,,library ,,of ,,the ,,world',s ,,best ,,literature ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern ,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner ,,editor ,,hamilton ,,wright ,,mabie ,,lucia ,,gilbert ,,runkle ,,george ,,henry ,,warner ,,associate ,,editors ,connoisseur ,edition ,,vol4 ,,viii4 ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,international ,,society ,connoisseur ,edition ,,limited ,,to ,,five ,,hundred ,,copies ,,in ,,half ,,russia ,no4 4444444444 ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,r4 ,s4 ,,peale ,,and ,j4 ,a4 ,,hill ,all rights reserved ,,the ,,advisory ,,council ,,crawford ,h4 ,,toy1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,professor of ,hebrew1 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,thomas ,r4 ,,lounsbury1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,l4 ,h4 ,d41 ,professor of ,english in the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school of ,,yale ,,university1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,,william ,m4 ,,sloane1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,l4 ,h4 ,d41 ,professor of ,history and ,political ,science1 ,,princeton ,,university1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,brander ,,matthews1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,b41 ,professor of ,literature1 ,,columbia ,,university1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,james ,b4 ,,angell1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,president of the ,,university ,,of ,,michigan1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,,willard ,,fiske1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,late ,professor of the ,germanic and ,scandinavian ,languages and ,literatures1 ,,cornell ,,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,edward ,s4 ,,holden1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,director of the ,lick ,observatory1 and ,astronomer1 ,,university ,,of ,,california1 ,berkeley1 ,cal4 ,,alcee ,,fortier1 ,,lit4 ,d41 ,professor of the ,romance ,languages1 ,,tulane ,,university1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,,william ,p4 ,,trent1 ,m4 ,a41 ,dean of the ,department of ,arts and ,sciences1 and ,professor of ,english and ,history1 ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,sewanee1 ,tenn4 ,,paul ,,shorey1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,professor of ,greek and ,latin ,literature1 ,,university ,,of ,,chicago1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,william ,t4 ,,harris1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education1 ,,bureau ,,of ,,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,maurice ,,francis ,,egan1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,professor of ,literature in the ,,catholic ,,university ,,of ,,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,vol4 ,,viii ,,lived ,,page ,,john ,,calvin #aeji-aefd #caag ,,by ,,arthur ,,cushman ,mc,g,i,f,f,e,r,t ,prefatory ,address to the ',institutes' ,election and ,predestination 7',institutes of the ,christian ,religion'7 ,freedom of the ,will 7same7 ,,luiz ,,vaz ,,de ,,camoens #aebd8-aehj #cabi ,,by ,,henry ,r4 ,,lang ,from ',the ,lusiads' ,the ,canzon of ,life ,adieu to ,coimbra ,,thomas ,,campbell #aggg-ahdd #caei ,hope 7',the ,pleasures of ,hope'7 ,the ,fall of ,poland 7same7 ,the ,slave 7same7 ,death and a ,future ,life 7same7 ,lochiel's ,warning ,the ,soldier's ,dream ,lord ,ullin's ,daughter ,the ,exile of ,erin ,ye ,mariners of ,england ,hohenlinden ,the ,battle of ,copenhagen ,from the ',ode to ,winter' ,,campion -#afai #cahd ,,by ,,ernest ,,rhys ,a ,hymn in ,praise of ,neptune ,of ,corinna's ,singing ,from ',divine and ,moral ,songs' ,to a ,coquette ,songs from ',light ,conceits of ,lovers' ,,george ,,canning #aggj-ahbg #cahi ,rogero's ,soliloquy 7',the ,rovers'7 ,the ,friend of ,humanity and the ,knife-,grinder ,on the ,english ,constitution 7',speech on ,parliamentary ,reform'7 ,on ,brougham and ,south ,america ,,cesare ,,cantu #ahjg-ahie #caii ,the ,execution 7',margherita ,pusterla'7 ,,giosue ,,carducci #ahce- #cbji ,,by ,,frank ,,sewall ,roma 7',poesie'7 ,homer 7',levia ,gravia'7 ,in a ,gothic ,church 7',poesie'7 ,on the ,sixth ,centenary of ,dante 7',levia ,gravia'7 ,the ,ox 7',poesie'7 ,dante 7',levia ,gravia'7 ,to ,satan 7',poesie'7 ,to ,aurora 7',odi ,barbare'7 ,ruit ,hora ,the ,mother ,,thomas ,,carew #aehi8-afci #cbba ,a ,song ,the ,protestation ,song ,the ,spring ,the ,inquiry ,,emilia ,,flygare-,,carlen #ahjg-ahib #cbbe ,the ,pursuit of the ,smugglers 7',merchant ,house among the ,islands'7 ,,thomas ,,carlyle #agie-ahha #cbca ,,by ,,leslie ,,stephen ,labor 7',past and ,present'7 ,the ,world in ,clothes 7',sartor ,resartus'7 ,dante 7',heroes and ,hero-,worship'7 ,cromwell 7same7 ,the ,procession 7',french ,revolution'7 ,the ,siege of the ,bastille 7same7 ,charlotte ,corday 7same7 ,the ,scapegoat 7same7 ,,bliss ,,carman #ahfa- #ccjb ,,by ,,charles ,g4,d4 ,,roberts ,hack and ,hew ,at the ,granite ,gate ,a ,sea ,child ,,lewis ,,carroll 7,charles ,lutwidge ,dodgson7 #ahcc- #ccjg ,alice1 the ,pig-,baby1 and the ,cheshire ,cat 7',alice in ,wonderland'7 ,the ,mock ,turtle's ,education 7same7 ,a ,clear ,statement 7same7 ,the ,walrus and the ,carpenter 7',through the ,looking-,glass'7 ,the ,baker's ,tale 7',hunting of the ,snark'7 ,you are ,old1 ,father ,william 7',alice in ,wonderland'7 ,,casanova 7,de ,seingalt7 #agbe-ahjc #ccba ,casanova's ,escape from the ,ducal ,palace 7',escapes of ,casanova and ,latude from ,prison'7 ,,bartolomeo ,,de ,,las ,,casas #adgd-aeff #cccc ,of the ,island of ,cuba 7',a ,relation of the ,first ,voyage'7 ,,baldassare ,,castiglione #adgh-aebi #ccci ,of the ,court of ,urbino 7',il ,cortegiano'7 ,,cato ,,the ,,censor #bcd-adi ,b4,c4 #ccdg ,on ,agriculture 7',de ,agricultura'7 ,from the ',attic ,nights' of ,aulus ,gellius ,,jacob ,,cats #aegg-affj #ccec ,fear after the ,trouble ,a ,rich ,man ,loses his ,child1 a ,poor ,man ,loses his ,cow ,,catullus #hd-ed ,b4,c48 #ccei ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mackail ,dedication for a ,volume of ,a ,brother's ,grave ,lyrics ,a ,morning ,call ,home to ,sirmio ,heart-,break ,to ,calvus in ,bereavement ,the ,pinnace ,an ,invitation to ,dinner ,farewell to ,his ,fellow ,officers ,verses from an ,epithalamium ,love is ,all ,elegy on ,lesbia's ,sparrow ,fickle and ,changeable ,ever ,two ,chords ,last ,word to ,lesbia ,,benvenuto ,,cellini #aejj-aega #ccga ,the ,escape from ,prison ,the ,casting of ,perseus ,a ,necklace of ,pearls ,benvenuto ,loses his ,brother ,an ,adventure in ,necromancy ,benvenuto ,loses ,self-,control under ,severe ,provocation 7,all the above are from ,cellini's ',memoirs1' ,symonds's ,translation7 ,,celtic ,,literature #cdjc ,,by ,,william ,,sharp ,,and ,,ernest ,,rhys ,i--,,irish ,the ,miller of ,hell ,signs of ,home ,oisin in ,tirnanoge ,from ',the ,coming of ,cuculain' ,the ,mystery of ,amergin ,the ,song of ,fionn ,vision of a ,fair ,woman ,from ',the ,wanderings of ,oisin' ,the ,madness of ,king ,goll ,,ii--,,scottish ,st4 ,bridget's ,milking ,song ,prologue to ,gaul ,columcille ,fecit ,in ,hebrid ,seas ,,iii--,,welsh ,,iv--,,cornish ,from ',the ,poem of the ,passion' ,from ',origo ,mundi1' in the ',ordinalia' ,,cervantes #aedg-afaf #cdea ,,by ,,george ,,santayana ,treating of the ,character and ,pursuits of ,don ,quixote ,of ,what ,happened to ,don ,quixote when he ,left the ,inn ,don ,quixote and ,sancho ,panza ,sally ,forth3 and the ,adventure with the ,windmills ,sancho ,panza and his ,wife ,teresa ,converse ,shrewdly ,of ,sancho ,panza's ,delectable ,discourse with the ,duchess ,sancho as ,governor ,the ,ending of ,all ,don ,quixote's ,adventures ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,volume ,,viii ,,page ,miniature ,painting of the ,middle ,ages 7,colored ,plate7 ,frontispiece ,john ,calvin 7,portrait7 #caah ,the ,septuagint 7,fac-simile7 #cabd ,luiz ,vaz de ,camoens 7,portrait7 #cacj ,hohenlinden 7,photogravure7 #cagh ,homer 7,photogravure7 #cbji ,thomas ,carlyle 7,portrait7 #cbcb ,charlotte ,corday in ,prison 7,photogravure7 #cbij ,benvenuto ,cellini 7,portrait7 #ccgd ,cervantes 7,portrait7 #cdfd ,,vignette ,,portraits ,thomas ,campbell ,george ,canning ,emilia ,flygare-,carlen ,bliss ,carman ,bartolorneo de las ,casas ,baldassare ,castiglione ,jacob ,cats ,valerius ,catullus ,,john ,,calvin 7#aeji-aefd7 ,,by ,,arthur ,,cushman ,mc,g,i,f,f,e,r,t ,john ,calvin was born in the village of ,noyon1 in northeastern ,france1 on the #ajth of ,july1 #aeji4 ,he was intended by his parents for the priesthood1 for which he seemed to be peculiarly fitted by his naturally austere disposition1 averse to every form of sport or frivolity1 and he was given an excellent education with that calling in view2 but finally at the command of his father--whose plans for his son had undergone a change--he gave up his theological preparation and devoted himself to the study of law4 ,gifted with an extraordinary memory1 rare insight1 and an uncommonly keen reasoning faculty1 he speedily distinguished himself in his new field1 and a brilliant career was predicted for him by his teachers4 ,his tastes however were more literary than legal1 and his first published work1 written at the age of twenty-three1 was a commentary on ,seneca's ',de ,clementia1' which brought him wide repute as a classical scholar and as a clear and forceful writer4 ,though he had apparently renounced forever all thoughts of a clerical life1 he retained1 even while he was engaged in the study of law and in the more congenial pursuit of literature1 his early love for theology2 and in #aecb1 under the influence of some of ,luther's writings which happened to fall into his hands1 he was converted to the ,protestant faith and threw in his fortunes with the little evangelical party in ,paris4 ,his intellectual attainments made him a marked man wherever he went1 and he speedily became the leading spirit in the circle to which he had attached himself4 ,compelled soon afterward by the persecuting measures of ,king ,francis ,i4 to flee the country1 he took up his residence at ,basle and settled down1 as he hoped1 to a quiet literary life4 ,it was during his stay here that he published in #aecf the first edition of his greatest work1 ',the ,christian ,institutes1' in which is contained the system of theology which has for centuries borne his name1 and by which he is best known to the world at large4 ,probably no other work written by so young a man has ever produced such a wide-spread1 profound1 and lasting influence4 ,in its original form1 it is true1 the work was only a brief and simple introduction to the study of the ,scriptures1 much less imposing and forbidding than the elaborate body of divinity which is now known to theologians as ',calvin's ,institutes'3 but all the substance of the last edition is to be found in the first2 the theology of the one is the theology of the other--the ,calvin of #aeei is the ,calvin of #aecf4 ,the fact that at the age of twenty-six ,calvin could publish a system of theology at once so original and so profound--a system1 moreover1 which with all his activity of intellect and love of truth he never had occasion to modify in any essential particular--is one of the most striking phenomena in the history of the human mind2 and yet it is but one of many illustrations of the man's marvelous clearness and comprehensiveness of vision1 and of his force and decision of character4 ,his life from beginning to end was the consistent unfolding of a single dominant principle--the unwavering pursuit of a single controlling purpose4 ,from his earliest youth the sense of duty was all-supreme with him2 he lived under a constant imperative--in awe of1 and in reverent obedience to1 the will of a sovereign ,god2 and his theology is but the translation into language of that experience2 its translation by one of the world's greatest masters of logical thought and of clear speech4 ,calvin's great work was accompanied by a dedicatory epistle addressed to ,king ,francis ,i41 which is by common consent one of the finest specimens of courteous and convincing apology in existence4 ,a brief extract from it will be found in the selections given below4 ,soon after the publication of the ',institutes1' ,calvin's plans for a quiet literary career were interrupted by a peremptory call to assist in the work of reforming the ,church and ,state of ,geneva2 and the remainder of his life1 with the exception of a brief interval of exile1 was spent in that city1 at the head of a religious movement whose influence was ultimately felt throughout all ,western ,europe4 ,it is true that ,calvin was not the originating genius of the ,reformation--that he belonged only to the second generation of reformers1 and that he learned the ,protestant faith from ,luther4 ,but he became for the peoples of ,western ,europe what ,luther was for ,germany1 and he gave his own peculiar type of ,protestantism--that type which was congenial to his disposition and experience--to ,switzerland1 to ,france1 to the ,netherlands1 to ,scotland1 and through the ,dutch1 the ,english ,puritans1 and the ,scotch ,presbyterians1 to large portions of the ,new ,world4 ,calvin1 to be sure1 is not widely popular to-day even in those lands which owe him most1 for he had little of that human sympathy which glorifies the best thought and life of the present age2 but for all that1 he has left his mark upon the world1 and his influence is not likely ever to be wholly outgrown4 ,his emphasis upon ,god's holiness made his followers scrupulously1 even censoriously pure2 his emphasis upon ,god's will made them stern and unyielding in the performance of what they believed to be their duty2 his emphasis upon ,god's majesty1 paradoxical though it may seem at first sight1 promoted in no small degree the growth of civil and religious liberty1 for it dwarfed all mere human authority and made men bold to withstand the unlawful encroachments of their fellows4 ,thus ,calvin became a mighty force in the world1 though he gave the world far more of law than of gospel1 far more of ,moses than of ,christ4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,calvin4 ,calvin's career as a writer began at an early day and continued until his death4 ,his pen was a ready one and was seldom idle4 ,in the midst of the most engrossing cares and occupations--the cares and occupations of a preacher1 a pastor1 a teacher of theology1 a statesman1 and a reformer to whom the ,protestants of many lands looked for inspiration and for counsel--he found time1 though he died at the early age of fifty-four1 to produce works that to-day fill more than threescore volumes1 and all of which bear the unmistakable impress of a great mind4 ,in addition to his ',institutes1' theological and ethical tracts1 and treatises1 sermons1 and epistles without number1 he wrote commentaries upon almost all the books of the ,bible2 which for lucidity1 for wide and accurate learning1 and for sound and ripe judgment1 have never been surpassed4 ,among the most characteristic and important of his briefer works are his vigorous and effective ',reply to ,cardinal ,sadolet1' who had endeavored after ,calvin's exile from ,geneva in #aeci to win back the ,genevese to the ,roman ,church2 his tract on ',the ,necessity of ,reforming the ,church2 presented to the ,imperial ,diet at ,spires1 ,a4,d4 #aedd1 in the cause of all who wish with ,christ to reign'--an admirable statement of the conditions which had made a reformation of the ,church imperatively necessary1 and had led to the great religious and ecclesiastical revolution2 another tract on ',the ,true ,method of ,giving ,peace to ,christendom and ,reforming the ,church1'--marked by a beautiful ,christian spirit and permeated with sound practical sense2 still another containing ',articles ,agreed ,upon by the ,faculty of ,sacred ,theology at ,paris1 with the ,antidote'1 and finally an ',admonition ,showing the ,advantages which ,christendom might ,derive from an ,inventory of ,relics4' ,though ,calvin was from boyhood up of a most serious turn of mind1 and though his writings1 in marked contrast to the writings of ,luther1 exhibit few if any traces of genial spontaneous humor1 the last two works show that he knew how to employ satire on occasion in a very telling way for the overthrow of error and for the discomfiture of his opponents4 ,in addition to the services which ,calvin rendered by his writings to the cause of ,christianity and of sacred learning1 must be recognized the lasting obligation under which as an author he put his mother tongue4 ,whether he wrote in ,latin or in ,french1 his style was always chaste1 elegant1 clear1 and vigorous4 ,his ,latin compares favorably with the best models of antiquity2 his ,french is a new creation4 ,the latter language indeed owes almost as much to ,calvin as the ,german language owes to ,luther4 ,he was unquestionably its greatest master in the sixteenth century1 and he did more than any one else to fix its permanent character--to give it that exactness1 that lucidity1 that purity and harmony of which it justly boasts4 ,calvin's writings bear throughout the imprint of his character4 ,there appears in all of them the same horror of impurity and dishonor1 the same stern sense of duty1 the same respect for the sovereignty of the ,almighty1 the same severe judgment of human failings4 ,to read them is to breathe the tonic air of snow-clad heights2 but they are seldom if ever touched with the tender glow of human feeling or transfigured with the radiance of creative imagination4 ,there is that in ,david1 in ,isaiah1 in ,paul1 in ,luther1 which appeals to every heart and makes their words immortal2 but ,calvin was neither poet nor prophet1--the divine afflatus was not his1--and it is not without reason that his writings1 vigorous1 forceful1 profound1 as is their context1 and pure and elegant as is their style1 are read to-day only by theologians or historians4 ,signature3 ,arthur ,cushman ,mc,giffert ,,prefatory ,,address ,,to ,,the ',,institutes' ,,to ,,francis1 ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,french1 the most ,christian ,majesty1 the most ,mighty and ,illustrious ,monarch1 his ,sovereign1--,john ,calvin prays peace and salvation in ,christ4 ,sire3--,when ,i first engaged in this work1 nothing was further from my thoughts than to write what should afterwards be presented to your ,majesty4 ,my intention was only to furnish a kind of rudiments1 by which those who feel some interest in religion might be trained to true godliness4 ,and ,i toiled at the task chiefly for the sake of my countrymen the ,french1 multitudes of whom ,i perceived to be hungering and thirsting after ,christ1 while very few seemed to have been duly imbued with even a slender knowledge of him4 ,that this was the object which ,i had in view is apparent from the work itself1 which is written in a simple and elementary form1 adapted for instruction4 ,but when ,i perceived that the fury of certain bad men had risen to such a height in your realm that there was no place in it for sound doctrine1 ,i thought it might be of service if ,i were in the same work both to give instruction to my countrymen1 and also lay before your ,majesty a ,confession1 from which you may learn what the doctrine is that so inflames the rage of those madmen who are this day with fire and sword troubling your kingdom4 ,for ,i fear not to declare that what ,i have here given may be regarded as a summary of the very doctrine which1 they vociferate1 ought to be punished with confiscation1 exile1 imprisonment1 and flames1 as well as exterminated by land and sea4 ,i am aware indeed how1 in order to render our cause as hateful to your ,majesty as possible1 they have filled your ears and mind with atrocious insinuations2 but you will be pleased of your clemency to reflect that neither in word nor deed could there be any innocence1 were it sufficient merely to accuse4 ,when any one1 with the view of exciting prejudice1 observes that this doctrine of which ,i am endeavoring to give your ,majesty an account has been condemned by the suffrages of all the estates1 and was long ago stabbed again and again by partial sentences of courts of law1 he undoubtedly says nothing more than that it has sometimes been violently oppressed by the power and faction of adversaries1 and sometimes fraudulently and insidiously overwhelmed by lies1 cavils1 and calumny4 ,while a cause is unheard1 it is violence to pass sanguinary sentences against it2 it is fraud to charge it1 contrary to its deserts1 with sedition and mischief4 ,that no one may suppose we are unjust in thus complaining1 you yourself1 most illustrious ,sovereign1 can bear us witness with what lying calumnies it is daily traduced in your presence2 as aiming at nothing else than to wrest the sceptres of kings out of their hands1 to overturn all tribunals and seats of justice1 to subvert all order and government1 to disturb the peace and quiet of society1 to abolish all laws1 destroy the distinctions of rank and property1 and in short turn all things upside down4 ,and yet that which you hear is but the smallest portion of what is said2 for among the common people are disseminated certain horrible insinuations--insinuations which1 if well founded1 would justify the whole world in condemning the doctrine with its authors to a thousand fires and gibbets4 ,who can wonder that the popular hatred is inflamed against it1 when credit is given to those most iniquitous accusations8 ,see why all ranks unite with one accord in condemning our persons and our doctrine6 ,carried away by this feeling1 those who sit in judgment merely give utterance to the prejudices which they have imbibed at home1 and think they have duly performed their part if they do not order punishment to be inflicted on any one until convicted1 either on his own confession1 or on legal evidence4 ,but of what crime convicted8 ,of that condemned doctrine1 is the answer4 ,but with what justice condemned8 ,the very evidence of the defense was not to abjure the doctrine itself1 but to maintain its truth4 ,on this subject1 however1 not a whisper is allowed4444 ,it is plain indeed that we fear ,god sincerely and worship him in truth1 since1 whether by life or by death1 we desire his name to be hallowed2 and hatred herself has been forced to bear testimony to the innocence and civil integrity of some of our people1 on whom death was inflicted for the very thing which deserved the highest praise4 ,but if any1 under pretext of the gospel1 excite tumults 7none such have as yet been detected in your realm71 if any use the liberty of the grace of ,god as a cloak for licentiousness 7,i know of numbers who do71 there are laws and legal punishments by which they may be punished up to the measure of their deserts2 only in the mean time let not the gospel of ,god be evil spoken of because of the iniquities of evil men4 ,sire1 that you may not lend too credulous an ear to the accusations of our enemies1 their virulent injustice has been set before you at sufficient length3 ,i fear even more than sufficient1 since this preface has grown almost to the bulk of a full apology4 ,my object however was not to frame a defense1 but only with a view to the hearing of our cause1 to mollify your mind1 now indeed turned away and estranged from us1--,i add1 even inflamed against us1--but whose good will1 we are confident1 we should regain1 would you but once with calmness and composure read this our ,confession1 which we desire your ,majesty to accept instead of a defense4 ,but if the whispers of the malevolent so possess your ear that the accused are to have no opportunity of pleading their cause2 if those vindictive furies1 with your connivance1 are always to rage with bonds1 scourgings1 tortures1 maimings1 and burnings--we indeed1 like sheep doomed to slaughter1 shall be reduced to every extremity2 yet so that in our patience we will possess our souls1 and wait for the strong hand of the ,lord1 which doubtless will appear in its own time1 and show itself armed1 both to rescue the poor from affliction and also take vengeance on the despisers1 who are now exulting so securely4 ,most illustrious ,king1 may the ,lord1 the ,king of kings1 establish your throne in righteousness and your sceptre in equity4 ,,basle1 ,august #ast1 #aecf4 ,,election ,,and ,,predestination ,from the ',institutes of the ,christian ,religion' ,the human mind when it hears this doctrine of election cannot restrain its petulance1 but boils and rages as if aroused by the sound of a trumpet4 ,many1 professing a desire to defend the ,deity from an invidious charge1 admit the doctrine of election but deny that any one is reprobated 7,bernard1 in ',die ,ascensionis1' ,serm4 #b74 ,this they do ignorantly and childishly1 since there could be no election without its opposite1 reprobation4 ,god is said to set apart those whom he adopts for salvation4 ,it were most absurd to say that he admits others fortuitously1 or that they by their industry acquire what election alone confers on a few4 ,those therefore whom ,god passes by he reprobates1 and that for no other cause but because he is pleased to exclude them from the inheritance which he predestines to his children4 ,nor is it possible to tolerate the petulance of men in refusing to be restrained by the word of ,god1 in regard to his incomprehensible counsel1 which even angels adore4 ,we have already been told that hardening is not less under the immediate hand of ,god than mercy4 ,paul does not1 after the example of those whom ,i have mentioned1 labor anxiously to defend ,god by calling in the aid of falsehood2 he only reminds us that it is unlawful for the creature to quarrel with its ,creator4 ,then how will those who refuse to admit that any are reprobated by ,god1 explain the following words of ,christ8 ,every plant which my heavenly ,father hath not planted shall be rooted up 7,matth4 xv4 #ac74 ,they are plainly told that all whom the heavenly ,father has not been pleased to plant as sacred trees in his garden are doomed and devoted to destruction4 ,if they deny that this is a sign of reprobation1 there is nothing1 however clear1 that can be proved to them4 ,but if they will still murmur1 let us in the soberness of faith rest contented with the admonition of ,paul1 that it can be no ground of complaint that ,god1 willing to show his wrath1 and to make his power known1 endured with much long-suffering the vessels of wrath fitted for destruction3 and that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy1 which he had afore prepared unto glory 7,rom4 ix4 #bb1 #bc74 ,let my readers observe that ,paul1 to cut off all handle for murmuring and detraction1 attributes supreme sovereignty to the wrath and power of ,god2 for it were unjust that those profound judgments which transcend all our powers of discernment should be subjected to our calculation4 ,it is frivolous in our opponents to reply that ,god does not altogether reject those whom in lenity he tolerates1 but remains in suspense with regard to them1 if peradventure they may repent2 as if ,paul were representing ,god as patiently waiting for the conversion of those whom he describes as fitted for destruction4 ,for ,augustine1 rightly expounding this passage1 says that where power is united to endurance1 ,god does not permit1 but rules 7,august4 ,cont4 ,julian41 ,lib4 v41 c4 #e74 ,they add also1 that it is not without cause the vessels of wrath are said to be fitted for destruction1 and that ,god is said to have prepared the vessels of mercy1 because in this way the praise of salvation is claimed for ,god2 whereas the blame of perdition is thrown upon those who of their own accord bring it upon themselves4 ,but were ,i to concede that by the different forms of expression ,paul softens the harshness of the former clause1 it by no means follows that he transfers the preparation for destruction to any other cause than the secret counsel of ,god4 ,this indeed is asserted in the preceding context1 where ,god is said to have raised up ,pharaoh1 and to harden whom he will4 ,hence it follows that the hidden counsel of ,god is the cause of hardening4 ,i at least hold with ,augustine1 that when ,god makes sheep out of wolves he forms them again by the powerful influence of grace1 that their hardness may thus be subdued2 and that he does not convert the obstinate1 because he does not exert that more powerful grace1 a grace which he has at command if he were disposed to use it 7,august1 de ,praedest4 ,sanct41 ,lib4 i41 c4 #b74444 ,illustration3 ,,septuagint4 ,facsimile1 somewhat reduced1 of a page of the ,,vatican ,,manuscript4 ,fourth ,century4 ,vatican ,library4 ,the ,septuagint is the ,greek translation1 by seventy elders1 of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,the earlier copies are all in uncial or capital letters1 cursive or lower-case letters being a later invention4 ,this is a good specimen of the hand-work of the ecclesiastical scribes of the fourth century4 ,accordingly1 when we are accosted in such terms as these3 ,why did ,god from the first predestine some to death1 when as they were not yet in existence1 they could not have merited sentence of death8--let us by way of reply ask in our turn1 ,what do you imagine that ,god owes to man1 if he is pleased to estimate him by his own nature8 ,as we are all vitiated by sin1 we cannot but be hateful to ,god1 and that not from tyrannical cruelty1 but the strictest justice4 ,but if all whom the ,lord predestines to death are naturally liable to sentence of death1 of what injustice1 pray1 do they complain8 ,should all the sons of ,adam come to dispute and contend with their ,creator1 because by his eternal providence they were before their birth doomed to perpetual destruction3 when ,god comes to reckon with them1 what will they be able to mutter against this defense8 ,if all are taken from a corrupt mass1 it is not strange that all are subject to condemnation4 ,let them not therefore charge ,god with injustice1 if by his eternal judgment they are doomed to a death to which they themselves feel that1 whether they will or not1 they are drawn spontaneously by their own nature4 ,hence it appears how perverse is this affectation of murmuring1 when of set purpose they suppress the cause of condemnation which they are compelled to recognize in themselves1 that they may lay the blame upon ,god4 ,but though ,i should confess a hundred times that ,god is the author 7and it is most certain that he is71 they do not however thereby efface their own guilt1 which1 engraven on their own consciences1 is ever and anon presenting itself to their view4444 ,if ,god merely foresaw human events1 and did not also arrange and dispose of them at his pleasure1 there might be room for agitating the question1 how far his foreknowledge amounts to necessity2 but since he foresees the things which are to happen1 simply because he has decreed that they are so to happen1 it is vain to debate about prescience1 while it is clear that all events take place by his sovereign appointment4 ,they deny that it is ever said in distinct terms1 ,god decreed that ,adam should perish by his revolt4 ,as if the same ,god who is declared in ,scripture to do whatsoever he pleases could have made the noblest of his creatures without any special purpose4 ,they say that1 in accordance with free will1 he was to be the architect of his own fortune2 that ,god had decreed nothing but to treat him according to his desert4 ,if this frigid fiction is received1 where will be the omnipotence of ,god1 by which1 according to his secret counsel on which everything depends1 he rules over all8 ,but whether they will allow it or not1 predestination is manifest in ,adam's posterity4 ,it was not owing to nature that they all lost salvation by the fault of one parent4 ,why should they refuse to admit with regard to one man that which against their will they admit with regard to the whole human race8 ,why should they in caviling lose their labor8 ,scripture proclaims that all were1 in the person of one1 made liable to eternal death4 ,as this cannot be ascribed to nature1 it is plain that it is owing to the wonderful counsel of ,god4 ,it is very absurd in these worthy defenders of the justice of ,god to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel4 ,i again ask how it is that the fall of ,adam involves so many nations with their infant children in eternal death without remedy1 unless that it so seemed meet to ,god8 ,here the most loquacious tongues must be dumb4 ,the decree1 ,i admit1 is dreadful2 and yet it is impossible to deny that ,god foreknew what the end of man was to be before he made him1 and foreknew because he had so ordained by his decree4 ,should any one here inveigh against the prescience of ,god1 he does it rashly and unadvisedly4 ,for why1 pray1 should it be made a charge against the heavenly ,judge1 that he was not ignorant of what was to happen8 ,thus1 if there is any just or plausible complaint1 it must be directed against predestination4 ,nor ought it to seem absurd when ,i say that ,god not only foresaw the fall of the first man1 and in him the ruin of his posterity1 but also at his own pleasure arranged it4 ,for as it belongs to his wisdom to foreknow all future events1 so it belongs to his power to rule and govern them by his hand4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,will ,from the ',institutes of the ,christian ,religion' ,god has provided the soul of man with intellect1 by which he might discern good from evil1 just from unjust1 and might know what to follow or to shun1 reason going before with her lamp2 whence philosophers1 in reference to her directing power1 have called her ,greek3 to hegemonichon4 ,to this he has joined will1 to which choice belongs4 ,man excelled in these noble endowments in his primitive condition1 when reason1 intelligence1 prudence1 and judgment not only sufficed for the government of his earthly life1 but also enabled him to rise up to ,god and eternal happiness4 ,thereafter choice was added to direct the appetites and temper all the organic motions2 the will being thus perfectly submissive to the authority of reason4 ,in this upright state1 man possessed freedom of will1 by which if he chose he was able to obtain eternal life4 ,it were here unseasonable to introduce the question concerning the secret predestination of ,god1 because we are not considering what might or might not happen1 but what the nature of man truly was4 ,adam1 therefore1 might have stood if he chose1 since it was only by his own will that he fell2 but it was because his will was pliable in either direction1 and he had not received constancy to persevere1 that he so easily fell4 ,still he had a free choice of good and evil2 and not only so1 but in the mind and will there was the highest rectitude1 and all the organic parts were duly framed to obedience1 until man corrupted its good properties1 and destroyed himself4 ,hence the great darkness of philosophers who have looked for a complete building in a ruin1 and fit arrangement in disorder4 ,the principle they set out with was1 that man could not be a rational animal unless he had a free choice of good and evil4 ,they also imagined that the distinction between virtue and vice was destroyed1 if man did not of his own counsel arrange his life4 ,so far well1 had there been no change in man4 ,this being unknown to them1 it is not surprising that they throw everything into confusion4 ,but those who1 while they profess to be the disciples of ,christ1 still seek for free-will in man1 notwithstanding of his being lost and drowned in spiritual destruction1 labor under manifold delusion1 making a heterogeneous mixture of inspired doctrine and philosophical opinions1 and so erring as to both4 ,but it will be better to leave these things to their own place4 ,at present it is necessary only to remember that man at his first creation was very different from all his posterity2 who1 deriving their origin from him after he was corrupted1 received a hereditary taint4 ,at first every part of the soul was formed to rectitude4 ,there was soundness of mind and freedom of will to choose the good4 ,if any one objects that it was placed1 as it were1 in a slippery position because its power was weak1 ,i answer1 that the degree conferred was sufficient to take away every excuse4 ,for surely the ,deity could not be tied down to this condition1--to make man such that he either could not or would not sin4 ,such a nature might have been more excellent2 but to expostulate with ,god as if he had been bound to confer this nature on man1 is more than unjust1 seeing he had full right to determine how much or how little he would give4 ,why he did not sustain him by the virtue of perseverance is hidden in his counsel2 it is ours to keep within the bounds of soberness4 ,man had received the power1 if he had the will1 but he had not the will which would have given the power2 for this will would have been followed by perseverance4 ,still1 after he had received so much1 there is no excuse for his having spontaneously brought death upon himself4 ,no necessity was laid upon ,god to give him more than that intermediate and even transient will1 that out of man's fall he might extract materials for his own glory4 ,,luiz ,,vaz ,,de ,,camoens 7#aebd8-aehj7 ,,by ,,henry ,r4 ,,lang ,portuguese literature is usually divided into six periods1 which correspond1 in the main1 to the successive literary movements of the other ,romance nations which it followed4 ,first ,period 7#abjj-ache71 ,provencal and ,french influences4 ,soon after the founding of the ,portuguese ,state by ,henry of ,burgundy and his knights in the beginning of the twelfth century1 the nobles of ,portugal and ,galicia1 which regions form a unit in race and speech1 began to imitate in their native idiom the art of the ,provencal troubadours who visited the courts of ,leon and ,castile4 ,this courtly lyric poetry in the ,gallego-,portuguese dialect1 which was also cultivated in the rest of the peninsula excepting the ,east1 reached its height under ,alphonso ,x4 of ,castile 7#abeb-hd71 himself a noted poet and patron of this art1 and under ,king ,dionysius of ,portugal 7#abgi-acbe71 the most gifted of all these troubadours4 ,the collections 7cancioneiros7 of the works of this school preserved to us contain the names of one hundred and sixty-three poets and some two thousand compositions 7inclusive of the four hundred and one spiritual songs of ,alphonso ,x474 ,of this body of verse1 two-thirds affect the artificial style of ,provencal lyrics1 while one-third is derived from the indigenous popular poetry4 ,this latter part contains the so-called cantigas de amigo1 songs of charming simplicity of form and naivete of spirit in which a woman addresses her lover either in a monologue or in a dialogue4 ,it is this native poetry1 still echoed in the modern folk-song of ,galicia and ,portugal1 that imparted to the ,gallego-,portuguese lyric school the decidedly original coloring and vigorous growth which assign it an independent position in the mediaeval literature of the ,romance nations4 ,composition in prose also began in this period1 consisting chiefly in genealogies1 chronicles1 and in translations from ,latin and ,french dealing with religious subjects and the romantic traditions of ,british origin1 such as the ',demanda do ,santo ,graal4' ,it is now almost certain that the original of the ,spanish version of the ',amadis de ,gaula' 7#adhj7 was the work of a ,portuguese troubadour of the thirteenth century1 ,joam de ,lobeira4 ,second ,period 7#ache-aeba71 ,spanish influence4 ,instead of the ,provencal style1 the courtly circles now began to cultivate the native popular forms1 the copla and quadra1 and to compose in the dialect of ,castile1 which communicated to them the influence of the ,italian ,renaissance1 with the vision and allegory of ,dante and a fuller understanding of classical antiquity4 ,these two literary currents became the formative elements of the second poetic school of an aristocratic character in ,portugal1 at the courts of ,alphonse ,v4 7#adch-adha71 ,john ,,ii4 7#adha-ie71 and ,emanuel 7#adie-aeba71 whose works were collected by the poet ,garcia de ,resende in the ',cancioneiro ,geral' 7,lisbon1 #aeaf74 ,the prose-literature of this period is rich in translations from the ,latin classics1 and chiefly noteworthy for the great ,portuguese chronicles which it produced4 ,the most prominent writer was ,fernam ,lopes 7#aded71 the founder of ,portuguese historiography and the father of ,portuguese prose4 ,third ,period 7#aeba-aehj71 ,italian influence4 ,this is the classic epoch of ,portuguese literature1 born of the powerful rise of the ,portuguese ,state during its period of discovery and conquest1 and of the dominant influence of the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,it opens with three authors who were prominently active in the preceding literary school1 but whose principal influence lies in this4 ,these are ,christovam ,falcao and ,bernardim ,ribeiro1 the founders of the bucolic poem and the sentimental pastoral romance1 and ,gil ,vicente1 a comic writer of superior talent1 who is called the father of the ,portuguese drama1 and who1 next to ,camoens1 is the greatest figure of this period4 ,its real initiator1 however1 was ,francesco ,sa' de ,miranda 7#adie-aeeg7 who1 on his return from a six-years' study in ,italy in #aeba1 introduced the lyric forms of ,petrarch and his followers as the only true models for composition4 ,besides giving by his example a classic form to lyrics1 especially to the sonnet1 and cultivating the pastoral poem1 ,sa' de ,miranda1 desirous of breaking the influence of ,gil ,vicente's dramas1 wrote two comedies of intrigue in the style of the ,italians and of ,plautus and ,terence4 ,his attempts in this direction1 however1 found no followers1 the only exception being ,ferreira's tragedy ',ines de ,castro' in the antique style4 ,the greatest poet of this period1 and indeed in the whole history of ,portuguese literature1 is ,luiz de ,camoens1 in whose works1 epic1 lyric1 and dramatic1 the cultivation of the two literary currents of this epoch1 the national and the ,renaissance1 attained to its highest perfection1 and to whom ,portuguese literature chiefly owes its place in the literature of the world4 ,among the works in prose produced during this time are of especial importance the historical writings1 such as the ',decadas' of ,joao de ,barros 7#adif-aegj71 the ,livy of ,portugal and the numerous romances of chivalry4 ,illustration3 ,,luis ,,de ,,camoens4 ,fourth ,period 7#aehj-agjj71 ,culteranistic influence4 ,the political decline of ,portugal is accompanied by one in its literature4 ,while some lyric poetry is still written in the spirit of ,camoens1 and the pastoral romance in the national style is cultivated by some authors1 ,portuguese literature on the whole is completely under the influence of the ,spanish1 receiving from the latter the euphuistic movement1 known in ,spain as culteranismo or ,gongorismo4 ,many writers of talent of this time used the ,spanish language in preference to their own4 ,it is thus that the charming pastoral poem ',diana1' by ,jorge de ,montemor1 though composed by a ,portuguese and in a vein so peculiar to his nation1 is credited to ,spanish literature4 ,fifth ,period 7#agjj-ahbe71 ,pseudo-,classicism4 ,the influence of the ,french classic school1 felt in all ,european literatures1 became paramount in ,portugal4 ,excepting the works of a few talented members of the society called ,arcadia1 little of literary interest was produced until the appearance1 at the end of the century1 of ,francisco ,manoel de ,nascimento and ,manoel ,maria ,barbosa du ,bocage1 two poets of decided talent who connect this period with the following4 ,sixth ,period 7since #ahbe71 ,romanticism4 ,the initiator of this movement in ,portugal was ,almeida-,garrett 7#agii-ahed71 with ,gil ,vicente and ,camoens one of the three great poets ,portugal has produced1 who revived and strengthened the sense of national life in his country by his ',camoens1' an epic of glowing patriotism published during his exile in #ahbe1 by his national dramas1 and by the collection of the popular traditions of his people1 which he began and which has since been zealously continued in all parts of the country4 ,the second influential leader of romanticism was ,alexandre ,herculano 7#ahaj-ahgg71 great especially as national historian1 but also a novelist and poet of superior merit4 ,the labors of these two men bore fruit1 since the middle of the century1 in what may be termed an intellectual renovation of ,portugal which first found expression in the so-called ,coimbra ,school1 and has since been supported by such men as ,theophilo ,braga1 ,f4 ,adolpho ,coelho1 ,joaquim de ,vasconcellos1 ,j4 ,leite de ,vasconcellos1 and others1 whose life-work is devoted to the conviction that only a thorough and critical study of their country's past can inspire its literature with new life and vigor and maintain the sense of national independence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,luiz ,,vaz ,,de ,,camoens1 ,portugal's greatest poet and patriot1 was born in #aebd or #aebe1 most probably at ,coimbra1 as the son of ,simao ,vaz de ,camoens and ,donna ,anna de ,macedo of ,santarem4 ,through his father1 a cavalleiro fidalgo1 or untitled nobleman1 who was related with ,vasco da ,gama1 ,camoens descended from an ancient and once influential noble family of ,galician origin4 ,he spent his youth at ,coimbra1 and though his name is not found in the registers of the university1 which had been removed to that city in #aecg1 and of which his uncle1 ,bento de ,camoens1 prior of the monastery of ,santa ,cruz1 was made chancellor in #aeci1 it was presumably in that institution1 then justly famous1 that the highly gifted youth acquired his uncommon familiarity with the classics and with the literatures of ,spain1 ,italy1 and that of his own country4 ,in #aedb we find ,camoens exchanging his alma mater for the gay and brilliant court of ,john ,,iii41 then at ,lisbon1 where his gentle birth1 his poetic genius1 and his fine personal appearance brought him much favor1 especially with the fair sex1 while his independent bearing and indiscreet speech aroused the jealousy and enmity of his rivals4 ,here he woos and wins the damsels of the palace until a high-born lady in attendance upon the ,queen1 ,donna ,catharina de ,athaide1--whom1 like ,petrarch1 he claims to have first seen on ,good ,friday in church1 and who is celebrated in his poems under the anagram of ,natercia1--inspires him with a deep and enduring passion4 ,irritated by the intrigues employed by his enemies to mar his prospects1 the impetuous youth commits imprudent acts which lead to his banishment from the city in #aedf4 ,for about a year he lives in enforced retirement on the ,upper ,tagus 7,ribatejo71 pouring out his profound passion and grief in a number of beautiful sonnets and elegies4 ,most likely in consequence of some new offense1 he is next exiled for two years to ,ceuta in ,africa1 where1 in a fight with the ,moors1 he loses his right eye by a chance splinter4 ,meeting on his return to ,lisbon in #aedg neither with pardon for his indiscretions nor with recognition for his services and poetic talent1 he allows his keen resentment of this unjust treatment to impel him into the reckless and turbulent life of a bully4 ,it was thus that during the festival of ,corpus ,christi in #aeeb he got into a quarrel with ,goncalo ,borges1 one of the ,king's equerries1 in which he wounded the latter4 ,for this ,camoens was thrown into jail until ,march1 #aeec1 when he was released only on condition that he should embark to serve in ,india4 ,not quite two weeks after leaving his prison1 on ,march #bdth1 he sailed for ,india on the flag-ship ,sam ,bento1 bidding1 as a true ,renaissance poet1 farewell to his native land in the words of ,scipio which were to come true3 ,ingrata patria non possidebis ossa mea4 ,after a stormy passage of six months1 the ,sam ,bento cast anchor in the bay of ,goa4 ,camoens first took part in an expedition against the ,king of ,pimenta1 and in the following year 7#aeed7 he joined another directed against the ,moorish pirates on the coast of ,africa4 ,the scenes of drunkenness and dissoluteness which he witnessed in ,goa inspired him with a number of satirical poems1 by which he drew upon himself much enmity and persecution4 ,in #aeef his three-years' term of service expired2 but though ardently longing for his beloved native land1 he remained in ,goa1 influenced either by his bent for the soldier's life or by the sad news of the death of ,donna ,catharina de ,athaide in that year4 ,he was ordered to ,macao in ,china1 to the lucrative post of commissary for the effects of deceased or absent ,portuguese subjects4 ,there1 in the quietude of a grotto near ,macao1 still called the ,grotto of ,camoens1 the exiled poet finished the first six cantos of his great epic ',the ,lusiads4' ,recalled from this post in #aeeh1 before the expiration of his term1 on the charge of malversation of office1 ,camoens on his return voyage to ,goa was shipwrecked near the mouth of the ,me-,kong1 saving nothing but his faithful ,javanese slave and the manuscript of his ',lusiads'--which1 swimming with one hand1 he held above the water with the other4 ,in ,cambodia1 where he remained several months1 he wrote his marvelous paraphrase of the #acgth psalm1 contrasting under the allegory of ,babel 7,babylon7 and ,siam 7,zion71 ,goa and ,lisbon4 ,upon his return to ,goa he was cast into prison1 but soon set free on proving his innocence by a public trial4 ,though receiving1 in #aeeg1 another lucrative employment1 ,camoens finally resolved to go home1 burning with the desire to lay his patriotic song1 now almost completed1 before his nation1 and to cover with honor his injured name4 ,he accepted a passage to ,sofala offered him by ,pedro ,barreto1 who had become viceroy of ,mozambique in that year4 ,unable to refund the amount of the passage1 he was once more held for debt and spent two years of misery and distress in ,mozambique1 completing and polishing during this time his great epic song and preparing the collection of his lyrics1 his ',parnasso4' ,in #aeei he was released by the historian ,diogo do ,couto and other friends of his1 visiting ,sofala with the expedition of ,noronha1 and embarked on the ,santa ,clara for ,lisbon4 ,on the #gth of ,april1 #aegj1 ,camoens once more set foot on his native soil1 only to find the city for which he had yearned1 sadly changed4 ,the government was in the hands of a brave but harebrained and fanatic young monarch1 ruled by the ,jesuits2 the capital had been ravaged by a terrible plague which had carried off fifty thousand souls2 and its society had no room for a man who brought with him from the ,indies1 whence so many returned with great riches1 nothing but a manuscript1 though in it was sung in classic verse the glory of his people4 ,still1 through the kind offices of his warm friend ,dom ,manoel de ,portugal1 ,camoens obtained1 on the #beth of ,september1 #aega1 the royal permission to print his epic4 ,it was published in the spring of the following year 7,march1 #aegb74 ,great as was the success of the work1 which marked a new epoch in ,portuguese history1 the reward which the poet received for it was meagre4 ,king ,sebastian granted him an annual pension of fifteen thousand reis 7fifteen dollars1 which then had the purchasing value of about sixty dollars in our money71 which1 after the poet's death1 was ordered by ,philip ,,ii4 to be paid to his aged mother4 ,destitute and broken in spirit1 ,camoens lived for the last eight years of his life with his mother in a humble house near the convent of ,santa ,ana1 in the knowledge of many and in the society of few4 ,dom ,sebastian's departure early in #aegh for the conquest in ,africa once more kindled patriotic hopes in his breast2 but the terrible defeat at ,alcazarquivir 7,august #dth of the same year71 in which ,portugal lost her king and her army1 broke his heart4 ,he died on the #ajth of ,june1 #aehj1 at which time the army of ,philip ,,ii41 under the command of the ,duke of ,alva1 was marching upon ,lisbon4 ,he was thus spared the cruel blow of seeing1 though not of foreseeing1 the national death of his country4 ,the story that his ,javanese slave ,antonio used to go out at night to beg of passers-by alms for his master1 is one of a number of touching legends which1 as early as #aegb1 popular fancy had begun to weave around the poet's life4 ,it is true1 however1 that ,camoens breathed his last in dire distress and isolation1 and was buried poorly and plebeianly in the neighboring convent of ,santa ,ana4 ,it was not until sixteen years later that a friend of his1 ,dom ,goncalo ,coutinho1 caused his grave to be marked with a marble slab bearing the inscription3--,here lies ,luis de ,camoens1 ,prince of the ,poets of his time4 ,he died in the year #aegi4 ,this tomb was placed for him by order of ,d4 ,goncalo ,coutinho1 and none shall be buried in it4 ,the words ,he lived poor and neglected1 and so died1 which in the popular tradition form part of this inscription1 are apocryphal1 though entirely in conformity with the facts4 ,the correctness of #aehj instead of #aegi as the year of the poet's death is proven by an official document in the archives of ,philip ,,ii4 ,both the memorial slab and the convent-church of ,santa ,ana were destroyed by the earthquake of #agee and during the rebuilding of the convent1 and the identification of the remains of the great man thus rendered well-nigh impossible4 ,in #ahed1 however1 all the bones found under the floor of the convent-church were placed in a coffin of ,brazil-wood and solemnly deposited in the convent at ,belem1 the ,pantheon of ,king ,emanuel4 ,in #ahfg a statue was erected to ,camoens by the city of ,lisbon4 ',the ,lusiads' 7,portuguese1 ,os ,lusiadas71 a patronymic adopted by ,camoens in place of the usual term ,lusitanos1 the descendants of ,lusus 7the mythical ancestor of the ,portuguese71 is an epic poem which1 as its name implies1 has for its subject the heroic deeds not of one hero1 but of the whole ,portuguese nation4 ,vasco da ,gama's discovery of the way to the ,east ,indies forms1 to be sure1 the central part of its action2 but around it are grouped1 with consummate art1 the heroic deeds and destinies of the other ,lusitanians4 ,in this1 ,camoens' work stands alone among all poems of its kind4 ,originating under conditions similar to those which are indispensable to the production of a true epic1 in the heroic period of the ,portuguese people1 when national sentiment had risen to its highest point1 it is the only one among the modern epopees which comes near to the primitive character of epic poetry4 ,a trait which distinguishes this epic from all its predecessors is the historic truthfulness with which ,camoens confessedly--,a verdade que eu conto nua e pura ,vence toda a grandiloqua escriptura--represents his heroic personages and their exploits1 tempering his praise with blame where blame is due1 and the unquestioned fidelity and exactness with which he depicts natural scenes4 ,lest1 however1 this adherence to historic truth should impair the vivifying element of imagination indispensable to true poetry1 our bard1 combining in the true spirit of the ,renaissance myth and miracle1 threw around his narrative the allegorical drapery of pagan mythology1 introducing the gods and goddesses of ,olympus as siding with or against the ,portuguese heroes1 and thus calling the imagination of the reader into more active play4 ,among the many beautiful inventions of his own creative fancy with which ,camoens has adorned his poem1 we shall only mention the powerful impersonation of the ,cape of ,storms in the ,giant ,adamastor 7c4 v471 an episode used by ,meyerbeer in his opera ',l',africaine1' and the enchanting scene of the ,isle of ,love 7c4 ix471 as characteristic of the poet's delicacy of touch as it is of his ,portuguese temperament1 in which ,venus provides for the merited reward and the continuance of the brave sons of ,lusus4 ,for the metric form of his verse1 ,camoens adopted the octave rhyme of ,ariosto1 while for his epic style he followed ,virgil1 from whom many a simile and phrase is directly borrowed4 ,his poem1 justly admired for the elegant simplicity1 the purity and harmony of its diction1 bears throughout the deep imprint of his own powerful and noble personality1 that independence and magnanimity of spirit1 that fortitude of soul1 that genuine and glowing patriotism which alone1 amid all the disappointments and dangers1 the dire distress and the foibles and faults of his life1 could enable him to give his mind and heart steadfastly to the fulfillment of the lofty patriotic task he had set his genius1--the creation of a lasting monument to the heroic deeds of his race4 ,it is thus that through ',the ,lusiads' ,camoens became the moral bond of the national individuality of his people1 and inspired it with the energy to rise free once more out of ,spanish subjection4 ,lyrics4 ,here1 ,camoens is hardly less great than as an epic poet1 whether we consider the nobility1 depth1 and fervor of the sentiments filling his songs1 or the artistic perfection1 the rich variety of form1 and the melody of his verse4 ,his lyric works fall into two main classes1 those written in ,italian metres and those in the traditional trochaic lines and strophic forms of the ,spanish peninsula4 ,the first class is contained in the ',parnasso1' which comprises #cef sonnets1 #bb canzones1 #bg elegies1 #ab odes1 #h octaves1 and #ae idyls1 all of which testify to the great influence of the ,italian school1 and especially of ,petrarch1 on our poet4 ,the second class is embodied in the ',cancioneiro1' or song-book1 and embraces more than one hundred and fifty compositions in the national peninsular manner4 ,together1 these two collections form a body of lyric verse of such richness and variety as neither ,petrarch and ,tasso nor ,garcilaso de la ,vega can offer4 ,unfortunately1 ,camoens never prepared an edition of his ,rimas2 and the manuscript1 which1 as ,diogo do ,couto tells us1 he arranged during his sojourn in ,mozambique from #aefg to #aefi1 is said to have been stolen4 ,it was not until #aeie1 fully fifteen years after the poet's death1 that one of his disciples and admirers1 ,fernao ,rodrigues ,lobo ,soropita1 collected from ,portugal1 and even from ,india1 and published in ,lisbon1 a volume of one hundred and seventy-two songs1 four of which1 however1 are not by ,camoens4 ,the great mass of verse we now possess has been gathered during the last three centuries4 ,more may still be discovered1 while1 on the other hand1 much of what is now attributed to ,camoens does not belong to him1 and the question how much of the extant material is genuine is yet to be definitely answered4 ,in his lyrics1 ,camoens has depicted1 with all the passion and power of his impressionable temperament1 the varied experiences and emotions of his eventful life4 ,this variety and change of sentiments and situations1 while greatly enhancing the value of his songs by the impression of fuller truth and individuality which they produce1 is in so far disadvantageous to a just appreciation of them1 as it naturally brings with it much verse of inferior poetic merit1 and lacks that harmony and unity of emotion which ,petrarch was able to effect in his ,rime by confining himself to the portraiture of a lover's soul4 ,drama4 ,in his youth1 most likely during his life at court between #aedb and #aedf1 ,camoens wrote three comedies of much freshness and verve1 in which he surpassed all the ,portuguese plays in the national taste produced up to his time4 ,one1 ',filodemo1' derives its plot from a mediaeval novel2 the other two1 ',rei ,seleuco' 7,king ,seleucus7 and ',amphitryoes1' from antiquity4 ,the last named1 a free imitation of ,plautus's ',amphitryo1' is by far the best play of the three4 ,in these comedies we can recognize an attempt on the part of the author to fuse the imperfect play in the national taste1 such as it had been cultivated by ,gil ,vicente1 with the more regular but lifeless pieces of the classicists1 and thus to create a superior form of national comedy4 ,in this endeavor1 however1 ,camoens found no followers4 ,bibliography4 ,the most complete edition of the works of ,camoens is that by the ,viscount de ,juromenha1 ',obras de ,luiz de ,camoes1' 7#f vols41 ,lisbon1 #ahfj-gj72 a more convenient edition is the one by ,th4 ,braga 7in ',bibliotheca da ,actualidade1' #c vols41 ,porto1 #ahgd74 ,the best separate edition of the text of ',the ,lusiads' is by ,f4,a4 ,coelho 7,lisbon1 #ahhj74 ,camoens' lyric and dramatic works are published in his collected works1 no separate editions of them existing thus far4 ,in regard to the life and works of ,camoens in general cf4 ,adamson1 ',memoirs of the ,life and ,writings of ,camoens' 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahbj72 ,th4 ,braga1 ',historia de ,camoens' 7#c vols41 ,porto1 #ahgc-ge72 ,latino ,coelho1 ',luiz de ,camoens' 7in the ',galeria de varoes illustres1' i41 ,lisbon1 #ahhj72 ,j4 de ,vasconcellos1 ',bibliographia ,camoniana' 7,porto1 #ahhj72 ,brito ,aranha1 ',estudos ,bibliographicos' 7,lisbon1 #ahhg-h72 ,w4 ,storck1 ',luis' de ,camoens ,leben' 7,paderborn1 #ahij72 and especially the judicious and impartial article by ,mrs4 ,carolina ,michaelis de ,vasconcellos in ,vol4 ii4 of ,groeber's ',grundriss der romanischen ,philologie' 7,strassburg1 #ahid74 ,the best translations of ,camoens' works are the one by ,w4 ,storck1 ',camoens' 7,saemmtliche ,gedichte1 #f vols41 ,paderborn1 #ahhj-he71 into ,german1 and the one by ,r4,f4 ,burton1 who has also written on the life of the poet1 ',the ,lusiads' 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahhj71 and ',the ,lyricks' 7#c vols41 ,london1 #ahhd1 containing only those in ,italian metres71 into ,english4 ,the extracts given below are from ,burton4 ,signature3 ,henry ,r4 ,lang ,,the ,,lusiads ,,canto ,i ,the feats of ,arms1 and famed heroick ,host1 from occidental ,lusitanian strand1 who o'er the waters ne'er by seaman crost1 fared beyond the ,taprobane-land1 forceful in perils and in battle-post1 with more than promised force of mortal hand2 and in the regions of a distant race rear'd a new throne so haught in ,pride of ,place3 ,and1 eke1 the ,kings of mem'ory grand and glorious1 who hied them ,holy ,faith and ,reign to spread1 converting1 conquering1 and in lands notorious1 ,africk and ,asia1 devastation made2 nor less the ,lieges who by deeds memorious brake from the doom that binds the vulgar dead2 my song would sound o'er ,earth's extremest part were mine the genius1 mine the ,poet's art4 ,cease the sage ,grecian1 and the man of ,troy to vaunt long voyage made in by-gone day3 ,cease ,alexander1 ,trojan cease to 'joy the fame of vict'ories that have pass'd away3 ,the noble ,lusian's stouter breast sing ,i1 whom ,mars and ,neptune dared not disobey3 ,cease all that antique ,muse hath sung1 for now a better ,brav'ry rears its bolder brow4 ,and you1 my ,tagian ,nymphs1 who have create in me new purpose with new genius firing2 if 'twas my joy whilere to celebrate your founts and stream my humble song inspiring2 ,oh6 lend me here a noble strain elate1 a style grandiloquent that flows untiring2 so shall ,apollo for your waves ordain ye in name and fame ne'er envy ,hippokrene4 ,grant me sonorous accents1 fire-abounding1 now serves ne peasant's pipe1 ne rustick reed2 but blasts of trumpet1 long and loud resounding1 that 'flameth heart and hue to fiery deed3 ,grant me high strains to suit their ,gestes astounding1 your ,sons1 who aided ,mars in martial need2 that o'er the world he sung the glorious song1 if theme so lofty may to verse belong4 ,and ,thou6 ,o goodly omen'd trust1 all-dear#a to ,lusitania's olden liberty1 whereon assured esperance we rear enforced to see our frail ,christianity3 ,thou1 ,o new terror to the ,moorish spear1 the fated marvel of our century1 to govern worlds of men by ,god so given1 that the world's best be given to ,god and ,heaven3 ,thou young1 thou tender1 ever-flourishing bough1 true scion of tree by ,christ beloved more than aught that ,occident did ever know1 ,caesarian or ,most ,christian styled before3 ,look on thy 'scutcheon1 and behold it show the present ,vict'ory long past ages bore2 ,arms which ,he gave and made thine own to be by ,him assured on the fatal tree3#b ,thou1 mighty ,sovran6 o'er whose lofty reign the rising ,sun rains earliest smile of light2 sees it from middle firmamental plain2 ,and sights it sinking on the breast of ,night3 ,thou1 whom we hope to hail the blight1 the bane of the dishonour'd ,ishmaelitish knight2 and ,orient ,turk1 and ,gentoo--misbeliever that drinks the liquor of the ,sacred ,river3#c ,incline awhile1 ,i pray1 that majesty which in thy tender years ,i see thus ample1 ,e'en now prefiguring full maturity that shall be shrined in ,fame's eternal temple3 ,those royal eyne that beam benignity bend on low earth3 ,behold a new ensample of hero hearts with patriot pride inflamed1 in number'd verses manifold proclaimed4 ,thou shalt see ,love of ,land that ne'er shall own lust of vile lucre2 soaring towards th' ,eternal3 ,for 'tis no light ambition to be known th' acclaimed herald of my nest paternal4 ,hear2 thou shalt see the great names greater grown of ,vavasors who hail the ,lord ,supernal3 ,so shalt thou judge which were the higher station1 ,king of the world or ,lord of such a nation4 ,hark1 for with vauntings vain thou shalt not view phantastical1 fictitious1 lying deed of lieges lauded1 as strange ,muses do1 seeking their fond and foolish pride to feed ,thine acts so forceful are1 told simply true1 all fabled1 dreamy feats they far exceed2 exceeding ,rodomont1 and ,ruggiero vain1 and ,roland haply born of ,poet's brain4 ,for these ,i give thee a ,nuno1 fierce in fight1 who for his ,king and ,country freely bled2 an ,egas and a ,fuas2 fain ,i might for them my lay with harp ,homeric wed6 ,for the twelve peerless ,peers again ,i cite the ,twelve of ,england by ,magrico led3 ,nay1 more1 ,i give thee ,gama's noble name1 who for himself claims all ,a,eneas' fame4 ,and if in change for royal ,charles of ,france1 or rivalling ,caesar's mem'ories thou wouldst trow1 the first ,afonso see1 whose conquering lance lays highest boast of stranger glories low3 ,see him who left his realm th' inheritance fair ,safety1 born of wars that crusht the foe3 ,that other ,john1 a knight no fear deter'd1 the fourth and fifth ,afonso1 and the third4 ,nor shall they silent in my song remain1 they who in regions there where ,dawns arise1 by ,acts of ,arms such glories toil'd to gain1 where thine unvanquisht flag for ever flies1 ,pacheco1 brave of braves2 th' ,almeidas twain1 whom ,tagus mourns with ever-weeping eyes2 dread ,albuquerque1 ,castro stark and brave1 with more1 the victors of the very grave4 ,but1 singing these1 of thee ,i may not sing1 ,o ,king sublime6 such theme ,i fain must fear4 ,take of thy reign the reins1 so shall my ,king create a poesy new to mortal ear3 ,e'en now the mighty burthen here ,i ring 7and speed its terrors over all the sphere67 of sing'ular prowess1 ,war's own prodigies1 in ,africk regions and on ,orient seas4 ,casteth on thee the ,moor eyne cold with fright1 in whom his coming doom he views designed3 ,the barb'rous ,gentoo1 sole to see thy sight yields to thy yoke the neck e'en now inclined2 ,tethys1 of azure seas the sovran right1 her realm1 in dowry hath to thee resigned2 and by thy noble tender beauty won1 would bribe and buy thee to become her son4 ,in thee from high ,olympick halls behold themselves1 thy grandsires' sprites2 far-famed pair2#d this clad in ,peacetide's angel-robe of gold1 that crimson-hued with paint of battle-glare3 ,by thee they hope to see their tale twice told1 their lofty mem'ries live again2 and there1 when ,time thy years shall end1 for thee they 'sign a seat where soareth ,fame's eternal shrine4 ,but1 sithence ancient ,time slow minutes by ere ruled the ,peoples who desire such boon2 bend on my novel rashness favouring eye1 that these my verses may become thine own3 ,so shalt thou see thine ,argonauts o'erfly yon salty argent1 when they see it shown thou seest their labours on the raging sea3 ,learn even now invok'd of man to be4#e #a ,invocation to ,dom ,sebastian4 #b ,the ,arms of ,portugal 7,canto iii41 #ec1 #ed74 #c ,the ,ganges 7not the ,jordan74 #d ,d4 ,joam ,,iii4 and the ,emperor ,charles ,quint4 #e ,end of exordium3 narrative begins4 ,,canto ,,iii ,now1 my ,calliope6 to teach incline what speech great ,gama for the king did frame3 ,inspire immortal song1 grant voice divine unto this mortal who so loves thy name4 ,thus may the ,god whose gift was ,medicine1 to whom thou barest ,orpheus1 lovely ,dame6 never for ,daphne1 ,clytia1 ,leucothoe due love deny thee or inconstant grow he4 ,satisfy1 ,nymph6 desires that in me teem1 to sing the merits of thy ,lusians brave2 so worlds shall see and say that ,tagus-stream rolls ,aganippe's liquor4 ,leave1 ,i crave1 leave flow'ry ,pindus-head2 e'en now ,i deem ,apollo bathes me in that sovran wave2 else must ,i hold it1 that thy gentle sprite1 fears thy dear ,orpheus fade through me from sight4 ,all stood with open ears in long array to hear what mighty ,gama mote unfold2 when1 past in thoughtful mood a brief delay1 began he thus with brow high-raised and bold3-- ,thou biddest me1 ,o ,king6 to say my say anent our grand genealogy of old3 ,thou bidd'st me not relate an alien story2 ,thou bidd'st me laud my brother ,lusian's glory4 ,that one praise others' exploits and renown is honour'd custom which we all desire2 yet fear ,i 'tis unfit to praise mine own2 lest praise1 like this suspect1 no trust inspire2 nor may ,i hope to make all matters known for ,time however long were short2 yet1 sire6 as thou commandest all is owed to thee2 maugre my will ,i speak and brief will be4 ,nay1 more1 what most obligeth me1 in fine1 is that no leasing in my tale may dwell2 for of such ,feats whatever boast be mine1 when most is told1 remaineth much to tell3 ,but that due order wait on the design1 e'en as desirest thou to learn full well1 the wide-spread ,continent first ,i'll briefly trace1 then the fierce bloody wars that waged my race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lo6 here her presence showeth noble ,spain1 of ,europe's body corporal the head2 o'er whose home-rule1 and glorious foreign reign1 the fatal ,wheel so many a whirl hath made2 ,yet ne'er her ,past or force or fraud shall stain1 nor restless ,fortune shall her name degrade2 no bonds her bellic offspring bind so tight but it shall burst them with its force of sprite4 ,there1 facing ,tingitania's shore1 she seemeth to block and bar the ,med'iterranean wave1 where the known ,strait its name ennobled deemeth by the last labour of the ,theban ,brave4 ,big with the burthen of her tribes she teemeth1 circled by whelming waves that rage and rave2 all noble races of such valiant breast1 that each may justly boast itself the best4 ,hers the ,tarragonese who1 famed in war1 made aye-perturbed ,parthenope obey2 the twain ,asturias1 and the haught ,navarre twin ,christian bulwarks on the ,moslem way3 ,hers the ,gallego canny1 and the rare ,castilian1 whom his star raised high to sway ,spain as her saviour1 and his seign'iory feel ,baetis1 ,leon1 ,granada1 and ,castile4 ,see1 the head-crowning coronet is she of general ,europe1 ,lusitania's reign1 where endeth land and where beginneth sea1 and ,phoebus sinks to rest upon the main4 ,willed her the ,heavens with all-just decree by wars to mar th' ignoble ,mauritan1 to cast him from herself3 nor there consent he rule in peace the ,fiery ,continent4 ,this is my happy land1 my home1 my pride2 where1 if the ,heav'ens but grant the pray'er ,i pray for glad return and every risk defied1 there may my life-light fail and fade away4 ,this was the ,lusitania1 name applied by ,lusus or by ,lysa1 sons1 they say1 of antient ,bacchus1 or his boon compeers1 eke the first dwellers of her eldest years4 ,here sprang the ,shepherd1#f in whose name we see forecast of virile might1 of virtuous meed2 whose fame no force shall ever hold in fee1 since fame of mighty ,rome ne'er did the deed4 ,this1 by light ,heaven's volatile decree1 that antient ,scyther1 who devours his seed1 made puissant pow'er in many a part to claim1 assuming regal rank2 and thus it came3-- ,a ,king there was in ,spain1 ,afonso hight1 who waged such warfare with the ,saracen1 that by his 'sanguined arms1 and arts1 and might1 he spoiled the lands and lives of many men4 ,when from ,herculean ,calpe winged her flight his fame to ,caucasus ,mount and ,caspian glen1 many a knight1 who noblesse coveteth1 comes offering service to such ,king and ,death4 ,and with intrinsic love inflamed more for the ,true ,faith1 than honours popular1 they trooped1 gath'ering from each distant shore1 leaving their dear-loved homes and lands afar4 ,when with high feats of force against the ,moor they proved of sing'ular worth in ,holy ,war1 willed ,afonso that their mighty deeds commens'urate gifts command and equal meeds4 ',mid them ,henrique1 second son1 men say1 of a ,hungarian ,king1 well-known and tried1 by sort won ,portugal which1 in his day1 ne prized was ne had fit cause for pride3 ,his strong affection stronger to display the ,spanish ,king decreed a princely bride1 his only child1 ,teresa1 to the count2 ,and with her made him ,seigneur ,paramount4 ,this doughty ,vassal from that servile horde1 ,hagar1 the handmaid's seed1 great vict'ories won2 reft the broad lands adjacent with his sword and did whatever ,brav'ery bade be done2 ,him1 for his exploits excellent to reward1 ,god gave in shortest space a gallant son1 whose arm to 'noble and enfame was fain the warlike name of ,lusitania's reign4 ,once more at home this conqu'ering ,henry stood who sacred ,hierosol'yma had relieved1 his eyes had fed on ,jordan's holy flood1 which the ,dear ,body of ,lord ,god had laved2 when ,godfrey left no foe to be subdued1 and all ,judaea conquered was and saved1 many that in his wars had done devoir to their own lordships took the way once more4 ,but when this stout and gallant ,hun attained ,life's fatal period1 age and travail-spent1 he gave1 by ,death's necessity constrained1 his sprite to him that had that spirit lent3 ,a son of tender years alone remained1 to whom the ,sire bequeath'd his 'bodiment2 with bravest braves the youth was formed to cope1 for from such sire such son the world may hope4 ,yet old ,report1 ,i know not what its weight 7for on such antique tale no man relies71 saith that the ,mother1 tane in tow the ,state1 ,a second nuptial bed did not despise3 ,her orphan son to disinher'ited fate she doomed1 declaring hers the dignities1 not his1 with seigniory o'er all the land1 her spousal dowry by her sire's command4 ,now ,prince ,afonso 7who such style had tane in pious mem'ory of his ,grandsire's name71 seeing no part and portion in his reign all pilled and plundered by the ,spouse and ,dame4 by dour and doughty ,mars inflamed amain1 privily plots his heritage to claim3 ,he weighs the causes in his own conceit till firm ,resolve its fit effect shall greet4 ,of ,guimara'ens the field already flow'd with floods of civil warfare's bloody tide1 where she1 who little of the ,mother show'd1 to her own bowels love and land denied4 ,fronting the child in fight the parent stood2 nor saw her depth of sin that soul of pride against her ,god1 against maternal love3 ,her sensual passion rose all pow'r above4 ,o magical ,medea6 ,o ,progne dire6 if your own babes in vengeance dared ye kill for alien crimes1 and injuries of the sire1 look ye1 ,teresa's deed was darker still4 ,foul greed of gain1 incontinent desire1 were the main causes of such bitter ill3 ,scylla her aged sire for one did slay1 for both ,teresa did her son betray4 ,right soon that noble ,prince clear vict'ory won from his harsh ,mother and her ,fere indign2 in briefest time the land obeyed the son1 though first to fight him did the folk incline4 ,but reft of reason and by rage undone he bound the ,mother in the biting chain3 ,eftsoons avenged her griefs the hand of ,god3 ,such veneration is to parents ow'd4 ,lo6 the superb ,castilian 'gins prepare his pow'r to 'venge ,teresa's injuries1 against the ,lusian land in men so rare1 whereon ne toil ne trouble heavy lies4 ,their breasts the cruel battle grandly dare1 aid the good cause angelic ,potencies2 unrecking might unequal still they strive1 nay1 more1 their dreadful foe to flight they drive6 ,passeth no tedious time1 before the great ,prince a dure ,siege in ,guimaraens dree'd by passing pow'er1 for to 'mend his state1 came the fell en'emy1 full of grief and greed3 ,but when committed life to direful ,fate1 ,egas1 the faithful guardian1 he was free'd1 who had in any other way been lost1 all unprepared 'gainst such 'whelming host4 ,but when the loyal ,vassal well hath known how weak his ,monarch's arm to front such fight1 sans order wending to the ,spanish fone1 his ,sovran's homage he doth pledge and plight4 ,straight from the horrid siege th' invader flown trusteth the word and honour of the ,knight1 ,egas ,moniz3 ,but now the noble breast of the brave ,youth disdaineth strange behest4 ,already came the plighted time and tide1 when the ,castilian ,don stood dight to see1 before his pow'er the ,prince bend low his pride1 yielding the promised obediency4 ,egas who views his knightly word belied1 while still ,castile believes him true to be1 ,sweet life resolveth to the winds to throw1 nor live with foulest taint of faithless vow4 ,he with his children and his wife departeth to keep his promise with a faith immense2 unshod and stripped1 while their plight imparteth far more of pity than of vengeance3 ',if1 mighty ,monarch6 still thy spirit smarteth to wreak revenge on my rash confidence1' quoth he1 ',behold6 ,i come with life to save my pledge1 my knightly honour's word ,i gave4' ',i bring1 thou seest here1 lives innocent1 of wife1 of sinless children dight to die2 if breasts of gen'erous mould and excellent accept such weaklings' woeful destiny4 ,thou seest these hands1 this tongue inconsequent3 hereon alone the fierce exper'iment try of torments1 death1 and doom that pass in full ,sinis or e'en ,perillus' brazen bull4' ,as shrifted wight the hangman stands before1 in life still draining bitter draught of death1 lays throat on block1 and of all hope forlore1 expects the blighting blow with bated breath3 ,so1 in the ,prince's presence angry sore1 ,egas stood firm to keep his plighted faith3 ,when the ,king1 marv'elling at such wondrous truth1 feels anger melt and merge in ,royal ruth4 ,oh the great ,portingall fidelity of ,vassal self-devote to doom so dread6 ,what did the ,persian more for loyalty whose gallant hand his face and nostrils shred8 ,when great ,darius mourned so grievously that he a thousand times deep-sighing said1 far he prefer'd his ,zop'yrus sound again1 than lord of twenty ,babylons to reign4 ,but ,prince ,afonso now prepared his band of happy ,lusians proud to front the foes1 those haughty ,moors that held the glorious land yon side where clear delicious ,tagus flows3 ,now on ,ourique#h field was pitched and plan'd the ,royal ',campment fierce and bellicose1 facing the hostile host of ,sarrasin though there so many1 here so few there bin4 ,confident1 yet would he in naught confide1 save in his ,god that holds of ,heav'en the throne2 so few baptized stood their ,king beside1 there were an hundred ,moors for every one3 ,judge any sober judgment1 and decide 'twas deed of rashness or by brav'ery done to fall on forces whose exceeding might a cent'ury showed to a single ,knight4 ,order five ,moorish ,kings the hostile host of whom ,ismar1 so called1 command doth claim2 all of long ,warfare large experience boast1 wherein may mortals win immortal fame3 ,and gallant dames the ,knights they love the most 'company1 like that brave and beauteous ,dame1 who to beleaguered ,troy such aidance gave with woman-troops that drained ,thermodon's wave4 ,the coolth serene1 and early morning's pride1 now paled the sparkling stars about the ,pole1 when ,mary's ,son appearing crucified in vision1 strengthened ,king ,afonso's soul4 ,but he1 adoring such appearance1 cried1 fired with a phrenzied faith beyond control3 ',to th' ,infidel1 ,o ,lord6 to th' ,infidel3#i ,not1 ,lord1 to me who know ,thy pow'er so well4' ,such gracious marvel in such manner sent 'flamed the ,lusians' spirits fierce and high1 towards their nat'ural ,king1 that excellent ,prince1 unto whom love-boon none could deny3 ,aligned to front the foeman prepotent1 they shouted res'onant slogan to the sky1 and fierce the 'larum rose1 ',real1 real1 for high ,afonso1 ,king of ,portugal6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,accomplished his act of arms victorious1 home to his ,lusian realm ,afonso#aj sped1 to gain from ,peace-tide triumphs great and glorious1 as those he gained in wars and battles dread2 when the sad chance1 on ,history's page memorious1 which can unsepulchre the sheeted dead1 befell that ill-starr'd1 miserable ,dame who1 foully slain1 a throned ,queen became4 ,thou1 only thou1 pure ,love1 whose cruel might obligeth human hearts to weal and woe1 thou1 only thou1 didst wreak such foul despight1 as though she were some foul perfidious foe4 ,thy burning thirst1 fierce ,love1 they say aright1 may not be quencht by saddest tears that flow2 ,nay1 more1 thy sprite of harsh tyrannick mood would see thine altars bathed with human blood4 ,he placed thee1 fair ,ignez6 in soft retreat1 culling the first-fruits of thy sweet young years1 in that delicious ,dream1 that dear ,deceit1 whose long endurance ,fortune hates and fears3 ,hard by ,mondego's yearned-for meads thy seat1 where linger1 flowing still1 those lovely tears1 until each hill-born tree and shrub confest the name of ,him deep writ within thy breast4#aa ,there1 in thy ,prince awoke responsive-wise1 dear thoughts of thee which soul-deep ever lay2 which brought thy beauteous form before his eyes1 whene'er those eyne of thine were far away2 ,night fled in falsest1 sweetest phantasies1 in fleeting1 flying reveries sped the ,day2 and all1 in fine1 he saw or cared to see were memories of his love1 his joys1 his thee4 ,of many a dainty dame and damosel ,the coveted nuptial couches he rejecteth2 for naught can e'er1 pure ,love6 thy care dispel1 when one enchanting shape thy heart subjecteth4 ,these whims of passion to despair compel the ,sire1 whose old man's wisdom aye respecteth1 his subjects murmuring at his son's delay to bless the nation with a bridal day4 ,to wrench ,ignez from life he doth design1 better his captured son from her to wrench2 deeming that only blood of death indign the living lowe of such true ,love can quench4 ,what ,fury willed it that the steel so fine1 which from the mighty weight would never flinch of the dread ,moorman1 should be drawn in hate to work that hapless delicate ,ladye's fate8 ,the horr'ible ,hangmen hurried her before the ,king1 now moved to spare her innocence2 but still her cruel murther urged the more the ,people1 swayed by fierce and false pretence4 ,she with her pleadings pitiful and sore1 that told her sorrows and her care immense for her ,prince-spouse and babes1 whom more to leave than her own death the mother's heart did grieve3 ,and heav'enwards to the clear and crystalline skies1 raising her eyne with piteous tears bestained2 her eyne1 because her hands with cruel ties one of the wicked ,ministers constrained3 ,and gazing on her babes in wistful guise1 whose pretty forms she loved with love unfeigned1 whose orphan'd lot the ,mother filled with dread1 until their cruel grandsire thus she said3-- ',if the brute-creatures1 which from natal day on cruel ways by ,nature's will were bent2 or feral birds whose only thought is prey1 upon aerial rapine all intent2 if men such salvage be'ings have seen display to little children loving sentiment1 e'en as to ,ninus' mother did befall1 and to the twain who rear'd the ,roman wall3 ',o thou1 who bear'st of man the gest and breast1 7an it be manlike thus to draw the sword on a weak girl because her love imprest his heart1 who took her heart and love in ward72 respect for these her babes preserve1 at least6 since it may not her obscure death retard3 ,moved be thy pitying soul for them and me1 although my faultless fault unmoved thou see6 ',and if thou know'est to deal in direful fight the doom of brand and blade to ,moorish host1 ,know also thou to deal of life the light to one who ne'er deserved her life be lost2 ,but an thou wouldst mine inno'cence thus requite1 place me for aye on sad exiled coast1 in ,scythian sleet1 on seething ,libyan shore1 with life-long tears to linger evermore4 ',place me where beasts with fiercest rage abound1-- ,lyons and ,tygers1--there1 ah6 let me find if in their hearts of flint be pity found1 denied to me by heart of humankind4 ,there with intrinsic love and will so fond for him whose love is death1 there will ,i tend these tender pledges whom thou see'st2 and so shall the sad mother cool her burning woe4' ,inclin'ed to pardon her the ,king benign1 moved by this sad lament to melting mood2 but the rude ,people and ,fate's dure design 7that willed it thus7 refused the pardon sued3 ,they draw their swords of steely temper fine1 ,they who proclaim as just such deed of blood3 ,against a ladye1 caitiff1 felon wights6 how showed ye here1 brute beasts or noble ,knights8 ,thus on ,polyxena1 that beauteous maid1 last solace of her mother's age and care1 when doom'd to die by fierce ,achilles' shade1 the cruel ,pyrrhus hasted brand to bare3 ,but she 7a patient lamb by death waylaid7 with the calm glances which serene the air1 casts on her mother1 mad with grief1 her eyes and silent waits that awesome sacrifice4 ,thus dealt with fair ,ignez the murth'erous crew1 in th' alabastrine neck that did sustain the charms whereby could ,love the love subdue of him1 who crown'd her after death his ,queen2 bathing their blades2 the flow'ers of snowy hue1 which often water'ed by her eyne had been1 are blood-dyed2 and they burn with blinding hate1 reckless of tortures stor'd for them by ,fate4 ,well mightest shorn of rays1 ,o ,sun6 appear to fiends like these on day so dark and dire2 as when ,thyestes ate the meats that were his seed1 whom ,atreus slew to spite their sire4 ,and you1 ,o hollow ,valleys6 doomed to hear her latest cry from stiffening lips expire-- her ,pedro's name1--did catch that mournful sound1 whose echoes bore it far and far around6 ,e'en as ,daisy sheen1 that hath been shorn in time untimely1 floret fresh and fair1 and by untender hand of maiden torn to deck the chaplet for her wreathed hair2 gone is its odor and its colours mourn2 ,so pale and faded lay that ,ladye there2 dried are the roses of her cheek1 and fled the white live color1 with her dear life dead4 ,mondego's daughter-,nymphs the death obscure wept many a year1 with wails of woe exceeding2 and for long mem'ry changed to fountain pure the floods of grief their eyes were ever feeding3 ,the name they gave it1 which doth still endure1 revived ,ignez1 whose murthered love lies bleeding1 see yon fresh fountain flowing 'mid the flowers1 tears are its waters1 and its name ',amores6'#ab ,time ran not long1 ere ,pedro saw the day of vengeance dawn for wounds that ever bled2 who1 when he took in hand the kingly sway1 eke took the murth'erers who his rage had fled3 ,them a most cruel ,pedro did betray2 for both1 if human life the foemen dread1 made concert savage and dure pact1 unjust as ,lepidus made with ,anthony' and ,augustus4 #f ,viriatus4 #g ,valdevez1 or ,campo da ,matanca1 ,a4,d4 #aabh 7,canto iv4 #af74 #h ,battle of ,ourique1 ,a4,d4 #aaci4 #i ,i4 e41 disclose ,thyself2 show a sign4 #aj ,alfonso ,,iv4 7#acbe-aceg74 #aa ,writing his name upon the tree-trunks and leaves4 #ab ,the famous ,fonte-dos-,amores1 near ,coimbra4 ,,the ,,canzon ,,of ,,life ,i ,come here6 my confidential ,secretary ,of the complaints in which my days are rife1 ,paper1--whereon ,i gar my griefs o'erflow4 ,tell we1 we twain1 ,unreasons which in life ,deal me inexorable1 contrary ,destinies surd to prayer and tearful woe4 ,dash we some water-drops on muchel lowe1 ,fire we with outcries storm of rage so rare ,that shall be strange to mortal memory4 ,such misery tell we ,to ,god and ,man1 and eke1 in fine1 to air1 ,whereto so many times did ,i confide ,my tale and vainly told as ,i now tell2 ,but e'en as error was my birthtide-lot1 ,that this be one of many doubt ,i not4 ,and as to hit the butt so far ,i fail ,e'en if ,i sinned her cease they to chide3 ,within mine only ,refuge will ,i 'bide ,to speak and faultless sin with free intent4 ,sad he so scanty mercies must content6 ,,ii ,long ,i've unlearnt me that complaint of dole ,brings cure of dolours2 but a wight in pain ,to greet is forced an the grief be great4 ,i will outgreet2 but weak my voice and vain ,to express the sorrows which oppress my soul2 ,for nor with greeting shall my dole abate4 ,who then shall grant me1 to relieve my weight ,of sorrow1 flowing tears and infinite sighs ,equal those miseries my ,sprite o'erpower8 ,but who at any hour1 ,can measure miseries with his tears or cries8 ,i'll tell1 in fine1 the love for me design'd ,by wrath and woe and all their sovenance2 ,for other dole hath qualities harder1 sterner4 ,draw near and hear me each despairing ,learner6 ,and fly the many fed on ,esperance ,or wights who fancy ,hope will prove her kind2 ,for ,love and ,fortune willed1 with single mind1 ,to leave them hopeful1 so they comprehend ,what measure of unweal in hand they hend4 ,,iii ,when fro' man's primal grave1 the mother's womb1 ,new eyes on earth ,i oped1 my hapless star ,to mar my ,fortunes 'gan his will enforce2 ,and freedom 7,free-will given me7 to debar3 ,i learnt a thousand times it was my doom4 ,to know the ,better and to work the ,worse3 ,then with conforming tormentize to curse ,my course of coming years1 when cast ,i round ,a boyish eye-glance with a gentle zest1 ,it was my ,star's behest ,a ,boy born blind should deal me life-long wound4 ,infantine tear-drops welled out the deep ,with vague enamoured longings1 nameless pine3 ,my wailing accents fro' my cradle-stound ,already sounded me love-sighing sound4 ,thus age and destiny had like design3 ,for when1 peraunter1 rocking me to sleep ,they sung me ,love-songs wherein lovers weep1 ,attonce by ,nature's will asleep ,i fell1 ,so ,melancholy witcht me with her spell6 ,,iv ,my nurse some ,feral was2 ,fate nilled approve ,by any ,woman such a name be tane ,who gave me breast2 nor seemed it suitable4 ,thus was ,i suckled that my lips indrain ,e'en fro' my childhood venom-draught of ,love1 ,whereof in later years ,i drained my fill1 ,till by long custom failed the draught to kill4 ,then an ,ideal semblance struck my glance ,of that fere ,human deckt with charms in foyson1 ,sweet with the suavest poyson1 ,who nourisht me with paps of ,esperance2 ,till later saw mine eyes the original1 ,which of my wildest1 maddest appetite ,makes sinful error sovran and superb4 ,meseems as human form it came disturb1 ,but scintillating ,spirit's divinest light4 ,so graceful gait1 such port imperial ,were hers1 unweal vainglory'd self to weal ,when in her sight1 whose lively sheen and shade ,exceeded aught and all things ,nature made4 ,v ,what new unkindly kind of human pain ,had ,love not only doled for me to dree ,but eke on me was wholly execute8 ,implacable harshness cooling fervency ,of ,love-,desire 7thought's very might and main7 ,drave me far distant fro' my settled suit1 ,vext and self-shamed to sight its own pursuit4 ,hence sombre shades phantastick born and bred ,of trifles promising rashest ,esperance2 ,while boons of happy chance ,were likewise feigned and enfigured4 ,but her despisal wrought me such dismay ,that made my ,fancy phrenesy-ward incline1 ,turning to disconcert the guiling lure4 ,here mine 'twas to divine1 and hold for sure1 ,that all was truest ,truth ,i could divine2 ,and straightway all ,i said in shame to unsay2 ,to see whatso ,i saw in contrayr way2 ,in fine1 just ,reasons seek for jealousy ,yet were the ,unreasons eather far to see4 ,,vi ,i know not how she knew that fared she stealing ,with ,eyen-rays mine inner man which flew ,her-ward with subtlest passage through the eyne ,little by little all fro' me she drew1 ,e'en as from rain-wet canopy1 exhaling ,the subtle humours1 sucks the hot sunshine4 ,the pure transparent geste and mien1 in fine1 ,wherefore inadequate were and lacking sense ,beauteous and ,belle were words withouten weight2 ,the soft1 compassionate ,eye-glance that held the spirit in suspense3 ,such were the magick herbs the ,heavens all-wise ,drave me a draught to drain1 and for long years ,to other ,being my shape and form transmew'd2 ,and this transforming with such joy ,i view'd ,that e'en my sorrows snared ,i with its snares2 ,and1 like the doomed man1 ,i veiled mine eyes ,to hide an evil crescive in such guise2 ,like one caressed and on flattery fed ,of ,love1 for whom his being was born and bred4 ,,vii ,then who mine absent ,life hath power to paint ,wi' discontent of all ,i bore in view2 ,that ,bide1 so far from where she had her ,bide1 ,speaking1 which even what ,i spake unknew1 ,wending1 withal unseeing where ,i went1 ,and sighing weetless for what cause ,i sigh'd8 ,then1 as those torments last endurance tried1 ,that dreadful dolour which from ,tartarus's waves ,shot up on earth and racketh more than all1 ,wherefrom shall oft befall ,it turn to gentle yearning rage that raves8 ,then with repine-ful fury fever-high ,wishing yet wishing not for ,love's surcease2 ,shifting to other side for vengeaence1 ,desires deprived of their esperance1 ,what now could ever change such ills as these8 ,then the fond yearnings for the things gone by1 ,pure torment sweet in bitter faculty1 ,which from these fiery furies could distill ,sweet tears of ,love with pine the soul to thrill8 ,,viii ,for what excuses lone with self ,i sought1 ,when my suave ,love forfended me to find ,fault in the ,thing beloved and so loved8 ,such were the feigned cures that forged my mind ,in fear of torments that for ever taught ,life to support itself by snares approved4 ,thus through a goodly part of ,life ,i roved1 ,wherein if ever joyed ,i aught content ,short-lived1 immodest1 flaw-full1 without heed1 ',twas nothing save the seed ,that bare me bitter tortures long unspent4 ,this course continuous dooming to distress1 ,these wandering steps that strayed o'er every road ,so wrought1 they quencht for me the flamy thirst ,i suffered grow in ,sprite1 in ,soul ,i nurst ,with ,thoughts enamoured for my daily food1 ,whereby was fed my ,nature's tenderness3 ,and this by habit's long and asperous stress1 ,which might of mortals never mote resist1 ,was turned to pleasure-taste of being triste4 ,,ix ,thus fared ,i ,life with other interchanging2 ,i no1 but ,destiny showing fere unlove2 ,yet even thus for other ne'er ,i'd change4 ,me from my dear-loved patrial nide she drove ,over the broad and boisterous ,ocean ranging1 ,where ,life so often saw her extreme range4 ,now tempting rages rare and missiles strange ,of ,mart1 she willed that my eyes should see ,and hands should touch1 the bitter fruit he dight3 ,that on this ,shield they sight ,in painted semblance fire of enemy1 ,then ferforth driven1 vagrant1 peregrine1 ,seeing strange nations1 customs1 tongues1 costumes2 ,various heavens1 qualities different1 ,only to follow1 passing-diligent ,thee1 giglet ,fortune6 whose fierce will consumes ,man's age upbuilding aye before his eyne ,a ,hope with semblance of the diamond's shine3 ,but1 when it falleth out of hand we know1 ',twas fragile glass that showed so glorious show4 ,x ,failed me the ruth of man1 and ,i descried ,friends to unfriendly changed and contrayr1 ,in my first peril2 and ,i lacked ground1 ,whelmed by the second1 where my feet could fare2 ,air for my breathing was my lot denied1 ,time failed me1 in fine1 and failed me ,life's dull round4 ,what darkling secret1 mystery profound ,this birth to ,life1 while ,life is doomed withhold ,whate'er the world contain for ,life to use6 ,yet never ,life to lose ,though 'twas already lost times manifold6 ,in brief my ,fortune could no horror make1 ,ne certain danger ne ancipitous case 7,injustice dealt by men1 whom wild-confused ,misrule1 that rights of olden days abused1 ,o'er neighbour-men upraised to power and place67 ,i bore not1 lashed to the sturdy stake1 ,of my long suffering1 which my heart would break ,with importuning persecuting harms ,dasht to a thousand bits by forceful arms4 ,,xi ,number ,i not so numerous ills as ,he ,who1 'scaped the wuthering wind and furious flood1 ,in happy harbour tells his travel-tale2 ,yet now1 e'en now1 my ,fortune's wavering mood ,to so much misery obligeth me ,that e'en to pace one forward pace ,i quail3 ,no more shirk ,i what evils may assail2 ,no more to falsing welfare ,i pretend2 ,for human cunning naught can gar me gain4 ,in fine on sovran ,strain ,of ,providence divine ,i now depend3 ,this thought1 this prospect 'tis at times ,i greet ,my sole consoler for dead hopes and fears4 ,but human weakness when its eyne alight ,upon the things that fleet1 and can but sight ,the sadding ,memories of the long-past years2 ,what bread such times ,i break1 what drink ,i drain1 ,are bitter tear-floods ,i can ne'er refrain1 ,save by upbuilding castles based on air1 ,phantastick painture fair and false as fair4 ,,xii ,for an it possible were that ,time and ,tide ,could bend them backward and1 like ,memory1 view ,the faded footprints of ,life's earlier day2 ,and1 web of olden story weaving new1 ,in sweetest error could my footsteps guide ',mid bloom of flowers where wont my youth to stray2 ,then would the memories of the long sad way ,deal me a larger store of ,life-content3 ,viewing fair converse and glad company1 ,where this and other key ,she had for opening hearts to new intent2-- ,the fields1 the frequent stroll1 the lovely show1 ,the view1 the snow1 the rose1 the formosure1 ,the soft and gracious mien so gravely gay1 ,the singular friendship casting clean away ,all villein longings1 earthly and impure1 ,as one whose ,other ,i can never see2-- ,ah1 vain1 vain memories6 whither lead ye me ,with this weak heart that still must toil and tire ,to tame 7as tame it should7 your vain ,desire8 ,l',,envoi ,no more1 ,canzon6 no more3 for ,i could prate ,sans compt a thousand years2 and if befall ,blame to thine over-large and long-drawn strain ,we ne'er shall see 7assure who blames7 contain ,an ,ocean's water packt in vase so small1 ,nor sing ,i delicate lines in softest tone ,for gust of praise2 my song to man makes known ,pure ,truth wherewith mine own ,experience teems2 ,would ,god they were the stuff that builds our dreams6 ,,adieu ,,to ,,coimbra ,sweet lucent waters of ,mondego-stream1 ,of my ,remembrance restful jouissance1 ,where far-fet1 lingering1 traitorous ,esperance ,long whiles misled me in a blinding ,dream3 ,fro' you ,i part1 yea1 still ,i'll ne'er misdeem ,that long-drawn ,memories which your charms enhance ,forbid me changing and1 in every chance1 ,e'en as ,i farther speed ,i nearer seem4 ,well may my ,fortunes hale this instrument ,of ,soul o'er new strange regions wide and side1 ,offered to winds and watery element3 ,but hence my ,spirit1 by you 'companied1 ,borne on the nimble wings that ,reverie lent1 ,flies home and bathes her1 ,waters6 in your tide4 ,,thomas ,,campbell 7#aggg-ahdd7 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,campbell ,the life of ,thomas ,campbell1 though in large measure fortunate1 was uneventful4 ,it was not marked with such brilliant successes as followed the career of ,scott2 nor was fame purchased at the price of so much suffering and error as were paid for their laurels by ,byron1 ,shelley1 and ,burns2 but his star shone with a clear and steady ray1 from the youthful hours that saw his first triumph until near life's close4 ,the world's gifts--the poet's fame1 and the public honors and rewards that witnessed to it--were given with a generous hand2 and until the death of a cherished wife and the loss of his two children--sons1 loved with a love beyond the common love of fathers--broke the charm1 ,campbell might almost have been taken as a type of the happy man of letters4 ,thomas ,campbell was born in ,glasgow1 ,july #bgth1 #aggg4 ,his family connection was large and respectable1 and the branch to which he belonged had been settled for many years in ,argyleshire1 where they were called the ,campbells of ,kirnan1 from an estate on which the poet's grandfather resided and where he died4 ,his third son1 ,alexander1 the father of the poet1 was at one time the head of a firm in ,glasgow1 doing a profitable business with ,falmouth in ,virginia2 but in common with almost all merchants engaged in the ,american trade1 he was ruined by the ,war of the ,revolution4 ,at the age of sixty-five he found himself a poor man1 involved in a costly suit in chancery1 which was finally decided against him1 and with a wife and nine children dependent upon him4 ,all that he had to live on1 at the time his son ,thomas was born1 was the little that remained to him of his small property when the debts were paid1 and some small yearly sums from two provident societies of which he was a member4 ,the poet was fortunate in his parents3 both of them were people of high character1 warmly devoted to their children1 whose education was their chief care1--their idea of education including the training of the heart and the manners as well as the mind4 ,when eight years old ,thomas was sent to the grammar school at ,glasgow1 where he began the study of ,latin and ,greek4 ,i was so early devoted to poetry1 he writes1 that at ten years old1 when our master1 ,david ,allison1 interpreted to us the first ,eclogue of ,virgil1 ,i was literally thrilled with its beauty4 ,in my thirteenth year ,i went to the ,university of ,glasgow1 and put on the red gown4 ,the joy of the occasion made me unable to eat my breakfast4 ,whether it was presentiment or the mere castle-building of my vanity1 ,i had even then a day-dream that ,i should one day be ,lord ,rector of the university4 ,as a boy1 ,campbell gained a considerable familiarity with the ,latin and ,greek poets usually read in college1 and was always more inclined to pride himself on his knowledge of ,greek poetry than on his own reputation in the art4 ,his college life was passed in times of great political excitement4 ,revolution was in the air1 and all youthful spirits were aflame with enthusiasm for the cause of liberty and with generous sympathy for oppressed people1 particularly the ,poles and the ,greeks4 ,campbell was caught by the sacred fire which later was to touch the lips of ,byron and ,shelley2 and in his earliest published poem his interest in ,poland1 which never died out from his heart1 found its first expression4 ,this poem1 ',the ,pleasures of ,hope1' a work whose title was thenceforth to be inseparably associated with its author's name1 was published in #agii1 when ,campbell was exactly twenty-one years and nine months old4 ,it at once placed him high in public favor1 though it met with the usual difficulty experienced by a first poem by an unknown writer1 in finding a publisher4 ,the copyright was finally bought by ,mundell for sixty pounds1 to be paid partly in money and partly in books4 ,three years after the publication1 a ,london publisher valued it as worth an annuity of two hundred pounds for life2 and ,mundell1 disregarding his legal rights1 behaved with so much liberality that from the sale of the first seven editions ,campbell received no less than nine hundred pounds4 ,besides this material testimony to its success1 scores of anecdotes show the favor with which it was received by the poets and writers of the time4 ,the greatest and noblest of them all1 ,walter ,scott1 was most generous in his welcome4 ,he gave a dinner in ,campbell's honor1 and introduced him to his friends with a bumper to the author of ',the ,pleasures of ,hope4' ,it seemed the natural thing for a young man so successfully launched in the literary coteries of ,edinburgh and ,glasgow to pursue his advantage in the larger literary world of ,london4 ,but ,campbell judged himself with humorous severity4 ,at present1 he writes in a letter1 ,i am a raw ,scotch lad1 and in a company of wits and geniuses would make but a dull figure with my northern brogue and my 'braw ,scotch boos4' ,the eyes of many of the young men of the time were turned toward ,germany1 where ,goethe and ,schiller1 ,lessing and ,wieland1 were creating the golden age of their country's literature2 and ,campbell1 full of youthful hope and enthusiasm1 and with a little money in his pocket1 determined to visit the ,continent before settling down to work in ,london4 ,in #ahjj he set out for ,ratisbon1 which he reached three days before the ,french entered it with their army4 ,his stay there was crowded with picturesque and tragic incidents1 described in his letters to friends at home--in prose1 as his biographer justly says1 which even his best poetry hardly surpasses4 ,from the roof of the ,scotch ,benedictine ,convent of ,st4 ,james1 where ,campbell was often hospitably entertained while in ,ratisbon1 he saw the battle of ,hohenlinden1 on which he wrote the poem once familiar to every schoolboy4 ,wearied with the bloody sights of war1 he left ,ratisbon and the next year returned to ,england4 ,while living at ,altona he wrote no less than fourteen of his minor poems1 but few of these escaped the severity of his final judgment when he came to collect his verses for publication4 ,among these few the best were ',the ,exile of ,erin' and the noble ode ',ye ,mariners of ,england1' the poem by which alone1 perhaps1 his name deserves to live2 though ',the ,battle of the ,baltic' in its original form ',the ,battle of ,copenhagen'--unfortunately not the one best known--is well worthy of a place beside it4 ,on his return from the ,continent1 ,campbell found himself received in the warmest manner1 not only in the literary world but in circles reckoned socially higher4 ,his poetry hit the taste of all the classes that go to make up the general reading public2 his harp had many strings1 and it rang true to all the notes of patriotism1 humanity1 love1 and feeling4 ,his happiest moments at this period1 says his biographer1 seem to have been passed with ,mrs4 ,siddons1 the ,kembles1 and his friend ,telford1 the distinguished engineer1 for whom he afterward named his eldest son4 ,lord ,minto1 on his return from ,vienna1 became much interested in ,campbell and insisted on his taking up his quarters for the season in his town-house in ,hanover ,square4 ,when the season was over ,lord ,minto went back to ,scotland1 taking the poet with him as traveling companion4 ,at ,castle ,minto1 ,campbell found among other visitors ,walter ,scott1 and it was while there that ',lochiel's ,warning' was composed and ',hohenlinden' revised1 and both poems prepared for the press4 ,in #ahjc ,campbell married his cousin1 ,matilda ,sinclair4 ,the marriage was a happy one2 ,washington ,irving speaks of the lady's personal beauty1 and says that her mental qualities were equally matched with it4 ,she was1 in fact1 he adds1 a more suitable wife for a poet than poets' wives are apt to be2 and for once a son of song had married a reality and not a poetical fiction4 ,for seventeen years he supported himself and his family by what was for the most part task-work1 not always well paid1 and made more onerous by the poor state of his health4 ,in #ahja ,campbell's father died1 an old man of ninety-one1 and with him ceased the small benevolent-society pensions that1 with what ,thomas and the eldest son living in ,america could contribute1 had hitherto kept the parents in decent comfort4 ,but soon after ,thomas's marriage and the birth of his first child1 the ,american brother failed1 so that the pious duty of supporting the aged mother now came upon the poet alone4 ,he accepted the addition to his burden as manfully as was to be expected of so generous a nature1 but there is no doubt that he was in great poverty for a few years4 ,although often despondent1 and with good reason1 his natural cheerfulness and his good sense always came to the rescue1 and in his lowest estate he retained the respect and the affection of his many friends4 ,in #ahje ,campbell received a pension of ,l#bjj1 which netted him1 when fees and expenses were deducted1 ,l#afh a year4 ,half of this sum he reserved for himself and the remainder he divided between his mother and his two sisters4 ,in #ahji he published ',gertrude of ,wyoming1' which had been completed the year before4 ,it was hailed with