#ahdd ,title ,page  ,! ,p5cil ( ,nature 
,h4 ,fox ,talbot        ,longman1 ,br[n1
 ,gre5 & ,longmans1 ,london  #ahdd      
,,cont5ts      ,introductory ,rem>ks    
,brief ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,inv5tion (
 ! ,art  ,,plate ,i4 ,,"p ,,( ,,que5',s 
,,college1 ,,ox=d4  ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,view
 ,,( ,,! ,,b\lev>ds ,,at ,,p>is4        
,,plate ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,( ,,*9a4    
,,plate ,,iv4  ,,articles ,,( ,,glass4  
,,plate ,v4  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4     
,,plate ,,vi4  ,,! ,,op5 ,,door4        
,,plate ,,vii4  ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,plant4  
,,plate ,,viii4  ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,a       
,,libr>y4  ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fac-,,simile 
,,( ,,an ,,old ,,pr9t$ ,,page4  ,,plate 
,x4 ,,! ,,hay/ack4  ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,copy
 ,,( ,a ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t4  ,,plate  
,,xii4 ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,orleans4      
,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,que5',s ,,college1    
,,ox=d4  ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,ladd]4    
,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lacock ,,abbey ,,9      
,,wilt%ire4  ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,cloi/]s   
,,( ,,lacock ,,abbey4  ,,plate ,,xvii4  
,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4  ,,plate ,,xviii4

 ,,gate ,,( ,,*ri/*ur*4  ,,plate ,,xix4 
,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,lacock ,,abbey  ,,plate 
,,xx4 ,,lace  ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,!        
,,m>tyrs' ,,monum5t  ,,plate ,,xxii4    
,,we/m9/] ,,abbey  ,,plate ,,xxiii4     
,,hag> ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4  ,,plate ,,xxiv4
 ,a ,,fruit ,,piece4                    
,,illu/rations      ,,plate ,i4 ,,"p ,,(
 ,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d4  ,,plate  
,,ii4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,b\lev>ds ,,at    
,,p>is4  ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,(  
,,*9a4  ,,plate ,,iv4  ,,articles ,,(   
,,glass4  ,,plate ,v4  ,,bu/ ,,(        
,,patroclus4  ,,plate ,,vi4  ,,! ,,op5  
,,door4  ,,plate ,,vii4  ,,leaf ,,( ,a  
,,plant4  ,,plate ,,viii4  ,a ,,sc5e ,,9
 ,a ,,libr>y4  ,,plate ,,ix4            
,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,pr9t$   
,,page4  ,,plate ,x4 ,,! ,,hay/ack4     
,,plate ,,xi4 ,,copy ,,( ,a             
,,li?ographic ,,pr9t4  ,,plate ,,xii4   
,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,orleans4  ,,plate    
,,xiii4 ,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d1    
,entrance ,gateway  ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,!  
,,ladd]4  ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lacock ,,abbey

 ,,9 ,,wilt%ire4  ,,plate ,,xvi4        
,,cloi/]s ,,( ,,lacock ,,abbey4  ,,plate
 ,,xvii4 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4  ,,plate
 ,,xviii4 ,,gate ,,( ,,*ri/*ur*4        
,,plate ,,xix4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,lacock   
,,abbey  ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,lace  ,,plate  
,,xxi4 ,,! ,,m>tyrs' ,,monum5t  ,,plate 
,,xxii4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey  ,,plate      
,,xxiii4 ,,hag> ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4        
,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,fruit ,,piece4     
,,introductory ,,rem>ks      ,! little  
"w n[ pres5t$ to ! ,public is ! fir/    
attempt to  publi% a s]ies ( plates or  
pictures :olly execut$ by ! new art (   
,photog5ic ,draw+1 )\t any aid :atev] f 
! arti/'s p5cil4    ,! t]m              
8,photography0 is n[ s well kn[n1 t an  
explanation ( x is  p]haps sup]flu\s2   
yet1 z "s p]sons may /ill be unacqua9t$ 
)  ! art1 ev5 by "n1 its discov]y be+   
/ill ( v rec5t date1 a  few words may be
 look$ = ( g5]al explanation4    ,x may 
suffice1 !n1 to say1 t ! plates ( ?is "w
 h be5  obta9$ by ! m]e action ( ,light 
^u s5sitive pap]4  ,!y h be5  =m$ or    

depict$ by optical & *emical means      
alone1 & )\t !  aid ( any "o acqua9t$ ) 
! art ( draw+4  ,x is ne$less1  !re=e1  
to say t !y diff] 9 all respects1 & z   
widely u  possible1 9 _! orig91 f plates
 ( ! ord9>y k9d1 :i* owe  _! exi/5ce to 
! unit$ skill ( ! ,arti/ & ! ,engrav]4  
,!y are impress$ by ,nature's h&2 & :at 
!y want z yet ( delicacy  & f9i% (      
execution arises *iefly f our want (    
suffici5t  k ( h] laws4  ,:5 we h le>nt 
m1 by exp]i5ce1  respect+ ! =mation (   
su* pictures1 !y w d\btless be br\ght   
mu* ne>] to p]fection2 & ?\gh we may n  
be able to conjecture  ) any c]ta9ty :at
 rank !y may h]eaft] atta9 to z         
pictorial  productions1 !y w surely f9d 
_! own sph]e ( utility1 bo? =           
complet5ess ( detail & correctness (    
p]spective4    ,! ,au?or ( ! pres5t "w  
hav+ be5 s =tunate z to discov]1  ab\t  
t5 ye>s ago1 ! pr9ciples & practice (   
,photog5ic ,draw+1 is  desir\s t ! fir/ 
specim5 ( an ,art1 likely 9 all         
probability to  be mu* employ$ 9 future1

 %\ld be publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e x  0    
fir/ discov]$4  ,& he makes no d\bt t 8 
c\ntrym5 w deem  su* an int5tion        
suffici5tly laudable to induce !m to    
excuse !  imp]fections necess>ily       
incid5t to a fir/ attempt to exhibit an 
,art (  s great s+ul>ity1 :i* employs   
processes entirely new1 & hav+ no       
analogy to any ?+ 9 use be=e4  ,t su*   
imp]fections w occur 9  a fir/ essay1   
mu/ inde$ be expect$4  ,at pres5t ! ,art
 c h>dly be  said to h advanc$ beyond   
its infancy--at any rate1 x is yet 9 a v
  e>ly /age--& its practice is (t5 imp$$
 by d\bts & difficulties1  :i*1 )       
increas+ k1 w dim9i% & disappe>4  ,its  
progress w be m rapid :5 m m9ds are     
devot$ to its  improvem5t1 & :5 m (     
skilful manual assi/ance is employ$ 9 ! 
manipulation ( its delicate processes2 !
 paucity ( :i* skill$  assi/ance at !   
pres5t mom5t ! ,au?or f9ds "o ( ! *ief  
difficulties 9 8 way4            ,,brief
 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tion 
,,( ,,! ,,art      ,x may be prop] to   

preface ^! specim5s ( a new ,art by a   
brief  acc\nt ( ! circum/ances :i*      
prec$$ & l$ to ! discov]y (  x4  ,& ^! 7
 ne>ly z foll[s4    ,"o ( ! fir/ days ( 
! mon? ( ,octob] #ahcc1 ,i 0 amus+      
myself  on ! lovely %ores ( ! ,lake (   
,como1 9 ,italy1 tak+ sket*es )         
,wolla/on's ,cam]a ,lucida1 or r ,i %\ld
 say1 attempt+ to take  !m3 b ) !       
smalle/ possible am\nt ( success4  ,= :5
 ! eye  0 remov$ f ! prism--9 :i* all   
look$ beautiful--,i f\nd t !  fai?less  
p5cil _h only left traces on ! pap]     
melan*oly to behold4    ,aft] v>i\s     
fruitless attempts1 ,i laid aside !     
in/rum5t & came to  ! conclusion1 t its 
use requir$ a previ\s k ( draw+1  :i*   
un=tunately ,i did n possess4    ,i !n  
?\ght ( try+ aga9 a me?od :i* ,i _h tri$
 _m ye>s  be=e4  ,?is me?od 01 to take a
 ,cam]a ,obscura1 & to ?r[ ! image  ( ! 
objects on a piece ( transp>5t trac+    
pap] laid on a pane (  glass 9 ! focus (
 ! in/rum5t4  ,on ?is pap] ! objects are
  di/9ctly se51 & c be trac$ on x ) a   

