,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication by ,*>les ,d>w9 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,,volumes ,,"o ,,& ,,two ,,cont5ts4 ,,=eword ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4--,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,& ,,cats4 ,,anci5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,dog--,,resemblance ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries ,,to ,,native ,,can9e ,,species--,,animals ,,n ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,man ,,at ,,fir/ ,,fe>less--,,dogs ,,resembl+ ,,wolves ,,& ,,jackals--,,habit ,,( ,,b>k+ ,,acquir$ ,,& ,,lo/--,,f]al ,,dogs--,,tan-,,col\r$ ,,eye-,,spots--,,p]iod ,,( ,,ge/ation--,,(f5sive ,,od\r--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,9 ,,"p ,,due ,,to ,,desc5t ,,f ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,tee?--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,body1 ,,9 ,,con/itution--,,few ,,important ,,diff]5ces ,,h ,,be5 ,,fix$ ,,by ,,selection--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate--,,wat]-,,dogs ,,) ,,palmat$ ,,feet--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,dog ,,h ,,gradually ,,und]gone ,,?r\gh ,,selection--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,less ,,improv$ ,,sub-,,bre$s4 ,,cats1 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,sev]al ,,species--,,diff]5t ,,bre$s ,,f\nd ,,only ,,9 ,,sep>at$ ,,c\ntries--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,f]al ,,cats--,,individual ,,v>iability4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,horses ,,& ,,asses4 ,,horse4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability ,,(--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,c ,,)/& ,,mu* ,,cold--,,bre$s ,,mu* ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,selection--,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,horse--,,dappl+--,,d>k ,,/ripes ,,on ,,! ,,sp9e1 ,,legs1 ,,%\ld]s1 ,,& ,,=ehead--,,dun-,,col\r$ ,,horses ,,mo/ ,,frequ5tly ,,/rip$--,,/ripes ,,probably ,,due ,,to ,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,primitive ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,,asses4 ,,bre$s ,,(--,,col\r ,,(--,,leg- ,,& ,,%\ld]-,,/ripes--,,%\ld]-,,/ripes ,,sometimes ,,abs5t1 ,,sometimes ,,=k$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,pigs--,,cattle--,,%eep--,,goat s4 ,,pigs ,,belong ,,to ,,two ,,di/9ct ,,types1 ,,sus ,,scr(a ,,& ,,indicus--,,torfs*we9--,,japan ,,pigs--,,f]tility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,pigs--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,highly ,,cultivat$ ,,races--,,conv]g5ce ,,( ,,"*--,,ge/ation--,,solid-,,ho($ ,,sw9e--,,curi\s ,,app5dages ,,to ,,! ,,jaws--,,decrease ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,tusks--,,"y ,,pigs ,,longitud9ally ,,/rip$--,,f]al ,,pigs--,,cross$ ,,bre$s4 ,,cattle--,,zebu ,a ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,european ,,cattle ,,probably ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,?ree ,,wild ,,=ms--,,all ,,! ,,races ,,n[ ,,f]tile ,,toge!r--,,briti% ,,p>k ,,cattle--,,on ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,species--,,con/itutional ,,diff]5ces--,,s\? ,,african ,,races--,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,races--,,niata ,,cattle--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,cattle4 ,,%eep --,,rem>kable ,,races ,,(--,,v>iations ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,male ,,sex--,,adaptations ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,conditions--,,ge/ation ,,(--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,wool--,,semi-,,mon/r\s ,,bre$s4 ,,goats --,,rem>kable ,,v>iations ,,(4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild ,,rabbit--,,anci5t ,,dome/ication--,,anci5t ,,selection--,,l>ge ,,lop-,,e>$ ,,rabbits--,,v>i\s ,,bre$s--,,fluctuat+ ,,*>act]s--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,himalayan ,,bre$--,,curi\s ,,case ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,f]al ,,rabbits ,,9 ,,jamaica ,,& ,,! ,,falkl& ,,isl&s--,,porto ,,santo ,,f]al ,,rabbits--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s--,,skull--,,skull ,,( ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbits--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,analog\s ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,h>es--,v,e,rtebr--,,/]num--,,scapula-- ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,& ,,body--,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,r$uc$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,bra9--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,modifications ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,rabbits4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,dome/ic ,,pigeons4 ,,enum]ation ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,v>iations ,,( ,a ,,rem>kable ,,nature--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s3 ,,skull1 ,,l[] ,,jaw1 ,,numb] ,,( v]tebr--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?3 ,,tongue ,,) ,,beak2 ,,eyelids ,,& ,,no/rils ,,) ,,wattl$ ,,sk9--,,numb] ,,( ,,w+-,,fea!rs1 ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+--,,col\r ,,& ,,d[n--,,webb$ ,,& ,,fea!r$ ,,feet--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,disuse--,,l5g? ,,( ,,feet ,,9 ,,correlation ,,) ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beak--,,l5g? ,,( ,,/]num1 ,,scapula1 ,,& ,,furculum--,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+s--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,po9ts ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,pigeons--cont9u$4 ,,on ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,wild ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,rock-,,pigeon--,dovecot-,,pigeons--,,p ro(s ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,f ,,columba ,,livia--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,! ,,wild ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,races--,,antiquity ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,races--,,mann] ,,( ,,_! ,,=mation--,,selection--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,by ,,fanci]s ,,9 ,,select+ ,,_! ,,birds--,,slightly ,,diff]5t ,,/ra9s ,,gradually ,,*ange ,,into ,,well-,,m>k$ ,,bre$s--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms--,,c]ta9 ,,bre$s ,,rema9 ,,p]man5t1 ,,:il/ ,,o!rs ,,*ange--,,summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,f[ls4 ,,brief ,,descriptions ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,bre$s--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,sev]al ,,species--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,bre$s ,,hav+ ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,gallus ,,bankiva--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,9 ,,col\r--,,analog\s ,,v>iations--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,f[l--,,ext]nal ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,eggs--,,*ick5s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,w+-,,& ,,tail-,,fea!rs1 ,,voice1 ,,disposition1 ,,etc--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull1 ,,v]tebr1 ,,etc--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,p>ts--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,duck--,,goose--,,peacock--,,t urkey--,,gu9ea-,,f[l--,,can>y-,,bird--,, gold-,,fi%--,,riv] -,,bees--,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,,ducks1 ,,sev]al ,,bre$s ,,(--,,progress ,,( ,,dome/ication--,,orig9 ,,( ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild-,,duck--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,bre$s--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,limb-,,bones4 ,,goose1 ,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,little ,,v>iation ,,(--,,seba/opol ,,bre$4 ,,peacock1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,black-,,%\ld]$ ,,bre$4 ,,turkey1,,bre$s ,,(--,,cross$ ,,) ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,species--,,effects ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,gu9ea-,,f[l1 ,,can>y-,,bird1 ,,gold-,,fi%1 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,,silk-,,mo?s1 ,,species ,,& ,,bre$s ,,(--,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,c>e ,,9 ,,_! ,,selection--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,races--,,9 ,,! ,,egg1 ,,cat]pill>1 ,,& ,,cocoon ,,/ates--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,*>act]s--,,imp]fect ,,w+s--,,lo/ ,,in/9cts--,,correlat$ ,,*>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,cultivat$ ,,plants3 ,,c]eal ,,& ,,cul9>y ,,plants4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,p>5tage ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,cultivation--,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,c]ealia4 ,,d\bts ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,species--,,:eat3 ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,*ang$ ,,habits--,,selection--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties--,,maize3 ,,great ,,v>iation ,,(--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,cul9>y ,,plants4--,,cabbages3 ,,v>ieties ,,(1 ,,9 ,,foliage ,,& ,,/ems1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,o!r ,,p>ts--,,p>5tage ,,(--,,o!r ,,species ,,( ,,brassica--,,peas3 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,k9ds1 ,,*iefly ,,9 ,,! ,,pods ,,& ,,se$--,,"s ,,v>ieties ,,con/ant1 ,,"s ,,highly ,,v>iable--,,d ,,n ,,int]cross--,,beans--,,potatoes3 ,,num]\s ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,diff]+ ,,little ,,except ,,9 ,,! ,,tub]s--,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,,plants cont9u$--,,fruits--,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,fl[]s4 ,,fruits4 ,,grapes3 ,,v>y ,,9 ,,odd ,,& ,,trifl+ ,,p>ticul>s--,,mulb]ry3 ,,! ,,orange ,,gr\p--,,s+ul> ,,results ,,f ,,cross+-- ,,pea* ,,& ,,nect>9e3 ,,bud ,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,v>iation--,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,almond--,,apricot--,,plums3 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,_! ,,/ones-- ,,*]ries3 ,,s+ul> ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,apple--,,pe>--,,/rawb]ry3 ,,int]bl5d+ ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,=ms--,,gooseb]ry3 ,,/eady ,,increase ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,fruit--,,v>ieties ,,(--,,walnut--,,nut--,,cucurbitace\s ,,plants3 ,,wond]ful ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,,ornam5tal ,,trees4 ,,_! ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,degree ,,& ,,k9d--,,a%-,,tree--,,scot*-,,fir--,,haw ?orn4 ,,fl[]s4 ,,multiple ,,orig9 ,,( ,,_m ,,k9ds--,,v>iation ,,9 ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities--,,k9d ,,( ,,v>iation--,,roses3 ,,sev]al ,,species ,,cultivat$--,,pansy--,,dahlia--,,hyac9? 3 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,on ,,bud-,,v>iation1 ,,& ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,anomal\s ,,modes ,,( ,,reproduction ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,,bud-,,v>iation ,,9 ,,! ,,pea*1 ,,plum1 ,,*]ry1 ,,v9e1 ,,gooseb]ry1 ,,currant1 ,,& ,,banana1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,modifi$ ,,fruit--,,9 ,,fl[]s3 ,,camellias1 ,,azaleas1 ,,*rysan!mums1 ,,roses1 ,,etc--,,on ,,! ,,runn+ ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,9 ,,c>nations--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,leaves--,,v>iations ,,by ,,suck]s1 ,,tub]s1 ,,& ,,bulbs--,,on ,,! ,,break+ ,,( ,,tulips--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,graduate ,,into ,,*anges ,,consequ5t ,,on ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,graft-,,hybrids--,,on ,,! ,,segregation ,,( ,,! ,,p>5tal ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,sem9al ,,hybrids ,,by ,,bud-,,v>iation--,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,or ,,imm$iate ,,action ,,( ,,=eign ,,poll5 ,,on ,,! ,,"m-,,plant--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,9 ,,female ,,animals ,,( ,a ,,previ\s ,,impregnation ,,on ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,(fspr+--,,conclusion ,,& ,,summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,inh]itance4 ,,wond]ful ,,nature ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,p$igrees ,,( ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals--,,inh]itance ,,n ,,due ,,to ,,*ance--,,trifl+ ,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$--,,diseases ,,inh]it$--,,peculi>ities ,,9 ,,! ,,eye ,,inh]it$--,,diseases ,,9 ,,! ,,horse--,,longevity ,,& ,,vig\r--,,asymmetrical ,,deviations ,,( ,,/ructure--,,polydactylism ,,& ,,regr[? ,,( ,,sup]num]>y ,,digits ,,aft] ,,amputation--,,cases ,,( ,,sev]al ,,*ildr5 ,,simil>ly ,,affect$ ,,f ,,non-,,affect$ ,,p>5ts--,,weak ,,& ,,fluctuat+ ,,inh]itance3 ,,9 ,,weep+ ,,trees1 ,,9 ,,dw>fness1 ,,col\r ,,( ,,fruit ,,& ,,fl[]s--,,col\r ,,( ,,horses--,,non-,,inh]itance ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,cases--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,/ructure ,,& ,,habits ,,ov]borne ,,by ,,ho/ile ,,conditions ,,( ,,life1 ,,by ,,incessantly ,,recurr+ ,,v>iability1 ,,& ,,by ,,rev]sion--,,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,inh]itance cont9u$--,,rev]sion ,,( ,,atavism4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,rev]sion--,,9 ,,pure ,,or ,,uncross$ ,,bre$s1 ,,z ,,9 ,,pigeons1 ,,f[ls1 ,,hornless ,,cattle ,,& ,,%eep1 ,,9 ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,rev]sion ,,9 ,,f]al ,,animals ,,& ,,plants--,,rev]sion ,,9 ,,cross$ ,,v>ieties ,,& ,,species--,,rev]sion ,,?r\gh ,,bud-,,propagation1 ,,& ,,by ,,segm5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,fl[] ,,or ,,fruit--,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,animal--,,! ,,act ,,( ,,cross+ ,a ,,direct ,,cause ,,( ,,rev]sion1 ,,v>i\s ,,cases ,,(1 ,,) ,,in/9cts--,,o!r ,,proximate ,,causes ,,( ,,rev]sion--,,lat5t ,,*>act]s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,unequal ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,body--,,appe>ance ,,) ,,advanc+ ,,age ,,( ,,*>act]s ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,cross--,,! ,,g]m1 ,,) ,,all ,,its ,,lat5t ,,*>act]s1 ,a ,,wond]ful ,,object--,,mon/rosities--,,peloric ,,fl[]s ,,due ,,9 ,,"s ,,cases ,,to ,,rev]sion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,inh]itance cont9u$--,,fix$ness ,,( ,,"*--,,prepot5cy--,,sexual ,,limitation--,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,age4 ,,fix$ness ,,( ,,"* ,,app>5tly ,,n ,,due ,,to ,,antiquity ,,( ,,initance--,,prepot5cy ,,( ,,transmission ,,9 ,,individuals ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,family1 ,,9 ,,cross$ ,,bre$s ,,& ,,species2 ,,(t5 ,,/rong] ,,9 ,,"o ,,sex ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r2 ,,sometimes ,,due ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,"* ,,be+ ,,pres5t ,,& ,,visible ,,9 ,,"o ,,bre$ ,,& ,,lat5t ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r--,,inh]itance ,,z ,,limit$ ,,by ,,sex--,,newly-,,acquir$ ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,(t5 ,,transmitt$ ,,by ,,"o ,,sex ,,alone1 ,,sometimes ,,lo/ ,,by ,,"o ,,sex ,,alone--,,inh]itance ,,at ,,correspond+ ,,p]iods ,,( ,,life--,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,embryology2 ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals3 ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,inh]it$ ,,diseases2 ,,sometimes ,,sup]v5+ ,,e>li] ,,9 ,,! ,,*ild ,,?an ,,9 ,,! ,,p>5t--,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,prec$+ ,,*apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,on ,,cross+4 ,,free ,,int]cross+ ,,oblit]ates ,,! ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,alli$ ,,bre$s--,,:5 ,,! ,,numb]s ,,( ,,two ,,comm+l+ ,,bre$s ,,are ,,unequal1 ,,"o ,,absorbs ,,! ,,o!r--,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,absorption ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,prepot5cy ,,( ,,transmission1 ,,by ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life1 ,,& ,,by ,,natural ,,selection--,,all ,,organic ,,be+s ,,occasionally ,,int]cross2 ,,app>5t ,,exceptions--,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,*>act]s ,,incapable ,,( ,,fusion2 ,,*iefly ,,or ,,exclusively ,,^? ,,:i* ,,h ,,sudd5ly ,,appe>$ ,,9 ,,! ,,individual--,,on ,,! ,,modification ,,( ,,old ,,races1 ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,new ,,races ,,by ,,cross+--,,"s ,,cross$ ,,races ,,h ,,br$ ,,true ,,f ,,_! ,,fir/ ,,production--,,on ,,! ,,cross+ ,,( ,,di/9ct ,,species ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,races4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,causes ,,:i* ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,! ,,free ,,cross+ ,,( ,,v>ieties--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,dome/ication ,,on ,,f]tility4 ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,f]tility ,,( ,,v>ieties ,,:5 ,,cross$4 ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,:i* ,,keep ,,v>ieties ,,di/9ct1 ,,z ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,sexual ,,pref]5ce--,,v>ieties ,,( ,,:eat ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,/]ile ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,v>ieties ,,( ,,maize1 ,,v]bascum1 ,,hollyhock1 ,,g\rds1 ,,melons1 ,,& ,,tobacco1 ,,r5d]$ ,,9 ,,"s ,,degree ,,mutually ,,/]ile--,,dome/ication ,,elim9ates ,,! ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,/]ility ,,natural ,,to ,,species ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,on ,,! ,,increas$ ,,f]tility ,,( ,,uncross$ ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,f ,,dome/ication ,,& ,,cultivation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,on ,,! ,,good ,,effects ,,( ,,cross+1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,close ,,int]bre$+4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,augm5tation ,,( ,,morbid ,,t5d5cies--,,g5]al ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,effects ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,cross+1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,f ,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,cattle1 ,,closely ,,int]br$2 ,,half-,,wild ,,cattle ,,long ,,kept ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,p>ks--,,%eep--,,fall[-,,de]--,,dogs1 ,,rabbits1 ,,pigs--,,man1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,8 ,,abhorr5ce ,,( ,,ince/u\s ,,m>riages--,,f[ls--,,pigeons--,,hive-,, bees--,,plants1 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,on ,,! ,,b5efits ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,cross+--,,melons1 ,,fruit-,,trees1 ,,peas1 ,,cabbages1 ,,:eat1 ,,& ,,=e/-,,trees--,,on ,,! ,,increas$ ,,size ,,( ,,hybrid ,,plants1 ,,n ,,exclusively ,,due ,,to ,,_! ,,/]ility--,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,plants ,,:i* ,,ei!r ,,normally ,,or ,,abnormally ,,are ,,self-,,impot5t1 ,,b ,,are ,,f]tile1 ,,bo? ,,on ,,! ,,male ,,& ,,female ,,side1 ,,:5 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,di/9ct ,,individuals ,,ei!r ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,or ,,ano!r ,,species--,,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,,on ,,! ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life3 ,,/]ility ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,causes4 ,,on ,,! ,,good ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,slight ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,/]ility ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions1 ,,9 ,,animals1 ,,9 ,,_! ,,native ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,9 ,,m5ag]ies--,,mammals1 ,,birds1 ,,& ,,insects--,,loss ,,( ,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,( ,,in/9cts--,,causes ,,( ,,/]ility--,,/]ility ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,sexual ,,incompatibility ,,( ,,individual ,,animals--,,/]ility ,,( ,,plants ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,contabesc5ce ,,( ,,! ,,an!rs--,,mon/rosities ,,z ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,/]ility--,,d\ble ,,fl[]s--,,se$less ,,fruit--,,/]ility ,,f ,,! ,,excessive ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,vegetation--,,f ,,long-,,cont9u$ ,,propagation ,,by ,,buds--,,incipi5t ,,/]ility ,,! ,,prim>y ,,cause ,,( ,,d\ble ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,se$less ,,fruit4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,la/ ,,*apt]s1 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,hybridism4 ,,on ,,! ,,good ,,d]iv$ ,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cross+--,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,dome/ication ,,on ,,f]tility--,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,good ,,& ,,evil ,,results ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,v>ieties ,,:5 ,,cross$ ,,n ,,inv>iably ,,f]tile--,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,f]tility ,,betwe5 ,,cross$ ,,species ,,& ,,v>ieties--,,conclusions ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,hybridism--,,light ,,?r[n ,,on ,,hybridism ,,by ,,! ,,illegitimate ,,prog5y ,,( ,,het]o/yl$ ,,plants--,,/]ility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,species ,,due ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,conf9$ ,,to ,,! ,,reproductive ,,sy/em--,,n ,,accumulat$ ,,?r\gh ,,natural ,,selection--,,reasons ,,:y ,,dome/ic ,,v>ieties ,,are ,,n ,,mutually ,,/]ile--,,too ,,mu* ,,/ress ,,has ,,be5 ,,laid ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,f]tility ,,betwe5 ,,cross$ ,,species ,,& ,,cross$ ,,v>ieties--,,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,,selection ,,by ,,man4 ,,selection ,a ,,difficult ,,art--,,me?odical1 ,,unconsci\s1 ,,& ,,natural ,,selection--,,results ,,( ,,me?odical ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,9 ,,selection--,,selection ,,) ,,plants--,,selection ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,& ,,by ,,semi-,,civilis$ ,,p--,,unimportant ,,*>act]s ,,(t5 ,,att5d$ ,,to--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,z ,,circum/ances ,,sl[ly ,,*ange1 ,,s ,,h ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,*ang$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,bre$]s ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,sub-,,v>iety--,,plants ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,effects ,,( ,,selection ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,great ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,mo/ ,,valu$ ,,by ,,man4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,,selection1 cont9u$ ,,natural ,,selection ,,z ,,affect+ ,,dome/ic ,,productions--,,*>act]s ,,:i* ,,appe> ,,( ,,trifl+ ,,value ,,(t5 ,,( ,,real ,,importance--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,selection ,,by ,,man--,,facility ,,9 ,,prev5t+ ,,crosses1 ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,conditions--,,close ,,att5tion ,,& ,,p]sev]ance ,,indisp5sable--,,! ,,production ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,individuals ,,especially ,,fav\rable--,,:5 ,,no ,,selection ,,is ,,appli$1 ,,di/9ct ,,races ,,are ,,n ,,=m$--,,highly-,,br$ ,,animals ,,liable ,,to ,,deg5]ation--,,t5d5cy ,,9 ,,man ,,to ,,c>ry ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,ea* ,,"* ,,to ,,an ,,extreme ,,po9t1 ,,lead+ ,,to ,,div]g5ce ,,( ,,"*1 ,,r>ely ,,to ,,conv]g5ce--,,*>act]s ,,cont9u+ ,,to ,,v>y ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,direction ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,h ,,already ,,v>i$--,,div]g5ce ,,( ,,"*1 ,,) ,,! ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,v>ieties1 ,,leads ,,to ,,di/9ctness ,,9 ,,our ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,limit ,,to ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,selection--,,lapse ,,( ,,"t ,,important--,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,dome/ic ,,races ,,h ,,orig9at$--,,summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4--,,causes ,,( ,,v>iability4 ,,v>iability ,,does ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,accompany ,,reproduction--,,causes ,,assign$ ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,au?ors--,,individual ,,diff]5ces--,,v>iability ,,( ,,e ,,k9d ,,due ,,to ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,su* ,,*anges--,,climate1 ,,food1 ,,excess ,,( ,,nutrim5t--,,slight ,,*anges ,,suffici5t--,,effects ,,( ,,graft+ ,,on ,,! ,,v>iability ,,( ,,se$l+-,,trees--,,dome/ic ,,productions ,,become ,,habituat$ ,,to ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,on ,,! ,,accumulative ,,action ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,close ,,int]bre$+ ,,& ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,cause ,,v>iability--,,cross+ ,,z ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,new ,,*>act]s--,,v>iability ,,f ,,! ,,comm+l+ ,,( ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,f ,,rev]sion--,,on ,,! ,,mann] ,,& ,,p]iod ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,:i* ,,ei!r ,,directly1 ,,or ,,indirectly ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,reproductive ,,sy/em1 ,,induce ,,v>iability4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,,direct ,,& ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,conditions ,,( ,,life4 ,,slight ,,modifications ,,9 ,,plants ,,f ,,! ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions1 ,,9 ,,size1 ,,col\r1 ,,*emical ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,tissues--,,local ,,diseases--,,conspicu\s ,,modifications ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,climate ,,or ,,food1 ,,etc--,,plumage ,,( ,,birds ,,affect$ ,,by ,,peculi> ,,nutrim5t1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,inoculation ,,( ,,poison--,,l&-,,%ells--,,modifications ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,conditions--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,am]ican ,,& ,,european ,,trees--,,galls--,,effects ,,( ,,p>asitic ,,fungi--,,consid]ations ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,! ,,pot5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,ext]nal ,,conditions--,,p>allel ,,s]ies ,,( ,,v>ieties--,,am\nt ,,( ,,v>iation ,,does ,,n ,,correspond ,,) ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,conditions--,,bud-,,v>iation--,,mon/ro sities ,,produc$ ,,by ,,unnatural ,,treatm5t--,,summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation--,,use ,,& ,,disuse1 ,,etc4 ,,nisus ,,=mativus1 ,,or ,,! ,,co-,,ord9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,organisation--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,increas$ ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,( ,,organs--,,*ang$ ,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,acclimatisation ,,) ,,animals ,,& ,,plants--,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,by ,,:i* ,,?is ,,c ,,be ,,effect$--,,arre/s ,,( ,,developm5t--,,rudim5t>y ,,organs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4--,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation1 cont9u$4--,,correlat$ ,,v>iability4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]m ,,correlation--,,connect$ ,,) ,,developm5t--,,modifications ,,correlat$ ,,) ,,! ,,increas$ ,,or ,,decreas$ ,,size ,,( ,,p>ts--,,correlat$ ,,v>iation ,,( ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,fea!r$ ,,feet ,,9 ,,birds ,,assum+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,w+s--,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,! ,,extremities--,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sk9 ,,& ,,d]mal ,,app5dages--,,betwe5 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,sight ,,& ,,he>+--,,correlat$ ,,modifications ,,9 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,plants--,,correlat$ ,,mon/rosities--,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,e>s--,,skull ,,& ,,cre/ ,,( ,,fea!rs--,,skull ,,& ,,horns--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[? ,,complicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,accumulat$ ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection--,,col\r ,,z ,,correlat$ ,,) ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation1 cont9u$4--,,summ>y4 ,,! ,,fusion ,,( ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,! ,,v>iability ,,( ,,multiple ,,& ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,comp5sation ,,( ,,gr[?--,,me*anical ,,pressure--,,relative ,,position ,,( ,,fl[]s ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,! ,,axis1 ,,& ,,( ,,se$s ,,9 ,,! ,,ov>y1 ,,z ,,induc+ ,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,or ,,p>allel ,,v>ieties--,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,la/ ,,*apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4--,,provisional ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,pang5esis4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks--,,fir/ ,,"p3 ,,! ,,facts ,,to ,,be ,,connect$ ,,"u ,a ,,s+le ,,po9t ,,( ,,view1 ,,namely1 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,reproduction--,,re-,,gr[? ,,( ,,amputat$ ,,p>ts--,,graft-,,hybrids--,,! ,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,male ,,elem5t ,,on ,,! ,,female--,,developm5t--,,! ,,functional ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,units ,,( ,,! ,,body--,,v>iability--,,inh]itance--,,re v]sion--,,second ,,"p3 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis--,,h[ ,,f> ,,! ,,necess>y ,,assumptions ,,are ,,improbable--,,explanation ,,by ,,aid ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,classes ,,( ,,facts ,,specifi$ ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p--,,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4--,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,,dome/ication--,,nature ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,v>iability--,,selection--,,div]g5ce ,,& ,,di/9ctness ,,( ,,"*--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,races--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,selection ,,by ,,man--,,antiquity ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,races--,,! ,,"q ,,:e!r ,,ea* ,,p>ticul> ,,v>iation ,,has ,,be5 ,,specially ,,preorda9$4 ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,figure #a4 ,dun ,devon%ire pony1 ) %\ld]1 sp9al1 & leg /ripes4 ,figure #b4 ,head ( ,japan or mask$ pig4 ,figure #c4 ,head ( wild bo>1 & ( 8gold5 days10 a pig ( ! ,york%ire l>ge bre$4 ,figure #d4 ,old ,iri% pig ) jaw-app5dages4 ,figure #e4 ,half-lop rabbit4 ,figure #f4 ,skull ( wild rabbit4 ,figure #g4 ,skull ( l>ge lop-e>$ rabbit4 ,figure #h4 ,"p ( zygomatic ar*1 %[+ ! project+ end ( ! mal> bone ( ! auditory meatus1 ( rabbits4 ,figure #i4 ,po/]ior end ( skull1 %[+ ! int]-p>ietal bone1 ( rabbits4 ,figure #aj4 ,occipital =am5 ( rabbits4 ,figure #aa4 ,skull ( half-lop rabbit4 ,figure #ab4 ,atlas v]tebrae ( rabbits4 ,figure #ac4 ,?ird c]vical v]tebrae ( rabbits4 ,figure #ad4 ,dorsal v]tebrae1 f six? to t5? inclusive1 ( rabbits4 ,figure #ae4 ,t]m9al bone ( /]num ( rabbits4 ,figure #af4 ,acromion ( scapula ( rabbits4 ,figure #ag4 ,! rock-pigeon1 or columba livia4 ,figure #ah4 ,engli% p\t]4 ,figure #ai4 ,engli% c>ri]4 ,figure #bj4 ,engli% b>b4 ,figure #ba4 ,engli% fantail4 ,figure #bb4 ,african owl4 ,figure #bc4 ,%ort-fac$ ,engli% tumbl]4 ,figure #bd4 ,skulls ( pigeons1 view$ lat]ally4 ,figure #be4 ,l[] jaws ( pigeons1 se5 f above4 ,figure #bf4 ,skull ( runt1 se5 f above4 ,figure #bg4 ,lat]al view ( jaws ( pigeons4 ,figure #bh4 ,scapul ( pigeons4 ,figure #bi4 ,furcula ( pigeons4 ,figure #cj4 ,spani% f[l4 ,figure #ca4 ,hamburgh f[l4 ,figure #cb4 ,poli% f[l4 ,figure #cc4 ,occipital =am5 ( ! skulls ( f[ls4 ,figure #cd4 ,skulls ( f[ls1 view$ f above1 a little obliquely4 ,figure #ce4 ,longitud9al sections ( skulls ( f[ls1 view$ lat]ally4 ,figure #cf4 ,skull ( horn$ f[l1 view$ f above1 a little obliquely4 ,figure #cg4 ,six? c]vical v]tebr ( f[ls1 view$ lat]ally4 ,figure #ch4 ,extremity ( ! furcula ( f[ls1 view$ lat]ally4 ,figure #ci4 ,skulls ( ducks1 view$ lat]ally1 r$uc$ to two-?irds ( ! natural size4 ,figure #dj4 ,c]vical v]tebr ( ducks1 ( natural size4 ,figure #da4 ,pods ( ! common pea4 ,figure #db4 ,pea* & almond /ones1 ( natural size1 view$ edgeways4 ,figure #dc4 ,plum /ones1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,,=eword ,h>riet ,ritvo ,*>les ,d>w9 wrote ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 a hurry4 ,he _h1 x 0 true1 be5 =mulat+ 8 ideas & argum5ts = sev]al decades--s9ce 8 r\nd-!-_w ,beagle voyage ( #ahca-ahcf4 ,^! ideas & argum5ts _h be5 sl[ to take def9itive %ape2 ,d>w9 _h nurtur$ & rework$ !m1 amass+ evid5ce = :at he project$ to be a weighty magnum opus4 ,al?\gh he _h %>$ 8 develop+ evolution>y speculations ) 8 close/ pr(essional colleagues1 ,d>w9 0 reluctant to publi% !m on sev]al gr\nds4 ,he 0 aw>e t 8 !ory ( evolution by natural selection 7or desc5t ) modification7 0 complex1 t x re/$ on va/ b n incontrov]tible evid5ce1 & t ! *a9 ( 8 reason+ 0 n uni=mly /rong4 ,fur!r1 8 conclusions *all5g$ n only ! sci5tific assumptions ( _m fell[ speciali/s b also ! !ological convictions ( a mu* wid] circle ( fell[ citiz5s4 ,9 #ahei1 ,d>w9 did n feel q ready to expose 8 *]i%$ !ory to ! h>% light ( public scrut9y4 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,orig9 he confess$ t al?\gh 8 "w on evolution by natural selection 0 8ne>ly f9i%$10 he w\ld ne$ 8two or ?ree m ye>s to complete x40 ,! ,orig9 01 he sugge/$1 m]ely a /opgap1 a s*ematic 8ab/ract0 ( a mu* long] & m fully support$ treatise yet to come4 ,he _h be5 mov$ to preview 8 labors 9 ?is way1 he expla9$1 because 8 heal? 0 8f> f /rong0 &1 p]haps m importantly1 because ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 a y\ng] naturali/ work+ 9 isolation 9 s\!a/ ,asia1 _h s5t a pap] to ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london 9 :i* he 8arriv$ at almo/ exactly ! same g5]al conclusions t ,i h on ! orig9 ( species40 ,if ,d>w9 _h n gone public ) 8 !ory at ?is po9t1 he w\ld h risk$ los+ cr$it = ! "w ( _m ye>s4 ,z its reception %[$ imm$iately & has cont9u$ to %[1 ! ,orig9 b5efit$ f ! succ9ctness impos$ by circum/ances4 ,d>w9 himself may h appreciat$ ?is po9t2 at any rate1 he nev] produc$ ! massive treatise1 al?\gh he repeat$ly issu$ revis$ editions ( ! ,orig94 ,b he did n ab&on 8 int5tion to buttress 8 initial s*ematic pres5tation ) additional evid5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next two decades he publi%$ sev]al full-l5g? elaborations ( topics summ>ily discuss$ 9 ! ,orig93 ,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication2 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex2 & ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,9 addition to fle%+ out ! ,orig91 ^! subsequ5t /udies bol/]$ its argum5ts & respond$ to que/ions rais$ by critical read]s1 especially pragmatic que/ions ab\t ! way t desc5t ) modification actually op]at$4 ,9 ,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 :i* appe>$ fir/ 9 #ahfh & 9 a revis$ edition 9 #ahge1 ,d>w9 develop$ a !me to :i* he _h accord$ great rhetorical & evid5ti>y significance4 ,he _h begun ! ,orig9 ) a description ( artificial selection z practic$ by f>m]s1 /ock bre$]s1 & pet fanci]s1 ?us us+ a reassur+ly homely example--"o recognizable by ! g5]al public z well z by memb]s ( ! sci5tific community--to introduce ! mo/ innovative compon5t ( 8 evolution>y !ory4 ,9 addition1 dome/icat$ animals & plants1 because !y 7 num]\s & available = con/ant obs]vation1 provid$ a readily available body ( evid5ce4 ,reassur+ z x 01 ! analogy betwe5 natural & artificial selection 0 f> f p]fect4 ,! po9t ( ,d>w9's analogy 0 to make ! idea ( natural selection seem plausible by *>act]iz+ x z a gr&] v]sion ( a well-kn[n process :ile emphasiz+ its effici5cy & %ap+ p[]4 ,he not$1 = example1 t "s ( ! prize birds br$ by ,london pigeon fanci]s div]g$ s /rik+ly 9 size1 plumage1 beak %ape1 fly+ te*nique1 vocalizations4 bone /ructure1 & _m o!r attributes1 t if !y _h be5 pres5t$ to an orni?ologi/ z wild specim5s1 !y w\ld unque/ionably h be5 consid]$ to repres5t di/9ct species1 p]haps ev5 di/9ct g5]a4 ,d>w9 argu$ t if ! relatively brief & con/ra9$ selective ef=ts ( human bre$]s _h produc$ su* impressive results1 x 0 likely t ! m protract$ & ?or\gh-go+ ef=ts ( nature w\ld "w /ill m efficaci\sly4 ,b z ,d>w9 ackn[l$g$1 !re 7 "s fairly obvi\s reasons :y ! two processes might div]ge4 ,! sup]ior p[] ( natural selection--8,man c act only on ext]nal & visible *>act]s3 nature 4 4 4 c act on 4 4 4 ! :ole ma*9]y ( life4 ,man selects only = 8 own good2 ,nature only = t ( ! be+ :i* %e t5ds0 7,orig91 *ap4 #e7--might con/itute a diff]5ce ( k9d r ?an ( degree1 z might ! mu* great] /ret*es ( "t available = natural selection4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh ! me*anism ( ! two processes appe>$ sup]ficially simil>1 _! outcomes t5d$ to be r diff]5t4 ,natural selection produc$ a con/antly increas+ & div]sify+ v>iety ( =ms2 x nev] rev]s$ or exactly repeat$ itself4 ,anyone famili> ) artificial selection w\ld h realiz$ t1 al?\gh new bre$s 7 con/antly be+ develop$ & al?\gh nei!r improv$ :eat nor improv$ cattle %[$ any t5d5cy to rev]t to ! condition ( _! aborig9al wild ance/ors1 ! /ra9s produc$ by human selection 7 nei!r z prolific nor z durable z ^? produc$ by nature4 ,inde$1 ! animals & plants celebrat$ z ! noble/ a*ievem5ts ( ! bre$]'s art 7 especially liable to delicacy & inf]tility4 ,highly br$ /ra9s1 long isolat$ f o!rs ( _! species to pres]ve _! g5ealogical purity1 f> f s]v+ z a spr+bo>d = fur!r v>iation1 (t5 _h to be revivifi$ ) infusions ( less-r>efi$ blood4 ,yet any relaxation ( reproductive b\nd>ies ?reat5$ subsid5ce into ! common run ( conspecifics4 ,d>w9 firmly connect$ ,v>iation to ! ,orig9 by devot+ its introduction to an ov]view ( 8 !ory ( evolution by natural selection4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! two volumes ( ,v>iation1 cumb]somely organiz$ & pack$ ) zoological & botanical detail1 address$ "s ( ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! attractive b p>adoxical analogy betwe5 natural selection & artificial selection4 ,= selection ( any sort to op]ate1 div]sity already _h to exi/4 ,) wild populations liv+ "u natural conditions1 h[ev]1 div]sity 0 difficult to disc]n4 ,x 0 widely believ$ t a height5$ prop5sity to v>y 7at lea/ 9 ways obvi\s to human obs]v]s7 0 "o ( ! few g5]al *>act]i/ics t diff]5tiat$ dome/ic animals z a gr\p f _! wild relatives4 ,?is po9t 0 conv5tionally illu/rat$ ) ref]5ce to coat color & design4 ,am]ican bison1 = example1 71 on ! :ole1 br[n1 & all ,bur*ell's zebras %>$ simil> black & :ite /ripes4 ,a s+le h]d ( ei!r ,bos tauras or ,equus caballus 7dome/ic cattle or horses71 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld display colors rang+ f :ite ?r\gh yell[1 r$1 & br[n to black1 z well z a v>iety ( spott$ & blot*$ patt]ns4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate t su* populations spontane\sly produc$ suffici5t v>iation to support artificial selection1 ,d>w9 devot$ mo/ ( ! fir/ volume ( ,v>iation to a species-by-species survey ( dome/icat$ plants & animals4 ,he began ) ! dog1 ! bre$s ( :i* diff]$ s greatly 9 size1 %ape1 disposition1 tal5ts1 & e o!r *>act]i/ic t ,d>w9 attribut$ its exempl>y pla/icity to its d]ivation f sev]al diff]5t species ( wild can9es4 ,dome/ic cats1 on ! o!r h&1 diff]$ relatively little f "o ano!r1 at lea/1 _! v>iation t5d$ to be individual1 r ?an consolidat$ into bre$s4 ,d>w9 attribut$ ?is to ! m9imal influ5ce ex]t$ by cat own]s ov] ! mat+ behavior ( _! animals1 s t1 alone among fully dome/icat$ animals1 cats c\ld n be said to h und]gone a g5u9e process ( artificial selection4 ,f>my>d ungulates1 h[ev]1 _h all prov$ m susceptible to human manipulation1 :e!r ?r\gh ! gradual enhancem5t ( inh]5t t5d5cies1 su* z ! relatively e>ly maturation t di/+ui%$ %or?orn cattle1 or ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( spontane\sly aris+ mon/rosities1 su* z ! %ort1 broad =eheads & protrud+ l[] jaws ( ! niata cattle ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! bulldogs ( ! bov9e _w4 ,among animals1 fancy pigeons1 ) _! %ort g5]ations1 devot$ bre$]s1 & lack ( any pragmatic con/ra9ts on _! extravagant de=mations1 provid$ ,d>w9 ) 8 mo/ abundant mat]ial4 ,he allott$ less space to 8 survey ( dome/icat$ plants1 al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( trees1 !y t5d$ to he mu* %ort] liv$ & m v>iable ev5 ?an pigeons4 ,= example1 z ,d>w9 po9t$ out1 a s+le long-cultivat$ species--,brassica ol]acea1 ! ord9>y cabbage--_h giv5 rise to /ra9s z di/9ctive z ,brussels spr\ts1 caulifl[]1 broccoli1 & kohl-rabi4 ,d>w9 cramm$ 9 s mu* in=mation ( ?is sort t1 9 ord] to conf9e ,v>iation to two volumes ( manageable size1 less crucial evid5ce 0 relegat$ to a small] typeface4 ,& s comp5di\s 0 8 survey ( dome/icates t he felt con/ra9$ to d5y t x 0 int5d$ to he an exhau/ive catalog4 ,aft] all1 _m su* catalogs1 devot$ m]ely to ! accumulation ( species- or bre$-specific data1 exi/$ already2 ,d>w9 cit$ !m g5]\sly 9 8 footnotes4 ,! mat]ial includ$ 9 ,v>iation _h be5 *os5 to fulfill a m focus$ argum5tative purpose4 ,d>w9's !ory ( desc5t ) modification requir$ some?+ fur!r ?an ! simple demon/ration t abundant v>iation exi/$ among dome/icat$ animals & plants4 ,! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( naturali/s & bre$]s (f]$ no cle> explanation ( ! causes ( v>iation2 inde$1 no cons5sus exi/$ on ?is issue4 ,v>iation "u dome/ication 0 frequ5tly attribut$ to accid5tal ext]nal influ5ces1 especially climate & food4 ,b environm5tally induc$ v>iation 0 n ( mu* use to ,d>w94 ,in/ead1 he s\ght evid5ce n only t ! t5d5cy to v>y 0 inh]5t 9 dome/icat$ animals & plants b also t specific v>iations 7 inh]it$4 ,z a result1 ,d>w9's weal? ( detail 9 ,v>iation disproportionately featur$ /rong--z well z puzzl+1 problematic1 or ev5 que/ionable--v]sions ( inh]itance1 9 addition to ! unsurpris+1 if /ill n completely und]/ood1 likelihood t *ildr5 w\ld resemble _! p>5ts4 ,= example1 he devot$ an entire *apt] to :at he t]m$ 8atavism0 or 8rev]sion0--t is1 ! t5d5cy = (fspr+ to manife/ traits app>5tly d]iv$ f _! gr&p>5ts1 collat]al relations1 or ev5 remote ance/ors1 r ?an f _! mo!rs or _! fa!rs4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is t5d5cy 9 ! l9eages ( individuals1 he argu$1 incontrov]tibly demon/rat$ ! fact ( h]itability2 & 9 an ext5d$ or exagg]at$ v]sion x also demon/rat$ evolution>y relations betwe5 species4 ,?us1 _m bre$s ( dome/icat$ *ick5s reveal$ _! ultimate ance/ry by produc+ occasional sports ) ! r$ & orange plumage ( ! orig9al ,callus bankiva1 or jungle f[l4 ,l _m o!r naturali/s ( 8 "t1 ,d>w9 0 receptive to ! idea ( telegony1 also kn[n z 8! influ5ce ( ! previ\s sire40 ,he retail$ ! fam\s /ory ( ,"l ,morton's m>e1 a *e/nut ( sev5-eigh?s ,arabian blood1 ^: fir/ foal _h be5 sir$ by a quagga 7a n[-ext9ct relative ( ! zebra7 h] own] 0 attempt+ to dome/icate4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t ! "y hybrid fa9tly e*o$ 8 fa!r's /ripes1 b ! fact t h] next two foals1 bo? sir$ by a black ,arabian horse1 also seem$ to resemble ! quagga 9 ?is reg>d1 0 m rem>kable4 ,d>w9 po9t$ out t atavism (f]$ "o possible explanation ( ?is ph5om5on--infant horses & donkeys (t5 %[$ evanesc5t /rip+1 :i* might indicate ! patt]n ( _! anci5t %>$ prog5itor--b he 0 also drawn to ! notion t ! fir/ male to impregnate a female left "s p]man5t1 h]itable trace ( himself beh9d4 ,he (f]$ analog\s examples f ! vegetable k+dom1 :]e ! poll5 ( relat$ v>ieties ( apples1 corn1 or or*ids1 c\ld n only produce hybrid (fspr+ b occasionally also physically alt] ! reproductive tract ( ! female4 ,plants also1 & m regul>ly1 demon/rat$ a k9d ( v>iability t c\ld arise indep5d5tly ( sexual reproduction1 su* z 8bud v>iation10 :]eby :at ,d>w9 call$ a 8mon/rosity0 might appe> on a s+le bran* or fl[] & !n be transmitt$1 sexually or asexually1 to future g5]ations4 ,z he docum5t$ ! pr(usion ( v>iation among dome/icat$ animals & plants1 & ! t5d5cy ( organisms to transmit ^! v>iations d[n ! g5]ations1 ,d>w9 did m ?an demon/rate t !re 0 ample gri/ = ! mill ( natural selection4 ,he also address$ ! mo/ s]i\s weakness 9 ! argum5t ( ! ,orig94 ,despite ! incomplet5ess ( ! fossil record1 pl5ty ( evid5ce sugge/$ t evolution _h tak5 place2 inde$ ! idea ( evolution _h be5 curr5t 9 "o =m or ano!r = a c5tury be=e #ahei4 ,d>w9's explanation ( ! way t natural selection %\ld op]ate 0 also widely p]suasive4 ,! competitive metaphors ) :i* he *>act]iz$ x1 especially ! 8/ruggle = life0 prom95tly featur$ 9 ! ,orig9's subtitle1 fit well ) ,victorian und]/&+s ab\t h[ ?+s work$ 9 ! human ar5as ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & geopolitics4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a problem t tr\bl$ ^? incl9$ to sympa?ize ) ,d>w9's reason+ z well z ^? incl9$ to reject x4 ,! efficacy ( natural selection1 l t ( artificial selection1 dep5d$ on ! inh]itance ( p>ticul> traits4 ,b be=e ! mod]n und]/&+ ( g5etics became available1 no satisfactory me*anism _h be5 adduc$ to expla9 ?is ph5om5on4 ,no cons5sus yet exi/$ ab\t ! way t sexual reproduction work$1 s !re 0 also disagreem5t ab\t :i* *>act]i/ics 7 inh]it$ & :i* 7 ! result ( environm5t1 & :at c\ld he contribut$ by ! male z oppos$ to ! female p>5t1 let alone :y (fspr+ sometimes resembl$ a gr&p>5t or "s m di/ant relative r ?an _! p>5ts4 ,! special difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! sudd5 em]g5ce ( mon/rosities1 or ev5 less dramatically novel traits1 l$ ,d>w91 9 lat] editions ( ! ,orig9 z well z 9 ,v>iation1 to become increas+ly receptive to ! notion t *>act]i/ics acquir$ by "o g5]ation might he inh]it$ by ! next4 ,9 ! p5ultimate *apt] ( ,v>iation1 ,d>w9 attempt$ to /r5g!n ! weak l9k 9 8 *a9 ( argum5t by propos+ a me*anism = inh]itance4 ,he call$ 8 !ory 8pang5esis10 & he claim$ t x expla9$ n only ord9>y inh]itance--! influ5ce ( p>5ts on _! *ildr5--b also rev]sion1 telegony1 ! reg5]ation ( amputat$ limbs 9 "s k9ds ( animals1 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 & ! relation%ip betwe5 sexual & asexual modes ( reproduction & inh]itance4 ,! op]ation ( pang5esis dep5d$ on ! posit$ exi/5ce ( unobs]vable units t ,d>w9 call$ 8gemmules10 t9y granules t 7 ?r[n (f by individual cells & !n circulat$ ?r\gh ! body4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 an aff9ity = ea* o!r1 :i* l$ to _! aggregation 9 ! reproductive organs or 9 p>!nog5etic buds4 ,!y c\ld rema9 lat5t = ye>s1 until an organism rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 or = g5]ations1 until !y enc\nt]$ o!r gemmules to :i* !y bore "s special relation%ip4 ,9 ?is way a long-dormant greatgr&p>5tal gemmule might sudd5ly manife/ itself 9 a *ild4 ,s9ce gemmules c\ld he alt]$ by environm5tal influ5ces1 !y c\ld conv]t acquir$ *>act]i/ics into ! /uff ( h]$ity4 ,& s9ce !y 7 vuln]able to error1 !y c\ld occasionally make mi/akes1 caus+ organs1 su* z limbs or tails or ev5 heads1 to develop 9 inappropriate numb]s or 9 ! wrong places4 ,x has d\btless be5 =tunate = ,d>w9's reputation t 8 !ory ( pang5esis is n z well rememb]$ z 8 !ory ( evolution by natural selection4 ,z vague 9 detail z x 0 ambiti\s & compreh5sive 9 scope1 x 0 unp]suasive at ! "t & has s9ce be5 prov5 completely wrong4 ,b l ,v>iation z a :ole1 :i* simil>ly illu/rat$ ! limitations ( its au?or z well z 8 /r5g?s1 pang5esis does n !re=e lack int]e/ or significance4 ,despite rec5t excell5t & well-appreciat$ /udies ( 8 entire life & ext5d$ oeuvre 7,janet ,br[ne1 ,*>les ,d>w93 ,voyag+ ,new ,york3 ,knopf1 #aiie & ,adrian ,desmond & ,james ,moore1 ,d>w9 ,london3 ,mi*ael ,joseph1 #aiia1 ,d>w9 is kn[n prim>ily z ! au?or ( ! ,orig91 :i* is unrepres5tative 9 its economy ( /ructure1 argum5t1 & evid5ce1 z well z on acc\nt ( its hi/orical notoriety4 ,its en=c$ /reaml9+ has help$ to pres]ve ! ,orig9's accessibility1 b its relative paucity ( examples 0 p>ticul>ly un*>act]i/ic ( ,d>w94 ,v>iation1 ) its accumulation ( evid5ce ab\t ev]y?+ f ! webb+ betwe5 dogs' toes to ! weight ( gooseb]ries1 0 mu* m typical2 9 addition1 x plac$ ,d>w9 firmly--inde$1 irretrievably--)9 8 "t1 r ?an 9 an a*ronological limbo res]v$ = intellectual h]oes4 ,z a graduate /ud5t f ! ,p's ,republic ( ,*9a told me sev]al ye>s ago1 aft] hav+ p>ticipat$ 9 a sem9> t read exc]pts f ,v>iation & ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 if ! lead]s ( 8 gov]nm5t knew t ,d>w9 _h writt5 su* books1 he w\ld n be (ficially admir$4 ,9 sci5ce z 9 politics ! victors t5d to write ! hi/ory books4 ,z a result1 ! record ( ! pa/ is edit$1 int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 s t x focuses ma9ly on ! precursors ( contempor>y or?odoxy4 ,su* a focus may accurately repres5t ! g5ealogy ( modem ideas1 b x almo/ inevitably misrepres5ts ! hi/orical exp]i5ce ( _! prog5itors4 ,view$ )\t ! b5efit ( h9dsight1 ! m>ketplace ( ,victorian ideas seem$ mu* m competitive ?an x does to u4 ,ev5 ! p[]ful1 p]suasive1 & ultimately triumphant !ory ( evolution by natural selection requir$ n only def5se1 b repeat$ buttress+ & revision4 ,v>iation %[$ ,d>w9 h>d at "w on ?is re>gu>d action1 us+ ! mat]ials he _h at h&--= ! mo/ "p1 homely details ab\t ! dome/icat$ animals & plants ) :i* 8 audi5ce 0 mo/ famili>4 ,8 in=mation 0 glean$ f ! obs]vations ( fanci]s1 bre$]s1 & amateur naturali/s1 z well z f ! treatises ( ^? on ! cutt+ edge ( zoology & botany4 ,z h9dsight n>r[s ! hi/orical spotlight1 x imposes its own s5se ( hi]>*y on ! preoccupations ( ! pa/4 ,b ,d>w9 0 int]e/$ 9 all ( ^! topics1 valu$ all ( ^! s\rces1 & belong$1 to a great] or less] ext5t1 to all ( ^! communities4 ,! au?or ( ,v>iation 0 a ,victorian c\ntry g5tleman1 a lov] ( dogs & horses1 a bre$] ( pigeons & peas4 ,he 0 also1 & equally1 ! au?or ( ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,dur+ ! sev5 ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! publication 9 #ahfh ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is ,"w1 ,i h cont9u$ to att5d to ! same subjects1 z f> z lay 9 my p[]2 & ,i h ?us accumulat$ a l>ge body ( additional facts1 *iefly ?r\gh ! k9dness ( _m correspond5ts4 ,( ^! facts ,i h be5 able "h to use only ^? :i* seem$ to me ! m important4 ,i h omitt$ "s /atem5ts1 & correct$ "s errors1 ! discov]y ( :i* ,i owe to my review]s4 ,_m additional ref]5ces h be5 giv54 ,! elev5? *apt]1 & t on ,pang5esis1 are ^? :i* h be5 mo/ alt]$1 p>ts hav+ be5 remodell$2 b ,i w give a li/ ( ! m important alt]ations = ! sake ( ^? :o may possess ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,,table ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,additions ,,& ,,corrections ,,9 ,,second ,,edition ,fir/ ,edition ,vol4 ,i ,second ,edition ,vol4 ,i ,fir/ ,edition ,vol4 ,i ,second ,edition ,vol4 ,i ,page ,*apt] #cd ,i ,dr4 ,burt ,wild]'s obs]vations on ! bra9s ( diff]5t bre$s ( ! ,dog4 #ch ,i ,deg5]acy ( ,dogs import$ into ,gu9ea4 #ea ,,ii ,diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( lumb> v]tebr 9 ! races or species ( ! ,horse4 #ajb ,,iii ,hairy app5dages to ! ?roats ( ,goats4 #afb ,v ,sexual diff]5ces 9 col\r 9 ! dome/ic ,pigeon4 #bag ,,vi ,movem5ts l ^? ( ! ,tumbl]-pigeon1 caus$ by injury to ! bra94 #bij ,,viii ,additional facts ) respect to ! ,black-%\ld]$ ,peacock4 #bif ,,viii ,anci5t selection ( ,gold-fi% 9 ,*9a4 #cad ,,ix ,major ,hallett's #8,p$igree ,:eat4' #cbf ,,ix ,! common radi% desc5d$ f ,raphanus raphani/rum4 #cgd ,,xi ,sev]al additional cases ( bud-v>iation giv54 #cif ,,xi ,an ab/ract ( all ! cases rec5tly publi%$ ( graft-hybrids 9 ! potato1 toge!r ) a g5]al summ>y on graft-hybridisation4 #cii ,,xi ,an errone\s /atem5t ) respect to ! poll5 ( ! date-palm affect+ ! fruit ( ! ,*amrops omitt$4 #djj ,,xi ,new cases ( ! direct action ( poll5 on ! "m-plant4 #djd ,,xi ,additional & rem>kable in/ances ( ! actions ( ! male p>5t on ! future prog5y ( ! female4 ,vol4,,ii #ad ,,xii ,an errone\s /atem5t correct$1 ) respect to ! regr[? ( sup]num]>y digits aft] amputation4 #bc ,,xii ,additional facts ) respect to ! inh]it$ effects ( circumcision4 #bc ,,xii ,dr4 ,br[n-,squ>d on ! inh]it$ effects ( op]ations on ! ,gu9ea-pig4 #bd ,,xii ,o!r cases ( inh]it$ mutilations4 ,vol4 ,,ii #dc ,,xiii ,an additional case ( rev]sion due to a cross4 #gb ,,xiv ,inh]itance z limit$ by sex4 #aje ,,xvi ,two v>ieties ( maize :i* _c be cross$4 #abj ,,xvii ,"s additional facts on ! advantages ( cross-bre$+ 9 animals4 #abc ,,xvii ,discussion on ! effects ( ! close int]bre$+ 9 ! case ( man4 #ace to #ada ,,xvii ,additional cases ( plants /]ile ) poll5 f ! same plant4 #adi ,,xviii ,mr4 ,sclat] on ! inf]tility ( animals "u conf9em5t4 #aeb ,,xviii ,! ,ap]ea a di/9ct species f ! ,gu9ea-pig4 #bcj ,,xxi ,pr(4 ,jg] on hawks kill+ light-col\r$ pigeons4 #bgc ,,xxiii ,pr(4 ,wisemann on ! effects ( isolation 9 ! developm5t ( species4 #bha ,,xxiii ,! direct action ( ! conditions ( life 9 caus+ v>iation4 #cag ,,xxiv ,mr4 ,romanes on rudim5t>y p>ts4 #cbd to #cbh ,,xxv ,"s additional cases ( correlat$ v>iability4 #cci ,,xxvi ,on ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire's law ( 8soi p\r soi40 #ceg to #djd ,,xxvii ,! *apt] on ,pang5esis has be5 l>gely alt]$ & re-modell$2 b ! ess5tial pr9ciples rema9 ! same4 ,,introduction ,! object ( ?is "w is n to describe all ! _m races ( animals :i* h be5 dome/icat$ by man1 & ( ! plants :i* h be5 cultivat$ by him2 ev5 if ,i possess$ ! requisite k1 s gigantic an und]tak+ w\ld be "h sup]flu\s4 ,x is my int5tion to give "u ! head ( ea* species only su* facts z ,i h be5 able to collect or obs]ve1 %[+ ! am\nt & nature ( ! *anges :i* animals & plants h und]gone :il/ "u man's dom9ion1 or :i* be> on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( v>iation4 ,9 "o case alone1 namely 9 t ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 ,i w describe fully all ! *ief races1 _! hi/ory1 ! am\nt & nature ( _! diff]5ces1 & ! probable /eps by :i* !y h be5 =m$4 ,i h select$ ?is case1 because1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ! mat]ials are bett] ?an 9 any o!r2 & "o case fully describ$ w 9 fact illu/rate all o!rs4 ,b ,i %all also describe dome/icat$ rabbits1 f[ls1 & ducks1 ) consid]able fulness4 ,! subjects discuss$ 9 ?is volume are s connect$ t x is n a little difficult to decide h[ !y c be be/ arrang$4 ,i h det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ "p to give1 "u ! heads ( ! v>i\s animals & plants1 a l>ge body ( facts1 "s ( :i* may at fir/ appe> b little relat$ to our subject1 & to devote ! latt] "p to g5]al discussions4 ,:5ev] ,i h f\nd x necess>y to give num]\s details1 9 support ( any proposition or conclusion1 small type has be5 us$4 ,! read] w1 ,i ?9k1 f9d ?is plan a conv5i5ce1 =1 if he does n d\bt ! conclusion or c>e ab\t ! details1 he c easily pass !m ov]2 yet ,i may be p]mitt$ to say t "s ( ! discussions ?us pr9t$ des]ve att5tion1 at lea/ f ! pr(ess$ naturali/4 ,x may be useful to ^? :o h read no?+ ab\t ,natural ,selection1 if ,i "h give a brief sket* ( ! :ole subject & ( its be>+ on ! orig9 ( species4#a ,?is is ! m desirable1 z x is impossible 9 ! pres5t "w to avoid _m allusions to que/ions :i* w be fully discuss$ 9 future volumes4 ,f a remote p]iod1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 man has subject$ _m animals & plants to dome/ication or culture4 ,man has no p[] ( alt]+ ! absolute conditions ( life2 he _c *ange ! climate ( any c\ntry2 he adds no new elem5t to ! soil2 b he c remove an animal or plant f "o climate or soil to ano!r1 & give x food on :i* x did n subsi/ 9 its natural /ate4 ,x is an error to speak ( man 8tamp]+ ) nature0 & caus+ v>iability4 ,if a man drops a piece ( iron into sulphuric acid1 x _c be said /rictly t he makes ! sulphate ( iron1 he only all[s _! elective aff9ities to come into play4 ,if organic be+s _h n possess$ an inh]5t t5d5cy to v>y1 man c\ld h done no?+4#b ,he un9t5tionally exposes 8 animals & plants to v>i\s conditions ( life1 & v>iability sup]v5es1 :i* he _c ev5 prev5t or *eck4 ,consid] ! simple case ( a plant :i* has be5 cultivat$ dur+ a long "t 9 its native c\ntry1 & :i* consequ5tly has n be5 subject$ to any *ange ( climate4 ,x has be5 protect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! compet+ roots ( plants ( o!r k9ds2 x has g5]ally be5 gr[n 9 manur$ soil2 b probably n ri*] ?an t ( _m an alluvial flat2 & la/ly1 x has be5 expos$ to *anges 9 its conditions1 be+ gr[n sometimes 9 "o di/rict & sometimes 9 ano!r1 9 diff]5t soils4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 sc>cely a plant c be nam$1 ?\gh cultivat$ 9 ! rude/ mann]1 :i* has n giv5 bir? to sev]al v>ieties4 ,x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ t dur+ ! _m *anges :i* ?is e>? has und]gone1 & dur+ ! natural migrations ( plants f "o l& or isl& to ano!r1 t5ant$ by diff]5t species1 t su* plants w n (t5 h be5 subject$ to *anges 9 _! conditions analog\s to ^? :i* almo/ inevitably cause cultivat$ plants to v>y4 ,no d\bt man selects v>y+ individuals1 s[s _! se$s1 & aga9 selects _! v>y+ (fspr+4 ,b ! initial v>iation on :i* man works1 & )\t :i* he c d no?+1 is caus$ by slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 :i* mu/ (t5 h occurr$ "u nature4 ,man1 !re=e1 may be said to h be5 try+ an exp]im5t on a gigantic scale2 & x is an exp]im5t :i* nature dur+ ! long lapse ( "t has incessantly tri$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! pr9ciples ( dome/ication are important = u4 ,! ma9 result is t organic be+s ?us treat$ h v>i$ l>gely1 & ! v>iations h be5 inh]it$4 ,?is has app>5tly be5 "o *ief cause ( ! belief long held by "s few naturali/s t species 9 a /ate ( nature und]go *ange4 ,i %all 9 ?is volume treat1 z fully z my mat]ials p]mit1 ! :ole subject ( v>iation "u dome/ication4 ,we may ?us hope to obta9 "s light1 little ?\gh x be1 on ! causes ( v>iability1--on ! laws :i* gov]n x1 su* z ! direct action ( climate & food1 ! effects ( use & disuse1 & ( correlation ( gr[?1--& on ! am\nt ( *ange to :i* dome/icat$ organisms are liable4 ,we %all le>n some?+ ( ! laws ( inh]itance1 ( ! effects ( cross+ diff]5t bre$s1 & on t /]ility :i* (t5 sup]v5es :5 organic be+s are remov$ f _! natural conditions ( life1 & likewise :5 !y are too closely int]br$4 ,dur+ ?is inve/igation we %all see t ! pr9ciple ( ,selection is highly important4 ,al?\gh man does n cause v>iability & _c ev5 prev5t x1 he c select1 pres]ve1 & accumulate ! v>iations giv5 to him by ! h& ( nature almo/ 9 any way :i* he *ooses2 & ?us he c c]ta9ly produce a great result4 ,selection may be foll[$ ei!r me?odically & int5tionally1 or unconsci\sly & un9t5tionally4 ,man may select & pres]ve ea* successive v>iation1 ) ! di/9ct int5tion ( improv+ & alt]+ a bre$1 9 accordance ) a preconceiv$ idea2 & by ?us add+ up v>iations1 (t5 s slight z to be imp]ceptible by an un$ucat$ eye1 he has effect$ wond]ful *anges & improvem5ts4 ,x c1 also1 be cle>ly %[n t man1 )\t any int5tion or ?\ght ( improv+ ! bre$1 by pres]v+ 9 ea* successive g5]ation ! individuals :i* he prizes mo/1 & by de/roy+ ! wor?less individuals1 sl[ly1 ?\gh surely1 induces great *anges4 ,z ! w ( man ?us comes into play1 we c und]/& h[ x is t dome/icat$ bre$s %[ adaptation to 8 wants & pleasures4 ,we c fur!r und]/& h[ x is t dome/ic races ( animals & cultivat$ races ( plants (t5 exhibit an abnormal "*1 z comp>$ ) natural species2 = !y h be5 modifi$ n = _! own b5efit1 b = t ( man4 ,9 ano!r "w ,i %all discuss1 if "t & heal? p]mit1 ! v>iability ( organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature2 namely1 ! individual diff]5ces pres5t$ by animals & plants1 & ^? slightly great] & g5]ally inh]it$ diff]5ces :i* are rank$ by naturali/s z v>ieties or geographical races4 ,we %all see h[ difficult1 or r h[ impossible x (t5 is1 to di/+ui% betwe5 races & sub-species1 z ! less well-m>k$ =ms h sometimes be5 d5om9at$2 & aga9 betwe5 sub-species & true species4 ,i %all fur!r attempt to %[ t x is ! common & widely rang+1 or1 z !y may be call$1 ! dom9ant species1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly v>y2 & t x is ! l>ge & fl\ri%+ g5]a :i* include ! greate/ numb] ( v>y+ species4 ,v>ieties1 z we %all see1 may ju/ly be call$ incipi5t species4 ,b x may be urg$1 grant+ t organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature pres5t "s v>ieties1--t _! organisation is 9 "s slight degree pla/ic2 grant+ t _m animals & plants h v>i$ greatly "u dome/ication1 & t man by 8 p[] ( selection has gone on accumulat+ su* v>iations until he has made /rongly m>k$ & firmly inh]it$ races2 grant+ all ?is1 h[1 x may be ask$1 h species aris5 9 a /ate ( nature8 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 natural v>ieties are slight2 :]eas ! diff]5ces are consid]able betwe5 ! species ( ! same g5us1 & great betwe5 ! species ( di/9ct g5]a4 ,h[ d ^! less] diff]5ces become augm5t$ into ! great] diff]5ce8 ,h[ d v>ieties1 or z ,i h call$ !m incipi5t species1 become conv]t$ into true & well-def9$ species8 ,h[ has ea* new species be5 adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ physical conditions1 & to ! o!r =ms ( life on :i* x 9 any way dep5ds8 ,we see on e side ( u innum]able adaptations & contrivances1 :i* h ju/ly excit$ ! highe/ admiration ( e obs]v]4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a fly 7,cecidomyia7#c :i* deposits its eggs )9 ! /am5s ( a ,scrophul>ia1 & secretes a poison :i* produces a gall1 on :i* ! l>va fe$s2 b !re is ano!r insect 7,misocampus7 :i* deposits its eggs )9 ! body ( ! l>va )9 ! gall1 & is ?us n\ri%$ by its liv+ prey2 s t "h a hym5opt]\s insect dep5ds on a dipt]\s insect1 & ?is dep5ds on its p[] ( produc+ a mon/r\s gr[? 9 a p>ticul> organ ( a p>ticul> plant4 ,s x is1 9 a m or less pla9ly m>k$ mann]1 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( cases1 ) ! l[e/ z well z ) ! highe/ productions ( nature4 ,?is problem ( ! conv]sion ( v>ieties into species1--t is1 ! augm5tation ( ! slight diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( v>ieties into ! great] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( species & g5]a1 includ+ ! admirable adaptations ( ea* be+ to its complex organic & inorganic conditions ( life1--has be5 briefly treat$ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species4' ,x 0 !re %[n t all organic be+s1 )\t exception1 t5d to increase at s high a ratio1 t no di/rict1 no /ation1 n ev5 ! :ole surface ( ! l& or ! :ole ocean1 w\ld hold ! prog5y ( a s+le pair aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations4 ,! inevitable result is an ev]-recurr5t ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,x has truly be5 said t all nature is at w>2 ! /ronge/ ultimately prevail1 ! weake/ fail2 & we well "k t myriads ( =ms h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,if !n organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature v>y ev5 9 a slight degree1 ow+ to *anges 9 ! surr\nd+ conditions1 ( :i* we h abundant geological evid5ce1 or f any o!r cause2 if1 9 ! long c\rse ( ages1 inh]itable v>iations ev] arise 9 any way advantage\s to any be+ "u its excessively complex & *ang+ relations ( life2 & x w\ld be a /range fact if b5eficial v>iations did nev] arise1 see+ h[ _m h aris5 :i* man has tak5 advantage ( = 8 own pr(it or pleasure2 if !n ^! cont+5cies ev] occur1 & ,i d n see h[ ! probability ( _! occurr5ce c be d\bt$1 !n ! sev]e & (t5-recurr5t /ruggle = exi/5ce w det]m9e t ^? v>iations1 h[ev] slight1 :i* are fav\rable %all be pres]v$ or select$1 & ^? :i* are unfav\rable %all be de/roy$4 ,?is pres]vation1 dur+ ! battle = life1 ( v>ieties :i* possess any advantage 9 /ructure1 con/itution1 or in/9ct1 ,i h call$ ,natural ,selection2 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has well express$ ! same idea by ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,! t]m 8natural selection0 is 9 "s respects a bad "o1 z x seems to imply consci\s *oice2 b ?is w be disreg>d$ aft] a little famili>ity4 ,no "o objects to *emi/s speak+ ( 8elective aff9ity20 & c]ta9ly an acid has no m *oice 9 comb9+ ) a base1 ?an ! conditions ( life h 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n a new =m be select$ or pres]v$4 ,! t]m is s f> a good "o z x br+s into connection ! production ( dome/ic races by man's p[] ( selection1 & ! natural pres]vation ( v>ieties & species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,= brevity sake ,i sometimes speak ( natural selection z an intellig5t p[]2--9 ! same way z a/ronom]s speak ( ! attraction ( gravity z rul+ ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 or z agriculturi/s speak ( man mak+ dome/ic races by 8 p[] ( selection4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 selection does no?+ )\t v>iability1 & ?is dep5ds 9 "s mann] on ! action ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances on ! organism4 ,i h1 also1 (t5 p]sonifi$ ! ^w ,nature2 = ,i h f\nd x difficult to avoid ?is ambiguity2 b ,i mean by nature only ! aggregate action & product ( _m natural laws1--& by laws only ! asc]ta9$ sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,x has be5 %[n f _m facts t ! l>ge/ am\nt ( life c be support$ on ea* area1 by great div]sification or div]g5ce 9 ! /ructure & con/itution ( its inhabitants4 ,we h1 also1 se5 t ! cont9u$ production ( new =ms ?r\gh natural selection1 :i* implies t ea* new v>iety has "s advantage ov] o!rs1 inevitably leads to ! ext]m9ation ( ! old] & less improv$ =ms4 ,^! latt] are almo/ necess>ily int]m$iate 9 /ructure1 z well z 9 desc5t1 betwe5 ! la/-produc$ =ms & _! orig9al p>5t-species4 ,n[1 if we suppose a species to produce two or m v>ieties1 & ^! 9 ! c\rse ( "t to produce o!r v>ieties1 ! pr9cipal ( good be+ d]iv$ f div]sification ( /ructure w g5]ally lead to ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ div]g5t v>ieties2 ?us ! less] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( v>ieties come to be augm5t$ into ! great] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( species1 &1 by ! ext]m9ation ( ! old] int]m$iate =ms1 new species end by be+ di/9ctly def9$ objects4 ,?us1 also1 we %all see h[ x is t organic be+s c be class$ by :at is call$ a natural me?od 9 di/9ct gr\ps--species "u g5]a1 & g5]a "u families4 ,z all ! inhabitants ( ea* c\ntry may be said1 ow+ to _! high rate ( reproduction1 to be /riv+ to increase 9 numb]s2 z ea* =m comes into competition ) _m o!r =ms 9 ! /ruggle = life1--= de/roy any "o & its place w be seiz$ by o!rs2 z e "p ( ! organisation occasionally v>ies 9 "s slight degree1 & z natural selection acts exclusively by ! pres]vation ( v>iations :i* are advantage\s "u ! excessively complex conditions to :i* ea* be+ is expos$1 no limit exi/s to ! numb]1 s+ul>ity1 & p]fection ( ! contrivances & co-adaptations :i* may ?us be produc$4 ,an animal or a plant may ?us sl[ly become relat$ 9 its /ructure & habits 9 ! mo/ intricate mann] to _m o!r animals & plants1 & to ! physical conditions ( its home4 ,v>iations 9 ! organisation w 9 "s cases be aid$ by habit1 or by ! use & disuse ( p>ts1 & !y w be gov]n$ by ! direct action ( ! surr\nd+ physical conditions & by correlation ( gr[?4 ,on ! pr9ciples "h briefly sket*$ out1 !re is no innate or necess>y t5d5cy 9 ea* be+ to its own advancem5t 9 ! scale ( organisation4 ,we are almo/ compell$ to look at ! specialisation or diff]5tiation ( p>ts or organs = diff]5t functions z ! be/ or ev5 sole /&>d ( advancem5t2 = by su* division ( lab\r ea* function ( body & m9d is bett] p]=m$4 ,& z natural selection acts exclusively ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( pr(itable modifications ( /ructure1 & z ! conditions ( life 9 ea* area g5]ally become m & m complex f ! increas+ numb] ( diff]5t =ms :i* inhabit x & f mo/ ( ^! =ms acquir+ a m & m p]fect /ructure1 we may confid5tly believe1 t1 on ! :ole1 organisation advances4 ,nev]!less a v simple =m fitt$ = v simple conditions ( life might rema9 = indef9ite ages unalt]$ or unimprov$2 = :at w\ld x pr(it an infusorial animalcule1 = in/ance1 or an inte/9al worm1 to become highly organis$8 ,memb]s ( a high gr\p might ev5 become1 & ?is app>5tly has (t5 occurr$1 fitt$ = simpl] conditions ( life2 & 9 ?is case natural selection w\ld t5d to simplify or degrade ! organisation1 = complicat$ me*anism = simple actions w\ld be useless or ev5 disadvantage\s4 ,! argum5ts oppos$ to ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 h be5 discuss$ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species1' z f> z ! size ( t "w p]mitt$1 "u ! foll[+ heads3 ! difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ v simple organs h be5 conv]t$ by small & graduat$ /eps into highly p]fect & complex organs2 ! m>vell\s facts ( ,in/9ct2 ! :ole "q ( ,hybridity2 &1 la/ly1 ! abs5ce 9 our kn[n geological =mations ( innum]able l9ks connect+ all alli$ species4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! difficulties are ( great weight1 we %all see t _m ( !m are explicable on ! !ory ( natural selection1 & are o!rwise inexplicable4 ,9 sci5tific inve/igations x is p]mitt$ to inv5t any hypo!sis1 & if x expla9s v>i\s l>ge & indep5d5t classes ( facts x rises to ! rank ( a well-gr\nd$ !ory4 ,! undulations ( ! e!r & ev5 its exi/5ce are hypo!tical1 yet e "o n[ admits ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,! pr9ciple ( natural selection may be look$ at z a m]e hypo!sis1 b r5d]$ 9 "s degree probable by :at we positively "k ( ! v>iability ( organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1--by :at we positively "k ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! consequ5t almo/ inevitable pres]vation ( fav\rable v>iations1--& f ! analogical =mation ( dome/ic races4 ,n[ ?is hypo!sis may be te/$1--& ?is seems to me ! only fair & legitimate mann] ( consid]+ ! :ole "q1--by try+ :e!r x expla9s sev]al l>ge & indep5d5t classes ( facts2 su* z ! geological succession ( organic be+s1 _! di/ribution 9 pa/ & pres5t times1 & _! mutual aff9ities & homologies4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( natural selection does expla9 ^! & o!r l>ge bodies ( facts1 x ought to be receiv$4 ,on ! ord9>y view ( ea* species hav+ be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 we ga9 no sci5tific explanation ( any "o ( ^! facts4 ,we c only say t x has s pleas$ ! ,creator to comm& t ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld appe> 9 a c]ta9 ord] & 9 c]ta9 areas2 t ,he has impress$ on !m ! mo/ extraord9>y resemblances1 & has class$ !m 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps4 ,b by su* /atem5ts we ga9 no new k2 we d n connect toge!r facts & laws2 we expla9 no?+4 ,x 0 ! consid]ation ( su* l>ge gr\ps ( facts z ^! :i* fir/ l$ me to take up ! pres5t subject4 ,:5 ,i visit$ dur+ ! voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 situat$ 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean ab\t #ejj miles f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,i f\nd myself surr\nd$ by peculi> species ( birds1 reptiles1 & plants1 exi/+ n[h]e else 9 ! _w4 ,yet !y ne>ly all bore an ,am]ican /amp4 ,9 ! song ( ! mock+-?ru%1 9 ! h>% cry ( ! c>rion-hawk1 9 ! great c&le/ick-l opuntias1 ,i cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh ! isl&s 7 sep>at$ by s _m miles ( ocean f ! ma9l&1 & diff]$ mu* 9 _! geological con/itution & climate4 ,/ill m surpris+ 0 ! fact t mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ea* sep>ate isl& 9 ?is small ar*ipelago 7 specifically diff]5t1 ?\gh mo/ closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! ar*ipelago1 ) its innum]able crat]s & b>e /reams ( lava1 appe>$ to be ( rec5t orig92 & ?us ,i fanci$ myself br\ght ne> to ! v act ( creation4 ,i (t5 ask$ myself h[ ^! _m peculi> animals & plants _h be5 produc$3 ! simple/ answ] seem$ to be t ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al isl&s _h desc5d$ f ea* o!r1 und]go+ modification 9 ! c\rse ( _! desc5t2 & t all ! inhabitants ( ! ar*ipelago 7 desc5d$ f ^? ( ! ne>e/ l&1 namely ,am]ica1 :5ce coloni/s w\ld naturally h be5 d]iv$4 ,b x long rema9$ to me an inexplicable problem h[ ! necess>y degree ( modification c\ld h be5 effect$1 & x w\ld h ?us rema9$ = ev]1 _h ,i n /udi$ dome/ic productions1 & ?us acquir$ a j idea ( ! p[] ( ,selection4 ,z soon z ,i _h fully realis$ ?is idea1 ,i saw1 on read+ ,mal?us on ,population1 t ,natural ,selection 0 ! inevitable result ( ! rapid increase ( all organic be+s2 = ,i 0 prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by hav+ long /udi$ ! habits ( animals4 ,be=e visit+ ! ,galapagos ,i _h collect$ _m animals :il/ travell+ f nor? to s\? on bo? sides ( ,am]ica1 & ev]y:]e1 "u conditions ( life z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive1 ,am]ican =ms 7 met )--species replac+ species ( ! same peculi> g5]a4 ,?us x 0 :5 ! ,cordill]as 7 asc5d$1 or ! ?ick tropical =e/s p5etrat$1 or ! fre% wat]s ( ,am]ica se>*$4 ,subsequ5tly ,i visit$ o!r c\ntries1 :i* 9 all _! conditions ( life 7 incomp>ably m l p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?an ! diff]5t p>ts ( t cont95t are to ea* o!r2 yet 9 ^! c\ntries1 z 9 ,au/ralia or ,s\!rn ,africa1 ! travell] _c fail to be /ruck ) ! entire diff]5ce ( _! productions4 ,aga9 ! reflection 0 =c$ on me t community ( desc5t f ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica w\ld alone expla9 ! wide preval5ce ( ,am]ican types ?r\gh\t t imm5se area4 ,to exhume ) "o's own h&s ! bones ( ext9ct & gigantic quadrup$s br+s ! :ole "q ( ! succession ( species vividly be=e "o's m9d2 & ,i f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica great pieces ( tesselat$ arm\r exactly l1 b on a magnific5t scale1 t cov]+ ! pigmy armadillo2 ,i _h f\nd great tee? l ^? ( ! liv+ slo?1 & bones l ^? ( ! cavy4 ,an analog\s succession ( alli$ =ms _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,"h !n we see ! preval5ce1 z if by desc5t1 9 "t z 9 space1 ( ! same types 9 ! same areas2 & 9 nei!r ! case does ! simil>ity ( ! conditions by any means seem suffici5t to acc\nt = ! simil>ity ( ! =ms ( life4 ,x is notori\s t ! fossil rema9s ( closely consecutive =mations are closely alli$ 9 /ructure1 & we c at once und]/& ! fact if !y are closely alli$ by desc5t4 ,! succession ( ! _m di/9ct species ( ! same g5us ?r\gh\t ! long s]ies ( geological =mations seems to h be5 unbrok5 or cont9u\s4 ,new species come 9 gradually "o by "o4 ,anci5t & ext9ct =ms ( life are (t5 int]m$iate 9 "*1 l ! words ( a dead language ) respect to its sev]al (f%oots or liv+ tongues4 ,all ^! facts seem$ to me to po9t to desc5t ) modification z ! means ( production ( new species4 ,! innum]able pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w are connect$ toge!r by ! mo/ s+ul> & complex aff9ities1 & c be class$ 9 gr\ps "u gr\ps1 9 ! same mann] z v>ieties c be class$ "u species & sub-v>ieties "u v>ieties1 b ) mu* high] grades ( diff]5ce4 ,^! complex aff9ities & ! rules = classification1 receive a rational explanation on ! !ory ( desc5t1 comb9$ ) ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 :i* entails div]g5ce ( "* & ! ext9ction ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,h[ inexplicable is ! simil> patt]n ( ! h& ( a man1 ! foot ( a dog1 ! w+ ( a bat1 ! flipp] ( a seal1 on ! doctr9e ( indep5d5t acts ( creation6 h[ simply expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! natural selection ( successive slight v>iations 9 ! div]g+ desc5dants f a s+le prog5itor6 ,s x is ) c]ta9 p>ts or organs 9 ! same individual animal or plant1 = in/ance1 ! jaws & legs ( a crab1 or ! petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils ( a fl[]4 ,dur+ ! _m *anges to :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t organic be+s h be5 subject$1 c]ta9 organs or p>ts h occasionally become at fir/ ( little use & ultimately sup]flu\s2 & ! ret5tion ( su* p>ts 9 a rudim5t>y & useless condition is intelligible on ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,x c be %[n t modifications ( /ructure are g5]ally inh]it$ by ! (fspr+ at ! same age at :i* ea* successive v>iation appe>$ 9 ! p>5ts2 x c fur!r be %[n t v>iations d n commonly sup]v5e at a v e>ly p]iod ( embryonic gr[?1 & on ^! two pr9ciples we c und]/& t mo/ wond]ful fact 9 ! :ole circuit ( natural hi/ory1 namely1 ! close simil>ity ( ! embryos )9 ! same great class--= in/ance1 ^? ( mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%4 ,x is ! consid]ation & explanation ( su* facts z ^! :i* has conv9c$ me t ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification by means ( natural selection is 9 ! ma9 true4 ,^! facts h z yet receiv$ no explanation on ! !ory ( indep5d5t ,creation2 !y _c be gr\p$ toge!r "u "o po9t ( view1 b ea* has to be consid]$ z an ultimate fact4 ,z ! fir/ orig9 ( life on ?is e>?1 z well z ! cont9u$ life ( ea* individual1 is at pres5t q beyond ! scope ( sci5ce1 ,i d n wi% to lay mu* /ress on ! great] simplicity ( ! view ( a few =ms or ( only "o =m hav+ be5 orig9ally creat$1 in/ead ( innum]able miracul\s creations hav+ be5 necess>y at innum]able p]iods2 ?\gh ?is m simple view accords well ) ,maup]tuis's philosophical axiom ( 8lea/ action40 ,9 consid]+ h[ f> ! !ory ( natural selection may be ext5d$1 --t is1 9 det]m9+ f h[ _m prog5itors ! inhabitants ( ! _w h desc5d$1--we may conclude t at lea/ all ! memb]s ( ! same class h desc5d$ f a s+le ance/or4 ,a numb] ( organic be+s are includ$ 9 ! same class1 because !y pres5t1 indep5d5tly ( _! habits ( life1 ! same fundam5tal type ( /ructure1 & because !y graduate into ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 memb]s ( ! same class c 9 mo/ cases be %[n to be closely alike at an e>ly embryonic age4 ,^! facts c be expla9$ on ! belief ( _! desc5t f a common =m2 !re=e x may be safely admitt$ t all ! memb]s ( ! same class are desc5d$ f "o prog5itor4 ,b z ! memb]s ( q di/9ct classes h some?+ 9 common 9 /ructure & mu* 9 common 9 con/itution1 analogy w\ld lead u "o /ep fur!r1 & to inf] z probable t all liv+ creatures are desc5d$ f a s+le prototype4 ,i hope t ! read] w pause be=e com+ to any f9al & ho/ile conclusion on ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,! read] may consult my #8,orig9 ( ,species' = a g5]al sket* ( ! :ole subject2 b 9 t "w he has to take _m /atem5ts on tru/4 ,9 consid]+ ! !ory ( natural selection1 he w assur$ly meet ) weighty difficulties1 b ^! difficulties relate *iefly to subjects--su* z ! degree ( p]fection ( ! geological record1 ! means ( di/ribution1 ! possibility ( transitions 9 organs1 etc4--on :i* we are confess$ly ignorant2 nor d we "k h[ ignorant we are4 ,if we are mu* m ignorant ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 mo/ ( ^! difficulties :olly disappe>4 ,let ! read] reflect on ! difficulty ( look+ at :ole classes ( facts f a new po9t ( view4 ,let him obs]ve h[ sl[ly1 b surely1 ! noble views ( ,lyell on ! gradual *anges n[ 9 progress on ! e>?'s surface h be5 accept$ z suffici5t to acc\nt = all t we see 9 its pa/ hi/ory4 ,! pres5t action ( natural selection may seem m or less probable2 b ,i believe 9 ! tru? ( ! !ory1 because x collects1 "u "o po9t ( view1 & gives a rational explanation (1 _m app>5tly indep5d5t classes ( facts4#d ,,ref]5ces #a ,to any "o :o has att5tively read my #8,orig9 ( ,species' ?is ,introduction w be sup]flu\s4 ,z ,i /at$ 9 t "w t ,i %\ld soon publi% ! facts on :i* ! conclusions giv5 9 x 7 f\nd$1 ,i "h beg p]mission to rem>k t ! great delay 9 publi%+ ?is fir/ "w has be5 caus$ by cont9u$ ill-heal?4 #b ,m4 ,p\*et has rec5tly 7#8,plurality ( ,races1' ,eng4 ,translat41 #ahfd1 p4 #hc1 etc47 insi/$ t v>iation "u dome/ication ?r[s no light on ! natural modification ( species4 ,i _c p]ceive ! =ce ( 8 argum5ts1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( 8 ass]tions to ?is effect4 #c ,lon ,duf\r 9 #8,annales des ,sci5ce4 ,nat4' 7#crd s]ies1 ,zoolog471 tom4 v4 p4 #f4 #d ,9 treat+ ! sev]al subjects includ$ 9 ! pres5t & my o!r works ,i h cont9ually be5 l$ to ask = in=mation f _m zoologi/s1 botani/s1 geologi/s1 bre$]s ( animals1 & horticulturi/s1 & ,i h inv>iably receiv$ f !m ! mo/ g5]\s assi/ance4 ,)\t su* aid ,i c\ld h effect$ little4 ,i h repeat$ly appli$ = in=mation & specim5s to =eign]s1 & to ,briti% m]*ants & (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t resid+ 9 di/ant l&s1 &1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 ,i h receiv$ prompt1 op5-h&$1 & valuable assi/ance4 ,i _c express too /rongly my obligations to ! _m p]sons :o h assi/$ me1 & :o1 ,i am conv9c$1 w\ld be equally will+ to assi/ o!rs 9 any sci5tific inve/igation4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,& ,,cats4 ,,anci5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,dog--,,resemblance ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries ,,to ,,native ,,can9e ,,species--,,animals ,,n ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,man ,,at ,,fir/ ,,fe>less--,,dogs ,,resembl+ ,,wolves ,,& ,,jackals--,,habit ,,( ,,b>k+ ,,acquir$ ,,& ,,lo/--,,f]al ,,dogs--,,tan-,,col\r$ ,,eye-,,spots--,,p]iod ,,( ,,ge/ation--,,(f5sive ,,od\r--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,9 ,,"p ,,due ,,to ,,desc5t ,,f ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,tee?--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,body1 ,,9 ,,con/itution--,,few ,,important ,,diff]5ces ,,h ,,be5 ,,fix$ ,,by ,,selection--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate--,,wat]-,,dogs ,,) ,,palmat$ ,,feet--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,dog ,,h ,,gradually ,,und]gone ,,?r\gh ,,selection--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,less ,,improv$ ,,sub-,,bre$s4 ,,cats1 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,sev]al ,,species--,,diff]5t ,,bre$s ,,f\nd ,,only ,,9 ,,sep>at$ ,,c\ntries--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,f]al ,,cats--,,individual ,,v>iability4 ,! fir/ & *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is *apt] is1 :e!r ! num]\s dome/icat$ v>ieties ( ! dog h desc5d$ f a s+le wild species1 or f sev]al4 ,"s au?ors believe t all h desc5d$ f ! wolf1 or f ! jackal1 or f an unkn[n & ext9ct species4 ,o!rs aga9 believe1 & ?is ( late has be5 ! fav\rite t5et1 t !y h desc5d$ f sev]al species1 ext9ct & rec5t1 m or less comm+l$ toge!r4 ,we %all probably nev] be able to asc]ta9 _! orig9 ) c]ta9ty4 ,palontology#a does n ?r[ mu* light on ! "q1 ow+1 on ! "o h&1 to ! close simil>ity ( ! skulls ( ext9ct z well z liv+ wolves & jackals1 & ow+1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! great dissimil>ity ( ! skulls ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dome/ic dogs4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! lat] t]ti>y deposits m l ^? ( a l>ge dog ?an ( a wolf1 :i* fav\rs ! belief ( ,de ,bla9ville t our dogs are ! desc5dants ( a s+le ext9ct species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s au?ors g s f> z to ass]t t e *ief dome/ic bre$ mu/ h _h its wild prototype4 ,?is latt] view is extremely improbable3 x all[s no?+ = v>iation2 x passes ov] ! almo/ mon/r\s "* ( "s ( ! bre$s2 & x almo/ necess>ily assumes t a l>ge numb] ( species h become ext9ct s9ce man dome/icat$ ! dog2 :]eas we pla9ly see t wild memb]s ( ! dog-family are extirpat$ by human ag5cy ) mu* difficulty2 ev5 s rec5tly z #agaj ! wolf exi/$ 9 s small an isl& z ,irel&4 ,! reasons :i* h l$ v>i\s au?ors to inf] t our dogs h desc5d$ f m ?an "o wild species are z foll[s4#b ,fir/ly1 ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s2 b ?is w appe> ( comp>atively little weight1 aft] we %all h se5 h[ great are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al races ( v>i\s dome/icat$ animals :i* c]ta9ly h desc5d$ f a s+le p>5t-=m4 ,secondly1 ! m important fact1 t1 at ! mo/ anci5tly kn[n hi/orical p]iods1 sev]al bre$s ( ! dog exi/$1 v unlike ea* o!r1 & closely resembl+ or id5tical ) bre$s /ill alive4 ,we w briefly run back ?r\gh ! hi/orical records4 ,! mat]ials are rem>kably defici5t betwe5 ! f\rte5? c5tury & ! ,roman classical p]iod4#c ,at ?is latt] p]iod v>i\s bre$s1 namely h\nds1 h\se-dogs1 lapdogs1 etc1 exi/$2 b1 z ,dr4 ,wal!r has rem>k$1 x is impossible to recognise ! great] numb] ) any c]ta9ty4 ,y\att1 h[ev]1 gives a draw+ ( a beautiful sculpture ( two greyh\nd puppies f ! ,villa ( ,anton9us4 ,on an ,assyrian monum5t1 ab\t #fdj ,b4,c41 an enorm\s ma/iff#d is figur$2 & accord+ to ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son 7z ,i 0 in=m$ at ! ,briti% ,museum71 simil> dogs are /ill import$ into ?is same c\ntry4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh ! magnific5t works ( ,lepsius & ,rosell9i1 & on ! ,egyptian monum5ts f ! f\r? to ! twelf? dyna/ies 7i4e4 f ab\t #cdjj ,b4,c4 to #bajj ,b4,c47 sev]al v>ieties ( ! dog are repres5t$2 mo/ ( !m are alli$ to greyh\nds2 at ! lat] ( ^! p]iods a dog resembl+ a h\nd is figur$1 ) droop+ e>s1 b ) a long] back & m po9t$ head ?an 9 our h\nds4 ,!re is1 also1 a turnspit1 ) %ort & crook$ legs1 closely resembl+ ! exi/+ v>iety2 b ?is k9d ( mon/rosity is s common ) v>i\s animals1 z ) ! ancon %eep1 & ev51 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 ) jagu>s 9 ,p>aguay1 t x w\ld be ra% to look at ! monum5tal animal z ! p>5t ( all our turnspits3 ,colonel ,sykes#e also has describ$ an ,indian p>iah dog z pres5t+ ! same mon/r\s "*4 ,! mo/ anci5t dog repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul>2 x resembles a greyh\nd1 b has long po9t$ e>s & a %ort curl$ tail3 a closely alli$ v>iety /ill exi/s 9 ,nor!rn ,africa2 = ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt#f /ates t ! ,arab bo>-h\nd is 8an ecc5tric hi]oglyphic animal1 su* z ,*eops once hunt$ )1 some:at resembl+ ! r\gh ,scot* de]-h\nd2 _! tails are curl$ tight r\nd on _! backs1 & _! e>s /ick out at "r angles40 ,) ?is mo/ anci5t v>iety a p>iah-l dog coexi/$4 ,we ?us see t1 at a p]iod betwe5 f\r & five ?\s& ye>s ago1 v>i\s bre$s1 viz4 p>iah dogs1 greyh\nds1 common h\nds1 ma/iffs1 h\se-dogs1 lapdogs1 & turnspits1 exi/$1 m or less closely resembl+ our pres5t bre$s4 ,b !re is n suffici5t evid5ce t any ( ^! anci5t dogs belong$ to ! same id5tical sub-v>ieties ) our pres5t dogs4#g ,z long z man 0 believ$ to h exi/$ on ?is e>? only ab\t #fjjj ye>s1 ?is fact ( ! great div]sity ( ! bre$s at s e>ly a p]iod 0 an argum5t ( mu* weight t !y _h proce$$ f sev]al wild s\rces1 = !re w\ld n h be5 suffici5t "t = _! div]g5ce & modification4 ,b n[ t we "k1 f ! discov]y ( fl9t tools emb$d$ ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals 9 di/ricts :i* h s9ce und]gone great geographical *anges1 t man has exi/$ = an incomp>ably long] p]iod1 & be>+ 9 m9d t ! mo/ b>b>\s nations possess dome/ic dogs1 ! argum5t f insuffici5t "t falls away greatly 9 value4 ,long be=e ! p]iod ( any hi/orical record ! dog 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ,dani% ,midd5s ( ! ,neoli?ic or ,new] ,/one p]iod1 bones ( a can9e animal are emb$d$1 & ,/e5/rup +5i\sly argues t ^! belong$ to a dome/ic dog2 = a v l>ge proportion ( ! bones ( birds pres]v$ 9 ! refuse consi/s ( long bones1 :i* x 0 f\nd on trial dogs _c dev\r4#h ,?is anci5t dog 0 succe$$ 9 ,d5m>k dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod by a l>g] k9d1 pres5t+ c]ta9 diff]5ces1 & ?is aga9 dur+ ! ,iron p]iod1 by a /ill l>g] k9d4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 we he> f ,pr(4 ,rtimey]1#i t dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod a dome/icat$ dog ( middle size exi/$1 :i* 9 its skull 0 ab\t equally remote f ! wolf & jackal1 & p>took ( ! *>act]s ( our h\nds & sett]s or spaniels 7,jagdhund und ,wa*telhund74 ,rtimey] insi/s /rongly on ! con/ancy ( =m dur+ a v long p]iod ( "t ( ?is ! mo/ anci5t kn[n dog4 ,dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod a l>g] dog appe>$1 & ?is closely resembl$ 9 its jaw a dog ( ! same age 9 ,d5m>k4 ,rema9s ( two notably di/9ct v>ieties ( ! dog 7 f\nd by ,s*m]l+ 9 a cave2#aj b _! age _c be positively det]m9$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a s+le race1 rem>kably con/ant 9 =m dur+ ! :ole ,neoli?ic p]iod1 is an int]e/+ fact 9 contra/ ) :at we see ( ! *anges :i* ! races und]w5t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! successive ,egyptian monum5ts1 & 9 contra/ ) our exi/+ dogs4 ,! "* ( ?is animal dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 z giv5 by ,rtimey]1 supports ,de ,bla9ville's view t our v>ieties h desc5d$ f an unkn[n & ext9ct =m4 ,b we %\ld n =get t we "k no?+ ) respect to ! antiquity ( man 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! succession ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( dogs 9 ,switz]l& & ,d5m>k is ?\ght to be due to ! immigration ( conqu]+ tribes br++ ) !m _! dogs2 & ?is view accords ) ! belief t diff]5t wild can9e animals 7 dome/icat$ 9 diff]5t regions4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! immigration ( new races ( man1 we "k f ! wide-spread pres5ce ( bronze1 compos$ ( an alloy ( t91 h[ mu* comm]ce !re mu/ h be5 ?r\gh\t ,europe at an extremely remote p]iod1 & dogs w\ld !n probably h be5 b>t]$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 among/ ! savages ( ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 ! ,t>uma ,indians are consid]$ ! be/ tra9]s ( dogs1 & possess a l>ge bre$ :i* !y b>t] at a high price ) o!r tribes4#aa ,! ma9 argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dog be+ ! desc5dants ( di/9ct wild /ocks1 is _! resemblance 9 v>i\s c\ntries to di/9ct species /ill exi/+ !re4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! comp>ison betwe5 ! wild & dome/icat$ animal has be5 made b 9 few cases ) suffici5t exactness4 ,be=e ent]+ on details1 x w be well to %[ t !re is no a priori difficulty 9 ! belief t sev]al can9e species h be5 dome/icat$4 ,memb]s ( ! dog family inhabit ne>ly ! :ole _w2 & sev]al species agree pretty closely 9 habits & /ructure ) our sev]al dome/icat$ dogs4 ,mr4 ,galton has %[n#ab h[ fond savages are ( keep+ & tam+ animals ( all k9ds4 ,social animals are ! mo/ easily subjugat$ by man1 & sev]al species ( ,canid hunt 9 packs4 ,x des]ves notice1 z be>+ on o!r animals z well z on ! dog1 t at an extremely anci5t p]iod1 :5 man fir/ ent]$ any c\ntry1 ! animals liv+ !re w\ld h felt no in/9ctive or inh]it$ fe> ( him1 & w\ld consequ5tly h be5 tam$ f> m easily ?an at pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s 7 fir/ visit$ by man1 ! l>ge wolf-l dog 7,canis ant>cticus7 fe>lessly came to meet ,byron's sailors1 :o1 mi/ak+ ?is ignorant curiosity = f]ocity1 ran into ! wat] to avoid !m3 ev5 rec5tly a man1 by hold+ a piece ( meat 9 "o h& & a knife 9 ! o!r1 c\ld sometimes /ick !m at night4 ,on a isl& 9 ! ,sea ( ,aral1 :5 fir/ discov]$ by ,butak(f1 ! saigak antelopes1 :i* are 8g5]ally v timid & wat*ful1 did n fly f u1 b on ! contr>y look$ at u ) a sort ( curiosity40 ,s1 aga91 on ! %ores ( ! ,mauritius1 ! manatee 0 n at fir/ 9 ! lea/ afraid ( man1 & ?us x has be5 9 sev]al qu>t]s ( ! _w ) seals & ! morse4 ,i h else:]e %[n#ac h[ sl[ly ! native birds ( sev]al isl&s h acquir$ & inh]it$ a salut>y dread ( man3 at ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago ,i pu%$ ) ! muzzle ( my gun hawks f a bran*1 & held out a pit*] ( wat] = o!r birds to alight on & dr9k4 ,quadrup$s & birds :i* h seldom be5 di/urb$ by man1 dread him no m ?an d our ,engli% birds1 ! c[s1 or horses graz+ 9 ! fields4 ,x is a m important consid]ation t sev]al can9e species ev9ce 7z w be %[n 9 a future *apt]7 no /rong repugnance or inability to bre$ "u conf9em5t2 & ! incapacity to bre$ "u conf9em5t is "o ( ! commone/ b>s to dome/ication4 ,la/ly1 savages set ! highe/ value1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ,selection1 on dogs3 ev5 half-tam$ animals are highly useful to !m3 ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica cross _! half-wild dogs ) wolves1 & ?us r5d] !m ev5 wild] ?an be=e1 b bold]3 ! savages ( ,guiana cat* & p>tially tame & use ! :elps ( two wild species ( ,canis1 z d ! savages ( ,au/ralia ^? ( ! wild ,d+o4 ,mr4 ,philip ,k+ in=ms me t he once tra9$ a wild ,d+o puppy to drive cattle1 & f\nd x v useful4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations we see t !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ t man might h dome/icat$ v>i\s can9e species 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 a /range fact if "o species alone _h be5 dome/icat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we w n[ ent] into details4 ,! accurate & sagaci\s ,ri*>dson says1 8,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,nor!rn ,am]ican wolves 7,canis lupus1 v>4 occid5talis7 & ! dome/ic dogs ( ! ,indians is s great t ! size & /r5g? ( ! wolf seems to be ! only diff]5ce4 ,i h m ?an once mi/ak5 a b& ( wolves = ! dogs ( a p>ty ( ,indians2 & ! h[l ( ! animals ( bo? species is prolong$ s exactly 9 ! same key t ev5 ! practis$ e> ( ! ,indian fails at times to discrim9ate !m40 ,he adds t ! m nor!rn ,esquimaux dogs are n only extremely l ! grey wolves ( ! ,arctic circle 9 =m & col\r1 b also ne>ly equal !m 9 size4 ,dr4 ,kane has (t5 se5 9 8 teams ( sl$ge-dogs ! oblique eye 7a "* on :i* "s naturali/s lay great /ress71 ! droop+ tail1 & sc>$ look ( ! wolf4 ,9 disposition ! ,esquimaux dogs diff] little f wolves1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hayes1 !y are capable ( no atta*m5t to man1 & are s savage t :5 hungry !y w attack ev5 _! ma/]s4 ,accord+ to ,kane !y readily become f]al4 ,_! aff9ity is s close ) wolves t !y frequ5tly cross ) !m1 & ! ,indians take ! :elps ( wolves 8to improve ! bre$ ( _! dogs40 ,! half-br$ wolves sometimes 7,lam>e-,picquot7 _c be tam$1 8?\gh ?is case is r>e20 b !y d n become ?or\ghly well brok5 9 till ! second or ?ird g5]ation4 ,^! facts %[ t !re c be b little1 if any1 /]ility betwe5 ! ,esquimaux dog & ! wolf1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n be us$ to improve ! bre$4 ,z ,dr4 ,hayes says ( ^! dogs1 8reclaim$ wolves !y d\btless are40#ad ,nor? ,am]ica is inhabit$ by a second k9d ( wolf1 ! prairie-wolf 7,canis latrans71 :i* is n[ look$ at by all naturali/s z specifically di/9ct f ! common wolf2 & is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4,k4 ,"l1 9 "s respects int]m$iate 9 habits betwe5 a wolf & a fox4 ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 aft] describ+ ! ,h>e ,indian dog1 :i* diff]s 9 _m respects f ! ,esquimaux dog1 says1 8,x be>s ! same relation to ! prairie-wolf t ! ,esquimaux dog does to ! great grey wolf40 ,he c\ld1 9 fact1 detect no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & ,messrs4 ,nott & ,gliddon give additional details %[+ _! close resemblance4 ,! dogs d]iv$ f ! above two aborig9al s\rces cross toge!r & ) ! wild wolves1 at lea/ ) ! ,c4 occid5talis1 & ) ,european dogs4 ,9 ,florida1 accord+ to ,b>tram1 ! black wolf-dog ( ! ,indians diff]s 9 no?+ f ! wolves ( t c\ntry except 9 b>k+4#ae ,turn+ to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! new _w1 ,columbus f\nd two k9ds ( dogs 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 & ,f]n&ez#af describes ?ree 9 ,mexico3 "s ( ^! native dogs 7 dumb--t is1 did n b>k4 ,9 ,guiana x has be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,buffon t ! natives cross _! dogs ) an aborig9al species1 app>5tly ! ,canis cancrivorus4 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 :o has s c>efully explor$ ^! regions1 writes to me1 8,i h be5 repeat$ly told by ! ,arawaak ,indians1 :o reside ne> ! coa/1 t !y cross _! dogs ) a wild species to improve ! bre$1 & individual dogs h be5 %[n to me :i* c]ta9ly resembl$ ! ,c4 cancrivorus mu* m ?an ! common bre$4 ,x is b seldom t ! ,indians keep ! ,c4 cancrivorus = dome/ic purposes1 nor is ! ,ai1 ano!r species ( wild dog1 & :i* ,i consid] to be id5tical ) ! ,dusicyon silve/ris ( ,h4 ,smi?1 n[ mu* us$ by ! ,arecunas = ! purpose ( hunt+4 ,! dogs ( ! ,t>uma ,indians are q di/9ct1 & resemble ,buffon's ,/4 ,dom+o greyh\nd40 ,x ?us appe>s t ! natives ( ,guiana h p>tially dome/icat$ two aborig9al species1 & /ill cross _! dogs ) !m2 ^! two species belong to a q diff]5t type f ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,european wolves4 ,a c>eful obs]v]1 ,r5gg]1#ag gives reasons = believ+ t a hairless dog 0 dome/icat$ :5 ,am]ica 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans3 "s ( ^! dogs 9 ,p>aguay are /ill dumb1 & ,ts*udi#ah /ates t !y suff] f cold 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is nak$ dog is1 h[ev] q di/9ct f t f\nd pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t ,p]uvian burial-places1 & describ$ by ,ts*udi1 "u ! "n ( ,canis +1 z )/&+ cold well & z b>k+4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ^! two di/9ct k9ds ( dog are ! desc5dants ( native species1 & x might be argu$ t :5 man fir/ migrat$ into ,am]ica he br\ght ) him f ! ,asiatic cont95t dogs :i* _h n le>n$ to b>k2 b ?is view does n seem probable1 z ! natives along ! l9e ( _! m>* f ! nor? reclaim$1 z we h se51 at lea/ two ,n4 ,am]ican species ( ,canid4 ,turn+ to ! ,old ,_w1 "s ,european dogs closely resemble ! wolf2 ?us ! %eph]d dog ( ! pla9s ( ,hung>y is :ite or r$di%-br[n1 has a %>p nose1 %ort1 erect e>s1 %aggy coat1 & bu%y tail1 & s mu* resembles a wolf t ,mr4 p4t1 :o gives ?is description1 says he has kn[n a ,hung>ian mi/ake a wolf = "o ( 8 own dogs4 ,jeitteles1 also1 rem>ks on ! close simil>ity ( ! ,hung>ian dog & wolf4 ,%eph]d dogs 9 ,italy mu/ anci5tly h closely resembl$ wolves1 = ,columella 7vii4 #ab7 advises t :ite dogs be kept1 add+1 8pa/or album probat1 ne pro lupo canem f]iat40 ,sev]al acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( dogs & wolves cross+ naturally2 & ,pl9y ass]ts t ! ,gauls ti$ _! female dogs 9 ! woods t !y might cross ) wolves4#ai ,! ,european wolf diff]s slightly f t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & has be5 rank$ by _m naturali/s z a di/9ct species4 ,! common wolf ( ,india is also by "s e/eem$ z a ?ird species1 & "h aga9 we f9d a m>k$ resemblance betwe5 ! p>iah dogs ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,india & ! ,indian wolf4#bj ,) respect to ,jackals1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire#ba says t n "o con/ant diff]5ce c be po9t$ out betwe5 _! /ructure & t ( ! small] races ( dogs4 ,!y agree closely 9 habits3 jackals1 :5 tam$ & call$ by _! ma/]1 wag _! tails1 lick 8 h&s1 cr\*1 & ?r[ !mselves on _! backs2 !y smell at ! tails ( o!r dogs1 & void _! ur9e sideways2 !y roll on c>rion or on animals :i* !y h kill$2 &1 la/ly1 :5 9 high spirits1 !y run r\nd 9 circles or 9 a figure ( eight1 ) _! tails betwe5 _! legs4#bb ,a numb] ( excell5t naturali/s1 f ! "t ( ,gld5/dt to t ( ,ehr5b]g1 ,hempri*1 & ,cretzs*m>1 h express$ !mselves 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ) respect to ! resemblance ( ! half-dome/ic dogs ( ,asia & ,egypt to jackals4 ,m4 ,nordmann1 = in/ance1 says1 8,les *i5s d',a:asie ressembl5t tonnamm5t des *acals40 ,ehr5b]g#bc ass]ts t ! dome/ic dogs ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & c]ta9 mummi$ dogs1 h = _! wild type a species ( wolf 7,c4 lupa/]7 ( ! c\ntry2 :]eas ! dome/ic dogs ( ,nubia & c]ta9 o!r mummi$ dogs h ! close/ relation to a wild species ( ! same c\ntry1 viz4 ,c4 sabb>1 :i* is only a =m ( ! common jackal4 ,pallas ass]ts t jackals & dogs sometimes naturally cross 9 ! ,ea/2 & a case is on record 9 ,alg]ia4#bd ,! great] numb] ( naturali/s divide ! jackals ( ,asia & ,africa into sev]al species1 b "s few rank !m all z "o4 ,i may add t ! dome/ic dogs on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea are fox-l animals1 & are dumb4#be ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 latitude #d & #f s\?1 & ab\t t5 days' j\rney 9 ! int]ior1 a semi-dome/ic dog1 z ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,erh>dt in=ms me1 is kept1 :i* ! natives ass]t is d]iv$ f a simil> wild animal4 ,li*t5/e9#bf says t ! dogs ( ! ,bosjemans pres5t a /rik+ resemblance ev5 9 col\r 7except+ ! black /ripe d[n ! back7 ) ! ,c4 mesomelas ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,lay>d in=ms me t he has se5 a ,caffre dog :i* closely resembl$ an ,esquimaux dog4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! ,d+o is bo? dome/icat$ & wild2 ?\gh ?is animal may h be5 introduc$ aborig9ally by man1 yet x mu/ be consid]$ z almo/ an endemic =m1 = its rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 a simil> /ate ( pres]vation & associat$ ) ext9ct mammals1 s t its introduction mu/ h be5 anci5t4#bg ,f ?is resemblance ( ! half-dome/icat$ dogs 9 sev]al c\ntries to ! wild species /ill liv+ !re1--f ! facility ) :i* !y c (t5 be cross$ toge!r1--f ev5 half-tam$ animals be+ s mu* valu$ by savages1--& f ! o!r circum/ances previ\sly rem>k$ on :i* fav\r _! dome/ication1 x is highly probable t ! dome/ic dogs ( ! _w are desc5d$ f two well-def9$ species ( wolf 7viz4 ,c4 lupus & ,c4 latrans71 & f two or ?ree o!r d\btful species 7namely1 ! ,european1 ,indian1 & ,nor? ,african wolves72 f at lea/ "o or two ,s\? ,am]ican can9e species2 f sev]al races or species ( jackal2 & p]haps f "o or m ext9ct species4 ,al?\gh x is possible or ev5 probable t dome/icat$ dogs1 introduc$ into any c\ntry & br$ !re = _m g5]ations1 might acquire "s ( ! *>act]s prop] to ! aborig9al ,canid ( ! c\ntry1 we c h>dly ?us acc\nt = introduc$ dogs hav+ giv5 rise to two bre$s 9 ! same c\ntry1 resembl+ two ( its aborig9al species1 z 9 ! above-giv5 cases ( ,guiana & ( ,nor? ,am]ica4#bh ,x _c be object$ to ! view ( sev]al can9e species hav+ be5 anci5tly dome/icat$1 t ^! animals are tam$ ) difficulty3 facts h be5 already giv5 on ?is head1 b ,i may add t ! "y ( ! ,canis primvus ( ,india 7 tam$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson1#bi & became z s5sible ( c>esses1 & manife/$ z mu* intellig5ce1 z any sport+ dog ( ! same age4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce1 z we h already %[n & %all fur!r see1 9 habits betwe5 ! dome/ic dogs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ! wolves ( t c\ntry1 or betwe5 ! ,ea/]n p>iah dogs & jackals1 or betwe5 ! dogs :i* h run wild 9 v>i\s c\ntries & ! sev]al natural species ( ! family4 ,! habit ( b>k+1 h[ev]1 :i* is almo/ univ]sal ) dome/icat$ dogs1 =ms an exception1 z x does n *>act]ise a s+le natural species ( ! family1 ?\gh ,i am assur$ t ! ,canis latrans ( ,nor? ,am]ica utt]s a noise :i* closely approa*es a b>k4 ,b ?is habit is soon lo/ by dogs :5 !y become f]al & is soon reacquir$ :5 !y are aga9 dome/icat$4 ,! case ( ! wild dogs on ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez hav+ become dumb has (t5 be5 quot$1 & !re is reason to believe#cj t ! dumbness ensu$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-?ree ye>s2 on ! o!r h&1 dogs tak5 f ?is isl& by ,ulloa sl[ly reacquir$ ! habit ( b>k+4 ,! ,mack5zie-riv] dogs1 ( ! ,canis latrans type1 :5 br\ght to ,engl&1 nev] le>n$ to b>k prop]ly2 b "o born 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s#ca 8made 8 voice s\nd z l\dly z any o!r dog ( ! same age & size40 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,nillson1#cb a wolf-:elp re>$ by a bit* b>ks4 ,i4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire exhibit$ a jackal :i* b>k$ ) ! same tone z any common dog4#cc ,an int]e/+ acc\nt has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>ke#cd ( "s dogs run wild on ,juan de ,nova1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean2 8!y _h entirely lo/ ! faculty ( b>k+2 !y _h no incl9ation = ! company ( o!r dogs1 nor did !y acquire _! voice0 dur+ a captivity ( sev]al mon?s4 ,on ! isl& !y 8congregate 9 va/ packs1 & cat* sea-birds ) z mu* address z foxes c\ld display40 ,! f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata h n become dumb2 !y are ( l>ge size1 hunt s+ly or 9 packs1 & burr[ holes = _! "y4#ce ,9 ^! habits ! f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata resemble wolves & jackals2 bo? ( :i* hunt ei!r s+ly or 9 packs1 & burr[ holes4#cf ,^! f]al dogs h n become uni=m 9 col\r on ,juan ,f]n&ez1 ,juan de ,nova1 or ,la ,plata4#cg ,9 ,cuba ! f]al dogs are describ$ by ,poeppig z ne>ly all m\se-col\r$1 ) %ort e>s & light-blue eyes4 ,9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi? says#ch t ! f]al dogs are v l>ge1 l greyh\nds1 ( a uni=m pale blue-a%1 ) small e>s1 & l>ge light-br[n eyes4 ,ev5 ! wild ,d+o1 ?\gh s anci5tly naturalis$ 9 ,au/ralia1 8v>ies consid]ably 9 col\r10 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,p4,p4 ,k+3 a half-br$ ,d+o re>$ 9 ,engl&#ci %[$ signs ( wi%+ to burr[4 ,f ! sev]al =ego+ facts we see t rev]sion 9 ! f]al /ate gives no indication ( ! col\r or size ( ! aborig9al p>5t-species4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! col\r+ ( dome/ic dogs1 ,i at "o "t hop$ might h ?r[n "s light on _! orig92 & x is wor? giv+1 z %[+ h[ col\r+ foll[s laws1 ev5 9 s anci5tly & ?or\ghly dome/icat$ an animal z ! dog4 ,black dogs ) tan-col\r$ feet1 :atev] bre$ !y may belong to1 almo/ inv>iably h a tan-col\r$ spot on ! upp] & inn] corn]s ( ea* eye1 & _! lips are g5]ally ?us col\r$4 ,i h se5 only two exceptions to ?is rule1 namely1 9 a spaniel & t]ri]4 ,dogs ( a light-br[n col\r (t5 h a light]1 yell[i%-br[n spot ov] ! eyes2 sometimes ! spot is :ite1 & 9 a mongrel t]ri] ! spot 0 black4 ,mr4 ,w>+ k9dly exam9$ = me a /ud ( fifte5 greyh\nds 9 ,suffolk3 elev5 ( !m 7 black1 or black & :ite1 or br9dl$1 & ^! _h no eye-spots2 b ?ree 7 r$ & "o slaty-blue1 & ^! f\r _h d>k-col\r$ spots ov] _! eyes4 ,al?\gh ! spots ?us sometimes diff] 9 col\r1 !y /rongly t5d to be tan-col\r$2 ?is is prov$ by my hav+ se5 f\r spaniels1 a sett]1 two ,york%ire %eph]d dogs1 a l>ge mongrel1 & "s fox-h\nds1 col\r$ black & :ite1 ) n a trace ( tan-col\r1 except+ ! spots ov] ! eyes1 & sometimes a little on ! feet4 ,^! latt] cases1 & _m o!rs1 %[ pla9ly t ! col\r ( ! feet & ! eye-spots are 9 "s way correlat$4 ,i h notic$1 9 v>i\s bre$s1 e gradation1 f ! :ole face be+ tan-col\r$1 to a complete r+ r\nd ! eyes1 to a m9ute spot ov] ! inn] & upp] corn]s4 ,! spots occur 9 v>i\s sub-bre$s ( t]ri]s & spaniels2 9 sett]s2 9 h\nds ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ ! turnspit-l ,g]man badg]-h\nd2 9 %eph]d dogs2 9 a mongrel1 ( :i* nei!r p>5t _h ! spots2 9 "o pure bulldog1 ?\gh ! spots 7 9 ?is case almo/ :ite2 & 9 greyh\nds1--b true black-&-tan greyh\nds are excessively r>e2 nev]!less ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,w>wick1 t "o ran at ! ,cal$onian ,*ampion meet+ ( ,april #ahfj1 & 0 8m>k$ precisely l a black-&-tan t]ri]40 ,?is dog1 or ano!r exactly ! same col\r1 ran at ! ,scotti% ,national ,club on ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 #ahfe2 & ,i he> f ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,br[ne1 t 8!re 0 no reason ei!r on ! sire or dam side = ! appe>ance ( ?is unusual col\r40 ,mr4 ,sw9hoe at my reque/ look$ at ! dogs 9 ,*9a1 at ,amoy1 & he soon notic$ a br[n dog ) yell[ spots ov] ! eyes4 ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?#dj figures ! magnific5t black ma/iff ( ,?ibet ) a tan-col\r$ /ripe ov] ! eyes1 feet1 & *aps2 & :at is m s+ul>1 he figures ! ,alco1 or native dome/ic dog ( ,mexico1 z black & :ite1 ) n>r[ tan-col\r$ r+s r\nd ! eyes2 at ! ,exhibition ( dogs 9 ,london1 ,may #ahfc1 a s-call$ =e/ dog f ,nor?-,we/ ,mexico 0 %[n1 :i* _h pale tan-col\r$ spots ov] ! eyes4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! tan-col\r$ spots 9 dogs ( su* extremely diff]5t bre$s1 liv+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 makes ! fact highly rem>kable4 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 especially 9 ! *apt] on ,pigeons1 t col\r$ m>ks are /rongly inh]it$1 & t !y (t5 aid u 9 discov]+ ! primitive =ms ( our dome/ic races4 ,h5ce1 if any wild can9e species _h di/9ctly exhibit$ ! tan-col\r$ spots ov] ! eyes1 x might h be5 argu$ t ?is 0 ! p>5t-=m ( ne>ly all our dome/ic races4 ,b aft] look+ at _m col\r$ plates1 & ?r\gh ! :ole collection ( sk9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,i c f9d no species ?us m>k$4 ,x is no d\bt possible t "s ext9ct species 0 ?us col\r$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 look+ at ! v>i\s species1 !re seems to be a tol]ably pla9 correlation betwe5 tan-col\r$ legs & face2 & less frequ5tly betwe5 black legs & a black face2 & ?is g5]al rule ( col\r+ expla9s to a c]ta9 ext5t ! above-giv5 cases ( correlation betwe5 ! eye-spots & ! col\r ( ! feet4 ,moreov]1 "s jackals & foxes h a trace ( a :ite r+ r\nd _! eyes1 z 9 ,c4 mesomelas1 ,c4 aureus1 & 7judg+ f ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?'s draw+7 9 ,c4 alopex1 & ,c4 ?aleb4 ,o!r species h a trace ( a black l9e ov] ! corn]s ( ! eyes1 z 9 ,c4 v>iegatus1 c9]eo-v>iegatus1 & fulvus1 & ! wild ,d+o4 ,h5ce ,i am incl9$ to conclude t a t5d5cy = tan-col\r$ spots to appe> ov] ! eyes 9 ! v>i\s bre$s ( dogs1 is analog\s to ! case obs]v$ by ,desm>e/1 namely1 t :5 any :ite appe>s on a dog ! tip ( ! tail is always :ite1 8de manire rappel] la ta*e t]m9ale de mme c\leur1 qui c>actrise la plup>t des ,canids sauvages40#da ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 z ,i am assur$ by ,mr4 ,jesse1 does n inv>iably hold good4 ,x has be5 object$ t our dome/ic dogs _c be desc5d$ f wolves or jackals1 because _! p]iods ( ge/ation are diff]5t4 ,! suppos$ diff]5ce re/s on /atem5ts made by ,buffon1 ,gilib]t1 ,be*/e91 & o!rs2 b ^! are n[ kn[n to be errone\s2 & ! p]iod is f\nd to agree 9 ! wolf1 jackal1 & dog1 z closely z c\ld be expect$1 = x is (t5 9 "s degree v>iable4#db ,tessi]1 :o has closely att5d$ to ?is subject1 all[s a diff]5ce ( f\r days 9 ! ge/ation ( ! dog4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox has giv5 me ?ree c>efully record$ cases ( retriev]s1 9 :i* ! bit* 0 put only once to ! dog2 & n c\nt+ ?is day1 b c\nt+ t ( p>turition1 ! p]iods 7 fifty-n9e1 sixty-two1 & sixty-sev5 days4 ,! av]age p]iod is sixty-?ree days2 b ,bell+]i /ates t ?is applies only to l>ge dogs2 & t = small races x is f sixty to sixty-?ree days2 ,mr4 ,eyton ( ,eyton1 :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce ) dogs1 also in=ms me t ! "t is apt to be long] ) l>ge ?an ) small dogs4 ,f4 ,cuvi] has object$ t ! jackal w\ld n h be5 dome/icat$ on acc\nt ( its (f5sive smell2 b savages are n s5sitive 9 ?is respect4 ,! degree ( od\r1 also1 diff]s 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( jackal2#dc & ,colonel ,h4 ,smi? makes a sectional division ( ! gr\p ) "o "* dep5d5t on n be+ (f5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dogs-- = in/ance1 r\gh & smoo? t]ri]s--diff] mu* 9 ?is respect2 & ,m4 ,godron /ates t ! hairless s-call$ ,turki% dog is m odorif]\s ?an o!r dogs4 ,isidore ,ge(froy#dd gave to a dog ! same od\r z t f a jackal by fe$+ x on raw fle%4 ,! belief t our dogs are desc5d$ f wolves1 jackals1 ,s\? ,am]ican ,canid1 & o!r species1 sugge/s a f> m important difficulty4 ,^! animals 9 _! undome/icat$ /ate1 judg+ f a widely-spread analogy1 w\ld h be5 9 "s degree /]ile if int]cross$2 & su* /]ility w be admitt$ z almo/ c]ta9 by all ^? :o believe t ! less5$ f]tility ( cross$ =ms is an infallible crit]ion ( specific di/9ctness4 ,anyh[ ^! animals keep di/9ct 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y inhabit 9 common4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all dome/ic dogs1 :i* are "h suppos$ to be desc5d$ f sev]al di/9ct species1 are1 z f> z is kn[n1 mutually f]tile toge!r4 ,b1 z ,broca has well rem>k$1#de ! f]tility ( successive g5]ations ( mongrel dogs has nev] be5 scrut9is$ ) t c>e :i* is ?\ght indisp5sable :5 species are cross$4 ,! few facts lead+ to ! conclusion t ! sexual feel+s & reproductive p[]s diff] 9 ! sev]al races ( ! dog :5 cross$ are 7pass+ ov] m]e size z r5d]+ propagation difficult7 z foll[s3 ! ,mexican ,alco#df app>5tly dislikes dogs ( o!r k9ds1 b ?is p]haps is n /rictly a sexual feel+2 ! hairless endemic dog ( ,p>aguay1 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 mixes less ) ! ,european races ?an ^! d ) ea* o!r2 ! ,spitz dog 9 ,g]many is said to receive ! fox m readily ?an d o!r bre$s2 & ,dr4 ,hodgk9 /ates t a female ,d+o 9 ,engl& attract$ ! male wild foxes4 ,if ^! latt] /atem5ts c be tru/$1 !y prove "s degree ( sexual diff]5ce 9 ! bre$s ( ! dog4 ,b ! fact rema9s t our dome/ic dogs1 diff]+ s widely z !y d 9 ext]nal /ructure1 are f> m f]tile toge!r ?an we h reason to believe _! suppos$ wild p>5ts w\ld h be54 ,pallas assumes#dg t a long c\rse ( dome/ication elim9ates t /]ility :i* ! p>5t-species w\ld h exhibit$ if only lately captur$2 no di/9ct facts are record$ 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis2 b ! evid5ce seems to me s /rong 7indep5d5tly ( ! evid5ce d]iv$ f o!r dome/icat$ animals7 9 fav\r ( our dome/ic dogs hav+ desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 t ,i am incl9$ to admit ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re is ano!r & closely alli$ difficulty consequ5t on ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( our dome/ic dogs f sev]al wild species1 namely1 t !y d n seem to be p]fectly f]tile ) _! suppos$ p>5ts4 ,b ! exp]im5t has n be5 q fairly tri$2 ! ,hung>ian dog1 = in/ance1 :i* 9 ext]nal appe>ance s closely resembles ! ,european wolf1 ought to be cross$ ) ?is wolf3 & ! p>iah dogs ( ,india ) ,indian wolves & jackals2 & s 9 o!r cases4 ,t ! /]ility is v slight betwe5 c]ta9 dogs & wolves & o!r ,canid is %[n by savages tak+ ! tr\ble to cross !m4 ,buffon got f\r successive g5]ations f ! wolf & dog1 & ! mongrels 7 p]fectly f]tile toge!r4#dh ,b m lately ,m4 ,fl\r5s /ates positively z ! result ( 8 num]\s exp]im5ts t hybrids f ! wolf & dog1 cross$ int] se1 become /]ile at ! ?ird g5]ation1 & ^? f ! jackal & dog at ! f\r? g5]ation4#di ,b ^! animals 7 closely conf9$2 & _m wild animals1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 are r5d]$ by conf9em5t 9 "s degree or ev5 utt]ly /]ile4 ,! ,d+o1 :i* bre$s freely 9 ,au/ralia ) our import$ dogs1 w\ld n bre$ ?\gh repeat$ly cross$ 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4#ej ,"s h\nds f ,c5tral ,africa1 br\ght home by ,major ,d5ham1 nev] br$ 9 ! ,t[n ( ,london2#ea & a simil> t5d5cy to /]ility might be transmitt$ to ! hybrid (fspr+ ( a wild animal4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s t 9 ,m4 ,fl\r5s' exp]im5ts ! hybrids 7 closely br$ 9 & 9 = ?ree or f\r g5]ations2 & ?is circum/ance w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly increase ! t5d5cy to /]ility4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i saw conf9$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london a female hybrid f an ,engli% dog & jackal1 :i* ev5 9 ?is ! fir/ g5]ation 0 s /]ile t1 z ,i 0 assur$ by h] keep]1 %e did n fully exhibit h] prop] p]iods2 b ?is case 0 c]ta9ly exceptional1 z num]\s in/ances h occurr$ ( f]tile hybrids f ^! two animals4 ,9 almo/ all exp]im5ts on ! cross+ ( animals !re are s _m causes ( d\bt1 t x is extremely difficult to come to any positive conclusion4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe>1 t ^? :o believe t our dogs are desc5d$ f sev]al species w h n only to admit t _! (fspr+ aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication g5]ally lose all t5d5cy to /]ility :5 cross$ toge!r2 b t betwe5 c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs & "s ( _! suppos$ aborig9al p>5ts a c]ta9 degree ( /]ility has be5 reta9$ or possibly ev5 acquir$4 ,not)/&+ ! difficulties 9 reg>d to f]tility giv5 9 ! la/ two p>agraphs1 :5 we reflect on ! inh]5t improbability ( man hav+ dome/icat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w "o s+le species alone ( s widely di/ribut$1 s easily tam$1 & s useful a gr\p z ! ,canid2 :5 we reflect on ! extreme antiquity ( ! diff]5t bre$s2 & especially :5 we reflect on ! close simil>ity1 bo? 9 ext]nal /ructure & habits1 betwe5 ! dome/ic dogs ( v>i\s c\ntries & ! wild species /ill inhabit+ ^! same c\ntries1 ! balance ( evid5ce is /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! multiple orig9 ( our dogs4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al ,bre$s ( ! ,dog4--,if ! sev]al bre$s h desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 _! diff]5ce c obvi\sly 9 "p be expla9$ by t ( _! p>5t species4 ,= in/ance1 ! =m ( ! greyh\nd may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by desc5t f "s su* animal z ! slim ,abyss9ian ,canis sim5sis1#eb ) its elongat$ muzzle2 t ( ! l>g] dogs f ! l>g] wolves1 & ! small] & slight] dogs f ! jackals3 & ?us p]haps we may acc\nt = c]ta9 con/itutional & climatal diff]5ces4 ,b x w\ld be a great error to suppose t !re has n be5 9 addition#ec a l>ge am\nt ( v>iation4 ,! int]cross+ ( ! sev]al aborig9al wild /ocks1 & ( ! subsequ5tly =m$ races1 has probably increas$ ! total numb] ( bre$s1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 has greatly modifi$ "s ( !m4 ,b we _c expla9 by cross+ ! orig9 ( su* extreme =ms z ?or\ghbr$ greyh\nds1 bloodh\nds1 bulldogs1 ,bl5heim spaniels1 t]ri]s1 pugs1 etc41 unless we believe t =ms equally or m /rongly *>act]is$ 9 ^! diff]5t respects once exi/$ 9 nature4 ,b h>dly any "o has be5 bold en\gh to suppose t su* unnatural =ms ev] did or c\ld exi/ 9 a wild /ate4 ,:5 comp>$ ) all kn[n memb]s ( ! family ( ,canid !y betray a di/9ct & abnormal orig94 ,no in/ance is on record ( su* dogs z bloodh\nds1 spaniels1 true greyh\nds hav+ be5 kept by savages3 !y are ! product ( long-cont9u$ civilisation4 ,! numb] ( bre$s & sub-bre$s ( ! dog is great2 ,y\att = in/ance1 describes twelve k9ds ( greyh\nds4 ,i w n attempt to enum]ate or describe ! v>ieties1 = we _c discrim9ate h[ mu* ( _! diff]5ce is due to v>iation1 & h[ mu* to desc5t f diff]5t aborig9al /ocks4 ,b x may be wor? :ile briefly to m5tion "s po9ts4 ,comm5c+ ) ! skull1 ,cuvi] has admitt$#ed t 9 =m ! diff]5ces are 8plus =tes que celles d'aucunes espces sauvages d'un mme g5re naturel40 ,! proportions ( ! diff]5t bones2 ! curvature ( ! l[] jaw1 ! position ( ! condyles ) respect to ! plane ( ! tee? 7on :i* ,f4 ,cuvi] f\nd$ 8 classification71 & 9 ma/iffs ! %ape ( its po/]ior bran*2 ! %ape ( ! zygomatic ar*1 & ( ! temporal fossae2 ! position ( ! occiput--all v>y consid]ably4#ee ,! diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! bra9s ( dogs belong+ to l>ge & small bre$s 8is some?+ prodigi\s40 8,"s dogs' bra9s are high & r\nd$1 :ile o!rs are l[1 long1 & n>r[ 9 front40 ,9 ! latt]1 8! olfactory lobes are visible = ab\t half _! ext5t1 :5 ! bra9 is se5 f above1 b !y are :olly conceal$ by ! hemisph]es 9 o!r bre$s40#ef ,! dog has prop]ly six pairs ( mol> tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 & sev5 9 ! l[]2 b sev]al naturali/s h se5 n r>ely an additional pair 9 ! upp] jaw2#eg & ,pr(essor ,g]vais says t !re are dogs 8qui ont sept paires de d5ts suprieures et huit infrieures40 ,de ,bla9ville#eh has giv5 full p>ticul>s on ! frequ5cy ( ^! deviations 9 ! numb] ( ! tee?1 & has %[n t x is n always ! same too? :i* is sup]num]>y4 ,9 %ort-muzzl$ races1 accord+ to ,h4 ,mll]1#ei ! mol> tee? /& obliquely1 :il/ 9 long-muzzl$ races !y are plac$ longitud9ally1 ) op5 spaces betwe5 !m4 ,! nak$1 s-call$ ,egyptian or ,turki% dog is extremely defici5t 9 its tee?1#fj --sometimes hav+ none except "o mol> on ea* side2 b ?is1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( ! bre$1 mu/ be consid]$ z a mon/rosity4 ,m4 ,gir>d1#fa :o seems to h att5d$ closely to ! subject1 says t ! p]iod ( ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t tee? diff]s 9 diff]5t dogs1 be+ e>li] 9 l>ge dogs2 ?us ! ma/iff assumes its adult tee? 9 f\r or five mon?s1 :il/ 9 ! spaniel ! p]iod is sometimes m ?an sev5 or eight mon?s4 ,on ! o!r h& small dogs are mature1 & ! females h arriv$ at ! be/ age = bre$+1 :5 "o ye> old1 :]eas l>ge dogs 8are /ill 9 _! puppyhood at ?is "t1 & take fully twice z long to develop _! proportions40#fb ,) respect to m9or diff]5ces little ne$ be said4 ,isidore ,ge(froy has %[n#fc t 9 size "s dogs are six times z long 7! tail be+ exclud$7 z o!rs2 & t ! height relatively to ! l5g? ( ! body v>ies f betwe5 "o to two1 & "o to ne>ly f\r4 ,9 ! ,scot* de]-h\nd !re is a /rik+ & rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! male & female4#fd ,e "o kn[s h[ ! e>s v>y 9 size 9 diff]5t bre$s1 & ) _! great developm5t _! muscles become atrophi$4 ,c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs are describ$ z hav+ a deep furr[ betwe5 ! no/rils & lips4 ,! caudal v]tebrae1 accord+ to ,f4 ,cuvi]1 on ^: au?ority ! two la/ /atem5ts re/1 v>y 9 numb]2 & ! tail 9 ,engli% cattle & "s %eph]d dogs is almo/ abs5t4 ,! mammae v>y f sev5 to t5 9 numb]2 ,daub5ton1 hav+ exam9$ tw5ty-"o dogs1 f\nd eight ) five mammae on ea* side2 eight ) f\r on ea* side2 & ! o!rs ) an unequal numb] on ! two sides4#fe ,dogs h prop]ly five toes 9 front & f\r beh9d1 b a fif? toe is (t5 add$2 & ,f4 ,cuvi] /ates t1 :5 a fif? toe is pres5t1 a f\r? cunei=m bone is develop$2 &1 9 ?is case1 sometimes ! great cunei=m bone is rais$1 & gives on its inn] side a l>ge articul> surface to ! a/ragalus2 s t ev5 ! relative connection ( ! bones1 ! mo/ con/ant ( all *>act]s1 v>ies4 ,^! modifications1 h[ev]1 9 ! feet ( dogs are n important1 because !y ought to be rank$1 z ,de ,bla9ville has %[n#ff z mon/rosities4 ,nev]!less !y are int]e/+ f be+ correlat$ ) ! size ( ! body1 = !y occur mu* m frequ5tly ) ma/iffs & o!r l>ge bre$s ?an ) small dogs4 ,closely alli$ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 sometimes diff] 9 ?is respect2 ?us ,mr4 ,hodgson /ates t ! black-&-tan ,lassa v>iety ( ! ,?ibet ma/iff has ! fif? digit1 :il/ ! ,mu/ang sub-v>iety is n ?us *>act]is$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! sk9 is develop$ betwe5 ! toes v>ies mu*2 b we %all return to ?is po9t4 ,! degree to :i* ! v>i\s bre$s diff] 9 ! p]fection ( _! s5ses1 dispositions1 & inh]it$ habits is notori\s to e "o4 ,! bre$s pres5t "s con/itutional diff]5ces3 ! pulse1 says ,y\att#fg 8v>ies mat]ially accord+ to ! bre$1 z well z to ! size ( ! animal40 ,diff]5t bre$s ( dogs are subject 9 diff]5t degrees to v>i\s diseases4 ,!y c]ta9ly become adapt$ to diff]5t climates "u :i* !y h long exi/$4 ,x is notori\s t mo/ ( our be/ ,european bre$s det]iorate 9 ,india4#fh ,! ,rev ,r4 ,ev]e/#fi believes t no "o has succe$$ 9 keep+ ! ,newf\ndl& dog long alive 9 ,india2 s x is1 accord+ to ,li*t5/e91#gj ev5 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! ,?ibet ma/iff deg5]ates on ! pla9s ( ,india1 & c live only on ! m\nta9s4#ga ,lloyd#gb ass]ts t our bloodh\nds & bulldogs h be5 tri$1 & _c )/& ! cold ( ! nor!rn ,european =e/s4 ,see+ 9 h[ _m *>act]s ! races ( ! dog diff] f ea* o!r1 & rememb]+ ,cuvi]'s admission t _! skulls diff] m ?an d ^? ( ! species ( any natural g5us1 & be>+ 9 m9d h[ closely ! bones ( wolves1 jackals1 foxes1 & o!r ,canid agree1 x is rem>kable t we meet ) ! /atem5t1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 t ! races ( ! dog diff] 9 no important *>act]s4 ,a highly compet5t judge1 ,pr(4 ,g]vais1#gc admits 8si l'on pr5ait sans contrle les alt]ations dont *acun de ces organes e/ susceptible1 on p\rrait croire qu'il y a entre les *i5s dome/iques des diffr5ces plus gr&es que celles qui sp>5t ailleurs les espces1 quelquefois mme les g5res40 ,"s ( ! diff]5ces above enum]at$ are 9 "o respect ( comp>atively little value1 = !y are n *>act]i/ic ( di/9ct bre$s3 no "o pret5ds t su* is ! case ) ! additional mol> tee? or ) ! numb] ( mammae2 ! additional digit is g5]ally pres5t ) ma/iffs1 & "s ( ! m important diff]5ces 9 ! skull & l[] jaw are m or less *>act]i/ic ( v>i\s bre$s4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! pr$om9ant p[] ( selection has n be5 appli$ 9 any ( ^! cases2 we h v>iability 9 important p>ts1 b ! diff]5ces h n be5 fix$ by selection4 ,man c>es = ! =m & fleetness ( 8 greyh\nds1 = ! size ( 8 ma/iffs1 & =m]ly = ! /r5g? ( ! jaw 9 8 bulldogs1 etc42 b he c>es no?+ ab\t ! numb] ( _! mol> tee? or mammae or digits2 nor d we "k t diff]5ces 9 ^! organs are correlat$ )1 or owe _! developm5t to1 diff]5ces 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body ab\t :i* man does c>e4 ,^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject ( selection w admit t1 nature hav+ giv5 v>iability1 man1 if he s *ose1 c\ld fix five toes to ! h9d] feet ( c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs1 z c]ta9ly z to ! feet ( 8 ,dork+ f[ls3 he c\ld probably fix1 b ) mu* m difficulty1 an additional pair ( mol> tee? 9 ei!r jaw1 9 ! same way z he has giv5 additional horns to c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep2 if he wi%$ to produce a too?less bre$ ( dogs1 hav+ ! s-call$ ,turki% dog ) its imp]fect tee? to "w on1 he c\ld probably d s1 = he has succe$$ 9 mak+ hornless bre$s ( cattle & %eep4 ,) respect to ! precise causes & /eps by :i* ! sev]al races ( dogs h come to diff] s greatly f ea* o!r1 we are1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases1 pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,we may attribute "p ( ! diff]5ce 9 ext]nal =m & con/itution to inh]itance f di/9ct wild /ocks1 t is to *anges effect$ "u nature be=e dome/ication4 ,we mu/ attribute some?+ to ! cross+ ( ! sev]al dome/ic & natural races4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 soon recur to ! cross+ ( races4 ,we h already se5 h[ (t5 savages cross _! dogs ) wild native species2 & ,p5nant gives a curi\s acc\nt#gd ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,fo*ab]s1 9 ,scotl&1 0 /ock$ 8) a multitude ( curs ( a mo/ wolfi% aspect0 f a s+le hybrid-wolf br\ght into t di/rict4 ,x w\ld appe> t climate to a c]ta9 ext5t directly modifies ! =ms ( dogs4 ,we h lately se5 t sev]al ( our ,engli% bre$s _c live 9 ,india1 & x is positively ass]t$ t :5 br$ !re = a few g5]ations !y deg5]ate n only 9 _! m5tal faculties1 b 9 =m4 ,capta9 ,williamson1#ge :o c>efully att5d$ to ?is subject1 /ates t 8h\nds are ! mo/ rapid 9 _! decl9e20 8greyh\nds & po9t]s1 also1 rapidly decl9e40 ,b spaniels1 aft] eight or n9e g5]ations1 & )\t a cross f ,europe1 are z good z _! ance/ors4 ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me t bulldogs1 :i* h be5 kn[n1 :5 fir/ br\ght into ! c\ntry1 to p9 d[n ev5 an elephant by its trunk1 n only fall (f aft] two or ?ree g5]ations 9 pluck & f]ocity1 b lose ! "u-hung "* ( _! l[] jaws2 _! muzzles become f9] & _! bodies light]4 ,engli% dogs import$ into ,india are s valuable t probably due c>e has be5 tak5 to prev5t _! cross+ ) native dogs2 s t ! det]ioration _c be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/ in=ms me t he obta9$ a pair ( sett]s1 born 9 ,india1 :i* p]fectly resembl$ _! ,scot* p>5ts3 he rais$ sev]al litt]s f !m 9 ,delhi1 tak+ ! mo/ /r+5t precautions to prev5t a cross1 b he nev] succe$$1 ?\gh ?is 0 only ! second g5]ation 9 ,india1 9 obta9+ a s+le "y dog l its p>5ts 9 size or make2 _! no/rils 7 m contract$1 _! noses m po9t$1 _! size inf]ior1 & _! limbs m sl5d]4 ,s aga9 on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 dogs1 accord+ to ,bosman1 8alt] /rangely2 _! e>s gr[ long & /iff l ^? ( foxes1 to :i* col\r !y also incl9e1 s t 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 !y deg5]ate into v ugly creatures2 & 9 ?ree or f\r broods _! b>k+ turns into a h[l40#gf ,?is rem>kable t5d5cy to rapid det]ioration 9 ,european dogs subject$ to ! climate ( ,india & ,africa1 may be l>gely acc\nt$ = by rev]sion to a primordial condition :i* _m animals exhibit1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 :5 _! con/itutions are 9 any way di/urb$4 ,"s ( ! peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dog h probably aris5 sudd5ly1 &1 ?\gh /rictly inh]it$1 may be call$ mon/rosities2 = in/ance1 ! %ape ( ! legs & body 9 ! turnspit ( ,europe & ,india2 ! %ape ( ! head & ! "u-hang+ jaw 9 ! bull-& pug-dog1 s alike 9 ?is "o respect & s unlike 9 all o!rs4 ,a peculi>ity sudd5ly aris+1 & !re=e 9 "o s5se des]v+ to be call$ a mon/rosity1 may1 h[ev]1 be increas$ & fix$ by man's selection4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t long-cont9u$ tra9+1 z ) ! greyh\nd 9 c\rs+ h>es1 z ) wat]-dogs 9 swimm+--& ! want ( ex]cise1 9 ! case ( lapdogs--mu/ h produc$ "s direct effect on _! /ructure & in/9cts4 ,b we %all imm$iately see t ! mo/ pot5t cause ( *ange has probably be5 ! selection1 bo? me?odical & unconsci\s1 ( slight individual diff]5ces1--! latt] k9d ( selection result+ f ! occasional pres]vation1 dur+ hundr$s ( g5]ations1 ( ^? individual dogs :i* 7 ! mo/ useful to man = c]ta9 purposes & "u c]ta9 conditions ( life4 ,9 a future *apt] on ,selection ,i %all %[ t ev5 b>b>ians att5d closely to ! qualities ( _! dogs4 ,?is unconsci\s selection by man w\ld be aid$ by a k9d ( natural selection2 = ! dogs ( savages h p>tly to ga9 _! own subsi/5ce3 = in/ance1 9 ,au/ralia1 z we he> f ,mr4 ,n9d1#gg ! dogs are sometimes compell$ by want to leave _! ma/]s & provide = !mselves2 b 9 a few days !y g5]ally return4 ,& we may inf] t dogs ( diff]5t %apes1 sizes1 & habits1 w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ "u diff]5t circum/ances1--on op5 /]ile pla9s1 :]e !y h to run d[n _! own prey1--on rocky coa/s1 :]e !y h to fe$ on crabs & fi% left 9 ! tidal pools1 z 9 ! case ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bridges1 ! ,cate*i/ to ! ,mission1 ! dogs turn ov] ! /ones on ! %ore to cat* ! cru/aceans :i* lie b5ea?1 & !y 8are clev] en\gh to knock (f ! %ell-fi% at a fir/ bl[20 = if ?is be n done1 %ell-fi% are well-kn[n to h an almo/ inv9cible p[] ( adhesion4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t dogs diff] 9 ! degree to :i* _! feet are webb$4 ,9 dogs ( ! ,newf\ndl& bre$1 :i* are em95tly aquatic 9 _! habits1 ! sk91 accord+ to ,isidore ,ge(froy1#gh ext5ds to ! ?ird phalanges :il/ 9 ord9>y dogs x ext5ds only to ! second4 ,9 two ,newf\ndl& dogs :i* ,i exam9$1 :5 ! toes 7 /ret*$ ap>t & view$ on ! "u side1 ! sk9 ext5d$ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e betwe5 ! out] m>g9s ( ! balls ( ! toes2 :]eas1 9 two t]ri]s ( di/9ct sub-bre$s1 ! sk9 view$ 9 ! same mann] 0 deeply scoop$ out4 ,9 ,canada !re is a dog :i* is peculi> to ! c\ntry & common !re1 & ?is has 8half-webb$ feet & is fond ( ! wat]40#gi ,engli% ott]-h\nds are said to h webb$ feet3 a fri5d exam9$ = me ! feet ( two1 9 comp>ison ) ! feet ( "s h>ri]s & bloodh\nds2 he f\nd ! sk9 v>iable 9 ext5t 9 all1 b m develop$ 9 ! ott]-h\nds ?an 9 ! o!rs4#hj ,z aquatic animals :i* belong to q diff]5t ord]s h webb$ feet1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is /ructure w\ld be s]viceable to dogs t frequ5t ! wat]4 ,we may confid5tly inf] t no man ev] select$ 8 wat]-dogs by ! ext5t to :i* ! sk9 0 develop$ betwe5 _! toes2 b :at he does1 is to pres]ve & bre$ f ^? individuals :i* hunt be/ 9 ! wat]1 or be/ retrieve w\nd$ game1 & ?us he unconsci\sly selects dogs ) feet slightly bett] webb$4 ,! effects ( use f ! frequ5t /ret*+ ap>t ( ! toes w likewise aid 9 ! result4 ,man ?us closely imitates ,natural ,selection4 ,we h an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is same process 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1#ha all ! wolves1 foxes1 & aborig9al dome/ic dogs h _! feet broad] ?an 9 ! correspond+ species ( ! ,old ,_w1 & 8well calculat$ = runn+ on ! sn[0 ,n[1 9 ^! ,arctic regions1 ! life or dea? ( e animal w (t5 dep5d on its success 9 hunt+ ov] ! sn[ :5 s(t2 & ?is w 9 "p dep5d on ! feet be+ broad2 yet !y mu/ n be s broad z to int]f]e ) ! activity ( ! animal :5 ! gr\nd is /icky1 or ) its p[] ( burr[+ holes1 or ) o!r necess>y habits ( life4 ,z *anges 9 dome/ic bre$s :i* take place s sl[ly are n to be notic$ at any "o p]iod1 :e!r due to ! selection ( individual v>iations or ( diff]5ces result+ f crosses1 are mo/ important 9 und]/&+ ! orig9 ( our dome/ic productions1 & likewise 9 ?r[+ indirect light on ! *anges effect$ "u nature1 ,i w give 9 detail su* cases z ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,lawr5ce1#hb :o paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ! foxh\nd1 writ+ 9 #ahbi1 says t betwe5 eighty & n9ety ye>s be=e 8an entirely new foxh\nd 0 rais$ ?r\gh ! bre$]'s art10 ! e>s ( ! old s\!rn h\nd be+ r$uc$1 ! bone & bulk light5$1 ! wai/ increas$ 9 l5g?1 & ! /ature some:at add$ to4 ,x is believ$ t ?is 0 effect$ by a cross ) a greyh\nd4 ,) respect to ?is latt] dog1 ,y\att1#hc :o is g5]ally cauti\s 9 8 /atem5ts1 says t ! greyh\nd )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 t is be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 8assum$ a some:at diff]5t "* f t :i* he once possess$4 ,he is n[ di/+ui%$ by a beautiful symmetry ( =m1 ( :i* he c\ld n once boa/1 & he has ev5 sup]ior spe$ to t :i* he =m]ly exhibit$4 ,he is no long] us$ to /ruggle ) de]1 b cont5ds ) 8 fell[s ov] a %ort] & spe$i] c\rse40 ,an able writ]#hd believes t our ,engli% greyh\nds are ! desc5dants1 progressively improv$1 ( ! l>ge r\gh greyh\nds :i* exi/$ 9 ,scotl& s e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,a cross at "s =m] p]iod ) ! ,italian greyh\nd has be5 suspect$2 b ?is seems h>dly probable1 consid]+ ! feebl5ess ( ?is latt] bre$4 ,"l ,or=d1 z is well-kn[n1 cross$ 8 fam\s greyh\nds1 :i* fail$ 9 c\rage1 ) a bulldog--?is bre$ be+ *os5 f be+ errone\sly suppos$ to be defici5t 9 ! p[] ( sc5t2 8aft] ! six? or sev5? g5]ation10 says ,y\att1 8!re 0 n a ve/ige left ( ! =m ( ! bulldog1 b 8 c\rage & indomitable p]sev]ance rema9$40 ,y\att inf]s1 f a comp>ison ( an old picture ( ,k+ ,*>les's spaniels ) ! liv+ dog1 t 8! bre$ ( ! pres5t day is mat]ially alt]$ = ! worse30 ! muzzle has become %ort]1 ! =ehead m prom95t1 & ! eyes l>g]2 ! *anges 9 ?is case h probably be5 due to simple selection4 ,! sett]1 z ?is au?or rem>ks 9 ano!r place1 8is evid5tly ! l>ge spaniel improv$ to 8 pres5t peculi> size & beauty1 & taught ano!r way ( m>k+ 8 game4 ,if ! =m ( ! dog 7 n suffici5tly satisfactory on ?is po9t1 we might h rec\rse to hi/ory30 he !n ref]s to a docum5t dat$ #afhe be>+ on ?is subject1 & adds t ! pure ,iri% sett] %[s no signs ( a cross ) ! po9t]1 :i* "s au?ors suspect has be5 ! case ) ! ,engli% sett]4 ,! bulldog is an ,engli% bre$1 & z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,jesse1#he seems to h orig9at$ f ! ma/iff s9ce ! "t ( ,%akspe>e2 b c]ta9ly exi/$ 9 #afca1 z %[n by ,pre/wick ,eaton's lett]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fancy bulldogs ( ! pres5t day1 n[ t !y are n us$ = bull-bait+1 h become greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 )\t any express int5tion on ! "p ( ! bre$]4 ,our po9t]s are c]ta9ly desc5d$ f a ,spani% bre$1 z ev5 _! pres5t names1 ,don1 ,ponto1 ,c>los1 etc41 %[2 x is said t !y 7 n kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,revolution 9 #afhh2hf b ! bre$ s9ce its introduction has be5 mu* modifi$1 = ,mr4 ,borr[1 :o is a sportsman & kn[s ,spa9 intimately well1 in=ms me t he has n se5 9 t c\ntry any bre$ 8correspond+ 9 figure ) ! ,engli% po9t]2 b !re are g5u9e po9t]s ne> ,x]es :i* h be5 import$ by ,engli% g5tlem540 ,a ne>ly p>allel case is (f]$ by ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly br\ght into ,engl& f t c\ntry1 b :i* has s9ce be5 s mu* modifi$ t1 z sev]al writ]s h obs]v$1 x does n n[ closely resemble any exi/+ native dog 9 ,newf\ndl&4#hg ,^! sev]al cases ( sl[ & gradual *anges 9 our ,engli% dogs possess "s int]e/2 = ?\gh ! *anges h g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 be5 caus$ by "o or two crosses ) a di/9ct bre$1 yet we may feel sure1 f ! well-kn[n extreme v>iability ( cross$ bre$s1 t rigor\s & long-cont9u$ selection mu/ h be5 practis$1 9 ord] to improve !m 9 a def9ite mann]4 ,z soon z any /ra9 or family became slightly improv$ or bett] adapt$ to alt] circum/ances1 x w\ld t5d to supplant ! old] & less improv$ /ra9s4 ,= in/ance1 z soon z ! old foxh\nd 0 improv$ by a cross ) ! greyh\nd1 or by simple selection1 & assum$ its pres5t "*--& ! *ange 0 probably desir$ ow+ to ! increas$ fleetness ( our hunt]s--x rapidly spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & is n[ ev]y:]e ne>ly uni=m4 ,b ! process ( improvem5t is /ill go+ on = e "o tries to improve 8 /ra9 by occasionally procur+ dogs f ! be/ k5nels4 ,?r\gh ?is process ( gradual sub/itution ! old ,engli% h\nd has be5 lo/2 & s x has be5 ) ! ,iri% wolf-dog1 ! old ,engli% bulldog1 & sev]al o!r bre$s1 su* z ! alaunt1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,jesse4 ,b ! ext9ction ( =m] bre$s is app>5tly aid$ by ano!r cause2 = :5ev] a bre$ is kept 9 scanty numb]s1 z at pres5t ) ! bloodh\nd1 x is re>$ ) "s difficulty1 app>5tly f ! evil effects ( long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+4 ,z sev]al bre$s ( ! dog h be5 slightly b s5sibly modifi$ )9 s %ort a p]iod z ! la/ "o or two c5turies1 by ! selection ( ! be/ individuals1 modifi$ 9 _m cases by crosses ) o!r bre$s2 & z we %all h]eaft] see t ! bre$+ ( dogs 0 att5d$ to 9 anci5t times1 z x /ill is by savages1 we may conclude t we h 9 selection1 ev5 if only occasionally practis$1 a pot5t means ( modification4 ,,dome/ic ,,cats4 ,cats h be5 dome/icat$ 9 ! ,ea/ f an anci5t p]iod2 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t !y are m5tion$ 9 a ,sanskrit writ+ #bjjj ye>s old1 & 9 ,egypt _! antiquity is kn[n to be ev5 great]1 z %[n by monum5tal draw+s & _! mummi$ bodies4 ,^! mummies1 accord+ to ,de ,bla9ville1#hh :o has p>ticul>ly /udi$ ! subject1 belong to no less ?an ?ree species1 namely1 ,f4 caligulata1 buba/es1 & *aus4 ,! two =m] species are said to be /ill f\nd1 bo? wild & dome/icat$1 9 p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,f4 caligulata pres5ts a diff]5ce 9 ! fir/ inf]ior milk mol> too?1 z comp>$ ) ! dome/ic cats ( ,europe1 :i* makes ,de ,bla9ville conclude t x is n "o ( ! p>5t-=ms ( our cats4 ,sev]al naturali/s1 z ,pallas1 ,temm9ck1 ,bly?1 believe t dome/ic cats are ! desc5dants ( sev]al species comm+l$3 x is c]ta9 t cats cross readily ) v>i\s wild species1 & x w\ld appe> t ! "* ( ! dome/ic bre$s has1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 be5 ?us affect$4 ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e has no d\bt t1 89 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 !re has be5 occasional cross+ ) our native species 7,f4 sylve/ris71 & t ! result ( ^! crosses has be5 kept 9 our h\ses4 ,i h se510 he adds1 8_m cats v closely resembl+ ! wild cat1 & "o or two t c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f x40 ,mr4 ,bly?#hi rem>ks on ?is passage1 8b su* cats are nev] se5 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&2 /ill1 z comp>$ ) any ,indian tame cat1 ! aff9ity ( ! ord9>y ,briti% cat to ,f4 sylve/ris is manife/2 & due ,i suspect to frequ5t int]mixture at a "t :5 ! tame cat 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,brita9 & cont9u$ r>e1 :ile ! wild species 0 f> m abundant ?an at pres5t40 ,9 ,hung>y1 ,jeitteles#ij 0 assur$ on tru/wor?y au?ority t a wild male cat cross$ ) a female dome/ic cat1 & t ! hybrids long liv$ 9 a dome/icat$ /ate4 ,9 ,algi]s ! dome/ic cat has cross$ ) ! wild cat 7,f4 lybica7 ( t c\ntry4#ia ,9 ,s\? ,africa z ,mr4 ,e4 ,lay>d in=ms me1 ! dome/ic cat int]m+les freely ) ! wild ,f4 caffra2 he has se5 a pair ( hybrids :i* 7 q tame & p>ticul>ly atta*$ to ! lady :o br\ght !m up2 & ,mr4 ,fry has f\nd t ^! hybrids are f]tile4 ,9 ,india ! dome/ic cat1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 has cross$ ) f\r ,indian species4 ,) respect to "o ( ^! species1 ,f4 *aus1 an excell5t obs]v]1 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 in=ms me t he once kill$1 ne> ,madras1 a wild brood1 :i* 7 evid5tly hybrids f ! dome/ic cat2 ^! "y animals _h a ?ick lynx-l tail & ! broad br[n b> on ! inside ( ! =e>m *>act]i/ic ( ,f4 *aus4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot adds t he has (t5 obs]v$ ?is same m>k on ! =e>ms ( dome/ic cats 9 ,india4 ,mr4 ,bly? /ates t dome/ic cats col\r$ ne>ly l ,f4 *aus1 b n resembl+ t species 9 %ape1 ab\nd 9 ,b5gal2 he adds1 8su* a col\ration is utt]ly unkn[n 9 ,european cats1 & ! prop] tabby m>k+s 7pale /reaks on a black gr\nd1 peculi>ly & symmetrically dispos$71 s common 9 ,engli% cats1 are nev] se5 9 ^? ( ,india40 ,dr4 ,d4 ,%ort has assur$ ,mr4 ,bly?#ib t1 at ,hansi1 hybrids betwe5 ! common cat & ,f4 ornata 7or torquata7 occur1 8& t _m ( ! dome/ic cats ( t "p ( ,india 7 undi/+ui%able f ! wild ,f4 ornata40 ,az>a /ates1 b only on ! au?ority ( ! inhabitants1 t 9 ,p>aguay ! cat has cross$ ) two native species4 ,f ^! sev]al cases we see t 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 ! common cat1 :i* lives a fre] life ?an mo/ o!r dome/icat$ animals1 has cross$ ) v>i\s wild species2 & t 9 "s in/ances ! cross+ has be5 suffici5tly frequ5t to affect ! "* ( ! bre$4 ,:e!r dome/ic cats h desc5d$ f sev]al di/9ct species1 or h only be5 modifi$ by occasional crosses1 _! f]tility1 z f> z is kn[n1 is unimpair$4 ,! l>ge ,angora or ,p]sian cat is ! mo/ di/9ct 9 /ructure & habits ( all ! dome/ic bre$s2 & is believ$ by ,pallas1 b on no di/9ct evid5ce1 to be desc5d$ f ! ,f4 manul ( middle ,asia2 & ,i am assur$ by ,mr4 ,bly? t ! ,angora cat bre$s freely ) ,indian cats1 :i*1 z we h already se51 h app>5tly be5 mu* cross$ ) ,f4 *aus4 ,9 ,engl& half-br$ ,angora cats are p]fectly f]tile ) "o ano!r4 ,)9 ! same c\ntry we d n meet ) di/9ct races ( ! cat1 z we d ( dogs & ( mo/ o!r dome/ic animals2 ?\gh ! cats ( ! same c\ntry pres5t a consid]able am\nt ( fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,! explanation obvi\sly is t1 f _! nocturnal & rambl+ habits1 indiscrim9ate cross+ _c )\t mu* tr\ble be prev5t$4 ,selection _c be br\ght into play to produce di/9ct bre$s1 or to keep ^? di/9ct :i* h be5 import$ f =eign l&s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 isl&s & 9 c\ntries completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 we meet ) bre$s m or less di/9ct2 & ^! cases are wor? giv+1 %[+ t ! sc>city ( di/9ct races 9 ! same c\ntry is n caus$ by a defici5cy ( v>iability 9 ! animal4 ,! tailless cats ( ! ,isle ( ,man are said to diff] f common cats n only 9 ! want ( a tail1 b 9 ! great] l5g? ( _! h9d legs1 9 ! size ( _! heads1 & 9 habits4 ,! ,creole cat ( ,antigua1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 is small]1 & has a m elongat$ head1 ?an ! ,briti% cat4 ,9 ,ceylon1 z ,mr4 ,?waites writes to me1 e "o at fir/ notices ! diff]5t appe>ance ( ! native cat f ! ,engli% animal2 x is ( small size1 ) closely ly+ hairs2 its head is small1 ) a rec$+ =ehead2 b ! e>s are l>ge & %>p2 altoge!r x has :at is !re call$ a 8l[-ca/e0 appe>ance4 ,r5gg]#ic says t ! dome/ic cat1 :i* has be5 br$ = #cjj ye>s 9 ,p>aguay1 pres5ts a /rik+ diff]5ce f ! ,european cat2 x is small] by a f\r?1 has a m lanky body1 its hair is %ort1 %9+1 scanty & lies close1 especially on ! tail3 he adds t ! *ange has be5 less at ,asc5sion1 ! capital ( ,p>aguay1 ow+ to ! cont9ual cross+ ) newly import$ cats2 & ?is fact well illu/rates ! importance ( sep>ation4 ,! conditions ( life 9 ,p>aguay appe> n to be highly fav\rable to ! cat1 =1 ?\gh !y h run half-wild1 !y d n become ?or\ghly f]al1 l s _m o!r ,european animals4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 accord+ to ,r\l91#id ! introduc$ cat has lo/ ! habit ( utt]+ its hide\s nocturnal h[l4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4,d4 ,fox pur*as$ a cat 9 ,portsm\?1 :i* he 0 told came f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea2 its sk9 0 black & wr9kl$1 fur blui%-grey & %ort1 its e>s r b>e1 legs long1 & :ole aspect peculi>4 ,?is 8negro0 cat 0 f]tile ) common cats4 ,on ! opposite coa/ ( ,africa1 at ,mombas1 ,capta9 ,ow51 ,r4,n41#ie /ates t all ! cats are cov]$ ) %ort /iff hair in/ead ( fur3 he gives a curi\s acc\nt ( a cat f ,algoa ,bay1 :i* _h be5 kept = "s "t on bo>d & c\ld be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty2 ?is animal 0 left = only eight weeks at ,mombas1 b dur+ t %ort p]iod x 8und]w5t a complete metamorphosis1 hav+ p>t$ ) its s&y-col\r$ fur40 ,a cat f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope has be5 describ$ by ,desm>e/ z rem>kable f a r$ /ripe ext5d+ along ! :ole l5g? ( its back4 ,?r\gh\t an imm5se area1 namely1 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 ,siam1 ,pegu1 & ,burmah1 all ! cats h truncat$ tails ab\t half ! prop] l5g?1#if (t5 ) a sort ( knot at ! end4 ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ar*ipelago ! cats h v long legs1 & are ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r4#ig ,9 ,*9a a bre$ has droop+ e>s4 ,at ,tobolsk1 accord+ to ,gmel91 !re is a r$-col\r$ bre$4 ,9 ,asia1 also1 we f9d ! well-kn[n ,angora or ,p]sian bre$4 ,! dome/ic cat has run wild 9 sev]al c\ntries1 & ev]y:]e assumes1 z f> z c be judg$ by ! %ort record$ descriptions1 a uni=m "*4 ,ne> ,maldonado1 9 ,la ,plata1 ,i %ot "o :i* seem$ p]fectly wild2 x 0 c>efully exam9$ by ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1#ih :o f\nd no?+ rem>kable 9 x1 except+ its great size4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& accord+ to ,dieff5ba*1 ! f]al cats assume a /reaky grey col\r l t ( wild cats2 & ?is is ! case ) ! half-wild cats ( ! ,scot* ,highl&s4 ,we h se5 t di/ant c\ntries possess di/9ct dome/ic races ( ! cat4 ,! diff]5ces may be 9 "p due to desc5t f sev]al aborig9al species1 or at lea/ to crosses ) !m4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ,p>aguay1 ,mombas1 & ,antigua1 ! diff]5ces seem due to ! direct action ( diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,9 o!r cases "s slight effect may possibly be attribut$ to natural selection1 z cats 9 _m cases h l>gely to support !mselves & to escape div]se dang]s4 ,b man1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( pair+ cats1 has done no?+ by me?odical selection2 & probably v little by un9t5tional selection2 ?\gh 9 ea* litt] he g5]ally saves ! prettie/1 & values mo/ a good bre$ ( m\se- or rat-cat*]s4 ,^? cats :i* h a /rong t5d5cy to pr[l aft] game1 g5]ally get de/roy$ by traps4 ,z cats are s mu* pett$1 a bre$ be>+ ! same relation to o!r cats1 t lapdogs be> to l>g] dogs1 w\ld h be5 mu* valu$2 & if selection c\ld h be5 appli$1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h _h _m bre$s 9 ea* long-civilis$ c\ntry1 = !re is pl5ty ( v>iability to "w ^u4 ,we see 9 ?is c\ntry consid]able div]sity 9 size1 "s 9 ! proportions ( ! body1 & extreme v>iability 9 col\r+4 ,i h only lately att5d$ to ?is subject1 b h already he>d ( "s s+ul> cases ( v>iation2 "o ( a cat born 9 ! ,we/ ,indies too?less1 & rema9+ s all its life4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has %[n me ! skull ( a female cat ) its can9es s mu* develop$ t !y protrud$ uncov]$ beyond ! lips2 ! too? ) ! fang be+ 4#ie1 & ! "p project+ f ! gum 4#f ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,i h he>d ( sev]al families ( six-to$ cats1 9 "o ( :i* ! peculi>ity _h be5 transmitt$ = at lea/ ?ree g5]ations4 ,! tail v>ies greatly 9 l5g?2 ,i h se5 a cat :i* always c>ri$ its tail flat on its back :5 pleas$4 ,! e>s v>y 9 %ape1 & c]ta9 /ra9s1 9 ,engl&1 inh]it a p5cil-l tuft ( hairs1 above a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 on ! tips ( _! e>s2 & ?is same peculi>ity1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 *>act]ises "s cats 9 ,india4 ,! great v>iability 9 ! l5g? ( ! tail & ! lynx-l tufts ( hairs on ! e>s are app>5tly analog\s to diff]5ces 9 c]ta9 wild species ( ! g5us4 ,a mu* m important diff]5ce1 accord+ to ,daub5ton1#ii is t ! inte/9es ( dome/ic cats are wid]1 & a ?ird long]1 ?an 9 wild cats ( ! same size2 & ?is app>5tly has be5 by _! less /rictly c>nivor\s diet4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,ow5 #8,briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' pp4 #abc to #acc4 ,pictet's #8,trait de ,pal41' #ahec1 tom4 i4 p4 #bjb4 ,de ,bla9ville 9 8 #8,o/ographie1 ,canid1' p4 #adb1 has l>gely discuss$ ! :ole subject1 & concludes t ! ext9ct p>5t ( all dome/icat$ dogs came ne>e/ to ! wolf 9 organisation1 & to ! jackal 9 habits4 ,see also ,boyd ,dawk9s1 #8,cave ,hunt+1' #ahgd1 p4 #aca1 etc41 & 8 o!r publications4 ,jeitteles has discuss$ 9 great detail ! "* ( ! bre$s ( pre-hi/oric dogs3 #8,die vorges*i*tli*5 ,alt]?m] d] ,/adt ,olmtz1' ,,ii4 ,!il1 #ahgb1 p4 #dd to end4 #b ,pallas1 ,i believe1 orig9at$ ?is doctr9e 9 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 ,"p ii4 ,ehr5b]g has advocat$ x1 z may be se5 9 ,de ,bla9ville's #8,o/ographie1' p4 #gi4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ to an extreme ext5t by ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? 9 ! #8,naturali/ ,libr>y1' vols ix & x4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,m>t9 adopts x 9 8 excell5t #8,hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde2 z does ,dr4 ,morton1 z well z ,nott & ,gliddon1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pr(4 ,l[1 9 8 #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' #ahde1 p4 #fff1 comes to ?is same conclusion4 ,no "o has argu$ on ?is side ) m cle>ness & =ce ?an ! late ,james ,wilson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 v>i\s pap]s read be=e ! ,highl& ,agricultural & ,w]n]ian ,societies4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' #ahfj1 tom4 iii4 p4 #ajg71 ?\gh he believes t mo/ dogs h desc5d$ f ! jackal1 yet incl9es to ! belief t "s are desc5d$ f ! wolf4 ,pr(4 ,g]vais 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm4' #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fi1 ref]r+ to ! view t all ! dome/ic races are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( a s+le species1 aft] a long discussion1 says1 8,cette op9ion e/1 suivant n\s du mo9s1 la mo9s probable40 #c ,b]jeau1 #8,! ,v>ieties ( ! ,dog2 9 old ,sculptures & ,pictures1' #ahfc4 #8,d] ,hund1' von ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wal!r1 ,giess51 #ahag1 s4 #dh3 ?is au?or seems c>efully to h /udi$ all classical works on ! subject4 ,see also ,volz1 #8,beitrge zur ,kulturges*i*te1' ,leipzig1 #aheb1 s4 #aae1 #8,y\att on ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #f4 ,a v full hi/ory is giv5 by ,de ,bla9ville 9 8 #8,o/ographie1 ,canid4' #d ,i h se5 draw+s ( ?is dog f ! tomb ( ! son ( ,es> ,haddon1 & clay models 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,nott & ,gliddon1 9 _! #8,types ( ,mank9d1' #ahed1 p4 #cic1 give a copy ( ^! draw+s4 ,?is dog has be5 call$ a ,?ibetan ma/iff1 b ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,oldfield1 :o is famili> ) ! s-call$ ,?ibet ma/iff1 & has exam9$ ! draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t he consid]s !m diff]5t4 #e #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,july #ab?1 #ahca4 #f #8,sport+ 9 ,alg]ia1' p4 #ea4 #g ,b]jeau gives facsimiles ( ! ,egyptian draw+s4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t9 9 8 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 copies sev]al figures f ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 & speaks ) mu* confid5ce ) respect to _! id5tity ) /ill liv+ dogs4 ,messrs4 ,nott & ,gliddon 7#8,types ( ,mank9d1' #ahed1 p4 #chh7 give /ill m num]\s figures4 ,mr4 ,gliddon ass]ts t a curl-tail$ greyh\nd1 l t repres5t$ on ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts1 is common 9 ,borneo2 b ! ,rajah1 ,sir ,j4 ,brooke1 in=ms me t no su* dog exi/s !re4 #h ,^!1 & ! foll[+ facts on ! ,dani% rema9s1 are tak5 f ,m4 ,morlot's mo/ int]e/+ memoir 9 #8,soc4 ,vaudoise des ,sc4 ,nat4' tom4 vi41 #ahfj1 pp4 #bha1 #bii1 #cbj4 #i #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #aag1 #afb4 #aj ,de ,bla9ville #8,o/ographie1 ,canid4' #aa ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk has giv5 me in=mation on ?is head4 ,see also #8,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,geographical ,soc4' vol4 xiii4 #ahdc1 p4 #fe4 #ab #8,dome/ication ( ,animals3' ,e?nological ,soc41 ,dec4 #bbnd1 #ahfc4 #ac #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' etc41 #ahde1 p4 #cic4 ,) respect to ,canis ant>cticus1 see p4 #aic4 ,= ! case ( ! antelope1 see #8,j\rnal ,royal ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xxiii4 p4 #id4 #ad ,! au?orities = ! =ego+ /atem5ts are z foll[3--,ri*>dson 9 #8,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 pp4 #fd1 #ge2 ,dr4 ,kane #8,arctic ,explorations1' #ahef1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cih1 #dee2 ,dr4 ,hayes #8,arctic ,boat ,j\rney1' #ahfj1 p4 #afg4 ,frankl9's #8,n>rative1' vol4 i4 p4 #bfi1 gives ! case ( ?ree :elps ( a black wolf be+ c>ri$ away by ! ,indians4 ,p>ry1 ,ri*>dson1 & o!rs1 give acc\nts ( wolves & dogs naturally cross+ 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,seeman 9 8 #8,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]ald1' #ahec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bf1 says ! wolf is (t5 caught by ! ,esquimaux = ! purpose ( cross+ ) _! dogs1 & ?us add+ to _! size & /r5g?4 ,m4 ,lam>e-,picquot 9 #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat1' tom4 vii41 #ahfj1 p4 #adh1 gives a good acc\nt ( ! half-br$ ,esquimaux dogs4 #ae #8,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 pp4 #gc1 #gh1 #hj4 ,nott & ,gliddon1 #8,types ( ,mank9d1' p4 #chc4 ,! naturali/ & travell] ,b>tram is quot$ by ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 #8,naturali/ ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #aef4 ,a ,mexican dome/ic dog seems also to resemble a wild dog ( ! same c\ntry2 b ?is may be ! prairie-wolf4 ,ano!r capable judge1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l 7#8,! ,naturali/ 9 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1' #ahff1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah71 says t ! ,indian dog ( ! ,spokans1 ne> ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 8is beyond all "q no?+ m ?an a tam$ ,cayote or prairie-wolf10 or ,canis latrans47 #af ,i quote ?is f ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill's excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,alco or dome/ic dog ( ,mexico1 9 ,gosse's #8,naturali/'s ,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #cbi4 #ag #8,naturges*i*te d] ,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #aea4 #ah ,quot$ 9 ,humboldt's #8,aspects ( ,nature' 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 i4 p4 #ajh4 #ai p4t's #8,travels 9 ,hung>y & ,transylvania1' vol4 i4 p4 #eja4 ,jeitteles #8,fauna ,hung>i ,sup]ioris1' #ahfb1 s4 #ac4 ,see ,pl9y #8,hi/4 ( ! ,_w' 7,eng4 trans471 #h? book1 *4 xl41 ab\t ! ,gauls cross+ _! dogs4 ,see also ,ari/otle #8,hi/4 ,animal4'lib4 viii4 c4 #bh4 ,= good evid5ce ab\t wolves & dogs naturally cross+ ne> ! ,pyr5ees1 see ,m4 ,mauduyt #8,du ,l\p et de ses ,races1' ,poiti]s1 #ahea2 also ,pallas 9 #8,acta ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 p4 #id4 #bj ,i give ?is on excell5t au?ority1 namely ,mr4 ,bly? 7"u ! signature ( ,zoophilus71 9 ! #8,indian ,sport+ ,review1' ,oct4 #ahef1 p4 #acd4 ,mr4 ,bly? /ates t he 0 /ruck ) ! resemblance betwe5 a bru%-tail$ race ( p>iah-dogs1 nor?-we/ ( ,cawnpore1 & ! ,indian wolf4 ,he gives corroborative evid5ce ) respect to ! dogs ( ! valley ( ! ,n]budda4 #ba ,= num]\s & int]e/+ details on ! resemblance ( dogs & jackals see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' #ahfj1 tom4 iii4 p4 #aja4 ,see also #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammifres1' p> ,pr(4 ,g]vais1 #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fj4 #bb ,also ,gld5/dt #8,nov4 ,comm5t4 ,acad4 ,petrop41' tom4 xx41 pro anno #agge1 p4 #ddi4 ,also ,salv9 9 #8,l& & ,wat]1' ,oct4 #ahfi4 #bc ,quot$ by ,de ,bla9ville 9 8 #8,o/ographie1 ,canid1' pp4 #gi1 #ih4 #bd ,see ,pallas 9 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 p4 #ia4 ,= ,alg]ia1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #agg4 ,9 bo? c\ntries x is ! male jackal :i* pairs ) female dome/ic dogs4 #be ,john ,b>but's #8,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea 9 #agdf4' #bf #8,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb4 #bg ,selwyn1 ,geology ( ,victoria2 #8,j\rnal ( ,geolog4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv41 #aheh1 p4 #ecf1 & vol4 xvi41 #ahfj1 p4 #adh2 & ,pr(4 ,m',coy1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' 7#crd s]ies7 vol4 ix41 #ahfb1 p4 #adg4 ,! ,d+o diff]s f ! dogs ( ! c5tral ,polynesian isl&s4 ,dieff5ba* rem>ks 7#8,travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #de7 t ! native ,new ,zeal& dog also diff]s f ! ,d+o4 #bh ,^! latt] rem>ks af=d1 ,i ?9k1 a suffici5t answ] to "s criticisms by ,mr4 ,wallace1 on ! multiple orig9 ( dogs1 giv5 9 ,lyell's #8,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' #ahgb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bie4 #bi #8,proce$+s ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcc1 p4 #aab4 ,see also1 on ! tam+ ( ! common wolf1 ,l4 ,lloyd1 #8,sc&9avian ,adv5tures1' #ahed1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfj4 ,) respect to ! jackal1 see ,pr(4 ,g]vais #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm4' tom4 ii4 p4 #fa4 ,) respect to ! agu>a ( ,p>aguay see ,r5gg]'s "w4 #cj ,r\l91 9 #8,mm4 prs5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cda4 #ca ,m>t91 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' p4 #ad4 #cb ,quot$ by ,l4 ,lloyd 9 #8,field ,sports ( ,nor? ( ,europe1' vol4 i4 p4 #chg4 #cc ,quatrefages1 #8,soc4 d',acclimat41' ,may #aa?1 #ahfc1 p4 #g4 #cd #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' vol4 xv41 #ahde1 p4 #adj4 #ce ,az>a1 #8,voyages dans l',amr4 ,mrid4' tom4 i4 p4 #cha2 8 acc\nt is fully confirm$ by ,r5gg]4 ,quatrefages gives an acc\nt ( a bit* br\ght f ,j]usalem to ,france :i* burr[$ a hole & litt]$ 9 x4 ,see #8,disc\rs1 ,exposition des ,races ,can9es1' #ahfe1 p4 #c4 #cf ,) respect to wolves burr[+ holes see ,ri*>dson1 #8,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' p4 #fd2 & ,be*/e9 #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 i4 s4 #fag4 #cg ,see ,poeppig1 #8,reise 9 ,*ile1' ,b4 i4 s4 #bij2 ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>ke1 z above2 & ,r5gg]1 s4 #aee4 #ch ,dogs1 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #aba2 an endemic ,s\? ,am]ican dog seems also to h become f]al 9 ?is isl&4 ,see ,gosse's #8,jamaica1' p4 #cdj4 #ci ,l[ #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' p4 #fej4 #dj #8,! ,naturali/ ,libr>y1' ,dogs1 vol4 x4 pp4 #d1 #ai4 #da ,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,g]vais1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #db ,j4 ,hunt] %[s t ! long p]iod ( sev5ty-?ree days giv5 by ,buffon is easily expla9$ by ! bit* hav+ receiv$ ! dog _m times dur+ a p]iod ( sixte5 days 7#8,phil4 ,transact41' #aghg1 p4 #cec74 ,hunt] f\nd t ! ge/ation ( a mongrel f wolf & dog 7#8,phil4 ,transact41' #aghi1 p4 #afj7 app>5tly 0 sixty-?ree days1 = %e receiv$ ! dog m ?an once4 ,! p]iod ( a mongrel dog & jackal 0 fifty-n9e days4 ,fr$4 ,cuvi] f\nd ! p]iod ( ge/ation ( ! wolf to be 7#8,dict4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat4' tom4 iv4 p4 #h7 two mon?s & a few days1 :i* agrees ) ! dog4 ,isid ,g4 ,/4-,hilaire1 :o has discuss$ ! :ole subject1 & f :om ,i quote ,bell+]i1 /ates 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #aab7 t 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes ! p]iod ( ! jackal has be5 f\nd to be f sixty to sixty-?ree days1 exactly z ) ! dog4 #dc ,see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #aab1 on ! od\r ( jackals4 ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi? 9 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #bhi4 #dd ,quot$ by ,quatrefages 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' ,may #aa?1 #ahfc4 #de #8,j\rnal de la ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #che4 #df ,see ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill's excell5t acc\nt ( ?is bre$ 9 ,gosse's #8,jamaica1' p4 #cch2 ,r5gg] #8,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' s4 #aec4 ,) respect to ,spitz dogs1 see ,be*/e9's #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 ,b4 i4 s4 #fch4 ,) respect to ,dr4 ,hodgk9's /atem5t made be=e ,brit4 ,assoc4 see #8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 iv4 = #ahde-df p4 #ajig4 #dg #8,acta ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 pp4 #hd1 #ajj4 #dh ,m4 ,broca has %[n 7#8,j\rnal de ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cec7 t ,buffon's exp]im5ts h be5 (t5 misrepres5t$4 ,broca has collect$ 7pp4 #cij-cie7 _m facts on ! f]tility ( cross$ dogs1 wolves1 & jackals4 #di #8,de la ,longvit ,huma9e1' p> ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 #ahee1 p4 #adc4 ,mr4 ,bly? says 7#8,indian ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 #b p4 #acg7 t he has se5 9 ,india sev]al hybrids f ! p>iah-dog & jackal2 & betwe5 "o ( ^! hybrids & a t]ri]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,hunt] on ! jackal are well-kn[n4 ,see also ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #bag1 :o speaks ( ! hybrid (fspr+ ( ! jackal z p]fectly f]tile = ?ree g5]ations4 #ej ,on au?ority ( ,f4 ,cuvi] quot$ 9 ,bronn's #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b ii4 s4 #afd4 #ea ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t9 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #bjc4 ,mr4 ,philip ,p4 ,k+1 aft] ample opportunities ( obs]vation1 in=ms me t ! ,d+o & ,european dogs (t5 cross 9 ,au/ralia4 #eb ,rppel #8,neue ,wirbel?i]e von ,abyss9i51' #ahce-dj #8,mammif41' s4 #ci pl4 xiv4 ,!re is a specim5 ( ?is f9e animal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ec ,ev5 ,pallas admits ?is2 see #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 p4 #ic4 #ed ,quot$ by ,i4 ,ge(froy1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dec4 #ee ,f4 ,cuvi] 9 #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 xviii4 p4 #ccg2 ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 p4 #cdb2 & ,col4 ,h4 ,smi? 9 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #aja4 ,see also "s obs]vations on ! deg5]acy ( ! skull 9 c]ta9 bre$s1 by ,pr(4 ,bianconi1 #8,la ,!orie ,d>w9i5ne1' #ahgd1 p4 #bgi4 #ef ,dr4 ,burt ,wild]1 #8,am]ican ,assoc4 ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1' #ahgc1 pp4 #bcf1 #bci4 #eg ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' #ahcb1 tom4 i4 p4 #ffj1 ,g]vais #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammifres1' tom4 ii41 #ahee1 p4 #ff4 ,de ,bla9ville 7#8,o/ographie1 ,canid1' p4 #acg7 has also se5 an extra mol> on bo? sides4 #eh #8,o/ographie1 ,canid1' p4 #acg4 #ei ,wrzburg] #8,m$ec94 ,zeits*rift1' #ahfj1 ,b4 i4 s4 #bfe4 #fj ,mr4 ,y>rell 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,oct4 #h?1 #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se %[$ me a skull ( "o ( ^! dogs1 :i* _h only a s+le mol> on ea* side & "s imp]fect incisors4 #fa ,quot$ 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dae4 #fb ,?is is quot$ f ,/oneh5ge1 a great au?ority1 #8,! ,dog1' #ahfg1 p4 #ahg4 #fc #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gnral1' tom4 iii4 p4 #ddh4 #fd ,w4 ,scrope #8,art ( ,de]-,/alk+1' p4 #ced4 #fe ,quot$ by ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi? 9 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #gi4 #ff ,de ,bla9ville #8,o/ographie1 ,canid1' p4 #acd4 ,f4 ,cuvi] #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 xviii4 p4 #cdb4 ,9 reg>d to ma/iffs1 see ,col4 ,h4 ,smi? #8,nat4 ,lib4' vol4 x4 p4 #bah4 ,= ! ,?ibet ma/iff1 see ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 i41 #ahcb1 p4 #cdb4 #fg #8,! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #ahf4 ,) respect to diseases ,y\att ass]ts 7p4 #afg7 t ! ,italian greyh\nd is 8/rongly subject0 to polypi 9 ! matrix or vag9a4 ,! spaniel & pug 7p4 #ahb7 are mo/ liable to bron*ocele4 ,! liability to di/emp] 7p4 #bcb7 is extremely diff]5t 9 diff]5t bre$s4 ,on ! di/emp]1 see also ,col4 ,hut*9son on #8,dog ,break+1' #ahej1 p4 #bgi4 #fh ,see ,y\att on ! ,dog1 p4 #ae2 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 xi4 p4 #bce4 #fi #8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ai4 #gj #8,travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #ga ,hodgson 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 #gb #8,field ,sports ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afe4 #gc #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif41' #ahee1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #gd #8,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s1' #agic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 #ge #8,ori5tal ,field ,sports1' quot$ by ,y\att1 #8,! ,dog1' p4 #ae4 #gf ,a4 ,murray gives ?is passage 9 8 #8,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals1' #dto1 #ahff1 p4 #h4 #gg ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,galton1 #8,dome/ication ( ,animals1' p4 #ac4 #gh #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dej4 #gi ,mr4 ,gre5h[ on ! ,canadian ,dog 9 ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 vi41 #ahcc1 p4 #eaa4 #hj ,see ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,groom-,napi] on ! webb+ ( ! h9d feet ( ,ott]h\nds 9 #8,l& & ,wat]1' ,oct4 #ac1 #ahff1 p4 #bgj4 #ha #8,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 p4 #fb4 #hb #8,! ,horse 9 all 8 ,v>ieties1' etc41 #ahbi1 pp4 #bcj1 #bcd4 #hc #8,! ,dog1' #ahde1 pp4 #ca1 #ce2 ) respect to ,k+ ,*>les's spaniel1 p4 #de2 = ! sett]1 p4 #ij4 #hd ,9 ! #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #eeg4 #he ,au?or ( #8,rese>*es into ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,dog4' #hf ,see ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? on ! antiquity ( ! ,po9t]1 9 #8,nat4 ,lib4' vol4 x4 p4 #aif4 #hg ,! ,newf\ndl& dog is believ$ to h orig9at$ f a cross betwe5 ! ,esquimaux dog & a l>ge ,fr5* h\nd4 ,see ,dr4 ,hodgk9 #8,briti% ,assoc41' #ahdd2 ,be*/e9 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&1' ,b4 i4 s4 #egd2 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #acb2 also ,mr4 ,jukes' #8,excursion 9 & ab\t ,newf\ndl&4' #hh ,de ,bla9ville #8,o/ographie1 ,felis1' p4 #fe1 on ! "* ( ,f4 caligulata2 pp4 #he1 #hi1 #ij1 #age1 on ! o!r mummi$ species4 ,he quotes ,ehr5b]g on ,f4 maniculata be+ mummi$4 #hi ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,calcutta2 ,curator's ,report1 ,aug4 #ahef4 ,! passage f ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e is quot$ f ?is ,report4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 :o has especially att5d$ to ! wild & dome/ic cats ( ,india1 has giv5 9 ?is ,report a v int]e/+ discussion on _! orig94 #ij #8,fauna ,hung>i ,sup41' #ahfb1 s4 #ab4 #ia ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #agg4 #ib #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfc1 p4 #ahd4 #ic #8,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #bab4 #id #8,mem4 prs5ts p> div]s ,savans3 ,acad4 ,roy4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cdf4 ,gom>a fir/ notic$ ?is fact 9 #aeed4 #ie #8,n>rative ( ,voyages1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahj4 #if ,j4 ,crawfurd #8,descript4 ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' p4 #bee4 ,! ,madagasc> cat is said to h a twi/$ tail2 see ,desm>e/ 9 #8,encyclop4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' #ahbj1 p4 #bcc1 = "s ( ! o!r bre$s4 #ig ,admiral ,lutk's ,voyage1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjh4 #ih #8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 ,mammalia1' p4 #bj4 ,dieff5ba* #8,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahe4 ,*4 ,/4 ,john #8,wild ,sports ( ! ,highl&s1' #ahdf1 p4 #dj4 #ii ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dbg4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,horses ,,& ,,asses4 ,,horse4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability ,,(--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,c ,,)/& ,,mu* ,,cold--,,bre$s ,,mu* ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,selection--,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,horse--,,dappl+--,,d>k ,,/ripes ,,on ,,! ,,sp9e1 ,,legs1 ,,%\ld]s1 ,,& ,,=ehead--,,dun-,,col\r$ ,,horses ,,mo/ ,,frequ5tly ,,/rip$--,,/ripes ,,probably ,,due ,,to ,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,primitive ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,,asses4 ,,bre$s ,,(--,,col\r ,,(--,,leg- ,,& ,,%\ld]-,,/ripes--,,%\ld]-,,/ripes ,,sometimes ,,abs5t1 ,,sometimes ,,=k$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,horse is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,rema9s ( ?is animal 9 a dome/icat$ condition h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 belong+ to ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4#a ,at ! pres5t "t ! numb] ( bre$s is great1 z may be se5 by consult+ any treatise on ! ,horse4#b ,look+ only to ! native ponies ( ,great ,brita91 ^? ( ! ,%etl& ,isles1 ,wales1 ! ,new ,=e/1 & ,devon%ire are di/+ui%able2 & s x is1 among/ o!r in/ances1 ) ea* sep>ate isl& 9 ! great ,malay ar*ipelago4#c ,"s ( ! bre$s pres5t great diff]5ces 9 size1 %ape ( e>s1 l5g? ( mane1 proportions ( ! body1 =m ( ! )]s & h9d qu>t]s1 & especially 9 ! head4 ,comp>e ! race-horse1 dray-horse1 & a ,%etl& pony 9 size1 configuration1 & disposition2 & see h[ mu* great] ! diff]5ce is ?an betwe5 ! sev5 or eight o!r liv+ species ( ! g5us ,equus4 ,( individual v>iations n kn[n to *>act]ise p>ticul> bre$s1 & n great or injuri\s en\gh to be call$ mon/rosities1 ,i h n collect$ _m cases4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,br[n1 ( ! ,cir5ce/] ,agricultural ,college1 :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! d5tition ( our dome/ic animals1 writes to me t he has 8sev]al times notic$ eight p]man5t incisors in/ead ( six 9 ! jaw40 ,male horses only %\ld h can9es1 b !y are occasionally f\nd 9 ! m>e1 ?