,libr>ies47       ,rais+ ,p4 ,v4 ,squabs
 = ,pr(it  ,,john ,s4 ,,trec>t9         
,caldwell      ,new ,j]sey     ,,rais+  
,p4 ,v4 ,,squabs ,,= ,,pr(it   ,by      
,,john ,s4 ,,trec>t9   ,a ,manual (     
,in/ruction f ,my ,p]sonal ,exp]i5ce 9  
,build+1 ,/ock+ & ,manag+ ! ,l>ge/      
,successful ,squab ,plant 9 ,new ,j]sey 
,tells h[ we m>ket squabs = twelve      
doll>s p] doz51 :olesale4  ,details (   
necess>y requirem5ts = a successful     
bus9ess4  ,h[ to h\se1 fe$1 m>ket & c>e 
= pigeons4  ,importance ( good f\ndation
 /ock4  ,pr(its & h[ secur$4            
,,copyright #aibj1 ,,john ,s4 ,,trec>t94
 ,,caldwell1 ,n4,j4      ,,cont5ts      
,page  ,introduction                    
#c  ,,*apt] ,i4  ,is ,!re ,pr(it 9      
,rais+ ,squabs8                         
#e  ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,description (       
,passaic ,valley ,squab ,f>m & ,h\s+ 9  
,g5]al     #g  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,!       
,fundam5tal ,requirem5ts = ,successful  
,squab ,rais+          #aj  ,,*apt]     
,,iv4  ,! ,utility ,pigeon              

#ag  ,,*apt] ,v4  ,habits &             
,peculi>ities                           
#bj  ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,squabs = ,m>ket    
#bd  ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,select+ ,bre$]s   
#bh     ,,introduction   ,! squab       
bus9ess 9 ,am]ica has too long be5 look$
 ^u z a pa/ime & game = *ildr5's        
amusem5t4 ,rais+ squabs is n *ild's     
play1 b a real sci5tific bus9ess )      
unlimit$ possibilities = developm5t4    
,success 9 ?is bus9ess z 9 any o!r1     
dep5ds l>gely on a prop] />t4 ,9 !      
foll[+ pages ,i w endeavor to pres5t )  
great simplicity ! "r way to />t 9 !    
squab bus9ess & ! results ,i h obta9$ 9 
rais+ squabs = m>ket4 ,! in=mation      
conta9$ h]e91 may1 ,i tru/1 be ( z mu*  
b5efit to ! read] z x is my pleasure to 
imp>t4  ,,john ,s4 ,,trec>t94           
,illu/ration3 ,,passaic ,,valley ,,squab
 ,,f>m1 ,,caldwell1 ,n4,j4     ,,*apt]  
,i4  ,,is ,,!re ,,pr(it ,,9 ,,rais+     
,,squabs8   ,( ! "q ( pr(it 9 squab     
rais+1 !re is no d\bt4 ,squabs are com+ 
into use m & m e day1 n only z a        

delicacy = invalids1 b also = hotels1   
re/aurants1 cat]+ e/abli%m5ts1 &        
h\sehold use4  ,! fir/ "q is naturally (
 ! m>ket = !m4 ,! ,hebrews1 :o ent]ta9  
lavi%ly1 are among our l>ge/ cu/om]s4   
,!y buy ! squabs alive1 z _! p\ltry has 
to be prep>$ accord+ to ! ,jewi% ,diet>y
 ,laws4 ,! hotels 9 all l>ge cities use 
enorm\s quantities ( squabs1 & we h _h  
to freeze l>ge quantities = !m 9 ! summ]
 9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 s z to insure !m a   
/eady supply ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s4 ,we h  
froz5 z high z #e1jjj squabs = a s+le   
hotel 9 "o ye>1 & n[ we make a practice 
( always keep+ a res]ve ( froz5 squabs1 
to meet ! w9t] dem&s4  ,! prices (      
squabs are = ! mo/ "p regulat$ by ! l>ge
 cities 9 ! vic9ity4 ,commission m]*ants
 are always anxi\s to buy 9 any quantity
 & !y s5d out weekly quotations z to :at
 !y are pay+ = squabs4 ,! prices to     
but*]s1 hotels1 & consum]s ( all        
classes1 are bas$ on ^! quotations &    
naturally ! direct sale to ! consum]1   
cutt+ out ! commission man1 comm&s a mu*

 high] price4  ,! foll[+ table is made  
up ( ! quotations ,conron ,bros41 ,new  
,york ,city1 paid = squabs dur+ ! fir/  
week 9 ,janu>y 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3--       
#aiab ,squabs weigh+ #i lbs4 to ! doz5  
#d4ge     #aiac               #i lbs4   
#d4ge     #aiad               #i lbs4   
#d4ge     #aiaf               #i lbs4   
#e4ej     #aiai               #i lbs4   
#i4be     #aibj               #i lbs4   
#aa4jj  ,squabs are grad$ accord+ to !  
weight ( "o doz54 ,t is1 "o doz5 squabs 
weigh+ twelve ounces ea*1 w\ld weigh n9e
 p\nds to ! doz54 ,we h tak5 t weight   
squab z a basis1 z t is ! av]age weight 
squab produc$ f good bre$]s4  ,! co/ (  
rais+ squabs dep5ds entirely on ! price 
( fe$ & ! numb] ( squabs produc$ dur+ a 
giv5 p]iod4 ,be=e ! w>1 x co/ #a4be a   
ye> = fe$ = "o pair ( pigeons4 ,at      
pres5t1 ! co/ p] pair = fe$ is #c4jj1   
accord+ to our records4 ,n[1 h[ _m      
squabs w a pair ( pigeons produce 9 a   
ye>8 ,t "q we _c answ]1 b we "k h[ _m   
squabs we h produc$ f our bre$]s4 ,9    