p5cil ) "s degree (  accuracy1 ?\gh n   
)\t mu* "t & tr\ble4    ,i _h tri$ ?is  
simple me?od dur+ =m] visits to ,italy 9
 #ahbc &  #ahbd1 b f\nd x 9 practice    
some:at difficult to manage1 because !  
pressure ( ! h& & p5cil ^u ! pap] t5ds  
to %ake & displace  ! in/rum5t          
7insecurely fix$1 9 all probability1    
:ile tak+ a ha/y  sket* by a roadside1  
or out ( an inn w9d[72 & if ! in/rum5t  
is  once d]ang$1 x is mo/ difficult to  
get x back aga91 s z to po9t  truly 9   
its =m] direction4    ,besides :i*1 !re 
is ano!r objection1 namely1 t x baffles 
!  skill & pati5ce ( ! amateur to trace 
all ! m9ute details visible  on ! pap]2 
s t1 9 fact1 he c>ries away ) him little
 beyond a  m]e s\v5ir ( ! sc5e--:i*1    
h[ev]1 c]ta9ly has its value :5  look$  
back to1 9 long aft] ye>s4    ,su*1 !n1 
0 ! me?od :i* ,i propos$ to try aga91 & 
to  endeav\r1 z be=e1 to trace ) my     
p5cil ! outl9es ( ! sc5]y  depict$ on ! 
pap]4  ,& ?is l$ me to reflect on !     
inimitable  beauty ( ! pictures (       

nature's pa9t+ :i* ! glass l5s ( !      
,cam]a ?r[s ^u ! pap] 9 its focus--fairy
 pictures1 creations ( a  mom5t1 & de/9$
 z rapidly to fade away4    ,x 0 dur+ ^!
 ?\ghts t ! idea occurr$ to me'''h[ *>m+
 x  w\ld be if x 7 possible to cause ^! 
natural images to impr9t  !mselves      
durably1 & rema9 fix$ ^u ! pap]6    ,&  
:y %\ld x n be possible8  ,i ask$       
myself4    ,! picture1 dive/$ ( ! ideas 
:i* accompany x1 & consid]$ only  9 its 
ultimate nature1 is b a succession or   
v>iety ( /rong] lights  ?r[n ^u "o "p ( 
! pap]1 & ( deep] %ad[s on ano!r4  ,n[  
,light1 :]e x exi/s1 c ex]t an action1  
&1 9 c]ta9  circum/ances1 does ex]t "o  
suffici5t to cause *anges 9 mat]ial     
bodies4  ,suppose1 !n1 su* an action    
c\ld be ex]t$ on ! pap]2 &  suppose !   
pap] c\ld be visibly *ang$ by x4  ,9 t  
case surely  "s effect mu/ result hav+ a
 g5]al resemblance to ! cause :i*       
produc$ x3 s t ! v>iegat$ sc5e ( light &
 %ade might leave  its image or         
impression beh9d1 /rong] or weak] on    

diff]5t p>ts (  ! pap] accord+ to !     
/r5g? or weakness ( ! light :i* _h  act$
 !re4    ,su* 0 ! idea t came into my   
m9d4  ,:e!r x _h ev] occurr$ to  me be=e
 amid float+ philosophic visions1 ,i "k 
n1 ?\gh ,i r  ?9k x mu/ h done s1       
because on ?is occasion x /ruck me s    
=cibly4  ,i 0 !n a w&]] 9 classic       
,italy1 &1 ( c\rse1 unable  to comm5ce  
an inquiry ( s mu* difficulty3 b1 le/ ! 
?\ght %\ld  aga9 escape me betwe5 t "t &
 my return to ,engl&1 ,i made a  c>eful 
note ( x 9 writ+1 & also ( su* exp]im5ts
 z ,i ?\ght  w\ld be mo/ likely to      
realize x1 if x 7 possible4    ,& s9ce1 
accord+ to *emical writ]s1 ! nitrate (  
silv] is a  sub/ance peculi>ly s5sitive 
to ! action ( light1 ,i resolv$ to make 
a trial ( x1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :5ev]    
occasion p]mitt$ on my  return to       
,engl&4    ,b al?\gh ,i knew ! fact f   
*emical books1 t nitrate ( silv]  0     
*ang$ or decompos$ by ,light1 /ill ,i _h
 nev] se5 ! exp]im5t  tri$1 & !re=e ,i  
_h no idea :e!r ! action 0 a rapid or a 

sl[ "o2 a po9t1 h[ev]1 ( ! utmo/        
importance1 s9ce1 if x 7 a  sl[ "o1 my  
!ory might prove b a philosophic dream4 
,su* 71 z ne>ly z ,i c n[ rememb]1 !    
reflections :i* l$ me  to ! inv5tion (  
?is !ory1 & :i* fir/ impell$ me to      
explore a  pa? s deeply hidd5 among     
nature's secrets4  ,& ! num]\s rese>*es 
:i* 7 aft]w>ds made--:atev] success may 
be ?\ght to h  att5d$ !m--_c1 ,i ?9k1   
admit ( a comp>ison ) ! value ( !  fir/ 
& orig9al idea4    ,9 ,janu>y #ahcd1 ,i 
return$ to ,engl& f my cont95tal t\r1 & 
soon  aft]w>ds ,i det]m9$ to put my     
!ories & speculations to ! te/ (        
exp]im5t1 & see :e!r !y _h any real     
f\ndation4    ,accord+ly ,i began by    
procur+ a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & 
)  a bru% spread "s ( x ^u a %eet (     
pap]1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds  dri$4  ,:5 ?is    
pap] 0 expos$ to ! sun%9e1 ,i 0         
disappo9t$ to  f9d t ! effect 0 v sl[ly 
produc$ 9 comp>ison ) :at ,i  _h        
anticipat$4    ,i !n tri$ ! *loride (   
silv]1 fre%ly precipitat$ & spread ^u   

pap] :ile moi/4  ,?is 0 f\nd no bett]   
?an ! o!r1 turn+  sl[ly to a d>ki%      
violet col\r :5 expos$ to ! sun4        
,in/ead ( tak+ ! *loride already =m$1 & 
spread+ x ^u  pap]1 ,i !n proce$$ 9 !   
foll[+ way4  ,! pap] 0 fir/ wa%$  ) a   
/rong solution ( salt1 & :5 ?is 0 dry1 x
 0 wa%$ aga9  ) nitrate ( silv]4  ,(    
c\rse1 *loride ( silv] 0 ?us =m$ 9  !   
pap]1 b ! result ( ?is exp]im5t 0 almo/ 
! same z  be=e1 ! *loride n be+ app>5tly
 r5d]$ m s5sitive by be+  =m$ 9 ?is way4
    ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ at v>i\s
 times1 9 hopes ( a bett]  result1      
frequ5tly *ang+ ! proportions employ$1 &
 sometimes us+  ! nitrate ( silv] be=e !
 salt1 c4 c4    ,9 ! c\rse ( ^!         
exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 (t5 rapidly p]=m$1 x   
sometimes happ5$ t ! bru% did n pass ov]
 ! :ole ( !  pap]1 & ( c\rse ?is produc$
 irregul>ity 9 ! results4  ,on "s       
occasions c]ta9 portions ( ! pap] 7     
obs]v$ to black5 9 !  sun%9e mu* m      
rapidly ?an ! re/4  ,^! m s5sitive      
portions  7 g5]ally situat$ ne> ! edges 

or conf9es ( ! "p t _h  be5 wa%$ ov] ) !
 bru%4    ,aft] mu* consid]ation z to ! 
cause ( ?is appe>ance1 ,i conjectur$  t 
^! bord]+ portions might h absorb$ a    
less] quantity (  salt1 & t1 = "s reason
 or o!r1 ?is _h made !m m  s5sitive to !
 light4  ,?is idea 0 easily put to ! te/
 (  exp]im5t4  ,a %eet ( pap] 0 moi/5$ )
 a mu* weak] solution (  salt ?an usual1
 & :5 dry1 x 0 wa%$ ) nitrate ( silv]4  
,?is  pap]1 :5 expos$ to ! sun%9e1      
imm$iately manife/$ a f> great]  degree 
( s5sitiv5ess ?an ,i _h witness$ be=e1 !
 :ole ( its  surface turn+ black uni=mly
 & rapidly3 e/abli%+ at once &  beyond  
all "q ! important fact1 t a less]      
quantity ( salt  produc$ a great]       
effect4  ,&1 z ?is circum/ance 0        
unexpect$1 x  af=d$ a simple explanation
 ( ! cause :y previ\s inquir]s _h  miss$
 ?is important result1 9 _! exp]im5ts on
 *loride ( silv]1  namely1 because !y _h
 always op]at$ ) wrong proportions (    
salt  & silv]1 us+ pl5ty ( salt 9 ord]  
to produce a p]fect *loride1  :]eas :at 

