,libraries47 _/ ,,instruction ,,book ,,on ,,ring ,,spinning ,,by ,,francis ,l4 ,,lincoln4 ,,warren1 ,,mass4 ,,herald ,,printing ,,company4 #ahhe4 _/ _/ ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhe1 ,by ,,francis ,l4 ,,lincoln1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress at ,washington4 _/ ,,preface4 ,the object of this little book is to give help and instruction to those who are engaged in this department of mill work4 ,it imparts that knowledge which only years of thorough study and observation can give4 ,it has been carefully prepared by an experienced ,spinner1 who has given years of study to it1 in order to benefit and help those who are interested in the ,spinning department4 _/ ,,francis ,l4 ,,lincoln1 ,author4 _/ ,,contents4 _/ #a4 ,the ,first ,thing to do when going into a strange room to take charge4 #b4 ,to see that your ,draughts1 ,twists and ,travelers are right1 etc4 #c4 ,how to pack ,yarn closely on the ,bobbin4 #d4 ,to see that your ,thread ,guides are #e4 ,about ,spindles1 ,rings1 and ,steel ,rolls4 #f4 ,how ,top ,rolls should be kept in order to make good yarn weight on top rolls1 etc4 #g4 ,bands2 how they should be run1 etc4 #h4 ,what to do when you have long staple ,cotton4 #i4 ,what ,twists should be in the hank roving1 and why4 #aj4 ,how ,roving should be when run double1 and how to get it single4 #aa4 ,how to run colored ,roving double on spinning frames4 #ab4 ,how ,waste should be run through the lappers1 etc4 #ac4 ,how to prove that uneven work is not made on ,spinning ,frames4 #ad4 ,how bunches can be made on ,spinning ,frames and ,spoolers4 #ae4 ,how coarse threads are made4 #af4 ,caution to be observed in changing from one number of yarn to another4 #ag4 ,what to do when ,cotton is poor4 #ah4 ,why it is cheaper for the ,company to wind the yarn hard on the bobbins and spools4 #ai4 ,if yarn is knitted1 where the trouble is4 #bj4 ,how snarled yarn is made1 etc4 #ba4 ,how to avoid making lap waste in spinning room4 #bb4 ,how to avoid making roving waste in spinning room4 #bc4 ,when wastes should be picked up4 #bd4 ,what the draught change gear should be1 when you run colored work4 #be4 ,system in doffing the frames and gauge to go by4 #bf4 ,how to get speed of cylinder and spindles4 #bg4 ,to know what pulley will drive your cylinder faster or slower4 #bh4 ,how to take up a belt or let it out1 when you change pulleys4 #bi4 ,rule for finding what number of twists to the inch for any number of yarn4 #cj4 ,square ,root of numbers1 from #ah to #cj1 with twist4 #ca4 ,the rule for finding the draught for any number of yarn4 #cb4 ,the gear required to run another number on the same hank roving4 #cc4 ,the hank roving required to run another number of yarn with same draught4 #cd4 ,rule to find the draught change gear required1 when changing from one number to another on a frame or mule1 when the draught and roving both have to be altered4 #ce4 ,how to find the twist gear by square root of the number4 #cf4 ,how to get twist pulley for another number of yarn4 #cg4 ,how to get the exact twist in yarn4 #ch4 ,how to get the weight on top rolls4 #ci4 ,square ,root table for the twist of yarn4 _/ ,,instruction ,,book4 ,,the ,,first ,,thing4 #a4 ,the first thing to do when going into a strange room to take charge1 is to learn the names and dispositions of your help1 and their ability4 ,by doing this it will save you some trouble4 ,do not turn off help the first day you go into a room to take charge4 ,get the good will of your help and keep them2 and when they learn your ways and know you mean just what you say1 every thing will be pleasant for them and you also4 ,,draughts1 ,,twists ,,and ,,travelers4 #b4 ,to see that your ,draughts1 ,twists and ,travelers are right for the numbers of yarns you are spinning4 ,travelers govern the twist4 ,when the bobbins are full there is more twist in than when it first starts4 ,have them heavy enough to keep the ends straight4 ,if ,travelers are poor the work will run bad4 ,change them on fine work once in three or four months1 clean them every doff1 and touch the ring with a