,the ,english ,churchman's ,library     
,,the ,,christian ,,use   ,,of ,,the    
,,psalter   ,,by ,,the  ,,rev4 ,a4 ,r4  
,,whitham1 ,m4,a4     ,principal of     
,culham ,training ,college1 and formerly
   ,vice-,principal of ,cuddesdan       
,college       ,impleta sunt quae       
concinit   ,david fidelis carmine    ,a4
 ,r4 ,,mowbray  ,,co41 ,,ltd4  ,,london3
 #cd ,great ,castle ,street1 ,oxford    
,circus1 ,w4  ,,oxford3 #i ,high ,street
   #aiji     ,,the ,,english            
,,churchman',s ,,library  ,one ,shilling
 each net   ,the ,mysteries of ,grace4  
,by ,t4 ,a4 ,lacey1 ,chaplain of the    
,house of ,mercy1 ,highgate4  ,letters  
to a ,godson4  ,first ,series4  ,by     
,cyril ,bickersteth1 ,priest of the     
,community of the ,resurrection1        
,mirfield4  ,first ,studies ,in ,s4     
,mark4  ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,ireland            
,blackburne4  ,spiritual ,counsels to   
,district ,visitors and others4  ,by the
 late ,george ,howard ,wilkinson1       
,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,s4 ,andrews3        

,primus4  ,the ,christian ,use of the   
,psalter4  ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,whitham1 ,m4,a41
 ,principal of ,culham ,training        
,college4  ,our ,working ,girls and ,how
 to help them4  ,by ,flora ,l4 ,freeman1
 ,author of ,sunshine of ,everyday      
,life4  ,letters to a ,godson4  ,second 
,series4  ,by ,cyril ,bickersteth1      
,m4,a4  ,the ,practical ,religion4  ,by 
,vernon ,staley1 ,provost of ,inverness 
,cathedral4   ,others in preparation4   
,a4 ,r4 ,,mowbray  ,,co41 ,,ltd4        
,,church ,,publishers   ,,london3 #cd1  
,great ,castle ,street1 ,w4   ,,oxford3 
#i1 ,high ,street     v  ,,preface      
,this little book1 based on three       
,lectures delivered to the ,s4 ,paul's  
,lecture ,society in ,january1 #aijh1 is
 not intended so much for the scholar as
 for the plain man who goes to ,church  
and loves the ,prayer ,book1 but finds  
the ,psalms sometimes puzzling4  ,they  
are certainly the most difficult1 though
 the most characteristic1 part of the   
daily offices of the ,church4  ,what has

 been attempted in these ,lectures is   
not to explain them in detail1 but to   
suggest the broad lines of              
interpretation which seem always to have
 been in the mind of the ,church in her 
use of the ,psalter4  ,a few additional 
helps have been suggested in the ,notes4
  ,,culham1 #aijh4     vii  ,,contents  
,,page  ,,preface  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4      v       
,,lecture ,i    ,,part ,i4--,,general   
,,principles  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
#a   ,,part ,,ii4--,,difficulties 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4     #bb       
,,lecture ,,ii  ,,christ ,,in ,,the     
,,psalter 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4    #dc   ,,lecture ,,iii  ,,the   
,,church ,,in ,,the ,,psalter  4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   #gc   ,,notes  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4  #aja   ,,appendix  ,,brief 
,,suggestions ,,as ,,to ,,the           
,,christian ,,use ,,of ,,each ,,psalm  4
  #ajg   ,,index ,,of ,,psalms          
,,referred ,,to  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

 4 4 4  #adb     #a  ,the ,christian    
,use of the ,psalter   ,,lecture ,i     
,,part ,i4  ,,general ,,principles      
,haereditate acquisivi testimonia tua in
 aeternum3   ,quia exsultatio cordis mei
 sunt4   ,the ,christian use of the     
,psalter is as old as ,christianity     
itself4  ,the new-born ,catholic        
,church1 returning from her earliest    
conflict with the kingdoms of this      
world1 found the most natural expression
 of her faith and her need in the words 
of the #bnd ,psalm3    ,why did the     
,gentiles rage1   ,and the peoples      
imagine vain things8   ,the kings of the
 earth set themselves in array1   ,and  
the rulers were gathered together1      
,against the ,lord1 and against ,his    
,anointed4           7,acts iv4 #be1    
#bf1 ,r4,v47  #b  ,before this1 on the  
very birthday of the ,church1 the chief 
of the ,apostles had appealed to the    
witness of ,david1 for the ,resurrection
 and ,triumph of the ,holy ,one 7,pss4  
xvi41 cx4 in ,acts ii4 #be-h1 #cd1 #ce74

 ,and even earlier1 during the ten days 
of waiting1 the great ,psalms of        
righteous wrath 7thought so impossible  
by many to-day7 had supplied the        
prophecy of the fall of ,judas3    ,let 
his habitation be made desolate1   ,and 
let no man dwell therein2  and the      
justification of the election of        
,matthias3    ,his office let another   
take4           7,pss4 lxix4 and cix4 in
 ,acts i4 #bj47   ,so harmoniously did  
the praise-book of the ,jewish ,church  
pass into the service of ,christ2 so    
clearly did the first believers         
recognise that the ,spirit of ,christ   
was the same ,who had spoken by ,david4 
,this immediate appropriation of the    
,psalter as a book of ,christian witness
 is remarkable evidence to the felt     
unity and continuity of the two         
,covenants4  ,no book of the ,old       
,testament1 with the exception of       
,isaiah1 is so frequently quoted in the 
,new as the book of ,psalms4  ,but still
 more remarkable is the influence of the

 ,psalter on ,christian worship4  ,the  
,church #c exists in the world not only 
as the teaching1 but also as the        
worshipping community4  ,as the ages    
pass she ceases not to bear the witness 
of her praise and thanksgiving to the   
,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4
  ,from the beginning she showed a      
tendency to do this in ordered and      
liturgical forms4  ,the ,apostolic      
,church continued steadfast in the      
prayers 7,acts ii4 #db1 ,r4,v474  ,the  
expression implies not merely a daily   
gathering for worship1 but the offering 
of that worship in a fixed and orderly  
manner1 suggested1 no doubt1 by the     
existing ,jewish services4  ,whatever   
may have been the actual form of the    
prayers in the first age of the ,church1
 or whatever stages they may have passed
 through1 there can be no doubt that    
they are the germ of all the rich later 
developments of the liturgy of the      
,church1 such as are represented in the 
,middle ,ages by the ,missal and the    

,breviary1 and to-day by our own ,book  
of ,common ,prayer4  ,the regular       
services of the ,church fall naturally  
into two classes4 ,the ,eucharist1 the  
service of the ,altar1 took the place of
 the sacrificial worship of the ,temple4
  ,the ,divine ,office1 the service of  
the ,choir1 may have been suggested by  
the services of the ,synagogue4 ,but if 
so1 there is one most significant       
difference4  #d ,the ,christian ,church 
made a much fuller public use of the    
,psalms than the ,synagogue ever seems  
to have done4#a  ,the ,psalms in the    
,jewish ,church seem to have been       
adjuncts or embellishments of the       
service1 rather than its central        
feature4  ,the ,divine ,office of the   
,christian ,church practically is the   
,psalter4  ,the readings from other     
parts of ,scripture1 so prominent in the
 ,synagogue service1 fall now into a    
secondary place4 ,the recitation of the 
,psalms1 which appears from very early  
times as the characteristic ,christian  

devotion1 became the very centre and    
core of the sevenfold daily ,choir      
,office of the mediaeval ,church4  ,the 
whole ,psalter in theory was said       
through once a week1 mainly at ,mattins 
7the midnight office71 while selected   
,psalms formed the chief part of the    
subsequent services of the day4#b  ,the 
,english ,reformers1 however hastily and
 trenchantly they may have cut down and 
simplified these services of the        
,breviary1 showed the true ,catholic    
instinct in this at least1 that they    
provided as the leading feature of      
,morning and ,evening ,prayer an        
unbroken and systematic recitation of   
the ,psalms4  ,in this respect their    
claim was justified that they had       
provided an #e order much agreeable to  
the mind and purpose of the old         
,fathers4#c  ,it was a return from      
mediaeval complications to a more       
primitive ideal4   ,what1 then1 was this
 book of praise and worship which the   
,catholic ,church found ready to hand1  

and made unhesitatingly her own1 and    
which has set the standard and provided 
the chief material for her continual    
voice in the ear of ,god8  ,the         
,psalter1 as we know it now1 had been   
for some time before ,christ the        
recognised praise-book of ,israel4  ,its
 ,hebrew name is simple and             
significant--,tehillim1 praises4  ,its  
historical origins and growth are still 
indeed wrapt in obscurity1 and to       
discuss them would be alien from our    
present purpose4  ,suffice it to say    
that there seems no conclusive reason   
for discrediting the universal ,jewish  
and ,christian tradition that the       
,psalter begins at least with ,david4   
,some of the earlier and more personal  
psalms are naturally felt to reflect his
 character and youthful struggles4  ,nor
 is it unreasonable to believe that the 
later historical books are substantially
 correct in making him the founder #f of
 the ,temple choir 7#a ,chron4 xv42     
,ezra iii4 #aj74  ,doubtless the        

majority of the ,psalms belong to a     
later age1 and their collection is due  
to the scrupulous care and reverence of 
the period of ,jewish history which     
begins with ,ezra4  ,the singers of the 
,temple after1 perhaps even before1 the 
,captivity formed various collections of
 sacred lyrics1 which passed under      
characteristic names1 some being        
entitled ,psalms of ,david 7though not  
of necessity all his work72 others      
bearing the names of ancient leaders of 
the ,temple choir1 like ,asaph1 or of   
the guilds of singers1 like the sons of 
,korah4  ,another collection with a     
distinct individuality would be the     
songs of degrees or ascents             
7cxx4-cxxxii471 the pilgrim-songs of the
 faithful ,israelites as they journeyed 
from their homes to keep the annual     
feasts at ,jerusalem4  ,at some unknown 
time these different collections1 or    
selections from them1 must have been    
brought together into one4  ,many       
scholars consider that the compilation  

cannot have been complete before the age
 of the ,maccabees1 as more than one    
,psalm is thought to refer to the       
agonies of faithful ,israel during that 
great national crisis 7e4g4 ,pss4 xliv41
 lxxiv41 lxxix41 lxxx474  ,but it must  
have been substantially complete by the 
time that the ,septuagint translation   
was made 7in the second century #g      
,b4,c472 and so ancient then were the   
titles of the ,psalms in the ,hebrew    
that these ,alexandrine scholars seem to
 have been frequently puzzled by them4  
,this collection of #aej ,psalms1       
whenever precisely it may have been     
made1 was divided into five books1 each 
ending with an outburst of praise to the
 ,god of ,israel4#d  ,the key to this   
somewhat artificial arrangement is no   
doubt to be found in the desire to make 
the ,psalter correspond with the        
,pentateuch4  ,moses1 says a ,rabbinical
 commentator 7,midrash ,tillim71 gave   
five-fifths of the ,law1 and            
correspondingly ,david gave the book of 

,tehillim1 in which are five books4  ,of
 this ,dr4 ,cheyne says1 ,the remark is 
a suggestive one3 it seems to mean      
this--that the praise-book is the answer
 of the worshipping community to the    
demands made by its ,lord in the ,law1  
the reflexion of the external standard  
of faith and obedience in the utterance 
of the believing heart4  ,this criticism
 is so illuminating that it may well    
suggest the first great principle in our
 own ,christian use of the ,psalter4    
,i4  ,the ,psalter is the inspired      
answer of praise which human faith is   
privileged to make to #h ,god's         
revelation4  ,it is the new song put in 
the mouth of humanity by its ,creator4  
,thou preparest their heart1 and ,thine 
ear hearkeneth thereto 7,ps4 x4 #ai74   
,this is surely a very great thought4   
,the ,old ,testament is the record of   
,god's gradual unveiling of ,himself to 
,his elect1 whom for the world's sake   
,he had chosen out of the world4  ,the  
revelation was not indeed to them alone4

  ,god had spoken in many ways1 more    
than even the ,church yet recognises1 to
 the heathen world4  ,yet to ,israel    
,god gave that highest privilege of     
receiving and keeping the true knowledge
 of ,himself1 of ,his unity1 ,his       
universality1 ,his moral being1 ,his    
holiness1 ,his love1 and of the demand  
which this knowledge makes on human     
conscience4  ,the unknown author of #b  
,esdras1 looking back on history after  
the great blow had fallen on ,jerusalem1
 has expressed this in vivid and        
pathetic language3 ,of all the flowers  
of the world ,thou hast chosen ,thee one
 lily3 and of all the depths of the sea 
,thou hast filled ,thee one river3 and  
of all builded cities ,thou hast        
hallowed ,sion unto ,thyself3 444 and   
among all the multitudes of peoples     
,thou hast gotten ,thee one people3 and 
unto this people1 whom ,thou lovedst1   
,thou gavest a law that is approved of  
all 7#b ,esd4 v4 #bd-g74  ,in the       
,psalter ,god #i has provided1 as it    

were1 for ,his people the words of      
praise in which their thankful hearts   
may express their love and loyalty to   
what ,he has revealed4  ,this feature1  
the glad response to revelation1 is     
stamped upon the ,psalter from end to   
end4  ,thus the #ast ,psalm describes   
the secret of human blessedness3    ,his
 delight is in the law of the ,lord3    
,and in ,his law will he exercise       
himself day and night4   ,the #ith      
,psalm is an outburst of thanksgiving to
 the ,name of ,god1 ,who is revealed as 
the moral ,governor of the world4  ,the 
#aith couples the self-revelation of    
,god in nature1 ,god ,whose glory the   
heavens declare1 with the revelation    
given in the ,law1 which is1 as it were1
 the sun in the moral world restoring   
the soul and enlightening the eyes4     
,the #beth reads like a comment from    
man's heart on the great proclamation of
 ,god's ,name given to ,moses in the    
cleft of the rock--,the ,lord1 the      
,lord1 a ,god full of compassion1 and   

gracious1 slow to anger1 and plenteous  
in mercy and truth 7,ex4 xxxiii4 #ai1   
xxxiv4 #e-g74  ,so the ,psalmist prays1 
as it were1 in answer3  #aj    ,call to 
remembrance1 ,o ,lord1 ,thy tender      
mercies3   ,and ,thy loving-kindnesses1 
which have been ever of old4   ,o       
remember not the sins and offences of my
 youth3   ,but according to ,thy mercy  
think ,thou upon me1 ,o ,lord1       for
 ,thy goodness4   ,the #djth offers the 
response of a converted will to what is 
found and recognised in the ,law3    ,in
 the roll of the book it is written of  
me3   ,i delight to do ,thy will1 ,o my 
,god4           7,r4,v47   ,the #ghth   
recounts the long history of rebellious 
,israel as in itself part of the        
testimony of ,god4  ,the mingled record 
of deliverance and failure1 of judgment 
and hope1 is in itself a parable1 a dark
 saying of old1 which faith can read and
 make answer to4  ,the #acast expresses 
the very fundamental spirit of faith1   
the essential temper and attitude of the

 ,church1 the spirit of humility1 of    
intellectual submission1 of obedience1  
which is the same under the ,gospel     
,dispensation as under the ,old         
,covenant4  #aa    ,lord1 ,i am not     
high-minded3   ,i have no proud looks4  
,i do not exercise myself in great      
matters3   ,which are too high for me4  
,but the most remarkable illustration of
 this characteristic attitude of the    
believer is the #aaith ,psalm4  ,it is  
like a piece of music1 every verse a    
subtle and harmonious variation on one  
dominant theme4  ,it is the voice of the
 converted soul1 learning the one lesson
 which man must learn in this world's   
school1 if he is to attain his true     
being--learning to be ever turning away 
from self1 from one's own doubts1       
troubles1 persecutions1 sufferings1 to  
rest on what ,god has revealed in ,his  
statutes1 ,his judgments1 ,his          
testimonies1 ,his laws4 ,nor is it      
without a subtle propriety that this    
,psalm is arranged as an acrostic under 

the twenty-two letters of the ,hebrew   
alphabet4  ,these letters are1 as it    
were1 the rudiments out of which man is 
enabled to exercise his characteristic  
gift of articulate speech2 and in the   
acrostic ,psalms they are visibly       
consecrated to ,his service ,who made   
the mouth of man4  ,and each part of the
 #aaith ,psalm consists of eight verses1
 a significant ,hebrew number1 the      
symbol of the #ab ,resurrection and the 
restoration of all things in that eighth
 day1 the octave of eternity1 which is  
yet to come1 and will complete the work 
of the seven days of the first creation4
  ,this ,psalm1 which expresses the     
unchanging spirit of true religion1 was 
most naturally appropriated by          
,christian devotion to form the services
 for the working part of each day1      
beginning at ,prime1 when man goeth     
forth to his work and his labour with   
that benediction which comes on labour  
done with a pure motive in ,god's ,name3
    ,blessed are those that are         

undefiled in the way3   ,and walk in the
 law of the ,lord1  and ending at ,none1
 the hour of the death of the ,lord1    
when day visibly declines1 with the     
confession that the worker1 as he looks 
back1 must always make3    ,i have gone 
astray like a sheep that is lost3   ,o  
seek ,thy servant1 for ,i do not forget 
,thy commandments4   ,it was like a     
stream of water1 crossing unexpectedly a
 dusty way--mirabilia testimonia tua6   
,in psalm and antiphon1 inexhaustibly   
fresh1 the soul seemed to be taking     
refuge1 at that undevout #ac hour1 from 
the sordid languor and the mean business
 of men's lives1 in contemplation of the
 unfaltering vigour of the ,divine      
righteousness1 which had still those who
 sought it1 not only watchful in the    
night1 but alert in the drowsy          
afternoon4#e   ,we can scarcely         
exaggerate the value1 in our own time   
especially1 of this use1 not only of the
 #aaith ,psalm1 but of the whole        
,psalter1 as the response of the ,church

 and the human soul to the revealed word
 of ,god4 ,these times of ,christ have  
indeed filled and enriched the early    
conception of the ,name of ,god4  ,we   
have learned to see in the ,trinity the 
justification of belief in the ,divine  
,unity2 we have learned more of the     
,fatherhood of ,god in the face of ,his 
only ,son2 we have learned that the     
,cross is the key to human suffering2 we
 have learned the ,catholic nature of   
the ,divine sovereignty3 nevertheless   
the foundation teaching of the          
,psalmists as to the relation of the    
creature to his ,creator remains        
unchanged4  ,we still find in the       
,psalter a guide for our uncertain      
footsteps in our journey back to ,god4  
,is not the answer to every problem of  
faith1 even such mysteries as the       
existence and continuance of evil1 or   
the calamities that fall on the just1   
#ad still to be found as the author of  
the #gcrd ,psalm found it1 in returning 
and rest upon the ,god ,who has made    

,himself known to suffering man8    ,my 
flesh and my heart faileth3   ,but ,god 
is the strength of my heart and my      
portion for ever4   ,the prevailing     
thought of the #aaith ,psalm1 that      
,god's revelation is fixed and permanent
 and the law of human life1 marks the   
great separation between the world and  
the ,church4  ,such a belief is         
abhorrent and distasteful always to the 
natural mind1 while it is familiar to   
and welcomed by the ,catholic ,church1  
as it was by the ,jewish4  ,the         
,church's witness to the world is of a  
revelation from above3 she has received 
it2 she may not alter it without        
apostasy4 ,her mission in the world is  
not to be the mirror of each succeeding 
phase of human thought1 nor merely the  
consecration of human aspirations1 but  
rather to speak with a supernatural     
authority1 to tell men what ,god is and 
what is ,his will1 whether they will    
hear1 or whether they will forbear4     
,and the ,church can only deliver her   

message aright1 in the face of the      
frowns of the princes of this world1 so 
long as worship gladdens and confirms   
her #ae witness1 so long as she herself 
finds her joy in contemplating her      
treasure and returning thanks for it to 
the ,giver4  ,as the devout ,israelite  
found in the ,psalter the natural       
expression of an intelligent devotion to
 the ,god ,who had revealed ,himself in 
,law and ,prophets1 so the ,christian   
,church1 with no break of continuity1   
found the ,psalter still adequate to    
express her joy in her fuller knowledge4
 ,for that fuller knowledge was strictly
 in line with the old4  ,the faith of   
,israel had not been changed1 but       
carried forward1 developed1 illuminated4
  ,in the ,law the ,gospel lay hid1 and 
the ,christian ,church felt in the old  
words of devotion no outworn or alien   
accents1 but living utterances of the   
,spirit of ,life1 which renewed their   
youth with hers4  ,so from the beginning
 she found strength and comfort in her  

warfare for the truth1 in the praises of
 ,israel4  ,from the beginning she based
 her ordered worship on the services of 
,temple and ,synagogue4 ,the choirs of  
the ,catholic ,church find their most   
lasting and characteristic voice not in 
hymn or anthem1 but in--          ,the  
chorus intoned   ,as the ,levites go up 
to the altar in glory enthroned4   #af  
,,ii4  ,a second great principle of the 
,christian use of the ,psalter will be  
found in its humanism4  ,the ,psalms are
 profoundly human4  ,they sympathise    
with the soul of man in all his varied  
efforts after ,god4 ,they find a voice  
for him in his battles for truth and    
right1 in his moments of defeat as well 
as his victories1 in his doubts no less 
than his certainties4  ,they put words  
into his mouth as he contemplates the   
variety1 the beauty1 and the law of     
nature1 or the injustice1 the obstinacy1
 the treachery of men4  ,the ,psalms    
make his bed in his sickness2 they      
strengthen him in the inward agonies of 

faith2 they go with him to the gates of 
death1 and farther still1 even to ,god's
 holy hill and ,his dwelling2 they point
 him to the eternal morning1 when he    
will wake up and be satisfied with      
,god's likeness 7cf4 ,pss4 civ41 x41    
xli41 lxxvii41 lxxxviii41 xliii41       
xvii474  ,we have all no doubt felt     
something of this abiding sympathy of   
the ,psalter4  ,dean ,church expressed  
it very remarkably in a letter written  
by him shortly before his death3   ,the 
thought of what is to take the place of 
things here is with me all day long1 but
 it is with a strange mixture of reality
 and unreality1 and ,i wish it did me   
all the good it might4  ,books are not  
satisfactory--at least1 ,i have always  
found it #ag so4  ,it seems to me that  
there is nothing equal to letting the   
,psalms fall on one's ears1 till at last
 a verse starts into meaning1 which it  
is sure to do in the end 7,life and     
,letters1 p4 #dji1 ed4 #ahig74   ,the   
,psalter has in this way endeared itself

 to many generations of struggling and  
dying men1 and appealed even to many who
 were alien from its spirit4  ,it has   
interwoven itself with striking scenes  
and moments of history1 as when         
,hildebrand chanted ,he that dwelleth in
 heaven shall laugh them to scorn 7ii47 
before the encircling hosts of emperor  
and anti-pope2 or when ,s4 ,athanasius1 
on that night of fear when the imperial 
soldiers had blockaded the doors of the 
church1 and the fate of the faith of    
,nicaea seemed to hang in the balance1  
bade the deacon intone that ,psalm which
 tells of ,god smiting great kings1 for 
,his mercy endureth for ever 7cxxxvi472 
or when ,henry ,v4 turned his face to   
the wall and died1 confessing that his  
ideal was unfulfilled1 and that ,god1   
and not he1 must build the walls of     
,jerusalem 7li474  ,this humanism of the
 ,psalter makes it pre-eminently a      
,christian possession1 for ,christianity
 is human through and through4  ,it is  
the religion of the soul which is by    

nature ,christian4  ,it redeems and     
consecrates1 as no other religion could 
ever dare to do1 all the fulness of     
man's being4  #ah ,and why8  ,here we   
touch the innermost secret of the       
,psalter4  ,it is the book of the       
,incarnation4  ,the ,word was made      
flesh1 and dwelt among us4  ,god        
,himself has taken to ,himself a human  
soul and spirit as well as a human body4
  ,and the ,incarnate ,word found on    
earth the voice of ,his communing with  
the ,father1 as the faithful of ,his own
 adopted nation did1 in the words of the
 ,psalms4 ,these words rise naturally to
 ,his lips in the supreme agony on the  
,cross2 they must have provided ,his    
prayers and thanksgivings1 we may       
reverently imagine1 not only in the     
public services which ,he attended1 but 
in ,his home at ,nazareth1 and in ,his  
lonely vigils of prayer4  ,he gathered  
together in ,himself all the human      
experiences of the past which are       
reflected in the ,psalter4  ,hence the  

