which includes the original illustrations and illuminations4 ,see #ccdig-;h4htm or #ccdig-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ccdig_/pg#ccdig-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#cc dig_/ccdig-;h4zip7 ,,from ,,xylographs ,,to ,,lead ,,molds ,,ad #addj ,,ad #aiba ,copyright1 #aiba ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,,foreword ,printing has been called the art preservative of all arts4 ,the invention of individual movable cast-metal type1 between ,a4 ,d4 #addj and #addf1 made printing a commercial possibility4 ,the subsequent rapid spread of the art1 in the hands of students and craftsmen1 may be said to have been the centrifugal force of the ,renaissance and the ,revival of ,learning1 which age1 if it can be chronologically delimited1 began ,a4 ,d4 #adec4 ,printing divulged to the masses the ancient classics which had been locked up in monasteries and accessible only to clerics and the nobility4 ,the common people began to read4 ,education became popularized4 ,this brochure is a brief history of the evolution from xylographs to the methods used today for duplicating a typographical printing surface in a solid piece4 ,,individual ,,movable ,,cast-,,metal ,,type ,the art of writing1 and that of printing from wooden blocks1 and all the subsidiary arts of illuminating1 decorating and binding manuscripts and books1 had long passed out of the exclusive hands of the monasteries into the hands of students and artisans1 before printing with individual movable cast-metal type was invented4 ,this epoch making invention came into practical use between ,a4 ,d4 #addj and #addf4 ,when1 therefore1 ,johannes ,koelhoff of ,lubeck1 ,germany1 printed the ,cologne ,chronicle in #adii1 he used individual movable cast-metal type4 ,typographic printing had long before superseded ,xylographic printing1 that is1 printing from a solid block of wood on which type of an entire page were cut individually by hand4 ,between the invention of individual movable cast-metal type and the perfection by the ,earl of ,stanhope of his printing-press1 7a period of about three hundred and sixty years71 very few improvements had been made in the mechanics of printing4 ,everything we know today about the art has come into use since #agii1 and if ,koelhoff had come to life in #agii and been permitted to resume his occupation of printer1 he would have found himself practically familiar with the mechanical equipment of his craft as used in the establishment of the ,stanhope ,press in that last year of the eighteenth century4 ,centuries before #addj printing is believed to have been attempted in ,china2 presumably about the beginning of the ,christian era4 ,it is said that in the year ,a4 ,d4 #age the text of the ,chinese classics was cut into tablets which were erected outside the national university at ,peking1 and that impressions--probably rubbings--were taken of them4 ,some of these fac-simile impressions are still in existence1 it is asserted4 ,xylography was also practiced in ,china long before ,europe knew the art4 ,it can be traced as far back as the sixth century1 when the founder of the ,suy dynasty is said to have had the remains of the ,chinese classics engraved on wood1 though it was not until the tenth century that printed books became common in ,china4 ,the authorities of the ,british ,museum also report that ,chinese writers give the name of a certain ,pi ,sheng who1 in the eleventh century1 invented movable type1 and the ,department of ,oriental ,printed ,books and ,manuscripts of the same institution possesses a copy of the ,wen hsien tung ,kao1 a ,chinese encyclopedia printed in ,korea from movable type in ,a4 ,d4 #accg4 ,to the ,koreans also is attributed the invention of copper type in the beginning of the #aeth century1 and the inspection of books bearing the dates of that period seems to show that they used such type1 even if they did not invent them4 ,the first authentic ,european printing produced from individual movable type of which we have any recorded impression1 bears the date of ,a4 ,d4 #aded4 ,these documents are two different editions of the same ,letters of ,indulgence issued in that year by ,pope ,nicholas ,v4 in behalf of the ,kingdom of ,cyprus4 ,we do not know1 however1 whether they were printed from metal or wood type4 ,illustration ,as to the exact date of the invention of printing from individual movable type in ,europe1 we know only that it was some time prior to ,a4 ,d4 #aded4 ,where and by whom the invention came about1 a dispute has been waged for more than four hundred years2 one of the most hotly contested questions in history4 ,in short1 ,koelhoff was in part responsible for starting this dispute4 ,he published in his ,cologne ,chronicle a statement by ,ulrich ,zell1 a printer of ,mainz in ,germany and a contemporary of ,gutenberg1 that ,gutenberg had improved1 but not invented the art1 which he attributes to ,coster of ,haarlem1 in the ,netherlands1 in the year #addj4 ,gutenberg stole ,coster's type1 according to ,zell1 and printed from them in #addb4 ,other unrefutable evidence shows that ,gutenberg could not have begun printing at ,mainz before the end of #adej4 ,in addition to ,gutenberg and ,coster we also find ,waldfoghel of ,avignon1 in ,france1 and ,castaldi of ,felte1 in ,italy1 mentioned as claimants of this invention4 ,the value of their respective pretensions has been summed up by one well known authority in the words1 ,holland has books1 but no documents4 ,france has documents1 but no books4 ,italy has neither books1 nor documents1 while ,germany has both books and documents4 ,as the case stands at present1 after careful and impartial examination of all available evidence1 no choice is left but to attribute the invention of printing with individual movable cast-metal type to ,lourens ,janszoon ,coster of ,haarlem in the ,netherlands between the years #addj and #addf and not to ,gutenberg of ,mainz in ,germany4 ,zell's statement in the ,cologne ,chronicle of #adii is further substantiated by ,hadrianus ,junius in his ,batavia4 ,junius stated that printing from individual movable type was invented by ,coster in ,haarlem1 and that the ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationes was one of his first productions4 ,these two statements were made independently of each other and both are corroborated by books to which they refer4 ,the ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationes1 attributed to ,coster by ,junius was partly a folio ,latin block-book1 and partly typographically printed4 ,from this and other records it has been clearly established that ,coster began as a xylographer and ended as a typographical printer1 and before #adgb he had manufactured and extensively used at least seven different styles of primitive looking individual movable cast-metal type4 ,according to tradition1 while he was walking in a wood near ,haarlem1 ,coster cut some letters in the bark of a beech tree1 and with them1 reversely impressed one by one on paper1 he composed one or two lines as an example for the children of his son-in-law4 ,junius does not say it1 but clearly implies that1 in this way1 ,coster came to the idea of the movability of the characters1 the first step in the invention of typography4 ,he perceived the advantage and utility of such insulated characters1 which hitherto he had been cutting together on one block1 and so the invention of printing with individual movable type was made4 ,the questions as to whether he continued to print with movable wooden type1 or even printed books with them1 cannot be answered1 because no such books or fragments of them have come down to us4 ,junius' words on this point are ambiguous1 and yet1 upon the examination of the first edition of the ,dutch ,spiegel 7of which two copies are preserved at ,haarlem7 no one would deny that there are grounds for this belief4 ,the dancing condition of the lines and letters make it almost impossible to think that they are impressions from metal type4 ,but for how long and to what extent movable wooden type were employed1 if at all1 cannot be positively stated4 ,however1 this idea of movability1 and the accidental way in which it was discovered1 form together the pith of the ,haarlem tradition as told by ,junius4 ,nothing seems more natural than that a block-printer should cut such separate letters as ,coster did on the bark of a tree and thereupon perceive that they could be used over and over again for a variety of words on different pages1 while those which he used to cut in a solid block only served him for one page and for one purpose4 ,it is equally clear from the ,haarlem tradition that the art of casting metal type was the second stage in the invention1 a development or outcome of the primary idea of movable letters1 for ,junius says that ,coster afterwards changed the beechen characters into leaden1 and the latter again into tin ones4 ,theod4 ,bibliander1 in #aedh1 was the first to speak of movable wooden type and to describe them4 ,first they cut their letters1 he reports1 on wood blocks the size of an entire page2 but because the labor and cost of that way was so great1 they devised movable wooden type1 perforated and joined one to another by a thread4 ,bibliander does not say that he had ever seen such type himself1 but ,dan ,speckle or ,specklin 7d4 #aehi7 who ascribed the invention to ,mentelin1 asserts that he saw some of these wooden type at ,straussburg2 and ,angelo ,roccho asserted in #aeia that he had seen at ,venice type perforated and joined one to another by a thread1 but he does not state whether they were of wood or of metal4 ,there is a theory also that between block-printing and printing with movable cast-metal type there was an intermediate stage of printing with sculpto-fusi type2 that is1 a type of which the shank had to be