\gh a small size4#d ,! numb] ( ribs on ea* side is prop]ly eighte51 b ,y\att#e ass]ts t n unfrequ5tly !re are n9ete51 ! additional "o be+ always ! po/]ior rib4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! anci5t ,indian horse is said 9 ! ,rig-,vda to h only sev5te5 ribs2 & ,m4 ,pitrem5t1#f :o has call$ att5tion to ?is subject1 gives v>i\s reasons = plac+ full tru/ 9 ?is /atem5t1 m especially z dur+ =m] times ! ,h9doos c>efully c\nt$ ! bones ( animals4 ,i h se5 sev]al notices ( v>iations 9 ! bones ( ! leg2 ?us ,mr4 ,price#g speaks ( an additional bone 9 ! hock1 & ( c]ta9 abnormal appe>ances betwe5 ! tibia & a/ragalus1 z q common 9 ,iri% horses1 & n due to disease4 ,horses h (t5 be5 obs]v$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gaudry1#h to possess a trapezium & a rudim5t ( a fif? metac>pal bone1 s t 8"o sees appe>+ by mon/rosity1 9 ! foot ( ! horse1 /ructures :i* normally exi/ 9 ! foot ( ! ,hipp>ion10--an alli$ & ext9ct animal4 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries horn-l projections h be5 obs]v$ on ! frontal bones ( ! horse3 9 "o case describ$ by ,mr4 ,p]cival !y arose ab\t two in*es above ! orbital processes1 & 7 8v l ^? 9 a calf f five to six mon?s old10 be+ f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4#i ,az>a has describ$ two cases 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 :i* ! projections 7 betwe5 ?ree & f\r in*es 9 l5g?3 o!r in/ances h occurr$ 9 ,spa94 ,t !re has be5 mu* inh]it$ v>iation 9 ! horse _c be d\bt$1 :5 we reflect on ! numb] ( ! bre$s exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! _w or ev5 )9 ! same c\ntry1 & :5 we "k t !y h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] s9ce ! e>lie/ kn[n records4#aj ,ev5 9 s fleet+ a "* z col\r1 ,h(ack]#aa f\nd t1 out ( #baf cases 9 :i* horses ( ! same col\r 7 pair$1 only elev5 pairs produc$ foals ( a q diff]5t col\r4 ,z ,pr(essor ,l[#ab has rem>k$1 ! ,engli% race-horse (f]s ! be/ possible evid5ce ( inh]itance4 ,! p$igree ( a race-horse is ( m value 9 judg+ ( its probable success ?an its appe>ance3 8,k+ ,h]od0 ga9$ 9 prizes #bja1eje p\nds /]l+1 & begot #dig w9n]s2 8,eclipse0 begot #ccd w9n]s4 ,:e!r ! :ole am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s bre$s has aris5 "u dome/ication is d\btful4 ,f ! f]tility ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s#ac :5 cross$1 naturali/s h g5]ally look$ at all ! bre$s z hav+ desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,few w agree ) ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?1 :o believes t !y h desc5d$ f no less ?an five primitive & diff]5tly col\r$ /ocks4#ad ,b z sev]al species & v>ieties ( ! horse exi/$#ae dur+ ! lat] t]ti>y p]iods1 & z ,rutimey] f\nd diff]5ces 9 ! size & =m ( ! skull 9 ! e>lie/ kn[n dome/icat$ horses1#af we ought n to feel sure t all our bre$s are desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,! savages ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica easily reclaim ! f]al horses1 s t !re is no improbability 9 savages 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w hav+ dome/icat$ m ?an "o native species or natural race4 ,m4 ,sanson#ag ?9ks t he has prov$ t two di/9ct species h be5 dome/icat$1 "o 9 ! ,ea/1 & "o 9 ,nor? ,africa2 & t ^! diff]$ 9 ! numb] ( _! lumb> v]tebra & 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts2 b ,m4 ,sanson seems to believe t o/eological *>act]s are subject to v little v>iation1 :i* is c]ta9ly a mi/ake4 ,at pres5t no aborig9al or truly wild horse is positively kn[n to exi/2 = x is commonly believ$ t ! wild horses ( ! ,ea/ are escap$ dome/ic animals4#ah ,if !re=e our dome/ic bre$s are desc5d$ f sev]al species or natural races1 all h become ext9ct 9 ! wild /ate4 ,) respect to ! causes ( ! modifications :i* horses h und]gone1 ! conditions ( life seem to produce a consid]able direct effect4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 :o has _h excell5t opportunities ( comp>+ ! horses ( ,spa9 ) ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 in=ms me t ! horses ( ,*ile1 :i* h liv$ "u ne>ly ! same conditions z _! prog5itors 9 ,&alusia1 rema9 unalt]$1 :il/ ! ,pampas horses & ! ,puno horses are consid]ably modifi$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t horses become greatly r$uc$ 9 size & alt]$ 9 appe>ance by liv+ on m\nta9s & isl&s2 & ?is app>5tly is due to want ( nutriti\s or v>i$ food4 ,e "o kn[s h[ small & rugg$ ! ponies are on ! ,nor!rn isl&s & on ! m\nta9s ( ,europe4 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia h _! native ponies2 & !re 71#ai or /ill are1 on "s isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia1 ponies l ^? ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 :i* are believ$ to h orig9at$ ?r\gh exposure to unfav\rable conditions4 ,! ,puno ponies1 :i* inhabit ! l(ty regions ( ! ,cordill]a1 are1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 /range little creatures1 v unlike _! ,spani% prog5itors4 ,fur!r s\?1 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ! (fspr+ ( ! horses import$ 9 #agfd h already s mu* det]iorat$ 9 size#bj & /r5g? t !y are unfitt$ = cat*+ wild cattle ) ! lasso2 s t fre% horses h to be br\ght = ?is purpose f ,la ,plata at a great exp5se4 ,! r$uc$ size ( ! horses br$ on bo? s\!rn & nor!rn isl&s1 & on sev]al m\nta9-*a9s1 c h>dly h be5 caus$ by ! cold1 z a simil> r$uction has occurr$ on ! ,virg9ian & ,m$it]ranean isl&s4 ,! horse c )/& int5se cold1 = wild troops live on ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia "u lat4 #ef1ba & aborig9ally ! horses mu/ h inhabit$ c\ntries annually cov]$ ) sn[1 = he long reta9s ! in/9ct ( scrap+ x away to get at ! h]bage b5ea?4 ,! wild t>pans 9 ! ,ea/ h ?is in/9ct2 & s x is1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,admiral ,sulivan1 ) ! horses rec5tly & =m]ly introduc$ into ! ,falkl& ,isl&s f ,la ,plata1 "s ( :i* h run wild2 ?is latt] fact is rem>kable1 z ! prog5itors ( ^! horses c\ld n h foll[$ ?is in/9ct dur+ _m g5]ations 9 ,la ,plata4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wild cattle ( ! ,falkl&s nev] scrape away ! sn[1 & p]i% :5 ! gr\nd is long cov]$4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica ! horses desc5d$ f ^? introduc$ by ! ,spani% conqu]ors ( ,mexico1 h ! same habit1 z h ! native bisons1 b n s ! cattle introduc$ f ,europe4#bb ,! horse c fl\ri% "u int5se heat z well z "u int5se cold1 = he is kn[n to come to ! highe/ p]fection1 ?\gh n atta9+ a l>ge size1 9 ,arabia & nor!rn ,africa4 ,mu* humidity is app>5tly m injuri\s to ! horse ?an heat or cold4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 horses suff] mu* f ! dampness2 & ?is circum/ance may p]haps p>tly acc\nt = ! s+ul> fact t to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1#bc ov] an enorm\s & humid area1 9 ,ava1 ,pegu1 ,siam1 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 & a l>ge "p ( ,*9a1 no full-siz$ horse is f\nd4 ,:5 we advance z f> ea/w>d z ,japan1 ! horse reacquires 8 full size4#bd ,) mo/ ( our dome/icat$ animals1 "s bre$s are kept on acc\nt ( _! curiosity or beauty2 b ! horse is valu$ almo/ solely = its utility4 ,h5ce semi-mon/r\s bre$s are n pres]v$2 & probably all ! exi/+ bre$s h be5 sl[ly =m$ ei!r by ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 or ?r\gh ! selection ( individual diff]5ces4 ,no d\bt semi-mon/r\s bre$s might h be5 =m$3 ?us ,mr4 ,wat]ton records#be ! case ( a m>e :i* produc$ successively ?ree foals )\t tails2 s t a tailless race might h be5 =m$ l ! tailless races ( dogs & cats4 ,a ,russian bre$ ( horses is said to h curl$ hair1 & ,az>a#bf relates t 9 ,p>aguay horses are occasionally born1 b are g5]ally de/roy$1 ) hair l t on ! head ( a negro2 & ?is peculi>ity is transmitt$ ev5 to half-bre$s3 x is a curi\s case ( correlation t su* horses h %ort manes & tails1 & _! ho(s are ( a peculi> %ape l ^? ( a mule4 ,x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! long-cont9u$ selection ( qualities s]viceable to man has be5 ! *ief ag5t 9 ! =mation ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! horse4 ,look at a dray-horse1 & see h[ well adapt$ he is to draw heavy weights1 & h[ unlike 9 appe>ance to any alli$ wild animal4 ,! ,engli% race-horse is kn[n to be d]iv$ f ! comm+l$ blood ( ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,b>bs2 b selection1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on dur+ v e>ly times 9 ,engl&1#bg toge!r ) tra9+1 h made him a v diff]5t animal f 8 p>5t-/ocks4 ,z a writ] 9 ,india1 :o evid5tly kn[s ! pure ,arab well1 asks1 :o n[1 8look+ at our pres5t bre$ ( race-horses1 c\ld h conceiv$ t !y 7 ! result ( ! union ( ! ,arab horse & ,african m>e80 ,! improvem5t is s m>k$ t 9 runn+ = ! ,goodwood ,cup ! fir/ desc5dants ( ,arabian1 ,turki%1 & ,p]sian horses1 are all[$ a disc\nt ( #ah p\nds weight2 & :5 bo? p>5ts are ( ^! c\ntries a disc\nt ( #cf p\nds4#bh ,x is notori\s t ! ,arabs h long be5 z c>eful ab\t ! p$igree ( _! horses z we are1 & ?is implies great & cont9u$ c>e 9 bre$+4 ,see+ :at has be5 done 9 ,engl& by c>eful bre$+1 c we d\bt t ! ,arabs mu/ likewise h produc$ dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies a m>k$ effect on ! qualities ( _! horses8 ,b we may g mu* f>!r back 9 "t1 = 9 ! ,bible we he> ( /uds c>efully kept = bre$+1 & ( horses import$ at high prices f v>i\s c\ntries4#bi ,we may !re=e conclude t1 :e!r or n ! v>i\s exi/+ bre$s ( ! horse h proce$$ f "o or m aborig9al /ocks1 yet t a great am\nt ( *ange has result$ f ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 & probably a /ill great] am\nt f ! long-cont9u$ selection by man ( slight individual diff]5ces4 ,) sev]al dome/icat$ quadrup$s & birds1 c]ta9 col\r$ m>ks are ei!r /rongly inh]it$ or t5d to reappe> aft] hav+ be5 lo/ = a long "t4 ,z ?is subject w h]eaft] be se5 to be ( importance1 ,i w give a full acc\nt ( ! col\r+ ( horses4 ,all ,engli% bre$s1 h[ev] unlike 9 size & appe>ance1 & sev]al ( ^? 9 ,india & ! ,malay ar*ipelago1 pres5t a simil> range & div]sity ( col\r4 ,! ,engli% race-horse1 h[ev]1 is said#cj nev] to be dun-col\r$2 b z dun & cream-col\r$ horses are consid]$ by ! ,arabs z wor?less1 8& fit only = ,jews to ride10#ca ^! t9ts may h be5 remov$ by long-cont9u$ selection4 ,horses ( e col\r1 & ( su* widely diff]5t k9ds z dray-horses1 cobs1 & ponies1 are all occasionally dappl$1#cb 9 ! same mann] z is s conspicu\s ) grey horses4 ,?is fact does n ?r[ any cle> light on ! col\r+ ( ! aborig9al horse1 b is a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = ev5 asses are sometimes dappl$1 & ,i h se51 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a hybrid f ! ass & zebra dappl$ on its h9d] qu>t]s4 ,by ! expression analog\s v>iation 7& x is "o t ,i %all (t5 h occasion to use7 ,i mean a v>iation occurr+ 9 a species or v>iety :i* resembles a normal "* 9 ano!r & di/9ct species or v>iety4 ,analog\s v>iations may arise1 z w be expla9$ 9 a future *apt]1 f two or m =ms ) a simil> con/itution hav+ be5 expos$ to simil> conditions1--or f "o ( two =ms hav+ reacquir$ ?r\gh rev]sion a "* inh]it$ by ! o!r =m f _! common prog5itor1--or f bo? =ms hav+ rev]t$ to ! same ance/ral "*4 ,we %all imm$iately see t horses occasionally exhibit a t5d5cy to become /rip$ ov] a l>ge "p ( _! bodies2 & z we "k t 9 ! v>ieties ( ! dome/ic cat & 9 sev]al fel9e species /ripes readily pass into spots & cl\dy m>ks--ev5 ! cubs ( ! uni=mly-col\r$ lion be+ spott$ ) d>k m>ks on a light] gr\nd--we may suspect t ! dappl+ ( ! horse1 :i* has be5 notic$ by "s au?ors ) surprise1 is a modification or ve/ige ( a t5d5cy to become /rip$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,dun ,devon%ire ,pony1 ) %\ld]1 sp9al1 & leg /ripes4 ,?is t5d5cy 9 ! horse to become /rip$ is 9 sev]al respects an int]e/+ fact4 ,horses ( all col\rs1 ( ! mo/ div]se bre$s1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 (t5 h a d>k /ripe ext5d+ along ! sp9e1 f ! mane to ! tail2 b ?is is s common t ,i ne$ ent] into no p>ticul>s4#cc ,occasionally horses are transv]sely b>r$ on ! legs1 *iefly on ! "u side2 & m r>ely !y h a di/9ct /ripe on ! %\ld]1 l t on ! %\ld] ( ! ass1 or a broad d>k pat* repres5t+ a /ripe4 ,be=e ent]+ on any details ,i mu/ premise t ! t]m dun-col\r$ is vague1 & includes ?ree gr\ps ( col\rs1 viz41 t betwe5 cream-col\r & r$di%-br[n1 :i* graduates into light-bay or light-*e/nut--?is1 ,i believe is (t5 call$ fall[-dun2 secondly1 lead5 or slate-col\r or m\se-dun1 :i* graduates into an a%-col\r2 &1 la/ly1 d>k-dun1 betwe5 br[n & black4 ,9 ,engl& ,i h exam9$ a r l>ge1 lightly-built1 fall[-dun ,devon%ire pony 7,figure #a71 ) a conspicu\s /ripe along ! back1 ) light transv]se /ripes on ! "u sides ( its front legs1 & ) f\r p>allel /ripes on ea* %\ld]4 ,( ^! f\r /ripes ! po/]ior "o 0 v m9ute & fa9t2 ! ant]ior "o1 on ! o!r h&1 0 long & broad1 b int]rupt$ 9 ! middle1 & truncat$ at its l[] extremity1 ) ! ant]ior angle produc$ into a long tap]+ po9t4 ,i m5tion ?is latt] fact because ! %\ld]-/ripe ( ! ass occasionally pres5ts exactly ! same appe>ance4 ,i h _h an outl9e & description s5t to me ( a small1 purely-br$1 light fall[-dun ,wel* pony1 ) a sp9al /ripe1 a s+le transv]se /ripe on ea* leg1 & ?ree %\ld]-/ripes2 ! po/]ior /ripe correspond+ ) t on ! %\ld] ( ! ass 0 ! longe/1 :il/ ! two ant]ior p>allel /ripes1 aris+ f ! mane1 decreas$ 9 l5g?1 9 a rev]s$ mann] z comp>$ ) ! %\ld]-/ripes on ! above-describ$ ,devon%ire pony4 ,i h se5 a bright fall[-dun cob1 ) its front legs transv]sely b>r$ on ! "u sides 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s mann]2 also a d>k-lead5 m\se-col\r$ pony ) simil> leg /ripes1 b mu* less conspicu\s2 also a bright fall[-dun colt1 fully ?ree-p>ts ?or\ghbr$1 ) v pla9 transv]se /ripes on ! legs2 also a *e/nut-dun c>t-horse ) a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 ) di/9ct traces ( %\ld]-/ripes1 b none on ! legs2 ,i c\ld add o!r cases4 ,my son made a sket* = me ( a l>ge1 heavy1 ,belgian c>t-horse1 ( a fall[-dun1 ) a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 traces ( leg-/ripes1 & ) two p>allel 7?ree in*es ap>t7 /ripes ab\t sev5 or eight in*es 9 l5g? on bo? %\ld]s4 ,i h se5 ano!r r light c>t-horse1 ( a dirty d>k cream-col\r1 ) /rip$ legs1 & on "o %\ld] a l>ge ill-def9$ d>k cl\dy pat*1 & on ! opposite %\ld] two p>allel fa9t /ripes4 ,all ! cases yet m5tion$ are duns ( v>i\s t9ts2 b ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,edw>ds has se5 a ne>ly ?or\ghbr$ *e/nut horse :i* _h ! sp9al /ripe1 & di/9ct b>s on ! legs2 & ,i h se5 two bay c>riage-horses ) black sp9al /ripes2 "o ( ^! horses _h on ea* %\ld] a light %\ld]-/ripe1 & ! o!r _h a broad back ill-def9$ /ripe1 runn+ obliquely half-way d[n ea* %\ld]2 nei!r _h leg-/ripes4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ case :i* ,i h met ) occurr$ 9 a colt ( my own bre$+4 ,a bay m>e 7desc5d$ f a d>k-br[n ,flemi% m>e by a light grey ,turcoman horse7 0 put to ,h]cules1 a ?or\ghbr$ d>k bay1 ^: sire 7,k+/on7 & dam 7 bo? bays4 ,! colt ultimately turn$ out br[n2 b :5 only a =tnight old x 0 a dirty bay1 %ad$ ) m\se-grey1 & 9 p>ts ) a yell[i% t9t3 x _h only a trace ( ! sp9al /ripe1 ) a few obscure transv]se b>s on ! legs2 b almo/ ! :ole body 0 m>k$ ) v n>r[ d>k /ripes1 9 mo/ p>ts s obscure z to be visible only 9 c]ta9 lights1 l ! /ripes :i* may be se5 on black kitt5s4 ,^! /ripes 7 di/9ct on ! h9d-qu>t]s1 :]e !y div]g$ f ! sp9e1 & po9t$ a little =w>ds2 _m ( !m z !y div]g$ became a little bran*$1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z 9 "s zebr9e species4 ,! /ripes 7 pla9e/ on ! =ehead betwe5 ! e>s1 :]e !y =m$ a set ( po9t$ ar*es1 "o "u ! o!r1 decreas+ 9 size d[nw>ds t[>ds ! muzzle2 exactly simil> m>ks may be se5 on ! =ehead ( ! quagga & ,bur*ell's zebra4 ,:5 ?is foal 0 two or ?ree mon?s old all ! /ripes entirely disappe>$4 ,i h se5 simil> m>ks on ! =ehead ( a fully gr[n1 fall[-dun1 cob-l horse1 hav+ a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 & ) its front legs well b>r$4 ,9 ,norway ! col\r ( ! native horse or pony is dun1 v>y+ f almo/ cream-col\r to d>k-m\se dun2 & an animal is n consid]$ purely br$ unless x has ! sp9al & leg-/ripes4#cd ,my son e/imat$ t ab\t a ?ird ( ! ponies :i* he saw !re _h /rip$ legs2 he c\nt$ sev5 /ripes on ! =e-legs & two on ! h9d-legs ( "o pony2 only a few ( !m exhibit$ traces ( %\ld] /ripes2 b ,i h he>d ( a cob import$ f ,norway :i* _h ! %\ld] z well z ! o!r /ripes well develop$4 ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?#ce alludes to dun-horses ) ! sp9al /ripe 9 ! ,si]ras ( ,spa92 & ! horses orig9ally d]iv$ f ,spa91 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are n[ duns4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t he inspect$ a h]d ( #cjj ,s\? ,am]ican horses import$ into ,madras1 & _m ( ^! _h transv]se /ripes on ! legs & %ort %\ld]-/ripes2 ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ individual1 ( :i* a col\r$ draw+ 0 s5t me1 0 a m\se-dun1 ) ! %\ld]-/ripes slightly =k$4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n p>ts ( ,india /rip$ horses ( m ?an "o bre$ are app>5tly common] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w2 & ,i h receiv$ in=mation respect+ !m f sev]al (fic]s1 especially f ,colonel ,poole1 ,colonel ,curtis1 ,major ,campbell1 ,brigadi] ,/4 ,john1 & o!rs4 ,! ,kattyw> horses are (t5 fifte5 or sixte5 h&s 9 height1 & are well b lightly built4 ,!y are ( all col\rs1 b ! sev]al k9ds ( duns prevail2 & ^! are s g5]ally /rip$1 t a horse )\t /ripes is n consid]$ pure4 ,colonel ,poole believes t all ! duns h ! sp9al /ripe1 ! leg-/ripes are g5]ally pres5t1 & he ?9ks t ab\t half ! horses h ! %\ld]-/ripe2 ?is /ripe is sometimes d\ble or treble on bo? %\ld]s4 ,colonel ,poole has (t5 se5 /ripes on ! *eeks & sides ( ! nose4 ,he has se5 /ripes on ! grey & bay ,kattyw>s :5 fir/ foal$1 b !y soon fad$ away4 ,i h receiv$ o!r acc\nts ( cream-col\r$1 bay1 br[n1 & grey ,kattyw> horses be+ /rip$4 ,ea/w>d ( ,india1 ! ,%an 7nor? ( ,burmah7 ponies1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 h sp9al1 leg1 & %\ld] /ripes4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t he saw two bay ,pegu ponies ) leg-/ripes4 ,burmese & ,javanese ponies are frequ5tly dun-col\r$1 & h ! ?ree k9ds ( /ripes1 89 ! same degree z 9 ,engl&40#cf ,mr4 ,sw9hoe in=ms me t he exam9$ two light-dun ponies ( two ,*9ese bre$s1 viz41 ^? ( ,%anghai & ,amoy2 bo? _h ! sp9al /ripe1 & ! latt] an indi/9ct %\ld]-/ripe4 ,we ?us see t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w bre$s ( ! horse z diff]5t z possible1 :5 ( a dun-col\r 7includ+ "u ?is t]m a wide range ( t9t f cream to du/y black71 & r>ely :5 almo/ :ite t+$ ) yell[1 grey1 bay1 & *e/nut1 h ! sev]al above-specifi$ /ripes4 ,horses :i* are ( a yell[ col\r ) :ite mane & tail1 & :i* are sometimes call$ duns1 ,i h nev] se5 ) /ripes4#cg ,f reasons :i* w be app>5t 9 ! *apt] on ,rev]sion1 ,i h endeav\r$1 b ) poor success1 to discov] :e!r duns1 :i* are s mu* (t5] /rip$ ?an o!r col\r$ horses1 are ev] produc$ f ! cross+ ( two horses1 nei!r ( :i* are duns4 ,mo/ p]sons to :om ,i h appli$ believe t "o p>5t mu/ be dun2 & x is g5]ally ass]t$ t1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! dun-col\r & ! /ripes are /rongly inh]it$4#ch ,"o case1 h[ev]1 has fall5 "u my own obs]vation ( a foal f a black m>e by a bay horse1 :i* :5 fully gr[n 0 a d>k fall[-dun & _h a n>r[ b pla9 sp9al /ripe4 ,h(ack]#ci gives two in/ances ( m\se-duns 7,mausrapp7 be+ produc$ f two p>5ts ( diff]5t col\rs & nei!r duns4 ,! /ripes ( all k9ds are g5]ally pla9] 9 ! foal ?an 9 ! adult horse1 be+ commonly lo/ at ! fir/ %$d+ ( ! hair4#dj ,colonel ,poole believes t 8! /ripes 9 ! ,kattyw> bre$ are pla9e/ :5 ! colt is fir/ foal$2 !y !n become less & less di/9ct till aft] ! fir/ coat is %$1 :5 !y come out z /rongly z be=e2 b c]ta9ly (t5 fade away z ! age ( ! horse increases40 ,two o!r acc\nts confirm ?is fad+ ( ! /ripes 9 old horses 9 ,india4 ,"o writ]1 on ! o!r h&1 /ates t colts are (t5 born )\t /ripes1 b t !y appe> z ! colt gr[s old]4 ,?ree au?orities affirm t 9 ,norway ! /ripes are less pla9 9 ! foal ?an 9 ! adult4 ,9 ! case describ$ by me ( ! "y foal :i* 0 n>r[ly /rip$ ov] ne>ly all its body1 !re 0 no d\bt ab\t ! e>ly & complete disappe>ance ( ! /ripes4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,edw>ds exam9$ = me tw5ty-two foals ( race-horses1 & twelve _h ! sp9al /ripe m or less pla92 ?is fact1 & "s o!r acc\nts :i* ,i h receiv$1 lead me to believe t ! sp9al /ripe (t5 disappe>s 9 ! ,engli% race-horse :5 old4 ,) natural species1 ! "y (t5 exhibit *>act]s :i* disappe> at maturity4 ,! /ripes are v>iable 9 col\r1 b are always d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,!y d n by any means always coexi/ on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body3 ! legs may be /rip$ )\t any %\ld]-/ripe1 or ! conv]se case1 :i* is r>]1 may occur2 b ,i h nev] he>d ( ei!r %\ld] or leg-/ripes )\t ! sp9al /ripe4 ,! latt] is by f> ! commone/ ( all ! /ripes1 z might h be5 expect$1 z x *>act]ises ! o!r sev5 or eight species ( ! g5us4 ,x is rem>kable t s trifl+ a "* z ! %\ld]-/ripe be+ d\ble or triple %\ld occur 9 su* diff]5t bre$s z ,wel* & ,devon%ire ponies1 ! ,%an pony1 heavy c>t-horses1 light ,s\? ,am]ican horses1 & ! lanky ,kattyw> bre$4 ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi? believes t "o ( 8 five suppos$ primitive /ocks 0 dun-col\r$ & /rip$2 & t ! /ripes 9 all ! o!r bre$s result f anci5t crosses ) ?is "o primitive dun2 b x is extremely improbable t diff]5t bre$s liv+ 9 su* di/ant qu>t]s ( ! _w %\ld all h be5 cross$ ) any "o aborig9ally di/9ct /ock4 ,nor h we any reason to believe t ! effects ( a cross at a v remote p]iod w\ld be propagat$ = s _m g5]ations z is impli$ on ?is view4 ,) respect to ! primitive col\r ( ! horse hav+ be5 dun1 ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi?#da has collect$ a l>ge body ( evid5ce %[+ t ?is t9t 0 common 9 ! ,ea/ z f> back z ! "t ( ,alex&]1 & t ! wild horses ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,ea/]n ,europe n[ are1 or rec5tly 71 ( v>i\s %ades ( dun4 ,x seems t n v long ago a wild bre$ ( dun-col\r$ horses ) a sp9al /ripe 0 pres]v$ 9 ! royal p>ks 9 ,prussia4 ,i he> f ,hung>y t ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry look at ! duns ) a sp9al /ripe z ! aborig9al /ock1 & s x is 9 ,norway4 ,dun-col\r$ ponies are n r>e 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,devon%ire1 ,wales1 & ,scotl&1 :]e ! aborig9al bre$ w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( be+ pres]v$4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! "t ( ,az>a1 :5 ! horse _h be5 f]al = ab\t #bej ye>s1 #ij out ( #ajj horses 7 8bai-*ta9s10 & ! rema9+ t5 7 8za9s10 t is br[n2 n m ?an "o 9 #bjjj be+ black4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! f]al horses %[ a /rong t5d5cy to become roans ( v>i\s %ades2 b 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,canfield1 !y are mo/ly duns & /rip$4#db ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s on ! ,pigeon we %all see t a blue bird is occasionally produc$ by pure bre$s ( v>i\s col\rs & t :5 ?is occurs c]ta9 black m>ks inv>iably appe> on ! w+s & tail2 s aga91 :5 v>i\sly col\r$ bre$s are cross$1 blue birds ) ! same black m>ks are frequ5tly produc$4 ,we %all fur!r see t ^! facts are expla9$ by1 & af=d /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r (1 ! view t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ! rock-pigeon1 or ,columba livia1 :i* is ?us col\r$ & m>k$4 ,b ! appe>ance ( ! /ripes on ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! horse1 :5 ( a dun col\r1 does n af=d ne>ly su* good evid5ce ( _! desc5t f a s+le primitive /ock z 9 ! case ( ! pigeon3 because no horse c]ta9ly wild is kn[n z a /&>d ( comp>ison2 because ! /ripes :5 !y appe> are v>iable 9 "*2 because !re is f> f suffici5t evid5ce t ! cross+ ( di/9ct bre$s produces /ripes1 & la/ly1 because all ! species ( ! g5us ,equus h ! sp9al /ripe1 & sev]al species h %\ld] & leg /ripes4 ,nev]!less ! simil>ity 9 ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s 9 _! g5]al range ( col\r1 9 _! dappl+1 & 9 ! occasional appe>ance1 especially 9 duns1 ( leg-/ripes & ( d\ble or triple %\ld]-/ripes1 tak5 toge!r1 indicate ! probability ( ! desc5t ( all ! exi/+ races f a s+le1 dun-col\r$1 m or less /rip$1 primitive /ock1 to :i* our horses occasionally rev]t4 ,,! ,,ass4 ,f\r species ( ,asses1 besides ?ree zebras1 h be5 describ$ by naturali/s4 ,!re is n[ little d\bt t our dome/icat$ animal is desc5d$ f ! ,equus tniopus ( ,abyss9ia4#dc ,! ass is sometimes advanc$ z an in/ance ( an animal dome/icat$1 z we "k by ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f an anci5t p]iod1 :i* has v>i$ only 9 a v slight degree4 ,b ?is is by no means /rictly true2 = 9 ,syria alone !re are f\r bre$s2#dd fir/1 a light & graceful animal1 ) an agreeable gait1 us$ by ladies2 secondly1 an ,arab bre$ res]v$ exclusively = ! saddle2 ?irdly1 a /\t] animal us$ = pl\gh+ & v>i\s purposes2 & la/ly1 ! l>ge ,damascus bre$1 ) a peculi>ly long body & e>s4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,france also !re are sev]al bre$s1 & "o ( extraord9>y size1 "s individuals be+ z tall z full-siz$ horses4 ,al?\gh ! ass 9 ,engl& is by no means uni=m 9 appe>ance1 di/9ct bre$s h n be5 =m$4 ,?is may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! animal be+ kept *iefly by poor p]sons1 :o d n re> l>ge numb]s1 nor c>efully mat* & select ! "y4 ,=1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 ! ass c ) ease be greatly improv$ 9 size & /r5g? by c>eful selection1 comb9$ no d\bt ) good food2 & we may inf] t all its o!r *>act]s w\ld be equally am5able to selection4 ,! small size ( ! ass 9 ,engl& & ,nor!rn ,europe is app>5tly due f> m to want ( c>e 9 bre$+ ?an to cold2 = 9 ,we/]n ,india1 :]e ! ass is us$ z a bea/ ( burd5 by "s ( ! l[] ca/es1 x is n mu* l>g] ?an a ,newf\ndl& dog1 8be+ g5]ally n m ?an f tw5ty to ?irty in*es high40#de ,! ass v>ies greatly 9 col\r2 & its legs1 especially ! =e-legs1 bo? 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries--= in/ance1 9 ,*9a--are occasionally b>r$ m pla9ly ?an ^? ( dun-col\r$ horses4 ,?irte5 or f\rte5 transv]se /ripes h be5 c\nt$ on bo? ! =e & h9d legs4 ,) ! horse ! occasional appe>ance ( leg-/ripes 0 acc\nt$ = by rev]sion to a suppos$ p>5t-=m1 & 9 ! case ( ! ass we may confid5tly believe 9 ?is explanation1 z ,e4 tniopus is kn[n to be b>r$1 ?\gh only 9 a slight degree1 & n q inv>iably4 ,! /ripes are believ$ to occur mo/ frequ5tly & to be pla9e/ on ! legs ( ! dome/ic ass dur+ e>ly y\?1#df z likewise occurs ) ! horse4 ,! %\ld]-/ripe1 :i* is s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 is nev]!less v>iable 9 bread?1 l5g?1 & mann] ( t]m9ation4 ,i h measur$ "o f\r times z broad z ano!r1 & "s m ?an twice z long z o!rs4 ,9 "o light-grey ass ! %\ld]-/ripe 0 only six in*es 9 l5g?1 & z ?9 z a piece ( /r+2 & 9 ano!r animal ( ! same col\r !re 0 only a dusky %ade repres5t+ a /ripe4 ,i h he>d ( ?ree :ite asses1 n alb9oes1 ) no trace ( %\ld] or sp9al /ripes2#dg & ,i h se5 n9e o!r asses ) no %\ld]-/ripe1 & "s ( !m _h no sp9al /ripe4 ,?ree ( ! n9e 7 light-greys1 "o a d>k-grey1 ano!r grey pass+ into r$di%-roan1 & ! o!rs 7 br[n1 two be+ t9t$ on p>ts ( _! bodies ) a r$di% or bay %ade4 ,if !re=e grey & r$di%-br[n asses _h be5 /eadily select$ & br$ f1 ! %\ld] /ripe w\ld probably h be5 lo/ almo/ z g5]ally & completely z 9 ! case ( ! horse4 ,! %\ld] /ripe on ! ass is sometimes d\ble1 & ,mr4 ,bly? has se5 ev5 ?ree or f\r p>allel /ripes4#dh ,i h obs]v$ 9 t5 cases %\ld]-/ripes abruptly truncat$ at ! l[] end1 ) ! ant]ior angle produc$ into a tap]+ po9t1 precisely z 9 ! above dun ,devon%ire pony4 ,i h se5 ?ree cases ( ! t]m9al portion abruptly & angul>ly b5t2 & h se5 & he>d ( f\r cases ( a di/9ct ?\gh slight =k+ ( ! /ripe4 ,9 ,syria1 ,dr4 ,hook] & 8 p>ty obs]v$ = me no less ?an five simil> in/ances ( ! %\ld]-/ripe pla9ly bifurcat+ ov] ! =e leg4 ,9 ! common mule x likewise sometimes bifurcates4 ,:5 ,i fir/ notic$ ! =k+ & angul> b5d+ ( ! %\ld]-/ripe1 ,i _h se5 en\gh ( ! /ripes 9 ! v>i\s equ9e species to feel conv9c$ t ev5 a "* s unimportant z ?is _h a di/9ct mean+1 & 0 ?us l$ to att5d to ! subject4 ,i n[ f9d t 9 ! ,e4 bur*ellii & quagga1 ! /ripe :i* corresponds ) ! %\ld]-/ripe ( ! ass1 z well z "s ( ! /ripes on ! neck1 bifurcate1 & t "s ( ^? ne> ! %\ld] h _! extremities b5t angul>ly backw>ds4 ,! bifurcation & angul> b5d+ ( ! /ripes on ! %\ld]s app>5tly are connect$ ) ! ne>ly upright /ripes on ! sides ( ! body & neck *ang+ _! direction & becom+ transv]se on ! legs4 ,f9ally1 we see t ! pres5ce ( %\ld]1 leg1 & sp9al /ripes 9 ! horse1-- _! occasional abs5ce 9 ! ass1--! occurr5ce ( d\ble & triple %\ld]-/ripes 9 bo? animals1 & ! simil> mann] 9 :i* ^! /ripes t]m9ate d[nw>ds1--are all cases ( analog\s v>iation 9 ! horse & ass4 ,^! cases are probably n due to simil> conditions act+ on simil> con/itutions1 b to a p>tial rev]sion 9 col\r to ! common prog5itor ( ! g5us4 ,we %all h]eaft] return to ?is subject1 & discuss x m fully4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,rtimey] #8,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #abb4 #b ,see #8,y\att on ! ,horse'3 ,j4 ,lawr5ce on ! ,horse1 #ahbi2 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t91 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' #ahde3 ,col4 ,h4 ,smi?1 9 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1 ,horses1' #ahda1 vol4 xii43 ,pr(4 ,vei?1 #8,die naturges*4 ,haussuge?i]e1' #ahef4 #c ,crawfurd1 #8,descript4 ,dict4 ( ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aec4 8,!re are _m diff]5t bre$s1 e isl& hav+ at lea/ "o peculi> to x40 ,?us 9 ,sumatra !re are at lea/ two bre$s2 9 ,a*9 & ,batub>a "o2 9 ,java sev]al bre$s2 "o 9 ,bali1 ,lomboc1 ,sumbawa 7"o ( ! be/ bre$s71 ,tambora1 ,bima1 ,gunung-api1 ,celebes1 ,sumba1 & ,philipp9es4 ,o!r bre$s are specifi$ by ,zoll+] 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 v1 p4 #cdc1 etc4 #d #8,! ,horse1' etc4 by ,john ,lawr5ce1 #ahbi1 p4 #ad4 #e #8,! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 v1 p4 #edc4 #f #8,mmoire sur les *evaux tr5te-quatre ctes1' #ahga4 #g ,proc4 ,vet]9>y ,assoc41 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #db4 #h #8,bullet9 de la ,soc4 ,golog41' tom4 xxii41 #ahff1 p4 #bb4 #i ,mr4 ,p]cival ( ! ,enniskill5 ,dragoons1 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbd3 see ,az>a1 #8,des ,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cac4 ,! ,fr5* translator ( ,az>a ref]s to o!r cases m5tion$ by ,huz>d z hav+ occurr$ 9 ,spa94 #aj ,godron1 #8,de l',espce' tom4 i4 p4 #cgh4 #aa #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 #ahbh1 s4 #aj4 #ab #8,dome/icat$ ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1' pp4 #ebg1 #ecb4 ,9 all ! vet]9>y treatises & pap]s :i* ,i h read1 ! writ]s insi/ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms on ! inh]itance by ! horse ( all good & bad t5d5cies & qualities4 ,p]haps ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance is n really /rong] 9 ! horse ?an 9 any o!r animal2 b1 f its value1 ! t5d5cy has be5 m c>efully obs]v$4 #ac ,&rew ,knight cross$ bre$s s diff]5t 9 size z a dray-horse & ,norwegian pony3 see ,a4 ,walk] on #8,int]m>riage1' #ahch1 p4 #bje4 #ad #8,nat4 ,libr>y1 ,horses1' vol4 xii4 p4 #bjh4 #ae ,g]vais1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #adc4 ,ow51 #8,briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #chc4 #af #8,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,pf]de1' #ahfc1 s4 #aca4 #ag #8,comptes r5dus1' #ahff1 p4 #dhe1 & #8,j\rnal de l',anat4 et de la ,phys41' ,mai #ahfh4 #ah ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t91 7#8,! ,horse1' #ahde1 p4 #cd71 9 argu+ aga9/ ! belief t ! wild ,ea/]n horses are m]ely f]al1 has rem>k$ on ! improbability ( man 9 anci5t times hav+ extirpat$ a species 9 a region :]e x c n[ exi/ 9 numb]s4 #ai #8,transact4 ,m>yl& ,academy1' vol4 i4 "p i4 p4 #bh4 #bj ,mr4 ,mack9non #8,! ,falkl& ,isl&s1' p4 #be4 ,! av]age height ( ! ,falkl& horses is said to be #ad h&s #b in*es4 ,see also my #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es4' #ba ,pallas1 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aggg1 "p ii4 p4 #bfe4 ,) respect to ! t>pans scrap+ away ! sn[ see ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? 9 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 xii4 p4 #afe4 #bb ,frankl9's #8,n>rative1' vol4 i4 p4 #hg2 note by ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson4 #bc ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,moor1 #8,notices ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2' ,s+apore1 #ahcg1 p4 #ahi4 ,a pony f ,java 0 s5t 7#8,a!num1' #ahdb1 p4 #gah7 to ! ,que5 only #bh in*es 9 height4 ,= ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 see ,bee*ey's #8,voyage1' #d?4 edit41 vol4 i4 p4 #dii4 #bd ,j4 ,craw=d1 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse2' #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1' vol4 iv4 #be #8,essays on ,natural ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #afa4 #bf #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ccc4 ,dr4 ,canfield in=ms me t a bre$ ) curly hair 0 =m$ by selection at ,los ,angeles 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bg ,see ! evid5ce on ?is head 9 #8,l& & ,wat]1' ,may #bnd1 #ahfh4 #bh ,pr(4 ,l[1 #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' p4 #edf4 ,) respect to ! writ] 9 ,india see #8,india ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aha4 ,z ,lawr5ce has rem>k$ 7#8,! ,horse1' p4 #i71 8p]haps no in/ance has ev] occurr$ ( a ?ree-"p br$ horse 7i4e4 a horse1 "o ( ^: gr&p>5ts 0 ( impure blood7 sav+ 8 di/ance 9 runn+ two miles ) ?or\ghbr$ rac]s40 ,"s few in/ances are on record ( sev5-eights rac]s hav+ be5 successful4 #bi ,pr(4 ,g]vais 79 8 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #add7 has collect$ _m facts on ?is head4 ,= in/ance ,solomon 7,k+s1 ,b4 i4 *4 x4 v4 #bh7 b\ght horses 9 ,egypt at a high price4 #cj #8,! ,field1' ,july #ac?1 #ahfa1 p4 #db4 #ca ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 #8,sport+ 9 ,alg]ia1' p4 #bf4 #cb ,i /ate ?is f my own obs]vations made dur+ sev]al ye>s on ! col\rs ( horses4 ,i h se5 cream-col\r$1 light-dun & m\se-dun horses dappl$1 :i* ,i m5tion because x has be5 /at$ 7,m>t91 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' p4 #acd7 t duns are nev] dappl$4 ,m>t9 7p4 #bje7 ref]s to dappl$ asses4 ,9 ! #8,f>ri]' 7,london1 #ahbh1 pp4 #dec1 #dee7 !re are "s good rem>ks on ! dappl+ ( horses2 & likewise 9 ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? on #8,! ,horse4' #cc ,"s details are giv5 9 #8,! ,f>ri]1' #ahbh1 pp4 #deb1 #dee4 ,"o ( ! smalle/ ponies ,i ev] saw1 ( ! col\r ( a m\se1 _h a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe4 ,a small ,indian *e/nut pony _h ! same /ripe1 z _h a rem>kably heavy *e/nut c>t-horse4 ,race-horses (t5 h ! sp9al /ripe4 #cd ,i h receiv$ in=mation1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,consul-,g5]al1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,cr[e1 f ,pr(4 ,boeck1 ,rasck1 & ,esm>ck1 on ! col\rs ( ! ,norwegian ponies4 ,see also #8,! ,field1' #ahfa1 p4 #dca4 #ce ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 xii4 p4 #bge4 #cf ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>k1 9 #8,annal & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 ii4 #ahdh1 p4 #cfc4 ,mr4 ,wallace in=ms me t he saw 9 ,java a dun & clay-col\r$ horse ) sp9al & leg /ripes4 #cg ,see also on ?is po9t1 #8,! ,field1' ,july #bg?1 #ahfa1 p4 #ia4 #ch #8,! ,field1' #ahfa1 pp4 #dca1 #dic1 #ede4 #ci #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 #ahbh1 s4 #ac1 #ad4 #dj ,von ,na?usius1 #8,vortrge b] ,viehzu*t1' #ahgb1 #ace4 #da #8,nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 xii4 7#ahda71 pp4 #aji1 #aef to #afc1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,cream-col\r1 pass+ into ,isabella 7i4e4 ! col\r ( ! dirty l95 ( ,que5 ,isabella71 seems to h be5 common 9 anci5t times4 ,see also ,pallas's acc\nt ( ! wild horses ( ! ,ea/1 :o speaks ( dun & br[n z ! preval5t col\rs4 ,9 ! ,icel&ic sagas1 :i* 7 committ$ to writ+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 dun-col\r$ horses ) a black sp9al /ripe are m5tion$2 see ,das5t's translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #afi4 #db ,az>a1 #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cjg4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,catl9 7vol4 ii4 p4 #eg7 describes ! wild horses1 believ$ to h desc5d$ f ! ,spani% horses ( ,mexico1 z ( all col\rs1 black1 grey1 roan1 & roan pi$ ) sorrel4 ,f4 ,mi*aux 7#8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #bce7 describes two wild horses f ,mexico z roan4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e ! horse has be5 f]al only betwe5 #fj & #gj ye>s1 ,i 0 told t roans & iron-greys 7 ! preval5t col\rs4 ,^! sev]al facts %[ t horses d n soon rev]t to any uni=m col\r4 #dc ,dr4 ,sclat]1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #afd4 ,dr4 ,h>tmann says 7#8,annal5 d] ,l&w4' ,b4 xliv4 p4 #bbb7 t ?is animal 9 its wild /ate is n always /rip$ across ! legs4 #dd ,w4 ,c4 ,m>t91 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' #ahde1 p4 #bjg4 #de ,col4 ,sykes' ,cat4 ( ,mammalia1 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' ,july #ab?1 #ahca4 ,williamson #8,ori5tal ,field ,sports1' vol4 ii41 quot$ by ,m>t91 p4 #bjf4 #df ,bly?1 9 #8,*>leswor?'s ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 iv41 #ahdj1 p4 #hc4 ,i h also be5 assur$ by a bre$] t ?is is ! case4 #dg 7,"o case is giv5 by ,m>t91 #8,! ,horse1' p4 #bje4 #dh #8,j\rnal ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xxviii4 #ahfj1 p4 #bca4 ,m>t9 on ! ,horse1 p4 #bje4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pigs--,,cattle--,,%eep--,,goats ,,pigs ,,belong ,,to ,,two ,,di/9ct ,,types1 ,,sus ,,scr(a ,,& ,,indicus--,,torfs*we9--,,japan ,,pigs--,,f]tility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,pigs--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,highly ,,cultivat$ ,,races--,,conv]g5ce ,,( ,,"*--,,ge/ation--,,solid-,,ho($ ,,sw9e--,,curi\s ,,app5dages ,,to ,,! ,,jaws--,,decrease ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,tusks--,,"y ,,pigs ,,longitud9ally ,,/rip$--,,f]al ,,pigs--,,cross$ ,,bre$s4 ,,cattle--,,zebu ,a ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,european ,,cattle ,,probably ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,?ree ,,wild ,,=ms--,,all ,,! ,,races ,,n[ ,,f]tile ,,toge!r--,,briti% ,,p>k ,,cattle--,,on ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,species--,,con/itutional ,,diff]5ces--,,s\? ,,african ,,races--,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,races--,,niata ,,cattle--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,cattle4 ,,%eep --,,rem>kable ,,races ,,(--,,v>iations ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,male ,,sex--,,adaptations ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,conditions--,,ge/ation ,,(--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,wool--,,semi-,,mon/r\s ,,bre$s4 ,,goats --,,rem>kable ,,v>iations ,,(4 ,! bre$s ( ! pig h rec5tly be5 m closely /udi$1 ?\gh mu* /ill rema9s to be done1 ?an ^? ( almo/ any o!r dome/icat$ animal4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by ,h]mann von ,na?usius 9 two admirable works1 especially 9 ! lat] "o on ! ,skulls ( ! sev]al races1 & by ,rtimey] 9 8 celebrat$ ,fauna ( ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell+s4#a ,na?usius has %[n t all ! kn[n bre$s may be divid$ into two great gr\ps3 "o resembl+ 9 all important respects & no d\bt desc5d$ f ! common wild bo>2 s t ?is may be call$ ! ,sus scr(a gr\p4 ,! o!r gr\p diff]s 9 sev]al important & con/ant o/eological *>act]s2 its wild p>5t-=m is unkn[n2 ! "n giv5 to x by ,na?usius1 accord+ to ! law ( priority1 is ,sus indicus1 ( ,pallas4 ,?is "n mu/ n[ be foll[$1 ?\gh an un=tunate "o1 z ! wild aborig9al does n inhabit ,india1 & ! be/-kn[n dome/icat$ bre$s h be5 import$ f ,siam & ,*9a4 ,fir/ = ! ,sus scr(a bre$s1 or ^? resembl+ ! common wild bo>4 ,^! /ill exi/1 accord+ to ,na?usius 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #ge71 9 v>i\s p>ts ( c5tral & nor!rn ,europe2 =m]ly e k+dom1#b & almo/ e prov9ce 9 ,brita91 possess$ its own native bre$2 b ^! are n[ ev]y:]e rapidly disappe>+1 be+ replac$ by improv$ bre$s cross$ ) ! ,s4 indicus =m4 ,! skull 9 ! bre$s ( ! ,s4 scr(a type resembles1 9 all important respects1 t ( ! ,european wild bo>2 b x has become 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #fc-fh7 high] & broad] relatively to its l5g?2 & ! h9d] "p is m upright4 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are all v>iable 9 degree4 ,! bre$s :i* ?us resemble ,s4 scr(a 9 _! ess5tial skull *>act]s diff] conspicu\sly f ea* o!r 9 o!r respects1 z 9 ! l5g? ( ! e>s & legs1 curvature ( ! ribs1 col\r1 hair9ess1 size & proportions ( ! body4 ,! wild ,sus scr(a has a wide range1 namely1 ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 z id5tifi$ by o/eological *>act]s by ,rtimey]1 & ,h9do/an1 z simil>ly id5tifi$ by ,na?usius4 ,b ! wild bo>s inhabit+ ^! sev]al c\ntries diff] s mu* f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s1 t !y h be5 rank$ by "s naturali/s z specifically di/9ct4 ,ev5 )9 ,h9do/an ^! animals1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 =m v di/9ct races 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts2 9 ! ,n4 ,we/]n prov9ces1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/1 ! bo> nev] exce$s #cf in*es 9 height1 :il/ 9 ,b5gal "o has be5 measur$ #dd in*es 9 height4 ,9 ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,h9do/an1 dome/ic pigs h be5 kn[n to cross ) ! wild native species2#c & 9 ,h9do/an an accurate obs]v]1#d ,sir ,walt] ,elliot1 aft] describ+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 wild ,indian & wild ,g]man bo>s1 rem>ks t 8! same diff]5ces are p]ceptible 9 ! dome/icat$ individuals ( ! two c\ntries40 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! bre$s ( ! ,sus scr(a type are desc5d$ f1 or h be5 modifi$ by cross+ )1 =ms :i* may be rank$ z geographical races1 b :i*1 accord+ to "s naturali/s1 ought to be rank$ z di/9ct species4 ,pigs ( ! ,sus indicus type are be/ kn[n to ,engli%m5 "u ! =m ( ! ,*9ese bre$4 ,! skull ( ,s4 indicus1 z describ$ by ,na?usius1 diff]s f t ( ,s4 scr(a 9 sev]al m9or respects1 z 9 its great] bread? & 9 "s details 9 ! tee?2 b *iefly 9 ! %ortness ( ! la*rymal bones1 9 ! great] wid? ( ! =e "p ( ! palate-bones1 & 9 ! div]g5ce ( ! premol> tee?4 ,x des]ves especial notice t ^! latt] *>act]s are n ga9$1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree1 by ! dome/icat$ =ms ( ,s4 scr(a4 ,aft] read+ ! rem>ks & descriptions giv5 by ,na?usius1 x seems to me to be m]ely play+ ) words to d\bt :e!r ,s4 indicus ought to be rank$ z a species2 = ! above-specifi$ diff]5ces are m /rongly m>k$ ?an any t c be po9t$ out betwe51 = in/ance1 ! fox & ! wolf1 or ! ass & ! horse4 ,z already /at$1 ,s4 indicus is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate2 b its dome/icat$ =ms1 accord+ to ,na?usius1 come ne> to ,s4 vittatus ( ,java & "s alli$ species4 ,a pig f\nd wild 9 ! ,aru isl&s 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #afi7 is app>5tly id5tical ) ,s4 indicus2 b x is d\btful :e!r ?is is a truly native animal4 ,! dome/icat$ bre$s ( ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,siam belong to ?is type4 ,! ,roman or ,neapolitan bre$1 ! ,&alusian1 ! ,hung>ian1 & ! 8,krause0 sw9e ( ,na?usius1 inhabit+ s\?-ea/]n ,europe & ,turkey1 & hav+ f9e curly hair1 & ! small ,swiss 8,bndtn]s*we90 ( ,rtimey]1 all agree 9 _! m important skull-*>act]s ) ,s4 indicus1 &1 z is suppos$1 h all be5 l>gely cross$ ) ?is =m4 ,pigs ( ?is type h exi/$ dur+ a long p]iod on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 = a figure 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #adb7 closely resembl+ ! exi/+ ,neapolitan pig 0 f\nd 9 ! buri$ city ( ,h]culaneum4 ,rtimey] has made ! rem>kable discov]y t !re liv$ contemporane\sly 9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 two dome/icat$ =ms1 ! ,s4 scr(a1 & ! ,s4 scr(a palu/ris or ,torfs*we94 ,rtimey] p]ceiv$ t ! latt] approa*$ ! ,ea/]n bre$s1 &1 accord+ to ,na?usius1 x c]ta9ly belongs to ! ,s4 indicus gr\p2 b ,rtimey] has subsequ5tly %[n t x diff]s 9 "s well-m>k$ *>act]s4 ,?is au?or 0 =m]ly conv9c$ t 8 ,torfs*we9 exi/$ z a wild animal dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,/one p]iod1 & 0 dome/icat$ dur+ a lat] "p ( ! same p]iod4#e ,na?usius1 :il/ he fully admits ! curi\s fact fir/ obs]v$ by ,rtimey]1 t ! bones ( dome/icat$ & wild animals c be di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t aspect1 yet1 f special difficulties 9 ! case ( ! bones ( ! pig 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #adg71 is n conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! above conclusion2 & ,rtimey] himself seems n[ to feel "s d\bt4 ,o!r naturali/s h also argu$ /rongly on ! same side z ,na?usius4#f ,sev]al bre$s1 diff]+ 9 ! proportions ( ! body1 9 ! l5g? ( ! e>s1 9 ! nature ( ! hair1 9 col\r1 etc41 come "u ! ,s4 indicus type4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 consid]+ h[ anci5t ! dome/ication ( ?is =m has be5 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry ! date is believ$ by an em95t ,*9ese s*ol>#g to g back at lea/ #dijj ye>s f ! pres5t "t4 ,?is same s*ol> alludes to ! exi/5ce ( _m local v>ieties ( ! pig 9 ,*9a2 & at ! pres5t "t ! ,*9ese take extraord9>y pa9s 9 fe$+ & t5d+ _! pigs1 n ev5 all[+ !m to walk f place to place4#h ,h5ce ^! pigs1 z ,na?usius has rem>k$1#i display 9 an em95t degree ! *>act]s ( a highly-cultivat$ race1 & h5ce1 no d\bt1 _! high value 9 ! improvem5t ( our ,european bre$s4 ,na?usius makes a rem>kable /atem5t 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #ach71 t ! infusion ( ! #a_/cbnd1 or ev5 ( ! #a_/fd?1 "p ( ! blood ( ,s4 indicus into a bre$ ( ,s4 scr(a1 is suffici5t pla9ly to modify ! skull ( ! latt] species4 ,?is s+ul> fact may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by sev]al ( ! *ief di/9ctive *>act]s ( ,s4 indicus1 su* z ! %ortness ( ! la*rymal bones1 etc41 be+ common to sev]al species ( ! g5us2 = 9 crosses *>act]s :i* are common to _m species app>5tly t5d to be prepot5t ov] ^? app]ta9+ to only a few species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,head ( ,japan or ,mask$ ,pig4 ,! ,japan pig 7,s4 pliciceps ( ,gray71 :i* 0 =m]ly exhibit$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 has an extraord9>y appe>ance f its %ort head1 broad =ehead & nose1 great fle%y e>s1 & deeply furr[$ sk94 ,figure #b is copi$ f t giv5 by ,mr4 ,b>tlett4#aj ,n only is ! face furr[$1 b ?ick folds ( sk91 :i* are h>d] ?an ! o!r p>ts1 almo/ l ! plates on ! ,indian rh9oc]os1 hang ab\t ! %\ld]s & rump4 ,x is col\r$ black1 ) :ite feet1 & bre$s true4 ,t x has long be5 dome/icat$ !re c be little d\bt2 & ?is might h be5 inf]r$ ev5 f ! fact t its "y are n longitud9ally /rip$2 = ?is is a "* common to all ! species includ$ )9 ! g5us ,sus & ! alli$ g5]a :il/ 9 _! natural /ate4#aa ,dr4 ,gray#ab has describ$ ! skull ( ?is animal1 :i* he ranks n only z a di/9ct species1 b places x 9 a di/9ct section ( ! g5us4 ,na?usius1 h[ev]1 aft] 8 c>eful /udy ( ! :ole gr\p1 /ates positively 7#8,s*we9es*del' s4 #aec-aeh74 t ! skull 9 all ess5tial *>act]s closely resembles t ( ! %ort-e>$ ,*9ese bre$ ( ! ,s4 indicus type4 ,h5ce ,na?usius consid]s ! ,japan pig z only a dome/icat$ v>iety ( ,s4 indicus3 if ?is really be ! case1 x is a wond]ful in/ance ( ! am\nt ( modification :i* c be effect$ "u dome/ication4 ,=m]ly !re exi/$ 9 ! c5tral isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean a s+ul> bre$ ( pigs4 ,^! are describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,ty]man & ,g4 ,b5nett#ac z ( small size1 hump-back$1 ) a disproportionately long head1 ) %ort e>s turn$ backw>ds1 ) a bu%y tail n m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 plac$ z if x grew f ! back4 ,)9 half a c5tury aft] ! introduction ( ,european & ,*9ese pigs into ^! isl&s1 ! native bre$1 accord+ to ! above au?ors1 became almo/ completely lo/ by be+ repeat$ly cross$ ) !m4 ,seclud$ isl&s1 z might h be5 expect$1 seem fav\rable = ! production or ret5tion ( peculi> bre$s2 ?us1 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 ! hogs h be5 describ$ z v small1 ) erect & %>p e>s1 & 8) an appe>ance altoge!r diff]5t f ! hogs br\ght f ! s\?40#ad ,see+ h[ diff]5t ! ,*9ese pigs1 belong+ to ! ,sus indicus type1 are 9 _! o/eological *>act]s & 9 ext]nal appe>ance f ! pigs ( ! ,s4 scr(a type1 s t !y mu/ be consid]$ specifically di/9ct1 x is a fact well des]v+ att5tion1 t ,*9ese & common pigs h be5 repeat$ly cross$ 9 v>i\s mann]s1 ) unimpair$ f]tility4 ,"o great bre$] :o _h us$ pure ,*9ese pigs assur$ me t ! f]tility ( ! half-bre$s int] se & ( _! recross$ prog5y 0 actually increas$2 & ?is is ! g5]al belief ( agriculturi/s4 ,aga91 ! ,japan pig or ,s4 pliciceps ( ,gray is s di/9ct 9 appe>ance f all common pigs1 t x /ret*es "o's belief to ! utmo/ to admit t x is simply a dome/ic v>iety2 yet ?is bre$ has be5 f\nd p]fectly f]tile ) ! ,b]k%ire bre$2 & ,mr4 ,eyton in=ms me t he pair$ a half-br$ bro!r & si/] & f\nd !m q f]tile toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--;,head ( ,wild ,bo>1 & ( 8,gold5 ,days10 a pig ( ! ,york%ire ,l>ge ,bre$ ,! modification ( ! skull 9 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ races is wond]ful4 ,to appreciate ! am\nt ( *ange1 ,na?usius' "w1 ) its excell5t figures1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,! :ole ( ! ext]ior 9 all its p>ts has be5 alt]$3 ! h9d] surface1 in/ead ( slop+ backw>ds1 is direct$ =w>ds1 entail+ _m *anges 9 o!r p>ts2 ! front ( ! head is deeply concave2 ! orbits h a diff]5t %ape2 ! auditory meatus has a diff]5t direction & %ape2 ! incisors ( ! upp] & l[] jaws d n t\* ea* o!r1 & !y /& 9 bo? jaws beyond ! plane ( ! mol>s2 ! can9es ( ! upp] jaw /& 9 front ( ^? ( ! l[] jaw1 & ?is is a rem>kable anomaly3 ! articul> surfaces ( ! occipital condyles are s greatly *ang$ 9 %ape1 t1 z ,na?usius rem>ks 7s4 #acc71 no naturali/1 see+ ?is important "p ( ! skull by itself1 w\ld suppose t x belong$ to ! g5us ,sus4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r modifications1 z ,na?usius obs]ves1 c h>dly be consid]$ z mon/rosities1 = !y are n injuri\s1 & are /rictly inh]it$4 ,! :ole head is mu* %ort5$2 ?us1 :il/ 9 common bre$s its l5g? to t ( ! body is z #a to #f1 9 ! 8cultur-rac50 ! proportion is z #a to #i1 & ev5 rec5tly z #a to #aa4ae ,! foll[+ woodcut#af ( ! head ( a wild bo> & ( a s[ f a photograph ( ! ,york%ire ,l>ge ,bre$1 may aid 9 %[+ h[ greatly ! head 9 a highly cultivat$ race has be5 modifi$ & %ort5$4 ,na?usius has well discuss$ ! causes ( ! rem>kable *anges 9 ! skull & %ape ( ! body :i* ! highly cultivat$ races h und]gone4 ,^! modifications occur *iefly 9 ! pure & cross$ races ( ! ,s4 indicus type2 b _! comm5cem5t may be cle>ly detect$ 9 ! slightly improv$ bre$s ( ! ,s4 scr(a type4#ag ,na?usius /ates positively 7s4 #ii1 #ajc71 z ! result ( common exp]i5ce & ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t ri* & abundant food1 giv5 dur+ y\?1 t5ds by "s direct action to make ! head broad] & %ort]2 & t poor food works a contr>y result4 ,he lays mu* /ress on ! fact t all wild & semi-dome/icat$ pigs1 9 pl\gh+ up ! gr\nd ) _! muzzles1 h1 :il/ "y1 to ex]t ! p[]ful muscles fix$ to ! h9d] "p ( ! head4 ,9 highly cultivat$ races ?is habit is no long] foll[$1 & consequ5tly ! back ( ! skull becomes modifi$ 9 %ape1 entail+ o!r *anges 9 o!r p>ts4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t s great a *ange 9 habits w\ld affect ! skull2 b x seems r d\btful h[ f> ?is w acc\nt = ! greatly r$uc$ l5g? ( ! skull & = its concave front4 ,x is well kn[n 7,na?usius himself advanc+ _m cases1 s4 #ajd7 t !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 _m dome/ic animals--9 bull- & pug-dogs1 9 ! niata cattle1 9 %eep1 9 ,poli% f[ls1 %ort-fac$ tumbl] pigeons1 & 9 "o v>iety ( ! c>p--= ! bones ( ! face to become greatly %ort5$4 ,9 ! case ( ! dog1 z ,h4 ,mll] has %[n1 ?is seems caus$ by an abnormal /ate ( ! primordial c>tilage4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 readily admit t abundant & ri* food suppli$ dur+ _m g5]ations w\ld give an inh]it$ t5d5cy to increas$ size ( body1 & t1 f disuse1 ! limbs w\ld become f9] & %ort]4#ah ,we %all 9 a future *apt] see also t ! skull & limbs are app>5tly 9 "s mann] correlat$1 s t any *ange 9 ! "o t5ds to affect ! o!r4 ,na?usius has rem>k$1 & ! obs]vation is an int]e/+ "o1 t ! peculi> =m ( ! skull & body 9 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ races is n *>act]i/ic ( any "o race1 b is common to all :5 improv$ up to ! same /&>d4 ,?us ! l>ge-bodi$1 long-e>$1 ,engli% bre$s ) a convex back1 & ! small-bodi$1 %ort-e>$1 ,*9ese bre$s ) a concave back1 :5 br$ to ! same /ate ( p]fection1 ne>ly resemble ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( ! head & body4 ,?is result1 x appe>s1 is p>tly due to simil> causes ( *ange act+ on ! sev]al races1 & p>tly to man bre$+ ! pig = "o sole purpose1 namely1 = ! greate/ am\nt ( fle% & fat2 s t selection has always t5d$ t[>ds "o & ! same end4 ,) mo/ dome/ic animals ! result ( selection has be5 div]g5ce ( "*1 "h x has be5 conv]g5ce4#ai ,! nature ( ! food suppli$ dur+ _m g5]ations has app>5tly affect$ ! l5g? ( ! inte/9es2 =1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1#bj _! l5g? to t ( ! body 9 ! wild bo> is z #i to #a1--;9 ! common dome/ic bo> z #ace to #a1--;& 9 ! ,siam bre$ z #af to #a4 ,9 ?is latt] bre$ ! great] l5g? may be due ei!r to desc5t f a di/9ct species or to m anci5t dome/ication4 ,! numb] ( mamm v>y1 z does ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,! late/ au?ority says#ba t 8! p]iod av]ages f #ag to #bj weeks10 b ,i ?9k !re mu/ be "s error 9 ?is /atem5t3 9 ,m4 ,tessi]'s obs]vations on #be s[s x v>i$ f #aji to #abc days4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox has giv5 me t5 c>efully record$ cases ) well-br$ pigs1 9 :i* ! p]iod v>i$ f #aja to #aaf days4 ,accord+ to ,na?usius ! p]iod is %orte/ 9 ! races :i* come e>ly to maturity2 b ! c\rse ( _! developm5t does n appe> to be actually %ort5$1 = ! "y animal is born1 judg+ f ! /ate ( ! skull1 less fully develop$1 or 9 a m embryonic condition1#bb ?an 9 ! case ( common sw9e4 ,9 ! highly cultivat$ & e>ly matur$ races ! tee?1 also1 are develop$ e>li]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! v]tebr & ribs 9 diff]5t k9ds ( pigs1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,eyton1#bc & z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 has (t5 be5 quot$4 ,! ,african s[ probably belongs to ! ,s4 scr(a type2 & ,mr4 ,eyton in=ms me t1 s9ce ! publication ( ?is pap]1 cross-br$ animals f ! ,african & ,engli% races 7 f\nd by ,"l ,hill to be p]fectly f]tile4 ,engli% ,long-legg$ ,male4 ,african ,female4 ,*9ese ,male4 ,wild ,bo> f ,cuvi]4 ,fr5* ,dome/ic ,bo>1 f ,cuvi]4 ,dorsal v]tebr #ae #ac #ae #ad #ad ,lumb> #f #f #d #e #e ,dorsal & lumb> toge!r #ba #ai #ai #ai #ai ,sacral #e #e #d #d #d ,total numb] ( v]tebr #bf #bd #bc #bc #bc ,"s semi-mon/r\s bre$s des]ve notice4 ,f ! "t ( ,ari/otle to ! pres5t "t solid-ho($ sw9e h occasionally be5 obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh ?is peculi>ity is /rongly inh]it$1 x is h>dly probable t all ! animals ) solid ho(s h desc5d$ f ! same p>5ts2 x is m probable t ! same peculi>ity has reappe>$ at v>i\s times & places4 ,dr4 ,/ru!rs has lately describ$ & figur$#bd ! /ructure ( ! feet2 9 bo? front & h9d feet ! di/al phalanges ( ! two great] toes are repres5t$ by a s+le1 great1 ho(-be>+ phalanx2 & 9 ! front feet1 ! middle phalanges are repres5t$ by a bone :i* is s+le t[>ds ! l[] end1 b be>s two sep>ate articulations t[>ds ! upp] end4 ,f o!r acc\nts x appe>s t an int]m$iate toe is likewise sometimes sup]add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,iri% ,pig1 ) jaw-app5dages4 ,ano!r curi\s anomaly is (f]$ by ! app5dages1 describ$ by ,m4 ,eudes-,deslong*amps z (t5 *>act]iz+ ! ,norm&y pigs4 ,^! app5dages are always atta*$ to ! same spot1 to ! corn]s ( ! jaw2 !y are cyl9drical1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 cov]$ ) bri/les1 & ) a p5cil ( bri/les ris+ out ( a s9us on "o side3 !y h a c>tilag9\s c5tre1 ) two small longitud9al muscles !y occur ei!r symmetrically on bo? sides ( ! face or on "o side alone4 ,ri*>dson figures !m on ! gaunt old 8,iri% ,greyh\nd pig20 & ,na?usius /ates t !y occasionally appe> 9 all ! long e>$ races1 b are n /rictly inh]it$1 = !y occur or fail 9 animals ( ! same litt]4#be ,z no wild pigs are kn[n to h analog\s app5dages1 we h at pres5t no reason to suppose t _! appe>ance is due to rev]sion2 & if ?is be s1 we are =c$ to admit t a some:at complex1 ?\gh app>5tly useless1 /ructure may be sudd5ly develop$ )\t ! aid ( selection4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! bo>s ( all dome/icat$ bre$s h mu* %ort] tusks ?an wild bo>s4 ,_m facts %[ t ) _m animals ! /ate ( ! hair is mu* affect$ by exposure to1 or protection f1 climate2 & z we see t ! /ate ( ! hair & tee? are correlat$ 9 ,turki% dogs 7o!r analog\s facts w be h]eaft] giv571 may we n v5ture to surmise t ! r$uction ( ! tusks 9 ! dome/ic bo> is relat$ to 8 coat ( bri/les be+ dim9i%$ f liv+ "u %elt]8 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ! tusks & bri/les reappe> ) f]al bo>s1 :i* are no long] protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! tusks %\ld be m affect$ ?an ! o!r tee?2 z p>ts develop$ to s]ve z second>y sexual *>act]s are always liable to mu* v>iation4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! "y ( wild ,european & ,indian pigs1#bf = ! fir/ six mon?s1 are longitud9ally b&$ ) light-col\r$ /ripes4 ,?is "* g5]ally disappe>s "u dome/ication4 ,! ,turki% dome/ic pigs1 h[ev]1 h /rip$ "y1 z h ^? ( ,we/phalia1 8:atev] may be _! hue20#bg :e!r ^! latt] pigs belong to ! same curly-hair$ race z ! ,turki% sw9e1 ,i d n "k4 ,! pigs :i* h run wild 9 ,jamaica & ! semi-f]al pigs ( ,new ,granada1 bo? ^? :i* are black & ^? :i* are black ) a :ite b& across ! /oma*1 (t5 ext5d+ ov] ! back1 h resum$ ?is aborig9al "* & produce longitud9ally-/rip$ "y4 ,?is is likewise ! case1 at lea/ occasionally1 ) ! neglect$ pigs 9 ! ,zambesi settlem5t on ! coa/ ( ,africa4#bh ,! common belief t all dome/icat$ animals1 :5 !y run wild1 rev]t completely to ! "* ( _! p>5t-/ock1 is *iefly f\nd$1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 on f]al pigs4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! belief is n gr\nd$ on suffici5t evid5ce2 = ! two ma9 types1 namely1 ,s4 scr(a & indicus1 h n be5 di/+ui%$4 ,! "y1 z we h j se51 reacquire _! longitud9al /ripes1 & ! bo>s inv>iably reassume _! tusks4 ,!y rev]t also 9 ! g5]al %ape ( _! bodies1 & 9 ! l5g? ( _! legs & muzzles1 to ! /ate ( ! wild animal1 z might h be5 expect$ f ! am\nt ( ex]cise :i* !y are compell$ to take 9 se>* ( food4 ,9 ,jamaica ! f]al pigs d n acquire ! full size ( ! ,european wild bo>1 8nev] atta9+ a great] height ?an #bj in*es at ! %\ld]40 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries !y reassume _! orig9al bri/ly cov]+1 b 9 diff]5t degrees1 dep5d5t on ! climate2 ?us1 accord+ to ,r\l91 ! semi-f]al pigs 9 ! hot valleys ( ,new ,granada are v scantily clo!d2 :]eas1 on ! ,p>amos1 at ! height ( #gjjj to #hjjj feet1 !y acquire a ?ick cov]+ ( wool ly+ "u ! bri/les1 l t on ! truly wild pigs ( ,france4 ,^! pigs on ! ,p>amos are small & /unt$4 ,! wild bo> ( ,india is said to h ! bri/les at ! end ( its tail arrang$ l ! plumes ( an arr[1 :il/ ! ,european bo> has a simple tuft2 & x is a curi\s fact t _m1 b n all1 ( ! f]al pigs 9 ,jamaica1 d]iv$ f a ,spani% /ock1 h a plum$ tail4#bi ,) respect to col\r1 f]al pigs g5]ally rev]t to t ( ! wild bo>2 b 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 z we h se51 "s ( ! semi-f]al pigs h a curi\s :ite b& across _! /oma*s2 & 9 c]ta9 o!r hot places ! pigs are r$1 & ?is col\r has likewise occasionally be5 obs]v$ 9 ! f]al pigs ( ,jamaica4 ,f ^! sev]al facts we see t ) pigs :5 f]al !re is a /rong t5d5cy to rev]t to ! wild type2 b t ?is t5d5cy is l>gely gov]n$ by ! nature ( ! climate1 am\nt ( ex]cise1 & o!r causes ( *ange to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,! la/ po9t wor? notice is t we h unusually good evid5ce ( bre$s ( pigs n[ keep+ p]fectly true1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! cross+ ( sev]al di/9ct bre$s4 ,! ,improv$ ,essex pigs1 = in/ance1 bre$ v true2 b !re is no d\bt t !y l>gely owe _! pres5t excell5t qualities to crosses orig9ally made by ,"l ,we/]n ) ! ,neapolitan race1 & to subsequ5t crosses ) ! ,b]k%ire bre$ 7?is also hav+ be5 improv$ by ,neapolitan crosses71 & likewise1 probably1 ) ! ,sussex bre$4#cj ,9 bre$s ?us =m$ by complex crosses1 ! mo/ c>eful & unremitt+ selection dur+ _m g5]ations has be5 f\nd to be indisp5sable4 ,*iefly 9 consequ5ce ( s mu* cross+1 "s well-kn[n bre$s h und]gone rapid *anges2 ?us1 accord+ to ,na?usius1#ca ! ,b]k%ire bre$ ( #aghj is q diff]5t f t ( #ahaj2 &1 s9ce ?is latt] p]iod1 at lea/ two di/9ct =ms h borne ! same "n4 ,,cattle4 ,dome/ic cattle are c]ta9ly ! desc5dants ( m ?an "o wild =m1 9 ! same mann] z has be5 %[n to be ! case ) our dogs & pigs4 ,naturali/s h g5]ally made two ma9 divisions ( cattle3 ! hump$ k9ds inhabit+ tropical c\ntries1 call$ 9 ,india ,zebus1 to :i* ! specific "n ( ,bos indicus has be5 giv52 & ! common non-hump$ cattle1 g5]ally includ$ "u ! "n ( ,bos taurus4 ,! hump$ cattle 7 dome/icat$1 z may be se5 on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! twelf? dyna/y1 t is #bajj ,b4,c4 ,!y diff] f common cattle 9 v>i\s o/eological *>act]s1 ev5 9 a great] degree1 accord+ to ,rtimey]1#cb ?an d ! fossil & prehi/oric ,european species1 namely1 ,bos primig5ius & longifrons1 f ea* o!r4 ,!y diff]1 also1 z ,mr4 ,bly?1#cc :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is subject1 rem>ks1 9 g5]al configuration1 9 ! %ape ( _! e>s1 9 ! po9t :]e ! dewlap comm5ces1 9 ! typical curvature ( _! horns1 9 _! mann] ( c>ry+ _! heads :5 at re/1 9 _! ord9>y v>iations ( col\r1 especially 9 ! frequ5t pres5ce ( 8nilgau-l m>k+s on _! feet10 & 89 ! "o be+ born ) tee? protrud+ ?r\gh ! jaws1 & ! o!r n s40 ,!y h diff]5t habits1 & _! voice is entirely diff]5t4 ,! hump$ cattle 9 ,india 8seldom seek %ade1 & nev] g into ! wat] & !re /& knee-deep1 l ! cattle ( ,europe40 ,!y h run wild 9 p>ts ( ,oude & ,rohilcund1 & c ma9ta9 !mselves 9 a region infe/$ by tig]s4 ,!y h giv5 rise to _m races diff]+ greatly 9 size1 9 ! pres5ce ( "o or two humps1 9 l5g? ( horns1 & o!r respects4 ,mr4 ,bly? sums up emphatically t ! hump$ & humpless cattle mu/ be consid]$ z di/9ct species4 ,:5 we consid] ! numb] ( po9ts 9 ext]nal /ructure & habits1 indep5d5tly ( important o/eological diff]5ces1 9 :i* !y diff] f ea* o!r2 & t _m ( ^! po9ts are n likely to h be5 affect$ by dome/ication1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt1 not)/&+ ! adv]se op9ion ( "s naturali/s1 t ! hump$ & non-hump$ cattle mu/ be rank$ z specifically di/9ct4 ,! ,european bre$s ( humpless cattle are num]\s4 ,pr(essor ,l[ enum]ates #ai ,briti% bre$s1 only a few ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? on ! ,cont95t4 ,ev5 ! small ,*annel isl&s ( ,gu]nsey1 ,j]sey1 & ,ald]ney possess _! own sub-bre$s2#cd & ^! aga9 diff] f ! cattle ( ! o!r ,briti% isl&s1 su* z ,anglesea1 & ! we/]n isles ( ,scotl&4 ,desm>e/1 :o paid att5tion to ! subject1 describes #ae ,fr5* races1 exclud+ sub-v>ieties & ^? import$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe !re are sev]al di/9ct races1 su* z ! pale-col\r$ ,hung>ian cattle1 ) _! light & free /ep1 & enorm\s horns sometimes measur+ above five feet f tip to tip3#ce ! ,podolian cattle also are rem>kable f ! height ( _! =e-qu>t]s4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t "w on ,cattle1#cf engrav+s are giv5 ( fifty-five ,european bre$s2 x is1 h[ev]1 probable t sev]al ( ^! diff] v little f ea* o!r1 or are m]ely synonyms4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t num]\s bre$s ( cattle exi/ only 9 long-civilis$ c\ntries1 = we %all pres5tly see t sev]al k9ds are kept by ! savages ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! sev]al ,european bre$s1 we already "k mu* f ,nilsson's ,memoir1#cg & m especially f ,rtimey]'s works & ^? ( ,boyd ,dawk9s4 ,two or ?ree species or =ms ( ,bos1 closely alli$ to /ill liv+ dome/ic races1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! m rec5t t]ti>y deposits or among/ prehi/oric rema9s 9 ,europe4 ,foll[+ ,rtimey]1 we h3-- ,bos primig5ius4,?is magnific5t1 well kn[n species 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,switz]l& dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod2 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod x v>i$ a little1 hav+ app>5tly be5 cross$ ) o!r races4 ,"s ( ! l>g] races on ! ,cont95t1 z ! ,friesl&1 etc41 & ! ,pembroke race 9 ,engl&1 closely resemble 9 ess5tial /ructure ,b4 primig5ius1 & no d\bt are its desc5dants4 ,?is is likewise ! op9ion ( ,nilsson4 ,bos primig5ius exi/$ z a wild animal 9 ,cs>'s "t1 & is n[ semi-wild1 ?\gh mu* deg5]at$ 9 size1 9 ! p>k ( ,*ill+ham2 = ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,rtimey]1 to :om ,"l ,tank]ville s5t a skull1 t ! ,*ill+ham cattle are less alt]$ f ! true primig5ius type ?an any o!r kn[n bre$4#ch ,bos tro*oc]os4 ,?is =m is n includ$ 9 ! ?ree species above m5tion$1 = x is n[ consid]$ by ,rtimey] to be ! female ( an e>ly dome/icat$ =m ( ,b4 primig5ius1 & z ! prog5itor ( 8 frontosus race4 ,i may add t specific names h be5 giv5 to f\r o!r fossil ox51 n[ believ$ to be id5tical ) ,b4 primig5ius4#ci ,bos longifrons 7or bra*yc]os7 ( ,ow54--,?is v di/9ct species 0 ( small size1 & _h a %ort body ) f9e legs4 ,accord+ to ,boyd ,dawk9s#dj x 0 introduc$ z a dome/icat$ animal into ,brita9 at a v e>ly p]iod1 & suppli$ food to ! ,roman legion>ies4#da ,"s rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ,irel& 9 c]ta9 crannoges1 ( :i* ! dates are believ$ to be f #hdc-icc ,a4,d4#db ,x 0 also ! commone/ =m 9 a dome/icat$ condition 9 ,switz]l& dur+ ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,ow5#dc ?9ks x probable t ! ,wel% & ,highl& cattle are desc5d$ f ?is =m2 z likewise is ! case1 accord+ to ,rtimey]1 ) "s ( ! exi/+ ,swiss bre$s4 ,^! latt] are ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r f light-grey to blacki%-br[n1 ) a light] /ripe along ! sp9e1 b !y h no pure :ite m>ks4 ,! cattle ( ,nor? ,wales & ! ,highl&s1 on ! o!r h&1 are g5]ally black or d>k-col\r$4 ,bos frontosus ( ,nilsson4--,?is species is alli$ to ,b4 longifrons1 &1 accord+ to ! high au?ority ( ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 is id5tical ) x1 b 9 ! op9ion ( "s judges is di/9ct4 ,bo? co-exi/$ 9 ,scania dur+ ! same late geological p]iod1#dd & bo? h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,iri% crannoges4#de ,nilsson believes t 8 ,b4 frontosus may be ! p>5t ( ! m\nta9 cattle ( ,norway1 :i* h a high protub]ance on ! skull betwe5 ! base ( ! horns4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ow5 & o!rs believe t ! ,scot* ,highl& cattle are desc5d$ f 8 ,b4 longifrons1 x is wor? notice t a capable judge#df has rem>k$ t he saw no cattle 9 ,norway l ! ,highl& bre$1 b t !y m ne>ly resembl$ ! ,devon%ire bre$4 ,on ! :ole we may conclude1 m especially f ! rese>*es ( ,boyd ,dawk9s1 t ,european cattle are desc5d$ f two species2 & !re is no improbability 9 ?is fact1 = ! g5us ,bos readily yields to dome/ication4 ,besides ^! two species & ! zebu1 ! yak1 ! gayal1 & ! arni#dg 7n to m5tion ! buffalo or g5us ,bubalus7 h be5 dome/icat$2 mak+ altoge!r six species ( ,bos4 ,! zebu & ! two ,european species are n[ ext9ct 9 a wild /ate4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 races ( cattle 7 dome/icat$ at a v anci5t p]iod 9 ,europe1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 fir/ dome/icat$ "h4 ,^? :o place mu* reliance on philology argue t !y 7 import$ f ! ,ea/4#dh ,x is probable t !y orig9ally inhabit$ a temp]ate or cold climate1 b n a l& long cov]$ ) sn[2 = our cattle1 z we h se5 9 ! *apt] on ,horses1 h n ! in/9ct ( scrap+ away ! sn[ to get at ! h]bage b5ea?4 ,no "o c\ld behold ! magnific5t wild bulls on ! bleak ,falkl& ,isl&s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & d\bt ab\t ! climate be+ admirably suit$ to !m4 ,az>a has rem>k$ t 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,la ,plata ! c[s conceive :5 two ye>s old1 :il/ 9 ! mu* hott] c\ntry ( ,p>aguay !y d n conceive till ?ree ye>s old2 8f :i* fact10 z he adds1 8"o may conclude t cattle d n succe$ s well 9 w>m c\ntries40#di ,bos primig5ius & longifrons h be5 rank$ by ne>ly all palontologi/s z di/9ct species2 & x w\ld n be reasonable to take a diff]5t view simply because _! dome/icat$ desc5dants n[ int]cross ) ! utmo/ fre$om4 ,all ! ,european bre$s h s (t5 be5 cross$ bo? int5tionally & un9t5tionally1 t1 if any /]ility _h ensu$ f su* unions1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 detect$4 ,z zebus inhabit a di/ant & mu* hott] region1 & z !y diff] 9 s _m *>act]s f our ,european cattle1 ,i h tak5 pa9s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! two =ms are f]tile :5 cross$4 ,! late ,"l ,p[is import$ "s zebus & cross$ !m ) common cattle 9 ,%rop%ire2 & ,i 0 assur$ by 8 /ew>d t ! cross-br$ animals 7 p]fectly f]tile ) bo? p>5t-/ocks4 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t 9 ,india hybrids1 ) v>i\s proportions ( ei!r blood1 are q f]tile2 & ?is c h>dly fail to be kn[n1 = 9 "s di/ricts#ej ! two species are all[$ to bre$ freely toge!r4 ,mo/ ( ! cattle :i* 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,tasmania 7 hump$1 s t at "o "t ?\s&s ( cross$ animals exi/$ !re2 & ,mr4 ,b4 ,o',neile ,wilson1 ,m4,a41 writes to me f ,tasmania t he has nev] he>d ( any /]ility hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,he himself =m]ly possess$ a h]d ( su* cross$ cattle1 & all 7 p]fectly f]tile2 s mu* s1 t he _c rememb] ev5 a s+le c[ fail+ to calve4 ,^! sev]al facts af=d an important confirmation ( ! ,pallasian doctr9e t ! desc5dants ( species :i* :5 fir/ dome/icat$ w\ld if cross$ h be5 9 all probability 9 "s degree /]ile1 become p]fectly f]tile aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t ?is doctr9e ?r[s "s light on ! difficult subject ( ,hybridism4 ,i h allud$ to ! cattle 9 ,*ill+ham ,p>k1 :i*1 accord+ to ,rtimey]1 h be5 v little *ang$ f ! ,bos primig5ius type4 ,?is p>k is s anci5t t x is ref]r$ to 9 a record ( ! ye> #abbj4 ,! cattle 9 _! in/9cts & habits are truly wild4 ,!y are :ite1 ) ! inside ( ! e>s r$di%-br[n1 eyes rimm$ ) black1 muzzles br[n1 ho(s black1 & horns :ite tipp$ ) black4 ,)9 a p]iod ( ?irty-?ree ye>s ab\t a doz5 calves 7 born ) 8br[n & blue spots ^u ! *eeks or necks2 b ^!1 toge!r ) any defective animals1 7 always de/roy$40 ,accord+ to ,bewick1 ab\t ! ye> #aggj "s calves appe>$ ) black e>s2 b ^! 7 also de/roy$ by ! keep]1 & black e>s h n s9ce reappe>$4 ,! wild :ite cattle 9 ! ,duke ( ,hamilton's p>k1 :]e ,i h he>d ( ! bir? ( a black calf1 are said by ,"l ,tank]ville to be inf]ior to ^? at ,*ill+ham4 ,! cattle kept until ! ye> #aghj by ! ,duke ( ,que5sb]ry1 b n[ ext9ct1 _h _! e>s1 muzzle1 & orbits ( ! eyes black4 ,^? :i* h exi/$ f "t immemorial at ,*>tley1 closely resemble ! cattle at ,*ill+ham1 b are l>g]1 8) "s small diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! e>s40 8,!y frequ5tly t5d to become entirely black2 & a s+ul> sup]/ition prevails 9 ! vic9ity t1 :5 a black calf is born1 "s calamity imp5ds ov] ! noble h\se ( ,f]r]s4 ,all ! black calves are de/roy$40 ,! cattle at ,burton ,con/able 9 ,york%ire1 n[ ext9ct1 _h e>s1 muzzle1 & ! tip ( ! tail black4 ,^? at ,gisburne1 also 9 ,york%ire1 are said by ,bewick to h be5 sometimes )\t d>k muzzles1 ) ! inside alone ( ! e>s br[n2 & !y are else:]e said to h be5 l[ 9 /ature & hornless4#ea ,! sev]al above-specifi$ diff]5ces 9 ! p>k-cattle1 slight ?\gh !y be1 are wor? record+1 z !y %[ t animals liv+ ne>ly 9 a /ate ( nature1 & expos$ to ne>ly uni=m conditions1 if n all[$ to roam freely & to cross ) o!r h]ds1 d n keep z uni=m z truly wild animals4 ,= ! pres]vation ( a uni=m "*1 ev5 )9 ! same p>k1 a c]ta9 degree ( selection--t is1 ! de/ruction ( ! d>k-col\r$ calves--is app>5tly necess>y4 ,boyd ,dawk9s believes t ! p>k-cattle are desc5d$ f anci5tly dome/icat$1 & n truly wild animals2 & f ! occasional appe>ance ( d>k-col\r$ calves1 x is improbable t ! aborig9al ,bos primig5ius 0 :ite4 ,x is curi\s :at a /rong1 ?\gh n inv>iable1 t5d5cy !re is 9 wild or escap$ cattle to become :ite ) col\r$ e>s1 "u widely diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,if ! old writ]s ,boe?ius & ,leslie#eb c be tru/$1 ! wild cattle ( ,scotl& 7 :ite & furni%$ ) a great mane2 b ! col\r ( _! e>s is n m5tion$4 ,9 ,wales1#ec dur+ ! t5? c5tury1 "s ( ! cattle are describ$ z be+ :ite ) r$ e>s4 ,f\r hundr$ cattle ?us col\r$ 7 s5t to ,k+ ,john2 & an e>ly record speaks ( a hundr$ cattle ) r$ e>s hav+ be5 dem&$ z a comp5sation = "s (f5ce1 b1 if ! cattle 7 ( a d>k or black col\r1 #aej 7 to be pres5t$4 ,! black cattle ( ,nor? ,wales app>5tly belong1 z we h se51 to ! small longifrons type3 & z ! alt]native 0 (f]$ ( ei!r #aej d>k cattle1 or #ajj :ite cattle ) r$ e>s1 we may presume t ! latt] 7 ! l>g] bea/s1 & probably belong$ to ! primig5ius type4 ,y\att has rem>k$ t at ! pres5t day1 :5ev] cattle ( ! %or?orn bre$ are :ite1 ! extremities ( _! e>s are m or less t+$ ) r$4 ,! cattle :i* h run wild on ! ,pampas1 9 ,texas1 & 9 two p>ts ( ,africa1 h become ( a ne>ly uni=m d>k br[ni%-r$4#ed ,on ! ,ladrone ,isl&s1 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 imm5se h]ds ( cattle1 :i* 7 wild 9 ! ye> #agda1 are describ$ z 8milk-:ite1 except _! e>s1 :i* are g5]ally black40#ee ,! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 situat$ f> s\?1 ) all ! conditions ( life z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive f ^? ( ! ,ladrones1 (f] a m int]e/+ case4 ,cattle h run wild !re dur+ eighty or n9ety ye>s2 & 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ! animals are mo/ly :ite1 ) _! feet1 or :ole heads1 or only _! e>s black2 b my in=mant1 ,admiral ,sulivan1#ef :o long resid$ on ^! isl&s1 does n believe t !y are ev] purely :ite4 ,s t 9 ^! two ar*ipelagos we see t ! cattle t5d to become :ite ) col\r$ e>s4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s o!r col\rs prevail3 ne> ,port ,pleasant br[n is ! common t9t2 r\nd ,m\nt ,usborn1 ab\t half ! animals 9 "s ( ! h]ds 7 lead- or m\se-col\r$1 :i* else:]e is an unusual t9t4 ,^! latt] cattle1 ?\gh g5]ally inhabit+ high l&1 bre$ ab\t a mon? e>li] ?an ! o!r cattle2 & ?is circum/ance w\ld aid 9 keep+ !m di/9ct & 9 p]petuat+ a peculi> col\r4 ,x is wor? recall+ to m9d t blue or lead-col\r$ m>ks h occasionally appe>$ on ! :ite cattle ( ,*ill+ham4 ,s pla9ly diff]5t 7 ! col\rs ( ! wild h]ds 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 t 9 hunt+ !m1 z ,admiral ,sulivan in=ms me1 :ite spots 9 "o di/rict1 & d>k spots 9 ano!r di/rict1 7 always look$ out = on ! di/ant hills4 ,9 ! int]m$iate di/ricts1 int]m$iate col\rs prevail$4 ,:atev] ! cause may be1 ?is t5d5cy 9 ! wild cattle ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :i* are all desc5d$ f a few br\ght f ,la ,plata1 to break up into h]ds ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 is an int]e/+ fact4 ,return+ to ! sev]al ,briti% bre$s1 ! conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 g5]al appe>ance betwe5 ,%or?orns1 ,longhorns 7n[ r>ely se571 ,h]e=ds1 ,highl& cattle1 ,ald]neys1 etc41 mu/ be famili> to e "o4 ,a "p ( ?is diff]5ce may be attribut$ to desc5t f primordially di/9ct species2 b we may feel sure t !re has be5 a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 ! dome/ic cattle 7 to a c]ta9 ext5t v>iable4 ,)9 rec5t times mo/ ( ! bre$s h be5 modifi$ by c>eful & me?odical selection4 ,h[ /rongly ! *>act]s ?us acquir$ are inh]it$1 may be inf]r$ f ! prices realis$ by ! improv$ bre$s2 ev5 at ! fir/ sale ( ,coll+'s ,%or?orns1 elev5 bulls rea*$ an av]age ( #bad p\nds1 & lately ,%or?orn bulls h be5 sold = a ?\s& gu9eas1 & h be5 export$ to all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,"s con/itutional diff]5ces may be "h notic$4 ,! ,%or?orns arrive at maturity f> e>li] ?an ! wild] bre$s1 su* z ^? ( ,wales or ! ,highl&s4 ,?is fact has be5 %[n 9 an int]e/+ mann] by ,mr4 ,simonds1#eg :o has giv5 a table ( ! av]age p]iod ( _! d5tition1 :i* proves t !re is a diff]5ce ( no less ?an six mon?s 9 ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t incisors4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation1 f obs]vations made by ,tessi] on #aaca c[s1 v>ies to ! ext5t ( eighty-"o days2 & :at is m int]e/+1 ,m4 ,lef\r affirms 8t ! p]iod ( ge/ation is long] 9 ! l>ge ,g]man cattle ?an 9 ! small] bre$s40#eh ,) respect to ! p]iod ( conception1 x seems c]ta9 t ,ald]ney & ,zetl& c[s (t5 become pregnant e>li] ?an o!r bre$s4#ei ,la/ly1 z f\r fully develop$ mamm is a g5]ic "* 9 ! g5us ,bos1#fj x is wor? notice t ) our dome/ic c[s ! two rudim5t>y mamm (t5 become fairly well develop$ & yield milk4 ,z num]\s bre$s are g5]ally f\nd only 9 long-civilis$ c\ntries1 x may be well to %[ t 9 "s c\ntries inhabit$ by b>b>\s races1 :o are frequ5tly at w> ) ea* o!r1 & !re=e h little free communication1 sev]al di/9ct bre$s ( cattle n[ exi/ or =m]ly exi/$4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ,leguat obs]v$1 9 ! ye> #agbj1 ?ree k9ds4#fa ,at ! pres5t day v>i\s travell]s h notic$ ! diff]5ces 9 ! bre$s 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? sev]al ye>s ago rem>k$ to me t ! cattle possess$ by ! diff]5t tribes ( ,caffres1 ?\gh liv+ ne> ea* o!r "u ! same latitude & 9 ! same k9d ( c\ntry1 yet diff]$1 & he express$ mu* surprise at ! fact4 ,mr4 ,&]sson has describ$#fb ! ,dam>a1 ,be*uana1 & ,namaqua cattle2 & he in=ms me 9 a lett] t ! cattle nor? ( ,lake ,ngami are likewise diff]5t1 z ,mr4 ,galton has he>d is also ! case ) ! cattle ( ,b5guela4 ,! ,namaqua cattle 9 size & %ape ne>ly resemble ,european cattle1 & h %ort /\t horns & l>ge ho(s4 ,! ,dam>a cattle are v peculi>1 be+ big-bon$1 ) sl5d] legs1 & small h>d feet2 _! tails are adorn$ ) a tuft ( long bu%y hair ne>ly t\*+ ! gr\nd1 & _! horns are extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,! ,be*uana cattle h ev5 l>g] horns1 & !re is n[ a skull 9 ,london ) ! two horns #h ft4 #h-a_/d 94 long1 z measur$ 9 a /raight l9e f tip to tip1 & no less ?an #ac ft4 #e 94 z measur$ along _! curvature6 ,mr4 ,&]sson 9 8 lett] to me says t1 ?\gh he w n v5ture to describe ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! bre$s belong+ to ! _m diff]5t sub-tribes1 yet su* c]ta9ly exi/1 z %[n by ! wond]ful facility ) :i* ! natives discrim9ate !m4 ,t _m bre$s ( cattle h orig9at$ ?r\gh v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( desc5t f di/9ct species1 we may inf] f :at we see 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! g5us ,bos 0 n endemic1 & :]e ! cattle :i* n[ exi/ 9 su* va/ numb]s are ! desc5dants ( a few import$ f ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,9 ,columbia1 ,r\l9#fc describes two peculi> bre$s1 namely1 pelones1 ) extremely ?9 & f9e hair1 & calongos1 absolutely nak$4 ,accord+ to ,ca/elnau !re are two races 9 ,brazil1 "o l ,european cattle1 ! o!r diff]5t1 ) rem>kable horns4 ,9 ,p>aguay1 ,az>a describes a bre$ :i* c]ta9ly orig9at$ 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 call$ *ivos1 8because !y h /raight v]tical horns1 conical1 & v l>ge at ! base40 ,he likewise describes a dw>f race 9 ,corri5tes1 ) %ort legs & a body l>g] ?an usual4 ,cattle )\t horns1 & o!rs ) rev]s$ hair1 h also orig9at$ 9 ,p>aguay4 ,ano!r mon/r\s bre$1 call$ niatas or natas1 ( :i* ,i saw two small h]ds on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,plata1 is s rem>kable z to des]ve a full] description4 ,?is bre$ be>s ! same relation to o!r bre$s1 z bull or pug dogs d to o!r dogs1 or z improv$ pigs1 accord+ to ,h4 von ,na?usius1 d to common pigs4#fd ,rtimey] believes t ^! cattle belong to ! primig5ius type4#fe ,! =ehead is v %ort & broad1 ) ! nasal end ( ! skull1 toge!r ) ! :ole plane ( ! upp] mol>-tee?1 curv$ upw>ds4 ,! l[] jaw projects beyond ! upp]1 & has a correspond+ upw>d curvature4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t an almo/ simil> confirmation *>act]izes1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ! ext9ct & gigantic ,siva!rium ( ,india1 & is n kn[n 9 any o!r rum9ant4 ,! upp] lip is mu* drawn back1 ! no/rils are seat$ high up & are widely op51 ! eyes project outw>ds1 & ! horns are l>ge4 ,9 walk+ ! head is c>ri$ l[1 & ! neck is %ort4 ,! h9d legs appe> to be long]1 comp>$ ) ! front legs1 ?an is usual4 ,! expos$ incisor tee?1 ! %ort head & upturn$ no/rils1 give ^! cattle ! mo/ ludicr\s1 self-confid5t air ( defiance4 ,! skull :i* ,i pres5t$ to ! ,college ( ,surgeons has be5 ?us describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow53#ff 8,x is rem>kable f ! /unt$ developm5t ( ! nasals1 premaxill>ies1 & =e-"p ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* is unusually curv$ upw>ds to come into contact ) ! premaxill>ies4 ,! nasal bones are ab\t "o-?ird ! ord9>y l5g?1 b reta9 almo/ _! normal bread?4 ,! triangul> vacuity is left betwe5 !m1 ! frontal & la*rymal1 :i* latt] bone articulates ) ! premaxill>y1 & ?us excludes ! maxill>y f any junction ) ! nasal40 ,s t ev5 ! connexion ( "s ( ! bones is *ang$4 ,o!r diff]5ces might be add$3 ?us ! plane ( ! condyles is some:at modifi$1 & ! t]m9al edge ( ! premaxill>ies =ms an ar*4 ,9 fact1 on comp>ison ) ! skull ( a common ox1 sc>cely a s+le bone pres5ts ! same exact %ape1 & ! :ole skull has a wond]fully diff]5t appe>ance4 ,! fir/ brief publi%$ notice ( ?is race 0 by ,az>a1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aghc-if2 b ,don ,f4 ,muniz1 ( ,luxan1 :o has k9dly collect$ in=mation = me1 /ates t ab\t #agfj ^! cattle 7 kept z curiosities ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,_! orig9 is n positively kn[n1 b !y mu/ h orig9at$ subsequ5tly to ! ye> #aeeb1 :5 cattle 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,s5or ,muniz in=ms me t ! bre$ is believ$ to h orig9at$ ) ! ,indians s\?w>d ( ! ,plata4 ,ev5 to ?is day ^? re>$ ne> ! ,plata %[ _! less civilis$ nature 9 be+ fi]c] ?an common cattle1 & 9 ! c[1 if visit$ too (t51 easily des]t+ h] fir/ calf4 ,! bre$ is v true1 & a niata bull & c[ inv>iably produce niata calves4 ,! bre$ has already la/$ at lea/ a c5tury4 ,a niata bull cross$ ) a common c[1 & ! rev]se cross1 yield (fspr+ hav+ an int]m$iate "*1 b ) ! niata "* /rongly display$4 ,accord+ to ,s5or ,muniz1 !re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 contr>y to ! common belief ( agriculturi/s 9 analog\s cases1 t ! niata c[ :5 cross$ ) a common bull transmits h] peculi>ities m /rongly ?an does ! niata bull :5 cross$ ) a common c[4 ,:5 ! pa/ure is tol]ably long1 ^! cattle fe$ z well z common cattle ) _! tongue & palate2 b dur+ ! great dr\ghts1 :5 s _m animals p]i% on ! ,pampas1 ! niata bre$ lies "u a great disadvantage1 & w\ld1 if n att5d$ to1 become ext9ct2 = ! common cattle1 l horses1 are able to keep alive by br[s+ ) _! lips on ! twigs ( trees & on re$s3 ?is ! niatas _c s well d1 z _! lips d n jo91 & h5ce !y are f\nd to p]i% be=e ! common cattle4 ,?is /rikes me z a good illu/ration ( h[ little we are able to judge f ! ord9>y habits ( an animal1 on :at circum/ances1 occurr+ only at long int]vals ( "t1 its r>ity or ext9ction may dep5d4 ,x %[s u1 also1 h[ natural selection w\ld h det]m9$ ! rejection ( ! niata modification _h x aris5 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,hav+ describ$ ! semi-mon/r\s niata bre$1 ,i may allude to a :ite bull1 said to h be5 br\ght f ,africa1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbi1 & :i* has be5 well figur$ by ,mr4 ,h>vey4#fg ,x _h a hump1 & 0 furni%$ ) a mane4 ,! dewlap 0 peculi>1 be+ divid$ betwe5 its =e-legs into p>allel divisions4 ,its lat]al ho(s 7 annually %$1 & grew to ! l5g? ( five or six in*es4 ,! eye 0 v peculi>1 be+ rem>kably prom95t1 & 8resembl$ a cup & ball1 ?us enabl+ ! animal to see on all sides ) equal ease2 ! pupil 0 small & oval1 or r a p>allelogram ) ! ends cut (f1 & ly+ transv]sely across ! ball40 ,a new & /range bre$ might probably h be5 =m$ by c>eful bre$+ & selection f ?is animal4 ,i h (t5 speculat$ on ! probable causes ?r\gh :i* ea* sep>ate di/rict 9 ,great ,brita9 came to possess 9 =m] times its own peculi> bre$ ( cattle2 & ! "q is1 p]haps1 ev5 m p]plex+ 9 ! case ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,we n[ "k t ! diff]5ces may be 9 "p attribut$ to desc5t f di/9ct species2 b ?is cause is f> f suffici5t4 ,h ! slight diff]5ces 9 climate & 9 ! nature ( ! pa/ure1 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,brita91 directly induc$ correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! cattle8 ,we h se5 t ! semi-wild cattle 9 ! sev]al ,briti% p>ks are n id5tical 9 col\r+ or size1 & t "s degree ( selection has be5 requisite to keep !m true4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t abundant food giv5 dur+ _m g5]ations directly affects ! size ( a bre$4#fh ,t climate directly affects ! ?ickness ( ! sk9 & ! hair is likewise c]ta93 ?us ,r\l9 ass]ts#fi t ! hides ( ! f]al cattle on ! hot ,llanos 8are always mu* less heavy ?an ^? ( ! cattle rais$ on ! high plat=m ( ,bogota2 & t ^! hides yield 9 weight & 9 ?ickness ( hair to ^? ( ! cattle :i* h run wild on ! l(ty ,p>amos40 ,! same diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! hides ( ! cattle re>$ on ! bleak ,falkl& ,isl&s & on ! temp]ate ,pampas4 ,l[ has rem>k$#gj t ! cattle :i* inhabit ! m humid p>ts ( ,brita9 h long] hair & ?ick] sk9s ?an o!r ,briti% cattle4 ,:5 we comp>e highly improv$ /all-f$ cattle ) ! wild] bre$s1 or comp>e m\nta9 & l[l& bre$s1 we _c d\bt t an active life1 lead+ to ! free use ( ! limbs & lungs1 affects ! %ape & proportions ( ! :ole body4 ,x is probable t "s bre$s1 su* z ! semi-mon/r\s niata cattle1 & "s peculi>ities1 su* z be+ hornless1 etc41 h appe>$ sudd5ly ow+ to :at we may call 9 our ignorance spontane\s v>iation2 b ev5 9 ?is case a rude k9d ( selection is necess>y1 & ! animals ?us *>act]is$ mu/ be at lea/ p>tially sep>at$ f o!rs4 ,?is degree ( c>e1 h[ev]1 has sometimes be5 tak5 ev5 9 little-civilis$ di/ricts1 :]e we %\ld lea/ h expect$ x1 z 9 ! case ( ! niata1 *ivo1 & hornless cattle 9 ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,t me?odical selection has done wond]s )9 a rec5t p]iod 9 modify+ our cattle1 no "o d\bts4 ,dur+ ! process ( me?odical selection x has occasionally happ5$ t deviations ( /ructure1 m /rongly pron\nc$ ?an m]e individual diff]5ces1 yet by no means des]v+ to be call$ mon/rosities1 h be5 tak5 advantage (3 ?us ! fam\s ,longhorn ,bull1 ,%akespe>e1 ?\gh ( ! pure ,canley /ock1 sc>cely inh]it$ a s+le po9t ( ! long-horn$ bre$1 8 horns except$2#ga yet 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,f[l]1 ?is bull greatly improv$ 8 race4 ,we h also reason to believe t selection1 c>ri$ on s f> unconsci\sly t !re 0 at no "o "t any di/9ct int5tion to improve or *ange ! bre$1 has 9 ! c\rse ( "t modifi$ mo/ ( our cattle2 = by ?is process1 aid$ by m abundant food1 all ! l[l& ,briti% bre$s h increas$ greatly 9 size & 9 e>ly maturity s9ce ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4#gb ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t _m animals h to be annually slaught]$2 s t ea* own] mu/ det]m9e :i* %all be kill$ & :i* pres]v$ = bre$+4 ,9 e di/rict1 z ,y\att has rem>k$1 !re is a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! native bre$2 s t animals possess+ qualities1 :atev] !y may be1 :i* are mo/ valu$ 9 ea* di/rict1 w be (t5e/ pres]v$2 & ?is unme?odical selection assur$ly w 9 ! long run affect ! "* ( ! :ole bre$4 ,b x may be ask$1 c ?is rude k9d ( selection h be5 practis$ by b>b>ians su* z ^? ( s\!rn ,africa8 ,9 a future *apt] on ,selection we %all see t ?is has c]ta9ly occurr$ to "s ext5t4 ,!re=e1 look+ to ! orig9 ( ! _m bre$s ( cattle :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! sev]al di/ricts ( ,brita91 ,i conclude t1 al?\gh slight diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ! climate1 food1 etc41 z well z *ang$ habits ( life1 aid$ by correlation ( gr[?1 & ! occasional appe>ance f unkn[n causes ( consid]able deviations ( /ructure1 h all probably play$ _! p>ts2 yet t ! occasional pres]vation 9 ea* di/rict ( ^? individual animals :i* 7 mo/ valu$ by ea* own] has p]haps be5 ev5 m effective 9 ! production ( ! sev]al ,briti% bre$s4 ,z soon z two or m bre$s 7 =m$ 9 any di/rict1 or :5 new bre$s desc5d$ f di/9ct species 7 introduc$1 _! cross+1 especially if aid$ by "s selection1 w h multipli$ ! numb] & modifi$ ! *>act]s ( ! old] bre$s4 ,,%eep4 ,i %all treat ?is subject briefly4 ,mo/ au?ors look at our dome/ic %eep z desc5d$ f sev]al di/9ct species4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 :o has c>efully att5d$ to ! subject1 believes t f\rte5 wild species n[ exi/1 b 8t n "o ( !m c be id5tifi$ z ! prog5itor ( any "o ( ! int]m9able dome/ic races40 ,m4 ,g]vais ?9ks t !re are six species ( ,ovis1#gc b t our dome/ic %eep =m a di/9ct g5us1 n[ completely ext9ct4 ,a ,g]man naturali/#gd believes t our %eep desc5d f t5 aborig9ally di/9ct species1 ( :i* only "o is /ill liv+ 9 a wild /ate6 ,ano!r +5i\s obs]v]1#ge ?\gh n a naturali/1 ) a bold defiance ( ev]y?+ kn[n on geographical di/ribution1 inf]s t ! %eep ( ,great ,brita9 alone are ! desc5dants ( elev5 endemic ,briti% =ms6 ,"u su* a hopeless /ate ( d\bt x w\ld be useless = my purpose to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! sev]al bre$s2 b a few rem>ks may be add$4 ,%eep h be5 dome/icat$ f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,rtimey]#gf f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s ! rema9s ( a small bre$1 ) ?9 tall legs1 & horns l ^? ( a goat1 ?us diff]+ some:at f any k9d n[ kn[n4 ,almo/ e c\ntry has its own peculi> bre$2 & _m c\ntries h sev]al bre$s diff]+ greatly f ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ races is an ,ea/]n "o ) a long tail1 includ+1 accord+ to ,pallas1 tw5ty v]tebr1 & s load$ ) fat t x is sometimes plac$ on a truck1 :i* is dragg$ ab\t by ! liv+ animal4 ,^! %eep1 ?\gh rank$ by ,fitz+] z a di/9ct aborig9al =m1 be> 9 _! droop+ e>s ! /amp ( long dome/ication4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ^? %eep :i* h two great masses ( fat on ! rump1 ) ! tail 9 a rudim5t>y condition4 ,! ,angola v>iety ( ! long-tail$ race has curi\s masses ( fat on ! back ( ! head & b5ea? ! jaws4#gg ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 an admirable pap]#gh on ! %eep ( ! ,himalaya inf]s f ! di/ribution ( ! sev]al races1 8t ?is caudal augm5tation 9 mo/ ( its phases is an in/ance ( deg5]acy 9 ^! pre-em95tly ,alp9e animals40 ,! horns pres5t an endless div]sity 9 "*2 be+ n r>ely abs5t1 especially 9 ! female sex1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 am\nt+ to f\r or ev5 eight 9 numb]4 ,! horns1 :5 num]\s1 arise f a cre/ on ! frontal bone1 :i* is elevat$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,x is rem>kable t multiplicity ( horns 8is g5]ally accompani$ by great l5g? & co>s5ess ( ! fleece40#gi ,?is correlation1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ g5]al2 = in/ance1 ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 t ! ,spani% %eep 9 ,*ile resemble1 9 fleece & 9 all o!r *>act]s1 _! p>5t m]9o-race1 except t in/ead ( a pair !y g5]ally be> f\r horns4 ,! exi/5ce ( a pair ( mamm is a g5]ic "* 9 ! g5us ,ovis z well z 9 sev]al alli$ =ms2 nev]!less1 z ,mr4 ,hodgson has rem>k$1 8?is "* is n absolutely con/ant ev5 among ! true & prop] %eep3 = ,i h m ?an once met ) ,cgias 7a sub-,himalayan dome/ic race7 possess$ ( f\r teats40#hj ,?is case is ! m rem>kable z1 :5 any "p or organ is pres5t 9 r$uc$ numb] 9 comp>ison ) ! same "p 9 alli$ gr\ps1 x usually is subject to little v>iation4 ,! pres5ce ( int]digital pits has likewise be5 consid]$ z a g5]ic di/9ction 9 %eep2 b ,isidore ,ge(froy#ha has %[n t ^! pits or p\*es are abs5t 9 "s bre$s4 ,9 %eep !re is a /rong t5d5cy = *>act]s1 :i* h app>5tly be5 acquir$ "u dome/ication1 to become atta*$ ei!r exclusively to ! male sex1 or to be m highly develop$ 9 ?is ?an 9 ! o!r sex4 ,?us 9 _m bre$s ! horns are defici5t 9 ! ewe1 ?\gh ?is likewise occurs occasionally ) ! female ( ! wild musmon4 ,9 ! rams ( ! ,walla*ian bre$1 8! horns spr+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly f ! frontal bone1 & !n take a beautiful spiral =m2 9 ! ewes !y protrude ne>ly at "r angles f ! head1 & !n become twi/$ 9 a s+ul> mann]40#hb ,mr4 ,hodgson /ates t ! extraord9>ily ar*$ nose or *affron1 :i* is s highly develop$ 9 sev]al =eign bre$s1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ram alone1 & app>5tly is ! result ( dome/ication4#hc ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly? t ! accumulation ( fat 9 ! fat-tail$ %eep ( ! pla9s ( ,india is great] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female2 & ,fitz+]#hd rem>ks t ! mane 9 ! ,african man$ race is f> m develop$ 9 ! ram ?an 9 ! ewe4 ,diff]5t races ( %eep1 l cattle1 pres5t con/itutional diff]5ces4 ,?us ! improv$ bre$s arrive at maturity at an e>ly age1 z has be5 well %[n by ,mr4 ,simonds ?r\gh _! e>ly av]age p]iod ( d5tition4 ,! sev]al races h become adapt$ to diff]5t k9ds ( pa/ure & climate3 = in/ance1 no "o c re> ,leice/] %eep on m\nta9\s regions1 :]e ,*eviots fl\ri%4 ,z ,y\att has rem>k$1 8,9 all ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,great ,brita9 we f9d v>i\s bre$s ( %eep beautifully adapt$ to ! locality :i* !y occupy4 ,no "o kn[s _! orig92 !y are indig5\s to ! soil1 climate1 pa/urage1 & ! locality on :i* !y graze2 !y seem to h be5 =m$ = x & by x40#he ,m>%all relates#hf t a flock ( heavy ,l9coln%ire & light ,norfolk %eep :i* _h be5 br$ toge!r 9 a l>ge %eep-walk1 "p ( :i* 0 l[1 ri*1 & moi/1 & ano!r "p high & dry1 ) b5ty grass1 :5 turn$ out1 regul>ly sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 ! heavy %eep draw+ (f to ! ri* soil1 & ! light] %eep to _! own soil2 s t 8:il/ !re 0 pl5ty ( grass ! two bre$s kept !mselves z di/9ct z rooks & pigeons40 ,num]\s %eep f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w h be5 br\ght dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london2 b z ,y\att1 :o att5d$ ! animals z a vet]9>y surgeon1 rem>ks1 8few or none die ( ! rot1 b !y are ph?isical2 n "o ( !m f a torrid climate la/s out ! second ye>1 & :5 !y die _! lungs are tub]culat$40#hg ,!re is v good evid5ce t ,engli% bre$s ( %eep w n succe$ 9 ,france4#hh ,ev5 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl& x has be5 f\nd impossible to keep c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep2 ?us on a f>m on ! banks ( ! ,ouse1 ! ,leice/] %eep 7 s rapidly de/roy$ by pleuritis#hi t ! own] c\ld n keep !m2 ! co>s]-sk9n$ %eep nev] be+ affect$4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be ( s unalt]able a "*1 t a suppos$ diff]5ce ( ?is k9d betwe5 ! wolf & ! dog 0 e/eem$ a sure sign ( specific di/9ction2 b we h se5 t ! p]iod is %ort] 9 ! improv$ bre$s ( ! pig1 & 9 ! l>g] bre$s ( ! ox1 ?an 9 o!r bre$s ( ^! two animals4 ,& n[ we "k1 on ! excell5t au?ority ( ,h]mann von ,na?usius1#ij t ,m]9o & ,s\?d[n %eep1 :5 bo? h long be5 kept "u exactly ! same conditions1 diff] 9 _! av]age p]iod ( ge/ation1 z is se5 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ,m]9os #aejc days4 ,s\?d[ns #addb days4 ,half-br$ ,m]9os & ,s\?d[ns #adfc days4 #c_/d blood ( ,s\?d[n #adee days4 #g_/h blood ( ,s\?d[n #addb days4 ,9 ?is graduat$ diff]5ce 9 cross-br$ animals hav+ diff]5t proportions ( ,s\?d[n blood1 we see h[ /rictly ! two p]iods ( ge/ation h be5 transmitt$4 ,na?usius rem>ks t1 z ,s\?d[ns gr[ ) rem>kable rapidity aft] bir?1 x is n surpris+ t _! foetal developm5t %\ld h be5 %ort5$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! diff]5ce 9 ^! two bre$s may be due to _! desc5t f di/9ct p>5t-species2 b z ! e>ly maturity ( ! ,s\?d[ns has long be5 c>efully att5d$ to by bre$]s1 ! diff]5ce is m probably ! result ( su* att5tion4 ,la/ly1 ! fecundity ( ! sev]al bre$s diff]s mu*2 "s g5]ally produc+ tw9s or ev5 triplets at a bir?1 ( :i* fact ! curi\s ,%angai %eep 7) _! truncat$ & rudim5t>y e>s1 & great ,roman noses71 lately exhibit$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 (f] a rem>kable in/ance4 ,%eep are p]haps m readily affect$ by ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life to :i* !y h be5 expos$ ?an almo/ any o!r dome/ic animal4 ,accord+ to ,pallas1 & m rec5tly accord+ to ,erman1 ! fat-tail$ ,kirghisian %eep1 :5 br$ = a few g5]ations 9 ,russia1 deg5]ate1 & ! mass ( fat dw9dles away1 8! scanty & bitt] h]bage ( ! /eppes seems s ess5tial to _! developm5t40 ,pallas makes an analog\s /atem5t ) respect to "o ( ! ,crimean bre$s4 ,burnes /ates t ! ,k>akool bre$1 :i* produces a f9e1 curl$1 black1 & valuable fleece1 :5 remov$ f its own canton ne> ,bokh>a to ,p]sia or to o!r qu>t]s1 loses its peculi> fleece4#ia ,9 all su* cases1 h[ev]1 x may be t a *ange ( any k9d 9 ! conditions ( life causes v>iability & consequ5t loss ( "*1 & n t c]ta9 conditions are necess>y = ! developm5t ( c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,great heat1 h[ev]1 seems to act directly on ! fleece3 sev]al acc\nts h be5 publi%$ ( ! *ange :i* %eep import$ f ,europe und]go 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,dr4 ,ni*olson ( ,antigua in=ms me t1 aft] ! ?ird g5]ation1 ! wool disappe>s f ! :ole body1 except ov] ! lo9s2 & ! animal !n appe>s l a goat ) a dirty door-mat on its back4 ,a simil> *ange is said to take place on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4#ib ,on ! o!r h&1 _m wool-be>+ %eep live on ! hot pla9s ( ,india4 ,r\l9 ass]ts t 9 ! l[] & heat$ valleys ( ! ,cordill]a1 if ! lambs are %e>$ z soon z ! wool has gr[n to a c]ta9 ?ickness1 all goes on aft]w>ds z usual2 b if n %e>$1 ! wool deta*es itself 9 flakes1 & %ort %9+ hair l t on a goat is produc$ ev] aft]w>ds4 ,?is curi\s result seems m]ely to be an exagg]at$ t5d5cy natural to ! ,m]9o bre$1 = z a great au?ority1 namely1 ,"l ,som]ville1 rem>ks1 8! wool ( our ,m]9o %eep aft] %e>-"t is h>d & co>se to su* a degree z to r5d] x almo/ impossible to suppose t ! same animal c\ld be> wool s opposite 9 quality1 comp>$ to t :i* has be5 clipp$ f x3 z ! cold wea!r advances1 ! fleeces recov] _! s(t quality40 ,z 9 %eep ( all bre$s ! fleece naturally consi/s ( long] & co>s] hair cov]+ %ort] & s(t] wool1 ! *ange :i* x (t5 und]goes 9 hot climates is probably m]ely a case ( unequal developm5t2 = ev5 ) ^? %eep :i* l goats are cov]$ ) hair1 a small quantity ( und]ly+ wool may always be f\nd4#ic ,9 ! wild m\nta9-%eep 7#jvis montana7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re is an analog\s annual *ange ( coat2 8! wool beg9s to drop out 9 e>ly spr+1 leav+ 9 its place a coat ( hair resembl+ t ( ! elk1 a *ange ( pelage q diff]5t 9 "* f ! ord9>y ?ick5+ ( ! coat or hair1 common to all furr$ animals 9 w9t]1--= in/ance1 9 ! horse1 ! c[1 etc41 :i* %$ _! w9t] coat 9 ! spr+40#id ,a slight diff]5ce 9 climate or pa/ure sometimes slightly affects ! fleece1 z has be5 obs]v$ ev5 9 diff]5t di/ricts 9 ,engl&1 & is well %[n by ! great s(tness ( ! wool br\ght f ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$1 z ,y\att repeat$ly insi/s1 t ! t5d5cy to *ange may g5]ally be c\nt]act$ by c>eful selection4 ,m4 ,la/]ye1 aft] discuss+ ?is subject1 sums up z foll[s3 8,! pres]vation ( ! ,m]9o race 9 its utmo/ purity at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ! m>%es ( ,holl&1 & "u ! rigor\s climate ( ,sw$51 furni%es an additional support ( ?is my unalt]able pr9ciple1 t f9e-wooll$ %eep may be kept :]ev] indu/ri\s m5 & intellig5t bre$]s exi/40 ,t me?odical selection has effect$ great *anges 9 sev]al bre$s ( %eep no "o :o kn[s any?+ on ! subject1 ent]ta9s a d\bt4 ,! case ( ! ,s\?d[ns1 z improv$ by ,ellman1 (f]s p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance4 ,unconsci\s or occasional selection has likewise sl[ly produc$ a great effect1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt]s on ,selection4 ,t cross+ has l>gely modifi$ "s bre$s1 no "o :o w /udy :at has be5 writt5 on ?is subject--= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,spoon]'s pap]--w dispute2 b to produce uni=mity 9 a cross$ bre$1 c>eful selection & 8rigor\s we$+10 z ?is au?or expresses x1 are indisp5sable4#ie ,9 "s few in/ances new bre$s h sudd5ly orig9at$2 ?us1 9 #agia1 a ram-lamb 0 born 9 ,massa*usetts1 hav+ %ort crook$ legs & a long back1 l a turnspit-dog4 ,f ?is "o lamb ! ott] or ancon semi-mon/r\s bre$ 0 rais$2 z ^! %eep c\ld n leap ov] ! f5ces1 x 0 ?\ght t !y w\ld be valuable2 b !y h be5 supplant$ by m]9os1 & ?us ext]m9at$4 ,! %eep are rem>kable f transmitt+ _! "* s truly t ,colonel ,humphreys#if nev] he>d ( 8b "o que/ionable case0 ( an ancon ram & ewe n produc+ ancon (fspr+4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) o!r bre$s ! (fspr+1 ) r>e exceptions1 in/ead ( be+ int]m$iate 9 "*1 p]fectly resemble ei!r p>5t2 ev5 "o ( tw9s has resembl$ "o p>5t & ! second ! o!r4 ,la/ly1 8! ancons h be5 obs]v$ to keep toge!r1 sep>at+ !mselves f ! re/ ( ! flock :5 put into enclosures ) o!r %eep40 ,a m int]e/+ case has be5 record$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,juries = ! ,great ,exhibition 7#ahea71 namely1 ! production ( a m]9o ram-lamb on ! ,mau*amp f>m1 9 #ahbh1 :i* 0 rem>kable = its long1 smoo?1 /raight1 & silky wool4 ,by ! ye> #ahcc ,m4 ,graux _h rais$ rams en\gh to s]ve 8 :ole flock1 & aft] a few m ye>s he 0 able to sell /ock ( 8 new bre$4 ,s peculi> & valuable is ! wool1 t x sells at #be p] c5t above ! be/ m]9o wool3 ev5 ! fleeces ( half-br$ animals are valuable1 & are kn[n 9 ,france z ! 8,mau*amp-m]9o40 ,x is int]e/+1 z %[+ h[ g5]ally any m>k$ deviation ( /ructure is accompani$ by o!r deviations1 t ! fir/ ram & 8 imm$iate (fspr+ 7 ( small size1 ) l>ge heads1 long necks1 n>r[ *e/s1 & long flanks2 b ^! blemi%es 7 remov$ by judici\s crosses & selection4 ,! long smoo? wool 0 also correlat$ ) smoo? horns2 & z horns & hair are homolog\s /ructures1 we c und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is correlation4 ,if ! ,mau*amp & ancon bre$s _h orig9at$ a c5tury or two ago1 we %\ld h _h no record ( _! bir?2 & _m a naturali/ w\ld no d\bt h insi/$1 especially 9 ! case ( ! ,mau*amp race1 t !y _h ea* desc5d$ f1 or be5 cross$ )1 "s unkn[n aborig9al =m4 ,,goats4 ,f ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,br&t1 mo/ naturali/s n[ believe t all our goats are desc5d$ f ! ,capra gagrus ( ! m\nta9s ( ,asia1 possibly m+l$ ) ! alli$ ,indian species ,c4 falcon]i ( ,india4#ig ,9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ ! neoli?ic p]iod1 ! dome/ic goat 0 common] ?an ! %eep2 & ?is v anci5t race diff]$ 9 no respect f t n[ common 9 ,switz]l&4#ih ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! _m races f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w diff] greatly f ea* o!r2 nev]!less1 z f> z !y h be5 tri$1#ii !y are all q f]tile :5 cross$4 ,s num]\s are ! bre$s1 t ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>k#ajj has describ$ eight di/9ct k9ds import$ into ! "o isl& ( ,mauritius4 ,! e>s ( "o k9d 7 enorm\sly develop$1 be+1 z measur$ by ,mr4 ,cl>k1 no less ?an #ai in*es 9 l5g? & #d-c_/d in*es 9 bread?4 ,z ) cattle1 ! mamm ( ^? bre$s :i* are regul>ly milk$ become greatly develop$2 &1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k rem>ks1 8x is n r>e to see _! teats t\*+ ! gr\nd40 ,! foll[+ cases are wor? notice z pres5t+ unusual po9ts ( v>iation4 ,accord+ to ,godron1#aja ! mamm diff] greatly 9 %ape 9 diff]5t bre$s1 be+ elongat$ 9 ! common goat1 hemisph]ical 9 ! ,angora race1 & bilob$ & div]g5t 9 ! goats ( ,syria & ,nubia4 ,accord+ to ?is same au?or1 ! males ( c]ta9 bre$s h lo/ _! usual (f5sive od\r4 ,9 "o ( ! ,indian bre$s ! males & females h horns ( widely-diff]5t %apes2#ajb & 9 "s bre$s ! females are de/itute ( horns4#ajc ,m4 ,ramu ( ,nancy in=ms me t _m ( ! goats !re be> on ! upp] "p ( ! ?roat a pair ( hairy app5dages1 #gj mm4 9 l5g? & ab\t #aj mm4 9 diamet]1 :i* 9 ext]nal appe>ance resemble ^? above describ$ on ! jaws ( pigs4 ,! pres5ce ( int]-digital pits or gl&s on all f\r feet has be5 ?\ght to *>act]ise ! g5us ,ovis1 & _! abs5ce to be *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us ,capra2 b ,mr4 ,hodgson has f\nd t !y exi/ 9 ! front feet ( ! majority ( ,himalayan goats4#ajd ,mr4 ,hodgson measur$ ! inte/9es 9 two goats ( ! ,dg race1 & he f\nd t ! proportional l5g? ( ! great & small inte/9es diff]$ consid]ably4 ,9 "o ( ^! goats ! ccum 0 ?irte5 in*es1 & 9 ! o!r no less ?an ?irty-six in*es 9 l5g?6 ,,ref]5ces #a ,h]mann von ,na?usius #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' ,b]l91 #ahfj2 & #8,vor/udi5 fr ,ges*i*te1' etc41 #8,s*we9es*del1' ,b]l91 #ahfd4 ,rtimey]1 #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' ,basel1 #ahfa4 #b ,na?usius1 #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' ,b]l91 #ahfj4 ,an excell5t app5dix is giv5 ) ref]5ces to publi%$ & tru/wor?y draw+s ( ! bre$s ( ea* c\ntry4 #c ,= ,europe see ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 ,b4 i41 s4 #eje4 ,sev]al acc\nts h be5 publi%$ on ! f]tility ( ! (fspr+ f wild & tame sw9e4 ,see ,burda*'s #8,physiology1' & ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 p4 #cgj4 ,= ,africa1 #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat4' tom4 iv4 p4 #chi4 ,= ,india1 see ,na?usius1 #8,s*we9es*del1' s4 #adh4 #d ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 ,catalogue ( ,mammalia1 #8,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1' vol4 x4 p4 #bai4 #e #8,pfahlbaut51' s4 #afc et passim4 #f ,see ,j4 ,w4 ,s*tz' int]e/+ essay1 #8,zur ,k5ntniss des ,torfs*we9s1' #ahfh4 ,?is au?or believes t ! ,torfs*we9 is desc5d$ f a di/9ct species1 ! ,s4 s5n>i5sis ( ,c5tral ,africa4 #g ,/an4 ,juli5 quot$ by de ,bla9ville1 #8,o/ographie1' p4 #afc4 #h ,ri*>dson1 #8,pigs1 _! ,orig91' etc41 p4 #bf4 #i #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es' s4 #dg1 #fd4 #aj #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #bfc4 #aa ,sclat]1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,feb4 #bf1 #ahfa4 #ab #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #ac4 ,! skull has s9ce be5 describ$ mu* m fully by ,pr(essor ,lucae 9 a v int]e/+ essay1 #8,d] ,s*del des ,mask5s*we9es1' #ahgj4 ,he confirms ! conclusion ( von ,na?usius on ! relation%ip ( ?is k9d ( pig4 #ac #8,j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels f #ahba to #ahbi1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjj4 #ad ,rev4 ,g4 ,l[ #8,fauna ,orcad5sis1' p4 #aj4 ,see also ,dr4 ,hibb]t's acc\nt ( ! pig ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 #ae #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es' s4 #gj4 #af ,^! woodcuts are copi$ f engrav+s giv5 9 ,mr4 ,s4 ,sidney's excell5t edition ( #8,! ,pig1' by ,y\att1 #ahfj4 ,see pp4 #a1 #af1 #ai4 #ag #8,s*we9es*del' s4 #gd1 #ace4 #ah ,na?usius1 #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #ga4 #ai #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #dg4 #8,s*we9es*del' s4 #ajd4 ,comp>e1 also1 ! figures ( ! old ,iri% & ! improv$ ,iri% bre$s 9 ,ri*>dson on #8,! ,pig1' #ahdg4 #bj ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dda4 #ba ,s4 ,sidney1 #8,! ,pig1' p4 #fa4 #bb #8,s*we9es*del1' s4 #b1 #bj4 #bc #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcg1 p4 #bc4 ,i h n giv5 ! caudal v]tebr1 z ,mr4 ,eyton says "s might possibly h be5 lo/4 ,i h add$ toge!r ! dorsal & lumb> v]tebr1 ow+ to ,pr(4 ,ow5's rem>ks 7#8,j\rnal ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bh7 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 dorsal & lumb> v]tebr dep5d+ only on ! developm5t ( ! ribs4 ,nev]!less ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! ribs 9 pigs des]ves notice4 ,m4 ,sanson gives ! numb] ( lumb> v]tebr 9 v>i\s pigs2 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' lxiii4 p4 #hdc4 #bd #8,ed9burgh ,new ,philosoph4 ,j\rnal1' ,april1 #ahfc4 ,see also ,de ,bla9ville's #8,o/ographie1' p4 #abh1 = v>i\s au?orities on ?is subject4 #be ,eudes-,deslong*amps1 #8,mmoires de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,norm&ie1' vol4 vii41 #ahdb1 p4 #da4 ,ri*>dson1 #8,pigs1 _! ,orig91 etc41' #ahdg1 p4 #cj4 ,na?usius1 #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' #ahfc1 s4 #ed4 #bf ,d4 ,johnson's #8,sket*es ( ,indian ,field ,sports1' p4 #bgb4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd in=ms me t ! same fact holds good ) ! wild pigs ( ! ,malay p59sula4 #bg ,= ,turki% pigs see ,desm>e/1 #8,mammalogie1' #ahbj1 p4 #cia4 ,= ^? ( ,we/phalia see ,ri*>dson's #8,pigs1 _! ,orig91 etc41' #ahdg1 p4 #da4 #bh ,) respect to ! sev]al =ego+ & foll[+ /atem5ts on f]al pigs1 see ,r\l91 9 #8,mm4 prs5ts p> div]s ,savans a l',acad41' etc41 ,p>is1 tom4 vi4 #ahce1 p4 #cbf4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 8 acc\nt does n apply to truly f]al pigs2 b to pigs long introduc$ into ! c\ntry & liv+ 9 a half-wild /ate4 ,= ! truly f]al pigs ( ,jamaica1 see ,gosse's #8,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #chf2 & ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #ic4 ,) respect to ,africa see ,liv+/one's #8,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1' #ahfe1 p4 #aec4 ,! mo/ precise /atem5t ) respect to ! tusks ( ! ,we/ ,indian f]al bo>s is by ,p4 ,labat 7quot$ by ,r\l972 b ?is au?or attributes ! /ate ( ^! pigs to desc5t f a dome/ic /ock :i* he saw 9 ,spa94 ,admiral ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 _h ample opportunities ( obs]v+ ! wild pigs on ,eagle ,islet 9 ! ,falkl&s2 & he in=ms me t !y resembl$ wild bo>s ) bri/ly ridg$ backs & l>ge tusks4 ,! pigs :i* h run wild 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres 7,r5gg] #8,suge?i]e1' s4 #cca7 h n rev]t$ to ! wild type4 ,de ,bla9ville 7#8,o/ographie1' p4 #acb7 ref]s to two skulls ( dome/ic pigs s5t f ,patagonia by ,al4 d',orbigny1 & he /ates t !y h ! occipital elevation ( ! wild ,european bo>1 b t ! head altoge!r is 8plus c\rte et plus ramasse40 ,he ref]s1 also1 to ! sk9 ( a f]al pig f ,nor? ,am]ica1 & says 8il ressemble t\t fait un petit sangli]1 mais il e/ presque t\t noir1 et peut-tre un peu plus ramass dans ses =mes40 #bi ,gosse's #8,jamaica1' p4 #chf1 ) a quotation f ,williamson's #8,ori5tal ,field ,sports4' ,also ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 #8,naturali/ ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #id4 #cj ,s4 ,sidney's edition ( #8,y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 pp4 #g1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj4 #ca #8,s*we9es*del' s4 #adj4 #cb #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #aji1 #adi1 #bbb4 ,see also ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire 9 #8,mm4 du ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 x4 p4 #agb2 & 8 son ,isidore 9 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54' tom4 iii4 p4 #fi4 ,vasey1 9 8 #8,del9eations ( ! ,ox ,tribe1' #ahea1 p4 #abg1 says ! zebu has f\r1 & common ox five1 sacral v]tebr4 ,mr4 ,hodgson f\nd ! ribs ei!r ?irte5 or f\rte5 9 numb]2 see a note 9 #8,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #fb4 #cc #8,! ,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #gd1 :]e ,mr4 ,bly? gives 8 au?orities ) respect to ! f]al hump$ cattle4 ,pick]+1 also1 9 8 #8,races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #bgd1 notices ! peculi> grunt-l "* ( ! voice ( ! hump$ cattle4 #cd ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,m>qu&1 9 #8,! ,times1' ,june #bcrd1 #ahef4 #ce ,vasey1 #8,del9eations ( ! ,ox-,tribe1' p4 #abd4 ,brace's #8,hung>y1' #ahea1 p4 #id4 ,! ,hung>ian cattle desc5d1 accord+ to ,rtimey] #8,zahm5 ,europ4 ,r9des1' #ahff1 s4 #ac f ,bos primig5ius4 #cf ,moll & ,gayot1 #8,la ,connaissance ,gn4 du ,buf1' ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,fig4 #hb is t ( ! ,podolian bre$4 #cg ,a translation appe>$ 9 ?ree p>ts 9 ! #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 iv41 #ahdi4 #ch ,see also ,rtimey]'s #8,beitrge pal4 ,ges*4 d] ,wi$]ku] ,basel1' #ahfe1 s4 #ed4 #ci ,pictet #8,palontologie1' tom4 i4 p4 #cfe 7#bnd edit474 ,) respect to ,b4 tro*oc]os1 see ,rtimey] #8,zahm5 ,europ4 ,r9des1' #ahff1 s4 #bf4 #dj ,w4 ,boyd ,dawk9s on ! ,briti% ,fossil ,ox51 #8,j\rnal ( ! ,geolog4 ,soc41' ,aug4 #ahfg1 p4 #ahb4 ,also #8,proc4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ( ,man*e/]1' ,nov4 #ad?1 #ahga1 & #8,cave ,hunt+1' #ahge1 p4 #bg1 #ach4 #da #8,briti% ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,dawk9s & ,w4 ,a4 ,s&=d1 #ahff1 p4 #ae4 #db ,w4 ,r4 ,wilde1 #8,an ,essay on ! ,animal ,rema9s1 etc4 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1' #ahfj1 p4 #bi4 ,also #8,proc4 ( ,r4 ,iri% ,academy1' #aheh1 p4 #dh4 #dc #8,lecture3 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,g4 ,brita91' ,may #bnd1 #ahef1 p4 #d4 #8,briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #eac4 #dd ,nilsson1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdi1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ced4 #de ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,wilde1 ut supra2 & ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 #8,proc4 ,iri% ,academy1' ,m>* #e?1 #ahfd4 #df ,la+'s #8,t\r 9 ,norway1' p4 #aaj4 #dg ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 #if4 #dh ,idem1 tom4 iii4 pp4 #hb1 #ia4 #di #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #ej ,wal!r #8,das ,r9dvieh1' #ahag1 s4 #cj4 #ea ,i am mu* indebt$ to ! pres5t ,e>l ( ,tank]ville = in=mation ab\t 8 wild cattle2 & = ! skull :i* 0 s5t to ,pr(4 ,rtimey]4 ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! ,*ill+ham cattle is giv5 by ,mr4 ,h9dm>%1 toge!r ) a lett] by ! late ,"l ,tank]ville1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii41 #ahci1 p4 #bgd4 ,see ,bewick1 #8,quadrup$s1' #bnd edit41 #agia1 p4 #ce1 note4 ,) respect to ^? ( ! ,duke ( ,que5sb]ry1 see ,p5nant's #8,t\r 9 ,scotl&1' p4 #aji4 ,= ^? ( ,*>tley1 see ,l['s #8,dome/icat$ ,animals ( ,brita91' #ahde1 p4 #bch4 ,= ^? ( ,gisburne1 see ,bewick #8,quadrup$s1' & #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #aja4 #eb ,boe?ius 0 born 9 #adgj2 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii41 #ahci1 p4 #bha2 & vol4 iv41 #ahdi1 p4 #dbd4 #ec n',y\att on ,cattle1' #ahcd1 p4 #dh3 ,see also p4 #bdb1 on %ort-horn cattle4 ,bell1 9 8 #8,briti% ,quadrup$s1' p4 #dbc1 /ates t1 aft] long att5d+ to ! subject1 he has f\nd t :ite cattle inv>iably h col\r$ e>s4ote #ed ,az>a1 #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 ,az>a quotes ,buffon = ! f]al cattle ( ,africa4 ,= ,texas see #8,times1' ,feb4 #ah?1 #ahdf4 #ee ,anson's ,voyage4 ,see ,k]r & ,port]'s #8,collection1' vol4 xii4 p4 #ajc4 #ef ,see also ,mr4 ,mack9non's pamphlet on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 p4 #bd4 #eg #8,! ,age ( ! ,ox1 ,%eep1 ,pig1' etc41 by ,pr(4 ,james ,simonds1 publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc4 #eh #8,ann4 ,agricult4 ,france1' ,april1 #ahcg1 z quot$ 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xii4 p4 #gbe4 ,i quote ,tessi]'s obs]vations f #8,y\att on ,cattle1' p4 #ebg4 #ei #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 viii4 p4 #fha & vol4 x4 p4 #bfh4 ,l['s #8,dome/4 ,animals1 etc4' p4 #big4 #fj ,mr4 ,ogleby 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcf1 p4 #ach1 & #ahdj1 p4 #d4 ,quatrefages quotes ,philippi 7#8,revue des ,c\rs ,sci5tifiques1' ,feb4 #ab1 #afhh1 p4 #feg71 t ! cattle ( ,piac5t9o h ?irte5 dorsal v]tebr & ribs 9 ! place ( ! ord9>y numb] ( twelve4 #fa ,leguat's ,voyage1 quot$ by ,vasey 9 8 #8,del9eations ( ! ,ox-tribe1' p4 #acb4 #fb #8,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' pp4 #cag1 #ccf4 #fc #8,mem4 de l',in/itut prs5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #ccc4 ,= ,brazil1 see #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,june #ae1 #ahdf4 ,see ,az>a #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 pp4 #cei1 #cfa4 #fd #8,s*we9es*del1' #ahfd1 s4 #ajd4 ,na?usius /ates t ! =m ( skull *>act]i/ic 9 ! niata cattle occasionally appe>s 9 ,european cattle2 b he is mi/ak51 z we %all h]eaft] see1 9 suppos+ t ^! cattle d n =m a di/9ct race4 ,pr(4 ,wyman1 ( ,cambridge1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 in=ms me t ! common cod-fi% pres5ts a simil> mon/rosity1 call$ by ! fi%]m5 8bull-dog cod40 ,pr(4 ,wyman also conclud$1 aft] mak+ num]\s inquiries 9 ,la ,plata1 t ! niata cattle transmit _! peculi>ities or =m a race4 #fe #8,ueb] ,art des zahm5 ,europ4 ,r9des1' #ahff1 s4 #bh4 #ff #8,descriptive ,cat4 ( ,o/4 ,collect4 ( ,college ( ,surgeons1' #ahec1 p4 #fbd4 ,vasey 9 8 #8,del9eations ( ! ,ox-tribe' has giv5 a figure ( ?is skull2 & ,i s5t a photograph ( x to ,pr(4 ,rtimey]4 #fg ,l\don's #8,magaz9e ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 #ahbi1 p4 #aac4 ,sep>ate figures are giv5 ( ! animal1 its ho(s1 eye1 & dewlap4 #fh ,l[1 #8,dome/icat$ ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isles1' p4 #bfd4 #fi #8,mm4 de l',in/itut prs5t4 ,p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #ccb4 #gj ,idem1 pp4 #cjd1 #cfh1 etc4 #ga #8,y\att on ,cattle1' p4 #aic4 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is bull is tak5 f ,m>%all4 #gb #8,y\att on ,cattle1' p4 #aaf4 ,"l ,sp5c] has writt5 on ?is same subject4 #gc ,bly?1 on ! g5us ,ovis1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 vii41 #ahda1 p4 #bfa4 ,) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! bre$s see ,mr4 ,bly?'s excell5t articles 9 #8,l& & ,wat]1' #ahfg1 pp4 #acd1 #aef4 ,g]vais1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammifres1' #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #aia4 #gd ,dr4 ,l4 ,fitz+]1 #8,ueb] die ,rac5 des ,zahm5 ,s*afes1' #ahfj1 s4 #hf4 #ge ,j4 ,&]son1 #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture & ,natural ,hi/ory1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd4 #gf #8,pfahlbaut5' s4 #abg1 #aic4 #gg #8,y\att on ,%eep1' p4 #abj4 #gh #8,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4xvi4 pp4 #ajjg1 #ajaf4 #gi #8,y\att on ,%eep1' pp4 #adb-afi4 #hj #8,j\rnal ,asiat4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajae4 #ha #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dce4 #hb #8,y\att on ,%eep1' p4 #ach4 #hc #8,j\rnal ,asiat4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 pp4 #ajae1 #ajaf4 #hd #8,rac5 des ,zahm5 ,s*afes1' s4 #gg4 #he #8,rural ,economy ( ,norfolk1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acf4 #hf #8,y\att on ,%eep1' p4 #cab4 ,on same subject1 see excell5t rem>ks 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheh1 p4 #hfh4 ,= exp]im5ts 9 cross+ ,*eviot %eep ) ,leice/]s see ,y\att1 p4 #cbe4 #hg #8,y\att on ,%eep1' note1 p4 #dia4 #hh ,m4 ,mal+i-,n\el1 #8,j\rnal ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv4 #ahec1 p4 #bad4 ,translat$ & !re=e approv$ by a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,pusey4 #hi #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #bag4 #ij ,a translation ( 8 pap] is giv5 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat41' tom4 ix41 #ahfb1 p4 #gbc4 #ia ,erman's #8,travels 9 ,sib]ia1' 7,eng4 trans47 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 ,= ,pallas on ! fat-tail$ %eep ,i quote f ,&]son's acc\nt ( ! #8,%eep ( ,russia1' #agid1 p4 #cd4 ,) respect to ! ,crimean %eep see ,pallas' #8,travels' 7,eng4 trans47 vol4 ii4 p4 #ded4 ,= ! ,k>akool %eep see ,burnes' #8,travels 9 ,bokh>a1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aea4 #ib ,see ,report ( ! ,directors ( ! ,si]ra ,leone ,company1 z quot$ 9 ,:ite's #8,gradation ( ,man1' p4 #ie4 ,) respect to ! *ange :i* %eep und]go 9 ! ,we/ ,indies see also ,dr4 ,davy1 9 #8,ed94 ,new4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal1' ,jan4 #aheb4 ,= ! /atem5t made by ,r\l91 see #8,mm4 de l',in/itut prs5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cdg4 #ic #8,y\att on ,%eep1' p4 #fi1 :]e ,"l ,som]ville is quot$4 ,see p4 #aag on ! pres5ce ( wool "u ! hair4 ,) respect to ! fleeces ( ,au/ralian %eep1 p4 #ahe4 ,on selection c\nt]act+ any t5d5cy to *ange1 see pp4 #gj1 #aag1 #abj1 #afh4 #id ,audubon & ,ba*man1 #8,! ,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' #ahdf1 vol4 v4 p4 #cfe4 #ie #8,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc4 ( ,engl&1' vol4 xx41 "p ii41 ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon] on cross-,bre$+4 #if #8,philosoph4 ,transactions1' ,london1 #ahac1 p4 #hh4 #ig ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gnrale1' tom4 iii4 p4 #hg4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 7#8,l& & ,wat]1' #ahfg1 p4 #cg7 has arriv$ at a simil> conclusion1 b he ?9ks t c]ta9 ,ea/]n races may p]haps be 9 "p desc5d$ f ! ,asiatic m>khor4 #ih ,rtimey] #8,pfahlbaut51' s4 #abg4 #ii ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 p4 #djb4 #ajj #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol ii4 7#bnd s]ies71 #ahdh1 p4 #cfc4 #aja #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 p4 #djf4 ,mr4 ,cl>k also ref]s to diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! mamm4 ,godron /ates t 9 ! ,nubian race ! scrotum is divid$ into two lobes2 & ,mr4 ,cl>k gives a ludicr\s pro( ( ?is fact1 = he saw 9 ! ,mauritius a male goat ( ! ,muscat bre$ pur*as$ at a high price = a female 9 full milk4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! scrotum are probably n due to desc5t f di/9ct species3 = ,mr4 ,cl>k /ates t ?is "p v>ies mu* 9 =m4 #ajb ,mr4 ,cl>k1 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii4 7#bnd s]ies71 #ahdh1 p4 #cfa4 #ajc ,desm>e/1 #8,encyclop4 ,m?od4 ,mammalogie1' p4 #dhj4 #ajd #8,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 pp4 #ajbj1 #ajbe4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild ,,rabbit--,,anci5t ,,dome/ication--,,anci5t ,,selection--,,l>ge ,,lop-,,e>$ ,,rabbits--,,v>i\s ,,bre$s--,,fluctuat+ ,,*>act]s--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,himalayan ,,bre$--,,curi\s ,,case ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,f]al ,,rabbits ,,9 ,,jamaica ,,& ,,! ,,falkl& ,,isl&s--,,porto ,,santo ,,f]al ,,rabbits--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s--,,skull--,,skull ,,( ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbits--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,analog\s ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,h>es--,v,e,rtebr--,,/]num--,,scapula-- ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,& ,,body--,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,r$uc$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,bra9--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,modifications ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,rabbits4 ,all naturali/s1 )1 z f> z ,i "k1 a s+le exception1 believe t ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s ( ! rabbit are desc5d$ f ! common wild species2 ,i %all !re=e describe !m m c>efully ?an 9 ! previ\s cases4 ,pr(essor ,g]vais#a /ates 8t ! true wild rabbit is small] ?an ! dome/ic2 its proportions are n absolutely ! same2 its tail is small]2 its e>s are %ort] & m ?ickly clo!d ) hair2 & ^! *>act]s1 )\t speak+ ( col\r1 are s _m indications oppos$ to ! op9ion :i* unites ^! animals "u ! same specific d5om9ation40 ,few naturali/s w agree ) ?is au?or t su* slight diff]5ces are suffici5t to sep>ate z di/9ct species ! wild & dome/ic rabbit4 ,h[ extraord9>y x w\ld be1 if close conf9em5t1 p]fect tam5ess1 unnatural food1 & c>eful bre$+1 all prolong$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 _h n produc$ at lea/ "s effect6 ,! tame rabbit has be5 dome/icat$ f an anci5t p]iod4 ,confucius ranges rabbits among animals wor?y to be sacrific$ to ! gods1 &1 z he prescribes _! multiplication1 !y 7 probably at ?is e>ly p]iod dome/icat$ 9 ,*9a4 ,!y are m5tion$ by sev]al ( ! classical writ]s4 ,9 #afca ,g]vaise ,m>kham writes1 8,y %all n1 z 9 o!r cattell1 looke to _! %ape1 b to _! ri*nesse1 onely elect y\r buckes1 ! l>ge/ & goodlie/ conies y c get2 & = ! ri*nesse ( ! sk91 t is acc\nt$ ! ri*e/ :i* ha? ! equalle/ mixture ( blacke & :ite haire toge!r1 yet ! blacke r %ad[+ ! :ite2 ! furre %\ld be ?icke1 deepe1 smoo?1 & %9+2 444 !y are ( body mu* fatt] & l>g]1 &1 :5 ano!r sk9 is wor? two or ?ree p5ce1 !y are wor? two %ill+s40 ,f ?is full description we see t silv]-grey rabbits exi/$ 9 ,engl& at ?is p]iod2 & :at is f> m important1 we see t ! bre$+ or selection ( rabbits 0 !n c>efully att5d$ to4 ,aldrov&i1 9 #afcg1 describes1 on ! au?ority ( sev]al old writ]s 7z ,scalig]1 9 #aeeg71 rabbits ( v>i\s col\rs1 "s 8l a h>e10 & he adds t ,p4 ,val]ianus 7:o di$ a v old man 9 #aeeh7 saw at ,v]ona rabbits f\r times bigg] ?an ours4#b ,f ! fact ( ! rabbit hav+ be5 dome/icat$ at an anci5t p]iod1 we mu/ look to ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! ,old ,_w1 & to ! w>m] temp]ate regions alone1 = ! aborig9al p>5t-=m2 = ! rabbit _c live )\t protection 9 c\ntries z cold z ,sw$51 &1 ?\gh x has run wild 9 ! tropical isl& ( ,jamaica1 x has nev] greatly multipli$ !re4 ,x n[ exi/s1 & has long exi/$1 9 ! w>m] temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 = fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al c\ntries4#c ,! dome/ic rabbit readily becomes f]al 9 ^! same c\ntries1 & :5 v>i\sly col\r$ k9ds are turn$ out !y g5]ally rev]t to ! ord9>y grey col\r4#d ,wild rabbits1 if tak5 "y1 c be dome/icat$1 ?\gh ! process is g5]ally v tr\blesome4#e ,! v>i\s dome/ic races are (t5 cross$1 & are believ$ to be q f]tile toge!r1 & a p]fect gradation c be %[n to exi/ f ! l>ge/ dome/ic k9ds1 hav+ enorm\sly develop$ e>s1 to ! common wild k9d4 ,! p>5t-=m mu/ h be5 a burr[+ animal1 a habit n common1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 to any o!r species 9 ! l>ge g5us ,lepus4 ,only "o wild species is kn[n ) c]ta9ty to exi/ 9 ,europe2 b ! rabbit 7if x be a true rabbit7 f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & likewise t f ,alg]ia1 pres5t slight diff]5ces2 & ^! =ms h be5 consid]$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4#f ,b su* slight diff]5ces w\ld aid u little 9 expla9+ ! m consid]able diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al dome/ic races4 ,if ! latt] are ! desc5dants ( two or m closely alli$ species1 ^!1 ) ! exception ( ! common rabbit1 h be5 ext]m9at$ 9 a wild /ate2 & ?is is v improbable1 see+ ) :at p]t9acity ?is animal holds its gr\nd4 ,f ^! sev]al reasons we may inf] ) safety t all ! dome/ic bre$s are ! desc5dants ( ! common wild species4 ,b f :at we he> ( ! m>vell\s success 9 ,france 9 re>+ hybrids betwe5 ! h>e & rabbit1#g x is possible1 ?\gh n probable1 f ! great difficulty 9 mak+ ! fir/ cross1 t "s ( ! l>g] races1 :i* are col\r$ l ! h>e1 may h be5 modifi$ by crosses ) ?is animal4 ,nev]!less1 ! *ief diff]5ces 9 ! skeletons ( ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s _c1 z we %all pres5tly see1 h be5 d]iv$ f a cross ) ! h>e4 ,!re are _m bre$s :i* transmit _! *>act]s m or less truly4 ,e "o has se5 ! enorm\s lop-e>$ rabbits exhibit$ at our %[s2 v>i\s alli$ sub-bre$s are re>$ on ! ,cont95t1 su* z ! s-call$ ,&alusian1 :i* is said to h a l>ge head ) a r\nd =ehead1 & to atta9 a great] size ?an any o!r k9d2 ano!r l>ge ,p>is bre$ is nam$ ! ,r\5nais1 & has a squ>e head2 ! s-call$ ,patagonian rabbit has rem>kably %ort e>s & a l>ge r\nd head4 ,al?\gh ,i h n se5 all ^! bre$s1 ,i feel "s d\bt ab\t !re be+ any m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( _! skulls4#h ,engli% lop-e>$ rabbits (t5 weigh #h p\nds or #aj p\nds1 & "o has be5 exhibit$ weigh+ #ah p\nds2 :]eas a full-siz$ wild rabbit weighs only ab\t #c-a_/d p\nds4 ,! head or skull 9 all ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits exam9$ by me is mu* long] relatively to its bread? ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,_m ( !m h loose transv]se folds ( sk9 or dewlaps b5ea? ! ?roat1 :i* c be pull$ out s z to rea* ne>ly to ! ends ( ! jaws4 ,_! e>s are prodigi\sly develop$1 & hang d[n on ea* side ( _! faces4 ,a rabbit 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahfg ) its two e>s1 measur$ f ! tip ( "o to ! tip ( ! o!r1 #bb in*es 9 l5g?1 & ea* e> #e-c_/h in*es 9 bread?4 ,9 #ahfi "o 0 exhibit$ ) e>s1 measur$ 9 ! same mann]1 #bc-a_/h 9 l5g? & #e-a_/b 9 bread?2 8?us exce$+ any rabbit ev] exhibit$ at a prize %[40 ,9 a common wild rabbit ,i f\nd t ! l5g? ( two e>s1 f tip to tip1 0 #g-e_/h in*es1 & ! bread? only #a-g_/h in*4 ,! weight ( body 9 ! l>g] rabbits1 & ! developm5t ( _! e>s1 are ! qualities :i* w9 prizes1 & h be5 c>efully select$4 ,! h>e-col\r$1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! ,belgian rabbit1 diff]s 9 no?+ except col\r f ! o!r l>ge bre$s2 b ,mr4 ,j4 ,"y1 ( ,s\?ampton1 a great bre$] ( ?is k9d1 in=ms me t ! females1 9 all ! specim5s exam9$ by him1 _h only six mamm & ?is c]ta9ly 0 ! case ) two females :i* came into my possession4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 assures me t ! numb] is v>iable ) o!r dome/ic rabbits4 ,! common wild rabbit always has t5 mamm4 ,! ,angora rabbit is rem>kable f ! l5g? & f95ess ( its fur1 :i* ev5 on ! soles ( ! feet is ( consid]able l5g?4 ,?is bre$ is ! only "o :i* diff]s 9 its m5tal qualities1 = x is said to be mu* m sociable ?an o!r rabbits1 & ! male %[s no wi% to de/roy its "y4#i ,two live rabbits 7 br\ght to me f ,mosc[1 ( ab\t ! size ( ! wild species1 b ) long s(t fur1 diff]5t f t ( ! ,angora4 ,^! ,mosc[ rabbits _h p9k eyes & 7 sn[-:ite1 except+ ! e>s1 two spots ne> ! nose1 ! upp] & "u surface ( ! tail1 & ! h9d] t>si1 :i* 7 blacki%-br[n4 ,9 %ort1 !y 7 col\r$ ne>ly l ! s-call$ ,himalayan rabbits1 pres5tly to be describ$1 & diff]$ f !m only 9 ! "* ( _! fur4 ,!re are two o!r bre$s :i* come true to col\r1 b diff] 9 no o!r respect1 namely silv]-greys & *9*illas4 ,la/ly1 ! ,nic>d or ,dut* rabbit may be m5tion$1 :i* v>ies 9 col\r1 & is rem>kable f its small size1 "s specim5s weigh+ only #a-a_/d p\nds2 rabbits ( ?is bre$ make excell5t nurses = o!r & m delicate k9ds4#aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--;,half-lop ,rabbit4 ,c]ta9 *>act]s are rem>kably fluctuat+1 or are v feebly transmitt$ by dome/ic rabbits3 ?us1 "o bre$] tells me t ) ! small] k9ds he has h>dly ev] rais$ a :ole litt] ( ! same col\r3 ) ! l>ge lop-e>$ bre$s 8x is impossible10 says a great judge1#aa 8to bre$ true to col\r1 b by judici\s cross+ a great deal may be done t[>ds x4 ,! fanci] %\ld "k h[ 8 does are br$1 t is1 ! col\r ( _! p>5ts40 ,nev]!less1 c]ta9 col\rs1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are transmitt$ truly4 ,! dewlap is n /rictly inh]it$4 ,lop-e>$ rabbits1 ) _! e>s hang+ d[n flat on ea* side ( ! face1 d n transmit ?is "* at all truly4 ,mr4 ,delam] rem>ks t1 8) fancy rabbits1 :5 bo? ! p>5ts are p]fectly =m$1 h model e>s1 & are h&somely m>k$1 _! prog5y d n inv>iably turn out ! same40 ,:5 "o p>5t1 or ev5 bo?1 are o>-laps1 t is1 h _! e>s /ick+ out at "r angles1 or :5 "o p>5t or bo? are half-lops1 t is1 h only "o e> dep5d5t1 !re is ne>ly z good a *ance ( ! prog5y hav+ bo? e>s full-lop1 z if bo? p>5ts _h be5 ?us *>act]is$4 ,b ,i am in=m$1 if bo? p>5ts h upright e>s1 !re is h>dly a *ance ( a full-lop4 ,9 "s half-lops ! e> t hangs d[n is broad] & long] ?an ! upright e>2#ab s t we h ! unusual case ( a want ( symmetry on ! two sides4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! position & size ( ! two e>s probably indicates t ! lopp+ results f ! great l5g? & weight ( ! e>1 fav\r$ no d\bt by ! weakness ( ! muscles consequ5t on disuse4 ,&]son#ac m5tions a bre$ hav+ only a s+le e>2 & ,pr(essor ,g]vais ano!r bre$ de/itute ( e>s4 ,we come n[ to ! ,himalayan bre$1 :i* is sometimes call$ ,*9ese1 ,poli%1 or ,russian4 ,^! pretty rabbits are :ite1 or occasionally yell[1 except+ _! e>s1 nose1 feet1 & ! upp] side ( ! tail1 :i* are all br[ni%-black2 b z !y h r$ eyes1 !y may be consid]$ z alb9oes4 ,i h receiv$ sev]al acc\nts ( _! bre$+ p]fectly true4 ,f _! symmetrical m>ks1 !y 7 at fir/ rank$ z specifically di/9ct1 & 7 provisionally nam$ ,l4 nigripes4#ad ,"s good obs]v]s ?\ght t !y c\ld detect a diff]5ce 9 _! habits1 & /\tly ma9ta9$ t !y =m$ a new species4 ,! orig9 ( ?is bre$ is s curi\s1 bo? 9 itself & z ?r[+ "s light on ! complex laws ( inh]itance t x is wor? giv+ 9 detail4 ,b x is fir/ necess>y briefly to describe two o!r bre$s3 silv]-greys or silv]-sprigs g5]ally h black heads & legs1 & _! f9e grey fur is int]sp]s$ ) num]\s black & :ite long hairs4 ,!y bre$ p]fectly true1 & h long be5 kept 9 w>r5s4 ,:5 !y escape & cross ) common rabbits1 ! product1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,wyrley ,bir*1 ( ,wre?am ,hall1 is n a mixture ( ! two col\rs1 b ab\t half take aft] ! "o p>5t1 & ! o!r half aft] ! o!r p>5t4 ,secondly1 *9*illas or tame silv]-greys 7,i w use ! =m] "n7 h %ort1 pal]1 m\se or slate-col\r$ fur1 int]sp]s$ ) long1 blacki%1 slate-col\r$1 & :ite hairs4#ae ,^! rabbits bre$ p]fectly true4 ,a writ] /at$ 9 #ahegaf t he _h produc$ ,himalayan rabbits 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he _h a bre$ ( *9*illas :i* _h be5 cross$ ) ! common black rabbit1 & _! (fspr+ 7 ei!r blacks or *9*illas4 ,^! latt] 7 aga9 cross$ ) o!r *9*illas 7:i* _h also be5 cross$ ) silv]-greys71 & f ?is complicat$ cross ,himalayan rabbits 7 rais$4 ,f ^! & o!r simil> /atem5ts1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett#ag 0 l$ to make a c>eful trial 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & he f\nd t by simply cross+ silv]-greys ) *9*illas he c\ld always produce "s few ,himalayans2 & ! latt]1 not)/&+ _! sudd5 orig91 if kept sep>ate1 br$ p]fectly true4 ,b ,i h rec5tly be5 assur$ ! pure silv]-greys ( any sub-bre$ occasionally produce ,himalayans4 ,! ,himalayans1 :5 fir/ born1 are q :ite1 & are !n true alb9oes2 b 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s !y gradually assume _! d>k e>s1 nose1 feet1 & tail4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wool] & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox1 ! "y are born ( a v pale grey col\r1 & specim5s ( su* fur 7 s5t me by ! =m] g5tleman4 ,! grey t9t1 h[ev]1 disappe>s z ! animal comes to maturity4 ,s t ) ^! ,himalayans !re is a t5d5cy1 /rictly conf9$ to e>ly y\?1 to rev]t to ! col\r ( ! adult silv]-grey p>5t-/ock4 ,silv]-greys & *9*illas1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5t a rem>kable contra/ ) ! ,himalayans 9 _! col\r :il/ q "y1 = !y are born p]fectly black1 b soon assume _! *>act]i/ic grey or silv] t9ts4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) grey horses1 :i*1 z long z !y are foals1 are g5]ally ( a ne>ly black col\r1 b soon become grey1 & get :it] & :it] z !y gr[ old]4 ,h5ce ! usual rule is t ,himalayans are born :ite & aft]w>ds become 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! bodies d>k-col\r$2 :il/ silv]-greys are born black & aft]w>ds become spr9kl$ ) :ite4 ,exceptions1 h[ev]1 & ( a directly opposite nature1 occasionally occur 9 bo? cases4 ,= "y silv]-greys are sometimes born 9 w>r5s1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,w4 ,bir*1 ( a cream-col\r1 b ^! "y animals ultimately become black4 ,! ,himalayans1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes produce1 z is /at$ by an exp]i5c$ amateur1#ah a s+le black "y "o 9 a litt]2 & ?is1 be=e two mon?s elapse1 becomes p]fectly :ite4 ,to sum up ! :ole curi\s case3 wild silv]-greys may be consid]$ z black rabbits :i* become grey at an e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) common rabbits1 ! (fspr+ are said n to h bl5d$ col\rs1 b to take aft] ei!r p>5t2 & 9 ?is respect !y resemble black & alb9o v>ieties ( mo/ quadrup$s1 :i* (t5 transmit _! col\rs 9 ?is same mann]4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) *9*illas1 t is1 ) a pal] sub-v>iety1 ! "y are at fir/ pure alb9oes1 b soon become d>k-col\r$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! bodies1 & are !n call$ ,himalayans4 ,! "y ,himalayans1 h[ev]1 are sometimes at fir/ ei!r pale grey or completely black1 9 ei!r case *ang+ aft] a "t to :ite4 ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all advance a l>ge body ( facts %[+ t1 :5 two v>ieties are cross$ bo? ( :i* diff] 9 col\r f _! p>5t-/ock1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! "y to rev]t to ! aborig9al col\r2 & :at is v rem>kable1 ?is rev]sion occasionally sup]v5es1 n be=e bir?1 b dur+ ! gr[? ( ! animal4 ,h5ce1 if x c\ld be %[n t silv]-greys & *9*illas 7 ! (fspr+ ( a cross betwe5 a black & alb9o v>iety ) ! col\rs intimately bl5d$--a supposition 9 itself n improbable1 & support$ by ! circum/ance ( silv]-greys 9 w>r5s sometimes produc+ creamy-:ite "y1 :i* ultimately become black--!n all ! above giv5 p>adoxical facts on ! *anges ( col\r 9 silv]-greys & 9 _! desc5dants ! ,himalayans w\ld come "u ! law ( rev]sion1 sup]v5+ at diff]5t p]iods ( gr[? & 9 diff]5t degrees1 ei!r to ! orig9al black or to ! orig9al alb9o p>5t-v>iety4 ,x is1 also1 rem>kable t ,himalayans1 ?\gh produc$ s sudd5ly2 bre$ true4 ,b z1 :il/ "y1 !y are alb9oes1 ! case falls "u a v g5]al rule2 alb9ism be+ well kn[n to be /rongly inh]it$1 = in/ance ) :ite mice & _m o!r quadrup$s1 & ev5 :ite fl[]s4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 d ! e>s1 tail1 nose1 & feet1 & no o!r "p ( ! body1 rev]t to a black col\r8 ,?is app>5tly dep5ds on a law1 :i* g5]ally holds good1 namely1 t *>act]s common to _m species ( a g5us--& ?is1 9 fact1 implies long inh]itance f ! anci5t prog5itor ( ! g5us--are f\nd to resi/ v>iation1 or to reappe> if lo/1 m p]si/5tly ?an ! *>act]s :i* are conf9$ to ! sep>ate species4 ,n[1 9 ! g5us ,lepus1 a l>ge majority ( ! species h _! e>s & ! upp] surface ( ! tail t9t$ black2 b ! p]si/5ce ( ^! m>ks is be/ se5 9 ^? species :i* 9 w9t] become :ite3 ?us1 9 ,scotl& ! ,l4 v>iabilis#ai 9 its w9t] dress has a %ade ( col\r on its nose1 & ! tips ( its e>s are black3 9 ! ,l4 tibetanus ! e>s are black1 ! upp] surface ( ! tail greyi%-black1 & ! soles ( ! feet br[n3 9 ,l4 glacialis ! w9t] fur is pure :ite1 except ! soles ( ! feet & ! po9ts ( ! e>s4 ,ev5 9 ! v>i\sly-col\r$ fancy rabbits we may (t5 obs]ve a t5d5cy 9 ^! same p>ts to be m d>kly t9t$ ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,?us ! sev]al col\r$ m>ks on ! ,himalayan rabbits1 z !y gr[ old1 are r5d]$ intelligible4 ,i may add a ne>ly analog\s case3 fancy rabbits v (t5 h a :ite /> on _! =eheads2 & ! common ,engli% h>e1 :il/ "y1 g5]ally has1 z ,i h myself obs]v$1 a simil> :ite /> on its =ehead4 ,:5 v>i\sly col\r$ rabbits are set free 9 ,europe1 & are ?us plac$ "u _! natural conditions1 !y g5]ally rev]t to ! aborig9al grey col\r2 ?is may be 9 "p due to ! t5d5cy 9 all cross$ animals1 z lately obs]v$1 to rev]t to _! primordial /ate4 ,b ?is t5d5cy does n always prevail2 ?us silv]-grey rabbits are kept 9 w>r5s1 & rema9 true ?\gh liv+ almo/ 9 a /ate ( nature2 b a w>r5 mu/ n be /ock$ ) bo? silv]-greys & common rabbits2 o!rwise 89 a few ye>s !re w be none b common greys surviv+40#bj ,:5 rabbits run wild 9 =eign c\ntries "u new conditions ( life1 !y by no means always rev]t to _! aborig9al col\r4 ,9 ,jamaica ! f]al rabbits are describ$ z hav+ be5 8slate-col\r$1 deeply t9t$ ) spr9kl+s ( :ite on ! neck1 on ! %\ld]s1 & on ! back2 s(t5+ (f to blue-:ite "u ! brea/ & belly40#ba ,b 9 ?is tropical isl& ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to _! increase1 & !y nev] spread widely1 & are n[ ext9ct1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill1 ow+ to a great fire :i* occurr$ 9 ! woods4 ,rabbits dur+ _m ye>s h run wild 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 !y are abundant 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 b d n spread ext5sively4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ! common grey col\r2 a few1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,admiral ,sulivan1 are h>e-col\r$1 & _m are black1 (t5 ) ne>ly symmetrical :ite m>ks on _! faces4 ,h5ce1 ,m4 ,lesson describ$ ! black v>iety z a di/9ct species1 "u ! "n ( ,lepus magellanicus1 b ?is1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 is an error4#bb ,)9 rec5t times ! seal]s h /ock$ "s ( ! small outly+ islets 9 ! ,falkl& gr\p ) rabbits2 & on ,pebble ,islet1 z ,i he> f ,admiral ,sulivan1 a l>ge proportion are h>e-col\r$1 :]eas on ,rabbit ,islet a l>ge proportion are ( a blui% col\r1 :i* is n else:]e se54 ,h[ ! rabbits 7 col\r$ :i* 7 turn$ out ( ^! islets is n kn[n4 ,! rabbits :i* h become f]al on ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo1 ne> ,madeira1 des]ve a full] acc\nt4 ,9 #adah or #adai1 ,j4 ,gonzales ,z>co#bc happ5$ to h a female rabbit on bo>d :i* _h produc$ "y dur+ ! voyage1 & he turn$ !m all out on ! isl&4 ,^! animals soon increas$ s rapidly1 t !y became a nuisance1 & actually caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! settlem5t4 ,?irty-sev5 ye>s subsequ5tly1 ,cada ,mo/o describes !m z innum]able2 nor is ?is surpris+1 z ! isl& 0 n inhabit$ by any bea/ ( prey or by any t]re/rial mammal4 ,we d n "k ! "* ( ! "m-rabbit2 b x 0 probably ! common dome/icat$ k9d4 ,! ,spani% p59sula1 :5ce ,z>co sail$1 is kn[n to h ab\nd$ ) ! common wild species at ! mo/ remote hi/orical p]iod2 & z ^! rabbits 7 tak5 on bo>d = food1 x is improbable t !y %\ld h be5 ( any peculi> bre$4 ,t ! bre$ 0 well dome/icat$ is %[n by ! doe hav+ litt]$ dur+ ! voyage4 ,mr4 ,wolla/on1 at my reque/1 br\ght home two ( ^! f]al rabbits 9 spirits ( w9e2 &1 subsequ5tly1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,haywood s5t to me ?ree m specim5s 9 br9e1 & two alive4 ,^! sev5 specim5s1 ?\gh caught at diff]5t p]iods1 closely resembl$ ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 full gr[n1 z %[n by ! /ate ( _! bones4 ,al?\gh ! conditions ( life 9 ,porto ,santo are evid5tly highly fav\rable to rabbits1 z prov$ by _! extraord9>ily rapid increase1 yet !y diff] conspicu\sly 9 _! small size f ! wild ,engli% rabbit4 ,f\r ,engli% rabbits1 measur$ f ! incisors to ! anus1 v>i$ betwe5 #ag & #ag-c_/d in*es 9 l5g?2 :il/ two ( ! ,porto ,santo rabbits 7 only #ad-a_/b & #ae in*es 9 l5g?4 ,b ! decrease 9 size is be/ %[n by weight2 f\r wild ,engli% rabbits av]ag$ #c p\nds #e ounces1 :il/ "o ( ! ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :i* _h liv$ = f\r ye>s 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 b _h become ?91 weigh$ only #a p\nd #i ounces4 ,a fair] te/ is af=d$ by ! comp>ison ( ! well-clean$ limb-bones ( a ,porto ,santo rabbit kill$ on ! isl& ) ! same bones ( a wild ,engli% rabbit ( av]age size1 & !y diff]$ 9 ! proportion ( r less ?an five to n9e4 ,s t ! ,porto ,santo rabbits h decreas$ ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & almo/ half 9 weight ( body4#bd ,! head has n decreas$ 9 l5g? proportionally ) ! body2 & ! capacity ( ! bra9 case is1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 s+ul>ly v>iable4 ,i prep>$ f\r skulls1 & ^! resembl$ ea* o!r m closely ?an d g5]ally ! skulls ( wild ,engli% rabbits2 b ! only diff]5ce 9 /ructure :i* !y pres5t$ 0 t ! supra-orbital processes ( ! frontal bones 7 n>r[]4 ,9 col\r ! ,porto ,santo rabbit diff]s consid]ably f ! common rabbit2 ! upp] surface is r$d]1 & is r>ely int]sp]s$ ) any black or black-tipp$ hairs4 ,! ?roat & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "u surface1 in/ead ( be+ pure :ite1 are g5]ally pale grey or lead5 col\r4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce is 9 ! e>s & tail2 ,i h exam9$ _m fre% ,engli% rabbits1 & ! l>ge collection ( sk9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f v>i\s c\ntries1 & all h ! upp] surface ( ! tail & ! tips ( ! e>s clo!d ) blacki%-grey fur2 & ?is is giv5 9 mo/ works z "o ( ! specific *>act]s ( ! rabbit4 ,n[ 9 ! sev5 ,porto ,santo rabbits ! upp] surface ( ! tail 0 r$di%-br[n1 & ! tips ( ! e>s _h no trace ( ! black edg+4 ,b "h we meet ) a s+ul> circum/ance3 9 ,june1 #ahfa ,i exam9$ two ( ^! rabbits rec5tly s5t to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & _! tails & e>s 7 col\r$ z j describ$2 b :5 "o ( _! dead bodies 0 s5t to me 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ! e>s 7 pla9ly edg$1 & ! upp] surface ( ! tail 0 cov]$ ) blacki%-grey fur1 & ! :ole body 0 mu* less r$2 s t "u ! ,engli% climate ?is individual rabbit _h recov]$ ! prop] col\r ( its fur 9 r less ?an f\r ye>s6 ,! two little ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :il/ alive 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 _h a rem>kably diff]5t appe>ance f ! common k9d4 ,!y 7 extraord9>ily wild & active1 s t _m p]sons exclaim$ on see+ !m t !y 7 m l l>ge rats ?an rabbits4 ,!y 7 nocturnal to an unusual degree 9 _! habits1 & _! wildness 0 nev] 9 ! lea/ subdu$2 s t ! sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 assur$ me t he _h nev] _h a wild] animal "u 8 *>ge4 ,?is is a s+ul> fact1 consid]+ t !y are desc5d$ f a dome/icat$ bre$4 ,i 0 s mu* surpris$ at x1 t ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,haywood to make inquiries on ! spot1 :e!r !y 7 mu* hunt$ by ! inhabitants1 or p]secut$ by hawks1 or cats1 or o!r animals2 b ?is is n ! case1 & no cause c be assign$ = _! wildness4 ,!y live bo? on ! c5tral1 high] rocky l& & ne> ! sea-cliffs1 &1 f be+ exce$+ly %y & timid1 seldom appe> 9 ! l[] & cultivat$ di/ricts4 ,!y are said to produce f f\r to six "y at a bir?1 & _! bre$+ season is 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,la/ly1 & ?is is a highly rem>kable fact1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett c\ld nev] succe$ 9 gett+ ^! two rabbits1 :i* 7 bo? males1 to associate or bre$ ) ! females ( sev]al bre$s :i* 7 repeat$ly plac$ ) !m4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ^! ,porto ,santo rabbits _h n be5 kn[n1 mo/ naturali/s1 on obs]v+ _! mu* r$uc$ size1 _! col\r1 r$di% above & grey b5ea?1 _! tails & e>s n tipp$ ) black1 w\ld h rank$ !m z a di/9ct species4 ,!y w\ld h be5 /rongly confirm$ 9 ?is view by see+ !m alive 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & he>+ t !y refus$ to c\ple ) o!r rabbits4 ,yet ?is rabbit1 :i* !re c be little d\bt w\ld ?us h be5 rank$ z a di/9ct species1 z c]ta9ly orig9at$ s9ce ! ye> #adbj4 ,f9ally1 f ! ?ree cases ( ! rabbits :i* h run wild 9 ,porto ,santo1 ,jamaica1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 we see t ^! animals d n1 "u new conditions ( life1 rev]t to or reta9 _! aborig9al "*1 z is s g5]ally ass]t$ to be ! case by mo/ au?ors4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4 ,:5 we rememb]1 on ! "o h&1 h[ frequ5tly x is /at$ t important p>ts ( ! /ructure nev] v>y2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 on :at small diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton fossil species h (t5 be5 f\nd$1 ! v>iability ( ! skull & ( "s o!r bones 9 ! dome/icat$ rabbit well des]ves att5tion4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! m important diff]5ces imm$iately to be describ$ /rictly *>act]ise any "o bre$2 all t c be said is1 t !y are g5]ally pres5t 9 c]ta9 bre$s4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d t selection has n be5 appli$ to fix any "* 9 ! skeleton1 & t ! animals h n _h to support !mselves "u uni=m habits ( life4 ,we _c acc\nt = mo/ ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton2 b we %all see t ! increas$ size ( ! body1 due to c>eful nurture & cont9u$ selection1 has affect$ ! head 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,ev5 ! elongation & lopp+ ( ! e>s h influ5c$ 9 a small degree ! =m ( ! :ole skull4 ,! want ( ex]cise has app>5tly modifi$ ! proportional l5g? ( ! limbs 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! body4 ,z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i prep>$ skeletons ( two wild rabbits f ,k5t1 "o f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & "o f ,antrim 9 ,irel&4 ,z all ! bones 9 ^! f\r specim5s f su* di/ant localities closely resembl$ ea* o!r1 pres5t+ sc>cely any appreciable diff]5ce1 x may be conclud$ t ! bones ( ! wild rabbit are g5]ally uni=m 9 "*4 ,skull4--,i h c>efully exam9$ skulls ( t5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 & ( five common dome/ic rabbits1 :i* latt] diff] f ! lop-e>$ only 9 n hav+ su* l>ge bodies or e>s1 yet bo? l>g] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,fir/ = ! t5 lop-e>$ rabbits3 9 all ^! ! skull is rem>kably elongat$ 9 comp>ison ) its bread?4 ,9 a wild rabbit ! l5g? 0 #cae in*es1 9 a l>ge fancy rabbit #dc2 :il/ ! bread? ( ! cranium enclos+ ! bra9 0 9 bo? almo/ exactly ! same4 ,ev5 by tak+ z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! wide/ "p ( ! zygomatic ar*1 ! skulls ( ! lop-e>$ are proportionally to _! bread? ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too long4 ,! dep? ( ! head has increas$ almo/ 9 ! same proportion ) ! l5g?2 x is ! bread? alone :i* has n increas$4 ,! p>ietal & occipital bones enclos+ ! bra9 are less ar*$1 bo? 9 a longitud9al & transv]se l9e1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 s t ! %ape ( ! cranium is some:at diff]5t4 ,! surface is r\gh]1 less cleanly sculptur$1 & ! l9es ( sutures are m prom95t4 ,al?\gh ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit are mu* elongat$ relatively to _! bread?1 yet1 relatively to ! size ( body1 !y are f> f elongat$4 ,! lop-e>$ rabbits :i* ,i exam9$ 71 ?\gh n fat1 m ?an twice z heavy z ! wild specim5s2 b ! skull 0 v f> f be+ twice z long4 ,ev5 if we take ! fair] /&>d ( ! l5g? ( body1 f ! nose to ! anus1 ! skull is n on an av]age z long z x ought to be by a ?ird ( an in*4 ,9 ! small f]al ,porto ,santo rabbit1 on ! o!r h&1 ! head relatively to ! l5g? ( body is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* too long4 ,?is elongation ( ! skull relatively to its bread?1 ,i f9d a univ]sal "*1 n only ) ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 b 9 all ! artificial bre$s2 z is well se5 9 ! skull ( ! ,angora4 ,i 0 at fir/ mu* surpris$ at ! fact1 & c\ld n imag9e :y dome/ication c\ld produce ?is uni=m result2 b ! explanation seems to lie 9 ! circum/ance t dur+ a numb] ( g5]ations ! artificial races h be5 closely conf9$1 & h _h little occasion to ex]t ei!r _! s5ses1 or intellect1 or volunt>y muscles2 consequ5tly ! bra91 z we %all pres5tly m fully see1 has n increas$ relatively ) ! size ( body4 ,z ! bra9 has n increas$1 ! bony case enclos+ x has n increas$1 & ?is has evid5tly affect$ ?r\gh correlation ! bread? ( ! entire skull f end to end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--,skull ( ,wild ,rabbit4 ,fig4 #g--,skull ( l>ge ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--,"p ( ,zygomatic ,ar*4 ,9 all ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! supra-orbital plates or processes ( ! frontal bones are mu* broad] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 & !y g5]ally project m upw>ds4 ,9 ! zygomatic ar* ! po/]ior or project+ po9t ( ! mal>-bone is broad] & blunt]2 & 9 ! specim51 fig4 #h1 x is s 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,?is po9t approa*es ne>] to ! auditory meatus ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 z may be be/ se5 9 fig4 #h2 b ?is circum/ance ma9ly dep5ds on ! *ang$ direction ( ! meatus4 ,! int]-p>ietal bone 7see fig4 #i7 diff]s mu* 9 %ape 9 ! sev]al skulls2 g5]ally x is m oval1 t is m ext5d$ 9 ! l9e ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! skull1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,! po/]ior m>g9 ( 8! squ>e rais$ plat=m0#be ( ! occiput1 in/ead ( be+ truncat$1 or project+ slightly z 9 ! wild rabbit1 is 9 mo/ lop-e>$ rabbits po9t$1 z 9 fig4 #i1 ,c4 ,! p>ama/oids relatively to ! size ( ! skull are g5]ally mu* ?ick] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,po/]ior end ( skull ( ,rabbits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--,occipital ,=am5 ( ,rabbits4 ,! occipital =am5 7fig4 #aj7 pres5ts "s rem>kable diff]5ces3 9 ! wild rabbit1 ! l[] edge betwe5 ! condyles is consid]ably & almo/ angul>ly holl[$ out1 & ! upp] edge is deeply & squ>ely not*$2 h5ce ! longitud9al axis exce$s ! transv]se axis4 ,9 ! skulls ( ! lop-e>$ rabbits ! transv]se axis exce$s ! longitud9al2 = 9 none ( ^! skulls 0 ! l[] edge betwe5 ! condyles s deeply holl[$ out2 9 five ( !m !re 0 no upp] squ>e not*1 9 ?ree !re 0 a trace ( ! not*1 & 9 two alone x 0 well develop$4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! =am5 are rem>kable1 consid]+ t x gives passage to s important a /ructure z ! sp9al m>r[1 ?\gh app>5tly ! outl9e ( ! latt] is n affect$ by ! %ape ( ! passage4 ,9 all ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! bony auditory meatus is conspicu\sly l>g] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,9 a skull #dc in*es 9 l5g?1 & :i* b>ely exce$$ 9 bread? ! skull ( a wild rabbit 7:i* 0 #cae in*es 9 l5g?71 ! long] diamet] ( ! meatus 0 exactly twice z great4 ,! orifice is m compress$1 & its m>g9 on ! side ne>e/ ! skull /&s up high] ?an ! out] side4 ,! :ole meatus is direct$ m =w>ds4 ,z 9 bre$+ lop-e>$ rabbits ! l5g? ( ! e>s1 & _! consequ5t lopp+ & ly+ flat on ! face1 are ! *ief po9ts ( excell5ce1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! great *ange 9 ! size1 =m1 & direction ( ! bony meatus1 relatively to ?is same "p 9 ! wild rabbit1 is due to ! cont9u$ selection ( individuals hav+ l>g] & l>g] e>s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal e> on ! bony meatus is well %[n 9 ! skulls 7,i h exam9$ ?ree7 ( half-lops 7see fig4 #e71 9 :i* "o e> /&s upright1 & ! o!r & long] e> hangs d[n2 = 9 ^! skulls !re 0 a pla9 diff]5ce 9 ! =m & direction ( ! bony meatus on ! two sides4 ,b x is a mu* m int]e/+ fact1 t ! *ang$ direction & increas$ size ( ! bony meatus h slightly affect$ on ! same side ! /ructure ( ! :ole skull4 ,i "h give a draw+ 7fig4 #aa7 ( ! skull ( a half-lop2 & x may be obs]v$ t ! suture betwe5 ! p>ietal & frontal bones does n run /rictly at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis ( ! skull2 ! left frontal bone projects beyond ! "r "o2 bo? ! po/]ior & ant]ior m>g9s ( ! left zygomatic ar* on ! side ( ! lopp+ e> /& a little 9 advance ( ! correspond+ bones on ! opposite side4 ,ev5 ! l[] jaw is affect$1 & ! condyles are n q symmetrical1 t on ! left /&+ a little 9 advance ( t on ! "r4 ,?is seems to me a rem>kable case ( correlation ( gr[?4 ,:o w\ld h surmis$ t by keep+ an animal dur+ _m g5]ations "u conf9em5t1 & s lead+ to ! disuse ( ! muscles ( ! e>s1 & by cont9ually select+ individuals ) ! longe/ & l>ge/ e>s1 he w\ld ?us indirectly h affect$ almo/ e suture 9 ! skull & ! =m ( ! l[] jaw6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa--,skull ( ,half-lop ,rabbit4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! only diff]5ce 9 ! l[] jaw1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbit1 is t ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! asc5d+ ramus is broad] & m inflect$4 ,! tee? 9 nei!r jaw pres5t any diff]5ce1 except t ! small incisors1 b5ea? ! l>ge ones1 are proportionately a little long]4 ,! mol> tee? h increas$ 9 size proportionately ) ! increas$ wid? ( ! skull1 measur$ across ! zygomatic ar*1 & n proportionally ) its increas$ l5g?4 ,! inn] l9e ( ! sockets ( ! mol> tee? 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! wild rabbit =ms a p]fectly /raight l9e2 b 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ skulls ( ! lop-e>$ ?is l9e 0 pla9ly b[$ inw>ds4 ,9 "o specim5 !re 0 an additional mol> too? on ea* side ( ! upp] jaw1 betwe5 ! mol>s & premol>s2 b ^! two tee? did n correspond 9 size2 & z no rod5t has sev5 mol>s1 ?is is m]ely a mon/rosity1 ?\gh a curi\s "o4 ,! five o!r skulls ( common dome/ic rabbits1 "s ( :i* approa* 9 size ! above-describ$ l>ge/ skulls1 :il/ ! o!rs exce$ b little ^? ( ! wild rabbit1 are only wor? notice z pres5t+ a p]fect gradation 9 all ! above-specifi$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! skulls ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ & wild rabbits4 ,9 all1 h[ev]1 ! supra-orbital plates are r l>g]1 & 9 all ! auditory meatus is l>g]1 9 con=mity ) ! increas$ size ( ! ext]nal e>s1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,! l[] not* 9 ! occipital =am5 9 "s 0 n s deep z 9 ! wild rabbit1 b 9 all five skulls ! upp] not* 0 well develop$4 ,! skull ( ! ,angora rabbit1 l ! latt] five skulls1 is int]m$iate 9 g5]al proportions1 & 9 mo/ o!r *>act]s1 betwe5 ^? ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ & wild rabbits4 ,x pres5ts only "o s+ul> "*3 ?\gh consid]ably long] ?an ! skull ( ! wild rabbit1 ! bread? measur$ )9 ! po/]ior supra-orbital fissures is ne>ly a ?ird less ?an 9 ! wild4 ,! skulls ( ! silv]-grey1 & *9*illa & ,himalayan rabbits are m elongat$ ?an 9 ! wild1 ) broad] supra-orbital plates1 b diff] little 9 any o!r respect1 except+ t ! upp] & l[] not*es ( ! occipital =am5 are n s deep or s well develop$4 ,! skull ( ! ,mosc[ rabbit sc>cely diff]s at all f t ( ! wild rabbit4 ,9 ! ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits ! supra-orbital plates are g5]ally n>r[] & m po9t$ ?an 9 our wild rabbits4 ,z "s ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ rabbits ( :i* ,i prep>$ skeletons 7 col\r$ almo/ l h>es1 & z ^! latt] animals & rabbits h1 z x is affirm$1 be5 rec5tly cross$ 9 ,france1 x might be ?\ght t "s ( ! above-describ$ *>act]s _h be5 d]iv$ f a cross at a remote p]iod ) ! h>e4 ,consequ5tly ,i exam9$ skulls ( ! h>e1 b no light c\ld ?us be ?r[n on ! peculi>ities ( ! skulls ( ! l>g] rabbits4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an int]e/+ fact1 z illu/rat+ ! law t v>ieties ( "o species (t5 assume ! *>act]s ( o!r species ( ! same g5us1 t ,i f\nd1 on comp>+ ! skulls ( t5 species ( h>es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 t !y diff]$ f ea* o!r *iefly 9 ! v same po9ts 9 :i* dome/ic rabbits v>y1--namely1 9 g5]al proportions1 9 ! =m & size ( ! supra-orbital plates1 9 ! =m ( ! free end ( ! mal> bone1 & 9 ! l9e ( suture sep>at+ ! occipital & frontal bones4 ,moreov] two em95tly v>iable *>act]s 9 ! dome/ic rabbit1 namely1 ! outl9e ( ! occipital =am5 & ! %ape ( ! 8rais$ plat=m0 ( ! occiput1 7 likewise v>iable 9 two in/ances 9 ! same species ( h>e4 ,v]tebr4--,! numb] is uni=m 9 all ! skeletons :i* ,i h exam9$1 ) two exceptions1 namely1 9 "o ( ! small f]al ,porto ,santo rabbits & 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ k9ds2 bo? ( ^! _h z usual sev5 c]vical1 twelve dorsal ) ribs1 b1 in/ead ( sev5 lumb>1 bo? _h eight lumb> v]tebr4 ,?is is rem>kable1 z ,g]vais gives sev5 z ! numb] = ! :ole g5us ,lepus4 ,! caudal v]tebr app>5tly diff] by two or ?ree1 b ,i did n att5d to !m1 & !y are difficult to c\nt ) c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab--;,atlas ,v]tebr ( ,rabbits4 ,9 ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra1 or atlas1 ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! neural ar* v>ies a little 9 wild specim5s1 be+ ei!r ne>ly smoo?1 or furni%$ ) a small supra-m$ian atlantoid process2 ,i h figur$ a specim5 ) ! l>ge/ process 7a7 :i* ,i h se52 b x w be obs]v$ h[ inf]ior ?is is 9 size & diff]5t 9 %ape to t 9 a l>ge lop-e>$ rabbit4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! infra-m$ian process 7b7 is also proportionally mu* ?ick] & long]4 ,! al are a little squ>] 9 outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac--,?ird ,c]vical ,v]tebr1 ( natural size1 (--,a4 ,wild ,rabbit2 ,b4 ,h>e-col\r$1 l>ge1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 ,?ird c]vical v]tebra4--,9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #ac1 ,a a7 ?is v]tebra1 view$ on ! inf]ior surface1 has a transv]se process1 :i* is direct$ obliquely backw>ds1 & consi/s ( a s+le po9t$ b>2 9 ! f\r? v]tebra ?is process is slightly =k$ 9 ! middle4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ?is process 7,b a7 is =k$ 9 ! ?ird v]tebra1 z 9 ! f\r? ( ! wild rabbit4 ,b ! ?ird c]vical v]tebr ( ! wild & lop-e>$ 7,a b1 ,b b7 rabbits diff] m conspicu\sly :5 _! ant]ior articul> surfaces are comp>$2 = ! extremities ( ! ant]o-dorsal processes 9 ! wild rabbit are simply r\nd$1 :il/ 9 ! lop-e>$ !y are trifid1 ) a deep c5tral pit4 ,! canal = ! sp9al m>r[ 9 ! lop-e>$ 7,b b7 is m elongat$ 9 a transv]se direction ?an 9 ! wild rabbit2 & ! passages = ! art]ies are ( a slightly diff]5t %ape4 ,^! sev]al diff]5ces 9 ?is v]tebra seem to me well des]v+ att5tion4 ,fir/ dorsal v]tebra4--,its neural sp9e v>ies 9 l5g? 9 ! wild rabbit2 be+ sometimes v %ort1 b g5]ally m ?an half z long z t ( ! second dorsal2 b ,i h se5 x 9 two l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ?ree-f\r?s ( ! l5g? ( t ( ! second dorsal v]tebra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad--;,dorsal ,v]tebr1 f six? to t5? inclusive1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b4 ,l>ge1 ,h>e-col\r$1 s-call$ ,spani% ,rabbit4 ,n9? & t5? dorsal v]tebr4--,9 ! wild rabbit ! neural sp9e ( ! n9? v]tebra is j p]ceptibly ?ick] ?an t ( ! eigh?2 & ! neural sp9e ( ! t5? is pla9ly ?ick] & %ort] ?an ^? ( all ! ant]ior v]tebr4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! neural sp9es ( ! t5?1 n9?1 & eigh? v]tebr1 & ev5 9 a slight degree t ( ! sev5?1 are v mu* ?ick]1 & ( some:at diff]5t %ape1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit4 ,s t ?is "p ( ! v]tebral column diff]s consid]ably 9 appe>ance f ! same "p 9 ! wild rabbit1 & closely resembles 9 an int]e/+ mann] ^! same v]tebr 9 "s species ( h>es4 ,9 ! ,angora1 ,*9*illa1 & ,himalayan rabbits1 ! neural sp9es ( ! eigh? & n9? v]tebr are 9 a slight degree ?ick] ?an 9 ! wild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "o ( ! f]al ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :i* 9 mo/ ( its *>act]s deviates f ! common wild rabbit1 9 a direction exactly opposite to t assum$ by ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! neural sp9es ( ! n9? & t5? v]tebr 7 n at all l>g] ?an ^? ( ! sev]al ant]ior v]tebra4 ,9 ?is same ,porto ,santo specim5 !re 0 no trace 9 ! n9? v]tebra ( ! ant]ior lat]al processes 7see fig4 #ad71 :i* are pla9ly develop$ 9 all ,briti% wild rabbits1 & /ill m pla9ly develop$ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits4 ,9 a half-wild rabbit f ,s&on ,p>k1#bf a haemal sp9e 0 mod]ately well develop$ on ! "u side ( ! twelf? dorsal v]tebra1 & ,i h se5 ?is 9 no o!r specim54 ,lumb> v]tebr4--,i h /at$ t 9 two cases !re 7 eight in/ead ( sev5 lumb> v]tebr4 ,! ?ird lumb> v]tebr 9 "o skeleton ( a wild ,briti% rabbit1 & 9 "o ( ! ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits1 _h a haemal sp9e2 :il/ 9 f\r skeletons ( l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 & 9 ! ,himalayan rabbit1 ?is same v]tebra _h a well develop$ hmal sp9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae--,t]m9al bone ( ,/]num ( ,rabbits4 ,pelvis4--,9 f\r wild specim5s ?is bone 0 almo/ absolutely id5tical 9 %ape2 b 9 sev]al dome/icat$ bre$s %ades ( diff]5ces c\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! :ole upp] "p ( ! ilium is /raight]1 or less splay$ outw>ds1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit2 & ! tub]osity on ! inn] lip ( ! ant]ior & upp] "p ( ! ilium is proportionally m prom95t4 ,/]num4--,! po/]ior end ( ! po/]ior /]nal bone 9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #ae1 ,a7 is ?9 & slightly enl>g$2 9 "s ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 7,b7 x is mu* m enl>g$ t[>ds ! extremity2 :il/ 9 o!r specim5s 7,c7 x keeps ne>ly ( ! same bread? f end to end1 b is mu* ?ick] at ! extremity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--;,acromion ( ,scapula1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,l>ge1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbits4 ,scapula4--,! acromion s5ds out a rectangul> b>1 end+ 9 an oblique knob1 :i* latt] 9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #af1 ,a7 v>ies a little 9 %ape & size1 z does ! apex ( ! acromion 9 %>pness1 & ! "p j bel[ ! rectangul> b> 9 bread?4 ,b ! v>iations 9 ^! respects 9 ! wild rabbit are v slight3 :il/ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits !y are consid]able4 ,?us 9 "s specim5s 7,b7 ! oblique t]m9al knob is develop$ into a %ort b>1 =m+ an obtuse angle ) ! rectangul> b>4 ,9 ano!r specim5 7,c7 ^! two unequal b>s =m ne>ly a /raight l9e4 ,! apex ( ! acromion v>ies mu* 9 bread? & %>pness1 z may be se5 by comp>+ figures ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,limbs4--,9 ^! ,i c\ld detect no v>iation2 b ! bones ( ! feet 7 too tr\blesome to comp>e ) mu* c>e4 ,i h n[ describ$ all ! diff]5ces 9 ! skeletons :i* ,i h obs]v$4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! high degree ( v>iability or pla/icity ( _m ( ! bones4 ,we see h[ errone\s ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t is1 t only ! cre/s ( ! bones :i* give atta*m5t to muscles v>y 9 %ape1 & t only p>ts ( slight importance become modifi$ "u dome/ication4 ,no "o w say1 = in/ance1 t ! occipital =am51 or ! atlas1 or ! ?ird c]vical v]tebra is a "p ( slight importance4 ,if ! sev]al v]tebr ( ! wild & lop-e>$ rabbits1 ( :i* figures h be5 giv51 _h be5 f\nd fossil1 palontologi/s w\ld h decl>$ )\t hesitation t !y _h belong$ to di/9ct species4 ,! effects ( ! use & disuse ( p>ts4--,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! relative proportional l5g? ( ! bones ( ! same leg1 & ( ! front & h9d legs comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 h rema9$ ne>ly ! same z 9 ! wild rabbit2 b 9 weight1 ! bones ( ! h9d legs app>5tly h n increas$ 9 due proportion ) ! front legs4 ,! weight ( ! :ole body 9 ! l>ge rabbits exam9$ by me 0 f twice to twice & a half z great z t ( ! wild rabbit2 & ! weight ( ! bones ( ! front & h9d limbs tak5 toge!r 7exclud+ ! feet1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( clean+ s _m small bones7 has increas$ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 9 ne>ly ! same proportion2 consequ5tly 9 due proportion to ! weight ( body :i* !y h to support4 ,if we take ! l5g? ( ! body z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! limbs ( ! l>ge rabbits h n increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion by "o in* & a half4 ,aga91 if we take z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! l5g? ( ! skull1 :i*1 z we h be=e se51 has n increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion to ! l5g? ( body1 ! limbs w be f\nd to be1 proportionally ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit1 f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too %ort4 ,h5ce1 :atev] /&>d ( comp>ison be tak51 ! limb-bones ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits h n increas$ 9 l5g?1 ?