:i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations &   
illum9ations4       ,see #ccdig-;h4htm  
or #ccdig-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#ccdig_/pg#ccdig-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ccdi
g_/ccdig-;h4zip7      ,,f ,,xylographs  
,,to ,,lead ,,molds  ,,ad #addj         
,,ad #aiba        ,copyright1 #aiba ,!  
,rapid ,electrotype ,company ,c9c9nati1 
,ohio     ,,=eword   ,pr9t+ has be5     
call$ ! art pres]vative ( all arts4 ,!  
inv5tion ( individual movable ca/-metal 
type1 betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #addj & #addf1 made
 pr9t+ a comm]cial possibility4  ,!     
subsequ5t rapid spread ( ! art1 9 ! h&s 
( /ud5ts & craftsm51 may be said to h   
be5 ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! ,r5aissance & !
 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 :i* age1 if x c be  
*ronologically delimit$1 began ,a4 ,d4  
#adec4  ,pr9t+ divulg$ to ! masses !    
anci5t classics :i* _h be5 lock$ up 9   
mona/]ies & accessible only to cl]ics & 
! nobility4 ,! common p began to read4  
,education became popul>iz$4  ,?is      

bro*ure is a brief hi/ory ( ! evolution 
f xylographs to ! me?ods us$ today =    
duplicat+ a typographical pr9t+ surface 
9 a solid piece4     ,,individual       
,,movable ,,ca/-,,metal ,,type   ,! art 
( writ+1 & t ( pr9t+ f wood5 blocks1 &  
all ! subsidi>y arts ( illum9at+1       
decorat+ & b9d+ manuscripts & books1 _h 
long pass$ out ( ! exclusive h&s ( !    
mona/]ies into ! h&s ( /ud5ts &         
artisans1 be=e pr9t+ ) individual       
movable ca/-metal type 0 inv5t$4 ,?is   
epo* mak+ inv5tion came into practical  
use betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #addj & #addf4  ,:51 
!re=e1 ,johannes ,koelh(f ( ,lubeck1    
,g]many1 pr9t$ ! ,cologne ,*ronicle 9   
#adii1 he us$ individual movable        
ca/-metal type4 ,typographic pr9t+ _h   
long be=e sup]s$$ ,xylographic pr9t+1 t 
is1 pr9t+ f a solid block ( wood on :i* 
type ( an entire page 7 cut individually
 by h&4  ,betwe5 ! inv5tion ( individual
 movable ca/-metal type & ! p]fection by
 ! ,e>l ( ,/anhope ( 8 pr9t+-press1 7a  
p]iod ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty ye>s71 

v few improvem5ts _h be5 made 9 !       
me*anics ( pr9t+4 ,ev]y?+ we "k today   
ab\t ! art has come into use s9ce #agii1
 & if ,koelh(f _h come to life 9 #agii &
 be5 p]mitt$ to resume 8 occupation (   
pr9t]1 he w\ld h f\nd himself           
practically famili> ) ! me*anical       
equipm5t ( 8 craft z us$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t 
( ! ,/anhope ,press 9 t la/ ye> ( !     
eighte5? c5tury4  ,c5turies be=e #addj  
pr9t+ is believ$ to h be5 attempt$ 9    
,*9a2 presumably ab\t ! beg9n+ ( !      
,*ri/ian era4 ,x is said t 9 ! ye> ,a4  
,d4 #age ! text ( ! ,*9ese classics 0   
cut into tablets :i* 7 erect$ outside ! 
national univ]sity at ,pek+1 & t        
impressions--probably rubb+s--7 tak5 (  
!m4 ,"s ( ^! fac-simile impressions are 
/ill 9 exi/5ce1 x is ass]t$4            
,xylography 0 also practic$ 9 ,*9a long 
be=e ,europe knew ! art4 ,x c be trac$ z
 f> back z ! six? c5tury1 :5 ! f\nd] ( !
 ,suy dyna/y is said to h _h ! rema9s ( 
! ,*9ese classics engrav$ on wood1 ?\gh 
x 0 n until ! t5? c5tury t pr9t$ books  

became common 9 ,*9a4  ,! au?orities ( !
 ,briti% ,museum also report t ,*9ese   
writ]s give ! "n ( a c]ta9 ,pi ,%5g :o1 
9 ! elev5? c5tury1 inv5t$ movable type1 
& ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,pr9t$ ,books &
 ,manuscripts ( ! same in/itution       
possesses a copy ( ! ,w5 hsi5 tung ,kao1
 a ,*9ese encyclop$ia pr9t$ 9 ,korea f  
movable type 9 ,a4 ,d4 #accg4  ,to !    
,koreans also is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( 
copp] type 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 &
 ! inspection ( books be>+ ! dates ( t  
p]iod seems to %[ t !y us$ su* type1 ev5
 if !y did n inv5t !m4  ,! fir/ au!ntic 
,european pr9t+ produc$ f individual    
movable type ( :i* we h any record$     
impression1 be>s ! date ( ,a4 ,d4 #aded4
 ,^! docum5ts are two diff]5t editions (
 ! same ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce issu$ 9 t  
ye> by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 9 behalf ( !  
,k+dom ( ,cyprus4 ,we d n "k1 h[ev]1    
:e!r !y 7 pr9t$ f metal or wood type4   
,illu/ration  ,z to ! exact date ( !    
inv5tion ( pr9t+ f individual movable   
type 9 ,europe1 we "k only t x 0 "s "t  

prior to ,a4 ,d4 #aded4 ,:]e & by :om ! 
inv5tion came ab\t1 a dispute has be5   
wag$ = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s2 "o ( ! mo/
 hotly conte/$ que/ions 9 hi/ory4 ,9    
%ort1 ,koelh(f 0 9 "p responsible = />t+
 ?is dispute4 ,he publi%$ 9 8 ,cologne  
,*ronicle a /atem5t by ,ulri* ,zell1 a  
pr9t] ( ,ma9z 9 ,g]many & a contempor>y 
( ,gut5b]g1 t ,gut5b]g _h improv$1 b n  
inv5t$ ! art1 :i* he attributes to ,co/]
 ( ,ha>lem1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ! ye> #addj4
 ,gut5b]g /ole ,co/]'s type1 accord+ to 
,zell1 & pr9t$ f !m 9 #addb4 ,o!r       
unrefutable evid5ce %[s t ,gut5b]g c\ld 
n h begun pr9t+ at ,ma9z be=e ! end (   
#adej4  ,9 addition to ,gut5b]g & ,co/] 
we also f9d ,waldfoghel ( ,avignon1 9   
,france1 & ,ca/aldi ( ,felte1 9 ,italy1 
m5tion$ z claimants ( ?is inv5tion4 ,!  
value ( _! respective pret5sions has be5
 summ$ up by "o well kn[n au?ority 9 !  
words1 ,holl& has books1 b no docum5ts4 
,france has docum5ts1 b no books4 ,italy
 has nei!r books1 nor docum5ts1 :ile    
,g]many has bo? books & docum5ts4  ,z ! 

case /&s at pres5t1 aft] c>eful &       
imp>tial exam9ation ( all available     
evid5ce1 no *oice is left b to attribute
 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) individual movable
 ca/-metal type to ,l\r5s ,janszoon     
,co/] ( ,ha>lem 9 ! ,ne!rl&s betwe5 !   
ye>s #addj & #addf & n to ,gut5b]g (    
,ma9z 9 ,g]many4  ,zell's /atem5t 9 !   
,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii is fur!r     
sub/antiat$ by ,hadrianus ,junius 9 8   
,batavia4 ,junius /at$ t pr9t+ f        
individual movable type 0 inv5t$ by     
,co/] 9 ,ha>lem1 & t ! ,speculum        
,humanae ,salvationes 0 "o ( 8 fir/     
productions4 ,^! two /atem5ts 7 made    
indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r & bo? are         
corroborat$ by books to :i* !y ref]4  ,!
 ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationes1       
attribut$ to ,co/] by ,junius 0 p>tly a 
folio ,lat9 block-book1 & p>tly         
typographically pr9t$4 ,f ?is & o!r     
records x has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ t     
,co/] began z a xylograph] & end$ z a   
typographical pr9t]1 & be=e #adgb he _h 
manufactur$ & ext5sively us$ at lea/    

sev5 diff]5t /yles ( primitive look+    
individual movable ca/-metal type4      
,accord+ to tradition1 :ile he 0 walk+ 9
 a wood ne> ,ha>lem1 ,co/] cut "s lett]s
 9 ! b>k ( a bee* tree1 & ) !m1 rev]sely
 impress$ "o by "o on pap]1 he compos$  
"o or two l9es z an example = ! *ildr5 (
 8 son-9-law4  ,junius does n say x1 b  
cle>ly implies t1 9 ?is way1 ,co/] came 
to ! idea ( ! movability ( ! *>act]s1 ! 
fir/ /ep 9 ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,he 
p]ceiv$ ! advantage & utility ( su*     
insulat$ *>act]s1 :i* hi!rto he _h be5  
cutt+ toge!r on "o block1 & s ! inv5tion
 ( pr9t+ ) individual movable type 0    
made4  ,! que/ions z to :e!r he cont9u$ 
to pr9t ) movable wood5 type1 or ev5    
pr9t$ books ) !m1 _c be answ]$1 because 
no su* books or fragm5ts ( !m h come d[n
 to u4 ,junius' words on ?is po9t are   
ambigu\s1 & yet1 ^u ! exam9ation ( !    
fir/ edition ( ! ,dut* ,spiegel 7( :i*  
two copies are pres]v$ at ,ha>lem7 no "o
 w\ld d5y t !re are gr\nds = ?is belief4
 ,! danc+ condition ( ! l9es & lett]s   

make x almo/ impossible to ?9k t !y are 
impressions f metal type4 ,b = h[ long &
 to :at ext5t movable wood5 type 7      
employ$1 if at all1 _c be positively    
/at$4  ,h[ev]1 ?is idea ( movability1 & 
! accid5tal way 9 :i* x 0 discov]$1 =m  
toge!r ! pi? ( ! ,ha>lem tradition z    
told by ,junius4 ,no?+ seems m natural  
?an t a block-pr9t] %\ld cut su* sep>ate
 lett]s z ,co/] did on ! b>k ( a tree & 
!reupon p]ceive t !y c\ld be us$ ov] &  
ov] aga9 = a v>iety ( words on diff]5t  
pages1 :ile ^? :i* he us$ to cut 9 a    
solid block only s]v$ him = "o page & = 
"o purpose4  ,x is equally cle> f !     
,ha>lem tradition t ! art ( ca/+ metal  
type 0 ! second /age 9 ! inv5tion1 a    
developm5t or outcome ( ! prim>y idea ( 
movable lett]s1 = ,junius says t ,co/]  
aft]w>ds *ang$ ! bee*5 *>act]s into     
lead51 & ! latt] aga9 into t9 ones4     
,!od4 ,bibli&]1 9 #aedh1 0 ! fir/ to    
speak ( movable wood5 type & to describe
 !m4 ,fir/ !y cut _! lett]s1 he reports1
 on wood blocks ! size ( an entire page2

 b because ! labor & co/ ( t way 0 s    
great1 !y devis$ movable wood5 type1    
p]=at$ & jo9$ "o to ano!r by a ?read4   
,bibli&] does n say t he _h ev] se5 su* 
type himself1 b ,dan ,speckle or        
,speckl9 7d4 #aehi7 :o ascrib$ !        
inv5tion to ,m5tel91 ass]ts t he saw "s 
( ^! wood5 type at ,/raussburg2 &       
,angelo ,roc*o ass]t$ 9 #aeia t he _h   
se5 at ,v5ice type p]=at$ & jo9$ "o to  
ano!r by a ?read1 b he does n /ate :e!r 
!y 7 ( wood or ( metal4  ,!re is a !ory 
also t betwe5 block-pr9t+ & pr9t+ )     
movable ca/-metal type !re 0 an         
int]m$iate /age ( pr9t+ ) sculpto-fusi  
type2 t is1 a type ( :i* ! %ank _h to be
 ca/ 9 a quadrilat]al mold & ! *>act]s  
or lett]s engrav$ aft]w>ds by h&4 ,?is  
!ory 0 sugge/$ by "s "o :o c\ld n       
believe 9 wood5 type & yet wi%$ to      
acc\nt = ! m>k$ irregul>ities ( ! type  
us$ to pr9t ! e>lie/ books4  ,grant+ t  
all ! e>li] works ( typography pres]v$  
to u are impressions ( ca/-metal type1  
!re are /ill diff]5ces ( op9ion1        

especially among practical pr9t]s &     
type-f\nd]s1 z to ! probable me?ods     
employ$ to ca/ !m4 ,x is consid]$       
unlikely1 al?\gh n impossible1 t !      
inv5tion ( pr9t+ pass$ all at once f    
xylography to ! p]fect typography ( !   
pun*1 matrix1 & mold4  ,! types t ,co/] 
made & us$ 7 suppos$ to h be5           
manufactur$ 9 "o ( ?ree or f\r probable 
ways4  ,b]n>d believ$ t ! fir/ movable  
ca/-metal type 7 mold$ 9 s&1 s9ce t     
me?od ( ca/+ 0 kn[n to ! silv]smi?s &   
tr9ket-mak]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9     
sub/antiation ( 8 !ory he exhibits a    
specim5 ( a ^w ca/ z a unit = him by ?is
 process1 r\ghly simil> to a mod]n      
l9otype slug4  ,a second sugge/$ mode 0 
t ( ca/+ 9 clay molds1 by a me?od v     
simil> to t us$ 9 ! s& process1 &       
result+ 9 l peculi>ities & v>iations 9 !
 type4  ,ottley1 9 8 ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1
 0 ! *ief expon5t ( ?is !ory4 ,he       
believ$ t type 7 made by p\r+ molt5 lead
 into molds ( clay or pla/]1 aft] !     
ord9>y mann] us$ f "t immemorial 9 ca/+ 