,psalter is also the characteristic     
voice of ,his ,church1 that ,church     
which was founded by ,him1 and is united
 to ,him1 and is the assembly of the    
first-born of humanity calling ,him     
,lord and ,mary ,mother4  ,the          
consideration of these great truths will
 be reserved for subsequent lectures2   
but it would be impossible to speak of  
general principles in our ,christian use
 of the ,psalter without pointing out on
 the very threshold its indissoluble    
connection1 historically and            
doctrinally1 with the #ai ,author and   
,finisher of our faith1 and with ,his   
,church the household of faith4   ,,iii4
  ,once again1 the ,psalter is          
appropriate for ,christian use because  
it is the book of ,hope4  ,the world    
estranged from ,god is without hope4    
,the heathen looked back to a golden    
age2 ,virgil stands almost alone in his 
dream of its possible return4#f  ,the   
,israel of ,god is the fellowship of the
 future4  ,it feels itself in harmony   

with an increasing purpose of ,god4     
,the great revelation to ,moses of the  
,name of ,god1 ,i will be that ,i will  
be 7,ex4 iii4 #ad1 ,r4,v4 marg471 left  
its mark on all subsequent history4  ,so
 the ,old ,testament writers1 under     
every imaginable difficulty and         
persecution and reverse1 among the      
treacheries of friends1 as well as the  
attacks of a hostile heathen world1 are 
ever straining forward to a coming of   
,god and a ,kingdom of ,god4  ,like the 
spirits in ,virgil's vision3    ,stabant
 orantes primi transmittere cursum1     
,tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris    
amore4#g   #bj  ,the ,psalms throughout 
delight in this attitude4  ,the most    
casual reader is struck by the constancy
 with which an outlook of hope and joy  
succeeds to the sorrow and stress of the
 opening verses of ,psalm after ,psalm4 
,even the darkest have their gleams of  
promise4  ,and so the ,christian        
,church1 having learned what the hope of
 ,israel meant1 found the ,psalms come  

naturally to her lips4  ,she could sing 
with fuller meaning of the rising up    
again of the righteous 7xli471 of the   
deliverances from the stormy waters and 
from the wandering out of the way in the
 wilderness 7cvii471 of the bringing up 
of the sufferer from the deep of the    
earth again 7lxxi474  ,the ,psalter was 
and is to the ,christian not merely the 
reflection of his characteristic sorrows
 and trials1 but the book of the        
,resurrection1 of the restitution of all
 things1 of the doing away of the       
imperfect and the coming of the perfect4
    ,thou shalt shew me the path of     
life2 in ,thy presence       is the     
fulness of joy3   ,and at ,thy right    
hand there are pleasures for evermore4  
7xvi4 #ab47   ,thus the ,psalter is     
ours1 for it is the new song of         
gratitude to ,him ,who has given us the 
#ba ,catholic ,faith2 it is ours because
 it is the book of ,him ,who has        
redeemed us by making ,himself one with 
us1 and taking the manhood into ,god2 it

 is ours because it has not merely the  
human consecration of ages of ,christian
 use1 but it is the channel which the   
,holy ,spirit1 ,who dwells in the       
,church1 seems deliberately to have     
chosen in which to make ,his ineffable  
intercession for the sons of ,god who   
wait for their adoption1 the redemption 
of the body 7,rom4 viii4 #ai-bg74       
,appreciation of the ,psalter grows with
 the devout use of it4  ,the obligation 
to recite it month by month in the daily
 office is one of the best gifts the    
,church has given to her priests2 and   
both priest and laity alike will find   
increasingly that the ,psalms need no   
apology4  ,they are the noblest and most
 comprehensive form of public worship2  
they are the most truly satisfying book 
of private devotion4    #a ,note ,a1 p4 
#aja4  #b ,note ,b1 p4 #ajb4  #c        
,concerning the ,service of the ,church1
 the original ,preface to the ,prayer   
,book4  #d xli4 #ac1 lxxii4 #ah-ai1     
lxxxix4 #ej1 cvi4 #df1 cl4  #e ,walter  

,pater1 ,gaston de ,latour4  #f ,virgil1
 eclogue iv4  #g ,virgil1 ,aeneid1 vi4  
#cac1 #cad 7cf4 ,heb4 xi4 #ac73         
,praying1 they stood with hands of love 
outspread1     ,if but that farther     
shore each might be first to tread4     
#bb  ,,part ,,ii4  ,,difficulties       
,servus tuus sum ego3   ,da mihi        
intellectum ut sciam testimonia tua4    
,besides general principles1 we are also
 to consider some of the general        
difficulties in the use of the ,psalter 
as a ,christian book4  ,the ,psalms are 
certainly not easy4  ,nothing as great  
as they are ever could be easy4  ,none  
of the books of the ,bible yield their  
secret except to labour and prayer1 and 
the ,psalms present special difficulties
 of their own4  ,these are of various   
kinds and need various methods of       
approach4 ,there is a difficulty        
inherent in the very origin and history 
of the ,psalms4  ,they are translated   
somewhat imperfectly from an ancient    
language1 not akin to our own--a        

language which1 if not difficult in     
itself1 is rendered so by the           
comparative scantiness of its           
literature4 ,the ,psalms1 humanly       
speaking1 are the work of a race widely 
different from ourselves in habits and  
in modes of thought and expression4     
,they contain allusions to events and   
circumstances imperfectly known or      
realised to-day4  ,most of our          
interpretation of these things is       
necessarily guess-work4  ,the same      
,psalm may be ascribed #bc with equal   
probability1 by scholars of equal       
learning and reverence1 to periods many 
centuries apart4  ,was the sufferer of  
,ps4 xxii4 ,david or ,jeremiah1 or is it
 altogether an ideal portrait8  ,was the
 coming of the heathen into ,god's      
inheritance of ,ps4 lxxix4 that of the  
,babylonians in the sixth century ,b4,c4
 or of the soldiers of ,antiochus in the
 second8  ,who was the king's daughter  
in ,ps4 xlv4 and who the daughter of    
,tyre8 ,is the ,temple of the ,psalms   

ever the first ,temple1 or is it always 
the second8  ,such problems still wait  
an answer4  ,again1 there are           
difficulties inherent in ,hebrew        
thought4  ,it is intensely concrete and 
personal1 in contrast with our more     
usual abstractions and generalities4    
,the ,psalmists speak habitually of the 
wicked and the ungodly1 where we should 
more naturally speak of the qualities   
rather than the persons4  ,they ignore1 
as a rule1 immediate or secondary       
causes1 and ascribe everything in nature
 or human affairs to the direct action  
or intervention of ,god4  ,thus a       
thunder-storm is described3    ,there   
went a smoke out in ,his presence3      
,and a consuming fire out of ,his mouth1
       so that coals were kindled at it4
             7xviii4 #h47  #bd  ,and    
thus a national calamity3    ,thou hast 
shewed ,thy people heavy things3   ,thou
 hast given us a drink of deadly wine4  
7lx4 #c47   ,such ways of describing    
,god's work in ,nature or ,his          

providence are partly1 of course1 due to
 the fact 7often overlooked by the      
half-educated7 that the ,psalms are     
poetry and not prose4  ,for the same    
reason inanimate objects are            
personified3 the earth trembled at the  
look of ,him1 the mountains skipped like
 lambs2 the mythical ,leviathan appears 
both as a title of ,egypt 7lxxiv4 #ae7  
and as an actual monster of the deep    
7civ4 #bf74  ,god ,himself1 again1 is   
spoken of in language that might seem   
more appropriate to man4  ,he is        
provoked1 and tempted4  ,he awakes like 
a giant refreshed with wine4  ,he is    
called upon1 not to sleep nor to forget1
 to avenge1 to bow the heavens and come 
down4  ,nor do the ,psalms in their     
literal meaning rise always above the   
current and imperfect religious         
conceptions of their time4  ,the moral  
difficulties involved in this will be   
considered a little later1 but it may be
 interesting to point out here some     
examples which bear on #be the          

progressiveness of revelation in the    
,old ,testament by which heathen ideas  
became1 under ,god's guidance1          
stepping-stones to higher things4 ,the  
,psalms seem sometimes to speak as if   
the gods of the heathen really existed  
and were in some way rivals of the ,god 
of ,israel1 universal and supreme though
 ,he is acknowledged to be4  ,they are  
spoken of as devils as well as idols4   
,they are called upon to worship ,him   
7cf4 cvi4 #cf1 xcvii4 #g1 #i1 cxxxviii4 
i74  ,again1 the ,psalmists' horizon is1
 for the most part1 limited to this     
present life1 which is regarded as if it
 were the chief1 almost the only1 scene 
in which moral retribution would be     
worked out4  ,and occasionally there    
appears the primitive ,hebrew idea of   
the after-world as the vague and gloomy 
,sheol1 like the shadowy ,hades of      
,homer1 where the dead go down into     
silence1 where1 instead of purpose and  
progress1 there is but a dawnless       
twilight1 the land without any order of 

,job 7xlix41 lxxxviii41 cxv4 #ag74  ,and
 yet the more one studies and uses the  
,psalms in the light of other           
,scriptures and the ,church's           
interpretation1 the more it is found    
that these partial1 at first sight      
erroneous1 conceptions have still their 
practical value for ,christians4  ,there
 is nothing in them that is #bf         
positively false1 and they suggest1 on  
the other hand1 aspects of truth which  
we tend to forget4  ,thus in the        
instances given above1 by the gods of   
the heathen the ,christian may well be  
reminded of the continued existence and 
influence in the heathen world of the   
powers of evil1 of the malignant warfare
 that is still being waged by           
principalities and powers against light 
and truth4  ,the ancient conception of  
the shadowy abode of the dead has also  
its value4  ,even the ,lord ,himself    
could speak of the night coming when no 
man can work 7,john ix4 #d71 and such   
,psalms as the #dith and the #aaeth may 

serve to remind us that this life is a  
time of work and probation in a sense   
that the life after death is not1 that  
the grave cannot reverse the line that  
has been followed here nor put praises  
in the mouth of those who have never    
praised ,god secretly or in the         
congregation in this world4  ,and again1
 the present-worldliness of the ,psalter
 may well point the duty of ,christians 
in respect of what they see and know    
around them here4  ,many are content1   
while repeating pious phrases about     
heaven1 to ignore the fact that this    
present human life is the great sphere  
of ,christian activity1 and that whether
 the ,church is able to regenerate human
 society here or #bg not1 it is her     
business to try to do it1 as            
fellow-workers with ,him--    ,who      
helpeth them to right that suffer wrong3
   ,who feedeth the hungry4             
7cxlvi4 #f47  ,have we not a remarkable 
witness to the continuity of the ,holy  
,spirit's teaching1 and to the fact that

 not one jot or one tittle of the law is
 to remain unfulfilled1 in the way that 
these apparent imperfections and        
limitations of the ,psalter fall into   
their place in connection with the later
 revelation8   ,another obvious         
difficulty of the ,psalter lies in the  
frequent obscurity of connection between
 verse and verse1 in the rapid          
transitions1 in the uncertainty as to   
the sequence of thought1 or the meaning 
of the ,psalm as a whole4  ,this        
difficulty1 as it bears upon the        
liturgical use of the ,psalms1 has been 
increased by the abolition of the       
antiphons1 which in the pre-,reformation
 offices certainly helped at times to   
suggest a leading thought1 or to guide  
the worshipper as to the ,church's      
intention in the recitation of this or  
that ,psalm4  7,note ,c1 p4 #ajd47      
,sometimes indeed1 the connection       
between the verses of a ,psalm is really
 very slight1 more a matter #bh of      
suggestion or association than of logic4

  ,such is the case in proverbial       
,psalms1 like the #ccrd1 #cdth1 and     
#cgth1 or the #aaith4  ,but in others it
 is well worth the effort to gain a     
continuous view of the ,psalm as a      
whole4  ,a simple commentary will give  
this1 or even sometimes the ,r4,v4      
alone1 or the headings in the ,a4,v41   
such as the very suggestive one prefixed
 to the #aajth3 #a ,the kingdom1 #d the 
priesthood1 #e the conquest1 #g and the 
passion of ,christ4 7,note ,d1 p4 #ajf47
  ,there are also difficulties caused by
 a real obscurity in the ,hebrew1 or by 
mistranslations4  ,here1 again1 a       
comparison with the ,r4,v4 is of great  
value4  ,the meaning of the #hgth       
springs to light at once when we read   
,this one was born there1 instead of the
 mysterious ,lo1 there was he born1 etc4
  ,the ,psalm refers not to the birth of
 the ,messiah1 but to the new birth of  
individuals out of the heathen races who
 thus become citizens of ,sion4  ,so let
 indignation vex him1 even as a thing   

that is raw 7lviii4 #h71 becomes        
certainly more intelligible as ,he shall
 take them away with a whirlwind1 the   
green and the burning alike 7a metaphor 
from a traveller's fire of brushwood1   
blown away by a sudden wind72 and even  
if the beasts of the people remains     
still obscure in ,ps4 lxviii4 in the    
revised #bi translation1 its why hop ye 
so1 ye high hills8 is more significant  
when it is read--    ,why look ye       
askance1 ye high mountains3   ,at the   
mountain which ,god hath desired for    
,his abode8   ,sometimes the alteration 
of a single word makes the difference   
between obscurity and sense1 as in xlix4
 #e1 where the wickedness of my heels   
becomes intelligible as iniquity at my  
heels2 or in ,ps4 xlii41 where          
,therefore will ,i remember thee        
concerning the land of ,judah and the   
little hill of ,hermon is made clear at 
once by the substitution of from for    
concerning4  ,the verse is the cry of   
the exile1 who1 far away in northern    

,palestine1 among the sources of the    
,jordan1 yearns for the ,temple and its 
services1 which he is no longer able to 
visit4  ,doubtless the reasons which    
prevented the older version of the      
,psalms being changed in the ,prayer    
,book in the seventeenth century1 when  
other passages of ,scripture were       
revised1 still hold good4  ,neither     
,a4,v4 nor ,r4,v4 are so well adapted   
for music1 nor have they endeared       
themselves to the worshipper by daily   
use4  ,those who have time and          
opportunity may #cj discover for        
themselves more exact meanings or clear 
up difficulties by private study4  ,but 
even those who have not may find that   
there are better uses of the ,psalter   
than a merely intellectual grasp of its 
meaning4  ,possibly an occasional       
obscurity may even have a humbling or   
awe-inspiring effect on the mind4  ,the 
strange version of the ,vulgate of ,ps4 
lxxi4 #ad1 though incorrect1 is not     
without its point3    ,quoniam non      

cognovi litteraturam1   introibo in     
potentias ,domini4#a   ,learning by     
itself can never lift the soul on the   
wings of devotion and worship4  ,the    
unlearned1 ,christ's little ones1 have  
in every age found a voice that spoke to
 them in the liturgy of the ,catholic   
,church1 even though its accents were   
inarticulate1 and its message music     
rather than words4  ,such considerations
 may prevent us distressing ourselves   
because something1 perhaps much1 in the 
,church's book of praise is             
unintelligible and must remain so4  ,two
 practical suggestions may be offered   
here to those who find themselves       
hindered in devotion by the difficulties
 of the ,psalter1 by its rapid          
transitions1 or its constantly varying  
tone4  ,the leading purpose of the      
,psalter in #ca the ,church's use is    
expressed in its ,hebrew title1         
,tehillim1 praises4  ,we shall do well1 
says ,dr4 ,cheyne1 to accustom ourselves
 to the intelligent use of this title1  

and to look out in every psalm for an   
element of praise4  ,it is good to allow
 this thought to dominate our mind while
 the ,psalms are being read or sung in  
the ,church's service4  ,for this and   
for that our fathers in the ,faith      
thanked ,god2 for what ,he had revealed1
 or promised or done4  ,and ,he is the  
same1 ,he changes not4  ,ever and anon  
as the service proceeds1 a verse will   
suggest some ground of thanksgiving for 
ourselves or for the ,church we love4   
,we need to keep our minds1 like our    
bodies1 in the attitude of praise and   
aspiration1 like that exiled lover of   
his nation who wrote ,ps4 cvi43         
,remember me1 ,o ,lord1 according to the
 favour that ,thou       bearest unto   
,thy people3   ,o visit me with ,thy    
salvation2   ,that ,i may see the       
felicity of ,thy chosen3   ,and rejoice 
in the gladness of ,thy people1   ,and  
give thanks with ,thine inheritance4    
7cvi4 #d1 #e47   #cb  ,not only the     
attitude of praise should be cultivated1

 but also that of sympathy4  ,this will 
be especially fruitful as we take upon  
our lips these constantly recurring     
expressions of penitence1 struggle1 and 
sorrow4  ,these are certain to be at    
times unreal to us1 unless we can       
remember that we recite them not merely 
for ourselves1 but as part of the       
,church's intercession for the world1 in
 which it is our privilege to take part4
  ,others are suffering under the burden
 of sin and grief1 others are           
overwhelmed with sorrow1 racked with    
pain1 harried by the slanderer and the  
persecutor4  ,it is such as these that  
we remember before ,god1 as             
fellow-members of the one body4  ,and   
will not such a remembrance1 such       
sympathy1 bring us very near to our     
blessed ,lord's own use of the ,psalter 
in ,his days on earth1 ,who ,himself    
took our infirmities and bore our       
sicknesses8   ,yet beyond all these     
difficulties of language1 history1 and  
modes of thought1 whether they yield to 

study or not1 there are outstanding     
moral difficulties of the ,psalter4     
,some of the ,psalms appear to be       
inconsistent with the spirit of the     
,gospel1 or even with the moral sense of
 mankind1 educated as it has been for so
 long in the ,gospel-school4  ,this     
objection seems at first #cc sight a    
more serious difficulty than any of the 
others2 but before it can be            
satisfactorily dealt with1 another and  
more fundamental question must be faced4
  ,what is the attitude1 as a whole1 of 
the objector to the revealed word of    
,god8  ,there are those to whom the     
,psalms seem to speak altogether in an  
alien tongue1 who find the recitation of
 them in the ,church's service tedious  
7a reason alleged recently as one of    
those which keep people from attending  
church71 to whom the #aaith ,psalm      
appears to be mechanical and monotonous1
 whose very expression in church        
proclaims them bored4  ,such feelings   
may be only the result of ignorance1 or 

lack of effort1 or inherited            
misconceptions4  ,or the reason may lie 
deeper4  ,the worship of the ,catholic  
,church can only be understood by those 
who are of the mind of the ,church1 who 
have learned to place themselves in the 
believer's attitude towards ,god and    
,his revelation4  ,however much the word
 conversion may have been abused1 and   
turned into a mere catchword or         
shibboleth1 it is unquestionable that   
the ,christian religion demands a       
fundamental change of mind and attitude1
 a change which does not come by        
education only1 nor by any natural      
process4  ,there is a hidden wisdom in  
the ,church which to the natural man is 
#cd foolishness 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #ad72 it  
can only be learned by those who humbly 
set themselves to be taught by the      
,spirit4  ,this change1 come it suddenly
 or very slowly1 must have its effect   
upon the whole man1 his intellect1 as   
well as his heart and will4  ,there is  
nothing hid from the heat thereof4      

,especially will it rule our attitude   
towards ,holy ,scripture4  ,without such
 a change neither historical nor        
grammatical explanations can make the   
,scripture sweet or even intelligible4  
,not least will our comprehension of the
 ,psalter be influenced by it4  ,how    
impossible is it really to say1 ,lord1  
what love have ,i unto ,thy law1 if one 
has never realised that there is a law  
of ,god1 supreme and absolute1 to be    
read in the ,scriptures and in the      
witness of the ,church2 and that only in
 obedience to this law can man find his 
true self and walk at liberty4  ,it is  
vain to seek to be critics before we are
 disciples4  ,and the ,psalter is       
clearly meant for the initiated1 not for
 him who merely follows the crowd4  ,the
 ,divine ,office1 which the ,psalter    
fills and dominates1 is the means       
whereby the instructed faithful express 
their unchanging delight in1 and loyalty
 to1 what they have received freely from
 ,god4  ,it is not the ,church's message

 to the unconverted world1 nor the voice
 of man's natural desires and           
sympathies1 #ce undisciplined by grace4 
,the ,catholic temper1 the mind of the  
,church1 is an absolute first principle 
in the right use of the ,church's book  
of praise1 and the key to its chief     
difficulties4  ,bearing this in mind1   
let us endeavour to face1 in conclusion1
 this moral difficulty of some parts of 
the ,psalter--a difficulty which        
undoubtedly causes pain and uncertainty 
to some who are really devout1 and which
 has led many to ask for a revised or   
expurgated ,psalter for the public      
services4  ,first1 there is what appears
 to be the self-righteousness of the    
,psalter4  ,side by side with the most  
perfect expressions of humility and     
penitence1 there are found protestations
 of innocence and purity which1 if they 
were merely personal1 we should rightly 
hesitate to make our own4  ,but the ,i  
of the ,psalter is not merely personal2 
it is the collective voice of the       