\gh !y h 9 weight1 9 full proportion to ! o!r p>ts ( ! frame2 & ?is1 ,i presume1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! inactive life :i* dur+ _m g5]ations !y h sp5t4 ,nor has ! scapula increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion to ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body4 ,! capacity ( ! osse\s case ( ! bra9 is a m int]e/+ po9t1 to :i* ,i 0 l$ to att5d by f9d+1 z previ\sly /at$1 t ) all dome/icat$ rabbits ! l5g? ( ! skull relatively to its bread? has greatly increas$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbits4 ,if we _h possess$ a l>ge numb] ( dome/icat$ rabbits ( ne>ly ! same size ) ! wild rabbits1 x w\ld h be5 a simple task to h measur$ & comp>$ ! capacities ( _! skulls4 ,b ?is is n ! case3 almo/ all ! dome/ic bre$s h l>g] bodies ?an wild rabbits1 & ! lop-e>$ k9ds are m ?an d\ble _! weight4 ,z a small animal has to ex]t its s5ses1 intellect1 & in/9cts equally ) a l>ge animal1 we ought n by any means to expect an animal twice or ?rice z l>ge z ano!r to h a bra9 ( d\ble or treble ! size4#bg ,n[1 aft] weigh+ ! bodies ( f\r wild rabbits1 & ( f\r l>ge b n fatt5$ lop-e>$ rabbits1 ,i f9d t on an av]age ! wild are to ! lop-e>$ 9 weight z #a to #bag2 9 av]age l5g? ( body z #a to #ada2 :il/ 9 capacity ( skull !y are z #a to #aae4 ,h5ce we see t ! capacity ( ! skull1 & consequ5tly ! size ( ! bra91 has increas$ b little1 relatively to ! increas$ size ( ! body2 & ?is fact expla9s ! n>r[ness ( ! skull relatively to its l5g? 9 all dome/ic rabbits4 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,"n ( ,bre$ ,,wild ,,& ,,semi-,,wild ,,rabbits4 ,l5g? ( ,skull4 ,l5g? ( ,body f ,incisors to ,anus4 ,weight ( :ole ,body4 ,capacity ( ,skull measur$ by ,small ,%ot4 in*es in*es lbs ozs gra9s #a ,wild ,rabbit1 ,k5t #cae #agd #c #e #igb #b ,wild ,rabbit1 ,%etl& ,isl&s #cae -- -- #igi #c ,wild ,rabbit1 ,irel& #cae -- -- #iib #d ,dome/ic rabbit1 run wild1 ,s&on #cae #ahe -- #iig #e ,wild1 common v>iety1 small specim51 ,k5t #bif #agj #b #ad #hge #f ,wild1 fawn-col\r$ v>iety1 ,scotl& #caj -- -- #iah #g ,silv]-grey1 small specim51 ,!t=d w>r5 #bie #aee #b #aa #ich #h ,f]al rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #bhc -- -- #hic #i ,f]al rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #bhe -- -- #gef #aj ,f]al ,rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #bie -- -- #hce ,av]age ( ! ?ree ,porto ,santo rabbits #bhh -- -- #hbh ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 #aa ,himalayan #cej #bje -- #ifc #ab ,mosc[ #cbe #agj #c #h #hjc #ac ,angora #cej #aie #c #a #fig #ad ,*9*illa #cfe #bbj -- #iie #ae ,l>ge lop-e>$ #daj #bde #g #j #ajfe #af ,l>ge lop-e>$ #daj #bej #g #ac #aaec #ag ,l>ge lop-e>$ #djg -- -- #ajcg #ah ,l>ge lop-e>$ #daj #bej #g #d #abjh #ai ,l>ge lop-e>$ #dcj -- -- #abcb #bj ,l>ge lop-e>$ #dbe -- -- #aabd #ba ,l>ge h>e-col\r$ #chf #bdj #f #ad #aaca #bb ,av]age ( above sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits #daa #bdfb #g #d #aacf #bc ,h>e 7,l4 timidus7 ,engli% specim5 #cfa -- #g #j #acae #bd ,h>e 7,l4 timidus7 ,g]man specim5 #chb -- #g #j #adae ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,"n ( ,bre$ ,,wild ,,& ,,semi-,,wild ,,rabbits4 ,capacity calculat$ accord+ to ,l5g? ( ,skull relatively to t ( ,no4 #a4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 actual & calculat$ capacities ( ,skulls4 ,%[+ h[ mu* p] c5t4 ! ,bra91 by calculation accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! ,skull is too light or too heavy1 relatively to ! ,bra9 ( ! ,wild ,rabbit ,no4 #a4 gra9s gra9s #a ,wild ,rabbit1 ,k5t -- -- #b ,wild ,rabbit1 ,%etl& ,isl&s -- -- #b p] c5t4 too heavy 9 comp>ison ) ,no4 #a #c ,wild ,rabbit1 ,irel& -- -- #d ,dome/ic rabbit1 run wild1 ,s&on #e ,wild1 common v>iety1 small specim51 ,k5t #iac #ch #d p] c5t4 too light4 #f ,wild1 fawn-col\r$ v>iety1 ,scotl& #iej #cb #c p] c5t4 too light4 #g ,silv]-grey1 small specim51 ,!t=d w>r5 #iaj #bh #c p] c5t4 too heavy4 #h ,f]al rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #hgc #bj #b p] c5t4 too heavy4 #i ,f]al rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #hgi #abc #af p] c5t4 too light4 #aj ,f]al ,rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #iaj #ge #i p] c5t4 too light4 ,av]age ( ! ?ree ,porto ,santo rabbits #hhh #fj #g p] c5t4 too light4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 #aa ,himalayan #ajhj #aag #ab p] c5t4 too light4 #ab ,mosc[ #ajjb #aii #bd p] c5t4 too light4 #ac ,angora #ajhj #chc #ed p] c5t4 too light4 #ad ,*9*illa #aabf #aca #ac p] c5t4 too light4 #ae ,l>ge lop-e>$ #abfe #bjj #ah p] c5t4 too light4 #af ,l>ge lop-e>$ #abfe #aab #i p] c5t4 too light4 #ag ,l>ge lop-e>$ #abee #bah #ba p] c5t4 too light4 #ah ,l>ge lop-e>$ #abfe #eg #d p] c5t4 too light4 #ai ,l>ge lop-e>$ #acbf #id #g p] c5t4 too light4 #bj ,l>ge lop-e>$ #acaa #ahg #af p] c5t4 too light4 #ba ,l>ge h>e-col\r$ #aaia #fj #e p] c5t4 too light4 #bb ,av]age ( above sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits #abfh #acb #aa p] c5t4 too light4 ,9 ! upp] half ( ,table #c ,i h giv5 ! measurem5ts ( ! skull ( t5 wild rabbits2 & 9 ! l[] half1 ( elev5 ?or\ghly dome/icat$ k9ds4 ,z ^! rabbits diff] s greatly 9 size1 x is necess>y to h "s /&>d by :i* to comp>e ! capacities ( _! skulls4 ,i h select$ ! l5g? ( skull z ! be/ /&>d1 = 9 ! l>g] rabbits x has n1 z already /at$1 increas$ 9 l5g? s mu* z ! body2 b z ! skull1 l e o!r "p1 v>ies 9 l5g?1 nei!r x nor any o!r "p af=ds a p]fect /&>d4 ,9 ! fir/ column ( figures ! extreme l5g? ( ! skull is giv5 9 in*es & decimals4 ,i am aw>e t ^! measurem5ts pret5d to great] accuracy ?an is possible2 b ,i h f\nd x ! lea/ tr\ble to record ! exact l5g? :i* ! compass gave4 ,! second & ?ird columns give ! l5g? & weight ( body1 :5ev] ^! obs]vations 7 made4 ,! f\r? column gives ! capacity ( ! skull by ! weight ( small %ot ) :i* ! skulls 7 fill$2 b x is n pret5d$ t ^! weights are accurate )9 a few gra9s4 ,9 ! fif? column ! capacity is giv5 :i* ! skull ought to h _h by calculation1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( skull1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a2 9 ! six? column ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual & calculat$ capacities1 & 9 ! sev5? ! p]c5tage ( increase or decrease1 are giv54 ,= in/ance1 z ! wild rabbit ,no4 #e has a %ort] & light] body ?an ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a1 we might h expect$ t its skull w\ld h _h less capacity2 ! actual capacity1 z express$ by ! weight ( %ot1 is #hge gra9s1 :i* is #ig gra9s less ?an t ( ! fir/ rabbit4 ,b comp>+ ^! two rabbits by ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 we see t 9 ,no4 #a ! skull is #cae in*es 9 l5g?1 & 9 ,no4 #e #bif in*es 9 l5g?2 accord+ to ?is ratio1 ! bra9 ( ,no4 #e ought to h _h a capacity ( #iac gra9s ( %ot1 :i* is above ! actual capacity1 b only by #ch gra9s4 ,or1 to put ! case 9 ano!r way 7z 9 column vii71 ! bra9 ( ?is small rabbit1 ,no4 #e1 = e #ajj gra9s ( weight is only #d gra9s too light1--t is1 x ought1 accord+ to ! /&>d rabbit ,no4 #a1 to h be5 #d p] c5t heavi]4 ,i h tak5 ! rabbit ,no4 #a z ! /&>d ( comp>ison because1 ( ! skulls hav+ a full av]age l5g?1 ?is has ! lea/ capacity2 s t x is ! lea/ fav\rable to ! result :i* ,i wi% to %[1 namely1 t ! bra9 9 all long-dome/icat$ rabbits has decreas$ 9 size1 ei!r actually1 or relatively to ! l5g? ( ! head & body1 9 comp>ison ) ! bra9 ( ! wild rabbit4 ,_h ,i tak5 ! ,iri% rabbit1 ,no4 #c1 z ! /&>d1 ! foll[+ results w\ld h be5 some:at m /rik+4 ,turn+ to ,table #c3 ! fir/ f\r wild rabbits h skulls ( ! same l5g?1 & ^! diff] b little 9 capacity4 ,! ,s&on rabbit 7,no4 #d7 is int]e/+1 z1 ?\gh n[ wild1 x is kn[n to be desc5d$ f a dome/icat$ bre$1 z is /ill %[n by its peculi> col\r+ & long] body2 nev]!less ! skull has recov]$ its normal l5g? & full capacity4 ,! next ?ree rabbits are wild1 b ( small size1 & !y all h skulls ) slightly less5$ capacities4 ,! ?ree ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits 7,nos4 #h to #aj7 (f] a p]plex+ case2 _! bodies are greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 z 9 a less] degree are _! skulls 9 l5g? & 9 actual capacity1 9 comp>ison ) ! skulls ( wild ,engli% rabbits4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! capacities ( ! skull 9 ! ?ree ,porto ,santo rabbits1 we obs]ve a surpris+ diff]5ce1 :i* does n /& 9 any relation to ! slight diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 nor1 z ,i believe1 to any diff]5ce 9 ! size ( _! bodies2 b ,i neglect$ weigh+ sep>ately _! bodies4 ,i c h>dly suppose t ! m$ull>y matt] ( ! bra9 9 ^! ?ree rabbits1 liv+ "u simil> conditions1 c diff] z mu* z is indicat$ by ! proportional diff]5ce ( capacity 9 _! skulls2 nor d ,i "k :e!r x is possible t "o bra9 may conta9 consid]ably m fluid ?an ano!r4 ,h5ce ,i c ?r[ no light on ?is case4 ,look+ to ! l[] half ( ,table #c1 :i* gives ! measurem5ts ( dome/icat$ rabbits1 we see t 9 all ! capacity ( ! skull is less1 b 9 v v>i\s degrees1 ?an might h be5 anticipat$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 relatively to t ( ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a4 ,9 l9e #bb ! av]age measurem5ts ( sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits are giv54 ,n[ ! "q arises1 has ! av]age capacity ( ! skull 9 ^! sev5 l>ge rabbits increas$ z mu* z might h be5 expect$ f ! greatly increas$ size ( body4 ,we may endeav\r to answ] ?is "q 9 two ways3 9 ! upp] half ( ! ,table we h measurem5ts ( ! skulls ( six small wild rabbits 7,nos4 #e to #aj71 & we f9d t on an av]age ! skulls are #ah ( an in* %ort]1 & 9 capacity #ia gra9s less1 ?an ! av]age l5g? & capacity ( ! ?ree fir/ wild rabbits on ! li/4 ,! sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 on an av]age1 h skulls #daa in*es 9 l5g?1 & #aacf gra9s 9 capacity2 s t ^! skulls h increas$ 9 l5g? m ?an five times z mu* z ! skulls ( ! six small wild rabbits h decreas$ 9 l5g?2 h5ce we might h expect$ t ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits w\ld h increas$ 9 capacity five times z mu* z ! skulls ( ! six small rabbits h decreas$ 9 capacity2 & ?is w\ld h giv5 an av]age increas$ capacity ( #dee gra9s1 :il/ ! real av]age increase is only #aee gra9s4 ,aga91 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits h bodies ( ne>ly ! same weight & size z ! common h>e1 b _! heads are long]2 consequ5tly1 if ! lop-e>$ rabbits _h be5 wild1 x might h be5 expect$ t _! skulls w\ld h _h ne>ly ! same capacity z t ( ! skull ( ! h>e4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case2 = ! av]age capacity ( ! two h>e-skulls 7,nos4 #bc1 #bd7 is s mu* l>g] ?an ! av]age capacity ( ! sev5 lop-e>$ skulls1 t ! latt] w\ld h to be increas$ #ba p] c5t to come up to ! /&>d ( ! h>e4#bh ,i h previ\sly rem>k$ t1 if we _h possess$ _m dome/ic rabbits ( ! same av]age size ) ! wild rabbit1 x w\ld h be5 easy to comp>e ! capacity ( _! skulls4 ,n[ ! ,himalayan1 ,mosc[1 & ,angora rabbits 7,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac ( ,table #c7 are only a little l>g] 9 body & h skulls only a little long]1 ?an ! wild animal1 & we see t ! actual capacity ( _! skulls is less ?an 9 ! wild animal1 & consid]ably less by calculation 7column #g71 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( _! skulls4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! bra9-case 9 ^! ?ree rabbits c\ld be pla9ly se5 & prov$ by ext]nal measurem5t4 ,! ,*9*illa rabbit 7,no4 #ad7 is a consid]ably l>g] animal ?an ! wild rabbit1 yet ! capacity ( its skull only slightly exce$s t ( ! wild rabbit4 ,! ,angora rabbit1 ,no4 #ac1 (f]s ! mo/ rem>kable case2 ?is animal 9 its pure :ite col\r & l5g? ( silky fur be>s ! /amp ( long dome/icity4 ,x has a consid]ably long] head & body ?an ! wild rabbit1 b ! actual capacity ( its skull is less ?an t ( ev5 ! little wild ,porto ,santo rabbits4 ,by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( skull ! capacity 7see column #g7 is only half ( :at x ought to h be56 ,i kept ?is individual animal alive1 & x 0 n unheal?y nor idiotic4 ,?is case ( ! ,angora rabbit s mu* surpris$ me1 t ,i repeat$ all ! measurem5ts & f\nd !m correct4 ,i h also comp>$ ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! ,angora ) t ( ! wild rabbit by o!r /&>ds1 namely1 by ! l5g? & weight ( ! body1 & by ! weight ( ! limb-bones2 b by all ^! /&>ds ! bra9 appe>s to be mu* too small1 ?\gh 9 a less degree :5 ! /&>d ( ! limb-bones 0 us$2 & ?is latt] circum/ance may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! limbs ( ?is anci5tly dome/icat$ bre$ hav+ become mu* r$uc$ 9 weight1 f its long-cont9u$ inactive life4 ,h5ce ,i inf] t 9 ! ,angora bre$1 :i* is said to diff] f o!r bre$s 9 be+ quiet] & m social1 ! capacity ( ! skull has really und]gone a rem>kable am\nt ( r$uction4 ,f ! sev]al facts above giv51--namely1 fir/ly1 t ! actual capacity ( ! skull 9 ! ,himalayan1 ,mosc[1 & ,angora bre$s1 is less ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 ?\gh !y are 9 all _! dim5sions r l>g] animals2 secondly1 t ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits has n be5 increas$ 9 ne>ly ! same ratio z ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! small] wild rabbits has be5 decreas$2 & ?irdly1 t ! capacity ( ! skull 9 ^! same l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits is v inf]ior to t ( ! h>e1 an animal ( ne>ly ! same size1--,i conclude1 not)/&+ ! rem>kable diff]5ces 9 capacity 9 ! skulls ( ! small ,porto ,santo rabbits1 & likewise 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ k9ds1 t 9 all long-dome/icat$ rabbits ! bra9 has ei!r by no means increas$ 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! head & increas$ size ( ! body1 or t x has actually decreas$ 9 size1 relatively to :at w\ld h occurr$ _h ^! animals liv$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,:5 we rememb] t rabbits1 f hav+ be5 dome/icat$ & closely conf9$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 _c h ex]t$ _! intellect1 in/9cts1 s5ses1 & volunt>y movem5ts1 ei!r 9 escap+ f v>i\s dang]s or 9 se>*+ = food1 we may conclude t _! bra9s w h be5 feebly ex]cis$1 & consequ5tly h suff]$ 9 developm5t4 ,we ?us see t ! mo/ important & complicat$ organ 9 ! :ole organisation is subject to ! law ( decrease 9 size f disuse4 ,f9ally1 let u sum up ! m important modifications :i* dome/ic rabbits h und]gone1 toge!r ) _! causes z f> z we c obscurely see !m4 ,by ! supply ( abundant & nutriti\s food1 toge!r ) little ex]cise1 & by ! cont9u$ selection ( ! heavie/ individuals1 ! weight ( ! l>g] bre$s has be5 m ?an d\bl$4 ,! bones ( ! limbs tak5 toge!r h increas$ 9 weight1 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ weight ( body1 b ! h9d legs h increas$ less ?an ! front legs2 b 9 l5g? !y h n increas$ 9 due proportion1 & ?is may h be5 caus$ by ! want ( prop] ex]cise4 ,) ! increas$ size ( ! body ! ?ird c]vical has assum$ *>act]s prop] to ! f\r? c]vical v]tebra2 & ! eigh? & n9? dorsal v]tebr h simil>ly assum$ *>act]s prop] to ! t5? & po/]ior v]tebr4 ,! skull 9 ! l>g] bre$s has increas$ 9 l5g?1 b n 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ l5g? ( body2 ! bra9 has n duly increas$ 9 dim5sions1 or has ev5 actually decreas$1 & consequ5tly ! bony case = ! bra9 has rema9$ n>r[1 & by correlation has affect$ ! bones ( ! face & ! entire l5g? ( ! skull4 ,! skull has ?us acquir$ its *>act]i/ic n>r[ness4 ,f unkn[n causes ! supra-orbital process ( ! frontal bones & ! free end ( ! mal> bones h increas$ 9 bread?2 & 9 ! l>g] bre$s ! occipital =am5 is g5]ally mu* less deeply not*$ ?an 9 wild rabbits4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! scapula & ! t]m9al /]nal bones h become highly v>iable 9 %ape4 ,! e>s h be5 increas$ enorm\sly 9 l5g? & bread? ?r\gh cont9u$ selection2 _! weight1 conjo9$ probably ) ! disuse ( _! muscles1 has caus$ !m to lop d[nw>ds2 & ?is has affect$ ! position & =m ( ! bony auditory meatus2 & ?is aga91 by correlation1 ! position 9 a slight degree ( almo/ e bone 9 ! upp] "p ( ! skull1 & ev5 ! position ( ! condyles ( ! l[] jaw4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,m4 ,p4 ,g]vais1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammifres1' #ahed1 tom4 i41 p4 #bhh4 #b ,u4 ,aldrov&i #8,de ,quadrup$ibus digitatis1' #afcg1 p4 #chc4 ,= ,confucius & ,g4 ,m>kham see a writ] :o has /udi$ ! subject 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,jan4 #bb1 #ahfa1 p4 #bej4 #c ,ow51 #8,briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #bab4 #d ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 ,b4 i4 p4 #aacc4 ,i h receiv$ simil> acc\nts ) respect to ,engl& & ,scotl&4 #e #8,pigeons & ,rabbits1' by ,e4 ,s4 ,delam]1 #ahed1 p4 #acc4 ,sir ,j4 ,sebright 7#8,obs]vations on ,in/9ct1' #ahcf1 p4 #aj47 speaks mo/ /rongly on ! difficulty4 ,b ?is difficulty is n inv>iable1 z ,i h receiv$ two acc\nts ( p]fect success 9 tam+ & bre$+ f ! wild rabbit4 ,see also ,dr4 ,p4 ,broca 9 #8,j\rnal de la ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfh4 #f ,g]vais1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammifres1' tom4 i4 p4 #bib4 #g ,see ,dr4 ,p4 ,broca's int]e/+ memoir on ?is subject 9 ,br[n-,squ>d's #8,j\rn4 de4 ,phys41' vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg4 #h ,! skulls ( ^! bre$s are briefly describ$ 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #g1 #ahfa1 p4 #ajh4 #i #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #chj4 #aj #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #bh1 #ahfa1 p4 #afi4 #aa #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #cbg4 ,) respect to ! e>s see ,delam] on #8,pigeons & ,rabbits1' #ahed1 p4 #ada2 also #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dii1 & ditto = #ahed1 p4 #ehf4 #ab ,delam]1 #8,pigeons & ,rabbits1' p4 #acf4 ,see also #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #cge4 #ac #8,an ,acc\nt ( ! diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,%eep 9 ! ,russian ,dom9ions1' #agid1 p4 #ci4 #ad #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,june #bc1 #aheg1 p4 #aei4 #ae #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,april #i1 #ahfa1 p4 #ce4 #af #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #aheg1 p4 #ada4 #ag ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #dj4 #ah #8,ph5om5on 9 ,himalayan ,rabbits1' 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #bg1 #ahfe1 p4 #ajb4 #ai ,g4 ,r4 ,wat]h\se1 #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,mammalia3 ,rod5ts1' #ahdf1 pp4 #eb1 #fj1 #aje4 #bj ,delam] on #8,pigeons & ,rabbits1' p4 #aad4 #ba ,gosse's #8,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #dda1 z describ$ by an excell5t obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill4 ,?is is ! only kn[n case 9 :i* rabbits h become f]al 9 a hot c\ntry4 ,!y c be kept1 h[ev]1 at ,lo&a 7see ,liv+/one's #8,travels1' p4 #djg74 ,9 p>ts ( ,india1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 !y bre$ well4 #bb ,d>w9's #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' p4 #aic2 & #8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle3 ,mammalia1' p4 #ib4 #bc ,k]r's #8,collection ( ,voyages1' vol4 ii4 p4 #agg3 p4 #bje = ,cada ,mo/o4 ,accord+ to a "w publi%$ 9 ,lisbon 9 #agag entitl$ #8,hi/oria ,insulana1' writt5 by a ,jesuit1 ! rabbits 7 turn$ out 9 #adbj4 ,"s au?ors believe t ! isl& 0 discov]$ 9 #adac4 #bd ,some?+ ( ! same k9d has occurr$ on ! isl& ( ,lip>i1 :]e1 accord+ to ,spallanzani 7#8,voyage dans les deux ,siciles1' quot$ by ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' p4 #cfd71 a c\ntryman turn$ out "s rabbits :i* multipli$ prodigi\sly1 b1 says ,spallanzani1 8les lap9s de l'ile de ,lip>i sont plus petits que ceux qu'on lve en dome/icit40 #be ,wat]h\se1 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,mammalia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 #bf ,^! rabbits h run wild = a consid]able "t 9 ,s&on ,p>k1 & 9 o!r places 9 ,/af=d%ire & ,%rop%ire4 ,!y orig9at$1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by ! gamekeep]1 f v>i\sly-col\r$ dome/ic rabbits :i* _h be5 turn$ out4 ,!y v>y 9 col\r2 b _m are symmetrically col\r$1 be+ :ite ) a /reak along ! sp9e1 & ) ! e>s & c]ta9 m>ks ab\t ! head ( a blacki%-grey t9t4 ,!y h r long] bodies ?an common rabbits4 #bg ,see ,pr(4 ,ow5's rem>ks on ?is subject 9 8 pap] on ! #8,zoological ,significance ( ! ,bra91 etc41 ( ,man1 etc41' read be=e ,brit4 ,association #ahfb3 ) respect to ,birds1 see #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,jan4 #aa1 #ahdh1 p4 #h4 #bh ,?is /&>d is app>5tly consid]ably too l[1 = ,dr4 ,crisp 7#8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #hf7 gives #baj gra9s z ! actual weight ( ! bra9 ( a h>e :i* weigh$ #g p\nds1 & #abe gra9s z ! weight ( ! bra9 ( a rabbit :i* weigh$ #c p\nds #e ounces1 t is1 ! same weight z ! rabbit ,no4 #a 9 my li/4 ,n[ ! cont5ts ( ! skull ( rabbit ,no4 #a 9 %ot is 9 my table #igb gra9s2 & accord+ to ,dr4 ,crisp's ratio ( #abe to #baj1 ! skull ( ! h>e ought to h conta9$ #afcb gra9s ( %ot1 in/ead ( only 79 ! l>ge/ h>e 9 my table7 #adee gra9s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,dome/ic ,,pigeons4 ,,enum]ation ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,v>iations ,,( ,a ,,rem>kable ,,nature--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s3 ,,skull1 ,,l[] ,,jaw1 ,,numb] ,,( v]tebr--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?3 ,,tongue ,,) ,,beak2 ,,eyelids ,,& ,,no/rils ,,) ,,wattl$ ,,sk9--,,numb] ,,( ,,w+-,,fea!rs1 ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+--,,col\r ,,& ,,d[n--,,webb$ ,,& ,,fea!r$ ,,feet--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,disuse--,,l5g? ,,( ,,feet ,,9 ,,correlation ,,) ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beak--,,l5g? ,,( ,,/]num1 ,,scapula1 ,,& ,,furculum--,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+s--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,po9ts ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s4 ,i h be5 l$ to /udy dome/ic pigeons ) p>ticul> c>e1 because ! evid5ce t all ! dome/ic races are desc5d$ f "o kn[n s\rce is f> cle>] ?an ) any o!r anci5tly dome/icat$ animal4 ,secondly1 because _m treatises 9 sev]al languages1 "s ( !m old1 h be5 writt5 on ! pigeon1 s t we are enabl$ to trace ! hi/ory ( sev]al bre$s4 ,& la/ly1 because1 f causes :i* we c p>tly und]/&1 ! am\nt ( v>iation has be5 extraord9>ily great4 ,! details w (t5 be t$i\sly m9ute2 b no "o :o really wants to und]/& ! progress ( *ange 9 dome/ic animals1 & especially no "o :o has kept pigeons & has m>k$ ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! bre$s & ! tru5ess ) :i* mo/ ( !m propagate _! k9d1 w d\bt t ?is m9ut5ess is wor? :ile4 ,not)/&+ ! cle> evid5ce t all ! bre$s are ! desc5dants ( a s+le species1 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself until "s ye>s _h pass$ t ! :ole am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 _h aris5 s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,i h kept alive all ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 :i* ,i c\ld procure 9 ,engl& or f ! ,cont95t2 & h prep>$ skeletons ( all4 ,i h receiv$ sk9s f ,p]sia1 & a l>ge numb] f ,india & o!r qu>t]s ( ! _w4#a ,s9ce my admission into two ( ! ,london pigeon-clubs1 ,i h receiv$ ! k9de/ assi/ance f _m ( ! mo/ em95t amateurs4#b ,! races ( ! ,pigeon :i* c be di/+ui%$1 & :i* bre$ true1 are v num]\s4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi#c describe 9 detail #abb k9ds2 & ,i c\ld add sev]al ,european k9ds n kn[n to !m4 ,9 ,india1 judg+ f ! sk9s s5t me1 !re are _m bre$s unkn[n "h2 & ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t a collection import$ by an ,indian m]*ant into ,madras f ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople includ$ sev]al k9ds unkn[n 9 ,india4 ,i h no d\bt t !re exi/ consid]ably above #aej k9ds :i* bre$ true & h be5 sep>ately nam$4 ,b ( ^! ! f> great] numb] diff] f ea* o!r only 9 unimportant *>act]s4 ,su* diff]5ces w be "h entirely pass$ ov]1 & ,i %all conf9e myself to ! m important po9ts ( /ructure4 ,t _m important diff]5ces exi/ we %all pres5tly see4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh ! magnific5t collection ( ! ,columbid 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few =ms 7su* z ! ,didunculus1 ,calnas1 ,g\ra1 etc471 ,i d n hesitate to affirm t "s dome/ic races ( ! rock-pigeon diff] fully z mu* f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s z d ! mo/ di/9ct natural g5]a4 ,we may look 9 va9 ?r\gh ! #bhh kn[n species#d = a beak s small & conical z t ( ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]2 = "o s broad & %ort z t ( ! b>b2 = "o s long1 /raight1 & n>r[1 ) its enorm\s wattles1 z t ( ! ,engli% c>ri]2 = an exp&$ uprais$ tail l t ( ! fantail2 or = an sophagus l t ( ! p\t]4 ,i d n = a mom5t pret5d t ! dome/ic races diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! :ole organisation z mu* z ! m di/9ct natural g5]a4 ,i ref] only to ext]nal *>act]s1 on :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$ t mo/ g5]a ( birds h be5 f\nd$4 ,:51 9 a future *apt]1 we discuss ! pr9ciple ( selection z foll[$ by man1 we %all cle>ly see :y ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! dome/ic races are almo/ always conf9$ to ext]nal1 or at lea/ to ext]nally visible1 *>act]s4 ,ow+ to ! am\nt & gradations ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s1 ,i h f\nd x indisp5sable 9 ! foll[+ classification to rank !m "u ,gr\ps1 ,races1 & ,sub-races2 to :i* v>ieties & sub-v>ieties1 all /rictly inh]it+ _! prop] *>act]s1 mu/ (t5 be add$4 ,ev5 ) ! individuals ( ! same sub-v>iety1 :5 long kept by diff]5t fanci]s1 diff]5t /ra9s c sometimes be recognis$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 if well-*>act]is$ =ms ( ! sev]al races _h be5 f\nd wild1 all w\ld h be5 rank$ z di/9ct species1 & sev]al ( !m w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 plac$ by orni?ologi/s 9 di/9ct g5]a4 ,a good classification ( ! v>i\s dome/ic bre$s is extremely difficult1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* _m ( ! =ms graduate into ea* o!r2 b x is curi\s h[ exactly ! same difficulties are enc\nt]$1 & ! same rules h to be foll[$1 z 9 ! classification ( any natural b difficult gr\p ( organic be+s4 ,an 8artificial classification0 might be foll[$ :i* w\ld pres5t few] difficulties ?an a 8natural classification20 b !n x w\ld int]rupt _m pla9 aff9ities4 ,extreme =ms c readily be def9$2 b int]m$iate & tr\blesome =ms (t5 de/roy our def9itions4 ,=ms :i* may be call$ 8ab]rant0 mu/ sometimes be includ$ )9 gr\ps to :i* !y d n accurately belong4 ,*>act]s ( all k9ds mu/ be us$2 b z ) birds 9 a /ate ( nature1 ^? af=d$ by ! beak are ! be/ & mo/ readily appreciat$4 ,x is n possible to weigh ! importance ( all ! *>act]s :i* h to be us$ s z to make ! gr\ps & sub-gr\ps ( equal value4 ,la/ly1 a gr\p may conta9 only "o race1 & ano!r & less di/9ctly def9$ gr\p may conta9 sev]al races & sub-races1 & 9 ?is case x is difficult1 z 9 ! classification ( natural species1 to avoid plac+ too high a value on ! numb] ( =ms :i* a gr\p may conta94 ,9 my measurem5ts ,i h nev] tru/$ to ! eye2 & :5 speak+ ( a "p be+ l>ge or small1 ,i always ref] to ! wild rock-pigeon 7,columba livia7 z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! measurem5ts are giv5 9 decimals ( an in*4#e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag--,! ,rock-,pigeon1 or ,columba livia4#f ,! p>5t-=m ( all dome/icat$ pigeons4 ,,columba ,,livia or ,,rock-,,pigeon4 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration3 ,i w n[ give a brief description ( all ! pr9cipal bre$s4 ,! diagram above may aid ! read] 9 le>n+ _! names & see+ _! aff9ities4 ,! rock-pigeon1 or ,columba livia 7includ+ "u ?is "n two or ?ree closely-alli$ sub-species or geographical races1 h]eaft] to be describ$71 may be confid5tly view$1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 z ! common p>5t-=m4 ,! names 9 italics on ! "r-h& side ( ! page %[ u ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 or ^? :i* h und]gone ! greate/ am\nt ( modification4 ,! l5g?s ( ! dott$ l9es rudely repres5t ! degree ( di/9ctness ( ea* bre$ f ! p>5t-/ock1 & ! names plac$ "u ea* o!r 9 ! columns %[ ! m or less closely connect+ l9ks4 ,! di/ances ( ! dott$ l9es f ea* o!r approximately repres5t ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,engli% ,p\t]4 ,,gr\p ,i4 ,?is gr\p includes a s+le race1 t ( ! ,p\t]s4 ,if ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ sub-race be tak51 namely1 ! ,improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]1 ?is is p]haps ! mo/ di/9ct ( all dome/icat$ pigeons4 ,race ,i4 ,p\t] ,pigeons4 7,kropftaub51 ,g]man4 ,grosses-gorges1 or ,b\lans1 ,fr5*47 sophagus ( great size1 b>ely sep>at$ f ! crop1 (t5 inflat$4 ,body & legs elongat$4 ,beak ( mod]ate dim5sions4 ,sub-race ,i4--,! improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]1 :5 its crop is fully inflat$1 pres5ts a truly a/oni%+ appe>ance4 ,! habit ( slightly inflat+ ! crop is common to all dome/ic pigeons1 b is c>ri$ to an extreme 9 ! ,p\t]4 ,! crop does n diff]1 except 9 size1 f t ( o!r pigeons2 b is less pla9ly sep>at$ by an oblique con/riction f ! sophagus4 ,! diamet] ( ! upp] "p ( ! sophagus is imm5se1 ev5 close up to ! head4 ,! beak 9 "o bird :i* ,i possess$ 0 almo/ completely buri$ :5 ! sophagus 0 fully exp&$4 ,! males1 especially :5 excit$1 p\t m ?an ! females1 & !y glory 9 ex]cis+ ?is p[]4 ,if a bird w n1 to use ! te*nical expression1 8play10 ! fanci]1 z ,i h witness$1 by tak+ ! beak into 8 m\?1 bl[s him up l a balloon2 & ! bird1 !n puff$ up ) w9d & pride1 /ruts ab\t1 reta9+ 8 magnific5t size z long z he c4 ,p\t]s (t5 take flight ) _! crops inflat$4 ,aft] "o ( my birds _h swall[$ a good meal ( peas & wat]1 z he flew up 9 ord] to disgorge !m & fe$ 8 ne>ly fl$g$ "y1 ,i he>d ! peas rattl+ 9 8 inflat$ crop z if 9 a bladd]4 ,:5 fly+1 !y (t5 /rike ! backs ( _! w+s toge!r1 & ?us make a clapp+ noise4 ,p\t]s /& rem>kably upright1 & _! bodies are ?9 & elongat$4 ,9 connexion ) ?is =m ( body1 ! ribs are g5]ally broad] & ! v]tebr m num]\s ?an 9 o!r bre$s4 ,f _! mann] ( /&+ _! legs appe> long] ?an !y really are1 ?\gh1 9 proportion ) ^? ( ,c4 livia1 ! legs & feet are actually long]4 ,! w+s appe> mu* elongat$1 b by measurem5t1 9 relation to ! l5g? ( body1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! beak likewise appe>s long]1 b x is 9 fact a little %ort] 7ab\t #jc ( an in*71 proportionally ) ! size ( ! body1 & relatively to ! beak ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ,p\t]1 ?\gh n bulky1 is a l>ge bird2 ,i measur$ "o :i* 0 #cd in*es f tip to tip ( w+1 & #ai in*es f tip ( beak to end ( tail4 ,9 a wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ! same measurem5ts gave only #bh & #ad4 ,!re are _m sub-v>ieties ( ! ,p\t] ( diff]5t col\rs1 b ^! ,i pass ov]4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,dut* ,p\t]4--,?is seems to be ! p>5t-=m ( our improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]s4 ,i kept a pair1 b ,i suspect t !y 7 n pure birds4 ,!y are small] ?an ,engli% p\t]s1 & less well develop$ 9 all _! *>act]s4 ,neumei/]#g says t ! w+s are cross$ ov] ! tail1 & d n rea* to its extremity4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,! ,lille ,p\t]4--,i "k ?is bre$ only f description4#h ,x approa*es 9 g5]al =m ! ,dut* ,p\t]1 b ! inflat$ sophagus assumes a sph]ical =m1 z if ! pigeon _h swall[$ a l>ge orange1 :i* _h /uck close "u ! beak4 ,?is inflat$ ball is repres5t$ z ris+ to a level ) ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,! middle toe alone is fea!r$4 ,a v>iety ( ?is sub-race1 call$ ! claquant1 is describ$ by ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi2 x p\ts b little1 & is *>act]is$ by ! habit ( viol5tly hitt+ its w+s toge!r ov] its back1--a habit :i* ! ,engli% ,p\t] has 9 a slight degree4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,common ,g]man ,p\t]4--,i "k ?is bird only f ! figures & description giv5 by ! accurate ,neumei/]1 "o ( ! few writ]s on pigeons :o1 z ,i h f\nd1 may always be tru/$4 ,?is sub-race seems consid]ably diff]5t4 ,! upp] "p ( ! sophagus is mu* less di/5d$4 ,! bird /&s less upright4 ,! feet are n fea!r$1 & ! legs & beak are %ort]4 ,9 ^! respects !re is an approa* 9 =m to ! common rock-pigeon4 ,! tail-fea!rs are v long1 yet ! tips ( ! clos$ w+s ext5d beyond ! end ( ! tail2 & ! l5g? ( ! w+s1 f tip to tip1 & ( ! body1 is great] ?an 9 ! ,engli% ,p\t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--;,engli% ,c>ri]4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,?is gr\p includes ?ree ,races1 namely1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts1 & ,b>bs1 :i* are manife/ly alli$ to ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 c>ri]s & runts pass into ea* o!r by su* ins5sible gradations t an arbitr>y l9e has to be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,c>ri]s also graduate ?r\gh =eign bre$s into ! rock-pigeon4 ,yet1 if well-*>act]is$ ,c>ri]s & ,b>bs 7see figs #ai & #bj7 _h exi/$ z wild species1 no orni?ologi/ w\ld h plac$ !m 9 ! same g5us ) ea* o!r or ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is gr\p may1 z a g5]al rule1 be recognis$ by ! beak be+ long1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils swoll5 & (t5 c>unculat$ or wattl$1 & ) t r\nd ! eyes b>e & likewise c>unculat$4 ,! m\? is v wide1 & ! feet are l>ge4 ,nev]!less ! ,b>b1 :i* mu/ be class$ 9 ?is same gr\p1 has a v %ort beak1 & "s runts h v little b>e sk9 r\nd _! eyes4 ,race ,,ii4--,c>ri]s4 7,trkis*e ,taub52 pigeons turcs1 dragons47 ,beak elongat$1 n>r[1 po9t$2 eyes surr\nd$ by mu* nak$1 g5]ally c>unculat$1 sk92 neck & body elongat$4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,! ,engli% ,c>ri]4--,?is is a f9e bird1 ( l>ge size1 close fea!r$1 g5]ally d>k-col\r$1 ) an elongat$ neck4 ,! beak is att5uat$ & ( wond]ful l5g?3 9 "o specim5 x 0 #ad in* 9 l5g? f ! fea!r$ base to ! tip2 !re=e ne>ly twice z long z t ( ! rock-pigeon1 :i* measur$ only #gg4 ,:5ev] ,i comp>e proportionally any "p 9 ! c>ri] & rock-pigeon1 ,i take ! l5g? ( ! body f ! base ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison2 & accord+ to ?is /&>d1 ! beak 9 "o ,c>ri] 0 ne>ly half an in* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! upp] m&ible is (t5 slightly ar*$4 ,! tongue is v long4 ,! developm5t ( ! c>unculat$ sk9 or wattle r\nd ! eyes1 ov] ! no/rils1 & on ! l[] m&ible1 is prodigi\s4 ,! eyelids1 measur$ longitud9ally1 7 9 "s specim5s exactly twice z long z 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ext]nal orifice or furr[ ( ! no/rils 0 also twice z long4 ,! op5 m\? 9 its wide/ "p 0 9 "o case #ge ( an in* 9 wid?1 :]eas 9 ! rock-pigeon x is only ab\t #d ( an in*4 ,?is great wid? ( m\? is %[n 9 ! skeleton by ! reflex$ edges ( ! ramus ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! head is flat on ! summit & n>r[ betwe5 ! orbits4 ,! feet are l>ge & co>se2 ! l5g?1 z measur$ f end ( h9d toe to end ( middle toe 7)\t ! claws71 0 9 two specim5s #bf in*es2 & ?is1 proportionally ) ! rock-pigeon1 is an excess ( ne>ly a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,"o v f9e ,c>ri] measur$ #ca in*es f tip to tip ( w+4 ,birds ( ?is sub-race are too valuable to be fl[n z c>ri]s4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,dragons2 ,p]sian ,c>ri]s4--,! ,engli% ,dragon diff]s f ! improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri] 9 be+ small] 9 all its dim5sions1 & 9 hav+ less wattle r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils1 & none on ! l[] m&ible4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot s5t me f ,madras a ,bagdad ,c>ri] 7sometimes call$ kh&esi71 ! "n ( :i* %[s its ,p]sian orig93 x w\ld be consid]$ "h a v poor ,dragon2 ! body 0 ( ! size ( ! rock-pigeon1 ) ! beak a little long]1 namely1 #a in* f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base4 ,! sk9 r\nd ! eyes 0 only slightly wattl$1 :il/ t ov] ! no/rils 0 fairly wattl$4 ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray1 also1 s5t me two ,c>ri]s direct f ,p]sia2 ^! _h ne>ly ! same "* z ! ,madras bird1 be+ ab\t z l>ge z ! rock-pigeon1 b ! beak 9 "o specim5 0 z mu* z #aae 9 l5g?2 ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils 0 only mod]ately1 & t r\nd ! eyes sc>cely at all wattl$4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,bagadott5-,taub5 ( ,neumei/] 7,pavdott5-or ,hock]-,taub574--,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,baily1 jun41 a dead specim5 ( ?is s+ul> bre$ import$ f ,g]many4 ,x is c]ta9ly alli$ to ! ,runts2 nev]!less1 f its close aff9ity ) ,c>ri]s1 x w be conv5i5t "h to describe x4 ,! beak is long1 & is hook$ or b[$ d[nw>ds 9 a highly rem>kable mann]1 z w be se5 9 fig4 #bd-;,d :5 ,i treat ( ! skeleton4 ,! eyes are surr\nd$ by a wide space ( bright r$ sk91 :i*1 z well z t ov] ! no/rils1 is mod]ately wattl$4 ,! brea/-bone is rem>kably protub]ant1 be+ abruptly b[$ outw>ds4 ,! feet & t>si are ( great l5g?1 l>g] ?an 9 fir/-rate ,engli% ,c>ri]s4 ,! :ole bird is ( l>ge size1 b 9 proportion to ! size ( ! body ! fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail are %ort2 a wild rock-pigeon1 ( consid]ably less size1 _h tail-fea!rs #df in*es 9 l5g?1 :]eas 9 ! l>ge ,bagadott5 ^! fea!rs 7 sc>cely ov] #da in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ri$el#i rem>ks t x is a v sil5t bird4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,bussorah ,c>ri]4--,two specim5s 7 s5t me by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot f ,madras1 "o 9 spirits & ! o!r sk9n$4 ,! "n %[s its ,p]sian orig94 ,x is mu* valu$ 9 ,india1 & is consid]$ z a di/9ct bre$ f ! ,bagdad ,c>ri]1 :i* =ms my second sub-race4 ,at fir/ ,i suspect$ t ^! two sub-races might h be5 rec5tly =m$ by crosses ) o!r bre$s1 ?\gh ! e/imation 9 :i* !y are held r5d]s ?is improbable2 b 9 a ,p]sian treatise1#aj believ$ to h be5 writt5 ab\t #ajj ye>s ago1 ! ,bagdad & ,bussorah bre$s are describ$ z di/9ct4 ,! ,bussorah ,c>ri] is ( ab\t ! same size z ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,! %ape ( ! beak1 ) "s little c>unculat$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils1-- ! mu* elongat$ eyelids1--! broad m\? measur$ int]nally1--! n>r[ head1--! feet proportionally a little long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1--& ! g5]al appe>ance1 all %[ t ?is bird is an und\bt$ ,c>ri]2 yet 9 "o specim5 ! beak 0 ( exactly ! same l5g? z 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! o!r specim5 ! beak 7z well z ! op5+ ( ! no/rils7 0 only a v little long]1 viz41 by #jh ( an in*4 ,al?\gh !re 0 a consid]able space ( b>e & slightly c>unculat$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 t ov] ! no/rils 0 only 9 a slight degree rugose4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t 9 ! liv+ bird ! eye seems rem>kably l>ge & prom95t1 & ! same fact is notic$ 9 ! ,p]sian treatise2 b ! bony orbit is b>ely l>g] ?an t 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,among/ ! sev]al bre$s s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot !re is a pair ( ! ,kali ,p>1 black birds ) ! beak slightly elongat$1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils r full1 & ) a little nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,?is bre$ seems m closely alli$ to ! ,c>ri] ?an to any o!r bre$1 be+ ne>ly int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,bussorah ,c>ri] & ! rock-pigeon4 ,! names appli$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe & 9 ,india to ! sev]al k9ds ( ,c>ri]s all po9t to ,p]sia or ! surr\nd+ c\ntries z ! s\rce ( ?is ,race4 ,& x des]ves especial notice t1 ev5 if we neglect ! ,kali ,p> z ( d\btful orig91 we get a s]ies brok5 by v small /eps1 f ! rock-pigeon1 ?r\gh ! ,bussorah1 :i* sometimes has a beak n at all long] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon & ) ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils v slightly swoll5 & c>unculat$1 ?r\gh ! ,bagdad sub-race & ,dragons1 to our improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 :i* pres5t s m>vell\s a diff]5ce f ! rock-pigeon or ,columba livia4 ,race ,,iii4--,runts4 7,sc&]oons3 die ,flor5t9] ,taub5 & ,h9keltaub5 ( ,neumei/]2 pigeon bagadais1 pigeon roma947 ,beak long1 massive2 body ( great size4 ,inextricable confusion reigns 9 ! classification1 aff9ities1 & nam+ ( ,runts4 ,sev]al *>act]s :i* are g5]ally pretty con/ant 9 o!r pigeons1 su* z ! l5g? ( ! w+s1 tail1 legs1 & neck1 & ! am\nt ( nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 are excessively v>iable 9 ,runts4 ,:5 ! nak$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils & r\nd ! eyes is consid]ably develop$ & wattl$1 & :5 ! size ( body is n v great1 ,runts graduate 9 s ins5sible a mann] into ,c>ri]s1 t ! di/9ction is q arbitr>y4 ,?is fact is likewise %[n by ! names giv5 to !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 tak+ ! mo/ di/9ct =ms1 at lea/ five sub-races 7"s ( !m includ+ well-m>k$ v>ieties7 c be di/+ui%$1 :i* diff] 9 su* important po9ts ( /ructure1 t !y w\ld be consid]$ z good species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,sc&]oon ( ,engli% ,writ]s 7die ,flor5t9] & ,h9keltaub5 ( ,neumei/]74--,birds ( ?is sub-race1 ( :i* ,i kept "o alive & h s9ce se5 two o!rs1 diff] f ! ,bagadott5 ( ,neumei/] only 9 n hav+ ! beak ne>ly s mu* curv$ d[nw>ds1 & 9 ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils be+ h>dly at all wattl$4 ,nev]!less ,i h felt myself compell$ to place ! ,bagadott5 9 ,race ,,ii41 or t ( ! ,c>ri]s1 & ! pres5t bird 9 ,race ,,iii41 or t ( ! ,runts4 ,! ,sc&]oon has a v %ort1 n>r[1 & elevat$ tail2 w+s extremely %ort1 s t ! fir/ prim>y fea!rs 7 n long] ?an ^? ( a small tumbl] pigeon6 ,neck long1 mu* b[$2 brea/-bone prom95t4 ,beak long1 be+ #aae in* f tip to fea!r$ base2 v]tically ?ick2 slightly curv$ d[nw>ds4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils swoll51 n wattl$2 nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 broad1 slightly c>unculat$4 ,legs long2 feet v l>ge4 ,sk9 ( neck bright r$1 (t5 %[+ a nak$ m$ial l9e1 ) a nak$ r$ pat* at ! di/al end ( ! radius ( ! w+4 ,my bird1 z measur$ f ! base ( ! beak to ! root ( ! tail1 0 fully #b in*es long] ?an ! rock-pigeon2 yet ! tail itself 0 only #d in*es 9 l5g?1 :]eas 9 ! rock-pigeon1 :i* is a mu* small] bird1 ! tail is #d-e_/h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ,h9kel-or ,flor5t9] ,taube ( ,neumei/] 7,table #ac fig4 #a7 agrees ) ! above description 9 all ! specifi$ *>act]s 7= ! beak is n m5tion$71 except t ,neumei/] expressly says t ! neck is %ort1 :]eas 9 my ,sc&]oon x 0 rem>kably long & b[$2 s t ! ,h9kel =ms a well-m>k$ v>iety4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,pigeon cygne & ,pigeon bagadais ( ,boit>d & ,corbi 7,sc&]oon ( ,fr5* writ]s74--,i kept two ( ^! birds alive1 import$ f ,france4 ,!y diff]$ f ! fir/ sub-race or true ,sc&]oon 9 ! mu* great] l5g? ( ! w+ & tail1 9 ! beak n be+ s long1 & 9 ! sk9 ab\t ! head be+ m c>unculat$4 ,! sk9 ( ! neck is r$2 b ! nak$ pat*es on ! w+s are abs5t4 ,"o ( my birds measur$ #ch in*es f tip to tip ( w+4 ,by tak+ ! l5g? ( ! body z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! two w+s 7 no less ?an #e in*es long] ?an ^? ( ! rock-pigeon6 ,! tail 0 #f in*es 9 l5g?1 & !re=e #b in*es long] ?an t ( ! ,sc&]oon1--a bird ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,! beak is long]1 ?ick]1 & broad] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( body4 ,! eyelids1 no/rils1 & int]nal gape ( m\? are all proportionally v l>ge1 z 9 ,c>ri]s4 ,! foot1 f ! end ( ! middle to end ( h9d toe1 0 actually #bhe in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is an excess ( #cb ( an in* ov] ! foot ( ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally to ! relative size ( ! two birds4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,spani% & ,roman ,runts4--,i am n sure t ,i am "r 9 plac+ ^! ,runts 9 a di/9ct sub-race2 yet1 if we take well-*>act]is$ birds1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! propriety ( ! sep>ation4 ,!y are heavy1 massive birds1 ) %ort] necks1 legs1 & beaks ?an 9 ! =ego+ races4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils is swoll51 b n c>unculat$2 ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes is n v wide1 & only slightly c>unculat$2 & ,i h se5 a f9e s-call$ ,spani% ,runt ) h>dly any nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,( ! two v>ieties to be se5 9 ,engl&1 "o1 :i* is ! r>]1 has v long w+s & tail1 & agrees pretty closely ) ! la/ sub-race2 ! o!r1 ) %ort] w+s & tail1 is app>5tly ! ,pigeon roma9 ord9aire ( ,boit>d & ,corbi4 ,^! ,runts are apt to tremble l ,fantails4 ,!y are bad fly]s4 ,a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,gulliv]#aa exhibit$ a ,runt :i* weigh$ #a p\nd #ad ounces2 &1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 two ,runts f ! s\? ( ,france 7 lately exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ea* ( :i* weigh$ #b p\nds #b ounces4 ,a v f9e rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s weigh$ only #ad ounces4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,tronfo ( ,aldrov&i 7,leghorn ,runt874--,9 ,aldrov&i's "w publi%$ 9 #afjj !re is a co>se woodcut ( a great ,italian pigeon1 ) an elevat$ tail1 %ort legs1 massive body1 & ) ! beak %ort & ?ick4 ,i _h imag9$ t ?is latt] "* s abnormal 9 ! gr\p1 0 m]ely a false repres5tation f bad draw+2 b ,moore1 9 8 "w publi%$ 9 #agce1 says t he possess$ a ,leghorn ,runt ( :i* 8! beak 0 v %ort = s l>ge a bird40 ,9 o!r respects ,moore's bird resembl$ ! fir/ sub-race or ,sc&]oon1 = x _h a long b[$ neck1 long legs1 %ort beak1 & elevat$ tail1 & n mu* wattle ab\t ! head4 ,s t ,aldrov&i's & ,moore's birds mu/ h =m$ di/9ct v>ieties1 bo? ( :i* seem to be n[ ext9ct 9 ,europe4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 h[ev]1 in=ms me t he has se5 9 ,madras a %ort-beak$ ,runt import$ f ,cairo4 ,sub-race ,v4 ,murassa 7adorn$ ,pigeon7 ( ,madras4--,sk9s ( ^! h&some *equ]$ birds 7 s5t me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot4 ,!y are r l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ rock-pigeon1 ) long] & m massive beaks4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils is r full & v slightly c>unculat$1 & !y h "s nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes2 feet l>ge4 ,?is bre$ is int]m$iate betwe5 ! rock-pigeon & a v poor v>iety ( ,runt or ,c>ri]4 ,f ^! sev]al descriptions we see t ) ,runts1 z ) ,c>ri]s1 we h a f9e gradation f ! rock-pigeon 7) ! ,tronfo div]g+ z a di/9ct bran*7 to our l>ge/ & mo/ massive ,runts4 ,b ! *a9 ( aff9ities1 & _m po9ts ( resemblance1 betwe5 ,runts & c>ri]s1 make me believe t ^! two races h n desc5d$ by indep5d5t l9es f ! rock-pigeon1 b f "s common p>5t1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,table1 :i* _h already acquir$ a mod]ately long beak ) slightly swoll5 sk9 ov] ! no/rils1 & ) "s slightly c>unculat$ nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj--;,engli% ,b>b4 ,race ,,iv4--,b>bs4 7,indis*e ,taub52 pigeons polonais47 ,beak %ort1 broad1 deep2 nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 broad & c>unculat$2 sk9 ov] no/rils slightly swoll54 ,misl$ by ! extraord9>y %ortness & =m ( ! beak1 ,i did n at fir/ p]ceive ! ne> aff9ity ( ?is ,race to t ( ,c>ri]s until ! fact 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,br5t4 ,subsequ5tly1 aft] exam9+ ! ,bussorah ,c>ri]1 ,i saw t no v great am\nt ( modification w\ld be requisite to conv]t x into a ,b>b4 ,?is view ( ! aff9ity ( ,b>bs to ,c>ri]s is support$ by ! analogical diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ort & long-beak$ ,runts2 & /ill m /rongly by ! fact1 t1 "y ,b>bs & ,dragons1 )9 #bd h\rs aft] be+ hat*$1 resemble ea* o!r mu* m closely ?an d "y pigeons ( o!r & equally di/9ct bre$s4 ,at ?is e>ly age1 ! l5g? ( beak1 ! swoll5 sk9 ov] ! r op5 no/rils1 ! gape ( ! m\?1 & ! size ( ! feet1 are ! same 9 bo?2 al?\gh ^! p>ts aft]w>ds become widely diff]5t4 ,we ?us see t embryology 7z ! comp>ison ( v "y animals may p]haps be call$7 comes into play 9 ! classification ( dome/ic v>ieties1 z ) species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,fanci]s1 ) "s tru?1 comp>e ! head & beak ( ! ,b>b to t ( a bullf9*4 ,! ,b>b1 if f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 plac$ 9 a new g5us =m$ = its reception4 ,! body is a little l>g] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon1 b ! beak is m ?an #b ( an in* %ort]2 al?\gh %ort]1 x is bo? v]tically & horizontally ?ick]4 ,f ! outw>d flexure ( ! rami ( ! l[] jaw1 ! m\? int]nally is v broad1 9 ! proportion ( #f to #d to t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! :ole head is broad4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/ril is swoll51 b n c>unculat$1 except slightly 9 fir/-rate birds :5 old2 :il/ ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eye is broad & mu* c>unculat$4 ,x is sometimes s mu* develop$1 t a bird belong+ to ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir c\ld h>dly see to pick up food f ! gr\nd4 ,! eyelids 9 "o specim5 7 ne>ly twice z long z ^? ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! feet are co>se & /rong1 b proportionally r %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! plumage is g5]ally d>k & uni=m4 ,b>bs1 9 %ort1 may be call$ %ort-beak$ ,c>ri]s1 be>+ ! same relation to ,c>ri]s t ! ,tronfo ( ,aldrov&i does to ! common ,runt4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 ,?is gr\p is artificial1 & includes a het]og5e\s collection ( di/9ct =ms4 ,x may be def9$ by ! beak1 9 well-*>act]is$ specim5s ( ! sev]al races1 be+ %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 & by ! sk9 r\nd ! eyes n be+ mu* develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba--;,engli% ,fantail4 ,race ,v4--,fantails4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,european ,fantails 7,pfau5taub52 trembleurs74 ,tail exp&$1 direct$ upw>ds1 =m$ ( _m fea!rs2 oil-gl& abort$2 body & beak r %ort4 ,! normal numb] ( tail-fea!rs 9 ! g5us ,columba is #ab2 b ,fantails h f only #ab 7z has be5 ass]t$7 up to1 accord+ to ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi1 #db4 ,i h c\nt$ 9 "o ( my own birds #cc1 & at ,calcutta ,mr4 ,bly?#ab has c\nt$ 9 an imp]fect tail #cd fea!rs4 ,9 ,madras1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 #cb is ! /&>d numb]2 b 9 ,engl& numb] is mu* less valu$ ?an ! position & expansion ( ! tail4 ,! fea!rs are arrang$ 9 an irregul> d\ble r[2 _! p]man5t fanlike expansion & _! upw>d direction are m rem>kable *>act]s ?an _! increas$ numb]4 ,! tail is capable ( ! same movem5ts z 9 o!r pigeons1 & c be depress$ s z to sweep ! gr\nd4 ,x arises f a m exp&$ basis ?an 9 o!r pigeons2 & 9 ?ree skeletons !re 7 "o or two extra coccygeal v]tebr4 ,i h exam9$ _m specim5s ( v>i\s col\rs f diff]5t c\ntries1 & !re 0 no trace ( ! oil-gl&2 ?is is a curi\s case ( abortion4#ac ,! neck is ?9 & b[$ backw>ds4 ,! brea/ is broad & protub]ant4 ,! feet are small4 ,! c>riage ( ! bird is v diff]5t f t ( o!r pigeons2 9 good birds ! head t\*es ! tail-fea!rs1 :i* consequ5tly (t5 become crumpl$4 ,!y habitually tremble mu*3 & _! necks h an extraord9>y1 app>5tly convulsive1 backw>d & =w>d movem5t4 ,good birds walk 9 a s+ul> mann]1 z if _! small feet 7 /iff4 ,ow+ to _! l>ge tails1 !y fly badly on a w9dy day4 ,! d>k-col\r$ v>ieties are g5]ally l>g] ?an :ite ,fantails4 ,al?\gh betwe5 ! be/ & common ,fantails1 n[ exi/+ 9 ,engl&1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! position & size ( ! tail1 9 ! c>riage ( ! head & neck1 9 ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! neck1 9 ! mann] ( walk+1 & 9 ! bread? ( ! brea/1 ! diff]5ces s graduate away1 t x is impossible to make m ?an "o sub-race4 ,moore1 h[ev]1 an excell5t old au?ority#ad says1 t 9 #agce !re 7 two sorts ( broad-tail$ %ak]s 7i4e4 ,fantails71 8"o hav+ a neck mu* long] & m sl5d] ?an ! o!r20 & ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 t !re is an exi/+ ,g]man ,fantail ) a ?ick] & %ort] beak4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,java ,fantail4--,mr4 ,sw9hoe s5t me f ,amoy1 9 ,*9a1 ! sk9 ( a ,fantail belong+ to a bre$ kn[n to h be5 import$ f ,java4 ,x 0 col\r$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 unlike any ,european ,fantail2 &1 = a ,fantail1 _h a rem>kably %ort beak4 ,al?\gh a good bird ( ! k9d1 x _h only #ad tail-fea!rs2 b ,mr4 ,sw9hoe has c\nt$ 9 o!r birds ( ?is bre$ f #ah to #bd tail-fea!rs4 ,f a r\gh sket* s5t to me1 x is evid5t t ! tail is n s mu* exp&$ or s mu* uprais$ z 9 ev5 second-rate ,european ,fantails4 ,! bird %akes its neck l our ,fantails4 ,x _h a well-develop$ oil-gl&4 ,fantails 7 kn[n 9 ,india1 z ,we %all h]eaft] see1 be=e ! ye> #afjj2 & we may suspect t 9 ! ,java ,fantail we see ! bre$ 9 its e>li] & less improv$ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb--;,african ,owl4 ,race ,,vi4--,turbit & ,owl4 7,mv5taub52 pigeons cravate47 ,fea!rs div]g5t along ! front ( ! neck & brea/2 beak v %ort1 v]tically r ?ick2 sophagus some:at enl>g$4 ,turbits & ,owls diff] f ea* o!r slightly 9 ! %ape ( ! head2 ! =m] h a cre/1 & ! beak is diff]5tly curv$2 b !y may be "h conv5i5tly gr\p$ toge!r4 ,^! pretty birds1 "s ( :i* are v small1 c be recognis$ at once by ! fea!rs irregul>ly div]g+1 l a frill1 along ! front ( ! neck1 9 ! same mann]1 b 9 a less degree1 z along ! back ( ! neck 9 ! ,jacob94 ,!y h ! rem>kable habit ( cont9ually & mom5t>ily inflat+ ! upp] "p ( ! sophagus1 :i* causes a movem5t 9 ! frill4 ,:5 ! sophagus ( a dead bird is inflat$1 x is se5 to be l>g] ?an 9 o!r bre$s1 & n s di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! crop4 ,! ,p\t] inflates bo? its true crop & sophagus2 ! ,turbit inflates 9 a mu* less degree ! sophagus alone4 ,! beak ( ! ,turbit is v %ort1 be+ #bh ( an in* %ort] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies2 & 9 "s owls br\ght by ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt f ,tunis1 x 0 ev5 %ort]4 ,! beak is v]tically ?ick]1 & p]haps a little broad]1 9 proportion to t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,race ,,vii4--,tumbl]s4 7,tmml]1 or ,burzeltaub52 culbutants47 ,dur+ flight1 tumble backw>ds2 body g5]ally small2 beak g5]ally %ort1 sometimes excessively %ort & conical4 ,?is race may be divid$ into f\r sub-races1 namely1 ,p]sian1 ,lotan1 ,common1 & %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,^! sub-races include _m v>ieties :i* bre$ true4 ,i h exam9$ eight skeletons ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,tumbl]s3 except+ 9 "o imp]fect & d\btful specim51 ! ribs are only sev5 9 numb]1 :]eas ! rock-pigeon has eight ribs4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,p]sian ,tumbl]s4--,i receiv$ a pair direct f ,p]sia1 f ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray4 ,!y are r small] birds ?an ! wild rock-pigeon1 ab\t ! size ( ! common dovecot pigeon1 :ite & mottl$1 slightly fea!r$ on ! feet1 ) ! beak j p]ceptibly %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 in=ms me t ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( beak is s slight1 t only practis$ ,p]sian fanci]s c di/+ui% ^! ,tumbl]s f ! common pigeon ( ! c\ntry4 ,he in=ms me t !y fly 9 flocks high up 9 ! air & tumble well4 ,"s ( !m occasionally appe> to become giddy & tumble to ! gr\nd1 9 :i* respect !y resemble "s ( our ,tumbl]s4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,lotan1 or ,l[tun3 ,indian ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s4--,^! birds pres5t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable inh]it$ habits or in/9cts ev] record$4 ,! specim5s s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot are :ite1 slightly fea!r$ on ! feet1 ) ! fea!rs on ! head rev]s$2 & !y are r small] ?an ! rock or dovecot pigeon4 ,! beak is proportionally only slightly %ort] & r ?9n] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,^! birds :5 g5tly %ak5 & plac$ on ! gr\nd imm$iately beg9 tumbl+ head ov] heels1 & !y cont9ue ?us to tumble until tak5 up & soo!d1--! c]emony be+ g5]ally to bl[ 9 _! faces1 z 9 recov]+ a p]son f a /ate ( hypnotism or mesm]ism4 ,x is ass]t$ t !y w cont9ue to roll ov] till !y die1 if n tak5 up4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce ) respect to ^! rem>kable peculi>ities2 b :at makes ! case ! m wor?y ( att5tion is1 t ! habit has be5 inh]it$ s9ce be=e ! ye> #afjj1 = ! bre$ is di/9ctly describ$ 9 ! #8,aye5 ,akb]y4'#ae ,mr4 ,evans kept a pair 9 ,london1 import$ by ,capta9 ,vigne2 & he assures me t he has se5 !m tumble 9 ! air1 z well z 9 ! mann] above describ$ on ! gr\nd4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 h[ev]1 writes to me f ,madras1 t he is in=m$ t !y tumble exclusively on ! gr\nd1 or at a v small height above x4 ,he also m5tions birds ( ano!r sub-v>iety1 call$ ! ,kalmi ,lotan1 :i* beg9 to roll ov] if only t\*$ on ! neck ) a rod or w&4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,common ,engli% ,tumbl]s4--,^! birds h exactly ! same habits z ! ,p]sian ,tumbl]1 b tumble bett]4 ,! ,engli% bird is r small] ?an ! ,p]sian1 & ! beak is pla9ly %ort]4 ,comp>$ ) ! rock-pigeon1 & proportionally ) ! size ( body1 ! beak is f #ae to ne>ly #b ( an in* %ort]1 b x is n ?9n]4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ! common ,tumbl]1 namely1 ,baldheads1 ,be>ds1 & ,dut* ,roll]s4 ,i h kept ! latt] alive2 !y h diff]5tly %ap$ heads1 long] necks1 & are fea!r-foot$4 ,!y tumble to an extraord9>y degree2 z ,mr4 ,br5t rem>ks1#af 8,e few seconds ov] !y g2 "o1 two1 or ?ree summ]saults at a "t4 ,"h & !re a bird gives a v quick & rapid sp91 revolv+ l a :eel1 ?\gh !y sometimes lose _! balance1 & make a r ungraceful fall1 9 :i* !y occasionally hurt !mselves by /rik+ "s object40 ,f ,madras ,i h receiv$ sev]al specim5s ( ! common ,tumbl] ( ,india1 diff]+ slightly f ea* o!r 9 ! l5g? ( _! beaks4 ,mr4 ,br5t s5t me a dead specim5 ( a 8,h\se-tumbl]10#ag :i* is a ,scot* v>iety1 n diff]+ 9 g5]al appe>ance & =m ( beak f ! common ,tumbl]4 ,mr4 ,br5t /ates t ^! birds g5]ally beg9 to tumble 8almo/ z soon z !y c well fly2 at ?ree mon?s old !y tumble well1 b /ill fly /rong2 at five or six mon?s !y tumble excessively2 & 9 ! second ye> !y mo/ly give up fly+1 on acc\nt ( _! tumbl+ s mu* & s close to ! gr\nd4 ,"s fly r\nd ) ! flock1 ?r[+ a clean summ]sault e few y>ds1 till !y are oblig$ to settle f gidd9ess & exhau/ion4 ,^! are call$ ,air ,tumbl]s1 & !y commonly ?r[ f tw5ty to ?irty summ]saults 9 a m9ute1 ea* cle> & clean4 ,i h "o r$ cock t ,i h on two or ?ree occasions tim$ by my wat*1 & c\nt$ =ty summ]saults 9 ! m9ute4 ,o!rs tumble diff]5tly4 ,at fir/ !y ?r[ a s+le summ]sault1 !n x is d\ble1 till x becomes a cont9u\s roll1 :i* puts an end to fly+1 = if !y fly a few y>ds ov] !y g1 & roll till !y rea* ! gr\nd4 ,?us ,i _h "o kill h]self1 & ano!r broke 8 leg4 ,_m ( !m turn ov] only a few in*es f ! gr\nd1 & w tumble two or ?ree times 9 fly+ across _! l(t4 ,^! are call$ ,h\se-tumbl]s1 f tumbl+ 9 ! h\se4 ,! act ( tumbl+ seems to be "o ov] :i* !y h no control1 an involunt>y movem5t :i* !y seem to try to prev5t4 ,i h se5 a bird sometimes 9 8 /ruggles fly a y>d or two /raight upw>ds1 ! impulse =c+ him backw>ds :ile he /ruggles to g =w>ds4 ,if sudd5ly />tl$1 or 9 a /range place1 !y seem less able to fly ?an if quiet 9 _! accu/om$ l(t40 ,^! ,h\se-tumbl]s diff] f ! ,lotan or ,gr\nd ,tumbl] ( ,india1 9 n requir+ to be %ak5 9 ord] to beg9 tumbl+4 ,! bre$ has probably be5 =m$ m]ely by select+ ! be/ common ,tumbl]s1 ?\gh x is possible t !y may h be5 cross$ at "s =m] p]iod ) ,lotans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--,%ort-fac$ ,engli% ,tumbl]4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4--,^! are m>vell\s birds1 & are ! glory & pride ( _m fanci]s4 ,9 _! extremely %ort1 %>p1 & conical beaks1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils b little develop$1 !y almo/ dep>t f ! type ( ! ,columbid4 ,_! heads are ne>ly globul> & upright 9 front1 s t "s fanci]s say#ah 8! head %\ld resemble a *]ry ) a b>leycorn /uck 9 x40 ,^! are ! smalle/ k9d ( pigeons4 ,mr4 ,esquilant possess$ a blue ,baldhead1 two ye>s old1 :i* :5 alive weigh$1 be=e fe$+-"t1 only #f ounces #e drs42 two o!rs1 ea* weigh$ #g ounces4 ,we h se5 t a wild rock-pigeon weigh$ #ad ounces #b drs41 & a ,runt #cd ounces #d drs4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s h a rem>kably erect c>riage1 ) prom95t brea/s1 droop+ w+s1 & v small feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! beak f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base 0 9 "o good bird only #d ( an in*2 9 a wild rock-pigeon x 0 exactly d\ble ?is l5g?4 ,z ^! ,tumbl]s h %ort] bodies ?an ! wild rock-pigeon1 !y ought ( c\rse to h %ort] beaks2 b proportionally ) ! size ( ! body1 ! beak is #bh ( an in* too %ort4 ,s1 aga91 ! feet ( ?is bird 7 actually #de %ort]1 & proportionally #ba ( an in* %ort]1 ?an ! feet ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! middle toe has only twelve or ?irte51 in/ead ( f\rte5 or fifte5 scutell4 ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs are n r>ely n9e in/ead ( t5 9 numb]4 ,! improv$ %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s h almo/ lo/ ! p[] ( tumbl+2 b !re are sev]al au!ntic acc\nts ( _! occasionally tumbl+4 ,!re are sev]al sub-v>ieties1 su* z ,bald-heads1 ,be>ds1 ,mottles1 & ,almonds2 ! latt] are rem>kable f n acquir+ _! p]fectly-col\r$ plumage until !y h m\lt$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,!re is good reason to believe t mo/ ( ^! sub-v>ieties1 "s ( :i* bre$ truly1 h aris5 s9ce ! publication ( ,moore's treatise 9 #agce4ai ,f9ally1 9 reg>d to ! :ole gr\p ( ,tumbl]s1 x is impossible to conceive a m p]fect gradation ?an ,i h n[ ly+ be=e me1 f ! rock-pigeon1 ?r\gh ,p]sian1 ,lotan1 & common ,tumbl]s1 up to ! m>vell\s %ort-fac$ birds2 :i* latt]1 no orni?ologi/1 judg+ f m]e ext]nal /ructure1 w\ld place 9 ! same g5us ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! successive /eps 9 ?is s]ies are n great] ?an ^? :i* may be obs]v$ betwe5 common dovecot-pigeons 7,c4 livia7 br\ght f diff]5t c\ntries4 ,race ,,viii4--,indian ,frill-back4 ,beak v %ort2 fea!rs rev]s$4 ,a specim5 ( ?is bird1 9 spirits1 0 s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot4 ,x is :olly diff]5t f ! ,frill-back (t5 exhibit$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a smalli% bird1 ab\t ! size ( ! common ,tumbl]1 b has a beak 9 all its proportions l our %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,! beak1 measur$ f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base1 0 only #df ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fea!rs ov] ! :ole body are rev]s$ or curl backw>ds4 ,_h ?is bird occurr$ 9 ,europe1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x only a mon/r\s v>iety ( our improv$ ,tumbl]3 b z %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s are n kn[n 9 ,india1 ,i ?9k x mu/ rank z a di/9ct bre$4 ,probably ?is is ! bre$ se5 by ,hasselqui/ 9 #ageg at ,cairo1 & said to h be5 import$ f ,india4 ,race ,,ix4--,jacob94 7,zopf-or ,p]rck5taube2 nonna947 ,fea!rs ( ! neck =m+ a hood2 w+s & tail long2 beak mod]ately %ort4 ,?is pigeon c at once be recognis$ by its hood1 almo/ enclos+ ! head & meet+ 9 front ( ! neck4 ,! hood seems to be m]ely an exagg]ation ( ! cre/ ( rev]s$ fea!rs on ! back ( ! head1 :i* is common to _m sub-v>ieties1 & :i* 9 ! ,latztaube#bj is 9 a ne>ly int]m$iate /ate betwe5 a hood & a cre/4 ,! fea!rs ( ! hood are elongat$4 ,bo? ! w+s & tail are likewise mu* elongat$2 ?us ! fold$ w+ ( ! ,jacob91 ?\gh a some:at small] bird1 is fully #a in* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,tak+ ! l5g? ( ! body )\t ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! fold$ w+1 proportionally ) ! w+s ( ! rock-pigeon1 is #b in*es too long1 & ! two w+s1 f tip to tip1 #e in*es too long4 ,9 disposition ?is bird is s+ul>ly quiet1 seldom fly+ or mov+ ab\t1 z ,be*/e9 & ,ri$el h likewise rem>k$ 9 ,g]many4#ba ,! latt] au?or also notices ! l5g? ( ! w+s & tail4 ,! beak is ne>ly #b ( an in* %ort] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! body ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 b ! int]nal gape ( ! m\? is consid]ably wid]4 ,,gr\p ,,iv4 ,! birds ( ?is gr\p may be *>act]is$ by _! resemblance 9 all important po9ts ( /ructure1 especially 9 ! beak1 to ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ,trumpet] =ms ! only well-m>k$ race4 ,( ! num]\s o!r sub-races & v>ieties ,i %all specify only a few ( ! mo/ di/9ct1 :i* ,i h myself se5 & kept alive4 ,race ,x4--,trumpet]4 7,trommeltaube2 pigeon tamb\r1 gl\gl\47 ,a tuft ( fea!rs at ! base ( ! beak curl+ =w>d2 feet mu* fea!r$2 voice v peculi>2 size exce$+ t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is is a well-m>k$ bre$1 ) a peculi> voice1 :olly unlike t ( any o!r pigeon4 ,! coo is rapidly repeat$1 & is cont9u$ = sev]al m9utes2 h5ce _! "n ( ,trumpet]s4 ,!y are also *>act]is$ by a tuft ( elongat$ fea!rs1 :i* curls =w>d ov] ! base ( ! beak1 & :i* is possess$ by no o!r bre$4 ,_! feet are s heavily fea!r$1 t !y almo/ appe> l little w+s4 ,!y are l>g] birds ?an ! rock-pigeon1 b _! beak is ( v ne>ly ! same proportional size4 ,_! feet are r small4 ,?is bre$ 0 p]fectly *>act]is$ 9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce4 ,mr4 ,br5t says t two v>ieties exi/1 :i* diff] 9 size4 ,race ,,xi4--,sc>cely diff]+ 9 /ructure f ! wild ,columba livia4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,laugh]s4--,size less ?an ! ,rock-pigeon2 voice v peculi>4--,z ?is bird agrees 9 ne>ly all its proportions ) ! rock-pigeon1 ?\gh ( small] size1 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x wor?y ( m5tion1 _h x n be5 = its peculi> voice--a "* suppos$ seldom to v>y ) birds4 ,al?\gh ! voice ( ! ,laugh] is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,trumpet]1 yet "o ( my ,trumpet]s us$ to utt] a s+le note l t ( ! ,laugh]4 ,i h kept two v>ieties ( ,laugh]s1 :i* diff]$ only 9 "o v>iety be+ turn-cr[n$2 ! smoo?-head$ k9d1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,br5t1 besides its peculi> note1 us$ to coo 9 a s+ul> & pleas+ mann]1 :i*1 indep5d5tly1 /ruck bo? ,mr4 ,br5t & myself z resembl+ t ( ! turtle-dove4 ,bo? v>ieties come f ,arabia4 ,?is bre$ 0 kn[n by ,moore 9 #agce4 ,a pigeon :i* seems to say ,yak-roo is m5tion$ 9 #afjj 9 ! #8,aye5 ,akb]y' & is probably ! same bre$4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot has also s5t me f ,madras a pigeon call$ ,yahui1 said to h come f ,mecca1 :i* does n diff] 9 appe>ance f ! ,laugh]2 x has 8a deep melan*oly voice1 l ,yahu1 (t5 repeat$40 ,yahu1 yahu1 means ,oh ,god1 oh ,god2 & ,sayzid ,mohamm$ ,mus>i1 9 ! treatise writt5 ab\t #ajj ye>s ago1 says t ^! birds 8are n fl[n1 because !y repeat ! "n ( ! mo/ high ,god40 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 h[ev]1 in=ms me t ! common pigeon is call$ ,yahoo 9 ,p]sia4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,common ,frill-back 7die ,/rupptaube74--,beak r long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 fea!rs rev]s$4--,?is is a consid]ably l>g] bird ?an ! rock-pigeon1 & ) ! beak1 proportionally ) ! size ( body1 a little 7viz4 by #jd ( an in*7 long]4 ,! fea!rs1 especially on ! w+-cov]ts1 h _! po9ts curl$ upw>ds or back-w>ds4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,nuns 7,pigeons coquilles74--,^! elegant birds are small] ?an ! rock-pigeon4 ,! beak is actually #ag1 & proportionally ) ! size ( ! body #a ( an in* %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeons1 al?\gh ( ! same ?ickness4 ,9 "y birds ! scutell on ! t>si & toes are g5]ally ( a lead5-black col\r2 & ?is is a rem>kable "* 7?\gh obs]v$ 9 a less] degree 9 "s o!r bre$s71 z ! col\r ( ! legs 9 ! adult /ate is subject to v little v>iation 9 any bre$4 ,i h on two or ?ree occasions c\nt$ ?irte5 or f\rte5 fea!rs 9 ! tail2 ?is likewise occurs 9 ! b>ely di/9ct bre$ call$ ,helmets4 ,nuns are symmetrically col\r$1 ) ! head1 prim>y w+-fea!rs1 tail1 & tail-cov]ts ( ! same col\r1 namely1 black or r$1 & ) ! re/ ( ! body :ite4 ,?is bre$ has reta9$ ! same "* s9ce ,aldrov&i wrote 9 #afjj4 ,i h receiv$ f ,madras almo/ simil>ly col\r$ birds4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,spots 7die ,blas/aub52 pigeons heurts74--,^! birds are a v little l>g] ?an ! rock-pigeon1 ) ! beak a trace small] 9 all its dim5sions1 & ) ! feet decid$ly small]4 ,!y are symmetrically col\r$1 ) a spot on ! =ehead1 ) ! tail & tail-cov]ts ( ! same col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ :ite4 ,?is bre$ exi/$ 9 #afgf2bb & 9 #agce ,moore rem>ks t !y bre$ truly1 z is ! case at ! pres5t day4 ,sub-race ,v4 ,swall[s4--,^! birds1 z measur$ f tip to tip ( w+1 or f ! end ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail1 exce$ 9 size ! rock-pigeon2 b _! bodies are mu* less bulky2 _! feet & legs are likewise small]4 ,! beak is ( ab\t ! same l5g?1 b r slight]4 ,altoge!r _! g5]al appe>ance is consid]ably diff]5t f t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,_! heads & w+s are ( ! same col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ :ite4 ,_! flight is said to be peculi>4 ,?is seems to be a mod]n bre$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 orig9at$ be=e ! ye> #agie 9 ,g]many1 = x is describ$ by ,be*/e94 ,besides ! sev]al bre$s n[ describ$1 ?ree or f\r o!r v di/9ct k9ds exi/$ lately1 or p]haps /ill exi/1 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,k>melit51 or c>me pigeon1 :i* ,i h n se52 x is describ$ z ( small size1 ) v %ort legs1 & ) an extremely %ort beak4 ,secondly1 ! ,f9nik91 :i* is n[ ext9ct 9 ,engl&4 ,x _h1 accord+ to ,moore's#bc treatise1 publi%$ 9 #agce1 a tuft ( fea!rs on ! h9d] "p ( ! head1 :i* ran d[n its back n unlike a horse's mane4 8,:5 x is salaci\s x rises ov] ! h5 & turns r\nd ?ree or f\r times1 flapp+ its w+s1 !n rev]ses & turns z _m times ! o!r way40 ,! ,turn]1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x 8plays to ! female1 turns only "o way40 ,:e!r ^! extraord9>y /atem5ts may be tru/$ ,i "k n2 b ! inh]itance ( any habit may be believ$1 aft] :at we h se5 ) respect to ! ,gr\nd-tumbl] ( ,india4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi describe a pigeon#bd :i* has ! s+ul> habit ( sail+ = a consid]able "t ?r\gh ! air1 )\t flapp+ its w+s1 l a bird ( prey4 ,! confusion is inextricable1 f ! "t ( ,aldrov&i 9 #afjj to ! pres5t day1 9 ! acc\nts publi%$ ( ! ,draij]s1 ,smit]s1 ,f9nik9s1 ,turn]s1 ,claqu]s1 etc41 :i* are all rem>kable f _! mann] ( flight4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 "o ( ^! bre$s 9 ,g]many ) its w+-fea!rs injur$ f hav+ be5 s (t5 /ruck toge!r b he did n see x fly+4 ,an old /uff$ specim5 ( a ,f9nik9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum pres5ts no well-m>k$ "*4 ,?irdly1 a s+ul> pigeon ) a =k$ tail is m5tion$ 9 "s treatises2 & z ,be*/e9#be briefly describes & figures ?is bird1 ) a tail 8hav+ completely ! /ructure ( t ( ! h\se-swall[10 x mu/ once h exi/$1 = ,be*/e9 0 f> too good a naturali/ to h conf\nd$ any di/9ct species ) ! dome/ic pigeon4 ,la/ly1 an extraord9>y pigeon import$ f ,belgium has lately be5 exhibit$ at ! ,philop]i/]on ,society 9 ,london1#bf :i* 8conjo9s ! col\r ( an ar*angel ) ! head ( an owl or b>b1 its mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity be+ ! extraord9>y l5g? ( ! tail & w+-fea!rs1 ! latt] cross+ beyond ! tail1 & giv+ to ! bird ! appe>ance ( a gigantic swift 7,cypselus71 or long-w+$ hawk40 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t ?is bird weigh$ only #aj ounces1 b 9 l5g? 0 #ae in*es f tip to beak to end ( tail1 & #cb in*es f tip to tip ( w+2 n[ ! wild rock-pigeon weighs #ad ounces1 & measures f tip to beak to end ( tail #ae in*es1 & f tip to tip ( w+ only #bf in*es4 ,i h n[ describ$ all ! dome/ic pigeons kn[n to me1 & h add$ a few o!rs on reliable au?ority4 ,i h class$ !m "u f\r ,gr\ps1 9 ord] to m>k _! aff9ities & degrees ( diff]5ce2 b ! ?ird gr\p is artificial4 ,! k9ds exam9$ by me =m elev5 races1 :i* include sev]al sub-races2 & ev5 ^! latt] pres5t diff]5ces t w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ?\ght ( specific value if obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! sub-races likewise include _m /rictly inh]it$ v>ieties2 s t altoge!r !re mu/ exi/1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 above #aej k9ds :i* c be di/+ui%$1 ?\gh g5]ally by *>act]s ( extremely slight importance4 ,_m ( ! g5]a ( ! ,columbid1 admitt$ by orni?ologi/s1 d n diff] 9 any great degree f ea* o!r2 tak+ ?is into consid]ation1 !re c be no d\bt t sev]al ( ! mo/ /rongly *>act]is$ dome/ic =ms1 if f\nd wild1 w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 at lea/ five new g5]a4 ,?us a new g5us w\ld h be5 =m$ = ! reception ( ! improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]3 a second g5us = ,c>ri]s & ,runts2 & ?is w\ld h be5 a wide or compreh5sive g5us1 = x w\ld h admitt$ common ,spani% ,runts )\t any wattle1 %ort-beak$ ,runts l ! ,tronfo1 & ! improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri]3 a ?ird g5us w\ld h be5 =m$ = ! ,b>b3 a f\r? = ! ,fantail3 & la/ly1 a fif? = ! %ort beak$1 n-wattl$ pigeons1 su* z ,turbits & %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,! rema9+ dome/ic =ms might h be5 includ$1 9 ! same g5us ) ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,individual ,v>iability2 v>iations ( a rem>kable nature4 ,! diff]5ces :i* we h z yet consid]$ are *>act]i/ic ( di/9ct bre$s2 b !re are o!r diff]5ces1 ei!r conf9$ to individual birds1 or (t5 obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 bre$s b n *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,^! individual diff]5ces are ( importance1 z !y might 9 mo/ cases be secur$ & accumulat$ by man's p[] ( selection & ?us an exi/+ bre$ might be greatly modifi$ or a new "o =m$4 ,fanci]s notice & select only ^? slight diff]5ces :i* are ext]nally visible2 b ! :ole organisation is s ti$ toge!r by correlation ( gr[?1 t a *ange 9 "o "p is frequ5tly accompani$ by o!r *anges4 ,= our purpose1 modifications ( all k9ds are equally important1 & if affect+ a "p :i* does n commonly v>y1 are ( m importance ?an a modification 9 "s conspicu\s "p4 ,at ! pres5t day any visible deviation ( "* 9 a well-e/abli%$ bre$ is reject$ z a blemi%2 b x by no means foll[s t at an e>ly p]iod1 be=e well-m>k$ bre$s _h be5 =m$1 su* deviations w\ld h be5 reject$2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld h be5 eag]ly pres]v$ z pres5t+ a novelty1 & w\ld !n h be5 sl[ly augm5t$1 z we %all h]eaft] m cle>ly see1 by ! process ( unconsci\s selection4 ,i h made num]\s measurem5ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body 9 ! sev]al bre$s1 & h h>dly ev] f\nd !m q ! same 9 birds ( ! same bre$1--! diff]5ces be+ great] ?an we commonly meet ) 9 wild species )9 ! same di/rict4 ,to beg9 ) ! prim>y fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail2 b ,i mu/ fir/ m5tion1 z "s read]s may n be aw>e ( ! fact1 t ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+ & tail-fea!rs 9 wild birds is g5]ally con/ant1 & *>act]ises1 n only :ole g5]a1 b ev5 :ole families4 ,:5 ! tail-fea!rs are unusually num]\s1 z = in/ance 9 ! swan1 !y are apt to be v>iable 9 numb]2 b ?is does n apply to ! sev]al species & g5]a ( ! ,columbid1 :i* nev] 7z f> z ,i c he>7 h less ?an twelve or m ?an sixte5 tail-fea!rs2 & ^! numb]s *>act]ise1 ) r>e exception1 :ole sub-families4#bg ,! wild rock-pigeon has twelve tail-fea!rs4 ,) ,fantails1 z we h se51 ! numb] v>ies f f\rte5 to =ty-two4 ,9 two "y birds 9 ! same ne/ ,i c\nt$ tw5ty-two & tw5ty-sev5 fea!rs4 ,p\t]s are v liable to h additional tail-fea!rs1 & ,i h se5 on sev]al occasions f\rte5 or fifte5 9 my own birds4 ,mr4 ,bult _h a specim51 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,y>rell1 ) sev5te5 tail-fea!rs4 ,i _h a ,nun ) ?irte51 & ano!r ) f\rte5 tail-fea!rs2 & 9 a ,helmet1 a bre$ b>ely di/+ui%able f ! ,nun1 ,i h c\nt$ fifte51 & h he>d ( o!r su* in/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,br5t possess$ a ,dragon1 :i* dur+ its :ole life nev] _h m ?an t5 tail-fea!rs2 & "o ( my ,dragons1 desc5d$ f ,mr4 ,br5t's1 _h only elev54 ,i h se5 a ,bald-head ,tumbl] ) only t52 & ,mr4 ,br5t _h an ,air-,tumbl] ) ! same numb]1 b ano!r ) f\rte5 tail-fea!rs4 ,two ( ^! latt] ,tumbl]s1 br$ by ,mr4 ,br5t1 7 rem>kable1--"o f hav+ ! two c5tral tail-fea!rs a little div]g5t1 & ! o!r f hav+ ! two out] fea!rs long] by ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?an ! o!rs2 s t 9 bo? cases ! tail exhibit$ a t5d5cy1 b 9 diff]5t ways1 to become =k$4 ,& ?is %[s u h[ a swall[-tail$ bre$1 l t describ$ by ,be*/e91 might h be5 =m$ by c>eful selection4 ,) respect to ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 ! numb] 9 ! ,columbid1 z f> z ,i c f9d out1 is always n9e or t54 ,9 ! rock-pigeon x is t52 b ,i h se5 no less ?an eight %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s ) only n9e prim>ies1 & ! occurr5ce ( ?is numb] has be5 notic$ by fanci]s1 ow+ to t5 prim>ies ( a :ite col\r be+ "o ( ! po9ts 9 ,%ort-fac$ ,bald-head-,tumbl]s4 ,mr4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 _h an ,air-,tumbl] 7n %ort-fac$7 :i* _h 9 bo? w+s elev5 prim>ies4 ,mr4 ,cork]1 ! em95t bre$] ( prize ,c>ri]s1 assures me t "s ( 8 birds _h elev5 prim>ies 9 bo? w+s4 ,i h se5 elev5 9 "o w+ 9 two ,p\t]s4 ,i h be5 assur$ by ?ree fanci]s t !y h se5 twelve 9 ,sc&]oons2 b z ,neumei/] ass]ts t 9 ! alli$ ,flor5ce ,runt ! middle flight-fea!r is (t5 d\ble1 ! numb] twelve may h be5 caus$ by two ( ! t5 prim>ies hav+ ea* two %afts to a s+le fea!r4 ,! second>y w+-fea!rs are difficult to c\nt1 b ! numb] seems to v>y f twelve to fifte54 ,! l5g? ( ! w+ & tail relatively to ! body1 & ( ! w+s to ! tail1 c]ta9ly v>ies2 ,i h especially notic$ ?is 9 ,jacob9s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bult's magnific5t collection ( ,p\t]s1 ! w+s & tail v>i$ greatly 9 l5g?2 & 7 sometimes s mu* elongat$ t ! birds c\ld h>dly play upright4 ,9 ! relative l5g? ( ! few fir/ prim>ies ,i h obs]v$ only a slight degree ( v>iability4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has obs]v$ ! %ape ( ! fir/ fea!r to v>y v slightly4 ,b ! v>iation 9 ^! latt] po9ts is extremely slight comp>$ ) ! diff]5ces :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! natural species ( ! ,columbid4 ,9 ! beak ,i h se5 v consid]able diff]5ces 9 birds ( ! same bre$1 z 9 c>efully br$ ,jacob9s & ,trumpet]s4 ,9 ,c>ri]s !re is (t5 a conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( att5uation & curvature ( ! beak4 ,s x is inde$ 9 _m bre$s3 ?us ,i _h two /ra9s ( black ,b>bs1 :i* evid5tly diff]$ 9 ! curvature ( ! upp] m&ible4 ,9 wid? ( m\? ,i h f\nd a great diff]5ce 9 two ,swall[s4 ,9 ,fantails ( fir/-rate m]it ,i h se5 "s birds ) mu* long] & ?9n] necks ?an 9 o!rs4 ,o!r analog\s facts c\ld be giv54 ,we h se5 t ! oil-gl& is abort$ 9 all ,fantails 7) ! exception ( ! sub-race f ,java71 &1 ,i may add1 s h]$it>y is ?is t5d5cy to abortion1 t "s1 al?\gh n all1 ( ! mongrels :i* ,i re>$ f ! ,fantail & ,p\t] _h no oil-gl&2 9 "o ,swall[ out ( _m :i* ,i h exam9$1 & 9 two ,nuns1 !re 0 no oil-gl&4 ,! numb] ( ! scutell on ! toes (t5 v>ies 9 ! same bre$1 & sometimes ev5 diff]s on ! two feet ( ! same individual2 ! ,%etl& rock-pigeon has fifte5 on ! middle1 & six on ! h9d] toe2 :]eas ,i h se5 a ,runt ) sixte5 on ! middle & eight on ! h9d toe2 & a %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] ) only twelve & five on ^! same toes4 ,! rock-pigeon has no s5sible am\nt ( sk9 betwe5 its toes2 b ,i possess$ a ,spot & a ,nun ) ! sk9 ext5d+ = a space ( a qu>t] ( an in* f ! =k1 betwe5 ! two inn] toes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z w h]eaft] be m fully %[n1 pigeons ) fea!r$ feet v g5]ally h ! bases ( _! out] toes connect$ by sk94 ,i _h a r$ ,tumbl]1 :i* _h a coo unlike t ( its fell[s1 approa*+ 9 tone to t ( ! ,laugh]3 ?is bird _h ! habit1 to a degree :i* ,i nev] saw equall$ 9 any o!r pigeon1 ( (t5 walk+ ) its w+s rais$ & ar*$ 9 an elegant-mann]4 ,i ne$ say no?+ on ! great v>iability1 9 almo/ e bre$1 9 size ( body1 9 col\r1 9 ! fea!r+ ( ! feet1 & 9 ! fea!rs on ! back ( ! head be+ rev]s$4 ,b ,i may m5tion a rem>kable ,tumbl]#bh exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :i* _h an irregul> cre/ ( fea!rs on its head1 some:at l ! tuft on ! head ( ! ,poli% f[l4 ,mr4 ,bult re>$ a h5 ,jacob9 ) ! fea!rs on ! ?igh s long z to rea* ! gr\nd1 & a cock hav+1 b 9 a less] degree1 ! same peculi>ity3 f ^! two birds he br$ o!rs simil>ly *>act]is$1 :i* 7 exhibit$ at ! ,philop]i/]on ,soc4 ,i br$ a mongrel pigeon :i* _h fibr\s fea!rs1 & ! w+ & tail-fea!rs s %ort & imp]fect t ! bird c\ld n fly ev5 a foot 9 height4 ,!re are _m s+ul> & inh]it$ peculi>ities 9 ! plumage ( pigeons3 ?us ,almond-,tumbl]s d n acquire _! p]fect mottl$ fea!rs until !y h m\lt$ ?ree or f\r times3 ! ,kite ,tumbl] is at fir/ br9dl$ black & r$ ) a b>r$ appe>ance1 b :5 8x ?r[s its ne/ fea!rs x becomes almo/ black1 g5]ally ) a blui% tail1 & a r$di% col\r on ! inn] webs ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs40#bi ,neumei/] describes a bre$ ( a black col\r ) :ite b>s on ! w+ & a :ite cresc5t-%ap$ m>k on ! brea/2 ^! m>ks are g5]ally ru/y-r$ be=e ! fir/ m\lt1 b aft] ! ?ird or f\r? m\lt !y und]go a *ange2 ! w+-fea!rs & ! cr[n ( ! head likewise !n become :ite or grey4#cj ,x is an important fact1 & ,i believe !re is h>dly an exception to ! rule1 t ! especial *>act]s = :i* ea* bre$ is valu$ are em95tly v>iable3 ?us1 9 ! ,fantail1 ! numb] & direction ( ! tail-fea!rs1 ! c>riage ( ! body1 & ! degree ( trembl+ are all highly v>iable po9ts2 9 ,p\t]s1 ! degree to :i* !y p\t1 & ! %ape ( _! inflat$ crops2 9 ! ,c>ri]1 ! l5g?1 n>r[ness1 & curvature ( ! beak1 & ! am\nt ( wattle2 9 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ! %ortness ( ! beak1 ! prom95ce ( ! =ehead1 & g5]al c>riage1#ca & 9 ! ,almond-,tumbl] ! col\r ( ! plumage2 9 common ,tumbl]s1 ! mann] ( tumbl+2 9 ! ,b>b1 ! bread? & %ortness ( ! beak & ! am\nt ( eye-wattle2 9 ,runts1 ! size ( body2 9 ,turbits ! frill2 & la/ly 9 ,trumpet]s1 ! coo+1 z well z ! size ( ! tuft ( fea!rs ov] ! no/rils4 ,^!1 :i* are ! di/9ctive & select$ *>act]s ( ! sev]al bre$s1 are all em95tly v>iable4 ,!re is ano!r int]e/+ fact ) respect to ! *>act]s ( ! sev]al bre$s1 namely1 t !y are (t5 mo/ /rongly display$ 9 ! male bird4 ,9 ,c>ri]s1 :5 ! males & females are exhibit$ 9 sep>ate p5s1 ! wattle is pla9ly se5 to be mu* m develop$ 9 ! males1 ?\gh ,i h se5 a h5 ,c>ri] belong+ to ,mr4 ,haynes heavily wattl$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t1 9 tw5ty ,b>bs 9 ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,jones's possession1 ! males _h g5]ally ! l>ge/ eye-wattles2 ,mr4 ,esquilant also believes 9 ?is rule1 b ,mr4 ,h4 ,weir1 a fir/-rate judge1 ent]ta9s "s d\bt on ! subject4 ,male ,p\t]s di/5d _! crops to a mu* great] size ?an d ! females2 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 a h5 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,evans :i* p\t$ excell5tly2 b ?is is an unusual circum/ance4 ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir1 a successful bre$] ( prize ,fantails1 in=ms me t 8 male birds (t5 h a great] numb] ( tail-fea!rs ?an ! females4 ,mr4 ,eaton ass]ts#cb t if a cock & h5 ,tumbl] 7 ( equal m]it1 ! h5 w\ld be wor? d\ble ! money2 & z pigeons always pair1 s t an equal numb] ( bo? sexes is necess>y = reproduction1 ?is seems to %[ t high m]it is r>] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! frill 9 ,turbits1 ( ! hood 9 ,jacob9s1 ( ! tuft 9 ,trumpet]s1 ( tumbl+ 9 ,tumbl]s1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! males & females4 ,i may "h add a r diff]5t case1 namely1 ! exi/5ce 9 ,france#cc ( a w9e-col\r$ v>iety ( ! ,p\t]1 9 :i* ! male is g5]ally *equ]$ ) black1 :il/ ! female is nev] s *equ]$4 ,dr4 ,*apuis also rem>ks#cd t 9 c]ta9 light-col\r$ pigeons ! males h _! fea!rs /riat$ ) black1 & ^! /ri increase 9 size at ea* m\lt1 s t ! male ultimately becomes spott$ ) black4 ,) ,c>ri]s1 ! wattle1 bo? on ! beak & r\nd ! eyes1 & ) ,b>bs t r\nd ! eyes1 goes on increas+ ) age4 ,?is augm5tation ( "* ) advanc+ age1 & m especially ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! males & females 9 ! above-m5tion$ sev]al respects1 are rem>kable facts1 = !re is no s5sible diff]5ce at any age betwe5 ! two sexes 9 ! aborig9al rock-pigeon2 & n (t5 any /rongly m>k$ diff]5ce ?r\gh\t ! family ( ! ,columbid4#ce ,o/eological ,*>act]s4 ,9 ! skeletons ( ! v>i\s bre$s !re is mu* v>iability2 & ?\gh c]ta9 diff]5ces occur frequ5tly1 & o!rs r>ely1 9 c]ta9 bre$s1 yet none c be said to be absolutely *>act]i/ic ( any bre$4 ,consid]+ t /rongly-m>k$ dome/ic races h be5 =m$ *iefly by man's selection1 we ought n to expect to f9d great & con/ant diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton2 = fanci]s nei!r see1 nor d !y c>e =1 modifications ( /ructure 9 ! int]nal framework4 ,nor ought we to expect *anges 9 ! skeletons f *ang$ habits ( life2 z e facility is giv5 to ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s to foll[ ! same habits1 & ! mu* modifi$ races are nev] all[$ to w&] abroad & procure _! own food 9 v>i\s ways4 ,moreov]1 ,i f9d1 on comp>+ ! skeletons ( ,columba livia1 o5as1 palumbus1 & turtur1 :i* are rank$ by all sy/emati/s 9 two or ?ree di/9ct ?\gh alli$ g5]a1 t ! diff]5ces are extremely slight1 c]ta9ly less ?an betwe5 ! skeletons ( "s ( ! mo/ di/9ct dome/ic bre$s4 ,h[ f> ! skeleton ( ! wild rock-pigeon is con/ant ,i h _h no means ( judg+1 z ,i h exam9$ only two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd--,skulls ( ,pigeons1 view$ lat]ally4 ,skull4--,! individual bones1 especially ^? at ! base1 d n diff] 9 %ape4 ,b ! :ole skull1 9 its proportions1 outl9e1 & relative direction ( ! bones1 diff]s greatly 9 "s ( ! bre$s1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! figures ( 7,a7 ! wild rock-pigeon1 7,b7 ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 7,c7 ! ,engli% ,c>ri]1 & 7,d7 ! ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] 7( ,neumei/]71 all drawn ( ! natural size & view$ lat]ally4 ,9 ! ,c>ri]1 besides ! elongation ( ! bones ( ! face1 ! space betwe5 ! orbits is proportionally a little n>r[] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! ,bagadott5 ! upp] m&ible is rem>kably ar*$1 & ! premaxill>y bones are proportionally broad]4 ,9 ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] ! skull is m globul>3 all ! bones ( ! face are mu* %ort5$1 & ! front ( ! skull & desc5d+ nasal bones are almo/ p]p5dicul>3 ! maxillo-jugal ar* & premaxill>y bones =m an almo/ /raight l9e2 ! space betwe5 ! prom95t edges ( ! eye-orbits is depress$4 ,9 ! ,b>b ! premaxill>y bones are mu* %ort5$1 & _! ant]ior portion is ?ick] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 z is ! l[] "p ( ! nasal bone4 ,9 two ,nuns ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies1 ne> _! tips1 7 some:at att5uat$1 & 9 ^! birds1 z well z 9 "s o!rs1 = in/ance 9 ! ,spot1 ! occipital cre/ ov] ! =am5 0 consid]ably m prom95t ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be--,l[] jaws1 se5 f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf--,skull ( ,runt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg--,lat]al view ( jaws4 ,9 ! l[] jaw1 ! articul> surface is proportionably small] 9 _m bre$s ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! v]tical diamet]1 m especially ( ! out] "p ( ! articul> surface1 is consid]ably %ort]4 ,may n ?is be acc\nt$ = by ! less5$ use ( ! jaws1 ow+ to nutriti\s food hav+ be5 giv5 dur+ a long p]iod to all highly improv$ pigeons8 ,9 ,runts1 ,c>ri]s1 & ,b>bs 7& 9 a less] degree 9 sev]al bre$s71 ! :ole side ( ! jaw ne> ! articul> end is b5t inw>ds 9 a highly rem>kable mann]2 & ! sup]ior m>g9 ( ! ramus1 beyond ! middle1 is reflex$ 9 an equally rem>kable mann]1 z may be se5 9 fig4 #be1 9 comp>ison ) ! jaw ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is reflection ( ! upp] m>g9 ( ! l[] jaw is pla9ly connect$ ) ! s+ul>ly wide gape ( ! m\?1 z has be5 describ$ 9 ,runts1 ,c>ri]s1 & ,b>bs4 ,! reflection is well %[n 9 fig4 #bf ( ! head ( a ,runt se5 f above2 "h a wide op5 space may be obs]v$ on ea* side1 betwe5 ! edges ( ! l[] jaw & ( ! premaxill>y bones4 ,9 ! rock-pigeon1 & 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s1 ! edges ( ! l[] jaw on ea* side come close up to ! premaxill>y bones1 s t no op5 space is left4 ,! degree ( d[nw>d curvature ( ! di/al half ( ! l[] jaw also diff]s to an extraord9>y degree 9 "s bre$s1 z may be se5 9 ! draw+s 7fig4 #bg ,a7 ( ! rock-pigeon1 7,b7 ( ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 & 7,c7 ( ! ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] ( ,neumei/]4 ,9 "s ,runts ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw is rem>kably solid4 ,no "o w\ld readily h believ$ t jaws diff]+ 9 ! sev]al above-specifi$ po9ts s greatly c\ld h belong$ to ! same species4 ,v]tebr4--,all ! bre$s h twelve c]vical v]tebr4#cf ,b 9 a ,bussorah ,c>ri] f ,india ! twelf? v]tebra c>ri$ a small rib1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a p]fect d\ble articulation4 ,! dorsal v]tebr are always eight4 ,9 ! rock-pigeon all eight be> ribs2 ! eigh? rib be+ v ?91 & ! sev5? hav+ no process4 ,9 ,p\t]s all ! ribs are extremely broad1 eight be> ribs2 ! eigh? rib be+ v ?9 & ! sev5? hav+ no process4 ,9 ,p\t]s all ! ribs are extremely broad1 &1 9 ?ree out ( f\r skeletons exam9$ by me1 ! eigh? rib 0 twice or ev5 ?rice z broad z 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! sev5? pair _h di/9ct processes4 ,9 _m bre$s !re are only sev5 ribs1 z 9 sev5 out ( eight skeletons ( v>i\s ,tumbl]s1 & 9 sev]al skeletons ( ,fantails1 ,turbits & ,nuns4 ,9 all ^! bre$s ! sev5? pair 0 v small1 & 0 de/itute ( processes1 9 :i* respect x diff]$ f ! same rib 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 "o ,tumbl]1 & 9 ! ,bussorah ,c>ri]1 ev5 ! six? pair _h no process4 ,! hypapophysis ( ! second dorsal v]tebra v>ies mu* 9 developm5t2 be+ sometimes 7z 9 sev]al1 b n all ,tumbl]s7 ne>ly z prom95t z t ( ! ?ird dorsal v]tebra2 & ! two hypapophyses toge!r t5d to =m an ossifi$ ar*4 ,! developm5t ( ! ar*1 =m$ by ! hypapophyses ( ! ?ird & f\r? dorsal v]tebr1 also v>ies consid]ably1 z does ! size ( ! hypapophysis ( ! fif? v]tebra4 ,! rock-pigeon has twelve sacral v]tebr2 b ^! v>y 9 numb]1 relative size1 & di/9ctness1 9 ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,9 ,p\t]s1 ) _! elongat$ bodies1 !re are ?irte5 or ev5 f\rte51 &1 z we %all imm$iately see1 an additional numb] ( caudal v]tebr4 ,9 ,runts & ,c>ri]s !re is g5]ally ! prop] numb]1 namely twelve2 b 9 "o ,runt1 & 9 ! ,bussorah ,c>ri]1 !re 7 only elev54 ,9 ,tumbl]s !re are ei!r elev51 or twelve1 or ?irte5 sacral v]tebr4 ,! caudal v]tebr are sev5 9 numb] 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ,fantails1 :i* h _! tails s l>gely develop$1 !re are eight or n9e1 & app>5tly 9 "o case t51 & !y are a little long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 & _! %ape v>ies consid]ably4 ,p\t]s1 also1 h eight or n9e caudal v]tebr4 ,i h se5 eight 9 a ,nun & ,jacob94 ,tumbl]s1 ?\gh su* small birds1 always h ! normal numb] sev52 z h ,c>ri]s1 ) "o exception1 9 :i* !re 7 only six4 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve z a summ>y1 & w %[ ! mo/ rem>kable deviations 9 ! numb] ( ! v]tebra & ribs :i* ,i h obs]v$3-- ,rock ,pigeon4 ,p\t]1 f ,mr4 ,bult4 ,tumbl]1 ,dut* ,roll]4 ,bussorah ,c>ri]4 ,c]vical ,v]tebr #ab #ab #ab #ab ,! #ab? bore a small rib4 ,dorsal ,v]tebr #h #h #h #h ,dorsal ,ribs #h ,! #f? pair ) processes1 ! #g? pair )\t a process4 #h ,! #f? & #g? pair ) processes4 #g ,! #f? & #g? pair )\t processes4 #g ,! #f? & #g? pair )\t processes4 ,sacral ,v]tebr #ab #ad #aa #aa ,caudal ,v]tebr #g #h or #i #g #g ,total ,v]tebr #ci #db or #dc #ch #ch ,! pelvis diff]s v little 9 any bre$4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! ilium1 h[ev]1 is sometimes a little m equally r\nd$ on bo? sides ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! is*ium is also frequ5tly r m elongat$4 ,! obturator-not* is sometimes1 z 9 _m ,tumbl]s1 less develop$ ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ridges on ! ilium are v prom95t 9 mo/ ,runts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--,scapul ( ,pigeons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--;,furcula ( ,pigeons4 ,9 ! bones ( ! extremities ,i c\ld detect no diff]5ce1 except 9 _! proportional l5g?s2 = in/ance1 ! metat>sus 9 a ,p\t] 0 #afe in*1 & 9 a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] only #ie 9 l5g?2 & ?is is a great] diff]5ce ?an w\ld naturally foll[ f _! diff]5tly-siz$ bodies2 b long legs 9 ! ,p\t]1 & small feet 9 ! ,tumbl]1 are select$ po9ts4 ,9 "s ,p\t]s ! scapula is r /raight]1 & 9 "s ,tumbl]s x is /raight]1 ) ! apex less elongat$1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 9 fig4 #bh1 ! scapula ( ! rock-pigeon 7,a71 & ( a %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] 7,b71 are giv54 ,! processes at ! summit ( ! coracoid1 :i* receive ! extremities ( ! furculum1 =m a m p]fect cavity 9 "s ,tumbl]s ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 9 ,p\t]s ^! processes are l>g] & diff]5tly %ap$1 & ! ext]ior angle ( ! extremity ( ! coracoid1 :i* is articulat$ to ! /]num1 is squ>]4 ,! two arms ( ! furculum 9 ,p\t]s div]ge less1 proportionally to _! l5g?1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! symphysis is m solid & po9t$4 ,9 ,fantails ! degree ( div]g5ce ( ! two arms v>ies 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,9 fig4 #bi1 ,b & ,c repres5t ! furcula ( two ,fantails2 & x w be se5 t ! div]g5ce 9 ,b is r less ev5 ?an 9 ! furculum ( ! %ort-fac$1 small-siz$ ,tumbl] 7,a71 :]eas ! div]g5ce 9 ,c equals t 9 a rock-pigeon1 or 9 ! ,p\t] 7,d71 ?\gh ! latt] is a mu* l>g] bird4 ,! extremities ( ! furculum1 :]e articulat$ to ! coracoids1 v>y consid]ably 9 outl9e4 ,9 ! /]num ! diff]5ces 9 =m are slight1 except 9 ! size & outl9e ( ! p]=ations1 :i*1 bo? 9 ! l>g] & less] siz$ bre$s1 are sometimes small4 ,^! p]=ations1 also1 are sometimes ei!r ne>ly circul>1 or elongat$ z is (t5 ! case ) ,c>ri]s4 ,! po/]ior p]=ations occasionally are n complete1 be+ left op5 po/]iorly4 ,! m>g9al apophyses =m+ ! ant]ior p]=ations v>y greatly 9 developm5t4 ,! degree ( convexity ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! /]num diff]s mu*1 be+ sometimes almo/ p]fectly flat4 ,! manubrium is r m prom95t 9 "s individuals ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! pore imm$iately "u x v>ies greatly 9 size4 ,correlation ( ,gr[?4--,by ?is t]m ,i mean t ! :ole organisation is s connect$1 t :5 "o "p v>ies1 o!r p>ts v>y2 b :i* ( two correlat$ v>iations ought to be look$ at z ! cause & :i* z ! effect1 or :e!r bo? result f "s common cause1 we c seldom or nev] tell4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ = u is t1 :5 fanci]s1 by ! cont9u$ selection ( slight v>iations1 h l>gely modifi$ "o "p1 !y (t5 un9t5tionally produce o!r modifications4 ,= in/ance1 ! beak is readily act$ on by selection1 &1 ) its increas$ or dim9i%$ l5g?1 ! tongue increases or dim9i%es1 b n 9 due proportion2 =1 9 a ,b>b & ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 bo? ( :i* h v %ort beaks1 ! tongue1 tak+ ! rock-pigeon z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 0 proportionally n %ort5$ en\gh1 :il/ 9 two ,c>ri]s & 9 a ,runt ! tongue1 proportionally ) ! beak1 0 n l5g!n$ en\gh1 ?us1 9 a fir/-rate ,engli% ,c>ri]1 9 :i* ! beak f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base 0 exactly ?rice z long z 9 a fir/-rate ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 ! tongue 0 only a little m ?an twice z long4 ,b ! tongue v>ies 9 l5g? indep5d5tly ( ! beak3 ?us 9 a ,c>ri] ) a beak #ab in* 9 l5g?1 ! tongue 0 #fg 9 l5g?3 :il/ 9 a ,runt :i* equall$ ! ,c>ri] 9 l5g? ( body & 9 /ret* ( w+s f tip to tip1 ! beak 0 #ib :il/ ! tongue 0 #gc ( an in* 9 l5g?1 s t ! tongue 0 actually long] ?an 9 ! c>ri] ) its long beak4 ,! tongue ( ! ,runt 0 also v broad at ! root4 ,( two ,runts1 "o _h its beak long] by #bc ( an in*1 :il/ its tongue 0 %ort] by #ad ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,) ! increas$ or dim9i%$ l5g? ( ! beak ! l5g? ( ! slit =m+ ! ext]nal orifice ( ! no/rils v>ies1 b n 9 due proportion1 =1 tak+ ! rock-pigeon z ! /&>d1 ! orifice 9 a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] 0 n %ort5$ 9 due proportion ) its v %ort beak4 ,on ! o!r h& 7& ?is c\ld n h be5 anticipat$71 ! orifice 9 ?ree ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 9 ! ,bagadott5 ,c>ri]1 & 9 a ,runt 7pigeon cygne71 0 long] by above ! t5? ( an in* ?an w\ld foll[ f ! l5g? ( ! beak proportionally ) t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 "o ,c>ri] ! orifice ( ! no/rils 0 ?rice z long z 9 ! rock-pigeon1 ?\gh 9 body & l5g? ( beak ?is bird 0 n ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is greatly increas$ l5g? ( ! orifice ( ! no/rils seems to /& p>tly 9 correlation ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! wattl$ sk9 on ! upp] m&ible & ov] ! no/rils2 & ?is is a "* :i* is select$ by fanci]s4 ,s aga91 ! broad1 nak$1 & wattl$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes ( ,c>ri]s & ,b>bs is a select$ "*2 & 9 obvi\s correlation ) ?is1 ! eyelids1 measur$ longitud9ally1 are proportionally m ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( ^? ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! great diff]5ce 7see fig4 #bg7 9 ! curvature ( ! l[] jaw 9 ! rock-pigeon1 ! ,tumbl]1 & ,bagadott5 ,c>ri]1 /&s 9 obvi\s relation to ! curvature ( ! upp] jaw1 & m especially to ! angle =m$ by ! maxillo-jugal ar* ) ! premaxill>y bones4 ,b 9 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts1 & ,b>bs ! s+ul> reflexion ( ! upp] m>g9 ( ! middle "p ( ! l[] jaw 7see fig4 #be7 is n /rictly correlat$ ) ! wid? or div]g5ce 7z may be cle>ly se5 9 fig4 #bf7 ( ! premaxill>y bones1 b ) ! bread? ( ! horny & s(t p>ts ( ! upp] m&ible1 :i* are always ov]lapp$ by ! edges ( ! l[] m&ible4 ,9 ,p\t]s1 ! elongation ( ! body is a select$ "*1 & ! ribs1 z we h se51 h g5]ally become v broad1 ) ! sev5? pair furni%$ ) processes2 ! sacral & caudal v]tebr h be5 augm5t$ 9 numb]2 ! /]num has likewise increas$ 9 l5g? 7b n 9 ! dep? ( ! cre/7 by #d ( an in* m ?an w\ld foll[ f ! great] bulk ( ! body 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ,fantails1 ! l5g? & numb] ( ! caudal v]tebr h increas$4 ,h5ce1 dur+ ! gradual progress ( v>iation & selection1 ! int]nal bony framework & ! ext]nal %ape ( ! body h be51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 modifi$ 9 a correlat$ mann]4 ,al?\gh ! w+s & tail (t5 v>y 9 l5g? indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t !y g5]ally t5d to become elongat$ or %ort5$ 9 correlation4 ,?is is well se5 9 ,jacob9s1 & /ill m pla9ly 9 ,runts1 "s v>ieties ( :i* h _! w+s & tail ( great l5g?1 :il/ o!rs h bo? v %ort4 ,) ,jacob9s1 ! rem>kable l5g? ( ! tail & w+-fea!rs is n a "* :i* is int5tionally select$ by fanci]s2 b fanci]s h be5 try+ = c5turies1 at lea/ s9ce ! ye> #afjj1 to increase ! l5g? ( ! rev]s$ fea!rs on ! neck1 s t ! hood may m completely enclose ! head2 & x may be suspect$ t ! increas$ l5g? ( ! w+ & tail-fea!rs /& 9 correlation ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! neck-fea!rs4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s h %ort w+s 9 ne>ly due proportion ) ! r$uc$ size ( _! bodies2 b x is rem>kable1 see+ t ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs is a con/ant "* 9 mo/ birds1 t ^! ,tumbl]s g5]ally h only n9e in/ead ( t5 prim>ies4 ,i h myself obs]v$ ?is 9 eight birds2 & ! ,orig9al ,columb>ian ,society#cg r$uc$ ! /&>d = ,bald-head ,tumbl]s f t5 to n9e :ite flight-fea!rs1 ?9k+ x unfair t a bird :i* _h only n9e fea!rs %\ld be disqualifi$ = a prize because x _h n t5 :ite flight-fea!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,c>ri]s & ,runts1 :i* h l>ge bodies & long w+s1 elev5 prim>y fea!rs h occasionally be5 obs]v$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has in=m$ me ( a curi\s & inexplicable case ( correlation1 namely1 t "y pigeons ( all bre$s :i* :5 mature become :ite1 yell[1 silv] 7i4e41 extremely pale blue71 or dun-col\r$1 are born almo/ nak$2 :]eas pigeons ( o!r col\rs are born well-clo!d ) d[n4 ,mr4 ,esquilant1 h[ev]1 has obs]v$ t "y dun ,c>ri]s are n s b>e z "y dun ,b>bs & ,tumbl]s4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has se5 two "y birds 9 ! same ne/1 produc$ f diff]5tly col\r$ p>5ts1 :i* diff]$ greatly 9 ! degree to :i* !y 7 at fir/ clo!d ) d[n4 ,i h obs]v$ ano!r case ( correlation :i* at fir/ sight appe>s q inexplicable1 b on :i*1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 "s light c be ?r[n by ! law ( homolog\s p>ts v>y+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! case is1 t1 :5 ! feet are mu* fea!r$1 ! roots ( ! fea!rs are connect$ by a web ( sk91 & app>5tly 9 correlation ) ?is ! two out] toes become connect$ = a consid]able space by sk94 ,i h obs]v$ ?is 9 v _m specim5s ( ,p\t]s1 ,trumpet]s1 ,swall[s1 ,roll]-tumbl]s 7likewise obs]v$ 9 ?is bre$ by ,mr4 ,br5t71 & 9 a less] degree 9 o!r fea!r-foot$ pigeons4 ,! feet ( ! small] & l>g] bre$s are ( c\rse mu* small] or l>g] ?an ^? ( ! rock-pigeon2 b ! scutell or scales cov]+ ! toes & t>si h n only decreas$ or increas$ 9 size1 b likewise 9 numb]4 ,to give a s+le in/ance1 ,i h c\nt$ eight scutell on ! h9d toe ( a ,runt1 & only five on t ( a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]4 ,) birds 9 a /ate ( nature ! numb] ( ! scutell on ! feet is usually a con/ant "*4 ,! l5g? ( ! feet & ! l5g? ( ! beak app>5tly /& 9 correlation2 b z disuse app>5tly has affect$ ! size ( ! feet1 ?is case may come "u ! foll[+ discussion4 ,on ! ,effects ( ,disuse4--,9 ! foll[+ discussion on ! relative proportions ( ! feet1 /]num1 furculum1 scapul1 & w+s1 ,i may premise1 9 ord] to give "s confid5ce to ! read]1 t all my measurem5ts 7 made 9 ! same mann]1 & t !y 7 made )\t ! lea/ int5tion ( apply+ !m to ! foll[+ purpose4 ,table ,i4 ,pigeons ) _! beaks g5]ally %ort] ?an t ( ! ,rock-pigeon1 proportionally to ! size ( _! bodies4 ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,actual l5g? ( ,feet ,diff]5ce betwe5 actual & calculat$ l5g? ( feet1 9 proportion to l5g? ( feet & size ( body 9 ! ,rock-pigeon4 ,wild rock-pigeon 7mean measurem5t7 #bjb ,too %ort by ,too long by ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 blad-head #aeg #jaa -- ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 almond #afj #jaf -- ,tumbl]1 r$ magpie #age #jai -- ,tumbl]1 r$ common 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #ahe #jjg -- ,tumbl]1 common bald-head #ahe #jah -- ,tumbl]1 roll] #ahj #jjf -- ,turbit #age #jag -- ,turbit #ahj #jja -- ,turbit #ahd #jae -- ,jacob9 #aij #jjb -- ,trumpet]1 :ite #bjb #jjf -- ,trumpet]1 mottl$ #aie #jah -- ,fantail 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #ahe #jae -- ,fantail 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #aie #jae -- ,fantail cre/$ va4 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #aie #jj #jj ,indian ,frill-back 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #ahj #jai -- ,engli% ,frill-back #baj #jjc -- ,nun #ahb #jjb -- ,laugh] #afe #jaf -- ,b>b #bjj #jjc -- ,b>b #bjj -- #jjc ,spot #aij #jjb -- ,spot #aij #jjg -- ,swall[1 r$ #ahe #jah -- ,swall[1 blue #bjj -- #jjc ,p\t] #bdb -- #jaa ,p\t]1 ,g]man #bcj -- #jji ,bussorah ,c>ri] #bag -- #jji ,numb] ( specim5s #bh #bb #e ,i measur$ mo/ ( ! birds :i* came into my possession1 f ! fea!r$ base ( ! beak 7! l5g? ( beak itself be+ s v>iable7 to ! end ( ! tail1 & to ! oil-gl&1 b un=tunately 7except 9 a few cases7 n to ! root ( ! tail2 ,i measur$ ea* bird f ! extreme tip to tip ( w+2 & ! l5g? ( ! t]m9al fold$ "p ( ! w+1 f ! extremity ( ! prim>ies to ! jo9t ( ! radius4 ,i measur$ ! feet )\t ! claws1 f ! end ( ! middle toe to ! end ( ! h9d toe2 & ! t>sus & middle toe toge!r4 ,i h tak5 9 e case ! mean measurem5t ( two wild rock-pigeons f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! actual l5g? ( ! feet 9 ea* bird2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? :i* ! feet ought to h _h accord+ to ! size ( body ( ea*1 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( body & l5g? ( feet ( ! rock-pigeon1 calculat$ 7) a few specifi$ exceptions7 by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( ! body f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&4 ,i h pref]r$ ?is /&>d1 ow+ to ! v>iability ( ! l5g? ( tail4 ,b ,i h made simil> calculations1 tak+ z ! /&>d ! l5g? f tip to tip ( w+1 & likewise 9 mo/ cases f ! base ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail2 & ! result has always be5 closely simil>4 ,to give an example3 ! fir/ bird 9 ! table1 be+ a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 is mu* small] ?an ! rock-pigeon1 & w\ld naturally h %ort] feet2 b x is f\nd on calculation to h feet too %ort by #aa ( an in*1 9 comp>ison ) ! feet ( ! rock-pigeon1 relatively to ! size ( ! body 9 ^! two birds1 z measur$ f ! base ( beak to ! oil-gl&4 ,s aga91 :5 ?is same ,tumbl] & ! rock-pigeon 7 comp>$ by ! l5g? ( _! w+s1 or by ! extreme l5g? ( _! bodies1 ! feet ( ! ,tumbl] 7 likewise f\nd to be too %ort 9 v ne>ly ! same proportion4 ,i am well aw>e t ! measurem5ts pret5d to great] accuracy ?an is possible1 b x 0 less tr\ble to write d[n ! actual measurem5ts giv5 by ! compasses 9 ea* case ?an an approximation4 ,table ,,ii4 ,pigeons ) _! beaks long] ?an t ( ! ,rock-pigeon1 proportionally to ! size ( _! bodies4 ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,actual l5g? ( ,feet ,diff]5ce betwe5 actual & calculat$ l5g? ( feet1 9 proportion to l5g? ( feet & size ( body 9 ! ,rock-pigeon4 ,wild rock-pigeon 7mean measurem5t7 #bjb ,too %ort by ,too long by ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 bald-head #aeg #jaa -- ,c>ri] #bfj -- #jca ,c>ri] #bfj -- #jbe ,c>ri] #bdj -- #jba ,c>ri] ,dragon #bbe -- #jjf ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] #bhj -- #jef ,sc&]oon1 :ite #bhj -- #jcg ,sc&]oon1 ,pigeon cygne #bhe -- #jbi ,runt #bge -- #jbg ,numb] ( specim5s #h -- #h ,9 ^! two tables 7,tables ,i & ,,ii7 we see 9 ! fir/ column ! actual l5g? ( ! feet 9 ?irty-six birds belong+ to v>i\s bre$s1 & 9 ! two o!r columns we see by h[ mu* ! feet are too %ort or too long1 accord+ to ! size ( bird1 9 comp>ison ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! fir/ table tw5ty-two specim5s h _! feet too %ort1 on an av]age by a little above ! t5? ( an in* 7viz4 #ajg72 & five specim5s h _! feet on an av]age a v little too long1 namely1 by #jg ( an in*4 ,b "s ( ^! latt] cases c be expla9$2 = in/ance1 ) ,p\t]s ! legs & feet are select$ = l5g?1 & ?us any natural t5d5cy to a dim9ution 9 ! l5g? ( ! feet w h be5 c\nt]act$4 ,9 ! ,swall[ & ,b>b1 :5 ! calculation 0 made on any /&>d ( comp>ison besides ! "o us$ 7viz4 l5g? ( body f base ( beak to oil-gl&71 ! feet 7 f\nd to be too small4 ,9 ! second table we h eight birds1 ) _! beaks mu* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 bo? actually & proportionally ) ! size ( body1 & _! feet are 9 an equally m>k$ mann] long]1 namely1 9 proportion1 on an av]age by #bi ( an in*4 ,i %\ld "h /ate t 9 ,table ,i !re are a few p>tial exceptions to ! beak be+ proportionally %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 ?us ! beak ( ! ,engli% ,frill-back is j p]ceptibly long]1 & t ( ! ,bussorah ,c>ri] ( ! same l5g? or slightly long]1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! beaks ( ,spots1 ,swall[s1 & ,laugh]s are only a v little %ort]1 or ( ! same proportional l5g?1 b sl5d]]4 ,nev]!less1 ^! two tables1 tak5 conjo9tly1 indicate pretty pla9ly "s k9d ( correlation betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! beak & ! size ( ! feet4 ,bre$]s ( cattle & horses believe t !re is an analog\s connection betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! limbs & head2 !y ass]t t a race-horse ) ! head ( a dray-horse1 or a grey-h\nd ) ! head ( a bulldog1 w\ld be a mon/r\s production4 ,z fancy pigeons are g5]ally kept 9 small avi>ies1 & are abundantly suppli$ ) food1 !y mu/ walk ab\t mu* less ?an ! wild rock-pigeon2 & x may be admitt$ z highly probable t ! r$uction 9 ! size ( ! feet 9 ! tw5ty-two birds 9 ! fir/ table has be5 caus$ by disuse1#ch & t ?is r$uction has act$ by correlation on ! beaks ( ! great majority ( ! birds 9 ,table ,i4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! beak has be5 mu* elongat$ by ! cont9u$ selection ( successive slight increm5ts ( l5g?1 ! feet by correlation h likewise become mu* elongat$ 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rock-pigeon1 not)/&+ _! less5$ use4 ,z ,i _h tak5 measures f ! end ( ! middle toe to ! heel ( ! t>sus 9 ! rock-pigeon & 9 ! above ?irty-six birds1 ,i h made calculations analog\s ) ^? above giv51 & ! result is ! same-- namely1 t 9 ! %ort-beak$ bre$s1 ) equally few exceptions z 9 ! =m] case1 ! middle toe conjo9tly ) ! t>sus has decreas$ 9 l5g?2 :]eas 9 ! long-beak$ bre$s x has increas$ 9 l5g?1 ?\gh n q s uni=mly z 9 ! =m] case1 = ! leg1 9 "s v>ieties ( ! ,runt v>ies mu* 9 l5g?4 ,z fancy pigeons are g5]ally conf9$ 9 avi>ies ( mod]ate size1 & z ev5 :5 n conf9$ !y d n se>* = _! own food1 !y mu/ dur+ _m g5]ations h us$ _! w+s incomp>ably less ?an ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,h5ce x seem$ to me probable t all ! p>ts ( ! skeleton subs]vi5t to flight w\ld be f\nd to be r$uc$ 9 size4 ,) respect to ! /]num1 ,i h c>efully measur$ its extreme l5g? 9 twelve birds ( diff]5t bre$s1 & 9 two wild rock-pigeons f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,= ! proportional comp>ison ,i h tri$ ?ree /&>ds ( measurem5t1 ) all twelve birds namely1 ! l5g? f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&1 to ! end ( ! tail1 & f ! extreme tip to tip ( w+s4 ,! result has be5 9 ea* case ne>ly ! same1 ! /]num be+ inv>iably f\nd to be %ort] ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,i w give only a s+le table1 z calculat$ by ! /&>d f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&2 = ! result 9 ?is case is ne>ly ! mean betwe5 ! results obta9$ by ! two o!r /&>ds4 ,l5g? ( ,/]num4 ,"n ( ,bre$ ,actual ,l5g?4 ,in*es ,too %ort by ,wild ,rock-pigeon #bee -- ,wild ,rock-pigeon #bee -- ,pi$ ,sc&]oon #bhj #jfj ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] #bhj #jag ,dragon #bde #jda ,c>ri] #bge #jce ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] #bje #jbh ,b>b #bce #jcd ,nun #bbg #jae ,g]man ,p\t] #bcf #jed ,jacob9 #bcc #jbb ,engli% ,frill-back #bdj #jdc ,swall[ #bde #jag ,?is table %[s t 9 ^! twelve bre$s ! /]num is ( an av]age "o-?ird ( an in* 7exactly #ccb7 %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies2 s t ! /]num has be5 r$uc$ by betwe5 "o-sev5? & "o-eigh? ( its entire l5g?2 & ?is is a consid]able r$uction4 ,i h also measur$ 9 tw5ty-"o birds1 includ+ ! above doz51 ! prom95ce ( ! cre/ ( ! /]num relatively to its l5g?1 indep5d5tly ( ! size ( ! body4 ,9 two ( ! tw5ty-"o birds ! cre/ 0 prom95t 9 ! same relative degree z 9 ! rock-pigeon2 9 sev5 x 0 m prom95t2 b 9 five out ( ^! sev51 namely1 9 a ,fantail1 two ,sc&]oons1 & two ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 ?is great] prom95ce may to a c]ta9 ext5t be expla9$1 z a prom95t brea/ is admir$ & select$ by fanci]s2 9 ! rema9+ twelve birds ! prom95ce 0 less4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! cre/ exhibits a slight1 ?\gh unc]ta91 t5d5cy to be r$uc$ 9 prom95ce 9 a great] degree ?an does ! l5g? ( ! /]num relatively to ! size ( body1 9 comp>ison ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,i h measur$ ! l5g? ( ! scapula 9 n9e diff]5t l>ge & small-siz$ bre$s1 & 9 all ! scapula is proportionally %ort] 7tak+ ! same /&>d z be=e7 ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,! r$uction 9 l5g? on an av]age is v ne>ly "o-fif? ( an in*1 or ab\t "o-n9? ( ! l5g? ( ! scapula 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! arms ( ! furcula 9 all ! specim5s :i* ,i comp>$1 div]g$ less1 proportionally ) ! size ( body1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! :ole furculum 0 proportionally %ort]4 ,?us 9 a ,runt1 :i* measur$ f tip to tip ( w+s #ch in*es1 ! furculum 0 only a v little long] 7) ! arms h>dly m div]g5t7 ?an 9 a rock-pigeon :i* measur$ f tip to tip #bf in*es4 ,9 a ,b>b1 :i* 9 all its measurem5ts 0 a little l>g] ?an ! same rock-pigeon1 ! furculum 0 a qu>t] ( an in* %ort]4 ,9 a ,p\t]1 ! furculum _h n be5 l5g!n$ proportionally ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 :i* measur$ f tip to tip ( w+s #bd in*es1 !re=e only #b in*es less ?an ! rock-pigeon1 ! furculum 0 b>ely two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,we ?us cle>ly see t ! /]num1 scapula1 & furculum are all r$uc$ 9 proportional l5g?2 b :5 we turn to ! w+s we f9d :at at fir/ appe>s a :olly diff]5t & unexpect$ result4 ,i may "h rem>k t ,i h n pick$ out specim5s1 b h us$ e measurem5t made by me4 ,tak+ ! l5g? f ! base ( beak to ! end ( ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i f9d t1 out ( ?irty-five birds ( v>i\s bre$s1 tw5ty-five h w+s ( great]1 & t5 h !m ( less proportional l5g?1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,b f ! frequ5tly correlat$ l5g? ( ! tail & w+-fea!rs1 x is bett] to take z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! l5g? f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&2 & by ?is /&>d1 out ( tw5ty-six ( ! same birds :i* _h be5 ?us measur$1 tw5ty-"o _h w+s too long1 & only five _h !m too %ort4 ,9 ! tw5ty-"o birds ! w+s exce$$ 9 l5g? ^? ( ! rock-pigeon1 on an av]age1 by #a-a_/c in*2 :il/ 9 ! five birds !y 7 less 9 l5g? by only #h ( an in*4 ,z ,i 0 mu* surpris$ t ! w+s ( closely conf9$ birds %\ld ?us s frequ5tly h be5 increas$ 9 l5g?1 x occurr$ to me t x might be solely due to ! great] l5g? ( ! w+-fea!rs2 = ?is c]ta9ly is ! case ) ! ,jacob91 :i* has w+s ( unusual l5g?4 ,z 9 almo/ e case ,i _h measur$ ! fold$ w+s1 ,i subtract$ ! l5g? ( ?is t]m9al "p f t ( ! exp&$ w+s1 & ?us ,i obta9$1 ) a mod]ate degree ( accuracy1 ! l5g? ( ! w+s f ! ends ( ! two radii1 answ]+ f wri/ to wri/ 9 our arms4 ,! w+s1 ?us measur$ 9 ! same tw5ty-five birds1 n[ gave a widely diff]5t result2 = !y 7 proportionally ) ^? ( ! rock-pigeon too %ort 9 sev5te5 birds1 & 9 only eight too long4 ,( ^! eight birds1 five 7 long-beak$1#ci & ?is fact p]haps indicates t !re is "s correlation ( ! l5g? ( ! beak ) ! l5g? ( ! bones ( ! w+s1 9 ! same mann] z ) t ( ! feet & t>si4 ,! %ort5+ ( ! hum]us & radius 9 ! sev5te5 birds may probably be attribut$ to disuse1 z 9 ! case ( ! scapula & furculum to :i* ! w+-bones are atta*$2--! l5g!n+ ( ! w+-fea!rs1 & consequ5tly ! expansion ( ! w+s f tip to tip1 be+1 on ! o!r h&1 z completely indep5d5t ( use & disuse z is ! gr[? ( ! hair or wool on our long-hair$ dogs or long-wooll$ %eep4 ,to sum up3 we may confid5tly admit t ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & frequ5tly ! prom95ce ( its cre/1 ! l5g? ( ! scapula & furculum1 h all be5 r$uc$ 9 size 9 comp>ison ) ! same p>ts 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,& ,i presume t ?is may be attribut$ to disuse or less5$ ex]cise4 ,! w+s1 z measur$ f ! ends ( ! radii1 h likewise be5 g5]ally r$uc$ 9 l5g?2 b1 ow+ to ! increas$ gr[? ( ! w+-fea!rs1 ! w+s1 f tip to tip1 are commonly long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! feet1 z well z ! t>si conjo9tly ) ! middle toe1 h likewise 9 mo/ cases become r$uc$2 & ?is x is probable has be5 caus$ by _! less5$ use2 b ! exi/5ce ( "s sort ( correlation betwe5 ! feet & beak is %[n m pla9ly ?an ! effects ( disuse4 ,we h also "s fa9t indication ( a simil> correlation betwe5 ! ma9 bones ( ! w+ & ! beak4 ,summ>y on ! ,po9ts ( ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al ,dome/ic ,races1 & betwe5 ! individual ,birds4--,! beak1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! face1 diff] rem>kably 9 l5g?1 bread?1 %ape1 & curvature4 ,! skull diff]s 9 %ape1 & greatly 9 ! angle =m$ by ! union ( ! pre-maxill>y1 nasal1 & maxillo-jugal bones4 ,! curvature ( ! l[] jaw & ! reflection ( its upp] m>g91 z well z ! gape ( ! m\?1 diff] 9 a highly rem>kable mann]4 ,! tongue v>ies mu* 9 l5g?1 bo? indep5d5tly & 9 correlation ) ! l5g? ( ! beak4 ,! developm5t ( ! nak$1 wattl$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils & r\nd ! eyes v>ies 9 an extreme degree4 ,! eyelids & ! ext]nal orifices ( ! no/rils v>y 9 l5g?1 & are to a c]ta9 ext5t correlat$ ) ! degree ( developm5t ( ! wattle4 ,! size & =m ( ! sophagus & crop1 & _! capacity = inflation1 diff] imm5sely4 ,! l5g? ( ! neck v>ies4 ,) ! v>y+ %ape ( ! body1 ! bread? & numb] ( ! ribs1 ! pres5ce ( processes1 ! numb] ( ! sacral v]tebr1 & ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 all v>y4 ,! numb] & size ( ! coccygeal v]tebr v>y1 app>5tly 9 correlation ) ! increas$ size ( ! tail4 ,! size & %ape ( ! p]=ations 9 ! /]num1 & ! size & div]g5ce ( ! arms ( ! furculum1 diff]4 ,! oil-gl& v>ies 9 developm5t1 & is sometimes q abort$4 ,! direction & l5g? ( c]ta9 fea!rs h be5 mu* modifi$1 z 9 ! hood ( ! ,jacob9 & ! frill ( ! ,turbit4 ,! w+ & tail-fea!rs g5]ally v>y 9 l5g? toge!r1 b sometimes indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r & ( ! size ( ! body4 ,! numb] & position ( ! tail-fea!r v>y to an unp>allel$ degree4 ,! prim>y & second>y w+-fea!rs occasionally v>y 9 numb]1 app>5tly 9 correlation ) ! l5g? ( ! w+4 ,! l5g? ( ! leg & ! size ( ! feet1 &1 9 connection ) ! latt]1 ! numb] ( ! scutell1 all v>y4 ,a web ( sk9 sometimes connects ! bases ( ! two inn] toes1 & almo/ inv>iably ! two out] toes :5 ! feet are fea!r$4 ,! size ( ! body diff]s greatly3 a ,runt has be5 kn[n to weigh m ?an five times z mu* z a ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]4 ,! eggs diff] 9 size & %ape4 ,accord+ to ,p>m5ti]1#dj "s races use mu* /raw 9 build+ _! ne/s1 & o!rs use little2 b ,i _c he> ( any rec5t corroboration ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = hat*+ ! eggs is uni=m 9 all ! bre$s4 ,! p]iod at :i* ! *>act]i/ic plumage ( "s bre$s is acquir$1 & at :i* c]ta9 *anges ( col\r sup]v5e1 diff]s4 ,! degree to :i* ! "y birds are clo!d ) d[n :5 fir/ hat*$ is diff]5t1 & is correlat$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ) ! col\r ( ! plumage4 ,! mann] ( flight1 & c]ta9 inh]it$ movem5ts1 su* z clapp+ ! w+s1 tumbl+ ei!r 9 ! air or on ! gr\nd1 & ! mann] ( c\rt+ ! female1 pres5t ! mo/ s+ul> diff]5ces4 ,9 disposition ! sev]al races diff]4 ,"s races are v sil5t2 o!rs coo 9 a highly peculi> mann]4 ,al?\gh _m diff]5t races h kept true 9 "* dur+ sev]al c5turies1 z we %all h]eaft] m fully see1 yet !re is f> m individual v>iability 9 ! mo/ con/ant bre$s ?an 9 birds 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,!re is h>dly any exception to ! rule t ^? *>act]s v>y mo/ :i* are n[ mo/ valu$ & att5d$ to by fanci]s1 & :i* consequ5tly are n[ be+ improv$ by cont9u$ selection4 ,?is is indirectly admitt$ by fanci]s :5 !y compla9 t x is mu* m difficult to bre$ high fancy pigeons up to ! prop] /&>d ( excell5ce ?an ! s-call$ toy pigeons1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r m]ely 9 col\r2 = p>ticul> col\rs :5 once acquir$ are n liable to cont9u$ improvem5t or augm5tation4 ,"s *>act]s become atta*$1 f q unkn[n causes1 m /rongly to ! male ?an to ! female sex2 s t we h 9 c]ta9 races1 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! appe>ance ( second>y sexual *>act]s1#da ( :i* ! aborig9al rock-pigeon displays n a trace4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray has s5t me "s v valuable specim5s f ,p]sia2 & ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 has giv5 me in=mation on ! pigeons ( ! same c\ntry4 ,i am deeply indebt$ to ,sir ,walt] ,elliot = an imm5se collection ( sk9s f ,madras1 ) mu* in=mation reg>d+ !m4 ,mr4 ,bly? has freely communicat$ to me 8 /ores ( k on ?is & all o!r relat$ subjects4 ,! ,rajah ,sir ,james ,brooke s5t me specim5s f ,borneo1 z has ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,sw9hoe1 f ,amoy 9 ,*9a1 & ,dr4 ,daniell f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 #b ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 well kn[n = 8 v>i\s contributions to p\ltry lit]ature1 has aid$ me 9 e way dur+ sev]al ye>s3 s has ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ) unwe>i$ k9dness4 ,?is latt] g5tleman1 :o is well kn[n = 8 works on p\ltry1 & :o has l>gely br$ pigeons1 has look$ ov] ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,mr4 ,bult =m]ly %[$ me 8 unrivall$ collection ( ,p\t]s1 & gave me specim5s4 ,i _h access to ,mr4 ,wick+'s collection1 :i* conta9$ a great] assortm5t ( k9ds ?an c\ld any:]e else be se52 & he has always aid$ me ) specim5s & in=mation giv5 9 ! free/ mann]4 ,mr4 ,haynes & ,mr4 ,cork] h giv5 me specim5s ( _! magnific5t ,c>ri]s4 ,to ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir ,i am likewise indebt$4 ,nor mu/ ,i by any means pass ov] ! assi/ance receiv$ f ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ,mr4 ,bak]1 ,mr4 ,evans1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,baily1 jun41 ( ,m\nt-/reet--to ! latt] g5tleman ,i h be5 indebt$ = "s valuable specim5s4 ,to all ^! g5tlem5 ,i beg p]mission to return my s9c]e & cordial ?anks4 #c #8,les ,pigeons de ,volire et de ,colombi]' ,p>is #ahbd4 ,dur+ =ty-five ye>s ! sole occupation ( ,m4 ,corbi 0 ! c>e ( ! pigeons belong+ to ! ,du*ess ( ,b]ry4 ,bonizzi has describ$ a l>ge numb] ( col\r$ v>ieties 9 ,italy3 #8,le v>iazioni dei colombi ,dome/ici1' ,padova1 #ahgc4 #d #8,c\p d',oeil sur l',ordre des ,pigeons' p> ,pr9ce ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,?is au?or makes #bhh species1 rank$ "u #he g5]a4 #e ,z ,i s (t5 ref] to ! size ( ! ,c4 livia1 or rock-pigeon1 x may be conv5i5t to give ! mean betwe5 ! measurem5ts ( two wild birds1 k9dly s5t me by ,dr4 ,edmond/one f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,in*es ,f fea!r$ base ( beak to end ( tail3 #adbe ,f fea!r$ base ( beak to oil-gl&3 #iej ,f tip ( beak to end ( tail3 #aejb ,( tail-fea!rs3 #dfb ,f tip to tip ( w+3 #bfge ,( fold$ w+3 #ibe ,beak3 ,l5g? f tip ( beak to fea!r$ base3 #gg ,?ickness1 measur$ v]tically at di/al end ( no/rils3 #bc ,bread?1 measur$ at same place3 #af ,feet3 ,f end ( middle toe 7)\t claw7 to di/al end ( tibia3 #bgg ,f end ( middle toe to end ( h9d toe 7)\t claws73 #bjb ,weight3 #ad-a_/d ounces4 #f ,?is draw+ 0 made f a dead bird4 ,! six foll[+ figures 7 drawn ) great c>e by ,mr4 ,luke ,wells f liv+ birds select$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! *>act]s ( ! six bre$s :i* h be5 figur$ are n 9 ! lea/ exagg]at$4 #g #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t3' ,weim>1 #ahcg1 pl4 #aa & #ab4 #h ,boit>d & ,corbi1 #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 p4 #agg1 pl4 #f4 #i #8,die ,taub5zu*t1' ,ulm1 #ahbd1 s4 #db4 #aj ,?is treatise 0 writt5 by ,sayzid ,mohamm$ ,mus>i1 :o di$ 9 #aggj3 ,i owe to ! great k9dness ( ,sir ,w4 ,elliot a translation ( ?is curi\s treatise4 #aa #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 #b1 p4 #egc4 #ab #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 xix1 #ahdg1 p4 #aje4 #ac ,?is gl& occurs 9 mo/ birds2 b ,nitzs* 79 8 #8,pt]ylographie1' #ahdj1 p4 #ee7 /ates t x is abs5t 9 two species ( ,columba1 9 sev]al species ( ,psittacus1 9 "s species ( ,otis1 & 9 mo/ or all birds ( ! ,o/ri* family4 ,x c h>dly be an accid5tal co9cid5ce t ! two species ( ,columba1 :i* are de/itute ( an oil-gl&1 h an unusual numb] ( tail-fea!rs1 namely #af1 & 9 ?is respect resemble ,fantails4 #ad ,see ! two excell5t editions publi%$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton 9 #aheb & #aheh1 entitl$ #8,a ,treatise on ,fancy ,pigeons4' #ae ,engli% translation1 by ,f4 ,gladw91 #d? edition1 vol4 i4 ,! habit ( ! ,lotan is also describ$ 9 ! ,p]sian treatise be=e allud$ to1 publi%$ ab\t #ajj ye>s ago3 at ?is date ! ,lotans 7 g5]ally :ite & cre/$ z at pres5t4 ,mr4 ,bly? describes ^! birds 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xiv41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajd2 he says t !y 8may be se5 at any ( ! ,calcutta bird-deal]s40 #af #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,oct4 #bb1 #ahfa1 p4 #gf4 #ag ,see ! acc\nt ( ! ,h\se-tumbl]s kept at ,glasg[1 9 ! #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #aheh1 p4 #bhe4 ,also ,mr4 ,br5t's pap]1 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #gf4 #ah ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #8,treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #i4 #ai ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #8,treatise1' edit4 #aheh1 p4 #gf4 #bj ,neumei/]1 #8,taub5zu*t1' tab4 #d4 fig4 i4 #ba ,ri$el1 #8,die ,taub5zu*t1' #ahbd1 s4 #bf4 ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iv4 s4 #cf1 #agie4 #bb ,willughby's #8,orni?ology1' edit$ by ,ray4 #bc ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition 7#aheh7 ( ,moore1 p4 #ih4 #bd ,pigeon pattu plongeur4 #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 p4 #afe4 #be #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iv4 s4 #dg4 #bf ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #bj1 #ahfc1 p4 #eh4 #bg #8,c\p-d'il sur ,l',ordre des ,pigeons1' p> ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te 7#8,comptes ,r5dus'71 #ahed-ee4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 #8,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #da1 m5tions1 z a v s+ul> fact1 8t ( ! two species ( ,ectopi/es1 :i* are ne>ly alli$ to ea* o!r1 "o %\ld h f\rte5 tail-fea!rs1 :ile ! o!r1 ! pass5g] pigeon ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 %\ld possess b ! usual numb]--twelve40 #bh ,describ$ & figur$ 9 ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #hb4 #bi #8,! ,pigeon ,book1' by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 #ahei1 p4 #da4 #cj #8,die /a>hlsige ,taube4 ,das ,ganze1 etc41' s4 #ba1 tab4 i4 fig4 #d4 #ca #8,a ,treatise on ! ,almond-,tumbl]1' by ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #aheb1 p4 #h1 et passim4 #cb #8,a ,treatise1 etc41' p4 #aj4 #cc ,boit>d & ,corbi #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 #ahbd1 p4 #agc4 #cd #8,le ,pigeon ,voyageur ,belge1' #ahfe1 p4 #hg4 ,i h giv5 9 my #8,desc5t ( ,man' 7#f? edit4 p4 #dff7 "s curi\s cases1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ( silv]-col\r$ 7i4e4 v pale blue7 birds be+ g5]ally females1 & ( ! ease ) :i* a race ?us *>act]is$ c\ld be produc$4 ,bonizzi 7see #8,v>iazioni dei ,columbi dome/ici3' ,padova1 #ahgc7 /ates t c]ta9 col\r$ spots are (t5 diff]5t 9 ! two sexes1 & ! c]ta9 t9ts are common] 9 females ?an 9 male pigeons4 #ce ,pr(4 ,a4 ,newton 7#8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfe1 p4 #gaf7 rem>ks t he kn[s no species :i* pres5t any rem>kable sexual di/9ction2 b ,mr4 ,wallace in=ms me1 t 9 ! sub-family ( ! ,tr]onid ! sexes (t5 diff] consid]ably 9 col\r4 ,see also on sexual diff]5ces 9 ! ,columbid1 ,g\ld1 #8,h&book to ! ,birds ( ,au/ralia1' vol4 ii41 pp4 #aji-adi4 #cf ,i am n sure t ,i h designat$ ! diff]5t k9ds ( v]tebr correctly3 b ,i obs]ve t diff]5t anatomi/s foll[ 9 ?is respect diff]5t rules1 &1 z ,i use ! same t]ms 9 ! comp>ison ( all ! skeletons1 ?is1 ,i hope1 w n signify4 #cg ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's #8,treatise1' edit4 #aheh1 p4 #gh4 #ch ,9 an analog\s1 b conv]se1 mann]1 c]ta9 natural gr\ps ( ! ,columbid1 f be+ m t]re/rial 9 _! habits ?an o!r alli$ gr\ps1 h l>g] feet4 ,see ,pr9ce ,bonap>te's #8,c\p d'il sur l',ordre des ,pigeons4' #ci ,x p]haps des]ves notice t besides ^! five birds two ( ! eight 7 ,b>bs1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 mu/ be class$ 9 ! same gr\p ) ! long-beak$ ,c>ri]s & ,runts4 ,b>bs may prop]ly be call$ %ort-beak$ ,c>ri]s4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> z if1 dur+ ! r$uction ( _! beaks1 _! w+s _h reta9$ a little ( t excess ( l5g? :i* is *>act]i/ic ( _! ne>e/ relations & prog5itors4 #dj ,temm9ck1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons et des ,gall9acs1' tom4 i41 #ahac1 p4 #agj4 #da ,?is t]m 0 us$ by ,john ,hunt] = su* diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 ! males & females1 z are n directly connect$ ) ! act ( reproduction1 z ! tail ( ! peacock1 ! horns ( de]1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pigeons--cont9u$4 ,,on ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,wild ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,rock-,,pigeon--,dovecot-,,pigeons--,,p ro(s ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,f ,,columba ,,livia--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,! ,,wild ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,races--,,antiquity ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,races--,,mann] ,,( ,,_! ,,=mation--,,selection--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,by ,,fanci]s ,,9 ,,select+ ,,_! ,,birds--,,slightly ,,diff]5t ,,/ra9s ,,gradually ,,*ange ,,into ,,well-,,m>k$ ,,bre$s--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms--,,c]ta9 ,,bre$s ,,rema9 ,,p]man5t1 ,,:il/ ,,o!rs ,,*ange--,,summ>y4 ,! diff]5ces describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] betwe5 ! elev5 *ief dome/ic races & betwe5 individual birds ( ! same race1 w\ld be ( little significance1 if !y _h n all desc5d$ f a s+le wild /ock4 ,! "q ( _! orig9 is !re=e ( fundam5tal importance1 & mu/ be discuss$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,no "o w ?9k ?is sup]flu\s :o consid]s ! great am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! races1 :o kn[s h[ anci5t _m ( !m are1 & h[ truly !y bre$ at ! pres5t day4 ,fanci]s almo/ unanim\sly believe t ! diff]5t races are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 :]eas mo/ naturali/s believe t all are desc5d$ f ! ,columba livia or rock-pigeon4 ,temm9ck#a has well obs]v$1 & ,mr4 ,g\ld has made ! same rem>k to me1 t ! aborig9al p>5t mu/ h be5 a species :i* roo/$ & built its ne/ on rocks2 & ,i may add t x mu/ h be5 a social bird4 ,= all ! dome/ic races are highly social1 & none are kn[n to build or habitually to roo/ on trees4 ,! awkw>d mann] 9 :i* "s pigeons1 kept by me 9 a summ]-h\se ne> an old walnut-tree1 occasionally alight$ on ! b>] bran*es1 0 evid5t4#b ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,scot ,skirv+ in=ms me t he (t5 saw cr[ds ( pigeons 9 ,upp] ,egypt settl+ on l[ trees1 b n on palms1 9 pref]5ce to alight+ on ! mud hovels ( ! natives4 ,9 ,india ,mr4 ,bly?#c has be5 assur$ t ! wild ,c4 livia1 v>4 int]m$ia1 sometimes roo/s 9 trees4 ,i may "h give a curi\s in/ance ( compulsion lead+ to *ang$ habits3 ! banks ( ! ,nile above lat4 #bh #cj are p]p5dicul> = a long di/ance1 s t :5 ! riv] is full ! pigeons _c alight on ! %ore to dr9k1 & ,mr4 ,skirv+ repeat$ly saw :ole flocks settle on ! wat]1 & dr9k :il/ !y float$ d[n ! /ream4 ,^! flocks se5 f a di/ance resembl$ flocks ( gulls on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,if any dome/ic race _h desc5d$ f a species :i* 0 n social1 or :i* built its ne/ & roo/$ 9 trees1#d ! %>p eyes ( fanci]s w\ld assur$ly h detect$ "s ve/ige ( s diff]5t an aborig9al habit4 ,= we h reason to believe t aborig9al habits are long reta9$ "u dome/ication4 ,?us ) ! common ass we see signs ( its orig9al des]t life 9 its /rong dislike to cross ! smalle/ /ream ( wat]1 & 9 its pleasure 9 roll+ 9 ! du/4 ,! same /rong dislike to cross a /ream is common to ! camel1 :i* has be5 dome/icat$ f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,"y pigs1 ?\gh s tame1 sometimes squat :5 fright5$1 & ?us try to conceal !mselves ev5 on an op5 & b>e place4 ,"y turkeys1 & occasionally ev5 "y f[ls1 :5 ! h5 gives ! dang]-cry1 run away & try to hide !mselves1 l "y p>tridges or pheasants1 9 ord] t _! "m may take flight1 ( :i* %e has lo/ ! p[]4 ,! musk-duck 7,cair9a mos*ata7 9 its native c\ntry (t5 p]*es & roo/s on trees1#e & our dome/icat$ musk-ducks1 ?\gh su* sluggi% birds1 8are fond ( p]*+ on ! tops ( b>ns1 walls1 etc41 &1 if all[$ to sp5d ! night 9 ! h5-h\se1 ! female w g5]ally g to roo/ by ! side ( ! h5s1 b ! drake is too heavy to m\nt ?i!r ) ease40#f ,we "k t ! dog1 h[ev] well & regul>ly f$1 (t5 buries1 l ! fox1 any sup]flu\s food2 & we see him turn+ r\nd & r\nd on a c>pet1 z if to trample d[n grass to =m a b$2 we see him on b>e pavem5ts scrat*+ backw>ds z if to ?r[ e>? ov] 8 excrem5t1 al?\gh1 z ,i believe1 ?is is nev] effect$ ev5 :]e !re is e>?4 ,9 ! delight ) :i* lambs & kids cr[d toge!r & frisk on ! smalle/ hillock1 we see a ve/ige ( _! =m] alp9e habits4 ,we h !re=e good reason to believe t all ! dome/ic races ( ! pigeon are desc5d$ ei!r f "s "o or f sev]al species :i* bo? roo/$ & built _! ne/s on rocks1 & 7 social 9 disposition4 ,z only five or six wild species h ^! habits1 & make any ne> approa* 9 /ructure to ! dome/icat$ pigeon1 ,i w enum]ate !m4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,columba leuconota resembles c]ta9 dome/ic v>ieties 9 its plumage1 ) ! "o m>k$ & nev]-fail+ diff]5ce ( a :ite b& :i* crosses ! tail at "s di/ance f ! extremity4 ,?is species1 moreov]1 inhabits ! ,himalaya1 close to ! limit ( p]petual sn[2 & !re=e1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$1 is n likely to h be5 ! p>5t ( our dome/ic bre$s1 :i* ?rive 9 ! hotte/ c\ntries4 ,secondly1 ! ,c4 rupe/ris1 ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* is int]m$iate#g betwe5 ! ,c4 leuconota & livia2 b has ne>ly ! same col\r$ tail z ! =m] species4 ,?irdly1 ! ,columba littoralis builds & roo/s1 accord+ to ,temm9ck1 on rocks 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago2 x is :ite1 except+ p>ts ( ! w+ & ! tip ( ! tail1 :i* are black2 its legs are livid-col\r$1 & ?is is a "* n obs]v$ 9 any adult dome/ic pigeon2 b ,i ne$ n h m5tion$ ?is species or ! closely-alli$ ,c4 luctuosa1 z !y 9 fact belong to ! g5us ,c>pophaga4 ,f\r?ly1 ,columba gu9ea1 :i* ranges f ,gu9ea#h to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & roo/s ei!r on trees or rocks1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is species belongs to ! g5us ,/ricto5as ( ,rei*5ba*1 b is closely alli$ to ,columba2 x is to "s ext5t col\r$ l c]ta9 dome/ic races1 & has be5 said to be dome/icat$ 9 ,abyss9ia2 b ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns1 :o collect$ ! birds ( t c\ntry & kn[s ! species1 in=ms me t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,moreov]1 ! ,c4 gu9ea is *>act]is$ by ! fea!rs ( ! neck hav+ peculi> not*$ tips1--a "* n obs]v$ 9 any dome/ic race4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,columba nas ( ,europe1 :i* roo/s on trees1 & builds its ne/ 9 holes1 ei!r 9 trees or ! gr\nd2 ?is species1 z f> z ext]nal *>act]s g1 might be ! p>5t ( sev]al dome/ic races2 b1 ?\gh x crosses readily ) ! true rock-pigeon1 ! (fspr+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are /]ile hybrids1 & ( su* /]ility !re is n a trace :5 ! dome/ic races are int]cross$4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t if we 7 to admit1 aga9/ all probability1 t any ( ! =ego+ five or six species 7 ! p>5ts ( "s ( our dome/ic pigeons1 n ! lea/ light w\ld be ?r[n on ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ! elev5 mo/ /rongly-m>k$ races4 ,we n[ come to ! be/ kn[n rock-pigeon1 ! ,columba livia1 :i* is (t5 designat$ 9 ,europe pre-em95tly z ! ,rock-pigeon1 & :i* naturali/s believe to be ! p>5t ( all ! dome/icat$ bre$s4 ,?is bird agrees 9 e ess5tial "* ) ! bre$s :i* h be5 only slightly modifi$4 ,x diff]s f all o!r species 9 be+ ( a slaty-blue col\r1 ) two black b>s on ! w+s1 & ) ! cr\p 7or lo9s7 :ite4 ,occasionally birds are se5 9 ,f>oe & ! ,hebrides ) ! black b>s replac$ by two or ?ree black spots2 ?is =m has be5 nam$ by ,brehm#i ,c4 amali1 b ?is species has n be5 admitt$ z di/9ct by o!r orni?ologi/s4 ,graba#aj ev5 f\nd a diff]5ce 9 ! b>s on ! "r & left w+s ( ! same bird 9 ,f>oe4 ,ano!r & r m di/9ct =m is ei!r truly wild or has become f]al on ! cliffs ( ,engl& & 0 d\btfully nam$ by ,mr4 ,bly?#aa z ,c4 aff9is1 b is n[ no long] consid]$ by him z a di/9ct species4 ,c4 aff9is is r small] ?an ! rock-pigeon ( ! ,scotti% isl&s1 & has a v diff]5t appe>ance ow+ to ! w+-cov]ts be+ *equ]$ ) black1 ) simil> m>ks (t5 ext5d+ ov] ! back4 ,! *equ]+ consi/s ( a l>ge black spot on ! two sides1 b *iefly on ! out] side1 ( ea* fea!r4 ,! w+-b>s 9 ! true rock-pigeon & 9 ! *equ]$ v>iety are1 9 fact1 due to simil> ?\gh l>g] spots symmetrically cross+ ! second>y w+-fea!r & ! l>g] cov]ts4 ,h5ce ! *equ]+ arises m]ely f an ext5sion ( ^! m>ks to o!r p>ts ( ! plumage4 ,*equ]$ birds are n conf9$ to ! coa/s ( ,engl&2 = !y 7 f\nd by ,graba at ,f>oe2 & ,w4 ,?ompson#ab says t at ,islay fully half ! wild rock-pigeons 7 *equ]$4 ,colonel ,k+1 ( ,hy!1 /ock$ 8 dovecot ) "y wild birds :i* he himself procur$ f ne/s at ! ,orkney ,isl&s2 & sev]al specim5s1 k9dly s5t to me by him1 7 all pla9ly *equ]$4 ,z we ?us see t *equ]$ birds occur m+l$ ) ! true rock-pigeon at ?ree di/9ct sites1 namely1 ,f>oe1 ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 & ,islay1 no importance c be atta*$ to ?is natural v>iation 9 ! plumage4 ,pr9ce ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1#ac a great divid] ( species1 enum]ates1 ) a m>k ( int]rogation1 z di/9ct f ,c4 livia1 ! ,c4 turricola ( ,italy1 ! ,c4 rupe/ris ( ,da\ria1 & ! ,c4 s*imp]i ( ,abyss9ia2 b ^! birds diff] f ,c4 livia 9 *>act]s ( ! mo/ trifl+ value4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a *equ]$ pigeon1 probably ! ,c4 s*imp]i ( ,bonap>te1 f ,abyss9ia4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! ,c4 gymnocyclus ( ,g4 ,r4 ,gray f ,w4 ,africa1 :i* is slightly m di/9ct1 & has r m nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes ?an ! rock-pigeon2 b f in=mation giv5 me by ,dr4 ,daniell1 x is d\btful :e!r ?is is a wild bird1 = dovecot-pigeons 7:i* ,i h exam9$7 are kept on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,! wild rock-pigeon ( ,india 7,c4 int]m$ia ( ,/rickl&7 has be5 m g5]ally accept$ z a di/9ct species4 ,x diff]s *iefly 9 ! cr\p be+ blue in/ead ( sn[-:ite2 b z ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me1 ! t9t v>ies1 be+ sometimes albesc5t4 ,:5 ?is =m is dome/icat$ *equ]$ birds appe>1 j z occurs 9 ,europe ) ! truly wild ,c4 livia4 ,moreov] we %all imm$iately h pro( t ! blue & :ite cr\p is a highly v>iable "*2 & ,be*/e9#ad ass]ts t ) dovecot-pigeons 9 ,g]many ?is is ! mo/ v>iable ( all ! *>act]s ( ! plumage4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t ,c4 int]m$ia _c be rank$ z specifically di/9ct f ,c4 livia4 ,9 ,madeira !re is a rock-pigeon :i* a few orni?ologi/s h suspect$ to be di/9ct f ,c4 livia4 ,i h exam9$ num]\s specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,h>c\rt & ,mr4 ,mason4 ,!y are r small] ?an ! rock- pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & _! beaks are pla9ly ?9n]1 b ! ?ickness ( ! beak v>i$ 9 ! sev]al specim5s4 ,9 plumage !re is rem>kable div]sity2 "s specim5s are id5tical 9 e fea!r 7,i speak aft] actual comp>ison7 ) ! rock-pigeon ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s2 o!rs are *equ]$1 l ,c4 aff9is f ! cliffs ( ,engl&1 b g5]ally to a great] degree1 be+ almo/ black ov] ! :ole back2 o!rs are id5tical ) ! s-call$ ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india 9 ! degree ( blu5ess ( ! cr\p2 :il/ o!rs h ?is "p v pale or v d>k blue1 & are likewise *equ]$4 ,s mu* v>iability raises a /rong suspicion t ^! birds are dome/ic pigeons :i* h become f]al4 ,f ^! facts x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,c4 livia1 aff9is1 int]m$ia1 & ! =ms m>k$ ) an int]rogation by ,bonap>te ought all to be includ$ "u a s+le species4 ,b x is q immat]ial :e!r or n !y are ?us rank$1 & :e!r "s "o ( ^! =ms or all are ! prog5itors ( ! v>i\s dome/ic k9ds1 z f> z any light c ?us be ?r[n on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! m /rongly-m>k$ races4 ,t common dovecot-pigeons1 :i* are kept 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 are desc5d$ f "o or f sev]al ( ! above-m5tion$ wild v>ieties ( ,c4 livia1 no "o :o comp>es !m w d\bt4 ,b be=e mak+ a few rem>ks on dovecot-pigeons1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! wild rock-pigeon has be5 f\nd easy to tame 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,we h se5 t ,colonel ,k+ at ,hy! /ock$ 8 dovecot m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ) "y wild birds tak5 at ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 & s9ce !n !y h greatly multipli$4 ,! accurate ,macgillivray#ae ass]ts t he completely tam$ a wild rock-pigeon 9 ! ,hebrides2 & sev]al acc\nts are on records ( ^! pigeons hav+ br$ 9 dovecots 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,9 ,india1 z ,capta9 ,hutton in=ms me1 ! wild rock-pigeon is easily tam$1 & bre$s readily ) ! dome/ic k9d2 & ,mr4 ,bly?#af ass]ts t wild birds come frequ5tly to ! dovecots & m+le freely ) _! inhabitants4 ,9 ! anci5t #8,aye5 ,akb]y' x is writt5 t1 if a few wild pigeons be tak51 8!y are spe$ily jo9$ by a ?\s& o!rs ( _! k9d40 ,dovecot-pigeons are ^? :i* are kept 9 dovecots 9 a semi- dome/icat$ /ate2 = no special c>e is tak5 ( !m1 & !y procure _! own food1 except dur+ ! sev]e/ wea!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 &1 judg+ f ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi's "w1 9 ,france1 ! common dovecot- pigeon exactly resembles ! *equ]$ v>iety ( ,c4 livia2 b ,i h se5 dovecots br\ght f ,york%ire )\t any trace ( *equ]+1 l ! wild rock-pigeon ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,! *equ]$ dovecots f ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 aft] hav+ be5 dome/icat$ by ,colonel ,k+ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 diff]$ slightly f ea* o!r 9 ! d>kness ( _! plumage & 9 ! ?ickness ( _! beaks2 ! ?9ne/ beak be+ r ?ick] ?an ! ?icke/ "o 9 ! ,madeira birds4 ,9 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,be*/e91 ! common dovecot-pigeon is n *equ]$4 ,9 ,india !y (t5 become *equ]$1 & sometimes pi$ ) :ite2 ! cr\p also1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 becomes ne>ly :ite4 ,i h receiv$ f ,sir4 ,j4 ,brooke "s dovecot-pigeons1 :i* orig9ally came f ! ,s4 ,natunas ,isl&s 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & :i* _h be5 cross$ ) ! ,s+apore dovecots3 !y 7 small & ! d>ke/ v>iety 0 extremely l ! d>k *equ]$ v>iety ) a blue cr\p f ,madeira2 b ! beak 0 n s ?91 ?\gh decid$ly ?9n] ?an 9 ! rock- pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,a dovecot-pigeon s5t to me by ,mr4 ,sw9hoe f ,foo*[1 9 ,*9a1 0 likewise r small1 b diff]$ 9 no o!r respect4 ,i h also receiv$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,daniell1 f\r liv+ dovecot-pigeons f ,si]ra ,leone1#ag ^! 7 fully z l>ge z ! ,%etl& rock-pigeon1 ) ev5 bulki] bodies4 ,9 plumage "s ( !m 7 id5tical ) ! ,%etl& rock pigeon1 b ) ! metallic t9ts app>5tly r m brilliant2 o!rs _h a blue cr\p1 & resembl$ ! *equ]$ v>iety ( ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india2 & "s 7 s mu* *equ]$ z to be ne>ly black4 ,9 ^! f\r birds ! beak diff]$ slightly 9 l5g?1 b 9 all x 0 decid$ly %ort]1 m massive1 & /rong] ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 or 9 ! ,engli% dovecot4 ,:5 ! beaks ( ^! ,african pigeons 7 comp>$ ) ! ?9ne/ beaks ( ! wild ,madeira specim5s1 ! contra/ 0 great2 ! =m] be+ fully "o-?ird ?ick] 9 a v]tical direction ?an ! latt]2 s t any "o at fir/ w\ld h felt incl9$ to rank ^! birds z specifically di/9ct2 yet s p]fectly graduat$ a s]ies c\ld be =m$ betwe5 ! above-m5tion$ v>ieties1 t x 0 obvi\sly impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,to sum up3 ! wild ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ,c4 aff9is1 int]m$ia1 & ! o!r /ill m closely-aff9$ geographical races1 has a va/ range f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,norway & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ,madeira & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 to ,abyss9ia1 ,india1 & ,japan4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 plumage1 be+ 9 _m places *equ]$ ) black1 & hav+ ei!r a :ite or blue cr\p or lo9s2 x v>ies also slightly 9 ! size ( ! beak & body4 ,dovecot-pigeons1 :i* no "o disputes are desc5d$ f "o or m ( ! above wild =ms1 pres5t a simil> b great] range ( v>iation 9 plumage1 9 ! size ( body1 & 9 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ! beak4 ,!re seems to be "s relation betwe5 ! cr\p be+ blue or :ite1 & ! temp]ature ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by bo? wild & dovecot pigeons2 = ne>ly all ! dovecot-pigeons 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe h a :ite cr\p1 l t ( ! wild ,european rock-pigeon2 & ne>ly all ! dovecot-pigeons ( ,india h a blue cr\p l t ( ! wild ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india4 ,z 9 v>i\s c\ntries ! wild rock-pigeon has be5 f\nd easy to tame1 x seems extremely probable t ! dovecot-pigeons ?r\gh\t ! _w are ! desc5dants ( at lea/ two & p]haps m wild /ocks2 b ^!1 z we h j se51 _c be rank$ z specifically di/9ct4 ,) respect to ! v>iation ( ,c4 livia1 we may )\t fe> ( contradiction g "o /ep fur!r4 ,^? pigeon-fanci]s :o believe t all ! *ief races1 su* z ,c>ri]s1 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 etc41 are desc5d$ f di/9ct aborig9al /ocks1 yet admit t ! s-call$ toy-pigeons1 :i* diff] f ! rock-pigeon 9 little except col\r1 are desc5d$ f ?is bird4 ,by toy-pigeons are meant su* birds z ,spots1 ,nuns1 ,helmets1 ,swall[s1 ,prie/s1 ,monks1 ,porcela9s1 ,swabians1 ,ar*angels1 ,brea/s1 ,%ields1 & o!rs 9 ,europe1 & _m o!rs 9 ,india4 ,x w\ld inde$ be z pu]ile to suppose t all ^! birds are desc5d$ f s _m di/9ct wild /ocks z to suppose ?is to be ! case ) ! _m v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 he>tsease1 or dahlia4 ,yet ^! k9ds all bre$ true1 & _m ( !m include sub-v>ieties :i* likewise transmit _! "* truly4 ,!y diff] greatly f ea* o!r & f ! rock-pigeon 9 plumage1 slightly 9 size & proportions ( body1 9 size ( feet1 & 9 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( _! beaks4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 ^! respects m ?an d dovecot-pigeons4 ,al?\gh we may safely admit t dovecot-pigeons1 :i* v>y slightly1 & t toy- pigeons1 :i* v>y 9 a great] degree 9 accordance ) _! m highly-dome/icat$ condition1 are desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ! above-enum]at$ wild geographical races2 yet ! "q becomes f> m difficult :5 we consid] ! elev5 pr9cipal races1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be %[n1 by indirect evid5ce ( a p]fectly conclusive nature1 t ^! pr9cipal races are n desc5d$ f s _m wild /ocks2 & if ?is be once admitt$1 few w dispute t !y are ! desc5dants ( ,c4 livia1 :i* agrees ) !m s closely 9 habits & 9 mo/ *>act]s1 :i* v>ies 9 a /ate ( nature1 & :i* has c]ta9ly und]gone a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation1 z 9 ! toy-pigeons4 ,we %all moreov] pres5tly see h[ em95tly fav\rable circum/ances h be5 = a great am\nt ( modification 9 ! m c>efully t5d$ bre$s4 ,! reasons = conclud+ t ! sev]al pr9cipal races are n desc5d$ f s _m aborig9al & unkn[n /ocks may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ six heads3-- ,fir/ly4--,if ! elev5 *ief races h n aris5 f ! v>iation ( "s "o species1 toge!r ) its geographical races1 !y mu/ be desc5d$ f sev]al extremely di/9ct aborig9al species2 = no am\nt ( cross+ betwe5 only six or sev5 wild =ms c\ld produce races s di/9ct z ,p\t]s1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts1 ,fantails1 ,turbits1 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ,jacob9s1 & ,trumpet]s4 ,h[ c\ld cross+ produce1 = in/ance1 a ,p\t] or a ,fantail1 unless ! two suppos$ aborig9al p>5ts possess$ ! rem>kable *>act]s ( ^! bre$s8 ,i am aw>e t "s naturali/s1 foll[+ ,pallas1 believe t cross+ gives a /rong t5d5cy to v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( ! *>act]s inh]it$ f ei!r p>5t4 ,!y believe t x w\ld be easi] to raise a ,p\t] or ,fantail pigeon f cross+ two di/9ct species1 nei!r ( :i* possess$ ! *>act]s ( ^! races1 ?an f any s+le species4 ,i c f9d few facts 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 & believe 9 x only to a limit$ degree2 b 9 a future *apt] ,i %all h to recur to ?is subject4 ,= our pres5t purpose ! po9t is n mat]ial4 ,! "q :i* conc]ns u is1 :e!r or n _m new & important *>act]s h aris5 s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! pigeon4 ,on ! ord9>y view1 v>iability is due to *ang$ conditions ( life2 on ! ,pallasian doctr9e1 v>iability1 or ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 is due to "s my/]i\s effect f ! cross+ ( two species1 nei!r ( :i* possesses ! *>act]s 9 "q4 ,9 "s few in/ances x is possible t well-m>k$ races may h be5 =m$ by cross+2 = in/ance1 a ,b>b might p]haps be =m$ by a cross betwe5 a long-beak$ ,c>ri]1 hav+ l>ge eye-wattles1 & "s %ort-beak$ pigeon4 ,t _m races h be5 9 "s degree modifi$ by cross+1 & t c]ta9 v>ieties :i* are di/+ui%$ only by peculi> t9ts h aris5 f crosses betwe5 diff]5tly-col\r$ v>ieties1 is almo/ c]ta94 ,on ! doctr9e1 !re=e1 t ! *ief races owe _! diff]5ces to _! desc5t f di/9ct species1 we mu/ admit t at lea/ eight or n9e1 or m probably a doz5 species1 all hav+ ! same habit ( bre$+ & roo/+ on rocks & liv+ 9 society1 ei!r n[ exi/ some:]e1 or =m]ly exi/$1 b h become ext9ct z wild birds4 ,consid]+ h[ c>efully wild pigeons h be5 collect$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & :at conspicu\s birds !y are1 especially :5 frequ5t+ rocks1 x is extremely improbable t eight or n9e species1 :i* 7 long ago dome/icat$ & !re=e mu/ h inhabit$ "s anci5tly kn[n c\ntry1 %\ld /ill exi/ 9 ! wild /ate & be unkn[n to orni?ologi/s4 ,! hypo!sis t su* species =m]ly exi/$1 b h become ext9ct1 is 9 "s slight degree m probable4 ,b ! ext9ction ( s _m species )9 ! hi/orical p]iod is a bold hypo!sis1 see+ h[ little influ5ce man has _h 9 ext]m9at+ ! common rock-pigeon1 :i* agrees 9 all its habits ( life ) ! dome/ic races4 ,! ,c4 livia n[ exi/s & fl\ri%es on ! small nor!rn isl&s ( ,f>oe1 on _m isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 on ,s>d9ia1 & ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ,india4 ,fanci]s h sometimes imag9$ t ! sev]al suppos$ p>5t-species 7 orig9ally conf9$ to small isl&s1 & ?us might readily h be5 ext]m9at$2 b ! facts j giv5 d n fav\r ! probability ( _! ext9ction1 ev5 on small isl&s4 ,nor is x probable1 f :at is kn[n ( ! di/ribution ( birds1 t ! isl&s ne> ,europe %\ld h be5 inhabit$ by peculi> species ( pigeons2 & if we assume t di/ant oceanic isl&s 7 ! homes ( ! suppos$ p>5t-species1 we mu/ rememb] t anci5t voyages 7 t$i\sly sl[1 & t %ips 7 !n ill-provid$ ) fre% food1 s t x w\ld n h be5 easy to br+ home liv+ birds4 ,i h said anci5t voyages1 = ne>ly all ! races ( ! pigeon 7 kn[n be=e ! ye> #afjj1 s t ! suppos$ wild species mu/ h be5 captur$ & dome/icat$ be=e t date4 ,secondly4--,! doctr9e t ! *ief dome/ic races are desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al species1 implies t sev]al species 7 =m]ly s ?or\ghly dome/icat$ z to bre$ readily :5 conf9$4 ,al?\gh x is easy to tame mo/ wild birds1 exp]i5ce %[s u t x is difficult to get !m to bre$ freely "u conf9em5t2 al?\gh x mu/ be own$ t ?is is less difficult ) pigeons ?an ) mo/ o!r birds4 ,dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 _m birds h be5 kept 9 avi>ies1 b h>dly "o has be5 add$ to our li/ ( ?or\ghly reclaim$ species3 yet on ! above doctr9e we mu/ admit t 9 anci5t times ne>ly a doz5 k9ds ( pigeons1 n[ unkn[n 9 ! wild /ate1 7 ?or\ghly dome/icat$4 ,?irdly4--,mo/ ( our dome/icat$ animals h run wild 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 b birds1 ow+ app>5tly to _! p>tial loss ( ! p[] ( flight1 less (t5 ?an quadrup$s4 ,nev]!less ,i h met ) acc\nts %[+ t ! common f[l has become f]al 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & p]haps 9 ,we/ ,africa1 & on sev]al isl&s3 ! turkey 0 at "o "t almo/ f]al on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana2 & ! ,gu9ea-f[l has become p]fectly wild at ,asc5sion & 9 ,jamaica4 ,9 ?is latt] isl& ! peacock1 also1 8has become a m>oon bird40 ,! common duck w&]s f its home & becomes almo/ wild 9 ,norfolk4 ,hybrids betwe5 ! common & musk-duck :i* h become wild h be5 %ot 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,belgium1 & ne> ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! goose is said to h run wild 9 ,la ,plata4 ,! common dovecot-pigeon has become wild at ,juan ,f]n&ez1 ,norfolk ,isl&1 ,asc5sion1 probably at ,madeira1 on ! %ores ( ,scotl&1 &1 z is ass]t$1 on ! banks ( ! ,hudson 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#ah ,b h[ diff]5t is ! case1 :5 we turn to ! elev5 *ief dome/ic races ( ! pigeon1 :i* are suppos$ by "s au?ors to be desc5d$ f s _m di/9ct species6 no "o has ev] pret5d$ t any "o ( ^! races has be5 f\nd wild 9 any qu>t] ( ! _w2 yet !y h be5 transport$ to all c\ntries1 & "s ( !m mu/ h be5 c>ri$ back to _! native homes4 ,on ! view t all ! races are ! product ( v>iation1 we c und]/& :y !y h n become f]al1 = ! great am\nt ( modification :i* !y h und]gone %[s h[ long & h[ ?or\ghly !y h be5 dome/icat$2 & ?is w\ld unfit !m = a wild life4 ,f\r?ly4--,if x be assum$ t ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s dome/ic races are due to desc5t f sev]al aborig9al species1 we mu/ conclude t man *ose = dome/ication 9 anci5t times1 ei!r int5tionally or by *ance1 a mo/ abnormal set ( pigeons2 = t species resembl+ su* birds z ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,c>ri]s1 ,b>bs1 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ,turbits1 etc41 w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree abnormal1 z comp>$ ) all ! exi/+ memb]s ( ! great pigeon family1 _c be d\bt$4 ,?us we %\ld h to believe t man n only =m]ly succe$$ 9 ?or\ghly dome/icat+ sev]al highly abnormal species1 b t ^! same species h s9ce all become ext9ct1 or are at lea/ n[ unkn[n4 ,?is d\ble accid5t is s extremely improbable t ! assum$ exi/5ce ( s _m abnormal species w\ld require to be support$ by ! /ronge/ evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if all ! races are desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 we c und]/&1 z w h]eaft] be m fully expla9$1 h[ any slight deviation 9 /ructure :i* fir/ appe>$ w\ld cont9ually be augm5t$ by ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ individuals2 & z ! p[] ( selection w\ld be appli$ accord+ to man's fancy1 & n = ! bird's own good1 ! accumulat$ am\nt ( deviation w\ld c]ta9ly be ( an abnormal nature 9 comp>ison ) ! /ructure ( pigeons liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,i h already allud$ to ! rem>kable fact t ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! *ief dome/ic races are em95tly v>iable2 we see ?is pla9ly 9 ! great diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs 9 ! ,fantail1 9 ! developm5t ( ! crop 9 ,p\t]s1 9 ! l5g? ( ! beak 9 ,tumbl]s1 9 ! /ate ( ! wattle 9 ,c>ri]s1 etc4 ,if ^! *>act]s are ! result ( successive v>iations add$ toge!r by selection1 we c und]/& :y !y %\ld be s v>iable3 = ^! are ! v p>ts :i* h v>i$ s9ce ! dome/ication ( ! pigeon1 & !re=e w\ld be likely /ill to v>y2 ^! v>iations moreov] h be5 rec5tly1 & are /ill be+ accumulat$ by man's selection2 !re=e !y h n z yet become firmly fix$4 ,fif?ly4--,all ! dome/ic races pair readily toge!r1 &1 :at is equally important1 _! mongrel (fspr+ are p]fectly f]tile4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is fact ,i made _m exp]im5ts1 :i* are giv5 9 ! note bel[2 & rec5tly ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has made simil> exp]im5ts ) ! same result4#ai ,! accurate ,neumei/] ass]ts t :5 dovecots are cross$ ) pigeons ( any o!r bre$1 ! mongrels are extremely f]tile & h>dy4#bj ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi#ba affirm1 aft] _! great exp]i5ce1 t ! m di/9ct ! bre$s are :i* are cross$1 ! m productive are _! mongrel (fspr+4 ,i admit t ! doctr9e fir/ broa*$ by ,pallas is highly probable1 if n actually prov$1 namely1 t closely alli$ species1 :i* 9 a /ate ( nature or :5 fir/ captur$ w\ld h be5 9 "s degree /]ile if cross$1 lose ?is /]ility aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication2 yet :5 we consid] ! great diff]5ce betwe5 su* races z ,p\t]s1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts1 ,fantails1 ,turbits1 ,tumbl]s etc41 ! fact ( _! p]fect1 or ev5 increas$1 f]tility :5 int]cross$ 9 ! mo/ complicat$ mann] becomes a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ all desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,?is argum5t is r5d]$ mu* /rong] :5 we he> 7,i app5d 9 a note#bb all ! cases :i* ,i h collect$7 t h>dly a s+le well-asc]ta9$ in/ance is kn[n ( hybrids betwe5 two true species ( pigeons be+ f]tile1 int] se1 or ev5 :5 cross$ ) "o ( _! pure p>5ts4 ,six?ly4--,exclud+ c]ta9 important *>act]i/ic diff]5ces1 ! *ief races agree mo/ closely bo? ) ea* o!r & ) ,c4 livia 9 all o!r respects4 ,z previ\sly obs]v$1 all are em95tly sociable2 all dislike to p]* or roo/1 & refuse to build 9 trees2 all lay two eggs1 & ?is is n a univ]sal rule ) ! ,columbid2 all1 z f> z ,i c he>1 require ! same "t = hat*+ _! eggs2 all c endure ! same great range ( climate2 all pref] ! same food1 & are passionately fond ( salt2 all exhibit 7) ! ass]t$ exception ( ! ,f9nik9 & ,turn] :i* d n diff] mu* 9 any o!r "*7 ! same peculi> ge/ures :5 c\rt+ ! females2 & all 7) ! exception ( ,trumpet]s & ,laugh]s1 :i* likewise d n diff] mu* 9 any o!r "*7 coo 9 ! same peculi> mann]1 unlike ! voice ( any o!r wild pigeon4 ,all ! col\r$ bre$s display ! same peculi> metallic t9ts on ! brea/1 a "* f> f g5]al ) pigeons4 ,ea* race pres5ts ne>ly ! same range ( v>iation 9 col\r2 & 9 mo/ ( ! races we h ! same s+ul> correlation betwe5 ! developm5t ( d[n 9 ! "y & ! future col\r ( plumage4 ,all h ! proportional l5g? ( _! toes1 & ( _! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 ne>ly ! same1--*>act]s :i* are apt to diff] 9 ! sev]al memb]s ( ! ,columbid4 ,9 ^? races :i* pres5t "s rem>kable deviation ( /ructure1 su* z 9 ! tail ( ,fantails1 crop ( ,p\t]s1 beak ( ,c>ri]s & ,tumbl]s1 etc41 ! o!r p>ts rema9 ne>ly unalt]$4 ,n[ e naturali/ w admit t x w\ld be sc>cely possible to pick out a doz5 natural species 9 any family :i* %\ld agree closely 9 habits & 9 g5]al /ructure1 & yet %\ld diff] greatly 9 a few *>act]s alone4 ,?is fact is explicable ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( natural selection2 = ea* successive modification ( /ructure 9 ea* natural species is pres]v$1 solely because x is ( s]vice2 & su* modifications :5 l>gely accumulat$ imply a great *ange 9 ! habits ( life1 & ?is w almo/ c]ta9ly lead to o!r *anges ( /ructure ?r\gh\t ! :ole organisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sev]al races ( ! pigeon h be5 produc$ by man ?r\gh selection & v>iation1 we c readily und]/& h[ x is t !y %\ld /ill all resemble ea* o!r 9 habits & 9 ^? _m *>act]s :i* man has n c>$ to modify1 :il/ !y diff] to s prodigi\s a degree 9 ^? p>ts :i* h /ruck 8 eye or pleas$ 8 fancy4 ,besides ! po9ts above enum]at$1 9 :i* all ! dome/ic races resemble ,c4 livia & ea* o!r1 !re is "o :i* des]ves special notice4 ,! wild rock-pigeon is ( a slaty-blue col\r2 ! w+s are cross$ by two b>s2 ! cr\p v>ies 9 col\r1 be+ g5]ally :ite 9 ! pigeon ( ,europe1 & blue 9 t ( ,india2 ! tail has a black b> close to ! end1 & ! out] webs ( ! out] tail-fea!rs are edg$ ) :ite1 except ne> ! tips4 ,^! comb9$ *>act]s are n f\nd 9 any wild pigeon besides ,c4 livia4 ,i h look$ c>efully ?r\gh ! great collections ( pigeons 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,i f9d t a d>k b> at ! end ( ! tail is common2 t ! :ite edg+ to ! out] tail-fea!rs is n r>e2 b t ! :ite cr\p is extremely r>e1 & ! two black b>s on ! w+s occur 9 no o!r pigeon1 except+ ! alp9e ,c4 leuconota & ,c4 rupe/ris ( ,asia4 ,n[ if we turn to ! dome/ic races1 x is highly rem>kable1 z an em95t fanci]1 ,mr4 ,wick+1 obs]v$ to me1 t1 :5ev] a blue bird appe>s 9 any race1 ! w+s almo/ inv>iably %[ ! d\ble black b>s4#bc ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs may be :ite or black1 & ! :ole body may be ( any col\r1 b if ! w+-cov]ts are blue1 ! two black b>s are sure to appe>4 ,i h myself se51 or acquir$ tru/wor?y evid5ce1 z giv5 bel[1#bd ( blue birds ) black b>s on ! w+1 ) ! cr\p ei!r :ite or v pale or d>k blue1 ) ! tail hav+ a t]m9al black b>1 & ) ! out] fea!rs ext]nally edg$ ) :ite or v pale col\r$1 9 ! foll[+ races1 :i*1 z ,i c>efully obs]v$ 9 ea* case1 appe>$ to be p]fectly true3 namely1 9 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,tumbl]s1 ,jacob9s1 ,turbits1 ,b>bs1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts ( ?ree di/9ct v>ieties1 ,trumpet]s1 ,swall[s1 & 9 _m o!r toy-pigeons1 :i* z be+ closely alli$ to ,c4 livia1 are n wor? enum]at+4 ,?us we see t1 9 purely-br$ races ( e k9d kn[n 9 ,europe1 blue birds occasionally appe> hav+ all ! m>ks :i* *>act]ise ,c4 livia1 & :i* concur 9 no o!r wild species4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 also1 has made ! same obs]vation ) respect to ! v>i\s dome/ic races kn[n 9 ,india4 ,c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! plumage are equally common 9 ! wild ,c4 livia1 9 dovecot-pigeons1 & 9 all ! mo/ highly modifi$ races4 ,?us1 9 all1 ! cr\p v>ies f :ite to blue1 be+ mo/ frequ5tly :ite 9 ,europe1 & v g5]ally blue 9 ,india4#be ,we h se5 t ! wild ,c4 livia 9 ,europe1 & dovecots 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 (t5 h ! upp] w+-cov]ts *equ]$ ) black2 & all ! mo/ di/9ct races1 :5 blue1 are occasionally *equ]$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,?us ,i h se5 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,c>ri]s1 ,turbits1 ,tumbl]s 7,indian & ,engli%71 ,swall[s1 ,bald-pates1 & o!r toy-pigeons blue & *equ]$2 & ,mr4 ,esquilant has se5 a *equ]$ ,runt4 ,i br$ f two pure blue ,tumbl]s a *equ]$ bird4 ,! facts hi!rto giv5 ref] to ! occasional appe>ance 9 pure races ( blue birds ) black w+-b>s1 & likewise ( blue & *equ]$ birds2 b x w n[ be se5 t :5 two birds belong+ to di/9ct races are cross$1 nei!r ( :i* h1 nor probably h _h dur+ _m g5]ations1 a trace ( blue 9 _! plumage1 or a trace ( w+-b>s & ! o!r *>act]i/ic m>ks1 !y v frequ5tly produce mongrel (fspr+ ( a blue col\r1 sometimes *equ]$1 ) black w+-b>s1 etc42 or if n ( a blue col\r1 yet ) ! sev]al *>act]i/ic m>ks m or less pla9ly develop$4 ,i 0 l$ to inve/igate ?is subject f ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi#bf hav+ ass]t$ t f crosses betwe5 c]ta9 bre$s x is r>e to get any?+ b bisets or dovecot pigeons1 :i*1 z we "k1 are blue birds ) ! usual *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,we %all h]eaft] see t ?is subject possesses1 indep5d5tly ( our pres5t object1 consid]able int]e/1 s t ,i w give ! results ( my own trials 9 full4 ,i select$ = exp]im5t races :i*1 :5 pure1 v seldom produce birds ( a blue col\r1 or h b>s on _! w+s & tail4 ,! ,nun is :ite1 ) ! head1 tail1 & prim>y w+-fea!rs black2 x is a bre$ :i* 0 e/abli%$ z long ago z ! ye> #afjj4 ,i cross$ a male ,nun ) a female r$ common ,tumbl]1 :i* latt] v>iety g5]ally bre$s true4 ,?us nei!r p>5t _h a trace ( blue 9 ! plumage1 or ( b>s on ! w+ & tail4 ,i %\ld premise t common ,tumbl]s are r>ely blue 9 ,engl&4 ,f ! above cross ,i re>$ sev]al "y3 "o 0 r$ ov] ! :ole back1 b ) ! tail z blue z t ( ! rock-pigeon2 ! t]m9al b>1 h[ev]1 0 abs5t1 b ! out] fea!rs 7 edg$ ) :ite3 a second & ?ird ne>ly resembl$ ! fir/1 b ! tail 9 bo? pres5t$ a trace ( ! b> at ! end3 a f\r? 0 br[ni%1 & ! w+s %[$ a trace ( ! d\ble b>3 a fif? 0 pale blue ov] ! :ole brea/1 back1 cr\p1 & tail1 b ! neck & prim>y w+-fea!rs 7 r$di%2 ! w+s pres5t$ two di/9ct b>s ( a r$ col\r2 ! tail 0 n b>r$1 b ! out] fea!rs 7 edg$ ) :ite4 ,i cross$ ?is la/ curi\sly col\r$ bird ) a black mongrel ( complicat$ desc5t1 namely1 f a black ,b>b1 a ,spot1 & ,almond-tumbl]1 s t ! two "y birds produc$ f ?is cross includ$ ! blood ( five v>ieties1 none ( :i* _h a trace ( blue or ( w+ & tail-b>s3 "o ( ! two "y birds 0 br[ni%-black1 ) black w+-b>s2 ! o!r 0 r$di%-dun1 ) r$di% w+-b>s1 pal] ?an ! re/ ( ! body1 ) ! cr\p pale blue1 ! tail blui% ) a trace ( ! t]m9al b>4 ,mr4 ,eaton#bg mat*$ two ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 namely1 a spla% cock & kite h5 7nei!r ( :i* are blue or b>r$71 & f ! fir/ ne/ he got a p]fect blue bird1 & f ! second a silv] or pale blue bird1 bo? ( :i*1 9 accordance ) all analogy1 no d\bt pres5t$ ! usual *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,i cross$ two male black ,b>bs ) two female r$ ,spots4 ,^! latt] h ! :ole body & w+s :ite1 ) a spot on ! =ehead1 ! tail & tail-cov]ts r$2 ! race exi/$ at lea/ z long ago z #afgf1 & n[ bre$s p]fectly true1 z 0 kn[n to be ! case 9 ! ye> #agce4bh ,b>bs are uni=mly-col\r$ birds1 ) r>ely ev5 a trace ( b>s on ! w+ or tail2 !y are kn[n to bre$ v true4 ,! mongrels ?us rais$ 7 black or ne>ly black1 or d>k or pale br[n1 sometimes slightly piebald ) :ite3 ( ^! birds no less ?an six pres5t$ d\ble w+-b>s2 9 two ! b>s 7 conspicu\s & q black2 9 sev5 "s :ite fea!rs appe>$ on ! cr\p2 & 9 two or ?ree !re 0 a trace ( ! t]m9al b> to ! tail1 b 9 none 7 ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite4 ,i cross$ black ,b>bs 7( two excell5t /ra9s7 ) purely-br$1 sn[-:ite ,fantails4 ,! mongrels 7 g5]ally q black1 ) a few ( ! prim>y w+ & tail fea!rs :ite3 o!rs 7 d>k r$di%-br[n1 & o!rs sn[-:ite3 none _h a trace ( w+-b>s or ( ! :ite cr\p4 ,i !n pair$ toge!r two ( ^! mongrels1 namely1 a br[n & black bird1 & _! (fspr+ display$ w+-b>s1 fa9t1 b ( a d>k] br[n ?an ! re/ ( body4 ,9 a second brood f ! same p>5ts a br[n bird 0 produc$1 ) sev]al :ite fea!rs conf9$ to ! cr\p4 ,i cross$ a male dun ,dragon belong+ to a family :i* _h be5 dun- col\r$ )\t w+-b>s dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 ) a uni=m r$ ,b>b 7br$ f two black ,b>bs72 & ! (fspr+ pres5t$ decid$ b fa9t traces ( w+-b>s4 ,i cross$ a uni=m r$ male ,runt ) a ,:ite trumpet]2 & ! (fspr+ _h a slaty-blue tail ) a b> at ! end1 & ) ! out] fea!rs edg$ ) :ite4 ,i also cross$ a female black & :ite *equ]$ ,trumpet] 7( a diff]5t /ra9 f ! la/7 ) a male ,almond-tumbl]1 nei!r ( :i* exhibit$ a trace ( blue1 or ( ! :ite cr\p1 or ( ! b> at end ( tail3 nor is x probable t ! prog5itors ( ^! two birds _h = _m g5]ations exhibit$ any ( ^! *>act]s1 = ,i h nev] ev5 he>d ( a blue ,trumpet] 9 ?is c\ntry1 & my ,almond-tumbl] 0 purely br$2 yet ! tail ( ?is mongrel 0 blui%1 ) a broad black b> at ! end1 & ! cr\p 0 p]fectly :ite4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 sev]al ( ^! cases1 t ! tail fir/ %[s a t5d5cy to become by rev]sion blue2 & ?is fact ( ! p]si/5cy ( col\r 9 ! tail & tail-cov]ts#bi w surprise no "o :o has att5d$ to ! cross+ ( pigeons4 ,! la/ case :i* ,i w give is ! mo/ curi\s4 ,i pair$ a mongrel female ,b>b-fantail ) a mongrel male ,b>b-spot2 nei!r ( :i* mongrels _h ! lea/ blue ab\t !m4 ,let x be rememb]$ t blue ,b>bs are excessively r>e2 t ,spots1 z has be5 already /at$1 7 p]fectly *>act]is$ 9 ! ye> #afgf1 & bre$ p]fectly true2 ?is likewise is ! case ) :ite ,fantails1 s mu* s t ,i h nev] he>d ( :ite ,fantails ?r[+ any o!r col\r4 ,nev]!less ! (fspr+ f ! above two mongrels 0 ( exactly ! same blue t9t z t ( ! wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ov] ! :ole back & w+s2 ! d\ble black w+-b>s 7 equally conspicu\s2 ! tail 0 exactly alike 9 all its *>act]s1 & ! cr\p 0 pure :ite2 ! head1 h[ev]1 0 t9t$ ) a %ade ( r$1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,spot1 & 0 ( a pal] blue ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 z 0 ! /oma*4 ,s t two black ,b>bs1 a r$ ,spot1 & a :ite ,fantail1 z ! f\r purely-br$ gr&p>5ts1 produc$ a bird exhibit+ ! g5]al blue col\r1 toge!r ) e *>act]i/ic m>k1 ! wild ,columba livia4 ,) respect to cross$ bre$s frequ5tly produc+ blue birds *equ]$ ) black1 & resembl+ 9 all respects bo? ! dovecot-pigeon & ! *equ]$ wild v>iety ( ! rock-pigeon1 ! /atem5t be=e ref]r$ to by ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi w\ld almo/ suffice2 b ,i w give ?ree in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( su* birds f crosses 9 :i* "o alone ( ! p>5ts or great-gr&p>5ts 0 blue1 b n *equ]$4 ,i cross$ a male blue ,turbit ) a sn[-:ite ,trumpet]1 & ! foll[+ ye> ) a d>k1 lead5-br[n1 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]2 ! (fspr+ f ! fir/ cross 7 z p]fectly *equ]$ z any dovecot-pigeon2 & f ! second1 s mu* s z to be ne>ly z black z ! mo/ d>kly *equ]$ rock-pigeon f ,madeira4 ,ano!r bird1 ^: great-gr&p>5ts 7 a :ite ,trumpet]1 a :ite ,fantail1 a :ite ,r$-spot1 a r$ ,runt1 & a blue ,p\t]1 0 slaty-blue & *equ]$ exactly l a dovecot-pigeon4 ,i may "h add a rem>k made to me by ,mr4 ,wick+1 :o has _h m exp]i5ce ?an any o!r p]son 9 ,engl& 9 bre$+ pigeons ( v>i\s col\rs3 namely1 t :5 a blue1 or a blue & *equ]$ bird1 hav+ black w+- b>s1 once appe>s 9 any race & is all[$ to bre$1 ^! *>act]s are s /rongly transmitt$ t x is extremely difficult to eradicate !m4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to conclude f ?is t5d5cy 9 all ! *ief dome/ic races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & m especially :5 int]cross$1 to produce (fspr+ ( a blue col\r1 ) ! same *>act]i/ic m>ks1 v>y+ 9 ! same mann]1 z 9 ,columbia livia8 ,if we admit t ^! races are all desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 no bre$] w d\bt t ! occasional appe>ance ( blue birds ?us *>act]is$ is acc\nt$ = on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( 8?r[+ back0 or rev]sion4 ,:y cross+ %\ld give s /rong a t5d5cy to rev]sion1 we d n ) c]ta9ty "k2 b abundant evid5ce ( ?is fact w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,x is probable t ,i might h br$ ev5 = a c5tury pure black ,b>bs1 ,spots1 ,nuns1 :ite ,fantails1 ,trumpet]s1 etc41 )\t obta9+ a s+le blue or b>r$ bird2 yet by cross+ ^! bre$s ,i re>$ 9 ! fir/ & second g5]ation1 dur+ ! c\rse ( only ?ree or f\r ye>s1 a consid]able numb] ( "y birds1 m or less pla9ly col\r$ blue1 & ) mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,:5 black & :ite1 or black & r$ birds1 are cross$1 x w\ld appe> t a slight t5d5cy exi/s 9 bo? p>5ts to produce blue (fspr+1 & t ?is1 :5 comb9$1 ov]p[]s ! sep>ate t5d5cy 9 ei!r p>5t to produce black1 or :ite1 or r$ (fspr+4 ,if we reject ! belief t all ! races ( ! pigeon are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( ,c4 livia1 & suppose t !y are desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al /ocks1 !n we mu/ *oose betwe5 ! ?ree foll[+ assumptions3 fir/ly1 t at lea/ eight or n9e species =m]ly exi/$ :i* 7 aborig9ally col\r$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b h s9ce v>i$ 9 exactly ! same mann] s z to assume ! col\r+ ( ,c4 livia2 b ?is assumption ?r[s n ! lea/ light on ! appe>ance ( su* col\rs & m>ks :5 ! races are cross$4 ,or secondly1 we may assume t ! aborig9al species 7 all col\r$ blue1 & _h ! w+-b>s & o!r *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,c4 livia1--a supposition :i* is highly improbable1 z besides ?is "o species no exi/+ memb] ( ! ,columbid pres5ts ^! comb9$ *>act]s2 & x w\ld n be possible to f9d any o!r in/ance ( sev]al species id5tical 9 plumage1 yet z diff]5t 9 important po9ts ( /ructure z are ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,c>ri]s1 ,tumbl]s1 etc4 ,or la/ly1 we may assume t all ! races1 :e!r desc5d$ f ,c4 livia or f sev]al aborig9al species1 al?