/atues & o!r articles ( metal4  ,!      
imp]fections 9 ! type ca/ by ! s& & clay
 processes--! difficulty ( unev5 heights
 9 ! v>i\s type--is suppos$ to h be5    
surm\nt$ ei!r by lock+ up ! =m ) !      
type-face d[nw>d on ! compos+ /one1 or  
by p]=at+ ! type1 ei!r at ! "t ( ca/+ or
 aft]w>ds1 & hold+ !m 9 _! places by    
means ( a wire or ?read ?r\gh !         
p]=ations4  ,illu/ration  ,to ?is cause 
has be5 attribut$ ! num]\s mispr9ts 9 ^?
 e>ly specim5s ( ! pr9t]s' art1 to      
correct :i* w\ld h involv$ ! un?read+ ( 
e l9e 9 :i* a typographical error       
occurr$4  ,a /rik+ pro( t ! l9es 7 put  
into ! =m "o by "o1 z a piece1 in/ead ( 
type by type1 is %[n 9 a blund] 9 !     
,speculum ( ,co/] :]e ! :ole ( a la/    
ref]5ce l9e is turn$4 ,x is z if a mod]n
 l9otype slug 7 put 9 ! =m up-side-d[n4 
,a ?ird sugge/ion z to ! me?od by :i* ! 
type ( ^? e>ly days ( pr9t+ may h be5   
produc$ is describ$ z a sy/em t !       
type-f\nd]s ( ab\t #ahjj call$          
,polytypage1 :i* is a ca/ facsimile copy

 ( an engrav$ block ( type matt]4       
,lamb9et1 :o is responsible = ?is       
sugge/ion1 expla9s t ?is me?od really   
means an e>ly adoption ( ! /]eotyp+     
process4  ,lamb9et ?\ght t ! e>ly pr9t]s
 may h discov]$ a way ( mold+ 9 cool+   
metal s z to get a matrix-plate         
impression ( an entire page4 ,^u ?is    
matrix !y w\ld p\r molt5 lead or t9 & by
 ! aid ( a roll]1 press ! fus$ metal    
ev5ly s z to make x p5etrate into all ! 
holl[s & corn]s ( ! lett]s4 ,?is tablet 
( lead or t91 :5 cool$1 be+ easily      
deta*$ f ! matrix1 w\ld !n reveal !     
lett]s ( ! alphabet rev]s$ & 9 relief1  
simil> to a pres5t day /]eotype4 ,!     
individual lett]s1 ( c\rse1 c\ld easily 
be cut ap>t by a %>p tool1 & ! mold+    
op]ation c\ld be repeat$1 us+ ! same    
matrix4 ,! metal type faces s produc$   
w\ld be fix$ on wood5 %anks1 type high1 
& ! font w\ld be complete4  ,x is       
impossible to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ma9z 
psalt] ( #adeg1 :i* ,lamb9et po9ts to z 
a specim5 ( ?is mode ( execution1 is !  

impression1 n ( type at all1 b a        
collection ( ca/s m\nt$ on wood4  ,yet  
ano!r !ory has be5 propos$ by ,dr4 ,*4  
,ens*$e1 head ( ! celebrat$ type f\ndry 
( t "n 9 ,ha>lem4 ,ens*$e concludes t ! 
,co/]ian type 7 produc$ f lead5 matrices
 & ! latt] f brass patrices4 ,_! bad1   
irregul> condition 0 due to ! tools be+ 
imp]fect1 & ,co/] 9 ! fir/ practice ( 8 
inv5tion 0 inexp]i5c$ & !re=e b\nd to   
produce su* imp]fections z are f\nd 9 ! 
,speculum4 ,co/]'s type 7 ca/ 9 "o      
tempo1 t is1 ! "* itself & ! %ank ca/ at
 ! same "t 9 "o piece4  ,gut5b]g's      
patrices1 accord+ to ,ens*$e1 7 made l  
bookb9d]s' /amps1 ( yell[ copp]1 i4 e41 
brass4 ,) su* patrices only lead        
matrices c\ld be made1 b ! latt] c\ld be
 produc$ 9 two ways4 ,molt5 lead c\ld be
 p\r$ ov] ! patrices or ! patrices c\ld 
be press$ into cold lead4 ,! fir/ mode  
is some:at complex1 b ! matrix w\ld h a 
smoo? surface & ne$ no fur!r adju/m5t4  
,! second mode is m simple1 b requir$   
great =ce1 al?\gh lead is a s(t metal4  

,moreov] ! surface ( ! matrix w\ld h to 
be trimm$1 z ! impression =ces ! metal  
d[nw>ds & sidew>ds1 :i* makes ! surface 
unev51 ?\gh by ?is pressure ! lead      
becomes firm] & m compact1 to !         
advantage ( ! type-f\nd]4  ,ens*$e ?9ks 
t ,gut5b]g obta9$ 8 matrices by ! second
 mode4 ,he arrives at ?is conclusion by 
reason ( ! fact t ,gut5b]g's types 7    
%>p] 9 _! impressions ?an ,co/]'s4      
,develop+ ?is !ory1 he believes t       
,gut5b]g _h ea* lett] engrav$ on a brass
 plate #b mm4 ?ick1 !re=e a m]e lett]   
)\t any?+ und]nea? x4 ,?is brass lett]  
patrix 0 press$1 by means ( a small flat
 plate1 s f> into ! lead t its back =m$ 
an unbrok5 plane ) ! top surface ( !    
lead1 & 0 !n remov$4  ,aft] ! matrix _h 
be5 made ?is way1 ! type 7 ca/1 :i* 0   
done1 n by p\r+ metal into ! matrix1 b  
by press+ ! latt] into semi-fus$ metal4 
,9 ?is way a great _m lett]s c\ld be ca/
 f "o matrix )\t any injury to x4       
,gut5b]g's me?od 0 to ca/ 9 two tempos1 
accord+ to ,ens*$e1 t is1 ! "* 0 ca/    

fir/ & ! %ank 0 ca/ by ano!r op]ation   
jo9+ x to ! "*4  ,ens*$e w>ns u1 h[ev]1 
t 8 !ories are simply ^? ( a practical  
f\nd] & n a bibliograph]'s4 ,b s9ce no  
tools us$ by ^? e>ly pr9t]s &           
type-f\nd]s h come to light to prove or 
disprove him1 8 !ory is z valuable z any
 o!rs advanc$ z to ! me?ods us$ = ca/+  
type 9 ^? primitive days ( pr9t+4  ,!   
%ape ( ! type us$ z e>ly z #adgj does n 
seem to diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ! pres5t 
day4 ,?is is evid5t f old type :i* 7    
discov]$ 9 #ahgh 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] ,saone1
 ne> ,lyons1 opposite ! site ( "o ( !   
fifte5? c5tury pr9t+-h\ses ( t city4    
,also a page 9 ,joh4 ,neid]'s ,lepra    
,moralis pr9t$ by ,conrad ,hombur* 9    
,cologne 9 #adgf %[s ! accid5tal        
impression ( a type pull$ up f its place
 9 ! c\rse ( pr9t+ by ! ink-ball1 & laid
 at l5g? on ! face ( ! =m1 leav+ its    
exact pr(ile ind5t$ ^u ! page4  ,?is    
accid5tal impr9t %[s a small circle1 & x
 is presum$ t ! type 7 pi]c$ latt]ly by 
a circul> hole1 :i* did n p5etrate !    

:ole ?ickness ( ! lett]1 & s]v$1 l !    
nick 9 mod]n type1 to enable !          
compositor to tell by t\* :i* way to set
 ! lett] 9 8 /ick4  ,! fact t a lett] 0 
pull$ out ( ! =m seems to %[ t ! type   
compos+ ! l9e c\ld n h be5 ?read$       
toge!r1 z set =? by ,ottley 9 8 !ory (  
clay molds = ca/+ type4 ,x is to be     
rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! e>ly days (      
pr9t+1 e pr9t] 0 8 own type-f\nd]4 ,!   
me?od ( ca/+ type _h n be5 /&>diz$ & ea*
 pr9t] _h 8 own individual ideas bo? z  
to ! k9d ( *>act]s & ! me?od us$ 9 ca/+ 
!m4 ,"s may h ?read$ _! type toge!r 9   
l9es & o!rs may h simply lock$ !m up 9 !
 =m face d[nw>d 9 ! compos+ /one to     
ov]come any irregul>ities caus$ by crude
 me?ods ( ca/+4  ,v9c4 ,f9es*i1 (       
,flor5ce1 9 ,italy1 gives an extract f !
 co/-book ( ! ,ripoli press1 ab\t #adhj1
 :i* %[s t /eel1 brass1 copp]1 t91 lead 
& iron 7 all us$ 9 ! manufacture ( type 
at t p]iod4  ,today we h ! wiz>dry (    
me*anical production 9 ! manufacture (  
type4 ,! l9otype & monotype ma*9es1     

uncanny 9 _! op]ations1 h also come into
 common practice4 ,)\t !m pr9t+ w\ld    
seem almo/ z primitive1 9 typography1 z 
x 0 9 its infancy4     ,,/]eotyp+       
,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury a    
c]ta9 ,van d] ,mey]1 ( ,antw]p1 made !  
next /ep t[>ds a def9ite improvem5t 9   
typography1 ! fir/ t _h be5 attempt$    
s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ f movable1      
ca/-metal type4 ,van d] ,mey] prep>$ !  
compos$ pages ( ! ,bible by sold]+      
toge!r ! bottom ( ! type 9 ! =m4 ,?is 0 
! fir/ /]eotype1 a t]m d]iv$ f two      
,greek words mean+ lit]ally solidtype4  
,?is me?od met "o requirem5t4 ,x prev5t$
 ! pi-+ ( ! type1 b x _h ! disadvantage 
( hold+ 9 comp>ative idl5ess a l>ge &   
co/ly mass ( type useless = any o!r     
purpose1 & x 0 n g5]ally practic$4  ,?is
 0 foll[$ 9 #agcj1 by ,william ,g$1 a   
goldsmi? ( ,ed9burgh1 :o is cr$it$ )    
ca/+ pr9t+-plates 9 pla/]-(-p>is molds =
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,bible4 ,^!  
plates1 h[ev]1 7 de/roy$ by jeal\s      
pr9t]s & ?r[n aside1 result+ 9 ! process

 be+ ab&on$ = _m ye>s4  ,9 ! meantime   
sev]al o!r improvem5ts along ?is l9e 7  
und]go+ exp]im5t4 ,firm9 ,didot1        
7#agfd-ahcf71 a pr9t] ( ,p>is1 ca/ type 
( a h>d alloy1 & :5 8 book-pages 7      
compos$1 made an impression ( !m on a   
%eet ( s(t lead1 ?us =m+ a mold4 ,molt5 
metal 0 !n p\r$ into a %all[ tray1 & j z
 ?is 0 on ! po9t ( solidify+1 b /ill    
pla/ic1 ! lead-mold ( ! book-page 0     
press$ on ! s(t metal 9 ! tray4 ,?is    
process call$ ,polytypage1 0 b p>tly    
successful2 x c\ld be us$ only = small  
pages1 & ! plates 7 too (t5 defective4  
,a process simil> to ?is is :at ,lamb9et
 ?\ght ! pr9t]s ( ! latt] half ( !      
fifte5? c5tury might h us$ z "o ( !     
probable me?ods to ca/ _! metal types4  
,^! & o!r exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 lead+ to !
 real /]eotyp+ process :i* develop$     
lat]4  ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,e>l   
,/anhope1 ( ,engl&1 re-introduc$ ,g$'s  
/]eotyp+ process ) _m improvem5ts4  ,"o 
or m pages ( type 7 lock$ 9 a *ase1 !   
surface ( ! type be+ oil$ to prev5t !   