,church1 and of the ,church in her ideal
 aspect1 such as we confess her in the  
,creed--one1 holy1 ,catholic4  ,it is   
the voice of the great company of the   
holy souls from the beginning of the    
world1 on earth and beyond the veil4 ,it
 is with these that we recite our       
psalms1 with these that we humbly       
associate ourselves1 it is their        
righteousness that we seek to make our  
own1 for it is the righteousness of     
,christ4  ,and if the ,i of the ,psalter
 is the #cf self-expression of the      
,communion of ,saints1 still more is it 
the voice of the ,king of ,saints1 the  
immaculate ,lamb1 in whose ,name we     
offer our worship4  ,but there is still 
the problem of the ,psalms of           
,imprecation4  ,what can we say of their
 apparent fierceness and vindictiveness1
 their reflection of the stormy passions
 and bitter warfare of a primitive age8 
,there is much indeed that can be       
rightly urged1 here1 as in the other    
,old ,testament writings1 from the point

 of view of the difference between      
,hebrew modes of expression and our own1
 and from the progressive character of  
revelation1 much that may help to remove
 prejudice and clear away apparent      
inconsistencies4  ,but the larger view  
of the ,psalter as the book primarily of
 the ,church is of still greater        
importance4  ,the imprecations of the   
,psalms1 though expressed in so vividly 
personal a manner1 are no more personal 
than the protestations of innocency4    
,they express rather that age-long      
passion for righteousness1 that burning 
belief in a moral ,judge of the world   
,who must do right1 which have always   
been the ,church's saving salt among the
 corruptions and indifference of the    
world4  ,it is this spirit that inspires
 them1 rather than the thirst for #cg   
vengeance or the vindication of self4   
,they express the ,church's belief that 
there is a world-conflict ever          
proceeding between the cause of ,god1   
the cause of truth and right1 and the   

passions of men urged on by the powers  
of evil4    ,for lo1 ,thine enemies make
 a murmuring3   ,and they that hate     
,thee have lift up their head4   ,they  
have imagined craftily against ,thy     
people3   ,and taken counsel against    
,thy secret ones4           7lxxxiii4   
#b1 #c47    ,lay hand upon the shield   
and buckler3   ,and stand up to help me4
   ,bring forth the spear and stop the  
way       against them that persecute   
me3   ,say unto my soul1 ,i am thy      
salvation4           7xxxv4 #b1 #c47    
,this sense of an irreconcilable        
conflict between the malignity of evil  
and the will of ,god1 between the carnal
 mind and that reflection of ,god's will
 which ,he has implanted in the human   
conscience1 is much to seek in our own  
day4  ,we are too much inclined to      
minimise the reality of sin1 and to     
imagine that it is #ch disappearing     
before civilisation and the growth of   
gentler ways and sentiments4  ,the      
,psalmists knew better--they knew that  

the battle was to the death1 and that   
,god alone can win ,his own victory2 and
 they express1 sternly and roughly      
perhaps1 but with the utmost sincerity1 
their undying faith that ,he will2 that 
the overthrow of malice and falsehood   
and treachery must one day be           
manifested1    ,god shall suddenly shoot
 at them with a swift arrow1  and that  
the part we each have played in the     
battle will be the true measure of our  
worth4    ,all they that are true of    
heart shall be glad4           7lxiv47  
,in this sense we may even repeat the   
dreadful conclusion of the ,babylonian  
exiles' ,psalm3    ,blessed shall he be 
that taketh thy children3   ,and        
throweth them against the stones4       
7cxxxvii47  ,for what are ,babylon and  
her children but the powers of          
falsehood1 oppression1 and cruelty8 and 
blessed still and ever is he who is     
afire with indignation against such     
things1 who scorns #ci any easy         
compromise with them1 who burns to deal 

a blow at them for ,jerusalem's sake6   
,and there is still another             
justification for the continued use of  
these ,psalms1 which will be understood 
by those who have begun to be disciples 
in the ,church's school4  ,the ,psalms  
are not merely the response to          
revelation1 they are part of that       
revelation themselves4 ,the ,church uses
 them not as mere human utterances1 but 
as the inspired words which ,god        
,himself has given her1 and which the   
,lord ,jesus consecrated by ,his own    
personal use of them4  ,god cannot      
contradict ,himself4  ,the ,gospel may  
expand the ,law1 or do away with its    
letter in order to bring out the        
underlying spirit1 but it cannot        
abrogate it4 ,if there were a real      
discrepancy between the imprecatory     
,psalms and the ,new ,testament1 it     
would be scarcely conceivable that the  
first word of ,scripture quoted in the  
first history of the ,church would be   
that sentence already alluded to3       

,let his habitation be made desolate3   
,and let no man dwell therein4   ,the   
severities of the ,psalms are matched by
 the severities of the ,gospels4  ,there
 is no real difference between our      
,lord's sentence on the scribes and     
,pharisees1 ,behold1 your house is #dj  
left unto you desolate1 and the sentence
 which the ,holy ,spirit puts into our  
mouth against the hypocrite and the     
traitor1 ,let his children be           
fatherless3 and his wife a widow 7cix4  
#h74  ,god is still a ,god of judgment  
and a consuming fire1 and there is a    
wrath of the ,lamb revealed1 even though
 ,he is the ,lamb of ,god that taketh   
away the sins of the world4  ,god has1  
as it were1 put upon our lips1 in these 
,psalms1 ,his own great condemnation of 
sin1 and made us our own judges4  ,we   
recite1 remembering that it is ,his     
word1 and not our own1 the denunciation 
of the sensual and the covetous1 the    
traitor and the liar1 the persecutor1   
the slanderer1 and the hypocrite4  ,from

 this point of view the recitation of   
such ,psalms as the #fith or the #ajith 
should be an exercise of personal       
humility1 of godly fear for ourselves   
and others1 and might well bring to our 
mind often that other great challenge of
 the ,spirit3    ,why dost thou preach  
,my laws1 and takest ,my covenant in thy
 mouth8   ,whereas thou hatest to be    
reformed3   ,and hast cast ,my words    
behind thee4           7,ps4 l4 #af1    
#ag47   #da  ,these are considerations  
which surely ought to be well weighed   
before we seek to make the ,psalter a   
book of smooth things only1 or eliminate
 any part of its witness4  ,there are no
 short or easy methods applicable to its
 deeper difficulties4  ,like all the    
ultimate problems of faith1 they fade   
away only before the uncreated ,light of
 the ,spirit of ,god1 when ,he visits   
the heart4    ,i have heard of ,thee by 
the hearing of the ear3   ,but now mine 
eye seeth ,thee4           7,job xlii4  
#e47    #a ,inasmuch as ,i know not     

man's learning1 ,i will enter into the  
mighty works of the ,lord4     #dc      
,,lecture ,,ii  ,,christ ,,in ,,the     
,,psalter  ,paravi lucernam ,christo    
meo4   ,jewish and ,christian tradition 
alike connect the ,psalter with the     
great name of ,david4  ,whether ,david  
himself wrote any of the ,psalms or not 
is a question that may continue to      
agitate the minds of scholars4  ,but    
there can be no question that the       
permanency of the throne of ,david and  
the ,divine promises on which it rested 
are leading thoughts in the ,psalter4   
,the starting-point must be sought      
earlier in the ,old ,testament1 in the  
great oracle communicated by ,nathan to 
,david 7#b ,sam4 vii41 referred to      
directly in ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bj1 etc471    
,thy throne shall be established for    
ever4  ,in this was recognised from the 
first something more than a mere promise
 of the long continuance of the crown in
 the family of the son of ,jesse4  ,it  
carried with it some special sanction   

and #dd blessing over and above the     
ordinary ,divine authority of           
heaven-anointed kings4  ,the words ,i   
will be his ,father1 and he shall be ,my
 son seemed to imply a peculiar and     
unique relationship between ,god        
,himself1 the true ,king of ,israel1 and
 ,his earthly representative4  ,the     
comment ascribed to ,david himself is   
significant3 ,is this the manner of man1
 ,o ,lord ,god8  ,no mere human         
sovereignty1 however glorious or firmly 
settled1 would satisfy such a prophecy  
as this4  ,the thoughts of the pious in 
,israel must have dwelt often and deeply
 in after-time upon this promise and its
 connection with the ,divine calling of 
the sacred nation and her mission in the
 world4  ,it is remarkable how          
persistently this thought of the        
permanence and supernatural character of
 the ,davidic sovereignty recurs in the 
prophetic writings--even when the crown 
had passed to an unworthy head1 or      
seemed to have been plucked off for     

ever4  ,jeremiah1 when the clouds are   
gathering thickly round the doomed city1
 foretells that the covenant of ,david  
will be as lasting as that of the day   
and the night in their season1 and that 
the seed of ,david will be unnumbered as
 the host of heaven and the sand of the 
sea 7,jer4 xxxiii474  ,ezekiel from his 
far-off exile #de by the waters of      
,babylon1 while he proclaims the ,divine
 sentence against the degenerate son of 
,david--,remove the mitre1 and take off 
the crown3 this shall be no more3 444 ,i
 will overturn1 overturn1 overturn it1  
444 until ,he come ,whose right it      
is--predicts the time when ,judah and   
,ephraim shall be one1 and ,david ,my   
servant shall be their prince for ever  
7,ezek4 xxi4 #bf1 #bg1 xxxvii4 #ae-bh74 
,haggai1 in the days of the ,return1    
continues the promise to the uncrowned  
prince1 ,zerubbabel--,i have chosen     
thee1 saith the ,lord of hosts 7,hag4   
ii4 #bc74  ,it is not to be wondered at 
that in the ,psalter1 the inspired      

response of worshipping ,israel to the  
revelation of ,god1 we should find      
,psalms that rejoice in this            
indestructible and royal hope1 ,psalms  
that look beyond present failures and   
imminent perils to a perfect fulfilment 
of what ,god had spoken sometime in     
visions to ,his saints4  ,thus the #bnd 
,psalm tells triumphantly of the ,divine
 law or decree concerning ,david's son1 
and sees in it the assurance of a       
world-wide empire1 the discomfiture of  
the raging of the nations and the       
gathering of the kings of the earth3    
,thou art ,my son1 this day have ,i     
begotten thee4  #df    ,desire of ,me1  
and ,i shall give thee the heathen for  
thine inheritance3   ,and the utmost    
parts of the earth for thy possession4  
,the #ahth describes the ,almighty      
riding on ,his chariot of whirlwind and 
storm1 coming down from heaven itself in
 ,his condescension1 to pluck ,his      
anointed out of many waters1 to deliver 
him from the strivings of the people1   

and to make him the head of the heathen4
  ,the #deth tells1 with the pen of a   
ready writer1 of this everlasting       
sceptre and throne1 founded on truth and
 righteousness1 of a king to whom       
,divine titles are given1 anointed with 
the oil of gladness above his fellows1  
and sees in the marriage of this king   
with a foreign princess the earnest of a
 kingdom over all the earth4  ,the #gbnd
 describes not only the prosperity1 but 
the moral greatness of this empire      
stretching from sea to sea1 from the    
river to the ends of the earth4  ,not   
like the giant empires of the ,east1    
founded on aggression and cruelty1 with 
no motive but the monstrous pride of    
their founders and rulers1 the ,davidic 
king is to be the champion of the poor1 
the needy1 and the helpless3    ,he     
shall deliver their souls from falsehood
 and wrong3  #dg    ,and dear shall     
their blood be in his sight4   ,the     
#hith1 while it tells how ,god has found
 ,david ,his servant and anointed him   

with holy oil1 and made him ,his        
first-born1 higher than the kings of the
 earth1 is bold to face in those later  
days the agonising problem of the       
apparent failure of all this lofty      
promise3    ,but ,thou hast abhorred and
 forsaken ,thine anointed3   ,and art   
displeased at him4   ,thou hast broken  
the covenant of ,thy servant1   ,and    
cast his crown to the ground4  ,lord1   
how long8 444 ,lord1 where are ,thy old 
loving-kindnesses8 444 ,remember1 ,lord6
   ,the #acbnd1 also apparently a ,psalm
 of a later age1 though ascribed to     
,david1 dwells with joy on ,david's love
 of the sanctuary of ,god1 pleads for   
the fulfilment of the promise1 asks that
 the lamp may not be put out1 nor the   
face of ,god's anointed turned away in  
confusion4  ,rightly are such ,psalms as
 these called ,messianic4  ,we feel that
 even those who #dh originally wrote    
them looked for more than transitory    
promises4  ,they were learning to look  
for the redemption of ,israel and of the

 world itself through ,israel and her   
kings4  ,they were bold to believe1 even
 when the crown was gone and the purple 
faded1 and ,israel was no longer a      
sovereign state1 that the ancient word  
of ,god to ,david could never be        
exhausted4  ,so when at last the great  
message of the ,archangel came to the   
virgin of the house of ,david1 it was   
felt by those who had read aright the   
history of their nation that here was no
 mere fanciful resuscitation of a dead  
past1 but the vindication of ,god's     
undying purpose3 ,he shall be great1 and
 shall be called the ,son of the ,most  
,high3 and the ,lord ,god shall give    
unto ,him the throne of ,his father     
,david3 and ,he shall reign over the    
house of ,jacob for ever2 and of ,his   
kingdom there shall be no end 7,luke i4 
#cb1 #cc74  ,it was therefore strictly  
legitimate1 and in line with all the    
history of revelation1 that the         
,christian ,church should adopt these   
,messianic ,psalms as her own           

thanksgiving for the mysteries of the   
,incarnation4 ,thus on ,christmas ,day  
she welcomes the ,nativity in some of   
the ,psalms already alluded to--in that 
which tells of the reconciliation of    
mankind with one #di another and with   
,god under the figure of the marriage   
between the anointed ,king and the      
king's daughter all glorious within     
7xlv472 in that which pleads the great  
promises to him who so loved ,god's     
presence that he would not suffer his   
eyes to sleep nor his eyelids to slumber
 until he had found a permanent         
resting-place for that presence among   
men 7cxxxii472 or in that1 again1 which 
in the strength of faith can gaze even  
on the casting down of the throne and   
the breaking of the covenant1 resting   
still on ,god's faithfulness among the  
rebukes of many people 7lxxxix474  ,but 
there are other ,psalms which1 if they  
cannot strictly be called ,messianic1   
yet bear their witness to another aspect
 of the same great hope of ,israel4  ,in

 the voice of prayer1 or joyful         
confidence1 they look forward to some   
coming of ,god to earth1 some visible   
manifestation of ,his righteousness and 
,his world-wide purpose3    ,for ,he    
cometh1 for ,he cometh to judge the     
earth3   ,and with righteousness to     
judge the world1       and the people   
with ,his truth           7xcvi4 #ac71  
#ej  or--    ,bow ,thy heavens1 ,o      
,lord1 and come down3   ,touch the      
mountains1 and they shall smoke4        
7cxliv4 #e47   ,in the #heth1 one of the
 ,psalms appointed for ,christmas ,day1 
this advent of ,god is spoken of in     
words which are re-echoed in the        
prologue to ,s4 ,john's ,gospel 7i4 #ad7
 as a dwelling or tabernacling of ,god's
 glory1 not in the darkness of a ,holy  
of ,holies 7as the later ,jews imagined 
the ,shekinah71 but as a new and        
permanent fact in the moral order of the
 world3    ,for ,his salvation is nigh  
them that fear ,him3   ,that glory may  
dwell in our land4   ,mercy and truth   

are met together3   ,righteousness and  
peace have kissed each other4   ,truth  
shall flourish out of the earth3   ,and 
righteousness hath looked down from     
heaven4   ,in such prophetic visions as 
these1 as well as in the ,psalms that   
speak of the glories of the ,messianic  
,king1 the ,christian conscience has #ea
 rightly recognised definite predictions
 of the coming of ,christ1 of ,him ,who 
was both the effulgence of ,god's glory 
7,heb4 i4 #c7 and also1 by ,his human   
birth1 the ,son of ,david and ,king of  
,israel1 and ,who manifested the        
holiness of ,god in human flesh and     
blood4  ,he ,himself1 when ,he came1    
selected from the ,psalms one striking  
phrase1 in which both ideas1 the ,divine
 glory and the human calling1 are       
combined4  ,for ,he quotes1 as a witness
 to ,himself and as a corrective of     
imperfect views1 the #aajth ,psalm      
7again a proper ,psalm for ,christmas   
,day71 where the ,messianic ,king is    
spoken of both as ,ruler and ,victor and

 ,priest of humanity1 and as standing   
also in a unique relationship to ,god1  
which exalts ,him far above any mere    
earthly connection with ,david3    ,the 
,lord said unto my ,lord3   ,sit thou on
 ,my right hand--   ,if ,david then     
calleth him ,lord1 how is he his son8   
7,matt4 xxii4 #de47   ,but besides all  
these prophecies1 which look onward to  
the great outcome of ,israel's history1 
there is another and wider sense1 as the
 ,christian ,fathers apprehended1 in    
which the whole ,psalter is the book of 
the #eb ,incarnation and speaks of      
,christ4  ,david1 says ,s4 ,jerome1 on  
his harp and ten-stringed lute1 sings   
throughout of ,christ1 and brings ,him  
up from the dead4  ,however fanciful and
 over-subtle the early ,christian       
commentators may seem to us in their    
working out of this idea1 they had      
grasped a profound truth4  ,when we once
 recognise that ,christ1 knowing ,who   
,he was and why ,he came into the world 
7cf4 ,john xiii4 #a71 must in the       

,jewish services or in private prayers  
have recited the ,psalms with a perfect 
intention1 and found in them the true   
expression of ,himself1 with regard both
 to the eternal ,father and to ,his     
brethren1 we are compelled to admit the 
possibility of each verse of the ,psalms
 having some bearing on the             
,incarnation4  ,it is a conclusion which
 might at first sight seem extravagant2 
but it forces itself upon us as we      
realise the true humanity of the        
,saviour4  ,he is the ,son of ,man2 ,he 
took of the substance of ,his           
,virgin-mother the fulness of human     
nature2 ,he has a human body1 a human   
soul1 a human spirit2 ,he is the second 
,adam1 the great ,head of our race1     
,who1 in the striking phrase of ,s4     
,irenaeus1 has summed up 7recapitulavit7
 all humanity and all the long history  
of man4  ,for verily1 not of angels doth
 ,he take hold1 but ,he taketh hold of  
the #ec seed of ,abraham 7,heb4 ii4     
#af74  ,he has gathered into ,himself   

all truly human experience1 the hopes of
 humanity1 and its sufferings2 its      
infinite pathos1 its capacity of sorrow 
and of joy1 its progress towards ,god1  
and its final apprehension and vision of
 ,god4  ,this is the key to the most    
constant feature of the ,psalter1 the   
portrait of the ,righteous ,sufferer4   
,whether we regard it as the            
personification of the holy nation or   
the self-expression of human conscience 
in its moral witness and its conflicts1 
it is an ideal that is only fulfilled in
 the ,just ,one1 ,jesus ,christ4  ,he   
appeared in the world as the pattern    
,man1 in ,whom the ,divine image is     
perfected and ,whose moral nature       
corresponds with that holiness which is 
,god's essential character4  ,he        
appeared1 too1 as the perfect           
realisation of the filial spirit1 that  
spirit of sonship which is the true     
attitude of the creature towards the    
,creator4  ,therefore it is in ,christ  
,himself that the witness of the ,psalms

 to righteousness1 their expression of  
man's effort towards his ideal1 is taken
 up1 illuminated1 made perfect4         
,therefore it is that a ,new ,testament 
writer is found applying directly and   
without question to ,christ not only the
 descriptions of the self-revealing ,god
 of the ,old ,testament1 ,thou1 ,lord1  
in the beginning hast #ed laid the      
foundation of the earth1 and the heavens
 are the works of ,thy hands 7,heb4 i4  
#aj1 from ,ps4 cii471 and the portrait  
of the ,messianic ,king1 ,the sceptre of
 uprightness is the sceptre of ,thy     
kingdom 7ib41 from ,ps4 xlv471 but also 
the description of man in his ideal     
excellence and supremacy3    ,thou      
madest him a little lower than the      
angels2   ,thou crownedst him with glory
 and honour1   ,and didst set him over  
the works of ,thy hands           7,heb4
 ii41 from ,ps4 viii471  and that word  
in which some unknown psalmist and      
prophet had consecrated the free        
obedience of his will to ,god1 as a     

higher offering than the sacrifices of  
the ,law3    ,wherefore when ,he cometh 
into the world1 ,he saith1   ,sacrifice 
and offering ,thou wouldest not1   ,but 
a body didst ,thou prepare for ,me2     
,in whole burnt offerings and sacrifices
 for sin       ,thou hadst no pleasure3 
,then said ,i1 ,lo1 ,i am come  #ee     
7,in the roll of the book it is written 
of ,me7   ,to do ,thy will1 ,o ,god4    
7,heb4 x41 from ,ps4 xl47   ,this line  
of interpretation may be followed out   
with great spiritual profit in the      
varied aspects of the ,psalms4  ,the    
thanksgivings of the ,psalter are in the
 same spirit as those recorded by the   
,evangelists from our ,lord's own lips1 
as when ,he thanked the ,father for the 
revelation made to babes rather than to 
the wise and understanding 7,matt4 xi4  
#be71 or at the grave of ,lazarus gave  
thanks that ,his prayer was heard 7,john
 xi4 #da74  ,the prayers of the ,psalter
 might well be those in which the       
,incarnate ,son communed with the       