0 requir$ 7x 0 n[ manife/7 01 to h a    
defici5cy  ( salt1 9 ord] to produce an 
imp]fect *loride1 or 7p]haps x %\ld  be 
call$7 a sub*loride ( silv]4    ,s f> 0 
a free use or abundance ( salt f promot+
 ! action (  light on ! pap]1 t on !    
contr>y x greatly weak5$ & almo/        
de/roy$ x3 s mu* s1 t a ba? ( salt wat] 
0 us$ subsequ5tly  z a fix+ process to  
prev5t ! fur!r action ( light ^u        
s5sitive  pap]4    ,?is process1 ( !    
=mation ( a sub*loride by ! use ( a v   
weak  solution ( salt1 hav+ be5 discov]$
 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcd1 no  difficulty 0 f\nd
 9 obta9+ di/9ct & v pleas+ images (    
su* ?+s z leaves1 lace1 & o!r flat      
objects ( complicat$ =ms  & outl9es1 by 
expos+ !m to ! light ( ! sun4    ,! pap]
 be+ well dri$1 ! leaves1 c4 7 spread ^u
 x1 &  cov]$ ) a glass press$ d[n       
tightly1 & !n plac$ 9 !  sun%9e2 & :5 ! 
pap] grew d>k1 ! :ole 0 c>ri$ into !    
%ade1 & ! objects be+ remov$ f (f !     
pap]1 7 f\nd to  h left _! images v     
p]fectly & beautifully impress$ or      

del9eat$ ^u x4    ,b :5 ! s5sitive pap] 
0 plac$ 9 ! focus ( a ,cam]a ,obscura  &
 direct$ to any object1 z a build+ =    
in/ance1 dur+ a mod]ate  space ( "t1 z  
an h\r or two1 ! effect produc$ ^u !    
pap] 0  n /rong en\gh to exhibit su* a  
satisfactory picture ( ! build+  z _h   
be5 hop$ =4  ,! outl9e ( ! ro( & ( !    
*imneys1 c4  aga9/ ! sky 0 m>k$ en\gh2 b
 ! details ( ! ar*itecture  7 feeble1 & 
! p>ts 9 %ade 7 left ei!r blank or ne>ly
 s4  ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! pap] to light1  
consid]able z x seem$ 9 "s  respects1 0 
!re=e1 z yet1 evid5tly insuffici5t = !  
purpose (  obta9+ pictures ) ! ,cam]a   
,obscura2 & ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts  _h to  
be aga9 r5ew$ 9 hopes ( atta9+ to "s m  
important  result4    ,! next int]val ( 
suffici5t leisure :i* ,i f\nd = !       
prosecution  ( ?is inquiry1 0 dur+ a    
resid5ce at ,g5eva 9 ! autumn ( #ahcd4  
,! exp]im5ts ( ! previ\s spr+ 7 !n      
repeat$ & v>i$ 9  _m ways2 & hav+ be5   
/ruck ) a rem>k ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy's :i*  
,i  _h casually met )--t ! iodide (     

silv] 0 m s5sitive to  light ?an !      
*loride1 ,i resolv$ to make trial ( !   
iodide4  ,great  0 my surprise on mak+ !
 exp]im5t to f9d j ! contr>y ( !  fact  
alleg$1 & to see t ! iodide 0 n only    
less s5sitive ?an  ! *loride1 b t x 0 n 
s5sitive at all to light2 inde$ t  x 0  
absolutely ins5sible to ! /ronge/       
sun%9e3 reta9+ its  orig9al t9t 7a pale 
/raw col\r7 = any l5g? ( "t unalt]$ 9  !
 sun4  ,?is fact %[$ me h[ little       
dep5dance 0 to be plac$ on  ! /atem5ts (
 *emical writ]s 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> 
subject1  & h[ necess>y x 0 to tru/ to  
no?+ b actual exp]im5t3 =  al?\gh !re   
c\ld be no d\bt t ,davy _h obs]v$ :at he
 describ$  "u c]ta9 circum/ances--yet x 
0 cle> also1 t :at he _h  obs]v$ 0 "s   
exception to ! rule1 & n ! rule itself4 
,9  fact1 fur!r inquiry %[$ me t ,davy  
mu/ h obs]v$ a sort (  subiodide 9 :i* !
 iod9e 0 defici5t z comp>$ ) ! silv]3   
=1 z 9 ! case ( ! *loride & sub*loride !
 =m] is mu*  less s5sitive1 s betwe5 !  
iodide & subiodide !re is a simil>      

contra/1 b x is a mu* m m>k$ & complete 
"o4    ,h[ev]1 ! fact n[ discov]$1 prov$
 ( imm$iate utility2 =1 !  iodide (     
silv] be+ f\nd to be ins5sible to light1
 & ! *loride  be+ easily conv]t$ into ! 
iodide by imm]sion 9 iodide (           
potassium1 x foll[$ t a picture made ) !
 *loride c\ld be  fix$ by dipp+ x into a
 ba? ( ! alkal9e iodide4    ,?is process
 ( fixation 0 a simple "o1 & x 0        
sometimes v  successful4  ,!            
disadvantages to :i* x 0 liable did n   
manife/  !mselves until a lat] p]iod1 & 
arose f a new & unexpect$  cause1       
namely1 t :5 a picture is s treat$1     
al?\gh x is  p]man5tly secur$ aga9/ !   
d>k5+ effect ( ! sol> rays1 yet  x is   
expos$ to a contr>y or :it5+ effect f   
!m2 s t aft]  ! lapse ( "s days ! d>k   
p>ts ( ! picture beg9 to fade1 &        
gradually ! :ole picture becomes        
oblit]at$1 & is r$uc$ to !  appe>ance ( 
a uni=m pale yell[ %eet ( pap]4    ,a   
good _m pictures1 no d\bt1 escape ?is   
fate1 b z !y all seem  liable to x1 !   

fix+ process by iod9e mu/ be consid]$ z 
n  suffici5tly c]ta9 to be reta9$ 9 use 
z a photographic process1  except :5    
employ$ ) sev]al c>eful precautions :i* 
x w\ld be  too long to speak ( 9 ?is    
place4    ,dur+ ! brilliant summ] (     
#ahce 9 ,engl& ,i made new attempts to  
obta9 pictures ( build+s ) ! ,cam]a     
,obscura2 & hav+ devis$ a  process :i*  
gave additional s5sibility to ! pap]1   
viz4 by giv+ x  repeat$ alt]nate wa%es (
 salt & silv]1 & us+ x 9 a moi/  /ate1  
,i succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! "t necess>y =      
obta9+ an image  ) ! ,cam]a ,obscura on 
a bright day to t5 m9utes4  ,b ^!       
pictures1 ?\gh v pretty1 7 v small1 be+ 
q m9iatures4  ,"s 7 obta9$ ( a l>g]     
size1 b !y requir$ mu* pati5ce1 nor  did
 !y seem s p]fect z ! small] ones1 = x 0
 difficult to keep  ! in/rum5t /eady = a
 great l5g? ( "t po9t+ at ! same        
object1 & ! pap] be+ us$ moi/ 0 (t5 act$
 on irregul>ly4    ,dur+ ! ?ree foll[+  
ye>s n mu* 0 add$ to previ\s k4  ,want (
 suffici5t leisure = exp]im5ts 0 a great

 ob/acle &  h9drance1 & ,i almo/ resolv$
 to publi% "s acc\nt ( ! ,art 9 !       
imp]fect /ate 9 :i* x !n 04    ,h[ev]   
curi\s ! results :i* ,i _h met )1 yet ,i
 felt conv9c$  t mu* m important ?+s mu/
 rema9 beh9d1 & t ! clue 0  /ill want+  
to ?is labyr9? ( facts4  ,b z !re seem$ 
no  imm$iate prospect ( fur!r success1  
,i ?\ght ( draw+ up a %ort  acc\nt ( :at
 _h be5 done1 & pres5t+ x to ! ,royal   
,society4    ,h[ev]1 at ! close ( ! ye> 
#ahch1 ,i discov]$ a rem>kable fact (  q
 a new k9d4 ,hav+ spread a piece ( silv]
 leaf on a pane ( glass1  & ?r[n a      
p>ticle ( iod9e ^u x1 ,i obs]v$ t col\r$
 r+s  =m$ !mselves ar\nd ! c5tral       
p>ticle1 especially if ! glass 0        
slightly w>m$4  ,! col\r$ r+s ,i _h no  
difficulty 9 attribut+ to  ! =mation (  
inf9itely ?9 lay]s or /rata ( iodide (  
silv]2 b  a mo/ unexpect$ ph5om5on      
occurr$ :5 ! silv] plate 0 br\ght  into 
! light by plac+ x ne> a w9d[4  ,= !n ! 
col\r$ r+s  %ortly began to *ange _!    
col\rs1 & assum$ o!r & q unusual  t9ts1 

su* z are nev] se5 9 ! 8col\rs ( ?9     
plates40  ,=  in/ance1 ! "p ( ! silv]   
plate :i* at fir/ %one ) a pale  yell[  
col\r1 0 *ang$ to a d>k olive gre5 :5   
br\ght into !  daylight4  ,?is *ange 0 n
 v rapid3 x 0 mu* less rapid ?an !      
*anges ( "s ( ! s5sitive pap]s :i* ,i _h
 be5 9 ! habit (  employ+1 & !re=e1 aft]
 hav+ admir$ ! beauty ( ?is new         
ph5om5on1 ,i laid ! specim5s by1 = a "t1
 to see :e!r !y w\ld  pres]ve ! same    
appe>ance1 or w\ld und]go any fur!r     
alt]ation4    ,su* 0 ! progress :i* ,i  
_h made 9 ?is inquiry at ! close ( !    
ye> #ahch1 :5 an ev5t occurr$ 9 !       
sci5tific _w1 :i* 9 "s  degree fru/rat$ 
! hope ) :i* ,i _h pursu$1 dur+ ne>ly   
five  ye>s1 ?is long & complicat$1 b    
int]e/+ s]ies (  exp]im5ts--! hope1     
namely1 ( be+ ! fir/ to ann\nce to ! _w 
! exi/5ce ( ! ,new ,art--:i* has be5    
s9ce nam$ ,photography4    ,i allude1 ( 
c\rse1 to ! publication 9 ! m\? (       
,janu>y #ahci1 (  ! great discov]y ( ,m4
 ,dagu]re1 ( ! photographic process :i* 

