,,! ,,eruption ,,( ,,vesuvius ,,9 #ahgb1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,luigi ,,palmi]i1 ,( ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples2 ,director ( ! ,vesuvian ,obs]vatory4 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,& ,,an ,,introductory ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,k ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,vulcanicity1 ,! ,cosmical ,nature & ,relations ( ,volcanoes & ,e>?quakes4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,mallet1 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 c41 c4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,a%] ,,co41 #ac1 ,,b$=d ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4,c4 #ahgc4 ,w4 ,s4 ,johnson1 ,nassau ,/eam ,press1 #fj1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 ,*>+ ,cross1 ,w4,c4 ,! ,translator %\ld look ^u himself z a ,m]*ant 9 ! ,intellectual ,ex*ange ( ! _w1 ^: bus9ess x is to promote ! int]*ange ( ! produce ( ! m9d4 ,,goe!1 ,kun/ und ,alt]?um4 ,,introductory ,,sket*1 c4 ,! publi%]s ( ?is little volume1 9 reque/+ me to und]take a translation ( ! ,inc5dio ,vesuviano1 ( ,pr(essor ,palmi]i1 & to accompany x ) "s introductory rem>ks1 h felt ju/ifi$ by ! facts t ,signor ,palmi]i's position z a physici/1 ! great advantages :i* 8 long resid5ce 9 ,naples z a ,pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity1 & = _m ye>s pa/ ,director ( ! ,meteorological ,obs]vatory--e/abli%$ ^u ,vesuvius itself1 prior to ! expulsion ( ! late dyna/y--h naturally caus$ mu* weight to atta* to any?+ emanat+ f 8 p5 9 ref]5ce to t volcano4 ,ne>ly =ty memoirs on v>i\s bran*es ( physics--*iefly electricity1 magnetism & meteorology--produc$ s9ce #ahdb1 are to be f\nd "u ,palmi]i's "n 9 ! ,univ]sal ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ( ^! n9e ref] to ,vesuvius1 ! e>lie/ be+ entitl$ ,primi ,/udii ,meteorologici fatti sul ,r4 ,oss]vatorio ,vesuviano1 publi%$ 9 #ahec4 ,he 0 also au?or1 9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,a4 ,scac*i1 ( an elaborate report ^u ! ,volcanic ,region ( ,monte ,vulture1 & on ! ,e>?quake 7commonly call$ ( ,melfi7 ( #ahea4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/ ! /ock ( ,palmi]i's lab\rs4 ,! foll[+ ,memoir ( ,signor ,palmi]i on ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ,april ( ?is ye> 7#ahgb71 brief z x is1 embraces two di/9ct subjects1 viz41 8 n>rative z an eye-witness ( ! actual ev5ts ( ! eruption z !y occurr$ ^u ! cone & slopes ( ! m\nta91 & 8 obs]vations z to pulses emanat+ f its int]ior1 z indicat$ by 8 ,seismograph1 & z to ! electric conditions ( ! ov]hang+ cl\d ( smoke 7s call$7 & a%es1 z indicat$ by 8 bifil> electromet]1 bo? e/abli%$ at ! ,obs]vatory4 ,! two la/ h b an indirect be>+ ^u ,vulcanology4 ,! n>rative ( ! ev5ts ( ! eruption is *>act]is$ by exactness ( obs]vation & a sobriety ( language--s widely diff]5t f ! exagg]at$ /yle ( s5sational writ+ t is f\nd 9 almo/ all su* acc\nts--t ,i d ! au?or no m ?an ju/ice 9 ?us express+ my view ( its m]its4 ,nor %\ld a special n>ration1 su* z ?is1 become less important or suff] ev5 9 popul> e/imation by ! fact t s rec5tly my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,phillips1 has giv5 to ! _w ! be/ g5]al acc\nt ( ,vesuvius1 9 its hi/orical & "s ( its sci5tific aspects1 :i* has yet appe>$4 ,t monograph--) its sp>kl+ /yle1 & s*ol>ly digressions1 z well z = its m direct m]its--w1 no d\bt1 become ! manual = _m a future visitor to ! volcanic region ( ,naples2 b x1 l ! foll[+ ,memoir ( ,palmi]i1 & 9 common ) almo/ e "w t has appe>$ on ! subject ( ,volcanoes1 conta9s a good deal :i*1 h[ev] int]e/+1 & remotely relat$ to ,vulcanology1 does n prop]ly belong to ! body ( t bran* ( cosmical sci5ce1 z ,i und]/& its nature & limits4 ,x t5ds b little1 = example1 to cle> our views1 or enl>ge our k ( ! va/ me*anism 9 :i* ! ,volcano orig9ates1 & t by :i* its visible mass is =m$1 t we %\ld asc]ta9 ! electric condition ( ! atmosph]e above its eruptive cone1 or into :at cry/allographic classes ! m9]al species f\nd ab\t x may be divid$3 x w help u b little to "k ,pl9y's notions ( h[ ,pompeii 0 ov]:elm$1 or to re-engrave pictures1 assum$ to give ! exact %ape ( ! ,vesuvian or o!r cone at diff]5t p]iods1 or its precise altitude1 :i* are ev] v>y+1 above ! sea4 ,ev5 mu* m "t & lab\r may be sp5t ^u analys+ ! vap\rs & gases ( fum>oles & salfat>es ?an ! results c n[ ju/ify4 ,no?+1 p]haps1 t5ds m to ! effective progress ( any bran* ( obs]vational & inductive sci5ce1 ?an t we %\ld endeav\r to disc]n cle>ly ! scope & b\nd>y ( our subject4 ,to d s is b to accord ) ,bacon's maxim1 ,prud5s que/io dimidium sci5ti4 ,t once %ap$1 ! roads or me?ods ( approa* become cle>]2 & e foo?old atta9$ ^u ^! direct pa?s enables u to look back ^u su* collat]al or subord9ate que/ions z at fir/ p]plex$ u1 & f9d !m s illum9at$ t !y are already probably solv$1 &1 by solution1 aga9 prove to u t we are 9 ! "r pa?s4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ,i %all n d diss]vice to ! gr& portion ( cosmical physics to :i* volcanic ph5om5a belong1 by devot+ ! few pages accord$ to me = ?is ,introduction to sket*+ :at seems to me to be ! pres5t position ( t]re/rial ,vulcanicity1 & trac+ ! outl9es & relations ( ! two bran*es ( sci5tific inve/igation--,vulcanology & ,seismology--by :i* its true nature & "p 9 ! ,cosmos are *iefly to be asc]ta9$4 ,! g5]al t]m1 ,vulcanicity1 prop]ly compreh5ds all t we see or "k ( actions tak+ place ^u & modify+ ! surface ( our globe1 :i* are ref]able n to =ces ( orig9 above ! surface1 & act+ sup]ficially1 b to causes t h be5 or are 9 op]ation b5ea? x4 ,x embraces all t ,humboldt has some:at vaguely call$ ! reactions ( ! int]ior ( a planet ^u its ext]ior4 ,^! reactions %[ !mselves pr9cipally & ma9ly 9 ! m>k+ out & configuration ( ! great cont95ts & ocean b$s1 9 ! =c+ up ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & 9 ! v>i$ ph5om5a consequ5t !reon1 z se5 9 m or less adjac5t =mations4 ,^! con/itute ! me*anism :i* has m\ld$ & fa%ion$ ! surface ( our globe f ! p]iod :5 x fir/ became sup]ficially solid1 & prep>$ x z ! !atre = ! action ( all ^? sup]ficial actions--su* z ^? ( tides1 waves1 ra91 riv]s1 sol> heat1 fro/1 vitality1 vegetable & animal 7pass+ by _m o!rs less obvi\s7--:i* p]petually modify1 alt] or r5ew ! surface ( our _w1 & ma9ta9 ! exi/+ regim5 ( ! great ma*9e1 & ( its inhabitants4 ,^! la/ are ! doma9 ( ,geology1 prop]ly s call$4 ,no geological sy/em c be well f\nd$1 or c completely expla9 ! work+ ( ! _w's sy/em z we n[ see x1 t does n />t f ,vulcanicity z ?us def9$2 & ?is is equally true1 :e!r1 z d mo/ geologi/s1 we include )9 ! t]m ,geology ev]y?+ we c "k ab\t our _w z a :ole1 exclusive ( :at ,a/ronomy tea*es z to x1 divid+ ,geology 9 g5]al into ,physical ,geology--! b\nd>ies ( :i* are v indi/9ct--& ,/ratigraphical ,geology1 ^: limits are equally s4 ,x has be5 (t5 said t ,geology 9 ?is wide/ s5se beg9s :]e ,a/ronomy or ,cosmogony ends its in=mation z to our globe1 b ?is is sc>cely true4 ,vulcanicity--or ,geology1 if we *oose to make x compreh5d t--mu/ comm5ce its survey ( our _w z a nebula ^u :i*1 = unkn[n ages1 !rmic1 gravitant & *emical =ces 7 op]ative1 & to ! f9al play ( :i*1 ! =m1 d5sity & volume1 z well z ord] ( deposition ( ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! *emical comb9ation & deposition 0 due1 :5 fir/ our globe became a liquid or p>tly liquid sph]oid1 & :i* h equally det]m9$ ! *emical nature ( ! mat]ials ( ! outw>d r9d ( ! e>? t n[ is1 & ) ^! "s ( ! prim>y conditions t h fix$ ! *>act]s1 nature & int]dep5d5ce ( ! vegetables & animals t inhabit x4 ,physical ,a/ronomy & ,physical ,geology1 ?r\gh ,vulcanicity1 ?us ov]lap ea* o!r2 ! fir/ does n end :]e ! second beg9s2 & 9 e sure attempt to br+ ,geology to t p9nacle :i* is ! prop] ideal ( its complet$ design--namely1 ! int]pretation ( our _w's ma*9e1 z "p ( ! univ]sal ,cosmos 7s f> z t c ev] become kn[n to our limit$ obs]vation & intellig5ce7--we mu/ c>ry ) u a/ronomic consid]ations1 we mu/ keep 9 view ev5ts ant]ior to ! /atus consi/5tior ( ,leibnitz1 nor lose sight ( ! fact t ! *a9 ( causation is "o endless & unbrok52 t =ces fir/ set mov+1 we "k n :5 or h[1 ! dim remot5ess ( :i* imag9ation tries to s\nd 9 %ad[y ?\ght1 l ^? ( ! gr& old ,ea/]n poem1 ,:5 ! morn+ />s fir/ sang toge!r1 are1 h[ev] *ang$ 9 =m1 op]ative /ill4 ,! light & fragile butt]fly1 ^: glori\s g>b irradiates ! summ] zephyr 9 :i* x floats1 has _h its p[] ( flight--:i* is its p[] to live--det]m9$ by results ( t same *a9 ( causes t lift$ f ! dep?s ! m\nta9 on ^: sunny side he floats1 t has det]m9$ ! seasons & ! col\r ( ! fl[] ^: nect> he sucks1 & t dis*>ges or dissipates ! /orm above1 t may cru% ! insect & ! blossom 9 :i* x bask$4 ,& ?us1 z has be5 said1 x 0 n all a my?1 t 9 old] days affirm$ t 9 "s my/]i\s way ! actions & ! lives ( m5 7 l9k$ to ! />s 9 _! c\rses4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! manife/ations ( ,vulcanicity at =m] & f> remot] epo*s ( our planet1 & to :i* ,i %all return1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( regim5 ( & ^u our globe x %[s itself *iefly 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes & ( ,e>?quakes1 :i* are ! subjects ( ,vulcanology & ( ,seismology respectively1 & 9 pr9cipal "p1 also1 ( ?is ,introduction4 ,! ph5om5a ( hot spr+s1 geys]s1 etc41 :i* might be includ$ "u ! title ( ,!rmopgology1 h c]ta9 relations to bo?1 b m imm$iately to ,vulcanology4 ,let u n[ glance at ! hi/ory & progress ( k 9 ^! two *ief doma9s ( ,vulcanicity1 prep>atory to a sket* ( its exi/+ /age z to bo?1 &1 by ! way1 attempt to extract a lesson z to ! me?ods by :i* su* success z has att5d$ our lab\rs has be5 a*iev$4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to treat ( ,seismology fir/ 9 ord]4 ,ari/otle--:o devotes a l>g] space ( 8 ,f\r? ,book1 ,greek3 ,p]i ,kosm\1 to ,e>?quakes--,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 ,/rabo1 9 ! s-call$ classic days1 & !nce no end ( writ]s d[n to ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--among/ :om ,fromondi 7#aebg7 & ,travag9i 7#afgi7 are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important n[--h fill$ volumes ) records ( facts1 or :at !y took to be su*1 ( ,e>?quakes1 z h&$ d[n to or obs]v$ by !mselves1 & ) pl5ty ( hypo!ses z to _! nature & orig91 b /]ile ( mu* real k4 ,hooke's ,disc\rses ( ,e>?quakes1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society ab\t #afij1 af=d a curi\s example ( h[ abuse ( words once giv5 by au?ority cl+s z a h9drance to progress4 ,he _h =m$ no di/9ct idea ( :at he meant by an ,e>?quake1 & s confus$ly mixes up all elevations or depressions ( a p]man5t "* ) subv]sions1 conv]sions & transpositions ( p>ts ( ! e>?1 h[ev] sudd5 or transitory1 "u ! "n ( ,e>?quakes4 ,a l confusion is f> f uncommon among/ geological writ]s1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & examples might be quot$ f v late writ+s ( ev5 "s ( ! great lead]s ( ,engli% ,geology4 ,f ! sev5te5? to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury "o f9ds floods ( hypo!ses f ,flam/e$1 ,htt+]1 ,amontons1 ,/ukeley1 ,becc>ia1 ,p]cival1 ,prie/ly1 & a cr[d ( o!rs1 9 :i* electricity1 !n attract+ s mu* att5tion1 is (t5 call$ ^u to supply causation = a some?+ ( :i* no cle> idea _h be5 =m$4 ,c\nt ,byl&t's s+ul> "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahce1 ?\gh %[+ a curi\s p>tial insight 9 po9t ( advancem5t1 might be put back into t prec$+ p]iod4 ,9 #agfj appe>$ ! v rem>kable ,pap]1 9 ! fifty-fir/ volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,mit*ell1 ( ,cambridge1 9 :i* he views an ,e>?quake z a sudd5 lift+ up1 by a rapid evolution ( /eam or gas b5ea?1 ( a portion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! lat]al transf] ( ?is gase\s bubble b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/1 b5t to foll[ its %ape & motion1 or t ( a wave ( liquid rock b5ea?1 l a c>pet %ak5 on air4 ,great z are c]ta9 collat]al m]its ( ,mit*ell's ,pap]1 %[+ obs]vation ( v>i\s sorts mu* 9 advance ( 8 "t1 ?is notion ( an ,e>?quake is su* z1 _h he appli$ to x ev5 ! imp]fect k ( me*anics & physics !n possess$ 9 a def9ite mann]1 he c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to see its unt5able nature4 ,t ! same notion1 & 9 a f> m extravagant =m1 %\ld h be5 reproduc$ 9 #ahdc by ,messrs4 ,rog]s1 by :om ! gigantic p>allel anticl9als1 flanks & valleys ( ! :ole ,appala*ian *a9 ( m\nta9s are tak5 = no?+ m ?an ! indurat$ fold+s & wr9kles ( ,mit*ell's c>pet1 is "o ( ! mo/ sali5t examples ( ! abuse ( hypo!sis unte/$ by exact sci5ce4 ,nei!r ,humboldt nor ,d>w91 great z 7 ! opportunities ( obs]vation enjoy$ by bo?1 c be suppos$ to h =m$ any def9ite idea ( :at an ,e>?quake is2 & ! latt]1 :o _h obs]v$ well ! effects ( great sea-waves roll+ 9-%ore aft] ! %ock1 did n e/abli% any cle> relation betwe5 ! two4,a ,hi!rto no "o appe>s to h =m$ any cle> notion z to :at an ,e>?quake is--t is to say1 any cle> idea ( :at is ! nature ( ! movem5t con/itut+ ! %ock1 no matt] :at may be ! nature or orig9 ( ! movem5t itself4 ,! fir/ glimm]+ ( su* an idea1 s f> z my read+ has enabl$ me to asc]ta91 is due to ! p5etrat+ g5ius ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 :o1 9 8 ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 publi%$ 9 #ahjg1 casually sugge/s ! probability t e>?quake motions are vibratory1 & are analog\s to ^? ( s\nd4,b ,?is 0 r5d]$ some:at m def9ite by ,gay ,lussac1 :o1 9 an able pap] ,on ! ,*emical ,!ories ( ,volcanoes1 9 ! tw5ty-second volume ( ! ,annales de ,*mie1 9 #ahbc1 says3 ,en un mot1 les tremblem5ts de t]re ne sont que la propagation d'une commotion trav]s la masse de la t]re1 tellem5t indp5dante des cavits s\t]ra9es qu'elle s'ent5drait1 d'autant plus lo9 que la t]re s]ait plus homogne4 ,^! sugge/ions ( ,"y & ( ,gay ,lussac1 z may be se51 only ref] to ! movem5t 9 ! m or less solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,b two1 if n ?ree1 o!r great movem5ts 7 long kn[n to frequ5tly accompany e>?quake %ocks--! recession ( ! sea f ! %ore j ab\t ! mom5t ( %ock--! t]rible s\nds or subt]rane\s gr[l+s :i* sometimes prec$$1 sometimes accompani$1 & sometimes foll[$ ! %ock--& ! great sea-wave :i* rolls 9-%ore m or less long aft] x1 rema9$ /ill unkn[n z to _! nature4 ,!y _h be5 recognis$ only z concomitant b unconnect$ ph5om5a--! m inexplicable1 because sometimes pres5t1 sometimes abs5t1 & :olly )\t any kn[n mutual be>+ or community ( cause4 ,on ! #i? ,febru>y1 #ahdf1 ,i communicat$ to ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy my ,pap]1 ,on ! ,dynamics ( ,e>?quakes1 pr9t$ 9 ,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,"p ,i41 ( ! ,transactions ( t ,academy1 & publi%$ ! same ye> 9 :i* x 0 my good =tune to h be5 able to colligate ! obs]v$ facts1 & br++ !m toge!r "u ! light ( ! kn[n laws ( production & propagation ( vibratory waves 9 ela/ic1 solid1 liquid & gase\s bodies1 & ( ! production & propagation ( liquid waves ( translation 9 wat] v>y+ 9 dep?1 to prove t all ! ph5om5a ( e>?quake %ocks c\ld be acc\nt$ = by a s+le impulse giv5 at a s+le c5tre4 ,! def9ition giv5 by me 9 t ,pap] is t an e>?quake is ,! transit ( a wave or waves ( ela/ic compression 9 any direction1 f v]tically upw>ds to horizontally1 9 any azimu?1 ?r\gh ! cru/ & surface ( ! e>?1 f any c5tre ( impulse or f m ?an "o1 & :i* may be att5d$ ) s\nd & tidal waves dep5d5t ^u ! impulse & ^u circum/ances ( position z to sea & l&4 ,?us1 = example1 if ! impulse 7:atev] may be its cause7 be deliv]$ some:]e b5ea? ! b$ ( ! sea1 all f\r classes ( e>?quake waves may rea* an obs]v] on %ore 9 succession4 ,! ela/ic wave ( %ock pass+ ?r\gh ! e>? g5]ally rea*es him fir/3 its velocity ( propagation dep5d+ ^u ! specific ela/icity & ! degree ( cont9uity ( ! rocky or ! incoh]5t =mations or mat]ials ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,"u conditions po9t$ out by me1 ?is ela/ic wave may cause an aque\s wave1 produc+ recession ( ! sea1 j z x rea*es ! m>g9 ( sea & l&4 ,if ! impulse be att5d$ by fractures ( ! e>?'s cru/1 or o!r suffici5t causes = ! impulse to be communicat$ to ! air directly or ?r\gh ! int]v5+ sea1 ord9>y s\nd-waves w rea* ! obs]v] ?r\gh ! air1 propagat$ at ! rate ( #a1adj feet p] second1 or !reab\ts2 & may also rea* him be=e or ) or soon aft] ! %ock itself1 ?r\gh ! solid mat]ial ( ! e>?2 & la/ly1 if ! impulse be suffici5t to di/urb ! sea-bottom above ! c5tre ( impulse1 or o!rwise to g5]ate an aque\s wave ( translation1 t rea*es ! obs]v] la/1 roll+ 9-%ore z ! t]rible great sea-wave1 :i* has end$ s _m ( ! great e>?quakes1 its dim5sions & its rate ( propagation dep5d+ ^u ! magnitude ( ! orig9at+ impulse & ^u ! v>iable dep? ( ! wat]4 ,x is n my purpose1 nor w\ld x be possible )9 my limits "h1 to give any complete acc\nt ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 t ,pap]1 :i*1 9 ! words ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ^u a lat] occasion1 fix$ ^u an immutable basis ! true !ory ( ,e>?quakes4,c ,i %\ld /ate1 h[ev]1 t 9 x ,i prov$ ! fallacy ( ! notion ( vorticose %ocks1 :i* _h be5 held f ! days ( ,ari/otle1 & %[$ t ! effects 7su* z ! twi/+ on _! bases ( ! ,calabrian ,obelisks7 :i* _h be5 suppos$ due to su*1 7 b resolv$ motions1 due to ! transit rectil9e>ly ( ! %ock4 ,?is remov$ "o app>5t /umbl+ block to ! true !ory4 ,incid5tally also x 0 %[n t f ! obs]v$ elem5ts ( ! movem5t ( ! ela/ic wave ( %ock at c]ta9 po9ts--by suitable in/rum5ts--! position & dep? ( ! focus1 or c5tre ( impulse1 might be inf]r$4 ,9 ! same volume 7,transactions ( ! ,royal ,i4 ,academy1 ,,xxi47 ,i gave acc\nt1 ) a design to scale1 = ! fir/ self-regi/]+ & record+ seismomet] ev]1 to my k1 propos$4 ,9 "s respects 9 pr9ciple x resembles t ( ,pr(essor ,palmi]i1 ( :i* he has made su* ext5d$ use at ! ,vesuvian ,obs]vatory1 ?\gh x diff]s mu* f ! latt] 9 detail4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdg1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,cambridge1 read 8 ,report1 ,on ! ,geological ,!ories ( ,elevation & ,e>?quakes1 to ! ,briti% ,association--reque/$ by t body ! ye> be=e--& pr9t$ 9 its ,reports = t ye>4 ,! *ief features ( ?is docum5t are a dige/ ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s's previ\sly publi%$ ,ma!matical ,pap]s on ! =mations ( fissures1 etc41 by elevations & depressions1 & ^? on ! ?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/1 bas$ on precession1 etc41 :i* he discusses 9 "s relations to volcanic action4 ,?is ext5ds to =ty-"o pages1 ! rema9+ eighte5 pages ( ! ,report be+ devot$ to ,vibratory ,motions ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ produc$ by ,subt]ranean ,=ces--,e>?quakes4 ,! latt] consi/s ma9ly ( a rsum ( ! ackn[l$g$ laws1 z deliv]$ pr9cipally by ,poisson1 ( =mation & propagation ( ela/ic waves & ( liquid waves1 by ,web]s1 ,s4 ,russel & o!rs--! orig9al matt] 9 ?is ,report is small--& z respects ! latt] portion consi/s ma9ly 9 "s problems = f9d+ analytically ! position or dep? ( ! c5tre ( di/urbance :5 c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! wave ( %ock are giv51 or h be5 suppos$ regi/]$ by seismometric in/rum5ts1 su* z t describ$ by myself1 & above ref]r$ to4,d ,at ! "t my orig9al ,pap] ,on ! ,dynamics ( ,e>?quakes 0 publi%$1 !re 0 little or no exp]im5tal k z to ! actual velocity ( transit ( waves--analog\s to ^? ( s\nd1 b ( great] amplitude--?r\gh ela/ic solids4 ,! velocity z d$uc$ f !ory1 ! solid be+ assum$ q homog5e\s & cont9u\s1 0 v great1 & might be tak5 = "s ( ! h>d] & d5s] rock =mations at #aa1jjj or #ab1jjj feet p] second4 ,t ^! enorm\s velocities ( wave transit w\ld be some?+ ne> ^? ( actual e>?quake %ock seem$ probable to me1 & 0 s accept$ by ,hopk9s4 ,?us1 he says 7,report1 p4 #hh73 ,! velocity ( ! sea-wave1 = any probable dep? ( ! sea1 w be s small z comp>$ ) t ( ! vibratory wave1 t we may consid] ! "t ( ! arrival ( ! latt] at ! place ( obs]vation z co9cid5t ) t ( ! dep>ture ( ! sea-wave f ! c5tre ( div]g5ce4 ,9 my orig9al ,pap] 7,dynamic1 c471 ,i _h sugge/$1 z an important object1 to asc]ta9 by actual exp]im5t :at might be ! wave's transit rate 9 v>i\s rocky & incoh]5t =mations2 & hav+ propos$ ?is 9 my fir/ ,report ^u ! ,facts ( ,e>?quake to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,i 0 enabl$ by its lib]ality to comm5ce ^? exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ,i 0 ably assi/$ by my elde/ son1 !n q a lad--,dr4 ,jno4 ,william ,mallet1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 ,u4,s42 & to give acc\nt ( ! results1 9 my second ,report 7,report1 ,briti% ,association = #ahea7 to t body4 ,^? exp]im5ts 7 made by produc+ an impulse at "o end ( an accurately measur$ base l9e1 by ! explosion ( gunp[d] 9 ! =mation exp]im5t$ ^u1 & not+ ! "t ! ela/ic wave g5]at$ requir$ to pass ov] t di/ance1 ^u a ne>ly level surface4 ,special in/rum5ts 7 devis$ & employ$1 by :i* ! p[d] 0 fir$ & ! "t regi/]$1 by t\*+ a lev] :i* complet$ c]ta9 galvanic contacts4 ,! m$ia or =mations 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 71 damp s&--z likely to give ! m9imum rate--& cry/all9e rock 7granite71 z likely to give ! maximum4 ,! results 7 receiv$1 n ) d\bt1 b ) mu* surprise1 = x at once appe>$ t ! actual velocity ( transit 0 va/ly bel[ :at !ory _h indicat$ z d]ivable f ! d5sity & modulus ( ela/icity ( ! mat]ial1 tak5 z homog5e\s1 etc4 ,! actual velocities 9 feet p] second f\nd 73 ,9 s& #hbdiae feet p] second4 ,9 discont9u\s & mu* %att]$ granite #a1cjfdbe ,9 m solid granite #a1ffdegd ,?is ,i at once attribut$1 & z x has s9ce be5 prov$ correctly1 to ! loss ( vis viva1 & consequ5tly ( spe$1 by ! discont9uity ( ! mat]ials4 ,& "s indication ( ! g5]al tru? ( ! fact 0 d]ivable f comp>+ ! rude previ\s approximations to ! transit rate ( "s great ,e>?quakes4 ,9 ! case ( t ( ,lisbon1 e/imat$ by ,mit*ell at #a1gfj feet p] second4 ,x 0 /ill desirable to ext5d simil> exp]im5ts to ! h>d] classes ( /ratifi$ & ( contort$ rocks4 ,?is ,i 0 enabl$ to c>ry into effect1 at ! great ,qu>ries at ,holyhead 7:5ce ! slate & qu>tz rocks h be5 obta9$ = ! con/ruction ( ! ,asylum ,h>b\r !re71 tak+ advantage ( ! impulses g5]at$ at t p]iod by ! great m9es ( p[d] explod$ 9 ^! rocks4 ,! results h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahfa & #ahfb 7,app5dix74 ,!y %[ t ! mean l[e/ rate ( wave transit 9 ^? rocks1 ?r\gh measur$ ranges ( f #e1jch to #f1ehb feet1 0 #a1jhi feet p] second2 & ! mean highe/1 #a1ceb feet p] second2 & ! g5]al mean #a1cbj feet p] second4 ,by a sep>ate tra9 ( exp]im5ts on ! compressibility ( solid cubes ( ^! rocks1 ,i obta9$ ! mean modulus ( ela/icity ( ! mat]ial :5 p]fectly cont9u\s & un%att]$1 ) ?is rem>kable result--t 9 ^! rocks1 z !y exi/ at ,holyhead1 ne>ly sev5-eigh?s ( ! full velocity ( wave transmission due to ! mat]ial1 if solid & cont9u\s1 is lo/ by reason ( ! het]og5eity & discont9uity ( ! rocky masses z !y are f\nd pil$ toge!r 9 ,nature4 ,i also prov$ t ! wave-transit p]iod ( ! un%att]$ mat]ial ( ^! rocks 0 greate/ 9 a direction transv]se to ! b$d+1 & lea/ 9 l9e p>allel ) t2 b ! effect ( ?is 9 ! rocky mass itself may be m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! discont9uity & imp]fect contact ( ! adjac5t b$s4 ,^! results indicate1 !re=e1 t ! sup]ficial rate ( translation ( ! solit>y sea-wave ( e>?quakes may1 :5 ov] v deep wat]1 equal or ev5 exce$ ! transit rate 79 "s cases7 ( ! ela/ic wave ( %ock itself4 ,^! results h s9ce receiv$ g5]al confirmation by ! c>eful det]m9ations ( ! transit rates ( actual e>?quake waves1 9 ! rocks ( ! ,rh9e ,c\ntry & 9 ,hung>y1 by ,ngg]a? & ,s*midt respectively1 & by ^? made s9ce by myself 9 ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 to :i* ,i %all aga9 ref]4 ,9 an ela/ic wave propagat$ f a c5tre ( impulse 9 an inf9itely ext5d$ volume ( a p]fect gas1 normal vibrations are alone propagat$--z is ! case ) s\nd 9 air4 ,9 ! case ( l movem5ts propagat$ 9 ela/ic & p]fectly homog5e\s & isotropic solids1 ! wave possesses bo? normal & transv]sal vibrations1 & is1 9 s f>1 analog\s to ! case ( light4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 9 8 ,report above ref]r$ to1 has bas$ c]ta9 speculations ^u ! assum$ necess>y co-exi/5ce ( bo? ord]s ( vibration 9 actual e>?quake %ocks 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* our e>?y cru/ is actually compos$4 ,! exi/5ce ( transv]sal vibration 9 ^? mat]ials has n be5 yet prov$ exp]im5tally1 ?