\gh !y h be5 br$ ) s mu* c>e & are s highly valu$ by fanci]s1 h all be5 cross$ )9 a doz5 or score ( g5]ations ) ,c4 livia1 & h ?us acquir$ _! t5d5cy to produce blue birds ) ! sev]al *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,i h said t x mu/ be assum$ t ea* race has be5 cross$ ) ,c4 livia )9 a doz51 or1 at ! utmo/1 )9 a score ( g5]ations2 = !re is no reason to believe t cross$ (fspr+ ev] rev]t to "o ( _! ance/ors :5 remov$ by a great] numb] ( g5]ations4 ,9 a bre$ :i* has be5 cross$ only once1 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion w naturally become less & less 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations1 z 9 ea* !re w be less & less ( ! blood ( ! =eign bre$2 b :5 !re has be5 no cross ) a di/9ct bre$1 & !re is a t5d5cy 9 bo? p>5ts to rev]t to "s long-lo/ "*1 ?is t5d5cy1 = all t we c see to ! contr>y1 may be transmitt$ undim9i%$ = an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,^! two di/9ct cases ( rev]sion are (t5 conf\nd$ toge!r by ^? :o h writt5 on inh]itance4 ,consid]+1 on ! "o h&1 ! improbability ( ! ?ree assumptions :i* h j be5 discuss$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ simply ! facts are expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion1 we may conclude t ! occasional appe>ance 9 all ! races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & m especially :5 cross$1 ( blue birds1 sometimes *equ]$1 ) d\ble w+-b>s1 ) :ite or blue cr\ps1 ) a b> at ! end ( ! tail1 & ) ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite1 af=ds an argum5t ( ! greate/ weight 9 fav\r ( ! view t all are desc5d$ f ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ! ?ree or f\r wild v>ieties or sub-species be=e enum]at$4 ,to sum up ! six =ego+ argum5ts1 :i* are oppos$ to ! belief t ! *ief dome/ic races are ! desc5dants ( at lea/ eight or n9e or p]haps a doz5 species2 = ! cross+ ( any less numb] w\ld n yield ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al races4 ,fir/ly1 ! improbability t s _m species %\ld /ill exi/ some:]e1 b be unkn[n to orni?ologi/s1 or t !y %\ld h become )9 ! hi/orical p]iod ext9ct1 al?\gh man has _h s little influ5ce 9 ext]m9at+ ! wild ,c4 livia4 ,secondly1 ! improbability ( man 9 =m] times hav+ ?or\ghly dome/icat$ & r5d]$ f]tile "u conf9em5t s _m species4 ,?irdly1 ^! suppos$ species hav+ n[h]e become f]al4 ,f\r?ly1 ! extraord9>y fact t man %\ld1 int5tionally or by *ance1 h *os5 = dome/ication sev]al species1 extremely abnormal 9 "*2 & fur!rmore1 ! po9ts ( /ructure :i* r5d] ^! suppos$ species s abnormal be+ n[ highly v>iable4 ,fif?ly1 ! fact ( all ! races1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 _m important po9ts ( /ructure1 produc+ p]fectly f]tile mongrels2 :il/ all ! hybrids :i* h be5 produc$ betwe5 ev5 closely alli$ species 9 ! pigeon-family are /]ile4 ,six?ly1 ! rem>kable /atem5ts j giv5 on ! t5d5cy 9 all ! races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & :5 cross$1 to rev]t 9 num]\s m9ute details ( col\r+ to ! "* ( ! wild rock-pigeon1 & to v>y 9 a simil> mann]4 ,to ^! argum5ts may be add$ ! extreme improbability t a numb] ( species =m]ly exi/$1 :i* diff]$ greatly f ea* o!r 9 "s few po9ts1 b :i* resembl$ ea* o!r z closely z d ! dome/ic races 9 o!r po9ts ( /ructure1 9 voice1 & 9 all _! habits ( life4 ,:5 ^! sev]al facts & argum5ts are fairly tak5 into consid]ation1 x w\ld require an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( evid5ce to make u admit t ! *ief dome/ic races are desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al /ocks2 & ( su* evid5ce !re is absolutely none4 ,! belief t ! *ief dome/ic races are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks no d\bt has aris5 f ! app>5t improbability ( su* great modifications ( /ructure hav+ be5 effect$ s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! rock-pigeon4 ,nor am ,i surpris$ at any degree ( hesitation 9 admitt+ _! common p>5tage3 =m]ly1 :5 ,i w5t into my avi>ies & wat*$ su* birds z ,p\t]s1 ,c>ri]s1 ,b>bs1 ,fantails1 & ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 etc41 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself t all _h desc5d$ f ! same wild /ock1 & t man _h consequ5tly 9 "o s5se creat$ ^! rem>kable modifications4 ,!re=e ,i h argu$ ! "q ( _! orig9 at great1 &1 z "s w ?9k1 sup]flu\s l5g?4 ,f9ally1 9 fav\r ( ! belief t all ! races are desc5d$ f a s+le /ock1 we h 9 ,columba livia a /ill exi/+ & widely di/ribut$ species1 :i* c be & has be5 dome/icat$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,?is species agrees 9 mo/ po9ts ( /ructure & 9 all its habits ( life1 z well z occasionally 9 e detail ( plumage1 ) ! sev]al dome/ic races4 ,x bre$s freely ) !m1 & produces f]tile (fspr+4 ,x v>ies 9 a /ate ( nature1#cj & /ill m s :5 semi-dome/icat$1 z %[n by comp>+ ! ,si]ra ,leone pigeons ) ^? ( ,india1 or ) ^? :i* app>5tly h run wild 9 ,madeira4 ,x has und]gone a /ill great] am\nt ( v>iation 9 ! case ( ! num]\s toy-pigeons1 :i* no "o supposes to be desc5d$ f di/9ct species2 yet "s ( ^! toy-pigeons h transmitt$ _! "* truly = c5turies4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we hesitate to believe 9 t great] am\nt ( v>iation :i* is necess>y = ! production ( ! elev5 *ief races8 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 two ( ! mo/ /rongly-m>k$ races1 namely1 ,c>ri]s & ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ! extreme =ms c be connect$ ) ! p>5t-species by graduat$ diff]5ces n great] ?an ^? :i* may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! dovecot-pigeons inhabit+ diff]5t c\ntries1 or betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( toy-pigeons1--gradations :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be attribut$ to v>iation4 ,t circum/ances h be5 em95tly fav\rable = ! modification ( ! pigeon ?r\gh v>iation & selection w n[ be %[n4 ,! e>lie/ record1 z has be5 po9t$ out to me by ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 ( pigeons 9 a dome/icat$ condition1 occurs 9 ! fif? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c42#ca b ,mr4 ,bir*1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t ! pigeon appe>s 9 a bill ( f>e 9 ! previ\s dyna/y4 ,dome/ic pigeons are m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 ,leviticus1 & ,isaiah4#cb ,9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 z we he> f ,pl9y1#cc imm5se prices 7 giv5 = pigeons2 8nay1 !y are come to ?is pass1 t !y c reckon up _! p$igree & race40 ,9 ,india1 ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 pigeons 7 mu* valu$ by ,akb> ,khan3 #bj1jjj birds 7 c>ri$ ab\t ) ! c\rt1 & ! m]*ants br\ght valuable collections4 8,! mon>* ( ,iran & ,turan s5t him "s v r>e bre$s4 ,8 ,maje/y10 says ! c\rtly hi/orian1 8by cross+ ! bre$s1 :i* me?od 0 nev] practis$ be=e1 has improv$ !m a/oni%+ly40#cd ,akb] ,khan possess$ sev5te5 di/9ct k9ds1 eight ( :i* 7 valuable = beauty alone4 ,at ab\t ?is same p]iod ( #afjj ! ,dut*1 accord+ to ,aldrov&i1 7 z eag] ab\t pigeons z ! ,romans _h =m]ly be54 ,! bre$s :i* 7 kept dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,europe & 9 ,india app>5tly diff]$ f ea* o!r4 ,tav]ni]1 9 8 ,travels 9 #afgg1 speaks1 z does ,*>d9 9 #agce1 ( ! va/ numb] ( pigeon-h\ses 9 ,p]sia2 & ! =m] rem>ks t1 z ,*ri/ians 7 n p]mitt$ to keep pigeons1 "s ( ! vulg> actually turn$ ,mahometans = ?is sole purpose4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,morocco _h 8 fav\rite keep] ( pigeons1 z is m5tion$ 9 ,moore's treatise1 publi%$ #agcg4 ,9 ,engl&1 f ! "t ( ,willughby 9 #afgh to ! pres5t day1 z well z 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 num]\s treatises h be5 publi%$ on ! pigeon4 ,9 ,india1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 a ,p]sian treatise 0 writt52 & ! writ] ?\ght x no light affair1 = he beg9s ) a solemn invocation1 89 ! "n ( ,god1 ! graci\s & m]ciful40 ,_m l>ge t[ns1 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n[ h _! societies ( devot$ pigeon-fanci]s3 at pres5t !re are ?ree su* societies 9 ,london4 ,9 ,india1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! inhabitants ( ,delhi & ( "s o!r great cities are eag] fanci]s4 ,mr4 ,lay>d in=ms me t mo/ ( ! kn[n bre$s are kept 9 ,ceylon4 ,9 ,*9a1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sw9hoe ( ,amoy1 & ,dr4 ,lockh>t ( ,%angai1 ,c>ri]s1 ,fantails1 ,tumbl]s1 & o!r v>ieties are re>$ ) c>e1 especially by ! bonzes or prie/s4 ,! ,*9ese fa/5 a k9d ( :i/le to ! tail-fea!rs ( _! pigeons1 & z ! flock :eels ?r\gh ! air !y produce a sweet s\nd4 ,9 ,egypt ! late ,abbas ,pa*a 0 a great fanci] ( ,fantails4 ,_m pigeons are kept at ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople1 & ^! h lately be5 import$ by native m]*ants1 z ,i he> f ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 into ,s\!rn ,india1 & sold at high prices4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts %[ 9 h[ _m c\ntries1 & dur+ h[ long a p]iod1 _m m5 h be5 passionately devot$ to ! bre$+ ( pigeons4 ,he> h[ an en?usia/ic fanci] at ! pres5t day writes3 8,if x 7 possible = noblem5 & g5tlem5 to "k ! amaz+ am\nt ( solace & pleasure d]iv$ f ,almond ,tumbl]s1 :5 !y beg9 to und]/& _! prop]ties1 ,i %\ld ?9k t sc>ce any nobleman or g5tleman w\ld be )\t _! avi>ies ( ,almond ,tumbl]s40#ce ,! pleasure ?us tak5 is ( p>am\nt importance1 z x leads amateurs c>efully to note & pres]ve ea* slight deviation ( /ructure :i* /rikes _! fancy4 ,pigeons are (t5 closely conf9$ dur+ _! :ole lives2 !y d n p>take ( _! naturally v>i$ diet2 !y h (t5 be5 transport$ f "o climate to ano!r2 & all ^! *anges 9 _! conditions ( life w\ld be likely to cause v>iability4 ,pigeons h be5 dome/icat$ = ne>ly #ejjj ye>s1 & h be5 kept 9 _m places1 s t ! numb]s re>$ "u dome/ication mu/ h be5 enorm\s3 & ?is is ano!r circum/ance ( high importance1 = x obvi\sly fav\rs ! *ance ( r>e modifications ( /ructure occasionally appe>+4 ,slight v>iations ( all k9ds w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be obs]v$1 &1 if valu$1 w\ld1 ow+ to ! foll[+ circum/ances1 be pres]v$ & propagat$ ) unusual facility4 ,pigeons1 diff]5tly f any o!r dome/icat$ animal1 c easily be mat$ = life1 &1 ?\gh kept ) o!r pigeons1 r>ely prove unfai?ful to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 :5 ! male does break 8 m>riage-v[1 he does n p]man5tly des]t 8 mate4 ,i h br$ 9 ! same avi>ies _m pigeons ( diff]5t k9ds1 & nev] re>$ a s+le bird ( an impure /ra94 ,h5ce a fanci] c ) ! greate/ ease select & mat* 8 birds4 ,he w also see ! good results ( 8 c>e2 = pigeons bre$ ) extraord9>y rapidity4 ,he may freely reject inf]ior birds1 z !y s]ve at an e>ly age z excell5t food4 ,hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal ,races ( ! ,pigeon4#cf ,be=e discuss+ ! means & /eps by :i* ! *ief races h be5 =m$1 x w be advisable to give "s hi/orical details1 = m is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! pigeon1 little ?\gh ?is is1 ?an ( any o!r dome/icat$ animal4 ,"s ( ! cases are int]e/+ z prov+ h[ long dome/ic v>ieties may be propagat$ ) exactly ! same or ne>ly ! same *>act]s2 & o!r cases are /ill m int]e/+ z %[+ h[ sl[ly b /eadily races h be5 greatly modifi$ dur+ successive g5]ations4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i /at$ t ,trumpet]s & ,laugh]s1 bo? s rem>kable = _! voices1 seem to h be5 p]fectly *>act]is$ 9 #agce2 & ,laugh]s 7 app>5tly kn[n 9 ,india be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,spots 9 #afgf1 & ,nuns 9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 be=e #afjj1 7 col\r$ exactly z !y n[ are4 ,common ,tumbl]s & ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s display$ 9 ,india1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 ! same extraord9>y peculi>ities ( flight z at ! pres5t day1 = !y are well describ$ 9 ! #8,aye5 ,akb]y4' ,^! bre$s may all h exi/$ = a mu* long] p]iod2 we "k only t !y 7 p]fectly *>act]is$ at ! dates above giv54 ,! av]age l5g? ( life ( ! dome/ic pigeon is probably ab\t five or six ye>s2 if s1 "s ( ^! races h reta9$ _! "* p]fectly = at lea/ =ty or fifty g5]ations4 ,p\t]s4--,^! birds1 z f> z a v %ort description s]ves = comp>ison1 appe> to h be5 well *>act]is$ 9 ,aldrov&i's "t1#cg be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,l5g? ( body & l5g? ( leg are at ! pres5t "t ! two *ief po9ts ( excell5ce4 ,9 #agce ,moore said 7see ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition7--& ,moore 0 a fir/-rate fanci]--t he once saw a bird ) a body #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 8?\gh #ag or #ah in*es is reckon$ a v good l5g?20 & he has se5 ! legs v ne>ly #g in*es 9 l5g?1 yet a leg #f or #f long 8mu/ be all[$ to be a v good "o40 ,mr4 ,bult1 ! mo/ successful bre$] ( ,p\t]s 9 ! _w1 in=ms me t at pres5t 7#aheh7 ! /&>d l5g? ( ! body is n less ?an #ah in*es2 b he has measur$ "o bird #ai in*es 9 l5g?1 & has he>d ( #bj & #bb in*es1 b d\bts ! tru? ( ^! latt] /atem5ts4 ,! /&>d l5g? ( ! leg is n[ #g in*es1 b ,mr4 ,bult has rec5tly measur$ two ( 8 own birds ) legs #g long4 ,s t 9 ! #abc ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce #agce !re has be5 h>dly any increase 9 ! /&>d l5g? ( ! body2 #ag or #ah in*es 0 =m]ly reckon$ a v good l5g?1 & n[ #ah in*es is ! m9imum /&>d2 b ! l5g? ( leg seems to h increas$1 z ,moore nev] saw "o q #g in*es long2 n[ ! /&>d is #g1 & two ( ,mr4 ,bult's birds measur$ #g in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! extremely slight improvem5t 9 ,p\t]s1 except 9 ! l5g? ( ! leg1 dur+ ! la/ #abc ye>s1 may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! neglect :i* !y suff]$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bult1 until )9 ! la/ #bj or #cj ye>s4 ,ab\t #agfech !re 0 a *ange ( fa%ion1 /\t] & m fea!r$ legs be+ pref]r$ to ?9 & ne>ly nak$ legs4 ,fantails4--,! fir/ notice ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is bre$ is 9 ,india1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 z giv5 9 ! #8,aye5 ,akb]y2'#ci at ?is date1 judg+ f ,aldrov&i1 ! bre$ 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,9 #afgg ,willughby speaks ( a ,fantail ) #bf tail-fea!rs2 9 #agce ,moore saw "o ) #cf fea!rs2 & 9 #ahbd ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi ass]t t 9 ,france birds c easily be f\nd ) #db tail-fea!rs4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs is n at pres5t s mu* reg>d$ z _! upw>d direction & expansion4 ,! g5]al c>riage ( ! bird is likewise n[ mu* valu$4 ,! old descriptions d n suffice to %[ :e!r 9 ^! latt] respects !re has be5 mu* improvem5t3 b if ,fantails ) _! heads & tails t\*+ _h =m]ly exi/$1 z at ! pres5t "t1 ! fact w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 notic$4 ,! ,fantails :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ,india probably %[ ! /ate ( ! race1 z f> z c>riage is conc]n$1 at ! date ( _! introduction into ,europe2 & "s1 said to h be5 br\ght f ,calcutta1 :i* ,i kept alive1 7 9 a m>k$ mann] inf]ior to our exhibition birds4 ,! ,java ,fantail %[s ! same diff]5ce 9 c>riage2 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,sw9hoe has c\nt$ #ah & #bd tail-fea!rs 9 8 birds1 a fir/-rate specim5 s5t to me _h only #ad tail-fea!rs4 ,jacob9s4--,?is bre$ exi/$ be=e #afjj1 b ! hood1 judg+ f ! figure giv5 by ,aldrov&i1 did n enclose ! head ne>ly s p]fectly z at pres5t3 nor 0 ! head !n :ite2 nor 7 ! w+s & tail s long1 b ?is la/ "* might h be5 ov]look$ by ! rude arti/4 ,9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce1 ! ,jacob9 0 consid]$ ! smalle/ k9d ( pigeon1 & ! bill is said to be v %ort4 ,h5ce ei!r ! ,jacob91 or ! o!r k9ds ) :i* x 0 !n comp>$1 mu/ s9ce t "t h be5 consid]ably modifi$2 = ,moore's description 7& x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 a fir/-rate judge7 is cle>ly n applicable1 z f> z size ( body & l5g? ( beak are conc]n$1 to our pres5t ,jacob9s4 ,9 #agie1 judg+ f ,be*/e91 ! bre$ _h assum$ its pres5t "*4 ,turbits4--,x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ by ! old] writ]s on pigeons1 t ! ,turbit is ! ,cortbeck ( ,aldrov&i2 b if ?is be ! case1 x is an extraord9>y fact t ! *>act]i/ic frill %\ld n h be5 notic$4 ,! beak1 moreov]1 ( ! ,cortbeck is describ$ z closely resembl+ t ( ! ,jacob91 :i* %[s a *ange 9 ! "o or ! o!r race4 ,! ,turbit1 ) its *>act]i/ic frill1 & be>+ its pres5t "n1 is describ$ by ,willughby 9 #afgg2 & ! bill is said to be l t ( ! bullf9*1--a good comp>ison1 b n[ m /rictly applicable to ! beak ( ! ,b>b4 ,! sub-bre$ call$ ! ,owl 0 well kn[n 9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce4 ,tumbl]s4--,common ,tumbl]s1 z well z ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s1 p]fect z f> z tumbl+ is conc]n$1 exi/$ 9 ,india be=e ! ye> #afjj2 & at ?is p]iod div]sifi$ modes ( flight1 su* z fly+ at night1 ! asc5t to a great height1 & mann] ( desc5t1 seem to h be5 mu* att5d$ to 9 ,india1 z at ! pres5t "t4 ,belon#dj 9 #aeee saw 9 ,paphlagonia :at he describes z 8a v new ?+1 viz4 pigeons :i* flew s high 9 ! air t !y 7 lo/ to view1 b return$ to _! pigeon-h\se )\t sep>at+40 ,?is mann] ( flight is *>act]i/ic ( our pres5t ,tumbl]s1 b x is cle> t ,belon w\ld h m5tion$ ! act ( tumbl+ if ! pigeons describ$ by him _h tumbl$4 ,tumbl]s 7 n kn[n 9 ,europe 9 #afjj1 z !y are n m5tion$ by ,aldrov&i1 :o discusses ! flight ( pigeons4 ,!y are briefly allud$ to by ,willughby1 9 #afhg1 z small pigeons 8:i* %[ l footballs 9 ! air40 ,! %ort-fac$ race did n exi/ at ?is p]iod1 z ,willughby c\ld n h ov]look$ birds s rem>kable = _! small size & %ort beaks4 ,we c ev5 trace "s ( ! /eps by :i* ?is race has be5 produc$4 ,moore 9 #agce enum]ates correctly ! *ief po9ts ( excell5ce1 b does n give any description ( ! sev]al sub-bre$s2 & f ?is fact ,mr4 ,eaton inf]s#da t ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] _h n !n come to full p]fection4 ,moore ev5 speaks ( ! ,jacob9 z be+ ! smalle/ pigeon4 ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #agfe1 9 ! ,treatise d$icat$ to ,mayor1 %ort-fac$ ,almond ,tumbl]s are fully describ$1 b ! au?or1 an excell5t fanci]1 expressly /ates 9 8 ,preface 7p4 xiv47 t1 8f great c>e & exp5se 9 bre$+ !m1 !y h arriv$ to s great p]fection & are s diff]5t f :at !y 7 #bj or #cj ye>s pa/1 t an old fanci] w\ld h condemn$ !m = no o!r reason ?an because !y are n l :at us$ to be ?\ght good :5 he 0 9 ! fancy be=e40 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t !re 0 a r sudd5 *ange 9 ! "* ( ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] at ab\t ?is p]iod2 & !re is reason to suspect t a dw>f$ & half-mon/r\s bird1 ! p>5t-=m ( ! sev]al %ort-fac$ sub-bre$s1 !n appe>$4 ,i suspect ?is because %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s are born ) _! beaks 7asc]ta9$ by c>eful measurem5t7 z %ort1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies1 z 9 ! adult bird2 & 9 ?is respect !y diff] greatly f all o!r bre$s1 :i* sl[ly acquire dur+ gr[? _! v>i\s *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,s9ce ! ye> #agfe !re has be5 "s *ange 9 "o ( ! *ief *>act]s ( ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 namely1 9 ! l5g? ( ! beak4 ,fanci]s measure ! 8head & beak0 f ! tip ( ! beak to ! front corn] ( ! eyeball4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfe a 8head & beak0 0 consid]$ good1#db :i*1 measur$ 9 ! usual mann]1 0 #g_/h ( an in* 9 l5g?2 n[ x ought n to exce$ #e_/h ( an in*2 8x is h[ev] possible10 z ,mr4 ,eaton c&idly confesses18= a bird to be consid]$ z pleasant or neat ev5 at #f_/h ( an in*1 b exce$+ t l5g? x mu/ be look$ ^u z unwor?y ( att5tion40 ,mr4 ,eaton /ates t he has nev] se5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life m ?an two or ?ree birds ) ! 8head & beak0 n exce$+ half an in* 9 l5g?2 8/ill ,i believe 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s t ! head & beak w be %ort5$1 & t half-in* birds w n be consid]$ s great a curiosity z at ! pres5t "t40 ,t ,mr4 ,eaton's op9ion des]ves att5tion _c be d\bt$1 consid]+ 8 success 9 w9n+ prizes at our exhibitions4 ,f9ally 9 reg>d to ! ,tumbl] x may be conclud$ f ! facts above giv5 t x 0 orig9ally introduc$ into ,europe1 probably fir/ into ,engl&1 f ! ,ea/2 & t x !n resembl$ our common ,engli% ,tumbl]1 or m probably ! ,p]sian or ,indian ,tumbl]1 ) a beak only j p]ceptibly %ort] ?an t ( ! common dovecot-pigeon4 ,) respect to ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 :i* is n kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,ea/1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! :ole wond]ful *ange 9 ! size ( ! head1 beak1 body & feet1 & 9 g5]al c>riage1 has be5 produc$ dur+ ! la/ two c5turies by cont9u$ selection1 aid$ probably by ! bir? ( a semi- mon/r\s bird some:]e ab\t ! ye> #agej4 ,runts4--,( _! hi/ory little c be said4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ! pigeons ( ,campania 7 ! l>ge/ kn[n2 & f ?is fact alone "s au?ors ass]t t !y 7 ,runts4 ,9 ,aldrov&i's "t1 9 #afjj1 two sub-bre$s exi/$2 b "o ( !m1 ! %ort-beak$1 is n[ ext9ct 9 ,europe4 ,b>bs4--,not)/&+ /atem5ts to ! contr>y1 x seems to me impossible to recognise ! ,b>b 9 ,aldrov&i's description & figures2 f\r bre$s1 h[ev]1 exi/$ 9 ! ye> #afjj :i* evid5tly 7 alli$ bo? to ,b>bs & ,c>ri]s4 ,to %[ h[ difficult x is to recognise "s ( ! bre$s describ$ by ,aldrov&i ,i w give ! diff]5t op9ions 9 reg>d to ! above f\r k9ds1 nam$ by him ,c4 indica1 cret5sis1 gutturosa1 & p]sica4 ,willughby ?\ght t ! ,columba indica 0 a ,turbit1 b ! em95t fanci] ,mr4 ,br5t believes t x 0 an inf]ior ,b>b3 ,c4 cret5sis1 ) a %ort beak & a swell+ on ! upp] m&ible1 _c be recognis$3 ,c4 7falsely call$7 gutturosa1 :i* f its ro/rum1 breve1 crassum1 et tub]osum seems to me to come ne>e/ to ! ,b>b1 ,mr4 ,br5t believes to be a ,c>ri]2 & la/ly1 ! ,c4 p]sica et turcica1 ,mr4 ,br5t ?9ks1 & ,i q concur ) him1 0 a %ort-beak$ ,c>ri] ) v little wattle4 ,9 #afhg ! ,b>b 0 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & ,willughby describes ! beak z l t ( ! ,turbit2 b x is n cr$ible t 8 ,b>bs %\ld h _h a beak l t ( our pres5t birds1 = s accurate an obs]v] c\ld n h ov]look$ its great bread?4 ,engli% ,c>ri]4--,we may look 9 va9 9 ,aldrov&i's "w = any bird resembl+ our prize ,c>ri]s2 ! ,c4 p]sica et turcica ( ?is au?or comes ! ne>e/1 b is said to h _h a %ort ?ick beak2 !re=e x mu/ h approa*$ 9 "* a ,b>b1 & h diff]$ greatly f our ,c>ri]s4 ,9 ,willughby's "t1 9 #afgg1 we c cle>ly recognise ! ,c>ri]1 yet he adds1 8! bill is n %ort1 b ( a mod]ate l5g?20 a description :i* no "o w\ld apply to our pres5t ,c>ri]s1 s conspicu\s = ! extraord9>y l5g? ( _! beaks4 ,! old names giv5 9 ,europe to ! ,c>ri]1 & ! sev]al names n[ 9 use 9 ,india1 indicate t ,c>ri]s orig9ally came f ,p]sia2 & ,willughby's description w\ld p]fectly apply to ! ,bussorah ,c>ri] z x n[ exi/s 9 ,madras4 ,9 lat] times we c p>tially trace ! progress ( *ange 9 our ,engli% ,c>ri]s3 ,moore1 9 #agce1 says 8an in* & a half is reckon$ a long beak1 ?\gh !re are v good ,c>ri]s t are f\nd n to exce$ an in* & a qu>t]40 ,^! birds mu/ h resembl$ or p]haps be5 a little sup]ior to ! ,c>ri]s1 previ\sly describ$1 n[ f\nd 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day 8!re are10 z ,mr4 ,eaton#dc /ates1 8beaks t w\ld measure 7f edge ( eye to tip ( beak7 "o in* & ?ree-qu>t]s1 & "s few ev5 two in*es 9 l5g?40 ,f ^! hi/orical details we see t ne>ly all ! *ief dome/ic races exi/$ be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,"s rem>kable only = col\r appe> to h be5 id5tical ) our pres5t bre$s1 "s 7 ne>ly ! same1 "s consid]ably diff]5t1 & "s h s9ce become ext9ct4 ,sev]al bre$s1 su* z ,f9nik9s & ,turn]s1 ! swall[-tail$ pigeon ( ,be*/e9 & ! ,c>melite1 seem to h orig9at$ & to h disappe>$ )9 ?is same p]iod4 ,any "o n[ visit+ a well-/ock$ ,engli% avi>y w\ld c]ta9ly pick out z ! mo/ di/9ct k9ds1 ! massive ,runt1 ! ,c>ri] ) its wond]fully elongat$ beak & great wattles1 ! ,b>b ) its %ort broad beak & eye-wattles1 ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] ) its small conical beak1 ! ,p\t] ) its great crop1 long legs & body1 ! ,fantail ) its uprais$1 widely-exp&$1 well-fea!r$ tail1 ! ,turbit ) its frill & %ort blunt beak1 & ! ,jacob9 ) 8 hood4 ,n[1 if ?is same p]son c\ld h view$ ! pigeons kept be=e #afjj by ,akb] ,khan 9 ,india & by ,aldrov&i 9 ,europe1 he w\ld h se5 ! ,jacob9 ) a less p]fect hood2 ! ,turbit app>5tly )\t its frill2 ! ,p\t] ) %ort] legs1 & 9 e way less rem>kable--t is1 if ,aldrov&i's ,p\t] resembl$ ! old ,g]man k9d2 ! ,fantail w\ld h be5 f> less s+ul> 9 appe>ance1 & w\ld h _h mu* few] fea!rs 9 its tail2 he w\ld h se5 excell5t fly+ ,tumbl]s1 b he w\ld 9 va9 h look$ = ! m>vell\s %ort-fac$ bre$s2 he w\ld h se5 birds alli$ to ,b>bs1 b x is extremely d\btful :e!r he w\ld h met ) our actual ,b>bs2 & la/ly1 he w\ld h f\nd ,c>ri]s ) beaks & wattle incomp>ably less develop$ ?an 9 our ,engli% ,c>ri]s4 ,he might h class$ mo/ ( ! bre$s 9 ! same gr\ps z at pres5t2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\ps 7 !n f> less /rongly pron\nc$ ?an at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! sev]al bre$s _h at ?is e>ly p]iod n div]g$ 9 s great a degree z n[ f _! aborig9al common p>5t1 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,mann] ( ,=mation ( ! *ief ,races4 ,we w n[ consid] m closely ! probable /eps by :i* ! *ief races h be5 =m$4 ,z long z pigeons are kept semi-dome/icat$ 9 dovecots 9 _! native c\ntry1 )\t any c>e 9 select+ & mat*+ !m1 !y are liable to little m v>iation ?an ! wild ,c4 livia1 namely1 9 ! w+s becom+ *equ]$ ) black1 9 ! cr\p be+ blue or :ite1 & 9 ! size ( ! body4 ,:51 h[ev]1 dovecot-pigeons are transport$ into div]sifi$ c\ntries1 su* z ,si]ra ,leone1 ! ,malay ar*ipelago1 & ,madeira1 !y are expos$ to new conditions ( life2 & app>5tly 9 consequ5ce v>y 9 a some:at great] degree4 ,:5 closely conf9$1 ei!r = ! pleasure ( wat*+ !m1 or to prev5t _! /ray+1 !y mu/ be expos$1 ev5 9 _! native climate1 to consid]ably diff]5t conditions2 = !y _c obta9 _! natural div]sity ( food2 &1 :at is probably m important1 !y are abundantly f$1 :il/ deb>r$ f tak+ mu* ex]cise4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we might expect to f9d1 f ! analogy ( all o!r dome/icat$ animals1 a great] am\nt ( individual v>iability ?an ) ! wild pigeon2 & ?is is ! case4 ,! want ( ex]cise app>5tly t5ds to r$uce ! size ( ! feet & organs ( flight2 & !n1 f ! law ( correlation ( gr[?1 ! beak app>5tly becomes affect$4 ,f :at we n[ see occasionally tak+ place 9 our avi>ies1 we may conclude t sudd5 v>iations or sports1 su* z ! appe>ance ( a cre/ ( fea!rs on ! head1 ( fea!r$ feet1 ( a new %ade ( col\r1 ( an additional fea!r 9 ! tail or w+1 w\ld occur at r>e int]vals dur+ ! _m c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! pigeon 0 fir/ dome/icat$4 ,at ! pres5t day su* 8sports0 are g5]ally reject$ z blemi%es2 & !re is s mu* my/]y 9 ! bre$+ ( pigeons t1 if a valuable sport did occur1 its hi/ory w\ld (t5 be conceal$4 ,be=e ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 !re is h>dly a *ance ( ! hi/ory ( any su* sport hav+ be5 record$4 ,b x by no means foll[s f ?is t su* sports 9 =m] times1 :5 ! pigeon _h und]gone mu* less v>iation1 w\ld h be5 reject$4 ,we are pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! cause ( ea* sudd5 & app>5tly spontane\s v>iation1 z well z ( ! inf9itely num]\s %ades ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! birds ( ! same family4 ,b 9 a future *apt] we %all see t all su* v>iations appe> to be ! indirect result ( *anges ( "s k9d 9 ! conditions ( life4 ,h5ce1 aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication1 we might expect to see 9 ! pigeon mu* individual v>iability1 & occasional sudd5 v>iations1 z well z slight modifications f ! less5$ use ( c]ta9 p>ts1 toge!r ) ! effects ( correlation ( gr[?4 ,b )\t selection all ?is w\ld produce only a trifl+ or no result2 = )\t su* aid diff]5ces ( all k9ds w\ld1 f ! two foll[+ causes1 soon disappe>4 ,9 a heal?y & vigor\s lot ( pigeons _m m "y birds are kill$ = food or die ?an are re>$ to maturity2 s t an individual hav+ any peculi> "*1 if n select$1 w\ld run a good *ance ( be+ de/roy$2 & if n de/roy$1 ! peculi>ity 9 "q w\ld g5]ally be oblit]at$ by free int]cross+4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 occasionally happ5 t ! same v>iation repeat$ly occurr$1 ow+ to ! action ( peculi> & uni=m conditions ( life1 & 9 ?is case x w\ld prevail indep5d5tly ( selection4 ,b :5 selection is br\ght into play all is *ang$2 = ?is is ! f\ndation-/one 9 ! =mation ( new races2 & ) ! pigeon1 circum/ances1 z we h already se51 are em95tly fav\rable = selection4 ,:5 a bird pres5t+ "s conspicu\s v>iation has be5 pres]v$1 & its (fspr+ h be5 select$1 c>efully mat*$1 & aga9 propagat$1 & s onw>ds dur+ successive g5]ations1 ! pr9ciple is s obvi\s t no?+ m ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,?is may be call$ me?odical selection1 = ! bre$] has a di/9ct object 9 view1 namely1 to pres]ve "s "* :i* has actually appe>$2 or to create "s improvem5t already pictur$ 9 8 m9d4 ,ano!r =m ( selection has h>dly be5 notic$ by ^? au?ors :o h discuss$ ?is subject1 b is ev5 m important4 ,?is =m may be call$ unconsci\s selection1 = ! bre$] selects 8 birds unconsci\sly1 un9t5tionally1 & )\t me?od1 yet he surely ?\gh sl[ly produces a great result4 ,i ref] to ! effects :i* foll[ f ea* fanci] at fir/ procur+ & aft]w>ds re>+ z good birds z he c1 accord+ to 8 skill1 & accord+ to ! /&>d ( excell5ce at ea* successive p]iod4 ,he does n wi% p]man5tly to modify ! bre$2 he does n look to ! di/ant future1 or speculate on ! f9al result ( ! sl[ accumulation dur+ _m g5]ations ( successive slight *anges2 he is cont5t if he possesses a good /ock1 & m ?an cont5t if he c beat 8 rivals4 ,! fanci] 9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 :5 9 ! ye> #afjj he admir$ 8 own ,jacob9s1 ,p\t]s1 or ,c>ri]s1 nev] reflect$ :at _! desc5dants 9 ! ye> #ahfj w\ld become3 he w\ld h be5 a/oni%$ c\ld he h se5 our ,jacob9s1 our improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 & our ,p\t]s2 he w\ld probably h d5i$ t !y 7 ! desc5dants ( 8 own once-admir$ /ock1 & he w\ld p]haps n h valu$ !m1 = no o!r reason1 z 0 writt5 9 #agfe1 8?an because !y 7 n l :at us$ to be ?\ght good :5 he 0 9 ! fancy40 ,no "o w attribute ! l5g!n$ beak ( ! ,c>ri]1 ! %ort5$ beak ( ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 ! l5g!n$ leg ( ! ,p\t]1 ! m p]fectly enclos$ hood ( ! ,jacob91 etc4--*anges effect$ s9ce ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 or ev5 s9ce a mu* lat] p]iod1--to ! direct & imm$iate action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,= ^! sev]al races h be5 modifi$ 9 v>i\s & ev5 9 directly opposite ways1 ?\gh kept "u ! same climate & treat$ 9 all respects 9 z ne>ly uni=m a mann] z possible4 ,ea* slight *ange 9 ! l5g? or %ortness ( ! beak1 9 ! l5g? ( leg1 etc41 has no d\bt be5 indirectly & remotely caus$ by "s *ange 9 ! conditions to :i* ! bird has be5 subject$1 b we mu/ attribute ! f9al result1 z is manife/ 9 ^? cases ( :i* we h any hi/orical record1 to ! cont9u$ selection & accumulation ( _m slight successive v>iations4 ,! action ( unconsci\s selection1 z f> z pigeons are conc]n$1 dep5ds on a univ]sal pr9ciple 9 human nature1 namely1 on our rivalry1 & desire to outdo our neighb\rs4 ,we see ?is 9 e fleet+ fa%ion1 ev5 9 our dress1 & x leads ! fanci] to endeav\r to exagg]ate e peculi>ity 9 8 bre$s4 ,a great au?ority on pigeons1#dd says1 8,fanci]s d n & w n admire a m$ium /&>d1 t is1 half & half1 :i* is nei!r "h nor !re1 b admire extremes40 ,aft] rem>k+ t ! fanci] ( ,%ort-fac$ ,be>d ,tumbl]s wi%es = a v %ort beak1 & t ! fanci] ( ,long-fac$ ,be>d ,tumbl]s wi%es = a v long beak1 he says1 ) respect to "o ( int]m$iate l5g?1 8,don't deceive y\rself4 ,d y suppose = a mom5t ! %ort or ! long-fac$ fanci] w\ld accept su* a bird z a gift8 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! %ort-fac$ fanci] c\ld see no beauty 9 x2 ! long-fac$ fanci] w\ld swe> !re 0 no use 9 x1 etc40 ,9 ^! comical passages1 writt5 s]i\sly1 we see ! pr9ciple :i* has ev] guid$ fanci]s1 & has l$ to su* great modifications 9 all ! dome/ic races :i* are valu$ solely = _! beauty or curiosity4 ,fa%ions 9 pigeon-bre$+ endure = long p]iods2 we _c *ange ! /ructure ( a bird z quickly z we c ! fa%ion ( our dress4 ,9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 no d\bt ! m ! p\t] inflat$ 8 crop1 ! m he 0 valu$4 ,nev]!less1 fa%ions d to a c]ta9 ext5t *ange2 fir/ "o po9t ( /ructure & !n ano!r is att5d$ to2 or diff]5t bre$s are admir$ at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,z ! au?or j quot$ rem>ks1 8! fancy ebbs & fl[s2 a ?or\gh fanci] n[-a-days nev] /oops to bre$ toy-birds20 yet ^! v 8toys0 are n[ mo/ c>efully br$ 9 ,g]many4 ,bre$s :i* at ! pres5t "t are highly valu$ 9 ,india are consid]$ wor?less 9 ,engl&4 ,no d\bt1 :5 bre$s are neglect$1 !y deg5]ate2 /ill we may believe t1 z long z !y are kept "u ! same conditions ( life1 *>act]s once ga9$ w be p>tially reta9$ = a long "t1 & may =m ! />t+-po9t = a future c\rse ( selection4 ,let x n be object$ to ?is view ( ! action ( unconsci\s selection t fanci]s w\ld n obs]ve or c>e = extremely slight diff]5ces4 ,^? alone :o h associat$ ) fanci]s c be ?or\ghly aw>e ( _! accurate p[]s ( discrim9ation acquir$ by long practice1 & ( ! c>e & lab\r :i* !y be/[ on _! birds4 ,i h kn[n a fanci] delib]ately /udy 8 birds day aft] day to settle :i* to mat* toge!r & :i* to reject4 ,obs]ve h[ difficult ! subject appe>s to "o ( ! mo/ em95t & exp]i5c$ fanci]s4 ,mr4 ,eaton1 ! w9n] ( _m prizes1 says1 8,i w\ld "h p>ticul>ly gu>d y aga9/ keep+ too great a v>iety ( pigeons1 o!rwise y w "k a little ab\t all ! k9ds1 b no?+ ab\t "o z x ought to be kn[n40 8,x is possible !re may be a few fanci]s t h a good g5]al k ( ! sev]al fancy pigeons1 b !re are _m :o lab\r "u ! delusion ( suppos+ !y "k :at !y d n40 ,speak+ exclusively ( "o sub- v>iety ( "o race1 namely1 ! %ort-fac$ almond tumbl]1 & aft] say+ t "s fanci]s sacrifice e prop]ty to obta9 a good head & beak1 & t o!r fanci]s sacrifice ev]y?+ = plumage1 he rem>ks3 8,"s "y fanci]s :o are ov] covet\s g 9 = all ! five prop]ties at once1 & !y h _! rew>d by gett+ no?+40 ,9 ,india1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly?1 pigeons are likewise select$ & mat*$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,we mu/ n judge ( ! slight div]g5ces f exi/+ v>ieties :i* w\ld h be5 valu$ 9 anci5t days1 by ^? :i* are n[ valu$ aft] ! =mation ( s _m races1 ea* ) its own /&>d ( p]fection1 kept uni=m by our num]\s ,exhibitions4 ,! ambition ( ! mo/ en]getic fanci] may be fully satisfi$ by ! difficulty ( excell+ o!r fanci]s 9 ! bre$s already e/abli%$1 )\t try+ to =m a new "o4 ,a difficulty ) respect to ! p[] ( selection w p]haps already h occurr$ to ! read]1 namely1 :at c\ld h l$ fanci]s fir/ to attempt to make su* s+ul> bre$s z ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,c>ri]s1 etc48 ,b x is ?is v difficulty :i* ! pr9ciple ( unconsci\s selection removes4 ,und\bt$ly no fanci] ev] did int5tionally make su* an attempt4 ,all t we ne$ suppose is t a v>iation occurr$ suffici5tly m>k$ to cat* ! discrim9at+ eye ( "s anci5t fanci]1 & !n unconsci\s selection c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations1 t is1 ! wi% ( succe$+ fanci]s to excel _! rivals1 w\ld d ! re/4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,fantail we may suppose t ! fir/ prog5itor ( ! bre$ _h a tail only slightly erect$1 z may n[ be se5 9 c]ta9 ,runts1#de ) "s increase 9 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs1 z n[ occasionally occurs ) ,nuns4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,p\t] we may suppose t "s bird inflat$ its crop a little m ?an o!r pigeons1 z is n[ ! case 9 a slight degree ) ! esophagus ( ! ,turbit4 ,we d n "k ! orig9 ( ! common ,tumbl]1 b we may suppose t a bird 0 born ) "s affection ( ! bra91 lead+ x to make som]saults 9 ! air2#df & be=e ! ye> #afjj pigeons rem>kable = _! div]sifi$ mann] ( flight 7 mu* valu$ 9 ,india1 & by ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,akb] ,khan 7 s$ul\sly tra9$ & c>efully mat*$4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases we h suppos$ t a sudd5 v>iation1 conspicu\s en\gh to cat* a fanci]'s eye1 fir/ appe>$2 b ev5 ?is degree ( abruptness 9 ! process ( v>iation is n necess>y = ! =mation ( a new bre$4 ,:5 ! same k9d ( pigeon has be5 kept pure1 & has be5 br$ dur+ a long p]iod by two or m fanci]s1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! /ra9 c (t5 be recognis$4 ,?us ,i h se5 fir/- rate ,jacob9s 9 "o man's possession :i* c]ta9ly diff]$ slightly 9 sev]al *>act]s f ^? kept by ano!r4 ,i possess$ "s excell5t ,b>bs desc5d$ f a pair :i* _h won a prize1 & ano!r lot desc5d$ f a /ock =m]ly kept by t fam\s fanci] ,sir ,john ,sebright1 & ^! pla9ly diff]$ 9 ! =m ( ! beak2 b ! diff]5ces 7 s slight t !y c\ld h>dly be giv5 by words4 ,aga91 ! common ,engli% & ,dut* ,tumbl] diff] 9 a some:at great] degree1 bo? 9 l5g? ( beak & %ape ( head4 ,:at fir/ caus$ ^! slight diff]5ces _c be expla9$ any m ?an :y "o man has a long nose & ano!r a %ort "o4 ,9 ! /ra9s long kept di/9ct by diff]5t fanci]s1 su* diff]5ces are s common t !y _c be acc\nt$ = by ! accid5t ( ! birds fir/ *os5 = bre$+ hav+ be5 orig9ally z diff]5t z !y n[ are4 ,! explanation no d\bt lies 9 selection ( a slightly diff]5t nature hav+ be5 appli$ 9 ea* case2 = no two fanci]s h exactly ! same ta/e1 & consequ5tly no two1 9 *oos+ & c>efully mat*+ _! birds1 pref] or select exactly ! same4 ,z ea* man naturally admires 8 own birds1 he goes on cont9ually exagg]at+ by selection :atev] slight peculi>ities !y may possess4 ,?is w m especially happ5 ) fanci]s liv+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 :o d n comp>e _! /ocks or aim at a common /&>d ( p]fection4 ,?us1 :5 a m]e /ra9 has once be5 =m$1 unconsci\s selection /eadily t5ds to augm5t ! am\nt ( diff]5ce1 & ?us conv]ts ! /ra9 into a sub-bre$ & ?is ultimately into a well-m>k$ bre$ or race4 ,! pr9ciple ( correlation ( gr[? %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,mo/ pigeons h small feet1 app>5tly caus$ by _! less5$ use1 & f correlation1 z x w\ld appe>1 _! beaks h likewise become r$uc$ 9 l5g?4 ,! beak is a conspicu\s organ1 &1 z soon z x _h ?us become p]ceptibly %ort5$1 fanci]s w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly /rive to r$uce x /ill m by ! cont9u$ selection ( birds ) ! %orte/ beaks2 :il/ at ! same "t o!r fanci]s1 z we "k has actually be5 ! case1 w\ld 9 o!r sub-bre$s1 /rive to increase its l5g?4 ,) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! beak1 ! tongue becomes greatly l5g!n$1 z d ! eyelids ) ! increas$ developm5t ( ! eye-wattles2 ) ! r$uc$ or increas$ size ( ! feet1 ! numb] ( ! scutell v>y2 ) ! l5g? ( ! w+1 ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs diff]2 & ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body 9 ! p\t] ! numb] ( ! sacral v]tebr is augm5t$4 ,^! important & correlat$ diff]5ces ( /ructure d n inv>iably *>act]ise any bre$2 b if !y _h be5 att5d$ to & select$ ) z mu* c>e z ! m conspicu\s ext]nal diff]5ces1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t !y w\ld h be5 r5d]$ con/ant4 ,fanci]s c\ld assur$ly h made a race ( ,tumbl]s ) n9e in/ead ( t5 prim>y w+-fea!rs1 see+ h[ (t5 ! numb] n9e appe>s )\t any wi% on _! "p1 & inde$ 9 ! case ( ! :ite-w+$ v>ieties 9 opposition to _! wi%4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 if ! v]tebr _h be5 visible & _h be5 att5d$ to by fanci]s1 assur$ly an additional numb] might easily h be5 fix$ 9 ! ,p\t]4 ,if ^! latt] *>act]s _h once be5 r5d]$ con/ant1 we %\ld nev] h suspect$ t !y _h at fir/ be5 highly v>iable1 or t !y _h aris5 f correlation1 9 ! "o case ) ! %ortness ( ! w+s1 & 9 ! o!r case ) ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! *ief dome/ic races h become di/9ctly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 x is important to be> 9 m9d1 t fanci]s con/antly try to bre$ f ! be/ birds1 & consequ5tly t ^? :i* are inf]ior 9 ! requisite qualities are 9 ea* g5]ation neglect$2 s t aft] a "t ! less improv$ p>5t-/ocks & _m subsequ5tly =m$ int]m$iate grades become ext9ct4 ,?is has occurr$ 9 ! case ( ! ,p\t]1 ,turbit1 & ,trumpet]1 = ^! highly improv$ bre$s are n[ left )\t any l9ks closely connect+ !m ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) ! aborig9al rock-pigeon4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 inde$1 :]e ! same c>e has n be5 appli$1 or :]e ! same fa%ion has n prevail$1 ! e>li] =ms may long rema9 unalt]$1 or alt]$ only 9 a slight degree1 & we are ?us sometimes enabl$ to recov] ! connect+ l9ks4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,p]sia & ,india ) ! ,tumbl] & ,c>ri]1 :i* !re diff] b slightly f ! rock-pigeon 9 ! proportions ( _! beaks4 ,s aga9 9 ,java1 ! ,fantail sometimes has only f\rte5 caudal fea!rs1 & ! tail is mu* less elevat$ & exp&$ ?an 9 our improv$ birds2 s t ! ,java bird =ms a l9k betwe5 a fir/-rate ,fantail & ! rock-pigeon4 ,occasionally a bre$ may be reta9$ = "s p>ticul> quality 9 a ne>ly unalt]$ condition 9 ! same c\ntry1 toge!r ) highly modifi$ (f-%oots or sub-bre$s1 :i* are valu$ = "s di/9ct prop]ty4 ,we see ?is exemplifi$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! common ,tumbl]1 :i* is valu$ only = its flight1 does n diff] mu* f its p>5t-=m1 ! ,ea/]n ,tumbl]2 :]eas ! ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] has be5 prodigi\sly modifi$1 f be+ valu$1 n = its flight1 b = o!r qualities4 ,b ! common-fly+ ,tumbl] ( ,europe has already begun to bran* out into slightly diff]5t sub-bre$s1 su* z ! common ,engli% ,tumbl]1 ! ,dut* ,roll]1 ! ,glasg[ ,h\se-tumbl]1 & ! ,long-fac$ ,be>d ,tumbl]1 etc42 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 unless fa%ions greatly *ange1 ^! sub-bre$s w div]ge ?r\gh ! sl[ & ins5sible process ( unconsci\s selection1 & become modifi$1 9 a great] & great] degree4 ,aft] a "t ! p]fectly graduat$ l9ks :i* n[ connect all ^! sub-bre$s toge!r1 w be lo/1 = !re w\ld be no object & mu* difficulty 9 reta9+ su* a ho/ ( int]m$iate sub-v>ieties4 ,! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce1 toge!r ) ! ext9ction ( ! _m previ\sly exi/+ int]m$iate =ms1 is s important = und]/&+ ! orig9 ( dome/ic races1 z well z ( species 9 a /ate ( nature1 t ,i w enl>ge a little m on ?is subject4 ,our ?ird ma9 gr\p includes ,c>ri]s1 ,b>bs1 & ,runts1 :i* are pla9ly relat$ to "o ano!r1 yet wond]fully di/9ct 9 sev]al important *>act]s4 ,accord+ to ! view giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ^! ?ree races h probably desc5d$ f an unkn[n race hav+ an int]m$iate "*1 & ?is race f ! rock-pigeon4 ,_! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces are believ$ to be due to diff]5t bre$]s hav+ at an e>ly p]iod admir$ diff]5t po9ts ( /ructure2 & !n1 on ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple ( admir+ extremes1 hav+ gone on bre$+1 )\t any ?\ght ( ! future1 z good birds z !y c\ld1--,c>ri]-fanci]s pref]r+ long beaks ) mu* wattle1--,b>b-fanci]s pref]r+ %ort ?ick beaks ) mu* eye-wattle1--& ,runt-fanci]s n c>+ ab\t ! beak or wattle1 b only = ! size & weight ( ! body4 ,?is process w\ld h l$ to ! neglect & f9al ext9ction ( ! e>li]1 inf]ior1 & int]m$iate birds2 & ?us x has come to pass1 t 9 ,europe ^! ?ree races are n[ s extraord9>ily di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/1 :5ce !y 7 orig9ally br\ght1 ! fa%ion has be5 diff]5t1 & we !re see bre$s :i* connect ! highly modifi$ ,engli% ,c>ri] ) ! rock-pigeon1 & o!rs :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t connect ,c>ri]s & ,runts4 ,look+ back to ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 we f9d t !re exi/$ 9 ,europe1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 f\r bre$s :i* 7 closely alli$ to ,c>ri]s & ,b>bs1 b :i* compet5t au?orities _c n[ id5tify ) our pres5t ,b>bs & ,c>ri]s2 nor c ,aldrov&i's ,runts be id5tifi$ ) our pres5t ,runts4 ,^! f\r bre$s c]ta9ly did n diff] f ea* o!r ne>ly s mu* z d our exi/+ ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 ,b>bs1 & ,runts4 ,all ?is is exactly :at might h be5 anticipat$4 ,if we c\ld collect all ! pigeons :i* h ev] liv$1 f be=e ! "t ( ! ,romans to ! pres5t day1 we %\ld be able to gr\p !m 9 sev]al l9es1 div]g+ f ! p>5t rock-pigeon4 ,ea* l9e w\ld consi/ ( almo/ ins5sible /eps1 occasionally brok5 by "s slightly great] v>iation or sport1 & ea* w\ld culm9ate 9 "o ( our pres5t highly modifi$ =ms4 ,( ! _m =m] connect+ l9ks1 "s w\ld be f\nd to h become absolutely ext9ct )\t hav+ left any issue1 :il/ o!rs1 ?\gh ext9ct1 w\ld be recognis$ z ! prog5itors ( ! exi/+ races4 ,i h he>d x rem>k$ z a /range circum/ance t we occasionally he> ( ! local or complete ext9ction ( dome/ic races1 :il/ we he> no?+ ( _! orig94 ,h[1 x has be5 ask$1 c ^! losses be comp5sat$1 & m ?an comp5sat$1 = we "k t ) almo/ all dome/icat$ animals ! races h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans8 ,b on ! view "h giv51 we c und]/& ?is app>5t contradiction4 ,! ext9ction ( a race )9 hi/orical times is an ev5t likely to be notic$2 b its gradual & sc>cely s5sible modification ?r\gh unconsci\s selection1 & its subsequ5t div]g5ce1 ei!r 9 ! same or m commonly 9 di/ant c\ntries1 into two or m /ra9s1 & _! gradual conv]sion into sub-bre$s1 & ^! into well- m>k$ bre$s are ev5ts :i* w\ld r>ely be notic$4 ,! dea? ( a tree1 t has atta9$ gigantic dim5sions1 is record$2 ! sl[ gr[? ( small] trees & _! increase 9 numb] excite no att5tion4 ,9 accordance ) ! belief 9 ! great p[] ( selection1 & ( ! little direct p[] ( *ang$ conditions ( life1 except 9 caus+ g5]al v>iability or pla/icity ( organisation1 x is n surpris+ t dovecot-pigeons h rema9$ unalt]$ f "t immemorial2 & t "s toy-pigeons1 :i* diff] 9 little else besides col\r f ! dovecot-pigeon1 h reta9$ ! same "* = sev]al c5turies4 ,= :5 "o ( ^! toy-pigeons _h once become beautifully & symmetrically col\r$1--:51 = in/ance1 a ,spot _h be5 produc$ ) ! cr[n ( its head1 its tail1 & tail-cov]ts ( a uni=m col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ sn[-:ite1--no alt]ation or improvem5t w\ld be desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n surpris+ t dur+ ?is same int]val ( "t our highly-br$ pigeons h und]gone an a/oni%+ am\nt ( *ange2 = 9 reg>d to !m !re is no def9$ limit to ! wi% ( ! fanci]1 & !re is no kn[n limit to ! v>iability ( _! *>act]s4 ,:at is !re to /op ! fanci] desir+ to give to 8 ,c>ri] a long] & long] beak1 or to 8 ,tumbl] a %ort] & %ort] beak8 nor has ! extreme limit ( v>iability 9 ! beak1 if !re be any su* limit1 z yet be5 rea*$4 ,not)/&+ ! great improvem5t effect$ )9 rec5t times 9 ! ,%ort-fac$ ,almond ,tumbl]1 ,mr4 ,eaton rem>ks1 8! field is /ill z op5 = fre% competitors z x 0 "o hundr$ ye>s ago20 b ?is is p]haps an exagg]at$ ass]tion1 = ! "y ( all highly-improv$ fancy birds are extremely liable to disease & dea?4 ,i h he>d x object$ t ! =mation ( ! sev]al dome/ic races ( ! pigeon ?r[s no light on ! orig9 ( ! wild species ( ! ,columbid1 because _! diff]5ces are n ( ! same nature4 ,! dome/ic races1 = in/ance d n diff]1 or diff] h>dly at all1 9 ! relative l5g?s & %ape ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! h9d toe1 or 9 habits ( life1 z 9 roo/+ & build+ 9 trees4 ,b ! above objection %[s h[ completely ! pr9ciple ( selection has be5 misund]/ood4 ,x is n likely t *>act]s select$ by ! caprice ( man %\ld resemble diff]5ces pres]v$ "u natural conditions ei!r f be+ ( direct s]vice to ea* species1 or f /&+ 9 correlation ) o!r modifi$ & s]viceable /ructures4 ,until man selects birds diff]+ 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! w+-fea!rs or toes1 etc41 no s5sible *ange 9 ^! p>ts %\ld be expect$4 ,nor c\ld man d any?+ unless ^! p>ts happ5$ to v>y "u dome/ication3 ,i d n positively ass]t t ?is is ! case1 al?\gh ,i h se5 traces ( su* v>iability 9 ! w+-fea!rs1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! tail-fea!rs4 ,x w\ld be a /range fact if ! relative l5g? ( ! h9d toe %\ld nev] v>y1 see+ h[ v>iable ! foot is bo? 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( ! scutell4 ,) respect to ! dome/ic races n roo/+ or build+ 9 trees1 x is obvi\s t fanci]s w\ld nev] att5d to or select su* *anges 9 habits2 b we h se5 t ! pigeons 9 ,egypt1 :i* d n = "s reason l settl+ on ! l[ mud hovels ( ! natives1 are l$1 app>5tly by compulsion1 to p]* 9 cr[ds on ! trees4 ,we may ev5 affirm t1 if our dome/ic races _h become greatly modifi$ 9 any ( ! above specifi$ respects1 & x c\ld be %[n t fanci]s _h nev] att5d$ to su* po9ts1 or t !y did n /& 9 correlation ) o!r select$ *>act]s1 ! fact1 on ! pr9ciples advocat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 w\ld h (f]$ a s]i\s difficulty4 ,let u briefly sum up ! la/ two *apt]s on ! pigeon4 ,we may conclude ) confid5ce t all ! dome/ic races1 not)/&+ _! great am\nt ( diff]5ce1 are desc5d$ f ! ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n c]ta9 wild races4 ,b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! latt] ?r[ no light :atev] on ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! dome/ic races4 ,9 ea* bre$ or sub-bre$ ! individual birds are m v>iable ?an birds 9 a /ate ( nature2 & occasionally !y v>y 9 a sudd5 & /rongly-m>k$ mann]4 ,?is pla/icity ( organisation app>5tly results f *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,disuse has r$uc$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 ,correlation ( gr[? s ties ! organisation toge!r1 t :5 "o "p v>ies o!r p>ts v>y at ! same "t4 ,:5 sev]al bre$s h once be5 =m$1 _! int]cross+ aids ! progress ( modification1 & has ev5 produc$ new sub-bre$s4 ,b z1 9 ! con/ruction ( a build+1 m]e /ones or bricks are ( little avail )\t ! build]'s art1 s1 9 ! production ( new races1 selection has be5 ! presid+ p[]4 ,fanci]s c act by selection on excessively slight individual diff]5ces1 z well z on ^? great] diff]5ces :i* are call$ sports4 ,selection is foll[$ me?odically :5 ! fanci] tries to improve & modify a bre$ accord+ to a prefix$ /&>d ( excell5ce2 or he acts unme?odically & unconsci\sly1 by m]ely try+ to re> z good birds z he c1 )\t any wi% or int5tion to alt] ! bre$4 ,! progress ( selection almo/ inevitably leads to ! neglect & ultimate ext9ction ( ! e>li] & less improv$ =ms1 z well z ( _m int]m$iate l9ks 9 ea* long l9e ( desc5t4 ,?us x has come to pass t mo/ ( our pres5t races are s m>vell\sly di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & f ! aborig9al rock-pigeon4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,temm9ck #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' etc41 tom4 i4 p4 #aia4 #b ,i h he>d ?r\gh ,sir ,c4 ,lyell f ,miss ,buckley1 t "s half-br$ ,c>ri]s kept dur+ _m ye>s ne> ,london regul>ly settl$ by day on "s adjo9+ trees1 &1 aft] be+ di/urb$ 9 _! l(t by _! "y be+ tak51 roo/$ on !m at night4 #c #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]41 vol4 xx41 #aheg1 p4 #eji2 & 9 a late volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society4 #d ,9 works writt5 on ! pigeon by fanci]s ,i h sometimes obs]v$ ! mi/ak5 belief express$ t ! species :i* naturali/s call$ gr\nd-pigeons 79 contradi/9ction to arboreal pigeons7 d n p]* & build on trees4 ,9 ^! same works by fanci]s wild species resembl+ ! *ief dome/ic races are (t5 said to exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 b su* species are q unkn[n to naturali/s4 #e ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk 9 #8,j\rnal ,r4 ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xiii41 #ahdd1 p4 #cb4 #f ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdh1 pp4 #fc1 #ff4 #g #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahei1 p4 #djj4 #h ,temm9ck1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' tom4 i42 also #8,les ,pigeons' p> ,mme4 ,knip & ,temm9ck4 ,bonap>te1 h[ev]1 9 8 #8,c\p- d'il' believes t two closely alli$ species are conf\nd$ toge!r "u ?is "n4 ,! ,c4 leucocephala ( ! ,we/ ,indies is /at$ by ,temm9ck to be a rock-pigeon2 b ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gosse t ?is is an error4 #i #8,h&bu* d] ,naturges*4 ,vgel ,deuts*l&s4' #aj #8,tagebu*1 ,reise na* ,fro1' #ahcj1 s4 #fb4 #aa #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajb4 ,?is excell5t pap] on pigeons is well wor? consult+4 #ab #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1' ,birds1 vol4 ii4 7#ahej71 p4 #aa4 ,= ,graba see previ\s ref]5ce4 #ac #8,c\p-d'il sur l',ordre des ,pigeons1' #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #ahed-ee4 #ad #8,naturges*i*te4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b&4 iv4 #agie1 s4 #ad4 #ae #8,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bge-bhd4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,duncan tam$ a rock-pigeon 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,mr4 ,james ,b>clay1 & ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,uyea ,s\nd1 bo? say t ! wild rock-pigeon c be easily tam$2 & ! =m] g5tleman ass]ts t ! tam$ birds bre$ f\r times a ye>4 ,dr4 ,lawr5ce ,edmond/one in=ms me t a wild rock-pigeon came & settl$ 9 8 dovecot 9 ,balta ,s\nd 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & br$ ) 8 pigeons2 he has also giv5 me o!r in/ances ( ! wild rock-pigeon hav+ be5 tak5 "y & bre$+ 9 captivity4 #af #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 xix4 #ahdg1 p4 #ajc1 & vol4 = #aheg1 p4 #eab4 #ag ,dome/ic pigeons ( ! common k9d are m5tion$ z be+ pretty num]\s 9 ,john ,b>but's #8,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea' 7p4 #bae71 publi%$ 9 #agdf2 !y are said1 9 accordance ) ! "n :i* !y be>1 to h be5 import$4 #ah ,) respect to f]al pigeons--= ,juan ,f]n&ez1 see ,b]t]o 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' tom4 xxi4 p4 #cea4 ,= ,norfolk ,isl&s1 see ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon 9 ! #8,dovecote1' #ahea1 p4 #ad1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,g\ld4 ,= ,asc5sion ,i rely on ,,ms4 in=mation giv5 me by ,mr4 ,lay>d4 ,= ! banks ( ! ,hudson1 see ,bly? 9 #8,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx41 #aheg1 p4 #eaa4 ,= ,scotl&1 see ,macgillivray1 #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 p4 #bge2 also ,?ompson's #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,irel&1 ,birds1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aa4 ,= ducks1 see ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdg1 p4 #abb4 ,= ! f]al hybrids ( ! common & musk-ducks1 see ,audubon's #8,am]ican ,orni?ology1' & ,selys-,long*amp's #8,hybrides dans la ,famille des ,anatides4' ,= ! goose1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dih4 ,= gu9ea-f[ls1 see ,gosse's #8,naturali/'s ,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' p4 #abd2 & 8 #8,birds ( ,jamaica1' = full] p>ticul>s4 ,i saw ! wild gu9ea-f[l 9 ,asc5sion4 ,= ! peacock1 see #8,a ,week at ,port ,royal1' by a compet5t au?ority1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill1 p4 #db4 ,= ! turkey ,i rely on oral in=mation2 ,i asc]ta9$ t !y 7 n ,curass[s4 ,) respect to f[ls ,i w give ! ref]5ces 9 ! next *apt]4 #ai ,i h drawn out a long table ( ! v>i\s crosses made by fanci]s betwe5 ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s b ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile publi%+4 ,i h myself made = ?is special purpose _m crosses1 & all 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,i h unit$ 9 "o bird five ( ! mo/ di/9ct races1 & ) pati5ce ,i might und\bt$ly h ?us unit$ all4 ,! case ( five di/9ct bre$s be+ bl5d$ toge!r ) unimpair$ f]tility is important1 because ,grtn] has %[n t x is a v g5]al1 ?\gh n1 z he ?\ght1 univ]sal rule1 t complex crosses betwe5 sev]al species are excessively /]ile4 ,i h met ) only two or ?ree cases ( report$ /]ility 9 ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 races :5 cross$4 ,pi/or 7#8,das ,ganze d] ,feldtaub5zu*t1' #ahca1 s4 #ae7 ass]ts t ! mongrels f ,b>bs & ,fantails are /]ile3 ,i h prov$ ?is to be errone\s1 n only by cross+ ^? hybrids ) sev]al o!r hybrids ( ! same p>5tage1 b by ! m sev]e te/ ( pair+ bro!r & si/] hybrids int] se1 & !y 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,temm9ck has /at$ 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' tom4 i4 p4 #aig7 t ! ,turbit or ,owl w n cross readily ) o!r bre$s3 b my ,turbits cross$1 :5 left free ) ,almond ,tumbl]s & ) ,trumpet]s2 ! same ?+ has occurr$ 7,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,! ,dovecote1' p4 #ajg7 betwe5 ,turbits & ,dovecots & ,nuns4 ,i h cross$ ,turbits ) ,b>bs1 z has ,m4 ,boit>d 7p4 #cd71 :o says ! hybrids 7 v f]tile4 ,hybrids f a ,turbit & ,fantail h be5 kn[n to bre$ int] se 7,ri$el1 #8,taub5zu*t1' s4 #be1 & ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*41' ,b4 iv4 s4 #dd4 ,turbits 7,ri$el1 s4 #bf7 h be5 cross$ ) ,p\t]s & ) ,jacob9s1 & ) a hybrid ,jacob9-trumpet] 7,ri$el1 s4 #bg74 ,! latt] au?or has1 h[ev]1 made "s vague /atem5ts 7s4 #bb7 on ! /]ility ( ,turbits :5 cross$ ) c]ta9 o!r cross$ bre$s4 ,b ,i h little d\bt t ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon's explanation ( su* /atem5ts is correct1 viz4 t individual birds bo? ) ,turbits & o!r bre$s are occasionally /]ile4 #bj #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t1' s4 #ah4 #ba #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 p4 #ce4 #bb ,dome/ic pigeons pair readily ) ! alli$ ,c4 nas 7,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iv4 s4 #c72 & ,mr4 ,br5t has made ! same cross sev]al times 9 ,engl&1 b ! "y 7 v apt to die at ab\t t5 days old2 "o hybrid :i* he re>$ 7f ,c4 nas & a male ,antw]p ,c>ri]7 pair$ ) a ,dragon1 b nev] laid eggs4 ,be*/e9 fur!r /ates 7s4 #bf7 t ! dome/ic pigeon w cross ) ,c4 palumbus1 ,turtur risoria1 & ,t4 vulg>is1 b no?+ is said ( ! f]tility ( ! hybrids1 & ?is w\ld h be5 m5tion$ _h ! fact be5 asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 7,,ms4 report to me f ,mr4 ,james ,hunt7 a male hybrid f ,turtur vulg>is & a dome/ic pigeon 8pair$ ) sev]al diff]5t species ( pigeons & doves1 b none ( ! eggs 7 good40 ,hybrids f ,c4 nas & gymnoph?almos 7 /]ile4 ,9 ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 vii4 #ahcd1 p4 #aed1 x is said t a male hybrid 7f ,turtur vulg>is male1 & ! cream-col\r$ ,t4 risoria female7 pair$ dur+ two ye>s ) a female ,t4 risoria1 & ! latt] laid _m eggs1 b all 7 /]ile4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi 7#8,les ,pigeons1' p4 #bce7 /ate t ! hybrids f ^! two turtle-doves are inv>iably /]ile bo? int] se & ) ei!r pure p>5t4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ by ,m4 ,corbi 8avec une espce d'ob/9ation20 & likewise by ,m4 ,mauduyt1 & by ,m4 ,vieillot4 ,temm9ck also f\nd ! hybrids f ^! two species q b>r54 ,!re=e1 :5 ,be*/e9 7#8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s ,vgel1' ,b4 iv4 s4 #aja7 ass]ts t ! hybrids f ^! two turtle-doves propagate int] se equally well ) pure species1 & :5 a writ] 9 ! #8,field' newspap] 79 a lett] dat$ ,nov4 #aj?1 #aheh7 makes a simil> ass]tion1 x w\ld appe> t !re mu/ be "s mi/ake2 ?\gh :at ! mi/ake is ,i "k n1 z ,be*/e9 at lea/ mu/ h kn[n ! :ite v>iety ( ,t4 risoria3 x w\ld be an unp>allel$ fact if ! same two species sometimes produc$ extremely f]tile1 & sometimes extremely b>r51 (fspr+4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 report f ! ,zoological ,g>d5s x is said t hybrids f ,turtur vulg>is & surat5sis1 & f ,t4 vulg>is & ,ectopi/es migratorius1 7 /]ile4 ,two ( ! latt] male hybrids pair$ ) _! pure p>5ts1 viz4 ,turtur vulg>is & ! ,ectopi/es1 & likewise ) ,t4 risoria & ) ,columba nas1 & _m eggs 7 produc$1 b all 7 b>r54 ,at ,p>is1 hybrids h be5 rais$ 7,isid4 ,ge(frey ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gnrale1' tom4 iii4 p4 #ahj7 f ,turtur auritus ) ,t4 cambay5sis & ) ,t4 surat5sis2 b no?+ is said ( _! f]tility4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london ! ,g\ra coronata & victori produc$ a hybrid :i* pair$ ) ! pure ,g4 coronata1 & laid sev]al eggs1 b ^! prov$ b>r54 ,9 #ahfj ,columba gymnoph?almos & maculosa produc$ hybrids 9 ^! same g>d5s4 #bc ,!re is "o exception to ! rule1 namely1 9 a sub-v>iety ( ! ,swall[ ( ,g]man orig91 :i* is figur$ by ,neumei/]1 & 0 %[n to me by ,mr4 ,wick+4 ,?is bird is blue1 b has n ! black w+-b>s2 = our object1 h[ev]1 9 trac+ ! desc5t ( ! *ief races1 ?is exception signifies ! less z ! ,swall[ approa*es closely 9 /ructure to ,c4 livia4 ,9 _m sub-v>ieties ! black b>s are replac$ by b>s ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! figures giv5 by ,neumei/] are suffici5t to %[ t1 if ! w+s alone are blue1 ! black w+-b>s appe>4 #bd ,i h obs]v$ blue birds ) all ! above-m5tion$ m>ks 9 ! foll[+ races1 :i* seem$ to be p]fectly pure1 & 7 %[n at v>i\s exhibitions4 ,p\t]s1 ) ! d\ble black w+-b>s1 ) :ite cr\p1 d>k b> to end ( tail1 & :ite edg+ to out] tail-fea!rs4 ,turbits1 ) all ^! same *>act]s4 ,fantails ) ! same2 b ! cr\p 9 "s 0 blui% or pure blue4 ,mr4 ,wick+ br$ blue ,fantails f two black birds4 ,c>ri]s 7includ+ ! ,bagadott5 ( ,neumei/]7 ) all ! m>ks3 two birds :i* ,i exam9$ _h :ite1 & two _h blue cr\ps2 ! :ite edg+ to ! out] tail-fea!rs 0 n pres5t 9 all4 ,mr4 ,cork]1 a great bre$]1 assures me t1 if black c>ri]s are mat*$ = _m successive g5]ations1 ! (fspr+ become fir/ a%-col\r$1 & !n blue ) black w+-b>s4 ,runts ( ! elongat$ bre$ _h ! same m>ks1 b ! cr\p 0 pale blue2 ! out] tail-fea!rs _h :ite edges4 ,neumei/] figures ! great ,flor5ce ,runt ( a blue col\r ) black b>s4 ,jacob9s are v r>ely blue1 b ,i h receiv$ au!ntic acc\nts ( at lea/ two in/ances ( ! blue v>iety ) black b>s hav+ appe>$ 9 ,engl&2 blue ,jacob9s 7 br$ by ,mr4 ,br5t f two black birds4 ,i h se5 common ,tumbl]s1 bo? ,indian & ,engli%1 & ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ( a blue col\r1 ) black w+-b>s1 ) ! black b> at ! end ( ! tail1 & ) ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite2 ! cr\p 9 all 0 blue1 or extremely pale blue1 nev] absolutely :ite4 ,blue ,b>bs & ,trumpet]s seem to be excessively r>e2 b ,neumei/]1 :o may be implicitly tru/$1 figures blue v>ieties ( bo?1 ) black w+-b>s4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 a blue ,b>b2 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,weir1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 once br$ a silv] 7:i* means v pale blue7 ,b>b f two yell[ birds4 #be ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t all ! dome/ic races 9 ,india h ! cr\p blue2 b ?is is n inv>iable1 = ,i possess a v pale blue ,simmali pigeon ) ! cr\p p]fectly :ite1 s5t to me by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot f ,madras4 ,a slaty-blue & *equ]$ ,nak%i pigeon has "s :ite fea!rs on ! cr\p alone4 ,9 "s o!r ,indian pigeons !re 7 a few :ite fea!rs conf9$ to ! cr\p1 & ,i h notic$ ! same fact 9 a c>ri] f ,p]sia4 ,! ,java ,fantail 7import$ into ,amoy1 & !nce s5t me7 has a p]fectly :ite cr\p4 #bf #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 p4 #cg4 #bg #8,treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheh1 p4 #ade4 #bh ,j4 ,moore's #8,columb>ium1' #agce2 9 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition1 #aheb1 p4 #ga4 #bi ,i c\ld give num]\s examples2 two w suffice4 ,a mongrel1 ^: f\r gr&p>5ts 7 a :ite ,turbit1 :ite ,trumpet]1 :ite ,fantail1 & blue ,p\t]1 0 :ite all ov]1 except a v few fea!rs ab\t ! head & on ! w+s1 b ! :ole tail & tail-cov]ts 7 d>k blui%-grey4 ,ano!r mongrel ^: f\r gr&p>5ts 7 a r$ ,runt1 :ite ,trumpet]1 :ite ,fantail1 & ! same blue ,p\t]1 0 pure :ite all ov]1 except ! tail & upp] tail-cov]ts1 :i* 7 pale fawn1 & except ! fa9te/ trace ( d\ble w+-b>s ( ! same pale fawn t9t4 #cj ,x des]ves notice1 z be>+ on ! g5]al subject ( v>iation1 t n only ,c4 livia pres5ts sev]al wild =ms1 reg>d$ by "s naturali/s z species & by o!rs z sub-species or z m]e v>ieties1 b t ! species ( sev]al alli$ g5]a are 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,?is is ! case1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$ to me1 ) ,tr]on1 ,palumbus1 & ,turtur4 #ca #8,d5kml]1' ,ab?4 ii4 ,bl4 #gj4 #cb #8,! #8,dovecote1' by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahea1 pp4 #aa-ac4 ,adolphe ,pictet 79 8 #8,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1' #ahei1 p4 #cii7 /ates t !re are 9 ! anci5t ,sanscrit language betwe5 #be & #cj names = ! pigeon1 & o!r #ae or #af ,p]sian names2 none ( ^! are common to ! ,european languages4 ,?is fact indicates ! antiquity ( ! dome/ication ( ! pigeon 9 ! ,ea/4 #cc ,engli% translation1 #afja1 ,book x4 *4 xxxvii4 #cd #8,aye5 ,akb]y1' translat$ by ,f4 ,gladw91 #dto edit41 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4 #ce ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #8,treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea2 ,preface1 p4 #f4 #cf ,z 9 ! foll[+ discussion ,i (t5 speak ( ! pres5t "t1 ,i %\ld /ate t ?is *apt] 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #aheh4 #cg #8,orni?ologie1' #afjj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #ch #8,a ,treatise on ,dome/ic ,pigeons1' d$icat$ to ,mr4 ,mayor1 #agfe4 ,preface1 p4 #ad4 #ci ,mr4 ,bly? has giv5 a translation ( "p ( ! #8,aye5 ,akb]y' 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix4 #ahdg1 p4 #ajd4 #dj #8,l',hi/oire de la ,nature des ,oiseaux1' p4 #cad4 #da #8,treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #fd4 #db ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton #8,treatise on ! ,bre$+ & ,manag+ ( ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea4 ,comp>e p4 v4 ( ,preface1 p4 #i1 & p4 #cb4 #dc #8,treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #da4 #dd ,eaton's #8,treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheh1 p4 #hf4 #de ,see ,neumei/]'s figure ( ! ,flor5ce ,runt1 tab4 #ac 9 #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t4' #df ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,moore gives a full acc\nt ( ! ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s ( ,india 7#8,indian ,m$ical ,gazette1' ,jan4 & ,feb4 #ahgc71 & says ! prick+ ! base ( ! bra91 & giv+ hydrocyanic acid1 toge!r ) /ry*n9e1 to an ord9>y pigeon1 br+s on convulsive movem5ts exactly l ^? ( a ,tumbl]4 ,"o pigeon1 ! bra9 ( :i* _h be5 prick$1 completely recov]$1 & ev] aft]w>ds occasionally made som]saults4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f[ls4 ,,brief ,,descriptions ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,bre$s--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,sev]al ,,species--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,bre$s ,,hav+ ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,gallus ,,bankiva--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,9 ,,col\r--,,analog\s ,,v>iations--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,f[l--,,ext]nal ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,eggs--,,*ick5s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,w+-,,& ,,tail-,,fea!rs1 ,,voice1 ,,disposition1 ,,etc--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull1 ,,v]tebr1 ,,etc--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,p>ts--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,z "s naturali/s may n be famili> ) ! *ief bre$s ( ! f[l1 x w be advisable to give a cond5s$ description ( !m4#a ,f :at ,i h read & se5 ( specim5s br\ght f sev]al qu>t]s ( ! _w1 ,i believe t mo/ ( ! *ief k9ds h be5 import$ into ,engl&1 b _m sub-bre$s are probably /ill unkn[n "h4 ,! foll[+ discussion on ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s bre$s & on _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces does n pret5d to complet5ess1 b may be ( "s int]e/ to ! naturali/4 ,! classification ( ! bre$s _c1 z f> z ,i c see1 be made natural4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 diff]5t degrees1 & d n af=d *>act]s 9 subord9ation to ea* o!r1 by :i* !y c be rank$ 9 gr\p "u gr\p4 ,!y seem all to h div]g$ by indep5d5t & diff]5t roads f a s+le type4 ,ea* *ief bre$ includes diff]5tly col\r$ sub-v>ieties1 mo/ ( :i* c be truly propagat$1 b x w\ld be sup]flu\s to describe !m4 ,i h class$ ! v>i\s cre/$ f[ls z sub-bre$s "u ! ,poli% f[l2 b ,i h great d\bts :e!r ?is is a natural arrangem5t1 %[+ true aff9ity or blood relation%ip4 ,x is sc>cely possible to avoid lay+ /ress on ! commonness ( a bre$2 & if c]ta9 =eign sub-bre$s _h be5 l>gely kept 9 ?is c\ntry !y w\ld p]haps h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( ma9-bre$s4 ,sev]al bre$s are abnormal 9 "*2 t is1 !y diff] 9 c]ta9 po9ts f all wild ,gall9ace\s birds4 ,at fir/ ,i made a division ( ! bre$s into normal & abnormal1 b ! result 0 :olly unsatisfactory4 #a4 ,,game ,,bre$4--,?is may be consid]$ z ! typical bre$1 z x deviates only slightly f ! wild ,gallus bankiva1 or1 z p]haps m correctly nam$1 f]rug9eus4 ,beak /rong2 comb s+le & upright4 ,spurs long & %>p4 ,fea!rs closely appress$ to ! body4 ,tail ) ! normal numb] ( #ad fea!rs4 ,eggs (t5 pale buff4 ,disposition indomitably c\rage\s1 exhibit$ ev5 9 ! h5s & *ick5s4 ,an unusual numb] ( diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties exi/1 su* z black & br[n-brea/$ r$s1 duckw+s1 blacks1 :ites1 piles1 etc41 ) _! legs ( v>i\s col\rs4 #b4 ,,malay ,,bre$4--,body ( great size1 ) head1 neck1 & legs elongat$2 c>riage erect2 tail small1 slop+ d[nw>ds1 g5]ally =m$ ( #af fea!rs2 comb & wattle small2 e>-lobe & face r$2 sk9 yell[i%2 fea!rs closely appress$ to ! body2 neck-hackles %ort1 n>r[1 & h>d4 ,eggs (t5 pale buff4 ,*ick5s fea!r late4 ,disposition savage4 ,( ,ea/]n orig94 #c4 ,,co*91 ,,or ,,%angai ,,bre$4--,size great2 w+ fea!rs %ort1 ar*$1 mu* hidd5 9 ! s(t d[ny plumage2 b>ely capable ( flight2 tail %ort1 g5]ally =m$ ( #af fea!rs1 develop$ at a late p]iod 9 ! "y males2 legs ?ick1 fea!r$2 spurs %ort1 ?ick2 nail ( middle toe flat & broad2 an additional toe n r>ely develop$2 sk9 yell[i%4 ,comb & wattle well develop$4 ,skull ) deep m$ial furr[2 occipital =am51 sub-triangul>1 v]tically elongat$4 ,voice peculi>4 ,eggs r\gh1 buff-col\r$4 ,disposition extremely quiet4 ,( ,*9ese orig94 #d4 ,,dork+ ,,bre$4--,size great2 body squ>e1 compact2 feet ) an additional toe2 comb well develop$1 b v>ies mu* 9 =m2 wattles well develop$2 col\r ( plumage v>i\s4 ,skull rem>kably broad betwe5 ! orbits4 ,( ,engli% orig94 ,! :ite ,dork+ may be consid]$ z a di/9ct sub-bre$1 be+ a less massive bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--,spani% ,f[l #e4 ,,spani% ,,bre$ 7fig4 #cj74--,tall1 ) /ately c>riage2 t>si long2 comb s+le1 deeply s]rat$1 ( imm5se size2 wattles l>gely develop$2 ! l>ge e>-lobes & sides ( face :ite4 ,plumage black gloss$ ) gre54 ,d n incubate4 ,t5d] 9 con/itution1 ! comb be+ (t5 injur$ by fro/4 ,eggs :ite1 smoo?1 ( l>ge size4 ,*ick5s fea!r late b ! "y cocks %[ _! mascul9e *>act]s1 & cr[ at an e>ly age4 ,( ,m$it]ranean orig94 ,! ,&alusians may be rank$ z a sub-bre$3 !y are ( a slaty-blue col\r1 & _! *ick5s are well fea!r$4 ,a small]1 %ort-legg$ ,dut* sub-bre$ has be5 describ$ by "s au?ors z di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--;,hamburgh ,f[l #f4 ,,hamburgh ,,bre$ 7fig #ca74--,size mod]ate2 comb flat1 produc$ backw>ds1 cov]$ ) num]\s small po9ts2 wattle ( mod]ate dim5sions2 e> lobe :ite2 legs bluei%1 ?94 ,d n incubate4 ,skull1 ) ! tips ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y & ) ! nasal bones /&+ a little sep>ate f ea* o!r2 ant]ior m>g9 ( ! frontal bones less depress$ ?an usual4 ,!re are two sub-bre$s2 ! spangl$ ,hamburgh1 ( ,engli% orig91 ) ! tips ( ! fea!rs m>k$ ) a d>k spot2 & ! p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 ( ,dut* orig91 ) d>k transv]se l9es across ea* fea!r1 & ) ! body r small]4 ,bo? ^! sub-bre$s include gold & silv] v>ieties1 z well z "s o!r sub-v>ieties4 ,black ,hamburghs h be5 produc$ by a cross ) ! ,spani% bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb--,poli% ,f[l #g4 ,,cre/$ ,,or ,,poli% ,,bre$ 7fig #cb74--;,head ) a l>ge1 r\nd$ cre/ ( fea!rs1 support$ on a hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! frontal bones1 :i* includes ! ant]ior "p ( ! bra94 ,! asc5d+ bran*es ( premaxill>y bones & ! inn] nasal processes are mu* %ort5$4 ,! orifice ( ! no/rils rais$ & cresc5tic4 ,beak %ort4 ,comb abs5t1 or small & ( cresc5tic %ape2 wattles ei!r pres5t or replac$ by a be>d-l tuft ( fea!rs4 ,legs lead5-blue4 ,sexual diff]5ces appe> late 9 life4 ,d n incubate4 ,!re are sev]al beautiful v>ieties :i* diff] 9 col\r & slightly 9 o!r respects4 ,! foll[+ sub-bre$s agree 9 hav+ a cre/1 m or less develop$1 ) ! comb1 :5 pres5t1 ( cresc5tic %ape4 ,! skull pres5ts ne>ly ! same rem>kable peculi>ities ( /ructure z 9 ! true ,poli% f[l4 ,sub-bre$ 7a7 ,sultans4--,a ,turki% bre$1 resembl+ :ite ,poli% f[ls ) a l>ge cre/ & be>d ) %ort & well-fea!r$ legs4 ,! tail is furni%$ ) additional sickle fea!rs4 ,d n incubate4#b ,sub-bre$ 7b7 ,pt>migans4--,an inf]ior bre$ closely alli$ to ! la/1 :ite1 r small1 legs mu* fea!r$1 ) ! cre/ po9t$2 comb small1 cupp$2 wattles small4 ,sub-bre$ 7c7 ,ghoondooks4--,ano!r ,turki% bre$ hav+ an extraord9>y appe>ance2 black & tailless2 cre/ & be>d l>ge2 legs fea!r$4 ,! inn] processes ( ! two nasal bones come into contact ) ea* o!r1 ow+ to ! complete abortion ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies4 ,i h se5 an alli$ :ite1 tailless bre$ f ,turkey4 ,sub-bre$ 7d7 ,crve-cur4--,a ,fr5* bre$ ( l>ge size1 b>ely capable ( flight1 ) %ort black legs1 head cre/$1 comb produc$ into two po9ts or horns1 sometimes a little bran*$ l ! horns ( a /ag2 bo? be>d & wattles pres5t4 ,eggs l>ge4 ,disposition quiet4#c ,sub-bre$ 7e7 ,horn$ f[l4--,) a small cre/2 comb produc$ into two great po9ts1 support$ on two bony protub]ances4 ,sub-bre$ 7f7 ,h\dan4--,a ,fr5* bre$2 ( mod]ate size1 %ort-legg$ ) five toes1 well develop$2 plumage inv>iably mottl$ ) black1 :ite1 & /raw-yell[2 head furni%$ ) a cre/1 on a triple comb plac$ transv]sely2 bo? wattles & be>d pres5t4#d ,sub-bre$ 7g7 ,gueld]l&s4--,no comb1 head said to be surm\nt$ by a longitud9al cre/ ( s(t velvety fea!rs2 no/rils said to be cresc5tic2 wattles well develop$2 legs fea!r$2 col\r black4 ,f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,br$a f[l seems to be closely alli$ to ! ,gueld]l&4 #h4 ,,bantam ,,bre$4--,orig9ally f ,japan#e *>act]is$ by small size alone2 c>riage bold & erect4 ,!re are sev]al sub-bre$s1 su* z ! ,co*91 ,game1 & ,sebright ,bantams1 "s ( :i* h be5 rec5tly =m$ by v>i\s crosses4 ,! ,black ,bantam has a diff]5tly %ap$ skull1 ) ! occipital =am5 l t ( ! ,co*9 f[l4 #i4 ,,rumpless ,,f[ls4--,^! are s v>iable 9 "*#f t !y h>dly des]ve to be call$ a bre$4 ,any "o :o w exam9e ! caudal v]tebr w see h[ mon/r\s ! bre$ is4 #aj4 ,,creep]s ,,or ,,jump]s4--,^! are *>act]is$ by an almo/ mon/r\s %ortness ( legs1 s t !y move by jump+ r ?an by walk+2 !y are said n to scrat* up ! gr\nd4 ,i h exam9$ a ,burmese v>iety1 :i* _h a skull ( r unusual %ape4 #aa4 ,,frizzl$ ,,or ,,caffre ,,f[ls4--,n uncommon 9 ,india1 ) ! fea!rs curl+ backw>ds1 & ) ! prim>y fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail imp]fect2 p]io/eum ( bones black4 #ab4 ,,silk ,,f[ls4--,fea!rs silky1 ) ! prim>y w+ & tail-fea!rs imp]fect2 sk9 & p]io/eum ( bones black2 comb & wattles d>k lead5-blue2 e>-lappets t+$ ) blue2 legs ?91 (t5 furni%$ ) an additional toe4 ,size r small4 #ac4 ,,sooty ,,f[ls4--,an ,indian bre$1 hav+ ! peculi> appe>ance ( a :ite bird sme>$ ) soot1 ) black sk9 & p]io/eum4 ,! h5s alone are ?us *>act]is$4 ,f ?is synopsis we see t ! sev]al bre$s diff] consid]ably1 & !y w\ld h be5 ne>ly z int]e/+ = u z pigeons1 if !re _h be5 equally good evid5ce t all _h desc5d$ f "o p>5t-species4 ,mo/ fanci]s believe t !y are desc5d$ f sev]al primitive /ocks4 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon#g argues /rongly on ?is side ( ! "q2 & "o fanci] ev5 d5\nces ! opposite conclusion by ask+1 8,d we n p]ceive p]vad+ ?is _s1 ! _s ( ! ,dei/80 ,mo/ naturali/s1 ) ! exception ( a few1 su* z ,temm9ck1 believe t all ! bre$s h proce$$ f a s+le species2 b au?ority on su* a po9t goes = little4 ,fanci]s look to all p>ts ( ! _w z ! possible s\rces ( _! unkn[n /ocks2 ?us ignor+ ! laws ( geographical di/ribution4 ,!y "k well t ! sev]al k9ds bre$ truly ev5 9 col\r4 ,!y ass]t1 b1 z we %all see1 on v weak gr\nds1 t mo/ ( ! bre$s are extremely anci5t4 ,!y are /rongly impress$ ) ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ief k9ds1 & !y ask ) =ce1 c diff]5ces 9 climate1 food1 or treatm5t h produc$ birds s diff]5t z ! black /ately ,spani%1 ! dim9utive elegant ,bantam1 ! heavy ,co*9 ) its _m peculi>ities1 & ! ,poli% f[l ) its great top-knot & protub]ant skull8 ,b fanci]s1 :il/ admitt+ & ev5 ov]rat+ ! effects ( cross+ ! v>i\s bre$s1 d n suffici5tly reg>d ! probability ( ! occasional bir?1 dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ( birds ) abnormal & h]$it>y peculi>ities2 !y ov]look ! effects ( correlation ( gr[?--( ! long-cont9u$ use & disuse ( p>ts1 & ( "s direct result f *ang$ food & climate1 ?\gh on ?is latt] head ,i h f\nd no suffici5t evid5ce2 & la/ly1 !y all1 z f> z ,i "k1 entirely ov]look ! all-important subject ( unconsci\s or unme?odical selection1 ?\gh !y are well aw>e t _! birds diff] individually & t by select+ ! be/ birds = a few g5]ations !y c improve _! /ocks4 ,an amateur writes#h z foll[s3 8,! fact t p\ltry h until lately receiv$ b little att5tion at ! h&s ( ! fanci]1 & be5 entirely conf9$ to ! doma9s ( ! produc] = ! m>ket1 w\ld alone sugge/ ! improbability ( t con/ant & unremitt+ att5tion hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 bre$+1 :i* is requisite to ! consummat+ 9 ! (fspr+ ( any two birds transmittable =ms n exhibit$ by ! p>5ts40 ,?is at fir/ sight appe>s true4 ,b 9 a future *apt] on ,selection1 abundant facts w be giv5 %[+ n only t c>eful bre$+1 b t actual selection 0 practis$ dur+ anci5t p]iods1 & by b>ely civilis$ races ( man4 ,9 ! case ( ! f[l ,i c adduce no direct facts %[+ t selection 0 anci5tly practis$2 b ! ,romans at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era kept six or sev5 bre$s1 & ,columella 8p>ticul>ly recomm5ds z ! be/1 ^? sorts t h five toes & :ite e>s40#i ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury sev]al bre$s 7 kn[n & describ$ 9 ,europe2 & 9 ,*9a1 at ne>ly ! same p]iod1 sev5 k9ds 7 nam$4 ,a m /rik+ case is t at pres5t1 9 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ! semi-b>b>\s inhabitants h di/9ct native names = no less ?an n9e sub-bre$s ( ! ,game f[l4#aj ,az>a1#aa :o wrote t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 /ates t 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ,i %\ld n h expect$ t ! lea/ c>e w\ld h be5 tak5 ( p\ltry1 a black-sk9n$ & black-bon$ bre$ is kept1 f be+ consid]$ f]tile & its fle% good = sick p]sons4 ,n[ e "o :o has kept p\ltry kn[s h[ impossible x is to keep sev]al bre$s di/9ct unless ! utmo/ c>e be tak5 9 sep>at+ ! sexes4 ,w x !n be pret5d$ t ^? p]sons :o1 9 anci5t times & 9 semi-civilis$ c\ntries took pa9s to keep ! bre$s di/9ct1 & :o !re=e valu$ !m1 w\ld n occasionally h de/roy$ inf]ior birds & occasionally h pres]v$ _! be/ birds8 ,?is is all t is requir$4 ,x is n pret5d$ t any "o 9 anci5t times int5d$ to =m a new bre$1 or to modify an old bre$ accord+ to "s ideal /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,he :o c>$ = p\ltry w\ld m]ely wi% to obta91 & aft]w>ds to re>1 ! be/ birds :i* he c\ld2 b ?is occasional pres]vation ( ! be/ birds w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t modify ! bre$1 z surely1 ?\gh by no means z rapidly1 z does me?odical selection at ! pres5t day1 ,if "o p]son out ( a hundr$ or out ( a ?\s& att5d$ to ! bre$+ ( 8 birds1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t2 = ! birds ?us t5d$ w\ld soon become sup]ior to o!rs1 & w\ld =m a new /ra92 & ?is /ra9 w\ld1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 sl[ly h its *>act]i/ic diff]5ces augm5t$1 & at la/ be conv]t$ into a new sub-bre$ or bre$4 ,b bre$s w\ld (t5 be = a "t neglect$ & w\ld det]iorate2 !y w\ld1 h[ev]1 p>tially reta9 _! "*1 & aft]w>ds might aga9 come into fa%ion & be rais$ to a /&>d ( p]fection high] ?an _! =m] /&>d2 z has actually occurr$ q rec5tly ) ,poli% f[ls4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a bre$ 7 utt]ly neglect$1 x w\ld become ext9ct1 z has rec5tly happ5$ ) "o ( ! ,poli% sub-bre$s4 ,:5ev] 9 ! c\rse ( pa/ c5turies a bird appe>$ ) "s slight abnormal /ructure1 su* z ) a l>k-l cre/ on its head1 x w\ld probably (t5 h be5 pres]v$ f t love ( novelty :i* leads "s p]sons 9 ,engl& to keep rumpless f[ls1 & o!rs 9 ,india to keep frizzl$ f[ls4 ,& aft] a "t any su* abnormal appe>ance w\ld be c>efully pres]v$1 f be+ e/eem$ a sign ( ! purity & excell5ce ( ! bre$2 = on ?is pr9ciple ! ,romans eighte5 c5turies ago valu$ ! fif? toe & ! :ite e>-lobe 9 _! f[ls4 ,?us f ! occasional appe>ance ( abnormal *>act]s1 ?\gh at fir/ only slight 9 degree2 f ! effects ( ! use & ! disuse ( p>ts2 possibly f ! direct effects ( *ang$ climate & food2 f correlation ( gr[?2 f occasional rev]sions to old & long-lo/ *>act]s2 f ! cross+ ( bre$s1 :5 m ?an "o _h be5 =m$2 b1 above all1 f unconsci\s selection c>ri$ on dur+ _m g5]ations1 !re is no insup]able difficulty1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 9 believ+ t all ! bre$s h desc5d$ f "s "o p>5t-s\rce4 ,c any s+le species be nam$ f :i* we may reasonably suppose t all are desc5d$8 ,! ,gallus bankiva app>5tly fulfils e requirem5t4 ,i h already giv5 z fair an acc\nt z ,i c\ld ( ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! multiple orig9 ( ! sev]al bre$s2 & n[ ,i w give ^? 9 fav\r ( _! common desc5t f ,g4 bankiva4 ,b x w be conv5i5t fir/ briefly to describe all ! kn[n species ( ,gallus4 ,! ,g4 sonn]atii does n range into ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,india2 accord+ to ,colonel ,sykes1#ab x pres5ts at diff]5t heights ( ! ,ghauts1 two /rongly m>k$ v>ieties1 p]haps des]v+ to be call$ species4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght to be ! primitive /ock ( all our dome/ic bre$s1 & ?is %[s t x closely approa*es ! common f[l 9 g5]al /ructure2 b its hackles p>tially consi/ ( highly peculi>1 horny lam91 transv]sely b&$ ) ?ree col\rs2 & ,i h met no au!ntic acc\nt ( any su* "* hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 any dome/ic bre$4#ac ,?is species also diff]s greatly f ! common f[l1 9 ! comb be+ f9ely s]rat$1 & 9 ! lo9s be+ de/itute ( true hackles4 ,its voice is utt]ly diff]5t4 ,x crosses readily 9 ,india ) dome/ic h5s2 & ,mr4 ,bly?#ad rais$ ne>ly #ajj hybrid *ick5s2 b !y 7 t5d] & mo/ly di$ :il/ "y4 ,^? :i* 7 re>$ 7 absolutely /]ile :5 cross$ int] se or ) ei!r p>5t4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 h[ev]1 "s #8hybrids ( ! same p>5tage 7 n q s /]ile3 ,mr4 ,dixon1 z he in=m$ me1 made1 ) ,mr4 ,y>rell's aid1 p>ticul> inquiries on ?is subject1 & 0 assur$ t out ( #ej eggs only five or six *ick5s 7 re>$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ( ^! half-br$ birds 7 cross$ ) "o ( _! p>5ts1 namely1 a ,bantam1 & produc$ a few extremely feeble *ick5s4 ,mr4 ,dixon also procur$ "s ( ^! same birds & cross$ !m 9 sev]al ways1 b all 7 m or less inf]tile4 ,ne>ly simil> exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 tri$ on a great scale 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ) almo/ ! same result4#ae ,out ( #ejj eggs1 rais$ f v>i\s fir/ crosses & hybrids1 betwe5 ,g4 sonn]atii1 bankiva1 & v>ius1 only #ab *ick5s 7 re>$1 & ( ^! only ?ree 7 ! product ( hybrids int] se4 ,f ^! facts1 & f ! above-m5tion$ /rongly-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 ! dome/ic f[l & ,g4 sonn]atii1 we may reject ?is latt] species z ! p>5t ( any dome/ic bre$4 ,ceylon possesses a f[l peculi> to ! isl&1 viz4 ,g4 /anleyii2 ?is species approa*es s closely 7except 9 ! col\r+ ( ! comb7 to ! dome/ic f[l1 t ,messrs4 ,lay>d & ,kella]t#af w\ld h consid]$ x1 z !y in=m me1 z "o ( ! p>5t-/ocks1 _h x n be5 = its s+ul>ly diff]5t voice4 ,?is bird1 l ! la/1 crosses readily ) tame h5s1 & ev5 visits solit>y f>ms & ravi%es !m4 ,two hybrids1 a male & female1 ?us produc$1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,mit=d to be q /]ile3 bo? inh]it$ ! peculi> voice ( ,g4 /anleyii4 ,?is species1 !n1 may 9 all probability be reject$ z "o ( ! primitive /ocks ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,java & ! isl&s ea/w>d z f> z ,flores are inhabit$ by ,g4 v>ius 7or furcatus71 :i* diff]s 9 s _m *>act]s--gre5 plumage1 uns]rat$ comb1 & s+le m$ian wattle--t no "o supposes x to h be5 ! p>5t ( any "o ( our bre$s2 yet1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1#ag hybrids are commonly rais$ betwe5 ! male ,g4 v>ius & ! common h51 & are kept = _! great beauty1 b are inv>iably /]ile3 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case ) "s br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,^! hybrids 7 at "o "t ?\ght to be specifically di/9ct1 & 7 nam$ ,g4 neus4 ,mr4 ,bly? & o!rs believe t ! ,g4 temm9ckii#ah 7( :i* ! hi/ory is n kn[n7 is a simil> hybrid4 ,sir ,j4 ,brooke s5t me "s sk9s ( dome/ic f[ls f ,borneo1 & across ! tail ( "o ( ^!1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] obs]v$1 !re 7 transv]se blue b&s l ^? :i* he _h se5 on ! tail-fea!rs ( hybrids f ,g4 v>ius1 re>$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,?is fact app>5tly indicates t "s ( ! f[ls ( ,borneo h be5 slightly affect$ by crosses ) ,g4 v>ius1 b ! case may possibly be "o ( analog\s v>iation4 ,i may j allude to ! ,g4 giganteus1 s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 works on p\ltry z a wild species2 b ,m>sd5#ai ! fir/ describ]1 speaks ( x z a tame bre$2 & ! specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum evid5tly has ! aspect ( a dome/ic v>iety4 ,! la/ species to be m5tion$1 namely1 ,gallus bankiva1 has a mu* wid] geographical range ?an ! ?ree previ\s species2 x inhabits ,nor!rn ,india z f> we/ z ,s9de1 & asc5ds ! ,himalaya to a height ( #djjj ft42 x inhabits ,burmah1 ! ,malay p59sula1 ! ,indo-,*9ese c\ntries1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ! ,malayan ar*ipelago z f> ea/w>d z ,timor4 ,?is species v>ies consid]ably 9 ! wild /ate4 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t ! specim5s1 bo? male & female1 br\ght f ne> ! ,himalaya1 are r pal] col\r$ ?an ^? f o!r p>ts ( ,india2 :il/ ^? f ! ,malay p59sula & ,java are bright] col\r$ ?an ! ,indian birds4 ,i h se5 specim5s f ^! c\ntries1 & ! diff]5ce ( t9t 9 ! hackles 0 conspicu\s4 ,! ,malayan h5s 7 a %ade r$d] on ! brea/ & neck ?an ! ,indian h5s4 ,! ,malayan males g5]ally _h a r$ e>-lappet1 in/ead ( a :ite "o z 9 ,india2 b ,mr4 ,bly? has se5 "o ,indian specim5 )\t ! :ite e>-lappet4 ,! legs are lead5 blue 9 ! ,indian1 :]eas !y %[ "s t5d5cy to be yell[i% 9 ! ,malayan & ,javan specim5s4 ,9 ! =m] ,mr4 ,bly? f9ds ! t>sus rem>kably v>iable 9 l5g?4 ,accord+ to ,temm9ck#bj ! ,timor specim5s diff] z a local race f t ( ,java4 ,^! sev]al wild v>ieties h n z yet be5 rank$ z di/9ct species2 if !y %\ld1 z is n unlikely1 be h]eaft] ?us rank$1 ! circum/ance w\ld be q immat]ial z f> z ! p>5tage & diff]5ces ( our dome/ic bre$s are conc]n$4 ,! wild ,g4 bankiva agrees mo/ closely ) ! black-brea/$ r$ ,game-bre$1 9 col\r+ & 9 all o!r respects1 except 9 be+ small]1 & 9 ! tail be+ c>ri$ m horizontally4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! tail is c>ri$ is highly v>iable 9 _m ( our bre$s1 =1 z ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me1 ! tail slopes mu* 9 ! ,malays1 is erect 9 ! ,games & "s o!r bre$s1 & is m ?an erect 9 ,dork+s1 ,bantams1 etc4 ,!re is "o o!r diff]5ce namely1 t 9 ,g4 bankiva1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! neck-hackles :5 fir/ m\lt$ are replac$ dur+ two or ?ree mon?s n by o!r hackles1 z ) our dome/ic p\ltry1 b by %ort blacki% fea!rs4#ba ,mr4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 has rem>k$ t ^! black fea!rs rema9 9 ! wild bird aft] ! developm5t ( ! l[] hackles1 & appe> 9 ! dome/ic bird at ! same "t ) !m3 s t ! only diff]5ce is t ! l[] hackles are replac$ m sl[ly 9 ! wild ?an 9 ! tame bird2 b z conf9em5t is kn[n sometimes to affect ! mascul9e plumage1 ?is slight diff]5ce _c be consid]$ ( any importance4 ,x is a significant fact t ! voice ( bo? ! male & female ,g4 bankiva closely resembles1 z ,mr4 ,bly? & o!rs h not$1 ! voice ( bo? sexes ( ! common dome/ic f[l2 b ! la/ note ( ! cr[ ( ! wild bird is r less prolong$4 ,capta9 ,hutton1 well kn[n = 8 rese>*es into ! natural hi/ory ( ,india1 in=ms me t he has se5 sev]al cross$ f[ls f ! wild species & ! ,*9ese bantam2 ^! cross$ f[ls br$ freely ) bantams1 b un=tunately 7 n cross$ int] se4 ,capta9 ,hutton re>$ *ick5s f ! eggs ( ! ,gallus bankiva2 & ^!1 ?\gh at fir/ v wild1 aft]w>ds became s tame t !y w\ld cr[d r\nd 8 feet4 ,he did n succe$ 9 re>+ !m to maturity2 b z he rem>ks1 8no wild gall9ace\s bird ?rives well at fir/ on h>d gra940 ,mr4 ,bly? also f\nd mu* difficulty 9 keep+ ,g4 bankiva 9 conf9em5t4 ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 h[ev]1 ! natives mu/ succe$ bett]1 z !y keep wild cocks to fight ) _! dome/ic game-birds4#bb ,sir ,walt] ,elliot in=ms me t ! h5 ( a native dome/ic bre$ ( ,pegu is undi/+ui%able f ! h5 ( ! wild ,g4 bankiva2 & ! natives con/antly cat* wild cocks by tak+ tame cocks to fight ) !m 9 ! woods4#bc ,mr4 ,crawfurd rem>ks t f etymology x might be argu$ t ! f[l 0 fir/ dome/icat$ by ! ,malays & ,javanese4#bd ,x is also a curi\s fact1 ( :i* ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 t wild specim5s ( ! ,gallus bankiva1 br\ght f ! c\ntries ea/ ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 are f> m easily tam$ ?an ^? ( ,india2 nor is ?is an unp>allel$ fact1 =1 z ,humboldt long ago rem>k$1 ! same species sometimes ev9ces a m tameable disposition 9 "o c\ntry ?an 9 ano!r4 ,if we suppose t ! ,g4 bankiva 0 fir/ tam$ 9 ,malaya & aft]w>ds import$ into ,india1 we c und]/& an obs]vation made to me by ,mr4 ,bly?1 t ! dome/ic f[ls ( ,india d n resemble ! wild ,g4 bankiva ( ,india m closely ?an d ^? ( ,europe4 ,f ! extremely close resemblance 9 col\r1 g5]al /ructure1 & especially 9 voice1 betwe5 ,gallus bankiva & ! ,game f[l2 f _! f]tility1 z f> z ?is has be5 asc]ta9$1 :5 cross$2 f ! possibility ( ! wild species be+ tam$1 & f its v>y+ 9 ! wild /ate1 we may confid5tly look at x z ! p>5t ( ! mo/ typical ( all ! dome/ic bre$s1 namely1 ! ,game f[l4 ,x is a significant fact1 t almo/ all ! naturali/s 9 ,india1 namely ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,w>d1 ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,j]don1 & ,mr4 ,bly?1#be :o are famili> ) ,g4 bankiva1 believe t x is ! p>5t ( mo/ or all our dome/ic bre$s4 ,b ev5 if x be admitt$ t ,g4 bankiva is ! p>5t ( ! ,game bre$1 yet x may be urg$ t o!r wild species h be5 ! p>5ts ( ! o!r dome/ic bre$s2 & t ^! species /ill exi/1 ?\gh unkn[n1 9 "s c\ntry1 or h become ext9ct4 ,! ext9ction1 h[ev]1 ( sev]al species ( f[ls1 is an improbable hypo!sis1 see+ t ! f\r kn[n species h n become ext9ct 9 ! mo/ anci5t & ?ickly peopl$ regions ( ! ,ea/4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 n "o o!r k9d ( dome/icat$ bird1 ( :i* ! wild p>5t-=m is unkn[n1 t is become ext9ct4 ,= ! discov]y ( new1 or ! r$iscov]y ( old species ( ,gallus1 we mu/ n look1 z fanci]s (t5 look1 to ! :ole _w4 ,! l>g] gall9ace\s birds1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$1#bf g5]ally h a re/rict$ range3 we see ?is well illu/rat$ 9 ,india1 :]e ! g5us ,gallus inhabits ! base ( ! ,himalaya1 & is succe$$ high] up by ,gallophasis1 & /ill high] up by ,phasianus4 ,au/ralia1 ) its isl&s1 is out ( ! "q z ! home = unkn[n species ( ! g5us4 ,x is1 also1 z improbable t ,gallus %\ld inhabit ,s\? ,am]ica#bg z t a humm+-bird %\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,f ! "* ( ! o!r gall9ace\s birds ( ,africa1 x is n probable t ,gallus is an ,african g5us4 ,we ne$ n look to ! we/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 = ,messrs4 ,bly? & ,crawfurd1 :o h att5d$ to ?is subject1 d\bt :e!r ,gallus ev] exi/$ 9 a wild /ate ev5 z f> we/ z ,p]sia4 ,al?\gh ! e>lie/ ,greek writ]s speak ( ! f[l z a ,p]sian bird1 ?is probably m]ely indicates its l9e ( importation4 ,= ! discov]y ( unkn[n species we mu/ look to ,india1 to ! ,indo-,*9ese c\ntries1 & to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ,*9a is ! mo/ likely c\ntry2 b z ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me1 sk9s h be5 export$ f ,*9a dur+ a long p]iod1 & liv+ birds are l>gely kept !re 9 avi>ies1 s t any native species ( ,gallus w\ld probably h become kn[n4 ,mr4 ,bir*1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has translat$ = me passages f a ,*9ese ,encyclopdia publi%$ 9 #afji1 b compil$ f m anci5t docum5ts1 9 :i* x is said t f[ls are creatures ( ! ,we/1 & 7 introduc$ into ! ,ea/ 7i4e4 ,*9a7 9 a dyna/y #adjj ,b4,c4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( s anci5t a date1 we see t ! ,indo-,*9ese & ,indian regions 7 =m]ly consid]$ by ! ,*9ese z ! s\rce ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations we mu/ look to ! pres5t metropolis ( ! g5us1 namely1 to ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 = ! discov]y ( species :i* 7 =m]ly dome/icat$1 b are n[ unkn[n 9 ! wild /ate2 & ! mo/ exp]i5c$ orni?ologi/s d n consid] x probable t su* species w be discov]$4 ,9 consid]+ :e!r ! dome/ic bre$s are desc5d$ f "o species1 namely1 ,g4 bankiva1 or f sev]al1 we mu/ n q ov]look1 ?\gh we mu/ n exagg]ate1 ! importance ( ! te/ ( f]tility4 ,mo/ ( our dome/ic bre$s h be5 s (t5 cross$1 & _! mongrels s l>gely kept1 t x is almo/ c]ta91 if any degree ( inf]tility _h exi/$ betwe5 !m1 x w\ld h be5 detect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r kn[n species ( ,gallus :5 cross$ ) ea* o!r1 or :5 cross$1 ) ! exception ( ,g4 bankiva1 ) ! dome/ic f[l1 produce inf]tile hybrids4 ,f9ally1 we h n su* good evid5ce ) f[ls z ) pigeons1 ( all ! bre$s hav+ desc5d$ f a s+le primitive /ock4 ,9 bo? cases ! argum5t ( f]tility mu/ g = some?+2 9 bo? we h ! improbability ( man hav+ succe$$ 9 anci5t times 9 ?or\ghly dome/icat+ sev]al suppos$ species1--mo/ ( ^! suppos$ species be+ extremely abnormal z comp>$ ) _! natural allies1--all be+ n[ ei!r unkn[n or ext9ct1 ?\gh ! p>5t-=m ( no o!r dome/icat$ bird has be5 lo/4 ,b 9 se>*+ = ! suppos$ p>5t-/ocks ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! pigeon1 we 7 enabl$ to conf9e our se>* to species hav+ peculi> habits ( life2 :il/ ) f[ls !re is no?+ 9 _! habits 9 any m>k$ mann] di/9ct f ^? ( o!r gall9ace\s birds4 ,9 ! case ( pigeons1 ,i h %[n t purely-br$ birds ( e race & ! cross$ (fspr+ ( di/9ct races frequ5tly resemble1 or rev]t to1 ! wild rock-pigeon 9 g5]al col\r & 9 ea* *>act]i/ic m>k4 ,) f[ls we h facts ( a simil> nature1 b less /rongly pron\nc$1 :i* we w n[ discuss4 ,rev]sion & ,analog\s ,v>iation4--,purely-br$ ,game1 ,malay1 ,co*91 ,dork+1 ,bantam1 &1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ,silk f[ls1 may frequ5tly or occasionally be met )1 :i* are almo/ id5tical 9 plumage ) ! wild ,g4 bankiva4 ,?is is a fact well des]v+ att5tion1 :5 we reflect t ^! bre$s rank among/ ! mo/ di/9ct4 ,f[ls ?us col\r$ are call$ by amateurs black-brea/$ r$s4 ,hamburghs prop]ly h a v diff]5t plumage2 nev]!less1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me1 8! great difficulty 9 bre$+ cocks ( ! gold5-spangl$ v>iety is _! t5d5cy to h black brea/s & r$ backs4 ,! males ( :ite ,bantams & :ite ,co*9s1 z !y come to maturity1 (t5 assume a yell[i% or saffron t+e2 & ! long] neck hackles ( black ,bantam cocks10#bh :5 two or ?ree ye>s old1 n uncommonly become ruddy2 ^! latt] ,bantams occasionally 8ev5 m\lt brassy-w+$1 or actually r$-%\ld]$40 ,s t 9 ^! sev]al cases we see a pla9 t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! hues ( ,g4 bankiva1 ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual bird4 ,) ,spani%1 ,poli%1 p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh f[ls1 & ) "s o!r less common bre$s1 ,i h nev] he>d ( a black-brea/$ r$ bird hav+ appe>$4 ,f my exp]i5ce ) pigeons1 ,i made ! foll[+ crosses4 ,i fir/ kill$ all my own p\ltry1 no o!rs liv+ ne> my h\se1 & !n procur$1 by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s assi/ance1 a fir/-rate black ,spani% cock1 & h5s ( ! foll[+ pure bre$s1--:ite ,game1 :ite ,co*91 silv]-spangl$ ,poli%1 silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh1 silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 & :ite ,silk4 ,9 none ( ^! bre$s is !re a trace ( r$1 nor :5 kept pure h ,i ev] he>d ( ! appe>ance ( a r$ fea!r2 ?\gh su* an occurr5ce w\ld p]haps n be v improbable ) :ite ,games & :ite ,co*9s4 ,( ! _m *ick5s re>$ f ! above six crosses ! majority 7 black1 bo? 9 ! d[n & 9 ! fir/ plumage2 "s 7 :ite1 & a v few 7 mottl$ black & :ite4 ,9 "o lot ( elev5 mix$ eggs f ! :ite ,game & :ite ,co*9 by ! black ,spani% cock1 sev5 ( ! *ick5s 7 :ite1 & only f\r black4 ,i m5tion ?is fact to %[ t :it5ess ( plumage is /rongly inh]it$1 & t ! belief 9 ! prepot5t p[] 9 ! male to transmit 8 col\r is n always correct4 ,! *ick5s 7 hat*$ 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ sev]al ( ! "y cocks began to exhibit a *ange1 :i* ) "s ( !m increas$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,?us a "y male bird f ! silv]-spangl$ ,poli% h5 0 9 its fir/ plumage coal-black1 & comb9$ 9 its comb1 cre/1 wattle1 & be>d1 ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts2 b :5 two ye>s old ! second>y w+-fea!rs became l>gely & symmetrically m>k$ ) :ite1 &1 :]ev] 9 ,g4 bankiva ! hackles are r$1 !y 7 9 ?is bird gre5i%-black along ! %aft1 n>r[ly bord]$ ) br[ni%-black1 & ?is aga9 broadly bord]$ ) v pale yell[i%-br[n2 s t 9 g5]al appe>ance ! plumage _h become pale-col\r$ in/ead ( black4 ,9 ?is case1 ) advanc+ age !re 0 a great *ange1 b no rev]sion to ! r$ col\r ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,a cock ) a regul> rose comb d]iv$ ei!r f ! spangl$ or p5cill$ silv] ,hamburgh 0 likewise at fir/ q black2 b 9 less ?an a ye> ! neck-hackles1 z 9 ! la/ case1 became :iti%1 :il/ ^? on ! lo9s assum$ a decid$ r$di%-yell[ t9t2 & "h we see ! fir/ symptom ( rev]sion2 ?is likewise occurr$ ) "s o!r "y cocks1 :i* ne$ n "h be describ$4 ,x has also be5 record$#bi by a bre$]1 t he cross$ two silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburgh h5s ) a ,spani% cock1 & re>$ a numb] ( *ick5s1 all ( :i* 7 black1 ! cocks hav+ gold5 & ! h5s br[ni% hackles2 s t 9 ?is in/ance likewise !re 0 a cle> t5d5cy to rev]sion4 ,two "y cocks f my :ite ,game h5 7 at fir/ sn[ :ite2 ( ^!1 "o subsequ5tly assum$ male orange-col\r$ hackles1 *iefly on ! lo9s1 & ! o!r an abundance ( f9e orange-r$ hackles on ! neck1 lo9s1 & upp] w+-cov]ts4 ,"h aga9 we h a m decid$1 ?\gh p>tial1 rev]sion to ! col\rs ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,?is second cock 0 9 fact col\r$ l an inf]ior 8pile ,came cock20--n[ ?is sub-bre$ c be produc$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 by cross+ a black-brea/$ r$ ,game cock ) a :ite ,game h51 & ! 8pile0 sub-bre$ ?us produc$ c aft]w>ds be truly propagat$4 ,s t we h ! curi\s fact ( ! glossy-black ,spani% cock & ! black-brea/$ r$ ,game cock :5 cross$ ) :ite ,game h5s produc+ (fspr+ ( ne>ly ! same col\rs4 ,i re>$ sev]al birds f ! :ite ,silk h5 by ! ,spani% cock3 all 7 coal-black1 & all pla9ly %[$ _! p>5tage 9 hav+ blacki% combs & bones2 none inh]it$ ! s-call$ silky fea!rs1 & ! non-inh]itance ( ?is "* has be5 obs]v$ by o!rs4 ,! h5s nev] v>i$ 9 _! plumage4 ,z ! "y cocks grew old1 "o ( !m assum$ yell[i%-:ite hackles1 & ?us resembl$ 9 a consid]able degree ! cross f ! ,hamburgh h52 ! o!r became a gorge\s bird1 s mu* s t an acqua9tance _h x pres]v$ & /uff$ simply f its beauty4 ,:5 /alk+ ab\t x closely resembl$ ! wild ,gallus bankiva1 b ) ! r$ fea!rs r d>k]4 ,on close comp>ison "o consid]able diff]5ce pres5t$ itself1 namely1 t ! prim>y & second>y w+-fea!rs 7 edg$ ) gre5i%-black1 in/ead ( be+ edg$1 z 9 ,g4 bankiva1 ) fulv\s & r$ t9ts4 ,! space1 also1 across ! back1 :i* be>s d>k-gre5 fea!rs1 0 broad]1 & ! comb 0 blacki%4 ,9 all o!r respects1 ev5 9 trifl+ details ( plumage1 !re 0 ! close/ accordance4 ,altoge!r x 0 a m>vell\s sight to comp>e ?is bird fir/ ) ,g4 bankiva1 & !n ) its fa!r1 ! glossy gre5-black ,spani% cock1 & ) its dim9utive "m1 ! :ite ,silk h54 ,?is case ( rev]sion is ! m extraord9>y z ! ,spani% bre$ has long be5 kn[n to bre$ true1 & no in/ance is on record ( its ?r[+ a s+le r$ fea!r4 ,! ,silk h5 likewise bre$s true1 & is believ$ to be anci5t1 = ,aldrov&i1 be=e #afjj1 alludes probably to ?is bre$1 & describ$ x z cov]$ ) wool4 ,x is s peculi> 9 _m *>act]s t "s writ]s h consid]$ x z specifically di/9ct2 yet1 z we n[ see1 :5 cross$ ) ! ,spani% f[l1 x yields (fspr+ closely resembl+ ! wild ,g4 bankiva4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has be5 s k9d z to repeat1 at my reque/1 ! cross betwe5 a ,spani% cock & ,silk h51 & he obta9$ simil> results2 = he ?us rais$1 besides a black h51 sev5 cocks1 all ( :i* 7 d>k-bodi$ ) m or less orange-r$ hackles4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> he pair$ ! black h5 ) "o ( h] bro!rs1 & rais$ ?ree "y cocks1 all col\r$ l _! fa!r1 & a black h5 mottl$ ) :ite4 ,! h5s f ! six above-describ$ crosses %[$ h>dly any t5d5cy to rev]t to ! mottl$-br[n plumage ( ! female ,g4 bankiva3 "o h51 h[ev]1 f ! :ite ,co*91 :i* 0 at fir/ coal-black1 became slightly br[n or sooty4 ,sev]al h5s1 :i* 7 = a long "t sn[-:ite1 acquir$ z !y grew old a few black fea!rs4 ,a h5 f ! :ite ,game1 :i* 0 = a long "t entirely black gloss$ ) gre51 :5 two ye>s old _h "s ( ! prim>y w+ fea!rs greyi%-:ite1 & a multitude ( fea!rs ov] h] body n>r[ly & symmetrically tipp$ or lac$ ) :ite4 ,i _h expect$ t "s ( ! *ick5s :il/ cov]$ ) d[n w\ld h assum$ ! longitud9al /ripes s g5]al ) gall9ace\s birds2 b ?is did n occur 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,two or ?ree alone 7 r$di%-br[n ab\t _! heads4 ,i 0 un=tunate 9 los+ ne>ly all ! :ite *ick5s f ! fir/ crosses2 s t black prevail$ ) ! gr&*ildr52 b !y 7 mu* div]sifi$ 9 col\r1 "s be+ sooty1 o!rs mottl$1 & "o blacki% *ick5 _h its fea!rs oddly tipp$ & b>r$ ) br[n4 ,i w "h add a few miscellane\s facts connect$ ) rev]sion1 & ) ! law ( analog\s v>iation4 ,?is law implies1 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t ! v>ieties ( "o species frequ5tly mock di/9ct b alli$ species2 & ?is fact is expla9$1 accord+ to ! views :i* ,i ma9ta91 on ! pr9ciple ( alli$ species hav+ desc5d$ f "o primitive =m4 ,! :ite ,silk f[l ) black sk9 & bones deg5]ates1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,hewitt & ,mr4 ,r4 ,orton1 9 our climate2 t is1 x rev]ts to ! ord9>y col\r ( ! common f[l 9 its sk9 & bones1 due c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to prev5t any cross4 ,9 ,g]many#cj a di/9ct bre$ ) black bones1 & ) black1 n silky plumage1 has likewise be5 obs]v$ to deg5]ate4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t1 :5 di/9ct bre$s are cross$1 f[ls are frequ5tly produc$ ) _! fea!rs m>k$ or p5cill$ by n>r[ transv]se l9es ( a d>k] col\r4 ,?is may be 9 "p expla9$ by direct rev]sion to ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,bankiva h52 = ?is bird has all its upp] plumage f9ely mottl$ ) d>k & ruf\s br[n1 ) ! mottl+ p>tially & obscurely arrang$ 9 transv]se l9es4 ,b ! t5d5cy to p5cill+ is probably mu* /r5g!n$ by ! law ( analog\s v>iation1 = ! h5s ( "s o!r species ( ,gallus are m pla9ly p5cill$1 & ! h5s ( _m gall9ace\s birds belong+ to o!r g5]a1 z ! p>tridge1 h p5cill$ fea!rs4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has also rem>k$ to me t1 al?\gh ) dome/ic pigeons we h s great a div]sity ( col\r+1 we nev] see ei!r p5cill$ or spangl$ fea!rs2 & ?is fact is intelligible on ! law ( analog\s v>iation1 z nei!r ! wild rock pigeon nor any closely alli$ species has su* fea!rs4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( p5cill+ 9 cross$ birds probably acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( 8cuckoo0 sub-bre$s 9 ! ,game1 ,poli%1 ,dork+1 ,co*91 ,&alusian1 & ,bantam bre$s4 ,! plumage ( ^! birds is slaty-blue or grey1 ) ea* fea!r transv]sely b>r$ ) d>k] l9es1 s z to resemble 9 "s degree ! plumage ( ! cuckoo4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 consid]+ t ! male ( no species ( ,gallus is 9 ! lea/ b>r$1 t ! cuckoo-l plumage has (t5 be5 transf]r$ to ! male1 m especially 9 ! cuckoo ,dork+2 & ! fact is all ! m s+ul>1 z 9 gold- & silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 9 :i* p5cill+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! bre$1 ! male is h>dly at all p5cill$1 ?is k9d ( plumage be+ conf9$ to ! female4 ,ano!r case ( analog\s v>iation is ! occurr5ce ( spangl$ sub-bre$s ( ,hamburgh1 ,poli%1 ,malay1 & ,bantam f[ls4 ,spangl$ fea!rs h a d>k m>k1 prop]ly cresc5t-%ap$1 on _! tips2 :il/ p5cill$ fea!rs h sev]al transv]se b>s4 ,! spangl+ _c be due to rev]sion to ,g4 bankiva2 nor does x (t5 foll[1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 f cross+ di/9ct bre$s2 b x is a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = _m gall9ace\s birds h spangl$ fea!rs1--= in/ance1 ! common pheasant4 ,h5ce spangl$ bre$s are (t5 call$ 8pheasant0-f[ls4 ,ano!r case ( analog\s v>iation 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s is inexplicable2 x is1 t ! *ick5s1 :il/ cov]$ ) d[n1 ( ! black ,spani%1 black ,game1 black ,poli%1 & black ,bantam1 all h :ite ?roats & brea/s1 & (t5 h "s :ite on _! w+s4#ca ,! editor ( ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle'#cb rem>ks t all ! bre$s :i* prop]ly h r$ e>-lappets occasionally produce birds ) :ite e>-,tappets4 ,?is rem>k m especially applies to ! ,game bre$1 :i* ( all comes ne>e/ to ! ,g4 bankiva2 & we h se5 t ) ?is species liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 ! e>-lappets v>y 9 col\r1 be+ r$ 9 ! ,malayan c\ntries1 & g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 :ite 9 ,india4 ,9 conclud+ ?is "p ( my subject1 ,i may repeat t !re exi/s "o widely-rang+1 v>y+1 & common species ( ,gallus1 namely1 ,g4 bankiva1 :i* c be tam$1 produces f]tile (fspr+ :5 cross$ ) common f[ls1 & closely resembles 9 its :ole /ructure1 plumage1 & voice ! ,game bre$2 h5ce x may be safely rank$ z ! p>5t ( ?is1 ! mo/ typical dome/icat$ bre$4 ,we h se5 t !re is mu* difficulty 9 believ+ t o!r1 n[ unkn[n1 species h be5 ! p>5ts ( ! o!r dome/ic bre$s4 ,we "k t all ! bre$s are mo/ closely alli$1 z %[n by _! simil>ity 9 mo/ po9ts ( /ructure & 9 habits1 & by ! analog\s mann] 9 :i* !y v>y4 ,we h also se5 t sev]al ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s occasionally or habitually closely resemble 9 plumage ,g4 bankiva1 & t ! cross$ (fspr+ ( o!r bre$s1 :i* are n ?us col\r$1 %[ a /rong] or weak] t5d5cy to rev]t to ?is same plumage4 ,"s ( ! bre$s1 :i* appe> ! mo/ di/9ct & ! lea/ likely to h proce$$ f ,g4 bankiva1 su* z ,poli% f[ls1 ) _! protub]ant & little ossifi$ skulls1 & ,co*9s1 ) _! imp]fect tail & small w+s1 be> 9 ^! *>act]s ! pla9 m>ks ( _! artificial orig94 ,we "k well t ( late ye>s me?odical selection has greatly improv$ & fix$ _m *>act]s2 & we h e reason to believe t unconsci\s selection1 c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations1 w h /eadily augm5t$ ea* new peculi>ity1 & ?us h giv5 rise to new bre$s4 ,z soon z two or ?ree bre$s 7 once =m$1 cross+ w\ld come into play 9 *ang+ _! "* & 9 increas+ _! numb]4 ,brahma ,pootras1 accord+ to an acc\nt lately publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 (f] a good in/ance ( a bre$1 lately =m$ by a cross1 :i* c be truly propagat$4 ,! well-kn[n ,sebright ,bantams (f] ano!r & simil> in/ance4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t n only ! ,game-bre$ b t all our bre$s are probably ! desc5dants ( ! ,malayan or ,indian v>iety ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,if s1 ?is species has v>i$ greatly s9ce x 0 fir/ dome/icat$2 b !re has be5 ample "t1 z we %all n[ %[4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,f[l4--,rtimey] f\nd no rema9s ( ! f[l 9 ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell+s2 b1 accord+ to ,jeitteles1#cc su* h c]ta9ly s9ce be5 f\nd associat$ ) ext9ct animals & prehi/oric rema9s4 ,x is1 !re=e a /range fact t ! f[l is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor figur$ on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,x is n ref]r$ to by ,hom] or ,hesiod 7ab\t #ijj ,b4,c472 b is m5tion$ by ,!ognis & ,ari/ophanes betwe5 #djj & #ejj ,b4,c4 ,x is figur$ on "s ( ! ,babylonian cyl9d]s1 betwe5 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ,b4,c41 ( :i* ,mr4 ,lay>d s5t me an impression2 & on ! ,h>py ,tomb 9 ,lycia1 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c43 s t ! f[l app>5tly rea*$ ,europe 9 a dome/icat$ condition some:]e ab\t ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x _h travell$ /ill f>!r we/w>d by ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 = x 0 f\nd 9 ,brita9 by ,julius ,cs>4 ,9 ,india x mu/ h be5 dome/icat$ :5 ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu 7 writt51 t is1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 #abjj ,b4,c41 b1 accord+ to ! lat] au?ority ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,wilson1 only #hjj ,b4,c41 = ! dome/ic f[l is =bidd51 :il/ ! wild is p]mitt$ to be eat54 ,if1 z be=e rem>k$1 we may tru/ ! old ,*9ese ,encyclopdia1 ! f[l mu/ h be5 dome/icat$ sev]al c5turies e>li]1 z x is said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,we/ into ,*9a #adjj ,b4,c4 ,suffici5t mat]ials d n exi/ = trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! sep>ate bre$s4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,columella m5tions a five-to$ fight+ bre$1 & "s prov9cial bre$s2 b we "k no?+ ab\t !m4 ,he also alludes to dw>f f[ls2 b ^! _c h be5 ! same ) our ,bantams1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,crawfurd has %[n1 7 import$ f ,japan into ,bantam 9 ,java4 ,a dw>f f[l1 probably ! true ,bantam1 is ref]r$ to 9 an old ,japanese ,encyclopdia1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bir*4 ,9 ! ,*9ese ,encyclopdia publi%$ 9 #aeif1 b compil$ f v>i\s s\rces1 "s ( high antiquity1 sev5 bre$s are m5tion$1 includ+ :at we %\ld n[ call ,jump]s or ,creep]s1 & likewise f[ls ) black fea!rs1 bones1 & fle%4 ,9 #afjj ,aldrov&i describes sev5 or eight bre$s ( f[ls1 & ?is is ! mo/ anci5t record f :i* ! age ( our ,european bre$s c be inf]r$4 ,! ,gallus turcicus c]ta9ly seems to be a p5cill$ ,hamburgh2 b ,mr4 ,br5t1 a mo/ capable judge1 ?9ks t ,aldrov&i 8evid5tly figur$ :at he happ5$ to see1 & n ! be/ ( ! bre$40 ,mr4 ,br5t1 inde$1 consid]s all ,aldrov&i's f[ls z ( impure bre$2 b x is a f> m probable view t all our bre$s h be5 mu* improv$ & modifi$ s9ce 8 "t2 =1 z he w5t to ! exp5se ( s _m figures1 he probably w\ld h secur$ *>act]i/ic specim5s4 ,! ,silk f[l1 h[ev]1 probably !n exi/$ 9 its pres5t /ate1 z did almo/ c]ta9ly ! f[l ) frizzl$ or rev]s$ fea!rs4 ,mr4 ,dixon#cd consid]s ,aldrov&i's ,paduan f[l z 8a v>iety ( ! ,poli%10 :]eas ,mr4 ,br5t believes x to h be5 m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,malay4 ,! anatomical peculi>ities ( ! skull ( ! ,poli% bre$ 7 notic$ by ,p4 ,borelli 9 #afef4 ,i may add t 9 #agcg "o ,poli% sub-bre$1 viz41 ! ,gold5-spangl$1 0 kn[n2 b judg+ f ,alb9's description1 ! comb 0 !n l>g]1 ! cre/ ( fea!rs mu* small]1 ! brea/ m co>sely spott$1 & ! /oma* & ?ighs mu* black]3 a ,gold5-spangl$ ,poli% f[l 9 ?is condition w\ld n[ be ( no value4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,/ructure betwe5 ! ,bre$s3 ,individual ,v>iability4--,f[ls h be5 expos$ to div]sifi$ conditions ( life1 & z we h j se5 !re has be5 ample "t = mu* v>iability & = ! sl[ action ( unconsci\s selection4 ,z !re are good gr\nds = believ+ t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ,gallus bankiva1 x w be wor? :ile to describe 9 "s detail ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,beg9n+ ) ! eggs & *ick5s1 ,i w pass on to _! second>y sexual *>act]s1 & !n to _! diff]5ces 9 ext]nal /ructure & 9 ! skeleton4 ,i ent] on ! foll[+ details *iefly to %[ h[ v>iable almo/ e "* has become "u dome/ication4 ,eggs4--,mr4 ,dixon rem>ks#ce t 8to e h5 belongs an individual peculi>ity 9 ! =m1 col\r1 & size ( h] egg1 :i* nev] *anges dur+ h] life-"t1 s long z %e rema9s 9 heal?1 & :i* is z well kn[n to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( tak+ h] produce1 z ! h&-writ+ ( _! ne>e/ acqua9tance40 ,i believe t ?is is g5]ally true1 & t1 if no great numb] ( h5s be kept1 ! eggs ( ea* c almo/ always be recognis$4 ,! eggs ( diff]5tly siz$ bre$s naturally diff] mu* 9 size2 b app>5tly1 n always 9 /rict relation to ! size ( ! h53 ?us ! ,malay is a l>g] bird ?an ! ,spani%1 b %e produces n su* l>ge eggs2 :ite ,bantams are said to lay small] eggs ?an o!r ,bantams2#cf :ite ,co*9s1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 c]ta9ly lay l>g] eggs ?an buff ,co*9s4 ,! eggs1 h[ev]1 ( ! diff]5t bre$s v>y consid]ably 9 "*2 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,ballance /ates#cg t 8 ,malay 8pullets ( la/ ye> laid eggs equal 9 size to ^? ( any duck1 & o!r ,malay h5s1 two or ?ree ye>s old1 laid eggs v little l>g] ?an a good siz$ ,bantam's egg4 ,"s 7 z :ite z a ,spani% h5's egg1 & o!rs v>i$ f a light cream-col\r to a deep ri* buff1 or ev5 to a br[n40 ,! %ape also v>ies1 ! two ends be+ mu* m equally r\nd$ 9 ,co*9s ?an 9 ,games or ,poli%4 ,spani% f[ls lay smoo!r eggs ?an ,co*9s1 ( :i* ! eggs are g5]ally granulat$4 ,! %ell 9 ?is latt] bre$1 & m especially 9 ,malays is apt to be ?ick] ?an 9 ,games or ,spani%2 b ! ,m9orcas1 a sub-bre$ ( ,spani%1 are said to lay h>d] eggs ?an true ,spani%4#ch ,! col\r diff]s consid]ably1--! ,co*9s lay+ buff-col\r$ eggs2 ! ,malays a pal] v>iable buff2 & ,games a /ill pal] buff4 ,x w\ld appe> t d>k]-col\r$ eggs *>act]ise ! bre$s :i* h lately come f ! ,ea/1 or are /ill closely alli$ to ^? n[ liv+ !re4 ,! col\r ( ! yolk1 accord+ to ,f]guson1 z well z ( ! %ell1 diff]s slightly 9 ! sub-bre$s ( ! ,game4 ,i am also in=m$ by ,mr4 ,br5t t d>k p>tridge-col\r$ ,co*9 h5s lay d>k] col\r$ eggs ?an ! o!r ,co*9 sub-bre$s4 ,! flav\r & ri*ness ( ! egg c]ta9ly diff] 9 diff]5t bre$s4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! sev]al bre$s is v diff]5t4 ,spani%1 ,poli%1 & ,hamburgh h5s h lo/ ! incubat+ in/9ct4 ,*ick5s4--,z ! "y ( almo/ all gall9ace\s birds1 ev5 ( ! black curass[ & black gr\se1 :il/ cov]$ ) d[n1 are longitud9ally /rip$ on ! back1--( :i* "*1 :5 adult1 nei!r sex reta9s a trace1--x might h be5 expect$ t ! *ick5s ( all our dome/ic f[ls w\ld h be5 simil>ly /rip$4#ci ,?is c\ld1 h[ev]1 h>dly h be5 expect$1 :5 ! adult plumage 9 bo? sexes has und]gone s great a *ange z to be :olly :ite or black4 ,9 :ite f[ls ( v>i\s bre$s ! *ick5s are uni=mly yell[i% :ite1 pass+ 9 ! black-bon$ ,silk f[l into bright can>y-yell[4 ,?is is also g5]ally ! case ) ! *ick5s ( :ite ,co*9s1 b ,i he> f ,mr4 ,zurho/ t !y are sometimes ( a buff or oak col\r1 & t all ^? ( ?is latt] col\r1 :i* 7 wat*$1 turn$ out males4 ,! *ick5s ( buff ,co*9s are ( a gold5-yell[1 easily di/+ui%able f ! pal] t9t ( ! :ite ,co*9s1 & are (t5 longitud9ally /reak$ ) d>k %ades3 ! *ick5s ( silv]-c9namon ,co*9s are almo/ always ( a buff col\r4 ,! *ick5s ( ! :ite ,game & :ite ,dork+ bre$s1 :5 held 9 p>ticul> lights1 sometimes exhibit 7on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,br5t7 fa9t traces ( longitud9al /ripes4 ,f[ls :i* are entirely black1 namely1 ,spani%1 black ,game1 black ,poli%1 & black ,bantams1 display a new "*1 = _! *ick5s h _! brea/s & ?roats m or less :ite1 ) sometimes a little :ite else:]e4 ,spani% *ick5s also1 occasionally 7,br5t71 h1 :]e ! d[n 0 :ite1 _! fir/ true fea!rs tipp$ = a "t ) :ite4 ,! primordially /rip$ "* is reta9$ by ! *ick5s ( mo/ ( ! ,game sub-bre$s 7,br5t1 ,dixon72 by ,dork+s2 by ! p>tridge & gr\se-col\r$ sub-bre$s ( ,co*9s 7,br5t71 b n1 z we h se51 by ! sub-bre$s2 by ! pheasant-,malay 7,dixon71 b app>5tly n 7at :i* ,i am mu* surpris$7 by o!r ,malays4 ,! foll[+ bre$s & sub-bre$s are b>ely1 or n at all1 longitud9ally /rip$3 viz41 gold & silv] p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 :i* c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 7,br5t7 9 ! d[n1 bo? hav+ a few d>k spots on ! head & rump1 ) occasionally a longitud9al /ripe 7,dixon7 on ! back ( ! neck4 ,i h se5 only "o *ick5 ( ! silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh1 & ?is 0 obscurely /rip$ along ! back4 ,gold-spangl$ ,poli% *ick5s 7,tegetmei]7 are ( a w>m russet br[n2 & silv]-spangl$ ,poli% *ick5s are grey1 sometimes 7,dixon7 ) da%es ( o*re on ! head1 w+s1 & brea/4 ,cuckoo & blue-dun f[ls 7,dixon7 are grey 9 ! d[n4 ,! *ick5s ( ,sebright ,bantams 7,dixon7 are uni=mly d>k br[n1 :il/ ^? ( ! br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game ,bantam are black1 ) "s :ite on ! ?roat & brea/4 ,f ^! facts we see t "y *ick5s ( ! diff]5t bre$s1 & ev5 ( ! same ma9 bre$1 diff] mu* 9 _! d[ny plumage2 &1 al?\gh longitud9al /ripes *>act]ise ! "y ( all wild gall9ace\s birds1 !y disappe> 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s4 ,p]haps x may be accept$ z a g5]al rule t ! m ! adult plumage diff]s f t ( ! adult ,g4 bankiva1 ! m completely ! *ick5s h lo/ _! /ripes4 ,) respect to ! p]iod ( life at :i* ! *>act]s prop] to ea* bre$ fir/ appe>1 x is obvi\s t su* /ructures z additional toes mu/ be =m$ long be=e bir?4 ,9 ,poli% f[ls1 ! extraord9>y protub]ance ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! skull is well develop$ be=e ! *ick5s come out ( ! egg2#dj b ! cre/1 :i* is support$ on ! protub]ance1 is at fir/ feebly develop$1 nor does x atta9 its full size until ! second ye>4 ,! ,spani% cock is pre-em95t = 8 magnific5t comb1 & ?is is develop$ at an unusually e>ly age2 s t ! "y males c be di/+ui%$ f ! females :5 only a few weeks old1 & !re=e e>li] ?an 9 o!r bre$s2 !y likewise cr[ v e>ly1 namely1 :5 ab\t six weeks old4 ,9 ! ,dut* sub-bre$ ( ! ,spani% f[l ! :ite e>-lappets are develop$ e>li] ?an 9 ! common ,spani% bre$4#da ,co*9s are *>act]is$ by a small tail1 & 9 ! "y cocks ! tail is develop$ at an unusually late p]iod4#db ,game f[ls are notori\s = _! pugnacity2 & ! "y cocks cr[1 clap _! little w+s1 & fight ob/9ately ) ea* o!r1 ev5 :il/ "u _! "m's c>e4#dc 8,i h (t5 _h10 says "o au?or1#dd 8:ole broods1 sc>cely fea!r$1 /one-bl9d f fight+2 ! rival c\ples mop+ 9 corn]s1 & r5ew+ _! battles on obta9+ ! fir/ ray ( light40 ,! weapons & pugnacity ( all male gall9ace\s birds evid5tly s]ve ! purpose ( ga9+ possession ( ! females2 s t ! t5d5cy 9 our ,game *ick5s to fight at an extremely e>ly age is n only useless1 b injuri\s1 z !y suff] mu* f _! w\nds4 ,! tra9+ = battle dur+ an e>ly age may be natural to ! wild ,gallus bankiva2 b z man dur+ _m g5]ations has gone on select+ ! mo/ ob/9ately pugnaci\s cocks1 x is m probable t _! pugnacity has be5 unnaturally increas$1 & unnaturally transf]r$ to ! "y male *ick5s4 ,9 ! same mann]1 x is probable t ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! comb 9 ! ,spani% cock has be5 un9t5tionally transf]r$ to ! "y cocks2 = fanci]s w\ld n c>e :e!r _! "y birds _h l>ge combs1 b w\ld select = bre$+ ! adults :i* _h ! f9e/ combs1 :e!r or n develop$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! la/ po9t :i* ne$ "h be notic$ is t1 ?\gh ! *ick5s ( ,spani% & ,malay f[ls are well cov]$ ) d[n1 ! true fea!rs are acquir$ at an unusually late age2 s t = a "t ! "y birds are p>tially nak$1 & are liable to suff] f cold4 ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,! two sexes 9 ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,gallus bankiva1 diff] mu* 9 col\r4 ,9 our dome/ic bre$s ! diff]5ce is nev] great]1 b is (t5 less1 & v>ies mu* 9 degree ev5 9 ! sub-bre$s ( ! same ma9 bre$4 ,?us 9 c]ta9 ,game f[ls ! diff]5ce is z great z 9 ! p>5t-=m1 :il/ 9 ! black & :ite sub-bre$s !re is no diff]5ce 9 plumage4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 two /ra9s ( black-brea/$ r$ ,games1 ( :i* ! cocks c\ld n be di/+ui%$1 :il/ ! h5s 9 "o 7 p>tridge-br[n & 9 ! o!r fawn-br[n4 ,a simil> case has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! /ra9s ( ! br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game4 ,! h5 ( ! 8duck-w+$ ,game0 is 8extremely beautiful10 & diff]s mu* f ! h5s ( all ! o!r ,game sub-bre$s2 b g5]ally1 z ) ! blue & grey ,game & ) "s sub-v>ieties ( ! pile-game1 a mod]ately close relation may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! males & females 9 ! v>iation ( _! plumage4#de ,a simil> relation is also evid5t :5 we comp>e ! sev]al v>ieties ( ,co*9s4 ,9 ! two sexes ( gold & silv]-spangl$ & ( buff ,poli% f[ls1 !re is mu* g5]al simil>ity 9 ! col\r+ & m>ks ( ! :ole plumage1 except+ ( c\rse 9 ! hackles1 cre/1 & be>d4 ,9 spangl$ ,hamburghs1 !re is likewise a consid]able degree ( simil>ity betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,9 p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* dissimil>ity2 ! p5cill+ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! h5s be+ almo/ abs5t 9 ! males ( bo? ! gold5 & silv] v>ieties4 ,b1 z we h already se51 x _c be giv5 z a g5]al rule t male f[ls nev] h p5cill$ fea!rs1 = ,cuckoo ,dork+s are 8rem>kable f hav+ ne>ly simil> m>k+s 9 bo? sexes40 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! males 9 c]ta9 sub-bre$s h lo/ "s ( _! second>y mascul9e *>act]s1 & f _! close resemblance 9 plumage to ! females1 are (t5 call$ h5nies4 ,!re is mu* div]sity ( op9ion :e!r ^! males are 9 any degree /]ile2 t !y sometimes are p>tially /]ile seems cle>1#df b ?is may h be5 caus$ by too close int]bre$+4 ,t !y are n q /]ile1 & t ! :ole case is widely diff]5t f t ( old females assum+ mascul9e *>act]s1 is evid5t f sev]al ( ^! h5-l sub-bre$s hav+ be5 long propagat$4 ,! males & females ( gold & silv]-lac$ ,sebright ,bantams c be b>ely di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 except by _! combs1 wattles1 & spurs1 = !y are col\r$ alike1 & ! males h n hackles1 nor ! fl[+ sickle-l tail-fea!rs4 ,a h5-tail$ sub-bre$ ( ,hamburghs 0 rec5tly mu* e/eem$4 ,!re is also a bre$ ( ,game-f[ls1 9 :i* ! males & females resemble ea* o!r s closely t ! cocks h (t5 mi/ak5 _! h5-fea!r$ oppon5ts 9 ! cock-pit = real h5s1 & by ! mi/ake h lo/ _! lives4#dg ,! cocks1 ?\gh dress$ 9 ! fea!rs ( ! h51 8are high-spirit$ birds1 & _! c\rage has be5 (t5 prov$30 an engrav+ ev5 has be5 publi%$ ( "o celebrat$ h5-tail$ victor4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei]#dh has record$ ! rem>kable case ( a br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game cock :i*1 aft] assum+ its p]fect mascul9e plumage1 became h5-fea!r$ 9 ! autumn ( ! foll[+ ye>2 b he did n lose voice1 spurs1 /r5g?1 nor productiv5ess4 ,?is bird has n[ reta9$ ! same "* dur+ five seasons1 & has begot bo? h5-fea!r$ & male-fea!r$ (fspr+4 ,mr4 ,grantley ,f4 ,b]keley relates ! /ill m s+ul> case ( a celebrat$ /ra9 ( 8polecat ,game f[ls10 :i* produc$ 9 ne>ly e brood a s+le h5-cock4 8,! great peculi>ity 9 "o ( ^! birds 0 t he1 z ! seasons succe$$ ea* o!r1 0 n always a h5-cock1 & n always ( ! col\r call$ ! polecat1 :i* is black4 ,f ! polecat & h5-cock fea!r 9 "o season he m\lt$ to a full male-plumag$ black-brea/$ r$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he return$ to ! =m] fea!r40#di ,i h rem>k$ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' t second>y sexual *>act]s are apt to diff] mu* 9 ! species ( ! same g5us1 & to be unusually v>iable 9 ! individuals ( ! same species4 ,s x is ) ! bre$s ( ! f[l1 z we h already se51 z f> z ! col\r ( plumage is conc]n$1 & s x is ) ! o!r second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,fir/ly1 ! comb diff]s mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s1#ej & its =m is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ea* k9d1 ) ! exception ( ! ,dork+s1 9 :i* ! =m has n be5 z yet det]m9$ on by fanci]s1 & fix$ by selection4 ,a s+le1 deeply-s]rat$ comb is ! typical & mo/ common =m4 ,x diff]s mu* 9 size1 be+ imm5sely develop$ 9 ,spani% f[ls2 & 9 a local bre$ call$ ,r$-caps1 x is sometimes 8upw>ds ( ?ree in*es 9 bread? at ! front1 & m ?an f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 measur$ to ! end ( ! peak beh9d40#ea ,9 "s bre$s ! comb is d\ble1 & :5 ! two ends are cem5t$ toge!r x =ms a 8cup-comb20 9 ! 8rose-comb0 x is depress$1 cov]$ ) small projections1 & produc$ backw>ds2 9 ! horn$ & creve-coeur f[l x is produc$ into two horns2 x is triple 9 ! pea-comb$ ,brahmas1 %ort & truncat$ 9 ! ,malays1 & abs5t 9 ! ,gueld]l&s4 ,9 ! tassell$ ,game a few long fea!rs rise f ! back ( ! comb3 9 _m bre$s a cre/ ( fea!rs replaces ! comb4 ,! cre/1 :5 little develop$1 arises f a fle%y mass1 b1 :5 mu* develop$1 f a hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! skull4 ,9 ! be/ ,poli% f[ls x is s l>gely develop$1 t ,i h se5 birds :i* c\ld h>dly pick up _! food2 & a ,g]man writ] ass]ts#eb t !y are 9 consequ5ce liable to be /ruck by hawks4 ,mon/r\s /ructures ( ?is k9d w\ld ?us be suppress$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! wattles1 also1 v>y mu* 9 size1 be+ small 9 ,malays & "s o!r bre$s2 9 c]ta9 ,poli% sub-bre$s !y are replac$ by a great tuft ( fea!rs call$ a be>d4 ,! hackles d n diff] mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s1 b are %ort & /iff 9 ,malays1 & abs5t 9 ,h5nies4 ,z 9 "s ord]s male birds display extraord9>ily-%ap$ fea!rs1 su* z nak$ %afts ) discs at ! end1 etc41 ! foll[+ case may be wor? giv+4 ,9 ! wild ,gallus bankiva & 9 our dome/ic f[ls1 ! b>bs :i* arise f ea* side ( ! extremities ( ! hackles are nak$ or n clo!d ) b>bules1 s t !y resemble bri/les2 b ,mr4 ,br5t s5t me "s scapul> hackles f a "y ,bir*5 ,duckw+ ,game cock1 9 :i* ! nak$ b>bs became d5sely re-clo!d ) b>bules t[>ds _! tips2 s t ^! tips1 :i* 7 d>k col\r$ ) a metallic lu/re1 7 sep>at$ f ! l[] p>ts by a symmetrically-%ap$ transp>5t zone =m$ ( ! nak$ portions ( ! b>bs4 ,h5ce ! col\r$ tips appe>$ l little sep>ate metallic discs4 ,! sickle-fea!rs 9 ! tail1 ( :i* !re are ?ree pair1 & :i* are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! male sex1 diff] mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s4 ,!y are scimit>-%ap$ 9 "s ,hamburghs1 in/ead ( be+ long & fl[+ z 9 ! typical bre$s4 ,!y are extremely %ort 9 ,co*9s1 & are n at all develop$ 9 ,h5nies4 ,!y are c>ri$1 toge!r ) ! :ole tail1 erect 9 ,dork+s & ,ga9es2 b droop mu* 9 ,malays & 9 "s ,co*9s4 ,sultans are *>act]is$ by an additional numb] ( lat]al sickle-fea!rs4 ,! spurs v>y mu*1 be+ plac$ high] or l[] on ! %ank2 be+ extremely long & %>p 9 ,games1 & blunt & %ort 9 ,co*9s4 ,^! latt] birds seem aw>e t _! spurs are n effici5t weapons2 = ?\gh !y occasionally use !m1 !y m frequ5tly fight1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 by seiz+ & %ak+ ea* o!r ) _! beaks4 ,9 "s ,indian ,game cocks1 receiv$ by ,mr4 ,br5t f ,g]many1 !re are1 z he in=ms me1 ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five spurs on ea* leg4 ,"s ,dork+s also h two spurs on ea* leg2#ec & 9 birds ( ?is bre$ ! spur is (t5 plac$ almo/ on ! outside ( ! leg4 ,d\ble spurs are m5tion$ 9 an anci5t ,*9ese ,encyclopdia4 ,_! occurr5ce may be consid]$ z a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = "s wild gall9ace\s birds1 = in/ance1 ! ,polyplectron1 h d\ble spurs4 ,judg+ f ! diff]5ces :i* g5]ally di/+ui% ! sexes 9 ! ,gall9ace1 c]ta9 *>act]s 9 our dome/ic f[ls appe> to h be5 transf]r$ f ! "o sex to ! o!r4 ,9 all ! species 7except 9 ,turnix71 :5 !re is any conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 plumage betwe5 ! male & female1 ! male is always ! mo/ beautiful2 b 9 gold5-spangl$ ,hamburghs ! h5 is equally beautiful ) ! cock1 & incomp>ably m beautiful ?an ! h5 9 any natural species ( ,gallus2 s t "h a mascul9e "* has be5 transf]r$ to ! female4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,cuckoo ,dork+s & 9 o!r cuckoo bre$s ! p5cill+1 :i* 9 ,gallus is a female attribute1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! male3 nor1 on ! pr9ciple ( analog\s v>iation1 is ?is transf]5ce surpris+1 z ! males 9 _m gall9ace\s g5]a are b>r$ or p5cill$4 ,) mo/ ( ^! birds head ornam5ts ( all k9ds are m fully develop$ 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female2 b 9 ,poli% f[ls ! cre/ or top-knot1 :i* 9 ! male replaces ! comb1 is equally develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 ,9 ! males ( c]ta9 o!r sub-bre$s1 :i* f ! h5 hav+ a small cre/1 are call$ l>k-cre/$1 8a s+le upright comb sometimes almo/ entirely takes ! place ( ! cre/40#ed ,f ?is latt] case1 & m especially f "s facts pres5tly to be giv5 ) respect to ! protub]ance ( ! skull 9 ,poli% f[ls1 ! cre/ 9 ?is bre$ mu/ be view$ z a fem99e "* :i* has be5 transf]r$ to ! male4 ,9 ! ,spani% bre$ ! male1 z we "k1 has an imm5se comb1 & ?is has be5 p>tially transf]r$ to ! female1 = h] comb is unusually l>ge1 ?\gh n upright4 ,9 ,game f[ls ! bold & savage disposition ( ! male has likewise be5 l>gely transf]r$ to ! female2#ee & %e sometimes ev5 possesses ! em95tly mascul9e "* ( spurs4 ,_m cases are on record ( f]tile h5s be+ furni%$ ) spurs2 & 9 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,be*/e91#ef ! spurs 9 ! ,silk h5 are sometimes v long4 ,he m5tions also ano!r bre$ simil>ly *>act]is$1 9 :i* ! h5s are excell5t lay]s1 b are apt to di/urb & break _! eggs ow+ to _! spurs4 ,mr4 ,lay>d#eg has giv5 an acc\nt ( a bre$ ( f[ls 9 ,ceylon ) black sk91 bones1 & wattle1 b ) ord9>y fea!rs1 & :i* _c 8be m aptly describ$ ?an by comp>+ !m to a :ite f[l drawn d[n a sooty *imney2 x is1 h[ev]10 adds ,mr4 ,lay>d1 8a rem>kable fact t a male bird ( ! pure sooty v>iety is almo/ z r>e z a tortoise-%ell tom-cat40 ,mr4 ,bly? f\nd ! same rule to hold good ) ?is bre$ ne> ,calcutta4 ,! males & females1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! black-bon$ ,european bre$1 ) silky fea!rs1 d n diff] f ea* o!r2 s t 9 ! "o bre$1 black sk9 & bones & ! same k9d ( plumage are common to bo? sexes1 :il/ 9 ! o!r bre$1 ^! *>act]s are conf9$ to ! female sex4 ,at ! pres5t day all ! bre$s ( ,poli% f[ls h ! great bony protub]ance on _! skulls1 :i* includes "p ( ! bra9 & supports ! cre/1 equally develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 ,b =m]ly 9 ,g]many ! skull ( ! h5 alone 0 protub]ant3 ,blum5ba*1#eh :o p>ticul>ly att5d$ to abnormal peculi>ities 9 dome/ic animals1 /ates1 9 #ahje1 t ?is 0 ! case2 & ,be*/e9 _h previ\sly1 9 #agic obs]v$ ! same fact4 ,?is latt] au?or has c>efully describ$ ! effects on ! skull ( a cre/ n only 9 ! case ( f[ls1 b ( ducks1 geese1 & can>ies4 ,he /ates t ) f[ls1 :5 ! cre/ is n mu* develop$1 x is support$ on a fatty mass2 b :5 mu* develop$1 x is always support$ on a bony protub]ance ( v>iable size4 ,he well describes ! peculi>ities ( ?is protub]ance2 he att5d$ also to ! effects ( ! modifi$ %ape ( ! bra9 on ! intellect ( ^! birds1 & disputes ,pallas' /atem5t t !y are /upid4 ,he !n expressly rem>ks t he nev] obs]v$ ?is protub]ance 9 male f[ls4 ,h5ce !re c be no d\bt t ?is extraord9>y "* 9 ! skulls ( ,poli% f[ls 0 =m]ly 9 ,g]many conf9$ to ! female sex1 b has n[ be5 transf]r$ to ! males1 & has ?us become common to bo? sexes4 ,ext]nal ,diff]5ces1 n connect$ ) ! ,sexes1 betwe5 ! ,bre$s & betwe5 individual ,birds4 ,! size ( ! body diff]s greatly4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has kn[n a ,brahma to weigh #ag p\nds2 a f9e ,malay cock #aj p\nds2 :il/ a fir/-rate ,sebright ,bantam weighs h>dly m ?an #a p\nd4 ,dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s ! size ( "s ( our bre$s has be5 l>gely increas$ by me?odical selection1 :il/ t ( o!r bre$s has be5 mu* dim9i%$4 ,we h already se5 h[ greatly col\r v>ies ev5 )9 ! same bre$2 we "k t ! wild ,g4 bankiva v>ies slightly 9 col\r2 we "k t col\r is v>iable 9 all our dome/ic animals2 nev]!less "s em95t fanci]s h s little fai? 9 v>iability1 t !y h actually argu$ t ! *ief ,game sub-bre$s1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 no?+ b col\r1 are desc5d$ f di/9ct wild species6 ,cross+ (t5 causes /range modification ( col\r4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t :5 buff & :ite ,co*9s are cross$1 "s ( ! *ick5s are almo/ inv>iably black4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,br5t1 black & :ite ,co*9s occasionally produce *ick5s ( a slaty-blue t9t2 & ?is same t9t results1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] tells me1 f cross+ :ite ,co*9s ) black ,spani% f[ls1 or :ite ,dork+s ) black ,m9orcas4#ei ,a good obs]v]#fj /ates t a fir/-rate silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh h5 gradually lo/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! bre$1 = ! black lac+ to h] fea!rs disappe>$1 & h] legs *ang$ f lead5-blue to :ite3 b :at makes ! case rem>kable is1 t ?is t5d5cy ran 9 ! blood = h] si/] *ang$ 9 a simil> b less /rongly m>k$ mann]2 & *ick5s produc$ f ?is latt] h5 7 at fir/ almo/ pure :ite1 8b on m\lt+ acquir$ black col\rs & "s spangl$ fea!rs ) almo/ oblit]at$ m>k+s20 s t a new v>iety arose 9 ?is s+ul> mann]4 ,! sk9 9 ! diff]5t bre$s diff]s mu* 9 col\r1 be+ :ite 9 common k9ds1 yell[ 9 ,malays & ,co*9s1 & black 9 ,silk f[ls2 ?us mock+1 z ,m4 ,godron#fa rem>ks ! ?ree pr9cipal types ( sk9 9 mank9d4 ,! same au?or adds t1 z diff]5t k9ds ( f[ls liv+ 9 di/ant & isolat$ p>ts ( ! _w h black sk9 & bones1 ?is col\r mu/ h appe>$ at v>i\s times & places4 ,! %ape & c>riage ( ! body1 & ! %ape ( ! head diff] mu*4 ,! beak v>ies slightly 9 l5g? & curvature1 b incomp>ably less ?an ) pigeons4 ,9 mo/ cre/$ f[ls ! no/rils (f] a rem>kable peculi>ity 9 be+ rais$ ) a cresc5tic outl9e4 ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs are %ort 9 ,co*9s2 9 a male1 :i* mu/ h be5 m ?an twice z heavy z ,g4 bankiva1 ^! fea!rs 7 9 bo? birds ( ! same l5g?4 ,i h c\nt$1 ) ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s aid1 ! prim>y w+-fea!rs 9 ?irte5 cocks & h5s ( v>i\s bre$s2 9 f\r ( !m1 namely 9 two ,hamburghs1 a ,co*91 & ,game bantam1 !re 7 #aj1 in/ead ( ! normal numb] #i2 b 9 c\nt+ ^! fea!rs ,i h foll[$ ! practice ( fanci]s1 & h n includ$ ! fir/ m9ute prim>y fea!r1 b>ely ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! fea!rs diff] consid]ably 9 relative l5g?1 ! f\r?1 or ! fif?1 or ! six?1 be+ ! longe/2 ) ! ?ird ei!r equal to1 or consid]ably %ort] ?an ! fif?4 ,9 wild gall9ace\s species ! relative l5g? & numb] ( ! ma9 w+ & tail-fea!rs are extremely con/ant4 ,! tail diff]s mu* 9 erectness & size1 be+ small 9 ,malays & v small 9 ,co*9s4 ,9 ?irte5 f[ls ( v>i\s bre$s :i* ,i h exam9$1 five _h ! normal numb] ( #ad fea!rs1 includ+ 9 ?is numb] ! two middle sickle-fea!rs2 six o!rs 7viz41 a ,caffre cock1 ,gold-spangl$ ,poli% cock1 ,co*9 h51 ,sultan h51 ,game h5 & ,malay h5 _h #af2 & two 7an old ,co*9 cock & ,malay h57 _h #ag fea!rs4 ,! rumpless f[l has no tail & 9 "o :i* ,i possess$ !re 0 no oil-gl&2 b ?is bird ?\gh ! os coccygis 0 extremely imp]fect1 _h a ve/ige ( a tail ) two r long fea!rs 9 ! position ( ! out] caudals4 ,?is bird came f a family :]e1 z ,i 0 told1 ! bre$ _h kept true = tw5ty ye>s2 b rumpless f[ls (t5 produce *ick5s ) tails4#fb ,an em95t physiologi/#fc has rec5tly spok5 ( ?is bre$ z a di/9ct species2 _h he exam9$ ! de=m$ /ate ( ! os coccyx he w\ld nev] h come to ?is conclusion2 he 0 probably misl$ by ! /atem5t1 :i* may be f\nd 9 "s works1 t tailless f[ls are wild 9 ,ceylon2 b ?is /atem5t1 z ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d & ,dr4 ,kella]t :o h s closely /udi$ ! birds ( ,ceylon1 is utt]ly false4 ,! t>si v>y consid]ably 9 l5g?1 be+ relatively to ! femur consid]ably long] 9 ! ,spani% & ,frizzl$1 & %ort] 9 ! ,silk & ,bantam bre$s1 ?an 9 ! wild ,g4 bankiva2 b 9 ! latt]1 z we h se51 ! t>si v>y 9 l5g?4 ,! t>si are (t5 fea!r$4 ,! feet 9 _m bre$s are furni%$ ) additional toes4 ,gold5-spangl$ ,poli% f[ls are said#fd to h ! sk9 betwe5 _! toes mu* develop$3 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] obs]v$ ?is 9 "o bird1 b x 0 n s 9 "o :i* ,i exam9$4 ,pr(4 ,h(fmann has s5t me a sket* ( ! feet ( a f[l ( ! common bre$ at ,giess51 ) a web ext5d+ betwe5 ! ?ree toes1 = ab\t a ?ird ( _! l5g?4 ,9 ,co*9s ! middle toe is said#fe to be ne>ly d\ble ! l5g? ( ! lat]al toes1 & !re=e mu* long] ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva or 9 o!r f[ls2 b ?is 0 n ! case 9 two :i* ,i exam9$4 ,! nail ( ! middle toe 9 ?is same bre$ is surpris+ly broad & flat1 b 9 a v>iable degree 9 two birds :i* ,i exam9$2 ( ?is /ructure 9 ! nail !re is only a trace 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,! voice diff]s slightly1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,dixon1 9 almo/ e bre$4 ,! ,malays#ff h a l\d1 deep1 some:at prolong$ cr[1 b ) consid]able individual diff]5ce4 ,colonel ,sykes rem>ks t ! dome/ic ,kulm cock 9 ,india has n ! %rill cle> pipe ( ! ,engli% bird1 & 88 scale ( notes appe>s m limit$40 ,dr4 ,hook] 0 /ruck ) ! 8prolong$ h[l+ scree*0 ( ! cocks 9 ,sikhim4#fg ,! cr[ ( ! ,co*9 is notori\sly & ludicr\sly diff]5t f t ( ! common cock4 ,! disposition ( ! diff]5t bre$s is widely diff]5t1 v>y+ f ! savage & defiant temp] ( ! ,game-cock to ! extremely peaceable temp] ( ! ,co*9s4 ,! latt]1 x has be5 ass]t$1 8graze to a mu* great] ext5t ?an any o!r v>ieties40 ,! ,spani% f[ls suff] m f fro/ ?an o!r bre$s4 ,be=e we pass on to ! skeleton1 ! degree ( di/9ctness ( ! sev]al bre$s f ,g4 bankiva ought to be notic$4 ,"s writ]s speak ( ! ,spani% z "o ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 & s x is 9 g5]al aspect2 b its *>act]i/ic diff]5ces are n important4 ,! ,malay appe>s to me m di/9ct1 f its tall /ature1 small droop+ tail ) m ?an f\rte5 tail-fea!rs1 & f its small comb & wattles2 nev]!less1 "o ,malay sub-bre$ is col\r$ almo/ exactly l ,g4 bankiva4 ,"s au?ors consid] ! ,poli% f[l z v di/9ct2 b ?is is a semi-mon/r\s bre$1 z %[n by ! protub]ant & irregul>ly p]=at$ skull4 ,! ,co*91 f its deeply furr[$ frontal bones1 peculi>ly %ap$ occipital =am51 %ort w+-fea!rs1 %ort tail conta9+ m ?an f\rte5 fea!rs1 broad nail to ! middle toe1 fluffy plumage1 r\gh & d>k-col\r$ eggs1 & especially f its peculi> voice1 is probably ! mo/ di/9ct ( all ! bre$s4 ,if any "o ( our bre$s has desc5d$ f "s unkn[n species1 di/9ct f ,g4 bankiva1 x is probably ! ,co*92 b ! balance ( evid5ce does n fav\r ?is view4 ,all ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( ! ,co*9 bre$ are m or less v>iable1 & may be detect$ 9 a great] or less] degree 9 o!r bre$s4 ,"o sub-bre$ is col\r$ closely l ,g4 bankiva4 ,! fea!r$ legs1 (t5 furni%$ ) an additional toe1 ! w+s incapable ( flight1 ! extremely quiet disposition1 indicate a long c\rse ( dome/ication2 & ^! f[ls come f ,*9a1 :]e we "k t plants & animals h be5 t5d$ f a remote p]iod ) extraord9>y c>e1 & :]e consequ5tly we might expect to f9d pr(\ndly modifi$ dome/ic races4 ,o/eological ,diff]5ces4--,i h exam9$ tw5ty-sev5 skeletons & fifty-?ree skulls ( v>i\s bre$s1 includ+ ?ree ( ,g4 bankiva3 ne>ly half ( ^! skulls ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 & ?ree ( ! skeletons to ,mr4 ,eyton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc--,occipital ,=am5 ( ! ,skulls ( ,f[ls ,! ,skull diff]s greatly 9 size 9 diff]5t bre$s1 be+ ne>ly twice z long 9 ! l>ge/ ,co*9s1 b n ne>ly twice z broad1 z 9 ,bantams4 ,! bones at ! base1 f ! occipital =am5 to ! ant]ior end 7includ+ ! quadrates & pt]ygoids71 are absolutely id5tical 9 %ape 9 all ! skulls4 ,s is ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! =ehead slight diff]5ces are (t5 p]ceptible betwe5 ! males & females1 evid5tly caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ! comb4 ,9 e case ,i take ! skull ( ,g4 bankiva z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,9 f\r ,games1 9 "o ,malay h51 9 an ,african cock1 9 a ,frizzl$ cock f ,madras1 9 two black-bon$ ,silk h5s1 no diff]5ces wor? notice occur4 ,9 ?ree ,spani% cocks1 ! =m ( ! =ehead betwe5 ! orbits diff]s consid]ably2 9 "o x is consid]ably depress$1 :il/ 9 ! two o!rs x is r prom95t1 ) a deep m$ial furr[2 ! skull ( ! h5 is smoo?4 ,9 ?ree skulls ( ,sebright ,bantams ! cr[n is m globul>1 & slopes m abruptly to ! occiput1 ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 a ,bantam or ,jump] f ,burmah ^! same *>act]s are m /rongly pron\nc$1 & ! supra-occiput is m po9t$4 ,9 a black ,bantam ! skull is n s globul>1 & ! occipital =am5 is v l>ge1 & has ne>ly ! same sub-triangul> outl9e pres5tly to be describ$ 9 ,co*9s2 & 9 ?is skull ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y are ov]lapp$ 9 a s+ul> mann] by ! processes ( ! nasal bone1 b1 z ,i h se5 only "o specim51 "s ( ^! diff]5ces may be individual4 ,( ,co*9s & ,brahmas 7! latt] a cross$ race approa*+ closely to ,co*9s7 ,i h exam9$ sev5 skulls2 at ! po9t :]e ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y re/ on ! frontal bone ! surface is mu* depress$1 & f ?is depression a deep m$ial furr[ ext5ds backw>ds to a v>iable di/ance2 ! edges ( ?is fissure are r prom95t1 z is ! top ( ! skull beh9d & ov] ! orbits4 ,^! *>act]s are less develop$ 9 ! h5s4 ,! pt]ygoids1 & ! processes ( ! l[] jaw1 are broad]1 relatively to ! size ( ! head1 ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva2 & ?is is likewise ! case ) ,dork+s :5 ( l>ge size4 ,! =k ( ! hyoid bone 9 ,co*9s is twice z wide z 9 ,g4 bankiva1 :]eas ! l5g? ( ! o!r hyoid bones is only z ?ree to two4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable "* is ! %ape ( ! occipital =am53 9 ,g4 bankiva 7,a7 ! bread? 9 a horizontal l9e exce$s ! height 9 a v]tical l9e1 & ! outl9e is ne>ly circul>2 :]eas 9 ,co*9s 7,b7 ! outl9e is sub-triangul>1 & ! v]tical l9e exce$s ! horizontal l9e 9 l5g?4 ,?is same =m likewise occurs 9 ! black ,bantam above ref]r$ to1 & an approa* to x may be se5 9 "s ,dork+s1 & 9 a slight degree 9 c]ta9 o!r bre$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd--,skulls ( ,f[ls ,( ,dork+s ,i h exam9$ ?ree skulls1 "o belong+ to ! :ite-sub-bre$2 ! "o "* des]v+ notice is ! bread? ( ! frontal bones1 :i* are mod]ately furr[$ 9 ! middle2 ?us 9 a skull :i* 0 less ?an once & a half ! l5g? ( t ( ,g4 bankiva1 ! bread? betwe5 ! orbits 0 exactly d\ble4 ,( ,hamburghs ,i h exam9$ f\r skulls 7male & female7 ( ! p5cill$ sub-bre$1 & "o 7male7 ( ! spangl$ sub-bre$2 ! nasal bones /& rem>kably wide ap>t1 b 9 a v>iable degree2 consequ5tly n>r[ membrane-cov]$ spaces are left betwe5 ! tips ( ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! pre-maxill>y bones1 :i* are r %ort1 & betwe5 ^! bran*es & ! nasal bones4 ,! surface ( ! frontal bone1 on :i* ! bran*es ( ! premaxill>y re/1 is v little depress$4 ,^! peculi>ities no d\bt /& 9 close relation ) ! broad1 flatt5$ rose-comb *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hamburgh bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce--,longitud9al sections ( ,skulls ( ,f[ls ,i h exam9$ f\rte5 skulls ( ,poli% & o!r cre/$ bre$s4 ,_! diff]5ces are extraord9>y4 ,fir/ = n9e skulls ( diff]5t sub-bre$s ( ,engli% ,poli% f[ls4 ,! hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! frontal bones#fh may be se5 9 fig4 #cd1 9 :i* 7,b7 ! skull ( a :ite-cre/$ ,poli% f[l is %[n obliquely f above1 ) ! skull 7,a7 ( ,g4 bankiva 9 ! same position4 ,9 fig4 #ce longitud9al sections are giv5 ( ! skull ( a ,poli% f[l1 &1 = comp>ison1 ( a ,co*9 ( ! same size4 ,! protub]ance 9 all ,poli% f[ls occupies ! same position b diff]s mu* 9 size4 ,9 "o ( my n9e specim5s x 0 extremely slight4 ,! degree to :i* ! protub]ance is ossifi$ v>ies greatly1 l>g] or small] portions ( bone be+ replac$ by membrane4 ,9 "o specim5 !re 0 only a s+le op5 pore2 g5]ally1 !re are _m v>i\sly %ap$ op5 spaces1 ! bone =m+ an irregul> reticulation4 ,a m$ial1 longitud9al1 ar*$ ribbon ( bone is g5]ally reta9$1 b 9 "o specim5 !re 0 no bone :atev] ov] ! :ole protub]ance1 & ! skull1 :5 clean$ & view$ f above1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( an op5 bas94 ,! *ange 9 ! :ole int]nal =m ( ! skull is surpris+ly great4 ,! bra9 is modifi$ 9 a correspond+ mann]1 z is %[n 9 ! two longitud9al sections1 :i* des]ve att5tive consid]ation4 ,! upp] & ant]ior cavity ( ! ?ree into :i* ! skull may be divid$1 is ! "o :i* is s greatly modifi$2 x is evid5tly mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! ,co*9 skull ( ! same size1 & ext5ds mu* fur!r beyond ! int]orbital septum1 b lat]ally is less deep4 ,?is cavity1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 is entirely fill$ ) bra94 ,9 ! skull ( ! ,co*9 & ( all ord9>y f[ls a /rong int]nal ridge ( bone sep>ates ! ant]ior f ! c5tral cavity2 b ?is ridge is q abs5t 9 ! ,poli% skull "h figur$4 ,! %ape ( ! c5tral cavity is circul> 9 ! ,poli%1 & l5g!n$ 9 ! ,co*9 skull4 ,! %ape ( ! po/]ior cavity1 toge!r ) ! position1 size1 & numb] ( ! pores = ! n]ves1 diff] mu* 9 ^! two skulls4 ,a pit deeply p5etrat+ ! occipital bone ( ! ,co*9 is entirely abs5t 9 ?is ,poli% skull1 :il/ 9 ano!r specim5 x 0 well develop$4 ,9 ?is second specim5 ! :ole int]nal surface ( ! po/]ior cavity likewise diff]s to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 %ape4 ,i made sections ( two o!r skulls1--namely1 ( a ,poli% f[l ) ! protub]ance s+ul>ly little develop$1 & ( a ,sultan 9 :i* x 0 a little m develop$2 & :5 ^! two skulls 7 plac$ betwe5 ! two above figur$ 7fig4 #ce71 a p]fect gradation 9 ! configuration ( ea* "p ( ! int]nal surface c\ld be trac$4 ,9 ! ,poli% skull1 ) a small protub]ance1 ! ridge betwe5 ! ant]ior & middle cavities 0 pres5t1 b l[2 & 9 ! ,sultan ?is ridge 0 replac$ by a n>r[ furr[ /&+ on a broad rais$ em95ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf--,skulls ( ,horn$ ,f[l ,x may naturally be ask$ :e!r ^! rem>kable modifications 9 ! =m ( ! bra9 affect ! intellect ( ,poli% f[ls2 "s writ]s h /at$ t !y are extremely /upid1 b ,be*/e9 & ,mr4 ,tegetmei] h %[n t ?is is by no means g5]ally ! case4 ,nev]!less ,be*/e9#fi /ates t he _h a ,poli% h5 :i* 80 crazy1 & anxi\sly w&]$ ab\t all day long40 ,a h5 9 my possession 0 solit>y 9 h] habits1 & 0 (t5 s absorb$ 9 rev]ie t %e c\ld be t\*$2 %e 0 also defici5t 9 ! mo/ s+ul> mann] 9 ! faculty ( f9d+ h] way1 s t1 if %e /ray$ a hundr$ y>ds f h] fe$+-place1 %e 0 completely lo/1 & w\ld !n ob/9ately try to proce$ 9 a wrong direction4 ,i h receiv$ o!r & simil> acc\nts ( ,poli% f[ls appe>+ /upid or half-idiotic4#gj ,to return to ! skull ( ,poli% f[ls4 ,! po/]ior "p1 view$ ext]nally1 diff]s little f t ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 mo/ f[ls ! po/]ior-lat]al process ( ! frontal bone & ! process ( ! squamosal bone run toge!r & are ossifi$ ne> _! extremities3 ?is union ( ! two bones1 h[ev]1 is n con/ant 9 any bre$2 & 9 elev5 out ( f\rte5 skulls ( cre/$ bre$s1 ^! processes 7 q di/9ct4 ,^! processes1 :5 n unit$1 in/ead ( be+ incl9$ ant]iorly1 z 9 all common bre$s1 desc5d at "r angles to ! l[] jaw2 & 9 ?is case ! long] axis ( ! bony cavity ( ! e> is likewise m p]p5dicul>1 ?an 9 o!r bre$s4 ,:5 ! squamosal process is free in/ead ( exp&+ at ! tip1 x is r$uc$ to an extremely f9e & po9t$ /yle1 ( v>iable l5g?4 ,! pt]ygoid & quadrate bones pres5t no diff]5ces4 ,! palat9e bones are a little m curv$ upw>ds at _! po/]ior ends4 ,! frontal bones1 ant]iorly to ! protub]ance1 are1 z 9 ,dork+s1 v broad1 b 9 a v>iable degree4 ,! nasal bones ei!r /& f> ap>t1 z 9 ,hamburghs1 or almo/ t\* ea* o!r1 & 9 "o in/ance 7 ossifi$ toge!r4 ,ea* nasal bone prop]ly s5ds out 9 front two long processes ( equal l5g?s1 =m+ a =k2 b 9 all ! ,poli% skulls1 except "o1 ! inn] process 0 consid]ably1 b 9 a v>iable degree1 %ort5$ & some:at upturn$4 ,9 all ! skulls1 except "o1 ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y1 in/ead ( runn+ up betwe5 ! processes ( ! nasal bones & re/+ on ! e?moid bone1 are mu* %ort5$ & t]m9ate 9 a blunt1 some:at upturn$ po9t4 ,9 ^? skulls 9 :i* ! nasal bones approa* q close to ea* o!r or are ossifi$ toge!r1 x w\ld be impossible = ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y to rea* ! e?moid & frontal bones2 h5ce we see t ev5 ! relative connection ( ! bones has be5 *ang$4 ,app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! bran*es ( ! premaxill>y & ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones be+ some:at upturn$1 ! ext]nal orifices ( ! no/rils are uprais$ & assume a cresc5tic outl9e4 ,i mu/ /ill say a few words on "s ( ! =eign ,cre/$ bre$s4 ,! skull ( a cre/$1 rumpless1 :ite ,turki% f[l 0 v slightly protub]ant1 & b little p]=at$2 ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y 7 well develop$4 ,9 ano!r ,turki% bre$1 call$ ,ghoondooks1 ! skull 0 consid]ably protub]ant & p]=at$2 ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y 7 s mu* abort$ t !y project$ only #a_/ae? ( an in*2 & ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bone 7 s completely abort$1 t ! surface :]e !y %\ld h project$ 0 q smoo?4 ,"h !n we see ^! two bones modifi$ to an extreme degree4 ,( ,sultans 7ano!r ,turki% bre$7 ,i exam9$ two skulls2 9 t ( ! female ! protub]ance 0 mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! male4 ,9 bo? skulls ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y 7 v %ort1 & 9 bo? ! nasal portion ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones 7 ossifi$ toge!r4 ,^! ,sultan skulls diff]$ f ^? ( ,engli% ,poli% f[ls 9 ! frontal bones1 ant]iorly to ! protub]ance1 n be+ broad4 ,! la/ skull :i* ,i ne$ describe is a unique "o1 l5t to me by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]3 x resembles a ,poli% skull 9 mo/ ( its *>act]s1 b has n ! great frontal protub]ance2 x has1 h[ev]1 two r\nd$ knobs ( a diff]5t nature1 :i* /& m 9 front1 above ! la*rymal bones4 ,^! curi\s knobs1 into :i* ! bra9 does n ent]1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a deep m$ial furr[2 & ?is is p]=at$ by a few m9ute pores4 ,! nasal bones /& r wide ap>t1 ) _! inn] processes1 & ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y1 upturn$ & %ort5$4 ,! two knobs no d\bt support$ ! two great horn-l projections ( ! comb4 ,f ! =ego+ facts we see 9 h[ a/oni%+ a mann] "s ( ! bones ( ! skull v>y 9 ,cre/$ f[ls4 ,! protub]ance may c]ta9ly be call$ 9 "o s5se a mon/rosity1 z be+ :olly unlike any?+ obs]v$ 9 nature3 b z 9 ord9>y cases x is n injuri\s to ! bird1 & z x is /rictly inh]it$1 x c h>dly 9 ano!r s5se be call$ a mon/rosity4 ,a s]ies may be =m$ comm5c+ ) ! black-bon$ ,silk f[l1 :i* has a v small cre/ ) ! skull b5ea? p5etrat$ only by a few m9ute orifices1 b ) no o!r *ange 9 its /ructure2 & f ?is fir/ /age we may proce$ to f[ls ) a mod]ately l>ge cre/1 :i* re/s1 accord+ to ,be*/e91 on a fle%y mass1 b )\t any protub]ance 9 ! skull4 ,i may add t ,i h se5 a simil> fle%y or fibr\s mass b5ea? ! tuft ( fea!rs on ! head ( ! ,tuft$ duck2 & 9 ?is case !re 0 no actual protub]ance 9 ! skull1 b x _h become a little m globul>4 ,la/ly1 :5 we come to f[ls ) a l>gely develop$ cre/1 ! skull becomes l>gely protub]ant & is p]=at$ by a multitude ( irregul> op5 spaces4 ,! close relation betwe5 ! cre/ & ! size ( ! bony protub]ance is %[n 9 ano!r way2 = ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t if *ick5s lately hat*$ be select$ ) a l>ge bony protub]ance1 :5 adult !y w h a l>ge cre/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 =m] times ! bre$] ( ,poli% f[ls att5d$ solely to ! cre/1 & n to ! skull2 nev]!less1 by increas+ ! cre/1 9 :i* he has be5 wond]fully successful1 he has un9t5tionally made ! skull protub]ant to an a/oni%+ degree2 & ?r\gh correlation ( gr[?1 he has at ! same "t affect$ ! =m & relative connexion ( ! premaxill>y & nasal bones1 ! %ape ( ! orifice ( ! nose1 ! bread? ( ! frontal bones1 ! %ape ( ! po/-lat]al processes ( ! frontal & squamosal bones1 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! bony cavity ( ! e>1 & la/ly ! int]nal configuration ( ! :ole skull toge!r ) ! %ape ( ! bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg--,six? ,c]vical ,v]t]bra ( ,f[ls ,v]tebr4--,9 ,g4 bankiva !re are f\rte5 c]vical1 sev5 dorsal ) ribs1 app>5tly fifte5 lumb> & sacral1 & six caudal v]tebr2#ga b ! lumb> & sacral are s mu* an*ylos$ t ,i am n sure ( _! numb]1 & ?is makes ! comp>ison ( ! total numb] ( v]tebr 9 ! sev]al bre$s difficult4 ,i h spok5 ( six caudal v]tebr1 because ! basal "o is almo/ completely an*ylos$ ) ! pelvis2 b if we consid] ! numb] z sev51 ! caudal v]tebr agree 9 all ! skeletons4 ,! c]vical v]tebr are1 z j /at$1 9 appe>ance f\rte52 b out ( tw5ty-?ree skeletons 9 a fit /ate = exam9ation1 9 five ( !m1 namely1 9 two ,games1 9 two p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 & 9 a ,poli%1 ! f\rte5? v]tebra bore ribs1 :i*1 ?\gh small1 7 p]fectly develop$ ) a d\ble articulation4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! little ribs _c be consid]$ z a fact ( mu* importance1 = all ! c]vical v]tebr be> repres5tatives ( ribs2 b _! developm5t 9 ! f\rte5? v]tebra r$uces ! size ( ! passages 9 ! transv]se processes1 & makes ?is v]tebra exactly l ! fir/ dorsal v]tebra4 ,! addition ( ^! little ribs does n affect ! f\rte5? c]vical alone1 = prop]ly ! ribs ( ! fir/ true dorsal v]tebra are de/itute ( processes2 b 9 "s ( ! skeletons 9 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical bore little ribs ! fir/ pair ( true ribs _h well-develop$ processes4 ,:5 we "k t ! sp>r[ has only n9e1 & ! swan tw5ty-?ree c]vical v]tebr1#gb we ne$ feel no surprise at ! numb] ( ! c]vical v]tebr 9 ! f[l be+1 z x appe>s1 v>iable4 ,!re are sev5 dorsal v]tebr be>+ ribs2 ! fir/ dorsal is nev] an*ylos$ ) ! succe$+ f\r1 :i* are g5]ally an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,9 "o ,sultan f[l1 h[ev]1 ! two fir/ dorsal v]tebr 7 free4 ,9 two skeletons1 ! fif? dorsal 0 free2 g5]ally ! six? is free 7z 9 ,g4 bankiva71 b sometimes only at its po/]ior end1 :]e 9 contact ) ! sev5?4 ,! sev5? dorsal v]tebra1 9 e case except+ 9 "o ,spani% cock1 0 an*ylos$ ) ! lumb> v]tebr4 ,s t ! degree to :i* ^! middle dorsal v]tebr are an*ylos$ is v>iable4 ,sev5 is ! normal numb] ( true ribs1 b 9 two skeletons ( ! ,sultan f[l 79 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra 0 n furni%$ ) little ribs7 !re 7 eight pairs2 ! eigh? pair seem$ to be develop$ on a v]tebra correspond+ ) ! fir/ lumb> 9 ,g4 bankiva2 ! /]nal portion ( bo? ! sev5? & eigh? ribs did n rea* ! /]num4 ,9 f\r skeletons 9 :i* ribs 7 develop$ on ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra1 !re 71 :5 ^! c]vical ribs are includ$1 eight pairs2 b 9 "o ,game cock1 9 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical 0 furni%$ ) ribs1 !re 7 only six pairs ( true dorsal ribs2 ! six? pair 9 ?is case did n h processes1 & ?us resembl$ ! sev5? pair 9 o!r skeletons2 9 ?is ,game cock1 z f> z c\ld be judg$ f ! appe>ance ( ! lumb> v]tebr1 a :ole dorsal v]tebra ) its ribs 0 miss+4 ,we ?us see t ! ribs 7:e!r or n ! little pair atta*$ to ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra be c\nt$7 v>y f six to eight pair4 ,! six? pair is frequ5tly n furni%$ ) processes4 ,! /]nal portion ( ! sev5? pair is extremely broad 9 ,co*9s1 & is completely ossifi$4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 x is sc>cely possible to c\nt ! lumbo-sacral v]tebr2 b !y c]ta9ly d n correspond 9 %ape or numb] 9 ! sev]al skeletons4 ,! caudal v]tebr are closely simil> 9 all ! skeletons1 ! only diff]5ce be+ :e!r or n ! basal "o is an*ylos$ to ! pelvis2 !y h>dly v>y ev5 9 l5g?1 n be+ %ort] 9 ,co*9s1 ) _! %ort tail-fea!rs1 ?an 9 o!r bre$s2 9 a ,spani% cock1 h[ev]1 ! caudal v]tebr 7 a little elongat$4 ,9 ?ree rumpless f[ls ! caudal v]tebr 7 few 9 numb]1 & an*ylos$ toge!r into a mis=m$ mass4 ,9 ! individual v]tebr ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure are v slight4 ,9 ! atlas ! cavity = ! occipital condyle is ei!r ossifi$ into a r+1 or is1 z 9 ,bankiva1 op5 on its upp] m>g94 ,! upp] arc ( ! sp9al canal is a little m ar*$ 9 ,co*9s1 9 con=mity ) ! %ape ( ! occipital =am51 ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 sev]al skeletons a diff]5ce1 b n ( mu* importance1 may be obs]v$1 :i* comm5ces at ! f\r? c]vical v]tebra1 & is greate/ at ab\t ! six?1 sev5?1 or eigh? v]tebra2 ?is consi/s 9 ! hmal desc5d+ processes be+ unit$ to ! body ( ! v]tebra by a sort ( buttress4 ,?is /ructure may be obs]v$ 9 ,co*9s1 ,poli%1 "s ,hamburghs1 & probably o!r bre$s2 b is abs5t1 or b>ely develop$1 9 ,game1 ,dork+1 ,spani%1 ,bantam1 & sev]al o!r bre$s exam9$ by me4 ,on ! dorsal surface ( ! six? c]vical v]tebra 9 ,co*9s ?ree prom95t po9ts are m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 ! correspond+ v]tebra ( ! ,game f[l or ,g4 bankiva4 ,pelvis4--,?is diff]s 9 "s few po9ts 9 ! sev]al skeletons4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! ilium seems at fir/ to v>y mu* 9 outl9e1 b ?is is *iefly due to ! degree to :i* ! m>g9 9 ! middle "p is ossifi$ to ! cre/ ( ! v]tebr2 ! outl9e1 h[ev]1 does diff] 9 be+ m truncat$ 9 ,bantams1 & m r\nd$ 9 c]ta9 bre$s1 z 9 ,co*9s4 ,! outl9e ( ! is*iadic =am5 diff]s consid]ably1 be+ ne>ly circul> 9 ,bantams1 in/ead ( egg-%ap$ z 9 ! ,bankiva1 & m regul>ly oval 9 "s skeletons1 z 9 ! ,spani%4 ,! obturator not* is also mu* less elongat$ 9 "s skeletons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! end ( ! pubic bone pres5ts ! greate/ diff]5ce2 be+ h>dly enl>g$ 9 ! ,bankiva2 consid]ably & gradually enl>g$ 9 ,co*9s1 & 9 a less] degree 9 "s o!r bre$s2 & abruptly enl>g$ 9 ,bantams4 ,9 "o ,bantam ?is bone ext5d$ v little beyond ! extremity ( ! is*ium4 ,! :ole pelvis 9 ?is latt] bird diff]$ widely 9 its proportions1 be+ f> broad] proportionally to its l5g? ?an 9 ,bankiva4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch--;,extremity ( ! ,furcula ( ,f[ls ,/]num4--,?is bone is g5]ally s mu* de=m$ t x is sc>cely possible to comp>e its %ape /rictly 9 ! sev]al bre$s4 ,! =m ( ! triangul> extremity ( ! lat]al processes diff]s consid]ably1 be+ ei!r almo/ equilat]al or mu* elongat$4 ,! front m>g9 ( ! cre/ is m or less p]p5dicul> & v>ies greatly1 z does ! curvature ( ! po/]ior end1 & ! flatness ( ! l[] surface4 ,! outl9e ( ! manubrial process also v>ies1 be+ w$ge-%ap$ 9 ! ,bankiva1 & r\nd$ 9 ! ,spani% bre$4 ,! furculum diff]s 9 be+ m or less ar*$1 & greatly1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ outl9es1 9 ! %ape ( ! t]m9al plate2 b ! %ape ( ?is "p diff]$ a little 9 two skeletons ( ! wild ,bankiva4 ,! coracoid pres5ts no diff]5ce wor? notice4 ,! scapula v>ies 9 %ape1 be+ ( ne>ly uni=m bread? 9 ,bankiva1 mu* broad] 9 ! middle 9 ! ,poli% f[l1 & abruptly n>r[$ t[>ds ! apex 9 ! two ,sultan f[ls4 ,i c>efully comp>$ ea* sep>ate bone ( ! leg & w+1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! wild ,bankiva1 9 ! foll[+ bre$s1 :i* ,i ?\ght 7 ! mo/ likely to diff]2 namely1 9 ,co*91 ,dork+1 ,spani%1 ,poli%1 ,burmese ,bantam1 ,frizzl$ ,indian1 & black-bon$ ,silk f[ls2 & x 0 truly surpris+ to see h[ absolutely e process1 articulation1 & pore agre$1 ?\gh ! bones diff]$ greatly 9 size4 ,! agreem5t is f> m absolute ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,9 /at+ ?is1 ,i d n ref] to ! relative ?ickness & l5g? ( ! sev]al bones2 = ! t>si v>i$ consid]ably 9 bo? ^! respects4 ,b ! o!r limb-bones v>i$ little ev5 9 relative l5g?4 ,f9ally1 ,i h n exam9$ a suffici5t numb] ( skeletons to say :e!r any ( ! =ego+ diff]5ces1 except 9 ! skull1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s4 ,app>5tly "s diff]5ces are m common 9 c]ta9 bre$s ?an 9 o!rs1--z an additional rib to ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra 9 ,hamburghs & ,games1 & ! bread? ( ! end ( ! pubic bone 9 ,co*9s4 ,bo? skeletons ( ! ,sultan f[l _h eight dorsal v]tebr1 & ! end ( ! scapula 9 bo? 0 some:at att5uat$4 ,9 ! skull1 ! deep m$ial furr[ 9 ! frontal bones & ! v]tically elongat$ occipital =am5 seem to be *>act]i/ic ( ,co*9s2 z is ! great bread? ( ! frontal bones 9 ,dork+s2 ! sep>ation & op5 spaces betwe5 ! tips ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies & nasal bones1 z well z ! front "p ( ! skull be+ b little depress$1 *>act]ise ,hamburghs2 ! globul> %ape ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! skull seems to be *>act]i/ic ( lac$ ,bantams2 & la/ly1 ! protub]ance ( ! skull ) ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies p>tially abort$1 toge!r ) ! o!r diff]5ces be=e specifi$1 are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,poli% & o!r ,cre/$ f[ls4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ result ( my exam9ation ( ! skeleton is ! great v>iability ( all ! bones except ^? ( ! extremities4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we c und]/& :y ! skeleton fluctuates s mu* 9 /ructure2 f[ls h be5 expos$ to unnatural conditions ( life1 & _! :ole organisation has ?us be5 r5d]$ v>iable2 b ! bre$] is q indiff]5t to1 & nev] int5tionally selects1 any modification 9 ! skeleton4 ,ext]nal *>act]s1 if n att5d$ to by man1 su* z ! numb] ( ! tail & w+ fea!rs & _! relative l5g?s1 :i* 9 wild birds are g5]ally con/ant1--fluctuate 9 our dome/ic f[ls 9 ! same mann] z ! sev]al p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,an additional toe is a 8po9t0 9 ,dork+s1 & has become a fix$ "*1 b is v>iable 9 ,co*9s & ,silk f[ls4 ,! col\r ( ! plumage & ! =m ( ! comb are 9 mo/ bre$s1 or ev5 sub-bre$s1 em95tly fix$ *>act]s2 b 9 ,dork+s ^! po9ts h n be5 att5d$ to1 & are v>iable4 ,:5 any modification 9 ! skeleton is relat$ to "s ext]nal "* :i* man values1 x has be51 un9t5tionally on 8 "p1 act$ on by selection1 & has become m or less fix$4 ,we see ?is 9 ! wond]ful protub]ance ( ! skull1 :i* supports ! cre/ ( fea!rs 9 ,poli% f[ls1 & :i* by correlation has affect$ o!r p>ts ( ! skull4 ,we see ! same result 9 ! two protub]ances :i* support ! horns 9 ! horn$ f[l1 & 9 ! flatt5$ %ape ( ! front ( ! skull 9 ,hamburghs consequ5t on _! flatt5$ & broad 8rose-combs40 ,we "k n 9 ! lea/ :e!r additional ribs1 or ! *ang$ outl9e ( ! occipital =am51 or ! *ang$ =m ( ! scapula1 or ( ! extremity ( ! furculum1 are 9 any way correlat$ ) o!r /ructures1 or h aris5 f ! *ang$ conditions & habits ( life to :i* our f[ls h be5 subject$2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t ^! v>i\s modifications 9 ! skeleton c\ld be r5d]$1 ei!r by direct selection1 or by ! selection ( correlat$ /ructures1 z con/ant & z *>act]i/ic ( ea* bre$1 z are ! size & %ape ( ! body1 ! col\r ( ! plumage1 & ! =m ( ! comb4 ,effects ( ! ,disuse ( ,p>ts4 ,judg+ f ! habits ( our ,european gall9ace\s birds1 ,gallus bankiva 9 its native haunts w\ld use its legs & w+s m ?an d our dome/ic f[ls1 :i* r>ely fly except to _! roo/s4 ,! ,silk & ! ,frizzl$ f[ls1 f hav+ imp]fect w+-fea!rs1 _c fly at all2 & !re is reason to believe t bo? ^! bre$s are anci5t1 s t _! prog5itors dur+ _m g5]ations _c h fl[n4 ,! ,co*9s1 also1 f _! %ort w+s & heavy bodies1 c h>dly fly up to a l[ p]*4 ,!re=e 9 ^! bre$s1 especially 9 ! two fir/1 a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! w+-bones might h be5 expect$1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,9 e specim51 aft] dis>ticulat+ & clean+ ! bones1 ,i c>efully comp>$ ! relative l5g? ( ! two ma9 bones ( ! w+ to ea* o!r1 & ( ! two ma9 bones ( ! leg to ea* o!r1 ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva2 & x 0 surpris+ to see 7except 9 ! case ( ! t>si7 h[ exactly ! same relative l5g? _h be5 reta9$4 ,?is fact is curi\s1 f %[+ h[ truly ! proportions ( an organ may be inh]it$1 al?\gh n fully ex]cis$ dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,i !n comp>$ 9 sev]al bre$s ! l5g? ( ! femur & tibia ) ! hum]us & ulna1 & likewise ^! same bones ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva2 ! result 0 t ! w+-bones 9 all ! bre$s 7except ! ,burmese ,jump]1 :i* has unnaturally %ort legs1 are slightly %ort5$ relatively to ! leg-bones2 b ! decrease is s slight t x may be due to ! /&>d specim5 ( ,g4 bankiva hav+ accid5tally _h w+s ( slightly great] l5g? ?an usual2 s t ! measurem5ts are n wor? giv+4 ,b x des]ves notice t ! ,silk & ,frizzl$ f[ls1 :i* are q incapable ( flight1 _h _! w+s less r$uc$ relatively to _! legs ?an 9 almo/ any o!r bre$6 ,we h se5 ) dome/icat$ pigeons t ! bones ( ! w+s are some:at r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! prim>y fea!rs are r increas$ 9 l5g?1 & x is j possible1 ?\gh n probable1 t 9 ! ,silk & ,frizzl$ f[ls any t5d5cy to decrease 9 ! l5g? ( ! w+-bones f disuse may h be5 *eck$ ?r\gh ! law ( comp5sation1 by ! decreas$ gr[? ( ! w+-fea!rs1 & consequ5t increas$ supply ( nutrim5t4 ,! w+-bones1 h[ev]1 9 bo? ^! bre$s1 are f\nd to be slightly r$uc$ 9 l5g? :5 judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( ! /]num or head1 relatively to ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,! actual weight ( ! ma9 bones ( ! leg & w+ 9 twelve bre$s is giv5 9 ! two fir/ columns 9 ,table ,i4 ,! calculat$ weight ( ! w+-bones relatively to ! leg-bones1 9 comp>ison ) ! leg & w+-bones ( ,g4 bankiva1 are giv5 9 ! ?ird column1--! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva be+ call$ a hundr$4#gc ,table ,i4 ,names ( ,bre$s4 ,actual ,weight ( ,femur & ,tibia4 ,actual ,weight ( ,hum]us & ,ulna4 ,weight ( ,w+- bones relatively to ! ,leg-bones 9 comp>ison ) ^! same bones 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,gallus bankiva 7wild male7 #hf #ed #ajj #a ,co*9 7male7 #caa #afb #hc #b ,dork+ 7male7 #eeg #bdh #gj #c ,spani% 7,m9orca7 7male7 #chf #ahc #ge #d ,gold-,spangl$ ,poli% 7male7 #cjf #ade #ge #e ,game1 black-brea/$ 7male7 #bic #adc #gg #f ,malay 7female7 #bca #aaf #hj #g ,sultan 7male7 #ahi #id #gi #h ,indian ,frizzl$ 7male7 #bjf #hh #fg #i ,burmese ,jump] 7female7 #ec #cf #ajh #aj ,hamburgh 7p5cill$7 7male7 #aeg #ajd #ajf #aa ,hamburgh 7p5cill$7 7female7 #aad #gg #ajh #ab ,silk 7black-bon$7 7female7 #hh #eg #ajc ,9 ! eight fir/ birds1 belong+ to di/9ct bre$s1 9 ?is table1 we see a decid$ r$uction 9 ! weight ( ! bones ( ! w+4 ,9 ! ,indian ,frizzl$ f[l1 :i* _c fly1 ! r$uction is c>ri$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 namely1 to ?irty-?ree p] c5t ( _! prop] proportional weight4 ,9 ! next f\r birds1 includ+ ! ,silk h51 :i* is incapable ( flight1 we see t ! w+s1 relatively to ! legs1 are slightly increas$ 9 weight2 b x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 if 9 ^! birds ! legs _h become f any cause r$uc$ 9 weight1 ?is w\ld give ! false appe>ance ( ! w+s hav+ increas$ 9 relative weight4 ,n[ a r$uction ( ?is nature has c]ta9ly occurr$ ) ! ,burmese ,jump]1 9 :i* ! legs are abnormally %ort1 & 9 ! two ,hamburghs & ,silk f[l1 ! legs1 ?