subsequ5t mold f /ick+4 ,! mold 0 made  
by p\r+ a semi-fluid composition (      
pla/]-(-p>is mix$ ) a little f9e salt to
 make ! pla/] settle solidly4 ,:ile !   
pla/] 0 /ill s(t1 x 0 c>efully press$   
d[n & roll$ smoo? on top to give a uni=m
 ?ickness to ! mold & to expel any air  
!re might be 9 ! pla/]4 ,:5 ! pla/]     
became solid1 x =m$ a p]fect matrix ( ! 
type pages4  ,! moi/ure 9 ^? e>ly pla/] 
molds 0 expell$ by bak+ !m 9 an ov5 =   
?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,a lat] me?od = dry+ 0
 practic$ by susp5d+ ! mold directly ov]
 ! metal-pots or to float !m on !       
surface ( ! molt5 metal4 ,by ?is means !
 dry+ c\ld be accompli%$ 9 a half-h\r or
 s4  ,9 ! process ( ca/+1 sev]al ( ^!   
pla/] molds 7 plac$ side by side face   
d[nw>d 9 a special ca/+-pan4 ,! pan 0 "o
 & ?ree-qu>t]s or two in*es deep1 & a   
lid on ! pan screw$ d[n on ! back ( !   
molds4 ,by means ( a crane ! ca/+ pan ) 
its molds 0 !n l[]$ into ! pot ( molt5  
metal :i* ran into ! pan at ! corn]s &  
sides4 ,! mold 0 all[$ to rema9 t5      

m9utes or s 9 ! metal-pot1 or until !   
face ( ! inv]t$ mold 0 entirely fill$ ) 
! metal4  ,illu/ration  ,a lat] me?od ( 
ca/+ f a pla/] mold 0 to place x 9 a    
frame ) a smoo?1 flat plate opposite !  
face ( ! mold & to enclose ! op5 space  
at "o end & on ! two sides4 ,! ca/+     
space ?us =m$ 0 !n turn$ ) ! op5 end up 
& metal 0 p\r$ 9 ) a ladle1 9 a mann]   
simil> to ! me?od /ill employ$ = ca/+   
job-"w /]eotypes4 ,! di/ance betwe5 !   
flat plate & ! mold 0 adju/$ to make a  
/]eotype plate ( ! requir$ ?ickness4    
,aft] ! removal & cool+ ( ! ca/+ pan1 ! 
plates 7 fre$ f ! pla/] & ! surplus     
metal cut (f4 ,only "o ca/ c\ld be made1
 z ! mold 0 usually de/roy$ 9 remov+ !  
ca/4 ,! /]eotype 0 !n s5t to ! f9i%+    
dep>tm5t1 :]e ! face 0 clean$ & exam9$ =
 defective lett]s1 !n trimm$ on ! sides 
& plan$ (f uni=mly on ! back to ! desir$
 ?ickness1 9 ! same mann] z a /]eotype  
is treat$ today4 ,a defective lett] c\ld
 be mortis$ out ( ! plate & a good type 
ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,9 cases :]e a :ole 

l9e or o!r "p 0 imp]fect1 ano!r mold 0  
made ( z mu* ( ! =m z 0 necess>y & ! new
 ca/ ins]t$ & sold]$ to ! plate4  ,!re 7
 _m & v>i$ exp]im5ts made 9 ! e>li]     
developm5t ( ?is idea ( produc+ a       
duplicate pr9t+ =m 9 a s+le piece4 ,t   
su* a process 0 highly desirable 0      
univ]sally recogniz$1 & ! conviction t  
"s practicable & economical me?od 0     
feasible 0 a cont9ual inc5tive :i*      
gradually l$ to bett] results4          
,,/]eotyp+ ,,9 ,,am]ica   ,al?\gh cr$it 
is giv5 to ,john ,watts1 an ,engli%man  
!n work+ 9 ,am]ica1 = mak+ ! fir/       
/]eotype plates "h1 ! real introduction 
( ! process into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 by   
,david ,bruce4 ,?is 0 9 #ahac4 ,bruce _h
 le>n$ ! pr9t]'s trade 9 ,ed9burgh &    
lat] came to ,am]ica1 :]e aft] a few    
ye>s he 0 jo9$ by 8 bro!r ,george 9     
e/abli%+ ! firm ( ,d4  ,g4 ,bruce1      
pr9t]s4 ,he>+ ( ! new process ( /]eotyp+
 9 ,engl&1 he w5t ov] !re to le>n ab\t  
x4 ,he c\ld get v little in=mation ab\t 
! process !re1 b came back ) "s         

practical ideas :i* he proce$$ to c>ry  
out4 ,bruce & 8 bro!r also began        
type-f\nd+ ab\t ?is "t1 & ab&on$ !      
bus9ess ( pr9t+4 ,lat] !y gave up ! "w (
 /]eotyp+4  ,illu/ration  ,! fir/ book  
/]eotyp$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 9 #ahad4 ,bibles & s*ool books
 7 ! fir/ works to be /]eotyp$2 !n came 
o!r books :i* 7 dem&$ 9 _m editions1 su*
 z ! works ( popul> au?ors4     ,,!     
,,papi] ,,ma*e ,,matrix   ,! papi]-ma*e 
7lit]ally1 ma%$ pap]7 matrix 0 fir/     
successfully us$ = ca/+ /]eotypes = book
 pages 9 ,france 9 #ahdh4 ,*>les        
,craske1 an engrav] ( ,new ,york1       
introduc$ ! me?od into ! /]eotype trade 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahej1 & 9 #ahed he 
/]eotyp$ a page ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald & 
lat] made /]eotypes = o!r ,new ,york    
newspap]s4  ,! mod]n wet /]eotype flong1
 9 common use today1 consi/s ( sev]al   
lay]s ( special pap] pa/$ toge!r to =m a
 ?ick %eet4 ,! base is a %eet ( special 
s(t /ock simil> to firm blott+-pap]1 su*
 z is us$ betwe5 leaves ( small blank   

books4 ,?ree or f\r %eets ( /rong1 :ite 
tissue are next add$1 ea* %eet except ! 
la/ be+ uni=mly cov]$ ) ! pa/e4 ,! pa/+ 
mu/ be done ) great c>e s z to cov] !   
entire surface ( ea* %eet & at ! same "t
 to press out all air bubbles4 ,! %eets 
mu/ !n be press$ smoo?ly b n squeez$ s  
h>d z to =ce ! pa/e out & mu/ be kept   
moi/ until us$4 ,9 newspap] syndicate   
plants1 ! flong is made automatically by
 a specially devis$ ma*9e into :i* !    
v>i\s k9ds ( pap] us$ are f$ f rolls1 ! 
pa/+ & cutt+ into %eets be+ me*anical4  
,9 mold+ a papi]-ma*e matrix1 ! moi/    
flong is laid on ! orig9al mold+ =m to  
be duplicat$1 ! mold+ =m be+ 9 place on 
! table ( ! mold+ press4 ,! flong is    
cov]$ ) sev]al blankets ( ?ick felt & ! 
table ( ! mold+ press is !n             
automatically mov$ 9 "u a p[]ful roll]  
:i* squeezes ! moi/ flong d[n into ! =m4
 ,at ! end ( its travel ! table is      
automatically br\ght back aga9 "u !     
roll]s to ! position f :i* x />t$4 ,!   
spe$ ( ! roll] & ! table is syn*roniz$  

to obviate any possibility ( ! mat      
becom+ wr9kl$ by slid+4  ,! mold$ matrix
 & ! patt]n ) ! blanket /ill on x is !n 
transf]r$ to ! dry+ press1 9 :i* "u a   
hot platt5 x is aga9 squeez$ & all[$ to 
rema9 = a few m9utes until ! moi/ure is 
completely expell$ f ! mold$ flong4 ,!  
dry+ press is kept at a high temp]ature1
 usually by /eam heat4  ,! matrix ?us   
dri$ out to a ?ick1 flexible c>dbo>d is 
!n ready = ! ca/+ ( ! /]eotype1 :i* is  
done by p\r+ molt5 /]eotype metal aga9/ 
! face ( ! matrix plac$ 9 a ca/+-box    
design$ = ?is purpose4 ,a successive    
numb] ( /]eotypes c be ca/ = ! same mat 
be=e x is injur$ by ! hot metal4 ,=     
job-"w /]eotyp+ ! ca/+-box is flat1 & ! 
molt5 metal is ei!r p\r$ by h& or       
automatically pump$ 9 ! ca/+-box4  ,aft]
 ! /]eotype is ca/ x is flatt5$1 r\gh   
%av$1 smoo? %av$1 bevell$ or block$ on  
wood2 ! wood base trimm$ & !n plan$     
type-high = pr9t+ press use4  ,! l>ge   
daily pap]s ca/ ! full-page /]eotype f  
:i* ! pap] is pr9t$ 9 an automatic ca/+ 

ma*9e :i* =ms a curv$ plate1 trimm$ &   
bevell$1 to fit ! cyl9d] ( ! press4     
,/]eotyp+ 0 = _m ye>s ! *ief means (    
mak+ plates = books & also = comm]cial  
pr9t+4 ,x has sev]al advantages4 ,!     
fir/1 obvi\sly1 is ! advantage :i* x    
%>es ) sev]al o!r me?ods ( provid+ a    
solid pr9t+ plate made by mold+ f an    
orig9al =m ( type or engrav+4 ,its      
peculi> advantage1 h[ev]1 is t x is !   
quicke/ me?od ( produc+ a duplicate     
plate f an orig9al4  ,9 comp>ison )     
electrotyp+1 h[ev]1 x has two di/9ct    
disadvantages4 ,"o is t x is n adapt$ = 
reproduc+ ! f9e l9es ( engrav+s & type  
faces4 ,9 addition x is comp>atively    
%all[ & does n possess a %>p1 clean     
pr9t+ face4 ,! o!r disadvantage is t a  
/]eotype is relatively s(t & quickly    
worn4  ,/]eotypes h be5 made m durable1 
to )/& ! we> ( pr9t+1 by ! deposition ( 
a film ( h>d] metal--copp] or nickel--on
 ! face ( ! plate aft] x has be5 ca/4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n satisfactory1 z x     
involves n only ano!r op]ation1 b also  

makes an already %all[ pr9t+ plate t mu*
 %all[] & increases ! probability ( x   
pr9t+ dirty1 :i* is "o ( ! *ief         
objections to ! /]eotype 9 itself4 ,?is 
practice is n recomm5d$4                
,,electrotyp+   ,9 #agii1 ,alles&ro     
,volta1 ( ,pavia1 9 ,italy1 con/ruct$ ! 
fir/ electric batt]y1 :i* came to be    
call$ ! ,voltaic pile4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! 
=m ( ,volta's batt]y 7 made almo/       
imm$iately by ,william ,cruick%ank1 9   
,engl&1 :o discov]$ 9 exp]im5t+ ) x t he
 c\ld by its p[] electrolyze or         
*emically decompose ! salts ( c]ta9     
metals 9 solution4 ,bo? copp] & silv]1  
he f\nd1 c\ld be precipitat$ f _! salt  
solutions & deposit$ ^u a plate imm]s$ 9
 ! solution4  ,?is obs]vation 0 ! fir/  
/ep 9 ! process ( electroplat+1 :i* is  
electrotyp+ :5 appli$ to ! art (        
typography4  ,9 #ahcg1 ?irty-eight ye>s 
aft] ,volta's discov]y1 ,mr4 ,?omas     
,sp5c] ( ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 accid5tally 
/umbl$ ^u ! fir/ realization ( !        
electrotyp+ process4  ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) 

a modification ( a ,daniell batt]y1 he  
us$ an ,engli% copp] p5ny z "o ( ! poles
 in/ead ( a pla9 piece ( copp]4 ,a      
deposition ( copp] f ! solution 9 !     
batt]y took place ^u ! p5ny1 & ^u remov+
 ! wire :i* atta*$ ! p5ny to ! z9c plate
 a portion ( ! copp] deposit 0 pull$ (f 
! p5ny also4  ,?is fir/ copp]           
electrotype %ell ,sp5c] f\nd to be an   
exact duplicate or mold ( "p ( ! head & 
lett]+ on ! co94 ,x 0 z smoo? & z %>p z 
! orig9al4  ,x 0 "s "t lat]1 h[ev]1 be=e
 ?is sugge/$ to him any useful          
application ( ! process4 ,ano!r accid5t 
made him appreciate ! full value ( 8    
discov]y4 ,?is "t he c>elessly dropp$ "s
 v>ni% on a /rip ( copp] :i* he 0 go+ to
 use 9 ! same way he did ! p5ny4 ,^u    
remov+ ! copp] f ! batt]y he obs]v$ t   
!re 0 no deposition ( copp] on ^? p>ts (
 ! /rip :]e ! v>ni% _h dropp$4  ,sp5c]  
!n conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ ?is pr9ciple
 to ! arts by coat+ a piece ( copp] )   
v>ni% or wax & engrav+ a design 9 !     
coat+1 ?us expos+ ! copp] /rip 9 !      

