,,opticks3 ,,or1 ,a ,,treatise ,,( ,,! ,reflections1 ,refractions1 ,inflections & ,col\rs ,,( ,,light4 ,! ,,f\r? ,,edition1 correct$4 ,by ,sir ,,isaac ,,newton1 ,knt4 ,,london3 ,pr9t$ = ,,william ,,innys at ! ,we/-,end ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,,mdccxxx4 ,,title ,,page ,,( ,,! #agcj ,,edition ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton',s ,,adv]tisem5ts ,adv]tisem5t ,i ,"p ( ! ensu+ ,disc\rse ab\t ,light 0 writt5 at ! ,desire ( "s ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,royal-,society1 9 ! ,ye> #afge1 & !n s5t to _! ,secret>y1 & read at _! ,meet+s1 & ! re/ 0 add$ ab\t twelve ,ye>s aft] to complete ! ,!ory2 except ! ?ird ,book1 & ! la/ ,proposition ( ! ,second1 :i* 7 s9ce put toge!r out ( scatt]'d ,pap]s4 ,to avoid be+ engag$ 9 ,disputes ab\t ^! ,matt]s1 ,i h hi!rto delay$ ! pr9t+1 & %\ld /ill h delay$ x1 _h n ! ,importunity ( ,fri5ds prevail$ ^u me4 ,if any o!r ,pap]s writ on ?is ,subject are got out ( my ,h&s !y are imp]fect1 & 7 p]haps writt5 be=e ,i _h tri$ all ! ,exp]im5ts "h set d[n1 & fully satisfi$ my self ab\t ! ,laws ( ,refractions & ,composition ( ,col\rs4 ,i h "h publi%'d :at ,i ?9k prop] to come abroad1 wi%+ t x may n be translat$ into ano!r ,language )\t my ,cons5t4 ,! ,cr[ns ( ,col\rs1 :i* sometimes appe> ab\t ! ,sun & ,moon1 ,i h endeav\r$ to give an ,acc\nt (2 b = want ( suffici5t ,obs]vations leave t ,matt] to be f>!r exam9$4 ,! ,subject ( ! ,?ird ,book ,i h also left imp]fect1 n hav+ tri$ all ! ,exp]im5ts :i* ,i int5d$ :5 ,i 0 ab\t ^! ,matt]s1 nor repeat$ "s ( ^? :i* ,i did try1 until ,i _h satisfi$ my self ab\t all _! ,circum/ances4 ,to communicate :at ,i h tri$1 & leave ! re/ to o!rs = f>!r ,enquiry1 is all my ,design 9 publi%+ ^! ,pap]s4 ,9 a ,lett] writt5 to ,mr4 ,leibnitz 9 ! ye> #afgi1 & publi%$ by ,dr4 ,wallis1 ,i m5tion'd a ,me?od by :i* ,i _h f\nd "s g5]al ,!orems ab\t squ>+ ,curvil9e> ,figures1 or comp>+ !m ) ! ,conic ,sections1 or o!r ! simple/ ,figures ) :i* !y may be comp>$4 ,& "s ,ye>s ago ,i l5t out a ,manuscript conta9+ su* ,!orems1 & hav+ s9ce met ) "s ,?+s copi$ out ( x1 ,i h on ?is ,occasion made x publick1 prefix+ to x an ,introduction1 & subjo9+ a ,s*olium conc]n+ t ,me?od4 ,& ,i h jo9$ ) x ano!r small ,tract conc]n+ ! ,curvil9e> ,figures ( ! ,second ,k9d1 :i* 0 also writt5 _m ,ye>s ago1 & made kn[n to "s ,fri5ds1 :o h solicit$ ! mak+ x publick4 ,i4 ,n4 ,april #a1 #agjd4 ,adv]tisem5t ,,ii ,9 ?is ,second ,edition ( ^! ,opticks ,i h omitt$ ! ,ma!matical ,tracts publi%'d at ! ,end ( ! =m] ,edition1 z n belong+ to ! ,subject4 ,& at ! ,end ( ! ,?ird ,book ,i h add$ "s ,que/ions4 ,& to %ew t ,i d n take ,gravity = an ess5tial ,prop]ty ( ,bodies1 ,i h add$ "o ,"q conc]n+ its ,cause1 *us+ to propose x by way ( a ,"q1 because ,i am n yet satisfi$ ab\t x = want ( ,exp]im5ts4 ,i4 ,n4 ,july #af1 #agag4 ,adv]tisem5t to ?is ,f\r? ,edition ,?is new ,edition ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,opticks is c>efully pr9t$ f ! ,?ird ,edition1 z x 0 correct$ by ! ,au?or's own ,h&1 & left be=e 8 ,dea? ) ! ,booksell]4 ,s9ce ,sir ,isaac's ,lectiones ,opticae1 :i* he publickly read 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 9 ! ,ye>s #affi1 #afgj1 & #afga1 are lately pr9t$1 x has be5 ?\ght prop] to make at ! bottom ( ! ,pages sev]al ,citations f !nce1 :]e may be f\nd ! ,demon/rations1 :i* ! ,au?or omitt$ 9 ^! ,opticks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,!re are sev]al greek lett]s us$ 9 ! descriptions ( ! illu/rations4 ,!y are signifi$ by ,greek3 lett]4 ,squ>e roots are not$ by ! lett]s sqrt be=e ! equation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,i4 ,my ,design 9 ?is ,book is n to expla9 ! ,prop]ties ( ,light by ,hypo!ses1 b to propose & prove !m by ,reason & ,exp]im5ts3 ,9 ord] to :i* ,i %all premise ! foll[+ ,def9itions & ,axioms4 ,,def9itions ,,def94 ,i4 ,by ! ,rays ( ,light ,i und]/& its lea/ ,p>ts1 & ^? z well ,successive 9 ! same ,l9es1 z ,contempor>y 9 sev]al ,l9es4 ,= x is manife/ t ,light consi/s ( ,p>ts1 bo? ,successive & ,contempor>y2 because 9 ! same place y may /op t :i* comes "o mom5t1 & let pass t :i* comes pres5tly aft]2 & 9 ! same "t y may /op x 9 any "o place1 & let x pass 9 any o!r4 ,= t "p ( ,light :i* is /opp'd _c be ! same ) t :i* is let pass4 ,! lea/ ,light or "p ( ,light1 :i* may be /opp'd alone )\t ! re/ ( ! ,light1 or propagat$ alone1 or d or suff] any ?+ alone1 :i* ! re/ ( ! ,light do? n or suff]s n1 ,i call a ,ray ( ,light4 ,,def94 ,,ii4 ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays ( ,light1 is _! ,disposition to be refract$ or turn$ out ( _! ,way 9 pass+ out ( "o transp>5t ,body or ,m$ium into ano!r4 ,& a great] or less ,refrangibility ( ,rays1 is _! ,disposition to be turn$ m or less out ( _! ,way 9 l ,incid5ces on ! same ,m$ium4 ,ma!maticians usually consid] ! ,rays ( ,light to be ,l9es rea*+ f ! lum9\s ,body to ! ,body illum9at$1 & ! refraction ( ^? ,rays to be ! b5d+ or break+ ( ^? l9es 9 _! pass+ out ( "o ,m$ium into ano!r4 ,& ?us may ,rays & ,refractions be consid]$1 if ,light be propagat$ 9 an in/ant4 ,b by an ,argum5t tak5 f ! ,a,equations ( ! times ( ! ,eclipses ( ,jupit]'s ,satellites1 x seems t ,light is propagat$ 9 "t1 sp5d+ 9 its passage f ! ,sun to u ab\t sev5 ,m9utes ( "t3 ,& !re=e ,i h *os5 to def9e ,rays & ,refractions 9 su* g5]al t]ms z may agree to ,light 9 bo? cases4 ,,def94 ,,iii4 ,reflexibility ( ,rays1 is _! ,disposition to be reflect$ or turn$ back into ! same ,m$ium f any o!r ,m$ium ^u ^: ,surface !y fall4 ,& ,rays are m or less reflexible1 :i* are turn$ back m or less easily4 ,z if ,light pass out ( a ,glass into ,air1 & by be+ incl9$ m & m to ! common ,surface ( ! ,glass & ,air1 beg9s at l5g? to be totally reflect$ by t ,surface2 ^? sorts ( ,rays :i* at l ,incid5ces are reflect$ mo/ copi\sly1 or by incl9+ ! ,rays beg9 soone/ to be totally reflect$1 are mo/ reflexible4 ,,def94 ,,iv4 ,! ,angle ( ,incid5ce is t ,angle1 :i* ! ,l9e describ$ by ! incid5t ,ray conta9s ) ! ,p]p5dicul> to ! reflect+ or refract+ ,surface at ! ,po9t ( ,incid5ce4 ,,def94 ,v4 ,! ,angle ( ,reflexion or ,refraction1 is ! ,angle :i* ! l9e describ$ by ! reflect$ or refract$ ,ray conta9e? ) ! ,p]p5dicul> to ! reflect+ or refract+ ,surface at ! ,po9t ( ,incid5ce4 ,,def94 ,,vi4 ,! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce1 ,reflexion1 & ,refraction1 are ! ,s9es ( ! ,angles ( ,incid5ce1 ,reflexion1 & ,refraction4 ,,def94 ,,vii ,! ,light ^: ,rays are all alike ,refrangible1 ,i call ,simple1 ,homog5eal & ,simil>2 & t ^: ,rays are "s m ,refrangible ?an o!rs1 ,i call ,comp\nd1 ,het]og5eal & ,dissimil>4 ,! =m] ,light ,i call ,homog5eal1 n because ,i w\ld affirm x s 9 all respects1 b because ! ,rays :i* agree 9 ,refrangibility1 agree at lea/ 9 all ^? _! o!r ,prop]ties :i* ,i consid] 9 ! foll[+ ,disc\rse4 ,,def94 ,,viii4 ,! ,col\rs ( ,homog5eal ,lights1 ,i call ,prim>y1 ,homog5eal & ,simple2 & ^? ( ,het]og5eal ,lights1 ,het]og5eal & ,comp\nd4 ,= ^! are always comp\nd$ ( ! col\rs ( ,homog5eal ,lights2 z w appe> 9 ! foll[+ ,disc\rse4 ,,axioms4 ,,ax4 ,i4 ,! ,angles ( ,reflexion & ,refraction1 lie 9 "o & ! same ,plane ) ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce4 ,,ax4 ,,ii4 ,! ,angle ( ,reflexion is equal to ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce4 ,,ax4 ,,iii4 ,if ! refract$ ,ray be return$ directly back to ! ,po9t ( ,incid5ce1 x %all be refract$ into ! ,l9e be=e describ$ by ! incid5t ,ray4 ,,ax4 ,,iv4 ,refraction out ( ! r>] ,m$ium into ! d5s]1 is made t[>ds ! ,p]p5dicul>2 t is1 s t ! ,angle ( ,refraction be less ?an ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce4 ,,ax4 ,v4 ,! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce is ei!r accurately or v ne>ly 9 a giv5 ,ratio to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction4 ,:5ce if t ,proportion be kn[n 9 any "o ,incl9ation ( ! incid5t ,ray1 'tis kn[n 9 all ! ,incl9ations1 & !reby ! ,refraction 9 all cases ( ,incid5ce on ! same refract+ ,body may be det]m9$4 ,?us if ! ,refraction be made out ( ,air into ,wat]1 ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( ! r$ ,light is to ! ,s9e ( its ,refraction z #d to #c4 ,if out ( ,air into ,glass1 ! ,s9es are z #ag to #aa4 ,9 ,light ( o!r ,col\rs ! ,s9es h o!r ,proportions3 b ! diff]5ce is s little t x ne$ seldom be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,suppose !re=e1 t ,,rs 9 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts ! ,surface ( /agnat+ ,wat]1 & t ,c is ! po9t ( ,incid5ce 9 :i* any ,ray com+ 9 ! ,air f ,a 9 ! ,l9e ,,ac is reflect$ or refract$1 & ,i w\ld "k :i!r ?is ,ray %all g aft] ,reflexion or ,refraction3 ,i erect ^u ! ,surface ( ! ,wat] f ! po9t ( ,incid5ce ! ,p]p5dicul> ,,cp & produce x d[nw>ds to ,q1 & conclude by ! fir/ ,axiom1 t ! ,ray aft] ,reflexion & ,refraction1 %all be f\nd some:]e 9 ! ,plane ( ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce ,,acp produc$4 ,i let fall !re=e ^u ! ,p]p5dicul> ,,cp ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ,,ad2 & if ! reflect$ ,ray be desir$1 ,i produce ,,ad to ,b s t ,,db be equal to ,,ad1 & draw ,,cb4 ,= ?is ,l9e ,,cb %all be ! reflect$ ,ray2 ! ,angle ( ,reflexion ,,bcp & its ,s9e ,,bd be+ equal to ! ,angle & ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 z !y ought to be by ! second ,axiom1 ,b if ! refract$ ,ray be desir$1 ,i produce ,,ad to ,h1 s t ,,dh may be to ,,ad z ! ,s9e ( ,refraction to ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 t is1 7if ! ,light be r$7 z #c to #d2 & ab\t ! ,c5t] ,c & 9 ! ,plane ,,acp ) ! ,radius ,,ca describ+ a ,circle ,,abe1 ,i draw a p>allel to ! ,p]p5dicul> ,,cpq1 ! ,l9e ,,he cutt+ ! ,circumf]5ce 9 ,e1 & jo9+ ,,ce1 ?is ,l9e ,,ce %all be ! ,l9e ( ! refract$ ,ray4 ,= if ,,ef be let fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! ,l9e ,,pq1 ?is ,l9e ,,ef %all be ! ,s9e ( ,refraction ( ! ,ray ,,ce1 ! ,angle ( ,refraction be+ ,,ecq2 & ?is ,s9e ,,ef is equal to ,,dh1 & consequ5tly 9 ,proportion to ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ,,ad z #c to #d4 ,9 l mann]1 if !re be a ,prism ( ,glass 7t is1 a ,glass b\nd$ ) two ,equal & ,p>allel ,triangul> ends1 & ?ree pla9 & well poli%$ ,sides1 :i* meet 9 ?ree ,p>allel ,l9es runn+ f ! ?ree ,angles ( "o end to ! ?ree ,angles ( ! o!r end7 & if ! ,refraction ( ! ,light 9 pass+ cross ?is ,prism be desir$3 ,let ,,acb 9 ,fig4 #b4 repres5t a ,plane cutt+ ?is ,prism transv]sly to its ?ree ,p>allel l9es or edges !re :]e ! ,light passe? ?r\gh x1 & let ,,de be ! ,ray incid5t ^u ! fir/ side ( ! ,prism ,,ac :]e ! ,light goes into ! ,glass2 & by putt+ ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z #ag to #aa f9d ,,ef ! fir/ refract$ ,ray4 ,!n tak+ ?is ,ray = ! ,incid5t ,ray ^u ! second side ( ! ,glass ,,bc :]e ! ,light goes out1 f9d ! next refract$ ,ray ,,fg by putt+ ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z #aa to #ag4 ,= if ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,air into ,glass be to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z #ag to #aa1 ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,glass into ,air mu/ on ! contr>y be to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z #aa to #ag1 by ! ?ird ,axiom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,mu* aft] ! same mann]1 if ,,acbd 9 ,fig4 #c4 repres5t a ,glass sph]ically convex on bo? sides 7usually call$ a ,l5s1 su* z is a ,burn+-glass1 or ,spectacle-glass1 or an ,object-glass ( a ,telescope7 & x be requir$ to "k h[ ,light fall+ ^u x f any lucid po9t ,q %all be refract$1 let ,,qm repres5t a ,ray fall+ ^u any po9t ,m ( its fir/ sph]ical ,surface ,,acb1 & by erect+ a ,p]p5dicul> to ! ,glass at ! po9t ,m1 f9d ! fir/ refract$ ,ray ,,mn by ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9es #ag to #aa4 ,let t ,ray 9 go+ out ( ! ,glass be incid5t ^u ,n1 & !n f9d ! second refract$ ,ray ,nq by ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9es #aa to #ag4 ,& aft] ! same mann] may ! ,refraction be f\nd :5 ! ,l5s is convex on "o side & plane or concave on ! o!r1 or concave on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,ax4 ,,vi4 ,homog5eal ,rays :i* fl[ f sev]al ,po9ts ( any ,object1 & fall p]p5dicul>ly or almo/ p]p5dicul>ly on any reflect+ or refract+ ,plane or sph]ical ,surface1 %all aft]w>ds div]ge f s _m o!r ,po9ts1 or be p>allel to s _m o!r ,l9es1 or conv]ge to s _m o!r ,po9ts1 ei!r accurately or )\t any s5sible ,error4 ,& ! same ?+ w happ51 if ! ,rays be reflect$ or refract$ successively by two or ?ree or m ,plane or ,sph]ical ,surfaces4 ,! ,po9t f :i* ,rays div]ge or to :i* !y conv]ge may be call$ _! ,focus4 ,& ! ,focus ( ! incid5t ,rays be+ giv51 t ( ! reflect$ or refract$ ones may be f\nd by f9d+ ! ,refraction ( any two ,rays1 z above2 or m readily ?us4 ,cas4 #a4 ,let ,,acb 9 ,fig4 #d4 be a reflect+ or refract+ ,plane1 & ,q ! ,focus ( ! incid5t ,rays1 & ,qq,c a ,p]p5dicul> to t ,plane4 ,& if ?is ,p]p5dicul> be produc$ to q1 s t q,c be equal to ,,qc1 ! ,po9t q %all be ! ,focus ( ! reflect$ ,rays3 ,or if q,c be tak5 on ! same side ( ! ,plane ) ,,qc1 & 9 proportion to ,,qc z ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction1 ! ,po9t q %all be ! ,focus ( ! refract$ ,rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,cas4 #b4 ,let ,,acb 9 ,fig4 #e4 be ! reflect+ ,surface ( any ,sph]e ^: ,c5tre is ,e4 ,bisect any ,radius !re(1 7suppose ,,ec7 9 ,t1 & if 9 t ,radius on ! same side ! ,po9t ,t y take ! ,po9ts ,q & q1 s t ,,tq1 ,,te1 & ,tq1 be cont9ual ,proportionals1 & ! ,po9t ,q be ! ,focus ( ! incid5t ,rays1 ! ,po9t q %all be ! ,focus ( ! reflect$ ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,cas4 #c4 ,let ,,acb 9 ,fig4 #f4 be ! refract+ ,surface ( any ,sph]e ^: ,c5tre is ,e4 ,9 any ,radius !re( ,,ec produc$ bo? ways take ,,et & ,ct equal to "o ano!r & sev]ally 9 su* ,proportion to t ,radius z ! less] ( ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction ha? to ! diff]5ce ( ^? ,s9es4 ,& !n if 9 ! same ,l9e y f9d any two ,po9ts ,q & q1 s t ,,tq be to ,,et z ,et to tq1 tak+ tq ! contr>y way f t :i* ,,tq lie? f ,t1 & if ! ,po9t ,q be ! ,focus ( any incid5t ,rays1 ! ,po9t q %all be ! ,focus ( ! refract$ ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,& by ! same means ! ,focus ( ! ,rays aft] two or m ,reflexions or ,refractions may be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,cas4 #d4 ,let ,,acbd 9 ,fig4 #g4 be any refract+ ,l5s1 sph]ically ,convex or ,concave or ,plane on ei!r side1 & let ,,cd be its ,axis 7t is1 ! ,l9e :i* cuts bo? its ,surfaces p]p5dicul>ly1 & passes ?r\gh ! ,c5tres ( ! ,sph]es17 & 9 ?is ,axis produc$ let ,f & f be ! ,foci ( ! refract$ ,rays f\nd z above1 :5 ! incid5t ,rays on bo? sides ! ,l5s are p>allel to ! same ,axis2 & ^u ! ,diamet] ,ff bisect$ 9 ,e1 describe a ,circle4 ,suppose n[ t any ,po9t ,q be ! ,focus ( any incid5t ,rays4 ,draw ,,qe cutt+ ! said ,circle 9 ,t & t1 & !re9 take tq 9 su* proportion to t,e z t,e or ,,te ha? to ,,tq4 ,let tq lie ! contr>y way f t :i* ,,tq do? f ,t1 & q %all be ! ,focus ( ! refract$ ,rays )\t any s5sible ,error1 provid$ ! ,po9t ,q be n s remote f ! ,axis1 nor ! ,l5s s broad z to make any ( ! ,rays fall too obliquely on ! refract+ ,surfaces4,a ,& by ! l ,op]ations may ! reflect+ or refract+ ,surfaces be f\nd :5 ! two ,foci are giv51 & !reby a ,l5s be =m$1 :i* %all make ! ,rays fl[ t[>ds or f :at ,place y please4,b ,s !n ! ,mean+ ( ?is ,axiom is1 t if ,rays fall ^u any ,plane or ,sph]ical ,surface or ,l5s1 & be=e _! ,incid5ce fl[ f or t[>ds any ,po9t ,q1 !y %all aft] ,reflexion or ,refraction fl[ f or t[>ds ! ,po9t q f\nd by ! =ego+ ,rules4 ,& if ! incid5t ,rays fl[ f or t[>ds sev]al po9ts ,q1 ! reflect$ or refract$ ,rays %all fl[ f or t[>ds s _m o!r ,po9ts q f\nd by ! same ,rules4 ,:e!r ! reflect$ & refract$ ,rays fl[ f or t[>ds ! ,po9t q is easily kn[n by ! situation ( t ,po9t4 ,= if t ,po9t be on ! same side ( ! reflect+ or refract+ ,surface or ,l5s ) ! ,po9t ,q1 & ! incid5t ,rays fl[ f ! ,po9t ,q1 ! reflect$ fl[ t[>ds ! ,po9t q & ! refract$ f x2 & if ! incid5t ,rays fl[ t[>ds ,q1 ! reflect$ fl[ f q1 & ! refract$ t[>ds x4 ,& ! contr>y happ5s :5 q is on ! o!r side ( ! ,surface4 ,,ax4 ,,vii4 ,:]ev] ! ,rays :i* come f all ! ,po9ts ( any ,object meet aga9 9 s _m ,po9ts aft] !y h be5 made to conv]ge by ,reflection or ,refraction1 !re !y w make a ,picture ( ! ,object ^u any :ite ,body on :i* !y fall4 ,s if ,,pr 9 ,fig4 #c4 repres5t any ,object )\t ,doors1 & ,,ab be a ,l5s plac$ at a hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut ( a d>k ,*amb]1 :]eby ! ,rays t come f any ,po9t ,q ( t ,object are made to conv]ge & meet aga9 9 ! ,po9t q2 & if a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] be held at q = ! ,light !re to fall ^u x1 ! ,picture ( t ,object ,,pr w appe> ^u ! ,pap] 9 its prop] %ape & ,col\rs4 ,= z ! ,light :i* comes f ! ,po9t ,q goes to ! ,po9t q1 s ! ,light :i* comes f o!r ,po9ts ,p & ,r ( ! ,object1 w g to s _m o!r correspond5t ,po9ts p & r 7z is manife/ by ! six? ,axiom27 s t e ,po9t ( ! ,object %all illum9ate a correspond5t ,po9t ( ! ,picture1 & !reby make a ,picture l ! ,object 9 ,%ape & ,col\r1 ?is only except$1 t ! ,picture %all be inv]t$4 ,& ?is is ! ,reason ( t vulg> ,exp]im5t ( ca/+ ! ,species ( ,objects f abroad ^u a ,wall or ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] 9 a d>k ,room4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a ,man views any ,object ,,pqr1 9 ,fig4 #h4 ! ,light :i* comes f ! sev]al ,po9ts ( ! ,object is s refract$ by ! transp>5t sk9s & hum\rs ( ! ,eye1 7t is1 by ! outw>d coat ,,efg1 call$ ! ,tunica ,cornea1 & by ! cry/all9e hum\r ,,ab :i* is beyond ! ,pupil mk7 z to conv]ge & meet aga9 9 s _m ,po9ts 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye1 & !re to pa9t ! ,picture ( ! ,object ^u t sk9 7call$ ! ,tunica ,ret9a7 ) :i* ! bottom ( ! ,eye is cov]$4 ,= ,anatomi/s1 :5 !y h tak5 (f f ! bottom ( ! ,eye t outw>d & mo/ ?ick ,coat call$ ! ,dura ,mat]1 c !n see ?r\gh ! ?9n] ,coats1 ! ,pictures ( ,objects lively pa9t$ !reon4 ,& ^! ,pictures1 propagat$ by ,motion along ! ,fibres ( ! ,optick ,n]ves into ! ,bra91 are ! cause ( ,vision4 ,= accord+ly z ^! ,pictures are p]fect or imp]fect1 ! ,object is se5 p]fectly or imp]fectly4 ,if ! ,eye be t+$ ) any col\r 7z 9 ! ,disease ( ! ,jaundice7 s z to t+e ! ,pictures 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye ) t ,col\r1 !n all ,objects appe> t+$ ) ! same ,col\r4 ,if ! ,hum\rs ( ! ,eye by old ,age decay1 s z by %r9k+ to make ! ,cornea & ,coat ( ! ,cry/all9e ,hum\r gr[ flatt] ?an be=e1 ! ,light w n be refract$ en\gh1 & = want ( a suffici5t ,refraction w n conv]ge to ! bottom ( ! ,eye b to "s place beyond x1 & by consequ5ce pa9t 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye a confus$ ,picture1 & accord+ to ! ,indi/9ctness ( ?is ,picture ! ,object w appe> confus$4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! decay ( sight 9 old ,m51 & %ews :y _! ,sight is m5d$ by ,spectacles4 ,= ^? ,convex glasses supply ! defect ( plumpness 9 ! ,eye1 & by increas+ ! ,refraction make ! ,rays conv]ge soon]1 s z to conv5e di/9ctly at ! bottom ( ! ,eye if ! ,glass h a due degree ( convexity4 ,& ! contr>y happ5s 9 %ort-sight$ ,m5 ^: ,eyes are too plump4 ,= ! ,refraction be+ n[ too great1 ! ,rays conv]ge & conv5e 9 ! ,eyes be=e !y come at ! bottom2 & !re=e ! ,picture made 9 ! bottom & ! ,vision caus$ !reby w n be di/9ct1 unless ! ,object be br\ght s ne> ! ,eye z t ! place :]e ! conv]g+ ,rays conv5e may be remov$ to ! bottom1 or t ! plumpness ( ! ,eye be tak5 (f & ! ,refractions dim9i%$ by a ,concave-glass ( a due degree ( ,concavity1 or la/ly t by ,age ! ,eye gr[ flatt] till x come to a due ,figure3 ,= %ort-sight$ ,m5 see remote ,objects be/ 9 ,old ,age1 & !re=e !y are acc\nt$ to h ! mo/ la/+ ,eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,ax4 ,,viii4 ,an ,object se5 by ,reflexion or ,refraction1 appe>s 9 t place f :5ce ! ,rays aft] _! la/ ,reflexion or ,refraction div]ge 9 fall+ on ! ,spectator's ,eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,if ! ,object ,a 9 ,,fig4 #i4 be se5 by ,reflexion ( a ,look+-glass mn1 x %all appe>1 n 9 its prop] place ,a1 b beh9d ! ,glass at a1 f :5ce any ,rays ,,ab1 ,,ac1 ,,ad1 :i* fl[ f "o & ! same ,po9t ( ! ,object1 d aft] _! ,reflexion made 9 ! ,po9ts ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 div]ge 9 go+ f ! ,glass to ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 :]e !y are incid5t on ! ,spectator's ,eyes4 ,= ^! ,rays d make ! same ,picture 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eyes z if !y _h come f ! ,object really plac$ at a )\t ! ,int]position ( ! ,look+-glass2 & all ,vision is made accord+ to ! place & %ape ( t ,picture4 ,9 l mann] ! ,object ,d 9 ,,fig4 #b4 se5 ?r\gh a ,prism1 appe>s n 9 its prop] place ,d1 b is !nce translat$ to "s o!r place d situat$ 9 ! la/ refract$ ,ray ,,fg drawn backw>d f ,f to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,& s ! ,object ,q 9 ,,fig4 #aj4 se5 ?r\gh ! ,l5s ,,ab1 appe>s at ! place q f :5ce ! ,rays div]ge 9 pass+ f ! ,l5s to ! ,eye4 ,n[ x is to be not$1 t ! ,image ( ! ,object at q is s mu* bigg] or less] ?an ! ,object x self at ,q1 z ! di/ance ( ! ,image at q f ! ,l5s ,,ab is bigg] or less ?an ! di/ance ( ! ,object at ,q f ! same ,l5s4 ,& if ! ,object be se5 ?r\gh two or m su* ,convex or ,concave-glasses1 e ,glass %all make a new ,image1 & ! ,object %all appe> 9 ! place ( ! bigness ( ! la/ ,image4 ,:i* consid]ation unfolds ! ,!ory ( ,microscopes & ,telescopes4 ,= t ,!ory consi/s 9 almo/ no?+ else ?an ! describ+ su* ,glasses z %all make ! la/ ,image ( any ,object z di/9ct & l>ge & lum9\s z x c conv5i5tly be made4 ,i h n[ giv5 9 ,axioms & _! ,explications ! sum ( :at ha? hi!rto be5 treat$ ( 9 ,opticks4 ,= :at ha? be5 g5]ally agre$ on ,i cont5t my self to assume "u ! notion ( ,pr9ciples1 9 ord] to :at ,i h f>!r to write4 ,& ?is may suffice = an ,introduction to ,read]s ( quick ,wit & good ,und]/&+ n yet v]s$ 9 ,opticks3 ,al?\gh ^? :o are already acqua9t$ ) ?is ,sci5ce1 & h h&l$ ,glasses1 w m readily appreh5d :at foll[e?4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,9 our ,au?or's ,lectiones ,opticae1 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,prop #bi1 #cj1 !re is an elegant ,me?od ( det]m9+ ^! ,foci2 n only 9 sph]ical ,surfaces1 b likewise 9 any o!r curv$ ,figure :atev]3 ,& 9 ,prop4 #cb1 #cc1 ! same ?+ is done = any ,ray ly+ out ( ! ,axis4 ,b ,ibid4 ,prop4 #cd4 ,,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,,!or4 ,i4 ,lights :i* diff] 9 ,col\r1 diff] also 9 ,degrees ( ,refrangibility4 ,! ,,pro( by ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]4 #a4 ,i took a black oblong /iff ,pap] t]m9at$ by ,p>allel ,sides1 & ) a ,p]p5dicul> "r ,l9e drawn cross f "o ,side to ! o!r1 di/+ui%$ x into two equal ,p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts ,i pa9t$ ) a r$ col\r & ! o!r ) a blue4 ,! ,pap] 0 v black1 & ! ,col\rs int5se & ?ickly laid on1 t ! ,pha5om5on might be m conspicu\s4 ,?is ,pap] ,i view'd ?r\gh a ,prism ( solid ,glass1 ^: two ,sides ?r\gh :i* ! ,light pass$ to ! ,eye 7 plane & well poli%$1 & conta9$ an ,angle ( ab\t sixty degrees2 :i* ,angle ,i call ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism4 ,& :il/ ,i view'd x1 ,i held x & ! ,prism be=e a ,w9d[ 9 su* mann] t ! ,sides ( ! ,pap] 7 p>allel to ! ,prism1 & bo? ^? ,sides & ! ,prism 7 p>allel to ! ,horizon1 & ! cross ,l9e 0 also p>allel to x3 & t ! ,light :i* fell f ! ,w9d[ ^u ! ,pap] made an ,angle ) ! ,pap]1 equal to t ,angle :i* 0 made ) ! same ,pap] by ! ,light reflect$ f x to ! ,eye4 ,beyond ! ,prism 0 ! ,wall ( ! ,*amb] "u ! ,w9d[ cov]$ ov] ) black ,clo?1 & ! ,clo? 0 involv$ 9 ,d>kness t no ,light might be reflect$ f !nce1 :i* 9 pass+ by ! ,edges ( ! ,pap] to ! ,eye1 might m+le itself ) ! ,light ( ! ,pap]1 & obscure ! ,pha5om5on !re(4 ,^! ?+s be+ ?us ord]$1 ,i f\nd t if ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism be turn$ upw>ds1 s t ! ,pap] may seem to be lift$ upw>ds by ! ,refraction1 its blue half w be lift$ high] by ! ,refraction ?an its r$ half4 ,b if ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism be turn$ d[nw>d1 s t ! ,pap] may seem to be c>ri$ l[] by ! ,refraction1 its blue half w be c>ri$ some?+ l[] !reby ?an its r$ half4 ,:]e=e 9 bo? ,cases ! ,light :i* comes f ! blue half ( ! ,pap] ?r\gh ! ,prism to ! ,eye1 does 9 l ,circum/ances suff] a great] ,refraction ?an ! ,light :i* comes f ! r$ half1 & by consequ5ce is m refrangible4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! elev5? ,figure1 ,,mn repres5ts ! ,w9d[1 & ,,de ! ,pap] t]m9at$ ) p>allel ,sides ,,dj & ,,he1 & by ! transv]se ,l9e ,,fg di/+ui%$ into two halfs1 ! "o ,,dg ( an int5sely blue ,col\r1 ! o!r ,,fe ( an int5sely r$4 ,& ,,baccab repres5ts ! ,prism ^: refract+ ,planes ,,abba & ,,acca meet 9 ! ,edge ( ! refract+ ,angle ,aa4 ,?is ,edge ,aa be+ upw>d1 is p>allel bo? to ! ,horizon1 & to ! ,p>allel-,edges ( ! ,pap] ,,dj & ,,he1 & ! transv]se ,l9e ,,fg is p]p5dicul> to ! ,plane ( ! ,w9d[4 ,& de repres5ts ! ,image ( ! ,pap] se5 by ,refraction upw>ds 9 su* mann]1 t ! blue half ,,dg is c>ri$ high] to dg ?an ! r$ half ,,fe is to fe1 & !re=e suff]s a great] ,refraction4 ,if ! ,edge ( ! refract+ ,angle be turn$ d[nw>d1 ! ,image ( ! ,pap] w be refract$ d[nw>d2 suppose to ,greek3 de1 & ! blue half w be refract$ l[] to ,greek3 dg ?an ! r$ half is to ,greek3 pe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,exp]4 #b4 ,ab\t ! a=esaid ,pap]1 ^: two halfs 7 pa9t$ ov] ) r$ & blue1 & :i* 0 /iff l ?9 ,pa/ebo>d1 ,i lapp$ sev]al times a sl5d] ,?r$ ( v black ,silk1 9 su* mann] t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,?r$ might appe> ^u ! ,col\rs l s _m black ,l9es drawn ov] !m1 or l long & sl5d] d>k ,%ad[s ca/ ^u !m4 ,i might h drawn black ,l9es ) a ,p51 b ! ,?r$s 7 small] & bett] def9$4 ,?is ,pap] ?us col\r$ & l9$ ,i set aga9/ a ,wall p]p5dicul>ly to ! ,horizon1 s t "o ( ! ,col\rs might /& to ! ,"r ,h&1 & ! o!r to ! ,left4 ,close be=e ! ,pap]1 at ! ,conf9e ( ! ,col\rs bel[1 ,i plac$ a ,c&le to illum9ate ! ,pap] /rongly3 ,= ! ,exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 ! ,night4 ,! ,flame ( ! ,c&le rea*$ up to ! l[] edge ( ! ,pap]1 or a v little high]4 ,!n at ! di/ance ( six ,feet1 & "o or two ,in*es f ! ,pap] ^u ! ,floor ,i erect$ a ,glass ,l5s f\r ,in*es & a qu>t] broad1 :i* might collect ! ,rays com+ f ! sev]al ,po9ts ( ! ,pap]1 & make !m conv]ge t[>ds s _m o!r ,po9ts at ! same di/ance ( six ,feet1 & "o or two ,in*es on ! o!r side ( ! ,l5s1 & s =m ! ,image ( ! col\r$ ,pap] ^u a :ite ,pap] plac$ !re1 aft] ! same mann] t a ,l5s at a ,hole 9 a ,w9d[ ca/s ! ,images ( ,objects abroad ^u a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] 9 a d>k ,room4 ,! a=esaid :ite ,pap]1 erect$ p]p5dicul> to ! ,horizon1 & to ! ,rays :i* fell ^u x f ! ,l5s1 ,i mov$ sometimes t[>ds ! ,l5s1 sometimes f x1 to f9d ! ,places :]e ! ,images ( ! blue & r$ ,p>ts ( ! col\r$ ,pap] appe>$ mo/ di/9ct4 ,^? ,places ,i easily knew by ! ,images ( ! black ,l9es :i* ,i _h made by w9d+ ! ,silk ab\t ! ,pap]4 ,= ! ,images ( ^? f9e & sl5d] ,l9es 7:i* by reason ( _! ,blackness 7 l ,%ad[s on ! ,col\rs7 7 confus$ & sc>ce visible1 unless :5 ! ,col\rs on ei!r side ( ea* ,l9e 7 t]m9at$ mo/ di/9ctly1 ,not+ !re=e1 z dilig5tly z ,i c\ld1 ! ,places :]e ! ,images ( ! r$ & blue halfs ( ! col\r$ ,pap] appe>$ mo/ di/9ct1 ,i f\nd t :]e ! r$ half ( ! ,pap] appe>$ di/9ct1 ! blue half appe>$ confus$1 s t ! black ,l9es drawn ^u x c\ld sc>ce be se52 & on ! contr>y1 :]e ! blue half appe>$ mo/ di/9ct1 ! r$ half appe>$ confus$1 s t ! black ,l9es ^u x 7 sc>ce visible4 ,& betwe5 ! two ,places :]e ^! ,images appe>$ di/9ct !re 0 ! di/ance ( an ,in* & a half2 ! di/ance ( ! :ite ,pap] f ! ,l5s1 :5 ! ,image ( ! r$ half ( ! col\r$ ,pap] appe>$ mo/ di/9ct1 be+ great] by an ,in* & an half ?an ! di/ance ( ! same :ite ,pap] f ! ,l5s1 :5 ! ,image ( ! blue half appe>$ mo/ di/9ct4 ,9 l ,incid5ces !re=e ( ! blue & r$ ^u ! ,l5s1 ! blue 0 refract$ m by ! ,l5s ?an ! r$1 s z to conv]ge soon] by an ,in* & a half1 & !re=e is m refrangible4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! twelf? ,figure 7p4 #bg71 ,,de signifies ! col\r$ ,pap]1 ,,dg ! blue half1 ,,fe ! r$ half1 ,,mn ! ,l5s1 ,,hj ! :ite ,pap] 9 t ,place :]e ! r$ half ) its black ,l9es appe>$ di/9ct1 & hi ! same ,pap] 9 t ,place :]e ! blue half appe>$ di/9ct4 ,! ,place hi 0 ne>] to ! ,l5s ,,mn ?an ! ,place ,,hj by an ,in* & an half4 ,s*olium4 ,! same ,?+s succe$1 not)/&+ t "s ( ! ,circum/ances be v>i$2 z 9 ! fir/ ,exp]im5t :5 ! ,prism & ,pap] are any ways incl9$ to ! ,horizon1 & 9 bo? :5 col\r$ ,l9es are drawn ^u v black ,pap]4 ,b 9 ! ,description ( ^! ,exp]im5ts1 ,i h set d[n su* ,circum/ances1 by :i* ei!r ! ,pha5om5on might be r5d]'d m conspicu\s1 or a ,novice might m easily try !m1 or by :i* ,i did try !m only4 ,! same ,?+1 ,i h (t5 done 9 ! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts3 ,conc]n+ all :i*1 ?is "o ,admonition may suffice4 ,n[ f ^! ,exp]im5ts x foll[s n1 t all ! ,light ( ! blue is m refrangible ?an all ! ,light ( ! r$3 ,= bo? ,lights are mix$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible1 s t 9 ! r$ !re are "s ,rays n less refrangible ?an ^? ( ! blue1 & 9 ! blue !re are "s ,rays n m refrangible ?an ^? ( ! r$3 ,b ^! ,rays1 9 proportion to ! :ole ,light1 are b few1 & s]ve to dim9i% ! ,ev5t ( ! ,exp]im5t1 b are n able to de/roy x4 ,=1 if ! r$ & blue ,col\rs 7 m dilute & weak1 ! di/ance ( ! ,images w\ld be less ?an an ,in* & a half2 & if !y 7 m int5se & full1 t di/ance w\ld be great]1 z w appe> h]eaft]4 ,^! ,exp]im5ts may suffice = ! ,col\rs ( ,natural ,bodies4 ,= 9 ! ,col\rs made by ! ,refraction ( ,prisms1 ?is ,proposition w appe> by ! ,exp]im5ts :i* are n[ to foll[ 9 ! next ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,,!or4 ,,ii4 ,! ,light ( ! ,sun consi/s ( ,rays diff]5tly ,refrangible4 ,! ,,pro( by ,exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,exp]4 #c4 ,9 a v d>k ,*amb]1 at a r\nd ,hole1 ab\t "o ?ird ,"p ( an ,in* broad1 made 9 ! ,%ut ( a ,w9d[1 ,i plac$ a ,glass ,prism1 :]eby ! ,beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 :i* came 9 at t ,hole1 might be refract$ upw>ds t[>d ! opposite ,wall ( ! ,*amb]1 & !re =m a col\r'd ,image ( ! ,sun4 ,! ,axis ( ! ,prism 7t is1 ! ,l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ,prism f "o end ( x to ! o!r end p>allel to ! edge ( ! ,refract+ ,angle7 0 9 ?is & ! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts p]p5dicul> to ! incid5t ,rays4 ,ab\t ?is ,axis ,i turn$ ! ,prism sl[ly1 & saw ! refract$ ,light on ! ,wall1 or col\r$ ,image ( ! ,sun1 fir/ to desc5d1 & !n to asc5d4 ,betwe5 ! ,desc5t & ,asc5t1 :5 ! ,image seem$ ,/ation>y1 ,i /opp'd ! ,prism1 & fix'd x 9 t ,po/ure1 t x %\ld be mov$ no m4 ,= 9 t ,po/ure ! ,refractions ( ! ,light at ! two ,sides ( ! refract+ ,angle1 t is1 at ! ,entrance ( ! ,rays into ! ,prism1 & at _! go+ out ( x1 7 equal to "o ano!r4,c ,s also 9 o!r ,exp]im5ts1 z (t5 z ,i w\ld h ! ,refractions on bo? sides ! ,prism to be equal to "o ano!r1 ,i not$ ! ,place :]e ! ,image ( ! ,sun =m$ by ! refract$ ,light /ood /ill betwe5 its two contr>y ,motions1 9 ! common ,p]iod ( its ,progress & ,regress2 & :5 ! ,image fell ^u t ,place1 ,i made fa/ ! ,prism4 ,& 9 ?is ,po/ure1 z ! mo/ conv5i5t1 x is to be und]/ood t all ! ,prisms are plac$ 9 ! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts1 unless :]e "s o!r ,po/ure is describ$4 ,! ,prism !re=e be+ plac$ 9 ?is ,po/ure1 ,i let ! refract$ ,light fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] at ! opposite ,wall ( ! ,*amb]1 & obs]v$ ! ,figure & ,dim5sions ( ! ,sol> ,image =m$ on ! ,pap] by t ,light4 ,?is ,image 0 ,oblong & n ,oval1 b t]m9at$ ) two ,rectil9e> & ,p>allel ,sides1 & two ,semicircul> ,ends4 ,on its ,sides x 0 b\nd$ pretty di/9ctly1 b on its ,ends v confus$ly & indi/9ctly1 ! ,light !re decay+ & vani%+ by degrees4 ,! ,bread? ( ?is ,image answ]$ to ! ,sun's ,diamet]1 & 0 ab\t two ,in*es & ! eigh? ,"p ( an ,in*1 includ+ ! ,p5umbra4 ,= ! ,image 0 eighte5 ,feet & an half di/ant f ! ,prism1 & at ?is di/ance t ,bread?1 if dim9i%$ by ! ,diamet] ( ! ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 t is by a qu>t] ( an ,in*1 subt5d$ an ,angle at ! ,prism ( ab\t half a ,degree1 :i* is ! ,sun's app>5t ,diamet]4 ,b ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image 0 ab\t t5 ,in*es & a qu>t]1 & ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ab\t eight ,in*es2 & ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism1 :]eby s great a ,l5g? 0 made1 0 #fd degrees4 ,) a less ,angle ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image 0 less1 ! ,bread? rema9+ ! same4 ,if ! ,prism 0 turn$ ab\t its ,axis t way :i* made ! ,rays em]ge m obliquely out ( ! second refract+ ,surface ( ! ,prism1 ! ,image soon became an ,in* or two long]1 or m2 & if ! ,prism 0 turn$ ab\t ! contr>y way1 s z to make ! ,rays fall m obliquely on ! fir/ refract+ ,surface1 ! ,image soon became an ,in* or two %ort]4 ,& !re=e 9 try+ ?is ,exp]im5t1 ,i 0 z curi\s z ,i c\ld be 9 plac+ ! ,prism by ! above-m5tion'd ,rule exactly 9 su* a ,po/ure1 t ! ,refractions ( ! ,rays at _! ,em]g5ce out ( ! ,prism might be equal to t at _! ,incid5ce on x4 ,?is ,prism _h "s ,ve9s runn+ along )9 ! ,glass f "o end to ! o!r1 :i* scatt]$ "s ( ! ,sun's ,light irregul>ly1 b _h no s5sible ,effect 9 increas+ ! ,l5g? ( ! col\r$ ,spectrum4 ,= ,i tri$ ! same ,exp]im5t ) o!r ,prisms ) ! same ,success4 ,& p>ticul>ly ) a ,prism :i* seem$ free f su* ,ve9s1 & ^: refract+ ,angle 0 #fb-a_/b ,degrees1 ,i f\nd ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image #i-c_/d or #aj ,in*es at ! di/ance ( #ah-a_/b ,feet f ! ,prism1 ! ,bread? ( ! ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut be+ #a_/d ( an ,in*1 z be=e4 ,& because x is easy to commit a ,mi/ake 9 plac+ ! ,prism 9 its due ,po/ure1 ,i repeat$ ! ,exp]im5t f\r or five ,times1 & always f\nd ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image t :i* is set d[n above4 ,) ano!r ,prism ( cle>] ,glass & bett] ,poli%1 :i* seem$ free f ,ve9s1 & ^: refract+ ,angle 0 #fc-a_/b ,degrees1 ! ,l5g? ( ?is ,image at ! same di/ance ( #ah-a_/b ,feet 0 also ab\t #aj ,in*es1 or #aj-a_/h4 ,beyond ^! ,measures = ab\t a #a_/d or #a_/c ( an ,in* at ei!r end ( ! ,spectrum ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds seem$ to be a little t+$ ) r$ & violet1 b s v fa9tly1 t ,i suspect$ t ,t9cture might ei!r :olly1 or 9 great ,measure arise f "s ,rays ( ! ,spectrum scatt]$ irregul>ly by "s ,inequalities 9 ! ,sub/ance & ,poli% ( ! ,glass1 & !re=e ,i did n include x 9 ^! ,measures4 ,n[ ! diff]5t ,magnitude ( ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 & diff]5t ?ickness ( ! ,prism :]e ! ,rays pass$ ?r\gh x1 & diff]5t incl9ations ( ! ,prism to ! ,horizon1 made no s5sible *anges 9 ! l5g? ( ! ,image4 ,nei!r did ! diff]5t matt] ( ! ,prisms make any3 = 9 a ,vessel made ( poli%$ ,plates ( ,glass cem5t$ toge!r 9 ! %ape ( a ,prism & fill$ ) ,wat]1 !re is ! l ,success ( ! ,exp]im5t accord+ to ! quantity ( ! ,refraction4 ,x is f>!r to be obs]v$1 t ! ,rays w5t on 9 "r ,l9es f ! ,prism to ! ,image1 & !re=e at _! v go+ out ( ! ,prism _h all t ,incl9ation to "o ano!r f :i* ! l5g? ( ! ,image proce$$1 t is1 ! ,incl9ation ( m ?an two degrees & an half4 ,& yet accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,opticks vulg>ly receiv$1 !y c\ld n possibly be s mu* incl9$ to "o ano!r4,d ,= let ,,eg ,fig4 #ac4 7p4 #bg7 repres5t ! ,w9d[-%ut1 ,f ! hole made !re9 ?r\gh :i* a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light 0 transmitt$ into ! d>k5$ ,*amb]1 & ,,abc a ,triangul> ,imag9>y ,plane :]eby ! ,prism is feign$ to be cut transv]sely ?r\gh ! middle ( ! ,light4 ,or if y please1 let ,,abc repres5t ! ,prism x self1 look+ directly t[>ds ! ,spectator's ,eye ) its ne>] end3 ,& let ,,xy be ! ,sun1 ,,mn ! ,pap] ^u :i* ! ,sol> ,image or ,spectrum is ca/1 & ,,pt ! ,image x self ^: sides t[>ds v & w are ,rectil9e> & ,p>allel1 & ends t[>ds ,p & ,t ,semicircul>4 ,,ykhp & ,,xljt are two ,rays1 ! fir/ ( :i* comes f ! l[] "p ( ! ,sun to ! high] "p ( ! ,image1 & is refract$ 9 ! ,prism at ,k & ,h1 & ! latt] comes f ! high] "p ( ! ,sun to ! l[] "p ( ! ,image1 & is refract$ at ,l & ,j4 ,s9ce ! ,refractions on bo? sides ! ,prism are equal to "o ano!r1 t is1 ! ,refraction at ,k equal to ! ,refraction at ,j1 & ! ,refraction at ,l equal to ! ,refraction at ,h1 s t ! ,refractions ( ! incid5t ,rays at ,k & ,l tak5 toge!r1 are equal to ! ,refractions ( ! em]g5t ,rays at ,h & ,j tak5 toge!r3 x foll[s by add+ equal ?+s to equal ?+s1 t ! ,refractions at ,k & ,h tak5 toge!r1 are equal to ! ,refractions at ,j & ,l tak5 toge!r1 & !re=e ! two ,rays be+ equally refract$1 h ! same ,incl9ation to "o ano!r aft] ,refraction :i* !y _h be=e2 t is1 ! ,incl9ation ( half a ,degree answ]+ to ! ,sun's ,diamet]4 ,= s great 0 ! incl9ation ( ! ,rays to "o ano!r be=e ,refraction4 ,s !n1 ! l5g? ( ! ,image ,,pt w\ld by ! ,rules ( ,vulg> ,opticks subt5d an ,angle ( half a ,degree at ! ,prism1 & by ,consequ5ce be equal to ! bread? vw2 & !re=e ! ,image w\ld be r\nd4 ,?us x w\ld be 7 ! two ,rays ,,xljt & ,,ykhp1 & all ! re/ :i* =m ! ,image ,pw,tv1 alike refrangible4 ,& !re=e see+ by ,exp]i5ce x is f\nd t ! ,image is n r\nd1 b ab\t five times long] ?an broad1 ! ,rays :i* go+ to ! upp] end ,p ( ! ,image suff] ! greate/ ,refraction1 mu/ be m refrangible ?an ^? :i* g to ! l[] end ,t1 unless ! ,inequality ( ,refraction be casual4 ,?is ,image or ,spectrum ,,pt 0 col\r$1 be+ r$ at its lea/ refract$ end ,t1 & violet at its mo/ refract$ end ,p1 & yell[ gre5 & blue 9 ! int]m$iate ,spaces4 ,:i* agrees ) ! fir/ ,proposition1 t ,lights :i* diff] 9 ,col\r1 d also diff] 9 ,refrangibility4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,image 9 ! =ego+ ,exp]im5ts1 ,i measur$ f ! fa9te/ & outmo/ r$ at "o end1 to ! fa9te/ & outmo/ blue at ! o!r end1 except+ only a little ,p5umbra1 ^: bread? sc>ce exce$$ a qu>t] ( an ,in*1 z 0 said above4 ,exp]4 #d4 ,9 ! ,sun's ,beam :i* 0 propagat$ into ! ,room ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 at ! di/ance ( "s ,feet f ! hole1 ,i held ! ,prism 9 su* a ,po/ure1 t its ,axis might be p]p5dicul> to t ,beam4 ,!n ,i look$ ?r\gh ! ,prism ^u ! hole1 & turn+ ! ,prism to & fro ab\t its ,axis1 to make ! ,image ( ! ,hole asc5d & desc5d1 :5 betwe5 its two contr>y ,motions x seem$ ,/ation>y1 ,i /opp'd ! ,prism1 t ! ,refractions ( bo? sides ( ! refract+ ,angle might be equal to ea* o!r1 z 9 ! =m] ,exp]im5t4 ,9 ?is situation ( ! ,prism view+ ?r\gh x ! said ,hole1 ,i obs]v$ ! l5g? ( its refract$ ,image to be _m times great] ?an its bread?1 & t ! mo/ refract$ "p !re( appe>$ violet1 ! lea/ refract$ r$1 ! middle p>ts blue1 gre5 & yell[ 9 ord]4 ,! same ?+ happ5'd :5 ,i remov$ ! ,prism out ( ! ,sun's ,light1 & look$ ?r\gh x ^u ! hole %9+ by ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds beyond x4 ,& yet if ! ,refraction 7 done regul>ly accord+ to "o c]ta9 ,proportion ( ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction z is vulg>ly suppos$1 ! refract$ ,image ought to h appe>$ r\nd4 ,s !n1 by ^! two ,exp]im5ts x appe>s1 t 9 ,equal ,incid5ces !re is a consid]able inequality ( ,refractions4 ,b :5ce ?is inequality arises1 :e!r x be t "s ( ! incid5t ,rays are refract$ m1 & o!rs less1 con/antly1 or by *ance1 or t "o & ! same ,ray is by ,refraction di/urb$1 %att]'d1 dilat$1 & z x 7 split & spread into _m div]g+ ,rays1 z ,grimaldo supposes1 does n yet appe> by ^! ,exp]im5ts1 b w appe> by ^? t foll[4 ,exp]4 #e4 ,consid]+ !re=e1 t if 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ! ,image ( ! ,sun %\ld be drawn out into an oblong ,=m1 ei!r by a ,dilatation ( e ,ray1 or by any o!r casual inequality ( ! ,refractions1 ! same oblong ,image w\ld by a second ,refraction made sideways be drawn out z mu* 9 bread? by ! l ,dilatation ( ! ,rays1 or o!r casual inequality ( ! ,refractions sideways1 ,i tri$ :at w\ld be ! ,effects ( su* a second ,refraction4 ,= ?is end ,i ord]$ all ?+s z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t1 & !n plac$ a second ,prism imm$iately aft] ! fir/ 9 a cross ,position to x1 t x might aga9 refract ! beam ( ! ,sun's ,light :i* came to x ?r\gh ! fir/ ,prism4 ,9 ! fir/ ,prism ?is beam 0 refract$ upw>ds1 & 9 ! second sideways4 ,& ,i f\nd t by ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism1 ! bread? ( ! ,image 0 n increas$1 b its sup]ior "p1 :i* 9 ! fir/ ,prism suff]$ ! great] ,refraction1 & appe>$ violet & blue1 did aga9 9 ! second ,prism suff] a great] ,refraction ?an its inf]ior "p1 :i* appe>$ r$ & yell[1 & ?is )\t any ,dilatation ( ! ,image 9 bread?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration4 ,let ,s ,fig4 #ad1 #ae4 repres5t ! ,sun1 ,f ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[1 ,,abc ! fir/ ,prism1 ,,dh ! second ,prism1 ,y ! r\nd ,image ( ! ,sun made by a direct beam ( ,light :5 ! ,prisms are tak5 away1 ,,pt ! oblong ,image ( ! ,sun made by t beam pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ ,prism alone1 :5 ! second ,prism is tak5 away1 & pt ! ,image made by ! cross ,refractions ( bo? ,prisms toge!r4 ,n[ if ! ,rays :i* t5d t[>ds ! sev]al ,po9ts ( ! r\nd ,image ,y 7 dilat$ & spread by ! ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,prism1 s t !y %\ld n any long] g 9 s+le ,l9es to s+le ,po9ts1 b t e ,ray be+ split1 %att]$1 & *ang$ f a ,l9e> ,ray to a ,sup]ficies ( ,rays div]g+ f ! ,po9t ( ,refraction1 & ly+ 9 ! ,plane ( ! ,angles ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction1 !y %\ld g 9 ^? ,planes to s _m ,l9es rea*+ almo/ f "o end ( ! ,image ,,pt to ! o!r1 & if t ,image %\ld !nce become oblong3 ^? ,rays & _! sev]al p>ts t5d+ t[>ds ! sev]al ,po9ts ( ! ,image ,,pt ought to be aga9 dilat$ & spread sideways by ! transv]se ,refraction ( ! second ,prism1 s z to compose a f\r squ>e ,image1 su* z is repres5t$ at ,greek3 pt4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( :i*1 let ! ,image ,,pt be di/+ui%$ into five equal p>ts ,,pqk1 ,,kqrl1 ,,lrsm1 ,,msvn1 ,,nvt4 ,& by ! same irregul>ity t ! orbicul> ,light ,y is by ! ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,prism dilat$ & drawn out into a long ,image ,,pt1 ! ,light ,,pqk :i* takes up a space ( ! same l5g? & bread? ) ! ,light ,y ought to be by ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism dilat$ & drawn out into ! long ,image ,greek3 pqkp1 & ! ,light ,,kqrl into ! long ,image kqrl1 & ! ,lights ,,lrsm1 ,,msvn1 ,,nvt1 into s _m o!r long ,images lrsm1 msvn1 nvt,greek3 t2 & all ^! long ,images w\ld compose ! f\r squ>e ,images ,greek3 pt4 ,?us x ought to be 7 e ,ray dilat$ by ,refraction1 & spread into a triangul> ,sup]ficies ( ,rays div]g+ f ! ,po9t ( ,refraction4 ,= ! second ,refraction w\ld spread ! ,rays "o way z mu* z ! fir/ do? ano!r1 & s dilate ! ,image 9 bread? z mu* z ! fir/ do? 9 l5g?4 ,& ! same ?+ ought to happ51 7 "s rays casually refract$ m ?an o!rs4 ,b ! ,ev5t is o!rwise4 ,! ,image ,,pt 0 n made broad] by ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism1 b only became oblique1 z 'tis repres5t$ at pt1 its upp] end ,p be+ by ! ,refraction translat$ to a great] di/ance ?an its l[] end ,t4 ,s !n ! ,light :i* w5t t[>ds ! upp] end ,p ( ! ,image1 0 7at equal ,incid5ces7 m refract$ 9 ! second ,prism1 ?an ! ,light :i* t5d$ t[>ds ! l[] end ,t1 t is ! blue & violet1 ?an ! r$ & yell[2 & !re=e 0 m refrangible4 ,! same ,light 0 by ! ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,prism translat$ f>!r f ! place ,y to :i* x t5d$ be=e ,refraction2 & !re=e suff]$ z well 9 ! fir/ ,prism z 9 ! second a great] ,refraction ?an ! re/ ( ! ,light1 & by consequ5ce 0 m refrangible ?an ! re/1 ev5 be=e its incid5ce on ! fir/ ,prism4 ,sometimes ,i plac$ a ?ird ,prism aft] ! second1 & sometimes also a f\r? aft] ! ?ird1 by all :i* ! ,image might be (t5 refract$ sideways3 b ! ,rays :i* 7 m refract$ ?an ! re/ 9 ! fir/ ,prism 7 also m refract$ 9 all ! re/1 & t )\t any ,dilatation ( ! ,image sideways3 & !re=e ^? ,rays = _! con/ancy ( a great] ,refraction are des]v$ly reput$ m refrangible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,b t ! mean+ ( ?is ,exp]im5t may m cle>ly appe>1 x is to be consid]$ t ! ,rays :i* are equally refrangible d fall ^u a ,circle answ]+ to ! ,sun's ,disque4 ,= ?is 0 prov$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,by a ,circle ,i und]/& n "h a p]fect geometrical ,circle1 b any orbicul> ,figure ^: l5g? is equal to its bread?1 & :i*1 z to ,s5se1 may seem circul>4 ,let !re=e ,,ag 9 ,fig4 #ae4 repres5t ! ,circle :i* all ! mo/ refrangible ,rays propagat$ f ! :ole ,disque ( ! ,sun1 w\ld illum9ate & pa9t ^u ! opposite ,wall if !y 7 alone2 ,,el ! ,circle :i* all ! lea/ refrangible ,rays w\ld 9 l mann] illum9ate & pa9t if !y 7 alone2 ,,bh1 ,,cj1 ,,dk1 ! ,circles :i* s _m int]m$iate sorts ( ,rays w\ld successively pa9t ^u ! ,wall1 if !y 7 s+ly propagat$ f ! ,sun 9 successive ord]1 ! re/ be+ always int]cept$2 & conceive t !re are o!r int]m$iate ,circles )\t ,numb]1 :i* innum]able o!r int]m$iate sorts ( ,rays w\ld successively pa9t ^u ! ,wall if ! ,sun %\ld successively emit e sort ap>t4 ,& see+ ! ,sun emits all ^! sorts at once1 !y mu/ all toge!r illum9ate & pa9t innum]able equal ,circles1 ( all :i*1 be+ accord+ to _! degrees ( ,refrangibility plac$ 9 ord] 9 a cont9ual ,s]ies1 t oblong ,spectrum ,,pt is compos$ :i* ,i describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,n[ if ! ,sun's circul> ,image ,y 9 ,fig4 #ae4 :i* is made by an unrefract$ beam ( ,light 0 by any ,dilation ( ! s+le ,rays1 or by any o!r irregul>ity 9 ! ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,prism1 conv]t$ into ! oblong ,spectrum1 ,,pt3 !n ought e ,circle ,,ag1 ,,bh1 ,,cj1 c4 9 t ,spectrum1 by ! cross ,refraction ( ! second ,prism aga9 dilat+ or o!rwise scatt]+ ! ,rays z be=e1 to be 9 l mann] drawn out & trans=m$ into an oblong ,figure1 & !reby ! bread? ( ! ,image ,,pt w\ld be n[ z mu* augm5t$ z ! l5g? ( ! ,image ,y 0 be=e by ! ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,prism2 & ?us by ! ,refractions ( bo? ,prisms toge!r w\ld be =m$ a f\r squ>e ,figure p,greek3 pt,greek3 t1 z ,i describ$ above4 ,:]e=e s9ce ! bread? ( ! ,spectrum ,,pt is n increas$ by ! ,refraction sideways1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,rays are n split or dilat$1 or o!rways irregul>ly scatt]'d by t ,refraction1 b t e ,circle is by a regul> & uni=m ,refraction translat$ entire into ano!r ,place1 z ! ,circle ,,ag by ! greate/ ,refraction into ! place ag1 ! ,circle ,,bh by a less ,refraction into ! place bh1 ! ,circle ,,cj by a ,refraction /ill less into ! place ci1 & s ( ! re/2 by :i* means a new ,spectrum pt incl9$ to ! =m] ,,pt is 9 l mann] compos$ ( ,circles ly+ 9 a "r ,l9e2 & ^! ,circles mu/ be ( ! same bigness ) ! =m]1 because ! bread?s ( all ! ,spectrums ,y1 ,,pt & pt at equal di/ances f ! ,prisms are equal4 ,i consid]$ f>!r1 t by ! bread? ( ! hole ,f ?r\gh :i* ! ,light ent]s into ! d>k ,*amb]1 !re is a ,p5umbra made 9 ! ,circuit ( ! ,spectrum ,y1 & t ,p5umbra rema9s 9 ! rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrums ,,pt & pt4 ,i plac$ !re=e at t hole a ,l5s or ,object-glass ( a ,telescope :i* might ca/ ! ,image ( ! ,sun di/9ctly on ,y )\t any ,p5umbra at all1 & f\nd t ! ,p5umbra ( ! rectil9e> ,sides ( ! oblong ,spectrums ,,pt & pt 0 also !reby tak5 away1 s t ^? ,sides appe>$ z di/9ctly def9$ z did ! ,circumf]5ce ( ! fir/ ,image ,y4 ,?us x happ5s if ! ,glass ( ! ,prisms be free f ,ve9s1 & _! sides be accurately plane & well poli%$ )\t ^? numb]less ,waves or ,curles :i* usually arise f ,s&-holes a little smoo!d 9 poli%+ ) ,putty4 ,if ! ,glass be only well poli%$ & free f ,ve9s1 & ! ,sides n accurately plane1 b a little ,convex or ,concave1 z x frequ5tly happ5s2 yet may ! ?ree ,spectrums ,y1 ,,pt & pt want ,p5umbras1 b n 9 equal di/ances f ! ,prisms4 ,n[ f ?is want ( ,p5umbras1 ,i knew m c]ta9ly t e "o ( ! ,circles 0 refract$ accord+ to "s mo/ regul>1 uni=m & con/ant ,law4 ,= if !re 7 any irregul>ity 9 ! ,refraction1 ! "r ,l9es ,,ae & ,,gl1 :i* all ! ,circles 9 ! ,spectrum ,,pt d t\*1 c\ld n by t ,refraction be translat$ into ! ,l9es ae & gl z di/9ct & /raight z !y 7 be=e1 b !re w\ld arise 9 ^? translat$ ,l9es "s ,p5umbra or ,crook$ness or ,undulation1 or o!r s5sible ,p]turbation contr>y to :at is f\nd by ,exp]i5ce4 ,:atsoev] ,p5umbra or ,p]turbation %\ld be made 9 ! ,circles by ! cross ,refraction ( ! second ,prism1 all t ,p5umbra or ,p]turbation w\ld be conspicu\s 9 ! "r ,l9es ae & gl :i* t\* ^? ,circles4 ,& !re=e s9ce !re is no su* ,p5umbra or ,p]turbation 9 ^? "r ,l9es1 !re mu/ be none 9 ! ,circles4 ,s9ce ! di/ance betwe5 ^? ,tang5ts or bread? ( ! ,spectrum is n increas$ by ! ,refractions1 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles are n increas$ !reby4 ,s9ce ^? ,tang5ts cont9ue to be "r ,l9es1 e ,circle :i* 9 ! fir/ ,prism is m or less refract$1 is exactly 9 ! same proportion m or less refract$ 9 ! second4 ,& see+ all ^! ?+s cont9ue to succe$ aft] ! same mann] :5 ! ,rays are aga9 9 a ?ird ,prism1 & aga9 9 a f\r? refract$ sideways1 x is evid5t t ! ,rays ( "o & ! same ,circle1 z to _! degree ( ,refrangibility1 cont9ue always uni=m & homog5eal to "o ano!r1 & t ^? ( sev]al ,circles d diff] 9 degree ( ,refrangibility1 & t 9 "s c]ta9 & con/ant ,proportion4 ,:i* is ! ?+ ,i 0 to prove4 ,!re is yet ano!r ,circum/ance or two ( ?is ,exp]im5t by :i* x becomes /ill m pla9 & conv9c+4 ,let ! second ,prism ,,dh 9 ,fig4 #af4 be plac$ n imm$iately aft] ! fir/1 b at "s di/ance f x2 suppose 9 ! mid-way betwe5 x & ! ,wall on :i* ! oblong ,spectrum ,,pt is ca/1 s t ! ,light f ! fir/ ,prism may fall ^u x 9 ! =m ( an oblong ,spectrum ,greek3 pt p>allel to ?is second ,prism1 & be refract$ sideways to =m ! oblong ,spectrum pt ^u ! ,wall4 ,& y w f9d z be=e1 t ?is ,spectrum pt is incl9$ to t ,spectrum ,,pt1 :i* ! fir/ ,prism =ms alone )\t ! second2 ! blue ends ,p & p be+ f>!r di/ant f "o ano!r ?an ! r$ ones ,t & t1 & by consequ5ce t ! ,rays :i* g to ! blue end ,greek3 p ( ! ,image ,greek3 pt1 & :i* !re=e suff] ! greate/ ,refraction 9 ! fir/ ,prism1 are aga9 9 ! second ,prism m refract$ ?an ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! same ?+ ,i try'd also by lett+ ! ,sun's ,light into a d>k ,room ?r\gh two little r\nd holes ,f & ,greek3 ph 9 ,fig4 #ag4 made 9 ! ,w9d[1 & ) two p>allel ,prisms ,,abc & ,greek3 abg plac$ at ^? holes 7"o at ea*7 refract+ ^? two beams ( ,light to ! opposite ,wall ( ! ,*amb]1 9 su* mann] t ! two col\r'd ,images ,,pt & ,,mn :i* !y !re pa9t$ 7 jo9$ end to end & lay 9 "o /raight ,l9e1 ! r$ end ,t ( ! "o t\*+ ! blue end ,m ( ! o!r4 ,= if ^! two refract$ ,beams 7 aga9 by a ?ird ,prism ,,dh plac$ cross to ! two fir/1 refract$ sideways1 & ! ,spectrums !reby translat$ to "s o!r "p ( ! ,wall ( ! ,*amb]1 suppose ! ,spectrum ,,pt to pt & ! ,spectrum ,,mn to mn1 ^! translat$ ,spectrums pt & mn w\ld n lie 9 "o /raight ,l9e ) _! ends contigu\s z be=e1 b be brok5 (f f "o ano!r & become p>allel1 ! blue end m ( ! ,image mn be+ by a great] ,refraction translat$ f>!r f its =m] place ,,mt1 ?an ! r$ end t ( ! o!r ,image pt f ! same place ,,mt2 :i* puts ! ,proposition pa/ ,dispute4 ,& ?is happ5s :e!r ! ?ird ,prism ,,dh be plac$ imm$iately aft] ! two fir/1 or at a great di/ance f !m1 s t ! ,light refract$ 9 ! two fir/ ,prisms be ei!r :ite & circul>1 or col\r$ & oblong :5 x falls on ! ?ird4 ,exp]4 #f4 ,9 ! middle ( two ?9 ,bo>ds ,i made r\nd holes a ?ird "p ( an ,in* 9 diamet]1 & 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut a mu* broad] hole be+ made to let into my d>kn$ ,*amb] a l>ge ,beam ( ! ,sun's ,light2 ,i plac$ a ,prism beh9d ! ,%ut 9 t beam to refract x t[>ds ! opposite ,wall1 & close beh9d ! ,prism ,i fix$ "o ( ! ,bo>ds1 9 su* mann] t ! middle ( ! refract$ ,light might pass ?r\gh ! hole made 9 x1 & ! re/ be int]cept$ by ! ,bo>d4 ,!n at ! di/ance ( ab\t twelve ,feet f ! fir/ ,bo>d ,i fix$ ! o!r ,bo>d 9 su* mann] t ! middle ( ! refract$ ,light :i* came ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! fir/ ,bo>d1 & fell ^u ! opposite ,wall1 might pass ?r\gh ! hole 9 ?is o!r ,bo>d1 & ! re/ be+ int]cept$ by ! ,bo>d might pa9t ^u x ! col\r$ ,spectrum ( ! ,sun4 ,& close beh9d ?is ,bo>d ,i fix$ ano!r ,prism to refract ! ,light :i* came ?r\gh ! hole4 ,!n ,i return$ spe$ily to ! fir/ ,prism1 & by turn+ x sl[ly to & fro ab\t its ,axis1 ,i caus$ ! ,image :i* fell ^u ! second ,bo>d to move up & d[n ^u t ,bo>d1 t all its p>ts might successively pass ?r\gh ! hole 9 t ,bo>d & fall ^u ! ,prism beh9d x4 ,& 9 ! mean "t1 ,i not$ ! places on ! opposite ,wall to :i* t ,light aft] its ,refraction 9 ! second ,prism did pass2 & by ! diff]5ce ( ! places ,i f\nd t ! ,light :i* be+ mo/ refract$ 9 ! fir/ ,prism did g to ! blue end ( ! ,image1 0 aga9 m refract$ 9 ! second ,prism ?an ! ,light :i* w5t to ! r$ end ( t ,image1 :i* proves z well ! fir/ ,proposition z ! second4 ,& ?is happ5$ :e!r ! ,axis ( ! two ,prisms 7 p>allel1 or incl9$ to "o ano!r1 & to ! ,horizon 9 any giv5 ,angles4 ,illu/ration4 ,let ,f 9 ,fig4 #ah4 be ! wide hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,sun %9es ^u ! fir/ ,prism ,,abc1 & let ! refract$ ,light fall ^u ! middle ( ! ,bo>d ,,de1 & ! middle "p ( t ,light ^u ! hole ,g made 9 ! middle "p ( t ,bo>d4 ,let ?is traject$ "p ( t ,light fall aga9 ^u ! middle ( ! second ,bo>d de1 & !re pa9t su* an oblong col\r$ ,image ( ! ,sun z 0 describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,by turn+ ! ,prism ,,abc sl[ly to & fro ab\t its ,axis1 ?is ,image w be made to move up & d[n ! ,bo>d de1 & by ?is means all its p>ts f "o end to ! o!r may be made to pass successively ?r\gh ! hole g :i* is made 9 ! middle ( t ,bo>d4 ,9 ! mean :ile ano!r ,prism abc is to be fix$ next aft] t hole g1 to refract ! traject$ ,light a second "t4 ,& ^! ?+s be+ ?us ord]$1 ,i m>k$ ! places ,m & ,n ( ! opposite ,wall ^u :i* ! refract$ ,light fell1 & f\nd t :il/ ! two ,bo>ds & second ,prism rema9$ unmov$1 ^? places by turn+ ! fir/ ,prism ab\t its ,axis 7 *ang$ p]petually4 ,= :5 ! l[] "p ( ! ,light :i* fell ^u ! second ,bo>d de 0 ca/ ?r\gh ! hole g1 x w5t to a l[] place ,m on ! ,wall & :5 ! high] "p ( t ,light 0 ca/ ?r\gh ! same hole g1 x w5t to a high] place ,n on ! ,wall1 & :5 any int]m$iate "p ( ! ,light 0 ca/ ?r\gh t hole1 x w5t to "s place on ! ,wall betwe5 ,m & ,n4 ,! un*ang$ ,position ( ! holes 9 ! ,bo>ds1 made ! ,incid5ce ( ! ,rays ^u ! second ,prism to be ! same 9 all cases4 ,& yet 9 t common ,incid5ce "s ( ! ,rays 7 m refract$1 & o!rs less4 ,& ^? 7 m refract$ 9 ?is ,prism1 :i* by a great] ,refraction 9 ! fir/ ,prism 7 m turn$ out ( ! way1 & !re=e = _! ,con/ancy ( be+ m refract$ are des]v$ly call$ m refrangible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,exp]4 #g4 ,at two holes made ne> "o ano!r 9 my ,w9d[-%ut ,i plac$ two ,prisms1 "o at ea*1 :i* might ca/ ^u ! opposite ,wall 7aft] ! mann] ( ! ?ird ,exp]im5t7 two oblong col\r$ ,images ( ! ,sun4 ,& at a little di/ance f ! ,wall ,i plac$ a long sl5d] ,pap] ) /raight & p>allel edges1 & ord]$ ! ,prisms & ,pap] s1 t ! r$ ,col\r ( "o ,image might fall directly ^u "o half ( ! ,pap]1 & ! violet ,col\r ( ! o!r ,image ^u ! o!r half ( ! same ,pap]2 s t ! ,pap] appe>$ ( two ,col\rs1 r$ & violet1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! pa9t$ ,pap] 9 ! fir/ & second ,exp]im5ts4 ,!n ) a black ,clo? ,i cov]$ ! ,wall beh9d ! ,pap]1 t no ,light might be reflect$ f x to di/urb ! ,exp]im5t1 & view+ ! ,pap] ?r\gh a ?ird ,prism held p>allel to x1 ,i saw t half ( x :i* 0 illum9at$ by ! violet ,light to be divid$ f ! o!r half by a great] ,refraction1 especially :5 ,i w5t a good way (f f ! ,pap]4 ,= :5 ,i view$ x too ne> at h&1 ! two halfs ( ! ,pap] did n appe> fully divid$ f "o ano!r1 b seem$ contigu\s at "o ( _! ,angles l ! pa9t$ ,pap] 9 ! fir/ ,exp]im5t4 ,:i* also happ5$ :5 ! ,pap] 0 too broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,sometimes in/ead ( ! ,pap] ,i us$ a :ite ,?r$1 & ?is appe>$ ?r\gh ! ,prism divid$ into two p>allel ,?r$s z is repres5t$ 9 ! n9ete5? ,figure1 :]e ,,dg d5otes ! ,?r$ illum9at$ ) violet ,light f ,d to ,e & ) r$ ,light f ,f to ,g1 & defg are ! p>ts ( ! ,?r$ se5 by ,refraction4 ,if "o half ( ! ,?r$ be con/antly illum9at$ ) r$1 & ! o!r half be illum9at$ ) all ! ,col\rs successively1 7:i* may be done by caus+ "o ( ! ,prisms to be turn$ ab\t its ,axis :il/ ! o!r rema9s unmov$7 ?is o!r half 9 view+ ! ,?r$ ?r\gh ! ,prism1 w appe> 9 a cont9ual "r ,l9e ) ! fir/ half :5 illum9at$ ) r$1 & beg9 to be a little divid$ f x :5 illum9at$ ) ,orange1 & remove f>!r f x :5 illum9at$ ) yell[1 & /ill f>!r :5 ) gre51 & f>!r :5 ) blue1 & g yet f>!r (f :5 illum9at$ ) ,indigo1 & f>!/ :5 ) deep violet4 ,:i* pla9ly %ews1 t ! ,lights ( sev]al ,col\rs are m & m refrangible "o ?an ano!r1 9 ?is ,ord] ( _! ,col\rs1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 deep violet2 & s proves z well ! fir/ ,proposition z ! second4 ,i caus$ also ! col\r$ ,spectrums ,,pt 9 ,fig4 #ag4 & ,,mn made 9 a d>k ,*amb] by ! ,refractions ( two ,prisms to lie 9 a ,"r ,l9e end to end1 z 0 describ$ above 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t1 & view+ !m ?r\gh a ?ird ,prism held p>allel to _! ,l5g?1 !y appe>$ no long] 9 a ,"r ,l9e1 b became brok5 f "o ano!r1 z !y are repres5t$ at pt & mn1 ! violet end m ( ! ,spectrum mn be+ by a great] ,refraction translat$ f>!r f its =m] ,place ,,mt ?an ! r$ end t ( ! o!r ,spectrum pt4 ,i f>!r caus$ ^? two ,spectrums ,,pt 9 ,fig4 #bj4 & ,,mn to become co-incid5t 9 an inv]t$ ,ord] ( _! ,col\rs1 ! r$ end ( ea* fall+ on ! violet end ( ! o!r1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! oblong ,figure ,,ptmn2 & !n view+ !m ?r\gh a ,prism ,,dh held p>allel to _! ,l5g?1 !y appe>$ n co-incid5t1 z :5 view'd ) ! nak$ ,eye1 b 9 ! =m ( two di/9ct ,spectrums pt & mn cross+ "o ano!r 9 ! middle aft] ! mann] ( ! ,lett] ,x4 ,:i* %ews t ! r$ ( ! "o ,spectrum & violet ( ! o!r1 :i* 7 co-incid5t at ,,pn & ,,mt1 be+ p>t$ f "o ano!r by a great] ,refraction ( ! violet to p & m ?an ( ! r$ to n & t1 d diff] 9 degrees ( ,refrangibility4 ,i illum9at$ also a little ,circul> ,piece ( :ite ,pap] all ov] ) ! ,lights ( bo? ,prisms int]mix$1 & :5 x 0 illum9at$ ) ! r$ ( "o ,spectrum1 & deep violet ( ! o!r1 s z by ! ,mixture ( ^? ,col\rs to appe> all ov] purple1 ,i view$ ! ,pap]1 fir/ at a less di/ance1 & !n at a great]1 ?r\gh a ?ird ,prism2 & z ,i w5t f ! ,pap]1 ! refract$ ,image !re( became m & m divid$ by ! unequal ,refraction ( ! two mix$ ,col\rs1 & at l5g? p>t$ into two di/9ct ,images1 a r$ "o & a violet "o1 :]e( ! violet 0 f>!/ f ! ,pap]1 & !re=e suff]$ ! greate/ ,refraction4 ,& :5 t ,prism at ! ,w9d[1 :i* ca/ ! violet on ! ,pap] 0 tak5 away1 ! violet ,image disappe>$2 b :5 ! o!r ,prism 0 tak5 away ! r$ vani%$2 :i* %ews1 t ^! two ,images 7 no?