\gh !re is suffici5t gr\nd to preclude our d5y+ _! probable exi/5ce4 ,t if !y d exi/ !y play b a v subord9ate "p 9 ! obs]vable ph5om5a ( actual ,e>?quake is highly probable4 ,?is is ! view1 support$ n only by obs]vations ( ! effects ( su* %ocks 9 ,nature1 b by ! !oretic consid]ation ( ! effects ( discont9uity ( =mations 9 planes or b$s m or less transv]se to ! wave pa? 7or l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( impulse ) ! mean c5tre ( wave di/urbance at any po9t ( its transit74 ,if we suppose1 = illu/ration sake1 su* an ela/ic wave transmitt$ p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh a mass ( glass plates1 ea* indef9itely ?91 & all 9 absolute contact ) ea* o!r1 b )\t adhesion or friction1 m or less ( ! transv]sal vibration ( ! wave w\ld be cut (f & lo/ at ea* transit f plate to plate1 z ! ela/ic compression c1 by ! conditions1 be transmitt$ only normally or by direct pu% p]p5dicul>ly f plate to plate4 ,?is mu/ take place 9 ,nature1 & to a v great ext5t1 & ! consid]ation1 ) o!rs1 enabl$ me g5]ally to apply ! normal wave motion ( %ock alone to my inve/igation z to ! dep? ( ! c5tre ( impulse ( ! great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake ( #aheg1 an acc\nt ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfb1 & to be pres5tly fur!r ref]r$ to4 ,hi!rto ! multitud9\s facts1 or suppos$ facts1 record$ 9 numb]less acc\nts ( ,e>?quakes _h rema9$ almo/ :olly unclassifi$1 & s f> z !y _h be5 discuss$--9 a v p>tial mann]1 z incid5tal portions ( geological treatises--) little attempt to sift ! fabul\s f ! real1 or to connect ! ph5om5a admitt$ by ref]5ce to any g5]al me*anical or physical causes4 ,9 #ahej my fir/ ,report ^u ! ,facts ( ,e>?quakes1 call$ = by ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdg1 0 read & publi%$ 9 ! ,reports ( t body = t ye>4 ,9 ?is1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! _m record$ ph5om5a ( ,e>?quakes are classifi$1 & ! important division ( ! ph5om5a into prim>y & second>y effects ( ! %ock 0 e/abli%$4 ,sev]al facts or ph5om5a1 previ\sly held z m>vell\s or inexplicable1 7 ei!r1 on suffici5t gr\nds1 reject$1 or 71 = ! fir/ "t1 %[n susceptible ( explanation4 ,among/ ! m noticeable results 7 ! po9t+ out t fissures & fractures ( rock or ( incoh]5t =mations 7 b second>y effects1 &1 9 ! latt]1 71 9 fact1 g5]ally ( ! nature ( inceptive l&slips4 ,?is la/ 0 n accept$1 ,i believe1 by geologi/s at ! "t2 b ! correctness ( ! views !n prop\nd$ z to e>? fissures--! nature ( ! sp\t+ f !m ( wat] or mud--! appe>ances tak5 = smoke issu+ f !m1 etc4--h s9ce be5 fully confirm$1 fir/1 by my own obs]vations ^u ! effects ( ! ,great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake ( #aheg1 & m lately by ^? ( ,dr4 ,oldham ^u ! ,e>?quake ( ,ca*> 7,india71 :]e he 0 enabl$ to obs]ve fissures ( imm5se magnitude1 ! nature ( ! production ( :i* he has well describ$ & expla9$ 9 ! ,proce$+s1 ,geological ,society1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,! relations betwe5 meteorological ph5om5a prop] & ,e>?quakes h always be5 a subject ( popul> belief & sup]/ition4 ,?is 0 "h c>efully discuss$1 & ) ! result ( disprov+ any connection1 or1 if any1 b ( an indirect nature4 ,i also1 to "s ext5t1 t[>ds ! end ( ?is ,report1 discuss$ ! "q ( ! possible nature ( ! impulse itself :i* orig9ates ! %ock2 ,i %[$ t x mu/ be ( ! nature ( a bl[1 & v5tur$ to (f] conjecturally five possible causes ( ! impulse3 #a4 ,sudd5 fractures ( rock1 result+ f ! /eady & sl[ increase ( elevatory pressure4 #b4 ,sudd5 evolution 7"u special conditions7 ( /eam4 #c4 ,sudd5 cond5sation ( /eam1 also "u special conditions4 #d4 ,sudd5 dislocations 9 ! rocky cru/ ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh pressure act+ 9 any direction4 #e4 ,occasionally ?r\gh ! recoil due to explosive effects at volcanic foci 7p4 #gi-hj74 ,! fir/ & la/ ( ^! ,i am1 ?r\gh subsequ5t light1 dispos$ n[ to )draw or greatly to modify4 ,! fir/1 ! suppos$ snap & j>1 occasion$ by ! sudd5 & viol5t rupture ( solid rock masses1 to :i* ,mr4 ,scrope1 9 8 v admirable "w on ,volcanoes1 is dispos$ to ref] ! impulse ( e>?quake %ocks 7,scrope1 #bnd edit41 p4 #bid71 ,i believe may be prov$ on ackn[l$g$ physical pr9ciples--:5 appli$ to ! kn[n ela/icities & ext5sibilities ( rocks1 & keep+ 9 view ! small ?icknesses fractur$ at ! same in/ant--to be capable ( only ! mo/ insignificant impulsive effects2 & if we also take into consid]ation t /rata1 if s fractur$1 are necess>ily n free1 b surr\nd$ by o!rs above & bel[1 any su* impulsive effect emanat+ f fracture may be held z non-exi/5t or impossible4 ,9 ! /atem5t ( 8 views :i* foll[s1 & 9 object+ to my second & ?ird possible causes 7p4 #bie-bif1 head$ ,objections to ,mallet's ,!ory71 ,mr4 ,scrope appe>s to me to h fall5 into ! error ( assum+ t ! nature ( ! impulse1 or ! cause produc+ x1 =ms any "p ( my !ory ( e>?quake movem5t1 or 9 anywise affects x4 ,i c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ ?is 9 ! orig9al ,pap] 7,transactions1 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,xxi41 p4 #fj1 & aga91 p4 #ig71 :5 ,i /at$ x is q immat]ial to ! tru? ( my !ory ( e>?quake motion :at view be adopt$1 or :at me*anism be assign$1 to acc\nt = ! orig9al impulse4 ,z reg>ds ! fif? conjecture sugge/$ by me1 ,i am n[1 ) bett] k & l>g] obs]vation ( volcanic ph5om5a1 n prep>$ to admit any s+le explosion at volcanic v5ts ( a magnitude suffici5t to produce by its recoil an e>?quake wave ( any importance1 or ext5d+ to any great di/ance 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! rock ( #bjj tons weight1 said to h be5 project$ n9e miles f ! crat] ( ,cotopaxi1 :i* ,i quot$ f ,humboldt z an example1,e ,i believe to be z purely my?ical z ! rock 7bloc rejett7 ( p]haps "o-six? ( t weight :i*1 previ\s to ! late eruption1 lay 9 ! middle ( ! ,atria dell ,cavallo1 & :i* x 0 r\ndly affirm$ _h be5 bl[n out ( ! crat]1 b :i* 9 reality _h at "s "t roll$ d[n f ne> ! top ( ! cone1 aft] hav+ be5 dislodg$ f "s "p ( ! upp] lip ( ! crat] walls1 :]e1 z its wond]ful h>dness & texture & its enamel-l surface %[$1 x _h be5 roa/$ = ye>s probably4 ,nor d ,i believe 9 ! sudd5 bl[+ away ( "o-half ! crat] & cone ( ,vesuvius1 or ( any o!r volcano1 at "o ef=t1 h[ev] affirm$4 ,no?+ m ?an conjecture z to ! nature ( ! impulse produc+ great or small ,e>?quakes c1 ,i believe1 z yet be produc$4 ,t !re is "s "o ma/] me*anism productive ( mo/ ( ! impulses ( great %ocks is highly probable1 b t m causes ?an "o may produce ^! impulses1 & t ! causes op]ative 9 small & long repeat$ %ocks1 l ^? ( ,visp-,comrie & ,ea/ ,haddam1 diff] mu* f ^? produc+ great ,e>?quakes1 is almo/ c]ta94 ,we %all be bett] prep>$ to assign all ( ^! :5 we h admitt$ a true !ory ( volcanic action1 & s are bett] able to see ! intimate relations 9 me*anism betwe5 seismic & volcanic actions4 ,x is n difficult mean:ile to assign ! v probable me*anism ( ^? comp>atively petty rep]cussions :i* are exp]i5c$ 9 close proximity to volcanic v5ts :5 9 eruption1 & :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly seismic 9 _! nature1 & p[]ful en\gh1 z ^u ! flanks ( ,etna1 to crack & fissure well-built *ur*-t[]s1 c sc>cely be t]m$ ,e>?quakes4 ,9 my ,fir/ ,report ,i /at$ t almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n !n ( ! di/ribution ( record$ ,e>?quakes 9 "t or 9 space ov] our globe's surface1 & ,i propos$ ! =mation & discussion ( a complete catalogue ( all record$ ,e>?quakes1 ) ?is 9 view4 ,?is 0 approv$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,briti% ,association & at once und]tak5 by me1 ) ! zeal\s & effici5t co-op]ation ( my elde/ son1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mallet4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,second ,briti% ,association ,report1 ( #ahea1 is occupi$ ) ! acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts z to ! transit rate ( artificially made %ocks 9 s& & granite1 z already ref]r$ to4 ,! ,?ird ,report1 ( #aheb-ahed1 conta9s ! :ole ( ?is1 ,! ,e>?quake ,catalogue ( ! ,briti% ,association 7( :i*1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( t body1 m ?an "o hundr$ copies 7 di/ribut$ freely71 9 :i* are giv51 9 column> =m1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 f ! e>lie/ kn[n dates to ! end ( #ahdb3 #a4 ,! date & "t ( day1 z ne>ly z record$4 #b4 ,! locality or place ( occurr5ce4 #c4 ,! direction1 duration1 & numb] ( %ocks s f> record$4 #d4 ,ph5om5a connect$ ) ! sea--great sea-waves1 tides1 etc4 #e4 ,ph5om5a connect$ ) ! l&--meteorological ph5om5a prec$+ & succe$+4 ,second>y ph5om5a--all m9or or rem>kable ph5om5a record$4 #f4 ,! au?ority = ! record4 ,?\gh mo/ mat]ially assi/$ by ! previ\s lab\rs & p>tial catalogues ( ,von ,h(f1 ,cotte1 ,h(fman1 ,m]rian1 &1 above all1 ( ,p]rey1 ! prep>ation ( ?is catalogue--:i* dem&$ visits to ! *ief libr>ies ( ,europe1 & ! collat+ ( "s ?\s&s ( au?ors 9 v>i\s languages & ( all "t--0 a "w ( great & su/a9$ lab\r1 :i*1 except = my de> son's help1 ,i %\ld nev] h f\nd "t & p[] to complete4 ,pr(essor ,p]rey1 =m]ly ( ! ,facult des ,sci5ces ( ,dijon1 n[ en retrait1 :o has devot$ a long & useful life to assidu\s lab\rs 9 connection ) ,seismology1 0 our great ally2 & 8 catalogues are s l>ge & complete = mo/ kn[n p>ts ( ! _w aft] #ahdb1 t we 7 able to arre/ our own catalogue at t date1 & take ,m4 ,p]rey's z _! cont9uation up to #ahej4 ,! :ole ,briti% ,association ,catalogue ?us embraces ! long hi/oric p]iod ( f #afjf ,b4,c4 ( vulg> *ronology1 :5 ! fir/ kn[n ,e>?quake is record$1 to ,a4,d4 #ahej2 & ! base ( induction :i* x pres5ts z to ! facts record$ ext5ds to betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj sep>ate ,e>?quakes4 ,my ,f\r? ,report 7,reports1 ,briti% ,association1 #aheh17 is occupi$ pr9cipally ) ! discussion ( ?is great catalogue1 & ) t ( sev]al special catalogues produc$ by o!r au?ors ) limit$ areas or objects4 ,! discussion ( ,m4 ,p]rey's local catalogues ) ^? ( o!rs1 9 ref]5ce to a suppos$ preval5t app>5t horizontal direction ( %ock 9 c]ta9 regions--z to di/ribution1 z to season1 mon?s1 "t ( day or night1 relation to /ate ( tide--! be>+s ( ! views ( ,zant$es*i & o!rs z to ! probable exi/5ce ( a t]rane tide--! suppos$ relations ( ! occurr5ce ( ,e>?quakes ^u ! age ( ! moon1 z d$uc$ by ,p]rey1 viz43 t #a/1 ,e>?quakes occur mo/ frequ5tly at ! syzygies2 #bnd1 t _! frequ5cy increases at ! p]igee & dim9i%es at ! apogee2 #crd1 t !y are m frequ5t :5 ! moon is on ! m]idian ?an :5 %e is #ij away f x--& ! views ( sev]al au?orities z to ! di/ribution ( ,e>?quakes 9 "t & 9 space--occupy ! fir/ #df pages ( ?is ,report4 ,x !n proce$s to discuss ! di/ribution 9 "t & 9 space z d$uc$ f ! full base ( ! great catalogue4 ,! results z to "t are r$uc$ to curves1 & ^? z to space 7or di/ribution ov] our globe's surface7 to ! great seismic map 7,m]cator's projection71 ^u :i* & 9 accordance ) c]ta9 pr9ciples & conv5tional laws1 :i* admit ( ! indication ( bo? int5sity & frequ5cy1 all record$ ,e>?quakes h be5 s laid d[n z to pres5t a real indication ( ! di/ribution ( seismic en]gy = ! :ole hi/oric p]iod & all ov] ! _w4 ,! orig9al ( ?is map1 :i* also %[s ! ,volcano 7size1 ab\t #g feet by #e feet71 rema9s = ref]5ce 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,a r$uc$ copy 0 publi%$ ) ! ,report1 & to a /ill m r$uc$ scale has be5 reproduc$ 9 o!r places4 ,x is impossible "h to d m ?an ref] to a few ( ! m sali5t po9ts4 ,z reg>ds di/ribution 9 "t1 durational seismic en]gy may be consid]$ z probably con/ant dur+ hi/oric "t1 ?\gh x is probably a decay+ en]gy view$ 9 ref]5ce to mu* long] p]iods4 ,x does n appe> ( ! nature ( a di/9ctly p]iodic =ce4 #a4 ,:il/ ! m9imum p>oxysmal int]val may be a ye> or two1 ! av]age int]val is f five to t5 ye>s ( comp>ative repose4 #b4 ,! %ort] int]vals are 9 connection ) p]iods ( few] ,e>?quakes1 n always ) ^? ( lea/ int5sity1 b usually s4 #c4 ,! alt]nations ( p>oxysm & ( repose appe> to foll[ no absolute law d$ucible f ^! causes4 #d4 ,two m>k$ p]iods ( extreme p>oxysm are obs]vable 9 ea* c5tury 7= ! la/ ?ree c5turies71 "o great] ?an ! o!r--t ( greate/ numb] & int5sity occurr+ ab\t ! middle ( ea* c5tury1 & ! o!r t[>ds ! end ( ea*4 ,z respects season1 !re appe> di/9ct indications ( a maximum ab\t ! w9t] sol/ice1 & equally s ( a m9imum r be=e ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,x is n improbable t !re is a remote relation betwe5 ,e>?quakes & ! annual m>* ( b>ometric pressure4 ,we may expect1 at pres5t1 "o great ,e>?quake ab\t e eight mon?s1 & 7 we possess$ ( a suffici5t report f all p>ts ( our globe1 we %\ld probably f9d sc>cely a day pass )\t a v s5sible ,e>?quake occurr+ some:]e1 :il/1 z reg>ds /ill small] tremors1 x might almo/ be said t our globe1 z a :ole1 is sc>cely ev] free f !m4 ,z respects ! di/ribution ( seismic en]gy 9 space ( our e>?'s surface1 x is t ( b&s ( v>iable & ( great bread?1 ) s5sible seismic influ5ce ext5d+ to f #e to #ae transv]sely1 :i* v g5]ally foll[3 #a4 ,! l9es ( elevat$ tracts :i* m>k & divide ! great oceanic or t]ra-oceanic bas9s 7or sauc]s1 z ,i h call$ !m1 f _! %all[ness 9 relation to surface1 9 ?is discussion7 ( ! e>?'s surface4 #b4 ,& 9 s f> z ^! are frequ5tly ! l9es ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & ^! latt] ^? ( volcanic v5ts1 s ! seismic b&s are f\nd to foll[ ^! likewise4 ,isolat$ ,volcanoes are f\nd 9 ^! b&s also4 #c4 ,:ile s5sible seismic influ5ce is g5]ally limit$ to ! av]age wid? ( ! b&1 p>oxysmal ef=ts are occasionally propagat$ to great di/ances transv]sely beyond t4 #d4 ,! s5sible wid? ( ! b& dep5ds ^u ! en]gy develop$ at ea* po9t ( ! l5g?1 & ^u ! accid5tal geologic & topographic conditions along ! same4 #e4 ,seismic en]gy may become s5sible at any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface1 its ef=ts be+1 h[ev]1 great] & m frequ5t z ! great l9es ( elevation & ( volcanic activity are approa*$2 yet n 9 ! inv]se ratio ( di/ance1 = _m ( ! mo/ frequ5tly & t]ribly %ak5 regions ( ! e>?1 z ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,adriatic1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,nor!rn ,india1 etc41 are at great di/ances f active ,volcanoes4 #f4 ,! surfaces ( m9imum or ( no kn[n di/urbance are ! c5tral areas ( great oceanic or ( t]ra-oceanic bas9s or sauc]s1 & ! great] isl&s exi/+ 9 %all[ seas4 ,space obliges me to pass unnotic$ "h _m m9or b n unimportant d$uctions4 ,! discussions z to di/ribution 9 "t & space occupy sev5ty-two pages ( ?is f\r? & la/ ,report1 ! rema9d] ( :i* 7?irty-"o pages7 embraces ! description & ma!matical discussion z to seismomet]s1 to :i* ,i may ref]1 z compris+ ! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ^! in/rum5ts t has1 ,i believe1 be5 any:]e giv54 ,! app5dix to ! ,report comprises ! entire bibliography ( ,e>?quakes collect$ dur+ ^? rese>*es1 & a conclud+ *apt] on desid]ata1 & inquiries z to ill-und]/ood ph5om5a suppos$ to be connect$ ) ,e>?quakes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #ahdi-ej1 ,i 0 hon\r$ by ! reque/ to draw up ! article ,e>?quake ,ph5om5a1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ! fir/ & subsequ5t editions ( ! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,inquiry4 ,orig9ally ! subject 0 int5d$ to h =m$ "p ( ! article on ,geology1 entru/$ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o consult$ me ^u ! subject2 & ^u my repres5t+ h[ mu* ,e>?quakes _h1 )9 a %ort "t1 become matt] = ! ma!matician & physici/1 he1 ) a s+l5ess ( eye to sci5ce :i* x is b j to place on record1 took ! necess>y /eps ) ! ,admiralty au?orities t ,e>?quakes %\ld =m a sep>ate article1 & advis$ its be+ plac$1 z x 01 9 my h&s4 ,to record ?is w1 ,i believe1 be suffici5t ju/ification = my ref]5ce to ?is article1 9 :i* a good deal ( in=mation z to ,seismometry is to be f\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by recurr+ to ,mr4 ,hopk9s's ,report on ,e>?quake ,!ory1 be=e rem>k$ ^u 7,report ( ,briti% ,association1 #ahdg71 x w be se5 t ! solutions ( ! problems :i* he !re gives = f9d+ ! dep? ( focus ( %ock are f\nd$ ^u ! velocity ( propagation ( ! wave 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass1 ! app>5t horizontal velocity & ! horizontal direction ( propagation at any propos$ po9t be+ kn[n 7p4 #hb74 ,by ?is x appe>s pla9ly t at t "t ,mr4 ,hopk9s suppos$ t x 0 ! velocity ( translation ( ! wave ( %ock t did ! mis*ief1 & n ! velocity ( ! wave p>ticle1 or wave itself4 ,&1 fur!r1 t ! =m] might be obta9$ by ref]5ce simply to ! modulus ( ela/icity ( ! rock ( any giv5 =mation1 z1 inde$1 0 my own e>lie/ view :5 ,i produc$ my ,dynamics ( ,e>?quake 9 #ahdf4 ,f ! rem>ks already made z to ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual transit velocity 9 m or less discont9u\s rocks--su* z !y occur 9 ,nature--x w be equally obvi\s t ,mr4 ,hopk9s's me?ods1 z above m5tion$1 are impracticable1 ev5 7 !re no confusion betwe5 ! velocity ( translation ( ! wave & t ( ! wave p>ticle or wave itself4 ,?is applies also to ! demon/ration & diagram 7tak5 f ,hopk9s7 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,phillips 7,vesuvius1 pp4 #beh-bei74 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aheg1 occurr$ ! great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake1 :i* desolat$ a l>ge portion ( t k+dom2 & an opportunity !n arose = practically apply+ to ! problems ( f9d+ ! directions ( e>?quake %ock at a giv5 po9t ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 & ultimately ! position & dep? ( focus1 o!r me?ods1 :i* ,i _h se51 f soon aft] ! date ( publication ( my orig9al ,pap] 7#ahdf71 7 easily practicable1 & ! details ( :i* ,i _h gradually matur$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t1 9 ! case ( ! normal vibration 9 any ela/ic solid ( indef9ite dim5sions1 ! direction ( motion 9 space ( ! wave p>ticle co9cides 9 ! fir/ semiphase ( ! wave1 & at ! in/ant ( its maximum velocity ) ! "r l9e jo9+ ! p>ticle & ! focus or c5tre ( di/urbance1 x foll[s t1 9 ! case ( e>?quakes1 ! normal vibration ( ! wave ( %ock is always 9 a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! focus & any po9t on ! e>?'s surface ?r\gh :i* ! %ock passes 7assum+ = ! pres5t no di/urb+ causes aft] ! impulse has be5 giv571 & t at su* a po9t ! movem5t ( ! wave p>ticle 9 ! fir/ semiphase ( ! wave is 9 ! same direction or s5se z t ( translation2 & at ! mom5t ( maximum velocity ! direction 9 space ( ! motion ( ! wave p>ticle is t ( ! "r l9e jo9+ ! po9t ?r\gh :i* ! wave has pass$ ) ! focus or c5tre ( impulse4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c det]m9e ! direction ( motion ( ! wave p>ticle 9 ! fir/ semiphase1 & its maximum velocity1 we c obta91 f any select$ po9t1 a l9e 7t ( em]g5ce ( ! %ock7 some:]e 9 :i*1 if prolong$ b5ea? ! e>?1 ! focus mu/ h be52 & if we c obta9 l results = two or m select$ po9ts1 we decide ! position & ! dep? ( ! focus1 :i* mu/ be 9 ! int]section ( ! sev]al l9es ( direction ( ! wave p>ticle motion at ea* po9t1 :5 prolong$ d[nw>ds4 ,n[1 z ,i h said1 x is ! vibration ( ! wave itself1 i4e41 ! motion ( ! wave p>ticle t does ! mis*ief--n ! transit ( ! wave f place to place on ! surface2 j z 9 ! analog\s 7b n simil>7 case ( a tidal wave ( translation runn+ up an e/u>y & pass+ a %ip an*or$ !re1 x is n ! transit up ! *annel1 b ! wave =m itself--i4e41 ! motion ( ! wave p>ticles--t lifts ! %ip1 s5ds h] a little way high] up *annel1 drops h] to h] =m] level1 & s5ds h] d[n *annel aga9 to ! spot %e lay 9 j be=e ! arrival ( ! wave4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 t has be5 p]man5tly di/urb$ by an e>?quake %ock has be5 ?us mov$ 9 ! direction & ) ! maximum velocity impress$ ^u x by ! wave p>ticle 9 ! fir/ semiphase ( ! wave2 & ?us almo/ ev]y?+ t has be5 s di/urb$ may1 by ! application ( e/abli%$ dynamical pr9ciples1 be made to give u m or less in=mation z to ! velocity ( ! wave p>ticle 7or z we1 = %ortness1 say1 ! velocity ( %ock71 ! direction ( its normal vibration1 & ! position & dep? b5ea? ! e>?'s surface1 f :i* came ! g5]at+ impulse4 ,we ?us arrive at ^! z simply & z surely z we c inf] f ! position tak5 by a billi>d ball1 on :i* c]ta9 =ces are kn[n to h act$1 ! =ces !mselves & _! direction2 or1 f a brok5 beam1 ! pressure or ! bl[ :i* fractur$ x4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t ne>ly e object di/urb$1 dislocat$1 fractur$ or ov]?r[n by an e>?quake %ock is a sort ( natural seismomet]1 & ! be/ & sure/ ( all seismomet]s1 if we only make a judici\s *oice ( ! objects :i* be+ f\nd aft] su* a %ock1 we %all employ = our purpose4 ,?is 0 ! pr9ciple :i* ,i propos$ to ! ,royal ,society at once to apply to ! effects ( ! !n q rec5t great ,neapolitan ,e>?quake ( #aheg1 & :i*1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality & aid ( t body1 ,i 0 enabl$ to employ ) ! result ,i _h pretty confid5tly anticipat$1 namely1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! approximate dep? ( ! focus4 ,e %ock-di/urb$ object 9 an e>?quake-%ak5 c\ntry is capable ( giv+ "s in=mation z to ! %ock t act$ ^u x2 b x ne$s a c>eful *oice1 & "s me*anical ,greek3 n\s1 to select prop] & ! be/ objects1 s z to avoid ! ne$less p]plexity ( di/urb+ =ces n prop] to ! %ock1 or o!r complications4 ,:5 prop]ly *os51 ^! natural seismomet]s1 or evid5ces fitt$ = obs]vation aft] ! %ock1 are ( two great classes1 by :i* ! conditions ( ! e>?quake motion are discov]able3 #a4 ,fractures or dislocations 7*iefly 9 ! masonry ( build+s71 :i* af=d two pr9cipal s\rces & sorts ( in=mation1 namely3 a4 ,f ! obs]v$ directions ( fractures or fissures1 by :i* ! wave pa?1 & frequ5tly ! angle ( em]g5ce1 may be imm$iately inf]r$4 b4 ,in=mation f ! prec$+1 unit$ ) kn[n conditions z to ! /r5g? ( mat]ials to resi/ fracture1 by :i* ! velocity ( ! fractur+ impulse may be calculat$4 #b4 ,! ov]?r[ or ! projection1 or bo?1 ( bodies l>ge or small1 simple or complex4 ,f ^! we are enabl$ to inf]3 c4 ,by direct obs]vation1 ! direction 9 azimu? ( ! wave pa?4 d4 ,by measurem5ts ( ! horizontal & v]tical di/ances ( ov]?r[ or ( projection1 to inf] ei!r ! velocity ( projection1 or angle ( em]g5ce4 ,fractures by %ock pres5t _! planes always ne>ly 9 directions transv]se to ! wave pa?4 ,projections or ov]?r[ take place 7unless second>ily di/urb$7 9 ! l9e ( ! wave pa?1 or 9 ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh x3 b ! direction ( fall or ov]?r[ may be ei!r 9 ! same direction z ! wave transit 7i4e41 z ! motion ( ! wave p>ticle 9 ! fir/ semiphase71 or contr>y to x4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t ! pr9cipal ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! effects ( e>?quake %ock ^u ! objects usually occurr+ ^u ! surface ( ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 resolve !mselves into problems ( ?ree ord]s1 & are all am5able to me*anical treatm5t1 viz43 #a4 ,problems relat+ to ! direction & am\nt ( velocity produc+ fracture or fissures4 #b4 ,problems relat+ to ! s+le or multipli$ oscillations ( bodies1 consid]$ z comp\nd p5dulums4 #c4 ,problems ref]able to ! !ory ( projectiles4 ,^! ?ree may comb9e 9 sev]al cases1 & on ! "p ( ! obs]v] mu/ comb9e ) measurem5ts1 angul> & l9e>1 & ) geodetic op]ations to be conduct$ 9 ! %ak5 c\ntry4 ,! me?ods ( application 9 detail are describ$ fully1 z well z _! actual application & results1 9 my "w publi%$ 9 #ahfb 7#b vols471 entitl$ ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,obs]vational ,seismology1 z develop$ 9 ! ,report to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london ( ! ,exp$ition made by ,comm& ( ! ,society into ! ,int]ior ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 to inve/igate ! ,circum/ances ( ! ,great ,e>?quake ( ,decemb]1 #aheg1 to ! _m illu/rations ( :i* ! pecuni>y grant1 9 aid1 ( #cjj 0 mo/ lib]ally made to ! publi%]s 7,messrs4 ,*apman & ,hall7 by ! ,society4 ,x is n my int5tion "h1 nor w\ld space all[1 ( my go+ into ! details ( obs]vation1 nor ( ! d$uctions & conclusions ,i h record$ 9 ^? volumes4 ,i h ref]r$ to _! cont5ts z m>k+ ! adv5t ( a new me?od4 ,i h v5tur$ to call x a new organon 9 ! inve/igation ( ,e>?quakes1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 ( ! deep int]ior ( our e>?2 & w only add t ! me?od1 on ?is its v fir/ trial1 prov$ f]tile & successful4 ,! dep? ( focus = ?is %ock ( ,decemb]1 #aheg1 0 ab\t sev5 to eight geographical miles bel[ sea level1 r\ghly /at$4 ,x gives me great pleasure to add t my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,oldham1 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india1 has s9ce appli$ ^! same me?ods to ! ph5om5a ( ! great ,ca*> ,e>?quake ( ! #aj? ,janu>y1 #ahfi1 & ) success4 ,! pressure ( (ficial duties has1 he in=ms me1 z yet prev5t$ 8 fully work+ out 8 results1 b !y appe> s f> to indicate1 z we %\ld expect1 a dep? ( focus or orig9 consid]ably great] ?an 9 ! ,european case ( #aheg4 ,"s acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,oldham's results 7 ?is ye> communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london ?r\gh myself1 !y are ( great int]e/ & importance4 ,su*1 briefly & imp]fectly sket*$1 is ! exi/+ /ate ( ,seismology4 ,z a bran* ( exact sci5ce x is1 z x 71 an affair ( ye/]day4 ,x is ) reluctance t ,i h be5 compell$1 9 ?is review1 to ref] to my own "w s prom95tly4 ,! h>ve/ has be5 & /ill is pl5te\s1 b 9 ?is field ( intellectual "w ! lab\r]s are few4 ,?is mu/ cont9ue to be s z long z ,geology %all cont9ue to be view$ 9 public e/imation 79 ,engl& at lea/7 z a fa%ionable toy1 t ev]yone :o has be5 to s*ool is suppos$ capable ( h&l+2 & until all :o pr(ess to be geologi/s %all h le>nt t1 to make s\nd progress1 !y mu/ fir/ become ma!maticians1 physici/s & *emi/s4 ,x is to ! g5]al imp]fect k ( ^! sci5ces among/ geologi/s t speculative errors %[ su* vitality1 & t ,geology makes su* poor progress t[>ds becom+ ! int]pretation ( ! _w z a ma*9e 7,erdkunde74 ,x is = ! same reason t ,seismology & ,vulcanology make little progress2 ! fir/ _c be pursu$ beyond its pres5t b\nd>ies1 nor c ev5 its pres5t position be und]/ood or expla9$ by anyone unfamili> ) ! laws ( wave motion1 ( all classes ( waves2 & x w\ld be easy to %[1 by quot+ f v>i\s ,briti% or =eign text-books on ,geology1 h[ extremely imp]fect is ! grasp ( "s ( ! au?ors ^u ! subject ( e>?quake-wave motion1 ev5 su* z !y admit & endeav\r to expla9 & apply3 9 fact1 _m geologi/s appe> nev] to h fram$ to !mselves any cle> idea ( :at is a wave ( any sort1 liquid or ela/ic4 ,! g5]al sil5ce z to seismic !ory ( ,fr5* geological writ]s is rem>kable1 to :atev] cause attributable4 ,x has be5 said t ,fr5* philosoph]s %[ !mselves little dispos$ to ackn[l$ge or to foll[ ! lead ( _! =eign compe]s 9 any bran* ( sci5ce4 ,if ?is be true1 or 9 s f> z x may be s1 x is unwor?y ( ,fr5* sci5ce1 :i* has su* b\ndless claims ^u our homage4 ,i am dispos$ to attribute ! fact 9 ?is case to o!r circum/ances2 &1 among/ ^!1 to ! small ext5t to :i* our language is kn[n among/ ,fr5* sci5tific m54 ,g]many has %[n m desire to cultivate ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,al?\gh1 z yet1 ! di/9ct enunciation ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples has b sp>sely f\nd its way into h] text-books1 sev]al able monographs1 su* z ^? ( ,s*midt & ( ,htt+]1 prove h[ completely "s ( h] philosoph]s h ma/]$ & h[ well appli$ !m4 ,! m5 ( sci5ce ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 among/ :om s _m glori\s names are to be f\nd on ! roll ( discov]y1 h %[n !mselves q alive to ! importance ( ,seismology2 & ,i "k ( no m cle>1 exact & popul> exposition ( its pr9ciples & application1 & ( its cosmical relations1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 a small volume by ,pr(essor ,g]olamo ,bocc>do1 publi%$ at ,g5oa 9 #ahfi1 entitl$ ,sismopirologia ,t]remoti1 ,vulcani e l5te oscillazione del suolo1 saggio di una teoria di ,geographia ,fisica4 ,my object1 s f>1 has be5 to m>k ! progress ( asc]ta9$ !oretic notions z to ,seismology4 ,i h1 !re=e1 pass$ )\t notice _m speculative monographs1 & ! treatm5t ^u ,e>?quakes1 :e!r speculative or hi/orical1 & h[ev] able1 t con/itutes a prom95t feature ( ne>ly all sy/ematic works on ,geology4 ,t :i* may be at pres5t view$ z a*iev$ & c]ta9ly asc]ta9$ 9 !oretic ,seismology is ! cle> conception ( ! nature ( e>?quake motion2 ! relations to x ( great sea or o!r wat] wave commotions2 ! relations to x ( s\nd waves--z to :i*1 h[ev]1 m rema9s to be kn[n2 & ! relations ( all ^! to second>y effects1 t5d+ 9 v>i\s ways to modify m or less ! topographic & o!r conditions ( ! l& or sea bottom4 ,& 9 descriptive ,seismology ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! e>?quake b&s or regions ( greate/ seismic preval5ce & activity are tol]ably asc]ta9$1 & _! connection ) volcanic l9es & ^? ( elevation r5d]$ m evid5t4 ,view$ alone1 no?