cast in a quadrilateral mold and the characters or letters engraved afterwards by hand4 ,this theory was suggested by some one who could not believe in wooden type and yet wished to account for the marked irregularities of the type used to print the earliest books4 ,granting that all the earlier works of typography preserved to us are impressions of cast-metal type1 there are still differences of opinion1 especially among practical printers and type-founders1 as to the probable methods employed to cast them4 ,it is considered unlikely1 although not impossible1 that the invention of printing passed all at once from xylography to the perfect typography of the punch1 matrix1 and mold4 ,the types that ,coster made and used were supposed to have been manufactured in one of three or four probable ways4 ,bernard believed that the first movable cast-metal type were molded in sand1 since that method of casting was known to the silversmiths and trinket-makers of the fifteenth century4 ,in substantiation of his theory he exhibits a specimen of a word cast as a unit for him by this process1 roughly similar to a modern linotype slug4 ,a second suggested mode was that of casting in clay molds1 by a method very similar to that used in the sand process1 and resulting in like peculiarities and variations in the type4 ,ottley1 in his ,invention of ,printing1 was the chief exponent of this theory4 ,he believed that type were made by pouring molten lead into molds of clay or plaster1 after the ordinary manner used from time immemorial in casting statues and other articles of metal4 ,the imperfections in the type cast by the sand and clay processes--the difficulty of uneven heights in the various type--is supposed to have been surmounted either by locking up the form with the type-face downward on the composing stone1 or by perforating the type1 either at the time of casting or afterwards1 and holding them in their places by means of a wire or thread through the perforations4 ,illustration ,to this cause has been attributed the numerous misprints in those early specimens of the printers' art1 to correct which would have involved the unthreading of every line in which a typographical error occurred4 ,a striking proof that the lines were put into the form one by one1 as a piece1 instead of type by type1 is shown in a blunder in the ,speculum of ,coster where the whole of a last reference line is turned4 ,it is as if a modern linotype slug were put in the form up-side-down4 ,a third suggestion as to the method by which the type of those early days of printing may have been produced is described as a system that the type-founders of about #ahjj called ,polytypage1 which is a cast facsimile copy of an engraved block of type matter4 ,lambinet1 who is responsible for this suggestion1 explains that this method really means an early adoption of the stereotyping process4 ,lambinet thought that the early printers may have discovered a way of molding in cooling metal so as to get a matrix-plate impression of an entire page4 ,upon this matrix they would pour molten lead or tin and by the aid of a roller1 press the fused metal evenly so as to make it penetrate into all the hollows and corners of the letters4 ,this tablet of lead or tin1 when cooled1 being easily detached from the matrix1 would then reveal the letters of the alphabet reversed and in relief1 similar to a present day stereotype4 ,the individual letters1 of course1 could easily be cut apart by a sharp tool1 and the molding operation could be repeated1 using the same matrix4 ,the metal type faces so produced would be fixed on wooden shanks1 type high1 and the font would be complete4 ,it is impossible to suppose1 however1 that the ,mainz psalter of #adeg1 which ,lambinet points to as a specimen of this mode of execution1 is the impression1 not of type at all1 but a collection of casts mounted on wood4 ,yet another theory has been proposed by ,dr4 ,ch4 ,enschede1 head of the celebrated type foundry of that name in ,haarlem4 ,enschede concludes that the ,costerian type were produced from leaden matrices and the latter from brass patrices4 ,their bad1 irregular condition was due to the tools being imperfect1 and ,coster in the first practice of his invention was inexperienced and therefore bound to produce such imperfections as are found in the ,speculum4 ,coster's type were cast in one tempo1 that is1 the character itself and the shank cast at the same time in one piece4 ,gutenberg's patrices1 according to ,enschede1 were made like bookbinders' stamps1 of yellow copper1 i4 e41 brass4 ,with such patrices only lead matrices could be made1 but the latter could be produced in two ways4 ,molten lead could be poured over the patrices or the patrices could be pressed into cold lead4 ,the first mode is somewhat complex1 but the matrix would have a smooth surface and need no further adjustment4 ,the second mode is more simple1 but required great force1 although lead is a soft metal4 ,moreover the surface of the matrix would have to be trimmed1 as the impression forces the metal downwards and sidewards1 which makes the surface uneven1 though by this pressure the lead becomes firmer and more compact1 to the advantage of the type-founder4 ,enschede thinks that ,gutenberg obtained his matrices by the second mode4 ,he arrives at this conclusion by reason of the fact that ,gutenberg's types were sharper in their impressions than ,coster's4 ,developing this theory1 he believes that ,gutenberg had each letter engraved on a brass plate #b mm4 thick1 therefore a mere letter without anything underneath it4 ,this brass letter patrix was pressed1 by means of a small flat plate1 so far into the lead that its back formed an unbroken plane with the top surface of the lead1 and was then removed4 ,after the matrix had been made this way1 the type were cast1 which was done1 not by pouring metal into the matrix1 but by pressing the latter into semi-fused metal4 ,in this way a great many letters could be cast from one matrix without any injury to it4 ,gutenberg's method was to cast in two tempos1 according to ,enschede1 that is1 the character was cast first and the shank was cast by another operation joining it to the character4 ,enschede warns us1 however1 that his theories are simply those of a practical founder and not a bibliographer's4 ,but since no tools used by those early printers and type-founders have come to light to prove or disprove him1 his theory is as valuable as any others advanced as to the methods used for casting type in those primitive days of printing4 ,the shape of the type used as early as #adgj does not seem to differ materially from those of the present day4 ,this is evident from old type which were discovered in #ahgh in the bed of the river ,saone1 near ,lyons1 opposite the site of one of the fifteenth century printing-houses of that city4 ,also a page in ,joh4 ,neider's ,lepra ,moralis printed by ,conrad ,homburch in ,cologne in #adgf shows the accidental impression of a type pulled up from its place in the course of printing by the ink-ball1 and laid at length on the face of the form1 leaving its exact profile indented upon the page4 ,this accidental imprint shows a small circle1 and it is presumed that the type were pierced latterly by a circular hole1 which did not penetrate the whole thickness of the letter1 and served1 like the nick in modern type1 to enable the compositor to tell by touch which way to set the letter in his stick4 ,the fact that a letter was pulled out of the form seems to show that the type composing the line could not have been threaded together1 as set forth by ,ottley in his theory of clay molds for casting type4 ,it is to be remembered1 however1 that in the early days of printing1 every printer was his own type-founder4 ,the method of casting type had not been standardized and each printer had his own individual ideas both as to the kind of characters and the method used in casting them4 ,some may have threaded their type together in lines and others may have simply locked them up in the form face downward in the composing stone to overcome any irregularities caused by crude methods of casting4 ,vinc4 ,fineschi1 of ,florence1 in ,italy1 gives an extract from the cost-book of the ,ripoli press1 about #adhj1 which shows that steel1 brass1 copper1 tin1 lead and iron were all used in the manufacture of type at that period4 ,today we have the wizardry of mechanical production in the manufacture of type4 ,the linotype and monotype machines1 uncanny in their operations1 have also come into common practice4 ,without them printing would seem almost as primitive1 in typography1 as it was in its infancy4 ,,stereotyping ,about the beginning of the eighteenth century a certain ,van der ,meyer1 of ,antwerp1 made the next step towards a definite improvement in typography1 the first that had been attempted since the invention of printing from movable1 cast-metal type4 ,van der ,meyer prepared the composed pages of the ,bible by soldering together the bottom of the type in the form4 ,this was the first stereotype1 a term derived from two ,greek words meaning literally solidtype4 ,this method met one requirement4 ,it prevented the pi-ing of the type1 but it had the disadvantage of holding in comparative idleness a large and costly mass of type useless for any other purpose1 and it was not generally practiced4 ,this was followed in #agcj1 by ,william ,ged1 a goldsmith of ,edinburgh1 who is credited with casting printing-plates in plaster-of-paris molds for the ,university of ,cambridge ,bible4 ,these plates1 however1 were destroyed by jealous printers and thrown aside1 resulting in the process being abandoned for many years4 ,in the meantime several other improvements along this line were undergoing experiment4 ,firmin ,didot1 7#agfd-ahcf71 a printer of ,paris1 cast type