+ else ?an ! ,lights ( ! two ,prisms1 :i* _h be5 int]mix$ on ! purple ,pap]1 b 7 p>t$ aga9 by _! unequal ,refractions made 9 ! ?ird ,prism1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,pap] 0 view'd4 ,?is also 0 obs]vable1 t if "o ( ! ,prisms at ! ,w9d[1 suppose t :i* ca/ ! violet on ! ,pap]1 0 turn$ ab\t its ,axis to make all ! ,col\rs 9 ?is ord]1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$1 fall successively on ! ,pap] f t ,prism1 ! violet ,image *ang$ ,col\r accord+ly1 turn+ successively to indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[ & r$1 & 9 *ang+ ,col\r came ne>] & ne>] to ! r$ ,image made by ! o!r ,prism1 until :5 x 0 also r$ bo? ,images became fully co-incid5t4 ,i plac$ also two ,pap] ,circles v ne> "o ano!r1 ! "o 9 ! r$ ,light ( "o ,prism1 & ! o!r 9 ! violet ,light ( ! o!r4 ,! ,circles 7 ea* ( !m an ,in* 9 diamet]1 & beh9d !m ! ,wall 0 d>k1 t ! ,exp]im5t might n be di/urb$ by any ,light com+ f !nce4 ,^! ,circles ?us illum9at$1 ,i view$ ?r\gh a ,prism1 s held1 t ! ,refraction might be made t[>ds ! r$ ,circle1 & z ,i w5t f !m !y came ne>] & ne>] toge!r1 & at l5g? became co-incid5t2 & aft]w>ds :5 ,i w5t /ill f>!r (f1 !y p>t$ aga9 9 a contr>y ,ord]1 ! violet by a great] ,refraction be+ c>ri$ beyond ! r$4 ,exp]4 #h4 ,9 ,summ]1 :5 ! ,sun's ,light uses to be /ronge/1 ,i plac$ a ,prism at ! ,hole ( ! ,w9d[-%ut1 z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t1 yet s t its ,axis might be p>allel to ! ,axis ( ! ,_w1 & at ! opposite ,wall 9 ! ,sun's refract$ ,light1 ,i plac$ an op5 ,book4 ,!n go+ six ,feet & two ,in*es f ! ,book1 ,i plac$ !re ! above-m5tion$ ,l5s1 by :i* ! ,light reflect$ f ! ,book might be made to conv]ge & meet aga9 at ! di/ance ( six ,feet & two ,in*es beh9d ! ,l5s1 & !re pa9t ! ,species ( ! ,book ^u a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! second ,exp]im5t4 ,! ,book & ,l5s be+ made fa/1 ,i not$ ! ,place :]e ! ,pap] 01 :5 ! ,lett]s ( ! ,book1 illum9at$ by ! fulle/ r$ ,light ( ! ,sol> ,image fall+ ^u x1 did ca/ _! ,species on t ,pap] mo/ di/9ctly3 ,& !n ,i /ay'd till by ! ,motion ( ! ,sun1 & consequ5t ,motion ( 8 ,image on ! ,book1 all ! ,col\rs f t r$ to ! middle ( ! blue pass'd ov] ^? ,lett]s2 & :5 ^? ,lett]s 7 illum9at$ by t blue1 ,i not$ aga9 ! ,place ( ! ,pap] :5 !y ca/ _! ,species mo/ di/9ctly ^u x3 ,& ,i f\nd t ?is la/ ,place ( ! ,pap] 0 ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an its =m] ,place by ab\t two ,in*es & an half1 or two & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,s mu* soon] !re=e did ! ,light 9 ! violet end ( ! ,image by a great] ,refraction conv]ge & meet1 ?an ! ,light 9 ! r$ end4 ,b 9 try+ ?is1 ! ,*amb] 0 z d>k z ,i c\ld make x4 ,=1 if ^! ,col\rs be dilut$ & weakn$ by ! ,mixture ( any adv5titi\s ,light1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,places ( ! ,pap] w n be s great4 ,?is di/ance 9 ! second ,exp]im5t1 :]e ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies 7 made use (1 0 b an ,in* & an half1 by reason ( ! ,imp]fection ( ^? ,col\rs4 ,"h 9 ! ,col\rs ( ! ,prism1 :i* are manife/ly m full1 int5se1 & lively ?an ^? ( natural ,bodies1 ! di/ance is two ,in*es & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,& 7 ! ,col\rs /ill m full1 ,i "q n b t ! di/ance w\ld be consid]ably great]4 ,= ! col\r$ ,light ( ! ,prism1 by ! int]f]+ ( ! ,circles describ$ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! fif? ,exp]im5t1 & also by ! ,light ( ! v bright ,cl\ds next ! ,sun's ,body int]mix+ ) ^! ,col\rs1 & by ! ,light scatt]$ by ! ,inequalities 9 ! ,poli% ( ! ,prism1 0 s v mu* comp\nd$1 t ! ,species :i* ^? fa9t & d>k ,col\rs1 ! indigo & violet1 ca/ ^u ! ,pap] 7 n di/9ct en\gh to be well obs]v$4 ,exp]4 #i4 ,a ,prism1 ^: two ,angles at its ,base 7 equal to "o ano!r1 & half "r ones1 & ! ?ird a "r "o1 ,i plac$ 9 a ,beam ( ! ,sun's ,light let into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,& turn+ ! ,prism sl[ly ab\t its ,axis1 until all ! ,light :i* w5t ?r\gh "o ( its ,angles1 & 0 refract$ by x began to be reflect$ by its ,base1 at :i* till !n x w5t out ( ! ,glass1 ,i obs]v$ t ^? ,rays :i* _h suff]$ ! greate/ ,refraction 7 soon] reflect$ ?an ! re/4 ,i conceiv$ !re=e1 t ^? ,rays ( ! reflect$ ,light1 :i* 7 mo/ refrangible1 did fir/ ( all by a total ,reflexion become m copi\s 9 t ,light ?an ! re/1 & t aft]w>ds ! re/ also1 by a total ,reflexion1 became z copi\s z ^!4 ,to try ?is1 ,i made ! reflect$ ,light pass ?r\gh ano!r ,prism1 & be+ refract$ by x to fall aft]w>ds ^u a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap] plac$ at "s di/ance beh9d x1 & !re by t ,refraction to pa9t ! usual ,col\rs ( ! ,prism4 ,& !n caus+ ! fir/ ,prism to be turn$ ab\t its ,axis z above1 ,i obs]v$ t :5 ^? ,rays1 :i* 9 ?is ,prism _h suff]$ ! greate/ ,refraction1 & appe>$ ( a blue & violet ,col\r began to be totally reflect$1 ! blue & violet ,light on ! ,pap]1 :i* 0 mo/ refract$ 9 ! second ,prism1 receiv$ a s5sible ,increase above t ( ! r$ & yell[1 :i* 0 lea/ refract$2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! re/ ( ! ,light :i* 0 gre51 yell[1 & r$1 began to be totally reflect$ 9 ! fir/ ,prism1 ! ,light ( ^? ,col\rs on ! ,pap] receiv$ z great an ,increase z ! violet & blue _h done be=e4 ,:5ce 'tis manife/1 t ! ,beam ( ,light reflect$ by ! ,base ( ! ,prism1 be+ augm5t$ fir/ by ! m refrangible ,rays1 & aft]w>ds by ! less refrangible ones1 is comp\nd$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible4 ,& t all su* reflect$ ,light is ( ! same ,nature ) ! ,sun's ,light be=e its ,incid5ce on ! ,base ( ! ,prism1 no ,man ev] d\bt$2 x be+ g5]ally all[$1 t ,light by su* ,reflexions suff]s no ,alt]ation 9 its ,modifications & ,prop]ties4 ,i d n "h take ,notice ( any ,refractions made 9 ! sides ( ! fir/ ,prism1 because ! ,light ent]s x p]p5dicul>ly at ! fir/ side1 & goes out p]p5dicul>ly at ! second side1 & !re=e suff]s none4 ,s !n1 ! ,sun's incid5t ,light be+ ( ! same ,temp] & ,con/itution ) 8 em]g5t ,light1 & ! la/ be+ comp\nd$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible1 ! fir/ mu/ be 9 l mann] comp\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ ,figure1 ,,abc is ! fir/ ,prism1 ,,bc its ,base1 ,b & ,c its equal ,angles at ! ,base1 ea* ( #de ,degrees1 ,a its rectangul> ,v]tex1 ,,fm a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light let into a d>k ,room ?r\gh a hole ,f "o ?ird "p ( an ,in* broad1 ,m its ,incid5ce on ! ,base ( ! ,prism1 ,,mg a less refract$ ,ray1 ,,mh a m refract$ ,ray1 ,,mn ! beam ( ,light reflect$ f ! ,base1 ,,vxy ! second ,prism by :i* ?is beam 9 pass+ ?r\gh x is refract$1 ,nt ! less refract$ ,light ( ?is beam1 & ,np ! m refract$ "p !re(4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,prism ,,abc is turn$ ab\t its ,axis accord+ to ! ord] ( ! ,lett]s ,,abc1 ! ,rays ,,mh em]ge m & m obliquely out ( t ,prism1 & at l5g? aft] _! mo/ oblique ,em]g5ce are reflect$ t[>ds ,n1 & go+ on to p d increase ! ,numb] ( ! ,rays ,np4 ,aft]w>ds by cont9u+ ! ,motion ( ! fir/ ,prism1 ! ,rays ,,mg are also reflect$ to ,n & increase ! numb] ( ! ,rays ,nt4 ,& !re=e ! ,light ,,mn admits into its ,composition1 fir/ ! m refrangible ,rays1 & !n ! less refrangible ,rays1 & yet aft] ?is ,composition is ( ! same ,nature ) ! ,sun's imm$iate ,light ,,fm1 ! ,reflexion ( ! specul> ,base ,,bc caus+ no ,alt]ation !re94 ,exp]4 #aj4 ,two ,prisms1 :i* 7 alike 9 ,%ape1 ,i ti$ s toge!r1 t _! ,axis & opposite ,sides be+ p>allel1 !y compos$ a ,p>allelopip$4 ,&1 ! ,sun %9+ into my d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a little hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 ,i plac$ t ,p>allelopip$ 9 8 beam at "s di/ance f ! hole1 9 su* a ,po/ure1 t ! ,axes ( ! ,prisms might be p]p5dicul> to ! incid5t ,rays1 & t ^? ,rays be+ incid5t ^u ! fir/ ,side ( "o ,prism1 might g on ?r\gh ! two contigu\s ,sides ( bo? ,prisms1 & em]ge out ( ! la/ ,side ( ! second ,prism4 ,?is ,side be+ p>allel to ! fir/ ,side ( ! fir/ ,prism1 caus$ ! em]g+ ,light to be p>allel to ! incid5t4 ,!n1 beyond ^! two ,prisms ,i plac$ a ?ird1 :i* might refract t em]g5t ,light1 & by t ,refraction ca/ ! usual ,col\rs ( ! ,prism ^u ! opposite ,wall1 or ^u a %eet ( :ite ,pap] held at a conv5i5t ,di/ance beh9d ! ,prism = t refract$ ,light to fall ^u x4 ,aft] ?is ,i turn$ ! ,p>allelopip$ ab\t its ,axis1 & f\nd t :5 ! contigu\s ,sides ( ! two ,prisms became s oblique to ! incid5t ,rays1 t ^? ,rays began all ( !m to be reflect$1 ^? ,rays :i* 9 ! ?ird ,prism _h suff]$ ! greate/ ,refraction1 & pa9t$ ! ,pap] ) violet & blue1 7 fir/ ( all by a total ,reflexion tak5 out ( ! transmitt$ ,light1 ! re/ rema9+ & on ! ,pap] pa9t+ _! ,col\rs ( gre51 yell[1 orange & r$1 z be=e2 & aft]w>ds by cont9u+ ! ,motion ( ! two ,prisms1 ! re/ ( ! ,rays also by a total ,reflexion vani%$ 9 ord]1 accord+ to _! degrees ( ,refrangibility4 ,! ,light !re=e :i* em]g$ out ( ! two ,prisms is comp\nd$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible1 see+ ! m refrangible ,rays may be tak5 out ( x1 :ile ! less refrangible rema94 ,b ?is ,light be+ traject$ only ?r\gh ! p>allel ,sup]ficies ( ! two ,prisms1 if x suff]'d any *ange by ! ,refraction ( "o ,sup]ficies x lo/ t ,impression by ! contr>y ,refraction ( ! o!r ,sup]ficies1 & s be+ re/or'd to its pri/9e ,con/itution1 became ( ! same ,nature & ,condition z at fir/ be=e its ,incid5ce on ^? ,prisms2 & !re=e1 be=e its ,incid5ce1 0 z mu* comp\nd$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible1 z aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! tw5ty second ,figure ,,abc & ,,bcd are ! two ,prisms ti$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a ,p>allelopip$1 _! ,sides ,,bc & ,,cb be+ contigu\s1 & _! ,sides ,,ab & ,,cd p>allel4 ,& ,,hjk is ! ?ird ,prism1 by :i* ! ,sun's ,light propagat$ ?r\gh ! hole ,f into ! d>k ,*amb]1 & !re pass+ ?r\gh ^? sides ( ! ,prisms ,,ab1 ,,bc1 ,,cb & ,,cd1 is refract$ at ,o to ! :ite ,pap] ,,pt1 fall+ !re p>tly ^u ,p by a great] ,refraction1 p>tly ^u ,t by a less ,refraction1 & p>tly ^u ,r & o!r int]m$iate places by int]m$iate ,refractions4 ,by turn+ ! ,p>allelopip$ ,,acbd ab\t its ,axis1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! ,lett]s ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 ,b1 at l5g? :5 ! contigu\s ,planes ,,bc & ,,cb become suffici5tly oblique to ! ,rays ,,fm1 :i* are incid5t ^u !m at ,m1 !re w vani% totally out ( ! refract$ ,light ,,opt1 fir/ ( all ! mo/ refract$ ,rays ,,op1 7! re/ ,,or & ,,ot rema9+ z be=e7 !n ! ,rays ,,or & o!r int]m$iate ones1 & la/ly1 ! lea/ refract$ ,rays ,,ot4 ,= :5 ! ,plane ,,bc becomes suffici5tly oblique to ! ,rays incid5t ^u x1 ^? ,rays w beg9 to be totally reflect$ by x t[>ds ,n2 & fir/ ! mo/ refrangible ,rays w be totally reflect$ 7z 0 expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ ,exp]im5t7 & by ,consequ5ce mu/ fir/ disappe> at ,p1 & aft]w>ds ! re/ z !y are 9 ord] totally reflect$ to ,n1 !y mu/ disappe> 9 ! same ord] at ,r & ,t4 ,s !n ! ,rays :i* at ,o suff] ! greate/ ,refraction1 may be tak5 out ( ! ,light ,,mo :il/ ! re/ ( ! ,rays rema9 9 x1 & !re=e t ,light ,,mo is comp\nd$ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible4 ,& because ! ,planes ,,ab & ,,cd are p>allel1 & !re=e by equal & contr>y ,refractions de/roy "o ano!rs ,effects1 ! incid5t ,light ,,fm mu/ be ( ! same ,k9d & ,nature ) ! em]g5t ,light ,,mo1 & !re=e do? also consi/ ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible4 ,^! two ,lights ,,fm & ,,mo1 be=e ! mo/ refrangible ,rays are sep>at$ out ( ! em]g5t ,light ,,mo1 agree 9 ,col\r1 & 9 all o!r ,prop]ties s f> z my ,obs]vation rea*es1 & !re=e are des]v$ly reput$ ( ! same ,nature & ,con/itution1 & by ,consequ5ce ! "o is comp\nd$ z well z ! o!r4 ,b aft] ! mo/ refrangible ,rays beg9 to be totally reflect$1 & !reby sep>at$ out ( ! em]g5t ,light ,,mo1 t ,light *anges its ,col\r f :ite to a dilute & fa9t yell[1 a pretty good orange1 a v full r$ successively1 & !n totally vani%es4 ,= aft] ! mo/ refrangible ,rays :i* pa9t ! ,pap] at ,p ) a purple ,col\r1 are by a total ,reflexion tak5 out ( ! beam ( ,light ,,mo1 ! re/ ( ! ,col\rs :i* appe> on ! ,pap] at ,r & ,t be+ mix'd 9 ! ,light ,,mo comp\nd !re a fa9t yell[1 & aft] ! blue & "p ( ! gre5 :i* appe> on ! ,pap] betwe5 ,p & ,r are tak5 away1 ! re/ :i* appe> betwe5 ,r & ,t 7t is ! yell[1 orange1 r$ & a little gre57 be+ mix$ 9 ! beam ,,mo comp\nd !re an orange2 & :5 all ! ,rays are by ,reflexion tak5 out ( ! beam ,,mo1 except ! lea/ refrangible1 :i* at ,t appe> ( a full r$1 _! ,col\r is ! same 9 t beam ,,mo z aft]w>ds at ,t1 ! ,refraction ( ! ,prism ,,hjk s]v+ only to sep>ate ! diff]5tly refrangible ,rays1 )\t mak+ any ,alt]ation 9 _! ,col\rs1 z %all be m fully prov$ h]eaft]4 ,all :i* confirms z well ! fir/ ,proposition z ! second4 ,s*olium4 ,if ?is ,exp]im5t & ! =m] be conjo9$ & made "o by apply+ a f\r? ,prism ,,vxy 9 ,fig4 #bb4 to refract ! reflect$ beam ,,mn t[>ds tp1 ! ,conclusion w be cle>]4 ,= !n ! ,light ,np :i* 9 ! f\r? ,prism is m refract$1 w become full] & /rong] :5 ! ,light ,,op1 :i* 9 ! ?ird ,prism ,,hjk is m refract$1 vani%es at ,p2 & aft]w>ds :5 ! less refract$ ,light ,,ot vani%es at ,t1 ! less refract$ ,light ,nt w become increas$ :il/ ! m refract$ ,light at p receives no f>!r increase4 ,& z ! traject$ beam ,,mo 9 vani%+ is always ( su* a ,col\r z ought to result f ! mixture ( ! ,col\rs :i* fall ^u ! ,pap] ,,pt1 s is ! reflect$ beam ,,mn always ( su* a ,col\r z ought to result f ! mixture ( ! ,col\rs :i* fall ^u ! ,pap] pt4 ,= :5 ! mo/ refrangible ,rays are by a total ,reflexion tak5 out ( ! beam ,,mo1 & leave t beam ( an orange ,col\r1 ! ,excess ( ^? ,rays 9 ! reflect$ ,light1 does n only make ! violet1 indigo & blue at p m full1 b also makes ! beam ,,mn *ange f ! yell[i% ,col\r ( ! ,sun's ,light1 to a pale :ite incl9+ to blue1 & aft]w>d recov] its yell[i% ,col\r aga91 s soon z all ! re/ ( ! transmitt$ ,light ,,mot is reflect$4 ,n[ see+ t 9 all ?is v>iety ( ,exp]im5ts1 :e!r ! ,trial be made 9 ,light reflect$1 & t ei!r f natural ,bodies1 z 9 ! fir/ & second ,exp]im5t1 or specul>1 z 9 ! n9?2 or 9 ,light refract$1 & t ei!r be=e ! unequally refract$ ,rays are by div]g+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & los+ _! :it5ess :i* !y h altoge!r1 appe> sev]ally ( sev]al ,col\rs1 z 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t2 or aft] !y are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & appe> col\r'd z 9 ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? ,exp]im5ts2 or 9 ,light traject$ ?r\gh p>allel ,sup]ficies1 de/roy+ ea* o!rs ,effects1 z 9 ! t5? ,exp]im5t2 !re are always f\nd ,rays1 :i* at equal ,incid5ces on ! same ,m$ium suff] unequal ,refractions1 & t )\t any splitt+ or dilat+ ( s+le ,rays1 or cont+5ce 9 ! inequality ( ! ,refractions1 z is prov$ 9 ! fif? & six? ,exp]im5ts4 ,& see+ ! ,rays :i* diff] 9 ,refrangibility may be p>t$ & sort$ f "o ano!r1 & t ei!r by ,refraction z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t1 or by ,reflexion z 9 ! t5?1 & !n ! sev]al sorts ap>t at equal ,incid5ces suff] unequal ,refractions1 & ^? sorts are m refract$ ?an o!rs aft] ,sep>ation1 :i* 7 m refract$ be=e x1 z 9 ! six? & foll[+ ,exp]im5ts1 & if ! ,sun's ,light be traject$ ?r\gh ?ree or m cross ,prisms successively1 ^? ,rays :i* 9 ! fir/ ,prism are refract$ m ?an o!rs1 are 9 all ! foll[+ ,prisms refract$ m ?an o!rs 9 ! same ,rate & ,proportion1 z appe>s by ! fif? ,exp]im5t2 x's manife/ t ! ,sun's ,light is an het]og5e\s ,mixture ( ,rays1 "s ( :i* are con/antly m refrangible ?an o!rs1 z 0 propos$4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,,!or4 ,,iii4 ,! ,sun's ,light consi/s ( ,rays diff]+ 9 ,reflexibility1 & ^? ,rays are m reflexible ?an o!rs :i* are m refrangible4 ,?is is manife/ by ! n9? & t5? ,exp]im5ts3 ,= 9 ! n9? ,exp]im5t1 by turn+ ! ,prism ab\t its ,axis1 until ! ,rays )9 x :i* 9 go+ out into ! ,air 7 refract$ by its ,base1 became s oblique to t ,base1 z to beg9 to be totally reflect$ !reby2 ^? ,rays became fir/ ( all totally reflect$1 :i* be=e at equal ,incid5ces ) ! re/ _h suff]$ ! greate/ ,refraction4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s 9 ! ,reflexion made by ! common ,base ( ! two ,prisms 9 ! t5? ,exp]im5t4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,,prob4 ,i4 ,to sep>ate f "o ano!r ! het]og5e\s ,rays ( comp\nd ,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! het]og5e\s ,rays are 9 "s measure sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! ,refraction ( ! ,prism 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t1 & 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t1 by tak+ away ! ,p5umbra f ! rectil9e> sides ( ! col\r$ ,image1 t ,sep>ation 9 ^? v rectil9e> sides or /raight edges ( ! ,image becomes p]fect4 ,b 9 all places betwe5 ^? rectil9e> edges1 ^? innum]able ,circles !re describ$1 :i* are sev]ally illum9at$ by homog5eal ,rays1 by int]f]+ ) "o ano!r1 & be+ e :]e commix'd1 d r5d] ! ,light suffici5tly comp\nd4 ,b if ^! ,circles1 :il/ _! ,c5t]s keep _! ,di/ances & ,positions1 c\ld be made less 9 ,diamet]1 _! int]f]+ "o ) ano!r1 & by ,consequ5ce ! ,mixture ( ! het]og5e\s ,rays w\ld be proportionally dim9i%'d4 ,9 ! tw5ty ?ird ,figure let ,,ag1 ,,bh1 ,,cj1 ,,dk1 ,,el1 ,,fm be ! ,circles :i* s _m sorts ( ,rays fl[+ f ! same disque ( ! ,sun1 d 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t illum9ate2 ( all :i* & innum]able o!r int]m$iate ones ly+ 9 a cont9ual ,s]ies betwe5 ! two rectil9e> & p>allel edges ( ! ,sun's oblong ,image ,,pt1 t ,image is compos'd1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t4 ,& let ag1 bh1 ci1 dk1 el1 fm be s _m less ,circles ly+ 9 a l cont9ual ,s]ies betwe5 two p>allel "r ,l9es af & gm ) ! same di/ances betwe5 _! ,c5t]s1 & illum9at$ by ! same sorts ( ,rays1 t is ! ,circle ag ) ! same sort by :i* ! correspond+ ,circle ,,ag 0 illum9at$1 & ! ,circle bh ) ! same sort by :i* ! correspond+ ,circle ,,bh 0 illum9at$1 & ! re/ ( ! ,circles ci1 dk1 el1 fm respectively1 ) ! same sorts ( ,rays by :i* ! sev]al correspond+ ,circles ,,cj1 ,,dk1 ,,el1 ,,fm 7 illum9at$4 ,9 ! ,figure ,,pt compos$ ( ! great] ,circles1 ?ree ( ^? ,circles ,,ag1 ,,bh1 ,,cj1 are s exp&$ into "o ano!r1 t ! ?ree sorts ( ,rays by :i* ^? ,circles are illum9at$1 toge!r ) o!r innum]able sorts ( int]m$iate ,rays1 are mix$ at ,,qr 9 ! middle ( ! ,circle ,,bh4 ,& ! l ,mixture happ5s ?r\gh\t almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,figure ,,pt4 ,b 9 ! ,figure pt compos$ ( ! less ,circles1 ! ?ree less ,circles ag1 bh1 ci1 :i* answ] to ^? ?ree great]1 d n ext5d into "o ano!r2 nor are !re any :]e m+l$ s mu* z any two ( ! ?ree sorts ( ,rays by :i* ^? ,circles are illum9at$1 & :i* 9 ! ,figure ,,pt are all ( !m int]m+l$ at ,,bh4 ,n[ he t %all ?us consid] x1 w easily und]/& t ! ,mixture is dim9i%$ 9 ! same ,proportion ) ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles4 ,if ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles :il/ _! ,c5t]s rema9 ! same1 be made ?ree times less ?an be=e1 ! ,mixture w be also ?ree times less2 if t5 times less1 ! ,mixture w be t5 times less1 & s ( o!r ,proportions4 ,t is1 ! ,mixture ( ! ,rays 9 ! great] ,figure ,,pt w be to _! ,mixture 9 ! less pt1 z ! ,latitude ( ! great] ,figure is to ! ,latitude ( ! less4 ,= ! ,latitudes ( ^! ,figures are equal to ! ,diamet]s ( _! ,circles4 ,& h5ce x easily foll[s1 t ! ,mixture ( ! ,rays 9 ! refract$ ,spectrum pt is to ! ,mixture ( ! ,rays 9 ! direct & imm$iate ,light ( ! ,sun1 z ! bread? ( t ,spectrum is to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! same ,spectrum4 ,s !n1 if we w\ld dim9i% ! ,mixture ( ! ,rays1 we are to dim9i% ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles4 ,n[ ^! w\ld be dim9i%$ if ! ,sun's ,diamet] to :i* !y answ] c\ld be made less ?an x is1 or 7:i* comes to ! same ,purpose7 if )\t ,doors1 at a great di/ance f ! ,prism t[>ds ! ,sun1 "s opake ,body 7 plac$1 ) a r\nd hole 9 ! middle ( x1 to int]cept all ! ,sun's ,light1 except+ s mu* z com+ f ! middle ( 8 ,body c\ld pass ?r\gh t ,hole to ! ,prism4 ,= s ! ,circles ,,ag1 ,,bh1 & ! re/1 w\ld n any long] answ] to ! :ole ,disque ( ! ,sun1 b only to t ,"p ( x :i* c\ld be se5 f ! ,prism ?r\gh t ,hole1 t x is to ! app>5t ,magnitude ( t ,hole view'd f ! ,prism4 ,b t ^! ,circles may answ] m di/9ctly to t ,hole1 a ,l5s is to be plac$ by ! ,prism to ca/ ! ,image ( ! ,hole1 7t is1 e "o ( ! ,circles ,,ag1 ,,bh1 c47 di/9ctly ^u ! ,pap] at ,,pt1 aft] su* a mann]1 z by a ,l5s plac$ at a ,w9d[1 ! ,species ( ,objects abroad are ca/ di/9ctly ^u a ,pap] )9 ! ,room1 & ! rectil9e> ,sides ( ! oblong ,sol> ,image 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t became di/9ct )\t any ,p5umbra4 ,if ?is be done1 x w n be necess>y to place t ,hole v f> (f1 no n beyond ! ,w9d[4 ,& !re=e in/ead ( t ,hole1 ,i us$ ! ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 z foll[s4 ,exp]4 #aa4 ,9 ! ,sun's ,light let into my d>k5'd ,*amb] ?r\gh a small r\nd ,hole 9 my ,w9d[-%ut1 at ab\t t5 or twelve ,feet f ! ,w9d[1 ,i plac$ a ,l5s1 by :i* ! ,image ( ! ,hole might be di/9ctly ca/ ^u a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap]1 plac$ at ! di/ance ( six1 eight1 t51 or twelve ,feet f ! ,l5s4 ,=1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! ,l5ses ,i us$ v>i\s di/ances1 :i* ,i ?9k n wor? ! :ile to describe4 ,!n imm$iately aft] ! ,l5s ,i plac$ a ,prism1 by :i* ! traject$ ,light might be refract$ ei!r upw>ds or sideways1 & !reby ! r\nd ,image1 :i* ! ,l5s alone did ca/ ^u ! ,pap] might be drawn out into a long "o ) ,p>allel ,sides1 z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,?is oblong ,image ,i let fall ^u ano!r ,pap] at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! ,prism z be=e1 mov+ ! ,pap] ei!r t[>ds ! ,prism or f x1 until ,i f\nd ! j di/ance :]e ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,image became mo/ di/9ct4 ,= 9 ?is ,case1 ! ,circul> ,images ( ! ,hole1 :i* compose t ,image aft] ! same mann] t ! ,circles ag1 bh1 ci1 c4 d ! ,figure pt 9 ,fig4 #bc4 7 t]m9at$ mo/ di/9ctly )\t any ,p5umbra1 & !re=e ext5d$ into "o ano!r ! lea/ t !y c\ld1 & by consequ5ce ! ,mixture ( ! het]og5e\s ,rays 0 n[ ! lea/ ( all4 ,by ?is means ,i us$ to =m an oblong ,image 7su* z is pt7 9 ,fig4 #bc1 & #bd4 ( ,circul> ,images ( ! ,hole1 7su* z are ag1 bh1 ci1 c47 & by us+ a great] or less ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 ,i made ! ,circul> ,images ag1 bh1 ci1 c4 ( :i* x 0 =m$1 to become great] or less at pleasure1 & !reby ! ,mixture ( ! ,rays 9 ! ,image pt to be z mu*1 or z little z ,i desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! tw5ty-f\r? ,figure1 ,f repres5ts ! ,circul> ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 ,,mn ! ,l5s1 :]eby ! ,image or ,species ( t ,hole is ca/ di/9ctly ^u a ,pap] at ,j1 ,,abc ! ,prism1 :]eby ! ,rays are at _! em]g+ out ( ! ,l5s refract$ f ,j t[>ds ano!r ,pap] at pt1 & ! r\nd ,image at ,j is turn$ into an oblong ,image pt fall+ on t o!r ,pap]4 ,?is ,image pt consi/s ( ,circles plac$ "o aft] ano!r 9 a ,rectil9e> ,ord]1 z 0 suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t2 & ^! ,circles are equal to ! ,circle ,j1 & consequ5tly answ] 9 magnitude to ! ,hole ,f2 & !re=e by dim9i%+ t ,hole !y may be at pleasure dim9i%$1 :il/ _! ,c5t]s rema9 9 _! ,places4 ,by ?is means ,i made ! ,bread? ( ! ,image pt to be =ty times1 & sometimes sixty or sev5ty times less ?an its ,l5g?4 ,z = in/ance1 if ! ,bread? ( ! ,hole ,f be "o t5? ( an ,in*1 & ,,mf ! di/ance ( ! ,l5s f ! ,hole be #ab ,feet2 & if p,b or p,m ! di/ance ( ! ,image pt f ! ,prism or ,l5s be #aj ,feet1 & ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism be #fb ,degrees1 ! ,bread? ( ! ,image pt w be "o twelf? ( an ,in*1 & ! ,l5g? ab\t six ,in*es1 & !re=e ! ,l5g? to ! ,bread? z #gb to #a1 & by consequ5ce ! ,light ( ?is ,image #ga times less comp\nd ?an ! ,sun's direct ,light4 ,& ,light ?us f> simple & homog5eal1 is suffici5t = try+ all ! ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is ,book ab\t simple ,light4 ,= ! ,composition ( het]og5eal ,rays is 9 ?is ,light s little1 t x is sc>ce to be discov]$ & p]ceiv'd by ,s5se1 except p]haps 9 ! indigo & violet4 ,= ^! be+ d>k ,col\rs d easily suff] a s5sible ,allay by t little scatt]+ ,light :i* uses to be refract$ irregul>ly by ! ,inequalities ( ! ,prism4 ,yet in/ead ( ! ,circul> ,hole ,f1 'tis bett] to sub/itute an oblong ,hole %ap$ l a long ,p>allelogram ) its ,l5g? p>allel to ! ,prism ,,abc4 ,= if ?is ,hole be an ,in* or two long1 & b a t5? or tw5tie? ,"p ( an ,in* broad1 or n>r[]2 ! ,light ( ! ,image pt w be z simple z be=e1 or simpl]1 & ! ,image w become mu* broad]1 & !re=e m fit to h ,exp]im5ts try'd 9 its ,light ?an be=e4 ,in/ead ( ?is ,p>allelogram ,hole may be sub/itut$ a triangul> "o ( equal ,sides1 ^: ,base1 = in/ance1 is ab\t ! t5? ,"p ( an ,in*1 & its ,height an ,in* or m4 ,= by ?is means1 if ! ,axis ( ! ,prism be p>allel to ! ,p]p5dicul> ( ! ,triangle1 ! ,image pt 9 ,fig4 #be4 w n[ be =m'd ( equicrural ,triangles ag1 bh1 ci1 dk1 el1 fm1 c4 & innum]able o!r int]m$iate ones answ]+ to ! triangul> ,hole 9 ,%ape & ,bigness1 & ly+ "o aft] ano!r 9 a cont9ual ,s]ies betwe5 two ,p>allel ,l9es af & gm4 ,^! ,triangles are a little int]m+l$ at _! ,bases1 b n at _! ,v]tices2 & !re=e ! ,light on ! bright] ,side af ( ! ,image1 :]e ! ,bases ( ! ,triangles are1 is a little comp\nd$1 b on ! d>k] ,side gm is altoge!r uncomp\nd$1 & 9 all ,places betwe5 ! ,sides ! ,composition is proportional to ! di/ances ( ! ,places f t obscur] ,side gm4 ,& hav+ a ,spectrum pt ( su* a ,composition1 we may try ,exp]im5ts ei!r 9 its /rong] & less simple ,light ne> ! ,side af1 or 9 its weak] & simpl] ,light ne> ! o!r ,side gm1 z x %all seem mo/ conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,b 9 mak+ ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! ,*amb] ought to be made z d>k z c be1 le/ any ,=eign ,light m+le x self ) ! ,light ( ! ,spectrum pt1 & r5d] x comp\nd2 especially if we w\ld try ,exp]im5ts 9 ! m simple ,light next ! ,side gm ( ! ,spectrum2 :i* be+ fa9t]1 w h a less proportion to ! ,=eign ,light2 & s by ! mixture ( t ,light be m tr\bl$1 & made m comp\nd4 ,! ,l5s also ought to be good1 su* z may s]ve = optical ,uses1 & ! ,prism ought to h a l>ge ,angle1 suppose ( #fe or #gj ,degrees1 & to be well wr\ght1 be+ made ( ,glass free f ,bubbles & ,ve9s1 ) its ,sides n a little convex or concave1 z usually happ5s1 b truly plane1 & its ,poli% elaborate1 z 9 work+ ,optick-glasses1 & n su* z is usually wr\ght ) ,putty1 :]eby ! edges ( ! ,s&-holes be+ worn away1 !re are left all ov] ! ,glass a numb]less ,company ( v little convex polite ,ris+s l ,waves4 ,! edges also ( ! ,prism & ,l5s1 s f> z !y may make any irregul> ,refraction1 mu/ be cov]$ ) a black ,pap] glew$ on4 ,& all ! ,light ( ! ,sun's ,beam let into ! ,*amb]1 :i* is useless & unpr(itable to ! ,exp]im5t1 ought to be int]cept$ ) black ,pap]1 or o!r black ,ob/acles4 ,= o!rwise ! useless ,light be+ reflect$ e way 9 ! ,*amb]1 w mix ) ! oblong ,spectrum1 & help to di/urb x4 ,9 try+ ^! ,?+s1 s mu* dilig5ce is n altoge!r necess>y1 b x w promote ! ,success ( ! ,exp]im5ts1 & by a v scrupul\s ,exam9] ( ,?+s des]ves to be apply'd4 ,x's difficult to get ,glass ,prisms fit = ?is ,purpose1 & !re=e ,i us$ sometimes prismatick ,vessels made ) pieces ( brok5 ,look+-glasses1 & fill$ ) ,ra9 ,wat]4 ,& to increase ! ,refraction1 ,i sometimes impregnat$ ! ,wat] /rongly ) ,sac*>um ,saturni4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,,!or4 ,,iv4 ,homog5eal ,light is refract$ regul>ly )\t any ,dilatation splitt+ or %att]+ ( ! ,rays1 & ! confus$ ,vision ( ,objects se5 ?r\gh refract+ ,bodies by het]og5eal ,light arises f ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( sev]al sorts ( ,rays4 ,! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,proposition has be5 already suffici5tly prov$ 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t1 & w f>!r appe> by ! ,exp]im5ts :i* foll[4 ,exp]4 #ab4 ,9 ! middle ( a black ,pap] ,i made a r\nd ,hole ab\t a fif? or six? ,"p ( an ,in* 9 diamet]4 ,^u ?is ,pap] ,i caus$ ! ,spectrum ( homog5eal ,light describ$ 9 ! =m] ,proposition1 s to fall1 t "s "p ( ! ,light might pass ?r\gh ! ,hole ( ! ,pap]4 ,?is transmitt$ "p ( ! ,light ,i refract$ ) a ,prism plac$ beh9d ! ,pap]1 & lett+ ?is refract$ ,light fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u a :ite ,pap] two or ?ree ,feet di/ant f ! ,prism1 ,i f\nd t ! ,spectrum =m$ on ! ,pap] by ?is ,light 0 n oblong1 z :5 'tis made 79 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t7 by refract+ ! ,sun's comp\nd ,light1 b 0 7s f> z ,i c\ld judge by my ,eye7 p]fectly circul>1 ! ,l5g? be+ no great] ?an ! ,bread?4 ,:i* %ews1 t ?is ,light is refract$ regul>ly )\t any ,dilatation ( ! ,rays4 ,exp]4 #ac4 ,9 ! homog5eal ,light ,i plac$ a ,pap] ,circle ( a qu>t] ( an ,in* 9 diamet]1 & 9 ! ,sun's unrefract$ het]og5eal :ite ,light ,i plac$ ano!r ,pap] ,circle ( ! same ,bigness4 ,& go+ f ! ,pap]s to ! di/ance ( "s ,feet1 ,i view$ bo? ,circles ?r\gh a ,prism4 ,! ,circle illum9at$ by ! ,sun's het]og5eal ,light appe>$ v oblong1 z 9 ! f\r? ,exp]im5t1 ! ,l5g? be+ _m times great] ?an ! ,bread?2 b ! o!r ,circle1 illum9at$ ) homog5eal ,light1 appe>$ circul> & di/9ctly def9$1 z :5 'tis view'd ) ! nak$ ,eye4 ,:i* proves ! :ole ,proposition4 ,exp]4 #ad4 ,9 ! homog5eal ,light ,i plac$ ,flies1 & su*-l m9ute ,objects1 & view+ !m ?r\gh a ,prism1 ,i saw _! ,p>ts z di/9ctly def9$1 z if ,i _h view$ !m ) ! nak$ ,eye4 ,! same ,objects plac$ 9 ! ,sun's unrefract$ het]og5eal ,light1 :i* 0 :ite1 ,i view$ also ?r\gh a ,prism1 & saw !m mo/ confus$ly def9$1 s t ,i c\ld n di/+ui% _! small] ,p>ts f "o ano!r4 ,i plac$ also ! ,lett]s ( a small pr9t1 "o :ile 9 ! homog5eal ,light1 & !n 9 ! het]og5eal1 & view+ !m ?r\gh a ,prism1 !y appe>$ 9 ! latt] ,case s confus$ & indi/9ct1 t ,i c\ld n read !m2 b 9 ! =m] !y appe>$ s di/9ct1 t ,i c\ld read readily1 & ?\ght ,i saw !m z di/9ct1 z :5 ,i view'd !m ) my nak$ ,eye4 ,9 bo? ,cases ,i view'd ! same ,objects1 ?r\gh ! same ,prism at ! same di/ance f me1 & 9 ! same ,situation4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce1 b 9 ! ,light by :i* ! ,objects 7 illum9at$1 & :i* 9 "o ,case 0 simple1 & 9 ! o!r comp\nd2 & !re=e1 ! di/9ct ,vision 9 ! =m] ,case1 & confus$ 9 ! latt]1 c\ld arise f no?+ else ?an f t diff]5ce ( ! ,lights4 ,:i* proves ! :ole ,proposition4 ,& 9 ^! ?ree ,exp]im5ts x is f>!r v rem>kable1 t ! ,col\r ( homog5eal ,light 0 nev] *ang$ by ! ,refraction4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,,!or4 ,v4 ,! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( e ,ray consid]$ ap>t1 is to its ,s9e ( ,refraction 9 a giv5 ,ratio4 ,t e ,ray consid]'d ap>t1 is con/ant to x self 9 "s degree ( ,refrangibility1 is suffici5tly manife/ out ( :at has be5 said4 ,^? ,rays1 :i* 9 ! fir/ ,refraction1 are at equal ,incid5ces mo/ refract$1 are also 9 ! foll[+ ,refractions at equal ,incid5ces mo/ refract$2 & s ( ! lea/ refrangible1 & ! re/ :i* h any mean ,degree ( ,refrangibility1 z is manife/ by ! fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? ,exp]im5ts4 ,& ^? :i* ! fir/ ,"t at l ,incid5ces are equally refract$1 are aga9 at l ,incid5ces equally & uni=mly refract$1 & t :e!r !y be refract$ be=e !y be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 z 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t1 or :e!r !y be refract$ ap>t1 z 9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5? & f\rte5? ,exp]im5ts4 ,! ,refraction !re=e ( e ,ray ap>t is regul>1 & :at ,rule t ,refraction obs]ves we are n[ to %ew4,e ,! late ,writ]s 9 ,opticks tea*1 t ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce are 9 a giv5 ,proportion to ! ,s9es ( ,refraction1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! fif? ,axiom1 & "s by ,in/rum5ts fitt$ = measur+ ( ,refractions1 or o!rwise exp]im5tally exam9+ ?is ,proportion1 d acqua9t u t !y h f\nd x accurate4 ,b :il/ !y1 n und]/&+ ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( sev]al ,rays1 conceiv$ !m all to be refract$ accord+ to "o & ! same ,proportion1 'tis to be presum$ t !y adapt$ _! ,measures only to ! middle ( ! refract$ ,light2 s t f _! ,measures we may conclude only t ! ,rays :i* h a mean ,degree ( ,refrangibility1 t is1 ^? :i* :5 sep>at$ f ! re/ appe> gre51 are refract$ accord+ to a giv5 ,proportion ( _! ,s9es4 ,& !re=e we are n[ to %ew1 t ! l giv5 ,proportions obta9 9 all ! re/4 ,t x %\ld be s is v reasonable1 ,nature be+ ev] con=mable to h] self2 b an exp]im5tal ,pro( is desir$4 ,& su* a ,pro( w be _h1 if we c %ew t ! ,s9es ( ,refraction ( ,rays diff]5tly refrangible are "o to ano!r 9 a giv5 ,proportion :5 _! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce are equal4 ,=1 if ! ,s9es ( ,refraction ( all ! ,rays are 9 giv5 ,proportions to ! ,s9e ( ,refractions ( a ,ray :i* has a mean ,degree ( ,refrangibility1 & ?is ,s9e is 9 a giv5 ,proportion to ! equal ,s9es ( ,incid5ce1 ^? o!r ,s9es ( ,refraction w also be 9 giv5 ,proportions to ! equal ,s9es ( ,incid5ce4 ,n[1 :5 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce are equal1 x w appe> by ! foll[+ ,exp]im5t1 t ! ,s9es ( ,refraction are 9 a giv5 ,proportion to "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,exp]4 #ae4 ,! ,sun %9+ into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a little r\nd ,hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 let ,s 9 ,fig4 #bf4 repres5t 8 r\nd :ite ,image pa9t$ on ! opposite ,wall by 8 direct ,light1 ,,pt 8 oblong col\r$ ,image made by refract+ t ,light ) a ,prism plac$ at ! ,w9d[2 & pt1 or #bp #bt1 #cp #ct1 8 oblong col\r'd ,image made by refract+ aga9 ! same ,light sideways ) a second ,prism plac$ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ 9 a cross ,position to x1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t2 t is to say1 pt :5 ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism is small1 #bp #bt :5 its ,refraction is great]1 & #cp #ct :5 x is greate/4 ,= su* w be ! div]sity ( ! ,refractions1 if ! refract+ ,angle ( ! second ,prism be ( v>i\s ,magnitudes2 suppose ( fifte5 or tw5ty ,degrees to make ! ,image pt1 ( ?irty or =ty to make ! ,image #bp #bt1 & ( sixty to make ! ,image #cp #ct4 ,b = want ( solid ,glass ,prisms ) ,angles ( conv5i5t ,bignesses1 !re may be ,vessels made ( poli%$ ,plates ( ,glass cem5t$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( ,prisms & fill$ ) ,wat]4 ,^! ?+s be+ ?us ord]$1 ,i obs]v$ t all ! sol> ,images or col\r$ ,spectrums ,,pt1 pt1 #bp #bt1 #cp #ct did v ne>ly conv]ge to ! place ,s on :i* ! direct ,light ( ! ,sun fell & pa9t$ 8 :ite r\nd ,image :5 ! ,prisms 7 tak5 away4 ,! ,axis ( ! ,spectrum ,,pt1 t is ! ,l9e drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( x p>allel to its rectil9e> ,sides1 did :5 produc$ pass exactly ?r\gh ! middle ( t :ite r\nd ,image ,s4 ,& :5 ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism 0 equal to ! ,refraction ( ! fir/1 ! refract+ ,angles ( !m bo? be+ ab\t #fj ,degrees1 ! ,axis ( ! ,spectrum #cp #ct made by t ,refraction1 did :5 produc$ pass also ?r\gh ! middle ( ! same :ite r\nd ,image ,s4 ,b :5 ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism 0 less ?an t ( ! fir/1 ! produc$ ,axes ( ! ,spectrums tp or #bt #bp made by t ,refraction did cut ! produc$ ,axis ( ! ,spectrum ,,tp 9 ! po9ts m & n1 a little beyond ! ,c5t] ( t :ite r\nd ,image ,s4 ,:5ce ! proportion ( ! ,l9e #ct,t to ! ,l9e #cp,p 0 a little great] ?an ! ,proportion ( #bt,t or #bp,p1 & ?is ,proportion a little great] ?an t ( t,t to p,p4 ,n[ :5 ! ,light ( ! ,spectrum ,,pt falls p]p5dicul>ly ^u ! ,wall1 ^? ,l9es #ct,t1 #cp,p1 & #bt,t1 & #bp,p1 & t,t1 p,p1 are ! ,tang5ts ( ! ,refractions1 & !re=e by ?is ,exp]im5t ! ,proportions ( ! ,tang5ts ( ! ,refractions are obta9$1 f :5ce ! ,proportions ( ! ,s9es be+ d]iv$1 !y come out equal1 s f> z by view+ ! ,spectrums1 & us+ "s ma!matical ,reason+ ,i c\ld e/imate4 ,= ,i did n make an accurate ,computation4 ,s !n ! ,proposition holds true 9 e ,ray ap>t1 s f> z appe>s by ,exp]im5t4 ,& t x is accurately true1 may be demon/rat$ ^u ?is ,supposition4 ,t ,bodies refract ,light by act+ ^u its ,rays 9 ,l9es p]p5dicul> to _! ,surfaces4 ,b 9 ord] to ?is ,demon/ration1 ,i mu/ di/+ui% ! ,motion ( e ,ray into two ,motions1 ! "o p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ ,surface1 ! o!r p>allel to x1 & conc]n+ ! p]p5dicul> ,motion lay d[n ! foll[+ ,proposition4 ,if any ,motion or mov+ ?+ :atsoev] be incid5t ) any ,velocity on any broad & ?9 space t]m9at$ on bo? sides by two p>allel ,planes1 & 9 its ,passage ?r\gh t space be urg$ p]p5dicul>ly t[>ds ! f>!r ,plane by any =ce :i* at giv5 di/ances f ! ,plane is ( giv5 ,quantities2 ! p]p5dicul> velocity ( t ,motion or ,?+1 at its em]g+ out ( t space1 %all be always equal to ! squ>e ,root ( ! sum ( ! squ>e ( ! p]p5dicul> velocity ( t ,motion or ,?+ at its ,incid5ce on t space2 & ( ! squ>e ( ! p]p5dicul> velocity :i* t ,motion or ,?+ w\ld h at its ,em]g5ce1 if at its ,incid5ce its p]p5dicul> velocity 0 inf9itely little4 ,& ! same ,proposition holds true ( any ,motion or ,?+ p]p5dicul>ly ret>d$ 9 its passage ?r\gh t space1 if in/ead ( ! sum ( ! two ,squ>es y take _! diff]5ce4 ,! ,demon/ration ,ma!maticians w easily f9d out1 & !re=e ,i %all n tr\ble ! ,read] ) x4 ,suppose n[ t a ,ray com+ mo/ obliquely 9 ! ,l9e ,,mc 9 ,fig4 #a4 be refract$ at ,c by ! ,plane ,,rs into ! ,l9e ,,cn1 & if x be requir$ to f9d ! ,l9e ,,ce1 into :i* any o!r ,ray ,,ac %all be refract$2 let ,,mc1 ,,ad1 be ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce ( ! two ,rays1 & ,,ng1 ,,ef1 _! ,s9es ( ,refraction1 & let ! equal ,motions ( ! incid5t ,rays be repres5t$ by ! equal ,l9es ,,mc & ,,ac1 & ! ,motion ,,mc be+ consid]$ z p>allel to ! refract+ ,plane1 let ! o!r ,motion ,,ac be di/+ui%$ into two ,motions ,,ad & ,,dc1 "o ( :i* ,,ad is p>allel1 & ! o!r ,,dc p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ ,surface4 ,9 l mann]1 let ! ,motions ( ! em]g+ ,rays be di/+ui%'d into two1 :]e( ! p]p5dicul> ones are ,,mc_/,,ng x ,,cg & ,,ad_/,,ef x ,,cf4 ,& if ! =ce ( ! refract+ ,plane beg9s to act ^u ! ,rays ei!r 9 t ,plane or at a c]ta9 di/ance f x on ! "o side1 & ends at a c]ta9 di/ance f x on ! o!r side1 & 9 all places betwe5 ^? two limits acts ^u ! ,rays 9 ,l9es p]p5dicul> to t refract+ ,plane1 & ! ,actions ^u ! ,rays at equal di/ances f ! refract+ ,plane be equal1 & at unequal ones ei!r equal or unequal accord+ to any rate :atev]2 t ,motion ( ! ,ray :i* is p>allel to ! refract+ ,plane1 w suff] no ,alt]ation by t ,=ce2 & t ,motion :i* is p]p5dicul> to x w be alt]$ accord+ to ! rule ( ! =ego+ ,proposition4 ,if !re=e = ! p]p5dicul> velocity ( ! em]g+ ,ray ,,cn y write ,,mc_/,,ng x ,,cg z above1 !n ! p]p5dicul> velocity ( any o!r em]g+ ,ray ,,ce :i* 0 ,,ad_/,,ef x ,,cf1 w be equal to ! squ>e ,root ( ,,cdq 7,m,cq_/,n,gq x ,,cgq74 ,& by squ>+ ^! ,equals1 & add+ to !m ! ,equals ,,adq & ,,mcq - ,,cdq1 & divid+ ! ,sums by ! ,equals ,,cfq ,,efq & ,,cgq ,,ngq1 y w h ,m,cq_/,n,gq equal to ,a,dq_/,e,fq4 ,:5ce ,,ad1 ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 is to ,,ef ! ,s9e ( ,refraction1 z ,,mc to ,,ng1 t is1 9 a giv5 ratio4 ,& ?is ,demon/ration be+ g5]al1 )\t det]m9+ :at ,light is1 or by :at k9d ( ,=ce x is refract$1 or assum+ any ?+ f>!r ?an t ! refract+ ,body acts ^u ! ,rays 9 ,l9es p]p5dicul> to its ,surface2 ,i take x to be a v conv9c+ ,argum5t ( ! full tru? ( ?is ,proposition4 ,s !n1 if ! ratio ( ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction ( any sort ( ,rays be f\nd 9 any "o case1 'tis giv5 9 all cases2 & ?is may be readily f\nd by ! ,me?od 9 ! foll[+ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,,!or4 ,,vi4 ,! ,p]fection ( ,telescopes is imp$$ by ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays ( ,light4 ,! ,imp]fection ( ,telescopes is vulg>ly attribut$ to ! sph]ical ,figures ( ! ,glasses1 & !re=e ,ma!maticians h prop\nd$ to figure !m by ! conical ,sections4 ,to %ew t !y are mi/ak51 ,i h ins]t$ ?is ,proposition2 ! tru? ( :i* w appe> by ! measure ( ! ,refractions ( ! sev]al sorts ( ,rays2 & ^! measures ,i ?us det]m9e4 ,9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ?is fir/ ,"p1 :]e ! refract+ ,angle ( ! ,prism 0 #fb-a_/b ,degrees1 ! half ( t ,angle #ca deg4 #ae m94 is ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce ( ! ,rays at _! go+ out ( ! ,glass into ! ,air,f2 & ! ,s9e ( ?is ,angle is #eahh1 ! ,radius be+ #ajjjj4 ,:5 ! ,axis ( ?is ,prism 0 p>allel to ! ,horizon1 & ! ,refraction ( ! ,rays at _! ,incid5ce on ?is ,prism equal to t at _! ,em]g5ce out ( x1 ,i obs]v$ ) a ,quadrant ! ,angle :i* ! mean refrangible ,rays1 7t is ^? :i* w5t to ! middle ( ! ,sun's col\r$ ,image7 made ) ! ,horizon1 & by ?is ,angle & ! ,sun's altitude obs]v$ at ! same "t1 ,i f\nd ! ,angle :i* ! em]g5t ,rays conta9$ ) ! incid5t to be #dd deg4 & #dj m94 & ! half ( ?is ,angle add$ to ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce #ca deg4 #ae m94 makes ! ,angle ( ,refraction1 :i* is !re=e #ec deg4 #ce m94 & its ,s9e #hjdg4 ,^! are ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction ( ! mean refrangible ,rays1 & _! ,proportion 9 r\nd ,numb]s is #bj to #ca4 ,?is ,glass 0 ( a ,col\r incl9+ to gre54 ,! la/ ( ! ,prisms m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t 0 ( cle> :ite ,glass4 ,its refract+ ,angle #fc-a_/b ,degrees4 ,! ,angle :i* ! em]g5t ,rays conta9$1 ) ! incid5t #de deg4 #ej m94 ,! ,s9e ( half ! fir/ ,angle #ebfb4 ,! ,s9e ( half ! ,sum ( ! ,angles #haeg4 ,& _! ,proportion 9 r\nd ,numb]s #bj to #ca1 z be=e4 ,f ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image1 :i* 0 ab\t #i-c_/d or #aj ,in*es1 subduct its ,bread?1 :i* 0 #b-a_/h ,in*es1 & ! ,rema9d] #g-c_/d ,in*es w\ld be ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image 7 ! ,sun b a ,po9t1 & !re=e subt5ds ! ,angle :i* ! mo/ & lea/ refrangible ,rays1 :5 incid5t on ! ,prism 9 ! same ,l9es1 d conta9 ) "o ano!r aft] _! ,em]g5ce4 ,:5ce ?is ,angle is #b deg4 #j'4 #g''4 ,= ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,image & ! ,prism :]e ?is ,angle is made1 0 #ah-a_/b ,feet1 & at t di/ance ! ,*ord #g-c_/d ,in*es subt5ds an ,angle ( #b deg4 #j'4 #g''4 ,n[ half ?is ,angle is ! ,angle :i* ^! em]g5t ,rays conta9 ) ! em]g5t mean refrangible ,rays1 & a qu>t] !re(1 t is #cj'4 #b''4 may be acc\nt$ ! ,angle :i* !y w\ld conta9 ) ! same em]g5t mean refrangible ,rays1 7 !y co-incid5t to !m )9 ! ,glass1 & suff]$ no o!r ,refraction ?an t at _! ,em]g5ce4 ,=1 if two equal ,refractions1 ! "o at ! ,incid5ce ( ! ,rays on ! ,prism1 ! o!r at _! ,em]g5ce1 make half ! ,angle #b deg4 #j'4 #g''4 !n "o ( ^? ,refractions w make ab\t a qu>t] ( t ,angle1 & ?is qu>t] add$ to1 & subduct$ f ! ,angle ( ,refraction ( ! mean refrangible ,rays1 :i* 0 #ec deg4 #ce'1 gives ! ,angles ( ,refraction ( ! mo/ & lea/ refrangible ,rays #ed deg4 #e' #b''1 & #ec deg4 #d' #eh''1 ^: ,s9es are #hjii & #giie1 ! common ,angle ( ,incid5ce be+ #ca deg4 #ae'1 & its ,s9e #eahh2 & ^! ,s9es 9 ! lea/ r\nd ,numb]s are 9 proportion to "o ano!r1 z #gh & #gg to #ej4 ,n[1 if y subduct ! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce #ej f ! ,s9es ( ,refraction #gg & #gh1 ! ,rema9d]s #bg & #bh %ew1 t 9 small ,refractions ! ,refraction ( ! lea/ refrangible ,rays is to ! ,refraction ( ! mo/ refrangible ones1 z #bg to #bh v ne>ly1 & t ! diff]5ce ( ! ,refractions ( ! lea/ refrangible & mo/ refrangible ,rays is ab\t ! #bg-a_/b? ,"p ( ! :ole ,refraction ( ! mean refrangible ,rays4 ,:5ce !y t are skill$ 9 ,opticks w easily und]/&1,g t ! ,bread? ( ! lea/ circul> ,space1 into :i* ,object-glasses ( ,telescopes c collect all sorts ( ,p>allel ,rays1 is ab\t ! #bg-a_/b? ,"p ( half ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,glass1 or #ee? ,"p ( ! :ole ,ap]ture2 & t ! ,focus ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays is ne>] to ! ,object-glass ?an ! ,focus ( ! lea/ refrangible ones1 by ab\t ! #bg-a_/b? ,"p ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,object-glass & ! ,focus ( ! mean refrangible ones4 ,& if ,rays ( all sorts1 fl[+ f any "o lucid ,po9t 9 ! ,axis ( any convex ,l5s1 be made by ! ,refraction ( ! ,l5s to conv]ge to ,po9ts n too remote f ! ,l5s1 ! ,focus ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays %all be ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an ! ,focus ( ! lea/ refrangible ones1 by a di/ance :i* is to ! #bg-a_/b? ,"p ( ! di/ance ( ! ,focus ( ! mean refrangible ,rays f ! ,l5s1 z ! di/ance betwe5 t ,focus & ! lucid ,po9t1 f :5ce ! ,rays fl[1 is to ! di/ance betwe5 t lucid ,po9t & ! ,l5s v ne>ly4 ,n[ to exam9e :e!r ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,refractions1 :i* ! mo/ refrangible & ! lea/ refrangible ,rays fl[+ f ! same ,po9t suff] 9 ! ,object-glasses ( ,telescopes & su*-l ,glasses1 be s great z is "h describ$1 ,i contriv$ ! foll[+ ,exp]im5t4 ,exp]4 #af4 ,! ,l5s :i* ,i us$ 9 ! second & eigh? ,exp]im5ts1 be+ plac$ six ,feet & an ,in* di/ant f any ,object1 collect$ ! ,species ( t ,object by ! mean refrangible ,rays at ! di/ance ( six ,feet & an ,in* f ! ,l5s on ! o!r side4 ,& !re=e by ! =ego+ ,rule1 x ought to collect ! ,species ( t ,object by ! lea/ refrangible ,rays at ! di/ance ( six ,feet & #c-b_/c ,in*es f ! ,l5s1 & by ! mo/ refrangible ones at ! di/ance ( five ,feet & #aj-a_/c ,in*es f x3 ,s t betwe5 ! two ,places1 :]e ^! lea/ & mo/ refrangible ,rays collect ! ,species1 !re may be ! di/ance ( ab\t #e-a_/c ,in*es4 ,= by t ,rule1 z six ,feet & an ,in* 7! di/ance ( ! ,l5s f ! lucid ,object7 is to twelve ,feet & two ,in*es 7! di/ance ( ! lucid ,object f ! ,focus ( ! mean refrangible ,rays7 t is1 z ,"o is to ,two2 s is ! #bg-a_/b? ,"p ( six ,feet & an ,in* 7! di/ance betwe5 ! ,l5s & ! same ,focus7 to ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,focus ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays & ! ,focus ( ! lea/ refrangible ones1 :i* is !re=e #e-ag_/ee ,in*es1 t is v ne>ly #e-a_/c ,in*es4 ,n[ to "k :e!r ?is ,measure 0 true1 ,i repeat$ ! second & eigh? ,exp]im5t ) col\r$ ,light1 :i* 0 less comp\nd$ ?an t ,i !re made use (3 ,= ,i n[ sep>at$ ! het]og5e\s ,rays f "o ano!r by ! ,me?od ,i describ$ 9 ! elev5? ,exp]im5t1 s z to make a col\r$ ,spectrum ab\t twelve or fifte5 ,times long] ?an broad4 ,?is ,spectrum ,i ca/ on a pr9t$ ,book1 & plac+ ! above-m5tion$ ,l5s at ! di/ance ( six ,feet & an ,in* f ?is ,spectrum to collect ! ,species ( ! illum9at$ ,lett]s at ! same di/ance on ! o!r side1 ,i f\nd t ! ,species ( ! ,lett]s illum9at$ ) blue 7 ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an ^? illum9at$ ) deep r$ by ab\t ?ree ,in*es1 or ?ree & a qu>t]2 b ! ,species ( ! ,lett]s illum9at$ ) indigo & violet appe>$ s confus$ & indi/9ct1 t ,i c\ld n read !m3 ,:]eupon view+ ! ,prism1 ,i f\nd x 0 full ( ,ve9s runn+ f "o end ( ! ,glass to ! o!r2 s t ! ,refraction c\ld n be regul>4 ,i took ano!r ,prism !re=e :i* 0 free f ,ve9s1 & in/ead ( ! ,lett]s ,i us$ two or ?ree ,p>allel black ,l9es a little broad] ?an ! ,/rokes ( ! ,lett]s1 & ca/+ ! ,col\rs ^u ^! ,l9es 9 su* mann]1 t ! ,l9es ran along ! ,col\rs f "o end ( ! ,spectrum to ! o!r1 ,i f\nd t ! ,focus :]e ! indigo1 or conf9e ( ?is ,col\r & violet ca/ ! ,species ( ! black ,l9es mo/ di/9ctly1 to be ab\t f\r ,in*es1 or #d-a_/d ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an ! ,focus1 :]e ! deepe/ r$ ca/ ! ,species ( ! same black ,l9es mo/ di/9ctly4 ,! violet 0 s fa9t & d>k1 t ,i c\ld n disc]n ! ,species ( ! ,l9es di/9ctly by t ,col\r2 & !re=e consid]+ t ! ,prism 0 made ( a d>k col\r$ ,glass incl9+ to gre51 ,i took ano!r ,prism ( cle> :ite ,glass2 b ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs :i* ?is ,prism made _h long :ite ,/reams ( fa9t ,light %oot+ out f bo? ends ( ! ,col\rs1 :i* made me conclude t some?+ 0 amiss2 & view+ ! ,prism1 ,i f\nd two or ?ree little ,bubbles 9 ! ,glass1 :i* refract$ ! ,light irregul>ly4 ,:]e=e ,i cov]$ t ,"p ( ! ,glass ) black ,pap]1 & lett+ ! ,light pass ?r\gh ano!r ,"p ( x :i* 0 free f su* ,bubbles1 ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs became free f ^? irregul> ,/reams ( ,light1 & 0 n[ su* z ,i desir$4 ,b /ill ,i f\nd ! violet s d>k & fa9t1 t ,i c\ld sc>ce see ! ,species ( ! ,l9es by ! violet1 & n at all by ! deepe/ ,"p ( x1 :i* 0 next ! end ( ! ,spectrum4 ,i suspect$ !re=e1 t ?is fa9t & d>k ,col\r might be allay$ by t scatt]+ ,light :i* 0 refract$1 & reflect$ irregul>ly1 p>tly by "s v small ,bubbles 9 ! ,glasses1 & p>tly by ! ,inequalities ( _! ,poli%2 :i* ,light1 ?o' x 0 b little1 yet x be+ ( a :ite ,col\r1 might suffice to affect ! ,s5se s /rongly z to di/urb ! ,pha5om5a ( t weak & d>k ,col\r ! violet1 & !re=e ,i tri$1 z 9 ! #ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? ,exp]im5ts1 :e!r ! ,light ( ?is ,col\r did n consi/ ( a s5sible ,mixture ( het]og5e\s ,rays1 b f\nd x did n4 ,nor did ! ,refractions cause any o!r s5sible ,col\r ?an violet to em]ge out ( ?is ,light1 z !y w\ld h done out ( :ite ,light1 & by consequ5ce out ( ?is violet ,light _h x be5 s5sibly comp\nd$ ) :ite ,light4 ,& !re=e ,i conclud$1 t ! reason :y ,i c\ld n see ! ,species ( ! ,l9es di/9ctly by ?is ,col\r1 0 only ! ,d>kness ( ?is ,col\r1 & ,?9ness ( its ,light1 & its di/ance f ! ,axis ( ! ,l5s2 ,i divid$ !re=e ^? ,p>allel black ,l9es into equal ,p>ts1 by :i* ,i might readily "k ! di/ances ( ! ,col\rs 9 ! ,spectrum f "o ano!r1 & not$ ! di/ances ( ! ,l5s f ! ,foci ( su* ,col\rs1 z ca/ ! ,species ( ! ,l9es di/9ctly1 & !n consid]$ :e!r ! diff]5ce ( ^? di/ances be> su* proportion to #e-a_/c ,in*es1 ! greate/ ,diff]5ce ( ! di/ances1 :i* ! ,foci ( ! deepe/ r$ & violet ought to h f ! ,l5s1 z ! di/ance ( ! obs]v$ ,col\rs f "o ano!r 9 ! ,spectrum be> to ! greate/ di/ance ( ! deepe/ r$ & violet measur$ 9 ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 t is1 to ! ,l5g? ( ^? ,sides1 or ,excess ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,spectrum above its ,bread?4 ,& my ,obs]vations 7 z foll[s4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ & comp>$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & ! ,col\r 9 ! ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue1 :i* at ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum 0 di/ant f x half ! ,l5g? ( ^? ,sides1 ! ,focus :]e ! ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue ca/ ! ,species ( ! ,l9es di/9ctly on ! ,pap]1 0 ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an ! ,focus1 :]e ! r$ ca/ ^? ,l9es di/9ctly on x by ab\t #b-a_/b or #b-c_/d ,in*es4 ,= sometimes ! ,measures 7 a little great]1 sometimes a little less1 b seldom v>i$ f "o ano!r above #a_/c ( an ,in*4 ,= x 0 v difficult to def9e ! ,places ( ! ,foci1 )\t "s little ,errors4 ,n[1 if ! ,col\rs di/ant half ! ,l5g? ( ! ,image1 7measur$ at its ,rectil9e> ,sides7 give #b-a_/b or #b-c_/d ,diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s1 !n ! ,col\rs di/ant ! :ole ,l5g? ought to give #e or #e-a_/b ,in*es diff]5ce ( ^? di/ances4 ,b "h x's to be not$1 t ,i c\ld n see ! r$ to ! full end ( ! ,spectrum1 b only to ! ,c5t] ( ! ,semicircle :i* b\nd$ t end1 or a little f>!r2 & !re=e ,i comp>$ ?is r$ n ) t ,col\r :i* 0 exactly 9 ! middle ( ! ,spectrum1 or ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue1 b ) t :i* v]g$ a little m to ! blue ?an to ! gre53 ,& z ,i reckon$ ! :ole ,l5g? ( ! ,col\rs n to be ! :ole ,l5g? ( ! ,spectrum1 b ! ,l5g? ( its ,rectil9e> ,sides1 s compleat+ ! semicircul> ,ends into ,circles1 :5 ei!r ( ! obs]v$ ,col\rs fell )9 ^? ,circles1 ,i measur$ ! di/ance ( t ,col\r f ! semicircul> ,end ( ! ,spectrum1 & subduct+ half ?is di/ance f ! measur$ di/ance ( ! two ,col\rs1 ,i took ! ,rema9d] = _! correct$ di/ance2 & 9 ^! ,obs]vations set d[n ?is correct$ di/ance = ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s4 ,=1 z ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum w\ld be ! :ole ,l5g? ( all ! ,col\rs1 7 ! ,circles ( :i* 7z we %ew$7 t ,spectrum consi/s contract$ & r$uc$ to ,physical ,po9ts1 s 9 t ,case ?is correct$ di/ance w\ld be ! real di/ance ( ! two obs]v$ ,col\rs4 ,:5 !re=e ,i f>!r obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & t blue ^: correct$ di/ance f x 0 #g_/ab ,p>ts ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s 0 ab\t #c-a_/d ,in*es1 & z #g to #ab1 s is #c-a_/d to #e-d_/g4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & t indigo ^: correct$ di/ance 0 #h_/ab or #b_/c ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s1 0 ab\t #c-b_/c ,in*es1 & z #b to #c1 s is #c-b_/c to #e-a_/b4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & t deep indigo ^: correct$ di/ance f "o ano!r 0 #i_/ab or #c_/d ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s 0 ab\t #d ,in*es2 & z #c to #d1 s is #d to #e-a_/c4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & t ,"p ( ! violet next ! indigo1 ^: correct$ di/ance f ! r$ 0 #aj_/ab or #e_/f ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s 0 ab\t #d-a_/b ,in*es1 & z #e to #f1 s is #d-a_/b to #e-b_/e4 ,= sometimes1 :5 ! ,l5s 0 advantage\sly plac$1 s t its ,axis respect$ ! blue1 & all ,?+s else 7 well ord]$1 & ! ,sun %one cle>1 & ,i held my ,eye v ne> to ! ,pap] on :i* ! ,l5s ca/ ! ,species ( ! ,l9es1 ,i c\ld see pretty di/9ctly ! ,species ( ^? ,l9es by t ,"p ( ! violet :i* 0 next ! indigo2 & sometimes ,i c\ld see !m by above half ! violet1 ,= 9 mak+ ^! ,exp]im5ts ,i _h obs]v$1 t ! ,species ( ^? ,col\rs only appe> di/9ct1 :i* 7 9 or ne> ! ,axis ( ! ,l5s3 ,s t if ! blue or indigo 7 9 ! ,axis1 ,i c\ld see _! ,species di/9ctly2 & !n ! r$ appe>$ mu* less di/9ct ?an be=e4 ,:]e=e ,i contriv$ to make ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs %ort] ?an be=e1 s t bo? its ,ends might be ne>] to ! ,axis ( ! ,l5s4 ,& n[ its ,l5g? 0 ab\t #b-a_/b ,in*es1 & ,bread? ab\t #a_/e or #a_/f ( an ,in*4 ,also in/ead ( ! black ,l9es on :i* ! ,spectrum 0 ca/1 ,i made "o black ,l9e broad] ?an ^?1 t ,i might see its ,species m easily2 & ?is ,l9e ,i divid$ by %ort cross ,l9es into equal ,p>ts1 = measur+ ! di/ances ( ! obs]v$ ,col\rs4 ,& n[ ,i c\ld sometimes see ! ,species ( ?is ,l9e ) its ,divisions almo/ z f> z ! ,c5t] ( ! semicircul> violet ,end ( ! ,spectrum1 & made ^! f>!r ,obs]vations4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & t ,"p ( ! violet1 ^: correct$ di/ance f x 0 ab\t #h_/i ,p>ts ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! ,spectrum1 ! ,diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( ! ,foci ( ^? ,col\rs f ! ,l5s1 0 "o "t #d-b_/c1 ano!r "t #d-c_/d1 ano!r "t #d-g_/h ,in*es2 & z #h to #i1 s are #d-b_/c1 #d-c_/d1 #d-g_/h1 to #e-a_/d1 #e-aa_/cb1 #e-ca_/fd respectively4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ! deepe/ s5sible r$1 & deepe/ s5sible violet1 7! correct$ di/ance ( :i* ,col\rs1 :5 all ,?+s 7 ord]$ to ! be/ ,advantage1 & ! ,sun %one v cle>1 0 ab\t #aa_/ab or #ae_/af ,p>ts ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ( ! col\r$ ,spectrum7 ,i f\nd ! ,diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s sometimes #d-c_/d sometimes #e-a_/d1 & = ! mo/ "p #e ,in*es or !reab\ts2 & z #aa to #ab1 or #ae to #af1 s is five ,in*es to #e-b_/b or #e-a_/c ,in*es4 ,& by ?is ,progression ( ,exp]im5ts ,i satisfi$ my self1 t _h ! ,light at ! v ,ends ( ! ,spectrum be5 /rong en\gh to make ! ,species ( ! black ,l9es appe> pla9ly on ! ,pap]1 ! ,focus ( ! deepe/ violet w\ld h be5 f\nd ne>] to ! ,l5s1 ?an ! ,focus ( ! deepe/ r$1 by ab\t #e-a_/c ,in*es at lea/4 ,& ?is is a f>!r ,evid5ce1 t ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction ( ! sev]al sorts ( ,rays1 hold ! same ,proportion to "o ano!r 9 ! smalle/ ,refractions :i* !y d 9 ! greate/4 ,my ,progress 9 mak+ ?is nice & tr\blesome ,exp]im5t ,i h set d[n m at l>ge1 t !y t %all try x aft] me may be aw>e ( ! ,circumspection requisite to make x succe$ well4 ,& if !y _c make x succe$ s well z ,i did1 !y may not)/&+ collect by ! ,proportion ( ! di/ance ( ! ,col\rs ( ! ,spectrum1 to ! ,diff]5ce ( ! di/ances ( _! ,foci f ! ,l5s1 :at w\ld be ! ,success 9 ! m di/ant ,col\rs by a bett] trial4 ,& yet1 if !y use a broad] ,l5s ?an ,i did1 & fix x to a long /rait ,/aff1 by means ( :i* x may be readily & truly direct$ to ! ,col\r ^: ,focus is desir$1 ,i "q n b ! ,exp]im5t w succe$ bett] ) !m ?an x did ) me4 ,= ,i direct$ ! ,axis z ne>ly z ,i c\ld to ! middle ( ! ,col\rs1 & !n ! fa9t ,ends ( ! ,spectrum be+ remote f ! ,axis1 ca/ _! ,species less di/9ctly on ! ,pap] ?an !y w\ld h done1 _h ! ,axis be5 successively direct$ to !m4 ,n[ by :at has be5 said1 x's c]ta9 t ! ,rays :i* diff] 9 ,refrangibility d n conv]ge to ! same ,focus2 b if !y fl[ f a lucid ,po9t1 z f> f ! ,l5s on "o side z _! ,foci are on ! o!r1 ! ,focus ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays %all be ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an t ( ! lea/ refrangible1 by above ! f\rte5? ,"p ( ! :ole di/ance2 & if !y fl[ f a lucid ,po9t1 s v remote f ! ,l5s1 t be=e _! ,incid5ce !y may be acc\nt$ p>allel1 ! ,focus ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays %all be ne>] to ! ,l5s ?an ! ,focus ( ! lea/ refrangible1 by ab\t ! #bg? or #bh? ,"p ( _! :ole di/ance f x4 ,& ! ,diamet] ( ! ,circle 9 ! middle ,space betwe5 ^? two ,foci :i* !y illum9ate1 :5 !y fall !re on any ,plane1 p]p5dicul> to ! ,axis 7:i* ,circle is ! lea/ into :i* !y c all be ga!r$7 is ab\t ! #ee? ,"p ( ! ,diamet] ( ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,glass4 ,s t 'tis a wond]1 t ,telescopes repres5t ,objects s di/9ct z !y d4 ,b 7 all ! ,rays ( ,light equally refrangible1 ! ,error aris+ only f ! ,sph]icalness ( ! ,figures ( ,glasses w\ld be _m hundr$ times less4 ,=1 if ! ,object-glass ( a ,telescope be ,plano-convex1 & ! ,plane side be turn$ t[>ds ! ,object1 & ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e1 :]e( ?is ,glass is a ,segm5t1 be call$ ,d1 & ! ,semi-diamet] ( ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,glass be call$ ,s1 & ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,glass into ,air1 be to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z ,i to ,r2 ! ,rays :i* come p>allel to ! ,axis ( ! ,glass1 %all 9 ! ,place :]e ! ,image ( ! ,object is mo/ di/9ctly made1 be scatt]$ all ov] a little ,circle1 ^: ,diamet] is 7,rq_/,iq7 x 7,s cub4_/,d quad47 v ne>ly1,h z ,i ga!r by comput+ ! ,errors ( ! ,rays by ! ,me?od ( inf9ite ,s]ies1 & reject+ ! ,t]ms1 ^: ,quantities are inconsid]able4 ,z = in/ance1 if ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ,i1 be to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction ,r1 z #bj to #ca1 & if ,d ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e1 to :i* ! ,convex-side ( ! ,glass is gr\nd1 be #ajj ,feet or #abjj ,in*es1 & ,s ! ,semi-diamet] ( ! ,ap]ture be two ,in*es1 ! ,diamet] ( ! little ,circle1 7t is 7,rq x ,s cub47_/7,iq x ,d quad477 w be 7#ca x #ca x #h7_/7bj x #bj x #abjj x #abjj7 7or #ifa_/gbjjjjjj7 ,p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,b ! ,diamet] ( ! little ,circle1 ?r\gh :i* ^! ,rays are scatt]$ by unequal ,refrangibility1 w be ab\t ! #ee? ,"p ( ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,object-glass1 :i* "h is f\r ,in*es4 ,& !re=e1 ! ,error aris+ f ! ,sph]ical ,figure ( ! ,glass1 is to ! ,error aris+ f ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays1 z #ifa_/gbjjjjjj to #d_/ee1 t is z #a to #eddi2 & !re=e be+ 9 comp>ison s v little1 des]ves n to be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,b y w say1 if ! ,errors caus$ by ! diff]5t ,refrangibility be s v great1 h[ comes x to pass1 t ,objects appe> ?r\gh ,telescopes s di/9ct z !y d8 ,i answ]1 'tis because ! err+ ,rays are n scatt]$ uni=mly ov] all t ,circul> ,space1 b collect$ inf9itely m d5sely 9 ! ,c5t] ?an 9 any o!r ,"p ( ! ,circle1 & 9 ! ,way f ! ,c5t] to ! ,circumf]5ce1 gr[ cont9ually r>] & r>]1 s z at ! ,circumf]5ce to become inf9itely r>e2 & by reason ( _! ,r>ity are n /rong en\gh to be visible1 unless 9 ! ,c5t] & v ne> x4 ,let ,,ade 9 ,fig4 #bg4 repres5t "o ( ^? ,circles describ$ ) ! ,c5t] ,c1 & ,semi-diamet] ,,ac1 & let ,,bfg be a small] ,circle conc5trick to ! =m]1 cutt+ ) its ,circumf]5ce ! ,diamet] ,,ac 9 ,b1 & bisect ,,ac 9 ,n2 & by my reckon+1 ! ,d5sity ( ! ,light 9 any ,place ,b1 w be to its ,d5sity 9 ,n1 z ,,ab to ,,bc2 & ! :ole ,light )9 ! less] ,circle ,,bfg1 w be to ! :ole ,light )9 ! great] ,,a$1 z ! ,excess ( ! ,squ>e ( ,,ac above ! ,squ>e ( ,,ab1 is to ! ,squ>e ( ,,ac4 ,z if ,,bc be ! fif? ,"p ( ,,ac1 ! ,light w be f\r times d5s] 9 ,b ?an 9 ,n1 & ! :ole ,light )9 ! less ,circle1 w be to ! :ole ,light )9 ! great]1 z n9e to tw5ty-five4 ,:5ce x's evid5t1 t ! ,light )9 ! less ,circle1 mu/ /rike ! ,s5se mu* m /rongly1 ?an t fa9t & dilat$ ,light r\nd ab\t betwe5 x & ! ,circumf]5ce ( ! great]4 ,b x's f>!r to be not$1 t ! mo/ lum9\s ( ! ,prismatick ,col\rs are ! yell[ & orange4 ,^! affect ! ,s5ses m /rongly ?an all ! re/ toge!r1 & next to ^! 9 /r5g? are ! r$ & gre54 ,! blue comp>$ ) ^! is a fa9t & d>k ,col\r1 & ! indigo & violet are mu* d>k] & fa9t]1 s t ^! comp>$ ) ! /rong] ,col\rs are little to be reg>d$4 ,! ,images ( ,objects are !re=e to be plac$1 n 9 ! ,focus ( ! mean refrangible ,rays1 :i* are 9 ! ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue1 b 9 ! ,focus ( ^? ,rays :i* are 9 ! middle ( ! orange & yell[2 !re :]e ! ,col\r is mo/ lum9\s & fulg5t1 t is 9 ! brighte/ yell[1 t yell[ :i* incl9es m to orange ?an to gre54 ,& by ! ,refraction ( ^! ,rays 7^: ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction 9 ,glass are z #ag & #aa7 ! ,refraction ( ,glass & ,cry/al = ,optical ,uses is to be measur$4 ,let u !re=e place ! ,image ( ! ,object 9 ! ,focus ( ^! ,rays1 & all ! yell[ & orange w fall )9 a ,circle1 ^: ,diamet] is ab\t ! #bej? ,"p ( ! ,diamet] ( ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,glass4 ,& if y add ! bright] half ( ! r$1 7t half :i* is next ! orange7 & ! bright] half ( ! gre51 7t half :i* is next ! yell[7 ab\t ?ree fif? ,p>ts ( ! ,light ( ^! two ,col\rs w fall )9 ! same ,circle1 & two fif? ,p>ts w fall )\t x r\nd ab\t2 & t :i* falls )\t w be spread ?r\gh almo/ z mu* m space z t :i* falls )91 & s 9 ! gross be almo/ ?ree times r>]4 ,( ! o!r half ( ! r$ & gre51 7t is ( ! deep d>k r$ & will[ gre57 ab\t "o qu>t] w fall )9 ?is ,circle1 & ?ree qu>t]s )\t1 & t :i* falls )\t w be spread ?r\gh ab\t f\r or five times m space ?an t :i* falls )92 & s 9 ! gross be r>]1 & if comp>$ ) ! :ole ,light )9 x1 w be ab\t #be times r>] ?an all t tak5 9 ! gross2 or r m ?an #cj or #dj times r>]1 because ! deep r$ 9 ! end ( ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs made by a ,prism is v ?9 & r>e1 & ! will[ gre5 is some?+ r>] ?an ! orange & yell[4 ,! ,light ( ^! ,col\rs !re=e be+ s v mu* r>] ?an t )9 ! ,circle1 w sc>ce affect ! ,s5se1 especially s9ce ! deep r$ & will[ gre5 ( ?is ,light1 are mu* d>k] ,col\rs ?an ! re/4 ,& = ! same reason ! blue & violet be+ mu* d>k] ,col\rs ?an ^!1 & mu* m r>ifi$1 may be neglect$4 ,= ! d5se & bright ,light ( ! ,circle1 w obscure ! r>e & weak ,light ( ^! d>k ,col\rs r\nd ab\t x1 & r5d] !m almo/ ins5sible4 ,! s5sible ,image ( a lucid ,po9t is !re=e sc>ce broad] ?an a ,circle1 ^: ,diamet] is ! #bej? ,"p ( ! ,diamet] ( ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,object-glass ( a good ,telescope1 or n mu* broad]1 if y except a fa9t & d>k mi/y ,light r\nd ab\t x1 :i* a ,spectator w sc>ce reg>d4 ,& !re=e 9 a ,telescope1 ^: ,ap]ture is f\r ,in*es1 & ,l5g? an hundr$ ,feet1 x exce$s n #b'' #de'''1 or #c''4 ,& 9 a ,telescope ^: ,ap]ture is two ,in*es1 & ,l5g? #bj or #cj ,feet1 x may be #e'' or #f''1 & sc>ce above4 ,& ?is answ]s well to ,exp]i5ce3 ,= "s ,a/ronom]s h f\nd ! ,diamet]s ( ! fix'd ,/>s1 9 ,telescopes ( betwe5 #bj & #fj ,feet 9 l5g?1 to be ab\t #e'' or #f''1 or at mo/ #h'' or #aj'' 9 diamet]4 ,b if ! ,eye-,glass be t9ct$ fa9tly ) ! ,smoak ( a ,lamp or ,tor*1 to obscure ! ,light ( ! ,/>1 ! fa9t] ,light 9 ! ,circumf]5ce ( ! ,/> ceases to be visible1 & ! ,/> 7if ! ,glass be suffici5tly soil$ ) ,smoak7 appe>s some?+ m l a ma!matical ,po9t4 ,& = ! same ,reason1 ! enorm\s ,"p ( ! ,light 9 ! ,circumf]5ce ( e lucid ,po9t ought to be less disc]nible 9 %ort] ,telescopes ?an 9 long]1 because ! %ort] transmit less ,light to ! ,eye4 ,n[1 t ! fix'd ,/>s1 by reason ( _! imm5se ,di/ance1 appe> l ,po9ts1 unless s f> z _! ,light is dilat$ by ,refraction1 may appe> f h5ce2 t :5 ! ,moon passes ov] !m & eclipses !m1 _! ,light vani%es1 n gradually l t ( ! ,planets1 b all at once2 & 9 ! end ( ! ,eclipse x returns into ,sight all at once1 or c]ta9ly 9 less "t ?an ! second ( a ,m9ute2 ! ,refraction ( ! ,moon's ,atmosph]e a little protract+ ! "t 9 :i* ! ,light ( ! ,/> fir/ vani%es1 & aft]w>ds returns into ,sight4 ,n[1 if we suppose ! s5sible ,image ( a lucid ,po9t1 to be ev5 #bej times n>r[] ?an ! ,ap]ture ( ! ,glass2 yet ?is ,image w\ld be /ill mu* great] ?an if x 7 only f ! sph]ical ,figure ( ! ,glass4 ,= 7 x n = ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays1 its bread? 