engrav$ l9es4 ,he did ?is1 & !n deposit$
 copp] 9 ! design s engrav$4 ,^u remov+ 
! coat+ ! design 0 expos$ 9 relief on ! 
piece ( copp]4  ,on ,septemb] #ac1      
#ahci1 ,sp5c] read a pap] be=e !        
,polyte*nic ,in/itution ( ,liv]pool1 :i*
 he accompani$ ) specim5s ( bo?         
electrotypes made by ?is process & (    
pr9t+ f ^! electrotypes4 ,! publication 
( ?is pap] act$ l an electric %ock ^u   
society4  ,develop+ 8 process1 ,sp5c]   
fir/ us$ lead z ! pla/ic m$ium 9 :i* to 
mold pr9t+ surfaces1 & x is to be not$ 9
 ?is connection t 9 do+ s he anticipat$ 
,dr4 ,alb]t's lead mold by consid]ably  
ov] ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury4  ,sp5c]     
impress$ a =m ( type on a plan$ piece ( 
%eet-lead & subject$ bo? ( !m to !      
action ( a screw-press4 ,a p]fectly %>p 
mold ( ! type =m 0 ?us made 9 ! lead4   
,?is lead mold 0 plac$ 9 a batt]y1 & at 
! end ( eight days a copp] %ell "o eigh?
 ( an in* 9 ?ickness _h be5 deposit$4 ,x
 0 !n remov$ f ! app>atus & ! r\gh edge 
( ! deposit$ copp] fil$ (f4 ,be+        

subject$ to heat1 ! copp] %ell loos5$ f 
! lead-mold4 ,sp5c] call$ ?is a copp]   
/]eotype4  ,illu/ration  ,! next /ep 9  
develop+ ! electrotyp+ process1 aft]    
,sp5c] _h demon/rat$ ! practical        
application ( ! electro-*emical         
deposition ( a copp] %ell on a mold1 0  
made by a ,mr4 ,rob]t ,murray4 ,mr4     
,murray 0 ! fir/ to use plumbago1 or    
black-lead1 to give ! surface (         
non-metallic bodies electro-conductive  
prop]ties4 ,he discov]$ t he c\ld coat a
 mold ( bees-wax ) black-lead & deposit 
!reon a copp] %ell4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdj4  ,9 
! same ye> ,smee's batt]y 0 inv5t$4 ,?is
 0 a m>k$ improvem5t & 0 a mo/ important
 /ep t[>ds mak+ electrotyp+ a comm]cial 
possibility4  ,?us 9 #ahdj1 f\r hundr$  
ye>s aft] ! probable date ( ! inv5tion (
 pr9t+ f individual movable ca/-metal   
type1 & ov] =ty ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( 
electrotyp+ 0 laid by ,volta1           
electrotyp+1 z a practical me?od (      
reproduc+ a comm]cial typographical     
pr9t+ surface1 came into exi/5ce4  ,mr4 

,e4 ,palm]1 9 ,engl&1 us+ ,sp5c]'s      
me?od1 0 ! fir/ to receive a pat5t =    
produc+ a metallic pr9t+ plate ) ! pr9t+
 surfaces 9 relief4 ,?is pat5t is dat$  
#ahda4 ,palm] foll[$ ?is 9 ! succe$+ ye>
 by a fur!r pat5t = engrav+ ?r\gh a     
wax-coat$ matrix-plate to =m ! pr9t+    
surfaces 9 ! positive electrotype tak5 f
 x4 ,?is process 0 t]m$ by ,palm]1      
,glyphography4  ,! :ites or l[ spots 9  
,palm]'s ,glyphographs 7 built-up 9 !   
wax mold ?r\gh add+ wax by h&1 assi/$ by
 v>i\s +5i\sly con/ruct$ tools :i* 7    
heat$4 ,aft] build+-up1 ! wax 0         
black-lead$ & ! copp] deposition on !   
surface ( ! wax mold 0 obta9$4 ,?is     
copp] deposit1 or %ell1 0 !n t9n$ on !  
back1 back$ up ) lead1 m\nt$ on wood1 & 
trimm$ type-high4 ,^! processes are !   
ess5tials us$ today 9 electrotyp+4  ,"o 
( ! e>lie/ works illu/rat$ by ! ,palm]  
process is ,! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities (  
,br5t=d1 ,eal+1 & ,*iswick1 by ,t4      
,faulkn]1 publi%$ 9 #ahde1 & ! ^w       
,glyphography occurs at ! foot ( _m     

illu/rations conta9$ 9 x4  ,9 #ahci !   
fir/ attempt 0 made at comm]cial        
electrotyp+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 t ye>1 ,joseph
 ,a4 ,adams1 a wood-engrav] connect$ )  
,h>p]  ,bros4 9 ,new ,york1 exp]im5t$   
along l9es simil> to ^? ,sp5c] _h       
pursu$1 b us+ a wood-cut f :i* to mold4 
,8 electrotypes 7 made by tak+ an       
impression f ! wood-cut 9 an alloy ( s(t
 metal ( :i* bismu? 0 probably ! *ief   
+r$i5t1 & imm]s+ ! metal mold 9 an      
ord9>y ,voltaic batt]y = ! deposition ( 
! copp] %ell4 ,9 mak+ ! impression1     
h[ev]1 ! wood-cut 0 de/roy$ s1 t ?is    
me?od ( mak+ an electrotype 0 n         
comm]cially practical4  ,illu/ration  ,!
 ye> foll[+ ,adams took advantage (     
,smee's batt]y & made an electrotype :i*
 0 us$ 9 ,mape's ,magaz9e 9 #ahda4 ,he  
also employ$ ?is process = mak+         
illu/rations = ,h>p]'s ,family ,bible1  
issu$ betwe5 #ahdb & #ahdd4  ,! fir/    
successful comm]cial electrotyp] 9      
,am]ica 0 ,john ,w4 ,wilcox1 ( ,bo/on4  
,a wood c>v] nam$ ,*&l]1 told ,mr4      

,wilcox t if he c\ld repeat :at ,adams (
 ,new ,york _h done ) a wood-cut 9 #ahci
 t he1 ,*&l]1 w\ld l5d him ! necess>y   
wood-cuts = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,9 less
 ?an sixty days 9 #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,wilcox _h
 put into practical use e ess5tial      
pr9ciple kn[n = ! next tw5ty-five ye>s 9
 electrotyp+4  ,9 #ahee1 ,mr4 ,gay (    
,new ,york fir/ us$ t9-foil = ! purpose 
( sold]+ ! copp] %ells to ! metal back+4
  ,dur+ ! same ye>1 a ,mr4 ,adams (     
,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 inv5t$ ! dry-bru%
 black-lead+ ma*9e4  ,/ev5 ,d4 ,tuck]1 (
 ,new ,york1 develop$ & pat5t$ 9 #ahff !
 type ( dry-bru% black-lead+ ma*9e :i*  
is 9 common use today4  ,9 #ahga1 ,silas
 ,p4 ,knight1 ( ,h>p]  ,bros41 ,new     
,york1 inv5t$ ! wet black-lead+ process1
 & 9 #ahgb took out ano!r pat5t = an    
improvem5t on ?is process4 ,mr4         
,knight's me?od ( wet black-lead+ 0 n   
g5]ally adopt$ by ! electrotyp]s ( t "t 
& gradually became almo/ unkn[n4        
,und\bt$ly1 ! cause ( ?is 0 t ! me?od ( 
dry black-lead+ 0 good en\gh = type &   

woodcut "w4 ,! half-tone _h n be5 inv5t$
 at t "t1 & x 0 only aft] ! inv5tion ( !
 half-tone t a bett] me?od ( black-lead+
 became necess>y4  ,?irty-sev5 ye>s aft]
 ,mr4 ,knight _h successfully us$ 8     
process ( wet black-lead+ a pat5t 0     
grant$ to ,frank ,l4 ,le>man1 (         
,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 = a wet           
black-lead]4 ,s9ce t "t num]\s pat5ts h 
be5 tak5 out on diff]5t me?ods ( us+ !  
wet process1 :i* is univ]sally recogniz$
 today z ! be/ me?od ( graphit+ !       
surface ( a mold4  ,9 #ahgj1 ,joseph ,a4
 ,adams pat5t$ a process = cov]+ !      
surface ( ! mold aft] x _h be5          
black-lead$ ) p[d]$ t94 ,?is 0 = !      
purpose ( quick5+ ! deposition ( ! copp]
 %ell :5 ! molds 7 9 ! batt]ies1 & f ?is
 und\bt$ly came ! oxidiz+ process (     
coat+ ! surface ( ! molds ) *emical     
copp] inv5t$ by ,silas ,knight1 :i* has 
long be5 & is n[ 9 use4  ,p]haps "o ( ! 
greate/ =w>d /eps 9 ! developm5t (      
electrotyp+ 0 made :5 ! plat+ dynamo 0  
inv5t$4 ,! fir/ adoption ( a dynamo 9   

place ( ,smee's batt]y took place 9     
#ahgb4 ,) ! ,smee type ( batt]y x       
requir$ f ?irty to =ty-eight h\rs to    
deposit a copp] %ell ?ick en\gh =       
comm]cial use4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! plat+  
dynamo & its improvem5ts1 ! "t (        
deposit+ ! %ell 0 r$uc$ s t n[ two h\rs 
is ! common "t t a mold is kept 9 ! tubs
 or batt]ies4 ,?is quick5+ ( ! "t       
requir$ to deposit ! %ell 0 "o ( ! mo/  
ess5tial features 9 ! developm5t (      
comm]cial electrotyp+4  ,f ! fir/       
h&-screw presses1 :i* 7 successfully us$
 = mold+1 to ! mod]n high-p[]1          
motor-driv51 hydraulic presses1 = work+ 
ei!r 9 wax or lead1 is a f> cry4  ,!    
inv5tion ( ! half-tone1 toge!r ) !      
inv5tion ( ! mod]n two-revolution cyl9d]
 press :i* has br\ght pr9t+ into its    
pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 made necess>y  
radical improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y = mak+   
electrotypes4 ,^! improvem5ts h be5     
/eady 9 _! developm5t1 b ! fundam5tal   
po9ts ( ! process are practically ^? :i*
 h be5 9 use f ! />t ( comm]cial        