+ c yet be said to be absolutely asc]ta9$ z to ! imm$iately antec$5t cause or causes ( ! impulse4 ,! function ( ,e>?quake1 z "p ( ! cosmical ma*9e1 has become m cle>1 z ! di/9ctive b\nd>ies betwe5 ,e>?quake & p]man5t elevation ( ! e>? h be5 made evid5t2 & x has be5 se5 t ,e>?quake1 h[ev] contemporane\s occasionally ) p]man5t elevation1 is n ! cause1 ?\gh x may be "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! same =ces :i* produce elevation2 & ?us1 t an inf9ite numb] ( ,e>?quakes1 h[ev] viol5t1 & act+ ?r\gh h[ev] prolong$ a "t1 c nev] act z an ag5t ( p]man5t elevation1 unless1 inde$1 on t m9ute scale 9 :i* surface elevation may arise f second>y effects1 l t ( ! ,ullah ,bund4 ,mu* rema9s to be done1 & mu* may be expect$ ev5 f ! cont9uation1 if done 9 a sy/ematic & organis$ mann]1 ( ! /ati/ic record ( ,e>?quakes 9 connection ) ^? o!r bran*es ( cosmical /ati/ics1 ,climatology1 ,meteorology1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 etc41 ! obs]vation ( :i* is already1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 organis$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! globe4 ,& n[ let u look back = a mom5t to ask1 ,h[1 by :at m5tal pa? ( discov]y1 h we arriv$ at :at we h pass$ 9 review8 ,! facts ( ,e>?quakes h be5 be=e m5 = unkn[n ages op5 secrets1 z ,nature's facts h be5 well call$2 b eyes _h !y & saw n4 ,facts view$ ?r\gh ! haze ( sup]/ition1 or ( =egone notions ( :at ,nature ought to d1 cease to be facts4 ,:51 aft] ! great ,calabrian ,e>?quake ( #aghc1 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,naples s5t =? its commission ( its le>n$ memb]s to exam9e into ! effects1 !y _h spread ar\nd !m 9 sad pr(usion all t 0 necess>y to h enabl$ !m to arrive at a true notion ( ! nature ( ! %ock1 & !nce a s\nd explanation ( ! v>i$ & great second>y effects !y witness$1 & ( :i* !y h left u ! records 9 _! ,report1 & ! engrav+s illu/rative ( x4 ,b we look 9 va9 = any light2 ! ?+s se51 (t5 ) di/ortion or exagg]ation1 are heap$ toge!r z 9 ! phantasmagoria ( a wild & t]rible dream1 f :i* nei!r ord] nor conclusion foll[4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,:y 7 ^! em95t savants no m successful 9 expla9+ :at !y saw ?an ! ignorant peasants !y f\nd 9 ! ,calabrian m\nta9s8 ,because physical sci5ce itself 0 n suffici5tly advanc$1 no d\bt2 b also because !y _h no notion ( apply+ su* sci5ce z !y _h1 to ! v c5tral po9t itself ( ! ma9 problem be=e !m1 fre$ f all possible adv5titi\s conditions1 & s1 z x 71 attack+ x 9 ! re>4 ,h[ diff]5t might h be5 ! result ( _! lab\rs1 _h !y begun by ask+ !mselves1 ,:at is an e>?quake8 ,c we n try to f9d out :at x is by obs]v+ & measur+ :at x has done8 ,we see ! conv]se mode ( deal+ ) ,nature 9 ,torricelli4 ,nature abhors a vacuum1 0 told him1 z ! wisdom ( 8 day4 ,possibly3 b h] abhorr5ce is limit$1 = ,i f9d x is measur$ by ! pressure ( a column ( wat] ( ?irty-f\r feet 9 height4 ,we ne$ n pursue ! /ory ) ,pascal1 up to ! top ( ! ,puy de ,dme4 ,?is lesson is in/ructive g5]ally to all inve/igators1 & p>ticul>ly "h2 = ,vulcanology1 to :i* we are ab\t n[ to turn1 has occupi$ until almo/ to-day mu* ! same position t ,seismology did 9 ^? ( ! ,neapolitan ,commission]s4 ,:ole libr>ies h be5 writt5 ) respect to x deal+ ) quality1 b measure & quantity rema9 to be appli$ to x4 ,to a v prepond]ant class 9 ! civilis$ _w no k is ( mu* int]e/ or value t does n po9t to :at is call$ a practical result1 "o measurable into utility or co94 ,i d n /op to rem>k z to ! bad or z to c]ta9 good results ( ?is t5d5cy ( m9d2 b ,i may v5ture to po9t out to all1 t ! exact k ( ! nature ( e>?quake motion1 ev5 dur+ ! %ort "t t x has become kn[n1 has n be5 b>r5 9 results absolutely practical & utilit>ian4 ,! m9ute inve/igation ( ! de/ruction ( build+s1 etc41 & ! d$uctions t h be5 made z to ! relations betwe5 ! =m1 height1 mat]ials1 me?ods ( build+1 comb9ation ( timb] & ( masonry1 & _m o!r ar*itectural or con/ructive conditions1 h made x c]ta9 n[ t e>?quake-pro( h\ses & o!r edifices c be con/ruct$ ) facility1 & at no great increase1 if any at all1 ( co/4 ,i c affirm t !re is no physical necessity :y 9 frequ5tly & viol5tly %ak5 c\ntries1 su* z ,s\!rn ,italy or ! ,ori5tal end g5]ally ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 victims %\ld h]eaft] cont9ue by ?\s&s to be sacrific$ by ! fall ( _! ill-design$ & badly built h\ses4 ,7 a ,build+ ,act prop]ly fram$1 put 9 =ce by ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,basilicatas & ,capitanata1 etc41 s t new h\ses or exi/+ ones1 :5 rebuilt1 %\ld be s 9 accordance ) c]ta9 simple rules1 a n v di/ant "t c be =ese5 :5 ,e>?quakes1 pass+ ?r\gh ^! ri* & f]tile b n[ frequ5tly sorely afflict$ regions1 %\ld come & g1 hav+ left b little trace ( ru9 or dea? beh9d4 ,"s disa/]s !re mu/ always be1 = we _c make ! flanks ( m\nta9s1 nor ! b$s ( torr5ts1 etc41 always secure2 b ! ma9 mortality ( all ,e>?quakes is 9 ! h\ses or o!r inhabit$ build+s4 ,make ^! pro(1 & ! :olesale slaught] is at an end4 ,! pr9ciples we h e/abli%$ h be5 ?us practically appli$ 9 ano!r direction4 ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! ke5 & rapid p]ception ( ! p[]s inh]5t 9 ,european sci5ce :i* *>act]ises n[ t wond]ful p1 has comm5c$ to illum9ate its coa/s by ligh?\ses con/ruct$ aft] ! be/ ,european models4 ,b ,japan is greatly convuls$ by e>?quakes1 & ligh?\ses1 z be+ l(ty build+s1 are peculi>ly liable to be de/roy$ by !m4 ,! eng9e] ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t = ^! lights1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,/ev5son1 ,c4,e4 7"o ( ! eng9e]s to ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights71 0 in/ruct$ to h reg>d1 9 ! design ( ^? ligh?\ses1 to _! exposure to %ock4 ,i 0 consult$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son z to ! g5]al pr9ciples to be obs]v$2 & ^? edifices h be5 con/ruct$ s t !y are presum$ly pro( aga9/ ! mo/ viol5t %ocks likely to visit ,japan2 n1 p]haps1 ^u ! be/ possible plan1 b ^u su* z is truly bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ,i h develop$4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son has publi%$ "s acc\nt ( _! con/ruction4 ,! e>?quake regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica might ) incalculable b5efit apply ^? ideas2 &1 inde$1 !y h be51 to "s ext5t1 already appli$ by my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,william ,lloyd1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 to ! ,new ,cu/om ,h\ses con/ruct$ f 8 designs at ,valp>aiso4 ,z "o ( ^! utilit>ian views1 & an important "o1 x w occur to _m to ask--,c ! mom5t ( ! occurr5ce or ! degree ( int5sity ( e>?quake %ock be pr$ict$1 or is x probable t at a future day we may be able to pr$ict !m8 ,at pres5t1 any pr$iction1 ei!r ( ! "o or ! o!r1 is impossible2 & ^? few :o h pr(ess$ !mselves 9 possession ( suffici5t gr\nds = su* pr$iction are deceiv]s or deceiv$4 ,nor is x likely t1 = v _m ye>s to come1 if ev]1 sci5ce %all h advanc$ s z to r5d] any su* pr$iction possible2 b x is nei!r impossible nor improbable t ! "t %all arrive :51 )9 c]ta91 p]haps wide1 limits z to space1 previ\s "t1 & in/ant ( occurr5ce1 su* =ew>n+s may be obta9able4 ,e>?quakes1 l /orms & tempe/s1 & ne>ly all *anges ( wea!r1 are n p]iodic ph5om5a1 nor yet absolutely unc]ta9 or1 s to say1 accid5tal z to recurr5ce4 ,!y are quasi-p]iodic1 t is to say1 "s ( _! conditions z to causation re/ ^u a really p]iodic basis1 z1 = example1 ! recurr5ce ( /orms ^u ! p]iodic m>* ( ! e>?1 & sun & moon1 etc41 & ! recurr5ce ( ,e>?quakes ^u ! secul> cool+ ( our e>?2 b ! conditions 9 bo? are s num]\s & complicat$ ) p>ticul>s1 t we _c fully analyse !m--h5ce1 _c r$uce ! ph5om5a to law1 & s _c pr$ict recurr5ce4 ,yet /orms & tempe/s--:i* 71 along ) pe/il5ces & ,e>?quakes1 among/ ! natural ph5om5a :i* ,bi%op ,butl] deem$ 9 8 own day impossible ( human pr$iction--h already1 ?r\gh ! p]si/5t & sy/ematis$ ef=ts ( meteorological obs]v]s1 become to a c]ta9 ext5t =eseeable2 & m$ical sci5ce assures u t x has r5d]$ t1 ?\gh to a mu* less degree ( probability1 true ( pe/il5ces4 ,we may1 !re=e1 give ! utilit>ian "s hope1 t if he w help u along--:o value our accessions ( k prim>ily ^u a diff]5t /&>d to 8--9 our talk ( discov]y1 our po/]ity1 9 a c5tury or two h5ce1 may n improbably possess ! advantage ( be+ able1 9 "s degree1 to pr$ict _! ,e>?quakes4 ,i fe> ! inducem5t w g b a small way ) ! utilit>ian g5]ation1 ^: b5t t5ds mu* t[>ds ask+1 ,:at has po/]ity ev] done = !m8 ,b ?\gh we _c z yet pr$ict ! "t :5 an ,e>?quake may take place 9 any locality1 we c1 on mix$ /ati/ic & dynamic gr\nds1 9 _m cases /ate ! limits ( probable viol5ce ( ! next t may recur4 ,= example1 ! ?ree %afts ( m>ble columns ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 at ,pozzuoli1 ea* ( ab\t #da-a_/b feet 9 height1 & #d feet #aj in*es 9 diamet] at ! base1 rema9 /&+ alone1 s9ce !y 7 uncov]$1 9 ! ye> #agej4 ,n[1 z we c calculate exactly :at velocity ( e>?quake-wave motion w\ld be requir$ to ov]set ^!1 we are c]ta9 t1 dur+ ! la/ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two ye>s1 ! site ( ! ,temple1 & we may say ,naples & ! ,phlegran fields g5]ally1 h nev] exp]i5c$ a %ock z great z ! v mod]ate "o t w\ld ov]set ^! columns4 ,a %ock ^: wave p>ticle _h a horizontal velocity ( only ab\t #c-a_/b feet 7,briti%7 p] second w\ld ov]turn ^! columns2 :i* is only ab\t "o-f\r? ! velocity 7)9 ! meizoseismic area7 ( ! great %ock ( #aheg1 t produc$ wide-spread de/ruction 9 ! ,basilicatas1 & n en\gh to ?r[ d[n any reasonably well-built h\se ( mod]ate height4 ,naples1 s f> z ,e>?quake is conc]n$1 :e!r com+ f ! ?roes ( ,vesuvius or else:]e1 has a pretty good *ance ( safety4 ,%e may possibly 7?\gh n probably7 be "s day smo!r$ 9 a%es2 b is 9 little dang] ( be+ %ak5 to ! e>?4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re h be5 tak+ place1 l>g] eruptions ( ,vesuvius & e>?quake %ocks f o!r c5tres1 toge!r probably ab\t ! same numb] ( times z ! numb]s ( ^? ye>s1 :5 ^? columns h be5 m or less %ak54 ,we may !re=e affirm t ! probability 7on ! basis ( ?is exp]i5ce only7 is1 say #abj to #a1 t ! next %ock1 :e!r d]iv$ f ,vesuvius1 or else:]e1 t may %ake ,pozzuoli1 w be "o less 9 p[] ?an w\ld be ne$$ to ov]turn ! %afts ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ turn to ! second bran* ( our subject--viz41 ,vulcanology--^u :i*1 z yet1 we h secur$ less firm /&+ gr\nd ?an we h se5 we possess 9 ,seismology1 = :i* reason we took t fir/ into consid]ation4 ,x is ! "p ( ,vulcanology to co-ord9ate & expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( pa/ or pres5t times visible on our globe :i* are evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce & action1 :e!r local or g5]al1 ( temp]atures )9 our globe greatly 9 excess ( ^? ( ! surface1 & :i* rea* ! fus+ po9ts ( v>i\s m9]al comp\nds z f\nd arriv+1 heat$ or fus$1 at ! surface4 ,! /ratigraphic geologi/ sees t su* heat$ or fus$ masses h come up f b5ea?1 ?r\gh\t e epo* t he c trace2 b he _c fail to disc]n m or less a *ange 9 ! ord] or "* ( ^? outcom+s1 z he traces !m f ! l[e/ & olde/ =mations to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,he sees imm5se outp\r+s ( granitoid or porphyrytic rocks t h well$ up & ov]fl[$ ! olde/ /rata--huge dykes fill+ miles ( fissures t _h be5 previ\sly op5$ = ! reception ( ! molt5 matt] t has fill$ !m1 & (t5 pass+ ?r\gh ^? masses ( previ\sly outp\r$ rock2 lat] he sees huge tables ( basaltic rock p\r$ =? ov] all4 ,"o gr& *>act]i/ic common to all ^!--commonly call$ plutonic products--be+ t1 :e!r !y 7 p\r$ =? ov] ! surface or inject$ into cavities 9 o!r rocks1 ! movem5ts ( ! fus$ mat]ial 71 on ! :ole1 hydro/atic & n explosive4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :atev] o!r evid5ces we h ( high temp]ature bel[ our globe's surface1 t :i* prim>ily fixes ! eye ( ! geologi/ is ! ,volcano1 ^: *>act]i/ic1 z we see x 9 activity1 is explosive4 ,b ?\gh !re is ?is great *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! plutonic & ! volcanic actions & _! products1 ! two1 :5 look$ at l>gely1 are se5 s to inosculate1 t x is impossible n to ref] !m to an ag5cy common to bo?1 h[ev] *ang$ ! modes ( its action h be5 betwe5 ! e>lie/ epo*s ( :i* traces are pres5t$ to u & ! pres5t day4 ,to u little m51 :o1 z ,h]s*ell has well said1 9 ref]r+ to ! me?ods ( measur+ ! size ( our globe1 c nev] see x all at once1 b mu/ creep l mites ab\t its surface1 ! ,volcano1 9 ! /up5d\s gr&eur ( its effects1 t5ds to fix itself 9 our m9ds 9 exagg]at$ proportions to its true place 9 ! cosmic ma*9e2 &1 9 fact1 ne>ly all :o h s\ght to exp\nd its nature & mode ( orig9ation h occupi$ !mselves f> too exclusively ) describ+ & !oris+ ^u ! /range & v>i$ ph5om5a :i* ! volcanic cone itself & its eruptions pres5t1 & too (t51 9 ! spl5d\r & v>iety ( ^!1 h v mu* lo/ sight ( :at ought to be ! c5tre-po9t ( all su* /udies1 namely1 to arrive at "s s\nd k ( :at is ! primum mobile ( all ^! wond]ful ef=ts4 ,nor has ! di/9ction be5 v cle>ly se5 betwe5 ! ma9 ph5om5a pres5t$ at & ab\t volcanic active m\?s1 :i* c be employ$ to elucidate ! nature ( ! causation at "w f> bel[1 & ^? mo/ v>i$ & curi\s1 & 9 o!r respects mo/ pregnant & in/ructive ph5om5a1 me*anical & *emical1 :i* are call$ into action 9 & by ! eject$ matt] ( ! volcanic cone aft] its ejection4 ,x c help u b little or v indirectly1 9 gett+ at a true conception ( ! nature & s\rce ( ! heat itself ( ! ,volcano1 to exam9e1 = example1 all ! curi\s circum/ances t are se5 9 ! movem5ts & *anges 9 ! lava t has already fl[$ f its m\?2 b x w\ld be ( great importance if we c asc]ta91 by any =m ( obs]vation ar\nd ! cone1 f :at dep? x has come1 or at :at dep? ! igne\s orig9 lies4 ,! physician1 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! real nature ( small-pox or measles1 w sc>cely make mu* progress :o1 h[ev] curi\sly or m9utely1 conf9es 8 att5tion to ! pu/ules t he sees ^u ! sk94 ,yet ! ,volcano1 or r all volcanic activity z n[ op]ative ^u our globe1 is1 z x 71 an exp]im5t ( ,nature's own p]petually go+ on be=e u1 ! results ( :i*1 if well *os5--t is1 z ,bacon says1 by keep+ to ! ma9 & neglect+ ! accid5ts--c1 :5 colligat$ & correctly reason$ ^u1 9 relation to our planet z a :ole1 give u ! key to ! enigma ( t]re/rial ,vulcanicity 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 & at e epo* ( our _w's geogno/ic hi/ory1 & %[ u its true place & use 9 ! cosmical ma*9e4 ,let u glance at ! hi/ory ( pa/ speculation on ?is subject1 f :i* s little real k is to be d]iv$1 & !n at ! sali5t facts ( ,vulcanology z n[ se5 ^u our e>?1 & f9ally see if we c connect ^! ) o!r great cosmical conditions1 s z to arrive at a consi/5t explanation 9 h>mony ) all4 ,we ga9 no?+ absolutely f ! k ( ! s-call$ anci5ts z to ,volcanoes 9 ,europe at lea/1 :]e alone hi/oric records likely to ref] to !m exi/4 ,! ,volcanoes ( ,europe are few & widely scatt]$4 ,! ,greeks saw b little ( !m1 & ! ,romans 7 all & at all times mo/ s+ul>ly unobs]vant ( natural ph5om5a4 ,cs> nev] m5tions ! exi/5ce 9 ,france ( ! ,volcanoes ( ,auv]gne1 s mu* l ^? he mu/ h se5 9 ,italy & ,sicily2 & ,roman writ]s pass 9 sil5ce t great volcanic region1 ?\gh inhabit$ by !m1 & _! language impress$ ^u ! places1 z ,volvic 7volcano-vicus7 seems ) o!rs to indicate2 & ?\gh !re is "s reason to believe t "o or o!r ( ! ,puys 0 9 activity )9 ! fir/ five hundr$ ye>s ( our epo*1 ! notices :i* ,humboldt & o!rs h collect$ z f ,plato1 ,pausanius1 ,pl9y1 ,ovid1 etc41 tea* no?+4 ,:atev] ( m]e speculation !re may h be51 volcanic !ory1 or :at has pass$ = su*1 !re 0 none be=e #agjj1 :5 ,lmry br\ght =w>d a trivial exp]im5t1 ! acceptance ( :i*1 ev5 = a mom5t1 z a suffici5t cause = volcanic heat 7& x ret>d$ o!r or tru] views = ye>s71 we c n[ only wond] at4 ,breislak's orig91 9 ! burn+ ( subt]ranean petroleum or l combu/ibles1 0 sc>cely less absurd ?an ,lmry's sulphur & iron fil+s4 ,davy1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 fame1 & full ( ! int5se *emical activities ( ! metals ( ! alkalies :i* he _h j isolat$1 ?rew a new b transi5t v]isimilitude ^u ! s-call$ *emical !ory ( ,volcanoes1 by ascrib+ ! s\rce ( heat to ! oxidation ( ^? metals assum$ to exi/ 9 va/1 unprov$ & un9dicat$ masses 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,b ,davy _h too cle> an intellect n to see ! baseless nature ( 8 own hypo!sis1 :i* 9 8 la/ "w1 ! ,consolations 9 ,travel1 he =mally recant$2 & x only surviv$ him 9 ! long-cont9u$ ?\gh unconv9c+ advocacy ( ,dr4 ,daub5y4 ,s f>1 ! orig9 ( ! heat _h be5 s\ght always1 9 ! crude notion ( "s sort ( fuel consum$1 :e!r t 7 petroleum or potassium & sodium2 b z no fuel 0 to be f\nd1 nor any indicat$ by ! products1 s f> z kn[n1 ( ! volcanic heat1 s :at has be5 call$ ! me*anical !ory1 9 a v>iety ( %apes1 took its place4 ,?is1 9 :atev] =m1 takes its lava & o!r heat$ products ( ! volcano ready made f a univ]sal ocean ( liquid mat]ial1 :i* x supposes con/itutes ! int]ior or nucleus ( our globe1 & :i* is only sk9n$ ov] by a ?91 solid cru/ ( cool$ & consolidat$ rock1 :i* 0 v>iably e/imat$ at f f\rte5 to p]haps fifty miles 9 ?ickness4 ,"h 0 a b\ndless supply ( m ?an heat1 ( hot lava ready made1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* at ^! mod]ate dep?s ! !n /ate ( k ( hypogeal temp]ature1 :i* 0 suppos$ to g on increas+ ) dep? at ! rate ( ab\t #a ,fahr5heit1 = e ?irty or =ty feet1 seem$ q to su/a94 ,! difficulty rema9$1 h[ 0 ?is fi]y ocean br\ght to ! surface or f> above x8 ,to acc\nt = ?is two ma9 notions prevail$1 &1 inde$1 h n ceas$ to prevail4 ,"s unkn[n ela/ic gases or vap\r =c$ x up ?r\gh fissures or r5ts pre-exi/5t1 or produc$ by ! t5sion ( ! ela/ic & liquid pressure bel[4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?is view took mo/ consi/5cy1 & approa*+ mo/ ne>ly to tru?1 f9ds ! ela/ic vap\r 9 /eam g5]at$ f wat] pass$ d[n ?r\gh fissures f ! sea or f ! l& surface4 ,b to ?is ! difficulty 0 />t$1 t fissures t c\ld let d[n wat] w\ld pass up /eam4 ,! objection1 :5 all ! conditions are adequately consid]$1 has really no weight2 & x has be5 completely dispos$ (1 s9ce )9 a few ye>s x has be5 prov$ t capill>y infiltration goes on 9 all por\s rocks to enorm\s dep?s1 & t ! capill>y passages 9 su* m$ia1 ?\gh giv+ free v5t to wat]--& ! m z ! wat] is w>m]--are1 :5 once fill$ ) liquid1 pro( aga9/ ! return ?r\gh !m ( gases or vap\rs4 ,s t ! deeply seat$ walls ( ! ducts lead+ to ! crat]1 if ( su* mat]ial1 may be r$ hot & yet cont9ue to pass wat] f e pore 7l ! walls ( a well 9 *alk71 :i* is flu%$ (f into /eam t _c return by ! way ! wat] came d[n1 & mu/ rea* ! surface aga91 if at all1 by ! duct & crat]1 ov]com+ 9 its way :atev] ob/ructions !y may be fill$ )4 ,& ?is rem>kable prop]ty ( capill>ity suffici5tly %[s h[ ! lava--fus$ bel[ or ev5 at or above ! level ( infiltration--may become int]p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t its mass by /eam bubbles1 z x usually b n inv>iably is f\nd to be4 ,nor is x difficult to see su* a me*anism betwe5 volcanic ducts & fissures convey+ d[n wat]1 z l>ge & op5 pipes1 = a l>ge "p ( _! dep?1 z %all br+ d[n wat] to foci ( volcanic heat1 )\t ! p[] ( ! wat] fl[+ back except z /eam & ?r\gh ! crat]4 ,inde$1 ! facts kn[n z to geys]s1 & ^? ( half-dr[n$-out ,volcanoes su* z ,/romboli--^: action is int]mitt5t j z mu* z t ( a geys]--%[ t ?is is n m]ely probable4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no ne$ = ! hypo!sis ( ^? :o h suppos$ all ! huge volumes ( /eam bl[n (f f ,volcanoes 9 eruption to come f vesicul> wat] pre-exi/5t 9 ! m9ute cavities ( cry/all9e or o!r rocks be=e _! fusion into lava3 a fact n prov$ = _m classes ( rock1 & = none 9 suffici5t quantity to acc\nt = ! va/ volume ( /eam requir$ & = ! irregul>ity ( its issue4 ,x is r to anticipate1 b ,i may /ate at once t1 s f> z ! admission ( sup]ficial wat]s to ! int]ior1 & to any dep? to :i* fissures or dislocation c ext5d1 ,i believe no valid physical or me*anical difficulties exi/1 tak+ into acc\nt all ! conditions t may come into play toge!r4 ,ano!r set ( views has be5 sugge/$ & support$ by v>i\s writ]s1 :i* proposes to acc\nt = ! rise ( lava on purely hydro/atic pr9ciples4 ,! solid cru/1 fractur$ into isolat$ fragm5ts by t5sions due to its own contraction1 is suppos$ to s9k into ! sea ( lava on :i* x floats2 & mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 imag9+ ! me*anism by :i*1 9 places1 ! liquid matt] is suppos$ to rise above ! surface ( ! cru/4 ,i h no space = discuss+ ^! views fur!r ?an to ass]t t1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( our globe1 & ev5 admitt+ a solid cru/ ( only #fj1jjj metres ?ick1 dislocation ( ! cru/ by t5sion is n possible4 ,! solid cru/ ( our globe1 z ,i hope we %all see fur!r on1 is n 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 & has n be5 s s9ce x 0 extremely ?91 a m]e pellicle z comp>$ ) ! liquid nucleus1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 9 a /ate ( tang5tial compression4 ,h[ev] t5able1 9 o!r respects1 may be ! volcanic !ory :i* re/s ^u ! assumption ( a v ?9 cru/ & a univ]sal ocean ( fus$ rock b5ea?1 x fails :olly to expla9 _m ( ! mo/ important circum/ances obs]vable z to ! di/ribution & movem5ts ( exi/+ ,volcanoes on our globe4 ,x af=ds no adequate explanation ( ! configuration ( ! l9es ( ,volcanoes1 nor ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! ocean b$1 nor ( _! exi/5ce 9 high latitudes1 ne> ! ,poles1 :]e1 no matt] h[ or at :at rate our globe cool$ f liquidity1 ! cru/ mu/ be ?icke/2 nor ( ! indep5d5ce ( eruptive action ( closely adjac5t volcanic v5ts2 nor ( ! non-p]iodicity1 ! sudd5 awak5+-up to activity1 ! z sudd5 exhau/ion1 ! long repose1 ! gradual decay ( action at p>ticul> v5ts1 & ( mu* m t might be /at$ & su/a9$ z difficulties left by t !ory unexpla9$1 or t are ( a nature ev5 oppos$ to x4 ,! rese>*es ( ! la/ few ye>s h1 h[ev]1 z x appe>s to me1 r5d]$ any !ory t dem&s z its po/ulates a v ?9 cru/1 & a univ]sal liquid nucleus b5ea? x1 absolutely unt5able4 ,)\t atta*+ any importance to ! argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 bas$ ^u precession & nutation1 x appe>s to me1 on v>i\s o!r gr\nds1 "s ( :i* h be5 urg$ by ,sir ,william ,?ompson1 t ! e>?'s solid cru/ is n a ?9 "o1 at lea/ n ?9 en\gh to r5d] x conceivable t wat] c ev] ga9 admission to a fluid nucleus1 if any su* /ill exi/1 situat$ at s great a dep?2 & )\t su* access we c h no ,volcano4 ,x is n necess>y to g to ! ext5t ( a cru/ ( #hjj or #a1jjj miles ?ick3 ) "o ( half ! m9or ?ickness1 ,i believe x may be prov$1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 hydraulic among/ o!rs1 t nei!r wat] c\ld rea* ! nucleus1 nor ! liquid matt] ( ! nucleus rea* ! surface4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s hav+ prov$ to 8 own satisfaction an enorm\s ?ickness = ! cru/1 & see+ cle>ly ! difficulties t ?is involv$ to ! g5]ally accept$ volcanic !ory1 & hav+ no o!r to sub/itute = x1 fell back ^u t mo/ vague & weak notion ( ! exi/5ce ( isolat$ lakes ( liquid rock1 exi/+ at comp>atively small dep?s b5ea? ! e>?'s surface )9 ! solid & relatively cold cru/1 ea* supply+ its own ,volcano1 or m ?an "o1 ) ready-made lava4 ,:at is to produce ^! lakes ( fus$ matt] 9 ! mid/ ( simil> solidifi$ matt]8 :at is p]petually to ma9ta9 _! fluidity 9 ! mid/ ( solid matt] cont9ually cool+8 :at has giv5 !m _! local position8 :y ne> or less ne> ! surface8 :at %\ld h arrang$ !m 9 directions /ret*+ 9 "s cases ne>ly f ,pole to ,pole8 ,surely ?is creation ( imag9>y lakes1 m]ely because x happ5s to fit ! vacant *9k t seems ne$$ to w$ge up a fall+ !ory1 is an in/ance ( t abuse ( hypo!sis aga9/ :i* ,newton s vehem5tly declaims--,hypo!ses non f+o4 ,hypo!sis1 to be a philosophic scaffold+ to k1 mu/1 z ,:ewell has said1 be close to ! facts1 & n m]ely connect$ ) !m by arbitr>y & untri$ facts4 ,yet ?is appe>s accept$ by ,lyell 7#aj? edition1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bbg1 & else:]e72 by ,phillips 7,vesuvius1 pp4 #cca1 #ccb72 by ,scrope1 if1 z ,i hope1 ,i mi/ake him n 7,volcanoes1 pp4 #bfe1 #cjg-h72 ?