9 an #ajj ,foot ,telescope ^: ap]ture is #d ,in*es1 w\ld be b #ifa_/gbjjjjjj p>ts ( an ,in*1 z is manife/ by ! =ego+ ,computation4 ,& !re=e 9 ?is case ! greate/ ,errors aris+ f ! sph]ical ,figure ( ! ,glass1 w\ld be to ! greate/ s5sible ,errors aris+ f ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays z #ifa_/gbjjjjjj to #d_/bej at mo/1 t is only z #a to #abjj4 ,& ?is suffici5tly %ews t x is n ! sph]ical ,figures ( ,glasses1 b ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ! ,rays :i* h9d]s ! p]fection ( ,telescopes4 ,!re is ano!r ,argum5t by :i* x may appe> t ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ,rays1 is ! true cause ( ! imp]fection ( ,telescopes4 ,= ! ,errors ( ! ,rays aris+ f ! sph]ical ,figures ( ,object-glasses1 are z ! ,cubes ( ! ,ap]tures ( ! ,object ,glasses2 & !nce to make ,telescopes ( v>i\s ,l5g?s magnify ) equal di/9ctness1 ! ,ap]tures ( ! ,object-glasses1 & ! ,*>ges or magnify+ ,p[]s ought to be z ! ,cubes ( ! squ>e ,roots ( _! l5g?s2 :i* do? n answ] to ,exp]i5ce4 ,b ! ,errors ( ! ,rays aris+ f ! diff]5t ,refrangibility1 are z ! ,ap]tures ( ! ,object-glasses2 & !nce to make ,telescopes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 magnify ) equal di/9ctness1 _! ,ap]tures & ,*>ges ought to be z ! squ>e ,roots ( _! l5g?s2 & ?is answ]s to ,exp]i5ce1 z is well kn[n4 ,= ,in/ance1 a ,telescope ( #fd ,feet 9 l5g?1 ) an ,ap]ture ( #b-b_/c ,in*es1 magnifies ab\t #abj times1 ) z mu* di/9ctness z "o ( a ,foot 9 l5g?1 ) #a_/c ( an ,in* ap]ture1 magnifies #ae times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,n[ 7 x n = ?is diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ,rays1 ,telescopes might be br\ght to a great] p]fection ?an we h yet describ'd1 by compos+ ! ,object-glass ( two ,glasses ) ,wat] betwe5 !m4 ,let ,,adfc 9 ,fig4 #bh4 repres5t ! ,object-glass compos$ ( two ,glasses ,,ab$ & ,,befc1 alike convex on ! outsides ,,agd & ,,*f1 & alike concave on ! insides ,,bme1 ,,bne1 ) ,wat] 9 ! concavity ,,bm54 ,let ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,glass into ,air be z ,i to ,r1 & out ( ,wat] into ,air1 z ,k to ,r1 & by consequ5ce out ( ,glass into ,wat]1 z ,i to ,k3 & let ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e to :i* ! convex sides ,,agd & ,,*f are gr\nd be ,d1 & ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e to :i* ! concave sides ,,bme & ,,bne1 are gr\nd be to ,d1 z ! ,cube ,root ( ,,kk--,,ki to ! ,cube ,root ( ,,rk--,,ri3 & ! ,refractions on ! concave sides ( ! ,glasses1 w v mu* correct ! ,errors ( ! ,refractions on ! convex sides1 s f> z !y arise f ! sph]icalness ( ! ,figure4 ,& by ?is means might ,telescopes be br\ght to suffici5t p]fection1 7 x n = ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( sev]al sorts ( ,rays4 ,b by reason ( ?is diff]5t ,refrangibility1 ,i d n yet see any o!r means ( improv+ ,telescopes by ,refractions alone1 ?an t ( increas+ _! l5g?s1 = :i* end ! late ,contrivance ( ,hug5ius seems well accommodat$4 ,= v long ,tubes are cumb]some1 & sc>ce to be readily manag$1 & by reason ( _! l5g? are v apt to b5d1 & %ake by b5d+1 s z to cause a cont9ual trembl+ 9 ! ,objects1 :]eby x becomes difficult to see !m di/9ctly3 :]eas by 8 ,contrivance ! ,glasses are readily manageable1 & ! ,object-glass be+ fix'd ^u a /rong upright ,pole becomes m /eady4 ,see+ !re=e ! ,improvem5t ( ,telescopes ( giv5 l5g?s by ,refractions is desp]ate2 ,i contriv$ h]et(ore a ,p]spective by ,reflexion1 us+ in/ead ( an ,object-glass a concave ,metal4 ,! diamet] ( ! ,sph]e to :i* ! ,metal 0 gr\nd concave 0 ab\t #be ,engli% ,in*es1 & by consequ5ce ! l5g? ( ! ,in/rum5t ab\t six ,in*es & a qu>t]4 ,! ,eye-glass 0 ,plano-convex1 & ! diamet] ( ! ,sph]e to :i* ! convex side 0 gr\nd 0 ab\t #a_/e ( an ,in*1 or a little less1 & by consequ5ce x magnifi$ betwe5 #cj & #dj times4 ,by ano!r way ( measur+ ,i f\nd t x magnifi$ ab\t #ce times4 ,! concave ,metal bore an ,ap]ture ( an ,in* & a ?ird "p2 b ! ,ap]ture 0 limit$ n by an opake ,circle1 cov]+ ! ,limb ( ! ,metal r\nd ab\t1 b by an opake ,circle plac$ betwe5 ! ,eyeglass & ! ,eye1 & p]=at$ 9 ! middle ) a little r\nd hole = ! ,rays to pass ?r\gh to ! ,eye4 ,= ?is ,circle by be+ plac$ "h1 /opp'd mu* ( ! errone\s ,light1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h di/urb$ ! ,vision4 ,by comp>+ x ) a pretty good ,p]spective ( f\r ,feet 9 l5g?1 made ) a concave ,eye-glass1 ,i c\ld read at a great] di/ance ) my own ,in/rum5t ?an ) ! ,glass4 ,yet ,objects appe>$ mu* d>k] 9 x ?an 9 ! ,glass1 & t p>tly because m ,light 0 lo/ by ,reflexion 9 ! ,metal1 ?an by ,refraction 9 ! ,glass1 & p>tly because my ,in/rum5t 0 ov]*>g$4 ,_h x magnifi$ b #cj or #be times1 x w\ld h made ! ,object appe> m brisk & pleasant4 ,two ( ^! ,i made ab\t #af ,ye>s ago1 & h "o ( !m /ill by me1 by :i* ,i c prove ! tru? ( :at ,i write4 ,yet x is n s good z at ! fir/4 ,= ! concave has be5 div]s times t>ni%$ & cle>$ aga91 by rubb+ x ) v s(t ,lea!r4 ,:5 ,i made ^! an ,arti/ 9 ,london und]took to imitate x2 b us+ ano!r way ( poli%+ !m ?an ,i did1 he fell mu* %ort ( :at ,i _h atta9$ to1 z ,i aft]w>ds und]/ood by disc\rs+ ! ,"u-workman he _h employ$4 ,! ,poli% ,i us$ 0 9 ?is mann]4 ,i _h two r\nd ,copp] ,plates1 ea* six ,in*es 9 ,diamet]1 ! "o convex1 ! o!r concave1 gr\nd v true to "o ano!r4 ,on ! convex ,i gr\nd ! ,object-,metal or ,concave :i* 0 to be poli%'d1 'till x _h tak5 ! ,figure ( ! ,convex & 0 ready = a ,poli%4 ,!n ,i pit*$ ov] ! convex v ?9ly1 by dropp+ melt$ ,pit* ^u x1 & w>m+ x to keep ! ,pit* s(t1 :il/ ,i gr\nd x ) ! concave ,copp] wett$ to make x spread eav5ly all ov] ! convex4 ,?us by work+ x well ,i made x z ?9 z a ,groat1 & aft] ! convex 0 cold ,i gr\nd x aga9 to give x z true a ,figure z ,i c\ld4 ,!n ,i took ,putty :i* ,i _h made v f9e by wa%+ x f all its gross] ,p>ticles1 & lay+ a little ( ?is ^u ! ,pit*1 ,i gr\nd x ^u ! ,pit* ) ! concave ,copp]1 till x _h done mak+ a ,noise2 & !n ^u ! ,pit* ,i gr\nd ! ,object-,metal ) a brisk motion1 = ab\t two or ?ree ,m9utes ( "t1 lean+ h>d ^u x4 ,!n ,i put fre% ,putty ^u ! ,pit*1 & gr\nd x aga9 till x _h done mak+ a noise1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd ! ,object-,metal ^u x z be=e4 ,& ?is ,"w ,i repeat$ till ! ,metal 0 poli%$1 gr9d+ x ! la/ "t ) all my /r5g? = a good :ile toge!r1 & frequ5tly brea?+ ^u ! ,pit*1 to keep x moi/ )\t lay+ on any m fre% ,putty4 ,! ,object-,metal 0 two ,in*es broad1 & ab\t "o ?ird "p ( an ,in* ?ick1 to keep x f b5d+4 ,i _h two ( ^! ,metals1 & :5 ,i _h poli%$ !m bo?1 ,i tri$ :i* 0 be/1 & gr\nd ! o!r aga91 to see if ,i c\ld make x bett] ?an t :i* ,i kept4 ,& ?us by _m ,trials ,i le>n'd ! way ( poli%+1 till ,i made ^? two reflect+ ,p]spectives ,i spake ( above4 ,= ?is ,art ( poli%+ w be bett] le>n'd by repeat$ ,practice ?an by my ,description4 ,be=e ,i gr\nd ! ,object-,metal on ! ,pit*1 ,i always gr\nd ! ,putty on x ) ! concave ,copp]1 till x _h done mak+ a noise1 because if ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,putty 7 n by ?is means made to /ick fa/ 9 ! ,pit*1 !y w\ld by roll+ up & d[n grate & fret ! ,object-,metal & fill x full ( little holes4 ,b because ,metal is m difficult to poli% ?an ,glass1 & is aft]w>ds v apt to be spoil$ by t>ni%+1 & reflects n s mu* ,light z ,glass quick-silv]'d ov] does3 ,i w\ld prop\nd to use in/ead ( ! ,metal1 a ,glass gr\nd concave on ! =eside1 & z mu* convex on ! backside1 & quick-silv]'d ov] on ! convex side4 ,! ,glass mu/ be e :]e ( ! same ?ickness exactly4 ,o!rwise x w make ,objects look col\r'd & indi/9ct4 ,by su* a ,glass ,i tri$ ab\t five or six ,ye>s ago to make a reflect+ ,telescope ( f\r ,feet 9 l5g? to magnify ab\t #aej times1 & ,i satisfi$ my self t !re wants no?+ b a good ,arti/ to br+ ! ,design to p]fection4 ,= ! ,glass be+ wr\ght by "o ( our ,london ,arti/s aft] su* a mann] z !y gr9d ,glasses = ,telescopes1 ?\gh x seem$ z well wr\ght z ! ,object-glasses use to be1 yet :5 x 0 quick-silv]'d1 ! ,reflexion discov]$ innum]able ,inequalities all ov] ! ,glass4 ,& by reason ( ^! ,inequalities1 ,objects appe>$ indi/9ct 9 ?is ,in/rum5t4 ,= ! ,errors ( reflect$ ,rays caus$ by any ,inequality ( ! ,glass1 are ab\t six times great] ?an ! ,errors ( refract$ ,rays caus$ by ! l ,inequalities4 ,yet by ?is ,exp]im5t ,i satisfi$ my self t ! ,reflexion on ! concave side ( ! ,glass1 :i* ,i fe>$ w\ld di/urb ! ,vision1 did no s5sible prejudice to x1 & by consequ5ce t no?+ is want+ to p]fect ^! ,telescopes1 b good ,workm5 :o c gr9d & poli% ,glasses truly sph]ical4 ,an ,object-glass ( a f\rte5 ,foot ,telescope1 made by an ,artific] at ,london1 ,i once m5d$ consid]ably1 by gr9d+ x on ,pit* ) ,putty1 & lean+ v easily on x 9 ! gr9d+1 le/ ! ,putty %\ld scrat* x4 ,:e!r ?is way may n d well en\gh = poli%+ ^! reflect+ ,glasses1 ,i h n yet tri$4 ,b he t %all try ei!r ?is or any o!r way ( poli%+ :i* he may ?9k bett]1 may d well to make 8 ,glasses ready = poli%+1 by gr9d+ !m )\t t ,viol5ce1 :]e) our ,london ,workm5 press _! ,glasses 9 gr9d+4 ,= by su* viol5t pressure1 ,glasses are apt to b5d a little 9 ! gr9d+1 & su* b5d+ w c]ta9ly spoil _! ,figure4 ,to recomm5d !re=e ! consid]ation ( ^! reflect+ ,glasses to su* ,arti/s z are curi\s 9 figur+ ,glasses1 ,i %all describe ?is optical ,in/rum5t 9 ! foll[+ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,,prob4 ,,ii4 ,to %ort5 ,telescopes4 ,let ,,abcd 9 ,fig4 #bi4 repres5t a ,glass sph]ically concave on ! =eside ,,ab1 & z mu* convex on ! backside ,,cd1 s t x be e :]e ( an equal ?ickness4 ,let x n be ?ick] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 le/ x make ,objects appe> col\r'd & indi/9ct1 & let x be v truly wr\ght & quick-silv]'d ov] on ! backside2 & set 9 ! ,tube ,,vxyz :i* mu/ be v black )94 ,let ,,efg repres5t a ,prism ( ,glass or ,cry/al plac$ ne> ! o!r end ( ! ,tube1 9 ! middle ( x1 by means ( a h&le ( ,brass or ,iron ,,fgk1 to ! end ( :i* made flat x is cem5t$4 ,let ?is ,prism be rectangul> at ,e1 & let ! o!r two ,angles at ,f & ,g be accurately equal to ea* o!r1 & by consequ5ce equal to half "r ones1 & let ! plane sides ,,fe & ,,ge be squ>e1 & by consequ5ce ! ?ird side ,,fg a rectangul> ,p>allelogram1 ^: l5g? is to its bread? 9 a subduplicate proportion ( two to "o4 ,let x be s plac$ 9 ! ,tube1 t ! ,axis ( ! ,speculum may pass ?r\gh ! middle ( ! squ>e side ,,ef p]p5dicul>ly & by consequ5ce ?r\gh ! middle ( ! side ,,fg at an ,angle ( #de ,degrees1 & let ! side ,,ef be turn$ t[>ds ! ,speculum1 & ! di/ance ( ?is ,prism f ! ,speculum be su* t ! ,rays ( ! ,light ,,pq1 ,,rs1 c4 :i* are incid5t ^u ! ,speculum 9 ,l9es p>allel to ! ,axis !re(1 may ent] ! ,prism at ! side ,,ef1 & be reflect$ by ! side ,,fg1 & !nce g out ( x ?r\gh ! side ,,ge1 to ! ,po9t ,t1 :i* mu/ be ! common ,focus ( ! ,speculum ,,abdc1 & ( a ,plano-convex ,eye-glass ,h1 ?r\gh :i* ^? ,rays mu/ pass to ! ,eye4 ,& let ! ,rays at _! com+ out ( ! ,glass pass ?r\gh a small r\nd hole1 or ap]ture made 9 a little plate ( ,lead1 ,brass1 or ,silv]1 :]e) ! ,glass is to be cov]$1 :i* hole mu/ be no bigg] ?an is necess>y = ,light en\gh to pass ?r\gh4 ,= s x w r5d] ! ,object di/9ct1 ! ,plate 9 :i* 'tis made int]cept+ all ! errone\s "p ( ! ,light :i* comes f ! v]ges ( ! ,speculum ,,ab4 ,su* an ,in/rum5t well made1 if x be six ,foot long1 7reckon+ ! l5g? f ! ,speculum to ! ,prism1 & !nce to ! ,focus ,t7 w be> an ap]ture ( six ,in*es at ! ,speculum1 & magnify betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ times4 ,b ! hole ,h "h limits ! ap]ture ) m advantage1 ?an if ! ap]ture 0 plac$ at ! ,speculum4 ,if ! ,in/rum5t be made long] or %ort]1 ! ap]ture mu/ be 9 proportion z ! ,cube ( ! squ>e-squ>e ,root ( ! l5g?1 & ! magnify+ z ! ap]ture4 ,b x's conv5i5t t ! ,speculum be an ,in* or two broad] ?an ! ap]ture at ! lea/1 & t ! ,glass ( ! ,speculum be ?ick1 t x b5d n 9 ! work+4 ,! ,prism ,,efg mu/ be no bigg] ?an is necess>y1 & its back side ,,fg mu/ n be quick-silv]'d ov]4 ,= )\t quicksilv] x w reflect all ! ,light incid5t on x f ! ,speculum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,9 ?is ,in/rum5t ! ,object w be inv]t$1 b may be erect$ by mak+ ! squ>e sides ,,ff & ,,eg ( ! ,prism ,,efg n plane b sph]ically convex1 t ! ,rays may cross z well be=e !y come at x z aft]w>ds betwe5 x & ! ,eye-glass4 ,if x be desir$ t ! ,in/rum5t be> a l>g] ap]ture1 t may be also done by compos+ ! ,speculum ( two ,glasses ) ,wat] betwe5 !m4 ,if ! ,!ory ( mak+ ,telescopes c\ld at l5g? be fully br\ght into ,practice1 yet !re w\ld be c]ta9 ,b\nds beyond :i* ,telescopes c\ld n p]=m4 ,= ! ,air ?r\gh :i* we look ^u ! ,/>s1 is 9 a p]petual ,tremor2 z may be se5 by ! tremul\s ,motion ( ,%ad[s ca/ f high ,t[]s1 & by ! tw9kl+ ( ! fix'd ,/>s4 ,b ^! ,/>s d n tw9kle :5 view$ ?r\gh ,telescopes :i* h l>ge ap]tures4 ,= ! ,rays ( ,light :i* pass ?r\gh div]s p>ts ( ! ap]ture1 tremble ea* ( !m ap>t1 & by means ( _! v>i\s & sometimes contr>y ,tremors1 fall at "o & ! same "t ^u diff]5t po9ts 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye1 & _! trembl+ ,motions are too quick & confus$ to be p]ceiv$ sev]ally4 ,& all ^! illum9at$ ,po9ts con/itute "o broad lucid ,po9t1 compos$ ( ^? _m trembl+ ,po9ts confus$ly & ins5sibly mix$ ) "o ano!r by v %ort & swift ,tremors1 & !reby cause ! ,/> to appe> broad] ?an x is1 & )\t any trembl+ ( ! :ole4 ,long ,telescopes may cause ,objects to appe> bright] & l>g] ?an %ort ones c d1 b !y _c be s =m$ z to take away t confusion ( ! ,rays :i* arises f ! ,tremors ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,! only ,rem$y is a mo/ s]5e & quiet ,air1 su* z may p]haps be f\nd on ! tops ( ! highe/ ,m\nta9s above ! gross] ,cl\ds4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,see our ,au?or's ,lectiones ,opticae ,sec4 #aj4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,sec4 #bi4 & ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,prop4 #be4 ,d ,see our ,au?or's ,lectiones ,opticae1 ,"p4 ,i4 ,sect4 #a4 ,sec4#e4 ,e ,?is is v fully treat$ ( 9 our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,f ,see our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,sec4 #bi4 ,g ,?is is demon/rat$ 9 our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,prop4 #cg4 ,h ,h[ to d ?is1 is %ewn 9 our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,prop4 #ca4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,,!or4 ,i4 ,! ,pha5om5a ( ,col\rs 9 refract$ or reflect$ ,light are n caus$ by new ,modifications ( ! ,light v>i\sly impress'd1 accord+ to ! v>i\s ,t]m9ations ( ! ,light & ,%ad[4 ,! ,,pro( by ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]4 #a4 ,= if ! ,sun %9e into a v d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh an oblong hole ,f1 9 ,fig4 #a4 ^: bread? is ! six? or eigh? "p ( an ,in*1 or some?+ less2 & 8 beam ,,fh d aft]w>ds pass fir/ ?r\gh a v l>ge ,prism ,,abc1 di/ant ab\t #bj ,feet f ! hole1 & p>allel to x1 & !n 7) its :ite "p7 ?r\gh an oblong hole ,h1 ^: bread? is ab\t ! =tie? or sixtie? "p ( an ,in*1 & :i* is made 9 a black opake ,body ,,gi1 & plac$ at ! di/ance ( two or ?ree ,feet f ! ,prism1 9 a p>allel ,situation bo? to ! ,prism & to ! =m] hole1 & if ?is :ite ,light ?us transmitt$ ?r\gh ! hole ,h1 fall aft]w>ds ^u a :ite ,pap] pt1 plac$ aft] t hole ,h1 at ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r ,feet f x1 & !re pa9t ! usual ,col\rs ( ! ,prism1 suppose r$ at t1 yell[ at s1 gre5 at r1 blue at q1 & violet at p2 y may ) an ,iron ,wire1 or any su* l sl5d] opake ,body1 ^: bread? is ab\t ! t5? "p ( an ,in*1 by int]cept+ ! ,rays at k1 l1 m1 n or o1 take away any "o ( ! ,col\rs at t1 s1 r1 q or p1 :il/ ! o!r ,col\rs rema9 ^u ! ,pap] z be=e2 or ) an ,ob/acle some?+ bigg] y may take away any two1 or ?ree1 or f\r ,col\rs toge!r1 ! re/ rema9+3 ,s t any "o ( ! ,col\rs z well z violet may become outmo/ 9 ! ,conf9e ( ! ,%ad[ t[>ds p1 & any "o ( !m z well z r$ may become outmo/ 9 ! ,conf9e ( ! ,%ad[ t[>ds t1 & any "o ( !m may also bord] ^u ! ,%ad[ made )9 ! ,col\rs by ! ,ob/acle ,r int]cept+ "s int]m$iate "p ( ! ,light2 &1 la/ly1 any "o ( !m by be+ left alone1 may bord] ^u ! ,%ad[ on ei!r h&4 ,all ! ,col\rs h !mselves indiff]5tly to any ,conf9es ( ,%ad[1 & !re=e ! diff]5ces ( ^! ,col\rs f "o ano!r1 d n arise f ! diff]5t ,conf9es ( ,%ad[1 :]eby ,light is v>i\sly modifi$1 z has hi!rto be5 ! ,op9ion ( ,philosoph]s4 ,9 try+ ^! ?+s 'tis to be obs]v$1 t by h[ mu* ! holes ,f & ,h are n>r[]1 & ! ,int]vals betwe5 !m & ! ,prism great]1 & ! ,*amb] d>k]1 by s mu* ! bett] do? ! ,exp]im5t succe$2 provid$ ! ,light be n s f> dim9i%$1 b t ! ,col\rs at pt be suffici5tly visible4 ,to procure a ,prism ( solid ,glass l>ge en\gh = ?is ,exp]im5t w be difficult1 & !re=e a prismatick ,vessel mu/ be made ( poli%'d ,glass ,plates cem5t$ toge!r1 & fill$ ) salt ,wat] or cle> ,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,exp]4 #b4 ,! ,sun's ,light let into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh ! r\nd hole ,f1 9 ,fig4 #b4 half an ,in* wide1 pass$ fir/ ?r\gh ! ,prism ,,abc plac$ at ! hole1 & !n ?r\gh a ,l5s ,,pt some?+ m ?an f\r ,in*es broad1 & ab\t eight ,feet di/ant f ! ,prism1 & !nce conv]g$ to ,o ! ,focus ( ! ,l5s di/ant f x ab\t ?ree ,feet1 & !re fell ^u a :ite ,pap] ,,de4 ,if t ,pap] 0 p]p5dicul> to t ,light incid5t ^u x1 z 'tis repres5t$ 9 ! po/ure ,,de1 all ! ,col\rs ^u x at ,o appe>$ :ite4 ,b if ! ,pap] be+ turn$ ab\t an ,axis p>allel to ! ,prism1 became v mu* incl9$ to ! ,light1 z 'tis repres5t$ 9 ! ,positions de & ,greek3 de2 ! same ,light 9 ! "o case appe>$ yell[ & r$1 9 ! o!r blue4 ,"h "o & ! same "p ( ! ,light 9 "o & ! same place1 accord+ to ! v>i\s ,incl9ations ( ! ,pap]1 appe>$ 9 "o case :ite1 9 ano!r yell[ or r$1 9 a ?ird blue1 :il/ ! ,conf9e ( ,light & %ad[1 & ! ,refractions ( ! ,prism 9 all ^! cases rema9$ ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,exp]4 #c4 ,su* ano!r ,exp]im5t may be m easily tri$ z foll[s4 ,let a broad beam ( ! ,sun's ,light com+ into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut be refract$ by a l>ge ,prism ,,abc1 9 ,fig4 #c4 ^: refract+ ,angle ,c is m ?an #fj ,degrees1 & s soon z x comes out ( ! ,prism1 let x fall ^u ! :ite ,pap] ,,de glew$ ^u a /iff ,plane2 & ?is ,light1 :5 ! ,pap] is p]p5dicul> to x1 z 'tis repres5t$ 9 ,,de1 w appe> p]fectly :ite ^u ! ,pap]2 b :5 ! ,pap] is v mu* incl9'd to x 9 su* a mann] z to keep always p>allel to ! ,axis ( ! ,prism1 ! :it5ess ( ! :ole ,light ^u ! ,pap] w accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! ,pap] ?is way or t way1 *ange ei!r into yell[ & r$1 z 9 ! po/ure de1 or into blue & violet1 z 9 ! po/ure ,greek3 de4 ,& if ! ,light be=e x fall ^u ! ,pap] be twice refract$ ! same way by two p>allel ,prisms1 ^! ,col\rs w become ! m conspicu\s4 ,"h all ! middle p>ts ( ! broad beam ( :ite ,light :i* fell ^u ! ,pap]1 did )\t any ,conf9e ( ,%ad[ to modify x1 become col\r'd all ov] ) "o uni=m ,col\r1 ! ,col\r be+ always ! same 9 ! middle ( ! ,pap] z at ! edges1 & ?is ,col\r *ang$ accord+ to ! v>i\s ,obliquity ( ! reflect+ ,pap]1 )\t any *ange 9 ! ,refractions or ,%ad[1 or 9 ! ,light :i* fell ^u ! ,pap]4 ,& !re=e ^! ,col\rs are to be d]iv$ f "s o!r ,cause ?an ! new ,modifications ( ,light by ,refractions & ,%ad[s4 ,if x be ask$1 :at !n is _! ,cause8 ,i answ]1 ,t ! ,pap] 9 ! po/ure de1 be+ m oblique to ! m refrangible ,rays ?an to ! less refrangible ones1 is m /rongly illum9at$ by ! latt] ?an by ! =m]1 & !re=e ! less refrangible ,rays are pr$om9ant 9 ! reflect$ ,light4 ,& :]e-ev] !y are pr$om9ant 9 any ,light1 !y t+e x ) r$ or yell[1 z may 9 "s measure appe> by ! fir/ ,proposition ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 & w m fully appe> h]eaft]4 ,& ! contr>y happ5s 9 ! po/ure ( ! ,pap] ,greek3 de1 ! m refrangible ,rays be+ !n pr$om9ant :i* always t+e ,light ) blues & violets4 ,exp]4 #d4 ,! ,col\rs ( ,bubbles ) :i* ,*ildr5 play are v>i\s1 & *ange _! ,situation v>i\sly1 )\t any respect to any ,conf9e or ,%ad[4 ,if su* a ,bubble be cov]'d ) a concave ,glass1 to keep x f be+ agitat$ by any ,w9d or ,motion ( ! ,air1 ! ,col\rs w sl[ly & regul>ly *ange _! situation1 ev5 :il/ ! ,eye & ! ,bubble1 & all ,bodies :i* emit any ,light1 or ca/ any ,%ad[1 rema9 unmov$4 ,& !re=e _! ,col\rs arise f "s regul> ,cause :i* dep5ds n on any ,conf9e ( ,%ad[4 ,:at ?is ,cause is w be %ew$ 9 ! next ,book4 ,to ^! ,exp]im5ts may be add$ ! t5? ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is fir/ ,book1 :]e ! ,sun's ,light 9 a d>k ,room be+ traject$ ?r\gh ! p>allel ,sup]ficies ( two ,prisms ti$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a ,p>allelopip$e1 became totally ( "o uni=m yell[ or r$ ,col\r1 at its em]g+ out ( ! ,prisms4 ,"h1 9 ! production ( ^! ,col\rs1 ! ,conf9e ( ,%ad[ c h no?+ to d4 ,= ! ,light *anges f :ite to yell[1 orange & r$ successively1 )\t any alt]ation ( ! ,conf9e ( ,%ad[3 ,& at bo? edges ( ! em]g+ ,light :]e ! contr>y ,conf9es ( ,%ad[ ought to produce diff]5t ,effects1 ! ,col\r is "o & ! same1 :e!r x be :ite1 yell[1 orange or r$3 ,& 9 ! middle ( ! em]g+ ,light1 :]e !re is no ,conf9e ( ,%ad[ at all1 ! ,col\r is ! v same z at ! edges1 ! :ole ,light at its v fir/ ,em]g5ce be+ ( "o uni=m ,col\r1 :e!r :ite1 yell[1 orange or r$1 & go+ on !nce p]petually )\t any *ange ( ,col\r1 su* z ! ,conf9e ( ,%ad[ is vulg>ly suppos$ to "w 9 refract$ ,light aft] its ,em]g5ce4 ,nei!r c ^! ,col\rs arise f any new ,modifications ( ! ,light by ,refractions1 because !y *ange successively f :ite to yell[1 orange & r$1 :ile ! ,refractions rema9 ! same1 & also because ! ,refractions are made contr>y ways by p>allel ,sup]ficies :i* de/roy "o ano!r's ,effects4 ,!y arise n !re=e f any ,modifications ( ,light made by ,refractions & ,%ad[s1 b h "s o!r ,cause4 ,:at t ,cause is we %ew$ above 9 ?is t5? ,exp]im5t1 & ne$ n "h repeat x4 ,!re is yet ano!r mat]ial ,circum/ance ( ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,= ?is em]g+ ,light be+ by a ?ird ,prism ,,hik 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,"p ,i4,i refract$ t[>ds ! ,pap] ,,pt1 & !re pa9t+ ! usual ,col\rs ( ! ,prism1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet3 ,if ^! ,col\rs arose f ! ,refractions ( t ,prism modify+ ! ,light1 !y w\ld n be 9 ! ,light be=e its ,incid5ce on t ,prism4 ,& yet 9 t ,exp]im5t we f\nd1 t :5 by turn+ ! two fir/ ,prisms ab\t _! common ,axis all ! ,col\rs 7 made to vani% b ! r$2 ! ,light :i* makes t r$ be+ left alone1 appe>$ ( ! v same r$ ,col\r be=e its ,incid5ce on ! ?ird ,prism4 ,& 9 g5]al we f9d by o!r ,exp]im5ts1 t :5 ! ,rays :i* diff] 9 ,refrangibility are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & any "o ,sort ( !m is consid]$ ap>t1 ! ,col\r ( ! ,light :i* !y compose _c be *ang$ by any ,refraction or ,reflexion :atev]1 z x ought to be 7 ,col\rs no?+ else ?an ,modifications ( ,light caus$ by ,refractions1 & ,reflexions1 & ,%ad[s4 ,?is ,un*angeabl5ess ( ,col\r ,i am n[ to describe 9 ! foll[+ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,,!or4 ,,ii4 ,all homog5eal ,light has its prop] ,col\r answ]+ to its ,degree ( ,refrangibility1 & t ,col\r _c be *ang$ by ,reflexions & ,refractions4 ,9 ! ,exp]im5ts ( ! f\r? ,proposition ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is fir/ ,book1 :5 ,i _h sep>at$ ! het]og5e\s ,rays f "o ano!r1 ! ,spectrum pt =m$ by ! sep>at$ ,rays1 did 9 ! ,progress f its ,end p1 on :i* ! mo/ refrangible ,rays fell1 unto its o!r ,end t1 on :i* ! lea/ refrangible ,rays fell1 appe> t+$ ) ?is ,s]ies ( ,col\rs1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$1 toge!r ) all _! int]m$iate ,degrees 9 a cont9ual ,succession p]petually v>y+4 ,s t !re appe>$ z _m ,degrees ( ,col\rs1 z !re 7 sorts ( ,rays diff]+ 9 ,refrangibility4 ,exp]4 #e4 ,n[1 t ^! ,col\rs c\ld n be *ang$ by ,refraction1 ,i knew by refract+ ) a ,prism sometimes "o v little ,"p ( ?is ,light1 sometimes ano!r v little ,"p1 z is describ$ 9 ! twelf? ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book4 ,= by ?is ,refraction ! ,col\r ( ! ,light 0 nev] *ang$ 9 ! lea/4 ,if any ,"p ( ! r$ ,light 0 refract$1 x rema9$ totally ( ! same r$ ,col\r z be=e4 ,no orange1 no yell[1 no gre5 or blue1 no o!r new ,col\r 0 produc$ by t ,refraction4 ,nei!r did ! ,col\r any ways *ange by repeat$ ,refractions1 b cont9u$ always ! same r$ entirely z at fir/4 ,! l ,con/ancy & ,immutability ,i f\nd also 9 ! blue1 gre51 & o!r ,col\rs4 ,s also1 if ,i look$ ?r\gh a ,prism ^u any ,body illum9at$ ) any "p ( ?is homog5eal ,light1 z 9 ! f\rte5? ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book is describ$2 ,i c\ld n p]ceive any new ,col\r g5]at$ ?is way4 ,all ,bodies illum9at$ ) comp\nd ,light appe> ?r\gh ,prisms confus$1 7z 0 said above7 & t+$ ) v>i\s new ,col\rs1 b ^? illum9at$ ) homog5eal ,light appe>$ ?r\gh ,prisms nei!r less di/9ct1 nor o!rwise col\r'd1 ?an :5 view$ ) ! nak$ ,eyes4 ,_! ,col\rs 7 n 9 ! lea/ *ang$ by ! ,refraction ( ! int]pos$ ,prism4 ,i speak "h ( a s5sible ,*ange ( ,col\r3 ,= ! ,light :i* ,i "h call homog5eal1 be+ n absolutely homog5eal1 !re ought to arise "s little ,*ange ( ,col\r f its ,het]og5eity4 ,b1 if t ,het]og5eity 0 s little z x might be made by ! said ,exp]im5ts ( ! f\r? ,proposition1 t ,*ange 0 n s5sible1 & !re=e 9 ,exp]im5ts1 :]e ,s5se is ,judge1 ought to be acc\nt$ none at all4 ,exp]4 #f4 ,& z ^! ,col\rs 7 n *angeable by ,refractions1 s nei!r 7 !y by ,reflexions4 ,= all :ite1 grey1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet ,bodies1 z ,pap]1 ,a%es1 r$ ,lead1 ,orpim5t1 ,indico ,bise1 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,grass1 blue ,fl[]s1 ,violets1 ,bubbles ( ,wat] t+$ ) v>i\s ,col\rs1 ,peacock's ,fea!rs1 ! ,t9cture ( ,lignum ,nephriticum1 & su*-l1 9 r$ homog5eal ,light appe>$ totally r$1 9 blue ,light totally blue1 9 gre5 ,light totally gre51 & s ( o!r ,col\rs4 ,9 ! homog5eal ,light ( any ,col\r !y all appe>$ totally ( t same ,col\r1 ) ?is only ,diff]5ce1 t "s ( !m reflect$ t ,light m /rongly1 o!rs m fa9tly4 ,i nev] yet f\nd any ,body1 :i* by reflect+ homog5eal ,light c\ld s5sibly *ange its ,col\r4 ,f all :i* x is manife/1 t if ! ,sun's ,light consi/$ ( b "o sort ( ,rays1 !re w\ld be b "o ,col\r 9 ! :ole ,_w1 nor w\ld x be possible to produce any new ,col\r by ,reflexions & ,refractions1 & by consequ5ce t ! v>iety ( ,col\rs dep5ds ^u ! ,composition ( ,light4 ,,def9ition4 ,! homog5eal ,light & ,rays :i* appe> r$1 or r make ,objects appe> s1 ,i call ,rubrifick or ,r$-mak+2 ^? :i* make ,objects appe> yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet1 ,i call ,yell[-mak+1 ,gre5-mak+1 ,blue-mak+1 ,violet-mak+1 & s ( ! re/4 ,& if at any "t ,i speak ( ,light & ,rays z col\r$ or endu$ ) ,col\rs1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to speak n philosophically & prop]ly1 b grossly1 & accord+ly to su* ,conceptions z vulg> ,p 9 see+ all ^! ,exp]im5ts w\ld be apt to frame4 ,= ! ,rays to speak prop]ly are n col\r$4 ,9 !m !re is no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 ,p[] & ,disposition to /ir up a ,s5sation ( ?is or t ,col\r4 ,= z ,s\nd 9 a ,bell or musical ,/r+1 or o!r s\nd+ ,body1 is no?+ b a trembl+ ,motion1 & 9 ! ,air no?+ b t ,motion propagat$ f ! ,object1 & 9 ! ,s5sorium 'tis a ,s5se ( t ,motion "u ! ,=m ( ,s\nd2 s ,col\rs 9 ! ,object are no?+ b a ,disposition to reflect ?is or t sort ( ,rays m copi\sly ?an ! re/2 9 ! ,rays !y are no?+ b _! ,dispositions to propagate ?is or t ,motion into ! ,s5sorium1 & 9 ! ,s5sorium !y are ,s5sations ( ^? ,motions "u ! ,=ms ( ,col\rs4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,,prob4 ,i4 ,to def9e ! ,refrangibility ( ! sev]al sorts ( homog5eal ,light answ]+ to ! sev]al ,col\rs4 ,= det]m9+ ?is ,problem ,i made ! foll[+ ,exp]im5t4,j ,exp]4 #g4 ,:5 ,i _h caus$ ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ,,af1 ,,gm1 9 ,fig4 #d4 ( ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs made by ! ,prism to be di/9ctly def9$1 z 9 ! fif? ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book is describ$1 !re 7 f\nd 9 x all ! homog5eal ,col\rs 9 ! same ,ord] & ,situation "o among ano!r z 9 ! ,spectrum ( simple ,light1 describ$ 9 ! f\r? ,proposition ( t ,"p4 ,= ! ,circles ( :i* ! ,spectrum ( comp\nd ,light ,,pt is compos$1 & :i* 9 ! middle ,p>ts ( ! ,spectrum int]f]e1 & are int]mix'd ) "o ano!r1 are n int]mix'd 9 _! outmo/ ,p>ts :]e !y t\* ^? ,rectil9e> ,sides ,,af & ,,gm4 ,& !re=e1 9 ^? ,rectil9e> ,sides :5 di/9ctly def9$1 !re is no new ,col\r g5]at$ by ,refraction4 ,i obs]v$ also1 t if any :]e betwe5 ! two outmo/ ,circles ,,tmf & ,,pga a ,"r ,l9e1 z ,greek3 gd1 0 cross to ! ,spectrum1 s z bo? ,ends to fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u its ,rectil9e> ,sides1 !re appe>$ "o & ! same ,col\r1 & degree ( ,col\r f "o ,end ( ?is ,l9e to ! o!r4 ,i del9eat$ !re=e 9 a ,pap] ! ,p]imet] ( ! ,spectrum ,,fap ,,gmt1 & 9 try+ ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 ,i held ! ,pap] s t ! ,spectrum might fall ^u ?is del9eat$ ,figure1 & agree ) x exactly1 :il/ an ,assi/ant1 ^: ,eyes = di/+ui%+ ,col\rs 7 m critical ?an m9e1 did by ,"r ,l9es ,greek3 ab1 gd1 ez1 c4 drawn cross ! ,spectrum1 note ! ,conf9es ( ! ,col\rs1 t is ( ! r$ ,m,greek3 ab,f1 ( ! orange ,greek3 agdb1 ( ! yell[ ,greek3 gezd1 ( ! gre5 ,greek3 ee?z1 ( ! blue ,greek3 eik?1 ( ! indico ,greek3 ilmk1 & ( ! violet ,greek3 l,,ga,greek3 m4 ,& ?is ,op]ation be+ div]s times repeat$ bo? 9 ! same1 & 9 sev]al ,pap]s1 ,i f\nd t ! ,obs]vations agre$ well en\gh ) "o ano!r1 & t ! ,rectil9e> ,sides ,,mg & ,,fa 7 by ! said cross ,l9es divid$ aft] ! mann] ( a ,musical ,*ord4 ,let ,,gm be produc$ to ,x1 t ,,mx may be equal to ,,gm1 & conceive ,,gx1 ,greek3 l,x1 ,greek3 i,x1 ,greek3 e,x1 ,greek3 e,x1 ,greek3 g,x1 ,greek3 a,x1 ,,mx1 to be 9 proportion to "o ano!r1 z ! ,numb]s1 #a1 #h_/i1 #e_/f1 #c_/d1 #b_/c1 #c_/e1 #i_/af1 #a_/b1 & s to repres5t ! ,*ords ( ! ,key1 & ( a ,tone1 a ?ird ,m9or1 a f\r?1 a fif?1 a six? ,major1 a sev5? & an eigh? above t ,key3 ,& ! ,int]vals ,m,greek3 a1 ,greek3 ag1 ,greek3 ge1 ,greek3 ee1 ,greek3 ei1 ,greek3 il1 & ,greek3 l,g1 w be ! ,spaces :i* ! sev]al ,col\rs 7r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet7 take up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,n[ ^! ,int]vals or ,spaces subt5d+ ! ,diff]5ces ( ! ,refractions ( ! ,rays go+ to ! ,limits ( ^? ,col\rs1 t is1 to ! ,po9ts ,m1 ,greek3 a1 ,greek3 g1 ,greek3 e1 ,greek3 e1 ,greek3 i1 ,greek3 l1 ,g1 may )\t any s5sible ,error be acc\nt$ proportional to ! ,diff]5ces ( ! ,s9es ( ,refraction ( ^? ,rays hav+ "o common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 & !re=e s9ce ! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( ! mo/ & lea/ refrangible ,rays out ( ,glass into ,air 0 7by a ,me?od describ$ above7 f\nd 9 proportion to _! ,s9es ( ,refraction1 z #ej to #gg & #gh1 divide ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,s9es ( ,refraction #gg & #gh1 z ! ,l9e ,,gm is divid$ by ^? ,int]vals1 & y w h #gg1 #gg-a_/h1 #gg-a_/e1 #gg-a_/c1 #gg-a_/b1 #gg-b_/c1 #gg-g_/i1 #gh1 ! ,s9es ( ,refraction ( ^? ,rays out ( ,glass into ,air1 _! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce be+ #ej4 ,s !n ! ,s9es ( ! ,incid5ces ( all ! r$-mak+ ,rays out ( ,glass into ,air1 7 to ! ,s9es ( _! ,refractions1 n great] ?an #ej to #gg1 nor less ?an #ej to #gg-a_/h1 b !y v>i$ f "o ano!r accord+ to all int]m$iate ,proportions4 ,& ! ,s9es ( ! ,incid5ces ( ! gre5-mak+ ,rays 7 to ! ,s9es ( _! ,refractions 9 all ,proportions f t ( #ej to #gg-a_/c1 unto t ( #ej to #gg-a_/b4 ,& by ! l ,limits above-m5tion$ 7 ! ,refractions ( ! ,rays belong+ to ! re/ ( ! ,col\rs def9$1 ! ,s9es ( ! r$-mak+ ,rays ext5d+ f #gg to #gg-a_/h1 ^? ( ! orange-mak+ f #gg-a_/h to #gg-a_/e1 ^? ( ! yell[-mak+ f #gg-a_/e to #gg-a_/c1 ^? ( ! gre5-mak+ f #gg-a_/c to #gg-a_/b1 ^? ( ! blue-mak+ f #gg-a_/b to #gg-b_/c1 ^? ( ! indigo-mak+ f #gg-b_/c to #gg-g_/i1 & ^? ( ! violet f #gg-g_/i1 to #gh4 ,^! are ! ,laws ( ! ,refractions made out ( ,glass into ,air1 & !nce by ! ?ird ,axiom ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 ! ,laws ( ! ,refractions made out ( ,air into ,glass are easily d]iv$4 ,exp]4 #h4 ,i f\nd moreov]1 t :5 ,light goes out ( ,air ?r\gh sev]al contigu\s refract+ ,m$iums z ?r\gh ,wat] & ,glass1 & !nce goes out aga9 into ,air1 :e!r ! refract+ ,sup]ficies be p>allel or incl9'd to "o ano!r1 t ,light z (t5 z by contr>y ,refractions 'tis s correct$1 t x em]ge? 9 ,l9es p>allel to ^? 9 :i* x 0 incid5t1 cont9ues ev] aft] to be :ite4 ,b if ! em]g5t ,rays be incl9$ to ! incid5t1 ! ,:it5ess ( ! em]g+ ,light w by degrees 9 pass+ on f ! ,place ( ,em]g5ce1 become t+$ 9 its ,edges ) ,col\rs4 ,?is ,i try'd by refract+ ,light ) ,prisms ( ,glass plac$ )9 a ,prismatick ,vessel ( ,wat]4 ,n[ ^? ,col\rs argue a div]g+ & sep>ation ( ! het]og5e\s ,rays f "o ano!r by means ( _! unequal ,refractions1 z 9 :at foll[s w m fully appe>4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ! p]man5t :it5ess argues1 t 9 l ,incid5ces ( ! ,rays !re is no su* sep>ation ( ! em]g+ ,rays1 & by consequ5ce no inequality ( _! :ole ,refractions4 ,:5ce ,i seem to ga!r ! two foll[+ ,!orems4 #a4 ,! ,excesses ( ! ,s9es ( ,refraction ( sev]al sorts ( ,rays above _! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce :5 ! ,refractions are made out ( div]s d5s] ,m$iums imm$iately into "o & ! same r>] ,m$ium1 suppose ( ,air1 are to "o ano!r 9 a giv5 ,proportion4 #b4 ,! ,proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction ( "o & ! same sort ( ,rays out ( "o ,m$ium into ano!r1 is compos$ ( ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction out ( ! fir/ ,m$ium into any ?ird ,m$ium1 & ( ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction out ( t ?ird ,m$ium into ! second ,m$ium4 ,by ! fir/ ,!orem ! ,refractions ( ! ,rays ( e sort made out ( any ,m$ium into ,air are kn[n by hav+ ! ,refraction ( ! ,rays ( any "o sort4 ,z = in/ance1 if ! ,refractions ( ! ,rays ( e sort out ( ,ra9-wat] into ,air be desir$1 let ! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,glass into ,air be subduct$ f ! ,s9es ( ,refraction1 & ! ,excesses w be #bg1 #bg-a_/h1 #bg-a_/e1 #bg-a_/c1 #bg-a_/b1 #bg-b_/c1 #bg-g_/i1 #bh4 ,suppose n[ t ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( ! lea/ refrangible ,rays be to _! ,s9e ( ,refraction out ( ,ra9-wat] into ,air z #c to #d1 & say z #a ! diff]5ce ( ^? ,s9es is to #c ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 s is #bg ! lea/ ( ! ,excesses above-m5tion$ to a f\r? ,numb] #ha2 & #ha w be ! common ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,ra9-wat] into ,air1 to :i* ,s9e if y add all ! above-m5tion$ ,excesses1 y w h ! desir$ ,s9es ( ! ,refractions #ajh1 #ajh-a_/h1 #ajh-a_/e1 #ajh-a_/c1 #ajh-a_/b1 #ajh-b_/c1 #ajh-g_/i1 #aji4 ,by ! latt] ,!orem ! ,refraction out ( "o ,m$ium into ano!r is ga!r$ z (t5 z y h ! ,refractions out ( !m bo? into any ?ird ,m$ium4 ,z if ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( any ,ray out ( ,glass into ,air be to its ,s9e ( ,refraction1 z #bj to #ca1 & ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( ! same ,ray out ( ,air into ,wat]1 be to its ,s9e ( ,refraction z #d to #c2 ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ( t ,ray out ( ,glass into ,wat] w be to its ,s9e ( ,refraction z #bj to #ca & #d to #c jo9tly1 t is1 z ! ,factum ( #bj & #d to ! ,factum ( #ca & #c1 or z #hj to #ic4 ,& ^! ,!orems be+ admitt$ into ,opticks1 !re w\ld be scope en\gh ( h&l+ t ,sci5ce volum9\sly aft] a new mann]1,k n only by tea*+ ^? ?+s :i* t5d to ! p]fection ( ,vision1 b also by det]m9+ ma!matically all k9ds ( ,pha5om5a ( ,col\rs :i* c\ld be produc$ by ,refractions4 ,= to d ?is1 !re is no?+ else requisite ?an to f9d out ! ,sep>ations ( het]og5e\s ,rays1 & _! v>i\s ,mixtures & ,proportions 9 e ,mixture4 ,by ?is way ( argu+ ,i inv5t$ almo/ all ! ,pha5om5a describ$ 9 ^! ,books1 beside "s o!rs less necess>y to ! ,argum5t2 & by ! successes ,i met ) 9 ! ,trials1 ,i d>e promise1 t to him :o %all argue truly1 & !n try all ?+s ) good ,glasses & suffici5t ,circumspection1 ! expect$ ,ev5t w n be want+4 ,b he is fir/ to "k :at ,col\rs w arise f any o!rs mix'd 9 any assign$ ,proportion4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,,!or4 ,,iii4 ,col\rs may be produc$ by ,composition :i* %all be l to ! ,col\rs ( homog5eal ,light z to ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r1 b n z to ! ,immutability ( ,col\r & ,con/itution ( ,light4 ,& ^? ,col\rs by h[ mu* !y are m comp\nd$ by s mu* are !y less full & int5se1 & by too mu* ,composition !y maybe dilut$ & weak5'd till !y cease1 & ! ,mixture becomes :ite or grey4 ,!re may be also ,col\rs produc$ by ,composition1 :i* are n fully l any ( ! ,col\rs ( homog5eal ,light4 ,= a ,mixture ( homog5eal r$ & yell[ comp\nds an ,orange1 l 9 appe>ance ( ,col\r to t orange :i* 9 ! s]ies ( unmix$ prismatick ,col\rs lies betwe5 !m2 b ! ,light ( "o orange is homog5eal z to ,refrangibility1 & t ( ! o!r is het]og5eal1 & ! ,col\r ( ! "o1 if view$ ?r\gh a ,prism1 rema9s un*ang$1 t ( ! o!r is *ang$ & resolv$ into its compon5t ,col\rs r$ & yell[4 ,& aft] ! same mann] o!r neighb\r+ homog5eal ,col\rs may comp\nd new ,col\rs1 l ! int]m$iate homog5eal ones1 z yell[ & gre51 ! ,col\r betwe5 !m bo?1 & aft]w>ds1 if blue be add$1 !re w be made a gre5 ! middle ,col\r ( ! ?ree :i* ent] ! ,composition4 ,= ! yell[ & blue on ei!r h&1 if !y are equal 9 quantity !y draw ! int]m$iate gre5 equally t[>ds !mselves 9 ,composition1 & s keep x z x 7 9 ,a,equilibrion1 t x v]ge n m to ! yell[ on ! "o h&1 & to ! blue on ! o!r1 b by _! mix'd ,actions rema9 /ill a middle ,col\r4 ,to ?is mix'd gre5 !re may be f>!r add$ "s r$ & violet1 & yet ! gre5 w n pres5tly cease1 b only gr[ less full & vivid1 & by increas+ ! r$ & violet1 x w gr[ m & m dilute1 until by ! preval5ce ( ! add$ ,col\rs x be ov]come & turn$ into :it5ess1 or "s o!r ,col\r4 ,s if to ! ,col\r ( any homog5eal ,light1 ! ,sun's :ite ,light compos$ ( all sorts ( ,rays be add$1 t ,col\r w n vani% or *ange its ,species1 b be dilut$1 & by add+ m & m :ite x w be dilut$ m & m p]petually4 ,la/ly1 ,if r$ & violet be m+l$1 !re w be g5]at$ accord+ to _! v>i\s ,proportions v>i\s ,purples1 su* z are n l 9 appe>ance to ! ,col\r ( any homog5eal ,light1 & ( ^! ,purples mix'd ) yell[ & blue may be made o!r new ,col\rs4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,,!or4 ,,iv4 ,:it5ess & all grey ,col\rs betwe5 :ite & black1 may be comp\nd$ ( ,col\rs1 & ! :it5ess ( ! ,sun's ,light is comp\nd$ ( all ! prim>y ,col\rs mix'd 9 a due ,proportion4 ,! ,,pro( by ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]4 #i4 ,! ,sun %9+ into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a little r\nd hole 9 ! ,w9d[-%ut1 & 8 ,light be+ !re refract$ by a ,prism to ca/ 8 col\r$ ,image ,,pt 9 ,fig4 #e4 ^u ! opposite ,wall3 ,i held a :ite ,pap] ,v to t image 9 su* mann] t x might be illum9at$ by ! col\r'd ,light reflect$ f !nce1 & yet n int]cept any "p ( t ,light 9 its passage f ! ,prism to ! ,spectrum4 ,& ,i f\nd t :5 ! ,pap] 0 held ne>] to any ,col\r ?an to ! re/1 x appe>$ ( t ,col\r to :i* x approa*$ ne>e/2 b :5 x 0 equally or almo/ equally di/ant f all ! ,col\rs1 s t x might be equally illum9at$ by !m all x appe>$ :ite4 ,& 9 ?is la/ situation ( ! ,pap]1 if "s ,col\rs 7 int]cept$1 ! ,pap] lo/ its :ite ,col\r1 & appe>$ ( ! ,col\r ( ! re/ ( ! ,light :i* 0 n int]cept$4 ,s !n ! ,pap] 0 illum9at$ ) ,lights ( v>i\s ,col\rs1 namely1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 & e "p ( ! ,light reta9$ its prop] ,col\r1 until x 0 incid5t on ! ,pap]1 & became reflect$ !nce to ! ,eye2 s t if x _h be5 ei!r alone 7! re/ ( ! ,light be+ int]cept$7 or if x _h ab\nd$ mo/1 & be5 pr$om9ant 9 ! ,light reflect$ f ! ,pap]1 x w\ld h t+$ ! ,pap] ) its own ,col\r2 & yet be+ mix$ ) ! re/ ( ! ,col\rs 9 a due proportion1 x made ! ,pap] look :ite1 & !re=e by a ,composition ) ! re/ produc$ t ,col\r4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! col\r$ ,light reflect$ f ! ,spectrum1 :il/ !y are propagat$ f !nce ?r\gh ! ,air1 d p]petually reta9 _! prop] ,col\rs1 because :]ev] !y fall ^u ! ,eyes ( any ,spectator1 !y make ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,spectrum to appe> "u _! prop] ,col\rs4 ,!y reta9 !re=e _! prop] ,col\rs :5 !y fall ^u ! ,pap] ,v1 & s by ! confusion & p]fect mixture ( ^? ,col\rs comp\nd ! :it5ess ( ! ,light reflect$ f !nce4 ,exp]4 #aj4 ,let t ,spectrum or sol> ,image ,,pt 9 ,fig4 #f4 fall n[ ^u ! ,l5s ,,mn above f\r ,in*es broad1 & ab\t six ,feet di/ant f ! ,prism ,,abc & s figur$ t x may cause ! col\r$ ,light :i* div]ge? f ! ,prism to conv]ge & meet aga9 at its ,focus ,g1 ab\t six or eight ,feet di/ant f ! ,l5s1 & !re to fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u a :ite ,pap] ,,de4 ,& if y move ?is ,pap] to & fro1 y w p]ceive t ne> ! ,l5s1 z at de1 ! :ole sol> ,image 7suppose at pt7 w appe> ^u x int5sely col\r$ aft] ! mann] above-expla9$1 & t by rec$+ f ! ,l5s ^? ,col\rs w p]petually come t[>ds "o ano!r1 & by mix+ m & m dilute "o ano!r cont9ually1 until at l5g? ! ,pap] come to ! ,focus ,g1 :]e by a p]fect mixture !y w :olly vani% & be conv]t$ into :it5ess1 ! :ole ,light appe>+ n[ ^u ! ,pap] l a little :ite ,circle4 ,& aft]w>ds by rec$+ f>!r f ! ,l5s1 ! ,rays :i* be=e conv]g$ w n[ cross "o ano!r 9 ! ,focus ,g1 & div]ge f !nce1 & !reby make ! ,col\rs to appe> aga91 b yet 9 a contr>y ord]2 suppose at ,greek3 de1 :]e ! r$ t is n[ above :i* be=e 0 bel[1 & ! violet p is bel[ :i* be=e 0 above4 ,let u n[ /op ! ,pap] at ! ,focus ,g1 :]e ! ,light appe>s totally :ite & circul>1 & let u consid] its :it5ess4 ,i say1 t ?is is compos$ ( ! conv]g+ ,col\rs4 ,= if any ( ^? ,col\rs be int]cept$ at ! ,l5s1 ! :it5ess w cease & deg5]ate into t ,col\r :i* arise? f ! composition ( ! o!r ,col\rs :i* are n int]cept$4 ,& !n if ! int]cept$ ,col\rs be let pass & fall ^u t comp\nd ,col\r1 !y mix ) x1 & by _! mixture re/ore ! :it5ess4 ,s if ! violet1 blue & gre5 be int]cept$1 ! rema9+ yell[1 orange & r$ w comp\nd ^u ! ,pap] an orange1 & !n if ! int]cept$ ,col\rs be let pass1 !y w fall ^u ?is comp\nd$ orange1 & toge!r ) x decomp\nd a :ite4 ,s also if ! r$ & violet be int]cept$1 ! rema9+ yell[1 gre5 & blue1 w comp\nd a gre5 ^u ! ,pap]1 & !n ! r$ & violet be+ let pass w fall ^u ?is gre51 & toge!r ) x decomp\nd a :ite4 ,& t 9 ?is ,composition ( :ite ! sev]al ,rays d n suff] any ,*ange 9 _! colorific ,qualities by act+ ^u "o ano!r1 b are only mix$1 & by a mixture ( _! ,col\rs produce :ite1 may f>!r appe> by ^! ,argum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,if ! ,pap] be plac$ beyond ! ,focus ,g1 suppose at ,greek3 de1 & !n ! r$ ,col\r at ! ,l5s be alt]nately int]cept$1 & let pass aga91 ! violet ,col\r on ! ,pap] w n suff] any ,*ange !reby1 z x ought to d if ! sev]al sorts ( ,rays act$ ^u "o ano!r 9 ! ,focus ,g1 :]e !y cross4 ,nei!r w ! r$ ^u ! ,pap] be *ang$ by any alt]nate /opp+1 & lett+ pass ! violet :i* crosse? x4 ,& if ! ,pap] be plac$ at ! ,focus ,g1 & ! :ite r\nd ,image at ,g be view$ ?r\gh ! ,prism ,,hik1 & by ! ,refraction ( t ,prism be translat$ to ! place rv1 & !re appe> t+$ ) v>i\s ,col\rs1 namely1 ! violet at v & r$ at r1 & o!rs betwe51 & !n ! r$ ,col\rs at ! ,l5s be (t5 /opp'd & let pass by turns1 ! r$ at r w accord+ly disappe>1 & return z (t51 b ! violet at v w n !reby suff] any ,*ange4 ,& s by /opp+ & lett+ pass alt]nately ! blue at ! ,l5s1 ! blue at v w accord+ly disappe> & return1 )\t any ,*ange made 9 ! r$ at r4 ,! r$ !re=e dep5ds on "o sort ( ,rays1 & ! blue on ano!r sort1 :i* 9 ! ,focus ,g :]e !y are commix'd1 d n act on "o ano!r4 ,& !re is ! same ,reason ( ! o!r ,col\rs4 ,i consid]$ f>!r1 t :5 ! mo/ refrangible ,rays ,pp1 & ! lea/ refrangible ones ,tt1 are by conv]g+ incl9$ to "o ano!r1 ! ,pap]1 if held v oblique to ^? ,rays 9 ! ,focus ,g1 might reflect "o sort ( !m m copi\sly ?an ! o!r sort1 & by t ,means ! reflect$ ,light w\ld be t+$ 9 t ,focus ) ! ,col\r ( ! pr$om9ant ,rays1 provid$ ^? ,rays sev]ally reta9$ _! ,col\rs1 or colorific ,qualities 9 ! ,composition ( ,:ite made by !m 9 t ,focus4 ,b if !y did n reta9 !m 9 t ,:ite1 b became all ( !m sev]ally endu$ !re ) a ,disposition to /rike ! ,s5se ) ! ,p]ception ( ,:ite1 !n !y c\ld nev] lose _! ,:it5ess by su* ,reflexions4 ,i incl9$ !re=e ! ,pap] to ! ,rays v obliquely1 z 9 ! second ,exp]im5t ( ?is second ,"p ( ! fir/ ,book1 t ! mo/ refrangible ,rays1 might be m copi\sly reflect$ ?an ! re/1 & ! ,:it5ess at ,l5g? *ang$ successively into blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,!n ,i incl9$ x ! contr>y ,way1 t ! lea/ refrangible ,rays might be m copi\s 9 ! reflect$ ,light ?an ! re/1 & ! ,:it5ess turn$ successively to yell[1 orange1 & r$4 ,la/ly1 ,i made an ,in/rum5t ,,xy 9 fa%ion ( a ,comb1 ^: ,tee? be+ 9 numb] sixte51 7 ab\t an ,in* & a half broad1 & ! ,int]vals ( ! ,tee? ab\t two ,in*es wide4 ,!n by int]pos+ successively ! ,tee? ( ?is ,in/rum5t ne> ! ,l5s1 ,i int]cept$ ,"p ( ! ,col\rs by ! int]pos$ ,too?1 :il/ ! re/ ( !m w5t on ?r\gh ! ,int]val ( ! ,tee? to ! ,pap] ,,de1 & !re pa9t$ a r\nd ,sol> ,image4 ,b ! ,pap] ,i _h fir/ plac$ s1 t ! ,image might appe> :ite z (t5 z ! ,comb 0 tak5 away2 & !n ! ,comb be+ z 0 said int]pos$1 t ,:it5ess by reason ( ! int]cept$ ,"p ( ! ,col\rs at ! ,l5s did always *ange into ! ,col\r comp\nd$ ( ^? ,col\rs :i* 7 n int]cept$1 & t ,col\r 0 by ! ,motion ( ! ,comb p]petually v>i$ s1 t 9 ! pass+ ( e ,too? ov] ! ,l5s all ^! ,col\rs1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & purple1 did always succe$ "o ano!r4 ,i caus$ !re=e all ! ,tee? to pass successively ov] ! ,l5s1 & :5 ! ,motion 0 sl[1 !re appe>$ a p]petual ,succession ( ! ,col\rs ^u ! ,pap]3 ,b if ,i s mu* accel]at$ ! ,motion1 t ! ,col\rs by reason ( _! quick ,succession c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 ! ,appe>ance ( ! s+le ,col\rs ceas$4 ,!re 0 no r$1 no yell[1 no gre51 no blue1 nor purple to be se5 any long]1 b f a ,confusion ( !m all !re arose "o uni=m :ite ,col\r4 ,( ! ,light :i* n[ by ! ,mixture ( all ! ,col\rs appe>$ :ite1 !re 0 no ,"p really :ite4 ,"o ,"p 0 r$1 ano!r yell[1 a ?ird gre51 a f\r? blue1 a fif? purple1 & e ,"p reta9s its prop] ,col\r till x /rike ! ,s5sorium4 ,if ! ,impressions foll[ "o ano!r sl[ly1 s t !y may be sev]ally p]ceiv$1 !re is made a di/9ct ,s5sation ( all ! ,col\rs "o aft] ano!r 9 a cont9ual ,succession4 ,b if ! ,impressions foll[ "o ano!r s quickly1 t !y _c be sev]ally p]ceiv$1 !re arise? out ( !m all "o common ,s5sation1 :i* is nei!r ( ?is ,col\r alone nor ( t alone1 b ha? x self indiff]5tly to 'em all1 & ?is is a ,s5sation ( ,:it5ess4 ,by ! ,quickness ( ! ,successions1 ! ,impressions ( ! sev]al ,col\rs are conf\nd$ 9 ! ,s5sorium1 & out ( t ,confusion arise? a mix'd ,s5sation4 ,if a burn+ ,coal be nimbly mov$ r\nd 9 a ,circle ) ,gyrations cont9ually repeat$1 ! :ole ,circle w appe> l ,fire2 ! reason ( :i* is1 t ! ,s5sation ( ! ,coal 9 ! sev]al ,places ( t ,circle rema9s impress'd on ! ,s5sorium1 until ! ,coal return aga9 to ! same ,place4 ,& s 9 a quick ,consecution ( ! ,col\rs ! ,impression ( e ,col\r rema9s 9 ! ,s5sorium1 until a ,revolution ( all ! ,col\rs be compleat$1 & t fir/ ,col\r return aga94 ,! ,impressions !re=e ( all ! successive ,col\rs are at once 9 ! ,s5sorium1 & jo9tly /ir up a ,s5sation ( !m all2 & s x is manife/ by ?is ,exp]im5t1 t ! commix'd ,impressions ( all ! ,col\rs d /ir up & beget a ,s5sation ( :ite1 t is1 t ,:it5ess is comp\nd$ ( all ! ,col\rs4 ,& if ! ,comb be n[ tak5 away1 t all ! ,col\rs may at once pass f ! ,l5s to ! ,pap]1 & be !re int]mix$1 & toge!r reflect$ !nce to ! ,spectator's ,eyes2 _! ,impressions on ! ,s5sorium be+ n[ m subtilly & p]fectly commix$ !re1 ought mu* m to /ir up a ,s5sation ( ,:it5ess4 ,y may in/ead ( ! ,l5s use two ,prisms ,,hik & ,,lmn1 :i* by refract+ ! col\r$ ,light ! contr>y ,way to t ( ! fir/ ,refraction1 may make ! div]g+ ,rays conv]ge & meet aga9 9 ,g1 z y see repres5t$ 9 ! sev5? ,figure4 ,= :]e !y meet & mix1 !y w compose a :ite ,light1 z :5 a ,l5s is us$4 ,exp]4 #aa4 ,let ! ,sun's col\r$ ,image ,,pt 9 ,fig4 #h4 fall ^u ! ,wall ( a d>k ,*amb]1 z 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,book1 & let ! same be view$ ?r\gh a ,prism abc1 held p>allel to ! ,prism ,,abc1 by ^: ,refraction t ,image 0 made1 & let x n[ appe> l[] ?an be=e1 suppose 9 ! ,place ,s ov]-aga9/ ! r$ ,col\r ,t4 ,& if y g ne> to ! ,image ,,pt1 ! ,spectrum ,s w appe> oblong & col\r$ l ! ,image ,,pt2 b if y rec$e f x1 ! ,col\rs ( ! spectrum ,s w be contract$ m & m1 & at l5g? vani%1 t ,spectrum ,s becom+ p]fectly r\nd & :ite2 & if y rec$e yet f>!r1 ! ,col\rs w em]ge aga91 b 9 a contr>y ,ord]4 ,n[ t ,spectrum ,s appe>s :ite 9 t ,case1 :5 ! ,rays ( sev]al sorts :i* conv]ge f ! sev]al ,p>ts ( ! ,image ,,pt1 to ! ,prism abc1 are s refract$ unequally by x1 t 9 _! ,passage f ! ,prism to ! ,eye !y may div]ge f "o & ! same ,po9t ( ! ,spectrum ,s1 & s fall aft]w>ds ^u "o & ! same ,po9t 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye1 & !re be m+l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,& f>!r1 if ! ,comb be "h made use (1 by ^: ,tee? ! ,col\rs at ! ,image ,,pt may be successively int]cept$2 ! ,spectrum ,s1 :5 ! ,comb is mov$ sl[ly1 w be p]petually t+$ ) successive ,col\rs3 ,b :5 by accel]at+ ! ,motion ( ! ,comb1 ! ,succession ( ! ,col\rs is s quick t !y _c be sev]ally se51 t ,spectrum ,s1 by a confus$ & mix'd ,s5sation ( !m all1 w appe> :ite4 ,exp]4 #ab4 ,! ,sun %9+ ?r\gh a l>ge ,prism ,,abc 9 ,fig4 #i4 ^u a ,comb ,,xy1 plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! ,prism1 8 ,light :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! ,int]/ices ( ! ,tee? fell ^u a :ite ,pap] ,,de4 ,! ,bread?s ( ! ,tee? 7 equal to _! ,int]/ices1 & sev5 ,tee? toge!r ) _! ,int]/ices took up an ,in* 9 ,bread?4 ,n[1 :5 ! ,pap] 0 ab\t two or ?ree ,in*es di/ant f ! ,comb1 ! ,light :i* pass$ ?r\gh its sev]al ,int]/ices pa9t$ s _m ,ranges ( ,col\rs1 kl1 mn1 op1 qr1 c4 :i* 7 p>allel to "o ano!r1 & contigu\s1 & )\t any ,mixture ( :ite4 ,& ^! ,ranges ( ,col\rs1 if ! ,comb 0 mov$ cont9ually up & d[n ) a reciprocal ,motion1 asc5d$ & desc5d$ 9 ! ,pap]1 & :5 ! ,motion ( ! ,comb 0 s quick1 t ! ,col\rs c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 ! :ole ,pap] by _! ,confusion & ,mixture 9 ! ,s5sorium appe>$ :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,let ! ,comb n[ re/1 & let ! ,pap] be remov$ f>!r f ! ,prism1 & ! sev]al ,ranges ( ,col\rs w be dilat$ & exp&$ into "o ano!r m & m1 & by mix+ _! ,col\rs w dilute "o ano!r1 & at l5g?1 :5 ! di/ance ( ! ,pap] f ! ,comb is ab\t a ,foot1 or a little m 7suppose 9 ! ,place #b;,d #b;,e7 !y w s f> dilute "o ano!r1 z to become :ite4 ,) any ,ob/acle1 let all ! ,light be n[ /opp'd :i* passes ?r\gh any "o ,int]val ( ! ,tee?1 s t ! ,range ( ,col\rs :i* comes f !nce may be tak5 away1 & y w see ! ,light ( ! re/ ( ! ,ranges to be exp&$ into ! ,place ( ! ,range tak5 away1 & !re to be col\r$4 ,let ! int]cept$ ,range pass on z be=e1 & its ,col\rs fall+ ^u ! ,col\rs ( ! o!r ,ranges1 & mix+ ) !m1 w re/ore ! ,:it5ess4 ,let ! ,pap] #b;,d #b;,e be n[ v mu* incl9$ to ! ,rays1 s t ! mo/ refrangible ,rays may be m copi\sly reflect$ ?an ! re/1 & ! :ite ,col\r ( ! ,pap] ?r\gh ! ,excess ( ^? ,rays w be *ang$ into blue & violet4 ,let ! ,pap] be z mu* incl9$ ! contr>y way1 t ! lea/ refrangible ,rays may be n[ m copi\sly reflect$ ?an ! re/1 & by _! ,excess ! ,:it5ess w be *ang$ into yell[ & r$4 ,! sev]al ,rays !re=e 9 t :ite ,light d reta9 _! colorific ,qualities1 by :i* ^? ( any sort1 :5ev] !y become m copi\s ?an ! re/1 d by _! ,excess & ,pr$om9ance cause _! prop] ,col\r to appe>4 ,& by ! same way ( argu+1 appli$ to ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ?is second ,"p ( ! fir/ ,book1 x may be conclud$1 t ! :ite ,col\r ( all refract$ ,light at its v fir/ ,em]g5ce1 :]e x appe>s z :ite z be=e its ,incid5ce1 is comp\nd$ ( v>i\s ,col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,exp]4 #ac4 ,9 ! =ego+ ,exp]im5t ! sev]al ,int]vals ( ! ,tee? ( ! ,comb d ! ,(fice ( s _m ,prisms1 e ,int]val produc+ ! ,pha5om5on ( "o ,prism4 ,:5ce in/ead ( ^? ,int]vals us+ sev]al ,prisms1 ,i try'd to comp\nd ,:it5ess by mix+ _! ,col\rs1 & did x by us+ only ?ree ,prisms1 z also by us+ only two z foll[s4 ,let two ,prisms ,,abc & abc1 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ^: refract+ ,angles ,b & b are equal1 be s plac$ p>allel to "o ano!r1 t ! refract+ ,angle ,b ( ! "o may t\* ! ,angle c at ! ,base ( ! o!r1 & _! ,planes ,,cb & cb1 at :i* ! ,rays em]ge1 may lie 9 ,directum4 ,!n let ! ,light traject$ ?r\gh !m fall ^u ! ,pap] ,,mn1 di/ant ab\t #h or #ab ,in*es f ! ,prisms4 ,& ! ,col\rs g5]at$ by ! int]ior ,limits ,b & c ( ! two ,prisms1 w be m+l$ at ,,pt1 & !re comp\nd :ite4 ,= if ei!r ,prism be tak5 away1 ! ,col\rs made by ! o!r w appe> 9 t ,place ,,pt1 & :5 ! ,prism is re/or$ to its ,place aga91 s t its ,col\rs may !re fall ^u ! ,col\rs ( ! o!r1 ! ,mixture ( !m bo? w re/ore ! ,:it5ess4 ,?is ,exp]im5t succe$s also1 z ,i h tri$1 :5 ! ,angle b ( ! l[] ,prism1 is a little great] ?an ! ,angle ,b ( ! upp]1 & betwe5 ! int]ior ,angles ,b & c1 !re int]c$es "s ,space ,bc1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure1 & ! refract+ ,planes ,,bc & bc1 are nei!r 9 ,directum1 nor p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,= !re is no?+ m requisite to ! ,success ( ?is ,exp]im5t1 ?an t ! ,rays ( all sorts may be uni=mly mix$ ^u ! ,pap] 9 ! ,place ,,pt4 ,if ! mo/ refrangible ,rays com+ f ! sup]ior ,prism take up all ! ,space f ,m to ,p1 ! ,rays ( ! same sort :i* come f ! inf]ior ,prism ought to beg9 at ,p1 & take up all ! re/ ( ! ,space f !nce t[>ds ,n4 ,if ! lea/ refrangible ,rays com+ f ! sup]ior ,prism take up ! ,space ,,mt1 ! ,rays ( ! same k9d :i* come f ! o!r ,prism ought to beg9 at ,t1 & take up ! rema9+ ,space ,,tn4 ,if "o sort ( ! ,rays :i* h int]m$iate ,degrees ( ,refrangibility1 & come f ! sup]ior ,prism be ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ,space ,,mq1 & ano!r sort ( ^? ,rays ?r\gh ! ,space ,,mr1 & a ?ird sort ( !m ?r\gh ! ,space ,,ms1 ! same sorts ( ,rays com+ f ! l[] ,prism1 ought to illum9ate ! rema9+ ,spaces ,,qn1 ,,rn1 ,,sn1 respectively4 ,& ! same is to be und]/ood ( all ! o!r sorts ( ,rays4 ,= ?us ! ,rays ( e sort w be scatt]$ uni=mly & ev5ly ?r\gh ! :ole ,space ,,mn1 & s be+ e :]e mix'd 9 ! same ,proportion1 !y mu/ e :]e produce ! same ,col\r4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce by ?is ,mixture !y produce :ite 9 ! ,ext]ior ,spaces ,,mp & ,,tn1 !y mu/ also produce :ite 9 ! ,int]ior ,space ,,pt4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! ,composition by :i* ,:it5ess 0 produc$ 9 ?is ,exp]im5t1 & by :at o!r way soev] ,i made ! l ,composition1 ! ,result 0 ,:it5ess4 ,la/ly1 ,if ) ! ,tee? ( a ,comb ( a due ,size1 ! col\r$ ,lights ( ! two ,prisms :i* fall ^u ! ,space ,,pt be alt]nately int]cept$1 t ,space ,,pt1 :5 ! ,motion ( ! ,comb is sl[1 w always appe> col\r$1 b by accel]at+ ! ,motion ( ! ,comb s mu* t ! successive ,col\rs _c be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 x w appe> :ite4 ,exp]4 #ad4 ,hi!rto ,i h produc$ ,:it5ess by mix+ ! ,col\rs ( ,prisms4 ,if n[ ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies are to be m+l$1 let ,wat] a little ?ick5'd ) ,soap be agitat$ to raise a ,fro?1 & aft] t ,fro? has /ood a little1 !re w appe> to "o t %all view x int5tly v>i\s ,col\rs e :]e 9 ! ,surfaces ( ! sev]al ,bubbles2 b to "o t %all g s f> (f1 t he _c di/+ui% ! ,col\rs f "o ano!r1 ! :ole ,fro? w gr[ :ite ) a p]fect ,:it5ess4 ,exp]4 #ae4 ,la/ly1 ,9 attempt+ to comp\nd a :ite1 by mix+ ! col\r$ ,p[d]s :i* ,pa9t]s use1 ,i consid]'d t all col\r'd ,p[d]s d suppress & /op 9 !m a v consid]able ,"p ( ! ,light by :i* !y are illum9at$4 ,= !y become col\r'd by reflect+ ! ,light ( _! own ,col\rs m copi\sly1 & t ( all o!r ,col\rs m sp>+ly1 & yet !y d n reflect ! ,light ( _! own ,col\rs s copi\sly z :ite ,bodies d4 ,if r$ ,lead1 = in/ance1 & a :ite ,pap]1 be plac$ 9 ! r$ ,light ( ! col\r'd ,spectrum made 9 a d>k ,*amb] by ! ,refraction ( a ,prism1 z is describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book2 ! ,pap] w appe> m lucid ?an ! r$ ,lead1 & !re=e reflects ! r$-mak+ ,rays m copi\sly ?an r$ ,lead do?4 ,& if !y be held 9 ! ,light ( any o!r ,col\r1 ! ,light reflect$ by ! ,pap] w exce$ ! ,light reflect$ by ! r$ ,lead 9 a mu* great] ,proportion4 ,& ! l happ5s 9 ,p[d]s ( o!r ,col\rs4 ,& !re=e by mix+ su* ,p[d]s1 we are n to expect a /rong & full ,:ite1 su* z is t ( ,pap]1 b "s dusky obscure "o1 su* z might arise f a ,mixture ( ,light & ,d>kness1 or f :ite & black1 t is1 a grey1 or dun1 or russet br[n1 su* z are ! ,col\rs ( a ,man's ,nail1 ( a ,m\se1 ( ,a%es1 ( ord9>y ,/ones1 ( ,mort>1 ( ,du/ & ,dirt 9 ,high-ways1 & ! l4 ,& su* a d>k :ite ,i h (t5 produc$ by mix+ col\r'd ,p[d]s4 ,= ?us "o ,"p ( r$ ,lead1 & five ,p>ts ( ,viride ,a,eris1 compos$ a dun ,col\r l t ( a ,m\se4 ,= ^! two ,col\rs 7 sev]ally s comp\nd$ ( o!rs1 t 9 bo? toge!r 7 a ,mixture ( all ,col\rs2 & !re 0 less r$ ,lead us$ ?an ,viride ,a,eris1 because ( ! ,fulness ( its ,col\r4 ,aga91 "o ,"p ( r$ ,lead1 & f\r ,p>ts ( blue ,bise1 compos$ a dun ,col\r v]g+ a little to purple1 & by add+ to ?is a c]ta9 ,mixture ( ,orpim5t & ,viride ,a,eris 9 a due ,proportion1 ! ,mixture lo/ its purple ,t9cture1 & became p]fectly dun4 ,b ! ,exp]im5t succe$$ be/ )\t ,m9ium ?us4 ,to ,orpim5t ,i add$ by little & little a c]ta9 full bright purple1 :i* ,pa9t]s use1 until ! ,orpim5t ceas$ to be yell[1 & became ( a pale r$4 ,!n ,i dilut$ t r$ by add+ a little ,viride ,a,eris1 & a little m blue ,bise ?an ,viride ,a,eris1 until x became ( su* a grey or pale :ite1 z v]g$ to no "o ( ! ,col\rs m ?an to ano!r4 ,= ?us x became ( a ,col\r equal 9 ,:it5ess to t ( ,a%es1 or ( ,wood newly cut1 or ( a ,man's ,sk94 ,! ,orpim5t reflect$ m ,light ?an did any o!r ( ! ,p[d]s1 & !re=e conduc$ m to ! ,:it5ess ( ! comp\nd$ ,col\r ?an !y4 ,to assign ! ,proportions accurately may be difficult1 by reason ( ! diff]5t ,goodness ( ,p[d]s ( ! same k9d4 ,accord+ly1 z ! ,col\r ( any ,p[d] is m or less full & lum9\s1 x ought to be us$ 9 a less or great] ,proportion4 ,n[1 consid]+ t ^! grey & dun ,col\rs may be also produc$ by mix+ ,:ites & ,blacks1 & by consequ5ce diff] f p]fect ,:ites1 n 9 ,species ( ,col\rs1 b only 9 degree ( ,lum9\sness1 x is manife/ t !re is no?+ m requisite to make !m p]fectly :ite ?an to increase _! ,light suffici5tly2 &1 on ! contr>y1 if by increas+ _! ,light !y c be br\ght to p]fect ,:it5ess1 x w !nce also foll[1 t !y are ( ! same ,species ( ,col\r ) ! be/ ,:ites1 & diff] f !m only 9 ! ,quantity ( ,light4 ,& ?is ,i tri$ z foll[s4 ,i took ! ?ird ( ! above-m5tion'd grey ,mixtures1 7t :i* 0 comp\nd$ ( ,orpim5t1 ,purple1 ,bise1 & ,viride ,a,eris7 & rubb$ x ?ickly ^u ! ,floor ( my ,*amb]1 :]e ! ,sun %one ^u x ?r\gh ! op5$ ,casem5t2 & by x1 9 ! %ad[1 ,i laid a ,piece ( :ite ,pap] ( ! same ,bigness4 ,!n go+ f !m to ! di/ance ( #ab or #ah ,feet1 s t ,i c\ld n disc]n ! ,unev5ness ( ! ,surface ( ! ,p[d]1 nor ! little ,%ad[s let fall f ! gritty ,p>ticles !re(2 ! ,p[d] appe>$ int5sely :ite1 s z to transc5d ev5 ! ,pap] x self 9 ,:it5ess1 especially if ! ,pap] 7 a little %ad$ f ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds1 & !n ! ,pap] comp>$ ) ! ,p[d] appe>$ ( su* a grey ,col\r z ! ,p[d] _h done be=e4 ,b by lay+ ! ,pap] :]e ! ,sun %9es ?r\gh ! ,glass ( ! ,w9d[1 or by %utt+ ! ,w9d[ t ! ,sun might %9e ?r\gh ! ,glass ^u ! ,p[d]1 & by su* o!r fit ,means ( increas+ or decreas+ ! ,lights :]e) ! ,p[d] & ,pap] 7 illum9at$1 ! ,light :]e) ! ,p[d] is illum9at$ may be made /rong] 9 su* a due ,proportion ?an ! ,light :]e) ! ,pap] is illum9at$1 t !y %all bo? appe> exactly alike 9 ,:it5ess4 ,= :5 ,i 0 try+ ?is1 a ,fri5d com+ to visit me1 ,i /opp'd him at ! ,door1 & be=e ,i told him :at ! ,col\rs 71 or :at ,i 0 do+2 ,i ask$ him1 ,:i* ( ! two ,:ites 7 ! be/1 & :]e9 !y diff]$8 ,& aft] he _h at t di/ance view$ !m well1 he answ]'d1 t !y 7 bo? good ,:ites1 & t he c\ld n say :i* 0 be/1 nor :]e9 _! ,col\rs diff]$4 ,n[1 if y consid]1 t ?is ,:ite ( ! ,p[d] 9 ! ,sun-%9e 0 comp\nd$ ( ! ,col\rs :i* ! compon5t ,p[d]s 7,orpim5t1 ,purple1 ,bise1 & ,viride ,a,eris7 h 9 ! same ,sun-%9e1 y mu/ ackn[l$ge by ?is ,exp]im5t1 z well z by ! =m]1 t p]fect ,:it5ess may be comp\nd$ ( ,col\rs4 ,f :at has be5 said x is also evid5t1 t ! ,:it5ess ( ! ,sun's ,light is comp\nd$ ( all ! ,col\rs :]e) ! sev]al sorts ( ,rays :]e( t ,light consi/s1 :5 by _! sev]al ,refrangibilities !y are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 d t+e ,pap] or any o!r :ite ,body :]eon !y fall4 ,= ^? ,col\rs 7by ,prop4 ,,ii4 ,"p #b47 are un*angeable1 & :5ev] all ^? ,rays ) ^? _! ,col\rs are mix'd aga91 !y reproduce ! same :ite ,light z be=e4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,,prob4 ,,ii4 ,9 a mixture ( ,prim>y ,col\rs1 ! ,quantity & ,quality ( ea* be+ giv51 to "k ! ,col\r ( ! ,comp\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,) ! ,c5t] ,o 9 ,fig4 #aa4 & ,radius ,,od describe a ,circle ,,adf1 & di/+ui% its ,circumf]5ce into sev5 ,p>ts ,,de1 ,,ef1 ,,fg1 ,,ga1 ,,ab1 ,,bc1 ,,cd1 proportional to ! sev5 ,musical ,tones or ,int]vals ( ! eight ,s\nds1 ,sol1 la1 fa1 sol1 la1 mi1 fa1 sol1 conta9$ 9 an eight1 t is1 proportional to ! ,numb] #a_/i1 #a_/af1 #a_/aj1 #a_/i1 #a_/af1 #a_/af1 #a_/i4 ,let ! fir/ ,"p ,,de repres5t a r$ ,col\r1 ! second ,,ef orange1 ! ?ird ,,fg yell[1 ! f\r? ,,ca gre51 ! fif? ,,ab blue1 ! six? ,,bc indigo1 & ! sev5? ,,cd violet4 ,& conceive t ^! are all ! ,col\rs ( uncomp\nd$ ,light gradually pass+ into "o ano!r1 z !y d :5 made by ,prisms2 ! ,circumf]5ce ,,defgabcd1 repres5t+ ! :ole ,s]ies ( ,col\rs f "o end ( ! ,sun's col\r'd ,image to ! o!r1 s t f ,d to ,e be all degrees ( r$1 at ,e ! mean ,col\r betwe5 r$ & orange1 f ,e to ,f all degrees ( orange1 at ,f ! mean betwe5 orange & yell[1 f ,f to ,g all degrees ( yell[1 & s on4 ,let p be ! ,c5t] ( ,gravity ( ! ,ar* ,,de1 & q1 r1 s1 t1 u1 x1 ! ,c5t]s ( ,gravity ( ! ,ar*es ,,ef1 ,,fg1 ,,ga1 ,,ab1 ,,bc1 & ,,cd respectively1 & ab\t ^? ,c5t]s ( ,gravity let ,circles proportional to ! ,numb] ( ,rays ( ea* ,col\r 9 ! giv5 ,mixture be describ'd3 t is1 ! ,circle p proportional to ! ,numb] ( ! r$-mak+ ,rays 9 ! ,mixture1 ! ,circle q proportional to ! ,numb] ( ! orange-mak+ ,rays 9 ! ,mixture1 & s ( ! re/4 ,f9d ! common ,c5t] ( ,gravity ( all ^? ,circles1 p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 u1 x4 ,let t ,c5t] be ,z2 & f ! ,c5t] ( ! ,circle ,,adf1 ?r\gh ,z to ! ,circumf]5ce1 draw+ ! ,"r ,l9e ,,oy1 ! ,place ( ! ,po9t ,y 9 ! ,circumf]5ce %all %ew ! ,col\r aris+ f ! ,composition ( all ! ,col\rs 9 ! giv5 ,mixture1 & ! ,l9e ,,oz %all be proportional to ! ,fulness or ,int5s5ess ( ! ,col\r1 t is1 to its di/ance f ,:it5ess4 ,z if ,y fall 9 ! middle betwe5 ,f & ,g1 ! comp\nd$ ,col\r %all be ! be/ yell[2 if ,y v]ge f ! middle t[>ds ,f or ,g1 ! comp\nd ,col\r %all accord+ly be a yell[1 v]g+ t[>ds orange or gre54 ,if ,z fall ^u ! ,circumf]5ce1 ! ,col\r %all be int5se & florid 9 ! highe/ ,degree2 if x fall 9 ! mid-way betwe5 ! ,circumf]5ce & ,c5t]1 x %all be b half s int5se1 t is1 x %all be su* a ,col\r z w\ld be made by dilut+ ! int5se/ yell[ ) an equal quantity ( :it5ess2 & if x fall ^u ! c5t] ,o1 ! ,col\r %all h lo/ all its int5s5ess1 & become a :ite4 ,b x is to be not$1 ,t if ! po9t ,z fall 9 or ne> ! l9e ,,od1 ! ma9 +r$i5ts be+ ! r$ & violet1 ! ,col\r comp\nd$ %all n be any ( ! prismatick ,col\rs1 b a purple1 incl9+ to r$ or violet1 accord+ly z ! po9t ,z lie? on ! side ( ! l9e ,,d t[>ds ,e or t[>ds ,c1 & 9 g5]al ! comp\nd$ violet is m bright & m fi]y ?an ! uncomp\nd$4 ,also if only two ( ! prim>y ,col\rs :i* 9 ! circle are opposite to "o ano!r be mix$ 9 an equal proportion1 ! po9t ,z %all fall ^u ! c5t] ,o1 & yet ! ,col\r comp\nd$ ( ^? two %all n be p]fectly :ite1 b "s fa9t anonym\s ,col\r4 ,= ,i c\ld nev] yet by mix+ only two prim>y ,col\rs produce a p]fect :ite4 ,:e!r x may be comp\nd$ ( a mixture ( ?ree tak5 at equal di/ances 9 ! circumf]5ce ,i d n "k1 b ( f\r or five ,i d n mu* "q b x may4 ,b ^! are ,curiosities ( little or no mom5t to ! und]/&+ ! ,pha5om5a ( ,nature4 ,= 9 all :ites produc$ by ,nature1 !re uses to be a mixture ( all sorts ( ,rays1 & by consequ5ce a composition ( all ,col\rs4 ,to give an in/ance ( ?is ,rule2 suppose a ,col\r is comp\nd$ ( ^! homog5eal ,col\rs1 ( violet "o "p1 ( indigo "o "p1 ( blue two p>ts1 ( gre5 ?ree p>ts1 ( yell[ five p>ts1 ( orange six p>ts1 & ( r$ t5 p>ts4 ,proportional to ^! p>ts describe ! ,circles x1 v1 t1 s1 r1 q1 p1 respectively1 t is1 s t if ! ,circle x be "o1 ! ,circle v may be "o1 ! ,circle t two1 ! ,circle s ?ree1 & ! ,circles r1 q & p1 five1 six & t54 ,!n ,i f9d ,z ! common c5t] ( gravity ( ^! ,circles1 & ?r\gh ,z draw+ ! ,l9e ,,oy1 ! ,po9t ,y falls ^u ! circumf]5ce betwe5 ,e & ,f1 some?+ ne>] to ,e ?an to ,f1 & !nce ,i conclude1 t ! ,col\r comp\nd$ ( ^! ,+r$i5ts w be an orange1 v]g+ a little m to r$ ?an to yell[4 ,also ,i f9d t ,,oz is a little less ?an "o half ( ,,oy1 & !nce ,i conclude1 t ?is orange ha? a little less ?an half ! fulness or int5s5ess ( an uncomp\nd$ orange2 t is to say1 t x is su* an orange z may be made by mix+ an homog5eal orange ) a good :ite 9 ! proportion ( ! ,l9e ,,oz to ! ,l9e ,,zy1 ?is ,proportion be+ n ( ! quantities ( mix$ orange & :ite ,p[d]s1 b ( ! quantities ( ! ,lights reflect$ f !m4 ,?is ,rule ,i conceive accurate en\gh = practice1 ?