delight in ,edinburgh and with no less favor in ,london1 and came to a second edition in the spring of #ahaj4 ,but like most of ,campbell's more pretentious poetry1 it has failed to keep its place in the world's favor4 ,the scene of the poem is laid in an impossible ,pennsylvania where the bison and the beaver1 the crocodile1 the condor1 and the flamingo1 live in happy neighborhood in groves of magnolia and olive2 while the red ,indian launches his pirogue upon the ,michigan to hunt the bison1 while blissful shepherd swains trip with maidens to the timbrel1 and blue-eyed ,germans change their swords to pruning-hooks1 ,andalusians dance the saraband1 poor ,caledonians drown their homesick cares in transatlantic whisky1 and ,englishmen plant fair ,freedom's tree6 ,the story is as unreal as the landscape1 and it is told in a style more labored and artificial by far than that of ,pope1 to whom indeed the younger poet was often injudiciously compared4 ,yet it is to be noted that ,campbell's prose style was as direct and unaffected as could be wished1 while in his two best lyrical poems1 ',ye ,mariners of ,england1' and the first cast of ',the ,battle of the ,baltic1' he shows a vividness of conception and a power of striking out expression at white heat in which no one of his contemporaries excelled him4 ,campbell was deservedly a great favorite in society1 and the story of his life at this time is largely the record of his meeting with distinguished people4 ,the ,princess of ,wales freely welcomed him to her court2 he had corresponded with ,madame de ,stael1 and when she came to ,england he visited her often and at her request read her his lectures on poetry2 he saw much of ,mrs4 ,siddons1 and when in ,paris in #ahad1 visited the ,louvre in her company to see the statues and pictures of which ,napoleon had plundered ,italy4 ,in #ahbf ,campbell was made ,lord ,rector of ,glasgow ,university1 and in #ahbh he was re-elected unanimously4 ,during this second term his wife died1 and in #ahbi the unprecedented honor of an election for a third term was bestowed upon him1 although he had to dispute it with no less a rival than ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,when he went to ,glasgow to be inaugurated as ,lord ,rector1 says his biographer1 on reaching the college green he found the boys pelting each other with snowballs4 ,he rushed into the melee and flung about his snowballs right and left with great dexterity1 much to the delight of the boys but to the great scandal of the professors4 ,he was proud of the piece of plate given him by the ,glasgow lads1 but of the honor conferred by his college title he was less sensible4 ,he hated the sound of ,doctor ,campbell1 and said to an acquaintance that no friend of his would ever call him so4 ,the establishment through his direct agency of the ,university of ,london was ,campbell's most important public work4 ,later his life was almost wholly engrossed for a time by his interest in the cause of ,poland--a cause indeed that from his youth had lain near his heart4 ,but as he grew older and his health declined he became more and more restless1 and finally in #ahdc took up his residence at ,boulogne4 ,his parents1 his brothers and sisters1 his wife1 his two children1 so tenderly loved1 were all gone4 ,but he still corresponded with his friends1 and to the last his talk was cheerful and pleasant4 ,in ,june1 #ahdd1 he died1 and in ,july he was buried in ,westminster ,abbey in ,poets' ,corner4 ,about his grave stood ,milman1 the ,duke of ,argyle1--the head of his clan1--,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,brougham1 ,lockhart1 ,macaulay1 ,d',israeli1 ,horace ,smith1 ,croly and ,thackeray1 with many others1 and when the words ,dust to dust were pronounced1 ,colonel ,szyrma1 a distinguished ,pole1 scattered over the coffin a handful of earth from the grave of ,kosciuszko at ,cracow4 ,,hope ,from the ',pleasures of ,hope' ,at summer eve1 when ,heaven's ethereal bow ,spans with bright arch the glittering hills below1 ,why to yon mountain turns the musing eye1 ,whose sunbright summit mingles with the sky8 ,why do those cliffs of shadowy tint appear ,more sweet than all the landscape smiling near8 ',tis distance lends enchantment to the view1 ,and robes the mountain in its azure hue4 ,thus with delight we linger to survey ,the promised joys of life's unmeasured way2 ,thus1 from afar1 each dim-discovered scene ,more pleasing seems than all the past hath been1 ,and every form that ,fancy can repair ,from dark oblivion glows divinely there4 ,what potent spirit guides the raptured eye ,to pierce the shades of dim futurity8 ,can ,wisdom lend1 with all her heavenly power1 ,the pledge of ,joy's anticipated hour8 ,ah no6 she darkly sees the fate of man-- ,her dim horizon bounded to a span2 ,or if she hold an image to the view1 ',tis ,nature pictured too severely true4 ,with thee1 sweet ,hope1 resides the heavenly light ,that pours remotest rapture on the sight2 ,thine is the charm of life's bewildered way1 ,that calls each slumbering passion into play4 ,waked by thy touch1 ,i see the sister band1 ,on tiptoe watching1 start at thy command1 ,and fly where'er thy mandate bids them steer1 ,to ,pleasure's path or ,glory's bright career4444 ,where is the troubled heart consigned to share ,tumultuous toils or solitary care1 ,unblest by visionary thoughts that stray ,to count the joys of ,fortune's better day8 ,lo6 nature1 life1 and liberty relume ,the dim-eyed tenant of the dungeon gloom2 ,a long-lost friend1 or hapless child restored1 ,smiles at his blazing hearth and social board2 ,warm from his heart the tears of rapture flow1 ,and virtue triumphs o'er remembered woe4 ,chide not his peace1 proud ,reason2 nor destroy ,the shadowy forms of uncreated joy1 ,that urge the lingering tide of life1 and pour ,spontaneous slumber on his midnight hour4 ,hark6 the wild maniac sings1 to chide the gale ,that wafts so slow her lover's distant sail2 ,she1 sad spectatress1 on the wintry shore1 ,watched the rude surge his shroudless corse that bore1 ,knew the pale form1 and shrieking in amaze1 ,clasped her cold hands1 and fixed her maddening gaze2 ,poor widowed wretch6 ',twas there she wept in vain1 ,till ,memory fled her agonizing brain3-- ,but ,mercy gave1 to charm the sense of woe1 ,ideal peace1 that truth could ne'er bestow2 ,warm on her heart the joys of ,fancy beam1 ,and aimless ,hope delights her darkest dream4 ,oft when yon moon has climbed the midnight sky1 ,and the lone sea-bird wakes its wildest cry1 ,piled on the steep1 her blazing fagots burn ,to hail the bark that never can return2 ,and still she waits1 but scarce forbears to weep ,that constant love can linger on the deep4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,poland ,from the ',pleasures of ,hope' ,o ,sacred ,truth6 thy triumph ceased a while1 ,and ,hope1 thy sister1 ceased with thee to smile1 ,when leagued ,oppression poured to ,northern wars ,her whiskered pandoors and her fierce hussars1 ,waved her dread standard to the breeze of morn1 ,pealed her loud drum1 and twanged her trumpet horn2 ,tumultuous horror brooded o'er her van1 ,presaging wrath to ,poland--and to man6 ,warsaw's last champion from her height surveyed1 ,wide o'er the fields1 a waste of ruin laid-- ,o ,heaven6 he cried1--my bleeding country save6 ,is there no hand on high to shield the brave8 ,yet1 though destruction sweep those lovely plains1 ,rise1 fellow-men6 our country yet remains4 ,by that dread name1 we wave the sword on high1 ,and swear for her to live6 with her to die6 ,he said1 and on the rampart-heights arrayed ,his trusty warriors1 few but undismayed2 ,firm-paced and slow1 a horrid front they form1 ,still as the breeze1 but dreadful as the storm2 ,low murmuring sounds along their banners fly1 ,revenge1 or death--the watchword and reply2 ,then pealed the notes1 omnipotent to charm1 ,and the loud tocsin tolled their last alarm6 ,in vain1 alas6 in vain1 ye gallant few6 ,from rank to rank your volleyed thunder flew2 ,oh1 bloodiest picture in the book of ,time1 ,sarmatia fell1 unwept1 without a crime2 ,found not a generous friend1 a pitying foe1 ,strength in her arms1 nor mercy in her woe6 ,dropped from her nerveless grasp the shattered spear1 ,closed her bright eye and curbed her high career2 ,hope for a season bade the world farewell1 ,and ,freedom shrieked1 as ,kosciusko fell6 ,the sun went down1 nor ceased the carnage there2 ,tumultuous ,murder shook the midnight air-- ,on ,prague's proud arch the fires of ruin glow1 ,his blood-dyed waters murmuring far below2 ,the storm prevails1 the rampart yields a way1 ,bursts the wild cry of horror and dismay6 ,hark1 as the smoldering piles with thunder fall1 ,a thousand shrieks for hopeless mercy call6 ,earth shook--red meteors flashed along the sky1 ,and conscious ,nature shuddered at the cry6 ,o righteous ,heaven6 ere ,freedom found a grave1 ,why slept the sword1 omnipotent to save8 ,where was thine arm1 ,o ,vengeance6 where thy rod1 ,that smote the foes of ,zion and of ,god2 ,that crushed proud ,ammon1 when his iron car ,was yoked in wrath1 and thundered from afar8 ,where was the storm that slumbered till the host ,of blood-stained ,pharaoh left their trembling coast2 ,then bade the deep in wild commotion flow1 ,and heaved an ocean on their march below8 ,departed spirits of the mighty dead6 ,ye that at ,marathon and ,leuctra bled6 ,friends of the world6 restore your swords to man1 ,fight in his sacred cause1 and lead the van2 ,yet for ,sarmatia's tears of blood atone1 ,and make her arm puissant as your own2 ,oh6 once again to ,freedom's cause return ,the patriot ,tell1 the ,bruce of ,bannockburn6 ,,the ,,slave ,from the ',pleasures of ,hope' ,and say1 supernal ,powers6 who deeply scan ,heaven's dark decrees1 unfathomed yet by man1-- ,when shall the world call down1 to cleanse her shame1 ,that embryo spirit1 yet without a name1 ,that friend of ,nature1 whose avenging hands ,shall burst the ,libyan's adamantine bands8 ,who1 sternly marking on his native soil ,the blood1 the tears1 the anguish and the toil1 ,shall bid each righteous heart exult to see ,peace to the slave1 and vengeance on the free6 ,yet1 yet1 degraded men6 th' expected day ,that breaks your bitter cup is far away2 ,trade1 wealth1 and fashion ask you still to bleed1 ,and holy men give ,scripture for the deed2 ,scourged and debased1 no ,briton stoops to save ,a wretch1 a coward--yes1 because a slave6 ,eternal ,nature6 when thy giant hand ,had heaved the floods and fixed the trembling land1 ,when life sprang startling at thy plastic call1 ,endless thy forms1 and man the lord of all3-- ,say1 was that lordly form inspired by thee1 ,to wear eternal chains and bow the knee8 ,was man ordained the slave of man to toil1 ,yoked with the brutes1 and fettered to the soil1 ,weighed in a tyrant's balance with his gold8 ,no6 ,nature stamped us in a heavenly mold6 ,she bade no wretch his thankless labor urge1 ,nor1 trembling1 take the pittance and the scourge2 ,no homeless ,libyan1 on the stormy deep1 ,to call upon his country's name and weep6 ,lo6 once in triumph1 on his boundless plain1 ,the quivered chief of ,congo loved to reign2 ,with fires proportioned to his native sky1 ,strength in his arm1 and lightning in his eye2 ,scoured with wild feet his sun-illumined zone1 ,the spear1 the lion1 and the woods1 his own2 ,or led the combat1 bold without a plan1 ,an artless savage1 but a fearless man4 ,the plunderer came2--alas6 no glory smiles ,for ,congo's chief1 on yonder ,indian isles2 ,forever fallen6 no son of nature now1 ,with ,freedom chartered on his manly brow4 ,faint1 bleeding1 bound1 he weeps the night away1 ,and when the sea-wind wafts the dewless day1 ,starts1 with a bursting heart1 for evermore ,to curse the sun that lights their guilty shore6 ,the shrill horn blew2 at that alarum knell ,his guardian angel took a last farewell4 ,that funeral dirge to darkness hath resigned ,the fiery grandeur of a generous mind4 ,poor fettered man6 ,i hear thee breathing low ,unhallowed vows to ,guilt1 the child of ,woe3 ,friendless thy heart2 and canst thou harbor there ,a wish but death--a passion but despair8 ,the widowed ,indian1 when her lord expires1 ,mounts the dread pile1 and braves the funeral fires4 ,so falls the heart at ,thraldom's bitter sigh2 ,so ,virtue dies1 the spouse of ,liberty6 ,,death ,,and ,a ,,future ,,life ,from the ',pleasures of ,hope' ,unfading ,hope6 when life's last embers burn1 ,when soul to soul1 and dust to dust return6 ,heaven to thy charge resigns the awful hour4 ,oh1 then thy kingdom comes6 ,immortal ,power6 ,what though each spark of earth-born rapture fly ,the quivering lip1 pale cheek1 and closing eye1-- ,bright to the soul thy seraph hands convey ,the morning dream of life's eternal day-- ,then1 then the triumph and the trance begin1 ,and all the phoenix spirit burns within6 ,oh deep-enchanting prelude to repose1 ,the dawn of bliss1 the twilight of our woes6 ,yet half ,i hear the panting spirit sigh1 ,it is a dread and awful thing to die6 ,mysterious worlds1 untraveled by the sun6 ,where ,time's far-wandering tide has never run1-- ,from your unfathomed shades and viewless spheres1 ,a warning comes1 unheard by other ears4 ',tis ,heaven's commanding trumpet1 long and loud1 ,like ,sinai's thunder1 pealing from the cloud6 ,while ,nature hears1 with terror-mingled trust1 ,the shock that hurls her fabric to the dust2 ,and like the trembling ,hebrew1 when he trod ,the roaring waves1 and called upon his ,god1 ,with mortal terrors clouds immortal bliss1 ,and shrieks1 and hovers o'er the dark abyss6 ,daughter of ,faith1 awake1 arise1 illume ,the dread unknown1 the chaos of the tomb2 ,melt and dispel1 ye spectre doubts1 that roll ,cimmerian darkness o'er the parting soul6 ,fly1 like the moon-eyed herald of ,dismay1 ,chased on his night-steed by the star of day6 ,the strife is o'er--the pangs of ,nature close1 ,and life's last rapture triumphs o'er her woes4 ,hark6 as the spirit eyes1 with eagle gaze1 ,the noon of ,heaven undazzled by the blaze1 ,on heavenly winds that waft her to the sky ,float the sweet tones of star-born melody2 ,wild as that hallowed anthem sent to hail ,bethlehem's shepherds in the lonely vale1 ,when ,jordan hushed his waves1 and midnight still ,watched on the holy towers of ,zion hill4 ,soul of the just6 companion of the dead6 ,where is thy home1 and whither art thou fled8 ,back to its heavenly source thy being goes4 ,swift as the comet wheels to whence he rose2 ,doomed on his airy path a while to burn1 ,and doomed like thee to travel and return4 ,hark6 from the world's exploding centre driven1 ,with sounds that shook the firmament of ,heaven1 ,careers the fiery giant1 fast and far1 ,on bickering wheels and adamantine car2 ,from planet whirled to planet more remote1 ,he visits realms beyond the reach of thought2 ,but wheeling homeward1 when his course is run1 ,curbs the red yoke1 and mingles with the sun3 ,so hath the traveler of earth unfurled ,her trembling wings1 emerging from the world2 ,and o'er the path by mortal never trod1 ,sprung to her source1 the bosom of her ,god6 ,oh1 lives there1 ,heaven1 beneath thy dread expanse1 ,one hopeless1 dark idolater of ,chance1 ,content to feed1 with pleasures unrefined1 ,the lukewarm passions of a lowly mind1 ,who1 moldering earthward1 reft of every trust1 ,in joyless union wedded to the dust1 ,could all his parting energy dismiss1 ,and call this barren world sufficient bliss8 ,there live1 alas6 of heaven-directed mien1 ,of cultured soul1 and sapient eye serene1 ,who hail thee1 ,man6 the pilgrim of a day1 ,spouse of the worm1 and brother of the clay2 ,frail as the leaf in ,autumn's yellow bower1 ,dust in the wind1 or dew upon the flower2 ,a friendless slave1 a child without a sire1 ,whose mortal life and momentary fire ,light to the grave his chance-created form1 ,as ocean-wrecks illuminate the storm2 ,and when the guns' tremendous flash is o'er1 ,to-night and silence sink for evermore6 ,are these the pompous tidings ye proclaim1 ,lights of the world1 and demigods of ,fame8 ,is this your triumph--this your proud applause1 ,children of ,truth1 and champions of her cause8 ,for this hath ,science searched1 on weary wing1 ,by shore and sea1 each mute and living thing8 ,launched with ,iberia's pilot from the steep1 ,to worlds unknown1 and isles beyond the deep8 ,or round the cope her living chariot driven1 ,and wheeled in triumph through the signs of ,heaven8 ,o star-eyed ,science1 hast thou wandered there1 ,to waft us home the message of despair8 ,then bind the palm1 thy sage's brow to suit1 ,of blasted leaf and death-distilling fruit4 ,ah me6 the laureled wreath that ,murder rears1 ,blood-nursed1 and watered by the widow's tears1 ,seems not so foul1 so tainted1 and so dread1 ,as waves the nightshade round the skeptic's head4 ,what is the bigot's torch1 the tyrant's chain8 ,i smile on death1 if ,heavenward ,hope remain6 ,but if the warring winds of ,nature's strife ,be all the faithless charter of my life2 ,if ,chance awaked1 inexorable power1 ,this frail and feverish being of an hour2 ,doomed o'er the world's precarious scene to sweep1 ,swift as the tempest travels on the deep2 ,to know ,delight but by her parting smile1 ,and toil1 and wish1 and weep a little while2-- ,then melt1 ye elements1 that formed in vain ,this troubled pulse and visionary brain6 ,fade1 ye wild flowers1 memorials of my doom1 ,and sink1 ye stars1 that light me to the tomb6 ,truth1 ever lovely1--since the world began1 ,the foe of tyrants1 and the friend of man1-- ,how can thy words from balmy slumber start ,reposing ,virtue1 pillowed on the heart6 ,yet if thy voice the note of thunder rolled1 ,and that were true which ,nature never told1 ,let ,wisdom smile not on her conquered field3 ,no rapture dawns1 no treasure is revealed4 ,oh6 let her read1 nor loudly1 nor elate1 ,the doom that bars us from a better fate2 ,but1 sad as angels for the good man's sin1 ,weep to record1 and blush to give it in6 ,,lochiel',s ,,warning ,,wizard ,lochiel1 ,lochiel6 beware of the day ,when the ,lowlands shall meet thee in battle array6 ,for a field of the dead rushes red on my sight1 ,and the clans of ,culloden are scattered in fight4 ,they rally1 they bleed1 for their kingdom and crown2 ,woe1 woe to the riders that trample them down6 ,proud ,cumberland prances1 insulting the slain1 ,and their hoof-beaten bosoms are trod to the plain4 ,but hark6 through the fast-flashing lightning of war1 ,what steed to the desert flies frantic and far8 ',tis thine1 ,o ,glenullin6 whose bride shall await1 ,like a love-lighted watch-fire1 all night at the gate4 ,a steed comes at morning2 no rider is there2 ,but its bridle is red with the sign of despair4 ,weep1 ,albin6 to death and captivity led6 ,oh weep6 but thy tears cannot number the dead3 ,for a merciless sword on ,culloden shall wave1 ,culloden6 that reeks with the blood of the brave4 ,,lochiel ,go1 preach to the coward1 thou death-telling seer6 ,or1 if gory ,culloden so dreadful appear1 ,draw1 dotard1 around thy old wavering sight ,this mantle1 to cover the phantoms of fright4 ,,wizard ,ha6 laugh'st thou1 ,lochiel1 my vision to scorn8 ,proud bird of the mountain1 thy plume shall be torn6 ,say1 rushed the bold eagle exultingly forth1 ,from his home in the dark rolling clouds of the north8 ,lo6 the death-shot of foemen outspeeding1 he rode ,companionless1 bearing destruction abroad2 ,but down let him stoop from his havoc on high6 ,ah6 home let him speed1--for the spoiler is nigh4 ,why flames the far summit8 ,why shoot to the blast ,those embers1 like stars from the firmament cast8 ',tis the fire-shower of ruin1 all dreadfully driven ,from his eyrie1 that beacons the darkness of heaven4 ,o crested ,lochiel6 the peerless in might1 ,whose banners arise on the battlements' height1 ,heaven's fire is around thee1 to blast and to burn2 ,return to thy dwelling6 all lonely return6 ,for the blackness of ashes shall mark where it stood1 ,and a wild mother scream o'er her famishing brood4 ,,lochiel ,false ,wizard1 avaunt6 ,i have marshaled my clan2 ,their swords are a thousand1 their bosoms are one6 ,they are true to the last of their blood and their breath1 ,and like reapers descend to the harvest of death4 ,then welcome be ,cumberland's steed to the shock6 ,let him dash his proud foam like a wave on the rock6 ,but woe to his kindred1 and woe to his cause1 ,when ,albin her claymore indignantly draws2 ,when her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd1 ,clanronald the dauntless1 and ,moray the proud1 ,all plaided and plumed in their tartan array-- ,,wizard ,lochiel1 ,lochiel6 beware of the day2 ,for1 dark and despairing1 my sight ,i may seal1 ,but man cannot cover what ,god would reveal2 ',tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore1 ,and coming events cast their shadows before4 ,i tell thee1 ,culloden's dread echoes shall ring ,with the bloodhounds that bark for thy fugitive king4 ,lo6 anointed by ,heaven with the vials of wrath1 ,behold1 where he flies on his desolate path6 ,now in darkness and billows1 he sweeps from my sight3 ,rise1 rise6 ye wild tempests1 and cover his flight6 ',tis finished4 ,their thunders are hushed on the moors3 ,culloden is lost1 and my country deplores4 ,but where is the iron-bound prisoner8 where8 ,for the red eye of battle is shut in despair4 ,say1 mounts he the ocean wave1 banished1 forlorn1 ,like a limb from his country cast bleeding and torn8 ,ah no6 for a darker departure is near2 ,the war-drum is muffled1 and black is the bier2 ,his death-bell is tolling3 ,o ,mercy1 dispel ,yon sight1 that it freezes my spirit to tell6 ,life flutters convulsed in his quivering limbs1 ,and his blood-streaming nostril in agony swims4 ,accursed be the fagots that blaze at his feet1 ,where his heart shall be thrown ere it ceases to beat1 ,with the smoke of its ashes to poison the gale-- ,,lochiel ,down1 soothless insulter6 ,i trust not the tale3 ,for never shall ,albin a destiny meet ,so black with dishonor1 so foul with retreat4 ,though my perishing ranks should be strewed in their gore1 ,like ocean-weeds heaped on the surf-beaten shore1 ,lochiel1 untainted by flight or by chains1 ,while the kindling of life in his bosom remains1 ,shall victor exult1 or in death be laid low1 ,with his back to the field1 and his feet to the foe6 ,and1 leaving in battle no blot on his name1 ,look proudly to ,heaven from the death-bed of fame4 ,,the ,,soldier',s ,,dream ,our bugles sang truce--for the night-cloud had lowered1 ,and the sentinel stars set their watch in the sky2 ,and thousands had sunk on the ground overpowered1 ,the weary to sleep1 and the wounded to die4 ,when reposing that night on my pallet of straw1 ,by the wolf-scaring fagot that guarded the slain1 ,at the dead of the night a sweet vision ,i saw1 ,and thrice ere the morning ,i dreamt it again4 ,methought from the battle-field's dreadful array1 ,far1 far ,i had roamed on a desolate track3 ',twas ,autumn1--and sunshine arose on the way ,to the home of my fathers1 that welcomed me back4 ,i flew to the pleasant fields traversed so oft ,in life's morning march1 when my bosom was young2 ,i heard my own mountain-goats bleating aloft1 ,and knew the sweet strain that the corn-reapers sung4 ,then pledged we the wine-cup1 and fondly ,i swore ,from my home and my weeping friends never to part2 ,my little ones kissed me a thousand times o'er1 ,and my wife sobbed aloud in her fullness of heart4 ,stay1 stay with us1--rest2 thou art weary and worn6 ,and fain was their war-broken soldier to stay3-- ,but sorrow returned with the dawning of morn1 ,and the voice in my dreaming ear melted away4 ,,lord ,,ullin',s ,,daughter ,a ,chieftan1 to the ,highlands bound1 ,cries1 ,boatman1 do not tarry6 ,and ,i'll give thee a silver pound1 ,to row us o'er the ferry4 ,now who be ye1 would cross ,lochgyle1 ,this dark and stormy water8 ,o1 ,i'm the chief of ,ulva's isle1 ,and this ,lord ,ullin's daughter4 ,and fast before her father's men ,three days we've fled together2 ,for should he find us in the glen1 ,my blood would stain the heather4 ,his horsemen hard behind us ride2 ,should they our steps discover1 ,then who will cheer my bonny bride ,when they have slain her lover8 ,out spoke the hardy ,highland wight1 ,i'll go1 my chief--,i'm ready2-- ,it is not for your silver bright1 ,but for your winsome lady2 ,and by my word6 the bonny bird ,in danger shall not tarry2 ,so though the waves are raging white ,i'll row you o'er the ferry4 ,by this the storm grew loud apace1 ,the water-wraith was shrieking2 ,and in the scowl of heaven each face ,grew dark as they were speaking4 ,but still as wilder blew the wind1 ,and as the night grew drearer1 ,adown the glen rode armed men1 ,their trampling sounded nearer4 ,o haste thee1 haste6 the lady cries1 ,though tempests round us gather1 ,i'll meet the raging of the skies1 ,but not an angry father4 ,the boat has left a stormy land1 ,a stormy sea before her1 ,when1 oh6 too strong for human hand1 ,the tempest gathered o'er her4 ,and still they rowed amidst the roar ,of waters fast prevailing3 ,lord ,ullin reached that fatal shore2 ,his wrath was changed to wailing4 ,for sore dismayed1 through storm and shade1 ,his child he did discover3 ,one lovely hand she stretched for aid1 ,and one was round her lover4 ,come back6 come back6 he cried in grief1 ,across this stormy water2 ,and ,i'll forgive your ,highland chief1 ,my daughter6--oh1 my daughter6 ',twas vain3 the loud waves lashed the shore1 ,return or aid preventing3-- ,the waters wild went o'er his child1 ,and he was left lamenting4 ,,the ,,exile ,,of ,,erin ,there came to the beach a poor ,exile of ,erin1 ,the dew on his thin robe was heavy and chill2 ,for his country he sighed1 when at twilight repairing ,to wander alone by the wind-beaten hill2 ,but the day-star attracted his eye's sad devotion1 ,for it rose o'er his own native isle of the ocean1 ,where once1 in the fire of his youthful emotion1 ,he sang the bold anthem of ,erin go bragh4 ,sad is my fate6 said the heart-broken stranger2 ,the wild deer and wolf to a covert can flee1 ,but ,i have no refuge from famine and danger4 ,a home and a country remain not to me4 ,never again1 in the green sunny bowers ,where my forefathers lived1 shall ,i spend the sweet hours1 ,or cover my harp with the wild-woven flowers1 ,and strike to the numbers of ,erin go bragh6 ,erin1 my country6 though sad and forsaken1 ,in dreams ,i revisit thy sea-beaten shore2 ,but1 alas6 in a far foreign land ,i awaken1 ,and sigh for the friends who can meet me no more6 ,o cruel fate6 wilt thou never replace me ,in a mansion of peace1 where no perils can chase me8 ,never again shall my brothers embrace me8 ,they died to defend me1 or live to deplore6 ,where is my cabin door1 fast by the wildwood8 ,sisters and sire6 did ye weep for its fall8 ,where is the mother that looked on my childhood8 ,and where is the bosom-friend1 dearer than all8 ,oh6 my sad heart6 long abandoned by pleasure1 ,why did it dote on a fast fading treasure8 ,tears1 like the raindrop1 may fall without measure1 ,but rapture and beauty they cannot recall4 ,yet all its sad recollections suppressing1 ,one dying wish my lone bosom can draw3 ,erin6 an exile bequeaths thee his blessing6 ,land of my forefathers6 ,erin go bragh6 ,buried and cold1 when my heart stills her motion1 ,green be thy fields1 sweetest isle of the ocean6 ,and thy harp-striking bards sing aloud with devotion-- ,erin mavournin--,erin go bragh6 ,,ye ,,mariners ,,of ,,england ,ye ,mariners of ,england6 ,that guard our native seas2 ,whose flag has braved1 a thousand years1 ,the battle and the breeze6 ,your glorious standard launch again ,to match another foe6 ,and sweep through the deep1 ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,while the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the spirit of your fathers ,shall start from every wave6-- ,for the deck it was their field of fame1 ,and ,ocean was their grave3 ,where ,blake and mighty ,nelson fell1 ,your manly hearts shall glow1 ,as ye sweep through the deep1 ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,while the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,britannia needs no bulwark1 ,no towers along the steep2 ,her march is o'er the mountain-waves1 ,her home is on the deep4 ,with thunders from her native oak ,she quells the floods below1-- ,as they roar on the shore1 ,when the stormy winds do blow2 ,when the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the meteor flag of ,england ,shall yet terrific burn1 ,till danger's troubled night depart1 ,and the star of peace return4 ,then1 then1 ye ocean-warriors6 ,our song and feast shall flow ,to the fame of your name1 ,when the storm has ceased to blow2 ,when the fiery fight is heard no more1 ,and the storm has ceased to blow4 ,,hohenlinden ,on ,linden1 when the sun was low1 ,all bloodless lay th' untrodden snow2 ,and dark as winter was the flow ,of ,iser1 rolling rapidly4 ,but ,linden saw another sight1 ,when the drum beat1 at dead of night1 ,commanding fires of death to light ,the darkness of her scenery4 ,by torch and trumpet fast arrayed1 ,each horseman drew his battle-blade1 ,and furious every charger neighed1 ,to join the dreadful revelry4 ,then shook the hills with thunder riven1 ,then rushed the steed to battle driven1 ,and louder than the bolts of heaven ,far flashed the red artillery4 ,but redder yet that light shall glow ,on ,linden's hills of stained snow1 ,and bloodier yet the torrent flow ,of ,iser1 rolling rapidly4 ',tis morn1 but scarce yon level sun ,can pierce the war-clouds1 rolling dun1 ,where furious ,frank and fiery ,hun ,shout in their sulph'rous canopy4 ,the combat deepens4 ,on1 ye brave1 ,who rush to glory or the grave6 ,wave1 ,munich6 all thy banners wave1 ,and charge with all thy chivalry6 ,few1 few shall part where many meet6 ,the snow shall be their winding-sheet1 ,and every turf beneath their feet ,shall be a soldier's sepulchre4 ,illustration3 ,,hohenlinden4 ,photogravure from a painting by ,meissonier4 ,the battle of ,hohenlinden1 commemorated by ,campbell's lyric1 was fought ,dec4 #c1 #ahjj4 ,the ,french under ,moreau defeated the ,austrians under the ,archduke ,john4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,copenhagen ,of ,nelson and the ,north ,sing the day6 ,when1 their haughty powers to vex1 ,he engaged the ,danish decks1 ,and with twenty floating wrecks ,crowned the fray6 ,all bright1 in ,april's sun1 ,shone the day6 ,when a ,british fleet came down ,through the islands of the crown1 ,and by ,copenhagen town ,took their stay4 ,in arms the ,danish shore ,proudly shone2 ,by each gun the lighted brand1 ,in a bold determined hand1 ,and the ,prince of all the land ,led them on6 ,for ,denmark here had drawn ,all her might6 ,from her battle-ships so vast ,she had hewn away the mast1 ,and at anchor to the last ,bade them fight6 ,another noble fleet ,of their line ,rode out1 but these were naught ,to the batteries1 which they brought1 ,like ,leviathans afloat1 ,in the brine4 ,it was ten of ,thursday morn1 ,by the chime2 ,as they drifted on their path ,there was silence deep as death1 ,and the boldest held his breath ,for a time-- ,ere a first and fatal round ,shook the flood2 ,every ,dane looked out that day1 ,like the red wolf on his prey1 ,and he swore his flag to sway ,o'er our blood4 ,not such a mind possessed ,england's tar2 ',twas the love of noble game ,set his oaken heart on flame1 ,for to him 'twas all the same-- ,sport and war4 ,all hands and eyes on watch1 ,as they keep2 ,by their motion light as wings1 ,by each step that haughty springs1 ,you might know them for the kings ,of the deep6 ',twas the ,edgar first that smote ,denmark's line2 ,as her flag the foremost soared1 ,murray stamped his foot on board1 ,and an hundred cannons roared ,at the sign6 ,three cheers of all the fleet ,sung huzza6 ,then1 from centre1 rear1 and van1 ,every captain1 every man1 ,with a lion's heart began ,to the fray4 ,oh1 dark grew soon the heavens-- ,for each gun ,from its adamantine lips ,spread a death-shade round the ships1 ,like a hurricane eclipse ,of the sun4 ,three hours the raging fire ,did not slack2 ,but the fourth1 their signals drear ,of distress and wreck appear1 ,and the ,dane a feeble cheer ,sent us back4 ,the voice decayed1 their shots ,slowly boom4 ,they ceased--and all is wail1 ,as they strike the shattered sail1 ,or in conflagration pale ,light the gloom4 ,oh death6--it was a sight ,filled our eyes6 ,but we rescued many a crew ,from the waves of scarlet hue1 ,ere the cross of ,england flew ,o'er her prize4 ,why ceased not here the strife1 ,o ye brave8 ,why bleeds old ,england's band1 ,by the fire of ,danish land1 ,that smites the very hand ,stretched to save8 ,but the ,britons sent to warn ,denmark's town2 ,proud foes1 let vengeance sleep2 ,if another chain-shot sweep1 ,all your navy in the deep ,shall go down6 ,then1 peace instead of death ,let us bring6 ,if you'll yield your conquered fleet1 ,with the crews1 at ,england's feet1 ,and make submission meet ,to our king6 ,then death withdrew his pall ,from the day2 ,and the sun looked smiling bright ,on a wide and woful sight1 ,where the fires of funeral light ,died away4 ,yet all amidst her wrecks1 ,and her gore1 ,proud ,denmark blest our chief ,that he gave her wounds relief2 ,and the sounds of joy and grief ,filled her shore4 ,all round1 outlandish cries ,loudly broke2 ,but a nobler note was rung1 ,when the ,british1 old and young4 ,to their bands of music sung ',hearts of ,oak6' ,cheer6 cheer6 from park and tower1 ,london town6 ,when the ,king shall ride in state ,from ,st4 ,james's royal gate1 ,and to all his peers relate ,our renown6 ,the bells shall ring6 the day ,shall not close1 ,but a blaze of cities bright ,shall illuminate the night1 ,and the wine-cup shine in light ,as it flows6 ,yet--yet--amid the joy ,and uproar1 ,let us think of them that sleep ,full many a fathom deep ,all beside thy rocky steep1 ,elsinore6 ,brave hearts1 to ,britain's weal ,once so true6 ,though death has quenched your flame1 ,yet immortal be your name6 ,for ye died the death of fame ,with ,riou6 ,soft sigh the winds of heaven ,o'er your grave6 ,while the billow mournful rolls1 ,and the mermaid's song condoles1 ,singing--,glory to the souls ,of the brave6 ,,from ,,the ',,ode ,,to ,,winter' ,but howling winter fled afar1 ,to hills that prop the polar star1 ,and loves on deer-borne car to ride ,with barren ,darkness by his side1 ,round the shore where loud ,lofoden ,whirls to death the roaring whale1 ,round the hall where ,runic ,odin ,howls his war-song to the gale2 ,save when adown the ravaged globe ,he travels on his native storm1 ,deflowering ,nature's grassy robe1 ,and trampling on her faded form3-- ,till light's returning lord assume ,the shaft that drives him to his polar field2 ,of power to pierce his raven plume ,and crystal-covered shield4 ,o sire of storms6 whose savage ear ,the ,lapland drum delights to hear1 ,when ,frenzy with her bloodshot eye ,implores thy dreadful deity4 ,archangel6 power of desolation6 ,fast descending as thou art1 ,say1 hath mortal invocation ,spells to touch thy stony heart8 ,then1 sullen ,winter1 hear my prayer1 ,and gently rule the ruined year2 ,nor chill the wanderer's bosom bare1 ,nor freeze the wretch's falling tear2-- ,to shuddering ,want's unmantled bed ,thy horror-breathing agues cease to lead1 ,and gently on the orphan head ,of innocence descend1-- ,but chiefly spare1 ,o king of clouds6 ,the sailor on his airy shrouds2 ,when wrecks and beacons strew the steep1 ,and spectres walk along the deep4 ,milder yet thy snowy breezes ,pour on yonder tented shores1 ,where the ,rhine's broad billow freezes1 ,or the dark-brown ,danube roars4 ,,campion 7-#afai7 ,,by ,,ernest ,,rhys ,dr4 ,thomas ,campion1 lyric poet1 musician1 and doctor of medicine1--who1 of the three liberal arts that he practiced1 is remembered now mainly for his poetry1--was born about the middle of the sixteenth century2 the precise date and place being unknown4 ,it has been conjectured that he came of an ,essex family2 but the evidence for this falls through4 ,nor was he1 as has been ingeniously supposed1 of any relationship to his namesake ,edmund ,campion1 the ,jesuit4 ,what is certain1 and thrice interesting in the case of such a poet1 is that he was so nearly a contemporary of ,shakespeare's4 ,he was living in ,london all through the period of ,shakespeare's mastery of the ,english stage1 and survived him only by some three or four years4 ,from an entry in the register of ,st4 ,dunstan's-in-the-,west1 ,fleet ,street1 we learn that ,campion was buried there in ,february1 #afai-bj4 ,but although it is clear that the two poets1 one the most famous1 the other well-nigh the least known1 in the greater ,elizabethan galaxy1 must have often encountered in the narrower ,london of that day1 there is no single reference in the lives or works of either connecting one with the other4 ,we first hear of ,campion at ,gray's ,inn1 where he was admitted a member in #aehf1 from which it is clear that his first idea was to go in for law4 ,he tired of it before he was called to the bar1 however2 and turning to medicine instead1 he seems to have studied for his ,m4,d4 at ,cambridge1 and thereafter repaired again to ,london and begun to practice as a physician1--very successfully1 as the names of some of his more distinguished patients show4 ,a man of taste1 in the very finest sense1--cultured1 musical1 urbane1--his own ,latin epigrams alone would show that he had all that social instinct and tact which count for so much in a doctor's career4 ,he was fortunate1 too1 in finding in ,london the society best adapted to stimulate his finely intellectual and artistic faculty4 ,the first public sign of his literary art was his book of ',poemata1' the ,latin epigrams referred to1 which appeared in #aeie1 and every copy of which has disappeared4 ,fortunately a second series of epigrams1 written in maturer years1 gave him an excuse to republish the first series in connection with them1 in the year of his death1 #afai4 ,from the two series we learn many interesting facts about his circle of friends and himself1 and the evident ease and pleasantness of his life1 late and early4 ,there is the same sense of style in his ,latin verse that one finds in his ,english lyrics2 but though he had a pretty wit1 with a sufficient salt in it on occasion1--as in his references to ,barnabe ,barnes1--his faculty was clearly more lyrical than epigrammatical1 and his lyric poems are all that an exacting posterity is likely to allow him to carry up the steep approach to the ,house of ,fame4 ,his earliest collection of these exquisite little poems was not issued under his own name1 but under that of ,philip ,rosetter the musician1 who wrote the music for half the book2 the other half being of ,campion's own composition4 ,this1 the first of the delightful set of old music-books which are the only source we have to draw upon for his lyric poems1 was published in #afja4 ,there is no doubt that for many years previous to this1 ,campion had been in the habit of writing both the words and music of such songs for the private delectation of his friends and himself4 ,some of his very finest lyrics1 as memorable as anything he has given us1 appear in this first volume of #afja4 ,the second collection of ,campion's songs was published1 this time under his own name1 probably in #afac4 ,it is entitled ',two ,books of ,airs'2 the first1 ',divine and ,moral ,songs1' which include some of the finest examples of their kind in all ,english literature2 the second book1 ',light ,conceits of ,lovers1' is very well described by its title1 containing many sweetest love-songs4 ,we have not yet exhausted the list of ,campion's music-books4 ,in #afag two more1 ',the ,third ,fourth ,books of ,airs1' were published in another small folio2 and these again afford songs fine enough for any anthology4 ,meanwhile we have passed by all his ,masques1 which are among the prettiest of their kind1 and as full of lyrical moments as of picturesque effects4 ,the first was performed at ,whitehall for the marriage of my ,lord ,hayes 7,sir ,james ,hay71 on ,twelfth ,night1 #afjf-g4 ,three more were written by ,campion in #afac2 and in the same year he published his ',songs of ,mourning1' prompted by the untimely death of the promising young ,prince ,henry1 which had taken place in ,november1 #afab4 ,these songs1 which do not show ,campion at his best1 were set to music by ,copario 7alias ,john ,cooper74 ,this completes the list of ,campion's poetry2 but besides his actual practice in the arts of poetry and music1 he wrote on the theory of both4 ,his interesting ',observations in the ,art of ,english ,poesie' 7#afjb7 resolves itself into a naive attack upon the use of rhyme in poetry1 which comes paradoxically enough from one who was himself so exquisite a rhymer1 and which called forth a very convincing reply in ,daniel's ',defence of ,rhyme4' ,the ',observations' contain some very taking examples of what may be done in the lyric form1 without rhyme4 ,campion's musical pamphlet is less generally interesting1 since counterpoint1 on which he offered some practical rules1 and the theory of music1 have traveled so far since he wrote4 ,it remains only to add that ,campion remained in the limbo of forgotten poets from his own day until ours1 when ,professor ,arber and ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bullen in their different anthologies and editions rescued him for us4 ,mr4 ,bullen's privately printed volume of his works appeared in #ahhi4 ,the present writer has more recently 7#ahif7 edited a very full selection of the lyrics in the ',lyric ,poets' series4 ,campion's fame1 without doubt1 is destined to grow steadily from this time forth1 based as it is on poems which so perfectly and exquisitely satisfy the lyric sense and the lyric relationship between music and poetry4 ,signature3 ,ernest ,rhys ,a ,,hymn ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,neptune ,of ,neptune's empire let us sing1 ,at whose command the waves obey2 ,to whom the rivers tribute pay1 ,down the high mountains sliding2 ,to whom the scaly nation yields ,homage for the crystal fields ,wherein they dwell2 ,and every sea-god pays a gem ,yearly out of his wat'ry cell1 ,to deck great ,neptune's diadem4 ,the ,tritons dancing in a ring ,before his palace gates do make ,the water with their echoes quake1 ,like the great thunder sounding3 ,the sea-nymphs chant their accents shrill1 ,and the ,syrens1 taught to kill ,with their sweet voice1 ,make every echoing rock reply1 ,unto their gentle murmuring noise1 ,the praise of ,neptune's empery4 ,from ',ward's ,english ,poets4' ,,of ,,corinna',s ,,singing ,when to her lute ,corinna sings1 ,her voice revives the leaden strings1 ,and doth in highest notes appear ,as any challenged echo clear4 ,but when she doth of mourning speak1 ,e'en with her sighs the strings do break4 ,and as her lute doth live and die1 ,led by her passions1 so must ,i3 ,for when of pleasure she doth sing1 ,my thoughts enjoy a sudden spring2 ,but if she do of sorrow speak1 ,e'en from my heart the strings do break4 ,from ',ward's ,english ,poets' ,,from ',,divine ,,and ,,moral ,,songs' 7,a4 ,h4 ,bullen's modern text7 ,never weather-beaten sail more willing bent to shore1 ,never tired pilgrim's limbs affected slumber more4 ,than my wearied sprite now longs to fly out of my troubled breast4 ,o come quickly1 sweetest ,lord1 and take my soul to rest6 ,ever blooming are the joys of heaven's high ,paradise2 ,cold age deafs not there our ears1 nor vapor dims our eyes3 ,glory there the sun outshines1 whose beams the ,blessed only see4 ,o come quickly1 glorious ,lord1 and raise my sprite to ,thee6 ,,to ,a ,,coquette 7,a4 ,h4 ,bullen's modern text7 ,when thou must home to shades of underground1 ,and there arrived1 a new admired guest1 ,the beauteous spirits do engirt thee round1 ,white ,iope1 blithe ,helen1 and the rest1 ,to hear the stories of thy finished love ,from that smooth tongue whose music hell can move2 ,then wilt thou speak of banqueting delights1 ,of masques and revels which sweet youth did make1 ,of tourneys and great challenges of knights1 ,and all these triumphs for thy beauty's sake3 ,when thou hast told these honors done to thee1 ,then tell1 ,o tell1 how thou didst murder me4 ,,songs ,,from ',,light ,,conceits ,,of ,,lovers' ,where shee her sacred bowre adornes1 ,the ,rivers clearely flow2 ,the groves and medowes swell with flowres1 ,the windes all gently blow4 ,her ,sunne-like beauty shines so fayre1 ,her ,spring can never fade2 ,who then can blame the life that strives ,to harbour in her shade8 ,her grace ,i sought1 her love ,i wooed2 ,her love though ,i obtaine1 ,no time1 no toyle1 no vow1 no faith1 ,her wished grace can gaine4 ,yet truth can tell my heart is hers1 ,and her will ,i adore2 ,and from that love when ,i depart1 ,let heav'n view me no more6 ,,give beauty all her right1-- ,she's not to one forme tyed2 ,each shape yeelds faire delight1 ,where her perfections bide4 ,helen1 ,i grant1 might pleasing be2 ,and ,ros'mond was as sweet as shee4 ,some1 the quicke eye commends2 ,some1 swelling lips and red2 ,pale lookes have many friends1 ,through sacred sweetnesse bred4 ,medowes have flowres that pleasure move1 ,though ,roses are the flowres of love4 ,free beauty is not bound ,to one unmoved clime3 ,she visits ev'ry ground1 ,and favours ev'ry time4 ,let the old loves with mine compare1 ,my ,sov'raigne is as sweet and fair4 ,,george ,,canning 7#aggj-ahbg7 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,canning ,the political history of this famous ,british statesman is told by ,robert ,bell 7#ahdf71 by ,f4,h4 ,hill 7,english ,worthies ,series71 and in detail by ,stapleton 7his private secretary7 in ',political ,life of ,canning4' ,he became a friend of ,pitt in #agic1 entered the ,house of ,commons in #agid1 was made ,under-,secretary of ,state in #agif1 was ,treasurer of the ,navy from #ahjd to #ahjf1 ,minister for ,foreign ,affairs from #ahjg till #ahji1 ,ambassador to ,lisbon from #ahad to #ahaf1 again at the head of foreign affairs in #ahbb1 and was made ,premier in #ahbg1 dying under the labor of forming his ,cabinet4 ,soon after his birth in ,london1 ,april #aath1 #aggj1 his disinherited father died in poverty1 and his mother became an unsuccessful actress4 ,an ,irish actor1 ,moody1 took young ,canning to his uncle1 ,stratford ,canning1 in ,london1 who adopted him and sent him to ,eton1 where he distinguished himself for his wit and literary talent4 ,with his friends ,john and ,robert ,smith1 ,john ,hookham ,frere1 and ,charles ,ellis1 he published a school magazine called ,the ,microcosm1 which attracted so much attention that ,knight the publisher paid ,canning ,l#ej for the copyright4 ,it was modeled on the ,spectator1 ridiculed modes and customs1 and was a unique specimen of juvenile essay-writing4 ,a fifth edition of the ,microcosm was published in #ahbe4 ,subsequently ,canning studied at ,oxford4 ,he died ,august #hth1 #ahbg1 at ,chiswick 7the residence of the ,duke of ,devonshire71 in the same room and at the same age as ,fox1 and under similar circumstances2 and he was buried in ,westminster ,abbey by the side of ,william ,pitt4 ,it was not until #agih that he obtained his great reputation as a statesman and orator4 ,every one agrees that his literary eloquence1 wit1 beauty of imagery1 taste1 and clearness of reasoning1 were extraordinary4 ,byron calls him a genius--almost a universal one2 an orator1 a wit1 a poet1 and a statesman4 ,as a public speaker1 we may picture him from ,lord ,dalling's description3-- ,every day1 indeed1 leaves us fewer of those who remember the clearly chiseled countenance1 which the slouched hat only slightly concealed2 the lip satirically curled2 the penetrating eye1 peering along the ,opposition benches1 of the old ,parliamentary leader in the ,house of ,commons4 ,it is but here and there that we find a survivor of the old days to speak to us of the singularly mellifluous and sonorous voice1 the classical language1--now pointed with epigram1 now elevated into poetry1 now burning with passion1 now rich with humor1--which curbed into still attention a willing and long-broken audience4 ,as a statesman his place is more dubious4 ,like every ,english politician not born to a title1 however1--,burke is an instance1--he was ferociously abused as a mere mercenary adventurer because his livelihood came from serving the public4 ,the following lampoon is a specimen2 the chief sting lies not in ,canning's insolent mockery1--,every time he made a speech he made a new and permanent enemy1 it was said of him1--but in his not being a rich nobleman4 ,,the ,,unbeloved ,not a woman1 child1 or man in ,all this isle that loves thee1 ,canning4 ,fools1 whom gentle manners sway1 ,may incline to ,castlereagh2 ,princes who old ladies love ,of the ,doctor,a may approve2 ,chancery lords do not abhor ,their chatty1 childish ,chancellor2 ,in ,liverpool1 some virtues strike1 ,and little ,van's beneath dislike4 ,but thou1 unamiable object1 ,dear to neither prince nor subject1 ,veriest1 meanest scab for pelf ,fastening on the skin of ,guelph1 ,thou1 thou must surely loathe thyself4 ,a ,addington4 ,but his dominant taste was literary4 ,his literature helped him to the field of statesmanship2 as a compensation1 his statesmanship is obscured by his literature4 ,bell says of him3-- ,canning's passion for literature entered into all his pursuits4 ,it colored his whole life4 ,every moment of leisure was given up to books4 ,he and ,pitt were passionately fond of the classics1 and we find them together of an evening after a dinner at ,pitt's1 poring over some old ,grecian in a corner of the drawing-room while the rest of the company are dispersed in conversation4444 ,in ,english writings his judgment was pure and strict2 and no man was a more perfect master of all the varieties of composition4 ,he was the first ,english ,minister who banished the ,french language from our diplomatic correspondence and indicated before ,europe the copiousness and dignity of our native tongue4 ,part of the time that he was ,foreign ,secretary1 ,chateaubriand held the like post for ,france1 and ,canning devoted much attention to giving his diplomatic correspondence a literary polish which has made these national documents famous4 ,he also formed an intimate friendship with ,sir ,walter ,scott1 founding with him and ,ellis the ,quarterly ,review1 to which he contributed with the latter a humorous article on the bullion question4 ,in literature ,canning takes his place from his association with the ,anti-,jacobin1 a newspaper established in #agig under the secret auspices of ,pitt as a literary organ to express the policy of the administration1--similar to the ,rolliad1 the ,whig paper published a few years before this date2 but more especially to oppose revolutionary sentiment and ridicule the persons who sympathized with it4 ,the house of ,wright1 its publisher in ,piccadilly1 soon became the resort of the friends of the ,ministry and the staff1 which included ,william ,gifford1 the editor1--author of the ',baviad' and ',maeviad1'--,john ,hookham ,frere1 ,george ,ellis1 ,canning1 ,mr4 ,jenkinson 7afterward ,earl of ,liverpool71 ,lord ,clare1 ,lord ,mornington 7afterward ,lord ,wellesley71 ,lord ,morpeth 7afterward ,earl of ,carlisle71 and ,william ,pitt1 who contributed papers on finance4 ,the ,anti-,jacobin lived through thirty-six weekly numbers1 ending ,july #afth1 #agif4 ,its essays and poetry have little significance to-day except for those who can imagine the stormy political atmosphere of the ,reign of ,terror1 which threatened to extend its rule over the whole of ,europe4 ,hence the torrents of abuse and the violent attacks upon any one tainted with the slightest ,sans-culottic tone may be understood4 ,the greater number of poems in the ,anti-,jacobin are parodies1 but not exclusively political ones4 ,the ',loves of the ,triangles' is a parody on ,dr4 ,erasmus ,darwin's ',loves of the ,plants1' and contains an amusing contest between ,parabola1 ,hyperbola1 and ,ellipsis for the love of the ,phoenician ,cone2 the ',progress of ,man' is a parody of ,payne ,knight's ',progress of ,civil ,society'2 the ',inscription for the ,cell of ,mrs4 ,brownrigg' a parody of ,southey2 and ',the ,rovers1' of which one scene is given below1 is a burlesque on the ,german dramas then in fashion4 ,this was written by ,canning1 ,ellis1 ,frere1 and ,gifford1 and the play was given at ,covent ,garden in #ahaa with great success1 especially the song of the captive ,rogero4 ',the ,needy ,knife-,grinder1' also quoted below1 a parody of ,southey's ',sapphics1' is by ,canning and ,frere4 ,the poetry of the ,anti-,jacobin was collected and published by ,charles ,edmonds 7,london1 #ahed71 in a volume that contains also the original verses which are exposed to ridicule4 ,canning's public speeches1 edited by ,r4 ,therry1 were published in #ahbh4 ,,rogero',s ,,soliloquy ,from ',the ,rovers2 or the ,double ,arrangement' ,,act ,i ,the scene is a subterranean vault in the ,abbey of ,quedlinburgh1 with coffins1 'scutcheons1 death's-heads1 and cross-bones2 toads and other loathsome reptiles are seen traversing the obscurer parts of the stage4--,rogero appears1 in chains1 in a suit of rusty armor1 with his beard grown1 and a cap of a grotesque form upon his head2 beside him a crock1 or pitcher1 supposed to contain his daily allowance of sustenance4--,a long silence1 during which the wind is heard to whistle through the caverns4--,rogero rises1 and comes slowly forward1 with his arms folded4 ,,rogero4--,eleven years6 it is now eleven years since ,i was first immured in this living sepulchre2--the cruelty of a ,minister--the perfidy of a ,monk--yes1 ,matilda6 for thy sake--alive amidst the dead--chained--coffined--confined--cut off from the converse of my fellow-men4 ,soft6 what have we here6 ,stumbles over a bundle of sticks4 ,this cavern is so dark that ,i can scarcely distinguish the objects under my feet4 ,oh1 the register of my captivity6 ,let me see2 how stands the account8 ,takes up the sticks and turns them over with a melancholy air2 then stands silent for a few minutes as if absorbed in calculation4 ,eleven years and fifteen days6--,hah6 the twenty-eighth of ,august6 ,how does the recollection of it vibrate on my heart6 ,it was on this day that ,i took my last leave of ,matilda4 ,it was a summer evening2 her melting hand seemed to dissolve in mine as ,i prest it to my bosom4 ,some demon whispered me that ,i should never see her more4 ,i stood gazing on the hated vehicle which was conveying her away forever4 ,the tears were petrified under my eyelids4 ,my heart was crystallized with agony4 ,anon ,i looked along the road4 ,the diligence seemed to diminish every instant2 ,i felt my heart beat against its prison1 as if anxious to leap out and overtake it4 ,my soul whirled round as ,i watched the rotation of the hinder wheels4 ,a long trail of glory followed after her and mingled with the dust--it was the emanation of ,divinity1 luminous with love and beauty1 like the splendor of the setting sun2 but it told me that the sun of my joys was sunk forever4 ,yes1 here in the depths of an eternal dungeon1 in the nursing-cradle of hell1 the suburbs of perdition1 in a nest of demons1 where despair in vain sits brooding over the putrid eggs of hope2 where agony wooes the embrace of death2 where patience1 beside the bottomless pool of despondency1 sits angling for impossibilities4 ,yet even here1 to behold her1 to embrace her6 ,yes1 ,matilda1 whether in this dark abode1 amidst toads and spiders1 or in a royal palace1 amidst the more loathsome reptiles of a court1 would be indifferent to me2 angels would shower down their hymns of gratulation upon our heads1 while fiends would envy the eternity of suffering love--,soft2 what air was that8 it seemed a sound of more than human warblings4 ,again listens attentively for some minutes4 ,only the wind3 it is well1 however2 it reminds me of that melancholy air which has so often solaced the hours of my captivity4 ,let me see whether the damps of this dungeon have not yet injured my guitar4 ,takes his guitar1 tunes it1 and begins the following air with a full accompaniment of violins from the orchestra3-- ,air1 ',lanterna ,magica4' ,,song ,whene'er with haggard eyes ,i view ,this dungeon that ,i'm rotting in1 ,i think of those companions true ,who studied with me at the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,weeps and pulls out a blue kerchief1 with which he wipes his eyes2 gazing tenderly at it1 he proceeds3-- ,sweet kerchief1 checked with heavenly blue1 ,which once my love sat knotting in6-- ,alas6 ,matilda then was true6 ,at least ,i thought so at the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,at the repetition of this line ,rogero clanks his chains in cadence4 ,barbs6 barbs6 alas6 how swift you flew1 ,her neat post-wagon trotting in6 ,ye bore ,matilda from my view2 ,forlorn ,i languished at the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,this faded form6 this pallid hue6 ,this blood my veins is clotting in6 ,my years are many--they were few ,when first ,i entered at the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,there first for thee my passion grew1 ,sweet1 sweet ,matilda ,pottingen6 ,thou wast the daughter of my ,tu- tor1 law professor at the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,a,sun1 moon1 and thou1 vain world1 adieu6 ,that kings and priests are plotting in3 ,here doomed to starve on water gru-- el1 never shall ,i see the ,u-- --niversity of ,gottingen1 --niversity of ,gottingen4 ,during the last stanza ,rogero dashes his head repeatedly against the walls of his prison1 and finally so hard as to produce a visible contusion4 ,he then throws himself on the floor in an agony4 ,the curtain drops1 the music still continuing to play till it is wholly fallen4 ,a ,this verse is said to have been added by the younger ,pitt4 ,,the ,,friend ,,of ,,humanity ,,and ,,the ,,knife-,,grinder ,,friend ,,of ,,humanity ,needy ,knife-grinder6 whither are you going8 ,rough is the road2 your wheel is out of order-- ,bleak blows the blast2 your hat has got a hole in't1 ,so have your breeches6 ,weary ,knife-grinder6 little think the proud ones ,who in their coaches roll along the turnpike ,road1 what hard work 'tis crying all day1 ,knives and ,scissors to grind ,o6 ,tell me1 ,knife-grinder1 how you came to grind knives8 ,did some rich man tyrannically use you8 ,was it some squire8 or parson of the parish8 ,or the attorney8 ,was it the squire1 for killing of his game8 or ,covetous parson1 for his tithes distraining8 ,or roguish lawyer1 made you lose your little ,all in a lawsuit8 ,have you not read the ',rights of ,man1' by ,tom ,paine8 ,drops of compassion tremble on my eyelids1 ,ready to fall1 as soon as you have told your ,pitiful story4 ,,knife-,,grinder ,story8 ,god bless you6 ,i have none to tell1 sir2 ,only last night a-drinking at the ,chequers1 ,this poor old hat and breeches1 as you see1 were ,torn in a scuffle4 ,constables came up for to take me into ,custody2 they took me before the justice2 ,justice ,oldmixon put me in the parish- ,stocks for a vagrant4 ,i should be glad to drink your honor's health in ,a pot of beer1 if you will give me sixpence2 ,but for my part1 ,i never love to meddle ,with politics1 sir4 ,,friend ,,of ,,humanity ,i give thee sixpence6 ,i will see thee damned first-- ,wretch6 whom no sense of wrongs can rouse to vengeance6 ,sordid1 unfeeling1 reprobate1 degraded1 ,spiritless outcast6 ,kicks the ,knife-grinder1 overturns his wheel1 and exit in a transport of republican enthusiasm and universal philanthropy4 ,,on ,,the ,,english ,,constitution ,from the ',speech on ,parliamentary ,reform' ,other nations1 excited by the example of the liberty which this country has long possessed1 have attempted to copy our ,constitution2 and some of them have shot beyond it in the fierceness of their pursuit4 ,i grudge not to other nations that share of liberty which they may acquire3 in the name of ,god1 let them enjoy it6 ,but let us warn them that they lose not the object of their desire by the very eagerness with which they attempt to grasp it4 ,inheritors and conservators of rational freedom1 let us1 while others are seeking it in restlessness and trouble1 be a steady and shining light to guide their course2 not a wandering meteor to bewilder and mislead them4 ,let it not be thought that this is an unfriendly or disheartening counsel to those who are either struggling under the pressure of harsh government1 or exulting in the novelty of sudden emancipation4 ,it is addressed much rather to those who1 though cradled and educated amidst the sober blessings of the ,british ,constitution1 pant for other schemes of liberty than those which that ,constitution sanctions--other than are compatible with a just equality of civil rights1 or with the necessary restraints of social obligation2 of some of whom it may be said1 in the language which ,dryden puts into the mouth of one of the most extravagant of his heroes1 that ,they would be free as ,nature first made man1 ,ere the base laws of servitude began1 ,when wild in the woods the noble savage ran4 ,noble and swelling sentiments6--but such as cannot be reduced into practice4 ,grand ideas6--but which must be qualified and adjusted by a compromise between the aspirings of individuals and a due concern for the general tranquillity2--must be subdued and chastened by reason and experience1 before they can be directed to any useful end6 ,a search after abstract perfection in government may produce in generous minds an enterprise and enthusiasm to be recorded by the historian and to be celebrated by the poet3 but such perfection is not an object of reasonable pursuit1 because it is not one of possible attainment2 and never yet did a passionate struggle after an absolutely unattainable object fail to be productive of misery to an individual1 of madness and confusion to a people4 ,as the inhabitants of those burning climates which lie beneath a tropical sun1 sigh for the coolness of the mountain and the grove2 so 7all history instructs us7 do nations which have basked for a time in the torrid blaze of an unmitigated liberty1 too often call upon the shades of despotism1 even of military despotism1 to cover them1-- --,o quis me gelidis in vallibus ,haemi ,sistat1 et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra6 a protection which blights while it shelters2 which dwarfs the intellect and stunts the energies of man1 but to which a wearied nation willingly resorts from intolerable heats and from perpetual danger of convulsion4 ,our lot is happily cast in the temperate zone of freedom1 the clime best suited to the development of the moral qualities of the human race1 to the cultivation of their faculties1 and to the security as well as the improvement of their virtues2--a clime not exempt1 indeed1 from variations of the elements1 but variations which purify while they agitate the atmosphere that we breathe4 ,let us be sensible of the advantages which it is our happiness to enjoy4 ,let us guard with pious gratitude the flame of genuine liberty1 that fire from heaven1 of which our ,constitution is the holy depository2 and let us not1 for the chance of rendering it more intense and more radiant1 impair its purity or hazard its extinction6 ,,on ,,brougham ,,and ,,south ,,america ,i now turn to that other part of the honorable and learned gentleman's ,mr4 ,brougham's speech2 in which he acknowledges his acquiescence in the passages of the address1 echoing the satisfaction felt at the success of the liberal commercial principles adopted by this country1 and at the steps taken for recognizing the new ,states of ,america4 ,it does happen1 however1 that the honorable and learned gentleman being not unfrequently a speaker in this ,house1 nor very concise in his speeches1 and touching occasionally1 as he proceeds1 on almost every subject within the range of his imagination1 as well as making some observations on the matter in hand1--and having at different periods proposed and supported every innovation of which the law or ,constitution of the country is susceptible1--it is impossible to innovate without appearing to borrow from him4 ,either1 therefore1 we must remain forever absolutely locked up as in a northern winter1 or we must break our way out by some mode already suggested by the honorable and learned gentleman2 and then he cries out1 ,ah1 ,i was there before you6 ,that is what ,i told you to do2 but as you would not do it then1 you have no right to do it now4 ,in ,queen ,anne's reign there lived a very sage and able critic named ,dennis1 who in his old age was the prey of a strange fancy that he had himself written all the good things in all the good plays that were acted4 ,every good passage he met with in any author he insisted was his own4 ,it is none of his1 ,dennis would always say3 no1 it's mine6 ,he went one day to see a new tragedy4 ,nothing particularly good to his taste occurred till a scene in which a great storm was represented4 ,as soon as he heard the thunder rolling over his head he exclaimed1 ,that's my thunder6 ,so it is with the honorable and learned gentleman3 it's all his thunder4 ,it will henceforth be impossible to confer any boon1 or make any innovation1 but he will claim it as his thunder4 ,but it is due to him to acknowledge that he does not claim everything2 he will be content with the exclusive merit of the liberal measures relating to trade and commerce4 ,not desirous of violating his own principles by claiming a monopoly of fore-sight and wisdom1 he kindly throws overboard to my honorable and learned friend ,sir ,j4 ,mackintosh near him1 the praise of ,south ,america4 ,i should like to know whether1 in some degree1 this also is not his thunder4 ,he thinks it right itself2 but lest we should be too proud if he approved our conduct in toto1 he thinks it wrong in point of time4 ,i differ from him essentially2 for if ,i pique myself on anything in this affair1 it is the time4 ,that at some time or other1 ,states which had separated themselves from the mother country should or should not be admitted to the rank of independent nations1 is a proposition to which no possible dissent could be given4 ,the whole question was one of time and mode4 ,there were two modes3 one a reckless and headlong course by which we might have reached our object at once1 but at the expense of drawing upon us consequences not lightly to be estimated2 the other was more strictly guarded in point of principle1 so that while we pursued our own interests1 we took care to give no just cause of offense to other ,powers4 ,,cesare ,,cantu 7#ahje-ahie7 ,cesare ,cantu1 an ,italian historian1 was born at ,brivio on the ,adda1 ,december #b;d1 #ahje4 ,the eldest of ten children1 he belonged to an old though impoverished family4 ,to obtain for him a gratuitous education his parents destined him for the priesthood4 ,on the death of his father in #ahbg he became the sole support of his mother1 brothers1 and sisters4 ,in #ahbe he had made his appearance as a writer with a poem entitled ',algiso and the ,lombard ,league4' ,his ',history of ,como1' following in #ahbi1 gave him a standing in the world of letters4 ,although not a member of the revolutionary society ',young ,italy1' he was the confidant of two of its leaders1 ,albera and ,balzetti1 a circumstance which led to his arrest in #ahcc4 ,seized by the ,austrian officials in the midst of his lecture at the ,lyceum in ,milan1 he was incarcerated in the prison in the ,convent of ,santa ,margherita4 ,although deprived of books and pen1 he beguiled the time by writing with a toothpick and candle-smoke on the back of a map and on scraps of paper1 ',margherita ,pusteria1' with one exception the most popular historical novel in the ,italian language4 ,liberated at the end of a year1 but deprived of his professorship1 he and his family would probably have starved had he not chanced to meet a publisher who wanted a history of the world4 ,the result of this meeting was his ',universal ,history' in thirty-five volumes 7,turin1 #ahcf et seq471 which has gone through forty editions and been translated into many languages4 ,it brought the publisher a fortune and ,cantu a modest independence4 ,up to the time of his death in #ahie1 ,cantu wrote almost without intermission4 ,besides the books already mentioned1 the most notable are the ',history of a ,hundred ,years1 #agej-ahej' 7#ahfd71 and the ',story of the ,struggles for ,italian ,independence' 7#ahgc74 ,his masterpiece is the ',universal ,history1' the best work of its kind in ,italian and perhaps in any language for lucidity and rapidity of narration1 unity of plan1 justness of proportion1 and literary art4 ,it is however written from the clerical point of view1 and is not based on a critical study of documentary sources4 ,the political offenses for which ,cantu suffered persecution were his attempts to secure a federal union of the ,italian ,states under the hegemony of ,austria and the ,papacy4 ,,the ,,execution ,from ',margherita ,pusterla' ,the beautiful sunshine which one sees in ,lombardy only at the season of vintage1 spread its white light and gentle warmth upon the sombre facades of ,broletto4 ,the ,piazza was packed with people2 the balconies and belvideres were filled with motley groups4 ,even ladies were contending for the best places to see the horrible sight4 ,one mother showed her little boy all this preparation for death1 and said to him3-- ,do you see that man yonder with the long black beard and rough skin8 ,he devours bad boys in two mouthfuls3 if you cry1 he will carry you off4 ,the frightened child tightly clasped his mother's neck with his small arms1 and hid his face in her breast4 ,another1 half ashamed at being seen there1 asked1 ,who is the victim8 ,it is1 replied a neighboring stranger1 the wife of the man who was beheaded yesterday4 ,ah1 ah6 put in a third1 then it is the mother of the little boy who was executed yesterday with ,signor ,pusterla8 ,how was that8 resumed the first speaker2 did they behead a child8 ,it is only too true1 said a woman1 joining in the conversation2 and such a pretty little boy6 ,two blue eyes1 bluer than the sky1 and a face as gentle and sweet as that of the ,christ-child1 and hair like threads of gold4 ,i came here to show my boy how the wicked are punished1 and as ,i stood near the scaffold1 ,i heard and saw everything6 ,tell us1 tell us1 ,mother ,radegonda4 ,and ,radegonda1 enchanted at occupying the centre of attention1 began4 ,i will tell you1 she said4 ,when he was there--but for the love of charity1 give me more room2 you do not wish to stifle my little ,tanuccio8--,well1 when he began to ascend the ladder1 ah1 see1 the child does not wish to go6 ,he stamps his foot1 he weeps1 he cries-- ,i believe you1 interrupted a person named ,pizzabrasa1 for ,i heard all the way from the ,loggia dei ,mercanti1 where ,i was being crushed1 his cries of ',papa6 ,mamma6' ,that was it1 continued ,radegonda2 and he recoiled with horror before that savage figure1 she said1 pointing with her forefinger to ,mastro ,impicca4 ,his father sobbed1 and could not speak2 but his confessor whispered in his ear-- ,i saw also1 interrupted ,pizzabrasa1 determined to show that he had been an eye-witness1 and he continued3--the golden hair of the child soon mingled with the black hair and beard of the father4 ,one would have said they were yellow flames on a funeral pall4 ,i also saw the child caress the priest who talked to him1 and the priest-- ,who is the priest8 interrupted the first speaker4 ,the question was passed from lip to lip1 until finally a man1 dressed somewhat after the ecclesiastical fashion and having a serene and devout face1 replied3-- ,he is the one who preached at ,lent last year at ,santa-,maria del ,sacco4 ,he could have converted ,herod himself4 ,but the world is so wicked6 ,he had no more success than if he had preached in the desert4 ,his name8 ,fra ,buonvicino of the monastery ,della ,ricchezza de ,brera4 ,but the riches that he covets are not those which one acquires in sewing cloaks4 ,do you know him8 ,ah1 what a man6 question him1 talk to him1 he knows everything1 and-- ,but what did he say to the child8--,and what did the child say8--,and the child's father1 what did he do8--,it was thus they interrupted the speaker1 without listening to his eulogy4 ,here ,radegonda1 regretting that she had been deposed from her throne1 took occasion to resume her speech1 for no one was able to give more details4 ,she began again4 ,here1 here1 she said1 who is to talk1 you or ,i8 ,there are some people who stick their noses everywhere and who--,now do you want to know what the priest said8 and how the poor condemned creature walked with courage8 and how in one instant he was in heaven in the company of the angels8 ,and what did the child say8 ,the little child did not want to go along4 ,he said3--',i know that it is beautiful in ,paradise1 that the angels live there1 and the kind ,god1 and there lives the good ,madonna3 but ,i would rather stay here with ,papa and ,mamma2 ,i would rather stay with them6' he repeated1 and cried4 ,sacred innocence6 exclaimed one of the listeners by an instinctive compassion1 and shed a few tears2 but if any one had questioned him regarding the justice of putting the child to death1 he would have unhesitatingly answered in the affirmative4 ,our eloquent ,radegonda continued3-- ,but the priest6 ,is there any one here who did not see his face8 ,well1 you know how it looks when it rains and shines at the same time1--when they say the ,devil beats his wife1--that was the face of the good monk4 ,tears large as the beads of a rosary ran down his cheeks1 and at the same time he had a smile like an angel4444 ,he said to the boy1 ',your father goes with you to ,paradise6' ,the child looked at him with sad eyes1 and asked1 ',but ,mamma8'--',your mother1' replied the priest1 'will come with us4'--',if ,i stay on earth1' said the child1 ',i must then live without them8' ,the monk answered ',yes'2 and then the little one consented to kneel4 ,here sobs checked the course of the narrative2 and the narrator was half ashamed at being affected by the fate of the condemned ones1 just as a young lady is ashamed when she is caught weeping at the theatre4 ,pizzabrasa concluded the recital3 ,the child dropped upon his knees1 and raised towards heaven his little hands that were whiter than snow1 and then the executioner cut his hair and opened his great eyes to frighten him4 ,how much ,i would have been willing to pay to have been present1 exclaimed one of the group2 such affecting scenes delight me4 ,then why didn't you come8 asked a neighbor4 ,the other replied1 ,what do you think8 ,i had to take to ,saint-,victor a saddle and bridle which ,i had mended4 ,and then with that indifference such compassionate souls have for the sorrows of others which have affected them for a moment1 they turned the conversation on a thousand unrelated topics4444 ,on the balconies1 on the platforms1 and in the magistrates' halls1 conversation of another description was held4 ,ladies and gentlemen of high degree discussed arms and battles1 inconstant favors of the court1 passage of birds1 and the scarcity of hares2 they demanded and related news2 and read from the books of this one and that one4 ,signora ,theodora1 the young wife of ,francesco dei ,maggi1 one of the most famous beauties1 asked in the most nonchalant way as she drew on her gloves1 ,who is this one about to be executed8 ,margherita ,visconti1 replied ,forestino1 one of the sons of the ,duke1 who was playing the gallant with all the ladies present4 ,visconti6 exclaimed the young woman4 ,she is then a relative of ,signor ,vicario8 ,yes1 a distant relative1 responded the young man4 ,but the jester ,grillincervello interposed3--,she might have been a nearer relative1 but as she refused this1 you see what has happened4 ,she must regret her action1 said another2 she is so young and beautiful6 ,and then she is not accustomed to dying1 put in the fool1 a reflection which caused peals of laughter around him4 ,then he turned towards ,forestino and his brother ,bruzio1 around whom all had gathered in homage3 ,serene ,princes1 it is my opinion that if you wish to render attentions to the lady of ,signor ,franciscolo del ,maggi1 she will not imitate ,margherita4 ,at this moment the clock struck again4 ,there was sullen silence--then a second stroke--then a third1 vibrating with a moribund horror4 ,she has arrived8 ,no4 ,why is she so late8 was the universal question2 for the spectators were impatient1 and imbued with expectation and curiosity1 as if they were in a theatre waiting for the curtain to rise4 ,perhaps they have pardoned her8 said one4 ,well1 for my part1 ,i should be glad4 ,and the people seemed to find as much pleasure in imagining a pardon as in watching the execution3 either way it gave them material for applause1 emotion1 criticism1 and discussion4 ,soon all observations were interrupted1 for upon the parlera1 which was covered with black cloth and velvet cushions1 they saw appear the magistrates1 the podesta1 his lieutenant1 and finally the captain ,lucio4 ,as ,i have told you1 justice was then barbarous but honest1 and these men came to admire their work4 ,through all the narrow streets1 which terminated at this point1 ran a whisper2 and the murmurs grew more excited towards the large gate which gave entrance to the ,pescheria ,vecchia4 ,here was seen the winding funeral procession1 which made a long circuit to let the multitude profit by the lesson4 ,here she is6 ,here she is6 they cried1 and exactly like a regiment of infantry in obedience to the commands of a sergeant1 the entire crowd stood on tiptoe1 stretched their necks1 and turned heads and eyes to the scene4 ,then appeared a yellow standard bordered with gold lace1 upon which was painted a skeleton1 erect4 ,in one hand it held a scythe and in the other an hour-glass4 ,at the right of the skeleton there was painted a man with a cord around his neck1 and to the left a man carrying his head in his hands4 ,behind this gonfalon advanced two by two the ,brothers of the ,consolation4 ,this was a pious fraternity founded in the chapel of ,santa ,maria dei ,disciplini2 this chapel was afterwards changed into a church1 which yielded to none other in ,milan for its beauty of architecture4 ,to-day it is a common school4 ,this fraternity1 which was transferred to ,san ,giovanni alle ,case rotte1 had for its one aim to succor the condemned and to prepare them for death4 ,the brothers advanced4 ,they were attired in white habits1 fitting tightly around their figures1 and their cowls were sewn around their heads4 ,instead of a face1 one saw a cross embroidered in red1 and at the arms of this cross tiny holes were made for the eyes to peer forth4 ,on their breasts they wore a black medal representing the death of ,christ1 and at the foot of the cross was engraved the head of ,saint ,john the ,baptist4 ,with their long unbelted robes1 the chains on their wrists1 they resembled nocturnal phantoms4 ,the last ones bore a coffin1 and sang in lugubrious tones the doleful ',miserere4' ,chanting a service and carrying the bier of a person still in the flesh6 ,breaking through the crowd1 they arrived near the scaffold and placed the bier upon the ground4 ,then they arranged themselves in two cordons around the block1 so that they could receive the victim among them1 and also to form a guard between the world and her who was to leave it4 ,now a car came1 moving slowly and drawn by two oxen caparisoned in black4 ,in this car was our poor ,margherita4 ,in obedience to the curious sentiment which commands one to adorn one's self for all occasions1 even the melancholy ones1 ,margherita had dressed herself in a rich robe of sombre hue4 ,with great pains she had arranged her black hair1 which set off to advantage the delicate pallor of the face revealing so much suffering4 ,upon her neck1 which had so often disputed whiteness with pearls1 she now wore her rosary1 which seemed to outline the circle of the axe4 ,in her hands she clasped the crucifix attached to the chapelet1 and from this she never removed her eyes1--eyes which had always beamed with kindness and sweetness1 but which were now full of sorrow4 ,they could only look upon one object--the cross1 the one hope of salvation4 ,by her side was seated ,buonvicino1 even paler1 if possible1 than she4 ,in his hand he held an image of the ,crucified ,god who has suffered for us4 ,from time to time he spoke some consoling words to the young victim1--a simple prayer such as our mothers have taught us in infancy1 and which come to us again in the most critical moments of life3--,savior1 unto thee ,i yield my spirit4 ,maria1 pray for me at the hour of death4 ,depart1 ,christian soul1 from this world1 which is but a place of exile1 and return into that celestial country sanctified by thy suffering1 so that angels may bear thee to ,paradise6444 ,when ,margherita appeared1 every one exclaimed3 ,oh1 how beautiful she is6 ,she is so young6 ,then tears flowed4 ,many a silken handkerchief hid the eyes of fair ladies1 and many a hand1 accustomed to a sword1 tried to retard tears4 ,every one looked towards ,lucio to see if he would not wave a white handkerchief--the signal of pardon4 ,translated through the ,french by ,esther ,singleton1 for the ',library of the ,world's ,best ,literature4' ,,giosue ,,carducci 7#ahcf-7 ,,by ,,frank ,,sewall ,rarely in the history of ancient or modern literature has a writer1 while living1 been so generally recognized by his countrymen as their national prophet as has the ,italian poet and essayist ,carducci4 ,in ,january1 #ahif1 he completed his thirty-fifth year as ,professor of ,belles-,lettres in the ,university of ,bologna2 and the solemn and brilliant festivities with which the event was celebrated1 extending over three days and including congratulatory addresses from the king1 from the municipality1 from the students and graduates1 from foreign universities1 and from distinguished scholars at home and abroad1 testified to the remarkable hold this poet has gained on the affections and esteem of the ,italian people1 and the deep impress his writing has made on the literature of our time4 ,born in northern ,italy in the year #ahcf1 and entering upon his literary career at a time coincident with the downfall of foreign power in ,tuscany1 the history of his authorship is a fair reflection of the growth of the new ,italy of to-day4 ,in an autobiographical sketch with which he prefaces his volume of ',poesie' 7#ahga7 he depicts with the utmost sincerity and frankness the transition through which his own mind has passed1 in breaking from the old traditions in which he had been nursed at his mother's knee1 and in meeting the dazzling radiance of modern thought and feeling2 the thrill of national liberty and independence1--no longer a glory dreamed of1 as by ,alfieri1 nor sung in tones of despair1 as by ,leopardi1 but as a living experience of his own time4 ,he felt the awakening to be at once a literary1 political1 and religious one2 and following his deep ,hellenic instincts1 the religious rebound in him was rather to the paganism of the ancient ,latin forefathers than to the spiritual worship that had come in with the infusion of foreign blood4 ,this paganism1 he says1 this cult of form1 was naught else but the love of that noble nature from which the solitary ,semitic estrangements had alienated hitherto the spirit of man in such bitter opposition4 ,my sentiment of opposition1 at first feebly defined1 thus became confirmed conceit1 reason1 affirmation2 the hymn to ,apollo became the hymn to ,satan4 ,oh6 the beautiful years from #ahfa to #ahfe1 passed in peaceful solitude and quiet study1 in the midst of a home where the venerable mother1 instead of fostering superstition1 taught us to read ,alfieri4 ,but as ,i read the codices of the fourteenth century1 the ideas of the ,renaissance began to appear to me in the gilded initial letters like the eyes of nymphs in the midst of flowers1 and between the lines of the spiritual laude ,i detected the ,satanic strophe4 ,so long had ,italy lived in passive dependence on the fame of her great writers of the times of ,augustus and of the ,medici1 and in the apathy of a long-abandoned hope of political independence and achievement1 that it required a man of powerful instinct and genius to rouse the people to a sense of their actual possession of a national life and of a literature that is not alone of the past1 and so to throw off both the livery of the slave and the mask of the courtesan4 ,such was the mission of ,carducci4 ,as ,howells in his ',modern ,italian ,poets' remarks of ,leopardi3--,he seems to have been the poet of the national mood2 he was the final expression of that hopeless apathy in which ,italy lay bound for thirty years after the fall of ,napoleon and his governments4 ,so it may be said of ,carducci that in him speaks the hope and joy of a nation waking to new life1 and recalling her past glories1 no longer with shame but a purpose to prove herself worthy of such a heritage4 ,a distinguished literary contemporary1 ,enrico ,panzacchi1 says of ,carducci3-- ,i believe that ,i do not exaggerate the importance of ,carducci when ,i say that to him and to his perseverance and steadfast work we owe in great part the poetic revival in ,italy4 ,cesar ,lombroso1 in the ,paris ,revue des ,revues1 says3--,among the stars of first magnitude shines one of greatest brilliance1 ,carducci1 the true representative of ,italian literary genius4 ,the poem that first attracted attention and caused no little flutter of ecclesiastical gowns was the ',hymn to ,satan1' which appeared in #ahfe in ,pistoja1 over the signature ,enotrio ,romaho1 and bore the date ,,mmdcxviii from the foundation of ,rome4 ,it is not indeed the sacrilegious invective that might be imagined from the title1 but rather a hymn to ,science and to ,free ,thought1 liberated from the ancient thraldom of dogma and superstition4 ,it reveals the strong ,hellenic instinct which still survives in the ,italian people beneath the superimposed ,christianity1 and which here1 as in many other of ,carducci's poems1 stands out in bold contrast with the subjective and spiritual elements in religion4 ,it is this struggle of the pagan against the ,christian instinct that accounts for the commingled sentiment of awe and of rebellion with which ,carducci contemplates his great master ,dante2 for while he must revere him as the founder of ,italian letters and the immortal poet of his race1 he cannot but see both in the spirituality of ,dante's conception of the ,church and in his absolute loyalty to the ,empire1 motives wholly foreign to the ancient national instinct4 ,referring again to his transition years1 he writes3 ,meanwhile the shadow of ,dante looked down reproachfully upon me2 but ,i might have answered3--',father and ,master1 why didst thou bring learning from the cloister to the piazza1 from the ,latin to the vulgar tongue8 ,thou first1 ,o great public accuser of the ,middle ,ages1 gavest the signal for the rebound of thought4 ,that the alarm was sounded from the bells of a ,gothic campanile mattered but little4' ,without a formal coronation1 ,carducci may be regarded as the actual poet laureate of ,italy4 ,he is still1 at sixty years of age1 an active and hard-working professor at the ,university of ,bologna1 where his popularity with his students in the lecture-room is equal to that which his writings have gained throughout the land4 ,a favorite with the ,court1 and often invited to lecture before the ,queen1 he is still a man of great simplicity1 even to roughness1 of manners1 and of a genial and cordial nature4 ,not only do the ,italians with one voice call him their greatest author1 but many both in ,italy and elsewhere are fain to consider him the foremost living poet in ,europe4 ,the citations here given have been selected as illustrating the prominent features of ,carducci's genius4 ,his joy in mental emancipation from the thraldom of dogma and superstition is seen in the ',roma' and in the ',hymn to ,satan4' ,his paganism and his cult of form1 as also his ,homeric power of description and of color1 are seen in ',the ,ox' and in ',to ,aurora4' ,his veneration for the great masters finds expression in the sonnets to ,homer and ,dante1 and the revulsion of the pagan before the spiritual religious feeling is shown in the lines ',in a ,gothic ,church' and in the sonnet ',dante4' ,the poems of ,carducci have appeared for the most part in the following editions only3--',poesie1' embracing the ',juvenilia1' ',levia ,gravia1' and the ',decennali'2 ',nuove ,poesie1' ',odi ,barbare1' ',nuove ,rime4' ,zanichelli in ,bologna publishes a complete edition of his writings4 ,his critical essays have appeared generally in the ,nuova ,antologia1 and embrace among the more recent a history and discussion of ,tasso's ',aminta1' and the ',ancient ,pastoral ,poetry'3 a preface to the translation by ,sanfelice of ,shelley's ',prometheus'2 the ',torrismondo' of ,tasso3 ',italian ,life in the ,fifteenth ,century1' etc4 ,eight ',odes' of ,carducci have been translated into ,latin by ,adolfo ,gandiglo of ,ravenna1 and published by ,calderini of that city in #ahid4 ,illustration3 ,,homer4 ,,the ,,blind ,,poet4 ,photogravure from a ,painting by ,w4 ,a4 ,bouguereau4 99 99 99 99 99 ,translations from ,frank ,sewall's ',giosue ,carducci and the ,hellenic ,reaction in ,italy' and ',carducci and the ,classic ,realism4' ,by permission of ,dodd1 ,mead and ,company1 copyright #ahib4 ,,roma ,from the ',poesie' ,give to the wind thy locks2 all glittering ,thy sea-blue eyes1 and thy white bosom bared4 ,mount to thy chariot1 while in speechless roaring ,terror and ,force before thee clear the way6 ,the shadow of thy helmet1 like the flashing ,of brazen star1 strikes through the trembling air4 ,the dust of broken empires1 cloud-like rising1 ,follows the awful rumbling of thy wheels4 ,so once1 ,o ,rome1 beheld the conquered nations ,thy image1 object of their ancient dread4,a ,to-day a mitre they would place upon ,thy head1 and fold a rosary between ,thy hands4 ,o name6 again to terrors old ,awake the tired ages and the world6 ,a ,the allusion is to the figure of ',roma' as seen on ancient coins4 ,,homer ,from the ',levia ,gravia' ,and from the savage ,urals to the plain ,a new barbarian folk shall send alarms1 ,the coast of ,agenorean ,thebes again ,be waked with sound of chariots and of arms2 ,and ,rome shall fall2 and ,tiber's current drain ,the nameless lands of long deserted farms3 ,but thou like ,hercules shalt still remain1 ,untouched by fiery ,etna's deadly charms2 ,and with thy youthful temples1 laurel-crowned1 ,shalt rise to the eternal ,form's embrace ,whose unveiled smile all earliest was thine2 ,and till the ,alps to gulfing sea give place1 ,by ,latin shore or on ,achaean ground1 ,like heaven's sun shalt thou1 ,o ,homer1 shine6 ,,in ,a ,,gothic ,,church ,from the ',poesie' ,they rise aloft1 marching in awful file1 ,the polished shafts immense of marble gray1 ,and in the sacred darkness seem to be ,an army of giants ,who wage a war with the invisible2 ,the silent arches soar and spring apart ,in distant flight1 then re-embrace again ,and droop on high4 ,so in the discord of unhappy men1 ,from out their barbarous tumult there go up ,to ,god the sighs of solitary souls ,in ,him united4 ,of you ,i ask no ,god1 ye marble shafts1 ,ye airy vaults6 ,i tremble--but ,i watch ,to hear a dainty well-known footstep waken ,the solemn echoes4 ',tis ,lidia1 and she turns1 and slowly turning1 ,her tresses full of light reveal themselves1 ,and love is shining from a pale shy face ,behind the veil4 ,,on ,,the ,,sixth ,,centenary ,,of ,,dante ,from the ',levia ,gravia' ,i saw him1 from the uncovered tomb uplifting ,his mighty form1 the imperial prophet stand4 ,then shook the ,adrian shore1 and all the land ,italia trembled as at an earthquake drifting4 ,like morning mist from purest ether sifting1 ,it marched along the ,apenninian strand1 ,glancing adown the vales on either hand1 ,then vanished like the dawn to daylight shifting4 ,meanwhile in earthly hearts a fear did rise1 ,the awful presence of a god discerning1 ,to which no mortal dared to lift the eyes4 ,but where beyond the gates the sun is burning1 ,the races dead of warlike men and wise ,with joy saluted the great soul's returning4 ,,the ,,ox ,from the ',poesie' ,i love thee1 pious ox2 a gentle feeling ,of vigor and of peace thou giv'st my heart4 ,how solemn1 like a monument1 thou art6 ,over wide fertile fields thy calm gaze stealing1 ,unto the yoke with grave contentment kneeling1 ,to man's quick work thou dost thy strength impart4 ,he shouts and goads1 and answering thy smart1 ,thou turn'st on him thy patient eyes appealing4 ,from thy broad nostrils1 black and wet1 arise ,thy breath's soft fumes2 and on the still air swells1 ,like happy hymn1 thy lowing's mellow strain4 ,in the grave sweetness of thy tranquil eyes ,of emerald1 broad and still reflected dwells ,all the divine green silence of the plain4 ,,dante ,from the ',levia ,gravia' ,o ,dante1 why is it that ,i adoring ,still lift my songs and vows to thy stern face1 ,and sunset to the morning gray gives place ,to find me still thy restless verse exploring8 ,lucia prays not for my poor soul's resting2 ,for me ,matilda tends no sacred fount2 ,for me in vain the sacred lovers mount1 ,o'er star and star1 to the eternal soaring4 ,i hate the ,holy ,empire1 and the crown ,and sword alike relentless would have riven ,from thy good ,frederic on ,olona's plains4 ,empire and ,church to ruin have gone down1 ,and yet for them thy songs did scale high heaven4 ,great ,jove is dead4 ,only the song remains4 ,,to ,,satan ,from the ',poesie' ,to thee my verses1 ,unbridled and daring1 ,shall mount1 ,o ,satan1 ,king of the banquet6 ,away with thy sprinkling1 ,o ,priest1 and thy droning1 ,for never shall ,satan1 ,o ,priest1 stand behind thee4 ,see how the rust is ,gnawing the mystical ,sword of ,st4 ,michael2 ,and how the faithful ,wind-plucked archangel ,falls into emptiness2 ,frozen the thunder in ,hand of ,jehovah4 ,like to pale meteors1 or ,planets exhausted1 ,out of the firmament ,rain down the angels4 ,here in the matter ,which never sleeps1 ,king of phenomena1 ,king of all forms1 ,thou1 ,satan1 livest4 ,thine is the empire ,felt in the dark eyes' ,tremulous flashing1 ,whether their languishing ,glances resist1 or ,glittering and tearful1 they ,call and invite4 ,how shine the clusters ,with happy blood1 ,so that the furious ,joy may not perish1 ,so that the languishing ,love be restored1 ,and sorrow be banished ,and love be increased4 ,thy breath1 ,o ,satan6 ,my verse inspires1 ,when from my bosom ,the gods ,i defy ,of kings pontifical1 ,of kings inhuman4 ,thine is the lightning that ,sets minds to shaking4 ,for thee ,arimane1 ,adonis1 ,astarte2 ,for thee lived the marbles1 ,the pictures1 the parchments1 ,when the fair ,venus ,anadyomene ,blessed the ,ionian ,heavens serene4 ,for thee were roaring the ,forests of ,lebanon1 ,of the fair ,cypri ,lover re-born2 ,for thee rose the chorus1 ,for thee raved the dances1 ,for thee the pure shining ,loves of the virgins1 ,under the sweet-odored ,palms of ,idume1 ,where break in white foam ,the ,cyprian waves4 ,what if the barbarous ,nazarene fury1 ,fed by the base rites ,of secret feastings1 ,lights sacred torches ,to burn down the temples1 ,scattering abroad ,the scrolls hieroglyphic8 ,in thee find refuge ,the humble-roofed plebs1 ,who have not forgotten ,the gods of their household4 ,thence comes the power1 ,fervid and loving1 that1 ,filling the quick-throbbing ,bosom of woman1 ,turns to the succor ,of nature enfeebled2 ,a sorceress pallid1 ,with endless care laden4 ,thou to the trance-holden ,eye of the alchemist1 ,thou to the view of the ,bigoted mago1 ,showest the lightning-flash ,of the new time ,shining behind the dark ,bars of the cloister4 ,seeking to fly from thee1 ,here in the world-life ,hides him the gloomy monk ,in ,theban deserts4 ,o soul that wanderest ,far from the straight way1 ,satan is merciful4-- ,see ,heloisa6 ,in vain you wear yourself ,thin in rough gown2 ,i ,still murmur the verses ,of ,maro and ,flaccus ,amid the ,davidic ,psalming and wailing1 ,and--,delphic figures ,close at thy side-- ,rosy1 amid the dark ,cowls of the friars1 ,enters ,licorida1 ,enters ,glicera4 ,then other images ,of days more fair ,come to dwell with thee ,in thy secret cell4 ,lo6 from the pages of ,livy1 the ,tribunes ,all ardent1 the ,consuls1 ,the crowds tumultuous1 ,awake2 and the fantastic ,pride of ,italians ,drives them1 ,o ,monk1 ,up to the ,capitol2 ,and you whom the flaming ,fire never melted1 ,conjuring voices1 ,wickliffe and ,huss1 ,send to the broad breeze ,the cry of the watchman3-- ,the age renews itself2 ,full is the time4 ,already tremble ,the mitres and crowns4 ,forth from the cloister ,moves the rebellion4 ,under his stole1 see1 ,fighting and preaching1 ,brother ,girolamo ,savonarola4 ,off goes the tunic ,of ,martin ,luther2 ,off go the fetters ,that bound human thought4 ,it flashes and lightens1 ,girdled with flame2 ,matter1 exalt thyself2 ,satan has won6 ,a fair and terrible ,monster unchained ,courses the ocean1 ,courses the earth4 ,flashing and smoking1 ,like the volcanoes1 he ,climbs over mountains1 ,ravages plains1 ,skims the abysses2 ,then he is lost ,in unknown caverns ,and ways profound1 ,till lo6 unconquered1 ,from shore to shore1 ,like to the whirlwind1 ,he sends forth his cry4 ,like to the whirlwind ,spreading his wings1444 ,he passes1 ,o people1 ,satan the great6 ,hail to thee1 ,satan2 ,hail the rebellion6 ,hail1 of the reason the ,great ,vindicator6 ,sacred to thee shall rise ,incense and vows4 ,thou hast the god ,of the priest disenthroned6 ,,to ,,aurora ,from the ',odi ,barbare' ,thou risest and kissest1 ,o ,goddess1 with thy rosy breath1 the clouds1 ,kissest the dusky pinnacles of marble temples4 ,the forests feel thee1 and with a cool shiver awake2 ,up soars the falcon1 flashing in eager joy4 ,meanwhile amid the wet leaves mutter the garrulous nests1 ,and far off the gray gull screams over the purple sea4 ,first to delight in thee1 down in the laborious plain1 ,are the streams which glisten amid the rustling poplars4 ,daringly the sorrel colt breaks away from his feeding1 ,runs to the brooks with high-lifted mane1 neighing in the wind4 ,wakeful answer from the huts the great pack of the hounds1 ,and the whole valley is filled with the noisy sound of their barking4 ,but the man whom thou awakest to life-consuming labor1 ,he1 ,o ancient ,youth1 ,o ,youth eternal1 ,still thoughtful admires thee1 even as on the mountain ,the ,aryan ,fathers adored thee1 standing amid their white oxen4 ,again upon the wing of the fresh morning flies forth ,the hymn which to thee they sang over their heaped-up spears3-- ,shepherdess thou of heaven6 from the stalls of thy jealous sister ,thou loosest the rosy kine1 and leadest them back to the skies2 ,thou leadest the rosy kine1 and the white herds1 and the horses ,with the blond flowing manes dear to the brothers ,asvini4 ,like the youthful bride who goes from her bath to her spouse1 ,reflecting in her eyes the love of him her lover1 ,so dost thou smiling let fall the light garments that veil thee1 ,and serene to the heavens thy virgin figure reveal4 ,flushed thy cheeks1 with white breast panting1 thou runnest ,to the sovereign of worlds1 to the fair flaming ,suria4 ,and he joins1 and1 in a bow1 stretches around his mighty neck ,thy rosy arms2 but at his terrible glances thou fleest4 ',tis then the ,asvinian ,twins1 the cavaliers of heaven1 ,welcome thee rosily trembling in thy chariot of gold1 ,and thither thou turnest where1 measured the road of glory1 ,wearied1 the god awaits thee in the dull gloaming of eve4 ,gracious thy flight be above us6 so invoked thee the fathers2 ,gracious the going of thy radiant car over our houses6 ,come from the coasts of the ,east with thy good fortune1 ,come with thy flowering oats and thy foaming milk2 ,and in the midst of the calves1 dancing1 with yellow locks1 ,all offspring shall adore thee1 ,o ,shepherdess of heaven6 ,so sang the ,aryans4 ,but better pleased thee ,hymettus1 ,fresh with the twenty brooks whose banks smelt to heaven of thyme2 ,better pleased thee on ,hymettus the nimble-limbed1 mortal huntsman1 ,who with the buskined foot pressed the first dews of the morn4 ,the heavens bent down4 ,a sweet blush tinged the forest and the hills ,when thou1 ,o ,goddess1 didst descend4 ,but thou descendedst not2 rather did ,cephalus1 drawn by thy kiss1 ,mount all alert through the air1 fair as a beautiful god1-- ,mount on the amorous winds and amid the sweet odors1 ,while all around were the nuptials of flowers and the marriage of streams4 ,wet lies upon his neck the heavy tress of gold1 and the golden quiver ,reaches above his white shoulder1 held by the belt of vermilion4 ,o fragrant kisses of a goddess among the dews6 ,o ambrosia of love in the world's youth-time6 ,dost thou also love1 ,o ,goddess8 ,but ours is a wearied race2 ,sad is thy face1 ,o ,aurora1 when thou risest over our towers4 ,the dim street-lamps go out2 and without even glancing at thee1 ,a pale-faced troop go home1 imagining they have been happy4 ,angrily at his door is pounding the ill-tempered laborer1 ,cursing the dawn that only calls him back to his bondage4 ,only the lover1 perhaps1 fresh from the dreams of the loved one1 ,his blood still warm from her kisses1 salutes with joy1 ,beholds with delight thy face1 and feels thy cool breathing upon him3 ,then cries1 ,o bear me1 ,aurora1 upon thy swift courser of flame2 ,bear me up into the fields of the stars1 that there1 looking down1 ,i may behold the earth beneath thy rosy light smiling2 ,behold my fair one1 in the face of the rising day1 ,let fall her black tresses down over her blushing bosom4 ,,ruit ,,hora ,o green and silent solitudes1 far from the rumors of men ,hither come to meet us true friends divine1 ,o ,lidia1 ,wine and love4 ,o tell me why the sea1 far under the flaming ,hesperus ,sends such mysterious moanings2 and what songs are these1 ,o ,lidia1 ,the pines are chanting4 ,see with what longing the hills stretch their arms to the setting sun4 ,the shadow lengthens and holds them2 they seem to be asking ,a last kiss1 ,o ,lidia6 ,,the ,,mother 7,a ,,group ,,by ,,adrian ,,cecioni7 ,surely admired her the rosy day-dawn1 when1 summoning the farmers to the still gray fields1 it saw her barefooted1 with quick step passing among the dewy odors of the hay4 ,heard her at mid-day the elm-trees white with dust1 as1 with broad shoulders bent o'er the yellow winrows1 she challenges in cheery song the grasshoppers1 whose hoarse chirping rings from the hot hillsides4 ,and when from her toil she lifted her turgid bosom1 her sun-browned face with glossy curls surrounded1 how then thy vesper fires1 ,o ,tuscany1 did richly tinge with color her bold figure6 ',tis then the strong mother plays at ball with her infant1 the lusty child whom her naked breasts have just sated2 tosses him on high and prattles sweetly with him1 while he1 with eye fixed on the shining eyes of his mother1 ,his little body trembling all over with fear1 holds out his tiny fingers imploring2 then loud laughs the mother1 and into the one great embrace of love lets him fall1 clasped close to her bosom4 ,around her smiles the scene of homely labor2 tremulous nod the oats on the green hillsides2 one hears the distant mooing of the ox1 and on the barn-roof the gay plumed cock is crowing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nature has her brave ones1 who for her despise the masks of glory dear to the vulgar throng4 ',tis thus1 ,o ,adrian1 with holy visions thou comfortest the souls of fellow-men4 ',tis thus1 ,o artist1 with thy blows severe thou putt'st in stone the ages' ancient hope1 the lofty hope that cries1 ,oh1 when shall labor be happy1 and faithful love secure from harm8 ,when shall a mighty nation of freemen say in the face of the sun1 ',shine no more on the idle ease and the selfish wars of tyrants1 but on the pious justice of labor8' ,,thomas ,,carew 7#aeih8-afci7 ,thomas ,carew is deservedly placed among the most brilliant representatives of a class of lyrists who were not only courtiers but men of rank2 who1 varied in accomplishments1 possessing culture and taste1 expressed their play of fancy with elegance and ease4 ,the lyre of these aristocratic poets had for its notes only love and beauty1 disdain1 despair1 and love's bounty1 sometimes frivolous in sound and sometimes serious2 and their work may be regarded as the ancestor of the vers de societe1 which has reached its perfection in ,locker and ,austin ,dobson4 ,to ,carew's lyrics we may apply ,izaak ,walton's famous criticism3 ,they were old-fashioned poetry1 but choicely good4 ,thomas ,carew1 son of ,sir ,matthew ,carew1 was born in ,london about #aeih4 ,he left ,corpus ,christi1 ,oxford1 without a degree1 and early fell into wild habits4 ,in #afac his father wrote to ,sir ,dudley ,carleton that one of his sons was roving after hounds and hawks1 and the other ,thomas studying in the ,middle ,temple1 but doing little at law4 ,the result was that ,carleton made ,thomas his secretary1 and took him to ,venice and ,turin1 returning in #afae4 ,carew accompanied him to the ,hague also1 but resigned his post and again returned to ,england4 ,in #afai he went with ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury to the ,french court4 ,he became sewer in ordinary to ,charles ,i41 and a gentleman of his privy chamber2 and the ,king1 who was particularly fond of him1 gave him the royal domain of ,sunninghill in ,windsor ,forest4 ,carew was an intimate friend of ,ben ,jonson1 ,sir ,john ,suckling1 ,john ,selden1 ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 ,davenant1 ,charles ,cotton1 and also of ,lord ,clarendon2 who writes3--,carew was a person of a pleasant and facetious wit1 and made many poems 7especially in the amorous way7 which for the sharpness of the fancy and the elegance of the language in which that fancy was spread1 were at least equal1 if not superior1 to any of that time4 ,four editions of ,carew's poems appeared between #afdj and #afga1 and four have been printed within the present century1 the best being a quarto published by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt in #ahgj4 ,his longest work was a masque called ',coelum ,britannicum1' performed at ,whitehall1 ,february #ahth1 #afcc4 ,inigo ,jones arranged the scenery1 ,henry ,lawes the music1 and the ,king1 the ,duke of ,lennox1 and other courtiers played the chief parts4 ,carew's death is supposed to have occurred in #afci4 ,a ,,song ,ask me no more where ,jove bestows1 ,when ,june is past1 the fading rose2 ,for in your beauty's orient deep1 ,these flowers1 as in their causes1 sleep4 ,ask me no more whither doth stray ,the golden atoms of the day2 ,for in pure love heaven did prepare ,these powders to enrich your hair4 ,ask me no more whither doth haste ,the nightingale when ,may is past2 ,for in your sweet dividing throat1 ,she winters and keeps warm her note4 ,ask me no more where those stars light ,that downward fall in dead of night2 ,for in your eyes they sit1 and there ,fixed become as in their sphere4 ,ask me no more if east or west ,the ,phoenix builds her spicy nest2 ,for unto you at last she flies1 ,and in your fragrant bosom dies4 ,,the ,,protestation ,no more shall meads be deckt with flowers1 ,nor sweetness dwell in rosy bowers1 ,nor greenest buds on branches spring1 ,nor warbling birds delight to sing1 ,nor ,april violets paint the grove1 ,if ,i forsake my ,celia's love4 ,the fish shall in the ocean burn1 ,and fountains sweet shall bitter turn2 ,the humble oak no flood shall know1 ,when floods shall highest hills o'erflow2 ,black ,lethe shall oblivion leave1 ,if e'er my ,celia ,i deceive4 ,love shall his bow and shaft lay by1 ,and ,venus's doves want wings to fly2 ,the ,sun refuse to shew his light1 ,and day shall then be turned to night2 ,and in that night no star appear1 ,if once ,i leave my ,celia dear4 ,love shall no more inhabit earth1 ,nor lovers more shall love for worth1 ,nor joy above the heaven dwell1 ,nor pain torment poor souls in hell2 ,grim death no more shall horrid prove1 ,if ,i e'er leave bright ,celia's love4 ,,song ,would you know what's soft8 ,i dare ,not bring you to the down1 or air1 ,nor to stars to shew what's bright1 ,nor to snow to teach you white2 ,nor1 if you would music hear1 ,call the orbs to take your ear2 ,nor1 to please your sense1 bring forth ,bruised nard1 or what's more worth2 ,or on food were your thoughts placed1 ,bring you nectar1 for a taste3 ,would you have all these in one1 ,name my mistress1 and 'tis done4 ,,the ,,spring ,now that the winter's gone1 the earth hath lost ,her snow-white robes2 and now no more the frost ,candies the grass or casts an icy cream ,upon the silver lake or crystal stream2 ,but the warm sun thaws the benumbed earth1 ,and makes it tender2 gives a sacred birth ,to the dead swallow2 wakes in hollow tree ,the drowsy cuckoo and the bumble-bee4 ,now do a choir of chirping minstrels bring ,in triumph to the world the youthful ,spring3 ,the valleys1 hills1 and woods1 in rich array1 ,welcome the coming of the longed-for ,may4 ,now all things smile2 only my love doth lower2 ,nor hath the scalding noonday sun the power ,to melt that marble ice which still doth hold ,her heart congealed1 and makes her pity cold4 ,the ox1 which lately did for shelter fly ,into the stall1 doth now securely lie ,in open fields2 and love no more is made ,by the fireside2 but1 in the cooler shade1 ,amyntas now doth with his ,cloris sleep ,under a sycamore1 and all things keep ,time with the season--only she doth carry ,june in her eyes1 in her heart ,january4 ,,the ,,inquiry#a ,amongst the myrtles as ,i walked1 ,love and my sighs together talked2 ,tell me 7said ,i in deep distress7 ,where ,i may find my shepherdess8 ,thou fool 7said ,love71 know'st thou not this1-- ,in everything that's good she is3 ,in yonder tulip go and seek2 ,there thou mayst find her lip1 her cheek4 ,in yonder enameled pansy by1 ,there thou shalt have her curious eye2 ,in bloom of peach1 in rosy bud1 ,there wave the streamers of her blood2 ,in brightest lilies that there stands1 ,the emblems of her whiter hands2 ,in yonder rising hill there swells ,such sweets as in her bosom dwells4 ',tis true 7said ,i71 and thereupon ,i went to pluck them one by one1 ,to make of parts a union2 ,but on a sudden all was gone4 ,with that ,i stopped4 ,said ,love1 ,these be 7,fond man7 resemblances of thee2 ,and in these flowers thy joys shall die1 ,even in the twinkling of an eye1 ,and all thy hopes of her shall wither1 ,like these short sweets thus knit together4 #a ,attributed to ,herrick in ,drake's ',literary ,hours4' ,,emilia ,,flygare-,,carlen 7#ahjg-ahib7 ,illustration3 ,,emilia ,,carlen ,emilia ,smith ,flygare-,carlen was born at ,stroemstad1 ,sweden1 ,august #hth1 #ahjg4 ,she was the daughter of ,rutger ,smith1 a merchant of that place1 and here her childhood was passed1 varied by frequent sea trips with her father1 and excursions to different parts of the coast4 ,it was probably these early maritime experiences that laid the foundation of her accurate knowledge of the character and habits of the ,swedish fisherfolk4 ,in #ahbg she was married to ,dr4 ,flygare1 a physician of ,kronbergslaen1 but after his death in #ahcc she returned to her native place4 ,as a child her talent for imaginative literature was known among her friends1 but nothing of any permanent value was developed until after her thirtieth year1 when her first novel1 ',waldemar ,klein1' was published anonymously 7#ahch74 ,after this first successful literary attempt1 she went to ,stockholm upon the advice of her father 7#ahci71 and shortly after she was married to a lawyer of that city1 ,johan ,gabriel ,carlen1 a ,swedish poet and author4 ,her novels appeared in quick succession2 she at once became popular1 and her books were widely read4 ,her productivity was remarkable4 ,the period of her highest accomplishment was from #ahch to #aheb1 when a great affliction in the loss of her son suspended her activities for several years4 ,it was not until #aheh that she again resumed her writing4 ,she was honored by the gold medal of the ,swedish ,academy 7#ahfb71 and the success of her books was followed by abundant pecuniary reward as well as distinction4 ,her house in ,stockholm was the centre of the literary life of the capital until the death of her husband in #ahge1 when she completely retired from the world4 ,she established the ,rutger ,smith ,fund for poor fishermen and their widows1 made an endowment for students to the ,university of ,upsala in memory of her son1 and also founded in memory of her husband a fund for the assistance of teachers4 ,she died at ,stockholm1 ,february #eth1 #ahib4 ,as a novelist she shares national honors with her countrywoman1 ,fredrika ,bremer4 ,her range in fiction was not confined to a single field1 but embraced all classes and conditions of ,swedish life4 ,her stories are full of action and rich in incident1 and her delineation of character is natural and shows her real experience of human nature4 ,she is most happy in depicting the humble fisherfolk and peasants4 ,the stirring incidents of the adventurous life of the smugglers were congenial themes1 and her graphic descriptions give typical pictures of the rough coast life among sailors1 fishers1 and revenue officers4 ,among her best and most characteristic works are3 ',gustav ,lindorm' 7#ahce72 ',rosen pa ,tisteloen' 7,the ,rose of ,tisteloen71 #ahdb2 ',jungfrutornet' 7,the ,maiden's ,tower71 #ahdh2 ',enslingen pa ,johannisskaeret' 7,the ,hermit of the ,johannis ,rock71 #ahdf4 ,her autobiography1 written in her later years1 is sprightly and interesting4 ,her collected works number more than thirty volumes1 the greater part of which have been translated into ,german1 ,french1 and ,english4 ,,the ,,pursuit ,,of ,,the ,,smugglers ,from ',the ,merchant ,house among the ,islands' ,he ,olagus thundered his command to his companions3--,row1 row as fast as you can to the open sea6 ,and as though it had invisible wings1 the boat turned and shot forward4 ,halt6 halt6 cried the lieutenant1 whose blood was now up4 ,in the name of his ,majesty and of the ,crown1 down with the sails4 ,loud laughter from the smugglers' boat sounded across the water4 ,this scornful laughter was answered from the yacht by the firing of the second cannon1 which was fully loaded4 ,the ball fell into the water close to the windward of the boat4 ,the answer was renewed laughter from the smugglers' boat2 whose crew1 urged by the twofold desire to save their cargo and to make fools of the ,custom-house officers1 continued to increase the distance between themselves and the yacht4 ,in spite of the more skillful guidance1 the two oars of the latter could not overtake the four men4 ,but the lieutenant's full strong voice could still be heard3-- ,stop1 or ,i will shoot you to the bottom6 ,but he did not shoot1 for the smugglers' boat was already out of the reach of shot4 ,at this moment it would have been impossible to detect the least trace of the amiable1 good-natured ,gudmar ,guldbrandsson1 the favorite of all the ladies1 with his light yellow curls and his slightly arched forehead1 and the beautiful dark blue eyes1 which when not enlivened by the power of some passion1 sometimes revealed that half-dreamy expression that women so often admire4 ,majke ought to have seen her commander now1 as he stood for a moment on the deck1 leaning on his gun1 his glass in his hand4 ,row1 boys1 row with all your might6 ,i will not allow-- ,the remainder of the sentence was lost in inarticulate tones4 ,once more he raised the glass to his eyes4 ,the chase lasted some time1 without any increase of the intervening distance1 or any hope of its diminution4 ,it was a grave1 a terrible chase4 ,meantime new and strange intentions had occurred to the commander of the smugglers' boat4 ,from what dark source could he have received the inspiration that dictated the command8 ,knock out the bung of the top brandy-barrel1 and let us drink2 that will refresh our courage and rejoice our hearts4 ,be merry and drink as long as you like4 ,and now ensued a wild bacchanalia4 ,the men drank out of large mugs1 they drank out of cans1 and the result was not wanting1 while the boat was nearing the entrance to the sea4 ,now1 my men1 began ,olagus in powerful penetrating tones1 as he stroked his reddish beard1 shall we allow one of those government fools to force us to go a different way from the one we ourselves wish to go8 ,olagus1 ,tuve ventured to interpose1--for ,tuve still possessed full consciousness1 as he had only made a pretense of drinking1--dear ,olagus1 let us be content if we can place the goods in safety4 ,i think ,i perceive that you mean something else--something dangerous4 ,coward6 ,you ought to sit at home and help your father weave nets4 ,if you are afraid1 creep under the tarpaulin2 there are others here who do not get the cramp when they are to follow the ,moerkoe ,bears4 ,for my part1 thought ,boerje1 as he bent over his oar1 ,i should like to keep away from this hunt4 ,but who dare speak a word8 ,i feel as though ,i were already in the fortress1 the ship and crew in the service of the ,crown4 ,perhaps ,ragnar thought so too2 but the great man was so much feared that when he commanded no contradiction was ever heard4 ,it was almost the first time that ,tuve had made an objection1 and his brother's scornful rebuke had roused his blood also2 but still he controlled himself4 ,what was resolved on meantime will be seen from what follows4 ,why1 what is that8 exclaimed the lieutenant of the yacht4 ,the oars are drawn in6 ,he is turning1--on my life1 he is turning6 ,he knew that we should catch him up1 said ,sven1 delighted once more to be able to indulge in his usual humor4 ,fists and sinews like mine are worth as much as four of them2 and if we take ,pelle into account1 they might easily recognize that the best thing they can do is to surrender at once4 ,silence1 you conceited idiot6 commanded the lieutenant2 this is no matter of parley4 ,he is making straight for us4 ,the wind is falling2 it is becoming calm4 ,what does the lieutenant think1 ,pelle8 asked ,sven1 in a loud whisper4 ,can ,olagus have weapons on board and want to attack us8 ,it almost looks like it1 answered ,pelle shortly4 ,meantime the two boats approached one another with alarming speed4 ,whatever happens1 said the lieutenant1 with icy calm1--and the game looks suspicious1 you know1 my friends1--would that the coast-guardsman may not look behind him6 ,the flag of the ,crown may wave over living or dead men2 that is no matter so long as it does not wave over one who has not done his duty4 ,yes1 answered ,pelle4 ,sven spread out his arms in a significant gesture4 ,they may be excited by drink1--their copper-colored faces show that2 but here stands a man who will not forget that his name is ,sven ,dillhufvud4 ,there1 ,i have spoken6 ,but1 dear sir1 do take care of yourself4 ,they have torn up the boards1 and are fetching up stones and pieces of iron4 ,yes1 ,i see4 ,if they attack us1 take care of the oars4 ,do not lay-to on the long side2 but row past1 and then turn4 ,if they throw1 watch their movements carefully2 in that way you can escape the danger4 ,the boats1 which were only a few fathoms apart1 glided gently towards one another4 ,the lieutenant's command was punctually executed by his people4 ,olagus ,esbjoernsson1 exclaimed the commander of the ,custom-house yacht1 ,i charge you once more in the ,king's name to surrender6 ,o dear1 yes1 exclaimed the worthy descendant of the ,vikings4 ,i have come back just with that intention4 ,perhaps ,i also wanted to fulfill an old vow4 ,do you remember what ,i vowed that night by the ,oternnest8 ,at the same moment a whole shower of pieces of iron whistled through the air1 and fell rattling on to the yacht2 but the sharp piece of iron thrown by ,olagus's own hands was aimed at the lieutenant himself4 ,he however darted aside so quickly that he was not wounded1 although it flew so close past him that it tore off his straw hat and dashed it into the sea4 ,olagus1 and you others1 sounded his voice1 in all its youthful power1 consider what you do2 consider the price of an attack on a royal boat and crew6 ,the responsibility may cost you dear4 ,i charge you to cease at once4 ,what6 ,are you frightened1 you ,crown slaves8 roared ,olagus1 whose sparkling eyes and flushed face1 so different from his usual calm in peaceful circumstances1 lent increased wildness to his form and gestures4 ,come1 will this warm you8 ,and at the same moment another piece of iron flew past1 aimed with such certainty that it would have cut off the thread of the lieutenant's life if he had not taken shelter behind the mast4 ,the iron was firmly fixed in the mast4 ,the yacht was now bombarded on all sides4 ,here hung a torn sail1 there an end of rope2 and the side planks had already received a good deal of injury1 so that the yacht was threatened with a leak4 ,but now was heard for the last time the young commander's warning3-- ,stop1 ,olagus1 and tell your people to put aside their wretched arms2 for1 on my life1 this gun is loaded with a ball1 and the first of you who throws another piece shall be shot down like a stag4 ,do it if you dare6 ,but there1 see1 miserable ,custom-house dog1 how the ,moerkoe ,bears respect your threats6 ,the third piece of iron was just about to be thrown2 but at the same moment the lieutenant took aim4 ,the shot was fired4 ,during the long chase and the attack which followed it1 the sun had been approaching the horizon1 and now might be seen one of those beautiful sunsets which so often delight the eye on this blue-green sea4 ,they are the counterpart of the autumn apparitions during the dark fogs1 when the ships wander about seeking their way among the cliffs1 then glimmering whitely1 and now shining red4 ,worthy the inspiration of poet and painter1 this warm1 divinely peaceful1 and lovely scene of nature offered a new1 bitter contrast to the terrible picture which human passion and the claims of duty had conjured with lightning speed into these two spots in the sea--the smugglers' boat and the ,custom-house yacht4 ,the shot was fired1 and the mighty giant of ,moerkoe1 ,olagus ,esbjoernsson1 sank back into the tarpaulin4 ,the accursed devil has shot right into my heart6 ,pale as death1 ,tuve sprang forward1 and wanted to stay the blood4 ,leave it alone1 panted ,olagus4 ,it is no use4 ,give my love to father and ,britje2 she was a good wife4 ,you must be a father to--my boy4 ,the business may cease4 ,the subduing touch of death had already extinguished the wild light which the fire of hatred had kindled in these eyes4 ,and the last glance that sought his brother's gaze was gentle4 ,suddenly he was once more fired by the remembrance of the earthly life which was fast retreating from him4 ,quickly away with the cargo6 ,no one must know that ,olagus ,esbjoernsson fell from a shot out of the ,custom-house yacht4 ,i--,i--fell upon them4 ,they were his last words4 ,tuve's head fell1 sobbing1 on the man whom he had so completely honored as his superior4 ,tuve was now the first in ,moerkoe1 and as though a stronger spirit had come over him1 he began to feel his duty4 ,he rose1 and gave orders to turn toward the sea1 but the crew stood motionless with terror4 ,,thomas ,,carlyle 7#agie-ahha7 ,,by ,,leslie ,,stephen ,the hundredth anniversary of the birth of ,thomas ,carlyle--7,december #dth1 #agie7--was lately commemorated4 ,the house in ,cheyne ,walk1 ,chelsea1 which he had occupied from #ahcd till his death 7,february #dth1 #ahha71 was handed over to trustees to be preserved as a public memorial4 ,no house in the ,british islands has more remarkable associations4 ,thither ,carlyle had come in his thirty-eighth year1 still hardly recognized by the general public1 though already regarded by a small circle as a man of extraordinary powers4 ,there he went through the concluding years of the long struggle which ended by a hard-won and scarcely enjoyed victory4 ,there he had been visited by almost all the most conspicuous men of letters of his time3 by ,jeffrey1 ,southey1 and ,j4 ,s4 ,mill2 by ,tennyson and ,browning1 the greatest poets1 and by ,thackeray and ,dickens1 the greatest novelists of his generation2 by the dearest friends of his youth1 ,irving and ,emerson and ,john ,sterling1 and by his last followers1 ,froude and ,ruskin4 ,there too had lived until #ahff the woman who had shared his struggles1 whom he loved and admired without stint1 and whom he was yet destined to remember with many bitter pangs of remorse4 ,their story1 laid bare with singular fullness1 has invested the scene of their joys and sorrows1 their alienation and reconciliations1 with extraordinary interest4 ,every one who has read the ,reminiscences and the later mass of biographical matter must be glad to see the sound-proof room1 and the garden haunted by the demon-fowls and the other dumb witnesses of a long tragi-comedy4 ,no one was so keenly sensitive as ,carlyle to the interest of the little gleams of light which reveal our ancestors not only stirred by the great passions1 but absorbed like ourselves by the trivialities of the day4 ,a similar interest will long attach to the scene of his own trials4 ,carlyle's life was a struggle and a warfare4 ,each of his books was wrenched from him1 like the tale of the ',ancient ,mariner1' by a spiritual agony4 ,the early books excited the wrath of his contemporaries1 when they were not ridiculed as the grotesque outpourings of an eccentric humorist4 ,his teaching was intended to oppose what most people take to be the general tendency of thought1 and yet many who share that tendency gladly acknowledge that they owe to ,carlyle a more powerful intellectual stimulus than they can attribute even to their accepted teachers4 ,i shall try briefly to indicate the general nature of his message to mankind1 without attempting to consider the soundness or otherwise of particular views4 ,carlyle describes what kind of person people went to see in ,cheyne ,row4 ,the very sound of my voice1 he says1 has got something savage-prophetic3 ,i am as a ,john the ,baptist girt about with a leather girdle1 whose food is locusts and wild honey4 ,respectable literary society at aesthetic tea-parties regarded him as the ,scribes and ,pharisees regarded the ,hebrew prophet4 ,he came among them to tear the mask from their hypocritical cant4 ,carlyle was not externally a ,diogenes4 ,though the son of peasants1 he had the appearance and manner of a thorough gentleman in spite of all his irritable outbreaks4 ,but he was not the less penetrated to the core with the idiosyncrasies of his class4 ,the father1 a ,davie ,deans of real life1 had impressed the son profoundly4 ,carlyle had begun life on the same terms as innumerable young ,scots4 ,strict frugality had enabled him to get a college training and reach the threshold of the ministry4 ,his mother could look forward to the exquisite pleasure of seeing her own bairn wag his head in a pulpit6 ,but at this point ,carlyle's individuality first asserted itself4 ,he could not step into any of the ordinary grooves4 ,his college teachers appeared to him to offer sawdust instead of manna from heaven4 ,the sacred formulae of their ancestral creed had lost their savor4 ,words once expressive of the strongest faith were either used to utter the bigotry of narrow pedants1 or were adopted only to be explained away into insipid commonplace4 ,carlyle shared the intellectual movement of his time too much to profess any reverence for what he called the ,hebrew old-clothes4 ,philosophers and critics had torn them to rags4 ,his quarrel however was with the accidental embodiment1 not with the spirit of the old creeds4 ,the old morality was ingrained in his very nature2 nor was he shocked1 like some of his fellows1 by the sternness of the ,calvinistic views of the universe and life4 ,the whole problem was with him precisely to save this living spirit4 ,the skeptics1 he thought1 were1 in the ,german phrase1 emptying out the baby with the bath4 ,they were at war with the spirit as well as with the letter2 trying to construct a ,godless universe2 to substitute a dead mechanism for the living organism2 and therefore to kill down at the root every noble aspiration which could stimulate the conscience1 or strengthen a man to bear the spectacle of the wrongs and sufferings of mankind4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,the crisis of this struggle happened in #ahba4 ,after giving up the ministry1 ,carlyle had tried schoolmastering and found himself to be least fitted of mankind for a function which demands patience with stupidity4 ,he had just glanced at the legal profession only to be disgusted with its chicaneries4 ,hack authorship was his only chance4 ,the dyspeptic disorder which tormented him through life was tormenting him4 ,a rat was gnawing at the pit of his stomach4 ,then he was embittered by the general distress of his own class4 ,men out of work were threatening riots and the yeomanry being called out to suppress them4 ,carlyle was asked by a friend why he too did not come out with a musket4 ,hm6 yes1 he replied1 but ,i haven't quite settled on which side4 ,it was while thus distracted1 that after three weeks of sleeplessness he experienced what he called his conversion4 ,the universe had seemed to him void of life1 of purpose1 of volition1 even of hostility2 it was one huge and immeasurable steam-engine1 rolling on in its dead indifference1 to grind me limb from limb4 ,oh1 the vast1 gloomy1 solitary ,golgotha and mill of death6 ,and then he suddenly resolved to resist4 ,why go on trembling like a coward8--,as ,i so thought1 there rushed a stream of fire over my whole soul1 and ,i shook base fear away from me for ever4 ,i was strong1 of unknown strength2 a spirit2 almost a god3 ever from that time the temper of my misery was changed2 not fear or whining sorrow was in it1 but indignation and grim1 fell-eyed defiance4 ,these are the phrases of his imaginary hero in ',sartor ,resartus4' ,in the ',reminiscences' he repeats the statement in his own person4 ,he had won an immense victory2 he had escaped from the foul mud gods and soared into the eternal blue of ether where he had for the spiritual part ever since lived4 ,he could look down upon his fellow creatures still weltering in that fatal element1 pitying the religious part of them and indignant against the frivolous2 enjoying an inward and supreme happiness which still remained to him1 though often eclipsed in later years4 ,to understand this crisis is to understand his whole attitude4 ,the change was not of the purely logical kind4 ,carlyle was not converted by any philosophical system4 ,coleridge1 not long before1 had found in ,kant and ,schelling an answer to similar perplexities4 ,carlyle1 though he respected the ,german metaphysicians1 could never find their dogmas satisfactory to his shrewd ,scottish sense4 ,his great helper1 he tells us1 in the strait1 was not ,kant but ,goethe4 ,the contrast between that serene prophet of culture and the rugged ,scottish ,puritan is so marked that one may be tempted to explain the influence partly by personal accident4 ,carlyle grew up at a time when the ,british public was just awaking to the existence of ,germany2 and not only promoted the awakening but was recognized by the great ,goethe himself4 ,he may well have been inclined in later years to exaggerate a debt due to so welcome a recognition4 ,and yet it is intelligible that in ,goethe1 ,carlyle saw what he most required4 ,a man of the highest genius and a full representative of the most advanced thought could yet recognize what was elevating in the past as clearly as what was the true line of progress for us to pursue2 and while casting aside the dead trappings as decidedly as ,carlyle1 could reach serene heights above the petty controversies where men wrangled over extinct issues4 ,goethe had solved the problem which vexed ,carlyle's soul1 and set an inspiring example of the true spirit and its great reward4 ,carlyle1 however1 was not qualified by temperament or mental characteristics to follow ,goethe's steps4 ,if not primarily a reasoner1 and too impatient perhaps for slow logical processes1 he was also not a poet4 ,some of the greatest ,english teachers of his period embodied their conceptions of the world in poetry4 ,wordsworth and ,shelley and ,byron1 in particular1 were more effective representatives of the chief spiritual influences of the day than the few speculative writers4 ,carlyle thought for a time that he could utter himself in verse1 or at least in prose fiction4 ,he tried1 only to feel his incompetence4 ,as ,froude observes1 he had little ear for metrical composition4 ,there were other and perhaps greater obstacles4 ,a poet must be capable of detachment from the actual world in which he lives1 however profound his interest in its great problems4 ,he must be able to dwell with seraph contemplation and stand aside from the actual contest4 ,to ,carlyle such an attitude was partly impossible1 partly contemptible4 ,he had imbibed the ,puritan aversion to aesthetic enjoyments4 ,he had been brought up in circles where it was thought wrong for a child to read the ',arabian ,nights1' and where ,milton could only obtain a doubtful admission as a versifier of the ,scriptural narrative4 ,carlyle retained the prejudice4 ,he always looked askance at poetry which had no immediate bearing upon conduct1 and regarded aesthetic as equivalent to frivolous4 ,may the devil fly away with the fine arts is a sentiment which he quotes with cordial sympathy4 ,this view was congenial to his inborn characteristics4 ,one striking peculiarity was his extraordinary receptivity of all outward impressions4 ,the strange irritability which he set down to the hag ,dyspepsia made him resemble a patient in whom disease has produced a morbidly excessive sensibility4 ,little annoyances were magnified into tragic dimensions4 ,the noises in a next-door house affected him as an earthquake might affect others4 ,his memory was as retentive as his impressions were strong4 ,froude testifies that his account of a little trip to ,paris1 written forty years later without reference to memoranda1 is verified down to the minutest details by contemporary letters4 ,scenes instantaneously photographed on his memory never faded4 ,no one had a keener eye for country4 ,when he visited ,germany he brought back pictures of the scenes of ,frederick's battles1 which enabled him to reproduce them with such startling veracity that after reading you seem to remember the reality1 not the book4 ,in history he seeks to place before us a series of visions as distinct as actual eyesight3 to show us ,cromwell watching the descent of the ,scottish army at ,dunbar1 or the human whirlpool raging round the walls of the ,bastille4 ,we--the commonplace spectators--should not1 it is true1 even at present see what was visible to ,carlyle1 any more than we see a landscape as ,turner saw it4 ,we may wish that we could4 ,at any rate1 we have the conviction of absolute truthfulness to the impression made on a powerful idiosyncrasy4 ,we perceive1 as by the help of a ,rembrandt1 vast chaotic breadths of gloomy confusion1 with central figures thrown out by a light of extraordinary brilliancy4 ,carlyle1 indeed1 always has it in mind that what we call reality is but a film on the surface of mysterious depths4 ,we are such stuff1 to repeat his favorite quotation1 as dreams are made of4 ,past history is a series of dreams2 the magic of memory may restore them for an instant to our present consciousness4 ,but the most vivid picture of whatever is not irrecoverably lost always brings1 too1 the pathetic sense that we are after all but ephemeral appearances in the midst of the eternities and infinities4 ,overwhelmed by this sense of the unsubstantiality even of the most real objects1 ,carlyle clutches1 as it were with the energy of despair1 every fading image2 and tries to invest it with something of its old brightness4 ,carlyle was so desirous to gain this distinctness of vision that he could not be happy in personal descriptions till1 if possible1 he had examined the portrait of his hero and satisfied himself that he could reproduce the actual bodily appearance4 ,the face1 he holds1 shows the soul4 ,and then his shrewd ,scottish sagacity never deserts him4 ,if the hero sometimes becomes1 like most heroes1 a little too free from human infirmities1 the actors in his dramas never become mere walking gentlemen4 ,in ,dryasdust he gives us lay figures1 bedizened at times with shallow paradoxes2 but ,carlyle always deals in genuine human nature4 ,his judgment may not be impartial1 but at least it is not nugatory4 ,he sees the man from within and makes him a credible individual1 not a mere bit of machinery worked by colorless formulae4 ,with this eye for character goes the keen sense of grim humor which keeps him in touch with reality4 ,little incidents bring out the absurd side of even the heroic4 ,the most exciting scenes of his ',french ,revolution' are heightened by the vision of the shivering usher who accords the grand entries when the ferocious mob is rushing into the palace--not finding it convenient1 as ,carlyle observes1 to refuse them2 and of the gentleman who continues for an hour to demand the arrestment of knaves and dastards--a most comprehensive of all known petitions4 ,carlyle's mannerism is one result of this strain to be graphic4 ,it has been attributed to readings of ,jean ,paul1 and by ,carlyle himself1 partly to ,irving and partly to the early talk in his father's home4 ,it appears at any rate as soon as ,carlyle gets confidence enough in himself to trust to his own modes of impression2 and if it may fairly be called a mannerism1 was not an affectation4 ,it was struck out in the attempt to give most effective utterance to his genuine thought1 and may be compared1 as ,burke said of ,johnson's conversation1 to the contortions of the ,sibyl4 ,it is time1 however1 to try to say what was the prophetic message thus delivered4 ,carlyle1 ,i have said1 had no logical system of philosophy1 and was too much of a realist 7in one sense7 to find poetry congenial4 ,he has to preach by pictures of the past2 by giving us history1 though history transfused with poetry2 an account of the external fact which shall reveal the real animating principle1 quietly omitted by statisticians and constitutional historians4 ,the doctrine so delivered appears to be vague4 ,what1 the ordinary believer may ask1 would be left of a religion if its historical statements should turn out to be mere figments and its framework of dogmas to be nonsense8 ,he would naturally reply1 ,nothing4 ,carlyle replies1 ,everything4 ,the spirit may survive1 though its whole visible embodiment should be dissolved into fiction and fallacy4 ,but to define this spirit is obviously impossible4 ,it represents a tone of thought1 a mode of contemplating life and the world1 not any distinct set of definite propositions4 ,carlyle was called a mystic1 and even1 as he says1 was made into a mystic school4 ,we may accept the phrase1 so far as mysticism means the substitution of a logic of the heart for a logic of the head--an appeal to sentiment rather than to any definite reasoning process4 ,the mystic naturally recognizes the inner light as shining through many different and even apparently contradictory forms4 ,but most mystics retain1 in a new sense perhaps1 the ancient formulae4 ,carlyle rejected them so markedly that he shocked many believers1 otherwise sympathetic4 ,his early friend ,irving1 who tried to restore life to the old forms1 and many who accepted ,coleridge as their spiritual guide1 were scandalized by his utterances4 ,he thought1 conversely1 that they were still masquerading in ,hebrew old-clothes1 or were even like the apes who went on chattering by the banks of the ,dead ,sea1 till they ceased to be human4 ,he regards the ,oxford movement with simple contempt4 ,his dictum that ,newman had no more brain than a moderate-sized rabbit must have been followed1 as no one will doubt who heard him talk1 by one of those gigantic explosions of laughter which were signals of humorous exaggeration4 ,but it meant in all seriousness that he held ,newman to be reviving superstitions unworthy of the smallest allowance of brain4 ,yet ,carlyle's untiring denunciation of shams and unrealities of this1 as of other varieties1 does not mean unqualified antipathy4 ,he feels that the attempt to link the living spirit to the dead externals is a fatal enterprise4 ,that may be now a stifling incumbrance1 which was once the only possible symbol of a living belief4 ,accordingly1 though ,carlyle's insistence upon the value of absolute intellectual truthfulness is directed against this mode of thought1 his attack upon the opposite error is more passionate and characteristic4 ,the ',sartor ,resartus1' his first complete book 7#ahcc-d71 announced and tried to explain his conversion4 ,to many readers it still seems his best work1 as it certainly contains some of his noblest passages4 ,it was unpopular in ,england1 and 7an ,englishman must say it with regret7 seems to have been first appreciated in ,america4 ,it gave indeed many sharp blows at ,english society3 it expresses his contempt for the upper literary strata1 who like ,jeffrey complained of him for being so desperately in earnest2 and for the authors1 who were not prophets1 but mere caterers to ephemeral amusement4 ,but the satire1 ,i cannot but think1 is not quite happy4 ,the humor of the ,clothes ,philosophy is a little strained2 to me1 ,i confess1 rather tiresome3 and the impressive passages just those where he forgets it4 ,his real power became obvious beyond all cavil on the publication of the ',french ,revolution' 7#ahcg74 ,not for a hundred years1 he declared1 had the public received any book that came more direct and flamingly from the heart of a living man4 ,that expresses1 as ,i think1 the truth4 ,the book is not to be read for information4 ,the facts would now require much restatement2 and moreover1 the narrative is too apt to overleap prosaic but necessary facts in order to fasten upon the picturesque passages4 ,but considered as what it is1 a prose epic1 a moving panorama1 drawn with astonishing force and perception of the tremendous tragi-comedy involved1 it is unequaled in ,english literature4 ,the doctrine inculcated is significant4 ,carlyle's sympathies were in one sense with the ,revolution4 ,he felt1 he says1 that the ,radicals were guild-brothers1 while the ,whigs were mere amateurs4 ,he was even more thoroughly convinced than the ,radicals that a thoroughgoing demolition of the old order was essential4 ,the ,revolution was but the first volcanic outburst of the great forces still active below the surface4 ,europe1 he says 7',chartism'71 lay hag-ridden and quack-ridden4 ,the quack is the most hideous of hags2 he is a falsehood incarnate4 ,to blow him and his to the four winds was the first necessity4 ,the ,french ,revolution was the inevitable stern end of much3 the fearful but also wonderful1 indispensable1 and sternly beneficent beginning of much4 ,so far1 ,carlyle was far more in agreement with ,paine than with ,burke4 ,but what was to follow when the ground was cleared8 ,when you have cut off your king's head and confiscated the estates of the nobility and the church1 you have only begun4 ,a new period is to be born with death-throes and birth-throes1 and there are1 he guesses 7',french ,revolution1' ,book iv41 chapter #d71 some two centuries of fighting before ,democracy go through its dire1 most baleful stage of ',quackocracy4' ,the radicals represent this coming ,quackocracy4 ,what was their root error8 ,briefly 7,i try to expound1 not to enlarge71 that they were materialists4 ,their aim was low4 ,they desired simply a multiplication of physical comforts1 or as he puts it1 a boundless supply of pigs-wash4 ,their means too were futile4 ,society1 on their showing1 was a selfish herd hungering for an equal distribution of pigs-wash4 ,they put unlimited faith in the mere mechanism of constitution-mongering2 in ballot-boxes and manipulation of votes and contrivances by which a number of mean and selfish passions might be somehow so directed as to balance each other4 ,it is not by any such devices that society can really be regenerated4 ,you must raise men's souls1 not alter their conventions4 ,they must not simply abolish kings1 but learn to recognize the true king1 the man who has the really divine right of superior strength and wisdom1 not the sham divine right of obsolete tradition4 ,you require not paper rules1 but a new spirit which spontaneously recognizes the voice of ,god4 ,the true secret of life must be to him1 as to every mystic1 that we should follow the dictates of the inner light which speaks in different dialects to all of us4 ,but this implies a difficulty4 ,carlyle1 spite of his emergence into blue ether1 was constitutionally gloomy4 ,he was more alive than any man since ,swift to the dark side of human nature4 ,the dullness of mankind weighed upon him like a nightmare4 ,mostly fools is his pithy verdict upon the race at large4 ,nothing then could be more idle than the dream of the revolutionists that the voice of the people could be itself the voice of ,god4 ,from millions of fools you can by no constitutional machinery extract anything but folly4 ,where then is the escape8 ,the millions1 he says 7essay on ,johnson71 roll hither and thither1 whithersoever they are led2 they seem all sightless and slavish1 with little but animal instincts4 ,the hope is that1 here and there1 are scattered the men of power and of insight1 the heaven-sent leaders2 and it is upon loyalty to them and capacity for recognizing and obeying them that the future of the race really depends4 ,this was the moral of the lectures on ',hero-,worship' 7#ahdj74 ,odin1 ,mahomet1 ,dante1 ,shakespeare1 ,luther1 ,cromwell1 and ,napoleon1 are types of the great men who now and then visit the earth as prophets or rulers4 ,they are the brilliant centres of light in the midst of the surrounding darkness2 and in loyal recognition of their claims lies our security for all external progress4 ,by what signs1 do you ask1 can they be recognized8 ,there can be no sign4 ,you can see the light if you have eyes2 but no other faculty can supply the want of eyesight4 ,and hence arise some remarkable points both of difference from and coincidence with popular beliefs4 ,in the ',chartism1' ',past and ,present1' and ',latter-,day ,pamphlets' 7#ahci1 #ahdc1 and #ahej71 ,carlyle applied his theories to the problems of the day4 ,they had the disadvantage which generally attaches to the writings of an outsider in politics4 ,they were1 said the average reader1 unpractical4 ,carlyle could not recommend any definite measures2 an objection easy to bring against a man who urges rather a change of spirit than of particular measures4 ,yet it is noticeable that he recommends much that has since become popular4 ,much of his language might be used by modern ,socialists4 ,in ',past and ,present1' for example 7,book iii41 ,chapter #h71 he gives the principle of land nationalization4 ,the great capitalist is to be turned into a captain of industry1 and government is to undertake to organize labor1 to protect health1 and to enforce education4 ,carlyle so far sympathizes with the ,socialist1 not only as agreeing that the great end of government is the raising of the poor1 but as denouncing the laissez-faire doctrine4 ,the old-fashioned ,english ,radical had regarded all government as a necessary evil1 to be minimized as much as possible4 ,when it had armed the policemen1 it had fulfilled its whole duty4 ,but this1 according to ,carlyle1 was to leave the dull multitude to drift into chaos4 ,government should rest upon the loyalty of the lower to the higher4 ,order is essential2 and good order means the spontaneous obedience to the heaven-sent hero4 ,he1 when found1 must supply the guiding and stimulating force4 ,the ,socialist1 like ,carlyle1 desires a strong government1 but not the government of the hero4 ,government of which the moving force comes from above instead of below will be1 he thinks1 a government of mere force4 ,and here occurs the awkward problem to which ,carlyle is constantly referring4 ,he was generally accused of identifying right with might4 ,against this interpretation he always protested4 ,right and ,might1 he says often1 are in the long run identical4 ,that which is right and that alone is ultimately lasting4 ,your rights are the expression of the divine will2 and for that reason1 whatever endures must be right4 ,work lasts so far as it is based upon eternal foundations4 ,the might1 therefore1 is in the long run the expression of the right4 ,the ,napoleonic empire1 according to a favorite illustration1 could not last because it was founded upon injustice4 ,the two tests then must coincide3 what is good proves itself by lasting1 and what lasts1 lasts because good2 but the test of endurance cannot1 it is clear1 be applied when it is wanted4 ,hence arises an ambiguity which often gives to ,carlyle the air of a man worshiping mere success2 when1 if we take his own interpretation1 he takes the success to be the consequence1 not the cause1 of the rightness4 ,the hero is the man who sees the fact and disregards the conventional fiction2 but for the moment he looks very like the man who disregards principles and attends to his own interest4 ,here again ,carlyle approximates to a doctrine to which he was most averse1 the theory of the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest4 ,the ,darwinian answers in this way ,carlyle's problem1 how it is to come to pass that the stupidity of the masses comes to blunder into a better order8 ,here and there1 as in his accounts of the way in which the intensely stupid ,british public managed to blunder into the establishment of a great empire1 ,carlyle seems to fall in with the ,darwinian view4 ,that view shocked him because he thought it mechanical4 ,to him the essence of history was to be found not in the blind striving of the dull1 but in the lives of great men4 ,they represent the incarnate wisdom which must guide all wholesome aspiration4 ,history is really the biography of the heroes4 ,all so-called philosophies of history1 attempts to discover general laws and to dispense with the agency of great men1 are tainted with materialism4 ,they would substitute blind laws for the living spirit which really guides the development of the race4 ,but if you ask how your hero is to be known1 the only answer can be1 ,know him at your peril4 ,carlyle's most elaborate books1 the ',cromwell' and the ',frederick1' are designed to give an explicit answer to the right and might problem4 ,carlyle in both cases seems to be toiling amidst the dust-heaps of some ancient ruin1 painfully disinterring the shattered and defaced fragments of a noble statue and reconstructing it to be hereafter placed in a worthy ,valhalla4 ,cromwell1 according to the vulgar legend1 was a mere hypocrite1 and ,frederick a mere cynical conqueror4 ,the success of both--that is his intended moral--was in proportion to the clearness with which they recognized the eternal laws of the universe4 ,cromwell probably is the more satisfactory hero1 as more really sympathetic to his admirer4 ,but each requires an interpreter4 ,cromwell's gifts did not lie in the direction of lucid utterance2 and ,frederick1 if he could have read1 would certainly have scorned1 the doctrine of his eulogist4 ,carlyle1 that is1 has to dig out in the actions of great men a true significance1 certainly not obvious to the actors themselves4 ,their recognition of the eternal laws was in one case embodied in obsolete formulae1 and in the other1 it might seem1 altogether unconscious4 ,the hero's recognition of divine purposes does not imply then that his own vision is purged from error1 or that his aim is distinctly realized4 ,he may1 like ,mahomet or the ,abbot ,sampson1 be full of superstition4 ,his veracity does not mean that his beliefs are true2 only that they are sincere and such a version of the truth as is possible in his dialect4 ,this is connected with ,carlyle's constant insistence upon the superiority of silence to speech4 ,the divine light shines through many distracting media2 it enlightens many who do not consciously perceive it4 ,it may be recognized because it gives life2 because the work to which it prompts is lasting4 ,but even the hero who tries to utter himself is sure to interpolate much that is ephemeral1 confused1 and imperfect2 and speech in general represents the mere perplexed gabble of men who take words for thought1 and raise a hopeless clamor which drowns the still small voice of true inspiration4 ,if men are mostly fools1 their talk is mostly folly2 forming a wild incoherent ,babel in which it is hard to pick out the few scattered words of real meaning4 ,carlyle has been ridiculed for preaching silence in so many words2 but then ,carlyle was speaking the truth1 and of that1 he fully admits1 we can never have too much4 ,the hero may be a prophet1 or a man of letters4 ,he is bound to speak seriously1 though not to be literally silent2 and his words must be judged not by the momentary pleasure1 but by their ultimate influence on life4 ,carlyle's message to his fellows1 which ,i have tried imperfectly to summarize1 may be condemned on grounds of taste and of morality4 ,translated into logical formulae it becomes inconsistent1 and it embodies some narrow prejudices in exaggerated terms4 ,yet ,i think that it has been useful even by the shock it has given to commonplace optimism4 ,it has been far more useful because in his own dialect1 ,carlyle--as ,i think--expresses some vital truths with surpassing force4 ,whatever our creeds1 religious or political1 he may stimulate our respect for veracity1 in the form of respect for honest work or contempt for hypocritical conventions2 our loyalty to all great leaders1 in the worlds both of thought and action2 and our belief that to achieve any real progress1 something is required infinitely deeper than any mere change in the superficial arrangements of society4 ,these lessons are expressed1 too1 as the merely literary critic must admit1 by a series of historical pictures1 so vivid and so unique in character that for many readers they are in the full sense fascinating4 ,they are revelations of new aspects of the world1 never1 when once observed1 to be forgotten4 ,and finally1 ,i may add that ,carlyle's autobiographical writings--in which we must include the delightful ',life of ,sterling'--show the same qualities in a shape which1 if sometimes saddening1 is profoundly interesting4 ,no man was more reticent in his life1 though he has been made to deliver a posthumous confession of extraordinary fullness4 ,we hear all the groans once kept within the walls of ,cheyne ,row4 ,after making all allowance for the fits of temper1 the harshness of judgment1 and the willful exaggeration1 we see at last a man who under extraordinary difficulties was unflinchingly faithful to what he took to be his vocation1 and struggled through a long life1 full of anxieties and vexations1 to turn his genius to the best account4 ,signature3 ,leslie ,stephen ,,labor ,from ',past and ,present' ,for there is a perennial nobleness1 and even sacredness1 in ,work4 ,were he never so benighted1 forgetful of his high calling1 there is always hope in a man that actually and earnestly works3 in ,idleness alone is there perpetual despair4 ,work1 never so ,mammonish1 mean1 is in communication with ,nature2 the real desire to get ,work done will itself lead one more and more to truth1 to ,nature's appointments and regulations1 which are truth4 ,the latest ,gospel in this world is1 ,know thy work and do it4 ,know thyself3 long enough has that poor self of thine tormented thee2 thou wilt never get to know it1 ,i believe6 ,think it not thy business1 this of knowing thyself2 thou art an unknowable individual3 know what thou canst work at2 and work at it like a ,hercules6 ,that will be thy better plan4 ,it has been written1 ,an endless significance lies in ,work2 a man perfects himself by working4 ,foul jungles are cleared away1 fair seed-fields rise instead1 and stately cities2 and withal the man himself first ceases to be jungle and foul unwholesome desert thereby4 ,consider how even in the meanest sorts of ,labor1 the whole soul of a man is composed into a kind of real harmony the instant he sets himself to work6 ,doubt1 ,desire1 ,sorrow1 ,remorse1 ,indignation1 ,despair itself1 all these like hell-dogs lie beleaguering the soul of the poor day-worker1 as of every man3 but he bends himself with free valor against his task1 and all these are stilled1 all these shrink murmuring far off into their caves4 ,the man is now a man4 ,the blessed glow of ,labor in him1 is it not as purifying fire1 wherein all poison is burnt up1 and of sour smoke itself there is made bright blessed flame6 ,destiny1 on the whole1 has no other way of cultivating us4 ,a formless ,chaos1 once set it revolving1 grows round and ever rounder2 ranges itself by mere force of gravity into strata1 spherical courses2 is no longer a ,chaos1 but a round compacted ,world4 ,what would become of the ,earth did she cease to revolve8 ,in the poor old ,earth1 so long as she revolves1 all inequalities1 irregularities1 disperse themselves2 all irregularities are incessantly becoming regular4 ,hast thou looked on the ,potter's wheel1--one of the venerablest objects2 old as the ,prophet ,ezekiel and far older8 ,rude lumps of clay1 how they spin themselves up1 by mere quick whirling1 into beautiful circular dishes4 ,and fancy the most assiduous ,potter1 but without his wheel2 reduced to make dishes1 or rather amorphous botches1 by mere kneading and baking6 ,even such a ,potter were ,destiny1 with a human soul that would rest and lie at ease1 that would not work and spin6 ,of an idle unrevolving man the kindest ,destiny1 like the most assiduous ,potter without wheel1 can bake and knead nothing other than a botch2 let her spend on him what expensive coloring1 what gilding and enameling she will1 he is but a botch4 ,not a dish2 no1 a bulging1 kneaded1 crooked1 shambling1 squint-cornered1 amorphous botch1--a mere enameled vessel of dishonor6 ,let the idle think of this4 ,blessed is he who has found his work2 let him ask no other blessedness4 ,he has a work1 a life-purpose2 he has found it1 and will follow it6 ,how1 as a free-flowing channel1 dug and torn by noble force through the sour mud-swamp of one's existence1 like an ever-deepening river there1 it runs and flows2--draining off the sour festering water gradually from the root of the remotest grass-blade2 making1 instead of pestilential swamp1 a green fruitful meadow with its clear-flowing stream4 ,how blessed for the meadow itself1 let the stream and its value be great or small6 ,labor is ,life3 from the inmost heart of the ,worker rises his ,god-given ,force1 the sacred celestial ,life-essence breathed into him by ,almighty ,god2 from his inmost heart awakens him to all nobleness1--to all knowledge1 self-knowledge and much else1 so soon as ,work fitly begins4 ,knowledge8 ,the knowledge that will hold good in working1 cleave thou to that2 for ,nature herself accredits that1 says ,yea to that4 ,properly thou hast no other knowledge but what thou hast got by working3 the rest is yet all a hypothesis of knowledge2 a thing to be argued of in schools1 a thing floating in the clouds1 in endless logic-vortices1 till we try it and fix it4 ,doubt1 of whatever kind1 can be ended by ,action alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and again1 hast thou valued ,patience1 ,courage1 ,perseverance1 ,openness to light2 readiness to own thyself mistaken1 to do better next time8 ,all these1 all virtues1 in wrestling with the dim brute ,powers of ,fact1 in ordering of thy fellows in such wrestle1 there1 and elsewhere not at all1 thou wilt continually learn4 ,set down a brave ,sir ,christopher in the middle of black ruined ,stone-heaps1 of foolish unarchitectural ,bishops1 red-tape ,officials1 idle ,nell-,gwynn ,defenders of the ,faith2 and see whether he will ever raise a ,paul's ,cathedral out of all that1 yea or no6 ,rough1 rude1 contradictory1 are all things and persons1 from the mutinous masons and ,irish hodmen up to the idle ,nell-,gwynn ,defenders1 to blustering red-tape ,officials1 foolish unarchitectural ,bishops4 ,all these things and persons are there not for ,christopher's sake and his ,cathedral's2 they are there for their own sake mainly6 ,christopher will have to conquer and constrain all these1--if he be able4 ,all these are against him4 ,equitable ,nature herself1 who carries her mathematics and architectonics not on the face of her1 but deep in the hidden heart of her1--,nature herself is but partially for him2 will be wholly against him1 if he constrain her not6 ,his very money1 where is it to come from8 ,the pious munificence of ,england lies far-scattered1 distant1 unable to speak and say1 ,i am here2--must be spoken to before it can speak4 ,pious munificence1 and all help1 is so silent1 invisible like the gods2 impediments1 contradictions manifold1 are so loud and near6 ,o brave ,sir ,christopher1 trust thou in those1 notwithstanding1 and front all these2 understand all these2 by valiant patience1 noble effort1 insight1 by man's strength1 vanquish and compel all these1--and on the whole1 strike down victoriously the last topstone of that ,paul's ,edifice2 thy monument for certain centuries1 the stamp ,great ,man impressed very legibly on ,portland-stone there6 ,yes1 all manner of help1 and pious response from ,men of ,nature1 is always what we call silent2 cannot speak or come to light1 till it be seen1 till it be spoken to4 ,every noble work is at first ,impossible4 ,in very truth1 for every noble work the possibilities will lie diffused through ,immensity2 inarticulate1 undiscoverable except to faith4 ,like ,gideon1 thou shalt spread out thy fleece at the door of thy tent2 see whether under the wide arch of ,heaven there be any bounteous moisture1 or none4 ,thy heart and life-purpose shall be as a miraculous ,gideon's fleece1 spread out in silent appeal to ,heaven2 and from the kind ,immensities1 what from the poor unkind ,localities and town and country ,parishes there never could1 blessed dew-moisture to suffice thee shall have fallen6 ,work is of a religious nature2--work is of a brave nature2 which it is the aim of all religion to be4 ,all work of man is as the swimmer's3 a waste ocean threatens to devour him2 if he front it not bravely1 it will keep its word4 ,by incessant wise defiance of it1 lusty rebuke and buffet of it1 behold how it loyally supports him1 bears him as its conqueror along4 ,it is so1 says ,goethe1 with all things that man undertakes in this world4 ,brave ,sea-captain1 ,norse ,sea-king1--,columbus1 my hero1 royalest ,sea-king of all6 it is no friendly environment1 this of thine1 in the waste deep waters2 around thee mutinous discouraged souls1 behind thee disgrace and ruin1 before thee the equal1 unpenetrated veil of ,night4 ,brother1 these wild water-mountains1 bounding from their deep basin 7ten miles deep1 ,i am told71 are not entirely there on thy behalf6 ,meseems they have other work than floating thee forward3--and the huge ,winds1 that sweep from ,ursa-,major to the ,tropics and ,equators1 dancing their giant-waltz through the kingdoms of ,chaos and ,immensity1 they care little about filling rightly or filling wrongly the small shoulder-of-mutton sails in this cockle-skiff of thine6 ,thou art not among articulate-speaking friends1 my brother2 thou art among immeasurable dumb monsters1 tumbling1 howling1 wide as the world here4 ,secret1 far off1 invisible to all hearts but thine1 there lies a help in them3 see how thou wilt get at that4 ,patiently thou wilt wait till the mad ,southwester spend itself1 saving thyself by dexterous science of defense1 the while3 valiantly1 with swift decision1 wilt thou strike in1 when the favoring ,east1 the ,possible1 springs up4 ,mutiny of men thou wilt sternly repress2 weakness1 despondency1 thou wilt cheerily encourage3 thou wilt swallow down complaint1 unreason1 weariness1 weakness of others and thyself2--how much wilt thou swallow down6 ,there shall be a depth of ,silence in thee1 deeper than this ,sea1 which is but ten miles deep3 a ,silence unsoundable2 known to ,god only4 ,thou shalt be a great man4 ,yes1 my ,world-,soldier1 thou of the ,world ,marine-service1--thou wilt have to be greater than this tumultuous unmeasured ,world here round thee is2 thou1 in thy strong soul1 as with wrestler's arms shalt embrace it1 harness it down2 and make it bear thee on1--to new ,americas1 or whither ,god wills6 ,,the ,,world ,,in ,,clothes ,from ',sartor ,resartus' ,as ,montesquieu wrote a ',spirit of ,laws1' observes our ,professor1 so could ,i write a ',spirit of ,clothes'2 thus1 with an ',esprit des ,lois1' properly an ',esprit de ,coutumes1' we should have an ',esprit de ,costumes4' ,for neither in tailoring nor in legislating does man proceed by mere ,accident1 but the hand is ever guided on by mysterious operations of the mind4 ,in all his ,modes1 and habilatory endeavors1 an ,architectural ,idea will be found lurking2 his ,body and the ,cloth are the site and materials whereon and whereby his beautified edifice1 of a ,person1 is to be built4 ,whether he flow gracefully out in folded mantles1 based on light sandals2 tower-up in high headgear1 from amid peaks1 spangles1 and bell-girdles2 swell-out in starched ruffs1 buckram stuffings1 and monstrous tuberosities2 or girth himself into separate sections1 and front the world an ,agglomeration of four limbs1--will depend on the nature of such ,architectural ,idea3 whether ,grecian1 ,gothic1 ,later-,gothic1 or altogether ,modern1 and ,parisian or ,anglo-,dandiacal4 ,again1 what meaning lies in ,color6 ,from the soberest drab to the high-flaming scarlet1 spiritual idiosyncrasies unfold themselves in choice of color3 if the cut betoken ,intellect and ,talent1 so does the ,color betoken ,temper and ,heart4 ,in all which1 among nations as among individuals1 there is an incessant1 indubitable1 though infinitely complex working of ,cause and ,effect3 every snip of the ,scissors has been regulated and prescribed by ever-active ,influences1 which doubtless to ,intelligences of a superior order are neither invisible nor illegible4 ,for such superior ,intelligences a ,cause-and-,effect ,philosophy of ,clothes1 as of ,laws1 were probably a comfortable winter-evening entertainment3 nevertheless1 for inferior ,intelligences1 like men1 such ,philosophies have always seemed to me uninstructive enough4 ,nay1 what is your ,montesquieu himself but a clever infant spelling ,letters from a hieroglyphical prophetic ,book1 the lexicon of which lies in ,eternity1 in ,heaven8--,let any ,cause-and-,effect ,philosopher explain1 not why ,i wear such and such a ,garment1 obey such and such a ,law2 but even why ,i am here1 to wear and obey anything6--,much therefore1 if not the whole1 of that same ',spirit of ,clothes' ,i shall suppress as hypothetical1 ineffectual1 and even impertinent3 naked ,facts1 and ,deductions drawn therefrom in quite another than that omniscient style1 are my humbler and proper province4 ,acting on which prudent restriction1 ,teufelsdroeckh has nevertheless contrived to take-in a well nigh boundless extent of field2 at least1 the boundaries too often lie quite beyond our horizon4 ,selection being indispensable1 we shall here glance over his ,first ,part only in the most cursory manner4 ,this ,first ,part is1 no doubt1 distinguished by omnivorous learning1 and utmost patience and fairness3 at the same time1 in its results and delineations1 it is much more likely to interest the ,compilers of some ,library of ,general1 ,entertaining1 ,useful1 or even ,useless ,knowledge than the miscellaneous readers of these pages4 ,was it this ,part of the ,book which ,heuschrecke had in view1 when he recommended us to that joint-stock vehicle of publication1 at present the glory of ,british ,literature8 ,if so1 the ,library ,editors are welcome to dig in it for their own behoof4 ,to the ,first ,chapter1 which turns on ,paradise and ,fig-leaves1 and leads us into interminable disquisitions of a mythological1 metaphorical1 cabalistico sartorial1 and quite antediluvian cast1 we shall content ourselves with giving an unconcerned approval4 ,still less have we to do with ,lilis1 ,adam's first wife1 whom1 according to the ,talmudists1 he had before ,eve1 and who bore him1 in that wedlock1 the whole progeny of aerial1 aquatic1 and terrestrial ,devils1--very needlessly1 we think4 ,on this portion of the ,work1 with its profound glances into the ,adam-,kadmon1 or ,primeval ,element1 here strangely brought into relation with the ,nifl and ,muspel 7,darkness and ,light7 of the antique ,north1 it may be enough to say1 that its correctness of deduction and depth of ,talmudic and ,rabbinical lore have filled perhaps not the worst ,hebraist in ,britain with something like astonishment4 ,but quitting this twilight region1 ,teufelsdroeckh hastens from the ,tower of ,babel1 to follow the dispersion of ,mankind over the whole habitable and habilable globe4 ,walking by the light of ,oriental1 ,pelasgic1 ,scandinavian1 ,egyptian1 ,otaheitean1 ,ancient and ,modern researches of every conceivable kind1 he strives to give us in compressed shape 7as the ,nuernbergers give an ,orbis ,pictus7 an ,orbis ,vestitus2 or view of the costumes of all mankind1 in all countries1 in all times4 ,it is here that to the ,antiquarian1 to the ,historian1 we can triumphantly say3 ,fall to6 ,here is learning3 an irregular ,treasury1 if you will2 but inexhaustible as the ,hoard of ,king ,nibelung1 which twelve wagons in twelve days1 at the rate of three journeys a day1 could not carry off4 ,sheepskin cloaks and wampum belts2 phylacteries1 stoles1 albs2 chlamydes1 togas1 ,chinese silks1 ,afghan shawls1 trunk-hose1 leather breeches1 ,celtic philibegs 7though breeches1 as the name ,gallia ,braccata indicates1 are the more ancient71 ,hussar cloaks1 ,vandyke tippets1 ruffs1 fardingales1 are brought vividly before us1--even the ,kilmarnock nightcap is not forgotten4 ,for most part1 too1 we must admit that the ,learning1 heterogeneous as it is1 and tumbled-down quite pell-mell1 is true1 concentrated and purified ,learning1 the drossy parts smelted out and thrown aside4 ,philosophical reflections intervene1 and sometimes touching pictures of human life4 ,of this sort the following has surprised us4 ,the first purpose of ,clothes1 as our ,professor imagines1 was not warmth or decency1 but ornament4 ,miserable indeed1 says he1 was the condition of the ,aboriginal ,savage1 glaring fiercely from under his fleece of hair1 which with the beard reached down to his loins1 and hung round him like a matted cloak2 the rest of his body sheeted in its thick natural fell4 ,he loitered in the sunny glades of the forest1 living on wild-fruits2 or1 as the ancient ,caledonian1 squatted himself in morasses1 lurking for his bestial or human prey2 without implements1 without arms1 save the ball of heavy ,flint1 to which1 that his sole possession and defense might not be lost1 he had attached a long cord of plaited thongs2 thereby recovering as well as hurling it with deadly unerring skill4 ,nevertheless1 the pains of ,hunger and ,revenge once satisfied1 his next care was not ,comfort but ,decoration 7,putz74 ,warmth he found in the toils of the chase2 or amid dried leaves1 in his hollow tree1 in his bark shed1 or natural grotto3 but for ,decoration he must have ,clothes4 ,nay1 among wild people1 we find tattooing and painting even prior to ,clothes4 ,the first spiritual want of a barbarous man is ,decoration1 as indeed we still see among the barbarous classes in civilized countries4 ,reader1 the heaven-inspired melodious ,singer2 loftiest ,serene ,highness2 nay1 thy own amber-locked1 snow-and-rose-bloom ,maiden1 worthy to glide sylph-like almost on air1 whom thou lovest1 worshipest as a divine ,presence1 which1 indeed1 symbolically taken1 she is1--has descended1 like thyself1 from that same hair-mantled1 flint-hurling ,aboriginal ,anthropophagus6 ,out of the eater cometh forth meat2 out of the strong cometh forth sweetness4 ,what changes are wrought1 not by ,time1 yet in ,time6 ,for not ,mankind only1 but all that ,mankind does or beholds1 is in continual growth1 regenesis and self-perfecting vitality4 ,cast forth thy ,act1 thy ,word1 into the ever-living1 ever-working ,universe3 it is a seed-grain that cannot die2 unnoticed to-day 7says one71 it will be found flourishing as a ,banyan-grove 7perhaps1 alas1 as a ,hemlock-forest67 after a thousand years4 ,he who first shortened the labor of ,copyists by device of ,movable ,types was disbanding hired ,armies1 and cashiering most ,kings and ,senates1 and creating a whole new ,democratic world3 he had invented the ,art of ,printing4 ,the first ground handful of ,nitre1 ,sulphur1 and ,charcoal drove ,monk ,schwartz's pestle through the ceiling3 what will the last do8 ,achieve the final undisputed prostration of ,force under ,thought1 of ,animal courage under ,spiritual4 ,a simple invention it was in the old-world ,grazier1--sick of lugging his slow ,ox about the country till he got it bartered for corn or oil1--to take a piece of ,leather1 and thereon scratch or stamp the mere ,figure of an ,ox 7or ,pecus72 put it in his pocket1 and call it ,pecunia1 ,money4 ,yet hereby did ,barter grow ,sale1 the ,leather ,money is now ,golden and ,paper1 and all miracles have been out-miracled3 for there are ,rothschilds and ,english ,national ,debts2 and whoso has sixpence is sovereign 7to the length of sixpence7 over all men2 commands cooks to feed him1 philosophers to teach him1 kings to mount guard over him1--to the length of sixpence4--,clothes too1 which began in foolishest love of ,ornament1 what have they not become6 ,increased ,security and pleasurable ,heat soon followed3 but what of these8 ,shame1 divine ,shame 7,scham1 ,modesty71 as yet a stranger to the ,anthropophagous bosom1 arose there mysteriously under ,clothes2 a mystic grove-encircled shrine for the ,holy in man4 ,clothes gave us individuality1 distinction1 social polity2 ,clothes have made ,men of us2 they are threatening to make ,clothes-screens of us4 ,but1 on the whole1 continues our eloquent ,professor1 ,man is a ,tool-using ,animal 7,handthierendes ,thier74 ,weak in himself1 and of small stature1 he stands on a basis1 at most for the flattest-soled1 of some half-square foot1 insecurely enough2 has to straddle out his legs1 lest the very wind supplant him4 ,feeblest of bipeds6 ,three quintals are a crushing load for him2 the steer of the meadow tosses him aloft1 like a waste rag4 ,nevertheless he can use ,tools1 can devise ,tools3 with these the granite mountain melts into light dust before him2 he kneads glowing iron1 as if it were soft paste2 seas are his smooth highway1 winds and fire his unwearying steeds4 ,nowhere do you find him without ,tools2 without ,tools he is nothing1 with ,tools he is all4 ,here may we not1 for a moment1 interrupt the stream of ,oratory with a remark1 that this ,definition of the ,tool-using ,animal appears to us1 of all that ,animal-sort1 considerably the precisest and best8 ,man is called a ,laughing ,animal3 but do not the apes also laugh1 or attempt to do it3 and is the manliest man the greatest and oftenest laugher8 ,teufelsdroeckh himself1 as we said1 laughed only once4 ,still less do we make of that other ,french ,definition of the ,cooking ,animal3 which1 indeed1 for rigorous scientific purposes1 is as good as useless4 ,can a ,tartar be said to cook1 when he only readies his steak by riding on it8 ,again1 what ,cookery does the ,greenlander use1 beyond stowing-up his whale-blubber1 as a marmot1 in the like case1 might do8 ,or how would ,monsieur ,ude prosper among those ,orinoco ,indians who1 according to ,humboldt1 lodge in crow-nests1 on the branches of trees2 and1 for half the year1 have no victuals but pipe-clay1 the whole country being under water8 ,but on the other hand1 show us the human being1 of any period or climate1 without his ,tools3 those very ,caledonians1 as we saw1 had their ,flint-ball1 and ,thong to it1 such as no brute has or can have4 ,man is a ,tool-using ,animal1 concludes ,teufelsdroeckh in his abrupt way2 of which truth ,clothes are but one example3 and surely if we consider the interval between the first wooden ,dibble fashioned by man1 and those ,liverpool ,steam-carriages1 or the ,british ,house of ,commons1 we shall note what progress he has made4 ,he digs up certain black stones from the bosom of the earth1 and says to them1 ,transport me and this luggage at the rate of five-and-thirty miles an hour2 and they do it3 he collects1 apparently by lot1 six hundred and fifty-eight miscellaneous individuals1 and says to them1 ,make this nation toil for us1 bleed for us1 hunger and sorrow and sin for us2 and they do it4 ,,dante ,from ',heroes and ,hero-,worship' ,many volumes have been written by way of commentary on ,dante and his ,book2 yet1 on the whole1 with no great result4 ,his ,biography is1 as it were1 irrevocably lost for us4 ,an unimportant1 wandering1 sorrow-stricken man1 not much note was taken of him while he lived2 and the most of that has vanished1 in the long space that now intervenes4 ,it is five centuries since he ceased writing and living here4 ,after all commentaries1 the ,book itself is mainly what we know of him4 ,the ,book2--and one might add that ,portrait commonly attributed to ,giotto1 which1 looking on it1 you cannot help inclining to think genuine1 whoever did it4 ,to me it is a most touching face2 perhaps of all faces that ,i know1 the most so4 ,lonely there1 painted as on vacancy1 with the simple laurel wound round it2 the deathless sorrow and pain1 the known victory which is also deathless2--significant of the whole history of ,dante6 ,i think it is the mournfulest face that ever was painted from reality2 an altogether tragic1 heart-affecting face4 ,there is in it1 as foundation of it1 the softness1 tenderness1 gentle affection as of a child2 but all this is as if congealed into sharp contradiction1 into abnegation1 isolation1 proud1 hopeless pain4 ,a soft1 ethereal soul1 looking-out so stern1 implacable1 grim-trenchant1 as from imprisonment of thick-ribbed ice6 ,withal it is a silent pain too1 a silent scornful one3 the lip is curled in a kind of godlike disdain of the thing that is eating out his heart1 as if it were withal a mean1 insignificant thing1 as if he whom it had power to torture and strangle were greater than it4 ,the face of one wholly in protest1 and lifelong1 unsurrendering battle1 against the world4 ,affection all converted into indignation3 an implacable indignation2 slow1 equable1 silent1 like that of a god6 ,the eye1 too1 it looks out in a kind of surprise1 a kind of inquiry--,why the world was of such a sort8 ,this is ,dante3 so he looks1 this voice of ten silent centuries1 and sings us his mystic unfathomable song4 ,the little that we know of ,dante's life corresponds well enough with this ,portrait and this ,book4 ,he was born at ,florence1 in the upper class of society1 in the year #abfe4 ,his education was the best then going2 much school-divinity1 ,aristotelian logic1 some ,latin classics1--no inconsiderable insight into certain provinces of things3 and ,dante1 with his earnest intelligent nature1 we need not doubt1 learned better than most all that was learnable4 ,he has a clear cultivated understanding1 and great subtlety2 this best fruit of education he had contrived to realize from these scholastics4 ,he knows accurately and well what lies close to him2 but in such a time1 without printed books or free intercourse1 he could not know well what was distant3 the small clear light1 most luminous for what is near1 breaks itself into singular chiaroscuro striking on what is far off4 ,this was ,dante's learning from the schools4 ,in life1 he had gone through the usual destinies3 been twice out campaigning as a soldier for the ,florentine ,state2 been on embassy2 had in his thirty-fifth year1 by natural gradation of talent and service1 become one of the ,chief ,magistrates of ,florence4 ,he had met in boyhood a certain ,beatrice ,portinari1 a beautiful little girl of his own age and rank1 and grown-up henceforth in partial sight of her1 in some distant intercourse with her4 ,all readers know his graceful affecting account of this2 and then of their being parted2 of her being wedded to another1 and of her death soon after4 ,she makes a great figure in ,dante's ,poem2 seems to have made a great figure in his life4 ,of all beings it might seem as if she1 held apart from him1 far apart at last in the dim ,eternity1 were the only one he had ever with his whole strength of affection loved4 ,she died3 ,dante himself was wedded2 but it seems not happily1 far from happily4 ,i fancy the rigorous earnest man1 with his keen excitabilities1 was not altogether easy to make happy4 ,we will not complain of ,dante's miseries3 had all gone right with him as he wished it1 he might have been ,prior1 ,podesta or whatsoever they call it1 of ,florence1 well accepted among neighbors1--and the world had wanted one of the most notable words ever spoken or sung4 ,florence would have had another prosperous ,lord ,mayor2 and the ten dumb centuries continued voiceless1 and the ten other listening centuries 7for there will be ten of them and more7 had no ',divina ,commedia' to hear6 ,we will complain of nothing4 ,a nobler destiny was appointed for this ,dante2 and he1 struggling like a man led towards death and crucifixion1 could not help fulfilling it4 ,give him the choice of his happiness6 ,he knew not1 more than we do1 what was really happy1 what was really miserable4 ,in ,dante's ,priorship1 the ,guelf-,ghibelline1 ,bianchi-,neri1 or some other confused disturbances rose to such a height1 that ,dante1 whose party had seemed the stronger1 was with his friends cast unexpectedly forth into banishment2 doomed thenceforth to a life of woe and wandering4 ,his property was all confiscated and more2 he had the fiercest feeling that it was entirely unjust1 nefarious in the sight of ,god and man4 ,he tried what was in him to get reinstated2 tried even by warlike surprisal1 with arms in his hand3 but it would not do2 bad only had become worse4 ,there is a record1 ,i believe1 still extant in the ,florence ,archives1 dooming this ,dante1 wheresoever caught1 to be burnt alive4 ,burnt alive2 so it stands1 they say3 a very curious civic document4 ,another curious document1 some considerable number of years later1 is a ,letter of ,dante's to the ,florentine ,magistrates1 written in answer to a milder proposal of theirs1 that he should return on condition of apologizing and paying a fine4 ,he answers1 with fixed stern pride3--,if ,i cannot return without calling myself guilty1 ,i will never return 7nunquam revertar74 ,for ,dante there was now no home in this world4 ,he wandered from patron to patron1 from place to place2 proving1 in his own bitter words1 ,how hard is the path 7,come e duro calle74 ,the wretched are not cheerful company4 ,dante1 poor and banished1 with his proud earnest nature1 with his moody humors1 was not a man to conciliate men4 ,petrarch reports of him that being at ,can della ,scala's court1 and blamed one day for his gloom and taciturnity1 he answered in no courtier-like way4 ,della ,scala stood among his courtiers1 with mimes and buffoons 7nebulones ac histriones7 making him heartily merry2 when turning to ,dante1 he said3--,is it not strange1 now1 that this poor fool should make himself so entertaining2 while you1 a wise man1 sit there day after day1 and have nothing to amuse us with at all8 ,dante answered bitterly3--,no1 not strange2 your ,highness is to recollect the ,proverb1 ',like to ,like2'--given the amuser1 the amusee must also be given6 ,such a man1 with his proud silent ways1 with his sarcasms and sorrows1 was not made to succeed at court4 ,by degrees1 it came to be evident to him that he had no longer any resting-place1 or hope of benefit1 in this earth4 ,the earthly world had cast him forth1 to wander1 wander2 no living heart to love him now2 for his sore miseries there was no solace here4 ,the deeper naturally would the ,eternal ,world impress itself on him2 that awful reality over which1 after all1 this ,time-world1 with its ,florences and banishments1 only flutters as an unreal shadow4 ,florence thou shalt never see3 but ,hell and ,purgatory and ,heaven thou shalt surely see6 ,what is ,florence1 ,can della ,scala1 and the ,world and ,life altogether8 ,,eternity3 thither1 of a truth1 not elsewhither1 art thou and all things bound6 ,the great soul of ,dante1 homeless on earth1 made its home more and more in that awful other world4 ,naturally his thoughts brooded on that1 as on the one fact important for him4 ,bodied or bodiless1 it is the one fact important for all men3--but to ,dante1 in that age1 it was bodied in fixed certainty of scientific shape2 he no more doubted of that ,malebolge ,pool1 that it all lay there with its gloomy circles1 with its alti guai1 and that he himself should see it1 than we doubt that we should see ,constantinople if we went thither4 ,dante's heart1 long filled with this1 brooding over it in speechless thought and awe1 bursts forth at length into mystic unfathomable song2 and this his ',divine ,comedy1' the most remarkable of all modern ,books1 is the result4 ,it must have been a great solacement to ,dante1 and was1 as we can see1 a proud thought for him at times1 that he1 here in exile1 could do this work2 that no ,florence1 nor no man or men1 could hinder him from doing it1 or even much help him in doing it4 ,he knew too1 partly1 that it was great2 the greatest a man could do4 ,if thou follow thy star1 ,se tu segui tua stella1--so could the ,hero1 in his forsakenness1 in his extreme need1 still say to himself3 ,follow thou thy star1 thou shalt not fail of a glorious haven6 ,the labor of writing1 we find1 and indeed could know otherwise1 was great and painful for him2 he says1 ,this ,book1 which has made me lean for many years4 ,ah yes1 it was won1 all of it1 with pain and sore toil1--not in sport1 but in grim earnest4 ,his ,book1 as indeed most good ,books are1 has been written1 in many senses1 with his heart's blood4 ,it is his whole history1 this ,book4 ,he died after finishing it2 not yet very old1 at the age of fifty-six2--broken-hearted rather1 as is said4 ,he lies buried in his death-city ,ravenna3 ,hic claudor ,dantes patriis extorris ab oris4 ,the ,florentines begged back his body1 in a century after2 the ,ravenna people would not give it4 ,here am ,i1 ,dante1 laid1 shut-out from my native shores4 ,i said1 ,dante's ,poem was a ,song3 it is ,tieck who calls it a mystic unfathomable ,song2 and such is literally the character of it4 ,coleridge remarks very pertinently somewhere1 that wherever you find a sentence musically worded1 of true rhythm and melody in the words1 there is something deep and good in the meaning too4 ,for body and soul1 word and idea1 go strangely together here as everywhere4 ,song3 we said before1 it was the ,heroic of ,speech6 ,all old ,poems1 ,homer's and the rest1 are authentically ,songs4 ,i would say1 in strictness1 that all right ,poems are2 that whatsoever is not sung is properly no ,poem1 but a piece of ,prose cramped into jingling lines1--to the great injury of the grammar1 to the great grief of the reader1 for most part6 ,what we want to get at is the thought the man had1 if he had any2 why should he twist it into jingle1 if he could speak it out plainly8 ,it is only when the heart of him is rapt into true passion of melody1 and the very tones of him1 according to ,coleridge's remark1 become musical by the greatness1 depth1 and music of his thoughts1 that we can give him right to rhyme and sing2 that we call him a ,poet1 and listen to him as the ,heroic of ,speakers1--whose speech is ,song4 ,pretenders to this are many2 and to an earnest reader1 ,i doubt1 it is for most part a very melancholy1 not to say an insupportable business1 that of reading rhyme6 ,rhyme that had no inward necessity to be rhymed3--it ought to have told us plainly1 without any jingle1 what it was aiming at4 ,i would advise all men who can speak their thought1 not to sing it2 to understand that1 in a serious time1 among serious men1 there is no vocation in them for singing it4 ,precisely as we love the true song1 and are charmed by it as by something divine1 so shall we hate the false song1 and account it a mere wooden noise1 a thing hollow1 superfluous1 altogether an insincere and offensive thing4 ,i give ,dante my highest praise when ,i say of his ',divine ,comedy' that it is1 in all senses1 genuinely a ,song4 ,in the very sound of it there is a canto fermo2 it proceeds as by a chant4 ,the language1 his simple terza rima1 doubtless helped him in this4 ,one reads along naturally with a sort of lilt4 ,but ,i add1 that it could not be otherwise2 for the essence and material of the work are themselves rhythmic4 ,its depth1 and rapt passion and sincerity1 makes it musical2--go deep enough1 there is music everywhere4 ,a true inward symmetry1 what one calls an architectural harmony1 reigns in it1 proportionates it all3 architectural2 which also partakes of the character of music4 ,the three kingdoms1 ,inferno1 ,purgatorio1 ,paradiso1 look-out on one another like compartments of a great edifice2 a great supernatural world-cathedral1 piled-up there1 stern1 solemn1 awful2 ,dante's ,world of ,souls6 ,it is1 at bottom1 the sincerest of all ,poems2 sincerity1 here too1 we find to be the measure of worth4 ,it came deep out of the author's heart of hearts2 and it goes deep1 and through long generations1 into ours4 ,the people of ,verona1 when they saw him on the streets1 used to say1 ,eccovi l' nom ch' e stato all' ,inferno 7,see1 there is the man that was in ,hell74 ,ah yes1 he had been in ,hell2--in ,hell enough1 in long severe sorrow and struggle2 as the like of him is pretty sure to have been4 ,commedias that come-out divine are not accomplished otherwise4 ,thought1 true labor of any kind1 highest virtue itself1 is it not the daughter of ,pain8 ,born as out of the black whirlwind2--true effort1 in fact1 as of a captive struggling to free himself3 that is ,thought4 ,in all ways we are to become perfect through suffering4--,but as ,i say1 no work known to me is so elaborated as this of ,dante's4 ,it has all been as if molten1 in the hottest furnace of his soul4 ,it had made him lean for many years4 ,not the general whole only2 every compartment of it is worked out1 with intense earnestness1 into truth1 into clear visuality4 ,each answers to the other2 each fits in its place1 like a marble stone accurately hewn and polished4 ,it is the soul of ,dante1 and in this the soul of the ,middle ,ages1 rendered forever rhythmically visible there4 ,no light task2 a right intense one3 but a task which is done4 ,perhaps one would say1 intensity1 with the much that depends on it1 is the prevailing character of ,dante's genius4 ,dante does not come before us as a large catholic mind2 rather as a narrow1 and even sectarian mind3 it is partly the fruit of his age and position1 but partly too of his own nature4 ,his greatness has1 in all senses1 concentred itself into fiery emphasis and depth4 ,he is world-great not because he is world-wide1 but because he is world-deep4 ,through all objects he pierces as it were down into the heart of ,being4 ,i know nothing so intense as ,dante4 ,consider1 for example1 to begin with the outermost development of his intensity1 consider how he paints4 ,he has a great power of vision2 seizes the very type of a thing2 presents that and nothing more4 ,you remember that first view he gets of the ,hall of ,dite3 red pinnacle1 red-hot cone of iron glowing through the dim immensity of gloom2--so vivid1 so distinct1 visible at once and forever6 ,it is as an emblem of the whole genius of ,dante4 ,there is a brevity1 an abrupt precision in him3 ,tacitus is not briefer1 more condensed2 and then in ,dante it seems a natural condensation1 spontaneous to the man4 ,one smiting word2 and then there is silence1 nothing more said4 ,his silence is more eloquent than words4 ,it is strange with what a sharp decisive grace he snatches the true likeness of a matter3 cuts into the matter as with a pen of fire4 ,plutus1 the blustering giant1 collapses at ,virgil's rebuke2 it is as the sails sink1 the mast being suddenly broken4 ,or that poor ,brunette ,latini1 with the cotto aspetto1 face baked1 parched brown and lean2 and the fiery snow that falls on them there1 a fiery snow without wind1 slow1 deliberate1 never-ending6 ,or the lids of those ,tombs2 square sarcophaguses1 in that silent dim-burning ,hall1 each with its ,soul in torment2 the lids laid open there2 they are to be shut at the ,day of ,judgment1 through ,eternity4 ,and how ,farinata rises2 and how ,cavalcante falls--at hearing of his ,son1 and the past tense fue6 ,the very movements in ,dante have something brief2 swift1 decisive1 almost military4 ,it is of the inmost essence of his genius1 this sort of painting4 ,the fiery1 swift ,italian nature of the man1 so silent1 passionate1 with its quick abrupt movements1 its silent pale rages1 speaks itself in these things4 ,for though this of painting is one of the outermost developments of a man1 it comes like all else from the essential faculty of him2 it is physiognomical of the whole man4 ,find a man whose words paint you a likeness1 you have found a man worth something2 mark his manner of doing it1 as very characteristic of him4 ,in the first place1 he could not have discerned the object at all1 or seen the vital type of it1 unless he had1 what we may call1 sympathized with it1--had sympathy in him to bestow on objects4 ,he must have been sincere about it too2 sincere and sympathetic3 a man without worth cannot give you the likeness of any object2 he dwells in vague outwardness1 fallacy and trivial hearsay1 about all objects4 ,and indeed may we not say that intellect altogether expresses itself in this power of discerning what an object is8 ,whatsoever of faculty a man's mind may have will come out here4 ,is it even of business1 a matter to be done8 ,the gifted man is he who sees the essential point1 and leaves all the rest aside as surplusage3 it is his faculty too1 the man of business's faculty1 that he discern the true likeness1 not the false superficial one1 of the thing he has got to work in4 ,and how much of morality is in the kind of insight we get of anything2 the eye seeing in all things what it brought with it the faculty of seeing6 ,to the mean eye all things are trivial1 as certainly as to the jaundiced they are yellow4 ,raphael1 the ,painters tell us1 is the best of all ,portrait-painters withal4 ,no most gifted eye can exhaust the significance of any object4 ,in the commonest human face there lies more than ,raphael will take away with him4 ,dante's painting is not graphic only1 brief1 true1 and of a vividness as of fire in dark night2 taken on the wider scale1 it is every way noble1 and the outcome of a great soul4 ,francesca and her ,lover1 what qualities in that6 ,a thing woven as out of rainbows1 on a ground of eternal black4 ,a small flute-voice of infinite wail speaks there1 into our very heart of hearts4 ,a touch of womanhood in it too3 della bella persona1 che mi fu tolta2 and how1 even in the ,pit of woe1 it is a solace that he will never part from her6 ,saddest tragedy in these alti guai4 ,and the racking winds1 in that aer bruno1 whirl them away again1 to wail forever6--,strange to think3 ,dante was the friend of this poor ,francesca's father2 ,francesca herself may have sat upon the ,poet's knee1 as a bright innocent little child4 ,infinite pity1 yet also infinite rigor of law3 it is so ,nature is made2 it is so ,dante discerned that she was made4 ,what a paltry notion is that of his ',divine ,comedy's' being a poor splenetic impotent terrestrial libel2 putting those into ,hell whom he could not be avenged upon on earth6 ,i suppose if ever pity1 tender as a mother's1 was in the heart of any man1 it was in ,dante's4 ,but a man who does not know rigor cannot pity either4 ,his very pity will be cowardly1 egoistic1--sentimentality1 or little better4 ,i know not in the world an affection equal to that of ,dante4 ,it is a tenderness1 a trembling1 longing1 pitying love3 like the wail of ,a,eolian harps1 soft1 soft2 like a child's young heart2--and then that stern1 sore-saddened heart6 ,these longings of his towards his ,beatrice2 their meeting together in the ',paradiso'2 his gazing in her pure transfigured eyes1 hers that had been purified by death so long1 separated from him so far3--one likens it to the song of angels2 it is among the purest utterances of affection1 perhaps the very purest1 that ever came out of a human soul4 ,for the intense ,dante is intense in all things2 he has got into the essence of all4 ,his intellectual insight as painter1 on occasion too as reasoner1 is but the result of all other sorts of intensity4 ,morally great1 above all1 we must call him2 it is the beginning of all4 ,his scorn1 his grief are as transcendent as his love2--as indeed1 what are they but the inverse or converse of his love8 ,a ,dio spiacenti ed a' nemici sui1 ,hateful to ,god and to the enemies of ,god3 lofty scorn1 unappeasable silent reprobation and aversion2 ,non ragionam di lor1 ,we will not speak of them1 look only and pass4 ,or think of this3 ,they have not the hope to die1 ,non han speranza di morte4 ,one day1 it had risen sternly benign on the scathed heart of ,dante1 that he1 wretched1 never-resting1 worn as he was1 would full surely die2 that ,destiny itself could not doom him not to die4 ,such words are in this man4 ,for rigor1 earnestness1 and depth1 he is not to be paralleled in the modern world2 to seek his parallel we must go into the ,hebrew ,bible1 and live with the antique ,prophets there4 ,i do not agree with much modern criticism1 in greatly preferring the ,inferno to the two other parts of the ',divina ,commedia4' ,such preference belongs1 ,i imagine1 to our general ,byronism of taste1 and is like to be a transient feeling4 ,the ',purgatorio' and ',paradiso1'--especially the former1 one would almost say1 is even more excellent than it4 ,it is a noble thing1 that ,purgatorio1 ,mountain of ,purification2 an emblem of the noblest conception of that age4 ,if ,sin is so fatal1 and ,hell is and must be so rigorous1 awful1 yet in ,repentance too is man purified2 ,repentance is the grand ,christian act4 ,it is beautiful how ,dante works it out4 ,the tremolar dell' onde1 that trembling of the ocean-waves1 under the first pure gleam of morning1 dawning afar on the wandering ,two1 is as the type of an altered mood4 ,hope has now dawned2 never-dying ,hope1 if in company still with heavy sorrow4 ,the obscure sojourn of daemons and reprobates is underfoot2 a soft breathing of penitence mounts higher and higher1 to the ,throne of ,mercy itself4 ,pray for me1 the denizens of that ,mount of ,pain all say to him4 ,tell my ,giovanna to pray for me1 my daughter ,giovanna2 ,i think her mother loves me no more6 ,they toil painfully up by that winding steep1 bent-down like corbels of a building1 some of them1--crushed together so for the sin of pride2 yet nevertheless in years1 in ages and aeons1 they shall have reached the top1 which is ,heaven's gate1 and by ,mercy shall have been admitted in4 ,the joy too of all1 when one has prevailed2 the whole ,mountain shakes with joy1 and a psalm of praise rises when one soul has perfected repentance and got its sin and misery left behind6 ,i call all this a noble embodiment of a true1 noble thought4 ,but indeed the ,three compartments mutually support one another1 are indispensable to one another4 ,the ',paradiso1' a kind of inarticulate music to me1 is the redeeming side of the ',inferno'2 the ',inferno' without it were untrue4 ,all three make-up the true ,unseen ,world1 as figured in the ,christianity of the ,middle ,ages2 a thing forever memorable1 forever true in the essence of it1 to all men4 ,it was perhaps delineated in no human soul with such depth of veracity as in this of ,dante's2 a man sent to sing it1 to keep it long memorable4 ,very notable with what brief simplicity he passes out of the every-day reality1 into the ,invisible one2 and in the second or third stanza1 we find ourselves in the ,world of ,spirits2 and dwell there1 as among things palpable1 indubitable6 ,to ,dante they were so2 the real world1 as it is called1 and its facts1 was but the threshold to an infinitely higher ,fact of a ,world4 ,at bottom1 the one was as preternatural as the other4 ,has not each man a soul8 ,he will not only be a spirit1 but is one4 ,to the earnest ,dante it is all one visible ,fact2 he believes it1 sees it2 is the ,poet of it in virtue of that4 ,sincerity1 ,i say again1 is the saving merit1 now as always4 ,dante's ,hell1 ,purgatory1 ,paradise1 are a symbol withal1 an emblematic representation of his ,belief about this ,universe3--some ,critic in a future age1 like some ,scandinavian ones the other day1 who has ceased altogether to think as ,dante did1 may find this1 too1 all an ,allegory1 perhaps an idle ,allegory6 ,it is a sublime embodiment1 or sublimest1 of the soul of ,christianity4 ,it expresses1 as in huge world-wide architectural emblems1 how the ,christian ,dante felt ,good and ,evil to be the two polar elements of this ,creation1 on which it all turns2 that these two differ not by preferability of one to the other1 but by incompatibility1 absolute and infinite2 that the one is excellent and high as light and ,heaven1 the other hideous1 black as ,gehenna and the ,pit of ,hell6 ,everlasting ,justice1 yet with ,penitence1 with everlasting ,pity1--all ,christianism1 as ,dante and the ,middle ,ages had it1 is emblemed here4 ,emblemed3 and yet1 as ,i urged the other day1 with what entire truth of purpose2 how unconscious of any embleming6 ,hell1 ,purgatory1 ,paradise3 these things were not fashioned as emblems3 was there in our ,modern ,european ,mind1 any thought at all of their being emblems8 ,were they not indubitable awful facts1 the whole heart of man taking them for practically true1 all ,nature everywhere confirming them8 ,so is it always in these things4 ,men do not believe an ,allegory4 ,the future ,critic1 whatever his new thought may be1 who considers this of ,dante to have been all got up as an ,allegory1 will commit one sore mistake6--,paganism we recognize as a veracious expression of the earnest awe-struck feeling of man towards the ,universe2 veracious1 true once1 and still not without worth for us4 ,but mark here the difference of ,paganism and ,christianism2 one great difference4 ,paganism emblemed chiefly the ,operations of ,nature2 the destinies1 efforts1 combinations1 vicissitudes of things and men in this world2 ,christianism emblemed the ,law of ,human ,duty1 the ,moral ,law of ,man4 ,one was for the sensuous nature2 a rude helpless utterance of the first ,thought of men1--the chief recognized ,virtue1 ,courage1 ,superiority to ,fear4 ,the other was not for the sensuous nature1 but for the moral4 ,what a progress is here1 if in that one respect only6 99 99 99 99 99 ,and so in this ,dante1 as we said1 had ten silent centuries1 in a very strange way1 found a voice4 ,the ',divina ,commedia' is of ,dante's writing2 yet in truth it belongs to ten ,christian centuries1 only the finishing of it is ,dante's4 ,so always4 ,the craftsman there1 the smith with that metal of his1 with these tools1 with these cunning methods1--how little of all he does is properly his work6 ,all past inventive men work there with him2--as indeed with all of us1 in all things4 ,dante is the spokesman of the ,middle ,ages2 the ,thought they lived by stands here1 in everlasting music4 ,,cromwell ,from ',heroes and ,hero-,worship' ,poor ,cromwell1--great ,cromwell6 ,the inarticulate ,prophet2 ,prophet who could not speak4 ,rude1 confused1 struggling to utter himself1 with his savage depth1 with his wild sincerity2 and he looked so strange1 among the elegant ,euphemisms1 dainty little ,falklands1 didactic ,chillingworths1 diplomatic ,clarendons6 ,consider him4 ,an outer hull of chaotic confusion1 visions of the ,devil1 nervous dreams1 almost semi-madness2 and yet such a clear determinate man's energy working in the heart of that4 ,a kind of chaotic man4 ,the ray as of pure starlight and fire1 working in such an element of boundless hypochondria1 unformed black of darkness6 ,and yet withal this hypochondria1 what was it but the very greatness of the man8 ,the depth and tenderness of his wild affections3 the quantity of sympathy he had with things1--the quantity of insight he would yet get into the heart of things1 the mastery he would yet get over things3 this was his hypochondria4 ,the man's misery1 as man's misery always does1 came of his greatness4 ,samuel ,johnson too is that kind of man4 ,sorrow-stricken1 half-distracted2 the wide element of mournful black enveloping him1--wide as the world4 ,it is the character of a prophetic man2 a man with his whole soul seeing1 and struggling to see4 ,on this ground1 too1 ,i explain to myself ,cromwell's reputed confusion of speech4 ,to himself the internal meaning was sun-clear2 but the material with which he was to clothe it in utterance was not there4 ,he had lived silent2 a great unnamed sea of ,thought round him all his days2 and in his way of life little call to attempt naming or uttering that4 ,with his sharp power of vision1 resolute power of action1 ,i doubt not he could have learned to write ,books withal1 and speak fluently enough2--he did harder things than writing of ,books4 ,this kind of man is precisely he who is fit for doing manfully all things you will set him on doing4 ,intellect is not speaking and logicizing2 it is seeing and ascertaining4 ,virtue1 ,vir-tus1 manhood1 herohood1 is not fair-spoken immaculate regularity2 it is first of all1 what the ,germans well name it1 ,tugend 7,taugend1 dow-ing1 or ,dough-tiness71 ,courage and the ,faculty to do4 ,this basis of the matter ,cromwell had in him4 ,one understands moreover how1 though he could not speak in ,parliament1 he might preach1 rhapsodic preaching2 above all1 how he might be great in extempore prayer4 ,these are the free out-pouring utterances of what is in the heart3 method is not required in them2 warmth1 depth1 sincerity are all that is required4 ,cromwell's habit of prayer is a notable feature of him4 ,all his great enterprises were commenced with prayer4 ,in dark inextricable-looking difficulties1 his ,officers and he used to assemble1 and pray alternately1 for hours1 for days1 till some definite resolution rose among them1 some door of hope1 as they would name it1 disclosed itself4 ,consider that4 ,in tears1 in fervent prayers1 and cries to the great ,god1 to have pity on them1 to make ,his light shine before them4 ,they1 armed ,soldiers of ,christ1 as they felt themselves to be2 a little band of ,christian ,brothers1 who had drawn the sword against a great black devouring world not ,christian1 but ,mammonish1 ,devilish1--they cried to ,god in their straits1 in their extreme need1 not to forsake the ,cause that was ,his4 ,the light which now rose upon them1--how could a human soul1 by any means at all1 get better light8 ,was not the purpose so formed like to be precisely the best1 wisest1 the one to be followed without hesitation any more8 ,to them it was as the shining of ,heaven's own ,splendor in the waste-howling darkness2 the ,pillar of ,fire by night1 that was to guide them on their desolate perilous way4 ,was it not such8 ,can a man's soul1 to this hour1 get guidance by any other method than intrinsically by that same1--devout prostration of the earnest struggling soul before the ,highest1 the ,giver of all ,light2 be such prayer a spoken1 articulate1 or be it a voiceless1 inarticulate one8 ,there is no other method4 ,hypocrisy8 ,one begins to be weary of all that4 ,they who call it so1 have no right to speak on such matters4 ,they never formed a purpose1 what one can call a purpose4 ,they went about balancing expediencies1 plausibilities2 gathering votes1 advices2 they never were alone with the truth of a thing at all4--,cromwell's prayers were likely to be eloquent1 and much more than that4 ,his was the heart of a man who could pray4 ,but indeed his actual ,speeches1 ,i apprehend1 were not nearly so ineloquent1 incondite1 as they look4 ,we find he was1 what all speakers aim to be1 an impressive speaker1 even in ,parliament2 one who1 from the first1 had weight4 ,with that rude passionate voice of his1 he was always understood to mean something1 and men wished to know what4 ,he disregarded eloquence1 nay despised and disliked it2 spoke always without premeditation of the words he was to use4 ,the ,reporters1 too1 in those days seem to have been singularly candid2 and to have given the ,printer precisely what they found on their own note-paper4 ,and withal1 what a strange proof is it of ,cromwell's being the premeditative ever-calculating hypocrite1 acting a play before the world1 that to the last he took no more charge of his ,speeches6 ,how came he not to study his words a little1 before flinging them out to the public8 ,if the words were true words1 they could be left to shift for themselves4 ,but with regard to ,cromwell's lying1 we will make one remark4 ,this1 ,i suppose1 or something like this1 to have been the nature of it4 ,all parties found themselves deceived in him2 each party understood him to be meaning this1 heard him even say so1 and behold he turns-out to have been meaning that6 ,he was1 cry they1 the chief of liars4 ,but now1 intrinsically1 is not all this the inevitable fortune1 not of a false man in such times1 but simply of a superior man8 ,such a man must have reticences in him4 ,if he walk wearing his heart upon his sleeve for daws to peck at1 his journey will not extend far6 ,there is no use for any man's taking-up his abode in a house built of glass4 ,a man always is to be himself the judge how much of his mind he will show to other men2 even to those he would have work along with him4 ,there are impertinent inquiries made3 your rule is1 to leave the inquirer uninformed on that matter2 not1 if you can help it1 misinformed1 but precisely as dark as he was6 ,this1 could one hit the right phrase of response1 is what the wise and faithful man would aim to answer in such a case4 ,cromwell1 no doubt of it1 spoke often in the dialect of small subaltern parties2 uttered to them a part of his mind4 ,each little party thought him all its own4 ,hence their rage1 one and all1 to find him not of their party1 but of his own party6 ,was it his blame8 ,at all seasons of his history he must have felt1 among such people1 how if he explained to them the deeper insight he had1 they must either have shuddered aghast at it1 or believing it1 their own little compact hypothesis must have gone wholly to wreck4 ,they could not have worked in his province any more2 nay perhaps they could not have now worked in their own province4 ,it is the inevitable position of a great man among small men4 ,small men1 most active1 useful1 are to be seen everywhere1 whose whole activity depends on some conviction which to you is palpably a limited one2 imperfect1 what we call an error4 ,but would it be a kindness always1 is it a duty always or often1 to disturb them in that8 ,many a man1 doing loud work in the world1 stands only on some thin traditionality1 conventionality to him indubitable1 to you incredible3 break that beneath him1 he sinks to endless depths6 ,i might have my hand full of truth1 said ,fontenelle1 and open only my little finger4 ,and if this be the fact even in matters of doctrine1 how much more in all departments of practice6 ,he that cannot withal keep his mind to himself cannot practice any considerable thing whatever4 ,and we call it dissimulation1 all this8 ,what would you think of calling the general of an army a dissembler because he did not tell every corporal and private soldier who pleased to put the question1 what his thoughts were about everything8--,cromwell1 ,i should rather say1 managed all this in a manner we must admire for its perfection4 ,an endless vortex of such questioning corporals rolled confusedly round him through his whole course2 whom he did answer4 ,it must have been as a great true-seeing man that he managed this too4 ,not one proved falsehood1 as ,i said2 not one6 ,of what man that ever wound himself through such a coil of things will you say so much8 ,but in fact there are two errors1 widely prevalent1 which pervert to the very basis our judgments formed about such men as ,cromwell2 about their ambition1 falsity1 and suchlike4 ,the first is what ,i might call substituting the goal of their career for the course and starting-point of it4 ,the vulgar ,historian of a ,cromwell fancies that he had determined on being ,protector of ,england1 at the time when he was plowing the marsh lands of ,cambridgeshire4 ,his career lay all mapped-out3 a program of the whole drama2 which he then step by step dramatically unfolded with all manner of cunning1 deceptive dramaturgy1 as he went on1--the hollow scheming ,greek3 ,ypochrites1 or ,play-actor1 that he was6 ,this is a radical perversion2 all but universal in such cases4 ,and think for an instant how different the fact is6 ,how much does one of us foresee of his own life8 ,short way ahead of us it is all dim2 an unwound skein of possibilities1 of apprehensions1 attemptabilities1 vague-looming hopes4 ,this ,cromwell had not his life lying all in that fashion of ,program1 which he needed then1 with that unfathomable cunning of his1 only to enact dramatically1 scene after scene6 ,not so4 ,we see it so2 but to him it was in no measure so4 ,what absurdities would fall away of themselves1 were this one undeniable fact kept honestly in view by ,history6 ,historians indeed will tell you that they do keep it in view2--but look whether such is practically the fact6 ,vulgar ,history1 as in this ,cromwell's case1 omits it altogether2 even the best kinds of ,history only remember it now and then4 ,to remember it duly with rigorous perfection1 as in the fact it stood1 requires indeed a rare faculty2 rare1 nay impossible4 ,a very ,shakespeare for faculty2 or more than ,shakespeare2 who could enact a brother man's biography1 see with the brother man's eyes at all points of his course what things he saw2 in short1 know his course and him1 as few ,historians are like to do4 ,half or more of all the thick-plied perversions which distort our image of ,cromwell1 will disappear1 if we honestly so much as try to represent them so2 in sequence1 as they were2 not in the lump1 as they are thrown down before us4 ,but a second error which ,i think the generality commit refers to this same ambition itself4 ,we exaggerate the ambition of ,great ,men2 we mistake what the nature of it is4 ,great ,men are not ambitious in that sense2 he is a small poor man that is ambitious so4 ,examine the man who lives in misery because he does not shine above other men2 who goes about producing himself1 pruriently anxious about his gifts and claims2 struggling to force everybody1 as it were begging everybody for ,god's sake1 to acknowledge him a great man1 and set him over the heads of men6 ,such a creature is among the wretchedest sights seen under this sun4 ,a great man8 ,a poor morbid prurient empty man2 fitter for the ward of a hospital than for a throne among men4 ,i advise you to keep out of his way4 ,he cannot walk on quiet paths2 unless you will look at him1 wonder at him1 write paragraphs about him1 he cannot live4 ,it is the emptiness of the man1 not his greatness4 ,because there is nothing in himself1 he hungers and thirsts that you would find something in him4 ,in good truth1 ,i believe no great man1 not so much as a genuine man who had health and real substance in him of whatever magnitude1 was ever much tormented in this way4 ,your ,cromwell1 what good could it do him to be noticed by noisy crowds of people8 ,god his ,maker already noticed him4 ,he1 ,cromwell1 was already there2 no notice would make him other than he already was4 ,till his hair was grown gray2 and ,life from the down-hill slope was all seen to be limited1 not infinite but finite1 and all a measurable matter how it went1--he had been content to plow the ground1 and read his ,bible4 ,he in his old days could not support it any longer1 without selling himself to ,falsehood1 that he might ride in gilt carriages to ,whitehall1 and have clerks with bundles of papers haunting him1 ,decide this1 decide that1 which in utmost sorrow of heart no man can perfectly decide6 ,what could gilt carriages do for this man8 ,from of old was there not in his life a weight of meaning1 a terror and a splendor as of ,heaven itself8 ,his existence there as man set him beyond the need of gilding4 ,death1 ,judgment1 and ,eternity3 these already lay as the background of whatsoever he thought or did4 ,all his life lay begirt as in a sea of nameless ,thoughts1 which no speech of a mortal could name4 ,god's ,word1 as the ,puritan prophets of that time had read it3 this was great1 and all else was little to him4 ,to call such a man ambitious1 to figure him as the prurient wind-bag described above1 seems to me the poorest solecism4 ,such a man will say3 ,keep your gilt carriages and huzzaing mobs1 keep your red-tape clerks1 your influentialities1 your important businesses4 ,leave me alone1 leave me alone2 there is too much of life in me already6 ,old ,samuel ,johnson1 the greatest soul in ,england in his day1 was not ambitious4 ,corsica ,boswell flaunted at public shows with printed ribbons round his hat2 but the great old ,samuel stayed at home4 ,the world-wide soul1 wrapt-up in its thoughts1 in its sorrows2--what could paradings and ribbons in the hat1 do for it8 ,ah yes1 ,i will say again3 ,the great silent men6 ,looking round on the noisy inanity of the world1 words with little meaning1 actions with little worth1 one loves to reflect on the great ,empire of ,silence4 ,the noble silent men1 scattered here and there1 each in his own department2 silently thinking2 silently working2 whom no ,morning ,newspaper makes mention of6 ,they are the salt of the ,earth4 ,a country that has none or few of these is in a bad way4 ,like a forest which had no roots2 which had all turned into leaves and boughs2--which must soon wither and be no forest4 ,woe for us if we had nothing but what we can show1 or speak4 ,silence1 the great ,empire of ,silence3 higher than the stars2 deeper than the ,kingdoms of ,death6 ,it alone is great2 all else is small4--,i hope we ,english will long maintain our grand talent pour le silence4 ,let others that cannot do without standing on barrel-heads1 to spout1 and be seen of all the market-place1 cultivate speech exclusively1--become a most green forest without roots6 ,solomon says1 ,there is a time to speak2 but also a time to keep silence4 ,of some great silent ,samuel1 not urged to writing1 as old ,samuel ,johnson says he was1 by want of money and nothing other1 one might ask1 ,why do not you too get up and speak2 promulgate your system1 found your sect8 ,truly1 he will answer1 ,i am continent of my thought hitherto2 happily ,i have yet had the ability to keep it in me1 no compulsion strong enough to speak it4 ,my 'system' is not for promulgation first of all2 it is for serving myself to live by4 ,that is the great purpose of it to me4 ,and then the 'honor'8 ,alas1 yes2--but as ,cato said of the statue3 ,so many statues in that ,forum of yours1 may it not be better if they ask1 ,where is ,cato's statue8 ,but now1 by way of counterpoise to this of ,silence1 let me say that there are two kinds of ambition3 one wholly blamable1 the other laudable and inevitable4 ,nature has provided that the great silent ,samuel shall not be silent too long4 ,the selfish wish to shine over others1 let it be accounted altogether poor and miserable4 ,seekest thou great things1 seek them not3 this is most true4 ,and yet1 ,i say1 there is an irrepressible tendency in every man to develop himself according to the magnitude which ,nature has made him of2 to speak out1 to act out1 what ,nature has laid in him4 ,this is proper1 fit1 inevitable2 nay1 it is a duty1 and even the summary of duties for a man4 ,the meaning of life here on earth might be defined as consisting in this3 ,to unfold your self1 to work what thing you have the faculty for4 ,it is a necessity for the human being1 the first law of our existence4 ,coleridge beautifully remarks that the infant learns to speak by this necessity it feels4--,we will say therefore3 ,to decide about ambition1 whether it is bad or not1 you have two things to take into view4 ,not the coveting of the place alone1 but the fitness for the man of the place withal3 that is the question4 ,perhaps the place was his1 perhaps he had a natural right1 and even obligation to seek the place6 ,mirabeau's ambition to be ,prime ,minister1 how shall we blame it1 if he were the only man in ,france that could have done any good there8 ,hopefuler perhaps had he not so clearly felt how much good he could do6 ,but a poor ,necker1 who could do no good1 and had even felt that he could do none1 yet sitting broken-hearted because they had flung him out and he was now quit of it1 well might ,gibbon mourn over him4--,nature1 ,i say1 has provided amply that the silent great man shall strive to speak withal2 too amply1 rather6 ,fancy1 for example1 you had revealed to the brave old ,samuel ,johnson1 in his shrouded-up existence1 that it was possible for him to do priceless divine work for his country and the whole world4 ,that the perfect ,heavenly ,law might be made ,law on this ,earth2 that the prayer he prayed daily1 ,thy kingdom come1 was at length to be fulfilled6 ,if you had convinced his judgment of this2 that it was possible1 practicable2 that he the mournful silent ,samuel was called to take a part in it6 ,would not the whole soul of the man have flamed-up into a divine clearness1 into noble utterance and determination to act2 casting all sorrows and misgivings under his feet1 counting all affliction and contradiction small1--the whole dark element of his existence blazing into articulate radiance of light and lightning8 ,it were a true ambition this6 ,and think now how it actually was with ,cromwell4 ,from of old1 the sufferings of ,god's ,church1 true zealous ,preachers of the truth flung into dungeons1 whipt1 set on pillories1 their ears cropt off1 ,god's ,gospel-cause trodden under foot of the unworthy3 all this had lain heavy on his soul4 ,long years he had looked upon it in silence1 in prayer2 seeing no remedy on ,earth2 trusting well that a remedy in ,heaven's goodness would come1--that such a course was false1 unjust1 and could not last forever4 ,and now behold the dawn of it2 after twelve years' silent waiting1 all ,england stirs itself2 there is to be once more a ,parliament1 the ,right will get a voice for itself3 inexpressible well-grounded hope has come again into the ,earth4 ,was not such a ,parliament worth being a member of8 ,cromwell threw down his plow1 and hastened thither4 ,he spoke there1--rugged bursts of earnestness1 of a self-seen truth1 where we get a glimpse of them4 ,he worked there2 he fought and strove1 like a strong true giant of a man1 through cannon-tumult and all else1--on and on1 till the ,cause triumphed1 its once so formidable enemies all swept from before it1 and the dawn of hope had become clear light of victory and certainty4 ,that he stood there as the strongest soul of ,england1 the undisputed ,hero of all ,england1--what of this8 ,it was possible that the ,law of ,christ's ,gospel could now establish itself in the world6 ,the ,theocracy which ,john ,knox in his pulpit might dream of as a devout imagination1 this practical man1 experienced in the whole chaos of most rough practice1 dared to consider as capable of being realized4 ,those that were highest in ,christ's ,church1 the devoutest wisest men1 were to rule the land3 in some considerable degree1 it might be so and should be so4 ,was it not true1 ,god's truth8 ,and if true1 was it not then the very thing to do8 ,the strongest practical intellect in ,england dared to answer1 ,yes6 ,this ,i call a noble true purpose2 is it not1 in its own dialect1 the noblest that could enter into the heart of ,statesman or man8 ,for a ,knox to take it up was something2 but for a ,cromwell1 with his great sound sense and experience of what our world was1--,history1 ,i think1 shows it only this once in such a degree4 ,i account it the culminating point of ,protestantism2 the most heroic phasis that ,faith in the ,bible was appointed to exhibit here below4 ,fancy it3 that it were made manifest to one of us1 how we could make the ,right supremely victorious over ,wrong1 and all that we had longed and prayed for1 as the highest good to ,england and all lands1 an attainable fact6 ,well1 ,i must say1 the vulpine intellect1 with its knowingness1 its alertness and expertness in detecting hypocrites1 seems to me a rather sorry business4 ,we have had but one such ,statesman in ,england2 one man1 that ,i can get sight of1 who ever had in the heart of him any such purpose at all4 ,one man1 in the course of fifteen hundred years2 and this was his welcome4 ,he had adherents by the hundred or the ten2 opponents by the million4 ,had ,england rallied all round him1--why1 then1 ,england might have been a ,christian land6 ,as it is1 vulpine knowingness sits yet at its hopeless problem1 ,given a world of ,knaves1 to educe an ,honesty from their united action2--how cumbrous a problem1 you may see in ,chancery ,law ,courts1 and some other places6 ,till at length1 by ,heaven's just anger1 but also by ,heaven's great grace1 the matter begins to stagnate2 and this problem is becoming to all men a palpably hopeless one4 ,,the ,,procession ,from ',the ,french ,revolution' ,we dwell no longer on the mixed shouting ,multitude1 for now1 behold1 the ,commons ,deputies are at hand6 ,which of these ,six ,hundred individuals1 in plain white cravat1 that have come up to regenerate ,france1 might one guess would become their king8 ,for a king or leader they1 as all bodies of men1 must have1 be their work what it may2 there is one man there who1 by character1 faculty1 position1 is fittest of all to do it2 that man1 as future1 not-yet-elected king walks there among the rest4 ,he with the thick black locks1 will it be8 ,with the hure1 as himself calls it1 or black boar's-head1 fit to be shaken as a senatorial portent8 ,through whose shaggy beetle-brows and rough-hewn1 seamed1 carbuncled face there look natural ugliness1 small-pox1 incontinence1 bankruptcy1--and burning fire of genius1 like comet-fire glaring fuliginous through murkiest confusions8 ,it is ,gabriel ,honore ,riquetti de ,mirabeau1 the world-compeller2 man-ruling ,deputy of ,aix6 ,according to the ,baroness de ,stael1 he steps proudly along1 though looked at askance here1 and shakes his black chevelure1 or lion's mane1 as if prophetic of great deeds4 ,yes1 ,reader1 that is the ,type-,frenchman of this epoch1 as ,voltaire was of the last4 ,he is ,french in his aspirations1 acquisitions1 in his virtues1 in his vices2 perhaps more ,french than any other man2--and intrinsically such a mass of manhood too4 ,mark him well4 ,the ,national ,assembly were all different without that one2 nay1 he might say1 with the old ,despot3--,the ,national ,assembly8 ,i am that4 ,of a southern climate1 of wild southern blood3--for the ,riquettis1 or ,arrighettis1 had to fly from ,florence and the ,guelfs1 long centuries ago1 and settled in ,provence1 where from generation to generation they have ever approved themselves a peculiar kindred1 irascible1 indomitable1 sharp-cutting1 true1 like the steel they wore2 of an intensity and activity that sometimes verged towards madness1 yet did not reach it4 ,one ancient ,riquetti1 in mad fulfillment of a mad vow1 chains two ,mountains together1 and the chain1 with its iron star of five rays1 is still to be seen4 ,may not a modern ,riquetti unchain so much1 and set it drifting--which also shall be seen8 ,destiny has work for that swart1 burly-headed ,mirabeau2 ,destiny has watched over him1 prepared him from afar4 ,did not his ,grandfather1 stout ,col-d',argent 7,silver-,stock1 so they named him71 shattered and slashed by seven-and-twenty wounds in one fell day1 lie sunk together on the ,bridge at ,casano1 while ,prince ,eugene's cavalry galloped and regalloped over him--only the flying sergeant had thrown a camp-kettle over that loved head2 and ,vendome1 dropping his spy-glass1 moaned out1 ,mirabeau is dead1 then6 ,nevertheless he was not dead2 he awoke to breath and miraculous surgery--for ,gabriel was yet to be4 ,with his silver stock he kept his scarred head erect1 through long years1 and wedded1 and produced tough ,marquis ,victor1 the friend of men4 ,whereby at last in the appointed year1 #agdi1 this long-expected1 rough-hewn ,gabriel ,honore did likewise see the light2 roughest lion's-whelp ever littered of that rough breed4 ,how the old lion 7for our old ,marquis1 too1 was lion-like1 most unconquerable1 kingly-genial1 most perverse7 gazed wondering on his offspring1 and determined to train him as no lion had yet been6 ,it is in vain1 ,o ,marquis6 ,this cub1 though thou slay him and flay him1 will not learn to draw in dog-cart of ,political ,economy1 and be a friend of men2 he will not be ,thou1 but must and will be ,himself1 another than ,thou4 ,divorce law-suits1 whole family save one in prison1 and threescore lettres-de-cachet for thy own sole use1 do but astonish the world4 ,our luckless ,gabriel1 sinned against and sinning1 has been in the ,isle of ,rhe1 and heard the ,atlantic from his tower2 in the ,castle of ,if1 and heard the ,mediterranean at ,marseilles4 ,he has been in the ,fortress of ,joux2 and forty-two months1 with hardly clothing to his back1 in the ,dungeon of ,vincennes2--all by lettre-de-cachet1 from his lion father4 ,he has been in ,pontarlier ,jails 7self-constituted prisoner72 was noticed fording estuaries of the sea 7at low water71 in flight from the face of men4 ,he has pleaded before ,aix ,parlements 7to get back his wife71 the public gathering on roofs1 to see1 since they could not hear3 ,the clatter-teeth 7claque-dents76 snarls singular old ,mirabeau2 discerning in such admired forensic eloquence nothing but two clattering jaw-bones1 and a head vacant1 sonorous1 of the drum species4 ,but as for ,gabriel ,honore1 in these strange wayfarings1 what has he not seen and tried6 ,from drill-sergeants to prime ministers1 to foreign and domestic booksellers1 all manner of men he has seen4 ,all manner of men he has gained2 for at bottom it is a social loving heart1 that wild unconquerable one--more especially all manner of women4 ,from the ,archer's ,daughter at ,saintes to that fair young ,sophie1 ,madame ,monnier1 whom he could not but steal and be beheaded for--in effigy6 ,for indeed1 hardly since the ,arabian ,prophet lay dead1 to ,ali's admiration1 was there seen such a ,love-hero1 with the strength of thirty men4 ,in ,war again1 he has helped to conquer ,corsica2 fought duels1 irregular brawls2 horsewhipped calumnious barons4 ,in ,literature1 he has written on ',despotism1' on ',lettres-de-,cachet'2 ,erotics ,sapphic-,werterean1 ,obscenities1 ,profanities2 ,books on the ',prussian ,monarchy1' on ',cagliostro1' on ',calonne1' on ',the ,water-,companies of ,paris'3--each book comparable1 we will say1 to a bituminous alarum-fire1 huge1 smoky1 sudden6 ,the fire-pan1 the kindling1 the bitumen1 were his own2 but the lumber1 of rags1 old wood1 and nameless combustible rubbish 7for all is fuel to him71 was gathered from hucksters and ass-panniers of every description under heaven4 ,whereby1 indeed1 hucksters enough have been heard to exclaim3 ,out upon it1 the fire is mine6 ,nay1 consider it more generally1 seldom had man such a talent for borrowing4 ,the idea1 the faculty of another man1 he can make his2 the man himself he can make his4 ,all reflex and echo 7tout de reflet et de reverbere76 snarls old ,mirabeau1 who can see1 but will not4 ,crabbed old ,friend of ,men6 it is his sociality1 his aggregative nature2 and will now be the quality of qualities for him4 ,in that forty years' struggle against despotism1 he has gained the glorious faculty of self-help1 and yet not lost the glorious natural gift of fellowship1 of being helped4 ,rare union3 this man can live self-sufficing--yet lives also in the life of other men2 can make men love him1 work with him2 a born king of men6 ,but consider further how1 as the old ,marquis still snarls1 he has made away with 7hume1 swallowed1 snuffed-up7 all ,formulas2 a fact which1 if we meditate it1 will in these days mean much4 ,this is no man of system1 then2 he is only a man of instincts and insights4 ,a man1 nevertheless1 who will glare fiercely on any object1 and see through it1 and conquer it3 for he has intellect1 he has will1 force beyond other men4 ,a man not with logic-spectacles1 but with an eye6 ,unhappily without ,decalogue1 moral ,code or ,theorem of any fixed sort2 yet not without a strong living ,soul in him1 and ,sincerity there2 a ,reality1 not an artificiality1 not a ,sham6 ,and so he1 having struggled forty years against despotism1 and made away with all formulas1 shall now become the spokesman of a ,nation bent to do the same4 ,for is it not precisely the struggle of ,france also to cast off despotism1 to make away with her old formulas1--having found them naught1 worn out1 far from the reality8 ,she will make away with such formulas2--and even go bare1 if need be1 till she have found new ones4 ,towards such work1 in such manner1 marches he1 this singular ,riquetti ,mirabeau4 ,in fiery rough figure1 with black ,samson-locks under the slouch hat1 he steps along there4 ,a fiery1 fuliginous mass1 which could not be choked and smothered1 but would fill all ,france with smoke6 ,and now it has got air2 it will burn its whole substance1 its whole smoke-atmosphere too1 and fill all ,france with flame4 ,strange lot6 ,forty years of that smoldering1 with foul fire-damp and vapor enough2 then victory over that1 and like a burning mountain he blazes heaven-high2 and for twenty-three resplendent months1 pours out1 in flame and molten fire-torrents1 all that is in him1 the ,pharos and ,wonder-sign of an amazed ,europe2--and then lies hollow1 cold forever6 ,pass on1 thou questionable ,gabriel ,honore1 the greatest of them all3 in the whole ,national ,deputies1 in the whole ,nation1 there is none like and none second to thee4 ,but now1 if ,mirabeau is the greatest1 who of these ,six ,hundred may be the meanest8 ,shall we say that anxious1 slight1 ineffectual-looking man1 under thirty1 in spectacles2 his eyes 7were the glasses off7 troubled1 careful2 with upturned face1 snuffing dimly the uncertain future time2 complexion of a multiplex atrabiliar color1 the final shade of which may be the pale sea-green4 ,that greenish-colored 7verdatre7 individual is an ,advocate of ,arras2 his name is ,maximilien ,robespierre4 ,the son of an ,advocate2 his father founded ,mason-lodges under ,charles ,edward1 the ,english ,prince or ,pretender4 ,maximilien1 the first-born1 was thriftily educated2 he had brisk ,camille ,desmoulins for schoolmate in the ,college of ,louis le ,grand1 at ,paris4 ,but he begged our famed ,necklace-,cardinal1 ,rohan1 the patron1 to let him depart thence1 and resign in favor of a younger brother4 ,the strict-minded ,max departed1 home to paternal ,arras2 and even had a ,law-case there1 and pleaded1 not unsuccessfully1 in favor of the first ,franklin thunder-rod4 ,with a strict1 painful mind1 an understanding small but clear and ready1 he grew in favor with official persons1 who could foresee in him an excellent man of business1 happily quite free from genius4 ,the ,bishop1 therefore1 taking counsel1 appoints him ,judge of his diocese1 and he faithfully does justice to the people3 till behold1 one day1 a culprit comes whose crime merits hanging1 and the strict-minded ,max must abdicate1 for his conscience will not permit the dooming of any son of ,adam to die4 ,a strict-minded1 strait-laced man6 ,a man unfit for ,revolutions8 whose small soul1 transparent wholesome-looking as small-ale1 could by no chance ferment into virulent alegar1--the mother of ever-new alegar2--till all ,france were grown acetous virulent8 ,we shall see4 ,between which two extremes of grandest and meanest1 so many grand and mean roll on1 towards their several destinies1 in that ,procession6 ,there is ,cazales1 the learned young soldier1 who shall become the eloquent orator of ,royalism1 and earn the shadow of a name4 ,experienced ,mounier1 experienced ,malouet1 whose ,presidential ,parlementary experience the stream of things shall soon leave stranded4 ,a ,petion has left his gown and briefs at ,chartres for a stormier sort of pleading2 has not forgotten his violin1 being fond of music4 ,his hair is grizzled1 though he is still young2 convictions1 beliefs placid-unalterable1 are in that man2 not hindmost of them1 belief in himself4 ,a ,protestant-clerical ,rabaut-,st4-,etienne1 a slender young eloquent and vehement ,barnave1 will help to regenerate ,france4 ,there are so many of them young4 ,till thirty the ,spartans did not suffer a man to marry3 but how many men here under thirty2 coming to produce not one sufficient citizen1 but a nation and a world of such6 ,the old to heal up rents1 the young to remove rubbish3--which latter is it not1 indeed1 the task here8 ,dim1 formless from this distance1 yet authentically there1 thou noticest the ,deputies from ,nantes8 ,to us mere clothes-screens1 with slouch-hat and cloak1 but bearing in their pocket a ,cahier of doleances with this singular clause1 and more such1 in it3--,that the master wigmakers of ,nantes be not troubled with new guild-brethren1 the actually existing number of ninety-two being more than sufficient6 ,the ,rennes people have elected farmer ,gerard1 a man of natural sense and rectitude without any learning4 ,he walks there with solid step2 unique1 in his rustic farmer-clothes2 which he will wear always1 careless of short-cloaks and costumes4 ,the name ,gerard1 or ,pere ,gerard1 ,father ,gerard1 as they please to call him1 will fly far1 borne about in endless banter1 in ,royalist satires1 in ,republican ,didactic ,almanacks4 ,as for the man ,gerard1 being asked once what he did1 after trial of it1 candidly think of this ,parlementary work1--,i think1 answered he1 that there are a good many scoundrels among us4 ,so walks ,father ,gerard1 solid in his thick shoes1 whithersoever bound4 ,and worthy ,doctor ,guillotin1 whom we hoped to behold one other time8 ,if not here1 the ,doctor should be here1 and we see him with the eye of prophecy2 for indeed the ,parisian ,deputies are all a little late4 ,singular ,guillotin1 respectable practitioner3 doomed by a satiric destiny to the strangest immortal glory that ever kept obscure mortal from his resting-place1 the bosom of oblivion6 ,guillotin can improve the ventilation of the ,hall2 in all cases of medical police and hygiene be a present aid3 but greater far1 he can produce his ',report on the ,penal ,code1' and reveal therein a cunningly devised ,beheading ,machine1 which shall become famous and world-famous4 ,this is the product of ,guillotin's endeavors1 gained not without meditation and reading2 which product popular gratitude or levity christens by a feminine derivative name1 as if it were his daughter3 ,la ,guillotine6 ,with my machine1 ,messieurs1 ,i whisk off your head 7vous fais sauter la tete7 in a twinkling1 and you have no pain2--whereat they all laugh4 ,unfortunate ,doctor6 ,for two-and-twenty years he1 unguillotined1 shall hear nothing but guillotine1 see nothing but guillotine2 then dying1 shall through long centuries wander1 as it were1 a disconsolate ghost1 on the wrong side of ,styx and ,lethe2 his name like to outlive ,caesar's4 ,see ,bailly1 likewise of ,paris1 time-honored ,historian of ,astronomy ,ancient and ,modern4 ,poor ,bailly1 how thy serenely beautiful ,philosophizing1 with its soft moonshiny clearness and thinness1 ends in foul thick confusion--of ,presidency1 ,mayorship1 diplomatic officiality1 rabid ,triviality1 and the throat of everlasting ,darkness6 ,far was it to descend from the heavenly ,galaxy to the ,drapeau ,rouge3 beside that fatal dung-heap1 on that last hell-day1 thou must tremble1 though only with cold--de froid4 ,speculation is not practice3 to be weak is not so miserable1 but to be weaker than our task4 ,woe the day when they mounted thee1 a peaceable pedestrian1 on that wild ,hippogriff of a ,democracy1 which1 spurning the firm earth1 nay1 lashing at the very stars1 no yet known ,astolpho could have ridden6 ,in the ,commons ,deputies there are ,merchants1 ,artists1 ,men of ,letters2 #cgd ,lawyers1 and at least one ,clergyman1 the ,abbe ,sieyes4 ,him also ,paris sends1 among its twenty4 ,behold him1 the light1 thin man2 cold1 but elastic1 wiry2 instinct with the pride of ,logic2 passionless1 or with but one passion1 that of self-conceit4 ,if indeed that can be called a passion1 which in its independent concentrated greatness1 seems to have soared into transcendentalism2 and to sit there with a kind of godlike indifference1 and look down on passion6 ,he is the man1 and wisdom shall die with him4 ,this is the ,sieyes who shall be ,system-builder1 ,constitution-builder ,general1 and build ,constitutions 7as many as wanted7 sky-high1--which shall all unfortunately fall before he get the scaffolding away4 ,la ,politique1 said he to ,dumont1 polity is a science ,i think ,i have completed 7achevee74 ,what things1 ,o ,sieyes1 with thy clear assiduous eyes1 art thou to see6 ,but were it not curious to know how ,sieyes1 now in these days 7for he is said to be still alive7 looks out on all that ,constitution masonry1 through the rheumy soberness of extreme age8 ,might we hope1 still with the old irrefragable transcendentalism8 ,the victorious cause pleased the gods1 the vanquished one pleased ,sieyes 7victa ,catoni74 ,thus1 however1 amid sky-rending vivats1 and blessings from every heart1 has the ,procession of the ,commons ,deputies rolled by4 ,next follow the ,noblesse1 and next the ,clergy2 concerning both of whom it might be asked ,what they specially have come for4 ,specially1 little as they dream of it1 to answer this question1 put in a voice of thunder3 ,what are you doing in ,god's fair ,earth and ,task-garden2 where whosoever is not working is begging or stealing8 ,woe1 woe to themselves and to all1 if they can only answer2 ,collecting tithes1 ,preserving game6 ,remark1 meanwhile1 how ,d',orleans affects to step before his own ,order and mingle with the ,commons4 ,for him are vivats2 few for the rest1 though all wave in plumed hats of a feudal cut1 and have sword on thigh2 though among them is ,d',antraigues1 the young ,languedocian gentleman1--and indeed many a peer more or less noteworthy4 ,there are ,liancourt and ,la ,rochefoucault1 the liberal ,anglo-maniac ,dukes4 ,there is a filially pious ,lally2 a couple of liberal ,lameths4 ,above all1 there is a ,lafayette2 whose name shall be ,cromwell-,grandison1 and fill the world4 ,many a formula has this ,lafayette1 too1 made away with2 yet not all formulas4 ,he sticks by the ,washington-formula2 and by that he will stick2--and hang by it1 as by sure bower-anchor hangs and swings the tight war-ship1 which1 after all changes of wildest weather and water1 is found still hanging4 ,happy for him1 be it glorious or not6 ,alone of all ,frenchmen he has a theory of the world1 and right mind to conform thereto2 he can become a hero and perfect character1 were it but the hero of one idea4 ,note further our old parlementary friend1 ,crispin-,catiline d',espremenil4 ,he is returned from the ,mediterranean islands1 a red-hot royalist1 repentant to the finger-ends2--unsettled-looking2 whose light1 dusky-glowing at best1 now flickers foul in the socket2 whom the ,national ,assembly will by and by1 to save time1 regard as in a state of distraction4 ,note lastly that globular ,younger ,mirabeau1 indignant that his elder ,brother is among the ,commons2 it is ,viscomte ,mirabeau2 named oftener ,mirabeau ,tonneau 7,barrel ,mirabeau71 on account of his rotundity1 and the quantities of strong liquor he contains4 ,there1 then1 walks our ,french noblesse4 ,all in the old pomp of chivalry2 and yet1 alas1 how changed from the old position2 drifted far down from their native latitude1 like ,arctic icebergs got into the ,equatorial sea1 and fast thawing there6 ,once these ,chivalry ,duces 7,dukes1 as they are still named7 did actually lead the world1--were it only toward battle-spoil1 where lay the world's best wages then2 moreover1 being the ablest leaders going1 they had their lion's share1 these ,duces1 which none could grudge them4 ,but now1 when so many ,looms1 improved ,plow-shares1 ,steam-,engines1 and ,bills of ,exchange have been invented2 and for battle-brawling itself1 men hire ,drill-,sergeants at eighteen pence a day1--what mean these gold-mantled ,chivalry ,figures1 walking there in black-velvet cloaks1 in high-plumed hats of a feudal cut8 ,reeds shaken in the wind6 ,the clergy have got up2 with ,cahiers for abolishing pluralities1 enforcing residence of bishops1 better payment of tithes4 ,the ,dignitaries1 we can observe1 walk stately1 apart from the numerous ,undignified1--who1 indeed1 are properly little other than ,commons disguised in ,curate-frocks4 ,here1 however1 though by strange ways1 shall the ,precept be fulfilled1 and they that are greatest 7much to their astonishment7 become least4 ,for one example out of many1 mark that plausible ,gregoire3 one day ,cure ,gregoire shall be a ,bishop1 when the now stately are wandering distracted1 as ,bishops in partibus4 ,with other thought1 mark also the ,abbe ,maury2 his broad bold face1 mouth accurately primmed1 full eyes1 that ray out intelligence1 falsehood1--the sort of sophistry which is astonished you should find it sophistical4 ,skillfulest vamper-up of old rotten leather1 to make it look like new2 always a rising man2 he used to tell ,mercier1 ,you will see2 ,i shall be in the ,academy before you4 ,likely indeed1 thou skillfulest ,maury2 nay thou shalt have a ,cardinal's hat1 and plush and glory2 but alas1 also1 in the long run--mere oblivion1 like the rest of us1 and six feet of earth6 ,what boots it1 vamping rotten leather on these terms8 ,glorious in comparison is the livelihood thy good old ,father earns by making shoes1--one may hope1 in a sufficient manner4 ,maury does not want for audacity4 ,he shall wear pistols by-and-by2 and at death-cries of ,la lanterne1 ,the ,lamp-iron6 answer coolly1 ,friends1 will you see better there8 ,but yonder1 halting lamely along1 thou noticest next ,bishop ,talleyrand-,perigord1 his ,reverence of ,autun4 ,a sardonic grimness lies in that irreverend ,reverence of ,autun4 ,he will do and suffer strange things2 and will become surely one of the strangest things ever seen1 or like to be seen4 ,a man living in falsehood and on falsehood2 yet not what you can call a false man3 there is the specialty6 ,it will be an enigma for future ages1 one may hope2 hitherto such a product of ,nature and ,art was possible only for this age of ours--,age of ,paper1 and of the ,burning of ,paper4 ,consider ,bishop ,talleyrand and ,marquis ,lafayette as the topmost of their two kinds2 and say once more1 looking at what they did and what they were4 ,o tempus ferax rerum6 ,on the whole1 however1 has not this unfortunate clergy also drifted in the ,time-stream1 far from its native latitude8 ,an anomalous mass of men2 of whom the whole world has already a dim understanding that it can understand nothing4 ,they were once a ,priesthood1 interpreters of ,wisdom1 revealers of the ,holy that is in ,man2 a true ,clerus 7or ,inheritance of ,god on ,earth73 but now8--,they pass silently1 with such ,cahiers as they have been able to redact2 and none cries1 ,god bless them4 ,king ,louis with his ,court brings up the rear3 he cheerful1 in this day of hope1 is saluted with plaudits3 still more ,necker his ,minister4 ,not so the ,queen1 on whom hope shines not steadily any more4 ,ill-fated ,queen6 ,her hair is already gray with many cares and crosses2 her first-born son is dying in these weeks3 black falsehood has ineffaceably soiled her name--ineffaceably while this generation lasts4 ,instead of ,vive la reine1 voices insult her with ,vive d',orleans4 ,of her queenly beauty little remains except its stateliness2 not now gracious1 but haughty1 rigid1 silently enduring4 ,with a most mixed feeling1 wherein joy has no part1 she resigns herself to a day she hoped never to have seen4 ,poor ,marie ,antoinette2 with thy quick1 noble instincts1 vehement glancings1 vision all-too fitful narrow for the work thou hast to do6 ,o there are tears in store for thee1 bitterest wailings1 soft womanly meltings1 though thou hast the heart of an imperial ,theresa's ,daughter4 ,thou doomed one1 shut thy eyes on the future6 ,and so in stately ,procession1 have passed the ,elected of ,france4 ,some toward honor and quick fire-consummation2 most toward dishonor2 not a few toward massacre1 confusion1 emigration1 desperation3 all toward ,eternity6--,so many heterogeneities cast together into the fermenting-vat2 there1 with incalculable action1 counteraction1 elective affinities1 explosive developments1 to work out healing for a sick1 ,moribund ,system of ,society6 ,probably the strangest ,body of ,men1 if we consider well1 that ever met together on our ,planet on such an errand4 ,so thousandfold complex a ,society1 ready to burst up from its infinite depths2 and these men1 its rulers and healers1 without life-rule for themselves1--other life-rule than a ,gospel according to ,jean ,jacques6 ,to the wisest of them1 what we must call the wisest1 man is properly an ,accident under the sky4 ,man is without ,duty round him2 except it be to make the ,constitution4 ,he is without ,heaven above him1 or ,hell beneath him2 he has no ,god in the world4 ,what further or better belief can be said to exist in these ,twelve ,hundred8 ,belief in high-plumed hats of a feudal cut2 in heraldic scutcheons2 in the divine right of ,kings1 in the divine right of ,game-,destroyers4 ,belief1 or what is still worse1 canting half-belief2 or worst of all1 mere ,machiavellic pretense-of-belief1--in consecrated dough-wafers1 and the godhood of a poor old ,italian ,man6 ,nevertheless1 in that immeasurable ,confusion and ,corruption1 which struggles there so blindly to become less confused and corrupt1 there is1 as we said1 this one salient point of a ,new ,life discernible--the deep fixed ,determination to have done with ,shams4 ,a determination which1 consciously or unconsciously1 is fixed2 which waxes ever more fixed1 into very madness and fixed-idea2 which1 in such embodiment as lies provided there1 shall now unfold itself rapidly3 monstrous1 stupendous1 unspeakable2 new for long thousands of years6--,how has the heaven's light1 oftentimes in this ,earth1 to clothe itself in thunder and electric murkiness1 and descend as molten lightning1 blasting1 if purifying6 ,nay1 is it not rather the very murkiness1 and atmospheric suffocation1 that brings the lightning and the light8 ,the new ,evangel1 as the old had been1 was it to be born in the ,destruction of a ,world8 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,the ,,bastille ,from ',the ,french ,revolution' ,but1 to the living and the struggling1 a new1 ,fourteenth morning dawns4 ,under all roofs of this distracted ,city is the nodus of a ,drama1 not untragical1 crowding toward solution4 ,the bustlings and preparings1 the tremors and menaces2 the tears that fell from old eyes6 ,this day1 my sons1 ye shall quit you like men4 ,by the memory of your fathers' wrongs2 by the hope of your children's rights6 ,tyranny impends in red wrath3 help for you is none1 if not in your own right hands4 ,this day ye must do or die4 ,from earliest light1 a sleepless ,permanent ,committee has heard the old cry1 now waxing almost frantic1 mutinous3 ,arms6 ,arms6 ,provost ,flesselles1 or what traitors there are among you1 may think of those ,charleville ,boxes4 ,a hundred-and-fifty thousand of us1 and but the third man furnished with so much as a pike6 ,arms are the one thing needful3 with arms we are an unconquerable man-defying ,national ,guard2 without arms1 a rabble to be whiffed with grape-shot4 ,happily the word has arisen1 for no secret can be kept1--that there lie muskets at the ,hotel des ,invalides4 ,thither will we3 ,king's ,procureur ,m4 ,ethys de ,corny1 and whatsoever of authority a ,permanent ,committee can lend1 shall go with us4 ,besenval's ,camp is there2 perhaps he will not fire on us2 if he kill us1 we shall but die4 ,alas6 poor ,besenval1 with his troops melting away in that manner1 has not the smallest humor to fire6 ,at five o'clock this morning1 as he lay dreaming1 oblivious in the ,ecole ,militaire1 a figure stood suddenly at his bedside2 with face rather handsome1 eyes inflamed1 speech rapid and curt1 air audacious3 such a figure drew ,priam's curtains6 ,the message and monition of the figure was that resistance would be hopeless2 that if blood flowed1 woe to him who shed it4 ,thus spoke the figure3 and vanished4 ,withal there was a kind of eloquence that struck one4 ,besenval admits that he should have arrested him1 but did not4 ,who this figure with inflamed eyes1 with speech rapid and curt1 might be8 ,besenval knows1 but mentions not4 ,camille ,desmoulins8 ,pythagorean ,marquis ,valadi1 inflamed with violent motions all night at the ,palais ,royal8 ,fame names him ,young ,m4 ,meillar2 then shuts her lips about him forever4 ,in any case1 behold1 about nine in the morning1 our ,national ,volunteers1 rolling in long wide flood south-westward to the ,hotel des ,invalides1 in search of the one thing needful4 ,king's ,procureur ,m4 ,ethys de ,corny and officials are there2 the ,cure of ,saint-,etienne du ,mont marches unpacific at the head of his militant ,parish2 the ,clerks of the ,basoche in red coats we see marching1 now ,volunteers of the ,palais ,royal2--,national ,volunteers1 numerable by tens of thousands2 of one heart and mind4 ,the ,king's ,muskets are the ,nation's2 think1 old ,m4 de ,sombreuil1 how1 in this extremity1 thou wilt refuse them6 ,old ,m4 de ,sombreuil would fain hold parley1 send couriers1 but it skills not3 the walls are scaled1 no ,invalide firing a shot2 the gates must be flung open4 ,patriotism rushes in tumultuous1 from grunsel up to ridge-tile1 through all rooms and passages2 rummaging distractedly for arms4 ,what cellar or what cranny can escape it8 ,the arms are found2 all safe there1 lying packed in straw1--apparently with a view to being burnt6 ,more ravenous than famishing lions over dead prey1 the multitude1 with clangor and vociferation1 pounces on them2 struggling1 dashing1 clutching1--to the jamming-up1 to the pressure1 fracture1 and probable extinction of the weaker ,patriot4 ,and so1 with such protracted crash of deafening1 most discordant ,orchestra-music1 the ,scene is changed2 and eight-and-twenty thousand sufficient firelocks are on the shoulders of as many ,national ,guards1 lifted thereby out of darkness into fiery light4 ,let ,besenval look at the glitter of these muskets as they flash by6 ,gardes ,francaises1 it is said1 have cannon leveled on him2 ready to open1 if need were1 from the other side of the river4 ,motionless sits he2 astonished1 one may flatter one's self1 at the proud bearing 7fiere contenance7 of the ,parisians4 ,and now to the ,bastille1 ye intrepid ,parisians6 ,there grape-shot still threatens2 thither all men's thoughts and steps are now tending4 ,old ,de ,launay1 as we hinted1 withdrew into his interior soon after midnight of ,sunday4 ,he remains there ever since1 hampered1 as all military gentlemen now are1 in the saddest conflict of uncertainties4 ,the ,hotel-de-,ville invites him to admit ,national ,soldiers1 which is a soft name for surrendering4 ,on the other hand1 his ,majesty's orders were precise4 ,his garrison is but eighty-two old ,invalides1 reinforced by thirty-two young ,swiss2 his walls1 indeed1 are nine feet thick2 he has cannon and powder1 but alas6 only one day's provision of victuals4 ,the city1 too1 is ,french1 the poor garrison mostly ,french4 ,rigorous old ,de ,launay1 think what thou wilt do6 ,all morning1 since nine1 there has been a cry everywhere3 ,to the ,bastille6 ,repeated deputations of citizens have been here1 passionate for arms1 whom ,de ,launay has got dismissed by soft speeches through port-holes4 ,towards noon1 ,elector ,thuriot de la ,rosiere gains admittance1 finds ,de ,launay indisposed for surrender1 nay1 disposed for blowing up the place1 rather4 ,thuriot mounts with him to the battlements2 heaps of paving-stones1 old iron1 and missiles lie piled2 cannon all duly leveled2 in every embrasure a cannon1--only drawn back a little6 ,but outwards1 behold1 ,o ,thuriot1 how the multitude flows on1 welling through every street1 tocsin furiously pealing1 all drums beating the generale2 the suburb ,saint-,antoine rolling hitherward wholly as one man6 ,such vision 7spectral1 yet real7 thou1 ,o ,thuriot1 as from thy ,mount of ,vision1 beholdest in this moment3 prophetic of what other ,phantasmagories and loud-gibbering ,spectral ,realities which thou yet beholdest not1 but shalt6 ,que voulez-vous8 said ,de ,launay1 turning pale at the sight1 with an air of reproach1 almost of menace4 ,monsieur1 said ,thuriot1 rising into the moral-sublime1 what mean you8 ,consider if ,i could not precipitate both of us from this height1--say only a hundred feet1 exclusive of the walled ditch6 ,whereupon ,de ,launay fell silent4 ,thuriot shows himself from some pinnacle to comfort the multitude becoming suspicious1 fremes-cent1 then descends1 departs with protest1 with warning addressed also to the ,invalides1 on whom however it produces but a mixed1 indistinct impression4 ,the old heads are none of the clearest2 besides1 it is said1 ,de ,launay has been profuse of beverages 7prodigue des buissons74 ,they think they will not fire--if not fired on--if they can help it2 but must1 on the whole1 be ruled considerably by circumstances4 ,wo to thee1 ,de ,launay1 in such an hour1 if thou canst not1 taking some one firm decision1 rule circumstances6 ,soft speeches will not serve1 hard grape-shot is questionable1 but hovering between the two is unquestionable4 ,ever wilder swells the tide of men2 their infinite hum waxing ever louder1 into imprecations1 perhaps into crackle of stray musketry1--which latter1 on walls nine feet thick1 cannot do execution4 ,the ,outer ,drawbridge has been lowered for ,thuriot2 now deputation of citizens 7it is the third and noisiest of all7 penetrates that way into the ,outer ,court2 soft speeches producing no clearance of these1 ,de ,launay gives fire2 pulls up his drawbridge4 ,a slight sputter1 which has kindled the too combustible chaos1 made it a roaring fire-chaos6 ,bursts forth ,insurrection1 at sight of its own blood 7for there were deaths by that sputter of fire71 into endless1 rolling explosion of musketry1 distraction1 execration2--and over head1 from the fortress1 let one great gun1 with its grape-shot1 go booming1 to show what we could do4 ,the ,bastille is besieged6 ,on1 then1 all ,frenchmen that have hearts in your bodies6 ,roar with all your throats of cartilage and metal1 ye ,sons of ,liberty2 stir spasmodically whatsoever of utmost faculty is in you1 soul1 body1 or spirit2 for it is the hour6 ,smite thou1 ,louis ,tournay1 cartwright of the ,marais1 old-soldier of the ,regiment ,dauphine2 smite at that ,outer ,drawbridge chain1 though the fiery hail whistles round thee6 ,never1 over nave or felloe1 did thy axe strike such a stroke4 ,down with it1 man2 down with it to ,orcus3 let the whole accursed edifice sink thither1 and tyranny be swallowed up forever6 ,mounted1 some say1 on the roof of the guard-room1 some on bayonets stuck into joints of the wall1 ,louis ,tournay smites1 brave ,aubin ,bonnemere 7also an old soldier7 seconding him2 the chain yields1 breaks2 the huge ,drawbridge slams down1 thundering 7avec fracas74 ,glorious6 and yet1 alas6 it is still but the outworks4 ,the ,eight ,grim ,towers1 with their ,invalide musketry1 their paving-stones and cannon-mouths1 still soar aloft intact2--,ditch yawning impassable1 stone-faced2 the inner ,drawbridge with its back toward us2 the ,bastille is still to take6 ,to describe this ,siege of the ,bastille 7thought to be one of the most important in ,history7 perhaps transcends the talent of mortals4 ,could one but1 after infinite reading1 get to understand so much as the plan of the building6 ,but there is open ,esplanade at the end of the ,rue ,saint-,antoine2 there are such ,forecourts 7,cour ,avance71 ,cour de l',orme1 arched gateway 7where ,louis ,tournay now fights72 then new drawbridges1 dormant-bridges1 rampart-bastions1 and the grim ,eight ,towers3 a labyrinthic ,mass1 high-frowning there1 of all ages from twenty years to four hundred and twenty2--beleaguered1 in this its last hour1 as we said1 by mere ,chaos come again6 ,ordnance of all calibres2 throats of all capacities2 men of all plans1 every man his own engineer2 seldom since the war of ,pygmies and ,cranes was there seen so anomalous a thing4 ,half-pay ,elie is home for a suit of regimentals2 no one would heed him in colored clothes2 half-pay ,hulin is haranguing ,gardes ,francaises in the ,place de ,greve4 ,frantic patriots pick up the grape-shots2 bear them1 still hot 7or seemingly so71 to the ,hotel-de-,ville3--,paris1 you perceive1 is to be burnt6 ,flesselles is pale to the very lips1 for the roar of the multitude grows deep4 ,paris wholly has got to the acme of its frenzy2 whirled1 all ways1 by panic madness4 ,at every street-barricade1 there whirls simmering a minor whirlpool1--strengthening the barricade1 since ,god knows what is coming2 and all minor whirlpools play distractedly into that grand ,fire-,maelstrom which is lashing round the ,bastille4 ,and so it lashes and it roars4 ,cholat the wine-merchant has become an impromptu cannoneer4 ,see ,georget of the marine service1 fresh from ,brest1 ply the ,king of ,siam's cannon4 ,singular 7if we were not used to the like74 ,georget lay1 last night1 taking his ease at his inn2 the ,king of ,siam's cannon also lay1 knowing nothing of him1 for a hundred years2 yet now1 at the right instant1 they have got together1 and discourse eloquent music4 ,for hearing what was toward1 ,georget sprang from the ,brest ,diligence1 and ran4 ,gardes ,francaises1 also1 will be here1 with real artillery3 were not the walls so thick6--,upward from the ,esplanade1 horizontally from all neighboring roofs and windows1 flashes one irregular deluge of musketry1 without effect4 ,the ,invalides lie flat1 firing comparatively at their ease from behind stone2 hardly through port-holes show the tip of a nose4 ,we fall1 shot2 and make no impression6 ,let conflagration rage2 of whatsoever is combustible6 ,guardrooms are burnt1 ,invalides mess-rooms4 ,a distracted ,peruke-maker with two fiery torches is for burning the saltpetres of the ,arsenal1 had not a woman run screaming2 had not a ,patriot1 with some tincture of ,natural ,philosophy1 instantly struck the wind out of him 7butt of musket on pit of stomach71 overturned barrels1 and stayed the devouring element4 ,a young beautiful lady1 seized1 escaping1 in these ,outer ,courts1 and thought falsely to be ,de ,launay's daughter1 shall be burnt in ,de ,launay's sight2 she lies1 swooned1 on a paillasse2 but again a ,patriot--it is brave ,aubin ,bonnemere1 the old soldier--dashes in1 and rescues her4 ,straw is burnt2 three cartloads of it1 hauled hither1 go up in white smoke1 almost to the choking of ,patriotism itself2 so that ,elie had1 with singed brows1 to drag back one cart1 and ,reole the gigantic haberdasher another4 ,smoke as of ,tophet2 confusion as of ,babel2 noise as of the ,crack of ,doom6 ,blood flows2 the ailment of new madness4 ,the wounded are carried into houses of the ,rue ,cerisaie2 the dying leave their last mandate not to yield till the accursed ,stronghold fall4 ,and yet1 alas6 how fall8 ,the walls are so thick6 ,deputations1 three in number1 arrive from the ,hotel-de-,ville2 ,abbe ,fauchet 7who was of one7 can say with what almost superhuman courage of benevolence4 ,these wave their ,town-flag in the arched ,gateway1 and stand1 rolling their drum1 but to no purpose4 ,in such ,crack of ,doom1 ,de ,launay cannot hear them1 dare not believe them2 they return1 with justified rage1 the whew of lead still singing in their ears4 ,what to do8 ,the ,firemen are here1 squirting with their fire-pumps on the ,invalides cannon1 to wet the touch-holes2 they unfortunately cannot squirt so high2 but produce only clouds of spray4 ,individuals of classical knowledge propose catapults4 ,santerre1 the sonorous ,brewer of the ,suburb ,saint-,antoine1 advises rather that the place be fired by a mixture of phosphorus and oil of turpentine spouted up through forcing-pumps4 ,o ,spinola-,santerre1 hast thou the mixture ready8 ,every man his own engineer6 ,and still the fire-deluge abates not2 even women are firing1 and ,turks2 at least one woman 7with her sweetheart71 and one ,turk4 ,gardes ,francaises have come2 real cannon1 real cannoneers4 ,usher ,maillard is busy2 half-pay ,elie1 half-pay ,hulin1 rage in the midst of thousands4 ,how the great ,bastille clock ticks 7inaudible7 in its ,inner ,court1 there1 at its ease1 hour after hour2 as if nothing special1 for it or the world1 were passing6 ,it tolled ,one when the firing began1 and is now pointing toward ,five1 and still the firing slakes not4--,far down1 in their vaults1 the seven ,prisoners hear muffled din as of earthquakes2 their ,turnkeys answer vaguely4 ,woe to thee1 ,de ,launay1 with thy poor hundred ,invalides6 ,broglie is distant1 and his ears heavy2 ,besenval hears1 but can send no help4 ,one poor troop of ,hussars has crept1 reconnoitring1 cautiously along the ,quais1 as far as the ,pont ,neuf4 ,we are come to join you1 said the ,captain2 for the crowd seems shoreless4 ,a large-headed dwarfish individual1 of smoke-bleared aspect1 shambles forward1 opening his blue lips1 for there is sense in him2 and croaks1 ,alight then1 and give up your arms6 ,the ,hussar-,captain is too happy to be escorted to the barriers and dismissed on parole4 ,who the squat individual was8 ,men answer1 ,it is ,m4 ,marat1 author of the excellent pacific ',avis au ,peuple'6 ,great1 truly1 ,o thou remarkable ,dogleech1 is this thy day of emergence and new-birth2 and yet this same day come four years6--,but let the curtains of the ,future hang4 ,what shall ,de ,launay do8 ,one thing only ,de ,launay could have done3 what he said he would do4 ,fancy him sitting1 from the first1 with lighted taper1 within arm's-length of the ,powder-,magazine2 motionless1 like old ,roman ,senator1 or ,bronze ,lamp-holder2 coldly apprising ,thuriot1 and all men1 by a slight motion of his eye1 what his resolution was3--,harmless he sat there1 while unharmed2 but the ,king's ,fortress1 meanwhile1 could1 might1 would1 or should in nowise be surrendered save to the ,king's ,messenger2 one old man's life is worthless1 so it be lost with honor3 but think1 ye brawling canaille1 how will it be when a whole ,bastille springs skyward8 ,in such statuesque1 taper-holding attitude1 one fancies ,de ,launay might have left ,thuriot1 the red clerks of the ,basoche1 ,cure of ,saint-,stephen1 and all the tagrag and bobtail of the world1 to work their will4 ,and1 yet1 withal1 he could not do it4 ,hast thou considered how each man's heart is so tremulously responsive to the hearts of all men8 ,hast thou noted how omnipotent is the very sound of many men8 ,how their shriek of indignation palsies the strong soul2 their howl of contumely withers with unfelt pangs8 ,the ,ritter ,gluck confessed that the ground-tone of the noblest passage in one of his noblest ,operas was the voice of the populace he had heard at ,vienna1 crying to their ,kaiser1 ,bread6 ,bread6 ,great is the combined voice of men1 the utterance of their instincts1 which are truer than their thoughts2 it is the greatest a man encounters1 among the sounds and shadows which make up this ,world of ,time4 ,he who can resist that1 has his footing somewhere beyond ,time4 ,de ,launay could not do it4 ,distracted1 he hovers between two2 hopes in the middle of despair2 surrenders not his ,fortress2 declares that he will blow it up1 seizes torches to blow it up1 and does not blow it4 ,unhappy old ,de ,launay1 it is the death-agony of thy ,bastille and thee6 ,jail1 ,jailoring1 and ,jailor1 all three1 such as they may have been1 must finish4 ,for four hours now has the ,world-,bedlam roared2 call it the ,world-,chimaera1 blowing fire6 ,the poor ,invalides have sunk under their battlements1 or rise only with reversed muskets2 they have made a white flag of napkins2 go beating the chamade1 or seeming to beat1 for one can hear nothing4 ,the very ,swiss at the ,portcullis look weary of firing2 disheartened in the fire-deluge2 a port-hole at the drawbridge is opened1 as by one that would speak4 ,see ,huissier ,maillard1 the shifty man6 ,on his plank swinging over the abyss of that stone ,ditch2 plank resting on parapet1 balanced by weight of ,patriots1 he hovers perilous2 such a ,dove toward such an ,ark6 ,deftly1 thou shifty ,usher2 one man already fell2 and lies smashed1 far down there1 against the masonry6 ,usher ,maillard falls not2 deftly1 unerring1 he walks1 with out-spread palm4 ,the ,swiss holds a paper through his port-hole2 the shifty ,usher snatches it and returns4 ,terms of surrender1 ,pardon1 immunity to all6 ,are they accepted8 ,foi d'officier1 ,on the word of an officer1 answers half-pay ,hulin1 or half-pay ,elie--for men do not agree on it--they are6 ,sinks the drawbridge1--,usher ,maillard bolting it when down2 rushes in the living deluge2 the ,bastille is fallen6 ,victoire6 ,la ,bastille est prise6 99 99 99 99 99 ,why dwell on what follows8 ,hulin's foi d'officier should have been kept1 but could not4 ,the ,swiss stand drawn up1 disguised in white canvas smocks2 the ,invalides without disguise1 their arms all piled against the wall4 ,the first rush of victors1 in ecstasy that the death peril is passed1 leaps joyfully on their necks2 but new victors rush1 and ever new1 also in ecstasy not wholly of joy4 ,as we said1 it was a living deluge1 plunging headlong2 had not the ,gardes ,francaises1 in their cool military way1 wheeled round with arms leveled1 it would have plunged suicidally1 by the hundred or the thousand1 into the ,bastille-ditch4 ,and so it goes plunging through court and corridor2 billowing uncontrollable1 firing from windows--on itself2 in hot frenzy of triumph1 of grief and vengeance for its slain4 ,the poor ,invalides will fare ill2 one ,swiss1 running off in his white smock1 is driven back1 with a death-thrust4 ,let all prisoners be marched to the ,town-hall to be judged6 ,alas1 already one poor ,invalide has his right hand slashed off him2 his maimed body dragged to the ,place de ,greve1 and hanged there4 ,this same right hand1 it is said1 turned back ,de ,launay from the ,powder-,magazine1 and saved ,paris4 ,de ,launay1 discovered in gray frock with poppy-colored riband1 is for killing himself with the sword of his cane4 ,he shall to the ,hotel-de-,ville2 ,hulin1 ,maillard1 and others escorting him1 ,elie marching foremost1 with the capitulation-paper on his sword's point4 ,through roarings and cursings2 through hustlings1 clutchings1 and at last through strokes6 ,your escort is hustled aside1 fell down2 ,hulin sinks exhausted on a heap of stones4 ,miserable ,de ,launay6 ,he shall never enter the ,hotel-de-,ville2 only his bloody hair-queue1 held up in a bloody hand2 that shall enter1 for a sign4 ,the bleeding trunk lies on the steps there2 the head is off through the streets1 ghastly1 aloft on a pike4 ,rigorous ,de ,launay has died2 crying out1 ,o friends1 kill me fast6 ,merciful ,de ,losme must die2 though ,gratitude embraces him1 in this fearful hour1 and will die for him1 it avails not4 ,brothers1 your wrath is cruel6 ,your ,place de ,greve is become a ,throat of the ,tiger1 full of mere fierce bellowings1 and thirst of blood4 ,one other officer is massacred2 one other ,invalide is hanged on the ,lamp-iron2 with difficulty1 with generous perseverance1 the ,gardes ,francaises will save the rest4 ,provost ,flesselles1 stricken long since with the paleness of death1 must descend from his seat1 to be judged at the ,palais ,royal2 alas1 to be shot dead by an unknown hand at the turning of the first street6 ,o evening sun of ,july1 how1 at this hour1 thy beams fall slant on reapers amid peaceful woody fields2 on old women spinning in cottages2 on ships far out on the silent main2 on ,balls at the ,orangerie of ,versailles1 where high-rouged ,dames of the ,palace are even now dancing with double-jacketed ,hussar-,officers2--and also on this roaring ,hell-porch of a ,hotel-de-,ville6 ,babel ,tower1 with the confusion of tongues1 were not ,bedlam added with the conflagration of thoughts1 was no type of it4 ,one forest of distracted steel bristles1 endless1 in front of an ,electoral ,committee2 points itself1 in horrid radii1 against this and the other accused breast4 ,it was the ,titans warring with ,olympus2 and they1 scarcely crediting it1 have conquered2 prodigy of prodigies2 delirious1--as it could not but be4 ,denunciation1 vengeance2 blaze of triumph on a dark ground of terror2 all outward1 all inward things fallen into one general wreck of madness6 ,,charlotte ,,corday ,from ',the ,french ,revolution' ,in the leafy months of ,june and ,july1 several ,french ,departments germinate a set of rebellious paper-leaves1 named ,proclamations1 ,resolutions1 ,journals1 or ,diurnals1 of the ,union for ,resistance to ,oppression4 ,in particular1 the ,town of ,caen1 in ,calvados1 sees its paper-leaf of ,bulletin de ,caen suddenly bud1 suddenly establish itself as ,newspaper there2 under the ,editorship of ,girondin ,national ,representatives6 ,illustration3 ,,charlotte ,,corday ,,in ,,prison4 ,photogravure from a painting by ,c4 ,l4 ,muller4 ,original in the ,corcoran ,gallery of ,art1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,marie ,anne ,charlotte ,corday d',armans1 a ,french young woman of noble birth1 filled with horror at the excesses of the ,reign of ,terror1 gained admission to the private apartments of ,marat and stabbed him to death ,july #ac1 #agic4 ,she was convicted by the ,revolutionary tribunal and died by the guillotine ,july #ag1 #agic4 ,for among the proscribed ,girondins are certain of a more desperate humor4 ,some1 as ,vergniaud1 ,valaze1 ,gensonne1 arrested in their own houses1 will await with stoical resignation what the issue may be4 ,some1 as ,brissot1 ,rabaut1 will take to flight1 to concealment2 which1 as the ,paris ,barriers are opened again in a day or two1 is not yet difficult4 ,but others there are who will rush1 with ,buzot1 to ,calvados2 or far over ,france1 to ,lyons1 ,toulon1 ,nantes and elsewhither1 and then rendezvous at ,caen3 to awaken as with war-trumpet the respectable ,departments2 and strike down an anarchic ,mountain ,faction2 at least not yield without a stroke at it4 ,of this latter temper we count some score or more1 of the ,arrested1 and of the ,not-yet-arrested3 a ,buzot1 a ,barbaroux1 ,louvet1 ,guadet1 ,petion1 who have escaped from ,arrestment in their own homes2 a ,salles1 a ,pythagorean ,valady1 a ,duchatel1 the ,duchatel that came in blanket and night-cap to vote for the life of ,louis1 who have escaped from danger and likelihood of ,arrestment4 ,these1 to the number at one time of ,twenty-seven1 do accordingly lodge here1 in the ,intendance1 or ,departmental ,mansion1 of the town of ,caen in ,calvados2 welcomed by ,persons in ,authority2 welcomed and defrayed1 having no money of their own4 ,and the ,bulletin de ,caen comes forth1 with the most animating paragraphs3 ,how the ,bordeaux ,department1 the ,lyons ,department1 this ,department after the other is declaring itself2 sixty1 or say sixty-nine1 or seventy-two respectable ,departments either declaring1 or ready to declare4 ,nay1 ,marseilles1 it seems1 will march on ,paris by itself1 if need be4 ,so has ,marseilles ,town said that she will march4 ,but on the other hand1 that ,montelimart ,town has said1 ,no thoroughfare2 and means even to bury herself under her own stone and mortar first1--of this be no mention in ,bulletin de ,caen4 ,such animating paragraphs we read in this new ,newspaper2 and fervors and eloquent sarcasm3 tirades against the ,mountain1 from the pen of ,deputy ,salles2 which resemble1 say friends1 ,pascal's ,provincials4 ,what is more to the purpose1 these ,girondins have got a ,general in chief1 one ,wimpfen1 formerly under ,dumouriez2 also a secondary questionable ,general ,puisaye1 and others2 and are doing their best to raise a force for war4 ,national ,volunteers1 whosoever is of right heart3 gather in1 ye ,national ,volunteers1 friends of ,liberty2 from our ,calvados ,townships1 from the ,eure1 from ,brittany1 from far and near3 forward to ,paris1 and extinguish ,anarchy6 ,thus at ,caen1 in the early ,july days1 there is a drumming and parading1 a perorating and consulting3 ,staff and ,army2 ,council2 ,club of ,carabots1 ,anti-jacobin friends of ,freedom1 to denounce atrocious ,marat4 ,with all which1 and the editing of ,bulletins1 a ,national ,representative has his hands full4 ,at ,caen it is most animated2 and1 as one hopes1 more or less animated in the ,seventy-two ,departments that adhere to us4 ,and in a ,france begirt with ,cimmerian invading ,coalitions1 and torn with an internal ,la ,vendee1 this is the conclusion we have arrived at3 ,to put down ,anarchy by ,civil ,war6 ,durum et durum1 the ,proverb says1 non faciunt murum4 ,la ,vendee burns2 ,santerre can do nothing there2 he may return home and brew beer4 ,cimmerian bombshells fly all along the ,north4 ,that ,siege of ,mentz is become famed2--lovers of the ,picturesque 7as ,goethe will testify71 washed country-people of both sexes1 stroll thither on ,sundays1 to see the artillery work and counter-work2 you only duck a little while the shot whizzes past4 ,conde is capitulating to the ,austrians2 ,royal ,highness of ,york1 these several weeks1 fiercely batters ,valenciennes4 ,for1 alas1 our fortified ,camp of ,famars was stormed2 ,general ,dampierre was killed2 ,general ,custine was blamed1--and indeed is now come to ,paris to give explanations4 ,against all which the ,mountain and atrocious ,marat must even make head as they can4 ,they1 anarchic ,convention as they are1 publish ,decrees1 expostulatory1 explanatory1 yet not without severity3 they ray-forth ,commissioners1 singly or in pairs1 the olive-branch in one hand1 yet the sword in the other4 ,commissioners come even to ,caen2 but without effect4 ,mathematical ,romme1 and ,prieur named of the ,cote d',or1 venturing thither1 with their olive and sword1 are packed into prison3 there may ,romme lie1 under lock and key1 for fifty days2 and meditate his ,new ,calendar1 if he please4 ,cimmeria1 ,la ,vendee1 and ,civil ,war6 ,never was ,republic ,one and ,indivisible at a lower ebb4 ,amid which dim ferment of ,caen and the ,world1 ,history specially notices one thing3 in the lobby of the ,mansion de l',intendance1 where busy ,deputies are coming and going1 a young ,lady with an aged valet1 taking grave graceful leave of ,deputy ,barbaroux4 ,she is of stately ,norman figure3 in her twenty-fifth year2 of beautiful still countenance3 her name is ,charlotte ,corday1 heretofore styled ,d',armans1 while ,nobility still was4 ,barbaroux has given her a ,note to ,deputy ,duperret1--him who once drew his sword in the effervescence4 ,apparently she will to ,paris on some errand8 ,she was a ,republican before the ,revolution1 and never wanted energy4 ,a completeness1 a decision is in this fair female ,figure3 ,by energy she means the spirit that will prompt one to sacrifice himself for his country4 ,what if she1 this fair young ,charlotte1 had emerged from her secluded stillness1 suddenly like a ,star2 cruel-lovely1 with half-angelic1 half-demonic splendor2 to gleam for a moment1 and in a moment be extinguished3 to be held in memory1 so bright complete was she1 through long centuries6--,quitting ,cimmerian ,coalitions without1 and the dim-simmering twenty-five million within1 ,history will look fixedly at this one fair ,apparition of a ,charlotte ,corday2 will note whither ,charlotte moves1 how the little ,life burns forth so radiant1 then vanishes swallowed of the ,night4 ,with ,barbaroux's ,note of ,introduction1 and slight stock of luggage1 we see ,charlotte on ,tuesday the #ith of ,july seated in the ,caen ,diligence1 with a place for ,paris4 ,none takes farewell of her1 wishes her ,good-journey3 her ,father will find a line left1 signifying that she is gone to ,england1 that he must pardon her1 and forget her4 ,the drowsy ,diligence lumbers along2 amid drowsy talk of ,politics1 and praise of the ,mountain2 in which she mingles not3 all night1 all day1 and again all night4 ,on ,thursday1 not long before noon1 we are at the bridge of ,neuilly2 here is ,paris with her thousand black domes1 the goal and purpose of thy journey6 ,arrived at the ,inn de la ,providence in the ,rue des ,vieux ,augustins1 ,charlotte demands a room2 hastens to bed2 sleeps all afternoon and night1 till the morrow morning4 ,on the morrow morning1 she delivers her ,note to ,duperret4 ,it relates to certain ,family ,papers which are in the ,minister of the ,interior's hands2 which a ,nun at ,caen1 an old ,convent friend of ,charlotte's1 has need of2 which ,duperret shall assist her in getting3 this then was ,charlotte's errand to ,paris8 ,she has finished this1 in the course of ,friday3--yet says nothing of returning4 ,she has seen and silently investigated several things4 ,the ,convention1 in bodily reality1 she has seen2 what the ,mountain is like4 ,the living physiognomy of ,marat she could not see2 he is sick at present1 and confined to home4 ,about eight on the ,saturday morning1 she purchases a large sheath-knife in the ,palais ,royal2 then straightway1 in the ,place des ,victoires1 takes a hackney-coach3 ,to the ,rue de l',ecole de ,medecine1 ,no4 #dd4 ,it is the residence of the ,citoyen ,marat6--,the ,citoyen ,marat is ill1 and cannot be seen2 which seems to disappoint her much4 ,her business is with ,marat1 then8 ,hapless beautiful ,charlotte2 hapless squalid ,marat6 ,from ,caen in the utmost ,west1 from ,neuchatel in the utmost ,east1 they two are drawing nigh each other2 they two have1 very strangely1 business together4--,charlotte1 returning to her ,inn1 dispatches a short ,note to ,marat2 signifying that she is from ,caen1 the seat of rebellion2 that she desires earnestly to see him1 and will put it in his power to do ,france a great service4 ,no answer4 ,charlotte writes another ,note1 still more pressing2 sets out with it by coach1 about seven in the evening1 herself4 ,tired day-laborers have again finished their ,week2 huge ,paris is circling and simmering1 manifold according to its vague wont2 this one fair ,figure has decision in it2 drives straight1--toward a purpose4 ,it is yellow ,july evening1 we say1 the #acth of the month2 eve of the ,bastille day1--when ,m4 ,marat1 four years ago1 in the crowd of the ,pont ,neuf1 shrewdly required of that ,besenval ,hussar-party1 which had such friendly dispositions1 to dismount1 and give up their arms1 then2 and became notable among ,patriot men4 ,four years3 what a road he has traveled3--and sits now1 about half-past seven of the clock1 stewing in slipper-bath2 sore afflicted2 ill of ,revolution ,fever1--of what other malady this ,history had rather not name4 ,excessively sick and worn1 poor man3 with precisely eleven-pence-half-penny of ready-money1 in paper2 with slipper-bath2 strong three-footed stool for writing on1 the while2 and a squalid--,washer-woman1 one may call her3 that is his civic establishment in ,medical-,school ,street2 thither and not elsewhither has his road led him4 ,not to the reign of ,brotherhood and ,perfect ,felicity3 yet surely on the way toward that8--,hark1 a rap again6 ,a musical woman's voice1 refusing to be rejected3 it is the ,citoyenne who would do ,france a service4 ,marat1 recognizing from within1 cries1 ,admit her4 ,charlotte ,corday is admitted4 ,citoyen ,marat1 ,i am from ,caen the seat of rebellion1 and wished to speak with you4--,be seated1 mon enfant4 ,now what are the ,traitors doing at ,caen8 ,what ,deputies are at ,caen8--,charlotte names some ,deputies4 ,their heads shall fall within a fortnight1 croaks the eager ,people's-friend1 clutching his tablets to write3 ,barbaroux1 ,petion1 writes he with bare shrunk arm1 turning aside in the bath3 ,petion1 and ,louvet1 and--,charlotte has drawn her knife from the sheath2 plunges it with one sure stroke1 into the writer's heart4 ,a moi1 chere amie 7,help1 dear76 no more could the ,death-choked say or shriek4 ,the helpful ,washer-woman running in--there is no ,friend of the ,people1 or ,friend of the ,washer-woman1 left2 but his life with a groan gushes out1 indignant1 to the shades below6 ,and so ,marat1 ,people's-friend1 is ended2 the lone ,stylites has got hurled down suddenly from his pillar--whitherward ,he that made him knows4 ,patriot ,paris may sound triple and tenfold1 in dole and wail2 re-echoed by patriot ,france2 and the ,convention1 ,chabot pale with terror1 declaring that they are to be all assassinated1 may decree him ,pantheon ,honors1 ,public ,funeral1 ,mirabeau's dust making way for him2 and ,jacobin ,societies1 in lamentable oratory1 summing up his character1 parallel him to ,one1 whom they think it honor to call the good ,sans-culotte1--whom we name not here2 also a ,chapel may be made1 for the urn that holds his ,heart1 in the ,place du ,carrousel2 and new-born children be named ,marat2 and ,lago-di-,como ,hawkers bake mountains of stucco into unbeautiful ,busts2 and ,david paint his ,picture1 or ,death-,scene2 and such other ,apotheosis take place as the human genius1 in these circumstances1 can devise3 but ,marat returns no more to the light of this ,sun4 ,one sole circumstance we have read with clear sympathy1 in the old ,moniteur ,newspaper3 how ,marat's ,brother comes from ,neuchatel to ask of the ,convention1 that the deceased ,jean-,paul ,marat's musket be given to him4 ,for ,marat too had a brother and natural affections2 and was wrapped once in swaddling-clothes1 and slept safe in a cradle like the rest of us4 ,ye children of men6--,a sister of his1 they say1 lives still to this day in ,paris4 ,as for ,charlotte ,corday1 her work is accomplished2 the recompense of it is near and sure4 ,the chere amie1 and the neighbors of the house1 flying at her1 she overturns some movables1 intrenches herself till the gendarmes arrive2 then quietly surrenders2 goes quietly to the ,abbaye ,prison3 she alone quiet1 all ,paris sounding1 in wonder1 in rage or admiration1 round her4 ,duperret is put in arrest1 on account of her2 his ,papers sealed1--which may lead to consequences4 ,fauchet1 in like manner2 though ,fauchet had not so much as heard of her4 ,charlotte1 confronted with these two ,deputies1 praises the grave firmness of ,duperret1 censures the dejection of ,fauchet4 ,on ,wednesday morning the thronged ,palais de ,justice and ,revolutionary ,tribunal can see her face2 beautiful and calm3 she dates it fourth day of the ,preparation of ,peace4 ,a strange murmur ran through the ,hall1 at sight of her2 you could not say of what character4 ,tinville has his indictments and tape-papers3 the cutler of the ,palais ,royal will testify that he sold her the sheath-knife2 ,all these details are needless1 interrupted ,charlotte2 it is ,i that killed ,marat4 ,by whose instigation8--,by no one's4 ,what tempted you1 then8 ,his crimes4 ,i killed one man1 added she1 raising her voice extremely 7extremement71 as they went on with their questions1 ,i killed one man to save a hundred thousand2 a villain to save innocents2 a savage wild-beast to give repose to my country4 ,i was a ,republican before the ,revolution2 ,i never wanted energy4 ,there is therefore nothing to be said4 ,the public gazes astonished3 the hasty limners sketch her features1 ,charlotte not disapproving3 the men of law proceed with their formalities4 ,the doom is ,death as a murderess4 ,to her ,advocate she gives thanks2 in gentle phrase1 in high-flown classical spirit4 ,to the ,priest they send her she gives thanks2 but needs not any shriving1 any ghostly or other aid from him4 ,on this same evening1 therefore1 about half-past seven o'clock1 from the gate of the ,conciergerie1 to a ,city all on tip-toe1 the fatal ,cart issues2 seated on it a fair young creature1 sheeted in red smock of ,murderess2 so beautiful1 serene1 so full of life2 journeying toward death1--alone amid the ,world4 ,many take off their hats1 saluting reverently2 for what heart but must be touched8 ,others growl and howl4 ,adam ,lux1 of ,mentz1 declares that she is greater than ,brutus2 that it were beautiful to die with her2 the head of this young man seems turned4 ,at the ,place de la ,revolution1 the countenance of ,charlotte wears the same still smile4 ,the executioners proceed to bind her feet2 she resists1 thinking it meant as an insult2 on a word of explanation1 she submits with cheerful apology4 ,as the last act1 all being now ready1 they take the neckerchief from her neck1 a blush of maidenly shame overspreads her fair face and neck2 the cheeks were still tinged with it when the executioner lifted the severed head1 to show it to the people4 ,it is most true1 says ,forster1 that he struck the cheek insultingly2 for ,i saw it with my eyes2 the ,police imprisoned him for it4 ,in this manner have the ,beautifulest and the ,squalidest come in collision1 and extinguished one another4 ,jean-,paul ,marat and ,marie-,anne ,charlotte ,corday both1 suddenly1 are no more4 ,day of the ,preparation of ,peace8 ,alas1 how were peace possible or preparable1 while for example1 the hearts of lovely ,maidens1 in their convent-stillness1 are dreaming not of ,love-paradises and the light of ,life1 but of ,codrus's-sacrifices and ,death well-earned8 ,that twenty-five million hearts have got to such temper1 this is the ,anarchy2 the soul of it lies in this1 whereof not peace can be the embodiment6 ,the death of ,marat1 whetting old animosities tenfold1 will be worse than any life4 ,o ye hapless ,two1 mutually extinctive1 the ,beautiful and the ,squalid1 sleep ye well1--in the ,mother's bosom that bore you both6 ,this is the ,history of ,charlotte ,corday2 most definite1 most complete3 angelic-demonic3 like a ,star6 ,,the ,,scapegoat ,from the ',french ,revolution' ,to this conclusion1 then1 hast thou come1 ,o hapless ,louis6 ,the ,son of ,sixty ,kings is to die on the ,scaffold by form of ,law4 ,under ,sixty ,kings this same form of ,law1 form of ,society1 has been fashioning itself together these thousand years2 and has become1 one way and other1 a most strange ,machine4 ,surely1 if needful1 it is also frightful1 this ,machine2 dead1 blind2 not what it should be2 which1 with swift stroke1 or by cold slow torture1 has wasted the lives and souls of innumerable men4 ,and behold now a ,king himself1 or say rather ,king-hood in his person1 is to expire here in cruel tortures1--like a ,phalaris shut in the belly of his own red-heated ,brazen ,bull6 ,it is ever so2 and thou shouldst know it1 ,o haughty tyrannous man2 injustice breeds injustice2 curses and falsehoods do verily return always home1 wide as they may wander4 ,innocent ,louis bears the sins of many generations3 he too experiences that man's tribunal is not in this ,earth2 that if he had no ,higher one1 it were not well with him4 ,a ,king dying by such violence appeals impressively to the imagination2 as the like must do1 and ought to do4 ,and yet at bottom it is not the ,king dying1 but the man6 ,kingship is a coat3 the grand loss is of the skin4 ,the man from whom you take his ,life1 to him can the whole combined world do more8 ,lally went on his hurdle2 his mouth filled with a gag4 ,miserablest mortals1 doomed for picking pockets1 have a whole five-act ,tragedy in them1 in that dumb pain1 as they go to the gallows1 unregarded2 they consume the cup of trembling down to the lees4 ,for ,kings and for ,beggars1 for the justly doomed and the unjustly1 it is a hard thing to die4 ,pity them all3 thy utmost pity1 with all aids and appliances and throne-and-scaffold contrasts1 how far short is it of the thing pitied6 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,confessor has come2 ,abbe ,edgeworth1 of ,irish extraction1 whom the ,king knew by good report1 has come promptly on this solemn mission4 ,leave the ,earth alone1 then1 thou hapless ,king2 it with its malice will go its way1 thou also canst go thine4 ,a hard scene yet remains3 the parting with our loved ones4 ,kind hearts1 environed in the same grim peril with us2 to be left here6 ,let the ,reader look with the eyes of ,valet ,clery through these glass-doors1 where also the ,municipality watches2 and see the cruelest of scenes3-- ,at half-past eight1 the door of the ante-room opened3 the ,queen appeared first1 leading her ,son by the hand2 then ,madame ,royale and ,madame ,elizabeth3 they all flung themselves into the arms of the ,king4 ,silence reigned for some minutes2 interrupted only by sobs4 ,the ,queen made a movement to lead his ,majesty towards the inner room1 where ,m4 ,edgeworth was waiting unknown to them3 ',no'1 said the ,king1 'let us go into the dining-room2 it is there only that ,i can see you4' ,they entered there2 ,i shut the door of it1 which was of glass4 ,the ,king sat down1 the ,queen on his left hand1 ,madame ,elizabeth on his right1 ,madame ,royale almost in front2 the young ,prince remained standing between his ,father's legs4 ,they all leaned toward him1 and often held him embraced4 ,this scene of woe lasted an hour and three-quarters2 during which we could hear nothing2 we could see only that always when the ,king spoke1 the sobbing of the ,princesses redoubled1 continued for some minutes2 and that then the ,king began again to speak4 ,and so our meetings and our partings do now end6 ,the sorrows we gave each other2 the poor joys we faithfully shared1 and all our lovings and our sufferings1 and confused toilings under the earthly ,sun1 are over4 ,thou good soul1 ,i shall never1 never through all ages of ,time1 see thee any more6--,,never6 ,o ,reader1 knowest thou that hard word8 ,for nearly two hours this agony lasts2 then they tear themselves asunder4 ,promise that you will see us on the morrow4 ,he promises3--,ah yes1 yes2 yet once2 and go now1 ye loved ones2 cry to ,god for yourselves and me6--,it was a hard scene1 but it is over4 ,he will not see them on the morrow4 ,the ,queen1 in passing through the ante-room1 glanced at the ,cerberus ,municipals2 and with woman's vehemence1 said through her tears1 ,vous etes tous des scelerats4 ,king ,louis slept sound1 till five in the morning1 when ,clery1 as he had been ordered1 awoke him4 ,clery dressed his hair3 while this went forward1 ,louis took a ring from his watch1 and kept trying it on his finger2 it was his wedding-ring1 which he is now to return to the ,queen as a mute farewell4 ,at half-past six1 he took the ,sacrament2 and continued in devotion1 and conference with ,abbe ,edgeworth4 ,he will not see his ,family3 it were too hard to bear4 ,at eight1 the ,municipals enter3 the ,king gives them his ,will1 and messages and effects2 which they at first brutally refuse to take charge of2 he gives them a roll of gold pieces1 #abe louis2 these are to be returned to ,malesherbes1 who had lent them4 ,at nine1 ,santerre says the hour is come4 ,the ,king begs yet to retire for three minutes4 ,at the end of three minutes1 ,santerre again says the hour is come4 ,stamping on the ground with his right foot1 ,louis answers3 ',partons' 7,let us go74--,how the rolling of those drums comes in1 through the ,temple bastions and bulwarks1 on the heart of a queenly wife2 soon to be a widow6 ,he is gone1 then1 and has not seen us8 ,a ,queen weeps bitterly2 a ,king's ,sister and ,children4 ,over all these ,four does ,death also hover3 all shall perish miserably save one2 she1 as ,duchesse d',angouleme1 will live1--not happily4 ,at the ,temple gate were some faint cries1 perhaps from voices of pitiful women3 ,grace6 ,grace6 ,through the rest of the streets there is silence as of the grave4 ,no man not armed is allowed to be there3 the armed1 did any even pity1 dare not express it1 each man overawed by all his neighbors4 ,all windows are down1 none seen looking through them4 ,all shops are shut4 ,no wheel-carriage rolls1 this morning1 in these streets1 but one only4 ,eighty thousand armed men stand ranked1 like armed statues of men2 cannons bristle1 cannoneers with match burning1 but no word or movement3 it is as a city enchanted into silence and stone3 one carriage with its escort1 slowly rumbling1 is the only sound4 ,louis reads1 in his ,book of ,devotion1 the ,prayers of the ,dying3 clatter of this death-march falls sharp on the ear in the great silence2 but the thought would fain struggle heavenward1 and forget the ,earth4 ,as the clocks strike ten1 behold the ,place de la ,revolution1 once ,place de ,louis ,quinze3 the ,guillotine1 mounted near the old ,pedestal where once stood the ,statue of that ,louis6 ,far round1 all bristles with cannons and armed men3 spectators crowding in the rear2 ,d',orleans ,egalite there in cabriolet4 ,swift messengers1 hoquetons1 speed to the ,town-hall1 every three minutes3 near by is the ,convention sitting1--vengeful for ,lepelletier4 ,heedless of all1 ,louis reads his ,prayers of the ,dying2 not till five minutes yet has he finished2 then the ,carriage opens4 ,what temper he is in8 ,ten different witnesses will give ten different accounts of it4 ,he is in the collision of all tempers2 arrived now at the black ,maelstrom and descent of ,death3 in sorrow1 in indignation1 in resignation struggling to be resigned4 ,take care of ,m4 ,edgeworth1 he straitly charges the ,lieutenant who is sitting with them3 then they two descend4 ,the drums are beating3 ,taisez-vous 7,silence76 he cries in a terrible voice 7d'une voix terrible74 ,he mounts the scaffold1 not without delay2 he is in puce coat1 breeches of gray1 white stockings4 ,he strips off the coat2 stands disclosed in a sleeve-waistcoat of white flannel4 ,the ,executioners approach to bind him3 he spurns1 resists2 ,abbe ,edgeworth has to remind him how the ,savior1 in whom men trust1 submitted to be bound4 ,his hands are tied1 his head bare2 the fatal moment is come4 ,he advances to the edge of the ,scaffold1 his face very red1 and says3 ,frenchmen1 ,i die innocent3 it is from the ,scaffold and near appearing before ,god that ,i tell you so4 ,i pardon my enemies2 ,i desire that ,france-- ,a ,general on horseback1 ,santerre or another1 prances out1 with uplifted hand3 ,tambours6 ,the drums drown the voice4 ,executioners1 do your duty6 ,the ,executioners1 desperate lest themselves be murdered 7for ,santerre and his ,armed ,ranks will strike1 if they do not71 seize the hapless ,louis3 six of them desperate1 him singly desperate1 struggling there2 and bind him to their plank4 ,abbe ,edgeworth1 stooping1 bespeaks him3 ,son of ,saint ,louis1 ascend to ,heaven4 ,the ,axe clanks down2 a ,king's ,life is shorn away4 ,it is ,monday1 the #bast of ,january1 #agic4 ,he was aged ,thirty-eight years four months and twenty-eight days4 ,executioner ,samson shows the ,head3 fierce shout of ,vive la ,republique rises1 and swells2 caps raised on bayonets1 hats waving3 students of the ,college of ,four ,nations take it up1 on the far ,quais2 fling it over ,paris4 ,d',orleans drives off in his cabriolet3 the ,town-hall ,councillors rub their hands1 saying1 ,it is done1 ,it is done4 ,there is dipping of handkerchiefs1 of pike-points in the blood4 ,headsman ,samson1 though he afterward denied it1 sells locks of the hair3 fractions of the puce coat are long after worn in rings4 ,and so1 in some half-hour it is done2 and the multitude has all departed4 ,pastry-cooks1 coffee-sellers1 milkmen sing out their trivial quotidian cries1 the world wags on1 as if this were a common day4 ,in the coffee-houses that evening1 says ,prudhomme1 ,patriot shook hands with ,patriot in a more cordial manner than usual4 ,not till some days after1 according to ,mercier1 did public men see what a grave thing it was4 ,a grave thing it indisputably is2 and will have consequences4 ,on the morrow morning1 ,roland1 so long steeped to the lips in disgust and chagrin1 sends in his demission4 ,his accounts lie all ready1 correct in black-on-white to the utmost farthing3 these he wants but to have audited1 that he might retire to remote obscurity1 to the country and his books4 ,they will never be audited1 those accounts3 he will never get retired thither4 ,it was on ,tuesday that ,roland demitted4 ,on ,thursday comes ,lepelletier ,st4-,fargeau's ,funeral1 and passage to the ,pantheon of ,great ,men4 ,notable as the wild pageant of a winter day4 ,the ,body is borne aloft1 half-bare2 the winding-sheet disclosing the death-wound2 sabre and bloody clothes parade themselves2 a lugubrious music wailing harsh naeniae4 ,oak-crowns shower down from windows2 ,president ,vergniaud walks there1 with ,convention1 with ,jacobin ,society1 and all ,patriots of every color1 all mourning brother-like4 ,notable also for another thing this ,burial of ,lepelletier2 it was the last act these men ever did with concert6 ,all parties and figures of ,opinion1 that agitate this distracted ,france and its ,convention1 now stand1 as it were1 face to face1 and dagger to dagger2 the ,king's ,life1 round which they all struck and battled1 being hurled down4 ,dumouriez1 conquering ,holland1 growls ominous discontent1 at the head of ,armies4 ,men say ,dumouriez will have a ,king2 that young ,d',orleans ,egalite shall be his ,king4 ,deputy ,fauchet1 in the ,journal des ,amis1 curses his day more bitterly than ,job did2 invokes the poniards of ,regicides1 of ,arras ,vipers or ,robespierres1 of ,pluto ,dantons1 of horrid ,butchers ,legendre and ,simulacra d',herbois1 to send him swiftly to another world than theirs4 ,this is ,te-,deum ,fauchet1 of the ,bastille ,victory1 of the ,cercle ,social4 ,sharp was the death-hail rattling round one's ,flag-of-truce1 on that ,bastille day3 but it was soft to such wreckage of high ,hope as this2 one's ,new ,golden ,era going down in leaden dross1 and sulphurous black of the ,everlasting ,darkness6 ,,bliss ,,carman 7#ahfa-7 ,,by ,,charles ,g4 ,d4 ,,roberts ,illustration3 ,,bliss ,,carman ,bliss ,carman was born at ,fredericton1 ,new ,brunswick1 on ,april #aeth1 #ahfa4 ,on both sides of the house he belongs to that ,united ,empire ,loyalist stock which at the time of the ,american ,revolution sacrificed wealth and ease to a principle1 and angrily withdrew from the young republic to carve out new commonwealths in the wilds of ,canada4 ,his father was ,william ,carman1 ,clerk of the ,pleas1 a man of influence and distinction in his ,province4 ,his mother was one of the ,blisses of ,fredericton1 the ,loyalist branch of that ,connecticut family to which ,emerson's mother belonged4 ,mr4 ,carman was educated at the ,collegiate ,school and the ,university of ,new ,brunswick1 both at ,fredericton4 ,he distinguished himself in classics and mathematics1 took his ,b4 ,a4 in #ahha1 his ,m4 ,a4 in #ahhd1 and afterwards took partial courses at ,edinburgh and ,harvard4 ,he has been connected editorially with several ,american periodicals1 the ,independent and the ,chap-,book among them1 but now devotes himself exclusively to literature4 ,he divides his time between ,boston and ,washington1 returning to the ,maritime ,provinces for the hot months of each year4 ,mr4 ,carman issued his first volume of poems in #ahic1 when he had already won reputation as a contributor to the magazines4 ,the volume was called ',low ,tide on ,grand ,pre3 a ,book of ,lyrics4' ,it was published in ,new ,york and ,london1 and ran quickly into a second edition4 ,equally successful was the volume called ',songs from ,vagabondia1' published in #ahid4 ,about half the poems in this volume are by ,mr4 ,richard ,hovey1 whose name appears on the title-page with that of ,mr4 ,carman4 ,in #ahie appeared ',behind the ,arras3 a ,book of the ,unseen4' ,much of ,mr4 ,carman's known work remains still uncollected4 ,in that outburst of intellectual energy which has of late won for ,canada a measure of recognition in the world of letters1 ,mr4 ,carman's work has played a large part4 ,the characteristics of the ,canadian school may perhaps be defined as a certain semi-,sufristic worship of nature1 combined with freshness of vision and keenness to interpret the significance of the external world4 ,these characteristics find intense expression in ,mr4 ,carman's poems4 ,and they find expression in an utterance so new and so distinctive that its influence is already active in the verse of his contemporaries4 ,there are two terms which apply pre-eminently to ,mr4 ,carman4 ,these are ,lyrist and ,symbolist4 ,his note is always the lyric note4 ,the lyric cry thrills all his cadences4 ,if it be true that poetry is the rhythmical expression in words of thought fused in emotion1 then in his work we are impressed by the completeness of the fusion4 ,every phrase is filled with lyric passion4 ,at its best1 the result is a poem which not only haunts the ear with its harmonies but at the same time makes appeal to the heart and intellect4 ,when the result is less successful it seems sometimes as if the thought were too much diluted with words1--as if1 in fact1 verbal music and verbal coloring were allowed to take the place of the legitimate thought-process4 ,even in such cases1 the verse1 however nebulous in meaning1 is rarely without some subtlety of technique1 some charm of diction1 to justify its existence4 ,but there are poems of ,mr4 ,carman's1 wherein what seems at first to be the obscurity of an over-attenuated thought is really an attempt to express thought in terms of pure music or pure color4 ,in a curious and beautiful poem called ',beyond the ,gamut' he elaborates a theory of the oneness and interchangeability of form1 sound1 and color4 ,in the matter of conception and interpretation ,mr4 ,carman is a symbolist4 ,this word is not used here in any restricted sense1 and must be divorced from all association with the shibboleths of warring schools4 ,the true symbolist--and all the supreme artists of the world have been in this sense symbolists--recognizes that there are truths too vast and too subtle to endure definition in scientific phrase4 ,they elude set words2 as a faint star1 at the coming on of evening1 eludes the eye which seeks for it directly1 while unveiling itself to a side glance4 ,mr4 ,carman conveys to us1 by the suggestion of thrilling color or inimitable phrase1 perceptions and emotions which a more strictly defined method could never capture4 ,in subject-matter ,mr4 ,carman is simple and elemental4 ,he looks at his themes curiously1 often whimsically2 but the themes are those of universal and eternal import1--life1 love1 and death1 the broad aspects of the outer world1 the deep heart of man1 and the spirit that informs them all4 ,his song is sometimes in a minor key1 plangent and piercing2 sometimes in a large and virile major1--as for instance when he sings the ',war-song of ,gamelba4' ,to his gifts of imagination1 insight1 and lyric passion he adds a fine humor1 the outflowing of a broad and tolerant humanity4 ,this is well exemplified in ',resignation' and ',a ,more ,ancient ,mariner4' ,his chief defects1 besides the occasional obscurity already referred to1 are a tendency to looseness of structure in his longer poems1 and once in a while1 as in parts of ',the ,silent ,lodger1' a ,browningesque lapse into hardness and baldness when the effect aimed at is colloquial simplicity4 ,signature3 ,charles ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts ,,hack ,,and ,,hew ,hack and ,hew were the sons of ,god ,in the earlier earth than now2 ,one at his right hand1 one at his left1 ,to obey as he taught them how4 ,and ,hack was blind and ,hew was dumb1 ,but both had the wild1 wild heart2 ,and ,god's calm will was their burning will1 ,and the gist of their toil was art4 ,they made the moon and the belted stars1 ,they set the sun to ride2 ,they loosed the girdle and veil of the sea1 ,the wind and the purple tide4 ,both flower and beast beneath their hands ,to beauty and speed outgrew1-- ,the furious fumbling hand of ,hack1 ,and the glorying hand of ,hew4 ,then1 fire and clay1 they fashioned a man1 ,and painted him rosy brown2 ,and ,god himself blew hard in his eyes3 ,let them burn till they smolder down6 ,and ,there6 said ,hack1 and ,there6 thought ,hew1 ,we'll rest1 for our toil is done4 ,but ,nay1 the ,master ,workman said1 ,for your toil is just begun4 ,and ye who served me of old as ,god ,shall serve me anew as man1 ,till ,i compass the dream that is in my heart ,and perfect the vaster plan4 ,and still the craftsman over his craft1 ,in the vague white light of dawn1 ,with ,god's calm will for his burning will ,while the mounting day comes on1 ,yearning1 wind-swift1 indolent1 wild1 ,toils with those shadowy two1-- ,the faltering restless hand of ,hack1 ,and the tireless hand of ,hew4 ,from ',behind the ,arras'3 copyrighted #ahie1 by ,lamson1 ,wolffe and ,company ,,at ,,the ,,granite ,,gate ,there paused to shut the door ,a fellow called the ,wind4 ,with mystery before1 ,and reticence behind1 ,a portal waits me too ,in the glad house of spring2 ,one day ,i shall pass through ,and leave you wondering4 ,it lies beyond the marge ,of evening or of prime1 ,silent and dim and large1 ,the gateway of all time4 ,there troop by night and day ,my brothers of the field2 ,and ,i shall know the way ,their wood-songs have revealed4 ,the dusk will hold some trace ,of all my radiant crew ,who vanished to that place1 ,ephemeral as dew4 ,into the twilight dun1 ,blue moth and dragon-fly ,adventuring alone1-- ,shall be more brave than ,i8 ,there innocents shall bloom1 ,and the white cherry tree1 ,with birch and willow plume ,to strew the road for me4 ,the wilding orioles then ,shall make the golden air ,heavy with joy again1 ,and the dark heart shall dare ,resume the old desire1-- ,the exigence of spring ,to be the orange fire ,that tips the world's gray wing4 ,and the lone wood-bird--,hark6 ,the whippoorwill1 night-long1 ,threshing the summer dark ,with his dim flail of song6-- ,shall be the lyric lift1 ,when all my senses creep1 ,to bear me through the rift ,in the blue range of sleep4 ,and so ,i pass beyond ,the solace of your hand4 ,but ah1 so brave and fond6 ,within that morrow-land1 ,where deed and daring fail1 ,but joy forevermore ,shall tremble and prevail ,against the narrow door1 ,where sorrow knocks too late1 ,and grief is overdue1 ,beyond the granite gate ,there will be thoughts of you4 ,from ',behind the ,arras'3 copyrighted #ahie1 by ,lamson1 ,wolffe and ,company ,a ,,sea ,,child ,the lover of child ,marjory ,had one white hour of life brim full2 ,now the old nurse1 the rocking sea1 ,hath him to lull4 ,the daughter of child ,marjory ,hath in her veins1 to beat and run1 ,the glad indomitable sea1 ,the strong white sun4 ,copyrighted by ,bliss ,carman4 ,,lewis ,,carroll 7,,charles ,,lutwidge ,,dodgson7 7#ahcb-7 ,that the author of the best nonsense-writing in the language should be a professional mathematician and logician1 is not a paradox but a sequence4 ,a gymnast cannot divert us by pretending to lose his balance unless perfectly able to keep his balance4 ,actors who counterfeit insanity must be acutely sane4 ,only a competent classical scholar can write good macaronics2 only a good poet can write clever doggerel4 ,the only ones who can use slang effectively are those who do not need to use it at all4 ,nor is the tone and temper of mind evinced by these dry and severe studies out of keeping with the airiest play of fancy or the maddest fun4 ,the one is indeed a frequent relief from the other1 and no intellectual bent is related in the least to any special temperament4 ,extravagant drollery can be mated to an aptitude for geometry or a passion for analysis as well as to a love of pictures or of horses4 ,but the parentage of ',alice in ,wonderland' and its fellows is closer to their creator's intellectual being even than this4 ,a very slight glance at their matter and mechanism shows that they are the work of one trained to use words with the finest precision1 to teach others to use them so1 to criticize keenly any inconsistency or slovenliness in their use1 and to mock mercilessly any vagueness or incoherence in thought or diction4 ,the fantastic framework and inconsequent scenes of these wonder-stories mask from the popular view the qualities which give them their superlative rank and enduring charm4 ,the mere machinery1 ingenious and amusing as it is1 would not entertain beyond a single reading2 it can be and has often been imitated1 along with the incarnated nursery rhymes and old saws4 ,yet these grotesque chimeras1 under ,lewis ,carroll's touch1 are as living to us as any characters in ,dickens or the ',ingoldsby ,legends1' and even more so to the elders than the children4 ,who does not know and delight in the ,king and ,queen and ,knave of ,hearts1 the elegant ,white ,rabbit and the conceited and monosyllabic ,caterpillar1 the ,cheshire ,cat and the ,mock-,turtle1 the ,march ,hare and the ,hatter and the ,dormouse2 or the chess ,white ,king and the ,queens and the ,white ,knight1 the ,walrus and the ,carpenter1 of ,looking-,glass ,land8 ,the very genesis of many of these is the logical analysis of a popular comparison into sober fact1 as grinning like a ,cheshire cat1 mad as a hatter or ,march hare1 sleeping like a dormouse1 etc42 and a large part of their wit and fun consists in plays on ambiguous terms in current use1 like the classic jam every other day1 ,french1 music1 and washing1 ,the name of the song is called-- or in parodies on familiar verses 7or on the spirit of ballads rather than the wording1 as in ',jabberwocky'71 or in heaps of versified non-sequiturs1 like the exquisite poem read at the trial of the ,knave of ,hearts4 ,the analyst and the logician is as patent in ',alice' as in the class lectures the author gave or the technical works he has issued2 only turning his criticism and his reductiones ad absurdum into bases for witty fooling instead of serious lessons or didactic works4 ,hence1 while his wonder-books are nominally for children1 and please the children through their cheaper and commoner qualities1 their real audience is the most cultivated and keen-minded part of the mature world2 to whom indeed he speaks almost exclusively in such passages as the ,rabelaisian satire of the jury trial in ',alice in ,wonderland1' or the mob in ',sylvie and ,bruno' yelling ,less bread6 ,more taxes6 before the ,lord ,chancellor's house1 or the infinitely touching pathos of the ,outlandish ,watch4 ',alice in ,wonderland' appeared in #ahfe2 it received universal admiration at once1 and was translated into many languages4 ,by the rarest of good fortune1 it was illustrated by an artist 7,john ,tenniel7 who entered into its spirit so thoroughly that the characters in popular memory are as much identified with his pictures as with ,lewis ,carroll's text1 and no other representation of them would be endured4 ',through the ,looking-,glass' followed in #ahga2 its prose matter was almost equal to that of its predecessor1--the chapter of the ,white ,knight is fully equal to the best of the other1--and its verse is superior4 ,part of the first book was based on the game of cards2 the whole setting of the second is based on chess moves1 and ,alice's progress to queenship along the board4 ,he has published several books of humorous prose and verse since2 some of the verse equal to the best of his two best books1 but the prose generally spoiled by conscious didacticism1 as in ',sylvie and ,bruno1' which however contains some of his happiest nonsense verse4 ',the ,hunting of the ,snark' is a nonsense tale in verse1 but oddly the best things in it are his prose tags4 ',rhyme and ,reason' is a collection of verse1 some of it of high merit in its kind3 ',the ,three ,voices' is spun out and ill-ended1 but has some passages which deserve to be classic4 ,lewis ,carroll is in fact the ,rev4 ,charles ,lutwidge ,dodgson1 who 7disliking publicity7 lives in retirement at ,oxford1 and the world knows little of him4 ,he was born in #ahcc and received his degree in ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 with high honors in mathematics4 ,in #ahfa he took orders in the ,church of ,england4 ,from #ahee to #ahha he was mathematical lecturer at ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,he has published several works on mathematics1 including ',euclid and ,his ,modern ,rivals1' and ',mathematica ,curiosa1' a very valuable work4 ',a ,tangled ,tale1' ',pillow ,problems1' and a ',game of ,logic' are scientific and humorous1 but are only appreciated by experts in mathematics and logic4 ,delighted with ',alice in ,wonderland' on its appearance1 ,queen ,victoria asked ,mr4 ,dodgson for his other works2 and in response ,lewis ,carroll sent her his ',elementary ,treatise on ,determinants' and other mathematical works4 ,it is seldom that the dualism of a mind--writing now nonsense so thoroughly and vigorously witty1 and now exploring the intricacies of higher mathematics--has a more curious illustration4 ,certainly the illustration is seldom as diverting to the public4 ,,alice1 ,,the ,,pig-,,baby1 ,,and ,,the ,,cheshire ,,cat ,from ',alice's ,adventures in ,wonderland' ,here6 you may nurse it a bit1 if you like6 said the ,duchess to ,alice1 flinging the baby at her as she spoke4 ,i must go and get ready to play croquet with the ,queen1 and she hurried out of the room4 ,the cook threw a frying-pan after her as she went1 but it just missed her4 ,alice caught the baby with some difficulty1 as it was a queer-shaped little creature1 and held out its arms and legs in all directions1--just like a star-fish1 thought ,alice4 ,the poor little thing was snorting like a steam-engine when she caught it1 and kept doubling itself up and straightening itself out again2 so that altogether1 for the first minute or two1 it was as much as she could do to hold it4 ,as soon as she had made out the proper way of nursing it1 7which was to twist it up into a sort of knot1 and then keep tight hold of its right ear and left foot1 so as to prevent its undoing itself71 she carried it out into the open air4 ,if ,i don't take this child away with me1 thought ,alice1 they're sure to kill it in a day or two3 wouldn't it be murder to leave it behind8 ,she said the last words out loud1 and the little thing grunted in reply 7it had left off sneezing by this time74 ,don't grunt1 said ,alice3 that's not at all the proper way of expressing yourself4 ,the baby grunted again1 and ,alice looked very anxiously into its face to see what was the matter with it4 ,there could be no doubt that it had a very turn-up nose1 much more like a snout than a real nose2 also its eyes were getting extremely small1 for a baby3 altogether1 ,alice did not like the look of the thing at all1--but perhaps it was only sobbing1 she thought1 and looked into its eyes again1 to see if there were any tears4 ,no1 there were no tears4 ,if you're going to turn into a pig1 my dear1 said ,alice1 seriously1 ,i'll have nothing more to do with you4 ,mind now6 ,the poor little thing sobbed again 7or grunted1 it was impossible to say which71 and they went on for some while in silence4 ,alice was just beginning to think to herself1 ,now1 what am ,i to do with this creature when ,i get it home8 when it grunted again1 so violently that she looked down into its face in some alarm4 ,this time there could be no mistake about it3 it was neither more nor less than a pig1 and she felt that it would be quite absurd for her to carry it any further4 ,so she set the little creature down1 and felt quite relieved to see it trot away quietly into the wood4 ,if it had grown up1 she said to herself1 it would have been a dreadfully ugly child3 but it makes rather a handsome pig1 ,i think4 ,and she began thinking over other children she knew1 who might do very well as pigs1 and was just saying to herself1 ,if one only knew the right way to change them-- when she was a little startled by seeing the ,cheshire ,cat sitting on a bough of a tree a few yards off4 ,the ,cat only grinned when it saw ,alice4 ,it looked good-natured1 she thought3 still it had very long claws and a great many teeth1 so she felt it ought to be treated with respect4 ,cheshire ,puss1 she began1--rather timidly1 as she did not at all know whether it would like the name3 however1 it only grinned a little wider4 ,come1 it's pleased so far1 thought ,alice1 and she went on3 ,would you tell me1 please1 which way ,i ought to walk from here8 ,that depends a good deal on where you want to get to1 said the ,cat4 ,i don't much care where-- said ,alice4 ,then it doesn't matter which way you walk1 said the ,cat4 --so long as ,i get somewhere1 ,alice added as an explanation4 ,oh1 you're sure to do that1 said the ,cat1 if you only walk long enough4 ,alice felt that this could not be denied1 so she tried another question4 ,what sort of people live about here8 ,in that direction1 the ,cat said1 waving its right paw round1 lives a ,hatter2 and in that direction1 waving the other paw1 lives a ,march ,hare4 ,visit either you like3 they're both mad4 ,but ,i don't want to go among mad people1 ,alice remarked4 ,oh1 you can't help that1 said the ,cat3 we are all mad here4 ,i'm mad4 ,you're mad4 ,how do you know ,i'm mad8 said ,alice4 ,you must be1 said the ,cat1 or you wouldn't have come here4 ,alice didn't think that proved it at all2 however1 she went on1 ,and how do you know that you're mad8 ,to begin with1 said the ,cat1 a dog's not mad4 ,you grant that8 ,i suppose so1 said ,alice4 ,well then1 the ,cat went on1 you see a dog growls when it's angry1 and wags its tail when it's pleased4 ,now ,i growl when ,i'm pleased1 and wag my tail when ,i'm angry4 ,therefore ,i'm mad4 ,i call it purring1 not growling1 said ,alice4 ,call it what you like1 said the ,cat4 ,do you play croquet with the ,queen to-day8 ,i should like it very much1 said ,alice1 but ,i haven't been invited yet4 ,you'll see me there1 said the ,cat1 and vanished4 ,alice was not much surprised at this1 she was getting so well used to queer things happening4 ,while she was still looking at the place where it had been1 it suddenly appeared again4 ,by-the-by1 what became of the baby8 said the ,cat4 ,i'd nearly forgotten to ask4 ,it turned into a pig1 ,alice answered very quietly1 just as if the ,cat had come back in a natural way4 ,i thought it would1 said the ,cat1 and vanished again4 ,alice waited a little1 half expecting to see it again1 but it did not appear1 and after a minute or two she walked on in the direction in which the ,march ,hare was said to live4 ,i've seen hatters before1 she said to herself3 the ,march ,hare will be much the most interesting1 and perhaps as this is ,may it won't be raving mad--at least not so mad as it was in ,march4 ,as she said this1 she looked up1 and there was the ,cat again1 sitting on a branch of a tree4 ,did you say pig1 or fig8 said the ,cat4 ,i said pig1 replied ,alice2 and ,i wish you wouldn't keep appearing and vanishing so suddenly3 you make one quite giddy4 ,all right1 said the ,cat2 and this time it vanished quite slowly1 beginning with the end of the tail and ending with the grin1 which remained some time after the rest of it had gone4 ,well6 ,i've often seen a cat without a grin1 thought ,alice2 but a grin without a cat6--it's the most curious thing ,i ever saw in all my life6 ,,the ,,mock-,,turtle',s ,,education ,from ',alice's ,adventures in ,wonderland' ,when we were little1 the ,mock-,turtle went on at last1 more calmly1 though still sobbing a little now and then1 we went to school in the sea4 ,the master was an old ,turtle--we used to call him ,tortoise-- ,why did you call him ,tortoise1 if he wasn't one8 ,alice asked4 ,we called him ,tortoise because he taught us1 said the ,mock-,turtle angrily2 really you are very dull6 ,you ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple question1 added the ,gryphon2 and then they both sat silent and looked at poor ,alice1 who felt ready to sink into the earth4 ,at last the ,gryphon said to the ,mock-,turtle1 ,drive on1 old fellow6 ,don't be all day about it6 and he went on in these words3-- ,yes1 we went to school in the sea1 though you mayn't believe it-- ,i never said ,i didn't6 interrupted ,alice4 ,you did1 said the ,mock-,turtle4 ,hold your tongue6 added the ,gryphon1 before ,alice could speak again4 ,the ,mock-,turtle went on4 ,we had the best of educations--in fact1 we went to school every day-- ,i've been to a day-school too1 said ,alice2 you needn't be so proud as all that4 ,with extras8 asked the ,mock-,turtle a little anxiously4 ,yes1 said ,alice1 we learned ,french and music4 ,and washing8 said the ,mock-,turtle4 ,certainly not6 said ,alice indignantly4 ,ah6 then yours wasn't a really good school1 said the ,mock-,turtle in a tone of great relief4 ,now at ours they had at the end of the bill1 ',french1 music1 and washing--extra4' ,you couldn't have wanted it much1 said ,alice2 living at the bottom of the sea4 ,i couldn't afford to learn it1 said the ,mock-,turtle with a sigh4 ,i only took the regular course4 ,what was that8 inquired ,alice4 ,reeling and ,writhing1 of course1 to begin with1 the ,mock-,turtle replied2 and then the different branches of ,arithmetic--,ambition1 ,distraction1 ,uglification1 and ,derision4 ,i never heard of ',uglification1' ,alice ventured to say4 ,what is it8 ,the ,gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise4 ,never heard of uglifying6 it exclaimed4 ,you know what to beautify is1 ,i suppose8 ,yes1 said ,alice1 doubtfully2 it means--to--make--anything--prettier4 ,well then1 the ,gryphon went on1 if you don't know what to uglify is1 you are a simpleton4 ,alice did not feel encouraged to ask any more questions about it1 so she turned to the ,mock-,turtle and said1 ,what else had you to learn8 ,well1 there was ,mystery1 the ,mock-,turtle replied1 counting off the subjects on his flappers1--,mystery1 ancient and modern1 with ,seaography2 then ,drawling--the ,drawling-master was an old conger-eel1 that used to come once a week3 he taught us ,drawling1 ,stretching1 and ,fainting in ,coils4 ,what was that like8 said ,alice4 ,well1 ,i can't show it you1 myself1 the ,mock-,turtle said3 ,i'm too stiff4 ,and the ,gryphon never learnt it4 ,hadn't time1 said the ,gryphon3 ,i went to the ,classical master1 though4 ,he was an old crab1 he was4 ,i never went to him1 the ,mock-,turtle said with a sigh3 he taught ,laughing and ,grief1 they used to say4 ,so he did1 so he did1 said the ,gryphon1 sighing in his turn1 and both creatures hid their faces in their paws4 ,and how many hours a day did you do lessons8 said ,alice1 in a hurry to change the subject4 ,ten hours the first day1 said the ,mock-,turtle3 nine the next1 and so on4 ,what a curious plan6 exclaimed ,alice4 ,that's the reason they're called lessons1 the ,gryphon remarked3 because they lessen from day to day4 ,this was quite a new idea to ,alice1 and she thought it over a little before she made her next remark4 ,then the eleventh day must have been a holiday8 ,of course it was1 said the ,mock-,turtle4 ,and how did you manage on the twelfth8 ,alice went on eagerly4 ,that's enough about lessons1 the ,gryphon interrupted in a very decided tone4 ,a ,,clear ,,statement ,from ',alice in ,wonderland' ,they told me you had been to her1 ,and mentioned me to him3 ,she gave me a good character1 ,but said ,i could not swim4 ,he sent them word ,i had not gone 7,we know it to be true72 ,if she should push the matter on1 ,what would become of you8 ,i gave her one1 they gave him two1 ,you gave us three or more2 ,they all returned from him to you1 ,though they were mine before4 ,if ,i or she should chance to be ,involved in this affair1 ,he trusts to you to set them free1 ,exactly as we were4 ,my notion was that you had been 7,before she had this fit7 ,an obstacle that came between ,him1 and ourselves1 and it4 ,don't let him know she liked them best1 ,for this must ever be ,a secret1 kept from all the rest1 ,between yourself and me4 ,,the ,,walrus ,,and ,,the ,,carpenter ,from ',through the ,looking-,glass' ,the sun was shining on the sea1 ,shining with all his might3 ,he did his very best to make ,the billows smooth and bright-- ,and this was odd1 because it was ,the middle of the night4 ,the moon was shining sulkily1 ,because she thought the sun ,had got no business to be there ,after the day was done-- ,it's very rude of him1 she said1 ,to come and spoil the fun6 ,the sea was wet as wet could be1 ,the sands were dry as dry4 ,you could not see a cloud1 because ,no cloud was in the sky4 ,no birds were flying overhead-- ,there were no birds to fly4 ,the ,walrus and the ,carpenter ,were walking close at hand2 ,they wept like anything to see ,such quantities of sand3 ,if this were only cleared away1 ,they said1 it would be grand6 ,if seven maids with seven mops ,swept it for half a year1 ,do you suppose1 the ,walrus said1 ,that they could get it clear8 ,i doubt it1 said the ,carpenter1 ,and shed a bitter tear4 ,o ,oysters1 come and walk with us6 ,the ,walrus did beseech4 ,a pleasant walk1 a pleasant talk1 ,along the briny beach3 ,we cannot do with more than four1 ,to give a hand to each4 ,the eldest ,oyster looked at him1 ,but never a word he said3 ,the eldest ,oyster winked his eye1 ,and shook his heavy head-- ,meaning to say he did not choose ,to leave the oyster-bed4 ,but four young ,oysters hurried up1 ,all eager for the treat3 ,their coats were brushed1 their faces washed1 ,their shoes were clean and neat-- ,and this was odd1 because1 you know1 ,they hadn't any feet4 ,four other ,oysters followed them1 ,and yet another four2 ,and thick and fast they came at last1 ,and more1 and more1 and more-- ,all hopping through the frothy waves1 ,and scrambling to the shore4 ,the ,walrus and the ,carpenter ,walked on a mile or so1 ,and then they rested on a rock ,conveniently low3 ,and all the little ,oysters stood ,and waited in a row4 ,the time has come1 the ,walrus said1 ,to talk of many things3 ,of shoes--and ships--and sealing wax-- ,of cabbages--and kings-- ,and why the sea is boiling hot-- ,and whether pigs have wings4 ,but wait a bit1 the ,oysters cried1 ,before we have our chat2 ,for some of us are out of breath1 ,and all of us are fat6 ,no hurry6 said the ,carpenter4 ,they thanked him much for that4 ,a loaf of bread1 the ,walrus said1 ,is what we chiefly need3 ,pepper and vinegar beside ,are very good indeed-- ,now if you're ready1 ,oysters dear1 ,we can begin to feed4 ,but not on us6 the ,oysters cried1 ,turning a little blue4 ,after such kindness1 that would be ,a dismal thing to do6 ,the night is fine1 the ,walrus said3 ,do you admire the view8 ,it was so kind of you to come6 ,and you are very nice6 ,the ,carpenter said nothing but ,cut us another slice3 ,i wish you were not quite so deaf-- ,i've had to ask you twice6 ,it seems a shame1 the ,walrus said1 ,to play them such a trick1 ,after we've brought them out so far1 ,and made them trot so quick6 ,the ,carpenter said nothing but-- ,the butter's spread too thick6 ,i weep for you1 the ,walrus said2 ,i deeply sympathize4 ,with sobs and tears he sorted out ,those of the largest size1 ,holding his pocket-handkerchief ,before his streaming eyes4 ,o ,oysters1 said the ,carpenter1 ,you've had a pleasant run6 ,shall we be trotting home again8 ,but answer came there none-- ,and this was scarcely odd1 because ,they'd eaten every one4 ,,the ,,baker',s ,,tale ,from ',the ,hunting of the ,snark' ,they roused him with muffins--they roused him with ice-- ,they roused him with mustard and cress-- ,they roused him with jam and judicious advice-- ,they set him conundrums to guess4 ,when at length he sat up and was able to speak1 ,his sad story he offered to tell2 ,and the ,bellman cried ,silence6 ,not even a shriek6 ,and excitedly tingled his bell4 ,there was silence supreme6 ,not a shriek1 not a scream1 ,scarcely even a howl or a groan1 ,as the man they called ,ho6 told his story of woe ,in an antediluvian tone4 ,my father and mother were honest1 though poor-- ,skip all that6 cried the ,bellman in haste4 ,if it once becomes dark1 there's no chance of a ,snark-- ,we have hardly a minute to waste6 ,i skip forty years1 said the ,baker1 in tears1 ,and proceed without further remark ,to the day when you took me aboard of your ship ,to help you in hunting the ,snark4 ,a dear uncle of mine 7after whom ,i was named7 ,remarked when ,i bade him farewell-- ,oh1 skip your dear uncle6 the ,bellman exclaimed1 ,as he angrily tingled his bell4 ,he remarked to me then1 said that mildest of men1-- ',if your ,snark be a ,snark that is right1 ,fetch it home by all means--you may serve it with greens1 ,and it's handy for striking a light4 ',you may seek it with thimbles--and seek it with care2 ,you may hunt it with forks and hope2 ,you may threaten its life with a railway share2 ,you may charm it with smiles and soap--' 7,that's exactly the method1 the ,bellman bold ,in a hasty parenthesis cried3-- ,that's exactly the way ,i have always been told ,that the capture of ,snarks should be tried67 ',but oh1 beamish nephew6 beware of the day ,if your ,snark be a ,boojum6 ,for then ,you will softly and suddenly vanish away1 ,and never be met with again6' ,it is this1 it is this1 that oppresses my soul ,when ,i think of my uncle's last words2 ,and my heart is like nothing so much as a bowl ,brimming over with quivering curds6 ,it is this1 it is this--,we have had that before6 ,the ,bellman indignantly said4 ,and the ,baker replied3 ,let me say it once more2 ,it is this1 it is this that ,i dread6 ,i engage with the ,snark--every night after dark-- ,in a dreamy delirious fight2 ,i serve it with greens in those shadowy scenes1 ,and ,i use it for striking a light3 ,but if ever ,i meet with a ,boojum1 that day1 ,in a moment 7of this ,i am sure71 ,i shall softly and silently vanish away-- ,and the notion ,i cannot endure6 ,,you ,,are ,,old1 ,,father ,,william ,from ',alice's ,adventures in ,wonderland' ,you are old1 ,father ,william1 the young man said1 ,and your hair has become very white2 ,and yet you incessantly stand on your head-- ,do you think1 at your age1 it is right8 ,in my youth1 ,father ,william replied to his son1 ,i feared it might injure the brain2 ,but now that ,i'm perfectly sure ,i have none1 ,why1 ,i do it again and again4 ,you are old1 said the youth1 as ,i mentioned before1 ,and have grown most uncommonly fat2 ,yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door-- ,pray what is the reason of that8 ,in my youth1 said the sage1 as he shook his gray locks1 ,i kept all my limbs very supple ,by the use of this ointment--one shilling the box-- ,allow me to sell you a couple4 ,you are old1 said the youth1 and your jaws are too weak ,for anything tougher than suet2 ,yet you finished the goose1 with the bones and the beak3 ,pray1 how did you manage to do it8 ,in my youth1 said his father1 ,i took to the law1 ,and argued each case with my wife2 ,and the muscular strength which it gave to my jaw1 ,has lasted the rest of my life4 ,you are old1 said the youth2 one would hardly suppose ,that your eye was as steady as ever3 ,yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose-- ,what made you so awfully clever8 ,i have answered three questions1 and that is enough1 ,said his father2 don't give yourself airs6 ,do you think ,i can listen all day to such stuff8 ,be off1 or ,i'll kick you down-stairs6 ,,casanova 7,,jean ,,jacques ,,casanova ,,de ,,seingalt7 7#agbe-ahjc7 ,the unique figure of ,casanova stands out as a type of all that was most vicious and most brilliant in the eighteenth century4 ,the pre-revolutionary philosophies1 filtering through society1 were weakening religious restraints and producing a hypocritical conformity to tradition and a new uncertainty which inclined people to present enjoyment and epicureanism4 ,but even the court aristocracy1 to whom self-indulgence was the rule of life1 were astounded at the unrestraint of ,casanova's pleasure-seeking4 ,he professed himself a ,christian1 but during all his vicious career was never influenced by a conscientious scruple4 ,in a period when social graces were extolled above all others1 when conversation was cultivated as a fine art1 and when the salon was perhaps the greatest power in ,france1 he was pre-eminent for talent and charm4 ,his physical beauty fascinated both men and women2 his fearlessness1 often running into a mad bravado which lost no chance to fight1 won him the respect of men4 ,he could be witty in many tongues2 he was an adept in fashionable fads of the day2 was supposed to have a gift for mesmerism1 and to be something of a sorcerer4 ,he could adapt himself to any society1 appearing both as the idol of ,european courts and a boon companion in low taverns4 ,he had countless duels and love affairs1 and concluded one after another with the same cynical heartlessness3 always a gay soldier of fortune1 experimenting with his various talents2 now a diplomat1 now an abbe or popular preacher1 and now a writer of political essays4 ,when ,casanova's father1 a man of gentle birth1 became an actor and married a pretty actress1 ,zanetta ,farusi1 the daughter of an ,italian shoemaker1 he hopelessly alienated his family4 ,jean-,jacques1 their first child1 was born in ,venice1 and during their professional travels was left there with his grandmother4 ,her earnest desire was to educate the beautiful and precocious child2 and she economized from her scanty means until she was able to send him to the ,seminary of ,saint ,cyprian in ,venice4 ,he passed his entrance examinations1 and studied there for a time1 exhibiting unusual ability4 ,then at sixteen he was expelled for a disgraceful intrigue1 which would have consigned him to prison but for his mother1 whose influence secured him the protection of ,cardinal ,acquaviva and a position in his household1 which the boy soon resigned for a gayer life4 ,after this came a long series of adventurous years1 during which he visited ,rome1 ,naples1 ,constantinople1 and other places1 and was admitted to many orders of chivalry4 ,during these wanderings he became acquainted with ,rousseau and ,voltaire2 visited the court of ,frederick the ,great2 went to ,russia1 where he was smiled upon by the ,empress ,catharine ,,ii4 ,at ,versailles1 where he was a familiar figure1 ,louis ,,xv4 honored him with a personal interview4 ,but even in a society disposed to be lenient to any one who was amusing1 ,casanova incurred disgrace4 ,after becoming notorious over ,europe as a trickster at cards1 and for his dissipations1 he returned to ,venice in #agee4 ,there he was as gay and as dissolute as ever1 but in his intervals of spare time he wrote a refutation of a work by ,amelot de la ,houssaye upon the condition of the ,republic4 ,he had hoped it would reinstate him in public opinion1 but it failed to do so1 and before long he was denounced to the government as a spy and thrown into prison4 ,in the ',recit de sa ,captivite' 7#aghh7 he himself has told the dramatic story of his confinement in the garret of a ducal palace1 and of his wonderful escape4 ,the hot ,italian sun beating down on the leaden roof added to his discomfort1 and he was too daring and too ingenious to suffer long in patience4 ,with the aid of an iron bolt which he had sharpened1 he bored a hole through the wall of his cell and gained access to another prisoner1 ,father ,balbi4 ,for a long time they plotted together1 and at last after many efforts and dangers they extricated themselves by way of the roofs4 ,this feat added greatly to his fame4 ,he was feted and courted everywhere1 and his extravagances set the fashions for years4 ,but in spite of the admiration he excited1 he was too dangerous a citizen to be allowed long in a place4 ,he was expelled from ,varsovia in consequence of a duel4 ,then ,paris1 and later ,madrid1 drove him away4 ,his life of excesses had broken his health1 when in #aghb he attached himself to the ,count of ,waldstein1 a ,german prince whom he followed into ,bohemia4 ,soon after1 he began the famous ',memoires1' his chief literary achievement4 ,he wrote several historical works1 a translation in verse of the ,iliad1 and many political sketches4 ,others of his writings1 such as ',eighty ,years ,spent among the ,inhabitants of the ,interior of the ,globe1' show him possessed of a lively imagination4 ,but he evinced especial zest in the preparation of the ',memoires4' ,in a style as audacious as his life1 strong and sparkling with wit1 he told the strange story of his career4 ,he reflects the social habits of his time1 the contemporary point of view4 ,he lived on in ,bohemia until he was seventy-eight1 and then he died at ,dux1 retaining to the end what ,janin terms his marvelous instinct for vice and corruption4 ,,casanova',s ,,escape ,,from ,,the ,,ducal ,,palace ,from ',the ,escapes of ,casanova and ,latude from ,prison' ,the greatest comfort to a man in suffering is the hope of a speedy release4 ,he sighs for the moment when he shall see the end of his woes2 he fancies that his wishes can hasten it on1 and would do anything on earth to know what hour is fixed for the cessation of his misery3 but no one can tell at what moment an event will happen which depends on the determination of another1 unless that person has announced it4 ,but the sufferer1 who is weak and impatient1 is predisposed to be superstitious4 ,god1 says he1 must know the very moment when my pain will cease2 and ,god may permit that it should be revealed to me1 never mind how4 ,when he has once fallen into this train of argument1 he no longer hesitates to try his fortune by any means his fancy may dictate1 if he is more or less inclined to believe in the revelations of the oracle he happens to select4 ,this frame of mind is not conspicuously unlike that of the greater number of those who were wont to consult the ,pythia1 or the oaks of ,dodona1 or of those who1 even in our own day1 study the ,cabbala1 or seek the revelation they hope for in a verse of the ,bible or a line of ,virgil2--this indeed has made the ,sortes ,virgilianae famous1 of which many writers tell us2 or finally1 of those who are firmly convinced that their difficulties will all be solved by the fortuitous or premeditated arrangement of a mere pack of cards4 ,i was in this state of mind4 ,but not knowing what means to employ to compel ,fate to reveal through the ,bible the end in store for me--that is to say1 the hour at which ,i should recover the incomparable blessing of liberty--,i resolved to consult the divine poem of ,messer ,ludovico ,ariosto1 ',orlando ,furioso1' which ,i knew by heart1 and in which ,i delighted up in my cell4 ,i worshiped the genius of that great poet1 and thought him far better fitted than ,virgil to tell my fortune4 ,with this idea ,i wrote down a question addressed to the imaginary intelligence1 asking in which canto of ,ariosto's poem ,i should find the day of my deliverance prophesied4 ,afterwards ,i composed an inverted pyramid of the numbers derived from the words in the question1 and by subtracting nine from each pair of figures ,i had nine for a remainder4 ,i concluded that the prophecy ,i sought must be in the ninth canto4 ,i pursued the same method to arrive at the line and stanza containing the oracle1 and ,i found seven as the number of the stanza1 and one for the line4 ,i took up the poem1 my heart beating as though ,i really had the most entire confidence in this oracle4 ,i opened it1 turned over the leaves1 and read these words3-- ,fra il fin d',ottobre e il capo di ,novembre4 ,the perfect appropriateness of the line struck me as so remarkable that1 though ,i cannot say that ,i altogether believed in the oracle1 the reader will forgive me if ,i confess ,i did my utmost to verify it4 ,the curious part of the matter is1 that between the last of ,october and the beginning of ,november there is but the one instant of midnight2 and it was exactly as the clock struck midnight on the #cast of ,october that ,i quitted my prison1 as the reader will presently learn4444 ,the hour strikes4 ,hark6 the angel6 ,soradaci was about to fall on his face1 but ,i assured him that this was superfluous4 ,in three minutes the hole was pierced through2 the board fell at my feet1 and ,father ,balbi slid into my arms4 ,your task is done1 said ,i1 and now mine begins4 ,we embraced1 and he gave me my crowbar and a pair of scissors4 ,i desired ,soradaci to trim our beards1 but ,i could not help laughing as ,i saw the creature1 open-mouthed1 staring at this strange angel1 who looked more like a demon4 ,though utterly bewildered1 he cut our beards to perfection4 ,being impatient to survey the locality1 ,i desired the monk to remain with ,soradaci1 for ,i would not leave him alone1 and ,i went out4 ,i found the hole rather narrow2 however1 ,i got through4 ,i got above the cell in which the ,count lay2 ,i went down and cordially embraced the venerable gentleman4 ,i saw a man of a figure ill suited to surmount the difficulties of such an escape over a steep roof covered with sheet lead4 ,he asked me what my plan was1 and told me that he thought ,i had been rather heedless in my action4 ,i only want to go on1 said ,i1 step by step to liberty or death4 ,if you imagine1 said he1 that you can pierce the roof and find a way along the leads1--from which1 too1 you must get down1--,i do not see how you can possibly succeed unless you have wings4 ,i have not courage enough to accompany you4 ,i shall stay where ,i am and pray to ,god for you4 ,i left him to inspect the outer roof1 getting as close as ,i could to the outer side of the loft4 ,having succeeded in touching the inside of the rafters at the part where it was lowest1 ,i perched myself on a beam1 such as are to be found under the roof of every large palace4 ,i poked at the rafters with the end of my bar1 and to my joy found them half-rotten2 at each touch the wood fell in dust4 ,being sure1 therefore1 that ,i could make a large enough opening in less than an hour1 ,i returned to my cell and spent the next four hours in cutting up sheets1 counterpanes1 and mattress covers1 to make ropes of4 ,i took care to tie all the knots myself1 to be sure of their firmness1 for a single knot badly tied would have cost us our life4 ,when all was done ,i found we had about a hundred yards of rope4 ,there are certain things in every great enterprise which are of the highest importance1 and for which a leader worthy of the name trusts no one4 ,when the rope was finished1 ,i made a bundle of my coat1 my silk cloak1 some shirts1 stockings1 and handkerchiefs1 and we all three went into the ,count's cell4 ,this worthy man first congratulated ,soradaci on having been so lucky as to be put in the same room with me1 and being so soon enabled to recover his freedom4 ,the man's stupid amazement almost made me laugh4 ,i no longer attempted any concealment1 for ,i had thrown off the mask of ,tartuffe1 which ,i had found most inconvenient while this villain had compelled me to wear it4 ,i saw that he was convinced ,i had deceived him1 but he could not understand how2 for he could not imagine how ,i had communicated with the sham angel so as to make him come and go at fixed hours4 ,he was listening eagerly to the ,count1 who declared we were rushing on our fate2 and1 coward that he was1 he was revolving in his mind a scheme for avoiding the perilous attempt4 ,i told the monk to collect his things while ,i went to make the hole in the roof of the loft4 ,at two hours after sunset the hole was finished2 ,i had worked the rafters to powder1 and the opening was twice as large as was needful4 ,i could touch the sheet of lead outside4 ,i could not raise it single-handed1 because it was riveted2 the friar helped me1 and by pushing the crowbar between the gutter and the sheet of lead ,i detached it2 then raising it on our shoulders1 we bent it up high enough to allow of our squeezing through the opening4 ,putting my head out to reconnoitre1 ,i saw with dismay how bright the moon was1 now in the first quarter4 ,it was a check which we must endure with patience1 and wait till midnight to escape1 when the moon would have gone to light up the ,antipodes4 ,on such a glorious night all ,venice would be out on the ,piazza below1 and we dared not venture out on the roof2 our shadows cast on the ground would have attracted attention2 our extraordinary appearance up there would excite general curiosity1 and above all1 that of ,messer ,grande and his spies1 the sole guards of ,venice4 ,our fine scheme would soon have been disturbed by their odious interference4 ,i therefore decided positively that we were not to creep out till the moon had set4444 ,it was time to be off4 ,the moon had set4 ,i hung half the rope round ,balbi's neck on one side and his bundle of clothes on the other shoulder4 ,i did the same for myself2 and both1 in our waistcoats with our hats on1 went to the opening in the roof4 ,and issuing forth we then beheld the stars4--,,dante4 ,i crept out first2 ,balbi followed me4 ,soradaci1 who had accompanied us to the roof1 was ordered to pull the sheet of lead down again and then to go and pray to his saint4 ,crawling on my knees on all fours1 ,i clutched my crowbar firmly1 and stretching as far as ,i could1 ,i slipped it obliquely between the points of the sheets2 then1 grasping the end of the sheet ,i had turned up1 ,i dragged myself up to the ridge of the roof4 ,the friar1 to follow me1 inserted the fingers of his right hand into the belt of my breeches4 ,thus ,i had the double task of a beast which drags and carries both at once1 and that on a steep roof1 made slippery by a dense fog4 ,half-way up this dreadful climb1 ,balbi bid me stop1 for one of his parcels had fallen1 and he hoped it might not have gone further than the gutter4 ,my first impulse was to give him a kick and send him after his bundle2 but ,god be praised1 ,i had enough self-command not to do this1 for the punishment would have been too severe for both of us1 since ,i alone could never have escaped4 ,i asked him whether it was the packet of ropes1 but as he replied that it was only his bundle1 in which he had a manuscript he had found in the loft1 and which he had hoped would make his fortune1 ,i told him he must take patience2 for that a step backwards would be fatal4 ,the poor monk sighed1 and clinging still to my waist-band1 we climbed on again4 ,after having got over fifteen or sixteen sheets of lead with immense difficulty1 we reached the ridge1 on which ,i perched myself astride1 and ,balbi did the same4 ,we had our backs to the island of ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 and two hundred yards in front of us we saw the numerous cupolas of the church of ,saint ,mark1 which is in fact part of the ,ducal ,palace2 for the church of ,saint ,mark is1 properly speaking1 no more than the ,doge's chapel1 and certainly no sovereign can boast of a finer one4 ,i began by relieving myself of my load1 and desired my companion to follow my example4 ,he tucked his bundle of ropes under him as best he might1 but wanting to take off his hat1 which inconvenienced him1 he managed so badly that it rolled from ledge to ledge1 and went to join the bundle of clothes in the canal4 ,my poor comrade was in despair4 ,a bad omen6 he exclaimed4 ,here ,i am at once without a shirt1 without a hat1 and bereft of a precious manuscript containing a most curious and unknown history of the festivals at the ,ducal ,palace4 ,i1 less disposed to be fierce than ,i had been when ,i was climbing1 calmly assured him that these two little accidents had nothing so extraordinary about them as that a superstitious spirit should regard them as ominous2 that ,i did not think them so1 and that they did not in the least discourage me4 ,they should serve you1 my good fellow1 said ,i1 as a warning to be prudent and wise1 and to suggest to you that ,god certainly protects us2 for if your hat1 instead of tumbling to the right1 had slipped off to the left1 we should have been lost4 ,it would have fallen into the courtyard1 where the guards must have found it1 and it would of course have told them that there must be some one on the roof4 ,we should have been recaptured at once4 ,after sitting some minutes looking about me1 ,i desired the monk to remain motionless till ,i should return1 and ,i made my way forward1 shuffling along astride on the roof without any difficulty1 my bolt in my hand4 ,i spent above an hour going about the roof1 examining and observing every corner1 but in vain2 nowhere did ,i see anything to which ,i could attach a cord4 ,i was in the greatest perplexity4 ,i could not for a moment think of the canal1 nor of the palace courtyard1 and among the many cupolas of the church ,i saw nothing but precipitous walls leading to no open space4 ,to get beyond the church to the ,canonica ,i should have had to surmount such steep slopes that ,i had no hope of achieving it1 and it was natural that ,i should reject as impossible everything that did not seem feasible4 ,the situation in which ,i found myself required daring1 but absolutely no rashness4 ,it was such a dilemma as ,i imagine can have no parallel for difficulty in any moral question4 ,however1 ,i had to come to some conclusion3 ,i must either get away or return to my cell1 never probably to leave it again2 or again1 throw myself into the canal4 ,in this predicament a great deal must be left to chance1 and ,i must begin somewhere4 ,i fixed my eyes on a dormer window on the side towards the canal1 and about two-thirds of the way down4 ,it was far enough from the spot we had started from to make me think that the loft it lighted was not connected with the prison ,i had broken out of4 ,it could light only an attic1 inhabited or vacant1 over some room in the palace1 where1 when day should dawn1 the doors no doubt would be opened4 ,i was morally certain that the attendants in the palace1 even those of the ,doge himself1 who should happen to see us1 would be eager to favor our escape rather than place us in the hands of justice1 even if they had recognized us as the greatest of state criminals2 so horrible was the inquisition in their eyes4 ,with this idea ,i decided on inspecting that window2 so1 letting myself slip gently down1 ,i soon was astride on the little roof4 ,then resting my hands on the edge1 ,i stretched my head out and succeeded in seeing and touching a little barred grating1 behind which there was a window glazed with small panes set in lead4 ,the window did not trouble me1 but the grating1 slight as it was1 seemed to me an insurmountable difficulty1 for without a file ,i could not get through the bars1 and ,i only had my crowbar4 ,i was checked1 and began to lose heart1 when a perfectly simple and natural incident revived my spirit4444 ,it was the clock of ,saint ,mark's at this moment striking midnight which roused my spirit1 and by a sudden shock brought me out of the perplexed frame of mind in which ,i found myself4 ,that clock reminded me that the morning about to dawn was that of ,all ,saints' ,day2 that consequently of my saint's day--if indeed ,i had a patron saint--and my ,jesuit confessor's prophecy recurred to my mind4 ,but ,i own that what tended most to restore my courage1 and really increased my physical powers1 was the profaner oracle of my beloved ,ariosto3-- ,between the end of ,october and the beginning of ,november4 ,if a great misfortune sometimes makes a small mind devout1 it is almost impossible that superstition should not have some share in the matter4 ,the sound of the clock seemed to me a spoken charm which bade me act and promised me success4 ,lying flat on the roof with my head over the edge1 ,i pushed my bar in above the frame which held the grating1 determined to dislodge it bodily4 ,in a quarter of an hour ,i had succeeded2 the grating was in my hands unbroken1 and having laid it by the side of the dormer ,i had no difficulty in breaking in the window1 though the blood was flowing from a wound ,i had made in my left hand4 ,by the help of my bar ,i got back to the ridge of the roof in the same way as before1 and made my way back to where ,i had left my companion4 ,i found him desperate and raging2 he abused me foully for having left him there so long4 ,he declared he was only waiting for seven to strike to go back to prison4 ,what did you think had become of me8 ,i thought you had fallen down some roof or wall4 ,and you have no better way of expressing your joy at my return than by abusing me8 ,what have you been doing all this time8 ,come with me and you will see4 ,having gathered up my bundles1 ,i made my way back to the window4 ,when we were just over it ,i explained to ,balbi exactly what ,i had done1 and consulted him as to how we were to get into the loft through the window4 ,the thing was quite easy for one of us2 the other could let him down4 ,but ,i did not see how the second man was to follow him1 as there was no way of fixing the rope above the window4 ,by going in and letting myself drop ,i might break my legs and arms1 for ,i did not know the height of the window above the floor4 ,to this wise argument1 spoken with perfect friendliness1 the brute replied in these words3-- ,let me down1 at any rate1 and when ,i am in there you will have plenty of time to find out how you can follow me4 ,i confess that in my first impulse of indignation ,i was ready to stab him with my crowbar4 ,a good genius saved me from doing so1 and ,i did not even utter one word of reproach for his selfishness and baseness4 ,on the contrary1 ,i at once unrolled my bundle of rope1 and fastening it firmly under his arm-pits ,i made him lie flat on his face1 his feet outwards1 and then let him down on to the roof of the dormer4 ,when he was there1 ,i made him go over the edge and into the window as far as his hips1 leaving his arms on the sill4 ,i next slipped down to the little roof1 as ,i had done before1 lay down on my stomach1 and holding the rope firmly1 told the monk to let himself go without fear4 ,when he had landed on the floor of the attic he undid the rope1 and ,i1 pulling it up1 found that the height was above fifty feet4 ,to jump this was too great a risk4 ,as for the monk1 now he was safe after nearly two hours of anguish on a roof1 where1 ,i must own1 his situation was far from comfortable1 he called out to me to throw in the ropes and he would take care of them4 ,i1 as may be supposed1 took good care not to follow this absurd injunction4 ,not knowing what to do1 and awaiting some inspiration1 ,i clambered once more to the ridge2 and my eye falling on a spot near a cupola1 which ,i had not yet examined1 ,i made my way thither4 ,i saw a little terrace or platform covered with lead1 close to a large window closed with shutters4 ,there was here a tub full of wet mortar with a trowel1 and by the side a ladder1 which ,i thought would be long enough to enable me to get down into the attic where my comrade was4 ,this settled the question4 ,i slipped my rope through the top rung1 and dragged this awkward load as far as the window4 ,i then had to get the clumsy mass into the window2 it was above twelve yards long4 ,the difficulty ,i had in doing it made me repent of having deprived myself of ,balbi's assistance4 ,i pushed the ladder along till one end was on the level of the dormer and the other projected by a third beyond the gutter4 ,then ,i slid down on to the dormer roof2 ,i drew the ladder close to my side and fastened the rope to the eighth rung1 after which ,i again allowed it to slip till it was parallel with the window4 ,then ,i did all ,i could to make it slip into the window1 but ,i could not get it beyond the fifth rung because the end caught against the inner roof of the dormer1 and no power on earth could get it any further without breaking either the ladder or the roof4 ,there was nothing for it but to tilt the outer end2 then the slope would allow it to slide in by its own weight4 ,i might have placed the ladder across the window and have fastened the rope to it to let myself down1 without any risk2 but the ladder would have remained there1 and next morning would have guided the archers and ,lorenzo to the spot where we might still be hiding4 ,i would not run the risk of losing by such an act of imprudence the fruit of so much labor and peril1 and to conceal all our traces the ladder must be got entirely into the window4 ,having no one to help me1 ,i decided on getting down to the gutter to tilt it1 and attain my end4 ,this in fact ,i did1 but at so great a risk that but for a sort of miracle ,i should have paid for my daring with my life4 ,i ventured to let go of the cord that was attached to the ladder without any fear of its falling into the canal1 because it was caught on the gutter by the third rung4 ,then1 with my crowbar in my hand1 ,i cautiously let myself slide down to the gutter by the side of the ladder2 the marble ledge was against my toes1 for ,i let myself down with my face to the roof4 ,in this attitude ,i found strength enough to lift the ladder a few inches1 and ,i had the satisfaction of seeing it go a foot further in4 ,as the reader will understand1 this diminished its weight very perceptibly4 ,what ,i now wanted was to get it two feet further in1 by lifting it enough2 for after that ,i felt sure that by climbing up to the roof of the dormer once more1 ,i could1 with the help of the rope1 get it all the way in4 ,to achieve this ,i raised myself from my knees2 but the force ,i was obliged to use to succeed made me slip1 so that ,i suddenly found myself over the edge of the roof as far as my chest1 supported only by my elbows4 ,it was an awful moment1 which to this day ,i shudder to think of1 and which it is perhaps impossible to conceive of in all its horror4 ,the natural instinct of self-preservation made me almost unconsciously lean with all my weight1 supporting myself on my ribs1 and ,i succeeded--miraculously1 ,i felt inclined to say4 ,taking care not to relax my hold1 ,i managed to raise myself with all the strength of my wrists1 leaning at the same time on my stomach4 ,happily there was nothing to fear for the ladder1 for the lucky--or rather the unlucky--push which had cost me so dear1 had sent it in more than three feet1 which fixed it firmly4 ,finding myself resting on the gutter literally on my wrists and my groin1 ,i found that by moving my right side ,i could raise first one knee and then the other on to the parapet4 ,then ,i should be safe4 ,however1 my troubles were not yet over1 for the strain ,i was obliged to exert in order to succeed gave me such a nervous spasm that a violent attack of painful cramp seemed to cripple me completely4 ,i did not lose my head1 and remained perfectly still till the spasm was over1 knowing that perfect stillness is the best cure for nervous cramps--,i had often found it so4 ,it was a frightful moment4 ,a few minutes after1 ,i gradually renewed my efforts4 ,i succeeded in getting my knees against the gutter1 and as soon as ,i had recovered my breath ,i carefully raised the ladder1 and at last got it to the angle where it was parallel with the window4 ,knowing enough of the laws of equilibrium and the lever1 ,i now picked up my crowbar2 and climbing in my old fashion1 ,i hauled myself up to the roof and easily succeeded in tilting in the ladder1 which the monk below received in his arms4 ,i then flung in my clothes1 the ropes and the broken pieces1 and got down into the attic1 where ,balbi received me very heartily and took care to remove the ladder4 ,arm in arm1 we surveyed the dark room in which we found ourselves2 it was thirty paces long by about twenty wide4 ,at one end we felt a double door formed of iron bars4 ,this was unpromising1 but laying my hand on the latch in the middle it yielded to the pressure1 and the door opened4 ,we first felt our way round this fresh room1 and then1 trying to cross it1 ran up against a table with arm-chairs and stools around it4 ,we returned to the side where we had felt windows1 and having opened one1 by the dim starlight we could see nothing but steep roofs between domes4 ,i did not for an instant think of escaping by the window2 ,i must know where ,i was going1 and ,i did not recognize the spot where we were4 ,so ,i closed the window1 and we went back to the first room1 where we had left our baggage4 ,quite worn out1 ,i let myself drop on to the floor1 and putting a bundle of rope under my head1 utterly bereft of all power of body or of mind1 ,i fell into a sweet sleep4 ,i gave myself up to it so passively1 that even if ,i had known that death must be the end of it ,i could not have resisted it2 and ,i remember distinctly that the pleasure of that sleep was perfectly delicious4 ,,bartolomeo ,,de ,,las ,,casas 7#adgd-aeff7 ,illustration3 ,,bartolomeo ,,de ,,las ,,casas ,bartolomeo de las ,casas1 the ,apostle of the ,indians1 was one of the first to protest by speech and pen against the hideous cruelties inflicted upon native ,west ,indians by the invading ,spaniards2 and he left in his writings the record of a bondage compared with which negro slavery was mild4 ,bartolomeo1 the son of ,antonio de las ,casas1 a companion of ,columbus on his first voyage of discovery1 was born in ,seville in #adgd4 ,while yet a student at the ,university of ,salamanca he became interested in the natives1 through a young ,indian whom he owned as slave4 ,he first visited the ,new ,world as one of the followers of ,columbus in #adi-1 returning after some years with ,nicholas de ,ovando1 the governor of the ,indies4 ,here his sympathies were fully aroused1 as he witnessed the savage treatment of the simple natives and the incessant butcheries and slavery in the mines1 which were rapidly depopulating the islands4 ,in #aeaj he took holy orders1 being probably the first priest ordained in the ,new ,world4 ,las ,casas at first was himself a slave-owner1 willing to enrich himself by the toil of the red men1 though from the very beginning he sympathized with their sufferings4 ,but a sudden illumination came to him as he was preparing to preach a sermon on the ,feast of ,pentecost1 in #aead1 taking for his text the #cdth chapter of ,ecclesiasticus1 verses #ah to #bb4 ,he awoke to the iniquity of slavery1 set free his own ,indians1 and for forty years thereafter devoted himself heart and soul to the interests of the red men4 ,it was at times a bitter task and made him many enemies among the invaders1 who thought themselves curtailed in their natural rights as the superior race4 ,happily for his cause1 ,las ,casas had powerful friends in ,spain1 chief among whom was the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,the good priest crossed the ocean a dozen times to see that monarch on ,indian affairs1 following him even into ,germany and ,austria4 ,finally in #aedg1 when past his seventieth year1 he settled down in ,valladolid1 in ,spain1 but still wrote and talked in behalf of the oppressed race4 ,while on an errand for them to ,madrid in #aeff1 he died at the ripe age of ninety-two1 with bodily faculties unimpaired4 ,the earliest work of ,las ,casas1 ',a ,very ,short ,account of the ,ruin of the ,indies1' written in #aedb1 first disclosed to ,europe the cruelties practiced beyond the sea4 ,it was frequently reprinted1 and made a great impression4 ,other short treatises followed1 equally powerful and effective4 ,they were collected in #aeeb and translated into several languages4 ,his chief work however is a ',general ,history of the ,indies1' from #adib to #aebj1 begun by him in #aebg1 unfinished in #aefa4 ,he ordered that no portion should be printed until forty years after his death1 but it remained in manuscript for three hundred years1 being published at ,madrid in #ahge4 ,it has been called the corner-stone of the history of the ,american continent4 ,las ,casas possessed important documents1 among them the papers of ,columbus1 now lost4 ,in his long life1 moreover1 he knew many of the early discoverers and many statesmen1 as ,columbus1 ,cortes1 ,ximenes1 ,pizarro1 ,gattinora1 and he was the contemporary of three sovereigns interested in the ,west ,indies1--,king ,ferdinand the ,catholic1 the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 and ,king ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain4 ,las ,casas is sometimes taxed with having brought negro slavery into ,america4 ,in his profound compassion for the ,indians he maintained that the negroes were better fitted for slave labor than the more delicate natives4 ,but the ,portuguese had imported ,african slaves into the colonies long before ,las ,casas suggested it1 while he in time renounced his error1 and frankly confesses it in his history4 ,he was a large-hearted1 large-brained man1 unprejudiced in an age of bigotry2 of unwearied industry and remarkable powers of physical endurance that enabled him to live a life of many-sided activities1 as priest and missionary1 colonist1 man of business1 and man of letters4 ,as a historian he was a keen observer of men and of nature1 and chronicled with great exactness the social and physical conditions of the countries he traversed4 ,his merits are summed up in the following words by ,john ,fiske1 in his ',discovery of ,america'3-- ,he was one of the best historians of his time1 and wrote a most attractive ,spanish style1 quaint1 pithy1 and nervous1--a style which goes straight to the mark and rings like true metal4 ,i do not mean to be understood as calling it a literary style4 ,it is not graceful like that of great masters of expression such as ,pascal or ,voltaire4 ,it is not seldom cumbrous and awkward1 usually through trying to say too much at once4 ,but in spite of this it is far more attractive than many a truly artistic literary style4 ,there is a great charm in reading what comes from a man brimful of knowledge and utterly unselfish and honest4 ,the crisp shrewdness1 the gleams of gentle humor and occasional sharp flashes of wit1 and the fervid earnestness1 in the books of ,las ,casas1 combine to make them very delightful4 ,it was the unfailing sense of humor1 which is so often wanting in reformers1 that kept ,las ,casas from developing into a fanatic4444 ,in contemplating such a life as that of ,las ,casas1 all words of eulogy seem weak and frivolous4 ,the historian can only bow in reverent awe before a figure which is in some respects the most beautiful and sublime in the annals of ,christianity since the ,apostolic age4 ,when now and then in the course of the centuries ,god's providence brings such a life into this world1 the memory of it must be cherished by mankind as one of its most precious and sacred possessions4 ,for the thoughts1 the words1 the deeds of such men there is no death2 the sphere of their influence goes on widening forever4 ,they bud1 they blossom1 they bear fruit1 from age to age4 ,,of ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,cuba ,from ',a ,relation of the ,first ,voyage' ,the ,spaniards passed1 in the year #aeaa1 into the ,island of ,cuba1 which contains as much ground in length as from ,valladolid to ,rome4 ,there were formerly fine and flourishing provinces to be seen1 filled with vast numbers of people1 who met with no milder or kinder treatment from the ,spaniards than the rest4 ,on the contrary1 they seemed to have redoubled their cruelty upon those people4 ,there happened divers things in this island that deserve to be remarked4 ,a rich and potent ,cacique named ,hatbuey was retired to the ,island of ,cuba to avoid that slavery and death with which the ,spaniards menaced him2 and being informed that his persecutors were upon the point of landing in this island1 he assembled all his subjects and domestics together1 and made a speech to 'em after this manner3--,you know1 said he1 the report that is spread abroad that the ,spaniards are ready to invade this island2 and you are not ignorant of the ill usage our friends and countrymen have met with at their hands1 and the cruelties they have committed at ,hayei4 7,so ,hispaniola is called in their language47 ,they are now coming hither with a design to exercise the same outrages and persecutions upon us4 ,are you ignorant1 says he1 of the ill intentions of the people of whom ,i am speaking8 ,we know not1 say they all with one voice1 upon what account they come hither1 but we know they are a very wicked and cruel people4 ,i'll tell you then1 replied the ,cacique1 that these ,europeans worship a very covetous sort of god1 so that 'tis difficult to satisfy him2 and to perform the worship they render to this idol1 they'll exact immense treasures of us1 and will use their utmost endeavor to reduce us to a miserable state of slavery1 or else to put us to death4 ,upon which he took a box full of gold and valuable jewels which he had with him2 and exposing it to their view1--,here is1 says he1 the god of the ,spaniards1 whom we must honor with our sports and dances1 to see if we can appease him1 and render him propitious to us1 that so he may command the ,spaniards not to offer us any injury4 ,they all applauded this speech1 and fell a-leaping and dancing round the box1 till they had quite tired and spent themselves4 ,after which the ,cacique ,hatbuey1 resuming his discourse1 continued to speak to them in these terms3 ,if we keep this ,god1 says he1 till he's taken away from us1 he'll certainly cause our lives to be taken from us2 and therefore ,i am of the opinion 'twill be the best way to cast him into the river4 ,they all approved of this advice1 and went all together with one accord to throw this pretended god into the river4 ,the ,spaniards were no sooner arrived in the ,isle of ,cuba but this ,cacique1 who knew 'em too well1 began to think of retreating to secure himself from their fury1 and resolved to defend himself by force of arms if he should happen to meet with them2 but he unfortunately fell into their hands2 and because he had taken all the precautions he could to avoid the persecutions of so cruel and impious a people1 and had taken arms to defend his own life1 as well as the lives of his subjects1 this was made a capital crime in him1 for he was burned alive4 ,while he was in the midst of the flames1 tied to a stake1 a certain ,franciscan friar of great piety and virtue took upon him to speak to him of ,god and our religion1 and to explain to him some articles of the ,catholic faith1 of which he had never heard a word before2 promising him eternal life if he would believe1 and threatening him with eternal torment if he continued obstinate in his infidelity4 ,hatbuey1 reflecting on the matter as much as the place and condition in which he was would permit1 asked the friar that instructed him whether the gate of heaven was opened to the ,spaniards2 and being answered that such of them as were good men might hope for entrance there1 the ,cacique without any further deliberation told him he had no mind to go to heaven1 for fear of meeting with such cruel and wicked company as they were2 but would much rather choose to go to hell1 where he might be delivered from the troublesome sight of such kind of people3 to so great a degree have the wicked actions and cruelties of the ,spaniards dishonored ,god and his religion in the minds of the ,americans4 ,one day there came to us a great number of the inhabitants of a famous city1 situate about ten leagues from the place where we lodged1 to compliment us and bring us all sort of provisions and refreshments1 which they presented us with great marks of joy1 caressing us after the most obliging manner they could4 ,but that evil spirit that possessed the ,spaniards put 'em into such a sudden fury against 'em1 that they fell upon 'em and massacred above three thousand of 'em1 both men and women1 upon the spot1 without having received the least offense and provocation from 'em4 ,i was an eye-witness of this barbarity3 and whatever endeavors were used to appease these inhuman creatures1 'twas impossible to reduce 'em to reason2 so resolutely were they bent to satiate their brutal rage by this barbarous action4 ,soon after this ,i sent messengers to the most noted ,indians of the ,province of ,havane1 to encourage and engage 'em to continue in their country1 and not to trouble themselves to seek remote places to hide in2 and advised 'em to come to us with assurance of our protection4 ,they knew well enough what authority ,i had over the ,spaniards1 and ,i gave 'em my word no injury should be offered 'em3 for the past cruelties and massacres their countrymen had suffered1 had spread fear and terror through all the country2 and this assurance ,i gave 'em was with the consent and advice of the captains and the officers4 ,when we entered into this province1 two-and-twenty of their chiefs came to us1 and the very next morning the commander of our troops1 without any regard to the promise that had been made 'em1 would needs sentence 'em to be burnt1 pretending 'twas best to put these people to death1 because they might one time or other use some stratagem to surprise and destroy us3 and ,i had all the difficulty in the world to prevent 'em from throwing 'em into the fire4 ,the ,indians of ,havane1 seeing themselves reduced to a state of severe slavery1 and that there was no remedy left1 but they were irrecoverably undone1 began to take refuge in the deserts and mountains to secure themselves if possible from death2 some strangled themselves in despair4 ,parents hanged themselves together with their children1 to put the speedier end to their misery by death4 ,above two hundred ,indians perished here after this manner to avoid the cruelty of the ,spaniards1 and abundance of them afterwards voluntarily condemned themselves to this kind of death1 hoping thus in a moment to put a period to the miseries their persecutors inflicted on 'em4 ,a certain ,spaniard1 who had the title of ,sovereign in this island and had three hundred ,indians in his service1 destroyed a hundred and sixty of them in less than three months by the excessive labor he continually exacted of them4 ,the recruits he took to fill up their places were destroyed after the same manner2 and he would in a short time have unpeopled the whole island if death1 which took him out of the way1 very happily for those poor wretches1 had not sheltered 'em from his cruelties4 ,i saw with my own eyes above six thousand children die in the space of three or four months1 their parents being forced to abandon 'em1 being condemned to the mines4 ,after this the ,spaniards took up a resolution to pursue those ,indians that were retired into the mountains1 and massacred multitudes of 'em2 so that this island was depopulated and laid waste in a very little time4 ,and it is a most lamentable spectacle to see so fine a country thus miserably ruined and unpeopled4 ,,baldassare ,,castiglione 7#adgh-aebi7 ,illustration3 ,,castiglione ,the interest to be found in the literary work of il conte ,baldassare ,castiglione--in the one prose volume he wrote1 ',il ,cortegiano' 7,the ,courtier7--arises not only from the historical value it now has1 but from its representing the charming character of a gentleman4 ,and it does this not merely by intentionally describing the ideal gentleman of the fifteenth century1 but by unconsciously revealing the character of its author4 ,castiglione was himself distinctively a gentleman4 ,without eminent abilities or position1 his life unmarked by any remarkable deeds or any striking events1 he yet deserves remembrance as making vivid to us those admirable qualities and conditions which are the result1 in individuals1 of the long moral and intellectual cultivation of a large group of men and women4 ,he was one of the group that made famous the court of ,urbino1 not at the time of its greatest glory under ,duke ,frederic ,,ii41 but just afterward1 when the duchy was ruled by ,frederic's son ,guidobaldo--an estimable invalid--and the court was presided over by ,guidobaldo's wife1 the much beloved and admired ,duchess ,elisabetta1 one of the great ,gonzaga family4 ,castiglione's own sketch of this court 7see translation below7 renders any other delineation of it supererogatory2 but his silence regarding himself personally makes it necessary to gather knowledge of his life from other sources4 ,his person is made known to us by ,raffael's interesting portrait of him1 now in the ,louvre1 painted in #aeae4 ,it is a portrait by a friend4 ,raffael was only five years younger than ,castiglione1 and their affectionate relations were of long standing4 ,castiglione was the son of a valorous soldier who fought by the side of the ,marquis ,francesco ,gonzaga of ,mantua1 but his early youth was spent not at ,mantua but at ,milan1 where he received from famous scholars--,demetrio ,calcondile and his peers--a brilliant classical education1 rather than the training one would look for in his father's son4 ,his father's death in #adid obliged him1 in those troublous times1 to seek a protector4 ,as his mother was distantly connected with his father's friends1 the rulers of ,mantua1 it was to them that his eyes turned1 and in #adii he was one of the suite of the ,marquis on the occasion of the triumphal entrance of ,louis ,,xii4 of ,france into ,milan after his conquest in three weeks of the duchy2 a triumph followed by the hideous ten-years' caging of ,lodovico il ,moro1 ,milan's duke4 ,such spectacles as this triumph and this imprisonment1 which the boy of twenty-one now beheld1 were to be familiar to him all his life4 ,the king-like pope ,alexander ,,vi4 and his son ,caesar ,borgia1 the warrior ,julius ,,ii41 the ,medici ,leo ,x41 the soon-dead ,adrian ,,vi41 and the irresolute ,clement ,,vii41 successively ruled in ,rome1 or rather dwelt in ,rome1 the ,cloaca ,maxima of ,italy1 whose pollution sapped the strength of all the land4 ,the sack of ,rome in #aebg was among the last of the long series of ,italian woes ,castiglione witnessed4 ,he was not in ,italy at that moment4 ,the last five years of his life were spent at ,madrid as papal nuncio at the court of ,charles ,v4 ,he went thither on the eve of the battle of ,pavia1 and the imprisonment there of ,francis ,i4 soon followed2 an imprisonment that seems a terrible echo of that of the enemy of ,france a quarter of a century before4 ',il ,cortegiano' was written in the intervals of military and diplomatic services1 rendered first to ,guidobaldo of ,urbino and later to ,frederic of ,mantua1 the son of ,francesco4 ,the book was begun probably about #aead2 it received the last touches in #aebd1 but it was not published until #aebh4 ,the dialogues that compose the book are feigned to have occurred in the winter of #aejf-g4 ,at that time the author was in ,england1 an envoy from the ,duke of ,urbino to ,henry ,,vii41 sent as the ,duke's proxy to be installed as ,companion of the ,garter4 ,he carried with him splendid gifts for the ,king1 fine falcons1 beautiful horses1 and a picture by ,raffael--,st4 ,george and the ,dragon1 in which ,st4 ,george wears the ,garter4 ,castiglione's public labors had made him well known1 when between him and his high-born friends there was talk of his marriage with a daughter of the house of ,medici2 but political influences caused her to be given by preference to a ,strozzi4 ,had this alliance been formed1 ,castiglione would have found himself1 in later years1 the nephew of two popes and the uncle of a queen of ,france4 ,but better luck was in keeping for him4 ,in #aeaf he had the singular good fortune to make a marriage of tender affection2 but his wife died only four years later3 from that time his chief pleasure was in the society of his friends4 ,they numbered all the most distinguished ,italians of his day2 men whose intellectual powers found artistic expression alike in words1 or the painter's canvas1 or the sculptor's marble1 or the architect's stone3 and it is the reflection of this wide and varied companionship that gives charm and also weight to the pages of ',il ,cortegiano4' ,a more delicate delightfulness comes from the tone of liberal refinement with which the impression is conveyed of singularly ennobling intercourse with women4 ,castiglione was the contemporary and the friend of the famous ,marchioness of ,pescara1 ,vittoria ,colonna2 of the brilliant ,isabella d',este1 ,marchioness of ,mantua1 whose daughter1 the beautiful ,duchess of ,urbino1 is immortalized by ,titian's many portraits of her1 both as she was in youth and in age1 and also as in youth he saw her idealized4 ,this ,duchess of ,urbino was the niece of ,castiglione's own ,duchess ,elisabetta2 and by marriage with the nephew of ,guidobaldo she became the successor of ,elisabetta4 ,these great ladies were involved by family ties in all the stirring events of their times4 ,isabella d',este was the aunt of ,constable ,bourbon and the sister-in-law of ,lucrezia ,borgia4 ,vittoria ,colonna's husband was the cousin of the famous ,alfonso d',avalos 7,marquis del ,vasto7 of ,spain3 and in the entangled interests of these personages and of the rulers of ,urbino1 ,castiglione was constantly concerned and occupied4 ,his counsels were also sought by ,giuliano de' ,medici--styled1 like his father1 ,il ,magnifico--sitting now1 ever1 in helpless dignity on his ,san ,lorenzo tomb1 mentre che il danno e la vergogna dura2 and by the unfortunate ,doge of ,genoa1 ,ottaviano ,fregoso2 or by the participants in the learned discussions carried on by ,cardinal ,bembo1 with whom he made a gay excursion to ,tivoli in #aeaf1 in company with ,raffael and the illustrious ,venetian ,andrea ,navigero and his friend ,agostino ,beazzano1 whose portraits on the same canvas are one of ,raffael's masterpieces4 ,another ecclesiastical friend was ,cardinal ,bibbiena1 who appears nowhere to more advantage than in a letter to the ,marchioness of ,mantua1 describing ,castiglione's grief1 and that of his friends1 at the news that the ,marchioness herself had sent them of the death of ,castiglione's wife4 ,the same year the ,cardinal himself died4 ,it was the year of ,raffael's death also1 and ,castiglione felt himself greatly bereft4 ,the ,italian ,bishop of ,bayeux1 ,ludovico ,canossa1--papal nuncio in ,france and ,french ambassador at ,venice1--was a cousin of ,castiglione's mother and in constant relations with the son2 and it is to him that in what may be called the drama of ',il ,cortegiano' is gayly assigned the task of making the first sketch of the perfect courtier4 ,from such social relations came ,castiglione's wide familiarity and sound judgment respecting the various worlds of men1 of women1 and of art4 ,the higher qualities his book gives evidence of--the love of simplicity1 purity1 sincerity1 serenity1 kindness1 courtesy1 moderation1 modesty1 the appreciation of what is graceful1 gay1 delicate1--these qualities were truly his own3 we know not whence he derived them4 ,something should be said of the style in which the book is written4 ,its author tells us that one of the principal criticisms made upon it while it circulated for many years in manuscript1 was that its language was not the language of ,boccaccio1 who was then accepted as the model for ,italian prose-writers4 ,castiglione did not bind himself to the manner of the ,tuscan speech4 ,he was of ,lombard birth and habit1 and he chose--in the faith of which ,montaigne is the great defender--the words1 the phrases1 the constructions that best fitted his thought1 no matter whence he gathered them1 if only they were familiar and expressive4 ,he thus gained the force of freedom and the grace of variety1 while the customary elegance and the habitual long-windedness of all ,italian writers molds his sentences and makes them difficult of translation4 ,there have been few translations made of his book2 none 7published7 as yet1 of any literary value2 and ,castiglione has not been much known out of ,italy4 ,one of the few mentions of him in ,english literature is to be found in ,donne1 ,satire v41 and it touches on a characteristic page of his book1 for it notes3-- ,he which did lay ,rules to make courtiers 7he1 being understood1 ,may make good courtiers1 but who courtiers good87 ,frees from the sting of jests all who in extreme ,are wretched or wicked4 ,in his own country ,castiglione's fame has always been considerable4 ,ariosto--to whose brother ,alfonso1 ,messer ,alfonso carissimo1 the four books of ',il ,cortegiano' are dedicated and at whose desire it was written--,ariosto in his great poem speaks of ,castiglione more than once2 but a passage in ,tasso's dialogue ',della ,corte' does him fit honor3--,i do not deem that ,castiglione wrote for the men of his own day only3444 the beauty of his writings deserves that in all ages they should be read and praised2 and as long as courts shall endure1 as long as princes1 ladies1 and noble gentlemen shall meet together1 as long as valor and courtesy shall abide in our hearts1 the name of ,castiglione will be valued4 ,,of ,,the ,,court ,,of ,,urbino ,from ',il ,cortegiano' ,on the slopes of the ,apennines1 towards the ,adriatic ,sea1 almost in the centre of ,italy1 there lies 7as every one knows7 the little city of ,urbino4 ,although surrounded by mountains1 and rougher ones than perhaps some others that we see in many places1 it has yet enjoyed such favor of heaven that the country round about is very fertile and rich in crops2 so that besides the salubrity of the air1 there is great abundance of everything needful for human life4 ,but among the greatest blessings that can be attributed to it1 this ,i think to be the chief1 that for a long time it has ever been ruled by the best of lords2 insomuch that in the universal calamities of the wars of ,italy1 it still for a space remained exempt4 ,but without seeking further1 we can give good proof of this in the glorious memory of the ,duke ,federigo1 who in his day was the light of ,italy2 nor is there lack of credible and abundant witnesses1 who are still living1 to his prudence1 humanity1 justice1 liberality1 unconquered courage1 and military discipline2 which are conspicuously attested by his numerous victories1 his capture of impregnable places1 the sudden swiftness of his expeditions1 the frequency with which he put to flight large and formidable armies by means of a very small force1 and by his loss of no single battle whatever2 so that we may not unreasonably compare him to many famous ancients4 ,among his other praiseworthy deeds1 the ,duke ,federigo built on the rugged site of ,urbino a palace1 regarded by many as the most beautiful to be found in all ,italy3 and he so well furnished it with every suitable thing1 that it seemed not a palace but a city in the form of a palace2 and not merely with what is ordinarily used1--such as silver vases1 hangings of richest cloth of gold and silk1 and other similar things1--but for ornament he added an infinity of antique statues in marble and bronze1 pictures most choice1 and musical instruments of every sort2 nor would he admit anything there that was not very rare and excellent4 ,then at very large cost he collected a great number of most excellent and rare books in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 all of which he adorned with gold and with silver1 esteeming this to be the supreme excellence of his great palace4 ,following at last the course of nature1 and already sixty-five years old1 he died as he had lived1 gloriously2 and he left as his successor a little motherless boy of ten years1 his only son ,guidobaldo4 ,heir to his father's state1 he seemed to be heir also to all his father's virtues1 and soon his noble nature gave such promise as seemed not to be hoped for from mortal man2 so that men esteemed none among the extraordinary deeds of the ,duke ,federigo to be greater than to have begotten such a son4 ,but envious of so much virtue1 fortune thwarted this glorious beginning with all her might2 so that before ,duke ,guido reached the age of twenty years he fell ill of the gout1 which grew upon him with grievous pain1 and in a short space of time so crippled all his limbs that he could neither stand upon his feet nor move2 and thus one of the most beautiful and active forms in the world was disfigured and spoiled in tender youth4 ,and not yet content with this1 fortune was so adverse to him in all his plans that he could seldom carry to a conclusion anything that he desired2 and although he was most wise of counsel and unconquered in spirit1 it seemed that what he undertook1 both in war and in everything else1 whether small or great1 always ended ill for him3 and proof of this is given in his many and diverse calamities1 which he ever bore with such strength of mind that his spirit was never vanquished by fortune2 nay1 scorning her assaults with unbroken courage1 he lived in weakness as though strong1 and in adversity as though fortunate1 with perfect dignity and universal esteem1 so that although he was thus infirm of body1 he fought with most honorable rank in the service of their ,serene ,highnesses the ,kings of ,naples1 ,alfonso and ,fernando the ,younger2 later with ,pope ,alexander ,,vi41 and with the ,venetian and ,florentine nobles4 ,after the accession of ,julius ,,ii4 to the ,pontificate1 he was made ,captain of the ,church2 at which time1 following his accustomed style1 above all else he took care to fill his household with very noble and valiant gentlemen1 with whom he lived most familiarly1 delighting in their conversation2 wherein the pleasure he gave to others was not less than that he received from others1 he being well versed in both the learned languages1 and uniting affability and agreeableness to a knowledge of things without number2 and besides this1 the greatness of his spirit so animated him that although he could not practice in person the exercises of horsemanship1 as he once had done1 yet he took the utmost pleasure in seeing them in others2 and by his words1 now correcting1 now praising each according to desert1 he clearly showed how much judgment he had in those matters2 wherefore in jousts and tournaments1 in riding1 in the handling of every sort of weapon1 as well as in pastimes1 games1 and music1--in short1 in all the exercises proper to noble gentlemen1--every one strove so to carry himself as to merit being deemed worthy of such noble fellowship4 ,all the hours of the day were assigned to honorable and pleasant exercises1 as well for the body as for the mind2 but since my lord ,duke was always wont by reason of his infirmity to retire to sleep very early after supper1 every one usually betook himself at that hour to the presence of my lady ,duchess1 ,elisabetta ,gonzaga2 where also was ever to be found my lady ,emilia ,pia1 who was endowed with such lively wit and sound judgment that1 as you know1 she seemed the mistress of us all1 and that every one gained wisdom and worth from her4 ,here1 then1 gentle discussions and innocent pleasantries were heard1 and on the face of every one a jocund gayety was seen depicted1 so that the house could truly be called the very abode of mirth3 nor ever elsewhere1 ,i think1 was so relished1 as once was here1 how great may be the sweetness of dear and cherished companionship2 for apart from the honor it was to each of us to serve such a lord as he of whom ,i have just spoken1 there was born in the hearts of all a supreme contentment every time we came into the presence of my lady ,duchess2 and it seemed as though this contentment were a chain that held us all united in love1 so that never was concord of will or cordial love between brothers greater than that which here was between us all4 ,the same was it among the ladies1 with whom there was intercourse most free and honorable2 for every one was permitted to talk1 sit1 jest1 and laugh with whom he pleased2 but such was the reverence paid to the wish of my lady ,duchess1 that this same liberty was a very great check2 nor was there any one who did not esteem it the utmost pleasure he could have in the world to please her1 and the utmost pain to displease her4 ,and thus most decorous manners were here joined with the greatest liberty1 and games and laughter in her presence were seasoned not only with keenest wit1 but with gracious and sober dignity2 for that purity and loftiness which governed all the acts1 words1 and gestures of my lady ,duchess1 bantering and laughing1 were such that she would have been known for a lady of noblest rank by any one who saw her even but once4 ,and impressing herself thus upon those about her1 she seemed to attune us all to her own quality and pitch3 accordingly each strove to follow this example1 taking as it were a pattern of beautiful behavior from the bearing of so great and virtuous a lady2 whose highest qualities ,i do not now purpose to recount1 they not being my theme and being well known to all the world1 and far more because ,i could not express them with either tongue or pen2 and those that perhaps might have been somewhat hid1 fortune1 as though wondering at such rare virtue1 chose to reveal through many adversities and stings of calamity2 so as to give proof that in the tender breast of a woman1 in company with singular beauty1 there may abide prudence and strength of soul and all those virtues that even among stern men are very rare4 ,but continuing1 ,i say that the custom of all the gentlemen of the household was to betake themselves straightway after supper to my lady ,duchess2 where1 among the other pleasant pastimes and music and dancing that continually were practiced1 sometimes entertaining questions were proposed1 sometimes ingenious games were devised with one or another as arbiter1 in which under various disguises the company disclosed their thoughts figuratively to whomsoever pleased them best4 ,sometimes other discussions arose about different matters1 or biting retorts passed lightly back and forth2 often imprese1 as we now call them1 were displayed4 ,and in these verbal contests there was wonderful diversion1 the household being 7as ,i have said7 full of very noble talents2 among whom 7as you know7 the most famous were my lord ,ottaviano ,fregoso1 his brother ,messer ,federigo1 the ,magnifico ,giuliano de' ,medici1 ,messer ,pietro ,bembo1 ,messer ,cesare ,gonzaga1 the ,count ,ludovico da ,canossa1 my lord ,gaspar ,pallavicino1 my lord ,ludovico ,pio1 my lord ,morello da ,ortona1 ,pietro da ,napoli1 ,messer ,roberto da ,bari1 and countless other very noble gentlemen4 ,moreover there were many who1 though usually they did not remain there constantly1 yet spent most of the time there2 like ,messer ,bernardo ,bibbiena1 the ,unico ,aretino1 ,joan ,cristoforo ,romano1 ,pietro ,monte1 ,terpandro1 ,messer ,nicolo ,frisio2 so that there always flocked thither poets1 musicians1 and all kinds of agreeable men1 and the most eminent in ability that were to be found in ,italy4 ,,cato ,,the ,,censor 7#bcd-adi ,b4,c47 ,for many reasons1 ,cato the ,censor can hardly be wholly ignored in any adequate general view of literature4 ,if we look to the chance of survival as a test of vitality1 his practical and juiceless book on ,agriculture is the oldest volume of ,latin prose extant2 though we can hardly speak of it as still existing in the form given it by ,cato4 ,it appears to have been cruelly modernized in outward form about the time of ,augustus4 ,again1 the sturdy old supporter of ,roman simplicity was the first ,italian to publish a collection of orations4 ,a hundred and fifty speeches were known to ,cicero4 ,fragments of eighty still survive2 though in many cases they are represented merely by citations given incidentally by some late grammarian1 to prove the existence of some rare word or antiquated form4 ,again1 the ',origines' of ,cato would not only have afforded us1 if preserved1 welcome light upon the beginnings of ,rome and many other ,italian cities1 but a political and military history1 brought down to ,cato's own day1 and especially valuable for its fearless treatment of recent events4 ,indeed1 his own actual speeches were taken up into the history1 and one of them1 as partly preserved by ,aulus ,gellius1 furnishes the best example we have of the straightforward unadorned oratory of early ,rome4 ,there is reason to believe1 even1 that ,cato left what we may fairly call an encyclopaedia1--dedicated to1 and compiled for1 his son4 ,at any rate1 he wrote largely--not to mention works already alluded to--on eloquence1 medicine1 the military art1 etc4 ,yet it must be confessed that ,cato illustrates1 as strikingly as any figure that could be selected1 how little at home the true literary artist would have found himself in early ,latium1 if a perverse fate had made it possible for him to be born there1 or to stray thither1 at all4 ,even his figure and face were repellent enough to stand between ,socrates and ,samuel ,johnson1 as the most familiar ugly old men upon the stage of the world's life4 ,porcius1 fiery-haired1 gray-eyed1 and snarling at all men1-- says the unforgiving satirist1 is unwelcome even when dead1 to ,persephone in ,hades6 ,no authentic portrait-statue of him exists4 ,indeed these ,roman busts and figures1 especially in the earlier time1 were the work of ,greek artists1 and the likelihood of his giving a sitting to one of that race is exceedingly small4 ,the only work of ,cato's which from its title might seem to have had a poetic form was the ',carmen de ,moribus4' ,it seems to have been a eulogy upon old ,roman simplicity4 ,not only are the extant fragments in prosaic prose1 but the most famous of them declares1 with evident regret over his own gentler days of degeneracy3 ,their custom was to be dressed in public respectably1 at home so much as was needful4 ,they paid more for horses than for cooks4 ,the poet's art was in no honor4 ,if a man was devoted to it1 or applied himself to conviviality1 he was called a vagabond6 ,indeed1 ,cato's activity in literature probably had for its chief end and aim to resist the incoming tide of ,greek philosophy and of refinement generally2 he is the very type of ,horace's laudator temporis acti1 the eulogist of a bygone time3 that crude heroic time when ,dentatus1 hero of three triumphs1 ate boiled turnips in his chimney-corner1 and had no use for ,macedonian gold4 ,whether there was any important mass of ballads or other purely national ,roman or ,latin literature in that elder day has been much debated4 ,the general voice of scholars is against ,niebuhr and ,macaulay4 ,there is every indication that the practical1 unimaginative ,latin plowmen and spearsmen received the very alphabet of every art from vanquished ,hellas4 ,much of this same debate has turned on a fragment from ,cato4 ,cicero reports3--,in his ',origines' ,cato said that it had been a custom of the forefathers1 for those who reclined at banquet to sing to the flute the praises and merits of illustrious heroes4 ,the combination of conviviality and song in this passage tempts us to connect it with the scornful words from ,cato's own ',carmen1' already cited6 ,cato was half right1 no doubt4 ,the simple charm and vigor of rustic ,latium were threatened2 ,greek vice and ,oriental luxury were dangerous gifts3 but his resistance was as hopeless as ,canute's protest to the encroaching waves4 ,that this resistance was offered even to the great ,greek literature itself1 is unquestionable4 ,i will speak of those ,greeks in a suitable place1 son ,marcus1 telling what ,i learned at ,athens1 and what benefit it is to look into their books1--not to master them4 ,i shall prove them a most worthless and unteachable 767 race4 ,believe that this is uttered by a prophet3 whenever that folk imparts its literature1 it will corrupt everything4 ,the harsh1 narrow1 intolerant nature of ,cato is as remote as could well be from the scholarly or literary temper4 ,even his respectful biographer ,plutarch bursts out with indignant protest against the thrifty advice to sell off slaves who had grown old in service4 ,indeed1 most of ,cato's sayings remind us of some canny old ,scot1 or--it may be politer to say--of a hard-headed ,yankee farmer1 living out the precepts of ,poor ,richard's philosophy4 ,grip the subject3 words will follow1 is his chief contribution to rhetoric4 ,another has1 it must be confessed1 more of ,quintilian's flavor3 ,an orator1 son ,marcus1 is a good man skilled in speaking4 ,he is most at home however upon his farm1 preaching such familiar economies as ,buy not what you need1 but what you must have3 what you do not need is dear at a penny4 ,the nearest approach to wit is but a sarcastic consciousness of human weakness1 like the maxim ,praise large farms1 but till a small one2 the form of which1 by the way1 is strikingly like the advice given long before by a kindred spirit1 the ,ascraean farmer ,hesiod3-- ,praise thou a little vessel1 and store thy freight in a large one6 ,even the kindness of ,cato has a bitter flavor peculiarly ,roman4 ,when the great ,greek historian ,polybius and his fellow exiles were finally permitted to return to their native land1 ,cato turned the scale toward mercy in the ,senate with the haughty words1 ,as though we had nothing to do1 we sit here discussing whether some old ,greeks shall be carried to their graves here or in ,achaia6 ,there was a touch of real humor1 and perhaps of real culture too1 in his retort when ,polybius asked in addition for the restoration of civic honors held in ,greece seventeen years agone4 ,polybius1 he said1 with a smile1 wishes to venture again into the ,cyclops's cave1 because he forgot his cap and belt4 ,a few touches like this permit us to like1 as well as to admire1 this grim and harsh pattern of old simplicity4 ,whether ,cato learned ,greek at eighty as a grudging concession to the spirit of the age1 or to obtain weapons from the foe's own armory wherewith to combat his influence1 we need not argue4 ,indeed1 it is nearly certain that any special study at that time could have been only a revival of what he learned at ,athens many years earlier4 ,it is however a supreme touch of irony in ,cato's fate1 that he rendered1 doubtless unconsciously1 a greater service to ,hellenistic culture in ,rome than did even his illustrious younger contemporary ,scipio ,a,emilianus1 the patron of ,terence and the generous friend of ,polybius2 for it was our ,cato who brought in his train from ,sardinia the gallant young soldier afterward known as the poet ,ennius1--the creator of the ,latin hexameter1 of the artistic ,roman epic1 and in general the man who more than any other made ,greek poetry1 and even ,greek philosophy1 well known and respected among all educated ,romans4 ,cato is chiefly known to us through ,plutarch1 whose sketch shows the tolerance of that beloved writer toward the savage enemy of ,hellenism4 ,the charming central figure of ,cicero's dialogue on ',old ,age' takes little save his name from the bitter1 crabbed octogenarian1 who was still adding to his vote on any and all subjects1 ,moreover1 ,senators1 ,carthage must be wiped out4 ,all the world admires stubborn courage1 especially in a hopeless cause4 ,we1 the most radical and democratic of peoples1 especially admire the despairing stand of a belated conservative4 ,the peculiar virtues of the stock were repeated no less strikingly in the great-grandson1 ,cato of ,utica1 and make their name a synonym forevermore of unbending stoicism4 ,the phrase applied by a later ,roman poet to ,cato of ,utica may perhaps be quoted no less fittingly as the epitaph of his ancestor3-- ,the gods preferred the victor's cause1 but ,cato the vanquished2 for in spite of him1 the ,latin literature which has come down to us may be most truly characterized as the bridge over which ,hellenism reaches the modern world4 ,,on ,,agriculture ,from ',de ,agricultura4' ,the following extract gives a vivid glimpse of the life on a ,latian farm4 ,the ,roman gentleman may be regarded as an absentee landlord1 giving this advice to his agent4 ,the family is1 of course1 made up of slaves4 ,these shall be the bailiff's duties4 ,he shall keep up good discipline4 ,the holidays must be observed4 ,he shall keep his hands from other people's property1 and take good care of his own4 ,he shall act as umpire for disputes in the family4 ,if any one is guilty of mischief1 he shall exact return in good measure for the harm done4 ,the family is not to suffer1 to be cold1 to be hungry4 ,he is to keep it busy1 as thus he will more easily restrain it from mischief and thieving4 ,if the bailiff does not consent to evil-doing there will be none4 ,if he does allow it1 the master must not let it go unpunished4 ,for kindness he is to show gratitude1 so that the same one may be glad to do right in other matters4 ,the bailiff must not be a saunterer2 he must always be sober2 he mustn't go out to dinner4 ,he must keep the family busy2 must see to it that the master's commands are carried out4 ,he mustn't think he knows more than the master4 ,the master's friends he must count as his own4 ,he is to pay no attention to any one1 unless so bidden4 ,he is not to act as priest except at the ,compitalia or at the hearthside4 ,he is to give no one credit save at the master's orders4 ,when the master gives credit he must exact payment4 ,seed-corn1 kitchen utensils1 barley1 wine1 oil1 he must lend to no one4 ,he may have two or three families from whom he borrows1 and to whom he lends1 but no more4 ,he must square accounts with his master often4 ,the mechanic1 the hireling1 the sharpener of tools1 he must never keep more than a day4 ,he mustn't buy anything without the master's knowledge1 nor hide anything from the master1 nor have any hanger-on4 ,he should never consult a soothsayer1 prophet1 priest1 or ,chaldean4444 ,he should know how to do every farm task and should do it often1 without exhausting himself4 ,if he does this1 he will know what is in the minds of the family and they will work more contentedly4 ,besides1 if he works he will have less desire to stroll about1 and be healthier1 and sleep better4 ,he should be the first to get up and the last to go to bed2 should see that the country house is locked up1 that each one is sleeping where he belongs1 and that the cattle are fed4 ,,from ,,the ',,attic ,,nights' ,,of ,,aulus ,,gellius ,the extract given below1 as will be seen1 is quoted for the most part not from ,cato but from ,aulus ,gellius4 ,however1 the practice of ,gellius on other occasions where we are able to compare his text with the original1 indicates that he merely modernized ,cato's phraseology4 ,in many cases such changes probably make no difference at all in the modern rendering4 ,marcus ,cato1 in his book of ',origins1' has recorded an act of ,quintus ,caedicius1 a military tribune1 really illustrious1 and worthy of being celebrated with the solemnity of ,grecian eloquence4 ,it is nearly to this effect3--,the ,carthaginian general in ,sicily1 in the first ,punic war1 advancing to meet the ,roman army1 first occupied some hills and convenient situations4 ,the ,romans1 as it happened1 got into a spot open to surprise1 and very dangerous4 ,the tribune came to the consul1 pointing out the danger from the inconvenience of the spot1 and the surrounding enemy4 ,i think1 says he1 if you would save us1 you must immediately order certain four hundred to advance to yonder wart 7for thus ,cato indicated a rugged and elevated place7 and command them to take possession of it2 when the enemy shall see this1 every one among them that is brave and ardent will be intent on attacking and frightening them1 and will be occupied by this business alone1 and these four hundred men will doubtless all be slain2--you1 whilst the enemy shall be engaged in slaughter1 will have an opportunity of withdrawing the army from this place3 there is no other possible method of escape4 ,the consul replied that the advice appeared wise and good4 ,but whom1 says he1 shall ,i find1 that will lead these four hundred men to that spot against the battalions of the enemy8--,if1 answered the tribune1 you find no one else1 employ me in this dangerous enterprise2 ,i offer my life to you and my country4 ,the consul thanked and praised him4 ,the tribune1 with his four hundred men1 advanced to death4 ,the enemy1 astonished at their boldness1 waited to see where they were going2 but when it appeared that they were marching to take possession of the hill1 the ,carthaginian general sent against them the ablest men of his army1 both horse and foot4 ,the ,roman soldiers were surrounded1 and being surrounded1 fought2 the contest was long doubtful1 but numbers at length prevailed2 the four hundred1 to a man1 were either slain with the sword or buried under missile weapons4 ,the consul1 in the interval of the engagement1 withdrew his troops to a spot high and secure1 but the event which happened to this tribune who commanded the four hundred1 ,i shall subjoin1 not in my own but ,cato's words3 ,the immortal gods gave the military tribune a fortune suitable to his valor3 for thus it happened1 when he was wounded in every other part1 his head alone was unhurt1 and when they distinguished him amongst the dead1 exhausted with wounds1 and breathing with difficulty from loss of blood1 they bore him off4 ,he recovered1 and often afterwards performed bold and eminent services to his country2 and this exploit of his detaching these troops preserved the remainder of the army4 ,but the place where the same deed is done1 is of great importance4 ,leonidas of ,lacedaemon1 whose conduct was the same at ,thermopylae1 is extolled2 on account of his virtues all ,greece celebrated his glory1 and raised his name to the highest degree of eminence1 testifying their gratitude for his exploit by monuments1 trophies1 statues1 panegyrics1 histories1 and other similar means4 ,but to this tribune of the people1 who did the same thing1 and saved his country1 small praise has been assigned4 ,,jacob ,,cats 7#aegg-affj7 ,illustration3 ,,jacob ,,cats ,the life of ,jacob ,cats falls within the golden age of ,dutch literature1 represented in the north by ,hooft1 ,roemer ,visscher1 and ,joost van den ,vondel1 and in the south by the ,zeeland circle of poets1 among whom ,cats was undoubtedly the greatest4 ,there have been times when ,cats's was the one name among ,dutch poets2 in homes where no other books were found1 one might at least be sure of finding the ,bible and ,father ,cats4 ,but it is doubtful whether he would be considered great outside of ,holland4 ,he is the most prosaic of poets1 has limited power of language and a still more limited choice of versification2 with these drawbacks he is1 however1 most characteristically ,dutch1 partly on account of his practical moral teachings and partly on account of the monotonous tic-tac of his verse4 ,the erection of a monument in his honor in his native city1 and the painting of his portrait by ,rembrandt in #afce1 were therefore well-deserved tributes to a man strangely representative of his nation4 ,yet1 even in ,holland1 voices have been raised against his popularity4 ,busken ,huet has called him a miserable character1 a personified mediocrity1 a vulgar and vulgarizing spirit4 ,jacob ,cats1 the youngest of four children1 was born in ,brouwershaven on the #ajth of ,november1 #aegg4 ,his mother died when he was only a few years old1 and his father1 member of the council in ,brouwershaven1 soon gave his children a stepmother4 ,cats praises her good deeds and good management in his verses2 but it would seem as if her management were not in accordance with what the family considered beneficial to the children4 ,one of the uncles adopted little ,jacob1 and sent him to the school of ,master ,dirk ,kemp in ,zierikzee4 ,here he met a young boy from ,brabant who was cultivating poetry1 and their daily comradeship awakened the same tastes in ,cats4 ,master ,kemp was a man who1 although of good intentions1 had not the power to carry them out2 ,jacob's uncle accordingly took him out of school and sent him to the ,university of ,leyden to study law4 ,from ,leyden he went to ,orleans1 where he took his degree1 and then to ,paris4 ,when he had been here for some time1 his uncle thought it wisest to call him back2 and ,cats's career dates from his return to ,the ,hague1 where he settled as a lawyer4 ,very soon after he had taken up his practice he succeeded in saving a woman accused of witchcraft1 and won the case of a young man who1 in defending his father from a murderous attack1 had killed the assailant4 ,these cases called attention to ,cats2 he soon made a name for himself4 ,his activity was then suddenly interrupted by a severe illness4 ,he was forced to leave the damp climate of ,holland1 and went to ,england to seek the counsel of ,queen ,elizabeth's famous physician ,butler4 ,the treatment gave him no relief1 however2 and he did not improve until after his return to ,holland1 where he met a learned alchemist1 to whose skill he ascribed his cure4 ,in #afjc he moved to ,middelburg1 and began life with new strength4 ,he tells in one of his poems of his meeting in the ,french church with a young girl1 with whom he fell in love at first sight2 of his growing affection for her and his intention to marry her2 of the report that her father had just lost all his money in a speculation2 and he confesses with a most naive and rather cynic frankness3-- ,for her in very truth1 with but the least of cause ,and with a joyful heart1 ,i'd given up the ghost4-- ,look ye1 this evil lot that to the father fell ,has in an instant's time my heart of love bereft6 ,immediately after this incident1 ,cats married ,elizabeth van ,valkenburg1 a rich girl from ,antwerpen4 ,her good sense1 faithfulness1 and housewifely virtues found a warm expression in the following words3-- ,she was a worthy woman1 ,a foundation for a home1 a model of truth4 ,this period of ,cats's life1 almost coincident with the twelve-years' armistice ending in #afba1 when the war with ,spain was resumed1 was one of varied activity4 ,aside from the duties of his practice1 he gave much time to the diking of grounds neglected during the war1 now in great danger from the sea2 and while at his country-place ,grijpskerke near ,middelburg1 where his flock of children played under the trees1 he wrote the poems ',emblemata of ,sinnebeelden' 7,emblemata or ,emblems72 ',maeghdeplicht' 7,maiden ,duty71 in #afah2 ',selfstryt' 7,inward ,strife71 #afbj2 ',toonel der ,mannelycke ,achtbaerheyd' 7,scene of ,manly ,respectability71 and ',houwelyck' 7,marriage74 ,with the beginning of the war his own peace was at an end4 ,several of the grounds reclaimed from the sea were once more flooded to prevent the advance of the enemy4 ,in #afba he accepted the office of pensionary of ,middelburg1 his first step toward official statesmanship4 ,in #afbc he was elected pensionary of ,dordrecht1 and although he hesitated in leaving ,zeeland1 he finally decided to accept the office4 ,in #afbe he added to his duties those of ,curator of ,leyden ,university4 ,his literary work was consequently laid aside4 ,in #afbg ,cats accompanied ,albert ,joachimi as ambassador to ,london to open negotiations for a navigation treaty4 ,he was only partly successful in his mission1 but was met with much consideration by ,charles ,i41 who decorated him with the order of ,st4 ,jovis4 ,shortly after his return he lost his wife after a brief illness4 ,while he was writing ',trouwring' 7,wedding ,ring71 a collection of epic and lyric poems1 he was elected ,secretary of ,state in #afcf1 and in #afde ,keeper of the ,great ,seal and ,governor4 ,but he had the experience in his public life that a crown may often be a crown of thorns2 and in #afea he begged to be released from his burdensome office4 ,his demand was granted1 and on this occasion ,cats fell on his knees in the presence of the ,states-,general and thanked ,god for taking away his heavy burden4 ,he was once more persuaded to join an embassy to ,england4 ,cromwell had meanwhile come to power2 ,cats and his fellow-travelers returned with but little accomplished1 and the old statesman and poet saw himself free to spend the last years of his life on his place ,zorgvliet1 which he had built outside of ,the ,hague on the way to ,scheveningen1 in the midst of the ,dunes4 ,although he may not have been a great statesman1 he had felt the responsibility of his calling4 ,he was never quite equal to it1 and often felt himself helpless and small against the encroachment of the ,powers4 ,but honesty and patriotism were his to the fullest extent4 ,the last eight years of his life he spent in ,zorgvliet in undisturbed peace4 ,he returned to his literary labors and wrote ',onderdom en ,buitenleven' 7,age and ,country ,life71 ',hofgedachtess' 7,court ,thoughts71 and his rhymed autobiography ',twee-entaghtig-jarig ,leven' 7,a ,life of ,eighty-two ,years74 ,he seems to have kept his warm interest and joy in life to the very last4 ,,fear ,,after ,,the ,,trouble ,awhile ago ,i read a tale methinks is curious4 ,perhaps to every one the story may be useful2 ,therefore in timeliness unto the light ,i drag it1 ,in hope that all who read1 in it will find a pleasure4 ,a lord once lived of old1 whose joy it was to wander ,in field and flowery mead1 quite to his heart's contentment4 ,a horse he had withal1 so sage that1 slept the rider1 ,it home would wisely go1 without the knight to waken4 ,and so it came to pass that one day forthward faring1 ,to dine1 the cavalier by a good friend was bidden4 ,he met with welcome glad2 good wine went freely flowing4 ,at last1 for all such cheer1 the guest must take his leave4 ,himself then he prepared to climb into his saddle1 ,and turned his beast about1 that home were soon attained4 ,the day was bleak and raw2 the sun of light was chary2 ,through clouds before its face1 a pallid light descended4 ,the wise steed careful stepped onward along the highway1 ,its sober rider borne1 as custom was1 unwearied4 ,anon the usual drowse closed up the rider's eyelids3 ,his beast walked calmly on1 in faithfulness of service2 ,the man1 profoundly sleeping1 traveled as he was wonted2 ,the time at last brought near when he should reach his dwelling4 ,but lo6 a friend is met1 who questions him in wonder3-- ,how possible it was his steed had brought him thither8 ,the knight responded straight--,why1 ,i the way have ridden ,that1 during seven years1 ,i constantly have come2 ,my beast on which ,i sit hath borne me duly houseward-- ,the midnight's dark itself makes not his foot unsteady4 ,how1 friend8 his questioner cried1 even when the bridge is broken8 ,the stream to cross at all1 no other means ,i know3 ,this wondrous horse of thine old ,perseus must have owned1 ,who fought the dragon once1 and cut its head to pieces4 ,things sure are as they were6 ,you came not flying hither6 ,it seems to me1 belike1 a ghost has been your cheater4 ,to take it otherwise1 the joke to me seems pointless4 ,not possible it is1 this story that you tell me4 ,but that o'er such a thing no wrangling be between us1 ,come to the bridge with me2 ,i gladly will be escort4 ,the spot and fact themselves1 in proof ,i straight will disclose1 ,that you may note how ill goes with your word the matter4 ,whereto so long a speech8 ,the ,knight was well persuaded2 ,the flood is reached again1 the truth of things lies open6 ,bridge is there none indeed--rests but a strip of planking1 ,crossing the rushing wave1 narrow and all unsteady4 ,the foot of man must needs with prudence o'er it tiptoe1 ,the nerve and will be firm to reach that further goal4 ,the foot that is not true1 that left or right shall waver1 ,drowns in the flood below the passenger unlucky4 ,when now the man of naps marks all at once the bridge1 ,notes well the narrow path1 marks the too slender footway1 ,his shock in truth is great2 loud his poor heart goes beating4 ,in fear and shudders cold1 the scene he stands and pictures2 ,sees with a frightened eye just how his path has served him4 ,and more and more his soul sickens with tardy terror1 ,more to his heart the blood1 driven away1 goes rushing2-- ,that hour of fear to him brought him an endless illness4 ,look now1 how odd it seems6 ,he well in peace had ridden1 ,suffering no mishap1 spared from the thing all mischief-- ,utterly downcast is1 whereas his danger's over6 ,fear makes him sick at heart1 deep in his being centred4 ,questions now any one what be this tale's life-lesson8 ,him shall ,i gladly give what in it lies1 methinks2 ,speak out as best ,i can what as a maxim's plainest3-- ,friendly is never he sparing of bread and counsel4 ,the man who rode his way safely and lost in slumber1 ,he unto whom occurred just this strange bit of fortune1 ,like is he 7it meseems7 unto the lustful mortal1 ,evil in earthly course1 given to sottish living1 ,wandering on1 shut-eyed1 lost in the way of pleasure1 ,taking no slightest notice of the abyss so open3 ,never with heed made blessed1 not with his conscience warned3 ,how at his side is ,death1 prompt to cut off the living6 ,but with our ,lord ,god's grace1 suddenly on him bestowed1 ,opening wide his eye--then1 not till then1 he's awakened4 ,terror absorbs his soul1 holy the fear that takes it2 ,now is the sinner roused1 sees for the first his doings4 ,wondering see him stand1 uttering loud his outcry3-- ,awful has been my blindness1 dreadful my soul's delusion4 ,how could ,i be so tricked8 how could my sleep so grip me8 ,i who1 in touch with death1 careless my ease was taking6 ,happy in truth the man fallen in no such peril1 ,since with a careful eye watches he every footstep1 ,blessed in that ,god himself insight to him has granted ,what was his danger to feel2 how he has made escapement4 ,translation through the ,german by ,e4 ,irenaeus ,stevenson4 ,a ,,rich ,,man ,,loses ,,his ,,child1 ,a ,,poor ,,man ,,loses ,,his ,,cow ,come hither1 pray1 ,o friends6 ,let me my sorrow tell you4 ,wordless such loss to bear1 my heart indeed endures not3 ,all that the soul downweighs seems to a man less bitter1 ,if to the friendly ear sorrow can be but uttered4 ,dead is my neighbor's child3 dead is my only cow4 ,comfort has fled from him2 fled from me every joying4 ,so do we sorrow1 both1 reft of our peace each bosom3 ,he that his child is dead--,i that my cow is taken4 ,look you now1 friends6 how strange ay1 and how sad ,fate's dealings6 ,i well had spared a child--one cow he well had wanted4 ,turn things about1 thou ,death6 ,less evil seem thy doings4 ,full is my house--too full3 surely is full his cow-house6 ,death1 take his stalls for prey1 or choose from out my seven6 ,there have you1 ,death1 full room2 less to us too the trouble4 ,certain the pain's forgot--ay1 and forgotten quickly1 ,when1 in the greater herd1 one little wolf's a robber6 ,what do ,i murmur thus8 ,ever is ,death one earless4 ,lost on him good advice1 argument on him wasted4 ,onward he moves1 this ,death1 pallid and wholly blindly4 ,oftenest he a guest just where his call's least needed4 ,ah1 who can calm my grief2 who1 pray1 shall still my neighbor's8 ,just as we would not choose1 so unto each it happens6-- ,he who is rich must lose all that means nearest heirship1 ,i1 the poor man1 ,o ,god6 stripped of my one possession6 ,translation through the ,german by ,e4 ,irenaeus ,stevenson4 ,,catullus 7#hd-ed ,b4,c487 ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mackail ,illustration3 ,,valerius ,,catullus ,the last thirty years of the ,roman ,republic are1 alike in thought and action1 one of the high-water marks of the world's history4 ,this is the age of ,cicero and of ,julius ,caesar4 ,this brief period includes the conquest of ,gaul1 the invasion of ,britain1 the annexation of the ,asiatic monarchies founded by ,alexander's marshals2 the final collapse of the ,roman oligarchy which had subdued the whole known world2 the development of the stateliest and most splendid prose that the world has ever seen or is ever likely to see2 and lastly1 a social life among the ,roman upper classes so brilliant1 so humane1 so intimately known to us from contemporary historians1 poets1 orators1 letter-writers1 that we can live in it with as little stretch of imagination as we can live in the ,england of ,queen ,anne4 ,among the foremost figures of this wonderful period is ,valerius ,catullus1 the first of ,latin lyric poets1 and perhaps the third1 alongside of ,sappho and ,shelley1 in the supreme rank of the lyric poets of the world4 ,he represents in his life and his genius the fine flower of his age and country4 ,he was born at ,verona of a wealthy and distinguished family1 while ,italy was convulsed by the civil wars of ,marius and ,sulla2 he died at the age of thirty1 while ,caesar was completing the conquest of ,gaul1 and the ,republic1 though within a few days of its extinction1 still seemed full of the pride of life4 ,the rush and excitement of those thrilling years is mirrored fully in the life and poetry of ,catullus4 ,fashion1 travel1 politics1 criticism1 all the thousandfold and ever-changing events and interests of the age1 come before us in their most vivid form and at their highest pressure1 in this brief volume of lyrics4 ,but all come involved with and overshadowed by a story wholly personal to himself and immortal in its fascination3 the story of an immense and ill-fated love that fed its life's flame with self-substantial fuel1 and mounted in the morning glories of sunrise only to go down in thunder and tempest before noon4 ,there are perhaps no love poems in the world like these4 ,of ,sappho1 seemingly the greatest poet of her sex1 we can only dally with surmise from mutilated fragments4 ,no one else in the ancient world comes into the account4 ,the ,middle ,ages involved love inextricably with mysticism4 ,when ,europe shook the ,middle ,ages off1 it had begun to think4 ,exquisite reflections on love1 innocent pastorals1 adorable imagery1--these it could produce2 in the ,france of the ,pleiade for instance1 or in the ,england of ,greene and ,campion3 but thought and passion keep ill company4 ,once only1 a century ago1 a genius as fierce and flame-like as that of ,catullus rose to the height of this argument4 ,an intractable language1 sterilizing surroundings1 bad models1 imperfect education1 left ,burns hopelessly distanced2 yet the quintessential flame that he shares with ,catullus has served to make him the idol of a nation1 and a household word among many millions of his race4 ,clodia1 the ,lady of the ,sonnets in ,catullus1 whom he calls ,lesbia by a transparent fiction1 has no ambiguous or veiled personality4 ,she was one of the most famous and most scandalous women of her time4 ,by birth and marriage she belonged to the innermost circle of that more than royal ,roman aristocracy which had accumulated the wealth of the world into its hands1 and sent out its younger sons carelessly to misgovern and pillage empires4 ,when ,catullus made her acquaintance1 she was a married woman some six or seven years older than himself4 ,through a little arc of heaven the poems show his love running its sorrowful and splendid course4 ,rapture of tenderness1 infatuation1 revolt1 relapse1 re-entanglement1 agonized stupor1 the stinging pain of reviving life1 fierce love passing into as fierce a hatred1 all sweep before us in dazzling language molded out of pure air and fire4 ,so far1 ,burns alone1 and ,burns only at his rarer heights1 can give a modern reader some idea of ,catullus4 ,but ,burns had little education and less taste2 and so when he leaves the ground of direct personal emotion1--that is to say1 in nineteen-twentieths of his poetry1--he is constantly on the edge1 and often over it1 of tawdriness1 vulgarity1 commonplace4 ,catullus was master of all the technical skill then known to poetry4 ,without anything approaching the immense learning of ,virgil or ,milton1 he had1 like ,shelley among ,english poets1 the instincts and training of a scholar4 ,it is this fine scholarship--the eye and hand of the trained artist in language--combined with his lucid and imperious simplicity1 like that of some gifted and terrible child1 that makes him unique among poets4 ,when he leaves the golden fields of poetry and dashes into political lampoons1 or insolent and unquotable attacks on people 7men or women7 who had the misfortune to displease him1 he becomes like ,burns again1 ,burns the satirist2 yet even here nimbler witted1 lighter of touch1 with the keenness of the rapier rather than of the ,northern axe-edge4 ,his scholarliness--like that of most scholars--was not without its drawbacks4 ,his immediate literary masters1 the ,greeks of the ,alexandrian school1 were a coterie of pedants2 it would be idle to claim that he remained unaffected by their pedantry4 ,in the last years of his life he seems to have lost himself somewhat in technical intricacies and elaborate metrical experiments2 in translations from that prince in preciosity1 the ,alexandrian ,callimachus2 and idyllic pieces of overloaded ornament studied from the school of ,theocritus4 ,the longest and most ambitious poem of these years1 the epic idyl on ',the ,marriage of ,peleus and ,thetis1' is full of exquisite beauties of detail1 but taken in its whole effect is languid1 cloying1 and monotonous4 ,he makes a more brilliant success in his other long poem1 the famous ',atys1' the single example in ,latin of the large-scale lyric so familiar to ,greece and ,england4 ,but indeed in every form of lyric poetry attempted by him1 his touch is infallible4 ,the lovely poems of travel which he wrote during and after a voyage to ,asia are as unequaled in their sunny beauty as the love-lyrics are in fire and passion4 ,alongside of these there are little funny verses to his friends1 and other verses to his enemies which they probably did not think funny in the least2 verses of occasion and verses of compliment2 and verses of sympathy1 with a deep human throb in them that shows how little his own unhappy love had embittered him or shut him up in selfish broodings4 ,two of these pieces are pre-eminent beyond all the rest4 ,the one is a marriage song written by him for the wedding of two of his friends1 ,mallius ,torquatus and ,vinia ,aurunculeia4 ,in its straightforward unassuming grace1 in its musical clearness1 in the picture it draws1 with so gentle and yet so refined and distinguished a touch1 of common household happiness1 it is worthy of its closing place in the golden volume of his lyrics4 ,the other is a brief poem1 only ten lines long1 written at his brother's grave near ,troy4 ,it is one of the best known