\gh none ( ^! excell5t au?orities seem ei!r q cle> or q satisfi$ ) ! notion2 & 9 ! v passage ref]r$ to1 ,lyell may h possibly a mu* m philosophic notion 9 view1 :]e he says3 ,x is only necess>y1 9 ord] to expla9 ! action ( ,volcanoes1 to discov] "s cause :i* is capable ( br++ ab\t su* a conc5tration ( heat z may melt "o aft] ! o!r c]ta9 portions ( ! solid cru/1 s z to =m seas1 lakes or oceans ( subt]rane\s lava4 7,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg74 ,if by ?is is meant1 t all t is ne$$ to complete a true !ory ( volcanic action is to discov] an adequate cosmical cause = ! heat--t is to say1 a prime mov] to :i* all its ph5om5a may be trac$ back1 :i* %all be at once reconcilable ) ! conditions ( our planet z a cool+ mass 9 space & ) facts ( ,vulcanology z !y are n[ se5 ^u x--!n ,i entirely agree ) x4 ,x has be5 my own object to endeav\r to discov] & develope t adequate cause 9 a ,pap] ,on ,volcanic ,en]gy1 an ,attempt to develope its ,true ,nature & ,cosmical ,relations1 read 79 ab/ract7 be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7,proce$+s1 ,royal ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,may1 #ahgb71 & n[ 7,octob]1 #ahgb7 "u consid]ation ( ,c\ncil ) a view to publication4 ,i propose conclud+ ?is review ( ! progress ( ,vulcanology 79 :i* ,i h _h to limit myself to review+ m]ely ! *ief /ages ( advance t[>ds k ( ! nature & orig9 ( volcanic heat itself1 & h _h to pass )\t notice ! va/ & important mass ( facts & reason+s collect$ by s _m lab\r]s z to its visible ph5om5a & products1 & ! /ill great] mass ( speculation1 good & bad1 on e bran* ( ! subject71 by giv+ a necess>ily v brief & imp]fect sket* ( my own views z 9 t ,pap] 9 "p develop$4 ,x w fir/ be necess>y to retrace our /eps a little1 9 ord] to ga9 su* a po9t z %all af=d u a full] view ( ! :ole problem be=e u4 ,x is n necess>y to dilate1 ev5 did space all[1 ^u ! _m po9ts :i* b9d toge!r ,e>?quakes & ,volcanoes z belong+ to ! play ( l =ces4 ,^! are g5]ally admitt$2 & 9 v>i\s ways1 m or less obscure1 geologi/s g5]ally h suppos$ "s relations betwe5 ^! & ! =ces ( elevation1 :i* h rais$ up m\nta9 *a9s1 etc4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 t ,i am aw>e (1 prior to myself1 9 ! ,pap] j allud$ to1 has attempt$ to %[1 /ill less to prove ^u an exp]im5tal basis1 t all ! ph5om5a ( elevation1 ( volcanic action1 & ( ,e>?quakes1 are explicable z p>ts ( "o simple ma*9]y--namely1 ! play ( =ces result+ f ! secul> cool+ ( our globe4 ,we h se5 t1 on ! :ole1 bo? ,e>?quakes & ,volcanoes foll[ along ! great l9es ( elevation ( our surface4 ,any true solution ( ! play ( =ces :i* has produc$ any "o ( ^? ?ree classes ( ph5om5a mu/ connect itself ) !m all1 & be adequate to acc\nt = all4 ,& ?is w\ld h e>li] be5 se51 _h geologi/s g5]ally fram$ = !mselves any correct notions ( ! me*anism ( elevation itself1 & se5 its real relation ) ! secul> cool+ ( our planet4 ,b ! play ( =ces result+ f ?is secul> cool+ has nev]1 until v rec5tly1 be5 adequately or truly /at$4 ,! arbitr>y assumption & neglect ( sev]al ess5tial conditions by ,la ,place1 9 8 celebrat$ ,pap] ,on ! ,cool+ ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! fif? volume ( ! ,mcanique ,cle/e1 & ! arbitr>y & unsu/a9able hypo!sis ( ,poisson ^u ! same subject1 h t5d$ to ret>d ! progress ( physical ,geology z to ! nature ( elevation3 ! fir/1 by leav+ ! geologi/ 9 d\bt z to :e!r our globe 7 cool+ at all2 ! second1 by sugge/+ di/ort$ notions z to ! mode ( its cool+ & consolidation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nei!r geologi/s nor ma!maticians g5]ally h fram$ = !mselves any cle> notions ( ! me*anism ( elevation4 ,_h a true conception be5 =m$ ( ! =ces & int]ior movem5ts br\ght necess>ily into op]ation by ! secul> cool+ ( ! globe1 geologi/s c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to see t _! notion z to ! way & direction 9 :i* ! =ces produc+ elevation h actually act$ c\ld n1 if aris+ f refrig]ation1 be ^? :i* !y h almo/ univ]sally suppos$1 namely--"s =ce act+ v]tically upw>ds1 i4e41 radially f ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,_h geologi/s only look$ at ,nature ) op5 eye1 !y mu/ h se5 t m\nta9 ranges1 & elevations g5]ally 7exclusive ( volcanic cones71 pres5t$ circum/ances absolutely incompatible ) _! hav+ be5 ?ru/ up by any =ce prim>ily act+ 9 ! direction ( a radius to ! sph]oid4 ,yet ?is is ! errone\s notion ( ! me*anism ( elevation :i* to ! pres5t h\r prevails among/ geologi/s1 s f> z !y 9 g5]al h fram$ to !mselves any di/9ct idea ( su* me*anism at all4 ,?us1 only to cite two examples f rec5t au?ors ( ju/ly high reputation4 ,lyell says ( ! probable subt]ranean s\rces1 :e!r ( upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t1 :5 p]man5tly uplift+ a c\ntry1 & 9 ref]5ce to ! crumpl+ ( /rata on m\nta9 flanks by lat]al pressure1 x w\ld be ra% to assume ^! able to resi/ a p[] ( su* /up5d\s en]gy1 if its direction1 in/ead ( be+ v]tical1 happ5$ to be oblique or horizontal4 ,?is is some:at vague--& ,i tru/ ,i d n mi/ake or misrepres5t ! illu/ri\s au?or--yet x is ! mo/ explicit expression ,i c f9d 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology z to 8 notion ( ! prim>y direction ( elevatory =ce 7,edit4 #aj1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #acc74 ,t ,mr4 ,scrope's idea is t only ( prim>y radial or v]tical direction ( su* =ces1 is app>5t on inspect+ 8 ,diagram ,no4 #fd 7,volcanoes1 p4 #bhe71 & 9 ! use ( ! words1 an axial w$ge ( granite1 :i*1 on ! next page1 we f9d is liquefi$ granite2 & if we read on to page #bid1 & ref] also to pages #ej & #ea1 ,i believe !re c be no d\bt t v]tical or direct up-?ru/ is ! au?or's notion ( ! prim>y direction ( all =ces ( elevation4 ,! true nature ( ^! =ces 01 h[ev]1 cle>ly se5 & mo/ ju/ly /at$ by ,con/ant ,prevo/ 7,compt4 ,r5d41 ,tome ,,xxxi41 #ahej1 & ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,golog4 de ,france1 ,tome ,,ii41 #ahdj7 z consi/+1 n 9 =ces ( "s unkn[n orig9 act+ prim>ily 9 ! v]tical1 b 9 tang5tial pressures act+ horizontally1 & resolv$ by mutual pressures at c]ta9 po9ts into v]tical resultants4 ,^! ,prevo/ rightly attribut$ to ! contraction ( ! e>?'s solid cru/4 ,! same idea has be5 adopt$ by ,elie de ,beaumont z ! true me*anism ( ! elevation ( m\nta9 ranges2 & al?\gh ,de ,beaumont's views z to ! ?9ness he assigns to ! solid & contract+ cru/1 & 8 /range d$uction z to ! p>allelism ( contemporane\s m\nta9 *a9s uplift$ by its spasmodic action along c]ta9 l9es1 may be unt5able1 8 notion g5]ally z to ! play ( =ces produc+ m\nta9 elevation is mu* m ne>ly correct4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s's notion is simply t ( ! geologi/s4 ,anyone :o reads 8 well-kn[n pap]s on elevation & ! =mation ( fissures1 etc41 mu/ see t he views all elevatory =ces z ( liquids or quasi-liquids =c$ up & act+ prim>ily v]tically ^u ! /rata above !m1 & t ^! /rata are n "u tang5tial compression1 b "u t5sion4 ,h5ce ! ma!matical d$uctions conta9$ 9 ^? pap]s z to ! directions 9 :i* elevatory =ces act1 & 9 :i* fissures are =m$ by !m1 are n 9 any way a sett+ =? ( su* facts z occur 9 ,nature1 &1 mu* att5tion z !y h attract$1 c only n[ be view$ z ex]cises ( ma!matical skill misappli$1 because bas$ ^u data n to be f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,9 fact1 ^? pap]s d b misrepres5t ,nature1 &1 l _m o!r ma!matical inve/igations bas$ on untrue or insuffici5t data1 h t5d$ to ret>d k4 ,! views :i* ,i h put =w>d 9 ! ,pap] ,i h ref]r$ to1 read to ! ,royal ,society1 recapitulat$ 9 skeleton1 s to say1 are z foll[s4 ,omitt+ ^? portions :i* treat ( our globe f ! p]iod ( ! fir/ liquefaction out ( a nebul\s condition1 & ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! cool+ by radiation into space1 :5 ! cru/ 0 extremely ?91 & ( ! de=mation ( ! sph]oid z "o ( ! fir/ effects ( its contraction1 & ?r\gh t ! g5]al %ap+ out ( cont95ts & ocean b$s2 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! rate ( contraction ( ! cru/1 :ile v ?91 exce$$ t ( ! l>ge fluid nucleus support+ x1 & s gave rise to tang5tial t5sions 9 ! cru/1 & fractur+ x into segm5ts2 next1 t z ! cru/ ?ick5$1 ^! t5sions 7 gradually conv]t$ into tang5tial pressures1 ! contraction ( ! nucleus n[ beg9n+ to exce$ 7= equal losses ( heat7 t ( ! cru/ ?r\gh :i* x cool$4 ,at ?is /age ^! tang5tial pressures gave rise to ! *ief elevations ( m\nta9 *a9s--n by liquid matt] by any process be+ inject$ f b5ea? v]tically1 b by su* pressures1 mutually react+ along c]ta9 l9es1 be+ resolv$ into ! v]tical1 & =c+ upw>ds m or less ( ! cru/ itself4 ,! great outl9es ( ! m\nta9 ranges & ! great] elevation ( ! l& 7 designat$ & =m$ dur+ ! long p]iods t elaps$ 9 :i* ! cont9ually increas+ ?ickness ( cru/ rema9$ su* t x 0 /ill1 z a :ole1 flexible en\gh1 or oppos$ suffici5tly little resi/ance to cru%+1 to admit ( ?is uprise ( m\nta9 *a9s by resolv$ tang5tial pressures4 ,i h %[n t ! simple me*anism ( su* tang5tial pressures is compet5t to acc\nt = all ! complex ph5om5a bo? ( ! elevations & ( ! depressions t we n[ see on ! e>?'s surface 7o!r ?an cont95ts & ocean b$s71 includ+ ! production ( gap+ fissures 79 directions g5]ally or?ogonal to ^? ( tang5tial pressure74 ,& z our e>? is /ill a cool+ body1 & ! cru/1 h[ev] n[ ?ick] & m rigid1 is /ill incapable ( su/a9+ ! tang5tial pressures to :i* x is n[ expos$1 s ,i by no means inf] t sl[ & small 7relatively7 movem5ts ( elevation & depression may n be /ill & n[ go+ on ^u ! e>?'s surface2 9 fact all ! ph5om5a ( elevation & depression1 r5d+1 etc41 :i* at a mu* remot] epo* act$ ^u a mu* gr&] & m effective scale4 ,s t1 = aught my views say to ! contr>y1 all ! m\nta9 *a9s 9 ! _w may be possibly increas+ 9 /ature ye> by ye>1 or at times2 b 9 any case at a rate almo/ inf9itesimally small 9 its totality ov] ! :ole e>? to t ) :i* _! ridges 7 orig9ally upre>$4 ,b ! ?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/--?us con/antly add$ to1 by accretion ( solidify+ matt] f ! /ill liquid or pa/y nucleus1 z ! :ole mass has cool$--has n[ assum$ su* a ?ickness z to be able to (f] a too consid]able resi/ance to ! tang5tial pressures1 to admit ( its giv+ way to any l>ge ext5t by resolution upw>ds2 yet ! cool+ ( ! :ole mass is go+ on1 & contraction1 ?\gh unequal1 bo? ( ?ick cru/ & ( hott] nucleus b5ea? also1 :e!r ! latt] be n[ liquid or n4 ,7 ! contraction1 l9eal or cubical1 = equal decrem5ts or losses ( heat1 or 9 equal times--equal bo? 9 ! mat]ial ( ! solidifi$ cru/ & 9 t ( ! hott] nucleus--!re c\ld be no su* tang5tial pressures z are "h ref]r$ to1 at any epo* ( ! e>?'s cool+4 ,b 9 accordance ) ! facts ( exp]im5tal physics1 we "k t ! co-effici5t ( contraction = all bodies is great] z _! actual temp]ature is high]1 & ?is bo? 9 _! solid & liquid /ates4 ,h5ce = equal decrem5ts ( heat1 or by ! cool+ 9 equal times1 ! hott] nucleus contracts m ?an does its envelope ( solid matt]4 ,! result is n[1 z at all p]iods s9ce ! signs *ang$ ( ! tang5tial =ces ?us br\ght into play--i4e41 s9ce !y became tang5tial pressures--t ! nucleus t5ds to %r9k away z x 7 f b5ea? ! cru/1 & to leave ! latt]1 unsupport$ or b p>tially support$1 z a sph]oidal dome above x4 ,n[ :at happ5s8 ,if ! holl[ sph]oidal %ell 7 /rong en\gh to su/a91 z a sph]ic dome1 ! tang5tial ?ru/ ( its own weight & ! attraction ( ! nucleus1 ! %ell w\ld be left beh9d altoge!r by ! nucleus1 & ! latt] might be conceiv$ z an indep5d5t globe revolv+1 c5trally or exc5trically1 )9 a %ell outside ( x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n :at happ5s4 ,! "q !n arises1 ,c ! solid %ell support ! tang5tial ?ru/ to :i* x w\ld be ?us expos$8 ,by ! application to ?is problem ( an elegant !orem ( ,lagrange1 ,i h prov$ t x _c possibly d s1 no matt] :at may be its ?ickness nor :at its mat]ial1 ev5 7 we to assume ! latt] n m]ely ( ! h>de/ & mo/ resi/ant rocks we "k any?+ (1 b ev5 7 x ( temp]$ ca/-/eel1 ! mo/ resi/ant sub/ance 7unless possibly iridio-osmium exce$ x7 t we "k any?+ ab\t4 ,lagrange has %[n t if ,p be ! normal pressure ^u any flexible plate curv$ 9 bo? directions1 ! radii ( ^! pr9cipal curvatures be+ r' & r''1 & ,t ! tang5tial ?ru/ at ! po9t ( application & due to ! =ce ,p1 !n3 ,p ,t 7#a_/r' #a_/r''7 ,:5 ! surface is sph]ical1 or may be view$ z su*1 r' r'' & ,p #b,t_/r or1 ,t ,p r_/#b ,9 ! pres5t case ,p is = a unit squ>e 7tak5 relatively small & s assum$ z plane7 ( ! %ell1 suppose a squ>e mile1 equal to ! effect ( gravity ^u t unit1 r be+ ! e>?'s radius1 & if we assume ! unit squ>e be also a unit 9 ?ickness1 ,p is !n ! weight ( a cubic mile ( its mat]ial2 & if we take 7r\ghly7 ! e>?'s radius z #d1jjj miles1 ! tang5tial pressure1 ,t1 is1 on ea* face ( ! cubic mile1 equal to 7#djjj_/b7 ,p1 or equal to ! pressure ( a column ( ! same mat]ial ( #b1jjj times its weight4 ,if ! cubic mile t we h ?us suppos$ cut out ( ! e>?'s cru/ at ! surface 7 ( ! h>de/ kn[n granite or porphyry1 x w\ld be expos$ to a cru%+ tang5tial pressure equal to betwe5 #djj & #ejj times :at x c\ld )/&1 & s mu/ cru%1 ev5 ?\gh only left unsupport$ by ! nucleus b5ea?1 to ! ext5t ( #a_/djj or #a_/ejj ( its entire weight4 ,& :at is true "h ( a mile tak5 at ! surface1 is true 7neglect+ "s m9ute corrections = diff]5ce 9 ! co-effici5t ( gravity1 etc47 if tak5 at any o!r dep? )9 ! ?ick cru/4,f ,! cru/ ( our e>?1 !n1 z x n[ is1 mu/ cru%1 to foll[ d[n aft] ! %r9k+ nucleus--if s be t ! globe be /ill cool+1 & con/itut$ z x is2 ev5 to ! limit$ ext5t to :i* we "k any?+ ( its nature--x mu/ cru% unequally1 bo? reg>d$ sup]ficially & z to dep?2 g5]ally ! cru%+ l9es be+ conf9$ to ! planes or places ( greate/ weakness2 & ! cru%+ w n be absolutely con/ant & uni=m any:]e1 or at any "t1 or at any ( ^? places ( weakness to :i* x w be pr9cipally conf9$1 b w be m or less irregul>1 quasi-p]iodic1 or p>oxysmal3 z is1 inde$1 ! way 9 :i* all kn[n mat]ial sub/ances 7m or less rigid7 give way to a sl[ & con/antly increas+1 /eady pressure4 ,we h n[ to ask1 ,h[ mu* ( ?is cru%+ is go+ on at pres5t ye> by ye>8 ,& ! answ] to ?is dep5ds ^u :at am\nt ( heat our _w is los+ into space ye> by ye>4 ,geologi/s :o h tak5 on tru/ ! /atem5t1 t ,la ,place has prov$ t ! _w has lo/ no s5sible am\nt ( heat = ! la/ #aj1jjj ye>s seem g5]ally to suppose t to be a fact2 b 9 reality ,la ,place has prov$ no?+ ( ! sort1 z ^? geological tea*]s :o h e*o$ ! conclusion %\ld h kn[n1 _h !y deciph]$ ! ma!matical argum5t ^u :i* x has be5 suppos$ to re/4 ,by application ( ,f\ri]'s !orem 7or def9ition7 to ! obs]v$ rate ( increm5t ( heat 9 desc5d+ f ! geo!rmal c\*e ( inv>iable temp]ature1 & ! co-effici5ts ( conductivity ( ! rocks ( our e>?'s cru/1 z giv5 by ! long-cont9u$ obs]vations made b5ea? ! ,obs]vatories ( ,p>is & ( ,ed9burgh1 x results t ! annual loss ( heat into space ( our globe at pres5t is equal to t :i* w\ld liquefy into wat]1 at #cb ,fahr41 ab\t #ggg cubic miles ( ice2 & ?is is ! measur+ unit = ! am\nt ( contraction ( our globe n[ go+ on4 ,! figures are n probably exact1 = ! data are n on a basis suffici5tly full or exactly e/abli%$ z yet2 b !y are n v widely wrong1 & _! precise exactness is n mat]ial "h4 ,n[1 h[ is ?is annual loss ( heat 7great or small1 z we may please to view x7 f ! int]ior ( our globe dispos$ (8 ,:at does x d 9 ! int]ior8 ,we h already se5 t x is prim>ily dispos$ ( by conv]sion into "w2 into ! "w ( dim9i%+ ! e>?'s volume z a :ole1 & 9 s do+ cru%+ portions ( ! solid surr\nd+ %ell4 ,b does ! trans=mation ( lo/ heat into ! "w ( v]tical desc5t1 & ( ! cru% z x foll[s d[n aft] ! %r9k+ nucleus1 end ! cycle8 ,no4 ,a v l>ge portion ( ! me*anical "w ?us produc$1 & resolv$1 z we h se51 into tang5tial cru%+ pressure1 is retrans=m$ into heat aga9 9 ! v act ( cru%+ ! solid mat]ial ( ! %ell4 ,if we see a c>tload ( granite pav+-/ones %ot out 9 ! d>k1 we see fire & light produc$ by _! collision2 if we rub two pieces ( qu>tz toge!r1 & cru% ?us _! surfaces aga9/ ea* o!r1 we f9d we heat ! pieces & evolve light4 ,! ma*9]y us$ = cru%+ by /eam-p[]1 h>d rocks into road metal1 gets s hot t ! surfaces _c be t\*$4 ,^! are famili> in/ances ( "o result ( :at is n[ tak+ place by ! cru%+ ( ! rocky masses ( our cool+ & desc5d+ e>?'s cru/1 e h\r b5ea? our feet1 only ^u a va/ly great] scale4 ,x is 9 ?is local trans=mation ( "w into heat t ,i f9d ! true orig9 ( volcanic heat )9 our globe4 ,b if we are to te/ ?is1 s z 9 ! only way possible to decide is x a true solution ( ?is great problem1 we mu/ aga9 ask ! "q1 ,h[ mu*8 & to answ] ?is1 we mu/ det]m9e exp]im5tally h[ mu* heat c be develop$ by ! cru%+ ( a giv5 volume1 say a cubic mile1 ( su* rocky mat]ials z we "k mu/ con/itute ! cru/ ( our globe d[n to ! bottom ( ! kn[n s$im5t>y /rata1 & ext5d+ to su* cry/alloid rocks z we may presume und]lie ^!4 ,we mu/ also obta9 at lea/ approximately :at are ! co-effici5ts ( total contraction betwe5 fusion & atmosph]ic temp]ature ( su* melt$ rocks1 basic & acid silicates1 z may be deem$ repres5tative ( t co-effici5t = ! range ( volcanic fus$ products1 basalts1 tra*ytes1 etc41 :i* probably suffici5tly ne>ly co9cide ) t ( ! :ole non-metallic mass ( our globe4 ,! fir/ ,i h det]m9$ exp]im5tally by two diff]5t me?ods1 b pr9cipally by ! direct "o ( ! "w exp5d$ 9 cru%+ prisms ( sixte5 repres5tative classes ( rock2 ! specific gravities & specific heats ( :i* ,i h also det]m9$4 ,if ,h be ! height ( a prism ( rock cru%$ to p[d] by a pressure1 ,p1 appli$ to two opposite faces1 :i*1 :5 ! prism has be5 r$uc$ to its volume 9 p[d]1 has act$ ?r\gh a range ( ,h - t1 !n ,p 7,h - t7 _/ #ggb is ! heat correspond+ to ! "w exp5d$ 9 ! cru%+1 express$ 9 ,briti% units ( heat4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! rocks exp]im5t$ ^u3 ,ca5 /one1 ,portl& 7bo? oolites71 magnesian lime/one1 s&/ones ( v>i\s sorts1 c>bonif]\s lime/ones 7m>bles71 ! old] slates 7,cambrian & ,silurian71 basalts1 v>i\s granites & porphyries1 ?us rang+ f ! newe/ & lea/ resi/ant to ! olde/ & mo/ resi/ant rocks4 ,! results h be5 tabulat$1 & are giv5 9 detail 9 my ,pap]1 n[ 9 possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! m9imum obta9$ is #cca & ! maximum #g1hfg ,briti% units ( heat develop$1 by trans=mation ( ! "w ( cru%+ "o cubic foot ( rock4 ,if we apply ! results to a ?ickness ( solid cru/ ( #ajj miles 7,briti%71 ( :i* ! upp] tw5ty-"o miles consi/ ( neozoic1 new] palozoic1 old] palozoic & azoic rocks 9 ne>ly equal proportion z to ?ickness1 & ! rema9+ eighty miles ( cry/alloid rocks 7acid & basic magmas ( ,duro*]7 ( physical prop]ties :i* we may assume n v diff]5t f ^? ( our kn[n granites & porphyries--& :i*1 9 s f> z !y may diff]1 w\ld give a /ill high] co-effici5t ( "w trans=m$ into heat ?an ,i h attribut$ to !m by rang+ !m z only equal to ! granites1 etc4--!n we obta9 a mean co-effici5t = ! entire ?ickness ( cru/ ( #ajj miles ( #f1dgb ,briti% units ( heat1 developable f ea* cubic foot ( its mat]ial1 if cru%$ to p[d]4 ,x results f ?is t ea* cubic mile ( ! mean mat]ial ( su* a cru/1 :5 cru%$ to p[d]1 developes suffici5t heat to melt #jhgf cubic miles ( ice into wat] at #cb1 or to raise #gfjj cubic miles ( wat] f #cb to #bab ,fahr41 or to boil (f #aabd cubic miles ( wat] at #cb into /eam ( "o atmosph]e1 or1 tak+ ! av]age melt+ po9t ( rocky mixtures at #b1jjj ,fahr41 to melt ne>ly ?ree & a-half cubic miles ( su* rock1 if ( ! same specific heat4 ,( ! heat annually lo/ by our globe & dissipat$ into space1 repres5t$ by #ggg cubic miles ( ice melt$1 z be=e /at$1 ! *ief "p is d]iv$ f ! actual hypogeal s\rce ( a hott] ?\gh n necess>ily fus$ nucleus1 & ne>ly1 if n :olly1 is q indep5d5t ( ! heat ( ,vulcanicity1 :i* is develop$ z a consequ5ce ( its loss or dissipation4 ,b 7 we to take ! extreme case1 & suppose x possible t all ! heat ! globe loses annually result$ f ! trans=mation ( ! "w ( int]nal cru%+ ( its %ell1 we %all f9d t ! total volume ( rock ne$$ to be cru%$ 9 ord] to produce ! requir$ am\nt ( lo/ heat is p]fectly insignificant z comp>$ ) ! volume ( ! globe itself1 or t ( its %ell4 ,=1 z #abgj cubic miles ( cru%$ rock developes heat equival5t to t requir$ to melt "o cubic mile ( ice to wat] at #cb1 & if we assume ! volume ( our globe's solid cru/ to equal "o-f\r? ( ! total volume ( ! entire globe1 #ihg cubic miles ( rock cru%$ annually w\ld supply ! :ole ( ! heat dissipat$ 9 t "t4 ,b t is less ?an ! "o sixty-five million? ( ! volume ( ! cru/ only4 ,b a v small portion ( ! total heat annually lo/ by our globe is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! volcanic en]gy ( e sort1 includ+ !rmal wat]s1 manife/$ annually ^u our e>?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( complete data1 we c only approximately calculate :at is ! annual am\nt ( pres5t volcanic en]gy ( our planet4 ,?is en]gy %[s itself to u 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,! heat+ or fus+ ( ! eject$ solid matt]s at volcanic v5ts4 #b4 ,! evolution ( /eam & o!r heat$ ela/ic fluids by :i* ^! are c>ri$4 #c4 ,! "w ( rais+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 height all ! mat]ials eject$4 ,to :i* we mu/ add a l>ge all[ance = wa/e1 or !rmal me*anical & *emical en]gy ineffectually dissipat$ 9 & above ! v5ts4 ,all ^! are measurable into units ( heat4 ,i h appli$ ?is me?od ( calculation to te/ ! adequacy ( ! s\rce ,i h assign$ = volcanic heat1 9 two ways1 viz43 #a4 ,to ! ph5om5a pres5t$ dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s by ,vesuvius1 ! be/ kn[n ,volcano 9 ! _w2 & #b4 ,to ! :ole ( ! f\r hundr$ & odd volcanic cones obs]v$ s f> ^u our globe1 ( :i* n m ?an "o-half h ev] be5 kn[n 9 activity4 ,x is impossible "h to ref] to ! details ( ! me?od or /eps ( ^! calculations4 ,! result h[ev] is1 t mak+ l>ge all[ances = presumably defective data1 less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! total telluric heat annually dissipat$ 7z already /at$ 9 am\nt7 is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! annual volcanic en]gy at pres5t exp5d$ by our globe4 ,x is ?us repres5t$ by ! trans=mation into heat ( ! "w ( cru%+ ab\t #bdg cubic miles ( 7mean7 rock1 a quantity s p]fectly insignificant1 z comp>$ ) ! volume ( ! globe itself1 z to be absolutely inappreciable 9 any way b by calculation2 & z its me*anical result is only ! v]tical transposition transitorily ( mat]ial )9 or ^u our globe1 ! proportion ( ! mass ( :i* to ! :ole is equally insignificant1 s n likely 9 any way to produce *anges recognisable by ! a/ronom]4 ,space "h =bids my ent]+ at all ^u t bran* ( my inve/igation :i* is bas$ ^u ! exp]im5tal results1 above m5tion$1 ( ! total contraction ( fus$ rocks3 = ^!1 ! orig9al ,pap] c1 ,i hope1 be h]eaft] ref]r$ to4 ,i am enabl$1 h[ev]1 to prove ?us h[ enorm\sly m ?an ne$ful has be5 ! /ore ( en]gy dissipat$ s9ce our globe 0 :olly a melt$ mass1 = ! production1 ?r\gh ! contraction ( its volume1 ( all ! ph5om5a ( elevation & ( ,vulcanicity :i* its surface pres5ts4 ,& h[ v small is ! am\nt ( t en]gy 9 a unit ( "t z n[ op]ative1 :5 comp>$ ) ! same at v remote epo*s 9 our planet's hi/ory4 ,i h said t if we c f9d a true cause 9 ,nature = ! orig9ation ( volcanic heat1 all ! o!r kn[n ph5om5a1 at & ab\t volcanic v5ts1 become simple4 ,lavas & all o!r solid ejecta ( ,volcanoes1 f all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 z well z basalts1 pres5t 9 *emical & physical con/itution close resemblance1 & may be all ref]r$ to ! melt+ ( m or less fusible mixtures ( silice\s cry/alloid rocks ) alum9\s 7slates1 etc47 & calc>e\s rocks4 ,_! g5]al *emical composition1 & ! high] or l[] temp]atures ( fusion result+ !refrom1 toge!r ) ! high] or l[] temp]atures to :i* !y h be5 submitt$ at ! diff]5t volcanic foci1 det]m9e _! diff]5ce ( fl[ 7"u l surface conditions7 & ( m9]al "* aft] ejection & cool+4 ,/4 ,clair de ,ville & ,f\qu h %[n t ! gase\s ejections1 ( :i* /eam =ms probably #ii p] c5t41 are su* z arise f wat] admitt$ to a pre-exi/5t focus ( high temp]ature4 ,:e!r sea or fre% wat] is n mat]ial1 :5 we be> 9 m9d t ! *emical con/itu5ts f\nd 9 sea wat] & 9 natural fre% wat]s t h p5etrat$ ! soil are1 on ! :ole1 alike 9 k9d & only diff] 9 proportions4 ,b ,i mu/ pass almo/ )\t notice all ! v>i$ & in/ructive ph5om5a :i* are pres5t$ by volcanic v5ts1 = to treat ( ^! at all w\ld be to m ?an d\ble ! size ( ?is sket*4 ,9 ! s\rce t has be5 po9t$ out z t f :i* volcanic heat itself is d]iv$1 viz41 ! secul> cool+ ( our globe1 & ! effects ( t ^u its solid %ell1 we are enabl$ to po9t to t :i* is ! sure/ te/ ( ! tru? ( any !ory--t x n only enables u to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a1 ne> or remote1 b to pr$ict !m4 ,we see "h l9k$ toge!r z p>ts ( "o gr& play ( =ces1 ^? ( contraction by cool+1 produc+ by direct me*anical action ! elevation ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & by _! indirect action1 by trans=mation ( me*anical "w into heat1 ! production ( ,volcanoes2 & bo? by direct & by indirect action1 ( ,e>?quakes1 nev] previ\sly %[n to h ?us ! physical connection ( "o common cause1 b m]ely suppos$1 m or less1 to be connect$ by _! di/ribution ^u our e>?'s surface4 ,we n[ disc]n ?us ! physical cause :y ,volcanoes are di/ribut$1 view$ l>gely1 l9e>ly1 & foll[ ! l9es ( elevation2 we see equally :y _! action is unc]ta91 non-p]iodic1 fluctuat+ 9 int5sity1 ) long] or %ort] p]iods ( repose1 %ift+ 9 position1 becom+ ext9ct "h1 appe>+ 9 new activity or = ! fir/ "t !re4 ,we h an adequate solution ( ! be=e inexplicable fact ( _! prop9quity1 & yet want ( connection4 ,we h an adequate cause = ! fusion ( rock at local po9ts )\t resort+ to ! baseless hypo!sis ( p]5nial lakes ( lava1 etc4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 too1 we disc]n a true physical cause = e>?quake movem5t1 :]e volcanic en]gy does n %[ itself4 ,! cru%+ ( ! _w's solid %ell1 :e!r ?ick or ?91 goes on p] saltum & at ev]-%ift+ places1 h[ev] /eadily ! tang5tial pressures produc+ x may act4 ,h5ce cru%+ alone may be %[n to develope amply suffici5t impulse to produce ! mo/ viol5t ,e>?quakes1 :e!r !y be or be n at a giv5 place or "t connect$ ) volcanic outbur/ or possible injection1 or ) tang5tial pressures1 en\gh /ill1 9 "s cases1 to produce p>tial p]man5t elevation4 ,:5 subt]rane\s cru%+ takes place1 & ! circum/ances ( ! site d n p]mit ! access ( wat]1 !re may be ,e>?quake1 b c be no ,volcano2 :]e wat] is admitt$1 !re may be bo?4 ,& ?us we disc]n :y !re are comp>atively few subm>9e ,volcanoes1 ! floor ( ! ocean be+1 on ! :ole1 wat]-tight--puddl$1 z an eng9e] w\ld say1 by ! huge deposit ( incoh]5t mud1 etc41 t cov]s mo/ ( x1 & probably hav+ a ?ick] cru/ b5ea? x ?an b5ea? ! l&4 ,we see1 moreov]1 t ! geological doctr9e ( absolute uni=mity _c be true z to ,vulcanicity1 any m ?an x c = any o!r en]gy 9 play 9 our _w4 ,its developm5t 0 greate/ at its e>lie/ /ages1 :5 ! great masses ( ! m\nta9 *a9s 7 elevat$4 ,x is ev5 n[--?\gh z comp>$ to m5's exp]i5ce1 & ev5 to all hi/oric "t1 app>5tly uni=m & always ! same--a decay+ en]gy4 ,! regim5 ( our planet z "p ( ! ,cosmos1 :i* seems to "s absolute 7& pres5t$ to ,playfair no trace ( a beg9n+ nor indication ( an end71 is n absolute1 & only seems to u to be s because we see s little ( x1 & ( its long p]spective 9 "t4 ,?is ! n[ e/abli%$ doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy r5d]s c]ta94 ,) ?is s\rce = volcanic heat1 too1 9 our possession1 we c look f our own _w to o!rs1 & pr$ict )9 c]ta9 limits1 :i* mu/ wid5 z our k ( ! facts ( _! sub/ance & surface becomes great]1 :at h be5 & :at are ! developm5ts ( ,vulcanicity :i* h tak5 place or are occurr+ 9 or ^u !m4 ,look+ to our own satellite1 we see = ! fir/ "t a suffici5t physical cause = ! enorm\s display ( volcanic en]gy !re :i* ! telescope divulges to u2 "o :i* is n to be expla9$ alone by ! commonly made /atem5t ( ! small d5sity ( ! moon1 b by ! fact t z ! rate ( h] cool+ f a giv5 temp]ature1 z comp>$ ) t ( our e>? 