of a hard alloy1 and when his book-pages were composed1 made an impression of them on a sheet of soft lead1 thus forming a mold4 ,molten metal was then poured into a shallow tray1 and just as this was on the point of solidifying1 but still plastic1 the lead-mold of the book-page was pressed on the soft metal in the tray4 ,this process called ,polytypage1 was but partly successful2 it could be used only for small pages1 and the plates were too often defective4 ,a process similar to this is what ,lambinet thought the printers of the latter half of the fifteenth century might have used as one of the probable methods to cast their metal types4 ,these and other experiments1 however1 were leading to the real stereotyping process which developed later4 ,early in the nineteenth century1 ,earl ,stanhope1 of ,england1 re-introduced ,ged's stereotyping process with many improvements4 ,one or more pages of type were locked in a chase1 the surface of the type being oiled to prevent the subsequent mold from sticking4 ,the mold was made by pouring a semi-fluid composition of plaster-of-paris mixed with a little fine salt to make the plaster settle solidly4 ,while the plaster was still soft1 it was carefully pressed down and rolled smooth on top to give a uniform thickness to the mold and to expel any air there might be in the plaster4 ,when the plaster became solid1 it formed a perfect matrix of the type pages4 ,the moisture in those early plaster molds was expelled by baking them in an oven for three or four hours4 ,a later method for drying was practiced by suspending the mold directly over the metal-pots or to float them on the surface of the molten metal4 ,by this means the drying could be accomplished in a half-hour or so4 ,in the process of casting1 several of these plaster molds were placed side by side face downward in a special casting-pan4 ,the pan was one and three-quarters or two inches deep1 and a lid on the pan screwed down on the back of the molds4 ,by means of a crane the casting pan with its molds was then lowered into the pot of molten metal which ran into the pan at the corners and sides4 ,the mold was allowed to remain ten minutes or so in the metal-pot1 or until the face of the inverted mold was entirely filled with the metal4 ,illustration ,a later method of casting from a plaster mold was to place it in a frame with a smooth1 flat plate opposite the face of the mold and to enclose the open space at one end and on the two sides4 ,the casting space thus formed was then turned with the open end up and metal was poured in with a ladle1 in a manner similar to the method still employed for casting job-work stereotypes4 ,the distance between the flat plate and the mold was adjusted to make a stereotype plate of the required thickness4 ,after the removal and cooling of the casting pan1 the plates were freed from the plaster and the surplus metal cut off4 ,only one cast could be made1 as the mold was usually destroyed in removing the cast4 ,the stereotype was then sent to the finishing department1 where the face was cleaned and examined for defective letters1 then trimmed on the sides and planed off uniformly on the back to the desired thickness1 in the same manner as a stereotype is treated today4 ,a defective letter could be mortised out of the plate and a good type inserted in its place4 ,in cases where a whole line or other part was imperfect1 another mold was made of as much of the form as was necessary and the new cast inserted and soldered to the plate4 ,there were many and varied experiments made in the earlier development of this idea of producing a duplicate printing form in a single piece4 ,that such a process was highly desirable was universally recognized1 and the conviction that some practicable and economical method was feasible was a continual incentive which gradually led to better results4 ,,stereotyping ,,in ,,america ,although credit is given to ,john ,watts1 an ,englishman then working in ,america1 for making the first stereotype plates here1 the real introduction of the process into the ,united ,states was by ,david ,bruce4 ,this was in #ahac4 ,bruce had learned the printer's trade in ,edinburgh and later came to ,america1 where after a few years he was joined by his brother ,george in establishing the firm of ,d4 ,g4 ,bruce1 printers4 ,hearing of the new process of stereotyping in ,england1 he went over there to learn about it4 ,he could get very little information about the process there1 but came back with some practical ideas which he proceeded to carry out4 ,bruce and his brother also began type-founding about this time1 and abandoned the business of printing4 ,later they gave up the work of stereotyping4 ,illustration ,the first book stereotyped in the ,united ,states was the ,new ,testament1 in #ahad4 ,bibles and school books were the first works to be stereotyped2 then came other books which were demanded in many editions1 such as the works of popular authors4 ,,the ,,papier ,,mache ,,matrix ,the papier-mache 7literally1 mashed paper7 matrix was first successfully used for casting stereotypes for book pages in ,france in #ahdh4 ,charles ,craske1 an engraver of ,new ,york1 introduced the method into the stereotype trade of the ,united ,states in #ahej1 and in #ahed he stereotyped a page of the ,new ,york ,herald and later made stereotypes for other ,new ,york newspapers4 ,the modern wet stereotype flong1 in common use today1 consists of several layers of special paper pasted together to form a thick sheet4 ,the base is a sheet of special soft stock similar to firm blotting-paper1 such as is used between leaves of small blank books4 ,three or four sheets of strong1 white tissue are next added1 each sheet except the last being uniformly covered with the paste4 ,the pasting must be done with great care so as to cover the entire surface of each sheet and at the same time to press out all air bubbles4 ,the sheets must then be pressed smoothly but not squeezed so hard as to force the paste out and must be kept moist until used4 ,in newspaper syndicate plants1 the flong is made automatically by a specially devised machine into which the various kinds of paper used are fed from rolls1 the pasting and cutting into sheets being mechanical4 ,in molding a papier-mache matrix1 the moist flong is laid on the original molding form to be duplicated1 the molding form being in place on the table of the molding press4 ,the flong is covered with several blankets of thick felt and the table of the molding press is then automatically moved in under a powerful roller which squeezes the moist flong down into the form4 ,at the end of its travel the table is automatically brought back again under the rollers to the position from which it started4 ,the speed of the roller and the table is synchronized to obviate any possibility of the mat becoming wrinkled by sliding4 ,the molded matrix and the pattern with the blanket still on it is then transferred to the drying press1 in which under a hot platten it is again squeezed and allowed to remain for a few minutes until the moisture is completely expelled from the molded flong4 ,the drying press is kept at a high temperature1 usually by steam heat4 ,the matrix thus dried out to a thick1 flexible cardboard is then ready for the casting of the stereotype1 which is done by pouring molten stereotype metal against the face of the matrix placed in a casting-box designed for this purpose4 ,a successive number of stereotypes can be cast for the same mat before it is injured by the hot metal4 ,for job-work stereotyping the casting-box is flat1 and the molten metal is either poured by hand or automatically pumped in the casting-box4 ,after the stereotype is cast it is flattened1 rough shaved1 smooth shaved1 bevelled or blocked on wood2 the wood base trimmed and then planed type-high for printing press use4 ,the large daily papers cast the full-page stereotype from which the paper is printed in an automatic casting machine which forms a curved plate1 trimmed and bevelled1 to fit the cylinder of the press4 ,stereotyping was for many years the chief means of making plates for books and also for commercial printing4 ,it has several advantages4 ,the first1 obviously1 is the advantage which it shares with several other methods of providing a solid printing plate made by molding from an original form of type or engraving4 ,its peculiar advantage1 however1 is that it is the quickest method of producing a duplicate plate from an original4 ,in comparison with electrotyping1 however1 it has two distinct disadvantages4 ,one is that it is not adapted for reproducing the fine lines of engravings and type faces4 ,in addition it is comparatively shallow and does not possess a sharp1 clean printing face4 ,the other disadvantage is that a stereotype is relatively soft and quickly worn4 ,stereotypes have been made more durable1 to withstand the wear of printing1 by the deposition of a film of harder metal--copper or nickel--on the face of the plate after it has been cast4 ,this1 however1 is not satisfactory1 as it involves not only another operation1 but also makes an already shallow printing plate that much shallower and increases the probability of it printing dirty1 which is one of the chief objections to the stereotype in itself4 ,this practice is not recommended4 ,,electrotyping ,in #agii1 ,allesandro ,volta1 of ,pavia1 in ,italy1 constructed the first electric battery1 which came to be called the ,voltaic pile4 ,improvements in the form of ,volta's battery were made almost immediately by ,william ,cruickshank1 in ,england1 who discovered in experimenting with it that he could by its power electrolyze or chemically decompose the salts of certain metals in solution4 ,both copper and silver1 he found1 could be precipitated from their salt solutions and deposited upon a plate immersed