#aiai1 we rais$ an av]age ( #ad4c squabs
 p] pair1 = our entire plant4 ,our      
av]age p5 production ran f #aj to #af   
squabs p] pair a ye>1 & z we always     
select our bre$]s = _! fa/ bre$+        
qualities & plump squab1 we fully expect
 to av]age #ae squabs p] pair 9 #aibj4  
,consid]+ ! useful bre$+ life ( a       
pigeon1 :i* cont9ues = five ye>s1 ! "q (
 pr(it 9 rais+ squabs %\ld answ] itself4
  ,! select+ ( bre$]s w be treat$ 9     
full1 fur!r 9 ! book4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4 
,,description ,,( ,,passaic ,,valley    
,,squab ,,f>m ,,& ,,h\s+ ,,9 ,,g5]al4   
,! ,passaic ,valley ,squab ,f>m1 ,i     
feel1 is an ideal plant 9 an ideal      
location4 ,x embodies all ! be/ po9ts & 
has few detrim5ts4  ,i am go+ to        
describe x r c>efully1 po9t+ out its    
advantages & h[ x might be improv$ ^u4  
,! diagram w give a g5]al idea ( ! floor
 plan1 & photo 9 beg9n+ ( book gives a  
view ( entire plant & wat] t[]4  ,!     
plant is situat$ 9 a valley1 protect$ f 
! full sweep ( ! w9d4 ,! build+s cov]   

ab\t "o acre ( l& & consi/ ( #hf p5s    
comb9$ into "o l>ge connect+ build+4    
7,a7 is gran>y & /ock h\se4 7,b7 is     
pick+ & pack+ room4 7,c7 is (fice4 ,!   
gran>y has entrance to sections #a1 #b1 
#c & #d1 by halls4 ,ea* section is      
divid$ into #bj p5s1 ea* #aj feet by #ab
 feet1 ) entrance on hall4 ,ea* p5 has  
its own avi>y1 #aj feet by #bj feet1 = !
 pigeons to ex]cise4 ,! pigeons ne/ &   
raise _! "y inside1 b ba! & ex]cise     
outside1 :]e !y h runn+ wat]4 ,ea* p5   
accommodates #ej pairs ( pigeons1 s !   
plant capacity is ov] #h1jjj birds4     
,wat] is suppli$ by an artesian well &  
electric driv5 pump1 t pumps to t[] %[n 
9 picture4 ,ea* section is wat]$ by "o  
pipe runn+ full l5g? ( build+ & p]=at$  
at ea* p54 ,! pan at ea* p5 fills & :5  
full runs d[n an ov]fl[ pipe into a dra9
 "u build+4 ,9 ?is way a :ole section ( 
#bj p5s is wat]$ ) "o %ut-(f & ! supply 
is always fre%4 ,all pipes 9 ?is sy/em  
slope to "o l[ po9t1 s t ev5 9 z]o      
wea!r1 we c wat] & dra9 ! pipes )\t     

difficulty4 ,! ba?+ sy/em is work$ on ! 
same plan 9 ! avi>ies1 b we disconnect  
?is "p ( ! sy/em 9 ! extreme wea!r4  ,! 
entire plant is rais$ ab\t #ah in*es (f 
! gr\nd at all po9ts1 z a protection    
aga9/ rats4 ,all entrances h heavy scre5
 doors z well z wood5 ones1 :i* "w )    
weights to always keep !m %ut4 ,9 ?is   
way1 rats are kept out1 & any pigeons   
:i* may get loose inside ! halls1 are   
always caught4 ,rats are ! greate/ m5ace
 to successful squab rais+ & too great  
precautions _c be tak54  ,illu/ration3  
,,diagram ,,( ,,passaic ,,valley ,,squab
 ,,f>m  ,y w note on look+ ov] diagram (
 plant t sections #a1 #b1 #c & #d are   
connect$ by gran>y only4 ,?is feature   
c\ld be consid]ably improv$ by a hall   
connect+ ! f\r sections at ! o!r end4   
,!n aga91 !re are no w9d[s on ! nor?    
side ( all f\r sections1 & al?\gh ?is 0 
done to keep out cold1 x c\ld be improv$
 ) a few w9d[s = great] light4          
,altoge!r ,i feel t ! plant is z ne> to 
a model plant z c be f\nd1 & be+ )9 #bj 

miles ( ,new ,york ,city & eight miles (
 ,new>k1 ! be/ m>kets are always        
available4  ,i am n describ+ ?is plant  
to disc\rage any "o />t+ 9 a small way 9
 a back y>d1 b>n1 or ou?\se2 b ,i wi% to
 %[ ! possibilities )9 ! grasp ( any "o 
to e/abli% a real pr(itable bus9ess ( 8 
own4  ,9 ! next *apt]1 ,i w h&le !      
situation f ! beg9n]'s /&po9t4          
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,fundam5tal        
,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,successful ,,squab  
,,rais+4   ,good squabs c be rais$ 9 any
 /ructure1 free f dampness1 t has       
sunlight & c be protect$ f rats4 ,any   
%$1 outbuild+1 or *ick5 coop c be turn$ 
into a fir/-class pigeon p5 ) little    
difficulty4 ,fir/1 ! build+ mu/ be made 
habitable by pat*+ all cracks & leaks 9 
ro(4 ,if ! locality is subject to cold  
w9d1 sn[ & ice1 att5tion mu/ be giv5 to 
sides & floors4 ,! floors1 p>ticul>ly1  
%\ld h no holes1 & d\ble floors are a   
decid$ asset = ! nor!rn bre$]4  ,mak+ ! 
h\se rat-pro(1 is v important1 & ! be/  
me?od ,i "k is to raise ! build+ on     