7ap>t f que/ions ( ! *emical nature ( ! two bodies1 or ( _! specific heats1 etc471 has be5 inv]sely z _! respective masses1 & directly z _! surfaces1 s has ! rate ( cool+ ( ! moon be5 va/ly great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 & ! en]gy due to contraction by cool+ m int5se & rapidly develop$ 9 our satellite ?an ^u our globe4 ,we h ?us trac$1 9 meagre & brok5 outl9e only--because space admitt$ no m--! progress ( ,sci5ce to its exi/+ /ate z respects ,vulcanicity1 9 its two bran*es ( ,vulcanology & ( ,seismology1 & po9t$ out _! m intimate relations & po9ts ( connection1 & be5 at l5g? able to ref] !m1 on ! sure basis ( physical laws1 to "o common cause1 & t "o d]iv$ f no hypo!sis1 b simply f ! po/ulate ( our _w z a t]r-aque\s globe cool+ 9 space4 ,:at ,i h "h advanc$ ) ref]5ce to volcanic en]gy1 :i* app]ta9s to my own rese>*es1 ,i d n conceal f myself1 nor f ! read]1 has yet to await ! reception g5]ally & ! aw>d ( ! true m5 ( sci5ce ( ! _w4 ,t1 l e new l9e ( ?\ght :i* has attempt$ or succe$$ 9 supplant+ ! old1 x w meet ) opposition1 ,i make no d\bt4 ,my belief1 h[ev]1 is t 9 ! end x w be f\nd to h add$ a fragm5t to ! edifice ( true k4 ,! int]pretation :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! nature & orig9 ( volcanic activity po9ts at once to ! function 9 ! ,cosmos :i* x is its de/9y to fulfil4 ,x is ! in/rum5t provid$ = ! purpose ( cont9ually pres]v+ ! e>?'s solid %ell 9 a /ate to foll[ d[n aft] ! desc5d+ nucleus4 ,x does ?is by an app>atus or play ( me*anism :]eby ! mat]ial ( ! solid %ell1 locally or along c]ta9 l9es1 is n only cru%$1 b ! cru%$ mat]ial is bl[n out z du/1 or expell$ z liquid rock f betwe5 ! walls ( ! %ell1 :i* are ?us enabl$ to approa* ea* o!r2 & ?us1 by relief ( ! tang5tial ?ru/s1 to p]mit ! %ell to desc5d1 :i* x is obvi\s t cru%+ alone1 unless x ext5d$ to ! :ole mass ( ! %ell1 c\ld n accompli%4 ,x is a wond]ful example ( ,nature's me*anism ?us to see h[ simple are ! means by :i* ?is end is accompli%$4 ,! same inevitable cru% t dislocates ! solid %ell along c]ta9 l9es1 produces ! heat necess>y to expel to ! surface ! mat]ial cru%$4 ,:5 attempt$ to be made ! basis = philosophic discov]y1 f9al causes are no d\bt b>r51 z ,bacon has said2 b :5 we h indep5d5tly & by /rict me?ods arriv$ at a result1 we may ju/ly appeal1 z a te/ ( its tru?1 to its %[+ itself z pla9ly fulfill+ a ne$ful end1 &1 by a di/9ctly disc]nible me*anism1 pres]v+ t h>mony & cons]vation :i* are ! obvi\s law ( ! univ]se4 ,z has be5 said1 if ,i mi/ake n by ,daub5y1 ,john ,phillips1 by ,h]s*ell1 & by myself1 ! function ( ! ,e>?quake & ! ,volcano is n de/ructive b1 pres]vative4 ,b we n[ see t3 t ! pres]vative scope ( ?is function1 z respects our e>?1 is f> wid] ?an :at has be5 previ\sly attribut$ to x4 ,! ,volcano does n m]ely ?r[ up new f]tile soil1 & t5d1 9 "s small degree1 to re/ore to ! dry l& ! wa/e = ev] go+ on by ra9 & sea2 x fulfils a f> weighti] & m imp]ative task2 x--by a me*anism ! p[] ( :i* is exactly balanc$ to ! v>iable calls dem&$ ( x1 & :i* work+ almo/ imp]ceptibly1 al?\gh 9 a mann] h[ev] t]rible its surface-action may at times appe> to u little m5,g--prev5ts at long] int]vals su* sudd5 & unlook$-= p>oxysms 9 ! mass ( our subsid+ e>?'s %ell z w\ld be att5d$ ) wide-spread de/ruction to all t x inhabit4 ,to ! popul> m9d1 ,volcanoes & ,e>?quakes are only isolat$ items ( curiosity among/ ! wond]s ( ! _w3 few geologi/s ev5 appe> to realise h[ great & important are ! relations ( ,vulcanicity to _! sci5ce1 view$ z a :ole4 ,yet ( ,vulcanicity x is n too mu* to say1 t 9 proportion z its nature & doctr9es come to be kn[n & und]/ood z p>ts ( ! ,cosmos1 ! ne>] w x be se5 to lie at ! basis ( all ,physical ,geology4 ,a ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( advancem5t ( human k z to ,e>?quakes1 "h m]ely glanc$ at1 ,i mu/ ref] to my ,fir/ ,report on ! ,facts ( ,e>?quakes1 ,reports1 ,briti% ,association1 #ahej1 & to ! works ( ,daub5y1 ,lyell1 ,phillips & o!rs1 its complete hi/ory rema9+ yet to be writt54 ,b ,yet h[ indi/9ctly =m$ 7 ,"y's ideas1 & indi/9ct 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ,humboldt1 becomes evid5t by a s+le s5t5ce3 ,:5 ! agitation produc$ by an ,e>?quake ext5ds fur!r ?an !re is any reason to suspect a subt]rane\s communication1 x is probably propagat$ ?r\gh ! e>? ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z a noise is convey$ ?r\gh ! air4--,lectures1 ,nat4 ,phil41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,c ,! ,"r ,rev4 ,*>les ,graves1 ,f4,r4,s41 etc41 !n ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,pres4 ,r4 ,i4 ,acad41 & n[ ,bi%op ( ,lim]ick1 on pres5tation ( ! ,academy's ,cunn+ham ,m$al4 ,d ,9 ?is ,report1 ?\gh ,i h nev] be=e ref]r$ to x1 & d s n[ ) reluctance1 ,i h always felt t ! ,au?or did me "s inju/ice4 ,! only ref]5ce made to my lab\rs1 publi%$ ! prec$+ ye> only1 is 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,_m p]sons h reg>d$ ^! ph5om5a 7viz41 ,e>?quakes7 z due 9 a great measure to vibrations 444 & ! subject has lately be5 br\ght "u our notice1 9 a ,memoir by ,mr4 ,mallet1 ',on ! ,dynamics ( ,e>?quakes1' 9 :i* he has treat$ x 9 a m det]m9ate mann]1 & 9 m detail1 ?an any prec$+ writ] 7p4 #gd74 ,if t ,pap] ( m9e be collat$ ) ?is ,report1 x w be1 ,i believe1 f\nd t1 z respects ! e>?quake "p1 ! latt] t9t p>ades1 9 a ma!matical dress1 "s portions ( ! g5]al !ory ( e>?quake movem5ts1 previ\sly publi%$ by me z above /at$4 ,s1 also1 9 ! *apt] 7p4 #ij7 ref]r+ to ,seismometry1 & ! important uses to ,geology t might be 7& s9ce h be51 to "s ext5t7 made ( x1 no m5tion is made ( ^? in/rum5ts previ\sly propos$ by me1 nor ( my anticipation ( _! important uses4 ,?is is b too mortify+ly sugge/ive ( !-- ,p]eant qui mea ante mihi dix]unt4 ,hav+ left ?is unnotic$ = s _m ye>s1 & dur+ :i* ! ,au?or has prec$$ me to t b\rne :]e our errors to ea* o!r mu/ be =gott51 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h n[ trespass$ on ! good rule1 ,de mortuis nil nisi bonum1 _h ,i n obs]v$ v rec5tly "o among/ o!r results probably attributable to x4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,phillips's ,vesuvius1 if any "o w ref] to ! passage beg9n+ ,! me*anism ( e>?quake movem5t has be5 inve/igat$ by compet5t h&s4 ,! late em95t ma!matician1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 expla9$ ^! tremors 9 ! solid e>? by ! g5]al !ory ( vibratory motion1 etc4 7pages #beg-bei7--;,i ?9k he mu/1 9 ! abs5ce ( collat]al in=mation1 conclude t1 n ,i1 b ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 0 ! discov]] ( ! ,!ory ( ,e>?quakes z expla9$ by ! g5]al !ory ( vibratory motion4 ,probably my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,phillips1 _h n rec5tly ref]r$ to ^? ,memoirs & ,reports ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s back1 & ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$ t1 if he has "h p]petuat$ an inju/ice1 he has done s un9t5tionally & unwitt+ly4 ,/ill1 ! facts %[ h[ true x is t ,! ill m5 d lives aft] !m1 ,! good !y d is (t int]r$ ) _! bones4 ,& ,i may v5ture to ask my fri5d1 %\ld 8 admirable book rea*1 z ,i d\bt n x w1 ano!r edition1 to modify ! passage4 ,e ,assum+ ! po9t ( ejection ( ?is block 7! crat]7 to be #h1jjj feet above :]e x l&$1 & all[+ x z high a d5sity z admissible1 & ! angle ( projection ! be/ = l>ge horizontal range1 x may be prov$ t ?is mass1 to rea* n9e miles horizontally1 w\ld require an initial velocity ( projection ( f #a1ejj to #a1fjj feet p] second1 "o z great z t ( a smoo?-bore cannon-%ot at ! muzzle1 & p]fectly inconceivable to be produc$ by a volcano4 ,f ,! ,rev4 ,o4 ,fi%]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 9 a mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ,pap]1 ,on ! ,elevation ( ,m\nta9 ,*a9s by ,lat]al ,pressure1 its ,cause1 & ! ,am\nt ( x1 ) a ,speculation on ! ,orig9 ( ,volcanic ,action1 read1 ,april1 #ahfh1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 ,"p ,,iii41 9 #ahfi1 has d$uc$ ! necess>y cru%+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ by a diff]5t b closely analog\s me?od4 ,i _h n se5 ?is ,pap] until aft] my own 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! au?or's volcanic views are :olly diff]5t f my own1 & d n appe> to me equally valid ) 8 notions z to elevation4--,r4 ,m4 ,g ,magna i/a quia p>vi sumus--,,s5eca1 ,qus4 ,nat4 ,,end4 ,,translation ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,palmi]i',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,eruption ,,( ,,vesuvius ,,( #ahga-ahgb ,i4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,eruption4 ,! great & disa/r\s conflagration ( ,vesuvius1 :i* took place on ! #bf? ( ,april1 #ahgb1 01 9 my op9ion1 ! la/ phase ( an eruption :i* comm5c$ at ! end ( ,janu>y1 #ahga1 an acc\nt ( :i* ,i 0 unwill+ to write1 because ,i 0 conv9c$ t x w\ld n really t]m9ate )\t a m or less viol5t explosion1 su* z ,i _h (t5 pr$ict$4 ,i %all n[ /ate ! reasons ^u :i* my pr$iction 0 f\nd$4 ,:5 ! c5tral crat] beg9s to heave1 ) slight eruptions1 "o may always pr$ict a s]ies ( slight convulsions ( great] or less duration1 :i* are prep>atory to ! gr& explosion1 aft] :i* ! ,volcano rema9s = ! mo/ "p 9 repose4 ,?us1 :5 ,i obs]v$ ! cone fissur+ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfh1 & copi\s lava /reams issu+ f x1 & fl[+ ov] ! beautiful & f]tile pla9s ( ! ,novelle1 ?r\gh ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 in/ead ( ann\nc+ ! beg9n+ ( an eruption1 ,i ann\nc$ ! t]m9ation ( "o :i* _h be5 manife/ = upw>ds ( a ye> by ! con/ant fl[ ( lava f ! summit ( ! cone4 ,f ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 #ahfh1 until ! end ( ,decemb]1 #ahgj1 ! m\nta9 rema9$ quiet1 except t ! fum>oles at ! head ( ! fissure %[$ a degree ( activity by :i* *lorides & sulphides ( copp]1 sulphide ( pota% & o!r products1 7 eng5d]$4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahga ! seismograph 0 di/urb$1#a & ! crat] dis*>g$1 ) a slight detonation1 a few inc&esc5t projectiles4 ,!n ,i ann\nc$ t a new eruption _h comm5c$1 :i* might be ( long duration1 b ) phases t c\ld n possibly be =ese52 & on ! #ac? ,janu>y1 on ! nor!rn edge ( ! upp] pla9 ( ! ,vesuvian cone1 an ap]ture appe>$1 f :i* at fir/ a little lava issu$1 & !n a small cone arose & ?rew out inc&esc5t projectiles1 ) mu* smoke ( a r$di% col\r1 :il/ ! c5tral crat] cont9u$ to detonate m l\dly & frequ5tly4 ,! lava-fl[ cont9u$ to increase until ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 )\t ext5d+ mu* beyond ! base ( ! cone1 al?\gh x _h great mobility4 ,9 ,m>*1 ?is little cone appe>$ n only to subside1 b ev5 p>tly to give way1 z almo/ happ5s ) ecc5tric cones :5 _! activity is at an end4 ,^u visit+ x1 ,i obs]v$ t f\r prismatic or pill>-l masses rema9$ /&+1 ?ree ( :i* 7 =m$ ( scori :i* _h fall5 back aga9 9 a pa/y condition1 & _h become sold]$ toge!r1 ! f\r? consi/+ ( a pyramidal block ( compact & li?oidal lava1 :i* appe>$ to h be5 =c$ up by impetus f ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,a little smoke issu$ f ! small crat]1 & a l\d hiss+ f ! int]ior 0 audible4 ,by ly+ along ! edge1 ,i c\ld see a cavity ( cyl9drical =m ab\t t5 metres 9 dep?1 tape/ri$ ) /alactitic scori cov]$ ) sublimations ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! bottom ( ?is crat] 0 level1 b 9 ! c5tre a small cone ( ab\t two metres _h =m$1 po9t$ 9 su* a mann] t x possess$ b a v n>r[ op5+ at ! apex1 f :i* smoke issu$ ) a hiss+ s\nd1 & f :i* 7 spurt$ a few v small inc&esc5t scori4 ,?is little cone increas$ 9 size z well z activity until x fill$ ! crat]1 & rose f\r or five metres above ! brim4,a ,new & m abundant lavas appe>$ ne> ! base ( ?is cone1 &1 p\r+ cont9ually into ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 ru%$ into ! ,fossa della ,vetrana 9 ! direction ( ! ,obs]vatory & t[>ds ! ,crocella1 :]e !y accumulat$ to su* an ext5t z to cov] ! hill-side = a di/ance ( ab\t #cjj metres2 !n turn+ bel[ ! ,cant]oni1 !y =m$ a hillock !re )\t spread+ mu* f>!r4 ,^! v leucitic lavas are capable ( great ext5sion1 ! pieces :i* are eject$ =m+ = ! mo/ "p v f9e fili=m masses1 :i* may be collect$ on ! m\nta9 9 great quantities1 & specim5s ( :i* ,i pres5t$ to ! ,academy "u ! "n ( fili=m lapilli4 ,^! ?reads 7 (t5 ( a cle> yell[i% col\r1 &1 :5 obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( v m9ute cry/als ( leucite emb$d$ 9 a homog5e\s pa/e4 ,! cry/als 7 /ill small] z ! diamet] ( ! ?reads 0 less1 & nev] =m$ knots or swell+s ev5 9 ! mo/ hair-l ?reads4 ,^! obs]vations l$ me to reject ! op9ion ( ^? :o hold t cry/als ( leucite are pre-exi/5t 9 ! lava4 ,! visc\s nature ( ^! lavas prev5t$ _! be+ cov]$ ) fragm5t>y scori1 b caus$ ! =mation at fir/ ( a sk91 :i*1 ?ick5+1 became at la/ a m or less pliable %ell1 t1 :5 m solidifi$1 all[$ ! /ill fluid "p to run z 9 a tube =m$ ( ?is solid %ell4 ,= _m mon?s ! lava desc5d$ ?us f ! cone & trav]s$ ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 always cov]$1 appe>+ bel[ ! ,cant]oni ( a lively fluidity1 until x c\ld no long] be envelop$ 9 its sk91 :i* 0 /ret*$ by ! addition ( new lava1 & f9ally r5t asund] to give room to ! curr5t until1 ow+ to dim9i%$ liquidity1 x 0 con/ra9$ to /op4 ,:5 ! lava1 hav+ trav]s$ ! cov]$ *annel x _h made = itself f ! top ( ! m\nta9 to bel[ ! ,cant]oni1 made its appe>ance /ill runn+1 x frequ5tly =m$ l>ge bubbles on ! surface1 :i* mo/ly bur/ to give v5t to smoke1 & !n disappe>$4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahga1 ne> ! edge ( ! c5tral crat]1 ano!r small crat] 0 =m$ by fall+ 91 :i*1 aft] a few days1 gave v5t to smoke & sev]al jets ( lava4 ,! pr9cipal cone frequ5tly op5$ 9 "s po9t ( ! slope to give egress to small curr5ts ( lava1 :i* quickly ceas$4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ,octob] ! detonations increas$1 ! smoke f ! c5tral crat] issu$ m d5sely & mix$ ) a%es1 & ! seismograph & accompany+ app>atus 7 di/urb$3 = all ^! reasons1 ,i said 9 "o ( my bullet9s1 we h ei!r rea*$ a new phase or ! end ( ! eruption1 n kn[+ :e!r ! new phase w\ld be ! la/4 ,on ! #crd & #d? ,novemb] copi\s & spl5did lava /reams c\rs$ d[n ! pr9cipal cone on its we/]n side1 b 7 soon exhau/$4 ,! cone ( #ahga appe>$ aga9 at re/1 & p>tly ev5 fell 91 b did n cease to emit smoke & to %[ fire 9 ! int]ior4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 ! little cone aga9 became active1 ! crat] ( ! prec$+ ,octob] resum$ /r5g?1 ) frequ5t bell[+s & projectiles1 & soon aft] lavas ( ! same k9d z be=e reappe>$4 ,! cone ( #ahga1 =m$ aga9 by ! lava eject$1 became s full t ! lava p\r$ f its summit 9 ! mo/ s+ul> & en*ant+ mann]4 ,s f> only an ecc5tric or ephem]al cone _h ris5 close to ! c5tral crat]1 :i*1 aft] exhau/ion1 rega9$ vig\r & dis*>g$ lava f ! apex in/ead ( ! base1 z usually happ5s4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y matt]s 7 some:at mod]at$2 b 9 ,m>*1 ) ! full moon1 ! cone op5$ on ! nor?-we/ side--! cleavage be+ manife/ by a l9e ( fum>oles--& a lava /ream issu$ f ! l[e/ "p )\t any noise & ) v little smoke1 & p\r$ d[n into ! ,atria del ,cavallo z f> z ! precipices ( ,monte di ,somma4 ,?is lava ceas$ fl[+ aft] a week1 b ! fum>oles po9t$ out ! cleft ( ! cone2 & betwe5 ! small re-made cone1 :i* _h ris5 to ! height ( #ce metres1 & ! c5tral crat]1 a new crat] ( small dim5sions & int]rupt$ activity op5$4 ,on ! #bcrd ,april 7ano!r full moon7 ! ,obs]vatory in/rum5ts became agitat$1 ! activity ( ! crat]s increas$1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd? spl5did lavas desc5d$ ! cone 9 v>i\s directions1 attract+ on ! same night ! visits ( a great _m /rang]s4 ,all ^! lava /reams 7 ne>ly exhau/$ on ! morn+ ( ! #be?2 only "o rema9$1 :i* issu$ f ! base ( ! cone1 n f> f ! spot :5ce t ( ! prec$+ mon? _h issu$4 ,numb]s ( visitors1 attract$ by ! spl5d\r ( ! lava /reams ( ! prec$+ night1 :i* !y suppos$ /ill cont9u$1 soon arriv$1 b1 f9d+ !m exhau/$1 7 = ! mo/ "p conduct$ by _! guides to see ! "o /ill fl[+4 ,x 0 almo/ inaccessible1 & to rea* x "o _h to walk ov] ! r\gh inequalities ( ! scori4 ,x took me two h\rs to get !re f ! ,obs]vatory1 :5 ,i visit$ x t morn+1 & !re=e ,i endeav\r$ to dissuade ^? :o wi%$ to visit x at night f ! attempt1 b set out myself f ! ,obs]vatory at #g p4m41 leav+ my only assi/ant !re4 ,! in/rum5ts 7 agitat$4 ,aft] midnight ! ,obs]vatory 0 clos$1 & my assi/ant retir$ to re/4 ,late & unlucky visitors pass$ unobs]v$ ) an escort ( inexp]i5c$ guides2 at half-pa/ #c o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bf? !y 7 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 :5 ! ,vesuvian cone became r5t 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 ! fissure comm5c+ at ! little cone :i* disappe>$1 & ext5d+ to ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 :5ce a copi\s torr5t ( lava issu$4 ,two l>ge crat]s =m$ at ! summit ( ! m\nta91 dis*>g+ num]\s inc&esc5t projectiles ) :ite a%es1 & glitt]+ ) p>ticles ( mica1 :i* frequ5tly recurr$4 ,a cl\d ( smoke envelop$ ^! un=tunates1 :o 7 "u a hail ( burn+ projectiles & close to ! lava torr5t4 ,"s 7 buri$ b5ea? x,b & disappe>$ = ev]2 two dead bodies 7 pick$ up1 & elev5 griev\sly injur$1 "o ( :om di$ close to ! ,obs]vatory4 ,he alone reveal$ 8 "n1 ,antonio ,giannone4 ,i le>n$ aft]w>ds t he 0 a f9e "y fell[1 & ,assi/ant-,pr(essor 9 "o ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,assi/ant-,pr(essors ,signor ,franco1 :o is a prie/1 & ,signor ,francesco ,cozzol9o1 a prie/ also1 entru/$ ) ! fe/ive mass = ! ,obs]vatory1 ha/5$ to assi/ ! dy+4 ,on my own return ?i!r1 ! sad spectacle ( ! dead & dy+ await$ me2 ! =m] 7 convey$1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ! municipal (fic] ( ,res9a1 to ! ,cemet]y1 & ! latt] to ! ,hospital4 ,b we mu/ leave ?is sc5e ( grief & sorr[1 & return to ! eruption4 ,! fissure ( ! cone on ! nor?-we/ side 0 l>ge & deep1 & ext5d$ into ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 ab\t #cjj metres4 ,no m\? op5$ along ! cleft ( ! cone itself2 all ! lava issu$ f t "p :i* ext5d$ into ! ,atria4 ,f previ\s exp]i5ce ,i %\ld h expect$ to h se5 ! =mation ( adv5titi\s cones along ! wide/ "p ( ! fissure1 :i* is nev] t mo/ elevat$1 & ^! dis*>g+ f _! summits ri=m matt] frequ5tly mix$ ) projectiles1 & f _! base lava2 b on ?is occasion no cone appe>$ at ! wide/ "p ( ! fissure1 b a long hillock 0 =m$ l a little *a9 ( m\nta9s1 "o po9t ( :i* 0 elevat$ ab\t fifty metres above ! pla9 b5ea?1 & be>+ no resemblance to a cone4 ,ano!r fissure op5$ 9 ! cone on ! s\? side1 :i* did n ext5d to ! base1 & lava issu$ f ?is & fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ! ,camaldoli4 ,/reams ( less importance furr[$ ! cone 9 o!r directions1 b ! l>ge/ quantity ( lava proce$$ f ! fissure 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 bel[ ! hillock or m9iature *a9 ( coll9es j describ$4 ,?is lava /ream 0 = "s "t re/ra9$ )9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 among ! holes & inequalities ( ! lavas ( #ahga1 b ^! be+ fill$ up & ov]come1 x divid$ into two bran*es--! small] "o fl[+ ?r\gh a holl[ :i* sep>at$ ! lavas ( #ahfg f ^? ( #ahga1 & made its way ov] ! lavas ( #aheh1 ?reat5+ ,res9a1 b /opp$ z soon z x rea*$ ! fir/ cultivat$ gr\nd2 ! l>g] bran* precipitat$ itself into ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 occupy+ ! :ole wid?1 ab\t #hjj metres2 & trav]s+ ! entire l5g? ( #a1cjj metres 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,x da%$ into ! ,fossa di ,f>aone2 "h x aga9 divid$ into two /reams1 "o ov]ly+ ! lava ( #ahfh1 on ! ,pla9 ( ! ,novelle1 p>tially cov]+ ! cultivat$ gr\nd & c\ntry-h\ses2 ! o!r fl[+ on ?r\gh ! ,fossa di ,f>aglione1 ov] ! lava ( #ahee1 rea*$ ! villages ( ,massa & ,/4 ,seba/iano1 cov]+ a portion ( ! h\ses1 & !nce cont9u$ its c\rse ?r\gh ! b$ ( a foss or tr5* :i*1 contr>y to my advice1 _h be5 excavat$ aft] ! eruption ( #ahee1 9 ! expectation ( div]t+ ! c\rse ( t lava4 ,i did n fail to obs]ve t ! ra9s :i* previ\sly desc5d$ ?r\gh ^! /eep *annels1 w\ld 9 future be kept back to filtrate ?r\gh ! scori1 )\t ev] rea*+ ! new *annel4 ,! lava ( ?is eruption1 meet+ ) ?is said excavation1 fl[$ into x1 in/ead ( pursu+ its road ov] ! lava ( #ahee1 & ?us invad$ highly cultivat$ gr\nd & t[ns ( consid]able value1 ext5d+ to ! v walls ( a c\ntry-h\se belong+ to ! celebrat$ pa9t]1 ,luca ,giordano4 ,?is lava /ream1 hav+ surm\nt$ ! ob/acles :i* ! heaps ( scori 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo pres5t$ to x1 ran ) great velocity 7not)/&+ its be+ greatly wid5$ out 9 ! ,fossa del ,vetrano71 s t betwe5 #aj a4m4 & #aa p4m4 x trav]s$ ab\t five kilometres ( road1 occupy+ a surface ( five to six squ>e kilometres4 ,if x _h n greatly slack5$ aft] midnight1 f ! failure ( supply at its s\rce1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs m1 by occupy+ ,ponticelli1 x w\ld h rea*$ ,naples1 & fl[$ into ! sea4 ,al?\gh ,i _h (t5 visit$ ! two villages ( ,massa & ,/4 ,seba/iano1 previ\sly greatly injur$ by ! lava ( #ahee1 yet ,i c\ld n well e/imate1 ^u n[ see+ !m aga91 ! numb] ( h\ses :i* _h disappe>$4 ,massa seem$ to me dim9i%$ by ab\t "o-?ird1 & ,/4 ,seba/iano by some:at less ?an a f\r?4 ,b ! way ( escape 0 op5 to ! inhabitants ( ,massa2 :il/ a great riv] ( lava occupy+ ! road lead+ to ,/4 ,giorgio a ,cremano w\ld h h9d]$ ! flight ( ! inhabitants ( ,/4 ,seba/iano1 if !y _h be5 dilatory4 ,! lava /ream n[ sep>at+ ! two villages is little less ?an a kilometre 9 wid?1 & is ab\t six metres 9 height4 ,on ! night ( ! #bf? ,april1 ! ,obs]vatory lay betwe5 two torr5ts ( fire1 :i* emitt$ an insuff]able heat4 ,! glass 9 ! w9d[-frames1 especially on ! ,vetrana side1 0 hot & crack+1 & a smell ( scor*+ 0 p]ceptible 9 ! rooms4 ,! cone1 besides be+ furr[$ by ! lava /reams j describ$1 0 trav]s$ by sev]al o!rs1 :i* appe>$ & disappe>$4 ,x seem$ completely p]=at$1 & ! lava ooz$ z x 7 ?r\gh its :ole surface4 ,i _c bett] express ?is ph5om5on1 ?an by say+ t ,vesuvius sweat$ fire4 ,9 ! day-"t1 ! cone appe>$ mom5t>ily cov]$ ) :ite /eam jets 7fum>oles71 :i* look$ l flakes ( cotton aga9/ ! d>k m\nta9-side1 appe>+ & disappe>+ at brief int]vals4 ,simultane\sly ) ! gr& fissure ( ! cone1 two l>ge crat]s op5$ at ! summit1 dis*>g+ ) a dreadful noise1 audible at a great di/ance1 an imm5se cl\d ( smoke & a%es ) bombs & flakes1 ris+ to ! height ( #acjj metres,c above ! brim ( lava 7sull' orlo de essi74 ,! :ite a%es1 be=e describ$1 al?\gh !y did n fall beyond ! ,crocella1 7 c>ri$ by ! w9d z f> z ,cos5za1 f :5ce !y 7 s5t to me by ,dr4 ,conti4 ,^! ejections 7 foll[$ by d>k s&1 ) lapilli & small fragm5ts ( scori ( ! same col\r4 ,! smoke1 driv5 up ) viol5ce1 assum$ ! usual aspect ( a p9e tree1 ( s sad a col\r t x rem9d$ u ( ! %ad[y elm ( ,virgil's dreams 7ulmus opaca +5s74 ,f ! trunk & bran*es ( ! p9e-tree cl\d fell a ra9 ( inc&esc5t mat]ial1 :i* frequ5tly cov]$ all ! cone4 ,! lapilli & ! a%es 7 c>ri$ to great] di/ances4 ,! victims ( ! morn+ ( ! #bf?1 ! torr5ts ( fire :i* ?reat5$ ,res9a1 ,bosco & ,torre ,annunziata1 & :i* deva/at$ ! f]tile c\ntry ( ! ,novelle1 ( ,massa1 ,/4 ,seba/iano & ,c]cola1 ! two p>tially buri$ villages1 ! cont9ual & ?reat5+ gr[l+s ( ! crat]s1 caus$ su* t]ror t numb]s fl$ f _! dwell+s ne> ! m\nta9 into ,naples1 & sev]al 9 ,naples w5t to ,rome or to o!r places4 ,v _m delay$ f ! k t ,i 0 9 ! ,obs]vatory1 & held !mselves 9 read9ess = flight :5ev] ,i %\ld ab&on x4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! va/ torr5t ( fire assail$ ! h\ses 7i4e41 9 ^! villages71 & ! great heat :i* spread to a di/ance1 sc>cely all[$ ! fugitives to c>ry away any ( _! belong+s2 _m 7 completely de/itute4 ,! au?orities vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 zeal\s ef=ts to relieve ! di/ress1 & ! municipality ( ,naples %elt]$ & f$ ! wret*$ be+s = _m days4 ,! igne\s p]iod ( ! eruption 0 %ort1 = on ! morn+ ( ! #bg? ! lava /ream1 be>+ d[n ^u ,res9a1 hav+ cov]$ a few cultivat$ fields1 /opp$2 ! lava desc5d+ f ! summit ( ! m\nta9 t[>ds ! ,camaldoli also /opp$2 & ! great lava torr5t1 :i* pass$ ! %\ld]s ( ! ,obs]vatory ?r\gh ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 l[]$ ! level ( its surface bel[ ^? ( its two sides1 :i* appe>$ l two p>allel ramp>ts above x4 ,if ^! /reams _h cont9u$ on ! #bg?1 fl[+ 9 ! same mann] z !y did on ! night ( ! #bf?1 !y w\ld h rea*$ ! sea1 br++ de/ruction to ! v walls ( ,naples4 ,b be=e leav+ ! subject ( ^! lavas ,i mu/ n>rate an important fact to :i* ,i 0 witness1 & :i* 0 ?rice repeat$1 ne> ! banks ( ! great riv] ( fire t ran close to ! ,obs]vatory4 ,at ?ree sev]al po9ts1 & at diff]5t times1 ,i obs]v$ great balls ( black smoke issue f ! lava1 driv5 up ) cont9u$ viol5ce1 z if f a crat]2 ?r\gh ! smoke ,i frequ5tly obs]v$ num]\s projectiles ?r[n up into ! air1 b ,i c\ld n say :e!r ) noise or 9 sil5ce1 = ! noise ( ! c5tral crat] 0 deaf5+4 ,ea* ( ^! little eruptions1 :i* ,i may call ext]nal eruptions1 la/$ f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,! fir/ took place at ! mo/ elevat$ po9t ( ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 on ! "r bank ( ! torr5t2 ! second1 "u ! hill ( ,apicella1 :]e ! lava divid$ into ! two bran*es1 be=e describ$2 & ! ?ird ne> to ! ,obs]vatory on ! left bank ( ! lava /ream4 ,^! s+ul> explosions t]m9at$ )\t leav+ little cones or crat]s1 ! lava 9 its impetuosity c>ry+ e trace away4 ,^! eruptions 7 se5 f ,naples1 & ! ,obs]vatory 0 ju/ly believ$ to be 9 dang]4 ,"o has be5 cle>ly photograph$1 ! "o :i* 0 ! be/ se5 f ,naples1 be+ ! ne>e/ & ! lea/ d>k5$ by ! smoke ( ! lava4 7,plate #d47 ,is ?is ! fir/ "t t ! ph5om5on has be5 rem>k$8 ,i believe t x is at lea/ ! fir/ "t x has be5 au!nticat$4 ,! au?ority ( ,julius ,s*midt1 quot$ by ,scrope1 has no weight ) me1 = ,i 0 also a witness ( :at happ5$ at ,vesuvius 9 #ahee2 &1 al?