in the solution4 ,this observation was the first step in the process of electroplating1 which is electrotyping when applied to the art of typography4 ,in #ahcg1 thirty-eight years after ,volta's discovery1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,spencer of ,liverpool1 ,england1 accidentally stumbled upon the first realization of the electrotyping process4 ,while experimenting with a modification of a ,daniell battery1 he used an ,english copper penny as one of the poles instead of a plain piece of copper4 ,a deposition of copper from the solution in the battery took place upon the penny1 and upon removing the wire which attached the penny to the zinc plate a portion of the copper deposit was pulled off the penny also4 ,this first copper electrotype shell ,spencer found to be an exact duplicate or mold of part of the head and lettering on the coin4 ,it was as smooth and as sharp as the original4 ,it was some time later1 however1 before this suggested to him any useful application of the process4 ,another accident made him appreciate the full value of his discovery4 ,this time he carelessly dropped some varnish on a strip of copper which he was going to use in the same way he did the penny4 ,upon removing the copper from the battery he observed that there was no deposition of copper on those parts of the strip where the varnish had dropped4 ,spencer then conceived the idea of applying this principle to the arts by coating a piece of copper with varnish or wax and engraving a design in the coating1 thus exposing the copper strip in the engraved lines4 ,he did this1 and then deposited copper in the design so engraved4 ,upon removing the coating the design was exposed in relief on the piece of copper4 ,on ,september #ac1 #ahci1 ,spencer read a paper before the ,polytechnic ,institution of ,liverpool1 which he accompanied with specimens of both electrotypes made by this process and of printing from these electrotypes4 ,the publication of this paper acted like an electric shock upon society4 ,developing his process1 ,spencer first used lead as the plastic medium in which to mold printing surfaces1 and it is to be noted in this connection that in doing so he anticipated ,dr4 ,albert's lead mold by considerably over three quarters of a century4 ,spencer impressed a form of type on a planed piece of sheet-lead and subjected both of them to the action of a screw-press4 ,a perfectly sharp mold of the type form was thus made in the lead4 ,this lead mold was placed in a battery1 and at the end of eight days a copper shell one eighth of an inch in thickness had been deposited4 ,it was then removed from the apparatus and the rough edge of the deposited copper filed off4 ,being subjected to heat1 the copper shell loosened from the lead-mold4 ,spencer called this a copper stereotype4 ,illustration ,the next step in developing the electrotyping process1 after ,spencer had demonstrated the practical application of the electro-chemical deposition of a copper shell on a mold1 was made by a ,mr4 ,robert ,murray4 ,mr4 ,murray was the first to use plumbago1 or black-lead1 to give the surface of non-metallic bodies electro-conductive properties4 ,he discovered that he could coat a mold of bees-wax with black-lead and deposit thereon a copper shell4 ,this was in #ahdj4 ,in the same year ,smee's battery was invented4 ,this was a marked improvement and was a most important step towards making electrotyping a commercial possibility4 ,thus in #ahdj1 four hundred years after the probable date of the invention of printing from individual movable cast-metal type1 and over forty years after the foundation of electrotyping was laid by ,volta1 electrotyping1 as a practical method of reproducing a commercial typographical printing surface1 came into existence4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,palmer1 in ,england1 using ,spencer's method1 was the first to receive a patent for producing a metallic printing plate with the printing surfaces in relief4 ,this patent is dated #ahda4 ,palmer followed this in the succeeding year by a further patent for engraving through a wax-coated matrix-plate to form the printing surfaces in the positive electrotype taken from it4 ,this process was termed by ,palmer1 ,glyphography4 ,the whites or low spots in ,palmer's ,glyphographs were built-up in the wax mold through adding wax by hand1 assisted by various ingeniously constructed tools which were heated4 ,after building-up1 the wax was black-leaded and the copper deposition on the surface of the wax mold was obtained4 ,this copper deposit1 or shell1 was then tinned on the back1 backed up with lead1 mounted on wood1 and trimmed type-high4 ,these processes are the essentials used today in electrotyping4 ,one of the earliest works illustrated by the ,palmer process is ,the ,history and ,antiquities of ,brentford1 ,ealing1 and ,chiswick1 by ,t4 ,faulkner1 published in #ahde1 and the word ,glyphography occurs at the foot of many illustrations contained in it4 ,in #ahci the first attempt was made at commercial electrotyping in ,america4 ,in that year1 ,joseph ,a4 ,adams1 a wood-engraver connected with ,harper ,bros4 in ,new ,york1 experimented along lines similar to those ,spencer had pursued1 but using a wood-cut from which to mold4 ,his electrotypes were made by taking an impression from the wood-cut in an alloy of soft metal of which bismuth was probably the chief ingredient1 and immersing the metal mold in an ordinary ,voltaic battery for the deposition of the copper shell4 ,in making the impression1 however1 the wood-cut was destroyed so1 that this method of making an electrotype was not commercially practical4 ,illustration ,the year following ,adams took advantage of ,smee's battery and made an electrotype which was used in ,mape's ,magazine in #ahda4 ,he also employed this process for making illustrations for ,harper's ,family ,bible1 issued between #ahdb and #ahdd4 ,the first successful commercial electrotyper in ,america was ,john ,w4 ,wilcox1 of ,boston4 ,a wood carver named ,chandler1 told ,mr4 ,wilcox that if he could repeat what ,adams of ,new ,york had done with a wood-cut in #ahci that he1 ,chandler1 would lend him the necessary wood-cuts for experimental purposes4 ,in less than sixty days in #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,wilcox had put into practical use every essential principle known for the next twenty-five years in electrotyping4 ,in #ahee1 ,mr4 ,gay of ,new ,york first used tin-foil for the purpose of soldering the copper shells to the metal backing4 ,during the same year1 a ,mr4 ,adams of ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 invented the dry-brush black-leading machine4 ,steven ,d4 ,tucker1 of ,new ,york1 developed and patented in #ahff the type of dry-brush black-leading machine which is in common use today4 ,in #ahga1 ,silas ,p4 ,knight1 of ,harper ,bros41 ,new ,york1 invented the wet black-leading process1 and in #ahgb took out another patent for an improvement on this process4 ,mr4 ,knight's method of wet black-leading was not generally adopted by the electrotypers of that time and gradually became almost unknown4 ,undoubtedly1 the cause of this was that the method of dry black-leading was good enough for type and woodcut work4 ,the half-tone had not been invented at that time1 and it was only after the invention of the half-tone that a better method of black-leading became necessary4 ,thirty-seven years after ,mr4 ,knight had successfully used his process of wet black-leading a patent was granted to ,frank ,l4 ,learman1 of ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 for a wet black-leader4 ,since that time numerous patents have been taken out on different methods of using the wet process1 which is universally recognized today as the best method of graphiting the surface of a mold4 ,in #ahgj1 ,joseph ,a4 ,adams patented a process for covering the surface of the mold after it had been black-leaded with powdered tin4 ,this was for the purpose of quickening the deposition of the copper shell when the molds were in the batteries1 and from this undoubtedly came the oxidizing process of coating the surface of the molds with chemical copper invented by ,silas ,knight1 which has long been and is now in use4 ,perhaps one of the greatest forward steps in the development of electrotyping was made when the plating dynamo was invented4 ,the first adoption of a dynamo in place of ,smee's battery took place in #ahgb4 ,with the ,smee type of battery it required from thirty to forty-eight hours to deposit a copper shell thick enough for commercial use4 ,with the invention of the plating dynamo and its improvements1 the time of depositing the shell was reduced so that now two hours is the common time that a mold is kept in the tubs or batteries4 ,this quickening of the time required to deposit the shell was one of the most essential features in the development of commercial electrotyping4 ,from the first hand-screw presses1 which were successfully used for molding1 to the modern high-power1 motor-driven1 hydraulic presses1 for working either in wax or lead1 is a far cry4 ,the invention of the half-tone1 together with the invention of the modern two-revolution cylinder press which has brought printing into its present state of perfection1 made necessary radical improvements in the machinery for making electrotypes4 ,these improvements have been steady in their development1 but the fundamental points of the process are practically those which have been in use from the start of commercial electrotyping4 ,,electrotyping ,,by ,,the ,,wax ,,mold ,,process ,an electrotype is a facsimile printing plate duplicated from an original4 ,the original may be either type1 a woodcut1 a zinc or a copper etching such as a line-cut or a half-tone1 or it may be a combination of type-matter and