\gh n ma!matically accurate2 & ! tru? ( x may be suffici5tly prov$ to ,s5se1 by /opp+ any ( ! ,col\rs at ! ,l5s 9 ! t5? ,exp]im5t ( ?is ,book4 ,= ! re/ ( ! ,col\rs :i* are n /opp'd1 b pass on to ! ,focus ( ! ,l5s1 w !re comp\nd ei!r accurately or v ne>ly su* a ,col\r1 z by ?is ,rule ought to result f _! ,mixture4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,,!or4 ,v4 ,all ! ,col\rs 9 ! ,univ]se :i* are made by ,light1 & dep5d n on ! ,p[] ( ,imag9ation1 are ei!r ! ,col\rs ( homog5eal ,lights1 or comp\nd$ ( ^!1 & t ei!r accurately or v ne>ly1 accord+ to ! ,rule ( ! =ego+ ,problem4 ,= x has be5 prov$ 79 ,prop4 #a4 ,"p #b47 t ! *anges ( ,col\rs made by ,refractions d n arise f any new ,modifications ( ! ,rays impress'd by ^? ,refractions1 & by ! v>i\s ,t]m9ations ( ,light & ,%ad[1 z has be5 ! con/ant & g5]al ,op9ion ( ,philosoph]s4 ,x has also be5 prov$ t ! sev]al ,col\rs ( ! homog5eal ,rays d con/antly answ] to _! degrees ( ,refrangibility1 7,prop4 #a4 ,"p #a4 & ,prop4 #b4 ,"p #b47 & t _! degrees ( ,refrangibility _c be *ang$ by ,refractions & ,reflexions 7,prop4 #b4 ,"p #a47 & by consequ5ce t ^? _! ,col\rs are likewise immutable4 ,x has also be5 prov$ directly by refract+ & reflect+ homog5eal ,lights ap>t1 t _! ,col\rs _c be *ang$1 7,prop4 #b4 ,"p #b47 ,x has be5 prov$ also1 t :5 ! sev]al sorts ( ,rays are mix$1 & 9 cross+ pass ?r\gh ! same space1 !y d n act on "o ano!r s z to *ange ea* o!rs colorific qualities4 7,exp]4 #aj4 ,"p #b47 b by mix+ _! ,actions 9 ! ,s5sorium beget a ,s5sation diff]+ f :at ei!r w\ld d ap>t1 t is a ,s5sation ( a mean ,col\r betwe5 _! prop] ,col\rs2 & p>ticul>ly :5 by ! conc\rse & mixtures ( all sorts ( ,rays1 a :ite ,col\r is produc$1 ! :ite is a mixture ( all ! ,col\rs :i* ! ,rays w\ld h ap>t1 7,prop4 #e4 ,"p #b47 ,! ,rays 9 t mixture d n lose or alt] _! sev]al colorific qualities1 b by all _! v>i\s k9ds ( ,actions mix'd 9 ! ,s5sorium1 beget a ,s5sation ( a middl+ ,col\r betwe5 all _! ,col\rs1 :i* is :it5ess4 ,= :it5ess is a mean betwe5 all ,col\rs1 hav+ x self indiff]5tly to !m all1 s z ) equal facility to be t+$ ) any ( !m4 ,a r$ ,p[d] mix$ ) a little blue1 or a blue ) a little r$1 do? n pres5tly lose its ,col\r1 b a :ite ,p[d] mix'd ) any ,col\r is pres5tly t+$ ) t ,col\r1 & is equally capable ( be+ t+$ ) any ,col\r :atev]4 ,x has be5 %ew$ also1 t z ! ,sun's ,light is mix'd ( all sorts ( ,rays1 s its :it5ess is a mixture ( ! ,col\rs ( all sorts ( ,rays2 ^? ,rays hav+ f ! beg9n+ _! sev]al colorific qualities z well z _! sev]al ,refrangibilities1 & reta9+ !m p]petually un*ang$ not)/&+ any ,refractions or ,reflexions !y may at any "t suff]1 & t :5ev] any sort ( ! ,sun's ,rays is by any means 7z by ,reflexion 9 ,exp]4 #i1 & #aj4 ,"p #a4 or by ,refraction z happ5s 9 all ,refractions7 sep>at$ f ! re/1 !y !n manife/ _! prop] ,col\rs4 ,^! ?+s h be5 prov'd1 & ! sum ( all ?is am\nts to ! ,proposition "h to be prov$4 ,= if ! ,sun's ,light is mix'd ( sev]al sorts ( ,rays1 ea* ( :i* h orig9ally _! sev]al ,refrangibilities & colorific ,qualities1 & not)/&+ _! ,refractions & ,reflexions1 & _! v>i\s ,sep>ations or ,mixtures1 keep ^? _! orig9al ,prop]ties p]petually ! same )\t alt]ation2 !n all ! ,col\rs 9 ! ,_w mu/ be su* z con/antly ought to arise f ! orig9al colorific qualities ( ! ,rays :]e( ! ,lights consi/ by :i* ^? ,col\rs are se54 ,& !re=e if ! reason ( any ,col\r :atev] be requir$1 we h no?+ else to d ?an to consid] h[ ! ,rays 9 ! ,sun's ,light h by ,reflexions or ,refractions1 or o!r causes1 be5 p>t$ f "o ano!r1 or mix$ toge!r2 or o!rwise to f9d out :at sorts ( ,rays are 9 ! ,light by :i* t ,col\r is made1 & 9 :at ,proportion2 & !n by ! la/ ,problem to le>n ! ,col\r :i* ought to arise by mix+ ^? ,rays 7or _! ,col\rs7 9 t proportion4 ,i speak "h ( ,col\rs s f> z !y arise f ,light4 ,= !y appe> sometimes by o!r ,causes1 z :5 by ! p[] ( ,phantasy we see ,col\rs 9 a ,dream1 or a ,mad-man sees ?+s be=e him :i* are n !re2 or :5 we see ,fire by /rik+ ! ,eye1 or see ,col\rs l ! ,eye ( a ,peacock's ,fea!r1 by press+ our ,eyes 9 ei!r corn] :il/ we look ! o!r way4 ,:]e ^! & su* l ,causes int]pose n1 ! ,col\r always answ]s to ! sort or sorts ( ! ,rays :]e( ! ,light consi/s1 z ,i h con/antly f\nd 9 :atev] ,pha5om5a ( ,col\rs ,i h hi!rto be5 able to exam9e4 ,i %all 9 ! foll[+ ,propositions give in/ances ( ?is 9 ! ,pha5om5a ( *iefe/ note4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,,prob4 ,,iii4 ,by ! discov]$ ,prop]ties ( ,light to expla9 ! ,col\rs made by ,prisms4 ,let ,,abc 9 ,fig4 #ab4 repres5t a ,prism refract+ ! ,light ( ! ,sun1 :i* comes into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh a hole ,f,greek3 ph almo/ z broad z ! ,prism1 & let ,,mn repres5t a :ite ,pap] on :i* ! refract$ ,light is ca/1 & suppose ! mo/ refrangible or deepe/ violet-mak+ ,rays fall ^u ! ,space ,p,greek3 p1 ! lea/ refrangible or deepe/ r$-mak+ ,rays ^u ! ,space ,t,greek3 t1 ! middle sort betwe5 ! indigo-mak+ & blue-mak+ ,rays ^u ! ,space ,q,greek3 *1 ! middle sort ( ! gre5-mak+ ,rays ^u ! ,space ,r1 ! middle sort betwe5 ! yell[-mak+ & orange-mak+ ,rays ^u ! ,space ,s,greek3 s1 & o!r int]m$iate sorts ^u int]m$iate ,spaces4 ,= s ! ,spaces ^u :i* ! sev]al sorts adequately fall w by reason ( ! diff]5t ,refrangibility ( ^? sorts be "o l[] ?an ano!r4 ,n[ if ! ,pap] ,,mn be s ne> ! ,prism t ! ,spaces ,,pt & ,greek3 pt d n int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m ,t,greek3 p w be illum9at$ by all ! sorts ( ,rays 9 t proportion to "o ano!r :i* !y h at _! v fir/ com+ out ( ! ,prism1 & consequ5tly be :ite4 ,b ! ,spaces ,,pt & ,greek3 pt on ei!r h&1 w n be illum9at$ by !m all1 & !re=e w appe> col\r$4 ,& p>ticul>ly at ,p1 :]e ! outmo/ violet-mak+ ,rays fall alone1 ! ,col\r mu/ be ! deepe/ violet4 ,at ,q :]e ! violet-mak+ & indigo-mak+ ,rays are mix$1 x mu/ be a violet incl9+ mu* to indigo4 ,at ,r :]e ! violet-mak+1 indigo-mak+1 blue-mak+1 & "o half ( ! gre5-mak+ ,rays are mix$1 _! ,col\rs mu/ 7by ! con/ruction ( ! second ,problem7 comp\nd a middle ,col\r betwe5 indigo & blue4 ,at ,s :]e all ! ,rays are mix$1 except ! r$-mak+ & orange-mak+1 _! ,col\rs ought by ! same ,rule to comp\nd a fa9t blue1 v]g+ m to gre5 ?an indigo4 ,& 9 ! progress f ,s to ,t1 ?is blue w gr[ m & m fa9t & dilute1 till at ,t1 :]e all ! ,col\rs beg9 to be mix$1 x ends 9 :it5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,s aga91 on ! o!r side ( ! :ite at ,greek3 t1 :]e ! lea/ refrangible or utmo/ r$-mak+ ,rays are alone1 ! ,col\r mu/ be ! deepe/ r$4 ,at ,greek3 s ! mixture ( r$ & orange w comp\nd a r$ incl9+ to orange4 ,at ,greek3 r ! mixture ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 & "o half ( ! gre5 mu/ comp\nd a middle ,col\r betwe5 orange & yell[4 ,at ,greek3 * ! mixture ( all ,col\rs b violet & indigo w comp\nd a fa9t yell[1 v]g+ m to gre5 ?an to orange4 ,& ?is yell[ w gr[ m fa9t & dilute cont9ually 9 its progress f ,greek3 * to ,greek3 p1 :]e by a mixture ( all sorts ( ,rays x w become :ite4 ,^! ,col\rs ought to appe> 7 ! ,sun's ,light p]fectly :ite3 ,b because x incl9es to yell[1 ! ,excess ( ! yell[-mak+ ,rays :]eby 'tis t+$ ) t ,col\r1 be+ mix$ ) ! fa9t blue betwe5 ,s & ,t1 w draw x to a fa9t gre54 ,& s ! ,col\rs 9 ord] f ,p to ,greek3 t ought to be violet1 indigo1 blue1 v fa9t gre51 :ite1 fa9t yell[1 orange1 r$4 ,?us x is by ! computation3 ,& !y t please to view ! ,col\rs made by a ,prism w f9d x s 9 ,nature4 ,^! are ! ,col\rs on bo? sides ! :ite :5 ! ,pap] is held betwe5 ! ,prism & ! ,po9t ,x :]e ! ,col\rs meet1 & ! int]jac5t :ite vani%es4 ,= if ! ,pap] be held /ill f>!r (f f ! ,prism1 ! mo/ refrangible & lea/ refrangible ,rays w be want+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,light1 & ! re/ ( ! ,rays :i* are f\nd !re1 w by mixture produce a full] gre5 ?an be=e4 ,also ! yell[ & blue w n[ become less comp\nd$1 & by consequ5ce m int5se ?an be=e4 ,& ?is also agrees ) exp]i5ce4 ,& if "o look ?r\gh a ,prism ^u a :ite ,object encompass$ ) blackness or d>kness1 ! reason ( ! ,col\rs aris+ on ! edges is mu* ! same1 z w appe> to "o t %all a little consid] x4 ,if a black ,object be encompass$ ) a :ite "o1 ! ,col\rs :i* appe> ?r\gh ! ,prism are to be d]iv$ f ! ,light ( ! :ite "o1 spread+ into ! ,regions ( ! black1 & !re=e !y appe> 9 a contr>y ord] to t1 :5 a :ite ,object is surr\nd$ ) black4 ,& ! same is to be und]/ood :5 an ,object is view$1 ^: p>ts are "s ( !m less lum9\s ?an o!rs4 ,= 9 ! bord]s ( ! m & less lum9\s ,p>ts1 ,col\rs ought always by ! same ,pr9ciples to arise f ! ,excess ( ! ,light ( ! m lum9\s1 & to be ( ! same k9d z if ! d>k] p>ts 7 black1 b yet to be m fa9t & dilute4 ,:at is said ( ,col\rs made by ,prisms may be easily appli$ to ,col\rs made by ! ,glasses ( ,telescopes or ,microscopes1 or by ! ,hum\rs ( ! ,eye4 ,= if ! ,object-glass ( a ,telescope be ?ick] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 or if "o half ( ! ,glass1 or "o half ( ! ,pupil ( ! ,eye be cov]'d ) any opake sub/ance2 ! ,object-glass1 or t "p ( x or ( ! ,eye :i* is n cov]'d1 may be consid]'d z a ,w$ge ) crook$ ,sides1 & e ,w$ge ( ,glass or o!r pellucid ,sub/ance has ! effect ( a ,prism 9 refract+ ! ,light :i* passes ?r\gh x4,l ,h[ ! ,col\rs 9 ! n9? & t5? ,exp]im5ts ( ! fir/ ,"p arise f ! diff]5t ,reflexibility ( ,light1 is evid5t by :at 0 !re said4 ,b x is obs]vable 9 ! n9? ,exp]im5t1 t :il/ ! ,sun's direct ,light is yell[1 ! ,excess ( ! blue-mak+ ,rays 9 ! reflect$ beam ( ,light ,,mn1 suffices only to br+ t yell[ to a pale :ite incl9+ to blue1 & n to t+e x ) a manife/ly blue ,col\r4 ,to obta9 !re=e a bett] blue1 ,i us$ in/ead ( ! yell[ ,light ( ! ,sun ! :ite ,light ( ! ,cl\ds1 by v>y+ a little ! ,exp]im5t1 z foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,exp]4 #af ,let ,,hfg 9 ,fig4 #ac4 repres5t a ,prism 9 ! op5 ,air1 & ,s ! ,eye ( ! ,spectator1 view+ ! ,cl\ds by _! ,light com+ into ! ,prism at ! ,plane ,side ,,figk1 & reflect$ 9 x by its ,base ,,heig1 & !nce go+ out ?r\gh its ,plane ,side ,,hefk to ! ,eye4 ,& :5 ! ,prism & ,eye are conv5i5tly plac$1 s t ! ,angles ( ,incid5ce & ,reflexion at ! ,base may be ab\t #dj ,degrees1 ! ,spectator w see a ,b[ ,,mn ( a blue ,col\r1 runn+ f "o ,end ( ! ,base to ! o!r1 ) ! ,concave ,side t[>ds him1 & ! ,"p ( ! ,base ,,imng beyond ?is ,b[ w be bright] ?an ! o!r ,"p ,,emnh on ! o!r ,side ( x4 ,?is blue ,col\r ,,mn be+ made by no?+ else ?an by ,reflexion ( a specul> ,sup]ficies1 seems s odd a ,pha5om5on1 & s difficult to be expla9$ by ! vulg> ,hypo!sis ( ,philosoph]s1 t ,i c\ld n b ?9k x des]v$ to be tak5 ,notice (4 ,n[ = und]/&+ ! ,reason ( x1 suppose ! ,plane ,,abc to cut ! ,plane ,sides & ,base ( ! ,prism p]p5dicul>ly4 ,f ! ,eye to ! ,l9e ,,bc1 :]e9 t ,plane cuts ! ,base1 draw ! ,l9es ,sp & ,st1 9 ! ,angles ,spc #ej degr4 #a_/i1 & ,stc #di degr4 #a_/bh1 & ! ,po9t p w be ! ,limit beyond :i* none ( ! mo/ refrangible ,rays c pass ?r\gh ! ,base ( ! ,prism1 & be refract$1 ^: ,incid5ce is su* t !y may be reflect$ to ! ,eye2 & ! ,po9t t w be ! l ,limit = ! lea/ refrangible ,rays1 t is1 beyond :i* none ( !m c pass ?r\gh ! ,base1 ^: ,incid5ce is su* t by ,reflexion !y may come to ! ,eye4 ,& ! ,po9t r tak5 9 ! middle ,way betwe5 p & t1 w be ! l ,limit = ! meanly refrangible ,rays4 ,& !re=e all ! lea/ refrangible ,rays :i* fall ^u ! ,base beyond t1 t is1 betwe5 t & ,b1 & c come f !nce to ! ,eye1 w be reflect$ ?i!r3 ,b on ?is side t1 t is1 betwe5 t & c1 _m ( ^! ,rays w be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,base4 ,& all ! mo/ refrangible ,rays :i* fall ^u ! ,base beyond p1 t is1 betwe51 p & ,b1 & c by ,reflexion come f !nce to ! ,eye1 w be reflect$ ?i!r1 b e :]e betwe5 p & c1 _m ( ^! ,rays w get ?r\gh ! ,base1 & be refract$2 & ! same is to be und]/ood ( ! meanly refrangible ,rays on ei!r side ( ! ,po9t r4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! ,base ( ! ,prism mu/ e :]e betwe5 t & ,b1 by a total ,reflexion ( all sorts ( ,rays to ! ,eye1 look :ite & bright4 ,& e :]e betwe5 p & ,c1 by reason ( ! ,transmission ( _m ,rays ( e sort1 look m pale1 obscure1 & d>k4 ,b at r1 & 9 o!r ,places betwe5 p & t1 :]e all ! m refrangible ,rays are reflect$ to ! ,eye1 & _m ( ! less refrangible are transmitt$1 ! ,excess ( ! mo/ refrangible 9 ! reflect$ ,light w t+e t ,light ) _! ,col\r1 :i* is violet & blue4 ,& ?is happ5s by tak+ ! ,l9e ,c prt ,b any :]e betwe5 ! ,ends ( ! ,prism ,,hg & ,,ei4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,,prob4 ,,iv4 ,by ! discov]$ ,prop]ties ( ,light to expla9 ! ,col\rs ( ! ,ra9-b[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,?is ,b[ nev] appe>s1 b :]e x ra9s 9 ! ,sun-%9e1 & may be made artificially by sp\t+ up ,wat] :i* may break al(t1 & scatt] into ,drops1 & fall d[n l ,ra94 ,= ! ,sun %9+ ^u ^! ,drops c]ta9ly causes ! ,b[ to appe> to a ,spectator /&+ 9 a due ,position to ! ,ra9 & ,sun4 ,& h5ce x is n[ agre$ ^u1 t ?is ,b[ is made by ,refraction ( ! ,sun's ,light 9 drops ( fall+ ,ra94 ,?is 0 und]/ood by "s ( ! ,anti5ts1 & ( late m fully discov]'d & expla9'd by ! fam\s ,antonius de ,dom9is ,ar*bi%op ( ,spalato1 9 8 book ,de ,radiis ,visus ,lucis1 publi%$ by 8 ,fri5d ,b>tolus at ,v5ice1 9 ! ,ye> #afaa1 & writt5 above #bj ,ye>s be=e4 ,= he tea*es !re h[ ! int]ior ,b[ is made 9 r\nd ,drops ( ,ra9 by two ,refractions ( ! ,sun's ,light1 & "o ,reflexion betwe5 !m1 & ! ext]ior by two ,refractions1 & two sorts ( ,reflexions betwe5 !m 9 ea* ,drop ( ,wat]1 & proves 8 ,explications by ,exp]im5ts made ) a ,phial full ( ,wat]1 & ) ,globes ( ,glass fill$ ) ,wat]1 & plac$ 9 ! ,sun to make ! ,col\rs ( ! two ,b[s appe> 9 !m4 ,! same ,explication ,des-,c>tes ha? pursu$ 9 8 ,meteors1 & m5d$ t ( ! ext]ior ,b[4 ,b :il/ !y und]/ood n ! true ,orig9 ( ,col\rs1 x's necess>y to pursue x "h a little f>!r4 ,= und]/&+ !re=e h[ ! ,b[ is made1 let a ,drop ( ,ra91 or any o!r sph]ical transp>5t ,body be repres5t$ by ! ,sph]e ,,bnfg1 9 ,fig4 #ad4 describ$ ) ! ,c5t] ,c1 & ,semi-diamet] ,,cn4 ,& let ,,an be "o ( ! ,sun's ,rays incid5t ^u x at ,n1 & !nce refract$ to ,f1 :]e let x ei!r g out ( ! ,sph]e by ,refraction t[>ds ,v1 or be reflect$ to ,g2 & at ,g let x ei!r g out by ,refraction to ,r1 or be reflect$ to ,h2 & at ,h let x g out by ,refraction t[>ds ,s1 cutt+ ! incid5t ,ray 9 ,y4 ,produce ,,an & ,,rg1 till !y meet 9 ,x1 & ^u ,,ax & ,,nf1 let fall ! ,p]p5dicul>s ,,cd & ,,ce1 & produce ,,cd till x fall ^u ! ,circumf]5ce at ,l4 ,p>allel to ! incid5t ,ray ,,an draw ! ,diamet] ,,bq1 & let ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,air into ,wat] be to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction z ,i to ,r4 ,n[1 if y suppose ! ,po9t ( ,incid5ce ,n to move f ! ,po9t ,b1 cont9ually till x come to ,l1 ! ,ar* ,,qf w fir/ increase & !n decrease1 & s w ! ,angle ,,axr :i* ! ,rays ,,an & ,,gr conta92 & ! ,ar* ,,qf & ,angle ,,axr w be bigge/ :5 ,,nd is to ,,cn z sqrt7,,ii - ,,rr7 to sqrt7#c7,,rr1 9 :i* case ,,ne w be to ,,nd z #b,r to ,i4 ,also ! ,angle ,,ays1 :i* ! ,rays ,,an & ,,hs conta9 w fir/ decrease1 & !n increase & gr[ lea/ :5 ,,nd is to ,,cn z sqrt7,,ii - ,,rr7 to sqrt7#h7,,rr1 9 :i* case ,,ne w be to ,,nd1 z #c,r to ,i4 ,& s ! ,angle :i* ! next em]g5t ,ray 7t is1 ! em]g5t ,ray aft] ?ree ,reflexions7 conta9s ) ! incid5t ,ray ,,an w come to its ,limit :5 ,,nd is to ,,cn z sqrt7,,ii - ,,rr7 to sqrt7#ae7,,rr1 9 :i* case ,,ne w be to ,,nd z #d,r to ,i4 ,& ! ,angle :i* ! ,ray next aft] t ,em]g5t1 t is1 ! ,ray em]g5t aft] f\r ,reflexions1 conta9s ) ! ,incid5t1 w come to its ,limit1 :5 ,,nd is to ,,cn z sqrt7,,ii - ,,rr7 to sqrt7#bd7,,rr1 9 :i* case ,,ne w be to ,,nd z #e,r to ,i2 & s on inf9itely1 ! ,numb]s #c1 #h1 #ae1 #bd1 c4 be+ ga!r'd by cont9ual ,addition ( ! ,t]ms ( ! ari?metical ,progression #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 c4 ,! ,tru? ( all ?is ,ma!maticians w easily exam9e4,m ,n[ x is to be obs]v$1 t z :5 ! ,sun comes to 8 ,tropicks1 ,days increase & decrease b a v little = a great :ile toge!r2 s :5 by increas+ ! di/ance ,,cd1 ^! ,angles come to _! ,limits1 !y v>y _! quantity b v little = "s "t toge!r1 & !re=e a f> great] numb] ( ! ,rays :i* fall ^u all ! ,po9ts ,n 9 ! ,quadrant ,,bl1 %all em]ge 9 ! ,limits ( ^! ,angles1 ?an 9 any o!r ,incl9ations4 ,& f>!r x is to be obs]v$1 t ! ,rays :i* diff] 9 ,refrangibility w h diff]5t ,limits ( _! ,angles ( ,em]g5ce1 & by consequ5ce accord+ to _! diff]5t ,degrees ( ,refrangibility em]ge mo/ copi\sly 9 diff]5t ,angles1 & be+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r appe> ea* 9 _! prop] ,col\rs4 ,& :at ^? ,angles are may be easily ga!r'd f ! =ego+ ,!orem by ,computation4 ,= 9 ! lea/ refrangible ,rays ! ,s9es ,i & ,r 7z 0 f\nd above7 are #ajh & #ha1 & !nce by ,computation ! greate/ ,angle ,,axr w be f\nd #db ,degrees & #b ,m9utes1 & ! lea/ ,angle ,,ays1 #ej ,degrees & #eg ,m9utes4 ,& 9 ! mo/ refrangible ,rays ! ,s9es ,i & ,r are #aji & #ha1 & !nce by ,computation ! greate/ ,angle ,,axr w be f\nd #dj ,degrees & #ag ,m9utes1 & ! lea/ ,angle ,,ays #ed ,degrees & #g ,m9utes4 ,suppose n[ t ,o 9 ,fig4 #ae4 is ! ,spectator's ,eye1 & ,,op a ,l9e drawn p>allel to ! ,sun's ,rays & let ,,poe1 ,,p(1 ,,pog1 ,,poh1 be ,angles ( #dj ,degr4 #ag ,m94 #db ,degr4 #b ,m94 #ej ,degr4 #eg ,m94 & #ed ,degr4 #g ,m94 respectively1 & ^! ,angles turn$ ab\t _! common ,side ,,op1 %all ) _! o!r ,sides ,,oe1 ,,(2 ,,og1 ,,oh1 describe ! ,v]ges ( two ,ra9-b[s ,,af1 ,,be & ,,*dg4 ,= if ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 be drops plac$ any :]e 9 ! conical ,sup]ficies describ$ by ,,oe1 ,,(1 ,,og1 ,,oh1 & be illum9at$ by ! ,sun's ,rays ,,se1 ,,sf1 ,,sg1 ,,%2 ! ,angle ,,seo be+ equal to ! ,angle ,,poe1 or #dj ,degr4 #ag ,m94 %all be ! greate/ ,angle 9 :i* ! mo/ refrangible ,rays c aft] "o ,reflexion be refract$ to ! ,eye1 & !re=e all ! ,drops 9 ! ,l9e ,,oe %all s5d ! mo/ refrangible ,rays mo/ copi\sly to ! ,eye1 & !reby /rike ! ,s5ses ) ! deepe/ violet ,col\r 9 t ,region4 ,& 9 l mann] ! ,angle ,,sfo be+ equal to ! ,angle ,,p(1 or #db ,degr4 #b ,m94 %all be ! greate/ 9 :i* ! lea/ refrangible ,rays aft] "o ,reflexion c em]ge out ( ! ,drops1 & !re=e ^? ,rays %all come mo/ copi\sly to ! ,eye f ! ,drops 9 ! ,l9e ,,(1 & /rike ! ,s5ses ) ! deepe/ r$ ,col\r 9 t ,region4 ,& by ! same ,argum5t1 ! ,rays :i* h int]m$iate ,degrees ( ,refrangibility %all come mo/ copi\sly f ,drops betwe5 ,e & ,f1 & /rike ! ,s5ses ) ! int]m$iate ,col\rs1 9 ! ,ord] :i* _! ,degrees ( ,refrangibility require1 t is 9 ! ,progress f ,e to ,f1 or f ! inside ( ! ,b[ to ! outside 9 ?is ord]1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$4 ,b ! violet1 by ! mixture ( ! :ite ,light ( ! ,cl\ds1 w appe> fa9t & incl9e to purple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,aga91 ! ,angle ,,sgo be+ equal to ! ,angle ,,pog1 or #ej ,gr4 #ea ,m94 %all be ! lea/ ,angle 9 :i* ! lea/ refrangible ,rays c aft] two ,reflexions em]ge out ( ! ,drops1 & !re=e ! lea/ refrangible ,rays %all come mo/ copi\sly to ! ,eye f ! ,drops 9 ! ,l9e ,,og1 & /rike ! ,s5se ) ! deepe/ r$ 9 t ,region4 ,& ! ,angle ,,%o be+ equal to ! ,angle ,,poh1 or #ed ,gr4 #g ,m94 %all be ! lea/ ,angle1 9 :i* ! mo/ refrangible ,rays aft] two ,reflexions c em]ge out ( ! ,drops2 & !re=e ^? ,rays %all come mo/ copi\sly to ! ,eye f ! ,drops 9 ! ,l9e ,,oh1 & /rike ! ,s5ses ) ! deepe/ violet 9 t ,region4 ,& by ! same ,argum5t1 ! ,drops 9 ! ,regions betwe5 ,g & ,h %all /rike ! ,s5se ) ! int]m$iate ,col\rs 9 ! ,ord] :i* _! ,degrees ( ,refrangibility require1 t is1 9 ! ,progress f ,g to ,h1 or f ! inside ( ! ,b[ to ! outside 9 ?is ord]1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet4 ,& s9ce ^! f\r ,l9es ,,oe1 ,,(1 ,,og1 ,,oh1 may be situat$ any :]e 9 ! above-m5tion'd conical ,sup]ficies2 :at is said ( ! ,drops & ,col\rs 9 ^! ,l9es is to be und]/ood ( ! ,drops & ,col\rs e :]e 9 ^? ,sup]ficies4 ,?us %all !re be made two ,b[s ( ,col\rs1 an int]ior & /rong]1 by "o ,reflexion 9 ! ,drops1 & an ext]ior & fa9t] by two2 = ! ,light becomes fa9t] by e ,reflexion4 ,& _! ,col\rs %all lie 9 a contr>y ,ord] to "o ano!r1 ! r$ ( bo? ,b[s bord]+ ^u ! ,space ,,gf1 :i* is betwe5 ! ,b[s4 ,! ,bread? ( ! int]ior ,b[ ,,e( measur$ cross ! ,col\rs %all be #a ,degr4 #de ,m94 & ! ,bread? ( ! ext]ior ,,goh %all be #c ,degr4 #aj ,m94 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m ,,g( %all be #h ,gr4 #ae ,m94 ! greate/ ,semi-diamet] ( ! inn]mo/1 t is1 ! ,angle ,,p( be+ #db ,gr4 #b ,m94 & ! lea/ ,semi-diamet] ( ! out]mo/ ,,pog1 be+ #ej ,gr4 #eg ,m94 ,^! are ! ,measures ( ! ,b[s1 z !y w\ld be 7 ! ,sun b a ,po9t2 = by ! ,bread? ( 8 ,body1 ! ,bread? ( ! ,b[s w be increas$1 & _! ,di/ance decreas$ by half a ,degree1 & s ! bread? ( ! int]ior ,iris w be #b ,degr4 #ae ,m94 t ( ! ext]ior #c ,degr4 #dj ,m94 _! di/ance #h ,degr4 #be ,m94 ! greate/ ,semi-diamet] ( ! int]ior ,b[ #db ,degr4 #ag ,m94 & ! lea/ ( ! ext]ior #ej ,degr4 #db ,m94 ,& su* are ! ,dim5sions ( ! ,b[s 9 ! ,heav5s f\nd to be v ne>ly1 :5 _! ,col\rs appe> /rong & p]fect4 ,= once1 by su* means z ,i !n _h1 ,i measur$ ! greate/ ,semi-diamet] ( ! int]ior ,iris ab\t #db ,degrees1 & ! bread? ( ! r$1 yell[ & gre5 9 t ,iris #fc or #fd ,m9utes1 besides ! outmo/ fa9t r$ obscur$ by ! brightness ( ! ,cl\ds1 = :i* we may all[ #c or #d ,m9utes m4 ,! bread? ( ! blue 0 ab\t #dj ,m9utes m besides ! violet1 :i* 0 s mu* obscur$ by ! brightness ( ! ,cl\ds1 t ,i c\ld n measure its bread?4 ,b suppos+ ! bread? ( ! blue & violet toge!r to equal t ( ! r$1 yell[ & gre5 toge!r1 ! :ole bread? ( ?is ,iris w be ab\t #b-a_/d ,degrees1 z above4 ,! lea/ di/ance betwe5 ?is ,iris & ! ext]ior ,iris 0 ab\t #h ,degrees & #cj ,m9utes4 ,! ext]ior ,iris 0 broad] ?an ! int]ior1 b s fa9t1 especially on ! blue side1 t ,i c\ld n measure its bread? di/9ctly4 ,at ano!r "t :5 bo? ,b[s appe>$ m di/9ct1 ,i measur$ ! bread? ( ! int]ior ,iris #b ,gr4 #aj'1 & ! bread? ( ! r$1 yell[ & gre5 9 ! ext]ior ,iris1 0 to ! bread? ( ! same ,col\rs 9 ! int]ior z #c to #b4 ,?is ,explication ( ! ,ra9-b[ is yet f>!r confirm$ by ! kn[n ,exp]im5t 7made by ,antonius de ,dom9is & ,des-,c>tes7 ( hang+ up any :]e 9 ! ,sun-%9e a ,glass ,globe fill$ ) ,wat]1 & view+ x 9 su* a po/ure1 t ! ,rays :i* come f ! ,globe to ! ,eye may conta9 ) ! ,sun's ,rays an ,angle ( ei!r #db or #ej ,degrees4 ,= if ! ,angle be ab\t #db or #dc ,degrees1 ! ,spectator 7suppose at ,o7 %all see a full r$ ,col\r 9 t side ( ! ,globe oppos$ to ! ,sun z 'tis repres5t$ at ,f1 & if t ,angle become less 7suppose by depress+ ! ,globe to ,e7 !re w appe> o!r ,col\rs1 yell[1 gre5 & blue successive 9 ! same side ( ! ,globe4 ,b if ! ,angle be made ab\t #ej ,degrees 7suppose by lift+ up ! ,globe to ,g7 !re w appe> a r$ ,col\r 9 t side ( ! ,globe t[>ds ! ,sun1 & if ! ,angle be made great] 7suppose by lift+ up ! ,globe to ,h7 ! r$ w turn successively to ! o!r ,col\rs1 yell[1 gre5 & blue4 ,! same ?+ ,i h tri$1 by lett+ a ,globe re/1 & rais+ or depress+ ! ,eye1 or o!rwise mov+ x to make ! ,angle ( a j magnitude4 ,i h he>d x repres5t$1 t if ! ,light ( a ,c&le be refract$ by a ,prism to ! ,eye2 :5 ! blue ,col\r falls ^u ! ,eye1 ! ,spectator %all see r$ 9 ! ,prism1 & :5 ! r$ falls ^u ! ,eye he %all see blue2 & if ?is 7 c]ta91 ! ,col\rs ( ! ,globe & ,ra9-b[ ought to appe> 9 a contr>y ord] to :at we f9d4 ,b ! ,col\rs ( ! ,c&le be+ v fa9t1 ! mi/ake seems to arise f ! difficulty ( disc]n+ :at ,col\rs fall on ! ,eye4 ,=1 on ! contr>y1 ,i h sometimes _h occasion to obs]ve 9 ! ,sun's ,light refract$ by a ,prism1 t ! ,spectator always sees t ,col\r 9 ! ,prism :i* falls ^u 8 ,eye4 ,& ! same ,i h f\nd true also 9 ,c&le-light4 ,= :5 ! ,prism is mov$ sl[ly f ! ,l9e :i* is drawn directly f ! ,c&le to ! ,eye1 ! r$ appe>s fir/ 9 ! ,prism & !n ! blue1 & !re=e ea* ( !m is se5 :5 x falls ^u ! ,eye4 ,= ! r$ passes ov] ! ,eye fir/1 & !n ! blue4 ,! ,light :i* comes ?r\gh drops ( ,ra9 by two ,refractions )\t any ,reflexion1 ought to appe> /ronge/ at ! di/ance ( ab\t #bf ,degrees f ! ,sun1 & to decay gradually bo? ways z ! di/ance f him increases & decreases4 ,& ! same is to be und]/ood ( ,light transmitt$ ?r\gh sph]ical ,hail-/ones4 ,& if ! ,hail be a little flatt$1 z x (t5 is1 ! ,light transmitt$ may gr[ s /rong at a little less di/ance ?an t ( #bf ,degrees1 z to =m a ,halo ab\t ! ,sun or ,moon2 :i* ,halo1 z (t5 z ! ,hail-/ones are duly figur$ may be col\r'd1 & !n x mu/ be r$ )9 by ! lea/ refrangible ,rays1 & blue )\t by ! mo/ refrangible ones1 especially if ! ,hail-/ones h opake ,globules ( ,sn[ 9 _! c5t] to int]cept ! ,light )9 ! ,halo 7z ,hug5ius has obs]v'd7 & make ! inside !re( m di/9ctly def9$ ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,= su* ,hail-/ones1 ?\gh sph]ical1 by t]m9at+ ! ,light by ! ,sn[1 may make a ,halo r$ )9 & col\rless )\t1 & d>k] 9 ! r$ ?an )\t1 z ,halos us$ to be4 ,= ( ^? ,rays :i* pass close by ! ,sn[ ! ,rubri=m w be lea/ refract$1 & s come to ! ,eye 9 ! directe/ ,l9es4 ,! ,light :i* passes ?r\gh a drop ( ,ra9 aft] two ,refractions1 & ?ree or m ,reflexions1 is sc>ce /rong en\gh to cause a s5sible ,b[2 b 9 ^? ,cyl9d]s ( ,ice by :i* ,hug5ius expla9s ! ,p>helia1 x may p]haps be s5sible4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,,prob4 ,v4 ,by ! discov]$ ,prop]ties ( ,light to expla9 ! p]man5t ,col\rs ( ,natural ,bodies4 ,^! ,col\rs arise f h5ce1 t "s natural ,bodies reflect "s sorts ( ,rays1 o!rs o!r sorts m copi\sly ?an ! re/4 ,m9ium reflects ! lea/ refrangible or r$-mak+ ,rays mo/ copi\sly1 & !nce appe>s r$4 ,violets reflect ! mo/ refrangible mo/ copi\sly1 & !nce h _! ,col\r1 & s ( o!r ,bodies4 ,e ,body reflects ! ,rays ( its own ,col\r m copi\sly ?an ! re/1 & f _! excess & pr$om9ance 9 ! reflect$ ,light has its ,col\r4 ,exp]4 #ag4 ,= if 9 ! homog5eal ,lights obta9$ by ! solution ( ! ,problem propos$ 9 ! f\r? ,proposition ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 y place ,bodies ( sev]al ,col\rs1 y w f9d1 z ,i h done1 t e ,body looks mo/ spl5did & lum9\s 9 ! ,light ( its own ,col\r4 ,c9nab] 9 ! homog5eal r$ ,light is mo/ respl5d5t1 9 ! gre5 ,light x is manife/ly less respl5d5t1 & 9 ! blue ,light /ill less4 ,indigo 9 ! violet blue ,light is mo/ respl5d5t1 & its spl5dor is gradually dim9i%'d1 z x is remov$ !nce by degrees ?r\gh ! gre5 & yell[ ,light to ! r$4 ,by a ,leek ! gre5 ,light1 & next t ! blue & yell[ :i* comp\nd gre51 are m /rongly reflect$ ?an ! o!r ,col\rs r$ & violet1 & s ( ! re/4 ,b to make ^! ,exp]im5ts ! m manife/1 su* ,bodies ought to be *os5 z h ! fulle/ & mo/ vivid ,col\rs1 & two ( ^? ,bodies are to be comp>$ toge!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if ,c9nab] & ultra-m>9e blue1 or "s o!r full blue be held toge!r 9 ! r$ homog5eal ,light1 !y w bo? appe> r$1 b ! ,c9nab] w appe> ( a /rongly lum9\s & respl5d5t r$1 & ! ultra-m>9e blue ( a fa9t obscure & d>k r$2 & if !y be held toge!r 9 ! blue homog5eal ,light1 !y w bo? appe> blue1 b ! ultra-m>9e w appe> ( a /rongly lum9\s & respl5d5t blue1 & ! ,c9nab] ( a fa9t & d>k blue4 ,:i* puts x out ( dispute t ! ,c9nab] reflects ! r$ ,light mu* m copi\sly ?an ! ultra-m>9e do?1 & ! ultra-m>9e reflects ! blue ,light mu* m copi\sly ?an ! ,c9nab] do?4 ,! same ,exp]im5t may be tri$ successfully ) r$ ,lead & ,indigo1 or ) any o!r two col\r'd ,bodies1 if due all[ance be made = ! diff]5t /r5g? or weakness ( _! ,col\r & ,light4 ,& z ! reason ( ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies is evid5t by ^! ,exp]im5ts1 s x is f>!r confirm$ & put pa/ dispute by ! two fir/ ,exp]im5ts ( ! fir/ ,"p1 :]eby 'twas prov$ 9 su* ,bodies t ! reflect$ ,lights :i* diff] 9 ,col\rs d diff] also 9 degrees ( ,refrangibility4 ,= !nce x's c]ta91 t "s ,bodies reflect ! m refrangible1 o!rs ! less refrangible ,rays m copi\sly4 ,& t ?is is n only a true reason ( ^! ,col\rs1 b ev5 ! only reason1 may appe> f>!r f ?is ,consid]ation1 t ! ,col\r ( homog5eal ,light _c be *ang$ by ! ,reflexion ( natural ,bodies4 ,= if ,bodies by ,reflexion _c 9 ! lea/ *ange ! ,col\r ( any "o sort ( ,rays1 !y _c appe> col\r'd by any o!r means ?an by reflect+ ^? :i* ei!r are ( _! own ,col\r1 or :i* by mixture mu/ produce x4 ,b 9 try+ ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d c>e mu/ be _h t ! ,light be suffici5tly homog5eal4 ,= if ,bodies be illum9at$ by ! ord9>y prismatick ,col\rs1 !y w appe> nei!r ( _! own ,day-light ,col\rs1 nor ( ! ,col\r ( ! ,light ca/ on !m1 b ( "s middle ,col\r betwe5 bo?1 z ,i h f\nd by ,exp]i5ce4 ,?us r$ ,lead 7= in/ance7 illum9at$ ) ! ord9>y prismatick gre5 w n appe> ei!r r$ or gre51 b orange or yell[1 or betwe5 yell[ & gre51 accord+ly z ! gre5 ,light by :i* 'tis illum9at$ is m or less comp\nd$4 ,= because r$ ,lead appe>s r$ :5 illum9at$ ) :ite ,light1 :]e9 all sorts ( ,rays are equally mix'd1 & 9 ! gre5 ,light all sorts ( ,rays are n equally mix'd1 ! ,excess ( ! yell[-mak+1 gre5-mak+ & blue-mak+ ,rays 9 ! incid5t gre5 ,light1 w cause ^? ,rays to ab\nd s mu* 9 ! reflect$ ,light1 z to draw ! ,col\r f r$ t[>ds _! ,col\r4 ,& because ! r$ ,lead reflects ! r$-mak+ ,rays mo/ copi\sly 9 proportion to _! numb]1 & next aft] !m ! orange-mak+ & yell[-mak+ ,rays2 ^! ,rays 9 ! reflect$ ,light w be m 9 proportion to ! ,light ?an !y 7 9 ! incid5t gre5 ,light1 & !reby w draw ! reflect$ ,light f gre5 t[>ds _! ,col\r4 ,& !re=e ! r$ ,lead w appe> nei!r r$ nor gre51 b ( a ,col\r betwe5 bo?4 ,9 transp>5tly col\r'd ,liquors 'tis obs]vable1 t _! ,col\r uses to v>y ) _! ?ickness4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a r$ ,liquor 9 a conical ,glass held betwe5 ! ,light & ! ,eye1 looks ( a pale & dilute yell[ at ! bottom :]e 'tis ?91 & a little high] :]e 'tis ?ick] gr[s orange1 & :]e 'tis /ill ?ick] becomes r$1 & :]e 'tis ?icke/ ! r$ is deepe/ & d>ke/4 ,= x is to be conceiv'd t su* a ,liquor /ops ! indigo-mak+ & violet-mak+ ,rays mo/ easily1 ! blue-mak+ ,rays m difficultly1 ! gre5-mak+ ,rays /ill m difficultly1 & ! r$-mak+ mo/ difficultly3 ,& t if ! ?ickness ( ! ,liquor be only s mu* z suffices to /op a compet5t numb] ( ! violet-mak+ & indigo-mak+ ,rays1 )\t dim9i%+ mu* ! numb] ( ! re/1 ! re/ mu/ 7by ,prop4 #f4 ,"p #b47 comp\nd a pale yell[4 ,b if ! ,liquor be s mu* ?ick] z to /op also a great numb] ( ! blue-mak+ ,rays1 & "s ( ! gre5-mak+1 ! re/ mu/ comp\nd an orange2 & :]e x is s ?ick z to /op also a great numb] ( ! gre5-mak+ & a consid]able numb] ( ! yell[-mak+1 ! re/ mu/ beg9 to comp\nd a r$1 & ?is r$ mu/ gr[ deep] & d>k] z ! yell[-mak+ & orange-mak+ ,rays are m & m /opp'd by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! ,liquor1 s t few ,rays besides ! r$-mak+ c get ?r\gh4 ,( ?is k9d is an ,exp]im5t lately relat$ to me by ,mr4 ,halley1 :o1 9 div+ deep into ! ,sea 9 a div+ ,vessel1 f\nd 9 a cle> ,sun-%9e ,day1 t :5 he 0 sunk _m ,fa?oms deep into ! ,wat] ! upp] "p ( 8 ,h& on :i* ! ,sun %one directly ?r\gh ! ,wat] & ?r\gh a small ,glass ,w9d[ 9 ! ,vessel appe>$ ( a r$ ,col\r1 l t ( a ,damask ,rose1 & ! ,wat] bel[ & ! "u "p ( 8 ,h& illum9at$ by ,light reflect$ f ! ,wat] bel[ look'd gre54 ,= !nce x may be ga!r'd1 t ! ,sea-,wat] reflects back ! violet & blue-mak+ ,rays mo/ easily1 & lets ! r$-mak+ ,rays pass mo/ freely & copi\sly to great ,dep?s4 ,= !reby ! ,sun's direct ,light at all great ,dep?s1 by reason ( ! pr$om9at+ r$-mak+ ,rays1 mu/ appe> r$2 & ! great] ! ,dep? is1 ! full] & int5s] mu/ t r$ be4 ,& at su* ,dep?s z ! violet-mak+ ,rays sc>ce p5etrate unto1 ! blue-mak+1 gre5-mak+1 & yell[-mak+ ,rays be+ reflect$ f bel[ m copi\sly ?an ! r$-mak+ ones1 mu/ comp\nd a gre54 ,n[1 if !re be two ,liquors ( full ,col\rs1 suppose a r$ & blue1 & bo? ( !m s ?ick z suffices to make _! ,col\rs suffici5tly full2 ?\gh ei!r ,liquor be suffici5tly transp>5t ap>t1 yet w y n be able to see ?r\gh bo? toge!r4 ,=1 if only ! r$-mak+ ,rays pass ?r\gh "o ,liquor1 & only ! blue-mak+ ?r\gh ! o!r1 no ,rays c pass ?r\gh bo?4 ,?is ,mr4 ,hook tri$ casually ) ,glass ,w$ges fill$ ) r$ & blue ,liquors1 & 0 surpriz$ at ! unexpect$ ,ev5t1 ! reason ( x be+ !n unkn[n2 :i* makes me tru/ ! m to 8 ,exp]im5t1 ?\gh ,i h n tri$ x my self4 ,b he t w\ld repeat x1 mu/ take c>e ! ,liquors be ( v good & full ,col\rs4 ,n[1 :il/ ,bodies become col\r$ by reflect+ or transmitt+ ?is or t sort ( ,rays m copi\sly ?an ! re/1 x is to be conceiv$ t !y /op & /ifle 9 !mselves ! ,rays :i* !y d n reflect or transmit4 ,=1 if ,gold be foliat$ & held betwe5 y\r ,eye & ! ,light1 ! ,light looks ( a gre5i% blue1 & !re=e massy ,gold lets into its ,body ! blue-mak+ ,rays to be reflect$ to & fro )9 x till !y be /opp'd & /ifl$1 :il/ x reflects ! yell[-mak+ outw>ds1 & !reby looks yell[4 ,& mu* aft] ! same mann] t ,leaf ,gold is yell[ by reflect$1 & blue by transmitt$ ,light1 & massy ,gold is yell[ 9 all ,positions ( ! ,eye2 !re are "s ,liquors1 z ! ,t9cture ( ,lignum ,nephriticum1 & "s sorts ( ,glass :i* transmit "o sort ( ,light mo/ copi\sly1 & reflect ano!r sort1 & !reby look ( sev]al ,col\rs1 accord+ to ! ,position ( ! ,eye to ! ,light4 ,b1 if ^! ,liquors or ,glasses 7 s ?ick & massy t no ,light c\ld get ?r\gh !m1 ,i "q n b !y w\ld l all o!r opake ,bodies appe> ( "o & ! same ,col\r 9 all ,positions ( ! ,eye1 ?\gh ?is ,i _c yet affirm by ,exp]i5ce4 ,= all col\r'd ,bodies1 s f> z my ,obs]vation rea*es1 may be se5 ?r\gh if made suffici5tly ?91 & !re=e are 9 "s measure transp>5t1 & diff] only 9 degrees ( ,transp>5cy f t+$ transp>5t ,liquors2 ^! ,liquors1 z well z ^? ,bodies1 by a suffici5t ,?ickness becom+ opake4 ,a transp>5t ,body :i* looks ( any ,col\r by transmitt$ ,light1 may also look ( ! same ,col\r by reflect$ ,light1 ! ,light ( t ,col\r be+ reflect$ by ! f>!r ,surface ( ! ,body1 or by ! ,air beyond x4 ,& !n ! reflect$ ,col\r w be dim9i%$1 & p]haps cease1 by mak+ ! ,body v ?ick1 & pit*+ x on ! backside to dim9i% ! ,reflexion ( its f>!r ,surface1 s t ! ,light reflect$ f ! t++ ,p>ticles may pr$om9ate4 ,9 su* ,cases1 ! ,col\r ( ! reflect$ ,light w be apt to v>y f t ( ! ,light transmitt$4 ,b :5ce x is t t+$ ,bodies & ,liquors reflect "s sort ( ,rays1 & intromit or transmit o!r sorts1 %all be said 9 ! next ,book4 ,9 ?is ,proposition ,i cont5t my self to h put x pa/ dispute1 t ,bodies h su* ,prop]ties1 & !nce appe> col\r'd4 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,,prob4 ,,vi4 ,by mix+ col\r'd ,lights to comp\nd a beam ( ,light ( ! same ,col\r & ,nature ) a beam ( ! ,sun's direct ,light1 & !re9 to exp]i5ce ! ,tru? ( ! =ego+ ,propositions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,let ,,abc abc 9 ,fig4 #af4 repres5t a ,prism1 by :i* ! ,sun's ,light let into a d>k ,*amb] ?r\gh ! ,hole ,f1 may be refract$ t[>ds ! ,l5s ,,mn1 & pa9t ^u x at p1 q1 r1 s1 & t1 ! usual ,col\rs violet1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$1 & let ! div]g+ ,rays by ! ,refraction ( ?is ,l5s conv]ge aga9 t[>ds ,x1 & !re1 by ! mixture ( all ^? _! ,col\rs1 comp\nd a :ite accord+ to :at 0 %ewn above4 ,!n let ano!r ,prism ,,deg deg1 p>allel to ! =m]1 be plac$ at ,x1 to refract t :ite ,light upw>ds t[>ds ,y4 ,let ! refract+ ,angles ( ! ,prisms1 & _! di/ances f ! ,l5s be equal1 s t ! ,rays :i* conv]g$ f ! ,l5s t[>ds ,x1 & )\t ,refraction1 w\ld !re h cross$ & div]g$ aga91 may by ! ,refraction ( ! second ,prism be r$uc$ into ,p>allelism & div]ge no m4 ,= !n ^? ,rays w recompose a beam ( :ite ,light ,,xy4 ,if ! refract+ ,angle ( ei!r ,prism be ! bigg]1 t ,prism mu/ be s mu* ! ne>] to ! ,l5s4 ,y w "k :5 ! ,prisms & ! ,l5s are well set toge!r1 by obs]v+ if ! beam ( ,light ,,xy1 :i* comes out ( ! second ,prism be p]fectly :ite to ! v edges ( ! ,light1 & at all di/ances f ! ,prism cont9ue p]fectly & totally :ite l a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light4 ,= till ?is happ5s1 ! ,position ( ! ,prisms & ,l5s to "o ano!r mu/ be correct$2 & !n if by ! help ( a long beam ( ,wood1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure1 or by a ,tube1 or "s o!r su* ,in/rum5t1 made = t ,purpose1 !y be made fa/ 9 t ,situation1 y may try all ! same ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is comp\nd$ beam ( ,light ,,xy1 :i* h be5 made 9 ! ,sun's direct ,light4 ,= ?is comp\nd$ beam ( ,light has ! same appe>ance1 & is end['d ) all ! same ,prop]ties ) a direct beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 s f> z my ,obs]vation rea*es4 ,& 9 try+ ,exp]im5ts 9 ?is beam y may by /opp+ any ( ! ,col\rs1 p1 q1 r1 s1 & t1 at ! ,l5s1 see h[ ! ,col\rs produc$ 9 ! ,exp]im5ts are no o!r ?an ^? :i* ! ,rays _h at ! ,l5s be=e !y ent]$ ! ,composition ( ?is ,beam3 ,& by consequ5ce1 t !y arise n f any new ,modifications ( ! ,light by ,refractions & ,reflexions1 b f ! v>i\s ,sep>ations & ,mixtures ( ! ,rays orig9ally end['d ) _! col\r-mak+ ,qualities4 ,s1 = in/ance1 hav+ ) a ,l5s #d-a_/d ,in*es broad1 & two ,prisms on ei!r h& #f-a_/d ,feet di/ant f ! ,l5s1 made su* a beam ( comp\nd$ ,light2 to exam9e ! reason ( ! ,col\rs made by ,prisms1 ,i refract$ ?is comp\nd$ beam ( ,light ,,xy ) ano!r ,prism ,,hik kh1 & !reby ca/ ! usual ,prismatick ,col\rs ,,pqr/ ^u ! ,pap] ,,lv plac$ beh9d4 ,& !n by /opp+ any ( ! ,col\rs p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 at ! ,l5s1 ,i f\nd t ! same ,col\r w\ld vani% at ! ,pap]4 ,s if ! ,purple p 0 /opp'd at ! ,l5s1 ! ,purple ,p ^u ! ,pap] w\ld vani%1 & ! re/ ( ! ,col\rs w\ld rema9 unalt]'d1 unless p]haps ! blue1 s f> z "s purple lat5t 9 x at ! ,l5s might be sep>at$ f x by ! foll[+ ,refractions4 ,& s by int]cept+ ! gre5 ^u ! ,l5s1 ! gre5 ,r ^u ! ,pap] w\ld vani%1 & s ( ! re/2 :i* pla9ly %ews1 t z ! :ite beam ( ,light ,,xy 0 comp\nd$ ( sev]al ,lights v>i\sly col\r'd at ! ,l5s1 s ! ,col\rs :i* aft]w>ds em]ge out ( x by new ,refractions are no o!r ?an ^? ( :i* its ,:it5ess 0 comp\nd$4 ,! ,refraction ( ! ,prism ,,hik kh g5]ates ! ,col\rs ,,pqr/ ^u ! ,pap]1 n by *ang+ ! colorific ,qualities ( ! ,rays1 b by sep>at+ ! ,rays :i* _h ! v same colorific ,qualities be=e !y ent]'d ! ,composition ( ! refract$ beam ( :ite ,light ,,xy4 ,= o!rwise ! ,rays :i* 7 ( "o ,col\r at ! ,l5s might be ( ano!r ^u ! ,pap]1 contr>y to :at we f9d4 ,s aga91 to exam9e ! reason ( ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies1 ,i plac$ su* ,bodies 9 ! ,beam ( ,light ,,xy1 & f\nd t !y all appe>$ !re ( ^? _! own ,col\rs :i* !y h 9 ,day-light1 & t ^? ,col\rs dep5d ^u ! ,rays :i* _h ! same ,col\rs at ! ,l5s be=e !y ent]'d ! ,composition ( t beam4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,c9nab] illum9at$ by ?is beam appe>s ( ! same r$ ,col\r z 9 ,day-light2 & if at ! ,l5s y int]cept ! gre5-mak+ & blue-mak+ ,rays1 its r$ness w become m full & lively3 ,b if y !re int]cept ! r$-mak+ ,rays1 x w n any long] appe> r$1 b become yell[ or gre51 or ( "s o!r ,col\r1 accord+ to ! sorts ( ,rays :i* y d n int]cept4 ,s ,gold 9 ?is ,light ,,xy appe>s ( ! same yell[ ,col\r z 9 ,day-light1 b by int]cept+ at ! ,l5s a due ,quantity ( ! yell[-mak+ ,rays x w appe> :ite l ,silv] 7z ,i h tri$7 :i* %ews t its yell[ness arises f ! ,excess ( ! int]cept$ ,rays t++ t ,:it5ess ) _! ,col\r :5 !y are let pass4 ,s ! ,infusion ( ,lignum ,nephriticum 7z ,i h also tri$7 :5 held 9 ?is beam ( ,light ,,xy1 looks blue by ! reflect$ ,"p ( ! ,light1 & r$ by ! transmitt$ ,"p ( x1 z :5 'tis view'd 9 ,day-light2 b if y int]cept ! blue at ! ,l5s ! ,infusion w lose its reflect$ blue ,col\r1 :il/ its transmitt$ r$ rema9s p]fect1 & by ! loss ( "s blue-mak+ ,rays1 :]e) x 0 allay'd1 becomes m int5se & full4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 if ! r$ & orange-mak+ ,rays be int]cept$ at ! ,l5s1 ! ,infusion w lose its transmitt$ r$1 :il/ its blue w rema9 & become m full & p]fect4 ,:i* %ews1 t ! ,infusion does n t+e ! ,rays ) blue & r$1 b only transmits ^? mo/ copi\sly :i* 7 r$-mak+ be=e1 & reflects ^? mo/ copi\sly :i* 7 blue-mak+ be=e4 ,& aft] ! same mann] may ! ,reasons ( o!r ,pha5om5a be exam9$1 by try+ !m 9 ?is artificial beam ( ,light ,,xy4 ,,footnotes3 ,i ,see p4 #ei4 ,j ,see our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 p4 #bci4 ,k ,z is done 9 our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 & ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,l ,see our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 pag4 #bfi1 c4 ,m ,?is is demon/rat$ 9 our ,au?or's ,lect4 ,optic4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,prop4 #ce & #cf4 ,,! ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,i4 ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,reflexions1 ,refractions1 & ,col\rs ( ?9 transp>5t ,bodies4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by o!rs1 t transp>5t ,sub/ances1 z ,glass1 ,wat]1 ,air1 c4 :5 made v ?9 by be+ bl[n into ,bubbles1 or o!rwise =m$ into ,plates1 d exhibit v>i\s ,col\rs accord+ to _! v>i\s ?9ness1 al?o' at a great] ?ickness !y appe> v cle> & col\rless4 ,9 ! =m] ,book ,i =bore to treat ( ^! ,col\rs1 because !y seem$ ( a m difficult ,consid]ation1 & 7 n necess>y = e/abli%+ ! ,prop]ties ( ,light !re disc\rs$ (4 ,b because !y may conduce to f>!r ,discov]ies = compleat+ ! ,!ory ( ,light1 especially z to ! con/itution ( ! p>ts ( natural ,bodies1 on :i* _! ,col\rs or ,transp>5cy dep5d2 ,i h "h set d[n an acc\nt ( !m4 ,to r5d] ?is ,disc\rse %ort & di/9ct1 ,i h fir/ describ$ ! pr9cipal ( my ,obs]vations1 & !n consid]'d & made use ( !m4 ,! ,obs]vations are ^!4 ,obs4 #a4 ,compress+ two ,prisms h>d toge!r t _! sides 7:i* by *ance 7 a v little convex7 might some:]e t\* "o ano!r3 ,i f\nd ! place 9 :i* !y t\*$ to become absolutely transp>5t1 z if !y _h !re be5 "o cont9u$ piece ( ,glass4 ,= :5 ! ,light fell s obliquely on ! ,air1 :i* 9 o!r places 0 betwe5 !m1 z to be all reflect$2 x seem$ 9 t place ( contact to be :olly transmitt$1 insomu* t :5 look'd ^u1 x appe>$ l a black or d>k spot1 by reason t little or no s5sible ,light 0 reflect$ f !nce1 z f o!r places2 & :5 look$ ?r\gh x seem$ 7z x 77 a hole 9 t ,air :i* 0 =m$ into a ?9 ,plate1 by be+ compress'd betwe5 ! ,glasses4 ,& ?r\gh ?is hole ,objects t 7 beyond might be se5 di/9ctly1 :i* c\ld n at all be se5 ?r\gh o!r p>ts ( ! ,glasses :]e ! ,air 0 int]jac5t4 ,al?\gh ! ,glasses 7 a little convex1 yet ?is transp>5t spot 0 ( a consid]able bread?1 :i* bread? seem$ pr9cipally to proce$ f ! yield+ inw>ds ( ! p>ts ( ! ,glasses1 by reason ( _! mutual pressure4 ,= by press+ !m v h>d toge!r x w\ld become mu* broad] ?an o!rwise4 ,obs4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,plate ( ,air1 by turn+ ! ,prisms ab\t _! common ,axis1 became s little incl9$ to ! incid5t ,rays1 t "s ( !m began to be transmitt$1 !re arose 9 x _m sl5d] ,arcs ( ,col\rs :i* at fir/ 7 %ap$ almo/ l ! ,con*oid1 z y see !m del9eat$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure4 ,& by cont9u+ ! ,motion ( ! ,prisms1 ^! ,arcs increas$ & b5d$ m & m ab\t ! said transp>5t spot1 till !y 7 compleat$ into ,circles or ,r+s incompass+ x1 & aft]w>ds cont9ually grew m & m contract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,^! ,arcs at _! fir/ appe>ance 7 ( a violet & blue ,col\r1 & betwe5 !m 7 :ite ,arcs ( ,circles1 :i* pres5tly by cont9u+ ! ,motion ( ! ,prisms became a little t+$ 9 _! inw>d ,limbs ) r$ & yell[1 & to _! outw>d ,limbs ! blue 0 adjac5t4 ,s t ! ord] ( ^! ,col\rs f ! c5tral d>k spot1 0 at t "t :ite1 blue1 violet2 black1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 :ite1 blue1 violet1 c4 ,b ! yell[ & r$ 7 mu* fa9t] ?an ! blue & violet4 ,! ,motion ( ! ,prisms ab\t _! ,axis be+ cont9u$1 ^! ,col\rs contract$ m & m1 %r9k+ t[>ds ! :it5ess on ei!r side ( x1 until !y totally vani%$ into x4 ,& !n ! ,circles 9 ^? p>ts appe>'d black & :ite1 )\t any o!r ,col\rs int]mix'd4 ,b by f>!r mov+ ! ,prisms ab\t1 ! ,col\rs aga9 em]g$ out ( ! :it5ess1 ! violet & blue at its inw>d ,limb1 & at its outw>d ,limb ! r$ & yell[4 ,s t n[ _! ord] f ! c5tral ,spot 0 :ite1 yell[1 r$2 black2 violet1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 r$1 c4 contr>y to :at x 0 be=e4 ,obs4 #c4 ,:5 ! ,r+s or "s p>ts ( !m appe>$ only black & :ite1 !y 7 v di/9ct & well def9$1 & ! blackness seem$ z int5se z t ( ! c5tral ,spot4 ,also 9 ! ,bord]s ( ! ,r+s1 :]e ! ,col\rs began to em]ge out ( ! :it5ess1 !y 7 pretty di/9ct1 :i* made !m visible to a v great multitude4 ,i h sometimes numb]'d above ?irty ,successions 7reckon+ e black & :ite ,r+ = "o ,succession7 & se5 m ( !m1 :i* by reason ( _! smalness ,i c\ld n numb]4 ,b 9 o!r ,positions ( ! ,prisms1 at :i* ! ,r+s appe>$ ( _m ,col\rs1 ,i c\ld n di/+ui% above eight or n9e ( !m1 & ! ,ext]ior ( ^? 7 v confus$ & dilute4 ,9 ^! two ,obs]vations to see ! ,r+s di/9ct1 & )\t any o!r ,col\r ?an ,black & :ite1 ,i f\nd x necess>y to hold my ,eye at a good di/ance f !m4 ,= by approa*+ ne>]1 al?\gh 9 ! same incl9ation ( my ,eye to ! ,plane ( ! ,r+s1 !re em]g$ a blui% ,col\r out ( ! :ite1 :i* by dilat+ x self m & m into ! black1 r5d]'d ! ,circles less di/9ct1 & left ! :ite a little t+$ ) r$ & yell[4 ,i f\nd also by look+ ?r\gh a slit or oblong hole1 :i* 0 n>r[] ?an ! pupil ( my ,eye1 & held close to x p>allel to ! ,prisms1 ,i c\ld see ! ,circles mu* di/9ct] & visible to a f> great] numb] ?an o!rwise4 ,obs4 #d4 ,to obs]ve m nicely ! ord] ( ! ,col\rs :i* arose out ( ! :ite ,circles z ! ,rays became less & less incl9$ to ! ,plate ( ,air2 ,i took two ,object-glasses1 ! "o a ,plano-convex = a f\rte5 ,foot ,telescope1 & ! o!r a l>ge d\ble ,convex = "o ( ab\t fifty ,foot2 & ^u ?is1 lay+ ! o!r ) its plane side d[nw>ds1 ,i press$ !m sl[ly toge!r1 to make ! ,col\rs successively em]ge 9 ! middle ( ! ,circles1 & !n sl[ly lift$ ! upp] ,glass f ! l[] to make !m successively vani% aga9 9 ! same place4 ,! ,col\r1 :i* by press+ ! ,glasses toge!r1 em]g$ la/ 9 ! middle ( ! o!r ,col\rs1 w\ld ^u its fir/ appe>ance look l a ,circle ( a ,col\r almo/ uni=m f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5t] & by compress+ ! ,glasses /ill m1 gr[ cont9ually broad] until a new ,col\r em]g$ 9 its c5t]1 & !reby x became a ,r+ encompass+ t new ,col\r4 ,& by compress+ ! ,glasses /ill m1 ! diamet] ( ?is ,r+ w\ld increase1 & ! bread? ( its ,orbit or ,p]imet] decrease until ano!r new ,col\r em]g$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! la/3 ,& s on until a ?ird1 a f\r?1 a fif?1 & o!r foll[+ new ,col\rs successively em]g$ !re1 & became ,r+s encompass+ ! inn]mo/ ,col\r1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ! black ,spot4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 by lift+ up ! upp] ,glass f ! l[]1 ! diamet] ( ! ,r+s w\ld decrease1 & ! bread? ( _! ,orbit increase1 until _! ,col\rs rea*$ successively to ! c5t]2 & !n !y be+ ( a consid]able bread?1 ,i c\ld m easily disc]n & di/+ui% _! ,species ?an be=e4 ,& by ?is means ,i obs]v'd _! ,succession & ,quantity to be z foll[e?4 ,next to ! pellucid c5tral ,spot made by ! contact ( ! ,glasses succe$$ blue1 :ite1 yell[1 & r$4 ,! blue 0 s little 9 quantity1 t ,i c\ld n disc]n x 9 ! ,circles made by ! ,prisms1 nor c\ld ,i well di/+ui% any violet 9 x1 b ! yell[ & r$ 7 pretty copi\s1 & seem$ ab\t z mu* 9 ext5t z ! :ite1 & f\r or five times m ?an ! blue4 ,! next ,circuit 9 ord] ( ,col\rs imm$iately encompass+ ^! 7 violet1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$3 & ^! 7 all ( !m copi\s & vivid1 except+ ! gre51 :i* 0 v little 9 quantity1 & seem$ mu* m fa9t & dilute ?an ! o!r ,col\rs4 ,( ! o!r f\r1 ! violet 0 ! lea/ 9 ext5t1 & ! blue less ?an ! yell[ or r$4 ,! ?ird ,circuit or ,ord] 0 purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$2 9 :i* ! purple seem$ m r$di% ?an ! violet 9 ! =m] ,circuit1 & ! gre5 0 mu* m conspicu\s1 be+ z brisk & copi\s z any ( ! o!r ,col\rs1 except ! yell[1 b ! r$ began to be a little fad$1 incl9+ v mu* to purple4 ,aft] ?is succe$$ ! f\r? ,circuit ( gre5 & r$4 ,! gre5 0 v copi\s & lively1 incl9+ on ! "o side to blue1 & on ! o!r side to yell[4 ,b 9 ?is f\r? ,circuit !re 0 nei!r violet1 blue1 nor yell[1 & ! r$ 0 v imp]fect & dirty4 ,also ! succe$+ ,col\rs became m & m imp]fect & dilute1 till aft] ?ree or f\r revolutions !y end$ 9 p]fect :it5ess4 ,_! =m1 :5 ! ,glasses 7 mo/ compress'd s z to make ! black ,spot appe> 9 ! c5t]1 is del9eat$ 9 ! second ,figure2 :]e a1 b1 c1 d1 e3 f1 g1 h1 i1 k3 l1 m1 n1 o1 p3 q1 r3 s1 t3 v1 x3 y1 z1 d5ote ! ,col\rs reckon'd 9 ord] f ! c5t]1 black1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 r$3 violet1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$3 purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$3 gre51 r$3 gre5i% blue1 r$3 gre5i% blue1 pale r$3 gre5i% blue1 r$di% :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,obs4 #e4 ,to det]m9e ! int]val ( ! ,glasses1 or ?ickness ( ! int]jac5t ,air1 by :i* ea* ,col\r 0 produc$1 ,i measur$ ! ,diamet]s ( ! fir/ six ,r+s at ! mo/ lucid "p ( _! ,orbits1 & squ>+ !m1 ,i f\nd _! ,squ>es to be 9 ! ari?metical ,progression ( ! odd ,numb]s1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa4 ,& s9ce "o ( ^! ,glasses 0 plane1 & ! o!r sph]ical1 _! ,int]vals at ^? ,r+s mu/ be 9 ! same ,progression4 ,i measur$ also ! ,diamet]s ( ! d>k or fa9t ,r+s betwe5 ! m lucid ,col\rs1 & f\nd _! ,squ>es to be 9 ! ari?metical ,progression ( ! ev5 ,numb]s1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab4 ,& x be+ v nice & difficult to take ^! measures exactly2 ,i repeat$ !m div]s times at div]s p>ts ( ! ,glasses1 t by _! ,agreem5t ,i might be confirm$ 9 !m4 ,& ! same me?od ,i us$ 9 det]m9+ "s o!rs ( ! foll[+ ,obs]vations4 ,obs4 #f4 ,! ,diamet] ( ! six? ,r+ at ! mo/ lucid "p ( its ,orbit 0 #eh_/ajj p>ts ( an ,in*1 & ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e on :i* ! d\ble convex ,object-glass 0 gr\nd 0 ab\t #ajb ,feet1 & h5ce ,i ga!r$ ! ?ickness ( ! ,air or ,a]eal ,int]val ( ! ,glasses at t ,r+4 ,b "s "t aft]1 suspect+ t 9 mak+ ?is ,obs]vation ,i _h n det]m9$ ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e ) suffici5t accurat5ess1 & be+ unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,plano-convex ,glass 0 truly plane1 & n some?+ concave or convex on t side :i* ,i acc\nt$ plane2 & :e!r ,i _h n press$ ! ,glasses toge!r1 z ,i (t5 did1 to make !m t\*2 7,= by press+ su* ,glasses toge!r _! p>ts easily yield inw>ds1 & ! ,r+s !reby become s5sibly broad] ?an !y w\ld be1 did ! ,glasses keep _! ,figures47 ,i repeat$ ! ,exp]im5t1 & f\nd ! ,diamet] ( ! six? lucid ,r+ ab\t #ee_/ajj p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,i repeat$ ! ,exp]im5t also ) su* an ,object-glass ( ano!r ,telescope z ,i _h at h&4 ,?is 0 a d\ble ,convex gr\nd on bo? sides to "o & ! same ,sph]e1 & its ,focus 0 di/ant f x #hc-b_/e ,in*es4 ,& !nce1 if ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction ( ! bright yell[ ,light be assum$ 9 proportion z #aa to #ag1 ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e to :i* ! ,glass 0 figur$ w by computation be f\nd #ahb ,in*es4 ,?is ,glass ,i laid ^u a flat "o1 s t ! black ,spot appe>$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs )\t any o!r ,pressure ?an t ( ! weight ( ! ,glass4 ,& n[ measur+ ! ,diamet] ( ! fif? d>k ,circle z accurately z ,i c\ld1 ,i f\nd x ! fif? "p ( an ,in* precisely4 ,?is ,measure 0 tak5 ) ! po9ts ( a pair ( ,compasses on ! upp] ,surface on ! upp] ,glass1 & my ,eye 0 ab\t eight or n9e ,in*es di/ance f ! ,glass1 almo/ p]p5dicul>ly ov] x1 & ! ,glass 0 #a_/f ( an ,in* ?ick1 & !nce x is easy to collect t ! true ,diamet] ( ! ,r+ betwe5 ! ,glasses 0 great] ?an its measur'd ,diamet] above ! ,glasses 9 ! ,proportion ( #hj to #gi1 or !reab\ts1 & by consequ5ce equal to #af_/gi p>ts ( an ,in*1 & its true ,semi-diamet] equal to #h_/gi p>ts4 ,n[ z ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e 7#ahb ,in*es7 is to ! ,semi-diamet] ( ?is fif? d>k ,r+ 7#h_/gi p>ts ( an ,in*7 s is ?is ,semi-diamet] to ! ?ickness ( ! ,air at ?is fif? d>k ,r+2 :i* is !re=e #cb_/efgica or #ajj_/aggdghd4 ,p>ts ( an ,in*2 & ! fif? ,"p !re(1 viz4 ! #a_/hhgci ,"p ( an ,in*1 is ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at ! fir/ ( ^! d>k ,r+s4 ,! same ,exp]im5t ,i repeat$ ) ano!r d\ble convex ,object-glass gr\nd on bo? sides to "o & ! same ,sph]e4 ,its ,focus 0 di/ant f x #afh-a_/b ,in*es1 & !re=e ! ,diamet] ( t ,sph]e 0 #ahd ,in*es4 ,?is ,glass be+ laid ^u ! same pla9 ,glass1 ! ,diamet] ( ! fif? ( ! d>k ,r+s1 :5 ! black ,spot 9 _! ,c5t] appe>'d pla9ly )\t press+ ! ,glasses1 0 by ! measure ( ! ,compasses ^u ! upp] ,glass #aba_/fjj ,p>ts ( an ,in*1 & by consequ5ce betwe5 ! ,glasses x 0 #abbb_/fjjj3 ,= ! upp] ,glass 0 #a_/h ( an ,in* ?ick1 & my ,eye 0 di/ant f x #h ,in*es4 ,& a ?ird proportional to half ?is f ! ,diamet] ( ! ,sph]e is #e_/hhhej ,p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,?is is !re=e ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at ?is ,r+1 & a fif? ,"p !re(1 viz4 ! #a_/hhhej? ,"p ( an ,in* is ! ,?ickness !re( at ! fir/ ( ! ,r+s1 z above4 ,i tri$ ! same ,?+1 by lay+ ^! ,object-glasses ^u flat ,pieces ( a brok5 ,look+-glass1 & f\nd ! same ,measures ( ! ,r+s3 ,:i* makes me rely ^u !m till !y c be det]m9'd m accurately by ,glasses gr\nd to l>g] ,sph]es1 ?\gh 9 su* ,glasses great] c>e mu/ be tak5 ( a true ,plane4 ,^! ,dim5sions 7 tak51 :5 my ,eye 0 plac$ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! ,glasses1 be+ ab\t an ,in*1 or an ,in* & a qu>t]1 di/ant f ! incid5t ,rays1 & eight ,in*es di/ant f ! ,glass2 s t ! ,rays 7 incl9$ to ! ,glass 9 an ,angle ( ab\t f\r ,degrees4 ,:5ce by ! foll[+ ,obs]vation y w und]/&1 t _h ! ,rays be5 p]p5dicul> to ! ,glasses1 ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at ^! ,r+s w\ld h be5 less 9 ! ,proportion ( ! ,radius to ! ,secant ( f\r ,degrees1 t is1 ( #ajjjj to #ajjbd4 ,let ! ,?icknesses f\nd be !re=e dim9i%'d 9 ?is ,proportion1 & !y w become #a_/hhieb & #a_/hijfc1 or 7to use ! ne>e/ r\nd ,numb]7 ! #a_/hijjj? ,"p ( an ,in*4 ,?is is ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at ! d>ke/ ,"p ( ! fir/ d>k ,r+ made by p]p5dicul> ,rays2 & half ?is ,?ickness multipli$ by ! ,progression1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 c4 gives ! ,?icknesses ( ! ,air at ! mo/ lum9\s ,p>ts ( all ! brighte/ ,r+s1 viz4 #a_/aghjjj1 #c_/aghjjj1 #e_/aghjjj1 #g_/aghjjj1 c4 _! ari?metical ,means #b_/aghjjj1 #d_/aghjjj1 #f_/aghjjj1 c4 be+ its ,?icknesses at ! d>ke/ ,p>ts ( all ! d>k ones4 ,obs4 #g4 ,! ,r+s 7 lea/1 :5 my ,eye 0 plac$ p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! ,glasses 9 ! ,axis ( ! ,r+s3 ,& :5 ,i view'd !m obliquely !y became bigg]1 cont9ually swell+ z ,i remov$ my ,eye f>!r f ! ,axis4 ,& p>tly by measur+ ! ,diamet] ( ! same ,circle at sev]al ,obliquities ( my ,eye1 p>tly by o!r ,means1 z also by mak+ use ( ! two ,prisms = v great ,obliquities1 ,i f\nd its ,diamet]1 & consequ5tly ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at its ,p]imet] 9 all ^? ,obliquities to be v ne>ly 9 ! ,proportions express'd 9 ?is ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,angle ( ,incid5ce ,angle ( ,refraction ,diamet] ,?ickness on into ( ! ( ! ! ,air4 ! ,air4 ,r+4 ,air4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,deg4 ,m94 #jj #jj #jj #jj #aj #aj #jf #bf #aj #jj #aj-a_/ac #aj-b_/ac #ab #de #bj #jj #aj-a_/c #aj-b_/c #ah #di #cj #jj #aj-c_/d #aa-a_/b #bd #cj #dj #jj #aa-b_/e #ac #bi #cg #ej #jj #ab-a_/b #ae-a_/b #cc #eh #fj #jj #ad #bj #ce #dg #fe #jj #ae-a_/d #bc-a_/d #cg #ai #gj #jj #af-d_/e #bh-a_/d #ch #cc #ge #jj #ai-a_/d #cg #ci #bg #hj #jj #bb-f_/g #eb-a_/d #dj #jj #he #jj #bi #hd-a_/ab #dj #aa #ij #jj #ce #abb-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,9 ! two fir/ ,columns are express'd ! ,obliquities ( ! incid5t & em]g5t ,rays to ! ,plate ( ! ,air1 t is1 _! ,angles ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction4 ,9 ! ?ird ,column ! ,diamet] ( any col\r'd ,r+ at ^? ,obliquities is express$ 9 ,p>ts1 ( :i* t5 con/itute t ,diamet] :5 ! ,rays are p]p5dicul>4 ,& 9 ! f\r? ,column ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air at ! ,circumf]5ce ( t ,r+ is express$ 9 ,p>ts1 ( :i* also t5 con/itute its ,?ickness :5 ! ,rays are p]p5dicul>4 ,& f ^! ,measures ,i seem to ga!r ?is ,rule3 ,t ! ,?ickness ( ! ,air is proportional to ! ,secant ( an ,angle1 ^: ,s9e is a c]ta9 mean ,proportional betwe5 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction4 ,& t mean ,proportional1 s f> z by ^! ,measures ,i c det]m9e x1 is ! fir/ ( an hundr$ & six ari?metical mean ,proportionals betwe5 ^? ,s9es c\nt$ f ! bigg] ,s9e1 t is1 f ! ,s9e ( ,refraction :5 ! ,refraction is made out ( ! ,glass into ! ,plate ( ,air1 or f ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce :5 ! ,refraction is made out ( ! ,plate ( ,air into ! ,glass4 ,obs4 #h4 ,! d>k ,spot 9 ! middle ( ! ,r+s increas$ also by ! ,obliquation ( ! ,eye1 al?\gh almo/ ins5sibly4 ,b1 if in/ead ( ! ,object-glasses ! ,prisms 7 made use (1 its ,increase 0 m manife/ :5 view$ s obliquely t no ,col\rs appe>'d ab\t x4 ,x 0 lea/ :5 ! ,rays 7 incid5t mo/ obliquely on ! int]jac5t ,air1 & z ! obliquity decreas$ x increas$ m & m until ! col\r'd ,r+s appe>'d1 & !n decreas$ aga91 b n s mu* z x increas$ be=e4 ,& h5ce x is evid5t1 t ! ,transp>5cy 0 n only at ! absolute ,contact ( ! ,glasses1 b also :]e !y _h "s little ,int]val4 ,i h sometimes obs]v$ ! ,diamet] ( t ,spot to be betwe5 half & two fif? p>ts ( ! ,diamet] ( ! ext]ior ,circumf]5ce ( ! r$ 9 ! fir/ ,circuit or ,revolution ( ,col\rs :5 view'd almo/ p]p5dicul>ly2 :]eas :5 view'd obliquely x ha? :olly vani%'d & become opake & :ite l ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,glass2 :5ce x may be collect$ t ! ,glasses did !n sc>cely1 or n at all1 t\* "o ano!r1 & t _! ,int]val at ! p]imet] ( t ,spot :5 view'd p]p5dicul>ly 0 ab\t a fif? or six? "p ( _! ,int]val at ! circumf]5ce ( ! said r$4 ,obs4 #i4 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! two contigu\s ,object-glasses1 ,i f\nd t ! int]jac5t ,air exhibit$ ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 z well by transmitt+ ,light z by reflect+ x4 ,! c5tral ,spot 0 n[ :ite1 & f x ! ord] ( ! ,col\rs 7 yell[i% r$2 black1 violet1 blue1 :ite1 yell[1 r$2 violet1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$1 c4 ,b ^! ,col\rs 7 v fa9t & dilute1 unless :5 ! ,light 0 traject$ v obliquely ?r\gh ! ,glasses3 ,= by t means !y became pretty vivid4 ,only ! fir/ yell[i% r$1 l ! blue 9 ! f\r? ,obs]vation1 0 s little & fa9t z sc>cely to be disc]n'd4 ,comp>+ ! col\r'd ,r+s made by ,reflexion1 ) ^! made by transmission ( ! ,light2 ,i f\nd t :ite 0 opposite to black1 r$ to blue1 yell[ to violet1 & gre5 to a ,comp\nd ( r$ & violet4 ,t is1 ^? p>ts ( ! ,glass 7 black :5 look$ ?r\gh1 :i* :5 look$ ^u appe>$ :ite1 & on ! contr>y4 ,& s ^? :i* 9 "o case exhibit$ blue1 did 9 ! o!r case exhibit r$4 ,& ! l ( ! o!r ,col\rs4 ,! mann] y h repres5t$ 9 ! ?ird ,figure1 :]e ,,ab1 ,,cd1 are ! ,surfaces ( ! ,glasses contigu\s at ,e1 & ! black ,l9es betwe5 !m are _! ,di/ances 9 ari?metical ,progression1 & ! ,col\rs writt5 above are se5 by reflect$ ,light1 & ^? bel[ by ,light transmitt$ 7p4 #bji74 ,obs4 #aj4 ,wett+ ! ,object-glasses a little at _! edges1 ! ,wat] crept 9 sl[ly betwe5 !m1 & ! ,circles !reby became less & ! ,col\rs m fa9t3 ,insomu* t z ! ,wat] crept along1 "o half ( !m at :i* x fir/ arriv$ w\ld appe> brok5 (f f ! o!r half1 & contract$ into a less ,room4 ,by measur+ !m ,i f\nd ! ,proportions ( _! ,diamet]s to ! ,diamet]s ( ! l ,circles made by ,air to be ab\t sev5 to eight1 & consequ5tly ! ,int]vals ( ! ,glasses at l ,circles1 caus$ by ^? two ,m$iums ,wat] & ,air1 are z ab\t ?ree to f\r4 ,p]haps x may be a g5]al ,rule1 ,t if any o!r ,m$ium m or less d5se ?an ,wat] be compress'd betwe5 ! ,glasses1 _! ,int]vals at ! ,r+s caus$ !reby w be to _! ,int]vals caus$ by int]jac5t ,air1 z ! ,s9es are :i* measure ! ,refraction made out ( t ,m$ium into ,air4 ,obs4 #aa4 ,:5 ! ,wat] 0 betwe5 ! ,glasses1 if ,i press$ ! upp] ,glass v>i\sly at its edges to make ! ,r+s move nimbly f "o place to ano!r1 a little :ite ,spot w\ld imm$iately foll[ ! c5t] ( !m1 :i* ^u creep+ 9 ( ! ambi5t ,wat] into t place w\ld pres5tly vani%4 ,its appe>ance 0 su* z int]jac5t ,air w\ld h caus$1 & x exhibit$ ! same ,col\rs4 ,b x 0 n air1 = :]e any ,bubbles ( ,air 7 9 ! ,wat] !y w\ld n vani%4 ,! ,reflexion mu/ h r be5 caus$ by a subtil] ,m$ium1 :i* c\ld rec$e ?r\gh ! ,glasses at ! creep+ 9 ( ! ,wat]4 ,obs4 #ab4 ,^! ,obs]vations 7 made 9 ! op5 ,air4 ,b f>!r to exam9e ! ,effects ( col\r'd ,light fall+ on ! ,glasses1 ,i d>k5'd ! ,room1 & view'd !m by ,reflexion ( ! ,col\rs ( a ,prism ca/ on a ,%eet ( :ite ,pap]1 my ,eye be+ s plac$ t ,i c\ld see ! col\r'd ,pap] by ,reflexion 9 ! ,glasses1 z 9 a ,look+-glass4 ,& by ?is means ! ,r+s became di/9ct] & visible to a f> great] numb] ?an 9 ! op5 ,air4 ,i h sometimes se5 m ?an tw5ty ( !m1 :]eas 9 ! op5 ,air ,i c\ld n disc]n above eight or n9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,obs4 #ac4 ,appo9t+ an ,assi/ant to move ! ,prism to & fro ab\t its ,axis1 t all ! ,col\rs might successively fall on t "p ( ! ,pap] :i* ,i saw by ,reflexion f t "p ( ! ,glasses1 :]e ! ,circles appe>'d1 s t all ! ,col\rs might be successively reflect$ f ! ,circles to my ,eye1 :il/ ,i held x immovable1 ,i f\nd ! ,circles :i* ! r$ ,light made to be manife/ly bigg] ?an ^? :i* 7 made by ! blue & violet4 ,& x 0 v pleasant to see !m gradually swell or contract accord+ly z ! ,col\r ( ! ,light 0 *ang$4 ,! ,int]val ( ! ,glasses at any ( ! ,r+s :5 !y 7 made by ! utmo/ r$ ,light1 0 to _! ,int]val at ! same ,r+ :5 made by ! utmo/ violet1 great] ?an z #c to #b1 & less ?an z #ac to #h4 ,by ! mo/ ( my ,obs]vations x 0 z #ad to #i4 ,& ?is ,proportion seem'd v ne>ly ! same 9 all ,obliquities ( my ,eye2 unless :5 two ,prisms 7 made use ( in/ead ( ! ,object-glasses4 ,= !n at a c]ta9 great obliquity ( my ,eye1 ! ,r+s made by ! sev]al ,col\rs seem'd equal1 & at a great] obliquity ^? made by ! violet w\ld be great] ?an ! same ,r+s made by ! r$3 ! ,refraction ( ! ,prism 9 ?is case caus+ ! mo/ refrangible ,rays to fall m obliquely on t plate ( ! ,air ?an ! lea/ refrangible ones4 ,?us ! ,exp]im5t succe$$ 9 ! col\r'd ,light1 :i* 0 suffici5tly /rong & copi\s to make ! ,r+s s5sible4 ,& !nce x may be ga!r'd1 t if ! mo/ refrangible & lea/ refrangible ,rays _h be5 copi\s en\gh to make ! ,r+s s5sible )\t ! mixture ( o!r ,rays1 ! ,proportion :i* "h 0 #ad to #i w\ld h be5 a little great]1 suppose #ad-a_/d or #ad-a_/c to #i4 ,obs4 #ad4 ,:il/ ! ,prism 0 turn'd ab\t its ,axis ) an uni=m ,motion1 to make all ! sev]al ,col\rs fall successively ^u ! ,object-glasses1 & !reby to make ! ,r+s contract & dilate3 ,! ,contraction or ,dilatation ( ea* ,r+ ?us made by ! v>iation ( its ,col\r 0 swifte/ 9 ! r$1 & sl[e/ 9 ! violet1 & 9 ! int]m$iate ,col\rs x _h int]m$iate degrees ( ,cel]ity4 ,comp>+ ! quantity ( ,contraction & ,dilatation made by all ! degrees ( ea* ,col\r1 ,i f\nd t x 0 greate/ 9 ! r$2 less 9 ! yell[1 /ill less 9 ! blue1 & lea/ 9 ! violet4 ,& to make z j an ,e/imation z ,i c\ld ( ! ,proportions ( _! ,contractions or ,dilatations1 ,i obs]v'd t ! :ole ,contraction or ,dilatation ( ! ,diamet] ( any ,r+ made by all ! degrees ( r$1 0 to t ( ! ,diamet] ( ! same ,r+ made by all ! degrees ( violet1 z ab\t f\r to ?ree1 or five to f\r1 & t :5 ! ,light 0 ( ! middle ,col\r betwe5 yell[ & gre51 ! ,diamet] ( ! ,r+ 0 v ne>ly an ari?metical ,mean betwe5 ! greate/ ,diamet] ( ! same ,r+ made by ! outmo/ r$1 & ! lea/ ,diamet] !re( made by ! outmo/ violet3 ,contr>y to :at happ5s 9 ! ,col\rs ( ! oblong ,spectrum made by ! ,refraction ( a ,prism1 :]e ! r$ is mo/ contract$1 ! violet mo/ exp&$1 & 9 ! mid/ ( all ! ,col\rs is ! ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue4 ,& h5ce ,i seem to collect t ! ?icknesses ( ! ,air betwe5 ! ,glasses !re1 :]e ! ,r+ is successively made by ! limits ( ! five pr9cipal ,col\rs 7r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet7 9 ord] 7t is1 by ! extreme r$1 by ! limit ( r$ & yell[ 9 ! middle ( ! orange1 by ! limit ( yell[ & gre51 by ! limit ( gre5 & blue1 by ! limit ( blue & violet 9 ! middle ( ! indigo1 & by ! extreme violet7 are to "o ano!r v ne>ly z ! six? l5g?s ( a ,*ord :i* f\nd ! ,notes 9 a six? ,major1 sol1 la1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la4 ,b x agrees some?+ bett] ) ! ,obs]vation to say1 t ! ?icknesses ( ! ,air betwe5 ! ,glasses !re1 :]e ! ,r+s are successively made by ! limits ( ! sev5 ,col\rs1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet 9 ord]1 are to "o ano!r z ! ,cube ,roots ( ! ,squ>es ( ! eight l5g?s ( a ,*ord1 :i* f\nd ! ,notes 9 an eigh?1 sol1 la1 fa1 sol1 la1 mi1 fa1 sol2 t is1 z ! ,cube ,roots ( ! ,squ>es ( ! ,numb]s1 #a1 #h_/i1 #e_/f1 #c_/d1 #b_/c1 #c_/e1 #i_/af1 #a_/b4 ,obs4 #ae4 ,^! ,r+s 7 n ( v>i\s ,col\rs l ^? made 9 ! op5 ,air1 b appe>$ all ov] ( t prismatick ,col\r only ) :i* !y 7 illum9at$4 ,& by project+ ! prismatick ,col\rs imm$iately ^u ! ,glasses1 ,i f\nd t ! ,light :i* fell on ! d>k ,spaces :i* 7 betwe5 ! ,col\r'd ,r+s 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,glasses )\t any v>iation ( ,col\r4 ,= on a :ite ,pap] plac$ beh9d1 x w\ld pa9t ,r+s ( ! same ,col\r ) ^? :i* 7 reflect$1 & ( ! bigness ( _! imm$iate ,spaces4 ,& f !nce ! orig9 ( ^! ,r+s is manife/2 namely1 t ! ,air betwe5 ! ,glasses1 accord+ to its v>i\s ?ickness1 is dispos$ 9 "s places to reflect1 & 9 o!rs to transmit ! ,light ( any "o ,col\r 7z y may see repres5t$ 9 ! f\r? ,figure7 & 9 ! same place to reflect t ( "o ,col\r :]e x transmits t ( ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,obs4 #af4 ,! ,squ>es ( ! ,diamet]s ( ^! ,r+s made by any prismatick ,col\r 7 9 ari?metical ,progression1 z 9 ! fif? ,obs]vation4 ,& ! ,diamet] ( ! six? ,circle1 :5 made by ! citr9e yell[1 & view$ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly 0 ab\t #eh_/ajj p>ts ( an ,in*1 or a little less1 agreeable to ! six? ,obs]vation4 ,! prec$5t ,obs]vations 7 made ) a r>] ?9 ,m$ium1 t]m9at$ by a d5s]1 su* z 0 ,air or ,wat] compress'd betwe5 two ,glasses4 ,9 ^? t foll[ are set d[n ! ,appe>ances ( a d5s] ,m$ium ?9'd )9 a r>]1 su* z are ,plates ( ,muscovy ,glass1 ,bubbles ( ,wat]1 & "s o!r ?9 ,sub/ances t]m9at$ on all sides ) air4 ,obs4 #ag4 ,if a ,bubble be bl[n ) ,wat] fir/ made t5aci\s by dissolv+ a little ,soap 9 x1 'tis a common ,obs]vation1 t aft] a :ile x w appe> t+$ ) a great v>iety ( ,col\rs4 ,to def5d ^! ,bubbles f be+ agitat$ by ! ext]nal ,air 7:]eby _! ,col\rs are irregul>ly mov$ "o among ano!r1 s t no accurate ,obs]vation c be made ( !m17 z soon z ,i _h bl[n any ( !m ,i cov]'d x ) a cle> ,glass1 & by t means its ,col\rs em]g$ 9 a v regul> ord]1 l s _m conc5trick ,r+s encompass+ ! top ( ! ,bubble4 ,& z ! ,bubble grew ?9n] by ! cont9ual subsid+ ( ! ,wat]1 ^! ,r+s dilat$ sl[ly & ov]spread ! :ole ,bubble1 desc5d+ 9 ord] to ! bottom ( x1 :]e !y vani%'d successively4 ,9 ! mean :ile1 aft] all ! ,col\rs 7 em]g$ at ! top1 !re grew 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s a small r\nd black ,spot1 l t 9 ! fir/ ,obs]vation1 :i* cont9ually dilat$ x self till x became sometimes m ?an #a_/b or #c_/d ( an ,in* 9 bread? be=e ! ,bubble broke4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght !re _h be5 no ,light reflect$ f ! ,wat] 9 t place1 b obs]v+ x m curi\sly1 ,i saw )9 x sev]al small] r\nd ,spots1 :i* appe>$ mu* black] & d>k] ?an ! re/1 :]eby ,i knew t !re 0 "s ,reflexion at ! o!r places :i* 7 n s d>k z ^? ,spots4 ,& by f>!r ,tryal ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld see ! ,images ( "s ?+s 7z ( a ,c&le or ! ,sun7 v fa9tly reflect$1 n only f ! great black ,spot1 b also f ! little d>k] ,spots :i* 7 )9 x4 ,besides ! a=esaid col\r'd ,r+s !re w\ld (t5 appe> small ,spots ( ,col\rs1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ up & d[n ! sides ( ! ,bubble1 by reason ( "s ,inequalities 9 ! subsid+ ( ! ,wat]4 ,& sometimes small black ,spots g5]at$ at ! sides w\ld asc5d up to ! l>g] black ,spot at ! top ( ! ,bubble1 & unite ) x4 ,obs4 #ah4 ,because ! ,col\rs ( ^! ,bubbles 7 m ext5d$ & lively ?an ^? ( ! ,air ?9n'd betwe5 two ,glasses1 & s m easy to be di/+ui%'d1 ,i %all "h give y a f>!r description ( _! ord]1 z !y 7 obs]v'd 9 view+ !m by ,reflexion ( ! ,skies :5 ( a :ite ,col\r1 :il/ a black sub/ance 0 plac$ beh9d ! ,bubble4 ,& !y 7 ^!1 r$1 blue2 r$1 blue2 r$1 blue2 r$1 gre52 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 purple2 r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet2 r$1 yell[1 :ite1 blue1 black4 ,! ?ree fir/ ,successions ( r$ & blue 7 v dilute & dirty1 especially ! fir/1 :]e ! r$ seem'd 9 a mann] to be :ite4 ,among ^! !re 0 sc>ce any o!r ,col\r s5sible besides r$ & blue1 only ! blues 7& pr9cipally ! second blue7 incl9$ a little to gre54 ,! f\r? r$ 0 also dilute & dirty1 b n s mu* z ! =m] ?ree2 aft] t succe$$ little or no yell[1 b a copi\s gre51 :i* at fir/ incl9$ a little to yell[1 & !n became a pretty brisk & good will[ gre51 & aft]w>ds *ang$ to a blui% ,col\r2 b !re succe$$ nei!r blue nor violet4 ,! fif? r$ at fir/ incl9$ v mu* to purple1 & aft]w>ds became m bright & brisk1 b yet n v pure4 ,?is 0 succe$$ ) a v bright & int5se yell[1 :i* 0 b little 9 quantity1 & soon *ang'd to gre53 ,b t gre5 0 copi\s & some?+ m pure1 deep & lively1 ?an ! =m] gre54 ,aft] t foll['d an excell5t blue ( a bright ,sky-col\r1 & !n a purple1 :i* 0 less 9 quantity ?an ! blue1 & mu* incl9$ to r$4 ,! six? r$ 0 at fir/ ( a v fair & lively sc>let1 & soon aft] ( a bright] ,col\r1 be+ v pure & brisk1 & ! be/ ( all ! r$s4 ,!n aft] a lively orange foll['d an int5se bright & copi\s yell[1 :i* 0 also ! be/ ( all ! yell[s1 & ?is *ang$ fir/ to a gre5i% yell[1 & !n to a gre5i% blue2 b ! gre5 betwe5 ! yell[ & ! blue1 0 v little & dilute1 seem+ r a gre5i% :ite ?an a gre54 ,! blue :i* succe$$ became v good1 & ( a v bright ,sky-col\r1 b yet some?+ inf]ior to ! =m] blue2 & ! violet 0 int5se & deep ) little or no r$ness 9 x4 ,& less 9 quantity ?an ! blue4 ,9 ! la/ r$ appe>$ a t9cture ( sc>let next to violet1 :i* soon *ang$ to a bright] ,col\r1 incl9+ to an orange2 & ! yell[ :i* foll['d 0 at fir/ pretty good & lively1 b aft]w>ds x grew m dilute until by degrees x end$ 9 p]fect :it5ess4 ,& ?is :it5ess1 if ! ,wat] 0 v t5aci\s & well-temp]'d1 w\ld sl[ly spread & dilate x self ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,bubble2 cont9ually gr[+ pal] at ! top1 :]e at l5g? x w\ld crack 9 _m places1 & ^? cracks1 z !y dilat$1 w\ld appe> ( a pretty good1 b yet obscure & d>k ,sky-col\r2 ! :ite betwe5 ! blue ,spots dim9i%+1 until x resembl$ ! ,?r$s ( an irregul> ,net-"w1 & soon aft] vani%'d1 & left all ! upp] "p ( ! ,bubble ( ! said d>k blue ,col\r4 ,& ?is ,col\r1 aft] ! a=esaid mann]1 dilat$ x self d[nw>ds1 until sometimes x ha? ov]spread ! :ole ,bubble4 ,9 ! mean :ile at ! top1 :i* 0 ( a d>k] blue ?an ! bottom1 & appe>'d also full ( _m r\nd blue ,spots1 some?+ d>k] ?an ! re/1 !re w\ld em]ge "o or m v black ,spots1 & )9 ^?1 o!r ,spots ( an int5s] blackness1 :i* ,i m5tion'd 9 ! =m] ,obs]vation2 & ^! cont9ually dilat$ !mselves until ! ,bubble broke4 ,if ! ,wat] 0 n v t5aci\s1 ! black ,spots w\ld break =? 9 ! :ite1 )\t any s5sible int]v5tion ( ! blue4 ,& sometimes !y w\ld break =? )9 ! prec$5t yell[1 or r$1 or p]haps )9 ! blue ( ! second ord]1 be=e ! int]m$iate ,col\rs _h "t to display !mselves4 ,by ?is description y may p]ceive h[ great an aff9ity ^! ,col\rs h ) ^? ( ,air describ$ 9 ! f\r? ,obs]vation1 al?\gh set d[n 9 a contr>y ord]1 by reason t !y beg9 to appe> :5 ! ,bubble is ?icke/1 & are mo/ conv5i5tly reckon'd f ! l[e/ & ?icke/ "p ( ! ,bubble upw>ds4 ,obs4 #ai4 ,view+ 9 sev]al oblique ,positions ( my ,eye ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs em]g+ on ! top ( ! ,bubble1 ,i f\nd t !y 7 s5sibly dilat$ by increas+ ! obliquity1 b yet n s mu* by f> z ^? made by ?9n'd ,air 9 ! sev5? ,obs]vation4 ,= !re !y 7 dilat$ s mu* z1 :5 view'd mo/ obliquely1 to arrive at a "p ( ! ,plate m ?an twelve times ?ick] ?an t :]e !y appe>'d :5 view$ p]p5dicul>ly2 :]eas 9 ?is case ! ?ickness ( ! ,wat]1 at :i* !y arriv$ :5 view$ mo/ obliquely1 0 to t ?ickness :i* exhibit$ !m by p]p5dicul> ,rays1 some?+ less ?an z #h to #e4 ,by ! be/ ( my ,obs]vations x 0 betwe5 #ae & #ae-a_/b to #aj2 an increase ab\t #bd times less ?an 9 ! o!r case4 ,sometimes ! ,bubble w\ld become ( an uni=m ?ickness all ov]1 except at ! top ( x ne> ! black ,spot1 z ,i knew1 because x w\ld exhibit ! same appe>ance ( ,col\rs 9 all ,positions ( ! ,eye4 ,& !n ! ,col\rs :i* 7 se5 at its app>5t circumf]5ce by ! oblique/ ,rays1 w\ld be diff]5t f ^? t 7 se5 9 o!r places1 by ,rays less oblique to x4 ,& div]s ,spectators might see ! same "p ( x ( diff]+ ,col\rs1 by view+ x at v diff]+ ,obliquities4 ,n[ obs]v+ h[ mu* ! ,col\rs at ! same places ( ! ,bubble1 or at div]s places ( equal ?ickness1 7 v>i$ by ! sev]al ,obliquities ( ! ,rays2 by ! assi/ance ( ! #d?1 #ad?1 #af? & #ah? ,obs]vations1 z !y are h]eaft] expla9'd1 ,i collect ! ?ickness ( ! ,wat] requisite to exhibit any "o & ! same ,col\r1 at sev]al ,obliquities1 to be v ne>ly 9 ! ,proportion express$ 9 ?is ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,incid5ce on ,refraction into ,?ickness ( ! ,wat]4 ! ,wat]4 ! ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,deg4 ,m94 ,deg4 ,m94 #jj #jj #jj #jj #aj #ae #jj #aa #aa #aj-a_/d #cj #jj #bb #a #aj-d_/e #de #jj #cb #b #aa-d_/e #fj #jj #dj #cj #ac #ge #jj #df #be #ad-a_/b #ij #jj #dh #ce #ae-a_/e ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,9 ! two fir/ ,columns are express'd ! ,obliquities ( ! ,rays to ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,wat]1 t is1 _! ,angles ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction4 ,:]e ,i suppose1 t ! ,s9es :i* measure !m are 9 r\nd ,numb]s1 z #c to #d1 ?\gh probably ! ,dissolution ( ,soap 9 ! ,wat]1 may a little alt] its refractive ,virtue4 ,9 ! ?ird ,column1 ! ,?ickness ( ! ,bubble1 at :i* any "o ,col\r is exhibit$ 9 ^? sev]al ,obliquities1 is express'd 9 ,p>ts1 ( :i* t5 con/itute its ,?ickness :5 ! ,rays are p]p5dicul>4 ,& ! ,rule f\nd by ! sev5? ,obs]vation agrees well ) ^! ,measures1 if duly apply'd2 namely1 t ! ,?ickness ( a ,plate ( ,wat] requisite to exhibit "o & ! same ,col\r at sev]al ,obliquities ( ! ,eye1 is proportional to ! ,secant ( an ,angle1 ^: ,s9e is ! fir/ ( an hundr$ & six ari?metical mean ,proportionals betwe5 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction c\nt$ f ! less] ,s9e1 t is1 f ! ,s9e ( ,refraction :5 ! ,refraction is made out ( ,air into ,wat]1 o!rwise f ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce4 ,i h sometimes obs]v'd1 t ! ,col\rs :i* arise on poli%'d ,/eel by heat+ x1 or on ,bell-metal1 & "s o!r metall9e ,sub/ances1 :5 melt$ & p\r'd on ! ,gr\nd1 :]e !y may cool 9 ! op5 ,air1 h1 l ! ,col\rs ( ,wat]-bubbles1 be5 a little *ang$ by view+ !m at div]s ,obliquities1 & p>ticul>ly t a deep blue1 or violet1 :5 view'd v obliquely1 ha? be5 *ang$ to a deep r$4 ,b ! ,*anges ( ^! ,col\rs are n s great & s5sible z ( ^? made by ,wat]4 ,= ! ,scoria1 or vitrifi$ ,"p ( ! ,metal1 :i* mo/ ,metals :5 heat$ or melt$ d cont9ually protrude1 & s5d out to _! ,surface1 & :i* by cov]+ ! ,metals 9 =m ( a ?9 glassy ,sk91 causes ^! ,col\rs1 is mu* d5s] ?an ,wat]2 & ,i f9d t ! ,*ange made by ! ,obliquation ( ! ,eye is lea/ 9 ,col\rs ( ! d5se/ ?9 ,sub/ances4 ,obs4 #bj4 ,z 9 ! n9? ,obs]vation1 s "h1 ! ,bubble1 by transmitt$ ,light1 appe>'d ( a contr>y ,col\r to t1 :i* x exhibit$ by ,reflexion4 ,?us :5 ! ,bubble be+ look'd on by ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds reflect$ f x1 seem$ r$ at its app>5t ,circumf]5ce1 if ! ,cl\ds at ! same "t1 or imm$iately aft]1 7 view'd ?r\gh x1 ! ,col\r at its ,circumf]5ce w\ld be blue4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 :5 by reflect$ ,light x appe>$ blue1 x w\ld appe> r$ by transmitt$ ,light4 ,obs4 #ba4 ,by wett+ v ?9 ,plates ( ,muscovy ,glass1 ^: ?9ness made ! l ,col\rs appe>1 ! ,col\rs became m fa9t & languid1 especially by wett+ ! ,plates on t side opposite to ! ,eye3 ,b ,i c\ld n p]ceive any v>iation ( _! ,species4 ,s !n ! ?ickness ( a ,plate requisite to produce any ,col\r1 dep5ds only on ! d5sity ( ! ,plate1 & n on t ( ! ambi5t ,m$ium4 ,& h5ce1 by ! #aj? & #af? ,obs]vations1 may be kn[n ! ?ickness :i* ,bubbles ( ,wat]1 or ,plates ( ,muscovy ,glass1 or o!r ,sub/ances1 h at any ,col\r produc$ by !m4 ,obs4 #bb4 ,a ?9 transp>5t ,body1 :i* is d5s] ?an its ambi5t ,m$ium1 exhibits m brisk & vivid ,col\rs ?an t :i* is s mu* r>]2 z ,i h p>ticul>ly obs]v$ 9 ! ,air & ,glass4 ,= bl[+ ,glass v ?9 at a ,lamp ,furnace1 ^? ,plates encompass$ ) ,air did exhibit ,col\rs mu* m vivid ?an ^? ( ,air made ?9 betwe5 two ,glasses4 ,obs4 #bc4 ,comp>+ ! quantity ( ,light reflect$ f ! sev]al ,r+s1 ,i f\nd t x 0 mo/ copi\s f ! fir/ or inmo/1 & 9 ! ext]ior ,r+s became gradually less & less4 ,also ! :it5ess ( ! fir/ ,r+ 0 /rong] ?an t reflect$ f ^? p>ts ( ! ?9 ,m$ium or ,plate :i* 7 )\t ! ,r+s2 z ,i c\ld manife/ly p]ceive by view+ at a di/ance ! ,r+s made by ! two ,object-glasses2 or by comp>+ two ,bubbles ( ,wat] bl[n at di/ant ,times1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! ,:it5ess appe>'d1 :i* succe$$ all ! ,col\rs1 & 9 ! o!r1 ! ,:it5ess :i* prec$$ !m all4 ,obs4 #bd4 ,:5 ! two ,object-glasses 7 lay'd ^u "o ano!r1 s z to make ! ,r+s ( ! ,col\rs appe>1 ?\gh ) my nak$ ,eye ,i c\ld n disc]n above eight or n9e ( ^? ,r+s1 yet by view+ !m ?r\gh a ,prism ,i h se5 a f> great] ,multitude1 insomu* t ,i c\ld numb] m ?an =ty1 besides _m o!rs1 t 7 s v small & close toge!r1 t ,i c\ld n keep my ,eye /eady on !m sev]ally s z to numb] !m1 b by _! ,ext5t ,i h sometimes e/imat$ !m to be m ?an an hundr$4 ,& ,i believe ! ,exp]im5t may be improv$ to ! ,discov]y ( f> great] ,numb]s4 ,= !y seem to be really unlimit$1 ?\gh visible only s f> z !y c be sep>at$ by ! ,refraction ( ! ,prism1 z ,i %all h]eaft] expla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,b x 0 b "o side ( ^! ,r+s1 namely1 t t[>ds :i* ! ,refraction 0 made1 :i* by t ,refraction 0 r5d]'d di/9ct1 & ! o!r side became m confus$ ?an :5 view'd by ! nak$ ,eye1 insomu* t !re ,i c\ld n disc]n above "o or two1 & sometimes none ( ^? ,r+s1 ( :i* ,i c\ld disc]n eight or n9e ) my nak$ ,eye4 ,& _! ,segm5ts or ,arcs1 :i* on ! o!r side appe>'d s num]\s1 = ! mo/ "p exce$$ n ! ?ird ,"p ( a ,circle4 ,if ! ,refraction 0 v great1 or ! ,prism v di/ant f ! ,object-glasses1 ! middle ,"p ( ^? ,arcs became also confus$1 s z to disappe> & con/itute an ev5 ,:it5ess1 :il/ on ei!r side _! ,ends1 z also ! :ole ,arcs f>!/ f ! ,c5t]1 became di/9ct] ?an be=e1 appe>+ 9 ! ,=m z y see !m design'd 9 ! fif? ,figure4 ,! ,arcs1 :]e !y seem'd di/9cte/1 7 only :ite & black successively1 )\t any o!r ,col\rs int]mix'd4 ,b 9 o!r ,places !re appe>$ ,col\rs1 ^: ,ord] 0 inv]t$ by ! refraction 9 su* mann]1 t if ,i fir/ held ! ,prism v ne> ! ,object-glasses1 & !n gradually remov$ x f>!r (f t[>ds my ,eye1 ! ,col\rs ( ! #b;d1 #c;d1 #d?1 & foll[+ ,r+s1 %runk t[>ds ! :ite t em]g$ betwe5 !m1 until !y :olly vani%'d into x at ! middle ( ! ,arcs1 & aft]w>ds em]g$ aga9 9 a contr>y ,ord]4 ,b at ! ,ends ( ! ,arcs !y reta9'd _! ,ord] un*ang$4 ,i h sometimes s lay'd "o ,object-glass ^u ! o!r1 t to ! nak$ ,eye !y h all ov] seem'd uni=mly :ite1 )\t ! lea/ ,appe>ance ( any ( ! col\r'd ,r+s2 & yet by view+ !m ?r\gh a ,prism1 great ,multitudes ( ^? ,r+s h discov]'d !mselves4 ,& 9 l mann] ,plates ( ,muscovy ,glass1 & ,bubbles ( ,glass bl[n at a ,lamp-,furnace1 :i* 7 n s ?9 z to exhibit any ,col\rs to ! nak$ ,eye1 h ?r\gh ! ,prism exhibit$ a great ,v>iety ( !m rang$ irregul>ly up & d[n 9 ! ,=m ( ,waves4 ,& s ,bubbles ( ,wat]1 be=e !y began to exhibit _! ,col\rs to ! nak$ ,eye ( a ,by/&]1 h appe>$ ?r\gh a ,prism1 gird$ ab\t ) _m p>allel & horizontal ,r+s2 to produce :i* ,effect1 x 0 necess>y to hold ! ,prism p>allel1 or v ne>ly p>allel to ! ,horizon1 & to dispose x s t ! ,rays might be refract$ upw>ds4 ,,! ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,,ii4 ,rem>ks ^u ! =ego+ ,obs]vations4 ,hav+ giv5 my ,obs]vations ( ^! ,col\rs1 be=e ,i make use ( !m to unfold ! ,causes ( ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies1 x is conv5i5t t by ! simple/ ( !m1 su* z are ! #b;d1 #c;d1 #d?1 #i?1 #ab?1 #ah?1 #bj?1 & #bd?1 ,i fir/ expla9 ! m comp\nd$4 ,& fir/ to %ew h[ ! ,col\rs 9 ! f\r? & eighte5? ,obs]vations are produc$1 let !re be tak5 9 any ,"r ,l9e f ! ,po9t ,y1 9 ,fig4 #f4 ! ,l5g?s ,,ya1 ,,yb1 ,,yc1 ,,yd1 ,,ye1 ,,yf1 ,,yg1 ,,yh1 9 proportion to "o ano!r1 z ! ,cube-,roots ( ! ,squ>es ( ! ,numb]s1 #a_/b1 #i_/af1 #c_/e1 #b_/c1 #c_/d1 #e_/f1 #h_/i1 #a1 :]eby ! ,l5g?s ( a ,musical ,*ord to s\nd all ! ,notes 9 an eigh? are repres5t$2 t is1 9 ! ,proportion ( ! ,numb]s #fcjj1 #fhad1 #gaad1 #gfca1 #hbee1 #hhee1 #ibdc1 #ajjjj4 ,& at ! ,po9ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 let ,p]p5dicul>s ,a,greek3 a1 ,b,greek3 b1 c4 be erect$1 by ^: ,int]vals ! ,ext5t ( ! sev]al ,col\rs set und]nea? aga9/ !m1 is to be repres5t$4 ,!n divide ! ,l9e ,a,greek3 a 9 su* ,proportion z ! ,numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 c4 set at ! ,po9ts ( ,division d5ote4 ,& ?r\gh ^? ,divisions f ,y draw ,l9es #a;,i1 #b,k1 #c,l1 #e,m1 #f,n1 #g,o1 c4 ,n[1 if ,a#b be suppos$ to repres5t ! ,?ickness ( any ?9 transp>5t ,body1 at :i* ! outmo/ ,violet is mo/ copi\sly reflect$ 9 ! fir/ ,r+1 or ,s]ies ( ,col\rs1 !n by ! #ac? ,obs]vation1 ,,hk w repres5t its ,?ickness1 at :i* ! utmo/ ,r$ is mo/ copi\sly reflect$ 9 ! same ,s]ies4 ,also by ! #e? & #af? ,obs]vations1 ,a#f & ,,hn w d5ote ! ,?icknesses at :i* ^? extreme ,col\rs are mo/ copi\sly reflect$ 9 ! second ,s]ies1 & ,a#aj & ,,hq ! ,?icknesses at :i* !y are mo/ copi\sly reflect$ 9 ! ?ird ,s]ies1 & s on4 ,& ! ,?ickness at :i* any ( ! int]m$iate ,col\rs are reflect$ mo/ copi\sly1 w1 accord+ to ! #ad? ,obs]vation1 be def9$ by ! di/ance ( ! ,l9e ,,ah f ! int]m$iate p>ts ( ! ,l9es #b,k1 #f,n1 #aj,q1 c4 aga9/ :i* ! ,names ( ^? ,col\rs are writt5 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,b f>!r1 to def9e ! ,latitude ( ^! ,col\rs 9 ea* ,r+ or ,s]ies1 let ,a#a design ! lea/ ?ickness1 & ,a#c ! greate/ ?ickness1 at :i* ! extreme violet 9 ! fir/ ,s]ies is reflect$1 & let ,,hi1 & ,,hl1 design ! l limits = ! extreme r$1 & let ! int]m$iate ,col\rs be limit$ by ! int]m$iate p>ts ( ! ,l9es #a;,i1 & #c,l1 aga9/ :i* ! ,names ( ^? ,col\rs are writt51 & s on3 ,b yet ) ?is caution1 t ! ,reflexions be suppos$ /ronge/ at ! int]m$iate ,spaces1 #b,k1 #f,n1 #aj,q1 c4 & f !nce to decrease gradually t[>ds ^! limits1 #a;,i1 #c,l1 #e,m1 #g,o1 c4 on ei!r side2 :]e y mu/ n conceive !m to be precisely limit$1 b to decay indef9itely4 ,& :]eas ,i h assign'd ! same ,latitude to e ,s]ies1 ,i did x1 because al?\gh ! ,col\rs 9 ! fir/ ,s]ies seem to be a little broad] ?an ! re/1 by reason ( a /rong] ,reflexion !re1 yet t inequality is s ins5sible z sc>cely to be det]m9'd by ,obs]vation4 ,n[ accord+ to ?is ,description1 conceiv+ t ! ,rays orig9ally ( sev]al ,col\rs are by turns reflect$ at ! ,spaces #a;,i1 ,l#c1 #e,m1 ,o#g1 #i,,pr#aa1 c4 & transmitt$ at ! ,spaces ,,ahi#a1 #c,,lm#e1 #g,,op#i1 c4 x is easy to "k :at ,col\r mu/ 9 ! op5 ,air be exhibit$ at any ?ickness ( a transp>5t ?9 ,body4 ,= if a ,rul] be appli$ p>allel to ,,ah1 at t di/ance f x by :i* ! ?ickness ( ! ,body is repres5t$1 ! alt]nate ,spaces #a;,,il#c1 #e,,mo#g1 c4 :i* x crosse? w d5ote ! reflect$ orig9al ,col\rs1 ( :i* ! ,col\r exhibit$ 9 ! op5 ,air is comp\nd$4 ,?us if ! con/itution ( ! gre5 9 ! ?ird ,s]ies ( ,col\rs be desir$1 apply ! ,rul] z y see at ,greek3 prsph1 & by its pass+ ?r\gh "s ( ! blue at ,greek3 p & yell[ at ,greek3 s1 z well z ?r\gh ! gre5 at ,greek3 r1 y may conclude t ! gre5 exhibit$ at t ?ickness ( ! ,body is pr9cipally con/itut$ ( orig9al gre51 b n )\t a mixture ( "s blue & yell[4 ,by ?is means y may "k h[ ! ,col\rs f ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s outw>d ought to succe$ 9 ord] z !y 7 describ$ 9 ! #d? & #ah? ,obs]vations4 ,= if y move ! ,rul] gradually f ,,ah ?r\gh all di/ances1 hav+ pass'd ov] ! fir/ ,space :i* d5otes little or no ,reflexion to be made by ?9ne/ ,sub/ances1 x w fir/ arrive at #a ! violet1 & !n v quickly at ! blue & gre51 :i* toge!r ) t violet comp\nd blue1 & !n at ! yell[ & r$1 by ^: f>!r addition t blue is conv]t$ into :it5ess1 :i* :it5ess cont9ues dur+ ! transit ( ! edge ( ! ,rul] f ,i to #c1 & aft] t by ! successive defici5ce ( its compon5t ,col\rs1 turns fir/ to comp\nd yell[1 & !n to r$1 & la/ ( all ! r$ cease? at ,l4 ,!n beg9 ! ,col\rs ( ! second ,s]ies1 :i* succe$ 9 ord] dur+ ! transit ( ! edge ( ! ,rul] f #e to ,o1 & are m lively ?an be=e1 because m exp&$ & sev]$4 ,& = ! same reason in/ead ( ! =m] :ite !re int]c$es betwe5 ! blue & yell[ a mixture ( orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & indigo1 all :i* toge!r ought to exhibit a dilute & imp]fect gre54 ,s ! ,col\rs ( ! ?ird ,s]ies all succe$ 9 ord]2 fir/1 ! violet1 :i* a little int]f]es ) ! r$ ( ! second ord]1 & is !reby incl9$ to a r$di% purple2 !n ! blue & gre51 :i* are less mix'd ) o!r ,col\rs1 & consequ5tly m lively ?an be=e1 especially ! gre53 ,!n foll[s ! yell[1 "s ( :i* t[>ds ! gre5 is di/9ct & good1 b t "p ( x t[>ds ! succe$+ r$1 z also t r$ is mix'd ) ! violet & blue ( ! f\r? ,s]ies1 :]eby v>i\s degrees ( r$ v mu* incl9+ to purple are comp\nd$4 ,?is violet & blue1 :i* %\ld succe$ ?is r$1 be+ mix$ )1 & hidd5 9 x1 !re succe$s a gre54 ,& ?is at fir/ is mu* incl9$ to blue1 b soon becomes a good gre51 ! only unmix'd & lively ,col\r 9 ?is f\r? ,s]ies4 ,= z x v]ges t[>ds ! yell[1 x beg9s to int]f]e ) ! ,col\rs ( ! fif? ,s]ies1 by ^: mixture ! succe$+ yell[ & r$ are v mu* dilut$ & made dirty1 especially ! yell[1 :i* be+ ! weak] ,col\r is sc>ce able to %ew x self4 ,aft] ?is ! sev]al ,s]ies int]f]e m & m1 & _! ,col\rs become m & m int]mix'd1 till aft] ?ree or f\r m revolutions 79 :i* ! r$ & blue pr$om9ate by turns7 all sorts ( ,col\rs are 9 all places pretty equally bl5d$1 & comp\nd an ev5 :it5ess4 ,& s9ce by ! #ae? ,obs]vation ! ,rays endu$ ) "o ,col\r are transmitt$1 :]e ^? ( ano!r ,col\r are reflect$1 ! reason ( ! ,col\rs made by ! transmitt$ ,light 9 ! #i? & #bj? ,obs]vations is f h5ce evid5t4 ,if n only ! ,ord] & ,species ( ^! ,col\rs1 b also ! precise ?ickness ( ! ,plate1 or ?9 ,body at :i* !y are exhibit$1 be desir$ 9 p>ts ( an ,in*1 t may be also obta9$ by assi/ance ( ! #f? or #af? ,obs]vations4 ,= accord+ to ^? ,obs]vations ! ?ickness ( ! ?9n$ ,air1 :i* betwe5 two ,glasses exhibit$ ! mo/ lum9\s p>ts ( ! fir/ six ,r+s 7 #a_/aghjjj1 #c_/aghjjj1 #e_/aghjjj1 #g_/aghjjj1 #i_/aghjjj1 #aa_/aghjjj p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,suppose ! ,light reflect$ mo/ copi\sly at ^! ?icknesses be ! bright citr9e yell[1 or conf9e ( yell[ & orange1 & ^! ?icknesses w be ,f,greek3 l1 ,f,greek3 m1 ,f,greek3 u1 ,f,greek3 x1 ,f,greek3 o1 ,f,greek3 t4 ,& ?is be+ kn[n1 x is easy to det]m9e :at ?ickness ( ,air is repres5t$ by ,g,greek3 ph1 or by any o!r di/ance ( ! ,rul] f ,,ah4 ,b f>!r1 s9ce by ! #aj? ,obs]vation ! ?ickness ( ,air 0 to ! ?ickness ( ,wat]1 :i* betwe5 ! same ,glasses exhibit$ ! same ,col\r1 z #d to #c1 & by ! #ba/ ,obs]vation ! ,col\rs ( ?9 ,bodies are n v>i$ by v>y+ ! ambi5t ,m$ium2 ! ?ickness ( a ,bubble ( ,wat]1 exhibit+ any ,col\r1 w be #c_/d ( ! ?ickness ( ,air produc+ ! same ,col\r4 ,& s accord+ to ! same #aj? & #ba/ ,obs]vations1 ! ?ickness ( a ,plate ( ,glass1 ^: ,refraction ( ! mean refrangible ,ray1 is measur$ by ! proportion ( ! ,s9es #ca to #bj1 may be #bj_/ca ( ! ?ickness ( ,air produc+ ! same ,col\rs2 & ! l ( o!r ,m$iums4 ,i d n affirm1 t ?is proportion ( #bj to #ca1 holds 9 all ! ,rays2 = ! ,s9es ( o!r sorts ( ,rays h o!r ,proportions4 ,b ! diff]5ces ( ^? ,proportions are s little t ,i d n "h consid] !m4 ,on ^! ,gr\nds ,i h compos$ ! foll[+ ,table1 :]e9 ! ?ickness ( ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,glass1 at :i* ea* ,col\r is mo/ int5se & specifick1 is express$ 9 p>ts ( an ,in* divid$ into t5 hundr$ ?\s& equal p>ts4 ,n[ if ?is ,table be comp>$ ) ! #f? ,s*eme1 y w !re see ! con/itution ( ea* ,col\r1 z to its ,+r$i5ts1 or ! orig9al ,col\rs ( :i* x is comp\nd$1 & !nce be enabl$ to judge ( its ,int5s5ess or ,imp]fection2 :i* may suffice 9 explication ( ! #d? & #ah? ,obs]vations1 unless x be f>!r desir$ to del9eate ! mann] h[ ! ,col\rs appe>1 :5 ! two ,object-glasses are laid ^u "o ano!r4 ,to d :i*1 let !re be describ$ a l>ge ,arc ( a ,circle1 & a /reight ,l9e :i* may t\* t ,arc1 & p>allel to t ,tang5t sev]al occult ,l9es1 at su* di/ances f x1 z ! ,numb]s set aga9/ ! sev]al ,col\rs 9 ! ,table d5ote4 ,= ! ,arc1 & its ,tang5t1 w repres5t ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,glasses t]m9at+ ! int]jac5t ,air2 & ! places :]e ! occult ,l9es cut ! ,arc w %[ at :at di/ances f ! c5t]1 or ,po9t ( contact1 ea* ,col\r is reflect$4 ,! ?ickness ( col\r'd ,plates & ,p>ticles ( _/ ,air4 ,wat]4 ,glass4 ----------------------------- ,v black #a_/b #c_/h #aj_/ca ,black #a #c_/d #bj_/ca ,beg9n+ ( ,black #b #a-a_/b #a-b_/g ,_! ,col\rs ( ! ,blue #b-b_/e #a-d_/e #a-aa_/bb fir/ ,ord]1 ,:ite #e-a_/d #c-g_/h #c-b_/e ,yell[ #g-a_/i #e-a_/c #d-c_/e ,orange #h #f #e-a_/f ,r$ #i #f-c_/d #e-d_/e ----------------------------- ,violet #aa-a_/f #h-c_/h #g-a_/e ,indigo #ab-e_/f #i-e_/h #h-b_/aa ,blue #ad #aj-a_/b #i ,gre5 #ae-a_/h #aa-b_/c #i-e_/g ,( ! second ord]1 ,yell[ #af-b_/g #ab-a_/e #aj-b_/e ,orange #ag-b_/i #ac #aa-a_/i ,bright r$ #ah-a_/c #ac-c_/d #aa-e_/f ,sc>let #ai-b_/c #ad-c_/d #ab-b_/c ----------------------------- ,purple #ba #ae-c_/d #ac-aa_/bj ,indigo #bb-a_/aj #af-d_/g #ad-a_/d ,blue #bc-b_/e #ag-aa_/bj #ae-a_/aj ,( ! ?ird ,ord]1 ,gre5 #be-a_/e #ah-i_/aj #af-a_/d ,yell[ #bg-a_/g #bj-a_/c #ag-a_/b ,r$ #bi #ba-c_/d #ah-e_/g ,blui% r$ #cb #bd #bj-b_/c ----------------------------- ,blui% gre5 #cd #be-a_/b #bb ,gre5 #ce-b_/g #bf-a_/b #bb-c_/d ,( ! f\r? ,ord]1 ,yell[i% gre5 #cf #bg #bc-b_/i ,r$ #dj-a_/c #cj-a_/d #bf ----------------------------- ,gre5i% blue #df #cd-a_/b #bi-b_/c ,( ! fif? ,ord]1 ,r$ #eb-a_/b #ci-c_/h #cd ----------------------------- ,gre5i% blue #eh-c_/d #dd #ch ,( ! six? ,ord]1 ,r$ #fe #dh-c_/d #db ----------------------------- ,( ! sev5? ,ord]1 ,gre5i% blue #ga #ec-a_/d #de-d_/e ,ruddy ,:ite #gg #eg-c_/d #di-b_/c ----------------------------- ,!re are also o!r ,uses ( ?is ,table3 ,= by its assi/ance ! ?ickness ( ! ,bubble 9 ! #ai? ,obs]vation 0 det]m9'd by ! ,col\rs :i* x exhibit$4 ,& s ! bigness ( ! p>ts ( natural ,bodies may be conjectur$ by _! ,col\rs1 z %all be h]eaft] %ewn4 ,also1 if two or m v ?9 ,plates be laid "o ^u ano!r1 s z to compose "o ,plate equall+ !m all 9 ?ickness1 ! result+ ,col\r may be h]eby det]m9'd4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,hook obs]v$1 z is m5tion$ 9 8 ,micrographia1 t a fa9t yell[ ,plate ( ,muscovy ,glass laid ^u a blue "o1 con/itut$ a v deep purple4 ,! yell[ ( ! fir/ ,ord] is a fa9t "o1 & ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate exhibit+ x1 accord+ to ! ,table is #d-c_/e1 to :i* add #i1 ! ?ickness exhibit+ blue ( ! second ,ord]1 & ! ,sum w be #ac-c_/e1 :i* is ! ?ickness exhibit+ ! purple ( ! ?ird ,ord]4 ,to expla91 9 ! next place1 ! circum/ances ( ! #b;d & #c;d ,obs]vations2 t is1 h[ ! ,r+s ( ! ,col\rs may 7by turn+ ! ,prisms ab\t _! common ,axis ! contr>y way to t express$ 9 ^? ,obs]vations7 be conv]t$ into :ite & black ,r+s1 & aft]w>ds into ,r+s ( ,col\rs aga91 ! ,col\rs ( ea* ,r+ ly+ n[ 9 an inv]t$ ord]2 x mu/ be rememb]'d1 t ^? ,r+s ( ,col\rs are dilat$ by ! obliquation ( ! ,rays to ! ,air :i* int]c$es ! ,glasses1 & t accord+ to ! ,table 9 ! #g? ,obs]vation1 _! ,dilatation or ,increase ( _! ,diamet] is mo/ manife/ & spe$y :5 !y are oblique/4 ,n[ ! ,rays ( yell[ be+ m refract$ by ! fir/ ,sup]ficies ( ! said ,air ?an ^? ( r$1 are !reby made m oblique to ! second ,sup]ficies1 at :i* !y are reflect$ to produce ! col\r'd ,r+s1 & consequ5tly ! yell[ ,circle 9 ea* ,r+ w be m dilat$ ?an ! r$2 & ! ,excess ( its ,dilatation w be s mu* ! great]1 by h[ mu* ! great] is ! obliquity ( ! ,rays1 until at la/ x become ( equal ext5t ) ! r$ ( ! same ,r+4 ,& = ! same reason ! gre51 blue & violet1 w be also s mu* dilat$ by ! /ill great] obliquity ( _! ,rays1 z to become all v ne>ly ( equal ext5t ) ! r$1 t is1 equally di/ant f ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s4 ,& !n all ! ,col\rs ( ! same ,r+ mu/ be co-incid5t1 & by _! mixture exhibit a :ite ,r+4 ,& ^! :ite ,r+s mu/ h black & d>k ,r+s betwe5 !m1 because !y d n spread & int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 z be=e4 ,& = t reason also !y mu/ become di/9ct]1 & visible to f> great] numb]s4 ,b yet ! violet be+ oblique/ w be some?+ m dilat$1 9 proportion to its ext5t1 ?an ! o!r ,col\rs1 & s v apt to appe> at ! ext]ior ,v]ges ( ! :ite4 ,aft]w>ds1 by a great] obliquity ( ! ,rays1 ! violet & blue become m s5sibly dilat$ ?an ! r$ & yell[1 & s be+ f>!r remov$ f ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s1 ! ,col\rs mu/ em]ge out ( ! :ite 9 an ord] contr>y to t :i* !y _h be=e2 ! violet & blue at ! ext]ior ,limbs ( ea* ,r+1 & ! r$ & yell[ at ! int]ior4 ,& ! violet1 by reason ( ! greate/ obliquity ( its ,rays1 be+ 9 proportion mo/ ( all exp&$1 w soone/ appe> at ! ext]ior ,limb ( ea* :ite ,r+1 & become m conspicu\s ?an ! re/4 ,& ! sev]al ,s]ies ( ,col\rs belong+ to ! sev]al ,r+s1 w1 by _! unfold+ & spread+1 beg9 aga9 to int]f]e1 & !reby r5d] ! ,r+s less di/9ct1 & n visible to s great numb]s4 ,if in/ead ( ! ,prisms ! ,object-glasses be made use (1 ! ,r+s :i* !y exhibit become n :ite & di/9ct by ! obliquity ( ! ,eye1 by reason t ! ,rays 9 _! passage ?r\gh t ,air :i* int]c$es ! ,glasses are v ne>ly p>allel to ^? ,l9es 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ incid5t on ! ,glasses1 & consequ5tly ! ,rays endu$ ) sev]al ,col\rs are n incl9$ "o m ?an ano!r to t ,air1 z x happ5s 9 ! ,prisms4 ,!re is yet ano!r circum/ance ( ^! ,exp]im5ts to be consid]'d1 & t is :y ! black & :ite ,r+s :i* :5 view'd at a di/ance appe> di/9ct1 %\ld n only become confus$ by view+ !m ne> at h&1 b also yield a violet ,col\r at bo? ! edges ( e :ite ,r+4 ,& ! reason is1 t ! ,rays :i* ent] ! ,eye at sev]al p>ts ( ! ,pupil1 h sev]al ,obliquities to ! ,glasses1 & ^? :i* are mo/ oblique1 if consid]'d ap>t1 w\ld repres5t ! ,r+s bigg] ?an ^? :i* are ! lea/ oblique4 ,:5ce ! bread? ( ! ,p]imet] ( e :ite ,r+ is exp&$ outw>ds by ! oblique/ ,rays1 & inw>ds by ! lea/ oblique4 ,& ?is ,expansion is s mu* ! great] by h[ mu* ! great] is ! diff]5ce ( ! ,obliquity2 t is1 by h[ mu* ! ,pupil is wid]1 or ! ,eye ne>] to ! ,glasses4 ,& ! bread? ( ! violet mu/ be mo/ exp&$1 because ! ,rays apt to excite a ,s5sation ( t ,col\r are mo/ oblique to a second or f>!r ,sup]ficies ( ! ?9n'd ,air at :i* !y are reflect$1 & h also ! greate/ v>iation ( ,obliquity1 :i* makes t ,col\r soone/ em]ge out ( ! edges ( ! :ite4 ,& z ! bread? ( e ,r+ is ?us augm5t$1 ! d>k ,int]vals mu/ be dim9i%'d1 until ! neighb\r+ ,r+s become cont9u\s1 & are bl5d$1 ! ext]ior fir/1 & !n ^? ne>] ! c5t]2 s t !y c no long] be di/+ui%'d ap>t1 b seem to con/itute an ev5 & uni=m :it5ess4 ,among all ! ,obs]vations !re is none accompani$ ) s odd circum/ances z ! tw5ty-f\r?4 ,( ^? ! pr9cipal are1 t 9 ?9 ,plates1 :i* to ! nak$ ,eye seem ( an ev5 & uni=m transp>5t :it5ess1 )\t any t]m9ations ( ,%ad[s1 ! ,refraction ( a ,prism %\ld make ,r+s ( ,col\rs appe>1 :]eas x usually makes ,objects appe> col\r'd only !re :]e !y are t]m9at$ ) ,%ad[s1 or h p>ts unequally lum9\s2 & t x %\ld make ^? ,r+s exce$+ly di/9ct & :ite1 al?\gh x usually r5d]s ,objects confus$ & col\r$4 ,! ,cause ( ^! ?+s y w und]/& by consid]+1 t all ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs are really 9 ! ,plate1 :5 view'd ) ! nak$ ,eye1 al?\gh by reason ( ! great bread? ( _! ,circumf]5ces !y s mu* int]f]e & are bl5d$ toge!r1 t !y seem to con/itute an uni=m :it5ess4 ,b :5 ! ,rays pass ?r\gh ! ,prism to ! ,eye1 ! ,orbits ( ! sev]al ,col\rs 9 e ,r+ are refract$1 "s m ?an o!rs1 accord+ to _! degrees ( ,refrangibility3 ,by :i* means ! ,col\rs on "o side ( ! ,r+ 7t is 9 ! circumf]5ce on "o side ( its c5t]71 become m unfold$ & dilat$1 & ^? on ! o!r side m complicat$ & contract$4 ,& :]e by a due ,refraction !y are s mu* contract$1 t ! sev]al ,r+s become n>r[] ?an to int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 !y mu/ appe> di/9ct1 & also :ite1 if ! con/itu5t ,col\rs be s mu* contract$ z to be :olly co-incid5t4 ,b on ! o!r side1 :]e ! ,orbit ( e ,r+ is made broad] by ! f>!r unfold+ ( its ,col\rs1 x mu/ int]f]e m ) o!r ,r+s ?an be=e1 & s become less di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,to expla9 ?is a little f>!r1 suppose ! conc5trick ,circles ,,av1 & ,,bx1 9 ,fig4 #g4 repres5t ! r$ & violet ( any ,ord]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! int]m$iate ,col\rs1 con/itute any "o ( ^! ,r+s4 ,n[ ^! be+ view'd ?r\gh a ,prism1 ! violet ,circle ,,bx1 w1 by a great] ,refraction1 be f>!r translat$ f its place ?an ! r$ ,,av1 & s approa* ne>] to x on t side ( ! ,circles1 t[>ds :i* ! ,refractions are made4 ,= in/ance1 if ! r$ be translat$ to av1 ! violet may be translat$ to bx1 s z to approa* ne>] to x at x ?an be=e2 & if ! r$ be f>!r translat$ to av1 ! violet may be s mu* f>!r translat$ to bx z to conv5e ) x at x2 & if ! r$ be yet f>!r translat$ to ,greek3 a,y1 ! violet may be /ill s mu* f>!r translat$ to ,greek3 bx z to pass beyond x at ,greek3 x1 & conv5e ) x at e & f4 ,& ?is be+ und]/ood n only ( ! r$ & violet1 b ( all ! o!r int]m$iate ,col\rs1 & also ( e revolution ( ^? ,col\rs1 y w easily p]ceive h[ ^? ( ! same revolution or ord]1 by _! ne>ness at xv & ,greek3 ,yx1 & _! co9cid5ce at xv1 e & f1 ought to con/itute pretty di/9ct ,arcs ( ,circles1 especially at xv1 or at e & f2 & t !y w appe> sev]ally at x,greek3 u & at xv exhibit :it5ess by _! co9cid5ce1 & aga9 appe> sev]ally at ,greek3 ,yx1 b yet 9 a contr>y ord] to t :i* !y _h be=e1 & /ill reta9 beyond e & f4 ,b on ! o!r side1 at ab1 ab1 or ,greek3 ab1 ^! ,col\rs mu/ become mu* m confus$ by be+ dilat$ & spread s z to int]f]e ) ^? ( o!r ,ord]s4 ,& ! same confusion w happ5 at ,greek3 ,ux betwe5 e & f1 if ! ,refraction be v great1 or ! ,prism v di/ant f ! ,object-glasses3 ,9 :i* case no p>ts ( ! ,r+s w be se51 save only two little ,arcs at e & f1 ^: di/ance f "o ano!r w be augm5t$ by remov+ ! ,prism /ill f>!r f ! ,object-glasses3 ,& ^! little ,arcs mu/ be di/9cte/ & :ite/ at _! middle1 & at _! ends1 :]e !y beg9 to gr[ confus$1 !y mu/ be col\r'd4 ,& ! ,col\rs at "o end ( e ,arc mu/ be 9 a contr>y ord] to ^? at ! o!r end1 by reason t !y cross 9 ! int]m$iate :ite2 namely1 _! ends1 :i* v]ge t[>ds ,greek3 ,ux1 w be r$ & yell[ on t side next ! c5t]1 & blue & violet on ! o!r side4 ,b _! o!r ends :i* v]ge f ,greek3 ,ux1 w on ! contr>y be blue & violet on t side t[>ds ! c5t]1 & on ! o!r side r$ & yell[4 ,n[ z all ^! ?+s foll[ f ! prop]ties ( ,light by a ma!matical way ( reason+1 s ! tru? ( !m may be manife/$ by ,exp]im5ts4 ,= 9 a d>k ,room1 by view+ ^! ,r+s ?r\gh a ,prism1 by reflexion ( ! sev]al prismatick ,col\rs1 :i* an assi/ant causes to move to & fro ^u a ,wall or ,pap] f :5ce !y are reflect$1 :il/ ! ,spectator's ,eye1 ! ,prism1 & ! ,object-glasses1 7z 9 ! #ac? ,obs]vation17 are plac$ /eady2 ! ,position ( ! ,circles made successively by ! sev]al ,col\rs1 w be f\nd su*1 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 z ,i h describ$ 9 ! ,figures abxv1 or abxv1 or ,greek3 abx,u4 ,& by ! same me?od ! tru? ( ! ,explications ( o!r ,obs]vations may be exam9$4 ,by :at ha? be5 said1 ! l ,pha5om5a ( ,wat] & ?9 ,plates ( ,glass may be und]/ood4 ,b 9 small fragm5ts ( ^? ,plates !re is ?is f>!r obs]vable1 t :]e !y lie flat ^u a ,table1 & are turn$ ab\t _! c5t]s :il/ !y are view'd ?r\gh a ,prism1 !y w 9 "s po/ures exhibit ,waves ( v>i\s ,col\rs2 & "s ( !m exhibit ^! ,waves 9 "o or two ,positions only1 b ! mo/ ( !m d 9 all ,positions exhibit !m1 & make !m = ! mo/ "p appe> almo/ all ov] ! ,plates4 ,! reason is1 t ! ,sup]ficies ( su* ,plates are n ev51 b h _m ,cavities & ,swell+s1 :i*1 h[ %all[ soev]1 d a little v>y ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate4 ,= at ! sev]al sides ( ^? ,cavities1 = ! ,reasons newly describ$1 !re ought to be produc$ ,waves 9 sev]al po/ures ( ! ,prism4 ,n[ ?\gh x be b "s v small & n>r[] p>ts ( ! ,glass1 by :i* ^! ,waves = ! mo/ "p are caus$1 yet !y may seem to ext5d !mselves ov] ! :ole ,glass1 because f ! n>r[e/ ( ^? p>ts !re are ,col\rs ( sev]al ,ord]s1 t is1 ( sev]al ,r+s1 confus$ly reflect$1 :i* by ,refraction ( ! ,prism are unfold$1 sep>at$1 &1 accord+ to _! degrees ( ,refraction1 disp]s$ to sev]al places1 s z to con/itute s _m sev]al ,waves1 z !re 7 div]s ord]s ( ,col\rs promiscu\sly reflect$ f t "p ( ! ,glass4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal ,pha5om5a ( ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles1 ^: ,explications dep5d on ! prop]ties ( ,light1 :i* ,i h h]et(ore deliv]'d4 ,& ^! y see d necess>ily foll[ f !m1 & agree ) !m1 ev5 to _! v lea/ circum/ances2 & n only s1 b d v mu* t5d to _! pro(4 ,?us1 by ! #bd? ,obs]vation x appe>s1 t ! ,rays ( sev]al ,col\rs1 made z well by ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles1 z by ,refractions ( a ,prism1 h sev]al degrees ( ,refrangibility2 :]eby ^? ( ea* ord]1 :i* at ! reflexion f ! ,plate or ,bubble are int]mix'd ) ^? ( o!r ord]s1 are sep>at$ f !m by ,refraction1 & associat$ toge!r s z to become visible by !mselves l ,arcs ( ,circles4 ,= if ! ,rays 7 all alike refrangible1 'tis impossible t ! :it5ess1 :i* to ! nak$ ,s5se appe>s uni=m1 %\ld by ,refraction h its p>ts transpos$ & rang$ into ^? black & :ite ,arcs4 ,x appe>s also t ! unequal ,refractions ( dif=m ,rays proce$ n f any cont+5t irregul>ities2 su* z are ,ve9s1 an unev5 ,poli%1 or =tuit\s ,position ( ! ,pores ( ,glass2 unequal & casual ,motions 9 ! ,air or ,a,ether1 ! spread+1 break+1 or divid+ ! same ,ray into _m div]g+ p>ts2 or ! l4 ,=1 admitt+ any su* irregul>ities1 x w\ld be impossible = ,refractions to r5d] ^? ,r+s s v di/9ct1 & well def9$1 z !y d 9 ! #bd? ,obs]vation4 ,x is necess>y !re=e t e ,ray h its prop] & con/ant degree ( ,refrangibility connate ) x1 accord+ to :i* its refraction is ev] ju/ly & regul>ly p]=m'd2 & t sev]al ,rays h sev]al ( ^? degrees4 ,& :at is said ( _! ,refrangibility may be also und]/ood ( _! ,reflexibility1 t is1 ( _! ,dispositions to be reflect$1 "s at a great]1 & o!rs at a less ?ickness ( ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles2 namely1 t ^? ,dispositions are also connate ) ! ,rays1 & immutable2 z may appe> by ! #ac?1 #ad?1 & #ae? ,obs]vations1 comp>$ ) ! f\r? & eighte5?4 ,by ! ,prec$5t ,obs]vations x appe>s also1 t :it5ess is a dissimil> mixture ( all ,col\rs1 & t ,light is a mixture ( ,rays endu$ ) all ^? ,col\rs4 ,=1 consid]+ ! multitude ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs 9 ! #c;d1 #ab?1 & #bd? ,obs]vations1 x is manife/1 t al?\gh 9 ! #d? & #ah? ,obs]vations !re appe> no m ?an eight or n9e ( ^? ,r+s1 yet !re are really a f> great] numb]1 :i* s mu* int]f]e & m+le ) "o ano!r1 z aft] ^? eight or n9e revolutions to dilute "o ano!r :olly1 & con/itute an ev5 & s5sibly uni=m :it5ess4 ,& consequ5tly t :it5ess mu/ be all['d a mixture ( all ,col\rs1 & ! ,light :i* conveys x to ! ,eye mu/ be a mixture ( ,rays endu$ ) all ^? ,col\rs4 ,b f>!r2 by ! #bd? ,obs]vation x appe>s1 t !re is a con/ant relation betwe5 ,col\rs & ,refrangibility2 ! mo/ refrangible ,rays be+ violet1 ! lea/ refrangible r$1 & ^? ( int]m$iate ,col\rs hav+ proportionably int]m$iate degrees ( ,refrangibility4 ,& by ! #ac?1 #ad?1 & #ae? ,obs]vations1 comp>$ ) ! #d? or #ah? !re appe>s to be ! same con/ant relation betwe5 ,col\r & ,reflexibility2 ! violet be+ 9 l circum/ances reflect$ at lea/ ?icknesses ( any ?9 ,plate or ,bubble1 ! r$ at greate/ ?icknesses1 & ! int]m$iate ,col\rs at int]m$iate ?icknesses4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! colorifick ,dispositions ( ,rays are also connate ) !m1 & immutable2 & by consequ5ce1 t all ! ,productions & ,appe>ances ( ,col\rs 9 ! ,_w are d]iv$1 n f any physical ,*ange caus$ 9 ,light by ,refraction or ,reflexion1 b only f ! v>i\s ,mixtures or ,sep>ations ( ,rays1 by virtue ( _! diff]5t ,refrangibility or ,reflexibility4 ,& 9 ?is respect ! ,sci5ce ( ,col\rs becomes a ,speculation z truly ma!matical z any o!r "p ( ,opticks4 ,i mean1 s f> z !y dep5d on ! ,nature ( ,light1 & are n produc$ or alt]'d by ! ,p[] ( ,imag9ation1 or by /rik+ or press+ ! ,eye4 ,,! ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! p]man5t ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies1 & ! ,analogy betwe5 !m & ! ,col\rs ( ?9 transp>5t ,plates4 ,i am n[ come to ano!r "p ( ?is ,design1 :i* is to consid] h[ ! ,pha5om5a ( ?9 transp>5t ,plates /& relat$ to ^? ( all o!r natural ,bodies4 ,( ^! ,bodies ,i h already told y t !y appe> ( div]s ,col\rs1 accord+ly z !y are dispos$ to reflect mo/ copi\sly ! ,rays orig9ally endu$ ) ^? ,col\rs4 ,b _! ,con/itutions1 :]eby !y reflect "s ,rays m copi\sly ?an o!rs1 rema9 to be discov]'d2 & ^! ,i %all endeav\r to manife/ 9 ! foll[+ ,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,i4 ,^? ,sup]ficies ( transp>5t ,bodies reflect ! greate/ quantity ( ,light1 :i* h ! greate/ refract+ ,p[]2 t is1 :i* int]c$e ,m$iums t diff] mo/ 9 _! refractive ,d5sities4 ,& 9 ! ,conf9es ( equally refract+ ,m$iums !re is no ,reflexion4 ,! ,analogy betwe5 ,reflexion & ,refraction w appe> by consid]+1 t :5 ,light passe? obliquely out ( "o ,m$ium into ano!r :i* refracts f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce ( _! refractive ,d5sity1 ! less ,obliquity ( ,incid5ce is requisite to cause a total ,reflexion4 ,= z ! ,s9es are :i* measure ! ,refraction1 s is ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce at :i* ! total ,reflexion beg9s1 to ! ,radius ( ! ,circle2 & consequ5tly t ,angle ( ,incid5ce is lea/ :]e !re is ! greate/ diff]5ce ( ! ,s9es4 ,?us 9 ! pass+ ( ,light out ( ,wat] into ,air1 :]e ! ,refraction is measur$ by ! ,ratio ( ! ,s9es #c to #d1 ! total ,reflexion beg9s :5 ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce is ab\t #dh ,degrees #ce ,m9utes4 ,9 pass+ out ( ,glass into ,air1 :]e ! ,refraction is measur$ by ! ,ratio ( ! ,s9es #bj to #ca1 ! total ,reflexion beg9s :5 ! ,angle ( ,incid5ce is #dj ,degrees #aj ,m9utes2 & s 9 pass+ out ( ,cry/al1 or m /rongly refract+ ,m$iums into ,air1 !re is /ill a less obliquity requisite to cause a total reflexion4 ,sup]ficies !re=e :i* refract mo/ d soone/ reflect all ! ,light :i* is incid5t on !m1 & s mu/ be all[$ mo/ /rongly reflexive4 ,b ! tru? ( ?is ,proposition w f>!r appe> by obs]v+1 t 9 ! ,sup]ficies int]c$+ two transp>5t ,m$iums1 7su* z are ,air1 ,wat]1 ,oil1 common ,glass1 ,cry/al1 metall9e ,glasses1 ,isl& ,glasses1 :ite transp>5t ,ars5ick1 ,diamonds1 c47 ! ,reflexion is /rong] or weak] accord+ly1 z ! ,sup]ficies ha? a great] or less refract+ ,p[]4 ,= 9 ! ,conf9e ( ,air & ,sal-gem 'tis /rong] ?an 9 ! ,conf9e ( ,air & ,wat]1 & /ill /rong] 9 ! ,conf9e ( ,air & common ,glass or ,cry/al1 & /rong] 9 ! ,conf9e ( ,air & a ,diamond4 ,if any ( ^!1 & su* l transp>5t ,solids1 be imm]g$ 9 ,wat]1 its ,reflexion becomes1 mu* weak] ?an be=e2 & /ill weak] if !y be imm]g$ 9 ! m /rongly refract+ ,liquors ( well rectifi$ ,oil ( ,vitriol or ,_s ( ,turp5t9e4 ,if ,wat] be di/+ui%'d into two p>ts by any imag9>y ,surface1 ! ,reflexion 9 ! ,conf9e ( ^? two p>ts is none at all4 ,9 ! ,conf9e ( ,wat] & ,ice 'tis v little2 9 t ( ,wat] & ,oil 'tis some?+ great]2 9 t ( ,wat] & ,sal-gem /ill great]2 & 9 t ( ,wat] & ,glass1 or ,cry/al or o!r d5s] ,sub/ances /ill great]1 accord+ly z ^? ,m$iums diff] m or less 9 _! refract+ ,p[]s4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,conf9e ( common ,glass & ,cry/al1 !re ought to be a weak ,reflexion1 & a /rong] ,reflexion 9 ! ,conf9e ( common & metall9e ,glass2 ?\gh ,i h n yet tri$ ?is4 ,b 9 ! ,conf9e ( two ,glasses ( equal d5sity1 !re is n any s5sible ,reflexion2 z 0 %ewn 9 ! fir/ ,obs]vation4 ,& ! same may be und]/ood ( ! ,sup]ficies int]c$+ two ,cry/als1 or two ,liquors1 or any o!r ,sub/ances 9 :i* no ,refraction is caus$4 ,s !n ! reason :y uni=m pellucid ,m$iums 7su* z ,wat]1 ,glass1 or ,cry/al17 h no s5sible ,reflexion b 9 _! ext]nal ,sup]ficies1 :]e !y are adjac5t to o!r ,m$iums ( a diff]5t d5sity1 is because all _! contigu\s p>ts h "o & ! same degree ( d5sity4 ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,! lea/ p>ts ( almo/ all natural ,bodies are 9 "s measure transp>5t3 ,& ! ,opacity ( ^? ,bodies arise? f ! multitude ( ,reflexions caus$ 9 _! int]nal ,p>ts4 ,t ?is is s has be5 obs]v$ by o!rs1 & w easily be grant$ by !m t h be5 conv]sant ) ,microscopes4 ,& x may be also tri$ by apply+ any sub/ance to a hole ?r\gh :i* "s ,light is immitt$ into a d>k ,room4 ,= h[ opake soev] t ,sub/ance may seem 9 ! op5 ,air1 x w by t means appe> v manife/ly transp>5t1 if x be ( a suffici5t ?9ness4 ,only :ite metall9e ,bodies mu/ be except$1 :i* by reason ( _! excessive d5sity seem to reflect almo/ all ! ,light incid5t on _! fir/ ,sup]ficies2 unless by solution 9 ,m5/ruums !y be r$uc$ into v small ,p>ticles1 & !n !y become transp>5t4 ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,betwe5 ! p>ts ( opake & col\r'd ,bodies are _m ,spaces1 ei!r empty1 or repl5i%'d ) ,m$iums ( o!r ,d5sities2 z ,wat] betwe5 ! t++ ,corpuscles :]e) any ,liquor is impregnat$1 ,air betwe5 ! aque\s ,globules t con/itute ,cl\ds or ,mi/s2 & = ! mo/ "p ,spaces void ( bo? ,air & ,wat]1 b yet p]haps n :olly void ( all ,sub/ance1 betwe5 ! p>ts ( h>d ,bodies4 ,! tru? ( ?is is ev9c$ by ! two prec$5t ,propositions3 ,= by ! second ,proposition !re are _m ,reflexions made by ! int]nal p>ts ( ,bodies1 :i*1 by ! fir/ ,proposition1 w\ld n happ5 if ! p>ts ( ^? ,bodies 7 cont9u$ )\t any su* ,int]/ices betwe5 !m2 because ,reflexions are caus$ only 9 ,sup]ficies1 :i* int]c$e ,m$iums ( a diff]+ d5sity1 by ,prop4 #a4 ,b f>!r1 t ?is discont9uity ( p>ts is ! pr9cipal ,cause ( ! opacity ( ,bodies1 w appe> by consid]+1 t opake ,sub/ances become transp>5t by fill+ _! ,pores ) any ,sub/ance ( equal or almo/ equal d5sity ) _! p>ts4 ,?us ,pap] dipp$ 9 ,wat] or ,oil1 ! ,oculus ,mundi ,/one /eep'd 9 ,wat]1 ,l9n5 ,clo? oil$ or v>ni%'d1 & _m o!r ,sub/ances soak$ 9 su* ,liquors z w intimately p]vade _! little ,pores1 become by t means m transp>5t ?an o!rwise2 s1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ transp>5t ,sub/ances1 may1 by evacuat+ _! ,pores1 or sep>at+ _! p>ts1 be r5d]'d suffici5tly opake2 z ,salts or wet ,pap]1 or ! ,oculus ,mundi ,/one by be+ dri$1 ,horn by be+ scrap$1 ,glass by be+ r$uc$ to ,p[d]1 or o!rwise flaw$2 ,turp5t9e by be+ /irr$ ab\t ) ,wat] till !y mix imp]fectly1 & ,wat] by be+ =m'd into _m small ,bubbles1 ei!r alone 9 ! =m ( ,fro?1 or by %ak+ x toge!r ) ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 or ,oil ,olive1 or ) "s o!r conv5i5t ,liquor1 ) :i* x w n p]fectly incorporate4 ,& to ! increase ( ! opacity ( ^! ,bodies1 x conduces some?+1 t by ! #bc;d ,obs]vation ! ,reflexions ( v ?9 transp>5t ,sub/ances are consid]ably /rong] ?an ^? made by ! same ,sub/ances ( a great] ?ickness4 ,,prop4 ,,iv4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,bodies & _! ,int]/ices mu/ n be less ?an ( "s def9ite bigness1 to r5d] !m opake & col\r'd4 ,= ! opake/ ,bodies1 if _! p>ts be subtilly divid$1 7z ,metals1 by be+ dissolv$ 9 acid ,m5/ruums1 c47 become p]fectly transp>5t4 ,& y may also rememb]1 t 9 ! eigh? ,obs]vation !re 0 no s5sible reflexion at ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,object-glasses1 :]e !y 7 v ne> "o ano!r1 ?\gh !y did n absolutely t\*4 ,& 9 ! #ag? ,obs]vation ! ,reflexion ( ! ,wat]-bubble :]e x became ?9ne/ 0 almo/ ins5sible1 s z to cause v black ,spots to appe> on ! top ( ! ,bubble1 by ! want ( reflect$ ,light4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,i p]ceive x is t ,wat]1 ,salt1 ,glass1 ,/ones1 & su* l ,sub/ances1 are transp>5t4 ,=1 ^u div]s ,consid]ations1 !y seem to be z full ( ,pores or ,int]/ices betwe5 _! p>ts z o!r ,bodies are1 b yet _! ,p>ts & ,int]/ices to be too small to cause ,reflexions 9 _! common ,surfaces4 ,,prop4 ,v4 ,! transp>5t p>ts ( ,bodies1 accord+ to _! sev]al sizes1 reflect ,rays ( "o ,col\r1 & transmit ^? ( ano!r1 on ! same gr\nds t ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles d reflect or transmit ^? ,rays4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! gr\nd ( all _! ,col\rs4 ,= if a ?9n'd or plat$ ,body1 :i* be+ ( an ev5 ?ickness1 appe>s all ov] ( "o uni=m ,col\r1 %\ld be slit into ,?reads1 or brok5 into ,fragm5ts1 ( ! same ?ickness ) ! ,plate2 ,i see no reason :y e ,?read or ,fragm5t %\ld n keep its ,col\r1 & by consequ5ce :y a heap ( ^? ,?reads or ,fragm5ts %\ld n con/itute a ,mass or ,p[d] ( ! same ,col\r1 :i* ! ,plate exhibit$ be=e x 0 brok54 ,& ! p>ts ( all natural ,bodies be+ l s _m ,fragm5ts ( a ,plate1 mu/ on ! same gr\nds exhibit ! same ,col\rs4 ,n[1 t !y d s w appe> by ! aff9ity ( _! ,prop]ties4 ,! f9ely col\r'd ,fea!rs ( "s ,birds1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,peacocks ,tails1 d1 9 ! v same "p ( ! ,fea!r1 appe> ( sev]al ,col\rs 9 sev]al ,positions ( ! ,eye1 aft] ! v same mann] t ?9 ,plates 7 f\nd to d 9 ! #g? & #ai? ,obs]vations1 & !re=e _! ,col\rs arise f ! ?9ness ( ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! ,fea!rs2 t is1 f ! sl5d]ness ( ! v f9e ,hairs1 or ,capillam5ta1 :i* gr[ out ( ! sides ( ! gross] lat]al ,bran*es or ,fibres ( ^? ,fea!rs4 ,& to ! same purpose x is1 t ! ,webs ( "s ,spid]s1 by be+ spun v f9e1 h appe>$ col\r'd1 z "s h obs]v'd1 & t ! col\r'd ,fibres ( "s ,silks1 by v>y+ ! ,position ( ! ,eye1 d v>y _! ,col\r4 ,also ! ,col\rs ( ,silks1 ,clo?s1 & o!r ,sub/ances1 :i* ,wat] or ,oil c intimately p5etrate1 become m fa9t & obscure by be+ imm]g$ 9 ^? ,liquors1 & recov] _! ,vigor aga9 by be+ dri$2 mu* aft] ! mann] decl>$ ( ?9 ,bodies 9 ! #aj? & #ba/ ,obs]vations4 ,leaf-,gold1 "s sorts ( pa9t$ ,glass1 ! ,infusion ( ,lignum ,nephriticum1 & "s o!r ,sub/ances1 reflect "o ,col\r1 & transmit ano!r2 l ?9 ,bodies 9 ! #i? & #bj? ,obs]vations4 ,& "s ( ^? col\r'd ,p[d]s :i* ,pa9t]s use1 may h _! ,col\rs a little *ang$1 by be+ v elaborately & f9ely gr\nd4 ,:]e ,i see n :at c be ju/ly pret5d$ = ^? *anges1 besides ! break+ ( _! p>ts into less p>ts by t contrition1 aft] ! same mann] t ! ,col\r ( a ?9 ,plate is *ang$ by v>y+ its ?ickness4 ,= :i* reason also x is t ! col\r'd ,fl[]s ( ,plants & ,vegetables1 by be+ bruis$1 usually become m transp>5t ?an be=e1 or at lea/ 9 "s degree or o!r *ange _! ,col\rs4 ,nor is x mu* less to my purpose1 t1 by mix+ div]s ,liquors1 v odd & rem>kable ,productions & ,*anges ( ,col\rs may be effect$1 ( :i* no cause c be m obvi\s & rational ?an t ! sal9e ,corpuscles ( "o ,liquor d v>i\sly act ^u or unite ) ! t++ ,corpuscles ( ano!r1 s z to make !m swell1 or %r9k1 7:]eby n only _! bulk b _! d5sity also may be *ang$17 or to divide !m into small] ,corpuscles1 7:]eby a col\r'd ,liquor may become transp>5t17 or to make _m ( !m associate into "o clu/]1 :]eby two transp>5t ,liquors may compose a col\r'd "o4 ,= we see h[ apt ^? sal9e ,m5/ruums are to p5etrate & dissolve ,sub/ances to :i* !y are appli$1 & "s ( !m to precipitate :at o!rs dissolve4 ,9 l mann]1 if we consid] ! v>i\s ,pha5om5a ( ! ,atmosph]e1 we may obs]ve1 t :5 ,vap\rs are fir/ rais$1 !y h9d] n ! transp>5cy ( ! ,air1 be+ divid$ into p>ts too small to cause any ,reflexion 9 _! ,sup]ficies4 ,b :5 9 ord] to compose drops ( ,ra9 !y beg9 to coalesce & con/itute ,globules ( all int]m$iate sizes1 ^? ,globules1 :5 !y become ( conv5i5t size to reflect "s ,col\rs & transmit o!rs1 may con/itute ,cl\ds ( v>i\s ,col\rs accord+ to _! sizes4 ,& ,i see n :at c be rationally conceiv$ 9 s transp>5t a ,sub/ance z ,wat] = ! production ( ^! ,col\rs1 besides ! v>i\s sizes ( its fluid & globul> ,p>cels4 ,,prop4 ,,vi4 ,! p>ts ( ,bodies on :i* _! ,col\rs dep5d1 are d5s] ?an ! ,m$ium :i* p]vades _! ,int]/ices4 ,?is w appe> by consid]+1 t ! ,col\r ( a ,body dep5ds n only on ! ,rays :i* are incid5t p]p5dicul>ly on its p>ts1 b on ^? also :i* are incid5t at all o!r ,angles4 ,& t accord+ to ! #g? ,obs]vation1 a v little v>iation ( obliquity w *ange ! reflect$ ,col\r1 :]e ! ?9 ,body or small ,p>ticles is r>] ?an ! ambi5t ,m$ium1 insomu* t su* a small ,p>ticle w at div]sly oblique ,incid5ces reflect all sorts ( ,col\rs1 9 s great a v>iety t ! ,col\r result+ f !m all1 confus$ly reflect$ f a heap ( su* ,p>ticles1 mu/ r be a :ite or grey ?an any o!r ,col\r1 or at be/ x mu/ be b a v imp]fect & dirty ,col\r4 ,:]eas if ! ?9 ,body or small ,p>ticle be mu* d5s] ?an ! ambi5t ,m$ium1 ! ,col\rs1 accord+ to ! #ai? ,obs]vation1 are s little *ang$ by ! v>iation ( obliquity1 t ! ,rays :i* are reflect$ lea/ obliquely may pr$om9ate ov] ! re/1 s mu* z to cause a heap ( su* ,p>ticles to appe> v int5sely ( _! ,col\r4 ,x conduces also some?+ to ! confirmation ( ?is ,proposition1 t1 accord+ to ! #bb;d ,obs]vation1 ! ,col\rs exhibit$ by ! d5s] ?9 ,body )9 ! r>]1 are m brisk ?an ^? exhibit$ by ! r>] )9 ! d5s]4 ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,! bigness ( ! compon5t p>ts ( natural ,bodies may be conjectur$ by _! ,col\rs4 ,= s9ce ! p>ts ( ^! ,bodies1 by ,prop4 #e4 d mo/ probably exhibit ! same ,col\rs ) a ,plate ( equal ?ickness1 provid$ !y h ! same refractive d5sity2 & s9ce _! p>ts seem = ! mo/ "p to h mu* ! same d5sity ) ,wat] or ,glass1 z by _m circum/ances is obvi\s to collect2 to det]m9e ! sizes ( ^? p>ts1 y ne$ only h rec\rse to ! prec$5t ,tables1 9 :i* ! ?ickness ( ,wat] or ,glass exhibit+ any ,col\r is express$4 ,?us if x be desir$ to "k ! diamet] ( a ,corpuscle1 :i* be+ ( equal d5sity ) ,glass %all reflect gre5 ( ! ?ird ,ord]2 ! ,numb] #af-a_/d %ews x to be 7#af-a_/d7_/ajjjj p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,! greate/ difficulty is "h to "k ( :at ,ord] ! ,col\r ( any ,body is4 ,& = ?is end we mu/ h rec\rse to ! #d? & #ah? ,obs]vations2 f :5ce may be collect$ ^! p>ticul>s4 ,sc>lets1 & o!r r$s1 oranges1 & yell[s1 if !y be pure & int5se1 are mo/ probably ( ! second ord]4 ,^? ( ! fir/ & ?ird ord] also may be pretty good2 only ! yell[ ( ! fir/ ord] is fa9t1 & ! orange & r$ ( ! ?ird ,ord] h a great ,mixture ( violet & blue4 ,!re may be good ,gre5s ( ! f\r? ,ord]1 b ! pure/ are ( ! ?ird4 ,& ( ?is ,ord] ! gre5 ( all ,vegetables seems to be1 p>tly by reason ( ! ,int5s5ess ( _! ,col\rs1 & p>tly because :5 !y )] "s ( !m turn to a gre5i% yell[1 & o!rs to a m p]fect yell[ or orange1 or p]haps to r$1 pass+ fir/ ?r\gh all ! a=esaid int]m$iate ,col\rs4 ,:i* ,*anges seem to be effect$ by ! exhal+ ( ! ,moi/ure :i* may leave ! t++ ,corpuscles m d5se1 & some?+ augm5t$ by ! ,accretion ( ! oily & e>?y ,"p ( t ,moi/ure4 ,n[ ! gre51 )\t d\bt1 is ( ! same ,ord] ) ^? ,col\rs into :i* x *ange?1 because ! ,*anges are gradual1 & ^? ,col\rs1 ?\gh usually n v full1 yet are (t5 too full & lively to be ( ! f\r? ,ord]4 ,blues & ,purples may be ei!r ( ! second or ?ird ,ord]1 b ! be/ are ( ! ?ird4 ,?us ! ,col\r ( ,violets seems to be ( t ,ord]1 because _! ,syrup by acid ,liquors turns r$1 & by ur9\s & alcalizate turns gre54 ,= s9ce x is ( ! ,nature ( ,acids to dissolve or att5uate1 & ( ,alcalies to precipitate or incrassate1 if ! ,purple ,col\r ( ! ,syrup 0 ( ! second ,ord]1 an acid ,liquor by att5uat+ its t++ ,corpuscles w\ld *ange x to a r$ ( ! fir/ ,ord]1 & an ,alcali by incrassat+ !m w\ld *ange x to a gre5 ( ! second ,ord]2 :i* r$ & gre51 especially ! gre51 seem too imp]fect to be ! ,col\rs produc$ by ^! ,*anges4 ,b if ! said ,purple be suppos$ ( ! ?ird ,ord]1 its ,*ange to r$ ( ! second1 & gre5 ( ! ?ird1 may )\t any ,inconv5i5ce be all['d4 ,if !re be f\nd any ,body ( a deep] & less r$di% ,purple ?an t ( ! ,violets1 its ,col\r mo/ probably is ( ! second ,ord]4 ,b yet !re be+ no ,body commonly kn[n ^: ,col\r is con/antly m deep ?an !irs1 ,i h made use ( _! ,"n to d5ote ! deepe/ & lea/ r$di% ,purples1 su* z manife/ly transc5d _! ,col\r 9 purity4 ,! blue ( ! fir/ ,ord]1 ?\gh v fa9t & little1 may possibly be ! ,col\r ( "s ,sub/ances2 & p>ticul>ly ! azure ,col\r ( ! ,skies seems to be ( ?is ,ord]4 ,= all ,vap\rs :5 !y beg9 to cond5se & coalesce into small ,p>cels1 become fir/ ( t ,bigness1 :]eby su* an ,azure mu/ be reflect$ be=e !y c con/itute ,cl\ds ( o!r ,col\rs4 ,& s ?is be+ ! fir/ ,col\r :i* ,vap\rs beg9 to reflect1 x ought to be ! ,col\r ( ! f9e/ & mo/ transp>5t ,skies1 9 :i* ,vap\rs are n arriv$ to t ,grossness requisite to reflect o!r ,col\rs1 z we f9d x is by ,exp]i5ce4 ,:it5ess1 if mo/ int5se & lum9\s1 is t ( ! fir/ ,ord]1 if less /rong & lum9\s1 a ,mixture ( ! ,col\rs ( sev]al ,ord]s4 ,( ?is la/ k9d is ! ,:it5ess ( ,fro?1 ,pap]1 ,l9n51 & mo/ :ite ,sub/ances2 ( ! =m] ,i reckon t ( :ite ,metals to be4 ,= :il/ ! d5se/ ( ,metals1 ,gold1 if foliat$1 is transp>5t1 & all ,metals become transp>5t if dissolv$ 9 ,m5/ruums or vitrifi$1 ! ,opacity ( :ite ,metals arise? n f _! ,d5sity alone4 ,!y be+ less d5se ?an ,gold w\ld be m transp>5t ?an x1 did n "s o!r ,cause concur ) _! ,d5sity to make !m opake4 ,& ?is ,cause ,i take to be su* a ,bigness ( _! ,p>ticles z fits !m to reflect ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,=1 if !y be ( o!r ,?icknesses !y may reflect o!r ,col\rs1 z is manife/ by ! ,col\rs :i* appe> ^u hot ,/eel 9 temp]+ x1 & sometimes ^u ! ,surface ( melt$ ,metals 9 ! ,sk9 or ,scoria :i* arises ^u !m 9 _! cool+4 ,& z ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord] is ! /ronge/ :i* c be made by ,plates ( transp>5t ,sub/ances1 s x ought to be /rong] 9 ! d5s] ,sub/ances ( ,metals ?an 9 ! r>] ( ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,glass4 ,nor d ,i see b t metallick ,sub/ances ( su* a ,?ickness z may fit !m to reflect ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord]1 may1 by reason ( _! great ,d5sity 7accord+ to ! ,t5or ( ! fir/ ( ^! ,propositions7 reflect all ! ,light incid5t ^u !m1 & s be z opake & spl5d5t z x's possible = any ,body to be4 ,gold1 or ,copp] mix'd ) less ?an half _! ,weight ( ,silv]1 or ,t91 or ,regulus ( ,antimony1 9 fusion1 or amalgam$ ) a v little ,m]cury1 become :ite2 :i* %ews bo? t ! ,p>ticles ( :ite ,metals h mu* m ,sup]ficies1 & s are small]1 ?an ^? ( ,gold & ,copp]1 & also t !y are s opake z n to suff] ! ,p>ticles ( ,gold or ,copp] to %9e ?r\gh !m4 ,n[ x is sc>ce to be d\bt$ b t ! ,col\rs ( ,gold & ,copp] are ( ! second & ?ird ord]1 & !re=e ! ,p>ticles ( :ite ,metals _c be mu* bigg] ?an is requisite to make !m reflect ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! ,volatility ( ,m]cury argues t !y are n mu* bigg]1 nor may !y be mu* less1 le/ !y lose _! ,opacity1 & become ei!r transp>5t z !y d :5 att5uat$ by ,vitrification1 or by ,solution 9 ,m5/ruums1 or black z !y d :5 gr\nd small]1 by rubb+ ,silv]1 or ,t91 or ,lead1 ^u o!r ,sub/ances to draw black ,l9es4 ,! fir/ & only ,col\r :i* :ite ,metals take by gr9d+ _! ,p>ticles small]1 is black1 & !re=e _! :ite ought to be t :i* bord]s ^u ! black ,spot 9 ! ,c5t] ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 t is1 ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,b1 if y w\ld h5ce ga!r ! ,bigness ( metallick ,p>ticles1 y mu/ all[ = _! ,d5sity4 ,= 7 ,m]cury transp>5t1 its ,d5sity is su* t ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce ^u x 7by my ,computation7 w\ld be to ! ,s9e ( its ,refraction1 z #ga to #bj1 or #g to #b4 ,& !re=e ! ,?ickness ( its ,p>ticles1 t !y may exhibit ! same ,col\rs ) ^? ( ,bubbles ( ,wat]1 ought to be less ?an ! ,?ickness ( ! ,sk9 ( ^? ,bubbles 9 ! ,proportion ( #b to #g4 ,:5ce x's possible1 t ! ,p>ticles ( ,m]cury may be z little z ! ,p>ticles ( "s transp>5t & volatile ,fluids1 & yet reflect ! :ite ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,la/ly1 = ! production ( black1 ! ,corpuscles mu/ be less ?an any ( ^? :i* exhibit ,col\rs4 ,= at all great] sizes !re is too mu* ,light reflect$ to con/itute ?is ,col\r4 ,b if !y be suppos$ a little less ?an is requisite to reflect ! :ite & v fa9t blue ( ! fir/ ord]1 !y w1 accord+ to ! #d?1 #h?1 #ag? & #ah? ,obs]vations1 reflect s v little ,light z to appe> int5sely black1 & yet may p]haps v>i\sly refract x to & fro )9 !mselves s long1 until x happ5 to be /ifl$ & lo/1 by :i* means !y w appe> black 9 all positions ( ! ,eye )\t any transp>5cy4 ,& f h5ce may be und]/ood :y ,fire1 & ! m subtile dissolv] ,putrefaction1 by divid+ ! ,p>ticles ( ,sub/ances1 turn !m to black1 :y small quantities ( black ,sub/ances imp>t _! ,col\r v freely & int5sely to o!r ,sub/ances to :i* !y are appli$2 ! m9ute ,p>ticles ( ^!1 by reason ( _! v great numb]1 easily ov]spread+ ! gross ,p>ticles ( o!rs2 :y ,glass gr\nd v elaborately ) ,s& on a ,copp] ,plate1 'till x be well poli%'d1 makes ! ,s&1 toge!r ) :at is worn (f f ! ,glass & ,copp]1 become v black3 :y black ,sub/ances d soone/ ( all o!rs become hot 9 ! ,sun's ,light & burn1 7:i* ,effect may proce$ p>tly f ! multitude ( ,refractions 9 a little room1 & p>tly f ! easy ,commotion ( s v small ,corpuscles27 & :y blacks are usually a little incl9$ to a blui% ,col\r4 ,= t !y are s may be se5 by illum9at+ :ite ,pap] by ,light reflect$ f black ,sub/ances4 ,= ! ,pap] w usually appe> ( a blui% :ite2 & ! reason is1 t black bord]s 9 ! obscure blue ( ! ord] describ$ 9 ! #ah? ,obs]vation1 & !re=e reflects m ,rays ( t ,col\r ?an ( any o!r4 ,9 ^! ,descriptions ,i h be5 ! m p>ticul>1 because x is n impossible b t ,microscopes may at l5g? be improv$ to ! discov]y ( ! ,p>ticles ( ,bodies on :i* _! ,col\rs dep5d1 if !y are n already 9 "s measure arriv$ to t degree ( p]fection4 ,= if ^? ,in/rum5ts are or c be s f> improv$ z ) suffici5t di/9ctness to repres5t ,objects five or six hundr$ times bigg] ?an at a ,foot di/ance !y appe> to our nak$ ,eyes1 ,i %\ld hope t we might be able to discov] "s ( ! greate/ ( ^? ,corpuscles4 ,& by "o t w\ld magnify ?ree or f\r ?\s& times p]haps !y might all be discov]'d1 b ^? :i* produce blackness4 ,9 ! mean :ile ,i see no?