he  has call$ ! ,dagu]reotype4  ,i ne$ n
 speak ( ! s5sation creat$  9 all p>ts (
 ! _w by ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ?is spl5did
  discov]y1 or r1 ( ! fact ( its hav+   
be5 made1 7= ! actual  me?od made use ( 
0 kept secret = _m mon?s long]74  ,?is  
great  & sudd5 celebrity 0 due to two   
causes3 fir/1 to ! beauty ( !  discov]y 
itself3 secondly1 to ! zeal & en?usiasm 
( ,arago1 ^:  eloqu5ce1 animat$ by      
private fri5d%ip1 delight$ 9 extoll+ !  
inv5tor ( ?is new art1 sometimes to !   
assembl$ sci5ce ( ! ,fr5*  ,academy1 at 
o!r times to ! less sci5tific judgm5t1 b
 n less  eag] patriotism1 ( ! ,*amb] (  
,deputies4    ,b1 hav+ br\ght ?is brief 
notice ( ! e>ly days ( !  ,photographic 
,art to ! important epo* ( ! ann\ncem5t 
( !  ,dagu]reotype1 ,i %all def] !      
subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,art to a future   
numb] ( ?is "w4                         
,"s "t previ\sly to ! p]iod ( :i* ,i h  
n[ be5 speak+1 ,i  met ) an acc\nt ( "s 
rese>*es on ! action ( ,light1 by       
,w$gwood  & ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :i*1 until  

!n1 ,i _h nev] he>d (4  ,_! %ort  memoir
 on ?is subject 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjb 9 !   
fir/ volume ( !  ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal     
,in/itution4  ,x is curi\s & int]e/+1 & 
c]ta9ly e/abli%es _! claim z ! fir/     
inv5tors ( !  ,photographic ,art1 ?\gh !
 actual progress !y made 9 x 0 small4   
,!y succe$$1 inde$1 9 obta9+ impressions
 f sol> light ( flat  objects laid ^u a 
%eet ( prep>$ pap]1 b !y say t !y f\nd  
x impossible to fix or pres]ve ^?       
pictures3 all _! num]\s  attempts to d s
 hav+ fail$4    ,& ) respect to !       
pr9cipal bran* ( ! ,art1 viz4 ! tak+    
pictures ( di/ant objects ) a ,cam]a    
,obscura1 !y attempt$ to d  s1 b obta9$ 
no result at all1 h[ev] long ! exp]im5t 
la/$4  ,:ile !re=e due praise %\ld be   
aw>d$ to !m = mak+ !  attempt1 !y h no  
claim to ! actual discov]y ( any process
 by  :i* su* a picture c really be      
obta9$4    ,x is rem>kable t ! failure 9
 ?is respect appe>$ s complete1  t !    
subject 0 soon aft] ab&on$ bo? by       
!mselves & o!rs1  & z f> z we c f9d1 x 0

 nev] resum$ aga94  ,! ?+ fell  into    
entire oblivion = m ?an ?irty ye>s3 &   
!re=e1 ?\gh !  ,dagu]reotype 0 n s      
entirely new a conception z ,m4 ,dagu]re
 & !  ,fr5* ,in/itute imag9$1 & ?\gh my 
own lab\rs _h be5 /ill m  directly      
anticipat$ by ,w$gwood1 yet !           
improvem5ts 7 s great 9  all respects1 t
 ,i ?9k ! ye> #ahci may fairly be       
consid]$ z !  real date ( bir? ( !      
,photographic ,art1 t is to say1 its    
fir/  public disclosure to ! _w4        
,!re is a po9t to :i* ,i wi% to adv]t1  
:i* respects ! execution  ( ! foll[+    
specim5s4 ,z f> z respects ! design1 !  
copies are  almo/ facsimiles ( ea* o!r1 
b !re is "s v>iety 9 ! t9t  :i* !y      
pres5t4  ,?is arises f a tw(old cause4  
,9 ! fir/ place1  ea* picture is        
sep>ately =m$ by ! light ( ! sun1 & 9   
our  climate ! /r5g? ( ! sun's rays is  
exce$+ly v>iable ev5 9  s]5e wea!r4  ,:5
 cl\ds int]v5e1 a long] "t is ( c\rse   
all[$  = ! impression ( a picture1 b x  
is n possible to r$uce ?is to  a matt] (

 /rict & accurate calculation4    ,! o!r
 cause is ! v>iable quality ( ! pap]    
employ$1 ev5 :5  furni%$ by ! same      
manufactur]s--"s diff]5ces 9 !          
fabrication  & 9 ! siz+ ( ! pap]1 kn[n  
only to !mselves1 & p]haps  secrets ( ! 
trade1 h a consid]able influ5ce on !    
tone ( col\r  :i* ! picture ultimately  
assumes4    ,^! t9ts1 h[ev]1 might      
und\bt$ly be br\ght ne>] to uni=mity1   
if any great advantage appe>$ likely to 
result3 b1 sev]al p]sons (  ta/e hav+   
be5 consult$ on ! po9t1 viz4 :i* t9t on 
! :ole  des]v$ a pref]5ce1 x 0 f\nd t _!
 op9ions (f]$ no?+  approa*+ to         
unanimity1 & !re=e1 z ! process pres5ts 
u  spontane\sly ) a v>iety ( %ades (    
col\r1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to  admit :i*ev]   
appe>$ pleas+ to ! eye1 )\t aim+ at an  
uni=mity :i* is h>dly atta9able4  ,& )  
^! brief obs]vations  ,i comm5d !       
pictures to ! indulg5ce ( ! ,g5tle      
,read]4                                 
,,plate ,i4 ,,"p ,,( ,,que5',s          
,,college1 ,,ox=d4                      

,,plate ,i4 ,,"p ,,( ,,que5',s          
,,college1 ,,ox=d4      ,,plate ,i4 ,,"p
 ,,( ,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d4       
,?is build+ pres5ts on its surface ! mo/
 evid5t m>ks ( !  injuries ( "t & wea!r1
 9 ! abrad$ /ate ( ! /one1 :i*  probably
 0 ( a bad quality orig9ally4    ,! view
 is tak5 f ! o!r side ( ! ,high         
,/reet--look+ ,nor?4  ,! "t is morn+4   
,9 ! di/ance is se5 at ! end ( a n>r[   
/reet ! ,*ur* ( ,/4  ,pet]'s 9 ! ,ea/1  
said to be ! mo/ anci5t *ur* 9 ,ox=d1 & 
built dur+ ! ,saxon era4  ,?is /reet1   
%ortly aft] pass+ !  *ur*1 turns to !   
left1 & leads to ,new ,college4         
,,plate ,,ii4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,b\lev>ds 
,,at ,,p>is4                    ,,plate 
,,ii4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,b\lev>ds ,,at    
,,p>is4      ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,view ,,(   
,,! ,,b\lev>ds ,,at ,,p>is4      ,?is   
view 0 tak5 f "o ( ! upp] w9d[s ( !     
,hotel de ,d\vres1  situat$ at ! corn] (
 ! ,rue de la ,paix4  ,! spectator is   
look+ to  ! ,nor?-ea/4  ,! "t is !      
aft]noon4  ,! sun is j quitt+ !  range (

 build+s adorn$ ) columns3 its faade is 
already 9 !  %ade1 b a s+le %utt] /&+   
op5 projects f> en\gh =w>d to  cat* a   
gleam ( sun%9e4  ,! wea!r is hot & du/y1
 & !y h  j be5 wat]+ ! road1 :i* has    
produc$ two broad b&s ( %ade  ^u x1 :i* 
unite 9 ! =egr\nd1 because1 ! road be+  
p>tially  "u repair 7z is se5 f ! two   
:eelb>r[s1 c4 c471 ! wat]+  ma*9es h be5
 compell$ to cross to ! o!r side4    ,by
 ! roadside a r[ ( cittad9es &          
cabriolets are wait+1 & a  s+le c>riage 
/&s 9 ! di/ance a long way to ! "r4     
,a :ole =e/ ( *imneys bord]s ! horizon3 
=1 ! in/rum5t  *ronicles :atev] x sees1 
& c]ta9ly w\ld del9eate a *imney-pot  or
 a *imney-sweep] ) ! same imp>tiality z 
x w\ld ! ,apollo (  ,belv$]e4    ,! view
 is tak5 f a consid]able height1 z      
appe>s easily by  obs]v+ ! h\se on ! "r 
h&2 ! eye be+ necess>ily on a  level ) t
 "p ( ! build+ on :i* ! horizontal l9es 
or  c\rses ( /one appe> p>allel to !    
m>g9 ( ! picture4                       
,,plate ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,( ,,*9a4    