,father4  ,for ,he fought our human     
battle with the human weapons of faith  
and prayer4 ,the great description given
 by the author of the ,epistle to the   
,hebrews of ,christ as the ,author and  
,finisher of our faith 7,heb4 xii4 #b71 
implies ,one ,who inaugurated our effort
 of faith by ,himself first taking part 
in it1 and ,himself perfectly           
accomplished it by bearing to the very  
final and utmost strain our human       
temptations4  ,hence we may hear the    
voice of ,christ ,himself in those      
pathetic outcries of the ,psalter2 in   
its appeal of faith as the ,righteous   
,one wrestles with doubt and #ef        
depression or faces the contradiction of
 sinners2 in its stedfast hold on ,god  
even when sin is triumphing1 and a world
 created good seems given over into the 
hand of the wicked4  ,all these         
utterances have a new meaning1 a fuller 
efficacy1 when we recognise in them the 
words of the ,man of ,sorrows and       
acquainted with grief4  ,there is       

nothing either fantastic or presumptuous
 in this reading of the ,gospel in the  
,psalter4  ,did not ,he ,himself        
vouchsafe to shew us something of this  
human struggle of faith in the words    
spoken on the eve of ,his ,passion1 when
 ,he confessed that ,his soul was       
troubled1 and ,he would fain have said1 
,father1 save ,me from this hour 7,john 
xii4 #bg78  ,did ,he not lift the veil  
even further in admitting us to the dark
 sanctuary of ,gethsemane1 in suffering 
us to hear even ,his utterances from the
 ,cross8  ,the fourth ,word from the    
,cross1 so often misunderstood1 is the  
opening of the #bbnd ,psalm4  ,this cry 
at the climax of the ,passion is really 
the voice of faith1 faith triumphing    
over desolation of spirit1 faith holding
 on by the unseen1 amidst the falling   
away and the vanishing for the time of  
every consolation4  ,it is not merely   
,why didst ,thou forsake ,me8 but it is 
,my ,god1 ,my ,god1 the fundamental     
confession of a personal faith in a     

personal ,god1 seeing ,him #eg ,who is  
invisible1 waiting for ,him ,who hides  
,his face1 believing1 even though ,his  
truth and justice seem blotted out of   
the world1 that ,god is1 and that ,he is
 still enthroned upon the praises of    
,israel 7v4 #c74  ,and this faith finds 
its last utterance of peace and         
thanksgiving and renewed consciousness  
of union with the ,father in the seventh
 ,word1 again from the ,psalter1 ,into  
,thy hands ,i commend ,my spirit 7,ps4  
xxxi4 #f74  ,one of the most fruitful   
lines of ,christian meditation will be  
found in this ,christological aspect of 
the ,psalms4  ,it throws a wonderful    
light on the inner life of our ,lord1   
and gives the ,psalter a value which no 
merely literary study could give4  ,the 
five ,psalms appointed by our ,church   
for ,good ,friday are a rich storehouse 
of the secrets of the ,passion4  ,the   
#bbnd and the #fith bear upon it very   
directly1 and present many points of    
similarity4  ,in each the sufferings of 

the ,righteous are described minutely   
and pathetically1 in each these         
sufferings lead on to triumph and to the
 assurance of their world-wide efficacy3
    ,all the ends of the earth shall    
remember themselves1       and be turned
 unto the ,lord3  #eh    ,and all the   
kindreds of the nations shall worship   
before ,him4           7xxii4 #bg47     
,for ,god will save ,sion1 and build the
 cities of ,judah3   ,that men may dwell
 there and have it in possession4   ,the
 posterity also of ,his servants shall  
inherit it3   ,and they that love ,his  
,name shall dwell therein4              
7lxix4 #cf1 #cg47   ,each1 again1 in its
 picture of undeserved suffering1 brings
 out the true nature and the malignity  
of sin4  ,in the #bbnd sin is portrayed 
in its cruelty and its irrational       
character1 as if men led by it were but 
wild beasts1 wild oxen1 bulls of        
,bashan1 dogs1 and lions4 ,in the #fith 
we see its ingratitude1 and its pitiless
 and causeless malice1 and the fact     

that1 whatever its immediate object1 it 
is really directed against ,god         
,himself3    ,for ,thy sake ,i have     
suffered reproach4       99      99     
99      99      99   ,the reproaches of 
them that reproached ,thee are fallen   
upon me4   ,both these ,psalms1 again1  
contain what we #ei must confess to be  
definite predictions of details of the  
,passion4  ,the #bbnd tells of the very 
words and gestures which the chief      
priests and ,pharisees in their         
blindness made use of to insult the     
,crucified3    ,all they that see me    
laugh me to scorn3   ,they shoot out    
their lips1 and shake their heads1      
saying1   ,he trusted in ,god1 that ,he 
would deliver him3   ,let ,him deliver  
him now1 if ,he will have him4          
7,cf4 ,matt1 xxvii4 #ci-dc47   ,another 
startling prediction is that of the     
piercing of the hands and the feet4  ,no
 such punishment was used by the ,jews1 
or endured1 as far as we know1 by any of
 the martyrs of the ,old ,testament4    

,all the four ,evangelists1 again1 note 
the literal fulfilment of xxii4 #ah3    
,they part my garments among them3      
,and cast lots upon my vesture4         
,indeed1 this #bbnd ,psalm along with   
,isaiah liii4 stands forth beyond all   
the other writings of the ,old          
,testament as a witness which is proof  
against all attempts to explain it away1
 to the #fj truth that the ,spirit of   
,christ was in the prophets testifying  
beforehand of the sufferings of ,christ 
7#a ,peter i4 #aa74  ,the #fith 7like   
the #djth7 may have been originally     
suggested by the persecution of the     
prophet ,jeremiah1 when he was thrown   
into the miry cistern 7,jer4 xxxviii472 
but it contains an anticipation of      
,calvary1 whose fulfilment is described 
by all the ,evangelists1 in the wine    
mingled with myrrh1 and the vinegar and 
gall offered in mockery before the      
,crucifixion3    ,they gave me gall to  
eat3   ,and when ,i was thirsty they    
gave me vinegar to drink4  ,s4 ,john1   

the nearest to the ,cross and to the    
heart of the ,crucified1 tells us       
moreover that this verse was consciously
 appropriated by ,christ ,himself1 when1
 knowing that all things are now        
finished1 that the ,scripture might be  
accomplished1 ,he saith1 ,i thirst      
7,john xix4 #bh74  ,each of the other   
proper ,psalms for ,good ,friday bears  
its witness to the suffering ,christ4   
,the #hhth1 at first sight one of the   
most difficult in the ,psalter1 a ,psalm
 whose darkness seems scarcely          
illuminated by any ray of hope1 is      
clearly chosen to illustrate ,christ's  
desolation on the ,cross1 the ,three    
,hours of darkness1 ,his #fa ,burial and
 ,his descent into ,hades4  ,the        
,sufferer is absolutely alone1 lover and
 friend are in darkness2 ,he is fighting
 the battle with that last enemy of     
mankind1 the ,king of ,terrors1 yet     
overcoming the sharpness of death by    
faith and patient endurance2 ,he is     
looking on to the dawn of ,easter3      

,unto ,thee have ,i cried1 ,o ,lord3    
,and early shall my prayer come unto    
,thee2  or--    ,in the morning shall my
 prayer come before ,thee 7,r4,v474     
,may not even those strange words from  
,my youth up ,thy terrors have ,i       
suffered with a troubled mind have been 
on the lips and in the thought of the   
,man of ,sorrows as the ,cross cast its 
shadow over ,him1 perhaps from ,his     
earliest years8  ,for not even our ,lord
 ,jesus ,christ ,himself1 says ,the     
,imitation in one of those chapters     
which sweeten the tears of the world1   
was ever one hour without the anguish of
 ,his ,passion as long as ,he lived     
7,imit4 ii4 #ab74  ,both the #djth and  
the #edth suggest that inner secret of  
the ,atonement which the writer of the  
#fb ,epistle to the ,hebrews has fixed  
upon as giving ,christ's ,passion its   
universal efficacy3    ,an offering of a
 free heart will ,i give ,thee4         
7liv4 #f47    ,i come--that ,i should   
fulfil ,thy will1 ,o my ,god4           

7xl4 #i1 #aj47   ,by which will we have 
been sanctified1 through the offering of
 the body of ,jesus ,christ once for all
 7,heb4 x4 #aj74  ,for the ,passion is  
the supreme oblation of the freewill of 
man1 the re-direction into the right    
attitude of that high faculty by which  
man had sinned and fallen originally1   
the consecration of it to its true end1 
voluntary obedience to ,god4  ,not ,my  
will1 but ,thine be done2 that ,christ  
as man should bring the human will      
perfectly into conformity with the will 
of ,god is what in the volume of the    
book--i4e4 in the writings of all the   
line of prophets--was written of ,him2  
for this the body was prepared for ,him 
in the pure flesh of the ,virgin-mother2
 for this ,his ears were opened1 that as
 child and youth and man ,he might      
perfectly hear and obey the word of the 
,father4  ,but the #aeth verse of the   
#djth ,psalm suggests #fc an obvious    
difficulty in the application of the    
,psalms as a whole to ,christ           

personally3    ,my sins have taken such 
hold upon me that ,i am not       able  
to look up3   ,yea1 they are more in    
number than the hairs of my head1       
and my heart hath failed me4  ,how can  
we ascribe these words1 or any of the   
confessions of sin in the ,psalter1 to  
the sinless ,lamb of ,god8  ,are not    
these at least all our own8  ,and yet   
,he ,himself must on earth have repeated
 them4  ,in their original meaning they 
referred either to personal or national 
guilt4 ,in either sense the recitation  
of them1 at first sight1 would seem to  
be alien and external to ,his pure      
conscience4  ,but do they not take a    
deeper and more solemn tone when we     
consider them in the light of the       
prophet's great description of the      
,atoning ,sufferer1 ,the ,lord hath laid
 on ,him the iniquity of us all 7,is4   
liii4 #f71 or of ,s4 ,paul's statement1 
,him ,who knew no sin1 ,he made to be   
sin on our behalf 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ba78    
,such words as these contain more than  

the mere bearing of the punishment of   
sin2 they imply some inward connection  
between the ,sufferer and the sin4      
,indeed1 rightly understood1 they help  
to #fd remove the difficulty that many  
have felt as to the apparent injustice  
or unreality of a vicarious ,atonement4 
,christ was not merely a ,victim        
suffering for human sin2 ,he was man's  
,creator taking that sin upon ,himself4 
,thus these expressions of penitence in 
the ,psalter may be regarded as the     
voice of the sympathetic love of the    
,sin-bearer1 the love which stands by   
the sinner's side1 and feels with him so
 intimately that it makes its own what  
is not its own but utterly alien and    
hateful1 makes it its own that it may   
burn it up in the flame of love4  ,so in
 these ,psalms we may hear the ,son of  
,man confessing and making reparation   
for all the age-long sin of man2        
speaking of it as if it were ,his own   
sin1 so closely has ,he made ,himself   
one with us in our extremest need4      

,cardinal ,newman1 in one of the most   
eloquent of his sermons1 ,the ,mental   
,sufferings of our ,lord in ,his        
,passion1 has developed this thought in 
language whose daring is only justified 
by its devotion4  ,it is a description  
of ,christ kneeling alone in            
,gethsemane3   ,his very memory is laden
 with every sin which has been committed
 since the ,fall1 in all regions of the 
earth1 with the pride of the old giants1
 and the lusts of the five cities1 and  
the obduracy of ,egypt1 and the ambition
 of ,babel1 and the #fe unthankfulness  
and scorn of ,israel4  ,of the living   
and the dead and of the as yet unborn1  
of the lost and of the saved1 of ,thy   
people and of strangers1 of sinners and 
of saints1 all sins are there4444  ,it  
is the long history of a world1 and ,god
 alone can bear the load of it4444      
,they are upon ,him1 they are all but   
,his own4  ,he cries to ,his ,father as 
if ,he were the criminal1 not the       
victim4  ,his agony takes the form of   

guilt and compunction4  ,he is doing    
penance1 ,he is making confession1 ,he  
is exercising contrition with a reality 
and a virtue infinitely greater than    
that of all saints and penitents        
together2 for ,he is the one ,victim for
 us all1 the sole satisfaction1 the real
 penitent1 all but the real sinner4#a   
,connected closely with these           
confessions of sin1 these outcries of   
suffering and expiation1 with the       
,miserere and the ,de ,profundis1 are   
those solemn declarations of ,god's     
wrath upon the impenitent sinner which  
have already been alluded to in a       
previous lecture4  ,viewed as the       
utterances of the ,son of ,man such     
,psalms are more rightly to be called   
judicial than denunciatory4  ,it is ,he 
to ,whom all judgment has been committed
 by the ,father1 ,he ,whose coming into 
the world was inevitably for judgment1  
,who seems here to be delivering #ff    
sentence4  ,he is taking up and         
confirming the fragmentary utterances of

 older days1 in which the human         
conscience1 imperfectly perhaps1 and not
 without some mixture of personal       
feeling1 yet on the whole rightly1 had  
cried out against falsehood and wrong1  
and appealed to the wrath of ,god4  ,the
 words of such a ,psalm even as the     
#ajith might have been used by ,him ,who
 twice scourged the buyers and sellers  
out of the ,temple1 and ,who denounced  
in words that burn like fire through the
 centuries the cruelty and hypocrisy of 
scribes and ,pharisees2 ,who ,himself in
 mercy warned us of the outer darkness  
and the unquenched flame4   ,but the    
,psalms not only illustrate the ,passion
 of ,christ in its mercy and judgment2  
they also supply words befitting ,his   
,resurrection and ,triumph4  ,it may be 
true that there is no clear or          
continuous line of prophecy in the ,old 
,testament concerning the life after    
death4  ,but it is at least equally true
 that the belief is there1 grasped in   
moments of intuition by the saints of   

,israel1 disappearing for a time like a 
buried river1 but coming ever and anon  
again to the surface4  ,so in the       
,psalms there are certainly evidences of
 the undying hope of the faithful that  
truth and justice must one day #fg      
visibly triumph1 and that man1 in       
proportion as he is true to these things
 and therefore true to ,god1 ,whose     
nature they are1 and true to himself1 as
 made in ,god's image--man must also be 
immortal4  ,he will not go down into    
silence2 an endless future opens before 
him1 as yet unfathomed and unknown1 but 
certain4  ,so in the ,psalms which the  
,christian instinct1 illuminated by the 
,spirit of ,pentecost1 seized upon in   
its first words of witness 7,acts ii4   
#be-h7 as prophetic of ,christ1 we have 
the assurance3    ,i have set ,god      
always before me3   ,for ,he is on my   
right hand1 therefore ,i shall not fall4
   ,wherefore my heart was glad1 and my 
glory rejoiced3   ,my flesh also shall  
rest in hope4   ,for why8  ,thou shalt  

not leave my soul in hell3#b   ,neither 
shalt ,thou suffer ,thy ,holy#c ,one to 
see corruption4           7,ps4 xvi4    
#i-aa47  #fh  ,and again3    ,as for me1
 ,i will behold ,thy presence in        
righteousness3   ,and when ,i awake up  
after ,thy likeness1 ,i shall be        
satisfied with it4           7,ps4 xvii4
 #af47   ,so again1 in that profoundly  
spiritual ,psalm1 the #gcrd1 the writer 
turns from the puzzles of the moral     
order and the misgivings of his own     
heart1 and seeks refuge in the abiding  
fact of his personal fellowship with    
,god4  ,he finds there the assurance not
 only that the wicked will pass away    
like a dream when one awaketh1 but that 
the righteous is undying3    ,my flesh  
and my heart faileth3   ,but ,god is the
 strength of my heart and my portion for
 ever4  ,such ,psalms as these find     
their full meaning only in the light of 
,easter4  ,the ,resurrection of ,christ 
was no mere portent or isolated miracle2
 it was strictly in line with all that  

man had risen up to in his highest      
spiritual intuitions in the past4  ,it  
is true1 in a much fuller sense than    
that of accomplishing a mere prediction1
 that ,christ rose again1 according to  
the ,scriptures4  ,this essential       
immortality of the righteous1 through   
his union with ,god1 is implied         
throughout #fi the ,easter ,psalms1     
especially in the #aahth 7part of the   
,egyptian ,hallel71 words which must    
have been recited by the ,lord and ,his 
,apostles at the ,passover ,supper1 in  
the very imminence of the ,passion4     
,the voice of joy and health is in the  
dwellings of the righteous3 444   ,i    
shall not die1 but live3   ,and declare 
the works of the ,lord4   ,ascension    
,day completes the triumph of man raised
 to immortality through his union with  
,god in ,christ4  ,it inaugurates the   
accomplishment of man's ideal1 in the   
eternal mediatorial reign of ,christ as 
the ,head of the human race4  ,the      
appointed ,psalms are again most        

suggestive4  ,the #hth sings            
triumphantly of the supremacy of man    
over all the works of ,god1 man crowned 
with glory and worship4  ,the #aeth and 
the #bdth describe the moral perfections
 which are the condition of this        
exaltation3    ,lord1 who shall dwell in
 ,thy tabernacle3   ,or who shall rest  
upon ,thy holy hill8   ,even he that    
leadeth an uncorrupt life3   ,and doeth 
the thing which is right1 and speaketh  
the truth       from his heart4       99
      99      99      99      99  #gj   
,whoso doeth these things3   ,shall     
never fall4           7xv47   ,the #bast
 and the #ajhth look back to the        
promises to ,david and to the typical   
character of his wars and victories4    
,they shew that these events were part  
and parcel of the ,divine warfare2 they 
were a foretaste of the triumph of ,god 
,himself4  ,they suggest that the       
,ascension of ,christ1 while it gathers 
into itself all the moral victories of  
the past1 is the beginning of a new     

order4  ,it brings in a ,catholic empire
 of truth and righteousness1 which1 in  
spite of puzzles and warfare and        
contradictions1 parallel to those which 
vexed the heart of the prophets of old1 
is now absolutely certain in its hope3  
,who will lead me into the strong city3 
,and who will bring me into ,edom8      
,hast not ,thou forsaken us1 ,o ,god3   
,and wilt not ,thou1 ,o ,god1 go forth  
with our hosts8   ,o help us against the
 enemy3   ,for vain is the help of man4 
,through ,god we shall do great acts3   
,and it is ,he that shall tread down our
 enemies4           7cviii47   #ga      
,thus1 to him who1 by ,god's mercy1 has 
learned the ,catholic ,faith1 the       
,psalms are full of ,christ from end to 
end4  ,he reads ,christ in them1 not by 
a pious imagination1 but as the         
legitimate and only perfect key to their
 meaning and their use by the ,church4  
,in the ,psalms he worships ,christ as  
,god3    ,thy seat1 ,o ,god1 endureth   
for ever4           7xlv4 #g47  ,in the 

,psalms he worships with ,christ as the 
,son of ,man1 with ,him ,who alone could
 say rightly3    ,my soul hath kept ,thy
 testimonies3   ,and loved them         
exceedingly4           7cxix4 #afg47    
,the human sorrows and struggles which  
cry out in the ,psalter have been taken 
into the sacred heart of ,him ,who is   
the ,word of the ,father1 and the ,king 
and ,priest and ,prophet of humanity1 in
 ,whom is fulfilled the saying3    ,he  
sent ,his ,word1 and healed them3   ,and
 they were saved from their destruction4
           7cvii4 #bj47   ,this         
,catholic secret of the ,psalter1 writ  
large as it is over the history of the  
,church's worship1 #gb is yet something 
that eludes mere human research1 and is 
a stumbling-block to human learning and 
scholarship4  ,it can only be taught by 
that hidden wisdom of which ,s4 ,paul   
has told us 7#a ,cor4 ii471 the wisdom  
given often to the weak of this world1  
the wisdom of the ,spirit ,who dwells in
 the ,church1 and makes her the pillar  

and ground of the truth 7#a ,tim4 iii4  
#ae74    #a ,discourses to ,mixed       
,congregations1 xvi4  #b i4e4 ,sheol1   
,hades1 the grave or place of departed  
souls4  #c i4e4 godly or pious1 a       
characteristic word of the ,psalmists1  
implying not only consecration but      
active devotion to ,god4     #gc        
,,lecture ,,iii  ,,the ,,church ,,in    
,,the ,,psalter    ,gloriosa dicta sunt 
de te3   ,civitas ,dei4   ,it has       
already been pointed out that the       
personal element in the ,psalms1 vivid  
and even passionate as it appears1 if   
they are read as mere lyrics1 has been  
transformed by the ,church's use of them
 as her hymns of worship4  ,the ,i of   
the ,psalter has become the voice of the
 worshipping community4  ,the ,jews     
themselves recited the personal ,psalms 
in a national sense4 ,even such an      
intensely personal confession of sin as 
the #east ,psalm becomes through the    
last two verses 7possibly added by a    
later pen7 the confession of national   

penitence and the voice of national     
hope3    ,o be favourable and gracious  
unto ,sion3   ,build ,thou the walls of 
,jerusalem4   #gd  ,but besides such    
liturgical adaptations1 whether of      
letter or spirit1 many of the later     
,psalms1 especially those which clearly 
belong to the period of the second      
,temple1 were written intentionally for 
the nation as a whole4  ,we             
predominates1 instead of the earlier ,i4
  ,in these ,psalms the nation reviews  
her past history1 or cries out against  
her present oppressors1 or looks onward 
to liberty and enlargement in the       
future4  ,but the nation which thus     
finds her voice in the ,psalms is of a  
different spirit from the kingdoms of   
this world4  ,her patriotism is of a    
higher order4  ,she is conscious of a   
,divine vocation1 separating her from   
the nations of the heathen3    ,thou    
hast brought a vine out of ,egypt3      
,thou hast cast out the heathen1 and    
planted it4           7lxxx4 #h47       