electrotyp+4     ,,electrotyp+ ,,by ,,! 
,,wax ,,mold ,,process   ,an electrotype
 is a facsimile pr9t+ plate duplicat$ f 
an orig9al4 ,! orig9al may be ei!r type1
 a woodcut1 a z9c or a copp] et*+ su* z 
a l9e-cut or a half-tone1 or x may be a 
comb9ation ( type-matt] & l9e-cuts or   
half-tones4  ,we commonly ?9k (         
electrotypes z pr9t+ plates made (      
copp]1 b any metal :i* c be             
electro*emically deposit$ may be us$4   
,because ( _! we>+ qualities & economy1 
h[ev]1 copp] & nickel are ! two metals  
comm]cially us$ = electrotyp+4          
,briefly1 an electrotype is made by tak+
 an impression ( ! orig9al 9 a pla/ic   
sub/ance1 ?us =m+ a mold or matrix2     
deposit+ copp] or nickel on ! mold2     
remov+ ! copp] or nickel %ell f ! mold &
 back+ x ) a semi-h>d metal2 trimm+ !   
metal to pr9t+-plate ?ickness1 &        
bevell+1 or block+ on wood1 ! trimm$    
plate = pr9t+-press use4  ,9 mod]n      
practice m ?an tw5ty-five diff]5t       
op]ations are necess>y to make a f9i%$  

electrotype ready = ! press4 ,!y may be 
enum]at$1 z foll[s3  #a4 ,case-mak+4 ,! 
fl[+ ( a mold+ comp\nd compos$ (        
ozok]ite1 a res9ol-m9]al wax1 onto !    
case4 ,! case is ( copp]4  #b4 ,fla%+ ! 
,case4 ,pass+ a flame ov] ! surface ( ! 
melt$ ozok]ite imm$iately aft] fl[+ !   
case 9 ord] to remove air-bubbles4  #c4 
,case-%av+4 ,! automatic %av+ ( ! top   
surface ( ! fl[$ case aft] ! ozok]ite   
has h>d5$ to give x a smoo?1 ev5 surface
 = mold+4  #d4 ,graphit+4 ,bru%+ surface
 ( case ) mold+ graphite to prev5t !    
patt]n f /ick+ to ! wax mold4  #e4      
,mold+4 ,mak+ an impression f ! orig9al 
z9c l9e et*+1 half-tone or type =m 9 !  
wax$ case4 ,?is is done by means ( a    
hydraulically op]at$ mold+ press4  #f4  
,cutt+-d[n4 ,! levell+ (f by h&1 us+ a  
%>p tr[el %ap$ tool1 ( ! splurge aft] ! 
impression has be5 made4 ,fla%+ is also 
us$ "h to remove ! burr left ar\nd !    
lett]s aft] ! cutt+ d[n process4  #g4   
,build+-up4 ,! add+ ( wax by h& to !    
blank spaces 9 ! mold$ case s t 9 !     

f9i%$ electrotype !y w be well bel[ !   
pr9t+ face4  #h4 ,black-lead+4 ,mak+ !  
face ( ! mold$ case electrically        
conductive by apply+ graphite4  #i4     
,/opp+-out4 ,insulat+ ) a ?9 coat+ ( wax
 ! edges & back ( ! copp] case to prev5t
 copp] be+ deposit$ except on ! face ( !
 mold4  #aj4 ,pump+-out or ,oxidiz+4    
,coat+ ! face ( ! mold$ case ) *emical  
copp] to ha/5 deposition ( copp] %ell 9 
! ba?4  #aa4 ,deposition ( ,%ell4 ,!    
mold$ case is put 9 ! electrolytic ba? =
 ! deposition ( %ell !reon4  #ab4       
,releas+ ,%ell f ,molds4 ,/ripp+ !      
deposit$ %ell f ! wax$ mold by da%+ hot 
wat] on x4 ,! wax is melt$ (f case & us$
 aga94  #ac4 ,wa%+ ,copp] ,%ell4 ,hot   
lye-wat] or /eam is us$ to clean (f any 
wax /ick+ to x4  #ad4 ,trimm+ ,copp]    
,%ell4 ,r\gh edges ( %ell outside ! gu>d
 l9e trimm$ (f4  #ae4 ,acid+ ,copp]     
,%ell4 ,an application ( flux+ m$ium to 
back ( copp] %ell s t t9 w adh]e4  #af4 
,t9n+ ,copp] ,%ell4 ,t9-foil is melt$ on
 ! back ( ! copp] %ell4 ,?is is ! sold] 

betwe5 ! copp] %ell & ! metal back1 )\t 
:i* ! metal back+ w\ld n adh]e to !     
%ell4  #ag4 ,back+-up4 ,! fl[+ (        
electrotype metal on ! back ( ! t9n$    
copp] %ell = ! purpose ( mak+ a         
f\ndation = pr9t+ 7electrotype metal is 
an alloy ( #id p] c5t lead2 #c p] c5t t9
 = fl[+ & #c p] c5t antimony = h>dness74
  #ah4 ,scrubb+ ! ,ca/4 ,a p[] op]at$   
scrubb+ ma*9e us+ a hydro-c>bon oil z ! 
cleans+ m$ium to clean ! pr9t+ face ( ! 
electrotypes4  #ai4 ,ca/-saw+4 ,saw+ (f 
! surplus metal ( ! ca/ be=e f9i%+4     
#bj4 ,flatt5+ ! ,ca/s4 ,h& op]ation )   
mallet & flatt5+ block to take ! w>p out
 ( ! electrotype caus$ by ! contraction 
( ! metal 9 cool+4  #ba4 ,r\gh-%av+4    
,plan+ (f sup]flu\s metal f ! back ( !  
electrotype4  #bb4 ,f9i%+4 ,putt+ !     
pr9t+ surface ( ! electrotype 9 p]fect  
condition = press aft] leav+ ! f\ndry   
dep>tm5t4 ,?is is done by h& & requires 
a high degree ( skill4  #bc4            
,smoo?-%av+4 ,! f9i%+ %ave ( metal f    
back ( electrotype to br+ x to ! requir$

 ?ickness4  #bd4 ,r\t+4 ,cutt+ out !    
high b non-pr9t+ surfaces ( !           
electrotype by a r\t+ ma*9e4  #be4      
,gu>d-l9e ,saw+4 ,cutt+ ! gu>d l9es or  
be>]s (f ! electrotype to practically ! 
f9i%$ size be=e block+ or bevell+4  #bf4
 ,block+4 ,fa/5+ ! plate on wood base ) 
brads driv5 ?r\gh ! metal4  #bg4        
,trimm+4 ,trimm+ ! wood m\nt$           
electrotype to its exact f9i%$ size4    
#bh4 ,type-high ,ma*9+4 ,us$ = plan+ !  
bottom ( ! wood base s t ! m\nt$        
electrotype is ( pr9t+ press            
requirem5ts1 i4 e41 4#iah high4         
,,electrotyp+ ,,by ,,! ,,lead ,,mold    
,,process   ,electrotypes made by !     
g5u9e ,dr4 ,alb]t ,lead ,mold ,process  
are always duplicates ( f9e-scre5       
half-tones or mezzo-t9ts us$ = ! highe/ 
class ( comm]cial job-"w1 su* z ?ree &  
f\r color process or duo-tone pr9t+ on  
pap] ) a highly glaz$ surface4  ,! l>ge/
 press us$ 9 lead mold+ w give a maximum
 pressure ( two ?\s& tons p] squ>e in*  
on a ?irty in* ram hydraulically op]at$4

 ,! weight ( ?is press is ov] ?irty ?\s&
 p\nds4  ,illu/ration  ,9 ! lead mold   
process ! pla/ic m$ium us$ is a s(t ?9  
%eet ( :at is call$ impression lead1    
4#jdj in*es ?ick1 in/ead ( wax1 & ! lead
 is plac$ on top ( ! orig9al to be      
duplicat$1 in/ead ( vice-v]sa1 z 9 !    
wax-mold+ process4 ,no build+-up nor    
black-lead+ is necess>y4  ,9 all o!r    
respects ! consecutive /eps t[>ds !     
completion ( ! lead mold plate are      
id5tical to ^? us$ 9 ! ,wax ,mold       
,process4     ,,alum9otypes   ,! age    
long progress 9 ! developm5t & p]fection
 ( typographical pr9t+ surfaces1 f !    
p]iod ( ,xylographic blocks on ?r\gh !  
successive inv5tions ( individual       
movable ca/-metal type1 /]eotyp+ &      
electrotyp+1 by bo? ! wax & lead-mold+  
processes1 rea*es its culm9ation 9      
,alum9otypes4  ,briefly1 x is a me?od ( 
ca/+ pr9t+ plates ( alum9um alloy 9     
molds made f a composition (            
pla/]-(-p>is4 ,9 its ess5tial po9ts x is
 a mod]n adaptation ( ! process cr$it$  

to ,william ,g$ ( ,ed9burgh 9 #agcj &   
aft]w>ds modifi$ & improv$ 9 ! e>ly #ai?
 c5tury by ,e>l ,/anhope ( ,engl&4  ,9  
practice1 ! orig9al to be duplicat$ is  
plac$ on a mold+-slab4 ,a mold+ frame is
 set ^u ! slab & enclos+ ! orig9al4 ,a  
special k9d ( oil is !n spray$ on ! face
 ( ! orig9al4 ,?is is to facilitate !   
release ( ! pla/] mold s t x w n te> :5 
x is ready to be lift$ (f ! orig9al aft]
 solidify+1 & at ! same "t to reta9 !   
%>pness ( ! mold4  ,! mold+ m$ium (     
pla/] composition 9 a semi-liquefi$ /ate
 is !n p\r$ on to ! orig9al 9 ! mold+   
frame4 ,! surplus pla/] is scrap$ (f    
flu% ) ! top ( ! mold+ frame4  ,aft] !  
pla/] matrix 9 its mold+ frame has set  
suffici5tly x is releas$ by means ( cams
 f ! work+ patt]n on ! mold+-slab4  ,!  
pla/] matrix is !n plac$ 9 a dry+ ov51  
?r\gh :i* a =c$ draft ( hot air is kept 
circulat+ at high pressure4 ,! ?or\gh   
dry+ ( ! mold takes approximately n9ety 
m9utes4  ,:5 ! pla/] mold has become    
suffici5tly dri$1 a r\nd hole is cut    

?r\gh ! bottom ( ! matrix 9 an (fset ( !
 mold+ frame4 ,?is hole is ! gate ?r\gh 
:i* ! molt5 alum9um is =c$4 ,! mold is  
!n securely lock$ upright 9 a specially 
design$ ca/+ ma*9e4  ,! ,alum9otype is  
ca/ by pressure & n by p\r+ z 9 ! case (
 /]eotypes1 :i* dep5d entirely ^u       
gravity4 ,fus$ alum9um alloy is p\r$    
into a hopp] on ! ca/+ ma*9e4 ,a pi/on  
op]at$ by ! ag5cy ( compress$ air =ces !
 alum9um ev5ly into all p>ts ( ! pla/]  
matrix4  ,:5 ! ca/ is complet$ ! mold+  
frame is tak5 f ! ca/+ ma*9e & !        
,alum9otype remov$ f its pla/]-(-p>is   
matrix4   ,,au?orities3  ,an ,outl9e ( !
 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,p$die4   
,typographical ,pr9t+ ,surfaces1 by ,l4 
,a4 ,legros4  ,manual (                 
,electro-,metallurgy1 by ,napi]4  ,!    
,encyclop$ia ,brittanica4  ,electrotyp+ 
& ,/]eotyp+ ,typographical ,te*nical    
,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xv4  ,! ,rapid          
,electrotype ,company4     ,,! ,,mak+   
,,( ,,! ,,foolpro( ,,newspap] ,,draw+   
,,"s ,,adv]tis+ ,,pictures ,,pr9t       