po/s1 n less ?an #ae in*es f ! gr\nd at 
all po9ts4 ,l9e ! po/s ) t9 or put a c  
ov] ! top1 z is done ) corn cribs1 & y w
 be well protect$4 ,a w9d[ mu/ n[ be put
 9 ! s\!rn side ( h\se to all[ ! pigeons
 to rea* ! fly+ p5 or avi>y4 ,! door    
also mu/ be tight1 & x is safe/ to h a  
scre5 door on ! inside1 ) a spr+ to     
always keep x 9 place4 ,if ?is is l9$ ) 
"o-half-in* me% wire1 x w s]ve z a      
protection f rats1 & all[ = good        
v5tilation4  ,equipp+ ! h\se is easily &
 *eaply accompli%$ by ! use ( egg crates
 turn$ on ! side1 ) op5+ fac+ out4 ,^!  
%\ld h a ?ree-in* /rip nail$ across     
front at bottom ( crate1 to keep !      
squabs & eggs f fall+ out1 or bett]     
/ill1 make an inside rectangle (        
?ree-in* lumb] t j fits inside ! crate4 
,by ?is1 ,i mean a draw ?ree in*es high 
& elev5 & "o-half in*es 9 wid? & l5g?1 b
 )\t a bottom1 z ! l[] side ( ! crate   
completes ! bottom4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #c4 ,,crate ,,9 ,,position ,,&  
,,ne/  ,) ?is draw 9 place1 ! squabs are

 protect$ ) a ?ree-in* p>tition 9 front1
 & to clean1 simply pull ! draw out & h 
a basket b5ea? to cat* ! ne/ 94 ,9 mak+ 
! s-call$ draw1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut 
two pieces elev5-&-"o-half in*es & two  
t5-&-"o-half in*es4 ,!                  
elev5-&-"o-half-in* pieces are to run   
all ! way to ! re> ( box1 & ! %ort]     
pieces comprise ! front & re> pieces4 ,!
 long] pieces ov]lap ! front & re>      
pieces & are nail$ securely4 ,by hav+ ! 
front & re> pieces %ort & ! side pieces 
long1 ! draw w always pull out )\t      
break+4 ,if made ! o!r way1 ! nails may 
pull out :5 y clean h\se4 ,!            
t5-&-"o-half-in* pieces are figur$ on ! 
basis ( us+ lumb] t is five-eigh?s-in* 9
 ?ickness4 ,figure ,no4 #c %[s crate 9  
position & ne/ ready to put 9 place4    
,"o pair ( pigeons uses bo? sides ( "o  
egg crate z !y l to alt]nate 9 bre$+4   
,sometimes !y h squabs 9 "o side &      
comm5ce a ne/ 9 ! o!r side4 ,by ! "t !  
squabs are ?ree weeks' old1 !re w (t5 be
 eggs 9 ! o!r side ( box4 ,aft] crates &

 ne/s are ready1 arrange 9 ea/ & we/    
side ( p51 pil+ z high z necess>y to    
accommodate ! numb] ( pairs4 ,! nor?    
side ( h\se may also be us$ = ne/ boxes1
 or1 if ! ea/ & we/ sides ( h\se are    
pil$ ne> ! ro(1 x is well to h a l&+    
bo>d or p]* on ! nor? end4 ,a %elf %\ld 
always be put above ! s\!rn w9d[ & two  
op5+s cut ?r\gh ! side1 to let ! birds  
into ! avi>y1 :5 ! w9d[ is clos$4       
,outside1 !re mu/ also be a correspond+ 
%elf = ! pigeons4 ,"o hole is n         
suffici5t1 z a cock bird w (t5 block !  
"o op5+ & keep o!r birds (f _! eggs     
until !y are *ill$4 ,to complete !      
inside equipm5t1 y ne$ a dr9k+ f\nta9 or
 pan1 s protect$ t ! pigeons c only put 
_! heads into ! wat]4 ,a small box w d =
 grit & ?is %\ld be plac$ ne> ! floor 9 
a clean spot1 protect$ f all dropp+s4 ,!
 fe$1 ,i believe1 is be/ h&l$ by spread+
 9 a long1 n>r[ tr\gh ab\t "o-&-"o-half 
in*es high & long en\gh s t all !       
pigeons c get a *ance at ! food at !    
same "t4 ,9 a p5 ( #ej pairs1 ?is is n  

practical1 b ,i h ! tr\gh six feet long1
 t5 in*es wide1 & two in*es deep1 = a   
l>ge numb] l ?is4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #d4 ,,"o ,,( ,,our ,,avi>ies  ,!       
avi>ies1 except = be+ on ! s\!rn side ( 
build+1 c v>y accord+ to available space
 & numb] ( birds4 ,pigeons1 = be/       
results 9 h\s+1 %\ld nev] be cr[d$ into 
less ?an "o squ>e foot to a bird &      
"o-&-"o-half or two squ>e feet is be/4  
,! avi>ies %\ld h two to ?ree squ>e feet
 to a bird & %\ld be f six to t5 feet 9 
height4 ,our p5s are #aj by #ab feet    
inside & #aj by #bj by #aj outside4 ,^! 
p5s accommodate #dj to #ej pairs        
com=tably4 ,two-in* me% wire is all t is
 requir$1 al?\gh "s bre$]s use "o-in*   
me%4 ,9 ord]+ wire1 specify galvaniz$   
aft] weav+1 or galvaniz$ be=e & aft]4 ,x
 pays to d ?is1 z good wire la/s eight  
or n9e ye>s4 ,! po/s or uprights = avi>y
 %\ld be two by f\r lumb] ) ! sunk5 end 
well t>r$1 or any fairly heavy po/s     
available4 ,if ! fly is to accommodate m
 ?an five or t5 pairs ( pigeons1 no?+   