\gh ^! cones 7 9 ! mid/ ( ! lava 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 !y orig9at$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ev]yone1 f ! fissure f :i* ! o!r & mu* l>g] cones proce$$4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo 9 #aheh1 :5 ,i caus$ two ( ! little cones to be br\ght to ! ,obs]vatory2 b ^! also might belong to ! fissure along :i* ! o!r cones 7 arrang$4 ,! same may be said ( ! little crat]s obs]v$1 aft] !y _h be5 exhau/$1 by ,pr(essor ,scac*i 9 #ahej4 ,b ! dis*>g+ m\?s n[ obs]v$ 9 ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 :i* exi/$ = tw5ty m9utes & !n disappe>$1 & :i* 7 n at all 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 & c\ld n be suppos$ to correspond ) any fissure b5ea?1 con/itute a circum/ance :i*1 if n new1 is evid5t = ! fir/ "t1 & cause ! recognition ( a p[] 9 ! lava itself to =m eruptive fum>oles4#b ,! igne\s p]iod ( ! eruption hav+ t]m9at$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #bg?1 ! a%es1 lapilli1 & projectiles became a little m abundant1 :il/ ! ro>+ noises ( ! crat]s app>5tly became great]4 ,! p9e-tree cl\d 0 ( a d>k] col\r1 & 0 furr[$ by cont9ual lightn+1 visible by daylight f ! ,obs]vatory4 ,_m writ]s on ! subject ( ,vesuvius affirm t ! fla%es :i* appe> ?r\gh ! smoke cl\d 7 lightn+ unaccompani$ ) ?und]1 b !y /udi$ ! ph5om5a f ,naples1 or "s place m or less di/ant f ! crat]1 :]e ! report ( ! ?und] 0 inaudible1 or c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! bell[+ & detonation ( ! m\nta94 ,! fact is t ^! fla%es 7 con/antly foll[$ by ?und]1 aft] an int]val ( ab\t sev5 seconds4,d ,:5 ! fla% 0 v %ort1 a simple noise l ! report ( a gun 0 he>d1 b if x 7 long1 a protract$ s\nd l t f torn pap] ensu$4 ,on ! #bh? ! a%es & lapilli1 cont9u+ to fall abundantly1 d>k5$ ! air1 yet )\t dim9i%+ ! t]rible noise2 at ,res9a1 ,portici1 ,/4 ,giorgio a ,cremano1 ,naples1 etc41 t]ror 0 univ]sal4 ,on ! #bi?1 ) a /rong w9d bl[+ f ! ea/1 scori ( su* a size fell at ! ,obs]vatory1 t ! glass ( ! w9d[s unprotect$ by ext]nal bl9ds 0 brok54 ,! noise f ! crat] cont9u$1 b ! projectiles rose to a less height1 indicat+ a dim9ution 9 ! dynamic p[] ( ! eruption4 ,t[>ds midnight ! noise ( ! crat]s 0 no long] cont9u\s1 & recurr$ ) less =ce & = %ort] int]vals4 ,almo/ at ! same h\r a tempe/ bur/ ov] ! ,campania ) l\d ?und] & a little ra94 ,! grass1 ! se$s1 ! v9e t5drils1 ! leaves & tops ( ! trees dri$ up imm$iately1 & ! c\ntry 0 *ang$ f spr+ to w9t]4 ,! /orm1 al?\gh repeat$ on ! foll[+ days1 pass$ away by degrees1 & ?us ! floods1 :i* ,i /rongly fe>$1 did n occur4 ,almo/ always aft] great eruptions ( ,vesuvius1 /orms ( heavy ra9 h foll[$1 & ! gr\nd be+ cov]$ ) a%es1 ! wat] c\ld n filtrate ?r\gh into ! soil1 b desc5d$ 9 muddy torr5ts ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry1 occasion+ z mu* damage z ! fire itself4 ,on ! #cj?1 ! detonations 7 v few1 & ! smoke issu$ only at int]vals1 & by ! #a/ ,may ! eruption 0 completely ov]4 ,:5 ! smoke _h cle>$ (f ! figure ( ! cone 0 se5 to be *ang$4 7,vide ,plate #e;a47 ,! gr\nd 0 p]petually di/urb$ :il/ ! ,volcano rag$1 s t ! ,obs]vatory oscillat$ cont9ually4 ,"s %ocks 7 felt n only 9 ! adjac5t t]ritory1 b at a great] di/ance1 at ,montovi & else:]e4 ,! oscillations at ! ,obs]vatory 7 *iefly undulatory1 f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 ,!y 7 obs]v$ = "s days aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! eruption1 b n cont9u\sly1 al?\gh !y ma9ta9$ "s int5sity4 ,if we ref] to ,janu>y1 #ahga1 we %all f9d t t eruption 0 prec$$ by sev]al e>?quakes1 among :i* 7 ^? ( ! mon?s ( ,octob]1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 9 ! previ\s ye>1 t wr\ght su* de/ruction 9 ,calabria1 & especially 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cos5za2 if we consid] t z only ! la/ phase1 we %all f9d t x 0 prec$$ by great %ocks ( e>?quake t deva/at$ "s regions ( ,greece4#c ,! great quantity ( lapilli :i* fell buri$ ! scori ) :i* ! ,vesuvius cone 0 cov]$1 s t x became some:at m difficult to asc5d to ! summit1 & mu* less difficult to desc5d4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! top ( ! m\nta91 ,i f\nd a l>ge crat] divid$ into two p>ts by :at seem$ a cyclopean wall4 ,! two abysses _h v]tical sides1 & reveal$ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! cone4 ,_! v]tical dep? 0 #bej metres2 & beyond t ,i obs]v$ a sort ( tunnel p]=at$ 9 ! rock1 ) a cov]+ ar* rais$ above ! bottom ( ! ea/]n abyss ab\t #ab metres1 judg+ by ! eye4 ,! int]ior walls ( ! crat] %[$ nei!r ! usual /alactitic scori nor sublimations1 nor fum>oles1 b alt]nate b$s ( scori & ( compact lava4 ,! fum>oles & sublimations ab\nd$1 only ab\t ! brims ( ! crat]s4 ,hydro*loric & sulphuric acid & sometimes sulphurett$ hydrog5 affect$ respiration1 & ! temp]ature rose sometimes to #aej degrees4 ,v>i\s fissures ab\t ! brim ( ! d\ble crat] indicat$ prolongations d[nw>ds1 :i* all[$ me to desc5d ) a rope1 9 ord] to exam9e ! int]ior ( ! tunnel to :i* ,i h j allud$4 ,! highe/ brim ( ! crat] 0 fissur$ = a di/ance ( #hj metres1 & ! greate/ dep? ( fissure 0 at t place4 ,by measurem5t ) ! b>omet]1 we asc]ta9$ approximately 7= only "o b>omet] 0 us$7 t ! height ( ! ,vesuvian cone 0 some:at dim9i%$4 ,n only ! ,vesuvian cone1 b ! :ole adjac5t c\ntry appe>$ :ite = _m days1 z if cov]$ ) sn[1 :5 expos$ to sunlight4 ,?is 0 due to ! sea-salt conta9$ 9 ! a%es ) :i* ! surface 0 /rewn4 ,a great quantity ( coleopt]a assembl$ on ! flat ro( ( ! ,obs]vatory1 :]e ! a%es & lapilli 7 heap$ up two decimetres 9 height4 ,i f\nd ! same species on ! cone1 :]e _m insects 7 obs]v$ on o!r occasions1 su* z ! ,cucc9ella septempunctata2 ! crysomela populi1 etc41 7 want+4 ,?is ph5om5on ( ! extraord9>y conc\rse ( insects on ! top ( ,vesuvius1 9 ord] to die 9 "s ( ! fum>oles1 especially not$ previ\s to & aft] great eruptions1 is a circum/ance = :i* ,i _c acc\nt4#d ,! :ole ( ! lava emitt$ 9 ?is eruption occupies a surface ( ab\t five squ>e kilometres2 all[+ an av]age ?ickness ( f\r metres1 we obta9 a mass ( tw5ty millions ( cubic metres4 ,ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ?is lava did no injury1 be+ deposit$ ^u o!r pre-exi/+ lava4 ,h[ev]1 ! lava 9 ! ,novelle1 :i* 0 deposit$ ^u ! lava ( #aheh1 cov]$ qu>ries ( ! be/ /one :i* _h be5 work$ at ! "t1 cov]$ _m pa?s t _h be5 cle>$1 & buri$ ! new ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ele1 ) "s h\ses t surr\nd$ x1 :i* _h be5 rebuilt on ! site ( ! =m] *ur*1 :i* 0 cov]$ by ! lava ( #ahfh4 ,! de/ruction ( l& 9 occupation1 ( build+s & ( crops1 exce$$ ?ree million francs 9 value4 ,_m proposals = reliev+ ! suff]]s h be5 receiv$4 ,wi%+ to aid 9 ?is b5evol5t "w1 ,i gave a public lecture1 admission = ea* p]son be+ "o franc2 & ?is lecture1 f notes badly tak51 0 pr9t$ by private speculation1 & ,i 0 compell$ to repudiate ! report ( x ?r\gh ! public pap]s4 ,! evolutions ( c>bonic acid 7m(ette71 :i* usually appe> at ! end ( great ,vesuvian eruptions at l[-situat$ spots or holl[s1 ) v r>e exceptions1 7 obs]v$ on ?is occasion a few days aft] ! eruption _h completely ceas$4 ,!y appe>$ 9 ! direction ( ,res9a4 ,i f\nd ! mo/ elevat$ at ,tironi1 & ! mo/ num]\s betwe5 ,la ,favorita & ! ,bosco ,reale di ,portici4 ,! wat] 9 wells 0 on ?is occasion nei!r defici5t nor sc>ce previ\s to ! eruption1 b 0 v acid aft] ! appe>ance ( ! c>bonic acid evolutions 9 ^? neighb\rhoods 9 :i* !y ab\nd$4 ,hav+ /at$ t ! disa/r\s conflagration ( ! #bf? ,april ought1 9 my op9ion1 to be reg>d$ z ! la/ phase ( a long p]iod ( eruption1 :i* comm5c$ at ! beg9n+ ( #ahga1 ,i consid] x "r to discuss ! "q at some:at great] l5g?4 ,n only f tw5ty ye>s' p]sonal obs]vations1 b f ! att5tive /udy ( acc\nts ( previ\s eruptions1 ,i h f\nd t :5 ! c5tral crat] awak5s ) small eruptions aft] a c]ta9 "t ( previ\s repose1 ^! almo/ always h a long duration1 &1 aft] v>i\s phases ( increase & decrease1 t]m9ate 9 a great ecc5tric eruption1 t is to say1 ) ! production ( an ap]ture f :i* a copi\s lava /ream issues4 ,! eruptions ( #aheh1 #ahfa1 #ahfh & #ahgb1 furni% ! mo/ rec5t examples ( :at ,i affirm4 ,i might cite _m o!rs ( e>li] date1 b ,i %all cont5t myself ) record+ ! greate/ conflagration ( ?is c5tury1 t ( ,octob]1 #ahbb4 ,be=e ! erection ( ! ,vesuvian ,obs]vatory1 x 0 impossible to obta9 a consecutive acc\nt ( all ! phases :i* ! ,volcano pres5t$2 b we g5]ally obta9$ ! description ( ! m spl5did phases ( ! eruption :i* arre/$ ! att5tion ( ev]yone4 ,h5ce1 notices ( ! small ph5om5a :i* prec$$ a great eruption are frequ5tly want+4 ,we _c always asc]ta9 :e!r ! fum>oles ( ! crat]s became active & at :at p]iods1 :at 0 _! temp]ature & :at ! div]se nature ( _! emanations1 etc43 :e!r & :5 any *ange 9 ! crat] ) slight eruptive manife/ations occurr$2 dis*>ges :i* sometimes comm5c$ 9 ! bottom ( a crat] becom+ active1 & s are invisible at ,naples4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r ! inv]se proposition be equally true1 t is1 :e!r all ! great eruptions ( our ,volcano 7 prec$$ by small fi]y manife/ations ( long duration8 ,!re h und\bt$ly be5 great eruptions n prec$$ by small c5tral eruptions1 b ^! also _h _! p]iod ( prep>ation or precursory signs4 ,aft] ! great eruption ( #ahej1 ,vesuvius rema9$ 9 app>5t repose until ! end ( ,may1 #ahee1 :5 !re 0 an ecc5tric eruption & a great fl[ ( lava la/+ tw5ty-sev5 days4 ,b = a ye> be=e ! fum>oles on ! top ( ! m\nta9 _h acquir$ great activity1 _! temp]ature increas$1 & hydro*loric & sulphuric acid became m abundant1 & g5]at$ ! usual col\r$ products on ! adjac5t scori4 ,f9ally1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 a crat] 0 =m$ by fall+ 9 ( ! gr\nd1 & al?\gh x did n dis*>ge fire1 yet x p\r$ =? d5se smoke4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! fissure manife/$ f\r mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,ignazio ,sorr5t9o1 :o sp5t a long life 9 ! /udy ( ,vesuvius1 & frequ5tly asc5d$ x1 consid]$ ! increase ( ^? yell[ products--:i* are *iefly *lorides ( iron1 b 71 at t "t1 mi/ak5 = sulphur--z ! sign ( an approa*+ eruption4 ,! only grave objection t c be alleg$ is t ( ! memorable eruption ( #afca1 :i* surpris$ ! neighb\r+ population s sudd5ly t _m p]i%$ mis]ably1 surr\nd$ or cov]$ ) lava4 ,b t t]rible conflagration occurr$ aft] c5turies ( repose1 s t trees _h gr[n 9 ! int]ior ( ! crat]4 ,no "o suspect$ ! possibility ( dang]4 ,x took place1 too1 at ! end ( autumn1 :5 ! cone is usually cov]$ ) cl\ds1 &1 !re=e1 no "o _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ any precursory ph5om5a4 ,:5 ! ,obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$1 ,i 0 able--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at my own exp5se1 & aft]w>ds ) "s slight assi/ance f ,gov]nm5t--to und]take /udies m assidu\s ?an any previ\sly made4 ,i _h two in/rum5ts adju/$ to indicate ! int]nal ef=ts ( ! ,volcano1 viz41 ,m4 ,lamond's app>atus ( v>iations1 :i*1 by means ( f9ely-balanc$ ne$les & me?ods ( amplification propos$ by ,gauss1 indicates ! slighte/ trepidation ( ! gr\nd1 & my own electro-magnetic seismograph1 a self-regi/]+ in/rum5t ( exquisite delicacy4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 :5 att5tively obs]v$1 give ! mo/ valuable in=mation ) respect to ! activity ( ! adjac5t ,volcano4 ,if ! v slighte/ eruption occurs1 ^! in/rum5ts manife/ slight p]turbation1 increas+ ) ! activity ( ! m\nta94 ,:5 ! ,volcano atta9s a c]ta9 degree ( activity1 & ! in/rum5ts are proportionately di/urb$1 x is impossible to =esee a new phase ( increase )\t con/antly wat*+ ! *anges 9 ! int5sity ( ! p]turbations2 & to effect ?is x is requisite to h ^u ! spot a /aff ( assi/ants suffici5tly num]\s1 sci5tific & intellig5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 on ! night prec$+ ! #bf? ( ,april ! in/rum5ts _h be5 prop]ly wat*$1 !y w\ld h und\bt$ly indicat$ ! great increase 9 ! activity ( ! ,volcano4 ,! p]turbations on ! #bcrd 7 /eadily increas+1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! #be? !y 7 mu* /rong] ?an on ! #bd?1 b on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? !y _h become extraord9>ily /rong2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 h increas$ consid]ably dur+ ! night4 ,,ii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,lavas4 ,:5 ! obs]v] is ne> ! s\rce ( ! lava1 he sees matt] 9 a /ate ( fusion1 :i*1 l a torr5t ( liquid fire1 runs along1 ) m or less impetuosity1 betwe5 two banks =m$ by itself4 ,b z soon z ! surface ( ! torr5t cools to ! po9t ( congelation1 x loses ! spl5d\r ( its fir/ inc&esc5ce4 ,! "p :i* beg9s to h>d5 breaks readily 9 "s lavas into fragm5ts :i* float on ! visc\s fluid b5ea?2 ^!1 increas+ 9 numb] ) di/ance f ! s\rce1 conceal ! molt5 matt] b5ea? & ret>d its progress1 & at la/ no?+ is se5 b ! m or less r$-hot scori mov+ along4 ,^! lavas ,i %all call ,lavas ) fragm5t>y scori4 ,on o!r occasions1 a sk9 =ms on ! surface ( ! lava1 :i*1 gradually ?ick5+1 keeps flexible = "s "t1 & !n wr9kles or swells or ext5ds & breaks to give egress to ! hot fluid )91 :i*1 9 its turn1 sk9s ov] & repeats ! same ph5om5a4 ,?is ,i %all call ,lavas ) a unit$ surface4 ,^!1 9 _! c\rse1 dis*>ge less smoke ?an ! fir/1 draw out m easily into ?reads1 &1 :5 cold1 h a d>k col\r1 some?+ l bitum5 or pit*4 ,! lava ) fragm5t>y scori1 :5 /ret*$1 breaks easily1 dis*>ges smoke copi\sly1 &1 :5 h>d5$1 has a m blui% t9t1 l clods ( upturn$ e>? 7=mato di zolle74 ,x is noisy 9 its c\rse1 because ! incoh]5t scori t x c>ries along /rike & crun* aga9/ ea* o!r2 ! o!r lava fl[s sil5tly1 except = a sort ( crackl+ aris+ f ! actual fractur+ up ( ! solid sk9 by di/5sion f ! liquid matt] )94 ,if requir$ to give ! m9]alogical *>act]i/ics ( ?is lava1 ,i w\ld say t x 0 ri* 9 leucite & conta9$ little or no pyrox5e2 ! fragm5t>y lava1 on ! contr>y1 is poor 9 leucite & ri* 9 pyrox5e4 ,! lavas ( #ahga 7 ( ! unit$ surface "*2 ^? ( #ahgb 7 fragm5t>y1 ) "s *>act]i/ics :i* ,i %all describe3 #a4 ,!y 7 ( ! cle>e/ t9t ,i h ev] se51 :5 reg>d$ sup]ficially1 b1 :5 brok51 ! fracture 0 d>k] ?an any o!r lava4 #b4 ,!y _h v little leucite & ab\nd$ 9 pyrox5e & oliv9e1 & sometimes conta9$ a few cry/als ( amphibole4 #c4 ,_! specific gravity v>i$ ) _! porosity2 ! mo/ compact atta9$ #bge4 #d4 ,^! lavas c>ri$ along 9 _! c\rse a quantity ( scori :i* _h long be5 subject$ to ! action ( ! acids ( ! fum>oles close to ! crat]s1 & also a great _m bombs 7bombe7--t is1 r\nd masses simil> to ^? eject$ f crat]s4 ,^! v>i$ 9 size1 "s hav+ a diamet] ( f\r to five met]s4 ,!y frequ5tly conta9$ a l>ge nucleus ( v leucitic lava1 l t ( #ahga1 ) a l>g] or small] quantity ( f]oligi/e 7p]oxide ( iron74 ,o!rs conta9$ lavas *ang$ by ! action ( ! acid vap\rs ne> ! crat]s4 ,^! bombs mu/ h fl[$ out ) ! lava1 = !y are f\nd ?r\gh its :ole c\rse1 & !y 7 c]ta9ly n eject$ f ! crat]2 = n only are !y f\nd on ! lava exclusively1 b masses s enorm\s 7 n ?r[n up f ! crat]s dur+ ! eruption2 ^? ly+ on ! cone ne> ! crat]s seldom exce$ a decimetre 9 diamet]4 ,z to ! qualitative *emical analysis ( ! lavas1 x always pres5ts ! same elem5ts1 ) ! exception ( small quantities ( "s metals1 lead = example1 :i* h escap$ ! rese>*es ( good *emi/s1 b :i* ,i h con/antly f\nd 9 ! sublimations ( ! fum>oles ( ! lava4 ,) respect to ! quantitative analysis1 two specim5s ( ! same lava appe> inde$ to h _! con/itu5ts 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,to arrive at any conclusion a long & pati5t inve/igation1 requir+ means & assi/ance :i* ! ,obs]vatory does n possess1 w\ld be necess>y4 ,pr(essor ,fu*s1 ( ,heidelb]g1 has devot$ himself to ?is "w = ye>s pa/1 & if he cont9ue x ) well-select$ & suffici5tly l>ge specim5s we may hope "s day to obta9 satisfactory results4 #e4 ,e specim5 ( lava :i* ,i exam9$ ) a v s5sitive magnetoscope improv$ by myself1 0 inv>iably magneto-pol>1 n except+ ! pieces ( ! bombs1 :e!r reject$ f ! crat] or c>ri$ along ) ! lava4 ,,iii4 ,,fum>oles ,,( ,,! ,,lavas4 ,smoke g5]ally issues f all lava :5 x cools d[n to a c]ta9 degree1 h5ce x is m abundant at ! edges ( ! fi]y torr5t1 or is lib]at$ f ! scori t =m on its surface4 ,b :5 ! lava /ops1 ! smoke issues only f c]ta9 v5t-holes1 ?r\gh :i* we c /ill see ! fire1 & at ! edge ( :i* diff]5t amorph\s or cry/alliz$ matt]s collect by sublimation4 ,^! c5tres ( heat1 ( m or less duration1 are ! fum>oles ( ! lavas4 ,i believe ,i h on o!r occasions %[n t a fum>ole is no?+ b a communication betwe5 ! m or less cool$ & h>d5$ surface ( ! lava & ! int]ior1 :i* is /ill inc&esc5t4 ,"s fum>oles la/ b a day1 o!rs pres]ve _! activity = weeks1 mon?s or ye>s1 accord+ to ! dep? ( lava ?r\gh :i* !y p5etrate2 & :5 !y cease to be active1 t is1 :5 ! sublimations are =m$1 or smoke or o!r ri=m matt]s issue f !m1 !y /ill reta9 a r elevat$ temp]ature4 ,9 ! lavas ( #aheh1 9 a place :]e !y _h a transv]se wid? ( #aej metres1 a v5t-hole may /ill be f\nd :]e ! !rmomet] regi/]s #fj & ! scori are w>m4 ,sometimes1 :ile ! lava is 9 process ( cool+1 new fum>oles appe>1 9 :i* ! fire is visible4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* appe>$ m>vell\s & inexplicable :5 ,i fir/ obs]v$ x 9 #ahee1 is n[ v easily und]/ood2 ! cool$ & h>d5$ cru/ ( ! lava fractures ) noise & sudd5ly1 & s a new communication is op5$ ) ! inc&esc5t lava bel[1 ?us creat+ a new fum>ole4 ,z ! smoke ( ! fluid lava is p]fectly neutral1 t is1 nei!r acid nor alkal9e1 s ! fum>oles at ! fir/ p]iod ( _! exi/5ce ) sublimations ( sea-salt1 mix$ frequ5tly ) oxide ( copp] ei!r 9 black p[d] or 9 %9+ lam91 ought also to be neutral4 ,b if ! fum>ole cont9ues active1 hydro*loric acid issues ) ! smoke1 & (t5 "s "t aft] sulphuric acid4 ,!n ! sublimations turn fir/ yell[1 !n gre51 & m r>ely azure4 ,! *emical reactions %[ t ^! sublimations are *lorides or sulpho-*lorides1 & sometimes sulphides1 & !y af=d reactions1 indicative ( soda1 magnesia1 copp]1 lead1 & traces ( o!r sub/ances1 n exclud+ ammonia1 :i* ,i mu/ speak ( sep>ately4 ,?is1 ,i h obs]v$1 is ! g5]al law ) ! fum>oles ( ! tranquil lavas1 :i* occur ) long & mod]ate eruptions--= in/ance1 ! lavas ( #ahga1 & ev5 ^? ( #ahgb1 prec$+ ! #bf? ,april4 ,b 9 ! great lavas ( ! great conflagrations ( ,vesuvius1 *loride ( iron m or less 9 comb9ation ) all ! o!r sub/ances above m5tion$ *anges ! appe>ance ( ! sublimations4 ,! fum>oles 9 ! lava ( ! #bf? ,april frequ5tly indicat$ *loride ( iron4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 by reaction ( sulphur\s acid1 is decompos$1 & sulphur sublim$1 hav+ a p>ticul> aspect1 collects on ! scori4 ,?is is nev] f\nd b 9 fum>oles ( ! small] lavas2 x 0 !re=e abs5t 9 ^? ( #ahga1 b frequ5tly occurr$ 9 ^? ( #ahgb4 ,al?\gh ! sublimations are g5]ally mixtures1 yet sometimes di/9ct & cry/alliz$ *emical or m9]al species are f\nd1 su* z sulphur1 sal ammoniac1 t5orite1 cotunuite1 etc4 ,micace\s p]oxide ( iron 7f]oligi/e71 s common ne> eruptive cones1 is v sc>ce on lava2 any f\nd 9 x has be5 c>ri$ d[n f ! crat]s1 & pro(s ( ?is transport are v abundant & /rik+ 9 ! lavas ( ?is la/ eruption4 ,ev5 ! iron f\nd 9 ! bombs is evid5tly transport$2 !re is a fum>ole on ! ridge ( ! lava 9 ! ,fossa di ,f>aone :i* conta9s micace\s p]oxide ( iron1 & ?is1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s to oppose :at ,i h affirm$2 nev]!less1 x gives additional =ce to my /atem5t4 ,?is fum>ole is only a bomb or r\nd$ mass ( enorm\s size1 f\r or five metres 9 diamet]4 ,smoke & hydro*loric acid issu$ f ! ap]ture 9 its envelope1 & be+ p>tly brok5 x 0 se5 to conta9 lapilli & pieces ( antec$5t lava1 cov]$ ) micace\s p]oxide ( iron4 ,! int]nal temp]ature ( ?is mass 0 v high2 ! hydro*loric acid :i* x dis*>g$ _h1 9 "s places1 cov]$ ! micace\s iron ) a yell[ coat+ ( *loride ( iron4 ,f small ap]tures1 on ! l[] side ( ! mass1 :ite & gre5 /alactites ( *loride ( calcium 7 visible4 ,9 "o spot only ( lava ,i f\nd a fum>ole1 ) a small quantity ( micace\s p]oxide ( iron1 evid5tly 9 a /ate ( =mation2 b ?is 0 ! v spot :]e ! lava became eruptive1 & :5ce issu$ ! column ( smoke :i* 0 s well photograph$--! place "u ! hill ( ,apicella4 7,see ,plate #d;a47 ,i h enum]at$ ! products :i* are con/antly collect$ 9 fum>oles1 al?\gh !y are n all f\nd at ! same "t or place1 9 ord] to %[ t ! sublimations foll[ a c]ta9 law 9 _! appe>ance4 ,t5orite1 = in/ance1 0 =m]ly consid]$ an accid5tal product ( c]ta9 eruptions1 & ,i h always f\nd x2 b if y visit ! fum>ole :5 ! acids h _h "t to trans=m x1 y w no long] see x4 ,i f\nd ! cry/alliz$ *loride ( lead1 or cotunuite1 z x is call$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! lavas ( #ahee1 & ?\ght x a s+ul> circum/ance2 b f t "t ,i recognis$ x 9 all ! lavas1 ?\gh n always s beautiful & abundant2 & ev5 :5 n f\nd z a di/9ct sub/ance1 ,i obs]v$ x 9 comb9ation ) *loride ( copp]4 ,9 ! lavas ( ! #bf? ,april cotunuite & t5orite,e 7 n v abundant1 because ! *loride ( iron di/urb$ ! great] numb] ( ! sublimations4 ,i f\nd sal ammoniac v abundantly on ! fum>oles ( ! lavas t invad$ ! cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,al?\gh *loride ( ammonia1 contr>y to op9ion1 0 n want+ 9 ! sublimations ( ! fum>oles ( ! lavas deposit$ on o!r lavas1 yet x 0 nei!r abundant nor cry/alliz$1 b comb9$ 9 small quantities ) o!r sub/ances4 ,x appe>$ 9 great abundance 9 all ! fum>oles ( lavas :i* cov]$ cultivat$ or woody gr\nd4 ,at fir/ x 0 sc>ce en\gh1 & mix$ ) *loride ( sodium2 b :5 ! ra9s came ! sea-salt 0 wa%$ away1 & sal ammoniac =m$ beautiful cry/als1 ne>ly free f adv5titi\s matt]s1 z 0 ! case ) ! fum>oles ( ! la/ lava4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 *loride ( iron 0 produc$1 f]ro-*loride ( ammonia 0 f\nd4 ,cry/als ( sal ammoniac 7 sometimes f\nd ( a beautiful amb] yell[4 ,?is col\r 01 9 ! op9ion ( my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,scac*i1 produc$ by su* small traces ( *loride ( iron t nei!r ,pr(essor ,guisc>di nor ,i1 nor inde$ any o!r *emi/s to :om ,i submitt$ specim5s = exam9ation1 c\ld detect any4 ,:at ,i c affirm ) c]ta9ty is1 t ^! limpid cry/als ( a yell[ col\r 7 almo/ always atta*$ to an amorph\s sub/ance1 soluble 9 wat]1 compos$ ( v>i\s *lorides1 9 :i* iron 0 (t5 detect$4 ,f ^! rem>ks1 x is evid5t t 9 ! tranquil lavas ! sublimations appe> ) a c]ta9 ord] ( succession1 & 9 ! viol5t lavas1 & ^? :i* fl[ mo/ copi\sly1 !y are m complicat$1 & r5d] bo? *emical analysis & spectroscopic rese>*es m difficult4 ,not)/&+1 ,i obs]v$ traces ( li?ium & ?allium1 :i* ,i _h previ\sly p]ceiv$ 9 "s sublimations ( #ahga4 ,i purpose submitt+ _m sublimations :i* ,i h collect$ to m complete spectroscopic inve/igation1 al?\gh ,i am p]suad$ t ! discov]y ( traces ( c]ta9 bodies 9 ! sublimations or 9 ! lavas is a matt] ( small importance to ! sci5ce ( volcanoes4 ,i mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t calcium 0 discov]$ on ?is occasion 9 great abundance1 n only by ! spectroscope1 b also by *emical analysis4 ,sulphate ( lime has (t5 be5 f\nd 9 l>g] or small] proportions1 b ?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h obs]v$ *loride ( calcium bo? close to ! crat]s1 & also 9 ! sublimations ( ! fum>oles ^u ! lavas4 ,! :ite /alactites :i* ,i collect$ b5ea? ! great mass or bomb above describ$ 7 almo/ exclusively compos$ ( *loride ( calcium1 & only a few gre5 drops manife/$1 ) ! usual re-ag5ts1 ! pres5ce ( iron4 ,i did n fail to look (t5 at ! spectrum ( ! fl[+ lavas cov]$ ) ! smoke :i* issu$ f !m1 b ,i always _h a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,! spectroscope employ$ 0 ,h(fmann's con/ruction1 ) direct vision2 b ,i ?9k x w\ld be bett] on o!r occasions to use a spectroscope comb9$ ) a telescope1 l ^? us$ by a/ronom]s4 ,b avoid+ m9ute p>ticul>s ( ^! sublimates1 let u see :at is ! g5]al direction & ! ord] ( _! appe>ance4 ,sublimations are g5]ally oxides1 *lorides & sulphates1 sometimes sulphides4 ,among ! oxides1 we mu/ enum]ate 9 ! fir/ place t5orite & f]oligi/e or micace\s p]oxide ( iron4 ,! fir/ is almo/ always f\nd at ! comm5cem5t ( activity 9 ! fum>oles1 simultane\sly ) ! sublimation ( *loride ( sodium2 ! second--:i* is1 p]haps1 nev] want+ 9 eruptive cones t are (t5 f\nd l9$ ) x inside--is seldom g5]at$ 9 ! fum>oles ( ! lava1 & !re=e x is n easy to def9e ! mom5t ( its appe>ance4 ,sometimes "o collects micace\s p]oxide ( iron on ! lava1 b x is (t5 transport$ !re f ! m\?s ( eruption1 z happ5$ on ?is occasion4 ,tru/wor?y writ]s are ( op9ion t all ! oxides are d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! *lorides1 b ,i ?9k ,i h cle>ly demon/rat$ t1 ) reg>d to copp] & lead1 ! opposite /atem5t may be affirm$2 = ! oxides are *ang$ into *lorides1 & hydro*loric acid lib]at$4 ,oxide ( copp] =ms sublimates at ! beg9n+1 at ! same "t z ! sea-salt2 & if ! fum>ole be anhydr\s or1 z ,deville w\ld say1 dry1 ?is oxide does n *ange into ei!r a *loride or a sulphate2 b if ! fum>ole gives wat]y vap\r1 aft] a little hydro*loric acid is =m$1 :i* *anges ! oxide into a *loride1 & if :il/ ?is is go+ on oxide ( lead be develop$1 x is *ang$ into ! *loride ( lead1 s frequ5tly f\nd 9 comb9ation ) *loride ( copp]4 ,!n ! sublimations *ange f :ite to r$ or yell[1 & specim5s :5 c>ri$ away gradually turn light blue1 b :5 heat$ on plat9um ov] a _s lamp !y resume _! yell[ t9t4 ,sometimes ! yell[ col\r rema9s long]1 & 9 "t *anges to gre52 ?is also happ5s on ! fum>ole itself1 ! gre5 comm5c+ at ! zones fur!/ remov$ f ! c5tre1 :]e ! temp]ature is highe/4 ,:5 ^! sublimations are gre5i%1 !y become f> less soluble ?an at fir/4 ,! yell[1 s common at a c]ta9 p]iod on ! fum>oles ( ! tranquil lavas1 nev] attract$ att5tion be=e ,i fir/ exam9$ x1 d\btless1 because x 0 consid]$ *loride ( iron1 & yet 9 small eruptions ?is is only f\nd close to ! dis*>g+ m\?s1 & nev] 9 ! sublimations ( ! fum>oles ( ! lava2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! mo/ copi\s & common product on ! lavas ( ! great eruptions4 ,?is probably also acc\nts = ! fact t lead1 :i* is s obvi\s 9 ! fum>oles ( ! lavas1 _h nev] previ\sly be5 obs]v$4 ,9 #ahee1 ,i notic$ ! cry/alliz$ *loride ( lead 9 a fum>ole 9 ! ,fossa della ,vetrana1 & ?is induc$ me always to look = x on ! fum>oles ( ! lat] lavas2 & ,i asc]ta9$ t1 if x did n always appe> z a di/9ct m9]al1 x 0 easily discov]$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r *lorides4 ,! specim5s :i* ,i h collect$ are n ! mo/ beautiful1 b ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! sublimations is n less common4 ,micace\s p]oxide ( iron1 :5 f\nd on ! lava1 has be5 mo/ly convey$ f ! eruptive m\?s1 z ,i h already /at$1 & p]haps nev] s abundantly & evid5tly z on ?is occasion4 ,! lava ( ! #bf? ( ,april c>ri$ along a l>ge quantity ( r\nd masses or bombs1 v>y+ 9 size1 among :i* 7 f\nd antec$5t lava m or less cov]$ ) micace\s iron1 ei!r collect$ 9 ! cavities ( ! lava1 or incorporat$ ) its mass4 ,sometimes ! micace\s iron appe>s l little ve9s 9 ! pa/e ( new lava envelop+ ! ext]ior ( ^! r\nd$ masses1 an ext]ior compact & li?oidal1 & n resembl+ scori4 ,among ^! sph]ical masses ,i f\nd "o ( enorm\s size1 f\r to five metres 9 diamet]1 :i*1 hav+ brok5 up :]e ! ext]ior envelope 0 ?9ne/1 ,i f\nd fill$ ) a great mass ( lapilli & fragm5ts ( o!r lavas cov]$ ) micace\s iron4 ,?is bomb /ill pres]ves 7,june #e?7 an elevat$ temp]ature )91 & emits smoke & hydro*loric acid1 :i*1 meet+ ! micace\s iron discov]$ by break+ ! envelope ) bl[s ( a hamm]1 trans=ms x sup]ficially into *loride ( iron1 %[+ mo/ cle>ly h[1 on "s occasions at lea/1 *loride ( iron is =m$ f ! oxide :i* prec$es x4 ,t ^? lapilli & ! pieces ( lava 7 solid :5 envelop$ 9 ! pa/e ( ! new lava1 we inf] f see+ ! impressions on ! inside ( ! said envelope4 ,! *loride ( calcium1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ?is sph]ical mass almo/ pure1 caus$ me to suspect t ! sulphate ( lime :i* is s (t5 f\nd on ,vesuvius is a trans=mation ( ! *loride produc$ by ! contact ( sulphur\s acid1 :i* easily becomes trans=m$ into sulphuric acid4 ,! hydro*loric acid :i* escapes f a fum>ole com+ into contact ) ! scori ne> its m\?1 produces *loride ( iron1 :i* is1 !re=e1 n always obta9$ by sublimation1 al?