little oily waste4 ,if ,draught gears bind1 spinners cannot keep their ends up4 ,,packing ,,yarn ,,on ,,bobbins4 #c4 ,to see that the yarn is packed closely on the bobbin4 ,the way to tell is to put an empty bobbin on1 and run one layer of yarn upon it2 if the threads do not lay close together1 run your motion slower4 ,in this way you get more length of yarn to the bobbin4 ,,thread ,,guides4 #d4 ,to see that your thread guides are central with the bobbin below4 ,if a crease has been made by the thread running through it1 take it out and put in a new one4 ,,spindles4 #e4 ,to see that the spindles are in the center of the rings1 and that your rings are in good condition4 ,a poor ring will make two-thirds more waste than a good one1 and the frame requires three times the cleaning that it does with a good ring4 ,slip your finger round inside of the ring2 if it feels notchy the ring is poor4 ,take it out4 ,rings should be looked over every time you scour4 ,that should be every six months4 ,steel rolls should be rubbed with one-twenty emery cloth once a year1 with a little oil4 ,,top ,,rolls4 #f4 ,see that your top rolls are kept in good condition4 ,look them all over once a month if that will do1 if not look them over oftener4 ,new rolls should always be put in the front1 poorest ones in the back4 ,new rolls should always be calipered at each end2 if they do not caliper the same at each end of the roll1 the roll should not be used1 as it would spoil the yarn1 and spinners could not keep up their ends4 ,new rolls should be oiled when they are put in to run4 ,neck of front rolls should be oiled morning and noon4 ,all of the rolls should be oiled once a week4 ,the weight should be the same on all top rolls4 ,in order to do this your saddles must be all alike1 and must not hug the neck of the roll4 ,stirrups should be all of the same length and style4 ,the levers should be all of the same length and style2 and weights should be all of the same heft4 ,stirrups must clear the rolls1 and use double saddles4 ,shell rolls should be cleaned and oiled once a month1 with lard oil4 ,use vinegar with one-third water to clean top rolls4 ,roller hooks should not be used on steel rolls4 ,,carrying4 #g4 ,a small band carrying one spindle is better than a large band carrying a number of spindles4 ,it makes better yarn1 and not one-third the waste4 ,bands should be put on tight2 and the spinner should call the band boy soon as one comes off1 to put on a new one4 ,bands should all be looked over once a week1 and all slack ones cut off and new ones put on4 ,a slack band makes soft yarn4 ,if your frame does not run up to speed1 you will get soft yarn4 ,a dry spindle will also make soft yarn4 ,keep your spindles properly oiled4 ,,long ,,staple ,,cotton4 #h4 ,for long staple cotton you must spread the bottom and top rolls a little to avoid cockley yarn4 ,long staple cotton does not require so much twist on spinning as short4 ,,roving4 #i4 ,too much twist in roving makes bad yarn1 and spoils the top rolls on spinning frames4 ,the square root of the number is about the twist for roving4 ,it gives the ,carder a chance to keep up with the spinning1 and gives the ,spinner a chance to make a better quality of yarn4 ,if there is too much twist in the roving1 you cannot draw it on spinning frames without spreading the rolls2 but then it will spoil the top rolls4 ,keep your numbers even if you can4 ,size from every fine speeder and average it every day1 and examine the yarn every time you size1 to see if it is good4 ,by doing so it may save you considerable trouble4 ,,two-,,roving4 #aj4 ,in running two-roving together1 always have them of the same hank1 because if one is of one hank1 and the other of another1 there will be more twist in one than in the other1 and will not make as good yarn1 and will not draw as even as they would if they were of the same twist or hank4 ,to know what the two hanks would be single2 you must add the two hanks together1 and divide that by four to get it single4 ,,double ,,work4 #aa4 ,the way to run double work on spinning frames4 ,have the white put in