,,plate ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,( ,,*9a4    
,,plate ,,iii4 ,,articles ,,( ,,*9a4    
,f ! specim5 "h giv5 x is suffici5tly   
manife/1 t ! :ole  cab9et ( a ,virtuoso 
& collector ( old ,*9a might be depict$ 
on  pap] 9 little m "t ?an x w\ld take  
him to make a writt5  inv5tory describ+ 
x 9 ! usual way4  ,! m /range & fanta/ic
  ! =ms ( 8 old teapots1 ! m advantage 9
 hav+ _! pictures  giv5 in/ead ( _!     
descriptions4    ,& %\ld a ?ief aft]w>ds
 purlo9 ! treasures--if ! mute te/imony 
( ! picture 7 to be produc$ aga9/ him 9 
c\rt--x w\ld c]ta9ly  be evid5ce ( a    
novel k9d2 b :at ! judge & jury might   
say to x1  is a matt] :i* ,i leave to ! 
speculation ( ^? :o possess legal       
acum54    ,! articles repres5t$ on ?is  
plate are num]\s3 b1 h[ev] num]\s  !    
objects--h[ev] complicat$ !             
arrangem5t--! ,cam]a depicts !m  all at 
once4  ,x may be said to make a picture 
( :atev] x sees4  ,!  object glass is ! 
eye ( ! in/rum5t--! s5sitive pap] may be
  comp>$ to ! ret9a4  ,&1 ! eye %\ld n h

 too l>ge a  pupil3 t is to say1 ! glass
 %\ld be dim9i%$ by plac+ a  scre5 or   
diaphragm be=e x1 hav+ a small circul>  
hole1 ?r\gh :i*  alone ! rays ( light   
may pass4 ,:5 ! eye ( ! in/rum5t is made
  to look at ! objects ?r\gh ?is        
contract$ ap]ture1 ! result+  image is  
mu* m %>p & correct4  ,b x takes a long]
 "t to  impress itself ^u ! pap]1       
because1 9 proportion z ! ap]ture is    
contract$1 few] rays ent] ! in/rum5t f !
 surr\nd+ objects1  & consequ5tly few]  
fall ^u ea* "p ( ! pap]4                
,,plate ,,iv4  ,,articles ,,( ,,glass4  
,,plate ,,iv4  ,,articles ,,( ,,glass4  
,,plate ,,iv4  ,,articles ,,( ,,glass4  
,! photog5ic images ( glass articles    
impress ! s5sitive pap] ) a  v peculi>  
t\*1 :i* is q diff]5t f t ( ! ,*9a 9    
,plate ,,iii4  ,& x may be rem>k$ t :ite
 *9a & glass d n  succe$ well :5        
repres5t$ toge!r1 because ! picture ( ! 
*9a1  f its sup]ior brightness1 is      
complet$ be=e t ( ! glass is  well      
begun4 ,b col\r$ *9a may be introduc$   

along ) glass 9 !  same picture1 provid$
 ! col\r is n a pure blue3 s9ce blue    
objects  affect ! s5sitive pap] almo/ z 
rapidly z :ite ones d4  ,on !  contr>y1 
gre5 rays act v feebly--an inconv5i5t   
circum/ance1  :5ev] gre5 trees are to be
 repres5t$ 9 ! same picture )  build+s (
 a light hue1 or ) any o!r light col\r$ 
objects4                                
,,plate ,v4  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4     
,,plate ,v4  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4     
,,plate ,v4  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4     
,/atues1 bu/s1 & o!r specim5s (         
sculpture1 are g5]ally well  repres5t$  
by ! ,photographic ,art2 & also v       
rapidly1 9 consequ5ce  ( _! :it5ess4    
,^! del9eations are susceptible ( an    
almo/ unlimit$ v>iety3 s9ce  9 ! fir/   
place1 a /atue may be plac$ 9 any       
position ) reg>d to  ! sun1 ei!r        
directly opposite to x1 or at any angle3
 ! directness  or obliquity ( !         
illum9ation caus+ ( c\rse an imm5se     
diff]5ce  9 ! effect4  ,& :5 a *oice has
 be5 made ( ! direction 9 :i*  ! sun's  

rays %all fall1 ! /atue may be !n turn$ 
r\nd on its  p$e/al1 :i* produces a     
second set ( v>iations no less          
consid]able  ?an ! fir/4  ,& :5 to ?is  
is add$ ! *ange ( size :i* is  produc$ 9
 ! image by br++ ! ,cam]a ,obscura ne>] 
to ! /atue  or remov+ x fur!r (f1 x     
becomes evid5t h[ v great a numb] (     
diff]5t effects may be obta9$ f a s+le  
specim5 ( sculpture4    ,) reg>d to _m  
/atues1 h[ev]1 a bett] effect is obta9$ 
by  del9eat+ !m 9 cl\dy wea!r ?an 9     
sun%9e4  ,=1 ! sun%9e  causes su* /rong 
%ad[s z sometimes to confuse ! subject4 
,to  prev5t ?is1 x is a good plan to    
hold a :ite clo? on "o side ( !  /atue  
at a little di/ance to reflect back !   
sun's rays & cause a  fa9t illum9ation (
 ! p>ts :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/ 9 %ad[4 
,,plate ,,vi4  ,,! ,,op5 ,,door4        
,,plate ,,vi4  ,,! ,,op5 ,,door4        
,,plate ,,vi4  ,,! ,,op5 ,,door4      ,!
 *ief object ( ! pres5t "w is to place  
on record "s ( !  e>ly beg9n+s ( a new  
art1 be=e ! p]iod1 :i* we tru/ is       

approa*+1 ( its be+ br\ght to maturity  
by ! aid ( ,briti%  tal5t4    ,?is is "o
 ( ! trifl+ ef=ts ( its infancy1 :i* "s 
p>tial  fri5ds h be5 k9d en\gh to       
comm5d4    ,we h suffici5t au?ority 9 ! 
,dut* s*ool ( art1 = tak+ z  subjects ( 
repres5tation sc5es ( daily & famili>   
occurr5ce4  ,a  pa9t]'s eye w (t5 be    
arre/$ :]e ord9>y p see no?+  rem>kable4
  ,a casual gleam ( sun%9e1 or a %ad[   
?r[n across 8  pa?1 a "t-)]$ oak1 or a  
moss-cov]$ /one may awak5 a tra9 (      
?\ghts & feel+s1 & picturesque imag9+s4 
,,plate ,,vii4  ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,plant4  
,,plate ,,vii4  ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,plant4  
,,plate ,,vii4  ,,leaf ,,( ,a ,,plant4  
,hi!rto we h pres5t$ to ! read] !       
repres5tations ( di/ant  objects1 obta9$
 by ! use ( a ,cam]a ,obscura4  ,b !    
pres5t plate  repres5ts an object ( its 
natural size4  ,& ?is is effect$ by q a 
diff]5t & mu* simpl] process1 z foll[s4 
,a leaf ( a plant1 or any simil> object 
:i* is ?9 & delicate1 is  laid flat ^u a
 %eet ( prep>$ pap] :i* is mod]ately    

s5sitive4  ,x is !n cov]$ ) a glass1 :i*
 is press$ d[n tight ^u x by  means (   
screws4    ,?is done1 x is plac$ 9 !    
sun%9e = a few m9utes1 until !  expos$  
p>ts ( ! pap] h turn$ d>k br[n or ne>ly 
black4  ,x is  !n remov$ into a %ady    
place1 & :5 ! leaf is tak5 up1 x is     
f\nd to h left its impression or picture
 on ! pap]4  ,?is image is  ( a pale    
br[n t9t if ! leaf is semi-transp>5t1 or
 x is q :ite  if ! leaf is opaque4    ,!
 leaves ( plants ?us repres5t$ 9 :ite ^u
 a d>k backgr\nd1  make v pleas+        
pictures1 & ,i %all probably introduce a
 few  specim5s ( !m 9 ! sequel ( ?is "w3
 b ! pres5t plate %ews  "o pictur$ 9 !  
contr>y mann]1 viz4 d>k ^u a :ite gr\nd3
 or1  speak+ 9 ! language ( photography1
 x is a positive & n a  negative image (
 x4  ,! *ange is accompli%$ by simply   
repeat+  ! fir/ process4  ,=1 t process1
 z above describ$1 gives a :ite  image  
on a d>k5$ %eet ( pap]3 ?is %eet is !n  
tak5 & wa%$  ) a fix+ liquid to de/roy !
 s5sibility ( ! pap] & fix !  image on  

x4    ,?is done1 ! pap] is dri$1 & !n x 
is laid ^u a second %eet (  s5sitive    
pap]1 be+ press$ into close contact ) x1
 & plac$ 9  ! sun%9e3 ?is second process
 is evid5tly only a repetition ( !      
fir/4  ,:51 f9i%$1 ! second pap] is f\nd
 to h receiv$ an  image ( a contr>y k9d 
to ! fir/2 ! gr\nd be+ :ite1 & !  image 
^u x d>k4                               
,,plate ,,viii4  ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,a       
,,libr>y4                        ,,plate
 ,,viii4  ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,a ,,libr>y4    
,,plate ,,viii4  ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,a       
,,libr>y4      ,among ! _m novel ideas  
:i* ! discov]y ( ,photography has       
sugge/$1 is ! foll[+ r curi\s exp]im5t  
or speculation4  ,i  h nev] tri$ x1     
inde$1 nor am ,i aw>e t any "o else has 
ei!r  tri$ or propos$ x1 yet ,i ?9k x is
 "o :i*1 if prop]ly manag$1  mu/        
inevitably succe$4    ,:5 a ray ( sol>  
light is refract$ by a prism & ?r[n ^u a
  scre51 x =ms !re ! v beautiful col\r$ 
b& kn[n by ! "n  ( ! sol> spectrum4     
,exp]im5t]s h f\nd t if ?is spectrum is 