line-cuts or half-tones4 ,we commonly think of electrotypes as printing plates made of copper1 but any metal which can be electrochemically deposited may be used4 ,because of their wearing qualities and economy1 however1 copper and nickel are the two metals commercially used for electrotyping4 ,briefly1 an electrotype is made by taking an impression of the original in a plastic substance1 thus forming a mold or matrix2 depositing copper or nickel on the mold2 removing the copper or nickel shell from the mold and backing it with a semi-hard metal2 trimming the metal to printing-plate thickness1 and bevelling1 or blocking on wood1 the trimmed plate for printing-press use4 ,in modern practice more than twenty-five different operations are necessary to make a finished electrotype ready for the press4 ,they may be enumerated1 as follows3 #a4 ,case-making4 ,the flowing of a molding compound composed of ozokerite1 a resinol-mineral wax1 onto the case4 ,the case is of copper4 #b4 ,flashing the ,case4 ,passing a flame over the surface of the melted ozokerite immediately after flowing the case in order to remove air-bubbles4 #c4 ,case-shaving4 ,the automatic shaving of the top surface of the flowed case after the ozokerite has hardened to give it a smooth1 even surface for molding4 #d4 ,graphiting4 ,brushing surface of case with molding graphite to prevent the pattern from sticking to the wax mold4 #e4 ,molding4 ,making an impression from the original zinc line etching1 half-tone or type form in the waxed case4 ,this is done by means of a hydraulically operated molding press4 #f4 ,cutting-down4 ,the levelling off by hand1 using a sharp trowel shaped tool1 of the splurge after the impression has been made4 ,flashing is also used here to remove the burr left around the letters after the cutting down process4 #g4 ,building-up4 ,the adding of wax by hand to the blank spaces in the molded case so that in the finished electrotype they will be well below the printing face4 #h4 ,black-leading4 ,making the face of the molded case electrically conductive by applying graphite4 #i4 ,stopping-out4 ,insulating with a thin coating of wax the edges and back of the copper case to prevent copper being deposited except on the face of the mold4 #aj4 ,pumping-out or ,oxidizing4 ,coating the face of the molded case with chemical copper to hasten deposition of copper shell in the bath4 #aa4 ,deposition of ,shell4 ,the molded case is put in the electrolytic bath for the deposition of shell thereon4 #ab4 ,releasing ,shell from ,molds4 ,stripping the deposited shell from the waxed mold by dashing hot water on it4 ,the wax is melted off case and used again4 #ac4 ,washing ,copper ,shell4 ,hot lye-water or steam is used to clean off any wax sticking to it4 #ad4 ,trimming ,copper ,shell4 ,rough edges of shell outside the guard line trimmed off4 #ae4 ,aciding ,copper ,shell4 ,an application of fluxing medium to back of copper shell so that tin will adhere4 #af4 ,tinning ,copper ,shell4 ,tin-foil is melted on the back of the copper shell4 ,this is the solder between the copper shell and the metal back1 without which the metal backing would not adhere to the shell4 #ag4 ,backing-up4 ,the flowing of electrotype metal on the back of the tinned copper shell for the purpose of making a foundation for printing 7electrotype metal is an alloy of #id per cent lead2 #c per cent tin for flowing and #c per cent antimony for hardness74 #ah4 ,scrubbing the ,cast4 ,a power operated scrubbing machine using a hydro-carbon oil as the cleansing medium to clean the printing face of the electrotypes4 #ai4 ,cast-sawing4 ,sawing off the surplus metal of the cast before finishing4 #bj4 ,flattening the ,casts4 ,hand operation with mallet and flattening block to take the warp out of the electrotype caused by the contraction of the metal in cooling4 #ba4 ,rough-shaving4 ,planing off superfluous metal from the back of the electrotype4 #bb4 ,finishing4 ,putting the printing surface of the electrotype in perfect condition for press after leaving the foundry department4 ,this is done by hand and requires a high degree of skill4 #bc4 ,smooth-shaving4 ,the finishing shave of metal from back of electrotype to bring it to the required thickness4 #bd4 ,routing4 ,cutting out the high but non-printing surfaces of the electrotype by a routing machine4 #be4 ,guard-line ,sawing4 ,cutting the guard lines or bearers off the electrotype to practically the finished size before blocking or bevelling4 #bf4 ,blocking4 ,fastening the plate on wood base with brads driven through the metal4 #bg4 ,trimming4 ,trimming the wood mounted electrotype to its exact finished size4 #bh4 ,type-high ,machining4 ,used for planing the bottom of the wood base so that the mounted electrotype is of printing press requirements1 i4 e41 4#iah high4 ,,electrotyping ,,by ,,the ,,lead ,,mold ,,process ,electrotypes made by the genuine ,dr4 ,albert ,lead ,mold ,process are always duplicates of fine-screen half-tones or mezzo-tints used for the highest class of commercial job-work1 such as three and four color process or duo-tone printing on paper with a highly glazed surface4 ,the largest press used in lead molding will give a maximum pressure of two thousand tons per square inch on a thirty inch ram hydraulically operated4 ,the weight of this press is over thirty thousand pounds4 ,illustration ,in the lead mold process the plastic medium used is a soft thin sheet of what is called impression lead1 4#jdj inches thick1 instead of wax1 and the lead is placed on top of the original to be duplicated1 instead of vice-versa1 as in the wax-molding process4 ,no building-up nor black-leading is necessary4 ,in all other respects the consecutive steps towards the completion of the lead mold plate are identical to those used in the ,wax ,mold ,process4 ,,aluminotypes ,the age long progress in the development and perfection of typographical printing surfaces1 from the period of ,xylographic blocks on through the successive inventions of individual movable cast-metal type1 stereotyping and electrotyping1 by both the wax and lead-molding processes1 reaches its culmination in ,aluminotypes4 ,briefly1 it is a method of casting printing plates of aluminum alloy in molds made from a composition of plaster-of-paris4 ,in its essential points it is a modern adaptation of the process credited to ,william ,ged of ,edinburgh in #agcj and afterwards modified and improved in the early #aith century by ,earl ,stanhope of ,england4 ,in practice1 the original to be duplicated is placed on a molding-slab4 ,a molding frame is set upon the slab and enclosing the original4 ,a special kind of oil is then sprayed on the face of the original4 ,this is to facilitate the release of the plaster mold so that it will not tear when it is ready to be lifted off the original after solidifying1 and at the same time to retain the sharpness of the mold4 ,the molding medium of plaster composition in a semi-liquefied state is then poured on to the original in the molding frame4 ,the surplus plaster is scraped off flush with the top of the molding frame4 ,after the plaster matrix in its molding frame has set sufficiently it is released by means of cams from the working pattern on the molding-slab4 ,the plaster matrix is then placed in a drying oven1 through which a forced draft of hot air is kept circulating at high pressure4 ,the thorough drying of the mold takes approximately ninety minutes4 ,when the plaster mold has become sufficiently dried1 a round hole is cut through the bottom of the matrix in an offset of the molding frame4 ,this hole is the gate through which the molten aluminum is forced4 ,the mold is then securely locked upright in a specially designed casting machine4 ,the ,aluminotype is cast by pressure and not by pouring as in the case of stereotypes1 which depend entirely upon gravity4 ,fused aluminum alloy is poured into a hopper on the casting machine4 ,a piston operated by the agency of compressed air forces the aluminum evenly into all parts of the plaster matrix4 ,when the cast is completed the molding frame is taken from the casting machine and the ,aluminotype removed from its plaster-of-paris matrix4 ,,authorities3 ,an ,outline of the ,history of ,printing1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,peddie4 ,typographical ,printing ,surfaces1 by ,l4 ,a4 ,legros4 ,manual of ,electro-,metallurgy1 by ,napier4 ,the ,encyclopedia ,brittanica4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,typographical ,technical ,series1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company4 ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,the ,,foolproof ,,newspaper ,,drawing ,,some ,,advertising ,,pictures ,,print ,,well--,,others ,,do ,,not4 ,,why8 ,,it',s ,,all ,a ,,matter ,,of ,,going ,,about ,,it ,,in ,a ,,know-,,how ,,way ,by ,j4 ,,livingston ,,larned ,an advertiser--perhaps one of the largest users of newspaper space in the country--sprang a surprise recently on his ad-manager4 ,into the office he came1 one day1 grim-visaged1 jaw set1 fire in his eyes1 and armed with no less than fifty clippings from exchanges4 ,and on the amazed ad-manager's desk he placed two conglomerate piles of advertising matter4 ,one represented the national newspaper campaign of his own industry2 the other a collection of newspaper advertisements1 picked at random4 ,i think ,i have conclusive proof1 said he1 in no mild mood1 that you fellows are not as efficient as you might be4 ,here are our advertisements--from papers everywhere4 ,the illustrations print abominably6 ,look at them4 ,the matter has been called to my attention many times--by the newspapers themselves1 by our road representatives and by local dealers4 ,they say our electro service and our straight national campaigns are all muddied up with pictures that nobody can decipher4 ,here's conclusive