,,lrl ,accel]ators ,,! #ahd-;,,in* ,,syn*rocyclotron ,,lawr5ce ,,radiation ,,laboratory ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia1 ,,b]keley1 ,,cali=nia ,pub4 ,no4 #b;d #e,m ,june #aifd ,illu/ration3 ,syn*rocyclotron ,build+ ,cont5ts ,page ,,! #ahd-;,,in* ,,syn*rocyclotron #b ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,op]ation ,,( ,a ,,conv5tional ,,cyclotron #c ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,phase ,,/ability #f ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! #ahd-;,,in* ,,syn*rocyclotron #h ,magnet #h ,vacuum ,sy/em #i ,ion ,s\rce #aj ,radi(requ5cy ,sy/em #aj ,int]nal ,t>gets & ,beam ,extractor #ab ,,cyclotron ,,exp]im5ts #ae ,nucle> ,physics #ae ,biophysics #ah ,nucle> ,*emi/ry #ai ,,bibliography #bj ,,app5dix #ba ,,! #ahd-;,,in* ,,syn*rocyclotron ,8 success ) ! #fj-;in* cyclotron 9 #aici l$ ,dr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,lawr5ce to propose a mu* m p[]ful accel]ator1 "o :i* c\ld produce new types ( nucle> re>rangem5ts & ev5 create p>ticles4 ,grants total+ #a1bbe1jjj p]mitt$ "w to />t on ! #ahd-;in* cyclotron 9 ,augu/ #aidj4a ,x 0 design$ to accel]ate atomic p>ticles to an en]gy ( #ajj million electron volts 7,mev71 five times t possible ) ! #fj-;in* ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! electromagnet "u con/ruction dur+ ! p]iod #aidj to #aidb4 ,be=e ! new cyclotron c\ld be f9i%$ ,_w ,w> ,,ii began4 ,con/ruction on ! cyclotron 0 !re=e halt$4 ,h[ev]1 because ( int]e/ 9 sep>at+ ! isotopes ( uranium by ! electromagnetic me?od1 "w on ! giant magnet cont9u$ at an ev5 fa/] pace4 ,?is magnet w\ld conta9 #cgjj tons ( /eel 9 its yoke & pole pieces1 & #cjj tons ( copp] 9 its excit+ coils 7,fig4 #a74 ,by ,may #aidb ! magnet 0 complet$4 ,dur+ t summ] x 0 us$ 9 a pilot plant to sep>ate ! fir/ significant am\nts ( ,u#bce ev] obta9$4 ,! #ahd-;in* magnet rema9$ 9 use 9 a rese>* & developm5t program at ,b]keley until ! end ( ! w>1 supply+ in=mation to ,oak ,ridge1 ,t5nessee1 :]e a l>ge sep>ation plant _h be5 erect$4 ,con/ruction on ! re/ ( ! cyclotron 0 resum$ 9 #aide4 ,by t "t a new pr9ciple _h be5 discov]$ :i* made x possible to obta9 ion beams ( mu* high] en]gy ?an orig9ally hop$ =4 ,yet a consid]ably l[] accel]at+ voltage c\ld be us$4 ,?is important discov]y 0 made indep5d5tly by ,dr4 ,v4 ,veksl] 9 ,russia & by ,dr4 ,edw9 ,m4 ,mc,millan1 pres5t ,director ( ! ,lawr5ce ,radiation ,laboratory4 ,be=e attempt+ to discuss ?is pr9ciple1 we %\ld fir/ review ! op]ation ( a conv5tional cyclotron4 ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,op]ation ,,( ,a ,,conv5tional ,,cyclotron ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,basic p>ts ( a cyclotron4 ,! ma9 p>ts ( a cyclotron are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,*>g$ p>ticles 7ions7 are accel]at$ inside an evacuat$ tank4 ,?is is to prev5t ! beam f collid+ ) air molecules & be+ scatt]$4 ,! vacuum tank is plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( an electromagnet1 ^: field b5ds ! ion beam into a circul> orbit4 ,! op]ation beg9s :5 ! ions are introduc$ into ! region betwe5 two accel]at+ electrodes1 or dees4#b ,because ! ions c>ry a positive electric *>ge1 !y are attract$ t[>d t dee :i* is electrically negative at ! mom5t4 ,7 x n = ! magnetic field1 ! ions w\ld be accel]at$ 9 a /raight l9e2 in/ead !y are deflect$ into a circul> pa? back t[>d ! dee gap4 ,by ! "t ! ions aga9 rea* ! dee gap1 ! sign ( ! electric pot5tial on ! dees is rev]s$1 s t n[ ! ions are attract$ t[>d ! opposite dee4 ,z ?is process ( alt]nat+ ! electric pot5tial is repeat$1 ! ions ga9 spe$ & en]gy ) ea* revolution4 ,?is causes !m to spiral outw>d4 ,f9ally !y /rike a t>get ins]t$ into _! pa? or are extract$ f ! cyclotron = use z an ext]nal beam4 ,! "t requir$ = an ion to complete "o loop rema9s con/ant z x spirals outw>d4 ,?is is because its velocity increases suffici5tly to make up = ! increas$ di/ance x travels dur+ ea* turn4 ,?is means t ! electric pot5tial appli$ to ! dees mu/ alt]nate at a con/ant frequ5cy1 call$ ! resonant frequ5cy4 ,! resonant frequ5cy f is giv5 by ! relation%ip ,he f --------- 1 7#a7 #bpimc :]e ,h1 e1 pi1 c1 & m are con/ants4 ,h is ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field ( ! cyclotron1 e is ! electric *>ge c>ri$ by ! ion1 pi equals #c4ad1 c is a conv]sion factor1 & m is ! mass ( ! ion4 ,= example1 ! resonant frequ5cy = protons accel]at$ 9 a #ae1jjj-;gauss magnetic field is #bc4g megacycles 7,mc74#c ,we call su* a rapidly alt]nat+ pot5tial a radi(requ5cy voltage & ! electronic circuit = produc+ x a radi(requ5cy oscillator4 ,! en]gy ,e ( an ion em]g+ f ! cyclotron is giv5 by ,h#b ,r#b e#b ,e ------- ---- 1 7#b7 #b mc#b :]e ,h1 e1 & m are z def9$ above1 & ,r is ! radius at :i* ! beam is extract$4 ,f ?is equation we see t = a giv5 type ( ion 7:]e e & m are con/ant71 ! en]gy dep5ds on ! diamet] & /r5g? ( ! magnet1 b n directly ^u ! voltage appli$ to ! dees4 ,! numb] ( revolutions t an ion c make 9 a conv5tional cyclotron is limit$ to ab\t #gj to #ajj4 ,?is is due to a v curi\s effect3 z an ion is accel]at$1 its mass increases6 ,?is ph5om5on is expla9$ by ,e9/e9's special !ory ( relativity 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,ref]r+ back to ,eq4 7#a71 we see t if ! ion mass 7m7 does n rema9 con/ant1 b r increases1 !n ! resonant frequ5cy 7f7 decreases4 ,b s9ce ! dee pot5tial cont9ues alt]nat+ at a con/ant frequ5cy1 an ion soon beg9s to arrive late at ! dee gap4 ,by ! "t x has made ab\t #gj to #ajj turns an ion is s badly out ( phase t x is no long] accel]at$4 ,suppose n[ t we want to obta9 an en]gy ( #aj ,mev4 ,because an ion c make a maximum ( ab\t #ajj turns1 ! accel]at+ pot5tial w\ld h to be ab\t #ajj1jjj volts4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,lawr5ce hop$ to rea* #ajj ,mev ) ! new #ahd-;in* cyclotron4 ,?is meant t ! accel]at+ voltage w\ld h to be ab\t #a1jjj1jjj volts4 ,prev5t+ su* a high voltage f sp>k+ promis$ to be "o ( _m =midable eng9e]+ problems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,graph %[+ h[ ! mass ( an object increases z its velocity approa*es t ( light4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! grants 7 z foll[s3 ,rockefell] ,f\ndation--#a1aej1jjj2 ,john & ,m>y ,m>kle ,f\ndation--#be1jjj2 ,! ,rese>* ,corporation--#ej1jjj4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia add$ a gu>antee ( #age1jjj to br+ ! total build+ fund to #a1djj1jjj4 #b ,9 ! fir/ cyclotrons ! electrodes 7 %ap$ l ! lett] ,d4 #c ,we h ! values ,h #ae1jjj gauss1 e #d4h x #aj-aj electro/atic units1 & m #a4f x #aj-bd gram4 ,to f9d f1 we write #ae1jjj 7#d4h7 #aj-aj f ---------------------------------- 1 #b 7#c4ad77a4f7 #aj-bd 7#c7 #ajaj f #bc4g ,mc4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,phase ,,/ability ,=tunately1 ,drs4 ,veksl] & ,mc,millan %[$ t relatively l[ dee voltages c be us$ to accel]ate ions to v high en]gies4 ,?is is possible if ! oscillator frequ5cy is cont9u\sly decreas$ to keep x 9 syn*ronism ) ! decreas+ rotational frequ5cy ( ! ions4 ,?is w\ld all[ an ion to make _m revolutions )\t becom+ out ( phase4 ,?is pr9ciple ( phase /ability 0 exp]im5tally v]ifi$ ) ! #cg-;in* cyclotron be=e be+ incorporat$ into ! design ( ! #ahd-;in* ma*9e4 ,because x utilizes ?is pr9ciple1 ?is ma*9e has usually be5 ref]r$ to z a syn*rocyclotron or frequ5cy-modulat$ cyclotron4 ,h[ev]1 x is sometimes call$ simply a cyclotron4 ,! #ahd-;in* syn*rocyclotron 0 fir/ op]at$ 9 ,novemb] #aidf4 ,) a maximum dee voltage ( only #bj1jjj volts1 x accel]at$ deut]ons to #aij ,mev & alpha p>ticles to #chj ,mev4#d ,9 #aidi x 0 modifi$ to p]mit production ( #cej-,mev protons also4 ,betwe5 #aiee & #aieg ! syn*rocyclotron 0 rebuilt s t n[ ! foll[+ en]gies c be obta9$3 ,protons ,deut]ons ,alpha ,p>ticles ,helium-#c nuclei#e ------- --------- --------------- --------------- #gcj ,mev #dfj ,mev #iaj ,mev #aadj ,mev ,9 rea*+ an en]gy ( #gcj ,mev a proton1 = example1 makes #ge1jjj revolutions 9 j #f milliseconds 7msec74 ,x travels a di/ance ( #dej miles & atta9s a velocity ( #aeb1jjj miles p] second1 or #hb ( ! spe$ ( light6 ,dur+ ?is brief j\rney its mass increases #ge1 giv+ v conv9c+ evid5ce = ! validity ( ,e9/e9's !ory4 ,simil> data = o!r ions may be f\nd 9 ! app5dix4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,a deut]on is ! nucleus ( an atom ( heavy hydrog5 & conta9s "o proton & "o neutron2 x c>ries a s+le positive electric *>ge4 ,an alpha p>ticle is ! nucleus ( a helium atom & is made up ( two protons & two neutrons2 x c>ries two positive *>ges4 #e ,! ma*9e is equipp$ = helium-#c op]ation1 b to date x has n be5 us$ = t purpose4 ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! #ahd-;,,in* ,,syn*rocyclotron ,magnet ,dur+ ! rebuild+ ( ! cyclotron1 ! diamet] ( ! magnet pole pieces 0 increas$ f #ahd to #ahh-c_/d in*es4 ,also1 ! pole gap at ! c5t] 0 r$uc$ f #ba to #ad in*es4 ,^! *anges increas$ ! weight ( /eel 9 ! magnet f #cgjj to #djjj tons4 ,! ma9 excit+ coils1 :i* conta9 #acjj turns ( copp]-b> conductor ea*1 7 n alt]$4 ,two auxili>y coils conta9+ #dbe turns ea* 7 add$4 ,?is br\ght ! total weight ( copp] f #cjj to #cdj tons4 ,! coils are lay]-w\nd ar\nd ! pole pieces close to ! pole gap4 ,o!r data ab\t ! coils are giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,! effect ( ^! modifications 0 to increase ! field /r5g? at ! c5t] ( ! pole gap f #ae1jjj to #bc1djj gauss4 ,?is increase made x possible to obta9 ! high]-en]gy ions4 ,p[] is suppli$ to ! coils by two motor g5]ator sets1 :i* produce ! direct curr5t requir$ = a /eady magnetic field4 ,! direct curr5t f ! motor g5]ators is regulat$ s t ! magnetic-field fluctuation is less ?an "o "p 9 #aj1jjj4 ,?is is necess>y if "o wants an ext]nal beam ( ne>ly uni=m en]gy4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! beam f becom+ un/able & /rik+ ! dee1 ! magnetic field mu/ be /ronge/ at ! c5t] & decrease radially 7,fig4 #d;a74 ,) flat pole faces ! field does n decrease uni=mly4 ,to give ! desir$ rate ( decrease1 ! pole faces are %imm$ ) conc5tric /eel r+s ( v>y+ ?ickness1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d;b4 ,9 a radially decreas+ magnetic field1 ! l9es ( magnetic flux b[ outw>d1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d;b4 ,ions mov+ 9 a magnetic field are deflect$ at "r angles to ^! flux l9es4 ,ions above ! midplane ( ! cyclotron are direct$ d[nw>d2 ^? bel[ ! midplane are direct$ upw>d4 ,9 ?is way an ion oscillates ab\t ! midplane & v]tical focus+ is a*iev$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 7a7 ,plot ( magnetic-field /r5g? vs radius4 ,! field /r5g? decreases gradually out to a radius ( ab\t #hc-;941 aft] :i* x falls (f %>ply4 ,?is po9t m>ks ! maximum usable radius = p>ticle orbits4 ,fur!r out !y are un/able4 7b7 ,magnetic flux l9es are repres5t$ z brok5 arr[s1 & focus+ =ces z solid arr[s4 ,an ion above ! midplane is direct$ d[nw>d1 :ile an ion bel[ ! midplane is direct$ upw>d4 ,radial focus+ is accompli%$ 9 a some:at analog\s mann]4 ,if ! magnetic field decreases ) radius1 radial re/or+ =ces are e/abli%$4 ,an ion at too l>ge a radius is direct$ inw>d1 & an ion at too small a radius is direct$ outw>d4 ,9 ?is fa%ion1 ! ion oscillates ab\t ! syn*ron\s orbit4 ,?us1 radial focus+ is a*iev$4 ,vacuum ,sy/em ,! vacuum tank 7accel]ation *amb]7 is a /eel box #bj x #be ft & #d ft high4 ,x is evacuat$ to a pressure ( #aj-e millimet] ( m]cury 7ab\t "o #ajj-million? ( atmosph]ic pressure74 ,! pump+ equipm5t consi/s ( six oil-diffusion pumps & f\r me*anical vacuum pumps4 ,! pump+ spe$ ( ! six #bj-;94 oil-diffusion pumps is a total ( #bj1jjj lit]s_/sec4 ,ion ,s\rce ,! ion s\rce is a simple arc-type4 ,hydrog5 gas is all[$ to leak into ! ion-s\rce enclosure ne> a tung/5 filam5t1 :i* is heat$ to inc&esc5ce4 ,electrons emitt$ by ! filam5t knock (f electrons f hydrog5 atoms1 leav+ free protons4 ,! protons !n escape into ! accel]ation *amb] ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ion-s\rce h\s+4 ,once inside1 ! protons are accel]at$ by ! dee pot5tial4 ,deut]ons or alpha p>ticles are obta9$ 9 a simil> fa%ion us+ deut]ium or helium gas 9 place ( hydrog54 ,radi(requ5cy ,sy/em ,! #ahd-;in* syn*rocyclotron has a s+le dee in/ead ( ! d\ble-dee arrangem5t describ$ above = illu/rative purposes4 ,! accel]at+ electric field is develop$ betwe5 ! dee & a dummy dee :i* is gr\nd$ to ! vacuum tank4 ,us+ a s+le dee does n *ange ! pr9ciple ( op]ation1 yet x (f]s ! advantage ( all[+ m space = auxili>y equipm5t inside ! vacuum tank4 ,also1 ! con/ruction is mu* simpl]4 ,! dummy dee is n ess5tial = op]ation1 b x does improve p]=mance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,radi(requ5cy cycle = accel]at+ protons4 ,sixty-f\r su* cycles are repeat$ ea* second4 ,radi(requ5cy p[] is suppli$ to ! dee by a vacuum-tube oscillator4 ,! frequ5cy ( oscillation mu/ decrease dur+ ! accel]ation cycle1 z indicat$ above4 ,= protons1 ! frequ5cy at ! />t ( accel]ation is #cf megacycles 7,mc74 ,at ! end ( accel]ation ! frequ5cy is only #ah ,mc 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,?is *ange 9 frequ5cy is a*iev$ by v>y+ ! electrical capacitance 9 ! tun$ circuit ( ! oscillator4 7,?is is :at y d :5 y dial a diff]5t /ation on a radio47 ,?is tun$ circuit1 :i* is call$ ! cyclotron resonator1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,cyclotron resonator4 ,because ! frequ5cy mu/ *ange ov] su* a wide range 7f #cf to #ah ,mc71 ! electrical capacitance mu/ be v>i$ by a factor ( #bj to #a4 ,?is is done by a v>iable capacitor ( unique design4 ,x resembles two giant tun+ =ks4 ,z ! blades ( ! tun+ =ks