the top1 if you have double creels2 and colored work in the bottom4 ,piece the back roving in the top with the back roving in the bottom4 ,front in with front makes the yarn more even4 ,,waste4 #ab4 ,waste must be run through the lapper all by itself1 not mix it with the good cotton2 and if one section of cards will run one lap a day and keep the waste up1 you may run one2 if it makes two laps put on two sections1 7one lap on each section17 and the work or yarn will be more even4 ,,uneven ,,work4 #ac4 ,how to prove that uneven work is not made on spinning frames4 ,see that your draught gears do not bind2 if they do1 you will have uneven yarn4 ,put in new rolls in front1 middle and back4 ,see that your frame runs up to right speed and roller belt is tight4 ,see that the rings and travelers are good4 ,see that stirrups and saddles are in place4 ,then if your yarn is uneven the trouble is in the carding room4 ,roving bobbins should be marked for each speeder2 and the spinner run each separate on his frames4 ,then if you had bad work you could tell very quick which speeder it belonged to4 ,,bunches4 #ad4 ,how bunches can be made on spinning frames4 ,by piecing on roving and leaving the end to run through double4 ,by piecing up ends and not twisting on smoothly4 ,by wiping out the roving rack and the waste catching on the roving and running through the rolls4 ,by wiping off thread-boards1 waste catching on to the ends and spinning4 ,by rolls not being kept clean and oiled4 ,by spinners not being careful enough when they clean their rolls4 ,by spinners brushing and cleaning their frames4 ,by brushing down over head4 ,by spinners not keeping their clearers clean4 ,the carder should be just as particular about making his roving as the spinner is about making his yarn2 then there will be good work all through4 ,a dry front roll will make bunches on spinning frames1 and will do the same on speeders4 ,sweepers should not blow their waste under the frames4 ,bunches can be made on spoolers by thread guides not being wide enough for the threads to pass through4 ,a bunch will collect and stop the spool4 ,spooler tenders lift it over on to the spool4 ,,coarse ,,threads4 #ae4 ,how coarse threads are made4 ,first1 by coarse roving2 second by spinners letting two roving run through the guide2 third1 by one end catching on to another and running on to the bobbin2 fourth1 sometimes where there is two ends on one boss1 one end will break and catch onto the other and spin4 ,if the trouble is in the spinning1 you untwist the thread and you will find two threads instead of one4 ,if not two threads1 the trouble is in the carding room4 ,,changing ,,numbers4 #af4 ,when you change from one number to another see that the motion runs right to pack the yarn closely on the bobbin2 then have your travelers just heavy enough to keep the ends straight4 ,by running a heavy traveler you pack the yarn harder on the bobbin4 ,i do not believe in running a traveler heavy enough to pull down the ends1 but heavy enough to keep the ends straight4 ,,poor ,,cotton4 #ag4 ,when cotton is poor you may need a little more twist in the yarn2 sometimes when cotton is poor1 the warp spinning will run bad4 ,in this case you may run your warp one number heavier and mule filling one number lighter4 ,waste work requires more twist than good cotton4 ,,economy ,,of ,,heavy ,,travelers4 #ah4 ,it is cheaper for the company to run heavy travelers1 and wind the yarn hard on the bobbins and spools4 ,you get more length of yarn and a better quality4 ,will not cost so much for spooling4 ,,knitted ,,yarn4 #ai4 ,if the yarn is knitted the trouble is in the carding room1 as you cannot make knitted yarn on spinning frames4 ,,snarled ,,yarn4 #bj4 ,how snarled yarn is made4 ,by spinners not finding the end and breaking a thread on the bobbin to piece up by4 ,by having the taper shorter on top of the bobbin than on the bottom1 so when the doffers take the full bobbins off1 the thread pulls over the top and snarls4 ,to avoid the above1 lower the arm where it is attached to the frame1 7the arm that the heart rider is