proof of it4 ,not a clean-looking cut in the series and you can't blame it on paper and press work and all that--they're all bad6 ,the advertising manager glanced casually at the exhibits4 ,the criticism was valid4 ,here was a daily newspaper campaign1 running into space valued at approximately sixty thousand dollars1 and the displays1 three-fourths illustration1 were mussy1 involved1 smeared up1 and unsatisfactory from a reproductive standpoint4 ,solid black backgrounds were a sickly1 washed-out gray and in other places intricate pen work had run-together4 ,it was equally true that clippings of competitive advertising and advertising in general1 selected at random1 were strangely clean-cut4 ,the comparison was startling4 ,mr4 ,x1 finally observed the ad-manager1 ,i see what you mean2 all of us in this department have known of it1 kept track of it2 and the remarkable part of the entire situation is that these results can be traced back to you and your personal insistence on a certain type of pen and ink design1 executed in a specific technique4 ,these matters came up for your supervision and ,o4 ,k4 ,you did not care for the bold1 simple outline drawings first submitted4 ,you preferred too many1 and a glut of detail4 ,all of which is not compatible with newspaper printing1 even in large space4 ,we were afraid of this and said so at the time4 ,our objection was overruled4 ,it's one thing to prefer a pleasing1 perhaps highly artistic pen technique and quite another to apply it to fast presses1 poor ink and hurried make-ready4 ,a great many things can happen1 and do happen1 to a newspaper design before it is printed and in the readers' hands4 ,,disregarding ,,fundamentals ,sometimes it is better to come out with the frank1 brutal truth4 ,in a great many instances1 poor newspaper reproduction is the direct result of some executive's marked preference for a certain artist or a certain technique1 regardless of whether the man is qualified to draw for this field1 or whether the technique is fitted for the purpose4 ,on the other hand1 there is1 unquestionably1 a strange1 well nigh inexcusable disregard of certain fundamentals of the business4 ,there is too much swivel-chair composure2 too much beatific reassurance1 when proofs are submitted on good paper1 from a flat-bed engraver-house press4 ,a newspaper series is very apt to look #ajj per cent when presented on the final electro sheet1 or bound into a neat booklet for the dealer and printed on coated stock4 ,these are ostrich methods6 ,in certain advertising agencies there is a standing rule in the matter of newspaper plates that all proofs must be pulled on newspaper stock--and a very inferior grade4 ,a newspaper press is used1 an entire series coming off at once4 ,there is no make-ready to speak of4 ,by this process no one is deceived4 ,you see exactly what will happen1 or nearly so1 when the series fares forth to newspapers all over the country4 ,the executive mentioned above had collected newspapers1 big and little1 from the four points of the compass4 ,and he had collected a liberal number of perfectly satisfactory newspaper advertisements of the illustrated variety4 ,blacks were clean black1 ,ben ,day tints held their own1 there was no congestion1 no smudging1 no mishap of any sort4 ,if certain rules are followed1 any newspaper advertising illustration can be made fool-proof4 ,you can be absolutely certain of a printable result1 despite all exigencies1 all drawbacks1 all hazards4 ,failure usually follows a desire to attempt something beyond that which has been tried and is wholly practical4 ,for the present1 at least1 users of newspaper space must bow to the inevitable4 ,they must realize that there is a well-defined limit to what can be done mechanically4 ,they must not defiantly experiment1 although the desire to do something new and to be original is entirely praiseworthy4 ,,things ,,you ,,can',t ,,do ,if you use half-tones1 have them made very coarse screen--nothing finer than #fj line4 ,stop out whites and eliminate backgrounds4 ,the high-light half-tone is a modern development with many virtues4 ,if a portrait is used1 take out all background4 ,there is a way of retouching photographs that will minimize the danger of poor printing4 ,the artist strengthens weak contrasts1 not with a brush and paint1 but with a pen and waterproof black ink4 ,he also uses areas of pure white4 ,successful reproduction is dependent upon sharp1 clear1 vigorous contrasts4 ,stippling is one of the best substitutes for the half-tone4 ,this simply means dotting-in a subject4 ,it is a time-consuming1 laborious process1 but it means line plates and the elimination of middle tones--which are disastrous4 ,there was a time when certain clever inventions of the paper manufacturer could be employed for half-tone effects in line4 ,for example1 a ,ross ,board is manufactured with an assortment of patterned surfaces4 ,when brush or crayon or pencil is drawn over them1 they give effects that may not be duplicated in straight pen and ink on plain white drawing board4 ,some of these papers have a chalk surface4 ,some have imitation half-tone patterns1 straight-line designs1 etc4 ,it is possible to scratch away certain portions with a sharp knife4 ,do not use them as matters now stand in newspaper printing4 ,they will not stand reduction and only very coarse tints reproduce satisfactorily4 ,special ,caution--,do not allow artists to make original drawings for newspaper use much larger than twice the size4 ,here is one of the greatest evils of the day4 ,the artist seems possessed to make his original on a full sheet of paper1 when he knows that the plate is for two or three newspaper columns4 ,what happens8 ,an illustration which makes a handsome showing in the original will inevitably fill-in when reduced to actual size4 ,figure it out yourself--look at it through a reducing glass4 ,lines that seem wide apart almost touch in the congestion that follows great reduction4 ,the really wise and shrewd artist makes his newspaper drawing actual size4 ,not more than a dozen ,ben ,day patterns can be used safely--now--in newspapers4 ,do you know the meaning of ,ben ,day8 ,it is a mechanical tint1 printed mechanically either on the plate1 by the engraver1 or on the original drawing1 from an inked gelatine surface and rubbed on with a stilus4 ,magazine reproduction accepts it in all its forms4 ,newspaper stock muddies it up when it is too fine4 ,in any event1 when selecting a pattern1 see that it is an open one and have it put on the engraving--not the design4 ,if on the design it means a reduction4 ,if on the plate it means no reduction1 but precisely as shown in the ,ben ,day book of patterns4 ,avoid complex line treatments and techniques1 such as cross-hatching and the laying in of many very fine #bij pen lines close together4 ,they look well in the original--they seldom print well on newspaper stock4 ,they reduce abominably4 ,any newspaper illustration should have plenty of white margin to relieve it4 ,when a drawing is cramped1 packed in1 suffocated by side rules1 borders and text1 it suffers4 ,clear outline drawings1 with an occasional dash of black1 prove most efficient for newspaper reproduction4 ,they can't fill in1 they can't smudge1 they can't become contaminated by clots of printing ink or defects in the newspaper stock4 ,not even fast press work can damage their printability4 ,but remember1 not all outline drawings are alike--great originality of technique can be secured4 ,,careful ,,of ,,black ,,areas ,large areas of solid black are not advisable4 ,think it over4 ,ink flows irregularly on newspaper presses4 ,one copy may show up exactly as in the original2 the next may develop a white halo1 a gray tendency1 a smeary1 half-baked look4 ,no two impressions will be quite the same4 ,and it is logical to see that this is apt to be so4 ,any imperfection or irregularity in the ink roller will cause it1 or the collection of foreign matter on cut or roller4 ,any black area larger than two inches square is a hazard4 ,advertisers often think that masses of solid black will make an advertisement stand out4 ,they would if they printed a smooth1 even black--which they seldom do4 ,but liberal white margins are far more potent in attracting attention and in segregating an advertisement from mixed company than solid blacks4 ,the appearance of large areas of black may be secured via subterfuge4 ,one method is to form the background of heavy black lines1 quite close together4 ,the white spaces between save the printing4 ,look at straight type through a magnifying glass4 ,not even type is printed clear black4 ,then what chance would an even surface of large proportion have8 ,newspaper cuts should be routed deep4 ,routing is merely the deepening or entire cutting away of extraneous matter on the engraving--that is1 where there is no printing surface4 ,the smudges of hideous design often seen are really an impression of a metal surface that has not been routed out properly4 ,every engraving should be examined critically for such defects4 ,avoid placing a shaded area against a black area4 ,as we have intimated1 the heart and soul of the successful newspaper drawing is contrast4 ,the beginning of every advertisement or series of advertisements is represented in terms of a first visualization4 ,it is in pencil4 ,these should be made same size--that is1 the actual size they are to eventually appear4 ,then no one1 the artist least of all1 is fooled by disparity of proportions4 ,,keep ,,it ,,simple ,the visualizer should keep one cardinal point in mind4 ,keep newspaper advertisements simple4 ,the less there is in them the better4 ,thirty-two of the ads selected by our advertising friend1 mentioned earlier in the story1 were good because they were simple4 ,type was held to blocks1 and with as little change in