,what time as they went from one nation 
to another3   ,from one kingdom to      
another people2   ,he suffered no man to
 do them wrong3   ,but reproved even    
kings for their sakes2   ,touch not     
,mine ,anointed3   ,and do ,my prophets 
no harm4           7cv4 #ac-ae-7  #ge   
,she has a treasure committed to her    
keeping1 which others have not3    ,he  
sheweth ,his word unto ,jacob3   ,his   
statutes and ordinances unto ,israel4   
,he hath not dealt so with any nation3  
,neither have the heathen knowledge of  
,his laws4           7cxlvii4 #ai-bj47  
,she has a hope that burns within her1  
which to the world would be foolishness3
    ,the ,lord hath chosen ,sion to be a
 habitation for ,himself3   ,he hath    
longed for her4   ,this shall be my rest
 for ever3   ,here will ,i dwell1 for ,i
 have a delight therein4                
7cxxxii4 #ad1 #ae47   ,in other words1  
the community which speaks in the       
,psalter is more than a nation2 she is a
 theocracy1 a ,church4  ,her            

characteristic names are prophetic2 they
 suggest supernatural dealings and a    
heavenly calling4 ,she is ,israel1      
heiress of him who persevered with ,god 
and won the blessing2 she is the seed of
 ,abraham1 in which it was promised that
 all the nations of #gf the earth should
 be blessed2 she is ,sion1 the          
stronghold1 ,jerusalem1 name of ideals1 
vision or possession or foundation--of  
peace6  ,it is as this sacred           
congregation1 this ecclesia1 that the   
nation rejoices in the ,psalms in her   
calling and illumination1 sorrows over  
her failures1 prays in her warfare1     
waits for her glory4  ,it is not        
surprising that the ,catholic ,church   
recognised here her own portrait1 or    
that the outlines sketched in the       
,psalter have been filled with light and
 colour and detail during the ,christian
 centuries4  ,the ,catholic ,church     
instinctively felt herself to be the    
true successor of the ,israel of the    
,psalms4  ,the ancient titles were      

retained1 but in a fuller meaning4  ,to 
,s4 ,paul the ,church is the ,israel of 
,god 7,gal4 vi4 #af7 in contrast to the 
,israel after the flesh4  ,the author of
 the ,epistle to the ,hebrews tells his 
,christian readers that they are come   
unto ,mount ,sion 7xii4 #bb74  ,s4      
,peter applies to the ,church the old   
titles given to ,israel in the ,law1 an 
elect race1 a royal priesthood1 a holy  
nation 7#a ,peter ii4 #i74  ,s4 ,john in
 the ,apocalypse sees the new           
,jerusalem1 having not only the names of
 the twelve apostles of the ,lamb on her
 jewelled foundations1 but the names of 
the twelve tribes of the children of    
,israel on #gg her gates of pearl 7,rev4
 xxi4 #ab1 #ad74  ,old things had passed
 away1 the sacred people of ,god        
remained1 but no longer confined to the 
narrow boundaries of ,palestine1 nor to 
the dispersed descendants of ,abraham3  
her children were princes in all lands1 
all who were of faith were counted her  
seed4  ,the ,church knew herself to be  

the ,israel of the future1 custodian of 
a greater treasure1 called to a grander 
work4  ,the ,psalter indeed demands this
 higher interpretation4  ,just as the   
portrait of the ,righteous ,one would   
have been an unfulfilled ideal had not  
,christ made it ,his own1 so the glowing
 descriptions of ,israel would have been
 but pious dreamings had not the        
,catholic ,church risen up out of the   
fallen tabernacle of ,david4  ,as the   
songs of the ,temple falter and die     
away1 the new spirit of praise clothes  
itself in the ancient forms4  ,from the 
uttermost part of the earth have we     
heard songs1 ,glory to the ,righteous   
7,is4 xxiv4 #af74  ,the very words of   
the ,psalter become transfigured like   
the garments of the ,lord on the holy   
mount4  ,nor is this passing away of the
 glory of old ,israel into the greater  
glories of the ,catholic ,israel of ,god
 without some foreshadowing in the      
,psalter itself4  ,in the #bbnd1 the    
great #gh ,psalm of the ,passion1 the   

,sufferer passes from the dogs and lions
 and the mocking faces that surround him
 to contemplate the far-off fruit of his
 anguish4  ,he seems to see a great     
congregation1 in the midst of which he  
himself hereafter will praise ,god ,who 
has heard his prayer4  ,mysteriously it 
seems to rise1 this seed1 this people   
that shall be born1 out of the very     
hopelessness and desolation of the      
,cross4  ,all the ends of the earth are 
united in it1 all the kindred of the    
nations worship there4  ,the rich and   
the poor alike have their place in this 
kingdom of the future4  ,and the special
 characteristic of this new creation of 
,god will be the sharing in a           
sacrificial feast1 the ,sufferer's      
thanksgiving1 his ,eucharist in which he
 pays his vows4  ,here the meek shall   
eat and be satisfied1 here eating and   
worshipping are strangely               
intermingled--a prophecy unread and     
unfulfilled until the ,church learnt the
 secret in the same night that ,he was  

betrayed4    ,therefore we1 before ,him 
bending1     ,this great ,sacrament     
revere2   ,types and shadows have their 
ending1     ,for the newer ,rite is     
here4   ,this ecclesiastical aspect of  
the ,psalter is #gi of very high        
importance4  ,there is perhaps no part  
of the ,christian faith which is more   
difficult for the natural man than the  
,holy ,catholic ,church4 ,an erroneous  
or imperfect idea of the ,church seems  
to pass muster1 among ,christians even1 
so much more readily than error in other
 matters of faith4  ,all through        
,christian history the true idea of the 
,church has been obscured1 now by       
imperialism1 with its misleading        
traditions of the ,roman ,empire2 now by
 nationalism1 as if the ,church were    
only the religious aspect of a civil    
community2 or again by individualism1 as
 if she were no more than a collection  
of separate units4  ,erastianism and    
,puritanism in turn have led men astray4
  ,the warning against such things is   

written largely enough in the history of
 ancient ,israel4  ,the ,jews of our    
,lord's time1 while insisting keenly1   
even bitterly1 on their separation from 
the ,gentiles1 were for the most part   
forgetful of what that separation really
 involved4  ,their ambition to be       
separate from the nations of the earth  
only meant for them a worldly and       
selfish exclusiveness4  ,in earlier days
 the clamour for a king1 the thirst for 
alliances with ,egypt and ,assyria and  
,babylon1 had displayed in the opposite 
manner much the same spirit4  ,religious
 privileges1 that ,divine calling which 
#hj had made them a nation1 were to be  
used as a means to worldly advancement  
and security4  ,in the ,psalter there   
stands out a truer conception of the    
,church as the spiritual commonwealth1 a
 kingdom of ,god in the world1 but not  
of this world's spirit1 organised for   
higher ends than self-protection or     
self-development1 aiming not at conquest
 but at the conversion and good of      

mankind1 glorying not in privilege but  
in vocation1 not in self but in the law 
of ,god4  ,and this is the pattern for  
all time4  ,the ,christian ,church may  
find in the ,psalter her own just       
self-expression in a fuller manner than 
ever ancient ,israel did or could4      
,indeed1 we may trace indelibly stamped 
on the ,psalter the true lineaments of  
the ideal ,church4  ,first in the       
,psalter there is the note of           
comprehensiveness4  ,the heathen1 the   
nations1 so often denounced or prayed   
against in the ,psalms1 are1 after all1 
not so much those who are outside the   
boundaries of ,israel as those who are  
alien from her spirit4  ,they are       
communities1 societies1 untouched by    
grace1 governed by passion and worldly  
ambitions rather than by conscience or  
the ,divine law4  ,and side by side with
 threats and foreboding of their utter  
destruction in the day of ,god there are
 glimpses here and there of the         
possibility of #ha their conversion1 and

 even of their becoming one family with 
,israel4  ,the great ,psalm of          
,whitsunday1 the #fhth1 passes from the 
thought of ,god wounding the head of    
,his enemies1 of ,his warriors dipping  
their feet in the blood of the          
vanquished1 to the hope of the princes  
coming out of ,egypt1 and ,ethiopia     
making haste to stretch out her hands   
unto ,god4  ,so1 again1 the #dgth ,psalm
 looks forward to the essential         
sovereignty of ,god over all the earth  
being recognised even by this world's   
rulers3    ,the princes of the people   
are joined unto the people       of the 
,god of ,abraham4#a   ,and lest it      
should be thought that such hopes       
referred only to an empire of external  
rule1 like that of ,solomon's1 we have  
the startling predictions of ,ps4       
lxxxvii4  ,here the people of ,rahab    
7,egypt7 and ,babylon1 the ,philistines1
 the ,tyrians1 the ,ethiopians1 all     
types of the obstinate and idolatrous   
heathen world1 are pictured as forsaking

 their natural lineage and descent to be
 born again in ,zion1 enrolling         
themselves there as citizens of the     
,lord's #hb glorious foundation upon the
 holy mountains1 finding there their joy
 and the fount of their inspiration4    
,the ,lord shall count1 when ,he writeth
 up the peoples3   ,this one was born   
there4   ,they that sing as well as they
 that dance shall say1   ,all my        
fountains are in ,thee4  7,r4,v47       
,surely this is one of the most         
remarkable foreshadowings in the ,old   
,testament of the catholicity of the    
,church1 and of that new birth of       
,baptism by which men of every race and 
tongue are grafted into the one body1   
where there cannot be ,greek and ,jew1  
circumcision and uncircumcision1        
barbarian1 ,scythian1 bondman1 freeman3 
but ,christ is all1 and in all 7,col4   
iii4 #aa74  ,in this and in many other  
,psalms 7cf4 lxvii41 xcviii41 c47 we    
confess the essentially missionary      
vocation of the ,church2 that she calls 

to all mankind1 not to the ,western     
nations only1 nor to the progressive and
 civilised only4  ,hers is the one faith
 for all men1 her citizenship unlimited 
by any barriers of race or temperament4 
,if the catholicity of the ,church is so
 clearly sketched in the ,psalter1 no   
less clear is #hc her social ideal4     
,the poor1 the oppressed1 those who have
 no helper1 are equally called to share 
in ,israel's hope and her gifts4  ,god  
,himself is her pattern1 ,who--         
,taketh up the simple out of the dust3  
,and lifteth the poor out of the mire2  
,that ,he may set him with the princes3 
,even with the princes of ,his people4  
7cxiii47  ,the ,messianic ,king will    
count the blood of the poor and needy   
equally precious with that of the rich  
and great 7lxxii474  ,the ,sufferer of  
the ,passion ,psalm 7xxii47 looks       
forward1 as we have seen1 to the result 
of his triumph1 in not only calling the 
fat ones of the earth to eat and worship
 at his table1 but in finding there an  

equal place for--    ,even him that     
cannot keep his soul alive4             
7xxii4 #cj1 ,r4,v47   ,these are lessons
 which we have as yet gone but a little 
way in learning4  ,yet the ,psalter1 as 
we recite it day by day1 puts in our own
 mouth the condemnation of exclusiveness
 and pride and of deafness to the       
complaint of the poor2 it makes us      
confess at least the ,catholic #hd ideal
 of unity1 of universal justice1 of the 
imperishable value of the individual    
life1 of the transformation of human    
society in the light of the ,divine     
sovereignty of ,christ4  ,the two lines 
of the ,church's activity just alluded  
to1 missionary and social1 so prominent 
in the ,psalms1 are calling to-day so   
loudly for self-humiliation and new     
effort1 that they may profitably be     
dwelt on a little further4  ,the        
,psalmist's prophecy of the kings of    
,arabia and ,saba bringing gifts        
7lxxii47 is still largely unfulfilled4  
,the ,east is still almost untouched4   

,asia has not yet brought her           
characteristic gift to ,christ4  ,she is
 still under the dominion of imperfect  
religions--,buddhism1 ,hinduism1 ,islam4
  ,and yet ,india is our possession2    
,japan is our pupil4  ,the way of the   
kings of the ,east is already prepared  
7,rev4 xvi4 #ab71 but where is the      
adequate response from ,english         
,christianity8  ,who is blind but ,my   
servant1 or deaf as ,my messenger that  
,i send8  ,and turning homewards1 what  
are we to say of these grotesque and    
monstrous contrasts between wealth and  
poverty1 luxury and squalor in ,england 
to-day1 where rich and poor alike are   
baptized8  ,what of the immoralities of 
commerce1 of the bad work of the        
labourer as well as the swindling of the
 capitalist8  ,does #he not the spirit  
of the ,psalter cut across it all like  
the keen breath of the mountain wind8   
,yet ,englishmen are spending time and  
energy in ritual debates and            
persecutions1 and educational and social

 strife4  ,worse still1 the rich and    
intellectual1 for some prejudice or     
political motive1 are eager to deny the 
poor the beauties of worship or the     
definiteness of the ,catholic ,faith4   
,surely ,thou hast seen it3   ,for ,thou
 beholdest ungodliness and wrong4       
7x4 #ae47   ,in view of these           
unfulfilled ideals of the ,church1 the  
,psalter provides us in such ,psalms as 
the #ghth1 the #gith1 or the #ajfth with
 confession of sin and failure under the
 figure of ,hebrew history4  ,the       
recitation of these may well remind us  
not merely of personal faults but of our
 own share in the shortcomings of the   
,church of ,god3    ,we have sinned with
 our fathers3   ,we have done amiss and 
dealt wickedly4  ,for the ,church as    
well as ourselves we are taught to pray1
 ,turn us again1 ,o ,lord ,god of hosts4
  ,the sorrows and desolations of ,zion 
are never represented in the ,psalms as 
being merely the effect of heathen      
malice1 #hf though they are so largely  

that1 but as calls to look back upon    
history1 and also to look within1 to    
consider what unfaithfulness there may  
have been and is1 what starting aside   
like a broken bow in our fathers and in 
ourselves4  ,from this point of view the
 penitential ,psalms#b might profitably 
be used not merely as the expression of 
personal penitence1 but as an act of    
reparation1 an offering to ,god of our  
sorrow for the worldliness and          
imperfections of ,his ,church2 as an    
incentive also to effort1 that we may do
 our part to remove the reproach of the 
heathen1 to restore the ,church from    
within1 to seek her unity and peace4    
,there is1 however1 another side to the 
problem of the ,church's failures4      
,israel and ,jerusalem are constantly   
described in the ,psalms as being the   
marks for the malignity and opposition  
of external enemies4  ,indeed1 a        
persistent note of the ,church1 ,jewish 
as well as ,christian1 is the hatred    
which she awakens in the powers of this 

world4 ,the object of suspicion and     
attack from ,egypt1 ,assyria1 and       
,babylon in early days1 ,jerusalem fares
 no better after the humiliation of the 
,captivity4  ,the attempts to #hg       
rebuild the ,temple and restore the city
 arouse the bitterest hostility from the
 surrounding peoples1 a hostility not   
merely political1 but traceable to a    
deeper cause4  ,the attempts of         
,antiochus ,epiphanes in the second     
century ,b4,c4 to break down ,jewish    
separation and to destroy ,jewish       
worship are marked by the same spirit1  
working in a more arrogant and brutal   
manner4  ,our ,lord ,himself promises no
 smoother or more popular course for    
,his faithful ones4  ,ye shall be hated 
of all men4  ,s4 ,paul recognises the   
same antagonism running throughout the  
history of the elect3 ,as then he that  
was born after the flesh persecuted him 
that was born after the ,spirit1 even so
 it is now 7,gal4 iv4 #bi74  ,the       
,psalter will not allow us to shut our  

eyes to this malignant and persecuting  
attitude of the world4  ,the enemies of 
the ,righteous find a place in almost   
every ,psalm4  ,the malice of human     
nature at its worst seems to be         
marshalled against ,him1 in slander and 
ingratitude and treachery4  ,but there  
is also the opposition of the heathen as
 a whole against ,israel4  ,the         
vicissitudes of her history are typical2
 they illustrate a permanent principle  
which is found working from age to age4 
,it was not less active nor less brutal 
in the first three ,christian centuries 
#hh than it was in the days of          
,antiochus4  ,to-day1 though its attack 
is less outwardly cruel1 the spirit     
which prompts it is just as deeply      
seated1 and more malignant perhaps in   
proportion as it is veiled4  ,the       
,church has not merely to contend with  
the hatred of those who have chosen and 
loved evil1 and find the righteous a    
standing reproach4  ,there is gathered  
against her also the world's steady     

resentment of spiritual authority2 the  
world's antipathy against all that      
refuses to come to terms1 or water down 
its witness to suit changing fashions of
 men's thought4  ,it is the same spirit 
which in earlier days called the        
,christians the enemies of the human    
race1 and in these later times directs  
its sneers and opposition against the   
,creeds1 the ,sacraments1 the           
priesthood--the spirit of ,antichrist4  
,the #ddth ,psalm1 perhaps belonging to 
the time of the great ,maccabaean       
struggle1 makes its pathetic appeal to  
,god amidst the scorn and blasphemy of  
the heathen1 and1 what is worse1 the    
bitterness of apparent failure and      
defeat which seem to justify the        
heathen4    ,my confusion is daily      
before me3   ,the shame of my face hath 
covered me3  #hi    ,for the voice of   
the slanderer and blasphemer3   ,for the
 enemy and avenger4   ,faith indeed does
 not fail the ,psalmist3 he clings to   
,god2 he still recognises the hand of   

,god throughout these sufferings2 he    
prefers to attribute them to ,god rather
 than to man3    ,thou makest us to turn
 our backs upon our enemies3 444   ,thou
 lettest us be eaten up like sheep3 444 
,thou sellest ,thy people for nought3   
,and takest no money for them4          
,nevertheless1 it is all a puzzle1 a    
bewildering maze in which faith seems   
walking blindfold1 like the ,lord       
,himself when the malice of the         
high-priest's servants bandaged ,his    
eyes and smote ,him in derision and bade
 ,him prophesy6  ,the light of ,god's   
presence seems to have gone out of the  
world3    ,wherefore hidest ,thou ,thy  
face3   ,and forgettest our misery and  
trouble4   ,very similar is the #gdth   
,psalm1 with its same high consciousness
 of faithfulness to ,god1 the same      
agonising sense of contradiction in the 
enemies of ,god being suffered to break 
down #ij the carved work of the         
sanctuary1 the same feeling of          
helplessness and lack of guidance4  ,the

 adversaries' banners are manifest      
enough1 their tokens are clear2 but with
 the faithful it is otherwise3    ,we   
see not our tokens1 there is not one    
prophet more4  ,o ,god1 how long6 444   
,remember6 444 ,arise6 444 ,forget not6 
,probably of the same period is the     
#gith1 written apparently in the very   
hour of the heathen triumph1 when the   
,temple is defiled1 ,jerusalem an heap  
of stones1 the blood of the righteous   
flowing on every side like water4  ,and 
there is still the characteristic       
turning away from self and personal     
humiliation to the thought of the       
dishonour done to ,god ,himself4  ,for  
to the faithful the honour of ,god is   
dearer than their own liberty or life4  
,help us1 ,o ,god of our salvation1 for 
the glory of ,thy ,name3   ,o deliver   
us1 and be merciful unto our sins1 for  
,thy ,name's sake4   ,the #hcrd belongs 
perhaps to an earlier age4  ,it seems to
 recall the great confederacy of the    
nations against ,jehoshaphat 7#b ,chron4

 xx474 ,the ,psalmist cries out to ,god 
against the #ia gathering hordes who    
have no interest in common1 except their
 mutual hatred of ,israel and ,israel's 
,god4  ,it is a sorry catalogue3        
,edomites1 ,ishmaelites1 ,moabites1     
,hagarens2 ,gebal1 ,ammon1 and ,amalek2 
,philistines1 ,tyrians1 ,assyrians3     
,all the warring hosts of error         
,sworn against her1 move as one4   ,but 
the hot indignation which prays that    
this rabble of malice and mischief may  
be swept like the stubble before the    
whirlwind1 consumed like the dry grass  
before the mountain fires1 is yet       
tempered with a higher thought4  ,defeat
 may lead to conversion and to a better 
mind3    ,make their faces ashamed1 ,o  
,lord3   ,that they may seek ,thy ,name4
   ,once again1 the #ajbnd ,psalm       
breathes out the pathetic appeal of the 
exile1 or the lonely1 friendless watcher
 over the desolations of the holy city4 
,his heart is smitten down and withered 
like grass2 he has eaten ashes as it    

were bread1 and mingled his drink with  
weeping4 ,but his fasting and tears are 
not for himself2 there is the eternal   
background of hope2 ,god is unchanging2 
future generations #ib will know again  
the happiness of worship and            
service--his sorrow is for ,zion3       
,thy servants think upon her stones3    
,and it pitieth them to see her in the  
dust4   ,do not experiences and prayers 
like these come home to ,christians with
 a curious sense of familiarity8  ,is   
not this tragedy of faith repeated in   
every age8  ,in every ,christian        
generation it has been given to the     
,beast to war against the saints and    
overcome them 7,rev4 xiii4 #g74  ,his   
undying malice has too often been       
seconded by the impotence1 the lack of  
unity1 the fear of truth and its        
consequences1 which have marred the     
,christian defence4  ,we find eloquent  
illustrations of this unceasing1        
heart-sickening warfare in such moments 
of history as that in the fourth        

century1 when the whole world groaned   
and marvelled to find itself ,arian2#c  
in the seventh and eighth1 when the     
armies of ,islam swept away the divided 
and bickering ,churches of the ,east and
 that ,church of ,north ,africa1 once so
 glorious1 where holiness had not kept  
pace with zeal2 in the fifteenth1 #ic   
when ,constantinople fell1 and the great
 cathedral of ,s4 ,sophia passed into   
the hands of the ,turks1 and this very  
day1 where once ,christian worship was  
offered1 and ,christian emblems high on 
its walls still make their silent       
protest1    ,moslem prayers profane     
,at morn and eve come sounding2  in the 
sixteenth1 when the fair abbeys of      
,england were despoiled and suffered to 
fall into ruin1 through covetousness and
 irreligion masquerading under the garb 
of piety2 in the seventeenth1 when the  
voice of the ,church's worship was      
stifled1 and the faithful were          
interrupted in their very ,christmas    
,communion by the levelled muskets of   

the ,cromwellian troopers#d2 in our own 
day1 when liberality can tolerate       
everything except the ,catholic ,faith8 
,verily these ,hebrew ,psalms are a     
,christian possession for ever4  ,they  
speak to us and speak for us in accents 
of undying truth1 and every year that   
passes verifies their witness and points
 more sharply their appeal4  ,but not   
only does the ,psalter tell of the      
,church and her ideals1 of her warfare  
and her failures1 it insists with equal 
conviction on her stability4  ,god's    
great promise to the line of #id ,david 
carried with it the preservation of     
,david's city4  ,the attacks of the     
heathen seemed to have reached their    
climax when ,sennacherib's army had     
taken all the fortified cities of       
,judaea1 and ,jerusalem was left        
isolated and helpless 7#b ,kings xix474 
,yet when human hope was gone1 the      
prophet's word rang out with the        
certainty of faith4  ,i will defend this
 city to save it1 for ,mine own sake1   

and for ,my servant ,david's sake4  ,the
 sequel was one of the most startling   
catastrophes in history4  ,the ,assyrian
 hosts were destroyed in a single night1
 and ,assyrian invasions ceased4        
,again1 in a later generation1 when the 
promise seemed at last to have failed1  
and the ,temple had fallen1 the city was
 burnt and her king and citizens in     
captivity1 the prophets never waver in  
their vision of a future restoration    
when sin has been repented and national 
guilt expiated4  ,zerubbabel and        
,joshua1 ,ezra and ,nehemiah1 ,judas    
,maccabaeus and his descendants1 restore
 and maintain ,temple and city to last  
till the fulness of the time1 when the  
true meaning of the ,davidic promises   
was revealed4  ,the sense of this       
supernatural continuance has left its   
mark on the ,psalms4  ,the rout of the  
,assyrian armies is commemorated in one 
at least1 the #gfth3  #ie    ,the proud 
are robbed1 they have slept their sleep3
   ,and all the men whose hands were    

mighty have found nothing4   ,at ,thy   
rebuke1 ,o ,god of ,jacob3   ,both the  
chariot and horse are fallen4  ,the     
secret of victory preludes the ,psalm4  
,jerusalem is the seat of ,god's special
 presence3    ,at ,salem is ,his        
tabernacle3   ,and ,his dwelling in     
,sion4  ,the #dfth may also refer to the
 same event4  ,the flood of heathen     
invasion is breaking itself in vain     
against the walls of the city of ,god3  
,god is in the midst of her1 therefore  
shall she not be removed3   ,god shall  
help her1 and that right early4   ,the  
great historical ,psalm1 the #ghth1     
speaks at its close of the hill of ,sion
 and the ,temple built there on high as 
coeval with the earth itself2 its       
foundation is like the ground which ,he 
hath made continually4#e  ,and the later
 #if ,psalms seem even to unite ,sion   
and ,jerusalem and the sacred nation    
with the very eternity of ,god ,himself3
    ,this shall be ,my rest for ever4   
99      99      99      99      99      