of ,latin poems2 and before its sorrow1 its simplicity1 its piteous tenderness1 the astonishing cadence of its rhythms1 praise itself seems almost profanation4 ,tenderest of ,roman poets nineteen hundred years ago-- so ,tennyson in one of his own beautiful lyrics addresses ,catullus2 and it is this unsurpassed tenderness that more than all his other admirable qualities1 than his consummate technical skill1 than his white heat of passion1 than his clearness as of the terrible crystal1 brings him and keeps him near our hearts4 ,that wonderful ,ciceronian age has left its mark as few ages have1 deep upon human history4 ,the conquests and legislation of ,julius ,caesar determined the future of ,europe and laid the foundation of the modern world4 ,the prose invented by ,cicero became and still remains the common language of civilized mankind4 ,among the poems of ,catullus are verses addressed to both of these men2 but his own young ivy-crowned brows shine out of the darkness and the distance1 with no less pure a radiance and no less imperishable a fame4 ,signature3 ,j4,w4 ,mackail ,,note4--,in ,mr4 ,mackail's closing phrase the lover of ,ovid will note an echo from that poet's famous elegy suggested by the premature death of still another ,roman singer1 ,tibullus4 ,among the kindred spirits--says ,ovid--who will welcome the new-comer to the ,elysian fields1-- ,thou1 ,o learned ,catullus1 thy young brows ivy-encircled1 ,bringing thy ,calvus with thee1 wilt to receive him appear4 ,,ed4 ,,dedication ,,for ,a ,,volume ,,of ,,lyrics ,this dainty little book and new1 ,just polished with the pumice1 who ,shall now receive8--,cornelius1 you6 ,for these my trifles even then ,you counted of some value1 when ,you only of ,italian men ,into three tomes had dared to cast ,the story of all ages past1-- ,learned1 ,o ,jupiter1 and vast6 ,so take it1 prize it as you may4 --,and1 gracious ,virgin1 this ,i pray3 ,that it shall live beyond our day6 ,translation of ,w4 ,c4 ,lawton4 ,a ,,morning ,,call ,varus would take me t'other day ,to see a little girl he knew1-- ,pretty and witty in her way1 ,with impudence enough for two4 ,scarce are we seated1 ere she chatters 7,as pretty girls are wont to do7 ,about all persons1 places1 matters3-- ,and pray1 what has been done for you8 ,bithynia1 lady6 ,i replied1 ,is a fine province for a praetor2 ,for none 7,i promise you7 beside1 ,and least of all am ,i her debtor4 ,sorry for that6 said she4 ,however1 ,you have brought with you1 ,i dare say1 ,some litter-bearers2 none so clever ,in any other part as they4 ,bithynia is the very place ,for all that's steady1 tall1 and straight2 ,it is the nature of the race4 ,could you not lend me six or eight8 ,why1 six or eight of them or so1 ,said ,i1 determined to be grand2 ,my fortune is not quite so low ,but these are still at my command4 ,you'll send them8--,willingly6 ,i told her1 ,although ,i had not here or there ,one who could carry on his shoulder ,the leg of an old broken chair4 ,catullus6 what a charming hap is ,our meeting in this sort of way6 ,i would be carried to ,serapis ,to-morrow6--,stay1 fair lady1 stay6 ,you overvalue my intention4 ,yes1 there are eight 444 there may be nine3 ,i merely had forgot to mention ,that they are ,cinna's1 and not mine4 ,paraphrase of ,w4 ,s4 ,landor4 ,,home ,,to ,,sirmio ,dear ,sirmio1 that art the very eye ,of islands and peninsulas1 that lie ,deeply embosomed in calm inland lake1 ,or where the waves of the vast ocean break2 ,joy of all joys1 to gaze on thee once more6 ,i scarce believe that ,i have left the shore ,of ,thynia1 and ,bithynia's parching plain1 ,and gaze on thee in safety once again6 ,oh1 what more sweet than when1 from care set free1 ,the spirit lays its burden down1 and we1 ,with distant travel spent1 come home and spread ,our limbs to rest along the wished-for bed6 ,this1 this alone1 repays such toils as these6 ,smile1 then1 fair ,sirmio1 and thy master please1-- ,and you1 ye dancing waters of the lake1 ,rejoice2 and every smile of home awake6 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,heart-,,break ,with your ,catullus ill it fares1 alas6 ,o ,cornificius1 and most wearily2 ,still worse with all the days and hours that pass4 ,and with what greeting do you comfort me8 ,the least of boons1 and easiest to bestow2 ,wroth am ,i1 that my love is answered so4 ,a word of greeting1 pray you2 what you please2 ,more sad than tear-drops of ,simonides6 ,translation of ,w4 ,c4 ,lawton4 ,,to ,,calvus ,,in ,,bereavement ,if there be aught1 my ,calvus1 that out of our sorrowing proffered ,unto the voiceless dead grateful or welcome may be1 ,when we revive with insatiate longing our ancient affection1 ,when for the ties we lament1 broken1 that once have been ours1 ,though ,quintilia grieve for her own untimely departure1 ,yet in thy faithful love greater1 be sure1 is her joy4 ,translation of ,w4 ,c4 ,lawton4 ,,the ,,pinnace ,this pinnace1 friends1 which here you see1 ,avers erewhile she used to be ,unmatched for speed1 and could outstrip ,triumphantly the fastest ship ,that ever swam1 or breasted gale1 ,alike with either oar or sail4 ,and this1 she says1 her haughty boast1 ,the stormy ,adriatic coast1 ,the ,cyclad islands1 ,rhodes the grand1 ,rude ,thrace1 the wild ,propontic strand1 ,will never venture to gainsay2 ,nor yet the ,euxine's cruel bay1 ,where in her early days she stood1 ,this bark to be1 a shaggy wood2 ,for from her vocal locks full oft1 ,where o'er ,cytorus far aloft ,the fitful mountain-breezes blow1 ,she piped and whistled loud or low4 ,to thee1 ,amastris1 on thy rocks1 ,to thee1 ,cytorus1 clad with box1 ,has long been known1 my bark avers1 ,this little history of hers4 ,in her first youth1 she doth protest1 ,she stood upon your topmost crest1 ,first in your waters dipped her oars1 ,first bore her master from your shores ,anon unscathed o'er many a deep1 ,in sunshine and in storm to sweep2 ,whether the breezes1 as she flew1 ,from larboard or from starboard blew1 ,or with a wake of foam behind1 ,she scudded full before the wind4 ,nor to the gods of ocean e'er ,for her was offered vow or prayer1 ,though from yon farthest ocean drear ,she came to this calm crystal mere4 ,but these are things of days gone past4 ,now1 anchored here in peace at last1 ,to grow to hoary age1 lies she1 ,and dedicates herself to thee1 ,who hast alway her guardian been1 ,twin ,castor1 and thy brother twin6 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,an ,,invitation ,,to ,,dinner ,if the gods will1 ,fabullus mine1 ,with me right heartily you'll dine4 ,bring but good cheer--that chance is thine ,some days hereafter2 ,mind1 a fair girl too1 wit1 and wine1 ,and merry laughter4 ,bring these--you'll feast on kingly fare2 ,but bring them--for my purse--,i swear ,the spiders have been weaving there2 ,but thee ,i'll favor ,with a pure love1 or what's more rare1 ,more sweet of savor1 ,an unguent ,i'll before you lay ,the ,loves and ,graces t'other day ,gave to my girl--smell it--you'll pray ,the gods1 ,fabullus1 ,to make you turn all nose straightway4 ,yours aye1 ,,catullus4 ,translation of ,james ,cranstoun4 ,a ,,brother',s ,,grave ,brother6 o'er many lands and oceans borne1 ,i reach thy grave1 death's last sad rite to pay2 ,to call thy silent dust in vain1 and mourn1 ,since ruthless fate has hurried thee away3 ,woe's me6 yet now upon thy tomb ,i lay-- ,all soaked with tears for thee1 thee loved so well-- ,what gifts our fathers gave the honored clay ,of valued friends2 take them1 my grief they tell3 ,and now1 forever hail6 forever fare thee well6 ,translation of ,james ,cranstoun4 ,,farewell ,,to ,,his ,,fellow-,,officers ,the milder breath of ,spring is nigh2 ,the stormy equinoctial sky ,to ,zephyr's gentle breezes yields4 ,behind me soon the ,phrygian fields1 ,nicaea's sun-beat realm1 shall lie4 ,to ,asia's famous towns we'll hie4 ,my heart1 that craves to wander free1 ,throbs even now expectantly4 ,with zeal my joyous feet are strong2 ,farewell1 dear comrades1 loved so long6 ,afar together did we roam2 ,now ways diverse shall lead us home4 ,translation of ,w4 ,c4 ,lawton4 ,,verses ,,from ,,an ,,epithalamium ,and now1 ye gates1 your wings unfold6 ,the virgin draweth nigh4 ,behold ,the torches1 how upon the air ,they shake abroad their gleaming hair6 ,come1 bride1 come forth6 no more delay6 ,the day is hurrying fast away6 ,but lost in shame and maiden fears1 ,she stirs not1--weeping1 as she hears ,the friends that to her tears reply1-- ,thou must advance1 the hour is nigh6 ,come1 bride1 come forth6 no more delay6 ,the day is hurrying fast away6 ,dry up thy tears6 ,for well ,i trow1 ,no woman lovelier than thou1 ,aurunculeia1 shall behold ,the day all panoplied in gold1 ,and rosy light uplift his head ,above the shimmering ocean's bed6 ,as in some rich man's garden-plot1 ,with flowers of every hue inwrought1 ,stands peerless forth with drooping brow ,the hyacinth1 so standest thou6 ,come1 bride1 come forth6 no more delay6 ,the day is hurrying fast away6 99 99 99 99 99 ,soon my eyes shall see1 mayhap1 ,young ,torquatus on the lap ,of his mother1 as he stands ,stretching out his tiny hands1 ,and his little lips the while ,half-open on his father smile4 ,and oh6 may he in all be like ,manlius his sire1 and strike ,strangers1 when the boy they meet1 ,as his father's counterfeit1 ,and his face the index be ,of his mother's chastity6 ,him1 too1 such fair fame adorn1 ,son of such a mother born1 ,that the praise of both entwined ,call ,telemachus to mind1 ,with her who nursed him on her knee1 ,unparagoned ,penelope6 ,now1 virgins1 let us shut the door6 ,enough we've toyed1 enough and more6 ,but fare ye well1 ye loving pair1 ,we leave ye to each other's care2 ,and blithely let your hours be sped ,in joys of youth and lustyhed6 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,note4--,the remaining poems of our selection are all associated with the famous passion for ,lesbia4 ,,love ,,is ,,all ,let us1 ,lesbia darling1 still ,live our life1 and love our fill2 ,heeding not a jot1 howe'er ,churlish dotards chide or stare6 ,suns go down1 but 'tis to rise ,brighter in the morning skies2 ,but when sets our little light1 ,we must sleep in endless night4 ,a thousand kisses grant me1 sweet3 ,with a hundred these complete2 ,lip me a thousand more1 and then ,another hundred give again4 ,a thousand add to these1 anon ,a hundred more1 then hurry one ,kiss after kiss without cessation1 ,until we lose all calculation2 ,so envy shall not mar our blisses ,by numbering up our tale of kisses4 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,elegy ,,on ,,lesbia',s ,,sparrow ,loves and ,graces1 mourn with me1 ,mourn1 fair youths1 where'er ye be6 ,dead my ,lesbia's sparrow is1 ,sparrow that was all her bliss1 ,than her very eyes more dear2 ,for he made her dainty cheer2 ,knew her well1 as any maid ,knows her mother2 never strayed ,from her bosom1 but would go ,hopping round her to and fro4 ,and to her1 and her alone1 ,chirruped with such pretty tone4 ,now he treads that gloomy track ,whence none ever may come back4 ,out upon you1 and your power1 ,which all fairest things devour1 ,orcus's gloomy shades1 that e'er ,ye took my bird that was so fair6 ,ah1 the pity of it6 ,thou ,poor bird1 thy doing 'tis1 that now ,my loved one's eyes are swollen and red1 ,with weeping for her darling dead4 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,fickle ,,and ,,changeable ,,ever ,never a soul but myself1 though ,jove himself were to woo her1 ,lesbia says she would choose1 might she have me for her mate4 ,says--but what woman will say to a lover on fire to possess her1 ,write on the bodiless wind1 write on the stream as it runs4 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,two ,,chords ,i ,hate and love--the why ,i cannot tell4 ,but by my tortures know the fact too well4 ,translation of ,sir ,theodore ,martin4 ,,last ,,word ,,to ,,lesbia ,o ,furius and ,aurelius6 comrades sweet6 ,who to ,ind's farthest shore with me would roam1 ,where the far-sounding ,orient billows beat ,their fury into foam2 ,or to ,hyrcania1 balm-breathed ,araby1 ,the ,sacian's or the quivered ,parthian's land1 ,or where seven-mantled ,nile's swoll'n waters dye ,the sea with yellow sand2 ,or cross the lofty ,alpine fells1 to view ,great ,caesar's trophied fields1 the ,gallic ,rhine1 ,the paint-smeared ,briton race1 grim-visaged crew1 ,placed by earth's limit line3 ,to all prepared with me to brave the way1 ,to dare whate'er the eternal gods decree-- ,these few unwelcome words to her convey ,who once was all to me4 ,still let her revel with her godless train1 ,still clasp her hundred slaves to passion's thrall1 ,still truly love not one1 but ever drain ,the life-blood of them all4 ,nor let her more my once fond passion heed1 ,for by her faithlessness 'tis blighted now1 ,like flow'ret on the verge of grassy mead ,crushed by the passing plow4 ,translation of ,james ,cranstoun4 ,,benvenuto ,,cellini 7#aejj-aega7 ,among the three or four best autobiographies of the world's literature1 the ',memoirs' of ,benvenuto ,cellini are unique as the self-delineation of the most versatile of craftsmen1 a bizarre genius1 and a typical exponent of the brilliant period of the later ,italian ,renaissance4 ,as a record of the ways of living and modes of thinking of that fascinating epoch1 they are more lively and interesting than history1 more entertaining1 if more true to fact1 than a romance4 ,as one of his ,italian critics1 ,baretti1 put it3--,the life of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 written by himself in the pure and unsophisticated idiom of the ,florentine people1 surpasses every book in our literature for the delight it affords the reader4 ,this is high praise for the product of a literature that boasts of ,boccaccio's ',decameron1' and gave birth to the novelle1 the parent of modern fiction4 ,yet the critics of other nations have echoed this praise4 ,auguste ,comte1 the positivist philosopher1 included it in his limited list for the reading of reformed humanity1 and ,goethe1 laying aside his own creative work1 deemed it worth his time and attention to translate into ,german4 ,benvenuto ,cellini was born at ,florence in #aejj4 ,the father1 ,giovanni ,cellini1 a musician and maker of musical instruments1 intended that the boy should likewise become a musician2 but young ,benvenuto very early showed strong leaning toward the plastic art1 and detested the flute he was forced to practice4 ,the first chapters of the ',memoirs' are a most lively description of the struggles between the wishes of the father and those of the son1 until the latter finally prevailed1 and at fifteen years of age he was apprenticed to a goldsmith of ,florence4 ,he made rapid progress1 and soon attracted notice as a skilled craftsman4 ,at the same time1 to please his father1 toward whom he everywhere professes the most filial feeling1 he continued that confounded flute-playing as a side issue4 ,this accomplishment1 however1 did him a good turn at the ,papal court later on4 ,after various youthful escapades1 street broils1 and quarrels with his father1 he fled in monk's disguise to ,rome in #aeba4 ,a vase made for the ,bishop of ,salamanca drew upon him the notice of ,pope ,clement ,,vii41 who appointed him court musician and also employed him in his proper profession of goldsmith4 ,when the ,constable de ,bourbon attacked ,rome1 in #aebg1 ,cellini was of great service to the ,pope in defending the city4 ,he boasts of having from the ramparts shot the ,bourbon2 and indeed1 if one were to take him strictly at his word1 his valor and skill as an engineer saved the castle of ,san ,angelo and the ,pope4 ,however his lively imagination may have overrated his own importance1 yet it is certain that his military exploit paved the way for his return to ,florence1 where for a time he devoted himself to the execution of bronze medals and coins4 ,the most famous of the former are ,hercules and the ,nemean ,lion1 and ,atlas supporting the world4 ,on the elevation of ,paul ,,iii4 to the ,papacy we again find ,cellini at ,rome1 working for the ,pope and other eminent people4 ,his extraordinary abilities brought him not only into the notice of the courts1 but also drew him into the brilliant literary and artistic society of the ,eternal ,city4 ,with unrivaled vividness he flashes before us in a few bold strokes the artists of the decadent ,renaissance1 the pupils of ,raphael1 led by ,giulio ,romano1 with their worship of every form of physical beauty and their lack of elevation of thought4 ,in consequence of the plottings of his implacable enemy1 ,pier ,luigi1 natural son of ,paul ,,iii41 he was arrested on the charge of having during the sack of ,rome embezzled ,pontifical gold and jewels to the amount of eighty thousand ducats4 ,though the charge was groundless1 he was committed to the castle of ,san ,angelo4 ,his escape is narrated in one of the most thrilling chapters of the ',memoirs4' ,he went in hiding to the ,cardinal ,cornaro1 but was delivered up again to the ,pope by an act of most characteristic sixteenth-century ,italian policy1 and was cast into a loathsome underground dungeon of the castle4 ,it was damp1 swarming with vermin1 and for two hours of the day only received light through a little aperture4 ,here he languished for many months1 with only the chronicles of ,giovanni ,billani and an ,italian ,bible to solace him4 ,now at last his recklessness and bravado forsook him4 ,he took on the airs of a saint1 gave himself up to mysticism1 grew delirious and had his famous visions--angels visiting him1 who talked with him about religion4 ,in #aeci he was finally released at the intercession of the cardinal ,ippolito d',este1 who came from ,france to invite him to enter the ,king's service4 ,cellini's account of his residence in ,france has great historic value as throwing vivid side-lights on that interesting period in the development of ,french social life1 when ,francis ,i4 was laying the foundation of the court society which was later on brought to perfection by ,louis ,,xiv4 ,cellini was one among that crowd of ,italian artists gathered at the court in ,paris and ,versailles1 whose culture was to refine the manners of the ,french warrior barons4 ,he worked for five years at ,fontainebleau and in ,paris4 ,among his works there1 still extant1 are a pair of huge silver candelabra1 the gates of ,fontainebleau1 and a nymph in bronze1 reposing among trophies of the chase1 now in the ,louvre4 ,among other marks of royal favor he was presented with a castle1 ,le ,petit ,nesle4 ,his efforts to gain possession of this grant are among the amusing episodes of his narrative4 ,he had as usual numerous quarrels1 and falling into disfavor with ,madame d',estampes1 the ,king's favorite1 he suddenly left ,paris and returned alone to ,florence4 ,the remainder of his life he passed mainly in the service of ,duke ,cosimo de' ,medici4 ,the chapters of his narrative dealing with this portion give a most vivid picture of artist life at an ,italian court in the sixteenth century4 ,to this third and last period belongs the work on which his fame as sculptor rests1 the bronze ,perseus holding the head of ,medusa1 completed in #aeed and still standing in the ,loggia de' ,lanzi in ,florence4 ,it is a typical monument of the ,renaissance1 and was received with universal applause by all ,italy4 ,odes and sonnets in ,italian1 ,greek1 and ,latin were written in its praise4 ,his minute description of its casting1 and of his many trials during that process1 are among the most interesting passages of the narrative4 ,in #aeeh he began to write his memoirs1 dictating them for the greater part to an amanuensis2 and he carried them down to the year #aefb4 ,the events of the remaining nine years of his life are to be gathered from contemporary documents4 ,in #aeeh he received the tonsure and first ecclesiastical orders1 but married two years later1 and died in #aega4 ,he was buried with great pomp in the ,church of the ,annunciata in ,florence4 ,besides his ',memoirs' he also wrote treatises on the goldsmith's art and on sculpture1 with especial reference to bronze-founding4 ,they are of great value as manuals of the craftsmanship of the ,renaissance1 and excellent specimens of good ,italian style as applied to technical exposition4 ,and like all cultivated artists of his time ,cellini also tried his hand at poetry2 but his lack of technical training as a writer comes out even more in his verse than in his prose4 ,the life of ,benvenuto was one of incessant activity1 laying hold of the whole domain of the plastic arts3 of restless wanderings from place to place2 and of rash deeds of violence4 ,he lived to the full the life of his age1 in all its glory and all its recklessness4 ,as the most famous goldsmith of his time1 he worked for all the great personages of the day1 and put himself on a footing of familiar acquaintance with popes and princes4 ,as an artist he came into contact with all the phases of ,italian society1 since a passion for external beauty was at that time the heritage of the ,italian people1 and art bodied forth the innermost life of the period4 ,furniture1 plate1 and personal adornments were not turned out wholesale by machinery as they are to-day1 but engaged the individual attention of the most skilled craftsmen4 ,the memory and the traditions of ,raphael ,sanzio were still cherished by his pupils when ,cellini first came to ,rome into the brilliant circle of ,giulio ,romano and his friends2 ,michelangelo's frescoes were studied with rapturous admiration by the young ,benvenuto1 and later on he proudly recorded some words of praise of the mighty genius whom he worshiped2 and at this time1 too1 ,titian and ,tintoretto set the heart of ,venice aglow with the splendor and color of their marvelous canvases4 ,the contemporary though not the peer of those masters of the brush and the chisel1 ,cellini1 endowed with a keen feeling for beauty1 a dexterous hand1 and a lively imagination1 in his versatility reached out toward a wider sphere of activity1 and laid hold of life at more points1 than they4 ,he reflected the ,renaissance1 not merely on its higher artistic aspect1 but he touched it also on its lower darker levels of brute passion1 coarseness1 and vindictiveness4 ,he had more than one murder to his account1 and he did not slur over them in his narrative1 for in his make-up the bravo was equally prominent with the artist4 ,yet we must remember that homicides were of common occurrence in those days1 defended by casuists and condoned by the ,church4 ,avenging one's honor1 or punishing an insult with the dagger1 were as much a social custom as the adornment of the body with exquisitely wrought fabrics and jewelry4 ,but just because ,cellini was so thoroughly awake to all the influences about him1 and so entirely bent on living his life1 his ',memoirs' are perennially fresh and attractive4 ,they are the plain unvarnished annals of a career extraordinary even in that age of uncommon experiences2 they were written1 as he says1 because all men of whatever quality they be1 who have done anything of excellence1 or which may properly resemble excellence1 ought1 if they are persons of truth and honesty1 to describe their life with their own hand2 but they ought not to attempt so fine an enterprise till they have passed the age of forty4 ,illustration3 ,,benvenuto ,,cellini4 ,cellini was past fifty-eight when he began writing1 and going back to his earliest boyhood1 he set down the facts of his long career as he remembered them4 ,of course he is the hero who recounts his own story1 and like all heroes of romance he plays the leading part1 is always in the right1 and comes out handsomely in the end4 ,carping critics who tax him with lack of truth in dealing with his enemies1 and with pleading his own cause too well1 are apt to forget that he wrote long after the events were past1 and that to an ever-active imagination ruminating over bygone happenings1 facts become unconsciously colored to assume the hue the mind wishes them to have4 ,yet the fidelity and accuracy of his memory are remarkable1 and his faculty for seeing1 combined with his dramatic way of putting things most vividly1 flashes before our eyes the scenes he recounts4 ,he does not describe much2 he indicates a characteristic feature1 habit1 or attitude2 as for example1 in referring to a man he disliked1 as having long spidery hands and a shrill gnat-like voice--all that is needed to make us see the man from ,cellini's point of view4 ,again1 he adds much to the vivacity of the narrative by reporting conversation as a dialogue1 even if he has it himself at second-hand4 ,so in his trenchant1 nervous manner this keen observer1 while aiming to recount only the facts of his own life and to set himself on a becoming pedestal in the eyes of posterity1 gives us at the same time flash-lights of the whole period in which he played a part4 ,popes ,clement ,,vii4 and ,paul ,,iii41 ,cosimo de' ,medici and his ,duchess1 the ,king of ,france and ,madame d' ,estampes1 cardinals1 nobles1 princes1 and courtiers1 artists of every description1 burghers and the common folk1--all with whom he came in contact1--are brought before us in a living pageant4 ,looking back over his checkered career1 he lives his intense life over again1 and because he himself saw so vividly at the time1 he makes us see now4 ,we have here invaluable pictures1 by an eye-witness and actor1 of the sack of ,rome1 the plague and siege of ,florence1 the pomp of ,charles ,v4 at ,rome4 ,he withdraws the curtains from the ,papal policies and court intrigues1 not with a view to writing history1 but because he happened to have some relations with those princes and wished to tell us about them4 ,again1 he was no critic of the manners of his time1 yet he presents most faithful pictures of artist life in ,rome1 ,paris1 and ,florence4 ,he was not given to introspection and self-criticism1 but he describes himself as well as others1 not by analysis but by deeds and words4 ,he had no literary training2 he wrote as he talked1 and gained his effect by simplicity4 ,he was recognized as the first goldsmith of his time2 yet as a man also his contemporaries speak well of him1 for he embodied the virtues of his age1 while his morals did not fall below the average code of the ,renaissance4 ,vasari says3--,he always showed himself a man of great spirit and veracity2 bold1 active1 enterprising1 and formidable to his enemies2 a man1 in short1 who knew as well how to speak with princes as to exert himself in his art4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 that inspiring student of the ,italian ,renaissance1 sums up his impressions of the book and the man as follows3-- ,i am confident that every one who may have curiously studied ,italian history and letters will pronounce this book to be at one and the same time the most perfect extant monument of vernacular ,tuscan prose1 and also the most complete and lively source of information we possess regarding manners1 customs1 ways of feeling1 and modes of acting1 in the ,court4 ,those who have made themselves thoroughly familiar with ,cellini's ,memoirs possess the substance of that many-sided epoch in the form of an epitome4 ,it is the first book which a student of the ,italian ,renaissance should handle in order to obtain the right direction for his more minute researches4 ,it is the last book to which he should return at the close of his exploratory voyages4 ,at the commencement he will find it invaluable for placing him at the exactly proper point of view4 ,at the end he will find it no less invaluable for testing and verifying the conclusion he has drawn from various sources and a wide circumference of learning4 ,from the pages of this book the genius of the ,renaissance1 incarnate in a single personality1 leans forth and speaks to us4 ,nowhere else1 to my mind1 do we find the full character of the epoch so authentically stamped4 ,that is because this is no work of art or of reflection1 but the plain utterance of a man who lived the whole life of his age1 who felt its thirst for glory1 who shared its adoration of the beautiful1 who blent its paganism and its superstition1 who represented its two main aspects of exquisite sensibility to form and almost brutal ruffianism4 ,we must not expect from ,cellini the finest1 highest1 purest accents of the ,renaissance4444 ,for students of that age he is at once more and less than his contemporaries3 less1 inasmuch as he distinguished himself by no stupendous intellectual qualities2 more1 inasmuch as he occupied a larger sphere than each of them singly4 ,he was the first goldsmith of his time1 an adequate sculptor1 a restless traveler1 an indefatigable workman1 a ,bohemian of the purest water1 a turbulent bravo1 a courtier and companion of princes2 finally1 a ,florentine who used his native idiom with incomparable vivacity of style4 ,,the ,,escape ,,from ,,prison ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,the castellan was subject to a certain sickness1 which came upon him every year and deprived him of his wits4 ,the sign of its approach was that he kept continually talking1 or rather jabbering1 to no purpose4 ,these humors took a different shape each year2 one time he thought he was an oil-jar2 another time he thought he was a frog1 and hopped about as frogs do2 another time he thought he was dead1 and then they had to bury him2 not a year passed but he got some such hypochondriac notions into his head4 ,at this season he imagined that he was a bat1 and when he went abroad to take the air he used to scream like bats in a high thin tone2 and then he would flap his hands and body as though he were about to fly4 ,the doctors1 when they saw the fit was coming on him1 and his old servants1 gave him all the distractions they could think of2 and since they had noticed that he derived much pleasure from my conversation1 they were always fetching me to keep him company4 ,at times the poor man detained me for four or five stricken hours without ever letting me cease talking4 ,he used to keep me at his table1 eating opposite to him1 and never stopped chatting and making me chat2 but during those discourses ,i contrived to make a good meal4 ,he1 poor man1 could neither eat nor sleep2 so that at last he wore me out4 ,i was at the end of my strength2 and sometimes when ,i looked at him1 ,i noticed that his eyeballs were rolling in a frightful manner1 one looking one way and the other in another4 ,he took it into his head to ask me whether ,i had ever had a fancy to fly4 ,i answered that it had always been my ambition to do those things which offer the greatest difficulties to men1 and that ,i had done them2 as to flying1 the ,god of ,nature had gifted me with a body well suited for running and leaping far beyond the common average1 and that with the talents ,i possessed for manual art ,i felt sure ,i had the courage to try flying4 ,he then inquired what methods ,i should use2 to which ,i answered that1 taking into consideration all flying creatures1 and wishing to imitate by art what they derived from nature1 none was so apt a model as the bat4 ,no sooner had the poor man heard the name bat1 which recalled the humor he was suffering under1 than he cried out at the top of his voice3--,he says true--he says true2 the bat's the thing--the bat's the thing6 ,then he turned to me and said1 ,benvenuto1 if one gave you the opportunity1 should you have the heart to fly8 ,i said that if he would set me at liberty1 ,i felt quite up to flying down to ,prato1 after making myself a pair of wings out of waxed linen4 ,thereupon he replied3--,i too should be prepared to take flight2 but since the ,pope has bidden me guard you as though you were his own eyes1 and ,i know you a clever devil who would certainly escape1 ,i shall now have you locked up with a hundred keys in order to prevent you slipping through my fingers4 ,i then began to implore him1 and remind him that ,i might have fled1 but that on account of the word which ,i had given him ,i would never have betrayed his trust2 therefore ,i begged him for the love of ,god1 and by the kindness he had always shown me1 not to add greater evils to the misery of my present situation4 ,while ,i was pouring out these entreaties1 he gave strict orders to have me bound and taken and locked up in prison4 ,on seeing that it could not be helped1 ,i told him before all his servants3 ,lock me well up1 and keep good watch on me2 for ,i shall certainly contrive to escape4 ,so they took me and confined me with the utmost care4 ,i then began to deliberate upon the best way of making my escape4 ,no sooner had ,i been locked in1 than ,i went about exploring my prison2 and when ,i thought ,i had discovered how to get out of it1 ,i pondered the means of descending from the lofty keep1 for so the great round central tower is called4 ,i took those new sheets of mine1 which1 as ,i have said already1 ,i had cut in strips and sewn together2 then ,i reckoned up the quantity which would be sufficient for my purpose4 ,having made this estimate and put all things in order1 ,i took out a pair of pincers which ,i had abstracted from a ,savoyard belonging to the guard of the castle4 ,this man superintended the casks and cisterns2 he also amused himself with carpentering4 ,now he possessed several pairs of pincers1 among which was one both big and heavy4 ,i then1 thinking it would suit my purpose1 took it and hid it in my straw mattress4 ,the time had now come for me to use it2 so ,i began to try the nails which kept the hinges of my door in place4 ,the door was double1 and the clinching of the nails could not be seen2 so that when ,i attempted to draw one out1 ,i met with the greatest trouble2 in the end however ,i succeeded4 ,when ,i had drawn the first nail1 ,i bethought me how to prevent its being noticed4 ,for this purpose ,i mixed some rust1 which ,i had scraped from old iron1 with a little wax1 obtaining exactly the same color as the heads of the long nails which ,i had extracted4 ,then ,i set myself to counterfeit these heads and place them on the holdfasts2 for each nail ,i extracted ,i made a counterfeit in wax4 ,i left the hinges attached to their door-posts at top and bottom by means of some of the same nails that ,i had drawn2 but ,i took care to cut these and replace them lightly1 so that they only just supported the irons of the hinges4 ,all this ,i performed with the greatest difficulty1 because the castellan kept dreaming every night that ,i had escaped1 which made him send from time to time to inspect my prison4 ,the man who came had the title and behavior of a catchpoll4 ,he was called ,bozza1 a serving-man4 ,giovanni never entered my prison without saying something offensive to me4 ,he came from the district of ,prato1 and had been an apothecary in the town there4 ,every evening he minutely examined the holdfasts of the hinges and the whole chamber1 and ,i used to say3--,keep a good watch over me1 for ,i am resolved by all means to escape4 ,these words bred a great enmity between him and me1 so that ,i was obliged to use precautions to conceal my tools2 that is to say1 my pincers and a great big poniard and other appurtenances4 ,all these ,i put away together in my mattress1 where ,i also kept the strips of linen ,i had made4 ,when day broke1 ,i used immediately to sweep my room out2 and though ,i am by nature a lover of cleanliness1 at that time ,i kept myself unusually spick and span4 ,after sweeping up1 ,i made my bed as daintily as ,i could1 laying flowers upon it1 which a ,savoyard used to bring me nearly every morning4 ,he had the care of the cistern and the casks1 and also amused himself with carpentering2 it was from him ,i stole the pincers which ,i used in order to draw out the nails from the holdfasts of the hinges4 ,well1 to return to the subject of my bed2 when ,bozza and ,pedignone came1 ,i always told them to give it a wide berth1 so as not to dirty and spoil it for me4 ,now and then1 just to irritate me1 they would touch it lightly1 upon which ,i cried3 ,ah1 dirty cowards6 ,i'll lay my hand on one of your swords there1 and will do you a mischief that will make you wonder4 ,do you think you are fit to touch the bed of a man like me8 ,when ,i chastise you ,i shall not heed my own life1 for ,i am certain to take yours4 ,let me alone then with my troubles and my tribulations1 and don't give me more annoyance than ,i have already2 if not1 ,i shall make you see what a desperate man is able to do4 ,these words they reported to the castellan1 who gave them express orders never to go near my bed1 and when they came to me1 to come without swords2 but for the rest to keep a watchful guard upon me4 ,having thus secured my bed from meddlers1 ,i felt as though the main point was gained2 for there lay all things useful to my venture4 ,it happened on the evening of a certain feast-day that the castellan was seriously indisposed2 his humors grew extravagant2 he kept repeating that he was a bat1 and if they heard that ,benvenuto had flown away1 they must let him go to catch me up1 since he could fly by night most certainly as well or better than myself2 for it was thus he argued3--,benvenuto is a counterfeit bat1 but ,i am a real one2 and since he is committed to my care1 leave me to act2 ,i shall be sure to catch him4 ,he had passed several nights in this frenzy1 and had worn out all his servants2 whereof ,i received full information through divers channels1 but especially from the ,savoyard1 who was my friend at heart4 ,on the evening of that feast-day1 then1 ,i made up my mind to escape1 come what might2 and first ,i prayed most devoutly to ,god1 imploring his ,divine ,majesty to protect and succor me in that so perilous a venture4 ,afterwards ,i set to work at all the things ,i needed1 and labored the whole of the night4 ,it was two hours before daybreak when at last ,i removed those hinges with the greatest toil2 but the wooden panel itself1 and the bolt too1 offered such resistance that ,i could not open the door2 so ,i had to cut into the wood2 yet in the end ,i got it open1 and shouldering the strips of linen which ,i had rolled up like bundles of flax upon two sticks1 ,i went forth and directed my steps toward the latrines of the keep4 ,spying from within two tiles upon the roof1 ,i was able at once to clamber up with ease4 ,i wore a white doublet with a pair of white hose and a pair of half-boots1 into which ,i had stuck the poniard ,i have mentioned4 ,after scaling the roof1 ,i took one end of my linen roll and attached it to a piece of antique tile which was built into the fortress wall2 it happened to jut out scarcely four fingers4 ,in order to fix the band1 ,i gave it the form of a stirrup4 ,when ,i had attached it to that piece of tile1 ,i turned to ,god and said3 ,lord ,god1 give aid to my good cause2 you know that it is good2 you see that ,i am aiding myself4 ,then ,i let myself go gently by degrees1 supporting myself with the sinews of my arms1 until ,i touched the ground4 ,there was no moonshine1 but the light of a fair open heaven4 ,when ,i stood upon my feet on solid earth1 ,i looked up at the vast height which ,i had descended with such spirit2 and went gladly away1 thinking ,i was free4 ,but this was not the case2 for the castellan on the side of the fortress had built two lofty walls1 the space between which he used for stable and hen-yard2 the place was barred with thick iron bolts outside4 ,i was terribly disgusted to find there was no exit from this trap2 but while ,i paced up and down debating what to do1 ,i stumbled on a long pole which was covered up with straw4 ,not without great trouble1 ,i succeeded in placing it against the wall1 and then swarmed up it by the force of my arms until ,i reached the top4 ,but since the wall ended in a sharp ridge1 ,i had not strength enough to drag the pole up after me4 ,accordingly ,i made my mind up to use a portion of the second roll of linen which ,i had there2 the other was left hanging from the keep of the castle4 ,so ,i cut a piece off1 tied it to the pole1 and clambered down the wall1 enduring the utmost toil and fatigue4 ,i was quite exhausted1 and moreover had flayed the inside of my hands1 which bled freely4 ,this compelled me to rest awhile1 and ,i bathed my hands in my own urine4 ,when ,i thought that my strength was recovered1 ,i advanced quickly toward the last rampart1 which faces toward ,prato4 ,there ,i put my bundle of linen lines down upon the ground1 meaning to fasten them round a battlement1 and descend the lesser as ,i had the greater height4 ,but no sooner had ,i placed the linen than ,i became aware behind me of a sentinel1 who was going the rounds4 ,seeing my designs interrupted and my life in peril1 ,i resolved to face the guard4 ,this fellow1 when he noticed my bold front1 and that ,i was marching on him with weapon in hand1 quickened his pace and gave me a wide berth4 ,i had left my lines some little way behind1 so ,i turned with hasty steps to regain them2 and though ,i came within sight of another sentinel1 he seemed as though he did not choose to take notice of me4 ,having found my lines and attached them to the battlement1 ,i let myself go4 ,on the descent1 whether it was that ,i thought ,i had really come to earth and relaxed my grasp to jump1 or whether my hands were so tired that they could not keep their hold1 at any rate ,i fell1 struck my head in falling1 and lay stunned for more than an hour and a half1 so far as ,i could judge4 ,it was just upon daybreak1 when the fresh breeze which blows an hour before the sun revived me2 yet ,i did not immediately recover my senses1 for ,i thought my head had been cut off1 and fancied that ,i was in purgatory4 ,with time1 little by little my faculties returned1 and ,i perceived that ,i was outside the castle1 and in a flash remembered all my adventures4 ,i was aware of the wound in my head before ,i knew my leg was broken2 for ,i put my hands up and withdrew them covered with blood4 ,then ,i searched the spot well1 and judged and ascertained that ,i had sustained no injury of consequence there2 but when ,i wanted to stand up1 ,i discovered that my right leg was broken three inches above the heel4 ,not even this dismayed me3 ,i drew forth my poniard with its scabbard2 the latter had a metal point ending in a large ball1 which had caused the fracture of my leg2 for the bone coming into violent contact with the ball1 and not being able to bend1 had snapped at that point4 ,i threw the sheath away1 and with the poniard cut a piece of the linen which ,i had left4 ,then ,i bound my leg up as well as ,i could1 and crawled on all fours with the poniard in my hand toward the city gate4 ,when ,i reached it1 ,i found it shut2 but ,i noticed a stone just beneath the door which did not appear to be very firmly fixed4 ,this ,i attempted to dislodge2 after setting my hands to it1 and feeling it move1 it easily gave way1 and ,i drew it out4 ,through the gap thus made ,i crept into the town4 ,,the ,,casting ,,of ,,perseus ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,abandoned thus to my own resources1 ,i took new courage and banished the sad thoughts which kept recurring to my mind1 making me often weep bitter tears of repentance for having left ,france2 for though ,i did so only to revisit ,florence1 my sweet birthplace1 in order that ,i might charitably succor my six nieces1 this good action1 as ,i well perceived1 had been the beginning of my great misfortune4 ,nevertheless ,i felt convinced that when my ,perseus was accomplished1 all these trials would be turned to high felicity and glorious well-being4 ,accordingly ,i strengthened my heart1 and with all the forces of my body and my purse1 employing what little money still remained to me1 ,i set to work4 ,first ,i provided myself with several loads of pine-wood from the forests of ,serristori1 in the neighborhood of ,montelupo4 ,while these were on their way1 ,i clothed my ,perseus with the clay which ,i had prepared many months beforehand1 in order that it might be duly seasoned4 ,after making its clay tunic 7for that is the term used in this art7 and properly arming it and fencing it with iron girders1 ,i began to draw the wax out by means of a slow fire4 ,this melted and issued through numerous air-vents ,i had made2 for the more there are of these the better will the mold fill4 ,when ,i had finished drawing off the wax1 ,i constructed a funnel-shaped furnace all round the model of my ,perseus4 ,it was built of bricks1 so interlaced1 the one above the other1 that numerous apertures were left for the fire to exhale it4 ,then ,i began to lay on wood by degrees1 and kept it burning two whole days and nights4 ,at length when all the wax was gone and the mold was well baked1 ,i set to work at digging the pit in which to sink it4 ,this ,i performed with scrupulous regard to all the rules of art4 ,when ,i had finished that part of my work1 ,i raised the mold by windlasses and stout ropes to a perpendicular position1 and suspending it with the greatest care one cubit above the level of the furnace1 so that it hung exactly above the middle of the pit4 ,i next lowered it gently down into the very bottom of the furnace1 and had it firmly placed with every possible precaution for its safety4 ,when this delicate operation was accomplished1 ,i began to bank it up with the earth ,i had excavated2 and ever as the earth grew higher ,i introduced its proper air-vents1 which were little tubes of earthenware1 such as folks use for drains and suchlike purposes4 ,at length ,i felt sure that it was admirably fixed1 and that the filling in of the pit and the placing of the air-vents had been properly performed4 ,i also could see that my workpeople understood my method1 which differed very considerably from that of all the other masters in the trade4 ,feeling confident then that ,i could rely upon them1 ,i next turned to my furnace1 which ,i had filled with numerous pigs of copper and other bronze stuff4 ,the pieces were piled according to the laws of art2 that is to say1 so resting one upon the other that the flames could play freely through them1 in order that the metal might heat and liquefy the sooner4 ,at last ,i called out heartily to set the furnace going4 ,the logs of pine were heaped in1 and what with the unctuous resin of the wood and the good draught ,i had given1 my furnace worked so well that ,i was obliged to rush from side to side to keep it going4 ,the labor was more than ,i could stand2 yet ,i forced myself to strain every nerve and muscle4 ,to increase my anxieties1 the workshop took fire1 and we were afraid lest the roofs should fall upon our heads2 while from the garden such a storm of wind and rain kept blowing in that it perceptibly cooled the furnace4 ,battling thus with all these untoward circumstances for several hours1 and exerting myself beyond even the measure of my powerful constitution1 ,i could at last bear up no longer1 and a sudden fever of the utmost possible intensity attacked me4 ,i felt absolutely obliged to go and fling myself upon my bed4 ,sorely against my will1 having to drag myself away from the spot1 ,i turned to my assistants1--about ten or more in all1 what with master-founders1 hand-workers1 country fellows1 and my own special journeymen2 among whom was ,bernandino ,mannellini of ,mugello1 my apprentice through several years4 ,to him in particular ,i spoke3--,look1 my dear ,bernandino1 that you observe the rules which ,i have taught you2 do your best with all dispatch1 for the metal will soon be fused4 ,you cannot go wrong2 these honest men will get the channels ready2 you will easily be able to drive back the two plugs with this pair of iron crooks2 and ,i am sure that my mold will fill miraculously4 ,i feel more ill than ,i ever did in all my life1 and verily believe it will kill me before a few hours are over4 ,thus with despair at heart ,i left them and betook myself to bed4 ,no sooner had ,i got to bed than ,i ordered my serving-maids to carry food and wine for all the men into the workshop2 at the same time ,i cried1 ,i shall not be alive to-morrow4 ,they tried to encourage me1 arguing that my illness would pass over1 since it came from excessive fatigue4 ,in this way ,i spent two hours battling with the fever1 which steadily increased1 and calling out continually1 ,i feel that ,i am dying4 ,my housekeeper1 who was named ,mona ,fiore da ,castel del ,rio1 a very notable manager and no less warm-hearted1 kept chiding me for my discouragement2 but on the other hand1 she paid me every kind attention which was possible4 ,however1 the sight of my physical pain and moral dejection so affected her that in spite of that brave heart of hers1 she could not refrain from shedding tears2 and yet1 so far as she was able1 she took care ,i should not see them4 ,while ,i was thus terribly afflicted1 ,i beheld the figure of a man enter my chamber1 twisted in his body into the form of a capital ,s4 ,he raised a lamentable1 doleful voice1 like one who announces their last hour to men condemned to die upon the scaffold1 and spoke these words3 ,o ,benvenuto6 your statue is spoiled1 and there is no hope whatever of saving it4 ,no sooner had ,i heard the shriek of that wretch than ,i gave a howl which might have been heard from the sphere of flame4 ,jumping from my bed1 ,i seized my clothes and began to dress4 ,the maids1 and my lad1 and every one who came around to help me1 got kicks or blows of the fist1 while ,i kept crying out in lamentation1 ,ah6 traitors6 enviers6 ,this is an act of treason1 done by malice prepense6 ,but ,i swear by ,god that ,i will sift it to the bottom1 and before ,i die will leave such witness to the world of what ,i can do as shall make a score of mortals marvel4 ,when ,i had got my clothes on1 ,i strode with soul bent on mischief toward the workshop2 there ,i beheld the men whom ,i had left erewhile in such high spirits1 standing stupefied and downcast4 ,i began at once and spoke3--,up with you6 ,attend to me6 ,since you have not been able or willing to obey the directions ,i gave you1 obey me now that ,i am with you to conduct my work in person4 ,let no one contradict me1 for in cases like this we need the aid of hand and hearing1 not of advice4 ,when ,i had uttered these words1 a certain ,maestro ,alessandro ,lastricati broke silence and said1 ,look you1 ,benvenuto1 you are going to attempt an enterprise which the laws of art do not sanction1 and which cannot succeed4 ,i turned upon him with such fury and so full of mischief1 that he and all the rest of them exclaimed with one voice1 ,on then6 ,give orders6 ,we will obey your last commands1 so long as life is left in us4 ,i believe they spoke thus feelingly because they thought ,i must fall shortly dead upon the ground4 ,i went immediately to inspect the furnace1 and found that the metal was all curdled2 an accident which we express by being caked4 ,i told two of the hands to cross the road1 and fetch from the house of the butcher ,capretta a load of young oak-wood1 which had lain dry for above a year2 this wood had been previously offered me by ,madame ,ginevra1 wife of the said ,capretta4 ,so soon as the first armfuls arrived1 ,i began to fill the grate beneath the furnace4 ,now oak-wood of that kind heats more powerfully than any other sort of tree2 and for this reason1 where a slow fire is wanted1 as in the case of gun foundry1 alder or pine is preferred4 ,accordingly1 when the logs took fire1 oh6 how the cake began to stir beneath that awful heat1 to glow and sparkle in a blaze6 ,at the same time ,i kept stirring up the channels1 and sent men upon the roof to stop the conflagration1 which had gathered force from the increased combustion in the furnace2 also ,i caused boards1 carpets1 and other hangings to be set up against the garden1 in order to protect us from the violence of the rain4 ,when ,i had thus provided against these several disasters1 ,i roared out first to one man and then to another1 ,bring this thing here6 ,take that thing there6 ,at this crisis1 when the whole gang saw the cake was on the point of melting1 they did my bidding1 each fellow working with the strength of three4 ,i then ordered half a pig of pewter to be brought1 which weighed about sixty pounds1 and flung it into the middle of the cake inside the furnace4 ,by this means1 and by piling on wood and stirring now with pokers and now with iron rods1 the curdled mass rapidly began to liquefy4 ,then1 knowing ,i had brought the dead to life again1 against the firm opinion of those ignoramuses1 ,i felt such vigor fill my veins that all those pains of fever1 all those fears of death1 were quite forgotten4 ,all of a sudden an explosion took place1 attended by a tremendous flash of flame1 as though a thunderbolt had formed and been discharged among us4 ,unwonted and appalling terror astonied every one1 and me more even than the rest4 ,when the din was over and the dazzling light extinguished1 we began to look each other in the face4 ,then ,i discovered that the cap of the furnace had blown up1 and the bronze was bubbling over from its source beneath4 ,so ,i had the mouths of my mold immediately opened1 and at the same time drove in the two plugs which kept back the molten metal4 ,but ,i noticed that it did not flow as rapidly as usual1 the reason being probably that the fierce heat of the fire we kindled had consumed its base alloy4 ,accordingly ,i sent for all my pewter platters1 porringers1 and dishes1 to the number of some two hundred pieces1 and had a portion of them cast1 one by one1 into the channels1 the rest into the furnace4 ,this expedient succeeded1 and every one could now perceive that my bronze was in most perfect liquefaction1 and my mold was filling2 whereupon they all with heartiness and happy cheer assisted and obeyed my bidding1 while ,i1 now here1 now there1 gave orders1 helped with my own hands1 and cried aloud1 ,o ,god6 thou that by thy immeasurable power didst rise from the dead1 and in thy glory didst ascend to heaven6444 ,even thus in a moment my mold was filled2 and seeing my work finished1 ,i fell upon my knees1 and with all my heart gave thanks to ,god4 ,after all was over1 ,i turned to a plate of salad on a bench there1 and ate with hearty appetite1 and drank together with the whole crew4 ,afterwards ,i retired to bed1 healthy and happy1 for it was now two hours before morning1 and slept as sweetly as though ,i had never felt a touch of illness4 ,my good housekeeper1 without my giving any orders1 had prepared a fat capon for my repast4 ,so that when ,i rose1 about the hour for breaking fast1 she presented herself with a smiling countenance and said1 ,oh1 is that the man who felt that he was dying8 ,upon my word1 ,i think the blows and kicks you dealt us last night1 when you were so enraged1 and had that demon in your body as it seemed1 must have frightened away your mortal fever6 ,the fever feared that it might catch it too1 as we did6 ,all my poor household1 relieved in like measure from anxiety and overwhelming labor1 went at once to buy earthen vessels in order to replace the pewter ,i had cast away4 ,then we dined together joyfully3 nay1 ,i cannot remember a day in my whole life when ,i dined with greater gladness or a better appetite4 ,after our meal ,i received visits from the several men who had assisted me4 ,they exchanged congratulations and thanked ,god for our success1 saying they had learned and seen things done which other masters judged impossible4 ,i too grew somewhat glorious2 and deeming ,i had shown myself a man of talent1 indulged a boastful humor4 ,so ,i thrust my hand into my purse and paid them all to their full satisfaction4 ,that evil fellow1 my mortal foe1 ,messer ,pier ,francesco ,ricci1 major-domo of the ,duke1 took great pains to find out how the affair had gone4 ,in answer to his questions1 the two men whom ,i suspected of having caked my metal for me said ,i was no man1 but of a certainty some powerful devil1 since ,i had accomplished what no craft of the art could do2 indeed1 they did not believe a mere ordinary fiend could work such miracles as ,i in other ways had shown4 ,they exaggerated the whole affair so much1 possibly in order to excuse their own part in it1 that the major-domo wrote an account to the ,duke1 who was then in ,pisa1 far more marvelous and full of thrilling incidents than what they had narrated4 ,after ,i had let my statue cool for two whole days1 ,i began to uncover it by slow degrees4 ,the first thing ,i found was that the head of ,medusa had come out most admirably1 thanks to the air-vents2 for as ,i had told the ,duke1 it is the nature of fire to ascend4 ,upon advancing farther1 ,i discovered that the other head1 that1 namely1 of ,perseus1 had succeeded no less admirably2 and this astonished me far more1 because it is at a considerably lower level than that of the ,medusa4 ,now the mouths of the mold were placed above the head of ,perseus and behind his shoulders2 and ,i found that all the bronze my furnace contained had been exhausted in the head of this figure4 ,it was a miracle to observe that not one fragment remained in the orifice of the channel1 and that nothing was wanting to the statue4 ,in my great astonishment ,i seemed to see in this the hand of ,god arranging and controlling all4 ,i went on uncovering the statue with success1 and ascertained that everything had come out in perfect order1 until ,i reached the foot of the right leg on which the statue rests4 ,there the heel itself was formed1 and going further1 ,i found the foot apparently complete4 ,this gave me great joy on the one side1 but was half unwelcome to me on the other1 merely because ,i had told the ,duke that it could not come out4 ,however1 when ,i reached the end1 it appeared that the toes and a little piece above them were unfinished1 so that about half the foot was wanting4 ,although ,i knew that this would add a trifle to my labor1 ,i was very well pleased1 because ,i could now prove to the ,duke how well ,i understood my business4 ,it is true that far more of the foot than ,i expected had been perfectly formed2 the reason of this was that1 from causes ,i have recently described1 the bronze was hotter than our rules of art prescribe2 also that ,i had been obliged to supplement the alloy with my pewter cups and platters1 which no one else1 ,i think1 had ever done before4 ,having now ascertained how successfully my work had been accomplished1 ,i lost no time in hurrying to ,pisa1 where ,i found the ,duke4 ,he gave me a most gracious reception1 as did also the ,duchess2 and although the major-domo had informed them of the whole proceedings1 their ,excellencies deemed my performance far more stupendous and astonishing when they heard the tale from my own mouth4 ,when ,i arrived at the foot of ,perseus1 and said it had not come out perfect1 just as ,i previously warned his ,excellency1 ,i saw an expression of wonder pass over his face1 while he related to the ,duchess how ,i had predicted this beforehand4 ,observing the ,princess to be so well disposed towards me1 ,i begged leave from the ,duke to go to ,rome4 ,he granted it in most obliging terms1 and bade me return as soon as possible to complete his ,perseus2 giving me letters of recommendation meanwhile to his ambassador1 ,averardo ,serristori4 ,we were then in the first years of ,pope ,giulio de ,monti4 ,a ,,necklace ,,of ,,pearls ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,i must beg your attention now1 most gracious reader1 for a very terrible event which happened4 ,i used the utmost diligence and industry to complete my statue1 and went to spend my evenings in the ,duke's wardrobe1 assisting there the goldsmiths who were working for his ,excellency4 ,indeed1 they labored mainly on designs which ,i had given them4 ,noticing that the ,duke took pleasure in seeing me at work and talking with me1 ,i took it into my head to go there sometimes also by day4 ,it happened upon one of those days that his ,excellency came as usual to the room where ,i was occupied1 and more particularly because he heard of my arrival4 ,his ,excellency entered at once into conversation1 raising several interesting topics1 upon which ,i gave my views so much to his entertainment that he showed more cheerfulness than ,i had ever seen in him before4 ,all of a sudden one of his secretaries appeared1 and whispered something of importance in his ear2 whereupon the ,duke rose1 and retired with the official into another chamber4 ,now the ,duchess had sent to see what his ,excellency was doing1 and her page brought back this answer3--,the ,duke is talking and laughing with ,benvenuto1 and is in excellent good humor4 ,when the ,duchess heard this1 she came immediately to the wardrobe1 and not finding the ,duke there1 took a seat beside us4 ,after watching us at work a while1 she turned to me with the utmost graciousness1 and showed me a necklace of large and really very fine pearls4 ,on being asked by her what ,i thought of them1 ,i said it was in truth a very handsome ornament4 ,then she spoke as follows3--,i should like the ,duke to buy them for me2 so ,i beg you1 my dear ,benvenuto1 to praise them to him as highly as you can4 ,at these words1 ,i disclosed my mind to the ,duchess with all the respect ,i could1 and answered3--,my lady1 ,i thought this necklace of pearls belonged already to your illustrious ,excellency4 ,now that ,i am aware you have not yet acquired them1 it is right1 nay more1 it is my duty1 to utter what ,i might otherwise have refrained from saying2 namely1 that my mature professional experience enables me to detect very grave faults in the pearls1 and for this reason ,i could never advise your ,excellency to purchase them4 ,she replied3--,the merchant offers them for six thousand crowns2 and were it not for some of those trifling defects you speak of1 the rope would be worth over twelve thousand4 ,to this ,i replied that1 even were the necklace of quite flawless quality1 ,i could not advise any one to bid up to five thousand crowns for it3 for pearls are not gems2 pearls are but fishes' bones1 which in the course of time must lose their freshness4 ,diamonds1 rubies1 emeralds1 and sapphires1 on the contrary1 never grow old2 these four are precious stones1 and these it is right to purchase4 ,when ,i had thus spoken1 the ,duchess showed some signs of irritation1 and exclaimed1 ,i have a mind to possess these pearls2 so prithee1 take them to the ,duke and praise them up to the skies2 even if you have to use some words beyond the bounds of truth1 speak them to do me service2 it will be well for you6 ,i have always been the greatest friend of truth and foe of lies2 yet compelled by necessity1 unwilling to lose the favor of so great a princess1 ,i took those confounded pearls sorely against my inclination1 and went with them over to the other room1 whither the ,duke had withdrawn4 ,no sooner did he set eyes upon me than he cried1 ,o ,benvenuto1 what are you about here8 ,i uncovered the pearls and said1 ,my lord1 ,i am come to show you a most splendid necklace of pearls1 of the rarest quality1 and truly worthy of your ,excellency2 ,i do not believe it would be possible to put together eighty pearls which could show better than these do in a necklace4 ,my counsel therefore is that you should buy them1 for they are in good sooth miraculous4 ,he responded on the instant1 ,i do not choose to buy them2 they are not pearls of the quality and goodness you affirm2 ,i have seen the necklace1 and they do not please me4 ,then ,i added1 ,pardon me1 ,prince6 ,these pearls exceed in rarity and beauty any which were ever brought together for a necklace4 ,the ,duchess had risen1 and was standing behind a door listening to all ,i said4 ,well1 when ,i had praised the pearls a thousandfold more warmly than ,i have described above1 the ,duke turned toward me with a kindly look1 and said1 ,o my dear ,benvenuto1 ,i know that you have an excellent judgment in all these matters4 ,if the pearls are as rare as you certify1 ,i should not hesitate about their purchase2 partly to gratify the ,duchess and partly to possess them1 seeing ,i have always need of such things1 not so much for her ,grace as for the various uses of my sons and daughters4 ,when ,i heard him speak thus1 having once begun to tell fibs1 ,i stuck to them with even greater boldness2 ,i gave all the color of truth ,i could to my lies1 confiding in the promise of the ,duchess to help me at the time of need4 ,more than two hundred crowns were to be my commission on the bargain1 and the ,duchess had intimated that ,i should receive so much2 but ,i was firmly resolved not to touch a farthing1 in order to secure my credit1 and convince the ,duke ,i was not prompted by avarice4 ,once more his ,excellency began to address me with the greatest courtesy3 ,i know that you are a consummate judge of these things2 therefore1 if you are the honest man ,i always thought you1 tell me now the truth4 ,thereat ,i flushed up to my eyes1 which at the same time filled with tears1 and said to him1 ,my lord1 if ,i tell your most illustrious ,excellency the truth1 ,i shall make a mortal foe of the ,duchess2 this will oblige me to depart from ,florence1 and my enemies will begin at once to pour contempt upon my ,perseus1 which ,i have announced as a masterpiece to the most noble school of your illustrious ,excellency4 ,such being the case1 ,i recommend myself to your most illustrious ,excellency4 ,the ,duke was now aware that all my previous speeches had been1 as it were1 forced out of me4 ,so he rejoined1 ,if you have confidence in me1 you need not stand in fear of anything whatever4 ,i recommenced1 ,alas6 my lord1 what can prevent this coming to the ears of the ,duchess8 ,the ,duke lifted his hand in sign of troth pledge and exclaimed1 ,be assured that what you say will be buried in a diamond casket4 ,to this engagement upon honor ,i replied by telling the truth according to my judgment1 namely1 that the pearls were not worth above two thousand crowns4 ,the ,duchess1 thinking we had stopped talking1 for we now were speaking in as low a voice as possible1 came forward and began as follows3--,my lord1 do me the favor to purchase this necklace1 because ,i have set my heart on them1 and your ,benvenuto here has said he never saw a finer row of pearls4 ,the ,duke replied1 ,i do not choose to buy them4--,why1 my lord1 will not your ,excellency gratify me by buying them8--,because ,i do not care to throw my money out of the window4 ,the ,duchess recommenced1 ,what do you mean by throwing your money away1 when ,benvenuto1 in whom you place such well-merited confidence1 has told me that they would be cheap at over three thousand crowns8 ,then the ,duke said1 ,my lady6 my ,benvenuto here has told me that if ,i purchase this necklace ,i shall be throwing my money away1 inasmuch as the pearls are neither round nor well-matched1 and some of them are quite faded4 ,to prove that this is so1 look here6 look there6 consider this one and then that4 ,the necklace is not the sort of thing for me4 ,at these words the ,duchess cast a glance of bitter spite at me1 and retired with a threatening nod of her head in my direction4 ,i felt tempted to pack off at once and bid farewell to ,italy4 ,yet my ,perseus being all but finished1 ,i did not like to leave without exposing it to public view4 ,but ,i ask every one to consider in what a grievous plight ,i found myself6 ,,how ,,benvenuto ,,lost ,,his ,,brother ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,my brother at this period was also in ,rome1 serving ,duke ,alessandro1 on whom the ,pope had recently conferred the duchy of ,penna4 ,this prince kept in his service a multitude of soldiers1 worthy fellows1 brought up to valor in the school of that famous general ,giovanni de' ,medici2 and among these was my brother1 whom the ,duke esteemed as highly as the bravest of them4 ,one day my brother went after dinner to the shop of a man called ,baccino della ,croce1 in the ,banchi1 which all those men-at-arms frequented4 ,he had flung himself upon a settee and was sleeping4 ,just then the guard of the ,bargello passed by2 they were taking to prison a certain ,captain ,cisti1 a ,lombard1 who had also been a member of ,giovanni's troop1 but was not in the service of the ,duke4 ,the captain1 ,cattivanza degli ,strozzi1 chanced to be in the same shop2 and when ,cisti caught sight of him he whispered1 ,i was bringing you those crowns ,i owed2 if you want them1 come for them before they go with me to prison4 ,now ,cattivanza had a way of putting his neighbors to the push1 not caring to hazard his own person4 ,so1 finding there around him several young fellows of the highest daring1 more eager than apt for so serious an enterprise1 he bade them catch up ,captain ,cisti and get the money from him1 and if the guard resisted1 overpower the men1 provided they had pluck enough to do so4 ,the young men were but four1 and all four of them without a beard4 ,the first was called ,bertino ,aldobrandi1 another ,anguillotto of ,lucca2 ,i cannot recall the names of the rest4 ,bertino had been trained like a pupil by my brother1 and my brother felt the most unbounded love for him4 ,so then off dashed the four brave lads and came up with the guard of the ,bargello1--upwards of fifty constables1 counting pikes1 arquebuses1 and two-handed swords4 ,after a few words they drew their weapons1 and the four boys so harried the guard that if ,captain ,cattivanza had but shown his face1 without so much as drawing1 they would certainly have put the whole pack to flight4 ,but delay spoiled all3 for ,bertino received some ugly wounds and fell2 at the same time ,anguillotto was also hit in the right arm1 and being unable to use his sword1 got out of the fray as well as he was able4 ,the others did the same4 ,bertino ,aldobrandi was lifted from the ground seriously injured4 ,while these things were happening we were all at table2 for that morning we had dined more than an hour later than usual4 ,on hearing the commotion one of the old man's sons1 the elder1 rose from table to go and look at the scuffle4 ,he was called ,giovanni2 and ,i said to him1 ,for ,heaven's sake1 don't go6 ,in such matters one is always certain to lose1 while there is nothing to be gained4 ,his father spoke to like purpose1 ,pray1 my son1 don't go6 ,but the lad1 without heeding any one1 ran down the stairs4 ,reaching the ,banchi1 where the great scrimmage was1 and seeing ,bertino lifted from the ground1 he ran towards home1 and met my brother ,cecchino on the way1 who asked what was the matter4 ,though some of the bystanders signed to ,giovanni not to tell ,cecchino1 he cried out like a madman how it was that ,bertino ,aldobrandi had been killed by the guard4 ,my poor brother gave vent to a bellow which might have been heard ten miles away4 ,then he turned to ,giovanni3 ,ah me6 but could you tell me which of those men killed him for me8 ,giovanni said yes1 that it was a man who had a big two-handed sword1 with a blue feather in his bonnet4 ,my poor brother rushed ahead1 and having recognized the homicide by those signs1 he threw himself with all his dash and spirit into the middle of the band1 and before his man could turn on guard1 ran him right through the guts1 and with the sword's hilt thrust him to the ground4 ,then he turned upon the rest with such energy and daring that his one arm was on the point of putting the whole band to flight1 had it not been that while wheeling round to strike an arquebusier1 this man fired in self-defense and hit the brave unfortunate young fellow above the knee of his right leg4 ,while he lay stretched upon the ground the constables scrambled off in disorder as fast as they were able1 lest a pair to my brother should arrive upon the scene4 ,noticing that the tumult was not subsiding1 ,i too rose from table1 and girding on my sword--for everybody wore one then--,i went to the bridge of ,sant' ,agnolo1 where ,i saw a group of several men assembled4 ,on my coming up and being recognized by some of them1 they gave way before me and showed me what ,i least of all things wished to see1 albeit ,i made mighty haste to view the sight4 ,on the instant ,i did not know ,cecchino1 since he was wearing a different suit of clothes from that in which ,i had lately seen him4 ,accordingly he recognized me first and said1 ,dearest brother1 do not be upset by my grave accident3 it is only what might be expected in my profession2 get me removed from here at once1 for ,i have but few hours to live4 ,they had acquainted me with the whole event while he was speaking1 in brief words befitting such occasion4 ,so ,i answered1 ,brother1 this is the greatest sorrow and the greatest trial that could happen to me in the whole course of my life4 ,but be of good cheer2 for before you lose sight of him who did the mischief1 you shall see yourself revenged by my hand4 ,our words on both sides were to the purport1 but of the shortest4 ,the guard was now about fifty paces from us2 for ,maffio1 their officer1 had made some of them turn back to take up the corporal my brother killed4 ,accordingly1 ,i quickly traversed that short space1 wrapped in my cape1 which ,i had tightened round me1 and came up with ,maffio1 whom ,i should most certainly have murdered2 for there were plenty of people round1 and ,i had wound my way among them4 ,with the rapidity of lightning ,i had half drawn my sword from the sheath1 when ,berlinghier ,berlinghieri1 a young man of the greatest daring and my good friend1 threw himself from behind upon my arms2 he had four other fellows of like kidney with him1 who cried out to ,maffio1 ,away with you1 for this man here alone was killing you6 ,he asked1 ,who is he8 and they answered1 ,own brother to the man you see there4 ,without waiting to hear more1 he made haste for ,torre di ,nona2 and they said1 ,benvenuto1 we prevented you against your will1 but did it for your good2 now let us go to succor him who must die shortly4 ,accordingly we turned and went back to my brother1 whom ,i had at once conveyed into a house4 ,the doctors who were called in consultation treated him with medicaments1 but could not decide to amputate the leg1 which might perhaps have saved him4 ,as soon as his wound had been dressed1 ,duke ,alessandro appeared and most affectionately greeted him4 ,my brother had not as yet lost consciousness2 so he said to the ,duke1 ,my lord1 this only grieves me1 that your ,excellency is losing a servant than whom you may perchance find men more valiant in the profession of arms1 but none more lovingly and loyally devoted to your service than ,i have been4 ,the ,duke bade him do all he could to keep alive2 for the rest1 he well knew him to be a man of worth and courage4 ,he then turned to his attendants1 ordering them to see that the brave young fellow wanted for nothing4 ,when he was gone1 my brother lost blood so copiously--for nothing could be done to stop it--that he went off his head and kept raving all the following night1 with the exception that once1 when they wanted to give him the communion1 he said1 ,you would have done well to confess me before2 now it is impossible that ,i should receive the divine sacrament in this already ruined frame2 it will be enough if ,i partake of it by the divine virtue of the eyesight1 whereby it shall be transmitted into my immortal soul1 which only prays to ,him for mercy and forgiveness4 ,having spoken thus1 the ,host was elevated2 but he straightway relapsed into the same delirious ravings as before1 pouring forth a torrent of the most terrible frenzies and horrible imprecations that the mind of man could imagine2 nor did he cease once all that night until the day broke4 ,when the sun appeared above our horizon he turned to me and said1 ,brother1 ,i do not wish to stay here longer1 for these fellows will end by making me do something tremendous1 which may cause them to repent of the annoyance they have given me4 ,then he kicked out both his legs--the injured limb we had inclosed in a very heavy box--and made as though he would fling it across a horse's back4 ,turning his face round to me1 he called out thrice1 ,farewell1 farewell6 and with the last word that most valiant spirit passed away4 ,at the proper hour1 toward nightfall1 ,i had him buried with due ceremony in the ,church of the ,florentines2 and afterwards ,i erected to his memory a very handsome monument of marble1 upon which ,i caused trophies and banners to be carved4 ,i must not omit to mention that one of his friends had asked him who the man was that had killed him1 and if he could recognize him2 to which he answered that he could1 and gave his description4 ,my brother indeed attempted to prevent this coming to my ears2 but ,i got it very well impressed upon my mind1 as will appear in the sequel4 ,,an ,,adventure ,,in ,,necromancy ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,it happened through a variety of singular accidents that ,i became intimate with a ,sicilian priest1 who was a man of very elevated genius and well instructed in both ,latin and ,greek letters4 ,in the course of conversation one day we were led to talk about the art of necromancy1 apropos of which ,i said1 ,throughout my whole life ,i have had the most intense desire to see or learn something of this art4 ,thereto the priest replied1 ,a stout soul and a steadfast must the man have who sets himself to such an enterprise4 ,i answered that of strength and steadfastness of soul ,i should have enough and to spare1 provided ,i found the opportunity4 ,then the priest said1 ,if you have the heart to dare it1 ,i will amply satisfy your curiosity4 ,accordingly we agreed upon attempting the adventure4 ,the priest one evening made his preparations1 and bade me find a comrade1 or not more than two4 ,i invited ,vincenzio ,romoli1 a very dear friend of mine1 and the priest took with him a native of ,pistoja1 who also cultivated the black art4 ,we went together to the ,coliseum2 and there the priest1 having arrayed himself in necromancer's robes1 began to describe circles on the earth with the finest ceremonies that can be imagined4 ,i must say that he had made us bring precious perfumes and fire1 and also drugs of fetid odor4 ,when the preliminaries were completed he made the entrance into the circle1 and taking us by the hand1 introduced us one by one inside it4 ,then he assigned our several functions2 to the necromancer1 his comrade1 he gave the pentacle to hold2 the other two of us had to look after the fire and the perfumes2 and then he began his incantations4 ,this lasted more than an hour and a half2 when several legions appeared1 and the ,coliseum was all full of devils4 ,i was occupied with the precious perfumes1 and when the priest perceived in what numbers they were present he turned to me and said1 ,benvenuto1 ask them something4 ,i called on them to reunite me with my ,sicilian ,angelica4 ,that night we obtained no answer2 but ,i enjoyed the greatest satisfaction of my curiosity in such matters4 ,the necromancer said that we should have to go a second time1 and that ,i should obtain the full accomplishment of my request2 but he wished me to bring with me a little boy of pure virginity4 ,i chose one of my shop-lads1 who was about twelve years old1 and invited ,vincenzio ,romoli again2 and we also took a certain ,agnolino ,gaddi1 who was a very intimate friend of both4 ,when we came once more to the place appointed1 the necromancer made just the same preparations1 attended by the same and even more impressive details4 ,then he introduced us into the circle1 which he had reconstructed with art more admirable and yet more wondrous ceremonies4 ,afterwards he appointed my friend ,vincenzio to the ordering of the perfumes and the fire1 and with him ,agnolino ,gaddi4 ,he next placed in my hand the pentacle1 which he bid me turn toward the points he indicated1 and under the pentacle ,i held the little boy1 my workman4 ,now the necromancer began to utter those awful invocations1 calling by name on multitudes of demons who are captains of their legions1 and these he summoned by the virtue and potency of ,god1 the ,uncreated1 ,living1 and ,eternal1 in phrases of the ,hebrew1 and also of the ,greek and ,latin tongues2 insomuch that in a short space of time the whole ,coliseum was full of a hundredfold as many as had appeared upon the first occasion4 ,vincenzio ,romoli1 together with ,agnolino1 tended the fire and heaped on quantities of precious perfumes4 ,at the advice of the necromancer ,i again demanded to be reunited with ,angelica4 ,the sorcerer turned to me and said1 ,hear you what they have replied--that in the space of one month you will be where she is8 ,then once more he prayed me to stand firm by him1 because the legions were a thousandfold more than he had summoned1 and were the most dangerous of all the denizens of hell2 and now that they had settled what ,i asked1 it behoved us to be civil to them and dismiss them gently4 ,on the other side1 the boy1 who was beneath the pentacle1 shrieked out in terror that a million of the fiercest men were swarming round and threatening us4 ,he said moreover that four huge giants had appeared1 who were striving to force their way inside the circle4 ,meanwhile the necromancer1 trembling with fear1 kept doing his best with mild and soft persuasions to dismiss them4 ,vincenzio ,romoli1 who quaked like an aspen-leaf1 looked after the perfumes4 ,though ,i was quite as frightened as the rest of them1 ,i tried to show it less1 and inspired them all with marvelous courage2 but the truth is that ,i had given myself up for dead when ,i saw the terror of the necromancer4 ,the boy had stuck his head between his knees1 exclaiming1 ,this is how ,i will meet death1 for we are certainly dead men4 ,again ,i said to him1 ,these creatures are all inferior to us1 and what you see is only smoke and shadow2 so then raise your eyes4 ,when he had raised them he cried out1 ,the whole ,coliseum is in flames1 and the fire is advancing on us2 then covering his face with his hands1 he groaned again that he was dead1 and that he could not endure the sight longer4 ,the necromancer appealed for my support1 entreating me to stand firm by him1 and to have asafetida flung upon the coals2 so ,i turned to ,vincenzio ,romoli1 and told him to make the fumigation at once4 ,while uttering these words ,i looked at ,agnolino ,gaddi1 whose eyes were starting from their sockets in his terror1 and who was more than half dead1 and said to him1 ,agnolo1 in time and place like this we must not yield to fright1 but do the utmost to bestir ourselves2 therefore up at once1 and fling a handful of that asafetida upon the fire4444 ,the boy1 roused by that great stench and noise1 lifted his face a little1 and hearing me laugh1 he plucked up courage1 and said the devils were taking to flight tempestuously4 ,so we abode thus until the matin bells began to sound4 ,then the boy told us again that but few remained1 and those were at a distance4 ,when the necromancer had concluded his ceremonies he put off his wizard's robe1 and packed up a great bundle of books which he had brought with him2 then all together we issued with him from the circle1 huddling as close as we could to one another1 especially the boy1 who had got into the middle1 and taken the necromancer by his gown and me by the cloak4 ,all the while that we were going toward our houses in the ,banchi he kept saying that two of the devils he had seen in the ,coliseum were gamboling in front of us1 skipping now along the roofs and now upon the ground4 ,the necromancer assured me that often as he had entered magic circles1 he had never met with such a serious affair as this4 ,he also tried to persuade me to assist him in consecrating a book1 by means of which we should extract immeasurable wealth1 since we could call up fiends to show us where treasures were1 whereof the earth is full2 and after this wise we should become the richest of mankind3 love affairs like mine were nothing but vanities and follies without consequence4 ,i replied that if ,i were a ,latin scholar ,i should be very willing to do what he suggested4 ,he continued to persuade me by arguing that ,latin scholarship was of no importance1 and that if he wanted1 he could have found plenty of good ,latinists2 but that he had never met with a man of soul so firm as mine1 and that ,i ought to follow his counsel4 ,engaged in this conversation1 we reached our homes1 and each one of us dreamed all that night of devils4 ,as we were in the habit of meeting daily1 the necromancer kept urging me to join in his adventure4 ,accordingly ,i asked him how long it would take1 and where we should have to go4 ,to this he answered that we might get through with it in less than a month1 and that the most suitable locality for the purpose was the hill country of ,norcia3 a master of his in the art had indeed consecrated such a book quite close to ,rome1 at a place called the ,badia di ,farfa2 but he had met with some difficulties there1 which would not occur in the mountains of ,norcia3 the peasants also of that district are people to be trusted1 and have some practice in these matters1 so that at a pinch they are able to render valuable assistance4 ,this priestly sorcerer moved me so by his persuasions that ,i was well disposed to comply with his request2 but ,i said ,i wanted first to finish the medals ,i was making for the ,pope4 ,i had confided what ,i was doing about them to him alone1 begging him to keep my secret4 ,at the same time ,i never stopped asking him if he believed that ,i should be reunited to my ,sicilian ,angelica at the time appointed2 for the date was drawing near1 and ,i thought it singular that ,i heard nothing about her4 ,the necromancer told me that it was quite certain ,i should find myself where she was1 since the devils never break their word when they promise1 as they did on that occasion2 but he bade me keep my eyes open and be on the lookout against some accident which might happen to me in that connection1 and put restraint upon myself to endure somewhat against my inclination1 for he could discern a great and imminent danger in it3 well would it be for me if ,i went with him to consecrate the book1 since this would avert the peril that menaced me and would make us both most fortunate4 ,i was beginning to hanker after the adventure more than he did2 but ,i said that a certain ,maestro ,giovanni of ,castel ,bolognese had just come to ,rome1 very ingenious in the art of making medals of the sort ,i made in steel1 and that ,i thirsted for nothing more than to compete with him and take the world by storm with some great masterpiece1 which ,i hoped would annihilate all those enemies of mine by the force of genius and not the sword4 ,the sorcerer on his side went on urging1 ,nay1 prithee1 ,benvenuto1 come with me and shun a great disaster which ,i see impending over you4 ,however1 ,i had made my mind up1 come what would1 to finish my medal1 and we were now approaching the end of the month4 ,i was so absorbed and enamored by my work that ,i thought no more about ,angelica or anything of that kind1 but gave my whole self up to it4 ,,benvenuto ,,loses ,,self-,,control ,,under ,,severe ,,provocation ,from the ',memoirs'3 ,symonds's ,translation ,it happened one day1 close on the hours of vespers1 that ,i had to go1 at an unusual time for me1 from my house to my workshop2 for ,i ought to say that the latter was in the ,banchi1 while ,i lived behind the ,banchi1 and went rarely to the shop2 all my business there ,i left in the hands of my partner1 ,felice4 ,having stayed a short while in the workshop1 ,i remembered that ,i had to say something to ,alessandro del ,bene4 ,so ,i arose1 and when ,i reached the ,banchi1 ,i met a man called ,ser ,benedetto1 who was a great friend of mine4 ,he was a notary1 born in ,florence1 son of a blind man who said prayers about the streets for alms1 and a ,sienese by race4 ,this ,ser ,benedetto had been very many years at ,naples2 afterwards he had settled in ,rome1 where he transacted business for some ,sienese merchants of the ,chigi4 ,my partner had over and over again asked him for some moneys which were due for certain little rings confided to ,ser ,benedetto4 ,that very day1 meeting him in the ,banchi1 he demanded his money rather roughly1 as his wont was4 ,benedetto was walking with his masters1 and they1 annoyed by the interruption1 scolded him sharply1 saying they would be served by somebody else1 in order not to have to listen to such barking4 ,ser ,benedetto did the best he could to excuse himself1 swore that he had paid the goldsmith1 and said he had no power to curb the rage of madmen4 ,the ,sienese took his words ill1 and dismissed him on the spot4 ,leaving them1 he ran like an arrow to my shop1 probably to take revenge upon ,felice4 ,it chanced that just in the middle of the street we met4 ,i1 who had heard nothing of the matter1 greeted him most kindly1 according to my custom1 to which courtesy he replied with insults4 ,then what the sorcerer had said flashed all at once upon my mind2 and bridling myself as well as ,i was able1 in the way he bade me1 ,i answered3-- ,good brother ,benedetto1 don't fly into a rage with me1 for ,i have done you no harm1 nor do ,i know anything about these affairs of yours4 ,please go and finish what you have to do with ,felice4 ,he is quite capable of giving you a proper answer2 but inasmuch as ,i know nothing about it1 you are wrong to abuse me in this way1 especially as you are well aware that ,i am not the man to put up with insults4 ,he retorted that ,i knew everything1 and that he was the man to make me bear a heavier load than that1 and that ,felice and ,i were two great rascals4 ,by this time a crowd had gathered round to hear the quarrel4 ,provoked by his ugly words1 ,i stooped and took up a lump of mud--for it had rained--and hurled it with a quick and unpremeditated movement at his face4 ,he ducked his head1 so that the mud hit him in the middle of the skull4 ,there was a stone in it with several sharp angles1 one of which striking him1 he fell stunned like a dead man2 whereupon all the bystanders1 seeing the great quantity of blood1 judged that he was really dead4 ,while he was still lying on the ground1 and people were preparing to carry him away1 ,pompeo the jeweler passed by4 ,the ,pope had sent for him to give orders about some jewels4 ,seeing the fellow in such a miserable plight1 he asked who had struck him2 on which they told him1 ,benvenuto did it1 but the stupid creature brought it down upon himself4 ,no sooner had ,pompeo reached the ,pope than he began to speak3 ,most blessed ,father1 ,benvenuto has this very moment murdered ,tobbia2 ,i saw it with my own eyes4 ,on this the ,pope in a fury ordered the ,governor1 who was in the presence1 to take and hang me at once in the place where the homicide had been committed2 adding that he must do all he could to catch me1 and not appear again before him until he had hanged me4 ,,celtic ,,literature ,,by ,,william ,,sharp ,,and ,,ernest ,,rhys ,the widespread and deepening contemporary interest in ,celtic literature is primarily due to four distinct influences4 ,the publication 7followed by its world-wide repute and the bitterest literary controversy of modern days7 of ,macpherson's ',ossian' comes first4 ,there is no inorganic development in art1 whether the art of words or any other3 in the fundamental sense1 there is no accident4 ,it is a mistake therefore to speak of ,macpherson's ',ossian' as a startling meteor which flashed across the world of literature1 a brief apparition out of a void into which it has returned1 leaving only a mass of debris to testify to its actuality and bygone splendor3 a mistake1 for this famous production was indirectly but closely related to another literary influence1 the publication of ,bishop ,percy's celebrated ',reliques of ,ancient ,english ,poetry4' ,in art there is no room for accidents3 for art is an organic development1 and the most seemingly arbitrary variations are inevitable or at least natural4 ,after ,macpherson's ',ossian' the next important influence is the ',mabinogion1' as retold in ,english from the early ,welsh originals by ,lady ,charlotte ,guest4 ,the influence1 as well as the inherent beauty and interest1 of each of these famous productions will be dealt with later in these volumes4 ',ossian' and the ',mabinogion' afforded a new standpoint4 ,the two heralds of the treasure we have inherited in this ,celtic literature of the past were ,ernest ,renan and ,matthew ,arnold4 ,renan by his treatise on ',la ,poesie des ,races ,celtiques1' and later ,matthew ,arnold by his essay on ',celtic ,literature1' accomplished an almost inestimable service4 ,everything that has been done since is but a variation along the lines indicated by these two great critics2 and with this result1 that it is already a commonplace to say we have in the ,celtic literature of the past not only an almost inexhaustible mine of beauty1 but the material for a new and vivid ,anglo-,celtic literature of the imagination4 ,in the ensuing brief sketch of some of the main features of this subject1 at once so fascinating and so important1 no attempt is made to do other than to interest1 and perhaps allure further1 the general reader4 ,for convenience's sake1 this brief paper may be divided into four sections3--,irish1 ,scottish1 ,welsh1 and ,cornish4 ,i--,,irish ,from what dragon's teeth1 and when sown1 sprang forth this warlike crop8 asks ,mr4 ,standish ,o',grady1 writing in his ',history of ,ireland' of the host of famous heroic men and women whose names have come down to us from the antique periods of the ,gael4 ,out of the ground they start1 he tells us1 the armies of her demigods and champions1--beautiful heroic forms1--in the ,north the ,red ,branch1 in the ,south the ,ernai or ,clan ,dega1 in the ,west ,queen ,meave and her champions1 in the ,southeast that mysterious half-red ,meave and her martial grooms6 ,a wonderful world6 that heroic ,ireland1 the old ,ireland of ,queen ,meave and ,cuculain1 which only now for the first time is become at all a possible region for the most of us4 ,it is due to the remarkable modern band of ,irish writers and scholars represented by ,mr4 ,o',grady in the one category1 and his older namesake1 ,mr4 ,standish ,hayes ,o',grady of the ',silva ,gadelica1' in the other1 that this literature is at last unsealed for those readers who have no ,gaelic equipment to aid them4 ,with their aid ,queen ,meave emerges into new life in poetry and romance2 ,cuculain is seen fighting afresh his ancient battles2 and ,st4 ,patrick encounters again the primitive ,ossian3 all these1 fortunately1 are now as much within the reach of an ,american audience as their classic prototypes in ,homer or in the northern sagas4 ,these few more familiar names1 out of the vast number which threaten confusion in the old ,irish romances and bardic books1 may serve as clues in the perplexing labyrinth of a subject which seems at first so difficult to penetrate4 ,take ,queen ,meave1 for instance3 how do we arrive at her place and story1 so early in the centuries8 ,she belongs to the second great cycle of ,irish legendary history1 in which she has ,cuculain1 ,conor mac ,nessa1 ,fergus1 and ,deirdre1 as companions in romance4 ,in this cycle the dramatic centre is the fierce interminable war between ,connaught and ,ulster1 brought about by the treacherous murder of the sons of ,usnach4 ,the story of their tragic end1 and of the melancholy death of ,deirdre1 is one of the most moving in all ,irish tradition4 ,but the master-romance of the cycle is not that of ,deirdre1 but of ,queen ,meave and her foray in quest of the famous bull of ,louth2 a tale familiar in ,irish under its title of ',the ,cattle-spoiling of ,cooley4' ,if one is tired of the modern world and its literary interpretations1 its self-conscious fictions and impressionistic poetry1 one cannot do better than dive deep into the past1 where ,queen ,meave marches in half-barbaric splendor and beauty across the stage of the ancient ,eri1 which was approximately contemporaneous with the birth of ,christ4 ,that was the time when the ,red ,branch mustered in the north its heroic array of warriors1 descendants of ,ir1 the son of ,milesius2 and of the ,red ,branch came ,cuculain the mighty4 ,connaught1 the ,ireland west of the ,shannon1 was ,queen ,meave's patrimony1 where still lived the chief remnant of the prehistoric ,firbolgs1 the race that once fought with the gods themselves4 ,and we have still to supply the mid-,ireland1 with ,tara as capital1 and ,cairbre as king2 the ,leinster of that day1 subject to ,finn and ,far-,cu2 and the ,munster1 subject to ,lok and ,eocha1 with the children of ,conairy ,mor the ,beautiful1 too1 ranging the south in their fullness of power4 ,the colors to be got out of this ,celtic antiquity1 the spirit of life that surges in its romantic annals1 the fine fury of its heroes1 the beauty and picturesqueness of its women1 combine to make a story that only an ,ireland of the first century could have inspired1 and that only an ,ireland of the sixth to the ninth century could have written4 ,throughout ,celtic history1 the sixth century is for many reasons a climacteric period4 ,in ,irish literature1 we reach about the year #ege a first point to which we can refer approximately the more conscious operation of its genius4 ,then it was that it made its first open claim to something like a national recognition4 ,at the famous conclave of that year1 held at ,druimceta1 it attained an almost academic position and organization4 ,in this conclave1 the then king of the ,scottish ,gaels1 the leading ,king of the ,irish1 and ,st4 ,columcill1 assisted at the deliberations which decided the caste and privileges of the ,illuminati4 ,there seem to have been three grades3 the first1 a pseudo-,druidic order1 the ,gradh ,ecna2 the second1 one of law-makers and lawyers2 the third1 the ,bardic order1 the ,gradh ,fili1 the poets being termed ,file in ,irish4 ,of the many degrees to which the poets or ,file could attain1 the highest 7as in the other grades1 of ,ecna1 ,wisdom1 and of ,fene1 ,law7 was the ,ollave1 or ,doctor4 ,these doctors of literature1 so to call them1 were already the continuators of a great tradition1 especially in poetry4 ,they had to carry1 written only in their heads1 an immense body of bardic and religious legendary history and philosophy4 ,and inasmuch as they were the sole depositories of this profound and occult learning1 to say nothing of those heroic tales and romances in which the ,celtic people so delighted1 they received high honor wherever they went4 ,when the chief poet1 the ollave1 or doctor of poetry1 arrived1 in his weather-beaten cloak of dark crimson trimmed with white feathers1 accompanied by his little band of disciples1 at some chieftain's house1 he was received with signal hospitality and treated to the best his host could afford4 ,while literature was still oral1 it is clear that despite the care used in its preservation in the bardic schools1 it could not be maintained with the absolute accuracy of a written or a printed text4 ,the remoter the historical matter to be remembered1 the less likely was it to be preserved1 literatim et verbatim1 without those little liberties of the imagination which the ,celtic word-master of earlier ages was always ready to take4 ,thus the first cycle of ,irish legendary history1 dating back many centuries before the ,christian era1--the primitive and mythological cycle1--allows full license to the imagination1 working upon a basis of semi-barbaric tradition1 with a mixture in it of nature-myths and remotest history4 ,both because of the extent and the extreme difficulty of the materials afforded by this cycle in the study of the pre-,christian religious beliefs of the ,celtic races1 its stories will always form a great hunting-ground for ,celtic students4 ,we learn from it how the ,nemedians were overtaken by the ,fomorians and fought with them1 almost to extermination1 on ,tory ,island1 escaping then to the south of ,europe1 particularly to ,greece2 and a couple of centuries later returned1 under their new name of the ,firbolgs4 ,the ,nemedians meanwhile supplied similarly a recrudescent race1 the ,tuatha ,de ,danann1 of whom came the ,dagda1--the all-king1 almost the ,zeus of ancient ,ireland4 ,the same cycle supplies us also with the mythical types correspondent to those of the ,greek mythology3 e4 g41 ,ogmuir1 the ,irish ,heracles2 ,lug or ,lugh1 the ,apollo2 ,diancea1 the ,esculapius2 ,manannan1 the ,neptune2 and so forth4 ,we have also ,bridget1 the ,goddess of ,poetry1 the ,gaelic ,muse1 and the first and foremost of the many illustrious ,brians of ,gaelic story4 ,later critics differ ingeniously about the precise origins and significations of many of these prehistoric figures4 ,our own conjecture is1 and it lays claim to no great originality or finality1 that we have in this ,danann cycle an all-but inextricable commixture of primitive nature-myths and folk-tales brought by the ,milesian and pre-,milesian immigrants from the ,aryan cradle in the ,east1 together with a certain addition of confused history relating to the earliest adventures of the new-come races upon ,irish ground4 ,but such as this traditional cycle was1 it provided the background for the much later second cycle1 of which we have already spoken1 and which bears the ,red ,branch aloft as a sign4 ,in sight of the ,red ,branch1 the darker part of the journey is over2 and the mists of mythology only form the veil shutting out all but the mere human foreground4 ,we have spoken so far of two cycles--the ,mythological1 whose chronology is a matter for further criticism to decide2 the ,heroic1 or ,red ,branch1 which we place at the beginning of the ,christian era4 ,now we come to a third cycle3 the ,fenian named after ,finn ,mac ,cool1 according to most ,irish writers2 the ,ossianic named after ,ossian1 ,finn's famous son1 according to most ,scotch4 ,we need only speak of it here of course on its purely ,irish side and from the ,fenian aspect1 as the reader will find it fully dealt with under its ,ossianic aspect elsewhere4 ,the heroes of this cycle1 if we accept their historical existence in ,ireland1 lived from the second to the fourth centuries of the ,christian era4 ,art1 his grandson ,cormac1 and ,cormac's son1 ,cairbre2 ,cool1 his son ,finn1 and ,king ,goll3 these1 with ,owen ,mor and many another1 fill the ,fenian romances with their fierce and picturesque pursuit of destiny and death4 ,they only await the hand of that predestined shaper into final and positive and modernly intelligible form of the confused romances which treat of their doings1 to add a new epic to the larger literature which has the ,old ,world for its text and the ,new ,world for its interpreter4 ,these three great cycles of ,irish romance by no means exhaust the wealth of story1 still lurking perdu in old ,,mss4 or in rare and rarely read works4 ,some of these additional tales have already reached ,american readers under modern retellings or poetic interpretations2 such as1 e4 g41 ',the ,voyage of ,maeldune'1 retold memorably1 and differently enough1 in flowing hexametrical periods by ,tennyson3-- ,and we came to the ,isle of ,shouting2 we landed2 a score of wild birds ,cried from the topmost summit with human voices and words2 ,once in an hour they cried1 and whenever their voices pealed1 ,the steer fell down at the plow and the harvest died from the field1 ,and the men dropt dead in the valleys1 and half of the cattle went lame1 ,and the roof sank in on the hearth1 and the dwelling broke into flame2 ,and the shouting of these wild birds ran into the hearts of my crew1 ,till they shouted along with the shouting1 and seized one another and slew2 ,but ,i drew them the one from the other2 ,i saw that we could not stay1 ,and we left the dead to the birds1 and we sailed with our wounded away4 ,tennyson took his version from ,joyce's ',early ,celtic ,romances'4 ,in this volume we have1 among other legendary romances1 five or six of the most wonderful or moving tales in ,celtic or any other literature4 ,three of these are--,the ,three ,sorrowful ,tales of ,erin'1 comprising ',the ,fate of the ,children of ,usna' 7or ',deirdre'72 ',the ,fate of the ,children of ,lir'2 and ',the ,fate of the ,children of ,tuirenn'4 ,the names of the three others are ',the ,voyage of ,maeldun' 7the oldest copy of which is dated #aajj71 ',the ,pursuit of ,dermot and ,grania'1 and ',ossian in the ,land of ,youth'4 ,of these perhaps the story of ',deirdre' is the best known1 and ,american readers may be referred to the fine epical version by ,dr4 ,robert ,d4 ,joyce 7',deirdre'71 published some years ago by ,roberts ,brothers of ,boston4 ,two brief examples of the short episodical narratives which make up the marvelous ',voyage of ,maeldun' may be cited here1--',the ,miller of ,hell' and ',signs of ,home1' the latter giving the return of the ,celtic ,ulysses and his companions4 ,,the ,,miller ,,of ,,hell ,the next island they came to1 which was not far off from the last1 had a large mill on it2 and near the door stood the miller1 a huge-bodied1 strong1 burly man4 ,they saw numberless crowds of men and horses laden with corn coming towards the mill2 and when their corn was ground they went away towards the west4 ,great herds of all kinds of cattle covered the plain as far as the eye could reach1 and among them many wagons1 laden with every kind of wealth that is produced on the ridge of the world4 ,all these the miller put into the mouth of his mill to be ground2 and all as they came forth went westward4 ,maeldun and his people now spoke to the miller1 and asked him the name of the mill1 and the meaning of all they had seen on the island4 ,and he1 turning quickly towards them1 replied in a few words3-- ,this mill is called the ,mill of ,inver-tre-,kenand1 and ,i am the ,miller of ,hell4 ,all the corn and all the riches of the world that men are dissatisfied with1 or which they complain of in any way1 are sent here to be ground2 and also every precious article and every kind of wealth which men try to conceal from ,god4 ,all these ,i grind in the ,mill of ,inver-tre-,kenand and send them away afterwards to the west4 ,he spoke no more1 but turned round and busied himself again with his mill4 ,and the voyagers1 with much wonder and awe in their hearts1 went to their curragh and sailed away4 ,,signs ,,of ,,home ,soon after they saw a beautiful verdant island1 with herds of oxen1 cows1 and sheep browsing all over its hills and valleys2 but no houses nor inhabitants to be seen4 ,and they rested some time on this island and ate the flesh of the cows and sheep4 ,one day while they were standing on a hill a large falcon flew by2 and two of the crew1 who happened to look closely at him1 cried out in the hearing of ,maeldun3-- ,see that falcon6 he is surely like the falcons of ,erin6 ,watch him closely1 cried ,maeldun1 and observe exactly in what direction he is flying4 ,and they saw that he flew to the southeast1 without turning or wavering4 ,they went on board at once2 and having unmoored1 they sailed to the southeast after the falcon4 ,after rowing the whole day1 they sighted land in the dusk of the evening1 which seemed to them like the land of ,erin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of all the books of the kind published since ,macpherson's ',ossian1' ,lady ,charlotte ,guest's ',mabinogion1' and ,villemarque's ',barzaz-,breiz1' this collection of ,dr4 ,joyce's has had the most marked influence4 ,it consists of eleven tales1 and was the first readable collection of the old ,gaelic prose romances published in ,english4 ,so far as the general public is concerned1 ,dr4 ,joyce's method is unquestionably the best4 ,a translation1 he says1 may either follow the very words1 or reproduce the life and spirit1 of the original2 but no translation can do both4 ,if you render word for word1 you lose the spirit2 if you wish to give the spirit and manner1 you must depart from the exact words and frame your own phrases4 ,i have chosen this latter course4 ,my translation follows the original closely enough in narrative and incident2 but so far as mere phraseology is concerned1 ,i have used the ,english language freely1 not allowing myself to be trammeled by too close an adherence to the very words of the text4 ,the originals are in general simple in style2 and ,i have done my best to render them into simple1 homely1 plain ,english4 ,in short1 ,i have tried to tell the stories as ,i conceive the old ,shenachies themselves would have told them if they had used ,english instead of ,gaelic4 ,another characteristic and admirably edited translation of one of these miscellaneous stories that lie outside the three cycles of ,irish romance is ',the ,vision of ,mac ,cougleime1' which we owe to ,dr4 ,kuno ,meyer 7,london3 ,nutt74 ,among the legendary ,celtic romances is the short but beautiful and