\gh n %ort1 are =m$ ( rem>kably ?9 & light bones4 ,i make ^! /atem5ts1 n judg+ by m]e eyesight1 b aft] hav+ calculat$ ! weights ( ! leg-bones relatively to ^? ( ,g4 bankiva1 accord+ to ! only two /&>ds ( comp>ison :i* ,i c\ld use1 namely1 ! relative l5g?s ( ! head & /]num2 = ,i d n "k ! weight ( ! body 9 ,g4 bankiva1 :i* w\ld h be5 a bett] /&>d4 ,accord+ to ^! /&>ds1 ! leg-bones 9 ^! f\r f[ls are 9 a m>k$ mann] f> light] ?an 9 any o!r bre$4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t 9 all cases 9 :i* ! legs h n be5 ?r\gh "s unkn[n cause mu* r$uc$ 9 weight1 ! w+-bones h become r$uc$ 9 weight relatively to ! leg-bones1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,& ?is r$uction ( weight may1 ,i appreh5d1 safely be attribut$ to disuse4 ,to make ,table ,i q satisfactory1 x ought to h be5 %[n t 9 ! eight fir/ birds ! leg-bones h n actually increas$ 9 weight out ( due proportion ) ! re/ ( ! body2 ?is ,i _c %[1 f n kn[+1 z already rem>k$1 ! weight ( ! wild ,bankiva4#gd ,i am inde$ incl9$ to suspect t ! leg-bones 9 ! ,dork+1 ,no4 #b 9 ! table1 are proportionally too heavy2 b ?is bird 0 a v l>ge "o1 weigh+ #g p\nds #b ounces1 ?\gh v ?94 ,its leg-bones 7 m ?an t5 times z heavy z ^? ( ! ,burmese ,jump]6 ,i tri$ to asc]ta9 ! l5g? bo? ( ! leg-bones & w+-bones relatively to o!r p>ts ( ! body & skeleton3 b ! :ole organisation 9 ^! birds1 :i* h be5 s long dome/icat$1 has become s v>iable1 t no c]ta9 conclusions c\ld be rea*$4 ,= in/ance1 ! legs ( ! above ,dork+ cock 7 ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too %ort relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too long relatively to ! l5g? ( ! skull1 9 comp>ison ) ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,table ,,ii4 ,names ( ,bre$s4 ,l5g? ( ,/]num4 ,dep? ( ,cre/ ( ,/]num ,dep? ( ,cre/ relatively to ! l5g? ( ! ,/]num1 9 comp>ison ) ,g4 bankiva4 ,in*es4 ,in*es ,gallus bankiva 7male7 #dbj #adj #ajj #a ,co*9 7male7 #ehc #aee #gh #b ,dork+ 7male7 #fie #aig #hd #c ,spani% 7male7 #faj #ahc #ij #d ,poli% 7male7 #ejg #aej #hg #e ,game 7male7 #eee #aee #ha #f ,malay 7female7 #eaj #aej #hg #g ,sultan 7male7 #ddg #acf #ij #h ,frizzl$ h5 7male7 #dbe #abj #hd #i ,burmese ,jump] 7female7 #cjf #jhe #ha #aj ,hamburgh 7male7 #ejh #adj #ha #aa ,hamburgh 7female7 #dee #abf #ha #ab ,silk f[l 7female7 #ddi #aja #ff ,9 ,table ,,ii 9 ! two fir/ columns we see 9 in*es & decimals ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & ! extreme dep? ( its cre/ to :i* ! pectoral muscles are atta*$4 ,9 ! ?ird column we h ! calculat$ dep? ( ! cre/1 relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 9 comp>ison ) ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4#ge ,by look+ to ! ?ird column we see t 9 e case ! dep? ( ! cre/ relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 9 comp>ison ) ,g4 bankiva1 is dim9i%$1 g5]ally betwe5 #aj & #bj p] c5t4 ,b ! degree ( r$uction v>ies mu*1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5tly de=m$ /ate ( ! /]num4 ,9 ! ,silk f[l1 :i* _c fly1 ! cre/ is #cd p] c5t less deep ?an :at x ought to h be54 ,?is r$uction ( ! cre/ 9 all ! bre$s probably acc\nts = ! great v>iability1 be=e ref]r$ to1 9 ! curvature ( ! furculum1 & 9 ! %ape ( its /]nal extremity4 ,m$ical m5 believe t ! abnormal =m ( ! sp9e s commonly obs]v$ 9 wom5 ( ! high] ranks results f ! atta*$ muscles n be+ fully ex]cis$4 ,s x is ) our dome/ic f[ls1 = !y use _! pectoral muscles b little1 &1 out ( tw5ty-five /]nums exam9$ by me1 ?ree alone 7 p]fectly symmetrical1 t5 7 mod]ately crook$1 & twelve 7 de=m$ to an extreme degree4 ,mr4 ,romanes1 h[ev]1 believes t ! mal=mation is due to f[ls :il/ "y re/+ _! /]nums on ! /icks on :i* !y roo/4 ,f9ally1 we may conclude ) respect to ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! f[l1 t ! ma9 bones ( ! w+ h probably be5 %ort5$ 9 a v slight degree2 t !y h c]ta9ly become light] relatively to ! leg-bones 9 all ! bre$s 9 :i* ^! latt] bones are n unnaturally %ort or delicate2 & t ! cre/ ( ! /]num1 to :i* ! pectoral muscles are atta*$1 has inv>iably become less prom95t1 ! :ole /]num be+ also extremely liable to de=mity4 ,^! results we may attribute to ! less5$ use ( ! w+s4 ,correlation ( ,gr[?4--,i w "h sum up ! few facts :i* ,i h collect$ on ?is obscure1 b important1 subject4 ,9 ,co*9 & ,game f[ls !re is p]haps "s relation betwe5 ! col\r ( ! plumage & ! d>kness ( ! egg-%ell4 ,9 ,sultans ! additional sickle-fea!rs 9 ! tail are app>5tly relat$ to ! g5]al r$undancy ( ! plumage1 z %[n by ! fea!r$ legs1 l>ge cre/1 & be>d4 ,9 two tailless f[ls :i* ,i exam9$ ! oil-gl& 0 abort$4 ,a l>ge cre/ ( fea!rs1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has rem>k$1 seems always accompani$ by a great dim9ution or almo/ entire abs5ce ( ! comb4 ,a l>ge be>d is simil>ly accompani$ by dim9i%$ or abs5t wattles4 ,^! latt] cases app>5tly come "u ! law ( comp5sation or balancem5t ( gr[?4 ,a l>ge be>d b5ea? ! l[] jaw & a l>ge top-knot on ! skull (t5 g toge!r4 ,! comb :5 ( any peculi> %ape1 z ) ,horn$1 ,spani%1 & ,hamburgh f[ls1 affects 9 a correspond+ mann] ! und]ly+ skull2 & we h se5 h[ wond]fully ?is is ! case ) ,cre/$ f[ls :5 ! cre/ is l>gely develop$4 ,) ! protub]ance ( ! frontal bones ! %ape ( ! int]nal surface ( ! skull & ( ! bra9 is greatly modifi$4 ,! pres5ce ( a cre/ influ5ces 9 "s unkn[n way ! developm5t ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y bone1 & ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones2 & likewise ! %ape ( ! ext]nal orifice ( ! no/rils4 ,!re is a pla9 & curi\s correlation betwe5 a cre/ ( fea!rs & ! imp]fectly ossifi$ condition ( ! skull4 ,n only does ?is hold good ) ne>ly all cre/$ f[ls1 b likewise ) tuft$ ducks1 & z ,dr4 ,gun!r in=ms me ) tuft$ geese 9 ,g]many4 ,la/ly1 ! fea!rs compos+ ! cre/ 9 male ,poli% f[ls resemble hackles1 & diff] greatly 9 %ape f ^? 9 ! cre/ ( ! female4 ,! neck1 w+-cov]ts1 & lo9s 9 ! male bird are prop]ly cov]$ ) hackles1 & x w\ld appe> t fea!rs ( ?is %ape h spread by correlation to ! head ( ! male4 ,?is little fact is int]e/+2 because1 ?\gh bo? sexes ( "s wild gall9ace\s birds h _! heads simil>ly ornam5t$1 yet !re is (t5 a diff]5ce 9 ! size & %ape ( fea!rs =m+ _! cre/s4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! male ,gold & 9 ! male ,amh]/ pheasants 7,p4 pictus & amh]/i71 a close relation 9 col\r1 z well z 9 /ructure1 betwe5 ! plumes on ! head & on ! lo9s4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! same law has regulat$ ! /ate ( ! fea!rs on ! head & body1 bo? ) species liv+ "u natural conditions1 & ) birds :i* h v>i$ "u dome/ication4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,i h drawn up ?is brief synopsis f v>i\s s\rces1 b *iefly f in=mation giv5 me by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,?is g5tleman has k9dly look$ ?r\gh ?is *apt]2 & f 8 well-kn[n k1 ! /atem5ts "h giv5 may be fully tru/$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has likewise assi/$ me 9 e possible way 9 obta9+ = me in=mation & specim5s4 ,i mu/ n let ?is opportunity pass )\t express+ my cordial ?anks to ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 a well-kn[n writ] on p\ltry1 = cont9u\s assi/ance & ! gift ( _m specim5s4 #b ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,sultans is by ,miss ,watts 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,y>d1' #ahef1 p4 #gi4 ,i owe to ,mr4 ,br5t's k9dness ! exam9ation ( "s specim5s ( ?is bre$4 #c ,a good description1 ) figures1 is giv5 ( ?is sub-bre$ 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,june #aj1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjf4 #d ,a description1 ) figures1 is giv5 ( ?is bre$ 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,june #c1 #ahfb1 p4 #ahf4 ,"s writ]s describe ! comb z two-horn$4 #e ,mr4 ,crawfurd #8,descript4 ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' p4 #aac4 ,bantams are m5tion$ 9 an anci5t native ,japanese ,encyclopdia1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bir* ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #f #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdh4 #g #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdh4 #h ,f]guson's #8,illu/rat$ ,s]ies ( ,r>e & ,prize ,p\ltry1' #ahed1 p4 vi4 ,preface4 #i ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon 9 8 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #bjc1 gives an acc\nt ( ,columella's "w4 #aj ,mr4 ,crawfurd #8,on ! ,relation ( ! ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilization1' sep>ately pr9t$1 p4 #f2 fir/ read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d #ahfj4 #aa #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 #ab #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcb1 p4 #aea4 #ac ,^! fea!rs h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,m>%all #8,d] ,zoolog4 ,g>t51' ,april #ahgd1 p4 #abd4 ,i exam9$ ! fea!rs ( "s hybrids rais$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s betwe5 ! male ,g4 sonn]atii & a r$ game-h51 & !y exhibit$ ! true "* ( ^? ( ,g4 sonn]atii1 except t ! horny lam9e 7 mu* small]4 #ad ,see also an excell5t lett] on ! ,p\ltry ( ,india1 by ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #fai4 #ae ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,salt]1 9 #8,natural ,hi/ory ,review1' ,april #ahfc1 p4 #bgf4 #af ,see also ,mr4 ,lay>d's pap] 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #fb4 #ag ,see also ,mr4 ,crawfurd's #8,descriptive ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aac4 #ah ,describ$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,gray1 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahdi1 p4 #fb4 #ai ,! passage f ,m>sd5 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,dixon 9 8 #8,p\ltry ,book1' p4 #agf4 ,no orni?ologi/ n[ ranks ?is bird z a di/9ct species4 #bj #8,c\p-d'eil gnral sur l',inde ,ar*iplagique1' tom4 iii4 7#ahdi7 p4 #agg2 see also ,mr4 ,bly? 9 #8,indian ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #e1 #ahef4 #ba ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]41 vol4 i4 7#ahdh71 p4 #dee4 #bb ,crawfurd1 #8,desc4 ,dict4 ( ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aab4 #bc ,9 ,burmah1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! wild & tame p\ltry con/antly cross toge!r1 & irregul> transitional =ms may be se54 #bd ,ibid4 p4 #aac4 #be ,mr4 ,j]don1 9 ! #8,madras ,j\rn4 ( ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxii4 p4 #b1 speak+ ( ,g4 bankiva1 says1 8unque/ionably ! orig9 ( mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( our common f[ls40 ,= ,mr4 ,bly? see 8 excell5t article 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahea1 p4 #fai2 & 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx41 #ahdg1 p4 #chh4 #bf #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #fai4 #bg ,i h consult$ an em95t au?ority1 ,mr4 ,sclat]1 on ?is subject1 & he ?9ks t ,i h n express$ myself too /rongly4 ,i am aw>e t "o anci5t au?or1 ,aco/a1 speaks ( f[ls z hav+ inhabit$ ,s4 ,am]ica at ! p]iod ( its discov]y2 & m rec5tly1 ab\t #agie1 ,olivi] de ,s]res speaks ( wild f[ls 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana2 ^! 7 probably f]al birds4 ,dr4 ,daniell tells me1 he believes t f[ls h become wild on ! we/ coa/ ( ,equatorial ,africa2 !y may1 h[ev]1 n be true f[ls1 b gall9ace\s birds belong+ to ! g5us ,phasidus4 ,! old voyag] ,b>but says t p\ltry are n natural to ,gu9ea4 ,capt4 ,w4 ,all5 7#8,n>rative ( ,nig] ,exp$ition1' #ahdh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #db7 describes wild f[ls on ,ilha dos ,rollas1 an isl& ne> ,/4 ,?omas's on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa2 ! natives in=m$ him t !y _h escap$ f a vessel wreck$ !re _m ye>s ago2 !y 7 extremely wild & _h 8a cry q diff]5t to t ( ! dome/ic f[l10 & _! appe>ance 0 some:at *ang$4 ,h5ce x is n a little d\btful1 not)/&+ ! /atem5t ( ! natives1 :e!r ^! birds really 7 f[ls4 ,t ! f[l has become f]al on sev]al isl&s is c]ta94 ,mr4 ,fry1 a v capable judge1 in=m$ ,mr4 ,lay>d1 9 a lett]1 t ! f[ls :i* h run wild on ,asc5sion 8_h ne>ly all got back to _! primitive col\rs1 r$1 & black cocks1 & smoky-grey h5s40 ,b un=tunately we d n "k ! col\r ( ! p\ltry :i* 7 turn$ out4 ,f[ls h become f]al on ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 7,bly? 9 ! #8,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #fb71 & 9 ! ,ladrones 7,anson's ,voyage74 ,^? f\nd 9 ! ,pellew ,isl&s 7,crawfurd7 are believ$ to be f]al2 & la/ly1 x is ass]t$ t !y h become f]al 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b :e!r ?is is correct ,i "k n4 #bh ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bdh4 #bi #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #ad?1 #ahfb1 p4 #cbe4 #cj #8,die ,hhn]- und ,pfau5zu*t1' ,ulm1 #ahbg1 s4 #ag4 ,= ,mr4 ,hewitt's /atem5t ) respect to ! :ite ,silk f[l see ! #8,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bbb4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,orton = a lett] on ! same subject4 #ca ,dixon #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #bec1 #cbd1 #cce4 ,= game f[ls1 see ,f]guson on #8,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #bfj4 #cb #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ga4 #cc #8,die vorges*i*tli*5 ,alt]?m]1' ,,ii4 ,!il1 #ahgb1 p4 #e4 ,dr4 ,pick]+1 9 8 #8,races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #cgd1 says t ! head & neck ( a f[l is c>ri$ 9 a ,tribute-procession to ,?\tm\sis ,,iii4 7#adde ,b4,c472 b ,mr4 ,bir* ( ! ,briti% ,museum d\bts :e!r ! figure c be id5tifi$ z ! head ( a f[l4 ,"s caution is necess>y ) ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( figures ( ! f[l on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong & widely preval5t prejudice aga9/ ?is bird4 ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,erh>dt t on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 f #d to #f s\? ( ! equator1 mo/ ( ! pagan tribes at ! pres5t day hold ! f[l 9 av]sion4 ,! natives ( ! ,pellew ,isl&s w\ld n eat ! f[l nor w ! ,indians 9 "s p>ts ( ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,= ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! f[l see also ,volz #8,beitrge zur ,culturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #gg2 & ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #fa4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd has giv5 an admirable hi/ory ( ! f[l 9 8 pap] #8,on ! ,relation ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d 9 #ahfj1 & s9ce pr9t$ sep>ately4 ,i quote f him on ! ,greek poet ,!ognis1 & on ! ,h>py ,tomb describ$ by ,sir ,c4 ,fell[es4 ,i quote f a lett] ( ,mr4 ,bly?'s ) respect to ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu4 #cd #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdg1 p4 #ahe2 = passages translat$ f ,columella1 see p4 #cab4 ,= ,gold5 ,hamburghs see ,alb9's #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,birds1' #c vols41 ) plates #agca-ch4 #ce #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #aeb4 #cf ,f]guson on #8,r>e ,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #big4 ,?is writ]1 ,i am in=m$1 _c g5]ally be tru/$4 ,he gives1 h[ev]1 figures & mu* in=mation on eggs4 ,see pp4 #cd & #bce on ! eggs ( ! ,game f[l4 #cg ,see #8,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 pp4 #ha & #gh4 #ch #8,! ,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,oct4 #ahee1 p4 #ac4 ,on ! ?9ness ( ! eggs ( ,game-f[ls see ,m[bray on ,p\ltry1 #g? edit41 p4 #ac4 #ci ,my in=mation1 :i* is v f> f p]fect1 on *ick5s 9 ! d[n1 is d]iv$ *iefly f ,mr4 ,dixon's #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry4' ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t has also communicat$ to me _m facts by lett]1 z has ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,i w 9 ea* case m>k my au?ority by ! "n )9 brackets4 ,= ! *ick5s ( :ite ,silk-f[ls see ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bba4 #dj ,z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]2 see also #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahef1 p4 #cff4 ,on ! late developm5t ( ! cre/ see #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #da ,on ^! po9ts1 see #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aff2 & ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 pp4 #aje & #aba4 #db ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #bgc4 #dc ,f]guson on #8,r>e & ,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #bfa4 #dd ,m[bray on ,p\ltry1 #g? edit41 #ahcd1 p4 #ac4 #de ,see ! full description ( ! v>ieties ( ! ,game-bre$ 9 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #aca4 ,= ,cuckoo ,dork+s1 p4 #ig4 #df ,mr4 ,hewitt 9 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 pp4 #bdf & #aef4 ,= h5-tail$ game-cocks1 see p4 #aca4 #dg #8,! ,field1' ,april #bj?1 #ahfa4 ,! writ] says he has se5 half-a-doz5 cocks ?us sacrific$4 #dh #8,proce$+s ( ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,m>* #ahfa1 p4 #ajb4 ,! engrav+ ( ! h5-tail$ cock j allud$ to 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,society4 #di #8,! ,field1' ,april #bj?1 #ahfa4 #ej ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,br5t = an acc\nt1 ) sket*es1 ( all ! v>iations ( ! comb kn[n to him1 & likewise ) respect to ! tail z pres5tly to be giv54 #ea ,! #8,p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bcd4 #eb #8,die ,hhn]-und ,pfau5zu*t1' #ahbg1 s4 #aa4 #ec #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i4 p4 #eie4 ,mr4 ,br5t has in=m$ me ( ! same fact4 ,) respect to ! position ( ! spurs 9 ,dork+s see #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,sept4 #ah?1 #ahfj1 p4 #chj4 #ed ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #cbj4 #ee ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t ,game h5s h be5 f\nd s combative1 t x is n[ g5]ally ! practice to exhibit ea* h5 9 a sep>ate p54 #ef #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #cci1 #djg4 #eg ,on ! ,orni?ology ( ,ceylon 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xiv4 7#ahed71 p4 #fc4 #eh #8,h&bu* d] v]glei*4 ,anatomie1' #ahje1 p4 #he1 note4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 :o gives 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,nov4 #be?1 #ahef1 a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! skulls ( ,poli% f[ls1 n kn[+ ( ,be*/e9's acc\nt1 has disput$ ! accuracy ( ,blum5ba*'s /atem5t4 ,= ,be*/e9 see #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #cii1 note4 ,i may add t at ! fir/ exhibition ( ,p\ltry at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 ,may1 #ahde1 ,i saw "s f[ls1 call$ ,friezl& f[ls1 ( :i* ! h5s 7 cre/$1 & ! cocks furni%$ ) a comb4 #ei #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,jan4 #crd1 #ahfj1 p4 #bah4 #fj ,mr4 ,williams1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,dubl9 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 quot$ 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 p4 #afa4 #fa #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 p4 #ddb4 ,= ! occurr5ce ( black-bon$ f[ls 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 see ,r\l9 9 #8,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cea2 & ,az>a1 #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 ,a frizzl$ f[l s5t to me f ,madras _h black bones4 #fb ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bca4 #fc ,dr4 ,broca1 9 ,br[n-,squ>d's #8,j\rnal de ,phys41' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 #fd ,dixon's #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #cbe4 #fe #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i4 p4 #dhe4 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #da4 ,on ,co*9s graz+1 ibid41 p4 #df4 #ff ,f]guson on #8,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #hg4 #fg ,col4 ,sykes 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcb1 p4 #aea4 ,dr4 ,hook]'s #8,himalayan ,j\rnals1' vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 #fh ,see ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s acc\nt ) woodcuts ( ! skull ( ,poli% f[ls 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,nov4 #be?1 #ahef4 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,gn4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 i4 p4 #bhg4 ,m4 ,c4 ,d>e/e suspects 7#8,re*]*es sur les ,conditions de la ,vie1' etc41 ,lille #ahfc1 p4 #cf7 t ! protub]ance is n =m$ by ! frontal bones1 b by ! ossification ( ! dura mat]4 #fi #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #djj4 #gj ,! #8,field1' ,may #aa?1 #ahfa4 ,i h receiv$ communications to a simil> effect f ,messrs4 ,br5t & ,tegetmei]4 #ga ,x appe>s t ,i h n correctly designat$ ! sev]al gr\ps ( v]tebr1 = a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,p>k] 7#8,transact4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #aih71 specifies #af c]vical1 #d dorsal1 #ae lumb>1 & #f caudal v]tebr 9 ?is g5us4 ,b ,i h us$ ! same t]ms 9 all ! foll[+ descriptions4 #gb ,macgillivray1 #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 p4 #be4 #gc ,x may be well to expla9 h[ ! calculation has be5 made = ! ?ird column4 ,9 ,g4 bankiva ! leg-bones are to ! w+-bones z #hf 3 #ed1 or z 7neglect+ decimals7 #ajj 3 #fb2--;9 ,co*9s z #caa 3 #afb1 or z #ajj 3 #eb2--;9 ,dork+s z #eeg 3 #bdh1 or z #ajj 3 #dd2 & s on = ! o!r bre$s4 ,we ?us get ! s]ies ( #fb1 #eb1 #dd = ! relative weights ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva1 ,co*9s1 ,dork+s1 etc4 ,& n[ tak+ #ajj1 in/ead ( #fb1 = ! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva1 we get1 by ano!r rule ( ?ree1 #hc z ! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,co*9s2 #gj 9 ! ,dork+s2 & s on = ! rema9d] ( ! ?ird column 9 ! table4 #gd ,mr4 ,bly? 79 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 i41 #ahdh1 p4 #def7 gives #c p\nds z ! weight ( a full-gr[n male ,g4 bankiva2 b f :at ,i h se5 ( ! sk9s & skeletons ( v>i\s bre$s1 ,i _c believe t my two specim5s ( ,g4 bankiva c\ld h weigh$ s mu*4 #ge ,! ?ird column is calculat$ on ! same pr9ciple z expla9$ 9 footnote #gc above4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,duck--,,goose--,,peacock--,,turkey--,, gu9ea-,,f[l--,,can>y-,,bird--,,gold-,,fi %--,,riv]-,,bees-- ,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,,ducks1 ,,sev]al ,,bre$s ,,(--,,progress ,,( ,,dome/ication--,,orig9 ,,( ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild-,,duck--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,bre$s--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,limb-,,bones4 ,,goose1 ,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,little ,,v>iation ,,(--,,seba/opol ,,bre$4 ,,peacock1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,black-,,%\ld]$ ,,bre$4 ,,turkey1,,bre$s ,,(--,,cross$ ,,) ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,species--,,effects ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,gu9ea-,,f[l1 ,,can>y-,,bird1 ,,gold-,,fi%1 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,,silk-,,mo?s1 ,,species ,,& ,,bre$s ,,(--,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,c>e ,,9 ,,_! ,,selection--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,races--,,9 ,,! ,,egg1 ,,cat]pill>1 ,,& ,,cocoon ,,/ates--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,*>act]s--,,imp]fect ,,w+s--,,lo/ ,,in/9cts--,,correlat$ ,,*>act]s4 ,i w1 z 9 previ\s cases1 fir/ briefly describe ! *ief dome/ic bre$s ( ! duck3-- ,,bre$ #a4 ,common ,dome/ic ,duck4--,v>ies mu* 9 col\r & 9 proportions1 & diff]s 9 in/9cts & disposition f ! wild duck4 ,!re are sev]al sub-bre$s3--7#a7 ,! ,aylesbury1 ( great size1 :ite1 ) pale-yell[ beak & legs2 abdom9al d]mal sack l>gely develop$4 7#b7 ,! ,r\51 ( great size1 col\r$ l ! wild duck1 ) gre5 or mottl$ beak2 d]mal sack l>gely develop$4 7#c7 ,tuft$ ,duck1 ) a l>ge top-knot ( f9e d[ny fea!rs1 support$ on a fle%y mass1 ) ! skull p]=at$ b5ea?4 ,! top-knot 9 a duck :i* ,i import$ f ,holl& 0 two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 7#d7 ,labrador 7or ,canadian1 or ,bu5os ,ayres1 or ,ea/ ,indian72 plumage entirely black2 beak broad]1 relatively to its l5g?1 ?an 9 ! wild duck2 eggs slightly t9t$ ) black4 ,?is sub-bre$ p]haps ought to be rank$ z a bre$2 x includes two sub-v>ieties1 "o z l>ge z ! common dome/ic duck1 :i* ,i h kept alive1 & ! o!r small] & (t5 capable ( flight4#a ,i presume x is ?is latt] sub-v>iety :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ,france#b z fly+ well1 be+ r wild1 & :5 cook$ hav+ ! flav\r ( ! wild duck2 nev]!less ?is sub-v>iety is polygam\s1 l o!r dome/icat$ ducks & unlike ! wild duck4 ,^! black ,labrador ducks bre$ true2 b a case is giv5 by ,dr4 ,turral ( ! ,fr5* sub-v>iety produc+ "y ) "s :ite fea!rs on ! head & neck1 & ) an o*re-col\r$ pat* on ! brea/4 ,,bre$ #b4 ,hook-bill$ ,duck4--,?is bird pres5ts an extraord9>y appe>ance f ! d[nw>d curvature ( ! beak4 ,! head is (t5 tuft$4 ,! common col\r is :ite1 b "s are col\r$ l wild ducks4 ,x is an anci5t bre$1 hav+ be5 notic$ 9 #afgf4c ,x %[s its prolong$ dome/ication by almo/ incessantly lay+ eggs1 l ! f[ls :i* are call$ ev]la/+ lay]s4#d ,,bre$ #c4 ,call ,duck4--,rem>kable f its small size1 & f ! extraord9>y loquacity ( ! female4 ,beak %ort4 ,^! birds are ei!r :ite1 or col\r$ l ! wild duck4 ,,bre$ #d4 ,p5gu9 ,duck4--,?is is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! bre$s1 & seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,x walks ) its body extremely erect1 & ) its ?9 neck /ret*$ /raight upw>ds4 ,beak r %ort4 ,tail upturn$1 includ+ only #ah fea!rs4 ,femur & metat>sus elongat$4 ,almo/ all naturali/s admit t ! sev]al bre$s are desc5d$ f ! common wild duck 7,anas bos*as72 mo/ fanci]s1 on ! o!r h&1 take z usual a v diff]5t view4#e ,unless we d5y t dome/ication1 prolong$ dur+ c5turies1 c affect ev5 su* unimportant *>act]s z col\r1 size1 & 9 a slight degree proportional dim5sions & m5tal disposition1 !re is no reason :atev] to d\bt t ! dome/ic duck is desc5d$ f ! common wild species1 = ! "o diff]s f ! o!r 9 no important "*4 ,we h "s hi/orical evid5ce ) respect to ! p]iod & progress ( ! dome/ication ( ! duck4 ,x 0 unkn[n#f to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 to ! ,jews ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic p]iod4 ,ab\t eighte5 c5turies ago ,columella#g & ,v>ro speak ( ! necessity ( keep+ ducks 9 nett$ enclosures l o!r wild f[l1 s t at ?is p]iod !re 0 dang] ( _! fly+ away4 ,moreov]1 ! plan recomm5d$ by ,columella to ^? :o wi% to increase _! /ock ( ducks1 namely1 to collect ! eggs ( ! wild bird & to place !m "u a h51 %[s1 z ,mr4 ,dixon rem>ks1 8t ! duck _h n at ?is "t become a naturalis$ & prolific inmate ( ! ,roman p\ltry-y>d40 ,! orig9 ( ! dome/ic duck f ! wild species is recognis$ 9 ne>ly e language ( ,europe1 z ,aldrov&i long ago rem>k$1 by ! same "n be+ appli$ to bo?4 ,! wild duck has a wide range f ! ,himalayas to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x crosses readily ) ! dome/ic bird1 & ! cross$ (fspr+ are p]fectly f]tile4 ,bo? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe ! wild duck has be5 f\nd easy to tame & bre$4 ,9 ,sw$5 ?is exp]im5t 0 c>efully tri$ by ,tiburtius2 he succe$$ 9 re>+ wild ducks = ?ree g5]ations1 b1 ?\gh !y 7 treat$ l common ducks1 !y did n v>y ev5 9 a s+le fea!r4 ,! "y birds suff]$ f be+ all[$ to swim ab\t 9 cold wat]1#h z is kn[n to be ! case1 ?\gh ! fact is a /range "o1 ) ! "y ( ! common dome/ic duck4 ,an accurate & well-kn[n obs]v] 9 ,engl&#i has describ$ 9 detail 8 (t5 repeat$ & successful exp]im5ts 9 dome/icat+ ! wild duck4 ,"y birds are easily re>$ f eggs hat*$ "u a bantam2 b to succe$ x is indisp5sable n to place ! eggs ( bo? ! wild & tame duck "u ! same h51 = 9 ?is case 8! "y wild ducks die (f1 leav+ _! m h>dy bre?r5 9 undi/urb$ possession ( _! fo/]-"m's c>e4 ,! diff]5ce ( habit at ! onset 9 ! newly-hat*$ duckl+s almo/ entails su* a result to a c]ta9ty40 ,! wild duckl+s 7 f ! fir/ q tame t[>ds ^? :o took c>e ( !m z long z !y wore ! same clo!s1 & likewise to ! dogs & cats ( ! h\se4 ,!y w\ld ev5 snap ) _! beaks at ! dogs1 & drive !m away f any spot :i* !y covet$4 ,b !y 7 mu* al>m$ at /range m5 & dogs4 ,diff]5tly f :at occurr$ 9 ,sw$51 ,mr4 ,hewitt f\nd t 8 "y birds always *ang$ & det]iorat$ 9 "* 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations2 not)/&+ t great c>e 0 tak5 to prev5t _! cross+ ) tame ducks4 ,aft] ! ?ird g5]ation 8 birds lo/ ! elegant c>riage ( ! wild species1 & began to acquire ! gait ( ! common duck4 ,!y increas$ 9 size 9 ea* g5]ation1 & _! legs became less f9e4 ,! :ite coll> r\nd ! neck ( ! mall>d became broad] & less regul>1 & "s ( ! long] prim>y w+-fea!rs became m or less :ite4 ,:5 ?is occurr$1 ,mr4 ,hewitt de/roy$ ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 /ock & procur$ fre% eggs f wild ne/s2 s t he nev] br$ ! same family = m ?an five or six g5]ations4 ,8 birds cont9u$ to pair toge!r1 & nev] became polygam\s l ! common dome/ic duck4 ,i h giv5 ^! details1 because no o!r case1 z f> z ,i "k1 has be5 s c>efully record$ by a compet5t obs]v] ( ! progress ( *ange 9 wild birds re>$ = sev]al g5]ations 9 a dome/ic condition4 ,f ^! consid]ations !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! wild duck is ! p>5t ( ! common dome/ic k9d2 nor ne$ we look to o!r species = ! p>5tage ( ! m di/9ct bre$s1 namely1 ,p5gu91 ,call1 ,hook-bill$1 ,tuft$1 & ,labrador ducks4 ,i w n repeat ! argum5ts us$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s on ! improbability ( man hav+ 9 anci5t times dome/icat$ sev]al species s9ce become unkn[n or ext9ct1 ?\gh ducks are n readily ext]m9at$ 9 ! wild /ate2--on "s ( ! suppos$ p>5t-species hav+ _h abnormal *>act]s 9 comp>ison ) all ! o!r species ( ! g5us1 z ) ,hook-bill$ & ,p5gu9 ducks2--on all ! bre$s1 z f> z is kn[n be+ f]tile toge!r2#aj--on all ! bre$s hav+ ! same g5]al disposition1 in/9ct1 etc4 ,b "o fact be>+ on ?is "q may be notic$3 9 ! great duck family1 "o species alone1 namely1 ! male ( ,a4 bos*as1 has its f\r middle tail-fea!rs curl$ upw>dly2 n[ 9 e "o ( ! above-nam$ dome/ic bre$s ^! curl$ fea!rs exi/1 & on ! supposition t !y are desc5d$ f di/9ct species1 we mu/ assume t man =m]ly hit ^u species all ( :i* _h ?is n[ unique "*4 ,moreov]1 sub-v>ieties ( ea* bre$ are col\r$ almo/ exactly l ! wild duck1 z ,i h se5 ) ! l>ge/ & smalle/ bre$s1 namely ,r\5s & ,call ducks1 &1 z ,mr4 ,br5t /ates1#aa is ! case ) ,hook-bill$ ducks4 ,?is g5tleman1 z he in=ms me1 cross$ a :ite ,aylesbury drake & a black ,labrador duck1 & "s ( ! duckl+s z !y grew up assum$ ! plumage ( ! wild duck4 ,) respect to ,p5gu9s1 ,i h n se5 _m specim5s1 & none 7 col\r$ precisely l ! wild duck2 b ,sir ,james ,brooke s5t me ?ree sk9s f ,lombok & ,bali1 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago2 ! two females 7 pal] & m ruf\s ?an ! wild duck1 & ! drake diff]$ 9 hav+ ! :ole "u & upp] surface 7except+ ! neck1 tail-cov]ts1 tail1 & w+s7 silv]-grey1 f9ely p5cill$ ) d>k l9es1 closely l c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plumage ( ! wild mall>d4 ,b ,i f\nd ?is drake to be id5tical 9 e fea!r ) a v>iety ( ! common bre$ procur$ f a f>m-y>d 9 ,k5t1 & ,i h occasionally else:]e se5 simil> specim5s4 ,! occurr5ce ( a duck br$ "u s peculi> a climate z t ( ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 :]e ! wild species does n exi/1 ) exactly ! same plumage z may occasionally be se5 9 our f>m-y>ds1 is a fact wor? notice4 ,nev]!less ! climate ( ! ,malayan ar*ipelago app>5tly t5ds to cause ! duck to v>y mu*1 = ,zoll+]1#ab speak+ ( ! ,p5gu9 bre$1 says t 9 ,lombok 8!re is an unusual & v wond]ful v>iety ( ducks40 ,"o ,p5gu9 drake :i* ,i kept alive diff]$ f ^? ( :i* ! sk9s 7 s5t me f ,lombok1 9 hav+ its brea/ & back p>tially col\r$ ) *e/nut-br[n1 ?us m closely resembl+ ! ,mall>d4 ,f ^! sev]al facts1 m especially f ! drakes ( all ! bre$s hav+ curl$ tail-fea!rs1 & f c]ta9 sub-v>ieties 9 ea* bre$ occasionally resembl+ 9 g5]al plumage ! wild duck1 we may conclude ) confid5ce t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ,a4 bos*as4 ,i w n[ notice "s ( ! peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s4 ,! eggs v>y 9 col\r2 "s common ducks lay+ pale-gre5i% & o!rs q :ite eggs4 ,! eggs :i* are fir/ laid dur+ ea* season by ! black ,labrador duck1 are t9t$ black1 z if rubb$ ) ink4 ,a good obs]v] assur$ me t "o ye> 8 ducks ( ?is bre$ laid almo/ p]fectly :ite eggs4 ,ano!r curi\s case %[s :at s+ul> v>iations sometimes occur & are inh]it$2 ,mr4 ,hansell#ac relates t he _h a common duck :i* always laid eggs ) ! yolk ( a d>k-br[n col\r l melt$ glue2 & ! "y ducks1 hat*$ f ^! eggs1 laid ! same k9d ( eggs1 s t ! bre$ _h to be de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ci--,skulls ( ,ducks1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,wild ,duck4 ,b4 ,hook-bill$ ,duck4 ,! ,hook-bill$ duck is highly rem>kable 7see fig4 #ci1 ( skull72 & its peculi> beak has be5 inh]it$ at lea/ s9ce ! ye> #afgf4 ,?is /ructure is evid5tly analog\s ) t describ$ 9 ! ,bagadott5 c>ri] pigeon4 ,mr4 ,br5t#ad says t1 :5 ,hook-bill$ ducks are cross$ ) common ducks1 8_m "y ones are produc$ ) ! upp] m&ible %ort] ?an ! l[]1 :i* n unfrequ5tly causes ! dea? ( ! bird40 ,) ducks a tuft ( fea!rs on ! head is by no means a r>e occurr5ce2 namely1 9 ! ,true-tuft$ bre$1 ! ,hook-bill$1 ! common f>m-y>d k9d1 & 9 a duck hav+ no o!r peculi>ity :i* 0 s5t to me f ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,! tuft is only s f> int]e/+ z x affects ! skull1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ slightly m globul>1 & is p]=at$ by num]\s ap]tures4 ,call ducks are rem>kable f _! extraord9>y loquacity3 ! drake only hisses l common drakes2 nev]!less1 :5 pair$ ) ! common duck1 he transmits to 8 female (fspr+ a /rong quack+ t5d5cy4 ,?is loquacity seems at fir/ a surpris+ "* to h be5 acquir$ "u dome/ication4 ,b ! voice v>ies 9 ! diff]5t bre$s2 ,mr4 ,br5t#ae says t ,hook-bill$ ducks are v loquaci\s1 & t ,r\5s utt] a 8dull1 l\d1 & monoton\s cry1 easily di/+ui%able by an exp]i5c$ e>40 ,z ! loquacity ( ! ,call duck is highly s]viceable1 ^! birds be+ us$ 9 decoys1 ?is quality may h be5 increas$ by selection4 ,= in/ance1 ,colonel ,hawk] says1 if "y wild ducks _c be got = a decoy1 8by way ( make-%ift1 select tame birds :i* are ! mo/ clamor\s1 ev5 if _! col\r %\ld n be l t ( wild ones40#af ,x has be5 errone\sly ass]t$ t ,call ducks hat* _! eggs 9 less "t ?an common ducks4#ag ,! ,p5gu9 duck is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! bre$s2 ! ?9 neck & body are c>ri$ erect2 ! w+s are small2 ! tail is upturn$2 & ! ?igh-bones & metat>si are consid]ably l5g!n$ 9 proportion ) ! same bones 9 ! wild duck4 ,9 five specim5s exam9$ by me !re 7 only eighte5 tail-fea!rs in/ead ( tw5ty z 9 ! wild duck2 b ,i h also f\nd only eighte5 & n9ete5 tail-fea!rs 9 two ,labrador ducks4 ,on ! middle toe1 9 ?ree specim5s1 !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 or tw5ty-eight scutell1 :]eas 9 two wild ducks !re 7 ?irty-"o & ?irty-two4 ,! ,p5gu9 :5 cross$ transmits ) mu* p[] its peculi> =m ( body & gait to its (fspr+2 ?is 0 manife/ ) "s hybrids rais$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s betwe5 "o ( ^! birds & ! ,egyptian goose1#ah 7,ans] gyptiacus7 & likewise ) "s mongrels :i* ,i rais$ betwe5 ! ,p5gu9 & ,labrador duck4 ,i am n mu* surpris$ t "s writ]s %\ld ma9ta9 t ?is bre$ mu/ be desc5d$ f an unkn[n & di/9ct species2 b f ! reasons already assign$1 x seems to me f> m probable t x is ! desc5dant1 mu* modifi$ by dome/ication "u an unnatural climate1 ( ,anas bos*as4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4--,! skulls ( ! sev]al bre$s diff] f ea* o!r & f ! skull ( ! wild duck 9 v little except 9 ! proportional l5g? & curvature ( ! premaxill>ies4 ,^! latt] bones 9 ! ,call duck are %ort1 & a l9e drawn f _! extremities to ! summit ( ! skull is ne>ly /raight1 in/ead ( be+ concave z 9 ! common duck2 s t ! skull resembles t ( a small goose4 ,9 ! ,hook-bill$ duck 7fig4 #ci71 ^! same bones z well z ! l[] jaw curve d[nw>ds 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 z repres5t$4 ,9 ! ,labrador duck ! premaxill>ies are r broad] ?an 9 ! wild duck2 & 9 two skulls ( ?is bre$ ! v]tical ridges on ea* side ( ! supra-occipital bone are v prom95t4 ,9 ! ,p5gu9 ! premaxill>ies are relatively %ort] ?an 9 ! wild duck2 & ! inf]ior po9ts ( ! p>ama/oids m prom95t4 ,9 a ,dut* tuft$ duck1 ! skull "u ! enorm\s tuft 0 slightly m globul> & 0 p]=at$ by two l>ge ap]tures2 9 ?is skull ! la*rymal bones 7 produc$ mu* fur!r backw>ds1 s z to h a diff]5t %ape & ne>ly to t\* ! po/4 lat4 processes ( ! frontal bones1 ?us almo/ complet+ ! bony orbit ( ! eye4 ,z ! quadrate & pt]ygoid bones are ( su* complex %ape & /& 9 relation ) s _m o!r bones1 ,i c>efully comp>$ !m 9 all ! pr9cipal bre$s2 b except+ 9 size !y pres5t$ no diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #dj--;,c]vical ,v]t]br ( ,ducks4 ,v]tebr & ,ribs4--,9 "o skeleton ( ! ,labrador duck !re 7 ! usual fifte5 c]vical v]tebr & ! usual n9e dorsal v]tebr be>+ ribs2 9 ! o!r skeleton !re 7 fifte5 c]vical & t5 dorsal v]tebr ) ribs2 nor1 z f> z c\ld be judg$1 0 ?is ow+ m]ely to a rib hav+ be5 develop$ on ! fir/ lumb> v]tebra2 = 9 bo? skeletons ! lumb> v]tebr agre$ p]fectly 9 numb]1 %ape1 & size ) ^? ( ! wild duck4 ,9 two skeletons ( ! ,call duck !re 7 fifte5 c]vical & n9e dorsal v]tebr2 9 a ?ird skeleton small ribs 7 atta*$ to ! s-call$ fifte5? c]vical v]tebra1 mak+ t5 pairs ( ribs2 b ^! t5 ribs d n correspond1 or arise f ! same v]tebra1 ) ! t5 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,labrador duck4 ,9 ! ,call duck1 :i* _h small ribs atta*$ to ! fifte5? c]vical v]tebra1 ! hmal sp9es ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? 7c]vical7 & ( ! sev5te5? 7dorsal7 v]tebr correspond$ ) ! sp9es on ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & eighte5? v]tebr ( ! wild duck3 s t ea* ( ^! v]tebr _h acquir$ a /ructure prop] to "o po/]ior to x 9 position4 ,9 ! eigh? c]vical v]tebra ( ?is same ,call duck 7fig4 #dj1 ,b71 ! two bran*es ( ! hmal sp9e /& mu* clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! wild duck 7,a71 & ! desc5d+ hmal processes are mu* %ort5$4 ,9 ! ,p5gu9 duck ! neck f its ?9ness & erectness falsely appe>s 7z asc]ta9$ by measurem5t7 to be mu* elongat$1 b ! c]vical & dorsal v]tebr pres5t no diff]5ce2 ! po/]ior dorsal v]tebr1 h[ev]1 are m completely an*ylos$ to ! pelvis ?an 9 ! wild duck4 ,! ,aylesbury duck has fifte5 c]vical & t5 dorsal v]tebr furni%$ ) ribs1 b ! same numb] ( lumb>1 sacral1 & caudal v]tebr1 z f> z c\ld be trac$1 z 9 ! wild duck4 ,! c]vical v]tebr 9 ?is same duck 7fig4 #dj1 ,d7 7 mu* broad] & ?ick] relatively to _! l5g? ?an 9 ! wild 7,c72 s mu* s1 t ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to give a sket* ( ! twelf? c]vical v]tebra 9 ^! two birds4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5ts we see t ! fifte5? c]vical v]tebra occasionally becomes modifi$ into a dorsal v]tebra1 & :5 ?is occurs all ! adjo9+ v]tebr are modifi$4 ,we also see t an additional dorsal v]tebra be>+ a rib is occasionally develop$1 ! numb] ( ! c]vical & lumb> v]tebr app>5tly rema9+ ! same z usual4 ,i exam9$ ! bony enl>gem5t ( ! tra*ea 9 ! males ( ! ,p5gu91 ,call1 ,hook-bill$1 ,labrador1 & ,aylesbury bre$s2 & 9 all x 0 id5tical 9 %ape4 ,! pelvis is rem>kably uni=m2 b 9 ! skeleton ( ! ,hook-bill$ duck ! ant]ior "p is mu* b[$ inw>ds2 9 ! ,aylesbury & "s o!r bre$s ! is*iadic =am5 is less elongat$4 ,9 ! /]num1 furculum1 coracoids1 & scapul1 ! diff]5ces are s slight & s v>iable z n to be wor? notice1 except t 9 two skeletons ( ! ,p5gu9 duck ! t]m9al portion ( ! scapula 0 mu* att5uat$4 ,9 ! bones ( ! leg & w+ no modification 9 %ape c\ld be obs]v$4 ,b 9 ! ,p5gu9 & ,hook-bill$ ducks1 ! t]m9al phalanges ( ! w+ are a little %ort5$4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! femur1 & metat>sus 7b n ! tibia7 are consid]ably l5g!n$1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! wild duck1 & to ! w+-bones 9 bo? birds4 ,?is elongation ( ! leg-bones c\ld be se5 :il/ ! bird 0 alive1 & is no d\bt connect$ ) its peculi> upright mann] ( walk+4 ,9 a l>ge ,aylesbury duck1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tibia 0 ! only bone ( ! leg :i* relatively to ! o!r bones 0 slightly l5g!n$4 ,on ! effects ( ! increas$ & decreas$ ,use ( ! ,limbs4--,9 all ! bre$s ! bones ( ! w+ 7measur$ sep>ately aft] hav+ be5 clean$7 relatively to ^? ( ! leg h become slightly %ort5$1 9 comp>ison ) ! same bones 9 ! wild duck1 z may be se5 9 ,table ,i4 ,table ,i ,"n ( ,bre$ ,l5g? ( ,femur1 ,tibia1 & ,meta- t>sus toge!r ,l5g? ( ,hum]us1 ,radius1 & ,meta- c>pus toge!r ,or z ,in*es ,in*es ,wild mall>d #gad #ibh #ajj 3 #abi ,aylesbury #hfd #ajdc #ajj 3 #abj ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #hbe #ihc #ajj 3 #aai ,p5gu9 #gab #hgh #ajj 3 #abc ,call #fbj #ggg #ajj 3 #abe ,l5g? ( same ,bones ,l5g? ( all ! ,bones ( ,w+ ,in*es ,in*es ,wild duck 7ano!r specim57 #fhe #ajjg #ajj 3 #adg ,common dome/ic duck #hae #aabf #ajj 3 #ach ,9 ,table ,i we see1 by comp>ison ) ! wild duck1 t ! r$uction 9 ! l5g? ( ! bones ( ! w+1 relatively to ^? ( ! legs1 ?\gh slight1 is univ]sal4 ,! r$uction is lea/ 9 ! ,call duck1 :i* has ! p[] & ! habit ( frequ5tly fly+4 ,9 weight !re is a great] relative diff]5ce betwe5 ! bones ( ! leg & w+1 z may be se5 9 ,table ,,ii3-- ,table ,,ii ,"n ( ,bre$ ,weight ( ,femur1 ,tibia1 & ,metat>sus ,weight ( ,hum]us1 ,radius1 & ,metac>pus ,or z ,gra9s ,gra9s ,wild mall>d #ed #ig #ajj 3 #agi ,aylesbury #afd #bjd #ajj 3 #abd ,hook$-bill #ajg #afj #ajj 3 #adi ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #aaa #adh #ajj 3 #acc ,p5gu9 #ge #ij4e #ajj 3 #abj ,labrador #ada #afe #ajj 3 #aag ,call #eg #ic #ajj 3 #afc ,weight ( all ! ,bones ( ! ,leg & ,foot ,weight ( all ! ,bones ( ! ,w+ ,gra9s ,gra9s ,wild 7ano!r specim57 #ff #aae #ajj 3 #agc ,common dome/ic duck #abg #aeh #ajj 3 #abd ,9 ^! dome/icat$ birds1 ! consid]ably less5$ weight ( ! bones ( ! w+ 7i4e4 on an av]age1 tw5ty-five p] c5t ( _! prop] proportional weight71 z well z _! slightly less5$ l5g?1 relatively to ! leg-bones1 might foll[1 n f any actual decrease 9 ! w+-bones1 b f ! increas$ weight & l5g? ( ! bones ( ! legs4 ,table ,i,i,ia %[s t ! leg-bones relatively to ! weight ( ! entire skeleton h really increas$ 9 weight2 b ,table ,i,i,ib %[s t accord+ to ! same /&>d ! w+-bones h also really decreas$ 9 weight2 s t ! relative disproportion %[n 9 ! =ego+ tables betwe5 ! w+ & leg-bones1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild duck1 is p>tly due to ! increase 9 weight & l5g? ( ! leg-bones1 & p>tly to ! decrease 9 weight & l5g? ( ! w+-bones4 ,table ,,iii ,"n ( ,bre$ ,weight ( entire ,skeleton4 7,n4,b4 ,"o ,metat>sus & ,foot 0 remov$ f ea* skeleton1 z x _h be5 accid5tally lo/ 9 two cases47 ,weight ( ,femur1 ,tibia1 & ,metat>sus ,or z ,gra9s ,gra9s ,wild mall>d #hci #ed #ajjj 3 #fd ,aylesbury #aibe #afd #ajjj 3 #he ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #adjd #aaa #ajjj 3 #gi ,p5gu9 #hga #ge #ajjj 3 #hf ,call 7f ,mr4 ,fox7 #gag #eg #ajjj 3 #gi ,weight ( ,skeleton z above4 ,weight ( ,hum]us1 ,radius & ,metac>pus4 ,gra9s ,gra9s ,wild mall>d #hci #ig #ajjj 3 #aae ,aylesbury #aibe #bjd #ajjj 3 #aje ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #adjd #adh #ajjj 3 #aje ,p5gu9 #hga #ij #ajjj 3 #ajc ,call 7f ,mr4 ,bak]7 #iad #ajj #ajjj 3 #aji ,call 7f ,mr4 ,fox7 #gag #ib #ajjj 3 #abi ,) respect to ,table ,,iii1 ,i may fir/ /ate t ,i te/$ !m by tak+ ano!r skeleton ( a wild duck & ( a common dome/ic duck1 & by comp>+ ! weight ( all ! bones ( ! leg ) all ^? ( ! w+s1 & ! result 0 ! same4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! tables we see t ! leg-bones 9 ea* case h increas$ 9 actual weight4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t1 ) ! increas$ or decreas$ weight ( ! entire skeleton1 ! leg-bones w\ld h become proportionally heavi] or light]2 b _! great] weight 9 all ! bre$s relatively to ! o!r bones c be acc\nt$ = only by ^! dome/ic birds hav+ us$ _! legs 9 walk+ & /&+ mu* m ?an ! wild1 = !y nev] fly1 & ! m artificial bre$s r>ely swim4 ,9 ! second table we see1 ) ! exception ( "o case1 a pla9 r$uction 9 ! weight ( ! bones ( ! w+1 & ?is no d\bt has result$ f _! less5$ use4 ,! "o exceptional case1 namely1 9 "o ( ! ,call ducks1 is 9 tru? no exception1 = ?is bird 0 con/antly 9 ! habit ( fly+ ab\t2 & ,i h se5 x day aft] day rise f my gr\nds1 & fly = a long "t 9 circles ( m ?an a mile 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is ,call duck !re is n only no decrease1 b an actual increase 9 ! weight ( ! w+-bones relatively to ^? ( ! wild-duck2 & ?is probably is consequ5t on ! rem>kable lightness & ?9ness ( all ! bones ( ! skeleton4 ,la/ly1 ,i weigh$ ! furculum1 coracoids1 & scapula ( a wild duck & ( a common dome/ic duck1 & ,i f\nd t _! weight1 relatively to t ( ! :ole skeleton1 0 z "o hundr$ 9 ! =m] to eighty-n9e 9 ! latt]2 ?is %[s t ^! bones 9 ! dome/ic duck h be5 r$uc$ elev5 p] c5t ( _! due proportional weight4 ,! prom95ce ( ! cre/ ( ! /]num1 relatively to its l5g?1 is also mu* r$uc$ 9 all ! dome/ic bre$s4 ,^! *anges h evid5tly be5 caus$ by ! less5$ use ( ! w+s4 ,x is well kn[n t sev]al birds1 belong+ to diff]5t ,ord]s1 & inhabit+ oceanic isl&s1 h _! w+s greatly r$uc$ 9 size & are incapable ( flight4 ,i sugge/$ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' t1 z ^! birds are n p]secut$ by any enemies1 ! r$uction ( _! w+s _h probably be5 caus$ by gradual disuse4 ,h5ce1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! process ( r$uction1 su* birds w\ld probably h resembl$ our dome/icat$ ducks 9 ! /ate ( _! organs ( flight4 ,?is is ! case ) ! wat]-h5 7,gall9ula nesiotis7 ( ,tri/an d',acunha1 :i* 8c flutt] a little1 b obvi\sly uses its legs1 & n its w+s1 z a mode ( escape40 ,n[ ,mr4 ,sclat]#ai f9ds 9 ?is bird t ! w+s1 /]num1 & coracoids are all r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 & ! cre/ ( ! /]num 9 dep?1 9 comp>ison ) ! same bones 9 ! ,european wat]-h5 7,g4 *loropus74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?igh-bones & pelvis are increas$ 9 l5g?1 ! =m] by f\r l9es1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! common wat]-h54 ,h5ce 9 ! skeleton ( ?is natural species ne>ly ! same *anges h occurr$1 only c>ri$ a little fur!r1 z ) our dome/ic ducks1 & 9 ?is latt] case ,i presume no "o w dispute t !y h result$ f ! less5$ use ( ! w+s & ! increas$ use ( ! legs4 ,,! ,,goose4 ,?is bird des]ves "s notice1 z h>dly any o!r anci5tly dome/icat$ bird or quadrup$ has v>i$ s little4 ,t geese 7 anci5tly dome/icat$ we "k f c]ta9 v]ses 9 ,hom]2 & f ^! birds hav+ be5 kept 7#chh ,b4,c47 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome z sacr$ to ,juno1 :i* sacr$ness implies great antiquity4#bj ,t ! goose has v>i$ 9 "s degree1 we may inf] f naturali/s n be+ unanim\s ) respect to its wild p>5t-=m2 ?\gh ! difficulty is *iefly due to ! exi/5ce ( ?ree or f\r closely alli$ wild ,european species4#ba ,a l>ge majority ( capable judges are conv9c$ t our geese are desc5d$ f ! wild ,grey-leg goose 7,a4 f]us72 ! "y ( :i* c easily be tam$4#bb ,?is species1 :5 cross$ ) ! dome/ic goose1 produc$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 z ,i 0 assur$ 9 #ahdi1 p]fectly f]tile (fspr+4#bc ,y>rell#bd has obs]v$ t ! l[] "p ( ! tra*ea ( ! dome/ic goose is sometimes flatt5$1 & t a r+ ( :ite fea!rs sometimes surr\nds ! base ( ! beak4 ,^! *>act]s seem at fir/ sight good indications ( a cross at "s =m] p]iod ) ! :ite-front$ goose 7,a4 albifrons72 b ! :ite r+ is v>iable 9 ?is latt] species1 & we mu/ n ov]look ! law ( analog\s v>iation2 t is1 ( "o species assum+ "s ( ! *>act]s ( alli$ species4 ,z ! goose has prov$ s little flexible 9 its organisation "u long-cont9u$ dome/ication1 ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* x has und]gone may be wor? giv+4 ,x has increas$ 9 size & 9 productiv5ess2#be & v>ies f :ite to a dusky col\r4 ,sev]al obs]v]s#bf h /at$ t ! g&] is m frequ5tly :ite ?an ! goose1 & t :5 old x almo/ inv>iably becomes :ite2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,a4 f]us4 ,"h1 aga91 ! law ( analog\s v>iation may h come into play1 z ! almo/ sn[-:ite male ( ! ,rock goose 7,b]nicla ant>ctica7 /&+ on ! sea-%ore by 8 dusky p>tn] is a sight well kn[n to ^? :o h trav]s$ ! s\nds ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,"s geese h top-knots2 & ! skull b5ea?1 z be=e /at$1 is p]=at$4 ,a sub-bre$ has lately be5 =m$ ) ! fea!rs rev]s$ at ! back ( ! head & neck4#bg ,! beak v>ies a little 9 size1 & is ( a yell[] t9t ?an 9 ! wild species2 b its col\r & t ( ! legs are bo? slightly v>iable4#bh ,?is latt] fact des]ves att5tion1 because ! col\r ( ! legs & beak is highly s]viceable 9 discrim9at+ ! sev]al closely alli$ wild =ms4#bi ,at our ,%[s two bre$s are exhibit$2 viz41 ! ,embd5 & ,t\l\se2 b !y diff] 9 no?+ except col\r4#cj ,rec5tly a small] & s+ul> v>iety has be5 import$ f ,seba/opol1#ca ) ! scapul> fea!rs 7z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 :o s5t me specim5s7 greatly elongat$1 curl$1 & ev5 spirally twi/$4 ,! m>g9s ( ^! fea!rs are r5d]$ plumose by ! div]g5ce ( ! b>bs & b>bules1 s t !y resemble 9 "s degree ^? on ! back ( ! black ,au/ralian swan4 ,^! fea!rs are likewise rem>kable f ! c5tral %aft1 :i* is excessively ?9 & transp>5t1 be+ split into f9e filam5ts1 :i*1 aft] runn+ = a space free1 sometimes coalesce aga94 ,x is a curi\s fact t ^! filam5ts are regul>ly clo!d on ea* side ) f9e d[n or b>bules1 precisely l ^? on ! prop] b>bs ( ! fea!r4 ,?is /ructure ( ! fea!rs is transmitt$ to half-br$ birds4 ,9 ,gallus sonn]atii ! b>bs & b>bules bl5d toge!r1 & =m ?9 horny plates ( ! same nature ) ! %aft3 9 ?is v>iety ( ! goose1 ! %aft divides into filam5ts :i* acquire b>bules1 & ?us resemble true b>bs4 ,al?\gh ! dome/ic goose c]ta9ly diff]s some:at f any kn[n wild species1 yet ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* x has und]gone1 z comp>$ ) t ( mo/ dome/icat$ animals1 is s+ul>ly small4 ,?is fact c be p>tially acc\nt$ = by selection n hav+ come l>gely into play4 ,birds ( all k9ds :i* pres5t _m di/9ct races are valu$ z pets or ornam5ts2 no "o makes a pet ( ! goose2 ! "n1 inde$1 9 m languages ?an "o1 is a t]m ( reproa*4 ,! goose is valu$ = its size & flav\r1 = ! :it5ess ( its fea!rs :i* adds to _! value1 & = its prolificness & tam5ess4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ! goose diff]s f ! wild p>5t-=m2 & ^! are ! po9ts :i* h be5 select$4 ,ev5 9 anci5t times ! ,roman g\rm&s valu$ ! liv] ( ! :ite goose2 & ,pi]re ,belon#cb 9 #aeee speaks ( two v>ieties1 "o ( :i* 0 l>g]1 m fecund1 & ( a bett] col\r ?an ! o!r2 & he expressly /ates t good manag]s att5d$ to ! col\r ( _! gosl+s1 s t !y might "k :i* to pres]ve & select = bre$+4 ,,! ,,peacock4 ,?is is ano!r bird :i* has h>dly v>i$ "u dome/ication1 except 9 sometimes be+ :ite or piebald4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se c>efully comp>$1 z he in=ms me1 sk9s ( ! wild ,indian & dome/ic bird1 & !y 7 id5tical 9 e respect1 except t ! plumage ( ! latt] 0 p]haps r ?ick]4 ,:e!r our birds are desc5d$ f ^? introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 or h be5 subsequ5tly import$1 is d\btful4 ,!y d n bre$ v freely ) u1 & are seldom kept 9 l>ge numb]s1--circum/ances :i* w\ld greatly int]f]e ) ! gradual selection & =mation ( new bre$s4 ,!re is "o /range fact ) respect to ! peacock1 namely1 ! occasional appe>ance 9 ,engl& ( ! 8japann$0 or 8black-%\ld]$0 k9d4 ,?is =m has lately be5 nam$ on ! high au?ority ( ,mr4 ,sclat] z a di/9ct species1 viz4 ,pavo nigrip5nis1 :i* he believes w h]eaft] be f\nd wild 9 "s c\ntry1 b n 9 ,india1 :]e x is c]ta9ly unkn[n4 ,! males ( ^! japann$ birds diff] conspicu\sly f ! common peacock 9 ! col\r ( _! second>y w+-fea!rs1 scapul>s1 w+-cov]ts1 & ?ighs1 & are ,i ?9k m beautiful2 !y are r small] ?an ! common sort1 & are always beat5 by !m 9 _! battles1 z ,i he> f ! ,hon4 ,a4 ,s4 ,g4 ,cann+4 ,! females are mu* pal] col\r$ ?an ^? ( ! common k9d4 ,bo? sexes1 z ,mr4 ,cann+ in=ms me1 are :ite :5 !y leave ! egg1 & !y diff] f ! "y ( ! :ite v>iety only 9 hav+ a peculi> p9ki% t+e on _! w+s4 ,^! japann$ birds1 ?\gh appe>+ sudd5ly 9 flocks ( ! common k9d1 propagate _! k9d q truly4 ,al?\gh !y d n resemble ! hybrids :i* h be5 rais$ betwe5 ,p4 cri/atus & muticus1 nev]!less !y are 9 "s respects int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ^! two species2 & ?is fact fav\rs1 z ,mr4 ,sclat] believes1 ! view t !y =m a di/9ct & natural species4#cc ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sir ,h4 ,h]on /ates#cd t ?is bre$ sudd5ly appe>$ )9 8 memory 9 ,"l ,br[nl['s l>ge /ock ( pi$1 :ite1 & common peacocks4 ,! same ?+ occurr$ 9 ,sir ,j4 ,trevelyan's flock compos$ entirely ( ! common k9d1 & 9 ,mr4 ,?ornton's /ock ( common & pi$ peacocks4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ^! two latt] in/ances ! black-%\ld]$ k9d1 ?\gh a small] & weak] bird1 increas$1 8to ! ext9ction ( ! previ\sly exi/+ bre$40 ,i h also receiv$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,sclat] a /atem5t f ,mr4 ,hudson ,gurney t he re>$ _m ye>s ago a pair ( black-%\ld]$ peacocks f ! common k9d2 & ano!r orni?ologi/1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,newton1 /ates t1 five or six ye>s ago1 a female bird1 9 all respects simil> to ! female ( ! black-%\ld]$ k9d1 0 produc$ f a /ock ( common peacocks 9 8 possession1 :i* dur+ m ?an tw5ty ye>s _h n be5 cross$ ) birds ( any o!r /ra94 ,mr4 ,j5n] ,weir in=ms me t a peacock at ,blackhea? :il/ "y 0 :ite1 b z x became old] gradually assum$ ! *>act]s ( ! black-%\ld]$ v>iety2 bo? its p>5ts 7 common peacocks4 ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,cann+ has giv5 a case ( a female ( ?is same v>iety appe>+ 9 ,irel& 9 a flock ( ! ord9>y k9d4#ce ,"h1 !n1 we h sev5 well au!nticat$ cases 9 ,great ,brita9 ( japann$ birds1 hav+ sudd5ly appe>$ )9 rec5t times 9 flocks ( ! common peaf[l4 ,?is v>iety mu/ also h =m]ly appe>$ 9 ,europe1 = ,mr4 ,cann+ has se5 an old picture1 & ano!r is ref]r$ to 9 ! #8,field1' ) ?is v>iety repres5t$4 ,^! facts seem to me to indicate t ! japann$ peacock is a /rongly m>k$ v>iety or 8sport10 :i* t5ds at all times & 9 _m places to reappe>4 ,?is view is support$ by ! "y be+ at fir/ :ite l ! "y ( ! :ite bre$1 :i* is und\bt$ly a v>iation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we believe ! japann$ peacock to be a di/9ct species1 we mu/ suppose t 9 all ! above cases ! common bre$ _h at "s =m] p]iod be5 cross$ by x1 b _h lo/ e trace ( ! cross2 yet t ! (fspr+ ( ^! birds sudd5ly & completely reacquir$ ?r\gh rev]sion ! *>act]s ( ,p4 nigrip5nis4 ,i h he>d ( no o!r su* case 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom4 ,to p]ceive ! full improbability ( su* an occurr5ce1 we may suppose t a bre$ ( dogs _h be5 cross$ at "s =m] p]iod ) a wolf1 b _h lo/ e trace ( ! wolf-l "*1 yet t ! bre$ gave bir? 9 sev5 in/ances 9 ! same c\ntry1 )9 no great l5g? ( "t1 to a wolf p]fect 9 e "*2 & we mu/ fur!r suppose t 9 two ( ! cases1 ! newly produc$ wolves aft]w>ds spontane\sly increas$ to su* an ext5t z to lead to ! ext9ction ( ! p>5t bre$ ( dogs4 ,s rem>kable a bird z ! ,p4 nigrip5nis1 :5 fir/ import$1 w\ld h realis$ a l>ge price2 x is !re=e improbable t x %\ld h be5 sil5tly introduc$ & its hi/ory subsequ5tly lo/4 ,on ! :ole ! evid5ce seems to me1 z x did to ,sir ,r4 ,h]on1 to be decisive 9 fav\r ( ! japann$ or black-%\ld]$ bre$ be+ a v>iation1 induc$ by "s unkn[n cause4 ,on ?is view1 ! case is ! mo/ rem>kable "o ev] record$ ( ! abrupt appe>ance ( a new =m1 :i* s closely resembles a true species t x has deceiv$ "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( liv+ orni?ologi/s4 ,,! ,,turkey4 ,x seems fairly well e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,g\ld1#cf t ! turkey1 9 accordance ) ! hi/ory ( its fir/ introduction1 is desc5d$ f a wild ,mexican =m1 :i* _h be5 dome/icat$ by ! natives be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & :i* is n[ g5]ally rank$ z a local race1 & n z a di/9ct species4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! case des]ves notice because 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates wild male turkeys sometimes c\rt ! dome/ic h5s1 :i* are desc5d$ f ! ,mexican =m1 8& are g5]ally receiv$ by !m ) great pleasure40#cg ,sev]al acc\nts h likewise be5 publi%$ ( "y birds1 re>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! eggs ( ! wild species1 cross+ & comm+l+ ) ! common bre$4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ?is same species has be5 kept 9 sev]al p>ks2 f two ( :i* ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox procur$ birds1 & !y cross$ freely ) ! common dome/ic k9d1 & dur+ _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 z he in=ms me1 ! turkeys 9 8 neighb\rhood cle>ly %[$ traces ( _! cross$ p>5tage4 ,we "h h an in/ance ( a dome/ic race be+ modifi$ by a cross ) a di/9ct wild race or species4 ,f4 ,mi*aux#ch suspect$ 9 #ahjb t ! common dome/ic turkey 0 n desc5d$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates species alone1 b likewise f a s\!rn =m1 & he w5t s f> z to believe t ,engli% & ,fr5* turkeys diff]$ f hav+ diff]5t proportions ( ! blood ( ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,engli% turkeys are small] ?an ei!r wild =m4 ,!y h n v>i$ 9 any great degree2 b !re are "s bre$s :i* c be di/+ui%$ z ,norfolks1 ,suffolks1 ,:ites1 & ,copp]-col\r$ 7or ,cambridge71 all ( :i*1 if preclud$ f cross+ ) o!r bre$s propagate _! k9d truly4 ,( ^! k9ds1 ! mo/ di/9ct is ! small1 h>dy1 dull-black ,norfolk turkey1 ( :i* ! *ick5s are black1 occasionally ) :ite pat*es ab\t ! head4 ,! o!r bre$s sc>cely diff] except 9 col\r1 & _! *ick5s are g5]ally mottl$ all ov] ) br[ni%-grey4#ci ,! inf]ior tail-cov]ts v>y 9 numb]1 & accord+ to a ,g]man sup]/ition ! h5 lays z _m eggs z ! cock has fea!rs ( ?is k9d4#dj ,alb9 9 #agch1 & ,temm9ck )9 a mu* lat] p]iod1 describe a beautiful bre$1 dusky-yell[i%1 br[n above & :ite b5ea?1 ) a l>ge top-knot ( s(t plumose fea!r4 ,! spurs ( ! male 7 rudim5t>y4 ,?is bre$ has be5 = a long "t ext9ct 9 ,europe2 b a liv+ specim5 has lately be5 import$ f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 :i* /ill reta9s ! top-knot & ! same g5]al col\r+ & rudim5t>y spurs4#da ,mr4 ,wilmot has describ$#db a :ite turkey-cock hav+ a cre/ =m$ ( 8fea!rs ab\t f\r in*es long1 ) b>e quills1 & a tuft ( s(t :ite d[n gr[+ at ! end40 ,_m ( ! "y birds inh]it$ ?is k9d ( cre/1 b aft]w>ds x fell (f or 0 peck$ out by ! o!r birds4 ,?is is an int]e/+ case1 z ) c>e a new bre$ might probably h be5 =m$2 & a top-knot ( ?is nature w\ld h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t analog\s to t borne by ! males 9 sev]al alli$ g5]a1 su* z ,euplocomus1 ,lophophorus1 & ,pavo4 ,wild turkeys1 believ$ 9 e in/ance to h be5 import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 kept 9 ! p>ks ( ,lords ,p[is1 ,leice/]1 ,hill1 & ,d]by4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox procur$ birds f ! two fir/-nam$ p>ks1 & he in=ms me t !y c]ta9ly diff]$ a little f ea* o!r 9 ! %ape ( _! bodies & 9 ! b>r$ plumage on _! w+s4 ,^! birds likewise diff]$ f ,"l ,hill's /ock4 ,"s ( ! latt] kept at ,oulton by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 ?\gh preclud$ f cross+ ) common turkeys1 occasionally produc$ mu* pal]-col\r$ birds1 & "o t 0 almo/ :ite1 b n an alb9o4 ,^! half-wild turkeys1 9 ?us diff]+ slightly f ea* o!r1 pres5t an analog\s case ) ! wild cattle kept 9 ! sev]al ,briti% p>ks4 ,we mu/ suppose t su* diff]5ces h result$ f ! prev5tion ( free int]cross+ betwe5 birds rang+ ov] a wide area1 & f ! *ang$ conditions to :i* !y h be5 expos$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,india ! climate has app>5tly wr\ght a /ill great] *ange 9 ! turkey1 = x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,bly?#dc z be+ mu* deg5]at$ 9 size1 8utt]ly incapable ( ris+ on ! w+10 ( a black col\r1 & 8) ! long p5dul\s app5dages ov] ! beak enorm\sly develop$40 ,,! ,,gu9ea ,,f[l4 ,! dome/icat$ ,gu9ea f[l is n[ believ$ by "s naturali/s to be desc5d$ f ! ,numida ptilorhynca1 :i* inhabits v hot1 &1 9 p>ts1 extremely arid di/ricts 9 ,ea/]n ,africa2 consequ5tly x has be5 expos$ 9 ?is c\ntry to extremely diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,nev]!less x has h>dly v>i$ at all1 except 9 ! plumage be+ ei!r pal] or d>k]-col\r$4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ?is bird v>ies m 9 col\r 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & on ! ,spani% ,ma91 "u a hot ?\gh humid climate1 ?an 9 ,europe4#dd ,! ,gu9ea f[l has become ?or\ghly f]al 9 ,jamaica & 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1#de & has dim9i%$ 9 size2 ! legs are black1 :]eas ! legs ( ! aborig9al ,african bird are said to be grey4 ,?is small *ange is wor? notice on acc\nt ( ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t t all f]al animals inv>iably rev]t 9 e "* to _! orig9al type4 ,,! ,,can>y ,,bird4 ,z ?is bird has be5 rec5tly dome/icat$1 namely1 )9 ! la/ #cej ye>s1 its v>iability des]ves notice4 ,x has be5 cross$ ) n9e or t5 o!r species ( ,fr+illid1 & "s ( ! hybrids are almo/ completely f]tile2 b we h no evid5ce t any di/9ct bre$ has orig9at$ f su* crosses4 ,not)/&+ ! mod]n dome/ication ( ! can>y1 _m v>ieties h be5 produc$2 ev5 be=e ! ye> #agah a li/ ( tw5ty-sev5 v>ieties 0 publi%$ 9 ,france1#df & 9 #aggi a long s*$ule ( ! desir$ qualities 0 pr9t$ by ! ,london ,can>y ,society1 s t me?odical selection has be5 practis$ dur+ a consid]able p]iod4 ,! great] numb] ( ! v>ieties diff] only 9 col\r & 9 ! m>k+s ( _! plumage4 ,"s bre$s h[ev]1 diff] 9 %ape1 su* z ! hoop$ or b[$ can>ies1 & ! ,belgian can>ies ) _! mu* elongat$ bodies4 ,mr4 ,br5t#dg measur$ "o ( ! latt] & f\nd x eight in*es 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! wild can>y is only five & a qu>t] in*es long4 ,!re are top-knott$ can>ies1 & x is a s+ul> fact t1 if two top-knott$ birds are mat*$1 ! "y1 in/ead ( hav+ v f9e top-knots1 are g5]ally bald1 or ev5 h a w\nd on _! heads4#dh ,x w\ld appe> z if ! top-knot 7 due to "s morbid condition1 :i* is increas$ to an injuri\s degree :5 two birds 9 ?is /ate are pair$4 ,!re is a fea!r-foot$ bre$1 & ano!r ) a k9d ( frill runn+ d[n ! brea/4 ,"o o!r "* des]ves notice f be+ conf9$ to "o p]iod ( life1 & f be+ /rictly inh]it$ at ! same p]iod2 namely1 ! w+ & tail fea!rs 9 prize can>ies be+ black1 8b ?is col\r is reta9$ only until ! fir/ m\lt2 once m\lt$1 ! peculi>ity ceases40#di ,can>ies diff] mu* 9 disposition & "*1 & 9 "s small degree 9 song4 ,!y produce eggs ?ree or f\r times dur+ ! ye>4 ,,gold-,,fi%4 ,besides mammals & birds1 only a few animals belong+ to ! o!r great classes h be5 dome/icat$2 b to %[ t x is an almo/ univ]sal law t animals1 :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions ( life1 v>y1 & t races c be =m$ :5 selection is appli$1 x is necess>y to say a few words on gold-fi%1 bees1 & silk-mo?s4 ,gold-fi% 7,cypr9us auratus7 7 introduc$ into ,europe only two or ?ree c5turies ago2 b !y h be5 kept 9 conf9em5t f an anci5t p]iod 9 ,*9a4 ,mr4 ,bly?#ej suspects1 f ! analog\s v>iation ( o!r fi%es1 t gold5-col\r$ fi% d n occur 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,^! fi%es frequ5tly live "u ! mo/ unnatural conditions1 & _! v>iability 9 col\r1 size1 & 9 "s important po9ts ( /ructure is v great4 ,m4 ,sauvigny has describ$ & giv5 col\r$ draw+s ( no less ?an eighty-n9e v>ieties4#ea ,_m ( ! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 su* z triple tail-f9s1 etc41 ought to be call$ mon/rosities2 b x is difficult to draw any di/9ct l9e betwe5 a v>iation & a mon/rosity4 ,z gold-fi% are kept = ornam5t or curiosity1 & z 8! ,*9ese are j ! p to h seclud$ a *ance v>iety ( any k9d1 & to h mat*$ & pair$ f x10#eb x might h be5 pr$ict$ t selection w\ld h be5 l>gely practis$ 9 ! =mation ( new bre$s2 & ?is is ! case4 ,9 an old ,*9ese "w x is said t fi% ) v]milion scales 7 fir/ rais$ 9 conf9em5t dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7:i* comm5c$ ,a4,d4 #ifj71 8& n[ !y are cultivat$ 9 families ev]y:]e = ! sake ( ornam5t40 ,9 ano!r & m anci5t "w1 x is said t 8!re is n a h\sehold :]e ! gold-fi% is n cultivat$1 9 rivalry z to its col\r1 & z a s\rce ( pr(it10 etc4#ec ,al?\gh _m bre$s exi/1 x is a s+ul> fact t ! v>iations are (t5 n inh]it$4 ,sir ,r4 ,h]on#ed kept _m ( ^! fi%es1 & plac$ all ! de=m$ ones1 namely1 ^? de/itute ( dorsal f9s & ^? furni%$ ) a d\ble anal f91 or triple tail1 9 a pond by !mselves2 b !y did 8n produce a great] proportion ( de=m$ (fspr+ ?an ! p]fect fi%es40 ,pass+ ov] an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( col\r1 we meet ) ! mo/ extraord9>y modifications ( /ructure4 ,?us1 out ( ab\t two doz5 specim5s b\ght 9 ,london1 ,mr4 ,y>rell obs]v$ "s ) ! dorsal f9 ext5d+ along m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! back3 o!rs ) ?is f9 r$uc$ to only five or six rays3 & "o ) no dorsal f94 ,! anal f9s are sometimes d\ble1 & ! tail is (t5 triple4 ,?is latt] deviation ( /ructure seems g5]ally to occur 8at ! exp5se ( ! :ole or "p ( "s o!r f920#ee b ,bory de ,sa9t-,v9c5t#ef saw at ,madrid gold-fi% furni%$ ) a dorsal f9 & a triple tail4 ,"o v>iety is *>act]is$ by a hump on its back ne> ! head2 & ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,j5yns#eg has describ$ a mo/ s+ul> v>iety1 import$ f ,*9a1 almo/ globul> 9 =m l a ,diodon1 ) 8! fle%y "p ( ! tail z if entirely cut away8 ! caudal f9 be+ set on a little beh9d ! dorsal & imm$iately above ! anal40 ,9 ?is fi% ! anal & caudal f9s 7 d\ble2 ! anal f9 be+ atta*$ to ! body 9 a v]tical l9e3 ! eyes also 7 enorm\sly l>ge & protub]ant4 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,bees h be5 dome/icat$ f an anci5t p]iod2 if inde$ _! /ate c be consid]$ "o ( dome/ication1 = !y se>* = _! own food1 ) ! exception ( a little g5]ally giv5 to !m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,_! habitation is a hive in/ead ( a hole 9 a tree4 ,bees1 h[ev]1 h be5 transport$ into almo/ e qu>t] ( ! _w1 s t climate ought to h produc$ :atev] direct effect x is capable ( produc+4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t ! bees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 diff] 9 size1 col\r1 & temp]2 & ,godron#eh says t !y are g5]ally l>g] 9 ! s\? ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france2 x has also be5 ass]t$ t ! little br[n bees ( ,high ,burgundy1 :5 transport$ to ,la ,bresse become l>ge & yell[ 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,b ^! /atem5ts require confirmation4 ,z f> z size is conc]n$1 x is kn[n t bees produc$ 9 v old combs are small]1 ow+ to ! cells hav+ become small] f ! successive old cocoons4 ,! be/ au?orities#ei concur t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,ligurian race or species1 pres5tly to be m5tion$1 di/9ct bre$s d n exi/ 9 ,brita9 or on ! ,cont95t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! same /ock1 "s v>iability 9 col\r4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,woodbury /ates1#fj t he has sev]al times se5 que5 bees ( ! common k9d annulat$ ) yell[-l ,ligurian que5s1 & ! latt] d>k-col\r$ l common bees4 ,he has also obs]v$ v>iations 9 ! col\r ( ! drones1 )\t any correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! que5s or work]s ( ! same hive4 ,! great api>ian1 ,dzi]zon1 9 answ] to my qu]ies on ?is subject1 says1#fa t 9 ,g]many bees ( "s /ocks are decid$ly d>k1 :il/ o!rs are rem>kable = _! yell[ col\r4 ,bees also seem to diff] 9 habits 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 = ,dzi]zon adds1 8,if _m /ocks ) _! (fspr+ are m incl9$ to sw>m1 :il/ o!rs are ri*] 9 honey1 s t "s bee-keep]s ev5 di/+ui% betwe5 sw>m+ & honey-ga!r+ bees1 ?is is a habit :i* has become second nature1 caus$ by ! cu/om>y mode ( keep+ ! bees & ! pa/urage ( ! di/rict4 ,= example1 :at a diff]5ce 9 ?is respect "o may p]ceive to exi/ betwe5 ! bees ( ! ,luneburg hea? & ^? ( ?is c\ntry60 4 4 4 8,remov+ an old que5 & sub/itut+ a "y "o ( ! curr5t ye> is "h an infallible mode ( keep+ ! /ronge/ /ock f sw>m+ & prev5t+ drone-bre$+2 :il/ ! same means if adopt$ 9 ,hanov] w\ld c]ta9ly be ( no avail40 ,i procur$ a hive full ( dead bees f ,jamaica1 :]e !y h long be5 naturalis$1 &1 on c>efully comp>+ !m "u ! microscope ) my own bees1 ,i c\ld detect n a trace ( diff]5ce4 ,?is rem>kable uni=mity 9 ! hive-bee1 :]ev] kept1 may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! great difficulty1 or r impossibility1 ( br++ selection into play by pair+ p>ticul> que5s & drones1 = ^! insects unite only dur+ flight4 ,nor is !re any record1 ) a s+le p>tial exception1 ( any p]son hav+ sep>at$ & br$ f a hive 9 :i* ! work]s pres5t$ "s appreciable diff]5ce4 ,9 ord] to =m a new bre$1 seclusion f o!r bees w\ld1 z we n[ "k1 be indisp5sable2 = s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,ligurian bee into ,g]many & ,engl&1 x has be5 f\nd t ! drones w&] at lea/ two miles f _! own hives1 & (t5 cross ) ! que5s ( ! common bee4#fb ,! ,ligurian bee1 al?\gh p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$ ) ! common k9d1 is rank$ by mo/ naturali/s z a di/9ct species1 :il/ by o!rs x is rank$ z a v>iety3 b ?is =m ne$ n "h be notic$1 z !re is no reason to believe t x is ! product ( dome/ication4 ,! ,egyptian & "s o!r bees are likewise rank$ by ,dr4 ,g]/ck]1#fc b n by o!r highly compet5t judges1 z geographical races2 he gr\nds 8 conclusion 9 *ief "p on ! fact t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 z 9 ! ,crimea & ,rhodes1 !y v>y s mu* 9 col\r1 t ! sev]al geographical races c be closely connect$ by int]m$iate =ms4 ,i h allud$ to a s+le in/ance ( ! sep>ation & pres]vation ( a p>ticul> /ock ( bees4 ,mr4 ,l[e#fd procur$ "s bees f a cottag] a few miles f ,ed9burgh1 & p]ceiv$ t !y diff]$ f ! common bee 9 ! hairs on ! head & ?orax be+ light] col\r$ & m pr(use 9 quantity4 ,f ! date ( ! introduction ( ! ,ligurian bee into ,great ,brita9 we may feel sure t ^! bees _h n be5 cross$ ) ?is =m4 ,mr4 ,l[e propagat$ ?is v>iety1 b un=tunately did n sep>ate ! /ock f 8 o!r bees1 & aft] ?ree g5]ations ! new "* 0 almo/ completely lo/4 ,nev]!less1 z he adds1 8a great numb] ( ! bees /ill reta9 traces1 ?\gh fa9t1 ( ! orig9al colony40 ,?is case %[s u :at c\ld probably be effect$ by c>eful & long-cont9u$ selection appli$ exclusively to ! work]s1 =1 z we h se51 que5s & drones _c be select$ & pair$4 ,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,^! insects are 9 sev]al respects int]e/+ to u1 m especially because !y h v>i$ l>gely at an e>ly p]iod ( life1 & ! v>iations h be5 inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods4 ,z ! value ( ! silk-mo? dep5ds entirely on ! cocoon1 e *ange 9 its /ructure & qualities has be5 c>efully att5d$ to1 & races diff]+ mu* 9 ! cocoon1 b h>dly at all 9 ! adult /ate1 h be5 produc$4 ,) ! races ( mo/ o!r dome/ic animals1 ! "y resemble ea* o!r closely1 :il/ ! adults diff] mu*4 ,x w\ld be useless1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 to describe all ! _m k9ds ( silkworms4 ,sev]al di/9ct species exi/ 9 ,india & ,*9a :i* produce useful silk1 & "s ( ^! are capable ( freely cross+ ) ! common silk-mo?1 z has be5 rec5tly asc]ta9$ 9 ,france4 ,capta9 ,hutton#fe /ates t ?r\gh\t ! _w at lea/ six species h be5 dome/icat$2 & he believes t ! silk-mo?s re>$ 9 ,europe belong to two or ?ree species4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! op9ion ( sev]al capable judges :o h p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! cultivation ( ?is insect 9 ,france2 & h>dly accords ) "s facts pres5tly to be giv54 ,! common silk-mo? 7,bombyx mori7 0 br\ght to ,con/ant9ople 9 ! six? c5tury1 :5ce x 0 c>ri$ into ,italy1 & 9 #adid into ,france4#ff ,ev]y?+ has be5 fav\rable = ! v>iation ( ?is insect4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 dome/icat$ 9 ,*9a z long ago z #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,x has be5 kept "u unnatural & div]sifi$ conditions ( life1 & has be5 transport$ into _m c\ntries4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! nature ( ! food giv5 to ! cat]pill> influ5ces to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "* ( ! bre$4#fg ,disuse has app>5tly aid$ 9 *eck+ ! developm5t ( ! w+s4 ,b ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! production ( ! _m n[ exi/+1 mu* modifi$ races1 no d\bt has be5 ! close att5tion :i* has long be5 appli$ 9 _m c\ntries to e promis+ v>iation4 ,! c>e tak5 9 ,europe 9 ! selection ( ! be/ cocoons & mo?s = bre$+ is notori\s1#fh & ! production ( eggs is foll[$ z a di/9ct trade 9 p>ts ( ,france4 ,i h made inquiries ?r\gh ,dr4 ,falcon]1 & am assur$ t 9 ,india ! natives are equally c>eful 9 ! process ( selection4 ,9 ,*9a ! production ( eggs is conf9$ to c]ta9 fav\rable di/ricts1 & ! rais]s are preclud$ by law f produc+ silk1 s t _! :ole att5tion may be necess>ily giv5 up to ?is "o object4#fi ,! foll[+ details on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s are tak51 :5 n /at$ to ! contr>y1 f ,m4 ,rob9et's excell5t "w1#gj :i* be>s e sign ( c>e & l>ge exp]i5ce4 ,! eggs 9 ! diff]5t races v>y 9 col\r1 9 %ape 7be+ r\nd1 elliptic or oval71 & 9 size4 ,! eggs laid 9 ,june 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & 9 ,july 9 ! c5tral prov9ces1 d n hat* until ! foll[+ spr+2 & x is 9 va91 says ,m4 ,rob9et1 to expose !m to a temp]ature gradually rais$1 9 ord] t ! cat]pill> may be quickly develop$4 ,yet occasionally1 )\t any kn[n cause1 bat*es ( eggs are produc$1 :i* imm$iately beg9 to und]go ! prop] *anges1 & are hat*$ 9 f tw5ty to ?irty days4 ,f ^! & "s o!r analog\s facts x may be conclud$ t ! ,trevolt9i silkworms ( ,italy1 ( :i* ! cat]pill>s are hat*$ 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty days1 d n necess>ily =m1 z has be5 ma9ta9$1 a di/9ct species4 ,al?\gh ! bre$s :i* live 9 temp]ate c\ntries produce eggs :i* _c be imm$iately hat*$ by artificial heat1 yet :5 !y are remov$ to & re>$ 9 a hot c\ntry !y gradually acquire ! "* ( quick developm5t1 z 9 ! ,trevolt9i races4#ga ,cat]pill>s4--,^! v>y greatly 9 size & col\r4 ,! sk9 is g5]ally :ite1 sometimes mottl$ ) black or grey1 & occasionally q black4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 z ,m4 ,rob9et ass]ts1 is n con/ant1 ev5 9 p]fectly pure bre$s2 except 9 ! race tigre1 s call$ f be+ m>k$ ) transv]se black /ripes4 ,z ! g5]al col\r ( ! cat]pill> is n correlat$ ) t ( ! silk1#gb ?is "* is disreg>d$ by cultivators1 & has n be5 fix$ by selection4 ,capta9 ,hutton1 9 ! pap] be=e ref]r$ to1 has argu$ ) mu* =ce t ! d>k tig]-l m>ks1 :i* s frequ5tly appe> dur+ ! lat] m\lts 9 ! cat]pill>s ( v>i\s bre$s1 are due to rev]sion2 = ! cat]pill>s ( sev]al alli$ wild species ( ,bombyx are m>k$ & col\r$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,he sep>at$ "s cat]pill>s ) ! tig]-l m>ks1 & 9 ! succe$+ spr+ 7pp4 #adi1 #bih7 ne>ly all ! cat]pill>s re>$ f !m 7 d>k-br9dl$1 & ! t9ts became /ill d>k] 9 ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,! mo?s re>$ f ^! cat]pill>s#gc also became d>k]1 & resembl$ 9 col\r+ ! wild ,b4 huttoni4 ,on ?is view ( ! tig]-l m>ks be+ due to rev]sion1 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* !y are transmitt$ is intelligible4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,mrs4 ,:itby took great pa9s 9 bre$+ silkworms on a l>ge scale1 & %e in=m$ me t "s ( h] cat]pill>s _h d>k eyebr[s4 ,?is is probably ! fir/ /ep 9 rev]sion t[>ds ! tig]-l m>ks1 & ,i 0 curi\s to "k :e!r s trifl+ a "* w\ld be inh]it$4 ,at my reque/ %e sep>at$ 9 #ahdh tw5ty ( ^! cat]pill>s1 & hav+ kept ! mo?s sep>ate1 br$ f !m4 ,( ! _m cat]pill>s ?us re>$1 8e "o )\t exception _h eyebr[s1 "s d>k] & m decid$ly m>k$ ?an ! o!rs1 b all _h eyebr[s m or less pla9ly visible40 ,black cat]pill>s occasionally appe> among/ ^? ( ! common k9d1 b 9 s v>iable a mann]1 t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rob9et1 ! same race w "o ye> exclusively produce :ite cat]pill>s1 & ! next ye> _m black ones2 nev]!less1 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,m4 ,a4 ,bossi ( ,g5eva1 t1 if ^! black cat]pill>s are sep>ately br$ f1 !y reproduce ! same col\r2 b ! cocoons & mo?s re>$ f !m d n pres5t any diff]5ce4 ,! cat]pill> 9 ,europe ord9>ily m\lts f\r times be=e pass+ into ! cocoon /age2 b !re are races 8 trois mues10 & ! ,trevolt9i race likewise m\lts only ?rice4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t s important a physiological diff]5ce w\ld n h aris5 "u dome/ication2 b ,m4 ,rob9et#gd /ates t1 on ! "o h&1 ord9>y cat]pill>s occasionally sp9 _! cocoons aft] only ?ree m\lts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 8presque t\tes les races trois mues1 que n\s avons exprim5tees1 ont fait quatre mues la seconde ou la troisime anne1 ce qui semble pr\v] qu'il a suffi de les plac] dans des conditions favorables p\r leur r5dre une facult qu'elles avai5t p]due s\s des influ5ces mo9s favorables40 ,cocoons4--,! cat]pill> 9 *ang+ into ! cocoon loses ab\t #ej p] c5t ( its weight2 b ! am\nt ( loss diff]s 9 diff]5t bre$s1 & ?is is ( importance to ! cultivator4 ,! cocoon 9 ! diff]5t races pres5ts *>act]i/ic diff]5ces2 be+ l>ge or small2--ne>ly sph]ical ) no con/riction1 z 9 ! ,race de ,loriol1 or cyl9drical1 ) ei!r a deep or slight con/riction 9 ! middle2 ) ! two ends1 or ) "o end alone1 m or less po9t$4 ,! silk v>ies 9 f95ess & quality1 & 9 be+ ne>ly :ite1 b ( two t9ts1 or yell[4 ,g5]ally ! col\r ( ! silk is n /rictly inh]it$3 b 9 ! *apt] on ,selection ,i %all give a curi\s acc\nt h[1 9 ! c\rse ( sixty-five g5]ations1 ! numb] ( yell[ cocoons 9 "o bre$ has be5 r$uc$ 9 ,france f "o hundr$ to ?irty-five 9 ! ?\s&4 ,accord+ to ,rob9et1 ! :ite race1 call$ ,s9a1 by c>eful selection dur+ ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s1 8e/ arrive un tel tat de puret1 qu'on ne voit pas un seul cocon jaune dans des millions de cocons blancs40#ge ,cocoons are sometimes =m$1 z is well kn[n1 entirely de/itute ( silk1 :i* yet produce mo?s2 un=tunately ,mrs4 ,:itby 0 prev5t$ by an accid5t f asc]ta9+ :e!r ?is "* w\ld prove h]$it>y4 ,adult /age4--,i c f9d no acc\nt ( any con/ant diff]5ce 9 ! mo?s ( ! mo/ di/9ct races4 ,mrs4 ,:itby assur$ me t !re 0 none 9 ! sev]al k9ds br$ by h]2 & ,i h receiv$ a simil> /atem5t f ! em95t naturali/1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages4 ,capta9 ,hutton also says#gf t ! mo?s ( all k9ds v>y mu* 9 col\r1 b 9 ne>ly ! same incon/ant mann]4 ,consid]+ h[ mu* ! cocoons 9 ! sev]al races diff]1 ?is fact is ( int]e/1 & may probably be acc\nt$ = on ! same pr9ciple z ! fluctuat+ v>iability ( col\r 9 ! cat]pill>1 namely1 t !re has be5 no motive = select+ & p]petuat+ any p>ticul> v>iation4 ,! males ( ! wild ,bombycid 8fly swiftly 9 ! day-"t & ev5+1 b ! females are usually v sluggi% & inactive40#gg ,9 sev]al mo?s ( ?is family ! females h abortive w+s1 b no in/ance is kn[n ( ! males be+ incapable ( flight1 = 9 ?is case ! species c\ld h>dly h be5 p]petuat$4 ,9 ! silk-mo? bo? sexes h imp]fect1 crumpl$ w+s1 & are incapable ( flight2 b /ill !re is a trace ( ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 ! two sexes2 = ?\gh1 on comp>+ a numb] ( males & females1 ,i c\ld detect no diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( _! w+s1 yet ,i 0 assur$ by ,mrs4 ,:itby t ! males ( ! mo?s br$ by h] us$ _! w+s m ?an ! females1 & c\ld flutt] d[nw>ds1 ?\gh nev] upw>ds4 ,%e also /ates t1 :5 ! females fir/ em]ge f ! cocoon1 _! w+s are less exp&$ ?an ^? ( ! male4 ,! degree ( imp]fection1 h[ev]1 9 ! w+s v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t races & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,m4 ,quatrefages#gh says t he has se5 a numb] ( mo?s ) _! w+s r$uc$ to a ?ird1 f\r?1 or t5? "p ( _! normal dim5sions1 & ev5 to m]e %ort /raight /umps3 8il me semble qu'il y a l un vritable arrt de dveloppem5t p>tiel40 ,on ! o!r h&1 he describes ! female mo?s ( ! ,&r ,jean bre$ z hav+ 8leurs ailes l>ges et tales4 ,un seul prs5te quelques c\rbures irrgulires et des plis anormaux40 ,z mo?s & butt]flies ( all k9ds re>$ f wild cat]pill>s "u conf9em5t (t5 h crippl$ w+s1 ! same cause1 :atev] x may be1 has probably act$ on silk-mo?s1 b ! disuse ( _! w+s dur+ s _m g5]ations has1 x may be suspect$1 likewise come into play4 ,! mo?s ( _m bre$s fail to glue _! eggs to ! surface on :i* !y are laid1#gi b ?is proce$s1 accord+ to ,capt4 ,hutton1#hj m]ely f ! gl&s ( ! ovipositor be+ weak5$4 ,z ) o!r long-dome/icat$ animals1 ! in/9cts ( ! silk-mo? h suff]$4 ,! cat]pill>s1 :5 plac$ on a mulb]ry-tree1 (t5 commit ! /range mi/ake ( dev\r+ ! base ( ! leaf on :i* !y are fe$+1 & consequ5tly fall d[n2 b !y are capable1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rob9et1#ha ( aga9 crawl+ up ! trunk4 ,ev5 ?is capacity sometimes fails1 = ,m4 ,m>t9s#hb plac$ "s cat]pill>s on a tree1 & ^? :i* fell 7 n able to rem\nt & p]i%$ ( hung]2 !y 7 ev5 incapable ( pass+ f leaf to leaf4 ,"s ( ! modifications :i* ! silk-mo? has und]gone /& 9 correlation ) "o ano!r4 ,?us1 ! eggs ( ! mo?s :i* produce :ite cocoons & ( ^? :i* produce yell[ cocoons diff] slightly 9 t9t4 ,! abdom9al feet1 also1 ( ! cat]pill>s :i* yield :ite cocoons are always :ite1 :il/ ^? :i* give yell[ cocoons are inv>iably yell[4#hc ,we h se5 t ! cat]pill>s ) d>k tig]-l /ripes produce mo?s :i* are m d>kly %ad$ ?an o!r mo?s4 ,x seems well e/abli%$#hd t 9 ,france ! cat]pill>s ( ! races :i* produce :ite silk1 & c]ta9 black cat]pill>s1 h resi/$1 bett] ?an o!r races1 ! disease :i* has rec5tly deva/at$ ! silk-di/ricts4 ,la/ly1 ! races diff] con/itutionally1 = "s d n succe$ s well "u a temp]ate climate z o!rs2 & a damp soil does n equally injure all ! races4#he ,f ^! v>i\s facts we le>n t silk-mo?s1 l ! high] animals1 v>y greatly "u long-cont9u$ dome/ication4 ,we le>n also ! m important fact t v>iations may occur at v>i\s p]iods ( life1 & be inh]it$ at a correspond+ p]iod4 ,& f9ally we see t insects are am5able to ! great pr9ciple ( ,selection4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ia & vol4 i4 p4 #ccj4 #b ,dr4 ,turral1 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii41 #ahfj1 p4 #eda4 #c ,willughby's #8,orni?ology1' by ,ray1 p4 #cha4 ,?is bre$ is also figur$ by ,alb9 9 #agcd 9 8 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,birds1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hf4 #d ,f4 ,cuvi]1 9 #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 ix4 p4 #abh1 says t m\lt+ & incubation alone /ops ^! ducks lay+4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t makes a simil> rem>k 9 ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #e ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry' 7#ahdh71 p4 #aag4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 9 #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #eab4 #f ,crawfurd on ! #8,relation ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d1 #ahfj4 #g ,dureau de ,la ,malle1 9 #8,annales des ,sci5ces ,nat41' tom4 xvii4 p4 #afd2 & tom4 xxi4 p4 #ee4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #aah4 ,tame ducks 7 n kn[n 9 ,ari/otle's "t1 z rem>k$ by ,volz1 9 8 #8,beitrge zur ,kulturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #gh4 #h ,i quote ?is acc\nt f #8,die ,ent5-und ,s*wan5zu*t1' ,ulm #ahbh1 s4 #adc4 ,see ,audubon's #8,orni?ological ,biography1' vol4 iii4 p4 #afh1 on ! tam+ ( ducks on ! ,mississippi4 ,= ! same fact 9 ,engl&1 see ,mr4 ,wat]ton 9 ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 viii4 #ahce1 p4 #edb2 & ,mr4 ,/4 ,john1 #8,wild ,sports & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,highl&s1' #ahdf1 p4 #abi4 #i ,mr4 ,e4 ,hewitt1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #ggc2 & #ahfc1 p4 #ci4 #aj ,i h met ) sev]al /atem5ts on ! f]tility ( ! sev]al bre$s :5 cross$4 ,mr4 ,y>rell assur$ me t ,call & common ducks are p]fectly f]tile toge!r4 ,i cross$ ,hook-bill$ & common ducks1 & a ,p5gu9 & ,labrador1 & ! cross$ ,ducks 7 q f]tile1 ?\gh !y 7 n br$ int] se1 s t ! exp]im5t 0 n fully tri$4 ,"s half-br$ ,p5gu9s & ,labradors 7 aga9 cross$ ) ,p5gu9s1 & subsequ5tly br$ by me int] se1 & !y 7 extremely f]tile4 #aa #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #ab #8,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 v4 p4 #ccd4 #ac #8,! ,zoologi/1' vols4 vii1 viii4 7#ahdi-ahej71 p4 #bcec4 #ad #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #ae #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii4 #ahee1 p4 #cab4 ,) respect to ,r\5s see ditto vol4 i4 #ahed1 p4 #afg4 #af ,col4 ,hawk]'s #8,in/ructions to "y ,sportsm51' quot$ by ,mr4 ,dixon 9 8 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #abe4 #ag #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,april #i?1 #ahfa4 #ah ,^! hybrids h be5 describ$ by ,m4 ,selys-,long*amps 9 ! #8,bullet9s 7tom4 xii4 ,no #aj7 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,bruxelles4' #ai #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #bfa4 #bj #8,ceylon1' by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,t5n5t1 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe2 also ,j4 ,crawfurd on ! #8,relation ( ,dome/4 ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ,brit4 ,assoc4 #ahfj4 ,see also #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' by ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahdh1 p4 #acb4 ,! goose figur$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts seems to h be5 ! ,r$ goose ( ,egypt4 #ba ,macgillivray's #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 iv4 p4 #eic4 #bb ,mr4 ,a4 ,/rickl& 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 iii4 #ahei1 p4 #abb7 re>$ "s "y wild geese1 & f\nd !m 9 habits & 9 all *>act]s id5tical ) ! dome/ic goose4 #bc ,see also ,hunt]'s #8,essays1' edit$ by ,ow51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb4 #bd ,y>rell's #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 iii4 p4 #adb4 #be ,l4 ,lloyd1 #8,sc&9avian ,adv5tures1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dac1 says t ! wild goose lays f five to eight eggs1 :i* is a mu* few] numb] ?an t laid by our dome/ic goose4 #bf ,! ,rev4 ,l4 ,j5yns 7,blomefield7 seems fir/ to h made ?is obs]vation 9 8 #8,briti% ,animals4' ,see also ,y>rell1 & ,dixon 9 8 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry' 7p4 #aci71 & #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #de4 #bg ,mr4 ,b>tlet exhibit$ ! head & neck ( a bird ?us *>act]is$ be=e ! ,zoological ,soc41 ,feb4 #ahfj4 #bh ,w4 ,?ompson1 #8,natural ,hi/4 ( ,irel&1' #ahea1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ca4 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon gave me "s in=mation on ! v>y+ col\r ( ! beak & legs4 #bi ,mr4 ,a4 ,/rickl&1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 iii41 #ahei1 p4 #abb4 #cj #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #dih2 vol4 iii4 p4 #baj4 #ca #8,! ,cottage ,g>d5]4' ,sept4 #d?1 #ahfj1 p4 #cdh4 #cb #8,l',hi/4 de la ,nature des ,oiseaux1' p> ,p4 ,belon1 #aeee1 p4 #aef4 ,) respect to ! liv]s ( :ite geese be+ pref]r$ by ! ,romans see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #eh4 #cc ,mr4 ,sclat] on ! black-%\ld]$ peacock ( ,la?am1 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #bd?1 #ahfj4 ,mr4 ,sw9hoe at "o "t believ$1 7#8,ibis1' ,july1 #ahfh7 t ?is k9d ( peaf[l 0 f\nd wild 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 b he has s9ce in=m$ me t he feels v d\btful on ?is head4 #cd #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #ad?1 #ahce4 #ce #8,! ,field1' ,may #f?1 #ahga4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,cann+ = in=mation ) respect to 8 birds4 #cf #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #h?1 #ahef1 p4 #fa4 ,pr(4 ,baird believes 7z quot$ 9 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bfi7 t our turkeys are desc5d$ f a ,we/ ,indian species n[ ext9ct4 ,b besides ! improbability ( a bird hav+ long ago become ext9ct 9 ^! l>ge & luxuriant isl&s1 x appe>s 7z we %all pres5tly see7 t ! turkey deg5]ates 9 ,india1 & ?is fact indicates t x 0 n aborig9ally an inhabitant ( ! l[l&s ( ! tropics4 #cg ,audubon's #8,orni?ological ,biography1' vol4 i41 #ahca1 pp4 #d-ac2 & #8,naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 xiv41 ,birds1 p4 #ach4 #ch ,f4 ,mi*aux1 #8,travels 9 ,n4 ,am]ica1' #ahjb1 ,eng4 translat41 p4 #bag4 #ci #8,ornam5tal ,poetry1' by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahdh1 p4 #cd4 #dj ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iii41 #agic1 s4 #cji4 #da ,mr4 ,b>tlett 9 #8,l& & ,wat]1' ,oct4 #ca/1 #ahfh1 p4 #bcc2 & ,mr4 ,tegetmei] 9 ! #8,field1' ,july #ag?1 #ahfi1 p4 #df4 #db #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #fii4 #dc ,e4 ,bly?1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdg1 vol4 xx4 p4 #cia4 #dd ,r\l9 makes ?is rem>k 9 #8,mm4 de div]s ,savans1 l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cdi4 ,mr4 ,hill1 ( ,spani% ,t[n1 9 a lett] to me1 describes five v>ieties ( ! ,gu9ea f[l 9 ,jamaica4 ,i h se5 s+ul> pale-col\r$ v>ieties import$ f ,b>badoes & ,dem]>a4 #de ,= ,/4 ,dom+o1 see ,m4 ,a4 ,salle1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' #aheg1 p4 #bcf4 ,mr4 ,hill rem>ks to me1 9 8 lett]1 on ! col\r ( ! legs ( ! f]al birds 9 ,jamaica4 #df ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 #8,! ,can>y1 ,briti% ,f9*es1' etc41 pp4 #ba1 #cj4 #dg #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,dec4 #aa?1 #ahee1 p4 #ahd3 an acc\nt is "h giv5 ( all ! v>ieties4 ,= _m measurem5ts ( ! wild birds1 see ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 ibid41 ,dec4 #be?1 #ahee1 p4 #bbc4 #dh ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 d] ,/ub5vgel1' #ahdj1 s4 #bdc2 see s4 #beb on ! inh]it$ song ( ,can>y-birds4 ,) respect to _! baldness see also ,w4 ,kidd's #8,treatise on ,song-,birds4' #di ,w4 ,kidd's #8,treatise on ,song-,birds1' p4 #ah4 #ej ,! #8,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #bee4 #ea ,y>rell's #8,briti% ,fi%es1' vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 #eb ,mr4 ,bly? 9 ! #8,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #bee4 #ec ,w4 ,f4 ,may]s1 #8,*9ese ,notes & ,qu]ies1' ,aug4 #ahfh1 p4 #abc4 #ed #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' ,may #be1 #ahdb47 #ee ,y>rell's #8,briti% ,fi%es1' vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 #ef #8,dict4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v4 p4 #bgf4 #eg #8,obs]vations 9 ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdf1 p4 #baa4 ,dr4 ,gray has describ$1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahfj1 p4 #aea a ne>ly simil> v>iety b de/itute ( a dorsal f94 #eh #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 p4 #dei4 ,) respect to ! bees ( ,burgundy see ,m4 ,g]>d1 art4 #8,espce1' 9 #8,dict4 ,univ]s4 d',hi/4 ,nat4' #ei ,see a discussion on ?is subject1 9 answ] to a "q ( m9e1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 pp4 #bbe-bdb2 also ,mr4 ,bevan ,fox1 9 ditto1 #ahfb1 p4 #bhd4 #fj ,?is excell5t obs]v] may be implicitly tru/$2 see #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #ad?1 #ahfc1 p4 #ci4 #fa #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #i?1 #ahfb1 p4 #dfc2 see also ,h]r ,kle9e on same subject 7,nov4 #aa?1 p4 #fdc1 :o sums up1 t1 ?\gh !re is "s v>iability 9 col\r1 no con/ant or p]ceptible diff]5ces c be detect$ 9 ! bees ( ,g]many4 #fb ,mr4 ,woodbury has publi%$ sev]al su* acc\nts 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa & #ahfb4 #fc #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cci4 #fd #8,! ,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,may #ahfj1 p4 #aaj2 & ditto 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahfb1 p4 #bdb4 #fe #8,transact4 ,entomolog4 ,soc4' #crd s]ies1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #adc-agc & pp4 #bie-cca4 #ff ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 tom4 i4 p4 #dfj4 ,! antiquity ( ! silkworm 9 ,*9a is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,/anislas ,juli54 #fg ,see ! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,we/wood1 ,g54 ,he>sey & o!rs at ! meet+ ( ! ,entomolog4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 ,july1 #ahfa4 #fh ,see = in/ance ,m4 ,a4 de ,quatrefages' #8tudes sur les ,maladies actuelles du ,v] ,soie1' #ahei1 p4 #aja4 #fi ,my au?orities = ! /atem5ts w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,selection4 #gj #8,manuel de l'ducateur de ,v]s ,soie1' #ahdh4 #ga ,rob9et1 ibid41 pp4 #ab1 #cah4 ,i may add t ! eggs ( ,n4 ,am]ican silkworms tak5 to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s produc$ mo?s at v irregul> p]iods2 & ! mo?s ?us rais$ yield$ eggs :i* 7 ev5 worse 9 ?is respect4 ,"s 7 hat*$ 9 t5 days1 & o!rs n until aft] ! lapse ( _m mon?s4 ,no d\bt a regul> e>ly "* w\ld ultimately h be5 acquir$4 ,see review 9 #8,a!num1' #ahdd1 p4 #cbi1 ( ,j4 ,j>ves' #8,sc5es 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4' #gb #8,! ,art ( re>+ ,silk-worms1' translat$ f ,c\nt ,d&olo1 #ahbe1 p4 #bc4 #gc #8,transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 pp4 #aec1 #cjh4 #gd ,rob9et1 ibid41 p4 #cag4 #ge ,rob9et1 ibid41 pp4 #cjf-cag4 #gf #8,transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 p4 #cag4 #gg ,/eph5's ,illu/rations1 #8,hau/ellata1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ce4 ,see also ,capt4 ,hutton1 #8,transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ibid41 p4 #aeb4 #gh #8tudes sur les ,maladies du ,v] ,soie1' #ahei1 pp4 #cjd1 #bji4 #gi ,quatrefages1 #8tudes1' etc41 p4 #bad4 #hj #8,transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 p4 #aea4 #ha #8,manuel de l',educateur1' etc41 p4 #bf4 #hb ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' p4 #dfb4 #hc ,quatrefages1 #8tudes1' etc41 pp4 #ab1 #bji1 #bad4 #hd ,rob9et1 #8,manuel1' etc41 p4 #cjc4 #he ,rob9et1 ibid41 p4 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,cultivat$ ,,plants3 ,,c]eal ,,& ,,cul9>y ,,plants4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,p>5tage ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,cultivation--,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,c]ealia4 ,,d\bts ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,species--,,:eat3 ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,*ang$ ,,habits--,,selection--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties--,,maize3 ,,great ,,v>iation ,,(--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,cul9>y ,,plants4--,,cabbages3 ,,v>ieties ,,(1 ,,9 ,,foliage ,,& ,,/ems1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,o!r ,,p>ts--,,p>5tage ,,(--,,o!r ,,species ,,( ,,brassica--,,peas3 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,k9ds1 ,,*iefly ,,9 ,,! ,,pods ,,& ,,se$--,,"s ,,v>ieties ,,con/ant1 ,,"s ,,highly ,,v>iable--,,d ,,n ,,int]cross--,,beans--,,potatoes3 ,,num]\s ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,diff]+ ,,little ,,except ,,9 ,,! ,,tub]s--,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$4 ,i %all n ent] into s mu* detail on ! v>iability ( cultivat$ plants1 z 9 ! case ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,! subject is involv$ 9 mu* difficulty4 ,botani/s h g5]ally neglect$ cultivat$ v>ieties1 z b5ea? _! notice4 ,9 sev]al cases ! wild prototype is unkn[n or d\btfully kn[n2 & 9 o!r cases x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% betwe5 escap$ se$l+s & truly wild plants1 s t !re is no safe /&>d ( comp>ison by :i* to judge ( any suppos$ am\nt ( *ange4 ,n a few botani/s believe t sev]al ( our anci5tly cultivat$ plants h become s pr(\ndly modifi$ t x is n possible n[ to recognise _! aborig9al p>5t-=ms4 ,equally p]plex+ are ! d\bts :e!r "s ( !m are desc5d$ f "o species1 or f sev]al inextricably comm+l$ by cross+ & v>iation4 ,v>iations (t5 pass into1 & _c be di/+ui%$ f1 mon/rosities2 & mon/rosities are ( little significance = our purpose4 ,_m v>ieties are propagat$ solely by grafts1 buds1 lay]s1 bulbs1 etc41 & frequ5tly x is n kn[n h[ f> _! peculi>ities c be transmitt$ by sem9al g5]ation4 ,nev]!less1 "s facts ( value c be glean$3 & o!r facts w h]eaft] be incid5tally giv54 ,"o *ief object 9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s is to %[ h[ _m *>act]s 9 our cultivat$ plants h become v>iable4 ,be=e ent]+ on details a few g5]al rem>ks on ! orig9 ( cultivat$ plants may be introduc$4 ,m4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#a 9 an admirable discussion on ?is subject1 9 :i* he displays a wond]ful am\nt ( k1 gives a li/ ( #aeg ( ! mo/ useful cultivat$ plants4 ,( ^! he believes t #he are almo/ c]ta9ly kn[n 9 _! wild /ate2 b on ?is head o!r compet5t judges#b ent]ta9 great d\bts4 ,( #dj ( !m1 ! orig9 is admitt$ by ,m4 ,de ,c&olle to be d\btful1 ei!r f a c]ta9 am\nt ( dissimil>ity :i* !y pres5t :5 comp>$ ) _! ne>e/ allies 9 a wild /ate1 or f ! probability ( ! latt] n be+ truly wild plants1 b se$l+s escap$ f culture4 ,( ! entire #aeg1 #cb alone are rank$ by ,m4 ,de ,c&olle z q unkn[n 9 _! aborig9al condition4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t he does n include 9 8 li/ sev]al plants :i* pres5t ill-def9$ *>act]s1 namely1 ! v>i\s =ms ( pumpk9s1 millet1 sorghum1 kidney-bean1 doli*os1 capsicum1 & indigo4 ,nor does he include fl[]s2 & sev]al ( ! m anci5tly cultivat$ fl[]s1 su* z c]ta9 roses1 ! common ,imp]ial lily1 ! tub]ose1 & ev5 ! lilac1 are said#c n to be kn[n 9 ! wild /ate4 ,f ! relative numb]s above giv51 & f o!r argum5ts ( mu* weight1 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle concludes t plants h r>ely be5 s mu* modifi$ by culture t !y _c be id5tifi$ ) _! wild prototypes4 ,b on ?is view1 consid]+ t savages probably w\ld n h *os5 r>e plants = cultivation1 t useful plants are g5]ally conspicu\s1 & t !y c\ld n h be5 ! inhabitants ( des]ts or ( remote & rec5tly discov]$ isl&s1 x appe>s /range to me t s _m ( our cultivat$ plants %\ld be /ill unkn[n or only d\btfully kn[n 9 ! wild /ate4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ^! plants h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ by culture1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,! difficulty w\ld also be remov$ if !y h be5 ext]m9at$ dur+ ! progress ( civilisation2 b ,m4 ,de ,c&olle has %[n t ?is probably has seldom occurr$4 ,z soon z a plant 0 cultivat$ 9 any c\ntry1 ! half-civilis$ inhabitants w\ld no long] h ne$ to se>* ! :ole surface ( ! l& = x1 & ?us lead to its extirpation2 & ev5 if ?is did occur dur+ a fam9e1 dormant se$s w\ld be left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 tropical c\ntries ! wild luxuriance ( nature1 z 0 long ago rem>k$ by ,humboldt1 ov]p[]s ! feeble ef=ts ( man4 ,9 anci5tly civilis$ temp]ate c\ntries1 :]e ! :ole face ( ! l& has be5 greatly *ang$1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t "s plants h become ext9ct2 nev]!less ,de ,c&olle has %[n t all ! plants hi/orically kn[n to h be5 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,europe /ill exi/ "h 9 ! wild /ate4 ,,mm4 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#d & ,de ,c&olle h rem>k$ t our cultivat$ plants1 m especially ! c]eals1 mu/ orig9ally h exi/$ 9 ne>ly _! pres5t /ate2 = o!rwise !y w\ld n h be5 notic$ & valu$ z objects ( food4 ,b ^! au?ors app>5tly h n consid]$ ! _m acc\nts giv5 by travell]s ( ! wret*$ food collect$ by savages4 ,i h read an acc\nt ( ! savages ( ,au/ralia cook+1 dur+ a de>?1 _m vegetables 9 v>i\s ways1 9 ! hopes ( r5d]+ !m innocu\s & m nutriti\s4 ,dr4 ,hook] f\nd ! half-/>v$ inhabitants ( a village 9 ,sikhim suff]+ greatly f hav+ eat5 arum-roots1#e :i* !y _h p\nd$ & left = sev]al days to f]m5t1 s z p>tially to de/roy _! poison\s nature2 & he adds t !y cook$ & ate _m o!r delet]i\s plants4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? in=ms me t 9 ,s\? ,africa a l>ge numb] ( fruits & succul5t leaves1 & especially roots1 are us$ 9 times ( sc>city4 ,! natives1 inde$1 "k ! prop]ties ( a long catalogue ( plants1 "s hav+ be5 f\nd dur+ fam9es to be eatable1 o!rs injuri\s to heal?1 or ev5 de/ructive to life4 ,he met a p>ty ( ,baquanas :o1 hav+ be5 expell$ by ! conqu]+ ,zulus1 _h liv$ = ye>s on any roots or leaves :i* af=d$ "s little nutrim5t & di/5d$ _! /oma*s1 s z to relieve ! pangs ( hung]4 ,!y look$ l walk+ skeletons1 & suff]$ fe>fully f con/ipation4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? also in=ms me t on su* occasions ! natives obs]ve z a guide = !mselves1 :at ! wild animals1 especially baboons & monkeys1 eat4 ,f innum]able exp]im5ts made ?r\gh dire necessity by ! savages ( e l&1 ) ! results h&$ d[n by tradition1 ! nutriti\s1 /imulat+1 & m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! mo/ unpromis+ plants 7 probably fir/ discov]$4 ,x appe>s1 = in/ance1 at fir/ an inexplicable fact t untutor$ man1 9 ?ree di/ant qu>t]s ( ! _w1 %\ld h discov]$1 among/ a ho/ ( native plants1 t ! leaves ( ! tea-plant & mattee1 & ! b]ries ( ! c(fee1 all includ$ a /imulat+ & nutriti\s ess5ce1 n[ kn[n to be *emically ! same4 ,we c also see t savages suff]+ f sev]e con/ipation w\ld naturally obs]ve :e!r any ( ! roots :i* !y dev\r$ act$ z ap]i5ts4 ,we probably owe our k ( ! uses ( almo/ all plants to man hav+ orig9ally exi/$ 9 a b>b>\s /ate1 & hav+ be5 (t5 compell$ by sev]e want to try z food almo/ ev]y?+ :i* he c\ld *ew & swall[4 ,f :at we "k ( ! habits ( savages 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! _w1 !re is no reason to suppose t our c]eal plants orig9ally exi/$ 9 _! pres5t /ate s valuable to man4 ,let u look to "o cont95t alone1 namely1 ,africa3 ,b>?#f /ates t ! slaves ov] a l>ge "p ( ! c5tral region regul>ly collect ! se$s ( a wild grass1 ! ,p5nisetum di/i*um2 9 ano!r di/rict he saw wom5 collect+ ! se$s ( a ,poa by sw++ a sort ( basket ?r\gh ! ri* mead[-l&4 ,ne> ,tete1 ,liv+/one obs]v$ ! natives collect+ ! se$s ( a wild grass1 & f>!r s\?1 z ,&]sson in=ms me1 ! natives l>gely use ! se$ ( a grass ( ab\t ! size ( can>y-se$1 :i* !y boil 9 wat]4 ,!y eat also ! roots ( c]ta9 re$s1 & e "o has read ( ! ,bu%m5 pr[l+ ab\t & digg+ up ) a fire-h>d5$ /ake v>i\s roots4 ,simil> facts ) respect to ! collection ( se$s ( wild grasses 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w c\ld be giv54#g ,accu/om$ z we are to our excell5t vegetables & lusci\s fruits1 we c h>dly p]suade ourselves t ! /r+y roots ( ! wild c>rot & p>snip1 or ! little %oots ( ! wild asp>agus1 or crabs1 sloes1 etc41 %\ld ev] h be5 valu$2 yet1 f :at we "k ( ! habits ( ,au/ralian & ,s\? ,african savages1 we ne$ feel no d\bt on ?is head4 ,! inhabitants ( ,switz]l& dur+ ! ,/one-p]iod l>gely collect$ wild crabs1 sloes1 bullaces1 hips ( roses1 eld]b]ries1 bee*ma/1 & o!r wild b]ries & fruit4#h ,jemmy ,button1 a ,fuegian on bo>d ! #8,beagle1' rem>k$ to me t ! poor & acid black-currants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7 too sweet = 8 ta/e4 ,! savage inhabitants ( ea* l&1 hav+ f\nd out by _m & h>d trials :at plants 7 useful1 or c\ld be r5d]$ useful by v>i\s cook+ processes1 w\ld aft] a "t take ! fir/ /ep 9 cultivation by plant+ !m ne> _! usual abodes4 ,liv+/one#i /ates t ! savage ,batokas sometimes left wild fruit-trees /&+ 9 _! g>d5s1 & occasionally ev5 plant$ !m1 8a practice se5 n[h]e else among/ ! natives40 ,b ,du ,*aillu saw a palm & "s o!r wild fruit-trees :i* _h be5 plant$2 & ^! trees 7 consid]$ private prop]ty4 ,! next /ep 9 cultivation1 & ?is w\ld require b little =e?\ght1 w\ld be to s[ ! se$s ( useful plants2 & z ! soil ne> ! hovels ( ! natives#aj w\ld (t5 be 9 "s degree manur$1 improv$ v>ieties w\ld soon] or lat] arise4 ,or a wild & unusually good v>iety ( a native plant might attract ! att5tion ( "s wise old savage2 & he w\ld transplant x1 or s[ its se$4 ,t sup]ior v>ieties ( wild fruit-trees occasionally are f\nd is c]ta91 z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican species ( haw?orns1 plums1 *]ries1 grapes1 & hickories1 specifi$ by ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray4#aa ,d[n+ also ref]s to c]ta9 wild v>ieties ( ! hickory1 z be+ 8( mu* l>g] size & f9] flav\r ?an ! common species40 ,i h ref]r$ to ,am]ican fruit-trees1 because we are n 9 ?is case tr\bl$ ) d\bts :e!r or n ! v>ieties are se$l+s :i* h escap$ f cultivation4 ,transplant+ any sup]ior v>iety1 or s[+ its se$s1 h>dly implies m =e?\ght ?an might be expect$ at an e>ly & rude p]iod ( civilisation4 ,ev5 ! ,au/ralian b>b>ians 8h a law t no plant be>+ se$s is to be dug up aft] x has fl[]$20 & ,sir ,g4 ,grey#ab nev] saw ?is law1 evid5tly fram$ = ! pres]vation ( ! plant1 violat$4 ,we see ! same _s 9 ! sup]/iti\s belief ( ! ,fuegians1 t kill+ wat]-f[l :il/ v "y w be foll[$ by 8mu* ra91 sn[1 bl[ mu*40#ac ,i may add1 z %[+ =e?\ght 9 ! l[e/ b>b>ians1 t ! ,fuegians :5 !y f9d a /r&$ :ale bury l>ge portions 9 ! s&1 & dur+ ! (t5-recurr5t fam9es travel f great di/ances = ! remnants ( ! half-putrid mass4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$#a t we d n owe a s+le useful plant to ,au/ralia or ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 c\ntries ab\nd+ to an unp>allel$ degree ) endemic species1--or to ,new ,zeal&1 or to ,am]ica s\? ( ! ,plata2 &1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 n to ,am]ica nor?w>d ( ,mexico4 ,i d n believe t any edible or valuable plant1 except ! can>y-grass1 has be5 d]iv$ f an oceanic or un9habit$ isl&4 ,if ne>ly all our useful plants1 natives ( ,europe2 ,asia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 _h orig9ally exi/$ 9 _! pres5t condition1 ! complete abs5ce ( simil>ly useful plants 9 ! great c\ntries j nam$ w\ld be inde$ a surpris+ fact4 ,b if ^! plants h be5 s greatly modifi$ & improv$ by culture z no long] closely to resemble any natural species1 we c und]/& :y ! above-nam$ c\ntries h giv5 u no useful plants1 = !y 7 ei!r inhabit$ by m5 :o did n cultivate ! gr\nd at all1 z 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 or :o cultivat$ x v imp]fectly1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,^! c\ntries d yield plants :i* are useful to savage man2 & ,dr4 ,hook]#ae enum]ates no less ?an #ajg su* species 9 ,au/ralia alone2 b ^! plants h n be5 improv$1 & consequ5tly _c compete ) ^? :i* h be5 cultivat$ & improv$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! civilis$ _w4 ,! case ( ,new ,zeal&1 to :i* f9e isl& we z yet owe no widely cultivat$ plant1 may seem oppos$ to ?is view2 =1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 ! natives cultivat$ sev]al plants2 b all inquir]s believe1 9 accordance ) ! traditions ( ! natives1 t ! e>ly ,polynesian coloni/s br\ght ) !m se$s & roots1 z well z ! dog1 :i* _h be5 wisely pres]v$ dur+ _! long voyage4 ,! ,polynesians are s frequ5tly lo/ on ! ocean t ?is degree ( prud5ce w\ld occur to any w&]+ p>ty3 h5ce ! e>ly coloni/s ( ,new ,zeal&1 l ! lat] ,european coloni/s1 w\ld n h _h any /rong inducem5t to cultivate ! aborig9al plants4 ,accord+ to ,de ,c&olle we owe ?irty-?ree useful plants to ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,*ile2 nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we rememb] ! civilis$ /ate ( ! inhabitants1 z %[n by ! fact ( _! hav+ practis$ artificial irrigation & made tunnels ?r\gh h>d rocks )\t ! use ( iron or gunp[d]1 & :o1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 fully recognis$1 z f> z animals 7 conc]n$1 & !re=e probably 9 ! case ( plants1 ! important pr9ciple ( selection4 ,we owe "s plants to ,brazil2 & ! e>ly voyag]s1 namely1 ,vespucius & ,cabral1 describe ! c\ntry z ?ickly peopl$ & cultivat$4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica#af ! natives cultivat$ maize1 pumpk9s1 g\rds1 beans1 & peas1 8all diff]5t f ours10 & tobacco2 & we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t none ( our pres5t plants are desc5d$ f ^! ,nor? ,am]ican =ms4 ,_h ,nor? ,am]ica be5 civilis$ = z long a p]iod1 & z ?ickly peopl$1 z ,asia or ,europe1 x is probable t ! native v9es1 walnuts1 mulb]ries1 crabs1 & plums1 w\ld h giv5 rise1 aft] a long c\rse ( cultivation1 to a multitude ( v>ieties1 "s extremely diff]5t f _! p>5t-/ocks2 & escap$ se$l+s w\ld h caus$ 9 ! ,new1 z 9 ! ,old ,_w1 mu* p]plexity ) respect to _! specific di/9ctness & p>5tage4'#ag ,c]ealia4--,i w n[ ent] on details4 ,! c]eals cultivat$ 9 ,europe consi/ ( f\r g5]a--:eat1 rye1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,( :eat ! be/ mod]n au?orities#ah make f\r or five1 or ev5 sev5 di/9ct species2 ( rye1 "o2 ( b>ley1 ?ree2 & ( oats1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r species4 ,s t altoge!r our c]eals are rank$ by diff]5t au?ors "u f t5 to fifte5 di/9ct species4 ,^! h giv5 rise to a multitude ( v>ieties4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t botani/s are n univ]sally agre$ on ! aborig9al p>5t-=m ( any "o c]eal plant4 ,= in/ance1 a high au?ority writes 9 #ahee1ai 8,we ourselves h no hesitation 9 /at+ our conviction1 z ! result ( all ! mo/ reliable evid5ce1 t none ( ^! ,c]ealia exi/1 or h exi/$1 truly wild 9 _! pres5t /ate1 b t all are cultivat$ v>ieties ( species n[ gr[+ 9 great abundance 9 ,s4 ,europe or ,w4 ,asia40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#bj has adduc$ abundant evid5ce t common :eat 7,triticum vulg>e7 has be5 f\nd wild 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia1 :]e x is n likely to h escap$ f cultivation3 & !re is "s =ce 9 ,m4 ,godron's rem>k1 t1 suppos+ ^! plants to be escap$ se$l+s1#ba z !y h propagat$ !mselves 9 a wild /ate = sev]al g5]ations1 _! cont9u$ resemblance to cultivat$ :eat r5d]s x probable t ! latt] has reta9$ its aborig9al "*4 ,b ! /rong t5d5cy to inh]itance1 :i* mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( :eat ev9ce1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is "h greatly und]valu$4 ,mu* weight mu/ also be attribut$ to a rem>k by ,pr(essor ,hildebr&#bb t :5 ! se$s or fruit ( cultivat$ plants possess qualities disadvantage\s to !m z a means ( di/ribution1 we may feel almo/ sure t !y no long] reta9 _! aborig9al condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle insi/s /rongly on ! frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,au/rian dom9ions ( rye & ( "o k9d ( oats 9 an app>5tly wild condition4 ,) ! exception ( ^! two cases1 :i* h[ev] are r d\btful1 & ) ! exception ( two =ms ( :eat & "o ( b>ley1 :i* he believes to h be5 f\nd truly wild1 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle does n seem fully satisfi$ ) ! o!r report$ discov]ies ( ! p>5t-=ms ( our o!r c]eals4 ,) respect to oats1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,buckmann1#bc ! wild ,engli% ,av5a fatua c be conv]t$ by a few ye>s ( c>eful cultivation & selection into =ms almo/ id5tical ) two v di/9ct cultivat$ races4 ,! :ole subject ( ! orig9 & specific di/9ctness ( ! v>i\s c]eal plants is a mo/ difficult "o2 b we %all p]haps be able to judge a little bett] aft] consid]+ ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* :eat has und]gone4 ,metzg] describes sev5 species ( :eat1 ,godron ref]s to five1 & ,de ,c&olle to only f\r4 ,x is n improbable t1 besides ! k9ds kn[n 9 ,europe1 o!r /rongly *>act]is$ =ms exi/ 9 ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! _w2 = ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#bd speaks ( ?ree new species or v>ieties1 s5t to ,europe 9 #ahbb f ,*9ese ,mongolia1 :i* he consid]s z be+ !re indig5\s4 ,moorcr(t#be also speaks ( ,hasora :eat 9 ,ladakh z v peculi>4 ,if ^? botani/s are "r :o believe t at lea/ sev5 species ( :eat orig9ally exi/$1 !n ! am\nt ( v>iation 9 any important "* :i* :eat has und]gone "u cultivation has be5 slight2 b if only f\r or a less] numb] ( species orig9ally exi/$1 !n x is evid5t t v>ieties h aris5 s /rongly m>k$1 t !y h be5 consid]$ by capable judges z specifically di/9ct4 ,b ! impossibility ( decid+ :i* =ms ought to be rank$ z species & :i* z v>ieties1 makes x useless to specify 9 detail ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( :eat4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! organs ( vegetation diff] little2#bf b "s k9ds gr[ close & upright1 :il/ o!rs spread & trail along ! gr\nd4 ,! /raw diff]s 9 be+ m or less holl[1 & 9 quality4 ,! e>s#bg diff] 9 col\r & 9 %ape1 be+ quadrangul>1 compress$1 or ne>ly cyl9drical2 & ! florets diff] 9 _! approximation to ea* o!r1 9 _! pubesc5ce1 & 9 be+ m or less elongat$4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( b>bs is a conspicu\s diff]5ce1 & 9 c]ta9 ,gram9e s]ves ev5 z a g5]ic "*2#bh al?\gh1 z rem>k$ by ,godron1#bi ! pres5ce ( b>bs is v>iable 9 c]ta9 wild grasses1 & especially 9 ^? su* z ,bromus secal9us & ,lolium temul5tum1 :i* habitually gr[ m+l$ ) our c]eal crops1 & :i* h ?us un9t5tionally be5 expos$ to culture4 ,! gra9s diff] 9 size1 weight1 & col\r2 9 be+ m or less d[ny at "o end1 9 be+ smoo? or wr9kl$1 9 be+ ei!r ne>ly globul>1 oval1 or elongat$2 & f9ally 9 int]nal texture1 be+ t5d] or h>d1 or ev5 almo/ horny1 & 9 ! proportion ( glut5 :i* !y conta94 ,ne>ly all ! races or species ( :eat v>y1 z ,godron#cj has rem>k$1 9 an exactly p>allel mann]1--9 ! se$ be+ d[ny or glabr\s1 & 9 col\r1--& 9 ! florets be+ b>b$ or n b>b$1 etc4 ,^? :o believe t all ! k9ds are desc5d$ f a s+le wild species may acc\nt = ?is p>allel v>iation by ! inh]itance ( a simil> con/itution1 & a consequ5t t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same mann]2 & ^? :o believe 9 ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t ) modification may ext5d ?is view to ! sev]al species ( :eat1 if su* ev] exi/$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,al?\gh few ( ! v>ieties ( :eat pres5t any conspicu\s diff]5ce1 _! numb] is great4 ,dalbret cultivat$ dur+ ?irty ye>s f #aej to #afj k9ds1 & except+ 9 ! quality ( ! gra9 !y all kept true2 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur possess$ upw>ds ( #aej1 & ,philipp> #cbb v>ieties4#ca ,z :eat is an annual1 we ?us see h[ /rictly _m trifl+ diff]5ces 9 "* are inh]it$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur insi/s /rongly on ?is same fact4 ,9 8 p]sev]+ & successful attempts to raise new v>ieties1 he f\nd t !re 0 only "o 8secure mode to ensure ! gr[? ( pure sorts1 namely1 to gr[ !m f s+le gra9s or f s+le e>s1 & to foll[ up ! plan by aft]w>ds s[+ only ! produce ( ! mo/ productive s z to =m a /ock40 ,b ,major ,hallett#cb has gone mu* f>!r1 & by ! cont9u$ selection ( plants f ! gra9s ( ! same e>1 dur+ successive g5]ations1 has made 8 #8,p$igree 9 ,:eat' 7& o!r c]eals7 n[ fam\s 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! great am\nt ( v>iability 9 ! plants ( ! same v>iety is ano!r int]e/+ po9t1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 detect$ except by an eye long practis$ to ! "w2 ?us ,colonel ,le ,c\teur relates#cc t 9 a field ( 8 own :eat1 :i* he consid]$ at lea/ z pure z t ( any ( 8 neighb\rs1 ,pr(essor ,la ,gasca f\nd tw5ty-?ree sorts2 & ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ has obs]v$ simil> facts4 ,besides su* individual v>iations1 =ms suffici5tly well m>k$ to be valu$ & to become widely cultivat$ sometimes sudd5ly appe>3 ?us ,mr4 ,%irreff has _h ! good =tune to raise 9 8 lifetime sev5 new v>ieties1 :i* are n[ ext5sively gr[n 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita94#cd ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r plants1 "s v>ieties1 bo? old & new1 are f> m con/ant 9 "* ?an o!rs4 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur 0 =c$ to reject "s ( 8 new sub-v>ieties1 :i* he suspect$ _h be5 produc$ f a cross1 z incorrigibly sportive4 ,on ! o!r h& ,major ,hallett#ce has %[n h[ wond]fully con/ant "s v>ieties are1 al?\gh n anci5t ones1 & al?\gh cultivat$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,) respect to ! t5d5cy to v>y1 ,metzg]#cf gives f 8 own exp]i5ce "s int]e/+ facts3 he describes ?ree ,spani% sub-v>ieties1 m especially "o kn[n to be con/ant 9 ,spa91 :i* 9 ,g]many assum$ _! prop] "* only dur+ hot summ]s2 ano!r v>iety kept true only 9 good l&1 b aft] hav+ be5 cultivat$ = tw5ty-five ye>s became m con/ant4 ,he m5tions two o!r sub-v>ieties :i* 7 at fir/ incon/ant1 b subsequ5tly became1 app>5tly )\t any selection1 accu/om$ to _! new homes1 & reta9$ _! prop] "*4 ,^! facts %[ :at small *anges 9 ! conditions ( life cause v>iability1 & !y fur!r %[ t a v>iety may become habituat$ to new conditions4 ,"o is at fir/ incl9$ to conclude ) ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 t :eat cultivat$ 9 ! same c\ntry is expos$ to rem>kably uni=m conditions2 b manures diff]1 se$ is tak5 f "o soil to ano!r1 &1 :at is f> m important1 ! plants are expos$ z little z possible to /ruggle ) o!r plants1 & are ?us enabl$ to exi/ "u div]sifi$ conditions4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ea* plant is conf9$ to t p>ticul> /ation & k9d ( nutrim5t :i* x c seize f ! o!r plants by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,:eat quickly assumes new habits ( life4 ,! summ] & w9t] k9ds 7 class$ by ,l9nu z di/9ct species2 b ,m4 ,monni]#cg has prov$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is only tempor>y4 ,he s[$ w9t]-:eat 9 spr+1 & out ( "o hundr$ plants f\r alone produc$ ripe se$s2 ^! 7 s[n & res[n1 & 9 ?ree ye>s plants 7 re>$ :i* rip5$ all _! se$4 ,conv]sely1 ne>ly all ! plants rais$ f summ]-:eat1 :i* 0 s[n 9 autumn1 p]i%$ f fro/2 b a few 7 sav$ & produc$ se$1 & 9 ?ree ye>s ?is summ]-v>iety 0 conv]t$ into a w9t]-v>iety4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t :eat soon becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t acclimatis$1 & t se$ br\ght f di/ant c\ntries & s[n 9 ,europe vegetates at fir/1 or ev5 = a consid]able p]iod1#ch diff]5tly f our ,european v>ieties4 ,9 ,canada ! fir/ settl]s1 accord+ to ,kalm1#ci f\nd _! w9t]s too sev]e = w9t]-:eat br\ght f ,france1 & _! summ]s (t5 too %ort = summ]-:eat2 & !y ?\ght t _! c\ntry 0 useless = corn crops until !y procur$ summ]-:eat f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 :i* succe$$ well4 ,x is notori\s t ! proportion ( glut5 diff]s mu* "u diff]5t climates4 ,! weight ( ! gra9 is also quickly affect$ by climate3 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#dj s[$ ne> ,p>is #ed v>ieties1 obta9$ f ! ,s\? ( ,france & f ! ,black ,sea1 & #eb ( ^! yield$ se$ f #aj to #dj p] c5t heavi] ?an ! p>5t-se$4 ,he !n s5t ^! heavi] gra9s back to ! ,s\? ( ,france1 b !re !y imm$iately yield$ light] se$4 ,all ^? :o h closely att5d$ to ! subject insi/ on ! close adaptation ( num]\s v>ieties ( :eat to v>i\s soils & climates ev5 )9 ! same c\ntry2 ?us ,colonel ,le ,c\teur#da says1 8,x is ! suitabl5ess ( ea* sort to ea* soil t w enable ! f>m] to pay 8 r5t by s[+ "o v>iety1 :]e he w\ld be unable to d s by attempt+ to gr[ ano!r ( a seem+ly bett] sort40 ,?is may be 9 "p due to ea* k9d becom+ habituat$ to its conditions ( life1 z ,metzg] has %[n c]ta9ly occurs1 b x is probably 9 ma9 "p due to innate diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al v>ieties4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! det]ioration ( :eat2 t ! quality ( ! fl\r1 size ( gra91 "t ( fl[]+1 & h>dness1 may be modifi$ by climate & soil1 seems ne>ly c]ta92 b t ! :ole body ( any "o sub-v>iety ev] becomes *ang$ into ano!r & di/9ct sub-v>iety1 !re is no reason to believe4 ,:at app>5tly does take place1 accord+ to ,le ,c\teur1#db is1 t "s "o sub-v>iety out ( ! _m :i* may always be detect$ 9 ! same field is m prolific ?an ! o!rs1 & gradually supplants ! v>iety :i* 0 fir/ s[n4 ,) respect to ! natural cross+ ( di/9ct v>ieties ! evid5ce is conflict+1 b prepond]ates aga9/ its frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,_m au?ors ma9ta9 t impregnation takes place 9 ! clos$ fl[]1 b ,i am sure f my own obs]vation t ?is is n ! case1 at lea/ ) ^? v>ieties to :i* ,i h att5d$4 ,b z ,i %all h to discuss ?is subject 9 ano!r "w1 x may be "h pass$ ov]4 ,9 conclusion1 all au?ors admit t num]\s v>ieties ( :eat h aris52 b _! diff]5ces are unimportant1 unless1 inde$1 "s ( ! s-call$ species are rank$ z v>ieties4 ,^? :o believe t f f\r to sev5 wild species ( ,triticum orig9ally exi/$ 9 ne>ly ! same condition z at pres5t1 re/ _! belief *iefly on ! great antiquity ( ! sev]al =ms4#dc ,x is an important fact1 :i* we h rec5tly le>nt f ! admirable rese>*es ( ,he]1#dd t ! inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 ev5 s e>ly z ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 cultivat$ no less ?an t5 c]eal plants1 namely1 five k9ds ( :eat1 ( :i* at lea/ f\r are commonly look$ at z di/9ct species1 ?ree k9ds ( b>ley1 a panicum1 & a set>ia4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t at ! e>lie/ dawn ( agriculture five k9ds ( :eat & ?ree ( b>ley _h be5 cultivat$1 we %\ld ( c\rse be compell$ to look at ^! =ms z di/9ct species4 ,b1 z ,he] has rem>k$1 agriculture ev5 at ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 _h already made consid]able progress2 =1 besides ! c]eals1 peas1 poppies1 flax1 & app>5tly apples1 7 cultivat$4 ,x may also be inf]r$1 f "o v>iety ( :eat be+ ! s call$ ,egyptian1 & f :at is kn[n ( ! native c\ntry ( ! panicum & set>ia1 z well z f ! nature ( ! we$s :i* !n grew m+l$ ) ! crops1 t ! lake-inhabitants ei!r /ill kept up comm]cial int]c\rse ) "s s\!rn p or _h orig9ally proce$$ z coloni/s f ! ,s\?4 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#de has argu$ t1 if our c]eal plants h be5 greatly modifi$ by cultivation1 ! we$s :i* habitually gr[ m+l$ ) !m w\ld h be5 equally modifi$4 ,b ?is argum5t %[s h[ completely ! pr9ciple ( selection has be5 ov]look$4 ,t su* we$s h n v>i$1 or at lea/ d n v>y n[ 9 any extreme degree1 is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson & ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 z !y in=m me2 b :o w pret5d to say t !y d n v>y z mu* z ! individual plants ( ! same sub-v>iety ( :eat8 ,we h already se5 t pure v>ieties ( :eat1 cultivat$ 9 ! same field1 (f] _m slight v>iations1 :i* c be select$ & sep>ately propagat$2 & t occasionally m /rongly pron\nc$ v>iations appe>1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,%irreff has prov$1 are well wor?y ( ext5sive cultivation4 ,n until equal att5tion be paid to ! v>iability & selection ( we$s1 c ! argum5t f _! con/ancy "u un9t5tional culture be ( any value4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( selection we c und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! sev]al cultivat$ v>ieties ( :eat ! organs ( vegetation diff] s little2 = if a plant ) peculi> leaves appe>$1 x w\ld be neglect$ unless ! gra9s ( corn 7 at ! same "t sup]ior 9 quality or size4 ! selection ( se$-corn 0 /rongly recomm5d$#df 9 anci5t times by ,columella & ,celsus2 & z ,virgil says1-- 8,i've se5 ! l>ge/ se$s1 ?o' view'd ) c>e1 ,deg5]ate1 unless ?' indu/ri\s h& ,did ye>ly cull ! l>ge/40 ,b :e!r 9 anci5t times selection 0 me?odically pursu$ we may well d\bt1 :5 we he> h[ labori\s ! "w has be5 f\nd by ,le ,c\t\r & ,hallett4 ,al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( selection is s important1 yet ! little :i* man has effect$1 by incessant ef=ts#dg dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 9 r5d]+ ! plants m productive or ! gra9s m nutriti\s ?an !y 7 9 ! "t ( ! old ,egyptians1 w\ld seem to speak /rongly aga9/ its efficacy4 ,b we mu/ n =get t at ea* successive p]iod ! /ate ( agriculture & ! quantity ( manure suppli$ to ! l& w h det]m9$ ! maximum degree ( productiv5ess2 = x w\ld be impossible to cultivate a highly productive v>iety1 unless ! l& conta9$ a suffici5t supply ( ! necess>y *emical elem5ts4 ,we n[ "k t man 0 suffici5tly civilis$ to cultivate ! gr\nd at an imm5sely remote p]iod2 s t :eat might h be5 improv$ long ago up to t /&>d ( excell5ce :i* 0 possible "u ! !n exi/+ /ate ( agriculture4 ,"o small class ( facts supports ?is view ( ! sl[ & gradual improvem5t ( our c]eals4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t lake-habitations ( ,switz]l&1 :5 m5 employ$ only fl9t-tools1 ! mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ :eat 0 a peculi> k9d1 ) rem>kably small e>s & gra9s4#dh 8,:il/ ! gra9s ( ! mod]n =ms are 9 section f sev5 to eight millimetres 9 l5g?1 ! l>g] gra9s f ! lake-habitations are six1 seldom sev51 & ! small] ones only f\r4 ,! e> is ?us mu* n>r[]1 & ! spikelets /& out m horizontally1 ?an 9 our pres5t =ms40 ,s aga9 ) b>ley1 ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ k9d _h small e>s1 & ! gra9s 7 8small]1 %ort]1 & ne>] to ea* o!r1 ?an 9 t n[ gr[n2 )\t ! husk !y 7 #b l9es long1 & sc>cely #a broad1 :il/ ^? n[ gr[n h a l5g? ( ?ree l9es1 & almo/ ! same 9 bread?40#di ,^! small-gra9$ v>ieties ( :eat & b>ley are believ$ by ,he] to be ! p>5t-=ms ( c]ta9 exi/+ alli$ v>ieties1 :i* h supplant$ _! e>ly prog5itors4 ,he] gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ appe>ance & f9al disappe>ance ( ! sev]al plants :i* 7 cultivat$ 9 great] or less abundance 9 ,switz]l& dur+ =m] successive p]iods1 & :i* g5]ally diff]$ m or less f our exi/+ v>ieties4 ,! peculi> small-e>$ & small-gra9$ :eat1 already allud$ to1 0 ! commone/ k9d dur+ ! ,/one p]iod2 x la/$ d[n to ! ,helvetico-,roman age1 & !n became ext9ct4 ,a second k9d 0 r>e at fir/1 b aft]w>ds became m frequ5t4 ,a ?ird1 ! ,egyptian :eat 7,t4 turgidum71 does n agree exactly ) any exi/+ v>iety1 & 0 r>e dur+ ! ,/one p]iod4 ,a f\r? k9d 7,t4 dicoccum7 diff]s f all kn[n v>ieties ( ?is =m4 ,a fif? k9d 7,t4 monococcum7 is kn[n to h exi/$ dur+ ! ,/one p]iod only by ! pres5ce ( a s+le e>4 ,a six? k9d1 ! common ,t4 spelta1 0 n introduc$ into ,switz]l& until ! ,bronze age4 ,( b>ley1 besides ! %ort-e>$ & small-gra9$ k9d1 two o!rs 7 cultivat$1 "o ( :i* 0 v sc>ce1 & resembl$ our pres5t common ,h4 di/i*um4 ,dur+ ! ,bronze age rye & oats 7 introduc$2 ! oat-gra9s be+ some:at small] ?an ^? produc$ by our exi/+ v>ieties4 ,! poppy 0 l>gely cultivat$ dur+ ! ,/one p]iod1 probably = its oil2 b ! v>iety :i* !n exi/$ is n n[ kn[n4 ,a peculi> pea ) small se$s la/$ f ! ,/one to ! ,bronze age1 & !n became ext9ct2 :il/ a peculi> bean1 likewise hav+ small se$s1 came 9 at ! ,bronze p]iod & la/$ to ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,^! details s\nd l ! descriptions giv5 by palontologi/s ( ! fir/ appe>ance1 ! increas+ r>ity1 & f9al ext9ction or modification ( fossil species1 emb$d$ 9 ! successive /ages ( a geological =mation4 ,f9ally1 e "o mu/ judge = himself :e!r x is m probable t ! sev]al =ms ( :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 & oats are desc5d$ f betwe5 t5 & fifte5 species1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ ei!r unkn[n or ext9ct1 or :e!r !y are desc5d$ f betwe5 f\r & eight species1 :i* may h ei!r closely resembl$ our pres5t cultivat$ =ms1 or h be5 s widely diff]5t z to escape id5tification4 ,9 ?is latt] case we mu/ conclude t man cultivat$ ! c]eals at an enorm\sly remote p]iod1 & t he =m]ly practis$ "s degree ( selection1 :i* 9 itself is n improbable4 ,we may1 p]haps1 fur!r believe t1 :5 :eat 0 fir/ cultivat$ ! e>s & gra9s increas$ quickly 9 size1 9 ! same mann] z ! roots ( ! wild c>rot & p>snip are kn[n to increase quickly 9 bulk "u cultivation4 ,maize or ,indian ,corn3 ,zea mays4--,botani/s are ne>ly unanim\s t all ! cultivat$ k9ds belong to ! same species4 ,x is und\bt$ly#ej ( ,am]ican orig91 & 0 gr[n by ! aborig9es ?r\gh\t ! cont95t f ,new ,engl& to ,*ili4 ,its cultivation mu/ h be5 extremely anci5t1 = ,ts*udi#ea describes two k9ds1 n[ ext9ct or n kn[n 9 ,p]u1 :i* 7 tak5 f tombs app>5tly prior to ! dyna/y ( ! ,incas4 #8,b !re is ev5 /rong] evid5ce ( antiquity1 = ,i f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,p]u#eb heads ( maize1 toge!r ) eighte5 species ( rec5t sea-%ell1 emb$d$ 9 a bea* :i* _h be5 uprais$ at lea/ #he feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 accordance ) ?is anci5t cultivation1 num]\s ,am]ican v>ieties h aris54 ,! aborig9al =m has n z yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! wild /ate4 ,a peculi> k9d1#ec 9 :i* ! gra9s1 in/ead ( be+ nak$1 are conceal$ by husks z mu* z elev5 l9es 9 l5g?1 has be5 /at$1 b on insuffici5t evid5ce1 to gr[ wild 9 ,brazil4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! aborig9al =m w\ld h _h its gra9s ?us protect$2#ed b ! se$s ( ! ,brazilian v>iety produce1 z ,i he> f ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 & z is /at$ 9 two publi%$ acc\nts1 ei!r common or husk$ maize2 & x is n cr$ible t a wild species1 :5 fir/ cultivat$1 %\ld v>y s quickly & 9 s great a degree4 ,maize has v>i$ 9 an extraord9>y & conspicu\s mann]4 ,metzg]1#ee :o paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! cultivation ( ?is plant1 makes twelve races 7unt]-art7 ) num]\s sub-v>ieties3 ( ! latt] "s are tol]ably con/ant1 o!rs q incon/ant4 ,! diff]5t races v>y 9 height f #ae-ah feet to only #af-ah in*es1 z 9 a dw>f v>iety describ$ by ,bonaf\s4 ,! :ole e> is v>iable 9 %ape1 be+ long & n>r[1 or %ort & ?ick1 or bran*$4 ,! e> 9 "o v>iety is m ?an f\r times z long z 9 a dw>f k9d4 ,! se$s are arrang$ 9 ! e> 9 f six to ev5 tw5ty r[s1 or are plac$ irregul>ly4 ,! se$s are col\r$--:ite1 pale-yell[1 orange1 r$1 violet1 or elegantly /reak$ ) black2#ef & 9 ! same e> !re are sometimes se$s ( two col\rs4 ,9 a small collection ,i f\nd t a s+le gra9 ( "o v>iety ne>ly equall$ 9 weight sev5 gra9s ( ano!r v>iety4 ,! %ape ( ! se$ v>ies greatly1 be+ v flat1 or ne>ly globul>1 or oval2 broad] ?an long1 or long] ?an broad2 )\t any po9t1 or produc$ into a %>p too?1 & ?is too? is sometimes recurv$4 ,"o v>iety 7! rugosa ( ,bonaf\s1 & :i* is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z sweet corn7 has its se$s curi\sly wr9kl$1 giv+ to ! :ole e> a s+ul> appe>ance4 ,ano!r v>iety 7! cymosa ( ,bon47 c>ries its e>s s cr[d$ toge!r t x is call$ mas b\quet4 ,! se$s ( "s v>ieties conta9 mu* glucose in/ead ( />*4 ,male fl[]s sometimes appe> among/ ! female fl[]s1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott has lately obs]v$ ! r>] case ( female fl[]s on a true male panicle1 & likewise h]maphrodite fl[]s4#eg ,az>a describes#eh a v>iety 9 ,p>aguay ! gra9s ( :i* are v t5d]1 & he /ates t sev]al v>ieties are fitt$ = be+ cook$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! v>ieties also diff] greatly 9 precocity1 & h diff]5t p[]s ( resi/+ dryness & ! action ( viol5t w9d4#ei ,"s ( ! =ego+ diff]5ces w\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ ( specific value ) plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,le ,comte ,r /ates t ! gra9s ( all ! v>ieties :i* he cultivat$ ultimately assum$ a yell[ col\r4 ,b ,bonaf\s#fj f\nd t mo/ ( ^? :i* he s[$ = t5 consecutive ye>s kept true to _! prop] t9ts2 & he adds t 9 ! valleys ( ! ,pyr5ees & on ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont a :ite maize has be5 cultivat$ = m ?an a c5tury1 & has und]gone no *ange4 ,! tall k9ds gr[n 9 s\!rn latitudes1 & !re=e expos$ to great heat1 require f six to sev5 mon?s to rip5 _! se$2 :]eas ! dw>f k9ds1 gr[n 9 nor!rn & cold] climates1 require only f ?ree to f\r mon?s4#fa ,pet] ,kalm1#fb :o p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is plant1 says1 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 proce$+ f s\? to nor?1 ! plants /eadily dim9i% 9 bulk4 ,se$s br\ght f lat4 #cg 9 ,virg9ia1 & s[n 9 lat4 #dc-dd 9 ,new ,engl&1 produce plants :i* w n rip5 _! se$1 or rip5 !m ) ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,s x is ) se$ c>ri$ f ,new ,engl& to lat4 #de-dg 9 ,canada4 ,by tak+ great c>e at fir/1 ! s\!rn k9ds aft] "s ye>s' culture rip5 _! se$ p]fectly 9 _! nor!rn homes1 s t ?is is an analog\s case ) t ( ! conv]sion ( summ] into w9t] :eat1 & conv]sely4 ,:5 tall & dw>f maize are plant$ toge!r1 ! dw>f k9ds are 9 full fl[] be=e ! o!rs h produc$ a s+le fl[]2 & 9 ,p5nsylvania !y rip5 _! se$s six weeks e>li] ?an ! tall maize4 ,metzg] also m5tions a ,european maize :i* rip5s its se$ f\r weeks e>li] ?an ano!r ,european k9d4 ,) ^! facts1 s pla9ly %[+ inh]it$ acclimatisation1 we may readily believe ,kalm1 :o /ates t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica maize & "s o!r plants h gradually be5 cultivat$ fur!r & fur!r nor?w>d4 ,all writ]s agree t to keep ! v>ieties ( maize pure !y mu/ be plant$ sep>ately s t !y %all n cross4 ,! effects ( ! climate ( ,europe on ! ,am]ican v>ieties is highly rem>kable4 ,metzg] obta9$ se$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & cultivat$ sev]al k9ds 9 ,g]many4 ,i w give an ab/ract ( ! *anges obs]v$#fc 9 "o case1 namely1 ) a tall k9d 7,breit-kornig] mais1 ,zea altissima7 br\ght f ! w>m] p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ! plants 7 twelve feet high1 & a few se$s 7 p]fect$2 ! l[] se$s 9 ! e> kept true to _! prop] =m1 b ! upp] se$s became slightly *ang$4 ,9 ! second g5]ation ! plants 7 f n9e to t5 feet 9 height1 & rip5$ _! se$ bett]2 ! depression on ! out] side ( ! se$ _h almo/ disappe>$1 & ! orig9al beautiful :ite col\r _h become duski]4 ,"s ( ! se$s _h ev5 become yell[1 & 9 _! n[ r\nd$ =m !y approa*$ common ,european maize4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation ne>ly all resemblance to ! orig9al & v di/9ct ,am]ican p>5t-=m 0 lo/4 ,9 ! six? g5]ation ?is maize p]fectly resembl$ a ,european v>iety1 describ$ z ! second sub-v>iety ( ! fif? race4 ,:5 ,metzg] publi%$ 8 book1 ?is v>iety 0 /ill cultivat$ ne> ,heidelb]g1 & c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! common k9d only by a some:at m vigor\s gr[?4 ,analog\s results 7 obta9$ by ! cultivation ( ano!r ,am]ican race1 ! 8:ite-too? corn10 9 :i* ! too? ne>ly disappe>$ ev5 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,a ?ird race1 ! 8*ick5-corn10 did n und]go s great a *ange1 b ! se$s became less poli%$ & pellucid4 ,9 ! above cases ! se$s 7 c>ri$ f a w>m to a cold] climate4 ,b ,fritz ,mll] in=ms me t a dw>f v>iety ) small r\nd$ se$s 7papa-gai5-mais71 introduc$ f ,g]many into ,s4 ,brazil1 produces plants z tall1 ) se$s z flat1 z ^? ( ! k9d commonly cultivat$ !re4 ,^! facts af=d ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance kn[n to me ( ! direct & prompt action ( climate on a plant4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ! tallness ( ! /em1 ! p]iod ( vegetation1 & ! rip5+ ( ! se$1 w\ld h be5 ?us affect$2 b x is a mu* m surpris+ fact t ! se$s %\ld h und]gone s rapid & great a *ange4 ,z1 h[ev]1 fl[]s1 ) _! product ! se$1 are =m$ by ! metamorphosis ( ! /em & leaves1 any modification 9 ^! latt] organs w\ld be apt to ext5d1 ?r\gh correlation1 to ! organs ( fructification4 ,cabbage 7,brassica ol]acea74--,e "o kn[s h[ greatly ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage diff] 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,j]sey1 f ! effects ( p>ticul> culture & ( climate a /alk has gr[n to ! height ( sixte5 feet1 & 8_h its spr+ %oots at ! top occupi$ by a magpie's ne/30 ! woody /ems are n unfrequ5tly f t5 to twelve feet 9 height1 & are !re us$ z raft]s#fd & z walk+-/icks4 ,we are ?us rem9d$ t 9 c]ta9 c\ntries plants belong+ to ! g5]ally h]bace\s ord] ( ! ,crucif] are develop$ into trees4 ,e "o c appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 gre5 or r$ cabbages ) great s+le heads2 ,brussel-spr\ts ) num]\s little heads2 broccolis & caulifl[]s ) ! great] numb] ( _! fl[]s 9 an abort$ condition1 incapable ( produc+ se$1 & borne 9 a d5se corymb in/ead ( an op5 panicle2 savoys ) _! bli/]$ & wr9kl$ leaves2 & borecoles & kails1 :i* come ne>e/ to ! wild p>5t-=m4 ,!re are also v>i\s frizzl$ & lac9iat$ k9ds1 "s ( su* beautiful col\rs t ,vilmor9 9 8 ,catalogue ( #ahea enum]ates t5 v>ieties :i* are valu$ solely = ornam5t4 ,"s k9ds are less commonly kn[n1 su* z ! ,portuguese ,c\ve ,tron*uda1 ) ! ribs ( its leaves greatly ?ick5$2 & ! ,kohlrabi or *\x-raves1 ) _! /ems enl>g$ into great turnip-l masses above ! gr\nd2 & ! rec5tly =m$ new race#fe ( ! *\x-raves1 already includ+ n9e sub-v>ieties1 9 :i* ! enl>g$ "p lies b5ea? ! gr\nd l a turnip4 ,al?\gh we see su* great diff]5ces 9 ! %ape1 size1 col\r1 arrangem5t1 & mann] ( gr[? ( ! leaves & /em1 & ( ! fl[]-/ems 9 ! broccoli & caulifl[]1 x is rem>kable t ! fl[]s !mselves1 ! se$-pods & se$s1 pres5t extremely slight diff]5ces or none at all4#ff ,i comp>$ ! fl[]s ( all ! pr9cipal k9ds2 ^? ( ! ,c\ve ,tron*uda are :ite & r small] ?an 9 common cabbages2 ^? ( ! ,portsm\? broccoli h n>r[] sepals1 & small]1 less elongat$ petals2 & 9 no o!r cabbage c\ld any diff]5ce be detect$4 ,) respect to ! se$-pods1 9 ! purple ,kohlrabi alone1 d !y diff]1 be+ a little long] & n>r[] ?an usual4 ,i made a collection ( ! se$s ( tw5ty-eight diff]5t k9ds1 & mo/ ( !m 7 undi/+ui%able2 :5 !re 0 any diff]5ce x 0 excessively slight2 ?us1 ! se$s ( v>i\s broccolis & caulifl[]s1 :5 se5 9 mass1 are a little r$d]2 ^? ( ! e>ly gre5 ,ulm savoy are r small]2 & ^? ( ! ,br$a kail slightly l>g] ?an usual1 b n l>g] ?an ! se$s ( ! wild cabbage f ! coa/ ( ,wales4 ,:at a contra/ 9 ! am\nt ( diff]5ce is pres5t$ if1 on ! "o h&1 we comp>e ! leaves & /ems ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage ) _! fl[]s1 pods1 & se$s1 & on ! o!r h& ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! v>ieties ( maize & :eat6 ,! explanation is obvi\s2 ! se$s alone are valu$ 9 our c]eals1 & _! v>iations h be5 select$2 :]eas ! se$s1 se$-pods1 & fl[]s1 h be5 utt]ly neglect$ 9 ! cabbage1 :il/ _m useful v>iations 9 _! leaves & /ems h be5 notic$ & pres]v$ f an extremely remote p]iod1 = cabbages 7 cultivat$ by ! old ,celts4#fg ,x w\ld be useless to give a classifi$ description#fh ( ! num]\s races1 sub-races1 & v>ieties ( ! cabbage2 b x may be m5tion$ t ,dr4 ,l9dley has lately propos$#fi a sy/em f\nd$ on ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! t]m9al & lat]al leaf-buds4 ,?us3 ,i4 ,all ! leaf-buds active & op51 z 9 ! wild-cabbage1 kail1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,all ! leaf-buds active1 b =m+ heads1 z 9 ,brussel-spr\ts1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,t]m9al leaf-bud alone active1 =m+ a head z 9 common cabbages1 savoys1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,t]m9al leaf-bud alone active1 & op51 ) mo/ ( ! fl[]s abortive & succul5t1 z 9 ! caulifl[] & broccoli4 ,v4 ,all ! leaf-buds active & op51 ) mo/ ( ! fl[]s abortive & succul5t1 z 9 ! spr\t+-broccoli4 ,?is latt] v>iety is a new "o1 & be>s ! same relation to common broccoli1 z ,brussel-spr\ts d to common cabbages2 x sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a b$ ( common broccoli1 & 0 f\nd fai?fully to transmit its newly-acquir$ & rem>kable *>act]s4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( cabbage exi/$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1#gj s t num]\s modifications ( /ructure h be5 inh]it$ = a long p]iod4 ,?is fact is ! m rem>kable z great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! cross+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,to give pro( ( ?is3 ,i rais$ #bcc se$l+s f cabbages ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* _h purposely be5 plant$ ne> ea* o!r1 & ( ! se$l+s no less ?an #aee 7 pla9ly det]iorat$ & mongrelis$2 nor 7 ! rema9+ #gh all p]fectly true4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r _m p]man5t v>ieties h be5 =m$ by int5tional or accid5tal crosses2 = su* cross$ plants are f\nd to be v incon/ant4 ,"o k9d1 h[ev]1 call$ 8,cottag]'s ,kail10 has lately be5 produc$ by cross+ common kail & ,brussel-spr\ts1 recross$ ) purple broccoli1#ga & is said to be true2 b plants rais$ by me 7 n ne>ly s con/ant 9 "* z any common k9d ( cabbage4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! k9ds keep true if c>efully pres]v$ f cross+1 yet ! se$-b$s mu/ be ye>ly exam9$1 & a few se$l+s are g5]ally f\nd false2 b ev5 9 ?is case ! =ce ( inh]itance is %[n1 =1 z ,metzg] has rem>k$#gb :5 speak+ ( ,brussel-spr\ts1 ! v>iations g5]ally keep to _! 8unt] art10 or ma9 race4 ,b 9 ord] t any k9d may be truly propagat$ !re mu/ be no great *ange 9 ! conditions ( life2 ?us cabbages w n =m heads 9 hot c\ntries1 & ! same ?+ has be5 obs]v$ ) an ,engli% v>iety gr[n dur+ an extremely w>m & damp autumn ne> ,p>is4#gc ,extremely poor soil also affects ! *>act]s ( c]ta9 v>ieties4 ,mo/ au?ors believe t all ! races are desc5d$ f ! wild cabbage f\nd on ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe2 b ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#gd =cibly argues1 on hi/orical & o!r gr\nds1 t x is m probable t two or ?ree closely alli$ =ms1 g5]ally rank$ z di/9ct species1 /ill liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 are ! p>5ts1 n[ all comm+l$ toge!r1 ( ! v>i\s cultivat$ k9ds4 ,9 ! same mann] z we h (t5 se5 ) dome/icat$ animals1 ! suppos$ multiple orig9 ( ! cabbage ?r[s no light on ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! cultivat$ =ms4 ,if our cabbages are ! desc5dants ( ?ree or f\r di/9ct species1 e trace ( any /]ility :i* may orig9ally h exi/$ betwe5 !m is n[ lo/1 = none ( ! v>ieties c be kept di/9ct )\t scrupul\s c>e to prev5t int]cross+4 ,! o!r cultivat$ =ms ( ! g5us ,brassica are desc5d$1 accord+ to ! view adopt$ by ,godron & ,metzg]1#ge f two species1 ,b4 napus & rapa2 b accord+ to o!r botani/s f ?ree species2 :il/ o!rs aga9 /rongly suspect t all ^! =ms1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 ought to be rank$ z a s+le species4 ,brassica napus has giv5 rise to two l>ge gr\ps1 namely1 ,sw$i% turnips 7believ$ to be ( hybrid orig97#gf & ,colzas1 ! se$s ( :i* yield oil4 ,brassica rapa 7( ,ko*7 has also giv5 rise to two races1 namely1 common turnips & ! oil-giv+ rape4 ,! evid5ce is unusually cle> t ^! latt] plants1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 belong to ! same species2 = ! turnip has be5 obs]v$ by ,ko* & ,godron to lose its ?ick roots 9 uncultivat$ soil2 & :5 rape & turnips are s[n toge!r !y cross to su* a degree t sc>cely a s+le plant comes true4#gg ,metzg] by culture conv]t$ ! bi5nial or w9t] rape into ! annual or summ] rape1--v>ieties :i* h be5 ?\ght by "s au?ors to be specifically di/9ct4#gh ,9 ! production ( l>ge1 fle%y1 turnip-l /ems1 we h a case ( analog\s v>iation 9 ?ree =ms :i* are g5]ally consid]$ z di/9ct species4 ,b sc>cely any modification seems s easily acquir$ z a succul5t enl>gem5t ( ! /em or root--t is1 a /ore ( nutrim5t laid up = ! plant's own future use4 ,we see ?is 9 our radi%es1 beet1 & 9 ! less g5]ally kn[n 8turnip-root$0 cel]y1 & 9 ! f9oc*io1 or ,italian v>iety ( ! common f5nel4 ,mr4 ,buckman has lately prov$ by 8 int]e/+ exp]im5ts b[ quickly ! roots ( ! wild p>snip c be enl>g$1 z ,vilmor9 =m]ly prov$ 9 ! case ( ! c>rot4#gi ,?is latt] plant1 9 its cultivat$ /ate1 diff]s 9 sc>cely any "* f ! wild ,engli% c>rot1 except 9 g5]al luxuriance & 9 ! size & quality ( its roots2 b t5 v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 ! col\r1 %ape1 & quality ( ! root1 are cultivat$ 9 ,engl& & come true by se$4#hj ,h5ce ) ! c>rot1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 = in/ance ) ! num]\s v>ieties & sub-v>ieties ( ! radi%1 t "p ( ! plant :i* is valu$ by man1 falsely appe>s alone to h v>i$4 ,! tru? is t v>iations 9 ?is "p alone h be5 select$2 & ! se$l+s inh]it+ a t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same way1 analog\s modifications h be5 aga9 & aga9 select$1 until at la/ a great am\nt ( *ange has be5 effect$4 ,) respect to ! radi%1 ,m4 ,c>rire1 by s[+ ! se$ ( ! wild ,raphanus raphani/rum 9 ri* soil1 & by cont9u$ selection dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 rais$ _m v>ieties1 closely l ! cultivat$ radi% 7,r4 sativus7 9 _! roots1 z well z ! wond]ful ,*9ese v>iety1 ,r4 caudatus3 7see #8,j\rnal d',agriculture pratique1' tom4 i1 #ahfi1 p4 #aei2 also a sep>ate essay #8,orig9e des ,plantes ,dome/iques1' #ahfi47 ,raphanus raphani/rum & sativus h (t5 be5 rank$ z di/9ct species1 & ow+ to diff]5ces 9 _! fruit ev5 z di/9ct g5]a2 b ,pr(essor ,h(fman 7#8,bot4 ,zeitung1' #ahgb1 p4 #dhb7 has n[ %[n t ^! diff]5ces1 rem>kable z !y are1 graduate away1 ! fruit ( ,r4 caudatus be+ int]m$iate4 ,by cultivat+ ,r4 raphani/rum dur+ sev]al g5]ations 7ibid41 #ahgc1 p4 #i71 ,pr(essor ,h(fman also obta9$ plants be>+ fruits l ^? ( ,r4 sativus4 ,pea 7,pisum sativum74--,mo/ botani/s look at ! g>d5-pea z specifically di/9ct f ! field-pea 7,p4 arv5se74 ,! latt] exi/s 9 a wild /ate 9 ,s\!rn ,europe2 b ! aborig9al p>5t ( ! g>d5-pea has be5 f\nd by "o collector alone1 z he /ates1 9 ! ,crimea4#ha ,&rew ,knight cross$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,fit*1 ! field-pea ) a well-kn[n g>d5 v>iety1 ! ,prussian pea1 & ! cross seems to h be5 p]fectly f]tile4 ,dr4 ,alefield has rec5tly /udi$#hb ! g5us ) c>e1 &1 aft] hav+ cultivat$ ab\t fifty v>ieties1 concludes t c]ta9ly !y all belong to ! same species4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact already allud$ to1 t1 accord+ to ,o4 ,he]1#hc ! peas f\nd 9 ! lake-habitations ( ,switz]l& ( ! ,/one & ,bronze ages1 belong to an ext9ct v>iety1 ) exce$+ly small se$s1 alli$ to ,p4 arv5se or ! field-pea4 ,! v>ieties ( ! common g>d5-pea are num]\s1 & diff] consid]ably f "o ano!r4 ,= comp>ison ,i plant$ at ! same "t =ty-"o1 ,engli% & ,fr5* v>ieties4 ,!y diff]$ greatly 9 height1-- namely f betwe5 #f & #ab in*es to #h feet1#hd--;9 mann] ( gr[?1 & 9 p]iod ( maturity4 ,"s diff] 9 g5]al aspect ev5 :ile only two or ?ree in*es 9 height4 ,! /ems ( ! ,prussian pea are mu* bran*$4 ,! tall k9ds h l>g] leaves ?an ! dw>f k9ds1 b n 9 /rict proportion to _! height3--,hair's ,dw>f ,monm\? has v l>ge leaves1 & ! ,pois na9 hatif1 & ! mod]ately tall ,blue ,prussian1 h leaves ab\t two-?irds ( ! size ( ! talle/ k9d4 ,9 ! ,danecr(t ! leaflets are r small & a little po9t$2 9 ! ,que5 ( ,dw>fs r r\nd$2 & 9 ! ,que5 ( ,engl& broad & l>ge4 ,9 ^! ?ree peas ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! leaves are accompani$ by slight diff]5ces 9 col\r1 9 ! ,pois gant sans p>*em91 :i* be>s purple fl[]s1 ! leaflets 9 ! "y plant are edg$ ) r$2 & 9 all ! peas ) purple fl[]s ! /ipules are m>k$ ) r$4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 "o1 two1 or sev]al fl[]s 9 a small clu/]1 are borne on ! same p$uncle2 & ?is is a diff]5ce :i* is consid]$ ( specific value 9 "s ( ! ,legum9os4 ,9 all ! v>ieties ! fl[]s closely resemble ea* o!r except 9 col\r & size4 ,!y are g5]ally :ite1 sometimes purple1 b ! col\r is incon/ant ev5 9 ! same v>iety4 ,9 ,w>n]'s ,emp]or1 :i* is a tall k9d1 ! fl[]s are ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! ,pois na9 hatif2 b ,hair's ,dw>f ,monm\?1 :i* has l>ge leaves1 likewise has l>ge fl[]s4 ,! calyx 9 ! ,victoria ,m>r[ is l>ge1 & 9 ,bi%op's ,long ,pod ! sepals are r n>r[4 ,9 no o!r k9d is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! fl[]4 ,! pods & se$s1 :i* ) natural species af=d su* con/ant *>act]s1 diff] greatly 9 ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( ! pea2 & ^! are ! valuable1 & consequ5tly ! select$ p>ts4 ,sug> peas1 or ,p1 are rem>kable f _! ?9 pods1 :i*1 :il/ "y1 are cook$ & eat5 :ole2 & 9 ?is gr\p1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gordon includes elev5 sub-v>ieties1 x is ! pod :i* diff]s mo/2 ?us ,lewis's ,negro-podd$ pea has a /raight1 broad1 smoo?1 & d>k-purple pod1 ) ! husk n s ?9 z 9 ! o!r k9ds2 ! pod ( ano!r v>iety is extremely b[$2 t ( ! ,pois gant is mu* po9t$ at ! extremity2 & 9 ! v>iety 8 gr&s cosses0 ! peas are se5 ?r\gh ! husk 9 s conspicu\s a mann] t ! pod1 especially :5 dry1 c h>dly at fir/ be recognis$ z t ( a pea4 ,9 ! ord9>y v>ieties ! pods also diff] mu* 9 size2--9 col\r1 t ( ,wood=d's ,gre5 ,m>r[ be+ bright-gre5 :5 dry1 in/ead ( pale br[n1 & t ( ! purple-podd$ pea be+ express$ by its "n2--9 smoo?ness1 t ( ,danecr(t be+ rem>kably glossy1 :]eas t ( ! ,ne plus ultra is rugg$2 9 be+ ei!r ne>ly cyl9drical1 or broad & flat2--9 be+ po9t$ at ! end1 z 9 ,?ur/on's ,reliance1 or mu* truncat$1 z 9 ! ,am]ican ,dw>f4 ,9 ! ,auv]gne pea ! :ole end ( ! pod is b[$ upw>ds4 ,9 ! ,que5 ( ! ,dw>fs & 9 ,scimit> peas ! pod is almo/ elliptic 9 %ape4 ,i "h give draw+s ( ! f\r mo/ di/9ct pods produc$ by ! plants cultivat$ by me4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,pods ( ! ,common ,pea ,9 ! pea itself we h e t9t betwe5 almo/ pure :ite1 br[n1 yell[1 & int5se gre52 9 ! v>ieties ( ! ,sug> peas we h ^! same t9ts1 toge!r ) r$ pass+ ?r\gh f9e purple into a d>k *ocolate t9t4 ,^! col\rs are ei!r uni=m or di/ribut$ 9 dots1 /ri1 or moss-l m>ks2 !y dep5d 9 "s cases on ! col\r ( ! cotyl$ons se5 ?r\gh ! sk91 & 9 o!r cases on ! out] coats ( ! pea itself4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 ! pods conta91 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gordon1 f elev5 or twelve to only f\r or five peas4 ,! l>ge/ peas are ne>ly twice z mu* 9 diamet] z ! smalle/2 & ! latt] are n always borne by ! mo/ dw>f$ k9ds4 ,peas diff] mu* 9 %ape1 be+ smoo? & sph]ical1 smoo? & oblong1 ne>ly oval 9 ! ,que5 ( ! ,dw>fs1 & ne>ly cubical & crumpl$ 9 _m ( ! l>g] k9ds4 ,) respect to ! value ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! *ief v>ieties1 x _c be d\bt$ t1 if "o ( ! tall ,sug>-peas1 ) purple fl[]s1 ?9-sk9n$ pods ( an extraord9>y %ape1 includ+ l>ge1 d>k-purple peas1 grew wild by ! side ( ! l[ly ,que5 ( ! ,dw>fs1 ) :ite fl[]s1 greyi%-gre51 r\nd$ leaves1 scimit>-l pods1 conta9+ oblong1 smoo?1 pale-col\r$ peas1 :i* became mature at a diff]5t season3 or by ! side ( "o ( ! gigantic sorts1 l ! ,*ampion ( ,engl&1 ) leaves ( great size1 po9t$ pods1 & l>ge1 gre51 crumpl$1 almo/ cubical peas1--all ?ree k9ds w\ld be rank$ z di/9ct species4 ,&rew ,knight#he has obs]v$ t ! v>ieties ( peas keep v true1 because !y are n cross$ by insects4 ,z f> z ! fact ( keep+ true is conc]n$1 ,i he> f ,mr4 ,ma/]s ( ,cant]bury1 well kn[n z ! orig9ator ( sev]al new k9ds1 t c]ta9 v>ieties h rema9$ con/ant = a consid]able "t1--= in/ance1 ,knight's ,blue ,dw>f1 :i* came out ab\t ! ye> #ahbj4hf ,b ! great] numb] ( v>ieties h a s+ul>ly %ort exi/5ce3 ?us ,l\don rem>ks#hg t 8sorts :i* 7 highly approv$ 9 #ahba1 are n[1 9 #ahcc1 n[h]e to be f\nd20 & on comp>+ ! li/s ( #ahcc ) ^? ( #ahee1 ,i f9d t ne>ly all ! v>ieties h *ang$4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s in=ms me t ! nature ( ! soil causes "s v>ieties to lose _! "*4 ,z ) o!r plants1 c]ta9 v>ieties c be propagat$ truly1 :il/ o!rs %[ a det]m9$ t5d5cy to v>y2 ?us two peas diff]+ 9 %ape1 "o r\nd & ! o!r wr9kl$1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,ma/]s )9 ! same pod1 b ! plants rais$ f ! wr9kl$ k9d always ev9c$ a /rong t5d5cy to produce r\nd peas4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s also rais$ f a plant ( ano!r v>iety f\r di/9ct sub-v>ieties1 :i* bore blue & r\nd1 :ite & r\nd1 blue & wr9kl$1 & :ite & wr9kl$ peas2 & al?\gh he s[$ ^! f\r v>ieties sep>ately dur+ sev]al successive ye>s1 ea* k9d always reproduc$ all f\r k9ds mix$ toge!r6 ,) respect to ! v>ieties n naturally int]cross+1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! pea1 :i* 9 ?is respect diff]s f "s o!r ,legum9os1 is p]fectly f]tile )\t ! aid ( insects4 ,yet ,i h se5 humble-bees :il/ suck+ ! nect> depress ! keel-petals1 & become s ?ickly du/$ ) poll51 t x c\ld h>dly fail to be left on ! /igma ( ! next fl[] :i* 0 visit$4 ,nev]!less1 di/9ct v>ieties gr[+ closely toge!r r>ely cross2 & ,i h reason to believe t ?is is due to _! /igmas be+ prematurely f]tilis$ 9 ?is c\ntry by poll5 f ! same fl[]4 ,! horticulturi/s :o raise se$-peas are ?us enabl$ to plant di/9ct v>ieties close toge!r )\t any bad consequ5ces2 & x is c]ta91 z ,i h myself f\nd1 t true se$ may be sav$ dur+ at lea/ sev]al g5]ations "u ^! circum/ances4#hh ,mr4 ,fit* rais$1 z he in=ms me1 "o v>iety = tw5ty ye>s1 & x always came true1 ?\gh gr[n close to o!r v>ieties4 ,f ! analogy ( kidney-beans ,i %\ld h expect$#hi t v>ieties ?us circum/anc$ w\ld h occasionally cross$2 & ,i %all give 9 ! elev5? *apt] two cases ( ?is hav+ occurr$1 z %[n 79 a mann] h]eaft] to be expla9$7 by ! poll5 ( ! "o v>iety hav+ act$ directly on ! se$s ( ! o!r4 ,:e!r _m ( ! new v>ieties :i* incessantly appe> are due to su* occasional & accid5tal crosses1 ,i d n "k4 ,nor d ,i "k :e!r ! %ort exi/5ce ( almo/ all ! num]\s v>ieties is ! result ( m]e *ange ( fa%ion1 or ( _! hav+ a weak con/itution1 f be+ ! product ( long-cont9u$ self-f]tilisation4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t sev]al ( ,&rew ,knight's v>ieties1 :i* h endur$ long] ?an mo/ k9ds1 7 rais$ t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury by artificial crosses2 "s ( !m1 ,i believe1 7 /ill vigor\s 9 #ahfj2 b n[1 9 #ahfe1 a writ]1 speak+#ij ( ,knight's f\r k9ds ( m>r[s1 says1 !y h acquir$ a fam\s hi/ory1 b _! glory has dep>t$4 ,) respect to ,beans 7,faba vulg>is71 ,i w say b little4 ,dr4 ,alefield has giv5#ia %ort diagno/ic *>act]s ( =ty v>ieties4 ,ev]yone :o has se5 a collection mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! great diff]5ce 9 %ape1 ?ickness1 proportional l5g? & bread?1 col\r1 & size :i* beans pres5t4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 a ,w9dsor & ,horse-bean6 ,z 9 ! case ( ! pea1 our exi/+ v>ieties 7 prec$$ dur+ ! ,bronze age 9 ,switz]l&#ib by a peculi> & n[ ext9ct v>iety produc+ v small beans4#ic ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum74--,!re is little d\bt ab\t ! p>5tage ( ?is plant2 = ! cultivat$ v>ieties diff] extremely little 9 g5]al appe>ance f ! wild species1 :i* c be recognis$ 9 its native l& at ! fir/ glance4#id ,! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,brita9 are num]\s2 ?us ,lawson#ie gives a description ( #age k9ds4 ,i plant$ eighte5 k9ds 9 adjo9+ r[s2 _! /ems & leaves diff]$ b little1 & 9 sev]al cases !re 0 z great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! individuals ( ! same v>iety z betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! fl[] v>i$ 9 size1 & 9 col\r betwe5 :ite & purple1 b 9 no o!r respect1 except t 9 "o k9d ! sepals 7 some:at elongat$4 ,"o /range v>iety has be5 describ$ :i* always produces two sorts ( fl[]s1 ! fir/ d\ble & /]ile1 ! second s+le & f]tile4#if ,! fruit or b]ries also diff]1 b only 9 a slight degree4#ig ,! v>ieties are liable 9 v diff]5t degree to ! attack ( ! ,colorado potato-beetle4#ih ,! tub]s1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5t a wond]ful am\nt ( div]sity4 ,?is fact accords ) ! pr9ciple t ! valuable & select$ p>ts ( all cultivat$ productions pres5t ! greate/ am\nt ( modification4 ,!y diff] mu* 9 size & %ape1 be+ globul>1 oval1 flatt5$1 kidney-l1 or cyl9drical4 ,"o v>iety f ,p]u is describ$#ii z be+ q /raight1 & at lea/ six in*es 9 l5g?1 ?\gh no ?ick] ?an a man's f+]4 ,! eyes or buds diff] 9 =m1 position1 & col\r4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! tub]s are arrang$ on ! s-call$ roots or rhizomes is diff]5t2 ?us1 9 ! gurk5-k>t(feln !y =m a pyramid ) ! apex d[nw>ds1 & 9 ano!r v>iety !y bury !mselves deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! roots !mselves run ei!r ne> ! surface or deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! tub]s also diff] 9 smoo?ness & col\r1 be+ ext]nally :ite1 r$1 purple1 or almo/ black1 & int]nally :ite1 yell[1 or almo/ black4 ,!y diff] 9 flav\r & quality1 be+ ei!r waxy or mealy2 9 _! p]iod ( maturity1 & 9 _! capacity = long pres]vation4 ,z ) _m o!r plants :i* h be5 long propagat$ by bulbs1 tub]s1 cutt+s1 etc41 by :i* means ! same individual is expos$ dur+ a l5g? ( "t to div]sifi$ conditions1 se$l+ potatoes g5]ally display innum]able slight diff]5ces4 ,sev]al v>ieties1 ev5 :5 propagat$ by tub]s1 are f> f con/ant1 z w be se5 9 ! *apt] on ,bud-v>iation4 ,dr4 ,&]son#ajj procur$ se$ f an ,iri% purple potato1 :i* grew f> f any o!r k9d1 s t x c\ld n at lea/ 9 ?is g5]ation h be5 cross$1 yet ! _m se$l+s v>i$ 9 almo/ e possible respect1 s t 8sc>cely two plants 7 exactly alike40 ,"s ( ! plants :i* closely resembl$ ea* o!r above gr\nd1 produc$ extremely dissimil> tub]s2 & "s tub]s :i* ext]nally c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$1 diff]$ widely 9 quality :5 cook$4 ,ev5 9 ?is case ( extreme v>iability1 ! p>5t-/ock _h "s influ5ce on ! prog5y1 = ! great] numb] ( ! se$l+s resembl$ 9 "s degree ! p>5t ,iri% potato4 ,kidney potatoes mu/ be rank$ among/ ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & artificial races2 nev]!less _! peculi>ities c (t5 be /rictly propagat$ by se$4 ,a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1#aja /ates t 8se$l+s f ! a%-leav$ kidney always be> a /rong resemblance to _! p>5t4 ,se$l+s f ! fluke-kidney are /ill m rem>kable = _! adh]5ce to _! p>5t /ock1 =1 on closely obs]v+ a great numb] dur+ two seasons1 ,i h n be5 able to obs]ve ! lea/ diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 e>l9ess1 productiv5ess1 or 9 ! size or %ape ( _! tub]s40 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,gographie botanique raisonne1' #ahee1 pp4 #haj to #iia4 #b ,review by ,mr4 ,b5?am 9 #8,hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix #ahee1 p4 #acc1 entitl$1 #8,hi/orical ,notes on cultivat$ ,plants1' by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti4 ,see also #8,ed9burgh ,review1' #ahff1 p4 #eaj4 #c #8,hi/4 ,notes1' z above by ,t>gioni-,tozzetti4 #d #8,considrations sur les ,crales1' #ahdb1 p4 #cg4 #8,gographie ,bot41' #ahee1 p4 #icj4 8,plus on suppose l'agriculture anci5ne et remontant une poque d'ignorance1 plus il e/ probable que les cultivateurs avai5t *oisi des especes (frant l'orig9e meme un avantage inconte/able40 #e ,dr4 ,hook] has giv5 me ?is in=mation4 ,see also 8 #8,himalayan ,j\rnals1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 #f #8,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1' ,eng4 translat4 vol4 i4 pp4 #ebi & #cij2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bi1 #bfe1 #bgj4 ,liv+/one's #8,travels1' p4 #eea4 #g ,= in/ance 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,edgewor? 7#8,j\rnal ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 ,bot41 #ahfb1 p4 #aha7 /ates t 9 ! des]ts ( ! ,punjab poor wom5 sweep up1 8by a :isk into /raw baskets10 ! se$s ( f\r g5]a ( grasses1 namely1 ( ,agro/is1 ,panicum1 ,c5*rus1 & ,p5nisetum1 z well z ! se$s ( f\r o!r g5]a belong+ to di/9ct families4 #h ,pr(4 ,o4 ,he]1 #8,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 #ahff1 aus dem ,neujahr4 ,natur=s*4 ,gesels*aft1' #ahff2 & ,dr4 ,h4 ,*ri/ 9 ,rutimey]'s #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #bbf4 #i #8,travels1' p4 #ece4 ,du ,*aillu1 #8,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa1' #ahfa1 p4 #dde4 #aj ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego ! spot :]e wigwams _h =m]ly /ood c\ld be di/+ui%$ at a great di/ance by ! bright gre5 t9t ( ! native vegetation4 #aa #8,am]ican ,acad4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1' ,april #aj?1 #ahfj1 p4 #dac4 ,d[n+1 #8,! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #bfa4 #ab #8,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions 9 ,au/ralia1' #ahda1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bib4 #ac ,d>w9's #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #bae4 #ad ,de ,c&olle has tabulat$ ! facts 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann] 9 8 #8,gographie ,bot41' p4 #ihf4 #ae #8,flora ( ,au/ralia1' ,introduction1 p4 #aaj4 #af ,= ,canada1 see ,j4 ,c>ti]'s ,voyage 9 #aecd2 = ,florida1 see ,n>vaez & ,f]d9& de ,soto's ,voyages4 ,z ,i h consult$ ^! & o!r old ,voyages 9 m ?an "o g5]al collection ( ,voyages1 ,i d n give precise ref]5ces to ! pages4 ,see also1 = sev]al ref]5ces ,asa ,gray1 9 ! #8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxiv4 ,nov4 #aheg1 p4 #dda4 ,= ! traditions ( ! natives ( ,new ,zeal& see ,crawfurd's #8,gramm> & ,dict4 ( ! ,malay ,language1' #aheb1 p4 #bfj4 #ag ,see1 = example1 ,mr4 ,hewett ,c4 ,watson's rem>ks on our wild plums & *]ries & crabs3 #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ccj1 #ccd1 etc4 ,van ,mons 79 8 #8,arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahce1 tom4 i4 p4 #ddd7 decl>es t he has f\nd ! types ( all our cultivat$ v>ieties 9 wild se$l+s1 b !n he looks on ^! se$l+s z s _m aborig9al /ocks4 #ah ,see ,a4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' #ahee1 p4 #ibh et seq4 ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 tom4 ii4 p4 #gj2 & ,metzg]1 #8,die ,getreide>t51' etc41 #ahda4 #ai ,mr4 ,b5?am1 9 8 review1 entitl$ #8,hi/4 ,notes on cultivat$ ,plants1' by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix41 #ahee1 p4 #acc4 ,he in=ms me t he /ill reta9s ! same op9ion4 #bj #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ibh4 ,! :ole subject is discuss$ ) admirable fulness & k4 #ba ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #gb4 ,a few ye>s ago ! excell5t1 ?\gh mis9t]pret$1 obs]vations ( ,m4 ,fabre l$ _m p]sons to believe t :eat 0 a modifi$ desc5dant ( gilops2 b ,m4 ,godron 7tom4 i4 p4 #afe7 has %[n by c>eful exp]im5ts t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! s]ies1 viz4 gilops triticoides1 is a hybrid betwe5 :eat & 4 ovata4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ^! hybrids spontane\sly arise1 & ! gradual mann] 9 :i* ! 4 triticoides becomes conv]t$ into true :eat1 alone leave any d\bt ) respect to ,m4 ,godron's conclusions4 #bb #8,die ,v]breitungsmittel d] ,pflanz51' #ahgc1 p4 #abi4 #bc ,report to ,briti% ,association = #aheg1 p4 #bjg4 #bd #8,considrations sur les ,crales1' #ahdb-dc1 p4 #bi4 #be #8,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1' etc41 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #bf ,col4 ,j4 ,le ,c\teur on ! #8,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' pp4 #bc1 #gi4 #bg ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 #8,consid4 sur les ,crales1' p4 #aa4 #bh ,see an excell5t review 9 ,hook]'s #8,j\rn4 ( ,botany1' vol4 viii4 p4 #hb note4 #bi #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #gc4 #cj ,ibid41 tom4 ii4 p4 #ge4 #ca ,= ,dalbret & ,philipp>1 see ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps #8,consid4 sur les ,crales1' pp4 #de1 #gj4 ,le ,c\teur on ,:eat1 pp4 #f1 #ad-ag4 #cb ,see 8 ,essay on #8,p$igree 9 ,:eat1' #ahfb2 also pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahfi1 & o!r publications4 #cc #8,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' ,introduction1 p4 #f4 ,m>%all1 9 8 #8,rural ,economy ( ,york%ire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #i1 rem>ks t 89 e field ( corn !re is z mu* v>iety z 9 a h]d ( cattle40 #cd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4' & #8,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahfb1 p4 #ifc4 #ce #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4' ,nov4 #ahfh1 p4 #aaii4 #cf #8,getreide>t51' #ahda1 s4 #ff1 #ia1 #ib1 #aaf1 #aag4 #cg ,quot$ by ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gd4 ,s x is1 accord+ to ,metzg] 7#8,getreide>t51' s4 #ah71 ) summ] & w9t] b>ley4 #ch ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 #8,crales1' "p ii4 p4 #bbd4 ,le ,c\teur1 p4 #gj4 ,_m o!r acc\nts c\ld be add$4 #ci #8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' #agec-agfa1 ,eng4 translat41 vol4 iii p4 #afe4 #dj #8,crales1' "p ii4 pp4 #agi-ahc4 #da #8,on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' ,introduct41 p4 #g4 ,see ,m>%all #8,rural ,econ4 ( ,york%ire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #i4 ,) respect to simil> cases ( adaptation 9 ! v>ieties ( oats1 see "s int]e/+ pap]s 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahej1 pp4 #bjd1 #bai4 #db #8,on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' p4 #ei4 ,mr4 ,%irreff1 & a high] au?ority _c be giv5 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahfb1 p4 #ifc71 says1 8,i h nev] se5 gra9 :i* has ei!r be5 improv$ or deg5]at$ by cultivation1 s z to convey ! *ange to ! succe$+ crop40 #dc ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #icj4 #dd #8,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff4 #de #8,les ,crales1' p4 #id4 #df ,quot$ by ,le ,c\teur1 p4 #af4 #dg ,a4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #icb4 #dh ,o4 ,he] #8,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff4 ,! foll[+ passage is quot$ f ,dr4 ,*ri/1 9 #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51 von ,dr4 ,rtimey]1' #ahfa1 s4 #bbe4 #di ,he]1 z quot$ by ,c>l ,vogt1 #8,lectures on ,man1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #cee4 #ej ,see ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle's long discussion 9 8 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #idb4 ,) respect to ,new ,engl&1 see ,silliman's #8,am]ican ,j\rnal1' vol4 xliv4 p4 #ii4 #ea #8,travels 9 ,p]u1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #agg4 #eb #8,geolog4 ,obs]v4 on ,s4 ,am]ica1' #ahdf1 p4 #di4 #ec ,?is maize is figur$ 9 ,bonaf\s' magnific5t "w1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mais1' #ahcf1 ,pl4 v4 bis1 & 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 #ahdf1 p4 #aae1 :]e an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! result ( s[+ ! se$4 ,a "y ,gu>any ,indian1 on see+ ?is k9d ( maize1 told ,augu/e ,/4 ,hilaire 7see ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #iea7 t x grew wild 9 ! humid =e/s ( 8 native l&4 ,mr4 ,tes*ema*]4 9 #8,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,hi/41' ,oct4 #ai?1 #ahdb1 gives an acc\nt ( s[+ ! se$4 #ed ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,elm5ts de ,tratologie1' #ahda1 p4 #abf4 #ee #8,die ,getreide>t51' #ahda1 s4 #bjh4 ,i h modifi$ a few ( ,metzg]'s /atem5ts 9 accordance ) ^? made by ,bonaf\s 9 8 great "w #8,hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mais1' #ahcf4 #ef ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hj2 ,al4 ,de ,c&olle1 ibid41 p4 #iea4 #eg #8,transact4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1' vol4 viii4 p4 #fj4 #eh #8,voyages dans l',amrique ,mridionale1' tom4 i4 p4 #adg4 #ei ,bonaf\s' #8,hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mas1' p4 #ca4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #ca4 #fa ,metzg]1 #8,getreide>t51' s4 #bjf4 #fb #8,description ( ,maize1' by ,p4 ,kalm1 #ageb1 9 #8,sw$i% ,acts1' vol4 iv4 ,i h consult$ an old ,engli% ,,ms4 translation4 #fc #8,getreide>t51' s4 #bjh4 #fd ,cabbage ,timb]1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #gdd1 quot$ f ,hook]'s #8,j\rnal ( ,botany4' ,a walk+-/ick made f a cabbage-/alk is exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum at ,kew4 #fe #8,j\rnal de la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',horticulture1' #ahee1 p4 #bed1 quot$ f #8,g>t5flora1' ,april1 #ahee4 #ff ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #eb2 ,metzg]1 #8,sy/4 ,bes*reibung d] ,kult4 ,kohl>t51' #ahcc1 s4 #f4 #fg ,regni]1 #8,de l',economie ,publique des ,celtes1' #ahah1 p4 #dch4 #fh ,see ! eld] ,de ,c&olle1 9 #8,transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v42 & ,metzg] #8,kohl>t51' etc4 #fi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahei1 p4 #iib4 #gj ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot4' pp4 #hdb & #ihi4 #ga #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' ,feb4 #aheh1 p4 #abh4 #gb #8,kohl>t51' s4 #bb4 #gc ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #eb2 ,metzg]1 #8,kohl>t51' s4 #bb4 #gd #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hdj4 #ge ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ed2 ,metzg]1 #8,kohl>t51' s4 #aj4 #gf #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahef1 p4 #gbi4 ,see1 m especially1 ibid41 #ahfh1 p4 #bge3 ! writ] ass]ts t he plant$ a v>iety ( cabbage 7,b4 ol]acea7 close to turnips 7,b4 rapa7 & rais$ f ! cross$ se$l+s true ,sw$i% turnips4 ,^! latt] plants ought1 !re=e1 to be class$ ) cabbages or turnips1 & n "u ,b4 napus4 #gg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahee1 p4 #gcj4 #gh ,metzg]1 #8,kohl>t51' s4 #ea4 #gi ,^! exp]im5ts by ,vilmor9 h be5 quot$ by _m writ]s4 ,an em95t botani/1 ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 has lately express$ d\bts on ! subject f 8 own negative results1 b ^! _c be valu$ equally ) positive results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,c>rire has lately /at$ 7#8,g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed71 t he took se$ f a wild c>rot1 gr[+ f> f any cultivat$ l&1 & ev5 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ! roots ( 8 se$l+s diff]$ 9 be+ sp9dle-%ap$1 long]1 s(t]1 & less fibr\s ?an ^? ( ! wild plant4 ,f ^! se$l+s he rais$ sev]al di/9ct v>ieties4 #hj ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #hce4 #ha ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' #ifj4 ,mr4 ,b5?am 7#8,hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix4 #ahee1 p4 #ada7 believes t g>d5 & field peas belong to ! same species1 & 9 ?is respect he diff]s f ,dr4 ,t>gioni4 #hb #8,botanis*e ,zeitung1' #ahfj1 s4 #bjd4 #hc #8,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bc4 #hd ,a v>iety call$ ! ,r\nciva atta9s ?is height1 z is /at$ by ,mr4 ,gordon 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc4' 7#bnd s]ies71 vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #cgd1 f :i* pap] ,i h tak5 "s facts4 #he #8,phil4 ,tract41' #agii1 p4 #aif4 #hf #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 i41 #ahbf1 p4 #aec4 #hg #8,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #hbc4 #hh ,see ,dr4 ,&]son to ! same effect 9 ! #8,ba? ,soc4 ,agricultural ,pap]s1' vol4 iv4 p4 #hg4 #hi ,i h publi%$ full details ( exp]im5ts on ?is subject 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 ,oct4 #be?4 #ij #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #chg4 #ia #8,bonpl&ia1' x41 #ahfb1 s4 #cdh4 #ib ,he]1 #8,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bb4 #ic ,mr4 ,b5?am in=ms me t 9 ,poit\ & ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,france1 v>ieties ( ,phaseolus vulg>is are extremely num]\s1 & s diff]5t t !y 7 describ$ by ,savi z di/9ct species4 ,mr4 ,b5?am believes t all are desc5d$ f an unkn[n ea/]n species4 ,al?