,the ,lord thy ,god1 ,o ,sion1 shall be 
,king for evermore4       99      99    
99      99      99   ,praise the ,lord1 
,o ,jerusalem3   ,praise thy ,god1 ,o   
,sion4   ,for ,he hath made fast the    
bars of thy gates3   ,and hath blessed  
thy children within thee4               
7cxxxii4 #ae1 cxlvi4 #aj1 cxlvii4 #ab1  
#ac47   ,the end of earthly ,jerusalem1 
when it came1 was no less significant   
than her long continuance4  ,the double 
destruction of the city by the ,roman   
armies 7,a4,d4 #gj and ,a4,d4 #ace7 was 
consummated by the strangeness of the   
failure of ,julian the ,apostate to     
rebuild and re-establish the ,temple2   
flames burst out from the foundations   
and the workmen fled in terror4#f  ,but 
long before this the ,christian ,church 
had recognised that in her world-wide   
citizenship and her worship1 confined no
 longer #ig 7as the ,lord had foretold7 
either to ,jerusalem or a mountain in   
,samaria1 she had inherited in fuller   
measure these promises of continuance4  

,had it not been said1 when the great   
,apostle made his confession of         
,christ's ,divinity1 ,upon this rock ,i 
will build ,my ,church1 and the gates of
 ,hades shall not prevail against it8   
,and in this consciousness the ,catholic
 ,church rightly appropriated to herself
 the songs of ,sion's confidence4  ,just
 as early ,christian art set above the  
altars the figure of the living ,christ 
enthroned as the ,eternal ,king of the  
universe1 so the ,church has always     
known in her darkest moments that her   
continuance is as certain as her        
,master's throne2 and that as ,he       
remains the same1 though the heavens and
 the earth decay1 and are changed as a  
garment1 the promise of the #ajbnd      
,psalm is hers for ever3    ,the        
children of ,thy servants shall         
continue3   ,and their seed snail stand 
fast in ,thy sight4   ,once again1 the  
,psalmists feel that as ,israel1 the    
,church1 is in a sense partaker in      
,god's own eternity1 so she is1 even on 

earth1 a shadow of ,his essential       
beauty1 she appeals with ,his           
attractiveness to the soul of man4      
,hence the #ih ,christian finds in the  
,psalter words in which he may express  
his joy in his calling in the ,church1  
his love and delight in his heavenly    
citizenship2 words which may also remind
 him that1 in spite of all the failures 
and littlenesses of the visible ,church1
 it is through her that he is in touch  
with the ideal and the invisible4  ,thus
 in no mere partisan or ecclesiastical  
spirit we are invited in the ,psalms to 
express our love of the ,catholic       
,church4  ,on ,whit ,sunday1 the        
,church's birthday1 we take up the      
ancient strain of affection3    ,the    
hill of ,sion is a fair place1 and the  
joy of the whole earth4  ,we gaze with  
awe upon her jewelled foundations and   
her jasper walls2 we wander with delight
 in her spacious golden streets3        
,walk about ,sion1 and go round about   
her3   ,and tell the towers thereof4    

,mark well her bulwarks1 set up her     
houses3#g   ,that ye may tell them that 
come after4   ,for this ,god is our ,god
 for ever and ever3   ,he shall be our  
guide unto death4           7xlviii47   
#ii  ,in another ,psalm1 the #abbnd1 one
 of the pilgrim-psalms recited of old as
 the faithful drew near to ,jerusalem1  
we contemplate with joy and             
self-forgetfulness the ideal unity of   
the ,church as the true centre of the   
earth1 and as the seat of judgment to   
which all this world's shams and shadows
 must come sooner or later for their    
reformation or their sentence3    ,o    
pray for the peace of ,jerusalem3       
,they shall prosper that love thee4     
,peace be within thy walls3   ,and      
plenteousness within thy palaces4   ,for
 my brethren and companions' sakes3   ,i
 will wish thee prosperity4   ,yea1     
because of the house of the ,lord our   
,god3   ,i will seek to do thee good4   
,it is an aspiration that should find an
 echo in the heart of every faithful son

 of the ,church1 especially in such a   
day of trouble and of rebuke and        
blasphemy as our own4  ,thus while we   
recognise in the ,psalter the           
expression1 put into our lips by the    
,holy ,spirit1 of our own personal      
struggles and joys and sorrows in the   
spiritual life1 while we remember with  
awe and gratitude that the #ajj ,eternal
 ,son of ,god ,himself here speaks and  
prays and suffers as one of us1 we shall
 find here also the voice of our        
corporate consciousness1 our life and   
worship as citizens even on earth of    
that ,jerusalem which is above1 which is
 the mother of us all4  ,and so as we   
conclude every ,psalm in the ,church's  
service with the ,gloria1 with that     
confession of our faith which prophets  
and kings would fain have known and knew
 not1 let us lift up our hearts and give
 glory to the ,father1 ,who has revealed
 to us ,his ,name2 glory to the ,son1   
,who has vouchsafed in all things to be 
made like unto us ,his brethren2 glory  

to the ,holy ,ghost1 ,whose word and    
power in the ,church is undying1 ,who is
 still bringing forth from the ancient  
treasury old things which are ever new4 
,gloria ,patri1 et ,filio3   ,et        
,spiritui ,sancto4   ,sicut erat in     
principio1 et nunc1 et semper3   ,et in 
saecula saeculorum4           ,amen4    
#a ,the princes of the people are       
gathered together1     ,to be the people
 of the ,god of ,abraham4               
7,r4,v47  #b vi41 xxxii41 xxxviii41 li41
 cii41 cxxx41 cxliii4  #c ,ingemuit     
totus orbis et se ,arianum esse miratus 
est 7,s4 ,jerome74  #d ,evelyn's ,diary3
 ,dec4 #be1 #afeg4  #e ,the earth which 
,he hath established for ever 7,r4,v474 
#f ,gibbon1 ,decline and ,fall1 c4      
xxiii4  #g ,consider her palaces        
7,r4,v474     #aja  ,,notes  ,a4  ,the  
extent to which the ,psalms were used   
liturgically by the ,jews in ,temple and
 ,synagogue is not at all fully known4  
,the following list of uses is          
interesting in itself1 but probably does

 not by any means cover the whole field4
  ,and it seems certain1 from the free  
and natural way in which the ,psalms are
 referred to in the ,new ,testament1    
that1 even if a comparatively small     
number were used in the public services1
 the ,psalter must have been very       
familiar indeed to the pious ,jew of our
 ,lord's time and have formed           
practically his book of private         
devotion4   ,,daily ,,in ,,the ,,temple 
7,,and ,,probably ,,elsewhere73  ,first 
day4  ,ps4 xxiv4  ,the earth is the     
,lord's1 etc4  ,second day4  ,ps4       
xlviii4  ,great is the ,lord4  ,third   
day4  ,ps4 lxxxii4  ,god standeth in the
 congregation4  ,fourth day4  ,ps4 xciv4
  ,o ,lord ,god1 to ,whom vengeance     
belongeth4  #ajb  ,fifth day4  ,ps4     
lxxxi4  ,sing we merrily unto ,god our  
strength4  ,sixth day4  ,ps4 xciii4     
,the ,lord is ,king4  ,sabbath day4     
,ps4 xcii4  ,it is a good thing to give 
thanks4   ,,the ,,passover1 ,,and ,,on  
,,other ,,great ,,festivals4  ,the      

,hallel1 probably ,pss4 cxiii4-cxviii4  
,,feast ,,of ,,tabernacles3  ,first day4
  ,ps4 cv4  ,o give thanks4  ,second    
day4  ,ps4 xxix4  ,bring unto the ,lord4
  ,third day4  ,ps4 l4 #af4  ,but unto  
the ungodly said ,god4  ,fourth day4    
,ps4 xciv4 #af4  ,who will rise up with 
me4  ,fifth day4  ,ps4 xciv4 #h4  ,take 
heed1 ye unwise4  ,sixth day4  ,ps4     
lxxxi4 #f4  ,i eased his shoulder4      
,pss4 cxx4-cxxxiv4 ,songs of ,degrees4  
,seventh day4  ,ps4 lxxxii4 #e4  ,they  
will not be learned4   ,,new ,,moon ,,of
 ,,seventh ,,or ,,sabbatical ,,month4   
,ps4 lxxxi4  ,sing we merrily4          
,,dedication4  ,the ,hallel1 as at the  
,passover4   ,,presentation ,,of        
,,first-,,fruits4  ,ps4 cxxii4  ,i was  
glad4  ,ps4 xxx4  ,i will magnify ,thee1
 ,o ,lord4   ,b4  ,the allusions to the 
singing of ,psalms in the ,new          
,testament shew that it was from the    
first a recognised ,christian devotion1 
both in public and private 7,acts xvi4  
#be2 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #bf2 ,eph4 v4 #ai2   

#ajc ,james v4 #ac74  ,this is borne out
 by the evidence of the ,christian      
,fathers 7see1 for example1 ,s4         
,athanasius' ,epistle to ,marcellinus2  
,s4 ,aug4 ,confess4 ix4 #h2 ,s4 ,jerome1
 ,ep4 xlvi474  ,but it was no doubt the 
rise of the monastic life in ,egypt and 
its subsequent spread over the whole    
,church in the fourth and fifth         
centuries that led by its disciplined   
devotion to the systematic arrangement  
of the ,psalter for daily services and  
to its continuous recitation4  ,many of 
the early monks1 indeed1 recited the    
whole ,psalter daily2 but the ,western  
use1 settled traditionally by ,s4       
,gregory the ,great1 aimed at a weekly  
recitation1 and this system in theory   
dominated the ,breviary services all    
through the ,middle ,ages4  ,the normal 
arrangement of the ,psalter in the daily
 offices was1 roughly speaking1 as      
follows3  ,at ,mattins1 ,ps4 i4-cix41   
divided into nine ,nocturns1 three of   
which were said on ,sunday1 and one on  

each of the following week-days1        
beginning each day with the #ieth1 the  
,invitatory ,psalm4  ,at ,lauds1 ,pss4  
lxiii41 lxvii41 cxlviii4-cl41 with      
certain other varying ,psalms4  ,at     
,prime1 always ,ps4 liv4 and the first  
four portions of the #aaith1 and one    
varying ,psalm4  ,at ,terce1 the next   
six portions of the #aaith4  ,at ,sext1 
the next six portions of the #aaith4    
,at ,none1 the last six portions of the 
#aaith4  ,at ,vespers1 ,pss4            
cx4-cxlvii41 divided into seven         
portions1 omitting the #aaith4  ,at     
,compline1 iv41 xxxi4 #a-f1 xci41       
cxxxiv4  #ajd  ,thus the bulk of the    
,psalms were said at the two offices    
which corresponded most closely to our  
,morning and ,evening ,prayer2 some few 
were said daily1 the #east was said at  
every one of the offices1 and the others
 were said weekly4  ,but in practice a  
festival arrangement of the ,psalms1 in 
which a much smaller number1 and chiefly
 of the shorter ,psalms1 were recited1  

was largely substituted for the normal  
or ferial use1 thus justifying the      
criticism of our ,reformers1 ,now of    
late time a few of them have been daily 
said and the rest utterly omitted4  ,the
 following special uses are also        
interesting3  ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the 
,,dead3  ,vespers 7the ,placebo73 cxvi41
 cxx41 cxxi41 cxxx41 cxxxviii4  ,mattins
 7the ,dirge73 v41 vi41 vii42 xxiii41   
xxv41 xxvii41 xl41 xli41 xlii4  ,lauds3 
li41 lxv41 lxiii41 cxlviii4-cl41 cxlv4  
,,preparation ,,for ,,mass3 lxxxiv41    
lxxxv41 lxxxvi41 cxvi4 #aj41 cxxx41     
xliii4  ,,thanksgiving ,,after ,,mass3  
cl4   ,c4  ,antiphons were originally   
verses sung as a refrain between each   
verse of the ,psalms1 one side of the   
choir taking the former and the other   
the latter4  ,the refrain varied at     
different seasons and festivals4  ,an   
example of this early and more elaborate
 use survived in the ,breviary in the   
treatment of the ,venite as an          
,invitatory ,psalm4 ,but gradually1 for 

the sake of brevity1 this method #aje   
was abandoned1 and the normal use of    
antiphons in the ,breviary was simply   
after 7or on festivals before and after7
 each ,psalm or set of ,psalms4 ,the    
advantage of the antiphon lay in the    
fact that it shewed at once with what   
particular intention the ,psalm was     
sung1 as the same ,psalm naturally might
 be sung on many different occasions and
 with reference to a different season or
 festival4  ,but the very complex nature
 of the antiphons or anthems led the    
,english ,reformers to abandon them     
altogether2 many times1 as they said1   
there was more business to find out what
 should be read1 than to read it when it
 was found out4 ,the only traces of     
antiphons left in the ,prayer ,book are3
 7#a7 ,o ,sapientia1 in the ,kalendar on
 ,december #af1 the first words of the  
first of the ,greater ,antiphons to the 
,magnificat1 which began on that day and
 continued till ,christmas ,eve1 each   
commencing with some striking ,old      

,testament title of the ,messiah2 7#b7  
in the ,litany1 the repetition of the   
words1 ,o ,lord1 arise1 etc41 shews that
 this is the antiphon to the ,psalm ,o  
,god1 we have heard 7perhaps originally 
the whole of ,ps4 xliv41 but now one    
verse only72 7#c7 the words ,o ,saviour 
of the world1 etc41 in the ,office for  
the ,visitation of the ,sick4  ,the last
 is the best example3 the antiphon      
connects the recitation of ,ps4 lxxi4   
with the ,passion of our ,lord2 the     
intention of the ,psalm is thus shewn to
 be the association of our sufferings in
 sickness with #ajf the ,cross of       
,christ 7cf4 the second exhortation in  
the same office74   ,d4  ,helps to the  
study of the ,psalter4   ,literal       
,meaning3  ,kirkpatrick1 in the         
,cambridge ,bible 7#c vols474  ,the     
,introduction is extremely useful1 and  
an excellent list of the literature     
bearing on the ,psalter is also given4  
,perowne1 ,the ,book of ,psalms4        
,cheyne1 ,the ,book of ,psalms4  ,barry1

 ,teacher's ,prayer ,book4   ,mystical  
and ,spiritual ,meaning3  ,neale and    
,littledale1 ,commentary on the ,psalms 
7#d vols474  ,this has a very valuable  
,introduction on the ,psalms as used in 
the offices of the ,church1 and a       
dissertation 7in vol4 i47 on the        
mystical and literal interpretation of  
the ,psalms4  ,walpole1 ,the ,people's  
,psalter4   ,general3  ,prothero1 ,the  
,psalms in ,human ,life4  ,marson1 ,the 
,psalms at ,work4  ,church1 ,the ,sacred
 ,poetry of ,early ,religions1 in ,the  
,gifts of ,civilisation4  ,the          
,discipline of the ,christian           
,character1 iii4  ,robertson ,smith1    
,the ,old ,testament in the ,jewish     
,church1 lect4 vii4  ,orr1 ,the ,problem
 of the ,old ,testament1 c4 xii4        
,alexander 7,archbishop71 ,the ,witness 
of the ,psalms to ,christ4     #ajg     
,,appendix  ,brief ,suggestions as to   
the ,christian ,use of each ,psalm  ,the
 following suggestions1 which follow the
 lines of the preceding lectures1 do not

 claim any special authority1 except in 
cases noted1 where the ,new ,testament  
or the ,church's actual use has         
appropriated a ,psalm to some particular
 ,christian application4   ,,psalm i4   
,beatus vir  ,the ,church's witness to  
the blessedness of the life of holiness1
 based on obedience to the revealed     
,word of ,god 7the great example of     
which is the life of ,christ ,himself72 
with which is contrasted the eternal    
failure of the ungodly4   ,,psalm ii4   
,quare fremuerunt gentes8  ,acts iv4    
#be-bh4  ,easter ,day1 morning 7,prayer 
,book7  ,the futile warfare of the      
princes of this world against ,christ   
and ,his ,church4  ,the certainty #ajh  
of ,christ's victory and ,his universal 
kingdom1 as seen in ,his ,resurrection  
and ,ascension4   ,,psalm iii4  ,domine1
 quid multiplicati8  ,introit for       
,second ,mass on ,easter ,day1 in #aedi 
,prayer ,book  ,christ's victory in ,his
 ,resurrection over all ,his enemies2   
the blessedness of ,his ,church4        

,,psalm iv4  ,cum invocarem  ,the       
deliverance of ,christ from the         
contradiction of sinners4  ,the         
,church's certainty of salvation in     
,christ1 both in this life and in that  
which is to come1 contrasted with the   
doubts and uncertain riches of the      
world4  ,one of the ,compline ,psalms1  
in which the ,christian commends himself
 to sleep in ,christ4   ,,psalm v4      
,verba mea auribus  ,a ,psalm           
illustrating the life of prayer1 public 
and private2 witnessing to prayer and   
meditation as the source of inward      
strength and guidance1 both in the life 
of ,christ and in that of ,his people1  
in the face of this world's treachery   
and cruelty4  ,one of the ,psalms for   
the ,dirge 7whence it derives its name1 
ver4 #h1 ,dirige71 referring to ,god's  
leading the departed soul through the   
attacks of evil spirits to its rest in  
,him4  #aji  ,,psalm vi4  ,domine1 ne in
 furore  ,ash ,wednesday1 morning       
7,prayer ,book7  ,the prayer of the     

human soul suffering the temporal       
punishments1 bodily and mental1 of sin4 
,christ ,himself endured these          
sufferings to the utmost1 not for       
,himself1 but for ,his people1 and in   
this sense it1 with the other           
penitential ,psalms1 may be called a    
,psalm of the ,incarnation4   ,,psalm   
vii4  ,domine1 ,deus meus  ,the         
declaration of the ,innocency of ,christ
 against the persecution and treachery  
of ,his enemies2 ,his appeal to the     
,father's justice4   ,,psalm viii4      
,domine1 ,dominus noster  ,heb4 ii4     
,ascension ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the glory of ,god's ,name 7or        
revelation of ,himself7 in nature and in
 the ,incarnation4  ,the triumph and    
universal empire of ,christ as the ,son 
of ,man1 and the ,second ,adam4         
,,psalm ix4  ,confitebor tibi           
,thanksgiving for the triumph of ,god's 
righteousness in ,christ1 which is the  
pledge of the future destruction of all 
evil4   ,,psalm x4  ,ut quid1 ,domine8  

,continues the thought of ,ps4 ix41 and 
prays for the manifestation of ,god's   
righteousness in ,christ1 #aaj in view  
of the continuance of evil1 the apparent
 immunity of the wicked1 and their      
unceasing warfare against the ,church4  
,,psalm xi4  ,in ,domino confido  ,a    
,psalm of the ,passion of ,christ2 ,his 
faith in the ,father's righteousness1   
and in the ultimate overthrow of the    
wicked4   ,,psalm xii4  ,salvum me fac  
,a prayer of ,christ and ,his ,church   
against the evil tongues of the wicked2 
with these are contrasted the purity and
 certainty of the ,divine revelation1   
the words of the ,lord4   ,,psalm xiii4 
,usque quo1 ,domine8  ,a prayer of      
,christ and ,his faithful ones in view  
of the approach of death4   ,,psalm xiv4
  ,dixit insipiens  ,rom4 ii4 #aj-ah    
,the judgment of the world's unbelief1  
contrasted with the ,church's faith1 and
 her hope in the coming of ,christ4     
,,psalm xv4  ,domine1 quis habitabit8   
,ascension ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7