characteristic account of ,ossian's expedition to the ,isle of the ,blest or the ,land of ,youth1 and his subsequent return as an old and decrepit man--in a word1 the ,celtic ,rip ,van ,winkle4 ,this legend not only underlies all the spiritual romances of ,celtic ,ireland and ,scotland1 but has profoundly appealed to the imagination of the whole complex ,english race of to-day1 whether under the badge of the rose1 the thistle1 the shamrock1 or the leek1 whether under the banner of the ,united ,kingdom or that of the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,,oisin ,,in ,,tirnanoge2 or ,,the ,,last ,,of ,,the ,,feni ,according to an ancient legend1 ,finn's son ,oisin1 the hero poet1 survived to the time of ,st4 ,patrick1 two hundred years 7the legend makes it three hundred7 after the other ,feni4 ,on a certain occasion1 when the saint asked him how he had lived to such a great age1 the old hero related his story1 of which the following is the close4 ,i lived in the ,land of ,youth more than three hundred years2 but it appeared to me that only three years had passed since the day ,i parted from my friends4 ,at the end of that time ,i began to have a longing desire to see my father ,finn and all my old companions1 and ,i asked leave of ,niam and of the king to visit ,erin4 ,the king gave permission1 and ,niam said3-- ,i will give consent1 though ,i feel sorrow in my heart1 for ,i fear much you will never return to me4 ,i replied that ,i would surely return1 and that she need not feel any doubt or dread1 for that the white steed knew the way1 and would bring me back in safety4 ,then she addressed me in these words1 which seemed very strange to me3-- ,i will not refuse this request1 though your journey afflicts me with great grief and fear4 ,erin is not now as it was when you left it4 ,the great king ,finn and his ,feni are all gone2 and you will find1 instead of them1 a holy father and hosts of priests and saints4 ,now1 think well on what ,i say to you1 and keep my words in your mind4 ,if once you alight from the white steed1 you will never come back to me4 ,again ,i warn you1 if you place your feet on the green sod in ,erin1 you will never return to this lovely land4 ,a third time1 ,o ,oisin1 my beloved husband1 a third time ,i say to you1 if you alight from the white steed you will never see me again4 ,i promised that ,i would faithfully attend to her words1 and that ,i would not alight from the white steed4 ,then as ,i looked into her gentle face and marked her grief1 my heart was weighed down with sadness1 and my tears flowed plentifully2 but even so1 my mind was bent on coming back to ,erin4 ,when ,i had mounted the white steed1 he galloped straight toward the shore4 ,we moved as swiftly as before over the clear sea4 ,the wind overtook the waves and we overtook the wind1 so that we straightway left the ,land of ,youth behind2 and we passed by many islands and cities till at length we landed on the green shores of ,erin4 ,as ,i traveled on through the country1 ,i looked closely around me2 but ,i scarcely knew the old places1 for everything seemed strangely altered4 ,i saw no sign of ,finn and his host1 and ,i began to dread that ,niam's saying was coming true4 ,at length ,i espied at a distance a company of little men and women1,a all mounted on horses as small as themselves2 and when ,i came near1 they greeted me kindly and courteously4 ,they looked at me with wonder and curiosity1 and they marveled much at my great size and at the beauty and majesty of my person4 ,a ,the gigantic race of the ,feni had all passed away1 and ,erin was now inhabited by people who looked very small in ,oisin's eyes4 ,i asked them about ,finn and the ,feni2 whether they were still living1 or if any sudden disaster had swept them away4 ,and one replied3-- ,we have heard of the hero ,finn1 who ruled the ,feni of ,erin in times of old1 and who never had an equal for bravery and wisdom4 ,the poets of the ,gaels have written many books concerning his deeds and the deeds of the ,feni1 which we cannot now relate2 but they are all gone long since1 for they lived many ages ago4 ,we have heard also1 and we have seen it written in very old books1 that ,finn had a son named ,oisin4 ,now this ,oisin went with a young fairy maiden to ,tirnanoge1 and his father and his friends sorrowed greatly after him and sought him long2 but he was never seen again4 ,when ,i heard all this ,i was filled with amazement1 and my heart grew heavy with great sorrow4 ,i silently turned my steed away from the wondering people1 and set forward straightway for ,allen of the mighty deeds1 on the broad green plains of ,leinster4 ,it was a miserable journey to me2 and though my mind1 being full of sadness at all ,i saw and heard1 forecasted further sorrows1 ,i was grieved more than ever when ,i reached ,allen4 ,for there indeed ,i found the hill deserted and lonely1 and my father's palace all in ruins and overgrown with grass and weeds4 ,i turned slowly away1 and afterwards fared through the land in every direction in search of my friends4 ,but ,i met only crowds of little people1 all strangers1 who gazed on me with wonder2 and none knew me4 ,i visited every place throughout the country where ,i knew the ,feni had lived2 but ,i found their houses all like ,allen1 solitary and in ruins4 ,at length ,i came to ,glenasmole1,b where many a time ,i had hunted in days of old with the ,feni1 and there ,i saw a crowd of people in the glen4 ,as soon as they saw me1 one of them came forward and said3-- ,b ,glenasmole1 a fine valley about seven miles south of ,dublin1 through which the river ,dodder flows4 ,come to us1 thou mighty hero1 and help us out of our strait2 for thou art a man of vast strength4 ,i went to them1 and found a number of men trying in vain to raise a large flat stone4 ,it was half lifted from the ground2 but those who were under it were not strong enough either to raise it further or to free themselves from its weight4 ,and they were in great distress1 and on the point of being crushed to death4 ,i thought it a shameful thing that so many men should be unable to lift this stone1 which ,oscar1 if he were alive1 would take in his right hand and fling over the heads of the feeble crowd4 ,after ,i had looked a little while1 ,i stooped forward and seized the flag with one hand2 and putting forth my strength1 ,i flung it seven perches from its place1 and relieved the little men4 ,but with the great strain the golden saddle-girth broke1 and bounding forward to keep myself from falling1 ,i suddenly came to the ground on my two feet4 ,the moment the white steed felt himself free1 he shook himself and neighed4 ,then1 starting off with the speed of a cloud-shadow on a ,march day1 he left me standing helpless and sorrowful4 ,instantly a woeful change came over me3 the sight of my eyes began to fade1 the ruddy beauty of my face fled1 ,i lost all my strength1 and ,i fell to the earth1 a poor withered old man1 blind and wrinkled and feeble4 ,the white steed was never seen again4 ,i never recovered my sight1 my youth1 or my strength2 and ,i have lived in this manner1 sorrowing without ceasing for my gentle golden-haired wife ,niam1 and thinking ever of my father ,finn1 and of the lost companions of my youth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,between these romances and the first definite ,christian writings the numerous ,ossianic colloquies and narrative poems1 and the ,irish ,annals1 form the connecting links4 ,the ,ossianic poetry1 even where it is specially ,irish in character1 we have elected to leave aside for the present1 for reasons already given2 but it must be remembered that they form a very important section in themselves1 and amount in ,irish alone to some fifty thousand lines1 even on a fairly moderate computation4 ,turning to the ,annals1 we are confronted at once by that extraordinary repository of ,irish lore1 history1 and legend known as ',the ,annals of the ,four ,masters4' ,this remarkable testament of the ,irish genius was due primarily to the zeal and energy of ,michael ,o',clery1 born at ,donegal about #aehj--the last of a long line of scholars4 ,having become a ,franciscan1 in his conventual calling he was living far away from his native soil1 at ,st4 ,anthony's monastery in ,louvain4 ,but there he had another ,donegal man1 ,a,edh the son of ,bhaird 7,ward71 for fellow worker2 and the two together formed the idea of collecting and putting into permanent form the valuable ,,ms4 flotsam of old ,irish literature which in earlier days1 wandering in their own land1 they had found drifting insecurely hither and thither4 ,the plan they proposed was for ,o',clery to get leave of absence and return to ,ireland1 there to roam up and down the land1 collecting and copying every valuable ,,ms4 he could lay hands on2 then transmitting the copy to his co-worker in ,louvain4 ,a,edh son of ,ward died too soon to carry out fully his part of the undertaking3 but another ,irish ,franciscan1 ,father ,colgan1 took up the task2 and it was he who gave the book its present title1 ',the ,annals of the ,four ,masters1' calling it after the four men who chiefly collaborated in the work1 viz41 ,michael ,o',clery1 ,farfassa ,o',mulconry1 ,peregrine ,o',clery1 and ,peregrine ,o',duigenan4 ,the ,annals1 thus laboriously brought to a triumphant close1 carry history back to the ,deluge1 and down to the years contemporary with their compilers and authors1 and the early part of the seventeenth century4 ,there is no event of ,irish history1 says ,dr4 ,hyde1 from the birth of ,christ to the beginning of the seventeenth century1 that the first inquiry of the student will not be--,what do the ,four ,masters say about it8 ,the ,annals indeed present in their curiously epitomized and synchronized pages the concentrated essence of thousands of the confused ,,mss4 which the ,four ,masters collated1 sifted1 and interpreted with consummate art and intelligence4 ,they wrote1 we may add1 in an archaic1 almost cryptic style1 full of bardic euphemisms and other difficulties2 so that it is fortunate even for ,celtic scholars that ,o',donovan's seven great volumes1 in his quarto edition1 present the text with an accompanying ,english translation4 ,the more one compares the great work of the ,four ,masters with other succeeding works of the same historical order1 the more one sees how great was the effect upon ,irish literature of the growth of ,christian influence4 ,st4 ,patrick's are the world-wide name and fame which most clearly mark the early ,christian history of ,ireland1 when the new divine creed entered into the land and confronted the ,celtic paganism4 ,many are the exquisite legends of ,st4 ,patrick1 often so naively and so tenderly told2 with glimmerings here and there already of the humor which we connect so much with the ,irish temper of mind1 and which received probably its greatest stimulus when an ,irishman of earlier times wished1 in all courtesy1 to reconcile his old fighting instincts with the ,christian gentleness and self-sacrifice4 ,this as it may be1 the hagiology of the mediaeval ,irishman is in delightful contrast to the tales of battle and foray in the three great cycles of early romance4 ,as for ,st4 ,patrick1 the legendary and apocryphal literature that centres about him amounts in verse and prose to an immense bulk4 ,much of this matter has of course very small historical value2 but it may be conceded that ,patrick's traditional role as a law-maker and reviser1 in connection with the revision of the ,brehon ,law1 deserves serious attention4 ,similarly1 though we do not accept more than a small part of the poems attributed to him as really his1 there is enough to show him a poet1 as well as a great teacher and preacher and lawgiver4 ,what is most to the purpose1 perhaps1 is that he made his life a poem2 so that the mediaeval scribes can hardly speak of him without adorning and beautifying the tale they have to tell4 ,less known but hardly less interesting is ,st4 ,columcill1 whom ,dr4 ,hyde claims to have been1 both in his failings and his virtues1 the most typical of ,irishmen2 at once sentimental and impulsive1 an eminent type of the race he came from4 ,dr4 ,hyde goes on to relate1 in illustration of this1 the tale of the heron in ,iona3--,when he saw the bird flying across the water from the direction of ,ireland1 and alighting half frozen with cold and faint with flight upon the rocky coast there1 he sent out one of his monks to go round the island and warm and cherish and feed the bird2 'because1' said he weeping1 'it has come from the land ,i shall never see on earth again6' ,surely one of the most touching sentences ever uttered in all the long series of the lament of the ,celt in exile6 ,the ,lives of the ,saints form altogether a most important and characteristic section of ,irish literature4 ,even when composed in ,latin1 they remain so saturated with ,celtic feeling and coloring that they may fairly be counted among ,irish books4 ,dr4 ,hyde names several ,latin lives of ,st4 ,patrick alone1 ascribed to ,st4 ,benignus1 ,st4 ,ultan1 ,st4 ,eleran1 and others of his later followers4 ,of ,st4 ,columcill 7,st4 ,columba71 one of the fullest1 written in ,irish in the sixteenth century1 was compiled at ,lifford under the direction of ,manus ,o',donnell1 ,prince of ,tirconnell2 though ,adamnan's ,latin life of the ,saint is the most important book on the subject1 written as it was only a hundred years after the death of ,columba1 and by one who was his spiritual successor as ,abbot of ,iona4 ,the ,danish invasion of ,ireland1 lasting from the ninth to the eleventh centuries1 draws a red line across the history of its literature4 ,during that troubled period many of the most priceless of its ,,mss4 were destroyed1 and violent disruptions threatened every phase of learning4 ,however1 the old impulse of the sixth century still lived2 and we find in the tenth1 ,cormac1 ,bishop of ,cashel1 first among a redoubtable band of men of letters and men of affairs who strove successfully to maintain the ,irish spirit4 ,cormac's ',glossary' is the oldest book of its kind1 and invaluable as a monument2 and the reputed poems of ,gorm'ly1 his betrothed bride1 whom he never married1 and whose tale is a sad and strange one1 form in their different ways an extremely characteristic expression of the ,irish literature of the time4 ,during the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 the older ,irish romances multiplied themselves and begat new ones in the most astonishing way4 ',the ,book of ,leinster' mentions one hundred and eighty-one tales1 duly classified3 ,love-tales1 ,battle-tales1 ,tales of ,travel1 ,forays1 ,feasts1 ,visions1 ,tragedies1 etc4 ,what we have called the doctors of literature devoted themselves henceforth more to prose than to poetry1 and poetry fell more and more into the hands of those who wrote not for the elect but for the people4 ,there was no new development of ,irish poetry1 such as there was of ,welsh poetry in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries4 ,the bardic schools1 which did so much for ,irish poetry from the sixth century to the seventeenth1 insisted upon its conventions to a degree that was excessive4 ,geoffrey ,keating1 who carried on his great work at the same time as the ,four ,masters1 in the first half of the seventeenth century1 and who was a poet as well as a historian1 still used the bardic prosody1 and wrote some delightful poems by its rules2 but he lent his influence to aid the new liberty in prose and verse that ,irish literature was learning4 ,keating's name is of first-rate importance in its record1 for this very reason4 ,he was the first really to conceive of ,irish literature as a literature for the people1 and not only for the elect4 ,he was the first to do this2 and partly because he did it1 he was the last great landmark in the larger ,gaelic literature of ,ireland4 ,his ',history of ,ireland1' the result of an enforced retirement from preaching1 was1 says ,dr4 ,hyde1 the most popular book ever written in ,irish4 ,he marks too the transition1 as we pointed out1 from the old bardic tradition in ,irish poetry4 ,after his coming the bards threw away their superfluous prosody and wrote for the people1 and became poets indeed1 instead of the most ingenious of schoolmen4 ,the result was the remarkable body of ,irish poetry which belongs to the last three centuries1 and which contains many of the characteristics of folk-song and culture poetry1 in a most tuneful and idiosyncratic fashion quite its own4 ,let us listen again to ,dr4 ,hyde on this point3-- ,what the popular ballads of the folk had been like prior to the seventeenth century we have no means of knowing4 ,no scribe would demean his learned pen by committing them to paper2 but from that date down to the beginning of the present century the bards--the great houses being fallen--turned instinctively to the general public1 and threw behind them the metres that required so many years of study in the schools1 and dropped at a stroke several thousand words which no one understood except the great chiefs or those trained by the poets1 while they broke out into beautiful but at the same time intelligible verse1 which no one who has once heard and learned is likely to forget4 ,this is to my mind the real glory of the modern ,irish nation2 this is the sweetest creation of ,gaelic literature2 this is the truest note of the enchanting ,irish siren1 and he who has once heard it and remains deaf to its charm has neither heart for song nor soul for music4 ,the ,gaelic poetry of the last two centuries is the most sensuous attempt to convey music in words ever made by man4 ,it is absolutely impossible to convey the lusciousness of sound1 richness of rhythm1 and perfection of harmony in another language4 ,discounting what we will in the natural enthusiasm of one who has devoted himself heart and soul to the cause of the ,gaelic tongue and of ,irish literature1 quite enough remains to carry the contention for the continuing interest of native ,irish poetry after so many centuries4 ,that such a poetry and such a language should suddenly decay after so noble and enriched a record in the past1 is nothing short of a tragedy in the history of tongues4 ,dr4 ,hyde's own collection of the ',love ,songs of ,connacht' is the best example that ,american readers could possibly have of this ,irish poetry1 the late flowering of so venerable and noble a tree4 ,and with this work1 and some of the collections of the folk-tales still current in ,erse-speaking ,ireland1 made by ,dr4 ,hyde1 ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,curtin1 and ,mr4 ,larminie1 and ,englished for us1 we must bring this brief outline of the ,irish contribution to ,celtic literature to a close4 ,its modern interpretation is only now beginning to take its due place1 let us remember1 both at the hands of its scholars and on the lips of its poets4 ,and if any reader should think the scholars still1 after all we have said1 too difficult to follow1 let us recommend them to turn to the poems and tales of ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats and to the romantic pages of ,mr4 ,standish ,o',grady1 the latest exponents in our more modern tongue of that imagination1 and that subtlety and energy of thought1 which are characteristically ,irish4 ,of the three great cycles of ,gaelic literature1 the third is the 7so-called7 ,ossianic4 ,of this cycle ,finn 7,fionn1 ,fingal7 is the central hero4 ,the second great cycle is that which treats of the heroes of the ,ultonians1 i4 e41 the ,red ,branch of ,ulster2 among this cycle ,cuculain 7,cuchullin1 ,cohoolin1 ,coolin7 is the supreme type4 ,no living writer has so well reconstructed the past for us as ,mr4 ,standish ,o',grady has done1 and nowhere is he so successful as in his vivid and beautiful historical romance1 of which ,cuculain is the hero4 ,of the famous battle-prop of the valor and torch of the chivalry of the ,ultonians ,mr4 ,o',grady has given us an account which deserves to pass into the fixed literature of our race4 ,apart from its vividness1 charm1 and power1 ',the ,coming of ,cuculain' affords a general idea of the first great heroic cycle 7its predecessor dealing entirely with mythical or mythopoeic beings71 and of primitive heroic life as reflected in that literature4 ,the excerpts selected are 7#a7 the opening of the romance1 and 7#b7 from the chapter telling how ,cuculain won his knighthood4 ,,from ',,the ,,coming ,,of ,,cuculain' ,i ,the ,red ,branch feasted one night in their great hall at ,emain ,macha4 ,so vast was the hall that a man such as men are now1 standing in the centre and shouting his loudest1 would not be heard at the circumference2 yet the low laughter of the ,king sitting at one end was clearly audible to those who sat around the ,champion at the other4 ,the sons of ,dithorba made it1 giants of the elder time1 laboring there under the shoutings of ,macha and the roar of her sounding thongs4 ,its length was a mile and nine furlongs and a cubit4 ,with her brooch-pin she plowed its outline upon the plain1 and its breadth was not much less4 ,trees such as earth nourished then upheld the mossy roof beneath which feasted that heroic brood1 the great-hearted children of ,rury1 huge offsprings of the gods and giants of the dawn of time4 ,for mighty exceedingly were these men4 ,at the noise of their running to battle all ,ireland shook1 and the illimitable ,lir trembled in his watery halls2 the roar of their brazen chariots reverberated from the solid canopy of heaven1 and their war-steeds drank rivers dry4 ,a vast murmur rose from the assembly1 for like distant thunder or the far-off murmuring of agitated waters was the continuous hum of their blended conversation and laughter1 while ever and anon1 cleaving the many-tongued confusion1 uprose friendly voices1 clearer and stronger than battle trumpets1 when one hero challenged another to drink1 wishing him victory and success1 and his words rang round the hollow dome4 ,innumerable candles1 tall as spears1 illuminated the scene4 ,the eyes of the heroes sparkled1 and their faces1 white and ruddy1 beamed with festal mirth and mutual affection4 ,their yellow hair shone4 ,their banqueting attire1 white and scarlet1 glowed against the outer gloom4 ,their round brooches and mantle-pins of gold or silver or golden bronze1 their drinking vessels and instruments of festivity1 flashed and glittered in the light4 ,they rejoiced in their glory and their might and in the inviolable amity in which they were knit together2 a host of comrades1 a knot of heroic valor and affection1 which no strength or cunning1 and no power seen or unseen1 could ever release or untie4 ,at one extremity of the vast hall1 upon a raised seat1 sat their young king1 ,concobar ,mac ,nessa1 slender1 handsome1 and upright4 ,a canopy of bronze1 round as the bent sling of the ,sun-god1 the long-handed1 far-shooting son of ,ethlend1 encircled his head4 ,at his right hand lay a staff of silver4 ,far away at the other end of the hall1 on a raised seat1 sat the ,champion1 ,fergus ,mac ,roy1 like a colossus4 ,the stars and clouds of night were round his head and shoulders1 seen through the wide and high entrance of the ,dun1 whose doors no man has ever seen closed and barred4 ,aloft1 suspended from the dim rafters1 hung the naked forms of great men clear against the dark dome1 having the cords of their slaughter around their necks and their white limbs splashed with blood4 ,kings were they1 who had murmured against the sovereignty of the ,red ,branch4 ,through the wide doorway out of the night flew a huge bird1 black and gray1 unseen2 and soaring upwards sat upon the rafters1 its eyes like burning fire4 ,it was the ,mor ,reega1 or ,great ,queen1 the far-striding1 terrible daughter of ,iarnmas 7,iron-,death74 ,her voice was like the shouting of ten thousand men4 ,dear to her were these heroes4 ,more she rejoiced in them feasting than in the battle prowess of the rest4 ,when supper was ended1 their bard1 in his singing-robes and girt around the temples with a golden fillet1 stood up and sang4 ,he sang how once a king of the ,ultonians1 having plunged into the sea-depths1 there slew a monster which had wrought much havoc amongst fishers and seafaring men4 ,the heroes attended to his song1 leaning forward with bright eyes4 ,they applauded the song and the singer1 and praised the valor of the heroic man who had done the deed4 ,then the ,champion struck the table with his clenched hands and addressed the assembly4 ,wrath and sorrow were in his voice4 ,it resembled the brool of lions1 heard afar by seafaring men upon some savage shore on a still night4 ,famous deeds1 he said1 are not wrought now among the ,red ,branch4 ,i think we are all become women4 ,i grow weary of these huntings in the morning and mimic exercises of war1 and this training of steeds and careering of brazen chariots stained never with aught but dust and mire1 and these unearned feastings at night and vain applause of the brave deeds of our forefathers4 ,come now1 let us make an end of this4 ,let us conquer ,banba 7,ireland7 wholly in all her green borders1 and let the realms of ,lir1 which sustain no foot of man1 be the limit of her sovereignty4 ,let us gather the tributes of all ,ireland1 after many battles and much warlike toil4 ,then more sweetly shall we drink1 while the bards chant our prowess4 ,once ,i knew a coward who boasted endlessly about his forefathers1 and at last my anger rose1 and with a flat hand ,i slew him in the middle of his speech1 and paid no eric1 for he was nothing4 ,we have the blood of heroes in our veins1 and we sit here nightly boasting about them3 about ,rury1 whose name we bear2 and ,macha the warrioress1 who brought hither bound the sons of ,dithorba and made them rear this mighty ,dun2 and ,kimbaoth son of ,fiontann2 and my namesake ,fergus1 whose crooked mouth was no dishonor1 and the rest of our hero sires2 and we consume the rents and tributes of ,ulster which they by their prowess conquered to us1 and which flow hither in abundance from every corner of the province4 ,valiant men too will one day come hither and slay us as ,i slew that boaster1 and here in ,emain ,macha their bards will praise them4 ,then in the halls of our dead shall we say to our sires1 ',all that you got for us by your blood and your sweat1 that we have lost1 and the glory of the ,red ,branch is at an end4' ,that speech was pleasing to the ,red ,branch1 and they cried out that ,fergus ,mac ,roy had spoken well4 ,then all at once1 on a sudden impulse1 they sang the battle song of the ,ultonians1 and shouted for the war so that the building quaked and rocked1 and in the hall of the weapons there was a clangor of falling shields1 and men died that night for extreme dread1 so mightily shouted the ,ultonians around their king and around ,fergus4 ,,ii ,on the morrow there was a great hasting of the ,red ,branch on the plain of the assemblies4 ,it was ,may-day morning and the sun shone brightly1 but at first through radiant showers4 ,the trees were putting forth young buds2 the wet grass sparkled4 ,all the martial pomp and glory of the ,ultonians were exhibited that day4 ,their chariots and war-horses ringed the plain4 ,all the horses' heads were turned towards the centre where were ,concobar ,mac ,nessa and the chiefs of the ,red ,branch4 ,the plain flashed with gold1 bronze1 and steel1 and glowed with the bright mantles of the innumerable heroes1 crimson and scarlet1 blue1 green1 or purple4 ,the huge brooches on their breasts1 of gold and silver or gold-like bronze1 were like resplendent wheels4 ,their long hair1 yellow for the most part1 was bound with ornaments of gold4 ,great truly were those men2 their like has not come since upon the earth4 ,they were the heroes and demigods of the heroic age of ,erin1 champions who feared naught beneath the sun2 mightiest among the mighty1 huge1 proud1 and unconquerable1 and loyal and affectionate beyond all others2 all of the blood of ,ir1 son of ,milesius1 the ,clanna ,rury of great renown1 rejoicing in their valor1 their splendor1 their peerless king4 ,concobar had no crown4 ,a plain circle of beaten gold girt his broad temples4 ,in the naked glory of his regal manhood he stood there before them all1 but even so a stranger would have swiftly discovered the captain of the ,red ,branch2 such was his stature1 his bearing1 such his slow-turning1 steady-gazing eyes and the majesty of his bearded countenance4 ,his countenance was long1 broad above and narrow below1 his nose eminent1 his beard bipartite1 curling and auburn in hue1 his form without any blemish or imperfection4444 ,let the tameless horses of ,macha be harnessed to the chariot1 cried ,concobar1 and let ,laeg1 son of the ,king of ,gabra1 drive them hither1 for those are the horses and that the chariot which shall be given this day to ,cuculain4 ,then1 son of ,sualtam1 how in thy guileless breast thy heart leaped when thou heardest the thundering of the great war-car and the wild neighing of the immortal steeds1 as they broke from the dark stable into the clear-shining light of day1 and heard behind them the ancient roaring of the brazen wheels1 as in the days when they bore forth ,macha and her martial groom against the giants of old1 and mightily established in ,eiria the ,red ,branch of the ,ultonians6 ,soon they rushed to view from the rear of ,emain1 speeding forth impetuously out of the hollow-sounding ways of the city and the echoing palaces into the open1 and behind them in the great car green and gold1 above the many-twinkling wheels1 the charioteer1 with floating mantle1 girt round the temples with the gold fillet of his office1 leaning backwards and sideways as he labored to restrain their fury unrestrainable3 a gray long-maned steed1 whale-bellied1 broad-chested1 with mane like flying foam1 under one silver yoke1 and a black lustrous tufty-maned steed under the other2 such steeds as in power1 size1 and beauty the earth never produced before and never will produce again4 ,like a hawk swooping along the face of a cliff when the wind is high2 or like the rush of ,march wind over the smooth plain2 or like the fleetness of the stag roused from his lair by the hounds and covering his first field1 was the rush of those steeds when they had broken through the restraint of the charioteer1 as though they galloped over fiery flags2 so that the earth shook and trembled with the velocity of their motion1 and all the time the great car brayed and shrieked as the wheels of solid and glittering bronze went round1 and strange cries and exclamations were heard1 for they were demons that had their abode in that car4 ,the charioteer restrained the steeds before the assembly1 but nay-the-less a deep purr like the purr of a tiger proceeded from the axle4 ,then the whole assembly lifted up their voices and shouted for ,cuculain1 and he himself1 ,cuculain the son of ,sualtam1 sprang into his chariot all armed1 with a cry as of a warrior springing into his chariot in the battle1 and he stood erect and brandished his spears1 and the war sprites of the ,gael shouted along with him2 for the ,bocanahs and ,bananahs and the ,geniti ,gluidi1 the wild people of the glens1 and the demons of the air1 roared around him1 when first the great warrior of the ,gael1 his battle-arms in his hands1 stood equipped for war in his chariot before all the warriors of his tribe1 the kings of the ,clanna ,rury and the people of the ,emain ,macha4 ,then too there sounded from the ,tec ,brac the boom of shields and the clashing of swords and the cries and shouting of the ,tuatha ,dee ,danann1 who dwelt there perpetually2 and ,lu the long-handed1 the slayer of ,balor1 the destroyer of the ,fornoroh1 the immortal1 the invisible1 the maker and the decorator of the firmament1 whose hound was the sun1 and whose son the viewless wind1 thundered from heaven and bent his sling five-hued against the clouds2 and the son of the illimitable ,lir in his mantle blue and green1 foam-fringed1 passed through the assembly with a roar of far-off innumerable waters1 and the ,mor ,reega stood in the midst with a foot on either side of the plain1 and shouted with the shout of a host1 so that the ,ultonians fell down like reaped grass with their faces to the earth1 on account of the presence of the ,mor ,reega and on account of the omens and great signs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following poems from the ancient ,erse are taken from the ',lyra ,celtica3 an ,anthology of ,representative ,celtic ,poetry1' edited by ,elizabeth ,a4 ,sharp4 ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,amergin ,i am the wind which breathes upon the sea1 ,i am the wave of the ocean1 ,i am the murmur of the billows1 ,i am the ox of the seven combats1 ,i am the vulture upon the rocks1 ,i am a beam of the sun1 ,i am the fairest of plants1 ,i am a wild boar in valor1 ,i am a salmon in the water1 ,i am a lake in the plain1 ,i am a word of science1 ,i am the point of the lance of battle1 ,i am the ,god who creates in the head i4 e4 of man the fire i4 e4 the thought4 ,who is it who throws light into the meeting on the mountain if not ,i8 ,who announces the ages of the moon if not ,i8 ,who teaches the place where couches the sun if not ,i8 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,fionn ,may-day1 delightful time6 ,how beautiful the color6 ,the blackbirds sing their full lay4 ,would that ,laeg were here6 ,the cuckoos sing in constant strains4 ,how welcome is the noble ,brilliance of the seasons ever6 ,on the margin of the branching woods ,the summer swallows skim the stream3 the swift horses seek the pool2 ,the heather spreads out her long hair2 the weak fair bow-down grows4 ,sudden consternation attacks the signs2 the planets1 in their courses running1 exert an influence3 ,the sea is lulled to rest1 flowers cover the earth4 ,,vision ,,of ,a ,,fair ,,woman ,tell us some of the charms of the stars3 ,close and well set were her ivory teeth2 ,white as the canna upon the moor ,was her bosom the tartan bright beneath4 ,her well-rounded forehead shone ,soft and fair as the mountain snow2 ,her two breasts were heaving full2 ,to them did the hearts of heroes flow4 ,her lips were ruddier than the rose2 ,tender and tunefully sweet her tongue2 ,white as the foam adown her side ,her delicate fingers extended hung4 ,smooth as the dusky down of the elk ,appeared her shady eyebrows to me2 ,lovely her cheeks were1 like berries red2 ,from every guile she was wholly free4 ,her countenance looked like the gentle buds ,unfolding their beauty in early spring2 ,her yellow locks like the gold-browed hills2 ,and her eyes like the radiance the sunbeams bring4 ,in contemporary ,celtic poetry no one surpasses ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats1 particularly in the re-creation of that wonderful past with whose atmosphere his whole work is charged4 ,as an example of ,mr4 ,yeats's narrative method with legendary themes we may quote some lines from his beautiful ',the ,wanderings of ,oisin' 7,ossian73-- ,fled foam underneath us1 and round us a wandering and milky smoke1 ,high as the saddle-girth1 covering away from our glances the tide2 ,and those that fled1 and that followed1 from the foam-pale distance broke2 ,the immortal desire of immortals we saw in their faces1 and sighed4 ,i mused on the chase with the ,fenians1 and ,bran1 ,sgeolan1 ,lomair1 ,and never a song sang ,neave1 and over my finger-tips ,came now the sliding of tears and sweeping of mist-cold hair1 ,and now the warmth of sighs1 and after the quiver of lips4 ,were we days long or hours long in riding1 when1 rolled in a grisly peace1 ,an isle lay level before us1 with dripping hazel and oak8 ,and we stood on a sea's edge we saw not2 for whiter than new-washed fleece ,fled foam underneath us1 and round us a wandering and milky smoke4 ,and we rode on the plains of the sea's edge--the sea's edge barren and gray1 ,gray sands on the green of the grasses and over the dripping trees1 ,dripping and doubling landward1 as though they would hasten away ,like an army of old men longing for rest from the moan of the seas4 ,but the trees grew taller and closer1 immense in their wrinkling bark2 ,dropping--a murmurous dropping--old silence and that one sound2 ,for no live creatures lived there1 no weasels moved in the dark-- ,long sighs arose in our spirits1 beneath us bubbled the ground4 ,and the ears of the horse went sinking away in the hollow night2 ,for as drift from a sailor slow drowning the gleams of the world and the sun1 ,ceased on our hands and our faces1 on hazel and oak leaf1 the light1 ,and the stars were blotted above us1 and the whole of the world was one4 ,finally1 here is one of ,mr4 ,yeats's old songs re-sung3-- ,,the ,,madness ,,of ,,king ,,goll ,i sat on cushioned otter skin3 ,my word was law from ,ith to ,emen1 ,and shook at ,invar ,amargin ,the hearts of the world-troubling seamen1 ,and drove tumult and war away ,from girl and boy and man and beast2 ,the fields grew fatter day by day1 ,the wild fowl of the air increased2 ,and every ancient ,ollave said1 ,while he bent down his faded head1-- ,he drives away the ,northern cold4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,i sat and mused and drank sweet wine2 ,a herdsman came from inland valleys1 ,crying1 the pirates drove his swine ,to fill their dark-beaked hollow galleys4 ,i called my battle-breaking men ,and my loud brazen battle-cars ,from rolling vale and rivery glen1 ,and under the blinking of the stars ,fell on the pirates of the deep1 ,and hurled them in the gulph of sleep3 ,these hands won many a torque of gold4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,but slowly1 as ,i shouting slew ,and trampled in the bubbling mire1 ,in my most secret spirit grew ,a whirling and a wandering fire3 ,i stood3 keen stars above me shone1 ,around me shone keen eyes of men3 ,and with loud singing ,i rushed on ,over the heath and spungy fen1 ,and broke between my hands the staff ,of my long spear with song and laugh1 ,that down the echoing valleys rolled4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,and now ,i wander in the woods ,when summer gluts the golden bees1 ,or in autumnal solitudes ,arise the leopard-colored trees2 ,or when along the wintry strands ,the cormorants shiver on their rocks2 ,i wander on1 and wave my hands1 ,and sing1 and shake my heavy locks4 ,the gray wolf knows me2 by one ear ,i lead along the woodland deer2 ,the hares run by me1 growing bold4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,i came upon a little town ,that slumbered in the harvest moon1 ,and passed a-tiptoe up and down1 ,murmuring to a fitful tune1 ,how ,i have followed1 night and day1 ,a tramping of tremendous feet1 ,and saw where this old tympan lay1 ,deserted on a doorway seat1 ,and bore it to the woods with me2 ,of some unhuman misery ,our married voices wildly trolled4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,i sang how1 when day's toil is done1 ,orchil shakes out her long dark hair ,that hides away the dying sun ,and sheds faint odors through the air3 ,when my hand passed from wire to wire ,it quenched1 with sound like falling dew1 ,the whirling and the wandering fire1 ,but left a mournful ulalu2 ,for the kind wires are torn and still1 ,and ,i must wander wood and hill1 ,through summer's heat and winter's cold4 ,they will not hush1 the leaves a-flutter round me1 the beech-leaves old4 ,,ii--,,scottish ,early ,celtic literature in ,scotland is so intimately allied with the ,irish1 that much of the previous section must be held to belong as much to the present one4 ,we shall not need to recapitulate here what is there dealt with4 ,the two ,gaelic currents began to separate1 if almost imperceptibly1 even then2 and only in century-long stages1 after passing the point marked by the mediaeval recapitulators of ,ossian and ,st4 ,patrick4 ,how closely intermingled these currents were up to that point may be learnt from the evidence of such exquisite lines as those preserved by the ,scottish ,dean ,macgregor1 entitled ',ossian ,sang'3-- ,sweet is the voice in the land of gold1 ,and sweeter the music of birds that soar1 ,when the cry of the heron is heard on the wold1 ,and the waves break softly on ,bundatrore4 ,down floats on the murmuring of the breeze ,the call of the cuckoo from ,cossahun1 ,the blackbird is warbling among the trees2 ,and soft is the kiss of the warming sun4 ,the cry of the eagle of ,assaroe ,o'er the court of ,mac ,morne to me is sweet1 ,and sweet is the cry of the bird below ,where the wave and the wind and the tall cliff meet4 ,finn ,mac ,cool is the father of me1 ,whom seven battalions of ,fenians fear4 ,when he launches his hounds on the open lea1 ,grand is their cry as they rouse the deer4 ,the last verse is eloquent as to the common traditions of the ,scots and ,irish ,gael4 ,ossian is dealt with separately under his own proper heading1 however1 and we need not discuss here his interest1 literary and historical4 ,turning to ,st4 ,patrick1 let us accept provisionally the account that makes him of ,gaelo-,brythonic race1 born about #chg ,a4,d4 at ,kilpatrick on the ,clyde1--,strathclyde being an old famous region of the northern ,brythonic stock4 ,the remains1 in prose and verse1 of the early ,scottish literature dealing with ,st4 ,patrick are of course not so numerous as the ,irish2 but as the two were freely interchangeable,a in the early period when his record was being written down1 it follows that where ,irish memoranda of his true and his legendary history1 his hymns1 and so forth1 existed1 the ,scottish chroniclers and bards would accept them without feeling the need of making a separate record4 ,nor must we forget1 in speaking of ,st4 ,patrick1 that the pre-,christian romantic mythology1 with its ,firbolgs and ancient heroic gods1 giants1 and men1 is just as much to be limned into the background of the picture in the case of early ,scottish as in that of ,irish ,gaelic tradition and its earliest scriptive forms4 ,a ,the early literature of the ,scottish ,gael1 says the ,rev4 ,nigel ,mac,neill in his interesting work ',the ,literature of the ,highlanders1' cannot be well understood apart from early ,irish literature4 ,the ballads of the two countries describe the same struggles1 the characters engaging in the strife are the same and bear the same names4 ,curiously enough1 if ,scotland gave ,ireland the saint that in course of time became almost its national symbol1--,patrick1--,ireland in turn gave ,scotland its dearest saint1--,columba4 ,he was born in #eba1 near ,temple ,douglas 7,tulach-,dubh-glaise72 in #ede founded a church in ,derry2 later1 the famous church at ,kells2 and in #efc1 after some jealousy had been at work against him1 he left for ,ireland1 and after pausing at ,colonsay1 he went on to ,ia1 now known the world over as ,iona4 ,iona has become now the locus classici of the ,gaelic1 not to say the whole ,scottish race4 ,recently1 a writer of profound imagination1 ,miss ,fiona ,macleod1 has dated from its lonely shores the dedication of that impressive book ',the ,sin-,eater1 and ,other ,tales1' showing how it still keeps for those of the true faith its old effect3-- ,i mo cridhe1 i mo ghraidh1 7,isle of my heart1 isle of my love17 as ,columba is said to have called it4 ,his followers1 the little sacred circle of twelve1 'the ,family of ,iona1' had to be militant with a vengeance3 ,milesian--or soldiering--as well as cleric1 in their work2 and the old traditions are full of references to their fight against the ,feinne and the house of ,ossian4 ,but having so far prevailed as they did1 they became in turn the chroniclers of the very things they had fought against4 ,so in a sense1 and a very real one1 ,iona is the first centre of the literature of the ,scots ,gaels to which we can point4 ,the total effect of ,columba1 or ,columcill1 upon ,gaelic life and literature1 ,irish and ,scots1 was immense indeed2 to gather whose force one must read in the ',book of ,deer' and the old ,irish ,,mss4 on the one hand1 and the ,latin hymnology of the ,celtic church on the other4 ,but in speaking of ,columba let us not forget the tender and beautiful figure of ,st4 ,bridget1--another of that mysterious train1 including ,merlin and ,st4 ,patrick1 which has associations with ,strathclyde-- ,bonnie sweet ,st4 ,bride of the ,yellow1 yellow hair6 ,st4 ,bridget1 the ,st4 ,mary of the ,gael1 whose story has been retold by ,miss ,fiona ,macleod in ',the ,washer of the ,ford1' may first be found depicted by the side of ,patrick and ,columba in the famous antique relic1 the ',domhnach ,airgid1' dating back to the sixth or seventh century4 ,she appears constantly in ,gaelic hagiology1 and with poetic as well as saintly fame casting a halo about her yellow hair4 ,o',curry's ',,ms4 ,materials1' and other collections make it possible1 luckily1 for other than purely ,gaelic students to read of her as she appeared in early time4 ,she is a peculiarly interesting figure1 because in the ,celtic races women have always counted peculiarly2 and there are signs that they will count even more in time to come4 ,st4 ,bridget 7,brigit1 ,bride1 ,breed71 then1 is the type for all time of the ,celtic womanhood dowered with divine inspiration1 poetry1 and charm4 ,the following variant on an old ,gaelic poem is by ,miss ,fiona ,macleod 7',from the ,hills of ,dream'73-- ,,st4 ,,bridget',s ,,milking ,,song ,o sweet ,st4 ,bride of the ,yellow1 yellow hair3 ,paul said1 and ,peter said1 ,and all the saints alive or dead ,vowed she had the sweetest head1 ,bonnie sweet ,st4 ,bride of the ,yellow1 yellow hair4 ,white may my milking be1 ,white as thee3 ,thy face is white1 thy neck is white1 ,thy hands are white1 thy feet are white1 ,for thy sweet soul is shining bright-- ,o dear to me1 ,o dear to see1 ,st4 ,bridget white6 ,yellow may my butter be1 ,soft and round3 ,thy breasts are sweet1 ,soft1 round1 and sweet1 ,so may my butter be3 ,so may my butter be1 ,o ,bridget sweet6 ,safe thy way is1 safe1 ,o ,safe1 ,st4 ,bride3 ,may my kye come home at even1 ,none be fallin'1 none be leavin'1 ,dusky even1 breath-sweet even1 ,here1 as there1 where1 ,o ,st4 ,bride1 thou ,keepest tryst with ,god in heaven1 ,seest the angels bow1 ,and souls be shriven-- ,here1 as there1 'tis breath-sweet even1 ,far and wide-- ,singeth thy little maid1 ,safe in thy shade1 ,bridget1 ,bride6 ,passing from the early legendary hagiological chronicles of the ,scots ,gaels1 we come to a period when the reader must be content to go again to ,irish sources for his knowledge of the continuators of ,gaelic literature4 ,what we have said previously of the ,irish may be referred to here4 ,the mediaeval scribes and bards busied themselves mainly with reproducing the past1 though with a vivid coloring out of their own living present4 ,when we have referred all of their subject-matter dealing with the saints and heroic figures of primitive history to its own period1 all that remains is curiously little4 ,unfortunately1 it is less than it might have been1 if it had not been for the terrible and often wanton destruction of ,,mss4 which has bereft us1 in ,scotland especially1 of some of the richest treasures the ,celtic genius has produced4 ,it is only needed to instance the tailor who was found cutting up an ancient ,,ms4 for patterns1 to show how almost inconceivably wholesale the havoc thus done has been in the last six centuries4 ,some of the most interesting and valuable of the ,scottish contributions to ,gaelic literature are in what we may call ballad form4 ,such is the tragic tale of ',deirdre1' in the ,glen-mason ,,ms4 7thirteenth century71 which is preserved in the ,advocates' ,library1 ,edinburgh4 ,others again are versions of poems correspondent to those given1 for instance1 in the ',book of the ,dean of ,lismore4' ,of this heroic poetry much would have been lost if it had not been for the zeal of collectors1 who for the last five centuries have been collecting in old ,,mss4 or from the mouths of the ,highlanders the ballads and tales of old time4 ,the last and greatest of the ballad and tale collectors1 says ,mr4 ,mac,neill1 was ,mr4 ,campbell1 who in #ahei-fj traversed the whole ,gaelic area2 and assisted by intelligent ,highlanders formed large collections1 of which he has given a considerable quantity to the world in his four volumes of tales4 ,all these are genuine productions4 ,we may quote further what the same writer says of the uncertain chronology of these ballads3--,they may have been composed centuries before they were committed to writing4 ,we have fragments1 such as the ,glen-mason ,,ms41 written as early as the twelfth century1 in the hand and language common to the learned in both ,albin and ,erin at the time4 ,the ',book of the ,dean of ,lismore1' however1 is written phonetically to represent the spoken language of his day1 and is mainly in the ,perthshire dialect4 ,cuculain and many other of the heroes that we mentioned in our ,irish article reappear in these ballads2 and in them the ,feinne fight out their ancient battles to the bitter end4 ,a new and rather different coloring is lent1 too1 to the ,scottish ballads by the ,norse element1 and the constant wars in which the ,vikings and the ,gaels encountered time after time lend some of their finest episodes to this poetry4 ,if we turn from the ballads to the prose tales and romances1 we find the same strong resemblances and the same significant differences4 ,the ,irish have always the more fluent and eloquent a faculty in prose and verse4 ,their adjectival energy is greater2 they are more given to extravagances of style1 both in point of sentiment and of humor4 ,the ,scotch are on the other hand more simple and more terse1 and they touch the deeper notes of pathos and of mystery more often4 ,nothing more instructive can be devised for the ,celtic student than to take the volumes in verse and prose representing the three ,celtic lands1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,wales1 and to compare their style1 method1 and literary idiosyncrasies4 ,for this comparison ,mr4 ,campbell's wonderful ',tales of the ,west ,highlands1' in prose1 and in verse his ',leabhar na ,feinne1' may be cited1 with works of ,dr4 ,hyde1 ,mr4 ,standish ,hayes ,o',grady1 ,dr4 ,joyce1 in ,irish2 and in ,welsh1 the ',mabinogion' in ,lady ,guest's exquisite ,english version1 or the ',myvyrian ,archaeology4' ,in the fourteenth century1 which gave ,dafydd ap ,gwilym to ,wales1 we find ,gaelic becoming more definitely a conscious literary language4 ,but the ,dafydd of ,scotland came more than a century earlier1 being born at the end of the twelfth century4 ,this was the famous ,muireadach ,albannach 7,murdoch the ,scot71 several of whose poems figure in the ,dean of ,lismore's book1 and whose effect on succeeding bards was only less powerful than ,dafydd's on his ,welsh successors4 ,the ,dean's book has poems1 too1 by two woman poets3 ,efric1 wife of the last of the famous ,mac,neills of ,castle ,sween1 and ,isabel1 ,countess of ,argyle4 ,efric's lament for her husband contains some touching lines2 e4 g43-- ,there's no heart among our women2 ,at the sport1 no men are seen2 ,like the sky when windless1 silent ,is the music of ,dun ,sween6 ,sir ,duncan ,campbell1 ,duncan ,mac ,cailem1 the good knight1 son of ,sir ,colin1 is another of the poets in ,dean ,macgregor's collection2 but perhaps we ought to pause here to say a word of the ,dean himself4 ,sailing in among the inner ,hebridean ,isles1 says ,mr4 ,mac,neill1 we find in the fertile island of ,lismore--'the great garden'--a man in the fifteenth century often referred to in ,gaelic literature3 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,james ,macgregor4 ,a native of ,perthshire1444 with a heart filled with the enthusiasm and perfervid spirit of his countrymen1 he and his brother got up the collection of songs and ballads to which we have had occasion so often to refer4 ,but we must pass on now to the later period of ,gaelic literature1 in which the modern developments have their beginning4 ,the ,scots ,gael entered on a new phase1 we are told1 with ,mary ,mac,leod 7,mairi ni'n ,alastair ,ruaidh71 who was born at ,harris in #aefi1 and died a centenarian in ,skye in #afgd4 ,mairi was as perfect an example of the folk-minstrel as ,celtic literature can provide2 for she could not even write1 although her prosody is elaborate1 and her metres often intricate and original to a degree4 ,the first of the distinctively ,jacobite bards1 who flourished at the end of the seventeenth and through the eighteenth century1 was ,john ,mac,donald1 whose ',battle of ,inverlochy' has been vigorously translated by ,professor ,blackie4 ,hector ,maclean2 ,roderick ,morrison1 called ,an ,clarsair ,dall1 or the ,blind ,harper2 ,john ,maclean1 whose songs were heard by ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson and ,boswell on their journey to the ,hebrides2 and ,john ,mac,codrum 7a poet whose wit and satiric powers remind us not a little of more than one of the ,welsh satirical bards71 are among the poets of this time who specially deserve note4 ,in the eighteenth century1 ,gaelic ,scotland produced some remarkable religious poets1 including ,david ,mac,kellar1 author of the well-known ',mac,kellar's ,hymn'2 ,john ,mackay2 ,donal ,matheson1 who had satirical as well as religious power2 ,lauchlan ,maclauchlan2 and ,dugald ,buchanan4 ,the great link between the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries is ,duncan ,ban ,macintyre1 a name loved throughout the ,highlands and ,islands4 ,the ,hunter ,bard of ,glenorchy1 as he is often called1--though his best title is the affectionate ,gaelic ,duncan of the ,songs1--was born on the #bjth of ,march1 #agbd1 at ,druimliaghart in ,glenorchy1 ,argyll4 ,his first song was composed on a sword with which he was armed at the battle of ,falkirk--where he served on the ,royalist side as substitute for a neighboring gentleman4 ,this sword1 says his biographer1 ,thomas ,pattison1 the poet lost or threw away in the retreat4 ,on his return home therefore the gentleman to whom it belonged1 and whose substitute he had been1 refused to pay the sum for which he had engaged ,duncan ,ban to serve in his stead4 ,duncan consequently composed his song on ',the ,battle of the ,speckled ,kirk'--as ,falkirk is called in ,gaelic--in which he good-humoredly satirized the gentleman who had sent him to the war1 and gave a woful description of 'the black sword that worked the turmoil1' and whose loss1 he says1 made its owner 'as fierce and furious as a gray brock in his den4' ,the song immediately became popular1 and incensed his employer so much that he suddenly fell upon the poor poet one day with his walking-stick1 and striking him on the back1 bade him 'go and make a song about that4' ,he was however afterward compelled by the ,earl of ,breadalbane to pay the bard the sum of #cjj merks ,scots 7,l#af1 #ags4 #f;d471 which was his legal due4 ,duncan ended his days in ,edinburgh1 where he died in #ahab1--one of the last links of the moving record of the early eighteenth century and its ,jacobite associations4 ,duncan was a contemporary of ,macpherson's1 and with ,macpherson and his ',ossian1' to which a special article is devoted elsewhere1 we may well leave our chronicle1 forbearing to touch on the debatable ground of later and contemporary ,celtic literature in ,scotland4 ,enough to say that ,duncan ,ban ,macintyre has no lack of worthy followers in ,gaelic poetry1 and that with the ,anglo-,celtic development1 associated with such names as ,dr4 ,norman ,macleod1 ,professor ,blackie1 ,robert ,buchanan1 ,george ,mac,donald1 ,william ,black1 and1 among new-comers1 ,miss ,fiona ,macleod and ,mr4 ,neil ,munro1 there seems every prospect that the ,gaelic spirit promises to achieve greatly in the new centuries to come4 ,the first selection is from the ',sean ,dana1' or ,ancient ,poems1 collected1 or rather written 7from oral legendary lore and ballads71 by ,dr4 ,john ,smith1 late in the eighteenth century4 ,,prologue ,,to ,,gaul ,how mournful is the silence of ,night ,when she pours her dark clouds over the valleys6 ,sleep has overcome the youth of the chase3 ,he slumbers on the heath1 and his dog at his knee4 ,the children of the mountain he pursues ,in his dream1 while sleep forsakes him4 ,slumber1 ye children of fatigue2 ,star after star is now ascending the height4 ,slumber6 thou swift dog and nimble-- ,ossian will arouse thee not from thy repose4 ,lonely ,i keep watch1-- ,and dear to me is the gloom of night ,when ,i travel from glen to glen1 ,with no hope to behold a morning or brightness4 ,spare thy light1 ,o ,sun6 ,waste not thy lamps so fast4 ,generous is thy soul as the ,king of ,morven's3 ,but thy renown shall yet fade2-- ,spare thy lamps of a thousand flames ,in thy blue hall1 when thou retirest ,under thy dark-blue gates to sleep1 ,beneath the dark embraces of the storm4 ,spare them1 ere thou art forsaken for ever1 ,as ,i am1 without one whom ,i may love6 ,spare them1--for there is not a hero now ,to behold the blue flame of the beautiful lamps6 ,ah1 ,cona of the precious lights1 ,thy lamps burn dimly now3 ,thou art like a blasted oak3 ,thy dwellings and thy people are gone ,east or west2 on the face of thy mountain1 ,there shall be no more found of them but the trace6 ,in ,selma1 ,tara1 or ,temora ,there is not a song1 a shell1 or a harp2 ,they have all become green mounds2 ,their stones have fallen into their own meadows2 ,the stranger from the deep or the desert ,will never behold them rise above the clouds4 ,and ,o ,selma6 home of my delight1 ,is this heap my ruin1 ,where grows the thistle1 the heather1 and the wild grass8 ,the following lines of ,st4 ,columba are taken from the ',lyra ,celtica1' cited above3-- ,,columcille ,,fecit 7,,st4 ,,columba ,,made ,,it7 ,delightful would it be to me to be in ,uchd ,ailiun ,on the pinnacle of a rock1 ,that ,i might often see ,the face of the ocean2 ,that ,i might see its heaving waves ,over the wide ocean1 ,when they chant music to their ,father ,upon the world's course2 ,that ,i might see its level sparkling strand1 ,it would be no cause of sorrow2 ,that ,i might hear the song of the wonderful birds1 ,source of happiness2 ,that ,i might hear the thunder of the crowding waves ,upon the rocks2 ,that ,i might hear the roar by the side of the church ,of the surrounding sea2 ,that ,i might see its noble flocks ,over the watery ocean2 ,that ,i might see the sea monsters1 ,the greatest of all wonders2 ,that ,i might see its ebb and flood ,in their career2 ,that my mystical name might be1 ,i say1 ,cul ri ,erin ,back turned to ,ireland2 ,that contrition might come upon my heart ,upon looking at her2 ,that ,i might bewail my evils all1 ,though it were difficult to compute them2 ,that ,i might bless the ,lord ,who conserves all1 ,heaven with its countless bright orders1 ,land1 strand1 and flood2 ,that ,i might search the books all1 ,that would be good for my soul2 ,at times kneeling to beloved ,heaven2 ,at times psalm-singing2 ,at times contemplating the ,king of ,heaven1 ,holy the chief2 ,at times at work without compulsion1 ,this would be delightful2 ,at times plucking duilisc from the rocks2 ,at times at fishing2 ,at times giving food to the poor2 ,at times in a carcair solitary cell2 ,the best advice in the presence of ,god ,to me has been vouchsafed4 ,the ,king whose servant ,i am will not let ,anything deceive me4 ,the third selection is an example of later ,gaelic4 ,this stirring ,hebridean poem is sometimes spoken of as from the ancient ,gaelic4 ,probably by this is meant merely old ,gaelic1 mediaeval or even later4 ,the translation is by ,mr4 ,thomas ,pattison1 and is included in his ',gaelic ,bards4' ,he has the following note upon it3-- ,this effusion1 although in its original form it is only a kind of wild chant1--almost indeed half prose1--yet is the germ of the ballad4 ,it occurs in many of the tales contained in that collection1--the repository of old ,gaelic lore1--the ',popular ,tales of the ,west ,highlands1' sometimes more and sometimes less perfect4 ,the original will be found in the second volume of the ,tales4444 ,the vigorous and elastic spirit that pervades these verses must have strung the heart of many a hardy mariner1 who loved to feel the fresh and briny breeze drive his snoring birlinn bounding like a living creature over the tumbling billows of the inland loch1 or the huge swell of the majestic main4 ,,in ,,hebrid ,,seas ,we turned her prow into the sea1 ,her stern into the shore1 ,and first we raised the tall tough masts1 ,and then the canvas hoar2 ,fast filled our towering cloud-like sails1 ,for the wind came from the land1 ,and such a wind as we might choose ,were the winds at our command3 ,a breeze that rushing down the hill ,would strip the blooming heather1 ,or rustling through the green-clad grove1 ,would whirl its leaves together4 ,but when it seized the aged saugh1 ,with the light locks of gray1 ,it tore away its ancient root1 ,and there the old trunk lay6 ,it raised the thatch too from the roof1 ,and scattered it along2 ,then tossed and whirled it through the air1 ,singing a pleasant song4 ,it heaped the ruins on the land3-- ,though sire and son stood by1 ,they could no help afford1 but gaze ,with wan and troubled eye6 ,a flap1 a flash1 the green roll dashed1 ,and laughed against the red2 ,upon our boards1 now here1 now there1 ,it knocked its foamy head4 ,she could have split a slender straw1 ,so clean and well she went1 ,as still obedient to the helm ,her stately course she bent4 ,we watched the big beast eat the small1 ,the small beast nimbly fly1 ,and listened to the plunging eels1 ,the sea-gull's clang on high4 ,we had no other music ,to cheer us on our way3 ,till round those sheltering hills we passed ,and anchored in this bay4 ,,iii--,,welsh ,the laws governing the life of languages are as elusive as those that decide the fate of races and empires4 ,why is the ,welsh tongue still alive and vigorous1 and the ,irish 7pace ,dr4 ,douglas ,hyde7 moribund8 ,it is a difficult question1 but some light on it may be had by traversing the early history of ,welsh literature4 ,the like difficulty meets us in both ,welsh and ,irish3 that of deciding how far the mediaeval scribes and scholars doctored the older material which fell into their hands4 ,but in ,welsh1 the separation of the primitive from the mediaeval element is often even a more difficult task than in ,irish4 ,in sketching the early course of ,welsh literature1 we cannot do better than turn to the striking instance afforded by the name and fame of ,merlin4 ,in legendary ,welsh history1 ,merlin appears under almost as many guises as he does in the pages of ,malory's ',morte d',arthur4' ,merddin ,emrys 7,ambrosius71 ,merddin ,sylvester 7,merlin the ,wild71 ,merddin ab ,morvryn 7or ,merlin ,caledonius71--his name and fame vary according to the chronicler4 ,of these1 ,merlin the son of ,morvryn1 the most tangible in the list1 was also known as ,caledonius1 because the ,kymry of the sixth century lived in that greater ,wales which ranged as far north as the ,caledonian ,forest4 ,after the terrible battle of ,arderydd1 ,merlin1 having seen his kindred all but obliterated1 was seized1 tradition tells us1 with a frenzy1 and thereafter his bardic utterances assumed a more and more mystical and oracular form4 ,this1 added to his mysterious and magnetic personality and wildly impressive personal presence1 may well have led on in process of time1 by gradual legendary accretions1 to the final conception of a ,merlin miraculous1 supernatural1 daemonic6 ,however this may be1 nothing can be more instructive than to compare the late ,merlin with the early ,merlin1 and to trace his phases in ,welsh folk-tale1 and define his poetry finally in the pages of the ',black ,book of ,carmarthen4' ,the ',black ,book of ,carmarthen1' in its strikingly decorative black and red manuscript1 makes a wonderful testament of old ,welsh poetry4 ,if we could solve all its problems and read all that is written between its lines1 we should be very near the great secret of the ,druidic religion and of ,celtic mythology1 as well as the secret of ,merlin's actual and imaginary effect in ,welsh literature4 ,the battle of ,arderydd has been cited above as a determining event in ,merlin's history4 ,the opening poem in the ',black ,book of ,carmarthen' is a remarkable rhymed dialogue between ,merlin and ,taliesin1 some of whose lines are extremely imaginative and touching in their archaic simplicity4 ,merlin begins3-- ,how sad is ,merlin now6 how sad6 ,keduyf and ,kadvan--are they dead8 ,the furious slaughter filled the field1 ,and pierced was the ,tryrwyd shield6 ,taliesin replies3-- ,his house-folk did not falter in the fight6 ,so it goes on1 telling of the battle and its consequences1 until one reaches at the end that mysterious verse which haunts the imagination and the ear of the reader4 ,merlin again speaks3-- ,sevenscore chieftains ,were turned into spirits2 ,in the wood of ,celyddon ,were they transformed4 ,the wood of ,celyddon is the ,caledonian ,forest4 ,so far as these excerpts go1 they might seem to be the writing of the real ,merlin4 ,there is internal evidence however that this poem1 the much disputed poem of the ',apple-trees1' and others that follow it in the ',black ,book1' were written not earlier than the twelfth century4 ,stephens1 usually an acute critic1 imputes in his ',literature of the ,kymry' these poems to ,gwalchmai and other bards of later date4 ,but even so1 these poets evidently founded their poems upon earlier ones1 traditionally handed on as ,merlin's4 ,from such later sources as the ',myvyrian ,archaeology1' or ,skene's ',four ,ancient ,books of ,wales1' or the admirable ,oxford texts edited by ,professor ,rhys and ,mr4 ,gwenogfvyn ,evans1 one can rehabilitate at will the ,merlin of the ',black ,book of ,carmarthen1' much as ,villemarque has done after a fashion quite his own4 ,enough will so be certainly discovered to outline a primitive ,merlin1 an original sixth-century ,merlin1 under the impressive mediaeval robes of the ,latin-,welsh romantic chroniclers and poets4 ,enough too will be made clear to show a basis of myth and prehistoric legend behind the remotest recorded name1 time1 or place that can be counted historical4 ,the same is true of ,taliesin1 who appears1 by the poetical remains attributed to him1--some of them clearly mediaeval1 others just as clearly primitive1--even more interesting as a poet than ,merlin4 ,just as there are several ,merlins1 however1 there are two ,taliesins3 there is the fifth-century ,taliesin1 and there is the pseudo-,taliesin of the twelfth4 ,both are wonderful in their way1 and one knows not which to admire most--him who wrote the ',battle of ,gwenystrad1' which is undoubtedly a primitive war song1 or the mediaeval poet who chose to take the disguise of ,taliesin1 and taking too1 probably1 some of the traditional fragments of his early poetry1 worked them up afresh with curious mediaeval art and mystic imagination4 ,for comparison let us take an early and a late poem1 commonly gathered1 as in the ',myvyrian ,archaeology1' under one head4 ,take first one of the later poems1 the mystical ',song to the ,wind1' which even in its ,english dress won ,emerson's admiration1 and which1 if we allow for all differences between mediaeval and modern imagination1 is as wonderful a poem of its kind as any literature is likely to afford4 ,as it is given among our selections1 it need not be quoted here4 ,in point of time it is usual to assign it1 as ,stephens does1 to the twelfth or thirteenth century4 ,but it seems to me to bear traces again of being an older1 more primitive poem1 retouched certainly1 and probably reshaped1 by a twelfth-century poet4 ,and now for a genuine ,taliesin1 or what at any rate many critics think to be genuine4 ,this you may have in the famous ',gwaith ,gwenystrad' 7,battle of ,gwenystrad71 one of the most spirited war poems in existence1 copied and recopied by a long succession of ,kymric scribes1 and which the writer came upon first in the ,,ms4 collection of ,william ,morris o ,gaergybi yn ,mon1 who flourished about #ageh4 ,here are four lines of ,morris's copy literatim1 which will give a better idea than any criticism of mine of the mingled realism and imagination of the poem3-- ,yn nrws rhyd gwelais i wyr lledruddion1 ,eirf ddillwng y rhag blawt gofedon1 ,unynt tanc gan aethant golludion1 ,llaw ynghroes gryd ygro granwynion4 ,and here is a rough1 vigorous translation of these lines from the same volume3-- ,in the pass of the fort have ,i seen men1 dyed with red1 who hurtled their arms4444 ,they fell to the ground together when the day was lost1 their hands on the crucifix4 ,and horror was in the pale face of the dead warriors4 ,a succeeding line1 ,a gwyar a uaglei ar ddillad1 7,and the blood was tangled in their clothing71 adds the last touch of dreadful sincerity to the account4 ,and in other primitive poems that we may ascribe to ,taliesin are effects as convincing and vivid4 ,but we must leave ,taliesin and his difficulties1 to sketch briefly the course of poetry between his actual date in early time and his poetic resurrection in the ,middle ,ages4 ,not so interesting poetically but more important historically is the next of the ,welsh bards1 ,aneurin1 who wrote the ',gododin4' ,this curious and interesting war poem tells of a foray made by the ,ottadini1 an early ,kymric tribe1 living in the greater ,wales of their time1 on the ,northumbrian coast4 ,mr4 ,stephens imagines ,cattraeth1 which figures as a central scene of the action of the poem1 to be ,catterick in ,yorkshire2 and this we may provisionally accept4 ,the ,welshmen went to ,cattraeth2 and merry marched the host4 ,but thro' drinking the gray mead1 the day--the day was lost4 ,the expedition was one of those which show the gradual cession of greater ,wales by the ,welsh1 and their retreat to the lesser ,wales that is still theirs4 ,we may pause here to remark that the bardic order was early constituted among the ,welsh1 as among the ,irish4 ,in the ,laws of ,howel ,dda 7,howel the ,good71 who flourished in the tenth century1 we find very explicit provision made for the bard3-- ,in case of fighting1 the ,bard shall play the ',monarchy of ,britain' before the battle6 ,his land shall be free2 he shall have a horse from the ,king6 ,he shall have a harp from the ,king1 and a gold ring from the ,queen1 when he is appointed4 ,the harp he shall never part with4 ,unless1 which is highly probable1 we have lost some of the records of the eighth1 ninth1 and tenth centuries1 we have to conclude that ,welsh poetry made small headway4 ,the remarkable laws of ,howel ,dda are the monument of the tenth century4 ,in the eleventh we come upon the first signs of a revival in ,meilir1 who is historically interesting1 and in his last poems shows himself a true poet4 ,in the twelfth we have to mark a distinct further step in ,gwalchmai1 who is the first conscious poet of nature1 and who may thus claim to be the founder of one of the finest traditions in all ,welsh poetry4 ,following ,gwalchmai comes the princely poet ,howel the ,tall1 son of ,owain ,gwynedd by an ,irish lady1 and who himself wore the crown of ,gwynedd for a brief two years4 ,he died in #aaga at twenty-seven1 after a life of stormiest adventure2 but in the intervals of battle he found time to write some of the loveliest love poems that all ,welsh literature can boast4 ,his death was lamented by ,periv ab ,kedwoi in a much less conventional and more moving tone than the official bards generally troubled to use for such elegies4 ,a century or so later1 and we find ,llywarch ab ,llywelyn 7known as ,prydydd y ,moch1 the ,poet of the ,pigs7 writing a still finer and more ample lament on the last native prince of ,wales1 ,llywelyn ab ,gruffydd1 ,llywelyn ewi ,llyw ,olaf1 as he is still fondly called4 ,these two laments may be taken as typical of a wide section of ,welsh poetry1 dealing with the deaths of heroes and princes1 and ranging in date from the fifth or sixth century to the nineteenth4 ,llywelyn the ,last died in #abhb1 and thereafter began what has been well termed ,the ,great ,oppression 7y ,gorthrwm ,mawr71 by which ,norman and ,saxon combined to crush the language and expropriate the people of the country1 with the result of calling up at last ,owen ,glendower's hot spirit to fight for the national cause4 ,but it is remarkable that in this disastrous period arose some of the finest interpreters of her genius that the country was ever to find4 ,within its term were1 without a doubt1 carried to an approximate perfection those more native romances that we term ',mabinogion1'--the most exquisite and exquisitely turned tales1 in point of art1 that the ,celtic races have produced4 ,the late ,lady ,charlotte ,guest's edition of the ',mabinogion' serves very well to convey1 in a translation of extreme felicity1 to non-,celtic readers the art and spirit of these tales4 ,but it must be kept in mind that all she gives are not strictly ',mabinogion'2 several of them are more properly to be called romances1 as showing strong traces of ,norman and ,french influence4 ,the ',mabinogi' originally was a tale to be recited by a mabinog1 i4 e41 a 'prentice to the bardic craft who had not yet obtained his full degree1 and with it the right of composing and reciting poetry4 ,the idea which some critics have1 that the ',mabinogion' were boys' tales1 or still worse1 nursery tales1 is quite wrong4 ,let us remember that such tales were the delight of most of the princely halls and winter hearths of mediaeval ,wales1 where they were recited after the great banquets and on feast nights to the most critical audience that could be afforded4 ',the ,dream of ,rhonabwy1' ',kilhwch and ,olwen1' and ',math1 ,son of ,mathonwy1' may be mentioned as among the tales in ,lady ,guest's volume which are most natively original2 and we have chosen the portrait of ,olwen from the second of these for our selections1 to show the art and charm of the ,welsh romancers in the ,middle ,ages4 ,if the ',mabinogion' are fine as prose1 we have an equally fine expression of this time in poetry1 in the poems of ,rhys ,goch ab ,rhicert 7,rhys the ,red1 son of ,rhicert7 and the ever delightful ,dafydd ab ,gwilym1 who will be found treated separately4 ,after ,dafydd1 ,welsh poetry was to enter upon a new phase1 not fortunate even in its immediate effects1 disastrous in its ultimate ones4 ,it was in the fourteenth century that ,welsh prosody1 always intricate1 finally waxed proud1 so to speak1 of its complexity1 and formed for itself a hide-bound code which was to become the bugbear of ,welsh poetry in the following centuries4 ,to give any adequate account of its complexities of technique and the whole letter of its syntax would require a long and tedious treatise in itself4 ,enough to say that the underlying principle was that of what is termed in ,welsh ,eynghanedd1 or consonancy2 by which rhymes within rhymes and echoes within echoes of certain dominant syllables were insisted upon arbitrarily1 until almost every word in every line was subject to a rigid and invincible rule4 ,art for art1 insisted upon in this way1 could only end in conventionalizing the very thing it was meant to assist4 ,poetry1 too carefully nursed and housed1 thus fell into a bad way2 but luckily meanwhile a new literature was to begin for ,wales1 along quite other lines1 with the ,reformation4 ,the translation of the ,bible into ,welsh by ,bishop ,morgan in the sixteenth century marks an epoch in the life of the ,welsh people and their literature4 ,therewith the history of the princes and the great lords ends1 and the history of the people--and a people mainly peasant1 let us remark--begins4 ,its profound moral force apart1 and judged purely as a literary force1 the ,bible1 admirably and idiomatically translated1 had an incalculable effect4 ,it set a fine and high and yet simple standard of prose1 much as the ,english ,bible does2 and taught the possibilities of his tongue to the poorest ,welsh peasant4 ,one finds its influence strong in almost every prose work of any note published in the last three centuries1 and in a great proportion of the poetry4 ,it did more than anything of later time to save the language2 and here is the simple explanation of the extraordinary difference between the fortunes of the ,welsh and the ,irish tongue4 ,wales--the ,wales of the people--became profoundly impressed by the religious sentiment and the heroic and profound poetry of the ,hebrews1 and gained from them a new stimulus to express itself and its needs and aspirations in its own native way and in its own tongue4 ,a characteristic expression of the homelier moral humor of the ,welsh is to be had in the ',canwyll y ,cymry' 7,candle of ,wales71 by ,rhys ,pritchard1 the famous ,elizabethan vicar of ,llandovery1 which for two centuries was the most popular book in ,wales after the ,bible4 ,its simple rhymed didactics do not often rise into poetry2 but they are full of human feeling1 expressed in a terse and proverbial way1 with distinct individuality4 ,the book easily leads one on to the very remarkable band of hymn writers1 from ,anne ,griffiths to ,williams ,pantycelyn1 who have flourished in ,welsh4 ,these1 and some score beside1 really rank by their imaginative fervor and inspiration as true poets4 ,in quite another vein1 but probably a very ancient and traditional one in ,welsh1 we have the homely interludes of ,twm ,o'r ,nant1 who was born about #agej1 of whose life ,george ,borrow gives a very vigorous account in ',wild ,wales4' ,a greater than ,twm ,o'r ,nant1 and born a generation earlier1 ,gronney ,owen1 a man of the finest poetic genius1 ought to have a special interest for ,american readers because he was practically exiled from his beloved ,anglesea by the ungrateful church he served2 and died1 poor and broken-hearted1 in ,new ,brunswick about the year #aghj4 ,his ',cywydd y ,faru' 7,ode to the ,day of ,judgment71 his touching lines to his little daughter ,elin1 or his ,hogarthian lines upon the ,london garret in which he lived for a time1 may be cited as showing the various sides of his poetry1 of which unluckily there are no adequate translations yet forthcoming4 ,in prose we must not omit to mention the ',bardd ,cwsg' 7,the ,sleeping ,bard7 of ,elis ,wynne1--a very imaginative and idiomatic prose epic-in-little1 describing the bard's vision of a curiously ,welsh ,inferno4 ,wynne's prose style is remarkably fine and pure1 modeled on the best ,biblical standard of a ,welsh without ,english admixture4 ,welsh prose has been admirably handled too by some of the divines who have flourished within the past two centuries1 and who have not confined their eloquence to the pulpit4 ,even when the ,state church had no sympathy with the ,welsh people and their language1 many of its individual members did much to keep the spirit of literature alive2 while the nonconformist ministers of ,wales have always been vigorously and eminently devoted to the same cause4 ,under happier conditions to-day1 the latest expression of this vital persistence of the ,welsh in the quest of spiritual ideals is the movement that has carried the new national university to completion1 and rallied the younger generation under the banner of ,cymru ,fydd 7,young ,wales74 ,the songs of ,ceiriog ,hughes1 the poems of ,islwyn1 the works of scholars like ,professor ,john ,rhys1 ,canon ,silvain ,evans1 and ,mr4 ,gwenogfvyn ,evans2 the ardent writing and editing of ,mr4 ,owen ,m4 ,edwards in his innumerable magazines and other adventures2 and the novels of ,daniel ,owen1--these may be named as among the influences that count most to the ,wales of the nineteenth century's end4 ,,note4--,for citations from ,welsh literature see articles on ,aneurin1 ,mabinogion1 and ,taliesin4 ,the ,breton branch of ,celtic literature will be treated under the heading ',villemarque1' the celebrated collector of ',barzaz-,breiz4' ,,iv--,,cornish ,the literature of a single county of ,england is not likely to be very extensive1 and when that literature and its language died for good and all1 a century ago1 it becomes still more limited4 ,until the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 though for some time ,english had been very generally spoken throughout the county1 the old ,celtic ,cornish1 holding a middle position1 philologically as well as geographically1 between ,welsh and ,breton1 was the mother tongue of at any rate the peasantry as far east as the ,tamar4 ,the great ecclesiastical revolution of that period helped to destroy it4 ,neither prayer-book nor ,bible was translated into it2 and though the ardently ,catholic ,cornish at first would have none of the former1 saying that it was but like a ,christmas game1 they were overruled by the forcible argument of apostolick blows and knocks1 and had to submit4 ,then the language receded rapidly4 ,by the time of the ,great ,rebellion ,truro was its eastern limit2 early in the eighteenth century only the two western claw-like promontories retained it2 and though ,dolly ,pentreath1 who died in #aggh1 was not really the last person who spoke it1 it was dead before the present century was born4 ,a few traditional sentences1 the numerals up to twenty1 and some stray words lingered on until our own day1--twenty years ago the present writer took down a fair collection from the mouths of ancient mariners in ,mount's ,bay1--and a few words are still mixed with the local dialect of ,english4 ,but as a language ,cornish is dead1 though its ghost still haunts its old dwelling in the names of villages1 houses1 woods1 valleys1 wells1 and rocks1 from ,tamar to ,penwith4 ,as may be expected1 a great proportion of the literature is in verse1 and most of that is in dramatic form4 ,so little is there that an exhaustive list of what survives is quite possible4 ,it is as follows3-- #a4 ,the ,poem of the ,passion4 ,a versified account of the ,passion of our ,lord1 recounting the events from ,palm ,sunday to ,easter1 with the addition of many legendary incidents from the ,gospel of ,nicodemus and other similar sources4 ,the earliest ,,ms4 7in the ,british ,museum7 is of the fifteenth century1 which is probably the date of its composition4 ,it has been twice printed1 once by ,davies ,gilbert1 with a translation by ,john ,keigwin in #ahbf1 and by ,dr4 ,whitley ,stokes in #ahfb4 #b4 ,the ,ordinalia4 ,three connected dramas1 known collectively under this title4 ,the first recounts the ,creation and the history of the world as far as ,noah's ,flood4 ,the second act of this gives the story of ,moses and of ,david and the ,building of ,solomon's ,temple1 ending with the curiously incongruous episode of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,maximilla1 as a ,christian1 by the bishop placed in charge of the ,temple of ,solomon4 ,the second play represents the life of our ,lord from the ,temptation to the ,crucifixion1 and this goes on without a break into the third play1 which gives the story of the ,resurrection and ,ascension1 and the legend of the death of ,pilate4 ,the connecting link between the three is the legend of the wood of the cross4 ,this well-known story1 most of which is interwoven with the whole trilogy1 is as follows3--,seth was sent by his dying father to beg the promised ,oil of ,mercy to save him2 the angel who guarded ,paradise gave him three seeds1 or1 according to the play1 apple-pips2 and when he returned and found his father already dead1 he placed them in ,adam's mouth and buried him on ,mount ,moriah4 ,in process of time the three seeds grew into three trees1 and from them ,abraham gathered the wood for the sacrifice of ,isaac1 and ,moses got his rod wherewith he smote the sea and the rock4 ,later the three trees1 to symbolize the ,trinity1 grew into one tree1 and ,david sat under it to bewail his sin4 ,but ,solomon cut it down to make a beam for the ,temple1 and since it would in no wise fit into any place1 he cast it out and set it as a bridge over ,cedron4 ,later on he buried it1 and from the place where it lay there sprang the healing spring of ,bethesda1 to the surface of which it miraculously floated up1 and the ,jews found it and made of it the ,cross of ,calvary4 ,these plays were probably written in the fifteenth century1 perhaps by one of the priests of ,glazeney ,college near ,falmouth1 and were acted with others that are now lost in the places called ,planan-,guare 7the ,plain of the ,play71 of which several still remain4 ,the ',ordinalia' were published with a translation by ,edwin ,norris in #ahei4 #c4 ,the ,creation of the ,world1 with ,noah's ,flood1 was a modernized version of the first act of the first of the ',ordinalia' trilogy4 ,it was written by ,william ,jordan of ,helston in #afaa2 but the author has borrowed whole passages of considerable length from the older play4 ,the language represents a later period of ,cornish1 and occasionally several lines of ,english are introduced4 ,perhaps by a natural ,celtic antipathy to the ,saxon1 these are generally put into the mouths of ,lucifer and his angels1 who furnish a good deal of the comic part of the piece4 ,this play was published by ,davies ,gilbert in #ahbg1 and by ,dr4 ,whitley ,stokes in #ahfd4 #d4 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,meriasek4 ,this play1 written in #aejd1 is perhaps the most interesting of the batch4 ,the story at least of the others contains nothing very new to most people1 but ,st4 ,meriasek or ,meriadoc 7to give him his ,breton name71 the patron of ,camborne1 is not a well-known character1 and his life1 full as it is of allusions and incidents of a misty period of ,cornish history1 is most curious and interesting4 ,it is not perhaps simplified by being mixed up in the wildest manner with the legend of ,constantine and ,st4 ,sylvester1 and the scenes shift about from ,cornwall or ,brittany to ,rome1 and from the fourth to the ,heaven-knows-what century1 with bewildering frequency4 ,there are also certain other legends interwoven with the story1 and it seems probable that at least three plays have been1 as ,dr4 ,whitley ,stokes expresses it1 unskillfully pieced together4 ,yet there are many passages of considerable literary merit4 ,the only existing ,,ms4 of this play is in the ,hengwrt collection at ,peniarth1 and it was edited and translated by ,dr4 ,stokes in #ahgb4 #e4 ,there were probably many other plays which have perished1 but one other there certainly was1 of which a fragment exists4 ,what it was called or what it was about no one knows1 but an actor in it1 setting about to learn his own part in it1 wrote that short piece of thirty-six lines on the back of a title-deed of some land in the parish of ,st4 ,stephen1 near ,bodmin4 ,the deed drifted eventually into the ,british ,museum1 and the present writer discovered the ,cornish verses on it1 not wholly by accident1 about nineteen years ago4 ,the writing belongs to the latter part of the fourteenth century1 and is therefore the earliest literary fragment of the language4 #f4 ,the rest of the literature of the ,cornish language consists of a few songs1 epigrams1 mottoes1 proverbs1 and the like1 a short dissertation on the language1 and the tale of ',john of ,chy-an-,hur1' a widely known folk-tale4 ,these are mostly in the latest form of ,cornish1 and are contained in the ,,ms4 collection of ,william ,gwavas in the ,british ,museum and in that of ,dr4 ,borlase1 until lately in the possession of his descendants4 ,most of them have been printed by ,davies ,gilbert 7with the play of the ',creation'71 by ,william ,pryce in the ',archaeologia ,cornu-,britannica' in #agij1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,institution of ,cornwall1 and in a fragmentary way in a few other places4 ,they are mostly translations or adaptations from the ,english1 but a few1 such as the rather doggerel ',pilchard ,fishing ,song1' are originals4 ,lastly1 in the ,church of ,st4 ,paul1 near ,penzance1 there is the one solitary epitaph in the language2 written while it was still just alive1 and perhaps the last composition in it4 ,the versions given of these specimens of ,cornish literature are founded on those of ,dr4 ,whitley ,stokes and ,dr4 ,e4 ,norris4 ,the phraseology has been to some extent altered1 but the renderings are almost all the same4 ,,from ,,the ',,poem ,,of ,,the ,,passion' ,the ,death of ,our ,lord on the ,cross ,his pain was strong and sharp1 so that he could not live1 ,but must yield up his white soul2 ever purely had he lived4 ,and ,christ prayed1 as thus in many a place we read1 ,my soul ,i do commend1 ,o ,lord1 between thy hands6 ,for weakly he breathed1 being constrained1 so that he could not rest2 ,on nothing could he lean his head for the garland that he wore4 ,if he leaned to one side1 for his shoulder it grieved him ,and the tree did yet worse1 if he set it backwards4 ,nor could he lean forward for fear of being choked4 ,then was it as we read in books as it is written3-- ,for the birds to make their nests1 places are prepared1 ,but for ,christ where he may lay his head no place is found4 ,but now must he needs leave his head to hang1 ,for his blood was all gone from him1 and he could not live4 ,to the side of the ,mother that owned him1 his head he would hold1 ,and his soul went from him with chilling shriek and shrill cry4 ,beside the ,cross of ,jesus was a man hight ,sentury1 ,and when he saw the wondrous things that happened at ,christ's death1 ,and how his soul he yielded1 against nature1 with a cry1 ,he said without scorning1 ,this truly was ,god's ,son2 ,and many were there with him that testimony bore4 ,now was it midday in the land1 or later1 as is written4 ,earthquake there was and lightning1 and darkness over all2 ,the ,temple ,veil was rent in twain1 and to the ground it fell1 ,and likewise broken were the stones so strong and hard4 ,graves in many places were opened wide1 ,and the bodies that were in them were raised up1 ,and went straightway to the city--by many were they seen-- ,to bear witness that it was ,god's ,son that was slain4 ,water1 earth1 and fire1 and wind1 sun1 moon1 and stars likewise1 ,at ,christ's suffering death knew sorrow4 ,nature will cause1 ,i trow1 if the good ,lord be pained1 ,all his subjects1 even saints1 to be grieved for his pain4 ,,from ',,origo ,,mundi1' ,,in ,,the ',,ordinalia' ,seth1 being sent to fetch the oil of mercy from ,paradise for his dying father1 comes to the guardian cherub4 ,cherubin-- ,seth1 what is thine errand1 ,that thou comest so far8 ,tell me anon4 ,seth-- ,o ,angel1 ,i will tell it thee3 ,my father is old and weary2 ,he wishes no longer to live2 ,and through me he prayed thee ,to tell the truth ,of the oil of mercy promised ,to him at the last day4 ,cherubin-- ,within the gate put thou thy head1 ,and behold it all1 nor fear1 ,whatever thou seest4 ,and look on all sides1 ,spy out every detail1 ,search out everything carefully4 ,seth-- ,very gladly ,i will do it2 ,i am glad to have permission ,to know what is there ,and tell it to my father4 ,and he looks and turns round1 saying3 ,fair field to behold is this2 ,hapless he who lost the land4 ,but for the tree ,i wonder greatly ,that it should be dry4 ,but ,i trow that it went dry ,and all was made bare1 for the sin ,which my father and mother sinned4 ,like the prints of their feet1 ,they all became dry as herbs1 ,alas1 when the morsel was eaten4 ,cherubin-- ,o ,seth1 thou art come ,within the gate of ,paradise3 ,tell me what thou sawest4 ,seth-- ,all the beauty that ,i saw ,tongue of man can never tell1 ,of good fruits and beauteous flowers1 ,of minstrels and sweet song1 ,a fountain bright as silver1 ,and flowing from it four great streams1 ,that there is a desire to gaze upon them4 ,in it there is a tree1 ,high and with many boughs1 ,but they are bare and leafless4 ,bark there is none around it2 ,from the stem to the head ,all its branches are bare4 ,and below when ,i looked1 ,i saw its roots ,even into hell descending1 ,in the midst of great darkness2 ,and its branches growing up ,even to heaven high in light4 ,and it was wholly without bark1 ,both the head and the boughs4 ,cherubin-- ,look yet again within1 ,and all else thou shalt see ,before thou come from it4 ,seth-- ,i am happy to have leave2 ,i will go to the gate at once1 ,that ,i may see further good4 ,he goes and looks and returns4 ,cherubin-- ,dost thou see more now ,than what there was just now8 ,seth-- ,there is a serpent in the tree3 ,truly a hideous beast is he4 ,cherubin-- ,go yet the third time to it1 ,and look better at the tree4 ,look what you can see on it ,besides roots and branches4 ,seth-- ,cherubin1 angel of the ,god of grace1 ,high in the branches of the tree ,i saw ,a new-born child1 wrapped in swaddling clothes ,and bound with bands4 ,cherubin-- ,it was ,god's son that thou sawest1 ,like a child in swaddling clothes4 ,he will redeem ,adam thy father ,with his flesh and blood likewise1 ,when the time is come1 ,and thy mother and all good people4 ,he is the oil of mercy ,which was promised to thy father4 ,through his death truly ,shall all the world be saved4 ,signature3 ,william ,sharp ,ernest ,rhys ,,cervantes 7#aedg-afaf7 ,,by ,,george ,,santayana ,cervantes is known to the world as the author of ',don ,quixote' and although his other works are numerous and creditable1 and his pathetic life is carefully recorded1 yet it is as the author of ',don ,quixote' alone that he deserves to be generally known or considered4 ,had his wit not come by chance on the idea of the ,ingenious ,hidalgo1 ,cervantes would never have attained his universal renown1 even if his other works and the interest of his career should have sufficed to give him a place in the literary history of his country4 ,here1 then1 where our task is to present in miniature only what has the greatest and most universal value1 we may treat our author as playwrights are advised to treat their heroes1 saying of him only what is necessary to the understanding of the single action with which we are concerned4 ,this single action is the writing of ',don ,quixote'3 and what we shall try to understand is what there was in the life and environment of ,cervantes that enabled him to compose that great book1 and that remained imbedded in its characters1 its episodes1 and its moral4 ,there was in vogue in the ,spain of the sixteenth century a species of romance called books of chivalry4 ,they were developments of the legends dealing with ,king ,arthur and the ,knights of the ,table ,round1 and their numerous descendants and emulators4 ,these stories had appealed in the first place to what we should still think of as the spirit of chivalry3 they were full of tourneys and single combats1 desperate adventures and romantic loves4 ,the setting was in the same vague and wonderful region as the ,coast of ,bohemia1 where to the known mountains1 seas1 and cities that have poetic names1 was added a prodigious number of caverns1 castles1 islands1 and forests of the romancer's invention4 ,with time and popularity this kind of story had naturally intensified its characteristics until it had reached the greatest extravagance and absurdity1 and combined in a way the unreality of the fairy tale with the bombast of the melodrama4 ,cervantes had apparently read these books with avidity1 and was not without a great sympathy with the kind of imagination they embodied4 ,his own last and most carefully written book1 the ',travails of ,persiles and ,sigismunda1' is in many respects an imitation of them2 it abounds in savage islands1 furious tyrants1 prodigious feats of arms1 disguised maidens whose discretion is as marvelous as their beauty1 and happy deliverances from intricate and hopeless situations4 ,his first book also1 the ',galatea1' was an embodiment of a kind of pastoral idealism3 sentimental verses being interspersed with euphuistic prose1 the whole describing the lovelorn shepherds and heartless shepherdesses of ,arcadia4 ,but while these books1 which were the author's favorites among his own works1 expressed perhaps ,cervantes's natural taste and ambition1 the events of his life and the real bent of his talent1 which in time he came himself to recognize1 drove him to a very different sort of composition4 ,his family was ancient but impoverished1 and he was forced throughout his life to turn his hand to anything that could promise him a livelihood4 ,his existence was a continuous series of experiments1 vexations1 and disappointments4 ,he adopted at first the profession of arms1 and followed his colors as a private soldier upon several foreign expeditions4 ,he was long quartered in ,italy2 he fought at ,lepanto against the ,turks1 where among other wounds he received one that maimed his left hand1 to the greater glory1 as he tells us1 of his right2 he was captured by ,barbary pirates and remained for five years a slave in ,algiers2 he was ransomed1 and returned to ,spain only to find official favors and recognitions denied him2 and finally1 at the age of thirty-seven1 he abandoned the army for literature4 ,his first thought as a writer does not seem to have been to make direct use of his rich experience and varied observation2 he was rather possessed by an obstinate longing for that poetic gift which1 as he confesses in one place1 ,heaven had denied him4 ,he began with the idyllic romance1 the ',galatea' already mentioned1 and at various times during the rest of his life wrote poems1 plays1 and stories of a romantic and sentimental type4 ,in the course of these labors1 however1 he struck one vein of much richer promise4 ,it was what the ,spanish call the picaresque2 that is1 the description of the life and character of rogues1 pickpockets1 vagabonds1 and all those wretches and sorry wits that might be found about the highways1 in the country inns1 or in the slums of cities4 ,of this kind is much of what is best in his collected stories1 the ',novelas ,exemplares4' ,the talent and the experience which he betrays in these amusing narratives were to be invaluable to him later as the author of ',don ,quixote1' where they enabled him to supply a foil to the fine world of his poor hero's imagination4 ,we have now mentioned what were perhaps the chief elements of the preparation of ,cervantes for his great task4 ,they were a great familiarity with the romances of chivalry1 and a natural liking for them2 a life of honorable but unrewarded endeavor both in war and in the higher literature2 and much experience of ,vagabondia1 with the art of taking down and reproducing in amusing profusion the typical scenes and languages of low life4 ,out of these elements a single spark1 which we may attribute to genius1 to chance1 or to inspiration1 was enough to produce a new and happy conception3 that of a parody on the romances of chivalry1 in which the extravagances of the fables of knighthood should be contrasted with the sordid realities of life4 ,this is done by the ingenious device of representing a country gentleman whose naturally generous mind1 unhinged by much reading of the books of chivalry1 should lead him to undertake the office of knight-errant1 and induce him to ride about the country clad in ancient armor1 to right wrongs1 to succor defenseless maidens1 to kill giants1 and to win empires at least as vast as that of ,alexander4 ,this is the subject of ',don ,quixote4' ,but happy as the conception is1 it could not have produced a book of enduring charm and well-seasoned wisdom1 had it not been filled in with a great number of amusing and lifelike episodes1 and verified by two admirable figures1 ,don ,quixote and ,sancho ,panza1 characters at once intimately individual and truly universal4 ,don ,quixote at first appears to the reader1 and probably appeared to the author as well1 as primarily a madman1--a thin and gaunt old village squire1 whose brain has been turned by the nonsense he has read and taken for gospel truth2 and who is punished for his ridiculous mania by an uninterrupted series of beatings1 falls1 indignities1 and insults4 ,but the hero and the author together1 with the ingenuity proper to madness and the inevitableness proper to genius1 soon begin to disclose the fund of intelligence and ideal passion which underlies this superficial insanity4 ,we see that ,don ,quixote is only mad north-north-west1 when the wind blows from the quarter of his chivalrous preoccupation4 ,at other times he shows himself a man of great goodness and fineness of wit2 virtuous1 courageous1 courteous1 and generous1 and in fact the perfect ideal of a gentleman4 ,when he takes1 for instance1 a handful of acorns from the goat-herds' table and begins a grandiloquent discourse upon the ,golden ,age1 we feel how cultivated the man is1 how easily the little things of life suggest to him the great things1 and with what delight he dwells on what is beautiful and happy4 ,the truth and pathos of the character become all the more compelling when we consider how naturally the hero's madness and calamities flow from this same exquisite sense of what is good4 ,the contrast to this figure is furnished by that of ,sancho ,panza1 who embodies all that is matter-of-fact1 gross1 and plebeian4 ,yet he is willing to become ,don ,quixote's esquire1 and by his credulity and devotion shows what an ascendency a heroic and enthusiastic nature can gain over the most sluggish of men4 ,sancho has none of the instincts of his master4 ,he never read the books of chivalry or desired to right the wrongs of the world4 ,he is naturally satisfied with his crust and his onions1 if they can be washed down with enough bad wine4 ,his good drudge of a wife never transformed herself in his fancy into a peerless ,dulcinea4 ,yet ,sancho follows his master into every danger1 shares his discomfiture and the many blows that rain down upon him1 and hopes to the end for the governorship of that ,insula with which ,don ,quixote is some day to reward his faithful esquire4 ,as the madness of ,don ,quixote is humanized by his natural intelligence and courage1 so the grossness and credulity of ,sancho are relieved by his homely wit4 ,he abounds in proverbs4 ,he never fails to see the reality of a situation1 and to protest doggedly against his master's visionary flights4 ,he holds fast as long as he can to the evidence of his senses1 and to his little weaknesses of flesh and spirit4 ,but finally he surrenders to the authority of ,don ,quixote1 and of the historians of chivalry1 although not without a certain reluctance and some surviving doubts4 ,the character of ,sancho is admirable for the veracity with which its details are drawn4 ,the traits of the boor1 the glutton1 and the coward come most naturally to the surface upon occasion1 yet ,sancho remains a patient1 good-natured peasant1 a devoted servant1 and a humble ,christian4 ,under the cover of such lifelike incongruities1 and of a pervasive humor1 the author has given us a satirical picture of human nature not inferior1 perhaps1 to that furnished by ,don ,quixote himself4 ,for instance3 ,don ,quixote1 after mending his helmet1 tries its strength with a blow that smashes it to pieces4 ,he mends it a second time1 but now1 without trial1 deputes it to be henceforth a strong and perfect helmet4 ,sancho1 when he is sent to bear a letter to ,dulcinea1 neglects to deliver it1 and invents an account of his interview with the imaginary lady for the satisfaction of his master4 ,but before long1 by dint of repeating the story1 he comes himself to believe his own lies4 ,thus self-deception in the knight is the ridiculous effect of courage1 and in the esquire the not less ridiculous effect of sloth4 ,the adventures these two heroes encounter are naturally only such as travelers along the ,spanish roads would then have been likely to come upon4 ,the point of the story depends on the familiarity and commonness of the situations in which ,don ,quixote finds himself1 so that the absurdity of his pretensions may be overwhelmingly shown4 ,critics are agreed in blaming the exceptions which ,cervantes allowed himself to make to the realism of his scenes1 where he introduced romantic tales into the narrative of the first part4 ,the tales are in themselves unworthy of their setting1 and contrary to the spirit of the whole book4 ,cervantes doubtless yielded here partly to his story-telling habits1 partly to a fear of monotony in the uninterrupted description of ,don ,quixote's adventures4 ,he avoided this mistake in the second part1 and devised the visit to the ,duke's palace1 and the intentional sport there made of the hero1 to give variety to the story4 ,more variety and more unity may still1 perhaps1 seem desirable in the book4 ,the episodes are strung together without much coherence1 and without any attempt to develop either the plot or the characters4 ,sancho1 to be sure1 at last tastes the governorship of his ,insula1 and ,don ,quixote on his death-bed recovers his wits4 ,but this conclusion1 appropriate and touching as it is1 might have come almost anywhere in the course of the story4 ,the whole book has1 in fact1 rather the quality of an improvisation4 ,the episodes suggest themselves to the author's fancy as he proceeds2 a fact which gives them the same unexpectedness and sometimes the same incompleteness which the events of a journey naturally have4 ,it is in the genius of this kind of narrative to be a sort of imaginary diary1 without a general dramatic structure4 ,the interest depends on the characters and the incidents alone2 on the fertility of the author's invention1 on the ingenuity of the turns he gives to the story1 and on the incidental scenes and figures he describes4 ,when we have once accepted this manner of writing fiction--which might be called that of the novelist before the days of the novel--we can only admire the execution of ',don ,quixote' as masterly in its kind4 ,we find here an abundance of fancy that is never at a loss for some probable and interesting incident2 we find a graphic power that makes living and unforgettable many a minor character1 even if slightly sketched2 we find the charm of the country rendered by little touches without any formal descriptions2 and we find a humorous and minute reproduction of the manners of the time4 ,all this is rendered in a flowing and easy style1 abounding in both characterization and parody of diverse types of speech and composition2 and the whole is still but the background for the figures of ,don ,quixote and ,sancho1 and for their pleasant discourse1 the quality and savor of which is maintained to the end4 ,these excellences unite to make the book one of the most permanently delightful in the world1 as well as one of the most diverting4 ,seldom has laughter been so well justified as that which the reading of ',don ,quixote' continually provokes2 seldom has it found its causes in such genuine fancy1 such profound and real contrast1 and such victorious good-humor4 ,we sometimes wish1 perhaps1 that our heroes were spared some of their bruises1 and that we were not asked to delight so much in promiscuous beatings and floggings4 ,but we must remember that these three hundred years have made the ,european race much more sensitive to physical suffering4 ,our ancestors took that doubtful pleasure in the idea of corporal writhings which we still take in the description of the tortures of the spirit4 ,the idea of both evils is naturally distasteful to a refined mind2 but we admit more willingly the kind which habit has accustomed us to regard as inevitable1 and which personal experience very probably has made an old friend4 ',don ,quixote' has accordingly enjoyed a universal popularity1 and has had the singular privilege of accomplishing the object for which it was written1 which was to recall fiction from the extravagances of the books of chivalry to the study of real life4 ,this is the simple object which ,cervantes had and avowed4 ,he was a literary man with literary interests1 and the idea which came to him was to ridicule the absurdities of the prevalent literary mode4 ,the rich vein which he struck in the conception of ,don ,quixote's madness and topsy-turvy adventures encouraged him to go on4 ,the subject and the characters deepened under his hands1 until from a parody of a certain kind of romances the story threatened to become a satire on human idealism4 ,at the same time ,cervantes grew fond of his hero1 and made him1 as we must feel1 in some sort a representative of his own chivalrous enthusiasms and constant disappointments4 ,we need not1 however1 see in this transformation any deep-laid malice or remote significance4 ,as the tale opened out before the author's fancy and enlisted his closer and more loving attention1 he naturally enriched it with all the wealth of his experience4 ,just as he diversified it with pictures of common life and manners1 so he weighted it with the burden of human tragedy4 ,he left upon it an impress of his