]ior hydraulic pressure ( #ejj p\nds p] squ>e in* = "o m9ute4 ,all projectiles 9 :i* holes1 cracks1 or any uns\ndness are develop$ by ?is te/ w be reject$4 ,,t5sile ,,te/ 7,art4 #bh1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,aft] =g+1 ! projectiles %all be anneal$ at a temp]ature ( at lea/ #a1bjj deg4 ,f42 & aft] be+ anneal$1 tang5tial te/ specim5s %all be tak5 f ! base or base prolong$ ( #b p] c5t ( ! projectiles f ea* lot select$ at r&om by ! inspector4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ! projectiles 9 a lot %all n v>y m ?an #bj1jjj p\nds f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,,*emical ,,te/ 7,art4 #cj1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,a c>eful & complete *emical analysis %all be made ( ! metal ( ea* heat f :i* ! projectiles are manufactur$ "u ^! specifications4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,initial ,,/ra9s ,,bord]+ ,,on ,,rupture 7,art4 #ca1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,aft] f9al treatm5t & be=e acceptance = ! balli/ic te/1 all ,a4,p4 %ot mu/ be cool$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #dj deg4 ,f41 & !n sudd5ly heat$ by be+ plung$ into a ba? ( wat] at a temp]ature ( f #ahj deg4 ,f4 to #bab deg4 ,f41 z ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance may direct4 ,:5 ?or\ghly heat$ to ?is temp]ature ea* projectile mu/ be plung$1 ) its axis horizontal1 halfway into a ba? ( wat] at a temp]ature n great] ?an #dj deg4 ,f41 & aft] a brief p]iod %all be turn$ #ahj deg4 = a l imm]sion ( ! opposite side1 aft] :i* ! projectile %all be remov$ f ! ba?4 ,?is te/ %all be made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! inspector1 & an int]val ( at lea/ ?ree days mu/ elapse betwe5 ! f9al treatm5t & ! submission ( ! projectiles to ?is te/4 ,?is te/ is n requir$ = %ell4 ,,balli/ic ,,te/ 7,art4 #cb1 ,o4 ,d41 ,u4,s4,a47 ,ea* lot ( projectiles %all be subject$ to ! foll[+ balli/ic te/3 ,aft] a f9al treatm5t & on pres5tation ( ! entire lot = ! balli/ic te/1 ! inspector %all select ?ree projectiles to repres5t ! lot1 :i* %all be f9i%$1 inspect$ & deliv]$ 9 ! same mann] z requir$ = ! re/ ( ! lot4 7a7 ,armor-pi]c+ %ot4 ,two capp$ %ot1 s&load$ to /&>d weight1 %all be fir$ aga9/ a h>d-fac$ ,krupp armor plate f #a to #a-a_/b calibres ?ick1 secur$ to a timb] back+ 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 ) ab\t ! correspond+ velocity giv5 by ! foll[+ table1 ) ! requirem5t t ! %ot %all p]=ate ! plate unbrok5 & !n be 9 condition = effective bur/+4 ,if bo? projectiles fulfill ! above te/1 ! lot w be accept$4 ,if1 "o ( ! %ots fails to pass ! te/ "h prescrib$1 a supplem5t>y te/ %all be made by fir+ ! ?ird %ot "u ! same conditions z ! fir/ two %ot2 if ?is passes ! te/ z prescrib$ above1 ! lot %all be accept$2 if x fails to d ?is1 ! lot %all n be accept$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,calibre ( ,weight ( ,?ickness ( ,velocity = %ot %ot plate p5etration ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #d-;in* #ccc #d-;in* #a1icj #e-;in* #b1bie #d4g-;in* #dec #e-;in* #b1bbj #e-;in* #eh #e-;in* #b1jje #f-;in* #b1cbj #f-;in* #ajf #f-;in* #a1iej #h-;in* #b1dej #h-;in* #caf #h-;in* #a1gfj #aj-;in* #b1ajj #aj-;in* #fjd #aj-;in* #a1gde #ab-;in* #b1jbj #ab-;in* #a1jdf #ab-;in* #a1gcj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #c ,weight uncapp$4 ,= int]m$iate ?ickness ! velocity %all be det]m9$ by