attached to74 ,about one-quarter of an inch will be enough4 ,you want the taper longer at the top than at the bottom4 ,,lap ,,waste4 #ba4 ,how to avoid making lap waste in spinning room4 ,by keeping spinners where their work is1 and by not giving spinners any more work than they can keep up4 ,by having good doffers and good starters4 ,if doffers and starters are not good they will make more waste than their wages will come to4 ,doffers should wind the thread four times around the bobbin4 ,starters should not wind on to bobbins when there is yarn on to piece up by4 ,,roving ,,waste4 #bb4 ,how to avoid making roving waste in spinning room4 ,by letting it all run through the rolls into yarn4 ,all bad roving should be sent back into the carding room1 where it belongs1 every day4 ,,picking ,,up ,,wastes4 #bc4 ,all wastes should be picked up1 looked over1 weighed and carried off where it belongs1 every day4 ,you will find it much better than the old way4 ,not so apt to accumulate4 ,,colored ,,work4 #bd4 ,colored work always runs heavy4 ,you want one tooth less draught change gear than your hank roving figures for4 ,but put in the same twist4 ,,doffing4 #be4 ,system in doffing the frames4 ,to save making waste and trouble in the room1 doff every other row right through1 then go back and doff the remaining rows through4 ,in doffing this way the spinners can tend more sides and not make so much waste1 as any spinner knows1 or ought to know4 ,frames run better when half full than on an empty bobbin4 ,one frame stopped at a time to doff1 is all that ought to be permitted4 ,from three to four minutes is long enough time to doff any frame with four doffers4 ,the first frame should be filled to a gauge astride the bobbin4 ,do not go by the clock1 as the yarn is sometimes heavy4 ,this gauge is the best guide ,i ever had in doffing4 ,,speed ,,of ,,cylinder4 #bf4 ,how to get speed of cylinder4 ,see what main line runs2 then get diameter of counter pulley that carries the cylinder below4 ,the pulley above is called a driver4 ,then multiply the speed of main line by diameter of counter pulley that carries the cylinder1 and divide that by the diameter of the pulley that is on the cylinder1 which is called the driven4 ,then to get speed of spindles1 get diameter of cylinder1 and multiply the speed of cylinder by diameter of cylinder1 and divide that by the diameter of the whorl4 ,,speeding ,,pulleys4 #bg4 ,to know what pulley will drive your cylinder faster or slower4 ,multiply the speed you would like to have it run1 by diameter of pulley overhead1 that carries the cylinder1 and divide that by the speed you are now running4 ,will give you pulley required4 ,,taking ,,up ,,belts4 #bh4 ,to know how to take up a belt1 when you change pulleys4 ,if your belt is tight enough with the pulley you now have on1 for every inch that your pulley is smaller than you now have on1 take out one inch and three-quarters of belting4 ,if larger1 right the reverse4 ,,twists4 #bi4 ,to know what number of twists to the inch1 for any number of yarn4 ,on warp1 multiply the square root of the number by #e4 ,frame filling by #d1 and mule filling by #c-a_/d4 ,for every ten numbers below thirty take away two twist to the inch4 ,for every ten numbers above thirty1 add two4 ,,square ,,root4 #cj4 ,square ,root of numbers from #ah to #cj4--,these twists are within a fraction4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,numbers ,,sq ,,root ,warp ,twist ,filling ,twist ---------------------------------------- --------- #ac #c4fje #ae per inch #aa-a_/b per inch4 #ad #c4gda #ae-a_/b #ab #ah #d4bdb #ai #ae #ai #d4cei #ai-a_/b #ae #bj #d4dgb #bj-a_/b #ae-a_/b #ba #d4ehb #ba #af #bb #d4fij #ba-a_/b #af-a_/b #bc #d4gif #bb #ag #bd #d4hii #bb-a_/b #be #e4jjj #bd #ai #bf #e4jii #bd-a_/b #bg #e4aif #be #ai-c_/d #bh #e4bia #be-a_/b #ba #bi #e4che #bf #cj #e4dgg #bg-a_/b #bb ---------------------------------------- --------- _/ ,,draught ,,for ,,yarn4 #ca4 ,to know the draught for any number of yarn4 ,write the number you are spinning or want to spin1 add two ciphers to it2 divide that by the hank roving