\gh ! v>ieties diff] s greatly 9 /ature & 9 _! se$s1 8!re is a rem>kable sam5ess 9 ! neglect$ *>act]s ( foliage & fl[]s1 & especially 9 ! bracteoles1 an insignificant "* 9 ! eyes ev5 ( botani/s40 #id ,d>w91 #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #bhe4 ,sab9e1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #bdi4 #ie #8,synopsis ( ! ,vegetable ,products ( ,scotl&1' quot$ 9 ,wilson's #8,briti% ,f>m+1' p4 #cag4 #if ,sir ,g4 ,mack5zie1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #gij4 #ig ,puts*e und ,v]tu* #8,v]su* e9] ,monographie d] ,k>t(feln1' #ahai1 s4 #i1 #ae4 ,see also ,dr4 ,&]son #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 iv4 p4 #cbe4 #ih ,wal%1 #8,! ,am]ican ,entomologi/1' #ahfi1 p4 #afj4 ,also ,s4 ,t5ney1 #8,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1' ,may #ahga1 p4 #aga4 #ii #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #ajeb4 #ajj #8,ba? ,society ,agricult4 ,pap]s1' vol4 v4 p4 #abg4 ,& #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 v4 p4 #hf4 #aja #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #fdc4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,plants cont9u$--,,fruits--,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,fl[]s4 ,,fruits4 ,,grapes3 ,,v>y ,,9 ,,odd ,,& ,,trifl+ ,,p>ticul>s--,,mulb]ry3 ,,! ,,orange ,,gr\p--,,s+ul> ,,results ,,f ,,cross+-- ,,pea* ,,& ,,nect>9e3 ,,bud ,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,v>iation--,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,almond--,,apricot--,,plums3 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,_! ,,/ones-- ,,*]ries3 ,,s+ul> ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,apple--,,pe>--,,/rawb]ry3 ,,int]bl5d+ ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,=ms--,,gooseb]ry3 ,,/eady ,,increase ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,fruit--,,v>ieties ,,(--,,walnut--,,nut--,,cucurbitace\s ,,plants3 ,,wond]ful ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,,ornam5tal ,,trees4 ,,_! ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,degree ,,& ,,k9d--,,a%-,,tree--,,scot*-,,fir--,,haw ?orn4 ,,fl[]s4 ,,multiple ,,orig9 ,,( ,,_m ,,k9ds--,,v>iation ,,9 ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities--,,k9d ,,( ,,v>iation--,,roses3 ,,sev]al ,,species ,,cultivat$--,,pansy--,,dahlia--,,hyac9? 3 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,! ,v9e 7,vitis v9if]a74--,! be/ au?orities consid] all our grapes z ! desc5dants ( "o species :i* n[ gr[s wild 9 we/]n ,asia1 :i* grew wild dur+ ! ,bronze age 9 ,italy1#a & :i* has rec5tly be5 f\nd fossil 9 a tuface\s deposit 9 ! s\? ( ,france4#b ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 ent]ta9 mu* d\bt ab\t ! s+le p>5tage ( our cultivat$ v>ieties1 ow+ to ! numb] ( semi-wild =ms f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 especially z describ$ by ,clem5te#c 9 a =e/ 9 ,spa92 b z ! grape s[s itself freely 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 & z sev]al ( ! *ief k9ds transmit _! *>act]s by se$1#d :il/ o!rs are extremely v>iable1 ! exi/5ce ( _m diff]5t escap$ =ms c\ld h>dly fail to occur 9 c\ntries :]e ?is plant has be5 cultivat$ f ! remote/ antiquity4 ,t ! v9e v>ies mu* :5 propagat$ by se$1 we may inf] f ! l>gely increas$ numb] ( v>ieties s9ce ! e>li] hi/orical records4 ,new hot-h\se v>ieties are produc$ almo/ e ye>2 = in/ance1#e a gold5-col\r$ v>iety has be5 rec5tly rais$ 9 ,engl& f a black grape )\t ! aid ( a cross4 ,van ,mons#f re>$ a multitude ( v>ieties f ! se$ ( "o v9e1 :i* 0 completely sep>at$ f all o!rs1 s t !re c\ld n1 at lea/ 9 ?is g5]ation1 h be5 any cross+1 & ! se$l+s pres5t$ 8les analogues de t\tes les sortes10 & diff]$ 9 almo/ e possible "* bo? 9 ! fruits & foliage4 ,! cultivat$ v>ieties are extremely num]\s2 ,c\nt ,od>t says t he w n d5y t !re may exi/ ?r\gh\t ! _w #gjj or #hjj1 p]haps ev5 #ajjj v>ieties1 b n a ?ird ( ^! h any value4 ,9 ! catalogue ( fruit cultivat$ 9 ! ,horticultural ,g>d5s ( ,london1 publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 #ii v>ieties are enum]at$4 ,:]ev] ! grape is gr[n _m v>ieties occur3 ,pallas describes #bd 9 ! ,crimea1 & ,burnes m5tions #aj 9 ,cabool4 ,! classification ( ! v>ieties has mu* p]plex$ writ]s1 & ,c\nt ,od>t is r$uc$ to a geographical sy/em2 b ,i w n ent] on ?is subject1 nor on ! _m & great diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>ieties4 ,i w m]ely specify a few curi\s & trifl+ peculi>ities1 all tak5 f ,od>t's highly e/eem$ "w#g = ! sake ( %[+ ! div]sifi$ v>iability ( ?is plant4 ,simon has class$ grapes into two ma9 divisions1 ^? ) d[ny leaves1 & ^? ) smoo? leaves1 b he admits t 9 "o v>iety1 namely ! ,rebazo1 ! leaves are ei!r smoo?1 or d[ny2 & ,od>t 7p4 #gj7 /ates t "s v>ieties h ! n]ves alone1 & o!r v>ieties _! "y leaves1 d[ny1 :il/ ! old ones are smoo?4 ,! ,p$ro-,xim5es grape 7,od>t1 p4 #cig7 pres5ts a peculi>ity by :i* x c be at once recognis$ among/ a ho/ ( o!r v>ieties1 namely1 t :5 ! fruit is ne>ly ripe ! n]ves ( ! leaves or ev5 ! :ole surface becomes yell[4 ,! ,b>b]a d',a/i is well m>k$ by sev]al *>act]s 7p4 #dbf71 among/ o!rs1 8by "s ( ! leaves1 & x is always ! l[e/ on ! bran*es1 sudd5ly becom+ ( a d>k r$ col\r40 ,sev]al au?ors 9 classify+ grapes h f\nd$ _! ma9 divisions on ! b]ries be+ ei!r r\nd or oblong2 & ,od>t admits ! value ( ?is "*2 yet !re is "o v>iety1 ! ,maccabeo 7p4 #ga71 :i* (t5 produces small r\nd1 & l>ge oblong1 b]ries 9 ! same bun*4 ,c]ta9 grapes call$ ,nebbiolo 7p4 #dbi7 pres5t a con/ant "*1 suffici5t = _! recognition1 namely1 8! slight adh]5ce ( t "p ( ! pulp :i* surr\nds ! se$s to ! re/ ( ! b]ry1 :5 cut ?r\gh transv]sely40 ,a ,rh5i% v>iety is m5tion$ 7p4 #bbh7 :i* likes a dry soil2 ! fruit rip5s well1 b at ! mom5t ( maturity1 if mu* ra9 falls1 ! b]ries are apt to rot2 on ! o!r h&1 ! fruit ( a ,swiss v>iety 7p4 #bdc7 is valu$ = well su/a9+ prolong$ humidity4 ,?is latt] v>iety spr\ts late 9 ! spr+1 yet matures its fruit e>ly2 o!r v>ieties 7page #cfb7 h ! fault ( be+ too mu* excit$ by ! ,april sun1 & 9 consequ5ce suff] f fro/4 ,a ,/yrian v>iety 7p4 #bed7 has brittle foot-/alks1 s t ! clu/]s ( fruit are (t5 bl[n (f2 ?is v>iety is said to be p>ticul>ly attractive to wasps & bees4 ,o!r v>ieties h t\gh /alks1 :i* resi/ ! w9d4 ,_m o!r v>iable *>act]s c\ld be giv51 b ! =ego+ facts are suffici5t to %[ 9 h[ _m small /ructural & con/itutional details ! v9e v>ies4 ,dur+ ! v9e disease 9 ,france c]ta9 old gr\ps ( v>ieties#h h suff]$ f> m f mildew ?an o!rs4 ,?us 8! gr\p ( ,*asselas1 s ri* 9 v>ieties1 did n af=d a s+le =tunate exception20 c]ta9 o!r gr\ps suff]$ mu* less2 ! true old ,burgundy1 = in/ance1 0 comp>atively free f disease1 & ! ,c>m9at likewise resi/$ ! attack4 ,! ,am]ican v9es1 :i* belong to a di/9ct species1 entirely escap$ ! disease 9 ,france2 & we ?us see t ^? ,european v>ieties :i* be/ resi/ ! disease mu/ h acquir$ 9 a slight degree ! same con/itutional peculi>ities z ! ,am]ican species4 ,:ite ,mulb]ry 7,morus alba74--,i m5tion ?is plant because x has v>i$ 9 c]ta9 *>act]s1 namely1 9 ! texture & quality ( ! leaves1 fitt+ !m to s]ve z food = ! dome/icat$ silkworm1 9 a mann] n obs]v$ ) o!r plants2 b ?is has aris5 simply f su* v>iations 9 ! mulb]ry hav+ be5 att5d$ to1 select$1 & r5d]$ m or less con/ant4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages#i briefly describes six k9ds cultivat$ 9 "o valley 9 ,france3 ( ^! ! am\r\so produces excell5t leaves1 b is rapidly be+ ab&on$ because x produces mu* fruit m+l$ ) ! leaves3 ! ant(9o yields deeply cut leaves ( ! f9e/ quality1 b n 9 great quantity3 ! cl>o is mu* s\ght = because ! leaves c be easily collect$3 la/ly1 ! roso be>s /rong h>dy leaves1 produc$ 9 l>ge quantity1 b ) ! "o inconv5i5ce1 t !y are be/ adapt$ = ! worms aft] _! f\r? m\lt4 ,,mm4 ,jacquemet-,bonnefont1 ( ,lyon1 h[ev]1 rem>k 9 _! catalogue 7#ahfb7 t two sub-v>ieties h be5 conf\nd$ "u ! "n ( ! roso1 "o hav+ leaves too ?ick = ! cat]pill>s1 ! o!r be+ valuable because ! leaves c easily be ga!r$ f ! bran*es )\t ! b>k be+ torn4 ,9 ,india ! mulb]ry has also giv5 rise to _m v>ieties4 ,! ,indian =m is ?\ght by _m botani/s to be a di/9ct species2 b z ,royle rem>ks1#aj 8s _m v>ieties h be5 produc$ by cultivation t x is difficult to asc]ta9 :e!r !y all belong to "o species20 !y are1 z he adds1 ne>ly z num]\s z ^? ( ! silkworm4 ,! ,orange ,gr\p4--,we "h meet ) great confusion 9 ! specific di/9ction & p>5tage ( ! sev]al k9ds4 ,gallesio1#aa :o almo/ devot$ 8 life-"t to ! subject1 consid]s t !re are f\r species1 namely1 sweet & bitt] oranges1 lemons1 & citrons1 ea* ( :i* has giv5 rise to :ole gr\ps ( v>ieties1 mon/]s1 & suppos$ hybrids4 ,"o high au?ority#ab believes t ^! f\r reput$ species are all v>ieties ( ! wild ,citrus m$ica1 b t ! %addock 7,citrus decumana71 :i* is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate1 is a di/9ct species2 ?\gh its di/9ctness is d\bt$ by ano!r writ] 8( great au?ority on su* matt]s10 namely1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan ,hamilton4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1#ac on ! o!r h&--& !re _c be a m capable judge--advances :at he consid]s suffici5t evid5ce ( ! orange 7he d\bts :e!r ! bitt] & sweet k9ds are specifically di/9ct71 ! lemon1 & citron1 hav+ be5 f\nd wild1 & consequ5tly t !y are di/9ct4 ,he m5tions two o!r =ms cultivat$ 9 ,japan & ,java1 :i* he ranks und\bt$ species2 he speaks r m d\btfully ab\t ! %addock1 :i* v>ies mu*1 & has n be5 f\nd wild2 & f9ally he consid]s "s =ms1 su* z ,adam's apple & ! b]gamotte1 z probably hybrids4 ,i h briefly ab/ract$ ^! op9ions = ! sake ( %[+ ^? :o h nev] att5d$ to su* subjects1 h[ p]plex+ !y are4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be useless = my purpose to give a sket* ( ! conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al =ms4 ,besides ! ev]-recurr5t difficulty ( det]m9+ :e!r =ms f\nd wild are truly aborig9al or are escap$ se$l+s1 _m ( ! =ms1 :i* mu/ be rank$ z v>ieties1 transmit _! *>act]s almo/ p]fectly by se$4 ,sweet & bitt] oranges diff] 9 no important respect except 9 ! flav\r ( _! fruit1 b ,gallesio#ad is mo/ emphatic t bo? k9ds c be propagat$ by se$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,consequ5tly1 9 accordance ) 8 simple rule1 he classes !m z di/9ct species2 z he does sweet & bitt] almonds1 ! pea* & nect>9e1 etc4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ! s(t-%ell$ p9e-tree produces n only s(t-%ell$ b "s h>d-%ell$ se$l+s1 s t a little great] =ce 9 ! p[] ( inh]itance w\ld1 accord+ to ?is rule1 raise a s(t-%ell$ p9e-tree into ! dignity ( an aborig9ally creat$ species4 ,! positive ass]tion made by ,macfayd5#ae t ! pips ( sweet oranges produc$ 9 ,jamaica1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* !y are s[n1 ei!r sweet or bitt] oranges1 is probably an error2 = ,m4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle in=ms me t s9ce ! publication ( 8 great "w he has receiv$ acc\nts f ,guiana1 ! ,antilles1 & ,mauritius1 t 9 ^! c\ntries sweet oranges fai?fully transmit _! "*4 ,gallesio f\nd t ! will[-leaf$ & ! ,little ,*9a oranges reproduc$ _! prop] leaves & fruit2 b ! se$l+s 7 n q equal 9 m]it to _! p>5ts4 ,! r$-fle%$ orange1 on ! o!r h&1 fails to reproduce itself4 ,gallesio also obs]v$ t ! se$s ( sev]al o!r s+ul> v>ieties all reproduc$ trees hav+ a peculi> physiognomy1 p>tly resembl+ _! p>5t-=ms4 ,i c adduce ano!r case3 ! myrtle leav$ orange is rank$ by all au?ors z a v>iety1 b is v di/9ct 9 g5]al aspect3 9 my fa!r's gre5h\se1 dur+ _m ye>s1 x r>ely yield$ any fruit1 b at la/ produc$ "o2 & a tree ?us rais$ 0 id5tical ) ! p>5t-=m4 ,ano!r & m s]i\s difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! rank ( ! sev]al =ms is t1 accord+ to ,gallesio1#af !y l>gely int]cross )\t artificial aid2 ?us he positively /ates t se$s tak5 f lemon-trees 7,c4 lemonum7 gr[+ m+l$ ) ! citron 7,c4 m$ica71 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z a di/9ct species1 produc$ a graduat$ s]ies ( v>ieties betwe5 ^! two =ms4 ,aga91 an ,adam's apple 0 produc$ f ! se$ ( a sweet orange1 :i* grew close to lemons & citrons4 ,b su* facts h>dly aid u 9 det]m9+ :e!r to rank ^! =ms z species or v>ieties2 = x is n[ kn[n t und\bt$ species ( ,v]bascum1 ,ci/us1 ,primula1 ,salix1 etc41 frequ5tly cross 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,if inde$ x 7 prov$ t plants ( ! orange tribe rais$ f ^! crosses 7 ev5 p>tially /]ile1 x w\ld be a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! rank z species4 ,gallesio ass]ts t ?is is ! case2 b he does n di/+ui% betwe5 /]ility f hybridism & f ! effects ( culture2 & he almo/ de/roys ! =ce ( ?is /atem5t by ano!r#ag namely1 t :5 he impregnat$ ! fl[]s ( ! common orange ) ! poll5 tak5 f und\bt$ v>ieties ( ! orange1 mon/r\s fruits 7 produc$1 :i* includ$ 8little pulp1 & _h no se$s1 or imp]fect se$s40 ,9 ?is tribe ( plants we meet ) in/ances ( two highly rem>kable facts 9 vegetable physiology3 ,gallesio#ah impregnat$ an orange ) poll5 f a lemon1 & ! fruit borne on ! "m tree _h a rais$ /ripe ( peel l t ( a lemon bo? 9 col\r & ta/e1 b ! pulp 0 l t ( an orange & includ$ only imp]fect se$s4 ,! possibility ( poll5 f "o v>iety or species directly affect+ ! fruit produc$ by ano!r v>iety ( species1 is a subject :i* ,i %all fully discuss 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! second rem>kable fact is1 t two suppos$ hybrids#ai 7= _! hybrid nature 0 n asc]ta9$71 betwe5 an orange & ei!r a lemon or citron1 produc$ on ! same tree leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit ( bo? pure p>5t-=ms1 z well z ( a mix$ or cross$ nature4 ,a bud tak5 f any "o ( ! bran*es & graft$ on ano!r tree produces ei!r "o ( ! pure k9ds or a caprici\s tree reproduc+ ! ?ree k9ds4 ,:e!r ! sweet lemon1 :i* includes )9 ! same fruit segm5ts ( diff]5tly flav\r$ pulp1#bj is an analog\s case1 ,i "k n4 ,b to ?is subject ,i %all h to recur4 ,i w conclude by giv+ f ,a4 ,risso#ba a %ort acc\nt ( a v s+ul> v>iety ( ! common orange4 ,x is ! 8citrus aurantium fructu v>iabili10 :i* on ! "y %oots produces r\nd$-oval leaves spott$ ) yell[1 borne on petioles ) he>t-%ap$ w+s2 :5 ^! leaves fall (f1 !y are succe$$ by long] & n>r[] leaves1 ) undulat$ m>g9s1 ( a pale-gre5 col\r embroid]$ ) yell[1 borne on foot/alks )\t w+s4 ,! fruit :il/ "y is pe>-%ap$1 yell[1 longitud9ally /riat$1 & sweet2 b z x rip5s1 x becomes sph]ical1 ( a r$di%-yell[1 & bitt]4 ,pea* & ,nect>9e 7,amygdalus p]sica74--,! be/ au?orities are ne>ly unanim\s t ! pea* has nev] be5 f\nd wild4 ,x 0 introduc$ f ,p]sia into ,europe a little be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & at ?is p]iod few v>ieties exi/$4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1#bb f ! fact ( ! pea* n hav+ spread f ,p]sia at an e>li] p]iod1 & f its n hav+ pure ,sanscrit or ,hebrew names1 believes t x is n an aborig9al ( ,we/]n ,asia1 b came f ! t]ra incognita ( ,*9a4 ,! supposition1 h[ev]1 t ! pea* is a modifi$ almond :i* acquir$ its pres5t "* at a comp>atively late p]iod1 w\ld1 ,i presume1 acc\nt = ^! facts2 on ! same pr9ciple t ! nect>9e1 ! (fspr+ ( ! pea*1 has few native names1 & became kn[n 9 ,europe at a /ill lat] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,pea* & ,almond ,/ones4 ,&rew ,knight1#bc f f9d+ t a se$l+-tree1 rais$ f a sweet almond f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( a pea*1 yield$ fruit q l t ( a pea*1 suspect$ t ! pea*-tree is a modifi$ almond2 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by v>i\s au?ors4#bd ,a fir/-rate pea*1 almo/ globul> 9 %ape1 =m$ ( s(t & sweet pulp1 surr\nd+ a h>d1 mu* furr[$1 & slightly flatt5$ /one1 c]ta9ly diff]s greatly f an almond1 ) its s(t1 slightly furr[$1 mu* flatt5$1 & elongat$ /one1 protect$ by a t\gh1 gre5i% lay] ( bitt] fle%4 ,mr4 ,b5?am#be has p>ticul>ly call$ att5tion to ! /one ( ! almond be+ s mu* m flatt5$ ?an t ( ! pea*4 ,b 9 ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! almond1 ! /one diff]s greatly 9 ! degree to :i* x is compress$1 9 size1 %ape1 /r5g?1 & 9 ! dep? ( ! furr[s1 z may be se5 9 fig4 #db 7,nos4 #d to #h7 ( su* k9ds z ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,) pea*-/ones also 7,nos4 #a to #c7 ! degree ( compression & elongation is se5 to v>y2 s t ! /one ( ! ,*9ese ,honey-pea* 7,no4 #c7 is mu* m elongat$ & compress$ ?an t ( ! 7,no4 #h7 ,smyrna almond4 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ( ,sawbridgewor?1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = "s ( ! specim5s above figur$1 & :o has _h su* great horticultural exp]i5ce1 has call$ my att5tion to sev]al v>ieties :i* connect ! almond & ! pea*4 ,9 ,france !re is a v>iety call$ ! ,pea*-,almond1 :i* ,mr4 ,riv]s =m]ly cultivat$1 & :i* is correctly describ$ 9 a ,fr5* catalogue z be+ oval & swoll51 ) ! aspect ( a pea*1 includ+ a h>d /one surr\nd$ by a fle%y cov]+1 :i* is sometimes eatable4#bf ,a rem>kable /atem5t by ,m4 ,luizet has rec5tly appe>$ 9 ! #8,revue ,horticole1'#bg namely1 t a ,pea*-almond1 graft$ on a pea*1 bore1 dur+ #ahfc & #ahfd almonds alone1 b 9 #ahfe bore six pea*es & no almonds4 ,m4 ,c>ri]e1 9 comm5t+ on ?is fact1 cites ! case ( a d\ble-fl[]$ almond :i*1 aft] produc+ dur+ sev]al ye>s almonds1 sudd5ly bore = two ye>s 9 succession sph]ical fle%y pea*-l fruits1 b 9 #ahfe rev]t$ to its =m] /ate & produc$ l>ge almonds4 ,aga91 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ! d\ble-fl[]+ ,*9ese pea*es resemble almonds 9 _! mann] ( gr[? & 9 _! fl[]s2 ! fruit is mu* elongat$ & flatt5$1 ) ! fle% bo? bitt] & sweet1 b n uneatable1 & x is said to be ( bett] quality 9 ,*9a4 ,f ?is /age "o small /ep leads u to su* inf]ior pea*es z are occasionally rais$ f se$4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,riv]s s[$ a numb] ( pea*-/ones import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !y are collect$ = rais+ /ocks1 & "s ( ! trees rais$ by him produc$ pea*es :i* 7 v l almonds 9 appe>ance1 be+ small & h>d1 ) ! pulp n s(t5+ till v late 9 ! autumn4 ,van ,mons#bh also /ates t he once rais$ f a pea*-/one a pea* hav+ ! aspect ( a wild tree1 ) fruit l t ( ! almond4 ,f inf]ior pea*es1 su* z ^! j describ$1 we may pass by small transitions1 ?r\gh cl+/ones ( poor quality1 to our be/ & mo/ melt+ k9ds4 ,f ?is gradation1 f ! cases ( sudd5 v>iation above record$1 & f ! fact t ! pea* has n be5 f\nd wild1 x seems to me by f> ! mo/ probable view1 t ! pea* is ! desc5dant ( ! almond1 improv$ & modifi$ 9 a m>vell\s mann]4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ to ?is conclusion4 ,a hybrid1 rais$ by ,knight f ! sweet almond by ! poll5 ( ! pea*1 produc$ fl[]s ) little or no poll51 yet bore fruit1 hav+ be5 app>5tly f]tilis$ by a neighb\r+ nect>9e4 ,ano!r hybrid1 f a sweet almond by ! poll5 ( a nect>9e1 produc$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s imp]fect blossoms1 b aft]w>ds p]fect fl[]s ) an abundance ( poll54 ,if ?is slight degree ( /]ility _c be acc\nt$ = by ! y\? ( ! trees 7& ?is (t5 causes less5$ f]tility71 or by ! mon/r\s /ate ( ! fl[]s1 or by ! conditions to :i* ! trees 7 expos$1 ^! two cases w\ld af=d a good argum5t aga9/ ! pea* be+ ! desc5dant ( ! almond4 ,:e!r or n ! pea* has proce$$ f ! almond1 x has c]ta9ly giv5 rise to nect>9es1 or smoo? pea*es1 z !y are call$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,mo/ ( ! v>ieties1 bo? ( ! pea* & nect>9e1 reproduce !mselves truly by se$4 ,gallesio#bi says he has v]ifi$ ?is ) respect to eight races ( ! pea*4 ,mr4 ,riv]s#cj has giv5 "s /rik+ in/ances f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & x is notori\s t good pea*es are con/antly rais$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f se$4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican sub-v>ieties come true or ne>ly true to _! k9d1 su* z ! :ite-blossom1 sev]al ( ! yell[-fruit$ free/one pea*es1 ! blood cl+/one1 ! hea?1 & ! lemon cl+/one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cl+/one pea* has be5 kn[n to give rise to a free/one4#ca ,9 ,engl& x has be5 notic$ t se$l+s inh]it f _! p>5ts fl[]s ( ! same size & col\r4 ,"s *>act]s1 h[ev]1 contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$1 (t5 are n inh]it$2 su* z ! pres5ce & =m ( ! gl&s on ! leaves4#cb ,) respect to nect>9es1 bo? cl+ & free/ones are kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to reproduce !mselves by se$4#cc ,9 ,engl& ! new :ite nect>9e 0 a se$l+ ( ! old :ite1 & ,mr4 ,riv]s#cd has record$ sev]al simil> cases4 ,f ?is /rong t5d5cy to inh]itance1 :i* bo? pea* & nect>9e trees exhibit1--f c]ta9 slight con/itutional diff]5ces#ce 9 _! nature1--& f ! great diff]5ce 9 _! fruit bo? 9 appe>ance & flav\r1 x is n surpris+1 not)/&+ t ! trees diff] 9 no o!r respects & _c ev5 be di/+ui%$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :il/ "y1 t !y h be5 rank$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4 ,gallesio does n d\bt t !y are di/9ct2 ev5 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle does n appe> p]fectly assur$ ( _! specific id5tity3 & an em95t botani/ has q rec5tly#cf ma9ta9$ t ! nect>9e 8probably con/itutes a di/9ct species40 ,h5ce x may be wor? :ile to give all ! evid5ce on ! orig9 ( ! nect>9e4 ,! facts 9 !mselves are curi\s1 & w h]eaft] h to be ref]r$ to :5 ! important subject ( bud-v>iation is discuss$4 ,x is ass]t$#cg t ! ,bo/on nect>9e 0 produc$ f a pea*-/one1 & ?is nect>9e reproduc$ itself by se$4#ch ,mr4 ,riv]s /ates#ci t f /ones ( ?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( ! pea* he rais$ ?ree v>ieties ( nect>9e2 & 9 "o ( ^! cases no nect>9e grew ne> ! p>5t pea*-tree4 ,9 ano!r in/ance ,mr4 ,riv]s rais$ a nect>9e f a pea*1 & 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation ano!r nect>9e f ?is nect>9e4#dj ,o!r su* in/ances h be5 communicat$ to me1 b !y ne$ n be giv54 ,( ! conv]se case1 namely1 ( nect>9e-/ones yield+ pea*-trees 7bo? free & cl+/ones71 we h six und\bt$ in/ances record$ by ,mr4 ,riv]s2 & 9 two ( ^! in/ances ! p>5t nect>9es _h be5 se$l+s f o!r nect>9es4#da ,) respect to ! m curi\s case ( full-gr[n pea*-trees sudd5ly produc+ nect>9es by bud-v>iation 7or sports z !y are call$ by g>d5]s71 ! evid5ce is sup]abundant2 !re is also good evid5ce ( ! same tree produc+ bo? pea*es & nect>9es1 or half-&-half fruit2 by ?is t]m ,i mean a fruit ) ! "o-half a p]fect pea*1 & ! o!r half a p]fect nect>9e4 ,pet] ,coll9son 9 #agda record$ ! fir/ case ( a pea*-tree produc+ a nect>9e1#db & 9 #agff he add$ two o!r in/ances4 ,9 ! same "w1 ! editor1 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 describes ! m rem>kable case ( a tree 9 ,norfolk :i* usually bore bo? p]fect nect>9es & p]fect pea*es2 b dur+ two seasons "s ( ! fruit 7 half & half 9 nature4 ,mr4 ,salisbury 9 #ahjhdc records six o!r cases ( pea*-trees produc+ nect>9es4 ,?ree ( ! v>ieties are nam$2 viz41 ! ,alb]ge1 ,belle ,*evreuse1 & ,royal ,george4 ,?is latt] tree seldom fail$ to produce bo? k9ds ( fruit4 ,he gives ano!r case ( a half-&-half fruit4 ,at ,rad=d 9 ,devon%ire#dd a cl+/one pea*1 pur*as$ z ! ,*ancellor1 0 plant$ 9 #ahae1 & 9 #ahbd1 aft] hav+ previ\sly produc$ pea*es alone1 bore on "o bran* twelve nect>9es2 9 #ahbe ! same bran* yield$ tw5ty-six nect>9es1 & 9 #ahbf ?irty-six nect>9es1 toge!r ) eighte5 pea*es4 ,"o ( ! pea*es 0 almo/ z smoo? on "o side z a nect>9e4 ,! nect>9es 7 z d>k z1 b small] ?an1 ! ,elruge4 ,at ,beccles a ,royal ,george pea*#de produc$ a fruit1 8?ree p>ts ( x be+ pea* & "o "p nect>9e1 q di/9ct 9 appe>ance z well z 9 flav\r40 ,! l9es ( division 7 longitud9al1 z repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut4 ,a nect>9e-tree grew five y>ds f ?is tree4 ,pr(essor ,*apman /ates#df t he has (t5 se5 9 ,virg9ia v old pea*-trees be>+ nect>9es4 ,a writ] 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle' says t a pea* tree plant$ fifte5 ye>s previ\sly#dg produc$ ?is ye> a nect>9e betwe5 two pea*es2 a nect>9e-tree grew close by4 ,9 #ahdddh a ,vangu>d pea*-tree produc$1 9 ! mid/ ( its ord9>y fruit1 a s+le r$ ,roman nect>9e4 ,mr4 ,calv] is /at$#di to h rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a se$l+ pea* :i* produc$ a mix$ crop ( bo? pea*es & nect>9es4 ,ne> ,dork+#ej a bran* ( ! ,tton de ,vnus pea*1 :i* reproduces itself truly by se$1#ea bore its own fruit 8s rem>kable = its prom95t po9t1 & a nect>9e r small] b well =m$ & q r\nd40 ,! previ\s cases all ref] to pea*es sudd5ly produc+ nect>9es1 b at ,c>clew#eb ! unique case occurr$1 ( a nect>9e-tree1 rais$ tw5ty ye>s be=e f se$ & nev] graft$1 produc+ a fruit half pea* & half nect>9e2 subsequ5tly bore a p]fect pea*4 ,to sum up ! =ego+ facts2 we h excell5t evid5ce ( pea*-/ones produc+ nect>9e-trees1 & ( nect>9e-/ones produc+ pea*-,trees1--( ! same tree be>+ pea*es & nect>9es1--( pea*-trees sudd5ly produc+ by bud-v>iation nect>9es 7su* nect>9es reproduc+ nect>9es by se$71 z well z fruit 9 "p nect>9e & 9 "p pea*1--&1 la/ly1 ( "o nect>9e-tree fir/ be>+ half-&-half fruit1 & subsequ5tly true pea*es4 ,z ! pea* came into exi/5ce be=e ! nect>9e1 x might h be5 expect$ f ! law ( rev]sion t nect>9es w\ld h giv5 bir? by bud-v>iation or by se$ to pea*es1 (t5] ?an pea*es to nect>9es2 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,two explanations h be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ^! conv]sions4 ,fir/1 t ! p>5t trees h be5 9 e case hybrids#ec betwe5 ! pea* & nect>9e1 & h rev]t$ by bud-v>iation or by se$ to "o ( _! pure p>5t =ms4 ,?is view 9 itself is n v improbable2 = ! ,m\nta9e] pea*1 :i* 0 rais$ by ,knight f ! r$ nutmeg-pea* by poll5 ( ! violette htive nect>9e1#ed produces pea*es1 b ^! are said sometimes to p>take ( ! smoo?ness & flav\r ( ! nect>9e4 ,b let x be obs]v$ t 9 ! previ\s li/ no less ?an six well-kn[n v>ieties & sev]al unnam$ v>ieties ( ! pea* h once sudd5ly produc$ p]fect nect>9es by bud v>iation3 & x w\ld be an extremely ra% supposition t all ^! v>ieties ( ! pea*1 :i* h be5 cultivat$ = ye>s 9 _m di/ricts1 & :i* %[ n a ve/ige ( a mix$ p>5tage1 are1 nev]!less1 hybrids4 ,a second explanation is1 t ! fruit ( ! pea* has be5 directly affect$ by ! poll5 ( ! nect>9e3 al?\gh ?is c]ta9ly is possible1 x _c "h apply2 = we h n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t a bran* :i* has borne fruit directly affect$ by =eign poll5 is s pr(\ndly modifi$ z aft]w>ds to produce buds :i* cont9ue to yield fruit ( ! new & modifi$ =m4 ,n[ x is kn[n t :5 a bud on a pea*-tree has once borne a nect>9e ! same bran* has 9 sev]al in/ances gone on dur+ successive ye>s produc+ nect>9es4 ,! ,c>clew nect>9e1 on ! o!r h&1 fir/ produc$ half-&-half fruit1 & subsequ5tly pure pea*es4 ,h5ce we may confid5tly accept ! common view t ! nect>9e is a v>iety ( ! pea*1 :i* may be produc$ ei!r by bud-v>iation or f se$4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] _m analog\s cases ( bud-v>iation w he giv54 ,! v>ieties ( ! pea* & ! nect>9e run 9 p>allel l9es4 ,9 bo? classes ! k9ds diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! fle% ( ! fruit be+ :ite1 r$1 or yell[2 9 be+ cl+/ones or free/ones2 9 ! fl[]s be+ l>ge or small1 ) c]ta9 o!r *>act]i/ic diff]5ces2 & 9 ! leaves be+ s]rat$ )\t gl&s1 or cr5at$ & furni%$ ) globose or r5i=m gl&s4#ee ,we c h>dly acc\nt = ?is p>allelism by suppos+ t ea* v>iety ( ! nect>9e is desc5d$ f a correspond+ v>iety ( ! pea*2 = ?\gh our nect>9es are c]ta9ly ! desc5dants ( sev]al k9ds ( pea*es1 yet a l>ge numb] are ! desc5dants ( o!r nect>9es1 & !y v>y s mu* :5 ?us reproduc$ t we c sc>cely admit ! above explanation4 ,! v>ieties ( ! pea* h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 f two to five v>ieties 7 kn[n2#ef & ! nect>9e 0 unkn[n4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 besides _m v>ieties said to exi/ 9 ,*9a1 ,d[n+ describes1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sev5ty-n9e native & import$ v>ieties ( ! pea*2 & a few ye>s ago ,l9dley#eg enum]at$ "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e gr[n 9 ,engl&4 ,i h already indicat$ ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al v>ieties4 ,nect>9es1 ev5 :5 produc$ f di/9ct k9ds ( pea*es1 always possess _! own peculi> flav\r1 & are smoo? & small4 ,cl+/one & free/one pea*es1 :i* diff] 9 ! ripe fle% ei!r firmly adh]+ to ! /one1 or easily sep>at+ f x1 also diff] 9 ! "* ( ! /one itself2 t ( ! free/ones or melt]s be+ m deeply fissur$1 ) ! sides ( ! fissures smoo!r ?an 9 cl+/ones4 ,9 ! v>i\s k9ds ! fl[]s diff] n only 9 size1 b 9 ! l>g] fl[]s ! petals are diff]5tly %ap$1 m imbricat$1 g5]ally r$ 9 ! c5tre & pale t[>ds ! m>g93 :]eas 9 ! small] fl[]s ! m>g9 ( ! petal is usually m d>kly col\r$4 ,"o v>iety has ne>ly :ite fl[]s4 ,! leaves are m or less s]rat$1 & are ei!r de/itute ( gl&s1 or h globose or r5i=m gl&s2#eh & "s few pea*es1 su* z ! ,brugn51 be> on ! same tree bo? globul> & kidney-%ap$ gl&s4#ei ,accord+ to ,rob]tson#fj ! trees ) gl&ul> leaves are liable to bli/]1 b n 9 any great degree to mildew2 :il/ ! non-gl&ul> trees are m subject to curl1 to mildew1 & to ! attacks ( aphides4 ,! v>ieties diff] 9 ! p]iod ( _! maturity1 9 ! fruit keep+ well1 & 9 h>d9ess1--! latt] circum/ance be+ especially att5d$ to 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties1 su* z ! ,belleg>de1 /& =c+ 9 hot-h\ses bett] ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,! flat-pea* ( ,*9a is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! v>ieties2 x is s mu* depress$ t[>ds ! summit1 t ! /one is "h cov]$ only by r\gh5$ sk9 & n by a fle%y lay]4#fa ,ano!r ,*9ese v>iety1 call$ ! ,honey-pea*1 is rem>kable f ! fruit t]m9at+ 9 a long %>p po9t2 its leaves are gl&less & widely d5tate4#fb ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia pea* is a ?ird s+ul> v>iety1 hav+ deeply d\ble-s]rat$ leaves2 ! fruit is deeply cleft ) "o-half project+ consid]ably beyond ! o!r3 x orig9at$ 9 ,am]ica1 & its se$l+s inh]it simil> leaves4#fc ,! pea* has also produc$ 9 ,*9a a small class ( trees valu$ = ornam5t1 namely ! d\ble-fl[]$2 ( ^!1 five v>ieties are n[ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 v>y+ f pure :ite1 ?r\gh rose1 to int5se crimson4#fd ,"o ( ^! v>ieties1 call$ ! camellia-fl[]$1 be>s fl[]s above #b in*es 9 diamet]1 :il/ ^? ( ! fruit-be>+ k9ds d n at mo/ exce$ #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fl[]s ( ! d\ble-fl[]$ pea*es h ! s+ul> prop]ty#fe ( frequ5tly produc+ d\ble or treble fruit4 ,f9ally1 !re is good reason to believe t ! pea* is an almond pr(\ndly modifi$2 b :atev] its orig9 may h be51 !re c be no d\bt t x has yield$ dur+ ! la/ eighte5 c5turies _m v>ieties1 "s ( !m /rongly *>act]is$1 belong+ bo? to ! nect>9e & pea* =m4 ,apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca74--,x is commonly admitt$ t ?is tree is desc5d$ f a s+le species1 n[ f\nd wild 9 ! ,caucasian region4#ff ,on ?is view ! v>ieties des]ve notice1 because !y illu/rate diff]5ces suppos$ by "s botani/s to be ( specific value 9 ! almond & plum4 ,! be/ monograph on ! apricot is by ,mr4 ,?ompson1#fg :o describes sev5te5 v>ieties4 ,we h se5 t pea*es & nect>9es v>y 9 a /rictly p>allel mann]2 & 9 ! apricot1 :i* =ms a closely alli$ g5us1 we aga9 meet ) v>iations analog\s to ^? ( ! pea*1 z well z to ^? ( ! plum4 ,! v>ieties diff] consid]ably 9 ! %ape ( _! leaves1 :i* are ei!r s]rat$ or cr5at$1 sometimes ) e>-l app5dages at _! bases1 & sometimes ) gl&s on ! petioles4 ,! fl[]s are g5]ally alike1 b are small 9 ! ,mascul9e4 ,! fruit v>ies mu* 9 size1 %ape1 & 9 hav+ ! suture little pron\nc$ or abs5t2 9 ! sk9 be+ smoo?1 or d[ny1 z 9 ! orange-apricot2 & 9 ! fle% cl++ to ! /one1 z 9 ! la/-m5tion$ k9d1 or 9 readily sep>at+ f x1 z 9 ! ,turkey-apricot4 ,9 all ^! diff]5ces we see ! close/ analogy ) ! v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e4 ,9 ! /one we h m important diff]5ces1 & ^! 9 ! case ( ! plum h be5 e/eem$ ( specific value3 9 "s apricots ! /one is almo/ sph]ical1 9 o!rs mu* flatt5$1 be+ ei!r %>p 9 front or blunt at bo? ends1 sometimes *annell$ along ! back1 or ) a %>p ridge along bo? m>g9s4 ,9 ! ,moorp>k1 & g5]ally 9 ! ,hemskirke1 ! /one pres5ts a s+ul> "* 9 be+ p]=at$1 ) a bundle ( fibres pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ation f end to end4 ,! mo/ con/ant & important "*1 accord+ to ,?ompson1 is :e!r ! k]nel is bitt] or sweet3 yet 9 ?is respect we h a graduat$ diff]5ce1 = ! k]nel is v bitt] 9 ,%ipley's apricot2 9 ! ,hemskirke less bitt] ?an 9 "s o!r k9ds2 slightly bitt] 9 ! ,royal2 & 8sweet l a hazel-nut0 9 ! ,br$a1 ,ang\mois1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( ! almond1 bitt]ness has be5 ?\ght by "s high au?orities to indicate specific diff]5ce4 ,9 ,n4 ,am]ica ! ,roman apricot endures 8cold & unfav\rable situations1 :]e no o!r sort1 except ! ,mascul9e1 w succe$2 & its blossoms be> q a sev]e fro/ )\t injury40#fh ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,riv]s1#fi se$l+ apricots deviate b little f ! "* ( _! race3 9 ,france ! ,alb]ge is con/antly reproduc$ f se$ ) b little v>iation4 ,9 ,ladakh1 accord+ to ,moorcr(t1#gj t5 v>ieties ( ! apricot1 v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 are cultivat$1 & all are rais$ f se$1 except+ "o1 :i* is budd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plum ,/ones4 ,plums 7,prunus insititia74--,=m]ly ! sloe1 ,p4 sp9osa1 0 ?\ght to be ! p>5t ( all our plums2 b n[ ?is hon\r is v commonly accord$ to ,p4 insititia or ! bullace1 :i* is f\nd wild 9 ! ,caucasus & ,n4-,we/]n ,india1 & is naturalis$ 9 ,engl&4#ga ,x is n at all improbable1 9 accordance ) "s obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,riv]s1#gb t bo? ^! =ms1 :i* "s botani/s rank z a s+le species1 may be ! p>5ts ( our dome/icat$ plums4 ,ano!r suppos$ p>5t-=m1 ! ,p4 dome/ica1 is said to be f\nd wild 9 ! region ( ! ,caucasus4 ,godron rem>ks#gc t ! cultivat$ v>ieties may be divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps1 :i* he supposes to be desc5d$ f two aborig9al /ocks2 namely1 ^? ) oblong fruit & /ones po9t$ at bo? ends1 hav+ n>r[ sep>ate petals & upright bran*es2 & ^? ) r\nd$ fruit1 ) /ones blunt at bo? ends1 ) r\nd$ petals & spread+ bran*es4 ,f :at we "k ( ! v>iability ( ! fl[]s 9 ! pea* & ( ! div]sifi$ mann] ( gr[? 9 our v>i\s fruit-trees1 x is difficult to lay mu* weight on ^! latt] *>act]s4 ,) respect to ! %ape ( ! fruit1 we h conclusive evid5ce t x is extremely v>iable3 ,d[n+#gd gives outl9es ( ! plums ( two se$l+s1 namely1 ! r$ & imp]ial gages1 rais$ f ! gre5gage2 & ! fruit ( bo? is m elongat$ ?an t ( ! gre5gage4 ,! latt] has a v blunt broad /one1 :]eas ! /one ( ! imp]ial gage is 8oval & po9t$ at bo? ends40 ,^! trees also diff] 9 _! mann] ( gr[?3 8! gre5gage is a v %ort-jo9t$1 sl[-gr[+ tree1 ( spread+ & r dw>fi% habit20 :il/ its (fspr+1 ! imp]ial gage1 8gr[s freely & rises rapidly1 & has long d>k %oots40 ,! fam\s ,wa%+ton plum be>s a globul> fruit1 b its (fspr+1 ! em]ald drop1 is ne>ly z mu* elongat$ z ! mo/ elongat$ plum figur$ by ,d[n+1 namely1 ,mann+'s prune4 ,i h made a small collection ( ! /ones ( tw5ty-five k9ds1 & !y graduate 9 %ape f ! blunte/ into ! %>pe/ k9ds4 ,z *>act]s d]iv$ f se$s are g5]ally ( high sy/ematic importance1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to give draw+s ( ! mo/ di/9ct k9ds 9 my small collection2 & !y may be se5 to diff] 9 a surpris+ mann] 9 size1 outl9e1 ?ickness1 prom95ce ( ! ridges1 & /ate ( surface4 ,x des]ves notice t ! %ape ( ! /one is n always /rictly correlat$ ) t ( ! fruit3 ?us ! ,wa%+ton plum is sph]ical & depress$ at ! pole1 ) a some:at elongat$ /one1 :il/ ! fruit ( ! ,golia? is m elongat$1 b ! /one less s1 ?an 9 ! ,wa%+ton4 ,aga91 ,d5y]'s ,victoria & ,golia? be> fruit closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 b _! /ones are widely diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,h>ve/ & ,black ,m>gate plums are v dissimil>1 yet include closely simil> /ones4 ,! v>ieties ( ! plum are num]\s1 & diff] greatly 9 size1 %ape1 quality1 & col\r1--be+ bright yell[1 gre51 almo/ :ite1 blue1 purple1 or r$4 ,!re are "s curi\s v>ieties1 su* z ! d\ble or ,siamese1 & ! ,/oneless plum3 9 ! latt] ! k]nel lies 9 a roomy cavity surr\nd$ only by ! pulp4 ,! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica appe>s to be s+ul>ly fav\rable = ! production ( new & good v>ieties2 ,d[n+ describes no less ?an =ty1 ( :i* sev5 ( fir/-rate quality h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ,engl&4#ge ,v>ieties occasionally arise hav+ an innate adaptation = c]ta9 soils1 almo/ z /rongly pron\nc$ z ) natural species gr[+ on ! mo/ di/9ct geological =mations2 ?us 9 ,am]ica ! imp]ial gage1 diff]5tly f almo/ all o!r k9ds1 8is peculi>ly fitt$ = dry light soils :]e _m sorts drop _! fruit10 :]eas on ri* heavy soils ! fruit is (t5 insipid4#gf ,my fa!r c\ld nev] succe$ 9 mak+ ! ,w9e-,s\r yield ev5 a mod]ate crop 9 a s&y or*>d ne> ,%rewsbury1 :il/ 9 "s p>ts ( ! same c\nty & 9 its native ,york%ire x be>s abundantly3 "o ( my relations also repeat$ly tri$ 9 va9 to gr[ ?is v>iety 9 a s&y di/rict 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,mr4 ,riv]s has giv5#gg a numb] ( int]e/+ facts1 %[+ h[ truly _m v>ieties c be propagat$ by se$4 ,he s[$ ! /ones ( tw5ty bu%els ( ! gre5gage = ! sake ( rais+ /ocks1 & closely obs]v$ ! se$l+s2 all _h ! smoo? %oots1 ! prom95t buds1 & ! glossy leaves ( ! gre5gage1 b ! great] numb] _h small] leaves & ?orns4 ,!re are two k9ds ( damson1 "o ! ,%rop%ire ) d[ny %oots1 & ! o!r ! ,k5ti% ) smoo? %oots1 & ^! diff] b slightly 9 any o!r respect3 ,mr4 ,riv]s s[$ "s bu%els ( ! ,k5ti% damson1 & all ! se$l+s _h smoo? %oots1 b 9 "s ! fruit 0 oval1 9 o!rs r\nd or r\ndi%1 & 9 a few ! fruit 0 small1 &1 except 9 be+ sweet1 closely resembl$ t ( ! wild sloe4 ,mr4 ,riv]s gives sev]al o!r /rik+ in/ances ( inh]itance3 ?us1 he rais$ eighty ?\s& se$l+s f ! common ,g]man ,quets*e plum1 & 8n "o c\ld be f\nd v>y+ 9 ! lea/1 9 foliage or habit40 ,simil> facts 7 obs]v$ ) ! ,petite ,mirabelle plum1 yet ?is latt] k9d 7z well z ! ,quets*e7 is kn[n to h yield$ "s well-e/abli%$ v>ieties2 b1 z ,mr4 ,riv]s rem>ks1 !y all belong to ! same gr\p ) ! ,mirabelle4 ,*]ries 7,prunus c]asus1 avium1 etc474--,botani/s believe t our cultivat$ *]ries are desc5d$ f "o1 two1 f\r1 or ev5 m wild /ocks4#gh ,t !re mu/ be at lea/ two p>5t species we may inf] f ! /]ility ( tw5ty hybrids rais$ by ,mr4 ,knight f ! morello f]tilis$ by poll5 ( ! ,elton *]ry2 = ^! hybrids produc$ 9 all only five *]ries1 & "o alone ( ^! conta9$ a se$4#gi ,mr4 ,?ompson#hj has classifi$ ! v>ieties 9 an app>5tly natural me?od 9 two ma9 gr\ps by *>act]s tak5 f ! fl[]s1 fruit1 & leaves2 b "s v>ieties :i* /& widely sep>ate 9 ?is classification are q f]tile :5 cross$2 ?us ,knight's ,e>ly ,black *]ries are ! product ( a cross betwe5 two su* k9ds4 ,mr4 ,knight /ates t se$l+ *]ries are m v>iable ?an ^? ( any o!r fruit-tree4#ha ,9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,horticultural ,society = #ahdb eighty v>ieties are enum]at$4 ,"s v>ieties pres5t s+ul> *>act]s3 ?us1 ! fl[] ( ! ,clu/] *]ry includes z _m z twelve pi/ils1 ( :i* ! majority abort2 & !y are said g5]ally to produce f two to five or six *]ries aggregat$ toge!r & borne on a s+le p$uncle4 ,9 ! ,ratafia *]ry sev]al fl[]-p$uncles arise f a common p$uncle1 upw>ds ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fruit ( ,gascoigne's ,he>t has its apex produc$ into a globule or drop2 t ( ! :ite ,hung>ian ,gean has almo/ transp>5t fle%4 ,! ,flemi% *]ry is 8a v odd-look+ fruit10 mu* flatt5$ at ! summit & base1 ) ! latt] deeply furr[$1 & borne on a /\t1 v %ort foot/alk4 ,9 ! ,k5ti% *]ry ! /one adh]es s firmly to ! foot/alk1 t x c\ld be drawn out ( ! fle%2 & ?is r5d]s ! fruit well fitt$ = dry+4 ,! ,tobacco-leav$ *]ry1 accord+ to ,sag]et & ,?ompson1 produces gigantic leaves1 m ?an a foot & sometimes ev5 eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & half a foot 9 bread?4 ,! weep+ *]ry1 on ! o!r h&1 is valuable only z an ornam5t1 &1 accord+ to ,d[n+1 is 8a *>m+ little tree1 ) sl5d]1 weep+ bran*es1 clo!d ) small1 almo/ myrtle-l foliage40 ,!re is also a pea*-leav$ v>iety4 ,sag]et describes a rem>kable v>iety1 le griotti] de la ,t\ssa9t1 :i* be>s at ! same "t1 ev5 z late z ,septemb]1 fl[]s & fruit ( all degrees ( maturity4 ,! fruit1 :i* is ( inf]ior quality1 is borne on long1 v ?9 foot/alks4 ,b ! extraord9>y /atem5t is made t all ! leaf-be>+ %oots spr+ f old fl[]-buds4 ,la/ly1 !re is an important physiological di/9ction betwe5 ^? k9ds ( *]ries :i* be> fruit on "y or on old wood2 b ,sag]et positively ass]ts t a ,big>reau 9 8 g>d5 bore fruit on wood ( bo? ages4#hb ,apple 7,pyrus malus74--,! "o s\rce ( d\bt felt by botani/s ) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! apple is :e!r1 besides ,p4 malus1 two or ?ree o!r closely alli$ wild =ms1 namely1 ,p4 ac]ba & prcox or p>adisiaca1 d n des]ve to be rank$ z di/9ct species4 ,! ,p4 prcox is suppos$ by "s au?ors#hc to be ! p>5t ( ! dw>f p>adise /ock1 :i*1 ow+ to ! fibr\s roots n p5etrat+ deeply into ! gr\nd1 is s l>gely us$ = graft+2 b ! p>adise /ocks1 x is ass]t$1#hd _c be propagat$ true by se$4 ,! common wild crab v>ies consid]ably 9 ,engl&2 b _m ( ! v>ieties are believ$ to be escap$ se$l+s4#he ,e "o kn[s ! great diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( gr[?1 9 ! foliage1 fl[]s1 & especially 9 ! fruit1 betwe5 ! almo/ innum]able v>ieties ( ! apple4 ,! pips or se$s 7z ,i "k by comp>ison7 likewise diff] consid]ably 9 %ape1 size1 & col\r4 ,! fruit is adapt$ = eat+ or = cook+ 9 v>i\s ways1 & keeps = only a few weeks or = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,"s few k9ds h ! fruit cov]$ ) a p[d]y secretion1 call$ bloom1 l t on plums2 & 8x is extremely rem>kable t ?is occurs almo/ exclusively among v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,russia40#hf ,ano!r ,russian apple1 ! :ite ,a/racan1 possesses ! s+ul> prop]ty ( becom+ transp>5t1 :5 ripe1 l "s sorts ( crabs4 ,! api toil has five prom95t ridges1 h5ce its "n2 ! api noir is ne>ly black3 ! tw9 clu/] pipp9 (t5 be>s fruit jo9$ 9 pairs4#hg ,! trees ( ! sev]al sorts diff] greatly 9 _! p]iods ( leaf+ & fl[]+2 9 my or*>d ! ,c\rt ,p5du ,plat produces leaves s late1 t dur+ sev]al spr+s ,i ?\ght t x 0 dead4 ,! ,tiff9 apple sc>cely be>s a leaf :5 9 full bloom2 ! ,corni% crab1 on ! o!r h&1 be>s s _m leaves at ?is p]iod t ! fl[]s c h>dly be se54#hh ,9 "s k9ds ! fruit rip5s 9 mid-summ]2 9 o!rs1 late 9 ! autumn4 ,^! sev]al diff]5ces 9 leaf+1 fl[]+1 & fruit+1 are n at all necess>ily correlat$2 =1 z ,&rew ,knight has rem>k$1#hi no "o c judge f ! e>ly fl[]+ ( a new se$l+1 or f ! e>ly %$d+ or *ange ( col\r ( ! leaves1 :e!r x w mature its fruit e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! v>ieties diff] greatly 9 con/itution4 ,x is notori\s t our summ]s are n hot en\gh = ! ,newt[n ,pipp91#ij :i* is ! glory ( ! or*>ds ne> ,new ,york2 & s x is ) sev]al v>ieties :i* we h import$ f ! ,cont95t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our ,c\rt ( ,wick succe$s well "u ! sev]e climate ( ,canada4 ,! ,caville r\ge de ,mic\d occasionally be>s two crops dur+ ! same ye>4 ,! ,burr ,knot is cov]$ ) small excresc5ces1 :i* emit roots s readily t a bran* ) blossom-buds may be /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 & w root & be> a few fruit ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#ia ,mr4 ,riv]s has rec5tly describ$#ib "s se$l+s valuable f _! roots runn+ ne> ! surface4 ,"o ( ^! se$l+s 0 rem>kable f its extremely dw>f$ size1 8=m+ itself into a bu% only a few in*es 9 height40 ,_m v>ieties are p>ticul>ly liable to cank] 9 c]ta9 soils4 ,b p]haps ! /range/ con/itutional peculi>ity is t ! ,w9t] ,majet9 is n attack$ by ! mealy bug or coccus2 ,l9dley#ic /ates t 9 an or*>d 9 ,norfolk infe/$ ) ^! insects ! ,majet9 0 q free1 ?\gh ! /ock on :i* x 0 graft$ 0 affect$3 ,knight makes a simil> /atem5t ) respect to a cid] apple1 & adds t he only once saw ^! insects j above ! /ock1 b t ?ree days aft]w>ds !y entirely disappe>$2 ?is apple1 h[ev]1 0 rais$ f a cross betwe5 ! ,gold5 ,h>vey & ! ,sib]ian ,crab2 & ! latt]1 ,i believe1 is consid]$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4 ,! fam\s ,/4 ,val]y apple mu/ n be pass$ ov]2 ! fl[] has a d\ble calyx ) t5 divisions1 & f\rte5 /yles surm\nt$ by conspicu\s oblique /igmas1 b is de/itute ( /am5s or corolla4 ,! fruit is con/rict$ r\nd ! middle1 & is =m$ ( five se$-cells1 surm\nt$ by n9e o!r cells4#id ,n be+ provid$ ) /am5s1 ! tree requires artificial f]tilisation2 & ! girls ( ,/4 ,val]y annually g to 8faire ses pommes10 ea* m>k+ h] own fruit ) a ribbon2 & z diff]5t poll5 is us$ ! fruit diff]s1 & we "h h an in/ance ( ! direct action ( =eign poll5 on ! "m plant4 ,^! mon/r\s apples include1 z we h se51 f\rte5 se$-cells2 ! pigeon-apple1#ie on ! o!r h&1 has only f\r1 in/ead (1 z ) all common apples1 five cells2 & ?is c]ta9ly is a rem>kable diff]5ce4 ,9 ! catalogue ( apples publi%$ 9 #ahdb by ! ,horticultural ,society1 #hig v>ieties are enum]at$2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 mo/ ( !m are ( comp>atively little int]e/1 z !y are n /rictly inh]it$4 ,no "o c raise1 = in/ance1 f ! se$ ( ! ,rib/on ,pipp91 a tree ( ! same k9d2 & x is said t ! 8,si/] ,rib/on ,pipp90 0 a :ite semi-transp>5t1 s\r-fle%$ apple1 or r l>ge crab4#if ,yet x 0 a mi/ake to suppose t ) mo/ v>ieties ! *>act]s are n to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]it$4 ,9 two lots ( se$l+s rais$ f two well-m>k$ k9ds1 _m wor?less crab-l se$l+s w appe>1 b x is n[ kn[n t ! two lots n only usually diff] f ea* o!r1 b resemble to a c]ta9 ext5t _! p>5ts4 ,we see ?is inde$ 9 ! sev]al sub-gr\ps ( ,russetts1 ,sweet+s1 ,codl9s1 ,pe>ma9s1 ,re9ettes1 etc41#ig :i* are all believ$1 & _m are kn[n1 to be desc5d$ f o!r v>ieties be>+ ! same names4 ,pe>s 7,pyrus communis74--,i ne$ say little on ?is fruit1 :i* v>ies mu* 9 ! wild /ate1 & to an extraord9>y degree :5 cultivat$1 9 its fruit1 fl[]s1 & foliage4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ botani/s 9 ,europe1 ,m4 ,decaisne1 has c>efully /udi$ ! _m v>ieties2#ih al?\gh he =m]ly believ$ t !y 7 d]iv$ f m ?an "o species1 he n[ ?9ks t all belong to "o4 ,he has arriv$ at ?is conclusion f f9d+ 9 ! sev]al v>ieties a p]fect gradation betwe5 ! mo/ extreme *>act]s2 s p]fect is ?is gradation t he ma9ta9s x to be impossible to classify ! v>ieties by any natural me?od4 ,m4 ,decaisne rais$ _m se$l+s f f\r di/9ct k9ds1 & has c>efully record$ ! v>iations 9 ea*4 ,not)/&+ ?is extreme degree ( v>iability1 x is n[ positively kn[n t _m k9ds reproduce by se$ ! lead+ *>act]s ( _! race4#ii ,/rawb]ries 7,frag>ia74--,?is fruit is rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( species :i* h be5 cultivat$1 & f _! rapid improvem5t )9 ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s4 ,let any "o comp>e ! fruit ( "o ( ! l>ge/ v>ieties exhibit$ at our ,%[s ) t ( ! wild wood /rawb]ry1 or1 :i* w be a fair] comp>ison1 ) ! some:at l>g] fruit ( ! wild ,am]ican ,virg9ian ,/rawb]ry1 & he w see :at prodigies horticulture has effect$4#ajj ,! numb] ( v>ieties has likewise increas$ 9 a surpris+ly rapid mann]4 ,only ?ree k9ds 7 kn[n 9 ,france1 9 #agdf1 :]e ?is fruit 0 e>ly cultivat$4 ,9 #agff five species _h be5 introduc$1 ! same :i* are n[ cultivat$1 b only five v>ieties ( ,frag>ia vesca1 ) "s sub-v>ieties1 _h be5 produc$4 ,at ! pres5t day ! v>ieties ( ! sev]al species are almo/ innum]able4 ,! species consi/ (1 fir/ly1 ! wood or ,alp9e cultivat$ /rawb]ries1 desc5d$ f ,f4 vesca1 a native ( ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are eight wild ,european v>ieties1 z rank$ by ,du*esne1 ( ,f4 vesca1 b sev]al ( ^! are consid]$ species by "s botani/s4 ,secondly1 ! gre5 /rawb]ries1 desc5d$ f ! ,european ,f4 coll9a1 & little cultivat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?irdly1 ! ,hautbois1 f ! ,european ,f4 elatior4 ,f\r?ly1 ! ,sc>lets1 desc5d$ f ,f4 virg9iana1 a native ( ! :ole bread? ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,*ili1 desc5d$ f ,f4 *ilo5sis1 an inhabitant ( ! we/ coa/ ( ! temp]ate p>ts bo? ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,la/ly1 ! p9es or ,c>ol9as 7includ+ ! old ,blacks71 :i* h be5 rank$ by mo/ au?ors "u ! "n ( ,f4 gr&iflora z a di/9ct species1 said to inhabit ,sur9am2 b ?is is a manife/ error4 ,?is =m is consid]$ by ! highe/ au?ority1 ,m4 ,gay1 to be m]ely a /rongly m>k$ race ( ,f4 *ilo5sis4#aja ,^! five or six =ms h be5 rank$ by mo/ botani/s z specifically di/9ct2 b ?is may be d\bt$1 = ,&rew ,knight1#ajb :o rais$ no less ?an #djj cross$ /rawb]ries1 ass]ts t ! ,f4 virg9iana1 *ilo5sis & gr&iflora 8may be made to bre$ toge!r indiscrim9ately10 & he f\nd1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( analog\s v>iation1 8t simil> v>ieties c\ld be obta9$ f ! se$s ( any "o ( !m40 ,s9ce ,knight's "t !re is abundant & additional evid5ce#ajc ( ! ext5t to :i* ! ,am]ican =ms spontane\sly cross4 ,we owe inde$ to su* crosses mo/ ( our *oice/ exi/+ v>ieties4 ,knight did n succe$ 9 cross+ ! ,european wood-/rawb]ry ) ! ,am]ican ,sc>let or ) ! ,hautbois4 ,mr4 ,williams ( ,pitma/on1 h[ev]1 succe$$2 b ! hybrid (fspr+ f ! ,hautbois1 ?\gh fruit+ well1 nev] produc$ se$1 ) ! exception ( a s+le "o1 :i* reproduc$ ! p>5t hybrid =m4#ajd ,major ,r4 ,trevor ,cl>ke in=ms me t he cross$ two memb]s ( ! ,p9e class 7,myatt's ,b4 ,que5 & ,ke5's ,se$l+7 ) ! wood & hautbois1 & t 9 ea* case he rais$ only a s+le se$l+2 "o ( ^! fruit$1 b 0 almo/ b>r54 ,mr4 ,w4 ,smi?1 ( ,york1 has rais$ simil> hybrids ) equally poor success4#aje ,we ?us see#ajf t ! ,european & ,am]ican species c ) "s difficulty be cross$2 b x is improbable t hybrids suffici5tly f]tile to be wor? cultivation w ev] be ?us produc$4 ,?is fact is surpris+1 z ^! =ms /ructurally are n widely di/9ct1 & are sometimes connect$ 9 ! di/ricts :]e !y gr[ wild1 z ,i he> f ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 by puzzl+ int]m$iate =ms4 ,! en]getic culture ( ! ,/rawb]ry is ( rec5t date1 & ! cultivat$ v>ieties c 9 mo/ cases be class$ "u "s "o ( ! above native /ocks4 ,z ! ,am]ican /rawb]ries cross s freely & spontane\sly1 we c h>dly d\bt t !y w ultimately become inextricably confus$4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t horticulturi/s at pres5t disagree "u :i* class to rank "s few ( ! v>ieties2 & a writ] 9 ! #8,bon ,j>d9i]' ( #ahdj rem>ks t =m]ly x 0 possible to class all ( !m "u "s "o species1 b t n[ ?is is q impossible ) ! ,am]ican =ms1 ! new ,engli% v>ieties hav+ completely fill$ up ! gaps betwe5 !m4#ajg ,! bl5d+ toge!r ( two or m aborig9al =ms1 :i* !re is e reason to believe has occurr$ ) "s ( our anci5tly cultivat$ productions1 we see n[ actually occurr+ ) our /rawb]ries4 ,! cultivat$ species (f] "s v>iations wor? notice4 ,! ,black ,pr9ce1 a se$l+ f ,ke5's ,imp]ial 7?is latt] be+ a se$l+ ( a v :ite /rawb]ry1 ! :ite ,c>ol9a71 is rem>kable f 8its peculi> d>k & poli%$ surface1 & f pres5t+ an appe>ance entirely unlike t ( any o!r k9d40#ajh ,al?\gh ! fruit 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties diff]s s greatly 9 =m1 size1 col\r1 & quality1 ! s-call$ se$ 7:i* corresponds ) ! :ole fruit 9 ! plum7 ) ! exception ( be+ m or less deeply emb$d$ 9 ! pulp1 is1 accord+ to ,de ,jonghe1#aji absolutely ! same 9 all3 & ?is no d\bt may be acc\nt$ = by ! se$ be+ ( no value1 & consequ5tly n hav+ be5 subject$ to selection4 ,! /rawb]ry is prop]ly ?ree-leav$1 b 9 #agfa ,du*esne rais$ a s+le-leav$ v>iety ( ! ,european wood-/rawb]ry1 :i* ,l9nu d\btfully rais$ to ! rank ( a species4 ,se$l+s ( ?is v>iety1 l ^? ( mo/ v>ieties n fix$ by long-cont9u$ selection1 (t5 rev]t to ! ord9>y =m1 or pres5t int]m$iate /ates4#aaj ,a v>iety rais$ by ,mr4 ,myatt1#aaa app>5tly belong+ to "o ( ! ,am]ican =ms pres5ts a v>iation ( an opposite nature1 = x has five leaves2 ,godron & ,lamb]tye also m5tion a five-leav$ v>iety ( ,f4 coll9a4 ,! ,r$ ,bu% ,alp9e /rawb]ry 7"o ( ! ,f4 vesca section7 does n produce /olons or runn]s1 & ?is rem>kable deviation ( /ructure is reproduc$ truly by se$4 ,ano!r sub-v>iety1 ! ,:ite ,bu% ,alp9e1 is simil>ly *>act]is$1 b :5 propagat$ by se$ x (t5 deg5]ates & produces plants ) runn]s4#aab ,a /rawb]ry ( ! ,am]ican ,p9e section is also said to make b few runn]s4#aac ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! sexes ( /rawb]ries2 ! true ,hautbois prop]ly be>s ! male & female organs on sep>ate plants1#aad & 0 consequ5tly nam$ by ,du*esne dioica2 b x frequ5tly produces h]maphrodites2 & ,l9dley1#aae by propagat+ su* plants by runn]s1 at ! same "t de/roy+ ! males1 soon rais$ a self-prolific /ock4 ,! o!r species (t5 %[$ a t5d5cy t[>ds an imp]fect sep>ation ( ! sexes1 z ,i h notic$ ) plants =c$ 9 a hot-h\se4 ,sev]al ,engli% v>ieties1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry are free f any su* t5d5cy1 :5 cultivat$ 9 ri* soils "u ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica#aaf commonly produce plants ) sep>ate sexes4 ,?us a :ole acre ( ,ke5's ,se$l+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 obs]v$ to be almo/ /]ile f ! abs5ce ( male fl[]s2 b ! m g5]al rule is1 t ! male plants ov]run ! females4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,c9c9nati ,horticultural ,society1 especially appo9t$ to inve/igate ?is subject1 report t 8few v>ieties h ! fl[]s p]fect 9 bo? sexual organs10 etc4 ,! mo/ successful cultivators 9 ,ohio plant = e sev5 r[s ( 8pi/illata10 or female plants1 "o r[ ( h]maphrodites1 :i* af=d poll5 = bo? k9ds2 b ! h]maphrodites1 ow+ to _! exp5diture 9 ! production ( poll51 be> less fruit ?an ! female plants4 ,! v>ieties diff] 9 con/itution4 ,"s ( our be/ ,engli% k9ds1 su* z ,ke5's ,se$l+s1 are too t5d] = c]ta9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e o!r ,engli% & _m ,am]ican v>ieties succe$ p]fectly4 ,t spl5did fruit1 ! ,briti% ,que51 c be cultivat$ b 9 few places ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,france3 b ?is app>5tly dep5ds m on ! nature ( ! soil ?an on ! climate2 a fam\s g>d5] says t 8no mortal c\ld gr[ ! ,briti% ,que5 at ,%rubl& ,p>k unless ! :ole nature ( ! soil 0 alt]$40#aag ,la ,con/ant9e is "o ( ! h>die/ k9ds1 & c )/& ,russian w9t]s1 b x is easily burnt by ! sun1 s t x w n succe$ 9 c]ta9 soils ei!r 9 ,engl& or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#aah ,! ,filb]t ,p9e ,/rawb]ry 8requires m wat] ?an any o!r v>iety2 & if ! plants once suff] f dr\ght1 !y w d little or no good aft]w>ds40#aai ,cu?ill's ,black ,pr9ce ,/rawb]ry ev9ces a s+ul> t5d5cy to mildew2 no less ?an six cases h be5 record$ ( ?is v>iety suff]+ sev]ely1 :il/ o!r v>ieties gr[+ close by1 & treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 7 n at all infe/$ by ?is fungus4#abj ,! "t ( maturity diff]s mu* 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties3 "s belong+ to ! wood or alp9e section produce a succession ( crops ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes grossul>ia74--,no "o1 ,i believe1 has hi!rto d\bt$ t all ! cultivat$ k9ds are sprung f ! wild plant be>+ ?is "n1 :i* is common 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe2 !re=e x w be desirable briefly to specify all ! po9ts1 ?\gh n v important1 :i* h v>i$4 ,if x be admitt$ t ^! diff]5ces are due to culture1 au?ors p]haps w n be s ready to assume ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( unkn[n wild p>5t-/ocks = our o!r cultivat$ plants4 ,! gooseb]ry is n allud$ to by writ]s ( ! classical p]iod4 ,turn] m5tions x 9 #aegc1 & ,p>k9son specifies eight v>ieties 9 #afbi2 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,horticultural ,society = #ahdb gives #adi v>ieties1 & ! li/s ( ! ,lanca%ire nurs]ym5 are said to include above #cjj names4#aba ,9 ! #8,gooseb]ry ,gr[]'s ,regi/]' = #ahfb ,i f9d t #bdc di/9ct v>ieties h won prizes at v>i\s p]iods1 s t a va/ numb] mu/ h be5 exhibit$4 ,no d\bt ! diff]5ce betwe5 _m ( ! v>ieties is v small2 b ,mr4 ,?ompson 9 classify+ ! fruit = ! ,horticultural ,society f\nd less confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( ! gooseb]ry ?an ( any o!r fruit1 & he attributes ?is 8to ! great int]e/ :i* ! prize-gr[]s h tak5 9 detect+ sorts ) wrong names10 & ?is %[s t all ! k9ds1 num]\s z !y are1 c be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! bu%es diff] 9 _! mann] ( gr[?1 be+ erect1 or spread+1 or p5dul\s4 ,! p]iods ( leaf+ & fl[]+ diff] bo? absolutely & relatively to ea* o!r2 ?us ! ,:itesmi? produces e>ly fl[]s1 :i* f n be+ protect$ by ! foliage1 z x is believ$1 cont9ually fail to produce fruit4#abb ,! leaves v>y 9 size1 t9t1 & 9 dep? ( lobes2 !y are smoo?1 d[ny1 or hairy on ! upp] surface4 ,! bran*es are m or less d[ny or sp9ose2 8! ,h$gehog has probably d]iv$ its "n f ! s+ul> bri/ly condition ( its %oots & fruit40 ,! bran*es ( ! wild gooseb]ry1 ,i may rem>k1 are smoo?1 ) ! exception ( ?orns at ! bases ( ! buds4 ,! ?orns !mselves are ei!r v small1 few & s+le1 or v l>ge & triple2 !y are sometimes reflex$ & mu* dilat$ at _! bases4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties ! fruit v>ies 9 abundance1 9 ! p]iod ( maturity1 9 hang+ until %rivell$1 & greatly 9 size1 8"s sorts hav+ _! fruit l>ge dur+ a v e>ly p]iod ( gr[?1 :il/ o!rs are small1 until ne>ly ripe40 ,! fruit v>ies also mu* 9 col\r1 be+ r$1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite--! pulp ( "o d>k-r$ gooseb]ry be+ t+$ ) yell[2 9 flav\r2 9 be+ smoo? or d[ny1--few1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,r$ gooseb]ries1 :il/ _m ( ! s-call$ ,:ites1 are d[ny2 or 9 be+ s sp9ose t "o k9d is call$ ,h5d]son's ,porcup9e4 ,two k9ds acquire :5 mature a p[d]y bloom on _! fruit4 ,! fruit v>ies 9 ! ?ickness & ve9+ ( ! sk91 &1 la/ly1 9 %ape1 be+ sph]ical1 oblong1 oval1 or obovate4#abc ,i cultivat$ fifty-f\r v>ieties1 &1 consid]+ h[ greatly ! fruit diff]s1 x 0 curi\s h[ closely simil> ! fl[]s 7 9 all ^! k9ds4 ,9 only a few ,i detect$ a trace ( diff]5ce 9 ! size or col\r ( ! corolla4 ,! calyx diff]$ 9 a r great] degree1 = 9 "s k9ds x 0 mu* r$d] ?an 9 o!rs2 & 9 "o smoo? :ite gooseb]ry x 0 unusually r$4 ,! calyx also diff]$ 9 ! basal "p be+ smoo? or woolly1 or cov]$ ) gl&ul> hairs4 ,x des]ves notice1 z be+ contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$ f ! law ( correlation1 t a smoo? r$ gooseb]ry _h a rem>kably hairy calyx4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,sportsman are furni%$ ) v l>ge col\r$ bracte2 & ?is is ! mo/ s+ul> deviation ( /ructure :i* ,i h obs]v$4 ,^! same fl[]s also v>i$ mu* 9 ! numb] ( ! petals1 & occasionally 9 ! numb] ( ! /am5s & pi/ils2 s t !y 7 semi-mon/r\s 9 /ructure1 yet !y produc$ pl5ty ( fruit4 ,mr4 ,?ompson rem>ks t 9 ! ,pa/ime gooseb]ry 8extra bracts are (t5 atta*$ to ! sides ( ! fruit40#abd ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gooseb]ry is ! /eady increase 9 ! size ( ! fruit4 ,man*e/] is ! metropolis ( ! fanci]s1 & prizes f five %ill+s to five or t5 p\nds are ye>ly giv5 = ! heavie/ fruit4 ,! #8,gooseb]ry ,gr[]s ,regi/]' is publi%$ annually2 ! e>lie/ kn[n copy is dat$ #aghf1 b x is c]ta9 t meet+s = ! adjudication ( prizes 7 held "s ye>s previ\sly4#abe ,! #8,regi/]' = #ahde gives an acc\nt ( #aga ,gooseb]ry ,%[s1 held 9 diff]5t places dur+ t ye>2 & ?is fact %[s on h[ l>ge a scale ! culture has be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! fruit ( ! wild gooseb]ry is said#abf to weigh ab\t a qu>t] ( an ounce or #e dwts41 t is1 #abj gra9s2 ab\t ! ye> #aghf gooseb]ries 7 exhibit$ weigh+ #aj dwts41 s t ! weight 0 !n d\bl$2 9 #ahag #bf dwts4 #ag grs4 0 atta9$2 !re 0 no advance till #ahbe1 :5 #ca dwts4 #af grs4 0 rea*$2 9 #ahcj 8,teaz]0 weigh$ #cb dwts4 #ac grs42 9 #ahda 8,wond]ful0 weigh$ #cb dwts4 #af grs42 9 #ahdd 8,london0 weigh$ #ce dwts4 #ab grs41 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> #cf dwts4 #af grs42 & 9 #aheb 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ! fruit ( ! same v>iety rea*$ ! a/oni%+ weight ( #cg dwts4 #g grs4#abg or #hif grs42 t is1 betwe5 sev5 or eight times ! weight ( ! wild fruit4 ,i f9d t a small apple1 #f in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 has exactly ?is same weight4 ,! 8,london0 gooseb]ry 7:i* 9 #aheb _h altoge!r ga9$ #ccc prizes7 has1 up to ! pres5t ye> ( #ahge1 nev] rea*$ a great] weight ?an t atta9$ 9 #aheb4 ,p]haps ! fruit ( ! gooseb]ry has n[ rea*$ ! greate/ possible weight1 unless 9 ! c\rse ( "t "s new & di/9ct v>iety %all arise4 ,?is gradual1 & on ! :ole /eady increase ( weight f ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury to ! ye> #aheb1 is probably 9 l>ge "p due to improv$ me?ods ( cultivation1 = extreme c>e is n[ tak52 ! bran*es & roots are tra9$1 compo/s are made1 ! soil is mul*$1 & only a few b]ries are left on ea* bu%2#abh b ! increase no d\bt is 9 ma9 "p due to ! cont9u$ selection ( se$l+s :i* h be5 f\nd to be m & m capable ( yield+ su* extraord9>y fruit4 ,assur$ly ! 8,highwayman0 9 #ahag c\ld n h produc$ fruit l t ( ! 8,ro>+ ,lion0 9 #ahbe2 nor c\ld ! 8,ro>+ ,lion10 ?\gh x 0 gr[n by _m p]sons 9 _m places1 ga9 ! supreme triumph a*iev$ 9 #aheb by ! 8,london0 ,gooseb]ry4 ,walnut 7,juglans regia74--,?is tree & ! common nut belong to a widely diff]5t ord] f ! =ego+ fruits1 & are !re=e "h notic$4 ,! walnut gr[s wild on ! ,caucasus & 9 ! ,himalaya1 :]e ,dr4 ,hook]#abi f\nd ! fruit ( full size1 b 8z h>d z a hickory-nut40 ,x has be5 f\nd fossil1 z ,m4 de ,saporta in=ms me1 9 ! t]ti>y =mation1 ( ,france4 ,9 ,engl& ! walnut pres5ts consid]able diff]5ces1 9 ! %ape & size ( ! fruit1 9 ! ?ickness ( ! husk1 & 9 ! ?9ness ( ! %ell2 ?is latt] quality has giv5 rise to a v>iety call$ ! ?9-%ell$1 :i* is valuable1 b suff]s f ! attacks ( tit-mice4#acj ,! degree to :i* ! k]nel fills ! %ell v>ies mu*4 ,9 ,france !re is a v>iety call$ ! ,grape or clu/]-walnut1 9 :i* ! nuts gr[ 9 8bun*es ( t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty toge!r40 ,!re is ano!r v>iety :i* be>s on ! same tree diff]5tly %ap$ leaves1 l ! het]ophyll\s hornbeam2 ?is tree is also rem>kable f hav+ p5dul\s bran*es1 & be>+ elongat$1 l>ge1 ?9-%ell$ nuts4#aca ,m4 ,c>dan has m9utely describ$#acb "s s+ul> physiological peculi>ities 9 ! ,june-leaf+ v>iety1 :i* produces its leaves & fl[]s f\r or five weeks lat] ?an ! common v>ieties2 & al?\gh 9 ,augu/ x is app>5tly 9 exactly ! same /ate ( =w>dness z ! o!r k9ds1 x reta9s its leaves & fruit mu* lat] 9 ! autumn4 ,^! con/itutional peculi>ities are /rictly inh]it$4 ,la/ly1 walnut-trees1 :i* are prop]ly monoic\s1 sometimes entirely fail to produce male fl[]s4#acc ,nuts 7,corylus avellana74--,mo/ botani/s rank all ! v>ieties "u ! same species1 ! common wild nut4#acd ,! husk1 or involucre1 diff]s greatly1 be+ extremely %ort 9 ,b>r's ,spani%1 & extremely long 9 filb]ts1 9 :i* x is contract$ s z to prev5t ! nut fall+ out4 ,?is k9d ( husk also protects ! nut f birds1 = titmice 7,p>us7 h be5 obs]v$ #ace to pass ov] filb]ts1 & attack cobs & common nuts gr[+ 9 ! same or*>d4 ,9 ! purple-filb]t ! husk is purple1 & 9 ! frizzl$-filb]t x is curi\sly lac9iat$2 9 ! r$-filb]t ! pellicle ( ! k]nel is r$4 ,! %ell is ?ick 9 "s v>ieties1 b is ?9 9 ,cos=d's-nut1 & 9 "o v>iety is ( a blui% col\r4 ,! nut itself diff]s mu* 9 size & %ape1 be+ ovate & compress$ 9 filb]ts1 ne>ly r\nd & ( great size 9 cobs & ,spani% nuts1 oblong & longitud9ally /riat$ 9 ,cos=d's1 & obtusely f\r-sid$ 9 ! ,d[nton ,squ>e nut4 ,cucurbitace\s plants4--,^! plants h be5 = a long p]iod ! opprobrium ( botani/s2 num]\s v>ieties h be5 rank$ z species1 &1 :at happ5s m r>ely1 =ms :i* n[ mu/ be consid]$ z species h be5 class$ z v>ieties4 ,ow+ to ! admirable exp]im5tal rese>*es ( a di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,m4 ,naud91#acf a flood ( light has rec5tly be5 ?r[n on ?is gr\p ( plants4 ,m4 ,naud91 dur+ _m ye>s1 obs]v$ & exp]im5t$ on above #abjj liv+ specim5s1 collect$ f all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,six species are n[ recognis$ 9 ! g5us ,cucurbita2 b ?ree alone h be5 cultivat$ & conc]n u1 namely1 ,c4 maxima & pepo1 :i* include all pumpk9s1 g\rds1 squa%es1 & ! vegetable m>r[1 & ,c4 mos*ata4 ,^! ?ree species are n kn[n 9 a wild /ate2 b ,asa ,gray#acg gives good reason = believ+ t "s pumpk9s are natives ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,^! ?ree species are closely alli$1 & h ! same g5]al habit1 b _! innum]able v>ieties c always be di/+ui%$1 accord+ to ,naud91 by c]ta9 almo/ fix$ *>act]s2 & :at is /ill m important1 :5 cross$ !y yield no se$1 or only /]ile se$2 :il/ ! v>ieties spontane\sly int]cross ) ! utmo/ fre$om4 ,naud9 insi/s /rongly 7p4 #ae71 t1 ?\gh ^! ?ree species h v>i$ greatly 9 _m *>act]s1 yet x has be5 9 s closely an analog\s mann] t ! v>ieties c he arrang$ 9 almo/ p>allel s]ies1 z we h se5 ) ! =ms ( :eat1 ) ! two ma9 races ( ! pea*1 & 9 o!r cases4 ,?\gh "s ( ! v>ieties are incon/ant 9 "*1 yet o!rs1 :5 gr[n sep>ately "u uni=m conditions ( life1 are1 z ,naud9 repeat$ly 7pp4 #f1 #af1 #ce7 urges1 8d\es d'une /abilit presque comp>able celle des espces les mieux c>actrises40 ,"o v>iety1 l',orang9 7pp4 #dc1 #fc71 has su* prepot5cy 9 transmitt+ its "*1 t :5 cross$ ) o!r v>ieties a va/ majority ( ! se$l+s come true4 ,naud91 ref]r+ 7p4 #dg7 to ,c4 pepo1 says t its races 8ne diff]5t des espces v]itables qu'en ce qu'elles peuv5t s'alli] les unes aux autres p> voie d'hybridit1 sans que leur desc5dance p]de la facult de se p]ptu]40 ,if we 7 to tru/ to ext]nal diff]5ces alone1 & give up ! te/ ( /]ility1 a multitude ( species w\ld h to be =m$ out ( ! v>ieties ( ^! ?ree species ( ,cucurbita4 ,_m naturali/s at ! pres5t day lay f> too little /ress1 9 my op9ion1 on ! te/ ( /]ility2 yet x is n improbable t di/9ct species ( plants aft] a long c\rse ( cultivation & v>iation may h _! mutual /]ility elim9at$1 z we h e reason to believe has occurr$ ) dome/icat$ animals4 ,nor1 9 ! case ( plants "u cultivation1 %\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t v>ieties nev] acquire a slight degree ( mutual /]ility1 z we %all m fully see 9 a future *apt] :5 c]ta9 facts are giv5 on ! high au?ority ( ,grtn] & ,klreut]4#ach ,! =ms ( ,c4 pepo are class$ by ,naud9 "u sev5 sections1 ea* includ+ subord9ate v>ieties4 ,he consid]s ?is plant z probably ! mo/ v>iable 9 ! _w4 ,! fruit ( "o v>iety 7pp4 #cc1 #df7 exce$s 9 value t ( ano!r by m ?an two ?\s& fold6 ,:5 ! fruit is ( v l>ge size1 ! numb] produc$ is few 7p4 #de72 :5 ( small size1 _m are produc$4 ,no less a/oni%+ 7p4 #cc7 is ! v>iation 9 ! %ape ( ! fruit1 ! typical =m app>5tly is egg-l1 b ?is becomes ei!r drawn out into a cyl9d]1 or %ort5$ into a flat disc4 ,we h also an almo/ inf9ite div]sity 9 ! col\r & /ate ( surface ( ! fruit1 9 ! h>dness bo? ( ! %ell & ( ! fle%1 & 9 ! ta/e ( ! fle%1 :i* is ei!r extremely sweet1 f>9ace\s1 or slightly bitt]4 ,! se$s also diff] 9 a slight degree 9 %ape1 & wond]fully 9 size 7p4 #cd71 namely1 f six or sev5 to m ?an tw5ty-five millimtres 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! v>ieties :i* gr[ upright or d n run & climb1 ! t5drils1 ?\gh useless 7p4 #ca71 are ei!r pres5t or are repres5t$ by v>i\s semi-mon/r\s organs1 or are q abs5t4 ,! t5drils are ev5 abs5t 9 "s runn+ v>ieties 9 :i* ! /ems are mu* elongat$4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t 7p4 #ca7 9 all ! v>ieties ) dw>f$ /ems1 ! leaves closely resemble ea* o!r 9 %ape4 ,^? naturali/s :o believe 9 ! immutability ( species (t5 ma9ta9 t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ v>iable =ms1 ! *>act]s :i* !y consid] ( specific value are un*angeable4 ,to give an example f a consci5ti\s writ]1#aci :o1 rely+ on ! lab\rs ( ,m4 ,naud91 & ref]r+ to ! species ( ,cucurbita1 says1 8au milieu de t\tes les v>iations du fruit1 les tiges1 les feuilles1 les calices1 les corolles1 les tam9es re/5t inv>iables dans *acune d'elles40 ,yet ,m4 ,naud91 9 describ+ ,cucurbita pepo 7p4 #cj71 says1 8,ici1 d'ailleurs1 ce ne sont pas seulem5t les fruits qui v>i5t1 c'e/ aussi le feuillage et t\t le port de la plante4 ,nanmo9s1 je crois qu'on la di/+u]a t\j\rs facilem5t des deux autres espces1 si l'on veut ne pas p]dre de vue les c>actres diffr5tiels que je m'ef=ce de faire ressortir4 ,ces c>actres sont quelquefois peu m>qus3 il arrive meme que plusieurs d'entre eux s'effac5t presque entirem5t1 mais ii en re/e t\j\rs quelques-uns qui remett5t l'obs]vateur sur la voie40 ,n[ let x be not$ :at a diff]5ce1 ) reg>d to ! immutability ( ! s-call$ specific *>act]s ?is p>agraph produces on ! m9d1 f t above quot$ f ,m4 ,godron4 ,i w add ano!r rem>k3 naturali/s cont9ually ass]t t no important organ v>ies2 b 9 say+ ?is !y unconsci\sly argue 9 a vici\s circle2 = if an organ1 let x be :at x may1 is highly v>iable1 x is reg>d$ z unimportant1 & "u a sy/ematic po9t ( view ?is is q correct4 ,b z long z con/ancy is ?us tak5 z ! crit]ion ( importance1 x w inde$ be long be=e an important organ c be %[n to be incon/ant4 ,! enl>g$ =m ( ! /igmas1 & _! sessile position on ! summit ( ! ov>y1 mu/ be consid]$ z important *>act]s1 & 7 us$ by ,gasp>9i to sep>ate c]ta9 pumpk9s z a di/9ct g5us2 b ,naud9 says 7p4 #bj71 ^! p>ts h no con/ancy1 & 9 ! fl[]s ( ! ,turban v>ieties ( ,c4 maxima !y sometimes resume _! ord9>y /ructure4 ,aga91 9 ,c4 maxima1 ! c>pels 7p4 #ai7 :i* =m ! turban project ev5 z mu* z two-?irds ( _! l5g? out ( ! receptacle1 & ?is latt] "p is ?us r$uc$ to a sort ( plat=m2 b ?is rem>kable /ructure occurs only 9 c]ta9 v>ieties1 & graduates into ! common =m 9 :i* ! c>pels are almo/ entirely envelop$ )9 ! receptacle4 ,9 ,c4 mos*ata ! ov>ium 7p4 #ej7 v>ies greatly 9 %ape1 be+ oval1 ne>ly sph]ical1 or cyl9drical1 m or less swoll5 9 ! upp] "p1 or con/rict$ r\nd ! middle1 & ei!r /raight or curv$4 ,:5 ! ov>ium is %ort & oval ! int]ior /ructure does n diff] f t ( ,c4 maxima & pepo1 b :5 x is elongat$ ! c>pels occupy only ! t]m9al & swoll5 portion4 ,i may add t 9 "o v>iety ( ! cucumb] 7,cucumis sativus7 ! fruit regul>ly conta9s five c>pels in/ead ( ?ree4#adj ,i presume t x w n be disput$ t we "h h in/ances ( great v>iability 9 organs ( ! highe/ physiological importance1 & ) mo/ plants ( ! highe/ classificatory importance4 ,sag]et#ada & ,naud9 f\nd t ! cucumb] 7,c4 sativus7 c\ld n be cross$ ) any o!r species ( ! g5us2 !re=e no d\bt x is specifically di/9ct f ! melon4 ,?is w appe> to mo/ p]sons a sup]flu\s /atem5t2 yet we he> f ,naud9#adb t !re is a race ( melons1 9 :i* ! fruit is s l t ( ! cucumb]1 8bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 t x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r except by ! leaves40 ,! v>ieties ( ! melon seem to be endless1 = ,naud9 aft] six ye>s' /udy _h n come to ! end ( !m3 he divides !m into t5 sections1 includ+ num]\s sub-v>ieties :i* all int]cross ) p]fect ease4#adc ,( ! =ms consid]$ by ,naud9 to be v>ieties1 botani/s h made ?irty di/9ct species6 8& !y _h n ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) ! multitude ( new =ms :i* h appe>$ s9ce _! "t40 ,nor is ! creation ( s _m species at all surpris+ :5 we consid] h[ /rictly _! *>act]s are transmitt$ by se$1 & h[ wond]fully !y diff] 9 appe>ance3 8,mira e/ quidem foliorum et habitus div]sitas1 s$ multo magis fructuum10 says ,naud94 ,! fruit is ! valuable "p1 & ?is1 9 accordance ) ! common rule1 is ! mo/ modifi$ "p4 ,"s melons are only z l>ge z small plums1 o!rs weigh z mu* z sixty-six p\nds4 ,"o v>iety has a sc>let fruit6 ,ano!r is n m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 b sometimes m ?an a y>d 9 l5g?1 8twi/+ ab\t 9 all directions l a s]p5t40 ,x is a s+ul> fact t 9 ?is latt] v>iety _m p>ts ( ! plant1 namely1 ! /ems1 ! foot/alks ( ! female fl[]s1 ! middle lobe ( ! leaves1 & especially ! ov>ium1 z well z ! mature fruit1 all %[ a /rong t5d5cy to become elongat$4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ! melon are int]e/+ f assum+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( di/9ct species & ev5 ( di/9ct ?\gh alli$ g5]a3 ?us ! s]p5t-melon has "s resemblance to ! fruit ( ,tri*osan!s angu9a2 we h se5 t o!r v>ieties closely resemble cucumb]s2 "s ,egyptian v>ieties h _! se$s atta*$ to a portion ( ! pulp1 & ?is is *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 wild =ms4 ,la/ly1 a v>iety ( melon f ,algi]s is rem>kable f ann\nc+ its maturity by 8a spontane\s & almo/ sudd5 dislocation10 :5 deep cracks sudd5ly appe>1 & ! fruit falls to pieces2 & ?is occurs ) ! wild ,c4 momordica4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,naud9 well rem>ks t ?is 8extraord9>y production ( races & v>ieties by a s+le species & _! p]man5ce :5 n int]f]$ ) by cross+1 are ph5om5a well calculat$ to cause reflection40 ,,useful ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,trees4 ,trees des]ve a pass+ notice on acc\nt ( ! num]\s v>ieties :i* !y pres5t1 diff]+ 9 _! precocity1 9 _! mann] ( gr[?1 _! foliage1 & b>k4 ,?us ( ! common a% 7,frax9us excelsior7 ! catalogue ( ,messrs4 ,lawson ( ,ed9burgh includes tw5ty-"o v>ieties1 "s ( :i* diff] mu* 9 _! b>k2 !re is a yell[1 a /reak$ r$di%-:ite1 a purple1 a w>t-b>k$ & a fung\s-b>k$ v>iety4#add ,( hollies no less ?an eighty-f\r v>ieties are gr[n alongside ea* o!r 9 ,mr4 ,paul's nurs]y4#ade ,9 ! case ( trees1 all ! record$ v>ieties1 z f> z ,i c f9d out1 h be5 sudd5ly produc$ by "o s+le act ( v>iation4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ to raise _m g5]ations1 & ! little value set on ! fanciful v>ieties1 expla9s h[ x is t successive modifications h n be5 accumulat$ by selection2 h5ce1 also1 x foll[s t we d n "h meet ) sub-v>ieties subord9ate to v>ieties1 & ^! aga9 subord9ate to high] gr\ps4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 h[ev]1 :]e ! =e/s are m c>efully att5d$ to ?an 9 ,engl&1 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#adf says t !re is n a =e/] :o does n se>* = se$s f t v>iety :i* he e/eems ! mo/ valuable4 ,our useful trees h seldom be5 expos$ to any great *ange ( conditions2 !y h n be5 ri*ly manur$1 & ! ,engli% k9ds gr[ "u _! prop] climate4 ,yet 9 exam9+ ext5sive b$s ( se$l+s 9 nurs]y-g>d5s consid]able diff]5ces may be g5]ally obs]v$ 9 !m2 & :il/ t\r+ 9 ,engl& ,i h be5 surpris$ at ! am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! same species 9 our h$g][s & woods4 ,b z plants v>y s mu* 9 a truly wild /ate1 x w\ld be difficult = ev5 a skilful botani/ to pron\nce :e!r1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 h$g][ trees v>y m ?an ^? gr[+ 9 a primeval =e/4 ,trees :5 plant$ by man 9 woods or h$ges d n gr[ :]e !y w\ld naturally be able to hold _! place aga9/ a ho/ ( competitors1 & are !re=e expos$ to conditions n /rictly natural3 ev5 ?is slight *ange w\ld probably suffice to cause se$l+s rais$ f su* trees to be v>iable4 ,:e!r or n our half-wild ,engli% trees1 z a g5]al rule1 are m v>iable ?an trees gr[+ 9 _! native =e/s1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t !y h yield$ a great] numb] ( /rongly-m>k$ & s+ul> v>iations ( /ructure4 ,9 mann] ( gr[?1 we h weep+ or p5dul\s v>ieties ( ! will[1 a%1 elm1 oak1 & yew1 & o!r trees2 & ?is weep+ habit is sometimes inh]it$1 ?\gh 9 a s+ul>ly caprici\s mann]4 ,9 ! ,lomb>dy popl>1 & 9 c]ta9 fa/igiate or pyramidal v>ieties ( ?orns1 junip]s1 oaks1 etc41 we h an opposite k9d ( gr[?4 ,! ,hessian oak1#adg :i* is fam\s f its fa/igiate habit & size1 be>s h>dly any resemblance 9 g5]al appe>ance to a common oak2 8its acorns are n sure to produce plants ( ! same habit2 "s1 h[ev]1 turn out ! same z ! p>5t-tree40 ,ano!r fa/igiate oak is said to h be5 f\nd wild 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ?is is a surpris+ circum/ance2 x g5]ally comes s true by se$1 t ,de ,c&olle consid]$ x z specifically di/9ct4#adh ,! fa/igiate ,junip] 7,j4 suecica7 likewise transmits its "* by se$4#adi ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me t 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,calcutta ! great heat caus$ apple-trees to become fa/igiate2 & we ?us see ! same result foll[+ f ! effects ( climate & f "s unkn[n cause4#aej ,9 foliage we h v>iegat$ leaves :i* are (t5 inh]it$2 d>k purple or r$ leaves1 z 9 ! hazel1 b>b]ry1 & bee*1 ! col\r 9 ^! two latt] trees be+ sometimes /rongly & sometimes weakly inh]it$2#aea deeply-cut leaves2 & leaves cov]$ ) prickles1 z 9 ! v>iety ( ! holly well call$ f]ox1 :i* is said to reproduce itself by se$4#aeb ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! peculi> v>ieties ev9ce a t5d5cy1 m or less /rongly m>k$1 to reproduce !mselves by se$4#aec ,?is is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! case1 accord+ to ,bosc1#aed ) ?ree v>ieties ( ! elm1 namely1 ! broad-leaf$1 lime-leaf$1 & twi/$ elm1 9 :i* latt] ! fibres ( ! wood are twi/$4 ,ev5 ) ! het]ophyll\s hornbeam 7,c>p9us betulus71 :i* be>s on ea* twig leaves ( two %apes1 sev]al plants rais$ f se$ all reta9$ 8! same peculi>ity40#aee ,i w add only "o o!r rem>kable case ( v>iation 9 foliage1 namely1 ! occurr5ce ( two sub-v>ieties ( ! a% ) simple in/ead ( p9nat$ leaves1 & :i* g5]ally transmit _! "* by se$4#aef ,! occurr5ce1 9 trees belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s1 ( weep+ & fa/igiate v>ieties1 & ( trees be>+ deeply cut1 v>iegat$1 & purple leaves1 %[s t ^! deviations ( /ructure mu/ result f "s v g5]al physiological laws4 ,diff]5ces 9 g5]al appe>ance & foliage1 n m /rongly m>k$ ?an ^? above indicat$1 h l$ good obs]v]s to rank z di/9ct species c]ta9 =ms :i* are n[ kn[n to be m]e v>ieties4 ,?us1 a plane-tree long cultivat$ 9 ,engl& 0 consid]$ by almo/ e "o z a ,nor? ,am]ican species3 b is n[ asc]ta9$ by old records1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,hook]1 to be a v>iety4 ,s1 aga91 ! ,?uja p5dula or fili=mis 0 rank$ by su* good obs]v]s z ,lamb]t1 ,walli*1 & o!rs1 z a true species2 b x is n[ kn[n t ! orig9al plants1 five 9 numb]1 sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a b$ ( se$l+s1 rais$ at ,mr4 ,loddige's nurs]y1 f ,t4 ori5talis2 & ,dr4 ,hook] has adduc$ excell5t evid5ce t at ,tur9 se$s ( ,t4 p5dula h reproduc$ ! p>5t =m1 ,t4 ori5talis4#aeg ,e "o mu/ h notic$ h[ c]ta9 individual trees regul>ly put =? & %$ _! leaves e>li] or lat] ?an o!rs ( ! same species4 ,!re is a fam\s horse-*e/nut 9 ! ,tuil]ies :i* is nam$ f leaf+ s mu* e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,!re is also an oak ne> ,ed9burgh :i* reta9s its leaves to a v late p]iod4 ,^! diff]5ces h be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* ! trees gr[2 b ,ar*bi%op ,:ately graft$ an e>ly ?orn on a late "o1 & vice v]sa1 & bo? grafts kept to _! prop] p]iods1 :i* diff]$ by ab\t a =tnight1 z if !y /ill grew on _! own /ocks4#aeh ,!re is a ,corni% v>iety ( ! elm :i* is almo/ an ev]gre51 & is s t5d] t ! %oots are (t5 kill$ by ! fro/2 & ! v>ieties ( ! ,turki% oak 7,q4 c]ris7 may be arrang$ z decidu\s1 sub-ev]gre51 & ev]gre54#aei ,scot* ,fir 7,p9us sylve/ris74--,i allude to ?is tree z x be>s on ! "q ( ! great] v>iability ( our h$g][ trees comp>$ ) ^? "u /rictly natural conditions4 ,a well-in=m$ writ]#afj /ates t ! ,scot* fir pres5ts few v>ieties 9 its native ,scot* =e/s2 b t x 8v>ies mu* 9 figure & foliage1 & 9 ! size1 %ape1 & col\r ( its cones1 :5 sev]al g5]ations h be5 produc$ away f its native locality40 ,!re is little d\bt t ! highl& & l[l& v>ieties diff] 9 ! value ( _! timb]1 & t !y c be propagat$ truly by se$2 ?us ju/ify+ ,l\don's rem>k1 t 8a v>iety is (t5 ( z mu* importance z a species1 & sometimes f> m s40#afa ,i may m5tion "o r important po9t 9 :i* ?is tree occasionally v>ies2 9 ! classification ( ! ,conif]1 sections are f\nd$ on :e!r two1 ?ree1 or five leaves are includ$ 9 ! same %ea?2 ! ,scot* fir has prop]ly only two leaves ?us enclos$1 b specim5s h be5 obs]v$ ) gr\ps ( ?ree leaves 9 a %ea?4#afb ,besides ^! diff]5ces 9 ! semi-cultivat$ ,scot* fir1 !re are 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe natural or geographical races1 :i* h be5 rank$ by "s au?ors z di/9ct species4#afc ,l\don#afd consid]s ,p4 pumilio1 ) its sev]al sub-v>ieties1 z mughus1 nana1 etc41 :i* diff] mu* :5 plant$ 9 diff]5t soils1 & only come 8tol]ably true f se$10 z alp9e v>ieties ( ! ,scot* fir2 if ?is 7 prov$ to be ! case1 x w\ld be an int]e/+ fact z %[+ t dw>f+ f long exposure to a sev]e climate is to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]it$4 ,! ,haw?orn 7,cratgus oxyacan?a74 has v>i$ mu*4 ,besides endless slight] v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! leaves1 & 9 ! size1 h>dness1 fle%9ess1 & %ape ( ! b]ries1 ,l\don#afe enum]ates tw5ty-n9e well-m>k$ v>ieties4 ,besides ^? cultivat$ = _! pretty fl[]s1 !re are o!rs ) gold5-yell[1 black1 & :iti% b]ries2 o!rs ) woolly b]ries1 & o!rs ) re-curv$ ?orns4 ,l\don truly rem>ks t ! *ief reason :y ! haw?orn has yield$ m v>ieties ?an mo/ o!r trees1 is t nurs]ym5 select any rem>kable v>iety out ( ! imm5se b$s ( se$l+s :i* are annually rais$ = mak+ h$ges4 ,! fl[]s ( ! haw?orn usually include f "o to ?ree pi/ils2 b 9 two v>ieties1 nam$ monogyna & sibirica1 !re is only a s+le pi/il2 & d',asso /ates t ! common ?orn 9 ,spa9 is con/antly 9 ?is /ate4#aff ,!re is also a v>iety :i* is apetal\s1 or has its petals r$uc$ to m]e rudim5ts4 ,! fam\s ,gla/onbury ?orn fl[]s & leafs t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]1 at :i* "t x be>s b]ries produc$ f an e>li] crop ( fl[]s4#afg ,x is wor? notice t sev]al v>ieties ( ! haw?orn1 z well z ( ! lime & junip]1 are v di/9ct 9 _! foliage & habit :il/ "y1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty or =ty ye>s become extremely l ea* o!r2#afh ?us rem9d+ u ( ! well-kn[n fact t ! deod>1 ! c$> ( ,lebanon1 & t ( ! ,atlas1 are di/+ui%$ ) ! greate/ ease :il/ "y1 b ) difficulty :5 old4 ,,fl[]s4 ,i %all n = sev]al reasons treat ! v>iability ( plants :i* are cultivat$ = _! fl[]s alone at any great l5g?4 ,_m ( our fav\rite k9ds 9 _! pres5t /ate are ! desc5dants ( two or m species cross$ & comm+l$ toge!r1 & ?is circum/ance alone w\ld r5d] x difficult to detect ! diff]5ce due to v>iation4 ,= in/ance1 our ,roses1 ,petunias1 ,calceol>ias1 ,fu*sias1 ,v]b5as1 ,gladioli1 ,pel>goniums1 etc41 c]ta9ly h _h a multiple orig94 ,a botani/ well acqua9t$ ) ! p>5t-=ms w\ld probably detect "s curi\s /ructural diff]5ces 9 _! cross$ & cultivat$ desc5dant2 & he w\ld c]ta9ly obs]ve _m new & rem>kable con/itutional peculi>ities4 ,i w give a few in/ances1 all relat+ to ! ,pel>gonium1 & tak5 *iefly f ,mr4 ,beck1#afi a fam\s cultivator ( ?is plant3 "s v>ieties require m wat] ?an o!rs2 "s are 8v impati5t ( ! knife if too gre$ily us$ 9 mak+ cutt+s20 "s1 :5 pott$1 sc>cely 8%[ a root at ! outside ( ! ball ( ! e>?20 "o v>iety requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( conf9em5t 9 ! pot to make x ?r[ up a fl[]-/em2 "s v>ieties bloom well at ! comm5cem5t ( ! season1 o!rs at ! close2 "o v>iety is kn[n1#agj :i* w /& 8ev5 p9e-apple top & bottom heat1 )\t look+ any m drawn ?an if x _h /ood 9 a common gre5h\se2 & ,blan*e ,fleur seems z if made on purpose = gr[+ 9 w9t]1 l _m bulbs1 & to re/ all summ]40 ,^! odd con/itutional peculi>ities w\ld enable a plant 9 a /ate ( nature to become adapt$ to widely diff]5t circum/ances & climates4 ,fl[]s possess little int]e/ "u our pres5t po9t ( view1 because !y h be5 almo/ exclusively att5d$ to & select$ = _! beautiful col\r1 size1 p]fect outl9e1 & mann] ( gr[?4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s h>dly "o long-cultivat$ fl[] c be nam$ :i* has n v>i$ greatly4 ,:at does a flori/ c>e = ! %ape & /ructure ( ! organs ( fructification1 unless1 inde$1 !y add to ! beauty ( ! fl[]8 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 fl[]s become modifi$ 9 important po9ts2 /am5s & pi/ils may be conv]t$ into petals1 & additional petals may be develop$1 z 9 all d\ble fl[]s4 ,! process ( gradual selection by :i* fl[]s h be5 r5d]$ m & m d\ble1 ea* /ep 9 ! process ( conv]sion be+ inh]it$1 has be5 record$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,9 ! s-call$ d\ble fl[]s ( ! ,composit1 ! corollas ( ! c5tral florets are greatly modifi$1 & ! modifications are likewise inh]it$4 ,9 ! columb9e 7,aquilegia vulg>is7 "s ( ! /am5s are conv]t$ into petals hav+ ! %ape ( nect>ies1 "o neatly fitt+ into ! o!r2 b 9 "o v>iety !y are conv]t$ into simple petals4#aga ,9 ! 8hose 9 hose0 primul1 ! calyx becomes brightly col\r$ & enl>g$ s z to resemble a corolla2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,wool] in=ms me t ?is peculi>ity is transmitt$2 = he cross$ a common polyan?us ) "o hav+ a col\r$ calyx1#agb & "s ( ! se$l+s inh]it$ ! col\r$ calyx dur+ at lea/ six g5]ations4 ,9 ! 8h5-&-*ick50 daisy ! ma9 fl[] is surr\nd$ by a brood ( small fl[]s develop$ f buds 9 ! axils ( ! scales ( ! involucre4 ,a wond]ful poppy has be5 describ$1 9 :i* ! /am5s are conv]t$ into pi/ils2 & s /rictly 0 ?is peculi>ity inh]it$ t1 out ( #aed se$l+s1 "o alone rev]t$ to ! ord9>y & common type4#agc ,( ! cock's-comb 7,celosia cri/ata71 :i* is an annual1 !re are sev]al races 9 :i* ! fl[]-/em is wond]fully 8fasciat$0 or compress$2 & "o has be5 exhibit$#agd actually eighte5 in*es 9 bread?4 ,peloric races ( ,glox9ia speciosa & ,antirrh9um majus c be propagat$ by se$1 & !y diff] 9 a wond]ful mann] f ! typical =m bo? 9 /ructure & appe>ance4 ,a mu* m rem>kable modification has be5 record$ by ,sir ,william & ,dr4 ,hook]#age 9 ,begonia frigida4 ,?is plant prop]ly produces male & female fl[]s on ! same fascicles2 & 9 ! female fl[]s ! p]ian? is sup]ior2 b a plant at ,kew produc$1 besides ! ord9>y fl[]s1 o!rs :i* graduat$ t[>ds a p]fect h]maphrodite /ructure2 & 9 ^! fl[]s ! p]ian? 0 inf]ior4 ,to %[ ! importance ( ?is modification "u a classificatory po9t ( view1 ,i may quote :at ,pr(4 ,h>vey says1 namely1 t _h x 8occurr$ 9 a /ate ( nature1 & _h a botani/ collect$ a plant ) su* fl[]s1 he w\ld n only h plac$ x 9 a di/9ct g5us f ,begonia1 b w\ld probably h consid]$ x z ! type ( a new natural ord]40 ,?is modification _c 9 "o s5se be consid]$ z a mon/rosity1 = analog\s /ructures naturally occur 9 o!r ord]s1 z ) ,saxifrag & ,ari/olo*iace4 ,! int]e/ ( ! case is l>gely add$ to by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,crock]'s obs]vation t se$l+s f ! normal fl[]s produc$ plants :i* bore1 9 ab\t ! same proportion z ! p>5t-plant1 h]maphrodite fl[]s hav+ inf]ior p]ian?s4 ,! h]maphrodite fl[]s f]tilis$ ) _! own poll5 7 /]ile4 ,if flori/s _h att5d$ to1 select$1 & propagat$ by se$ o!r modifications ( /ructure besides ^? :i* are beautiful1 a ho/ ( curi\s v>ieties w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 rais$2 & !y w\ld probably h transmitt$ _! *>act]s s truly t ! cultivator w\ld h felt aggriev$1 z 9 ! case ( cul9>y vegetables1 if 8 :ole b$ _h n pres5t$ a uni=m appe>ance4 ,flori/s h att5d$ 9 "s in/ances to ! leaves ( _! plant1 & h ?us produc$ ! mo/ elegant & symmetrical patt]ns ( :ite1 r$1 & gre51 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! pel>gonium1 are sometimes /rictly inh]it$4#agf ,any "o :o w habitually exam9e highly-cultivat$ fl[]s 9 g>d5s & gre5h\ses w obs]ve num]\s deviations 9 /ructure2 b mo/ ( ^! mu/ be rank$ z m]e mon/rosities1 & are only s f> int]e/+ z %[+ h[ pla/ic ! organisation becomes "u high cultivation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view su* works z ,pr(essor ,moqu9-,t&on's #8,tratologie' are highly in/ructive4 ,roses4--,^! fl[]s (f] an in/ance ( a numb] ( =ms g5]ally rank$ z species1 namely1 ,r4 c5tifolia1 gallica1 alba1 damasc5a1 sp9osissima1 bracteata1 indica1 semp]flor5s1 mos*ata1 etc41 :i* h l>gely v>i$ & be5 int]cross$4 ,! g5us ,rosa is a notori\sly difficult "o1 &1 ?\gh "s ( ! above =ms are admitt$ by all botani/s to be di/9ct species1 o!rs are d\btful2 ?us1 ) respect to ! ,briti% =ms1 ,bab+ton makes sev5te51 & ,b5?am only five species4 ,! hybrids f "s ( ! mo/ di/9ct =ms--= in/ance1 f ,r4 indica1 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,r4 c5tifolia--produce an abundance ( se$2 ,i /ate ?is on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,riv]s1#agg f ^: "w ,i h drawn mo/ ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts4 ,z almo/ all ! aborig9al =ms br\ght f diff]5t c\ntries h be5 cross$ & re-cross$1 x is no wond] t ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 speak+ ( ! common roses ( ! ,italian g>d5s1 rem>ks t 8! native c\ntry & precise =m ( ! wild type ( mo/ ( !m are involv$ 9 mu* unc]ta9ty40#agh ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,riv]s 9 ref]r+ to ,r4 indica 7p4 #fh7 says t ! desc5dants ( ea* gr\p may g5]ally be recognis$ by a close obs]v]4 ,! same au?or (t5 speaks ( roses z hav+ be5 a little hybridis$2 b x is evid5t t 9 v _m cases ! diff]5ces due to v>iation & to hybridisation c n[ only be conjecturally di/+ui%$4 ,! species h v>i$ bo? by se$ & by bud2 su* modifi$ buds be+ (t5 call$ by g>d5]s sports4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,i %all fully discuss ?is latt] subject1 & %all %[ t bud-v>iations c be propagat$ n only by graft+ & budd+1 b (t5 by se$4 ,:5ev] a new rose appe>s ) any peculi> "*1 h[ev] produc$1 if x yields se$1 ,mr4 ,riv]s 7p4 #d7 fully expects x to become ! p>5t-type ( a new family4 ,! t5d5cy to v>y is s /rong 9 "s k9ds1 z 9 ! ,village ,maid 7,riv]s1 p4 #af71 t :5 gr[n 9 diff]5t soils x v>ies s mu* 9 col\r t x has be5 ?\ght to =m sev]al di/9ct k9ds4 ,altoge!r ! numb] ( k9ds is v great3 ?us ,m4 ,desportes1 9 8 ,catalogue = #ahbi1 enum]ates #befb z cultivat$ 9 ,france2 b no d\bt a l>ge proportion ( ^! are m]ely nom9al4 ,x w\ld be useless to specify ! _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds1 b "s con/itutional peculi>ities may be m5tion$4 ,sev]al ,fr5* roses 7,riv]s1 p4 #ab7 w n succe$ 9 ,engl&2 & an excell5t horticulturi/#agi rem>ks1 t 8,ev5 9 ! same g>d5 y w f9d t a rose t w d no?+ "u a s\? wall w d well "u a nor? "o4 ,t is ! case ) ,paul ,joseph "h4 ,x gr[s /rongly & blooms beautifully close to a nor? wall4 ,= ?ree ye>s sev5 plants h done no?+ "u a s\? wall40 ,_m roses c be =c$1 8_m are totally unfit = =c+1 among :i* is ,g5]al ,jacquem9ot40#ahj ,f ! effects ( cross+ & v>iation ,mr4 ,riv]s en?usia/ically anticipates 7p4 #hg7 t ! day w come :5 all our roses1 ev5 moss-roses1 w h ev]gre5 foliage1 brilliant & fragrant fl[]s1 & ! habit ( bloom+ f ,june till ,novemb]4 8,a di/ant view ?is seems1 b p]sev]ance 9 g>d5+ w yet a*ieve wond]s10 z assur$ly x has already a*iev$ wond]s4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to give ! well-kn[n hi/ory ( "o class ( roses4 ,9 #agic "s wild ,scot* roses 7,r4 sp9osissima7 7 transplant$ into a g>d52#aha & "o ( ^! bore fl[]s slightly t+$ ) r$1 f :i* a plant 0 rais$ ) semi-mon/r\s fl[]s1 also t+$ ) r$2 se$l+s f ?is fl[] 7 semi-d\ble1 & by cont9u$ selection1 9 ab\t n9e or t5 ye>s1 eight sub-v>ieties 7 rais$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( less ?an tw5ty ye>s ^! d\ble ,scot* roses _h s mu* increas$ 9 numb] & k9d1 t tw5ty-six well-m>k$ v>ieties1 class$ 9 eight sections1 7 describ$ by ,mr4 ,sab9e4 ,9 #ahdaahb x is said t ?ree hundr$ v>ieties c\ld be procur$ 9 ! nurs]y-g>d5s ne> ,glasg[2 & ^! are describ$ z blu%1 crimson1 purple1 r$1 m>bl$1 two-col\r$1 :ite1 & yell[1 & z diff]+ mu* 9 ! size & %ape ( ! fl[]4 ,pansy or ,he>tsease 7,viola tricolor1 etc474--,! hi/ory ( ?is fl[] seems to be pretty well kn[n2 x 0 gr[n 9 ,evelyn's g>d5 9 #afhg2 b ! v>ieties 7 n att5d$ to till #ahaj-ahab1 :5 ,lady ,monke1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,lee1 ! well-kn[n nurs]y-man1 en]getically comm5c$ _! culture2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s tw5ty v>ieties c\ld be pur*as$4#ahc ,at ab\t ! same p]iod1 namely 9 #ahac or #ahad1 ,"l ,gambi] collect$ "s wild plants1 & 8 g>d5]1 ,mr4 ,?omson1 cultivat$ !m1 toge!r ) "s common g>d5 v>ieties1 & soon effect$ a great improvem5t4 ,! fir/ great *ange 0 ! conv]sion ( ! d>k l9es 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[] into a d>k eye or c5tre1 :i* at t p]iod _h nev] be5 se51 b is n[ consid]$ "o ( ! *ief requisites ( a fir/-rate fl[]4 ,9 #ahce a book entirely devot$ to ?is fl[] 0 publi%$1 & f\r hundr$ nam$ v>ieties 7 on sale4 ,f ^! circum/ances ?is plant seem$ to me wor? /udy+1 m especially f ! great contra/ betwe5 ! small1 dull1 elongat$1 irregul> fl[]s ( ! wild pansy1 & ! beautiful1 flat1 symmetrical1 circul>1 velvet-l fl[]s1 m ?an two in*es 9 diamet]1 magnific5tly & v>i\sly col\r$1 :i* are exhibit$ at our %[s4 ,b :5 ,i came to enquire m closely1 ,i f\nd t1 ?\gh ! v>ieties 7 s mod]n1 yet t mu* confusion & d\bt prevail$ ab\t _! p>5tage4 ,flori/s believe t ! v>ieties#ahd are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 namely1 ,v4 tricolor1 lutea1 gr&iflora1 amna1 & altaica1 m or less int]cross$4 ,& :5 ,i look$ to botanical works to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! =ms ought to be rank$ z species1 ,i f\nd equal d\bt & confusion4 ,viola altaica seems to be a di/9ct =m1 b :at "p x has play$ 9 ! orig9 ( our v>ieties ,i "k n2 x is said to h be5 cross$ ) ,v4 lutea4 ,viola amna#ahe is n[ look$ at by all botani/s z a natural v>iety ( ,v4 gr&iflora2 & ?is & ,v4 sudetica h be5 prov$ to be id5tical ) ,v4 lutea4 ,! latt] & ,v4 tricolor 7includ+ its admitt$ v>iety ,v4 arv5sis7 are rank$ z di/9ct species by ,bab+ton1 & likewise by ,m4 ,gay1#ahf :o has paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! g5us2 b ! specific di/9ction betwe5 ,v4 lutea & tricolor is *iefly gr\nd$ on ! "o be+ /rictly & ! o!r n /rictly p]5nial1 z well z on "s o!r slight & unimportant diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! /em & /ipules4 ,b5?am unites ^! two =ms2 & a high au?ority on su* matt]s1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1#ahg says t1 8:ile ,v4 tricolor passes into ,v4 arv5sis on ! "o side1 x approximates s mu* t[>ds ,v4 lutea & ,v4 ,curtisii on ! o!r side1 t a di/9ction becomes sc>cely m easy betwe5 !m40 ,h5ce1 aft] hav+ c>efully comp>$ num]\s v>ieties1 ,i gave up ! attempt z too difficult = any "o except a pr(ess$ botani/4 ,mo/ ( ! v>ieties pres5t su* incon/ant *>act]s1 t :5 gr[n 9 poor soil1 or :5 fl[]+ out ( _! prop] season1 !y produc$ diff]5tly col\r$ & mu* small] fl[]s4 ,cultivators speak ( ?is or t k9d z be+ rem>kably con/ant or true2 b by ?is !y d n mean1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ! k9d transmits its "* by se$1 b t ! individual plant does n *ange mu* "u culture4 ,! pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 h[ev]1 does hold good to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 ) ! fleet+ v>ieties ( ! ,he>tsease1 = to ga9 good sorts x is indisp5sable to s[ ! se$ ( good sorts4 ,nev]!less1 9 almo/ e l>ge se$-b$ a few1 almo/ wild se$l+s reappe> ?r\gh rev]sion4 ,on comp>+ ! *oice/ v>ieties ) ! ne>e/ alli$ wild =ms1 besides ! diff]5ce 9 ! size1 outl9e1 & col\r ( ! fl[]s1 ! leaves sometimes diff] 9 %ape1 z does ! calyx occasionally 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! sepals4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! nect>y m especially des]ve notice2 because *>act]s d]iv$ f ?is organ h be5 mu* us$ 9 ! discrim9ation ( mo/ ( ! species ( ,viola4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s comp>$ 9 #ahdb ,i f\nd t 9 ! great] numb] ! nect>y 0 /raight2 9 o!rs ! extremity 0 a little turn$ upw>ds1 or d[nw>ds1 or inw>ds1 s z to be completely hook$2 9 o!rs1 in/ead ( be+ hook$1 x 0 fir/ turn$ rectangul>ly d[nw>ds1 & !n backw>ds & upw>ds2 9 o!rs1 ! extremity 0 consid]ably enl>g$2 & la/ly1 9 "s ! basal "p 0 depress$1 becom+1 z usual1 lat]ally compress$ t[>ds ! extremity4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s1 on ! o!r h&1 exam9$ by me 9 #ahef f a nurs]y-g>d5 9 a diff]5t "p ( ,engl&1 ! nect>y h>dly v>i$ at all4 ,n[ ,m4 ,gay says t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 especially 9 ,auv]gne1 ! nect>y ( ! wild ,v4 gr&iflora v>ies 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,mu/ we conclude f ?is t ! cultivat$ v>ieties fir/ m5tion$ 7 all desc5d$ f ,v4 gr&iflora1 & t ! second lot1 ?\gh hav+ ! same g5]al appe>ance1 7 desc5d$ f ,v4 tricolor1 ( :i* ! nect>y1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gay1 is subject to little v>iation8 ,or is x n m probable t bo? ^! wild =ms w\ld be f\nd "u o!r conditions to v>y 9 ! same mann] & degree1 ?us %[+ t !y ought n to be rank$ z specifically di/9ct8 ,! ,dahlia has be5 ref]r$ to by almo/ e au?or :o has writt5 on ! v>iation ( plants1 because x is believ$ t all ! v>ieties are desc5d$ f a s+le species1 & because all h aris5 s9ce #ahjb 9 ,france1 & s9ce #ahjd 9 ,engl&4#ahh ,mr4 ,sab9e rem>ks t 8x seems z if "s p]iod ( cultivation _h be5 requir$ be=e ! fix$ qualities ( ! native plant gave way & began to sport into ^? *anges :i* n[ s delight u40#ahi ,! fl[]s h be5 greatly modifi$ 9 %ape f a flat to a globul> =m4 ,anemone & ranunculus-l races#aij :i* diff] 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! florets1 h aris52 also dw>f$ races1 "o ( :i* is only eighte5 in*es 9 height4 ,! se$s v>y mu* 9 size4 ,! petals are uni=mly col\r$ or tipp$ or /rip$1 & pres5t an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( t9ts4 ,se$l+s ( f\rte5 diff]5t col\rs#aia h be5 rais$ f ! same plant2 yet1 z ,mr4 ,sab9e has rem>k$1 8_m ( ! se$l+s foll[ _! p>5ts 9 col\r40 ,! p]iod ( fl[]+ has be5 consid]ably ha/5$1 & ?is has probably be5 effect$ by cont9u$ selection4 ,salisbury1 writ+ #ahjh1 says t !y !n fl[]$ f ,septemb] to ,novemb]2 9 #ahbh "s new dw>f v>ieties began fl[]+ 9 ,june2#aib & ,mr4 ,grieve in=ms me t ! dw>f purple ,zel9da 9 8 g>d5 is 9 full bloom by ! middle ( ,june & sometimes ev5 e>li]4 ,slight con/itutional diff]5ces h be5 obs]v$ betwe5 c]ta9 v>ieties3 ?us1 "s k9ds succe$ mu* bett] 9 "o "p ( ,engl& ?an 9 ano!r2#aic & x has be5 notic$ t "s v>ieties require mu* m moi/ure ?an o!rs4#aid ,su* fl[]s z ! c>nation1 common tulip1 & hyac9?1 :i* are believ$ to be desc5d$1 ea* f a s+le wild =m1 pres5t innum]able v>ieties1 diff]+ almo/ exclusively 9 ! size1 =m1 & col\r ( ! fl[]s4 ,^! & "s o!r anci5tly cultivat$ plants :i* h be5 long propagat$ by (fsets1 pip+s1 bulbs1 etc41 become s excessively v>iable1 t almo/ ea* new plant rais$ f se$ =ms a new v>iety1 8all ( :i* to describe p>ticul>ly10 z old ,g]>de wrote 9 #aeig1 87 to roll ,sisyphus's /one1 or to numb] ! s&s40 ,hyac9? 7,hyac9?us ori5talis74--,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to give a %ort acc\nt ( ?is plant1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #aeif f ! ,levant4#aie ,! petals ( ! orig9al fl[]1 says ,mr4 ,paul1 7 n>r[1 wr9kl$1 po9t$1 & ( a flimsy texture2 n[ !y are broad1 smoo?1 solid1 & r\nd$4 ,! erectness1 bread?1 & l5g? ( ! :ole spike1 & ! size ( ! fl[]s1 h all increas$4 ,! col\rs h be5 int5sifi$ & div]sifi$4 ,g]>de1 9 #aeig1 enum]ates f\r1 & ,p>k9son1 9 #afbi1 eight v>ieties4 ,n[ ! v>ieties are v num]\s1 & !y 7 /ill m num]\s a c5tury ago4 ,mr4 ,paul rem>ks t 8x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,hyac9?s ( #afbi ) ^? ( #ahfd1 & to m>k ! improvem5t4 ,two hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s h elaps$ s9ce !n1 & ?is simple fl[] s]ves well to illu/rate ! great fact t ! orig9al =ms ( nature d n rema9 fix$ & /ation>y1 at lea/ :5 br\ght "u cultivation4 ,:ile look+ at ! extremes1 we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t !re are int]m$iate /ages :i* are = ! mo/ "p lo/ to u4 ,nature w sometimes indulge h]self ) a leap1 b z a rule h] m>* is sl[ & gradual40 ,he adds t ! cultivator %\ld h 89 8 m9d an ideal ( beauty1 = ! realisation ( :i* he works ) head & h&40 ,we ?us see h[ cle>ly ,mr4 ,paul1 an em95tly successful cultivator ( ?is fl[]1 appreciates ! action ( me?odical selection4 ,9 a curi\s & app>5tly tru/wor?y treatise1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam#aif 9 #agfh1 x is /at$ t ne>ly #b1jjj sorts 7 !n kn[n2 b 9 #ahfd ,mr4 ,paul f\nd only #gjj 9 ! l>ge/ g>d5 at ,ha>lem4 ,9 ?is treatise x is said t n an in/ance is kn[n ( any "o v>iety reproduc+ itself truly by se$3 ! :ite k9ds1 h[ev]1 n[#aig almo/ always yield :ite hyac9?s1 & ! yell[ k9ds come ne>ly true4 ,! hyac9? is rem>kable f hav+ giv5 rise to v>ieties ) bright blue1 p9k1 & di/9ctly yell[ fl[]s4 ,^! ?ree prim>y col\rs d n occur 9 ! v>ieties ( any o!r species2 nor d !y (t5 all occur ev5 9 ! di/9ct species ( ! same g5us4 ,al?\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( hyac9?s diff] b slightly f ea* o!r except 9 col\r1 yet ea* k9d has its own individual "*1 :i* c be recognis$ by a highly educat$ eye2 ?us ! writ] ( ! ,am/]dam treatise ass]ts 7p4 #dc7 t "s exp]i5c$ flori/s1 su* z ! fam\s ,g4 ,voorhelm1 seldom fail$ 9 a collection ( above twelve hundr$ sorts to recognise ea* v>iety by ! bulb alone6 ,?is same writ] m5tions "s few s+ul> v>iations3 = in/ance1 ! hyac9? commonly produces six leaves1 b !re is "o k9d 7p4 #ce7 :i* sc>cely ev] has m ?an ?ree leaves2 ano!r nev] m ?an five2 :il/ o!rs regul>ly produce ei!r sev5 or eight leaves4 ,a v>iety1 call$ la ,coryphee1 inv>iably produces 7p4 #aaf7 two fl[]-/ems1 unit$ toge!r & cov]$ by "o sk94 ,! fl[]-/em 9 ano!r k9d 7p4 #abh7 comes out ( ! gr\nd 9 a col\r$ %ea?1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! leaves1 & is consequ5tly liable to suff] f fro/4 ,ano!r v>iety always pu%es a second fl[]-/em aft] ! fir/ has begun to develop itself4 ,la/ly1 :ite hyac9?s ) r$1 purple1 or violet c5tres 7p4 #abi7 are ! mo/ liable to rot4 ,?us1 ! hyac9?1 l s _m previ\s plants1 :5 long cultivat$ & closely wat*$1 is f\nd to (f] _m s+ul> v>iations4 ,9 ! two la/ *apt]s ,i h giv5 9 "s detail ! range ( v>iation1 & ! hi/ory1 z f> z kn[n1 ( a consid]able numb] ( plants1 :i* h be5 cultivat$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ v>iable plants1 su* z ,kidney-beans1 ,capsicum1 ,millets1 ,sorghum1 etc41 h be5 pass$ ov]2 = botani/s are n at all agre$ :i* k9ds ought to rank z species & :i* z v>ieties2 & ! wild p>5t-species are unkn[n4#aih ,_m plants long cultivat$ 9 tropical c\ntries1 su* z ! ,banana1 h produc$ num]\s v>ieties2 b z ^! h nev] be5 describ$ ) ev5 mod]ate c>e1 !y are "h also pass$ ov]4 ,nev]!less1 a suffici5t1 & p]haps m ?an suffici5t1 numb] ( cases h be5 giv51 s t ! read] may be enabl$ to judge = himself on ! nature & great am\nt ( v>iation :i* cultivat$ plants h und]gone4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,he]1 #8,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bh4 #b ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgb2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti 9 #8,j\r4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #acc4 ,= ! fossil v9e f\nd by ,dr4 ,g4 ,plan*on ,see #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review1' #ahfe1 ,april1 p4 #bbd4 ,see also ! valuable works ( ,m4 de ,saporta on ! #8,t]ti>y ,plants ( ,france4' #c ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #d ,see an acc\nt ( ,m4 ,vib]t's exp]im5ts1 by ,alex4 ,jordan1 9 #8,mm4 de l',acad4 de ,lyon1' tom4 ii4 #ahe1b p4 #ajh4 #e #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #dhh4 #f #8,arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahcf1 tom4 ii4 p4 #bij4 #g ,od>t1 #8,ampelographie ,univ]selle1' #ahdi4 #h ,m4 ,b\*>dat1 9 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,dec4 #a/1 #ahea1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #dce4 ,see also ,c4 ,v4 ,riley on ! mann] 9 :i* "s few ( ! v>ieties ( ! ,am]ican ,labruscan ,v9e escape ! attacks ( ! ,phyllox]a3 #8,f\r? ,annual ,report on ! ,insects ( ,miss\ri1' #ahgb1 p4 #fc1 & #8,fif? ,report1' #ahgc1 p4 #ff4 #i #8,etudes sur les ,maladies actuelles du ,v] ,soie1' #ahei1 p4 #cba4 #aj #8,productive ,res\rces ( ,india1' p4 #acj4 #aa #8,trait du ,citrus1' #ahaa4 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,vegetale1' #ahaf4 ,i quote *iefly f ?is second "w4 ,9 #ahci ,gallesio publi%$ 9 folio #8,gli ,agrumi dei ,gi>d4 ,bot4 di ,fir5ze1' 9 :i* he gives a curi\s diagram ( ! suppos$ relation%ip ( all ! =ms4 #ab ,mr4 ,b5?am1 #8,review ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #acc4 #ac #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hfc4 #ad #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' pp4 #eb-eg4 #ae ,hook]'s #8,bot4 ,misc41' vol4 i4 p4 #cjb2 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaa4 #af #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' p4 #ec4 #ag ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' p4 #fi4 #ah ,ibid4 p4 #fg4 #ai ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #bj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fac4 #ba #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 xx4 p4 #ahh4 #bb #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhb4 #bc #8,transactions ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #a1 & vol4 iv4 p4 #cif1 & note to p4 #cgj4 ,a col\r$ draw+ is giv5 ( ?is hybrid4 #bd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #ecb4 ,a writ]1 x may be presum$ ,dr4 ,l9dley1 rem>ks on ! p]fect s]ies :i* may be =m$ betwe5 ! almond & ! pea*4 ,ano!r high au?ority1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :o has _h su* wide exp]i5ce1 /rongly suspects 7#8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #bg7 t pea*es1 if left to a /ate ( nature1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t retrograde into ?ick-fle%$ almonds4 #be #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afh4 #bf ,:e!r ?is is ! same v>iety z "o lately m5tion$ 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed7 by ,m4 ,c>rire "u ! "n ( p]sica int]m$ia1 ,i "k n2 ?is v>iety is said to be int]m$iate 9 ne>ly all its *>act]s betwe5 ! almond & pea*2 x produces dur+ successive ye>s v diff]5t k9ds ( fruit4 #bg ,quot$ 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahff1 p4 #hjj4 #bh ,quot$ 9 #8,j\rnal de ,la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',horticulture1' #ahee1 p4 #bch4 #bi #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,vegetale1' #ahaf1 p4 #hf4 #cj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #ca ,mr4 ,riv]s1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahei1 p4 #ggd4 #cb ,d[n+1 #8,! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 pp4 #dge1 #dhi1 #dib1 #did1 #dif4 ,see also ,f4 ,mi*aux1 #8,travels 9 ,n4 ,am]ica' 7,eng4 translat471 p4 #bbh4 ,= simil> cases 9 ,france ,see ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ig4 #cc ,brickell's #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,n4 ,c>ol9a1' p4 #ajb1 & ,d[n+'s #8,fruit ,trees1' p4 #eje4 #cd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaif4 #ce ,! pea* & nect>9e d n succe$ equally well 9 ! "s soil3 ,see ,l9dley's #8,horticulture1' p4 #cea4 #cf ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii41 #ahei1 p4 #ig4 #cg #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #cid4 #ch ,d[n+'s #8,fruit ,trees1' p4 #ejb4 #ci #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #dj #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #e?1 #ahff1 p4 #ajb4 #da ,mr4 ,riv]s1 9 #8,g>d5]'s #8,*ron41' #ahei1 p4 #ggd1 #ahfb1 p4 #aaie2 #ahfe1 p4 #ajei2 & #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahff1 p4 #ajb4 #db #8,correspond5ce ( ,l9nu1' #ahba1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #gj4 #dc #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #ajc4 #dd ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #dga4 #de ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' #ahbh1 p4 #ec4 #df ,ibid41 #ahcj1 p4 #eig4 #dg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fag4 #dh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #ehi4 #di #8,phytologi/1' vol4 iv4 p4 #bii4 #ej #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #eca4 #ea ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ig4 #eb #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #eca4 #ec ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot4' p4 #hhf4 #ed ,?ompson1 9 ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #iaa4 #ee #8,catalogue ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 p4 #aje4 #ef ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 #8,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afg4 ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhe4 #eg #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #eed4 ,see also ,c>rire1 #8,description et ,class4 des ,v>its de ,p*]s4' #eh ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ijg4 #ei ,m4 ,c>rire1 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed4 #fj #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #ccb4 ,see also #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #bga to same effect4 ,also #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #bf?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bed4 #fa #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #eab4 #fb #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #h?1 #ahec p4 #ahh4 #fc #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #dab4 #fd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #baf4 #fe #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 #bhc4 #ff ,alph4 de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgi4 #fg #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc4' 7#bnd s]ies71 vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #ef4 ,see also #8,cat4 ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #crd edit4 #ahdb4 #fh ,d[n+1 #8,! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #aeg3 ) respect to ! ,alb]ge apricot 9 ,france ,see p4 #aec4 #fi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #cfd4 #gj #8,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1' vol4 i4 #ahda1 p4 #bie4 #ga ,see an excell5t discussion on ?is subject 9 ,hewett ,c4 ,watson's #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 iv4 p4 #hj4 #gb #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #bg4 #gc #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #id4 ,on ! p>5tage ( our plums see also ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgh4 ,also ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 #8,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afd4 ,also ,bab+ton #8,manual ( ,brit4 ,botany1' #ahea1 p4 #hg4 #gd #8,fruits ( ,am]ica1' pp4 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhd1 #caj1 #cad4 ,mr4 ,riv]s rais$ 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfc1 p4 #bg7 f ! ,prune-p*e1 :i* be>s l>ge1 r\nd1 r$ plums on /\t1 robu/ %oots1 a se$l+ :i* be>s oval1 small] fruit on %oots t are s sl5d] z to be almo/ p5dul\s4 #ge #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #gbf4 #gf ,d[n+'s #8,fruit ,trees1' p4 #bgh4 #gg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #bg4 ,sag]et1 9 8 #8,pomologie ,phys41' p4 #cdf1 enum]ates five k9ds :i* c be propagat$ 9 ,france by se$3 see also ,d[n+'s #8,fruit ,trees ( ,am]ica1' pp4 #cje1 #cab1 etc4 #gh ,comp>e ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgg2 ,b5?am & ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 #8,hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix4 p4 #afc2 ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ib4 #gi #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 #ahbd1 p4 #bie4 #hj ,ibid41 second s]ies1 vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #bdh4 #ha ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ach4 #hb ,^! sev]al /atem5ts are tak5 f ! f\r foll[+ works1 :i* may1 ,i believe1 be tru/$3 ,?ompson1 9 #8,hort4 ,transact41' see above2 ,sag]et's #8,pomologie ,phys41' #ahcj1 pp4 #ceh1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cgi2 #8,catalogue ( ! ,fruit 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 pp4 #eg1 #fj2 ,d[n+1 #8,! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 pp4 #ahi1 #aie1 #bjj4 #hc ,mr4 ,l[e /ates 9 8 #8,flora ( ,madeira' 7quot$ 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfb1 p4 #bae7 t ! ,p4 malus1 ) its ne>ly sessile fruit1 ranges f>!r s\? ?an ! long-/alk$ ,p4 ac]ba1 :i* is entirely abs5t 9 ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies1 & app>5tly 9 ,portugal4 ,?is fact supports ! belief t ^! two =ms des]ve to be call$ species4 ,b ! *>act]s sep>at+ !m are ( slight importance1 & ( a k9d kn[n to v>y 9 o!r cultivat$ fruit-trees4 #hd ,see #8,j\rn4 ( ,hort4 ,t\r1 by ,deputation ( ! ,cal$onian ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahbc1 p4 #dei4 #he ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 p4 #ccd4 #hf ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 vi41 #ahcj1 p4 #hc4 #hg ,see #8,catalogue ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 & ,d[n+'s #8,am]ican ,fruit ,trees4' #hh ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv41 #ahbh1 p4 #aab4 #hi #8,! ,culture ( ! ,apple1' p4 #dc4 ,van ,mons makes ! same rem>k on ! pe>1 #8,arbres ,fruiti]s1' tom4 ii41 #ahcf1 p4 #dad4 #ij ,l9dley's #8,horticulture1' p4 #aaf4 ,see also ,knight on ! ,apple-,tree1 9 #8,transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi41 p4 #bbi4 #ia ,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc4' vol4 i4 #ahab1 p4 #abj4 #ib #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>* #ac?1 #ahff1 p4 #aid4 #ic #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #fh4 ,= ,knight's case see vol4 vi4 p4 #edg4 ,:5 ! coccus fir/ appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry x is said 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afc7 t x 0 m injuri\s to crab-/ocks ?an to ! apples graft$ on !m4 ,! ,majet9 apple has be5 f\nd equally free ( ! coccus at ,melb\rne 9 ,au/ralia 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahga1 p4 #ajfe74 ,! wood ( ?is tree has be5 !re analys$1 & x is said 7b ! fact seems a /range "o7 t its a% conta9$ ov] #ej p] c5t ( lime1 :ile t ( ! crab exhibit$ n q #bc p] c5t4 ,9 ,tasmania ,mr4 ,wade 7#8,transact4 ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1' vol4 iv4 #ahga1 p4 #dca7 rais$ se$l+s ( ! ,sib]ian ,bitt] ,sweet = /ocks1 & he f\nd b>ely "o p] c5t ( !m attack$ by ! coccus4 ,riley %[s 7#8,fif? ,report on ,insects ( ,miss\ri1' #ahgc1 p4 #hg7 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s v>ieties ( apples are highly attractive to ! coccus & o!rs v little s4 ,turn+ to a v diff]5t pe/1 namely1 ! cat]pill> ( a mo? 7,c>pocapsa pomonella71 ,wal% affirms 7#8,! ,am]ican ,entomologi/1' ,april1 #ahfi1 p4 #afj7 t ! maid5-blu% 8is entirely exempt f apple-worms40 ,s1 x is said1 are "s few o!r v>ieties2 :]eas o!rs are 8peculi>ly subject to ! attacks ( ?is little pe/40 #id #8,mm4 de ,la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,p>is1' tom4 iii4 #ahbe1 p4 #afd2 & ,s]+e #8,bullet9 ,bot4' #ahcj1 p4 #aag4 #ie ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #bd4 #if ,r4 ,?ompson1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #ghh4 #ig ,sag]et #8,pomologie ,physiologique1' #ahcj1 p4 #bfc4 ,d[n+'s #8,fruit ,trees1' pp4 #acj1 #acd1 #aci1 etc4 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag4' vol4 viii4 p4 #cag4 ,alexis ,jordan1 #8,de l',orig9e des div]ses ,v>its1' 9 #8,mm4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 de ,lyon1' tom4 ii4 #aheb1 pp4 #ie1 #aad4 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 pp4 #ggd1 #ghh4 #ih #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,july #f?1 #ahfc4 #ii #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #hjd2 #aheg1 p4 #hbj2 #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #ajj ,mo/ ( ! l>ge/ cultivat$ /rawb]ries are ! desc5dants ( ,f4 gr&iflora or *ilo5sis1 & ,i h se5 no acc\nt ( ^! =ms 9 _! wild /ate4 ,me?u5's ,sc>let 7,d[n+1 #8,fruits1' p4 #ebg7 has 8imm5se fruit ( ! l>ge/ size10 & belongs to ! section desc5d$ f ,f4 virg9iana2 & ! fruit ( ?is species1 z ,i he> f ,pr(4 ,a4 ,gray1 is only a little l>g] ?an t ( ,f4 vesca1 or our common wood-/rawb]ry4 #aja #8,le ,fraisi]1' p> le ,comte ,l4 de ,lamb]tye1 #ahfd1 p4 #ej4 #ajb #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 #ahbj1 p4 #bjg4 #ajc ,see an acc\nt by ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 & by o!rs 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #cce1 & #aheh1 p4 #agb2 & ,mr4 ,b>net's pap] 9 #8,hort4 ,soc4 ,transact41' vol4 vi4 #ahbf1 p4 #agj4 #ajd #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 #ahbd1 p4 #bid4 #aje #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #cj?1 #ahfb1 p4 #ggi4 ,see also ,mr4 ,pr9ce to ! same effect1 ibid41 #ahfc1 p4 #dah4 #ajf ,= additional evid5ce see #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #i?1 #ahfb1 p4 #gba4 #ajg #8,le ,fraisi]1' p> le ,comte ,l4 de ,lamb]tye1 pp4 #bba1 #bcj4 #ajh #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #bjj4 #aji #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheh1 p4 #agc4 #aaj ,godron #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 p4 #afa4 #aaa #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #ddj4 #aab ,f4 ,glo$e 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #ajec4 #aac ,d[n+'s #8,fruits1' p4 #ecb4 #aad ,b>net1 9 #8,hort4 ,transact41' vol4 vi4 p4 #baj4 #aae #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 p4 #eci4 #aaf ,= ! sev]al /atem5ts ) respect to ! ,am]ican /rawb]ries see ,d[n+1 #8,fruits1' p4 #ebd2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #ahh2 #ahdg1 p4 #eci2 #ahfa1 p4 #gag4 #aag ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton1 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #hf4 ,see also #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahee1 p4 #hh1 & _m o!r au?orities4 ,= ! ,cont95t1 see ,f4 ,glo$e1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #ajec4 #aah ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,radclyffe1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' ,m>* #ad?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bjg4 #aai ,mr4 ,h4 ,d\bl$ay 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaja4 #abj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #bed4 #aba ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #icj2 & ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #iaj4 #abb ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv4 #ahbh1 p4 #aab4 #abc ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! gooseb]ry is giv5 by ,mr4 ,?ompson 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 #bnd s]ies1 #ahce1 p4 #bah1 f :i* mo/ ( ! =ego+ facts are tak54 #abd #8,catalogue ( ,fruits ( ,hort4 ,soc4 ,g>d51' #crd edit41 #ahdb4 #abe ,mr4 ,cl>kson ( ,man*e/]1 on ! ,culture ( ! ,gooseb]ry1 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv4 #ahbh1 p4 #dhb4 #abf ,d[n+'s #8,fruits ( ,am]ica1' p4 #bac4 #abg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #haa1 :]e a table is giv52 & #ahde1 p4 #hai4 ,= ! extreme weights ga9$1 see #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #bf?1 #ahfd1 p4 #fa4 #abh ,mr4 ,saul1 ( ,lanca/]1 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 iii4 #ahbh1 p4 #dba2 & vol4 x4 #ahcd1 p4 #db4 #abi #8,himalayan ,j\rnals1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd4 ,moorcr(t 7#8,travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #adf7 describes f\r v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,ka%mir4 #acj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #gbc4 #aca ,pap] translat$ 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' #ahbi1 vol4 v4 p4 #bjb4 #acb ,quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #aja4 #acc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 pp4 #eda & #eeh4 #acd ,! foll[+ details are tak5 f ! #8,catalogue ( ,fruits1 #ahdb1 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' p4 #ajc2 & f ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #idc4 #ace #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #ief4 #acf #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,bot41' #d? s]ies1 vol4 vi4 #ahef1 p4 #e4 #acg #8,am]ican ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xxiv4 #aheg1 p4 #ddb4 #ach ,grtn] #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 s4 #hg1 & s4 #afi ) respect to ,maize2 on ,v]bascum1 ibid41 s4 #ib & #aha2 also 8 #8,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' s4 #acg4 ,) respect to ,nicotiana see ,klreut] #8,zweite ,=ts41' #agfd1 s4 #ec2 ?\gh ?is is a some:at diff]5t case4 #aci #8,de l',espce1' p> ,m4 ,godron1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fd4 #adj ,naud91 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #d? s]ies1 ,bot4 tom4 xi4 #ahei1 p4 #bh4 #ada #8,mmoire sur les ,cucurbitaces1' #ahbf1 pp4 #f1 #bd4 #adb #8,flore des ,s]res1' ,oct4 #ahfa1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #aace4 ,i h (t5 consult$ & tak5 "s facts f ,m4 ,naud9's ,memoir on ,cucumis 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #d? s]ies1 ,bot4 tom4 xi4 #ahei1 p4 #e4 #adc ,see also ,sag]et's #8,mmoire' p4 #g4 #add ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #abag4 #ade #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #ajif4 #adf #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajif4 #adg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdb1 p4 #cf4 #adh ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iii4 p4 #agca4 #adi ,ibid41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdhi4 #aej ,godron 7#8,de l',espce' tom4 ii4 p4 #ia7 describes f\r v>ieties ( ,rob9ia rem>kable f _! mann] ( gr[?4 #aea #8,j\rnal ( a ,horticultural ,t\r1 by ,cal$onian ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahbc1 p4 #ajg4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhc4 ,v]lot1 #8,sur ,la ,production des ,v>its1' #ahfe2 p4 #ee = ! ,b>b]ry4 #aeb ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ejh4 #aec ,v]lot #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #ib4 #aed ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iii4 p4 #acgf4 #aee #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fhg4 #aef ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hi4 ,9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xii4 #ahcf1 p4 #cga1 a v>iegat$ bu%y a% is describ$ & figur$1 z hav+ simple leaves2 x orig9at$ 9 ,irel&4 #aeg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #ege4 #aeh ,quot$ f ,royal ,iri% ,academy 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #gfg4 #aei ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum3' = ,elm1 see vol4 iii4 p4 #acgf2 = ,oak1 p4 #ahdf4 #afj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #hbb4 #afa #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iv4 p4 #baej4 #afb #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #fic4 #afc ,see #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ,europis*] ,p9us-art5 von ,dr4 ,*ri/3 ,flora1 #ahfd4' ,he %[s t 9 ! ,ob]-,engad9 ,p4 sylve/ris & montana are connect$ by int]m$iate l9ks4 #afd #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iv4 pp4 #baei & #bahi4 #afe ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hcj2 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 vi4 #ahcj1 p4 #gad4 #aff ,l\don's #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hcd4 #afg ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 ix4 #ahcc1 p4 #abc4 #afh ,ibid41 vol4 xi4 #ahce1 p4 #ejc4 #afi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #fbc4 #agj ,d4 ,beaton1 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #cgg4 ,see also ,mr4 ,beck1 on ! habits ( ,que5 ,mab1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #bbf4 #aga ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,elm5ts de ,tratologie1' #ahda1 p4 #bac4 #agb ,see also #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #acc4 #agc ,quot$ by ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,bibl4 ,univ41' ,novemb] #ahfb1 p4 #eh4 #agd ,knight1 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #cbb4 #age #8,botanical ,magaz9e1' tab4 #eafj1 fig4 #d2 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #aij2 ,pr(4 ,h>vey1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #ade2 ,mr4 ,crock]1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #ajib4 #agf ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhc2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #dcc4 ,! inh]itance ( ! :ite & gold5 zones 9 ,pel>gonium l>gely dep5ds on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,see ,d4 ,beaton1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #fd4 #agg #8,rose ,amateur's ,guide1' ,t4 ,riv]s1 #ahcg1 p4 #ba4 #agh #8,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 #ahee1 p4 #ahb4 #agi ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,radclyffe1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>* #ad?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bjg4 #ahj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahca1 p4 #df4 #aha ,mr4 ,sab9e1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #bhe4 #ahb #8,an ,encyclop4 ( ,plants1' by ,j4 ,c4 ,l\don1 #ahda1 p4 #ddc4 #ahc ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 xi4 #ahce1 p4 #dbg2 also #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,april #ad?1 #ahfc1 p4 #bge4 #ahd ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 viii4 p4 #ege3 vol4 ix4 p4 #fhi4 #ahe ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 #8,engli% ,flora1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 #ahdg1 p4 #aha4 #ahf ,quot$ f #8,annales des ,sci5ces1' 9 ! ,companion to ! #8,bot4 ,mag41' vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #aei4 #ahg #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 p4 #agc4 ,see also ,dr4 ,h]b]t on ! *anges ( col\r 9 transplant$ specim5s1 & on ! natural v>iations ( ,v4 gr&iflora1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #ai4 #ahh ,salisbury1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 #ahab1 pp4 #hd1 #ib4 ,a semi-d\ble v>iety 0 produc$ 9 ,madrid 9 #agij4 #ahi #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 #ahbj1 p4 #bbe4 #aij ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 vi4 #ahcj1 p4 #gg4 #aia ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ajce4 #aib #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #ia2 & ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 iii4 #ahbh1 p4 #agi4 #aic ,mr4 ,wildman1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hg4 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,april #h?1 #ahef1 p4 #cc4 #aid ,m4 ,faivre has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! successive v>iations ( ! ,*9ese primrose1 s9ce its introduction into ,europe ab\t ! ye> #ahbj3 #8,revue des ,c\rs ,sci5tifiques1' ,june1 #ahfi1 p4 #dbh4 #aie ,! be/ & fulle/ acc\nt ( ?is plant :i* ,i h met ) is by a fam\s horticulturi/1 ,mr4 ,paul1 ( ,wal?am1 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #cdb4 #aif #8,des ,jac9!s1 de leur ,anatomie1 ,reproduction1 et ,culture1' ,am/]dam1 #agfh4 #aig ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhb4 #aih ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ihc4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,on ,,bud-,,v>iation1 ,,& ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,anomal\s ,,modes ,,( ,,reproduction ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,,bud-,,v>iation ,,9 ,,! ,,pea*1 ,,plum1 ,,*]ry1 ,,v9e1 ,,gooseb]ry1 ,,currant1 ,,& ,,banana1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,modifi$ ,,fruit--,,9 ,,fl[]s3 ,,camellias1 ,,azaleas1 ,,*rysan!mums1 ,,roses1 ,,etc--,,on ,,! ,,runn+ ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,9 ,,c>nations--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,leaves--,,v>iations ,,by ,,suck]s1 ,,tub]s1 ,,& ,,bulbs--,,on ,,! ,,break+ ,,( ,,tulips--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,graduate ,,into ,,*anges ,,consequ5t ,,on ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,graft-,,hybrids--,,on ,,! ,,segregation ,,( ,,! ,,p>5tal ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,sem9al ,,hybrids ,,by ,,bud-,,v>iation--,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,or ,,imm$iate ,,action ,,( ,,=eign ,,poll5 ,,on ,,! ,,"m-,,plant--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,9 ,,female ,,animals ,,( ,a ,,previ\s ,,impregnation ,,on ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,(fspr+--,,conclusion ,,& ,,summ>y ,?is *apt] w be *iefly devot$ to a subject 9 _m respects important1 namely1 bud-v>iation4 ,by ?is t]m ,i include all ^? sudd5 *anges 9 /ructure or appe>ance :i* occasionally occur 9 full-gr[n plants 9 _! fl[]-buds or leaf-buds4 ,g>d5]s call su* *anges 8,sports20 b ?is1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 is an ill-def9$ expression1 z x has (t5 be5 appli$ to /rongly m>k$ v>iations 9 se$l+ plants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sem9al & bud reproduction is n s great z x at fir/ appe>s2 = ea* bud is 9 "o s5se a new & di/9ct individual2 b su* individuals are produc$ ?r\gh ! =mation ( v>i\s k9ds ( buds )\t ! aid ( any special app>atus1 :il/ f]tile se$s are produc$ by ! conc\rse ( ! two sexual elem5ts4 ,! modifications :i* arise ?r\gh bud-v>iation c g5]ally be propagat$ to any ext5t by graft+1 budd+1 cutt+s1 bulbs1 etc41 & occasionally ev5 by se$4 ,"s few ( our mo/ beautiful & useful productions h aris5 by bud-v>iation4 ,bud-v>iations h z yet be5 obs]v$ only 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 b x is probable t if comp\nd animals1 su* z corals1 etc41 _h be5 subject$ to a long c\rse ( dome/ication1 !y w\ld h v>i$ by buds2 = !y resemble plants 9 _m respects4 ,= in/ance1 any new or peculi> "* pres5t$ by a comp\nd animal is propagat$ by budd+1 z occurs ) diff]5tly col\r$ ,hydras1 & z ,mr4 ,gosse has %[n to be ! case ) a s+ul> v>iety ( a true coral4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,hydra h also be5 graft$ on o!r v>ieties1 & h reta9$ _! "*4 ,i w 9 ! fir/ place give all ! cases ( bud v>iations :i* ,i h be5 able to collect1 & aft]w>ds %[ _! importance4#a ,^! cases prove t ^? au?ors :o1 l ,pallas1 attribute all v>iability to ! cross+ ei!r ( di/9ct races1 or ( di/9ct individuals belong+ to ! same race b some:at diff]5t f ea* o!r1 are 9 error2 z are ^? au?ors :o attribute all v>iability to ! m]e act ( sexual union4 ,nor c we acc\nt 9 all cases = ! appe>ance ?r\gh bud-v>iation ( new *>act]s by ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion to long-lo/ *>act]s4 ,he :o wi%es to judge h[ f> ! conditions ( life directly cause ea* p>ticul> v>iation ought to reflect well on ! cases imm$iately to be giv54 ,i w comm5ce ) bud-v>iations1 z exhibit$ 9 ! fruit1 & !n pass on to fl[]s1 & f9ally to leaves4 ,pea* 7,amygdalus p]sica74--,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i gave two cases ( a pea*-almond & a d\ble-fl[]$ almond :i* sudd5ly produc$ fruit closely resembl+ true pea*es4 ,i h also giv5 _m cases ( pea*-trees produc+ buds1 :i*1 :5 develop$ into bran*es1 h yield$ nect>9es4 ,we h se5 t no less ?an six nam$ & sev]al unnam$ v>ieties ( ! pea* h ?us produc$ sev]al v>ieties ( nect>9e4 ,i h %[n t x is highly improbable t all ^! pea*-trees1 "s ( :i* are old v>ieties1 & h be5 propagat$ by ! million1 are hybrids f ! pea* & nect>9e1 & t x is oppos$ to all analogy to attribute ! occasional production ( nect>9es on pea*-trees to ! direct action ( poll5 f "s neighb\r+ nect>9e-tree4 ,sev]al ( ! cases are highly rem>kable1 because1 fir/ly1 ! fruit ?us produc$ has sometimes be5 9 "p a nect>9e & 9 "p a pea*2 secondly1 because nect>9es ?us sudd5ly produc$ h reproduc$ !mselves by se$2 & ?irdly1 because nect>9es are produc$ f pea*-trees f se$ z well z f buds4 ,! se$ ( ! nect>9e1 on ! o!r h&1 occasionally produces pea*es2 & we h se5 9 "o in/ance t a nect>9e-tree yield$ pea*es by bud-v>iation4 ,z ! pea* is c]ta9ly ! olde/ or prim>y v>iety1 ! production ( pea*es f nect>9es1 ei!r by se$s or buds1 may p]haps be consid]$ z a case ( rev]sion4 ,c]ta9 trees h also be5 describ$ z indiff]5tly be>+ pea*es or nect>9es1 & ?is may be consid]$ z bud-v>iation c>ri$ to an extreme degree4 ,! grosse mignonne pea* at ,montreuil produc$ 8f a sport+ bran*0 ! grosse mignonne t>dive1 8a mo/ excell5t v>iety10 :i* rip5s its fruit a =tnight lat] ?an ! p>5t tree1 & is equally good4#b ,?is same pea* has likewise produc$ by bud-v>iation ! e>ly grosse mignonne4 ,hunt's l>ge tawny nect>9e 8orig9at$ f ,hunt's small tawny nect>9e1 b n ?r\gh sem9al reproduction40#c ,plums4--,mr4 ,knight /ates t a tree ( ! yell[ magnum bonum plum1 =ty ye>s old1 :i* _h always borne ord9>y fruit1 produc$ a bran* :i* yield$ r$ magnum bonums4#d ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ( ,sawbridgewor?1 in=ms me 7,jan4 #ahfc7 t a s+le tree out ( #djj or #ejj trees ( ! ,e>ly ,prolific plum1 :i* is a purple k9d1 desc5d$ f an old ,fr5* v>iety be>+ purple fruit1 produc$ :5 ab\t t5 ye>s old bright yell[ plums2 ^! diff]$ 9 no respect except col\r f ^? on ! o!r trees1 b 7 unlike any o!r kn[n k9d ( yell[ plum4#e ,*]ry 7,prunus c]asus74--,mr4 ,knight has record$ 7ibid47 ! case ( a bran* ( a ,may-,duke *]ry1 :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly nev] graft$1 always produc$ fruit1 rip5+ lat]1 & m oblong ?an ! fruit on ! o!r bran*es4 ,ano!r acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( two ,may-,duke *]ry-trees 9 ,scotl&1 ) bran*es be>+ oblong & v f9e fruit1 :i* inv>iably rip5$1 z 9 ,knight's case1 a =tnight lat] ?an ! o!r *]ries4#f ,m4 ,c>rire gives 7p4 #cg7 num]\s analog\s cases1 & "o ( ! same tree be>+ ?ree k9ds ( fruit4 ,grapes 7,vitis v9if]a74--,! black or purple ,frontignan 9 "o case produc$ dur+ two successive ye>s 7& no d\bt p]man5tly71 spurs :i* bore :ite ,frontignan grapes4 ,9 ano!r case1 on ! same foot/alk1 ! l[] b]ries 87 well-col\r$ black ,frontignans2 ^? next ! /alk 7 :ite1 ) ! exception ( "o black & "o /reak$ b]ry20 & altoge!r !re 7 fifte5 black & twelve :ite b]ries on ! same /alk4 ,9 ano!r k9d ( grape1 black & amb]-col\r$ b]ries 7 produc$ 9 ! same clu/]4#g ,c\nt ,od>t describes a v>iety :i* (t5 be>s on ! same /alk small r\nd & l>ge oblong b]ries2 ?\gh ! %ape ( ! b]ry is g5]ally a fix$ "*4#h ,"h is ano!r /rik+ case giv5 on ! excell5t au?ority ( ,m4 ,c>rire3#i 8a black ,hamburg grape 7,frank5?al7 0 cut d[n1 & produc$ ?ree suck]s2 "o ( ^! 0 lay]$1 & aft] a "t produc$ mu* small] b]ries1 :i* always rip5$ at lea/ a =tnight e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,( ! rema9+ two suck]s1 "o produc$ e ye> f9e grapes1 :il/ ! o!r1 al?\gh x set an abundance ( fruit1 matur$ only a few1 & ^! ( inf]ior quality40 ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes grossul>ia74--,a rem>kable case has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley#aj ( a bu% :i* bore at ! same "t no less ?an f\r k9ds ( b]ries1 namely1 hairy & r$1--smoo?1 small & r$1--gre51--& yell[ t+$ ) buff2 ! two latt] k9ds _h a diff]5t flav\r f ! r$ b]ries1 & _! se$s 7 col\r$ r$4 ,?ree twigs on ?is bu% grew close toge!r2 ! fir/ bore ?ree yell[ b]ries & "o r$2 ! second twig bore f\r yell[ & "o r$2 & ! ?ird f\r r$ & "o yell[4 ,mr4 ,laxton also in=ms me t he has se5 a ,r$ ,w>r+ton gooseb]ry be>+ bo? r$ & yell[ fruit on ! same bran*4 ,currant 7,ribes rubrum74--,a bu% pur*as$ z ! ,*ampagne1 :i* is a v>iety t be>s blu%-col\r$ fruit int]m$iate betwe5 r$ & :ite1 produc$ dur+ f\rte5 ye>s on sep>ate bran*es & m+l$ on ! same bran*1 b]ries ( ! r$1 :ite1 & *ampagne k9ds4#aa ,! suspicion naturally arises t ?is v>iety may h orig9at$ f a cross betwe5 a r$ & :ite v>iety1 & t ! above trans=mation may be acc\nt$ = by rev]sion to bo? p>5t-=ms2 b f ! =ego+ complex case ( ! gooseb]ry ?is view is d\btful4 ,9 ,france1 a bran* ( a r$-currant bu%1 ab\t t5 ye>s old1 produc$ ne> ! summit five :ite b]ries7 & l[] d[n1 among/ ! r$ b]ries1 "o b]ry half r$ & half :ite4#ab ,alex&] ,braun#ac also has (t5 se5 bran*es on :ite currant-trees be>+ r$ b]ries4 ,pe> 7,pyrus communis74--,dureau de la ,malle /ates t ! fl[]s on "s trees ( an anci5t v>iety1 ! doy5n galeux1 7 de/roy$ by fro/3 o!r fl[]s appe>$ 9 ,july1 :i* produc$ six pe>s2 ^! exactly resembl$ 9 _! sk9 & ta/e ! fruit ( a di/9ct v>iety1 ! gros doy5ne blanc1 b 9 %ape 7 l ! bon-*rti53 x 0 n asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is new v>iety c\ld be propagat$ by budd+ or graft+4 ,! same au?or graft$ a bon-*rti5 on a qu9ce1 & x produc$1 besides its prop] fruit1 an app>5tly new v>iety1 ( a peculi> =m ) ?ick & r\gh sk94#ad ,apple 7,pyrus malus74--,9 ,canada1 a tree ( ! v>iety call$ ,p\nd ,sweet1 produc$1#ae betwe5 two ( its prop] fruit1 an apple :i* 0 well russet$1 small 9 size1 diff]5t 9 %ape1 & ) a %ort p$uncle4 ,z no russet apple grew any:]e ne>1 ?is case app>5tly _c be acc\nt$ = by ! direct action ( =eign poll54 ,m4 ,c>rire 7p4 #ch7 m5tions an analog\s in/ance4 ,i %all h]eaft] give cases ( apple-trees :i* regul>ly produce fruit ( two k9ds1 or half-&-half fruit2 ^! trees are g5]ally suppos$1 & probably ) tru?1 to be ( cross$ p>5tage1 & t ! fruit rev]ts to bo? p>5t-=ms4 ,banana 7,musa sapi5tium74--,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk /ates t he saw 9 ,/4 ,dom+o a raceme on ! ,fig ,banana :i* bore t[>ds ! base #abe fruits ( ! prop] k9d2 & ^! 7 succe$$1 z is usual1 high] up ! raceme1 by b>r5 fl[]s1 & ^! by #dbj fruits1 hav+ a widely diff]5t appe>ance1 & rip5+ e>li] ?an ! prop] fruit4 ,! abnormal fruit closely resembl$1 except 9 be+ small]1 t ( ! ,musa *95sis or cav5di%ii1 :i* has g5]ally be5 rank$ z a di/9ct species4#af ,fl[]s4--,_m cases h be5 record$ ( a :ole plant1 or s+le bran*1 or bud1 sudd5ly produc+ fl[]s diff]5t f ! prop] type 9 col\r1 =m1 size1 d\bl5ess1 or o!r "*4 ,half ! fl[]1 or a small] segm5t1 sometimes *anges col\r4 ,camellia4--,! myrtle-leav$ species 7,c4 myrtifolia71 & two or ?ree v>ieties ( ! common species1 h be5 kn[n to produce hexagonal & imp]fectly quadrangul> fl[]s2 & ! bran*es produc+ su* fl[]s h be5 propagat$ by graft+4#ag ,! ,pompon v>iety (t5 be>s 8f\r di/+ui%able k9ds ( fl[]s1--! pure :ite & ! r$-ey$1 :i* appe> promiscu\sly2 ! br9dl$ p9k & ! rose-col\r$1 :i* may be kept sep>ate ) tol]able c]ta9ty by graft+ f ! bran*es t be> !m40 ,a bran*1 also1 on an old tree ( ! rose-col\r$ v>iety has be5 se5 to 8rev]t to ! pure :ite col\r1 an occurr5ce less common ?an ! dep>ture f x40#ah ,cratgus oxyacan?a4--,a d>k p9k haw?orn has be5 kn[n to ?r[ out a s+le tuft ( pure :ite blossoms2#ai & ,mr4 ,a4 ,clapham1 nurs]yman1 ( ,b$=d1 in=ms me t 8 fa!r _h a deep crimson ?orn graft$ on a :ite ?orn1 :i* dur+ sev]al ye>s1 always bore1 high above ! graft1 bun*es ( :ite1 p9k & deep crimson fl[]s4 ,azalea indica is well kn[n (t5 to produce new v>ieties by buds4 ,i h myself se5 sev]al cases4 ,a plant ( ,azalea indica v>iegata has be5 exhibit$ be>+ a truss ( fl[]s ( ,a4 ind4 gl$/anesii 8z true z c\ld possibly be produc$1 ?us evid5c+ ! orig9 ( t f9e v>iety40 ,on ano!r plant ( ,a4 ind4 v>iegata a p]fect fl[] ( ,a4 ind4 lat]itia 0 produc$2 s t bo? gl$/anesii & lat]itia no d\bt orig9ally appe>$ z sport+ bran*es ( ,a4 ind4 v>iegata4#bj ,hibiscus 7,p>itium tricuspis74--,a se$l+ ( ?is plant1 :5 "s ye>s old1 produc$1 at ,sah>unpore1#ba "s bran*es 8:i* bore leaves & fl[]s widely diff]5t f ! normal =m40 8,! abnormal leaf is mu* less divid$1 & n acum9at$4 ,! petals are consid]ably l>g]1 & q entire4 ,!re is also 9 ! fre% /ate a conspicu\s1 l>ge1 oblong gl&1 full ( a viscid secretion1 on ! back ( ea* ( ! calyc9e segm5ts40 ,dr4 ,k+1 :o subsequ5tly _h *>ge ( ^! ,g>d5s1 in=ms me t a tree ( ,p>itium tricuspis 7probably ! v same plant7 gr[+ !re1 _h a bran* buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 app>5tly by accid5t2 & ?is bran* *ang$ its "* wond]fully1 gr[+ l a bu%1 & produc+ fl[]s & leaves1 resembl+ 9 %ape ^? ( ano!r species1 viz41 ,p4 tiliaceum4 ,a small bran* spr++ f ?is bu% ne> ! gr\nd1 rev]t$ to ! p>5t-=m4 ,bo? =ms 7 ext5sively propagat$ dur+ sev]al ye>s by cutt+s & kept p]fectly true4 ,al?a rosea4--,a d\ble yell[ ,hollyhock sudd5ly turn$ "o ye> into a pure :ite s+le k9d2 subsequ5tly a bran* be>+ ! orig9al d\ble yell[ fl[]s reappe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bran*es ( ! s+le :ite k9d4#bb ,pel>gonium4--,^! highly cultivat$ plants seem em95tly liable to bud-v>iation4 ,i w give only a few well-m>k$ cases4 ,grtn] has se5#bc a plant ( ,p4 zonale ) a bran* hav+ :ite edges1 :i* rema9$ con/ant = ye>s1 & bore fl[]s ( a deep] r$ ?an usual4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* bran*es pres5t little or no diff]5ce 9 _! fl[]s3 ?us a writ]#bd p9*$ (f ! lead+ %oot ( a se$l+ ,p4 zonale1 & x ?rew out ?ree bran*es1 :i* diff]$ 9 ! size & col\r ( _! leaves & /ems2 b on all ?ree bran*es 8! fl[]s 7 id5tical10 except 9 be+ l>ge/ 9 ! gre5-/emm$ v>iety1 & smalle/ 9 t ) v>iegat$ foliage3 ^! ?ree v>ieties 7 subsequ5tly propagat$ & di/ribut$4 ,_m bran*es1 & "s :ole plants1 ( a v>iety call$ compactum1 :i* be>s orange-sc>let fl[]s1 h be5 se5 to produce p9k fl[]s4#be ,hill's ,hector1 :i* is a pale r$ v>iety1 produc$ a bran* ) lilac fl[]s1 & "s trusses ) bo? r$ & lilac fl[]s4 ,?is app>5tly is a case ( rev]sion1 = ,hill's ,hector 0 a se$l+ f a lilac v>iety4#bf ,"h is a bett] case ( rev]sion3 a v>iety produc$ f a complicat$ cross1 aft] hav+ be5 propagat$ = five g5]ations by se$1 yield$ by bud-v>iation ?ree v di/9ct v>ieties :i* 7 undi/+ui%able f plants1 8kn[n to h be5 at "s "t ance/ors ( ! plant 9 "q40#bg ,( all ,pel>goniums1 ,rollisson's ,unique seems to be ! mo/ sportive2 its orig9 is n positively kn[n1 b is believ$ to be f a cross4 ,mr4 ,salt]1 ( ,hamm]smi?1 /ates#bh t he has himself kn[n ?is purple v>iety to produce ! lilac1 ! rose-crimson or conspicuum1 & ! r$ or cocc9eum v>ieties2 ! latt] has also produc$ ! rose d'am\r2 s t altoge!r f\r v>ieties h orig9at$ by bud v>iation f ,rollisson's ,unique4 ,mr4 ,salt] rem>ks t ^! f\r v>ieties 8may n[ be consid]$ z fix$1 al?\gh !y occasionally produce fl[]s ( ! orig9al col\r4 ,?is ye> cocc9eum has pu%$ fl[]s ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 r$1 rose1 & lilac1 ^u ! same truss1 & ^u o!r trusses are fl[]s half r$ & half lilac40 ,besides ^! f\r v>ieties1 two o!r sc>let ,uniques are kn[n to exi/1 bo? ( :i* occasionally produce lilac fl[]s id5tical ) ,rollisson's ,unique2#bi b "o at lea/ ( ^! did n arise ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 b is believ$ to be a se$l+ f ,rollisson's ,unique4#cj ,!re are1 also1 9 ! trade#ca two o!r slightly diff]5t v>ieties1 ( unkn[n orig91 ( ,rollisson's ,unique3 s t altoge!r we h a curi\sly complex case ( v>iation bo? by buds & se$s4#cb ,"h is a /ill m complex case3 ,m4 ,raf>9 /ates t a pale rose-col\r$ v>iety produc$ a bran* be>+ deep r$ fl[]s4 8,cutt+s 7 tak5 f ?is #8sport1' f :i* #bj plants 7 rais$1 :i* fl[]$ 9 #ahfg1 :5 x 0 f\nd t sc>cely two 7 alike40 ,"s resembl$ ! p>5t-=m1 "s resembl$ ! sport1 "s bore bo? k9ds ( fl[]s2 & ev5 "s ( ! petals on ! same fl[] 7 rose-col\r$ & o!rs r$4#cc ,an ,engli% wild plant1 ! ,g]anium prat5se1 :5 cultivat$ 9 a g>d51 has be5 se5 to produce on ! same plant bo? blue & :ite1 & /rip$ blue & :ite fl[]s4#cd ,*rysan!mum4--,?is plant frequ5tly sports1 bo? by its lat]al bran*es & occasionally by suck]s4 ,a se$l+ rais$ by ,mr4 ,salt] has produc$ by bud-v>iation six di/9ct sorts1 five diff]5t 9 col\r & "o 9 foliage1 all ( :i* are n[ fix$4#ce ,a v>iety call$ c$o nulli be>s small yell[ fl[]s1 b habitually produces bran*es ) :ite fl[]s2 & a specim5 0 exhibit$1 :i* ,pr(4 ,t4 ,dy] saw1 be=e ! ,horticultural ,society4 ,! v>ieties :i* 7 fir/ introduc$ f ,*9a 7 s excessively v>iable1 8t x 0 extremely difficult to tell :i* 0 ! orig9al col\r ( ! v>iety1 & :i* 0 ! sport40 ,! same plant w\ld produce "o ye> only buff-col\r$1 & next ye> only rose-col\r$ fl[]s2 & !n w\ld *ange aga91 or produce at ! same "t fl[]s ( bo? col\rs4 ,^! fluctuat+ v>ieties are n[ all lo/1 &1 :5 a bran* sports into a new v>iety1 x c g5]ally be propagat$ & kept true2 b1 z ,mr4 ,salt] rem>ks1 8e sport %\ld be ?or\ghly te/$ 9 diff]5t soils be=e x c be really consid]$ z fix$1 z _m h be5 kn[n to run back :5 plant$ 9 ri* compo/2 b :5 suffici5t c>e & "t are exp5d$ 9 prov+1 !re w exi/ little dang] ( subsequ5t disappo9tm5t40 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t ) all ! v>ieties ! commone/ k9d ( bud-v>iation is ! production ( yell[ fl[]s1 &1 z ?is is ! primordial col\r1 ^! cases may be attribut$ to rev]sion4 ,mr4 ,salt] has giv5 me a li/ ( sev5 diff]5tly col\r$ *rysan!mums1 :i* h all produc$ bran*es ) yell[ fl[]s2 b ?ree ( !m h also sport$ into o!r col\rs4 ,) any *ange ( col\r 9 ! fl[]1 ! foliage g5]ally *anges 9 a correspond+ mann] 9 lightness or d>kness4 ,ano!r ,composit\s plant1 namely1 ,c5tauria cyanus1 :5 cultivat$ 9 a g>d51 n unfrequ5tly produces on ! same root fl[]s ( f\r diff]5t col\rs1 viz41 blue1 :ite1 d>k-purple1 & p>ti-col\r$4#cf ,! fl[]s ( ,an!mis also v>y on ! same plant4#cg ,roses4--,_m v>ieties ( ! ,rose are kn[n or are believ$ to h orig9at$ by bud-v>iation4#ch ,! common d\ble moss-rose 0 import$ into ,engl& f ,italy ab\t ! ye> #agce4ci ,its orig9 is unkn[n1 b f analogy x probably arose f ! ,prov5ce rose 7,r4 c5tifolia7 by bud-v>iation2 = ! bran*es ( ! common moss-rose h sev]al times be5 kn[n to produce ,prov5ce roses1 :olly or p>tially de/itute ( moss3 ,i h se5 "o su* in/ance1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 record$4#dj ,mr4 ,riv]s also in=ms me t he rais$ two or ?ree roses ( ! ,prov5ce class f se$ ( ! old s+le moss-rose2#da & ?is latt] k9d 0 produc$ 9 #ahjg by bud-v>iation f ! common moss-rose4 ,! :ite moss-rose 0 also produc$ 9 #aghh by an (fset f ! common r$ moss-rose3 x 0 at fir/ pale blu%-col\r$1 b became :ite by cont9u$ budd+4 ,on cutt+ d[n ! %oots :i* _h produc$ ?is :ite moss-rose1 two weak %oots 7 ?r[n up1 & buds f ^! yield$ ! beautiful /rip$ moss-rose4 ,! common moss-rose has yield$ by bud-v>iation1 besides ! old s+le r$ moss-rose1 ! old sc>let semi-d\ble moss-rose1 & ! sage-leaf moss-rose1 :i* 8has a delicate %ell-l =m1 & is ( a beautiful blu% col\r2 x is n[ 7#aheb7 ne>ly ext9ct40#db ,a :ite moss-rose has be5 se5 to be> a fl[] half :ite & half p9k4#dc ,al?\gh sev]al moss-roses h ?us c]ta9ly aris5 by bud-v>iation1 ! great] numb] probably owe _! orig9 to se$ ( moss-roses4 ,= ,mr4 ,riv]s in=ms me t 8 se$l+s f ! old s+le moss-rose almo/ always produc$ moss-roses2 & ! old s+le moss-rose 01 z we h se51 ! product by bud-v>iation ( ! d\ble moss-rose orig9ally import$ f ,italy4 ,t ! orig9al moss-rose 0 ! product ( bud-v>iation is probable1 f ! facts above giv5 & f ! de ,meaux moss-rose 7also a v>iety ( ,r4 c5tifolia7#dd hav+ appe>$ z a sport+ bran* on ! common rose de ,meaux4 ,pr(4 ,casp>y has c>efully describ$#de ! case ( a six-ye>-old :ite moss-rose1 :i* s5t up sev]al suck]s1 "o ( :i* 0 ?orny1 & produc$ r$ fl[]s1 de/itute ( moss1 exactly l ^? ( ! ,prov5ce rose 7,r4 c5tifolia73 ano!r %oot bore bo? k9ds ( fl[]s1 & 9 addition longitud9ally /rip$ fl[]s4 ,z ?is :ite moss-rose _h be5 graft$ on ! ,prov5ce rose1 ,pr(4 ,casp>y attributes ! above *anges to ! influ5ce ( ! /ock2 b f ! facts already giv51 & f o!rs to be giv51 bud-v>iation1 ) rev]sion1 is probably a suffici5t explanation4 ,_m o!r in/ances c\ld be add$ ( roses v>y+ by buds4 ,! :ite ,prov5ce rose app>5tly orig9at$ 9 ?is way4#df ,m4 ,c>rire /ates 7p4 #cf7 t he himself kn[s ( five v>ieties ?us produc$ by ! ,b>onne ,prvo/4 ,! d\ble & highly-col\r$ ,belladonna rose has produc$ by suck]s bo? semi-d\ble & almo/ s+le :ite roses2#dg :il/ suck]s f "o ( ^! semi-d\ble :ite roses rev]t$ to p]fectly *>act]is$ ,belladonnas4 ,9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 v>ieties ( ! ,*9a rose propagat$ by cutt+s (t5 rev]t aft] a ye> or two into ! old ,*9a rose4#dh ,_m cases h be5 record$ ( roses sudd5ly becom+ /rip$ or *ang+ _! "* by segm5ts3 "s plants ( ! ,comtesse de ,*abrillant1 :i* is prop]ly rose-col\r$1 7 exhibit$ 9 #ahfb1di ) crimson flakes on a rose gr\nd4 ,i h se5 ! ,beauty ( ,billi>d ) a qu>t] & ) half ! fl[] almo/ :ite4 #8,! ,au/rian bramble ,r4 lutea n r>ely#ej produces bran*es ) pure yell[ fl[]s2 & ,pr(4 ,h5sl[ has se5 exactly half ! fl[] ( a pure yell[1 & ,i h se5 n>r[ yell[ /reaks on a s+le petal1 ( :i* ! re/ 0 ( ! usual copp] col\r4 ,! foll[+ cases are highly rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 z ,i am in=m$ by him1 possess$ a new ,fr5* rose ) delicate smoo? %oots1 pale glauc\s-gre5 leaves1 & semi-d\ble pale fle%-col\r$ fl[]s /rip$ ) d>k r$2 & on bran*es ?us *>act]is$ !re sudd5ly appe>$ 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 ! fam\s old rose call$ ! ,b>onne ,prevo/1 ) its /\t ?orny %oots1 & imm5se1 uni=mly & ri*ly col\r$ d\ble fl[]s2 s t 9 ?is case ! %oots1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 all at once *ang$ _! "* by bud-v>iation4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,v]lot1#ea a v>iety call$ ,rosa cannabifolia1 :i* has peculi>ly %ap$ leaflets1 & diff]s f e memb] ( ! family 9 ! leaves be+ opposite in/ead ( alt]nate1 sudd5ly appe>$ on a plant ( ,r4 alba 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,la/ly1 8a runn+ %oot0 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,curtis#eb on ! old ,aime ,vib]t ,noisette1 & he budd$ x on ,cel9e2 ?us a climb+ ,aime ,vib]t 0 fir/ produc$ & aft]w>ds propagat$4 ,dian?us4--,x is q common ) ! ,sweet ,william 7,d4 b>batus7 to see diff]5tly col\r$ fl[]s on ! same root2 & ,i h obs]v$ on ! same truss f\r diff]5tly col\r$ & %ad$ fl[]s4 ,c>nations & p9ks 7,d4 c>yophyllus1 etc47 occasionally v>y by lay]s2 & "s k9ds are s little c]ta9 9 "* t !y are call$ by floriculturi/s 8cat*-fl[]s40#ec ,mr4 ,dickson has ably discuss$ ! 8runn+0 ( p>ticol\r$ or /rip$ c>nations1 & says x _c be acc\nt$ = by ! compo/ 9 :i* !y are gr[n3 8lay]s f ! same clean fl[] w\ld come "p ( !m clean & "p f\l1 ev5 :5 subject$ to precisely ! same treatm5t2 & frequ5tly "o fl[] alone appe>s influ5c$ by ! ta9t1 ! rema9d] com+ p]fectly clean40#ed ,?is runn+ ( ! p>ti-col\r$ fl[]s app>5tly is a case ( rev]sion by buds to ! orig9al uni=m t9t ( ! species4 ,i w briefly m5tion "s o!r cases ( bud-v>iation to %[ h[ _m plants belong+ to _m ord]s h v>i$ 9 _! fl[]s2 & _m o!rs might be add$4 ,i h se5 on a snap-dragon 7,antirrh9um majus7 :ite1 p9k1 & /rip$ fl[]s on ! same plant1 & bran*es ) /rip$ fl[]s on a r$-col\r$ v>iety4 ,on a d\ble /ock 7,mat?iola incana7 ,i h se5 a bran* be>+ s+le fl[]s2 & on a d+y-purple d\ble v>iety ( ! wall-fl[] 7,*eiran?us *eiri71 a bran* :i* _h rev]t$ to ! ord9>y copp] col\r4 ,on o!r bran*es ( ! same plant1 "s fl[]s 7 exactly divid$ across ! middle1 "o half be+ purple & ! o!r copp]y2 b "s ( ! small] petals t[>ds ! c5tre ( ^! same fl[]s 7 purple longitud9ally /reak$ ) copp]y col\r1 or copp]y /reak$ ) purple4 ,a ,cyclam5#ee has be5 obs]v$ to be> :ite & p9k fl[]s ( two =ms1 ! "o resembl+ ! ,p]sicum /ra91 & ! o!r ! ,c\m /ra94 ,o5o!ra bi5nis has be5 se5#ef be>+ fl[]s ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs4 ,! hybrid ,gladiolus colvilii occasionally be>s uni=mly col\r$ fl[]s1 & "o case is record$#eg ( all ! fl[]s on a plant ?us *ang+ col\r4 ,a ,fu*sia has be5 se5#eh be>+ two k9ds ( fl[]s4 ,mirabilis jalapa is em95tly sportive1 sometimes be>+ on ! same root pure r$1 yell[1 & :ite fl[]s1 & o!rs /rip$ ) v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! ?ree col\rs4#ei ,! plants ( ! ,mirabilis1 :i* be> su* extraord9>ily v>iable fl[]s 9 mo/1 probably 9 all1 cases1 owe _! orig91 z %[n by ,pr(4 ,lecoq1 to crosses betwe5 diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties4 ,leaves & ,%oots4--,*anges1 ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 9 fruits & fl[]s h hi!rto be5 treat$ (2 incid5tally "s rem>kable modifications 9 ! leaves & %oots ( ! rose & ,p>itium1 & 9 a less] degree 9 ! foliage ( ! ,pel>gonium & ,*rysan!mum1 h be5 notic$4 ,i w n[ add a few m cases ( v>iation 9 leaf-buds4 ,v]lot#fj /ates t on ,aralia trifoliata1 :i* prop]ly has leaves ) ?ree leaflets1 bran*es frequ5tly appe> be>+ simple leaves ( v>i\s =ms2 ^! c be propagat$ by buds or by graft+1 & h giv5 rise1 z he /ates1 to sev]al nom9al species4 ,) respect to trees1 ! hi/ory ( b few ( ! _m v>ieties ) curi\s or ornam5tal foliage is kn[n2 b sev]al probably h orig9at$ by bud-v>iation4 ,"h is "o case3--,an old a%-tree 7,frax9us excelsior7 9 ! gr\nds ( ,necton1 z ,mr4 ,mason /ates1 8= _m ye>s has _h "o b\gh ( a totally diff]5t "* to ! re/ ( ! tree1 or ( any o!r a%-tree :i* ,i h se52 be+ %ort-jo9t$ & d5sely cov]$ ) foliage40 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ?is v>iety c\ld be propagat$ by grafts4#fa ,! v>ieties ( "s trees ) cut leaves1 z ! oak-leav$ laburnum1 ! p>sley-leav$ v9e1 & especially ! f]n-leav$ bee*1 are apt to rev]t by buds to ! common =ms4#fb ,! f]n-l leaves ( ! bee* sometimes rev]t only p>tially1 & ! bran*es display "h & !re spr\ts be>+ common leaves1 f]n-l1 & v>i\sly %ap$ leaves4 ,su* cases diff] b little f ! s-call$ het]ophyllus v>ieties1 9 :i* ! tree habitually be>s leaves ( v>i\s =ms2 b x is probable t mo/ het]ophyll\s trees h orig9at$ z se$l+s4 ,!re is a sub-v>iety ( ! weep+ will[ ) leaves roll$ up into a spiral coil2 & ,mr4 ,ma/]s /ates t a tree ( ?is k9d kept true 9 8 g>d5 = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & !n ?rew out a s+le upright %oot be>+ flat leaves4#fc ,i h (t5 notic$ s+le twigs & bran*es on bee* & o!r trees ) _! leaves fully exp&$ be=e ^? on ! o!r bran*es _h op5$2 & z !re 0 no?+ 9 _! exposure or "* to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce1 ,i presume t !y _h appe>$ z bud-v>iations1 l ! e>ly & late fruit-matur+ v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e4 ,cryptogamic plants are liable to bud-v>iation1 = fronds on ! same f]n (t5 display rem>kable deviations ( /ructure4 ,spores1 :i* are ( ! nature ( buds1 tak5 f su* abnormal fronds1 reproduce1 ) rem>kable fidelity1 ! same v>iety1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! sexual /age4#fd ,) respect to col\r1 leaves (t5 become by bud-v>iation zon$1 blot*$1 or spott$ ) :ite1 yell[1 & r$2 & ?is occasionally occurs ev5 ) plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,v>iegation1 h[ev]1 appe>s /ill m frequ5tly 9 plants produc$ f se$2 ev5 ! cotyl$ons or se$-leaves be+ ?us affect$4#fe ,!re h be5 endless disputes :e!r v>iegation %\ld be consid]$ z a disease4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t x is mu* influ5c$1 bo? 9 ! case ( se$l+s & ( mature plants1 by ! nature ( ! soil4 ,plants :i* h become v>iegat$ z se$l+s1 g5]ally transmit _! "* by se$ to a l>ge proportion ( _! prog5y2 & ,mr4 ,salt] has giv5 me a li/ ( eight g5]a 9 :i* ?is occurr$4#ff ,sir ,f4 ,pollock has giv5 me m precise in=mation3 he s[$ se$ f a v>iegat$ plant ( ,ballota nigra :i* 0 f\nd gr[+ wild1 & ?irty p] c5t ( ! se$l+s 7 v>iegat$2 se$ f ^! latt] be+ s[n1 sixty p] c5t came up v>iegat$4 ,:5 bran*es become v>iegat$ by bud-v>iation1 & ! v>iety is attempt$ to be propagat$ by se$1 ! se$l+s are r>ely v>iegat$3 ,mr4 ,salt] f\nd ?is to be ! case ) plants belong+ to elev5 g5]a1 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( ! se$l+s prov$ to be gre5-leav$2 yet a few 7 slightly v>iegat$1 or 7 q :ite1 b none 7 wor? keep+4 ,v>iegat$ plants1 :e!r orig9ally produc$ f se$s or buds1 c g5]ally be propagat$ by budd+1 graft+1 etc42 b all are apt to rev]t by bud-v>iation to _! ord9>y foliage4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 diff]s mu* 9 ! v>ieties ( ev5 ! same species2 = in/ance1 ! gold5-/rip$ v>iety ( ,euonymus japonicus 8is v liable to run back to ! gre5-leav$1 :ile ! silv]-/rip$ v>iety h>dly ev] *anges40#fg ,i h se5 a v>iety ( ! holly1 ) its leaves hav+ a c5tral yell[ pat*1 :i* _h ev]y:]e p>tially rev]t$ to ! ord9>y foliage1 s t on ! same small bran* !re 7 _m twigs ( bo? k9ds4 ,9 ! pel>gonium1 & 9 "s o!r plants1 v>iegation is g5]ally accompani$ by "s degree ( dw>f+1 z is well exemplifi$ 9 ! 8,d&y0 pel>gonium4 ,:5 su* dw>f v>ieties sport back by buds or suck]s to ! ord9>y foliage1 ! dw>f$ /ature /ill rema9s4#fh ,x is rem>kable t plants propagat$ f bran*es :i* h rev]t$ f v>iegat$ to pla9 leaves#fi d n always 7or nev]1 z "o obs]v] ass]ts7 p]fectly resemble ! orig9al pla9-leav$ plant f :i* ! v>iegat$ bran* arose3 x seems t a plant1 9 pass+ by bud-v>iation f pla9 leaves to v>iegat$1 & back aga9 f v>iegat$ to pla91 is g5]ally 9 "s degree affect$ s z to assume a slightly diff]5t aspect4 ,bud-v>iation by ,suck]s1 ,tub]s1 & ,bulbs4--,all ! cases hi!rto giv5 ( bud-v>iation 9 fruits1 fl[]s1 leaves1 & %oots1 h be5 conf9$ to buds on ! /ems or bran*es1 ) ! exception ( a few cases incid5tally notic$ ( v>y+ suck]s 9 ! rose1 pel>gonium1 & *rysan!mum4 ,i w n[ give a few in/ances ( v>iation 9 subt]ranean buds1 t is1 by suck]s1 tub]s1 & bulbs2 n t !re is any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 buds above & b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t two v>iegat$ v>ieties ( ,phlox orig9at$ z suck]s2 b ,i %\ld n h ?\ght ^! wor? m5tion+1 _h n ,mr4 ,salt] f\nd1 aft] repeat$ trials1 t he c\ld n propagate !m by 8root-jo9ts10 :]eas1 ! v>iegat$ ,tussilago f>f>a c ?us be safely propagat$2#gj b ?is latt] plant may h orig9at$ z a v>iegat$ se$l+1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = its great] fix$ness ( "*4 ,! ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is7 (f]s an analog\s case2 !re is a well-kn[n v>iety ) se$less fruit1 :i* c be propagat$ by cutt+s or lay]s2 b suck]s always rev]t to ! common =m1 :i* produces fruit conta9+ se$s4#ga ,my fa!r repeat$ly tri$ ?is exp]im5t1 & always ) ! same result4 ,i may "h m5tion t maize & :eat sometimes produce new v>ieties f ! /ock or root1 z does ! sug>-cane4#gb ,turn+ n[ to tub]s3 9 ! common ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 a s+le bud or eye sometimes v>ies & produces a new v>iety2 or1 occasionally1 & ?is is a mu* m rem>kable circum/ance1 all ! eyes 9 a tub] v>y 9 ! same mann] & at ! same "t1 s t ! :ole tub] assumes a new "*4 ,= in/ance1 a s+le eye 9 a tub] ( ! old ,=ty-fold potato1 :i* is a purple v>iety1 0 obs]v$#gc to become :ite2 ?is eye 0 cut out & plant$ sep>ately1 & ! k9d has s9ce be5 l>gely propagat$4 ,kemp's potato is prop]ly :ite1 b a plant 9 ,lanca%ire produc$ two tub]s :i* 7 r$1 & two :i* 7 :ite2 ! r$ k9d 0 propagat$ 9 ! usual mann] by eyes1 & kept true to its new col\r1 &1 be+ f\nd a m productive v>iety1 soon became widely kn[n "u ! "n ( ,taylor's =ty-fold4#gd ,! old ,=ty-fold potato1 z already /at$1 is a purple v>iety2 b a plant long cultivat$ on ! same gr\nd produc$1 n1 z 9 ! case above giv51 a s+le :ite eye1 b a :ole :ite tub]1 :i* has s9ce be5 propagat$ & keeps true4#ge ,sev]al cases h be5 record$ ( l>ge portions ( :ole r[s ( potatoes slightly *ang+ _! "*4#gf ,dahlias propagat$ by tub]s "u ! hot climate ( ,/4 ,dom+o v>y mu*2 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk gives ! case ( ! 8,butt]fly v>iety10 :i* ! second ye> produc$ on ! same plant 8d\ble & s+le fl[]s2 "h :ite petals edg$ ) m>oon2 !re ( a uni=m deep m>oon40#gg ,mr4 ,bree also m5tions a plant 8:i* bore two diff]5t k9ds ( self-col\r$ fl[]s1 z well z a ?ird k9d :i* p>took ( bo? col\rs beautifully int]mix$40#gh ,ano!r case is describ$ ( a dahlia ) purple fl[]s :i* bore a :ite fl[] /reak$ ) purple4#gi ,consid]+ h[ long & ext5sively _m ,bulb\s plants h be5 cultivat$1 & h[ num]\s are ! v>ieties produc$ f se$1 ^! plants h n p]haps v>i$ s mu* by (fsets1--t is1 by ! production ( new bulbs1--z might h be5 expect$4 ,) ! ,hyac9?1 h[ev]1 sev]al in/ances h be5 giv5 by ,m4 ,c>rire4 ,a case also has be5 record$ ( a blue v>iety :i* = ?ree successive ye>s gave (fsets produc+ :ite fl[]s ) a r$ c5tre4#hj ,ano!r hyac9? bore#ha on ! same truss a p]fectly p9k & a p]fectly blue fl[]4 ,i h se5 a bulb produc+ at ! same "t "o /alk or truss ) f9e blue fl[]s1 ano!r ) f9e r$ fl[]s1 & a ?ird ) blue fl[]s on "o side & r$ on ! o!r2 sev]al ( ! fl[]s be+ also longitud9ally /rip$ r$ & blue4 ,mr4 ,john ,scott in=ms me t 9 #ahfb ,imatophyllum m9iatum1 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh1 ?rew up a suck] :i* diff]$ f ! normal =m1 9 ! leaves be+ two-rank$ in/ead ( f\r-rank$4 ,! leaves 7 also small]1 ) ! upp] surface rais$ in/ead ( be+ *annell$4 ,9 ! propagation ( ,tulips1 se$l+s are rais$1 call$ selfs or bre$]s1 :i*1 8consi/ ( "o pla9 col\r on a :ite or yell[ bottom4 ,^!1 be+ cultivat$ on a dry & r poor soil1 become brok5 or v>iegat$ & produce new v>ieties4 ,! "t t elapses be=e !y break v>ies f "o to tw5ty ye>s or m1 & sometimes ?is *ange nev] takes place40#hb ,! brok5 or v>iegat$ col\rs :i* give value to all tulips are due to bud-v>iation2 = al?\gh ! ,bybloem5s & "s o!r k9ds h be5 rais$ f sev]al di/9ct bre$]s1 yet all ! ,baguets are said to h come f a s+le bre$] or se$l+4 ,?is bud-v>iation1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,,mm4 ,vilmor9 & ,v]lot1#hc is probably an attempt to rev]t to t uni=m col\r :i* is natural to ! species4 ,a tulip1 h[ev]1 :i* has already become brok51 :5 treat$ ) too /rong manure1 is liable to flu% or lose by a second act ( rev]sion its v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,"s k9ds1 z ,imp]atrix ,florum1 are mu* m liable ?an o!rs to flu%+2 & ,mr4 ,dickson ma9ta9s#hd t ?is c no m be acc\nt$ = ?an ! v>iation ( any o!r plant4 ,he believes t ,engli% gr[]s1 f c>e 9 *oos+ se$ f brok5 fl[]s in/ead ( f pla9 fl[]s1 h to a c]ta9 ext5t dim9i%$ ! t5d5cy 9 fl[]s already brok5 to flu%+ or second>y rev]sion4 ,iris xiphium1 accord+ to ,m4 ,c>rire 7p4 #fe71 behaves 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 z d s _m tulips4 ,dur+ two consecutive ye>s all ! e>ly fl[]s 9 a b$ ( ,tigridia con*iflora#he resembl$ ^? ( ! old ,t4 pavonia2 b ! lat] fl[]s assum$ _! prop] col\r ( f9e yell[1 spott$ ) crimson4 ,an app>5tly au!ntic acc\nt has be5 publi%$#hf ( two =ms ( ,hem]ocallis1 :i* h be5 univ]sally consid]$ z di/9ct species1 *ang+ into ea* o!r2 = ! roots ( ! l>ge-fl[]$ tawny ,h4 fulva1 be+ divid$ & plant$ 9 a diff]5t soil & place1 produc$ ! small-fl[]$ ,h4 flava1 z well z "s int]m$iate =ms4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* cases z ^! latt]1 z well z ! 8flu%+0 ( brok5 tulips & ! 8runn+0 ( p>ticol\r$ c>nations1--t is1 _! m or less complete return to a uni=m t9t1--ought to be class$ "u bud-v>iation1 or ought to be reta9$ = ! *apt] 9 :i* ,i treat ( ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life on organic be+s4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 h ?is mu* 9 bud-v>iation1 t ! *ange is effect$ ?r\gh buds & n ?r\gh sem9al reproduction4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is ?is diff]5ce--t 9 ord9>y cases ( bud-v>iation1 "o bud alone *anges1 :il/ 9 ! =ego+ cases all ! buds on ! same plant 7 modifi$ toge!r4 ,) ! potato1 we h se5 an int]m$iate case1 = all ! eyes 9 "o tub] simultane\sly *ang$ _! "*4 ,i w conclude ) a few alli$ cases1 :i* may be rank$ ei!r "u bud-v>iation1 or "u ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,:5 ! common ,hepatica is transplant$ f its native woods1 ! fl[]s *ange col\r1 ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#hg ,x is notori\s t ! improv$ v>ieties ( ! ,he>tsease 7,viola tricolor71 :5 transplant$1 (t5 produce fl[]s widely diff]5t 9 size1 =m1 & col\r3 = in/ance1 ,i transplant$ a l>ge uni=mly-col\r$ d>k purple v>iety1 :il/ 9 full fl[]1 & x !n produc$ mu* small]1 m elongat$ fl[]s1 ) ! l[] petals yell[2 ^! 7 succe$$ by fl[]s m>k$ ) l>ge purple spots1 & ultimately1 t[>ds ! end ( ! same summ]1 by ! orig9al l>ge d>k purple fl[]s4 ,! slight *anges :i* "s fruit-trees und]go f be+ graft$ & regraft$ on v>i\s /ocks1#hh 7 consid]$ by ,&rew ,knight#hi z closely alli$ to 8sport+ bran*es10 or bud-v>iations4 ,aga91 we h ! case ( "y fruit-trees *ang+ _! "* z !y gr[ old2 se$l+ pe>s1 = in/ance1 lose ) age _! sp9es & improve 9 ! flav\r ( _! fruit4 ,weep+ bir*-trees1 :5 graft$ on ! common v>iety1 d n acquire a p]fect p5dul\s habit until !y gr[ old3 on ! o!r h&1 ,i %all h]eaft] give ! case ( "s weep+ a%es :i* sl[ly & gradually assum$ an upright habit ( gr[?4 ,all su* *anges1 dep5d5t on age1 may be comp>$ ) ! *anges1 allud$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :i* _m trees naturally und]go2 z 9 ! case ( ! ,deod> & ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 :i* are unlike 9 y\?1 :il/ !y closely resemble ea* o!r 9 old age2 & z ) c]ta9 oaks1 & ) "s v>ieties ( ! lime & haw?orn4#ij ,graft-hybrids4--,be=e giv+ a summ>y on ,bud-v>iation ,i w discuss "s s+ul> & anomal\s cases1 :i* are m or less closely relat$ to ?is same subject4 ,i w beg9 ) ! fam\s case ( ,adam's laburnum or ,cytisus adami1 a =m or hybrid int]m$iate betwe5 two v di/9ct species1 namely1 ,c4 laburnum & purpureus1 ! common & purple laburnum2 b z ?is tree has (t5 be5 describ$1 ,i w be z brief z ,i c4 ,?r\gh\t ,europe1 9 diff]5t soils & "u diff]5t climates1 bran*es on ?is tree h repeat$ly & sudd5ly rev]t$ to ! two p>5t species 9 _! fl[]s & leaves4 ,to behold m+l$ on ! same tree tufts ( d+y-r$1 bright yell[1 & purple fl[]s1 borne on bran*es hav+ widely diff]5t leaves & mann] ( gr[?1 is a surpris+ sight4 ,! same raceme sometimes be>s two k9ds ( fl[]s2 & ,i h se5 a s+le fl[] exactly divid$ into halves1 "o side be+ bright yell[ & ! o!r purple2 s t "o half ( ! /&>d-petal 0 yell[ & ( l>g] size1 & ! o!r half purple & small]4 ,9 ano!r fl[] ! :ole corolla 0 bright yell[1 b exactly half ! calyx 0 purple4 ,9 ano!r1 "o ( ! d+y-r$ w+-petals _h a n>r[ bright yell[ /ripe on x2 & la/ly1 9 ano!r fl[]1 "o ( ! /am5s1 :i* _h become slightly foliace\s1 0 half yell[ & half purple2 s t ! t5d5cy to segregation ( "* or rev]sion affects ev5 s+le p>ts & organs4#ia ,! mo/ rem>kable fact ab\t ?is tree is t 9 its int]m$iate /ate1 ev5 :5 gr[+ ne> bo? p>5t-species1 x is q /]ile2 b :5 ! fl[]s become pure yell[ or pure purple !y yield se$4 ,i believe t ! pods f ! yell[ fl[]s yield a full complem5t ( se$2 !y c]ta9ly yield a l>g] numb]4 ,two se$l+s rais$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t f su* se$#ib exhibit$ a purple t+e on ! /alks ( _! fl[]s2 b sev]al se$l+s rais$ by myself resembl$ 9 e "* ! common laburnum1 ) ! exception t "s ( !m _h rem>kably long racemes3 ^! se$l+s 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,t su* purity ( "* & f]tility %\ld be sudd5ly reacquir$ f s hybridis$ & /]ile a =m is an a/oni%+ ph5om5on4 ,! bran*es ) purple fl[]s appe> at fir/ sight exactly to resemble ^? ( ,c4 purpureus2 b on c>eful comp>ison ,i f\nd t !y diff]$ f ! pure species 9 ! %oots be+ ?ick]1 ! leaves a little broad]1 & ! fl[]s slightly %ort]1 ) ! corolla & calyx less brightly purple3 ! basal "p ( ! /&>d-petal also pla9ly %[$ a trace ( ! yell[ /a94 ,s t ! fl[]s1 at lea/ 9 ?is in/ance1 _h n p]fectly recov]$ _! true "*2 & 9 accordance ) ?is1 !y 7 n p]fectly f]tile1 = _m ( ! pods conta9$ no se$1 "s produc$ "o1 & v few conta9$ z _m z two se$s2 :il/ num]\s pods on a tree ( ! pure ,c4 purpureus 9 my g>d5 conta9$ ?ree1 f\r1 & five f9e se$s4 ,! poll51 moreov]1 0 v imp]fect1 a multitude ( gra9s be+ small & %rivell$2 & ?is is a s+ul> fact2 =1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ! poll5-gra9s 9 ! d+y-r$ & /]ile fl[]s on ! p>5t-tree1 71 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 9 a mu* bett] /ate1 & includ$ v few %rivell$ gra9s4 ,al?