int]polation4 7b7 ,armor-pi]c+ %ell4 ,two capp$ %ell1 s&load$ to /&>d weight1 %all be fir$ aga9/ a h>d-fac$ ,h>veyiz$ armor plate secure to a timb] back+ 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 ( #c-;in*es ?ickness = #e-;in* & #f-;in* %ell1 #d-;in*es = #h-;in* %ell1 #e-;in*es = #aj-;in* %ell1 & #f-;in*es = #ab-;in* %ell1 ) a velocity#d ( ab\t #a1dbj f4s4 = ! #e-;in* %ell1 #a1bbj f4s4 = ! #f-;in* %ell & #ibj f4s4 = ! #h-;in*1 #aj-;in* & #ab-;in* %ell at impact1 ) ! requirem5t t ! %ell %all g ?r\gh ! plate unbrok51 & !n be 9 a condition = effective bur/+4 #d ,! weight ( p[d] *>ge to give ! prescrib$ velocity w be det]m9$ %ortly be=e ! te/1 ca/ iron projectiles ( prop] weight be+ fir$ = ! purpose2 ?is weight ( *>ge w be tak5 z giv+ ! prescrib$ velocity to ! projectiles und]go+ te/4 99 99 99 99 99 7c7 #ab-;in* deck pi]c+ %ell4 ,two %ell1 s&fill$ to /&>d weight1 w be fir$ ) a /rik+ velocity suffici5t to pass completely ?r\gh a #d-a_/b-;in* nickel-/eel protective-deck plate incl9$ s z to give an angle ( impact ( #fj degrees1 & to be support$ by a suitable back+ ( wood2 or bo? %ell %all be subject$ to su* alt]nate balli/ic te/ z ! ,dep>tm5t may judge to be an equival5t to ! above 9 its effect ^u ! projectile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! nickel-/eel protective-deck plate %all be manufactur$ by ! op5-he>? process & %all conta9 ab\t #c-a_/d p] c5t ( nickel1 n m ?an six "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t ( phosphor\s2 n m ?an f\r "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t ( sulphur1 %all be ! be/ composition 9 all respects4 ,x %all be oil or wat] temp]$ & anneal$1 & ! :ole plate %all be subject$ to ! same treatm5t at ! same "t4 ,t5sile te/ w be made aft] f9al treatm5t4 ,"o longitud9al specim5 = t5sile te/ w be tak5 f ea* plate4 ,ea* %all %[ a t5sile /r5g? ( at lea/ #hj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* & an elongation 9 #b in*es ( at lea/ #bg p] c5t4 ,b5d+ te/s w be made z foll[s3 ,a piece cut f ! plate %all be d\bl$ cold ar\nd a curve ( :i* ! diamet] is n m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! piece te/$ )\t %[+ any cracks4 ,! ends ( ! piece are to be p>allel aft] b5d+4 ,^! specim5s %all be #ab in*es long1 #a-a_/b in*es wide1 & #a in* ?ick4 ,at ! discretion ( ! inspector1 b5d+ specim5s #a_/b in* squ>e tak5 ) a holl[ drill1 may be sub/itut$4 ,su* specim5s mu/ b5d cold to #ahj degrees flat1 )\t sign ( fracture on out] surface4 7d7 #ab-;in* ,torp$o ,%ell4 ,two %ell1 s&load$ to /&>d weight1 w be fir$ f a gun or mort> into a s& butt ) a pressure 9 ! p[d] *amb] ( ab\t #cg1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* to te/ /ructural ability4 ,if ! %ell are f\nd n s]i\sly de=m$ by dis*>ge f ! piece & 9 a condition = effective bur/+1 ! lot w be accept$4 ,if any ( ! %ell fail to pass ?is te/1 ! lot w be reject$4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,circul>s & ,specifications ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t conc]n+ ,armor ,plate & ,appurt5ances = ,vessels ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy1 7,april #bb1 #aijg7 :ile p]ta9+ to ano!r subject1 w be p>don$ if introduc$ "h = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! seem+ly p>adoxical requirem5ts a manufactur] is call$ ^u to meet3 7,p>4 #fj47 ,! balli/ic te/ = acceptance ( armor %all be made z /rictly z practicable 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ tables1 ! ,dep>tm5t res]v+ ! "r to use guns ( o!r calibres ?an designat$ = any plate if x is deem$ advisable4 ,9 ! te/ ( armor ( ,class ,a !re %all be ?ree impacts ) /rik+ velocities z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 capp$ armor-pi]c+ projectiles be+ us$3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,wt4 ( %ell ,calibre ( ,?ickness ( ,/rik+ capp$ gun plates velocity ,p\nds ,in*es ,in*es ,ft4-seconds ---------------------------------------- -------- #aje #f #e #a1dea #aje #f #f #a1fdh #aje #f #g #a1hcf #afe #g #f #a1dfd #afe #g #g #a1fca #afe #g #h #a1gia #bfj #h #g #a1dei #bfj #h #h #a1fjc #bfj #h #i #a1gda #eaj #aj #i #a1deh #eaj #aj #aj #a1efh #eaj #aj #aa #a1fgf #hgj #ab #aa #a1dbd #hgj #ab #ab #a1ead ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! fir/ impact %all be locat$ ne> ! c5tral portion ( ! plate1 & ! o!r two impacts %all be locat$ z direct$ by ! ,bureau2 no impact1 h[ev]1 to be ne>] ano!r impact or an edge ( ! plate ?an #c-a_/b calibres ( ! projectile us$4 ,on ^! ?ree impacts no projectile or fragm5t !re( %all get entirely ?r\gh ! plate & back+1 nor %all any ?r\gh crack develop to an edge ( ! plate or to ano!r impact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! above x is se5 t a manufactur] supply+ bo? armor-plate & %ell to ! ,gov]nm5t is call$ ^u to produce a %ell ) suffici5t integrity to completely p5etrate1 & )\t break+ up1 8 armor-plate ( suffici5t ?ickness to resi/ t %ell4 ,! capp+ ( projectiles consi/s 9 plac+ ov] ! po9t a cone or mass ( metal ( comp>ative s(tness4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vices s(t /eel is us$ = ! purpose4 ,au?orities disagree z to ! exact function :i* ! cap plays1 "s claim+ x to act z a lubricat+ metal facilitat+ ! passage ( ! projectile1 o!rs claim t x gives an initial %ock to ! armor-plate be=e ! %ell prop] has /ruck x1 :i* latt] !n /rikes ! plate 9 a /ate ( molecul> unre/1 &1 !re=e1 ( impair$ resi/+ p[]4 ,fir+ te/s ( %ell at armor-plate at oblique angles h prov5 ! capp$ %ell sup]ior1 :i* w\ld indicate t ! cap 9 ?is in/ance at any rate is capable ( secur+ a hold on ! plate :i* ! b>e po9t ( ! %ell _c1 9 s mu* z uncapp$ %ells glance (f4 ,at any rate capp$ projectiles are1 on ! :ole1 sup]ior to ! uncapp$ & ! practice ( capp+ is recomm5d$ z an additional advantage :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! improvem5ts "h-9-aft] describ$4 ,at a specifi$ di/ance f ! base ( ! %ell a groove or b&-score is turn$ = ! rotation b&4 ,= projectiles "u #g-;in*es calibre1 pure copp] is usually employ$1 b = l>g] calibre an alloy ( #ig-a_/b p] c5t ( pure copp] & #b-a_/b p] c5t ( nickel is us$ & is anneal$ be=e b&+4 ,! r\gh b&s are 9 a =m ( solid r+s cut f drawn tubes or cyl9drical ca/+s1 & mu/ be c>efully hamm]$ into ! score or pref]ably press$ 9 by hydraulic pressure & f9ally turn$ to prop] size1 %ape1 & f9i%4 ,_! use has be5 previ\sly describ$ & ! improvem5ts 9 armor-pi]c+ %ells h]e9aft] describ$ are bas$ ^u a /udy ( ! /resses su/a9$ by a projectile ^u impact :ile rotat+ ab\t its major axis at ! high rotative velocity :i* ! engag+ ( ^! b&s ) ! rifl+ ( ! gun has imp>t$ to ! %ell4 ,! foll[+ table compil$ by ! au?or gives ! rotative velocities ( v>i\s projectiles3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,muz4 ,engy4 ,calibre,wt41 lbs4 ,muz4 ,vel4 ,ft4 ,type ( ,in*es ,projectile ,ft4 ,secs4 ,r4,p4,s4 ,r4,p4,m4 ,tons ,gun ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #ab #hgj #aci #h1cdj #fc ,hot*kiss #c4b #ac4e #a1fhe #bec #ae1ahj #bff ,field '#ij #c4f #bj #a1eej #bjf #ab1cfj #ccc #ahia #c4f #bj #fej #hf #e1afj #ei ,mort> #ahij #e #de #a1hcj #agf #i1efja1jde ,siege #ahij #g #aje #a1jhe #gf #d1efj #hec ,h[itz] '#ij #g #abe #fij #di #b1idj #dab ,mort> '#ib ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,u4,s4 ,,sea-,,coa/ ,,l& ,,s]vice ,,guns ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,muz4 ,engy4 ,calibre,wt41 lbs4 ,muz4 ,vel4 ,ft4 ,type ( ,in*es ,projectile ,ft4 ,secs4 ,r4,p4,s4 ,r4,p4,m4 ,tons ,gun ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #h #cjj #a1iej #aaa #f1ffj #g1ijg #ahhh,m #aj #ege #a1ige #ie #e1gjj #ae1edh #ahhh,m #ab #a1jjj #b1ajj #hd #e1jdj #cj1gej #aijb #af #b1cgj #a1ige #ei #c1edj #fd1jhd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,krupp ,,guns ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,muz4 ,engy4 ,calibre,wt41 lbs4 ,muz4 ,vel4 ,ft4 ,type ( ,in*es ,projectile ,ft4 ,secs4 ,r4,p4,s4 ,r4,p4,m4 ,tons ,gun ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #f #b1fjj #aib #ae1ebj #c1jjj #bbb #ac1cbj #h #b1bjj #acc #g1ihj #aj #b1bej #ajh #f1dhj #ab #b1bej #ij #f1djj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,f ! above table x w be not$ t ! ,r4,p4,m4 are exce$+ly high 9 "s cases4 ,^u ! impact ( a %ell ) armor-plate ! physical ph5om5a occur in/antane\sly & ! resultant =ces are s great t x is impossible to me*anically record _! action4 ,a /udy ( ! /resses 9 ! %ell c1 h[ev]1 be made on a !oretical basis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if ! projectile 7 tw5ty calibres 9 l5g? & ( a mat]ial (f]+ less resi/ance to torsional /ress ?an /eel & rotat$ at ! high velocities indicat$ we w\ld f9d t ^u impact ! torsion w\ld be pla9ly evid5t z p] ! foll[+3 ,assume a projectile ,a ( l5g? tw5ty calibres1 ab\t to p5etrate an armor-plate ,b ( ?ickness suffici5t to prev5t complete p5etration by ! %ell 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,! t5d5cy ( ! impact is to /op ! rotation ( ! projectile1 ow+ to ! friction betwe5 ! surfaces 9 contact1 b ow+ to ! l5g? ( ! projectile ! po9t receives ?is ret>d+ influ5ce be=e x c be transmitt$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! %ell to its base4 ,! consequ5t result is t ! head w f9ally come to a /op :ile ! base is /ill rotat+1 h[ev] slightly t may be4 ,!oretically consid]+ ! projectile to be compos$ ( a s]ies ( discs a l9e drawn p>allel to ! major axis1 :ile at re/1 w\ld be repres5t$ by ! l9e cd4 ,^u impact1 h[ev]1 ! rotative =ce t5ds to create a twi/+ c\ple ) ! result t ea* disc w t5d to slide on its prec$+ disc1 s t by ! "t ^! twi/+ c\ples h be5 transmitt$ to ! base ( ! %ell ! orig9al l9e cd w h tak5 "s su* position z de4 ,! objection to ! pres5t me?od ( =g+ %ells is z a result1 ! gra9 or fibre ( ! metal lies p>allel ) ! major axis ( ! =g+1 ! =g+ process caus+ an elongation ( ! +ot & ! metal gra9 foll[+ ! direction ( elongation4 ,consequ5tly any flaws occurr+ 9 ! mat]ial w ext5d p>allel to ! gra9 or major axis4 ,if a flaw rema9s undiscov]$ 9 a f9i%$ projectile--z is sometimes ! case--! projectile is n only weak5$ !reby1 b ! elem5t ( weakness lies 9 su* a direction t ! compression =ces & c\nt]=ces produce v mu* ! same results z w\ld a w$ge driv5 into a ni*e1 i4e4 ! sep>ation ( adjac5t mat]ial4 ,! au?or is 9 possession ( a %ell 9 :i* a longitud9al flaw 0 reveal$ 9 ! ogive by ! cutt+ away ( a longitud9al qu>t] section1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,armor-,pi]c+ ,%ell4 ,%[+ position ( flaw4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two great =ces ) :i* to cont5d 9 ! design ( projectiles1 to "o ( :i*1 compression1 has be5 giv5 ! greate/ att5tion because ( its recogniz$ t5d5cy to cause ! base ( ! %ell to cr[d ^u ! head & cause ! %ell to break up ab\t ! ogive4 ,! o!r =ce1 torsion1 seems n to h be5 consid]$ prior to ! pres5t in/ance1 at any rate s f> z ! au?or has be5 able to asc]ta91 n because ?\ght to be unimportant1 b because ( ov]sight or failure on ! "p ( inve/igators to take into consid]ation 9 ?is in/ance1 an elem5t ( reaction commonly consid]$ 9 me*anical eng9e]+ practice1 z 9 %aft+ = vessels & = p[] transmission 9 %ops1 etc4 ,! writ] ma9ta9s t imm$iately ^u impact ! metal 9 a %ell assumes a /ate ( physical unre/1 due to /resses simil> to ^? 9 a propell] %aft :5 9 motion1 except t 9 ! =m] case ! int5sity ( ! compression /resses greatly exce$ ^? 9 ! latt]4 ,because a %ell is only #c-a_/b calibres 9 l5g? is no crit]ion t ! same /resses d n exi/ !re z w\ld exi/ 9 ! !oretical projectile consid]$ ( tw5ty calibres1 or "o ( ev5 m exagg]at$ proportions--!re w\ld be m]ely a diff]5ce 9 ! int5sity ( ^! /resses4 ,9 a projectile mak+ "o complete revolution ab\t its major axis 9 e tw5ty-five calibres flight1 any "o elem5t>y unit area or mass 9 t %ell likewise makes "o complete revolution 9 ! same di/ance ( travel1 & ! pa? trav]s$ by t unit area or mass is t ( a spiral ( radius equal to ! di/ance ( t unit area or mass f ! major axis ( ! %ell1 ! diamet] ( :i* spiral w\ld be ! diamet] ( ! %ell 9 "q--& ! pit* tw5ty-five calibres--if said unit area 7 on ! surface ( ! body ( ! %ell4 ,^u impact ! t5d5cy ( ?is unit area w\ld be to cont9ue its flight along ! cont9uation ( t spiral or along ! l9e ed ( our !oretical %ell ( tw5ty calibres4 ,! result w\ld be = ea* disc elem5t !oretically consid]$ to cr[d ^u ! next correspond+ disc elem5t & ^! two ^u ! ?ird correspond+ disc elem5t etc41 su* cr[d+ tak+ place along ! l9e ed4 ,!re=e ! projectile mu/ be design$ n only to p5etrate1 z well z to )/& ! great compressional /resses ^u ! advanc+ head ( ! %ell b ! body ( ! %ell mu/ be s design$ z to give a maximum ( integrity4 ,! torsional /resses act along ed1 & 9 ord] to resi/ ^! /resses ! %ell mu/ be s design$ t ! resi/+ ability w be increas$ along t l9e1 re-act+ along de4 ,?is ! au?or advocates by means ( a twi/ =g+1 9 :i* ! gra9 ( ! metal w lie co-incid5t ) ! l9es ( ! torsional /resses1 & by ! introduction ( spiral ribs ly+ co-incid5t also ) ! l9es ( ! torsional /resses & ! gra9 ( ! twi/ =g+ manufactur$ by a process indicat$ 9 ! pat5t h]e) app5d$4 ,by ! introduction ( ! spiral ribs x w be se5 t ea* disc is re9=c$ to )/& ! t5d5cy ( ! disc beh9d to cr[d ^u x & t by means ( a prop]ly design$ %ell ( ?is type ! :ole en]gy ( ! %ell c be bett] transmitt$ to ! po9t ( impact by means ( ! spiral ribs & twi/$ gra94 ,fur!rmore1 %\ld any flaws be pres5t 9 ! +ot1 _! size w\ld be r$uc$ by ! twi/+1 z are ! spaces betwe5 ! /r&s ( a rope :5 twi/$ 9 ! prop] direction = s do+4 ,also1 ) a flaw 9 a f9i%$ projectile1 & ly+ 9 a spiral direction ! result ( ! compression /resses w\ld be to jump across ! flaw or to decrease ! gap in/ead ( act+ w$gelike along ! flaw caus+ x to op5 z be=e m5tion$4 ,f9ally1 an increase 9 integrity means an increase 9 p5etrability1 or 9 ! p]c5tage ( complete p5etration1 ) ! ultimate necessity ( increas+ ! ?ickness ( armor-plate to successfully exclude ! improv$ armor-pi]c+ %ell4 ,no4 #hfc1bdh4 ,,pat5t$ ,,aug4 #ac1 #aijg4 ,c4 ,,de ,,zafra4 ,,projectile4 ,,application ,,fil$ ,,dec4 #aj1 #aijf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,witnesses ,names are illegible ,c>los de ,zafra ,inv5tor ,by 8 ,attorney ,h5sey ,g\gh ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice ,,c>los ,,de ,,zafra1 ,,( ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 ,projectile ,no4 #hfc1bdh ,,specification ,,( ,,lett]s ,,pat5t4 ,pat5t$ ,aug4 #ac1 #aijg4 ,application fil$ ,decemb] #aj1 #aijf1 ,s]ial ,no4 #cdg1jee ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,,c>los ,,de ,,zafra1 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 resid+ at ,new ,york city1 c\nty ( ,new ,york1 & ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful ,improvem5ts 9 ,projectiles1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a specification4 ,my inv5tion1 relates to an improv$ =m ( explosive %ell or o!r projectile1 & m p>ticul>ly to ^? projectiles :i* are re9=c$ by longitud9al ribs4 ,x fur!r relates to a me?od :]eby su* a projectile may be made4 ,! object ( my inv5tion is to provide a %ell hav+ a maximum /r5g? or p]=at+ p[]1 toge!r ) a maximum capacity = an explosive *>ge1 & ! inv5tion consi/s 9 =m+ ! projectile ) ! fib]s or gra9 ( ! metal runn+ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( ! %ell to ! top !re(1 & 9 re9=c+ ! int]ior ( ! %ell ) ribs :i* %all run 9 ! same direction1 />t+ at ! base ( ! projectile & end+ at ! top end ( ! inn] *amb]4 ,9 ! draw+s1 ,figure #a is a side view ( a projectile1 ! gra9 or fib] ( :i* is indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,fig4 #b is a longitud9al section %[+ ! int]ior ribs4 ,fig4 #c is a transv]se section on ! l9e #c--c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,:ile ! t5d5cy to rupture is v mu* less5$ by ! use ( /raight longitud9al ribs on ! int]ior ( %ells & projectiles ( v>i\s k9ds1 yet su* a /raight longitud9al rib is itself liable to a %e]+ & disruptive /ress along transv]se l9es :5 ! projectile /rikes1 due to ! rotative in]tia ( ! projectile 9 its flight4 ,! aim ( my inv5tion is to provide ribs :i* w be co9cid5t ) ! rotative travel ( ! %ell s t :5 ! po9t ( ! projectile ent]s an armor plate1 ! /ress ( ?is sudd5 /oppage ( rotation w be tak5 up along ! fib] or gra9 ( ! %ell & by ! spiral ribs !re94 ,?us ! %e]+ t5d5cy ( ! metal 9 ! walls ( ! %ell is greatly r$uc$ & great] /r5g? is giv5 to resi/ ! t5d5cy ( ! re> end ( ! %ell to twi/ (f1 due to ! rotatory c\rse :5 ! head ( ! %ell is emb$d$ 9 an armor plate4 ,l lett]s 9 ! figures designate l p>ts4 ,a repres5ts ! %ell1 & ,b ! fuse1 ,b' be+ ! rotat+ b& :i* is secur$ on ! %ell ne> ! base 9 ! usual way4 ,! holl[ portion ( ! %ell consi/s ( a *amb] ,c ext5d+ f ! base to ! =w>d end ( ! %ell4 ,! walls ( ?is *amb] are provid$ ) ! ribs ,d ext5d+ f ! base to ! po9t ( ! *amb] 9 a spiral direction4 ,9 ! draw+s1 ,i h %[n ! pit* ( ?is spiral z "o qu>t] turn 9 ! l5g? ( ! *amb]1 b x is to be und]/ood t ,i may use a great] or less pit* )\t dep>t+ 9 any way f my inv5tion4 ,i h %[n a pit* ( "o qu>t] turn p>ticul>ly = purposes ( illu/ration1 z if a great] pit* _h be5 us$ ! section ,fig4 #b w\ld n h %[n any "o rib entirely4 ,z w be se5 by ,fig4 #a1 ! gra9 or fib] ( ! metal is also twi/$ spirally 9 accordance ) ! pit* ( ! ribs ,d1 9 ?is case a qu>t] turn f ! re> end ( ! projectile to its po9t4 ,9 ord] to manufacture a projectile ( ?is "* ,i h devis$ ! foll[+ me?od :i* ,i deem pref]able1 ?