,,well--,,o!rs ,,d ,,n4 ,,:y8 ,,x',s    
,,all ,a ,,matt] ,,( ,,go+ ,,ab\t ,,x   
,,9 ,a ,,"k-,,h[ ,,way  ,by ,j4         
,,liv+/on ,,l>n$   ,an adv]tis]--p]haps 
"o ( ! l>ge/ us]s ( newspap] space 9 !  
c\ntry--sprang a surprise rec5tly on 8  
ad-manag]4 ,into ! (fice he came1 "o    
day1 grim-visag$1 jaw set1 fire 9 8     
eyes1 & arm$ ) no less ?an fifty clipp+s
 f ex*anges4  ,& on ! amaz$ ad-manag]'s 
desk he plac$ two conglom]ate piles (   
adv]tis+ matt]4 ,"o repres5t$ ! national
 newspap] campaign ( 8 own indu/ry2 !   
o!r a collection ( newspap]             
adv]tisem5ts1 pick$ at r&om4  ,i ?9k ,i 
h conclusive pro(1 said he1 9 no mild   
mood1 t y fell[s are n z effici5t z y   
might be4 ,"h are our adv]tisem5ts--f   
pap]s ev]y:]e4 ,! illu/rations pr9t     
abom9ably6 ,look at !m4 ,! matt] has be5
 call$ to my att5tion _m times--by !    
newspap]s !mselves1 by our road         
repres5tatives & by local deal]s4 ,!y   
say our electro s]vice & our /raight    
national campaigns are all muddi$ up )  

pictures t nobody c deciph]4 ,"h's      
conclusive pro( ( x4 ,n a clean-look+   
cut 9 ! s]ies & y c't blame x on pap] & 
press "w & all t--!y're all bad6  ,!    
adv]tis+ manag] glanc$ casually at !    
exhibits4 ,! criticism 0 valid4 ,"h 0 a 
daily newspap] campaign1 runn+ into     
space valu$ at approximately sixty ?\s& 
doll>s1 & ! displays1 ?ree-f\r?s        
illu/ration1 7 mussy1 involv$1 sme>$ up1
 & unsatisfactory f a reproductive      
/&po9t4 ,solid black backgr\nds 7 a     
sickly1 wa%$-out gray & 9 o!r places    
intricate p5 "w _h run-toge!r4  ,x 0    
equally true t clipp+s ( competitive    
adv]tis+ & adv]tis+ 9 g5]al1 select$ at 
r&om1 7 /rangely clean-cut4 ,! comp>ison
 0 />tl+4  ,mr4 ,x1 f9ally obs]v$ !     
ad-manag]1 ,i see :at y mean2 all ( u 9 
?is dep>tm5t h kn[n ( x1 kept track ( x2
 & ! rem>kable "p ( ! entire situation  
is t ^! results c be trac$ back to y &  
y\r p]sonal insi/5ce on a c]ta9 type (  
p5 & ink design1 execut$ 9 a specific   
te*nique4 ,^! matt]s came up = y\r      

sup]vision & ,o4 ,k4 ,y did n c>e = !   
bold1 simple outl9e draw+s fir/         
submitt$4 ,y pref]r$ too _m1 & a glut ( 
detail4 ,all ( :i* is n compatible )    
newspap] pr9t+1 ev5 9 l>ge space4 ,we 7 
afraid ( ?is & said s at ! "t4 ,our     
objection 0 ov]rul$4 ,x's "o ?+ to pref]
 a pleas+1 p]haps highly arti/ic p5     
te*nique & q ano!r to apply x to fa/    
presses1 poor ink & hurri$ make-ready4  
,a great _m ?+s c happ51 & d happ51 to a
 newspap] design be=e x is pr9t$ & 9 !  
read]s' h&s4   ,,disreg>d+ ,,fundam5tals
  ,sometimes x is bett] to come out ) ! 
frank1 brutal tru?4 ,9 a great _m       
in/ances1 poor newspap] reproduction is 
! direct result ( "s executive's m>k$   
pref]5ce = a c]ta9 arti/ or a c]ta9     
te*nique1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! man is     
qualifi$ to draw = ?is field1 or :e!r ! 
te*nique is fitt$ = ! purpose4  ,on !   
o!r h&1 !re is1 unque/ionably1 a /range1
 well nigh inexcusable disreg>d ( c]ta9 
fundam5tals ( ! bus9ess4 ,!re is too mu*
 swivel-*air composure2 too mu* beatific

 reassurance1 :5 pro(s are submitt$ on  
good pap]1 f a flat-b$ engrav]-h\se     
press4 ,a newspap] s]ies is v apt to    
look #ajj p] c5t :5 pres5t$ on ! f9al   
electro %eet1 or b\nd into a neat       
booklet = ! deal] & pr9t$ on coat$ /ock4
 ,^! are o/ri* me?ods6  ,9 c]ta9        
adv]tis+ ag5cies !re is a /&+ rule 9 !  
matt] ( newspap] plates t all pro(s mu/ 
be pull$ on newspap] /ock--& a v inf]ior
 grade4 ,a newspap] press is us$1 an    
entire s]ies com+ (f at once4 ,!re is no
 make-ready to speak (4  ,by ?is process
 no "o is deceiv$4 ,y see exactly :at w 
happ51 or ne>ly s1 :5 ! s]ies f>es =? to
 newspap]s all ov] ! c\ntry4  ,!        
executive m5tion$ above _h collect$     
newspap]s1 big & little1 f ! f\r po9ts (
 ! compass4 ,& he _h collect$ a lib]al  
numb] ( p]fectly satisfactory newspap]  
adv]tisem5ts ( ! illu/rat$ v>iety4      
,blacks 7 clean black1 ,b5 ,day t9ts    
held _! own1 !re 0 no conge/ion1 no     
smudg+1 no mi%ap ( any sort4  ,if c]ta9 
rules are foll[$1 any newspap] adv]tis+ 

illu/ration c be made fool-pro(4 ,y c be
 absolutely c]ta9 ( a pr9table result1  
despite all exig5cies1 all drawbacks1   
all haz>ds4  ,failure usually foll[s a  
desire to attempt some?+ beyond t :i*   
has be5 tri$ & is :olly practical4 ,= ! 
pres5t1 at lea/1 us]s ( newspap] space  
mu/ b[ to ! inevitable4 ,!y mu/ realize 
t !re is a well-def9$ limit to :at c be 
done me*anically4 ,!y mu/ n defiantly   
exp]im5t1 al?\gh ! desire to d some?+   
new & to be orig9al is entirely         
praisewor?y4   ,,?+s ,,y ,,c',t ,,d  ,if
 y use half-tones1 h !m made v co>se    
scre5--no?+ f9] ?an #fj l9e4 ,/op out   
:ites & elim9ate backgr\nds4 ,!         
high-light half-tone is a mod]n         
developm5t ) _m virtues4 ,if a portrait 
is us$1 take out all backgr\nd4  ,!re is
 a way ( ret\*+ photographs t w m9imize 
! dang] ( poor pr9t+4 ,! arti/ /r5g!ns  
weak contra/s1 n ) a bru% & pa9t1 b ) a 
p5 & wat]pro( black ink4 ,he also uses  
areas ( pure :ite4 ,successful          
reproduction is dep5d5t ^u %>p1 cle>1   

vigor\s contra/s4  ,/ippl+ is "o ( ! be/
 sub/itutes = ! half-tone4 ,?is simply  
means dott+-9 a subject4 ,x is a        
"t-consum+1 labori\s process1 b x means 
l9e plates & ! elim9ation ( middle      
tones--:i* are disa/r\s4  ,!re 0 a "t :5
 c]ta9 clev] inv5tions ( ! pap]         
manufactur] c\ld be employ$ = half-tone 
effects 9 l9e4 ,= example1 a ,ross ,bo>d
 is manufactur$ ) an assortm5t ( patt]n$
 surfaces4 ,:5 bru% or crayon or p5cil  
is drawn ov] !m1 !y give effects t may n
 be duplicat$ 9 /raight p5 & ink on pla9
 :ite draw+ bo>d4 ,"s ( ^! pap]s h a    
*alk surface4 ,"s h imitation half-tone 
patt]ns1 /raight-l9e designs1 etc4 ,x is
 possible to scrat* away c]ta9 portions 
) a %>p knife4 ,d n use !m z matt]s n[  
/& 9 newspap] pr9t+4 ,!y w n /& r$uction
 & only v co>se t9ts reproduce          
satisfactorily4  ,special ,caution--,d n
 all[ arti/s to make orig9al draw+s =   
newspap] use mu* l>g] ?an twice ! size4 
,"h is "o ( ! greate/ evils ( ! day4 ,! 
arti/ seems possess$ to make 8 orig9al  

on a full %eet ( pap]1 :5 he kn[s t !   
plate is = two or ?ree newspap] columns4
 ,:at happ5s8 ,an illu/ration :i* makes 
a h&some %[+ 9 ! orig9al w inevitably   
fill-9 :5 r$uc$ to actual size4 ,figure 
x out y\rself--look at x ?r\gh a r$uc+  
glass4 ,l9es t seem wide ap>t almo/ t\* 
9 ! conge/ion t foll[s great r$uction4  
,! really wise & %rewd arti/ makes 8    
newspap] draw+ actual size4  ,n m ?an a 
doz5 ,b5 ,day patt]ns c be us$          
safely--n[--9 newspap]s4 ,d y "k ! mean+
 ( ,b5 ,day8 ,x is a me*anical t9t1     
pr9t$ me*anically ei!r on ! plate1 by ! 
engrav]1 or on ! orig9al draw+1 f an    
ink$ gelat9e surface & rubb$ on ) a     
/ilus4 ,magaz9e reproduction accepts x 9
 all its =ms4 ,newspap] /ock muddies x  
up :5 x is too f9e4 ,9 any ev5t1 :5     
select+ a patt]n1 see t x is an op5 "o &
 h x put on ! engrav+--n ! design4 ,if  
on ! design x means a r$uction4 ,if on !
 plate x means no r$uction1 b precisely 
z %[n 9 ! ,b5 ,day book ( patt]ns4      
,avoid complex l9e treatm5ts &          

te*niques1 su* z cross-hat*+ & ! lay+ 9 
( _m v f9e #bij p5 l9es close toge!r4   
,!y look well 9 ! orig9al--!y seldom    
pr9t well on newspap] /ock4 ,!y r$uce   
abom9ably4  ,any newspap] illu/ration   
%\ld h pl5ty ( :ite m>g9 to relieve x4  
,:5 a draw+ is cramp$1 pack$ 91         
suffocat$ by side rules1 bord]s & text1 
x suff]s4  ,cle> outl9e draw+s1 ) an    
occasional da% ( black1 prove mo/       
effici5t = newspap] reproduction4 ,!y   
c't fill 91 !y c't smudge1 !y c't become
 contam9at$ by clots ( pr9t+ ink or     
defects 9 ! newspap] /ock4 ,n ev5 fa/   
press "w c damage _! pr9tability4 ,b    
rememb]1 n all outl9e draw+s are        
alike--great orig9ality ( te*nique c be 
secur$4   ,,c>eful ,,( ,,black ,,areas  
,l>ge areas ( solid black are n         
advisable4 ,?9k x ov]4 ,ink fl[s        
irregul>ly on newspap] presses4 ,"o copy
 may %[ up exactly z 9 ! orig9al2 ! next
 may develop a :ite halo1 a gray t5d5cy1
 a sme>y1 half-bak$ look4 ,no two       
impressions w be q ! same4 ,& x is      

logical to see t ?is is apt to be s4    
,any imp]fection or irregul>ity 9 ! ink 
roll] w cause x1 or ! collection ( =eign
 matt] on cut or roll]4 ,any black area 
l>g] ?an two in*es squ>e is a haz>d4    
,adv]tis]s (t5 ?9k t masses ( solid     
black w make an adv]tisem5t /& out4 ,!y 
w\ld if !y pr9t$ a smoo?1 ev5 black--:i*
 !y seldom d4 ,b lib]al :ite m>g9s are  
f> m pot5t 9 attract+ att5tion & 9      
segregat+ an adv]tisem5t f mix$ company 
?an solid blacks4  ,! appe>ance ( l>ge  
areas ( black may be secur$ via         
subt]fuge4 ,"o me?od is to =m !         
backgr\nd ( heavy black l9es1 q close   
toge!r4 ,! :ite spaces betwe5 save !    
pr9t+4 ,look at /raight type ?r\gh a    
magnify+ glass4 ,n ev5 type is pr9t$    
cle> black4 ,!n :at *ance w\ld an ev5   
surface ( l>ge proportion h8  ,newspap] 
cuts %\ld be r\t$ deep4 ,r\t+ is m]ely !
 deep5+ or entire cutt+ away ( extrane\s
 matt] on ! engrav+--t is1 :]e !re is no
 pr9t+ surface4 ,! smudges ( hide\s     
design (t5 se5 are really an impression 