?r[n ^u a %eet (  s5sitive pap]1 !      
violet end ( x produces ! pr9cipal      
effect3 &1  :at is truly rem>kable1 a   
simil> effect is produc$ by c]ta9       
invisible rays :i* lie beyond ! violet1 
& beyond ! limits ( !  spectrum1 & ^:   
exi/5ce is only reveal$ to u by ?is     
action :i*  !y ex]t4    ,n[1 ,i w\ld    
propose to sep>ate ^! invisible rays f !
 re/1 by  suff]+ !m to pass into an     
adjo9+ ap>tm5t ?r\gh an ap]ture 9  a    
wall or scre5 ( p>tition4  ,?is ap>tm5t 
w\ld ?us become fill$  7we mu/ n call x 
illum9at$7 ) invisible rays1 :i* might  
be  scatt]$ 9 all directions by a convex
 l5s plac$ beh9d ! ap]ture4  ,if !re 7 a
 numb] ( p]sons 9 ! room1 no "o w\ld see
 ! o!r3  & yet nev]!less if a cam]a 7 s 
plac$ z to po9t 9 !  direction 9 :i* any
 "o 7 /&+1 x w\ld take 8 portrait1 &    
reveal 8 actions4    ,=1 to use a       
metaphor we h already employ$1 ! eye ( !
 cam]a  w\ld see pla9ly :]e ! human eye 
w\ld f9d no?+ b d>kness4    ,alas6 t ?is
 speculation is some:at too ref9$ to be 

introduc$ )  effect into a mod]n novel  
or romance2 = :at a dn\em5t we %\ld  h1 
if we c\ld suppose ! secrets ( ! d>k5$  
*amb] to be  reveal$ by ! te/imony ( !  
impr9t$ pap]4                           
,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,an   
,,old ,,pr9t$ ,,page4                   
,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,an   
,,old ,,pr9t$ ,,page4      ,,plate ,,ix4
 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,pr9t$  
,,page4      ,tak5 f a black-lett]      
volume 9 ! ,au?or's libr>y1 conta9+ !   
/atutes ( ,ri*>d ! ,second1 writt5 9    
,norman ,fr5*4  ,to !  ,antiqu>ian ?is  
application ( ! photographic art seems  
de/9$ to be  ( great advantage4         
,copi$ ( ! size ( ! orig9al1 by ! me?od 
( sup]position4                         
,,plate ,x4 ,,! ,,hay/ack4              
,,plate ,x4 ,,! ,,hay/ack4      ,,plate 
,x4 ,,! ,,hay/ack4      ,"o advantage ( 
! discov]y ( ! ,photographic ,art w be1 
t x  w enable u to introduce into our   
pictures a multitude ( m9ute  details   
:i* add to ! tru? & reality ( !         

repres5tation1 b  :i* no arti/ w\ld take
 ! tr\ble to copy fai?fully f nature4   
,cont5t+ himself ) a g5]al effect1 he   
w\ld probably deem x  b5ea? 8 g5ius to  
copy e accid5t ( light & %ade2 nor c\ld 
he  d s inde$1 )\t a disproportionate   
exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble1  :i* might be 
o!rwise mu* bett] employ$4              
,nev]!less1 x is well to h ! means at   
our disposal ( introduc+  ^! m9uti )\t  
any additional tr\ble1 = !y w sometimes 
be  f\nd to give an air ( v>iety beyond 
expectation to ! sc5e  repres5t$4       
,,plate ,,xi4 ,,copy ,,( ,a             
,,li?ographic ,,pr9t4                   
,,plate ,,xi4 ,,copy ,,( ,a             
,,li?ographic ,,pr9t4      ,,plate ,,xi4
 ,,copy ,,( ,a ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t4    
,we h "h ! copy ( a ,p>isian c>icature1 
:i* is probably well  kn[n to _m ( my   
read]s4 ,all k9ds ( engrav+s may be     
copi$ by  photographic means2 & ?is     
application ( ! art is a v important    
"o1 n only z produc+ 9 g5]al ne>ly      
fac-simile copies1 b  because x enables 

u at pleasure to alt] ! scale1 & to make
 !  copies z mu* l>g] or small] ?an !   
orig9als z we may desire4    ,! old     
me?od ( alt]+ ! size ( a design by means
 ( a pantagraph  or "s simil>           
contrivance1 0 v t$i\s1 & mu/ h requir$ 
!  in/rum5t to be well con/ruct$ & kept 
9 v excell5t ord]3  :]eas ! photographic
 copies become l>g] or small]1 m]ely by 
plac+ ! orig9als ne>] to or f>!r f !    
,cam]a4    ,! pres5t plate is an example
 ( ?is useful application ( ! art1  be+ 
a copy greatly dim9i%$ 9 size1 yet      
pres]v+ all !  proportions ( ! orig9al4 
,,plate ,,xii4 ,,! ,,bridge ,,(         
,,orleans4                              
,,plate ,,xii4 ,,! ,,bridge ,,(         
,,orleans4      ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,!      
,,bridge ,,( ,,orleans4      ,?is view  
is tak5 f ! s\!rn bank ( ! riv] ,loire1 
:i* passes  ,orleans 9 a noble /ream4   
,a city ri* 9 hi/orical recollections1 b
 at pres5t *iefly  int]e/+ f its f9e    
,ca!dral2 ( :i* ,i hope to give a       
repres5tation 9 a subsequ5t plate ( ?is 

"w4                     ,,plate ,,xiii4 
,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d1 ,entrance  
,gateway              ,,plate ,,xiii4   
,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d1 ,entrance  
,gateway      ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,que5',s 
,,college1 ,,ox=d4                      
,,entrance ,,gateway4      ,9 ! fir/    
plate ( ?is "w ,i h repres5t$ an angle (
 ?is  build+4  ,"h we h a view ( !      
,gateway & c5tral portion ( !  ,college4
  ,x 0 tak5 f a w9d[ on ! opposite side 
( ! ,high  ,/reet4  ,9 exam9+           
photographic pictures ( a c]ta9 degree (
  p]fection1 ! use ( a l>ge l5s is      
recomm5d$1 su* z eld]ly  p]sons         
frequ5tly employ 9 read+4 ,?is magnifies
 ! objects two or  ?ree times1 & (t5    
discloses a multitude ( m9ute details1  
:i* 7  previ\sly unobs]v$ & unsuspect$4 
,x frequ5tly happ5s1  moreov]--& ?is is 
"o ( ! *>ms ( photography--t ! op]ator  
himself discov]s on exam9ation1 p]haps  
long aft]w>ds1 t he has  depict$ _m ?+s 
he _h no notion ( at ! "t4  ,sometimes  
inscriptions & dates are f\nd ^u !      