\gh ,i d n wi% to limit myself !reto4 ,?is consi/s fir/ 9 ca/+ an +ot f :i* ! solid =g+ is to be produc$4 ,previ\s to1 dur+ or aft] ! process ( =g+1 ! +ot is twi/$ 9 a torsion app>atus1 "o end ( ! +ot be+ held fix$ :ile ! o!r end is be+ rotat$ by any suitable rotative gripp+ me*anism ?r\gh an arc ( ! numb] ( degrees desir$4 ,?is w result 9 :at ,i t]m a twi/ =g+ 9 :i* ! gra9 or fib] w lie 9 any pr$et]m9$ or desir$ spiral direction or pit*4 ,! spiral ribs :i* are to lie 9 ! direction pref]ably p>allel to ! gra9 or fib] ( ! metal may n[ be =m$ by ! bor+ process simil> to t employ$ 9 ! rifl+ ( mod]n artill]y4 ,my projectile might also be =m$ by =m+ ! %ell ) ! ribs runn+ longitud9ally !re along 9 a direct l9e f front to re> & ) ! fib] ( ! metal also runn+ 9 a direct l9e p>allel ) ! ribs4 ,! projectile might !n be reheat$ = =g+ & :ile be+ =g$ ! re> c\ld be held 9 any suitable gripp+ device & ! =w>d end be rotat$1 z be=e expla9$4 ,?us ! fib] ( ! %ell & ! int]ior ribs w bo? be giv5 ! spiral twi/ desir$4 ,x w be se5 t ) ei!r ( ^! processes ! fib] ( ! %ell & ! spiral ribs lie p>allel to ea* o!r & are mo/ p]fectly =m$ to resi/ ! %ock ( impact1 ! reaction ( :i* w be along ! l9e co9cid5t ) ! resultant ( ! angul> or rotative & ! trajectoral velocities1 :i* l9e w lie p>allel ) ! spiral ribs1 ! pit* ( su* fib] & ribs hav+ be5 pr$et]m9$ by suitable calculation4 ,! above describ$ me?ods :ile n claim$ h]e9 are to =m ! subject-matt] ( a sep>ate application4 ,hav+ describ$ my inv5tion :at ,i claim is3 #a4 ,a projectile provid$ ) a *amb] ext5d+ along its l5g?1 ! walls ( said *amb] be+ provid$ ) longitud9al ribs ext5d+ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( ! *amb] to ! =w>d end !re(4 #b4 ,a projectile provid$ ) a *amb] ext5d+ along its l5g?1 ! =w>d end ( said *amb] be+ po9t$1 ! walls ( said *amb] be+ provid$ ) longitud9al ribs ext5d+ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( ! *amb] to ! po9t !re(4 #c4 ,a projectile hav+ ! fib]s ( its mat]ial twi/$ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( said projectile to ! end !re(4 #d4 ,a projectile hav+ ! fib]s ( its mat]ial twi/$ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( said projectile to ! end !re(1 said projectile hav+ a c5tral *amb]1 ! walls ( :i* are provid$ ) longitud9al ribs ext5d+ 9 a spiral direction f ! base ( ! *amb] to ! po9t !re(4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 ,i h sign$ my "n to ?is specification 9 ! pres5ce ( two subscrib+ witnesses1 ?is six? day ( ,decemb]1 #aijf4 ,,c>los ,,de ,,zafra4 ,witnesses3 ,,emilo ,,bel>i1 ,,emma ,,rod]ick4 ,bibliography ,,ordnance ,,& ,,gunn]y ,,bruff ,,te/ ,,book ,,( ,,ordnance ,,& ,,gunn]y ,,+]soll ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w> ,,9 ,,europe--#ahed-ahee-ahef ,,col4 ,r4 ,,delafield1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,u4,s4 ,,artill]y ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,specifications ,,( ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,ordnance1 ,u4,s4 ,,navy ,,dep>tm5t ,,specifications ,,( ,,! ,,ordnance ,,dep>tm5t1 ,u4,s4 ,,army ,illu/ration3 ,! de ,zafra ,improv$ ,armor-,pi]c+ ,%ell