+ mat]ial 9 ?is ,disc\rse t may rationally be d\bt$ (1 except+ ?is ,position3 ,t transp>5t ,corpuscles ( ! same ?ickness & d5sity ) a ,plate1 d exhibit ! same ,col\r4 ,& ?is ,i w\ld h und]/ood n )\t "s ,latitude1 z well because ^? ,corpuscles may be ( irregul> ,figures1 & _m ,rays mu/ be obliquely incid5t on !m1 & s h a %ort] way ?r\gh !m ?an ! l5g? ( _! ,diamet]s1 z because ! /raitness ( ! ,m$ium put 9 on all sides )9 su* ,corpuscles may a little alt] its ,motions or o!r qualities on :i* ! ,reflexion dep5ds4 ,b yet ,i _c mu* suspect ! la/1 because ,i h obs]v$ ( "s small ,plates ( ,muscovy ,glass :i* 7 ( an ev5 ?ickness1 t ?r\gh a ,microscope !y h appe>$ ( ! same ,col\r at _! edges & corn]s :]e ! includ$ ,m$ium 0 t]m9at$1 :i* !y appe>$ ( 9 o!r places4 ,h[ev] x w add mu* to our ,satisfaction1 if ^? ,corpuscles c be discov]'d ) ,microscopes2 :i* if we %all at l5g? atta9 to1 ,i fe> x w be ! utmo/ improvem5t ( ?is ,s5se4 ,= x seems impossible to see ! m secret & noble ,works ( ,nature )9 ! ,corpuscles by reason ( _! transp>5cy4 ,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! ,cause ( ,reflexion is n ! imp++ ( ,light on ! solid or imp]vi\s p>ts ( ,bodies1 z is commonly believ$4 ,?is w appe> by ! foll[+ ,consid]ations4 ,fir/1 ,t 9 ! passage ( ,light out ( ,glass into ,air !re is a ,reflexion z /rong z 9 its passage out ( ,air into ,glass1 or r a little /rong]1 & by _m degrees /rong] ?an 9 its passage out ( ,glass into ,wat]4 ,& x seems n probable t ,air %\ld h m /rongly reflect+ p>ts ?an ,wat] or ,glass4 ,b if t %\ld possibly be suppos$1 yet x w avail no?+2 = ! ,reflexion is z /rong or /rong] :5 ! ,air is drawn away f ! ,glass1 7suppose by ! ,air-,pump inv5t$ by ,otto ,gu]iet1 & improv$ & made useful by ,mr4 ,boyle7 z :5 x is adjac5t to x4 ,secondly1 ,if ,light 9 its passage out ( ,glass into ,air be incid5t m obliquely ?an at an ,angle ( #dj or #da ,degrees x is :olly reflect$1 if less obliquely x is 9 great measure transmitt$4 ,n[ x is n to be imag9$ t ,light at "o degree ( obliquity %\ld meet ) ,pores en\gh 9 ! ,air to transmit ! great] "p ( x1 & at ano!r degree ( obliquity %\ld meet ) no?+ b p>ts to reflect x :olly1 especially consid]+ t 9 its passage out ( ,air into ,glass1 h[ oblique soev] be its ,incid5ce1 x f9ds ,pores en\gh 9 ! ,glass to transmit a great "p ( x4 ,if any ,man suppose t x is n reflect$ by ! ,air1 b by ! outmo/ sup]ficial p>ts ( ! ,glass1 !re is /ill ! same difficulty3 ,besides1 t su* a ,supposition is un9telligible1 & w also appe> to be false by apply+ ,wat] beh9d "s "p ( ! ,glass in/ead ( ,air4 ,= s 9 a conv5i5t obliquity ( ! ,rays1 suppose ( #de or #df ,degrees1 at :i* !y are all reflect$ :]e ! ,air is adjac5t to ! ,glass1 !y %all be 9 great measure transmitt$ :]e ! ,wat] is adjac5t to x2 :i* argues1 t _! ,reflexion or ,transmission dep5ds on ! con/itution ( ! ,air & ,wat] beh9d ! ,glass1 & n on ! /rik+ ( ! ,rays ^u ! p>ts ( ! ,glass4 ,?irdly1 ,if ! ,col\rs made by a ,prism plac$ at ! entrance ( a ,beam ( ,light into a d>k5'd ,room be successively ca/ on a second ,prism plac$ at a great] di/ance f ! =m]1 9 su* mann] t !y are all alike incid5t ^u x1 ! second ,prism may be s incl9$ to ! incid5t ,rays1 t ^? :i* are ( a blue ,col\r %all be all reflect$ by x1 & yet ^? ( a r$ ,col\r pretty copi\sly transmitt$4 ,n[ if ! ,reflexion be caus$ by ! p>ts ( ,air or ,glass1 ,i w\ld ask1 :y at ! same ,obliquity ( ,incid5ce ! blue %\ld :olly imp+e on ^? p>ts1 s z to be all reflect$1 & yet ! r$ f9d ,pores en\gh to be 9 a great measure transmitt$4 ,f\r?ly1 ,:]e two ,glasses t\* "o ano!r1 !re is no s5sible ,reflexion1 z 0 decl>$ 9 ! fir/ ,obs]vation2 & yet ,i see no reason :y ! ,rays %\ld n imp+e on ! p>ts ( ,glass1 z mu* :5 contigu\s to o!r ,glass z :5 contigu\s to ,air4 ,fif?ly1 ,:5 ! top ( a ,wat]-,bubble 79 ! #ag? ,obs]vation17 by ! cont9ual subsid+ & exhal+ ( ! ,wat] grew v ?91 !re 0 su* a little & almo/ ins5sible quantity ( ,light reflect$ f x1 t x appe>$ int5sely black2 :]eas r\nd ab\t t black ,spot1 :]e ! ,wat] 0 ?ick]1 ! ,reflexion 0 s /rong z to make ! ,wat] seem v :ite4 ,nor is x only at ! lea/ ?ickness ( ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles1 t !re is no manife/ ,reflexion1 b at _m o!r ?icknesses cont9ually great] & great]4 ,= 9 ! #ae? ,obs]vation ! ,rays ( ! same ,col\r 7 by turns transmitt$ at "o ?ickness1 & reflect$ at ano!r ?ickness1 = an indet]m9ate numb] ( ,successions4 ,& yet 9 ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ?9n$ ,body1 :]e x is ( any "o ?ickness1 !re are z _m p>ts = ! ,rays to imp+e on1 z :]e x is ( any o!r ?ickness4 ,six?ly1 ,if ,reflexion 7 caus$ by ! p>ts ( reflect+ ,bodies1 x w\ld be impossible = ?9 ,plates or ,bubbles1 at "o & ! same place1 to reflect ! ,rays ( "o ,col\r1 & transmit ^? ( ano!r1 z !y d accord+ to ! #ac? & #ae? ,obs]vations4 ,= x is n to be imag9$ t at "o place ! ,rays :i*1 = in/ance1 exhibit a blue ,col\r1 %\ld h ! =tune to da% ^u ! p>ts1 & ^? :i* exhibit a r$ to hit ^u ! ,pores ( ! ,body2 & !n at ano!r place1 :]e ! ,body is ei!r a little ?ick] or a little ?9n]1 t on ! contr>y ! blue %\ld hit ^u its pores1 & ! r$ ^u its p>ts4 ,la/ly1 ,7 ! ,rays ( ,light reflect$ by imp++ on ! solid p>ts ( ,bodies1 _! ,reflexions f poli%'d ,bodies c\ld n be s regul> z !y are4 ,= 9 poli%+ ,glass ) ,s&1 ,putty1 or ,tripoly1 x is n to be imag9$ t ^? ,sub/ances c1 by grat+ & frett+ ! ,glass1 br+ all its lea/ ,p>ticles to an accurate ,poli%2 s t all _! ,surfaces %all be truly pla9 or truly sph]ical1 & look all ! same way1 s z toge!r to compose "o ev5 ,surface4 ,! small] ! ,p>ticles ( ^? ,sub/ances are1 ! small] w be ! ,scrat*es by :i* !y cont9ually fret & we> away ! ,glass until x be poli%'d2 b be !y nev] s small !y c we> away ! ,glass no o!rwise ?an by grat+ & scrat*+ x1 & break+ ! ,protub]ances2 & !re=e poli% x no o!rwise ?an by br++ its r\ghness to a v f9e ,gra91 s t ! ,scrat*es & ,frett+s ( ! ,surface become too small to be visible4 ,& !re=e if ,light 7 reflect$ by imp++ ^u ! solid p>ts ( ! ,glass1 x w\ld be scatt]'d z mu* by ! mo/ poli%'d ,glass z by ! r\ghe/4 ,s !n x rema9s a ,problem1 h[ ,glass poli%'d by frett+ ,sub/ances c reflect ,light s regul>ly z x does4 ,& ?is ,problem is sc>ce o!rwise to be solv$1 ?an by say+1 t ! ,reflexion ( a ,ray is effect$1 n by a s+le po9t ( ! reflect+ ,body1 b by "s p[] ( ! ,body :i* is ev5ly diffus$ all ov] its ,surface1 & by :i* x acts ^u ! ,ray )\t imm$iate ,contact4 ,= t ! p>ts ( ,bodies d act ^u ,light at a di/ance %all be %ewn h]eaft]4 ,n[ if ,light be reflect$1 n by imp++ on ! solid p>ts ( ,bodies1 b by "s o!r pr9ciple2 x's probable t z _m ( its ,rays z imp+e on ! solid p>ts ( ,bodies are n reflect$ b /ifl$ & lo/ 9 ! ,bodies4 ,= o!rwise we mu/ all[ two sorts ( ,reflexions4 ,%\ld all ! ,rays be reflect$ :i* imp+e on ! int]nal p>ts ( cle> ,wat] or ,cry/al1 ^? ,sub/ances w\ld r h a cl\dy ,col\r ?an a cle> ,transp>5cy4 ,to make ,bodies look black1 x's necess>y t _m ,rays be /opp'd1 reta9$1 & lo/ 9 !m2 & x seems n probable t any ,rays c be /opp'd & /ifl$ 9 !m :i* d n imp+e on _! p>ts4 ,& h5ce we may und]/& t ,bodies are mu* m r>e & por\s ?an is commonly believ$4 ,wat] is n9ete5 times light]1 & by consequ5ce n9ete5 times r>] ?an ,gold2 & ,gold is s r>e z v readily & )\t ! lea/ opposition to transmit ! magnetick ,effluvia1 & easily to admit ,quicksilv] into its ,pores1 & to let ,wat] pass ?r\gh x4 ,= a concave ,sph]e ( ,gold fill$ ) ,wat]1 & sold]'d up1 has1 ^u press+ ! ,sph]e ) great =ce1 let ! ,wat] squeeze ?r\gh x1 & /& all ov] its outside 9 multitudes ( small ,drops1 l ,dew1 )\t bur/+ or crack+ ! ,body ( ! ,gold1 z ,i h be5 in=m'd by an ,eye witness4 ,f all :i* we may conclude1 t ,gold has m ,pores ?an solid p>ts1 & by consequ5ce t ,wat] has above =ty times m ,pores ?an ,p>ts4 ,& he t %all f9d out an ,hypo!sis1 by :i* ,wat] may be s r>e1 & yet n be capable ( compression by =ce1 may d\btless by ! same ,hypo!sis make ,gold1 & ,wat]1 & all o!r ,bodies1 z mu* r>] z he pleases2 s t ,light may f9d a ready passage ?r\gh transp>5t ,sub/ances4 ,! ,magnet acts ^u ,iron ?r\gh all d5se ,bodies n magnetick nor r$ hot1 )\t any dim9ution ( its ,virtue2 z = in/ance1 ?r\gh ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,lead1 ,glass1 ,wat]4 ,! gravitat+ ,p[] ( ! ,sun is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! va/ ,bodies ( ! ,planets )\t any dim9ution1 s z to act ^u all _! p>ts to _! v c5t]s ) ! same ,=ce & accord+ to ! same ,laws1 z if ! "p ^u :i* x acts 7 n surr\nd$ ) ! ,body ( ! ,planet1 ,! ,rays ( ,light1 :e!r !y be v small ,bodies project$1 or only ,motion or ,=ce propagat$1 are mov$ 9 "r ,l9es2 & :5ev] a ,ray ( ,light is by any ,ob/acle turn$ out ( its rectil9e> way1 x w nev] return into ! same rectil9e> way1 unless p]haps by v great accid5t4 ,& yet ,light is transmitt$ ?r\gh pellucid solid ,bodies 9 "r ,l9es to v great di/ances4 ,h[ ,bodies c h a suffici5t quantity ( ,pores = produc+ ^! ,effects is v difficult to conceive1 b p]haps n altoge!r impossible4 ,= ! ,col\rs ( ,bodies arise f ! ,magnitudes ( ! ,p>ticles :i* reflect !m1 z 0 expla9$ above4 ,n[ if we conceive ^! ,p>ticles ( ,bodies to be s dispos$ among/ !mselves1 t ! ,int]vals or empty ,spaces betwe5 !m may be equal 9 magnitude to !m all2 & t ^! ,p>ticles may be compos$ ( o!r ,p>ticles mu* small]1 :i* h z mu* empty ,space betwe5 !m z equals all ! ,magnitudes ( ^! small] ,p>ticles3 ,& t 9 l mann] ^! small] ,p>ticles are aga9 compos$ ( o!rs mu* small]1 all :i* toge!r are equal to all ! ,pores or empty ,spaces betwe5 !m2 & s on p]petually till y come to solid ,p>ticles1 su* z h no ,pores or empty ,spaces )9 !m3 ,& if 9 any gross ,body !re be1 = in/ance1 ?ree su* degrees ( ,p>ticles1 ! lea/ ( :i* are solid2 ?is ,body w h sev5 times m ,pores ?an solid ,p>ts4 ,b if !re be f\r su* degrees ( ,p>ticles1 ! lea/ ( :i* are solid1 ! ,body w h fifte5 times m ,pores ?an solid ,p>ts4 ,if !re be five degrees1 ! ,body w h "o & ?irty times m ,pores ?an solid ,p>ts4 ,if six degrees1 ! ,body w h sixty & ?ree times m ,pores ?an solid ,p>ts4 ,& s on p]petually4 ,& !re are o!r ways ( conceiv+ h[ ,bodies may be exce$+ por\s4 ,b :at is really _! inw>d ,frame is n yet kn[n to u4 ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,bodies reflect & refract ,light by "o & ! same p[]1 v>i\sly ex]cis$ 9 v>i\s ,circum/ances4 ,?is appe>s by sev]al ,consid]ations4 ,fir/1 ,because :5 ,light goes out ( ,glass into ,air1 z obliquely z x c possibly d4 ,if its ,incid5ce be made /ill m oblique1 x becomes totally reflect$4 ,= ! p[] ( ! ,glass aft] x has refract$ ! ,light z obliquely z is possible1 if ! ,incid5ce be /ill made m oblique1 becomes too /rong to let any ( its ,rays g ?r\gh1 & by consequ5ce causes total ,reflexions4 ,secondly1 ,because ,light is alt]nately reflect$ & transmitt$ by ?9 ,plates ( ,glass = _m ,successions1 accord+ly z ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate increases 9 an ari?metical ,progression4 ,= "h ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass det]m9es :e!r t ,p[] by :i* ,glass acts ^u ,light %all cause x to be reflect$1 or suff] x to be transmitt$4 ,&1 ,?irdly1 because ^? ,surfaces ( transp>5t ,bodies :i* h ! greate/ refract+ p[]1 reflect ! greate/ quantity ( ,light1 z 0 %ewn 9 ! fir/ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,x4 ,if ,light be swift] 9 ,bodies ?an 9 ,vacuo1 9 ! proportion ( ! ,s9es :i* measure ! ,refraction ( ! ,bodies1 ! ,=ces ( ! ,bodies to reflect & refract ,light1 are v ne>ly proportional to ! d5sities ( ! same ,bodies2 except+ t unctu\s & sulphure\s ,bodies refract m ?an o!rs ( ?is same d5sity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,let ,,ab repres5t ! refract+ plane ,surface ( any ,body1 & ,,ic a ,ray incid5t v obliquely ^u ! ,body 9 ,c1 s t ! ,angle ,,aci may be inf9itely little1 & let ,,cr be ! refract$ ,ray4 ,f a giv5 ,po9t ,b p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ ,surface erect ,,br meet+ ) ! refract+ ,ray ,,cr 9 ,r1 & if ,,cr repres5t ! ,motion ( ! refract$ ,ray1 & ?is ,motion be di/+ui%'d into two ,motions ,,cb & ,,br1 :]e( ,,cb is p>allel to ! refract+ ,plane1 & ,,br p]p5dicul> to x3 ,,cb %all repres5t ! ,motion ( ! incid5t ,ray1 & ,,br ! ,motion g5]at$ by ! ,refraction1 z ,opticians h ( late expla9'd4 ,n[ if any ,body or ,?+1 9 mov+ ?r\gh any ,space ( a giv5 bread? t]m9at$ on bo? sides by two p>allel ,planes1 be urg$ =w>d 9 all p>ts ( t ,space by ,=ces t5d+ directly =w>ds t[>ds ! la/ ,plane1 & be=e its ,incid5ce on ! fir/ ,plane1 _h no ,motion t[>ds x1 or b an inf9itely little "o2 & if ! ,=ces 9 all p>ts ( t ,space1 betwe5 ! ,planes1 be at equal di/ances f ! ,planes equal to "o ano!r1 b at sev]al di/ances be bigg] or less 9 any giv5 ,proportion1 ! ,motion g5]at$ by ! ,=ces 9 ! :ole passage ( ! ,body or ?+ ?r\gh t ,space %all be 9 a subduplicate ,proportion ( ! ,=ces1 z ,ma!maticians w easily und]/&4 ,& !re=e1 if ! ,space ( activity ( ! refract+ ,sup]ficies ( ! ,body be consid]'d z su* a ,space1 ! ,motion ( ! ,ray g5]at$ by ! refract+ ,=ce ( ! ,body1 dur+ its passage ?r\gh t ,space1 t is1 ! ,motion ,,br1 mu/ be 9 subduplicate ,proportion ( t refract+ ,=ce4 ,i say !re=e1 t ! ,squ>e ( ! ,l9e ,,br1 & by consequ5ce ! refract+ ,=ce ( ! ,body1 is v ne>ly z ! d5sity ( ! same ,body4 ,= ?is w appe> by ! foll[+ ,table1 :]e9 ! ,proportion ( ! ,s9es :i* measure ! ,refractions ( sev]al ,bodies1 ! ,squ>e ( ,,br1 suppos+ ,,cb an unite1 ! ,d5sities ( ! ,bodies e/imat$ by _! ,specifick ,gravities1 & _! ,refractive ,p[] 9 respect ( _! ,d5sities are set d[n 9 sev]al ,columns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! ,squ>e ,! ,! ( ,,br1 to d5sity refractive ,! ,proportion :i* ! & ,p[] ( ( ! ,s9es ( refract+ specifick ! ,body ,incid5ce & =ce ( ! gravity 9 respect ,! refract+ ,refraction ( ,body is ( ! ( its ,bodies4 yell[ ,light4 proportionate4 ,body4 d5sity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,a ,pseudo-,topazius1 be+ a natural1 pellucid1 brittle1 #bc to #ad #a'fii #d'bg #cigi hairy ,/one1 ( a yell[ ,col\r4 ,air4 #cbja to #cbjj #j'jjjfbe #j'jjab #ebjh ,glass ( ,antimony4 #ag to #i #b'efh #e'bh #dhfd ,a ,sel5itis4 #fa to #da #a'bac #b'beb #echf ,glass vulg>4 #ca to #bj #a'djbe #b'eh #edcf ,cry/al ( ! ,rock4 #be to #af #a'dde #b'fe #edej ,isl& ,cry/al4 #e to #c #a'ggh #b'gb #fecf ,sal ,gemmae4 #ag to #aa #a'chh #b'adc #fdgg ,alume4 #ce to #bd #a'abfg #a'gad #fegj ,borax4 #bb to #ae #a'aeaa #a'gad #fgaf ,nit]4 #cb to #ba #a'cde #a'i #gjgi ,dantzick ,vitriol4 #cjc to #bjj #a'bie #a'gae #geea ,oil ( ,vitriol4 #aj to #g #a'jda #a'g #fabd ,ra9 ,wat]4 #ebi to #cif #j'ghde #a' #ghde ,gum ,arabick4 #ca to #ba #a'agi #a'cge #hegd ,_s ( ,w9e well rectifi$4 #ajj to #gc #j'hgfe #j'hff #ajaba ,camphire4 #c to #b #a'be #j'iif #abeea ,oil ,olive4 #bb to #ae #a'aeaa #j'iac #abfjg ,l9se$ ,oil4 #dj to #bg #a'aidh #j'icb #abhai ,_s ( ,turp5t9e4 #be to #ag #a'afbf #j'hgd #acbbb ,amb]4 #ad to #i #a'db #a'jd #acfed ,a ,diamond4 #ajj to #da #d'idi #c'd #adeef ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! ,refraction ( ! ,air 9 ?is ,table is det]m9'd by t ( ! ,atmosph]e obs]v$ by ,a/ronom]s4 ,=1 if ,light pass ?r\gh _m refract+ ,sub/ances or ,m$iums gradually d5s] & d5s]1 & t]m9at$ ) p>allel ,surfaces1 ! ,sum ( all ! ,refractions w be equal to ! s+le ,refraction :i* x w\ld h suff]'d 9 pass+ imm$iately out ( ! fir/ ,m$ium into ! la/4 ,& ?is holds true1 ?\gh ! ,numb] ( ! refract+ ,sub/ances be increas$ to ,inf9ity1 & ! ,di/ances f "o ano!r z mu* decreas$1 s t ! ,light may be refract$ 9 e ,po9t ( its ,passage1 & by cont9ual ,refractions b5t into a ,curve-,l9e4 ,& !re=e ! :ole ,refraction ( ,light 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,atmosph]e f ! highe/ & r>e/ ,"p !re( d[n to ! l[e/ & d5se/ ,"p1 mu/ be equal to ! ,refraction :i* x w\ld suff] 9 pass+ at l ,obliquity out ( a ,vacuum imm$iately into ,air ( equal ,d5sity ) t 9 ! l[e/ ,"p ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,n[1 al?\gh a ,pseudo-,topaz1 a ,sel5itis1 ,rock ,cry/al1 ,isl& ,cry/al1 ,vulg> ,glass 7t is1 ,s& melt$ toge!r7 & ,glass ( ,antimony1 :i* are t]re/rial /ony alcalizate ,concretes1 & ,air :i* probably arises f su* ,sub/ances by ,f]m5tation1 be ,sub/ances v diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 ,d5sity1 yet by ?is ,table1 !y h _! refractive ,p[]s almo/ 9 ! same ,proportion to "o ano!r z _! ,d5sities are1 except+ t ! ,refraction ( t /range ,sub/ance1 ,isl& ,cry/al is a little bigg] ?an ! re/4 ,& p>ticul>ly ,air1 :i* is #cejj ,times r>] ?an ! ,pseudo-,topaz1 & #ddjj ,times r>] ?an ,glass ( ,antimony1 & #bjjj ,times r>] ?an ! ,sel5itis1 ,glass vulg>1 or ,cry/al ( ! ,rock1 has not)/&+ its r>ity ! same refractive ,p[] 9 respect ( its ,d5sity :i* ^? v d5se ,sub/ances h 9 respect ( !irs1 except+ s f> z ^? diff] f "o ano!r4 ,aga91 ! ,refraction ( ,camphire1 ,oil ,olive1 ,l9se$ ,oil1 ,_s ( ,turp5t9e & ,amb]1 :i* are fat sulphure\s unctu\s ,bodies1 & a ,diamond1 :i* probably is an unctu\s ,sub/ance coagulat$1 h _! refractive ,p[]s 9 ,proportion to "o ano!r z _! ,d5sities )\t any consid]able ,v>iation4 ,b ! refractive ,p[]s ( ^! unctu\s ,sub/ances are two or ?ree ,times great] 9 respect ( _! ,d5sities ?an ! refractive ,p[]s ( ! =m] ,sub/ances 9 respect ( !irs4 ,wat] has a refractive ,p[] 9 a middle degree betwe5 ^? two sorts ( ,sub/ances1 & probably is ( a middle nature4 ,= out ( x gr[ all vegetable & animal ,sub/ances1 :i* consi/ z well ( sulphure\s fat & inflamable ,p>ts1 z ( e>?y lean & alcalizate ones4 ,salts & ,vitriols h refractive ,p[]s 9 a middle degree betwe5 ^? ( e>?y ,sub/ances & ,wat]1 & accord+ly are compos$ ( ^? two sorts ( ,sub/ances4 ,= by di/illation & rectification ( _! ,spirits a great ,"p ( !m goes into ,wat]1 & a great ,"p rema9s beh9d 9 ! =m ( a dry fix'd ,e>? capable ( ,vitrification4 ,_s ( ,w9e has a refractive ,p[] 9 a middle degree betwe5 ^? ( ,wat] & oily ,sub/ances1 & accord+ly seems to be compos$ ( bo?1 unit$ by ,f]m5tation2 ! ,wat]1 by means ( "s sal9e ,spirits ) :i* 'tis impregnat$1 dissolv+ ! ,oil1 & volatiz+ x by ! ,action4 ,= ,_s ( ,w9e is inflamable by means ( its oily ,p>ts1 & be+ di/ill$ (t5 f ,salt ( ,t>t>1 gr[ by e di/illation m & m aque\s & phlegmatick4 ,& ,*ymi/s obs]ve1 t ,vegetables 7z ,lav5d]1 ,rue1 ,m>joram1 c47 di/ill$ p] se1 be=e f]m5tation yield ,oils )\t any burn+ ,spirits1 b aft] f]m5tation yield ard5t ,spirits )\t ,oils3 ,:i* %ews1 t _! ,oil is by f]m5tation conv]t$ into ,_s4 ,!y f9d also1 t if ,oils be p\r$ 9 a small quantity ^u f]m5tat+ ,vegetables1 !y di/il ov] aft] f]m5tation 9 ! =m ( ,spirits4 ,s !n1 by ! =ego+ ,table1 all ,bodies seem to h _! refractive ,p[]s proportional to _! ,d5sities1 7or v ne>ly27 except+ s f> z !y p>take m or less ( sulphure\s oily ,p>ticles1 & !reby h _! refractive ,p[] made great] or less4 ,:5ce x seems rational to attribute ! refractive ,p[] ( all ,bodies *iefly1 if n :olly1 to ! sulphure\s ,p>ts ) :i* !y ab\nd4 ,= x's probable t all ,bodies ab\nd m or less ) ,sulphurs4 ,& z ,light congregat$ by a ,burn+-glass acts mo/ ^u sulphure\s ,bodies1 to turn !m into ,fire & ,flame2 s1 s9ce all ,action is mutual1 ,sulphurs ought to act mo/ ^u ,light4 ,= t ! action betwe5 ,light & ,bodies is mutual1 may appe> f ?is ,consid]ation2 ,t ! d5se/ ,bodies :i* refract & reflect ,light mo/ /rongly1 gr[ hotte/ 9 ! ,summ] ,sun1 by ! action ( ! refract$ or reflect$ ,light4 ,i h hi!rto expla9'd ! p[] ( ,bodies to reflect & refract1 & %ew'd1 t ?9 transp>5t ,plates1 ,fibres1 & ,p>ticles1 d1 accord+ to _! sev]al ?icknesses & d5sities1 reflect sev]al sorts ( ,rays1 & !reby appe> ( sev]al ,col\rs2 & by consequ5ce t no?+ m is requisite = produc+ all ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies1 ?an ! sev]al sizes & d5sities ( _! transp>5t ,p>ticles4 ,b :5ce x is t ^! ,plates1 ,fibres1 & ,p>ticles1 d1 accord+ to _! sev]al ?icknesses & d5sities1 reflect sev]al sorts ( ,rays1 ,i h n yet expla9'd4 ,to give "s insight into ?is matt]1 & make way = und]/&+ ! next "p ( ?is ,book1 ,i %all conclude ?is "p ) a few m ,propositions4 ,^? :i* prec$$ respect ! nature ( ,bodies1 ^! ! nature ( ,light3 ,= bo? mu/ be und]/ood1 be=e ! reason ( _! ,actions ^u "o ano!r c be kn[n4 ,& because ! la/ ,proposition dep5d$ ^u ! velocity ( ,light1 ,i w beg9 ) a ,proposition ( t k9d4 ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,light is propagat$ f lum9\s ,bodies 9 "t1 & sp5ds ab\t sev5 or eight ,m9utes ( an ,h\r 9 pass+ f ! ,sun to ! ,e>?4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ fir/ by ,roem]1 & !n by o!rs1 by means ( ! ,eclipses ( ! ,satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,= ^! ,eclipses1 :5 ! ,e>? is betwe5 ! ,sun & ,jupit]1 happ5 ab\t sev5 or eight ,m9utes soon] ?an !y ought to d by ! ,tables1 & :5 ! ,e>? is beyond ! ,sun !y happ5 ab\t sev5 or eight ,m9utes lat] ?an !y ought to d2 ! reason be+1 t ! ,light ( ! ,satellites has f>!r to g 9 ! latt] case ?an 9 ! =m] by ! ,diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s ,orbit4 ,"s inequalities ( "t may arise f ! ,exc5tricities ( ! ,orbs ( ! ,satellites2 b ^? _c answ] 9 all ! ,satellites1 & at all times to ! ,position & ,di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun4 ,! mean motions ( ,jupit]'s ,satellites is also swift] 9 8 desc5t f 8 ,aphelium to 8 ,p]ihelium1 ?an 9 8 asc5t 9 ! o!r half ( 8 ,orb4 ,b ?is inequality has no respect to ! position ( ! ,e>?1 & 9 ! ?ree int]ior ,satellites is ins5sible1 z ,i f9d by computation f ! ,!ory ( _! ,gravity4 ,,prop4 ,,xii4 ,e ,ray ( ,light 9 its passage ?r\gh any refract+ ,surface is put into a c]ta9 transi5t ,con/itution or ,/ate1 :i* 9 ! progress ( ! ,ray returns at equal ,int]vals1 & disposes ! ,ray at e return to be easily transmitt$ ?r\gh ! next refract+ ,surface1 & betwe5 ! returns to be easily reflect$ by x4 ,?is is manife/ by ! #e?1 #i?1 #ab?1 & #ae? ,obs]vations4 ,= by ^? ,obs]vations x appe>s1 t "o & ! same sort ( ,rays at equal ,angles ( ,incid5ce on any ?9 transp>5t ,plate1 is alt]nately reflect$ & transmitt$ = _m ,successions accord+ly z ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate increases 9 ari?metical ,progression ( ! ,numb]s1 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 c4 s t if ! fir/ ,reflexion 7t :i* makes ! fir/ or inn]mo/ ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs !re describ$7 be made at ! ?ickness #a1 ! ,rays %all be transmitt$ at ! ?icknesses #j1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 c4 & !reby make ! c5tral ,spot & ,r+s ( ,light1 :i* appe> by transmission1 & be reflect$ at ! ?ickness #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 c4 & !reby make ! ,r+s :i* appe> by ,reflexion4 ,& ?is alt]nate ,reflexion & ,transmission1 z ,i ga!r by ! #bd? ,obs]vation1 cont9ues = above an hundr$ vicissitudes1 & by ! ,obs]vations 9 ! next "p ( ?is ,book1 = _m ?\s&s1 be+ propagat$ f "o ,surface ( a ,glass ,plate to ! o!r1 ?\gh ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate be a qu>t] ( an ,in* or above3 ,s t ?is alt]nation seems to be propagat$ f e refract+ ,surface to all di/ances )\t end or limitation4 ,?is alt]nate ,reflexion & ,refraction dep5ds on bo? ! ,surfaces ( e ?9 ,plate1 because x dep5ds on _! di/ance4 ,by ! #ba/ ,obs]vation1 if ei!r ,surface ( a ?9 ,plate ( ,muscovy ,glass be wett$1 ! ,col\rs caus$ by ! alt]nate ,reflexion & ,refraction gr[ fa9t1 & !re=e x dep5ds on !m bo?4 ,x is !re=e p]=m'd at ! second ,surface2 = if x 7 p]=m'd at ! fir/1 be=e ! ,rays arrive at ! second1 x w\ld n dep5d on ! second4 ,x is also influ5c$ by "s action or disposition1 propagat$ f ! fir/ to ! second1 because o!rwise at ! second x w\ld n dep5d on ! fir/4 ,& ?is action or disposition1 9 its propagation1 int]mits & returns by equal ,int]vals1 because 9 all its progress x incl9es ! ,ray at "o di/ance f ! fir/ ,surface to be reflect$ by ! second1 at ano!r to be transmitt$ by x1 & t by equal ,int]vals = innum]able vicissitudes4 ,& because ! ,ray is dispos$ to ,reflexion at ! di/ances #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 c4 & to ,transmission at ! di/ances #j1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 c4 7= its transmission ?r\gh ! fir/ ,surface1 is at ! di/ance #j1 & x is transmitt$ ?r\gh bo? toge!r1 if _! di/ance be inf9itely little or mu* less ?an #a7 ! disposition to be transmitt$ at ! di/ances #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 c4 is to be acc\nt$ a return ( ! same disposition :i* ! ,ray fir/ _h at ! di/ance #j1 t is at its transmission ?r\gh ! fir/ refract+ ,surface4 ,all :i* is ! ?+ ,i w\ld prove4 ,:at k9d ( action or disposition ?is is2 ,:e!r x consi/s 9 a circulat+ or a vibrat+ motion ( ! ,ray1 or ( ! ,m$ium1 or some?+ else1 ,i d n "h enquire4 ,^? t are av]se f ass5t+ to any new ,discov]ies1 b su* z !y c expla9 by an ,hypo!sis1 may = ! pres5t suppose1 t z ,/ones by fall+ ^u ,wat] put ! ,wat] into an undulat+ ,motion1 & all ,bodies by p]cussion excite vibrations 9 ! ,air2 s ! ,rays ( ,light1 by imp++ on any refract+ or reflect+ ,surface1 excite vibrations 9 ! refract+ or reflect+ ,m$ium or ,sub/ance1 & by excit+ !m agitate ! solid p>ts ( ! refract+ or reflect+ ,body1 & by agitat+ !m cause ! ,body to gr[ w>m or hot2 t ! vibrations ?us excit$ are propagat$ 9 ! refract+ or reflect+ ,m$ium or ,sub/ance1 mu* aft] ! mann] t vibrations are propagat$ 9 ! ,air = caus+ ,s\nd1 & move fa/] ?an ! ,rays s z to ov]take !m2 & t :5 any ,ray is 9 t "p ( ! vibration :i* conspires ) its ,motion1 x easily breaks ?r\gh a refract+ ,surface1 b :5 x is 9 ! contr>y "p ( ! vibration :i* imp$es its ,motion1 x is easily reflect$2 &1 by consequ5ce1 t e ,ray is successively dispos$ to be easily reflect$1 or easily transmitt$1 by e vibration :i* ov]takes x4 ,b :e!r ?is ,hypo!sis be true or false ,i d n "h consid]4 ,i cont5t my self ) ! b>e ,discov]y1 t ! ,rays ( ,light are by "s cause or o!r alt]nately dispos$ to be reflect$ or refract$ = _m vicissitudes4 ,,def9ition4 ,! returns ( ! disposition ( any ,ray to be reflect$ ,i w call its ,fits ( easy ,reflexion1 & ^? ( its disposition to be transmitt$ its ,fits ( easy ,transmission1 & ! space x passes betwe5 e return & ! next return1 ! ,int]val ( its ,fits4 ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,! reason :y ! ,surfaces ( all ?ick transp>5t ,bodies reflect "p ( ! ,light incid5t on !m1 & refract ! re/1 is1 t "s ,rays at _! ,incid5ce are 9 ,fits ( easy ,reflexion1 & o!rs 9 ,fits ( easy ,transmission4 ,?is may be ga!r'd f ! #bd? ,obs]vation1 :]e ! ,light reflect$ by ?9 ,plates ( ,air & ,glass1 :i* to ! nak$ ,eye appe>'d ev5ly :ite all ov] ! ,plate1 did ?r\gh a ,prism appe> wav$ ) _m ,successions ( ,light & ,d>kness made by alt]nate ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission1 ! ,prism sev]+ & di/+ui%+ ! ,waves ( :i* ! :ite reflect$ ,light 0 compos$1 z 0 expla9'd above4 ,& h5ce ,light is 9 ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission1 be=e its ,incid5ce on transp>5t ,bodies4 ,& probably x is put into su* fits at its fir/ emission f lum9\s ,bodies1 & cont9ues 9 !m dur+ all its progress4 ,= ^! ,fits are ( a la/+ nature1 z w appe> by ! next "p ( ?is ,book4 ,9 ?is ,proposition ,i suppose ! transp>5t ,bodies to be ?ick2 because if ! ?ickness ( ! ,body be mu* less ?an ! ,int]val ( ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & ,transmission ( ! ,rays1 ! ,body lose? its reflect+ p[]4 ,= if ! ,rays1 :i* at _! ent]+ into ! ,body are put into ,fits ( easy ,transmission1 arrive at ! f>!/ ,surface ( ! ,body be=e !y be out ( ^? ,fits1 !y mu/ be transmitt$4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,bubbles ( ,wat] lose _! reflect+ p[] :5 !y gr[ v ?92 & :y all opake ,bodies1 :5 r$uc$ into v small p>ts1 become transp>5t4 ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,^? ,surfaces ( transp>5t ,bodies1 :i* if ! ,ray be 9 a ,fit ( ,refraction d refract x mo/ /rongly1 if ! ,ray be 9 a ,fit ( ,reflexion d reflect x mo/ easily4 ,= we %ew$ above1 9 ,prop4 #h4 t ! cause ( ,reflexion is n ! imp++ ( ,light on ! solid imp]vi\s p>ts ( ,bodies1 b "s o!r p[] by :i* ^? solid p>ts act on ,light at a di/ance4 ,we %ew$ also 9 ,prop4 #i4 t ,bodies reflect & refract ,light by "o & ! same p[]1 v>i\sly ex]cis$ 9 v>i\s circum/ances2 & 9 ,prop4 #a4 t ! mo/ /rongly refract+ ,surfaces reflect ! mo/ ,light3 ,all :i* comp>$ toge!r ev9ce & r>ify bo? ?is & ! la/ ,proposition4 ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,9 any "o & ! same sort ( ,rays1 em]g+ 9 any ,angle out ( any refract+ ,surface into "o & ! same ,m$ium1 ! ,int]val ( ! foll[+ ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & ,transmission are ei!r accurately or v ne>ly1 z ! ,rectangle ( ! ,secant ( ! ,angle ( ,refraction1 & ( ! ,secant ( ano!r ,angle1 ^: ,s9e is ! fir/ ( #ajf ari?metical mean ,proportionals1 betwe5 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction1 c\nt$ f ! ,s9e ( ,refraction4 ,?is is manife/ by ! #g? & #ai? ,obs]vations4 ,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,9 sev]al sorts ( ,rays em]g+ 9 equal ,angles out ( any refract+ ,surface into ! same ,m$ium1 ! ,int]vals ( ! foll[+ ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission are ei!r accurately1 or v ne>ly1 z ! ,cube-,roots ( ! ,squ>es ( ! l5g?s ( a ,*ord1 :i* f\nd ! ,notes 9 an ,eight1 sol1 la1 fa1 sol1 la1 mi1 fa1 sol1 ) all _! int]m$iate degrees answ]+ to ! ,col\rs ( ^? ,rays1 accord+ to ! ,analogy describ$ 9 ! sev5? ,exp]im5t ( ! second ,"p ( ! fir/ ,book4 ,?is is manife/ by ! #ac? & #ad? ,obs]vations4 ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,if ,rays ( any sort pass p]p5dicul>ly into sev]al ,m$iums1 ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & ,transmission 9 any "o ,m$ium1 are to ^? ,int]vals 9 any o!r1 z ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction1 :5 ! ,rays pass out ( ! fir/ ( ^? two ,m$iums into ! second4 ,?is is manife/ by ! #aj? ,obs]vation4 ,,prop4 ,,xviii4 ,if ! ,rays :i* pa9t ! ,col\r 9 ! ,conf9e ( yell[ & orange pass p]p5dicul>ly out ( any ,m$ium into ,air1 ! ,int]vals ( _! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion are ! #a_/hijjj? "p ( an ,in*4 ,& ( ! same l5g? are ! ,int]vals ( _! ,fits ( easy ,transmission4 ,?is is manife/ by ! #f? ,obs]vation4 ,f ^! ,propositions x is easy to collect ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission ( any sort ( ,rays refract$ 9 any angle into any ,m$ium2 & !nce to "k1 :e!r ! ,rays %all be reflect$ or transmitt$ at _! subsequ5t ,incid5ce ^u any o!r pellucid ,m$ium4 ,:i* ?+1 be+ useful = und]/&+ ! next "p ( ?is ,book1 0 "h to be set d[n4 ,& = ! same reason ,i add ! two foll[+ ,propositions4 ,,prop4 ,,xix4 ,if any sort ( ,rays fall+ on ! polite ,surface ( any pellucid ,m$ium be reflect$ back1 ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion1 :i* !y h at ! po9t ( ,reflexion1 %all /ill cont9ue to return2 & ! ,returns %all be at di/ances f ! po9t ( ,reflexion 9 ! ari?metical progression ( ! ,numb]s #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 c4 & betwe5 ^! ,fits ! ,rays %all be 9 ,fits ( easy ,transmission4 ,= s9ce ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission are ( a return+ nature1 !re is no reason :y ^! ,fits1 :i* cont9u$ till ! ,ray arriv$ at ! reflect+ ,m$ium1 & !re incl9$ ! ,ray to ,reflexion1 %\ld !re cease4 ,& if ! ,ray at ! po9t ( ,reflexion 0 9 a ,fit ( easy ,reflexion1 ! progression ( ! di/ances ( ^! ,fits f t po9t mu/ beg9 f #j1 & s be ( ! ,numb]s #j1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 c4 ,& !re=e ! progression ( ! di/ances ( ! int]m$iate ,fits ( easy ,transmission1 reckon'd f ! same po9t1 mu/ be 9 ! progression ( ! odd ,numb]s #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 c4 contr>y to :at happ5s :5 ! ,fits are propagat$ f po9ts ( ,refraction4 ,,prop4 ,,xx4 ,! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission1 propagat$ f po9ts ( ,reflexion into any ,m$ium1 are equal to ! ,int]vals ( ! l ,fits1 :i* ! same ,rays w\ld h1 if refract$ into ! same ,m$ium 9 ,angles ( ,refraction equal to _! ,angles ( ,reflexion4 ,= :5 ,light is reflect$ by ! second ,surface ( ?9 ,plates1 x goes out aft]w>ds freely at ! fir/ ,surface to make ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs :i* appe> by ,reflexion2 &1 by ! fre$om ( its egress1 makes ! ,col\rs ( ^! ,r+s m vivid & /rong ?an ^? :i* appe> on ! o!r side ( ! ,plates by ! transmitt$ ,light4 ,! reflect$ ,rays are !re=e 9 ,fits ( easy ,transmission at _! egress2 :i* w\ld n always happ51 if ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits )9 ! ,plate aft] ,reflexion 7 n equal1 bo? 9 l5g? & numb]1 to _! ,int]vals be=e x4 ,& ?is confirms also ! proportions set d[n 9 ! =m] ,proposition4 ,= if ! ,rays bo? 9 go+ 9 & out at ! fir/ ,surface be 9 ,fits ( easy ,transmission1 & ! ,int]vals & ,numb]s ( ^? ,fits betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,surface1 be=e & aft] ,reflexion1 be equal1 ! di/ances ( ! ,fits ( easy ,transmission f ei!r ,surface1 mu/ be 9 ! same progression aft] ,reflexion z be=e2 t is1 f ! fir/ ,surface :i* transmitt$ !m 9 ! progression ( ! ev5 ,numb]s #j1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 c4 & f ! second :i* reflect$ !m1 9 t ( ! odd ,numb]s #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 c4 ,b ^! two ,propositions w become mu* m evid5t by ! ,obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ "p ( ?is ,book4 ,,! ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,,iv4 ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,reflexions & ,col\rs ( ?ick transp>5t poli%'d ,plates4 ,!re is no ,glass or ,speculum h[ well soev] poli%$1 b1 besides ! ,light :i* x refracts or reflects regul>ly1 scatt]s e way irregul>ly a fa9t ,light1 by means ( :i* ! poli%'d ,surface1 :5 illum9at$ 9 a d>k room by a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 may be easily se5 9 all positions ( ! ,eye4 ,!re are c]ta9 ,pha5om5a ( ?is scatt]'d ,light1 :i* :5 ,i fir/ obs]v$ !m1 seem'd v /range & surpriz+ to me4 ,my ,obs]vations 7 z foll[s4 ,obs4 #a4 ,! ,sun %9+ into my d>k5'd ,*amb] ?r\gh a hole "o ?ird ( an ,in* wide1 ,i let ! intromitt$ beam ( ,light fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u a ,glass ,speculum gr\nd concave on "o side & convex on ! o!r1 to a ,sph]e ( five ,feet & elev5 ,in*es ,radius1 & ,quick-silv]'d ov] on ! convex side4 ,& hold+ a :ite opake ,*>t1 or a ,quire ( ,pap] at ! c5t] ( ! ,sph]es to :i* ! ,speculum 0 gr\nd1 t is1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t five ,feet & elev5 ,in*es f ! ,speculum1 9 su* mann]1 t ! beam ( ,light might pass ?r\gh a little hole made 9 ! middle ( ! ,*>t to ! ,speculum1 & !nce be reflect$ back to ! same hole3 ,i obs]v$ ^u ! ,*>t f\r or five conc5tric ,irises or ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 l ,ra9-b[s1 encompass+ ! hole mu* aft] ! mann] t ^?1 :i* 9 ! f\r? & foll[+ ,obs]vations ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,book appe>'d betwe5 ! ,object-glasses1 encompass$ ! black ,spot1 b yet l>g] & fa9t] ?an ^?4 ,^! ,r+s z !y grew l>g] & l>g] became dilut] & fa9t]1 s t ! fif? 0 sc>ce visible4 ,yet sometimes1 :5 ! ,sun %one v cle>1 !re appe>'d fa9t ,l9eam5ts ( a six? & sev5?4 ,if ! di/ance ( ! ,*>t f ! ,speculum 0 mu* great] or mu* less ?an t ( six ,feet1 ! ,r+s became dilute & vani%'d4 ,& if ! di/ance ( ! ,speculum f ! ,w9d[ 0 mu* great] ?an t ( six ,feet1 ! reflect$ beam ( ,light w\ld be s broad at ! di/ance ( six ,feet f ! ,speculum :]e ! ,r+s appe>'d1 z to obscure "o or two ( ! inn]mo/ ,r+s4 ,& !re=e ,i usually plac$ ! ,speculum at ab\t six ,feet f ! ,w9d[2 s t its ,focus might !re fall 9 ) ! c5t] ( its concavity at ! ,r+s ^u ! ,*>t4 ,& ?is ,po/ure is always to be und]/ood 9 ! foll[+ ,obs]vations :]e no o!r is express'd4 ,obs4 #b4 ,! ,col\rs ( ^! ,ra9-b[s succe$$ "o ano!r f ! c5t] outw>ds1 9 ! same =m & ord] ) ^? :i* 7 made 9 ! n9? ,obs]vation ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book by ,light n reflect$1 b transmitt$ ?r\gh ! two ,object-glasses4 ,=1 fir/1 !re 0 9 _! common c5t] a :ite r\nd ,spot ( fa9t ,light1 some?+ broad] ?an ! reflect$ beam ( ,light1 :i* beam sometimes fell ^u ! middle ( ! ,spot1 & sometimes by a little incl9ation ( ! ,speculum rec$$ f ! middle1 & left ! ,spot :ite to ! c5t]4 ,?is :ite ,spot 0 imm$iately encompass$ ) a d>k grey or russet1 & t d>k grey ) ! ,col\rs ( ! fir/ ,iris2 :i* ,col\rs on ! inside next ! d>k grey 7 a little violet & indigo1 & next to t a blue1 :i* on ! outside grew pale1 & !n succe$$ a little gre5i% yell[1 & aft] t a bright] yell[1 & !n on ! outw>d edge ( ! ,iris a r$ :i* on ! outside incl9$ to purple4 ,?is ,iris 0 imm$iately encompass$ ) a second1 ^: ,col\rs 7 9 ord] f ! inside outw>ds1 purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 light r$1 a r$ mix'd ) purple4 ,!n imm$iately foll['d ! ,col\rs ( ! ?ird ,iris1 :i* 7 9 ord] outw>ds a gre5 incl9+ to purple1 a good gre51 & a r$ m bright ?an t ( ! =m] ,iris4 ,! f\r? & fif? ,iris seem'd ( a blui% gre5 )91 & r$ )\t1 b s fa9tly t x 0 difficult to disc]n ! ,col\rs4 ,obs4 #c4 ,measur+ ! ,diamet]s ( ^! ,r+s ^u ! ,*>t z accurately z ,i c\ld1 ,i f\nd !m also 9 ! same proportion to "o ano!r ) ! ,r+s made by ,light transmitt$ ?r\gh ! two ,object-glasses4 ,= ! ,diamet]s ( ! f\r fir/ ( ! bright ,r+s measur$ betwe5 ! brighte/ p>ts ( _! ,orbits1 at ! di/ance ( six ,feet f ! ,speculum 7 #a-aa_/af1 #b-c_/h1 #b-aa_/ab1 #c-c_/h ,in*es1 ^: ,squ>es are 9 ari?metical progression ( ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,if ! :ite circul> ,spot 9 ! middle be reckon'd among/ ! ,r+s1 & its c5tral ,light1 :]e x seems to be mo/ lum9\s1 be put equipoll5t to an inf9itely little ,r+2 ! ,squ>es ( ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s w be 9 ! progression #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c4 ,i measur$ also ! ,diamet]s ( ! d>k ,circles betwe5 ^! lum9\s ones1 & f\nd _! ,squ>es 9 ! progression ( ! numb]s #a_/b1 #a-a_/b1 #b-a_/b1 #c-a_/b1 c4 ! ,diamet]s ( ! fir/ f\r at ! di/ance ( six ,feet f ! ,speculum1 be+ #a-c_/af1 #b-a_/af1 #b-b_/c1 #c-c_/bj ,in*es4 ,if ! di/ance ( ! ,*>t f ! ,speculum 0 increas$ or dim9i%$1 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles 7 increas$ or dim9i%$ proportionally4 ,obs4 #d4 ,by ! analogy betwe5 ^! ,r+s & ^? describ$ 9 ! ,obs]vations ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 ,i suspect$ t !re 7 _m m ( !m :i* spread into "o ano!r1 & by int]f]+ mix'd _! ,col\rs1 & dilut$ "o ano!r s t !y c\ld n be se5 ap>t4 ,i view$ !m !re=e ?r\gh a ,prism1 z ,i did ^? 9 ! #bd? ,obs]vation ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book4 ,& :5 ! ,prism 0 s plac$ z by refract+ ! ,light ( _! mix'd ,col\rs to sep>ate !m1 & di/+ui% ! ,r+s f "o ano!r1 z x did ^? 9 t ,obs]vation1 ,i c\ld !n see !m di/9ct] ?an be=e1 & easily numb] eight or n9e ( !m1 & sometimes twelve or ?irte54 ,& _h n _! ,light be5 s v fa9t1 ,i "q n b t ,i might h se5 _m m4 ,obs4 #e4 ,plac+ a ,prism at ! ,w9d[ to refract ! intromitt$ beam ( ,light1 & ca/ ! oblong ,spectrum ( ,col\rs on ! ,speculum3 ,i cov]$ ! ,speculum ) a black ,pap] :i* _h 9 ! middle ( x a hole to let any "o ( ! ,col\rs pass ?r\gh to ! ,speculum1 :il/ ! re/ 7 int]cept$ by ! ,pap]4 ,& n[ ,i f\nd ,r+s ( t ,col\r only :i* fell ^u ! ,speculum4 ,if ! ,speculum 0 illum9at$ ) r$1 ! ,r+s 7 totally r$ ) d>k ,int]vals1 if ) blue !y 7 totally blue1 & s ( ! o!r ,col\rs4 ,& :5 !y 7 illum9at$ ) any "o ,col\r1 ! ,squ>es ( _! ,diamet]s measur$ betwe5 _! mo/ lum9\s ,p>ts1 7 9 ! ari?metical ,progression ( ! ,numb]s1 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & ! ,squ>es ( ! ,diamet]s ( _! d>k ,int]vals 9 ! ,progression ( ! int]m$iate ,numb]s #a_/b1 #a-a_/b1 #b-a_/b1 #c-a_/b4 ,b if ! ,col\r 0 v>i$1 !y v>i$ _! ,magnitude4 ,9 ! r$ !y 7 l>ge/1 9 ! indigo & violet lea/1 & 9 ! int]m$iate ,col\rs yell[1 gre51 & blue1 !y 7 ( sev]al int]m$iate ,bignesses answ]+ to ! ,col\r1 t is1 great] 9 yell[ ?an 9 gre51 & great] 9 gre5 ?an 9 blue4 ,& h5ce ,i knew1 t :5 ! ,speculum 0 illum9at$ ) :ite ,light1 ! r$ & yell[ on ! outside ( ! ,r+s 7 produc$ by ! lea/ refrangible ,rays1 & ! blue & violet by ! mo/ refrangible1 & t ! ,col\rs ( ea* ,r+ spread into ! ,col\rs ( ! neighb\r+ ,r+s on ei!r side1 aft] ! mann] expla9'd 9 ! fir/ & second ,"p ( ?is ,book1 & by mix+ dilut$ "o ano!r s t !y c\ld n be di/+ui%'d1 unless ne> ! ,c5t] :]e !y 7 lea/ mix'd4 ,= 9 ?is ,obs]vation ,i c\ld see ! ,r+s m di/9ctly1 & to a great] ,numb] ?an be=e1 be+ able 9 ! yell[ ,light to numb] eight or n9e ( !m1 besides a fa9t %ad[ ( a t5?4 ,to satisfy my self h[ mu* ! ,col\rs ( ! sev]al ,r+s spread into "o ano!r1 ,i measur$ ! ,diamet]s ( ! second & ?ird ,r+s1 & f\nd !m :5 made by ! ,conf9e ( ! r$ & orange to be to ! same ,diamet]s :5 made by ! ,conf9e ( blue & indigo1 z #i to #h1 or !reab\ts4 ,= x 0 h>d to det]m9e ?is ,proportion accurately4 ,also ! ,circles made successively by ! r$1 yell[1 & gre51 diff]'d m f "o ano!r ?an ^? made successively by ! gre51 blue1 & indigo4 ,= ! ,circle made by ! violet 0 too d>k to be se54 ,to c>ry on ! ,computation1 let u !re=e suppose t ! ,diff]5ces ( ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles made by ! outmo/ r$1 ! ,conf9e ( r$ & orange1 ! ,conf9e ( orange & yell[1 ! ,conf9e ( yell[ & gre51 ! ,conf9e ( gre5 & blue1 ! ,conf9e ( blue & indigo1 ! ,conf9e ( indigo & violet1 & outmo/ violet1 are 9 proportion z ! ,diff]5ces ( ! ,l5g?s ( a ,mono*ord :i* s\nd ! ,tones 9 an ,eight2 sol1 la1 fa1 sol1 la1 mi1 fa1 sol1 t is1 z ! ,numb]s #a_/i1 #a_/ah1 #a_/ab1 #a_/ab1 #b_/bg1 #a_/bg1 #a_/ah4 ,& if ! ,diamet] ( ! ,circle made by ! ,conf9e ( r$ & orange be #i;,a1 & t ( ! ,circle made by ! ,conf9e ( blue & indigo be #h;,a z above2 _! diff]5ce #i;,a-#h;,a w be to ! diff]5ce ( ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles made by ! outmo/ r$1 & by ! ,conf9e ( r$ & orange1 z #a_/ah #a_/ab #a_/ab #b_/bg to #a_/i1 t is z #h_/bg to #a_/i1 or #h to #c1 & to ! diff]5ce ( ! ,circles made by ! outmo/ violet1 & by ! ,conf9e ( blue & indigo1 z #a_/ah #a_/ab #a_/ab #b_/bg to #a_/bg #a_/ah1 t is1 z #h_/bg to #e_/ed1 or z #af to #e4 ,& !re=e ^! diff]5ces w be #c_/h;,a & #e_/af;,a4 ,add ! fir/ to #i;,a & subduct ! la/ f #h;,a1 & y w h ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles made by ! lea/ & mo/ refrangible ,rays #ge_/h;,a & 77#fa-a_/b7_/h7;,a4 ,^! diamet]s are !re=e to "o ano!r z #ge to #fa-a_/b or #ej to #da1 & _! ,squ>es z #bejj to #afha1 t is1 z #c to #b v ne>ly4 ,:i* proportion diff]s n mu* f ! proportion ( ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,circles made by ! outmo/ r$ & outmo/ violet1 9 ! #ac? ,obs]vation ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,book4 ,obs4 #f4 ,plac+ my ,eye :]e ^! ,r+s appe>'d pla9e/1 ,i saw ! ,speculum t+$ all ov] ) ,waves ( ,col\rs1 7r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue27 l ^? :i* 9 ! ,obs]vations ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,book appe>$ betwe5 ! ,object-glasses1 & ^u ,bubbles ( ,wat]1 b mu* l>g]4 ,& aft] ! mann] ( ^?1 !y 7 ( v>i\s magnitudes 9 v>i\s ,positions ( ! ,eye1 swell+ & %r9k+ z ,i mov$ my ,eye ?is way & t way4 ,!y 7 =m$ l ,arcs ( conc5trick ,circles1 z ^? 72 & :5 my ,eye 0 ov] aga9/ ! c5t] ( ! concavity ( ! ,speculum1 7t is1 #e ,feet & #aj ,in*es di/ant f ! ,speculum17 _! common c5t] 0 9 a "r ,l9e ) t c5t] ( concavity1 & ) ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[4 ,b 9 o!r po/ures ( my ,eye _! c5t] _h o!r positions4 ,!y appe>'d by ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds propagat$ to ! ,speculum ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[2 & :5 ! ,sun %one ?r\gh t hole ^u ! ,speculum1 8 ,light ^u x 0 ( ! ,col\r ( ! ,r+ :]eon x fell1 b by its spl5dor obscur$ ! ,r+s made by ! ,light ( ! ,cl\ds1 unless :5 ! ,speculum 0 remov$ to a great di/ance f ! ,w9d[1 s t 8 ,light ^u x might be broad & fa9t4 ,by v>y+ ! position ( my ,eye1 & mov+ x ne>] to or f>!r f ! direct beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 ! ,col\r ( ! ,sun's reflect$ ,light con/antly v>i$ ^u ! ,speculum1 z x did ^u my ,eye1 ! same ,col\r always appe>+ to a ,by/&] ^u my ,eye :i* to me appe>'d ^u ! ,speculum4 ,& !nce ,i knew t ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs ^u ! ,*>t 7 made by ^! reflect$ ,col\rs1 propagat$ ?i!r f ! ,speculum 9 sev]al ,angles1 & t _! production dep5d$ n ^u ! t]m9ation ( ,light & ,%ad[4 ,obs4 #g4 ,by ! ,analogy ( all ^! ,pha5om5a ) ^? ( ! l ,r+s ( ,col\rs describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,book1 x seem$ to me t ^! ,col\rs 7 produc$ by ?is ?ick ,plate ( ,glass1 mu* aft] ! mann] t ^? 7 produc$ by v ?9 ,plates4 ,=1 ^u trial1 ,i f\nd t if ! ,quick-silv] 7 rubb'd (f f ! backside ( ! ,speculum1 ! ,glass alone w\ld cause ! same ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 b mu* m fa9t ?an be=e2 & !re=e ! ,pha5om5on dep5ds n ^u ! ,quick-silv]1 unless s f> z ! ,quick-silv] by increas+ ! ,reflexion ( ! backside ( ! ,glass increases ! ,light ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs4 ,i f\nd also t a ,speculum ( ,metal )\t ,glass made "s ,ye>s s9ce = optical uses1 & v well wr\ght1 produc$ none ( ^? ,r+s2 & !nce ,i und]/ood t ^! ,r+s arise n f "o specul> ,surface alone1 b dep5d ^u ! two ,surfaces ( ! ,plate ( ,glass :]e( ! ,speculum 0 made1 & ^u ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass betwe5 !m4 ,= z 9 ! #g? & #ai? ,obs]vations ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,book a ?9 ,plate ( ,air1 ,wat]1 or ,glass ( an ev5 ?ickness appe>$ ( "o ,col\r :5 ! ,rays 7 p]p5dicul> to x1 ( ano!r :5 !y 7 a little oblique1 ( ano!r :5 m oblique1 ( ano!r :5 /ill m oblique1 & s on2 s "h1 9 ! six? ,obs]vation1 ! ,light :i* em]g$ out ( ! ,glass 9 sev]al ,obliquities1 made ! ,glass appe> ( sev]al ,col\rs1 & be+ propagat$ 9 ^? ,obliquities to ! ,*>t1 !re pa9t$ ,r+s ( ^? ,col\rs4 ,& z ! reason :y a ?9 ,plate appe>$ ( sev]al ,col\rs 9 sev]al ,obliquities ( ! ,rays1 01 t ! ,rays ( "o & ! same sort are reflect$ by ! ?9 ,plate at "o obliquity & transmitt$ at ano!r1 & ^? ( o!r sorts transmitt$ :]e ^! are reflect$1 & reflect$ :]e ^! are transmitt$3 ,s ! reason :y ! ?ick ,plate ( ,glass :]e( ! ,speculum 0 made did appe> ( v>i\s ,col\rs 9 v>i\s ,obliquities1 & 9 ^? ,obliquities propagat$ ^? ,col\rs to ! ,*>t1 01 t ! ,rays ( "o & ! same sort did at "o ,obliquity em]ge out ( ! ,glass1 at ano!r did n em]ge1 b 7 reflect$ back t[>ds ! ,quick-silv] by ! hi!r ,surface ( ! ,glass1 & accord+ly z ! ,obliquity became great] & great]1 em]g$ & 7 reflect$ alt]nately = _m ,successions2 & t 9 "o & ! same ,obliquity ! ,rays ( "o sort 7 reflect$1 & ^? ( ano!r transmitt$4 ,?is is manife/ by ! fif? ,obs]vation ( ?is "p ( ?is ,book4 ,= 9 t ,obs]vation1 :5 ! ,speculum 0 illum9at$ by any "o ( ! prismatick ,col\rs1 t ,light made _m ,r+s ( ! same ,col\r ^u ! ,*>t ) d>k ,int]vals1 & !re=e at its em]g5ce out ( ! ,speculum 0 alt]nately transmitt$ & n transmitt$ f ! ,speculum to ! ,*>t = _m ,successions1 accord+ to ! v>i\s ,obliquities ( its ,em]g5ce4 ,& :5 ! ,col\r ca/ on ! ,speculum by ! ,prism 0 v>i$1 ! ,r+s became ( ! ,col\r ca/ on x1 & v>i$ _! bigness ) _! ,col\r1 & !re=e ! ,light 0 n[ alt]nately transmitt$ & n transmitt$ f ! ,speculum to ! ,*>t at o!r ,obliquities ?an be=e4 ,x seem$ to me !re=e t ^! ,r+s 7 ( "o & ! same orig9al ) ^? ( ?9 ,plates1 b yet ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ^? ( ?9 ,plates are made by ! alt]nate ,reflexions & ,transmissions ( ! ,rays at ! second ,surface ( ! ,plate1 aft] "o passage ?r\gh x2 b "h ! ,rays g twice ?r\gh ! ,plate be=e !y are alt]nately reflect$ & transmitt$4 ,fir/1 !y g ?r\gh x f ! fir/ ,surface to ! ,quick-silv]1 & !n return ?r\gh x f ! ,quick-silv] to ! fir/ ,surface1 & !re are ei!r transmitt$ to ! ,*>t or reflect$ back to ! ,quick-silv]1 accord+ly z !y are 9 _! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion or ,transmission :5 !y arrive at t ,surface4 ,= ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( ! ,rays :i* fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! ,speculum1 & are reflect$ back 9 ! same p]p5dicul> ,l9es1 by reason ( ! equality ( ^! ,angles & ,l9es1 are ( ! same l5g? & numb] )9 ! ,glass aft] ,reflexion z be=e1 by ! #ai? ,proposition ( ! ?ird "p ( ?is ,book4 ,& !re=e s9ce all ! ,rays t ent] ?r\gh ! fir/ ,surface are 9 _! ,fits ( easy ,transmission at _! entrance1 & z _m ( ^! z are reflect$ by ! second are 9 _! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion !re1 all ^! mu/ be aga9 9 _! ,fits ( easy ,transmission at _! return to ! fir/1 & by consequ5ce !re g out ( ! ,glass to ! ,*>t1 & =m ^u x ! :ite ,spot ( ,light 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s4 ,= ! reason holds good 9 all sorts ( ,rays1 & !re=e all sorts mu/ g out promiscu\sly to t ,spot1 & by _! mixture cause x to be :ite4 ,b ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( ^? ,rays :i* are reflect$ m obliquely ?an !y ent]1 mu/ be great] aft] ,reflexion ?an be=e1 by ! #ae? & #bj? ,propositions4 ,& !nce x may happ5 t ! ,rays at _! return to ! fir/ ,surface1 may 9 c]ta9 ,obliquities be 9 ,fits ( easy ,reflexion1 & return back to ! ,quick-silv]1 & 9 o!r int]m$iate ,obliquities be aga9 9 ,fits ( easy ,transmission1 & s g out to ! ,*>t1 & pa9t on x ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs ab\t ! :ite ,spot4 ,& because ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits at equal obliquities are great] & few] 9 ! less refrangible ,rays1 & less & m num]\s 9 ! m refrangible1 !re=e ! less refrangible at equal obliquities %all make few] ,r+s ?an ! m refrangible1 & ! ,r+s made by ^? %all be l>g] ?an ! l numb] ( ,r+s made by ^!2 t is1 ! r$ ,r+s %all be l>g] ?an ! yell[1 ! yell[ ?an ! gre51 ! gre5 ?an ! blue1 & ! blue ?an ! violet1 z !y 7 really f\nd to be 9 ! fif? ,obs]vation4 ,& !re=e ! fir/ ,r+ ( all ,col\rs encompass+ ! :ite ,spot ( ,light %all be r$ )\t any violet )91 & yell[1 & gre51 & blue 9 ! middle1 z x 0 f\nd 9 ! second ,obs]vation2 & ^! ,col\rs 9 ! second ,r+1 & ^? t foll[1 %all be m exp&$1 till !y spread into "o ano!r1 & bl5d "o ano!r by int]f]+4 ,^! seem to be ! reasons ( ^! ,r+s 9 g5]al2 & ?is put me ^u obs]v+ ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass1 & consid]+ :e!r ! dim5sions & proportions ( ! ,r+s may be truly d]iv$ f x by computation4 ,obs4 #h4 ,i measur$ !re=e ! ?ickness ( ?is concavo-convex ,plate ( ,glass1 & f\nd x e :]e #a_/d ( an ,in* precisely4 ,n[1 by ! six? ,obs]vation ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 a ?9 ,plate ( ,air transmits ! brighte/ ,light ( ! fir/ ,r+1 t is1 ! bright yell[1 :5 its ?ickness is ! #a_/hijjj? "p ( an ,in*2 & by ! t5? ,obs]vation ( ! same ,"p1 a ?9 ,plate ( ,glass transmits ! same ,light ( ! same ,r+1 :5 its ?ickness is less 9 proportion ( ! ,s9e ( ,refraction to ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce1 t is1 :5 its ?ickness is ! #aa_/aeacjjj? or #a_/acgede? "p ( an ,in*1 suppos+ ! ,s9es are z #aa to #ag4 ,& if ?is ?ickness be d\bl$1 x transmits ! same bright ,light ( ! second ,r+2 if tripl$1 x transmits t ( ! ?ird1 & s on2 ! bright yell[ ,light 9 all ^! cases be+ 9 its ,fits ( ,transmission4 ,& !re=e if its ?ickness be multipli$ #cdchf times1 s z to become #a_/d ( an ,in*1 x transmits ! same bright ,light ( ! #cdchf? ,r+4 ,suppose ?is be ! bright yell[ ,light transmitt$ p]p5dicul>ly f ! reflect+ convex side ( ! ,glass ?r\gh ! concave side to ! :ite ,spot 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs on ! ,*>t3 ,& by a ,rule 9 ! #g? & #ai? ,obs]vations 9 ! fir/ ,"p ( ?is ,book1 & by ! #ae? & #bj? ,propositions ( ! ?ird ,"p ( ?is ,book1 if ! ,rays be made oblique to ! ,glass1 ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass requisite to transmit ! same bright ,light ( ! same ,r+ 9 any obliquity1 is to ?is ?ickness ( #a_/d ( an ,in*1 z ! ,secant ( a c]ta9 ,angle to ! ,radius1 ! ,s9e ( :i* ,angle is ! fir/ ( an hundr$ & six ari?metical ,means betwe5 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce & ,refraction1 c\nt$ f ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce :5 ! ,refraction is made out ( any plat$ ,body into any ,m$ium encompass+ x2 t is1 9 ?is case1 out ( ,glass into ,air4 ,n[ if ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass be increas$ by degrees1 s z to be> to its fir/ ?ickness1 7viz4 t ( a qu>t] ( an ,in*17 ! ,proportions :i* #cdchf 7! numb] ( ,fits ( ! p]p5dicul> ,rays 9 go+ ?r\gh ! ,glass t[>ds ! :ite ,spot 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,r+s17 ha? to #cdche1 #cdchd1 #cdchc1 & #cdchb1 7! numb]s ( ! ,fits ( ! oblique ,rays 9 go+ ?r\gh ! ,glass t[>ds ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? ,r+s ( ,col\rs17 & if ! fir/ ?ickness be divid$ into #ajjjjjjjj equal p>ts1 ! increas$ ?icknesses w be #ajjjjbijh1 #ajjjjehaf1 #ajjjjhgbe1 & #ajjjaafcc1 & ! ,angles ( :i* ^! ?icknesses are ,secants w be #bf' #ac''1 #cg' #e''1 #de' #f''1 & #eb' #bf''1 ! ,radius be+ #ajjjjjjjj2 & ! ,s9es ( ^! ,angles are #gfb1 #ajgi1 #acba1 & #aebe1 & ! proportional ,s9es ( ,refraction #aagb1 #afei1 #bjca1 & #bcde1 ! ,radius be+ #ajjjjj4 ,= s9ce ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce out ( ,glass into ,air are to ! ,s9es ( ,refraction z #aa to #ag1 & to ! above-m5tion$ ,secants z #aa to ! fir/ ( #ajf ari?metical ,means betwe5 #aa & #ag1 t is1 z #aa to #aa-f_/ajf1 ^? ,secants w be to ! ,s9es ( ,refraction z #aa-f_/ajf1 to #ag1 & by ?is ,analogy w give ^! ,s9es4 ,s !n1 if ! obliquities ( ! ,rays to ! concave ,surface ( ! ,glass be su* t ! ,s9es ( _! ,refraction 9 pass+ out ( ! ,glass ?r\gh t ,surface into ! ,air be #aagb1 #afei1 #bjca1 #bcde1 ! bright ,light ( ! #cdchf? ,r+ %all em]ge at ! ?icknesses ( ! ,glass1 :i* are to #a_/d ( an ,in* z #cdchf to #cdche1 #cdchd1 #cdchc1 #cdchb1 respectively4 ,& !re=e1 if ! ?ickness 9 all ^! ,cases be #a_/d ( an ,in* 7z x is 9 ! ,glass ( :i* ! ,speculum 0 made7 ! bright ,light ( ! #cdche? ,r+ %all em]ge :]e ! ,s9e ( ,refraction is #aagb1 & t ( ! #cdchd?1 #cdchc?1 & #cdchb? ,r+ :]e ! ,s9e is #afei1 #bjca1 & #bcde respectively4 ,& 9 ^! ,angles ( ,refraction ! ,light ( ^! ,r+s %all be propagat$ f ! ,speculum to ! ,*>t1 & !re pa9t ,r+s ab\t ! :ite c5tral r\nd ,spot ( ,light :i* we said 0 ! ,light ( ! #cdchf? ,r+4 ,& ! ,semidiamet]s ( ^! ,r+s %all subt5d ! ,angles ( ,refraction made at ! ,concave-,surface ( ! ,speculum1 & by consequ5ce _! ,diamet]s %all be to ! di/ance ( ! ,*>t f ! ,speculum z ^? ,s9es ( ,refraction d\bl$ are to ! ,radius1 t is1 z #aagb1 #afei1 #bjca1 & #bcde1 d\bl$ are to #ajjjjj4 ,& !re=e1 if ! di/ance ( ! ,*>t f ! ,concave-,surface ( ! ,speculum be six ,feet 7z x 0 9 ! ?ird ( ^! ,obs]vations7 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s ( ?is bright yell[ ,light ^u ! ,*>t %all be #a'fhh1 #b'chi1 #b'ibe1 #c'cge ,in*es3 ,= ^! ,diamet]s are to six ,feet1 z ! above-m5tion'd ,s9es d\bl$ are to ! ,radius4 ,n[1 ^! ,diamet]s ( ! bright yell[ ,r+s1 ?us f\nd by ,computation are ! v same ) ^? f\nd 9 ! ?ird ( ^! ,obs]vations by measur+ !m1 viz4 ) #a-aa_/af1 #b-c_/h1 #b-aa_/ab1 & #c-c_/h ,in*es1 & !re=e ! ,!ory ( d]iv+ ^! ,r+s f ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate ( ,glass ( :i* ! ,speculum 0 made1 & f ! ,obliquity ( ! em]g+ ,rays agrees ) ! ,obs]vation4 ,9 ?is ,computation ,i h equall$ ! ,diamet]s ( ! bright ,r+s made by ,light ( all ,col\rs1 to ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s made by ! bright yell[4 ,= ?is yell[ makes ! brighte/ ,"p ( ! ,r+s ( all ,col\rs4 ,if y desire ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s made by ! ,light ( any o!r unmix'd ,col\r1 y may f9d !m readily by putt+ !m to ! ,diamet]s ( ! bright yell[ ones 9 a subduplicate ,proportion ( ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( ! ,rays ( ^? ,col\rs :5 equally incl9$ to ! refract+ or reflect+ ,surface :i* caus$ ^? ,fits1 t is1 by putt+ ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s made by ! ,rays 9 ! ,extremities & ,limits ( ! sev5 ,col\rs1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet1 proportional to ! ,cube-roots ( ! ,numb]s1 #a1 #h_/i1 #e_/f1 #c_/d1 #b_/c1 #c_/e1 #i_/af1 #a_/b1 :i* express ! ,l5g?s ( a ,mono*ord s\nd+ ! ,notes 9 an ,eigh?3 ,= by ?is means ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s ( ^! ,col\rs w be f\nd pretty ne>ly 9 ! same ,proportion to "o ano!r1 :i* !y ought to h by ! fif? ( ^! ,obs]vations4 ,& ?us ,i satisfy'd my self1 t ^! ,r+s 7 ( ! same k9d & ,orig9al ) ^? ( ?9 ,plates1 & by consequ5ce t ! ,fits or alt]nate ,dispositions ( ! ,rays to be reflect$ & transmitt$ are propagat$ to great di/ances f e reflect+ & refract+ ,surface4 ,b yet to put ! matt] out ( d\bt1 ,i add$ ! foll[+ ,obs]vation4 ,obs4 #i4 ,if ^! ,r+s ?us dep5d on ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate ( ,glass1 _! ,diamet]s at equal di/ances f sev]al ,speculums made ( su* concavo-convex ,plates ( ,glass z are gr\nd on ! same ,sph]e1 ought to be reciprocally 9 a subduplicate ,proportion ( ! ?icknesses ( ! ,plates ( ,glass4 ,& if ?is ,proportion be f\nd true by exp]i5ce x w am\nt to a demon/ration t ^! ,r+s 7l ^? =m$ 9 ?9 ,plates7 d dep5d on ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass4 ,i procur$ !re=e ano!r concavo-convex ,plate ( ,glass gr\nd on bo? sides to ! same ,sph]e ) ! =m] ,plate4 ,its ?ickness 0 #e_/fb ,p>ts ( an ,in*2 & ! ,diamet]s ( ! ?ree fir/ bright ,r+s measur$ betwe5 ! brighte/ ,p>ts ( _! ,orbits at ! di/ance ( six ,feet f ! ,glass 7 #c4d-a_/f4e-a_/h4 ,in*es4 ,n[1 ! ?ickness ( ! o!r ,glass be+ #a_/d ( an ,in* 0 to ! ?ickness ( ?is ,glass z #a_/d to #e_/fb1 t is z #ca to #aj1 or #cajjjjjjj to #ajjjjjjjj1 & ! ,roots ( ^! ,numb]s are #agfjg & #ajjjj1 & 9 ! ,proportion ( ! fir/ ( ^! ,roots to ! second are ! ,diamet]s ( ! bright ,r+s made 9 ?is ,obs]vation by ! ?9n] ,glass1 #c4d-a_/f4e-a_/h1 to ! ,diamet]s ( ! same ,r+s made 9 ! ?ird ( ^! ,obs]vations by ! ?ick] ,glass #a-aa_/af1 #b-c_/h4 #b-aa_/ab1 t is1 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s are reciprocally 9 a subduplicate ,proportion ( ! ?icknesses ( ! ,plates ( ,glass4 ,s !n 9 ,plates ( ,glass :i* are alike concave on "o side1 & alike convex on ! o!r side1 & alike quick-silv]'d on ! convex sides1 & diff] 9 no?+ b _! ?ickness1 ! ,diamet]s ( ! ,r+s are reciprocally 9 a subduplicate ,proportion ( ! ?icknesses ( ! ,plates4 ,& ?is %ews suffici5tly t ! ,r+s dep5d on bo? ! ,surfaces ( ! ,glass4 ,!y dep5d on ! convex ,surface1 because !y are m lum9\s :5 t ,surface is quick-silv]'d ov] ?an :5 x is )\t ,quick-silv]4 ,!y dep5d also ^u ! concave ,surface1 because )\t t ,surface a ,speculum makes !m n4 ,!y dep5d on bo? ,surfaces1 & on ! di/ances betwe5 !m1 because _! bigness is v>i$ by v>y+ only t di/ance4 ,& ?is dep5d5ce is ( ! same k9d ) t :i* ! ,col\rs ( ?9 ,plates h on ! di/ance ( ! ,surfaces ( ^? ,plates1 because ! bigness ( ! ,r+s1 & _! ,proportion to "o ano!r1 & ! v>iation ( _! bigness aris+ f ! v>iation ( ! ?ickness ( ! ,glass1 & ! ,ord]s ( _! ,col\rs1 is su* z ought to result f ! ,propositions 9 ! end ( ! ?ird ,"p ( ?is ,book1 d]iv$ f ! ,pha5om5a ( ! ,col\rs ( ?9 ,plates set d[n 9 ! fir/ ,"p4 ,!re are yet o!r ,pha5om5a ( ^! ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 b su* z foll[ f ! same ,propositions1 & !re=e confirm bo? ! ,tru? ( ^? ,propositions1 & ! ,analogy betwe5 ^! ,r+s & ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs made by v ?9 ,plates4 ,i %all subjo9 "s ( !m4 ,obs4 #aj4 ,:5 ! beam ( ! ,sun's ,light 0 reflect$ back f ! ,speculum n directly to ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[1 b to a place a little di/ant f x1 ! common c5t] ( t ,spot1 & ( all ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs fell 9 ! middle way betwe5 ! beam ( ! incid5t ,light1 & ! beam ( ! reflect$ ,light1 & by consequ5ce 9 ! c5t] ( ! sph]ical concavity ( ! ,speculum1 :5ev] ! ,*>t on :i* ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs fell 0 plac$ at t c5t]4 ,& z ! beam ( reflect$ ,light by incl9+ ! ,speculum rec$$ m & m f ! beam ( incid5t ,light & f ! common c5t] ( ! col\r'd ,r+s betwe5 !m1 ^? ,r+s grew bigg] & bigg]1 & s also did ! :ite r\nd ,spot1 & new ,r+s ( ,col\rs em]g$ successively out ( _! common c5t]1 & ! :ite ,spot became a :ite ,r+ encompass+ !m2 & ! incid5t & reflect$ beams ( ,light always fell ^u ! opposite p>ts ( ?is :ite ,r+1 illum9at+ its ,p]imet] l two mock ,suns 9 ! opposite p>ts ( an ,iris4 ,s !n ! ,diamet] ( ?is ,r+1 measur$ f ! middle ( its ,light on "o side to ! middle ( its ,light on ! o!r side1 0 always equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! middle ( ! incid5t beam ( ,light1 & ! middle ( ! reflect$ beam measur$ at ! ,*>t on :i* ! ,r+s appe>$3 ,& ! ,rays :i* =m'd ?is ,r+ 7 reflect$ by ! ,speculum 9 ,angles equal to _! ,angles ( ,incid5ce1 & by consequ5ce to _! ,angles ( ,refraction at _! entrance into ! ,glass1 b yet _! ,angles ( ,reflexion 7 n 9 ! same ,planes ) _! ,angles ( ,incid5ce4 ,obs4 #aa4 ,! ,col\rs ( ! new ,r+s 7 9 a contr>y ord] to ^? ( ! =m]1 & arose aft] ?is mann]4 ,! :ite r\nd ,spot ( ,light 9 ! middle ( ! ,r+s cont9u$ :ite to ! c5t] till ! di/ance ( ! incid5t & reflect$ beams at ! ,*>t 0 ab\t #g_/h p>ts ( an ,in*1 & !n x began to gr[ d>k 9 ! middle4 ,& :5 t di/ance 0 ab\t #a-c_/af ( an ,in*1 ! :ite ,spot 0 become a ,r+ encompass+ a d>k r\nd ,spot :i* 9 ! middle incl9$ to violet & indigo4 ,& ! lum9\s ,r+s encompass+ x 7 gr[n equal to ^? d>k ones :i* 9 ! f\r fir/ ,obs]vations encompass$ !m1 t is to say1 ! :ite ,spot 0 gr[n a :ite ,r+ equal to ! fir/ ( ^? d>k ,r+s1 & ! fir/ ( ^? lum9\s ,r+s 0 n[ gr[n equal to ! second ( ^? d>k ones1 & ! second ( ^? lum9\s ones to ! ?ird ( ^? d>k ones1 & s on4 ,= ! ,diamet]s ( ! lum9\s ,r+s 7 n[ #a-c_/af1 #b-a_/af1 #b-b_/c1 #c-c_/bj1 c4 ,in*es4 ,:5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! incid5t & reflect$ beams ( ,light became a little bigg]1 !re em]g$ out ( ! middle ( ! d>k ,spot aft] ! indigo a blue1 & !n out ( t blue a pale gre51 & soon aft] a yell[ & r$4 ,& :5 ! ,col\r at ! c5t] 0 brighte/1 be+ betwe5 yell[ & r$1 ! bright ,r+s 7 gr[n equal to ^? ,r+s :i* 9 ! f\r fir/ ,obs]vations next encompass$ !m2 t is to say1 ! :ite ,spot 9 ! middle ( ^? ,r+s 0 n[ become a :ite ,r+ equal to ! fir/ ( ^? bright ,r+s1 & ! fir/ ( ^? bright ones 0 n[ become equal to ! second ( ^?1 & s on4 ,= ! ,diamet]s ( ! :ite ,r+1 & ( ! o!r lum9\s ,r+s encompass+ x1 7 n[ #a-aa_/af1 #b-c_/h1 #b-aa_/ab1 #c-c_/h1 c4 or !reab\ts4 ,:5 ! di/ance ( ! two beams ( ,light at ! ,*>t 0 a little m increas$1 !re em]g$ out ( ! middle 9 ord] aft] ! r$1 a purple1 a blue1 a gre51 a yell[1 & a r$ incl9+ mu* to purple1 & :5 ! ,col\r 0 brighte/ be+ betwe5 yell[ & r$1 ! =m] indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[ & r$1 7 become an ,iris or ,r+ ( ,col\rs equal to ! fir/ ( ^? lum9\s ,r+s :i* appe>$ 9 ! f\r fir/ ,obs]vations1 & ! :ite ,r+ :i* 0 n[ become ! second ( ! lum9\s ,r+s 0 gr[n equal to ! second ( ^?1 & ! fir/ ( ^? :i* 0 n[ become ! ?ird ,r+ 0 become equal to ! ?ird ( ^?1 & s on4 ,= _! ,diamet]s 7 #a-aa_/af1 #b-c_/h1 #b-aa_/ab1 #c-c_/h ,in*es1 ! di/ance ( ! two beams ( ,light1 & ! ,diamet] ( ! :ite ,r+ be+ #b-c_/h ,in*es4 ,:5 ^! two beams became m di/ant !re em]g$ out ( ! middle ( ! purpli% r$1 fir/ a d>k] r\nd ,spot1 & !n out ( ! middle ( t ,spot a bright]4 ,& n[ ! =m] ,col\rs 7purple1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & purpli% r$7 7 become a ,r+ equal to ! fir/ ( ! bright ,r+s m5tion$ 9 ! f\r fir/ ,obs]vations1 & ! ,r+s ab\t ?is ,r+ 7 gr[n equal to ! ,r+s ab\t t respectively2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two beams ( ,light & ! ,diamet] ( ! :ite ,r+ 7:i* 0 n[ become ! ?ird ,r+7 be+ ab\t #c ,in*es4 ,! ,col\rs ( ! ,r+s 9 ! middle began n[ to gr[ v dilute1 & if ! di/ance betwe5 ! two ,beams 0 increas$ half an ,in*1 or an ,in* m1 !y vani%'d :il/ ! :ite ,r+1 ) "o or two ( ! ,r+s next x on ei!r side1 cont9u$ /ill visible4 ,b if ! di/ance ( ! two beams ( ,light 0 /ill m increas$1 ^! also vani%$3 ,= ! ,light :i* com+ f sev]al p>ts ( ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[ fell ^u ! ,speculum 9 sev]al ,angles ( ,incid5ce1 made ,r+s ( sev]al bignesses1 :i* dilut$ & blott$ out "o ano!r1 z ,i knew by int]cept+ "s "p ( t ,light4 ,= if ,i int]cept$ t "p :i* 0 ne>e/ to ! ,axis ( ! ,speculum ! ,r+s w\ld be less1 if ! o!r "p :i* 0 remote/ f x !y w\ld be bigg]4 ,obs4 #ab4 ,:5 ! ,col\rs ( ! ,prism 7 ca/ successively on ! ,speculum1 t ,r+ :i* 9 ! two la/ ,obs]vations 0 :ite1 0 ( ! same bigness 9 all ! ,col\rs1 b ! ,r+s )\t x 7 great] 9 ! gre5 ?an 9 ! blue1 & /ill great] 9 ! yell[1 & greate/ 9 ! r$4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,r+s )9 t :ite ,circle 7 less 9 ! gre5 ?an 9 ! blue1 & /ill less 9 ! yell[1 & lea/ 9 ! r$4 ,= ! ,angles ( ,reflexion ( ^? ,rays :i* made ?is ,r+1 be+ equal to _! ,angles ( ,incid5ce1 ! ,fits ( e reflect$ ,ray )9 ! ,glass aft] ,reflexion are equal 9 l5g? & numb] to ! ,fits ( ! same ,ray )9 ! ,glass be=e its ,incid5ce on ! reflect+ ,surface4 ,& !re=e s9ce all ! ,rays ( all sorts at _! entrance into ! ,glass 7 9 a ,fit ( ,transmission1 !y 7 also 9 a ,fit ( ,transmission at _! return+ to ! same ,surface aft] ,reflexion2 & by consequ5ce 7 transmitt$1 & w5t out to ! :ite ,r+ on ! ,*>t4 ,?is is ! reason :y t ,r+ 0 ( ! same bigness 9 all ! ,col\rs1 & :y 9 a mixture ( all x appe>s :ite4 ,b 9 ,rays :i* are reflect$ 9 o!r ,angles1 ! ,int]vals ( ! ,fits ( ! lea/ refrangible be+ greate/1 make ! ,r+s ( _! ,col\r 9 _! progress f ?is :ite ,r+1 ei!r outw>ds or inw>ds1 increase or decrease by ! greate/ /eps2 s t ! ,r+s ( ?is ,col\r )\t are greate/1 & )9 lea/4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y 9 ! la/ ,obs]vation1 :5 ! ,speculum 0 illum9at$ ) :ite ,light1 ! ext]ior ,r+s made by all ,col\rs appe>$ r$ )\t & blue )91 & ! int]ior blue )\t & r$ )94 ,^! are ! ,pha5om5a ( ?ick convexo-concave ,plates ( ,glass1 :i* are e :]e ( ! same ?ickness4 ,!re are yet o!r ,pha5om5a :5 ^! ,plates are a little ?ick] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 & o!rs :5 ! ,plates are m or less concave ?an convex1 or plano-convex1 or d\ble-convex4 ,= 9 all ^! cases ! ,plates make ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 b aft] v>i\s mann]s2 all :i*1 s f> z ,i h yet obs]v$1 foll[ f ! ,propositions 9 ! end ( ! ?ird "p ( ?is ,book1 & s conspire to confirm ! tru? ( ^? ,propositions4 ,b ! ,pha5om5a are too v>i\s1 & ! ,calculations :]eby !y foll[ f ^? ,propositions too intricate to be "h prosecut$4 ,i cont5t my self ) hav+ prosecut$ ?is k9d ( ,pha5om5a s f> z to discov] _! ,cause1 & by discov]+ x to ratify ! ,propositions 9 ! ?ird ,"p ( ?is ,book4 ,obs4 #ac4 ,z ,light reflect$ by a ,l5s quick-silv]'d on ! backside makes ! ,r+s ( ,col\rs above describ$1 s x ought to make ! l ,r+s ( ,col\rs 9 pass+ ?r\gh a drop ( ,wat]4 ,at ! fir/ ,reflexion ( ! ,rays )9 ! drop1 "s ,col\rs ought to be transmitt$1 z 9 ! case ( a ,l5s1 & o!rs to be reflect$ back to ! ,eye4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ,diamet] ( a small drop or globule ( ,wat] be ab\t ! #ejj? "p ( an ,in*1 s t a r$-mak+ ,ray 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ?is globule has #bej ,fits ( easy ,transmission )9 ! globule1 & t all ! r$-mak+ ,rays :i* are at a c]ta9 di/ance f ?is middle ,ray r\nd ab\t x h #bdi ,fits )9 ! globule1 & all ! l ,rays at a c]ta9 f>!r di/ance r\nd ab\t x h #bdh ,fits1 & all ^? at a c]ta9 f>!r di/ance #bdg ,fits1 & s on2 ^! conc5trick ,circles ( ,rays aft] _! transmission1 fall+ on a :ite ,pap]1 w make conc5trick ,r+s ( r$ ^u ! ,pap]1 suppos+ ! ,light :i* passes ?r\gh "o s+le globule1 /rong en\gh to be s5sible4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! ,rays ( o!r ,col\rs w make ,r+s ( o!r ,col\rs4 ,suppose n[ t 9 a fair ,day ! ,sun %9es ?r\gh a ?9 ,cl\d ( su* globules ( ,wat] or ,hail1 & t ! globules are all ( ! same bigness2 & ! ,sun se5 ?r\gh ?is ,cl\d %all appe> encompass$ ) ! l conc5trick ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 & ! ,diamet] ( ! fir/ ,r+ ( r$ %all be #g-a_/d ,degrees1 t ( ! second #aj-a_/d ,degrees1 t ( ! ?ird #ab ,degrees #cc ,m9utes4 ,& accord+ly z ! ,globules ( ,wat] are bigg] or less1 ! ,r+s %all be less or bigg]4 ,?is is ! ,!ory1 & ,exp]i5ce answ]s x4 ,= 9 ,june #afib1 ,i saw by reflexion 9 a ,vessel ( /agnat+ ,wat] ?ree ,halos1 ,cr[ns1 or ,r+s ( ,col\rs ab\t ! ,sun1 l ?ree little ,ra9-b[s1 conc5trick to 8 ,body4 ,! ,col\rs ( ! fir/ or inn]mo/ ,cr[n 7 blue next ! ,sun1 r$ )\t1 & :ite 9 ! middle betwe5 ! blue & r$4 ,^? ( ! second ,cr[n 7 purple & blue )91 & pale r$ )\t1 & gre5 9 ! middle4 ,& ^? ( ! ?ird 7 pale blue )91 & pale r$ )\t2 ^! ,cr[ns enclos$ "o ano!r imm$iately1 s t _! ,col\rs proce$$ 9 ?is cont9ual ord] f ! ,sun outw>d3 blue1 :ite1 r$2 purple1 blue1 gre51 pale yell[ & r$2 pale blue1 pale r$4 ,! ,diamet] ( ! second ,cr[n measur$ f ! middle ( ! yell[ & r$ on "o side ( ! ,sun1 to ! middle ( ! same ,col\r on ! o!r side 0 #i-a_/c ,degrees1 or !reab\ts4 ,! ,diamet]s ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,i _h n "t to measure1 b t ( ! fir/ seem$ to be ab\t five or six ,degrees1 & t ( ! ?ird ab\t twelve4 ,! l ,cr[ns appe> sometimes ab\t ! ,moon2 = 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ye> #affd1 ,febr4 #ai? at ,night1 ,i saw two su* ,cr[ns ab\t h]4 ,! ,diamet] ( ! fir/ or inn]mo/ 0 ab\t ?ree ,degrees1 & t ( ! second ab\t five ,degrees & an half4 ,next ab\t ! ,moon 0 a ,circle ( :ite1 & next ab\t t ! inn] ,cr[n1 :i* 0 ( a blui% gre5 )9 next ! :ite1 & ( a yell[ & r$ )\t1 & next ab\t ^! ,col\rs 7 blue & gre5 on ! inside ( ! outw>d ,cr[n1 & r$ on ! outside ( x4 ,at ! same "t !re appe>'d a ,halo ab\t #bb ,degrees #ce' di/ant f ! c5t] ( ! ,moon4 ,x 0 elliptical1 & its long ,diamet] 0 p]p5dicul> to ! ,horizon1 v]g+ bel[ f>!/ f ! ,moon4 ,i am told t ! ,moon has sometimes ?ree or m conc5trick ,cr[ns ( ,col\rs encompass+ "o ano!r next ab\t h] ,body4 ,! m equal ! globules ( ,wat] or ,ice are to "o ano!r1 ! m ,cr[ns ( ,col\rs w appe>1 & ! ,col\rs w be ! m lively4 ,! ,halo at ! di/ance ( #bb-a_/b ,degrees f ! ,moon is ( ano!r sort4 ,by its be+ oval & remot] f ! ,moon bel[ ?an above1 ,i conclude1 t x 0 made by ,refraction 9 "s sort ( ,hail or ,sn[ float+ 9 ! ,air 9 an horizontal po/ure1 ! refract+ ,angle be+ ab\t #eh or #fj ,degrees4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,book ,,( ,,opticks ,,"p ,i4 ,obs]vations conc]n+ ! ,inflexions ( ! ,rays ( ,light1 & ! ,col\rs made !reby4 ,grimaldo has in=m'd u1 t if a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light be let into a d>k ,room ?r\gh a v small hole1 ! ,%ad[s ( ?+s 9 ?is ,light w be l>g] ?an !y ought to be if ! ,rays w5t on by ! ,bodies 9 /raight ,l9es1 & t ^! ,%ad[s h ?ree p>allel ,fr+es1 ,b&s or ,ranks ( col\r'd ,light adjac5t to !m4 ,b if ! ,hole be enl>g$ ! ,fr+es gr[ broad & run into "o ano!r1 s t !y _c be di/+ui%'d4 ,^! broad ,%ad[s & ,fr+es h be5 reckon'd by "s to proce$ f ! ord9>y refraction ( ! ,air1 b )\t due exam9ation ( ! ,matt]4 ,= ! circum/ances ( ! ,pha5om5on1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$ !m1 are z foll[s4 ,obs4 #a4 ,i made 9 a piece ( ,lead a small ,hole ) a ,p91 ^: bread? 0 ! #db;d "p ( an ,in*4 ,= #ba ( ^? ,p9s laid toge!r took up ! bread? ( half an ,in*4 ,?r\gh ?is ,hole ,i let into my d>k5'd ,*amb] a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 & f\nd t ! ,%ad[s ( ,hairs1 ,?r$1 ,p9s1 ,/raws1 & su* l sl5d] ,sub/ances plac$ 9 ?is beam ( ,light1 7 consid]ably broad] ?an !y ought to be1 if ! ,rays ( ,light pass$ on by ^! ,bodies 9 "r ,l9es4 ,& p>ticul>ly a ,hair ( a ,man's ,head1 ^: bread? 0 b ! #bhj? "p ( an ,in*1 be+ held 9 ?is ,light1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t twelve ,feet f ! ,hole1 did ca/ a ,%ad[ :i* at ! di/ance ( f\r ,in*es f ! ,hair 0 ! sixtie? "p ( an ,in* broad1 t is1 above f\r times broad] ?an ! ,hair1 & at ! di/ance ( two ,feet f ! ,hair 0 ab\t ! eight & tw5tie? "p ( an ,in* broad1 t is1 t5 times broad] ?an ! ,hair1 & at ! di/ance ( t5 ,feet 0 ! eigh? "p ( an ,in* broad1 t is #ce times broad]4 ,nor is x mat]ial :e!r ! ,hair be encompass$ ) ,air1 or ) any o!r pellucid ,sub/ance4 ,= ,i wett$ a poli%'d ,plate ( ,glass1 & laid ! ,hair 9 ! ,wat] ^u ! ,glass1 & !n lay+ ano!r poli%'d ,plate ( ,glass ^u x1 s t ! ,wat] might fill up ! space betwe5 ! ,glasses1 ,i held !m 9 ! a=esaid beam ( ,light1 s t ! ,light might pass ?r\gh !m p]p5dicul>ly1 & ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair 0 at ! same di/ances z big z be=e4 ,! ,%ad[s ( ,scrat*es made 9 poli%'d ,plates ( ,glass 7 also mu* broad] ?an !y ought to be1 & ! ,ve9s 9 poli%'d ,plates ( ,glass did also ca/ ! l broad ,%ad[s4 ,& !re=e ! great bread? ( ^! ,%ad[s proce$s f "s o!r cause ?an ! ,refraction ( ! ,air4 ,let ! ,circle ,x 9 ,fig4 #a4 repres5t ! middle ( ! ,hair2 ,,adg1 ,,beh1 ,,cfi1 ?ree ,rays pass+ by "o side ( ! ,hair at sev]al di/ances2 ,,knq1 ,,lor1 ,,mps1 ?ree o!r ,rays pass+ by ! o!r side ( ! ,hair at ! l di/ances2 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ! places :]e ! ,rays are b5t 9 _! passage by ! ,hair2 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 & ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ! places :]e ! ,rays fall on a ,pap] ,,gq2 ,,is ! bread? ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair ca/ on ! ,pap]1 & ,,ti1 ,,vs1 two ,rays pass+ to ! ,po9ts ,i & ,s )\t b5d+ :5 ! ,hair is tak5 away4 ,& x's manife/ t all ! ,light betwe5 ^! two ,rays ,,ti & ,,vs is b5t 9 pass+ by ! ,hair1 & turn$ aside f ! ,%ad[ ,,is1 because if any "p ( ?is ,light 7 n b5t x w\ld fall on ! ,pap] )9 ! ,%ad[1 & !re illum9ate ! ,pap]1 contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,& because :5 ! ,pap] is at a great di/ance f ! ,hair1 ! ,%ad[ is broad1 & !re=e ! ,rays ,,ti & ,,vs are at a great di/ance f "o ano!r1 x foll[s t ! ,hair acts ^u ! ,rays ( ,light at a good di/ance 9 _! pass+ by x4 ,b ! ,action is /ronge/ on ! ,rays :i* pass by at lea/ di/ances1 & gr[s weak] & weak] accord+ly z ! ,rays pass by at di/ances great] & great]1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! ,s*eme3 ,= !nce x comes to pass1 t ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair is mu* broad] 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! ,pap] f ! ,hair1 :5 ! ,pap] is ne>] ! ,hair1 ?an :5 x is at a great di/ance f x4 ,obs4 #b4 ,! ,%ad[s ( all ,bodies 7,metals1 ,/ones1 ,glass1 ,wood1 ,horn1 ,ice1 c47 9 ?is ,light 7 bord]'d ) ?ree ,p>allel ,fr+es or ,b&s ( col\r'd ,light1 :]e( t :i* 0 contigu\s to ! ,%ad[ 0 broade/ & mo/ lum9\s1 & t :i* 0 remote/ f x 0 n>r[e/1 & s fa9t1 z n easily to be visible4 ,x 0 difficult to di/+ui% ! ,col\rs1 unless :5 ! ,light fell v obliquely ^u a smoo? ,pap]1 or "s o!r smoo? :ite ,body1 s z to make !m appe> mu* broad] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise d4 ,& !n ! ,col\rs 7 pla9ly visible 9 ?is ,ord]3 ,! fir/ or inn]mo/ ,fr+e 0 violet & deep blue next ! ,%ad[1 & !n light blue1 gre51 & yell[ 9 ! middle1 & r$ )\t4 ,! second ,fr+e 0 almo/ contigu\s to ! fir/1 & ! ?ird to ! second1 & bo? 7 blue )91 & yell[ & r$ )\t1 b _! ,col\rs 7 v fa9t1 especially ^? ( ! ?ird4 ,! ,col\rs !re=e proce$$ 9 ?is ord] f ! ,%ad[2 violet1 indigo1 pale blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$2 blue1 yell[1 r$2 pale blue1 pale yell[ & r$4 ,! ,%ad[s made by ,scrat*es & ,bubbles 9 poli%'d ,plates ( ,glass 7 bord]'d ) ! l ,fr+es ( col\r'd ,light4 ,& if ,plates ( ,look+-glass sloop'd (f ne> ! edges ) a ,diamond-cut1 be held 9 ! same beam ( ,light1 ! ,light :i* passes ?r\gh ! p>allel ,planes ( ! ,glass w be bord]'d ) ! l ,fr+es ( ,col\rs :]e ^? ,planes meet ) ! ,diamond-cut1 & by ?is means !re w sometimes appe> f\r or five ,fr+es ( ,col\rs4 ,let ,,ab1 ,,cd 9 ,fig4 #b4 repres5t ! p>allel ,planes ( a ,look+-glass1 & ,,bd ! ,plane ( ! ,diamond-cut1 mak+ at ,b a v obtuse ,angle ) ! ,plane ,,ab4 ,& let all ! ,light betwe5 ! ,rays ,,eni & ,,fbm pass directly ?r\gh ! p>allel ,planes ( ! ,glass1 & fall ^u ! ,pap] betwe5 ,i & ,m1 & all ! ,light betwe5 ! ,rays ,,g & ,,hd be refract$ by ! oblique ,plane ( ! ,diamond-cut ,,bd1 & fall ^u ! ,pap] betwe5 ,k & ,l2 & ! ,light :i* passes directly ?r\gh ! p>allel ,planes ( ! ,glass1 & falls ^u ! ,pap] betwe5 ,i & ,m1 w be bord]'d ) ?ree or m ,fr+es at ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,s by look+ on ! ,sun ?r\gh a ,fea!r or black ,ribb& held close to ! ,eye1 sev]al ,ra9-b[s w appe>2 ! ,%ad[s :i* ! ,fibres or ,?r$s ca/ on ! ,tunica ,ret9a1 be+ bord]'d ) ! l ,fr+es ( ,col\rs4 ,obs4 #c4 ,:5 ! ,hair 0 twelve ,feet di/ant f ?is ,hole1 & its ,%ad[ fell obliquely ^u a flat :ite ,scale ( ,in*es & ,p>ts ( an ,in* plac$ half a ,foot beyond x1 & also :5 ! ,%ad[ fell p]p5dicul>ly ^u ! same ,scale plac$ n9e ,feet beyond x2 ,i measur$ ! bread? ( ! ,%ad[ & ,fr+es z accurately z ,i c\ld1 & f\nd !m 9 ,p>ts ( an ,in* z foll[s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- half a ,n9e ,at ! ,di/ance ( ,foot ,feet ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? ( ! ,%ad[ #a_/ed #a_/i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? betwe5 ! ,middles ( ! #a_/ch brighte/ ,light ( ! inn]mo/ ,fr+es or on ei!r side ! ,%ad[ #a_/ci #g_/ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? betwe5 ! ,middles ( ! brighte/ ,light ( ! middlemo/ ,fr+es on ei!r side ! ,%ad[ #a_/bc-a_/b #d_/ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? betwe5 ! ,middles ( ! #a_/ah brighte/ ,light ( ! outmo/ ,fr+es or on ei!r side ! ,%ad[ #a_/ah-a_/b #c_/aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ,middles ( ! brighte/ ,light ( ! fir/ & second ,fr+es #a_/abj #a_/ba ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ,middles ( ! brighte/ ,light ( ! second & ?ird ,fr+es #a_/agj #a_/ca ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? ( ! lum9\s ,"p 7gre51 :ite1 yell[1 & r$7 ( ! fir/ ,fr+e #a_/agj #a_/cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? ( ! d>k] ,space betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr+es #a_/bdj #a_/de ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? ( ! lum9\s ,"p ( ! second ,fr+e #a_/bij #a_/ee ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! bread? ( ! d>k] ,space betwe5 ! second & ?ird ,fr+es #a_/cdj #a_/fc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,^! ,measures ,i took by lett+ ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair1 at half a ,foot di/ance1 fall s obliquely on ! ,scale1 z to appe> twelve times broad] ?an :5 x fell p]p5dicul>ly on x at ! same di/ance1 & sett+ d[n 9 ?is ,table ! twelf? "p ( ! ,measures ,i !n took4 ,obs4 #d4 ,:5 ! ,%ad[ & ,fr+es 7 ca/ obliquely ^u a smoo? :ite ,body1 & t ,body 0 remov$ f>!r & f>!r f ! ,hair1 ! fir/ ,fr+e began to appe> & look bright] ?an ! re/ ( ! ,light at ! di/ance ( less ?an a qu>t] ( an ,in* f ! ,hair1 & ! d>k ,l9e or ,%ad[ betwe5 t & ! second ,fr+e began to appe> at a less di/ance f ! ,hair ?an t ( ! ?ird "p ( an ,in*4 ,! second ,fr+e began to appe> at a di/ance f ! ,hair ( less ?an half an ,in*1 & ! ,%ad[ betwe5 t & ! ?ird ,fr+e at a di/ance less ?an an in*1 & ! ?ird ,fr+e at a di/ance less ?an ?ree ,in*es4 ,at great] di/ances !y became mu* m s5sible1 b kept v ne>ly ! same proportion ( _! bread?s & int]vals :i* !y _h at _! fir/ appe>+4 ,= ! di/ance betwe5 ! middle ( ! fir/1 & middle ( ! second ,fr+e1 0 to ! di/ance betwe5 ! middle ( ! second & middle ( ! ?ird ,fr+e1 z ?ree to two1 or t5 to sev54 ,& ! la/ ( ^! two di/ances 0 equal to ! bread? ( ! bright ,light or lum9\s "p ( ! fir/ ,fr+e4 ,& ?is bread? 0 to ! bread? ( ! bright ,light ( ! second ,fr+e z sev5 to f\r1 & to ! d>k ,int]val ( ! fir/ & second ,fr+e z ?ree to two1 & to ! l d>k ,int]val betwe5 ! second & ?ird z two to "o4 ,= ! bread?s ( ! ,fr+es seem'd to be 9 ! progression ( ! ,numb]s #a1 sqrt7#a_/c71 sqrt7#a_/e71 & _! ,int]vals to be 9 ! same progression ) !m2 t is1 ! ,fr+es & _! ,int]vals toge!r to be 9 ! cont9ual progression ( ! ,numb]s #a1 sqrt7#a_/b71 sqrt7#a_/c71 sqrt7#a_/d71 sqrt7#a_/e71 or !reab\ts4 ,& ^! ,proportions held ! same v ne>ly at all di/ances f ! ,hair2 ! d>k ,int]vals ( ! ,fr+es be+ z broad 9 proportion to ! bread? ( ! ,fr+es at _! fir/ appe>ance z aft]w>ds at great di/ances f ! ,hair1 ?\gh n s d>k & di/9ct4 ,obs4 #e4 ,! ,sun %9+ into my d>k5'd ,*amb] ?r\gh a hole a qu>t] ( an ,in* broad1 ,i plac$ at ! di/ance ( two or ?ree ,feet f ! ,hole a ,%eet ( ,pa/ebo>d1 :i* 0 black'd all ov] on bo? sides1 & 9 ! middle ( x _h a hole ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an ,in* squ>e = ! ,light to pass ?r\gh4 ,& beh9d ! hole ,i fa/5'd to ! ,pa/ebo>d ) ,pit* ! blade ( a %>p ,knife1 to int]cept "s "p ( ! ,light :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! ,planes ( ! ,pa/ebo>d & blade ( ! ,knife 7 p>allel to "o ano!r1 & p]p5dicul> to ! ,rays4 ,& :5 !y 7 s plac$ t none ( ! ,sun's ,light fell on ! ,pa/ebo>d1 b all ( x pass$ ?r\gh ! hole to ! ,knife1 & !re "p ( x fell ^u ! blade ( ! ,knife1 & "p ( x pass$ by its edge2 ,i let ?is "p ( ! ,light :i* pass$ by1 fall on a :ite ,pap] two or ?ree ,feet beyond ! ,knife1 & !re saw two /reams ( fa9t ,light %oot out bo? ways f ! beam ( ,light into ! %ad[1 l ! ,tails ( ,comets4 ,b because ! ,sun's direct ,light by its brightness ^u ! ,pap] obscur$ ^! fa9t /reams1 s t ,i c\ld sc>ce see !m1 ,i made a little hole 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,pap] = t ,light to pass ?r\gh & fall on a black ,clo? beh9d x2 & !n ,i saw ! two /reams pla9ly4 ,!y 7 l "o ano!r1 & pretty ne>ly equal 9 l5g?1 & bread?1 & quantity ( ,light4 ,_! ,light at t end next ! ,sun's direct ,light 0 pretty /rong = ! space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an ,in*1 or half an ,in*1 & 9 all its progress f t direct ,light decreas$ gradually till x became ins5sible4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ei!r ( ^! /reams measur$ ^u ! pap] at ! di/ance ( ?ree ,feet f ! ,knife 0 ab\t six or eight ,in*es2 s t x subt5d$ an ,angle at ! edge ( ! ,knife ( ab\t #aj or #ab1 or at mo/ #ad ,degrees4 ,yet sometimes ,i ?\ght ,i saw x %oot ?ree or f\r ,degrees f>!r1 b ) a ,light s v fa9t t ,i c\ld sc>ce p]ceive x1 & suspect$ x might 79 "s measure at lea/7 arise f "s o!r cause ?an ! two /reams did4 ,= plac+ my ,eye 9 t ,light beyond ! end ( t /ream :i* 0 beh9d ! ,knife1 & look+ t[>ds ! ,knife1 ,i c\ld see a l9e ( ,light ^u its edge1 & t n only :5 my ,eye 0 9 ! l9e ( ! ,/reams1 b also :5 x 0 )\t t l9e ei!r t[>ds ! po9t ( ! ,knife1 or t[>ds ! h&le4 ,?is l9e ( ,light appe>'d contigu\s to ! edge ( ! ,knife1 & 0 n>r[] ?an ! ,light ( ! inn]mo/ ,fr+e1 & n>r[e/ :5 my ,eye 0 f>!/ f ! direct ,light1 & !re=e seem'd to pass betwe5 ! ,light ( t ,fr+e & ! edge ( ! ,knife1 & t :i* pass$ ne>e/ ! edge to be mo/ b5t1 ?\gh n all ( x4 ,obs4 #f4 ,i plac$ ano!r ,knife by ?is1 s t _! edges might be p>allel1 & look t[>ds "o ano!r1 & t ! beam ( ,light might fall ^u bo? ! ,knives1 & "s "p ( x pass betwe5 _! edges4 ,& :5 ! di/ance ( _! edges 0 ab\t ! #djj? "p ( an ,in*1 ! /ream p>t$ 9 ! middle1 & left a ,%ad[ betwe5 ! two p>ts4 ,?is ,%ad[ 0 s black & d>k t all ! ,light :i* pass$ betwe5 ! ,knives seem'd to be b5t1 & turn'd aside to ! "o h& or to ! o!r4 ,& z ! ,knives /ill approa*'d "o ano!r ! ,%ad[ grew broad]1 & ! /reams %ort] at _! inw>d ends :i* 7 next ! ,%ad[1 until ^u ! contact ( ! ,knives ! :ole ,light vani%'d1 leav+ its place to ! ,%ad[4 ,& h5ce ,i ga!r t ! ,light :i* is lea/ b5t1 & goes to ! inw>d ends ( ! /reams1 passes by ! edges ( ! ,knives at ! greate/ di/ance1 & ?is di/ance :5 ! ,%ad[ beg9s to appe> betwe5 ! /reams1 is ab\t ! #hjj? "p ( an ,in*4 ,& ! ,light :i* passes by ! edges ( ! ,knives at di/ances /ill less & less1 is m & m b5t1 & goes to ^? p>ts ( ! /reams :i* are f>!r & f>!r f ! direct ,light2 because :5 ! ,knives approa* "o ano!r till !y t\*1 ^? p>ts ( ! /reams vani% la/ :i* are f>!/ f ! direct ,light4 ,obs4 #g4 ,9 ! fif? ,obs]vation ! ,fr+es did n appe>1 b by reason ( ! bread? ( ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[ became s broad z to run into "o ano!r1 & by jo9+1 to make "o cont9u$ ,light 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! /reams4 ,b 9 ! six?1 z ! ,knives approa*$ "o ano!r1 a little be=e ! ,%ad[ appe>$ betwe5 ! two /reams1 ! ,fr+es began to appe> on ! inn] ends ( ! ,/reams on ei!r side ( ! direct ,light2 ?ree on "o side made by ! edge ( "o ,knife1 & ?ree on ! o!r side made by ! edge ( ! o!r ,knife4 ,!y 7 di/9cte/ :5 ! ,knives 7 plac$ at ! greate/ di/ance f ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[1 & /ill became m di/9ct by mak+ ! hole less1 insomu* t ,i c\ld sometimes see a fa9t l9eam5t ( a f\r? ,fr+e beyond ! ?ree above m5tion'd4 ,& z ! ,knives cont9ually approa*'d "o ano!r1 ! ,fr+es grew di/9ct] & l>g]1 until !y vani%'d4 ,! outmo/ ,fr+e vani%'d fir/1 & ! middlemo/ next1 & ! inn]mo/ la/4 ,& aft] !y 7 all vani%'d1 & ! l9e ( ,light :i* 0 9 ! middle betwe5 !m 0 gr[n v broad1 enl>g+ x self on bo? sides into ! /reams ( ,light describ$ 9 ! fif? ,obs]vation1 ! above-m5tion'd ,%ad[ began to appe> 9 ! middle ( ?is l9e1 & divide x along ! middle into two l9es ( ,light1 & increas$ until ! :ole ,light vani%'d4 ,?is enl>gem5t ( ! ,fr+es 0 s great t ! ,rays :i* g to ! inn]mo/ ,fr+e seem'd to be b5t above tw5ty times m :5 ?is ,fr+e 0 ready to vani%1 ?an :5 "o ( ! ,knives 0 tak5 away4 ,& f ?is & ! =m] ,obs]vation comp>$1 ,i ga!r1 t ! ,light ( ! fir/ ,fr+e pass$ by ! edge ( ! ,knife at a di/ance great] ?an ! #hjj? "p ( an ,in*1 & ! ,light ( ! second ,fr+e pass$ by ! edge ( ! ,knife at a great] di/ance ?an ! ,light ( ! fir/ ,fr+e did1 & t ( ! ?ird at a great] di/ance ?an t ( ! second1 & t ( ! /reams ( ,light describ$ 9 ! fif? & six? ,obs]vations pass$ by ! edges ( ! ,knives at less di/ances ?an t ( any ( ! ,fr+es4 ,obs4 #h4 ,i caus$ ! edges ( two ,knives to be gr\nd truly /rait1 & prick+ _! po9ts into a ,bo>d s t _! edges might look t[>ds "o ano!r1 & meet+ ne> _! po9ts conta9 a rectil9e> ,angle1 ,i fa/5'd _! ,h&les toge!r ) ,pit* to make ?is ,angle inv>iable4 ,! di/ance ( ! edges ( ! ,knives f "o ano!r at ! di/ance ( f\r ,in*es f ! angul> ,po9t1 :]e ! edges ( ! ,knives met1 0 ! eigh? "p ( an ,in*2 & !re=e ! ,angle conta9'd by ! edges 0 ab\t "o ,degree #ed3 ,! ,knives ?us fix'd toge!r ,i plac$ 9 a beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 let into my d>k5'd ,*amb] ?r\gh a ,hole ! #db;d ,"p ( an ,in* wide1 at ! di/ance ( #aj or #ae ,feet f ! ,hole1 & let ! ,light :i* pass$ betwe5 _! edges fall v obliquely ^u a smoo? :ite ,rul] at ! di/ance ( half an ,in*1 or an ,in* f ! ,knives1 & !re saw ! ,fr+es by ! two edges ( ! ,knives run along ! edges ( ! ,%ad[s ( ! ,knives 9 ,l9es p>allel to ^? edges )\t gr[+ s5sibly broad]1 till !y met 9 ,angles equal to ! ,angle conta9$ by ! edges ( ! ,knives1 & :]e !y met & jo9$ !y end$ )\t cross+ "o ano!r4 ,b if ! ,rul] 0 held at a mu* great] di/ance f ! ,knives1 ! ,fr+es :]e !y 7 f>!r f ! ,place ( _! ,meet+1 7 a little n>r[]1 & became some?+ broad] & broad] z !y approa*'d ne>] & ne>] to "o ano!r1 & aft] !y met !y cross'd "o ano!r1 & !n became mu* broad] ?an be=e4 ,:5ce ,i ga!r t ! di/ances at :i* ! ,fr+es pass by ! ,knives are n increas$ nor alt]'d by ! approa* ( ! ,knives1 b ! ,angles 9 :i* ! ,rays are !re b5t are mu* increas$ by t approa*2 & t ! ,knife :i* is ne>e/ any ,ray det]m9es :i* way ! ,ray %all be b5t1 & ! o!r ,knife increases ! b5t4 ,obs4 #i4 ,:5 ! ,rays fell v obliquely ^u ! ,rul] at ! di/ance ( ! ?ird ,"p ( an ,in* f ! ,knives1 ! d>k ,l9e betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr+e ( ! ,%ad[ ( "o ,knife1 & ! d>k ,l9e betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr+e ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! o!r knife met ) "o ano!r1 at ! di/ance ( ! fif? ,"p ( an ,in* f ! end ( ! ,light :i* pass$ betwe5 ! ,knives at ! conc\rse ( _! edges4 ,& !re=e ! di/ance ( ! edges ( ! ,knives at ! meet+ ( ^! d>k ,l9es 0 ! #afj? ,"p ( an ,in*4 ,= z f\r ,in*es to ! eigh? ,"p ( an ,in*1 s is any ,l5g? ( ! edges ( ! ,knives measur$ f ! po9t ( _! conc\rse to ! di/ance ( ! edges ( ! ,knives at ! end ( t ,l5g?1 & s is ! fif? ,"p ( an ,in* to ! #afj? ,"p4 ,s !n ! d>k ,l9es above-m5tion'd meet 9 ! middle ( ! ,light :i* passes betwe5 ! ,knives :]e !y are di/ant ! #afj? ,"p ( an ,in*1 & ! "o half ( t ,light passes by ! edge ( "o ,knife at a di/ance n great] ?an ! #cbj? ,"p ( an ,in*1 & fall+ ^u ! ,pap] makes ! ,fr+es ( ! ,%ad[ ( t ,knife1 & ! o!r half passes by ! edge ( ! o!r ,knife1 at a di/ance n great] ?an ! #cbj? ,"p ( an ,in*1 & fall+ ^u ! ,pap] makes ! ,fr+es ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! o!r ,knife4 ,b if ! ,pap] be held at a di/ance f ! ,knives great] ?an ! ?ird ,"p ( an ,in*1 ! d>k ,l9es above-m5tion'd meet at a great] di/ance ?an ! fif? ,"p ( an ,in* f ! end ( ! ,light :i* pass$ betwe5 ! ,knives at ! conc\rse ( _! edges2 & !re=e ! ,light :i* falls ^u ! ,pap] :]e ^? d>k ,l9es meet passes betwe5 ! ,knives :]e ! edges are di/ant above ! #afj? "p ( an ,in*4 ,= at ano!r "t1 :5 ! two ,knives 7 di/ant eight ,feet & five ,in*es f ! little hole 9 ! ,w9d[1 made ) a small ,p9 z above1 ! ,light :i* fell ^u ! ,pap] :]e ! a=esaid d>k l9es met1 pass$ betwe5 ! ,knives1 :]e ! di/ance betwe5 _! edges 0 z 9 ! foll[+ ,table1 :5 ! di/ance ( ! ,pap] f ! ,knives 0 also z foll[s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,di/ances betwe5 ! edges ,di/ances ( ! ,pap] ( ! ,knives 9 millesimal f ! ,knives 9 ,in*es4 p>ts ( an ,in*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-a_/b4 #j'jab #c-a_/c4 #j'jbj #h-c_/e4 #j'jcd #cb4 #j'jeg #if4 #j'jha #aca4 #j'jhg ,& h5ce ,i ga!r1 t ! ,light :i* makes ! ,fr+es ^u ! ,pap] is n ! same ,light at all di/ances ( ! ,pap] f ! ,knives1 b :5 ! ,pap] is held ne> ! ,knives1 ! ,fr+es are made by ,light :i* passes by ! edges ( ! ,knives at a less di/ance1 & is m b5t ?an :5 ! ,pap] is held at a great] di/ance f ! ,knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,obs4 #aj4 ,:5 ! ,fr+es ( ! ,%ad[s ( ! ,knives fell p]p5dicul>ly ^u a ,pap] at a great di/ance f ! ,knives1 !y 7 9 ! =m ( ,hyp]bola's1 & _! ,dim5sions 7 z foll[s4 ,let ,,ca1 ,,cb 9 ,fig4 #c4 repres5t ,l9es drawn ^u ! ,pap] p>allel to ! edges ( ! ,knives1 & betwe5 :i* all ! ,light w\ld fall1 if x pass$ betwe5 ! edges ( ! ,knives )\t inflexion2 ,,de a ,"r ,l9e drawn ?r\gh ,c mak+ ! ,angles ,,acd1 ,,bce1 equal to "o ano!r1 & t]m9at+ all ! ,light :i* falls ^u ! ,pap] f ! po9t :]e ! edges ( ! ,knives meet2 eis1 fkt1 & glv1 ?ree hyp]bolical ,l9es repres5t+ ! ,t]m9us ( ! ,%ad[ ( "o ( ! ,knives1 ! d>k ,l9e betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr+es ( t ,%ad[1 & ! d>k ,l9e betwe5 ! second & ?ird ,fr+es ( ! same ,%ad[2 xip1 ykq1 & zlr1 ?ree o!r hyp]bolical ,l9es repres5t+ ! ,t]m9us ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! o!r ,knife1 ! d>k ,l9e betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr+es ( t ,%ad[1 & ! d>k l9e betwe5 ! second & ?ird ,fr+es ( ! same ,%ad[4 ,& conceive t ^! ?ree ,hyp]bola's are l & equal to ! =m] ?ree1 & cross !m 9 ! po9ts i1 k1 & l1 & t ! ,%ad[s ( ! ,knives are t]m9at$ & di/+ui%'d f ! fir/ lum9\s ,fr+es by ! l9es eis & xip1 until ! meet+ & cross+ ( ! ,fr+es1 & !n ^? l9es cross ! ,fr+es 9 ! =m ( d>k l9es1 t]m9at+ ! fir/ lum9\s ,fr+es )9 side1 & di/+ui%+ !m f ano!r ,light :i* beg9s to appe> at i1 & illum9ates all ! triangul> space ip,,des compreh5d$ by ^! d>k l9es1 & ! "r l9e ,,de4 ,( ^! ,hyp]bola's "o ,asymptote is ! l9e ,,de1 & _! o!r ,asymptotes are p>allel to ! l9es ,,ca & ,,cb4 ,let rv repres5t a l9e drawn any :]e ^u ! ,pap] p>allel to ! ,asymptote ,,de1 & let ?is l9e cross ! "r l9es ,,ac 9 m1 & ,,bc 9 n1 & ! six d>k hyp]bolical l9es 9 p1 q1 r2 s1 t1 v2 & by measur+ ! di/ances ps1 qt1 rv1 & !nce collect+ ! l5g?s ( ! ,ord9ates np1 nq1 nr or ms1 mt1 mv1 & do+ ?is at sev]al di/ances ( ! l9e rv f ! ,asymptote ,,dd1 y may f9d z _m po9ts ( ^! ,hyp]bola's z y please1 & !reby "k t ^! curve l9es are ,hyp]bola's diff]+ little f ! conical ,hyp]bola4 ,& by measur+ ! l9es ,ci1 ,ck1 ,cl1 y may f9d o!r po9ts ( ^! ,curves4 ,= in/ance2 :5 ! ,knives 7 di/ant f ! hole 9 ! ,w9d[ t5 ,feet1 & ! ,pap] f ! ,knives n9e ,feet1 & ! ,angle conta9$ by ! edges ( ! ,knives to :i* ! ,angle ,,acb is equal1 0 subt5d$ by a ,*ord :i* 0 to ! ,radius z #a to #cb1 & ! di/ance ( ! l9e rv f ! ,asymptote ,,de 0 half an ,in*3 ,i measur$ ! l9es ps1 qt1 rv1 & f\nd !m #j'ce1 #j'fe1 #j'ih ,in*es respectively2 & by add+ to _! halfs ! l9e #a_/b mn1 7:i* "h 0 ! #abh? "p ( an ,in*1 or #j'jjgh ,in*es17 ! ,sums np1 nq1 nr1 7 #j'ahbh1 #j'ccbh1 #j'digh ,in*es4 ,i measur$ also ! di/ances ( ! brighte/ p>ts ( ! ,fr+es :i* run betwe5 pq & /1 qr & tv1 & next beyond r & v1 & f\nd !m #j'e1 #j'h1 & #a'ag ,in*es4 ,obs4 #aa4 ,! ,sun %9+ into my d>k5'd ,room ?r\gh a small r\nd hole made 9 a ,plate ( ,lead ) a sl5d] ,p91 z above2 ,i plac$ at ! hole a ,prism to refract ! ,light1 & =m on ! opposite ,wall ! ,spectrum ( ,col\rs1 describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,exp]im5t ( ! fir/ ,book4 ,& !n ,i f\nd t ! ,%ad[s ( all ,bodies held 9 ! col\r'd ,light betwe5 ! ,prism & ! ,wall1 7 bord]'d ) ,fr+es ( ! ,col\r ( t ,light 9 :i* !y 7 held4 ,9 ! full r$ ,light !y 7 totally r$ )\t any s5sible blue or violet1 & 9 ! deep blue ,light !y 7 totally blue )\t any s5sible r$ or yell[2 & s 9 ! gre5 ,light !y 7 totally gre51 except+ a little yell[ & blue1 :i* 7 mix$ 9 ! gre5 ,light ( ! ,prism4 ,& comp>+ ! ,fr+es made 9 ! sev]al col\r'd ,lights1 ,i f\nd t ^? made 9 ! r$ ,light 7 l>ge/1 ^? made 9 ! violet 7 lea/1 & ^? made 9 ! gre5 7 ( a middle bigness4 ,= ! ,fr+es ) :i* ! ,%ad[ ( a ,man's ,hair 7 bord]$1 be+ measur$ cross ! ,%ad[ at ! di/ance ( six ,in*es f ! ,hair1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! middle & mo/ lum9\s "p ( ! fir/ or inn]mo/ ,fr+e on "o side ( ! ,%ad[1 & t ( ! l ,fr+e on ! o!r side ( ! ,%ad[1 0 9 ! full r$ ,light #a_/cg-a_/d ( an ,in*1 & 9 ! full violet #g_/df4 ,& ! l di/ance betwe5 ! middle & mo/ lum9\s p>ts ( ! second ,fr+es on ei!r side ! ,%ad[ 0 9 ! full r$ ,light #a_/bb1 & 9 ! violet #a_/bg ( an ,in*4 ,& ^! di/ances ( ! ,fr+es held ! same proportion at all di/ances f ! ,hair )\t any s5sible v>iation4 ,s !n ! ,rays :i* made ^! ,fr+es 9 ! r$ ,light pass$ by ! ,hair at a great] di/ance ?an ^? did :i* made ! l ,fr+es 9 ! violet2 & !re=e ! ,hair 9 caus+ ^! ,fr+es act$ alike ^u ! r$ ,light or lea/ refrangible ,rays at a great] di/ance1 & ^u ! violet or mo/ refrangible ,rays at a less di/ance1 & by ^? actions dispos$ ! r$ ,light into ,l>g] ,fr+es1 & ! violet into small]1 & ! ,lights ( int]m$iate ,col\rs into ,fr+es ( int]m$iate bignesses )\t *ang+ ! ,col\r ( any sort ( ,light4 ,:5 !re=e ! ,hair 9 ! fir/ & second ( ^! ,obs]vations 0 held 9 ! :ite beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 & ca/ a ,%ad[ :i* 0 bord]'d ) ?ree ,fr+es ( col\r$ ,light1 ^? ,col\rs arose n f any new modifications impress'd ^u ! ,rays ( ,light by ! ,hair1 b only f ! v>i\s inflexions :]eby ! sev]al ,sorts ( ,rays 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 :i* be=e sep>ation1 by ! mixture ( all _! ,col\rs1 compos$ ! :ite beam ( ! ,sun's ,light1 b :5ev] sep>at$ compose ,lights ( ! sev]al ,col\rs :i* !y are orig9ally dispos$ to exhibit4 ,9 ?is #aa? ,obs]vation1 :]e ! ,col\rs are sep>at$ be=e ! ,light passes by ! ,hair1 ! lea/ refrangible ,rays1 :i* :5 sep>at$ f ! re/ make r$1 7 inflect$ at a great] di/ance f ! ,hair1 s z to make ?ree r$ ,fr+es at a great] di/ance f ! middle ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair2 & ! mo/ refrangible ,rays :i* :5 sep>at$ make violet1 7 inflect$ at a less di/ance f ! ,hair1 s z to make ?ree violet ,fr+es at a less di/ance f ! middle ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair4 ,& o!r ,rays ( int]m$iate degrees ( ,refrangibility 7 inflect$ at int]m$iate di/ances f ! ,hair1 s z to make ,fr+es ( int]m$iate ,col\rs at int]m$iate di/ances f ! middle ( ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,hair4 ,& 9 ! second ,obs]vation1 :]e all ! ,col\rs are mix'd 9 ! :ite ,light :i* passes by ! ,hair1 ^! ,col\rs are sep>at$ by ! v>i\s inflexions ( ! ,rays1 & ! ,fr+es :i* !y make appe> all toge!r1 & ! inn]mo/ ,fr+es be+ contigu\s make "o broad ,fr+e compos$ ( all ! ,col\rs 9 due ord]1 ! violet ly+ on ! inside ( ! ,fr+e next ! ,%ad[1 ! r$ on ! outside f>!/ f ! ,%ad[1 & ! blue1 gre51 & yell[1 9 ! middle4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! middlemo/ ,fr+es ( all ! ,col\rs ly+ 9 ord]1 & be+ contigu\s1 make ano!r broad ,fr+e compos$ ( all ! ,col\rs2 & ! outmo/ ,fr+es ( all ! ,col\rs ly+ 9 ord]1 & be+ contigu\s1 make a ?ird broad ,fr+e compos$ ( all ! ,col\rs4 ,^! are ! ?ree ,fr+es ( col\r'd ,light ) :i* ! ,%ad[s ( all ,bodies are bord]'d 9 ! second ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ,i made ! =ego+ ,obs]vations1 ,i design'd to repeat mo/ ( !m ) m c>e & exactness1 & to make "s new ones = det]m9+ ! mann] h[ ! ,rays ( ,light are b5t 9 _! passage by ,bodies1 = mak+ ! ,fr+es ( ,col\rs ) ! d>k l9es betwe5 !m4 ,b ,i 0 !n int]rupt$1 & _c n[ ?9k ( tak+ ^! ?+s into f>!r ,consid]ation4 ,& s9ce ,i h n f9i%'d ?is "p ( my ,design1 ,i %all conclude ) propos+ only "s ,qu]ies1 9 ord] to a f>!r se>* to be made by o!rs4 ,qu]y #a4 ,d n ,bodies act ^u ,light at a di/ance1 & by _! action b5d its ,rays2 & is n ?is action 7caet]is p>ibus7 /ronge/ at ! lea/ di/ance8 ,qu4 #b4 ,d n ! ,rays :i* diff] 9 ,refrangibility diff] also 9 ,flexibity2 & are !y n by _! diff]5t ,inflexions sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 s z aft] sep>ation to make ! ,col\rs 9 ! ?ree ,fr+es above describ$8 ,& aft] :at mann] are !y inflect$ to make ^? ,fr+es8 ,qu4 #c4 ,are n ! ,rays ( ,light 9 pass+ by ! edges & sides ( ,bodies1 b5t sev]al times backw>ds & =w>ds1 ) a motion l t ( an ,eel8 ,& d n ! ?ree ,fr+es ( col\r'd ,light above-m5tion'd arise f ?ree su* b5d+s8 ,qu4 #d4 ,d n ! ,rays ( ,light :i* fall ^u ,bodies1 & are reflect$ or refract$1 beg9 to b5d be=e !y arrive at ! ,bodies2 & are !y n reflect$1 refract$1 & inflect$1 by "o & ! same ,pr9ciple1 act+ v>i\sly 9 v>i\s ,circum/ances8 ,qu4 #e4 ,d n ,bodies & ,light act mutually ^u "o ano!r2 t is to say1 ,bodies ^u ,light 9 emitt+1 reflect+1 refract+ & inflect+ x1 & ,light ^u ,bodies = heat+ !m1 & putt+ _! p>ts into a vibrat+ motion :]e9 heat consi/s8 ,qu4 #f4 ,d n black ,bodies conceive heat m easily f ,light ?an ^? ( o!r ,col\rs d1 by reason t ! ,light fall+ on !m is n reflect$ outw>ds1 b ent]s ! ,bodies1 & is (t5 reflect$ & refract$ )9 !m1 until x be /ifl$ & lo/8 ,qu4 #g4 ,is n ! /r5g? & vigor ( ! action betwe5 ,light & sulphure\s ,bodies obs]v$ above1 "o reason :y sulphure\s ,bodies take fire m readily1 & burn m vehem5tly ?an o!r ,bodies d8 ,qu4 #h4 ,d n all fix'd ,bodies1 :5 heat$ beyond a c]ta9 degree1 emit ,light & %9e2 & is n ?is ,emission p]=m'd by ! vibrat+ motions ( _! p>ts8 ,& d n all ,bodies :i* ab\nd ) t]re/rial p>ts1 & especially ) sulphure\s ones1 emit ,light z (t5 z ^? p>ts are suffici5tly agitat$2 :e!r t agitation be made by ,heat1 or by ,friction1 or ,p]cussion1 or ,putrefaction1 or by any vital ,motion1 or any o!r ,cause8 ,z = in/ance2 ,sea-,wat] 9 a rag+ ,/orm2 ,quick-silv] agitat$ 9 vacuo2 ! ,back ( a ,cat1 or ,neck ( a ,horse1 obliquely /ruck or rubb$ 9 a d>k place2 ,wood1 ,fle% & ,fi% :ile !y putrefy2 ,vap\rs aris+ f putrefy'd ,wat]s1 usually call'd ,ignes ,fatui2 ,/acks ( moi/ ,hay or ,corn gr[+ hot by f]m5tation2 ,gl[-worms & ! ,eyes ( "s ,animals by vital ,motions2 ! vulg> ,phosphorus agitat$ by ! attrition ( any ,body1 or by ! acid ,p>ticles ( ! ,air2 ,amb] & "s ,diamonds by /rik+1 press+ or rubb+ !m2 ,scrap+s ( ,/eel /ruck (f ) a ,fl9t2 ,iron hamm]'d v nimbly till x become s hot z to k9dle ,sulphur ?r[n ^u x2 ! ,axletrees ( ,*>iots tak+ fire by ! rapid rotation ( ! ,:eels2 & "s ,liquors mix'd ) "o ano!r ^: ,p>ticles come toge!r ) an ,impetus1 z ,oil ( ,vitriol di/ill$ f its weight ( ,nitre1 & !n mix'd ) twice its weight ( ,oil ( ,annise$s4 ,s also a ,globe ( ,glass ab\t #h or #aj ,in*es 9 diamet]1 be+ put into a ,frame :]e x may be swiftly turn'd r\nd its ,axis1 w 9 turn+ %9e :]e x rubs aga9/ ! palm ( ones ,h& apply'd to x3 ,& if at ! same "t a piece ( :ite ,pap] or :ite ,clo?1 or ! end ( ones ,f+] be held at ! di/ance ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an ,in* or half an ,in* f t "p ( ! ,glass :]e x is mo/ 9 motion1 ! electrick ,vap\r :i* is excit$ by ! friction ( ! ,glass aga9/ ! ,h&1 w by da%+ aga9/ ! :ite ,pap]1 ,clo? or ,f+]1 be put into su* an agitation z to emit ,light1 & make ! :ite ,pap]1 ,clo? or ,f+]1 appe> lucid l a ,gl[worm2 & 9 ru%+ out ( ! ,glass w sometimes pu% aga9/ ! f+] s z to be felt4 ,& ! same ?+s h be5 f\nd by rubb+ a long & l>ge ,cyl9d] or ,glass or ,amb] ) a ,pap] held 9 ones h&1 & cont9u+ ! friction till ! ,glass grew w>m4 ,qu4 #i4 ,is n ,fire a ,body heat$ s hot z to emit ,light copi\sly8 ,= :at else is a r$ hot ,iron ?an ,fire8 ,& :at else is a burn+ ,coal ?an r$ hot ,wood8 ,qu4 #aj4 ,is n ,flame a ,vap\r1 ,fume or ,exhalation heat$ r$ hot1 t is1 s hot z to %9e8 ,= ,bodies d n flame )\t emitt+ a copi\s ,fume1 & ?is ,fume burns 9 ! ,flame4 ,! ,ignis ,fatuus is a ,vap\r %9+ )\t heat1 & is !re n ! same diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ,vap\r & ,flame1 z betwe5 rott5 ,wood %9+ )\t heat & burn+ ,coals ( ,fire8 ,9 di/ill+ hot ,spirits1 if ! ,head ( ! ,/ill be tak5 (f1 ! ,vap\r :i* asc5ds out ( ! ,/ill w take fire at ! ,flame ( a ,c&le1 & turn into ,flame1 & ! ,flame w run along ! ,vap\r f ! ,c&le to ! ,/ill4 ,"s ,bodies heat$ by ,motion1 or ,f]m5tation1 if ! heat gr[ int5se1 fume copi\sly1 & if ! heat be great en\gh ! ,fumes w %9e & become ,flame4 ,metals 9 fusion d n flame = want ( a copi\s ,fume1 except ,spelt]1 :i* fumes copi\sly1 & !reby flames4 ,all flam+ ,bodies1 z ,oil1 ,tall[1 ,wax1 ,wood1 fossil ,coals1 ,pit*1 ,sulphur1 by flam+ wa/e & vani% into burn+ ,smoke1 :i* ,smoke1 if ! ,flame be put out1 is v ?ick & visible1 & sometimes smells /rongly1 b 9 ! ,flame loses its smell by burn+1 & accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,smoke ! ,flame is ( sev]al ,col\rs1 z t ( ,sulphur blue1 t ( ,copp] op5'd ) sublimate gre51 t ( ,tall[ yell[1 t ( ,camphire :ite4 ,smoke pass+ ?r\gh ,flame _c b gr[ r$ hot1 & r$ hot ,smoke c h no o!r appe>ance ?an t ( ,flame4 ,:5 ,gun-p[d] takes fire1 x goes away into ,flam+ ,smoke4 ,= ! ,*>coal & ,sulphur easily take fire1 & set fire to ! ,nitre1 & ! ,_s ( ! ,nitre be+ !reby r>ifi$ into ,vap\r1 ru%es out ) ,explosion mu* aft] ! mann] t ! ,vap\r ( ,wat] ru%es out ( an ,a,eolipile2 ! ,sulphur also be+ volatile is conv]t$ into ,vap\r1 & augm5ts ! ,explosion4 ,& ! acid ,vap\r ( ! ,sulphur 7namely t :i* di/ils "u a ,bell into ,oil ( ,sulphur17 entr+ viol5tly into ! fix'd ,body ( ! ,nitre1 sets loose ! ,_s ( ! ,nitre1 & excites a great ,f]m5tation1 :]eby ! ,heat is f>!r augm5t$1 & ! fix'd ,body ( ! ,nitre is also r>ifi$ into ,fume1 & ! ,explosion is !reby made m vehem5t & quick4 ,= if ,salt ( ,t>t> be mix'd ) ,gun-p[d]1 & t ,mixture be w>m'd till x takes fire1 ! ,explosion w be m viol5t & quick ?an t ( ,gun-p[d] alone2 :i* _c proce$ f any o!r cause ?an ! action ( ! ,vap\r ( ! ,gun-p[d] ^u ! ,salt ( ,t>t>1 :]eby t ,salt is r>ifi$4 ,! ,explosion ( ,gun-p[d] arises !re=e f ! viol5t action :]eby all ! ,mixture be+ quickly & vehem5tly heat$1 is r>ifi$ & conv]t$ into ,fume & ,vap\r3 :i* ,vap\r1 by ! viol5ce ( t action1 becom+ s hot z to %9e1 appe>s 9 ! =m ( ,flame4 ,qu4 #aa4 ,d n great ,bodies cons]ve _! heat ! longe/1 _! p>ts heat+ "o ano!r1 & may n great d5se & fix'd ,bodies1 :5 heat$ beyond a c]ta9 degree1 emit ,light s copi\sly1 z by ! ,emission & ,re-action ( its ,light1 & ! ,reflexions & ,refractions ( its ,rays )9 its ,pores to gr[ /ill hott]1 till x comes to a c]ta9 p]iod ( heat1 su* z is t ( ! ,sun8 ,& are n ! ,sun & fix'd ,/>s great ,e>?s vehem5tly hot1 ^: heat is cons]v$ by ! greatness ( ! ,bodies1 & ! mutual ,action & ,reaction betwe5 !m1 & ! ,light :i* !y emit1 & ^: p>ts are kept f fum+ away1 n only by _! fixity1 b also by ! va/ weight & d5sity ( ! ,atmosph]es incumb5t ^u !m2 & v /rongly compress+ !m1 & cond5s+ ! ,vap\rs & ,exhalations :i* arise f !m8 ,= if ,wat] be made w>m 9 any pellucid ,vessel empti$ ( ,air1 t ,wat] 9 ! ,vacuum w bubble & boil z vehem5tly z x w\ld 9 ! op5 ,air 9 a ,vessel set ^u ! ,fire till x conceives a mu* great] heat4 ,= ! weight ( ! incumb5t ,atmosph]e keeps d[n ! ,vap\rs1 & h9d]s ! ,wat] f boil+1 until x gr[ mu* hott] ?an is requisite to make x boil 9 vacuo4 ,also a mixture ( ,t9 & ,lead be+ put ^u a r$ hot ,iron 9 vacuo emits a ,fume & ,flame1 b ! same ,mixture 9 ! op5 ,air1 by reason ( ! incumb5t ,atmosph]e1 does n s mu* z emit any ,fume :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ,sight4 ,9 l mann] ! great weight ( ! ,atmosph]e :i* lies ^u ! ,globe ( ! ,sun may h9d] ,bodies !re f ris+ up & go+ away f ! ,sun 9 ! =m ( ,vap\rs & ,fumes1 unless by means ( a f> great] heat ?an t :i* on ! ,surface ( our ,e>? w\ld v easily turn !m into ,vap\rs & ,fumes4 ,& ! same great weight may cond5se ^? ,vap\rs & ,exhalations z soon z !y %all at any "t beg9 to asc5d f ! ,sun1 & make !m pres5tly fall back aga9 into him1 & by t action increase 8 ,heat mu* aft] ! mann] t 9 our ,e>? ! ,air increases ! ,heat ( a cul9>y ,fire4 ,& ! same weight may h9d] ! ,globe ( ! ,sun f be+ dim9i%'d1 unless by ! ,emission ( ,light1 & a v small quantity ( ,vap\rs & ,exhalations4 ,qu4 #ab4 ,d n ! ,rays ( ,light 9 fall+ ^u ! bottom ( ! ,eye excite ,vibrations 9 ! ,tunica ,ret9a8 ,:i* ,vibrations1 be+ propagat$ along ! solid ,fibres ( ! optick ,n]ves into ! ,bra91 cause ! ,s5se ( see+4 ,= because d5se ,bodies cons]ve _! ,heat a long "t1 & ! d5se/ ,bodies cons]ve _! ,heat ! longe/1 ! ,vibrations ( _! p>ts are ( a la/+ nature1 & !re=e may be propagat$ along solid ,fibres ( uni=m d5se ,matt] to a great di/ance1 = convey+ into ! ,bra9 ! impressions made ^u all ! ,organs ( ,s5se4 ,= t ,motion :i* c cont9ue long 9 "o & ! same "p ( a ,body1 c be propagat$ a long way f "o "p to ano!r1 suppos+ ! ,body homog5eal1 s t ! ,motion may n be reflect$1 refract$1 int]rupt$ or disord]'d by any unev5ness ( ! ,body4 ,qu4 #ac4 ,d n sev]al sorts ( ,rays make ,vibrations ( sev]al bignesses1 :i* accord+ to _! bignesses excite ,s5sations ( sev]al ,col\rs1 mu* aft] ! mann] t ! ,vibrations ( ! ,air1 accord+ to _! sev]al bignesses excite ,s5sations ( sev]al ,s\nds8 ,& p>ticul>ly d n ! mo/ refrangible ,rays excite ! %orte/ ,vibrations = mak+ a ,s5sation ( deep violet1 ! lea/ refrangible ! l>ge/ = mak+ a ,s5sation ( deep r$1 & ! sev]al int]m$iate sorts ( ,rays1 ,vibrations ( sev]al int]m$iate bignesses to make ,s5sations ( ! sev]al int]m$iate ,col\rs8 ,qu4 #ad4 ,may n ! h>mony & discord ( ,col\rs arise f ! proportions ( ! ,vibrations propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,fibres ( ! optick ,n]ves into ! ,bra91 z ! h>mony & discord ( ,s\nds arise f ! proportions ( ! ,vibrations ( ! ,air8 ,= "s ,col\rs1 if !y be view'd toge!r1 are agreeable to "o ano!r1 z ^? ( ,gold & ,indigo1 & o!rs disagree4 ,qu4 #ae4 ,are n ! ,species ( ,objects se5 ) bo? ,eyes unit$ :]e ! optick ,n]ves meet be=e !y come into ! ,bra91 ! ,fibres on ! "r side ( bo? ,n]ves unit+ !re1 & aft] union go+ !nce into ! ,bra9 9 ! ,n]ve :i* is on ! "r side ( ! ,head1 & ! ,fibres on ! left side ( bo? ,n]ves unit+ 9 ! same place1 & aft] union go+ into ! ,bra9 9 ! ,n]ve :i* is on ! left side ( ! ,head1 & ^! two ,n]ves meet+ 9 ! ,bra9 9 su* a mann] t _! ,fibres make b "o entire ,species or ,picture1 half ( :i* on ! "r side ( ! ,s5sorium comes f ! "r side ( bo? ,eyes ?r\gh ! "r side ( bo? optick ,n]ves to ! place :]e ! ,n]ves meet1 & f !nce on ! "r side ( ! ,head into ! ,bra91 & ! o!r half on ! left side ( ! ,s5sorium comes 9 l mann] f ! left side ( bo? ,eyes4 ,= ! optick ,n]ves ( su* ,animals z look ! same way ) bo? ,eyes 7z ( ,m51 ,dogs1 ,%eep1 ,ox51 c47 meet be=e !y come into ! ,bra91 b ! optick ,n]ves ( su* ,animals z d n look ! same way ) bo? ,eyes 7z ( ,fi%es1 & ( ! ,*ameleon17 d n meet1 if ,i am rightly in=m'd4 ,qu4 #af4 ,:5 a ,man 9 ! d>k presses ei!r corn] ( 8 ,eye ) 8 ,f+]1 & turns 8 ,eye away f 8 ,f+]1 he w see a ,circle ( ,col\rs l ^? 9 ! ,fea!r ( a ,peacock's ,tail4 ,if ! ,eye & ! ,f+] rema9 quiet ^! ,col\rs vani% 9 a second ,m9ute ( ,"t1 b if ! ,f+] be mov$ ) a quav]+ ,motion !y appe> aga94 ,d n ^! ,col\rs arise f su* ,motions excit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye by ! ,pressure & ,motion ( ! ,f+]1 z1 at o!r times are excit$ !re by ,light = caus+ ,vision8 ,& d n ! ,motions once excit$ cont9ue ab\t a ,second ( ,"t be=e !y cease8 ,& :5 a ,man by a /roke ^u 8 ,eye sees a fla% ( ,light1 are n ! l ,motions excit$ 9 ! ,ret9a by ! /roke8 ,& :5 a ,coal ( ,fire mov$ nimbly 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a ,circle1 makes ! :ole circumf]5ce appe> l a ,circle ( ,fire2 is x n because ! ,motions excit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye by ! ,rays ( ,light are ( a la/+ nature1 & cont9ue till ! ,coal ( ,fire 9 go+ r\nd returns to its =m] place8 ,& consid]+ ! la/+ness ( ! ,motions excit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye by ,light1 are !y n ( a vibrat+ nature8 ,qu4 #ag4 ,if a /one be ?r[n into /agnat+ ,wat]1 ! ,waves excit$ !reby cont9ue "s "t to arise 9 ! place :]e ! ,/one fell into ! ,wat]1 & are propagat$ f !nce 9 conc5trick ,circles ^u ! ,surface ( ! ,wat] to great di/ances4 ,& ! ,vibrations or ,tremors excit$ 9 ! ,air by p]cussion1 cont9ue a little "t to move f ! place ( p]cussion 9 conc5trick ,sph]es to great di/ances4 ,& 9 l mann]1 :5 a ,ray ( ,light falls ^u ! ,surface ( any pellucid ,body1 & is !re refract$ or reflect$1 may n ,waves ( ,vibrations1 or ,tremors1 be !reby excit$ 9 ! refract+ or reflect+ ,m$ium at ! po9t ( ,incid5ce1 & cont9ue to arise !re1 & to be propagat$ f !nce z long z !y cont9ue to arise & be propagat$1 :5 !y are excit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye by ! ,pressure or ,motion ( ! ,f+]1 or by ! ,light :i* comes f ! ,coal ( ,fire 9 ! ,exp]im5ts above-m5tion'd8 & are n ^! ,vibrations propagat$ f ! po9t ( ,incid5ce to great di/ances8 ,& d !y n ov]take ! ,rays ( ,light1 & by ov]tak+ !m successively1 d !y n put !m into ! ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission describ$ above8 ,= if ! ,rays endeav\r to rec$e f ! d5se/ "p ( ! ,vibration1 !y may be alt]nately accel]at$ & ret>d$ by ! ,vibrations ov]tak+ !m4 ,qu4 #ah4 ,if 9 two l>ge tall cyl9drical ,vessels ( ,glass inv]t$1 two little ,!rmomet]s be susp5d$ s z n to t\* ! ,vessels1 & ! ,air be drawn out ( "o ( ^! ,vessels1 & ^! ,vessels ?us prep>$ be c>ri$ out ( a cold place into a w>m "o2 ! ,!rmomet] 9 vacuo w gr[ w>m z mu*1 & almo/ z soon z ! ,!rmomet] :i* is n 9 vacuo4 ,& :5 ! ,vessels are c>ri$ back into ! cold place1 ! ,!rmomet] 9 vacuo w gr[ cold almo/ z soon z ! o!r ,!rmomet]4 ,is n ! ,heat ( ! w>m ,room convey'd ?r\gh ! ,vacuum by ! ,vibrations ( a mu* subtil] ,m$ium ?an ,air1 :i* aft] ! ,air 0 drawn out rema9$ 9 ! ,vacuum8 ,& is n ?is ,m$ium ! same ) t ,m$ium by :i* ,light is refract$ & reflect$1 & by ^: ,vibrations ,light communicates ,heat to ,bodies1 & is put into ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission8 ,& d n ! ,vibrations ( ?is ,m$ium 9 hot ,bodies contribute to ! int5s5ess & duration ( _! ,heat8 ,& d n hot ,bodies communicate _! ,heat to contigu\s cold ones1 by ! ,vibrations ( ?is ,m$ium propagat$ f !m into ! cold ones8 ,& is n ?is ,m$ium exce$+ly m r>e & subtile ?an ! ,air1 & exce$+ly m ela/ick & active8 ,& do? x n readily p]vade all ,bodies8 ,& is x n 7by its ela/ick =ce7 exp&$ ?r\gh all ! ,heav5s8 ,qu4 #ai4 ,do? n ! ,refraction ( ,light proce$ f ! diff]5t d5sity ( ?is ,a,ethereal ,m$ium 9 diff]5t places1 ! ,light rec$+ always f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! ,m$ium8 ,& is n ! d5sity !re( great] 9 free & op5 ,spaces void ( ,air & o!r gross] ,bodies1 ?an )9 ! ,pores ( ,wat]1 ,glass1 ,cry/al1 ,gems1 & o!r compact ,bodies8 ,= :5 ,light passes ?r\gh ,glass or ,cry/al1 & fall+ v obliquely ^u ! f>!r ,surface !re( is totally reflect$1 ! total ,reflexion ought to proce$ r f ! d5sity & vig\r ( ! ,m$ium )\t & beyond ! ,glass1 ?an f ! r>ity & weakness !re(4 ,qu4 #bj4 ,do? n ?is ,a,ethereal ,m$ium 9 pass+ out ( ,wat]1 ,glass1 ,cry/al1 & o!r compact & d5se ,bodies into empty ,spaces1 gr[ d5s] & d5s] by degrees1 & by t means refract ! ,rays ( ,light n 9 a po9t1 b by b5d+ !m gradually 9 curve ,l9es8 ,& do? n ! gradual cond5sation ( ?is ,m$ium ext5d to "s di/ance f ! ,bodies1 & !reby cause ! ,inflexions ( ! ,rays ( ,light1 :i* pass by ! edges ( d5se ,bodies1 at "s di/ance f ! ,bodies8 ,qu4 #ba4 ,is n ?is ,m$ium mu* r>] )9 ! d5se ,bodies ( ! ,sun1 ,/>s1 ,planets & ,comets1 ?an 9 ! empty cele/ial ,spaces betwe5 !m8 ,& 9 pass+ f !m to great di/ances1 do? x n gr[ d5s] & d5s] p]petually1 & !reby cause ! gravity ( ^? great ,bodies t[>ds "o ano!r1 & ( _! p>ts t[>ds ! ,bodies2 e ,body endeav\r+ to g f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! ,m$ium t[>ds ! r>]8 ,= if ?is ,m$ium be r>] )9 ! ,sun's ,body ?an at its ,surface1 & r>] !re ?an at ! hundr$? "p ( an ,in* f its ,body1 & r>] !re ?an at ! fiftie? "p ( an ,in* f its ,body1 & r>] !re ?an at ! ,orb ( ,saturn2 ,i see no reason :y ! ,increase ( d5sity %\ld /op any :]e1 & n r be cont9u$ ?r\gh all di/ances f ! ,sun to ,saturn1 & beyond4 ,& ?\gh ?is ,increase ( d5sity may at great di/ances be exce$+ sl[1 yet if ! ela/ick =ce ( ?is ,m$ium be exce$+ great1 x may suffice to impel ,bodies f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! ,m$ium t[>ds ! r>]1 ) all t p[] :i* we call ,gravity4 ,& t ! ela/ick =ce ( ?is ,m$ium is exce$+ great1 may be ga!r'd f ! swiftness ( its ,vibrations4 ,s\nds move ab\t #aadj ,engli% ,feet 9 a second ,m9ute ( ,"t1 & 9 sev5 or eight ,m9utes ( ,"t !y move ab\t "o hundr$ ,engli% ,miles4 ,light moves f ! ,sun to u 9 ab\t sev5 or eight ,m9utes ( ,"t1 :i* di/ance is ab\t #gj1jjj1jjj ,engli% ,miles1 suppos+ ! horizontal ,p>allax ( ! ,sun to be ab\t #ab''4 ,& ! ,vibrations or ,pulses ( ?is ,m$ium1 t !y may cause ! alt]nate ,fits ( easy ,transmission & easy ,reflexion1 mu/ be swift] ?an ,light1 & by consequ5ce above #gjj1jjj times swift] ?an ,s\nds4 ,& !re=e ! ela/ick =ce ( ?is ,m$ium1 9 proportion to its d5sity1 mu/ be above #gjjjjj x #gjjjjj 7t is1 above #dij1jjj1jjj1jjj7 times great] ?an ! ela/ick =ce ( ! ,air is 9 proportion to its d5sity4 ,= ! ,velocities ( ! ,pulses ( ela/ick ,m$iums are 9 a subduplicate ,ratio ( ! ,ela/icities & ! ,r>ities ( ! ,m$iums tak5 toge!r4 ,z ,attraction is /rong] 9 small ,magnets ?an 9 great ones 9 proportion to _! ,bulk1 & ,gravity is great] 9 ! ,surfaces ( small ,planets ?an 9 ^? ( great ones 9 proportion to _! bulk1 & small ,bodies are agitat$ mu* m by electric attraction ?an great ones2 s ! smallness ( ! ,rays ( ,light may contribute v mu* to ! p[] ( ! ,ag5t by :i* !y are refract$4 ,& s if any "o %\ld suppose t ,a,ether 7l our ,air7 may conta9 ,p>ticles :i* endeav\r to rec$e f "o ano!r 7= ,i d n "k :at ?is ,a,ether is7 & t its ,p>ticles are exce$+ly small] ?an ^? ( ,air1 or ev5 ?an ^? ( ,light3 ,! exce$+ smallness ( its ,p>ticles may contribute to ! greatness ( ! =ce by :i* ^? ,p>ticles may rec$e f "o ano!r1 & !reby make t ,m$ium exce$+ly m r>e & ela/ick ?an ,air1 & by consequ5ce exce$+ly less able to resi/ ! motions ( ,projectiles1 & exce$+ly m able to press ^u gross ,bodies1 by endeav\r+ to exp& x self4 ,qu4 #bb4 ,may n ,planets & ,comets1 & all gross ,bodies1 p]=m _! ,motions m freely1 & ) less resi/ance 9 ?is ,a,ethereal ,m$ium ?an 9 any ,fluid1 :i* fills all ,space adequately )\t leav+ any ,pores1 & by consequ5ce is mu* d5s] ?an ,quick-silv] or ,gold8 ,& may n its resi/ance be s small1 z to be inconsid]able8 ,= in/ance2 ,if ?is ,a,ether 7= s ,i w call x7 %\ld be suppos$ #gjjjjj times m ela/ick ?an our ,air1 & above #gjjjjj times m r>e2 its resi/ance w\ld be above #fjj1jjj1jjj times less ?an t ( ,wat]4 ,& s small a resi/ance w\ld sc>ce make any s5sible alt]ation 9 ! ,motions ( ! ,planets 9 t5 ?\s& ,ye>s4 ,if any "o w\ld ask h[ a ,m$ium c be s r>e1 let him tell me h[ ! ,air1 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,atmosph]e1 c be above an hundr$ ?\s& ?\s& times r>] ?an ,gold4 ,let him also tell me1 h[ an electrick ,body c by ,friction emit an ,exhalation s r>e & subtile1 & yet s pot5t1 z by its ,emission to cause no s5sible ,dim9ution ( ! weight ( ! electrick ,body1 & to be exp&$ ?r\gh a ,sph]e1 ^: ,diamet] is above two ,feet1 & yet to be able to agitate & c>ry up ,leaf ,copp]1 or ,leaf ,gold1 at ! di/ance ( above a ,foot f ! electrick ,body8 ,& h[ ! ,effluvia ( a ,magnet c be s r>e & subtile1 z to pass ?r\gh a ,plate ( ,glass )\t any ,resi/ance or ,dim9ution ( _! ,=ce1 & yet s pot5t z to turn a magnetick ,ne$le beyond ! ,glass8 ,qu4 #bc4 ,is n ,vision p]=m'd *iefly by ! ,vibrations ( ?is ,m$ium1 excit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,eye by ! ,rays ( ,light1 & propagat$ ?r\gh ! solid1 pellucid & uni=m ,capillam5ta ( ! optick ,n]ves into ! place ( ,s5sation8 ,& is n ,he>+ p]=m'd by ! ,vibrations ei!r ( ?is or "s o!r ,m$ium1 excit$ 9 ! auditory ,n]ves by ! ,tremors ( ! ,air1 & propagat$ ?r\gh ! solid1 pellucid & uni=m ,capillam5ta ( ^? ,n]ves into ! place ( ,s5sation8 ,& s ( ! o!r ,s5ses4 ,qu4 #bd4 ,is n ,animal ,motion p]=m'd by ! ,vibrations ( ?is ,m$ium1 excit$ 9 ! ,bra9 by ! p[] ( ! ,w1 & propagat$ f !nce ?r\gh ! solid1 pellucid & uni=m ,capillam5ta ( ! ,n]ves into ! ,muscles1 = contract+ & dilat+ !m8 ,i suppose t ! ,capillam5ta ( ! ,n]ves are ea* ( !m solid & uni=m1 t ! vibrat+ ,motion ( ! ,a,ethereal ,m$ium may be propagat$ along !m f "o end to ! o!r uni=mly1 & )\t int]ruption3 ,= ,ob/ructions 9 ! ,n]ves create ,palsies4 ,& t !y may be suffici5tly uni=m1 ,i suppose !m to be pellucid :5 view'd s+ly1 ?o' ! ,reflexions 9 _! cyl9drical ,surfaces may make ! :ole ,n]ve 7compos$ ( _m ,capillam5ta7 appe> opake & :ite4 ,= opacity arises f reflect+ ,surfaces1 su* z may di/urb & int]rupt ! ,motions ( ?is ,m$ium4 ,sid5ote3 ,see ! foll[+ ,s*eme1 p4 #cef4 ,qu4 #be4 ,are !re n o!r orig9al ,prop]ties ( ! ,rays ( ,light1 besides ^? already describ$8 ,an in/ance ( ano!r orig9al ,prop]ty we h 9 ! ,refraction ( ,isl& ,cry/al1 describ$ fir/ by ,erasmus ,b>?ol9e1 & aft]w>ds m exactly by ,hug5ius1 9 8 ,book ,de la ,lumi]e4 ,?is ,cry/al is a pellucid fissile ,/one1 cle> z ,wat] or ,cry/al ( ! ,rock1 & )\t ,col\r2 endur+ a r$ ,heat )\t los+ its transp>5cy1 & 9 a v /rong ,heat calc9+ )\t ,fusion4 ,/eep'd a ,day or two 9 ,wat]1 x loses its natural ,poli%4 ,be+ rubb'd on ,clo?1 x attracts pieces ( ,/raws & o!r light ?+s1 l ,amb> or ,glass2 & ) ,aqua =tis x makes an ,ebullition4 ,x seems to be a sort ( ,talk1 & is f\nd 9 =m ( an oblique ,p>allelopip$1 ) six p>allelogram ,sides & eight solid ,angles4 ,! obtuse ,angles ( ! ,p>allelograms are ea* ( !m #aja ,degrees & #eb ,m9utes2 ! acute ones #gh ,degrees & #h ,m9utes4 ,two ( ! solid ,angles opposite to "o ano!r1 z ,c & ,e1 are compass$ ea* ( !m ) ?ree ( ^! obtuse ,angles1 & ea* ( ! o!r six ) "o obtuse & two acute ones4 ,x cleaves easily 9 planes p>allel to any ( its ,sides1 & n 9 any o!r ,planes4 ,x cleaves ) a glossy polite ,surface n p]fectly plane1 b ) "s little unev5ness4 ,x is easily scrat*'d1 & by reason ( its s(tness x takes a ,poli% v difficultly4 ,x poli%es bett] ^u poli%'d ,look+-glass ?an ^u ,metal1 & p]haps bett] ^u ,pit*1 ,lea!r or ,p>*m5t4 ,aft]w>ds x mu/ be rubb'd ) a little ,oil or :ite ( an ,egg1 to fill up its ,scrat*es2 :]eby x w become v transp>5t & polite4 ,b = sev]al ,exp]im5ts1 x is n necess>y to poli% x4 ,if a piece ( ?is cry/all9e ,/one be laid ^u a ,book1 e ,lett] ( ! ,book se5 ?r\gh x w appe> d\ble1 by means ( a d\ble ,refraction4 ,& if any beam ( ,light falls ei!r p]p5dicul>ly1 or 9 any oblique ,angle ^u any ,surface ( ?is ,cry/al1 x becomes divid$ into two beams by means ( ! same d\ble ,refraction4 ,:i* beams are ( ! same ,col\r ) ! incid5t beam ( ,light1 & seem equal to "o ano!r 9 ! quantity ( _! ,light1 or v ne>ly equal4 ,"o ( ^! ,refractions is p]=m'd by ! usual ,rule ( ,opticks1 ! ,s9e ( ,incid5ce out ( ,air into ?is ,cry/al be+ to ! ,s9e ( ,refraction1 z five to ?ree4 ,! o!r ,refraction1 :i* may be call$ ! unusual ,refraction1 is p]=m'd by ! foll[+ ,rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,let ,,adbc repres5t ! refract+ ,surface ( ! ,cry/al1 ,c ! bigge/ solid ,angle at t ,surface1 ,,gehf ! opposite ,surface1 & ,,ck a p]p5dicul> on t ,surface4 ,?is p]p5dicul> makes ) ! edge ( ! ,cry/al ,,cf1 an ,angle ( #ai ,degr4 #c'4 ,jo9 ,,kf1 & 9 x take ,,kl1 s t ! ,angle ,,kcl be #f ,degr4 #dj'4 & ! ,angle ,,lcf #ab ,degr4 #bc'4 ,& if ,,/ repres5t any beam ( ,light incid5t at ,t 9 any ,angle ^u ! refract+ ,surface ,,adbc1 let ,,tv be ! refract$ beam det]m9'd by ! giv5 ,portion ( ! ,s9es #e to #c1 accord+ to ! usual ,rule ( ,opticks4 ,draw ,,vx p>allel & equal to ,,kl4 ,draw x ! same way f ,v 9 :i* ,l lie? f ,k2 & jo9+ ,,tx1 ?is l9e ,,tx %all be ! o!r refract$ beam c>ri$ f ,t to ,x1 by ! unusual ,refraction4 ,if !re=e ! incid5t beam ,,/ be p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ ,surface1 ! two beams ,,tv & ,,tx1 into :i* x %all become divid$1 %all be p>allel to ! l9es ,,ck & ,,cl2 "o ( ^? beams go+ ?r\gh ! ,cry/al p]p5dicul>ly1 z x ought to d by ! usual ,laws ( ,opticks1 & ! o!r ,,tx by an unusual ,refraction div]g+ f ! p]p5dicul>1 & mak+ ) x an ,angle ,,vtx ( ab\t #f-b_/c ,degrees1 z is f\nd by ,exp]i5ce4 ,& h5ce1 ! ,plane ,,vtx1 & su* l ,planes :i* are p>allel to ! ,plane ,,cfk1 may be call$ ! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction4 ,& ! ,coa/ t[>ds :i* ! l9es ,,kl & ,,vx are drawn1 may be call'd ! ,coa/ ( unusual ,refraction4 ,9 l mann] ,cry/al ( ! ,rock has a d\ble ,refraction3 ,b ! diff]5ce ( ! two ,refractions is n s great & manife/ z 9 ,isl& ,cry/al4 ,:5 ! beam ,,/ incid5t on ,isl& ,cry/al is divid$ into two beams ,,tv & ,,tx1 & ^! two beams arrive at ! f>!r ,surface ( ! ,glass2 ! beam ,,tv1 :i* 0 refract$ at ! fir/ ,surface aft] ! usual mann]1 %all be aga9 refract$ entirely aft] ! usual mann] at ! second ,surface2 & ! beam ,,tx1 :i* 0 refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 ! fir/ ,surface1 %all be aga9 refract$ entirely aft] ! unusual mann] 9 ! second ,surface2 s t bo? ^! beams %all em]ge out ( ! second ,surface 9 l9es p>allel to ! fir/ incid5t beam ,,/4 ,& if two pieces ( ,isl& ,cry/al be plac$ "o aft] ano!r1 9 su* mann] t all ! ,surfaces ( ! latt] be p>allel to all ! correspond+ ,surfaces ( ! =m]3 ,! ,rays :i* are refract$ aft] ! usual mann] 9 ! fir/ ,surface ( ! fir/ ,cry/al1 %all be refract$ aft] ! usual mann] 9 all ! foll[+ ,surfaces2 & ! ,rays :i* are refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 ! fir/ ,surface1 %all be refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 all ! foll[+ ,surfaces4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s1 ?\gh ! ,surfaces ( ! ,cry/als be any ways incl9$ to "o ano!r1 provid$ t _! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction be p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,& !re=e !re is an orig9al diff]5ce 9 ! ,rays ( ,light1 by means ( :i* "s ,rays are 9 ?is ,exp]im5t con/antly refract$ aft] ! usual mann]1 & o!rs con/antly aft] ! unusual mann]3 ,= if ! diff]5ce be n orig9al1 b arises f new ,modifications impress'd on ! ,rays at _! fir/ ,refraction1 x w\ld be alt]'d by new ,modifications 9 ! ?ree foll[+ ,refractions2 :]eas x suff]s no alt]ation1 b is con/ant1 & has ! same effect ^u ! ,rays 9 all ! ,refractions4 ,! unusual ,refraction is !re=e p]=m'd by an orig9al prop]ty ( ! ,rays4 ,& x rema9s to be enquir$1 :e!r ! ,rays h n m orig9al ,prop]ties ?an are yet discov]'d4 ,qu4 #bf4 ,h n ! ,rays ( ,light sev]al sides1 endu$ ) sev]al orig9al ,prop]ties8 ,= if ! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction ( ! second ,cry/al be at "r ,angles ) ! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,cry/al1 ! ,rays :i* are refract$ aft] ! usual mann] 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ ,cry/al1 w be all ( !m refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! second ,cry/al2 & ! ,rays :i* are refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ ,cry/al1 w be all ( !m refract$ aft] ! usual mann] 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! second ,cry/al4 ,& !re=e !re are n two sorts ( ,rays diff]+ 9 _! nature f "o ano!r1 "o ( :i* is con/antly & 9 all ,positions refract$ aft] ! usual mann]1 & ! o!r con/antly & 9 all ,positions aft] ! unusual mann]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sorts ( ,rays 9 ! ,exp]im5t m5tion'd 9 ! #be? ,"q1 0 only 9 ! ,positions ( ! ,sides ( ! ,rays to ! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction4 ,= "o & ! same ,ray is "h refract$ sometimes aft] ! usual1 & sometimes aft] ! unusual mann]1 accord+ to ! ,position :i* its ,sides h to ! ,cry/als4 ,if ! ,sides ( ! ,ray are posit$ ! same way to bo? ,cry/als1 x is refract$ aft] ! same mann] 9 !m bo?3 ,b if t side ( ! ,ray :i* looks t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( ! unusual ,refraction ( ! fir/ ,cry/al1 be #ij ,degrees f t side ( ! same ,ray :i* looks t[>d ! ,coa/ ( ! unusual ,refraction ( ! second ,cry/al1 7:i* may be effect$ by v>y+ ! ,position ( ! second ,cry/al to ! fir/1 & by consequ5ce to ! ,rays ( ,light17 ! ,ray %all be refract$ aft] sev]al mann]s 9 ! sev]al ,cry/als4 ,!re is no?