style1 size and character of type as possible4 ,all of them were characterized by liberal white margins4 ,it is the best known way of fighting back the opposition of the surrounding appeals on the same page4 ,there's a good test possible4 ,make a photographic print of your advertisement1 the size it is to appear1 and paste it on a newspaper page--not a ,new ,york or ,chicago paper1 but a page in the ,bingville ,banner4 ,before plates are made or even before pen and ink drawings are fully completed1 you can change1 rearrange1 eliminate1 or add to1 as the case may be4 ,the wise advertiser is the one who in preparing an elaborate and extensive newspaper campaign keys it in its printing qualities1 not to the best papers on the list1 but to the ones that are worst printed4 ,this may mean the undreamed of thing of #ajj per cent perfect6 ,no advertiser can hope to secure full efficiency from a campaign if it presents a smudged and confused appearance4 ,newspapers are trig things in their own right4 ,their column rules and their precision of type make this an arbitrary condition4 ,there is really nothing finer and cleaner and more pleasing to the human eye than a well-composed newspaper1 hot from the press4 ,ugly advertisements can make an ugly newspaper4 ,they can even spoil the set-up and typography in general of the reading sections4 ,a newspaper is held responsible if returns from a single advertisement or a campaign are not satisfactory4 ,it is looked upon as a poor medium4 ,yet how many times the true fault can be traced to the message itself4 ,full efficiency in advertising is the result of full efficiency in the copy4444 7,reprinted by the kind permission of ,the ,bureau of ,advertising1 the ,american ,newspapers ,publishers ,association1 ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,thompson1 ,director47 ,,newspaper ,,advertising ,,plates ,mechanical production of any kind is an unsympathetic and inexorable thing1 and the modern large daily newspaper1 in its mechanical production1 is unsympathetic and inexorable to the highest degree4 ,it reproduces exactly and impartially from all the different material supplied to it4 ,your ad-plate is locked into the form with the other matter composing the page4 ,a hurried lock-up1 and the form is molded into a mat and stereotyped4 ,fast presses and cheap ink do the rest4 ,if your ad does not show up well in the first few impressions run off1 the press grinds on just the same1 with little or no make-ready4 ,once they start1 it is too late to stop to allow the press-room foreman to investigate why a certain ad does not print up well4 ,the ,daily ,bugle must get on the streets1 if possible1 before its competitors with the important scoop that the ,beghum of ,swat has just died4 ,if you have supplied the best material for the newspapers to work with1 the clean-cut reproduction of your advertisement is insured4 ,if you have been penny-wise and pound-foolish in saving a few cents on your ad-plate1 all the dollars you spent on art1 typography and white space for your ad are on the knees of the gods and liable to be spilled off the said knees1 and your ad is messy looking when it appears4 ,the advertiser invariably blames the newspaper and the newspaper passes the buck on to the plate-maker4 ,the printed appearance of the ad is largely determined by the kind of plate furnished to the newspaper4 ,the large daily newspapers are entirely dependent upon the stereotyping process for the necessary speed required in production4 ,they do not print directly from type or cuts4 ,the big advantage of stereotyping in this connection lies in the fact that it is the quickest method of producing a solid1 duplicate printing plate from an original molding form4 ,after locking up a page form1 it can be molded1 the matrix dried and the plate cast and ready for the press in about ten minutes4 ,therefore1 only unmounted plates should be sent to the large daily papers and not wood mounted1 as it takes too long for the heat to pass through the wood base in drying the mat4 ,the unmounted plate is placed on a metal base1 7because heat passes through metal quickly in drying the mat7 and then locked in the form with the type and other matter composing the entire page4 ,a mat is then molded from the complete form and a curved stereotype is cast from this page mat4 ,it is from this curved full page stereotype that the large daily newspaper is actually printed4 ,since they must duplicate the plates sent to them by the stereotyping process1 your expensively prepared advertisement1 if it is to appear sharp and clean in the valuable space it uses1 should be electrotyped by your plate-maker4 ,a stereotype duplicated from an electrotype will print cleaner than a stereotype duplicated from a stereotype by reason of the fact that mats molded by the newspaper from electrotypes are sharper and deeper than when they are molded from stereotypes4 ,electrotypes have a distinctly sharper and harder face and are deeper than stereotypes4 ,the very nature of the process and materials used in their manufacture makes this superiority inevitable4 ,wax is used as the plastic medium in which to mold electrotypes1 whereas for stereotypes paper is used4 ,sharpness and depth cannot be molded into paper as it can into wax4 ,neither will stereotype metal poured by gravity against a paper matrix mold be as sharp and deep as copper deposited electrolytically on a wax mold4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that when an unmounted electrotype is supplied to the ,chicago ,tribune or the ,new ,york ,journal or the ,san ,francisco ,call they are stereotyping your ad in the page form from a plate molded in wax directly from the original4 ,on the other hand1 when you supply a stereotype of your ad to the large dailies this stereotype is already one step removed from the original master plate and means that two paper mats intervene between the original supplied to the plate-maker and the final stereotype of the page containing your advertisement4 ,in short1 they are duplicating a stereotype from a stereotype and each duplication means a loss in sharpness and depth2 therefore they should be supplied with a sharp electrotype from which to make their final page mat4 ,obviously when a stereotype is supplied to the large dailies they are working from a plate that is neither sharp nor deep to start with1 as would be the case if you sent them an electrotype from which to work4 ,an electrotype is economy in the end and will save you grief1 when the cost of space is considered4 ,should you desire economy1 order your plate-maker to send mats--copy considered--to the large dailies4 ,a mat is less expensive than a stereotype and will reproduce your advertisement equally as well4 ,when you send them a mat instead of an electro there is one more duplication for the newspapers to make in producing the final stereotype from which they print1 but the mat which your plate-maker furnishes them is at least molded directly from the original plate1 so that it is sharper and deeper than the mat the newspapers have to make when you furnish them a stereotype from which to work4 ,when you furnish the large dailies with the mat they cast a flat stereotype first1 which is locked up in the form with the other matter composing the page4 ,this entire form is then molded into a mat and stereotyped4 ,the small dailies and country newspapers print directly from type and cuts4 ,they use a flat-bed press4 ,for this reason it is necessary that the advertising-plate or dealers cut which you furnish to them should be mounted type-high4 ,the best plate you can furnish them is none too good2 their make-ready and the general handling of their material is not of the highest order in efficiency as compared to the large dailies1 and it is entirely probable that even with a good sharp electrotype1 your advertisement may not show to advantage4 ,with a stereotype1 the liability of smudgy printing is greatly enhanced4 ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company knows the mechanical equipment of the different newspapers throughout the ,united ,states4 ,it sends mounted plates to those papers that print directly from type and cuts1 and unmounted plates to those that stereotype their forms4 ,this detail is left entirely to their discretion4 ,the names of the towns to which your advertisement or dealers-cut is to be shipped is all the information they require in order to determine whether or not to ship mounted or unmounted plates4 ,,the ,,rapid ,,electrotype ,,company ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company of ,cincinnati was organized in ,july1 #ahii1 and incorporated under the laws of ,ohio in ,may1 #aijb4 ,it has been in service over a fifth of a century4 ,prior to the organization of ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company1 electrotyping was1 on the whole1 a localized business4 ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company pioneered in the service of making and distributing newspaper advertising plates--electrotypes1 aluminotypes1 stereotypes1 and mats--direct from its factory in ,cincinnati to newspapers and dealers throughout the ,united ,states4 ,the originality of this service1 intelligently rendered to advertising agencies and advertisers1 was one of the reasons for the increase of their capacity from only five thousand square inches of plate matter daily in #ahii to one million square inches per day in #aiba1 and from an organization of only nine men to one of over two hundred and fifty1 working in day and night shifts4 ,their new factory is unquestionably the largest of its kind in the world1 especially designed and equipped for the making and distribution of newspaper ad plates of all kinds4 ,over forty-five thousand square feet of floor space is devoted to this service1 and with