vibrate1 ! capacitance is alt]nately increas$ & decreas$ by ! requir$ am\nt4 ,^! two tun+ =ks mu/ be kept 9 /ep ) great precision4 ,?is is to prev5t ! oscillator f excit+ lat]al rf resonances4 ,) a cyclotron ( ?is size1 ?is is a problem4 ,^! resonances1 if excit$1 w\ld cause loss ( beam4 ,! me?od = keep+ ! blades mov+ toge!r is z foll[s3 ,! blades are made to vibrate at _! resonant frequ5cy1 :i* is approximately #fd cycles p] second4 ,"o set ( blades op]ates at its natural frequ5cy z a tun+-=k oscillator4 ,! second set ( blades is driv5 f an amplifi$ sample ( ! signal f ! fir/2 its natural p]iod is adju/$ automatically to equal t ( ! fir/4 ,! amplitude ( ea* set is regulat$ to )9 #j4jjc 942 ! phase angle betwe5 ! blades is regulat$ to )9 #a deg4 ,ions are accel]at$ only :5 ! radi(requ5cy is decreas+ 7,fig4 #e74 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! cycle is dead "t4 ,?us1 #fd pulses1 ea* ( ab\t #ejj microseconds' duration1 are obta9$ e second4 ,! av]age ion curr5t ( a puls$ beam is mu* less ?an = a cont9u\s beam1 su* z t obta9$ f a conv5tional cyclotron 7see ,table ,i74 ,?is is "p ( ! price paid = high] en]gies4 ,int]nal ,t>gets & ,beam ,extractor ,! simple/ t>get is "o plac$ inside ! vacuum tank :]e ! circulat+ beam w /rike x4 ,! t>get may be any sub/ance t ! physici/ or *emi/ wants to irradiate4 ,! t>get mat]ial is atta*$ to a movable probe4 ,if ! exp]im5t] wants to use ! full-en]gy beam1 he places ! t>get at ! maximum usable radius ( ! circulat+ beam 7#hb in*es74 ,h[ev]1 if he desires to use ions hav+ less ?an ! maximum en]gy1 he ins]ts ! t>get fur!r into ! cyclotron s t x is int]cept$ soon]4 ,,table ,i ,comp>ison ( ext]nal-beam en]gy & curr5t = a syn*rocyclotron & a conv5tional cyclotron ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ahd-;,in* ,syn*rocyclotron ------------------------- ,protons ,deut]ons ,alpha p>ticles ------- --------- --------------- ,beam en]gy -- maximum 7,mev7 #gcj #dfj #iaj ,beam int5sity -- peak curr5t 7mua7#f #abj #abj #dj ,beam int5sity -- av]age curr5t 7mua7 #j4ge #j4ge #j4be #fj-;,in* ,cyclotron ----------------- ,beam en]gy -- maximum 7,mev7 #ab #bd #dh ,beam int5sity -- peak curr5t 7mua7 #ajj #aej #ajj ,beam int5sity -- av]age curr5t 7mua7 #gj #hj #fj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f mua microamp]e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,plan view ( ! cyclotron1 %[+ ! me?od = obta9+ an ext]nal beam ( protons1 deut]ons1 or alpha p>ticles4 ,"s exp]im5ts require an ext]nal beam ( protons1 deut]ons1 or alpha p>ticles4 ,a beam ( ?is type c be br\ght out ( ! ma*9e by means ( a ,le,couteur reg5]ator 7,fig4 #g74 ,! con/ruction ( ! reg5]ator is v simple4 ,x is made ( a numb] ( /eel lam9ations ( v>i\s sizes4 ,:at ! reg5]ator does is p]turb ! magnetic field ( ! cyclotron at "o radial position4 ,ea* "t ! beam passes ?r\gh ! reg5]ator x receives a kick4 ,) ea* kick ! beam builds up its radial amplitude1 until f9ally x ent]s a magnetic *annel4 ,?is *annel focuses ! beam & /e]s x outside ! ma9 magnetic field4 ,once outside1 ! beam travels ?r\gh an evacuat$ tube1 :i* is integral ) ! ma9 vacuum tank4 ,by means ( a /e]+ magnet1 ! beam c be s5t into ei!r ! physics cave or ! m$ical cave4 7,^! exp]im5tal areas are call$ caves because !y are rooms inside ! massive concrete %ield+ wall47 ,o!r exp]im5ts may require an ext]nal beam ( mesons4#g ,a meson beam is obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way 7,fig4 #h73 ,a movable t>get su* z a block ( c>bon is plac$ inside ! cyclotron ne> ! end ( ! outw>d-spiral+ proton beam4 ,:5 ! proton beam hits ?is t>get1 a %[] ( mesons is produc$4 ,^! mesons are b5t 9 v>i\s directions by ! ma9 magnetic field4 ,"s ( !m pass ?r\gh a ?9 metal w9d[ 9 ! vacuum-tank wall & are focus$ by a magnetic l5s into a beam4 ,?is meson beam !n travels ?r\gh a hole 9 ! concrete %ield+ wall into ! meson cave4 ,! maximum int5sity ( ?is extract$ meson beam dep5ds on bo? ! *>ge & en]gy desir$4 ,beams ( m ?an #ajj1jjj mesons p] second h be5 obta9$ ?r\gh an ap]ture #d x #d 94 9 ! %ield+ wall4 ,,cyclotron ,,exp]im5ts ,nucle> ,physics ,ab\t #hf ( ! op]at+ "t ( ! #ahd-;in* syn*rocyclotron is devot$ to exp]im5ts 9 nucle> physics4 ,mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts /udy ! production & int]action ( pi mesons4 ,^! p>ticles are consid]$ to be ess5tial factors 9 ! int5se b %ort-range =ces t b9d ! nucleus toge!r4 ,! ?ree types ( pi mesons are designat$ accord+ to _! electric *>ge z pi1 pi#j1 & pi-4#h ,^! mesons mat]ialize only 9 high-en]gy nucle> collisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,me?od = obta9+ ext]nal meson beam4 ,( great importance are ^? exp]im5ts t det]m9e ! probability ( produc+ ea* ( ! ?ree types ( mesons 9 a nucle> collision4 ,?is type ( exp]im5t is repeat$ = diff]5t beam en]gies & t>get elem5ts4 ,o!r exp]im5ts measure ! en]gy & direction ( emission ( pi mesons f a t>get4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a typical exp]im5t4 ,sc9tillation c\nt]s at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e record ! passage ( *>g$ p>ticles4 ,a typical pi-meson exp]im5t is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! purpose ( ?is exp]im5t 0 to detect ! sp9 directions ( protons z !y are knock$ out ( a liquid hydrog5 t>get by a pi-meson beam4 7,l ! e>?1 a proton sp9s on its axis47 ,an extract$ proton beam f ! cyclotron ent]s ! physics cave f ! left1 /rik+ a polye?yl5e t>get & produc+ pi mesons4 ,a beam ( ^! mesons is =m$ by a s]ies ( two b5d+ magnets & ?ree focus+ magnets4 ,?is beam passes ?r\gh a c>bon absorb] to remove unwant$ p>ticles4 ,! meson beam !n /rikes ! liquid hydrog5 t>get4 ,a few ( ! incom+ mesons scatt]1 knock+ protons out ( ! liquid hydrog54 ,sc9tillation c\nt]s at ,a & ,b record ! passage ( a proton1 ?us def9+ its direction4 ,! scatt]$ mesons are c\nt$ by a sc9tillation c\nt] at ,c4 ,a few ( ! protons scatt] (f ! c>bon t>get & are detect$ by c\nt]s at ,e & ,d4 ,f ! detection ( su* ev5ts1 ! sp9 directions 7pol>ization7 ( ! recoil protons c be analyz$4 ,9 ?is way1 m is le>n$ ab\t ! fundam5tal pi-proton int]action4 ,fur!r /udies ( ! int]actions ( pi mesons are made 9 ! meson cave4 ,o!r exp]im5ts p]=m$ !re are conc]n$ ) mu mesons4 ,! mu meson 7muon7 is a p>ticle creat$ 9 ! decay ( a pi meson & is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( cosmic rays /rik+ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! muon is un/able1 ev5tually und]go+ a radioactive decay into an electron4 ,al?