build+s1 or pr9t$ plac>ds  mo/          
irrelevant1 are discov]$ ^u _! walls3   
sometimes a di/ant  dial-plate is se51 &
 ^u x--unconsci\sly record$--! h\r ( !  
day  at :i* ! view 0 tak54              
,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,ladd]4             
,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,ladd]4      ,,plate
 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,ladd]4      ,portraits (  
liv+ p]sons & gr\ps ( figures =m "o ( ! 
mo/  attractive subjects ( photography1 
& ,i hope to pres5t "s ( !m to  ! ,read]
 9 ! progress ( ! pres5t "w4    ,:5 !   
sun %9es1 small portraits c be obta9$ by
 my process 9 "o  or two seconds1 b l>ge
 portraits require a some:at long] "t4  
,:5  ! wea!r is d>k & cl\dy1 a          
correspond+ all[ance is necess>y1  & a  
great] dem& is made ^u ! pati5ce ( !    
sitt]4  ,gr\ps (  figures take no long] 
"t to obta9 ?an s+le figures w\ld       
require1  s9ce ! ,cam]a depicts !m all  
at once1 h[ev] num]\s !y may be3  b at  
pres5t we _c well succe$ 9 ?is bran* ( !
 art )\t  "s previ\s conc]t &           
arrangem5t4  ,if we proce$ to ! ,city1 &

  attempt to take a picture ( ! mov+    
multitude1 we fail1 = 9 a small         
fraction ( a second !y *ange _!         
positions s mu*1 z to de/roy  !         
di/9ctness ( ! repres5tation4  ,b :5 a  
gr\p ( p]sons has  be5 arti/ically      
arrang$1 & tra9$ by a little practice to
 ma9ta9  an absolute immobility = a few 
seconds ( "t1 v delightful pictures  are
 easily obta9$4  ,i h obs]v$ t family   
gr\ps are especial  fav\rites3 & ! same 
five or six individuals may be comb9$ 9 
s  _m v>y+ attitudes1 z to give mu*     
int]e/ & a great air (  reality to a    
s]ies ( su* pictures4  ,:at w\ld n be ! 
value to our  ,engli% ,nobility ( su* a 
record ( _! ance/ors :o liv$ a c5tury   
ago8  ,on h[ small a portion ( _! family
 picture gall]ies c !y  really rely )   
confid5ce6                              
,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lacock ,,abbey ,,9      
,,wilt%ire4                             
,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lacock ,,abbey ,,9      
,,wilt%ire4      ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,lacock 
,,abbey ,,9 ,,wilt%ire4      ,"o ( a    

s]ies ( views repres5t+ ! ,au?or's      
c\ntry seat 9  ,wilt%ire4  ,x is a      
religi\s /ructure ( great antiquity1    
erect$ e>ly  9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _m p>ts
 ( :i* are /ill rema9+ 9  excell5t      
pres]vation4  ,?is plate gives a di/ant 
view ( ! ,abbey1  :i* is se5 reflect$ 9 
! wat]s ( ! riv] ,avon4  ,! spectator is
  look+ to ! ,nor? ,we/4    ,! t[] :i*  
occupies ! ,s\?-ea/]n com] ( ! huild+ is
  believ$ to be ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 
b ! l[] portion ( x is  mu* old]1 &     
coeval ) ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! abbey4    
,9 my fir/ acc\nt ( 8,! ,art (          
,photog5ic ,draw+10 read to ! ,royal    
,society 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci1 ,i m5tion$   
?is build+ z be+ ! fir/  8t 0 ev] yet   
kn[n to h drawn its own picture40    ,x 
0 9 ! summ] ( #ahce t ^! curi\s         
self-repres5tations 7  fir/ obta9$4  ,_!
 size 0 v small3 inde$1 !y 7 b          
m9iatures1 ?\gh v di/9ct3 & ! %orte/ "t 
( mak+ !m 0  n9e or t5 m9utes4          
,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,,lacock   
,,abbey4                      ,,plate   

,,xvi4 ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,,lacock ,,abbey4  
,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,,lacock   
,,abbey4      ,! ,abbey 0 f\nd$ by ,ela1
 ,c\ntess ( ,salisbury1 wid[ ( ,william 
,longspee1 son ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,fair
 ,rosamond4    ,?is ev5t took place 9 ! 
ye> ( our ,"l #abbi1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry  
,,iii4  ,%e 0 elect$ to be ! fir/       
abbess1 & rul$ = _m ye>s  ) prud5ce &   
piety4  ,%e lies buri$ 9 ! cloi/]s1 &   
?is  inscription is read ^u h] tomb3    
,infr sunt defossa ,el v5]abilis ossa1  
,qu d$it has s$es sacras monialibus des1
  ,abbatissa quidem qu sanct vixit      
ibidem1  ,et comitissa ,s>um virtutum   
pl5a bon>um3    ,! cloi/]s1 h[ev]1 9 _! 
pres5t /ate1 are believ$ to be ( !  "t (
 ,h5ry ,,vi4  ,!y range r\nd ?ree sides 
( a quadrangle1 & are  ! mo/ p]fect :i* 
rema9 9 any private resid5ce 9 ,engl&4  
,by  moonlight1 especially1 _! effect is
 v picturesque & solemn4    ,"h1 ,i     
presume1 ! holy si/]hood (t5 pac$ 9     
sil5t m$itation2  ?\gh1 9 tru?1 !y h    
left b few records to po/]ity to tell u 

h[ !y liv$ & di$4  ,! 8lib] de ,lacock0 
is suppos$ to h  p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( !     
,cottonian libr>y4  ,:at x conta9$ ,i "k
  n--p]haps _! private memoirs4  ,"s    
?+s1 h[ev]1 h be5  pres]v$ by tradition1
 or discov]$ by ! zeal ( antiqu>ies1 & f
  ^! mat]ials ! poet ,b[les has compos$ 
an int]e/+ "w1 !  ,hi/ory ( ,lacock     
,abbey1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahce4         
,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4  
,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4  
,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,bu/ ,,( ,,patroclus4  
,ano!r view ( ! bu/ :i* figures 9 ! fif?
 plate ( ?is "w4    ,is has (t5 be5     
said1 & has gr[n into a prov]b1 t !re is
 no  royal road to le>n+ ( any k9d4  ,b 
! prov]b is fallaci\s3 =  !re is1       
assur$ly1 a royal road to ,draw+1 & "o (
 ^! days1  :5 m kn[n & bett] explor$1 x 
w probably be mu* frequ5t$4  ,already   
sundry amateurs h laid d[n ! p5cil &    
arm$  !mselves  ) *emical solutions & ) 
cam]a obscur4  ,^? amateurs  especially1
 & !y are n few1 :o f9d ! rules (       
p]spective  difficult to le>n & to      

apply--& :o moreov] h ! mis=tune to be  
lazy--pref] to use a me?od :i* disp5ses 
) all t tr\ble4  ,&  ev5 accompli%$     
arti/s n[ avail !mselves ( an inv5tion  
:i*  del9eates 9 a few mom5ts ! almo/   
endless details ( ,go?ic  ar*itecture   
:i* a :ole day w\ld h>dly suffice to    
draw correctly 9  ! ord9>y mann]4       
,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,gate ,,( ,,*ri/*ur*4 
,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,gate ,,( ,,*ri/*ur*4 
,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,gate ,,( ,,*ri/*ur*4 
,! pr9cipal gate ( ,*ri/*ur* ,college 9 
! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4    ,on ! "r ( !   
picture are se5 ! build+s ( ,pembroke   
,college 9  %ade4    ,^? :o h visit$    
,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 vacation "t 9 !    
summ]  mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! sil5ce &     
tranquillity :i* p]vade  ^? v5]able     
abodes ( le>n+4    ,^? anci5t c\rts &   
quadrangles & cloi/]s look s beautiful s
  tranquil & s solemn at ! close ( a    
summ]'s ev5+1 t !  spectator almo/ ?9ks 
he gazes ^u a city ( =m] ages1 des]t$1 b
  n 9 ru9s3 ab&on$ by man1 b sp>$ by    
,"t4  ,no o!r cities 9  ,great ,brita9  

awake feel+s at all simil>4  ,9 o!r t[ns
 y he> at  all times ! busy hum ( pass+ 
cr[ds1 int5t on traffic or on           
pleasure--b ,ox=d 9 ! summ] season seems
 ! dwell+ ( ! ,g5ius  ( ,repose4        
,,plate ,,xix4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,lacock   
,,abbey                       ,,plate   
,,xix4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,lacock ,,abbey   
,,plate ,,xix4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,lacock   
,,abbey      ,! upp] "p ( ! t[] is      
believ$ to be ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1  b
 ! l[] "p is probably coeval ) ! fir/   
f\ndation ( !  abbey1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry 
,,iii4    ,! t[] conta9s ?ree ap>tm5ts1 
"o 9 ea* /ory4  ,9 ! c5tral  "o1 :i* is 
us$ z a munim5t room1 !re is pres]v$ an 
invaluable  curiosity1 an orig9al copy (
 ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4  ,x  
appe>s t a copy ( ?is ,great ,*>t] 0 s5t
 to ! %]iffs ( all  ! c\nties 9 ,engl&4 
,! illu/ri\s ,ela1 ,c\ntess (           
,salisbury1 0  at t "t %]iff ( ,wilt%ire
 7at lea/ s tradition confid5tly  av]s71
 & ?is 0 ! copy transmitt$ to h]1 &     
c>efully pres]v$  ev] s9ce h] days 9 !  