( a metal surface t has n be5 r\t$ out  
prop]ly4 ,e engrav+ %\ld be exam9$      
critically = su* defects4  ,avoid plac+ 
a %ad$ area aga9/ a black area4 ,z we h 
intimat$1 ! he>t & s\l ( ! successful   
newspap] draw+ is contra/4  ,! beg9n+ ( 
e adv]tisem5t or s]ies ( adv]tisem5ts is
 repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( a fir/              
visualization4 ,x is 9 p5cil4 ,^! %\ld  
be made same size--t is1 ! actual size  
!y are to ev5tually appe>4 ,!n no "o1 ! 
arti/ lea/ ( all1 is fool$ by disp>ity (
 proportions4   ,,keep ,,x ,,simple  ,! 
visualiz] %\ld keep "o c>d9al po9t 9    
m9d4 ,keep newspap] adv]tisem5ts simple4
 ,! less !re is 9 !m ! bett]4 ,?irty-two
 ( ! ads select$ by our adv]tis+ fri5d1 
m5tion$ e>li] 9 ! /ory1 7 good because  
!y 7 simple4 ,type 0 held to blocks1 & )
 z little *ange 9 /yle1 size & "* ( type
 z possible4  ,all ( !m 7 *>act]iz$ by  
lib]al :ite m>g9s4 ,x is ! be/ kn[n way 
( fight+ back ! opposition ( ! surr\nd+ 
appeals on ! same page4  ,!re's a good  
te/ possible4 ,make a photographic pr9t 

( y\r adv]tisem5t1 ! size x is to appe>1
 & pa/e x on a newspap] page--n a ,new  
,york or ,*icago pap]1 b a page 9 !     
,b+ville ,bann]4  ,be=e plates are made 
or ev5 be=e p5 & ink draw+s are fully   
complet$1 y c *ange1 re>range1 elim9ate1
 or add to1 z ! case may be4  ,! wise   
adv]tis] is ! "o :o 9 prep>+ an         
elaborate & ext5sive newspap] campaign  
keys x 9 its pr9t+ qualities1 n to ! be/
 pap]s on ! li/1 b to ! ones t are wor/ 
pr9t$4 ,?is may mean ! undream$ ( ?+ (  
#ajj p] c5t p]fect6  ,no adv]tis] c hope
 to secure full effici5cy f a campaign  
if x pres5ts a smudg$ & confus$         
appe>ance4 ,newspap]s are trig ?+s 9 _! 
own "r4 ,_! column rules & _! precision 
( type make ?is an arbitr>y condition4  
,!re is really no?+ f9] & clean] & m    
pleas+ to ! human eye ?an a well-compos$
 newspap]1 hot f ! press4 ,ugly         
adv]tisem5ts c make an ugly newspap]4   
,!y c ev5 spoil ! set-up & typography 9 
g5]al ( ! read+ sections4  ,a newspap]  
is held responsible if returns f a s+le 

adv]tisem5t or a campaign are n         
satisfactory4 ,x is look$ ^u z a poor   
m$ium4 ,yet h[ _m times ! true fault c  
be trac$ to ! message itself4 ,full     
effici5cy 9 adv]tis+ is ! result ( full 
effici5cy 9 ! copy4444      7,repr9t$ by
 ! k9d p]mission ( ,! ,bureau (         
,adv]tis+1 ! ,am]ican ,newspap]s        
,publi%]s ,association1     ,mr4        
,william ,a4 ,?ompson1 ,director47      
,,newspap] ,,adv]tis+ ,,plates          
,me*anical production ( any k9d is an   
unsympa!tic & inexorable ?+1 & ! mod]n  
l>ge daily newspap]1 9 its me*anical    
production1 is unsympa!tic & inexorable 
to ! highe/ degree4 ,x reproduces       
exactly & imp>tially f all ! diff]5t    
mat]ial suppli$ to x4  ,y\r ad-plate is 
lock$ into ! =m ) ! o!r matt] compos+ ! 
page4 ,a hurri$ lock-up1 & ! =m is mold$
 into a mat & /]eotyp$4 ,fa/ presses &  
*eap ink d ! re/4  ,if y\r ad does n %[ 
up well 9 ! fir/ few impressions run (f1
 ! press gr9ds on j ! same1 ) little or 
no make-ready4 ,once !y />t1 x is too   

late to /op to all[ ! press-room =eman  
to inve/igate :y a c]ta9 ad does n pr9t 
up well4 ,! ,daily ,bugle mu/ get on !  
/reets1 if possible1 be=e its           
competitors ) ! important scoop t !     
,beghum ( ,swat has j di$4 ,if y h      
suppli$ ! be/ mat]ial = ! newspap]s to  
"w )1 ! clean-cut reproduction ( y\r    
adv]tisem5t is insur$4 ,if y h be5      
p5ny-wise & p\nd-fooli% 9 sav+ a few    
c5ts on y\r ad-plate1 all ! doll>s y    
sp5t on art1 typography & :ite space =  
y\r ad are on ! knees ( ! gods & liable 
to be spill$ (f ! said knees1 & y\r ad  
is messy look+ :5 x appe>s4 ,! adv]tis] 
inv>iably blames ! newspap] & ! newspap]
 passes ! buck on to ! plate-mak]4 ,!   
pr9t$ appe>ance ( ! ad is l>gely det]m9$
 by ! k9d ( plate furni%$ to ! newspap]4
  ,! l>ge daily newspap]s are entirely  
dep5d5t ^u ! /]eotyp+ process = !       
necess>y spe$ requir$ 9 production4 ,!y 
d n pr9t directly f type or cuts4 ,! big
 advantage ( /]eotyp+ 9 ?is connection  
lies 9 ! fact t x is ! quicke/ me?od (  

produc+ a solid1 duplicate pr9t+ plate f
 an orig9al mold+ =m4 ,aft] lock+ up a  
page =m1 x c be mold$1 ! matrix dri$ & !
 plate ca/ & ready = ! press 9 ab\t t5  
m9utes4  ,!re=e1 only unm\nt$ plates    
%\ld be s5t to ! l>ge daily pap]s & n   
wood m\nt$1 z x takes too long = ! heat 
to pass ?r\gh ! wood base 9 dry+ ! mat4 
,! unm\nt$ plate is plac$ on a metal    
base1 7because heat passes ?r\gh metal  
quickly 9 dry+ ! mat7 & !n lock$ 9 ! =m 
) ! type & o!r matt] compos+ ! entire   
page4 ,a mat is !n mold$ f ! complete =m
 & a curv$ /]eotype is ca/ f ?is page   
mat4 ,x is f ?is curv$ full page        
/]eotype t ! l>ge daily newspap] is     
actually pr9t$4  ,s9ce !y mu/ duplicate 
! plates s5t to !m by ! /]eotyp+        
process1 y\r exp5sively prep>$          
adv]tisem5t1 if x is to appe> %>p &     
clean 9 ! valuable space x uses1 %\ld be
 electrotyp$ by y\r plate-mak]4 ,a      
/]eotype duplicat$ f an electrotype w   
pr9t clean] ?an a /]eotype duplicat$ f a
 /]eotype by reason ( ! fact t mats     

mold$ by ! newspap] f electrotypes are  
%>p] & deep] ?an :5 !y are mold$ f      
/]eotypes4  ,electrotypes h a di/9ctly  
%>p] & h>d] face & are deep] ?an        
/]eotypes4 ,! v nature ( ! process &    
mat]ials us$ 9 _! manufacture makes ?is 
sup]iority inevitable4 ,wax is us$ z !  
pla/ic m$ium 9 :i* to mold electrotypes1
 :]eas = /]eotypes pap] is us$4 ,%>pness
 & dep? _c be mold$ into pap] z x c into
 wax4  ,nei!r w /]eotype metal p\r$ by  
gravity aga9/ a pap] matrix mold be z   
%>p & deep z copp] deposit$             
electrolytically on a wax mold4  ,x     
foll[s1 !re=e1 t :5 an unm\nt$          
electrotype is suppli$ to ! ,*icago     
,tribune or ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal or !   
,san ,francisco ,call !y are /]eotyp+   
y\r ad 9 ! page =m f a plate mold$ 9 wax
 directly f ! orig9al4  ,on ! o!r h&1 :5
 y supply a /]eotype ( y\r ad to ! l>ge 
dailies ?is /]eotype is already "o /ep  
remov$ f ! orig9al ma/] plate & means t 
two pap] mats int]v5e betwe5 ! orig9al  
suppli$ to ! plate-mak] & ! f9al        

/]eotype ( ! page conta9+ y\r           
adv]tisem5t4 ,9 %ort1 !y are duplicat+ a
 /]eotype f a /]eotype & ea* duplication
 means a loss 9 %>pness & dep?2 !re=e !y
 %\ld be suppli$ ) a %>p electrotype f  
:i* to make _! f9al page mat4  ,obvi\sly
 :5 a /]eotype is suppli$ to ! l>ge     
dailies !y are work+ f a plate t is     
nei!r %>p nor deep to />t )1 z w\ld be !
 case if y s5t !m an electrotype f :i*  
to "w4 ,an electrotype is economy 9 !   
end & w save y grief1 :5 ! co/ ( space  
is consid]$4  ,%\ld y desire economy1   
ord] y\r plate-mak] to s5d mats--copy   
consid]$--to ! l>ge dailies4 ,a mat is  
less exp5sive ?an a /]eotype & w        
reproduce y\r adv]tisem5t equally z     
well4  ,:5 y s5d !m a mat in/ead ( an   
electro !re is "o m duplication = !     
newspap]s to make 9 produc+ ! f9al      
/]eotype f :i* !y pr9t1 b ! mat :i* y\r 
plate-mak] furni%es !m is at lea/ mold$ 
directly f ! orig9al plate1 s t x is    
%>p] & deep] ?an ! mat ! newspap]s h to 
make :5 y furni% !m a /]eotype f :i* to 

"w4 ,:5 y furni% ! l>ge dailies ) ! mat 
!y ca/ a flat /]eotype fir/1 :i* is     
lock$ up 9 ! =m ) ! o!r matt] compos+ ! 
page4 ,?is entire =m is !n mold$ into a 
mat & /]eotyp$4  ,! small dailies &     
c\ntry newspap]s pr9t directly f type & 
cuts4 ,!y use a flat-b$ press4 ,= ?is   
reason x is necess>y t ! adv]tis+-plate 
or deal]s cut :i* y furni% to !m %\ld be
 m\nt$ type-high4  ,! be/ plate y c     
furni% !m is none too good2 _!          
make-ready & ! g5]al h&l+ ( _! mat]ial  
is n ( ! highe/ ord] 9 effici5cy z      
comp>$ to ! l>ge dailies1 & x is        
entirely probable t ev5 ) a good %>p    
electrotype1 y\r adv]tisem5t may n %[ to
 advantage4 ,) a /]eotype1 ! liability (
 smudgy pr9t+ is greatly enhanc$4  ,!   
,rapid ,electrotype ,company kn[s !     
me*anical equipm5t ( ! diff]5t newspap]s
 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x s5ds m\nt$ 
plates to ^? pap]s t pr9t directly f    
type & cuts1 & unm\nt$ plates to ^? t   
/]eotype _! =ms4 ,?is detail is left    
entirely to _! discretion4 ,! names ( ! 

t[ns to :i* y\r adv]tisem5t or          
deal]s-cut is to be %ipp$ is all !      
in=mation !y require 9 ord] to det]m9e  
:e!r or n to %ip m\nt$ or unm\nt$       
plates4     ,,! ,,rapid ,,electrotype   
,,company   ,! ,rapid ,electrotype      
,company ( ,c9c9nati 0 organiz$ 9 ,july1
 #ahii1 & incorporat$ "u ! laws ( ,ohio 
9 ,may1 #aijb4 ,x has be5 9 s]vice ov] a
 fif? ( a c5tury4  ,prior to !          
organization ( ,! ,rapid ,electrotype   
,company1 electrotyp+ 01 on ! :ole1 a   
localiz$ bus9ess4 ,! ,rapid ,electrotype
 ,company pione]$ 9 ! s]vice ( mak+ &   
di/ribut+ newspap] adv]tis+             
plates--electrotypes1 alum9otypes1      
/]eotypes1 & mats--direct f its factory 
9 ,c9c9nati to newspap]s & deal]s       
?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! orig9ality 
( ?is s]vice1 intellig5tly r5d]$ to     
adv]tis+ ag5cies & adv]tis]s1 0 "o ( !  
reasons = ! increase ( _! capacity f    
only five ?\s& squ>e in*es ( plate matt]
 daily 9 #ahii to "o million squ>e in*es
 p] day 9 #aiba1 & f an organization (  

only n9e m5 to "o ( ov] two hundr$ &    
fifty1 work+ 9 day & night %ifts4  ,_!  
new factory is unque/ionably ! l>ge/ (  
its k9d 9 ! _w1 especially design$ &    
equipp$ = ! mak+ & di/ribution (        
newspap] ad plates ( all k9ds4 ,ov]     
=ty-five ?\s& squ>e feet ( floor space  
is devot$ to ?is s]vice1 & ) _! highly  
develop$ co-op]ative facilities !y      
occupy a unique place 9 ! adv]tis+ plans
 ( _m l>ge national adv]tis]s & adv]tis+
 ag5cies4   ,,factory ,,practice        
,develop+ & s]v+ an ev] increas+ volume 
( bus9ess has br\ght ab\t a             
specialization 9 ! factory practice ( ,!
 ,rapid ,electrotype ,company4 ,x has   
kept pace ) ! dem&s ^u its production & 
has made improvem5ts 9 manufactur+      
me?ods design$ to cut-corn]s 9 co/ (    
manufacture1 to be %>$ ) its cu/om]s1 & 
to make its s]vice truly ,rapid = all   
em]g5cies1 )\t sacrific+ quality4  ,its 
comm]cial job-plate dep>tm5t is a       
sep>ate & di/9ct unit f ! newspap]      
adv]tis+-plate dep>tm5t4  ,! "* ( !     