small] ?an two by f\r %\ld be us$ 9 !   
frame "w1 provid$ t ! w9t]s are sev]e4  
,a heavy sn[ w sometimes hold on ! wire1
 & is apt to break ! supports & release 
! birds4 ,p>ticul>ly wat* ! fa/5+ ( y\r 
wire to ! coop along ! top edge4  ,!    
outside equipm5t consi/s ( a ba?+ pan   
ab\t #bd to #cf in*es 9 diamet] & f\r to
 six in*es 9 dep?4 ,a door %\ld be      
provid$ 9 avi>y & a few p]*es or l&+    
bo>ds1 along ! sides4  ,?is1 ,i believe1
 completes ! necess>y h\se to make a    
successful />t1 & ! only exceptions ,i  
w\ld make are = ! bre$]s 9 w>m climates1
 :o c be/ be advis$ to foll[ ! example (
 neighbor+ *ick5 & pigeon rais]s4 ,9    
s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,i saw f9e squabs rais$
 ) a nor!a/]n exposure1 no floors1 &    
only a ?ree-sid$ %$4 ,"h "o side 0 op5  
entirely & ne/ boxes 7 built high en\gh 
to protect f rats4 ,! avi>ies 7         
con/ruct$ ( slats in/ead ( wire1 s z to 
furni% great] protection4 ,9            
,jacksonville1 ,fla41 ,i w5t ?r\gh a    
l>ge plant v simil> 9 con/ruction to !  

nor!rn bre$]s1 & ! fe$+ 0 ab\t ! same z 
m9e4 ,ea* locality has a few di/+ui%+   
features1 s if y comb9e ^! in/ructions )
 a little obs]vation & ?\ght1 y _c g f> 
wrong z to prop] h\s+4  ,9 ! next *apt] 
,i w deal ) ! bre$]s1 & x _c too (t5 be 
said1 t no matt] h[ f9e ! plant &       
equipm5t1 x w all be wa/$ unless y />t )
 f\ndation /ock1 t has be5 sci5tifically
 p]fect$4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,!        
,,utility ,,pigeon4   ,f my exp]i5ce 9  
true utility bre$+1 or squab bre$+ =    
m>ket1 !re is "o basic bird t /&s =     
h>dy1 plump1 ev5-siz$ squabs1 & pl5ty ( 
!m4 ,t bird is ! hom+ pigeon4 ,! hom] w 
bre$ m squabs 9 a ye> & use less fe$1 p]
 pair1 a ye>1 ?an any bird ,i h ev]     
h&l$4 ,! birds are v h>dy1 c /& extreme 
cold & bre$ well ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s4    
,un=tunately1 ev5 ^! birds h a slight   
fail+4 ,! true hom] bre$s a squab a     
little small = ! be/ m>ket price4 ,!    
squabs run six1 sev5 & eight p\nds to ! 
doz51 & ! be/ dem& is = eight1 n9e & t5 
p\nds to ! doz5 squabs4 ,we exp]im5t$   

c>efully ) _m ( ! l>g] bre$ ( birds1 b  
!y all _h a fail+1 "s w\ld bre$ well 9  
summ]1 b n 9 w9t]2 "s ate too mu* = !   
numb] ( squabs produc$2 "s w\ld bre$ "o 
l>ge squab & ! o!r v ?92 & "s w\ld bre$ 
nice twelve-p\nd squabs1 b we c\ld n get
 a proportionately high price = !m to   
w>rant ! extra food requir$ & extra "t  
requir$ = !m to mature4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s 
( exp]im5t+1 we believe we h n[ ! be/   
utility bird 9 ! c\ntry1 namely ! ,p4   
,v4 ,special ,hom]4 ,^! birds bre$      
squabs ! m>ketable size3 eight1 n9e & t5
 p\nds to ! doz54 ,less ?an #ae p] c5t4 
ran "u eight p\nds to ! doz5 la/ ye>4   
,!y bre$ plump1 broad-brea/$ squabs & d 
n eat m ?an ! av]age hom]4 ,! squabs are
 ready = m>ket 9 f\r weeks f ! "t hat*$1
 & if kept = bre$+1 !y comm5ce mat+ 9   
?ree mon?s2 be+ "o ( ! quicke/ birds to 
mature4  ,a small />t ) good birds is ! 
f\ndation ( success4 ,a f9e flock c be  
built up f a few good pairs1 b poor /ock
 w soon disc\rage anyone & d h>m to !   
bus9ess4  ,next to ,p4 ,v4 ,hom]s1 we   