\gh ! muon does n exp]i5ce nucle> =ces1 x c int]act weakly ) nuclei4 ,! behavior ( ! muon is well und]/ood1 b its role z "o ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles is unkn[n4 ,t is1 if ! muon did n exi/1 :at effect w\ld ?is h on ! /ructure ( matt]8 ,! answ] to ?is "q1 among o!rs1 is be+ s\ght by physici/s us+ ! #ahd-;in* cyclotron4 ,biophysics ,exp]im5ts 9 biophysics are conduct$ 9 ! m$ical cave4 ,9 ^! ! int]e/ lies n 9 nucle> int]actions b 9 ! effect ( ioniz+ radiation on liv+ tissue4 ,high-en]gy beams ( p>ticles c be us$ = selective de/ruction ( specific areas ( ! bra94 ,?is p]mits physiological mapp+ ( ! functions ( ! bra9 9 exp]im5tal animals4 ,x fur!r (f]s a !rapeutic approa* to ! treatm5t ( bra9 tumors4 ,"o ( ! important inve/igational programs is conc]n$ ) ! relation%ip ( ! pituit>y gl& to ! gr[? rate ( c]ta9 canc]s & to "s endocr9e disord]s4 ,nucle> ,*emi/ry ,= te*niques ( radio*emi/ry to be employ$ successfully1 high int]action rates 7& !re=e high beam int5sities7 are ne$$4 ,= ?is reason1 *emi/ry t>gets are usually ins]t$ "r into ! cyclotron s t !y c be bomb>d$ directly by ! circulat+ beam4 ,aft] ! bomb>dm5t is complet$ ! t>get is remov$ f ! cyclotron4 ,x is !n tak5 to a *emi/ry laboratory & subject$ to detail$ *emical proc$ures4 ,individual elem5ts are remov$1 & ! radioactive isotopes ( ea* elem5t are id5tifi$ by quantitative c\nt+ te*niques4 ,9 "s cases a mass spectromet] is us$ to analyze ! products4 ,_m d$uctions ab\t ! nature ( ! breakup ( ! t>get nucleus c be drawn f ! patt]n ( ! obs]v$ radioactive products4 ,sometimes ! nucleus splits almo/ 9 half4 ,?is is call$ fission4 ,m frequ5tly small] p>ts ( ! nucleus are split (f4 ,two g5]al types ( reactions1 kn[n z spallation & fragm5tation1 are di/+ui%$4 ,"o ( ! goals ( ?is rese>* is to le>n m ab\t ! con/itution ( ! nucleus & ( ! =ces :i* b9d ! p>ticles 9 ! int]ior ( ! nucleus4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,mesons are elem5t>y p>ticles int]m$iate 9 mass betwe5 ! electron & proton4 #h ,x may be int]e/+ to note t ! pi#j meson 0 discov]$ ) ?is cyclotron 9 #aiej4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ p>ticle to be discov]$ ) an accel]ator4 ,all p>ticles t _h be5 previ\sly discov]$ 7 obs]v$ fir/ 9 cosmic rays or "s o!r =m ( natural radiation4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,g]ald ,a4 ,behman1 ,p>ticle ,accel]ators3 ,i4 ,bibliography1 ,,ii4 ,li/ ( ,accel]ator ,in/allations1 ,,ucrl-#hjej1 ,janu>y #a1 #aieh4 #b4 ,samuel ,glas/one1 ,! ,accel]ation ( ,*>g$ ,p>ticles1 9 ,s\rcebook on ,atomic ,en]gy1 ,second ,edition 7,van ,no/r&1 ,pr9ceton1 #aieh71 ,*4 ,,ix4 #c4 ,m4 ,s4 ,liv+/on1 ,high-,en]gy ,accel]ators 7,int]sci5ce ,publi%]s1 ,new ,york1 #aied74 #d4 ,m4 ,/anley ,liv+/on & ,edw9 ,m4 ,mc,millan1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,cyclotron1 ,physics ,today #ab1 #ah-cd 7,octob] #aiei74 #e4 ,e4 ,m4 ,mc,millan1 ,p>ticle ,accel]ators1 9 ,exp]im5tal ,nucle> ,physics1 ,emilio ,segre1 ,editor1 ,vol4 ,,iii 7,wiley1 ,new ,york1 #aiei71 ,"p ,,xiii4 #f4 ,bob ,h4 ,smi? et al41 ,! ,electrical ,aspects ( ! ,,ucrl #gdj-,mev ,syn*rocyclotron1 ,,ucrl-#cggi ,rev41 ,octob] #b1 #aieg4 #g4 ,rob]t ,l4 ,?ornton1 ,frequ5cy-,modulation & ,radi(requ5cy ,sy/em = ! ,modifi$ ,b]keley ,cyclotron1 ,,ucrl-#ccfb1 ,april #c1 #aief4 #h4 ,rob]t ,r4 ,wilson1 ,p>ticle ,accel]ators1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican #aih1 #fd-gf 7,m>* #aieh74 ,,app5dix ,,summ>y ,,( ,,specifications ,pres5t fields ( rese>* ( "t -------------------------- --------- ,nucle> physics #hf ,nucle> *emi/ry #b ,biophysics #ab ,s*$ul$ op]ation #aef h\rs_/week ,p]=mance ,int]nal ,beams ,alpha ,helium-#c ,protons ,deut]ons p>ticles