\gh1 :5 ! temp]ature is v high1 *loride ( iron is convey$ f ! int]ior ( ! lava1 & sublimes on ! ext]ior & cold] p>ts2 = in/ance1 ! *loride ( iron :i* issues f ! eruptive cones is sometimes f\nd sublim$ on ! rocks ( ,monte di ,somma4 ,:5 *loride ( iron has be5 produc$ by sublimation1 we may collect x inside a glass bell plac$ ov] ! fum>ole1 or ^u a piece ( brick2 b :5 x is produc$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid on ! scori1 x w only be f\nd on ! scori !mselves4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! orig9 ( micace\s p]oxide ( iron 7 due to ! decomposition ( ! sesqui-*loride ( iron requir+ a m elevat$ temp]ature = its decomposition1 x w\ld foll[ t its g5esis w\ld be easi] ne> ! dis*>g+ m\?s1 & m difficult on ! lavas1 b !re ! fact 0 v]ifi$3 = example1 9 ! great bomb on ! fum>ole1 :]e we obs]v$ micace\s iron trans=m$ into *loride ( iron4 ,we may !re=e consid] x prov$ t "s *lorides--= in/ance1 *loride ( sodium--issue f ! lava itself1 ei!r be+ !re pre-exi/5t1 or be+ =m$ !re2 & t o!rs are d]iv$ f ! oxides :i* prec$e !m1 z und\bt$ly is ! case ) *loride ( copp]2 h5ce1 ! !ory t d]ives ! oxides always f ! *lorides _c be consid]$ true4 ,grant+ t ?is !ory might be applicable to ! orig9 ( micace\s iron1 we %\ld /ill want to "k h[ x is f\nd ) ! pa/e ( ! new lava itself1 :i* =ms ! ext]ior coat+ ( ! bombs above describ$4 ,_m ( ^! r\nd$ masses1 :i* h be5 roll$ along by ! lava1 conta9 scori p>tly decompos$ by ! long action ( ! acids f\nd on ! fum>oles ( ! crat]s4 ,!y dis9tegrate easily1 & h a m or less yell[i% t9t4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( cases ! int]ior ( ^! masses is =m$ ( leucitic lava1 ) cavities l9$ ) micace\s iron4 ,9 %ort1 _! cont5ts appe>$ to me q simil> to ! mat]ial ( ! cone ( #ahga & #ahgb1 :i* 9 all probability 0 engulf$ 9 ! l>ge crevasse or fissure t op5$ bel[ x2 & ! fragm5ts hav+ ?us fall5 d[n into ! lava1 7 envelop$ by x & c>ri$ out by x aft] hav+ be5 m or less r\nd$4 ,! ext]nal envelope ( ^! sph]es is n at all scoriace\s1 b compact & li?oidal1 & sometimes compos$ ( conc5tric folds or plaits4 ,z to ! gase\s emanations ( fum>oles1 wat]y vap\r ) few exceptions comes fir/2 ?is conveys ! mat]ial :i* fir/ appe>s 9 ! sublimations1 viz41 sea-salt1 & = ! mo/ "p oxide ( copp]4 ,if ! fum>ole cont9ue active1 x passes f ! neutral p]iod to ! acid p]iod1 & fir/ hydro*loric acid is produc$1 :i*1 9 small lava /reams1 nev] conveys *loride ( iron1 & r>ely attacks ! scori to =m t salt1 b exp5ds its =ce 9 *ang+ ! sublimations already !re4 ,= ?is reason *loride ( iron1 ?\gh completely abs5t 9 ! lavas ( #ahga1 0 abundantly f\nd 9 ^? ( ! #bf? ,april1 #ahgb4 ,sulphur\s acid foll[s hydro*loric at a lat] p]iod1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 occasionally succe$s4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! gases ( fum>oles by means ( a graduat$ tube1 & ! pyrogallate ( pota%1 ,i always f\nd t x conta9$ less oxyg5 ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i wi%$ to see :e!r ! fum>oles ( ! lavas _h a p]iod ( evolution ( c>bonic acid1 z sometimes happ5s ) fum>oles ne> ! crat]s1 b ,i h always obta9$ negative results4 ,i (t5 f\nd t ! atmosph]e on ! lavas conta9$ an excess ( c>bonic acid1 b z ^! lavas _h burnt _m trees1 & x 0 probable t c>bonic acid spr+s _h =m$ "u ! lava1 ,i nev] consid]$ x safe to =m any conclusion on ! subject4 ,,iv4 ,,bombs1 ,,lapilli ,,& ,,a%es4 ,! bombs eject$ f ! crat]s are l ^? c>ri$ d[n by ! lavas1 b ( small] size1 & !y seldom] conta9 a nucleus simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! latt]4 ,) ! bombs prop]ly s call$1 _m pieces ( inc&esc5t lava 7 ?r[n up1 & 9 _! fall w5t beyond ! base ( ! cone4 ,a quantity ( small scori v>y+ 9 size accompani$ ^! projectiles1 & ^? fragm5ts1 :i* we call lapilli1 fell at a great] di/ance4 ,) ! lapilli1 & sometimes )\t !m1 ! smoke c>ri$ a v m9ute du/ or s&1 :i* is g5]ally call$ a%es4 ,^! a%es1 :5 wa%$ ) wat]1 lose soluble con/itu5ts :i* !y h collect$ 9 ! smoke--su* z *loride ( sodium & o!r *lorides & (t5 free acids4 ,! insoluble "p orig9ates 9 ! detritus ( lava1 & ) ! microscope we c detect abundant fragm5ts ( ^? cry/als :i* mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 ! lava ( ! same eruption4 ,! lavas ( #ahga1 :i* 7 em95tly leucitic1 & almo/ entirely depriv$ ( pyrox5e1 resembl$ ! a%es1 :i* appe>$ to be fragm5ts ( cry/als ( leucite1 m or less envelop$ 9 ! pa/e ( ! lava1 s t hav+ triturat$ ! scori ( ! lava1 & look$ at ! p[d] ?r\gh ! microscope1 x 0 app>5tly q ! same z ! a%es4 ,b at ! beg9n+ ( ! eruption ( ! #bf? ,april1 a :ite s& fell 9 ! ,atria del ,cavallo1 close to ! ,crocella#e1 :i* on ! d>k scori ( #ahga look$ l sn[4 ,its fall _h a limit s well def9$ t "o pass$ )\t any gradation f :ite to black4 ,hav+ collect$ "s ( ?is s& t v morn+1 ,i put x up 9 :ite pap]1 = at t mom5t x 0 impossible = me to exam9e x4 ,tak+ x out "s days aft]1 ,i f\nd x _h become r$di%1 & hav+ put x "u ! microscope1 ,i obs]v$ t x 0 exclusively =m$ ( little pebbles m or less r\nd1 ( a transp>5t vitre\s matt]1 p>tly cov]$ ) a r$ sub/ance4 ,fragm5ts ( gre5 cry/als occurr$ 9 ?is s&1 ^u :i* no r$ 0 p]ceptible4 ,i consult$ our em95t cry/allograph]1 ,arcangelo ,scac*i1 :e!r ^! little pebbles 7 leucite1 z ,i suspect$1 & :e!r ! gre5 p>ticles 7 pyrox5e3 he confirm$ my suspicion1 & rem>k$ t ! r$ col\r 0 sup]ficial only4 ,we !n wa%$ a little ( ! s& 9 hot wat]1 & saw ! pebbles become :iti%2 b hav+ heat$ "s on plat9um1 we obs]v$ t !y fir/ turn$ black & !n became p]fectly :ite1 prov+ t ! r$ 0 a deposit ( organic matt]4 ,to see ^! leucites1 r\nd$ l small pebbles transport$ by a torr5t1 depriv$ ( ! soluble *lorides :i* g5]ally accompany ,vesuvian a%es1 is a matt] wor?y ( att5tion4 ,:il/ heat+ ?is s& ^u plat9um1 decrepitation 0 audible1 :i* indicat$ ! crack+ ( "s ( ! little pebbles4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t cry/als ( leucite rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature may break1 & ?us we c und]/& h[ almo/ all ,vesuvian a%es conta9 fragm5ts ( ! said cry/als envelop$ 9 ! pa/e ( ! lava4 ,x is evid5t t ! soluble "p ( ! a%es is obta9$ f ! smoke ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,on ?is occasion ! smoke f ! crat]s did n app>5tly conta9 mu* acids1 = no bad smell 0 p]ceptible1 & ! wat] 9 :i* ,i wa%$ ! a%es sc>cely r$d5$ litmus pap]4 ,ev5 *loride ( iron1 :i* 0 s abundant 9 ! lavas1 0 sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ! smoke1 :i* almo/ exclusively deposit$ sea-salt on ! surr\nd+ rocks2 ,i say sea-salt advis$ly1 & n *loride ( sodium1 to %[ t ,i include all t sea-salt conta9s4 ,! slight di/urbance x manife/$ ) *loride ( b>ium1 & ! small precipitate ) oxalate ( ammonia1 reveal sulphate ( lime1 )\t exclud+ ! possibility ( ! *loride4 ,b h[ c ^! a%es d s mu* injury to ! vegetation ( ! gr\nd !y cov]1 especially at ! fir/ fall ( ra98 ,i ?9k t ! damage is due p>tly to ! sea-salt1 & p>tly to ! acids conta9$ ei!r 9 ! a%es or 9 ! ra9-wat] itself4 ,^u wat]+ ! t5d] tops ( "s plants ) a saturat$ solution ( ! salt f ,vesuvius itself1 ,i notic$ t !y )]$ away aft] a few h\rs4 ,b v (t5 ! ra9 alone :i* trav]ses ! smoke ( ,vesuvius1 or is produc$ by cond5sation f x1 gives manife/ acid reactions1 & de/roys ! grass & ! tops ( ! trees4 ,! peasants believe t ! ra9 is w>m or ( boil+ wat]1 f obs]v+ t ! t5d] p>ts ( ! plants are1 by its deposit1 all burnt up4 ,vegetation is n[ recov]+1 b )\t fl[]s1 & consequ5tly )\t fruit4 ,v4 ,,! ,,crat]s ,,& ,,_! ,,fum>oles4 ,! great] "p ( ! lava issu$ f ! base ( ! great fissure 9 ! cone :i* ,i h describ$2 & al?\gh two o!r lava /reams desc5d$ f ! top ( ! m\nta91 nei!r proce$$ f ! crat]1 b f ap]tures ne> x4 ,! great crat]1 divid$ 9 two z already describ$1 op5$ wide on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ,april1 de/roy+ ! brim ( ! antec$5t crat]1 & remak+ x 9 ano!r %ape ) eject$ matt]1 except on ! s\?-we/ side1 :]e ! brim 0 split4 7,see ,plate #e47 ,f ?is d\ble crat]1 copi\s smoke1 bombs & inc&esc5t scori1 ) a%es & lapilli1 issu$ ) viol5ce1 & f ! dep?s bel[ came dreadful detonations & bell[+s1 produc+ great t]ror4 ,& yet ! lava p\r$ out into ! ,atria del ,cavallo )\t any noise1 & n ev5 a column ( smoke m>k$ its orig9 ( issue--namely1 f ! fissure4 ,:5 ! eruption 0 ov]1 ! sight ( ! v]tical walls ( ^! deep crat]s1 ( almo/ horizontal /rata ( scori & li?oidal masses1 ) a fracture fre%1 & z if !y _h nev] und]gone ! action ( fire or ( acid vap\rs1 )\t rec5t scori & )\t fum>oles1 0 to me a m>vell\s spectacle4 ,! fum>oles 7 almo/ all on ! brims ( ! crat]s1 ) emanations ( hydro*loric & sulphur\s acid4 ,9 a few t 7 m remov$ f ! brim1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 0 p]ceptible4 ,9 ! sublimations1 *loride ( iron 0 mo/ abundant1 9 comb9ation ) o!r *lorides1 = example1 ( sodium1 magnesium & calcium4 ,?is la/ *loride 0 frequ5t ev5 among ! sublimations ( ! fum>oles ( ! lavas1 & x 0 ! fir/ "t x 0 ev] rem>k$1 b ,i d n ?9k x 0 ! fir/ "t t x 0 ev] produc$3 be+ 9 comb9ation ) *loride ( iron1 & v deliquesc5t1 x did n attract att5tion f anyone4 ,9 a holl[ fragm5t ( scori ,i obs]v$ a yell[i% sub/ance1 :i* look$ l sulphur 9 a viscid /ate1 & :i* boil$ at a temp]ature ( #abj1 & evolv$ hydro*loric acid4 ,hav+ collect$ ?is sub/ance & p\r$ x into a glass phial1 x quickly coagulat$ into an amorph\s mass ( ! same col\r2 b be=e ,i rea*$ ! ,obs]vatory1 ,i f\nd t x _h become liquid by deliquesc5ce4 ,x consi/$ ( a mixture ( ! a=esaid *lorides1 accord+ to an analysis made by ,pr(essor ,silve/ro ,z9no & myself4 ,9 "s fum>oles1 :]e ,i p]ceiv$ ! smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ,i f\nd sublim$ sulphur "u ! scori4 ,at ! s\rce ( ! lava /ream t fl[$ t[>ds ! ,camaldoli1 on ! seaw>d flank ( ,vesuvius1 ,i obs]v$ l>ge fum>oles ( /eam only1 pure aque\s vap\r4 ,!re 0 no trace ( c>bonic acid 9 ^! fum>oles1 b t fact does n imply t !re 0 none at a lat] p]iod1 =1 s9ce ! fir/ inve/igations ( ,deville1 x is kn[n t c>bonic acid is f\nd "u c]ta9 conditions on ! v summit ( ,vesuvius4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,electricity ,,( ,,! ,,smoke ,,& ,,a%es4 ,our ance/ors c\ld judge t a great am\nt ( electricity 0 occasionally evolv$ 9 ! smoke1 f _! obs]vation ( ! lightn+ fla%es t d>t$ ?r\gh ! ,vesuvian p9e tree2 b !y _h no prop] in/rum5ts = asc]ta9+ :e!r ?is evolution ( electricity 0 con/ant or accid5tal1 or :at laws regulat$ its manife/ations4 ,my app>atus1 ) movable conductor1 by :i* comp>ative obs]vations ( electric meteorology c be made1 & ! errors aris+ f disp]sion correct$1 suppli$ me ) an easy me?od ( /udy+ ! electricity evolv$ dur+ eruptions4 ,i mu/ beg9 by describ+ ! bifil> electromet]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! app>atus :i* ,i h nam$ z above1 ,app>e*io a conduttore mobile4 ,a ,a 7,plate ,v,ia1 ,fig4 #a7 is a glass cyl9d]1 ! l[] edge ( :i* is gr\nd1 well v>ni%$ ) gum lac1 & let into a wood5 base1 ,b1 furni%$ ) ?ree levell+ screws4 ,?r\gh a suffici5tly wide glass tube1 a a1 runs a copp] rod cov]$ ) insulat+ ma/ic1 hav+ a little plate or cyl9drical cavity ( gild$ brass at ! top 7,figs4 #b & #c71 ) two arms d d1 d' d4 ,9 ! plate a disc ( alum9ium1 m1 is susp5d$ by means ( two silk fibres1 & to ! disc a v f9e alum9ium wire is atta*$1 f f'1 b5t a little at ! ends1 z are ! arms1 d d1 d' d4 ,! disc has ab\t ?ree millimetres less diamet] ?an ! plate4 ,! diamet] ( ! plate may v>y )9 c]ta9 limits1 b ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to make x eighte5 millimetres4 ,! glass tube1 a a 7,fig4 #a71 %\ld desc5d bel[ ! base z mu* z x rises above x1 t is ?ree to f\r c5timetres4 ,! l5g? ( ! index is ab\t "o decimetre4 ,! upp] ends ( ! two silk fibres1 by :i* ! disc & index are susp5d$1 are atta*$ to ! top ( ! glass tube1 ,c1 by a contrivance :i* p]mits a *ange 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two po9ts ( susp5sion1 & a screw1 p1 is provid$ to raise & l[] ! disc ) ! index4 ,at n1 at ! l[] "p ( ! tube1 ,c1 !re is a k9d ( torsion micromet]1 arrang$ s z to br+ ! index to ! z]o ( ! scale engrav$ on ! graduat$ r+1 ,b1 :i* is =m$ ( a /rip ( good pap] pa/$ on ! rim ( a glass disc4 ,! index mu/ be plac$ at ! z]o ( ! scale1 & mu/ be "s di/ance f ! ends ( ! arms ( ! plate ) :i* x is p>allel4 ,! plate is ab\t ?ree millimetres deep4 ,hav+ levell$ ! in/rum5t1 s z to r5d] ! disc conc5tric ) ! plate1 & plac$ ! index at z]o1 x is obvi\s t if an electric *>ge ?r\gh ! wire1 h1 rea* ! plate ) ! arms1 x w electrify ! disc & index3 ! disc w h ! opposite electricity1 & ! extremities ( ! index w take ! same electricity z ! arms1 & consequ5tly ! index w describe an arc m or less great4 ,! motion ( ! index is suffici5tly sl[ to all[ ! eye conv5i5tly to foll[ x4 ,hav+ trav]s$ ! fir/ arc1 :i* ,i call ! impulsive "o1 ! index returns1 &1 aft] only two oscillations1 comes to re/ at :at ,i %all call ! def9ite arc4 ,:5 ! electric *>ges are ( v brief duration1 ! impulsive arcs are )9 c]ta9 limits proportional to ! t5sions1 & ! ratio betwe5 ! impulsive & def9ite arcs is express$ by ! foll[+ equation3 ,a 7,b - ,a7 _/ ,b tang4 7#a_/b7 ,a ,9 :i* ,b is ! impulsive arc & ,a ! def9ite arc1 %[+ t ,a comes out ne>ly equal to #a_/b ,b4 ,9 dry wea!r all goes p]fectly )9 ! limits ( proportion1 & ,i c tell :e!r1 dur+ ! "t 9 :i* ! index trav]s$ ! impulsive arc1 !re 7 any disp]sions & ( :at nature2 = if ! def9ite arc is n close to ! limit ( ! impulsive arc1 x is a sign ( disp]sions hav+ tak5 place dur+ ! motions ( ! index4 ,e degree less 9 ! def9ite arc d5otes two degrees ( loss = ! impulsive arc2 b z ! index employs d\ble ! "t trav]s+ ! def9ite z x does ! impulsive arc1 we may consid] ! loss ( "o equal to ! loss ( ! o!r4 ,9 excessively damp wea!r ! index gives no def9ite arc1 & x is necess>y to resort to artificial heat 9 ord] to dry ! insulators4 ,! mo/ simple means ,i "k ( is to hold ! in/rum5t ov] "s holl[ vessel1 :i*1 = ! "t1 is conv]t$ into a /ove by ! introduction ( a _s lamp4 ,f ,gauss's =mula = ! bifil> sy/em ( in/rum5ts ( ?is class1 we le>n t ! maximum s5sitiv5ess ( su* in/rum5ts is giv5 :5 ! l5g? ( ! susp5d+ fibres is greate/1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m is smalle/1 ) ! weight ( ! movable or rotat+ memb] a m9imum2 & ^! elem5ts be+ ! same1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! in/rum5ts is inv>iable4 ,to "s electromet]s1 9 ord] to avoid errors ( p>allax1 a small telescope1 ) a micromet] wire1 has be5 add$2 b1 ) a little practice1 we c read accurately )\t ?is ref9em5t4 ,9 ord] to obta9 comp>ative measurem5ts1 x is necess>y to select "s giv5 unit ( t5sion4 ,i h obs]v$ t by mak+ a galvanic pile ( copp]1 z9c & di/ill$ wat]1 & insulat+ x well1 ea* pole has a t5sion :i* rema9s ! same = _m days1 if ! conditions ( temp]ature & ! moi/ure ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e are n v diff]5t4 ,) ?irty pairs ( ?is pile1 ea* elem5t hav+ tw5ty-five squ>e c5timetres ( surface1 ,i h on ! electromet] a def9ite arc ( #ae1 ) ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e at #bj ,c41 & ) ! diff]5ce ( #d to #e ,c4 betwe5 ! !rmomet]s ( ! psy*romet] ( ,augu/'s con/ruction4 ,! fir/ obs]vation 0 made tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] m\nt+ ! pile4 ,= unit ( t5sion ,i took t :i* correspond$ to a s+le pair1 t is1 ! ?irtie? "p ( ! total t5sion4 ,o!r electromet]s may be comp>$ ) "o already prop]ly adju/$1 )\t always hav+ rec\rse to ! pile4 ,?is done1 let u see ! arrangem5t ( all ! app>atus3 ,h ,h 7,plate ,v,i,ia1 ,fig4 #a7 is ! ceil+ ( a well-situat$ l(ty room1 ) an op5+1 o o1 at ! upp] "p4 ,m ,m1 a bracket or table fa/5$ aga9/ ! wall1 ab\t a metre di/ant f ! ceil+1 ,h ,h4 ,n ,n1 a wood5 plat=m = ! obs]v]4 ,a1 ! bifil> electromet]4 ,b1 ,bohn5b]g]'s electroscope4 a a1 a movable conductor =m$ ( a brass rod #ae to #ah millimetres 9 diamet]1 insulat$ bel[ by means ( a glass rod1 well v>ni%$ ) gum lac1 hav+ a susp5d+ pulley1 c1 & a wood5 guide-rod und]nea? x1 l1 )9 ! guid+ tube1 k4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ?is conductor1 a a1 !re is a slid+ ro(1 b1 :i* c be adju/$ s z to prev5t ra9 ent]+ at ! op5+1 o o4 ,! conductor t]m9ates 9 a disc made ( a %eet ( ?9 brass1 d1 #bd c5timetres 9 diamet]4 ,^u ?is disc1 or ev5 9 place ( x1 we may use metallic po9ts4 ,z a support to ! conductor at ! upp] "p1 ,i h made use ( a triangul> r+1 x1 drawn at its full size 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! conductor passes betwe5 ?ree spr+s1 & ! triangul> r+ is held 9 place by ?ree silk cords1 m m m4 ,_! mat]ial %\ld n be mix$ ) any cotton1 & x may be advisable to saturate !m ) an alcoholic solution ( gum lac4 f f f is a hemp5 cord1 :i* is us$ to raise & l[] ! conductor4 i is a copp] wire cov]$ ) silk1 by means ( :i* ! triangul> r+1 x1 & ?r\gh t & its spr+s ! conductor communicates ) ei!r ! electromet] or ! electroscope4 ,quickly rais+ ! conductor by pull+ ! cord1 f1 ! index ( ! electromet] w describe a m or less l>ge impulsive arc1 &1 aft] two oscillations1 w /op at ! def9ite arc4 ,hav+ ?us measur$ ! electric t5sion ( ! air1 & hav+ l[]$ ! conductor1 ,i next place ! wire1 i1 9 communication ) ! electroscope1 ,b1 & by aga9 rais+ ! conductor1 ,i asc]ta9 :e!r ! electricity be positive or negative4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! conductor1 :5 rais$1 gives electricity ( ! same nature z t prevail+ at ! mom5t 9 ! atmosph]e2 & :5 l[]$1 manife/s ! opposite4 ,9 "s conjunctures we mu/ keep ! conductor rais$ & 9 communication ) ! electroscope1 9 ord] to obs]ve c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* ,i %all pres5tly describe3 ?is me?od ,i call obs]vation ) a fix$ conductor4 ,i h also con/ruct$ a simil> b portable app>atus = use on eruptive cones1 :5 requir$4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is description ( ! app>atus1 x rema9s = me to relate ! results obta9$1 especially on ! occasion ( ! la/ eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,! ,obs]vatory is di/ant1 9 a direct l9e f ! c5tral crat] ( ,vesuvius1 #b1chj metres1 s t1 :5 ! smoke is copi\s1 x is prop]ly situat$ = ! /udy ( electricity1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! w9d incl9es ! p9e-tree cl\d 9 ! direction ( ! ,obs]vatory1 z frequ5tly happ5$ on ! la/ occasion4 ,) smoke alone1 )\t a%es1 we obta9$ /rong t5sions ( positive electricity2 ) a%es only1 :i* sometimes fell :ile ! smoke turn$ 9 ! o!r direction1 we _h /rong negative electricity2 :5 ! smoke incl9$ t[>ds ! ,obs]vatory1 accompani$ ) a%es & lapilli1 we _h sometimes "o k9d ( electricity1 & sometimes ! o!r1 j z ! smoke or ! a%es pr$om9at$2 & (t5 ) a fix$ conductor we obta9$ negative electricity1 & ) a movable conductor positive electricity4 ,9 ,naples1 too1 at ! ,meteorological ,obs]vatory atta*$ to ! ,univ]sity1 my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,eug5io ,semmola1 obs]v$ negative electricity ( /rong t5sion :il/ a%es 7 fall+ !re 9 abundance4 ,! t5sions on ?is occasion 7 s /rong z to equal ^? obta9$ at *anges ( wea!r or dur+ /orms 7temporali71 &1 be+ beyond measure ) a delicate electromet]1 we m>k$ !m ) ! symbol = inf9ity3 ! same ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ :5 lightn+s fla%$4 ,:5 !re is b little smoke1 x is necess>y to approa* ! eruptive m\?s ) a portable app>atus1 9 ord] to obs]ve ^? ph5om5a :i*1 9 great eruptions1 may be /udi$ f ! ,obs]vatory itself4 ,! conditions "u :i* 7folgori7 lightn+ fla%es are se5 f ! cl\d ( smoke are1 t x is convey+ great abundance ( a%es4 ,9 #ahfa1 !re 7 small fla%es ev5 f ! l9e ( ecc5tric m\?s above ,torre del ,greco1 al?\gh ! smoke 0 n v great2 & :5 ^! ceas$ to dis*>ge1 & ! c5tral crat] became some:at active1 ) a mod]ate am\nt ( smoke b a great deal ( a%es1 small & frequ5t lightn+ fla%es 7 obs]v$ 9 ! twilight d>t+ ?r\gh ! smoke1 :i* 0 d>k 9 col\r4 ,9 #ahej ! eruption 0 m vigor\s1 ! smoke m abundant1 & ! a%es sc>ce1 b ! fla%es 7 v r>e4 ,9 #ahee1 #aheh1 & #ahfh1 ) a scanty supply ( a%es & at int]vals1 no fla%es 7 obs]v$1 & ! electricity rema9$ con/antly positive4 ,b hav+ reg>d to ! facts ( antec$5t eruptions1 "o sees t ! fla%es are always d]iv$1 f ! mid/ ( smoke accompani$ ) a%es & lapilli1 :i* sep>ate l ra9 f ! roll+ volumes ( smoke1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y 7 eject$4 ,b h[ c we acc\nt = ! positive electricity ( ! smoke1 & ! negative electricity ( ! fall+ a%es8 ,)\t d5y+ ! probability t a "p ( ! positive electricity dep5ds ^u ! elevation ( ! smoke1 z 9 ! case ( e o!r conductor we raise al(t1 or ) a jet ( wat] s5t f a vessel by compress$ air1 ,i ?9k t ! great] "p ( ! electricity proce$s f ! rapid cond5sation ( vap\rs1 :i* are *ang$ f ! gase\s condition into d5se cl\ds2 = ev5 :5 ! smoke issues tranquilly & does n rise1 because c>ri$ away horizontally by ! w9d1 x gives signs ( positive electricity4 ,f all my /udies ( atmosph]ic electricity1 & f "s exp]im5ts made specially1 x foll[s t ! cond5sation ( vap\rs is ! orig9 ( ?is developm5t ( positive electricity4 ,! negative electricity ( ! fall+ a%es c]ta9ly arises f ! fact itself ( _! fall2 = if we place a metallic vessel full ( a%es ^u an elevat$ & well-situat$ t]race1 :ile ! atmosph]ic electricity is positive1 & cause ! a%es f ! vessel to fall gradually into an insulat$ metallic cup1 communicat+ ) ,bohn5b]g]'s electroscope plac$ at ?ree or f\r metres di/ance f ! vessel1 ! electroscope w manife/ negative electricity4 ,if ! upp] vessel be insulat$1 & ! a%es p]mitt$ to fall ^u ! gr\nd1 we %all obta91 f ! vessel1 positive electricity4 ,! int5sity ( ^! electric manife/ations dep5ds 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 ^u t pr$om9ant at ! mom5t 9 ! air2 s t if ! exp]im5t be made :ile negative electricity prevails1 ! fall+ a%es w manife/ positive electricity1 ! upp] vessel !n %[+ negative electricity4 ,n[1 z ! a%es sep>ate f ! positively electrifi$ smoke 9 ord] to approa* ! gr\nd1 :i* is negatively electrifi$1 x foll[s t !y mu/ manife/ negative electricity ^u t\*+ ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! positive electricity 9 ! smoke above4 ,= ?is reason1 ! electric t5sion ( ! smoke is increas$ by ! desc5t ( ! a%es & lapilli1 s t dis*>ges betwe5 ! upp] & l[] "p ( ! p9e-tree cl\d1 or ! surface ( ! crat]1 are r5d]$ possible4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! fla%es ( lightn+ ( ,vesuvius play ?r\gh ! smoke1 & ) difficulty /rike bodies ^u ! e>?2 & f ?is circum/ance our ance/ors believ$ ! ?und]bolts ( ,vesuvius to be h>mless4 ,h[ev]1 if ! smoke 7 v great1 & driv5 by ! =ce ( ! w9d to "s di/ance f ! crat]1 ) an abundant fall ( a%es1 x w\ld be possible to h lightn+ fla%es proce$ f ! smoke to ! e>?4 ,i possess "s docum5ts :i* relate t1 9 #afca1 ?und]bolts fell ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,arco1 & o!r places on ! coa/ ( ,sorr5to4 ,aft] upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s' /udy & obs]vation ( meteoric electricity1 ,i am enabl$ to prove t atmosph]ic electricity is nev] manife/$ )\t ra91 hail or sn[1 & t manife/ations ( light are always accompani$ by ?und]--manife/ations ( light 7lampi71 ?und] & ra9 be+ mo/ closely connect$4 ,we may h ra9 )\t manife/ations ( light1 b nev] ! latt] )\t ra9 or hail4 ,i _c "h repeat :at ,i h demon/rat$ 9 o!r memoirs2 ,i c only say t ! lightn+s ( ,vesuvius1 errone\sly believ$ to be n accompani$ by ?und]1 are really n accompani$ by ra91 b are induc$ by ! desc5t ( a%es & lapilli4#f ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,we may conclude f :at ,i h /at$3 #a4 ,t by ! assidu\s /udy ( ! c5tral crat]1 & ! indications af=d$ by ! ,app>atus ( ,v>iations & ! ,electro-,magnetic ,seismograph1 we c obta9 precursory signals ( eruptions2 & t ! o!r premonitory signs po9t$ out by our ance/ors1 su* z ! dry+ up ( wells1 ei!r only happ5 occasionally or are m]e co9cid5ces1 su* z ^? ( ! co9cid5ce ( a dry or a ra9y season1 ! preval5ce ( c]ta9 w9ds1 etc4,f #b4 ,t ! fum>oles ( ! lavas are communications betwe5 ! ext]nal surface ( ! lava1 h>d5$ & m or less cool$1 & ! int]ior lava /ill pa/y1 or at lea/ inc&esc5t4 #c4 ,t f ! lava1 :ile fl[+1 !re is no escape ( acid vap\rs1 nei!r f ! fum>oles at ! fir/ p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 b ^!1 if !y la/ long en\gh1 arrive at an acid p]iod4 #d4 ,t hydro*loric is ! fir/ acid t appe>s1 comb9$ aft]w>ds ) sulphur\s acid1 &1 /ill lat]1 ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 #e4 ,t vigor\s lava /reams may h eruptive fum>oles4 7,see ,translator's ,note #b to p4 #id47 #f4 ,t ! sublimations foll[ a c]ta9 ord] 9 _! appe>ance4 ,9 ! neutral p]iod we get sea-salt mix$ ) "s metallic oxides1 ! fir/ ( :i* is oxide ( copp]4 ,b 9 ! great lavas1 *loride ( iron appe>s simultane\sly ) ! acid p]iod4 ,hydro*loric acid trans=ms ! oxides into *lorides1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 *ange into sulphurets or sulphates on ! appe>ance ( sulphur\s acid4 #g4 ,t ! acids1 by attack+ ! scori1 create new *lorides & sulphates1 :i* are ?us n products m]ely ( sublimation4 #h4 ,t micace\s p]oxide ( iron--s common & abundant ne> ! eruptive m\?s--is v sc>ce & r>e on ! lavas1 unless convey$ !re f ! crat]s4 #i4 ,t *loride ( iron--s manife/ on ! fum>oles ( ! great lavas--is only f\nd 9 small eruptions close to ! dis*>g+ m\?s4 #aj4 ,t ! frequ5cy ( *loride ( iron 9 ! lavas ( great eruptions masks ! ord] ( trans=mation ( ! o!r products4 #aa4 ,! fum>oles at ! summit ( ,vesuvius pres5t ev5 great] gradations1 = !y (t5 emit c>bonic acid or pure wat]y vap\r4 #ab4 ,lead1 :i* ,i fir/ discov]$ 9 ! fum>oles ( ! lavas ( #ahee1 is a con/ant product ( fum>oles :i* h a c]ta9 duration4 ,x is (t5 obta9$ z a di/9ct & cry/alliz$ *loride1 & (t5 is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) o!r products4 #ac4 ,oxide ( copp] is also a con/ant & prim>y 7primitivo7 product ( fum>oles4 ,! *loride & sulphate ( copp] are =m$ f ! oxide1 directly contr>y to g5]al belief4 #ad4 ,i d n ?9k t ! *loride ( calcium1 :i* ,i f\nd on ?is occasion 9 almo/ all ! deliquesc5t sublimations1 is a product peculi> to ?is eruption only1 9 :i* alone1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd x4 ,i 01 !re=e1 induc$ to look = x 9 o!r sublimates1 9 :i* ,i might possibly h ov]look$ x1 z1 )\t d\bt1 my pr$ecessors h done1 ow+ to ! deliquesc5ce ( ! *loride ( iron ) :i* x 0 con/antly comb9$4 ,i ?9k t ?is *loride1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al law1 is trans=m$ into a sulphate--a trans=mation :i* readily occurs on ,vesuvius4 #ae4 ,copi\s & well-cry/alliz$ sal ammoniac is only f\nd on ! fum>oles ( ^? lavas :i* h cov]$ cultivat$ or wood$ gr\nd4 #af4 ,! sc>city ( oxyg5 9 ! gases ( fum>oles may possibly arise f ! =mation ( ! oxides :i* prec$e ! *lorides4 #ag4 ,lavas give a cont9u\s spectrum1 al?