+ m requir$ to det]m9e :e!r ! ,rays ( ,light :i* fall ^u ! second ,cry/al %all be refract$ aft] ! usual or aft] ! unusual mann]1 b to turn ab\t ?is ,cry/al1 s t ! ,coa/ ( ?is ,cry/al's unusual ,refraction may be on ?is or on t side ( ! ,ray4 ,& !re=e e ,ray may be consid]'d z hav+ f\r ,sides or ,qu>t]s1 two ( :i* opposite to "o ano!r incl9e ! ,ray to be refract$ aft] ! unusual mann]1 z (t5 z ei!r ( !m are turn'd t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( unusual ,refraction2 & ! o!r two1 :5ev] ei!r ( !m are turn'd t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( unusual ,refraction1 d n incl9e x to be o!rwise refract$ ?an aft] ! usual mann]4 ,! two fir/ may !re=e be call'd ! ,sides ( unusual ,refraction4 ,& s9ce ^! ,dispositions 7 9 ! ,rays be=e _! ,incid5ce on ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? ,surfaces ( ! two ,cry/als1 & suff]$ no alt]ation 7s f> z appe>s17 by ! ,refraction ( ! ,rays 9 _! passage ?r\gh ^? ,surfaces1 & ! ,rays 7 refract$ by ! same ,laws 9 all ! f\r ,surfaces2 x appe>s t ^? ,dispositions 7 9 ! ,rays orig9ally1 & suff]'d no alt]ation by ! fir/ ,refraction1 & t by means ( ^? ,dispositions ! ,rays 7 refract$ at _! ,incid5ce on ! fir/ ,surface ( ! fir/ ,cry/al1 "s ( !m aft] ! usual1 & "s ( !m aft] ! unusual mann]1 accord+ly z _! ,sides ( unusual ,refraction 7 !n turn'd t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( ! unusual ,refraction ( t ,cry/al1 or sideways f x4 ,e ,ray ( ,light has !re=e two opposite ,sides1 orig9ally endu$ ) a ,prop]ty on :i* ! unusual ,refraction dep5ds1 & ! o!r two opposite ,sides n endu$ ) t ,prop]ty4 ,& x rema9s to be enquir$1 :e!r !re are n m ,prop]ties ( ,light by :i* ! ,sides ( ! ,rays diff]1 & are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,9 expla9+ ! diff]5ce ( ! ,sides ( ! ,rays above m5tion'd1 ,i h suppos$ t ! ,rays fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! fir/ ,cry/al4 ,b if !y fall obliquely on x1 ! ,success is ! same4 ,^? ,rays :i* are refract$ aft] ! usual mann] 9 ! fir/ ,cry/al1 w be refract$ aft] ! unusual mann] 9 ! second ,cry/al1 suppos+ ! ,planes ( p]p5dicul> ,refraction to be at "r ,angles ) "o ano!r1 z above2 & on ! contr>y4 ,if ! ,planes ( ! p]p5dicul> ,refraction ( ! two ,cry/als be nei!r p>allel nor p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r1 b conta9 an acute ,angle3 ,! two beams ( ,light :i* em]ge out ( ! fir/ ,cry/al1 w be ea* ( !m divid$ into two m at _! ,incid5ce on ! second ,cry/al4 ,= 9 ?is case ! ,rays 9 ea* ( ! two beams w "s ( !m h _! ,sides ( unusual ,refraction1 & "s ( !m _! o!r ,sides turn'd t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( ! unusual ,refraction ( ! second ,cry/al4 ,qu4 #bg4 ,are n all ,hypo!ses errone\s :i* h hi!rto be5 inv5t$ = expla9+ ! ,pha5om5a ( ,light1 by new ,modifications ( ! ,rays8 ,= ^? ,pha5om5a dep5d n ^u new ,modifications1 z has be5 suppos$1 b ^u ! orig9al & un*angeable ,prop]ties ( ! ,rays4 ,qu4 #bh4 ,are n all ,hypo!ses errone\s1 9 :i* ,light is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ,pression or ,motion1 propagat$ ?r\gh a fluid ,m$ium8 ,= 9 all ^! ,hypo!ses ! ,pha5om5a ( ,light h be5 hi!rto expla9'd by suppos+ t !y arise f new ,modifications ( ! ,rays2 :i* is an errone\s ,supposition4 ,if ,light consi/$ only 9 ,pression propagat$ )\t actual ,motion1 x w\ld n be able to agitate & heat ! ,bodies :i* refract & reflect x4 ,if x consi/$ 9 ,motion propagat$ to all di/ances 9 an in/ant1 x w\ld require an inf9ite =ce e mom5t1 9 e %9+ ,p>ticle1 to g5]ate t ,motion4 ,& if x consi/$ 9 ,pression or ,motion1 propagat$ ei!r 9 an in/ant or 9 "t1 x w\ld b5d into ! ,%ad[4 ,= ,pression or ,motion _c be propagat$ 9 a ,fluid 9 "r ,l9es1 beyond an ,ob/acle :i* /ops "p ( ! ,motion1 b w b5d & spread e way into ! quiesc5t ,m$ium :i* lies beyond ! ,ob/acle4 ,gravity t5ds d[nw>ds1 b ! ,pressure ( ,wat] aris+ f ,gravity t5ds e way ) equal ,=ce1 & is propagat$ z readily1 & ) z mu* =ce sideways z d[nw>ds1 & ?r\gh crook$ passages z ?r\gh /rait ones4 ,! ,waves on ! ,surface ( /agnat+ ,wat]1 pass+ by ! sides ( a broad ,ob/acle :i* /ops "p ( !m1 b5d aft]w>ds & dilate !mselves gradually into ! quiet ,wat] beh9d ! ,ob/acle4 ,! ,waves1 ,pulses or ,vibrations ( ! ,air1 :]e9 ,s\nds consi/1 b5d manife/ly1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! ,waves ( ,wat]4 ,= a ,bell or a ,cannon may be he>d beyond a ,hill :i* int]cepts ! sight ( ! s\nd+ ,body1 & ,s\nds are propagat$ z readily ?r\gh crook$ ,pipes z ?r\gh /reight ones4 ,b ,light is nev] kn[n to foll[ crook$ ,passages nor to b5d into ! ,%ad[4 ,= ! fix'd ,/>s by ! ,int]position ( any ( ! ,planets cease to be se54 ,& s d ! ,p>ts ( ! ,sun by ! ,int]position ( ! ,moon1 ,m]cury or ,v5us4 ,! ,rays :i* pass v ne> to ! edges ( any ,body1 are b5t a little by ! action ( ! ,body1 z we %ew'd above2 b ?is b5d+ is n t[>ds b f ! ,%ad[1 & is p]=m'd only 9 ! passage ( ! ,ray by ! ,body1 & at a v small di/ance f x4 ,s soon z ! ,ray is pa/ ! ,body1 x goes "r on4 ,sid5ote3 ,mais p\r dire comm5t cela se fait1 je n'ay ri5 trove jusqu' ici qui me satisfasse4 ,c4 ,h4 de la lumi]e1 c4 #e1 p4 #ia4 ,to expla9 ! unusual ,refraction ( ,isl& ,cry/al by ,pression or ,motion propagat$1 has n hi!rto be5 attempt$ 7to my k7 except by ,huyg5s1 :o = t end suppos$ two sev]al vibrat+ ,m$iums )9 t ,cry/al4 ,b :5 he tri$ ! ,refractions 9 two successive pieces ( t ,cry/al1 & f\nd !m su* z is m5tion'd above2 he confess$ himself at a loss = expla9+ !m4 ,= ,pressions or ,motions1 propagat$ f a %9+ ,body ?r\gh an uni=m ,m$ium1 mu/ be on all sides alike2 :]eas by ^? ,exp]im5ts x appe>s1 t ! ,rays ( ,light h diff]5t ,prop]ties 9 _! diff]5t ,sides4 ,he suspect$ t ! ,pulses ( ,a,ether 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ ,cry/al might receive c]ta9 new ,modifications1 :i* might det]m9e !m to be propagat$ 9 ?is or t ,m$ium )9 ! second ,cry/al1 accord+ to ! ,position ( t ,cry/al4 ,b :at ,modifications ^? might be he c\ld n say1 nor ?9k ( any ?+ satisfactory 9 t ,po9t4 ,& if he _h kn[n t ! unusual ,refraction dep5ds n on new ,modifications1 b on ! orig9al & un*angeable ,dispositions ( ! ,rays1 he w\ld h f\nd x z difficult to expla9 h[ ^? ,dispositions :i* he suppos$ to be impress'd on ! ,rays by ! fir/ ,cry/al1 c\ld be 9 !m be=e _! ,incid5ce on t ,cry/al1 & 9 g5]al1 h[ all ,rays emitt$ by %9+ ,bodies1 c h ^? ,dispositions 9 !m f ! beg9n+4 ,to me1 at lea/1 ?is seems inexplicable1 if ,light be no?+ else ?an ,pression or ,motion propagat$ ?r\gh ,a,ether4 ,& x is z difficult to expla9 by ^! ,hypo!ses1 h[ ,rays c be alt]nately 9 ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission2 unless p]haps "o might suppose t !re are 9 all ,space two ,a,ethereal vibrat+ ,m$iums1 & t ! ,vibrations ( "o ( !m con/itute ,light1 & ! ,vibrations ( ! o!r are swift]1 & z (t5 z !y ov]take ! ,vibrations ( ! fir/1 put !m into ^? ,fits4 ,b h[ two ,a,ethers c be diffus$ ?r\gh all ,space1 "o ( :i* acts ^u ! o!r1 & by consequ5ce is re-act$ ^u1 )\t ret>d+1 %att]+1 disp]s+ & conf\nd+ "o ano!rs ,motions1 is inconceivable4 ,& aga9/ fill+ ! ,heav5s ) fluid ,m$iums1 unless !y be exce$+ r>e1 a great ,objection arises f ! regul> & v la/+ ,motions ( ! ,planets & ,comets 9 all mann] ( ,c\rses ?r\gh ! ,heav5s4 ,= !nce x is manife/1 t ! ,heav5s are void ( all s5sible ,resi/ance1 & by consequ5ce ( all s5sible ,matt]4 ,= ! resi/+ ,p[] ( fluid ,m$iums arises p>tly f ! ,attrition ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,m$ium1 & p>tly f ! ,vis in]tiae ( ! ,matt]4 ,t "p ( ! ,resi/ance ( a sph]ical ,body :i* arises f ! ,attrition ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,m$ium is v ne>ly z ! ,diamet]1 or1 at ! mo/1 z ! ,factum ( ! ,diamet]1 & ! ,velocity ( ! sph]ical ,body toge!r4 ,& t "p ( ! ,resi/ance :i* arises f ! ,vis in]tiae ( ! ,matt]1 is z ! ,squ>e ( t ,factum4 ,& by ?is diff]5ce ! two sorts ( ,resi/ance may be di/+ui%'d f "o ano!r 9 any ,m$ium2 & ^! be+ di/+ui%'d1 x w be f\nd t almo/ all ! ,resi/ance ( ,bodies ( a compet5t ,magnitude mov+ 9 ,air1 ,wat]1 ,quick-silv]1 & su* l ,fluids ) a compet5t ,velocity1 arises f ! ,vis in]tiae ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,fluid4 ,n[ t "p ( ! resi/+ ,p[] ( any ,m$ium :i* arises f ! ,t5acity1 ,friction or ,attrition ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,m$ium1 may be dim9i%'d by divid+ ! ,matt] into small] ,p>ts1 & mak+ ! ,p>ts m smoo? & slipp]y3 ,b t "p ( ! ,resi/ance :i* arises f ! ,vis in]tiae1 is proportional to ! ,d5sity ( ! ,matt]1 & _c be dim9i%'d by divid+ ! ,matt] into small] ,p>ts1 nor by any o!r means ?an by decreas+ ! ,d5sity ( ! ,m$ium4 ,& = ^! ,reasons ! ,d5sity ( fluid ,m$iums is v ne>ly proportional to _! ,resi/ance4 ,liquors :i* diff] n mu* 9 ,d5sity1 z ,wat]1 ,_s ( ,w9e1 ,_s ( ,turp5t9e1 hot ,oil1 diff] n mu* 9 ,resi/ance4 ,wat] is ?irte5 or f\rte5 times light] ?an ,quick-silv] & by consequ5ce ?irte5 or f\rte5 times r>]1 & its ,resi/ance is less ?an t ( ,quick-silv] 9 ! same ,proportion1 or !reab\ts1 z ,i h f\nd by ,exp]im5ts made ) ,p5dulums4 ,! op5 ,air 9 :i* we brea! is eight or n9e hundr$ times light] ?an ,wat]1 & by consequ5ce eight or n9e hundr$ times r>]1 & accord+ly its ,resi/ance is less ?an t ( ,wat] 9 ! same ,proportion1 or !reab\ts2 z ,i h also f\nd by ,exp]im5ts made ) ,p5dulums4 ,& 9 ?9n] ,air ! ,resi/ance is /ill less1 & at l5g?1 by ratify+ ! ,air1 becomes ins5sible4 ,= small ,fea!rs fall+ 9 ! op5 ,air meet ) great ,resi/ance1 b 9 a tall ,glass well empti$ ( ,air1 !y fall z fa/ z ,lead or ,gold1 z ,i h se5 tri$ sev]al times4 ,:5ce ! ,resi/ance seems /ill to decrease 9 proportion to ! ,d5sity ( ! ,fluid4 ,= ,i d n f9d by any ,exp]im5ts1 t ,bodies mov+ 9 ,quick-silv]1 ,wat] or ,air1 meet ) any o!r s5sible ,resi/ance ?an :at arises f ! ,d5sity & ,t5acity ( ^? s5sible ,fluids1 z !y w\ld d if ! ,pores ( ^? ,fluids1 & all o!r ,spaces1 7 fill$ ) a d5se & subtile ,fluid4 ,n[ if ! ,resi/ance 9 a ,vessel well empti$ ( ,air1 0 b an hundr$ times less ?an 9 ! op5 ,air1 x w\ld be ab\t a million ( times less ?an 9 ,quick-silv]4 ,b x seems to be mu* less 9 su* a ,vessel1 & /ill mu* less 9 ! ,heav5s1 at ! height ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ ,miles f ! ,e>?1 or above4 ,= ,mr4 ,boyle has %ew'd t ,air may be r>ifi$ above t5 ?\s& times 9 ,vessels ( ,glass2 & ! ,heav5s are mu* empti] ( ,air ?an any ,vacuum we c make bel[4 ,= s9ce ! ,air is compress'd by ! ,weight ( ! incumb5t ,atmosph]e1 & ! ,d5sity ( ,air is proportional to ! ,=ce compress+ x1 x foll[s by ,computation1 t at ! height ( ab\t sev5 & a half ,engli% ,miles f ! ,e>?1 ! ,air is f\r times r>] ?an at ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?2 & at ! height ( #ae ,miles x is sixte5 times r>] ?an t at ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?2 & at ! height ( #bb-a_/b1 #cj1 or #ch ,miles1 x is respectively #fd1 #bef1 or #ajbd times r>]1 or !reab\ts2 & at ! height ( #gf1 #aeb1 #bbh ,miles1 x is ab\t #ajjjjjj1 #ajjjjjjjjjjjj1 or #ajjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj times r>]2 & s on4 ,heat promotes ,fluidity v mu* by dim9i%+ ! ,t5acity ( ,bodies4 ,x makes _m ,bodies fluid :i* are n fluid 9 cold1 & increases ! ,fluidity ( t5aci\s ,liquids1 z ( ,oil1 ,balsam1 & ,honey1 & !reby decreases _! ,resi/ance4 ,b x decreases n ! ,resi/ance ( ,wat] consid]ably1 z x w\ld d if any consid]able "p ( ! ,resi/ance ( ,wat] arose f ! ,attrition or ,t5acity ( its ,p>ts4 ,& !re=e ! ,resi/ance ( ,wat] arises pr9cipally & almo/ entirely f ! ,vis in]tiae ( its ,matt]2 & by consequ5ce1 if ! ,heav5s 7 z d5se z ,wat]1 !y w\ld n h mu* less ,resi/ance ?an ,wat]2 if z d5se z ,quick-silv]1 !y w\ld n h mu* less ,resi/ance ?an ,quick-silv]2 if absolutely d5se1 or full ( ,matt] )\t any ,vacuum1 let ! ,matt] be nev] s subtil & fluid1 !y w\ld h a great] ,resi/ance ?an ,quick-silv]4 ,a solid ,globe 9 su* a ,m$ium w\ld lose above half its ,motion 9 mov+ ?ree times ! l5g? ( its ,diamet]1 & a ,globe n solid 7su* z are ! ,planets17 w\ld be ret>d$ soon]4 ,& !re=e to make way = ! regul> & la/+ ,motions ( ! ,planets & ,comets1 x's necess>y to empty ! ,heav5s ( all ,matt]1 except p]haps "s v ?9 ,vap\rs1 ,/eams1 or ,effluvia1 aris+ f ! ,atmosph]es ( ! ,e>?1 ,planets1 & ,comets1 & f su* an exce$+ly r>e ,a,ethereal ,m$ium z we describ$ above4 ,a d5se ,fluid c be ( no use = expla9+ ! ,pha5om5a ( ,nature1 ! ,motions ( ! ,planets & ,comets be+ bett] expla9'd )\t x4 ,x s]ves only to di/urb & ret>d ! ,motions ( ^? great ,bodies1 & make ! ,frame ( ,nature langui%3 ,& 9 ! ,pores ( ,bodies1 x s]ves only to /op ! vibrat+ ,motions ( _! ,p>ts1 :]e9 _! ,heat & ,activity consi/s4 ,& z x is ( no use1 & h9d]s ! ,op]ations ( ,nature1 & makes h] langui%1 s !re is no evid5ce = its ,exi/5ce1 & !re=e x ought to be reject$4 ,& if x be reject$1 ! ,hypo!ses t ,light consi/s 9 ,pression or ,motion1 propagat$ ?r\gh su* a ,m$ium1 are reject$ ) x4 ,& = reject+ su* a ,m$ium1 we h ! ,au?ority ( ^? ! olde/ & mo/ celebrat$ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece & ,pho5icia1 :o made a ,vacuum1 & ,atoms1 & ! ,gravity ( ,atoms1 ! fir/ ,pr9ciples ( _! ,philosophy2 tacitly attribut+ ,gravity to "s o!r ,cause ?an d5se ,matt]4 ,lat] ,philosoph]s bani% ! ,consid]ation ( su* a ,cause out ( natural ,philosophy1 feign+ ,hypo!ses = expla9+ all ?+s me*anically1 & ref]r+ o!r ,causes to ,metaphysicks3 ,:]eas ! ma9 ,bus9ess ( natural ,philosophy is to argue f ,pha5om5a )\t feign+ ,hypo!ses1 & to d$uce ,causes f ,effects1 till we come to ! v fir/ ,cause1 :i* c]ta9ly is n me*anical2 & n only to unfold ! ,me*anism ( ! ,_w1 b *iefly to resolve ^! & su* l ,que/ions4 ,:at is !re 9 places almo/ empty ( ,matt]1 & :5ce is x t ! ,sun & ,planets gravitate t[>ds "o ano!r1 )\t d5se ,matt] betwe5 !m8 ,:5ce is x t ,nature do? no?+ 9 va92 & :5ce arises all t ,ord] & ,beauty :i* we see 9 ! ,_w8 ,to :at end are ,comets1 & :5ce is x t ,planets move all "o & ! same way 9 ,orbs conc5trick1 :ile ,comets move all mann] ( ways 9 ,orbs v exc5trick2 & :at h9d]s ! fix'd ,/>s f fall+ ^u "o ano!r8 ,h[ came ! ,bodies ( ,animals to be contriv$ ) s mu* ,art1 & = :at ends 7 _! sev]al ,p>ts8 ,0 ! ,eye contriv$ )\t ,skill 9 ,opticks1 & ! ,e> )\t ,k ( ,s\nds8 ,h[ d ! ,motions ( ! ,body foll[ f ! ,w1 & :5ce is ! ,in/9ct 9 ,animals8 ,is n ! ,s5sory ( ,animals t place to :i* ! s5sitive ,sub/ance is pres5t1 & into :i* ! s5sible ,species ( ,?+s are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,n]ves & ,bra91 t !re !y may be p]ceiv$ by _! imm$iate pres5ce to t ,sub/ance8 ,& ^! ?+s be+ rightly dispat*'d1 does x n appe> f ,pha5om5a t !re is a ,be+ incorporeal1 liv+1 intellig5t1 omnipres5t1 :o 9 inf9ite ,space1 z x 7 9 8 ,s5sory1 sees ! ?+s !mselves intimately1 & ?r\ghly p]ceives !m1 & compreh5ds !m :olly by _! imm$iate pres5ce to himself3 ,( :i* ?+s ! ,images only c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,organs ( ,s5se into our little ,s5soriums1 are !re se5 & beheld by t :i* 9 u p]ceives & ?9ks4 ,& ?\gh e true ,/ep made 9 ?is ,philosophy br+s u n imm$iately to ! ,k ( ! fir/ ,cause1 yet x br+s u ne>] to x1 & on t acc\nt is to be highly valu$4 ,qu4 #bi4 ,are n ! ,rays ( ,light v small ,bodies emitt$ f %9+ ,sub/ances8 ,= su* ,bodies w pass ?r\gh uni=m ,m$iums 9 "r ,l9es )\t b5d+ into ! ,%ad[1 :i* is ! ,nature ( ! ,rays ( ,light4 ,!y w also be capable ( sev]al ,prop]ties1 & be able to cons]ve _! ,prop]ties un*ang$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh sev]al ,m$iums1 :i* is ano!r ,condition ( ! ,rays ( ,light4 ,pellucid ,sub/ances act ^u ! ,rays ( ,light at a di/ance 9 refract+1 reflect+1 & inflect+ !m1 & ! ,rays mutually agitate ! ,p>ts ( ^? ,sub/ances at a di/ance = heat+ !m2 & ?is ,action & ,re-action at a di/ance v mu* resembles an attractive ,=ce betwe5 ,bodies4 ,if ,refraction be p]=m'd by ,attraction ( ! ,rays1 ! ,s9es ( ,incid5ce mu/ be to ! ,s9es ( ,refraction 9 a giv5 ,proportion1 z we %ew'd 9 our ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy3 ,& ?is ,rule is true by ,exp]i5ce4 ,! ,rays ( ,light 9 go+ out ( ,glass into a ,vacuum1 are b5t t[>ds ! ,glass2 & if !y fall too obliquely on ! ,vacuum1 !y are b5t backw>ds into ! ,glass1 & totally reflect$2 & ?is ,reflexion _c be ascrib$ to ! ,resi/ance ( an absolute ,vacuum1 b mu/ be caus$ by ! ,p[] ( ! ,glass attract+ ! ,rays at _! go+ out ( x into ! ,vacuum1 & br++ !m back4 ,= if ! f>!r ,surface ( ! ,glass be moi/5'd ) ,wat] or cle> ,oil1 or liquid & cle> ,honey1 ! ,rays :i* w\ld o!rwise be reflect$ w g into ! ,wat]1 ,oil1 or ,honey2 & !re=e are n reflect$ be=e !y arrive at ! f>!r ,surface ( ! ,glass1 & beg9 to g out ( x4 ,if !y g out ( x into ! ,wat]1 ,oil1 or ,honey1 !y g on1 because ! ,attraction ( ! ,glass is almo/ balanc$ & r5d]$ ineffectual by ! contr>y ,attraction ( ! ,liquor4 ,b if !y g out ( x into a ,vacuum :i* has no ,attraction to balance t ( ! ,glass1 ! ,attraction ( ! ,glass ei!r b5ds & refracts !m1 or br+s !m back & reflects !m4 ,& ?is is /ill m evid5t by lay+ toge!r two ,prisms ( ,glass1 or two ,object-glasses ( v long ,telescopes1 ! "o plane1 ! o!r a little convex1 & s compress+ !m t !y d n fully t\*1 nor are too f> asund]4 ,= ! ,light :i* falls ^u ! f>!r ,surface ( ! fir/ ,glass :]e ! ,int]val betwe5 ! ,glasses is n above ! t5 hundr$ ?\s&? ,"p ( an ,in*1 w g ?r\gh t ,surface1 & ?r\gh ! ,air or ,vacuum betwe5 ! ,glasses1 & ent] into ! second ,glass1 z 0 expla9'd 9 ! fir/1 f\r?1 & eigh? ,obs]vations ( ! fir/ ,"p ( ! second ,book4 ,b1 if ! second ,glass be tak5 away1 ! ,light :i* goes out ( ! second ,surface ( ! fir/ ,glass into ! ,air or ,vacuum1 w n g on =w>ds1 b turns back into ! fir/ ,glass1 & is reflect$2 & !re=e x is drawn back by ! ,p[] ( ! fir/ ,glass1 !re be+ no?+ else to turn x back4 ,no?+ m is requisite = produc+ all ! v>iety ( ,col\rs1 & degrees ( ,refrangibility1 ?an t ! ,rays ( ,light be ,bodies ( diff]5t ,sizes1 ! lea/ ( :i* may take violet ! weake/ & d>ke/ ( ! ,col\rs1 & be m easily div]t$ by refract+ ,surfaces f ! "r ,c\rse2 & ! re/ z !y are bigg] & bigg]1 may make ! /rong] & m lucid ,col\rs1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$1 & be m & m difficultly div]t$4 ,no?+ m is requisite = putt+ ! ,rays ( ,light into ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission1 ?an t !y be small ,bodies :i* by _! attractive ,p[]s1 or "s o!r ,=ce1 /ir up ,vibrations 9 :at !y act ^u1 :i* ,vibrations be+ swift] ?an ! ,rays1 ov]take !m successively1 & agitate !m s z by turns to increase & decrease _! ,velocities1 & !reby put !m into ^? ,fits4 ,& la/ly1 ! unusual ,refraction ( ,isl&-,cry/al looks v mu* z if x 7 p]=m'd by "s k9d ( attractive virtue lodg$ 9 c]ta9 ,sides bo? ( ! ,rays1 & ( ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,cry/al4 ,= 7 x n = "s k9d ( ,disposition or ,virtue lodg$ 9 "s ,sides ( ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,cry/al1 & n 9 _! o!r ,sides1 & :i* incl9es & b5ds ! ,rays t[>ds ! ,coa/ ( unusual ,refraction1 ! ,rays :i* fall p]p5dicul>ly on ! ,cry/al1 w\ld n be refract$ t[>ds t ,coa/ r ?an t[>ds any o!r ,coa/1 bo? at _! ,incid5ce & at _! ,em]g5ce1 s z to em]ge p]p5dicul>ly by a contr>y ,situation ( ! ,coa/ ( unusual ,refraction at ! second ,surface2 ! ,cry/al act+ ^u ! ,rays aft] !y h pass'd ?r\gh x1 & are em]g+ into ! ,air2 or1 if y please1 into a ,vacuum4 ,& s9ce ! ,cry/al by ?is ,disposition or ,virtue does n act ^u ! ,rays1 unless :5 "o ( _! ,sides ( unusual ,refraction looks t[>ds t ,coa/1 ?is argues a ,virtue or ,disposition 9 ^? ,sides ( ! ,rays1 :i* answ]s to1 & sympa?izes ) t ,virtue or ,disposition ( ! ,cry/al1 z ! ,poles ( two ,magnets answ] to "o ano!r4 ,& z ,magnetism may be int5d$ & remitt$1 & is f\nd only 9 ! ,magnet & 9 ,iron3 ,s ?is ,virtue ( refract+ ! p]p5dicul> ,rays is great] 9 ,isl&-,cry/al1 less 9 ,cry/al ( ! ,rock1 & is n yet f\nd 9 o!r ,bodies4 ,i d n say t ?is ,virtue is magnetical3 ,x seems to be ( ano!r k9d4 ,i only say1 t :atev] x be1 x's difficult to conceive h[ ! ,rays ( ,light1 unless !y be ,bodies1 c h a p]man5t ,virtue 9 two ( _! ,sides :i* is n 9 _! o!r ,sides1 & ?is )\t any reg>d to _! ,position to ! ,space or ,m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,:at ,i mean 9 ?is ,"q by a ,vacuum1 & by ! ,attractions ( ! ,rays ( ,light t[>ds ,glass or ,cry/al1 may be und]/ood by :at 0 said 9 ! #ah?1 #ai?1 & #bj? ,que/ions4 ,que/4 #cj4 ,are n gross ,bodies & ,light conv]tible into "o ano!r1 & may n ,bodies receive mu* ( _! ,activity f ! ,p>ticles ( ,light :i* ent] _! ,composition8 ,= all fix'd ,bodies be+ heat$ emit ,light s long z !y cont9ue suffici5tly hot1 & ,light mutually /ops 9 ,bodies z (t5 z its ,rays /rike ^u _! ,p>ts1 z we %ew'd above4 ,i "k no ,body less apt to %9e ?an ,wat]2 & yet ,wat] by frequ5t ,di/illations *anges into fix'd ,e>?1 z ,mr4 ,boyle has try'd2 & !n ?is ,e>? be+ enabl$ to endure a suffici5t ,heat1 %9es by ,heat l o!r ,bodies4 ,! *ang+ ( ,bodies into ,light1 & ,light into ,bodies1 is v con=mable to ! ,c\rse ( ,nature1 :i* seems delight$ ) ,transmutations4 ,wat]1 :i* is a v fluid ta/eless ,salt1 %e *anges by ,heat into ,vap\r1 :i* is a sort ( ,air1 & by ,cold into ,ice1 :i* is a h>d1 pellucid1 brittle1 fusible ,/one2 & ?is ,/one returns into ,wat] by ,heat1 & ,vap\r returns into ,wat] by ,cold4 ,e>? by ,heat becomes ,fire1 & by ,cold returns into ,e>?4 ,d5se ,bodies by ,f]m5tation r>ify into sev]al sorts ( ,air1 & ?is ,air by ,f]m5tation1 & sometimes )\t x1 returns into d5se ,bodies4 ,m]cury appe>s sometimes 9 ! =m ( a fluid ,metal1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a h>d brittle ,metal1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a corrosive pellucid ,salt call'd ,sublimate1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a ta/eless1 pellucid1 volatile :ite ,e>?1 call'd ,m]curius ,dulcis2 or 9 t ( a r$ opake volatile ,e>?1 call'd ,c9nab]2 or 9 t ( a r$ or :ite ,precipitate1 or 9 t ( a fluid ,salt2 & 9 ,di/illation x turns into ,vap\r1 & be+ agitat$ 9 ,vacuo1 x %9es l ,fire4 ,& aft] all ^! ,*anges x returns aga9 into its fir/ =m ( ,m]cury4 ,eggs gr[ f ins5sible ,magnitudes1 & *ange into ,animals2 ,tadpoles into ,frogs2 & ,worms into ,flies4 ,all ,birds1 ,bea/s & ,fi%es1 ,insects1 ,trees1 & o!r ,vegetables1 ) _! sev]al ,p>ts1 gr[ out ( ,wat] & watry ,t9ctures & ,salts1 & by ,putrefaction return aga9 into watry ,sub/ances4 ,& ,wat] /&+ a few ,days 9 ! op5 ,air1 yields a ,t9cture1 :i* 7l t ( ,malt7 by /&+ long] yields a ,s$im5t & a ,_s1 b be=e ,putrefaction is fit ,n\ri%m5t = ,animals & ,vegetables4 ,& among su* v>i\s & /range ,transmutations1 :y may n ,nature *ange ,bodies into ,light1 & ,light into ,bodies8 ,que/4 #ca4 ,h n ! small ,p>ticles ( ,bodies c]ta9 ,p[]s1 ,virtues1 or ,=ces1 by :i* !y act at a di/ance1 n only ^u ! ,rays ( ,light = reflect+1 refract+1 & inflect+ !m1 b also ^u "o ano!r = produc+ a great ,"p ( ! ,pha5om5a ( ,nature8 ,= x's well kn[n1 t ,bodies act "o ^u ano!r by ! ,attractions ( ,gravity1 ,magnetism1 & ,electricity2 & ^! ,in/ances %ew ! ,t5or & ,c\rse ( ,nature1 & make x n improbable b t !re may be m attractive ,p[]s ?an ^!4 ,= ,nature is v consonant & con=mable to h] self4 ,h[ ^! ,attractions may be p]=m'd1 ,i d n "h consid]4 ,:at ,i call ,attraction may be p]=m'd by impulse1 or by "s o!r means unkn[n to me4 ,i use t ,^w "h to signify only 9 g5]al any ,=ce by :i* ,bodies t5d t[>ds "o ano!r1 :atsoev] be ! ,cause4 ,= we mu/ le>n f ! ,pha5om5a ( ,nature :at ,bodies attract "o ano!r1 & :at are ! ,laws & ,prop]ties ( ! ,attraction1 be=e we enquire ! ,cause by :i* ! ,attraction is p]=m'd4 ,! ,attractions ( ,gravity1 ,magnetism1 & ,electricity1 rea* to v s5sible di/ances1 & s h be5 obs]v$ by vulg> ,eyes1 & !re may be o!rs :i* rea* to s small di/ances z hi!rto escape ,obs]vation2 & p]haps electrical ,attraction may rea* to su* small di/ances1 ev5 )\t be+ excit$ by ,friction4 ,= :5 ,salt ( ,t>t> runs p] ,deliquium1 is n ?is done by an ,attraction betwe5 ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,salt ( ,t>t>1 & ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,wat] :i* float 9 ! ,air 9 ! =m ( ,vap\rs8 ,& :y does n common ,salt1 or ,salt-petre1 or ,vitriol1 run p] ,deliquium1 b = want ( su* an ,attraction8 ,or :y does n ,salt ( ,t>t> draw m ,wat] out ( ! ,air ?an 9 a c]ta9 ,proportion to its quantity1 b = want ( an attractive ,=ce aft] x is satiat$ ) ,wat]8 ,& :5ce is x b f ?is attractive ,p[] t ,wat] :i* alone di/ils ) a g5tle luke-w>m ,heat1 w n di/il f ,salt ( ,t>t> )\t a great ,heat8 ,& is x n f ! l attractive ,p[] betwe5 ! ,p>ticles ( ,oil ( ,vitriol & ! ,p>ticles ( ,wat]1 t ,oil ( ,vitriol draws to x a good quantity ( ,wat] out ( ! ,air1 & aft] x is satiat$ draws no m1 & 9 ,di/illation lets g ! ,wat] v difficultly8 ,& :5 ,wat] & ,oil ( ,vitriol p\r$ successively into ! same ,vessel gr[ v hot 9 ! mix+1 does n ?is ,heat argue a great ,motion 9 ! ,p>ts ( ! ,liquors8 ,& does n ?is ,motion argue1 t ! ,p>ts ( ! two ,liquors 9 mix+ coalesce ) ,viol5ce1 & by consequ5ce ru% t[>ds "o ano!r ) an accel]at$ ,motion8 ,& :5 ,aqua =tis1 or ,_s ( ,vitriol p\r$ ^u ,fil+s ( ,iron dissolves ! ,fil+s ) a great ,heat & ,ebullition1 is n ?is ,heat & ,ebullition effect$ by a viol5t ,motion ( ! ,p>ts1 & does n t ,motion argue t ! acid ,p>ts ( ! ,liquor ru% t[>ds ! ,p>ts ( ! ,metal ) viol5ce1 & run =cibly into its ,pores till !y get betwe5 its outmo/ ,p>ticles1 & ! ma9 ,mass ( ! ,metal1 & surr\nd+ ^? ,p>ticles loos5 !m f ! ma9 ,mass1 & set !m at lib]ty to float (f into ! ,wat]8 ,& :5 ! acid ,p>ticles1 :i* alone w\ld di/il ) an easy ,heat1 w n sep>ate f ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,metal )\t a v viol5t ,heat1 does n ?is confirm ! ,attraction betwe5 !m8 ,:5 ,_s ( ,vitriol p\r$ ^u common ,salt or ,salt-petre makes an ,ebullition ) ! ,salt1 & unites ) x1 & 9 ,di/illation ! ,_s ( ! common ,salt or ,salt-petre comes ov] mu* easi] ?an x w\ld d be=e1 & ! acid "p ( ! ,_s ( ,vitriol /ays beh9d2 does n ?is argue t ! fix'd ,alcaly ( ! ,salt attracts ! acid ,_s ( ! ,vitriol m /rongly ?an its own ,_s1 & n be+ able to hold !m bo?1 lets g its own8 ,& :5 ,oil ( ,vitriol is drawn (f f its weight ( ,nitre1 & f bo? ! ,+r$i5ts a comp\nd ,_s ( ,nitre is di/ill$1 & two p>ts ( ?is ,_s are p\r$ on "o "p ( ,oil ( ,cloves or ,c>raway ,se$s1 or ( any pond]\s ,oil ( vegetable or animal ,sub/ances1 or ,oil ( ,turp5t9e ?ick5'd ) a little ,balsam ( ,sulphur1 & ! ,liquors gr[ s v hot 9 mix+1 z pres5tly to s5d up a burn+ ,flame2 does n ?is v great & sudd5 ,heat argue t ! two ,liquors mix ) viol5ce1 & t _! ,p>ts 9 mix+ run t[>ds "o ano!r ) an accel]at$ ,motion1 & cla% ) ! greate/ ,=ce8 ,& is x n = ! same reason t well rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e p\r$ on ! same comp\nd ,_s fla%es2 & t ! ,pulvis fulm9ans1 compos$ ( ,sulphur1 ,nitre1 & ,salt ( ,t>t>1 goes (f ) a m sudd5 & viol5t ,explosion ?an ,gun-p[d]1 ! acid ,spirits ( ! ,sulphur & ,nitre ru%+ t[>ds "o ano!r1 & t[>ds ! ,salt ( ,t>t>1 ) s great a viol5ce1 z by ! %ock to turn ! :ole at once into ,vap\r & ,flame8 ,:]e ! ,dissolution is sl[1 x makes a sl[ ,ebullition & a g5tle ,heat2 & :]e x is quick]1 x makes a great] ,ebullition ) m heat2 & :]e x is done at once1 ! ,ebullition is contract$ into a sudd5 ,bla/ or viol5t ,explosion1 ) a heat equal to t ( ,fire & ,flame4 ,s :5 a ,dra*m ( ! above-m5tion'd comp\nd ,_s ( ,nitre 0 p\r$ ^u half a ,dra*m ( ,oil ( ,c>raway ,se$s 9 vacuo1 ! ,mixture imm$iately made a fla% l ,gun-p[d]1 & bur/ ! exhau/$ ,receiv]1 :i* 0 a ,glass six ,in*es wide1 & eight ,in*es deep4 ,& ev5 ! gross ,body ( ,sulphur p[d]'d1 & ) an equal weight ( ,iron ,fil+s & a little ,wat] made into ,pa/e1 acts ^u ! ,iron1 & 9 five or six h\rs gr[s too hot to be t\*'d1 & emits a ,flame4 ,& by ^! ,exp]im5ts comp>$ ) ! great quantity ( ,sulphur ) :i* ! ,e>? ab\nds1 & ! w>m? ( ! int]ior ,p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 & hot ,spr+s1 & burn+ ,m\nta9s1 & ) ,damps1 m9]al ,coruscations1 ,e>?quakes1 hot suffocat+ ,exhalations1 ,hurricanes1 & ,sp\ts2 we may le>n t sulphure\s ,/eams ab\nd 9 ! ,b[els ( ! ,e>? & f]m5t ) ,m9]als1 & sometimes take fire ) a sudd5 ,coruscation & ,explosion2 & if p5t up 9 subt]rane\s ,cav]ns1 bur/ ! ,cav]ns ) a great %ak+ ( ! ,e>?1 z 9 spr++ ( a ,m9e4 ,& !n ! ,vap\r g5]at$ by ! ,explosion1 expir+ ?r\gh ! ,pores ( ! ,e>?1 feels hot & suffocates1 & makes ,tempe/s & ,hurricanes1 & sometimes causes ! ,l& to slide1 or ! ,sea to boil1 & c>ries up ! ,wat] !re( 9 ,drops1 :i* by _! weight fall d[n aga9 9 ,sp\ts4 ,also "s sulphure\s ,/eams1 at all times :5 ! ,e>? is dry1 asc5d+ into ! ,air1 f]m5t !re ) nitr\s ,acids1 & sometimes tak+ fire cause ,lightn+ & ,?und]1 & fi]y ,meteors4 ,= ! ,air ab\nds ) acid ,vap\rs fit to promote ,f]m5tations1 z appe>s by ! ru/+ ( ,iron & ,copp] 9 x1 ! k9dl+ ( ,fire by bl[+1 & ! beat+ ( ! ,he>t by means ( ,respiration4 ,n[ ! above-m5tion'd ,motions are s great & viol5t z to %ew t 9 ,f]m5tations ! ,p>ticles ( ,bodies :i* almo/ re/1 are put into new ,motions by a v pot5t ,pr9ciple1 :i* acts ^u !m only :5 !y approa* "o ano!r1 & causes !m to meet & cla% ) great viol5ce1 & gr[ hot ) ! motion1 & da% "o ano!r into pieces1 & vani% into ,air1 & ,vap\r1 & ,flame4 ,:5 ,salt ( ,t>t> p] deliquium1 be+ p\r$ into ! ,solution ( any ,metal1 precipitates ! ,metal & makes x fall d[n to ! bottom ( ! ,liquor 9 ! =m ( ,mud3 ,does n ?is argue t ! acid ,p>ticles are attract$ m /rongly by ! ,salt ( ,t>t> ?an by ! ,metal1 & by ! /rong] ,attraction g f ! ,metal to ! ,salt ( ,t>t>8 ,& s :5 a ,solution ( ,iron 9 ,aqua =tis dissolves ! ,lapis ,calam9>is1 & lets g ! ,iron1 or a ,solution ( ,copp] dissolves ,iron imm]s$ 9 x & lets g ! ,copp]1 or a ,solution ( ,silv] dissolves ,copp] & lets g ! ,silv]1 or a ,solution ( ,m]cury 9 ,aqua =tis be+ p\r$ ^u ,iron1 ,copp]1 ,t91 or ,lead1 dissolves ! ,metal & lets g ! ,m]cury2 does n ?is argue t ! acid ,p>ticles ( ! ,aqua =tis are attract$ m /rongly by ! ,lapis ,calam9>is ?an by ,iron1 & m /rongly by ,iron ?an by ,copp]1 & m /rongly by ,copp] ?an by ,silv]1 & m /rongly by ,iron1 ,copp]1 ,t91 & ,lead1 ?an by ,m]cury8 ,& is x n = ! same reason t ,iron requires m ,aqua =tis to dissolve x ?an ,copp]1 & ,copp] m ?an ! o!r ,metals2 & t ( all ,metals1 ,iron is dissolv$ mo/ easily1 & is mo/ apt to ru/2 & next aft] ,iron1 ,copp]8 ,:5 ,oil ( ,vitriol is mix'd ) a little ,wat]1 or is run p] deliquium1 & 9 ,di/illation ! ,wat] asc5ds difficultly1 & br+s ov] ) x "s "p ( ! ,oil ( ,vitriol 9 ! =m ( ,_s ( ,vitriol1 & ?is ,_s be+ p\r$ ^u ,iron1 ,copp]1 or ,salt ( ,t>t>1 unites ) ! ,body & lets g ! ,wat]2 do? n ?is %ew t ! acid ,_s is attract$ by ! ,wat]1 & m attract$ by ! fix'd ,body ?an by ! ,wat]1 & !re=e lets g ! ,wat] to close ) ! fix'd ,body8 ,& is x n = ! same reason t ! ,wat] & acid ,spirits :i* are mix'd toge!r 9 ,v9eg>1 ,aqua =tis1 & ,_s ( ,salt1 coh]e & rise toge!r 9 ,di/illation2 b if ! ,m5/ruum be p\r$ on ,salt ( ,t>t>1 or on ,lead1 or ,iron1 or any fix'd ,body :i* x c dissolve1 ! ,acid by a /rong] ,attraction adh]es to ! ,body1 & lets g ! ,wat]8 ,& is x n also f a mutual ,attraction t ! ,spirits ( ,soot & ,sea-,salt unite & compose ! ,p>ticles ( ,sal-armoniac1 :i* are less volatile ?an be=e1 because gross] & fre] f ,wat]2 & t ! ,p>ticles ( ,sal-armoniac 9 ,sublimation c>ry up ! ,p>ticles ( ,antimony1 :i* w n sublime alone2 & t ! ,p>ticles ( ,m]cury unit+ ) ! acid ,p>ticles ( ,_s ( ,salt compose ,m]cury sublimate1 & ) ! ,p>ticles ( ,sulphur1 compose ,c9nab]2 & t ! ,p>ticles ( ,_s ( ,w9e & ,_s ( ,ur9e well rectifi$ unite1 & lett+ g ! ,wat] :i* dissolv$ !m1 compose a consi/5t ,body2 & t 9 sublim+ ,c9nab] f ,salt ( ,t>t>1 or f quick ,lime1 ! ,sulphur by a /rong] ,attraction ( ! ,salt or ,lime lets g ! ,m]cury1 & /ays ) ! fix'd ,body2 & t :5 ,m]cury sublimate is sublim$ f ,antimony1 or f ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ! ,_s ( ,salt lets g ! ,m]cury1 & unites ) ! antimonial metal :i* attracts x m /rongly1 & /ays ) x till ! ,heat be great en\gh to make !m bo? asc5d toge!r1 & !n c>ries up ! ,metal ) x 9 ! =m ( a v fusible ,salt1 call$ ,butt] ( ,antimony1 al?\gh ! ,_s ( ,salt alone be almo/ z volatile z ,wat]1 & ! ,antimony alone z fix'd z ,lead8 ,:5 ,aqua =tis dissolves ,silv] & n ,gold1 & ,aqua regia dissolves ,gold & n ,silv]1 may x n be said t ,aqua =tis is subtil en\gh to p5etrate ,gold z well z ,silv]1 b wants ! attractive ,=ce to give x ,entrance2 & t ,aqua regia is subtil en\gh to p5etrate ,silv] z well z ,gold1 b wants ! attractive ,=ce to give x ,entrance8 ,= ,aqua regia is no?+ else ?an ,aqua =tis mix'd ) "s ,_s ( ,salt1 or ) ,sal-armoniac2 & ev5 common ,salt dissolv$ 9 ,aqua =tis1 enables ! ,m5/ruum to dissolve ,gold1 ?\gh ! ,salt be a gross ,body4 ,:5 !re=e ,_s ( ,salt precipitates ,silv] out ( ,aqua =tis1 is x n done by attract+ & mix+ ) ! ,aqua =tis1 & n attract+1 or p]haps repell+ ,silv]8 ,& :5 ,wat] precipitates ,antimony out ( ! ,sublimate ( ,antimony & ,sal-armoniac1 or out ( ,butt] ( ,antimony1 is x n done by its dissolv+1 mix+ )1 & weak5+ ! ,sal-armoniac or ,_s ( ,salt1 & its n attract+1 or p]haps repell+ ! ,antimony8 ,& is x n = want ( an attractive virtue betwe5 ! ,p>ts ( ,wat] & ,oil1 ( ,quick-silv] & ,antimony1 ( ,lead & ,iron1 t ^! ,sub/ances d n mix2 & by a weak ,attraction1 t ,quick-silv] & ,copp] mix difficultly2 & f a /rong "o1 t ,quick-silv] & ,t91 ,antimony & ,iron1 ,wat] & ,salts1 mix readily8 ,& 9 g5]al1 is x n f ! same ,pr9ciple t ,heat congregates homog5eal ,bodies1 & sep>ates het]og5eal ones8 ,:5 ,ars5ick ) ,soap gives a ,regulus1 & ) ,m]cury sublimate a volatile fusible ,salt1 l ,butt] ( ,antimony1 do? n ?is %ew t ,ars5ick1 :i* is a ,sub/ance totally volatile1 is comp\nd$ ( fix'd & volatile ,p>ts1 /rongly coh]+ by a mutual ,attraction1 s t ! volatile w n asc5d )\t c>ry+ up ! fix$8 ,& s1 :5 an equal weight ( ,_s ( ,w9e & ,oil ( ,vitriol are dige/$ toge!r1 & 9 ,di/illation yield two fragrant & volatile ,spirits :i* w n mix ) "o ano!r1 & a fix'd black ,e>? rema9s beh9d2 do? n ?is %ew t ,oil ( ,vitriol is compos$ ( volatile & fix'd ,p>ts /rongly unit$ by ,attraction1 s z to asc5d toge!r 9 =m ( a volatile1 acid1 fluid ,salt1 until ! ,_s ( ,w9e attracts & sep>ates ! volatile ,p>ts f ! fix$8 ,& !re=e1 s9ce ,oil ( ,sulphur p] ,campanam is ( ! same ,nature ) ,oil ( ,vitriol1 may x n be inf]r$1 t ,sulphur is also a mixture ( volatile & fix'd ,p>ts s /rongly coh]+ by ,attraction1 z to asc5d toge!r 9 ,sublimation4 ,by dissolv+ ,fl[]s ( ,sulphur 9 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 & di/ill+ ! ,solution1 x is f\nd t ,sulphur is compos$ ( an inflamable ?ick ,oil or fat ,bitum51 an acid ,salt1 a v fix'd ,e>?1 & a little ,metal4 ,! ?ree fir/ 7 f\nd n mu* unequal to "o ano!r1 ! f\r? 9 s small a quantity z sc>ce to be wor? consid]+4 ,! acid ,salt dissolv$ 9 ,wat]1 is ! same ) ,oil ( ,sulphur p] ,campanam1 & ab\nd+ mu* 9 ! ,b[els ( ! ,e>?1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,m>kasites1 unites x self to ! o!r ,+r$i5ts ( ! ,m>kasite1 :i* are1 ,bitum51 ,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,e>?1 & ) !m comp\nds ,allum1 ,vitriol1 & ,sulphur4 ,) ! ,e>? alone x comp\nds ,allum2 ) ! ,metal alone1 or ,metal & ,e>? toge!r1 x comp\nds ,vitriol2 & ) ! ,bitum5 & ,e>? x comp\nds ,sulphur4 ,:5ce x comes to pass t ,m>kasites ab\nd ) ^? ?ree ,m9]als4 ,& is x n f ! mutual ,attraction ( ! ,+r$i5ts t !y /ick toge!r = comp\nd+ ^! ,m9]als1 & t ! ,bitum5 c>ries up ! o!r ,+r$i5ts ( ! ,sulphur1 :i* )\t x w\ld n sublime8 ,& ! same ,"q may be put conc]n+ all1 or almo/ all ! gross ,bodies 9 ,nature4 ,= all ! ,p>ts ( ,animals & ,vegetables are compos$ ( ,sub/ances volatile & fix'd1 fluid & solid1 z appe>s by _! ,analysis2 & s are ,salts & ,m9]als1 s f> z ,*ymi/s h be5 hi!rto able to exam9e _! ,composition4 ,:5 ,m]cury sublimate is re-sublim$ ) fre% ,m]cury1 & becomes ,m]curius ,dulcis1 :i* is a :ite ta/eless ,e>? sc>ce dissolvable 9 ,wat]1 & ,m]curius ,dulcis re-sublim$ ) ,_s ( ,salt returns into ,m]cury sublimate2 & :5 ,metals corrod$ ) a little acid turn into ru/1 :i* is an ,e>? ta/eless & indissolvable 9 ,wat]1 & ?is ,e>? imbib$ ) m acid becomes a metallick ,salt2 & :5 "s ,/ones1 z ,sp> ( ,lead1 dissolv$ 9 prop] ,m5/ruums become ,salts2 d n ^! ?+s %ew t ,salts are dry ,e>? & watry ,acid unit$ by ,attraction1 & t ! ,e>? w n become a ,salt )\t s mu* acid z makes x dissolvable 9 ,wat]8 ,d n ! %>p & pung5t ,ta/es ( ,acids arise f ! /rong ,attraction :]eby ! acid ,p>ticles ru% ^u & agitate ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,tongue8 ,& :5 ,metals are dissolv$ 9 acid ,m5/ruums1 & ! ,acids 9 conjunction ) ! ,metal act aft] a diff]5t mann]1 s t ! ,comp\nd has a diff]5t ,ta/e mu* mild] ?an be=e1 & sometimes a sweet "o2 is x n because ! ,acids adh]e to ! metallick ,p>ticles1 & !reby lose mu* ( _! ,activity8 ,& if ! ,acid be 9 too small a ,proportion to make ! ,comp\nd dissolvable 9 ,wat]1 w x n by adh]+ /rongly to ! ,metal become unactive & lose its ,ta/e1 & ! ,comp\nd be a ta/eless ,e>?8 ,= su* ?+s z are n dissolvable by ! ,moi/ure ( ! ,tongue1 act n ^u ! ,ta/e4 ,z ,gravity makes ! ,sea fl[ r\nd ! d5s] & weighti] ,p>ts ( ! ,globe ( ! ,e>?1 s ! ,attraction may make ! watry ,acid fl[ r\nd ! d5s] & compact] ,p>ticles ( ,e>? = compos+ ! ,p>ticles ( ,salt4 ,= o!rwise ! ,acid w\ld n d ! ,(fice ( a ,m$ium betwe5 ! ,e>? & common ,wat]1 = mak+ ,salts dissolvable 9 ! ,wat]2 nor w\ld ,salt ( ,t>t> readily draw (f ! ,acid f dissolv$ ,metals1 nor ,metals ! ,acid f ,m]cury4 ,n[1 z 9 ! great ,globe ( ! ,e>? & ,sea1 ! d5se/ ,bodies by _! ,gravity s9k d[n 9 ,wat]1 & always endeav\r to g t[>ds ! ,c5t] ( ! ,globe2 s 9 ,p>ticles ( ,salt1 ! d5se/ ,matt] may always endeav\r to approa* ! ,c5t] ( ! ,p>ticle3 ,s t a ,p>ticle ( ,salt may be comp>$ to a ,*aos2 be+ d5se1 h>d1 dry1 & e>?y 9 ! ,c5t]2 & r>e1 s(t1 moi/1 & watry 9 ! ,circumf]5ce4 ,& h5ce x seems to be t ,salts are ( a la/+ ,nature1 be+ sc>ce de/roy'd1 unless by draw+ away _! watry ,p>ts by viol5ce1 or by lett+ !m soak into ! ,pores ( ! c5tral ,e>? by a g5tle ,heat 9 ,putrefaction1 until ! ,e>? be dissolv$ by ! ,wat]1 & sep>at$ into small] ,p>ticles1 :i* by reason ( _! ,smallness make ! rott5 ,comp\nd appe> ( a black ,col\r4 ,h5ce also x may be1 t ! ,p>ts ( ,animals & ,vegetables pres]ve _! sev]al ,=ms1 & assimilate _! ,n\ri%m5t2 ! s(t & moi/ ,n\ri%m5t easily *ang+ its ,texture by a g5tle ,heat & ,motion1 till x becomes l ! d5se1 h>d1 dry1 & durable ,e>? 9 ! ,c5t] ( ea* ,p>ticle4 ,b :5 ! ,n\ri%m5t gr[s unfit to be assimilat$1 or ! c5tral ,e>? gr[s too feeble to assimilate x1 ! ,motion ends 9 ,confusion1 ,putrefaction1 & ,dea?4 ,if a v small quantity ( any ,salt or ,vitriol be dissolv$ 9 a great quantity ( ,wat]1 ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,salt or ,vitriol w n s9k to ! bottom1 ?\gh !y be heavi] 9 ,specie ?an ! ,wat]1 b w ev5ly diffuse !mselves into all ! ,wat]1 s z to make x z sal9e at ! top z at ! bottom4 ,& does n ?is imply t ! ,p>ts ( ! ,salt or ,vitriol rec$e f "o ano!r1 & endeav\r to exp& !mselves1 & get z f> asund] z ! quantity ( ,wat] 9 :i* !y float1 w all[8 ,& does n ?is ,endeav\r imply t !y h a repulsive ,=ce by :i* !y fly f "o ano!r1 or at lea/1 t !y attract ! ,wat] m /rongly ?an !y d "o ano!r8 ,= z all ?+s asc5d 9 ,wat] :i* are less attract$ ?an ,wat]1 by ! gravitat+ ,p[] ( ! ,e>?2 s all ! ,p>ticles ( ,salt :i* float 9 ,wat]1 & are less attract$ ?an ,wat] by any "o ,p>ticle ( ,salt1 mu/ rec$e f t ,p>ticle1 & give way to ! m attract$ ,wat]4 ,:5 any sal9e ,liquor is evaporat$ to a ,cuticle & let cool1 ! ,salt concretes 9 regul> ,figures2 :i* argues1 t ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,salt be=e !y concret$1 float$ 9 ! ,liquor at equal di/ances 9 rank & file1 & by consequ5ce t !y act$ ^u "o ano!r by "s ,p[] :i* at equal di/ances is equal1 at unequal di/ances unequal4 ,= by su* a ,p[] !y w range !mselves uni=mly1 & )\t x !y w float irregul>ly1 & come toge!r z irregul>ly4 ,& s9ce ! ,p>ticles ( ,isl&-,cry/al act all ! same way ^u ! ,rays ( ,light = caus+ ! unusual ,refraction1 may x n be suppos$ t 9 ! ,=mation ( ?is ,cry/al1 ! ,p>ticles n only rang$ !mselves 9 rank & file = concret+ 9 regul> ,figures1 b also by "s k9d ( pol> ,virtue turn$ _! homog5eal ,sides ! same way4 ,! ,p>ts ( all homog5eal h>d ,bodies :i* fully t\* "o ano!r1 /ick toge!r v /rongly4 ,& = expla9+ h[ ?is may be1 "s h inv5t$ hook$ ,atoms1 :i* is begg+ ! ,"q2 & o!rs tell u t ,bodies are glu$ toge!r by re/1 t is1 by an occult ,quality1 or r by no?+2 & o!rs1 t !y /ick toge!r by conspir+ ,motions1 t is1 by relative re/ among/ !mselves4 ,i _h r inf] f _! ,cohesion1 t _! ,p>ticles attract "o ano!r by "s ,=ce1 :i* 9 imm$iate ,contact is exce$+ /rong1 at small di/ances p]=ms ! *ymical ,op]ations above-m5tion'd1 & rea*es n f> f ! ,p>ticles ) any s5sible ,effect4 ,all ,bodies seem to be compos$ ( h>d ,p>ticles3 ,= o!rwise ,fluids w\ld n congeal2 z ,wat]1 ,oils1 ,v9eg>1 & ,_s or ,oil ( ,vitriol d by freez+2 ,m]cury by ,fumes ( ,lead2 ,_s ( ,nitre & ,m]cury1 by dissolv+ ! ,m]cury & evaporat+ ! ,flegm2 ,_s ( ,w9e & ,_s ( ,ur9e1 by deflegm+ & mix+ !m2 & ,_s ( ,ur9e & ,_s ( ,salt1 by sublim+ !m toge!r to make ,sal-armoniac4 ,ev5 ! ,rays ( ,light seem to be h>d ,bodies2 = o!rwise !y w\ld n reta9 diff]5t ,prop]ties 9 _! diff]5t ,sides4 ,& !re=e ,h>dness may be reckon'd ! ,prop]ty ( all uncomp\nd$ ,matt]4 ,at lea/1 ?is seems to be z evid5t z ! univ]sal ,imp5etrability ( ,matt]4 ,= all ,bodies1 s f> z ,exp]i5ce rea*es1 are ei!r h>d1 or may be h>d5'd2 & we h no o!r ,evid5ce ( univ]sal ,imp5etrability1 besides a l>ge ,exp]i5ce )\t an exp]im5tal ,exception4 ,n[ if comp\nd ,bodies are s v h>d z we f9d "s ( !m to be1 & yet are v por\s1 & consi/ ( ,p>ts :i* are only laid toge!r2 ! simple ,p>ticles :i* are void ( ,pores1 & 7 nev] yet divid$1 mu/ be mu* h>d]4 ,= su* h>d ,p>ticles be+ heap$ up toge!r1 c sc>ce t\* "o ano!r 9 m ?an a few ,po9ts1 & !re=e mu/ be sep>able by mu* less ,=ce ?an is requisite to break a solid ,p>ticle1 ^: ,p>ts t\* 9 all ! ,space betwe5 !m1 )\t any ,pores or ,int]/ices to weak5 _! ,cohesion4 ,& h[ su* v h>d ,p>ticles :i* are only laid toge!r & t\* only 9 a few ,po9ts1 c /ick toge!r1 & t s firmly z !y d1 )\t ! assi/ance ( some?+ :i* causes !m to be attract$ or press'd t[>ds "o ano!r1 is v difficult to conceive4 ,! same ?+ ,i inf] also f ! coh]+ ( two poli%'d ,m>bles 9 vacuo1 & f ! /&+ ( ,quick-silv] 9 ! ,b>omet] at ! height ( #ej1 #fj or #gj ,in*es1 or above1 :5 ev] x is well-purg$ ( ,air & c>efully p\r$ 91 s t its ,p>ts be e :]e contigu\s bo? to "o ano!r & to ! ,glass4 ,! ,atmosph]e by its weight presses ! ,quick-silv] into ! ,glass1 to ! height ( #bi or #cj ,in*es4 ,& "s o!r ,ag5t raises x high]1 n by press+ x into ! ,glass1 b by mak+ its ,p>ts /ick to ! ,glass1 & to "o ano!r4 ,= ^u any discont9uation ( ,p>ts1 made ei!r by ,bubbles or by %ak+ ! ,glass1 ! :ole ,m]cury falls d[n to ! height ( #bi or #cj ,in*es4 ,& ( ! same k9d ) ^! ,exp]im5ts are ^? t foll[4 ,if two plane poli%'d ,plates ( ,glass 7suppose two pieces ( a poli%'d ,look+-glass7 be laid toge!r1 s t _! sides be p>allel & at a v small di/ance f "o ano!r1 & !n _! l[] edges be dipp$ into ,wat]1 ! ,wat] w rise up betwe5 !m4 ,& ! less ! di/ance ( ! ,glasses is1 ! great] w be ! height to :i* ! ,wat] w rise4 ,if ! di/ance be ab\t ! hundr$? "p ( an ,in*1 ! ,wat] w rise to ! height ( ab\t an ,in*2 & if ! di/ance be great] or less 9 any ,proportion1 ! height w be reciprocally proportional to ! di/ance v ne>ly4 ,= ! attractive ,=ce ( ! ,glasses is ! same1 :e!r ! di/ance betwe5 !m be great] or less2 & ! weight ( ! ,wat] drawn up is ! same1 if ! height ( x be reciprocally proportional to ! di/ance ( ! ,glasses4 ,& 9 l mann]1 ,wat] asc5ds betwe5 two ,m>bles poli%'d plane1 :5 _! poli%'d sides are p>allel1 & at a v little di/ance f "o ano!r1 ,& if sl5d] ,pipes ( ,glass be dipp$ at "o end into /agnat+ ,wat]1 ! ,wat] w rise up )9 ! ,pipe1 & ! height to :i* x rises w be reciprocally proportional to ! ,diamet] ( ! ,cavity ( ! ,pipe1 & w equal ! height to :i* x rises betwe5 two ,planes ( ,glass1 if ! ,semi-diamet] ( ! ,cavity ( ! ,pipe be equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,planes1 or !reab\ts4 ,& ^! ,exp]im5ts succe$ aft] ! same mann] 9 vacuo z 9 ! op5 ,air1 7z ha? be5 tri$ be=e ! ,royal ,society17 & !re=e are n influ5c$ by ! ,weight or ,pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,& if a l>ge ,pipe ( ,glass be fill$ ) sift$ ,a%es well press$ toge!r 9 ! ,glass1 & "o end ( ! ,pipe be dipp$ into /agnat+ ,wat]1 ! ,wat] w rise up sl[ly 9 ! ,a%es1 s z 9 ! space ( a ,week or ,=tnight to rea* up )9 ! ,glass1 to ! height ( #cj or #dj ,in*es above ! /agnat+ ,wat]4 ,& ! ,wat] rises up to ?is height by ! ,action only ( ^? ,p>ticles ( ! ,a%es :i* are ^u ! ,surface ( ! elevat$ ,wat]2 ! ,p>ticles :i* are )9 ! ,wat]1 attract+ or repell+ x z mu* d[nw>ds z upw>ds4 ,& !re=e ! ,action ( ! ,p>ticles is v /rong4 ,b ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,a%es be+ n s d5se & close toge!r z ^? ( ,glass1 _! ,action is n s /rong z t ( ,glass1 :i* keeps ,quick-silv] susp5d$ to ! height ( #fj or #gj ,in*es1 & !re=e acts ) a ,=ce :i* w\ld keep ,wat] susp5d$ to ! height ( above #fj ,feet4 ,by ! same ,pr9ciple1 a ,sponge sucks 9 ,wat]1 & ! ,gl&s 9 ! ,bodies ( ,animals1 accord+ to _! sev]al ,natures & ,dispositions1 suck 9 v>i\s ,juices f ! ,blood4 ,if two plane poli%'d ,plates ( ,glass ?ree or f\r ,in*es broad1 & tw5ty or tw5ty five long1 be laid "o ( !m p>allel to ! ,horizon1 ! o!r ^u ! fir/1 s z at "o ( _! ends to t\* "o ano!r1 & conta9 an ,angle ( ab\t #aj or #ae ,m9utes1 & ! same be fir/ moi/5'd on _! inw>d sides ) a clean ,clo? dipp'd into ,oil ( ,oranges or ,_s ( ,turp5t9e1 & a ,drop or two ( ! ,oil or ,_s be let fall ^u ! l[] ,glass at ! o!r2 s soon z ! upp] ,glass is laid d[n ^u ! l[]1 s z to t\* x at "o end z above1 & to t\* ! ,drop at ! o!r end1 mak+ ) ! l[] ,glass an ,angle ( ab\t #aj or #ae ,m9utes2 ! ,drop w beg9 to move t[>ds ! ,conc\rse ( ! ,glasses1 & w cont9ue to move ) an accel]at$ ,motion1 till x arrives at t ,conc\rse ( ! ,glasses4 ,= ! two ,glasses attract ! ,drop1 & make x run t way t[>ds :i* ! ,attractions incl9e4 ,& if :5 ! ,drop is 9 motion y lift up t end ( ! ,glasses :]e !y meet1 & t[>ds :i* ! ,drop moves1 ! ,drop w asc5d betwe5 ! ,glasses1 & !re=e is attract$4 ,& z y lift up ! ,glasses m & m1 ! ,drop w asc5d sl[] & sl[]1 & at l5g? re/1 be+ !n c>ri$ d[nw>d by its ,weight1 z mu* z upw>ds by ! ,attraction4 ,& by ?is means y may "k ! ,=ce by :i* ! ,drop is attract$ at all di/ances f ! ,conc\rse ( ! ,glasses4 ,n[ by "s ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 7made by ,mr4 ,hauksbee7 x has be5 f\nd t ! ,attraction is almo/ reciprocally 9 a duplicate ,proportion ( ! di/ance ( ! middle ( ! ,drop f ! ,conc\rse ( ! ,glasses1 viz4 reciprocally 9 a simple ,proportion1 by reason ( ! spread+ ( ! ,drop1 & its t\*+ ea* ,glass 9 a l>g] ,surface2 & aga9 reciprocally 9 a simple ,proportion1 by reason ( ! ,attractions gr[+ /rong] )9 ! same quantity ( attract+ ,surface4 ,! ,attraction !re=e )9 ! same quantity ( attract+ ,surface1 is reciprocally z ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,glasses4 ,& !re=e :]e ! di/ance is exce$+ small1 ! ,attraction mu/ be exce$+ great4 ,by ! ,table 9 ! second ,"p ( ! second ,book1 :]e9 ! ?icknesses ( col\r'd ,plates ( ,wat] betwe5 two ,glasses are set d[n1 ! ?ickness ( ! ,plate :]e x appe>s v black1 is ?ree eigh?s ( ! t5 hundr$ ?\s&? "p ( an ,in*4 ,& :]e ! ,oil ( ,oranges betwe5 ! ,glasses is ( ?is ?ickness1 ! ,attraction collect$ by ! =ego+ ,rule1 seems to be s /rong1 z )9 a ,circle ( an ,in* 9 diamet]1 to suffice to hold up a ,weight equal to t ( a ,cyl9d] ( ,wat] ( an ,in* 9 diamet]1 & two or ?ree ,furlongs 9 l5g?4 ,& :]e x is ( a less ?ickness ! ,attraction may be proportionally great]1 & cont9ue to increase1 until ! ?ickness d n exce$ t ( a s+le ,p>ticle ( ! ,oil4 ,!re are !re=e ,ag5ts 9 ,nature able to make ! ,p>ticles ( ,bodies /ick toge!r by v /rong ,attractions4 ,& x is ! ,bus9ess ( exp]im5tal ,philosophy to f9d !m out4 ,n[ ! smalle/ ,p>ticles ( ,matt] may coh]e by ! /ronge/ ,attractions1 & compose bigg] ,p>ticles ( weak] ,virtue2 & _m ( ^! may coh]e & compose bigg] ,p>ticles ^: ,virtue is /ill weak]1 & s on = div]s ,successions1 until ! ,progression end 9 ! bigge/ ,p>ticles on :i* ! ,op]ations 9 ,*ymi/ry1 & ! ,col\rs ( natural ,bodies dep5d1 & :i* by coh]+ compose ,bodies ( a s5sible ,magnitude4 ,if ! ,body is compact1 & b5ds or yields inw>d to ,pression )\t any slid+ ( its ,p>ts1 x is h>d & ela/ick1 return+ to its ,figure ) a ,=ce ris+ f ! mutual ,attraction ( its ,p>ts4 ,if ! ,p>ts slide ^u "o ano!r1 ! ,body is malleable or s(t4 ,if !y slip easily1 & are ( a fit ,size to be agitat$ by ,heat1 & ! ,heat is big en\gh to keep !m 9 ,agitation1 ! ,body is fluid2 & if x be apt to /ick to ?+s1 x is humid2 & ! ,drops ( e fluid affect a r\nd ,figure by ! mutual ,attraction ( _! ,p>ts1 z ! ,globe ( ! ,e>? & ,sea affects a r\nd ,figure by ! mutual ,attraction ( its ,p>ts by ,gravity4 ,s9ce ,metals dissolv$ 9 ,acids attract b a small quantity ( ! ,acid1 _! attractive ,=ce c rea* b to a small di/ance f !m4 ,& z 9 ,algebra1 :]e affirmative ,quantities vani% & cease1 !re negative ones beg92 s 9 ,me*anicks1 :]e ,attraction ceases1 !re a repulsive ,virtue ought to succe$4 ,& t !re is su* a ,virtue1 seems to foll[ f ! ,reflexions & ,inflexions ( ! ,rays ( ,light4 ,= ! ,rays are repell$ by ,bodies 9 bo? ^! ,cases1 )\t ! imm$iate ,contact ( ! reflect+ or inflect+ ,body4 ,x seems also to foll[ f ! ,emission ( ,light2 ! ,ray s soon z x is %ak5 (f f a %9+ ,body by ! vibrat+ ,motion ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,body1 & gets beyond ! rea* ( ,attraction1 be+ driv5 away ) exce$+ great ,velocity4 ,= t ,=ce :i* is suffici5t to turn x back 9 ,reflexion1 may be suffici5t to emit x4 ,x seems also to foll[ f ! ,production ( ,air & ,vap\r4 ,! ,p>ticles :5 !y are %ak5 (f f ,bodies by ,heat or ,f]m5tation1 s soon z !y are beyond ! rea* ( ! ,attraction ( ! ,body1 rec$+ f x1 & also f "o ano!r ) great ,/r5g?1 & keep+ at a di/ance1 s z sometimes to take up above a ,million ( ,times m space ?an !y did be=e 9 ! =m ( a d5se ,body4 ,:i* va/ ,contraction & ,expansion seems un9telligible1 by feign+ ! ,p>ticles ( ,air to be spr+y & ram\s1 or roll$ up l ,hoops1 or by any o!r means ?an a repulsive ,p[]4 ,! ,p>ticles ( ,fluids :i* d n coh]e too /rongly1 & are ( su* a ,smallness z r5d]s !m mo/ susceptible ( ^? ,agitations :i* keep ,liquors 9 a ,fluor1 are mo/ easily sep>at$ & r>ifi$ into ,vap\r1 & 9 ! ,language ( ! ,*ymi/s1 !y are volatile1 r>ify+ ) an easy ,heat1 & cond5s+ ) ,cold4 ,b ^? :i* are gross]1 & s less susceptible ( ,agitation1 or coh]e by a /rong] ,attraction1 are n sep>at$ )\t a /rong] ,heat1 or p]haps n )\t ,f]m5tation4 ,& ^! la/ are ! ,bodies :i* ,*ymi/s call fix'd1 & be+ r>ifi$ by ,f]m5tation1 become true p]man5t ,air2 ^? ,p>ticles rec$+ f "o ano!r ) ! greate/ ,=ce1 & be+ mo/ difficultly br\ght toge!r1 :i* ^u ,contact coh]e mo/ /rongly4 ,& because ! ,p>ticles ( p]man5t ,air are gross]1 & arise f d5s] ,sub/ances ?an ^? ( ,vap\rs1 !nce x is t true ,air is m pond]\s ?an ,vap\r1 & t a moi/ ,atmosph]e is light] ?an a dry "o1 quantity = quantity4 ,f ! same repell+ ,p[] x seems to be t ,flies walk ^u ! ,wat] )\t wett+ _! ,feet2 & t ! ,object-glasses ( long ,telescopes lie ^u "o ano!r )\t t\*+2 & t dry ,p[d]s are difficultly made to t\* "o ano!r s z to /ick toge!r1 unless by melt+ !m1 or wett+ !m ) ,wat]1 :i* by exhal+ may br+ !m toge!r2 & t two poli%'d ,m>bles1 :i* by imm$iate ,contact /ick toge!r1 are difficultly br\ght s close toge!r z to /ick4 ,& ?us ,nature w be v con=mable to h] self & v simple1 p]=m+ all ! great ,motions ( ! heav5ly ,bodies by ! ,attraction ( ,gravity :i* int]c$es ^? ,bodies1 & almo/ all ! small ones ( _! ,p>ticles by "s o!r attractive & repell+ ,p[]s :i* int]c$e ! ,p>ticles4 ,! ,vis in]tiae is a passive ,pr9ciple by :i* ,bodies p]si/ 9 _! ,motion or ,re/1 receive ,motion 9 proportion to ! ,=ce impress+ x1 & resi/ z mu* z !y are resi/$4 ,by ?is ,pr9ciple alone !re nev] c\ld h be5 any ,motion 9 ! ,_w4 ,"s o!r ,pr9ciple 0 necess>y = putt+ ,bodies into ,motion2 & n[ !y are 9 ,motion1 "s o!r ,pr9ciple is necess>y = cons]v+ ! ,motion4 ,= f ! v>i\s ,composition ( two ,motions1 'tis v c]ta9 t !re is n always ! same quantity ( ,motion 9 ! ,_w4 ,= if two ,globes jo9$ by a sl5d] ,rod1 revolve ab\t _! common ,c5t] ( ,gravity ) an uni=m ,motion1 :ile t ,c5t] moves on uni=mly 9 a "r ,l9e drawn 9 ! ,plane ( _! circul> ,motion2 ! ,sum ( ! ,motions ( ! two ,globes1 z (t5 z ! ,globes are 9 ! "r ,l9e describ$ by _! common ,c5t] ( ,gravity1 w be bigg] ?an ! ,sum ( _! ,motions1 :5 !y are 9 a ,l9e p]p5dicul> to t "r ,l9e4 ,by ?is ,in/ance x appe>s t ,motion may be got or lo/4 ,b by reason ( ! ,t5acity ( ,fluids1 & ,attrition ( _! ,p>ts1 & ! ,weakness ( ,ela/icity 9 ,solids1 ,motion is mu* m apt to be lo/ ?an got1 & is always ^u ! ,decay4 ,= ,bodies :i* are ei!r absolutely h>d1 or s s(t z to be void ( ,ela/icity1 w n reb\nd f "o ano!r4 ,imp5etrability makes !m only /op4 ,if two equal ,bodies meet directly 9 vacuo1 !y w by ! ,laws ( ,motion /op :]e !y meet1 & lose all _! ,motion1 & rema9 9 re/1 unless !y be ela/ick1 & receive new ,motion f _! ,spr+4 ,if !y h s mu* ,ela/icity z suffices to make !m re-b\nd ) a qu>t]1 or half1 or ?ree qu>t]s ( ! ,=ce ) :i* !y come toge!r1 !y w lose ?ree qu>t]s1 or half1 or a qu>t] ( _! ,motion4 ,& ?is may be try'd1 by lett+ two equal ,p5dulums fall aga9/ "o ano!r f equal heights4 ,if ! ,p5dulums be ( ,lead or s(t ,clay1 !y w lose all or almo/ all _! ,motions3 ,if ( ela/ick ,bodies !y w lose all b :at !y recov] f _! ,ela/icity4 ,if x be said1 t !y c lose no ,motion b :at !y communicate to o!r ,bodies1 ! consequ5ce is1 t 9 vacuo !y c lose no ,motion1 b :5 !y meet !y mu/ g on & p5etrate "o ano!r's ,dim5sions4 ,if ?ree equal r\nd ,vessels be fill$1 ! "o ) ,wat]1 ! o!r ) ,oil1 ! ?ird ) molt5 ,pit*1 & ! ,liquors be /irr$ ab\t alike to give !m a vortical ,motion2 ! ,pit* by its ,t5acity w lose its ,motion quickly1 ! ,oil be+ less t5aci\s w keep x long]1 & ! ,wat] be+ less t5aci\s w keep x longe/1 b yet w lose x 9 a %ort "t4 ,:5ce x is easy to und]/&1 t if _m contigu\s ,vortices ( molt5 ,pit* 7 ea* ( !m z l>ge z ^? :i* "s suppose to revolve ab\t ! ,sun & fix'd ,/>s1 yet ^! & all _! ,p>ts w\ld1 by _! ,t5acity & ,/iffness1 communicate _! ,motion to "o ano!r till !y all re/$ among !mselves4 ,vortices ( ,oil or ,wat]1 or "s fluid] ,matt]1 might cont9ue long] 9 ,motion2 b unless ! ,matt] 7 void ( all ,t5acity & ,attrition ( ,p>ts1 & ,communication ( ,motion1 7:i* is n to be suppos$17 ! ,motion w\ld con/antly decay4 ,see+ !re=e ! v>iety ( ,motion :i* we f9d 9 ! ,_w is always decreas+1 !re is a necessity ( cons]v+ & recruit+ x by active ,pr9ciples1 su* z are ! cause ( ,gravity1 by :i* ,planets & ,comets keep _! ,motions 9 _! ,orbs1 & ,bodies acquire great ,motion 9 fall+2 & ! cause ( ,f]m5tation1 by :i* ! ,he>t & ,blood ( ,animals are kept 9 p]petual ,motion & ,heat2 ! inw>d ,p>ts ( ! ,e>? are con/antly w>m'd1 & 9 "s places gr[ v hot2 ,bodies burn & %9e1 ,m\nta9s take fire1 ! ,cav]ns ( ! ,e>? are bl[n up1 & ! ,sun cont9ues viol5tly hot & lucid1 & w>ms all ?+s by 8 ,light4 ,= we meet ) v little ,motion 9 ! ,_w1 besides :at is ow+ to ^! active ,pr9ciples4 ,& if x 7 n = ^! ,pr9ciples1 ! ,bodies ( ! ,e>?1 ,planets1 ,comets1 ,sun1 & all ?+s 9 !m1 w\ld gr[ cold & freeze1 & become inactive ,masses2 & all ,putrefaction1 ,g5]ation1 ,vegetation & ,life w\ld cease1 & ! ,planets & ,comets w\ld n rema9 9 _! ,orbs4 ,all ^! ?+s be+ consid]'d1 x seems probable to me1 t ,god 9 ! ,beg9n+ =m'd ,matt] 9 solid1 massy1 h>d1 imp5etrable1 moveable ,p>ticles1 ( su* ,sizes & ,figures1 & ) su* o!r ,prop]ties1 & 9 su* ,proportion to ,space1 z mo/ conduc$ to ! ,end = :i* he =m'd !m2 & t ^! primitive ,p>ticles be+ ,solids1 are incomp>ably h>d] ?an any por\s ,bodies comp\nd$ ( !m2 ev5 s v h>d1 z nev] to we> or break 9 pieces2 no ord9>y ,p[] be+ able to divide :at ,god himself made "o 9 ! fir/ ,creation4 ,:ile ! ,p>ticles cont9ue entire1 !y may compose ,bodies ( "o & ! same ,nature & ,texture 9 all ,ages3 ,b %\ld !y we> away1 or break 9 pieces1 ! ,nature ( ,?+s dep5d+ on !m1 w\ld be *ang$4 ,wat] & ,e>?1 compos$ ( old worn ,p>ticles & ,fragm5ts ( ,p>ticles1 w\ld n be ( ! same ,nature & ,texture n[1 ) ,wat] & ,e>? compos$ ( entire ,p>ticles 9 ! ,beg9n+4 ,& !re=e1 t ,nature may be la/+1 ! ,*anges ( corporeal ,?+s are to be plac$ only 9 ! v>i\s ,sep>ations & new ,associations & ,motions ( ^! p]man5t ,p>ticles2 comp\nd ,bodies be+ apt to break1 n 9 ! mid/ ( solid ,p>ticles1 b :]e ^? ,p>ticles are laid toge!r1 & only t\* 9 a few ,po9ts4 ,x seems to me f>!r1 t ^! ,p>ticles h n only a ,vis in]tiae1 accompani$ ) su* passive ,laws ( ,motion z naturally result f t ,=ce1 b also t !y are mov$ by c]ta9 active ,pr9ciples1 su* z is t ( ,gravity1 & t :i* causes ,f]m5tation1 & ! ,cohesion ( ,bodies4 ,^! ,pr9ciples ,i consid]1 n z occult ,qualities1 suppos$ to result f ! specifick ,=ms ( ,?+s1 b z g5]al ,laws ( ,nature1 by :i* ! ,?+s !mselves are =m'd2 _! ,tru? appe>+ to u by ,pha5om5a1 ?\gh _! ,causes be n yet discov]'d4 ,= ^! are manife/ ,qualities1 & _! ,causes only are occult4 ,& ! ,ari/otelians gave ! ,"n ( occult ,qualities1 n to manife/ ,qualities1 b to su* ,qualities only z !y suppos$ to lie hid 9 ,bodies1 & to be ! unkn[n ,causes ( manife/ ,effects3 ,su* z w\ld be ! ,causes ( ,gravity1 & ( magnetick & electrick ,attractions1 & ( ,f]m5tations1 if we %\ld suppose t ^! ,=ces or ,actions arose f ,qualities unkn[n to u1 & uncapable ( be+ discov]$ & made manife/4 ,su* occult ,qualities put a /op to ! ,improvem5t ( natural ,philosophy1 & !re=e ( late ,ye>s h be5 reject$4 ,to tell u t e ,species ( ,?+s is end['d ) an occult specifick ,quality by :i* x acts & produces manife/ ,effects1 is to tell u no?+3 ,b to d]ive two or ?ree g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,motion f ,pha5om5a1 & aft]w>ds to tell u h[ ! ,prop]ties & ,actions ( all corporeal ,?+s foll[ f ^? manife/ ,pr9ciples1 w\ld be a v great /ep 9 ,philosophy1 ?\gh ! ,causes ( ^? ,pr9ciples 7 n yet discov]'d3 ,& !re=e ,i scruple n to propose ! ,pr9ciples ( ,motion above-m5tion'd1 !y be+ ( v g5]al ,ext5t1 & leave _! ,causes to be f\nd out4 ,n[ by ! help ( ^! ,pr9ciples1 all mat]ial ,?+s seem to h be5 compos$ ( ! h>d & solid ,p>ticles above-m5tion'd1 v>i\sly associat$ 9 ! fir/ ,creation by ! ,c\nsel ( an intellig5t ,ag5t4 ,= x became him :o creat$ !m to set !m 9 ord]4 ,& if he did s1 x's unphilosophical to seek = any o!r ,orig9 ( ! ,_w1 or to pret5d t x might arise out ( a ,*aos by ! m]e ,laws ( ,nature2 ?\gh be+ once =m'd1 x may cont9ue by ^? ,laws = _m ,ages4 ,= :ile ,comets move 9 v exc5trick ,orbs 9 all mann] ( ,positions1 bl9d ,fate c\ld nev] make all ! ,planets move "o & ! same way 9 ,orbs conc5trick1 "s inconsid]able ,irregul>ities except$1 :i* may h ris5 f ! mutual ,actions ( ,comets & ,planets ^u "o ano!r1 & :i* w be apt to increase1 till ?is ,sy/em wants a ,re=mation4 ,su* a wond]ful ,uni=mity 9 ! ,planet>y ,sy/em mu/ be all[$ ! ,effect ( ,*oice4 ,& s mu/ ! ,uni=mity 9 ! ,bodies ( ,animals1 !y hav+ g5]ally a "r & a left side %ap$ alike1 & on ei!r side ( _! ,bodies two ,legs beh9d1 & ei!r two ,arms1 or two ,legs1 or two ,w+s be=e ^u _! ,%\ld]s1 & betwe5 _! ,%\ld]s a ,neck runn+ d[n into a ,back-bone1 & a ,head ^u x2 & 9 ! ,head two ,e>s1 two ,eyes1 a ,nose1 a ,m\?1 & a ,tongue1 alike situat$4 ,also ! fir/ ,contrivance ( ^? v artificial ,p>ts ( ,animals1 ! ,eyes1 ,e>s1 ,bra91 ,muscles1 ,he>t1 ,lungs1 ,midriff1 ,gl&s1 ,l>ynx1 ,h&s1 ,w+s1 swimm+ ,bladd]s1 natural ,spectacles1 & o!r ,organs ( ,s5se & ,motion2 & ! ,in/9ct ( ,brutes & ,insects1 c be ! effect ( no?+ else ?an ! ,wisdom & ,skill ( a p[]ful ev]-liv+ ,ag5t1 :o be+ 9 all ,places1 is m able by 8 ,w to move ! ,bodies )9 8 b\ndless uni=m ,s5sorium1 & !reby to =m & re=m ! ,p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 ?an we are by our ,w to move ! ,p>ts ( our own ,bodies4 ,& yet we are n to consid] ! ,_w z ! ,body ( ,god1 or ! sev]al ,p>ts !re(1 z ! ,p>ts ( ,god4 ,he is an uni=m ,be+1 void ( ,organs1 ,memb]s or ,p>ts1 & !y are 8 ,creatures subord9ate to him1 & subs]vi5t to 8 ,w2 & he is no m ! ,s\l ( !m1 ?an ! ,s\l ( ,man is ! ,s\l ( ! ,species ( ,?+s c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,organs ( ,s5se into ! place ( its ,s5sation1 :]e x p]ceives !m by means ( its imm$iate ,pres5ce1 )\t ! ,int]v5tion ( any ?ird ?+4 ,! ,organs ( ,s5se are n = enabl+ ! ,s\l to p]ceive ! ,species ( ,?+s 9 its ,s5sorium1 b only = convey+ !m ?i!r2 & ,god has no ne$ ( su* ,organs1 he be+ e :]e pres5t to ! ,?+s !mselves4 ,& s9ce ,space is divisible 9 inf9itum1 & ,matt] is n necess>ily 9 all places1 x may be also all['d t ,god is able to create ,p>ticles ( ,matt] ( sev]al ,sizes & ,figures1 & 9 sev]al ,proportions to ,space1 & p]haps ( diff]5t ,d5sities & ,=ces1 & !reby to v>y ! ,laws ( ,nature1 & make ,worlds ( sev]al sorts 9 sev]al ,p>ts ( ! ,univ]se4 ,at lea/1 ,i see no?+ ( ,contradiction 9 all ?is4 ,z 9 ,ma!maticks1 s 9 ,natural ,philosophy1 ! ,inve/igation ( difficult ,?+s by ! ,me?od ( ,analysis1 ought ev] to prec$e ! ,me?od ( ,composition4 ,?is ,analysis consi/s 9 mak+ ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 & 9 draw+ g5]al ,conclusions f !m by ,induction1 & admitt+ ( no ,objections aga9/ ! ,conclusions1 b su* z are tak5 f ,exp]im5ts1 or o!r c]ta9 ,tru?s4 ,= ,hypo!ses are n to be reg>d$ 9 exp]im5tal ,philosophy4 ,& al?\gh ! argu+ f ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations by ,induction be no ,demon/ration ( g5]al ,conclusions2 yet x is ! be/ way ( argu+ :i* ! ,nature ( ,?+s admits (1 & may be look$ ^u z s mu* ! /rong]1 by h[ mu* ! ,induction is m g5]al4 ,& if no ,exception occur f ,pha5om5a1 ! ,conclusion may be pron\nc$ g5]ally4 ,b if at any "t aft]w>ds any ,exception %all occur f ,exp]im5ts1 x may !n beg9 to be pron\nc$ ) su* ,exceptions z occur4 ,by ?is way ( ,analysis we may proce$ f ,comp\nds to ,+r$i5ts1 & f ,motions to ! ,=ces produc+ !m2 & 9 g5]al1 f ,effects to _! ,causes1 & f p>ticul> ,causes to m g5]al ones1 till ! ,argum5t end 9 ! mo/ g5]al4 ,?is is ! ,me?od ( ,analysis3 ,& ! ,syn!sis consi/s 9 assum+ ! ,causes discov]'d1 & e/abli%'d z ,pr9ciples1 & by !m expla9+ ! ,pha5om5a proce$+ f !m1 & prov+ ! ,explanations4 ,9 ! two fir/ ,books ( ^! ,opticks1 ,i proce$$ by ?is ,analysis to discov] & prove ! orig9al ,diff]5ces ( ! ,rays ( ,light 9 respect ( ,refrangibility1 ,reflexibility1 & ,col\r1 & _! alt]nate ,fits ( easy ,reflexion & easy ,transmission1 & ! ,prop]ties ( ,bodies1 bo? opake & pellucid1 on :i* _! ,reflexions & ,col\rs dep5d4 ,& ^! ,discov]ies be+ prov$1 may be assum$ 9 ! ,me?od ( ,composition = expla9+ ! ,pha5om5a aris+ f !m3 ,an ,in/ance ( :i* ,me?od ,i gave 9 ! ,end ( ! fir/ ,book4 ,9 ?is ?ird ,book ,i h only begun ! ,analysis ( :at rema9s to be discov]'d ab\t ,light & its ,effects ^u ! ,frame ( ,nature1 h9t+ sev]al ?+s ab\t x1 & leav+ ! ,h9ts to be exam9'd & improv'd by ! f>!r ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations ( su* z are inquisitive4 ,& if natural ,philosophy 9 all its ,p>ts1 by pursu+ ?is ,me?od1 %all at l5g? be p]fect$1 ! ,b\nds ( ,moral ,philosophy w be also enl>g$4 ,= s f> z we c "k by natural ,philosophy :at is ! fir/ ,cause1 :at ,p[] he has ov] u1 & :at ,b5efits we receive f him1 s f> our ,duty t[>ds him1 z well z t t[>ds "o ano!r1 w appe> to u by ! ,light ( ,nature4 ,& no d\bt1 if ! ,wor%ip ( false ,gods _h n bl9d$ ! ,hea!n1 _! moral ,philosophy w\ld h gone f>!r ?an to ! f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues2 & in/ead ( tea*+ ! ,transmigration ( ,s\ls1 & to wor%ip ! ,sun & ,moon1 & dead ,h]oes1 !y w\ld h taught u to wor%ip our true ,au?or & ,b5efactor1 z _! ,ance/ors did "u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,noah & 8 ,sons be=e !y corrupt$ !mselves4