\gh ! poll5 ( ! rev]t$ purple fl[]s 0 9 s poor a condition1 ! ovules 7 well =m$1 & ! se$s1 :5 mature1 g]m9at$ freely ) me4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t rais$ plants f se$s ( ! rev]t$ purple fl[]s1 & !y diff]$ a v little f ! usual /ate ( ,c4 purpureus4 ,"s :i* ,i rais$ 9 ! same mann] did n diff] at all1 ei!r 9 ! "* ( _! fl[]s or ( ! :ole bu%1 f ! pure ,c4 purpureus4 ,pr(4 ,casp>y has exam9$ ! ovules ( ! d+y-r$ & /]ile fl[]s 9 sev]al plants ( ,c4 adami on ! ,cont95t1#ic & f9ds !m g5]ally mon/r\s4 ,9 ?ree plants exam9$ by me 9 ,engl&1 ! ovules 7 likewise mon/r\s1 ! nucleus v>y+ mu* 9 %ape1 & project+ irregul>ly beyond ! prop] coats4 ,! poll5 gra9s1 on ! o!r h&1 judg+ f _! ext]nal appe>ance1 7 rem>kably good1 & readily protrud$ _! tubes4 ,by repeat$ly c\nt+1 "u ! microscope1 ! proportional numb] ( bad gra9s1 ,pr(4 ,casp>y asc]ta9$ t only #be p] c5t 7 bad1 :i* is a less proportion ?an 9 ! poll5 ( ?ree pure species ( ,cytisus 9 _! cultivat$ /ate1 viz41 ,c4 purpureus1 laburnum1 & alp9us4 ,al?\gh ! poll5 ( ,c4 adami is ?us 9 appe>ance good1 x does n foll[1 accord+ to ,m4 ,naud9's obs]vation#id on ,mirabilis1 t x w\ld be functionally effective4 ,! fact ( ! ovules ( ,c4 adami be+ mon/r\s1 & ! poll5 app>5tly s\nd1 is all ! m rem>kable1 because x is oppos$ to :at usually occurs n only ) mo/ hybrids1#ie b ) two hybrids 9 ! same g5us1 namely 9 ,c4 purpureo-elongatus1 & ,c4 alp9o-laburnum4 ,9 bo? ^! hybrids1 ! ovules1 z obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y & myself1 7 well-=m$1 :il/ _m ( ! poll5-gra9s 7 ill-=m$2 9 ! latt] hybrid #bj4c p] c5t1 & 9 ! =m] no less ?an #hdh p] c5t ( ! gra9s 7 asc]ta9$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y to be bad4 ,?is unusual condition ( ! male & female reproductive elem5ts 9 ,c4 adami has be5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y z an argum5t aga9/ ?is plant be+ consid]$ z an ord9>y hybrid produc$ f se$2 b we %\ld rememb] t ) hybrids ! ovules h n be5 exam9$ ne>ly s frequ5tly z ! poll51 & !y may be mu* (t5] imp]fect ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,bornet1 ( ,antibes1 in=ms me 7?r\gh ,mr4 ,j4 ,trah]ne ,moggridge7 t ) hybrid ,ci/i ! ov>ium is frequ5tly de=m$1 ! ovules be+ 9 "s cases q abs5t1 & 9 o!r cases incapable ( f]tilisation4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,c4 adami1 & = ! trans=mations :i* x und]goes4 ,! :ole case has be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to bud-v>iation2 b consid]+ ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,c4 laburnum & purpureus1 bo? ( :i* are natural species1 & consid]+ ! /]ility ( ! int]m$iate =m1 ?is view may be summ>ily reject$4 ,we %all pres5tly see t1 ) hybrid plants1 two embryos diff]+ 9 _! *>act]s may be develop$ )9 ! same se$ & coh]e2 & x has be5 suppos$ t ,c4 adami ?us orig9at$4 ,_m botani/s ma9ta9 t ,c4 adami is a hybrid produc$ 9 ! common way by se$1 & t x has rev]t$ by buds to its two p>5t-=ms4 ,negative results are n ( mu* value2 b ,reisseck1 ,casp>y1 & myself1 tri$ 9 va9 to cross ,c4 laburnum & purpureus2 :5 ,i f]tilis$ ! =m] ) poll5 ( ! latt]1 ,i _h ! ne>e/ approa* to success1 = pods 7 =m$1 b 9 sixte5 days aft] ! )]+ ( ! fl[]s1 !y fell (f4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief t ,c4 adami is a spontane\sly produc$ hybrid betwe5 ^! two species is support$ by ! fact t su* hybrids h aris5 9 ?is g5us4 ,9 a b$ ( se$l+s f ,c4 elongatus1 :i* grew ne> to ,c4 purpureus1 & 0 probably f]tilis$ by x ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( insects 7= ^!1 z ,i "k by exp]im5t1 play an important "p 9 ! f]tilisation ( ! laburnum71 ! /]ile hybrid ,c4 purpureo-elongatus appe>$4#if ,?us1 also1 ,wat]]'s laburnum1 ! ,c4 alp9o-laburnum1#ig spontane\sly appe>$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,wat]]1 9 a b$ ( se$l+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h a cle> & di/9ct acc\nt giv5 to ,poiteau1#ih by ,m4 ,adam1 :o rais$ ! plant1 %[+ t ,c4 adami is n an ord9>y hybrid2 b is :at may be call$ a graft-hybrid1 t is1 "o produc$ f ! unit$ cellul> tissue ( two di/9ct species4 ,m4 ,adam ins]t$ 9 ! usual mann] a %ield ( ! b>k ( ,c4 purpureus into a /ock ( ,c4 laburnum2 & ! bud lay dormant1 z (t5 happ5s1 = a ye>2 ! %ield !n produc$ _m buds & %oots1 "o ( :i* grew m upright & vigor\s ) l>g] leaves ?an ! %oots ( ,c4 purpureus1 & 0 consequ5tly propagat$4 ,n[ x des]ves especial notice t ^! plants 7 sold by ,m4 ,adam1 z a v>iety ( ,c4 purpureus1 be=e !y _h fl[]$2 & ! acc\nt 0 publi%$ by ,poiteau aft] ! plants _h fl[]$1 b be=e !y _h exhibit$ _! rem>kable t5d5cy to rev]t into ! two p>5t species4 ,s t !re 0 no conceivable motive = falsification1 & x is difficult to see h[ !re c\ld h be5 any error4#ii ,if we admit z true ,m4 ,adam's acc\nt1 we mu/ admit ! extraord9>y fact t two di/9ct species c unite by _! cellul> tissue1 & subsequ5tly produce a plant be>+ leaves & /]ile fl[]s int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! scion & /ock1 & produc+ buds liable to rev]sion2 9 %ort1 resembl+ 9 e important respect a hybrid =m$ 9 ! ord9>y way by sem9al reproduction4 ,i w !re=e give all ! facts :i* ,i h be5 able to collect on ! =mation ( hybrids betwe5 di/9ct species or v>ieties1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! sexual organs4 ,= if1 z ,i am n[ conv9c$1 ?is is possible1 x is a mo/ important fact1 :i* w soon] or lat] *ange ! views held by physiologi/s ) respect to sexual reproduction4 ,a suffici5t body ( facts w aft]w>ds be adduc$1 %[+ t ! segregation or sep>ation ( ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5t-=ms by bud-v>iation1 z 9 ! case ( ,cytisus adami1 is n an unusual ?\gh a /rik+ ph5om5on4 ,we %all fur!r see t a :ole bud may ?us rev]t1 or only half1 or "s small] segm5t4 ,! fam\s bizz>ria ,orange (f]s a /rictly p>allel case to t ( ,cytisus adami4 ,! g>d5] :o 9 #afdd 9 ,flor5ce rais$ ?is tree1 decl>$ t x 0 a se$l+ :i* _h be5 graft$2 & aft] ! graft _h p]i%$1 ! /ock spr\t$ & produc$ ! bizz>ria4 ,gallesio1 :o c>efully exam9$ sev]al liv+ specim5s & comp>$ !m ) ! description giv5 by ! orig9al describ]1 ,p4 ,nato1#ajj /ates t ! tree produces at ! same "t leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit id5tical ) ! bitt] orange & ) ! citron ( ,flor5ce1 & likewise comp\nd fruit1 ) ! two k9ds ei!r bl5d$ toge!r1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 or segregat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is tree c be propagat$ by cutt+s1 & reta9s its div]sifi$ "*4 ,! s-call$ trifacial orange ( ,alex&ria & ,smyrna#aja resembles 9 its g5]al nature ! bizz>ria1 & diff]s only 9 ! orange be+ ( ! sweet k9d2 ?is & ! citron are bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! same fruit1 or are sep>ately produc$ on ! same tree2 no?+ is kn[n ( its orig94 ,9 reg>d to ! bizz>ria1 _m au?ors believe t x is a graft-hybrid2 ,gallesio1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9ks t x is an ord9>y hybrid1 ) ! habit ( p>tially rev]t+ by buds to ! two p>5t-=ms2 & we h se5 t ! species 9 ?is g5us (t5 cross spontane\sly4 ,x is notori\s t :5 ! v>iegat$ ,jessam9e is budd$ on ! common k9d1 ! /ock sometimes produces buds be>+ v>iegat$ leaves3 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 z he in=ms me1 has se5 in/ances ( ?is4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) ! ,ole&]4#ajb ,mr4 ,riv]s1 on ! au?ority ( a tru/wor?y fri5d1 /ates t "s buds ( a gold5-v>iegat$ a%1 :i* 7 ins]t$ into common a%es1 all di$ except "o2 b ! a%-/ocks 7 affect$1#ajc & produc$1 bo? above & bel[ ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! plates ( b>k be>+ ! dead buds1 %oots :i* bore v>iegat$ leaves4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,&]son ,h5ry has communicat$ to me a ne>ly simil> case3 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ( ,p]?1 obs]v$ _m ye>s ago1 9 a ,highl& gl51 an a%-tree ) yell[ leaves2 & buds tak5 f ?is tree 7 ins]t$ into common a%es1 :i* 9 consequ5ce 7 affect$1 & produc$ ! ,blot*$ ,breadalbane ,a%4 ,?is v>iety has be5 propagat$1 & has pres]v$ its "* dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,weep+ a%es1 also1 7 budd$ on ! affect$ /ocks1 & became simil>ly v>iegat$4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly prov$ t sev]al species ( ,abutilon1 on :i* ! v>iegat$ ,a4 ?ompsonii has be5 graft$1 become v>iegat$4#ajd ,_m au?ors consid] v>iegation z ! result ( disease2 & ! =ego+ cases may be look$ at z ! direct result ( ! inoculation ( a disease or "s weakness4 ,?is has be5 almo/ prov$ to be ! case by ,morr5 9 ! excell5t pap] j ref]r$ to1 :o %[s t ev5 a leaf ins]t$ by its foot/alk into ! b>k ( ! /ock is suffici5t to communicate v>iegation to x1 ?\gh ! leaf soon p]i%es4 ,ev5 fully =m$ leaves on ! /ock ( ,abutilon are sometimes affect$ by ! graft & become v>iegat$4 ,v>iegation is mu* influ5c$1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 by ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* ! plants are gr[n2 & x does n seem improbable t :atev] *ange 9 ! sap or tissues c]ta9 soils induce1 :e!r or n call$ a disease1 might spread f ! ins]t$ piece ( b>k to ! /ock4 ,b a *ange ( ?is k9d _c be consid]$ to be ( ! nature ( a graft-hybrid4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ! hazel ) d>k-purple leaves1 l ^? ( ! copp]-bee*3 no "o has attribut$ ?is col\r to disease1 & x app>5tly is only an exagg]ation ( a t9t :i* may (t5 be se5 on ! leaves ( ! common hazel4 ,:5 ?is v>iety is graft$ on ! common hazel1#aje x sometimes col\rs1 z has be5 ass]t$1 ! leaves bel[ ! graft2 al?\gh negative evid5ce is n ( mu* value1 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :o has possess$ hundr$s ( su* graft$ trees1 has nev] se5 an in/ance4 ,grtn]#ajf quotes two sep>ate acc\nts ( bran*es ( d>k & :ite-fruit$ v9es :i* _h be5 unit$ 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z be+ split longitud9ally1 & !n jo9$1 etc42 & ^! bran*es produc$ di/9ct bun*es ( grapes ( ! two col\rs1 & o!r bun*es ) b]ries1 ei!r /rip$1 or ( an int]m$iate & new t9t4 ,ev5 ! leaves 9 "o case 7 v>iegat$4 ,^! facts are ! m rem>kable because ,&rew ,knight nev] succe$$ 9 rais+ v>iegat$ grapes by f]tilis+ :ite k9ds by poll5 ( d>k k9ds2 ?\gh1 z we h se51 he obta9$ se$l+s ) v>iegat$ fruits & leaves1 by f]tilis+ a :ite v>iety by ! already v>iegat$ d>k ,aleppo grape4 ,grtn] attributes ! above-quot$ cases m]ely to bud-v>iation2 b x is a /range co9cid5ce t ! bran*es :i* _h be5 graft$ 9 a peculi> mann] %\ld alone ?us h v>i$2 & ,h4 ,adorne de ,ts*>n] positively ass]ts t he produc$ ! describ$ result m ?an once1 & c\ld d s at w1 by splitt+ & unit+ ! bran*es 9 ! mann] describ$ by him4 ,i %\ld n h quot$ ! foll[+ case _h n ! au?or ( #8,des ,jac9!s'#ajg impress$ me ) ! belief n only ( 8 ext5sive k1 b ( 8 tru?fulness3 he says t bulbs ( blue & r$ hyac9?s may be cut 9 two1 & t !y w gr[ toge!r & ?r[ up a unit$ /em 7& ?is ,i h myself se57 ) fl[]s ( ! two col\rs on ! opposite sides4 ,b ! rem>kable po9t is1 t fl[]s are sometimes produc$ ) ! two col\rs bl5d$ toge!r1 :i* makes ! case closely analog\s ) t ( ! bl5d$ col\rs ( ! grapes on ! unit$ v9e bran*es4 ,9 ! case ( roses x is suppos$ t sev]al graft-hybrids h be5 =m$1 b !re is mu* d\bt ab\t ^! cases1 ow+ to ! frequ5cy ( ord9>y bud-v>iations4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y in/ance kn[n to me is "o1 record$ by ,mr4 ,poynt]1#ajh :o assures me 9 a lett] ( ! entire accuracy ( ! /atem5t4 ,rosa devoni5sis _h be5 budd$ "s ye>s previ\sly on a :ite ,banksian rose2 & f ! mu* enl>g$ po9t ( junction1 :5ce ! ,devoni5sis & ,banksian /ill cont9u$ to gr[1 a ?ird bran* issu$1 :i* 0 nei!r pure ,banksian nor pure ,devoni5sis1 b p>took ( ! "* ( bo?2 ! fl[]s resembl$1 b 7 sup]ior 9 "* to ^? ( ! v>iety call$ ,lam>que 7"o ( ! ,noisettes71 :ile ! %oots 7 simil> 9 _! mann] ( gr[? to ^? ( ! ,banksian rose1 ) ! exception t ! long] & m robu/ %oots 7 furni%$ ) prickles4 ,?is rose 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,floral ,committee ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london4 ,dr4 ,l9dley exam9$ x & conclud$ t x _h c]ta9ly be5 produc$ by ! m+l+ ( ,r4 banksi ) "s rose l ,r4 devoni5sis1 8= :ile x 0 v greatly increas$ 9 vig\r & 9 size ( all ! p>ts1 ! leaves 7 half-way betwe5 a ,banksian & ,tea-sc5t$ rose40 ,x appe>s t rose-gr[]s 7 previ\sly aw>e t ! ,banksian rose sometimes affects o!r roses4 ,z ,mr4 ,poynt]'s new v>iety is int]m$iate 9 its fruit & foliage betwe5 ! /ock & scion1 & z x arose f ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! two1 x is v improbable t x owes its orig9 to m]e bud-v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( ! mutual influ5ce ( ! /ock & scion4 ,la/ly1 ) respect to potatoes4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,trail /at$ 9 #ahfg be=e ! ,botanical ,society ( ,ed9burgh 7& has s9ce giv5 me full] in=mation71 t sev]al ye>s ago he cut ab\t sixty blue & :ite potatoes into halves ?r\gh ! eyes or buds1 & !n c>efully jo9$ !m1 de/roy+ at ! same "t ! o!r eyes4 ,"s ( ^! unit$ tub]s produc$ :ite1 & o!rs blue tub]s2 "s1 h[ev]1 produc$ tub]s p>tly :ite & p>tly blue2 & ! tub]s f ab\t f\r or five 7 regul>ly mottl$ ) ! two col\rs4 ,9 ^! latt] cases we may conclude t a /em _h be5 =m$ by ! union ( ! bisect$ buds1 t is1 by graft-hybridisation4 ,9 ! #8,botanis*e ,zeitung' 7,may #af1 #ahfh71 ,pr(essor ,hildebr& gives an acc\nt ) a col\r$ figure1 ( 8 exp]im5ts on two v>ieties :i* 7 f\nd dur+ ! same season to be con/ant 9 "*1 namely1 a some:at elongat$ r\gh-sk9n$ r$ potato & a r\nd$ smoo? :ite "o4 ,he ins]t$ buds reciprocally into bo? k9ds1 de/roy+ ! o!r buds4 ,he ?us rais$ two plants1 & ea* ( ^! produc$ a tub] int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,t f ! r$ bud graft$ into ! :ite tub]1 0 at "o end r$ & r\gh1 z ! :ole tub] ought to h be5 if n affect$2 9 ! middle x 0 smoo? ) r$ /ripes1 & at ! o!r end smoo? & altoge!r :ite l t ( ! /ock4 ,mr4 ,taylor1 :o _h receiv$ sev]al acc\nts ( potatoes hav+ be5 graft$ by w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( "o v>iety ins]t$ into ano!r1 ?\gh sceptical on ! subject1 made tw5ty-f\r exp]im5ts :i* he describ$ 9 detail be=e ! ,horticultural ,society4#aji ,he ?us rais$ _m new v>ieties1 "s l ! graft or l ! /ock2 o!rs hav+ an int]m$iate "*4 ,sev]al p]sons witness$ ! digg+ up ( ! tub]s f ^! graft-hybrids2 & "o ( !m1 ,mr4 ,jameson1 a l>ge deal] 9 potatoes1 writes ?us1 8,!y 7 su* a mix$ lot1 z ,i h nev] be=e or s9ce se54 ,!y 7 ( all col\rs & %apes1 "s v ugly & "s v h&some40 ,ano!r witness says 8"s 7 r\nd1 "s kidney1 p9k-ey$ kidney1 piebald1 & mottl$ r$ & purple1 ( all %apes & sizes40 ,"s ( ^! v>ieties h be5 f\nd valuable1 & h be5 ext5sively propagat$4 ,mr4 ,jameson took away a l>ge piebald potato :i* he cut into five sets & propagat$2 ^! yield$ r\nd1 :ite1 r$1 & piebald potatoes4 ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick foll[$ a diff]5t plan2#aaj he graft$ toge!r n ! tub]s b ! "y /ems ( v>ieties produc+ black1 :ite1 & r$ potatoes4 ,! tub]s borne by ?ree ( ^! tw9 or unit$ plants 7 col\r$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]2 "o 0 almo/ exactly half black & half :ite1 s t "s p]sons on see+ x ?\ght t two potatoes _h be5 divid$ & rejo9$2 o!r tub]s 7 half r$ & half :ite1 or curi\sly mottl$ ) r$ & :ite1 or ) r$ & black1 accord+ to ! col\rs ( ! graft & /ock4 ,! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,f5n is ( mu* value1 z he is 8a well kn[n potato-gr[]0 :o has rais$ _m new v>ieties by cross+ diff]5t k9ds 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,he consid]s x 8demon/rat$0 t new1 int]m$iate v>ieties c be produc$ by graft+ ! tub]s1 ?\gh he d\bts :e!r su* w prove valuable4#aaa ,he made _m trials & laid ! results1 exhibit+ specim5s1 be=e ! ,horticultural ,society4 ,n only 7 ! tub]s affect$1 "s be+ smoo? & :ite at "o end & r\gh & r$ at ! o!r1 b ! /ems & leaves 7 modifi$ 9 _! mann] ( gr[?1 col\r & precocity4 ,"s ( ^! graft-hybrids aft] be+ propagat$ = ?ree ye>s /ill %[$ 9 _! haulms _! new "*1 diff]5t f t ( ! k9d f :i* ! eyes _h be5 tak54 ,mr4 ,f5n gave twelve ( ! tub]s ( ! ?ird g5]ation to ,mr4 ,alex4 ,dean1 :o grew !m1 & 0 ?us conv]t$ into a believ] 9 graft-hybridisation1 hav+ previ\sly be5 a complete sceptic4 ,= comp>ison he plant$ ! pure p>5t-=ms alongside ! twelve tub]s2 & f\nd t _m ( ! plants f ! latt]#aab 7 int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms 9 precocity1 9 ! tallness1 uprightness1 jo9t+1 & robu/ness ( ! /ems1 & 9 ! size & col\r ( ! leaves4 ,ano!r exp]im5tali/1 ,mr4 ,r9t\l1 graft$ no less ?an fifty-n9e tub]s1 :i* diff]$ 9 %ape 7"s be+ kidneys7 9 smoo?ness & col\r1#aac & _m ( ! plants ?us rais$ 87 int]m$iate 9 ! tub]s z well z 9 ! haulms40 ,he describes ! m /rik+ cases4 ,9 #ahga ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,m]rick1 ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 :o /ates t1 8,mr4 ,fe>+ ,burr1 a v c>eful exp]im5t] & au?or ( a mu* valu$ book1 #8,! ,g>d5 ,vegetables ( ,am]ica' has succe$$ 9 produc+ di/9ctly mottl$ & mo/ curi\s potatoes--evid5tly graft-hybrids1 by ins]t+ eyes f blue or r$ potatoes into ! sub/ance ( :ite ones1 aft] remov+ ! eyes ( ! latt]4 ,i h se5 ! potatoes1 & !y are v curi\s40 ,we w n[ turn to ! exp]im5ts made 9 ,g]many1 s9ce ! publication ( ,pr(4 ,hildebr&'s pap]4 ,h]r ,magnus relates#aad ! results ( num]\s trials made by ,h]r5 ,reut] & ,l9demu?1 bo? atta*$ to ! ,royal ,g>d5s ( ,b]l94 ,!y ins]t$ ! eyes ( r$ potatoes into :ite ones1 & vice v]sa4 ,_m diff]5t =ms p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! ins]t$ bud & ( ! /ock 7 ?us obta9$2 = in/ance1 "s ( ! tub]s 7 :ite ) r$ eyes4 ,h]r ,magnus also exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> be=e ! same ,society 7,nov4 #ai1 #ahgb71 ! produce ( grafts betwe5 black1 :ite1 & r$ potatoes1 made by ,dr4 ,neub]t4 ,^! 7 made by unit+ n ! tub]s b ! "y /ems1 z 0 done by ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick4 ,! result 0 rem>kable1 inasmu* z all ! tub]s ?us produc$ 7 int]m$iate 9 "*1 ?\gh 9 a v>iable degree4 ,^? betwe5 ! black & ! :ite or ! r$ 7 ! mo/ /rik+ 9 appe>ance4 ,"s f betwe5 ! :ite & r$ _h "o half ( "o col\r & ! o!r half ( ! o!r col\r4 ,at ! next meet+ ( ! society ,h]r ,magnus communicat$ ! results ( ,dr4 ,heimann's exp]im5ts 9 graft+ toge!r ! tub]s ( r$ ,saxon1 blue1 & elongat$ :ite potatoes4 ,! eyes 7 remov$ by a cyl9drical in/rum5t1 & ins]t$ into correspond+ holes 9 o!r v>ieties4 ,! plants ?us produc$ yield$ a great numb] ( tub]s1 :i* 7 int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms 9 %ape1 & 9 ! col\r bo? ( ! fle% & sk94 ,h]r ,reut] exp]im5t$1#aae by ins]t+ w$ges ( ! elongat$ ,:ite ,mexican potato into a ,black ,kidney potato4 ,bo? sorts are kn[n to be v con/ant1 & diff] mu* n only 9 =m & col\r1 b 9 ! eyes ( ! ,black ,kidney be+ deeply sunk1 :]eas ^? ( ! ,:ite ,mexican are sup]ficial & ( a diff]5t %ape4 ,! tub]s produc$ by ^! hybrids 7 int]m$iate 9 col\r & =m2 & "s :i* resembl$ 9 =m ! graft1 i4e4 ! ,mexican1 _h eyes deeply sunk & ( ! same %ape z 9 ! /ock or ,black ,kidney4 ,any "o :o w att5tively consid] ! ab/ract n[ giv51 ( ! exp]im5ts made by _m obs]v]s 9 sev]al c\ntries1 w1 ,i ?9k1 be conv9c$ t by graft+ two v>ieties ( ! potato toge!r 9 v>i\s ways1 hybridis$ plants c be produc$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t sev]al ( ! exp]im5tali/s are sci5tific horticulturi/s1 & "s ( !m potato-gr[]s on a l>ge scale1 :o1 ?\gh be=eh& sceptical1 h be5 fully conv9c$ ( ! possibility1 ev5 ( ! ease1 ( mak+ graft-hybrids4 ,! only way ( escap+ f ?is conclusion is to attribute all ! _m record$ cases to simple bud-v>iation4 ,und\bt$ly ! potato1 z we h se5 9 ?is *apt]1 does sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 v>y by buds2 b x %\ld be especially not$ t x is exp]i5c$ potato-gr[]s1 ^: bus9ess x is to look out = new v>ieties1 :o h express$ unb\nd$ a/oni%m5t at ! numb] ( new =ms produc$ by graft-hybridisation4 ,x may be argu$ t x is m]ely ! op]ation ( graft+1 & n ! union ( two k9ds1 :i* causes s extraord9>y an am\nt ( bud-v>iation2 b ?is objection is at once answ]$ by ! fact t potatoes are habitually propagat$ by ! tub]s be+ cut into pieces1 & ! sole diff]5ce 9 ! case ( graft-hybrids is t ei!r a half or a small] segm5t or a cyl9d] is plac$ 9 close opposition ) ! tissue ( ano!r v>iety4 ,moreov]1 9 two cases1 ! "y /ems 7 graft$ toge!r1 & ! plants ?us unit$ yield$ ! same results z :5 ! tub]s 7 unit$4 ,x is an argum5t ( ! greate/ weight t :5 v>ieties are produc$ by simple bud-v>iation1 !y frequ5tly pres5t q new *>act]s2 :]eas 9 all ! num]\s cases above giv51 z ,h]r ,magnus likewise insi/s1 ! graft-hybrids are int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! two =ms employ$4 ,t su* a result %\ld foll[ if ! "o k9d did n affect ! o!r is incr$ible4 ,*>act]s ( all k9ds are affect$ by graft hybridisation1 9 :atev] way ! graft+ may h be5 effect$4 ,! plants ?us rais$ yield tub]s :i* p>take ( ! widely diff]5t col\rs1 =m1 /ate ( surface1 position & %ape ( ! eye ( ! p>5ts2 & accord+ to two c>eful obs]v]s !y are also int]m$iate 9 c]ta9 con/itutional peculi>ities4 ,b we %\ld be> 9 m9d t 9 all ! v>ieties ( ! potato1 ! tub]s diff] mu* m ?an any o!r "p4 ,! potato af=ds ! be/ evid5ce ( ! possibility ( ! =mation ( graft-hybrids1 b we mu/ n ov]look ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! orig9 ( ! fam\s ,cytisus adami by ,m4 ,adam1 :o _h no conceivable motive = deception1 & ! exactly p>allel acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,bizz>ria orange1 namely by graft-hybridisation4 ,nor mu/ ! cases be und]valu$ 9 :i* diff]5t v>ieties or species ( v9es1 hyac9?s & roses1 h be5 graft$ toge!r1 & h yield$ int]m$iate =ms4 ,x is evid5t t graft-hybrids c be made mu* m easily ) "s plants1 z ! potato1 ?an ) o!rs1 = in/ance our common fruit trees2 = ^! latt] h be5 graft$ by ! million dur+ _m c5turies1 & ?\gh ! graft is (t5 slightly affect$1 x is v d\btful :e!r ?is may n be acc\nt$ =1 m]ely by a m or less free supply ( nutrim5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! cases above giv5 seem to me to prove t "u c]ta9 unkn[n conditions graft-hybridisation c be effect$4 ,h]r ,magnus ass]ts ) mu* tru? t graft-hybrids resemble 9 all respects sem9al hybrids1 includ+ _! great div]sity ( "*4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a p>tial exception1 inasmu* z ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5t =ms are n (t5 homog5e\sly bl5d$ toge!r 9 graft-hybrids4 ,!y mu* m commonly appe> 9 a segregat$ condition1--t is1 9 segm5ts ei!r at fir/1 or subsequ5tly ?r\gh rev]sion4 ,x w\ld seem t ! reproductive elem5ts are n s completely bl5d$ by graft+ z by sexual g5]ation4 ,b segregation ( ?is k9d occurs by no means r>ely1 z w be imm$iately %[n1 9 sem9al hybrids4 ,f9ally x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t we le>n f ! =ego+ cases a highly important physiological fact1 namely1 t ! elem5ts t g to ! production ( a new be+1 are n necess>ily =m$ by ! male & female organs4 ,!y are pres5t 9 ! cellul> tissue 9 su* a /ate t !y c unite )\t ! aid ( ! sexual organs1 & ?us give rise to a new bud p>tak+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,on ! segregation ( ! p>5tal *>act]s 9 sem9al hybrids by bud-v>iation4--,i w n[ give a suffici5t numb] ( cases to %[ t segregation ( ?is k9d1 namely1 by buds1 may occur 9 ord9>y hybrids rais$ f se$4 ,hybrids 7 rais$ by ,grtn] betwe5 ,tropolum m9us & majus#aaf :i* at fir/ produc$ fl[]s int]m$iate 9 size1 col\r1 & /ructure betwe5 _! two p>5ts2 b lat] 9 ! season "s ( ^! plants produc$ fl[]s 9 all respects l ^? ( ! "m-=m1 m+l$ ) fl[]s /ill reta9+ ! usual int]m$iate condition4 ,a hybrid ,c]eus betwe5 ,c4 speciosissimus & phyllan?us1#aag plants :i* are widely diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 produc$ = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s angul>1 five-sid$ /ems1 & !n "s flat /ems l ^? ( ,c4 phyllan?us4 ,klreut] also gives cases ( hybrid ,lobelias & ,v]bascums1 :i* at fir/ produc$ fl[]s ( "o col\r1 & lat] 9 ! season1 fl[]s ( a diff]5t col\r4#aah ,naud9#aai rais$ =ty hybrids f ,datura lvis f]tilis$ by ,d4 /ramonium2 & ?ree ( ^! hybrids produc$ _m capsules1 ( :i* a half1 or qu>t]1 or less] segm5t 0 smoo? & ( small size1 l ! capsule ( ! pure ,d4 lvis1 ! rema9+ "p be+ sp9ose & ( l>g] size1 l ! capsule ( ! pure ,d4 /ramonium3 f "o ( ^! composite capsules1 plants p]fectly resembl+ bo? p>5t-=ms 7 rais$4 ,turn+ n[ to v>ieties4 ,a se$l+ apple1 conjectur$ to be ( cross$ p>5tage1 has be5 describ$ 9 ,france1#abj :i* be>s fruit ) "o half l>g] ?an ! o!r1 ( a r$ col\r1 acid ta/e1 & peculi> od\r2 ! o!r side be+ gre5i%-yell[ & v sweet3 x is said sc>cely ev] to include p]fectly develop$ se$4 ,i suppose t ?is is n ! same tree z t :i* ,gaudi*aud#aba exhibit$ be=e ! ,fr5* in/itute1 be>+ on ! same bran* two di/9ct k9ds ( apples1 "o a re9ette r\ge1 & ! o!r l a re9ette canada jauntre3 ?is d\ble-be>+ v>iety c be propagat$ by grafts1 & cont9ues to produce bo? k9ds2 its orig9 is unkn[n4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,d4 ,la ,t\*e s5t me a col\r$ draw+ ( an apple :i* he br\ght f ,canada1 ( :i* half1 surr\nd+ & includ+ ! :ole ( ! calyx & ! ins]tion ( ! foot-/alk1 is gre51 ! o!r half be+ br[n & ( ! nature ( ! pomme gris apple1 ) ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! two halves exactly def9$4 ,! tree 0 a graft$ "o1 & ,mr4 ,la ,t\*e ?9ks t ! bran*es :i* bore ?is curi\s apple sprung f ! po9t ( junction ( ! graft & /ock3 _h ?is fact be5 asc]ta9$1 ! case w\ld probably h come into ! class ( graft-hybrids already giv54 ,b ! bran* may h sprung f ! /ock1 :i* no d\bt 0 a se$l+4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,lecoq1 :o has made a great numb] ( cross+s betwe5 ! diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties ( ,mirabilis jalapa1#abb f9ds t 9 ! se$l+s ! col\rs r>ely comb9e1 b =m di/9ct /ripes2 or half ! fl[] is ( "o col\r & half ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,"s v>ieties regul>ly be> fl[]s /rip$ ) yell[1 :ite1 & r$2 b plants ( su* v>ieties occasionally produce on ! same root bran*es ) uni=mly col\r$ fl[]s ( all ?ree t9ts1 & o!r bran*es ) half-&-half col\r$ fl[]s1 & o!rs ) m>bl$ fl[]s4 ,gallesio#abc cross$ reciprocally :ite & r$ c>nations1 & ! se$l+s 7 /rip$2 b "s ( ! /rip$ plants also bore entirely :ite & entirely r$ fl[]s4 ,"s ( ^! plants produc$ "o ye> r$ fl[]s alone1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> /rip$ fl[]s2 or conv]sely1 "s plants1 aft] hav+ borne = two or ?ree ye>s /rip$ fl[]s1 w\ld rev]t & be> exclusively r$ fl[]s4 ,x may be wor? m5tion+ t ,i f]tilis$ ! ,purple ,sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus7 ) poll5 f ! light-col\r$ ,pa9t$ ,lady3 se$l+s rais$ f ! same pod 7 n int]m$iate 9 "*1 b p]fectly resembl$ ei!r p>5t4 ,lat] 9 ! summ]1 ! plants :i* _h at fir/ borne fl[]s id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 produc$ fl[]s /reak$ & blot*$ ) purple2 %[+ 9 ^! d>k] m>ks a t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! "m-v>iety4 ,&rew ,knight#abd f]tilis$ two :ite grapes ) poll5 ( ! ,aleppo grape1 :i* is d>kly v>iegat$ bo? 9 its leaves & fruit4 ,! result 0 t ! "y se$l+s 7 n at fir/ v>iegat$1 b all became v>iegat$ dur+ ! succe$+ summ]2 besides ?is1 _m produc$ on ! same plant bun*es ( grapes :i* 7 all black1 or all :ite1 or lead-col\r$ /rip$ ) :ite1 or :ite dott$ ) m9ute black /ripes2 & grapes ( all ^! %ades c\ld frequ5tly be f\nd on ! same foot-/alk4 ,i w app5d a v curi\s case1 n ( bud-v>iation1 b ( two coh]+ embryos1 diff]5t 9 "* & conta9$ )9 ! same se$4 ,a di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,?waites1#abe /ates t a se$ f ,fu*sia cocc9ea f]tilis$ by ,f4 fulg5s1 conta9$ two embryos1 & 0 8a true vegetable tw940 ,! two plants produc$ f ! two embryos 7 8extremely diff]5t 9 appe>ance & "*10 ?\gh bo? resembl$ o!r hybrids ( ! same p>5tage produc$ at ! same "t4 ,^! tw9 plants 87 closely coh]5t1 bel[ ! two pairs ( cotyl$on-leaves1 into a s+le cyl9drical /em1 s t !y _h subsequ5tly ! appe>ance ( be+ bran*es on "o trunk40 ,_h ! two unit$ /ems gr[n up to _! full height1 in/ead ( dy+1 a curi\sly mix$ hybrid w\ld h be5 produc$4 ,a mongrel melon describ$ by ,sag]et#abf may p]haps h ?us orig9at$2 = ! two ma9 bran*es1 :i* arose f two cotyl$on-buds1 produc$ v diff]5t fruit1--on ! "o bran* l t ( ! pat]nal v>iety1 & on ! o!r bran* l to a c]ta9 ext5t t ( ! mat]nal v>iety1 ! melon ( ,*9a4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases ( cross$ v>ieties1 & 9 "s ( ! cases ( cross$ species1 ! col\rs prop] to bo? p>5ts appe>$ 9 ! se$l+s1 z soon z !y fir/ fl[]$1 9 ! =m ( /ripes or l>g] segm5ts1 or z :ole fl[]s or fruit ( diff]5t k9ds borne on ! same plant2 & 9 ?is case ! appe>ance ( ! two col\rs _c /rictly be said to be due to rev]sion1 b to "s incapacity ( fusion4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! lat] fl[]s or fruit produc$ dur+ ! same season1 or dur+ a succe$+ ye> or g5]ation1 become /rip$ or half-&-half1 etc41 ! segregation ( ! two col\rs is /rictly a case ( rev]sion by bud-v>iation4 ,:e!r all ! _m record$ cases ( /rip$ fl[]s & fruit are due to previ\s hybridisation & rev]sion is by no means cle>1 = in/ance ) pea*es & nect>9es1 moss-roses1 etc4 ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all %[ t1 ) animals ( cross$ p>5tage1 ! same individual has be5 kn[n to *ange its "* dur+ gr[?1 & to rev]t to "o ( its p>5ts :i* x did n at fir/ resemble4 ,f9ally1 f ! v>i\s facts n[ giv51 !re c be no d\bt t ! same individual plant1 :e!r a hybrid or a mongrel1 sometimes returns 9 its leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 ei!r :olly or by segm5ts1 to bo? p>5t-=ms4 ,on ! direct or imm$iate action ( ! male elem5t on ! "m =m4--,ano!r rem>kable class ( facts mu/ be "h consid]$1 fir/ly1 because !y h a high physiological importance1 & secondly1 because !y h be5 suppos$ to acc\nt = "s cases ( bud-v>iation4 ,i ref] to ! direct action ( ! male elem5t1 n 9 ! ord9>y way on ! ovules1 b on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! female plant1 or 9 case ( animals on ! subsequ5t prog5y ( ! female by a second male4 ,i may premise t ) plants ! ov>ium & ! coats ( ! ovules are obvi\sly p>ts ( ! female1 & x c\ld n h be5 anticipat$ t !y w\ld h be5 affect$ by ! poll5 ( a =eign v>iety or species1 al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 inside ! embryonic sack1 inside ! ovule & ov>ium1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds on ! male elem5t4 ,ev5 z long ago z #agbi x 0 obs]v$#abg t :ite & blue v>ieties ( ! ,pea1 :5 plant$ ne> ea* o!r1 mutually cross$1 no d\bt ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bees1 & 9 ! autumn blue & :ite peas 7 f\nd )9 ! same pods4 ,wiegmann made an exactly simil> obs]vation 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! same result has foll[$ sev]al times :5 a v>iety ) peas ( "o col\r has be5 artificially cross$ by a diff]5tly-col\r$ v>iety4#abh ,^! /atem5ts l$ ,grtn]1 :o 0 highly sceptical on ! subject1 c>efully to try a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts3 he select$ ! mo/ con/ant v>ieties1 & ! result conclusively %[$ t ! col\r ( ! sk9 ( ! pea is modifi$ :5 poll5 ( a diff]5tly col\r$ v>iety is us$4 ,?is conclusion has s9ce be5 confirm$ by exp]im5ts made by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley4#abi ,mr4 ,laxton ( ,/am=d1 :il/ mak+ exp]im5ts on peas = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! influ5ce ( =eign poll5 on ! "m-plant1 has rec5tly#acj obs]v$ an important additional fact4 ,he f]tilis$ ! ,tall ,sug>-pea1 :i* be>s v ?9 gre5 pods1 becom+ br[ni%-:ite :5 dry1 ) poll5 ( ! ,purple-podd$ pea1 :i*1 z its "n expresses1 has d>k-purple pods ) v ?ick sk91 becom+ pale r$di% purple :5 dry4 ,mr4 ,laxton has cultivat$ ! tall sug>-pea dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 & has nev] se5 or he>d ( x produc+ a purple pod3 nev]!less1 a fl[] f]tilis$ by poll5 f ! purple-pod yield$ a pod cl\d$ ) purpli%-r$ :i* ,mr4 ,laxton k9dly gave to me4 ,a space ( ab\t two in*es 9 l5g? t[>ds ! extremity ( ! pod1 & a small] space ne> ! /alk1 7 ?us col\r$4 ,on comp>+ ! col\r ) t ( ! purple pod1 bo? pods hav+ be5 fir/ dri$ & !n soak$ 9 wat]1 x 0 f\nd to be id5tically ! same2 & 9 bo? ! col\r 0 conf9$ to ! cells ly+ imm$iately b5ea? ! out] sk9 ( ! pod4 ,! valves ( ! cross$ pod 7 also decid$ly ?ick] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! pods ( ! "m-plant1 b ?is may possibly h be5 an accid5tal circum/ance1 = ,i "k n h[ f> _! ?ickness is a v>iable "* 9 ! ,tall ,sug>-pea4 ,! peas ( ! ,tall ,sug>-pea1 :5 dry1 are pale gre5i%-br[n1 ?ickly cov]$ ) dots ( d>k purple s m9ute z to be visible only ?r\gh a l5s1 & ,mr4 ,laxton has nev] se5 or he>d ( ?is v>iety produc+ a purple pea2 b 9 ! cross$ pod "o ( ! peas 0 ( a uni=m beautiful violet-purple t9t1 & a second 0 irregul>ly cl\d$ ) pale purple4 ,! col\r lies 9 ! out] ( ! two coats :i* surr\nd ! pea4 ,z ! peas ( ! purple-podd$ v>iety :5 dry are ( a pale gre5i%-buff1 x w\ld at fir/ appe> t ?is rem>kable *ange ( col\r 9 ! peas 9 ! cross$ pod c\ld n h be5 caus$ by ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( ! purple-pod3 b :5 we be> 9 m9d t ?is latt] v>iety has purple fl[]s1 purple m>ks on its /ipules1 & purple pods2 & t ! ,tall ,sug>-pea likewise has purple fl[]s & /ipules1 & microscopically m9ute purple dots on ! peas1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! t5d5cy to ! production ( purple 9 bo? p>5ts has 9 comb9ation modifi$ ! col\r ( ! peas 9 ! cross$ pod4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ^! specim5s1 ,i cross$ ! same two v>ieties1 & ! peas 9 "o pod b n ! pods !mselves1 7 cl\d$ & t9t$ ) purpli%-r$ 9 a mu* m conspicu\s mann] ?an ! peas 9 ! uncross$ pods produc$ at ! same "t by ! same plants4 ,i may notice z a caution t ,mr4 ,laxton s5t me v>i\s o!r cross$ peas slightly1 or ev5 greatly1 modifi$ 9 col\r2 b ! *ange 9 ^! cases 0 due1 z _h be5 suspect$ by ,mr4 ,laxton1 to ! alt]$ col\r ( ! cotyl$ons1 se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t coats ( ! peas2 & z ! cotyl$ons are p>ts ( ! embryo1 ^! cases are n 9 any way rem>kable4 ,turn+ n[ to ! g5us ,mat?iola4 ,! poll5 ( "o k9d ( /ock sometimes affects ! col\r ( ! se$s ( ano!r k9d1 us$ z ! "m-plant4 ,i give ! foll[+ case ! m readily1 z ,grtn] d\bt$ simil> /atem5ts previ\sly made ) respect to ! /ock by o!r obs]v]s4 ,a well-kn[n horticulturi/1 ,major ,trevor ,cl>ke1 in=ms me#aca t ! se$s ( ! l>ge r$-fl[]$ bi5nial /ock1 ,mat?iola annua 7,coc>deau ( ! ,fr5*71 are light br[n1 & ^? ( ! purple bran*+ ,que5 /ock 7,m4 incana7 are violet-black2 & he f\nd t1 :5 fl[]s ( ! r$ /ock 7 f]tilis$ by poll5 f ! purple /ock1 !y yield$ ab\t fifty p] c5t ( black se$s4 ,he s5t me f\r pods f a r$ fl[]$ plant1 two ( :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 & !y includ$ pale br[n se$2 & two :i* _h be5 cross$ by poll5 f ! purple k9d1 & !y includ$ se$s all deeply t+$ ) black4 ,^! latt] se$s yield$ purple-fl[]$ plants l _! fa!r2 :il/ ! pale br[n se$s yield$ normal r$-fl[]$ plants2 & ,major ,cl>ke1 by s[+ simil> se$s1 has obs]v$ on a great] scale ! same result4 ,! evid5ce 9 ?is case ( ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( "o species on ! col\r ( ! se$s ( ano!r species appe>s to me conclusive4 ,gallesio#acb f]tilis$ ! fl[]s ( an orange ) poll5 f ! lemon2 & "o fruit ?us produc$ bore a longitud9al /ripe ( peel hav+ ! col\r1 flav\r1 & o!r *>act]s ( ! lemon4 ,mr4 ,&]son#acc f]tilis$ a gre5-fle%$ melon ) poll5 f a sc>let-fle%$ k9d2 9 two ( ! fruits 8a s5sible *ange 0 p]ceptible3 & f\r o!r fruits 7 some:at alt]$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally40 ,! se$s ( ! two fir/-m5tion$ fruits produc$ plants p>tak+ ( ! good prop]ties ( bo? p>5ts4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ,cucurbitace are l>gely cultivat$1 x is ! popul> belief#acd t ! fruit is ?us directly affect$ hy =eign poll52 & ,i h receiv$ a simil> /atem5t ) respect to ! cucumb] 9 ,engl&4 ,x is believ$ t grapes h be5 ?us affect$ 9 col\r1 size1 & %ape3 9 ,france a pale-col\r$ grape _h its juice t9t$ by ! poll5 ( ! d>k-col\r$ ,te9turi]2 9 ,g]many a v>iety bore b]ries :i* 7 affect$ by ! poll5 ( two adjo9+ k9ds2 "s ( ! b]ries be+ only p>tially affect$ or mottl$4#ace ,z long ago z #ageaacf x 0 obs]v$ t1 :5 diff]5tly-col\r$ v>ieties ( maize grew ne> ea* o!r1 !y mutually affect$ ea* o!r's se$s1 & ?is is n[ a popul> belief 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dr4 ,savi#acg tri$ ! exp]im5t ) c>e3 he s[$ yell[ & black-se$$ maize toge!r1 & on ! same e> "s ( ! se$s 7 yell[1 "s black1 & "s mottl$1 ! diff]5tly col\r$ se$s be+ arrang$ irregul>ly or 9 r[s4 ,pr(4 ,hildebr& has repeat$ ! exp]im5t#ach ) ! precaution ( asc]ta9+ t ! "m-plant 0 true4 ,a k9d be>+ yell[ gra9s 0 f]tilis$ ) poll5 ( a k9d hav+ br[n gra9s1 & two e>s produc$ yell[ gra9s m+l$ ) o!rs ( a dirty violet t9t4 ,a ?ird e> _h only yell[ gra9s1 b "o side ( ! sp9dle 0 t9t$ ( a r$di%-br[n2 s t "h we h ! important fact ( ! influ5ce ( ! =eign poll5 ext5d+ to ! axis4 ,mr4 ,arnold1 9 ,canada1 v>i$ ! exp]im5t 9 an int]e/+ mann]3 8a female fl[] 0 subject$ fir/ to ! action ( poll5 f a yell[ v>iety1 & !n to t f a :ite v>iety2 ! result 0 an e>1 ea* gra9 ( :i* 0 yell[ bel[ & :ite above40#aci ,) o!r plants x has occasionally be5 obs]v$ t ! cross$ (fspr+ %[$ ! influ5ce ( two k9ds ( poll51 b 9 ?is case ! two k9ds affect$ ! "m-plant4 ,mr4 ,sab9e /ates#adj t he has se5 ! =m ( ! ne>ly globul> se$-capsule ( ,am>yllis vittata alt]$ by ! application ( ! poll5 ( ano!r species1 ( :i* ! capsule has gibb\s angles4 ,) an alli$ g5us1 a well-kn[n botani/1 ,maxim[icz1 has describ$ 9 detail ! /rik+ results ( reciprocally f]tilis+ ,lilium bulbif]um & davuricum ) ea* o!r's poll54 ,ea* species produc$ fruit n l its own1 b almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! poll5-be>+ species2 b f an accid5t only ! fruit ( ! latt] species 0 c>efully exam9$2 ! se$s 7 int]m$iate 9 ! developm5t ( _! w+s4#ada ,fritz ,mll] f]tilis$ ,cattleya leopoldi ) poll5 ( ,epid5dron c9nab>9um2 & ! capsules conta9$ v few se$s2 b ^! pres5t$ a mo/ wond]ful appe>ance1 :i*1 f ! description giv51 two botani/s1 ,hildebr& & ,maxim[icz1 attribute to ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( ! ,epid5dron4#adb ,mr4 ,j4 ,&]son ,h5ry#adc cross$ ,rhodod5dron dalh\si ) ! poll5 ( ,r4 nuttallii1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/-fl[]$ & noble/ species ( ! g5us4 ,! l>ge/ pod produc$ by ! =m] species1 :5 f]tilis$ ) its own poll51 measur$ #a in* 9 l5g? & #a 9 gir?2 :il/ ?ree ( ! pods :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by poll5 ( ,r4 nuttallii measur$ #a-e_/h in* 9 l5g? & no less ?an #b in*es 9 gir?4 ,"h ! effect ( ! =eign poll5 0 app>5tly conf9$ to increas+ ! size ( ! ov>ium2 b we mu/ be cauti\s 9 assum+1 z ! foll[+ case %[s1 t size _h be5 transf]r$ f ! male p>5t to ! capsule ( ! female plant4 ,mr4 ,h5ry f]tilis$ ,arabis bleph>ophylla ) poll5 ( ,a4 soy]i1 & ! pods ?us produc$1 ( :i* he 0 s k9d z to s5d me detail$ measurem5ts & sket*es1 7 mu* l>g] 9 all _! dim5sions ?an ^? naturally produc$ by ei!r ! male or female p>5t-species4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t ! organs ( vegetation 9 hybrid plants1 indep5d5tly ( ! "* ( ei!r p>5t1 are sometimes develop$ to a mon/r\s size2 & ! increas$ size ( ! pods 9 ! =ego+ cases may be an analog\s fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 de ,saporta in=ms me t an isolat$ female plant ( ,pi/acia v]a is v apt to be f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( neighb\r+ plants ( ,p4 t]eb9?us1 & 9 ?is case ! fruits are only half _! prop] size1 :i* he attributes to ! influ5ce ( ! poll5 ( ,p4 t]eb9?us4 ,no case ( ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( "o v>iety on ano!r is bett] au!nticat$ or m rem>kable ?an t ( ! common apple4 ,! fruit "h consi/s ( ! l[] "p ( ! calyx & ( ! upp] "p ( ! fl[]-p$uncle#add 9 a metamorphos$ condition1 s t ! effect ( ! =eign poll5 has ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! limits ( ! ov>ium4 ,cases ( apples ?us affect$ 7 record$ by ,bradley 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury2 & o!r cases are giv5 9 old volumes ( ! #8,philosophical ,transactions'2#ade 9 "o ( ^! a ,russet+ apple & an adjo9+ k9d mutually affect$ ea* o!r's fruit2 & 9 ano!r case a smoo? apple affect$ a r\gh-coat$ k9d4 ,ano!r in/ance has be5 giv5#adf ( two v diff]5t apple-trees gr[+ close to ea* o!r1 :i* bore fruit resembl+ ea* o!r1 b only on ! adjo9+ bran*es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 almo/ sup]flu\s to adduce ^! or o!r cases1 aft] t ( ! ,/4 ,val]y apple1 ! fl[]s :i*1 f ! abortion ( ! /am5s1 d n produce poll51 b are f]tilis$ by ! girls ( ! neighb\rhood ) poll5 ( _m k9ds2 & !y be> fruit1 8diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 size1 flav\r1 & col\r1 b resembl+ 9 "* ! h]maphrodite k9ds by :i* !y h be5 f]tilis$40#adg ,i h n[ %[n1 on ! au?ority ( sev]al excell5t obs]v]s1 9 ! case ( plants belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s1 t ! poll5 ( "o species or v>iety1 :5 appli$ to ! female ( a di/9ct =m1 occasionally causes ! coats ( ! se$s1 ! ov>ium or fruit1 includ+ ev5 ! calyx & upp] "p ( ! p$uncle ( ! apple1 & ! axis ( ! e> 9 maize1 to be modifi$4 ,sometimes ! :ole ov>ium or all ! se$s are ?us affect$2 sometimes only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! se$s1 z 9 ! case ( ! pea1 or only a "p ( ! ov>ium1 z ) ! /rip$ orange1 mottl$ grapes1 & maize1 is ?us affect$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t any direct or imm$iate effect inv>iably foll[s ! use ( =eign poll53 ?is is f> f be+ ! case2 nor is x kn[n on :at conditions ! result dep5ds4 ,mr4 ,knight#adh expressly /ates t he has nev] se5 ! fruit ?us affect$1 ?\gh he cross$ ?\s&s ( apple & o!r fruit-trees4 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason to believe t a bran* :i* has borne se$ or fruit directly modifi$ by =eign poll5 is itself affect$1 s z aft]w>ds to produce modifi$ buds2 su* an occurr5ce1 f ! tempor>y connection ( ! fl[] ) ! /em1 w\ld be h>dly possible4 ,h5ce1 b v few1 if any1 ( ! cases ( bud-v>iation 9 ! fruit ( trees1 giv5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] c be acc\nt$ = by ! action ( =eign poll52 = su* fruits h commonly be5 propagat$ by budd+ or graft+4 ,x is also obvi\s t *anges ( col\r 9 fl[]s1 :i* necess>ily sup]v5e long be=e !y are ready = f]tilisation1 & *anges 9 ! %ape or col\r ( leaves1 :5 due to ! appe>ance ( modifi$ buds1 c h no relation to ! action ( =eign poll54 ,! pro(s ( ! action ( =eign poll5 on ! "m-plant h be5 giv5 9 consid]able detail1 because ?is action1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 is ( ! highe/ !oretical importance1 & because x is 9 itself a rem>kable & app>5tly anomal\s circum/ance4 ,t x is rem>kable "u a physiological po9t ( view is cle>1 = ! male elem5t n only affects1 9 accordance ) its prop] function1 ! g]m1 b at ! same "t v>i\s p>ts ( ! "m-plant1 9 ! same mann]1 z x affects ! same "p 9 ! sem9al (fspr+ f ! same two p>5ts4 ,we ?us le>n t an ovule is n indisp5sable = ! reception ( ! influ5ce ( ! male elem5t4 ,b ?is direct action ( ! male elem5t is n s anomal\s z x at fir/ appe>s1 = x comes into play 9 ! ord9>y f]tilisation ( _m fl[]s4 ,grtn] gradually increas$ ! numb] ( poll5 gra9s until he succe$$ 9 f]tilis+ a ,malva1 & has#adi prov$ t _m gra9s are fir/ exp5d$ 9 ! developm5t1 or1 z he expresses x1 9 ! satiation1 ( ! pi/il & ov>ium4 ,aga91 :5 "o plant is f]tilis$ by a widely di/9ct species1 x (t5 happ5s t ! ov>ium is fully & quickly develop$ )\t any se$s be+ =m$2 or ! coats ( ! se$s are =m$ )\t any embryo be+ develop$ )94 ,pr(4 ,hildebr&1 also1 has lately %[n#aej t1 9 ! normal f]tilisation ( sev]al ,or*ide1 ! action ( ! plant's own poll5 is necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! ov>ium2 & t ?is developm5t takes place n only long be=e ! poll5-tubes h rea*$ ! ovules1 b ev5 be=e ! plac5t & ovules h be5 =m$2 s t ) ^! or*ids ! poll5 acts directly on ! ov>ium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n ov]rate ! efficacy ( poll5 9 ! case ( hybridis$ plants1 = an embryo may be =m$ & its influ5ce excite ! surr\nd+ tissues ( ! "m-plant1 & !n p]i% at a v e>ly age & be ?us ov]look$4 ,aga91 x is well kn[n t ) _m plants ! ov>ium may be fully develop$1 ?\gh poll5 be :olly exclud$4 ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 ! late ,curator at ,kew 7z ,i he> ?r\gh ,dr4 ,hook]71 obs]v$ ) an or*id1 ! ,bonatea speciosa1 ! s+ul> fact t ! developm5t ( ! ov>ium c\ld be effect$ by ! me*anical irritation ( ! /igma4 ,nev]!less1 f ! numb] ( ! poll5-gra9s exp5d$ 89 ! satiation ( ! ov>ium & pi/il10--f ! g5]ality ( ! =mation ( ! ov>ium & se$-coats 9 hybridis$ plants :i* produce no se$s1--& f ,dr4 ,hildebr&'s obs]vations on or*ids1 we may admit t 9 mo/ cases ! swell+ ( ! ov>ium1 & ! =mation ( ! se$-coats are at lea/ aid$1 if n :olly caus$1 by ! direct action ( ! poll51 indep5d5tly ( ! int]v5tion ( ! f]tilis$ g]m4 ,!re=e1 9 ! previ\sly giv5 cases we h only to believe 9 ! fur!r p[] ( poll51 :5 appli$ to a di/9ct species or v>iety1 to influ5ce ! %ape1 size1 col\r1 texture1 etc41 ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "m-plant4 ,turn+ n[ to ! animal k+dom4 ,if we c\ld imag9e ! same fl[] to yield se$s dur+ successive ye>s1 !n x w\ld n be v surpris+ t a fl[] ( :i* ! ov>ium _h be5 modifi$ by =eign poll5 %\ld next ye> produce1 :5 self-f]tilis$1 (fspr+ modifi$ by ! previ\s male influ5ce4 ,closely analog\s cases h actually occurr$ ) animals4 ,9 ! case (t5 quot$ f ,"l ,morton1#aea a ne>ly purely-br$ ,arabian *e/nut m>e bore a hybrid to a quagga2 %e 0 subsequ5tly s5t to ,sir ,gore ,ouseley1 & produc$ two colts by a black ,arabian horse4 ,^! colts 7 p>tially dun-col\r$1 & 7 /rip$ on ! legs m pla9ly ?an ! real hybrid1 or ev5 ?an ! quagga4 ,"o ( ! two colts _h its neck & "s o!r p>ts ( its body pla9ly m>k$ ) /ripes4 ,/ripes on ! body1 n to m5tion ^? on ! legs1 are extremely r>e1--,i speak aft] hav+ long att5d$ to ! subject1--) horses ( all k9ds 9 ,europe1 & are almo/ unkn[n 9 ! case ( ,arabians4 ,b :at makes ! case /ill m /rik+ is t 9 ^! colts ! hair ( ! mane resembl$ t ( ! quagga1 be+ %ort1 /iff1 & upright4 ,h5ce !re c be no d\bt t ! quagga affect$ ! "* ( ! (fspr+ subsequ5tly begot by ! black ,arabian horse4 ,mr4 ,j5n] ,weir in=ms me ( a /rictly p>allel case3 8 neighb\r ,mr4 ,le?bridge1 ( ,blackhea?1 has a horse1 br$ by ,"l ,mo/yn1 :i* _h previ\sly borne a foal by a quagga4 ,?is horse is dun ) a d>k /ripe d[n ! back1 fa9t /ripes on ! =ehead betwe5 ! eyes1 pla9 /ripes on ! inn] side ( ! =e-legs & r m fa9t ones on ! h9d-legs1 ) no %\ld]-/ripe4 ,! mane gr[s mu* l[] on ! =ehead ?an 9 ! horse1 b n s l[ z 9 ! quagga or zebra4 ,! ho(s are proportionally long] ?an 9 ! horse1--s mu* s t ! f>ri] :o fir/ %od ?is animal1 & knew no?+ ( its orig91 said1 8,_h ,i n se5 ,i 0 %oe+ a horse1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ,i 0 %oe+ a donkey40 ,) respect to ! v>ieties ( our dome/icat$ animals1 _m simil> & well-au!nticat$ facts h be5 publi%$1#aeb & o!rs h be5 communicat$ to me1 pla9ly %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ male on ! prog5y subsequ5tly borne by ! "m to o!r males4 ,x w suffice to give a s+le in/ance1 record$ 9 ! #8,philosophical ,transactions1' 9 a pap] foll[+ t by ,"l ,morton3 ,mr4 ,giles put a s[ ( ,"l ,we/]n's black & :ite ,essex bre$ to a wild bo> ( a deep *e/nut col\r2 & ! 8pigs produc$ p>took 9 appe>ance ( bo? bo> & s[1 b 9 "s ! *e/nut col\r ( ! bo> /rongly prevail$40 ,aft] ! bo> _h long be5 dead1 ! s[ 0 put to a bo> ( h] own black & :ite bre$--a k9d :i* is well kn[n to bre$ v true & nev] to %[ any *e/nut col\r1--yet f ?is union ! s[ produc$ "s "y pigs :i* 7 pla9ly m>k$ ) ! same *e/nut t9t z 9 ! fir/ litt]4 ,simil> cases h s frequ5tly occurr$1 t c>eful bre$]s avoid putt+ a *oice female ( any animal to an inf]ior male1 on acc\nt ( ! injury to h] subsequ5t prog5y :i* may be expect$ to foll[4 ,"s physiologi/s h attempt$ to acc\nt = ^! rem>kable results f a previ\s impregnation1 by ! imag9ation ( ! "m hav+ be5 /rongly affect$2 b x w h]eaft] be se5 t !re are v slight gr\nds = any su* belief4 ,o!r physiologi/s attribute ! result to ! close atta*m5t & freely int]communicat+ blood-vessels betwe5 ! modifi$ embryo & "m4 ,b ! analogy f ! action ( =eign poll5 on ! ov>ium1 se$-coats1 & o!r p>ts ( ! "m-plant1 /rongly supports ! belief t ) animals ! male elem5t acts directly on ! female1 & n ?r\gh ! cross$ embryo4 ,) birds !re is no close connection betwe5 ! embryo & "m2 yet a c>eful obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,*apuis1 /ates#aec t ) pigeons ! influ5ce ( a fir/ male sometimes makes itself p]ceiv$ 9 ! succe$+ broods2 b ?is /atem5t requires confirmation4 ,conclusion & ,summ>y ( ! ,*apt]4--,! facts giv5 9 ! latt] half ( ?is *apt] are well wor?y ( consid]ation1 z !y %[ u 9 h[ _m extraord9>y modes ! union ( "o =m ) ano!r may lead to ! modification ( ! sem9al (fspr+ or ( ! buds1 aft]w>ds produc$4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! (fspr+ ( species or v>ieties cross$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] be+ modifi$2 b ! case ( two plants )9 ! same se$1 :i* coh]e & diff] f ea* o!r1 is curi\s4 ,:5 a bud is =m$ aft] ! cellul> tissue ( two species or two v>ieties h be5 unit$1 & x p>takes ( ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts1 ! case is wond]ful4 ,b ,i ne$ n "h repeat :at has be5 s lately said on ?is subject4 ,we h also se5 t 9 ! case ( plants ! male elem5t may affect 9 a direct mann] ! tissues ( ! "m1 & ) animals may lead to ! modification ( h] future prog5y4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom ! (fspr+ f a cross betwe5 two species or v>ieties1 :e!r effect$ by sem9al g5]ation or by graft+1 (t5 rev]t1 to a great] or less degree1 9 ! fir/ or 9 a succe$+ g5]ation1 to ! two p>5t-=ms2 & ?is rev]sion may affect ! :ole fl[]1 fruit1 or leaf-bud1 or only ! half or a small] segm5t ( a s+le organ4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 su* segregation ( "* app>5tly dep5ds on an incapacity = union r ?an on rev]sion1 = ! fl[]s or fruit :i* are fir/ produc$ display by segm5ts ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts4 ,! v>i\s facts "h giv5 ought to be well consid]$ by any "o :o wi%es to embrace "u a s+le po9t ( view ! _m modes ( reproduction by gemmation1 division1 & sexual union1 ! rep>ation ( lo/ p>ts1 v>iation1 inh]itance1 rev]sion1 & o!r su* ph5om5a4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! second volume ,i %all attempt to connect ^! facts toge!r by ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis4 ,9 ! e>ly half ( ! pres5t *apt] ,i h giv5 a long li/ ( plants 9 :i* ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 t is1 indep5d5tly ( reproduction by se$1 ! fruit has sudd5ly become modifi$ 9 size1 col\r1 flav\r1 hair9ess1 %ape1 & "t ( maturity2 fl[]s h simil>ly *ang$ 9 %ape1 col\r1 9 be+ d\ble1 & greatly 9 ! "* ( ! calyx2 "y bran*es or %oots h *ang$ 9 col\r1 9 be>+ sp9es & 9 habit ( gr[?1 z 9 climb+ or 9 weep+2 leaves h *ang$ 9 becom+ v>iegat$1 9 %ape1 p]iod ( unfold+1 & 9 _! arrangem5t on ! axis4 ,buds ( all k9ds1 :e!r produc$ on ord9>y bran*es or on subt]ranean /ems1 :e!r simple or mu* modifi$ & suppli$ ) a /ock ( nutrim5t1 z 9 tub]s & bulbs1 are all liable to sudd5 v>iations ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,9 ! li/1 _m ( ! cases are c]ta9ly due to rev]sion to *>act]s n acquir$ f a cross1 b :i* 7 =m]ly pres5t & h s9ce be5 lo/ = a long] or %ort] "t2--z :5 a bud on a v>iegat$ plant produces pla9 leaves1 or :5 ! v>i\sly-col\r$ fl[]s ( ! ,*rysan!mum rev]t to ! aborig9al yell[ t9t4 ,_m o!r cases includ$ 9 ! li/ are probably due to ! plants be+ ( cross$ p>5tage1 & to ! buds rev]t+ ei!r completely or by segm5ts to "o ( ! two p>5t-=ms4#aed ,we may suspect t ! /rong t5d5cy 9 ! ,*rysan!mum to produce by bud-v>iation diff]5tly-col\r$ fl[]s1 results f ! v>ieties hav+ be5 at "s "t int5tionally or accid5tally cross$2 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) "s k9ds ( ,pel>gonium4 ,s x may be to a l>ge ext5t ) ! bud-v>ieties ( ! ,dahlia1 & ) ! 8brok5 col\rs0 ( ,tulips4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a plant rev]ts by bud-v>iation to its two p>5t =ms1 or to "o ( !m1 x sometimes does n rev]t p]fectly1 b assumes a some:at new "*1--( :i* fact1 in/ances h be5 giv51 & ,c>rire gives#aee ano!r 9 ! *]ry4 ,_m cases ( bud-v>iation1 h[ev]1 _c be attribut$ to rev]sion1 b to s-call$ spontane\s v>iability1 z is s common ) cultivat$ plants rais$ f se$4 ,z a s+le v>iety ( ! ,*rysan!mum has produc$ by buds six o!r v>ieties1 & z "o v>iety ( ! gooseb]ry has borne at ! same "t f\r di/9ct k9ds ( fruit1 x is sc>cely possible to believe t all ^! v>iations are due to rev]sion4 ,we c h>dly believe1 z rem>k$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t all ! _m pea*es :i* h yield$ nect>9e-buds are ( cross$ p>5tage4 ,la/ly1 9 su* cases z t ( ! moss-rose1 ) its peculi> calyx1 & ( ! rose :i* be>s opposite leaves1 9 t ( ! ,imatophyllum1 etc41 !re is no kn[n natural species or v>iety f :i* ! *>act]s 9 "q c\ld h be5 d]iv$ by a cross4 ,we mu/ attribute all su* cases to ! appe>ance ( absolutely new *>act]s 9 ! buds4 ,! v>ieties :i* h ?us aris5 _c be di/+ui%$ by any ext]nal "* f se$l+s2 ?is is notori\sly ! case ) ! v>ieties ( ! ,rose1 ,azalea1 & _m o!r plants4 ,x des]ves notice t all ! plants :i* h yield$ bud-v>iations h likewise v>i$ greatly by se$4 ,! plants :i* h v>i$ by buds belong to s _m ord]s t we may inf] t almo/ e plant w\ld be liable to v>iation1 if plac$ "u ! prop] excit+ conditions4 ,^! conditions1 z f> z we c judge1 ma9ly dep5d on long-cont9u$ & high cultivation2 = almo/ all ! plants 9 ! =ego+ li/ are p]5nials1 & h be5 l>gely propagat$ 9 _m soils1 "u diff]5t climates1 by cutt+s1 (fsets1 bulbs1 tub]s1 & especially by budd+ or graft+4 ,! in/ances ( annuals v>y+ by buds1 or produc+ on ! same plant diff]5tly col\r$ fl[]s1 are comp>atively r>e3 ,hopkirk#aef has se5 ?is ) ,convolvulus tricolor2 & x is n uncommon ) ! ,balsam & annual ,delph9ium4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 plants f ! w>m] temp]ate regions1 :5 cultivat$ "u ! hot climate ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 are em95tly liable to bud-v>iation4 ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,s$gwick t moss-roses :i* h (t5 be5 tak5 to ,calcutta always !re lose _! moss9ess2 b *ange ( climate is by no means a necess>y cont+5t1 z we see ) ! gooseb]ry1 currant1 & 9 _m o!r cases4 ,plants liv+ "u _! natural conditions are v r>ely subject to bud-v>iation4 ,v>iegat$ leaves h1 h[ev]1 be5 obs]v$ "u su* circum/ances2 & ,i h giv5 an in/ance ( v>iation by buds on an a%-tree plant$ 9 ornam5tal gr\nds1 b x is d\btful :e!r su* a tree c be consid]$ z liv+ "u /rictly natural conditions4 ,grtn] has se5 :ite & d>k-r$ fl[]s produc$ f ! same root ( ! wild ,a*illea millefolium2 & ,pr(4 ,casp>y has se5 a completely wild ,viola lutea be>+ fl[]s ( two diff]5t col\rs & sizes4#aeg ,z wild plants are s r>ely liable to bud-v>iation1 :il/ highly cultivat$ plants long propagat$ by artificial means h yield$ _m v>ieties by ?is =m ( reproduction1 we are l$ ?r\gh a s]ies su* z ! foll[+1--namely1 all ! eyes 9 ! same tub] ( ! potato v>y+ 9 ! same mann]1--all ! fruit on a purple plum-tree sudd5ly becom+ yell[1--all ! fruit on a d\ble-fl[]$ almond sudd5ly becom+ pea* l1--all ! buds on graft$ trees be+ 9 a v slight degree affect$ by ! /ock on :i* !y h be5 work$1--all ! fl[]s on a transplant$ he>tsease *ang+ = a "t 9 col\r1 size1 & %ape1--we are l$ by su* a s]ies to look at e case ( bud-v>iation z ! direct result ( ! conditions ( life to :i* ! plant has be5 expos$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 plants ( ! same v>iety may be cultivat$ 9 two adjo9+ b$s1 app>5tly "u exactly ! same conditions1 & ^? 9 ! "o b$1 z ,c>rire insi/s1#aeh w produce _m bud-v>iations1 & ^? 9 ! o!r n a s+le "o4 ,aga91 if we look to su* cases z t ( a pea*-tree :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 cultivat$ by t5s ( ?\s&s dur+ _m ye>s 9 _m c\ntries1 & aft] hav+ annually produc$ millions ( buds1 all ( :i* h app>5tly be5 expos$ to precisely ! same conditions1 yet at la/ sudd5ly produces a s+le bud ) its :ole "* greatly trans=m$1 we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ! trans=mation /&s 9 no direct relation to ! conditions ( life4 ,we h se5 t v>ieties produc$ f se$s & f buds resemble ea* o!r s closely 9 g5]al appe>ance t !y _c be di/+ui%$4 ,j z c]ta9 species & gr\ps ( species1 :5 propagat$ by se$1 are m v>iable ?an o!r species or g5]a1 s x is 9 ! case ( c]ta9 bud-v>ieties4 ,?us1 ! ,que5 ( ,engl& ,*rysan!mum has produc$ by ?is latt] process no less ?an six1 & ,rollisson's ,unique ,pel>gonium f\r di/9ct v>ieties2 moss-roses h also produc$ sev]al o!r moss-roses4 ,! ,rosace h v>i$ by buds m ?an any o!r gr\p ( plants2 b ?is may be 9 l>ge "p due to s _m memb]s hav+ be5 long cultivat$2 b )9 ?is same gr\p1 ! pea* has (t5 v>i$ by buds1 :il/ ! apple & pe>1 bo? graft$ trees ext5sively cultivat$1 h af=d$1 z f> z ,i c asc]ta91 extremely few in/ances ( bud-v>iation4 ,! law ( analog\s v>iation holds good ) v>ieties produc$ by buds1 z ) ^? produc$ f se$3 m ?an "o k9d ( rose has sport$ into a moss-rose2 m ?an "o k9d ( camellia has assum$ an hexagonal =m2 & at lea/ sev5 or eight v>ieties ( ! pea* h produc$ nect>9es4 ,! laws ( inh]itance seem to be ne>ly ! same ) sem9al & bud-v>ieties4 ,we "k h[ commonly rev]sion comes into play ) bo?1 & x may affect ! :ole1 or only segm5ts ( a leaf1 fl[]1 or fruit4 ,:5 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion affects _m buds on ! same tree1 x becomes cov]$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( leaves1 fl[]s1 or fruit2 b !re is reason to believe t su* fluctuat+ v>ieties h g5]ally aris5 f se$4 ,x is well kn[n t1 out ( a numb] ( se$l+ v>ieties1 "s transmit _! "* mu* m truly by se$ ?an o!rs2 s ) bud-v>ieties1 "s reta9 _! "* by successive buds m truly ?an o!rs2 ( :i* in/ances h be5 giv5 ) two k9ds ( v>iegat$ ,euonymus & ) c]ta9 k9ds ( tulips & pel>goniums4 ,not)/&+ ! sudd5 production ( bud-v>ieties1 ! *>act]s ?us acquir$ are sometimes capable ( transmission by sem9al reproduction3 ,mr4 ,riv]s has f\nd t moss-roses g5]ally reproduce !mselves by se$2 & ! mossy "* has be5 transf]r$ by cross+ f "o species ( rose to ano!r4 ,! ,bo/on nect>9e1 :i* appe>$ z a bud-v>iation1 produc$ by se$ a closely alli$ nect>9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 se$l+s f "s bud-v>iations h prov$ v>iable to an extreme degree4#aei ,we h also he>d1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,salt]1 t se$s tak5 f a bran* ) leaves v>iegat$ ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 transmit ?is "* v feebly2 :il/ _m plants1 :i* 7 v>iegat$ z se$l+s1 transmit v>iegation to a l>ge proportion ( _! prog5y4 ,al?\gh ,i h be5 able to collect a good _m cases ( bud-v>iation1 z %[n 9 ! previ\s li/s1 & might probably1 by se>*+ =eign horticultural works1 h collect$ v _m m cases1 yet _! total numb] is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) t ( sem9al v>ieties4 ,) se$l+s rais$ f ! m v>iable cultivat$ plants1 ! v>iations are almo/ inf9itely num]\s1 b _! diff]5ces are g5]ally slight3 only at long int]vals ( "t a /rongly m>k$ modification appe>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a s+ul> & inexplicable fact t1 :5 plants v>y by buds1 ! v>iations1 ?\gh !y occur ) comp>ative r>ity1 are (t51 or ev5 g5]ally1 /rongly pron\nc$4 ,x /ruck me t ?is might p]haps be a delusion1 & t slight *anges (t5 occurr$ 9 buds1 b 7 ov]look$ or n record$ f be+ ( no value4 ,accord+ly1 ,i appli$ to two great au?orities on ?is subject1 namely1 to ,mr4 ,riv]s ) respect to fruit-trees1 & to ,mr4 ,salt] ) respect to fl[]s4 ,mr4 ,riv]s is d\btful1 b does n rememb] hav+ notic$ v slight v>iations 9 fruit-buds4 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t ) fl[]s su* d occur1 b1 if propagat$1 !y g5]ally lose _! new "* 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 yet he concurs ) me t bud-v>iations usually at once assume a decid$ & p]man5t "*4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ?is is ! rule1 :5 we reflect on su* cases z t ( ! pea*1 :i* has be5 s c>efully obs]v$1 & ( :i* su* trifl+ sem9al v>ieties h be5 propagat$1 yet ?is tree has repeat$ly produc$ by bud-v>iation nect>9es1 & only twice 7z f> z ,i c le>n7 any o!r v>iety1 namely1 ! ,e>ly & ,late ,grosse ,mignonne pea*es2 & ^! diff] f ! p>5t-tree 9 h>dly any "* except ! p]iod ( maturity4 ,to my surprise1 ,i he> f ,mr4 ,salt] t he br+s ! pr9ciple ( selection to be> on v>iegat$ plants propagat$ by buds1 & has ?us greatly improv$ & fix$ sev]al v>ieties4 ,he in=ms me t at fir/ a bran* (t5 produces v>iegat$ leaves on "o side alone1 & t ! leaves are m>k$ only ) an irregul> edg+ or ) a few l9es ( :ite & yell[4 ,to improve & fix su* v>ieties1 he f9ds x necess>y to enc\rage ! buds at ! bases ( ! mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ leaves1 & to propagate f !m alone4 ,by foll[+ ) p]sev]ance ?is plan dur+ ?ree or f\r successive seasons1 a di/9ct & fix$ v>iety c g5]ally be secur$4 ,f9ally1 ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt] prove 9 h[ close & rem>kable a mann] ! g]m ( a f]tilis$ se$ & ! small cellul> mass =m+ a bud1 resemble ea* o!r 9 all _! functions--9 _! p[] ( inh]itance ) occasional rev]sion1--& 9 _! capacity = v>iation ( ! same g5]al nature1 9 ob$i5ce to ! same laws4 ,?is resemblance1 or r id5tity ( "*1 is %[n 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] by ! fact t ! cellul> tissue ( "o species or v>iety1 :5 budd$ or graft$ on ano!r1 may give rise to a bud hav+ an int]m$iate "*4 ,we h se5 t v>iability does n dep5d on sexual g5]ation1 ?\gh mu* m frequ5tly its concomitant ?an ( bud reproduction4 ,we h se5 t bud-v>iability is n solely dep5d5t on rev]sion or atavism to long-lo/ *>act]s1 or to ^? =m]ly acquir$ f a cross1 b appe>s (t5 to be spontane\s4 ,b :5 we ask ourselves :at is ! cause ( any p>ticul> bud-v>iation1 we are lo/ 9 d\bt1 be+ driv5 9 "s cases to look to ! direct action ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life z suffici5t1 & 9 o!r cases to feel a pr(\nd conviction t ^! h play$ a q subord9ate "p1 ( n m importance ?an ! nature ( ! sp>k :i* ignites a mass ( combu/ible matt]4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ,i h f\nd t ,m4 ,c>rire1 ,*ef des ,pp9ires au ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41 9 8 excell5t ,essay #8,production et ,fixation des ,v>its1 #ahfe1' has giv5 a li/ ( bud-v>iations f> m ext5sive ?an m9e2 b z ^! relate *iefly to cases occurr+ 9 ,france ,i h left my li/ z x /ood1 add+ a few facts f ,m4 ,c>rire & o!rs4 ,any "o :o wi%es to /udy ! subject fully %\ld ref] to ,m4 ,c>rire's ,essay4 #b #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #hba4 #c ,l9dley's #8,guide to ,or*>d1' z quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #hba4 ,= ! ,e>ly mignonne pea*1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #abea4 #d #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 #e ,see also #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #bg4 #f #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #hba4 #g #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #fbi2 #ahef1 p4 #fdh2 #ahfd1 p4 #ihf4 ,o!r cases are giv5 by ,braun #8,rejuv5esc5ce1' 9 #8,ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cad4 #h #8,amplographie1' etc41 #ahdi1 p4 #ga4 #i #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #igj4 #aj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 pp4 #eig1 #fab4 #aa #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdb1 p4 #hgc2 #ahee1 p4 #fdf4 ,9 ! #8,*ronicle1' p4 #hgf1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,mack5zie /ates t ! bu% /ill cont9ues to be> ! ?ree k9ds ( fruit1 8al?\gh !y h n be5 e ye> alike40 #ab #8,revue ,horticole1' quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #hg4 #ac #8,rejuv5esc5ce 9 ,nature1' #8,bot4 ,memoirs ,ray ,soc41' #ahec1 p4 #cad4 #ad #8,comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xli4 #ahee1 p4 #hjd4 ,! second case is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,gaudi*aud1 ibid41 tom4 xxxiv4 #aheb1 p4 #gdh4 #ae ,?is case is giv5 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfg1 p4 #djc4 #af #8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol ii4 ,botany1 p4 #aca4 #ag #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 p4 #bjg4 #ah ,h]b]t1 #8,am>yllidace1' #ahch1 p4 #cfi4 #ai #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #cia4 #bj ,exhibit$ at ,hort4 ,soc4 ,london4 ,report 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #ccg4 #ba ,mr4 ,w4 ,bell #8,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1' ,may1 #ahfc4 #bb #8,revue ,horticole1' quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #dge4 #bc #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 s4 #gf4 #bd #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #ccf4 #be ,w4 ,p4 ,ayres1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdb1 p4 #gia4 #bf ,w4 ,p4 ,ayres1 ibid4 #bg ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s1 #8,pop4 ,sci5ce ,review1' ,july1 #ahgb1 p4 #bej4 #bh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #ifh4 #bi ,ibid41 #ahfa p4 #ide4 #cj ,w4 ,paul1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #ifh4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #ide4 #cb ,= o!r cases ( bud-v>iation 9 ?is same v>iety1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 pp4 #egh1 #fjj1 #ibe4 ,= o!r di/9ct cases ( bud-v>iation 9 ! g5us ,pel>gonium see #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #aid4 #cc ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s1 #8,pop4 ,sci5ce ,review1' ,july1 #ahgb1 p4 #bed4 #cd ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree1 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 viii4 #ahcb1 p4 #ic4 #ce #8,! ,*rysan!mum3 its ,hi/ory & ,culture1' by ,j4 ,salt]1 #ahfe1 p4 #da1 etc4 #cf ,bree1 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 viii4 #ahcb1 p4 #ic4 #cg ,bronn #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #abc4 #ch ,t4 ,riv]s1 #8,rose ,amateur's ,guide #8 #ahcg p4 #d4 #ci ,mr4 ,%ail]1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdh p4 #gei4 #dj #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 #ahbb1 p4 #acg2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdb1 p4 #dbb4 #da ,see also ,l\don's #8,arboretum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ghj4 #db ,all ^! /atem5ts on ! orig9 ( ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! moss-rose are giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,%ail]1 :o1 toge!r ) 8 fa!r1 0 conc]n$ 9 _! orig9al propagation4 ,see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #gei4 #dc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #efd4 #dd #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 #de #8,%rift5 d] ,phys4 ,oekon4 ,gesell4 zu ,knigsb]g1' ,feb4 #crd1 #ahfe1 s4 #d4 ,see also ,dr4 ,casp>y's pap] 9 #8,transactions ( ! ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe4 #df #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #gei4 #dg #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 #dh ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 #8,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,bot41' vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #di #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #fai4 #ej ,hopkirk's #8,flora ,anomala1' #afg4 #ea #8,sur ,la ,production et la ,fixation des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #d4 #eb #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>*1 #ahfe1 p4 #bcc4 #ec #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #ace4 #ed ,ibid41 #ahdb1 p4 #ee4 #ee #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfg1 p4 #bce4 #ef ,grtn] #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #cje4 #eg ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton1 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #bej4 #eh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #ecf4 #ei ,braun1 #8,ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cae2 ,hopkirk's #8,flora ,anomala1' p4 #afd2 ,lecoq #8,gograph4 ,bot4 de l',europe1' tom4 iii4 #ahed1 p4 #dje2 & #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #cjc4 #fj #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #e4 #fa ,w4 ,mason1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hgh4 #fb ,alex4 ,braun1 #8,ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cae2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #cbi4 #fc ,dr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,ma/]s1 #8,royal ,in/itution ,lecture1' ,m>* #af?1 #ahfj4 #fd ,see ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,bridgeman's curi\s pap] 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,dec4 #ahfa2 also ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott1 #8,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1' ,june #ab?1 #ahfb4 #fe #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #ccf2 ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' p4 #gf4 #ff ,see also ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' p4 #gd4 #fg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #hf4 #fh ,ibid41 #ahfa1 p4 #ifc4 #fi ,ibid41 #ahfa1 p4 #dcc2 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #b4 #gj ,m4 ,lemo9e 7quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfg1 p4 #gd7 has lately obs]v$ t ! ,symphytum ) v>iegat$ leaves _c be propagat$ by division ( ! roots4 ,he also f\nd t out ( #ejj plants ( a ,phlox ) /rip$ fl[]s1 :i* _h be5 propagat$ by root-division1 only sev5 or eight produc$ /rip$ fl[]s4 ,see also on /rip$ ,pel>goniums1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfg1 p4 #ajjj4 #ga ,&]son's #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 v4 p4 #aeb4 #gb ,= :eat1 see #8,improvem5t ( ! ,c]eals1' by ,p4 ,%irreff1 #ahgc1 p4 #dg4 ,= maize & sug>-cane1 ,c>rire1 ibid41 pp4 #dj1 #db4 ,) respect to ! sug>-cane ,mr4 ,j4 ,caldwell ( ,mauritius1 says 7#8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahgd1 p4 #caf7 ! ,ribbon cane has "h 8sport$ into a p]fectly gre5 cane & a p]fectly r$ cane f ! same head4 ,i v]ifi$ ?is myself1 & saw at lea/ #bjj in/ances 9 ! same plantation1 & ! fact has completely upset all our preconceiv$ ideas ( ! diff]5ce ( col\r be+ p]man5t4 ,! conv]sion ( a /rip$ cane into a gre5 cane 0 n uncommon1 b ! *ange into a r$ cane univ]sally disbeliev$1 & t bo? ev5ts %\ld occur 9 ! same plant incr$ible4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 9 ,fleis*man's #8,report on ,sug> ,cultivation 9 ,l\isiana = #ahdh1' by ! ,am]ican ,pat5t ,(fice1 ! circum/ance is m5tion$1 b he says he nev] saw x himself40 #gc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #ffb4 #gd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #had4 #ge ,ibid41 #aheg1 p4 #fac4 #gf ,ibid41 #aheg1 p4 #fgi4 ,see also ,philips #8,hi/4 ( ,vegetables1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ia1 = o!r & simil> acc\nts47 #gg #8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 ,botany1 p4 #acb4 #gh ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 viii4 #ahcb1 p4 #id4 #gi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #ecf2 & #ahdb1 p4 #gbi4 #hj #8,des ,jac9!s1' etc41 ,am/]dam1 #agfh1 p4 #abb4 #ha #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle4' #ahde4 p4 #bab4 #hb ,l\don's #8,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ajbd4 #hc #8,production des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #fc4 #hd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #ghb2 #ahdb1 p4 #ee4 #he #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi4 p4 #efe4 #hf #8,transact4 ,l94 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #hg ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hd4 #hh ,m4 ,c>rire has lately describ$ 9 ! #8,revue ,horticole1' 7,dec4 #a/1 #ahff1 p4 #deg17 an extraord9>y case4 ,he twice ins]t$ grafts ( ! ,aria ve/ita on ?orn-trees 7p9es7 gr[+ 9 pots2 & ! grafts1 z !y grew1 produc$ %oots ) b>k1 buds1 leaves1 petioles1 petals1 & fl[]-/alks1 all widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,aria4 ,! graft$ %oots 7 also mu* h>di]1 & fl[]$ e>li]1 ?an ^? on ! ungraft$ ,aria4 #hi #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 #ij ,= ! cases ( oaks see ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle 9 #8,bibl4 ,univ]s41' ,g5eva1 ,nov4 #ahfb2 = limes1 etc41 ,l\don's #8,g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 xi4 #ahce1 p4 #ejc4 #ia ,= analog\s facts1 see ,braun #8,rejuv5esc5ce1' 9 #8,ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cbj2 & #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdb1 p4 #cig2 also ,braun 9 #8,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,ges4 natur=s*5d] ,freunde1' ,june1 #ahgc1 p4 #fc4 #ib #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 #ahdg1 p4 #ajj4 #ic ,see #8,transact4 ( ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe2 b ,i owe mo/ ( ! foll[+ in=mation to ,pr(4 ,casp>y's lett]s4 #id #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #adc4 #ie ,see on ?is head1 ,naud91 ibid41 p4 #ada4 #if ,braun1 9 #8,bot4 ,mem4 ,ray4 ,soc41' #ahec1 p4 #bc4 #ig ,?is hybrid has nev] be5 describ$4 ,x is exactly int]m$iate 9 foliage1 "t ( fl[]+1 d>k /ri at ! base ( ! /&>d petal1 hair9ess ( ! ov>ium1 & 9 almo/ e o!r "*1 betwe5 ,c4 laburnum & alp9us2 b x approa*es ! =m] species m ne>ly 9 col\r1 & exce$s x 9 ! l5g? ( ! racemes4 ,we h be=e se5 t #bjc p] c5t ( its poll5-gra9s are ill-=m$ & wor?less4 ,my plant1 ?\gh gr[+ n above ?irty or =ty y>ds f bo? p>5t-species1 dur+ "s seasons yield$ no good se$s2 b 9 #ahff x 0 unusually f]tile1 & its long racemes produc$ f "o to occasionally ev5 f\r pods4 ,_m ( ! pods conta9$ no good se$s1 b g5]ally !y conta9$ a s+le app>5tly good se$1 sometimes two1 & 9 "o case ?ree se$s4 ,"s ( ^! se$s g]m9at$1 & ,i rais$ two trees f !m2 "o resembles ! pres5t =m2 ! o!r has a rem>kable dw>f "* ) small leaves1 b has n yet fl[]$4 #ih #8,annales de la ,soc4 de l',hort4 de ,p>is1' tom4 vii4 #ahcj1 p4 #ic4 #ii ,an acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle' 7#aheg1 pp4 #chb1 #djj7 ( a common laburnum on :i* grafts ( ,c4 purpureus _h be5 ins]t$1 & :i* gradually assum$ ! "* ( ,c4 adami2 b ,i h little d\bt t ,c4 adami _h be5 sold to ! pur*as]1 :o 0 n a botani/1 9 ! place ( ,c4 purpureus4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ?is occurr$ 9 ano!r in/ance4 #ajj ,gallesio1 #8,gli ,agrumi dei ,gi>d4 ,bot4 ,agr>4 di4 ,fir5ze1' #ahci1 p4 #aa4 ,9 8 #8,trait du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #adf1 he speaks z if ! comp\nd fruit consi/$ 9 "p ( a lemon1 b ?is app>5tly 0 a mi/ake4 #aja #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #fbh4 ,see also ,pr(4 ,casp>y 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe4 #ajb ,grtn] 7#8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #faa7 gives _m ref]5ces on ?is subject4 #ajc ,a ne>ly simil> acc\nt 0 giv5 by ,brabley1 9 #agbd1 9 8 #8,treatise on ,husb&ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #aii4 #ajd ,morr51 #8,bull4 de l',acad4 ,r4 des ,sci5ces de ,belgique1' #b;de sries1 tom4 xxviii4 #ahfi1 p4 #dcd4 ,also ,magnus #8,gesells*aft natur=s*5d] ,freunde1 ,b]l91' ,feb4 #ba/1 #ahga1 p4 #ac2 ibid41 ,june #ba/1 #ahgj1 & ,oct4 #ag?1 #ahga4 ,also #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' ,feb4 #bd?1 #ahga4 #aje ,l\don's #8,arboretum1' vol4 iv4 p4 #beie4 #ajf #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #fai4 #ajg ,am/]dam1 #agfh1 p4 #abd4 #ajh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #fgb1 ) a woodcut4 #aji ,see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfi1 p4 #bbj4 #aaj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfi1 p4 #cce4 #aaa #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfi1 p4 #ajah1 ) rem>ks by ,dr4 ,ma/]s on ! adhesion ( ! unit$ w$ges4 ,see also ibid41 #ahgj1 pp4 #abgg1 #abhc4 #aab #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahga1 p4 #hcg4 #aac #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahgj1 p4 #aejf4 #aad #8,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,gesells*aft natur=s*5d] ,freunde zu ,b]l91' ,oct4 #ag?1 #ahga4 #aae ,ibid41 ,nov4 #ag?1 #ahgd4 ,see also excell5t rem>ks by ,h]r ,magnus4 #aaf #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #edi4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ^! plants %\ld be rank$ z species or v>ieties4 #aag ,grtn]1 ibid41 s4 #eej4 #aah #8,j\rnal de ,physique1' tom4 xxiii4 #ahgc1 p4 #ajj4 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #agha1 "p i4 p4 #bdi4 #aai #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #di4 #abj ,l',h]ms1 ,jan4 #ad?1 #ahcg1 quot$ 9 ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xiii4 p4 #bcj4 #aba #8,comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xxxiv4 #aheb1 p4 #gdf4 #abb #8,gograph4 ,bot4 de l',europe1' tom4 iii4 #ahed1 p4 #dje2 & #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #cjb4 #abc #8,trait du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #de4 #abd #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #bfh4 #abe #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,m>*1 #ahdh4 #abf #8,pomologie ,physiolog41' #ahcj1 p4 #abf4 #abg #8,philosophical ,transact41' vol4 xliii4 #agdd-de1 p4 #ebe4 #abh ,mr4 ,goss1 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #bcd3 & ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 ss4 #ha & #dii4 #abi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #djd4 #acj ,ibid41 #ahff1 p4 #ijj4 #aca ,see also a pap] by ?is obs]v] read be=e ! ,int]national ,hort4 & ,bot4 ,congress ( ,london1 #ahff4 #acb #8,trait du ,citrus1' p4 #dj4 #acc #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #cah4 ,see also vol4 v4 p4 #fe4 #acd ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 #8,proc4 ,acad4 ,sc41' ,bo/on1 vol4 iv4 #ahfj1 p4 #ba4 ,i h receiv$ /atem5ts to ! same effect f o!r p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ace ,= ! ,fr5* case see #8,j\rn4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 new s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #ej4 ,= ,g]many1 see ,m4 ,jack quot$ 9 ,h5frey's #8,botanical ,gazette1' vol4 i4 p4 #bgg4 ,a case 9 ,engl& has rec5tly be5 allud$ to by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley be=e ! ,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,london4 #acf #8,philosophical ,transactions1' vol4 xlvii4 #agea-eb1 p4 #bjf4 #acg ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' #ahaf1 p4 #ie4 #ach #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' ,may1 #ahfh1 p4 #cbf4 #aci ,see ,dr4 ,j4 ,/ockton-,h\gh1 9 #8,am]ican ,naturali/1' ,jan4 #ahgd1 p4 #bi4 #adj #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #fi4 #ada #8,bull4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 de ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' tom4 xvii4 p4 #bge1 #ahgb4 ,! au?or gives ref]5ces to ^? cases 9 ! ,solanace ( fruit affect$ by =eign poll51 b z x does n appe> t ! "m-plant 0 artificially f]tilis$1 ,i h n ent]$ into details4 #adb #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' ,sept4 #ahfh1 p4 #fca4 ,= ,maxim[icz's judgm5t1 see ! pap] la/ ref]r$ to4 #adc #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #bj?1 #ahfc1 p4 #df4 #add ,see on ?is head ! high au?ority ( ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 9 a pap] translat$ 9 #8,j\rn4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 new s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #dh4 #ade ,vol4 xliii41 #agdd-de1 p4 #ebe2 vol4 xlv41 #agdg-dh1 p4 #fjb4 #adf #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 pp4 #fe & #fh4 ,see also ,pr(4 ,hildebr&1 ) a col\r$ figure1 9 #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' ,may #ae?1 #ahfh1 p4 #cbg4 ,puvis also has collect$1 #8,de ,la ,dgnration1' #ahcg1 p4 #cf7sev]al o!r in/ances2 b x is n 9 all cases possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! direct action ( =eign poll5 & bud-v>iations4 #adg ,t4 de ,cl]mont-,tonn]re1 9 #8,mm4 de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,p>is1' tom4 iii4 #ahbe1 p4 #afd4 #adh #8,transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #fh4 #adi #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' #ahdd1 s4 #cdg-cea4 #aej #8,die ,fru*tbildung d] ,or*ide51 e9 ,beweis fr die doppelte ,wirkung des ,poll5s1' #8,botanis*e ,zeitung1' ,no4 #dd et seq41 ,oct4 #cj?1 #ahfe2 & ,aug4 #d?1 #ahfe1 s4 #bdi4 #aea #8,philos4 ,transact41' #ahba1 p4 #bj4 #aeb ,dr4 ,alex4 ,h>vey on #8,a rem>kable ,effect ( ,cross-bre$+1' #ahea4 ,on ! #8,physiology ( ,bre$+1' by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,orton1 #ahee4 #8,int]m>riage1' by ,alex4 ,walk]1 #ahcg4 #8,l',hrdit ,naturelle1' by ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 tom4 ii4 p4 #eh4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s$gwick1 9 #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review1' #ahfc1 ,july1 p4 #ahc4 ,bronn1 9 8 #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' #ahdc1 ,b4 ii4 s4 #abg1 has collect$ sev]al cases ) respect to m>es1 s[s1 & dogs4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t9 7#8,hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #ajd7 says he c p]sonally v\* = ! influ5ce ( ! male p>5t on subsequ5t litt]s by o!r dogs4 ,a ,fr5* poet1 ,jacques ,sav>y1 :o wrote 9 #affe on dogs1 0 aw>e ( ?is s+ul> fact4 ,dr4 ,b[]bank has giv5 u ! foll[+ /rik+ case3--,a black1 hairless ,b>b>y bit* 0 fir/ accid5tally impregnat$ by a mongrel spaniel ) long br[n hair1 & %e produc$ five puppies1 ?ree ( :i* 7 hairless & two cov]$ ) %ort br[n hair4 ,! next "t %e 0 put to a black1 hairless ,b>b>y dog2 8b ! mis*ief _h be5 implant$ 9 ! "m1 & aga9 ab\t half ! litt] look$ l pure ,b>b>ys1 & ! o!r half l ! %ort-hair$ prog5y ( ! fir/ fa!r40 ,i h giv5 9 ! text "o case ) pigs2 an equally /rik+ "o has be5 rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,g]many1 #8,illu/4 ,l&wir?4 ,zeitung1' #ahfh1 ,nov4 #ag?1 p4 #adc4 ,x is wor? notice t f>m]s 9 ,s4 ,brazil 7z ,i he> f ,fritz ,mll]71 & at ! ,c4 ( ,good ,hope 7z ,i h he>d f two tru/wor?y p]sons7 are conv9c$ t m>es :i* h once borne mules1 :5 subsequ5tly put to horses1 are extremely liable to produce colts1 /rip$ l a mule4 ,dr4 ,wilck5s1 ( ,pog>?1 gives 7#8,jahrbu* ,l&wir?s*aft1' ii4 #ahfi1 p4 #cbe7 a /rik+ & analog\s case4 ,a m]9o ram1 hav+ two small lappets or flaps ( sk9 on ! neck1 0 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfa-fb put to sev]al ,m]9o ewes1 all ( :om bore lambs ) simil> flaps on _! necks4 ,! ram 0 kill$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfb & subsequ5tly to 8 dea? ! ewes 7 put to o!r ,m]9o rams1 & 9 #ahfc to ,s\?d[n rams1 none ( :om ev] h neck lappets3 nev]!less1 ev5 z long aft]w>ds z #ahfg1 sev]al ( ^! ewes produc$ lambs be>+ ^! app5dages4 #aec #8,le ,pigeon ,voyageur ,belge1' #ahfe1 p4 #ei4 #aed ,x may be wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! sev]al means by :i* fl[]s & fruit become /rip$ or mottl$4 ,fir/ly1 by ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( ano!r v>iety or species1 z 9 ! cases giv5 ( oranges & maize4 ,secondly1 9 crosses ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 :5 ! col\rs ( ! two p>5ts d n readily unite1 z ) ,mirabilis & ,dian?us4 ,?irdly1 9 cross$ plants ( a subsequ5t g5]ation by rev]sion1 ?r\gh ei!r bud or sem9al g5]ation4 ,f\r?ly1 by rev]sion to a "* n orig9ally ga9$ by a cross1 b :i* _h long be5 lo/1 z ) :ite-fl[]$ v>ieties1 :i* we %all h]eaft] see (t5 become /rip$ ) "s o!r col\r4 ,la/ly1 !re are cases1 z :5 pea*es are produc$ ) a half or qu>t] ( ! fruit l a nect>9e1 9 :i* ! *ange is app>5tly due to m]e v>iation1 ?r\gh ei!r bud or sem9al g5]ation4 #aee #8,production des ,v>its1' p4 #cg4 #aef #8,flora ,anomala1' p4 #afd4 #aeg #8,s*rift5 d] physis*-okon4 ,gesell4 zu ,knigsb]g1' ,b4 vi4 ,feb4 #crd1 #ahfe1 s4 #d4 #aeh #8,production des ,v>its1' pp4 #eh1 #gj4 #aei ,c>rire1 #8,production des ,v>its1' p4 #ci4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,inh]itance4 ,,wond]ful ,,nature ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,p$igrees ,,( ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals--,,inh]itance ,,n ,,due ,,to ,,*ance--,,trifl+ ,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$--,,diseases ,,inh]it$--,,peculi>ities ,,9 ,,! ,,eye ,,inh]it$--,,diseases ,,9 ,,! ,,horse--,,longevity ,,& ,,vig\r--,,asymmetrical ,,deviations ,,( ,,/ructure--,,polydactylism ,,& ,,regr[? ,,( ,,sup]num]>y ,,digits ,,aft] ,,amputation--,,cases ,,( ,,sev]al ,,*ildr5 ,,simil>ly ,,affect$ ,,f ,,non-,,affect$ ,,p>5ts--,,weak ,,& ,,fluctuat+ ,,inh]itance3 ,,9 ,,weep+ ,,trees1 ,,9 ,,dw>fness1 ,,col\r ,,( ,,fruit ,,& ,,fl[]s--,,col\r ,,( ,,horses--,,non-,,inh]itance ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,cases--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,/ructure ,,& ,,habits ,,ov]borne ,,by ,,ho/ile ,,conditions ,,( ,,life1 ,,by ,,incessantly ,,recurr+ ,,v>iability1 ,,& ,,by ,,rev]sion--,,conclusion4 ,! subject ( inh]itance is an imm5se "o1 & has be5 treat$ by _m au?ors4 ,"o "w alone1 #8,de l',hrdit ,naturelle' by ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 runs to ! l5g? ( #aefb pages4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves to c]ta9 po9ts :i* h an important be>+ on ! g5]al subject ( v>iation1 bo? ) dome/ic & natural productions4 ,x is obvi\s t a v>iation :i* is n inh]it$ ?r[s no light on ! d]ivation ( species1 nor is ( any s]vice to man1 except 9 ! case ( p]5nial plants1 :i* c be propagat$ by buds4 ,if animals & plants _h nev] be5 dome/icat$1 & wild ones alone _h be5 obs]v$1 we %\ld probably nev] h he>d ! say+1 t 8l begets l40 ,! proposition w\ld h be5 z self-evid5t z t all ! buds on ! same tree are alike1 ?\gh nei!r proposition is /rictly true4 ,=1 z has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 probably no two individuals are id5tically ! same4 ,all wild animals recognise ea* o!r1 :i* %[s t !re is "s diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & :5 ! eye is well practis$1 ! %eph]d kn[s ea* %eep1 & man c di/+ui% a fell[-man out ( millions on millions ( o!r m54 ,"s au?ors h gone s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! production ( slight diff]5ces is z mu* a necess>y function ( ! p[]s ( g5]ation1 z ! production ( (fspr+ l _! p>5ts4 ,?is view1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 is n !oretically probable1 ?\gh practically x holds good4 ,! say+ t 8l begets l0 has1 9 fact1 aris5 f ! p]fect confid5ce felt by bre$]s1 t a sup]ior or inf]ior animal w g5]ally reproduce its k9d2 b ?is v sup]iority or inf]iority %[s t ! individual 9 "q has dep>t$ slightly f its type4 ,! :ole subject ( inh]itance is wond]ful4 ,:5 a new "* arises1 :atev] its nature may be1 x g5]ally t5ds to be inh]it$1 at lea/ 9 a tempor>y & sometimes 9 a mo/ p]si/5t mann]4 ,:at c be m wond]ful ?an t "s trifl+ peculi>ity1 n primordially atta*$ to ! species1 %\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! male or female sexual cells1 :i* are s m9ute z n to be visible to ! nak$ eye1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh ! incessant *anges ( a long c\rse ( developm5t1 und]gone ei!r 9 ! womb or 9 ! egg1 & ultimately appe> 9 ! (fspr+ :5 mature1 or ev5 :5 q old1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 diseases8 ,or aga91 :at c be m wond]ful ?an ! well-asc]ta9$ fact t ! m9ute ovule ( a good milk+ c[ w produce a male1 f :om a cell1 9 union ) an ovule1 w produce a female1 & %e1 :5 mature1 w h l>ge mamm>y gl&s1 yield+ an abundant supply ( milk1 & ev5 milk ( a p>ticul> quality8 ,nev]!less1 ! real subject ( surprise is1 z ,sir ,h4 ,holl& has well rem>k$1#a n t a "* %\ld be inh]it$1 b t any %\ld ev] fail to be inh]it$4 ,9 a future *apt]1 devot$ to an hypo!sis :i* ,i h t]m$ pang5esis1 an attempt w be made to %[ ! means by :i* *>act]s ( all k9ds are transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,"s writ]s1#b :o h n att5d$ to natural hi/ory1 h attempt$ to %[ t ! =ce ( inh]itance has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,! bre$]s ( animals w\ld smile at su* simplicity2 & if !y condesc5d$ to make any answ]1 might ask :at w\ld be ! *ance ( w9n+ a prize if two inf]ior animals 7 pair$ toge!r8 ,!y might ask :e!r ! half-wild ,arabs 7 l$ by !oretical notions to keep p$igrees ( _! horses8 ,:y h p$igrees be5 scrupul\sly kept & publi%$ ( ! ,%or?orn cattle1 & m rec5tly ( ! ,h]e=d bre$8 ,is x an illusion t ^! rec5tly improv$ animals safely transmit _! excell5t qualities ev5 :5 cross$ ) o!r bre$s8 h ! ,%or?orns1 )\t good reason1 be5 pur*as$ at imm5se prices & export$ to almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe1 a ?\s& gu9eas hav+ be5 giv5 = a bull8 ,) greyh\nds p$igrees h likewise be5 kept1 & ! names ( su* dogs1 z ,sn[ball1 ,major1 etc41 are z well kn[n to c\rs]s z ^? ( ,eclipse & ,h]od on ! turf4 ,ev5 ) ! ,gamecock1 p$igrees ( fam\s /ra9s 7 =m]ly kept1 & ext5d$ back = a c5tury4 ,) pigs1 ! ,york%ire & ,cumb]l& bre$]s 8pres]ve & pr9t p$igrees20 & to %[ h[ su* highly-br$ animals are valu$1 ,i may m5tion t ,mr4 ,br[n1 :o won all ! fir/ prizes = small bre$s at ,birm+ham 9 #ahej1 sold a "y s[ & bo> ( 8 bre$ to ,"l ,ducie = #dc gu9eas2 ! s[ alone 0 aft]w>ds sold to ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,?ursby = #fe gu9eas2 :o writes1 8,%e paid me v well1 hav+ sold h] produce = #cjj p\nds1 & hav+ n[ f\r bre$+ s[s f h]40#c ,h>d ca% paid d[n1 ov] & ov] aga91 is an excell5t te/ ( inh]it$ sup]iority4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole art ( bre$+1 f :i* su* great results h be5 atta9$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 dep5ds on ! inh]itance ( ea* small detail ( /ructure4 ,b inh]itance is n c]ta92 = if x 71 ! bre$]'s art#d w\ld be r$uc$ to a c]ta9ty1 & !re w\ld be little scope left = t wond]ful skill & p]sev]ance %[n by ! m5 :o h left an endur+ monum5t ( _! success 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our dome/icat$ animals4 ,x is h>dly possible1 )9 a mod]ate compass1 to impress on ! m9d ( ^? :o h n att5d$ to ! subject1 ! full conviction ( ! =ce ( inh]itance :i* is sl[ly acquir$ by re>+ animals1 by /udy+ ! _m treatises :i* h be5 publi%$ on ! v>i\s dome/ic animals1 & by conv]s+ ) bre$]s4 ,i w select a few facts ( ! k9d1 :i*1 z f> z ,i c judge1 h mo/ influ5c$ my own m9d4 ,) man & ! dome/ic animals1 c]ta9 peculi>ities h appe>$ 9 an individual1 at r>e int]vals1 or only once or twice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 b h reappe>$ 9 sev]al ( ! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr54 ,?us ,lamb]t1 8! porcup9e-man10 ^: sk9 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) w>ty projections1 :i* 7 p]iodically m\lt$1 _h all 8 six *ildr5 & two gr&sons simil>ly affect$4#e ,! face & body be+ cov]$ ) long hair1 accompani$ by defici5t tee? 7to :i* ,i %all h]eaft] ref]71 occurr$ 9 ?ree successive g5]ations 9 a ,siamese family2 b ?is case is n unique1 z a woman#f ) a completely hairy face :o 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london 9 #affc1 & ano!r in/ance has rec5tly occurr$4 ,colonel ,hallam#g has describ$ a race ( two-legg$ pigs1 8! h9d] extremities be+ entirely want+20 & ?is defici5cy 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations4 ,9 fact1 all races pres5t+ any rem>kable peculi>ity1 su* z solid-ho($ sw9e1 ,mau*amp %eep1 niata cattle1 etc41 are in/ances ( ! long-cont9u$ inh]itance ( r>e deviations ( /ructure4 ,:5 we reflect t c]ta9 extraord9>y peculi>ities h ?us appe>$ 9 a s+le individual out ( _m millions1 all expos$ 9 ! same c\ntry to ! same g5]al conditions ( life1 &1 aga91 t ! same extraord9>y peculi>ity has sometimes appe>$ 9 individuals liv+ "u widely diff]5t conditions ( life1 we are driv5 to conclude t su* peculi>ities are n directly due to ! action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions1 b to unkn[n laws act+ on ! organisation or con/itution ( ! individual2--t _! production /&s 9 h>dly clos] relation to ! conditions ( life ?an does life itself4 ,if ?is be s1 & ! occurr5ce ( ! same unusual "* 9 ! *ild & p>5t _c be attribut$ to bo? hav+ be5 expos$ to ! same unusual conditions1 !n ! foll[+ problem is wor? consid]ation1 z %[+ t ! result _c be due1 z "s au?ors h suppos$1 to m]e co9cid5ce1 b mu/ be consequ5t on ! memb]s ( ! same family inh]it+ some?+ 9 common 9 _! con/itution4 ,let x be assum$ t1 9 a l>ge population1 a p>ticul> affection occurs on an av]age 9 "o out ( a million1 s t ! priori *ance t an individual tak5 at r&om w be s affect$ is only "o 9 a million4 ,let ! population consi/ ( sixty millions1 compos$1 we w assume1 ( t5 million families1 ea* conta9+ six memb]s4 ,on ^! data1 ,pr(essor ,/okes has calculat$ = me t ! odds w be no less ?an #hccc millions to #a t 9 ! t5 million families !re w n be ev5 a s+le family 9 :i* "o p>5t & two *ildr5 w be affect$ by ! peculi>ity 9 "q4 ,b num]\s in/ances c\ld be giv51 9 :i* sev]al *ildr5 h be5 affect$ by ! same r>e peculi>ity ) "o ( _! p>5ts2 & 9 ?is case1 m especially if ! gr&*ildr5 be includ$ 9 ! calculation1 ! odds aga9/ m]e co9cid5ce become some?+ prodigi\s1 almo/ beyond enum]ation4 ,9 "s respects ! evid5ce ( inh]itance is m /rik+ :5 we consid] ! reappe>ance ( trifl+ peculi>ities4 ,dr4 ,hodgk9 =m]ly told me ( an ,engli% family 9 :i*1 = _m g5]ations1 "s memb]s _h a s+le lock diff]5tly col\r$ f ! re/ ( ! hair4 ,i knew an ,iri% g5tleman1 :o1 on ! "r side ( 8 head1 _h a small :ite lock 9 ! mid/ ( 8 d>k hair3 he assur$ me t 8 gr&mo!r _h a simil> lock on ! same side1 & 8 "m on ! opposite side4 ,b x is sup]flu\s to give in/ances2 e %ade ( expression1 :i* may (t5 be se5 alike 9 p>5ts & *ildr51 tells ! same /ory4 ,on :at a curi\s comb9ation ( corporeal /ructure1 m5tal "*1 & tra9+1 h&writ+ dep5ds6 yet e "o mu/ h not$ ! occasional close simil>ity ( ! h&writ+ 9 fa!r & son1 al?\gh ! fa!r _h n taught 8 son4 ,a great collector ( autographs assur$ me t 9 8 collection !re 7 sev]al signatures ( fa!r & son h>dly di/+ui%able except by _! dates4 ,h(ack]1 9 ,g]many1 rem>ks on ! inh]itance ( h&writ+2 & x has ev5 be5 ass]t$ t ,engli% boys :5 taught to write 9 ,france naturally cl+ to _! ,engli% mann] ( writ+2 b = s extraord9>y a /atem5t m evid5ce is requisite4#h ,gait1 ge/ures1 voice1 & g5]al be>+ are all inh]it$1 z ! illu/ri\s ,hunt] & ,sir ,a4 ,c>lisle h insi/$4#i ,my fa!r communicat$ to me "s /rik+ in/ances1 9 "o ( :i* a man di$ dur+ ! e>ly infancy ( 8 son1 & my fa!r1 :o did n see ?is son until gr[n up & out ( heal?1 decl>$ t x seem$ to him z if 8 old fri5d _h ris5 f ! grave1 ) all 8 highly peculi> habits & mann]s4 ,peculi> mann]s pass into tricks1 & sev]al in/ances c\ld be giv5 ( _! inh]itance2 z 9 ! case1 (t5 quot$1 ( ! fa!r :o g5]ally slept on 8 back1 ) 8 "r leg cross$ ov] ! left1 & ^: daught]1 :il/ an infant 9 ! cradle1 foll[$ exactly ! same habit1 ?\gh an attempt 0 made to cure h]4#aj ,i w give "o in/ance :i* has fall5 "u my own obs]vation1 & :i* is curi\s f be+ a trick associat$ ) a peculi> /ate ( m9d1 namely1 pleasureable emotion4 ,a boy _h ! s+ul> habit1 :5 pleas$1 ( rapidly mov+ 8 f+]s p>allel to ea* o!r1 &1 :5 mu* excit$1 ( rais+ bo? h&s1 ) ! f+]s /ill mov+1 to ! sides ( 8 face on a level ) ! eyes2 :5 ?is boy 0 almo/ an old man1 he c\ld /ill h>dly resi/ ?is trick :5 mu* pleas$1 b f its absurdity conceal$ x4 ,he _h eight *ildr54 ,( ^!1 a girl1 :5 pleas$1 at ! age ( f\r & a half ye>s1 mov$ h] f+]s 9 exactly ! same way1 & :at is /ill odd]1 :5 mu* excit$1 %e rais$ bo? h] h&s1 ) h] f+]s /ill mov+1 to ! sides ( h] face1 9 exactly ! same mann] z h] fa!r _h done1 & sometimes ev5 /ill cont9u$ to d s :5 alone4 ,i nev] he>d ( any "o1 except+ ?is "o man & 8 little daught]1 :o _h ?is /range habit2 & c]ta9ly imitation 0 9 ?is in/ance out ( ! "q4 ,"s writ]s h d\bt$ :e!r ^? complex m5tal attributes1 on :i* g5ius & tal5t dep5d1 are inh]it$1 ev5 :5 bo? p>5ts are ?us end[$4 ,b he :o w /udy ,mr4 ,galton's able "w on #8,h]$it>y ,g5ius' w h its d\bts allay$4 ,un=tunately x matt]s n1 z f> z inh]itance is conc]n$1 h[ injuri\s a quality or /ructure may be if compatible ) life4 ,no "o c read ! _m treatises#aa on h]$it>y disease & d\bt ?is4 ,! anci5ts 7 /rongly ( ?is op9ion1 or1 z ,ran*9 expresses x1 ,omnes ,grci1 ,arabes1 et ,lat9i 9 eo cons5tiunt4 ,a long catalogue c\ld be giv5 ( all sorts ( inh]it$ mal=mations & ( pr$isposition to v>i\s diseases4 ,) g\t1 fifty p] c5t ( ! cases obs]v$ 9 hospital practice are1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,g>rod1 inh]it$1 & a great] p]c5tage 9 private practice4 ,e "o kn[s h[ (t5 insanity runs 9 families1 & "s ( ! cases giv5 by ,mr4 ,s$gwick are awful1--z ( a surgeon1 ^: bro!r1 fa!r1 & f\r pat]nal uncles 7 all insane1 ! latt] dy+ by suicide2 ( a ,jew1 ^: fa!r1 "m1 & six bro!rs & si/]s 7 all mad2 & 9 "s o!r cases sev]al memb]s ( ! same family1 dur+ ?ree or f\r successive g5]ations1 h committ$ suicide4 ,/rik+ in/ances h be5 record$ ( epilepsy1 consumption1 a/hma1 /one 9 ! bladd]1 canc]1 pr(use ble$+ f ! slighte/ injuries1 ( ! "m n giv+ milk1 & ( bad p>turition be+ inh]it$4 ,9 ?is latt] respect ,i may m5tion an odd case giv5 by a good obs]v]1#ab 9 :i* ! fault lay 9 ! (fspr+1 & n 9 ! "m3 9 a "p ( ,york%ire ! f>m]s cont9u$ to select cattle ) l>ge h9d-qu>t]s1 until !y made a /ra9 call$ 8,dut*-buttock$10 & 8! mon/r\s size ( ! buttocks ( ! calf 0 frequ5tly fatal to ! c[1 & numb]s ( c[s 7 annually lo/ 9 calv+40 ,in/ead ( giv+ num]\s details on v>i\s inh]it$ mal=mations & diseases1 ,i w conf9e myself to "o organ1 t :i* is ! mo/ complex1 delicate1 & probably be/-kn[n 9 ! human frame1 namely1 ! eye1 ) its accessory p>ts4#ac ,to beg9 ) ! latt]3 ,i h receiv$ an acc\nt ( a family 9 :i* "o p>5t & ! *ildr5 are affect$ by droop+ eyelids1 9 s peculi> a mann]1 t !y _c see )\t ?r[+ _! heads backw>ds4 ,mr4 ,wade1 ( ,wakefield1 has giv5 me an analog\s case ( a man :o _h n 8 eyelids ?us affect$ at bir?1 nor ow$ _! /ate1 z f> z 0 kn[n1 to inh]itance1 b !y began to droop :il/ he 0 an infant aft] suff]+ f fits1 & he has transmitt$ ! affection to two out ( 8 ?ree *ildr51 z 0 evid5t 9 ! photographs ( ! :ole family s5t to me toge!r ) ?is acc\nt4 ,sir ,a4 ,c>lisle#ad specifies a p5dul\s fold to ! eyelids1 z inh]it$4 8,9 a family10 says ,sir ,h4 ,holl&1#ae 8:]e ! fa!r _h a s+ul> elongation ( ! upp] eyelid1 sev5 or eight *ildr5 7 born ) ! same de=mity2 two or ?ree o!r *ildr5 hav+ x n40 ,_m p]sons1 z ,i he> f ,sir ,j4 ,paget1 h two or ?ree hairs 9 _! eyebr[s mu* long] ?an ! o!rs2 & ev5 s trifl+ a peculi>ity z ?is c]ta9ly runs 9 families4 ,) respect to ! eye itself1 ! highe/ au?ority 9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,b[man1 has be5 s k9d z to give me ! foll[+ rem>ks on c]ta9 inh]it$ imp]fections4 ,fir/1 hyp]metropia1 or morbidly long sight3 9 ?is affection1 ! organ1 in/ead ( be+ sph]ical1 is too flat f front to back1 & is (t5 altoge!r too small1 s t ! ret9a is br\ght too =w>d = ! focus ( ! hum\rs2 consequ5tly a convex glass is requir$ = cle> vision ( ne> objects1 & frequ5tly ev5 ( di/ant ones4 ,?is /ate occurs cong5itally1 or at a v e>ly age1 (t5 9 sev]al *ildr5 ( ! same family1 :]e "o ( ! p>5ts has pres5t$ x4#af ,secondly1 myopia1 or %ort-sight1 9 :i* ! eye is egg-%ap$ & too long f front to back2 ! ret9a 9 ?is case lies beh9d ! focus1 & is !re=e fitt$ to see di/9ctly only v ne> objects4 ,?is condition is n commonly cong5ital1 b comes on 9 y\?1 ! liability to x be+ well kn[n to be transmissible f p>5t to *ild4 ,! *ange f ! sph]ical to ! ovoidal %ape seems ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( some?+ l inflammation ( ! coats1 "u :i* !y yield1 & !re is gr\nd = believ+ t x may (t5 orig9ate 9 causes act+ on ! individual affect$1#ag & may !nce=w>d become transmissible4 ,:5 bo? p>5ts are myopic ,mr4 ,b[man has obs]v$ ! h]$it>y t5d5cy 9 ?is direction to be height5$1 & "s ( ! *ildr5 to be myopic at an e>li] age or 9 a high] degree ?an _! p>5ts4 ,?irdly1 squ9t+ is a famili> example ( h]$it>y transmission3 x is frequ5tly a result ( su* optical defects z h be5 above m5tion$2 b ! m prim>y & uncomplicat$ =ms ( x are also sometimes 9 a m>k$ degree transmitt$ 9 a family4 ,f\r?ly1 ,cat>act1 or opacity ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 is commonly obs]v$ 9 p]sons ^: p>5ts h be5 simil>ly affect$1 & (t5 at an e>li] age 9 ! *ildr5 ?an 9 ! p>5ts4 ,occasionally m ?an "o *ild 9 a family is ?us afflict$1 "o ( ^: p>5ts or o!r relations1 pres5ts ! s5ile =m ( ! compla9t4 ,:5 cat>act affects sev]al memb]s ( a family 9 ! same g5]ation1 x is (t5 se5 to comm5ce at ab\t ! same age 9 ea*3 e4g41 9 "o family sev]al infants or "y p]sons may suff] f x2 9 ano!r1 sev]al p]sons ( middle age4 ,mr4 ,b[man also in=ms me t he has occasionally se51 9 sev]al memb]s ( ! same family1 v>i\s defects 9 ei!r ! "r or left eye2 & ,mr4 ,:ite ,coop] has (t5 se5 peculi>ities ( vision conf9$ to "o eye reappe>+ 9 ! same eye 9 ! (fspr+4#ah ,! foll[+ cases are tak5 f an able pap] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,s$gwick1 & f ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas4#ai ,amaurosis1 ei!r cong5ital or com+ on late 9 life1 & caus+ total bl9dness1 is (t5 inh]it$2 x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ?ree successive g5]ations4 ,cong5ital abs5ce ( ! iris has likewise be5 transmitt$ = ?ree g5]ations1 a cleft-iris = f\r g5]ations1 be+ limit$ 9 ?is latt] case to ! males ( ! family4 ,opacity ( ! cornea & cong5ital smallness ( ! eyes h be5 inh]it$4 ,portal records a curi\s case1 9 :i* a fa!r & two sons 7 r5d]$ bl9d1 :5ev] ! head 0 b5t d[nw>ds1 app>5tly ow+ to ! cry/all9e l5s1 ) its capsule1 slipp+ ?r\gh an unusually l>ge pupil into ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! eye4 ,day-bl9dness1 or imp]fect vision "u a bright light1 is inh]it$1 z is night-bl9dness1 or an incapacity to see except "u a /rong light3 a case has be5 record$1 by ,m4 ,cuni]1 ( ?is latt] defect hav+ affect$ eighty-five memb]s ( ! same family dur+ six g5]ations4 ,! s+ul> incapacity ( di/+ui%+ col\rs1 :i* has be5 call$ ,daltonism1 is notori\sly h]$it>y1 & has be5 trac$ ?r\gh five g5]ations1 9 :i* x 0 conf9$ to ! female sex4 ,) respect to ! col\r ( ! iris3 defici5cy ( col\r+ matt] is well kn[n to be h]$it>y 9 alb9oes4 ,! iris ( "o eye be+ ( diff]5t col\r f t ( ! o!r1 & ! iris be+ spott$1 are cases :i* h be5 inh]it$4 ,mr4 ,s$gwick gives1 9 addition1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,osborne1#bj ! foll[+ curi\s in/ance ( /rong inh]itance3 a family ( sixte5 sons & five daught]s all _h eyes 8resembl+ 9 m9iature ! m>k+s on ! back ( a tortoise%ell cat40 ,! "m ( ?is l>ge family _h ?ree si/]s & a bro!r all simil>ly m>k$1 & !y d]iv$ ?is peculi>ity f _! "m1 :o belong$ to a family notori\s = transmitt+ x to _! po/]ity4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,lucas emphatically rem>ks t !re is n "o s+le faculty ( ! eye :i* is n subject to anomalies2 & n "o :i* is n subject$ to ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance4 ,mr4 ,b[man agrees ) ! g5]al tru? ( ?is proposition2 :i* ( c\rse does n imply t all mal=mations are necess>ily inh]it$2 ?is w\ld n ev5 foll[ if bo? p>5ts 7 affect$ by an anomaly :i* 9 mo/ cases 0 transmissible4 ,ev5 if no s+le fact _h be5 kn[n ) respect to ! inh]itance ( disease & mal=mations by man1 ! evid5ce w\ld h be5 ample 9 ! case ( ! horse4 ,& ?is might h be5 expect$1 z horses bre$ mu* quick] ?an man1 are mat*$ ) c>e1 & are highly valu$4 ,i h consult$ _m works1 & ! unanimity ( ! belief by vet]9>ies ( all nations 9 ! transmission ( v>i\s morbid t5d5cies is surpris+4 ,au?ors :o h _h wide exp]i5ce give 9 detail _m s+ul> cases1 & ass]t t contract$ feet1 ) ! num]\s cont+5t evils1 ( r+-bones1 curbs1 spl9ts1 spav91 f\nd] & weakness ( ! front legs1 ro>+ or brok5 & ?ick w9d1 melanosis1 specific oph?almia1 & bl9dness 7! great ,fr5* vet]9>y ,huz>d go+ s f> z to say t a bl9d race c\ld soon be =m$71 crib-bit+1 jibb+ & ill-temp]1 are all pla9ly h]$it>y4 ,y\att sums up by say+ 8!re is sc>cely a malady to :i* ! horse is subject :i* is n h]$it>y20 & ,m4 ,b]n>d adds t ! doctr9e 8t !re is sc>cely a disease :i* does n run 9 ! /ock1 is ga9+ new advocates e day40#ba ,s x is 9 reg>d to cattle1 ) consumption1 good & bad tee?1 f9e sk91 etc4 etc4 ,b en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 has be5 said on disease4 ,&rew ,knight1 f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ass]ts t disease is h]$it>y ) plants2 & ?is ass]tion is endors$ by ,l9dley4#bb ,see+ h[ h]$it>y evil qualities are1 x is =tunate t good heal?1 vig\r1 & longevity are equally inh]it$4 ,x 0 =m]ly a well-kn[n practice1 :5 annuities 7 pur*as$ to be receiv$ dur+ ! life-"t ( a nom9ee1 to se>* out a p]son belong+ to a family ( :i* _m memb]s _h liv$ to extreme old age4 ,z to ! inh]itance ( vig\r & endurance1 ! ,engli% race-horse (f]s an excell5t in/ance4 ,eclipse begot #ccd1 & ,k+ ,h]od #dig w9n]s4 ,a 8cock-tail0 is a horse n purely br$1 b ) only "o-eigh?1 or "o-sixte5? impure blood 9 8 ve9s1 yet v few in/ances h ev] occurr$ ( su* horses hav+ won a great race4 ,!y are sometimes z fleet = %ort di/ances z ?or\ghbr$s1 b z ,mr4 ,robson1 ! great tra9]1 ass]ts1 !y are defici5t 9 w9d1 & _c keep up ! pace4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce also rem>ks1 8p]haps no in/ance has ev] occurr$ ( a ?ree-"p-br$ horse sav+ 8 #8di/ance' 9 runn+ two miles ) ?or\ghbr$ rac]s40 ,x has be5 /at$ by ,cecil1 t :5 unkn[n horses1 ^: p>5ts 7 n celebrat$1 h unexpect$ly won great races1 z 9 ! case ( ,priam1 !y c always be prov$ to be desc5d$1 on bo? sides1 ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 f fir/-rate ance/ors4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 ,b>on ,cam]onn *all5ges1 9 a ,g]man vet]9>y p]iodical1 ! oppon5ts ( ! ,engli% race-horse to "n "o good horse on ! ,cont95t1 :i* has n "s ,engli% race-blood 9 8 ve9s4#bc ,) respect to ! transmission ( ! _m slight1 b inf9itely div]sifi$ *>act]s1 by :i* ! dome/ic races ( animals & plants are di/+ui%$1 no?+ ne$ be said2 = ! v exi/5ce ( p]si/5t races proclaims ! p[] ( inh]itance4 ,a few special cases1 h[ev]1 des]ve "s consid]ation4 ,x might h be5 anticipat$1 t deviations f ! law ( symmetry w\ld n h be5 inh]it$4 ,b ,&]son#bd /ates t a rabbit produc$ 9 a litt] a "y animal hav+ only "o e>2 & f ?is animal a bre$ 0 =m$ :i* /eadily produc$ "o-e>$ rabbits4 ,he also m5tions a bit* ) a s+le leg defici5t1 & %e produc$ sev]al puppies ) ! same defici5cy4 ,f ,h(ack]'s acc\nt1#be x appe>s t a "o-horn$ /ag 0 se5 9 #agha 9 a =e/ 9 ,g]many1 9 #aghh two1 & aft]w>ds1 f ye> to ye>1 _m 7 obs]v$ ) only "o horn on ! "r side ( ! head4 ,a c[ lo/ a horn by suppuration1#bf & %e produc$ ?ree calves :i* _h on ! same side ( ! head1 in/ead ( a horn1 a small bony lump atta*$ m]ely to ! sk92 b we "h encroa* on ! subject ( inh]it$ mutilations4 ,a man :o is left-h&$1 & a %ell 9 :i* ! spire turns 9 ! wrong directions1 are dep>tures f ! normal asymmetrical condition1 & !y are well-kn[n to be inh]it$4 ,polydactylism4--,sup]num]>y f+]s & toes are em95tly liable1 z v>i\s au?ors h insi/$1 to be inh]it$4 ,polydactylism graduates#bg by multif>i\s /eps f a m]e cutane\s app5dage1 n includ+ any bone1 to a d\ble h&4 ,b an additional digit1 support$ on a metac>pal bone1 & furni%$ ) all ! prop] muscles1 n]ves1 & vessels1 is sometimes s p]fect1 t x escapes detection1 unless ! f+]s are actually c\nt$4 ,occasionally !re are sev]al sup]num]>y digits2 b usually only "o1 mak+ ! total numb] six4 ,?is "o may be atta*$ to ! inn] or out] m>g9 ( ! h&1 repres5t+ ei!r a ?umb or little f+]1 ! latt] be+ ! m frequ5t4 ,g5]ally1 ?r\gh ! law ( correlation1 bo? h&s & bo? feet are simil>ly affect$4 ,dr4 ,burt ,wild] has tabulat$#bh a l>ge numb] ( cases1 & f9ds t sup]num]>y digits are m common on ! h&s ?an on ! feet1 & t m5 are affect$ (t5] ?an wom54 ,bo? ^! facts c be expla9$ on two pr9ciples :i* seem g5]ally to hold good2 fir/ly1 t ( two p>ts1 ! m specialis$ "o is ! m v>iable1 & ! arm is m highly specialis$ ?an ! leg2 & secondly t male animals are m v>iable ?an females4 ,! pres5ce ( a great] numb] ( digits ?an five is a great anomaly1 = ?is numb] is n normally exce$$ by any exi/+ mammal1 bird1 or reptile4 ,nev]!less1 sup]num]>y digits are /rongly inh]it$2 !y h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh five g5]ations2 & 9 "s cases1 aft] disappe>+ = "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree g5]ations1 h reappe>$ ?r\gh rev]sion4 ,^! facts are r5d]$1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley has obs]v$1 m rem>kable f its be+ kn[n 9 mo/ cases t ! affect$ p]son has n m>ri$ "o simil>ly affect$4 ,9 su* cases ! *ild ( ! fif? g5]ation w\ld h only #a-cbnd "p ( ! blood ( 8 fir/ s$igitat$ ance/or4 ,o!r cases are r5d]$ rem>kable by ! affection ga!r+ =ce1 z ,dr4 ,/ru!rs has %[n1 9 ea* g5]ation1 ?\gh 9 ea* ! affect$ p]son m>ri$ "o n affect$2 moreov]1 su* additional digits are (t5 amputat$ soon aft] bir?1 & c seldom h be5 /r5g!n$ by use4 ,dr4 ,/ru!rs gives ! foll[+ in/ance3 9 ! fir/ g5]ation an additional digit appe>$ on "o h&2 9 ! second1 on bo? h&s2 9 ! ?ird1 ?ree bro!rs _h bo? h&s1 & "o ( ! bro!rs a foot affect$2 & 9 ! f\r? g5]ation all f\r limbs 7 affect$4 ,yet we mu/ n ov]-e/imate ! =ce ( inh]itance4 ,dr4 ,/ru!rs ass]ts t cases ( non-inh]itance & ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( additional digits 9 unaffect$ families are mu* m frequ5t ?an cases ( inh]itance4 ,_m o!r deviations ( /ructure1 ( a nature almo/ z anomal\s z sup]num]>y digits1 su* z defici5t phalanges1#bi ?ick5$ jo9ts1 crook$ f+]s1 etc41 are1 9 l mann]1 /rongly inh]it$1 & are equally subject to int]mission1 toge!r ) rev]sion1 ?\gh 9 su* cases !re is no reason to suppose t bo? p>5ts _h be5 simil>ly affect$4#cj ,additional digits h be5 obs]v$ 9 negroes z well z 9 o!r races ( man1 & 9 sev]al ( ! l[] animals1 & h be5 inh]it$4 ,six toes h be5 describ$ on ! h9d feet ( ! newt 7,salam&ra cri/ata71 & are said to h occurr$ ) ! frog4 ,x des]ves notice1 t ! six-to$ newt1 ?\gh adult1 pres]v$ "s ( its l>val *>act]s2 = "p ( ! hyoidal app>atus1 :i* is prop]ly absorb$ dur+ ! act ( metamorphosis1 0 reta9$4 ,x is also rem>kable t 9 ! case ( man v>i\s /ructures 9 an embryonic or arre/$ /ate ( developm5t1 su* z a cleft-palate1 bifid ut]us1 etc41 are (t5 accompani$ by polydactylism4#ca ,six toes on ! h9d] feet are kn[n to h be5 inh]it$ = ?ree g5]ations ( cats4 ,9 sev]al bre$s ( ! f[l ! h9d] toe is d\ble1 & is g5]ally transmitt$ truly1 z is well %[n :5 ,dork+s are cross$ ) common f\r-to$ bre$s4#cb ,) animals :i* h prop]ly less ?an five digits1 ! numb] is sometimes increas$ to five1 especially on ! front legs1 ?\gh r>ely c>ri$ beyond t numb]2 b ?is is due to ! developm5t ( a digit already exi/+ 9 a m or less rudim5t>y /ate4 ,?us1 ! dog has prop]ly f\r toes beh9d1 b 9 ! l>g] bre$s a fif? toe is commonly1 ?\gh n p]fectly1 develop$4 ,horses1 :i* prop]ly h "o toe alone fully develop$ ) rudim5ts ( ! o!rs1 h be5 describ$ ) ea* foot be>+ two or ?ree small sep>ate ho(s3 analog\s facts h be5 notic$ ) c[s1 %eep1 goats1 & pigs4#cc ,!re is a fam\s case describ$ by ,mr4 ,:ite ( a *ild1 ?ree ye>s old1 ) a ?umb d\ble f ! fir/ jo9t4 ,he remov$ ! less] ?umb1 :i* 0 furni%$ ) a nail2 b to 8 a/oni%m5t x grew aga9 & reproduc$ a nail4 ,! *ild 0 !n tak5 to an em95t ,london surgeon1 & ! newly-gr[n ?umb 0 remov$ by its socket-jo9t1 b aga9 x grew & reproduc$ a nail4 ,dr4 ,/ru!rs m5tions a case ( ! p>tial regr[? ( an additional ?umb1 amputat$ :5 a *ild 0 ?ree mon?s old2 & ! late ,dr4 ,falcon] communicat$ to me an analog\s in/ance4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( ?is "w ,i also gave a case ( ! regr[? ( a sup]num]>y little-f+] aft] amputation2 b hav+ be5 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,ba*mai] t sev]al em95t surgeons express$1 at a meet+ ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,muni*1 great d\bt ab\t my /atem5ts1 ,i h made m p>ticul> inquiries4 ,! full in=mation ?us ga9$1 toge!r ) a trac+ ( ! h& 9 its pres5t /ate1 has be5 laid be=e ,sir ,j4 ,paget1 & he has come to ! conclusion t ! degree ( regr[? 9 ?is case is n great] ?an sometimes occurs ) normal bones1 especially ) ! hum]us1 :5 amputat$ at an e>ly age4 ,he fur!r does n feel fully satisfi$ ab\t ! facts record$ by ,mr4 ,:ite4 ,?is be+ s1 x is necess>y = me to )draw ! view :i* ,i =m]ly advanc$1 ) mu* hesitation1 *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ! suppos$ regr[? ( additional digits1 namely1 t _! occasional developm5t 9 man is a case ( rev]sion to a l[ly1 organis$ prog5itor provid$ ) m ?an five digits4 ,i may "h allude to a class ( facts closely alli$ to1 b some:at diff]5t f1 ord9>y cases ( inh]itance4 ,sir ,h4 ,holl&#cd /ates t bro!rs & si/]s ( ! same family are frequ5tly affect$1 (t5 at ab\t ! same age1 by ! same peculi> disease1 n kn[n to h previ\sly occurr$ 9 ! family4 ,he specifies ! occurr5ce ( diabetes 9 ?ree bro!rs "u t5 ye>s old2 he also rem>ks t *ildr5 ( ! same family (t5 exhibit 9 common infantile diseases1 ! same peculi> symptoms4 ,my fa!r m5tion$ to me ! case ( f\r bro!rs :o di$ betwe5 ! ages ( sixty & sev5ty1 9 ! same highly peculi> comatose /ate4 ,an in/ance has already be5 giv5 ( sup]num]>y digits appe>+ 9 f\r *ildr5 out ( six 9 a previ\sly unaffect$ family4 ,dr4 ,devay /ates#ce t two bro!rs m>ri$ two si/]s1 _! fir/-c\s9s1 none ( ! f\r nor any relation be+ an alb9o2 b ! sev5 *ildr5 produc$ f ?is d\ble m>riage 7 all p]fect alb9oes4 ,"s ( ^! cases1 z ,mr4 ,s$gwick#cf has %[n1 are probably ! result ( rev]sion to a remote ance/or1 ( :om no record _h be5 pres]v$2 & all ^! cases are s f> directly connect$ ) inh]itance t no d\bt ! *ildr5 inh]it$ a simil> con/itution f _! p>5ts1 &1 f be+ expos$ to ne>ly simil> conditions ( life1 x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld be affect$ 9 ! same mann] & at ! same p]iod ( life4 ,mo/ ( ! facts hi!rto giv5 h s]v$ to illu/rate ! =ce ( inh]itance1 b we mu/ n[ consid] cases gr\p$ z well z ! subject all[s into classes1 %[+ h[ feeble1 caprici\s1 or defici5t ! p[] ( inh]itance sometimes is4 ,:5 a new peculi>ity fir/ appe>s1 we c nev] pr$ict :e!r x w be inh]it$4 ,if bo? p>5ts f _! bir? pres5t ! same peculi>ity1 ! probability is /rong t x w be transmitt$ to at lea/ "s ( _! (fspr+4 ,we h se5 t v>iegation is transmitt$ mu* m feebly by se$1 tak5 f a bran* :i* _h become v>iegat$ ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 ?an f plants :i* 7 v>iegat$ z se$l+s4 ,) mo/ plants ! p[] ( transmission notori\sly dep5ds on "s innate capacity 9 ! individual3 ?us ,vilmor9#cg rais$ f a peculi>ly col\r$ balsam "s se$l+s1 :i* all resembl$ _! p>5t2 b ( ^! se$l+s "s fail$ to transmit ! new "*1 :il/ o!rs transmitt$ x to all _! desc5dants dur+ sev]al successive g5]ations4 ,s aga9 ) a v>iety ( ! rose1 two plants alone out ( six 7 f\nd by ,vilmor9 to be capable ( transmitt+ ! desir$ "*2 num]\s analog\s cases c\ld be giv54 ,! weep+ or p5dul\s gr[? ( trees is /rongly inh]it$ 9 "s cases1 &1 )\t any assignable reason1 feebly 9 o!r cases4 ,i h select$ ?is "* z an in/ance ( caprici\s inh]itance1 because x is c]ta9ly n prop] to ! p>5t-species1 & because1 bo? sexes be+ borne on ! same tree1 bo? t5d to transmit ! same "*4 ,ev5 suppos+ t !re may h be5 9 "s in/ances cross+ ) adjo9+ trees ( ! same species1 x is n probable t all ! se$l+s w\ld h be5 ?us affect$4 ,at ,moccas ,c\rt !re is a fam\s weep+ oak2 _m ( its bran*es 8are #cj feet long1 & no ?ick] 9 any "p ( ?is l5g? ?an a common rope30 ?is tree transmits its weep+ "*1 9 a great] or less degree1 to all its se$l+s2 "s ( ! "y oaks be+ s flexible t !y h to be support$ by props2 o!rs n %[+ ! weep+ t5d5cy till ab\t tw5ty ye>s old4#ch ,mr4 ,riv]s f]tilis$1 z he in=ms me1 ! fl[]s ( a new ,belgian weep+ ?orn 7,cratgus oxyacan?a7 ) poll5 f a crimson n-weep+ v>iety1 & ?ree "y trees1 8n[ six or sev5 ye>s old1 %[ a decid$ t5d5cy to be p5dul\s1 b z yet are n s mu* s z ! "m-plant40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mac,nab1#ci se$l+s f a magnific5t weep+ bir* 7,betula alba71 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,ed9burgh1 grew = ! fir/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s upright1 b !n all became weep]s l _! p>5t4 ,a pea* ) p5dul\s bran*es1 l ^? ( ! weep+ will[1 has be5 f\nd capable ( propagation by se$4#dj ,la/ly1 a weep+ or r a pro/rate yew 7,taxus baccata7 0 f\nd 9 a h$ge 9 ,%rop%ire2 x 0 a male1 b "o bran* bore female fl[]s1 & produc$ b]ries2 ^!1 be+ s[n1 produc$ sev5te5 trees all ( :i* _h exactly ! same peculi> habit ) ! p>5t-tree4#da ,^! facts1 x might h be5 ?\ght1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to r5d] x probable t a p5dul\s habit w\ld 9 all cases be /rictly inh]it$4 ,b let u look to ! o!r side4 ,mr4 ,mac,nab#db s[$ se$s ( ! weep+ bee* 7,fagus sylvatica71 b succe$$ 9 rais+ only common bee*es4 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 at my reque/1 rais$ a numb] ( se$l+s f ?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( weep+ elm2 & at lea/ "o ( ! p>5t-trees 0 s situat$ t x c\ld n h be5 cross$ by any o!r elm2 b none ( ! "y trees1 n[ ab\t a foot or two 9 height1 %[ ! lea/ signs ( weep+4 ,mr4 ,riv]s =m]ly s[$ above tw5ty ?\s& se$s ( ! weep+ a% 7,frax9us excelsior71 & n a s+le se$l+ 0 9 ! lea/ degree p5dul\s3 9 ,g]many1 ,m4 ,bor*mey] rais$ a ?\s& se$l+s1 ) ! same result4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,&]son1 ( ! ,*elsea ,botanic ,g>d51 by s[+ se$ f a weep+ a%1 :i* 0 f\nd be=e ! ye> #aghj1 9 ,cambridge%ire1 rais$ sev]al p5dul\s trees4#dc ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ also in=ms me t "s se$l+s f a female weep+ a% 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,cambridge 7 at fir/ a little p5dul\s1 b aft]w>ds became q upright3 x is probable t ?is latt] tree1 :i* transmits to a c]ta9 ext5t its p5dul\s habit1 0 d]iv$ by a bud f ! same orig9al ,cambridge%ire /ock2 :il/ o!r weep+ a%es may h _h a di/9ct orig94 ,b ! cr[n+ case1 communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :i* %[s h[ caprici\s is ! inh]itance ( a p5dul\s habit1 is t a v>iety ( ano!r species ( a% 7,f4 l5tiscifolia71 n[ ab\t tw5ty ye>s old1 :i* 0 =m]ly p5dul\s1 8has long lo/ ?is habit1 e %oot be+ rem>kably erect2 b se$l+s =m]ly rais$ f x 7 p]fectly pro/rate1 ! /ems n ris+ m ?an two in*es above ! gr\nd40 ,?us ! weep+ v>iety ( ! common a%1 :i* has be5 ext5sively propagat$ by buds dur+ a long p]iod1 did n ) ,mr4 ,riv]s1 transmit its "* to "o se$l+ out ( above tw5ty ?\s&2 :]eas ! weep+ v>iety ( a second species ( a%1 :i* c\ld n1 :il/ gr[n 9 ! same g>d51 reta9 its own weep+ "*1 transmitt$ to its "* ! p5dul\s habit 9 excess6 ,_m analog\s facts c\ld be giv51 %[+ h[ app>5tly caprici\s is ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance4 ,all ! se$l+s f a v>iety ( ! ,b>b]ry 7,b4 vulg>is7 ) r$ leaves inh]it$ ! same "*2 only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! se$l+s ( ! copp] ,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica7 _h purple leaves4 ,n "o out ( a hundr$ se$l+s ( a v>iety ( ! ,c]asus padus1 ) yell[ fruit1 bore yell[ fruit3 "o-twelf? ( ! se$l+s ( ! v>iety ( ,cornus mascula1 ) yell[ fruit1 came true3#dd & la/ly1 all ! trees rais$ by my fa!r f a yell[-b]ri$ holly 7,ilex aquifolium71 f\nd wild1 produc$ yell[ b]ries4 ,vilmor9#de obs]v$ 9 a b$ ( ,sapon>ia calabrica an extremely dw>f v>iety1 & rais$ f x a l>ge numb] ( se$l+s2 "s ( ^! p>tially resembl$ _! p>5t1 & he select$ _! se$2 b ! gr&*ildr5 7 n 9 ! lea/ dw>f$3 on ! o!r h&1 he obs]v$ a /unt$ & bu%y v>iety ( ,tagetes signata gr[+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! common v>ieties by :i* x 0 probably cross$2 = mo/ ( ! se$l+s rais$ f ?is plant 7 int]m$iate 9 "*1 only two p]fectly resembl+ _! p>5t2 b se$ sav$ f ^! two plants reproduc$ ! new v>iety s truly1 t h>dly any selection has s9ce be5 necess>y4 ,fl[]s transmit _! col\r truly1 or mo/ caprici\sly4 ,_m annuals come true3 ?us ,i pur*as$ ,g]man se$s ( ?irty-f\r nam$ sub-v>ieties ( "o race ( t5-week /ocks 7,mat?iola annua71 & rais$ a hundr$ & =ty plants1 all ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( a s+le plant1 came true4 ,9 say+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i c\ld di/+ui% only tw5ty k9ds out ( ! ?irty-f\r nam$ sub-v>ieties2 nor did ! col\r ( ! fl[] always correspond ) ! "n affix$ to ! packet2 b ,i say t !y came true1 because 9 ea* ( ! ?irty-six %ort r[s e plant 0 absolutely alike1 ) ! "o s+le exception4 ,aga91 ,i procur$ packets ( ,g]man se$ ( tw5ty-five nam$ v>ieties ( common & quill$ a/]s1 & rais$ a hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r plants2 ( ^!1 all except t5 7 true 9 ! above limit$ s5se2 & ,i consid]$ ev5 a wrong %ade ( col\r z false4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance t :ite v>ieties g5]ally transmit _! col\r mu* m truly ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,?is fact probably /&s 9 close relation ) "o obs]v$ by ,v]lot1#df namely1 t fl[]s :i* are normally :ite r>ely v>y into any o!r col\r4 ,i h f\nd t ! :ite v>ieties ( ,delph9ium consolida & ( ! ,/ock are ! true/4 ,x is1 inde$1 suffici5t to look ?r\gh a nurs]yman's se$-li/1 to see ! l>ge numb] ( :ite v>ieties :i* c be propagat$ by se$4 ,! sev]al col\r$ v>ieties ( ! sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus7 are v true2 b ,i he> f ,mr4 ,ma/]s1 ( ,cant]bury1 :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is plant1 t ! :ite v>iety is ! true/4 ,! hyac9?1 :5 propagat$ by se$1 is extremely incon/ant 9 col\r1 b 8:ite hyac9?s almo/ always give by se$ :ite-fl[]$ plants20#dg & ,mr4 ,ma/]s in=ms me t ! yell[ v>ieties also reproduce _! col\r1 b ( diff]5t %ades4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p9k & blue v>ieties1 ! latt] be+ ! natural col\r1 are n ne>ly s true3 h5ce1 z ,mr4 ,ma/]s has rem>k$ to me1 8we see t a g>d5 v>iety may acquire a m p]man5t habit ?an a natural species20 b x %\ld h be5 add$1 t ?is occurs "u cultivation1 & !re=e "u *ang$ conditions4 ,) _m fl[]s1 especially p]5nials1 no?+ c be m fluctuat+ ?an ! col\r ( ! se$l+s1 z is notori\sly ! case ) v]b5as1 c>nations1 dahlias1 c9]>ias1 & o!rs4#dh ,i s[$ se$ ( twelve nam$ v>ieties ( ,snapdragon 7,antirrh9um majus71 & utt] confusion 0 ! result4 ,9 mo/ cases ! extremely fluctuat+ col\r ( se$l+ plants is probably 9 *ief "p due to crosses betwe5 diff]5tly-col\r$ v>ieties dur+ previ\s g5]ations4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ?is is ! case ) ! polyan?us & col\r$ primrose 7,primula v]is & vulg>is71 f _! reciprocally dimorphic /ructure2#di & ^! are plants :i* flori/s speak ( z nev] com+ true by se$3 b if c>e be tak5 to prev5t cross+1 nei!r species is by any means v incon/ant1 9 col\r2 ?us ,i rais$ tw5ty-?ree plants f a purple primrose1 f]tilis$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ) its poll51 & eighte5 came up purple ( diff]5t %ades1 & only five rev]t$ to ! ord9>y yell[ col\r3 aga91 ,i rais$ tw5ty plants f a bright-r$ c[slip1 simil>ly treat$ by ,mr4 ,scott1 & e "o p]fectly resembl$ its p>5t 9 col\r1 z likewise did1 ) ! exception ( a s+le plant1 #gb gr&*ildr54 ,ev5 ) ! mo/ v>iable fl[]s1 x is probable t ea* delicate %ade ( col\r might be p]man5tly fix$ s z to be transmitt$ by se$1 by cultivation 9 ! same soil1 by long-cont9u$ selection1 & especially by ! prev5tion ( crosses4 ,i inf] ?is f c]ta9 annual l>kspurs 7,delph9ium consolida & ajacis71 ( :i* common se$l+s pres5t a great] div]sity ( col\r ?an any o!r plant kn[n to me2 yet on procur+ se$ ( five nam$ ,g]man v>ieties ( ,d4 consolida1 only n9e plants out ( n9ety-f\r 7 false2 & ! se$l+s ( six v>ieties ( ,d4 ajacis 7 true 9 ! same mann] & degree z ) ! /ocks above describ$4 ,a di/+ui%$ botani/ ma9ta9s t ! annual species ( ,delph9ium are always self-f]tilis$2 !re=e ,i may m5tion t ?irty-two fl[]s on a bran* ( ,d4 consolida1 enclos$ 9 a net1 yield$ tw5ty-sev5 capsules1 ) an av]age ( #agb se$ 9 ea*2 :il/ five fl[]s1 "u ! same net1 :i* 7 artificially f]tilis$1 9 ! same mann] z mu/ be effect$ by bees dur+ _! incessant visits1 yield$ five capsules ) an av]age ( #ceb f9e se$2 & ?is %[s t ! ag5cy ( insects is necess>y = ! full f]tility ( ?is plant4 ,analog\s facts c\ld be giv5 ) respect to ! cross+ ( _m o!r fl[]s1 su* z c>nations1 etc41 ( :i* ! v>ieties fluctuate mu* 9 col\r4 ,z ) fl[]s1 s ) our dome/icat$ animals1 no "* is m v>iable ?an col\r1 & probably 9 no animal m s ?an ) ! horse4 ,yet1 ) a little c>e 9 bre$+1 x appe>s t races ( any col\r might soon be =m$4 ,h(ack] gives ! result ( mat*+ two hundr$ & sixte5 m>es ( f\r diff]5t col\rs ) l-col\r$ /allions1 )\t reg>d to ! col\r ( _! ance/ors2 & ( ! two hundr$ & sixte5 colts born1 elev5 alone fail$ to inh]it ! col\r ( _! p>5ts3 ,aut5rie? & ,ammon ass]t t1 aft] two g5]ations1 colts ( a uni=m col\r are produc$ ) c]ta9ty4#ej ,9 a few r>e cases peculi>ities fail to be inh]it$1 app>5tly f ! =ce ( inh]itance be+ too /rong4 ,i h be5 assur$ by bre$]s ( ! can>y-bird t to get a good jonquil-col\r$ bird x does n answ] to pair two jonquils1 z ! col\r !n comes out too /rong1 or is ev5 br[n2 b ?is /atem5t is disput$ by o!r bre$]s4 ,s aga91 if two cre/$ can>ies are pair$1 ! "y birds r>ely inh]it ?is "*3#ea = 9 cre/$ birds a n>r[ space ( b>e sk9 is left on ! back ( ! head1 :]e ! fea!rs are up-turn$ to =m ! cre/1 &1 :5 bo? p>5ts are ?us *>act]is$1 ! b>5ess becomes excessive1 & ! cre/ itself fails to be develop$4 ,mr4 ,hewitt1 speak+ ( ,lac$ ,sebright ,bantams1 says#eb t1 8:y ?is %\ld be s ,i "k n1 b ,i am confid5t t ^? t are be/ lac$ frequ5tly produce (fspr+ v f> f p]fect 9 _! m>k+s1 :il/ ^? exhibit$ by myself1 :i* h s (t5 prov$ successful1 7 br$ f ! union ( heavily-lac$ birds ) ^? t 7 sc>cely suffici5tly lac$40 ,x is a s+ul> fact t1 al?\gh sev]al deaf-mutes (t5 occur 9 ! same family1 & ?\gh _! c\s9s & o!r relations are (t5 9 ! same condition1 yet _! p>5ts are r>ely deaf-mutes4 ,to give a s+le in/ance3 n "o s*ol> out ( #adh1 :o 7 at ! same "t 9 ! ,london ,in/itution1 0 ! *ild ( p>5ts simil>ly affect$4 ,s aga91 :5 a male or female deaf-mute m>ries a s\nd p]son1 _! *ildr5 are mo/ r>ely affect$3 9 ,irel&1 out ( #bjc *ildr5 ?us produc$ "o alone 0 mute4 ,ev5 :5 bo? p>5ts h be5 deaf-mutes1 z 9 ! case ( =ty-"o m>riages 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( six 9 ,irel&1 only two deaf & dumb *ildr5 7 produc$4 ,mr4 ,s$gwick1#ec 9 comm5t+ on ?is rem>kable & =tunate failure 9 ! p[] ( transmission 9 ! direct l9e1 rem>ks t x may possibly be ow+ to 8excess hav+ rev]s$ ! action ( "s natural law 9 developm5t40 ,b x is saf] 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k to look at ! :ole case z simply un9telligible4 ,al?\gh _m cong5ital mon/rosities are inh]it$1 ( :i* examples h already be5 giv51 & to :i* may be add$ ! lately record$ case ( ! transmission dur+ a c5tury ( h>e-lip ) a cleft-palate 9 ! writ]'s own family1#ed yet o!r mal=mations are r>ely or nev] inh]it$4 ,( ^! latt] cases1 _m are probably due to injuries 9 ! womb or egg1 & w\ld come "u ! head ( non-inh]it$ injuries or mutilations4 ,) plants1 a long catalogue ( inh]it$ mon/rosities ( ! mo/ s]i\s & div]sifi$ nature c\ld easily be giv52 & ) plants1 !re is no reason to suppose t mon/rosities are caus$ by direct injuries to ! se$ or embryo4 ,) respect to ! inh]itance ( /ructures mutilat$ by injuries or alt]$ by disease1 x 0 until lately difficult to come to any def9ite conclusion4 ,"s mutilations h be5 practis$ = a va/ numb] ( g5]ations )\t any inh]it$ result4 ,godron rem>ks#ee t diff]5t races ( man h f "t immemorial knock$ out _! upp] incisors1 cut (f jo9ts ( _! f+]s1 made holes ( imm5se size ?r\gh ! lobes ( _! e>s or ?r\gh _! no/rils1 tatoo$ !mselves1 made deep ga%es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ^! mutilations h ev] be5 inh]it$4#ef ,adhesions due to inflammation & pits f ! small-pox 7& =m]ly _m consecutive g5]ations mu/ h be5 ?us pitt$7 are n inh]it$4 ,) respect to ,jews1 ,i h be5 assur$ by ?ree m$ical m5 ( ! ,jewi% fai? t circumcision1 :i* has be5 practis$ = s _m ages1 has produc$ no inh]it$ effect4 ,blum5ba*1 h[ev]1 ass]ts#eg t ,jews are (t5 born 9 ,g]many 9 a condition r5d]+ circumcision difficult1 s t a "n is giv5 !m signify+ 8born circumcis$20 & ,pr(essor ,prey] in=ms me t ?is is ! case 9 ,bonn1 su* *ildr5 be+ consid]$ ! special fav\rites ( ,jehovah4 ,i h also he>d f ,dr4 ,a4 ,newman1 ( ,guy's ,hospital1 ( ! gr&son ( a circumcis$ ,jew1 ! fa!r n hav+ be5 circumcis$1 9 a simil> condition4 ,b x is possible t all ^! cases may be accid5tal co9cid5ce1 = ,sir ,j4 ,paget has se5 five sons ( a lady & "o son ( h] si/] ) adh]5t prepuces2 & "o ( ^! boys 0 affect$ 9 a mann] 8:i* might be consid]$ l t commonly produc$ by circumcision20 yet !re 0 no suspicion ( ,jewi% blood 9 ! family ( ^! two si/]s4 ,circumcision is practis$ by ,mahom$ans1 b at a mu* lat] age ?an by ,jews2 & ,dr4 ,ri$el1 ,assi/ant ,resid5t 9 ,nor? ,celebes1 writes to me t ! boys !re g nak$ until f six to t5 ye>s old2 & he has obs]v$ t _m ( !m1 ?\gh n all1 h _! prepuces mu* r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 & ?is he attributes to ! inh]it$ effects ( ! op]ation4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom oaks & o!r trees h borne galls f primeval times1 yet !y d n produce inh]it$ excresc5ces2 & _m o!r su* facts c\ld be adduc$4 ,not)/&+ ! above sev]al negative cases1 we n[ possess conclusive evid5ce t ! effects ( op]ations are sometimes inh]it$4 ,dr4 ,br[n-,squ>d#eh gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 obs]vations on gu9ea-pigs2 & ?is summ>y is s important t ,i w quote ! :ole3-- 8#a/4 ,appe>ance ( epilepsy 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ be5 r5d]$ epileptic by an injury to ! sp9al cord4 8#bnd4 ,appe>ance ( epilepsy also 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ be5 r5d]$ epileptic by ! section ( ! sciatic n]ve4 8#crd4 ,a *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! e> 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* su* a *ange 0 ! effect ( a division ( ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve4 8#d?4 ,p>tial closure ( ! eyelids 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* t /ate ( ! eyelids _h be5 caus$ ei!r by ! section ( ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve or ! removal ( ! sup]ior c]vical ganglion4 8#e?4 ,exoph?almia 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* an injury to ! re/i=m body _h produc$ t protrusion ( ! eyeball4 ,?is int]e/+ fact ,i h witness$ a good _m times1 & ,i h se5 ! transmission ( ! morbid /ate ( ! eye cont9ue ?r\gh f\r g5]ations4 ,9 ^! animals1 modifi$ by h]$ity1 ! two eyes g5]ally protrud$1 al?\gh 9 ! p>5ts usually only "o %[$ exoph?almia1 ! lesion hav+ be5 made 9 mo/ cases only on "o ( ! corpora re/i=mia4 8#f?4 ,hmatoma & dry gangr5e ( ! e>s 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* ^! e>-alt]ations _h be5 caus$ by an injury to ! re/i=m body ne> ! nib ( ! calamus4 8#g?4 ,abs5ce ( two toes out ( ! ?ree ( ! h9d leg1 & sometimes ( ! ?ree1 9 animals ^: p>5ts _h eat5 up _! h9d-leg toes :i* _h become an/hetic f a section ( ! sciatic n]ve alone1 or ( t n]ve & also ( ! crural4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( complete abs5ce ( ! toes1 only a "p ( "o or two or ?ree 0 miss+ 9 ! "y1 al?\gh 9 ! p>5t n only ! toes b ! :ole foot 0 abs5t 7p>tly eat5 (f1 p>tly de/roy$ by inflammation1 ulc]ation1 or gangr5e74 8#h?4 ,appe>ance ( v>i\s morbid /ates ( ! sk9 & hair ( ! neck & face 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ _h simil> alt]ations 9 ! same p>ts1 z effects ( an injury to ! sciatic n]ve40 ,x %\ld be especially obs]v$ t ,br[n-,squ>d has br$ dur+ ?irty ye>s _m ?\s& gu9ea-pigs f animals :i* _h n be5 op]at$ ^u1 & n "o ( ^! manife/$ ! epileptic t5d5cy4 ,nor has he ev] se5 a gu9ea-pig born )\t toes1 :i* 0 n ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts :i* _h gnaw$ (f _! own toes ow+ to ! sciatic n]ve hav+ be5 divid$4 ,( ?is latt] fact ?irte5 in/ances 7 c>efully record$1 & a great] numb] 7 se52 yet ,br[n-,squ>d speaks ( su* cases z "o ( ! r>] =ms ( inh]itance4 ,x is a /ill m int]e/+ fact-- 8,t ! sciatic n]ve 9 ! cong5itally toeless animal has inh]it$ ! p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh all ! diff]5t morbid /ates :i* h occurr$ 9 "o ( its p>5ts f ! "t ( ! division till aft] its reunion ) ! p]iph]ic end4 ,x is n !re=e simply ! p[] ( p]=m+ an action :i* is inh]it$1 b ! p[] ( p]=m+ a :ole s]ies ( actions1 9 a c]ta9 ord]40 ,9 mo/ ( ! cases ( inh]itance record$ by ,br[n-,squ>d only "o ( ! two p>5ts _h be5 op]at$ ^u & 0 affect$4 ,he concludes by express+ 8 belief t 8:at is transmitt$ is ! morbid /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em10 due to ! op]ation p]=m$ on ! p>5ts4 ,) ! l[] animals ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas has collect$ a long li/ ( inh]it$ injuries4 ,a few in/ances w suffice4 ,a c[ lo/ a horn f an accid5t ) consequ5t suppuration1 & %e produc$ ?ree calves :i* 7 hornless on ! same side ( ! head4 ,) ! horse1 !re seems h>dly a d\bt t exo/oses on ! legs1 caus$ by too mu* travell+ on h>d roads1 are inh]it$4 ,blum5ba* records ! case ( a man :o _h 8 little f+] on ! "r h& almo/ cut (f1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce grew crook$1 & 8 sons _h ! same f+] on ! same h& simil>ly crook$4 ,a soldi]1 fifte5 ye>s be=e 8 m>riage1 lo/ 8 left eye f purul5t oph?almia1 & 8 two sons 7 microph?almic on ! same side4#ei ,9 all cases 9 :i* a p>5t has _h an organ injur$ on "o side1 & two or m ( ! (fspr+ are born ) ! same organ affect$ on ! same side1 ! *ances aga9/ m]e co9cid5ce are almo/ inf9itely great4 ,ev5 :5 only a s+le *ild is born hav+ exactly ! same "p ( ! body affect$ z t ( 8 injur$ p>5t1 ! *ances aga9/ co9cid5ce are great2 & ,pr(essor ,rolle/on has giv5 me two su* cases :i* h fall5 "u 8 own obs]vation1--namely ( two m51 "o ( :om _h 8 knee & ! o!r 8 *eek sev]ely cut1 & bo? _h *ildr5 born ) exactly ! same spot m>k$ or sc>r$4 ,_m in/ances h be5 record$ ( cats1 dogs1 & horses1 :i* h _h _! tails1 legs1 etc41 amputat$ or injur$1 produc+ (fspr+ ) ! same p>ts ill-=m$2 b z x is n v r>e = simil> mal=mations to appe> spontane\sly1 all su* cases may be due to co9cid5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an argum5t on ! o!r side t 8"u ! old excise laws ! %eph]d-dog 0 only exempt f tax :5 )\t a tail1 & = ?is reason x 0 always remov$20#fj & !re /ill exi/ bre$s ( ! %eph]d-dog :i* are always born de/itute ( a tail4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be admitt$1 m especially s9ce ! publication ( ,br[n-,squ>d's obs]vations1 t ! effects ( injuries1 especially :5 foll[$ by disease1 or p]haps exclusively :5 ?us foll[$1 are occasionally inh]it$4#fa ,causes ( ,non-inh]itance4 ,a l>ge numb] ( cases ( non-inh]itance are intelligible on ! pr9ciple1 t a /rong t5d5cy to inh]itance does exi/1 b t x is ov]borne by ho/ile or unfav\rable conditions ( life4 ,no "o w\ld expect t our improv$ pigs1 if =c$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to travel ab\t & root 9 ! gr\nd = _! own subsi/5ce1 w\ld transmit1 z truly z !y n[ d _! %ort muzzles & legs1 & _! t5d5cy to fatt54 ,dray-horses assur$ly w\ld n long transmit _! great size & massive limbs1 if compell$ to live on a cold1 damp m\nta9\s region2 we h inde$ evid5ce ( su* det]ioration 9 ! horses :i* h run wild on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,european dogs 9 ,india (t5 fail to transmit _! true "*4 ,our %eep 9 tropical c\ntries lose _! wool 9 a few g5]ations4 ,!re seems also to be a close relation betwe5 c]ta9 peculi> pa/ures & ! inh]itance ( an enl>g$ tail 9 fat-tail$ %eep1 :i* =m "o ( ! mo/ anci5t bre$s 9 ! _w4 ,) plants1 we h se5 t tropical v>ieties ( maize lose _! prop] "* 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations1 :5 cultivat$ 9 ,europe2 & conv]sely s x is ) ,european v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,brazil4 ,our cabbages1 :i* "h come s true by se$1 _c =m heads 9 hot c\ntries4 ,accord+ to ,c>rire1#fb ! purple-leaf$ bee* & b>b]ry transmit _! "* by se$ f> less truly 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"u *ang$ circum/ances1 p]iodical habits ( life soon fail to be transmitt$1 z ! p]iod ( maturity 9 summ] & w9t] :eat1 b>ley1 & vet*es4 ,s x is ) animals3 = in/ance1 a p]son1 ^: /atem5t ,i c tru/1 procur$ eggs ( ,aylesbury ducks f t t[n1 :]e !y are kept 9 h\ses & are re>$ z e>ly z possible = ! ,london m>ket2 ! ducks br$ f ^! eggs 9 a di/ant "p ( ,engl&1 hat*$ _! fir/ brood on ,janu>y #bd?1 :il/ common ducks1 kept 9 ! same y>d & treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 did n hat* till ! end ( ,m>*2 & ?is %[s t ! p]iod ( hat*+ 0 inh]it$4 ,b ! gr&*ildr5 ( ^! ,aylesbury ducks completely lo/ _! habit ( e>ly incubation1 & hat*$ _! eggs at ! same "t ) ! common ducks ( ! same place4 ,_m cases ( non-inh]itance app>5tly result f ! conditions ( life cont9ually induc+ fre% v>iability4 ,we h se5 t :5 ! se$s ( pe>s1 plums1 apples1 etc41 are s[n1 ! se$l+s g5]ally inh]it "s degree ( family lik5ess4 ,m+l$ ) ^! se$l+s1 a few1 & sometimes _m1 wor?less1 wild-look+ plants commonly appe>1 & _! appe>ance may be attribut$ to ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion4 ,b sc>cely a s+le se$l+ w be f\nd p]fectly to resemble ! p>5t-=m2 & ?us may be acc\nt$ = by con/antly recurr+ v>iability induc$ by ! conditions ( life4 ,i believe 9 ?is1 because x has be5 obs]v$ t c]ta9 fruit-trees truly propagate _! k9d :il/ gr[+ on _! own roots2 b :5 graft$ on o!r /ocks1 & by ?is process _! natural /ate is manife/ly affect$1 !y produce se$l+s :i* v>y greatly1 dep>t+ f ! p>5tal type 9 _m *>act]s4#fc ,metzg]1 z /at$ 9 ! n9? *apt]1 f\nd t c]ta9 k9ds ( :eat br\ght f ,spa9 & cultivat$ 9 ,g]many1 fail$ dur+ _m ye>s to reproduce !mselves truly2 b at la/1 :5 accu/om$ to _! new conditions1 !y ceas$ to be v>iable1--t is1 !y became am5able to ! p[] ( inh]itance4 ,ne>ly all ! plants :i* _c be propagat$ ) any approa* to c]ta9ty by se$1 are k9ds :i* h be5 long propagat$ by buds1 cutt+s1 (fsets1 tub]s1 etc41 & h 9 consequ5ce be5 frequ5tly expos$ dur+ :at may be call$ _! individual lives to widely div]sifi$ conditions ( life4 ,plants ?us propagat$ become s v>iable1 t !y are subject1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ev5 to bud-v>iation4 ,our dome/icat$ animals1 on ! o!r h&1 are n commonly expos$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual to su* extremely div]sifi$ conditions1 & are n liable to su* extreme v>iability2 !re=e !y d n lose ! p[] ( transmitt+ mo/ ( _! *>act]i/ic features4 ,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks on non-inh]itance1 cross$ bre$s are ( c\rse exclud$1 z _! div]sity ma9ly dep5ds on ! unequal developm5t ( "* d]iv$ f ei!r p>5t or _! ance/ors4 ,conclusion4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] h[ commonly new *>act]s ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ nature1 :e!r normal or abnormal1 injuri\s or b5eficial1 :e!r affect+ organs ( ! highe/ or mo/ trifl+ importance1 are inh]it$4 ,x is (t5 suffici5t = ! inh]itance ( "s peculi> "*1 t "o p>5t alone %\ld possess x1 z 9 mo/ cases 9 :i* ! r>] anomalies h be5 transmitt$4 ,b ! p[] ( transmission is extremely v>iable4 ,9 a numb] ( individuals desc5d$ f ! same p>5ts1 & treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 "s display ?is p[] 9 a p]fect mann]1 & 9 "s x is q defici5t2 & = ?is diff]5ce no reason c be assign$4 ,! effects ( injuries or mutilations are occasionally inh]it$2 & we %all see 9 a future *apt] t ! long-cont9u$ use & disuse ( p>ts produces an inh]it$ effect4 ,ev5 ^? *>act]s :i* are consid]$ ! mo/ fluctuat+1 su* z col\r1 are ) r>e exceptions transmitt$ mu* m =cibly ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! wond]1 inde$1 9 all cases is n t any "* %\ld be transmitt$1 b t ! p[] ( inh]itance %\ld ev] fail4 ,! *ecks to inh]itance1 z f> z we "k !m1 are1 fir/ly1 circum/ances ho/ile to ! p>ticul> "* 9 "q2 secondly1 conditions ( life incessantly induc+ fre% v>iability2 & la/ly1 ! cross+ ( di/9ct v>ieties dur+ "s previ\s g5]ation1 toge!r ) rev]sion or atavism-t is1 ! t5d5cy 9 ! *ild to resemble its gr&-p>5ts or m remote ance/ors in/ead ( its imm$iate p>5ts4 ,?is latt] subject w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections1' #crd edit41 #ahee1 p4 #bfg4 #b ,mr4 ,buckle1 9 8 #8,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1' expresses d\bts on ! subject1 ow+ to ! want ( /ati/ics4 ,see also ,mr4 ,b[51 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy1 9 #8,proc4 ,am]ican ,acad4 ( ,sci5ces1' vol4 v4 p4 #ajb4 #c ,= greyh\nds1 see ,l['s #8,dome/ic ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1' #ahde1 p4 #gba4 ,= game-f[ls1 see #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #abc4 ,= pigs1 see ,mr4 ,sidney's edition ( #8,y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 pp4 #aa1 #bb4 #d #8,! ,/ud ,f>m1' by ,cecil1 p4 #ci4 #e #8,philosophical ,transactions1' #agee1 p4 #bc4 ,i h se5 only second-h& acc\nts ( ! two gr&sons4 ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 9 a pap] to :i* ,i %all h]eaft] (t5 ref]1 /ates t f\r g5]ations 7 affect$1 & 9 ea* ! males alone4 #f ,b>b>a ,van ,beck1 figur$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4,d4 ,fox1 9 ,woodburn's #8,gall]y ( ,r>e ,portraits1' #ahaf1 vol4 ii4 #g #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcc1 p4 #af4 #h ,h(ack] #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 #ahbh1 s4 #cd4 ,) respect to ,france1 ,report by ,p>iset 9 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #ahdg1 p4 #eib4 #i ,hunt]1 z quot$ 9 ,h>lan's #8,m$4 ,rese>*es1' p4 #ecj4 ,sir ,a4 ,c>lisle1 #8,phil4 ,transact41' #ahad1 p4 #id4 #aj ,gir\ de ,buz>e+ues1 #8,de la ,gnration1' p4 #bhb4 ,i h giv5 an analog\s case 9 my book on #8,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions4' #aa ,! works :i* ,i h read & f\nd mo/ useful are ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas's great "w1 #8,trait de l',hrdit ,naturelle1' #ahdg2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s$gwick1 9 #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april & ,july1 #ahfa1 & ,april & ,july1 #ahfc3 ,dr4 ,g>rod on ,g\t is quot$ 9 ^! articles4 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 #8,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections1' #crd edit41 #ahee4 ,piorry1 #8,de l',hrdit dans les ,maladies1' #ahdj4 ,adams1 #8,a ,philosophical ,treatise on ,h]$it>y ,peculi>ities1' #bnd edit41 #ahae4 ,essay on #8,h]$it>y ,diseases1' by ,dr4 ,j4 ,/e9an1 #ahdc4 ,see ,paget 9 #8,m$ical ,times1' #aheg1 p4 #aib1 on ! ,inh]itance ( ,canc]2 ,dr4 ,g\ld1 9 #8,proc4 ( ,am]ican ,acad4 ( ,sci5ces1' ,nov4 #h?1 #ahec1 gives a curi\s case ( h]$it>y ble$+ 9 f\r g5]ations4 ,h>lan1 #8,m$ical ,rese>*es1' p4 #eic4 #ab ,m>%all1 quot$ by ,y\att 9 8 "w on ,cattle1 p4 #bhd4 #ac ,almo/ any o!r organ might h be5 select$4 ,= in/ance ,mr4 ,j4 ,tomes1 #8,sy/em ( ,d5tal ,surg]y1' #bnd edit41 #ahgc1 p4 #aad1 gives _m in/ances ) tee?1 & o!rs h be5 communicat$ to me4 #ad #8,philosoph4 ,transact41' #ahad1 p4 #id4 #ae #8,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections1' #crd edit41 p4 #cc4 #af ,?is affection1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,b[man1 has be5 ably describ$ & spok5 ( z h]$it>y by ,dr4 ,dond]s ( ,utre*t1 ^: "w 0 publi%$ 9 ,engli% by ! ,syd5ham ,society 9 #ahfd4 #ag ,m4 ,giraud-,teulon has rec5tly collect$ abundant /ati/ical evid5ce1 #8,revue des ,c\rs ,sci5tifiques1' ,sept41 #ahgj1 p4 #fbe1 %[+ t %ort sight is due to ! habit ( view+ objects f a %ort di/ance1 c'e/ le travail assidu1 de prs4 #ah ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 i4 p4 #bdd4 #ai #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfa1 pp4 #dhb-f2 #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 pp4 #cia-djh4 #bj ,dr4 ,osborne1 ,pres4 ( ,royal ,college ( ,phys4 9 ,irel&1 publi%$ ?is case 9 ! #8,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal1' = #ahce4 #ba ,^! v>i\s /atem5ts are tak5 f ! foll[+ works & pap]s3--,y\att on #8,! ,horse1' pp4 #ce1 #bbj4 ,lawr5ce1 #8,! ,horse1' p4 #cj4 ,k>keek1 9 an excell5t pap] 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahec1 p4 #ib4 ,mr4 ,burke1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,agricul4 ,soc4 ( ,engl&1' vol4 v4 p4 #eaa4 #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #bgi4 ,gir\ de ,buz>e+ues1 #8,philosoph4 ,phys41' p4 #bae4 ,see foll[+ pap]s 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y2' ,rob]ts 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #add2 ,m4 ,m>rimpoey vol4 ii4 p4 #chg2 ,mr4 ,k>keek1 vol4 iv4 p4 #e2 ,y\att on ,goitre 9 ,dogs1 vol4 v4 p4 #dhc3 ,y\att 9 vol4 vi4 pp4 #ff1 #cdh1 #dab2 ,m4 ,b]n>d1 vol4 xi4 p4 #eci2 ,dr4 ,samesreu!r1 on ,cattle1 9 vol4 xii4 p4 #aha2 ,p]civall1 9 vol4 xiii4 p4 #dg4 ,) respect to bl9dness 9 horses see also a :ole r[ ( au?orities 9 ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas's great "w1 tom4 i4 p4 #cii4 ,mr4 ,bak] 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #gba1 gives a /rong case ( h]$it>y imp]fect vision & ( jibb+4 #bb ,knight on #8,! ,culture ( ! ,apple & ,pe>1' p4 #cd4 ,l9dley's #8,horticulture1' p4 #ahj4 #bc ,^! /atem5ts are tak5 f ! foll[+ works 9 ord]3--,y\att on #8,! ,horse1' p4 #dh2 ,mr4 ,d>vill1 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 viii4 p4 #ej4 ,) respect to ,robson1 see #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ehj2 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce on #8,! ,horse1' #ahbi1 p4 #i2 #8,! ,/ud ,f>m1' by ,cecil1 #ahea2 ,b>on ,cam]onn1 quot$ 9 #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #ejj4 #bd #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture & ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 p4 #fh4 #be #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 #ahbh1 s4 #ajg4 #bf ,bronn's #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b& ii4 #b s4 #acb4 #bg ,vrolik has discuss$ ?is po9t at full l5g? 9 a "w publi%$ 9 ,dut*1 f :i* ,sir ,j4 ,paget has k9dly translat$ = me passages4 ,see1 also1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' #ahcb1 tom4 i4 p4 #fhd4 #bh #8,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society1' vol4 ii4 ,no4 #c2 & #8,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xiv4 #ahga1 p4 #aed4 #bi ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ogle gives a case ( ! inh]itance ( defici5t phalanges dur+ f\r g5]ations4 ,he adds ref]5ces to v>i\s rec5t pap]s on inh]itance1 #8,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april #ahgb4 #cj ,= ^! sev]al /atem5ts1 see ,dr4 ,/ru!rs #8,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1' ,july1 #ahfc1 especially on int]missions 9 ! l9e ( desc5t4 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 #8,lectures on our ,k ( ,organic ,nature1' #ahfc1 p4 #ig4 ,) respect to inh]itance1 see ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 #8,l',hrdit ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #cbe4 ,isid4 ,ge(froy1 #8,anom41' tom4 i4 p4 #gja4 ,sir ,a4 ,c>lisle1 9 #8,phil4 ,transact41' #ahad1 p4 #id4 ,a4 ,walk]1 on #8,int]m>riage1' #ahch1 p4 #adj1 gives a case ( five g5]ations2 z does ,mr4 ,s$gwick 9 #8,brit4 & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #dfb4 ,on ! inh]itance ( o!r anomalies 9 ! extremities see ,dr4 ,h4 ,dobell1 9 vol4 xlvi4 ( #8,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,transactions1' #ahfc2 also ,mr4 ,s$gwick 9 op4 cit41 ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #dfj4 ,) respect to additional digits 9 ! negro see ,pri*>d1 #8,physical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4' ,dr4 ,dieff5ba* 7#8,j\r4 ,royal ,geograph4 ,soc41' #ahda1 p4 #bjh7 says ?is anomaly is n uncommon ) ! ,polynesians ( ! ,*a?am ,isl&s2 & ,i h he>d ( sev]al cases ) ,h9dus & ,arabs4 #ca ,meckel & ,isid ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire insi/ on ?is fact4 ,see also ,m4 ,a4 ,r\j\1 #8,sur quelques ,analogies du ,type ,huma91' p4 #fa2 publi%$1 ,i believe1 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropolog4 ,soc4 ( ,p>is1' ,jan4 #ahgb4 #cb #8,! ,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #eei4 #cc ,! /atem5ts 9 ?is p>agraph are tak5 f ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 i4 pp4 #fhh-fic4 ,mr4 ,goodman gives1 #8,phil4 ,soc4 ( ,cambridge1' ,nov4 #be?1 #ahgb1 ! case ( a c[ ) ?ree well develop$ toes on ea* h9d limb1 besides ! ord9>y rudim5ts2 & h] calf by an ord9>y bull _h extra digits4 ,?is calf also bore two calves hav+ extra digits4 #cd #8,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections1' #ahci1 pp4 #bd1 #cd4 ,see also ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #cc4 #ce #8,du ,dang] des ,m>iages ,consangu9s1' #bnd edit41 #ahfb1 p4 #ajc4 #cf #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,july1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ahc1 #ahi4 #cg ,v]lot #8,la ,product4 des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #cb4 #ch ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xii4 #ahcf1 p4 #cfh4 #ci ,v]lot1 #8,la ,product4 des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #id4 #dj ,bronn's #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #aba4 ,mr4 ,meehan makes a simil> /atem5t 9 #8,proc4 ,nat4 ( ,philadelphia1' #ahgb1 p4 #bce4 #da ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,leighton1 #8,flora ( ,%rop%ire1' p4 #dig2 & ,*>leswor?1 #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 #ahcg1 p4 #cj4 ,i possess pro/rate trees produc$ f ^! se$s4 #db ,v]lot1 op4 cit41 p4 #ic4 #dc ,= ^! sev]al /atem5ts1 see ,l\don's #8,g>d4 ,magaz9e1' vol4 x4 #ahcd1 pp4 #djh1 #ahj2 & vol4 ix4 #ahcc1 p4 #eig4 #dd ,^! /atem5ts are tak5 f ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,bot4 ,gograph41' p4 #ajhc4 #de ,v]lot1 op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #df ,op4 cit41 p4 #ei4 #dg ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhb4 #dh ,see #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,april #aj?1 #ahfj1 p4 #ah1 & ,sept4 #aj?1 #ahfa1 p4 #def2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #ajb4 #di ,d>w9 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,bot41' #ahfb1 p4 #id4 #ej ,h(ack]1 #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 s4 #aj4 #ea ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iv4 s4 #dfb4 ,mr4 ,br5t1 a great bre$] ( can>ies1 in=ms me t he believes t ^! /atem5ts are correct4 #eb #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bde4 #ec #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,july1 #ahfa1 pp4 #bjj-bjd4 ,mr4 ,s$gwick has giv5 su* full details on ?is subject1 ) ample ref]5ces1 t ,i ne$ ref] to no o!r au?orities4 #ed ,mr4 ,spr\le1 9 #8,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1' ,april #ah?1 #ahfc4 #ee #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 #ahei1 p4 #bii4 #ef ,nev]!less ,mr4 ,we!rell /ates1 #8,nature1' ,dec4 #ahgj1 p4 #afh1 t :5 he visit$ fifte5 ye>s ago ! ,si\x ,indians1 he 0 in=m$ 8by a physician1 :o has pass$ mu* ( 8 "t ) ^! tribes1 t sometimes a *ild 0 born ) ^! m>ks4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,indian ,ag5t40 #eg #8,philosoph4 ,mag41' vol4 iv4 #agii1 p4 #e4 #eh #8,proc4 ,royal ,soc41' vol4 x4 p4 #big4 #8,communication to ! ,brit4 ,assoc41' #ahgj4 #8,! ,lancet1' ,jan4 #ahge1 p4 #g4 ,! extracts are f ?is la/ pap]4 ,x appe>s t ,ob]/e9]1 #8,/rick]'s ,m$4 ,jahrb*]1' #ahge1 ,no4 #b1 has confirm$ ,br[n-,squ>d's obs]vations4 #ei ,?is la/ case is quot$ by ,mr4 ,s$gwick 9 #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhd4 ,= ,blum5ba*1 see above-cit$ pap]4 ,see also ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,trait de l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #dib4 ,also1 #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #cbc4 ,"s curi\s cases are giv5 by ,mr4 ,bak] 9 ! #8,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #gbc4 ,ano!r curi\s case is giv5 9 ! #8,annales des ,sci5c4 ,nat41' #a/ s]ies1 tom4 xi4 p4 #cbd4 #fj #8,! ,dog1' by ,/oneh5ge1 #ahfg1 p4 #aah4 #fa ,! ,mot-mot habitually bites ! b>bs (f ! middle "p ( ! two c5tral tail-fea!rs1 & z ! b>bs are cong5itally some:at r$uc$ on ! same "p ( ^! fea!rs1 x seems extremely probable1 z ,mr4 ,salv9 rem>ks 7#8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' #ahgc1 p4 #dbi71 t ?is is due to ! inh]it$ effects ( long-cont9u$ mutilation4 #fb #8,production et ,fixation des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #gb4 #fc ,d[n+1 #8,fruits ( ,am]ica1' p4 #e3 ,sag]et1 #8,pom4 ,phys41' pp4 #dc1 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,inh]itance cont9u$--,,rev]sion ,,( ,,atavism4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,rev]sion--,,9 ,,pure ,,or ,,uncross$ ,,bre$s1 ,,z ,,9 ,,pigeons1 ,,f[ls1 ,,hornless ,,cattle ,,& ,,%eep1 ,,9 ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,rev]sion ,,9 ,,f]al ,,animals ,,& ,,plants--,,rev]sion ,,9 ,,cross$ ,,v>ieties ,,& ,,species--,,rev]sion ,,?r\gh ,,bud-,,propagation1 ,,& ,,by ,,segm5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,fl[] ,,or ,,fruit--,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,animal--,,! ,,act ,,( ,,cross+ ,a ,,direct ,,cause ,,( ,,rev]sion1 ,,v>i\s ,,cases ,,(1 ,,) ,,in/9cts--,,o!r ,,proximate ,,causes ,,( ,,rev]sion--,,lat5t ,,*>act]s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,unequal ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,body--,,appe>ance ,,) ,,advanc+ ,,age ,,( ,,*>act]s ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,cross--,,! ,,g]m1 ,,) ,,all ,,its ,,lat5t ,,*>act]s1 ,a ,,wond]ful ,,object--,,mon/rosities--,,peloric ,,fl[]s ,,due ,,9 ,,"s ,,cases ,,to ,,rev]sion4 ,! great pr9ciple ( inh]itance to be discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] has be5 recognis$ by agriculturi/s & au?ors ( v>i\s nations1 z %[n by ! sci5tific t]m ,atavism1 d]iv$ f atavus1 an ance/or2 by ! ,engli% t]ms ( ,rev]sion1 or ,?r[+-back2 by ! ,fr5* ,pas-en-,arrire2 & by ! ,g]man ,rcks*lag1 or ,rcks*ritt4 ,:5 ! *ild resembles ei!r gr&p>5t m closely ?an its imm$iate p>5ts1 our att5tion is n mu* arre/$1 ?\gh 9 tru? ! fact is highly rem>kable2 b :5 ! *ild resembles "s remote ance/or or "s di/ant memb] 9 a collat]al l9e1--& 9 ! la/ case we mu/ attribute ?is to ! desc5t ( all ! memb]s f a common prog5itor1--we feel a j degree ( a/oni%m5t4 ,:5 "o p>5t alone displays "s newly-acquir$ & g5]ally inh]itable "*1 & ! (fspr+ d n inh]it x1 ! cause may lie 9 ! o!r p>5t hav+ ! p[] ( prepot5t transmission4 ,b :5 bo? p>5ts are simil>ly *>act]is$1 & ! *ild does n1 :atev] ! cause may be1 inh]it ! "* 9 "q1 b resembles its gr&p>5ts1 we h "o ( ! simple/ cases ( rev]sion4 ,we cont9ually see ano!r & ev5 m simple case ( atavism1 ?\gh n g5]ally includ$ "u ?is head1 namely1 :5 ! son m closely resembles 8 mat]nal ?an 8 pat]nal gr&-sire 9 "s male attribute1 z 9 any peculi>ity 9 ! be>d ( man1 ! horns ( ! bull1 ! hackles or comb ( ! cock1 or1 z 9 c]ta9 diseases necess>ily conf9$ to ! male sex2 = z ! "m _c possess or exhibit su* male attributes1 ! *ild mu/ inh]it !m1 ?r\gh h] blood1 f 8 mat]nal gr&sire4 ,! cases ( rev]sion may be divid$ into two ma9 classes :i*1 h[ev]1 9 "s in/ances1 bl5d into "o ano!r2 namely1 fir/1 ^? occurr+ 9 a v>iety or race :i* has n be5 cross$1 b has lo/ by v>iation "s "* t x =m]ly possess$1 & :i* aft]w>ds reappe>s4 ,! second class includes all cases 9 :i* an individual ) "s di/+ui%able "*1 a race1 or species1 has at "s =m] p]iod be5 cross$1 & a "* d]iv$ f ?is cross1 aft] hav+ disappe>$ dur+ "o or sev]al g5]ations1 sudd5ly reappe>s4 ,a ?ird class1 diff]+ only 9 ! mann] ( reproduction1 might be =m$ to include all cases ( rev]sion effect$ by means ( buds1 & !re=e indep5d5t ( true or sem9al g5]ation4 ,p]haps ev5 a f\r? class might be in/itut$1 to include rev]sions by segm5ts 9 ! same individual fl[] or fruit1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body 9 ! same individual animal z x gr[s old4 ,b ! two fir/ ma9 classes w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,rev]sion to lo/ ,*>act]s by pure or uncross$ =ms4--,/rik+ in/ances ( ?is fir/ class ( cases 7 giv5 9 ! six? *apt]1 namely1 ( ! occasional reappe>ance1 9 v>i\sly-col\r$ bre$s ( ! pigeon1 ( blue birds ) all ! m>ks *>act]i/ic ( ! wild ,columba livia4 ,simil> cases 7 giv5 9 ! case ( ! f[l4 ,) ! common ass1 z ! legs ( ! wild prog5itor are almo/ always /rip$1 we may feel assur$ t ! occasional appe>ance ( su* /ripes 9 ! dome/ic animal is a case ( simple rev]sion4 ,b ,i %all be compell$ to ref] aga9 to ^! cases1 & !re=e "h pass !m ov]4 ,! aborig9al species f :i* our dome/icat$ cattle & %eep are desc5d$1 no d\bt possess$ horns2 b sev]al hornless bre$s are n[ well e/abli%$4 ,yet 9 ^!--= in/ance1 9 ,s\?d[n %eep--8x is n unusual to f9d among ! male lambs "s ) small horns40 ,! horns1 :i* ?us occasionally reappe> 9 o!r poll$ bre$s1 ei!r 8gr[ to ! full size10 or are curi\sly atta*$ to ! sk9 alone & hang 8loosely d[n1 or drop (f40#a ,! ,gall[ays & ,suffolk cattle h be5 hornless = ! la/ #ajj or #aej ye>s1 b a horn$ calf1 ) ! horn (t5 loosely atta*$1 is occasionally produc$4#b ,!re is reason to believe t %eep 9 _! e>ly dome/icat$ condition 7 8br[n or d+y black20 b ev5 9 ! "t ( ,david c]ta9 flocks 7 spok5 ( z :ite z sn[4 ,dur+ ! classical p]iod ! %eep ( ,spa9 are describ$ by sev]al anci5t au?ors z be+ black1 r$1 or tawny4#c ,at ! pres5t day1 not)/&+ ! great c>e :i* is tak5 to prev5t x1 p>ticol\r$ lambs & "s entirely black are occasionally1 or ev5 frequ5tly1 dropp$ by our mo/ highly improv$ & valu$ bre$s1 su* z ! ,s\?d[ns4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! fam\s ,bakewell1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,leice/] %eep h be5 br$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e2 yet occasionally grey-fac$1 or black-spott$1 or :olly black lambs appe>4#d ,?is occurs /ill m frequ5tly ) ! less improv$ bre$s1 su* z ! ,norfolks4#e ,z be>+ on ?is t5d5cy 9 %eep to rev]t to d>k col\rs1 ,i may /ate 7?\gh 9 do+ s ,i tr5* on ! rev]sion ( cross$ bre$s1 & likewise on ! subject ( prepot5cy7 t ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox 0 in=m$ t sev5 :ite ,s\?d[n ewes 7 put to a s-call$ ,spani% ram1 :i* _h two small black spots on 8 sides1 & !y produc$ ?irte5 lambs1 all p]fectly black4 ,mr4 ,fox believes t ?is ram belong$ to a bre$ :i* he has himself kept1 & :i* is always spott$ ) black & :ite2 & he f9ds t ,leice/] %eep cross$ by rams ( ?is bre$ always produce black lambs3 he has gone on recross+ ^! cross$ %eep ) pure :ite ,leice/]s dur+ ?ree successive g5]ations1 b always ) ! same result4 ,mr4 ,fox 0 also told by ! fri5d f :om ! spott$ bre$ 0 procur$1 t he likewise _h gone on = six or sev5 g5]ations cross+ ) :ite %eep1 b /ill black lambs 7 inv>iably produc$4 ,simil> facts c\ld be giv5 ) respect to tailless bre$s ( v>i\s animals4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,hewitt#f /ates t *ick5s br$ f "s rumpless f[ls1 :i* 7 reckon$ s good t !y won a prize at an exhibition1 89 a consid]able numb] ( in/ances 7 furni%$ ) fully develop$ tail-fea!rs40 ,on inquiry1 ! orig9al bre$] ( ^! f[ls /at$ t1 f ! "t :5 he _h fir/ kept !m1 !y _h (t5 produc$ f[ls furni%$ ) tails2 b t ^! latt] w\ld aga9 reproduce rumpless *ick5s4 ,analog\s cases ( rev]sion occur 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 ?us 8f se$s ga!r$ f ! f9e/ cultivat$ v>ieties ( ,he>tsease 7,viola tricolor71 plants p]fectly wild bo? 9 _! foliage & _! fl[]s are frequ5tly produc$20#g b ! rev]sion 9 ?is in/ance is n to a v anci5t p]iod1 = ! be/ exi/+ v>ieties ( ! he>tsease are ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,) mo/ ( our cultivat$ vegetables !re is "s t5d5cy to rev]sion to :at is kn[n to be1 or may be presum$ to be1 _! aborig9al /ate2 & ?is w\ld be m evid5t if g>d5]s did n g5]ally look ov] _! b$s ( se$l+s1 & pull up ! false plants or 8rogues0 z !y are call$4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$1 t "s few se$l+ apples & pe>s g5]ally resemble1 b app>5tly are n id5tical )1 ! wild trees f :i* !y are desc5d$4 ,9 our turnip#h & c>rot-b$s a few plants (t5 8break 0--t is1 fl[] too soon2 & _! roots are g5]ally h>d & /r+y1 z 9 ! p>5t-species4 ,by ! aid ( a little selection1 c>ri$ on dur+ a few g5]ations1 mo/ ( our cultivat$ plants c\ld probably be br\ght back1 )\t any great *ange 9 _! conditions ( life1 to a wild or ne>ly wild condition3 ,mr4 ,buckman has effect$ ?is ) ! p>snip2#i & ,mr4 ,hewett ,c4 ,watson1 z he in=ms me1 select$1 dur+ ?ree g5]ations1 8! mo/ div]g+ plants ( ,scot* kail1 p]haps "o ( ! lea/ modifi$ v>ieties ( ! cabbage2 & 9 ! ?ird g5]ation "s ( ! plants came v close to ! =ms n[ e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& ab\t old ca/le-walls1 & call$ indig5\s40 ,rev]sion 9 ,animals & ,plants :i* h run wild4--,9 ! cases hi!rto consid]$1 ! rev]t+ animals & plants h n be5 expos$ to any great or abrupt *ange 9 _! conditions ( life :i* c\ld h induc$ ?is t5d5cy2 b x is v diff]5t ) animals & plants :i* h become f]al or run wild4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ positive mann] by v>i\s au?ors1 t f]al animals & plants inv>iably return to _! primitive specific type4 ,x is curi\s on :at little evid5ce ?is belief re/s4 ,_m ( our dome/icat$ animals c\ld n subsi/ 9 a wild /ate2 ?us1 ! m highly improv$ bre$s ( ! pigeon w n 8field0 or se>* = _! own food4 ,%eep h nev] become f]al1 & w\ld be de/roy$ by almo/ e bea/ ( prey4#aj ,9 sev]al cases we d n "k ! aborig9al p>5t-species1 & _c possibly tell :e!r or n !re has be5 any close degree ( rev]sion4 ,x is n kn[n 9 any in/ance :at v>iety 0 fir/ turn$ out2 sev]al v>ieties h probably 9 "s cases run wild1 & _! cross+ alone w\ld t5d to oblit]ate _! prop] "*4 ,our dome/icat$ animals & plants1 :5 !y run wild1 mu/ always be expos$ to new conditions ( life1 =1 z ,mr4 ,wallace#aa has well rem>k$1 !y h to obta9 _! own food1 & are expos$ to competition ) ! native productions4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 if our dome/icat$ animals did n und]go *ange ( "s k9d1 ! result w\ld be q oppos$ to ! conclusions arriv$ at 9 ?is "w4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n d\bt t ! simple fact ( animals & plants becom+ f]al1 does cause "s t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! primitive /ate2 ?\gh ?is t5d5cy has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by "s au?ors4 ,i w briefly run ?r\gh ! record$ cases4 ,) nei!r horses nor cattle is ! primitive /ock kn[n2 & x has be5 %[n 9 =m] *apt]s t !y h assum$ diff]5t col\rs 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?us ! horses :i* h run wild 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are g5]ally br[ni%-bay1 & 9 ! ,ea/ dun-col\r$2 _! heads h become l>g] & co>s]1 & ?is may be due to rev]sion4 ,no c>eful description has be5 giv5 ( ! f]al goat4 ,dogs :i* h run wild 9 v>i\s c\ntries h h>dly any:]e assum$ a uni=m "*2 b !y are probably desc5d$ f sev]al dome/ic races1 & aborig9ally f sev]al di/9ct species4 ,f]al cats1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,la ,plata1 are regul>ly /rip$2 9 "s cases !y h gr[n to an unusually l>ge size1 b d n diff] f ! dome/ic animal 9 any o!r "*4 ,:5 v>i\sly-col\r$ tame rabbits are turn$ out 9 ,europe1 !y g5]ally reacquire ! col\r+ ( ! wild animal2 !re c be no d\bt t ?is does really occur1 b we %\ld rememb] t oddly-col\r$ & conspicu\s animals w\ld suff] mu* f bea/s ( prey & f be+ easily %ot2 ?is at lea/ 0 ! op9ion ( a g5tleman :o tri$ to /ock 8 woods ) a ne>ly :ite v>iety2 if ?us de/roy$1 !y w\ld be supplant$ by1 in/ead ( be+ trans=m$ into1 ! common rabbit4 ,we h se5 t ! f]al rabbits ( ,jamaica1 & especially ( ,porto ,santo1 h assum$ new col\rs & o!r new *>act]s4 ,! be/ kn[n case ( rev]sion1 & t on :i* ! widely spread belief 9 its univ]sality app>5tly re/s1 is t ( pigs4 ,^! animals h run wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & h ev]y:]e acquir$ ! d>k col\r1 ! ?ick bri/les1 & great tusks ( ! wild bo>2 & ! "y h reacquir$ longitud9al /ripes4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( ! pig1 ,r\l9 describes ! half-wild animals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica z diff]+ 9 sev]al respects4 ,9 ,l\isiana ! pig#ab has run wild1 & is said to diff] a little 9 =m1 & mu* 9 col\r1 f ! dome/ic animal1 yet does n closely resemble ! wild bo> ( ,europe4 ,) pigeons & f[ls1#ac x is n kn[n :at v>iety 0 fir/ turn$ out1 nor :at "* ! f]al birds h assum$4 ,! gu9ea-f[l 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :5 f]al1 seems to v>y m ?an 9 ! dome/icat$ /ate4 ,) respect to plants run wild1 ,dr4 ,hook]#ad has /rongly insi/$ on :at slight evid5ce ! common belief 9 _! rev]sion to a primitive /ate re/s4 ,godron#ae describes wild turnips1 c>rots1 & cel]y2 b ^! plants 9 _! cultivat$ /ate h>dly diff] f _! wild prototypes1 except 9 ! succul5cy & enl>gem5t ( c]ta9 p>ts1-- *>act]s :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be lo/ by plants gr[+ 9 poor soil & /ruggl+ ) o!r plants4 ,no cultivat$ plant has run wild on s enorm\s a scale z ! c>doon 7,cyn>a c>dunculus7 9 ,la ,plata4 ,e botani/ :o has se5 x gr[+ !re1 9 va/ b$s1 z high z a horse's back1 has be5 /ruck ) its peculi> appe>ance2 b :e!r x diff]s 9 any important po9t f ! cultivat$ ,spani% =m1 :i* is said n to be prickly l its ,am]ican desc5dant1 or :e!r x diff]s f ! wild ,m$it]ranean species1 :i* is said n to be social 7?\gh ?is may be due m]ely to ! nature ( ! conditions71 ,i d n "k4 ,rev]sion to ,*>act]s d]iv$ f a ,cross1 9 ! case ( ,sub-v>ieties1 ,races1 & ,species4--,:5 an individual hav+ "s recognisable peculi>ity unites ) ano!r ( ! same sub-v>iety1 n hav+ ! peculi>ity 9 "q1 x (t5 reappe>s 9 ! desc5dants aft] an int]val ( sev]al g5]ations4 ,e "o mu/ h notic$1 or he>d f old p ( *ildr5 closely resembl+ 9 appe>ance or m5tal disposition1 or 9 s small & complex a "* z expression1 "o ( _! gr&p>5ts1 or "s m di/ant collat]al relation4 ,v _m anomalies ( /ructure & diseases#af ( :i* in/ances h be5 giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 h come into a family f "o p>5t1 & h reappe>$ 9 ! prog5y aft] pass+ ov] two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,! foll[+ case has be5 communicat$ to me on good au?ority1 & may1 ,i believe1 be fully tru/$3 a po9t]-bit* produc$ sev5 puppies2 f\r 7 m>k$ ) blue & :ite1 :i* is s unusual a col\r ) po9t]s t %e 0 ?\ght to h play$ false ) "o ( ! greyh\nds1 & ! :ole litt] 0 condemn$2 b ! gamekeep] 0 p]mitt$ to save "o z a curiosity4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds a fri5d ( ! own] saw ! "y dog1 & decl>$ t he 0 ! image ( 8 old po9t]-bit* ,sappho1 ! only blue & :ite po9t] ( pure desc5t :i* he _h ev] se54 ,?is l$ to close inquiry1 & x 0 prov$ t he 0 ! great-great-gr&son ( ,sappho2 s t1 accord+ to ! common expression1 he _h only #a_/af? ( h] blood 9 8 ve9s4 ,i may give "o o!r in/ance1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,walk]1 a l>ge cattle-bre$] 9 ,k9c>d9e%ire4 ,he b\ght a black bull1 ! son ( a black c[ ) :ite legs1 :ite belly & "p ( ! tail :ite2 & 9 #ahgj a calf ! gr4-gr4-gr4-gr4-gr&*ild ( ?is c[ 0 born col\r$ 9 ! same v peculi> mann]2 all ! int]m$iate (fspr+ hav+ be5 black4 ,9 ^! cases !re c h>dly be a d\bt t a "* d]iv$ f a cross ) an individual ( ! same v>iety reappe>$ aft] pass+ ov] ?ree g5]ations 9 ! "o case1 & five 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 two di/9ct races are cross$1 x is notori\s t ! t5d5cy 9 ! (fspr+ to rev]t to "o or bo? p>5t-=ms is /rong1 & endures = _m g5]ations4 ,i h myself se5 ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ?is 9 cross$ pigeons & ) v>i\s plants4 ,mr4 ,sidney#ag /ates t1 9 a litt] ( ,essex pigs1 two "y ones appe>$ :i* 7 ! image ( ! ,b]k%ire bo> t _h be5 us$ tw5ty-eight ye>s be=e 9 giv+ size & con/itution to ! bre$4 ,i obs]v$ 9 ! f>my>d at ,betley ,hall "s f[ls %[+ a /rong lik5ess to ! ,malay bre$1 & 0 told by ,mr4 ,tollet t he _h =ty ye>s be=e cross$ 8 birds ) ,malays2 & t1 ?