ions ------- --------- --------- -------- ,maximum en]gy 7,mev7 #gcj #dfj #iaj #aadj ,en]gy spread 7,mev7 #ee ,beam int5sity ,av]age curr5t 7mua7 #j4ge #j4ge #j4be ,peak curr5t 7mua7 #abj #abj #dj ,beam radius1 maximum 7947 #hb #hb #hb #hb ,"t requir$ = accel]ation 7msec7 #f #d4e #d4e ,numb] ( revolutions dur+ accel]ation #ge1jjj #fj1jjj #fj1jjj ,di/ance travel$ dur+ accel]ation 7miles7 #dej #cfj #cfj ,velocity at maximum en]gy 7 ( spe$ ( light7 #hb #fj #fj #fi ,mass increase at maximum en]gy 7 ( re/ mass7 #ge #be #be #dj ,range ( full-en]gy p>ticles 794 ( alum9um7 #cg #ab #g ,ext]nal ,beams ,physics cave ,meson cave ----------------------- ------------------- ,protons ,neutrons pi pi pi- ------- -------- ------ -------- --------- ,en]gy 7,mev7 #gcj #caj #ajjbej #ajj #cjj ,en]gy spread 7,mev7 #ad #aj #bj #aj #cj ,beam area 7cm#b7 #be #dj #ajjajj #ajj #ajj ,flux 7p>ticles_/cm#b-sec7 #bx#ajaj #ex#aje #ex#ajd #ajjjajj #aejjajjj ,accel]ation *amb] 7vacuum tank7 ,size l5g? 7ft7 #be wid? 7ft7 #bj height 7ft7 #d ,mat]ial3 mild /eel ,op]at+ pressure 7mm ,hg7 #aj-e ,vacuum pumps3 six #bj-;94 oil-diffusion pumps ) #h-;94 boo/]s3 "o ,bea*-,russ #gej-;cfm2 "o ,k9ney #cjj-;cfm2 two ,k9ney #aje-;cfm4 ,pump+ spe$ ( oil-diffusion pumps 7lit]s_/sec7 #bj1jjj ,magnet ,core diamet] 7947 #ahd ,pole-tip diamet] 7947 #ahh4ge ,pole gap at c5t] 7947 #ad ,magnetic field /r5g? 7gauss7 at c5t] #bc1djj at radius ( #hb4b 941 :]e n #j4b #bb1bge ,weight ( /eel 7tons7 #d1jjj ,magnet coils ,ma9 coils ,auxili>y coils ---------- --------------- mat]ial solid copp] holl[ copp] 7#a_/d x #d 947 7#a-c_/af x #a-a_/af 947 weight ( copp] 7tons7 #cjj #dj numb] ( turns 7total7 #b1fjj #dbe amp]e turns #a4i x #ajf #a4a x #ajf curr5t 7amp7 #afjj #bhjj voltage 7v7 #eej #efj p[] 7kw7 #ijj #afjj coolant oil wat] ,radi(requ5cy sy/em ,dee sy/em numb] ( dees #a size l5g? 7947 #abf wid? 7947 #ahj height 7947 #dh mat]ial3 #a_/fd-;94-?ick copp]1 /ret*$ ov] a /a9less /eel frame dee ap]ture 7947 #d-c_/af ,oscillator type3 self-excit$ gr\nd$-grid #aj tube3 "o ,ma*lett ,,ml#efha dc input1 op]at+ condition 7kw7 #aj dee bias1 maximum dc 7v7 #bjjj ,protons ,deut]ons ,alpha p>ticles ------- --------- --------------- rf duty cycle 77 #ch #bh #bh dee-to-gr\nd voltage1 peak 7kv7 #i #f #f ,frequ5cy-modulation sy/em type3 vibrat+-re$ 7tun+-=k7 capacitor numb] ( units3 two 7two blades ea*7 blades size wid? 7947 #de l5g? 7947 #cb ?ickness3 tap]$ f #a4d to #j4jf 94 weight 7lb7 #ejj vibrational frequ5cy 7cps7 #fd electrical capacitance 7mumuf7 #cjj to #f1ejj peak-to-peak excursion 7947 #a m9imum sep>ation ( blade & /ator 7mils7 #ej ,protons ,deut]ons ,alpha p>ticles ------- --------- --------------- frequ5cy sweep 7,mc7 #cf-ah #ah-ac4e #ah-ac4e ,ion s\rce3 conv5tional op5-arc type ,beam extractor ,le,couteur-type reg5]ator comb9$ ) magnetic *annel ,build+ & facilities ,room dim5sions diamet] 7ft7 #afj height 7ft7 #ij ,crane type3 radial capacity 7tons7 #cj ov]head span 7ft7 #gg ,concrete %ield+3 #ae ft ?ick on sides1 #d ft on top ,hi/ory ,design />t$3 ,janu>y #aidj4 ,con/ruction />t$3 ,augu/ #aidj4 ,fir/ op]ation = deut]ons & alpha p>ticles3 ,novemb] #aidf4 = protons3 ,decemb] #aidh4 ,rebuilt3 #aiee-aieg4 ,illu/ration3 ,syn*rocyclotron ,build+ ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! pr9t$ text3 ,page #ae1 add$ clos+ quote 7are call$ caves because7 ,page #ai1 io/opes correct$ to isotopes