their highly developed co-operative facilities they occupy a unique place in the advertising plans of many large national advertisers and advertising agencies4 ,,factory ,,practice ,developing and serving an ever increasing volume of business has brought about a specialization in the factory practice of ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company4 ,it has kept pace with the demands upon its production and has made improvements in manufacturing methods designed to cut-corners in cost of manufacture1 to be shared with its customers1 and to make its service truly ,rapid for all emergencies1 without sacrificing quality4 ,its commercial job-plate department is a separate and distinct unit from the newspaper advertising-plate department4 ,the character of the respective requirements of commercial job-plates and newspaper advertising plates make this departmental production advisable4 ,a lead-molding press1 built by ,the ,f4 ,wesel ,mfg4 ,co41 weighing over thirty-thousand pounds1 and developing two thousand tons pressure per square inch on a thirty inch hydraulically operated ram is used in the job-plate department4 ,on this press are duplicated1 from the finest screen half-tones1 the highest quality electrotypes and nickeltypes to be used in three and four color process printing4 ,the preponderating volume of its business1 however1 is the production of newspaper electrotypes1 and it is in this department that ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company has made distinct improvements in manufacturing practice by methods and machinery designed and constructed by its own engineers in its own machine shop4 ,,black ,,leading ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company has built a new type of machine for use in this important phase of the electrotyping art4 ,it is a combination ,dry-,wet ,machine1 designed by its own engineering staff4 ,those familiar with electrotypes well know the superiority of the wet black leading process1 especially for half-tones1 stipple1 ,ben ,day or fine type1 where much of the detail and sharpness is lost in dry black leading1 because of the crushing effect the brushes have on the wax mold4 ,in this new type of black leading machine this fault is entirely eliminated1 as the brushes never come in contact with the printing face of the mold2 they merely polish the high built-up spots1 thereby insuring better electrical conductivity to the wax1 and a more uniform deposition of the copper shell4 ,two of these especially designed machines are in constant operation in the ad department1 which means the highest grade of advertising plates4 ,,depositing ,,the ,,shell ,those who are not technically familiar with electrochemistry are prone to think that the length of time a mold is kept in the electrolytic bath1 i4 e41 the copper bath1 determines the thickness of the shell deposited thereon4 ,as a matter of fact1 one electrotyper may keep his molds in the copper bath for three hours and get only as thick a shell as another who keeps his in but two hours4 ,the element of time does not determine the thickness nor quality of the shell deposited4 ,the determining factors in this phase of electrotyping are the composition of the electrolytic bath1 its temperature1 and the current density applied4 ,in addition1 the purity of the materials1 the cleanliness of the batteries1 the perfection of the electrical connections as well as the distance between the anode and the cathode are all matters of importance4 ,these factors are all variables and must be confined between narrow limits4 ,this important phase of manufacture in ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company is under the supervision of an electro-chemical engineer4 ,plus this fact is the accuracy of mechanical operation in handling wax molds from the time they are put into the batteries until they are taken out with the shell deposited thereon and ready for tinning and backing-up4 ,the molded cases are suspended at regular intervals of twenty inches from an endless chain-conveyor operating directly over the batteries4 ,this conveyor carries the cases edge-wise through the electrolytic bath between two rows of anodes which are four inches apart4 ,at the end of each battery the conveyor automatically lifts the cases out and over into the next battery in the series1 of which there are seven4 ,the eighth tub contains pure running water for washing the case after the complete deposition of the shell4 ,the speed of this conveyor is regulated so that when the molded case has reached the end of its journey through the series of seven batteries1 the other factors also being regulated1 a shell of uniform thickness and texture throughout is deposited thereon4 ,this automatic handling of the cases in the batteries eliminates the necessity of the battery-man pulling the case out of the bath by hand from time to time in order to peel back a corner of the shell to see if it is thick enough1 which is the common practice4 ,in other words1 the element of human guess-work is eliminated1 and in addition1 the items of time and handling are greatly reduced4 ,,backing ,,up ,,the ,,shell ,backing-up the shells with the metal base1 i4 e41 casting1 is done automatically by ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company4 ,a rotary casting-table with a capacity of ten pans revolves around its axis on a plane that brings each pan immediately below a spout through which the required metal is automatically flowed from the bottom of the metal pot on the tinned shell placed therein4 ,when the required metal backing has been flowed1 the table turns to bring the next pan with its shell under the metal-spout4 ,the amount of metal flowed is exactly regulated4 ,as the casting table completes a circuit1 the first shell backed up has cooled so that it can be removed to the scrubbing machine4 ,this method1 of course1 eliminates the hand-ladling of hot metal from the metal-pot to the casting-table1 as is the ordinary practice1 and obviates any possibility of the oxidized metal or dross on the surface getting into the casts1 besides effecting a marked economy in time and handling4 ,in addition1 it casts the plates flat1 thereby eliminating about #ge per cent of the finishing1 which1 of course1 means a better printing plate4 ,three of these machines are used4 ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company developed and built these casting-machines in its own machine shop and owns the patents covering them4 ,,the ,,aluminotype ,,process ,the development1 perfection and introduction of the ,aluminotype ,process for duplicating a printing surface in a solid piece is one of the outstanding accomplishments of ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company1 and marks a distinct step in advance of the other and older methods used in the graphic arts1 for certain classes of printing4 ,aluminotypes are much harder than an electrotype or stereotype and have as sharp and deep a printing face as an electrotype4 ,the ,aluminotype process will reproduce as sharp and clear as the electrotyping process an eighty line screen half-tone1 which is really too fine a screen for newspaper printing4 ,a distinct advantage ,aluminotypes have is in the item of weight4 ,an ,aluminotype1 unmounted1 weighs only one quarter as much as an unmounted electrotype or stereotype of the same size4 ,when mounted on a wood base an ,aluminotype weighs just one half as much as an electrotype or stereotype of the same size mounted on wood4 ,in a national advertising campaign where a general list of newspapers is used ,aluminotypes1 by reason of their light weight1 effect a marked saving in parcel-post or express charges4 ,this saving in postage is especially noticeable in the case of foreign country newspaper campaigns4 ,in addition1 because of their toughness1 a saving can be made in packing ,aluminotypes1 inasmuch as they do not require the expensive precautions in packing to avoid injury in transportation that electrotypes or stereotypes do4 ,they will not bend2 their printing face cannot be injured by the ordinary mishaps attendant upon handling in transportation4 ,for all practical purposes it can be said that ,aluminotypes are indestructible4 ,,matrices ,the ordinary practice followed in making mats is to use an electrotype or stereotype pattern plate made from the original form4 ,sometimes the original itself is used4 ,the first mat molded from an electrotype pattern plate will be sharp4 ,the next one molded will be a little less sharp than the first4 ,the third one molded will be slightly less sharp than the second one4 ,in other words1 with every succeeding mold1 the electrotype or stereotype pattern plate is mashed a little by the pressure of the matrix press until it has to be discarded and a new one used4 ,the five-thousandth mat made by the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company from the same pattern plate is as sharp as the first one molded4 ,this is because an aluminotype pattern is used from which to mold4 ,aluminotypes will not mash under the pressure of the matrix press1 as they are much harder than electrotypes4 ,,the ,,shipping ,,department ,the shipping department of ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,company is one of the most important and highly systematized in the entire organization1 and in the manner of handling orders for distribution to newspapers in large campaigns or in making bulk shipment direct to the advertisers is unique4 ,it is in this department that the packing and routing of advertising plates to newspapers or dealers is done4 ,a system of triple checking each item of all orders precludes1 as far as is humanly possible1 any error in filling accurately all specifications4 ,this brochure was compiled by ,h4 ,c4 ,forster of ,the ,rapid ,electrotype ,co4