own nobility and misfortunes side by side with a record of his time and country4 ,but in this there was nothing intentional4 ,he only spoke out of the fullness of his heart4 ,the highest motives and characters had been revealed to him by his own impulses1 and the lowest by his daily experience4 ,there is nothing in the book that suggests a premeditated satire upon faith and enthusiasm in general4 ,the author's evident purpose is to amuse1 not to upbraid or to discourage4 ,there is no bitterness in his pathos or despair in his disenchantment2 partly because he retains a healthy fondness for this naughty world1 and partly because his heart is profoundly and entirely ,christian4 ,he would have rejected with indignation an interpretation of his work that would see in it an attack on religion or even on chivalry4 ,his birth and nurture had made him religious and chivalrous from the beginning1 and he remained so by conviction to the end4 ,he was still full of plans and hopes when death overtook him1 but he greeted it with perfect simplicity1 without lamentations over the past or anxiety for the future4 ,if we could have asked ,cervantes what the moral of ,don ,quixote was to his own mind1 he would have told us perhaps that it was this3 that the force of idealism is wasted when it does not recognize the reality of things4 ,neglect of the facts of daily life made the absurdity of the romances of chivalry and of the enterprise of ,don ,quixote4 ,what is needed is not1 of course1 that idealism should be surrendered1 either in literature or in life2 but that in both it should be made efficacious by a better adjustment to the reality it would transform4 ,something of this kind would have been1 we may believe1 ,cervantes's own reading of his parable4 ,but when parables are such direct and full transcripts of life as is the story of ,don ,quixote1 they offer almost as much occasion for diversity of interpretation as does the personal experience of men in the world4 ,that the moral of ,don ,quixote should be doubtful and that each man should be tempted to see in it the expression of his own convictions1 is after all the greatest possible encomium of the book4 ,for we may infer that the truth has been rendered in it1 and that men may return to it always1 as to ,nature herself1 to renew their theories or to forget them1 and to refresh their fancy with the spectacle of a living world4 ,signature3 ,g4 ,santayana ,,treating ,,of ,,the ,,character ,,and ,,pursuits ,,of ,,don ,,quixote ,in a village of ,la ,mancha1 the name of which ,i have no desire to call to mind1 there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack1 and an old buckler1 a lean hack1 and a greyhound for coursing4 ,an olla of rather more beef than mutton1 a salad on most nights1 scraps on ,saturdays1 lentils on ,fridays1 and a pigeon or so extra on ,sundays1 made away with three-quarters of his income4 ,the rest of it went in a doublet of fine cloth and velvet breeches and shoes to match for holidays1 while on week-days he made a brave figure in his best homespun4 ,he had in his house a housekeeper past forty1 a niece under twenty1 and a lad for the field and market-place1 who used to saddle the hack as well as handle the bill-hook4 ,the age of this gentleman of ours was bordering on fifty2 he was of a hardy habit1 spare1 gaunt-featured1 a very early riser and a great sportsman4 ,they will have it his surname was ,quixada or ,quesada 7for here there is some difference of opinion among the authors who write on the subject71 although from reasonable conjectures it seems plain that he was called ,quixana4 ,this1 however1 is of but little importance to our tale2 it will be enough not to stray a hair's breadth from the truth in the telling of it4 ,you must know then that the above-named gentleman1 whenever he was at leisure 7which was mostly all the year round7 gave himself up to reading books of chivalry with such ardor and avidity that he almost entirely neglected the pursuit of his field-sports1 and even the management of his property2 and to such a pitch did his eagerness and infatuation go that he sold many an acre of tillage-land to buy books of chivalry to read1 and brought home as many of them as he could get4 ,but of all there were none he liked so well as those of the famous ,feliciano de ,silva's composition1 for their lucidity of style and complicated conceits were as pearls in his sight1 particularly when in his reading he came upon courtships and cartels1 where he often found passages like3--,the reason of the unreason with which my reason is afflicted1 so weakens my reason that with reason ,i murmur at your beauty2 or again3--,the high heavens1 that of your divinity divinely fortify you with the stars1 render you deserving of the desert your greatness deserves4 ,over conceits of this sort the poor gentleman lost his wits1 and used to lie awake striving to understand them and worm the meaning out of them2 what ,aristotle himself could not have made out or extracted1 had he come to life again for that special purpose4 ,he was not at all easy about the wounds which ,don ,belianis gave and took1 because it seemed to him that1 great as were the surgeons who had cured him1 he must have had his face and body covered all over with seams and scars4 ,he commended however the author's way of ending his book with the promise of that interminable adventure2 and many a time was he tempted to take up his pen and finish it properly as is there proposed1 which no doubt he would have done1 and made a successful piece of work of it too1 had not greater and more absorbing thoughts prevented him4 ,many an argument did he have with the curate of his village 7a learned man1 and a graduate of ,siguenza7 as to which had been the better knight1 ,palmerin of ,england or ,amadis of ,gaul4 ,master ,nicholas the village barber1 however1 used to say that neither of them came up to the ,knight of ,phoebus1 and that if there was any could compare with him it was ,don ,galaor1 the brother of ,amadis of ,gaul1 because he had a spirit that was equal to every occasion1 and was no finikin knight1 nor lachrymose like his brother1 while in the matter of valor he was not a whit behind him4 ,in short1 he became so absorbed in his books that he spent his nights from sunset to sunrise1 and his days from dawn to dark1 poring over them2 and what with little sleep and much reading his brains got so dry that he lost his wits4 ,his fancy grew full of what he used to read about in his books--enchantments1 quarrels1 battles1 challenges1 wounds1 wooings1 loves1 agonies1 and all sorts of impossible nonsense2 and it so possessed his mind that the whole fabric of invention and fancy he read of was true1 that to him no history in the world had more reality in it4 ,he used to say the ,cid ,ruy ,diaz was a very good knight1 but that he was not to be compared with the ,knight of the ,burning ,sword1 who with one back stroke cut in half two fierce and monstrous giants4 ,he thought more of ,bernardo del ,carpio because at ,roncesvalles he slew ,roland in spite of enchantments1 availing himself of the artifice of ,hercules when he strangled ,antaeus the son of ,terra in his arms4 ,he approved highly of the giant ,morgante1 because although of the giant breed1 which is always arrogant and ill-conditioned1 he alone was affable and well-bred4 ,but above all he admired ,reinaldos of ,montalban2 especially when he saw him sallying forth from his castle and robbing every one he met1 and when beyond the seas he stole that image of ,mahomet which1 as his history says1 was entirely of gold4 ,and to have a bout of kicking at that traitor of a ,ganelon he would have given his housekeeper1 and his niece into the bargain4 ,in short1 his wits being quite gone1 he hit upon the strangest notion that ever madman in this world hit upon3 and that was that he fancied it was right and requisite1 as well for the support of his own honor as for the service of his country1 that he should make a knight-errant of himself1 roaming the world over in full armor and on horseback in quest of adventures1 and putting in practice himself all that he had read of as being the usual practices of knights-errant2 righting every kind of wrong1 and exposing himself to peril and danger from which1 in the issue1 he was to reap eternal renown and fame4 ,already the poor man saw himself crowned1 by the might of his arm1 ,emperor of ,trebizond at least2 and so1 led away by the intense enjoyment he found in these pleasant fancies1 he set himself forthwith to put his scheme into execution4 ,the first thing he did was to clean up some armor that had belonged to his great-grandfather1 and had been for ages lying forgotten in a corner1 eaten with rust and covered with mildew4 ,he scoured and polished it as best he could1 but he perceived one great defect in it2 that it had no closed helmet1 nothing but a simple morion4 ,this deficiency1 however1 his ingenuity supplied1 for he contrived a kind of half-helmet of pasteboard which1 fitted on to the morion1 looked like a whole one4 ,it is true that in order to see if it was strong and fit to stand a cut he drew his sword and gave it a couple of slashes1 the first of which undid in an instant what had taken him a week to do4 ,the ease with which he had knocked it to pieces disconcerted him somewhat1 and to guard against that danger he set to work again1 fixing bars of iron on the inside until he was satisfied with its strength2 and then1 not caring to try any more experiments with it1 he passed it and adopted it as a helmet of the most perfect construction4 ,he next proceeded to inspect his hack1 which1 with more quartos than a real and more blemishes than the steed of ,gonela1 that tantum pellis et ossa fuit1 surpassed in his eyes the ,bucephalus of ,alexander or the ,babieca of the ,cid4 ,four days were spent in thinking what name to give him2 because 7as he said to himself7 it was not right that a horse belonging to a knight so famous1 and one with such merits of his own1 should be without some distinctive name1 and he strove to adapt it so as to indicate what he had been before belonging to a knight-errant1 and what he then was2 for it was only reasonable that1 his master taking a new character1 he should take a new name1 and that it should be a distinguished and full-sounding one1 befitting the new order and calling he was about to follow4 ,and so after having composed1 struck out1 rejected1 added to1 unmade1 and remade a multitude of names out of his memory and fancy1 he decided upon calling him ,rosinante1--to his thinking lofty1 sonorous1 and significant of his condition as a hack before he became what he now was1 the first and foremost of all the hacks in the world4 ,having got a name for his horse so much to his taste1 he was anxious to get one for himself1 and he was eight days more pondering over this point1 till at last he made up his mind to call himself ,don ,quixote1 whence1 as has already been said1 the authors of this veracious history have inferred that his name must have been beyond a doubt ,quixada1 and not ,quesada as others would have it4 ,recollecting however that the valiant ,amadis was not content to call himself curtly ,amadis and nothing more1 but added the name of his kingdom and country to make it famous1 and called himself ,amadis of ,gaul3 he1 like a good knight1 resolved to add on the name of his and to style himself ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha2 whereby he considered he described accurately his origin and country1 and did honor to it in taking his surname from it4 ,so then1 his armor being furbished1 his morion turned into a helmet1 his hack christened1 and he himself confirmed1 he came to the conclusion that nothing more was needed now but to look out for a lady to be in love with2 for a knight-errant without love was like a tree without leaves or fruit1 or a body without a soul4 ,as he said to himself3--,if for my sins or by my good fortune ,i come across some giant hereabouts1--a common occurrence with knights-errant1--and overthrow him in one onslaught1 or cleave him asunder to the waist1 or in short1 vanquish and subdue him1 will it not be well to have some one ,i may send him to as a present1 that he may come in and fall on his knees before my sweet lady and in a humble1 submissive voice say3--',i am the giant ,caraculiambro1 lord of the island of ,malindrania1 vanquished in single combat by the never-sufficiently-extolled knight ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 who has commanded me to present myself before your ,grace1 that your ,highness dispose of me at your pleasure'8 ,oh1 how our good gentleman enjoyed the delivery of this speech1 especially when he had thought of some one to call his ,lady6 ,there was1 so the story goes1 in a village near his own a very good-looking farm-girl with whom he had been at one time in love1 though so far as is known1 she never knew it nor gave a thought to the matter4 ,her name was ,aldonza ,lorenzo1 and upon her he thought fit to confer the title of ,lady of his ,thoughts2 and after some search for a name which should not be out of harmony with her own1 and should suggest and indicate that of a princess and great lady1 he decided upon calling her ,dulcinea del ,toboso--she being of ,el ,toboso--a name1 to his mind1 musical1 uncommon1 and significant1 like all those he had already bestowed upon himself and the things belonging to him4 ,,of ,,what ,,happened ,,to ,,don ,,quixote ,,when ,,he ,,left ,,the ,,inn ,day was dawning when ,don ,quixote quitted the inn1 so happy1 so gay1 so exhilarated at finding himself dubbed a knight1 that his joy was like to burst his horse-girths4 ,however1 recalling the advice of his host as to the requisites he ought to carry with him1 especially that referring to money and shirts1 he determined to go home and provide himself with all1 and also with a squire2 for he reckoned upon securing a farm-laborer1 a neighbor of his1 a poor man with a family1 but very well qualified for the office of squire to a knight4 ,with this object he turned his horse's head towards his village1 and ,rosinante1 thus reminded of his old quarters1 stepped out so briskly that he hardly seemed to tread the earth4 ,he had not gone far1 when out of a thicket on his right there seemed to come feeble cries as of some one in distress2 and the instant he heard them he exclaimed3--,thanks be to heaven for the favor it accords me1 that it so soon offers me an opportunity of fulfilling the obligation ,i have undertaken1 and gathering the fruit of my ambition4 ,these cries no doubt come from some man or woman in want of help1 and needing my aid and protection2 and wheeling1 he turned ,rosinante in the direction whence the cries seemed to proceed4 ,he had gone but a few paces into the wood when he saw a mare tied to an oak1 and tied to another1 and stripped from the waist upwards1 a youth of about fifteen years of age1 from whom the cries came4 ,nor were they without cause1 for a lusty farmer was flogging him with a belt and following up every blow with scoldings and commands2 repeating1 ,your mouth shut and your eyes open6 while the youth made answer1 ,i won't do it again1 master mine2 by ,god's passion1 ,i won't do it again1 and ,i'll take more care of the flock another time4 ,seeing what was going on1 ,don ,quixote said in an angry voice1 ,discourteous knight1 it ill becomes you to assail one who cannot defend himself2 mount your steed and take your lance 7for there was a lance leaning against the oak to which the mare was tied71 and ,i will make you know that you are behaving as a coward4 ,the farmer1 seeing before him this figure in full armor1 brandishing a lance over his head1 gave himself up for dead and made answer meekly3--,sir ,knight1 this youth that ,i am chastising is my servant1 employed by me to watch a flock of sheep that ,i have hard by2 and he is so careless that ,i lose one every day1 and when ,i punish him for his carelessness and knavery he says ,i do it out of niggardliness1 to escape paying him the wages ,i owe him1 and before ,god1 and on my soul1 he lies4 ,lies before me1 base clown6 said ,don ,quixote4 ,by the sun that shines on us1 ,i have a mind to run you through with this lance4 ,pay him at once1 without another word2 if not1 by the ,god that rules us1 ,i will make an end of you1 and annihilate you on the spot2 release him instantly4 ,the farmer hung his head1 and without a word untied his servant1 of whom ,don ,quixote asked how much his master owed him4 ,he replied1 nine months at seven reals a month4 ,don ,quixote added it up1 found that it came to sixty-three reals1 and told the farmer to pay it down immediately if he did not want to die for it4 ,the trembling clown replied that as he lived and by the oath he had sworn 7though he had not sworn any7 it was not so much2 for there were to be taken into account and deducted three pairs of shoes he had given him1 and a real for two blood-lettings when he was sick4 ,all that is very well1 said ,don ,quixote2 but let the shoes and the blood-lettings stand as a set-off against the blows you have given him without any cause2 for if he spoiled the leather of the shoes you paid for1 you have damaged that of his body1 and if the barber took blood from him when he was sick1 you have drawn it when he was sound2 so on that score he owes you nothing4 ,the difficulty is1 ,sir ,knight1 that ,i have no money here2 let ,andres come home with me1 and ,i will pay him all1 real by real4 ,i go with him6 said the youth4 ,nay1 ,god forbid6 no1 senor1 not for the world2 for once alone with me1 he would flay me like a ,saint ,bartholomew4 ,he will do nothing of the kind1 said ,don ,quixote2 ,i have only to command and he will obey me1 and he has sworn to me by the order of knighthood which he has received4 ,i leave him free1 and ,i guarantee the payment4 ,consider what you are saying1 senor1 said the youth2 this master of mine is not a knight1 nor has he received any order of knighthood2 for he is ,juan ,haldudo the ,rich1 of ,quintanar4 ,that matters little1 replied ,don ,quixote2 there may be ,haldudos knights2 moreover1 every one is the son of his works4 ,that is true1 said ,andres2 but this master of mine--of what work is he the son1 when he refuses me the wages of my sweat and labor8 ,i do not refuse1 brother ,andres1 said the farmer2 be good enough to come along with me1 and ,i swear by all the orders of knighthood there are in the world to pay you as ,i have agreed1 real by real1 and perfumed4 ,for the perfumery ,i excuse you1 said ,don ,quixote2 give it to him in reals1 and ,i shall be satisfied2 and see that you do as you have sworn2 if not1 by the same oath ,i swear to come back and hunt you out and punish you2 and ,i shall find you though you should lie closer than a lizard4 ,and if you desire to know who it is lays this command upon you1 that you may be more firmly bound to obey it1 know that ,i am the valorous ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 the undoer of wrongs and injustices2 and so ,god be with you1 and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those penalties that have been already declared to you4 ,so saying1 he gave ,rosinante the spur and was soon out of reach4 ,the farmer followed him with his eyes1 and when he saw that he had cleared the wood and was no longer in sight1 he turned to his boy ,andres and said1 ,come here1 my son2 ,i want to pay you what ,i owe you1 as that undoer of wrongs has commanded me4 ,my oath on it1 said ,andres1 your ,worship will be well advised to obey the command of that good knight--may he live a thousand years6--for as he is a valiant and just judge1 by ,roque1 if you do not pay me1 he will come back and do as he said4 ,my oath on it too1 said the farmer2 but as ,i have a strong affection for you1 ,i want to add to the debt in order to add to the payment2 and seizing him by the arm1 he tied him up to the oak again1 where he gave him such a flogging that he left him for dead4 ,illustration3 ,,cervantes ,now1 ,master ,andres1 said the farmer1 call on the undoer of wrongs2 you will find he won't undo that1 though ,i am not sure that ,i have quite done with you1 for ,i have a good mind to flay you alive as you feared4 ,but at last he untied him1 and gave him leave to go look for his judge in order to put the sentence pronounced into execution4 ,andres went off rather down in the mouth1 swearing he would go to look for the valiant ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha and tell him exactly what had happened1 and that all would have to be repaid him sevenfold2 but for all that he went off weeping1 while his master stood laughing4 ,thus did the valiant ,don ,quixote right that wrong2 and thoroughly satisfied with what had taken place1 as he considered he had made a very happy and noble beginning with his knighthood1 he took the road towards his village in perfect self-content1 saying in a low voice3--,well mayest them this day call thyself fortunate above all on earth1 ,o ,dulcinea del ,toboso1 fairest of the fair6 since it has fallen to thy lot to hold subject and submissive to thy full will and pleasure a knight so renowned as is and will be ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 who as all the world knows1 yesterday received the order of knighthood1 and hath to-day righted the greatest wrong and grievance that ever injustice conceived and cruelty perpetrated2 who hath to-day plucked the rod from the hand of yonder ruthless oppressor so wantonly lashing that tender child4 ,he now came to a road branching in four directions1 and immediately he was reminded of those cross-roads where knights-errant used to stop to consider which road they should take4 ,in imitation of them he halted for a while1 and after having deeply considered it1 he gave ,rosinante his head1 submitting his own will to that of his hack1 who followed out his first intention1 which was to make straight for his own stable4 ,after he had gone about two miles ,don ,quixote perceived a large party of people1 who as afterwards appeared were some ,toledo traders1 on their way to buy silk at ,murcia4 ,there were six of them coming along under their sun-shades1 with four servants mounted1 and three muleteers on foot4 ,scarcely had ,don ,quixote descried them when the fancy possessed him that this must be some new adventure2 and to help him to imitate as far as he could those passages he had read of in his books1 here seemed to come one made on purpose1 which he resolved to attempt4 ,so with a lofty bearing and determination he fixed himself firmly in his stirrups1 got his lance ready1 brought his buckler before his breast1 and planting himself in the middle of the road1 stood waiting the approach of these knights-errant1 for such he now considered and held them to be2 and when they had come near enough to see and hear1 he exclaimed with a haughty gesture3--,all the world stand1 unless all the world confess that in all the world there is no maiden fairer than the ,empress of ,la ,mancha1 the peerless ,dulcinea del ,toboso4 ,the traders halted at the sound of this language and the sight of the strange figure that uttered it1 and from both figure and language at once guessed the craze of their owner2 they wished however to learn quietly what was the object of this confession that was demanded of them1 and one of them1 who was rather fond of a joke and was very sharp-witted1 said to him3--,sir ,knight1 we do not know who this good lady is that you speak of2 show her to us1 for if she be of such beauty as you suggest1 with all our hearts and without any pressure we will confess the truth that is on your part required of us4 ,if ,i were to show her to you1 replied ,don ,quixote1 what merit would you have in confessing a truth so manifest8 ,the essential point is that without seeing her you must believe1 confess1 affirm1 swear1 and defend it2 else ye have to do with me in battle1 ill-conditioned arrogant rabble that ye are3 and come ye on1 one by one as the order of knighthood requires1 or all together as is the custom and vile usage of your breed2 here do ,i bide and await you1 relying on the justice of the cause ,i maintain4 ,sir ,knight1 replied the trader1 ,i entreat your ,worship in the name of this present company of princes1 that to save us from charging our consciences with the confession of a thing we have never seen or heard of1 and one moreover so much to the prejudice of the ,empresses and ,queens of the ,alcarria and ,estremadura1 your worship will be pleased to show us some portrait of this lady1 though it be no bigger than a grain of wheat2 for by the thread one gets at the ball1 and in this way we shall be satisfied and easy1 and you will be content and pleased3 nay1 ,i believe we are already so far agreed with you that even though her portrait should show her blind of one eye1 and distilling vermilion and sulphur from the other1 we would nevertheless1 to gratify your ,worship1 say all in her favor that you desire4 ,she distills nothing of the kind1 vile rabble1 said ,don ,quixote1 burning with rage2 nothing of the kind1 ,i say2 only ambergris and civet in cotton2 nor is she one-eyed or hump-backed1 but straighter than a ,guadarrama spindle3 but ye must pay for the blasphemy ye have uttered against beauty like that of my lady4 ,and so saying he charged with leveled lance against the one who had spoken1 with such fury and fierceness that1 if luck had not contrived that ,rosinante should stumble midway and come down1 it would have gone hard with the rash trader4 ,down went ,rosinante1 and over went his master1 rolling along the ground for some distance2 and when he tried to rise he was unable1 so incumbered was he with lance1 buckler1 spurs1 helmet1 and the weight of his old armor2 and all the while he was struggling to get up1 he kept saying1 ,fly not1 cowards and caitiffs6 stay1 for not by my fault1 but my horse's1 am ,i stretched here4 ,one of the muleteers in attendance1 who could not have had much good-nature in him1 hearing the poor prostrate man blustering in this style1 was unable to refrain from giving him an answer on his ribs2 and coming up to him he seized his lance1 and having broken it in pieces1 with one of them he began so to belabor our ,don ,quixote that1 notwithstanding and in spite of his armor1 he milled him like a measure of wheat4 ,his masters called out not to lay on so hard and to leave him alone1 but the muleteer's blood was up1 and he did not care to drop the game until he had vented the rest of his wrath2 and gathering up the remaining fragments of the lance he finished with a discharge upon the unhappy victim1 who all through the storm of sticks that rained on him never ceased threatening heaven1 and earth1 and the brigands--for such they seemed to him4 ,at last the muleteer was tired1 and the traders continued their journey1 taking with them matter for talk about the poor fellow who had been cudgeled4 ,he1 when he found himself alone1 made another effort to rise2 but if he was unable when whole and sound1 how was he to rise after having been thrashed and well-nigh knocked to pieces6 ,and yet he esteemed himself fortunate1 as it seemed to him that this was a regular knight-errant's mishap1 and entirely1 he considered1 the fault of his horse4 ,however1 battered in body as he was1 to rise was beyond his power4 ,,don ,,quixote ,,and ,,sancho ,,panza ,,sally ,,forth3 ,,and ,,the ,,adventure ,,with ,,the ,,windmills ,he remained at home fifteen days very quietly1 without showing any signs of a desire to take up with his former delusions2 and during this time he held lively discussions with his two gossips1 the curate and the barber1 on the point he maintained1 that knights-errant were what the world stood most in need of1 and that in him was to be accomplished the revival of knight-errantry4 ,the curate sometimes contradicted him1 sometimes agreed with him1 for if he had not observed this precaution he would have been unable to bring him to reason4 ,meanwhile ,don ,quixote worked upon a farm-laborer1 a neighbor of his1 an honest man 7if indeed that title can be given to him who is poor71 but with very little wit in his pate4 ,in a word1 he so talked him over1 and with such persuasions and promises1 that the poor clown made up his mind to sally forth with him and serve him as esquire4 ,don ,quixote1 among other things1 told him he ought to be ready to go with him gladly1 because at any moment an adventure might occur1 that might win an island in the twinkling of an eye and leave him governor of it4 ,on these and the like promises ,sancho ,panza 7for so the laborer was called7 left wife and children1 and engaged himself as esquire to his neighbor4 ,don ,quixote next set about getting some money2 and selling one thing and pawning another1 and making a bad bargain in every case1 he got together a fair sum4 ,he provided himself with a buckler1 which he begged as a loan from a friend1 and restoring his battered helmet as best he could1 he warned his squire ,sancho of the day and hour he meant to set out1 that he might provide himself with what he thought most needful4 ,above all1 he charged him to take alforjas with him4 ,the other said he would1 and that he meant to take also a very good ass he had1 as he was not much given to going on foot4 ,about the ass1 ,don ,quixote hesitated a little1 trying whether he could call to mind any knight-errant taking with him an esquire mounted on ass-back1 but no instance occurred to his memory4 ,for all that1 however1 he determined to take him2 intending to furnish him with a more honorable mount when a chance of it presented itself1 by appropriating the horse of the first discourteous knight he encountered4 ,himself he provided with shirts and such other things as he could1 according to the advice the host had given him2 all which being settled and done1 without taking leave1 ,sancho ,panza of his wife and children1 or ,don ,quixote of his housekeeper and niece1 they sallied forth unseen by anybody from the village one night1 and made such good way in the course of it that by daylight they held themselves safe from discovery1 even should search be made for them4 ,sancho rode on his ass like a patriarch1 with his alforjas and bota1 and longing to see himself soon governor of the island his master had promised him4 ,don ,quixote decided upon taking the same route and road he had taken on his first journey1 that over the ,campo de ,montiel1 which he traveled with less discomfort than on the last occasion2 for as it was early morning and the rays of the sun fell on them obliquely1 the heat did not distress them4 ,and now said ,sancho ,panza to his master1 ,your ,worship will take care1 ,senor ,knight-,errant1 not to forget about the island you have promised me1 for be it ever so big ,i'll be equal to governing it4 ,to which ,don ,quixote replied3--,thou must know1 friend ,sancho ,panza1 that it was a practice very much in vogue with the knights-errant of old to make their squires governors of the islands or kingdoms they won1 and ,i am determined that there shall be no failure on my part in so liberal a custom2 on the contrary1 ,i mean to improve upon it1 for they sometimes1 and perhaps most frequently1 waited until their squires were old1 and then when they had had enough of service and hard days and worse nights1 they gave them some title or other1 of count1 or at the most marquis1 of some valley or province more or less2 but if thou livest and ,i live1 it may well be that before six days are over ,i may have won some kingdom that has others dependent upon it1 which will be just the thing to enable thee to be crowned king of one of them4 ,nor needst thou count this wonderful1 for things and chances fall to the lot of such knights in ways so unexampled and unexpected that ,i might easily give thee even more than ,i promise thee4 ,in that case1 said ,sancho ,panza1 if ,i should become a king by one of those miracles your ,worship speaks of1 even ,juana ,gutierrez1 my old woman1 would come to be queen and my children infantes4 ,well1 who doubts it8 said ,don ,quixote4 ,i doubt it1 replied ,sancho ,panza2 because for my part ,i am persuaded that though ,god should shower down kingdoms upon earth1 not one of them would fit the head of ,mari ,gutierrez4 ,let me tell you1 senor1 she is not worth two maravedis for a queen2 countess will fit her better1 and that only with ,god's help4 ,leave it to ,god1 ,sancho1 returned ,don ,quixote1 for he will give her what suits her best2 but do not undervalue thyself so much as to come to be content with anything less than being governor of a province4 ,i will not1 senor1 answered ,sancho2 especially as ,i have a man of such quality for master in your ,worship1 who will be able to give me all that will be suitable for me and that ,i can bear4 ,at this point they came in sight of thirty or forty windmills that there are on that plain1 and as soon as ,don ,quixote saw them he said to his squire1 ,fortune is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires ourselves2 for look there1 friend ,sancho ,panza1 where thirty or more monstrous giants present themselves1 all of whom ,i mean to engage in battle and slay1 and with whose spoils we shall begin to make our fortunes2 for this is righteous warfare1 and it is ,god's good service to sweep so evil a breed from off the face of the earth4 ,what giants8 said ,sancho ,panza4 ,those thou seest there1 answered his master1 with the long arms2 and some have them nearly two leagues long4 ,look1 your ,worship1 said ,sancho2 what we see there are not giants but windmills1 and what seem to be their arms are the sails that turned by the wind make the millstones go4 ,it is easy to see1 replied ,don ,quixote1 that thou art not used to this business of adventures2 those are giants2 and if thou art afraid1 away with thee out of this and betake thyself to prayer1 while ,i engage them in fierce and unequal combat4 ,so saying1 he gave the spur to his steed ,rosinante1 heedless of the cries his squire ,sancho sent after him1 warning him that most certainly they were windmills and not giants he was going to attack4 ,he however was so positive they were giants that he neither heard the cries of ,sancho1 nor perceived1 near as he was1 what they were2 but made at them1 shouting1 ,fly not1 cowards and vile beings1 for it is a single knight that attacks you6 ,a slight breeze at this moment sprang up1 and the great sails began to move2 seeing which1 ,don ,quixote exclaimed1 ,though ye flourish more arms than the giant ,briareus1 ye have to reckon with me4 ,so saying1 and commending himself with all his heart to his lady ,dulcinea1 imploring her to support him in such a peril1 with lance in rest and covered by his buckler1 he charged at ,rosinante's fullest gallop and fell upon the first mill that stood in front of him2 but as he drove his lance-point into the sail the wind whirled it round with such force that it shivered the lance to pieces1 sweeping with it horse and rider1 who went rolling over on the plain in a sorry condition4 ,sancho hastened to his assistance as fast as his ass could go1 and when he came up found him unable to move1 with such a shock had ,rosinante fallen with him4 ,god bless me6 said ,sancho1 did ,i not tell your ,worship to mind what you were about1 for they were only windmills8 and no one could have made any mistake about it but one who had something of the same kind in his head4 ,hush1 friend ,sancho1 replied ,don ,quixote2 the fortunes of war more than any other are liable to frequent fluctuations2 and moreover ,i think1 and it is the truth1 that that same sage ,friston who carried off my study and books has turned these giants into mills in order to rob me of the glory of vanquishing them1--such is the enmity he bears me2 but in the end his wicked arts will avail but little against my good sword4 ,god order it as he may1 said ,sancho ,panza2 and helping him to rise1 got him up again on ,rosinante1 whose shoulder was half out2 and then1 discussing the late adventure1 they followed the road to ,puerto ,lapice1 for there1 said ,don ,quixote1 they could not fail to find adventures in abundance and variety1 as it was a great thoroughfare4 ,,sancho ,,panza ,,and ,,his ,,wife ,,teresa ,,converse ,,shrewdly ,the translator of this history1 when he comes to write this fifth chapter1 says that he considers it apocryphal1 because in it ,sancho ,panza speaks in a style unlike that which might have been expected from his limited intelligence1 and says things so subtle that he does not think it possible he could have conceived them2 however1 desirous of doing what his task imposed upon him1 he was unwilling to leave it untranslated1 and therefore he went on to say3-- ,sancho came home in such glee and spirits that his wife noticed his happiness a bowshot off1 so much so that it made her ask him1 ,what have you got1 ,sancho friend1 that you are so glad8 ,to which he replied1 ,wife1 if it were ,god's will1 ,i should be very glad not to be so well pleased as ,i show myself4 ,i don't understand you1 husband1 said she1 and ,i don't know what you mean by saying you would be glad1 if it were ,god's will1 not to be well pleased2 for fool as ,i am1 ,i don't know how one can find pleasure in not having it4 ,hark ye1 ,teresa1 replied ,sancho1 ,i am glad because ,i have made up my mind to go back to the service of my master ,don ,quixote1 who means to go out a third time to seek for adventures2 and ,i am going with him again1 for my necessities will have it so1 and also the hope that cheers me with the thought that ,i may find another hundred crowns like those we have spent2 though it makes me sad to have to leave thee and the children2 and if ,god would be pleased to let me have my daily bread1 dry-shod and at home1 without taking me out into the byways and cross-roads--and he could do it at small cost by merely willing it--it is clear my happiness would be more solid and lasting1 for the happiness ,i have is mingled with sorrow at leaving thee2 so that ,i was right in saying ,i would be glad1 if it were ,god's will1 not to be well pleased4 ,look here1 ,sancho1 said ,teresa2 ever since you joined on to a knight-errant you talk in such a roundabout way that there is no understanding you4 ,it is enough that ,god understands me1 wife1 replied ,sancho2 for he is the understander of all things2 that will do3 but mind1 sister1 you must look to ,dapple carefully for the next three days1 so that he may be fit to take arms2 double his feed1 and see to the pack-saddle and other harness1 for it is not to a wedding we are bound1 but to go round the world1 and play at give-and-take with giants and dragons and monsters1 and hear hissings and roarings and bellowings and howlings2 and even all this would be lavender1 if we had not to reckon with ,yanguesans and enchanted ,moors4 ,i know well enough1 husband1 said ,teresa1 that squires-errant don't eat their bread for nothing1 and so ,i will be always praying to our ,lord to deliver you speedily from all that hard fortune4 ,i can tell you1 wife1 said ,sancho1 if ,i did not expect to see myself governor of an island before long1 ,i would drop down dead on the spot4 ,nay then1 husband1 said ,teresa1 let the hen live1 though it be with her pip2 live1 and let the devil take all the governments in the world3 you came out of your mother's womb without a government1 you have lived until now without a government1 and when it is ,god's will you will go1 or be carried1 to your grave without a government4 ,how many there are in the world who live without a government1 and continue to live all the same1 and are reckoned in the number of the people4 ,the best sauce in the world is hunger1 and as the poor are never without that1 they always eat with a relish4 ,but mind1 ,sancho1 if by good luck you should find yourself with some government1 don't forget me and your children4 ,remember that ,sanchico is now full fifteen1 and it is right he should go to school1 if his uncle the abbot has a mind to have him trained for the ,church4 ,consider1 too1 that your daughter ,maria-,sancha will not die of grief if we marry her2 for ,i have my suspicions that she is as eager to get a husband as you to get a government2 and after all1 a daughter looks better ill married than well kept4 ,by my faith1 replied ,sancho1 if ,god brings me to get any sort of a government1 ,i intend1 wife1 to make such a high match for ,maria-,sancha that there will be no approaching her without calling her 'my lady4' ,nay1 ,sancho1 returned ,teresa1 marry her to her equal1 that is the safest plan2 for if you put her out of wooden clogs into high-heeled shoes1 out of her gray flannel petticoat into hoops and silk gowns1 out of the plain ',marica' and 'thou' into ',dona ,so-and-so' and 'my lady1' the girl won't know where she is1 and at every turn she will fall into a thousand blunders that will show the thread of her coarse homespun stuff4 ,tut1 you fool1 said ,sancho2 it will be only to practice it for two or three years1 and then dignity and decorum will fit her as easily as a glove1 and if not1 what matter8 ,let her be 'my lady1' and never mind what happens4 ,keep to your own station1 ,sancho1 replied ,teresa2 don't try to raise yourself higher1 and bear in mind the proverb that says1 ',wipe the nose of your neighbor's son1 and take him into your house4' ,a fine thing it would be1 indeed1 to marry our ,maria to some great count or grand gentleman who when the humor took him would abuse her1 and call her 'clown-bred' and 'clodhopper's daughter' and 'spinning-wench4' ,i have not been bringing up my daughter for that all this time1 ,i can tell you1 husband4 ,do you bring home money1 ,sancho1 and leave marrying her to my care3 there is ,lope ,tocho1 ,juan ,tocho's son1 a stout1 sturdy young fellow that we know1 and ,i can see he does not look sour at the girl2 and with him1 one of our own sort1 she will be well married1 and we shall have her always under our eyes1 and be all one family1 parents and children1 grandchildren and sons-in-law1 and the peace and blessing of ,god will dwell among us2 so don't you go marrying her in those courts and grand palaces where they won't know what to make of her1 or she what to make of herself4 ,why1 you idiot and wife for ,barabbas1 said ,sancho1 what do you mean by trying1 without why or wherefore1 to keep me from marrying my daughter to one who will give me grandchildren that will be called 'your ,lordship'8 ,look ye1 ,teresa1 ,i have always heard my elders say that he who does not know how to take advantage of luck when it comes to him1 has no right to complain if it gives him the go-by2 and now that it is knocking at our door1 it will not do to shut it out2 let us go with the favoring breeze that blows upon us4 7,it is this sort of talk1 and what ,sancho says lower down1 that made the translator of the history say he considered this chapter apocryphal47 ,don't you see1 you animal1 continued ,sancho1 that it will be well for me to drop into some profitable government that will lift us out of the mire1 and marry ,mari-,sancha to whom ,i like2 and you yourself will find yourself called ',dona ,teresa ,panza1' and sitting in church on a fine carpet and cushions and draperies1 in spite and in defiance of all the born ladies of the town8 ,no1 stay as you are1 growing neither greater nor less1 like a tapestry figure4--,let us say no more about it1 for ,sanchica shall be a countess1 say what you will4 ,are you sure of all you say1 husband8 replied ,teresa4 ,well1 for all that1 ,i am afraid this rank of countess for my daughter will be her ruin4 ,you do as you like1 make a duchess or a princess of her1 but ,i can tell you it will not be with my will and consent4 ,i was always a lover of equality1 brother1 and ,i can't bear to see people give themselves airs without any right4 ,they called me ,teresa at my baptism1--a plain1 simple name1 without any additions or tags or fringes of ,dons or ,donas2 ,cascajo was my father's name1 and as ,i am your wife1 ,i am called ,teresa ,panza1 though by right ,i ought to be called ,teresa ,cascajo2 but 'kings go where laws like1' and ,i am content with this name without having the ',don' put on top of it to make it so heavy that ,i cannot carry it2 and ,i don't want to make people talk about me when they see me go dressed like a countess or governor's wife2 for they will say at once1 ',see what airs the slut gives herself6 ,only yesterday she was always spinning flax1 and used to go to mass with the tail of her petticoat over her head instead of a mantle2 and there she goes to-day in a hooped gown with her brooches and airs1 as if we didn't know her6' ,if ,god keeps me in my seven senses1 or five1 or whatever number ,i have1 ,i am not going to bring myself to such a pass2 go you1 brother1 and be a government or an island man1 and swagger as much as you like2 for by the soul of my mother1 neither my daughter nor ,i are going to stir a step from our village2 a respectable woman should have a broken leg and keep at home1 and to be busy at something is a virtuous damsel's holiday2 be off to your adventures1 along with your ,don ,quixote1 and leave us to our misadventures1 for ,god will mend them for us according as we deserve it4 ,i don't know1 ,i'm sure1 who fixed the ',don' to him1 what neither his father nor grandfather ever had4 ,i declare1 thou hast a devil of some sort in thy body6 said ,sancho4 ,god help thee1 woman1 what a lot of things thou hast strung together1 one after the other1 without head or tail6 ,what have ,cascajo1 and the brooches and the proverbs and the airs1 to do with what ,i say8 ,look here1 fool and dolt 7for so ,i may call you when you don't understand my words and run away from good fortune71 if ,i had said that my daughter was to throw herself down from a tower1 or go roaming the world1 as the ,infanta ,dona ,urraca wanted to do1 you would be right in not giving way to my will2 but if in an instant1 in less than the twinkling of an eye1 ,i put the ',don' and 'my lady' on her back1 and take her out of the stubble and place her under a canopy1 on a dais1 and on a couch with more velvet cushions than all the ,almohades of ,morocco ever had in their family1 why won't you consent and fall in with my wishes8 ,do you know why1 husband8 replied ,teresa2 because of the proverb that says1 ',who covers thee1 discovers thee4' ,at the poor man people only throw a hasty glance2 on the rich man they fix their eyes2 and if the said rich man was once on a time poor1 it is then there is the sneering and the tattle and spite of backbiters2 and in the streets here they swarm as thick as bees4 ,look here1 ,teresa1 said ,sancho1 and listen to what ,i am now going to say to you2 maybe you never heard it in all your life2 and ,i do not give my own notions1 for what ,i am about to say are the opinions of his ,reverence the preacher who preached in this town last ,lent1 and who said1 if ,i remember rightly1 that all things present that our eyes behold1 bring themselves before us and remain and fix themselves on our memory much better and more forcibly than things past4 7,these observations which ,sancho makes here are the other ones on account of which the translator says he regards this chapter as apocryphal1 inasmuch as they are beyond ,sancho's capacity47 ,whence it arises1 he continued1 that when we see any person well dressed and making a figure with rich garments and retinue of servants1 it seems to lead and impel us perforce to respect him1 though memory may at the same time recall to us some lowly condition in which we have seen him1 but which1 whether it may have been poverty or low birth1 being now a thing of the past has no existence2 while the only thing that has any existence is what we see before us2 and if this person whom fortune has raised from his original lowly state 7these were the very words the padre used7 to his present height of prosperity1 be well-bred1 generous1 courteous to all1 without seeking to vie with those whose nobility is of ancient date1--depend upon it1 ,teresa1 no one will remember what he was1 and every one will respect what he is1 except indeed the envious1 from whom no fair fortune is safe4 ,i do not understand you1 husband1 replied ,teresa2 do as you like1 and don't break my head with any more speechifying and rhetoric2 and if you have revolved to do what you say-- ,resolved1 you should say1 woman1 said ,sancho1 not revolved4 ,don't set yourself to wrangle with me1 husband1 said ,teresa2 ,i speak as ,god pleases1 and don't deal in out-of-the-way phrases2 and ,i say if you are bent upon having a government1 take your son ,sancho with you1 and teach him from this time on how to hold a government2 for sons ought to inherit and learn the trades of their fathers4 ,as soon as ,i have the government1 said ,sancho1 ,i will send for him by post1 and ,i will send thee money1 of which ,i shall have no lack1 for there is never any want of people to lend it to governors when they have not got it2 and do thou dress him so as to hide what he is and make him look what he is to be4 ,you send the money1 said ,teresa1 and ,i'll dress him up for you as fine as you please4 ,then we are agreed that our daughter is to be a countess1 said ,sancho4 ,the day that ,i see her a countess1 replied ,teresa1 it will be the same to me as if ,i was burying her2 but once more ,i say do as you please1 for we women are born to this burden of being obedient to our husbands1 though they be dogs2 and with this she began to weep in downright earnest1 as if she already saw ,sanchica dead and buried4 ,sancho consoled her by saying that though he must make her a countess1 he would put it off as long as possible4 ,here their conversation came to an end1 and ,sancho went back to see ,don ,quixote and make arrangements for their departure4 ,,of ,,sancho ,,panza',s ,,delectable ,,discourse ,,with ,,the ,,duchess ,the history records that ,sancho did not sleep that afternoon1 but in order to keep his word1 came1 before he had well done dinner1 to visit the duchess2 who1 finding enjoyment in listening to him1 made him sit down beside her on a low seat1 though ,sancho out of pure good breeding wanted not to sit down2 the duchess however told him he was to sit down as governor and talk as squire1 as in both respects he was worthy of even the chair of ,cid ,ruy ,diaz the ,campeador4 ,sancho shrugged his shoulders1 obeyed1 and sat down1 and all the duchess's damsels and duennas gathered round him1 waiting in profound silence to hear what he would say4 ,it was the duchess however who spoke first1 saying1--,now that we are alone1 and that there is nobody here to overhear us1 ,i should be glad if the senor governor would relieve me of certain doubts ,i have1 rising out of the history of the great ,don ,quixote that is now in print4 ,one is3 inasmuch as worthy ,sancho never saw ,dulcinea1--,i mean the lady ,dulcinea del ,toboso1--nor took ,don ,quixote's letter to her1--for it was left in the memorandum-book in the ,sierra ,morena1 how did he dare to invent the answer and all that about finding her sifting wheat1--the whole story being a deception and falsehood1 and so much to the prejudice of the peerless ,dulcinea's good name2 a thing that is not at all becoming the character and fidelity of a good squire8 ,at these words1 ,sancho1 without uttering one in reply1 got up from his chair1 and with noiseless steps1 with his body bent and his finger on his lips1 went all round the room lifting up the hangings2 and this done1 he came back to his seat and said3--,now1 senora1 that ,i have seen that there is no one except the bystanders listening to us on the sly1 ,i will answer what you have asked me1 and all you may ask me1 without fear or dread4 ,and the first thing ,i have got to say is1 that for my own part ,i hold my master ,don ,quixote to be stark mad1 though sometimes he says things that to my mind1 and indeed everybody's that listens to him1 are so wise and run in such a straight furrow that ,satan himself could not have said them better2 but for all that1 really and beyond all question1 it's my firm belief he is cracked4 ,well1 then1 as this is clear to my mind1 ,i can venture to make him believe things that have neither head nor tail1 like that affair of the answer to the letter1 and that other of six or eight days ago which is not yet in history1--that is to say1 the affair of the enchantment of my lady ,dulcinea2 for ,i made him believe she is enchanted1 though there's no more truth in it than over the hills of ,ubeda4 ,the duchess begged him to tell her about the enchantment or deception1 so ,sancho told the whole story exactly as it had happened1 and his hearers were not a little amused by it2 and then resuming1 the duchess said3--,in consequence of what worthy ,sancho has told me1 a doubt starts up in my mind1 and there comes a kind of whisper to my ears that says1 ',if ,don ,quixote be mad1 crazy1 cracked1 and ,sancho his squire knows it1 and notwithstanding serves and follows him1 and goes trusting to his empty promises1 there can be no doubt he must be still madder and sillier than his master2 and that being so1 it will be cast in your teeth1 senora ,duchess1 if you give the said ,sancho an island to govern2 for how will he who does not know how to govern himself know how to govern others8' ,my ,god1 senora1 said ,sancho1 but that doubt comes timely2 but your ,grace may say it out1 and speak plainly1 or as you like2 for ,i know what you say is true1 and if ,i were wise ,i should have left my master long ago3 but this was my fate1 this was my bad luck2 ,i can't help it1 ,i must follow him2 we're from the same village1 ,i have eaten his bread1 ,i'm fond of him1 ,i'm grateful1 he gave me his ass-colts1 and above all ,i'm faithful2 so it's quite impossible for anything to separate us except the pick-axe and shovel4 ,and if your ,highness does not like to give me the government you promised1 ,god made me without it and maybe your not giving it to me will be all the better for my conscience2 for fool as ,i am1 ,i know the proverb ',to her hurt the ant got wings1' and it may be that ,sancho the squire will get to heaven sooner than ,sancho the governor4 ',they make as good bread here as in ,france'2 and ',by night all cats are gray'2 and ',a hard case enough his1 who hasn't broken his fast at two in the afternoon'2 and ',there's no stomach a hand's-breadth bigger than another'2 and the same can be filled 'with straw or hay1' as the saying is2 and ',the little birds of the field have ,god for their purveyor and caterer'2 and ',four yards of ,cuenca frieze keep one warmer than four of ,segovia broadcloth'2 and ',when we quit this world and are put underground1 the prince travels by as narrow a path as the journeyman'2 and ',the ,pope's body does not take up more feet of earth than the sacristan's1' for all that the one is higher than the other2 for when we go to our graves we all pack ourselves up and make ourselves small1 or rather they pack us up and make us small in spite of us1 and then--good-night to us4 ,and ,i say once more1 if your ladyship does not like to give me the island because ,i'm a fool1 like a wise man ,i will take care to give myself no trouble about it2 ,i have heard say that ',behind the cross there's the devil1' and that ',all that glitters is not gold1' and that from among the oxen and the plows and the yokes1 ,wamba the husbandman was taken to be made king of ,spain2 and from among brocades and pleasures and riches1 ,roderick was taken to be devoured by adders1 if the verses of the old ballads don't lie4 ,to be sure they don't lie6 exclaimed ,dona ,rodriguez1 the duenna1 who was one of the listeners4 ,why1 there's a ballad that says they put ,king ,rodrigo alive into a tomb full of toads and adders and lizards1 and that two days afterwards the king1 in a plaintive1 feeble voice1 cried out from within the tomb-- ',they gnaw me now1 they gnaw me now1 ,there where ,i most did sin4' ,and according to that1 the gentleman has good reason to say he would rather be a laboring man than a king1 if vermin are to eat him4 ,the duchess could not help laughing at the simplicity of her duenna1 or wondering at the language and proverbs of ,sancho1 to whom she said3--,worthy ,sancho knows very well that when once a knight has made a promise he strives to keep it1 though it should cost him his life4 ,my lord and husband the duke1 though not one of the errant sort1 is none the less a knight for that reason1 and will keep his word about the promised island in spite of the envy and malice of the world4 ,let ,sancho be of good cheer2 for when he least expects it he will find himself seated on the throne of his island and seat of dignity1 and will take possession of his government that he may discard it for another of three-bordered brocade4 ,the charge ,i give him is1 to be careful how he governs his vassals1 bearing in mind that they are all loyal and well-born4 ,as to governing them well1 said ,sancho1 there's no need of charging me to do that1 for ,i'm kind-hearted by nature1 and full of compassion for the poor2 ',there's no stealing the loaf from him who kneads and bakes'2 and by my faith1 it won't do to throw false dice with me2 ,i am an old dog1 and ,i know all about 'tus1 tus'2 ,i can be wide awake if need be1 and ,i don't let clouds come before my eyes1 for ,i know where the shoe pinches me2 ,i say so1 because with me the good will have support and protection1 and the bad neither footing nor access4 ,and it seems to me that in governments1 to make a beginning is everything2 and maybe after having been governor a fortnight1 ,i'll take kindly to the work and know more about it than the field labor ,i have been brought up to4 ,you are right1 ,sancho1 said the duchess2 for no one is born ready taught1 and the bishops are made out of men and not out of stones4 ,but to return to the subject we were discussing just now1 the enchantment of the lady ,dulcinea3 ,i look upon it as certain1 and something more than evident1 that ,sancho's idea of practicing a deception upon his master1 making him believe that the peasant girl was ,dulcinea and that if he did not recognize her it must be because she was enchanted1 was all a device of one of the enchanters that persecute ,don ,quixote4 ,for in truth and earnest1 ,i know from good authority that the coarse country wench who jumped up on the ass was and is ,dulcinea del ,toboso1 and that worthy ,sancho1 though he fancies himself the deceiver1 is the one that is deceived2 and that there is no more reason to doubt the truth of this1 than of anything else we never saw4 ,senor ,sancho ,panza must know that we too have enchanters here1 that are well disposed to us1 and tell us what goes on in the world1 plainly and distinctly1 without subterfuge or deception2 and believe me1 ,sancho1 that agile country lass was and is ,dulcinea del ,toboso1 who is as much enchanted as the mother that bore her2 and when we least expect it1 we shall see her in her own proper form1 and then ,sancho will be disabused of the error he is under at present4 ,all that's very possible1 said ,sancho ,panza2 and now ,i'm willing to believe what my master says about what he saw in the cave of ,montesinos1 where he says he saw the lady ,dulcinea del ,toboso in the very same dress and apparel that ,i said ,i had seen her in when ,i enchanted her all to please myself4 ,it must be all exactly the other way1 as your ladyship says2 because it is impossible to suppose that out of my poor wit such a cunning trick could be concocted in a moment1 nor do ,i think my master is so mad that by my weak and feeble persuasion he could be made to believe a thing so out of all reason4 ,but1 senora1 your ,excellence must not therefore think me ill-disposed1 for a dolt like me is not bound to see into the thoughts and plots of those vile enchanters4 ,i invented all that to escape my master's scolding1 and not with any intention of hurting him2 and if it has turned out differently1 there is a ,god in heaven who judges our hearts4 ,that is true1 said the duchess2 but tell me1 ,sancho1 what is this you say about the cave of ,montesinos1 for ,i should like to know4 ,sancho1 upon this1 related to her word for word what has been said already touching that adventure2 and having heard it1 the duchess said3--,from this occurrence it may be inferred that as the great ,don ,quixote says he saw there the same country wench ,sancho saw on the way from ,el ,toboso1 it is no doubt ,dulcinea1 and there are some very active and exceedingly busy enchanters about4 ,so ,i say1 said ,sancho2 and if my lady ,dulcinea is enchanted1 so much the worse for her1 and ,i'm not going to pick a quarrel with my master's enemies1 who seem to be many and spiteful4 ,the truth is that the one ,i saw was a country wench1 and ,i set her down to be a country wench2 and if that was ,dulcinea it must not be laid at my door1 nor should ,i be called to answer for it or take the consequences4 ,but they must go nagging at me at every step--',sancho said it1 ,sancho did it2 ,sancho here1 ,sancho there1' as if ,sancho was nobody at all1 and not that same ,sancho ,panza that's now going all over the world in books1 so ,samson ,carrasco told me1 and he's at any rate one that's a bachelor of ,salamanca2 and people of that sort can't lie1 except when the whim seizes them or they have some very good reason for it4 ,so there's no occasion for anybody to quarrel with me2 and then ,i have a good character1 and as ,i have heard my master say1 ',a good name is better than great riches'2 let them only stick me into this government and they'll see wonders1 for one who has been a good squire will be a good governor4 ,all worthy ,sancho's observations1 said the duchess1 are ,catonian sentences1 or at any rate out of the very heart of ,michael ,verino himself1 who florentibus occidit annis4 ,in fact1 to speak in his own style1 ',under a bad cloak there's often a good drinker4' ,indeed1 senora1 said ,sancho1 ,i never yet drank out of wickedness2 from thirst ,i have1 very likely1 for ,i have nothing of the hypocrite in me2 ,i drink when ,i'm inclined1 or1 if ,i'm not inclined1 when they offer it to me1 so as not to look either strait-laced or ill-bred2 for when a friend drinks one's health1 what heart can be so hard as not to return it8 ,but if ,i put on my shoes ,i don't dirty them2 besides1 squires to knights-errant mostly drink water1 for they are always wandering among woods1 forests1 and meadows1 mountains and crags1 without a drop of wine to be had if they gave their eyes for it4 ,so ,i believe1 said the duchess2 and now let ,sancho go and take his sleep1 and we will talk by-and-by at greater length1 and settle how he may soon go and stick himself into the government1 as he says4 ,sancho once more kissed the duchess's hand1 and entreated her to be so kind as to let good care be taken of his ,dapple1 for he was the light of his eyes4 ,what is ,dapple8 said the duchess4 ,my ass1 said ,sancho1 which1 not to mention him by that name1 ,i'm accustomed to call ,dapple2 ,i begged this lady duenna here to take care of him when ,i came into the castle1 and she got as angry as if ,i had said she was ugly or old1 though it ought to be more natural and proper for duennas to feed asses than to ornament chambers4 ,god bless me6 what a spite a gentleman of my village had against these ladies6 ,he must have been some clown1 said ,dona ,rodriguez1 the duenna2 for if he had been a gentleman and well-born he would have exalted them higher than the horns of the moon4 ,that will do1 said the duchess2 no more of this2 hush1 ,dona ,rodriguez1 and let ,senor ,panza rest easy and leave the treatment of ,dapple in my charge2 for as he is a treasure of ,sancho's1 ,i'll put him on the apple of my eye4 ,it will be enough for him to be in the stable1 said ,sancho1 for neither he nor ,i are worthy to rest a moment in the apple of your ,highness's eye1 and ,i'd as soon stab myself as consent to it2 for though my master says that in civilities it is better to lose by a card too many than a card too few1 when it comes to civilities to asses we must mind what we are about and keep within due bounds4 ,take him to your government1 ,sancho1 said the duchess1 and there you will be able to make as much of him as you like1 and even release him from work and pension him off4 ,don't think1 senora duchess1 that you have said anything absurd1 said ,sancho3 ,i have seen more than two asses go to governments1 and for me to take mine with me would be nothing new4 ,sancho's words made the duchess laugh again1 and gave her fresh amusement1 and dismissing him to sleep she went away to tell the duke the conversation she had had with him4 ,,sancho ,,panza ,,as ,,governor ,the history says that from the justice court they carried ,sancho to a sumptuous palace1 where in a spacious chamber there was a table laid out with royal magnificence4 ,the clarions sounded as ,sancho entered the room1 and four pages came forward to present him with water for his hands1 which ,sancho received with great dignity4 ,the music ceased1 and ,sancho seated himself at the head of the table2 for there was only that seat placed1 and no more than the one cover laid4 ,a personage1 who it appeared afterwards was a physician1 placed himself standing by his side1 with a whalebone wand in his hand4 ,they then lifted up a fine white cloth covering fruit and a great variety of dishes of different sorts2 one who looked like a student said grace1 and a page put a laced bib on ,sancho1 while another who played the part of head carver placed a dish of fruit before him4 ,but hardly had he tasted a morsel when the man with the wand touched the plate with it1 and they took it away from before him with the utmost celerity4 ,the carver however brought him another dish1 and ,sancho proceeded to try it2 but before he could get at it1 not to say taste it1 already the wand had touched it and a page had carried it off with the same promptitude as the fruit4 ,sancho seeing this was puzzled1 and looking from one to another1 asked if this dinner was to be eaten after the fashion of a jugglery trick4 ,to this he with the wand replied3--,it is not to be eaten1 senor governor1 except as is usual and customary in other islands where there are governors4 ,i1 senor1 am a physician1 and ,i am paid a salary in this island to serve its governors as such2 and ,i have a much greater regard for their health than for my own1 studying day and night and making myself acquainted with the governor's constitution1 in order to be able to cure him when he falls sick4 ,the chief thing ,i have to do is to attend at his dinners and suppers1 and allow him to eat what appears to me to be fit for him1 and keep from him what ,i think will do him harm and be injurious to his stomach3 and therefore ,i ordered that plate of fruit to be removed as being too moist1 and that other dish ,i ordered to be removed as being too hot and containing many spices that stimulate thirst2 for he who drinks much kills and consumes the radical moisture wherein life consists4 ,well then1 said ,sancho1 that dish of roast partridges there that seems so savory will not do me any harm4 ,to this the physician replied1 ,of those my lord the governor shall not eat so long as ,i live4 ,why so8 said ,sancho4 ,because1 replied the doctor1 our master ,hippocrates1 the pole-star and beacon of medicine1 says in one of his aphorisms1 ,omnis saturatio mala1 perdicis autem pessima2 which means1 ',all repletion is bad1 but that of partridge is the worst of all4' ,in that case1 said ,sancho1 let senor doctor see among the dishes that are on the table what will do me most good and least harm1 and let me eat it1 without tapping it with his stick3 for by the life of the governor1 and so may ,god suffer me to enjoy it1 but ,i'm dying of hunger2 and in spite of the doctor and all he may say1 to deny me food is the way to take my life instead of prolonging it4 ,your worship is right1 senor governor1 said the physician2 and therefore your worship1 ,i consider1 should not eat of those stewed rabbits there1 because it is a furry kind of food3 if that veal were not roasted and served with pickles1 you might try it2 but it is out of the question4 ,that big dish that is smoking farther off1 said ,sancho1 seems to me to be an olla-podrida2 and out of the diversity of things in such ollas1 ,i can't fail to light upon something tasty and good for me4 ,absit1 said the doctor2 far from us be any such base thought6 ,there is nothing in the world less nourishing than an olla-podrida2 to canons1 or rectors of colleges1 or peasants' weddings with your ollas-podridas1 but let us have none of them on the tables of governors1 where everything that is present should be delicate and refined3 and the reason is that always1 everywhere and by everybody1 simple medicines are more esteemed than compound ones2 for we cannot go wrong in those that are simple1 while in the compound we may1 by merely altering the quantity of the things composing them4 ,but what ,i am of opinion the governor should eat now1 in order to preserve and fortify his health1 is a hundred or so of wafer cakes and a few thin slices of conserve of quinces1 which will settle his stomach and help his digestion4 ,sancho on hearing this threw himself back in his chair and surveyed the doctor steadily1 and in a solemn tone asked him what his name was and where he had studied4 ,he replied1 ,my name1 senor governor1 is ,doctor ,pedro ,recio de ,aguero2 ,i am a native of a place called ,tirteafuera1 which lies between ,caracuel and ,almodovar del ,campo1 on the right-hand side2 and ,i have the degree of doctor from the university of ,osuna4 ,to which ,sancho1 glowing all over with rage1 returned1 ,then let ,doctor ,pedro ,recio de ,mal-aguero1 native of ,tirteafuera1 a place that's on the right-hand side as we go from ,caracuel to ,almodovar del ,campo1 graduate of ,osuna1 get out of my presence at once6 or ,i swear by the sun ,i'll take a cudgel1 and by dint of blows1 beginning with him1 ,i'll not leave a doctor in the whole island3 at least of those ,i know to be ignorant2 for as to learned1 wise1 sensible physicians1 them ,i will reverence and honor as divine persons4 ,once more ,i say1 let ,pedro ,recio get out this1 or ,i'll take this chair ,i am sitting on and break it over his head4 ,and if they call me to account for it1 ,i'll clear myself by saying ,i served ,god in killing a bad doctor--a general executioner4 ,and now give me something to eat1 or else take your government2 for a trade that does not feed its master is not worth two beans4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sancho1 fool1 boor1 and clown as he was1 held his own against them all1 saying to those round him1 and to ,doctor ,pedro ,recio1 who as soon as the private business of the duke's letter was disposed of had returned to the room3--,now ,i see plainly enough that judges and governors ought to be and must be made of brass1 not to feel the importunities of the applicants that at all times and all seasons insist on being heard and having their business dispatched1 and their own affairs and no others attended to1 come what may2 and if the poor judge does not hear them and settle the matter1--either because he cannot or because that is not the time set apart for hearing them1--forthwith they abuse him1 run him down1 and gnaw at his bones1 and even pick holes in his pedigree4 ,you silly stupid applicant1 don't be in a hurry2 wait for the proper time and season for doing business2 don't come at dinner-hour or at bedtime3 for judges are only flesh and blood1 and must give to ,nature what she naturally demands of them2 all except myself1 for in my case ,i give her nothing to eat1 thanks to ,senor ,doctor ,pedro ,recio ,tirteafuera here1 who would have me die of hunger1 and declares that death to be life2 and the same sort of life may ,god give him and all his kind--,i mean the bad doctors2 for the good ones deserve palms and laurels4 ,all who knew ,sancho ,panza were astonished to hear him speak so elegantly1 and did not know what to attribute it to1 unless it were that office and grave responsibility either smarten or stupefy men's wits4 ,at last ,doctor ,pedro ,recio ,aguero of ,tirteafuera promised to let him have supper that night1 though it might be in contravention of all the aphorisms of ,hippocrates4 ,with this the governor was satisfied1 and looked forward to the approach of night and supper-time with great anxiety2 and though time to his mind stood still and made no progress1 nevertheless the hour he so longed for came1 and they gave him a beef salad with onions1 and some boiled calves' feet rather far gone4 ,at this he fell to with greater relish than if they had given him francolins from ,milan1 pheasants from ,rome1 veal from ,sorrento1 partridges from ,moron1 or geese from ,lavajos2 and turning to the doctor at supper he said to him3--,look here1 senor doctor1 for the future don't trouble yourself about giving me dainty things or choice dishes to eat1 for it will be only taking my stomach off its hinges3 it is accustomed to goat1 cow1 bacon1 hung beef1 turnips and onions2 and if by any chance it is given these palace dishes1 it receives them squeamishly1 and sometimes with loathing4 ,what the head carver had best do is to serve me with what they call ollas-podridas 7and the rottener they are the better they smell72 and he can put whatever he likes into them1 so long as it is good to eat1 and ,i'll be obliged to him1 and will requite him some day4 ,but let nobody play pranks on me1 for either we are or we are not2 let us live and eat in peace and good-fellowship2 for when ,god sends the dawn1 he sends it for all4 ,i mean to govern this island without giving up a right or taking a bribe3 let every one keep his eye open and look out for the arrow2 for ,i can tell them 'the ,devil's in ,cantillana1' and if they drive me to it they'll see something that will astonish them4 ,nay6 make yourself honey and the flies will eat you4 ,of a truth1 senor governor1 said the carver1 your worship is in the right of it in everything you have said2 and ,i promise you in the name of all the inhabitants of this island that they will serve your worship with all zeal1 affection1 and good-will1 for the mild kind of government you have given a sample of to begin with1 leaves them no ground for doing or thinking anything to your worship's disadvantage4 ,that ,i believe1 said ,sancho2 and they would be great fools if they did or thought otherwise2 once more ,i say1 see to my feeding and my ,dapple's1 for that is the great point and what is most to the purpose2 and when the hour comes let us go the rounds3 for it is my intention to purge this island of all manner of uncleanness and of all idle good-for-nothing vagabonds2 for ,i would have you know1 my friends1 that lazy idlers are the same thing in a ,state as the drones in a hive1 and eat up the honey the industrious bees make4 ,i mean to protect the husbandman1 to preserve to the gentleman his privileges1 to reward the virtuous1 and above all to respect religion and honor its ministers4 ,what say you to that1 my friends8 ,is there anything in what ,i say1 or am ,i talking to no purpose8 ,there is so much in what your worship says1 senor governor1 said the major-domo1 that ,i am filled with wonder when ,i see a man like your worship1 entirely without learning 7for ,i believe you have none at all71 say such things1 and so full of sound maxims and sage remarks1 very different from what was expected of your worship's intelligence by those who sent us or by us who came here4 ,every day we see something new in this world2 jokes become realities1 and the jokers find the tables turned upon them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,day came after the night of the governor's round3 a night which the head carver passed without sleeping1 so full were his thoughts of the face and air and beauty of the disguised damsel1 while the major-domo spent what was left of it in writing an account to his lord and lady of all ,sancho said and did1 being as much amazed at his sayings as at his doings2 for there was a mixture of shrewdness and simplicity in all his words and deeds4 ,the senor governor got up1 and by ,doctor ,pedro ,recio's directions they made him break his fast on a little conserve and four sups of cold water1 which ,sancho would have readily exchanged for a piece of bread and a bunch of grapes3 but seeing there was no help for it1 he submitted with no little sorrow of heart and discomfort of stomach2 ,pedro ,recio having persuaded him that light and delicate diet enlivened the wits1 and that was what was most essential for persons placed in command and in responsible situations1 where they have to employ not only the bodily powers but those of the mind also4 ,by means of this sophistry ,sancho was made to endure hunger1 and hunger so keen that in his heart he cursed the government and even him who had given it to him4 ,however1 with his hunger and his conserve he undertook to deliver judgments that day2 and the first thing that came before him was a question that was submitted to him by a stranger in the presence of the major-domo and the other attendants1 and it was in these words3--,senor1 a large river separated two districts of one and the same lordship--will your worship please to pay attention8 for the case is an important and a rather knotty one4 ,well then1 on this river there was a bridge1 and at one end of it a gallows1 and a sort of tribunal1 where four judges commonly sat to administer the law which the lord of the river bridge and the lordship had enacted1 and which was to this effect3 ',if any one crosses by this bridge from one side to the other1 he shall declare on oath where he is going and with what object2 and if he swears truly1 he shall be allowed to pass2 but if falsely1 he shall be put to death for it by hanging on the gallows erected there1 without any remission4' ,though the law and its severe penalty were known1 many persons crossed2 but in their declarations it was easy to see at once they were telling the truth1 and the judges let them pass free4 ,it happened however that one man1 when they came to take his declaration1 swore and said that by the oath he took1 he was going to die upon that gallows that stood there1 and nothing else4 ,the judges held a consultation over the oath1 and they said3--',if we let this man pass free1 he has sworn falsely1 and by the law he ought to die2 but if we hang him1 as he swore he was going to die on that gallows1 and therefore swore the truth1 by the same law he ought to go free4' ,it is asked of your lordship1 senor governor1 what are the judges to do with this man8 ,for they are still in doubt and perplexity2 and having heard of your worship's acute and exalted intellect1 they have sent me to entreat your worship on their behalf to give your opinion on this very intricate and puzzling case4 ,to this ,sancho made answer3--,indeed1 those gentlemen the judges that send you to me might have spared themselves the trouble1 for ,i have more of the obtuse than the acute in me2 however1 repeat the case over again so that ,i may understand it1 and then perhaps ,i may be able to hit the point4 ,the querist repeated again and again what he had said before1 and then ,sancho said3--,it seems to me ,i can set the matter right in a moment1 and in this way3 the man swears that he is going to die upon the gallows2 but if he dies upon it1 he has sworn the truth1 and by the law enacted deserves to go free and pass over the bridge2 but if they don't hang him1 then he has sworn falsely1 and by the same law deserves to be hanged4 ,it is as the senor governor says1 said the messenger2 and as regards a complete comprehension of the case1 there is nothing left to desire or hesitate about4 ,well then1 ,i say1 said ,sancho1 that of this man they should let pass the part that has sworn truly1 and hang the part that has lied2 and in this way the conditions of the passage will be fully complied with4 ,but then1 senor governor1 replied the querist1 the man will have to be divided into two parts2 and if he is divided1 of course he will die2 and so none of the requirements of the law will be carried out1 and it is absolutely necessary to comply with it4 ,look here1 my good sir1 said ,sancho2 either ,i'm a numskull or else there is the same reason for this passenger dying as for his living and passing over the bridge2 for if the truth saves him1 the falsehood equally condemns him2 and that being the case1 it is my opinion you should say to the gentlemen who sent you to me1 that as the arguments for condemning him and for absolving him are exactly balanced1 they should let him pass freely1 as it is always more praiseworthy to do good than to do evil2 this ,i would give signed with my name if ,i knew how to sign2 and what ,i have said in this case is not out of my own head1 but one of the many precepts my master ,don ,quixote gave me the night before ,i left to become governor of this island1 that came into my mind1 and it was this3 that when there was any doubt about the justice of a case ,i should lean to mercy2 and it is ,god's will that ,i should recollect it now1 for it fits this case as if it was made for it4 ,that is true1 said the major-domo2 and ,i maintain that ,lycurgus himself1 who gave laws to the ,lacedaemonians1 could not have pronounced a better decision than the great ,panza has given2 let the morning's audience close with this1 and ,i will see that the senor governor has dinner entirely to his liking4 ,that's all ,i ask for--fair play1 said ,sancho2 give me my dinner1 and then let it rain cases and questions on me1 and ,i'll dispatch them in a twinkling4 ,the major-domo kept his word1 for he felt it against his conscience to kill so wise a governor by hunger2 particularly as he intended to have done with him that same night1 playing off the last joke he was commissioned to practice upon him4 ,it came to pass then1 that after he had dined that day in opposition to the rules and aphorisms of ,doctor ,tirteafuera1 as they were taking away the cloth there came a courier with a letter from ,don ,quixote for the governor4 ,sancho ordered the secretary to read it to himself1 and if there was nothing in it that demanded secrecy1 to read it aloud4 ,the secretary did so1 and after he had skimmed the contents he said1 ,it may well be read aloud1 for what ,senor ,don ,quixote writes to your worship deserves to be printed or written in letters of gold1 and it is as follows4 ,,don ,,quixote ,,of ,,la ,,mancha',s ,,letter ,,to ,,sancha ,,panza1 ,,governor ,,of ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,barataria ,when ,i was expecting to hear of thy stupidities and blunders1 friend ,sancho1 ,i have received intelligence of thy displays of good sense2 for which ,i give special thanks to ,heaven1 that can raise the poor from the dunghill and of fools to make wise men4 ,they tell me thou dost govern as if thou wert a man1 and art a man as if thou wert a beast1 so great is the humility wherewith thou dost comport thyself4 ,but ,i would have thee bear in mind1 ,sancho1 that very often it is fitting and necessary for the authority of office to resist the humility of the heart2 for the seemly array of one who is invested with grave duties should be such as they require1 and not measured by what his own humble tastes may lead him to prefer4 ,dress well2 a stick dressed up does not look like a stick3 ,i do not say thou shouldst wear trinkets or fine raiment1 or that being a judge thou shouldst dress like a soldier1 but that thou shouldst array thyself in the apparel thy office requires1 and that at the same time it be neat and handsome4 ,to win the good-will of the people thou governest1 there are two things among others that thou must do3 one is to be civil to all 7this however ,i told thee before71 and the other to take care that food be abundant2 for there is nothing that vexes the heart of the poor more than hunger and high prices4 ,make not many proclamations2 but those thou makest take care that they be good ones1 and above all that they be observed and carried out3 for proclamations that are not observed are the same as if they did not exist2 nay1 they encourage the idea that the prince who had the wisdom and authority to make them had not the power to enforce them2 and laws that threaten and are not enforced come to be like the log1 the king of the frogs1 that frightened them at first1 but that in time they despised and mounted upon4 ,be a father to virtue and a stepfather to vice4 ,be not always strict1 nor yet always lenient1 but observe a mean between these two extremes1 for in that is the aim of wisdom4 ,visit the jails1 the slaughter-houses1 and the market-places2 for the presence of the governor is of great importance in such places3 it comforts the prisoners who are in hopes of a speedy release2 it is the bugbear of the butchers1 who have then to give just weight2 and it is the terror of the market-women for the same reason4 ,let it not be seen that thou art 7even if perchance thou art1 which ,i do not believe7 covetous1 a follower of women1 or a glutton2 for when the people and those that have dealings with thee become aware of thy special weakness they will bring their batteries to bear upon thee in that quarter1 till they have brought thee down to the depths of perdition4 ,consider and reconsider1 con and con over again the advice and the instructions ,i gave thee before thy departure hence to thy government1 and thou wilt see that in them1 if thou dost follow them1 thou hast a help at hand that will lighten for thee the troubles and difficulties that beset governors at every step4 ,write to thy lord and lady1 and show thyself grateful to them3 for ingratitude is the daughter of pride1 and one of the greatest sins we know of2 and he who is grateful to those who have been good to him shows that he will be so to ,god also1 who has bestowed and still bestows so many blessings upon him4 ,my lady the duchess sent off a messenger with thy suit and another present to thy wife ,teresa ,panza2 we expect the answer every moment4 ,i have been a little indisposed through a certain scratching ,i came in for1 not very much to the benefit of my nose3 but it was nothing2 for if there are enchanters who maltreat me1 there are also some who defend me4 ,let me know if the major-domo who is with thee had any share in the ,trifaldi performance1 as thou didst suspect3 and keep me informed of everything that happens thee1 as the distance is so short2 all the more as ,i am thinking of giving over very shortly this idle life ,i am now leading1 for ,i was not born for it4 ,a thing has occurred to me which ,i am inclined to think will put me out of favor with the duke and duchess2 but though ,i am sorry for it1 ,i do not care1 for after all ,i must obey my calling rather than their pleasure1 in accordance with the common saying1 ,amicus ,plato1 sed magis amica veritas4 ,i quote this ,latin to thee because ,i conclude that since thou hast been a governor thou wilt have learned it4 ,adieu2 ,god keep thee from being an object of pity to any one4 ,thy friend ,,don ,,quixote ,,of ,,la ,,mancha4 ,sancho listened to the letter with great attention1 and it was praised and considered wise by all who heard it3 he then rose up from table1 and calling his secretary1 shut himself in with him in his own room1 and without putting it off any longer set about answering his master ,don ,quixote at once2 and he bade the secretary write down what he told him1 without adding or suppressing anything1 which he did2 and the answer was to the following effect4 ,,sancho ,,panza',s ,,letter ,,to ,,don ,,quixote ,,of ,,la ,,mancha ,the pressure of business is so great upon me that ,i have no time to scratch my head or even to cut my nails2 and ,i have them so long--,god send a remedy for it4 ,i say this1 master of my soul1 that you may not be surprised if ,i have not until now sent you word of how ,i fare1 well or ill1 in this government1 in which ,i am suffering more hunger than when we two were wandering through the woods and wastes4 ,my lord the duke wrote to me the other day to warn me that certain spies had got into this island to kill me3 but up to the present ,i have not found out any except a certain doctor who receives a salary in this town for killing all the governors that come here2 he is called ,doctor ,pedro ,recio1 and is from ,tirteafuera2 so you see what a name he has to make me dread dying under his hands4 ,this doctor says of himself that he does not cure diseases when there are any1 but prevents them coming1 and the medicines he uses are diet and more diet1 until he brings one down to bare bones2 as if leanness was not worse than fever4 ,in short1 he is killing me with hunger1 and ,i am dying myself of vexation3 for when ,i thought ,i was coming to this government to get my meat hot and my drink cool1 and take my ease between holland sheets on feather-beds1 ,i find ,i have come to do penance as if ,i was a hermit2 and as ,i don't do it willingly1 ,i suspect that in the end the ,devil will carry me off4 ,so far ,i have not handled any dues or taken any bribes1 and ,i don't know what to think of it3 for here they tell me that the governors that come to this island1 before entering it1 have plenty of money either given to them or lent to them by the people of the town2 and that this is the usual custom1 not only here but with all who enter upon governments4 ,last night going the rounds ,i came upon a fair damsel in man's clothes1 and a brother of hers dressed as a woman3 my head carver has fallen in love with the girl1 and has in his own mind chosen her for a wife1 so he says1 and ,i have chosen the youth for a son-in-law2 to-day we are going to explain our intentions to the father of the pair1 who is one ,diego de la ,llana1 a gentleman and an old ,christian as much as you please4 ,i have visited the market-places1 as your worship advises me1 and yesterday ,i found a stall-keeper selling new hazel-nuts1 and proved her to have mixed a bushel of old empty rotten nuts with a bushel of new2 ,i confiscated the whole for the children of the charity school1 who will know how to distinguish them well enough1 and ,i sentenced her not to come into the market-place for a fortnight3 they told me ,i did bravely4 ,i can tell your worship it is commonly said in this town that there are no people worse than the market-women1 for they are all barefaced1 unconscionable1 and impudent2 and ,i can well believe it from what ,i have seen of them in other towns4 ,i am very glad my lady the duchess has written to my wife ,teresa ,panza and sent her the present your worship speaks of2 and ,i will try to show myself grateful when the time comes3 kiss her hands for me1 and tell her ,i say she has not thrown it into a sack with a hole in it1 as she will see in the end4 ,i should not like your worship to have any difference with my lord and lady2 for if you fall out with them it is plain it must do me harm2 and as you give me advice to be grateful1 it will not do for your worship not to be so yourself to those who have shown you such kindness1 and by whom you have been treated so hospitably in their castle4 ,that about the scratching ,i don't understand2 but ,i suppose it must be one of the ill turns the wicked enchanters are always doing your worship2 when we meet ,i shall know all about it4 ,i wish ,i could send your worship something2 but ,i don't know what to send1 unless it be some very curious clyster pipes to work with bladders1 that they make in this island2 but if the office remains with me ,i'll find out something to send1 one way or another4 ,if my wife ,teresa ,panza writes to me1 pay the postage and send me the letter1 for ,i have a very great desire to hear how my house and wife and children are going on4 ,and so1 may ,god deliver your worship from evil-minded enchanters1 and bring me well and peacefully out of this government2 which ,i doubt1 for ,i expect to take leave of it and my life together1 from the way ,doctor ,pedro ,recio treats me4 ,your worship's servant1 ,,sancho ,,panza ,,the ,,governor4 ,the secretary sealed the letter and immediately dismissed the courier2 and those who were carrying on the joke against ,sancho1 putting their heads together1 arranged how he was to be dismissed from the government4 ,sancho spent the afternoon in drawing up certain ordinances relating to the good government of what he fancied the island4444 ,he reduced the prices of shoes1 boots1 and stockings1 but of shoes in particular1 as they seemed to him to run extravagantly high4 ,he established a fixed rate for servants' wages1 which were becoming recklessly exorbitant4 ,he laid extremely heavy penalties upon those who sang lewd or loose songs either by day or night4 ,he decreed that no blind man should sing of any miracle in verse unless he could produce authentic evidence that it was true2 for it was his opinion that most of those the blind men sing are trumped up1 to the detriment of the true ones4 ,he established and created an alguacil of the poor1 not to harass them1 but to examine them and see whether they really were so2 for many a sturdy thief or drunkard goes about under cover of a make-believe crippled limb or a sham sore4 ,in a word1 he made so many good rules that to this day they are preserved there1 and are called ,the constitutions of the great governor ,sancho ,panza4 ,,the ,,ending ,,of ,,all ,,don ,,quixote',s ,,adventures ,,of ,,how ,,don ,,quixote ,,fell ,,sick1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,will ,,he ,,made1 ,,and ,,how ,,he ,,died ,as nothing that is man's can last forever1 but all tends ever downwards from its beginning to its end1 and above all1 man's life2 and as ,don ,quixote's enjoyed no special dispensation from ,heaven to stay its course1--its end and close came when he least looked for it4 ,for--whether it was of the dejection the thought of his defeat produced1 or of ,heaven's will that so ordered it--a fever settled upon him and kept him in his bed for six days1 during which he was often visited by his friends the curate1 the bachelor1 and the barber1 while his good squire ,sancho ,panza never quitted his bedside4 ,they1 persuaded that it was grief at finding himself vanquished1 and the object of his heart1 the liberation and disenchantment of ,dulcinea1 unattained1 that kept him in this state1 strove by all the means in their power to cheer him up3 the bachelor bidding him take heart and get up to begin his pastoral life2 for which he himself1 he said1 had already composed an eclogue that would take the shine out of all ,sannazaro,a had ever written1 and had bought with his own money two famous dogs to guard the flock1 one called ,barcino and the other ,butron1 which a herdsman of ,quintanar had sold him4 ,a ,jacopo ,sannazaro1 the ,neapolitan poet1 author of the ',arcadia4' ,but for all this ,don ,quixote could not shake off his sadness4 ,his friends called in the doctor1 who felt his pulse and was not very well satisfied with it1 and said that in any case it would be well for him to attend to the health of his soul1 as that of his body was in a bad way4 ,don ,quixote heard this calmly2 but not so his housekeeper1 his niece1 and his squire1 who fell weeping bitterly1 as if they had him lying dead before them4 ,the doctor's opinion was that melancholy and depression were bringing him to his end4 ,don ,quixote begged them to leave him to himself1 as he had a wish to sleep a little4 ,they obeyed1 and he slept at one stretch1 as the saying is1 more than six hours1 so that the housekeeper and niece thought he was going to sleep forever4 ,but at the end of that time he woke up1 and in a loud voice exclaimed1 ,blessed be ,almighty ,god1 who has shown me such goodness6 ,in truth his mercies are boundless1 and the sins of men can neither limit them nor keep them back6 ,the niece listened with attention to her uncle's words1 and they struck her as more coherent than what usually fell from him1 at least during his illness1 so she asked3 ,what are you saying1 senor8 ,has anything strange occurred8 ,what mercies or what sins of men are you talking of8 ,the mercies1 niece1 said ,don ,quixote1 are those that ,god has this moment shown me1 and with him1 as ,i said1 my sins are no impediment to them4 ,my reason is now free and clear1 rid of the dark shadows of ignorance that my unhappy constant study of those detestable books of chivalry cast over it4 ,now ,i see through their absurdities and deceptions1 and it only grieves me that this destruction of my illusions has come so late that it leaves me no time to make some amends by reading other books that might be a light to my soul4 ,niece1 ,i feel myself at the point of death1 and ,i would fain meet it in such a way as to show that my life has not been so ill that ,i should leave behind me the name of a madman2 for though ,i have been one1 ,i would not that the fact should be made plainer at my death4 ,call in to me1 my dear1 my good friends the curate1 the bachelor ,samson ,carrasco1 and ,master ,nicholas the barber1 for ,i wish to confess and make my will4 ,but his niece was saved the trouble by the entrance of the three4 ,the instant ,don ,quixote saw them he exclaimed3--,good news for you1 good sirs1 that ,i am no longer ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 but ,alonso ,quixano1 whose way of life won for him the name of ,good4 ,now am ,i the enemy of ,amadis of ,gaul and of the whole countless troop of his descendants2 odious to me now are all the profane stories of knight-errantry2 now ,i perceive my folly1 and the peril into which reading them brought me2 now1 by ,god's mercy schooled into my right senses1 ,i loathe them4 ,when the three heard him speak in this way1 they had no doubt whatever that some new craze had taken possession of him2 and said ,samson1 ,what6 ,senor ,don ,quixote6 ,now that we have intelligence of the lady ,dulcinea being disenchanted1 are you taking this line8 now1 just as we are on the point of becoming shepherds1 to pass our lives singing1 like princes1 are you thinking of turning hermit8 ,hush1 for heaven's sake2 be rational1 and let's have no more nonsense4 ,all that nonsense1 said ,don ,quixote1 that until now has been a reality to my hurt1 my death will with heaven's help turn to my good4 ,i feel1 sirs1 that ,i am rapidly drawing near death3 a truce to jesting2 let me have a confessor to confess me1 and a notary to make my will2 for in extremities like this1 man must not trifle with his soul2 and while the curate is confessing me1 let some one1 ,i beg1 go for the notary4 ,they looked at one another1 wondering at ,don ,quixote's words2 but though uncertain they were inclined to believe him1 and one of the signs by which they came to the conclusion he was dying1 was this so sudden and complete return to his senses after having been mad2 for to the words already quoted he added much more1 so well expressed1 so devout1 and so rational1 as to banish all doubt and convince them that he was sound of mind4 ,the curate turned them all out1 and left alone with him1 confessed him4 ,the bachelor went for the notary1 and returned shortly afterwards with him and with ,sancho1 who1 having already learned from the bachelor the condition his master was in1 and finding the housekeeper and niece weeping1 began to blubber and shed tears4 ,the confession over1 the curate came out saying3--,alonso ,quixano the ,good is indeed dying1 and is indeed in his right mind2 we may now go in to him1 while he makes his will4 ,this news gave a tremendous impulse to the brimming eyes of the housekeeper1 niece1 and ,sancho ,panza his good squire1 making the tears burst from their eyes and a host of sighs from their hearts2 for of a truth1 as has been said more than once1 whether as plain ,alonso ,quixano the ,good1 or as ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 ,don ,quixote was always of a gentle disposition and kindly in all his ways1 and hence he was beloved not only by those of his own house1 but by all who knew him4 ,the notary came in with the rest1 and as soon as the preamble of the will had been set out and ,don ,quixote had commended his soul to ,god with all the devout formalities that are usual1 coming to the bequests1 he said3--,item3 ,it is my will that1 touching certain moneys in the hands of ,sancho ,panza 7whom in my madness ,i made my squire71 inasmuch as between him and me there have been certain accounts and debits and credits1 no claim be made against him1 nor any account demanded of him in respect of them2 but that if anything remain over and above1 after he has paid himself what ,i owe him1 the balance1 which will be but little1 shall be his1 and much good may it do him2 and if as when ,i was mad ,i had a share in giving him the government of an island1 so now that ,i am in my senses ,i could give him that of a kingdom1 it should be his1 for the simplicity of his character and the fidelity of his conduct deserve it4 ,and then turning to ,sancho1 he said1 ,forgive me1 my friend1 that ,i led thee to seem as mad as myself1 making thee fall into the same error ,i myself fell into1 that there were and still are knights-errant in the world4 ,ah6 said ,sancho weeping2 don't die1 master1 but take my advice and live many years2 for the foolishest thing a man can do in this life is to let himself die without rhyme or reason1 without anybody killing him1 or any hands but melancholy's making an end of him4 ,come1 don't be lazy1 but get up from your bed and let us take to the fields in shepherd's trim as we agreed4 ,perhaps behind some bush we shall find the lady ,dulcinea disenchanted1 as fine as fine can be4 ,if it be that you are dying of vexation at having been vanquished1 lay the blame on me1 and say you were overthrown because ,i had girthed ,rosinante badly2 besides1 you must have seen in your books of chivalry that it is a common thing for knights to upset one another1 and for him who is conquered to-day to be conqueror to-morrow4 ,very true1 said ,samson1 and good ,sancho ,panza's view of these cases is quite right4 ,sirs1 not so fast1 said ,don ,quixote4 ,in last year's nests there are no birds this year4 ,i was mad--now ,i am in my senses2 ,i was ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha--,i am now1 as ,i said1 ,alonso ,quixano the ,good2 and may my repentance and sincerity restore me to the esteem you used to have for me2 and now let ,master ,notary proceed4 ,item--,i leave all my property absolutely to ,antonia ,quixana my niece1 here present1 after all has been deducted from the most available portion of it that may be required to satisfy the bequests ,i have made4 ,and the first disbursement ,i desire to be made is the payment of the wages ,i owe for the time my housekeeper has served me1 with twenty ducats1 over and above1 for a gown4 ,the curate and the bachelor ,samson ,carrasco1 now present1 ,i appoint my executors4 ,item--,it is my wish that if ,antonia ,quixana1 my niece1 desires to marry1 she shall marry a man of whom it shall be first of all ascertained by information taken that he does not know what books of chivalry are2 and if it should be proved that he does1 and if in spite of this my niece insists upon marrying him and does marry him1 then she shall forfeit the whole of what ,i have left her1 which my executors shall devote to works of charity as they please4 ,item--,i entreat the aforesaid gentlemen my executors1 that if any happy chance should lead them to discover the author who is said to have written a history now going about under the title of ',second ,part of the ,achievements of ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1' they beg of him on my behalf as earnestly as they can to forgive me for having been1 without intending it1 the cause of his writing so many and such monstrous absurdities as he has written in it2 for ,i am leaving the world with a feeling of compunction at having provoked him to write them4 ,with this he closed his will1 and a faintness coming over him1 he stretched himself out at full length on the bed4 ,all were in a flutter and made haste to relieve him1 and during the three days he lived after that on which he made his will1 he fainted away very often4 ,the house was all in confusion2 but still the niece ate and the housekeeper drank and ,sancho ,panza enjoyed himself2 for inheriting property wipes out or softens down in the heir the feeling of grief the dead man might be expected to leave behind him4 ,at last ,don ,quixote's end came1 after he had received all the sacraments1 and had in full and forcible terms expressed his detestation of books of chivalry4 ,the notary was there at the time1 and he said that in no book of chivalry had he ever read of any knight-errant dying in his bed so calmly and so like a ,christian as ,don ,quixote1 who amid the tears and lamentations of all present yielded up his spirit1--that is to say1 died4 ,on perceiving it1 the curate begged the notary to bear witness that ,alonso ,quixano the ,good1 commonly called ,don ,quixote of ,la ,mancha1 had passed away from this present life1 and died naturally2 and said he desired this testimony in order to remove the possibility of any other author save ,cid ,hamet ,benengeli bringing him to life again falsely and making interminable stories out of his achievements4 ,such was the end of the ,ingenious ,gentleman of ,la ,mancha1 whose village ,cid ,hamet would not indicate precisely1 in order to leave all the towns and villages of ,la ,mancha to contend among themselves for the right to adopt him and claim him as a son1 as the seven cities of ,greece contended for ,homer4 ,the lamentations of ,sancho and the niece and housekeeper are omitted here1 as well as the new epitaphs upon his tomb2 ,samson ,carrasco1 however1 put the following3-- ,a doughty gentleman lies here1 ,a stranger all his life to fear2 ,nor in his death could ,death prevail1 ,in that last hour1 to make him quail4 ,he for the world but little cared1 ,and at his feats the world was scared2 ,a crazy man his life he passed1 ,but in his senses died at last4 ,and said most sage ,cid ,hamet to his pen3-- ,rest here1 hung up by this brass wire1 upon this shelf4 ,o my pen6 whether of skillful make or clumsy cut ,i know not2 here shalt thou remain long ages hence1 unless presumptuous or malignant story-tellers take thee down to profane thee4 ,but ere they touch thee warn them1 and as best thou canst1 say to them3-- ',hold off6 ye weaklings2 hold your hands6 ,adventure it let none1 ,for this enterprise1 my lord the ,king1 ,was meant for me alone4' ,for me alone was ,don ,quixote born1 and ,i for him2 it was his to act1 mine to write2 we two together make but one1 notwithstanding and in spite of that pretended ,tordesillesque writer who has ventured or would venture with his great coarse ill-trimmed ostrich quill to write the achievements of my valiant knight2--no burden for his shoulders1 nor subject for his frozen wit3 whom1 if perchance thou shouldst come to know him1 thou shalt warn to leave at rest where they lie the weary moldering bones of ,don ,quixote1 and not to attempt to carry him off1 in opposition to all the privileges of death1 to ,old ,castile1 making him rise from the grave where in reality and truth he lies stretched at full length1 powerless to make any third expedition or new sally2 for the two that he has already made1 so much to the enjoyment and approval of everybody to whom they have become known1 in this as well as in foreign countries1 are quite sufficient for the purpose of turning into ridicule the whole of those made by the whole set of the knights-errant2 and so doing shalt thou discharge thy ,christian calling1 giving good counsel to one that bears ill-will to thee4 ,and ,i shall remain satisfied1 and proud to have been the first who has ever enjoyed the fruit of his writings as fully as he could desire2 for my desire has been no other than to deliver over to the detestation of mankind the false and foolish tales of the books of chivalry1 which1 thanks to that of my true ,don ,quixote1 are even now tottering1 and doubtless doomed to fall forever4 ,farewell4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,passages in italics are surrounded by underscores4 #b4 ,images and footnotes have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break4 #c4 ,the original text includes ,greek characters4 ,for this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations4 #d4 ,the original text has certain words which use oe ligature4 ,these are ,coelum1 ,phoenician1 ,phoebus1 mythopoeic and phoenix4 #e4 ,the word ,mc,g,i,f,f,e,r,t has c as superscript in the original which has been changed to lower case in this text version4 #f4 ,the footnote #g in ,the ,lusiads does not refer to anything in the text4 #g4 ,other than the corrections listed above1 printer's inconsistencies in spelling1 punctuation1 hyphenation1 and ligature usage have been retained4