that you are spinning from1 to get draught4 ,example2 hank roving #bbe1 ,no4 yarn #ah4 ,add two ciphers1 7#ahjj72 divided by #bbe gives #h draught4 ,,gear ,,required4 #cb4 ,this is the way ,i was taught to figure draughts of different numbers of yarn4 ,if you want to run another number with the same hank roving1 multiply the smallest draught change gear by the number you are spinning1 and divide that by the number you want to spin1 and that will give you the gear required4 ,,roving ,,required4 #cc4 ,if you want to spin another number with same draught1 write your number that you want to spin 7as above7 and divide that by the draught4 ,that will give you hank roving required4 ,,to ,,find ,,draught ,,change ,,gear4 #cd4 ,rule to find the draught change gear required4 ,when you change from one number to another on a frame or mule1 when the draught and roving both have to be changed1 multiply the number of the yarn being spun by the hank roving desired1 and that product by the number of teeth in the draught change gear2 using that for a dividend4 ,then multiply the number of the yarn desired by the hank roving1 using that for a divisor2 that product divided will tell the draught change gear that is required4 ,,twist ,,gear4 #ce4 ,the way ,i was taught to find the twist gear by square root of the number of yarn4 ,multiply the twist gear in use by the square root of the number being spun1 and divide that product by the square root of the number you want to spin4 ,that will give you the twist gear required4 ,,twist ,,pulley4 #cf4 ,to get the twist pulley for another number of yarn4 ,see what twist the pulley gives that you have on1 and multiply the twist that you have in1 by the pulley that is on1 and divide that product by the twist you would like to put in to get the pulley required4 ,,twist ,,of ,,yarn4 #cg4 ,to know how to get the exact twist in yarn4 ,have your roll belt tight1 and band also4 ,count the revolutions of the spindle to the rollers once4 ,divide that by the circumference of the roll1 which is #c-ad_/ajj inches4 ,example4 ,say #hf turns to the rolls once4 7#c-ad_/ajj7 #hf4jj turns1 7#bg-ch_/ajj7 twists to the inch4 ,,weight ,,on ,,top ,,rolls4 #ch4 ,to know the weight on top rolls4 ,you must measure the distance from where the stirrup is attached to the lever to where the wire is attached that holds the weight2 then multiply the distance by whatever the weight weighs1 and divide that product by the exact distance from where the lever is attached to the set screw1 to where the stirrup is attached4 ,,square ,,root ,,table ,,for ,,the ,,twist ,,of ,,yarns4 #ci _/ ---------------------------------------- -------- ,no4 of ,square ,no4 of ,square ,no4 of ,square ,yarn ,root ,yarn ,root ,yarn ,root ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #a4jjj #ca #e4efg #fa #g4haj #b #a4dad #cb #e4fef #fb #g4hgd #c #a4gcb #cc #e4gdd #fc #g4icg #d #b4jjj #cd #e4hcj #fd #h4jjj #e #b4bcf #ce #e4iaf #fe #h4jfb #f #b4ddi #cf #f4jjj #ff #h4abd #g #b4fde #cg #f4jhb #fg #h4ahe #h #b4hbh #ch #f4afd #fh #h4bdf #i #c4jjj #ci #f4bdd #fi #h4cjf #aj #c4afb #dj #f4cbd #gj #h4cff #aa #c4caf #da #f4djc #ga #h4dbf #ab #c4dfd #db #f4dhj #gb #h4dhe #ac #c4fje #dc #f4eeg #gc #h4edd #ad #c4gda #dd #f4fcc #gd #h4fjb #ae #c4hgb #de #f4gjh #ge #h4ffj #af #d4jjj #df #f4ghb #gf #h4gag #ag #d4abc #dg #f4hee #gg #h4ggd #ah #d4bdb #dh #f4ibh #gh #h4hca #ai #d4ceh #di #g4jjj #gi #h4hhh #bj #d4dgb #ej #g4jga #hj #h4idd #ba #d4ehb #ea #g4ada #ha #i4jjj #bb #d4fij #eb #g4baa #hb #i4jee #bc #d4gie #ec #g4bhj #hc #i4aaj #bd #d4hih #ed #g4cdh #hd #i4afe #be #e4jjj #ee #g4daf #he #i4bai #bf #e4jii #ef #g4dhc #hf #i4bgc #bg #e4aif #eg #g4edi #hg #i4cbg #bh #e4bia #eh #g4fae #hh #i4chj #bi #e4che #ei #g4fha #hi #i4dcc #cj #e4dgg #fj #g4gde #ij #i4dhf ---------------------------------------- -------- _/ ,if any ,spinner purchasing this book has trouble with his work1 he will receive aid from me 7if in my power7 by stating all particulars4 ,all orders for this book should be addressed to ,francis ,l4 ,lincoln1 ,p4,o4 ,box #ce1 ,warren1 ,mass4 ,,price ,,one ,,dollar4 99 99 99 99 99