\gh cov]$ ) smoke1 :5 look$ at ) ,h(fmann's spectroscope ) direct vision4,g #ah4 ,! smoke gives positive electricity1 & ! fall+ a%es negative electricity4 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,plates4 ,,plate ,ia4 ,! ,cone ( ,vesuvius1 9 #ahgj1 f a ,photograph tak5 ne> ! ,obs]vatory4 a4 ,! ,atria del ,cavallo4 b b4 ,fossa della ,vetrana4 c4 ,punta del ,crocella4 d4 ,lava ( #aheh & #ahfg4 e4 ,police ,b>rack ne> ! ,obs]vatory4 f4 ,"p ( ,monte ,somma4 ,i,ia4 ,pr(ile ( ,vesuvius1 tak5 f a ,photograph ( ! ,obs]vatory 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahga4 #a4 ,! ,cone1 on ! #ac? ,janu>y1 #ahga4 #b1 #b4 ,lava ( #ahga4 ,i,i,ia4 ,pr(ile ( ,vesuvius on ! #af? ,april1 #ahgb1 ab\t t5 days be=e ! la/ ,conflagration4 ,i,va4 ,vesuvius1 on ! #bf? ,april1 #ahgb1 f a ,photograph tak5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples4 #a4 ,! ,obs]vatory4 #b4 ,fossa della ,vetrana4 #c4 ,eruption ( ,smoke & ,a%es1 ) ,/ones1 f ! surface ( ! ,lava4 #d4 ,! ,novelle1 ,/4 ,seba/iano1 & ,massa4 #e4 ,lava :i* took ! direction ( ,res9a4 #f4 ,lava :i*1 f ! ,crat]1 took ! direction ( ! ,camaldoli4 #g4 ,! ,gra9 ,/ores1 ne> ,naples4 #h4 ,res9a4 #i4 ,torre del ,greco4 #aj4 ,! ,camaldoli4 ,va4 ,pr(ile ( ,vesuvius aft] ! ,eruption ( ! #bf? ,april1 #ahgb1 f a ,photograph tak5 ne> ! ,obs]vatory4 #a1 #a4 ,! ,fissures ( ! #bf? ( ,april4 #b1 #c4 ,small ,hill ?r[n up on ! morn+ ( ! #bf? ( ,april1 f bel[ :i* issu$ ! great curr5t ( ,lava4 #d1 #d1 #d4 ,! ,m\?s out ( :i* ! ,lava issu$4 #e1 #e4 ,! l>g] ,lava ,/ream1 :i* pass$ ne> ! ,obs]vatory by ! ,fossa della ,vetrana4 #f1 #f4 ,! o!r ,lava ,/ream1 :i*1 aft] divid+ f ! la/1 took ! direction ( ,res9a4 #g1 #g4 ,! ,lava :i* ran d[n t[>ds ! ,camaldoli4 #h #i4 ,! two ,crat]s on ! summit ( ! ,cone4 ,v,ia4 ,! ,bifil> ,electromet] ( ,signor ,palmi]i4 7,details47 ,v,i,ia4 ,! assemblage ( ! ,electroscopic ,app>atus ( ,signor ,palmi]i1 z arrang$ at ! ,vesuvian ,obs]vatory4 ,,viii4 ,pr(essor ,palmi]i's ,seismographic ,app>atus4 ,a ,?is small cone1 z x appe>$ on ! #a/ ,april1 is describ$ & drawn 9 a ,memoir ( ,pr(essor von ,ra?1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 on ,vesuvius on ! #a/ & #ag? ( ,april1 #ahga4 ,b ,eight "y m$ical /ud5ts p]i%$ b5ea? ! lava1 ) o!rs unkn[n by "n4 ,!y 7 all y\?s ( good promise2 _! names w be record$ on ! m>ble monum5t to be erect$ ne> ! ,obs]vatory4 ,!y are3 ,girolamo ,paus9i1 ,antonio & ,maurizio ,fraggiacomo1 ,francesco ,b9etti da ,molfettu1 ,giuseppe ,c>bone da ,b>i1 ,francesco ,spezzaf]ri da ,trani1 & ,giovanni ,busco da ,casamassima & ,vitangelo ,poli4 ,c ,if ?is enorm\s height ( projection really means1 t above ! brim ( ! crat]1 x involves an initial velocity ( projection ( above #fjj feet 7,briti%7 p] second4 ,obs]vations ( ! height ( asc5t ( volcanic blocks are always difficult & deceptive1 & nev] free f error4--,translator4 ,d ,assum+ ^! fla%es to h emanat$ f some:]e )9 ! cl\dy volume ( /eam & du/ call$ ! head ( ! p9e-tree1 ?is int]val w\ld indicate t ! mean height ( ?is cl\dy volume itself 0 n m ?an ab\t f\r ?\s& feet above ! top ( ! cone2 &1 if s1 t is n v f> f ! limit 9 height ( projection ( ! du/ & lapilli4--,translator4 ,e ,,cotunuite1 *loride ( lead1 9 :ite1 lu/r\s1 acicul> cry/als1 ( ! trimetric sy/em1 easily scrat*$1 ,sp4 gr41 #ebch4 ,,t5orite1 p]oxide ( copp]1 9 ?91 hexagonal plates or scales1 transluc5t :5 v ?91 d>k /eel gray1 ( ! cubic sy/em2 h>d & lu/r\s4 ,sp4 gr4 ab\t #eiej4--,translator4 ,f ,e>?quakes1 ?\gh 9 di/ant regions1 usually prec$e eruptions4 ,! ,e>?quake ( ,melfi prec$$ ! great ,eruption ( ,etna 9 #aheb2 ! ,e>?quake ( ,basilicata ( ,decemb]1 #aheg1 t]m9at$ ) ! ,eruption ( #aheh1 :i* fill$ ! ,fossa ,gr&e ) lava2 ! ,e>?quakes ( ,calabria ( #ahfg & #ahgj 7 ! precursors ( ! ,vesuvian conflagrations ( #ahfh1 #ahga1 #ahgb4 ,a ,volcano1 also1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java _h a great eruption 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 "s days be=e ! la/ conflagration ( ,vesuvius1 z ,i le>nt f a lett] address$ to ,signor ,h]zel1 ,swiss ,consul at ,pal]mo1 communicat$ to me#g by ! a/ronom]1 ,signor ,cacciatore4--,palmi]i4 ,g ,i h made a l>ge collection ( sublimates1 :i* ,i purpose exam9+ ) ! spectroscope1 & ,i %all be able to place "s at ! disposal ( exp]im5tali/s :o may desire to pursue inve/igations ( ?is k9d4 ,,notes ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 #a 7,p4 #hb1 text74 ,pr(essor ,palmi]i has n giv5 any description 9 ?is ,memoir ( 8 seismograph--! in/rum5ts describ$ be+ ^? only :i* h relation to atmosph]ic electricity4 ,! foll[+ brief acc\nt ( 8 seismograph w1 !re=e1 =m a n unsuitable complem5t to 8 ,memoir4 ,! in/rum5t1 9 g5]al t]ms1 is ( t class 9 :i* ! wave movem5ts are indicat$ by ! displacem5t1 relative or absolute1 ( columns ( m]cury 9 glass tubes4 ,x is a self-record+ in/rum5t1 compos$ ( two di/9ct portions--"o = record ( horizontal1 or r ( :at are call$ undulatory %ocks2 ! o!r = v]tical %ocks4 ,9 po9t ( g5]al pr9ciple1 !re=e1 x is v simil> to t propos$ by me 7,transactions1 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 9 #ahdf71 & 9 c]ta9 respects appe>s to me less advantage\s ?an ! latt]4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! ,palmi]i in/rum5t1 toge!r ) "s critical rem>ks z to its action1 may be f\nd 9 my ,f\r? ,report on ,e>?quakes 7,reports1 ,briti% ,association1 #aheh1 pp4 #ge-ha74 ,! foll[+ description ( ! in/rum5t is d]iv$ f ,! ,eng9e]1 ( #g? ,june1 #ahgb1 & ! publi%]s h to ?ank ! proprietors ( t j\rnal = p]mission to use ! illu/ration1 ,plate #h4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,e is a helix ( brass wire 7gauge ab\t "o millimetre72 ! helix consi/s ( f\rte5 or fifte5 turns1 & has a diamet] ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-five millimetres2 x hangs f a f9e metal spr+1 & c be rais$ or l[]$ by a ?umb screw4 ,f ! l[] end ( ! helix hangs a copp] cone ) a plat9um po9t2 ! latt] is kept close to ! surface ( m]cury 9 ! iron bas91 f1 :i* re/s on an insulat+ column ( wood or m>ble1 ,g4 ,! di/ance ( ! po9t f ! surface ( ! m]cury rema9s con/ant1 z ! metal pill>1 ,t1 is ( su* a l5g? t its expansion or contraction by *ange ( temp]ature comp5sates t ( ! helix2 ! latt] is 9 connection 7by ,t7 ) "o pole ( a ,daniell's batt]y ( two cells1 & ! bas91 f1 is connect$ ) ! o!r pole4 ,any v]tical movem5t1 h[ev] slight1 makes ! plat9um po9t dip into ! m]cury1 & ?us completes ! circuit4 ,9 ?is circuit are includ$ two electro-magnets1 ,c & ,d2 ^!1 dur+ ! circulation ( a curr5t1 attract _! armatures1 :i* are connect$ ) lev]s4 ,! action ( ,c's lev] is to /op ! clock1 ,a1 :i* ?us records1 to a half-second1 ! "t ( ! occurr5ce ( ! %ock1 at ! same in/ant t ! clock /rikes an al>m bell1 :i* attracts ! att5tion ( an obs]v]4 ,! lev]1 atta*$ to ! armature ( ,d1 at ! fir/ in/ant ( ! curr5t frees ! p5dulum ( ! clock1 ,b1 :i* 0 be=e kept f sw++1 9 a position out ( ! v]tical2 ! clock !n acts z a "t-piece1 & its motion unrolls a b& ( pap]1 k k k1 at a rate ( ?ree metres an h\r4 ,at ! same "t ! armature ( ,d1 :ile attract$1 presses a p5cil po9t aga9/ ! b& ( pap] :i* passes ov] ! roll]1 m1 m>k+ on x1 :ile ! e>?quake la/s1 a s]ies ( po9ts or /rokes :i* occupy a l5g? ( pap] correspond+ to its duration1 & :i* record ! "w ( ! %ock4 ,aft] x is ov] ! pap] cont9ues to unroll f ! drum1 i1 & pass+ r\nd ! clock1 rolls on to ! drum1 l4 ,if a fre% %ock occur ! p5cil indicates x1 z be=e1 on ! pap]1 & ! l5g? ( blank pap] betwe5 ! two sets ( m>ks is a measure ( ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! %ocks4 ,by way ( additional *eck1 sev]al helices1 h h h1 are hung f a /&1 ) small p]man5t magnets susp5d$ f _! ends2 bel[ & close to ^! latt] are small bas9s1 hold+ iron fil+s2 into ^! ! po9ts ( ! magnets dip1 :5 _! helices oscillate v]tically1 & "s fil+s rema9 /ick+ to ! magnets z a record ( ! %ock4 ,"o ( ! magnets has a %\ld] on x :i* moves an index h& along a graduat$ arc1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ?us aga9 regi/]+ ! am\nt ( ! v]tical movem5t4 ,su* are ! arrangem5ts int5d$ = ! record ( ! undulatory or horizontal elem5ts ( ! wave ( %ock4 ,! foll[+ are ! arrangem5ts propos$ = record+ ! horizontal motions3 ,on ! /&1 to ! "r ( ! clock1 ,a1 are set f\r ,u-%ap$ glass tubes1 op5 at _! ends4 ,"o ( ea* pair ( v]tical bran*es mu/ h a diamet] at lea/ d\ble t ( ! o!r4 ,^! pairs1 ) _! support+ columns1 are %[n 9 plan1 :]e "o pair lies ,n4 & ,s41 ano!r ,e4 & ,w41 a ?ird ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & ! o!r ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t metallic b>s pass f ! pill>1 ,p1 ov] ! ends ( all ! long bran*es1 & simil> b>s pass f ,r1 ov] ! ends ( ! %ort bran*es2 ! pill>s !mselves1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r in/rum5ts1 are ea* connect$ ) "o pole ( a ,daniell's batt]y1 ! connections includ+ ! electro-magnets1 ,c & ,d4 ,! description ( "o ,u tube1 n1 w apply to all ! o!rs2 n is p>tly fill$ ) m]cury1 & an iron or plat9um wire1 o1 susp5d$ f ! b> above ! %ort bran*1 dips into ! m]cury !re91 :ile ano!r plat9um wire hung f ! b> ov] ! m\? ( ! long] bran*1 has its end v close to ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 t bran*4 ,any %ock :i* is n p]p5dicul> 9 direction to ! plane ( ! bran*es ( ! ,u w cause ! m]cury to oscillate 9 ! tubes1 & m s5sibly 9 t ) ! small] diamet]2 :5 x rises up 9 ! latt]1 s z to t\* ! plat9um po9t1 ! connection betwe5 ,p & ,r is made & ! circuit complet$1 />t+ ! action ( ! electro-magnets ,c & ,d1 :i* record ! %ock1 z already describ$4 ,by hav+ ! planes ( ! tubes set 9 ! diff]5t azimu?s1 already m5tion$1 "o or m ( ! pairs is sure to be act$ ^u1 & by obs]v+ 9 :i* ! oscillation takes place ! direction ( ! %ock is suppos$ to be asc]ta9$4 ,besides ?is1 ea* long bran* ( ! ,u1 viz41 t ( small] diamet]1 has a small ivory pulley1 q1 fix$ above x1 ov] :i* passes a s+le fibre ( silk1 ) an iron float at "o end1 re/+ on ! surface ( ! m]cury2 at ! o!r end ( ! fibre hangs a c\nt]poise2 fix$ to ! pulley is a f9e index h&1 capable ( mov+ along a graduat$ arc4 ,:5 ! %ock takes place ! m]cury1 ris+ 9 ! long bran*1 raises ! float on its surface1 ! silk fibre at ! same "t makes ! pulley revolve ) its index h&1 :i* aft]w>ds rema9s /ation>y1 z ! c\nt]poise prev5ts ! float f s9k+ aga9 ) ! m]cury4 ,! read+ on ! graduat$ arc is ?us a measure ( ! movem5ts produc$ 9 ! in/rum5t by ! horizontal elem5t ( ! %ock1 & is suppos$ to measure t %ock4 ,x is assum$ t 9 all ^! in/rum5ts %ocks1 h[ev] small1 c be record$ ) c]ta9ty by adju/+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! plat9um po9ts & ! m]cury4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,daniell's batt]y us$ = ! seismograph is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :]e1 = conv5i5ce ( clean+1 ! copp] elem5t is made ( wire 7ab\t ,no4 #h ,birm+ham wire gauge7 coil$ flat )\t ! spirals t\*+4 ,cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] are plac$ at ! bottom ( ! out] cell1 into :i* wat] is p\r$2 & ! inn] cell1 into :i* ! z9c plate goes1 is fill$ ) silice\s s&4 ,9 addition to ! above "s in/rum5ts ( a r\gh] description are employ$ z *ecks4 ,?us1 at ! foot ( ! pill>1 ,g1 !re is a wood5 tr\gh ) eight holes1 fac+ z _m equidi/ant po9ts ( ! compass 7two ( !m %[n 9 section7 r\nd its inn] circumf]5ce2 m]cury is p\r$ into ! bas9 until its level is ne>ly up to ! lips ( ! holes4 ,! effect ( a %ock is to ?r[ "s ( ! m]cury into "o or m ( ^! holes1 & ! great] ! oscillation ! m m]cury is ?r[n into ! cells ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! screws %[n outside are = draw+ (f ! m]cury f ! cells1 :5 its quantity c be measur$4 ,! direction ( ! %ock is %[n by see+ :i* cells are fill$ ) m]cury4 ,?is is ! old ,cacciatore seismomet] :i* has be5 long employ$ 9 ,italy4 7,see #d ,report ( ,briti% ,association1 #aheh1 p4 #gc71 & ,daub5y's ,volcanoes1 ,app5dix4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r contrivance4 ,f ! arm ( ! pill>1 ,g1 a f9e metal wire hangs1 ) a metal ball at its end1 :i*1 by its oscillation1 ?ru/s out "o or m light glass tubes1 set horizontally 9 a /&1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! two r+s are ( wood1 & ! glass tubes pass ?r\gh holes 9 !m2 small lea!r wa%]s are plac$ outside ! out] r+s2 ! displacem5t ( "o or m tubes is assum$ to measure ! horizontal elem5t ( ! %ock4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus ! "t ( ! fir/ %ock is record$1 z well z ! int]val betwe5 ! %ocks1 & ! duration ( ea*2 _! direction1 :e!r v]tical or horizontal1 is giv51 z also ! maximum ( int5sity4 ,pr(essor ,palmi]i has ! in/rum5ts exam9$ ?ree times a day1 & an assi/ant-obs]v] is always at h& to att5d to ! bell1 & put back ! app>atus to its normal position = fre% obs]vation4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ?is in/rum5t is s5sible to mo/ ( ! %ocks :i* occur 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,x is n my int5tion "h to (f] any criticism z to ! con/ruction or p]=mances ( ?is in/rum5t1 ! r z ,i mu/ confess ,i d n q %>e ! high op9ion ( its inv5tor z to ! c]ta9ty or exactitude ( its indications4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! extreme importance to sci5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t & cont9u$ use ( a seismographic in/rum5t ( unexceptionable con/ruction at ! ,obs]vatory ^u ,vesuvius2 & x w\ld be a valuable gift to sci5ce1 7 ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t to enable ,signor ,palmi]i to e/abli% su* an "o4 ,its great value & ! v fir/ problem to set ! in/rum5t to solve %\ld be1 by a rigid det]m9ation ( ! direction ( propagation ( ! wave ( %ock1 ( ^? slight or /rong] pulsations :i* prec$e or accompany ! ,vesuvian l all o!r eruptions1 on arriv+ at ! ,obs]vatory1 to fix ! dep?1 & ! position v]tically b5ea? ! cone1 :5ce ^! pulses are d]iv$4 ,?is w\ld be1 9 fact1 to fix ! dep? & position b5ea? ! m\nta9 at :i* ! volcanic focus is situat$ = ! "t1 or1 at lea/1 :]e ! volcanic activity is at ! "t greate/4 ,& ! assur$ k1 ev5 )9 mod]ate limits ( accuracy1 ( ?is dep?1 & ev5 = ?is s+le m\nta91 w\ld be an imm5se accession to our positive k1 & a really new /age ga9$ = future advances4 ,at pres5t1 we "k b little z to ! actual dep? bel[ our globe's surface at :i* volcanic activity occurs1 or to :i* x is limit$1 ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,i h1 myself1 e/abli%$ "s data ^u ! flanks ( ,etna1 n yet publi%$1 :i* may enable me to af=d "s in=mation on ! subject h]eaft]4 ,mean:ile1 ,pr(essor ,palmi]i possesses unrivall$ opportunities = su* obs]vations2 & ,i tru/ heal?1 life & means may be af=d$ him1 to become ! fir/ :o %all h made ?is great addition to our positive k ( ,vulcanology4 ,s f>1 popul>ly at lea/1 ! alleg$ *ief uses & value ( ^! seismographic in/rum5ts1 at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,vesuvius1 h be5 made to dep5d ^u _! be+ presum$ to af=d means = =etell+ eruptions1 or af=d+ precursory w>n+s ( _! probable progress & de/ructive c\rse4 ,i feel compell$ to express my own total disbelief 9 ! possibility ( any su* pr$ictions 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 by ! help ( any in/rum5ts :atsoev]1 ( su* a nature z to be ( any practical value1 or any c]ta9ty beyond t :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( m]e exp]i5ce z to ! rle commonly play$ by ,vesuvius or o!r ,volcanoes 9 pretty habitual activity af=ds to ! obs]v] = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,& ev5 ?is af=ds sc>cely any guide z to :at may happ5 next4 ,monte ,nuovo 0 ?r[n up 9 a night2 ,vesuvius might d\ble its volume 9 a night1 or might s9k into a holl[ l t ( ! ,val del ,bove 9 a n mu* long] "t4 ,a small fusillade may g on = mon?s1 & yet1 )\t an h\r's notice1 by any premonitory sign1 may wak5 up to a ro> & d>k5 ! air ) a%es & lapilli su* z ^? :i* ov]:elm$ ,pompeii4 ,"o eruption may bl[ =? little b du/ & a%es 7s call$71 ano!r may p\r out riv]s ( lava & little else4 ,! ma9 mis*ief ( all eruptions is effect$ 9 two ways3 by ! deposit ( du/ & a%es1 lapilli1 etc41 to ! injury or de/ruction ( f]tile l&1 & by ! /reams ( lava :i* ov]:elm x1 z well z build+s1 etc4 ,b :at in=mation ( any value c seismographic obs]vation af=d z to ! c\rse t ei!r ( ^! may take 9 any eruption8 ,! volume ( pulv]ul5t mat]ial t may be eject$ _c be =ese52 its di/ribution dep5ds ma9ly ^u its nature & ^u ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d at ! "t2 or aga91 h[ %all ^! w>n u z to ! c\rse t ! lava1 if x appe>1 %all take1 :5 we _c possibly =etell :51 h[1 or by :at m\? x may issue4 ,ev5 9 ?is late eruption ( #ahgb1 ) ,palmi]i /\tly at 8 po/ ^u ! m\nta91 & ! ,obs]vatory in/rum5ts 9 full activity1 !y gave no =ew>n+ ( ! sudd5 & unexpect$ bel* =? f ! base ( ! cone1 ( t trem5d\s gu% ( liquid lava :i* 9 a few m9utes cut (f f life ! unhappy visitors ^: dea?s he has record$4 #b 7,p4 #id74 ,x c sc>cely be suppos$ t ^! small eruptive-look+ bel*+s =? f ! lava /ream1 en r\te1 are truly ( an eruptive nature at all1 i4e41 9 any way connect$ ) =ces seat$ deeply b5ea? ! b$ ( ! lava /ream1 or 9 any way connect$ ) ! volcanic ducts ( ! cone or b5ea? x4 ,!y are mo/ probably m]ely ! bur/+ upw>ds ( l>ge bubbles2 t is1 ( cavities =m$ 9 ! mass ( ! m or less liquid lava by inte/9e movem5ts1 z its mass w9ds & rolls along1 & by ! aggregation ( small] cavities--all be+ fill$ ) /eam & gases--toge!r ) du/ & volatile products :i* are eject$ :5 ! cavity op5s up1 & its cont5ts escape at ! upp] surface ( ! lava /ream 9 virtue ( ! cont9uation ( ! twi/+s & convolutions due to ! /ream motion itself1 & to ! unbalanc$ hydro/atic pressures act+ ^u ! p>ietes ( ! bubble4 ,v l>ge s+le bubbles ( l "* rise 9 ! fluid lava )9 crat]s 9 vigor\s action1 & (t5 s regul>ly t _! recurr5ce causes a sort ( rhy?mical ru% & ro> 9 ! column ( /eam1 etc41 issu+ above ! m\?4 ,?is 0 evid5t 9 ! dis*>ges issu+ 9 #aheg f ! highly in/ructive m9or bocca1 !n exi/+1 exam9$ by me1 & ref]r$ to 7,report1 ,naples1 ,e>?quakes1 etc4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #cac1 #cad71 z pres5t+ at ! "t great facilities = det]m9+ pyrometrically ! temp]ature ( ! lava )91 & ( ! dry sup]heat$ /eam issu+ ) a rhy?mic ro> f x4 ,m4 ,le ,coq 7poques ,gologiques d',auv]gne1 ,tome ,,iv47 has record$ "s examples ( ! =mation & op5+-out ( l>ge bubble-l cavities 9 lava already eject$4 ,p]haps t able & labori\s vulcanologi/1 ^: dea? a few mon?s ago sci5ce /ill deplores1 attributes too mu* importance z well z magnitude to !m1 :5 attribut+ ! =mation ( :at he has d5om9at$ crat]s ( explosion1 to ! me*anism ( ! rise & bur/+ ( su* bubbles ^u a gigantic scale4 ,su* bl[+s =?1 sudd5 or prolong$1 f p>ticul> spots ( lava /reams1 en r\te1 und\bt$ly may also h _! orig9 9 damp places1 or wat] or air-fill$ cavities 9 or b5ea? ! b$ ov] :i* ! lava rolls1 :i*1 gett+ gradually heat$1 g5]ate /eam1 or air or gases "u t5sion by expansion1 etc41 :i* ?us at l5g? bl[ ?r\gh ! liquid or pa/y lava fl[+ above1 & :i* 9 bur/+ ?r\gh deliv]s mu* du/ also1 & s simulates a little eruptive crat]4 ,examples ( ?is1 ^u a great & conv9c+ scale1 c be po9t$ to 9 ! ,val di ,calanna & else:]e on ,etna4 #c 7,p4 #if74 ,!re are /rong gr\nds = ! grave/ d\bts t !re exi/s any real connection ( a physical "* betwe5 ,volcanic ,eruptions1 & ,e>?quakes m or less approximately co9cid5t only1 9 "t ( occurr5ce2 ! respective sites be+ widely ap>t1 & ! less ! probability z ! int]v5+ di/ance is great]4 ,! discussions ( ! l>ge numb] ( records t are to be f\nd ( su* co9cid5ces--mo/ly b p>tial1 & 9 b v few in/ances complete co9cid5ces--by ,p]rey1 von ,h(f1 & o!rs1 z well z by myself1 d n t5d to su/a9 ! view t su* imp]fect contemporaneity is bas$ ^u any causative connection4 ,! seismic region ( ,greece appe>s to h no direct connection ) t ( ,s\!rn ,italy3 ! b& ( connection1 if any1 seems to lie betwe5 ,nor!rn ,italy1 across ! ,nor!rn ,adriatic1 by ,ragusa1 & !nce spread+ into ,asia ,m9or4 #d 7,p4 #ig74 ,! abundance ( coleopt]a & ( v>i\s o!r =ms ( insect life ab\t lava b$s1 bo? rec5t & old1 is a v s+ul> fact1 & "o wor?y ( ! c>eful obs]vation ( entomologi/s4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahfd1 at mid-day1 :5 sitt+ sket*+ ^u ! lava ab\t ! middle ( ! ,val del ,bove 7,etna71 ,i f\nd x almo/ impossible to "w1 or ev5 to rema9 = an in/ant /ill1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9ual cl\d ( insects1 l>ge & small1 t /ruck aga9/ me 9 flight1 endang]$ ! eyes1 & sw>m$ ^u my clo!s4 ,x is q possible t ?is local sup]abundance ( insect life may arise m]ely f ! g5]al dryness & w>m? ( su* places1 & ! pl5tiful nidus t ! innum]able cavities 9 lava af=d = ! eggs & e>li] /ages ( insect life2 /ill1 ?is app>ition ( "o =m ( life may also be connect$ ) o!r circum/ances n unimportant to discov]4 #e 7,p4 #abj74 ,! ,crocella is a small wood5 cross1 erect$ sev]al ye>s ago1 & :i* "o passes to ! "r h& at ! upp] end ( ! pa? along ! ridge ( tufa & volcanic conglom]ate ^u :i* ! ,obs]vatory /&s1 9 asc5d+ !nce to ! ,atria del ,cavallo4 #f 7,p4 #acd74 ,t ! causes assign$ by ,pr(essor ,palmi]i = ! pot5t developm5ts ( electricity 7positive or negative7 :i* *>act]ise ! asc5t ( ! issu+ columns ( 7*iefly if n always7 dry /eam1 ) a relatively small volume ( v>i\s gases1 & ?r[+ up1 9 _! bla/1 volumes ( small solid p>ticles 9 a%es & lapilli1 etc41 & ! subsequ5t fall z a m9]al or /ony hail-%[] ( ! latt]1 ?r\gh ! p>tially cond5s+ vap\rs & ! circumambi5t air1 are ! ma9 causes ( electrical developm5t evid5c+ itself 9 lightn+ fla%es1 is no d\bt true4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 lose sight ( ! _m o!r & v effective ag5cies at "w "h to produce electric excitem5t4 ,! actual bocca ( ! volcanic v5t :5ce ! /eam ro>s (f con/itute ! cone a v]itable hydro-electric ma*9e4 ,me*anical en]gy 9 v>i\s =ms is trans=m$ into electric en]gy4 ,*emical action is go+ on bo? 9 ! solid & 9 ! vap\r\s & gase\s emanations z !y ru% into & rema9 9 ! air or desc5d f x1 & *emical action is trans=m$ 9 "p into electric en]gy4 ,p]cussion betwe5 asc5d+ & desc5d+ p>ticles & fragm5ts1 fractures & break+ up ( m or less ( ^!1 ?us & by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature 9 cool+1 are likewise op]ative4 ,9 addition1 great & viol5t movem5ts 9 ! atmosph]e itself result f ! l>ge local accessions ( temp]ature by ! heat$ volume driv5 up into x1 & :i* 9 turn give rise to electric di/urbance ( ! same "* z ^? produc$ 9 w9d /orms & :irlw9ds1 br\ght ab\t by ! natural causes :i* e day effect di/urbances 9 our atmosph]e all ov] ! globe4 #g 7,p4 #ace74 ,! views /at$ 9 note #c 7to page #if7 may "h aga9 be ref]r$ to z 9 po9t4 ,h[ is x possible1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce at lea/1 to e/abli% any physical connection betwe5 an eruption 9 ,java & "o ( ,vesuvius1 ) half ! _w betwe51 :5 n ev5 hav+ ! solit>y connect+ l9k ( complete contemporaneity1 & :i*1 if x exi/$1 yet might be no?+ b accid5tal8 ,a li/ ( %ocks ^u record1 :i* h occurr$ m or less ne>ly simultane\sly at di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 may be f\nd 9 my f\r? ,report1 7,facts ( ,e>?quakes1 ,briti% ,association ,reports1 #aheh7 & ! reasons are !re giv5 = reject+ ! notion ( any direct physical connection betwe5 ! orig9s ( ! respective %ocks4 ,%ocks1 emanat+ f ! close neighb\rhood ( volcanic v5ts1 or simultaneity ( eruption1 9 v5ts n f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 /& ^u a diff]5t foot+4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,pres]v$ ! unusual1 b consi/5t1 spell+ ( develope4 ,pres]v$ ! unusual1 & inconsi/5t1 ref]5ces to ! ,plates4 ,sometimes ,arabic num]als are us$1 b usually ,roman num]als4 ,mo/ h ,a atta*$ to ! "n 7:i* 0 *ang$ to a to avoid confusion 9 ! ,roman num]als71 b n ,,viii1 & sometimes n 9 ! ref]5ces to !m4 ,equations 7 conv]t$ to l9e> text1 add+ spac+ & p>5!ses z necess>y4 ,greek *>act]s 7 also replac$ by ,lat9 lett]s 9 ! ,lat9-#a v]sion4 ,replac$ ! oe ligature ) ! two *>act]s 9 ,goe! 9 ! front mat]ial4 ,*ang$ fum>olles to fum>oles on page #c3 fum>oles & salfat>es4 ,*ang$ ,lyall to ,lyell 9 footnote orig9ally on page #i3 ,daub5y1 ,lyell1 ,phillips & o!rs4 ,*ang$ ?r\ght to ?r\gh on page #ce3 pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,remov$ duplicat$ ^w ! on page #dj3 ! great ,calabrian ,e>?quake4 ,page #hi ref]s to ! ,fossa del ,vetrano2 else:]e !re are ref]5ces to ,fossa della ,vetrana1 :i* may be :at 0 int5d$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i did n *ange ?is4 ,*ang$ hydro*loride to hydro*loric on page #aji3 ! hydro*loric acid :i* x dis*>g$4 ,*ang$ disk to disc on page #abf3 ! disc & index4 ,replac$ ! inf9ity symbol on page #aca ) = inf9ity1 9 ! ,lat9-#a text v]sion4 ,*ang$ azismu?s to azimu?s on page #adc3 ! diff]5t azimu?s4 ,*ang$ silici\s to silice\s on page #adc3 fill$ ) silice\s s&4