  ,the human perfections of ,christ1    
enthroned in heaven as the ,son of ,man4
  #aaa  ,also a picture of the saintly  
life1 in union with ,christ1 ,who is    
,god's tabernacle among men 7,rev4 xxi4 
#c74   ,,psalm xvi4  ,conserva me1      
,domine  ,acts ii4 #be-bh4  ,introit for
 ,easter ,day1 ,prayer ,book of #aedi   
,christ's devotion to the ,father2 ,his 
preservation through death and the      
grave2 ,his ,resurrection and eternal   
joy at the right hand of the ,father4   
,,psalm xvii4  ,exaudi1 ,domine  ,a     
prayer of ,christ and ,his ,church      
against the temptations of the world1 in
 view of the hope of the ,resurrection  
and the ,life everlasting4   ,,psalm    
xviii4  ,diligam te1 ,domine  ,the      
triumph of ,christ 7under the figure of 
,david72 ,his universal empire4         
,,psalm xix4  ,coeli enanant  ,rom4 x4  
#ah4  ,christmas ,day1 morning 7,prayer 
,book7  ,the ,church's thanksgiving for 
,god's ,word in ,nature1 in the         
,incarnation1 in the ,bible2 and her    

prayer for faithfulness4   #aab  ,,psalm
 xx4  ,exaudiat te ,dominus  ,king's    
,accession 7,prayer ,book7  ,the        
,church's witness to ,christ her ,king  
as ,he goes forth to battle in the power
 of ,his finished sacrifice4  ,suitable 
also as a prayer for a ,christian ruler1
 whose strength is in ,christ4   ,,psalm
 xxi4  ,domine1 in virtute tua          
,ascension ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the ,church's joy in the triumph of  
,christ2 in the ,father's answer to ,his
 prayer1 and in ,his glorious coronation
 as the ,son of ,man4   ,,psalm xxii4   
,deus1 ,deus meus  ,matt4 xxvii4 #ce-df 
7with parallels in other ,evangelists71 
,heb4 ii4 #ab4 ,good ,friday1 morning   
7,prayer ,book7  ,christ's prayer in    
,his ,passion and ,crucifixion2 ,his    
prophecy of the calling of ,his ,church1
 and of the ,eucharist4  7,see above1   
pp4 #gg1 #gh47   ,,psalm xxiii4         
,dominus regit me  ,john x4 #a-af1      
#bf-bi  ,the ,church's confession of    
faith in ,christ the ,good ,shepherd1   

and in ,his sacramental gifts4   ,,psalm
 xxiv4  ,domini est terra  ,ascension   
,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,the joy 
of the ,church and of the angels in the 
,ascension of ,christ1 the ,king of     
,glory4   #aac  ,,psalm xxv4  ,ad te1   
,domine1 levavi  ,a confession of faith 
in the ,name of ,god2 the ,church's     
prayer for deliverance from temptation  
and adversity4   ,,psalm xxvi4  ,judica 
me1 ,domine  ,a prayer of ,christ as ,he
 approaches ,his ,passion2 and of the   
,christian priest when about to offer   
the ,holy ,eucharist4   ,,psalm xxvii4  
,dominus illuminatio  ,the hope of      
,christ and ,his ,church in the         
,fatherhood of ,god2 a prophecy of the  
,resurrection and the ,holy ,eucharist  
7vv4 #f1 #g74   ,,psalm xxviii4 ,ad te1 
,domine  ,the prayer of ,christ for     
deliverance from ,his enemies2 and for  
,his ,church 7ver4 #aj74   ,,psalm xxix4
  ,afferte ,domino  ,the ,church's      
thanksgiving for the sovereignty of     
,christ over all the powers of nature1  

and over ,his ,church4   ,,psalm xxx4   
,exaltabo te1 ,domine  ,a thanksgiving  
of ,christ and ,his ,church for the     
,resurrection4   #aad  ,,psalm xxxi4    
,in te1 ,domine1 speravi  ,s4 ,luke     
xxiii4 #df  ,christ's prayer in ,his    
,passion and ,crucifixion2 ,his         
exhortation to ,his ,church 7vv4 #bf1   
#bg74   ,,psalm xxxii4  ,beati1 quorum  
,rom4 iv4 #f-h4  ,ash ,wednesday1       
morning 7,prayer ,book7  ,the ,church's 
confession of sin1 and the blessedness  
of forgiveness through faith in ,christ4
  7,see on ,ps4 vi47   ,,psalm xxxiii4  
,exultate1 justi  ,the ,church's        
thanksgiving for creation and           
redemption1 and for her own exceeding   
blessedness in being called to be the   
people of the ,lord4   ,,psalm xxxiv4   
,benedicam ,domino  ,a thanksgiving of  
,christ for ,his ,resurrection4  ,his   
call to ,his ,church to obedience1 to   
holiness1 to courage4   ,,psalm xxxv4   
,judica1 ,domine  ,a prayer of ,christ  
against the persecution and false       

witness of ,his enemies1 and on behalf  
of those who love ,him4   ,,psalm xxxvi4
  ,dixit infustus  ,the ,church's       
witness to the awfulness of sin2 #aae   
her confession of hope in the           
blessedness of the life eternal in      
contrast with the doom of the ungodly4  
,,psalm xxxvii4  ,noli cemulari  ,a     
,psalm of a proverbial character2 the   
testimony of the ,church's experience of
 the justice of ,god1 in spite of the   
apparent prosperity of the wicked3 it   
expresses the restfulness of the life of
 faith4  ,cf4 ver4 ii with ,matt4 v4 #e4
   ,,psalm xxxviii4  ,domine1 ne in     
furore  ,ash ,wednesday1 morning        
7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of ,christ   
bearing in loneliness and silence the   
burden of human sin1 confessing it on   
man's behalf to the ,father1 and praying
 for our salvation4   ,,psalm xxxix4    
,dixi1 custodiam  ,burial of the ,dead  
7,prayer ,book7  ,continues in some     
respects the tone of the previous       
,psalm4  ,it may be regarded as a ,psalm

 of ,christ bearing the sorrow of man's 
mortality1 and interceding on man's     
behalf with the ,father4   ,,psalm xl4  
,expectans expectavi  ,heb4 x4 #e-aj4   
,good ,friday1 morning 7,prayer ,book7  
,a ,psalm of ,christ's ,incarnation1    
,passion1 ,sin-bearing1 and             
,resurrection2 it expresses the #aaf    
secret of ,his ,atonement 7see above1   
pp4 #fa1 #fb7 and ,his fulfilment of    
,o4,t4 prophecy 7ver4 #aj74   ,,psalm   
xli4  ,beatus qui intelligit  ,john     
xiii4 #ah  ,a ,psalm of ,christ's       
compassion2 and of the treachery of ,his
 enemies1 especially of ,judas4         
,,psalm xlii4  ,quemadmodum  ,introit   
for ,burial of the ,dead1 ,prayer ,book 
of #aedi  ,a ,psalm of ,christ's human  
soul in ,his earthly pilgrimage1 and in 
the prospect of death2 ,his desire to   
return to the ,father4  ,hence also     
suitable for the ,christian soul in     
sickness and dying4   ,,psalm xliii4    
,judica me1 ,deus  ,a continuation of   
the previous ,psalm4  ,christ speaks in 

it to the ,father as ,he approaches ,his
 ,passion1 and contemplates with joy the
 sacrifice ,he is about to offer for    
man4  ,hence this ,psalm has long been  
used in the ,church as the immediate    
preparation of the ,priest for offering 
the ,holy ,eucharist4   ,,psalm xliv4   
,deus1 auribus  ,rom4 viii4 #cf  ,the   
appeal of the suffering and persecuted  
#aag ,church to ,christ2 her confession 
of faithfulness to that which ,he has   
entrusted to her keeping4   ,,psalm xlv4
  ,enructavit cor meum  ,heb4 i4        
,christmas ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the ,church celebrates the           
,incarnation under the figure of a royal
 marriage4  ,the bridegroom is ,christ  
,himself1 described in vv4 #c-i2 the    
bride1 the ,king's daughter1 is the     
,church destined to spread into all     
lands4  ,the daughter of ,tyre is       
symbolical of the heathen world coming  
to ,christ4  ,the queen 7or             
queen-mother7 of ver4 #aj has often been
 interpreted of the ,blessed ,virgin4   

,,psalm xlvi4  ,deus nosier refugium  ,a
 ,psalm of the ,church's confidence3 she
 is conscious of the presence of ,christ
 and the ,holy ,spirit 7ver4 #d1 ,r4,v47
 within her2 and confesses that this is 
her eternal strength amidst the warfare 
and tumult of the world4   ,,psalm      
xlvii4  ,omnes gentes1 plaudite         
,ascension ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the joy of the ,church in the        
glorious ,ascension of ,christ2 and in  
,his universal sovereignty1 which all   
the world will ultimately acknowledge4  
,,psalm xlviii4  ,magnus ,dominus       
,whitsun ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7  
,the joy of the ,church in her ideal    
beauty and #aah her steadfastness2 and  
her sure hope of ultimate victory over  
all the powers of this world4  ,the     
,psalm should be compared both with the 
promise of ,christ in ,matt4 xvi4 #ah   
and the picture of the perfected ,church
 in ,rev4 xxi41 xxii4   ,,psalm xlix4   
,audite haec1 omnes  ,the ,church's     
meditation upon the vanity of human     

riches and greatness in view of death2  
the need of man's redemption through    
,christ alone 7vv4 #g1 #h72 the         
certainty of the resurrection of the    
faithful through the ,resurrection of   
,christ4   ,,psalm #a4  ,deus deorum    
,the second advent of ,christ as the    
final ,judge of the world1 and          
especially of ,his ,church4   ,,psalm   
li4  ,miserere mei1 ,deus  ,ash         
,wednesday 7,commination ,service7  ,the
 ,church's confession of sin1 and of    
failure to fulfil her great vocation in 
the world2 her prayer to ,christ for    
forgiveness and restoration4  7,see on  
,ps4 vi47   ,,psalm lii4  ,quid         
gloriaris8  ,the ,church's challenge to 
the prince of this world and to         
,antichrist2 and the confession of her  
own eternal hope in ,christ4  #aai      
,,psalm liii4  ,dixit insipiens  ,see on
 ,ps4 xiv4   ,,psalm liv4  ,deus1 in    
nomine  ,good ,friday1 morning 7,prayer 
,book7  ,a prayer of ,christ in ,his    
,passion1 and ,his self-consecration to 

the ,father4   ,,psalm lv4  ,exaudi1    
,deus  ,a prayer of ,christ in ,his     
loneliness and desolation1 amidst the   
treachery of ,his enemies and especially
 of ,his false disciple4   ,,psalm lvi4 
,miserere mei1 ,deus  ,christ's         
complaint to the ,father against the    
contradiction of sinners2 ,his          
confidence in the ,father's word1 and   
,his sure hope in ,his ,resurrection4   
,,psalm lvii4  ,miserere mei1 ,deus     
,easter ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7   
,the ,psalm of ,christ glorified through
 ,his ,passion and ,resurrection4       
,,psalm lviii4  ,si vere utique         
,christ's judgment upon sinners2 the    
vindication of ,divine justice4   #abj  
,,psalm lix4  ,eripe me de inimicis  ,a 
prayer of ,christ in ,his ,passion      
against the malice of ,his enemies2 ,his
 denunciation of their impenitence2 ,his
 hope of the ,resurrection and the final
 vindication of ,divine justice4        
,,psalm lx4  ,deus1 repulisti nos  ,a   
prayer of the scattered and persecuted  

,church1 and the answer of the          
triumphant ,christ 7under the figure of 
,david's victories74   ,,psalm lxi4     
,exaudi1 ,deus  ,a prayer of the        
scattered ,church1 praying to be        
established on the rock of ,christ2 her 
confession of faith in the eternal      
royalty of ,christ4   ,,psalm lxii4     
,nonne ,deo8  ,the ,church's confidence 
in ,christ her rock in contrast with the
 falsehood of the world and the         
deceitfulness of riches2 her faith in   
the ultimate manifestation of the       
,divine justice4   ,,psalm lxiii4       
,deus1 ,deus meus  ,a prayer of the     
exiled ,church2 her joy in worship1 and 
her confidence in the sovereignty of    
,christ4   ,,psalm lxiv4  ,exaudi1 ,deus
  ,a prayer of ,christ in ,his ,passion2
 the #aba prediction of the overthrow of
 the ,jewish nation1 and the continual  
testimony of this overthrow to the truth
 of ,christ4   ,,psalm lxv4  ,te decet  
hymnus  ,the ,church's hope of her      
heavenly inheritance in ,christ1 and of 

the regeneration of the earth by the    
river of ,his spiritual gifts4  ,the    
,psalm seems to be a forecast of the joy
 and prosperity of the new heaven and   
the new earth4   ,,psalm lxvi4          
,jubilate ,deo  ,thanksgiving after a   
,storm at ,sea 7,prayer ,book7  ,the    
thanksgiving of the ,church in the      
conversion of the world2 she looks      
forward to the end of this world and her
 deliverance from its sufferings1 and   
contemplates her entrance into the      
eternal worship of heaven4   ,,psalm    
lxvii4  ,deus misereatur  ,alternative  
to ,nunc ,dimittis2 ,holy ,matrimony    
7,prayer ,book7  ,the joy of the ,church
 in the conversion of the world to      
,christ2 her hope of ,god's blessing    
upon all her works4   ,,psalm lxviii4   
,exurgat ,deus  ,whitsun ,day1 morning  
7,prayer ,book7  ,the triumphant        
procession-hymn of the ,catholic #abb   
,church in her progress through the     
world2 rejoicing in the gifts of the    
ascended ,christ1 and in the hope of the

 conversion of the heathen4   ,,psalm   
lxix4  ,salvum me fac  ,matt4 xxvii4    
#cd2 ,john ii4 #ag1 xix4 #bh1 #bi2 ,rom4
 xv4 #c4  ,good ,friday1 evening        
7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of the       
,passion and ,crucifixion of ,christ2 a 
denunciation of ,divine vengeance upon  
the ,jews2 concluding with a prophecy of
 the calling and continuance of the     
,church4   ,,psalm lxx4  ,deus in       
adjutorium  ,a ,psalm similar in tone to
 the preceding2 it may be applied to    
,christ in ,his ,passion1 or to the     
faithful ones who suffer with ,him1 and 
look to ,him as ,redeemer4   ,,psalm    
lxxi4  ,in te1 ,domine1 speravi         
,visitation of the ,sick 7,prayer ,book7
  ,a ,psalm of ,christ sharing our human
 life with its vicissitudes and         
troubles--born of ,mary1 increasing in  
wisdom and stature1 suffering           
persecution1 proclaiming the ,gospel1   
dying1 and rising from the deep of the  
earth again 7ver4 #ah74  ,consequently  
it is a ,psalm of the saintly life in   

its conformity to ,christ1   #abc       
,,psalm lxxii4  ,deus1 indicium  ,matt4 
ii4 #a-aa  ,the ,church's joy in        
,christ1 as the ,son of ,david and the  
,king of humanity4  ,the peace and      
justice of ,his ,kingdom are described1 
its universality and eternity4   ,,psalm
 lxxiii4  ,quam bonus ,israel6  ,a      
,psalm of the inward struggle and       
victory of faith4  ,christ ,himself may 
be heard speaking in it1 as ,he is the  
author and finisher of our faith1 and in
 ,his human soul fought for us the      
battle of faith4  ,so the ,psalm becomes
 the ,church's testimony to the         
individual believer of that ultimate    
answer to the trials of faith which is  
found in union with ,god through        
,christ4   ,,psalm lxxiv4  ,ut quid1    
,deus8  ,a ,psalm of the ,church1       
persecuted and despoiled1 appealing to  
the eternal sovereignty of ,christ over 
nature and man1 as it has been revealed 
in all the history of the ,church1 both 
under the old covenant and the new4     

,,psalm lxxv4  ,confitebimur tibi  ,a   
dialogue1 as it were1 between ,christ   
and ,his ,church4  ,he asserts ,his     
sovereignty over the world1 ,his        
justice1 and its ultimate vindication4  
#abd  ,,psalm lxxvi4  ,notus in ,judaea 
,a ,psalm of the victory of ,christ2 of 
the wrath of the ,lamb1 and the final   
judgment of the world4   ,,psalm lxxvii4
  ,voce mea ad ,dominum  ,like ,ps4     
lxxiii41 a ,psalm of the struggles of   
faith4  ,the thought of ,god's past work
 in ,his ,church as revealed in history1
 and of ,his eternal years1 is the      
,church's consolation when ,he seems to 
hide ,his face4   ,,psalm lxxviii4      
,attendite1 popule  ,matt4 xiii4 #ce2   
cf4 xxiii4 #cg  ,the voice of ,christ   
recounting the history of ,his ,church1 
,his patience and mercy with            
backslidings1 ,his many deliverances2   
ending with ,his own ,incarnation and   
personal rule of ,his ,church1 under the
 figure of ,david's call to the throne4 
,,psalm lxxix4  ,deus1 venerunt  ,a     

prayer of the ,church1 especially of the
 martyrs and confessors1 in time of     
persecution and bloodshed4   ,,psalm    
lxxx4  ,qui regis ,israel  ,a prayer of 
the ,church when the light of ,god's    
presence waxes dim1 when ,christ's      
vineyard is broken into by secular      
oppression4  ,the ,church #abe prays    
that ,christ's power may again be made  
known 7ver4 #ag7 and that she herself   
may be converted4   ,,psalm lxxxi4      
,exultate ,deo  ,the ,church's joy in   
her past deliverances2 the warning voice
 of ,christ 7ver4 #f onwards7 shewing   
that the ,church's own failures in      
loyalty are the cause of her            
oppressions4  ,greater faithfulness     
would have brought deliverance1 and     
greater joy in ,christ's sacramental    
gifts 7ver4 #ag74   ,,psalm lxxxii4     
,deus stetit  ,john x4 #cd-f  ,the voice
 of ,christ bearing witness to the ideal
 greatness of man1 and to man's failure 
in his responsibility as ,god's         
vicegerent in the world1 especially in  

the administration of justice4  ,he     
,himself is set forth as the true and   
perfect ,judge of the world4   ,,psalm  
lxxxiii4  ,deus1 quis similis8  ,a      
prayer of the ,church against the       
confederacy of her enemies4  ,she prays 
that their defeat may lead to their     
conversion to ,christ4   ,,psalm lxxxiv4
  ,quam dilecta6  ,a ,psalm of the      
,church in her pilgrimage through this  
world4  ,she expresses especially her   
joy in #abf public worship1 the comfort 
which the hope of the heavenly worship  
brings amidst human sorrows1 and her    
eternal hope in ,christ4   ,,psalm      
lxxxv4  ,benedixisti1 ,domine           
,christmas ,day1 morning 7,prayer ,book7
  ,a ,psalm of the ,church's joy in the 
,incarnation1 as the proof of           
forgiveness for the past1 and the       
beginning of a new and better world4    
,,psalm lxxxvi4  ,inclina1 ,domine  ,a  
,psalm of ,christ and of the ,christian 
soul1 renewing the dedication of self to
 ,god1 praying for strength against the 

trials of the world1 and for the        
manifestation to the world of ,god's    
presence with those who love ,him4      
,,psalm lxxxvli4  ,fundamenta ejus  ,a  
,psalm describing the catholicity of the
 ,church1 and the new birth of ,baptism 
whereby members of all nations become   
her citizens and find in her the source 
of all joy and refreshment4   ,,psalm   
lxxxviii4  ,domine ,deus  ,good ,friday1
 evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of  
,christ's desolation1 the darkness on   
the ,cross1 ,his death and burial and   
descent into hell4   #abg  ,,psalm      
lxxxix4  ,misericordias ,domini         
,christmas ,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the ,church's praise for the promises
 of the ,incarnation1 and their         
fulfilment in the line of ,david4  ,the 
certainty of the eternal reign of       
,christ and the preservation of ,his    
,church4  ,at ver4 #cg the tone changes 
to prayer respecting the present eclipse
 of ,christ's glory1 and the failures of
 ,his ,church4  ,the ,psalm ends1 as it 

were1 with the appeal of ,christ        
,himself to the ,father 7#di-ej7 for    
,his suffering ,church4   ,,psalm xc4   
,domine1 refugium  ,burial of the ,dead 
7,prayer ,book7  ,the ,psalm of the     
,church's hope in the eternity of ,god1 
and the unfailing nature of ,his purpose
 to restore man in ,christ1 in contrast 
with man's mortality1 his short life and
 earthly failure4   ,,psalm xci4  ,qui  
habitat  ,a ,psalm of the trust of      
,christ and of the ,christian soul in   
the providence of ,god1 in the continual
 ministry of the angels1 and in the     
final discomfiture of the powers of     
evil4   ,,psalm xcii4  ,bonum est       
confiteri  ,a thanksgiving of ,christ   
for ,his ,resurrection and for the      
eternal hope of ,his ,church4   #abh    
,,psalm xciii4  ,dominus regnavit  ,a   
,psalm of the sovereignty of the        
ascended ,christ2 ,his supremacy over   
nature and the storms of this world4    
,,psalm xciv4  ,deus ultionum  ,a prayer
 of the ,church for the second coming of

 ,christ1 and the manifestation of the  
,divine justice2 ending 7ver4 #ab1 etc47
 with the expression of the ,church's   
patience1 her acceptance of tribulation1
 and her sure confidence in the coming  
of ,christ4   ,,psalm xcv4  ,venite1    
exultemus  ,heb4 iii4 #g-;iv4 #aa4      
,morning ,prayer1 daily 7,prayer ,book7 
,the ,church's prelude to worship3 the  
expression of her joy and trust in      
,god's creation and preservation2 her   
daily warning against failure through   
unbelief 7like ,israel of old7 to enter 
into ,god's rest4   ,,psalm xcvi4       
,cantate ,domino  ,the ,church's        
outburst of joy in the universal        
sovereignty of ,christ4 ,she calls to   
the heathen world to acknowledge ,him1  
and looks forward with rapture to ,his  
second ,advent4   ,,psalm xcvii4        
,dominus regnavit  ,the ,church's       
declaration to the world of the         
sovereignty of ,christ1 and of ,his     
second ,advent4  #abi ,she reminds      
herself of the moral fruits of ,christ's

 kingdom1 and of the ,christian joy     
which springs from ,his service4        
,,psalm xcviii4  ,cantate ,domino       
,alternative to ,magnificat 7,prayer    
,book7  ,the triumph song of the ,church
 in the redeeming work of ,christ1 in   
which she calls all nature and the      
heathen world to join4   ,,psalm xcix4  
,dominus regnavit  ,again1 a ,psalm of  
the sovereignty of ,christ4  ,the       
,church sings of the essential holiness 
of ,his kingdom1 of ,his mercy and ,his 
chastisements1 and calls on the world to
 worship ,him4   ,,psalm c4  ,jubilate  
,deo  ,alternative to ,benedictus       
7,prayer ,book7  ,the ,church's         
triumphant call to all the world to     
worship with her2 she confesses her     
dependence on ,christ1 and the unfailing
 truth of ,his ,gospel4   ,,psalm ci4   
,misericordiam et judicium  ,king's     
,accession 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of
 the ,church testifying her desire and  
endeavour to imitate both the mercy and 
the justice of ,christ1 and to exercise 

just discipline over her members1       
remembering the judgment-seat of #acj   
,christ4  ,a ,psalm also appropriate to 
a ,christian ruler1 as the minister of  
,christ4   ,,psalm cii4  ,domine exaudi 
,heb4 i4 #aj-ab4  ,ash ,wednesday1      
evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,this may be   
regarded in part as appropriate to our  
,lord weeping over ,jerusalem2 in a     
wider sense it is a ,psalm of the       
faithful sorrowing over the decay of the
 ,church1 offering their penitence1     
looking forward to restoration1 and     
trusting in the changelessness of       
,christ1 ,who remains the same though   
earth and heaven pass away1 and has     
promised the like continuance to ,his   
,church4   ,,psalm ciii4 ,benedic1 anima
 mea  ,a ,psalm of the ,church's        
thanksgiving for ,god's forgiveness in  
,christ1 for ,his love in the past and  
the certainty of its continuance in the 
future4  ,angels and saints and the     
powers of nature are summoned to join in
 this thanksgiving4   ,,psalm civ4      