respective requirem5ts ( comm]cial      
job-plates & newspap] adv]tis+ plates   
make ?is dep>tm5tal production          
advisable4  ,a lead-mold+ press1 built  
by ,! ,f4 ,wesel ,mfg4 ,co41 weigh+ ov] 
?irty-?\s& p\nds1 & develop+ two ?\s&   
tons pressure p] squ>e in* on a ?irty   
in* hydraulically op]at$ ram is us$ 9 ! 
job-plate dep>tm5t4 ,on ?is press are   
duplicat$1 f ! f9e/ scre5 half-tones1 ! 
highe/ quality electrotypes &           
nickeltypes to be us$ 9 ?ree & f\r color
 process pr9t+4  ,! prepond]at+ volume (
 its bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is ! production (  
newspap] electrotypes1 & x is 9 ?is     
dep>tm5t t ,! ,rapid ,electrotype       
,company has made di/9ct improvem5ts 9  
manufactur+ practice by me?ods & ma*9]y 
design$ & con/ruct$ by its own eng9e]s 9
 its own ma*9e %op4   ,,black ,,lead+   
,! ,rapid ,electrotype ,company has     
built a new type ( ma*9e = use 9 ?is    
important phase ( ! electrotyp+ art4 ,x 
is a comb9ation ,dry-,wet ,ma*9e1       
design$ by its own eng9e]+ /aff4  ,^?   

famili> ) electrotypes well "k !        
sup]iority ( ! wet black lead+ process1 
especially = half-tones1 /ipple1 ,b5    
,day or f9e type1 :]e mu* ( ! detail &  
%>pness is lo/ 9 dry black lead+1       
because ( ! cru%+ effect ! bru%es h on !
 wax mold4 ,9 ?is new type ( black lead+
 ma*9e ?is fault is entirely elim9at$1 z
 ! bru%es nev] come 9 contact ) ! pr9t+ 
face ( ! mold2 !y m]ely poli% ! high    
built-up spots1 !reby insur+ bett]      
electrical conductivity to ! wax1 & a m 
uni=m deposition ( ! copp] %ell4  ,two (
 ^! especially design$ ma*9es are 9     
con/ant op]ation 9 ! ad dep>tm5t1 :i*   
means ! highe/ grade ( adv]tis+ plates4 
,,deposit+ ,,! ,,%ell  ,^? :o are n     
te*nically famili> ) electro*emi/ry are 
prone to ?9k t ! l5g? ( "t a mold is    
kept 9 ! electrolytic ba?1 i4 e41 !     
copp] ba?1 det]m9es ! ?ickness ( ! %ell 
deposit$ !reon4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o   
electrotyp] may keep 8 molds 9 ! copp]  
ba? = ?ree h\rs & get only z ?ick a %ell
 z ano!r :o keeps 8 9 b two h\rs4 ,!    

elem5t ( "t does n det]m9e ! ?ickness   
nor quality ( ! %ell deposit$4  ,!      
det]m9+ factors 9 ?is phase (           
electrotyp+ are ! composition ( !       
electrolytic ba?1 its temp]ature1 & !   
curr5t d5sity appli$4 ,9 addition1 !    
purity ( ! mat]ials1 ! cleanl9ess ( !   
batt]ies1 ! p]fection ( ! electrical    
connections z well z ! di/ance betwe5 ! 
anode & ! ca?ode are all matt]s (       
importance4 ,^! factors are all v>iables
 & mu/ be conf9$ betwe5 n>r[ limits4    
,?is important phase ( manufacture 9 ,! 
,rapid ,electrotype ,company is "u !    
sup]vision ( an electro-*emical eng9e]4 
,plus ?is fact is ! accuracy ( me*anical
 op]ation 9 h&l+ wax molds f ! "t !y are
 put into ! batt]ies until !y are tak5  
out ) ! %ell deposit$ !reon & ready =   
t9n+ & back+-up4  ,! mold$ cases are    
susp5d$ at regul> int]vals ( tw5ty in*es
 f an endless *a9-conveyor op]at+       
directly ov] ! batt]ies4 ,?is conveyor  
c>ries ! cases edge-wise ?r\gh !        
electrolytic ba? betwe5 two r[s ( anodes

 :i* are f\r in*es ap>t4 ,at ! end ( ea*
 batt]y ! conveyor automatically lifts !
 cases out & ov] into ! next batt]y 9 ! 
s]ies1 ( :i* !re are sev54 ,! eigh? tub 
conta9s pure runn+ wat] = wa%+ ! case   
aft] ! complete deposition ( ! %ell4  ,!
 spe$ ( ?is conveyor is regulat$ s t :5 
! mold$ case has rea*$ ! end ( its      
j\rney ?r\gh ! s]ies ( sev5 batt]ies1 ! 
o!r factors also be+ regulat$1 a %ell ( 
uni=m ?ickness & texture ?r\gh\t is     
deposit$ !reon4  ,?is automatic h&l+ ( !
 cases 9 ! batt]ies elim9ates !         
necessity ( ! batt]y-man pull+ ! case   
out ( ! ba? by h& f "t to "t 9 ord] to  
peel back a corn] ( ! %ell to see if x  
is ?ick en\gh1 :i* is ! common practice4
 ,9 o!r words1 ! elem5t ( human guess-"w
 is elim9at$1 & 9 addition1 ! items ( "t
 & h&l+ are greatly r$uc$4   ,,back+    
,,up ,,! ,,%ell  ,back+-up ! %ells ) !  
metal base1 i4 e41 ca/+1 is done        
automatically by ,! ,rapid ,electrotype 
,company4  ,a rot>y ca/+-table ) a      
capacity ( t5 pans revolves ar\nd its   

axis on a plane t br+s ea* pan          
imm$iately bel[ a sp\t ?r\gh :i* !      
requir$ metal is automatically fl[$ f ! 
bottom ( ! metal pot on ! t9n$ %ell     
plac$ !re94 ,:5 ! requir$ metal back+   
has be5 fl[$1 ! table turns to br+ !    
next pan ) its %ell "u ! metal-sp\t4 ,! 
am\nt ( metal fl[$ is exactly regulat$4 
,z ! ca/+ table completes a circuit1 !  
fir/ %ell back$ up has cool$ s t x c be 
remov$ to ! scrubb+ ma*9e4  ,?is me?od1 
( c\rse1 elim9ates ! h&-ladl+ ( hot     
metal f ! metal-pot to ! ca/+-table1 z  
is ! ord9>y practice1 & obviates any    
possibility ( ! oxidiz$ metal or dross  
on ! surface gett+ into ! ca/s1 besides 
effect+ a m>k$ economy 9 "t & h&l+4 ,9  
addition1 x ca/s ! plates flat1 !reby   
elim9at+ ab\t #ge p] c5t ( ! f9i%+1 :i*1
 ( c\rse1 means a bett] pr9t+ plate4    
,?ree ( ^! ma*9es are us$4  ,! ,rapid   
,electrotype ,company develop$ & built  
^! ca/+-ma*9es 9 its own ma*9e %op &    
owns ! pat5ts cov]+ !m4   ,,!           
,,alum9otype ,,process  ,! developm5t1  

p]fection & introduction ( ! ,alum9otype
 ,process = duplicat+ a pr9t+ surface 9 
a solid piece is "o ( ! out/&+          
accompli%m5ts ( ,! ,rapid ,electrotype  
,company1 & m>ks a di/9ct /ep 9 advance 
( ! o!r & old] me?ods us$ 9 ! graphic   
arts1 = c]ta9 classes ( pr9t+4          
,alum9otypes are mu* h>d] ?an an        
electrotype or /]eotype & h z %>p & deep
 a pr9t+ face z an electrotype4 ,!      
,alum9otype process w reproduce z %>p & 
cle> z ! electrotyp+ process an eighty  
l9e scre5 half-tone1 :i* is really too  
f9e a scre5 = newspap] pr9t+4  ,a di/9ct
 advantage ,alum9otypes h is 9 ! item ( 
weight4 ,an ,alum9otype1 unm\nt$1 weighs
 only "o qu>t] z mu* z an unm\nt$       
electrotype or /]eotype ( ! same size4  
,:5 m\nt$ on a wood base an ,alum9otype 
weighs j "o half z mu* z an electrotype 
or /]eotype ( ! same size m\nt$ on wood4
 ,9 a national adv]tis+ campaign :]e a  
g5]al li/ ( newspap]s is us$            
,alum9otypes1 by reason ( _! light      
weight1 effect a m>k$ sav+ 9 p>cel-po/  

or express *>ges4 ,?is sav+ 9 po/age is 
especially noticeable 9 ! case ( =eign  
c\ntry newspap] campaigns4  ,9 addition1
 because ( _! t\ghness1 a sav+ c be made
 9 pack+ ,alum9otypes1 inasmu* z !y d n 
require ! exp5sive precautions 9 pack+  
to avoid injury 9 transportation t      
electrotypes or /]eotypes d4 ,!y w n    
b5d2 _! pr9t+ face _c be injur$ by !    
ord9>y mi%aps att5dant ^u h&l+ 9        
transportation4 ,= all practical        
purposes x c be said t ,alum9otypes are 
inde/ructible4   ,,matrices  ,! ord9>y  
practice foll[$ 9 mak+ mats is to use an
 electrotype or /]eotype patt]n plate   
made f ! orig9al =m4 ,sometimes !       
orig9al itself is us$4  ,! fir/ mat     
mold$ f an electrotype patt]n plate w be
 %>p4 ,! next "o mold$ w be a little    
less %>p ?an ! fir/4 ,! ?ird "o mold$ w 
be slightly less %>p ?an ! second "o4 ,9
 o!r words1 ) e succe$+ mold1 !         
electrotype or /]eotype patt]n plate is 
ma%$ a little by ! pressure ( ! matrix  
press until x has to be disc>d$ & a new 

"o us$4  ,! five-?\s&? mat made by !    
,rapid ,electrotype ,company f ! same   
patt]n plate is z %>p z ! fir/ "o mold$4
 ,?is is because an alum9otype patt]n is
 us$ f :i* to mold4 ,alum9otypes w n ma%
 "u ! pressure ( ! matrix press1 z !y   
are mu* h>d] ?an electrotypes4   ,,!    
,,%ipp+ ,,dep>tm5t  ,! %ipp+ dep>tm5t ( 
,! ,rapid ,electrotype ,company is "o ( 
! mo/ important & highly sy/ematiz$ 9 ! 
entire organization1 & 9 ! mann] ( h&l+ 
ord]s = di/ribution to newspap]s 9 l>ge 
campaigns or 9 mak+ bulk %ipm5t direct  
to ! adv]tis]s is unique4  ,x is 9 ?is  
dep>tm5t t ! pack+ & r\t+ ( adv]tis+    
plates to newspap]s or deal]s is done4  
,a sy/em ( triple *eck+ ea* item ( all  
ord]s precludes1 z f> z is humanly      
possible1 any error 9 fill+ accurately  
all specifications4         ,?is bro*ure
 0 compil$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,=/] (      ,!    
,rapid ,electrotype ,co4