believe ! ,p4 ,v4 ,c>neaux are ! be/4   
,^! birds bre$ a n9e1 t51 elev5 & twelve
 p\nd to ! doz5 squab1 & always a       
beautifully-%ap$ & :ite-meat$ squab4 ,( 
c\rse1 ^! f9e1 l>ge birds w eat m ?an   
hom]s & ! squabs w take a little long]  
to mature1 b if y are 9 a locality to   
comm& a high price or sell !m retail1 y 
_c g wrong 9 hav+ a few pairs4 ,^! birds
 are p>ticul>ly tame & c easily be made 
into pets4  ,i believe firmly1 t =      
pr(itable squab rais+ ^! two bre$s (    
pigeons are decid$ly ! be/ *oice1 al?\gh
 !re are o!r good birds = squab rais+1  
su* z ,monda9es1 ,royal ,:ites1 ,:ite   
,k+s1 & ,maltese ,h5 ,pigeons4  ,we h   
mo/ ( ^! birds = %[ purposes1 b we w n g
 into detail1 z we feel t ,p4 ,v4 ,hom]s
 & ,c>neaux are really ! be/ utility    
bre$]s4  ,a ^w ( caution might well be  
put 9 "h aga9/ buy+ *eap birds4 ,!y are 
nev] wor? any m ?an y w pay = !m1 & _m  
are only fit = eat+ purposes along )    
common pigeons4  ,our me?od ( %ipp+     
birds enables !m to arrive 9 fir/-class 

condition ov] v long di/ances4 ,! birds 
are pack$ 9 /rong1 light cases ) a      
p>tition to sep>ate ! males & females4  
,a bag ( fe$ & dr9k+ cup g ) ea* case4  
,in/ructions are s5t ) ea* ord] = fe$+ &
 wat]+ :ile 9 transit4  ,y\r att5tion   
mu/ n[ be giv5 to prep>+ ! p5 = !       
pigeons3--  ,close all op5+s into !     
avi>y & see t ! dr9k+ pan or f\nta9 is  
fill$ ) fre% wat]4 ,%ake a few tobacco  
/ems loosely 9 a pile "u ! w9d[ or else 
9 a corn]4 ,! grit box %\ld be half     
fill$ ) a good prep>$ pigeon grit2 ,r$  
,cross grit is z good z any & conta9s   
all ! necess>y +r$i5ts = ! birds4 ,a    
little fe$ %\ld n[ be put 9 tr\gh4 ,a   
small h&ful = ea* pair1 is suffici5t at 
fir/4  ,y are n[ ready to release !     
birds4 ,! males are m>k$ ) a color b& on
 ! "r leg & ! females on ! left leg4    
,keep a record z y let ! birds g to see 
t ea* male has a female ) a correspond+ 
b&4 ,t is1 a male bird ) a blue b& on ! 
"r leg mu/ h a female also ) a blue b&  
on ! left leg4 ,! next *apt] w expla9 ! 

habits ( ! birds & :y !y are b&$4       
,,*apt] ,v4  ,,habits ,,&               
,,peculi>ities4   ,9 ! fir/ place1      
pigeons are monogam\s4 ,!y mu/ always be
 kept 9 ev5 pairs1 because !y select _! 
mate & v seldom ev] *ange1 unless =c$ to
 select ano!r mate 9 a mat+ coop4 ,ev5  
pairs ( pigeons w soon settle d[n       
quietly 9 v>i\s ne/ boxes4 ,!y usually  
keep ! same ne/ boxes & alt]nate1 hav+  
squabs fir/ 9 "o side & !n ! o!r4 ,aft] 
! birds h become accu/om$ to _! qu>t]s &
 h select$ 9 :i* ne/ !y are go+ to />t  
h\sekeep+1 x w n be _m days1 be=e !y    
beg9 to c>ry /ems f ! pile on ! floor & 
/>t _! ne/4 ,!y ne$ no assi/ance & %\ld 
n be unnecess>ily di/urb$ until !y      
comm5ce lay+4 ,?is %\ld occur 9 ab\t two
 weeks & !n x is advisable to look ov] !
 ne/s twice a week1 & see t all new ne/s
 are well made & d n resemble a golf    
tee4 ,birds sometimes w build a high ne/
 & lay ! eggs on ! top )\t any support4 
,x is be/ to spread out a ne/ ( ?is k9d1
 aft] remov+ ! eggs1 s z to give a good 

f\ndation4 ,make a slight holl[ 9 !     
c5tre ( ! /ems & !n replace ! eggs1 b be
 sure & see t ! ne/ is firm en\gh to    
keep ! eggs f s9k+ 91 "u ! /ems4  ,x is 
advisable = ! beg9n] to m>k v lightly ) 
p5cil1 on eggs1 ! date laid4 ,9 ?is way 
x is v easy to le>n ! appe>ance ( an egg
 at diff]5t ages1 & soon y w be able to 
disc]n a bad egg at a glance & remove x1
 s t ! old birds w n wa/e "t sitt+ on x4
 ,fre% laid eggs are semi-transp>5t & h 
a slightly dull appe>ance4 ,!y gradually
 gr[ opaque & solid :ite1 ) only an air 
space disc]nable unless c&l$4 ,dur+ !   
?ird week1 ! %ell w beg9 to *ip & ! baby
 squab w *ip a complete circle1 9 end ( 
egg & gradually "w out4 ,"o egg w       
usually hat* a day 9 advance ( ! o!r4   
,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t !re is f  
"o to two days betwe5 ! "t ! h5 lays !  
eggs4 ,! birds always lay ! eggs 9      
pairs1 b once 9 a :ile two pairs ( birds
 w lay 9 ! same ne/ & give ! impression 
t f\r eggs h be5 laid4  ,bad eggs are   
disc]nable easily ) a little practice4  