abbey :i* %e f\nd$ ab\t f\r ye>s aft]  !
 date ( ?is ,great ,*>t]4    ,( ! ,magna
 ,*>ta ( ,k+ ,john sev]al copies are    
/ill extant2 b only  two copies are kn[n
 to exi/ ( ! ,*>t] ( 8 successor ,h5ry  
,,iii1  :i* be>s date only t5 ye>s aft] 
t ( ,runnym$e4  ,"o ( ^!  copies1 :i* is
 pres]v$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 is defac$ & 
:olly  illegible2 b ! copy pres]v$ at   
,lacock ,abbey is p]fectly cle> &       
legible ?r\gh\t1 & has a seal ( gre5 wax
 app5d$ to x1 inclos$  9 a small bag (  
col\r$ silk1 :i* six c5turies h fad$4   
,! ,lacock copy is !re=e ! only au?ority
 f :i* ! text (  ?is ,great ,*>t] c be  
correctly kn[n2 & f ?is copy x 0  pr9t$ 
by ,black/one1 z he himself in=ms u4    
,f ! top ( ! t[] !re is an ext5sive     
view1 especially t[>ds  ! ,s\?1 :]e !   
eye ranges z f> z ,alfr$'s ,t[]1 9 ! p>k
 (  ,/\r-head1 ab\t tw5ty-?ree miles    
di/ant4    ,f ! p>apet wall ( ?is       
build+1 ?ree c5turies ago1 ,olive       
,%]+ton1 ! heiress ( ,lacock1 ?rew      
h]self into ! arms ( h]  lov]1 a gallant

 g5tleman ( ,worce/]%ire1 ,john ,talbot1
 a k9sman (  ! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury4  ,he 0
 fell$ to ! e>? by ! bl[1 & = a  "t lay 
lifeless1 :ile ! lady only w\nd$ or     
broke h] f+]4  ,^u  ?is1 ,sir ,h5ry     
,%]+ton1 h] fa!r1 rel5t$1 & %ortly aft] 
cons5t$ to _! m>riage1 giv+ z a reason  
8! /ep :i* 8  daught] _h tak540         
,unwritt5 tradition 9 _m families has   
pres]v$ anci5t /ories :i*  bord] on !   
m>vell\s1 & x may h embelli%$ ! tale (  
?is  lov]'s leap by an incid5t belong+  
to ano!r age4 ,= ,i d\bt !  /ory ( !    
brok5 f+]1 or at lea/ t ,olive 0 its    
rightful own]4  ,:o c tell :at tragic   
sc5es may n h pass$ )9 ^! walls  dur+ ! 
?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies8  ,! spectre 
( a nun )  a ble$+ f+] long haunt$ !    
prec9cts ( ! abbey1 & has be5  se5 by _m
 9 =m] times1 ?\gh ,i believe t h]      
unquiet _s is  at l5g? at re/4  ,& ,i   
?9k ! tale ( ,olive has borr[$ ?is      
incid5t f t ( a frail si/] ( e>li] days4
                                        
,,plate ,,xx4 ,,lace                    

,,plate ,,xx4 ,,lace      ,,plate ,,xx4 
,,lace      ,z ?is is ! fir/ example ( a
 negative image t has be5  introduc$    
into ?is "w1 x may be necess>y to       
expla91 9 a few words1  :at is meant by 
t expression1 & :]e9 ! diff]5ce consi/s4
    ,! ord9>y effect ( light ^u :ite    
s5sitive pap] is to black5  x4  ,if     
!re=e any object1 z a leaf = in/ance1 be
 laid ^u !  pap]1 ?is1 by int]cept+ !   
action ( ! light1 pres]ves !  :it5ess ( 
! pap] b5ea? x1 & accord+ly :5 x is     
remov$  !re appe>s ! =m or %ad[ ( ! leaf
 m>k$ out 9 :ite ^u !  black5$ pap]2 &  
s9ce %ad[s are usually d>k1 & ?is is !  
rev]se1 x is call$ 9 ! language (       
photography a negative image4    ,?is is
 exemplifi$ by ! lace depict$ 9 ?is     
plate2 ea* copy ( x  be+ an orig9al or  
negative image3 t is to say1 directly   
tak5 f  ! lace itself4  ,n[1 if in/ead (
 copy+ ! lace we 7 to copy "o  ( ^!     
negative images ( x1 ! result w\ld be a 
positive image (  ! lace3 t is to say1 !
 lace w\ld be repres5t$ black ^u a  :ite

 gr\nd4  ,b 9 ?is second>y or positive  
image !  repres5tation ( ! small        
delicate ?reads :i* compose ! lace w\ld 
n be q s %>p & di/9ct1 ow+ to its n be+ 
tak5 directly  f ! orig9al4  ,9 tak+    
views ( build+s1 /atues1 portraits1 c4  
x is necess>y to obta9 a positive image1
 because ! negative images  ( su*       
objects are h>dly intelligible1         
sub/itut+ light = %ade1 &  vice v]sa4   
,b 9 copy+ su* ?+s z lace or leaves (   
plants1 a negative image  is p]fectly   
all[able1 black lace be+ z famili> to ! 
eye z :ite  lace1 & ! object be+ only to
 exhibit ! patt]n ) accuracy4    ,9 !   
comm5cem5t ( ! photographic art1 x 0 a  
matt] ( great  difficulty to obta9 good 
positive images1 because ! orig9al or   
negative pictures1 :5 expos$ to !       
sun%9e1 spe$ily grew opaque 9  _!       
int]ior1 & consequ5tly w\ld n yield any 
positive copies1 or  only a v few ( !m4 
,b1 happily1 ?is difficulty has be5 long
  s9ce surm\nt$1 & ! negative or orig9al
 pictures n[ always rema9  transp>5t    

dur+ ! process ( copy+ !m4              
,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,m>tyrs' ,,monum5t  
,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,m>tyrs' ,,monum5t  
,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,m>tyrs' ,,monum5t  
,ox=d has at l5g?1 aft] ! lapse ( ?ree  
c5turies1 rais$ a wor?y  monum5t to h]  
m>tyr$ bi%ops1 :o di$ = ! ,prote/ant    
cause 9  ,que5 ,m>y's reign4    ,& we h 
endeav\r$ 9 ?is plate to repres5t x     
wor?ily4  ,h[ f>  we h succe$$ mu/ be   
left to ! judgm5t ( ! g5tle ,read]4     
,! /atue se5 9 ! picture is t ( ,bi%op  
,latim]4                                
,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey       
,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey       
,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey       
,! /ately edifices ( ! ,briti%          
,metropolis too frequ5tly assume f  !   
influ5ce ( our smoky atmosph]e su* a    
sw>?y hue z :olly to  oblit]ate !       
natural appe>ance ( ! /one ( :i* !y are 
con/ruct$4  ,?is sooty cov]+ de/roys all
 h>mony ( col\r1 &  leaves only ! gr&eur
 ( =m & proportions4    ,?is picture (  
,we/m9/] ,abbey is an in/ance ( x2 !    

faqade ( !  build+ be+ /rongly & some:at
 caprici\sly d>k5$ by !  atmosph]ic     
influ5ce4                               
,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,hag> ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4
                        ,,plate ,,xxiii4
 ,,hag> ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4      ,,plate   
,,xxiii4 ,,hag> ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4        
,?is ,plate is int5d$ to %[ ano!r       
important application ( !  photographic 
art4 ,fac-similes c be made f orig9al   
sket*es ( !  old ma/]s1 & ?us !y may be 
pres]v$ f loss1 & multipli$ to  any     
ext5t4    ,?is sket* ( ,hag>1 by        
,francesco ,mola1 has be5 select$ z a   
specim54  ,x is tak5 f a fac-simile     
execut$ at ,muni*4    ,! photographic   
copy+ process "h (f]s no difficulty1 be+
 done (  ! natural size1 by ! me?od (   
sup]position4                           
,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,fruit ,,piece4     
,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,fruit ,,piece4     
,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,fruit ,,piece4     
,! numb] ( copies :i* c be tak5 f a s+le
 orig9al  photographic picture1 appe>s  
to be almo/ unlimit$1 provid$ t e       

portion ( iod9e has be5 remov$ f !      
picture be=e ! copies are  made4  ,= if 
any ( x is left1 ! picture w n be>      
repeat$  copy+1 b gradually fades away4 
,?is arises f ! *emical fact1  t sol>   
light & a m9ute portion ( iod9e1 act+   
toge!r 7?\gh  nei!r ( !m sep>ately71 are
 able to decompose ! oxide ( silv]1  &  
to =m a col\rless iodide ( ! metal4  ,b 
suppos+ ?is accid5t  to h be5 gu>d$     
aga9/1 a v great numb] ( copies c be    
obta9$ 9 succession1 s long z great c>e 
is tak5 ( ! orig9al  picture4  ,b be+   
only on pap]1 x is expos$ to v>i\s      
accid5ts2 &  %\ld x be casually torn or 
defac$1 ( c\rse no m copies c be  made4 
,a mis*ance ( ?is k9d hav+ occurr$ to   
two plates 9 our  e>lie/ numb] aft] _m  
copies _h be5 tak5 f !m1 x became       
necess>y to replace !m by o!rs2 &       
accord+ly ! ,cam]a 0 once  m direct$ to 
! orig9al objects !mselves1 & new       
photographic  pictures obta9$ f !m1 z a 
s\rce ( supply = future copies4  ,b  !  
circum/ances ( light & %ade & "t ( day1 

c4 n altoge!r  correspond+ to :at !y 7  
on a =m] occasion1 a slightly diff]5t  b
 n a worse result att5d$ ! exp]im5t4 ,f 
^! rem>ks1  h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s 
w be easily acc\nt$ =4