,benedic1 anima mea  ,whitsun ,day1     
evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,the ,church's 
witness to the immanence of the ,word in
 all creation2 she recognises this in   
the beauty1 the order1 the preservation 
of all forms of varied life4            
,especially in the renewal of natural   
life 7vv4 #cj-e7 she recognises and     
praises #aca the life-giving activity of
 the ,holy ,spirit1 and sees in it a    
prophecy of the restoration of all      
things in the ,resurrection to their    
first perfection1 and the final         
overthrow of evil4   ,,psalm cv4        
,confitemini ,domino  ,a ,psalm of the  
,church's thanksgiving as she reviews   
her history and the providence which has
 preserved her in all vicissitudes1 and 
considers the eternal inheritance which 
is the reward of obedience4   ,,psalm   
cvi4  ,confitemini ,domino  ,also an    
historical ,psalm1 in which the ,church 
in time of exile and persecution recalls
 ,god's providence1 and her many        
failures2 she places her trust in the   

intercession of ,christ1 of ,whom ,moses
 was a type1 and prays for her          
restoration4   ,,psalm cvii4            
,confitemini ,domino  ,thanksgiving     
after a ,storm at ,sea 7,prayer ,book7  
,the ,church celebrates the age-long    
compassion of ,god towards the wanderer1
 the prisoner1 the sufferer1 as seen in 
the salvation of ,his ,church1 and in   
the ,incarnation of the ,word 7ver4     
#bj74  ,the refrain 7vv4 #h1 #ae1 #ba1  
#ca7 exhorts to thanksgiving1 and       
especially to the offering of the ,holy 
,eucharist 7ver4 #bb74   #acb  ,,psalm  
cviii4  ,paratum cor meum  ,ascension   
,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm
 of ,christ glorified in ,his           
,resurrection1 praying for ,his ,church 
and foretelling ,his future victories   
7under the figure of ,david's wars74    
,the last three verses seem to be the   
prayer of the ,church and the voice of  
her confidence of ultimate triumph in   
,christ4   ,,psalm cix4  ,deus laudem   
,acts i4 #bj  ,a ,psalm of ,christ's    

judgment upon impenitent sinners2 ,his  
prayer for ,himself in ,his ,passion1   
and for ,his ,church in whose sufferings
 at the hands of sinners ,he ,himself is
 crucified afresh4   ,,psalm cx4  ,dixit
 ,dominus  ,matt4 xxii4 #da-e 7parallels
 in ,mark and ,luke72 ,acts ii4 #cd1    
#ce2 ,heb4 i4 #ac1 v4 #f-vii4           
,christmas ,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7
  ,the ,church's witness to the         
,divinity of ,christ1 to ,his eternal   
,priesthood1 ,his warfare1 sufferings1  
and victory4   ,,psalm cxi4  ,confitebor
 tibi  ,easter ,day1 morning 7,prayer   
,book7  ,a ,psalm of ,christ praising   
the ,father for ,his ,resurrection2 in  
which ,his ,church also joins1          
commemorating the ,eucharist 7ver4 #e71 
the new and #acc eternal covenant1 and  
the sacredness of the truth committed to
 her keeping4   ,,psalm cxii4  ,beatus  
vir  ,the ,church's testimony to the    
blessedness of the life of faith1 hope1 
and charity1 of which she has seen the  
perfect example in ,christ ,himself4    

,,psalm cxiii4 ,laudate1 pueri  ,easter 
,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,the     
world-wide joy of the ,church in the    
,catholic faith of the ,incarnation1 by 
which man is exalted from the dust of   
,adam's fall1 and is no longer subject  
to vanity1 but made equal to the angels4
   ,,psalm cxiv4  ,in exitu ,israel     
,easter ,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7   
,the ,church's song of deliverance      
through the mighty power of the         
,resurrection4  ,a ,psalm also of the   
,christian soul delivered from the      
,egypt of this world1 and crossing the  
,jordan of death to the joy of the      
heavenly ,canaan4   ,,psalm cxv4  ,non  
nobis1 ,domine  ,a continuation of the  
previous ,psalm3 the ,church's joy in   
the living ,god1 in ,whom she hopes for 
life eternal2 she calls upon priests and
 people alike to praise ,him4   #acd    
,,psalm cxvi4  ,dilexi1 quoniam         
,churching of ,women 7,prayer ,book7  ,a
 thanksgiving of ,christ and ,his       
,church for the ,resurrection2 with     

reference especially to the offering of 
the ,eucharist1 and the joy of ,holy    
,communion1 and also to the final rest  
and thanksgiving of the saints in       
,paradise4   ,,psalm cxvii4  ,laudate   
,dominum  ,the ,church's call to the    
heathen world to praise ,god by         
conversion to the faith of ,christ4     
,,psalm cxviii4  ,confitemini ,domino   
,matt4 xxi4 #i1 #db1 xxiii4 #ci 7with   
parallels in ,mark and ,luke74  ,easter 
,day1 evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,the     
great ,psalm of thanksgiving by ,christ 
and ,his ,church for the ,resurrection1 
the victory over death and the judgment 
of the prince of this world4  ,a ,psalm 
especially appropriate for ,sunday1 and 
as a prelude to the ,church's worship in
 the ,holy ,eucharist4  ,it is the      
special ,psalm for ,sunday at ,prime in 
the ,breviary4   ,,psalm cxix4  ,beati  
immaculati  ,the characteristic ,psalm  
of the ,catholic ,church1 in which she  
expresses her loyalty to and joy in #ace
 all that ,god has revealed and         

commanded4  ,it is animated throughout  
by the spirit of sonship1 of which the  
perfect realisation is seen in ,christ  
,himself4  ,it may therefore be regarded
 as a ,psalm of ,christ1 with ,whom the 
,church associates herself in its       
recitation4   ,,psalm cxx4  ,ad ,dominum
  ,a ,psalm of the pilgrim ,church      
praying for peace and deliverance from  
the ceaseless and bitter warfare of this
 world4   ,,psalm cxxi4  ,levavi oculos 
,accession ,service 7,prayer ,book7  ,a 
,psalm of the ,church's pilgrimage      
through this world's perils1 as she     
journeys towards the eternal hills and  
the city of ,god4   ,,psalm cxxii4      
,laetatus sum  ,the joy of the          
,christian soul in the ,catholic ,church
 and in ,catholic worship4  ,the hope of
 the ,church in her pilgrimage towards  
the heavenly ,jerusalem and the throne  
of ,christ4   ,,psalm cxxiii4  ,ad te   
levavi oculos meos  ,a ,psalm of the    
pilgrim ,church amidst this world's     
scorn and contempt1 expressing her      

absolute dependence upon ,christ4   #acf
  ,,psalm cxxiv4  ,nisi quid ,dominus   
,part of the ,hymn of ,thanksgiving for 
a ,victory at ,sea 7,prayer ,book7  ,a  
,psalm of the pilgrim ,church's         
deliverance from the storms and waves of
 this troublesome world2 her unshaken   
confidence in ,christ4   ,,psalm cxxv4  
,qui confidunt  ,the confidence of the  
pilgrim ,church in the unceasing        
protection of ,christ against the       
attacks of an evil world1 and the       
apostasy of false ,christians4   ,,psalm
 cxxvi4  ,in convertendo  ,the joy of   
the pilgrim ,church in her great        
deliverance from the captivity of this  
world2 her hope that through tribulation
 she will be made perfect4   ,,psalm    
cxxvii4  ,nisi ,dominus  ,churching of  
,women 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of the
 pilgrim ,church confessing that her    
progress and her enlargement cannot be  
the fruit of human care and labour1 but 
of the grace of ,christ only4   ,,psalm 
cxxviii4  ,beati omnes  ,holy ,matrimony

 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of the      
pilgrim ,church celebrating the         
consecration of human life and labour   
through the ,incarnation4   #acg        
,,psalm cxxix4  ,saepe expugnaverunt  ,a
 ,psalm of the warfare and persecutions 
of the pilgrim ,church1 and of the      
vanity and fruitlessness of the attacks 
of her enemies4   ,,psalm cxxx4  ,de    
profundis  ,ash ,wednesday1 evening     
7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of the       
sorrows1 the ceaseless watching1 and the
 undying hope of the pilgrim ,church4   
,especially appropriate to the souls of 
departed ,christians1 the ,church       
,expectant1 who wait for the second     
,advent4   ,,psalm cxxxi4  ,domine1 non 
est  ,a ,psalm of the pilgrim ,church   
expressing her humility1 her submission 
to revelation1 her unceasing trust in   
,christ4   ,,psalm cxxxii4  ,memento1   
,domine  ,christmas ,day1 evening       
7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm in which the 
pilgrim ,church joyfully commemorates   
before ,god the ,incarnation of ,his    

,son1 and ,his age-long indwelling      
within her2 and ,his gift in the        
,eucharist 7ver4 #af72 and expresses her
 faith in the eternal sovereignty of    
,christ4   ,,psalm cxxxiii4  ,ecce1 quam
 bonum6  ,a ,psalm in which the pilgrim 
,church expresses her joy in her        
essential unity1 the gift of the unction
 #ach of the ,holy ,spirit poured upon  
her from the ascended ,christ4   ,,psalm
 cxxxiv4  ,ecce nunc  ,a ,psalm of the  
pilgrim ,church as she contemplates her 
entry into the eternal sanctuary1 the   
heavenly city of ,christ1 and the       
fellowship of the angels in their       
unceasing praise4   ,,psalm cxxxv4      
,laudate ,nomen  ,the ,church's         
thanksgiving for her calling in ,christ1
 and the eternal rule of ,christ over   
nature and man2 she expresses her       
confidence in the living ,christ ,who   
dwells within her1 in contrast with this
 world's idolatries4   ,,psalm cxxxvi4  
,confitemini  ,a ,psalm of the ,church's
 thanksgiving for the eternal mercy of  

,christ1 as seen in creation1 and in her
 own history and deliverances1 and also 
in ,his abiding gift of the ,eucharist  
7ver4 #be74   ,,psalm cxxxvii4  ,super  
flumina  ,a ,psalm of the sorrows of the
 ,church in her captivity in this world1
 where she is persecuted and            
misunderstood4  ,she expresses her      
loyalty to her heavenly calling1 her    
desire for ,jerusalem which is above1   
and her warfare with ,babylon1 for whose
 overthrow she confidently waits4   #aci
  ,,psalm cxxxviii4  ,confitebor tibi   
,a ,psalm of ,christ and ,his saints1   
giving praise for the ,resurrection1 the
 hope of the conversion of the world1   
the ,church's final deliverance1 and the
 redemption of the body4   ,,psalm      
cxxxix4  ,domine1 probasti  ,a ,psalm of
 the creature to the ,creator1          
celebrating ,his omnipresence1 ,his     
wisdom1 ,his claim to love2 praying for 
sincerity and the gift of perseverance4 
,it is appropriate to ,christ in ,his   
sacred manhood1 in which ,he is inferior

 to the ,father 7,athanasian ,creed72   
and therefore also a ,psalm of the      
,church in which the human body and soul
 are regenerate and consecrated by the  
,incarnation4   ,,psalm cxl4  ,eripe me1
 ,domine  ,a ,psalm of ,christ's warfare
 and ,passion2 pronouncing the overthrow
 and judgment of the wicked1 and the    
eternal continuance of ,his ,church4    
,,psalm cxli4  ,domine1 clamavi  ,a     
,psalm of the ,church's devotion to     
,christ2 her humility in accepting      
rebuke and tribulation2 her unceasing   
spirit of prayer4   ,,psalm cxlii4      
,voce mea ad ,dominum  ,a ,psalm of     
,christ's prayer to the ,father in ,his 
#adj ,passion and ,death1 and ,his      
longing for the gathering together of   
,his ,church to ,himself as the fruit of
 ,his ,resurrection4   ,,psalm cxliii4  
,domine1 exaudi  ,ash ,wednesday1       
evening 7,prayer ,book7  ,a ,psalm of   
prayer for those who suffer with        
,christ2 of preparation for death1 and  
hope of the ,resurrection1 through the  

gift of the ,holy ,spirit4   ,,psalm    
cxliv4  ,benedictus ,dominus  ,a ,psalm 
of the triumph of ,christ 7under the    
figure of ,david71 and of the eternal   
blessedness of ,his ,church through     
,him4   ,,psalm cxlv4  ,exaltabo te1    
,deus  ,whitsun ,day1 evening 7,prayer  
,book7  ,a ,psalm of the everlasting joy
 of the ,church in ,christ her ,king1 in
 the ,holy ,eucharist 7ver4 #g71 in the 
,communion of ,saints1 and in the       
certainty of the answer to prayer4      
,,psalm cxlvi4  ,lauda1 anima mea  ,like
 the preceding1 a ,psalm of the         
,church's thanksgiving for the eternal  
sovereignty of ,christ in its mercy and 
its judgment4   ,,psalm cxlvii4         
,laudate ,dominum  ,the joy of the      
,church in her calling and preservation 
#ada by ,christ1 in the ,gospel         
committed to her trust1 and in the truth
 that all things temporal as well as    
eternal are hers in ,christ1 ,who is    
,lord of all4   ,,psalm cxlviii4        
,laudate ,dominum  ,the ,church's call  

to the angels1 to all the powers of     
nature1 and to all estates of men to    
give thanks to ,christ1 with her4       
,,psalm cxlix4  ,cantate ,domino  ,a    
,psalm of the ,communion of ,saints1 in 
which the living and departed 7ver4 #e7 
unite to praise ,christ their ,king1 and
 ascribe to ,him their victory over the 
powers of this world4   ,,psalm cl4     
,laudate ,dominum  ,the eternal song of 
praise of the ,church militant and      
triumphant1 in which man's powers and   
development are consecrated to their    
true end1 the giving of glory to the    
eternal ,trinity4     #adb    ,,index   
,,of ,,psalms ,,referred ,,to    ,,psalm
            ,,page    ,i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
#i1 #ajg   ,,ii4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1 #ag1  
#de1 #ajg   ,,iii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajh     
,,iv4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc1 #ajh   ,v4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #ajh   ,,vi4  4 4 4 4 4 
4 #hf1 #ajd1 #aji   ,,vii4 4 4 4 4 4 4  
#ajd1 #aji   ,,viii4  4 4 4 4 4 #ed1    
#fi1 #aji   ,,ix4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #i1 #aji 
,x4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #h1 #af1 #he1 #aji    

,,xi4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaj   ,,xii4 4 4 4 4
 4 4 #aaj   ,,xiii4  4 4 4 4 4 #aaj     
,,xiv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaj   ,,xv4  4 4 4 4
 4 4 #fi-gj1 #aaj   ,,xvi4 4 4 4 4 4 4  
#b1 #bj1 #fg1 #aaa   ,,xvii4  4 4 4 4 4 
#af1 #fh1 #aaa   ,,xviii4 4 4 4 4 4 #bc1
 #df1 #aaa   ,,xix4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i1 #aaa
   ,,xx4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #aab   ,,xxi4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 #gj1 #aab   ,,xxii4  4 4 4 4 4  
#bc1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #gg1 #gh1 #hc1 #aab 
,,xxiii4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #aab   ,,xxiv4 
4 4 4 4 4 #fj1 #aja1 #aab   ,,xxv4 4 4 4
 4 4 4 #i1 #aj1 #aac   ,,xxvi4  4 4 4 4 
4 #aac   ,,xxvii4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #aac  
,,xxviii4  4 4 4 4 #aac   ,,xxix4  4 4 4
 4 4 #ajb1 #aac   ,,xxx4 4 4 4 4 4 4    
#ajb1 #aac   ,,xxxi4  4 4 4 4 4 #eg1    
#ajc1 #aad   ,,xxxii4 4 4 4 4 4 #hf1    
#aad   ,,xxxiii4  4 4 4 4 #bh1 #aad     
,,xxxiv4 4 4 4 4 4 #bh1 #aad   ,,xxxv4  
4 4 4 4 4 #cg1 #aad   ,,xxxvi4 4 4 4 4 4
 #aad   ,,xxxvii4  4 4 4 4 #bh1 #aae    
,,xxxviii4 4 4 4 4 #hf1 #aae   ,,xxxix4 
4 4 4 4 4 #aae   ,,xl4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj1
 #ed1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa-c1 #ajd1 #aae       

,,xli4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g1 #af1 #bj1 #ajd1  
#aaf   ,,xlii4  4 4 4 4 4 #bi1 #ajd1    
#aaf   ,,xliii4 4 4 4 4 4 #af1 #ajd1    
#aaf   ,,xliv4  4 4 4 4 4 #f1 #hh1 #aje1
 #aaf   ,,xlv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bc1 #df1    
#di1 #ga1 #aag   ,,xlvi4  4 4 4 4 4 #ie1
 #aag   ,,xlvii4 4 4 4 4 4 #ha1 #aag    
,,xlviii4  4 4 4 4 #ih1 #aja1 #aag      
,,xlix4  4 4 4 4 4 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #aah  
,l4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dj1 #ajb1 #aah       
,,li4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #ag1 #gc1 #hf1 #ajd1 
#aah   ,,lii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aah   ,,liii4
  4 4 4 4 4 #aai   ,,liv4 4 4 4 4 4 4   
#fa1 #fb1 #ajc1 #aai   ,,lv4  4 4 4 4 4 
4 #aai   ,,lvi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aai        
,,lvii4  4 4 4 4 4 #aai   ,,lviii4 4 4 4
 4 4 #bh1 #aai   ,,lix4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abj
   ,,lx4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #bd1 #abj   ,,lxi4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abj   ,,lxii4  4 4 4 4 4  
#abj   ,,lxiii4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc1 #ajd1   
#abj   ,,lxiv4  4 4 4 4 4 #ch1 #abj     
,,lxv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #aba   ,,lxvi4 
4 4 4 4 4 #aba   ,,lxvii4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb1
 #ajc1 #aba   ,,lxviii4  4 4 4 4 #bi1   
#ha1 #aba   ,,lxix4  4 4 4 4 4 #b1 #dj1 

#eg1 #eh1 #fj1 #abb   ,,lxx4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 #abb   ,,lxxi4  4 4 4 4 4 #bj1 #cj1    
#aje1 #abb   ,,lxxii4 4 4 4 4 4 #g1 #df1
 #hc1 #hd1 #abc   ,,lxxiii4  4 4 4 4    
#ad1 #fh1 #abc   ,,lxxiv4 4 4 4 4 4 #f1 
#bd1 #hi1 #abc   ,,lxxv4  4 4 4 4 4 #abc
   ,,lxxvi4 4 4 4 4 4 #id1 #abd         
,,lxxvii4  4 4 4 4 #af1 #abd            
,,lxxviii4 4 4 4 4 #aj1 #he1 #ie1 #abd  
,,lxxix4 4 4 4 4 4 #f1 #bc1 #he1 #ij1   
#abd   ,,lxxx4  4 4 4 4 4 #gd1 #abd     
,,lxxxi4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb1 #abe           
,,lxxxii4  4 4 4 4 #aja1 #ajb1 #abe     
,,lxxxiii4 4 4 4 4 #cg1 #ij1 #abe       
,,lxxxiv4  4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #abe   ,,lxxxv4
 4 4 4 4 4 #ej1 #ajd1 #abf   ,,lxxxvi4  
4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #abf   ,,lxxxvii4 4 4 4 4 
#bh1 #ha1 #hb1 #abf   ,,lxxxviii4  4 4 4
 #af1 #be1 #fj1 #fa1 #abf   ,,lxxxix4  4
 4 4 4 #g1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #abg   ,,xc4  
4 4 4 4 4 4 #abg   ,,xci4 4 4 4 4 4 4   
#ajc1 #abg   ,,xcii4  4 4 4 4 4 #ajb1   
#abg   ,,xciii4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb1 #abh    
,,xciv4  4 4 4 4 4 #aja1 #ajb1 #abh     
,,xcv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc1 #abh   ,,xcvi4 

4 4 4 4 4 #di1 #abh   ,,xcvii4 4 4 4 4 4
 #be1 #abh   ,,xcviii4  4 4 4 4 #hb1    
#abi   ,,xcix4  4 4 4 4 4 #abi   ,c4 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 #hb1 #abi   ,,ci4  4 4 4 4 4 
4 #abi   ,,cii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ed1 #hf1   
#ia1 #ib1 #ig1 #acj   ,,ciii4  4 4 4 4 4
 #acj   ,,civ4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #af1 #bd1    
#acj   ,,cv4  4 4 4 4 4 4 #gd1 #ajb1    
#aca   ,,cvi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g1 #ca1 #he1 
#aca   ,,cvii4  4 4 4 4 4 #bj1 #ga1 #aca
   ,,cviii4 4 4 4 4 4 #gj1 #acb   ,,cix4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b1 #dj1 #ff1 #acb   ,,cx4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 #b1 #bh1 #ea1 #acb   ,,cxi4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 #acb   ,,cxii4  4 4 4 4 4   
#acc   ,,cxiii4 4 4 4 4 4 #hc1 #aac     
,,cxiii4-,,cxviii4 4 #ajb   ,,cxiv4  4 4
 4 4 4 #ace   ,,cxv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #be1   
#bf1 #acc   ,,cxvi4  4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1    
#acd   ,,cxvii4 4 4 4 4 4 #acd          
,,cxviii4  4 4 4 4 #fi1 #acd   ,,cxix4  
4 4 4 4 4 #aa-ac1 #ad1 #bh1 #cc1 #ga1   
#ajc1 #acd   ,,cxx4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1   
#ace   ,,cxx4-,,cxxxiv4 4 4 #f1 #ajb    
,,cxxi4  4 4 4 4 4 #ajd1 #ace   ,,cxxii4
 4 4 4 4 4 #ii1 #ajb1 #ace   ,,cxxiii4  

4 4 4 4 #ace   ,,cxxiv4 4 4 4 4 4 #acf  
,,cxxv4  4 4 4 4 4 #acf   ,,cxxvi4 4 4 4
 4 4 #acf   ,,cxxvii4  4 4 4 4 #acf     
,,cxxviii4 4 4 4 4 #acf   ,,cxxix4 4 4 4
 4 4 #acg   ,,cxxx4  4 4 4 4 4 #hf1     
#ajd1 #acg   ,,cxxxi4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj1    
#aa1 #acg   ,,cxxxii4  4 4 4 4 #dg1 #di1
 #ge1 #if1 #acg   ,,cxxxiii4 4 4 4 4    
#acg   ,,cxxxiv4  4 4 4 4 #ajc1 #ach    
,,cxxxv4 4 4 4 4 4 #ach   ,,cxxxvi4  4 4
 4 4 #ag1 #ach   ,,cxxxvii4 4 4 4 4 #ch1
 #ach   ,,cxxxviii4  4 4 4 #be1 #ajd1   
#aci   ,,cxxxix4  4 4 4 4 #aci   ,,cxl4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 #aci   ,,cxli4  4 4 4 4 4   
#aci   ,,cxlii4 4 4 4 4 4 #aci          
,,cxliii4  4 4 4 4 #hf1 #adj   ,,cxliv4 
4 4 4 4 4 #ej1 #adj   ,,cxlv4  4 4 4 4 4
 #ajd1 #adj   ,,cxlvi4 4 4 4 4 4 #bg1   
#if1 #adj   ,,cxlvii4  4 4 4 4 #ge1 #if1
 #adj   ,,cxlviii4 4 4 4 4 #ada         
,,cxlviii4-,,cl4 4 4 #ajc1 #ajd         
,,cxlix4 4 4 4 4 4 #ada   ,,cl4  4 4 4 4
 4 4 #g1 #ajd1 #ada