,at a week or t5 days' old1 bad eggs w h
 almo/ ! appe>ance ( a fre% laid egg1   
only !y are %9y in/ead ( dull on !      
outside1 & are semi-transp>5t4 ,if eggs 
l ^! are %ak5 g5tly1 y c feel t !y are  
loose & wat]y inside4 ,on be+ held to ! 
light & turn$1 ! air space w %ift all   
ov]4 ,9 good eggs1 ! air space is       
/ation>y4 ,an egg1 two or ?ree weeks'   
old1 hav+ decid$ d>k l9es ?r\gh x1 is a 
sign t ! squab has di$ 9 ! %ell4 ,if    
unc]ta9 z to an egg1 x is be/ to leave  
till x develops def9ite signs ( be+ bad4
  ,"y squabs d n ne$ assi/ance to get   
out ( %ell1 b ! empty %ell c be remov$  
lat]4 ,! "y squabs %\ld n be h&l$ too   
mu* & ,i d n advise any artificial fe$+ 
at all1 z ! old birds w give _! "y ! be/
 c>e4 ,aft] eat+ & dr9k+1 ! old birds w 
fly to ! ne/ & fe$ ! "y f _! bills1 j ! 
"r proportions ( gra91 =m$ into a       
sub/ance call$ pigeon milk4 ,! s-call$  
pigeon milk v>ies accord+ to ! size (   
squabs & lat] conta9s :ole gra9s & wat]4
 ,! squabs %\ld nev] leave ! ne/ till   

fully fea!r$1 ?is takes ab\t f\r weeks1 
& at t "t ! squabs are ready = m>ket4   
,to det]m9e ! exact age = m>ket+1 look  
b5ea? ! w+s1 z !y fea!r out "h la/4  ,! 
fe$+ ,i h n gone into be=e1 z x is      
cont+5t on ! squabs4  ,( c\rse1 e       
locality has peculi>ities ( its own &   
c]ta9 gra9s are *eap] 9 c]ta9 places4   
,y\r local deal]1 no d\bt1 has a good   
pigeon fe$ to />t )4 ,lat] y c improve &
 economize by mix+ y\r own fe$4  ,our   
=mula = w9t] fe$+1 is z foll[s3--       
,arg5t9e ,corn     #cj     ,r$ ,:eat    
#aj     ,kaffir ,corn        #be        
,buck:eat          #bj     ,peas        
#ae  ,summ] fe$+ is3--      ,arg5t9e    
,corn     #be     ,r$ ,:eat          #ae
     ,kaffir ,corn        #cj     ,peas 
#cj  ,us+ ^! two =mulas z a basis1 y c  
easily arrange ! be/ =mula = y\rself4   
,corn & buck:eat are v heat5+1 & ! latt]
 c be entirely disp5s$ ) 9 w>m          
localities4 ,! corn %\ld ei!r be        
,arg5t9e ,corn or small ,am]ican ,corn )
 a "p crack$ corn4 ,! am\nt ( crack$    

corn is det]m9$ by ! quality4 ,if y c   
get a good reclean$ /eel-cut crack$     
corn1 fairly free f loose fibre1 x is   
all "r to use half-&-half ) ! :ole      
,am]ican ,corn4 ,o!rwise use #be crack$ 
to #ge :ole corn4  ,all gra9s mu/ be    
reasonably cur$ & dri$4 ,d n buy new    
crops ( gra9s until well season$4       
,inf]ior gra9s l heat$ corn1 or :eat t  
has spr\t$1 are all to be avoid$4       
,scrat* fe$ is n to be recomm5d$ z a    
/eady diet1 b w s]ve = a :ile4 ,mo/     
scrat* fe$s conta9 rye1 b>ley & oats1   
all ?ree ( :i* ,i d n recomm5d z pigeon 
fe$4 ,scrat* fe$ also lacks peas1 & ^!  
are ! f9e/ fatt5+ & /r5g!n+ food t      
squabs c get4  ,see t ! birds get f$    
regul>ly twice a day & t !y clean up all
 ! food giv5 !m1 )9 an h\r4 ,! morn+    
fe$+ %\ld be betwe5 #g3cj & #h3cj1 & 9  
summ]1 n lat] ?an #h o'clock4  ,aft]noon
 fe$+ %\ld be ar\nd #c o'clock 9 w9t] & 
#d o'clock 9 summ]4 ,if ! birds c only  
be f$ once a day1 fe$ 9 ! morn+ & see t 
"s fe$ la/s until #c o'clock 9 !        

aft]noon4 ,x is easy to judge by ! way !
 birds fly = ! gra9 :e!r !y are f$ too  
heavily or too lightly4  ,fig4 #e       
illu/rates ! c>d we use to regulate     
fe$+4  ,a circul> piece ( c>d bo>d1     
m\nt$ ) a ?umb tack ?r\gh c5tre1 j      
outside ! door1 %[s h[ mu* fe$ 0 giv5 at
 la/ fe$+4 ,! top ( c>d indicates !     
am\nt4 ,always sett+ ! c>d ! am\nt f$1  
avoids wa/e & hav+ too mu* fe$ /&+      
ar\nd1 :i* may become m\ldy & cause     
sickness4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,squabs   
,,= ,,m>ket4   ,squabs are ready = m>ket
 at f f\r to f\r-&-"o-half weeks f ! "t 
hat*$4 ,z soon z ! squabs are fully     
fea!r$1 !y %\ld be remov$ f ! ne/1 z !y 
w soon jump f ne/ & run on ! floor1     
!reby los+ weight until kill$4  ,if     
squabs are to be kill$ at once1 c>e %\ld
 be tak5 to remove f p5 j be=e fe$+ "t1 
s t _! crops w n be full ( gra94 ,!y may
 ev5 be tak5 ! night be=e1 if kept 9 a  
w>m place4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4   
,,revolv+ ,,fe$ ,,regulator  ,to kill   
squabs prop]ly1 !y %\ld be hung up by ! 

feet4 ,two nails driv5 p>tially into a  
bo>d ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ap>t w s]ve 
nicely to clamp ! feet4 ,! w+s %\ld n[  
be twi/$ ov] ea* o!r twice1 s t !y _c   
flap4 ,kill+ ! squab requires a little  
knack4 ,fir/1 take ! small blade ( a    
p5knife & aft] grasp+ ! head ( ! squab  
firmly ) ?umb & =ef+]1 j ov] eyes1 put !
 blade d[n ! ?roat at lea/ "o in*1 & !n 
pull up ?r\gh ! top ( head4 ,if squab   
does n die 9 ?irty seconds1 repeat z x  
is difficult = a novice to cut ! w9d    
pipe & bra9 ! fir/ "t4  ,pluck+ is easy 
& %\ld be done :ile ! squab is /ill w>m4
 ,/>t ) ! w+s1 :i* are ! h>de/1 & end ) 
! tail fea!rs4 ,pick+ aga9/ ! fea!rs is 
quicke/ & is less likely to te> ! sk94  
,aft] pick+1 ! squab %\ld be dropp$ into
 cold wat] to cool & h>d54 ,x is be/ =  
!m to soak = at lea/ ?ree h\rs1 & ov]   
night w n h>m !m1 if ! wat] is cold &   
some?+ is put ov] top s z to keep squabs
 entirely bel[ ! surface4  ,grad+ squabs
 z to size dep5ds on :om y are sell+ to4
 ,small1 m$ium1 & l>ge1 is usually      

suffici5t grad+1 b if y desire to grade 
by p\nds to ! doz5 accurately1 ! foll[+ 
table %[s j :at grade v>i\s weight      
squabs come "u4       #f ,p\nd to ! doz5
 ,squabs #h ozs4 to #i-a_/c ozs4      #g
                       #i-a_/c ozs4 to  
#aj-b_/c ozs4      #h                   
#aj-b_/c ozs4 to #ab ozs4      #i       
#ab ozs4 to #ac-a_/c ozs4     #aj       
#ac-a_/c ozs4 to #ad-b_/c ozs4     #aa  
#ad-b_/c ozs4 to #af ozs4     #ab       
ov] #af ozs4  ,x is n necess>y to weigh 
ea* squab individually4 ,a half-doz5    
ab\t ! same size w %[ ! approximate     
weight p] doz54  ,9 pack+ squabs to %ip 
by express1 !y %\ld be laid side by side
 or feet up & tight en\gh s z n to %ake 
ar\nd4 ,9 w>m seasons ice %\ld be us$   
betwe5 ea* lay] & newspap]s w help to   
hold cold & avoid bruis+4 ,m>k e %ipm5t 
,,p]i%able--,,ru%1 & always s5d an      
invoice 9 all %ipm5ts s5t to commission 
m]*ants4  ,9 s5d+ squabs alive1 c>e mu/ 
be tak5 to get ! birds out ) full crops1
 s t !y w n loose weight 9 transit4 ,!  

crate = %ipm5t %\ld be fairly op5 to    
all[ = pl5ty ( v5tilation4 ,ov]-cr[d+   
mu/ be avoid$ z ! squabs huddle 9 gr\ps 
& smo!r easily4 ,a regul> sp9dle coop1  
ab\t #bd in*es by #cf in*es & #a foot   
high1 w hold #cj live squabs = %ipp+2 m 
?an t is risky4  ,all %ipm5ts ( live    
squabs %\ld also be m>k$1               
,,p]i%able--,,ru%1 ! numb] ( birds 9    
%ipm5t1 & also ! value4  ,if squabs are 
to be sold = bre$+ purposes1 !y %\ld n  
be %ipp$ till !y are at lea/ eight      
weeks' old1 & pref]ably t5 weeks4 ,only 
/rong birds %\ld be %ipp$ & no %ipm5ts  
%\ld be made 9 extremely cold wea!r4    
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,select+ ,,bre$]s4     
,select+ squabs = bre$+ purposes mu/ be 
done ) great c>e & und]/&+4 ,if ! "r k9d
 ( birds are n select$ y\r flock w      
gradually det]iorate4 ,) c>eful         
selection1 al?\gh sl[1 y w con/antly be 
add+ pr(itable bre$]s to y\r /ock4 ,?is 
is1 ( c\rse1 if y />t ) ,p4 ,v4 ,bre$]s1
 s z to h ! nucleus ( a good flock to   
/>t )4 ,rememb]1 good bre$]s w bre$     

plump1 :ite squabs at a fa/ rate1 :ile  
poor bre$]s w gr[ small1 d>k squabs t h 
n ! vitality to ev] be fir/-class       
bre$]s4 ,ev5 ) ,p4 ,v4 bre$]s y mu/ use 
c>e 9 select+ ! "y1 & x is wise :5 />t+ 
) a few ( our bre$]s to sell y\r squabs 
= a "t & buy m ( our bre$]s until y\r   
flock is l>ge en\gh to h a good         
selection to *oose f4  ,! mon?s :5      
squabs %\ld be sav$ = bre$]s are1       
,febru>y1 ,m>*1 ,april & ,may4 ,! birds 
are 9 ! be/ ( condition !n & ! squabs w 
be /rong & vigor\s4 ,june & ,july squabs
 are good1 b are m exp5sive to raise1 z 
!y are at mat+ age 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob] 
& ,novemb]1 :5 !y are subject to m\lt & 
are difficult to mate at ?is "t4 ,i d n 
recomm5d sav+ squabs dur+ ! o!r mon?s1 z
 ,i h f\nd f exp]i5ce t !y w bre$ well =
 two or ?ree ye>s1 & !n1 !re is a fall+ 
(f 9 squabs & a heavy dea? rate among ! 
h5s4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,,!     
,,home ,,( ,p4 ,v4 ,,bre$]s  ,:5 ready  
to select y\r squabs = bre$]s1 get "s   
light pigeon b&s4 ,we use a celluloid   

coil b& t wraps ar\nd ! leg & /ays 9    
position )\t fa/5+4 ,by us+ a diff]5t   
color b& e mon?1 we "k at a glance ! age
 ( ! y\ng/]4 ,always take y\r squabs 9  
pairs & unless !re are two good heal?y  
squabs 9 ! ne/ d n take !m4 ,!y d n h to
 be ( unusual size1 b !y %\ld bo? be    
well f$ & weigh eight1 n9e or t5 p\nds  
to ! doz5 if dress$4 ,b& "o bird on ! "r
 leg & ! o!r on ! left & put back 9 !   
ne/ aga94 ,?is b&+ is m]ely to keep f   
inbre$+ & m>k+ s z n to kill1 & has no?+
 to d ) _! be+ males or females4 ,x is  
impossible to tell ) c]ta9ly ! sex ( a  
pigeon )\t not+ its actions4 ,) squabs x
 is /ill h>d]1 & al?\gh aft] becom+     
exp]i5c$1 x is possible to make accurate
 guesses1 "o is apt to make a mi/ake ev5
 ) old birds4  ,! squabs b&$ %\ld be    
left ) ! p>5t birds till !y are eight   
weeks' old4 ,!n remove to sep>ate p5s4  
,! birds b&$ on ! "r leg %\ld g 9 "o p5 
& ! y\ng/]s b&$ on ! left leg 9 a       
sep>ate p54 ,?is w prev5t ne/ mates go+ 
toge!r & avoid inbre$+4  ,! fe$+ & c>e =

 ^! birds %\ld be ! same z = old bre$]s1
 except t !y %\ld n h l>ge ,am]ican     
,corn & only five p] c5t4 peas4 ,! grit 
%\ld h a little olive oil mix$ ) x once 
a week4 ,! birds w ?rive satisfactorily 
= ab\t "o mon? 9 _! new qu>t]s & !n c>e 
has to be tak5 to see t !y d n get out 9
 ra9y wea!r1 z !y und]go a m\lt & are v 
subject to cold4 ,?is m\lt+ "t la/s =   
ab\t ?ree weeks1 & :5 !y get pa/ ?is    
/age y w see signs ( ! birds mat+4 ,d n 
be 9 any hurry to mate !m1 z _! fir/    
eggs are usually bad & !y sometimes w   
break _! mat+s :5 tak5 out too "y4  ,!  
safe/ way to mate "y pigeons is to cat* 
! birds sitt+ on eggs4 ,color b& ! h5 on
 ! left leg1 :o usually sits 9 ! morn+  
till ar\nd #aa o'clock4 ,! correspond+  
b& %\ld be fa/5$ some:]e on ! ne/1 & :5 
y see ! mate sitt+ on ! eggs1 9 !       
aft]noon1 y mu/ cat* him1 & b& on ! "r  
leg4 ,cat*+ pigeons is usually done ) a 
l&+ net or crab net ) a %ort h&le4 ,!   
birds %\ld always be caught f beh9d1 if 
fly+1 s z n to injure !m4 ,aft] y h     

caught ! pair1 !y %\ld be remov$ to a   
sep>ate p5 s t !y c />t to bre$ )\t     
int]f]5ce4 ,if ! eggs are good t !y 7   
sitt+ on1 !y c be plac$ "u o!r birds t h
 eggs ( ab\t ! same age1 & sometimes are
 rais$ satisfactorily4 ,d n make !      
mi/ake ( j leav+ all y\r y\ng/]s alone &
 tru/+ !y w =m ev5 pairs1 = if y d1 !re 
are sure to be odd cocks t w int]f]e    
s]i\sly ) _! bre$+4  ,night mat+ ) a    
fla% light is ! quicke/ me?od1 b        
requires a d>k night & consid]able skill
 to always pick out ! mat$ pairs4 ,mat$ 
pairs w (t5 sit toge!r on ! front ( _!  
ne/ at night or ! h5 on ! eggs or squabs
 & ! cock on ! front4 ,^! birds c be    
readily caught b great c>e mu/ be       
ex]cis$ le/ ! o!r birds fly (f _! ne/s &
 spoil _! eggs4  ,driv+ pairs1 t is1 :5 
"o bird cont9ually *ases ano!r ar\nd    
peck+ at x1 are usually mat$ b n always1
 s be c>eful to wat* !m closely if y    
select mat$ pairs ?is way4  ,z a clos+  
rem>k ,i w\ld say1 ,i h f\nd rais+      
squabs is "o ( ! pleasante/1 mo/        

int]e/+1 & pr(itable ways ( employ+ sp>e
 "t1 & :e!r y are a man or woman1 if y  
apply ?is motto1 y c succe$ 9 ! squab   
indu/ry4      ,good ,bre$]s1 ,good ,fe$1
 & ,good ,c>e1       ,!n ,y ,w ,get     
,good ,squabs1 ,good ,prices1 & ,good   
,pr(its1       ,namely1 ,,success4