\gh he _h at fir/ attempt$ to get rid ( ?is /ra91 he _h subsequ5tly giv5 up ! attempt 9 despair1 z ! ,malay "* w\ld reappe>4 ,?is /rong t5d5cy 9 cross$ bre$s to rev]t has giv5 rise to endless discussions 9 h[ _m g5]ations aft] a s+le cross1 ei!r ) a di/9ct bre$ or m]ely ) an inf]ior animal1 ! bre$ may be consid]$ z pure1 & free f all dang] ( rev]sion4 ,no "o supposes t less ?an ?ree g5]ations suffices1 & mo/ bre$]s ?9k t six1 sev51 or eight are necess>y1 & "s g to /ill great] l5g?s4#ah ,b nei!r 9 ! case ( a bre$ :i* has be5 contam9at$ by a s+le cross1 nor :51 9 ! attempt to =m an int]m$iate bre$1 half-br$ animals h be5 mat*$ toge!r dur+ _m g5]ations1 c any rule be laid d[n h[ soon ! t5d5cy to rev]sion w be oblit]at$4 ,x dep5ds on ! diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? or prepot5cy ( transmission 9 ! two p>5t-=ms1 on _! actual am\nt ( diff]5ce1 & on ! nature ( ! conditions ( life to :i* ! cross$ (fspr+ are expos$4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful n to conf\nd ^! cases ( rev]sion to *>act]s :i* 7 ga9$ by a cross1 ) ^? "u ! fir/ class1 9 :i* *>act]s orig9ally common to ,,bo? p>5ts1 b lo/ at "s =m] p]iod1 reappe>2 = su* *>act]s may recur aft] an almo/ indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,! law ( rev]sion is z p[]ful ) hybrids1 :5 !y are suffici5tly f]tile to bre$ toge!r1 or :5 !y are repeat$ly cross$ ) ei!r pure p>5t-=m1 z 9 ! case ( mongrels4 ,x is n necess>y to give in/ances4 ,) plants almo/ e "o :o has work$ on ?is subject1 f ! "t ( ,klreut] to ! pres5t day1 has insi/$ on ?is t5d5cy4 ,grtn] has record$ "s good in/ances2 b no "o has giv5 m /rik+ ones ?an ,naud94#ai ,! t5d5cy diff]s 9 degree or /r5g? 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 & p>tly dep5ds1 z we %all pres5tly see1 on :e!r ! p>5t-plants h be5 long cultivat$4 ,al?\gh ! t5d5cy to rev]sion is extremely g5]al ) ne>ly all mongrels & hybrids1 x _c be consid]$ z inv>iably *>act]i/ic ( !m2 x may also be ma/]$ by long-cont9u$ selection2 b ^! subjects w m prop]ly be discuss$ 9 a future *apt] on ,cross+4 ,f :at we see ( ! p[] & scope ( rev]sion1 bo? 9 pure races1 & :5 v>ieties or species are cross$1 we may inf] t *>act]s ( almo/ e k9d are capable ( reappe>+ aft] hav+ be5 lo/ = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is t 9 ea* p>ticul> case c]ta9 *>act]s w reappe>2 = in/ance1 ?is w n occur :5 a race is cross$ ) ano!r end[$ ) prepot5cy ( transmission4 ,sometimes ! p[] ( rev]sion :olly fails1 )\t our be+ able to assign any cause = ! failure3 ?us x has be5 /at$ t 9 a ,fr5* family 9 :i* #he out ( above #fjj memb]s1 dur+ six g5]ations1 _h be5 subject to night-bl9dness1 8!re has n be5 a s+le example ( ?is affection 9 ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o 7 !mselves free f x40#bj ,rev]sion ?r\gh ,bud-propagation--,p>tial ,rev]sion1 by segm5ts 9 ! same fl[] or fruit1 or 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body 9 ! same individual animal4--,9 ! elev5? *apt] _m cases ( rev]sion by buds1 indep5d5tly ( sem9al g5]ation1 7 giv5--z :5 a leaf-bud on a v>iegat$1 a curl$1 or lac9iat$ v>iety sudd5ly reassumes its prop] "*2 or z :5 a ,prov5ce-rose appe>s on a moss-rose1 or a pea* on a nect>9e-tree4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases only half ! fl[] or fruit1 or a small] segm5t1 or m]e /ripes1 reassume _! =m] "*2 & "h we h rev]sion by segm5ts4 ,vilmor9#ba has also record$ sev]al cases ) plants d]iv$ f se$1 ( fl[]s rev]t+ by /ripes or blot*es to _! primitive col\rs3 he /ates t 9 all su* cases a :ite or pale-col\r$ v>iety mu/ fir/ be =m$1 &1 :5 ?is is propagat$ = a l5g? ( "t by se$1 /rip$ se$l+s occasionally make _! appe>ance2 & ^! c aft]w>ds by c>e be multipli$ by se$4 ,! /ripes & segm5ts j ref]r$ to are n due1 z f> z is kn[n1 to rev]sion to *>act]s d]iv$ f a cross1 b to *>act]s lo/ by v>iation4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 z ,naud9#bb insi/s 9 8 discussion on disjunction ( "*1 are closely analog\s ) ^? giv5 9 ! elev5? *apt]1 9 :i* cross$ plants h be5 kn[n to produce half-&-half or /rip$ fl[]s & fruit1 or di/9ct k9ds ( fl[]s on ! same root resembl+ ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,_m piebald animals probably come "u ?is same head4 ,su* cases1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ,cross+1 app>5tly result f c]ta9 *>act]s n readily bl5d+ toge!r1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is incapacity = fusion1 ! (fspr+ ei!r p]fectly resemble "o ( _! two p>5ts1 or resemble "o p>5t 9 "o "p1 & ! o!r p>5t 9 ano!r "p2 or :il/ "y are int]m$iate 9 "*1 b ) advanc+ age rev]t :olly or by segm5ts to ei!r p>5t-=m1 or to bo?4 ,?us1 "y trees ( ! ,cytisus adami are int]m$iate 9 foliage & fl[]s betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms2 b :5 old] ! buds cont9ually rev]t ei!r p>tially or :olly to bo? =ms4 ,! cases giv5 9 ! elev5? *apt] on ! *anges :i* occurr$ dur+ gr[? 9 cross$ plants ( ,tropolum1 ,c]eus1 ,datura1 & ,la?yrus are all analog\s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ^! plants are hybrids ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 & z _! buds aft] a "t come to resemble _! p>5ts & n _! gr&p>5ts1 ^! cases d n at fir/ appe> to come "u ! law ( rev]sion 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 nev]!less1 z ! *ange is effect$ ?r\gh a succession ( bud-g5]ations on ! same plant1 !y may be ?us includ$4 ,analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 & are m rem>kable1 z !y occur 9 ! same individual 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 & n z ) plants ?r\gh a succession ( bud-g5]ations4 ,) animals ! act ( rev]sion1 if x c be s designat$1 does n pass ov] a true g5]ation1 b m]ely ov] ! e>ly /ages ( gr[? 9 ! same individual4 ,= in/ance1 ,i cross$ sev]al :ite h5s ) a black cock1 & _m ( ! *ick5s 71 dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 p]fectly :ite1 b acquir$ dur+ ! second ye> black fea!rs2 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! *ick5s :i* 7 at fir/ black1 became dur+ ! second ye> piebald ) :ite4 ,a great bre$]#bc says1 t a ,p5cill$ ,brahma h5 :i* has any ( ! blood ( ! ,light ,brahma 9 h]1 w 8occasionally produce a pullet well p5cill$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 b %e w mo/ likely m\lt br[n on ! %\ld]s & become q unlike h] orig9al col\rs 9 ! second ye>40 ,! same ?+ occurs ) light ,brahmas if ( impure blood4 ,i h obs]v$ exactly simil> cases ) ! cross$ (fspr+ f diff]5tly col\r$ pigeons4 ,b "h is a m rem>kable fact3 ,i cross$ a turbit1 :i* has a frill =m$ by ! fea!rs be+ rev]s$ on its brea/1 ) a trumpet]2 & "o ( ! "y pigeons ?us rais$ at fir/ %[$ n a trace ( ! frill1 b1 aft] m\lt+ ?rice1 a small yet unmi/akably di/9ct frill appe>$ on its brea/4 ,accord+ to ,gir\#bd calves produc$ f a r$ c[ by a black bull1 or f a black c[ by a r$ bull1 are n r>ely born r$1 & subsequ5tly become black4 ,i possess a dog1 ! daught] ( a :ite t]ri] by a fox-col\r$ bulldog2 z a puppy %e 0 q :ite1 b :5 ab\t six mon?s old a black spot appe>$ on h] nose1 & br[n spots on h] e>s4 ,:5 a little old] %e 0 badly w\nd$ on ! back1 & ! hair :i* grew on ! cicatrix 0 ( a br[n col\r1 app>5tly d]iv$ f h] fa!r4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 z ) mo/ animals hav+ col\r$ hair1 t :i* gr[s on a w\nd$ surface is :ite4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases1 ! *>act]s :i* ) advanc+ age reappe>$1 7 pres5t 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ g5]ations2 b *>act]s sometimes reappe> 9 ! same mann] aft] a mu* long] int]val ( "t4 ,?us ! calves ( a hornless race ( cattle :i* orig9at$ 9 ,corri5tes1 ?\gh at fir/ q hornless1 z !y become adult sometimes acquire small1 crook$1 & loose horns2 & ^! 9 succe$+ ye>s occasionally become atta*$ to ! skull4#be ,:ite & black ,bantams1 bo? ( :i* g5]ally bre$ true1 sometimes assume z !y gr[ old a saffron or r$ plumage4 ,= in/ance1 a fir/-rate black bantam has be5 describ$1 :i* dur+ ?ree seasons 0 p]fectly black1 b !n annually became m & m r$2 & x des]ves notice t ?is t5d5cy to *ange1 :5ev] x occurs 9 a bantam1 8is almo/ c]ta9 to prove h]$it>y40#bf ,! cuckoo or blue-mottl$ ,dork+ cock1 :5 old1 is liable to acquire yell[ or orange hackles 9 place ( 8 prop] blui%-grey hackles4#bg ,n[ z ,gallus bankiva is col\r$ r$ & orange1 & z ,dork+ f[ls & bantams are desc5d$ f ?is species1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! *ange :i* occasionally occurs 9 ! plumage ( ^! birds z _! age advances1 results f a t5d5cy 9 ! individual to rev]t to ! primitive type4 ,cross+ z a direct cause ( ,rev]sion4--,x has long be5 notori\s t hybrids & mongrels (t5 rev]t to bo? or to "o ( _! p>5t-=ms1 aft] an int]val ( f two to sev5 or eight1 or1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 ev5 a great] numb] ( g5]ations4 ,b t ! act ( cross+ 9 itself gives an impulse t[>ds rev]sion1 z %[n by ! reappe>ance ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 has nev]1 ,i believe1 be5 hi!rto prov$4 ,! pro( lies 9 c]ta9 peculi>ities1 :i* d n *>act]ise ! imm$iate p>5ts1 & !re=e _c h be5 d]iv$ f !m1 frequ5tly appe>+ 9 ! (fspr+ ( two bre$s :5 cross$1 :i* peculi>ities nev] appe>1 or appe> ) extreme r>ity1 9 ^! same bre$s1 z long z !y are preclud$ f cross+4 ,z ?is conclusion seems to me highly curi\s & novel1 ,i w give ! evid5ce 9 detail4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is subject1 & ,i 0 l$ to make num]\s exp]im5ts1 by ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie hav+ /at$ t1 :5 !y cross$ c]ta9 bre$s ( pigeons1 birds col\r$ l ! wild ,c4 livia1 or ! common dovecote--namely1 slaty-blue1 ) d\ble black w+-b>s1 sometimes *equ]$ ) black1 :ite lo9s1 ! tail b>r$ ) black1 ) ! out] fea!rs edg$ ) :ite1--7 almo/ inv>iably produc$4 ,! bre$s :i* ,i cross$1 & ! rem>kable results atta9$1 h be5 fully describ$ 9 ! six? *apt]4 ,i select$ pigeons belong+ to true & anci5t bre$s1 :i* _h n a trace ( blue or any ( ! above specifi$ m>ks2 b :5 cross$1 & _! mongrels recross$1 "y birds 7 (t5 produc$1 m or less pla9ly col\r$ slaty-blue1 ) "s or all ( ! prop] *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,i may recall to ! read]'s memory "o case1 namely1 t ( a pigeon1 h>dly di/+ui%able f ! wild ,%etl& species1 ! gr&*ild ( a r$-spot1 :ite fantail1 & two black b>bs1 f any ( :i*1 :5 purely-br$1 ! production ( a pigeon col\r$ l ! wild ,c4 livia w\ld h be5 almo/ a prodigy4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to make ! exp]im5ts1 record$ 9 ! sev5? *apt]1 on f[ls4 ,i select$ long-e/abli%$ pure bre$s1 9 :i* !re 0 n a trace ( r$1 yet 9 sev]al ( ! mongrels fea!rs ( ?is col\r appe>$2 & "o magnific5t bird1 ! (fspr+ ( a black ,spani% cock & :ite ,silk h51 0 col\r$ almo/ exactly l ! wild ,gallus bankiva4 ,all :o "k any?+ ( ! bre$+ ( p\ltry w admit t t5s ( ?\s&s ( pure ,spani% & ( pure :ite ,silk f[ls might h be5 re>$ )\t ! appe>ance ( a r$ fea!r4 ,! fact1 giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ( ! frequ5t appe>ance1 9 mongrel f[ls1 ( p5cill$ or transv]sely-b>r$ fea!rs1 l ^? common to _m gall9ace\s birds1 is likewise app>5tly a case ( rev]sion to a "* =m]ly possess$ by "s anci5t prog5itor ( ! family4 ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ?is excell5t obs]v] ! opportunity ( inspect+ "s neck-hackles & tail-fea!rs f a hybrid betwe5 ! common f[l & a v di/9ct species1 ! ,gallus v>ius2 & ^! fea!rs are transv]sely /rip$ 9 a conspicu\s mann] ) d>k metallic blue & grey1 a "* :i* c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f ei!r imm$iate p>5t4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 t he cross$ a :ite ,aylesbury drake & a black s-call$ ,labrador duck1 bo? ( :i* are true bre$s1 & he obta9$ a "y drake closely l ! mall>d 7,a4 bos*as74 ,( ! musk-duck 7,cair9a mos*ata1 ,l9n47 !re are two sub-bre$s1 namely1 :ite & slate-col\r$2 & ^! ,i am in=m$ bre$ true1 or ne>ly true4 ,b ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox tells me t1 by putt+ a :ite drake to a slate-col\r$ duck1 black birds1 pi$ ) :ite1 l ! wild musk-duck1 7 always produc$4 ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly? t hybrids f ! can>y & gold-f9* almo/ always h /reak$ fea!rs on _! backs2 & ?is /reak+ mu/ be d]iv$ f ! orig9al wild can>y4 ,we h se5 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 t ! s-call$ ,himalayan rabbit1 ) its sn[-:ite body1 black e>s1 nose1 tail1 & feet1 bre$s p]fectly true4 ,?is race is kn[n to h be5 =m$ by ! union ( two v>ieties ( silv]-grey rabbits4 ,n[1 :5 a ,himalayan doe 0 cross$ by a s&y-col\r$ buck1 a silv]-grey rabbit 0 produc$2 & ?is is evid5tly a case ( rev]sion to "o ( ! p>5t v>ieties4 ,! "y ( ! ,himalayan rabbit are born sn[-:ite1 & ! d>k m>ks d n appe> until "s "t subsequ5tly2 b occasionally "y ,himalayan rabbits are born ( a light silv]-grey1 :i* col\r soon disappe>s2 s t "h we h a trace ( rev]sion1 dur+ an e>ly p]iod ( life1 to ! p>5t v>ieties1 indep5d5tly ( any rec5t cross4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] x 0 %[n t at an anci5t p]iod "s bre$s ( cattle 9 ! wild] p>ts ( ,brita9 7 :ite ) d>k e>s1 & t ! cattle n[ kept half wild 9 c]ta9 p>ks1 & ^? :i* h run q wild 9 two di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 are likewise ?us col\r$4 ,n[1 an exp]i5c$ bre$]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,beasley1 ( ,nor?ampton%ire1#bh cross$ "s c>efully select$ ,we/ ,highl& c[s ) purely-br$ %or?orn bulls4 ,! bulls 7 r$1 r$ & :ite1 or d>k roan2 & ! ,highl& c[s 7 all ( a r$ col\r1 incl9+ to a light or yell[ %ade4 ,b a consid]able numb] ( ! (fspr+--& ,mr4 ,beasley calls att5tion to ?is z a rem>kable fact--7 :ite1 or :ite ) r$ e>s4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t none ( ! p>5ts 7 :ite1 & t !y 7 purely-br$ animals1 x is highly probable t "h ! (fspr+ rev]t$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cross1 to ! col\r ( "s anci5t & half-wild p>5t-bre$4 ,! foll[+ case1 p]haps1 comes "u ! same head3 c[s 9 _! natural /ate h _! udd]s b little develop$1 & d n yield ne>ly s mu* milk z our dome/icat$ animals4 ,n[ !re is "s reason to believe#bi t cross-br$ animals betwe5 two k9ds1 bo? ( :i* are good milk]s1 su* z ,ald]neys & ,%or?orns1 (t5 turn out wor?less 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,horse reasons 7 assign$ = believ+ t ! primitive /ock 0 /rip$ & dun-col\r$2 & details 7 giv51 %[+ t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w /ripes ( a d>k col\r frequ5tly appe> along ! sp9e1 across ! legs1 & on ! %\ld]s1 :]e !y are occasionally d\ble or treble1 & ev5 sometimes on ! face & body ( horses ( all bre$s & ( all col\rs4 ,b ! /ripes appe> mo/ frequ5tly on ! v>i\s k9ds ( duns4 ,9 foals !y are sometimes pla9ly se51 & subsequ5tly disappe>4 ,! dun-col\r & ! /ripes are /rongly transmitt$ :5 a horse ?us *>act]is$ is cross$ ) any o!r2 b ,i 0 n able to prove t /rip$ duns are g5]ally produc$ f ! cross+ ( two di/9ct bre$s1 nei!r ( :i* are duns1 ?\gh ?is does sometimes occur4 ,! legs ( ! ass are (t5 /rip$1 & ?is may be consid]$ z a rev]sion to ! wild p>5t =m1 ! ,equus tniopus ( ,abyss9ia1#cj :i* is g5]ally ?us /rip$4 ,9 ! dome/ic animal ! /ripes on ! %\ld] are occasionally d\ble1 or =k$ at ! extremity1 z 9 c]ta9 zebr9e species4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! foal is m frequ5tly /rip$ on ! legs ?an ! adult animal4 ,z ) ! horse1 ,i h n acquir$ any di/9ct evid5ce t ! cross+ ( diff]5tly-col\r$ v>ieties ( ! ass br+s out ! /ripes4 ,b n[ let u turn to ! result ( cross+ ! horse & ass4 ,al?\gh mules are n ne>ly s num]\s 9 ,engl& z asses1 ,i h se5 a mu* great] numb] ) /rip$ legs1 & ) ! /ripes f> m conspicu\s ?an 9 ei!r p>5t-=m4 ,su* mules are g5]ally light-col\r$1 & might be call$ fall[-duns4 ,! %\ld]-/ripe 9 "o in/ance 0 deeply =k$ at ! extremity1 & 9 ano!r in/ance 0 d\ble1 ?\gh unit$ 9 ! middle4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 gives a figure ( a ,spani% mule ) /rong zebra-l m>ks on its legs1#ca & rem>ks t mules are p>ticul>ly liable to be ?us /rip$ on _! legs4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 accord+ to ,r\l91#cb su* /ripes are m frequ5t & conspicu\s 9 ! mule ?an 9 ! ass4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,gosse1#cc speak+ ( ^! animals1 says1 8t 9 a great numb]1 p]haps 9 n9e out ( e t51 ! legs are b&$ ) transv]se d>k /ripes40 ,_m ye>s ago ,i saw 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s a curi\s triple hybrid1 f a bay m>e1 by a hybrid f a male ass & female zebra4 ,?is animal :5 old _h h>dly any /ripes2 b ,i 0 assur$ by ! sup]9t5d5t1 t :5 "y x _h %\ld]-/ripes1 & fa9t /ripes on its flanks & legs4 ,i m5tion ?is case m especially z an in/ance ( ! /ripes be+ mu* pla9] dur+ y\? ?an 9 old age4 ,z ! zebra has su* a conspicu\sly /rip$ body & legs1 x might h be5 expect$ t ! hybrids f ?is animal & ! common ass w\ld h _h _! legs 9 "s degree /rip$2 b x appe>s f ! figures giv5 9 ,dr4 ,gray's #8,kn[sley ,glean+s' & /ill m pla9ly f t giv5 by ,ge(froy & ,f4 ,cuvi]1#cd t ! legs are mu* m conspicu\sly /rip$ ?an ! re/ ( ! body2 & ?is fact is intelligible only on ! belief t ! ass aids 9 giv+1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( rev]sion1 ?is "* to its hybrid (fspr+4 ,! quagga is b&$ ov] ! :ole front "p ( its body l a zebra1 b has no /ripes on its legs1 or m]e traces ( !m4 ,b 9 ! fam\s hybrid br$ by ,"l ,morton#ce f a *e/nut1 ne>ly purely-br$1 ,arabian m>e1 by a male quagga1 ! /ripes 7 m /rongly def9$ & d>k] ?an ^? on ! legs ( 8! quagga40 ,! m>e 0 subsequ5tly put to a black ,arabian horse1 & bore two colts1 bo? ( :i*1 z =m]ly /at$1 7 pla9ly /rip$ on ! legs1 & "o ( !m likewise _h /ripes on ! neck & body4 ,! ,equus indicus#cf is *>act]is$ by a sp9al /ripe1 )\t %\ld] or leg /ripes2 b traces ( ^! latt] /ripes may occasionally be se5 ev5 9 ! adult#cg & ,colonel ,s4 ,poole1 :o has _h ample opportunities = obs]vation1 in=ms me t 9 ! foal1 :5 fir/ born1 ! head & legs are (t5 /rip$1 b ! %\ld]-/ripe is n s di/9ct z 9 ! dome/ic ass2 all ^! /ripes1 except+ t along ! sp9e1 soon disappe>4 ,n[ a hybrid1 rais$ at ,kn[sley#ch f a female ( ?is species by a male dome/ic ass1 _h all f\r legs transv]sely & conspicu\sly /rip$1 _h ?ree %ort /ripes on ea* %\ld] & _h ev5 "s zebra-l /ripes on its face6 ,dr4 ,gray in=ms me t he has se5 a second hybrid ( ! same p>5tage1 simil>ly /rip$4 ,f ^! facts we see t ! cross+ ( ! sev]al equ9e species t5ds 9 a m>k$ mann] to cause /ripes to appe> on v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 especially on ! legs4 ,z we d n "k :e!r ! p>5t-=m ( ! g5us 0 /rip$1 ! appe>ance ( ! /ripes c only hypo!tically be attribut$ to rev]sion4 ,b mo/ p]sons1 aft] consid]+ ! _m und\bt$ cases ( v>i\sly col\r$ m>ks reappe>+ by rev]sion 9 my exp]im5ts on cross$ pigeons & f[ls1 w come to ! same conclusion ) respect to ! horse-g5us2 & if s1 we mu/ admit t ! prog5itor ( ! gr\p 0 /rip$ on ! legs1 %\ld]s1 face1 & probably ov] ! :ole body1 l a zebra4 ,la/ly1 ,pr(essor ,jaeg] has giv5#ci a good case ) pigs4 ,he cross$ ! ,japanese or mask$ bre$ ) ! common ,g]man bre$1 & ! (fspr+ 7 int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,he !n re-cross$ "o ( ^! mongrels ) ! pure ,japanese1 & 9 ! litt] ?us produc$ "o ( ! "y resembl$ 9 all its *>act]s a wild pig2 x _h a long sn\t & upright e>s1 & 0 /rip$ on ! back4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! "y ( ! ,japanese bre$ are n /rip$1 & t !y h a %ort muzzle & e>s rem>kably dep5d5t4 ,a simil> t5d5cy to ! recov]y ( long lo/ *>act]s holds good ev5 ) ! in/9cts ( cross$ animals4 ,!re are "s bre$s ( f[ls :i* are call$ 8ev]la/+ lay]s10 because !y h lo/ ! in/9ct ( incubation2 & s r>e is x = !m to incubate t ,i h se5 notices publi%$ 9 works on p\ltry1 :5 h5s ( su* bre$s h tak5 to sit4#dj ,yet ! aborig9al species 0 ( c\rse a good incubator2 & ) birds 9 a /ate ( nature h>dly any in/9ct is s /rong z ?is4 ,n[1 s _m cases h be5 record$ ( ! cross$ (fspr+ f two races1 nei!r ( :i* are incubators1 becom+ fir/-rate sitt]s1 t ! reappe>ance ( ?is in/9ct mu/ be attribut$ to rev]sion f cross+4 ,"o au?or goes s f> z to say1 8t a cross betwe5 two non-sitt+ v>ieties almo/ inv>iably produces a mongrel t becomes broody1 & sits ) rem>kable /ead9ess40#da ,ano!r au?or1 aft] giv+ a /rik+ example1 rem>ks t ! fact c be expla9$ only on ! pr9ciple t 8two negatives make a positive40 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be ma9ta9$ t h5s produc$ f a cross betwe5 two non-sitt+ bre$s inv>iably recov] _! lo/ in/9ct1 any m ?an t cross$ f[ls or pigeons inv>iably recov] ! r$ or blue plumage ( _! prototypes4 ,?us ,i rais$ sev]al *ick5s f a ,poli% h5 by a ,spani% cock1--bre$s :i* d n incubate1--& none ( ! "y h5s at fir/ %[$ any t5d5cy to sit2 b "o ( !m--! only "o :i* 0 pres]v$--9 ! ?ird ye> sat well on h] eggs & re>$ a brood ( *ick5s4 ,s t "h we h ! reappe>ance ) advanc+ age ( a primitive in/9ct1 9 ! same mann] z we h se5 t ! r$ plumage ( ! ,gallus bankiva is sometimes reacquir$ bo? by cross$ & purely-br$ f[ls ( v>i\s k9ds z !y gr[ old4 ,! p>5ts ( all our dome/icat$ animals 7 ( c\rse aborig9ally wild 9 disposition2 & :5 a dome/icat$ species is cross$ ) a di/9ct species1 :e!r ?is is a dome/icat$ or only a tam$ animal1 ! hybrids are (t5 wild to su* a degree1 t ! fact is intelligible only on ! pr9ciple t ! cross has caus$ a p>tial return to a primitive disposition4 ,?us1 ! ,e>l ( ,p[is =m]ly import$ "s ?or\ghly dome/icat$ hump$ cattle f ,india1 & cross$ !m ) ,engli% bre$s1 :i* belong to a di/9ct species2 & 8 ag5t rem>k$ to me1 )\t any "q hav+ be5 ask$1 h[ oddly wild ! cross-br$ animals 74 ,! ,european wild bo> & ! ,*9ese dome/icat$ pig are almo/ c]ta9ly specifically di/9ct3 ,sir ,f4 ,d>w9 cross$ a s[ ( ! latt] bre$ ) a wild ,alp9e bo> :i* _h become extremely tame1 b ! "y1 ?\gh hav+ half-dome/icat$ blood 9 _! ve9s1 7 8extremely wild 9 conf9em5t1 & w\ld n eat swill l common ,engli% pigs40 ,capta9 ,hutton1 9 ,india1 cross$ a tame goat ) a wild "o f ! ,himalaya1 & he rem>k$ to me h[ surpris+ly wild ! (fspr+ 74 ,mr4 ,hewitt1 :o has _h great exp]i5ce 9 cross+ tame cock-pheasants ) f[ls belong+ to five bre$s1 gives z ! "* ( all 8extraord9>y wildness02#db b ,i h myself se5 "o exception to ?is rule4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,salt]#dc :o rais$ a l>ge numb] ( hybrids f a bantam-h5 by ,gallus sonn]atii1 /ates t 8all 7 exce$+ly wild40 ,mr4 ,wat]ton#dd br$ "s wild ducks f eggs hat*$ "u a common duck1 & ! "y 7 all[$ to cross freely bo? among/ !mselves & ) ! tame ducks2 !y 7 8half wild & half tame2 !y came to ! w9d[s to be f$1 b /ill !y _h a w>9ess ab\t !m q rem>kable40 ,on ! o!r h&1 mules f ! horse & ass are c]ta9ly n 9 ! lea/ wild1 ?\gh notori\s = ob/9acy & vice4 ,mr4 ,br5t1 :o has cross$ can>y-birds ) _m k9ds ( f9*es1 has n obs]v$1 z he in=ms me1 t ! hybrids 7 9 any way rem>kably wild3 b ,mr4 ,j5n] ,weir :o has _h /ill great] exp]i5ce1 is ( a directly opposite op9ion4 ,he rem>ks t ! sisk9 is ! tame/ ( f9*es1 b its mules are z wild1 :5 "y1 z newly caught birds1 & are (t5 lo/ ?r\gh _! cont9u$ ef=ts to escape4 ,hybrids are (t5 rais$ betwe5 ! common & musk duck1 & ,i h be5 assur$ by ?ree p]sons1 :o h kept ^! cross$ birds1 t !y 7 n wild2 b ,mr4 ,g>nett#de obs]v$ t 8 hybrids 7 wild1 & exhibit$ 8migratory prop5sities0 ( :i* !re is n a ve/ige 9 ! common or musk duck4 ,no case is kn[n ( ?is latt] bird hav+ escap$ & become wild 9 ,europe or ,asia1 except1 accord+ to ,pallas1 on ! ,caspian ,sea2 & ! common dome/ic duck only occasionally becomes wild 9 di/ricts :]e l>ge lakes & f5s ab\nd4 ,nev]!less1 a l>ge numb] ( cases h be5 record$#df ( hybrids f ^! two ducks hav+ be5 %ot 9 a completely wild /ate1 al?\gh s few are re>$ 9 comp>ison ) purely-br$ birds ( ei!r species4 ,x is improbable t any ( ^! hybrids c\ld h acquir$ _! wildness f ! musk-duck hav+ pair$ ) a truly wild duck2 & ?is is kn[n n to be ! case 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 h5ce we mu/ inf] t !y h reacquir$1 ?r\gh rev]sion1 _! wildness1 z well z r5ew$ p[]s ( flight4 ,^! latt] facts rem9d u ( ! /atem5ts1 s frequ5tly made by travell]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 on ! degrad$ /ate & savage disposition ( cross$ races ( man4 ,t _m excell5t & k9d-he>t$ mulattos h exi/$ no "o w dispute2 & a m mild & g5tle set ( m5 c\ld h>dly be f\nd ?an ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,*iloe1 :o consi/ ( ,indians comm+l$ ) ,spani>ds 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m ye>s ago1 long be=e ,i _h ?\ght ( ! pres5t subject1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! fact t1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 m5 ( complicat$ desc5t betwe5 ,negroes1 ,indians1 & ,spani>ds1 seldom _h1 :atev] ! cause might be1 a good expression4#dg ,liv+/one--& a m unimpea*able au?ority _c be quot$1--aft] speak+ ( a half-ca/e man on ! ,zambesi1 describ$ by ! ,portuguese z a r>e mon/] ( inhumanity1 rem>ks1 8,x is unacc\ntable :y half-ca/es1 su* z he1 are s mu* m cruel ?an ! ,portuguese1 b su* is und\bt$ly ! case40 ,an inhabitant rem>k$ to ,liv+/one1 8,god made :ite m51 & ,god made black m51 b ! ,devil made halfca/es40#dh ,:5 two races1 bo? l[ 9 ! scale1 are cross$ ! prog5y seems to be em95tly bad4 ,?us ! noble-he>t$ ,humboldt1 :o felt no prejudice aga9/ ! inf]ior races1 speaks 9 /rong t]ms ( ! bad & savage disposition ( ,zambos1 or half-ca/es betwe5 ,indians & ,negroes2 & ?is conclusion has be5 arriv$ at by v>i\s obs]v]s4#di ,f ^! facts we may p]haps inf] t ! degrad$ /ate ( s _m half-ca/es is 9 "p due to rev]sion to a primitive & savage condition1 induc$ by ! act ( cross+1 ev5 if ma9ly due to ! unfav\rable moral conditions "u :i* !y are g5]ally re>$4 ,summ>y on ! proximate causes lead+ to ,rev]sion4--,:5 purely-br$ animals or plants reassume long-lo/ *>act]s1--:5 ! common ass1 = in/ance1 is born ) /rip$ legs1 :5 a pure race ( black or :ite pigeons ?r[s a slaty-blue bird1 or :5 a cultivat$ he>tsease ) l>ge & r\nd$ fl[]s produces a se$l+ ) small & elongat$ fl[]s1--we are q unable to assign any proximate cause4 ,:5 animals run wild1 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion1 :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 no d\bt exi/s1 is sometimes to a c]ta9 ext5t intelligible4 ,?us1 ) f]al pigs1 exposure to ! wea!r w probably fav\r ! gr[? ( ! bri/les1 z is kn[n to be ! case ) ! hair ( o!r dome/icat$ animals1 & ?r\gh correlation ! tusks w t5d to be r$evelop$4 ,b ! reappe>ance ( col\r$ longitud9al /ripes on "y f]al pigs _c be attribut$ to ! direct action ( ext]nal conditions4 ,9 ?is case1 & 9 _m o!rs1 we c only say t any *ange 9 ! habits ( life app>5tly fav\r a t5d5cy1 inh]5t or lat5t 9 ! species1 to return to ! primitive /ate4 ,x w be %[n 9 a future *apt] t ! position ( fl[]s on ! summit ( ! axis1 & ! position ( se$s )9 ! capsule1 sometimes det]m9e a t5d5cy t[>ds rev]sion2 & ?is app>5tly dep5ds on ! am\nt ( sap or nutrim5t :i* ! fl[]-buds & se$s receive4 ,! position1 also1 ( buds1 ei!r on bran*es or on roots1 sometimes det]m9es1 z 0 =m]ly %[n1 ! transmission ( ! "* prop] to ! v>iety1 or its rev]sion to a =m] /ate4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ section t :5 two races or species are cross$ !re is ! /ronge/ t5d5cy to ! reappe>ance 9 ! (fspr+ ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 possess$ by nei!r p>5t nor imm$iate prog5itor4 ,:5 two :ite1 or r$1 or black pigeons1 ( well-e/abli%$ bre$s1 are unit$1 ! (fspr+ are almo/ sure to inh]it ! same col\rs2 b :5 diff]5tly-col\r$ birds are cross$1 ! oppos$ =ces ( inh]itance app>5tly c\nt]act ea* o!r1 & ! t5d5cy :i* is inh]5t 9 bo? p>5ts to produce slaty-blue (fspr+ becomes pr$om9ant4 ,s x is 9 sev]al o!r cases4 ,b :51 = in/ance1 ! ass is cross$ ) ,e4 indicus or ) ! horse--animals :i* h n /rip$ legs--& ! hybrids h conspicu\s /ripes on _! legs & ev5 on _! faces1 all t c be said is1 t an inh]5t t5d5cy to rev]sion is evolv$ ?r\gh "s di/urbance 9 ! organisation caus$ by ! act ( cross+4 ,ano!r =m ( rev]sion is f> common]1 inde$ is almo/ univ]sal ) ! (fspr+ f a cross1 namely1 to ! *>act]s prop] to ei!r pure p>5t-=m4 ,z a g5]al rule1 cross$ (fspr+ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation are ne>ly int]m$iate betwe5 _! p>5ts1 b ! gr&*ildr5 & succe$+ g5]ations cont9ually rev]t1 9 a great] or less] degree1 to "o or bo? ( _! prog5itors4 ,sev]al au?ors h ma9ta9$ t hybrids & mongrels include all ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts1 n fus$ toge!r1 b m]ely m+l$ 9 diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body2 or1 z ,naud9#ej has express$ x1 a hybrid is a liv+ mosaic-"w1 9 :i* ! eye _c di/+ui% ! discordant elem5ts1 s completely are !y int]m+l$4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ?is is true1 z :5 we behold 9 a hybrid ! elem5ts ( bo? species segregat+ !mselves into segm5ts 9 ! same fl[] or fruit1 by a process ( self-attraction or self-aff9ity2 ?is segregation tak+ place ei!r by sem9al or bud-propagation4 ,naud9 fur!r believes t ! segregation ( ! two specific elem5ts or ess5ces is em95tly liable to occur 9 ! male & female reproductive matt]2 & he ?us expla9s ! almo/ univ]sal t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 successive hybrid g5]ations4 ,= ?is w\ld be ! natural result ( ! union ( poll5 & ovules1 9 bo? ( :i* ! elem5ts ( ! same species _h be5 segregat$ by self-aff9ity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 poll5 :i* includ$ ! elem5ts ( "o species happ5$ to unite ) ovules includ+ ! elem5ts ( ! o!r species1 ! int]m$iate or hybrid /ate w\ld /ill be reta9$1 & !re w\ld be no rev]sion4 ,b x w\ld1 z ,i suspect1 be m correct to say t ! elem5ts ( bo? p>5t-species exi/ 9 e hybrid 9 a d\ble /ate1 namely1 bl5d$ toge!r & completely sep>ate4 ,h[ ?is is possible1 & :at ! t]m specific ess5ce or elem5t may be suppos$ to express1 ,i %all attempt to %[ 9 ! *apt] on ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis4 ,b ,naud9's view1 z prop\nd$ by him1 is n applicable to ! reappe>ance ( *>act]s lo/ long ago by v>iation2 & x is h>dly applicable to races or species :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 cross$ at "s =m] p]iod ) a di/9ct =m1 & hav+ s9ce lo/ all traces ( ! cross1 nev]!less occasionally yield an individual :i* rev]ts 7z 9 ! case ( ! great-great-gr&*ild ( ! po9t] ,sappho7 to ! cross+ =m4 ,! mo/ simple case ( rev]sion1 namely1 ( a hybrid or mongrel to its gr&p>5ts1 is connect$ by an almo/ p]fect s]ies ) ! extreme case ( a purely-br$ race recov]+ *>act]s :i* _h be5 lo/ dur+ _m ages2 & we are ?us l$ to inf] t all ! cases mu/ be relat$ by "s common bond4 ,grtn] believ$ t only highly /]ile hybrid plants exhibit any t5d5cy to rev]sion to _! p>5t-=ms4 ,?is errone\s belief may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by ! nature ( ! g5]a cross$ by him1 = he admits t ! t5d5cy diff]s 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! /atem5t is also directly contradict$ by ,naud9's obs]vations1 & by ! notori\s fact t p]fectly f]tile mongrels exhibit ! t5d5cy 9 a high degree1--ev5 9 a high] degree1 accord+ to ,grtn] himself1 ?an hybrids4#ea ,grtn] fur!r /ates t rev]sions r>ely occur ) hybrid plants rais$ f species :i* h n be5 cultivat$1 :il/1 ) ^? :i* h be5 long cultivat$1 !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,?is conclusion expla9s a curi\s discrepancy3 ,max ,wi*ura#eb :o work$ exclusively on will[s :i* _h n be5 subject$ to culture1 nev] saw an in/ance ( rev]sion2 & he goes s f> z to suspect t ! c>eful ,g>tn] _h n suffici5tly protect$ 8 hybrids f ! poll5 ( ! p>5t-species3 ,naud91 on ! o!r h&1 :o *iefly exp]im5t$ on cucurbitace\s & o!r cultivat$ plants1 insi/s m /r5u\sly ?an any o!r au?or on ! t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 all hybrids4 ,! conclusion t ! condition ( ! p>5t-species1 z affect$ by culture1 is "o ( ! proximate causes lead+ to rev]sion1 agrees well ) ! conv]se case ( dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants be+ liable to rev]sion :5 !y become f]al2 = 9 bo? cases ! organisation or con/itution mu/ be di/urb$1 ?\gh 9 a v diff]5t way4#ec ,f9ally1 we h se5 t *>act]s (t5 reappe> 9 purely-br$ races )\t our be+ able to assign any proximate cause2 b :5 !y become f]al ?is is ei!r indirectly or directly induc$ by ! *ange 9 _! conditions ( life4 ,) cross$ bre$s1 ! act ( cross+ 9 itself c]ta9ly leads to ! recov]y ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 z well z ( ^? d]iv$ f ei!r p>5t-=m4 ,*ang$ conditions1 consequ5t on cultivation1 & ! relative position ( buds1 fl[]s1 & se$s on ! plant1 all app>5tly aid 9 giv+ ?is same t5d5cy4 ,rev]sion may occur ei!r ?r\gh sem9al or bud g5]ation1 g5]ally at bir?1 b sometimes only ) an advance ( age4 ,segm5ts or portions ( ! individual may alone be ?us affect$4 ,t a be+ %\ld be born resembl+ 9 c]ta9 *>act]s an ance/or remov$ by two or ?ree1 & 9 "s cases by hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 is assur$ly a wond]ful fact4 ,9 ^! cases ! *ild is commonly said to inh]it su* *>act]s directly f its gr&p>5t1 or m remote ance/ors4 ,b ?is view is h>dly conceivable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we suppose t e "* is d]iv$ exclusively f ! fa!r or "m1 b t _m *>act]s lie lat5t or dormant 9 bo? p>5ts dur+ a long succession ( g5]ations1 ! =ego+ facts are intelligible4 ,9 :at mann] *>act]s may be conceiv$ to lie lat5t1 w be consid]$ 9 a future *apt] to :i* ,i h lately allud$4 ,lat5t ,*>act]s4--,b ,i mu/ expla9 :at is meant by *>act]s ly+ lat5t4 ,! mo/ obvi\s illu/ration is af=d$ by second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,9 e female all ! second>y male *>act]s1 & 9 e male all ! second>y female *>act]s1 app>5tly exi/ 9 a lat5t /ate1 ready to be evolv$ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is well kn[n t a l>ge numb] ( female birds1 su* z f[ls1 v>i\s pheasants1 p>tridges1 peah5s1 ducks1 etc41 :5 old or diseas$1 or :5 op]at$ on1 assume _m or all ( ! second>y male *>act]s ( _! species4 ,9 ! case ( ! h5-pheasant ?is has be5 obs]v$ to occur f> m frequ5tly dur+ c]ta9 ye>s ?an dur+ o!rs4#ed ,a duck t5 ye>s old has be5 kn[n to assume bo? ! p]fect w9t] & summ] plumage ( ! drake4#ee ,wat]ton1#ef gives a curi\s case ( a h5 :i* _h ceas$ lay+1 & _h assum$ ! plumage1 voice1 spurs1 & w>like disposition ( ! cock2 :5 oppos$ to an enemy %e w\ld erect h] hackles & %[ fight4 ,?us e "*1 ev5 to ! in/9ct & mann] ( fight+1 mu/ h la9 dormant 9 ?is h5 z long z h] ov>ia cont9u$ to act4 ,! females ( two k9ds ( de]1 :5 old1 h be5 kn[n to acquire horns2 &1 z ,hunt] has rem>k$1 we see some?+ ( an analog\s nature 9 ! human species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) male animals1 x is notori\s t ! second>y sexual *>act]s are m or less completely lo/ :5 !y are subject$ to ca/ration4 ,?us1 if ! op]ation be p]=m$ on a "y cock1 he nev]1 z ,y>rell /ates1 cr[s aga92 ! comb1 wattles1 & spurs d n gr[ to _! full size1 & ! hackles assume an int]m$iate appe>ance betwe5 true hackles & ! fea!rs ( ! h54 ,cases are record$ ( conf9em5t1 :i* (t5 affects ! reproductive sy/em1 caus+ analog\s results4 ,b *>act]s prop]ly conf9$ to ! female are likewise acquir$ by ! male2 ! capon takes to sitt+ on eggs1 & w br+ up *ick5s2 & :at is m curi\s1 ! utt]ly /]ile male hybrids f ! pheasant & ! f[l act 9 ! same mann]1 8_! delight be+ to wat* :5 ! h5s leave _! ne/s1 & to take on !mselves ! (fice ( a sitt]40#eg ,t admirable obs]v] ,reaumur#eh ass]ts t a cock1 by be+ long conf9$ 9 solitude & d>kness1 c be taught to take *>ge ( "y *ick5s2 he !n utt]s a peculi> cry1 & reta9s dur+ 8 :ole life ?is newly acquir$ mat]nal in/9ct4 ,! _m well-asc]ta9$ cases ( v>i\s male mammals giv+ milk %[s t _! rudim5t>y mamm>y gl&s reta9 ?is capacity 9 a lat5t condition4 ,we ?us see t 9 _m1 probably 9 all cases1 ! second>y *>act]s ( ea* sex lie dormant or lat5t 9 ! opposite sex1 ready to be evolv$ "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[1 = in/ance1 x is possible = a good milk+ c[ to transmit h] good qualities ?r\gh h] male (fspr+ to future g5]ations2 = we may confid5tly believe t ^! qualities are pres5t1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! males ( ea* g5]ation4 ,s x is ) ! game-cock1 :o c transmit 8 sup]iority 9 c\rage & vig\r ?r\gh 8 female to 8 male (fspr+2 & ) man x is kn[n#ei t diseases1 su* z hydrocele1 necess>ily conf9$ to ! male sex1 c be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! female to ! gr&son4 ,su* cases z ^! (f]1 z 0 rem>k$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 ! simple/ possible examples ( rev]sion2 & !y are intelligible on ! belief t *>act]s common to ! gr&p>5t & gr&*ild ( ! same sex are pres5t1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! int]m$iate p>5t ( ! opposite sex4 ,! subject ( lat5t *>act]s is s important1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 t ,i w give ano!r illu/ration4 ,_m animals h ! "r & left sides ( _! body unequally develop$3 ?is is well kn[n to be ! case ) flat-fi%1 9 :i* ! "o side diff]s 9 ?ickness & col\r & 9 ! %ape ( ! f9s1 f ! o!r1 & dur+ ! gr[? ( ! "y fi% "o eye is gradually twi/$ f ! l[] to ! upp] surface4#fj ,9 mo/ flat-fi%es ! left is ! bl9d side1 b 9 "s x is ! "r2 ?\gh 9 bo? cases rev]s$ or 8wrong fi%es10 are occasionally develop$2 & 9 ,platessa flesus ! "r or left side is indiff]5tly ! upp] "o4 ,) ga/]opods or %ell-fi%1 ! "r & left sides are extremely unlike2 ! f> great] numb] ( species are dextral1 ) r>e & occasional rev]sals ( developm5t2 & "s few are normally s9i/ral2 b c]ta9 species ( ,bulimus1 & _m ,a*at9ell#fa are z (t5 s9i/ral z dextral4 ,i w give an analog\s case 9 ! great articulate k+dom3 ! two sides ( ,v]ruca#fb are s wond]fully unlike1 t )\t c>eful dissection x is extremely difficult to recognise ! correspond+ p>ts on ! opposite sides ( ! body2 yet x is app>5tly a m]e matt] ( *ance :e!r x be ! "r or ! left side t und]goes s s+ul> am\nt ( *ange4 ,"o plant is kn[n to me#fc 9 :i* ! fl[]1 accord+ z x /&s on ! "o or o!r side ( ! spike1 is unequally develop$4 ,9 all ! =ego+ cases ! two sides are p]fectly symmetrical at an e>ly p]iod ( gr[?4 ,n[1 :5ev] a species is z liable to be unequally develop$ on ! "o z on ! o!r side1 we may inf] t ! capacity = su* developm5t is pres5t1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! undevelop$ side4 ,& z a rev]sal ( developm5t occasionally occurs 9 animals ( _m k9ds1 ?is lat5t capacity is probably v common4 ,! be/ yet simple/ cases ( *>act]s ly+ dormant are1 p]haps1 ^? previ\sly giv51 9 :i* *ick5s & "y pigeons1 rais$ f a cross betwe5 diff]5tly col\r$ birds1 are at fir/ ( "o col\r1 b 9 a ye> or two acquire fea!rs ( ! col\r ( ! o!r p>5t2 = 9 ?is case ! t5d5cy to a *ange ( plumage is cle>ly lat5t 9 ! "y bird4 ,s x is ) hornless bre$s ( cattle1 "s ( :i* acquire small horns z !y gr[ old4 ,purely br$ black & :ite bantams1 & "s o!r f[ls1 occasionally assume1 ) advanc+ ye>s1 ! r$ fea!rs ( ! p>5t-species4 ,i w "h add a some:at diff]5t case1 z x connects 9 a /rik+ mann] lat5t *>act]s ( two classes4 ,mr4 ,hewitt#fd possess$ an excell5t ,sebright gold-lac$ bantam h51 :i*1 z %e became old1 grew diseas$ 9 h] ov>ia1 & assum$ male *>act]s4 ,9 ?is bre$ ! males resemble ! females 9 all respects except 9 _! combs1 wattles1 spurs1 & in/9cts2 h5ce x might h be5 expect$ t ! diseas$ h5 w\ld h assum$ only ^? mascul9e *>act]s :i* are prop] to ! bre$1 b %e acquir$1 9 addition1 well-ar*$ tail sickle-fea!rs q a foot 9 l5g?1 saddle-fea!rs on ! lo9s1 & hackles on ! neck1--ornam5ts :i*1 z ,mr4 ,hewitt rem>ks1 8w\ld be held z abom9able 9 ?is bre$40 ,! ,sebright bantam is kn[n#fe to h orig9at$ ab\t ! ye> #ahjj f a cross betwe5 a common bantam & a ,poli% f[l1 recross$ by a h5-tail$ bantam1 & c>efully select$2 h5ce !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! sickle-fea!rs & hackles :i* appe>$ 9 ! old h5 7 d]iv$ f ! ,poli% f[l or common bantam2 & we ?us see t n only c]ta9 mascul9e *>act]s prop] to ! ,sebright bantam1 b o!r mascul9e *>act]s d]iv$ f ! fir/ prog5itors ( ! bre$1 remov$ by a p]iod ( above sixty ye>s1 7 ly+ lat5t 9 ?is h5bird1 ready to be evolv$ z soon z h] ov>ia became diseas$4 ,f ^! sev]al facts x mu/ be admitt$ t c]ta9 *>act]s1 capacities1 & in/9cts1 may lie lat5t 9 an individual1 & ev5 9 a succession ( individuals1 )\t our be+ able to detect ! lea/ sign ( _! pres5ce4 ,:5 f[ls1 pigeons1 or cattle ( diff]5t col\rs are cross$1 & _! (fspr+ *ange col\r z !y gr[ old1 or :5 ! cross$ turbit acquir$ ! *>act]i/ic frill aft] its ?ird m\lt1 or :5 r>ely-br$ bantams p>tially assume ! r$ plumage ( _! prototype1 we _c d\bt t ^! qualities 7 f ! fir/ pres5t1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! individual animal1 l ! *>act]s ( a mo? 9 ! cat]pill>4 ,n[1 if ^! animals _h produc$ (fspr+ be=e !y _h acquir$ ) advanc+ age _! new *>act]s1 no?+ is m probable ?an t !y w\ld h transmitt$ !m to "s ( _! (fspr+1 :o 9 ?is case w\ld 9 appe>ance h receiv$ su* *>act]s f _! gr&-p>5ts or m di/ant prog5itors4 ,we %\ld !n h _h a case ( rev]sion1 t is1 ( ! reappe>ance 9 ! *ild ( an ance/ral "*1 actually pres5t1 ?\gh dur+ y\? completely lat5t1 9 ! p>5t2 & ?is we may safely conclude is :at occurs 9 all rev]sions to prog5itors1 h[ev] remote4 ,?is view ( ! lat5cy 9 ea* g5]ation ( all ! *>act]s :i* appe> ?r\gh rev]sion1 is also support$ by _! actual pres5ce 9 "s cases dur+ e>ly y\? alone1 or by _! m frequ5t appe>ance & great] di/9ctness at ?is age ?an dur+ maturity4 ,we h se5 t ?is is (t5 ! case ) ! /ripes on ! legs & faces ( ! sev]al species ( ! horse g5us4 ,! ,himalayan rabbit1 :5 cross$1 sometimes produces (fspr+ :i* rev]t to ! p>5t silv]-grey bre$1 & we h se5 t 9 purely br$ animals pale-grey fur occasionally reappe>s dur+ e>ly y\?4 ,black cats1 we may feel assur$1 w\ld occasionally produce by rev]sion tabbies2 & on "y black kitt5s1 ) a p$igree#ff kn[n to h be5 long pure1 fa9t traces ( /ripes may almo/ always be se5 :i* aft]w>ds disappe>4 ,hornless ,suffolk cattle occasionally produce by rev]sion horn$ animals2 & ,y\att#fg ass]ts t ev5 9 hornless individuals 8! rudim5t ( a horn may be (t5 felt at an e>ly age40 ,no d\bt x appe>s at fir/ sight 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t 9 e horse ( e g5]ation !re %\ld be a lat5t capacity & t5d5cy to produce /ripes1 ?\gh ^! may n appe> once 9 a ?\s& g5]ations2 t 9 e :ite1 black1 or o!r col\r$ pigeon1 :i* may h transmitt$ its prop] col\r dur+ c5turies1 !re %\ld be a lat5t capacity 9 ! plumage to become blue & to be m>k$ ) c]ta9 *>act]i/ic b>s2 t 9 e *ild 9 a six-f+]$ family !re %\ld be ! capacity = ! production ( an additional digit2 & s 9 o!r cases4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no m inh]5t improbability 9 ?is be+ ! case ?an 9 a useless & rudim5t>y organ1 or ev5 9 only a t5d5cy to ! production ( a rudim5t>y organ1 be+ inh]it$ dur+ millions ( g5]ations1 z is well kn[n to occur ) a multitude ( organic be+s4 ,!re is no m inh]5t improbability 9 ea* dome/ic pig1 dur+ a ?\s& g5]ations1 reta9+ ! capacity & t5d5cy to develop great tusks "u fitt+ conditions1 ?an 9 ! "y calf hav+ reta9$1 = an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations rudim5t>y incisor tee?1 :i* nev] protrude ?r\gh ! gums4 ,i %all give at ! end ( ! next *apt] a summ>y ( ! ?ree prec$+ *apt]s2 b z isolat$ & /rik+ cases ( rev]sion h "h be5 *iefly insi/$ on1 ,i wi% to gu>d ! read] aga9/ suppos+ t rev]sion is due to "s r>e or accid5tal comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,:5 a "*1 lo/ dur+ hundr$s ( g5]ations1 sudd5ly reappe>s1 no d\bt "s su* comb9ation mu/ occur2 b rev]sions1 to ! imm$iately prec$+ g5]ations may be con/antly obs]v$1 at lea/1 9 ! (fspr+ ( mo/ unions4 ,?is has be5 univ]sally recognis$ 9 ! case ( hybrids & mongrels1 b x has be5 recognis$ simply f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! unit$ =ms r5d]+ ! resemblance ( ! (fspr+ to _! gr&p>5ts or m remote prog5itors ( easy detection4 ,rev]sion is likewise almo/ inv>iably ! rule1 z ,mr4 ,s$gwick has %[n1 ) c]ta9 diseases4 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude t a t5d5cy to ?is peculi> =m ( transmission is an integral "p ( ! g5]al law ( inh]itance4 ,mon/rosities4--,a l>ge numb] ( mon/r\s gr[?s & ( less] anomalies are admitt$ by e "o to be due to an arre/ ( developm5t1 t is1 to ! p]si/5ce ( an embryonic condition4 ,b _m mon/rosities _c be ?us expla9$2 = p>ts ( :i* no trace c be detect$ 9 ! embryo1 b :i* occur 9 o!r memb]s ( ! same class ( animals occasionally appe>1 & ^! may probably ) tru? be attribut$ to rev]sion4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i h treat$ ?is subject z fully z ,i c\ld 9 my #8,desc5t ( ,man' 7*4 #a #bnd edition71 ,i w n "h recur to x4 ,:5 fl[]s :i* h normally an irregul> /ructure become regul> or peloric1 ! *ange is g5]ally look$ at by botani/s z a return to ! primitive /ate4 ,b ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s1#fh :o has ably discuss$ ?is subject1 rem>ks t :51 = in/ance1 all ! sepals ( a ,tropolum become gre5 & ( ! same %ape1 in/ead ( be+ col\r$ ) "o prolong$ into a spur1 or :5 all ! petals ( a ,l9>ia become simple & regul>1 su* cases may be due m]ely to an arre/ ( developm5t2 = 9 ^! fl[]s all ! organs dur+ _! e>lie/ condition are symmetrical1 &1 if arre/$ at ?is /age ( gr[?1 !y w\ld n become irregul>4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! arre/ 7 to take place at a /ill e>li] p]iod ( developm5t1 ! result w\ld be a simple tuft ( gre5 leaves2 & no "o probably w\ld call ?is a case ( rev]sion4 ,dr4 ,ma/]s designates ! cases fir/ allud$ to z regul> peloria2 & o!rs1 9 :i* all ! correspond+ p>ts assume a simil> =m ( irregul>ity1 z :5 all ! petals 9 a ,l9>ia become spurr$1 z irregul> peloria4 ,we h no "r to attribute ^! latt] cases to rev]sion1 until x c be %[n t ! p>5t-=m1 = in/ance1 ( ! g5us ,l9>ia _h _h all its petals spurr$2 = a *ance ( ?is nature might result f ! spread+ ( an anomal\s /ructure1 9 accordance ) ! law1 to be discuss$ 9 a future *apt]1 ( homolog\s p>ts t5d+ to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,b z bo? =ms ( peloria frequ5tly occur on ! same individual plant ( ! ,l9>ia1#fi !y probably /& 9 "s close relation to "o ano!r4 ,on ! doctr9e t peloria is simply ! result ( an arre/ ( developm5t1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ an organ arre/$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( gr[? %\ld acquire its full functional p]fection2--h[ a petal1 suppos$ to be ?us arre/$1 %\ld acquire its brilliant col\rs1 & s]ve z an envelope to ! fl[]1 or a /am5 produce effici5t poll52 yet ?is occurs ) _m peloric fl[]s4 ,t pelorism is n due to m]e *ance v>iability1 b ei!r to an arre/ ( developm5t or to rev]sion1 we may inf] f an obs]vation made by ,*4 ,morr5#gj namely1 t families :i* h irregul> fl[]s (t5 8return by ^! mon/r\s gr[?s to _! regul> =m2 :il/ we nev] see a regul> fl[] realise ! /ructure ( an irregul> "o40 ,"s fl[]s h almo/ c]ta9ly become m or less completely peloric ?r\gh rev]sion1 z ! foll[+ int]e/+ case %[s4 ,corydalis tub]osa prop]ly has "o ( its two nect>ies col\rless1 de/itute ( nect>1 only half ! size ( ! o!r1 & !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 a rudim5t>y /ate2 ! pi/il is curv$ t[>ds ! p]fect nect>y1 & ! hood1 =m$ ( ! inn] petals1 slips (f ! pi/il & /am5 9 "o direction alone1 s t1 :5 a bee sucks ! p]fect nect>y1 ! /igma & /am5s are expos$ & rubb$ aga9/ ! insect's body4 ,9 sev]al closely alli$ g5]a1 z 9 ,dielytra1 etc41 !re are two p]fect nect>ies1 ! pi/il is /raight1 & ! hood slips (f on ei!r side1 accord+ z ! bee sucks ei!r nect>y4 ,n[1 ,i h exam9$ sev]al fl[]s ( ,corydalis tub]osa1 9 :i* bo? nect>ies 7 equally develop$ & conta9$ nect>2 9 ?is we see only ! r$evelopm5t ( a p>tially abort$ organ2 b ) ?is r$evelopm5t ! pi/il becomes /raight1 & ! hood slips (f 9 ei!r direction1 s t ^! fl[]s h acquir$ ! p]fect /ructure1 s well adapt$ = insect ag5cy1 ( ,dielytra & its allies4 ,we _c attribute ^! coadapt$ modifications to *ance1 or to correlat$ v>iability2 we mu/ attribute !m to rev]sion to a primordial condition ( ! species4 ,! peloric fl[]s ( ,pel>gonium h _! five petals 9 all respects alike1 & !re is no nect>y s t !y resemble ! symmetrical fl[]s ( ! closely alli$ g5us ,g]anium2 b ! alt]nate /am5s are also sometimes de/itute ( an!rs1 ! %ort5$ filam5ts be+ left z rudim5ts1 & 9 ?is respect !y resemble ! symmetrical fl[]s ( ! closely alli$ g5us ,erodium4 ,h5ce we may look at ! peloric fl[]s ( ,pel>gonium z hav+ rev]t$ to ! /ate ( "s primordial =m1 ! prog5itor ( ! ?ree closely relat$ g5]a ( ,pel>gonium1 ,g]anium1 & ,erodium4 ,9 ! peloric =m ( ,antirrh9um majus1 appropriately call$ ! 8,wond]10 ! tubul> & elongat$ fl[]s diff] wond]fully f ^? ( ! common snapdragon2 ! calyx & ! m\? ( ! corolla consi/ ( six equal lobes1 & include six equal in/ead ( f\r unequal /am5s4 ,"o ( ! two additional /am5s is manife/ly =m$ by ! developm5t ( a microscopically m9ute papilla1 :i* may be f\nd at ! base ( ! upp] lip ( ! fl[] ( ! common snapdragons 9 ! n9ete5 plants exam9$ by me4 ,t ?is papilla is a rudim5t ( a /am5 0 well %[n by its v>i\s degrees ( developm5t 9 cross$ plants betwe5 ! common & ! peloric ,antirrh9um4 ,aga91 a peloric ,galeobdolon luteum1 gr[+ 9 my g>d51 _h five equal petals1 all /rip$ l ! ord9>y l[] lip1 & includ$ five equal in/ead ( f\r unequal /am5s2 b ,mr4 ,r4 ,keeley1 :o s5t me ?is plant1 in=ms me t ! fl[]s v>y greatly1 hav+ f f\r to six lobes to ! corolla1 & f ?ree to six /am5s4#ga ,n[1 z ! memb]s ( ! two great families to :i* ! ,antirrh9um & ,galeobdolon belong are prop]ly p5tam]\s1 ) "s ( ! p>ts conflu5t & o!rs suppress$1 we ought n to look at ! six? /am5 & ! six? lobe to ! corolla 9 ei!r case z due to rev]sion1 any m ?an ! additional petals 9 d\ble fl[]s 9 ^! same two families4 ,b ! case is diff]5t ) ! fif? /am5 9 ! peloric ,antirrh9um1 :i* is produc$ by ! r$evelopm5t ( a rudim5t always pres5t1 & :i* probably reveals to u ! /ate ( ! fl[]1 z f> z ! /am5s are conc]n$1 at "s anci5t epo*4 ,x is also difficult to believe t ! o!r f\r /am5s & ! petals1 aft] an arre/ ( developm5t at a v e>ly embryonic age1 w\ld h come to full p]fection 9 col\r1 /ructure1 & function1 unless ^! organs _h at "s =m] p]iod normally pass$ ?r\gh a simil> c\rse ( gr[?4 ,h5ce x appe>s to me probable t ! prog5itor ( ! g5us ,antirrh9um mu/ at "s remote epo* h includ$ five /am5s & borne fl[]s 9 "s degree resembl+ ^? n[ produc$ by ! peloric =m4 ,! conclusion t peloria is n a m]e mon/rosity1 irrespective ( any =m] /ate ( ! species1 is support$ by ! fact t ?is /ructure is (t5 /rongly inh]it$1 z 9 ! case ( ! peloric ,antirrh9um & ,glox9ia & sometimes 9 t ( ! peloric ,corydalis solida4#gb ,la/ly ,i may add t _m in/ances h be5 record$ ( fl[]s1 n g5]ally consid]$ z peloric1 9 :i* c]ta9 organs are abnormally augm5t$ 9 numb]4 ,z an increase ( p>ts _c be look$ at z an arre/ ( developm5t1 nor z due to ! r$evelopm5t ( rudim5ts1 = no rudim5ts are pres5t1 & z ^! additional p>ts br+ ! plant into clos] relation%ip ) its natural allies1 !y ought probably to be view$ z rev]sions to a primordial condition4 ,^! sev]al facts %[ u 9 an int]e/+ mann] h[ intimately c]ta9 abnormal /ates are connect$ toge!r2 namely1 arre/s ( developm5t caus+ p>ts to become rudim5t>y or to be :olly suppress$1--! r$evelopm5t ( p>ts n[ 9 a m or less rudim5t>y condition1--! reappe>ance ( organs ( :i* n a ve/ige c be detect$1--& to ^! may be add$1 9 ! case ( animals1 ! pres5ce dur+ y\?1 & subsequ5t disappe>ance1 ( c]ta9 *>act]s :i* occasionally are reta9$ ?r\gh\t life4 ,"s naturali/s look at all su* abnormal /ructures z a return to ! ideal /ate ( ! gr\p to :i* ! affect$ be+ belongs2 b x is difficult to conceive :at is meant to be convey$ by ?is expression4 ,o!r naturali/s ma9ta91 ) great] probability & di/9ctness ( view1 t ! common bond ( connection betwe5 ! sev]al =ego+ cases is an actual1 ?\gh p>tial1 return to ! /ructure ( ! anci5t prog5itor ( ! gr\p4 ,if ?is view be correct1 we mu/ believe t a va/ numb] ( *>act]s1 capable ( evolution1 lie hidd5 9 e organic be+4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! numb] is equally great 9 all be+s4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t plants ( _m ord]s occasionally become peloric2 b _m m cases h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,labiat & ,scrophul>iace ?an 9 any o!r ord]2 & 9 "o g5us ( ! ,scrophul>iace1 namely ,l9>ia1 no less ?an ?irte5 species h be5 describ$ 9 ?is condition4#gc ,on ?is view ( ! nature ( peloric fl[]s1 & be>+ 9 m9d c]ta9 mon/rosities 9 ! animal k+dom1 we mu/ conclude t ! prog5itors ( mo/ plants & animals h left an impression1 capable ( r$evelopm5t1 on ! g]ms ( _! desc5dants1 al?\gh ^! h s9ce be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,! f]tilis$ g]m ( "o ( ! high] animals1 subject$ z x is to s va/ a s]ies ( *anges f ! g]m9al cell to old age1--incessantly agitat$ by :at ,quatrefages well calls ! t\rbillon vital1--is p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful object 9 nature4 ,x is probable t h>dly a *ange ( any k9d affects ei!r p>5t1 )\t "s m>k be+ left on ! g]m4 ,b on ! doctr9e ( rev]sion1 z giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 ! g]m becomes a f> m m>vell\s object1 =1 besides ! visible *anges :i* x und]goes1 we mu/ believe t x is cr[d$ ) invisible *>act]s1 prop] to bo? sexes1 to bo? ! "r & left side ( ! body1 & to a long l9e ( male & female ance/ors sep>at$ by hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( g5]ations f ! pres5t "t3 & ^! *>act]s1 l ^? writt5 on pap] ) invisible ink1 lie ready to be evolv$ :5ev] ! organisation is di/urb$ by c]ta9 kn[n or unkn[n conditions4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,y\att on ,%eep1 pp4 #bj1 #bcd4 ,! same fact ( loose horns occasionally appe>+ 9 hornless bre$s has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,g]many2 ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s4' b4 #a s4 #cfb4 #b ,y\att on ,cattle1 pp4 #aee1 #agd4 #c ,y\att on ,%eep1 #ahch1 pp4 #ag1 #ade4 #d ,i h be5 in=m$ ( ?is fact ?r\gh ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox on ! excell5t au?ority ( ,mr4 ,wilmot3 see also rem>ks on ?is subject 9 an article 9 ! #8,qu>t]ly ,review1' #ahdi1 p4 #cie4 #e ,y\att1 pp4 #ai1 #bcd4 #f #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bca4 #g ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 x41 #ahcd1 p4 #cif3 a nurs]yman1 ) mu* exp]i5ce on ?is subject1 has likewise assur$ me t ?is sometimes occurs4 #h #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #ggg4 #i ,ibid41 #ahfb1 p4 #gba4 #aj ,mr4 ,bon] speaks 7#8,*amois-hunt+1' #bnd edit41 #ahfj1 p4 #ib7 ( %eep (t5 runn+ wild 9 ! ,bav>ian ,alps2 b1 on mak+ fur!r inquiries at my reque/1 he f\nd t !y are n able to e/abli% !mselves2 !y g5]ally p]i% f ! froz5 sn[ cl++ to _! wool1 & !y h lo/ ! skill necess>y to pass ov] /eep icy slopes4 ,on "o occasion two ewes surviv$ ! w9t]1 b _! lambs p]i%$4 #aa ,see "s excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject by ,mr4 ,wallace #8,j\rnal ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' #aheh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fj4 #ab ,dureau de la ,malle #8,comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xli41 #ahee1 p4 #hjg4 ,f ! /atem5ts above giv51 ! au?or concludes t ! wild pigs ( ,l\isiana are n desc5d$ f ! ,european ,sus scr(a4 #ac ,capt4 ,w4 ,all51 9 8 #8,exp$ition to ! ,nig]1' /ates t f[ls h run wild on ! isl& ( ,annobon1 & h become modifi$ 9 =m & voice4 ,! acc\nt is s meagre & vague t x did n appe> to me wor? copy+2 b ,i n[ f9d t ,dureau de la ,malle 7#8,comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xli41 #ahee1 p4 #fij7 advances ?is z a good in/ance ( rev]sion to ! primitive /ock1 & z confirmatory ( a /ill m vague /atem5t 9 classical times by ,v>ro4 #ad #8,flora ( ,au/ralia1' #ahei1 ,introduct41 p4 ix4 #ae #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 pp4 #ed1 #eh1 #fj4 #af ,mr4 ,s$gwick gives _m in/ances 9 ! #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april & ,july1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ddh1 #ahh4 #ag ,9 8 edit4 ( #8,y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 p4 #bg4 #ah ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 pp4 #cad1 #hib3 see a good practical article on ! subject 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #fbj4 ,i c\ld add a va/ numb] ( ref]5ces1 b !y w\ld be sup]flu\s4 #ai ,klreut] gives curi\s cases 9 8 #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' #agff1 ss4 #ec1 #ei2 & 9 8 well-kn[n #8,memoirs on ,lavat]a & ,jalapa4' ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' ss4 #dcg1 #dda1 etc4 ,naud9 9 8 8,re*]*es sur l',hybridit10 #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #be4 #bj ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,s$gwick 9 #8,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhe4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,dobell 9 #8,m$4-,*irurg4 ,transactions1' vol4 xlvi41 gives an analog\s case 9 :i*1 9 a l>ge family1 f+]s ) ?ick5$ jo9ts 7 transmitt$ to sev]al memb]s dur+ five g5]ations2 b :5 ! blemi% once disappe>$ x nev] reappe>$4 #ba ,v]lot #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #fc4 #bb #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #be4 ,alex4 ,braun 79 8 #8,rejuv5esc5ce1' ,ray ,soc41 #ahec1 p4 #cae7 app>5tly holds a simil> op9ion4 #bc ,mr4 ,teebay 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #gb4 #bd ,quot$ by ,h(ack] #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 s4 #ih4 #be ,az>a1 #8,essais ,hi/4 ,nat4 de ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 #ahja1 p4 #cgb4 #bf ,^! facts are giv5 on ! high au?ority ( ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bdh4 #bg #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #ig4 #bh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricultural ,gazette1' #ahff1 p4 #ebh4 #bi ,ibid41 #ahfj1 p4 #cdc4 ,i am glad to f9d t s exp]i5c$ a bre$] ( cattle z ,mr4 ,will\ghby ,wood1 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahfi1 p4 #abaf71 admits my pr9ciple ( a cross giv+ a t5d5cy to rev]sion4 #cj ,sclat] 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #afc4 #ca #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' p4 #bab4 #cb #8,mm4 prs5ts p> div]s ,savans l',acad4 ,royale1' tom4 vi4 #ahce1 p4 #cch4 #cc #8,lett]s f ,alabama1' #ahei1 p4 #bhj4 #cd #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1' #ahbj1 tom4 i4 #ce #8,philosoph4 ,transact41' #ahba1 p4 #bj4 #cf ,sclat]1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #afc3 ?is species is ! ,ghor-,khur ( ,n4,w4 ,india1 & has (t5 be5 call$ ! ,hemionus ( ,pallas4 ,see also ,mr4 ,bly?'s excell5t pap] 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xviii41 #ahfj1 p4 #bbi4 #cg ,ano!r species ( wild ass1 ! true ,e4 hemionus or ,kiang1 :i* ord9>ily has no %\ld]-/ripes1 is said occasionally to h !m2 & ^!1 z ) ! horse & ass1 are sometimes d\ble3 see ,mr4 ,bly? 9 ! pap] j quot$ & 9 #8,indian ,sport+ ,review1' #ahef1 p4 #cbj3 & ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? 9 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1 ,horses1' p4 #cah2 & #8,dict4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 iii4 p4 #efc4 #ch ,figur$ 9 ! #8,glean+s f ! ,kn[sley ,m5ag]ies1' by ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 #ci #8,d>w9's*e ,!orie und ihre ,/ellung zu ,moral und ,religion1' p4 #he4 #dj ,cases ( bo? ,spani% & ,poli% h5s sitt+ are giv5 9 ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dgg4 #da #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 pp4 #aai1 #afc4 ,! au?or1 :o rem>ks on ! two negatives 7#8,j\rn4 ( ,hort41' #ahfb1 p4 #cbe71 /ates t two broods 7 rais$ f a ,spani% cock & ,silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburgh h51 nei!r ( :i* are incubators1 & no less ?an sev5 out ( eight h5s 9 ^! two broods 8%[$ a p]fect ob/9acy 9 sitt+40 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon 7#8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdh1 p4 #bjj7 says t *ick5s re>$ f a cross betwe5 ,gold5 & ,black ,poli% f[ls1 are 8good & /eady birds to sit40 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t in=ms me t he rais$ "s good sitt+ h5s by cross+ ,p5cill$ ,hamburgh & ,poli% bre$s4 ,a cross-br$ bird f a ,spani% non-incubat+ cock & ,co*9 incubat+ h5 is m5tion$ 9 ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ac1 z an 8exempl>y "m40 ,on ! o!r h&1 an exceptional case is giv5 9 ! #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #chh1 ( a h5 rais$ f a ,spani% cock & black ,poli% h5 :i* did n incubate4 #db #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 pp4 #afe1 #afg4 #dc #8,natural ,hi/ory ,review1' #ahfc1 ,april1 p4 #bgg4 #dd #8,essays on ,natural ,hi/ory1' p4 #iag4 #de ,z /at$ by ,mr4 ,orton1 9 8 #8,physiology ( ,bre$+1' p4 #ab4 #df ,m4 ,e4 de ,selys-,long*amps ref]s 7#8,bullet9 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,bruxelles1' tom4 xii4 ,no4 #aj7 to m ?an sev5 ( ^! hybrids %ot 9 ,switz]l& & ,france4 ,m4 ,deby ass]ts 7#8,zoologi/1' vol4 v41 #ahde-df1 p4 #abed7 t sev]al h be5 %ot 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,belgium & ,nor!rn ,france4 ,audubon 7#8,orni?olog4 ,biography1' vol4 iii4 p4 #afh71 speak+ ( ^! hybrids1 says t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y 8n[ & !n w&] (f & become q wild40 #dg #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #ga4 #dh #8,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1' #ahfe1 pp4 #be1 #aej4 #di ,dr4 ,p4 ,broca1 on #8,hybridity 9 ! ,g5us ,homo1' ,eng4 translat41 #ahfd1 p4 #ci4 #ej #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #aea4 #ea #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #ehb1 #dch1 etc4 #eb #8,die ,ba/>dbefru*tung 4 4 4 d] ,weid51' #ahfe1 s4 #bc4 ,= ,grtn]'s rem>ks on ?is head1 see #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #dgd1 #ehb4 #ec ,pr(4 ,weismann1 9 8 v curi\s essay on ! diff]5t =ms produc$ by ! same species ( butt]fly at diff]5t seasons 7#8,saison-,dimorphismus d] ,s*mett]l+e1' pp4 #bg1 #bh71 has come to a simil> conclusion1 namely1 t any cause :i* di/urbs ! organisation1 su* z ! exposure ( ! cocoons to heat or ev5 to mu* %ak+1 gives a t5d5cy to rev]sion4 #ed ,y>rell1 #8,phil4 ,transact41' #ahbg1 p4 #bfh2 ,dr4 ,hamilton1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #bc4 #ee #8,ar*iv4 ,sk&4 ,beitrge zur ,naturges*4' viii4 s4 #cig-dac4 #ef ,9 8 #8,essays on ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahch1 ,mr4 ,hewitt gives analog\s cases ) h5-pheasants 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #ab1 #ahfd1 p4 #cg4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 9 8 #8,essais de ,zoolog4 ,g54' 7#8suites a ,buffon1' #ahdb1 pp4 #dif-eac71 has collect$ su* cases 9 t5 diff]5t k9ds ( birds4 ,x appe>s t ,ari/otle 0 well aw>e ( ! *ange 9 m5tal disposition 9 old h5s4 ,! case ( ! female de] acquir+ horns is giv5 at p4 #eac4 #eg #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #cgi4 #eh #8,art de faire ,eclore1' etc41 #agdi1 tom4 ii4 p4 #h4 #ei ,sir ,h4 ,holl&1 #8,m$ical ,notes & ,reflections1' #crd edit41 #ahee1 p4 #ca4 #fj ,see ,/e5/rup on ! #8,obliquity ( ,fl\nd]s'3 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' ,may1 #ahfe1 p4 #cfa4 ,i h giv5 an ab/ract ( ,malm's explanation ( ?is wond]ful ph5om5on 9 ! #8,orig9 ( ,species' #f? ,edit4 p4 #ahf4 #fa ,dr4 ,e4 von ,m>t5s1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' ,m>*1 #ahff1 p4 #bji4 #fb ,d>w91 #8,balanid1' ,ray ,soc41 #ahed1 p4 #dii3 see also ! app5d$ rem>ks on ! app>5tly caprici\s developm5t ( ! ?oracic limbs on ! "r & left sides 9 ! high] cru/aceans4 #fc ,mormodes ignea3 ,d>w91 #8,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids1' #ahfb1 p4 #bea4 #fd #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july1 #ahfd1 p4 #ch4 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ^! rem>kable fea!rs ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 #fe #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bda4 #ff ,c>l ,vogt1 #8,lectures on ,man1' ,eng4 translat41 #ahfd1 p4 #daa4 #fg #8,on ,cattle1' p4 #agd4 #fh #8,natural ,hi/4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #beh4 ,see also 8 ,lecture1 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #af1 #ahfj4 ,on same subject see ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,elm5ts de ,tratologie1' #ahda1 pp4 #ahd1 #ceb4 ,dr4 ,peyrits* has collect$ a l>ge numb] ( v int]e/+ cases1 ,sitzb4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*43 ,wi54 b4 ,,lx4 & especially b4 ,,lxvi41 #ahgb1 p4 #abe4 #fi ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #hi2 ,naud91 #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,museum1' tom4 i4 p4 #acg4 #gj ,9 8 discussion on "s curi\s peloric ,calceol>ias1 quot$ 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #bd1 #ahfc1 p4 #aeb4 #ga ,= o!r cases ( six divisions 9 peloric fl[]s ( ! ,labiat & ,scrophul>iace1 see ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,tratologie1' p4 #aib4 #gb ,godron1 repr9t$ f ! #8,mmoires de l',acad4 de ,/anislas1' #ahfh4 #gc ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,tratologie1' p4 #ahf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,inh]itance cont9u$--,,fix$ness ,,( ,,"*--,,prepot5cy--,,sexual ,,limitation--,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,age4 ,,fix$ness ,,( ,,"* ,,app>5tly ,,n ,,due ,,to ,,antiquity ,,( ,,initance--,,prepot5cy ,,( ,,transmission ,,9 ,,individuals ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,family1 ,,9 ,,cross$ ,,bre$s ,,& ,,species2 ,,(t5 ,,/rong] ,,9 ,,"o ,,sex ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r2 ,,sometimes ,,due ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,"* ,,be+ ,,pres5t ,,& ,,visible ,,9 ,,"o ,,bre$ ,,& ,,lat5t ,,9 ,,! ,,o!r--,,inh]itance ,,z ,,limit$ ,,by ,,sex--,,newly-,,acquir$ ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,(t5 ,,transmitt$ ,,by ,,"o ,,sex ,,alone1 ,,sometimes ,,lo/ ,,by ,,"o ,,sex ,,alone--,,inh]itance ,,at ,,correspond+ ,,p]iods ,,( ,,life--,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,embryology2 ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals3 ,,z ,,exhibit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,inh]it$ ,,diseases2 ,,sometimes ,,sup]v5+ ,,e>li] ,,9 ,,! ,,*ild ,,?an ,,9 ,,! ,,p>5t--,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,prec$+ ,,*apt]s4 ,9 ! la/ two *apt]s ! nature & =ce ( ,inh]itance1 ! circum/ances :i* int]f]e ) its p[]1 & ! t5d5cy to ,rev]sion1 ) its _m rem>kable cont+5cies1 7 discuss$4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] "s o!r relat$ ph5om5a w be treat$ (1 z fully z my mat]ials p]mit4 ,fix$ness ( ,"*4 ,x is a g5]al belief among/ bre$]s t ! long] any "* has be5 transmitt$ by a bre$1 ! m fully x w cont9ue to be transmitt$4 ,i d n wi% to dispute ! tru? ( ! proposition t inh]itance ga9s /r5g? simply ?r\gh long cont9uance1 b ,i d\bt :e!r x c be prov$4 ,9 "o s5se ! proposition is little bett] ?an a truism2 if any "* has rema9$ con/ant dur+ _m g5]ations1 x w be likely to cont9ue s1 if ! conditions ( life rema9 ! same4 ,s1 aga91 9 improv+ a bre$1 if c>e be tak5 = a l5g? ( "t to exclude all inf]ior individuals1 ! bre$ w obvi\sly t5d to become tru]1 z x w n h be5 cross$ dur+ _m g5]ations by an inf]ior animal4 ,we h previ\sly se51 b )\t be+ able to assign any cause1 t1 :5 a new "* appe>s1 x is occasionally f ! fir/ con/ant1 or fluctuates mu*1 or :olly fails to be transmitt$4 ,s x is ) ! aggregate ( slight diff]5ces :i* *>act]ise a new v>iety1 = "s propagate _! k9d f ! fir/ mu* tru] ?an o!rs4 ,ev5 ) plants multipli$ by bulbs1 lay]s1 etc41 :i* may 9 "o s5se be said to =m p>ts ( ! same individual1 x is well kn[n t c]ta9 v>ieties reta9 & transmit ?r\gh successive bud-g5]ations _! newly-acquir$ *>act]s m truly ?an o!rs4 ,9 none ( ^!1 nor 9 ! foll[+ cases1 does !re appe> to be any relation betwe5 ! =ce ) :i* a "* is transmitt$ & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x has be5 transmitt$4 ,"s v>ieties1 su* z :ite & yell[ hyac9?s & :ite sweet-peas1 transmit _! col\rs m fai?fully ?an d ! v>ieties :i* h reta9$ _! natural col\r4 ,9 ! ,iri% family1 m5tion$ 9 ! twelf? *apt]1 ! peculi> tortoise%ell-l col\r+ ( ! eyes 0 transmitt$ f> m fai?fully ?an any ord9>y col\r4 ,ancon & ,mau*amp %eep & niata cattle1 :i* are all comp>atively mod]n bre$s1 exhibit rem>kably /rong p[]s ( inh]itance4 ,_m simil> cases c\ld be adduc$4 ,z all dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants h v>i$1 & yet are desc5d$ f aborig9ally wild =ms1 :i* no d\bt _h reta9$ ! same "* f an imm5sely remote epo*1 we see t sc>cely any degree ( antiquity ensures a "* be+ transmitt$ p]fectly true4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x may be said t *ang$ conditions ( life induce c]ta9 modifications1 & n t ! p[] ( inh]itance fails2 b 9 e case ( failure1 "s cause1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal1 mu/ int]f]e4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! organs or p>ts :i* 9 our dome/icat$ productions h v>i$1 or :i* /ill cont9ue to v>y1--t is1 :i* fail to reta9 _! =m] /ate1--are ! same ) ! p>ts :i* diff] 9 ! natural species ( ! same g5us4 ,z1 on ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 ! species ( ! same g5us h be5 modifi$ s9ce !y bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor1 x foll[s t ! *>act]s by :i* !y diff] f "o ano!r h v>i$1 :il/ o!r p>ts ( ! organisation h rema9$ un*ang$2 & x might be argu$ t ^! same *>act]s n[ v>y "u dome/ication1 or fail to be inh]it$1 f _! less] antiquity4 ,b v>iation 9 a /ate ( nature seems to /& 9 "s close relation ) *ang$ conditions ( life1 & *>act]s :i* h already v>i$ "u su* conditions w\ld be apt to v>y "u ! /ill great] *anges consequ5t on dome/ication1 indep5d5tly ( _! great] or less antiquity4 ,fix$ness ( "*1 or ! /r5g? ( inh]itance1 has (t5 be5 judg$ ( by ! prepond]ance ( c]ta9 *>act]s 9 ! cross$ (fspr+ betwe5 di/9ct races2 b prepot5cy ( transmission "h comes into play1 & ?is1 z we %all imm$iately see1 is a v diff]5t consid]ation f ! /r5g? or weakness ( inh]itance4#a ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t bre$s ( animals inhabit+ wild & m\nta9\s c\ntries _c be p]man5tly modifi$ by our improv$ bre$s2 & z ^! latt] are ( mod]n orig91 x has be5 ?\ght t ! great] antiquity ( ! wild] bre$s has be5 ! cause ( _! resi/ance to improvem5t by cross+2 b x is m probably due to _! /ructure & con/itution be+ bett] adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,:5 plants are fir/ subject$ to culture1 x has be5 f\nd t1 dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 !y transmit _! *>act]s truly1 t is1 d n v>y1 & ?is has be5 attribut$ to anci5t *>act]s be+ /rongly inh]it$3 b x may ) equal or great] probability be consequ5t on *ang$ conditions ( life requir+ a long "t = _! cumulative action4 ,not)/&+ ^! consid]ations1 x w\ld p]haps be ra% to d5y t *>act]s become m /rongly fix$ ! long] !y are transmitt$2 b ,i believe t ! proposition resolves itself into ?is1--t *>act]s ( all k9ds1 :e!r new or old1 t5d to be inh]it$1 & t ^? :i* h already )/ood all c\nt]act+ influ5ces & be5 truly transmitt$1 w1 z a g5]al rule1 cont9ue to )/& !m1 & consequ5tly be fai?fully inh]it$4 ,prepot5cy 9 ! ,transmission ( ,"*4 ,:5 individuals1 belong+ to ! same family1 b di/9ct en\gh to be recognis$1 or :5 two well-m>k$ races1 or two species1 are cross$1 ! usual result1 z /at$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 is1 t ! (fspr+ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation are int]m$iate betwe5 _! p>5ts1 or resemble "o p>5t 9 "o "p & ! o!r p>5t 9 ano!r "p4 ,b ?is is by no means ! inv>iable rule2 = 9 _m cases x is f\nd t c]ta9 individuals1 races1 & species1 are prepot5t 9 transmitt+ _! lik5ess4 ,?is subject has be5 ably discuss$ by ,prosp] ,lucas1#b b is r5d]$ extremely complex by ! prepot5cy sometimes runn+ equally 9 bo? sexes1 & sometimes m /rongly 9 "o sex ?an 9 ! o!r2 x is likewise complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( second>y sexual *>act]s1 :i* r5d] ! comp>ison ( cross$ bre$s ) _! p>5ts difficult4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 c]ta9 families "s "o ance/or1 & aft] him o!rs 9 ! same family1 h _h great p[] 9 transmitt+ _! lik5ess ?r\gh ! male l9e2 = we _c o!rwise und]/& h[ ! same features %\ld s (t5 be transmitt$ aft] m>riages ) _m females1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,au/rian ,emp]ors2 & s x 01 accord+ to ,niebuhr1 ) ! m5tal qualities ( c]ta9 ,roman families4#c ,! fam\s bull ,fav\rite is believ$#d to h _h a prepot5t influ5ce on ! %or?orn race4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$#e ) ,engli% racehorses t c]ta9 m>es h g5]ally transmitt$ _! own "*1 :il/ o!r m>es ( equally pure blood h all[$ ! "* ( ! sire to prevail4 ,a fam\s black greyh\nd1 ,b$lamite1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,br[n 8inv>iably got all 8 puppies black1 no matt] :at 0 ! col\r ( ! bit*20 b !n ,b$lamite 8_h a prepond]ance ( black 9 8 blood1 bo? on ! sire & dam side40 ,! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( prepot5cy comes out m cle>ly :5 di/9ct races are cross$4 ,! improv$ ,%or?orns1 not)/&+ t ! bre$ is comp>atively mod]n1 are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to possess great p[] 9 impress+ _! lik5ess on all o!r bre$s2 & x is *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ?is p[] t !y are s highly valu$ = exportation4#f ,god9e has giv5 a curi\s case ( a ram ( a goat-l bre$ ( %eep f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :i* produc$ (fspr+ h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f himself1 :5 cross$ ) ewes ( twelve o!r bre$s4 ,b two ( ^! half-br$ ewes1 :5 put to a m]9o ram1 produc$ lambs closely resembl+ ! m]9o bre$4 ,gir\ de ,buz>e+ues#g f\nd t ( two races ( ,fr5* %eep ! ewes ( "o1 :5 cross$ dur+ successive g5]ations ) m]9o rams1 yield$ up _! "* f> soon] ?an ! ewes ( ! o!r race4 ,/urm & ,gir\ h giv5 analog\s cases ) o!r bre$s ( %eep & ) cattle1 ! prepot5cy runn+ 9 ^! cases ?r\gh ! male side2 b ,i 0 assur$ on good au?ority 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 t :5 niata cattle are cross$ ) common cattle1 ?\gh ! niata bre$ is prepot5t :e!r males or females are us$1 yet t ! prepot5cy is /ronge/ ?r\gh ! female l9e4 ,! ,manx cat is tailless & has long h9d legs2 ,dr4 ,wilson cross$ a male ,manx ) common cats1 &1 out ( tw5ty-?ree kitt5s1 sev5te5 7 de/itute ( tails2 b :5 ! female ,manx 0 cross$ by common male cats all ! kitt5s _h tails1 ?\gh !y 7 g5]ally %ort & imp]fect4#h ,9 mak+ reciprocal crosses betwe5 p\t] & fantail pigeons1 ! p\t]-race seem$ to be prepot5t ?r\gh bo? sexes ov] ! fantail4 ,b ?is is probably due to weak p[] 9 ! fantail r ?an to any unusually /rong p[] 9 ! p\t]1 = ,i h obs]v$ t b>bs also prepond]ate ov] fantails4 ,?is weakness ( transmission 9 ! fantail1 ?\gh ! bre$ is an anci5t "o1 is said#i to be g5]al2 b ,i h obs]v$ "o exception to ! rule1 namely1 9 a cross betwe5 a fantail & laugh]4 ,! mo/ curi\s in/ance kn[n to me ( weak p[] 9 bo? sexes is 9 ! trumpet] pigeon4 ,?is bre$ has be5 well kn[n = at lea/ #acj ye>s3 x bre$s p]fectly true1 z ,i h be5 assur$ by ^? :o h long kept _m birds3 x is *>act]is$ by a peculi> tuft ( fea!rs ov] ! beak1 by a cre/ on ! head1 by a s+ul> coo q unlike t ( any o!r bre$1 & by mu*-fea!r$ feet4 ,i h cross$ bo? sexes ) turbits ( two sub-bre$s1 ) almond tumbl]s1 spots1 & runts1 & re>$ _m mongrels & recross$ !m2 & ?\gh ! cre/ on ! head & fea!r$ feet 7 inh]it$ 7z is g5]ally ! case ) mo/ bre$s71 ,i h nev] se5 a ve/ige ( ! tuft ov] ! beak or he>d ! peculi> coo4 ,boit>d & ,corbi#aj ass]t t ?is is ! inv>iable result ( cross+ trumpet]s ) o!r bre$s3 ,neumei/]1#aa h[ev]1 /ates t 9 ,g]many mongrels h be5 obta9$1 ?\gh v r>ely1 :i* 7 furni%$ ) ! tuft & w\ld trumpet3 b a pair ( ^! mongrels ) a tuft1 :i* ,i import$1 nev] trumpet$4 ,mr4 ,br5t /ates#ab t ! cross$ (fspr+ ( a trumpet] 7 cross$ ) trumpet]s = ?ree g5]ations1 by :i* "t ! mongrels _h #g_/h?s ( ?is blood 9 _! ve9s1 yet ! tuft ov] ! beak did n appe>4 ,at ! f\r? g5]ation ! tuft appe>$1 b ! birds ?\gh n[ hav+ #ae-af?s trumpet]'s blood /ill did n trumpet4 ,?is case well %[s ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 inh]itance & prepot5cy2 = "h we h a well-e/abli%$ old race :i* transmits its *>act]s fai?fully1 b :i*1 :5 cross$ ) any o!r race1 has ! feeble/ p[] ( transmitt+ its two *ief *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,i w give "o o!r in/ance ) f[ls & pigeons ( weakness & /r5g? 9 ! transmission ( ! same "* to _! cross$ (fspr+4 ,! ,silk f[l bre$s true1 & !re is reason to believe is a v anci5t race2 b :5 ,i re>$ a l>ge numb] ( mongrels f a ,silk h5 by a ,spani% cock1 n "o exhibit$ ev5 a trace ( ! s-call$ silk9ess4 ,mr4 ,hewitt also ass]ts t 9 no in/ance are ! silky fea!rs transmitt$ by ?is bre$ :5 cross$ ) any o!r v>iety4 ,b ?ree birds out ( _m rais$ by ,mr4 ,orton f a cross betwe5 a silk cock & a bantam h5 _h silky fea!rs4#ac ,s t x is c]ta9 t ?is bre$ v seldom has ! p[] ( transmitt+ its peculi> plumage to its cross$ prog5y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a silk sub-v>iety ( ! fantail pigeon1 :i* has its fea!rs 9 ne>ly ! same /ate z 9 ! ,silk f[l3 n[ we h already se5 t fantails1 :5 cross$1 possess s+ul>ly weak p[] 9 transmitt+ _! g5]al qualities2 b ! silk sub-v>iety :5 cross$ ) any o!r small-siz$ race inv>iably transmits its silky fea!rs6#ad ,! well-kn[n horticulturi/1 ,mr4 ,paul1 in=ms me t he f]tilis$ ! ,black ,pr9ce hollyhock ) poll5 ( ! ,:ite ,globe & ! ,lemonade & ,black ,pr9ce hollyhocks reciprocally2 b n "o se$l+ f ^! ?ree crosses inh]it$ ! black col\r ( ! ,black ,pr9ce4 ,s1 aga91 ,mr4 ,laxton1 :o has _h su* great exp]i5ce 9 cross+ peas1 writes to me t 8:5ev] a cross has be5 effect$ betwe5 a :ite-blossom$ & a purple-blossom$ pea1 or betwe5 a :ite-se$$ & a purple-spott$1 br[n or maple-se$$ pea1 ! (fspr+ seems to lose ne>ly all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! :ite-fl[]$ & :ite-se$$ v>ieties2 & ?is result foll[s :e!r ^! v>ieties h be5 us$ z ! poll5-be>+ or se$-produc+ p>5ts40 ,! law ( prepot5cy comes into action :5 species are cross$1 z ) races & individuals4 ,grtn] has unequivocally %[n#ae t ?is is ! case ) plants4 ,to give "o in/ance3 :5 ,nicotiana paniculata & v9cflora are cross$1 ! "* ( ,n4 paniculata is almo/ completely lo/ 9 ! hybrid2 b if ,n4 quadrivalvis be cross$ ) ,n4 v9cflora1 ?is latt] species1 :i* 0 be=e s prepot5t1 n[ 9 its turn almo/ disappe>s "u ! p[] ( ,n4 quadrivalvis4 ,x is rem>kable t ! prepot5cy ( "o species ov] ano!r 9 transmission is q indep5d5t1 z %[n by ,grtn]1 ( ! great] or less facility ) :i* ! "o f]tilises ! o!r4 ,) animals1 ! jackal is prepot5t ov] ! dog1 z is /at$ by ,fl\r5s1 :o made _m crosses betwe5 ^! animals2 & ?is 0 likewise ! case ) a hybrid :i* ,i once saw betwe5 a jackal & a t]ri]4 ,i _c d\bt1 f ! obs]vations ( ,col9 & o!rs1 t ! ass is prepot5t ov] ! horse2 ! prepot5cy 9 ?is in/ance runn+ m /rongly ?r\gh ! male ?an ?r\gh ! female ass2 s t ! mule resembles ! ass m closely ?an does ! h9ny4#af ,! male pheasant1 judg+ f ,mr4 ,hewitt's descriptions1#ag & f ! hybrids :i* ,i h se51 prepond]ates ov] ! dome/ic f[l2 b ! latt]1 z f> z col\r is conc]n$1 has consid]able p[] ( transmission1 = hybrids rais$ f five diff]5tly col\r$ h5s diff]$ greatly 9 plumage4 ,i =m]ly exam9$ "s curi\s hybrids 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 betwe5 ! ,p5gu9 v>iety ( ! common duck & ! ,egyptian goose 7,ans] gyptiacus72 & al?\gh ,i w n ass]t t ! dome/icat$ v>iety prepond]at$ ov] ! natural species1 yet x _h /rongly impress$ its unnatural upright figure on ^! hybrids4 ,i am aw>e t su* cases z ! =ego+ h be5 ascrib$ by v>i\s au?ors1 n to "o species1 race1 or individual be+ prepot5t ov] ! o!r 9 impress+ its "* on its cross$ (fspr+1 b to su* rules z t ! fa!r influ5ces ! ext]nal *>act]s & ! "m ! int]nal or vital organs4 ,b ! great div]sity ( ! rules giv5 by v>i\s au?ors almo/ proves _! fals5ess4 ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas has fully discuss$ ?is po9t1 & has %[n#ah t none ( ! rules 7& ,i c\ld add o!rs to ^? quot$ by him7 apply to all animals4 ,simil> rules h be5 ann\nc$ = plants1 & h be5 prov$ by ,grtn]#ai to be all errone\s4 ,if we conf9e our view to ! dome/icat$ races ( a s+le species1 or p]haps ev5 to ! species ( ! same g5us1 "s su* rules may hold good2 = in/ance1 x seems t 9 reciprocally cross+ v>i\s bre$s ( f[ls ! male g5]ally gives col\r2#bj b conspicu\s exceptions h pass$ "u my own eyes4 ,x seems t ! ram usually gives its peculi> horns & fleece to its cross$ (fspr+1 & ! bull ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( horns4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] on ,cross+ ,i %all h occasion to %[ t c]ta9 *>act]s are r>ely or nev] bl5d$ by cross+1 b are transmitt$ 9 an unmodifi$ /ate f ei!r p>5t-=m2 ,i ref] to ?is fact "h because x is sometimes accompani$ on ! "o side by prepot5cy1 :i* ?us acquires ! false appe>ance ( unusual /r5g?4 ,9 ! same *apt] ,i %all %[ t ! rate at :i* a species or bre$ absorbs & oblit]ates ano!r by repeat$ crosses1 dep5ds 9 *ief "p on prepot5cy 9 transmission4 ,9 conclusion1 "s ( ! cases above giv51--= in/ance1 t ( ! trumpet] pigeon1--prove t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 m]e inh]itance & prepot5cy4 ,?is latt] p[] seems to u1 9 our ignorance1 to act 9 mo/ cases q caprici\sly4 ,! v same "*1 ev5 ?\gh x be an abnormal or mon/r\s "o1 su* z silky fea!rs1 may be transmitt$ by diff]5t species1 :5 cross$1 ei!r ) prepot5t =ce or s+ul> feebl5ess4 ,x is obvi\s1 t a purely-br$ =m ( ei!r sex1 9 all cases 9 :i* prepot5cy does n run m /rongly 9 "o sex ?an ! o!r1 w transmit its "* ) prepot5t =ce ov] a mongrelis$ & already v>iable =m4#ba ,f sev]al ( ! above-giv5 cases we may conclude t m]e antiquity ( "* does n by any means necess>ily make x prepot5t4 ,9 "s cases prepot5cy app>5tly dep5ds on ! same "* be+ pres5t & visible 9 "o ( ! two bre$s :i* are cross$1 & lat5t or invisible 9 ! o!r bre$2 & 9 ?is case x is natural t ! "* :i* is pot5tially pres5t 9 bo? bre$s %\ld be prepot5t4 ,?us1 we h reason to believe t !re is a lat5t t5d5cy 9 all horses to be dun-col\r$ & /rip$2 & :5 a horse ( ?is k9d is cross$ ) "o ( any o!r col\r1 x is said t ! (fspr+ are almo/ sure to be /rip$4 ,%eep h a simil> lat5t t5d5cy to become d>k-col\r$1 & we h se5 ) :at prepot5t =ce a ram ) a few black spots1 :5 cross$ ) :ite %eep ( v>i\s bre$s1 col\r$ its (fspr+4 ,all pigeons h a lat5t t5d5cy to become slaty-blue1 ) c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m>ks1 & x is kn[n t1 :5 a bird ?us col\r$ is cross$ ) "o ( any o!r col\r1 x is mo/ difficult aft]w>ds to eradicate ! blue t9t4 ,a ne>ly p>allel case is (f]$ by ^? black bantams :i*1 z !y gr[ old1 develop a lat5t t5d5cy to acquire r$ fea!rs4 ,b !re are exceptions to ! rule3 hornless bre$s ( cattle possess a lat5t capacity to reproduce horns1 yet :5 cross$ ) horn$ bre$s !y d n inv>iably produce (fspr+ be>+ horns4 ,we meet ) analog\s cases ) plants4 ,/rip$ fl[]s1 ?\gh !y c be propagat$ truly by se$1 h a lat5t t5d5cy to become uni=mly col\r$1 b :5 once cross$ by a uni=mly col\r$ v>iety1 !y ev] aft]w>ds fail to produce /rip$ se$l+s4#bb ,ano!r case is 9 "s respects m curi\s3 plants be>+ peloric fl[]s h s /rong a lat5t t5d5cy to reproduce _! normally irregul> fl[]s1 t ?is (t5 occurs by buds :5 a plant is transplant$ into poor] or ri*] soil4#bc ,n[ ,i cross$ ! peloric snapdragon 7,antirrh9um majus71 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ) poll5 ( ! common =m2 & ! latt]1 reciprocally1 ) peloric poll54 ,i ?us rais$ two great b$s ( se$l+s1 & n "o 0 peloric4 ,naud9#bd obta9$ ! same result f cross+ a peloric ,l9>ia ) ! common =m4 ,i c>efully exam9$ ! fl[]s ( n9ety plants ( ! cross$ ,antirrh9um 9 ! two b$s1 & _! /ructure _h n be5 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! cross1 except t 9 a few in/ances ! m9ute rudim5t ( ! fif? /am51 :i* is always pres5t1 0 m fully or ev5 completely develop$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is entire oblit]ation ( ! peloric /ructure 9 ! cross$ plants c be acc\nt$ = by any incapacity ( transmission2 = ,i rais$ a l>ge b$ ( plants f ! peloric ,antirrh9um1 artificially f]tilis$ by its own poll51 & sixte5 plants1 :i* alone surviv$ ! w9t]1 7 all z p]fectly peloric z ! p>5t-plant4 ,"h we h a good in/ance ( ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! inh]itance ( a "* & ! p[] ( transmitt+ x to cross$ (fspr+4 ,! cross$ plants1 :i* p]fectly resembl$ ! common snapdragon1 7 all[$ to s[ !mselves1 & out ( a hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 se$l+s1 eighty-eight prov$ to be common snapdragons1 two 7 9 an int]m$iate condition betwe5 ! peloric & normal /ate1 & ?irty-sev5 7 p]fectly peloric1 hav+ rev]t$ to ! /ructure ( _! "o gr&-p>5t4 ,?is case seems at fir/ sight to (f] an exception to ! rule j giv51 namely1 t a "* :i* is pres5t 9 "o =m & lat5t 9 ! o!r is g5]ally transmitt$ ) prepot5t =ce :5 ! two =ms are cross$4 ,= 9 all ! ,scrophul>iace1 & especially 9 ! g5]a ,antirrh9um & ,l9>ia1 !re is1 z 0 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 a /rong lat5t t5d5cy to become peloric2 b !re is also1 z we h se51 a /ill /rong] t5d5cy 9 all peloric plants to reacquire _! normal irregul> /ructure4 ,s t we h two oppos$ lat5t t5d5cies 9 ! same plants4 ,n[1 ) ! cross$ ,antirrh9ums ! t5d5cy to produce normal or irregul> fl[]s1 l ^? ( ! common ,snapdragon1 prevail$ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation2 :il/ ! t5d5cy to pelorism1 appe>+ to ga9 /r5g? by ! int]mission ( a g5]ation1 prevail$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! second set ( se$l+s4 ,h[ x is possible = a "* to ga9 /r5g? by ! int]mission ( a g5]ation1 w be consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on pang5esis4 ,on ! :ole1 ! subject ( prepot5cy is extremely intricate1--f its v>y+ s mu* 9 /r5g?1 ev5 9 reg>d to ! same "*1 9 diff]5t animals1--f its runn+ ei!r equally 9 bo? sexes1 or1 z frequ5tly is ! case ) animals1 b n ) plants1 mu* /rong] 9 "o sex ?an ! o!r1--f ! exi/5ce ( second>y sexual *>act]s1--f ! transmission ( c]ta9 *>act]s be+ limit$1 z we %all imm$iately see1 by sex1--f c]ta9 *>act]s n bl5d+ toge!r1--&1 p]haps1 occasionally f ! effects ( a previ\s f]tilisation on ! "m4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t no "o has hi!rto succe$$ 9 draw+ up g5]al rules on ! subject ( prepot5cy4 ,inh]itance z limit$ by ,sex4 ,new *>act]s (t5 appe> 9 "o sex1 & are aft]w>ds transmitt$ to ! same sex1 ei!r exclusively or 9 a mu* great] degree ?an to ! o!r4 ,?is subject is important1 because ) animals ( _m k9ds 9 a /ate ( nature1 bo? high & l[ 9 ! scale1 second>y sexual *>act]s1 n directly connect$ ) ! organs ( reproduction1 are conspicu\sly pres5t4 ,) our dome/icat$ animals1 *>act]s ( ?is k9d (t5 diff] widely f ^? di/+ui%+ ! two sexes ( ! p>5t species2 & ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 z limit$ by sex1 expla9s h[ ?is is possible4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas has %[n#be t :5 a peculi>ity1 9 no mann] connect$ ) ! reproductive organs1 appe>s 9 ei!r p>5t1 x is (t5 transmitt$ exclusively to ! (fspr+ ( ! same sex1 or to a mu* great] numb] ( !m ?an ( ! opposite sex4 ,?us1 9 ! family ( ,lamb]t1 ! horn-l projections on ! sk9 7 transmitt$ f ! fa!r to 8 sons & gr&sons alone2 s x has be5 ) o!r cases ( i*?yosis1 ) sup]num]>y digits1 ) a defici5cy ( digits & phalanges1 & 9 a less] degree ) v>i\s diseases1 especially ) col\r-bl9dness & ! hmorrhagic dia!sis1 t is1 an extreme liability to pr(use & uncontrollable ble$+ f trifl+ w\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo!rs h transmitt$1 dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 to _! daught]s alone1 sup]num]>y & defici5t digits1 col\r-bl9dness & o!r peculi>ities4 ,s t ! v same peculi>ity may become atta*$ to ei!r sex1 & be long inh]it$ by t sex alone2 b ! atta*m5t 9 c]ta9 cases is mu* m frequ5t to "o ?an ! o!r sex4 ,! same peculi>ities also may be promiscu\sly transmitt$ to ei!r sex4 ,dr4 ,lucas gives o!r cases1 %[+ t ! male occasionally transmits 8 peculi>ities to 8 daught]s alone1 & ! "m to h] sons alone2 b ev5 9 ?is case we see t inh]itance is to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?\gh inv]sely1 regulat$ by sex4 ,dr4 ,lucas1 aft] weigh+ ! :ole evid5ce1 comes to ! conclusion t e peculi>ity t5ds to be transmitt$ 9 a great] or less] degree to t sex 9 :i* x fir/ appe>s4 ,b a m def9ite rule1 z ,i h else:]e %[n#bf g5]ally holds good1 namely1 t v>iations :i* fir/ appe> 9 ei!r sex at a late p]iod ( life1 :5 ! reproductive functions are active1 t5d to be develop$ 9 t sex alone2 :il/ v>iations :i* fir/ appe> e>ly 9 life 9 ei!r sex are commonly transmitt$ to bo? sexes4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 f> f suppos+ t ?is is ! sole det]m9+ cause4 ,a few details f ! _m cases collect$ by ,mr4 ,s$gwick1#bg may be "h giv54 ,col\r-bl9dness1 f "s unkn[n cause1 %[s itself mu* (t5] 9 males ?an 9 females2 9 upw>ds ( two hundr$ cases collect$ by ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 n9e-t5?s relat$ to m52 b x is em95tly liable to be transmitt$ ?r\gh wom54 ,9 ! case giv5 by ,dr4 ,e>le1 memb]s ( eight relat$ families 7 affect$ dur+ five g5]ations3 ^! families consi/$ ( sixty-"o individuals1 namely1 ( ?irty-two males1 ( :om n9e-sixte5?s 7 incapable ( di/+ui%+ col\r1 & ( tw5ty-n9e females1 ( :om only "o-fifte5? 7 ?us affect$4 ,al?\gh col\r-bl9dness ?us g5]ally cl+s to ! male sex1 nev]!less1 9 "o in/ance 9 :i* x fir/ appe>$ 9 a female1 x 0 transmitt$ dur+ five g5]ations to ?irte5 individuals1 all ( :om 7 females4 ,! hmorrhagic dia!sis1 (t5 accompani$ by rheumatism1 has be5 kn[n to affect ! males alone dur+ five g5]ations1 be+ transmitt$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! females4 ,x is said t defici5t phalanges 9 ! f+]s h be5 inh]it$ by ! females alone dur+ t5 g5]ations4 ,9 ano!r case1 a man ?us defici5t 9 bo? h&s & feet1 transmitt$ ! peculi>ity to 8 two sons & "o daught]2 b 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1--out ( n9ete5 gr&*ildr51 twelve sons _h ! family defect1 :il/ ! sev5 daught]s 7 free4 ,9 ord9>y cases ( sexual limitation1 ! sons or daught]s inh]it ! peculi>ity1 :atev] x may be1 f _! fa!r or "m1 & transmit x to _! *ildr5 ( ! same sex2 b g5]ally ) ! hmorrhagic dia!sis1 & (t5 ) col\r-bl9dness1 & 9 "s o!r cases1 ! sons nev] inh]it ! peculi>ity directly f _! fa!rs1 b ! daught]s alone transmit ! lat5t t5d5cy1 s t ! sons ( ! daught]s alone exhibit x4 ,?us ! fa!r1 gr&son1 & great-great-gr&son w exhibit a peculi>ity1--! gr&mo!r1 daught]1 & great-gr&-daught] hav+ transmitt$ x 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,h5ce we h1 z ,mr4 ,s$gwick rem>ks1 a d\ble k9d ( atavism or rev]sion2 ea* gr&son app>5tly receiv+ & develop+ ! peculi>ity f 8 gr&fa!r1 & ea* daught] app>5tly receiv+ ! lat5t t5d5cy f h] gr&mo!r4 ,f ! v>i\s facts record$ by ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 & o!rs1 !re c be no d\bt t peculi>ities fir/ appe>+ 9 ei!r sex1 ?\gh n 9 any way necess>ily or inv>iably connect$ ) t sex1 /rongly t5d to be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+ ( ! same sex1 b are (t5 transmitt$ 9 a lat5t /ate ?r\gh ! opposite sex4 ,turn+ n[ to dome/icat$ animals1 we f9d t c]ta9 *>act]s n prop] to ! p>5t species are (t5 conf9$ to1 & inh]it$ by1 "o sex alone2 b we d n "k ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( su* *>act]s4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,%eep1 we h se5 t ! males ( c]ta9 races diff] greatly f ! females 9 ! %ape ( _! horns1 ^! be+ abs5t 9 ! ewes ( "s bre$s2 !y diff] also 9 ! developm5t ( fat 9 ! tail & 9 ! outl9e ( ! =ehead4 ,^! diff]5ces1 judg+ f ! "* ( ! alli$ wild species1 _c be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t !y h be5 d]iv$ f di/9ct p>5t =ms4 ,!re is1 also1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! horns ( ! two sexes 9 "o ,indian bre$ ( goats4 ,! bull zebu is said to h a l>g] hump ?an ! c[4 ,9 ! ,scot* de]-h\nd ! two sexes diff] 9 size m ?an 9 any o!r v>iety ( ! dog#bh &1 judg+ f analogy1 m ?an 9 ! aborig9al p>5t-species4 ,! peculi> col\r call$ tortoise-%ell is v r>ely se5 9 a male cat2 ! males ( ?is v>iety be+ ( a ru/y t9t4 ,9 v>i\s bre$s ( ! f[l ! males & females (t5 diff] greatly2 & ^! diff]5ces are f> f be+ ! same ) ^? :i* di/+ui% ! two sexes ( ! p>5t-species1 ! ,gallus bankiva2 & consequ5tly h orig9at$ "u dome/ication4 ,9 c]ta9 sub-v>ieties ( ! ,game race we h ! unusual case ( ! h5s diff]+ f ea* o!r m ?an ! cocks4 ,9 an ,indian bre$ ( a :ite col\r %ad$ ) black1 ! h5s inv>iably h black sk9s1 & _! bones are cov]$ by a black p]io/eum1 :il/ ! cocks are nev] or mo/ r>ely ?us *>act]is$4 ,pigeons (f] a m int]e/+ case2 = ?r\gh\t ! :ole great family ! two sexes d n (t5 diff] mu*2 & ! males & females ( ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,c4 livia1 are undi/+ui%able3 yet we h se5 t ) p\t]s ! male has ! *>act]i/ic quality ( p\t+ m /rongly develop$ ?an ! female2 & 9 c]ta9 sub-v>ieties ! males alone are spott$ or /riat$ ) black1 or o!rwise diff] 9 col\r4 ,:5 male & female ,engli% c>ri]-pigeons are exhibit$ 9 sep>ate p5s1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! wattle ov] ! beak & r\nd ! eyes is conspicu\s4 ,s t "h we h in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( second>y sexual *>act]s 9 ! dome/icat$ races ( a species 9 :i* su* diff]5ces are naturally q abs5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 second>y sexual *>act]s :i* belong to ! species 9 a /ate ( nature are sometimes q lo/1 or greatly dim9i%$1 "u dome/ication4 ,we see ?is 9 ! small size ( ! tusks 9 our improv$ bre$s ( ! pig1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild bo>4 ,!re are sub-bre$s ( f[ls1 9 :i* ! males h lo/ ! f9e-fl[+ tail-fea!rs & hackles2 & o!rs 9 :i* !re is no diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,9 "s cases ! b>r$ plumage1 :i* 9 gall9ace\s birds is commonly ! attribute ( ! h51 has be5 transf]r$ to ! cock1 z 9 ! cuckoo sub-bre$s4 ,9 o!r cases mascul9e *>act]s h be5 p>tly transf]r$ to ! female1 z ) ! spl5did plumage ( ! gold5-spangl$ ,hamburgh h51 ! enl>g$ comb ( ! ,spani% h51 ! pugnaci\s disposition ( ! ,game h51 & z 9 ! well-develop$ spurs :i* occasionally appe> 9 ! h5s ( v>i\s bre$s4 ,9 ,poli% f[ls bo? sexes are ornam5t$ ) a topknot1 t ( ! male be+ =m$ ( hackle-l fea!rs1 & ?is is a new male "* 9 ! g5us ,gallus4 ,on ! :ole1 z f> z ,i c judge1 new *>act]s are m apt to appe> 9 ! males ( our dome/icat$ animals ?an 9 ! females1#bi & aft]w>ds to be inh]it$ exclusively or m /rongly by ! males4 ,f9ally1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance z limit$ by sex1 ! pres]vation & augm5tation ( second>y sexual *>act]s 9 natural species (f]s no especial difficulty1 z ?is w\ld foll[ ?r\gh t =m ( selection :i* ,i h call$ sexual selection4 ,inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods ( ,life4 ,?is is an important subject4 ,s9ce ! publication ( my #8,orig9 ( ,species' ,i h se5 no reason to d\bt ! tru? ( ! explanation !re giv5 ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 biology1 namely1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! embryo & ! adult animal4 ,! explanation is1 t v>iations d n necess>ily or g5]ally occur at a v e>ly p]iod ( embryonic gr[?1 & t su* v>iations are inh]it$ at a correspond+ age4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is ! embryo1 ev5 aft] ! p>5t-=m has und]gone great modification1 is left only slightly modifi$2 & ! embryos ( widely-diff]5t animals :i* are desc5d$ f a common prog5itor rema9 9 _m important respects l "o ano!r & probably l _! common prog5itor4 ,we c ?us und]/& :y embryology ?r[s a flood ( light on ! natural sy/em ( classification1 z ?is ought to be z f> z possible g5ealogical4 ,:5 ! embryo leads an indep5d5t life1 t is1 becomes a l>va1 x has to be adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ conditions 9 its /ructure & in/9cts1 indep5d5tly ( ^? ( its p>5ts2 & ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods ( life r5d]s ?is possible4 ,?is pr9ciple is1 inde$1 9 "o way s obvi\s t x escapes att5tion4 ,we possess a numb] ( races ( animals & plants1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) "o ano!r & ) _! p>5t-=ms1 pres5t conspicu\s diff]5ces1 bo? 9 _! immature & mature /ates4 ,look at ! se$s ( ! sev]al k9ds ( peas1 beans1 maize1 :i* c be propagat$ truly1 & see h[ !y diff] 9 size1 col\r1 & %ape1 :il/ ! full-gr[n plants diff] b little4 ,cabbages1 on ! o!r h&1 diff] greatly 9 foliage & mann] ( gr[?1 b h>dly at all 9 _! se$s2 & g5]ally x w be f\nd t ! diff]5ces betwe5 cultivat$ plants at diff]5t p]iods ( gr[? are n necess>ily closely connect$ toge!r1 = plants may diff] mu* 9 _! se$s & little :5 full-gr[n1 & conv]sely may yield se$s h>dly di/+ui%able1 yet diff] mu* :5 full-gr[n4 ,9 ! sev]al bre$s ( p\ltry1 desc5d$ f a s+le species1 diff]5ces 9 ! eggs & *ick5s :il/ cov]$ ) d[n1 9 ! plumage at ! fir/ & subsequ5t m\lts1 z well z 9 ! comb & wattles1 are all inh]it$4 ,) man peculi>ities 9 ! milk & second tee? 7( :i* ,i h receiv$ ! details7 are inh]itable1 & longevity is (t5 transmitt$4 ,s aga9 ) our improv$ bre$s ( cattle & %eep1 e>ly maturity1 includ+ ! e>ly developm5t ( ! tee?1 & ) c]ta9 bre$s ( f[l ! e>ly appe>ance ( second>y sexual *>act]s1 all come "u ! same head ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods4 ,num]\s analog\s facts c\ld be giv54 ,! silk-mo?1 p]haps1 (f]s ! be/ in/ance2 = 9 ! bre$s :i* transmit _! *>act]s truly1 ! eggs diff] 9 size1 col\r1 & %ape3 ! cat]pill>s diff]1 9 m\lt+ ?ree or f\r times1 9 col\r1 ev5 9 hav+ a d>k-col\r$ m>k l an eyebr[1 & 9 ! loss ( c]ta9 in/9cts2--! cocoons diff] 9 size1 %ape1 & 9 ! col\r & quality ( ! silk2 ^! sev]al diff]5ces be+ foll[$ by slight or b>ely di/+ui%able diff]5ces 9 ! mature mo?4 ,b x may be said t1 if 9 ! above cases a new peculi>ity is inh]it$1 x mu/ be at ! correspond+ /age ( developm5t2 = an egg or se$ c resemble only an egg or se$1 & ! horn 9 a full-gr[n ox c resemble only a horn4 ,! foll[+ cases %[ inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods m pla9ly1 because !y ref] to peculi>ities :i* might h sup]v5$1 z f> z we c see1 e>li] or lat] 9 life1 yet are inh]it$ at ! same p]iod at :i* !y fir/ appe>$4 ,9 ! ,lamb]t family ! porcup9e-l excresc5ces appe>$ 9 ! fa!r & sons at ! same age1 namely1 ab\t n9e weeks aft] bir?4#cj ,9 ! extraord9>y hairy family describ$ by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1#ca *ildr5 7 produc$ dur+ ?ree g5]ations ) hairy e>s2 9 ! fa!r ! hair began to gr[ ov] 8 body at six ye>s old2 9 8 daught] some:at e>li]1 namely1 at "o ye>2 & 9 bo? g5]ations ! milk tee? appe>$ late 9 life1 ! p]man5t tee? be+ aft]w>ds s+ul>ly defici5t4 ,greyness ( hair at an unusually e>ly age has be5 transmitt$ 9 "s families4 ,^! cases bord] on diseases inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods ( life1 to :i* ,i %all imm$iately ref]4 ,x is a well-kn[n peculi>ity ) almond-tumbl] pigeons1 t ! full beauty & peculi> "* ( ! plumage does n appe> until ! bird has m\lt$ two or ?ree times4 ,neumei/] describes & figures a brace ( pigeons 9 :i* ! :ole body is :ite except ! brea/1 neck1 & head2 b 9 _! fir/ plumage all ! :ite fea!rs h col\r$ edges4 ,ano!r bre$ is m rem>kable3 its fir/ plumage is black1 ) ru/y-r$ w+-b>s & a cresc5t-%ap$ m>k on ! brea/2 ^! m>ks !n become :ite1 & rema9 s dur+ ?ree or f\r m\lts2 b aft] ?is p]iod ! :ite spreads ov] ! body1 & ! bird loses its beauty4#cb ,prize can>y-birds h _! w+s & tail black3 8?is col\r1 h[ev]1 is only reta9$ until ! fir/ m\lt1 s t !y mu/ be exhibit$ ere ! *ange takes place4 ,once m\lt$1 ! peculi>ity has ceas$4 ,( c\rse all ! birds emanat+ f ?is /ock h black w+s & tails ! fir/ ye>40#cc ,a curi\s & some:at analog\s acc\nt has be5 giv5#cd ( a family ( wild pi$ rooks :i* 7 fir/ obs]v$ 9 #agih1 ne> ,*alfont1 & :i* e ye> f t date up to ! p]iod ( ! publi%$ notice1 viz41 #ahcg 8h sev]al ( _! brood p>ticol\r$1 black & :ite4 ,?is v>iegation ( ! plumage1 h[ev]1 disappe>s ) ! fir/ m\lt2 b among ! next "y families !re are always a few pi$ ones40 ,^! *anges ( plumage1 :i* are inh]it$ at v>i\s correspond+ p]iods ( life 9 ! pigeon1 can>y-bird1 & rook1 are rem>kable1 because ! p>5t-species passes ?r\gh no su* *ange4 ,inh]it$ diseases af=d evid5ce 9 "s respects ( less value ?an ! =ego+ cases1 because diseases are n necess>ily connect$ ) any *ange 9 /ructure2 b 9 o!r respects ( m value1 because ! p]iods h be5 m c>efully obs]v$4 ,c]ta9 diseases are communicat$ to ! *ild app>5tly by a process l inoculation1 & ! *ild is f ! fir/ affect$2 su* cases may be "h pass$ ov]4 ,l>ge classes ( diseases usually appe> at c]ta9 ages1 su* z ,/4 ,vitus's dance 9 y\?1 consumption 9 e>ly mid-life1 g\t lat]1 & apoplexy /ill lat]2 & ^! are naturally inh]it$ at ! same p]iod4 ,b ev5 9 diseases ( ?is class1 in/ances h be5 record$1 z ) ,/4 ,vitus's dance1 %[+ t an unusually e>ly or late t5d5cy to ! disease is inh]itable4#ce ,9 mo/ cases ! appe>ance ( any inh]it$ disease is l>gely det]m9$ by c]ta9 critical p]iods 9 ea* p]son's life1 z well z by unfav\rable conditions4 ,!re are _m o!r diseases1 :i* are n atta*$ to any p>ticul> p]iod1 b :i* c]ta9ly t5d to appe> 9 ! *ild at ab\t ! same age at :i* ! p>5t 0 fir/ attack$4 ,an array ( high au?orities1 anci5t & mod]n1 c\ld be giv5 9 support ( ?is proposition4 ,! illu/ri\s ,hunt] believ$ 9 x2 & ,piorry#cf cautions ! physician to look closely to ! *ild at ! p]iod :5 any grave inh]itable disease attack$ ! p>5t4 ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1#cg aft] collect+ facts f e s\rce1 ass]ts t affections ( all k9ds1 ?\gh n relat$ to any p>ticul> p]iod ( life1 t5d to reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ at :atev] p]iod ( life !y fir/ appe>$ 9 ! prog5itor4 ,z ! subject is important1 x may be well to give a few in/ances1 simply z illu/rations1 n z pro(2 = pro(1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! au?orities above quot$4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ cases h be5 select$ = ! sake ( %[+ t1 :5 a slight dep>ture f ! rule occurs1 ! *ild is affect$ some:at e>li] 9 life ?an ! p>5t4 ,9 ! family ( ,le ,compte bl9dness 0 inh]it$ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations1 & no less ?an tw5ty-sev5 *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 7 all affect$ at ab\t ! same age2 _! bl9dness 9 g5]al began to advance ab\t ! fifte5? or sixte5? ye>1 & end$ 9 total deprivation ( sight at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty-two4#ch ,9 ano!r case a fa!r & 8 f\r *ildr5 all became bl9d at tw5ty-"o ye>s old2 9 ano!r1 a gr&mo!r grew bl9d at ?irty-five1 h] daught] at n9ete51 & ?ree gr&*ildr5 at ! ages ( ?irte5 & elev54#ci ,s ) deafness1 two bro!rs1 _! fa!r & pat]nal gr&fa!r1 all became deaf at ! age ( =ty4#dj ,esquirol gives sev]al /rik+ in/ances ( insanity com+ on at ! same age1 z t ( a gr&fa!r1 fa!r1 & son1 :o all committ$ suicide ne> _! fiftie? ye>4 ,_m o!r cases c\ld be giv51 z ( a :ole family :o became insane at ! age ( =ty4#da ,o!r c]ebral affections sometimes foll[ ! same rule1--= in/ance1 epilepsy & apoplexy4 ,a woman di$ ( ! latt] disease :5 sixty-?ree ye>s old2 "o ( h] daught]s at =ty-?ree1 & ! o!r at sixty-sev53 ! latt] _h twelve *ildr51 :o all di$ f tub]cul> m5+itis4#db ,i m5tion ?is latt] case because x illu/rates a frequ5t occurr5ce1 namely1 a *ange 9 ! precise nature ( an inh]it$ disease1 ?\gh /ill affect+ ! same organ4 ,a/hma has attack$ sev]al memb]s ( ! same family :5 =ty ye>s old1 & o!r families dur+ infancy4 ,! mo/ diff]5t diseases1 su* z ang9a pectoris1 /one 9 ! bladd]1 & v>i\s affections ( ! sk91 h appe>$ 9 successive g5]ations at ne>ly ! same age4 ,! little f+] ( a man began f "s unkn[n cause to gr[ inw>ds1 & ! same f+] 9 8 two sons began at ! same age to b5d inw>ds 9 a simil> mann]4 ,/range & inexplicable neuralgic affections h caus$ p>5ts & *ildr5 to suff] agonies at ab\t ! same p]iod ( life4#dc ,i w give only two o!r cases1 :i* are int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! disappe>ance z well z ! appe>ance ( disease at ! same age4 ,two bro!rs1 _! fa!r1 _! pat]nal uncles1 sev5 c\s9s1 & _! pat]nal gr&fa!r1 7 all simil>ly affect$ by a sk9-disease1 call$ pityriasis v]sicolor2 8! disease1 /rictly limit$ to ! males ( ! family 7?\gh transmitt$ ?r\gh ! females71 usually appe>$ at pub]ty1 & disappe>$ at ab\t ! age ( =ty or =ty-five ye>s40 ,! second case is t ( f\r bro!rs1 :o :5 ab\t twelve ye>s old suff]$ almo/ e week f sev]e heada*es1 :i* 7 reliev$ only by a recumb5t position 9 a d>k room4 ,_! fa!r1 pat]nal uncles1 pat]nal gr&fa!r1 & gr&uncles all suff]$ 9 ! same way f heada*es1 :i* ceas$ at ! age ( fifty-f\r or fifty-five 9 all ^? :o liv$ s long4 ,none ( ! females ( ! family 7 affect$4#dd ,x is impossible to read ! =ego+ acc\nts1 & ! _m o!rs :i* h be5 record$1 ( diseases com+ on dur+ ?ree or ev5 m g5]ations 9 sev]al memb]s ( ! same family at ! same age1 especially 9 ! case ( r>e affections 9 :i* ! co9cid5ce _c be attribut$ to *ance1 & to d\bt t !re is a /rong t5d5cy to inh]itance 9 disease at correspond+ p]iods ( life4 ,:5 ! rule fails1 ! disease is apt to come on e>li] 9 ! *ild ?an 9 ! p>5t2 ! exceptions 9 ! o!r direction be+ v mu* r>]4 ,dr4 ,lucas#de alludes to sev]al cases ( inh]it$ diseases com+ on at an e>li] p]iod4 ,i h already giv5 "o /rik+ in/ance ) bl9dness dur+ ?ree g5]ations2 & ,mr4 ,b[man rem>ks t ?is frequ5tly occurs ) cat>act4 ,) canc] !re seems to be a peculi> liability to e>li] inh]itance3 ,sir ,j4 ,paget1 :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is subject1 & tabulat$ a l>ge numb] ( cases1 in=ms me t he believes t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! lat] g5]ation suff]s f ! disease at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,he adds1 8,9 ! in/ances 9 :i* ! opposite relation holds1 & ! memb]s ( lat] g5]ations h canc] at a lat] age ?an _! pr$ecessors1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ! non-canc]\s p>5ts h liv$ to extreme old ages40 ,s t ! longevity ( a non-affect$ p>5t seems to h ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! fatal p]iod 9 ! (fspr+2 & we ?us app>5tly get ano!r elem5t ( complexity 9 inh]itance4 ,! facts1 %[+ t ) c]ta9 diseases ! p]iod ( inh]itance occasionally or ev5 frequ5tly advances1 are important ) respect to ! g5]al desc5t-!ory1 = !y r5d] x probable t ! same ?+ w\ld occur ) ord9>y modifications ( /ructure4 ,! f9al result ( a long s]ies ( su* advances w\ld be ! gradual oblit]ation ( *>act]s prop] to ! embryo & l>va1 :i* w\ld ?us come to resemble m & m closely ! mature p>5t-=m4 ,b any /ructure :i* 0 ( s]vice to ! embryo or l>va w\ld be pres]v$ by ! de/ruction at ?is /age ( gr[? ( ea* individual :i* manife/$ any t5d5cy to lose its prop] "* at too e>ly an age4 ,f9ally1 f ! num]\s races ( cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals1 9 :i* ! se$s or eggs1 ! "y or old1 diff] f "o ano!r & f ^? ( ! p>5t-species2--f ! cases 9 :i* new *>act]s h appe>$ at a p>ticul> p]iod1 & aft]w>ds be5 inh]it$ at ! same p]iod2--& f :at we "k ) respect to disease1 we mu/ believe 9 ! tru? ( ! great pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods ( life4 ,summ>y ( ! ?ree prec$+ ,*apt]s4--,/rong z is ! =ce ( inh]itance1 x all[s ! incessant appe>ance ( new *>act]s4 ,^!1 :e!r b5eficial or injuri\s1--( ! mo/ trifl+ importance1 su* z a %ade ( col\r 9 a fl[]1 a col\r$ lock ( hair1 or a m]e ge/ure1--or ( ! highe/ importance1 z :5 affect+ ! bra91 or an organ s p]fect & complex z ! eye1--or ( s grave a nature z to des]ve to be call$ a mon/rosity1--or s peculi> z n to occur normally 9 any memb] ( ! same natural class1--(t5 inh]it$ by man1 by ! l[] animals1 & plants4 ,9 numb]less cases x suffices = ! inh]itance ( a peculi>ity t "o p>5t alone %\ld be ?us *>act]is$4 ,inequalities 9 ! two sides ( ! body1 ?\gh oppos$ to ! law ( symmetry1 may be transmitt$4 ,!re is ample evid5ce t ! effects ( mutilations & ( accid5ts1 especially or p]haps exclusively :5 foll[$ by disease1 are occasionally inh]it$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! evil effects ( ! long-cont9u$ exposure ( ! p>5t to injuri\s conditions are sometimes transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,s x is1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 ) ! effects ( ! use & disuse ( p>ts1 & ( m5tal habits4 ,p]iodical habits are likewise transmitt$1 b g5]ally1 z x w\ld appe>1 ) little =ce4 ,h5ce we are l$ to look at inh]itance z ! rule1 & non-inh]itance z ! anomaly4 ,b ?is p[] (t5 appe>s to u 9 our ignorance to act caprici\sly1 transmitt+ a "* ) inexplicable /r5g? or feebl5ess4 ,! v same peculi>ity1 z ! weep+ habit ( trees1 silky fea!rs1 etc41 may be inh]it$ ei!r firmly or n at all by diff]5t memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 & ev5 by diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 ?\gh treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is latt] case we see t ! p[] ( transmission is a quality :i* is m]ely individual 9 its atta*m5t4 ,z ) s+le *>act]s1 s x is ) ! sev]al concurr5t slight diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% sub-v>ieties or races2 = ( ^!1 "s c be propagat$ almo/ z truly z species1 :il/ o!rs _c be reli$ on4 ,! same rule holds good ) plants1 :5 propagat$ by bulbs1 (fsets1 etc41 :i* 9 "o s5se /ill =m p>ts ( ! same individual1 = "s v>ieties reta9 or inh]it ?r\gh successive bud-g5]ations _! "* f> m truly ?an o!rs4 ,"s *>act]s n prop] to ! p>5t-species h c]ta9ly be5 inh]it$ f an extremely remote epo*1 & may !re=e be consid]$ z firmly fix$4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r l5g? ( inh]itance 9 itself gives fix$ness ( "*2 ?\gh ! *ances are obvi\sly 9 fav\r ( any "* :i* has long be5 transmitt$ true or unalt]$ /ill be+ transmitt$ true z long z ! conditions ( life rema9 ! same4 ,we "k t _m species1 aft] hav+ reta9$ ! same "* = c\ntless ages1 :il/ liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 :5 dome/icat$ h v>i$ 9 ! mo/ div]sifi$ mann]1 t is1 h fail$ to transmit _! orig9al =m2 s t no "* appe>s to be absolutely fix$4 ,we c sometimes acc\nt = ! failure ( inh]itance by ! conditions ( life be+ oppos$ to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 *>act]s2 & /ill (t5]1 z ) plants cultivat$ by grafts & buds1 by ! conditions caus+ new & slight modifications incessantly to appe>4 ,9 ?is latt] case x is n t inh]itance :olly fails1 b t new *>act]s are cont9ually sup]add$4 ,9 "s few cases1 9 :i* bo? p>5ts are simil>ly *>act]is$1 inh]itance seems to ga9 s mu* =ce by ! comb9$ action ( ! two p>5ts1 t x c\nt]acts its own p[]1 & a new modification is ! result4 ,9 _m cases ! failure ( ! p>5ts to transmit _! lik5ess is due to ! bre$ hav+ be5 at "s =m] p]iod cross$2 & ! *ild takes aft] 8 gr&p>5t or m remote ance/or ( =eign blood4 ,9 o!r cases1 9 :i* ! bre$ has n be5 cross$1 b "s anci5t "* has be5 lo/ ?r\gh v>iation1 x occasionally reappe>s ?r\gh rev]sion1 s t ! p>5ts app>5tly fail to transmit _! own lik5ess4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 we may safely conclude t ! *ild inh]its all its *>act]s f its p>5ts1 9 :om c]ta9 *>act]s are lat5t1 l ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( "o sex 9 ! o!r4 ,:51 aft] a long succession ( bud-g5]ations1 a fl[] or fruit becomes sep>at$ into di/9ct segm5ts1 hav+ ! col\rs or o!r attributes ( bo? p>5t-=ms1 we _c d\bt t ^! *>act]s 7 lat5t 9 ! e>li] buds1 ?\gh !y c\ld n !n be detect$1 or c\ld be detect$ only 9 an intimately comm+l$ /ate4 ,s x is ) animals ( cross$ p>5tage1 :i* ) advanc+ ye>s occasionally exhibit *>act]s d]iv$ f "o ( _! two p>5ts1 ( :i* n a trace c\ld at fir/ be p]ceiv$4 ,c]ta9 mon/rosities1 :i* resemble :at naturali/s call ! typical =m ( ! gr\p 9 "q1 app>5tly come "u ! same law ( rev]sion4 ,x is assur$ly an a/oni%+ fact t ! male & female sexual elem5ts1 t buds1 & ev5 full-gr[n animals1 %\ld reta9 *>act]s1 dur+ sev]al g5]ations 9 ! case ( cross$ bre$s1 & dur+ ?\s&s ( g5]ations 9 ! case ( pure bre$s1 writt5 z x 7 9 invisible ink1 yet ready at any "t to be evolv$ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,:at ^! conditions precisely are1 we d n "k4 ,b any cause :i* di/urbs ! organisation or con/itution seems to be suffici5t4 ,a cross c]ta9ly gives a /rong t5d5cy to ! reappe>ance ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 bo? corporeal & m5tal4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 ?is t5d5cy is mu* /rong] ) ^? species :i* h be5 cross$ aft] long cultivation & :i* !re=e h _h _! con/itutions di/urb$ by ?is cause z well z by cross+1 ?an ) species :i* h always liv$ "u _! natural conditions & h !n be5 cross$4 ,a return1 also1 ( dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants to a wild /ate fav\rs rev]sion2 b ! t5d5cy "u ^! circum/ances has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,:5 individuals ( ! same family :i* diff] some:at1 & :5 races or species are cross$1 ! "o is (t5 prepot5t ov] ! o!r 9 transmitt+ its "*4 ,a race may possess a /rong p[] ( inh]itance1 & yet :5 cross$1 z we h se5 ) trumpet]-pigeons1 yield to ! prepot5cy ( e o!r race4 ,prepot5cy ( transmission may be equal 9 ! two sexes ( ! same species1 b (t5 runs m /rongly 9 "o sex4 ,x plays an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! rate at :i* "o race c be modifi$ or :olly absorb$ by repeat$ crosses ) ano!r4 ,we c seldom tell :at makes "o race or species prepot5t ov] ano!r2 b x sometimes dep5ds on ! same "* be+ pres5t & visible 9 "o p>5t1 & lat5t or pot5tially pres5t 9 ! o!r4 ,*>act]s may fir/ appe> 9 ei!r sex1 b (t5] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female1 & aft]w>ds be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ ( ! same sex4 ,9 ?is case we may feel confid5t t ! peculi>ity 9 "q is really pres5t ?\gh lat5t 9 ! opposite sex6 h5ce ! fa!r may transmit ?r\gh 8 daught] any "* to 8 gr&son2 & ! "m conv]sely to h] gr&daught]4 ,we ?us le>n1 & ! fact is an important "o1 t transmission & developm5t are di/9ct p[]s4 ,occasionally ^! two p[]s seem to be antagoni/ic1 or incapable ( comb9ation 9 ! same individual2 = sev]al cases h be5 record$ 9 :i* ! son has n directly inh]it$ a "* f 8 fa!r1 or directly transmitt$ x to 8 son1 b has receiv$ x by transmission ?r\gh 8 non-affect$ "m1 & transmitt$ x ?r\gh 8 non-affect$ daught]4 ,ow+ to inh]itance be+ limit$ by sex1 we see h[ second>y sexual *>act]s may h aris5 "u nature2 _! pres]vation & accumulation be+ dep5d5t on _! s]vice to ei!r sex4 ,at :atev] p]iod ( life a new "* fir/ appe>s1 x g5]ally rema9s lat5t 9 ! (fspr+ until a correspond+ age is atta9$1 & !n is develop$4 ,:5 ?is rule fails1 ! *ild g5]ally exhibits ! "* at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! p>5t4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods1 we c und]/& h[ x is t mo/ animals display f ! g]m to maturity su* a m>vell\s succession ( *>act]s4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh mu* rema9s obscure ) respect to ,inh]itance1 we may look at ! foll[+ laws z fairly well e/abli%$4 ,fir/ly1 a t5d5cy 9 e "*1 new & old1 to be transmitt$ by sem9al & bud g5]ation1 ?\gh (t5 c\nt]act$ by v>i\s kn[n & unkn[n causes4 ,secondly1 rev]sion or atavism1 :i* dep5ds on transmission & developm5t be+ di/9ct p[]s3 x acts 9 v>i\s degrees & mann]s ?r\gh bo? sem9al & bud g5]ation4 ,?irdly1 prepot5cy ( transmission1 :i* may be conf9$ to "o sex1 or be common to bo? sexes4 ,f\r?ly1 transmission1 z limit$ by sex1 g5]ally to ! same sex 9 :i* ! inh]it$ "* fir/ appe>$2 & ?is 9 _m1 probably mo/ cases1 dep5ds on ! new "* hav+ fir/ appe>$ at a r late p]iod ( life4 ,fif?ly1 inh]itance at correspond+ p]iods ( life1 ) "s t5d5cy to ! e>li] developm5t ( ! inh]it$ "*4 ,9 ^! laws ( ,inh]itance1 z display$ "u dome/ication1 we see an ample provision = ! production1 ?r\gh v>iability & natural selection1 ( new specific =ms4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,see ,y\att on ,cattle1 pp4 #ib1 #fi1 #gh1 #hh1 #afc2 & ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #cbe4 ,also ,dr4 ,lucas #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #caj4 #b #8,hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 pp4 #aab-abj4 #c ,sir ,h4 ,holl&1 #8,*apt]s on ,m5tal ,physiology1' #aheb1 p4 #bcd4 #d #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #bgj4 #e ,mr4 ,n4 ,h4 ,smi?1 #8,obs]vations on ,bre$+1' quot$ 9 #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #bgh4 #f ,quot$ by ,bronn1 #8,ge%i*te d] ,natur1' b4 ii4 s4 #agj4 ,see ,/urm1 #8,ueb] ,rac51' #ahbe1 s4 #ajd-ajg4 ,= ! niata cattle1 see my #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #adf4 #g ,lucas1 #8,l',hrdite ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #aab4 #h ,mr4 ,orton1 #8,physiology ( ,bre$+1' #ahee1 p4 #i4 #i ,boit>d & ,corbi1 #8,les ,pigeons1' #ahbd1 p4 #bbd4 #aj #8,les ,pigeons1' pp4 #afh1 #aih4 #aa #8,das ,ganze1' etc41 #ahcg1 s4 #ci4 #ab #8,! ,pigeon ,book1' p4 #df4 #ac #8,physiology ( ,bre$+1' p4 #bb2 ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bbd4 #ad ,boit>d & ,corbi1 #8,les ,pigeons1' #ahbd1 p4 #bbf4 #ae #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #bef1 #bij1 etc4 ,naud9 7#8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #adi7 gives a /rik+ in/ance ( prepot5cy 9 ,datura /ramonium :5 cross$ ) two o!r species4 #af ,fl\r5s1 #8,longvit ,huma9e1' p4 #add1 on cross$ jackals4 ,) respect to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mule & ! h9ny ,i am aw>e t ?is has g5]ally be5 attribut$ to ! sire & dam transmitt+ _! *>act]s diff]5tly2 b ,col91 :o has giv5 9 8 #8,trait ,phys4 ,comp41' tom4 ii4 pp4 #ecg-eci1 ! fulle/ description :i* ,i h met ) ( ^! reciprocal hybrids1 is /rongly ( op9ion t ! ass prepond]ates 9 bo? crosses1 b 9 an unequal degree4 ,?is is likewise ! conclusion ( ,fl\r5s1 & ( ,be*/e9 9 8 #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' b4 i4 s4 #bid4 ,! tail ( ! h9ny is mu* m l t ( ! horse ?an is ! tail ( ! mule1 & ?is is g5]ally acc\nt$ = by ! males ( bo? species transmitt+ ) great] p[] ?is "p ( _! /ructure2 b a comp\nd hybrid :i* ,i saw 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 f a m>e by a hybrid ass-zebra1 closely resembl$ its "m 9 its tail4 #ag ,mr4 ,hewitt1 :o has _h su* great exp]i5ce 9 rais+ ^! hybrids says 7#8,p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 pp4 #afe-afg7 t 9 all1 ! head 0 de/itute ( wattles1 comb1 & e>-lappets2 & all closely resembl$ ! pheasant 9 ! %ape ( ! tail & g5]al cont\r ( ! body4 ,^! hybrids 7 rais$ f h5s ( sev]al bre$s by a cock-pheasant2 b ano!r hybrid1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,hewitt1 0 rais$ f a h5-pheasant1 by a silv]-lac$ ,bantam cock1 & ?is possess$ a rudim5tal comb & wattles4 #ah #8,l',hrd4 ,nat4' tom4 ii4 #b book ii4 *4 i4 #ai #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #bfd-bff4 ,naud9 7#8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #adh7 has arriv$ at a simil> conclusion4 #bj #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 pp4 #aja1 #acg4 #ba ,see "s rem>ks on ?is head ) respect to %eep by ,mr4 ,wilson1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #ae4 ,_m /rik+ in/ances ( ?is result are giv5 by ,m4 ,mal+i-,n\el 7#8,j\rn4 ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv4 #ahec1 p4 #bbj7 ) respect to crosses betwe5 ,engli% & ,fr5* %eep4 ,he f\nd t he obta9$ ! desir$ influ5ce ( ! ,engli% bre$s by cross+ int5tionally mongrelis$ ,fr5* bre$s ) pure ,engli% bre$s4 #bb ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #ff4 #bc ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,tratologie1' p4 #aia4 #bd #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #acg4 #be #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 pp4 #acg-afe4 ,see also ,mr4 ,s$gwick's f\r memoirs1 imm$iately to be ref]r$ to4 #bf #8,desc5t ( ,man1' #bnd edit41 p4 #cb4 #bg ,on ,sexual ,limitation 9 ,h]$it>y ,diseases1 #8,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april #ahfa1 p4 #dgg2 ,july1 p4 #aih2 ,april #ahfc1 p4 #dde2 & ,july1 p4 #aei4 ,also 9 #ahfg1 #8,on ! influ5ce ( ,age 9 ,h]$it>y ,disease4' #bh ,w4 ,scrope1 #8,art ( ,de] ,/alk+1' p4 #ced4 #bi ,i h giv5 9 my #8,desc5t ( ,man' 7#bnd edit4 p4 #bbc7 suffici5t evid5ce t male animals are usually m v>iable ?an ! females4 #cj ,pri*>d1 #8,phys4 ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' #ahea1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdi4 #ca #8,embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava1' vol4 i4 p4 #cbj4 ,! ?ird g5]ation is describ$ by ,capt4 ,yule 9 8 #8,n>rative ( ! ,mission to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava1' #ahee1 p4 #id4 #cb #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t1' #ahcg1 s4 #bd1 tab4 iv41 fig4 #b2 s4 #ba1 tab4 i41 fig4 #d4 #cc ,kidd's #8,treatise on ! ,can>y1' p4 #ah4 #cd ,*>leswor?1 #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 #ahcg1 p4 #afg4 #ce ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 #8,hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #gac4 #cf #8,l',hrd4 dans les ,maladies1' #ahdj1 p4 #ace4 ,= ,hunt]1 see ,h>lan's #8,m$4 ,rese>*es1' p4 #ecj4 #cg #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #hej4 #ch ,s$gwick1 #8,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhe4 ,9 "s acc\nts ! numb] ( *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 is giv5 z #cg2 b ?is seems to be an error judg+ f ! pap] fir/ publi%$ 9 ! #8,baltimore ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,reg4' #ahji1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,s$gwick has be5 s k9d z to s5d me a copy4 #ci ,prosp] ,lucas1 #8,hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #djj4 #dj ,s$gwick1 ibid41 ,july1 #ahfa1 p4 #bjb4 #da ,piorry1 p4 #aji2 ,prosp] ,lucas1 tom4 ii4 p4 #gei4 #db ,prosp] ,lucas1 tom4 ii4 p4 #gdh4 #dc ,prosp] ,lucas1 tom4 iii4 pp4 #fgh1 #gjj1 #gjb2 ,s$gwick1 ibid41 ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #ddi1 & ,july1 #ahfc1 p4 #afb4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,/e9an #8,essay on ,h]$it>y ,disease1' #ahdc1 pp4 #bg1 #cd4 #dd ,^! cases are giv5 by ,mr4 ,s$gwick on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,/ew>t1 9 #8,m$4-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ddi1 #dgg4 #de #8,hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #heb4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,on ,,cross+4 ,,free ,,int]cross+ ,,oblit]ates ,,! ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,alli$ ,,bre$s--,,:5 ,,! ,,numb]s ,,( ,,two ,,comm+l+ ,,bre$s ,,are ,,unequal1 ,,"o ,,absorbs ,,! ,,o!r--,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,absorption ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,prepot5cy ,,( ,,transmission1 ,,by ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life1 ,,& ,,by ,,natural ,,selection--,,all ,,organic ,,be+s ,,occasionally ,,int]cross2 ,,app>5t ,,exceptions--,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,*>act]s ,,incapable ,,( ,,fusion2 ,,*iefly ,,or ,,exclusively ,,^? ,,:i* ,,h ,,sudd5ly ,,appe>$ ,,9 ,,! ,,individual--,,on ,,! ,,modification ,,( ,,old ,,races1 ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,new ,,races ,,by ,,cross+--,,"s ,,cross$ ,,races ,,h ,,br$ ,,true ,,f ,,_! ,,fir/ ,,production--,,on ,,! ,,cross+ ,,( ,,di/9ct ,,species ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,races4 ,9 ! two previ\s *apt]s1 :5 discuss+ rev]sion & prepot5cy1 ,i 0 necess>ily l$ to give _m facts on cross+4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all consid] ! "p :i* cross+ plays 9 two oppos$ directions1--fir/ly1 9 oblit]at+ *>act]s1 & consequ5tly 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( new races2 & secondly1 9 ! modification ( old races1 or 9 ! =mation ( new & int]m$iate races1 by a comb9ation ( *>act]s4 ,i %all also %[ t c]ta9 *>act]s are incapable ( fusion4 ,! effects ( free or uncontroll$ bre$+ betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! same v>iety or ( closely alli$ v>ieties are important2 b are s obvi\s t !y ne$ n be discuss$ at mu* l5g?4 ,x is free int]cross+ :i* *iefly gives uni=mity1 bo? "u nature & "u dome/ication1 to ! individuals ( ! same species or v>iety1 :5 !y live m+l$ toge!r & are n expos$ to any cause induc+ excessive v>iability4 ,! prev5tion ( free cross+1 & ! int5tional mat*+ ( individual animals1 are ! corn]-/ones ( ! bre$]'s art4 ,no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld expect to improve or modify a bre$ 9 any p>ticul> mann]1 or keep an old bre$ true & di/9ct1 unless he sep>at$ 8 animals4 ,! kill+ ( inf]ior animals 9 ea* g5]ation comes to ! same ?+ z _! sep>ation4 ,9 savage & semi-civilis$ c\ntries1 :]e ! inhabitants h n ! means ( sep>at+ _! animals1 m ?an a s+le bre$ ( ! same species r>ely or nev] exi/s4 ,9 =m] times1 ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re 7 no di/9ct races ( %eep1 = all _h be5 m+l$ toge!r4#a ,! celebrat$ agriculturi/ ,m>%all#b rem>ks t 8%eep t are kept )9 f5ces1 z well z %eph]d$ flocks 9 op5 c\ntries1 h g5]ally a simil>ity1 if n a uni=mity1 ( "* 9 ! individuals ( ea* flock20 = !y bre$ freely toge!r1 & are prev5t$ f cross+ ) o!r k9ds2 :]eas 9 ! un5clos$ p>ts ( ,engl& ! un%eph]d$ %eep1 ev5 ( ! same flock1 are f> f true or uni=m1 ow+ to v>i\s bre$s hav+ m+l$ & cross$4 ,we h se5 t ! half-wild cattle 9 ea* ( ! sev]al ,briti% p>ks are ne>ly uni=m 9 "*2 b 9 ! diff]5t p>ks1 f n hav+ m+l$ & cross$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 !y diff] to a c]ta9 small ext5t4 ,we _c d\bt t ! extraord9>y numb] ( v>ieties & sub-v>ieties ( ! pigeon1 am\nt+ to at lea/ "o hundr$ & fifty1 is p>tly due to _! rema9+1 diff]5tly f o!r dome/icat$ birds1 pair$ = life once mat*$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bre$s ( cats import$ into ?is c\ntry soon disappe>1 = _! nocturnal & rambl+ habits r5d] x h>dly possible to prev5t free cross+4 ,r5gg]#c gives an int]e/+ case ) respect to ! cat 9 ,p>aguay3 9 all ! di/ant p>ts ( ! k+dom x has assum$1 app>5tly f ! effects ( ! climate1 a peculi> "*1 b ne> ! capital ?is *ange has be5 prev5t$1 ow+1 z he ass]ts1 to ! native animal frequ5tly cross+ ) cats import$ f ,europe4 ,9 all cases l ! =ego+1 ! effects ( an occasional cross w be augm5t$ by ! increas$ vig\r & f]tility ( ! cross$ (fspr+1 ( :i* fact evid5ce w h]eaft] be giv52 = ?is w lead to ! mongrels increas+ m rapidly ?an ! pure p>5t-bre$s4 ,:5 di/9ct bre$s are all[$ to cross freely1 ! result w be a het]og5e\s body2 = in/ance1 ! dogs 9 ,p>aguay are f> f uni=m1 & c no long] be affiliat$ to _! p>5t-races4#d ,! "* :i* a cross$ body ( animals w ultimately assume mu/ dep5d on sev]al cont+5cies1--namely1 on ! relative memb]s ( ! individuals belong+ to ! two or m races :i* are all[$ to m+le2 on ! prepot5cy ( "o race ov] ! o!r 9 ! transmission ( "*2 & on ! conditions ( life to :i* !y are expos$4 ,:5 two comm+l$ bre$s exi/ at fir/ 9 ne>ly equal numb]s1 ! :ole w soon] or lat] become intimately bl5d$1 b n s soon1 bo? bre$s be+ equally fav\r$ 9 all respects1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,! foll[+ calculation#e %[s t ?is is ! case3 if a colony ) an equal numb] ( black & :ite m5 7 f\nd$1 & we assume t !y m>ry indiscrim9ately1 are equally prolific1 & t "o 9 ?irty annually dies & is born2 !n 89 #fe ye>s ! numb] ( blacks1 :ites1 & mulattoes w\ld be equal4 ,9 #ia ye>s ! :ites w\ld be #a-aj?1 ! blacks #a-aj?1 & ! mulattoes1 or p ( int]m$iate degrees ( col\r1 #h-aj?s ( ! :ole numb]4 ,9 ?ree c5turies n #a-ajj? "p ( ! :ites w\ld exi/40 ,:5 "o ( two m+l$ races exce$ ! o!r greatly 9 numb]1 ! latt] w soon be :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 absorb$ & lo/4#f ,?us ,european pigs & dogs h be5 l>gely introduc$ 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & ! native races h be5 absorb$ & lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t fifty or sixty ye>s2#g b ! import$ races no d\bt 7 fav\r$4 ,rats may be consid]$ z semi-dome/icat$ animals4 ,"s snake-rats 7,mus alex&r9us7 escap$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london 8& = a long "t aft]w>ds ! keep]s frequ5tly caught cross-br$ rats1 at fir/ half-br$s1 aft]w>ds ) less ( ! "* ( ! snake-rat1 till at l5g? all traces ( x disappe>$40#h ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s p>ts ( ,london1 especially ne> ! docks1 :]e fre% rats are frequ5tly import$1 an endless v>iety ( int]m$iate =ms may be f\nd betwe5 ! br[n1 black1 & snake rat1 :i* are all ?ree usually rank$ z di/9ct species4 ,h[ _m g5]ations are necess>y = "o species or race to absorb ano!r by repeat$ crosses has (t5 be5 discuss$2#i & ! requisite numb] has probably be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t a doz5 or score1 or ev5 m g5]ations1 are necess>y2 b ?is 9 itself is improbable1 = 9 ! t5? g5]ation !re w\ld be only #a-ajbd? "p ( =eign blood 9 ! (fspr+4 ,grtn] f\nd1#aj t ) plants1 "o species c\ld be made to absorb ano!r 9 f ?ree to five g5]ations1 & he believes t ?is c\ld always be effect$ 9 f six to sev5 g5]ations4 ,9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 ,kolreut]#aa speaks ( ! (fspr+ ( ,mirabilis vulg>is1 cross$ dur+ eight successive g5]ations by ,m4 longiflora1 z resembl+ ?is latt] species s closely1 t ! mo/ scrupul\s obs]v] c\ld detect 8vix aliquam notabilem diff]5tiam0 or1 z he says1 he succe$$1 8ad pl5>iam f]e transmutationem40 ,b ?is expression %[s t ! act ( absorption 0 n ev5 !n absolutely complete1 ?\gh ^! cross$ plants conta9$ only ! #a-bef? "p ( ,m4 vulg>is4 ,! conclusions ( su* accurate obs]v]s z ,grtn] & ,klreut] are ( f> high] wor? ?an ^? made )\t sci5tific aim by bre$]s4 ,! mo/ precise acc\nt :i* ,i h met ) is giv5 by ,/oneh5ge#ab & is illu/rat$ by photographs4 ,mr4 ,hanley cross$ a greyh\nd bit* ) a bulldog2 ! (fspr+ 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation be+ recross$ ) fir/-rate greyh\nds4 ,z ,/oneh5ge rem>ks1 x might naturally be suppos$ t x w\ld take sev]al crosses to get rid ( ! heavy =m ( ! bulldog2 b ,hy/]ics1 ! gr-gr-gr&daught] ( a bulldog1 %[$ no trace :atev] ( ?is bre$ 9 ext]nal =m4 ,%e & all ( ! same litt]1 h[ev]1 7 8rem>kably defici5t 9 /\tness1 ?\gh fa/ z well z clev]40 ,i believe clev] ref]s to skill 9 turn+4 ,hy/]ics 0 put to a son ( ,b$lamite1 8b ! result ( ! fif? cross is n z yet1 ,i believe1 m satisfactory ?an t ( ! f\r?40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) %eep1 ,fleis*mann#ac %[s h[ p]si/5t ! effects ( a s+le cross may be3 he says 8t ! orig9al co>se %eep 7( ,g]many7 h #eejj fibres ( wool on a squ>e in*2 grades ( ! ?ird or f\r? ,m]9o cross produc$ ab\t #hjjj1 ! tw5tie? cross #bg1jjj1 ! p]fect pure ,m]9o blood #dj1jjj to #dh1jjj40 ,s t common ,g]man %eep cross$ tw5ty times successively ) ,m]9o did n by any means acquire wool z f9e z t ( ! pure bre$4 ,b 9 all cases1 ! rate ( absorption w dep5d l>gely on ! conditions ( life be+ fav\rable to any p>ticul> "*2 & we may suspect t !re w\ld be a con/ant t5d5cy to deg5]ation 9 ! wool ( ,m]9os "u ! climate ( ,g]many1 unless prev5t$ by c>eful selection2 & ?us p]haps ! =ego+ rem>kable case may be expla9$4 ,! rate ( absorption mu/ also dep5d on ! am\nt ( di/+ui%able diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms :i* are cross$1 & especially1 z ,grtn] insi/s1 on prepot5cy ( transmission 9 ! "o =m ov] ! o!r4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt] t "o ( two ,fr5* bre$s ( %eep yield$ up its "*1 :5 cross$ ) ,m]9os1 v mu* m sl[ly ?an ! o!r2 & ! common ,g]man %eep ref]r$ to by ,fleis*mann may be 9 ?is respect analog\s4 ,9 all cases !re w be m or less liability to rev]sion dur+ _m subsequ5t g5]ations1 & x is ?is fact :i* has probably l$ au?ors to ma9ta9 t a score or m ( g5]ations are requisite = "o race to absorb ano!r4 ,9 consid]+ ! f9al result ( ! comm+l+ ( two or m bre$s1 we mu/ n =get t ! act ( cross+ 9 itself t5ds to br+ back long-lo/ *>act]s n prop] to ! imm$iate p>5t-=ms4 ,) respect to ! influ5ce ( ! conditions ( life on any two bre$s :i* are all[$ to cross freely1 unless bo? are indig5\s & h long be5 accu/om$ to ! c\ntry :]e !y live1 !y w1 9 all probability1 be unequally affect$ by ! conditions1 & ?is w modify ! result4 ,ev5 ) indig5\s bre$s1 x w r>ely or nev] occur t bo? are equally well adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ circum/ances2 m especially :5 p]mitt$ to roam freely1 & n c>efully t5d$1 z is g5]ally ! case ) bre$s all[$ to cross4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 natural selection w to a c]ta9 ext5t come into action1 & ! be/ fitt$ w survive1 & ?is w aid 9 det]m9+ ! ultimate "* ( ! comm+l$ body4 ,h[ long a "t x w\ld require be=e su* a cross$ body ( animals w\ld assume a uni=m "* )9 a limit$ area1 no "o c say2 t !y w\ld ultimately become uni=m f free int]cross+1 & f ! survival ( ! fitte/1 we may feel assur$2 b ! *>act]s ?us acquir$ w\ld r>ely or nev]1 z may be inf]r$ f ! previ\s consid]ations1 be exactly int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! two p>5t-bre$s4 ,) respect to ! v slight diff]5ces by :i* ! individuals ( ! same sub-v>iety1 or ev5 ( alli$ v>ieties1 are *>act]is$1 x is obvi\s t free cross+ w\ld soon oblit]ate su* small di/9ctions4 ,! =mation ( new v>ieties1 indep5d5tly ( selection1 w\ld also ?us be prev5t$2 except :5 ! same v>iation cont9ually recurr$ f ! action ( "s /rongly pr$ispos+ cause4 ,we may !re=e conclude t free cross+ has 9 all cases play$ an important "p 9 giv+ uni=mity ( "* to all ! memb]s ( ! same dome/ic race & ( ! same natural species1 ?\gh l>gely gov]n$ by natural selection & by ! direct action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,on ! possibility ( all organic be+s occasionally int]cross+4--,b x may be ask$1 c free cross+ occur ) h]maphrodite animals & plants8 ,all ! high] animals1 & ! few insects :i* h be5 dome/icat$1 h sep>ate sexes1 & mu/ inevitably unite = ea* bir?4 ,) respect to ! cross+ ( h]maphrodites1 ! subject is too l>ge = ! pres5t volume1 b 9 ! #8,orig9 ( ,species' ,i h giv5 a %ort ab/ract ( ! reasons :i* induce me to believe t all organic be+s occasionally cross1 ?\gh p]haps 9 "s cases only at long int]vals ( "t4#ad ,i w m]ely recall ! fact t _m plants1 ?\gh h]maphrodite 9 /ructure1 are unisexual 9 function2--su* z ^? call$ by ,c4,k4 ,spr5gel di*ogam\s1 9 :i* ! poll5 & /igma ( ! same fl[] are matur$ at diff]5t p]iods2 or ^? call$ by me reciprocally dimorphic1 9 :i* ! fl[]'s own poll5 is n fitt$ to f]tilise its own /igma2 or aga91 ! _m k9ds 9 :i* curi\s me*anical contrivances exi/1 effectually prev5t+ self-f]tilisation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m h]maphrodite plants :i* are n 9 any way specially con/ruct$ to fav\r int]cross+1 b :i* nev]!less comm+le almo/ z freely z animals ) sep>at$ sexes4 ,?is is ! case ) cabbages1 radi%es1 & onions1 z ,i "k f hav+ exp]im5t$ on !m3 ev5 ! peasants ( ,liguria say t cabbages mu/ be prev5t$ 8f fall+ 9 love0 ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! orange tribe1 ,gallesio#ae rem>ks t ! amelioration ( ! v>i\s k9ds is *eck$ by _! cont9ual & almo/ regul> cross+4 ,s x is ) num]\s o!r plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s cultivat$ plants r>ely or nev] int]cross1 = in/ance1 ! common pea & sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus72 yet _! fl[]s are c]ta9ly adapt$ = cross f]tilisation4 ,! v>ieties ( ! tomato & aub]g9e 7,solanum7 & ! pim5ta 7,pim5ta vulg>is87 are said#af nev] to cross1 ev5 :5 gr[+ alongside "o ano!r4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t ^! are all exotic plants1 & we d n "k h[ !y w\ld behave 9 _! native c\ntry :5 visit$ by ! prop] insects4 ,) respect to ! common pea1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t x is r>ely cross$ 9 ?is c\ntry ow+ to premature f]tilisation4 ,!re exi/1 h[ev]1 "s plants :i* "u _! natural conditions appe> to be always self-f]tilis$1 su* z ! ,bee ,ophrys 7,ophrys apif]a7 & a few o!r ,or*ids2 yet ^! plants exhibit ! pla9e/ adaptations = cross-f]tilisation4 ,aga91 "s few plants are believ$ to produce only clos$ fl[]s1 call$ clei/og5e1 :i* _c possibly be cross$4 ,?is 0 long ?\ght to be ! case ) ! ,le]sia oryzoides1#ag b ?is grass is n[ kn[n occasionally to produce p]fect fl[]s1 :i* set se$4 ,al?\gh "s plants1 bo? indig5\s & naturalis$1 r>ely or nev] produce fl[]s1 or if !y fl[] nev] produce se$s1 yet no "o d\bts t phan]ogamic plants are adapt$ to produce fl[]s1 & ! fl[]s to produce se$4 ,:5 !y fail1 we believe t su* plants "u diff]5t conditions w\ld p]=m _! prop] function1 or t !y =m]ly did s1 & w d s aga94 ,on analog\s gr\nds1 ,i believe t ! fl[]s 9 ! above specifi$ anomal\s cases :i* d n n[ int]cross1 ei!r w\ld d s occasionally "u diff]5t conditions1 or t !y =m]ly did s--! means = affect+ ?is be+ g5]ally /ill reta9$--& w aga9 int]cross at "s future p]iod1 unless inde$ !y become ext9ct4 ,on ?is view alone1 _m po9ts 9 ! /ructure & action ( ! reproductive organs 9 h]maphrodite plants & animals are intelligible1--= in/ance1 ! fact ( ! male & female organs nev] be+ s completely enclos$ z to r5d] access f )\t impossible4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! mo/ important ( all ! means = giv+ uni=mity to ! individuals ( ! same species1 namely1 ! capacity ( occasionally int]cross+1 is pres5t1 or has be5 =m]ly pres5t1 ) all organic be+s1 except1 p]haps1 "s ( ! l[e/4 ,on c]ta9 ,*>act]s n bl5d+4--,:5 two bre$s are cross$ _! *>act]s usually become intimately fus$ toge!r2 b "s *>act]s refuse to bl5d1 & are transmitt$ 9 an unmodifi$ /ate ei!r f bo? p>5ts or f "o4 ,:5 grey & :ite mice are pair$1 ! "y are piebald1 or pure :ite or grey1 b n ( an int]m$iate t9t2 s x is :5 :ite & common coll>$ turtle-doves are pair$4 ,9 bre$+ ,game f[ls1 a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d\glas1 rem>ks1 8,i may "h /ate a /range fact3 if y cross a black ) a :ite game1 y get birds ( bo? bre$s ( ! cle>e/ col\r40 ,sir ,r4 ,h]on cross$ dur+ _m ye>s :ite1 black1 br[n1 & fawn-col\r$ ,angora rabbits1 & nev] once got ^! col\rs m+l$ 9 ! same animal1 b (t5 all f\r col\rs 9 ! same litt]4#ah ,f cases l ^!1 9 :i* ! col\rs ( ! two p>5ts are transmitt$ q sep>ately to ! (fspr+1 we h all sorts ( gradations1 lead+ to complete fusion4 ,i w give an in/ance3 a g5tleman ) a fair complexion1 light hair b d>k eyes1 m>ri$ a lady ) d>k hair & complexion3 _! ?ree *ildr5 h v light hair1 b on c>eful se>* ab\t a doz5 black hairs 7 f\nd scatt]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! light hair on ! heads ( all ?ree4 ,:5 turnspit dogs & ancon %eep1 bo? ( :i* h dw>f$ limbs1 are cross$ ) common bre$s1 ! (fspr+ are n int]m$iate 9 /ructure1 b take aft] ei!r p>5t4 ,:5 tailless or hornless animals are cross$ ) p]fect animals1 x frequ5tly1 b by no means inv>iably1 happ5s t ! (fspr+ are ei!r furni%$ ) ^! organs 9 a p]fect /ate1 or are q de/itute ( !m4 ,accord+ to ,r5gg]1 ! hairless condition ( ! ,p>aguay dog is ei!r p]fectly or n at all transmitt$ to its mongrel (fspr+2 b ,i h se5 "o p>tial exception 9 a dog ( ?is p>5tage :i* _h "p ( its sk9 hairy1 & "p nak$1 ! p>ts be+ di/9ctly sep>at$ z 9 a piebald animal4 ,:5 ,dork+ f[ls ) five toes are cross$ ) o!r bre$s1 ! *ick5s (t5 h five toes on "o foot & f\r on ! o!r4 ,"s cross$ pigs rais$ by ,sir ,r4 ,h]on betwe5 ! solid-ho($ & common pig _h n all f\r feet 9 an int]m$iate condition1 b two feet 7 furni%$ ) prop]ly divid$1 & two ) unit$ ho(s4 ,analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ ) plants3 ,major ,trevor ,cl>ke cross$ ! little1 glabr\s-leav$1 annual /ock 7,mat?iola71 ) poll5 ( a l>ge1 r$-fl[]$1 r\gh-leav$1 bi5nial /ock1 call$ coc>deau by ! ,fr5*1 & ! result 0 t half ! se$l+s _h glabr\s & ! o!r half r\gh leaves1 b none _h leaves 9 an int]m$iate /ate4 ,t ! glabr\s se$l+s 7 ! product ( ! r\gh-leav$ v>iety1 & n accid5tally ( ! "m-plant's own poll51 0 %[n by _! tall & /rong habit ( gr[?4#ai 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations rais$ f ! r\gh-leav$ cross$ se$l+s1 "s glabr\s plants appe>$1 %[+ t ! glabr\s "*1 ?\gh incapable ( bl5d+ ) & modify+ ! r\gh leaves1 0 all ! "t lat5t 9 ?is family ( plants4 ,! num]\s plants =m]ly ref]r$ to1 :i* ,i rais$ f reciprocal crosses betwe5 ! peloric & common ,antirrh9um1 (f] a ne>ly p>allel case2 = 9 ! fir/ g5]ation all ! plants resembl$ ! common =m1 & 9 ! next g5]ation1 out ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 plants1 two alone 7 9 an int]m$iate condition1 ! o!rs p]fectly resembl+ ei!r ! peloric or common =m4 ,major ,trevor ,cl>ke also f]tilis$ ! above-m5tion$ r$-fl[]$ /ock ) poll5 f ! purple ,que5 /ock1 & ab\t half ! se$l+s sc>cely diff]$ 9 habit1 & n at all 9 ! r$ col\r ( ! fl[]1 f ! "m-plant1 ! o!r half be>+ blossoms ( a ri* purple1 closely l ^? ( ! pat]nal plant4 ,grtn] cross$ _m :ite & yell[-fl[]$ species & v>ieties ( ,v]bascum2 & ^! col\rs 7 nev] bl5d$1 b ! (fspr+ bore ei!r pure :ite or pure yell[ blossoms2 ! =m] 9 ! l>g] proportion4#bj ,dr4 ,h]b]t rais$ _m se$l+s1 z he in=m$ me1 f ,sw$i% turnips cross$ by two o!r v>ieties1 & ^! nev] produc$ fl[]s ( an int]m$iate t9t1 b always l "o ( _! p>5ts4 ,i f]tilis$ ! purple sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus71 :i* has a d>k r$di%-purple /&>d-petal & violet-col\r$ w+s & keel1 ) poll5 ( ! pa9t$ lady sweet-pea1 :i* has a pale *]ry-col\r$ /&>d1 & almo/ :ite w+s & keel2 & f ! same pod ,i twice rais$ plants p]fectly resembl+ bo? sorts2 ! great] numb] resembl+ ! fa!r4 ,s p]fect 0 ! resemblance1 t ,i %\ld h ?\ght !re _h be5 "s mi/ake1 if ! plants :i* 7 at fir/ id5tical ) ! pat]nal v>iety1 namely1 ! pa9t$-lady1 _h n lat] 9 ! season produc$1 z m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 fl[]s blot*$ & /reak$ ) d>k purple4 ,i rais$ gr&*ildr5 & great-gr&*ildr5 f ^! cross$ plants1 & !y cont9u$ to resemble ! pa9t$-lady1 b dur+ lat] g5]ations became r m blot*$ ) purple1 yet none rev]t$ completely to ! orig9al "m-plant1 ! purple sweet-pea4 ,! foll[+ case is slightly diff]5t1 b /ill %[s ! same pr9ciple3 ,naud9#ba rais$ num]\s hybrids betwe5 ! yell[ ,l9>ia vulg>is & ! purple ,l4 purpurea1 & dur+ ?ree successive g5]ations ! col\rs kept di/9ct 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same fl[]4 ,f cases su* z ! =ego+1 9 :i* ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ g5]ation p]fectly resemble ei!r p>5t1 we come by a small /ep to ^? cases 9 :i* diff]5tly col\r$ fl[]s borne on ! same root resemble bo? p>5ts1 & by ano!r /ep to ^? 9 :i* ! same fl[] or fruit is /rip$ or blot*$ ) ! two p>5tal col\rs1 or be>s a s+le /ripe ( ! col\r or o!r *>act]i/ic quality ( "o ( ! p>5t-=ms4 ,) hybrids & mongrels x frequ5tly or ev5 g5]ally happ5s t "o "p ( ! body resembles m or less closely "o p>5t & ano!r "p ! o!r p>5t2 & "h aga9 "s resi/5ce to fusion1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 "s mutual aff9ity betwe5 ! organic atoms ( ! same nature1 app>5tly comes into play1 = o!rwise all p>ts ( ! body w\ld be equally int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,s aga91 :5 ! (fspr+ ( hybrids or mongrels1 :i* are !mselves ne>ly int]m$iate 9 "*1 rev]t ei!r :olly or by segm5ts to _! ance/ors1 ! pr9ciple ( ! aff9ity ( simil>1 or ! repulsion ( dissimil> atoms1 mu/ come into action4 ,to ?is pr9ciple1 :i* seems to be extremely g5]al1 we %all recur 9 ! *apt] on pang5esis4 ,x is rem>kable1 z has be5 /rongly insi/$ ^u by ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 9 reg>d to animals1 t ! transmission ( *>act]s )\t fusion occurs v r>ely :5 species are cross$2 ,i "k ( "o exception alone1 namely1 ) ! hybrids naturally produc$ betwe5 ! common & hood$ cr[ 7,corvus corone & cornix71 :i*1 h[ev]1 are closely alli$ species1 diff]+ 9 no?+ except col\r4 ,nor h ,i met ) any well-asc]ta9$ cases ( transmission ( ?is k9d1 ev5 :5 "o =m is /rongly prepot5t ov] ano!r1 :5 two races are cross$ :i* h be5 sl[ly =m$ by man's selection1 & !re=e resemble to a c]ta9 ext5t natural species4 ,su* cases z puppies 9 ! same litt] closely resembl+ two di/9ct bre$s1 are probably due to sup]foetation1--t is1 to ! influ5ce ( two fa!rs4 ,all ! *>act]s above enum]at$1 :i* are transmitt$ 9 a p]fect /ate to "s ( ! (fspr+ & n to o!rs1-- su* z di/9ct col\rs1 nak$ness ( sk91 smoo?ness ( leaves1 abs5ce ( horns or tail1 additional toes1 pelorism1 dw>f$ /ructure1 etc41--h all be5 kn[n to appe> sudd5ly 9 individual animals & plants4 ,f ?is fact1 & f ! sev]al slight1 aggregat$ diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% dome/ic races & species f "o ano!r1 n be+ liable to ?is peculi> =m ( transmission1 we may conclude t x is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! *>act]s 9 "q4 ,on ! ,modification ( old ,races & ! ,=mation ( new ,races by ,cross+4--,we h hi!rto *iefly consid]$ ! effects ( cross+ 9 giv+ uni=mity ( "*2 we mu/ n[ look to an opposite result4 ,!re c be no d\bt t cross+1 ) ! aid ( rigor\s selection dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 has be5 a pot5t means 9 modify+ old races1 & 9 =m+ new ones4 ,"l ,or=d cross$ 8 fam\s /ud ( greyh\nds once ) ! bulldog1 9 ord] to give !m c\rage & p]sev]ance4 ,c]ta9 po9t]s h be5 cross$1 z ,i he> f ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox1 ) ! foxh\nd1 to give !m da% & spe$4 ,c]ta9 /ra9s ( ,dork+ f[ls h _h a slight infusion ( ,game blood2 & ,i h kn[n a great fanci] :o on a s+le occasion cross$ 8 turbit-pigeons ) b>bs1 = ! sake ( ga9+ great] bread? ( beak4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases bre$s h be5 cross$ once1 = ! sake ( modify+ "s p>ticul> "*2 b ) mo/ ( ! improv$ races ( ! pig1 :i* n[ bre$ true1 !re h be5 repeat$ crosses1--= in/ance1 ! improv$ ,essex owes its excell5ce to repeat$ crosses ) ! ,neapolitan1 toge!r probably ) "s infusion ( ,*9ese blood4#bb ,s ) our ,briti% %eep3 almo/ all ! races1 except ! ,s\?d[n1 h be5 l>gely cross$2 8?is1 9 fact1 has be5 ! hi/ory ( our pr9cipal bre$s40#bc ,to give an example1 ! 8,ox=d%ire ,d[ns0 n[ rank z an e/abli%$ bre$4#bd ,!y 7 produc$ ab\t ! ye> #ahcj by cross+ 8,hamp%ire & 9 "s in/ances ,s\?d[n ewes ) ,cotswold rams30 n[ ! ,hamp%ire ram 0 itself produc$ by repeat$ crosses betwe5 ! native ,hamp%ire %eep & ,s\?d[ns2 & ! long-wooll$ ,cotswold 7 improv$ by crosses ) ! ,leice/]1 :i* latt] aga9 is believ$ to h be5 a cross betwe5 sev]al long-wooll$ %eep4 ,mr4 ,spoon]1 aft] consid]+ ! v>i\s cases :i* h be5 c>efully record$1 concludes1 8t f a judici\s pair+ ( cross-br$ animals x is practicable to e/abli% a new bre$40 ,on ! cont95t ! hi/ory ( sev]al cross$ races ( cattle & ( o!r animals has be5 well asc]ta9$4 ,to give "o in/ance3 ! ,k+ ( ,wurtemburg1 aft] tw5ty-five ye>s' c>eful bre$+1 t is1 aft] six or sev5 g5]ations1 made a new bre$ ( cattle f a cross betwe5 a ,dut* & a ,swiss bre$1 comb9$ ) o!r bre$s4#be ,! ,sebright bantam1 :i* bre$s z true z any o!r k9d ( f[l1 0 =m$ ab\t sixty ye>s ago by a complicat$ cross4#bf ,d>k ,brahmas1 :i* are believ$ by "s fanci]s to con/itute a di/9ct species1 7 und\bt$ly =m$#bg 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 a rec5t p]iod1 by a cross betwe5 ,*ittagongs & ,co*9s4 ,) plants !re is little d\bt t ! ,sw$e-turnip orig9at$ f a cross2 & ! hi/ory ( a v>iety ( :eat1 rais$ f two v di/9ct v>ieties1 & :i* aft] six ye>s' culture pres5t$ an ev5 sample1 has be5 record$ on good au?ority4#bh ,until lately1 cauti\s & exp]i5c$ bre$]s1 ?\gh n av]se to a s+le infusion ( =eign blood1 7 almo/ univ]sally conv9c$ t ! attempt to e/abli% a new race1 int]m$iate betwe5 two widely di/9ct races1 0 hopeless 8!y clung ) sup]/iti\s t5acity to ! doctr9e ( purity ( blood1 believ+ x to be ! ark 9 :i* alone true safety c\ld be f\nd40#bi ,nor 0 ?is conviction unreasonable3 :5 two di/9ct races are cross$1 ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ g5]ation are g5]ally ne>ly uni=m 9 "*2 b ev5 ?is sometimes fails to be ! case1 especially ) cross$ dogs & f[ls1 ! "y ( :i* f ! fir/ are sometimes mu* div]sifi$4 ,z cross-br$ animals are g5]ally ( l>ge size & vigor\s1 !y h be5 rais$ 9 great numb]s = imm$iate consumption4 ,b = bre$+ !y are f\nd utt]ly useless2 = ?\gh !y may !mselves be uni=m 9 "*1 !y yield dur+ _m g5]ations a/oni%+ly div]sifi$ (fspr+4 ,! bre$] is driv5 to despair1 & concludes t he w nev] =m an int]m$iate race4 ,b f ! cases already giv51 & f o!rs :i* h be5 record$1 x appe>s t pati5ce alone is necess>y2 z ,mr4 ,spoon] rem>ks1 8nature opposes no b>ri] to successful admixture2 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by ! aid ( selection & c>eful we$+1 x is practicable to e/abli% a new bre$40 ,aft] six or sev5 g5]ations ! hop$-= result w 9 mo/ cases be obta9$2 b ev5 !n an occasional rev]sion1 or failure to keep true1 may be expect$4 ,! attempt1 h[ev]1 w assur$ly fail if ! conditions ( life be decid$ly unfav\rable to ! *>act]s ( ei!r p>5t-bre$4#cj ,al?\gh ! gr&*ildr5 & succe$+ g5]ations ( cross-br$ animals are g5]ally v>iable 9 an extreme degree1 "s curi\s exceptions to ! rule h be5 obs]v$ bo? ) cross$ races & species4 ,?us ,boit>d & ,corbi#ca ass]t t f a ,p\t] & a ,runt 8a ,cavali] w appe>1 :i* we h class$ among/ pigeons ( pure race1 because x transmits all its qualities to its po/]ity40 ,! editor ( ! #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle'#cb br$ "s blui% f[ls f a black ,spani% cock & a ,malay h52 & ^! rema9$ true to col\r 8g5]ation aft] g5]ation40 ,! ,himalayan bre$ ( rabbits 0 c]ta9ly =m$ by cross+ two sub-v>ieties ( ! silv]-grey rabbit2 al?\gh x sudd5ly assum$ its pres5t "*1 :i* diff]s mu* f t ( ei!r p>5t-bre$1 yet x has ev] s9ce be5 easily & truly propagat$4 ,i cross$ "s ,labrador & ,p5gu9 ducks1 & recross$ ! mongrels ) ,p5gu9s2 aft]w>ds mo/ ( ! ducks re>$ dur+ ?ree g5]ations 7 ne>ly uni=m 9 "*1 be+ br[n ) a :ite cresc5tic m>k on ! l[] "p ( ! brea/1 & ) "s :ite spots at ! base ( ! beak2 s t by ! aid ( a little selection a new bre$ might easily h be5 =m$4 ,) reg>d to cross$ v>ieties ( plants1 ,mr4 ,beaton#cc rem>ks t 8,melville's extraord9>y cross betwe5 ! ,scot* kale & an e>ly cabbage is z true & g5u9e z any on record20 b 9 ?is case no d\bt selection 0 practis$4 ,grtn]#cd has giv5 five cases ( hybrids1 9 :i* ! prog5y kept con/ant2 & hybrids betwe5 ,dian?us arm]ia & deltoides rema9$ true & uni=m to ! t5? g5]ation4 ,dr4 ,h]b]t likewise %[$ me a hybrid f two species ( ,loasa :i* f its fir/ production _h kept con/ant dur+ sev]al g5]ations4 ,we h se5 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t ! sev]al k9ds ( dogs are almo/ c]ta9ly desc5d$ f m ?an "o species1 & s x is ) cattle1 pigs & "s o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,h5ce ! cross+ ( aborig9ally di/9ct species probably came into play at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! =mation ( our pres5t races4 ,f ,rutimey]'s obs]vations !re c be little d\bt t ?is occurr$ ) cattle2 b 9 mo/ cases "o =m w probably h absorb$ & oblit]at$ ! o!r1 = x is n likely t semi-civilis$ m5 w\ld h tak5 ! necess>y pa9s to modify by selection _! comm+l$1 cross$1 & fluctuat+ /ock4 ,nev]!less1 ^? animals :i* 7 be/ adapt$ to _! conditions ( life w\ld h surviv$ ?r\gh natural selection2 & by ?is means cross+ w (t5 h indirectly aid$ 9 ! =mation ( primeval dome/icat$ bre$s4 ,)9 rec5t times1 z f> z animals are conc]n$1 ! cross+ ( di/9ct species has done little or no?+ t[>ds ! =mation or modification ( our races4 ,x is n yet kn[n :e!r ! sev]al species ( silk-mo? :i* h be5 rec5tly cross$ 9 ,france w yield p]man5t races4 ,) plants :i* c be multipli$ by buds & cutt+s1 hybridisation has done wond]s1 z ) _m k9ds ( ,roses1 ,rhodod5drons1 ,pel>goniums1 ,calceol>ias1 & ,petunias4 ,ne>ly all ^! plants c be propagat$ by se$1 mo/ ( !m freely2 b extremely few or none come true by se$4 ,"s au?ors believe t cross+ is ! *ief cause ( v>iability1--t is1 ( ! appe>ance ( absolutely new *>act]s4 ,"s h gone s f> z to look at x z ! sole cause2 b ?is conclusion is disprov$ by ! facts giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,bud-v>iation4 ,! belief t *>act]s n pres5t 9 ei!r p>5t or 9 _! ance/ors frequ5tly orig9ate f cross+ is d\btful2 t !y occasionally d s is probable2 b ?is subject w be m conv5i5tly discuss$ 9 a future *apt] on ! causes ( ,v>iability4 ,a cond5s$ summ>y ( ?is & ( ! ?ree foll[+ *apt]s1 toge!r ) "s rem>ks on ,hybridism1 w be giv5 9 ! n9ete5? *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,communications to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1' vol4 i4 p4 #cfg4 #b #8,review ( ,reports1 ,nor? ( ,engl&1' #ahjh1 p4 #bjj4 #c #8,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #bab4 #d ,r5gg]1 #8,suge?i]e1' etc41 s4 #aed4 #e ,:ite1 #8,regul> ,gradation 9 ,man1' p4 #adf4 #f ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,edw>ds1 9 8 #8,c>actres ,physiolog4 des ,races ,huma9es1' p4 #bd1 fir/ call$ att5tion to ?is subject1 & ably discuss$ x4 #g ,rev4 ,d4 ,ty]man & ,b5nett1 #8,j\rnal ( ,voyages1' #ahba-ahbi1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjj4 #h ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,salt]1 #8,j\rnal ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 vi41 #ahfb1 p4 #ga4 #i ,/urm1 #8,ueb] ,rac51 etc41' #ahbe1 s4 #ajg4 ,bronn1 #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' b4 ii4 s4 #agj1 gives a table ( ! proportions ( blood aft] successive crosses4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,l',hrdit ,nat41' tom4 ii4 p4 #cjh4 #aj #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #dfc1 #dgj4 #aa #8,nova ,acta ,petrop41' #agid1 p4 #cic3 see also previ\s volume4 #ab #8,! ,dog1' #ahfg1 pp4 #agi-ahd4 #ac ,z quot$ 9 ! #8,true ,pr9ciples ( ,bre$+1' by ,c4 ,h4 ,macknight & ,dr4 ,h4 ,madd51 #ahfe1 p4 #aa4 #ad ,) respect to plants1 an admirable essay on ?is subject 7,die ,ges*le*t]-,v]!ilung bei d5 ,pflanz53 #ahfg7 has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,hildebr&1 :o arrives at ! same g5]al conclusions z ,i h done4 ,v>i\s o!r treatises h s9ce appe>$ on ! same subject1 m especially by ,h]mann ,mll] & ,delp9o4 #ae #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,vegetal1' #ahaf1 p4 #ab4 #af ,v]lot #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #gb4 #ag ,duval ,j\ve1 #8,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1' tom4 x41 #ahfc1 p4 #aid4 ,) respect to ! p]fect fl[]s sett+ se$1 see ,dr4 ,as*]son 9 #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' #ahfd1 p4 #cej4 #ah ,extract ( a lett] f ,sir ,r4 ,h]on1 #ahch1 giv5 me by ,mr4 ,y>rell4 ,) respect to mice1 see #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #ahj2 & ,i h he>d ( o!r simil> cases4 ,= turtle-doves ,boit>d & ,corbi1 #8,les ,pigeons1' etc41 p4 #bch4 ,= ! ,game f[l1 #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #abh4 ,= crosses ( tailless f[ls see ,be*/e91 #8,naturges4 ,deuts*4' b4 iii4 s4 #djc4 ,bronn1 #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' b4 ii4 s4 #agj1 gives analog\s facts ) horses4 ,on ! hairless condition ( cross$ ,s\? ,am]ican dogs1 see ,r5gg]1 #8,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' s4 #aeb2 b ,i saw 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s mongrels1 f a simil> cross1 :i* 7 hairless1 q hairy1 or hairy 9 pat*es1 t is1 piebald ) hair4 ,= crosses ( ,dork+ & o!r f[ls1 see #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cee4 ,ab\t ! cross$ pigs1 extract ( lett] f ,sir ,r4 ,h]on to ,mr4 ,y>rell4 ,= o!r cases1 see ,p4 ,lucas #8,l',hrd4 ,nat4' tom4 i4 p4 #bab4 #ai #8,int]nat4 ,hort4 & ,bot4 ,congress ( ,london1' #ahff4 #bj #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #cjg4 ,klreut] 7#8,dritte ,=tsetszung1' s4 #cd1 #ci71 h[ev]1 obta9$ int]m$iate t9ts f simil> crosses 9 ! g5us ,v]bascum4 ,) respect to ! turnips1 see ,h]b]t's #8,am>yllidace1' #ahcg1 p4 #cgj4 #ba #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #ajj4 #bb ,ri*>dson1 #8,pigs1' #ahdg1 pp4 #cg1 #db2 ,s4 ,sidney's edition ( #8,y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 p4 #c4 #bc ,see ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon]'s excell5t pap] on ,cross-,bre$+1 #8,j\rnal ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xx41 "p ii43 see also an equally good article by ,mr4 ,*4 ,h[>d1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #cbj4 #bd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 pp4 #fdi1 #feb4 #be #8,bullet9 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' #ahfb1 tom4 ix4 p4 #dfc4 ,see also = o!r cases ,,mm4 ,moll & ,gayot1 #8,du ,buf1' #ahfj1 p4 #cb4 #bf #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii41 #ahed1 p4 #cf4 #bg #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #eh4 #bh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #gfe4 #bi ,spoon]1 9 #8,j\rnal ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xx41 "p ii4 #cj ,see ,col9's #8,trait de ,phys4 ,comp4 des ,animaux ,dome/iques1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ecf1 :]e ?is subject is well treat$4 #ca #8,les ,pigeons1' p4 #cg4 #cb ,vol4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #aja4 #cc #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 p4 #aaj4 #cd #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #eec4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,causes ,,:i* ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,! ,,free ,,cross+ ,,( ,,v>ieties--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,dome/ication ,,on ,,f]tility4 ,,difficulties ,,9 ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,f]tility ,,( ,,v>ieties ,,:5 ,,cross$4 ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,:i* ,,keep ,,v>ieties ,,di/9ct1 ,,z ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,sexual ,,pref]5ce--,,v>ieties ,,( ,,:eat ,,said ,,to ,,be ,,/]ile ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,v>ieties ,,( ,,maize1 ,,v]bascum1 ,,hollyhock1 ,,g\rds1 ,,melons1 ,,& ,,tobacco1 ,,r5d]$ ,,9 ,,"s ,,degree ,,mutually ,,/]ile--,,dome/ication ,,elim9ates ,,! ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,/]ility ,,natural ,,to ,,species ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,on ,,! ,,increas$ ,,f]tility ,,( ,,uncross$ ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,f ,,dome/ication ,,& ,,cultivation4 ,! dome/icat$ races ( bo? animals & plants1 :5 cross$1 are1 ) extremely few exceptions1 q prolific1--9 "s cases ev5 m s ?an ! purely-br$ p>5t-races4 ,! (fspr+1 also1 rais$ f su* crosses are likewise1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 g5]ally m vigor\s & f]tile ?an _! p>5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 species :5 cross$1 & _! hybrid (fspr+1 are almo/ inv>iably 9 "s degree /]ile2 & "h !re seems to exi/ a broad & insup]able di/9ction betwe5 races & species4 ,! importance ( ?is subject z be>+ on ! orig9 ( species is obvi\s2 & we %all h]eaft] recur to x4 ,x is un=tunate h[ few precise obs]vations h be5 made on ! f]tility ( mongrel animals & plants dur+ sev]al successive g5]ations4 ,dr4 ,broca#a has rem>k$ t no "o has obs]v$ :e!r1 = in/ance1 mongrel dogs1 br$ int] se1 are indef9itely f]tile2 yet1 if a %ade ( inf]tility be detect$ by c>eful obs]vation 9 ! (fspr+ ( natural =ms :5 cross$1 x is ?\ght t _! specific di/9ction is prov$4 ,b s _m bre$s ( %eep1 cattle1 pigs1 dogs1 & p\ltry1 h be5 cross$ & recross$ 9 v>i\s ways1 t any /]ility1 if x _h exi/$1 w\ld f be+ injuri\s almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! f]tility ( cross$ v>ieties _m s\rces ( d\bt occur4 ,:5ev] ! lea/ trace ( /]ility betwe5 two plants1 h[ev] closely alli$1 0 obs]v$ by ,kolreut]1 & m especially by ,grtn]1 :o c\nt$ ! exact numb] ( se$ 9 ea* capsule1 ! two =ms 7 at once rank$ z di/9ct species2 & if ?is rule be foll[$1 assur$ly x w nev] be prov$ t v>ieties :5 cross$ are 9 any degree /]ile4 ,we h =m]ly se5 t c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs d n readily pair toge!r2 b no obs]vations h be5 made :e!r1 :5 pair$1 !y produce ! full numb] ( "y1 & :e!r ! latt] are p]fectly f]tile int] se2 b1 suppos+ t "s degree ( /]ility 7 f\nd to exi/1 naturali/s w\ld simply inf] t ^! bre$s 7 desc5d$ f aborig9ally di/9ct species2 & x w\ld be sc>cely possible to asc]ta9 :e!r or n ?is explanation 0 ! true "o4 ,! ,sebright ,bantam is mu* less prolific ?an any o!r bre$ ( f[ls1 & is desc5d$ f a cross betwe5 two v di/9ct bre$s1 recross$ by a ?ird sub-v>iety4 ,b x w\ld be extremely ra% to inf] t ! loss ( f]tility 0 9 any mann] connect$ ) its cross$ orig91 = x may ) m probability be attribut$ ei!r to long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+1 or to an innate t5d5cy to /]ility correlat$ ) ! abs5ce ( hackles & sickle tail-fea!rs4 ,be=e giv+ ! few record$ cases ( =ms1 :i* mu/ be rank$ z v>ieties1 be+ 9 "s degree /]ile :5 cross$1 ,i may rem>k t o!r causes sometimes int]f]e ) v>ieties freely int]cross+4 ,?us !y may diff] too greatly 9 size1 z ) "s k9ds ( dogs & f[ls3 = in/ance1 ! editor ( ! #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1 etc4'#b says t he c keep ,bantams ) ! l>g] bre$s )\t mu* dang] ( _! cross+1 b n ) ! small] bre$s1 su* z ,games1 ,hamburghs1 etc4 ,) plants a diff]5ce 9 ! p]iod ( fl[]+ s]ves to keep v>ieties di/9ct1 z ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( maize & :eat3 ?us ,colonel ,le ,c\teur#c rem>ks1 8! ,talav]a :eat1 f fl[]+ mu* e>li] ?an any o!r k9d1 is sure to cont9ue pure40 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s ! cattle are break+ up into h]ds ( diff]5t col\rs2 & ^? on ! high] gr\nd1 :i* are g5]ally :ite1 usually bre$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,j4 ,sulivan1 ?ree mon?s e>li] ?an ^? on ! l[l&2 & ?is w\ld manife/ly t5d to keep ! h]ds f bl5d+4 ,c]ta9 dome/ic races seem to pref] bre$+ ) _! own k9d2 & ?is is a fact ( "s importance1 = x is a /ep t[>ds t in/9ctive feel+ :i* helps to keep closely alli$ species 9 a /ate ( nature di/9ct4 ,we h n[ abundant evid5ce t1 if x 7 n = ?is feel+1 _m m hybrids w\ld be naturally produc$ ?an 9 ?is case4 ,we h se5 9 ! fir/ *apt] t ! alco dog ( ,mexico dislikes dogs ( o!r bre$s2 & ! hairless dog ( ,p>aguay mixes less readily ) ! ,european races1 ?an ! latt] d ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ,g]many ! female ,spitz-dog is said to receive ! fox m readily ?an w o!r dogs2 a female ,au/ralian ,d+o 9 ,engl& attract$ ! wild male foxes4 ,b ^! diff]5ces 9 ! sexual in/9ct & attractive p[] ( ! v>i\s bre$s may be :olly due to _! desc5t f di/9ct species4 ,9 ,p>aguay ! horses h mu* fre$om1 & an excell5t obs]v]#d believes t ! native horses ( ! same col\r & size pref] associat+ ) ea* o!r1 & t ! horses :i* h be5 import$ f ,entre ,rios & ,b&a ,ori5tal into ,p>aguay likewise pref] associat+ toge!r4 ,9 ,circassia six sub-races ( ! horse h receiv$ di/9ct names2 & a native proprietor ( rank#e ass]ts t horses ( ?ree ( ^! races1 :il/ liv+ a free life1 almo/ always refuse to m+le & cross1 & w ev5 attack "o ano!r4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 a di/rict /ock$ ) heavy ,l9coln%ire & light ,norfolk %eep1 t bo? k9ds2 ?\gh br$ toge!r1 :5 turn$ out1 89 a %ort "t sep>ate to a %eep20 ! ,l9coln%ires draw+ (f to ! ri* soil1 & ! ,norfolks to _! own dry light soil2 & z long z !re is pl5ty ( grass1 8! two bre$s keep !mselves z di/9ct z rooks & pigeons40 ,9 ?is case diff]5t habits ( life t5d to keep ! races di/9ct4 ,on "o ( ! ,f>oe isl&s1 n m ?an half a mile 9 diamet]1 ! half-wild native black %eep are said n to h readily mix$ ) ! import$ :ite %eep4 ,x is a m curi\s fact t ! semi-mon/r\s ancon %eep ( mod]n orig9 8h be5 obs]v$ to keep toge!r1 sep>at+ !mselves f ! re/ ( ! flock1 :5 put into enclosures ) o!r %eep40#f ,) respect to fall[-de]1 :i* live 9 a semi-dome/icat$ condition1 ,mr4 ,b5nett#g /ates t ! d>k & pale col\r$ h]ds1 :i* h long be5 kept toge!r 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 9 ,high ,mead[ ,woods1 & 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 h nev] be5 kn[n to m+le3 ! d>k-col\r$ de]1 x may be add$1 are believ$ to h be5 fir/ br\ght by ,james ,i4 f ,norway1 on acc\nt ( _! great] h>d9ess4 ,i import$ f ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo two ( ! f]al rabbits1 :i* diff]1 z describ$ 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 f common rabbits2 bo? prov$ to be males1 &1 ?\gh !y liv$ dur+ "s ye>s 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 9 va9 endeav\r$ to make !m bre$ ) v>i\s tame k9ds2 b :e!r ?is refusal to bre$ 0 due to any *ange 9 ! in/9ct1 or simply to _! extreme wildness1 or :e!r conf9em5t _h r5d]$ !m /]ile1 z (t5 occurs1 _c be det]m9$4 ,:il/ mat*+ = ! sake ( exp]im5t _m ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s ( pigeons1 x frequ5tly appe>$ to me t ! birds1 ?\gh fai?ful to _! m>riage v[1 reta9$ "s desire aft] _! own k9d4 ,accord+ly ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,wick+1 :o has kept a l>g] /ock ( v>i\s bre$s toge!r ?an any man 9 ,engl&1 :e!r he ?\ght t !y w\ld pref] pair+ ) _! own k9d1 suppos+ t !re 7 males & females en\gh ( ea*2 & he )\t hesitation answ]$ t he 0 conv9c$ t ?is 0 ! case4 ,x has (t5 be5 notic$ t ! dovecote pigeon seems to h an actual av]sion t[>ds ! sev]al fancy bre$s#h yet all h c]ta9ly sprung f a common prog5itor4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox in=ms me t 8 flocks ( :ite & common ,*9ese geese kept di/9ct4 ,^! facts & /atem5ts1 ?\gh "s ( !m are incapable ( pro(1 re/+ only on ! op9ion ( exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 %[ t "s dome/ic races are l$ by diff]5t habits ( life to keep to a c]ta9 ext5t sep>ate1 & t o!rs pref] c\pl+ ) _! own k9d1 9 ! same mann] z species 9 a /ate ( nature1 ?\gh 9 a mu* less degree4 ,) respect to /]ility f ! cross+ ( dome/ic races1 ,i "k ( no well-asc]ta9$ case ) animals4 ,?is fact1 see+ ! great diff]5ce 9 /ructure betwe5 "s bre$s ( pigeons1 f[ls1 pigs1 dogs1 etc41 is extraord9>y1 9 contra/ ) ! /]ility ( _m closely alli$ natural species :5 cross$2 b we %all h]eaft] attempt to %[ t x is n s extraord9>y z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,& x may be well "h to recall to m9d t ! am\nt ( ext]nal diff]5ce betwe5 two species is n a safe guide = pr$ict+ :e!r or n !y w bre$ toge!r1--"s closely alli$ species :5 cross$ be+ utt]ly /]ile1 & o!rs :i* are extremely unlike be+ mod]ately f]tile4 ,i h said t no case ( /]ility 9 cross$ races re/s on satisfactory evid5ce2 b "h is "o :i* at fir/ seems tru/wor?y4 ,mr4 ,y\att#i & a bett] au?ority _c be quot$1 /ates1 t =m]ly 9 ,lanca%ire crosses 7 frequ5tly made betwe5 longhorn & %or?orn cattle2 ! fir/ cross 0 excell5t1 b ! produce 0 unc]ta92 9 ! ?ird or f\r? g5]ation ! c[s 7 bad milk]s2 89 addition to :i*1 !re 0 mu* unc]ta9ty :e!r ! c[s w\ld conceive2 & full "o-?ird ( ! c[s among "s ( ^! half-br$s fail$ to be 9 calf40 ,?is at fir/ seems a good case3 b ,mr4 ,wilk9son /ates1#aj t a bre$ d]iv$ f ?is same cross 0 actually e/abli%$ 9 ano!r "p ( ,engl&2 & if x _h fail$ 9 f]tility1 ! fact w\ld surely h be5 notic$4 ,moreov]1 suppos+ t ,mr4 ,y\att _h prov$ 8 case1 x might be argu$ t ! /]ility 0 :olly due to ! two p>5t-bre$s be+ desc5d$ f primordially di/9ct species4 ,9 ! case ( plants ,grtn] /ates t he f]tilis$ ?irte5 heads 7& subsequ5tly n9e o!rs7 on a dw>f maize be>+ yell[ se$#aa ) poll5 ( a tall maize hav+ r$ se$2 & "o head alone produc$ good se$1 b only five 9 numb]4 ,?\gh ^! plants are monci\s1 & !re=e d n require ca/ration1 yet ,i %\ld h suspect$ "s accid5t 9 ! manipulation1 _h n ,grtn] expressly /at$ t he _h dur+ _m ye>s gr[n ^! two v>ieties toge!r1 & !y did n spontane\sly cross2 & ?is1 consid]+ t ! plants are monoeci\s & ab\nd ) poll51 & are well kn[n g5]ally to cross freely1 seems explicable only on ! belief t ^! two v>ieties are 9 "s degree mutually inf]tile4 ,! hybrid plants rais$ f ! above five se$s 7 int]m$iate 9 /ructure1 extremely v>iable1 & p]fectly f]tile4#ab ,9 l mann] ,pr(4 ,hildebr&#ac c\ld n succe$ 9 f]tilis+ ! female fl[]s ( a plant be>+ br[n gra9s ) poll5 f a c]ta9 k9d be>+ yell[ gra9s2 al?\gh o!r fl[]s on ! same plant1 :i* 7 f]tilis$ ) _! own poll51 yield$ good se$4 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 ev5 suspects t ^! v>ieties ( maize are di/9ct species2 b _h ! hybrids be5 9 ! lea/ /]ile1 no d\bt ,grtn] w\ld at once h s class$ !m4 ,i may "h rem>k1 t ) und\bt$ species !re is n necess>ily any close relation betwe5 ! /]ility ( a fir/ cross & t ( ! hybrid (fspr+4 ,"s species c be cross$ ) facility1 b produce utt]ly /]ile hybrids2 o!rs c be cross$ ) extreme difficulty1 b ! hybrids :5 produc$ are mod]ately f]tile4 ,i am n aw>e1 h[ev]1 ( any in/ance q l ?is ( ! maize1 namely1 ( a fir/ cross made ) difficulty1 b yield+ p]fectly f]tile hybrids4#ad ,! foll[+ case is mu* m rem>kable1 & evid5tly p]plex$ ,grtn]1 ^: /rong wi% x 0 to draw a broad l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 species & v>ieties4 ,9 ! g5us ,v]bascum1 he made1 dur+ eighte5 ye>s1 a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 & cross$ no less ?an #ajhe fl[]s & c\nt$ _! se$s4 ,_m ( ^! exp]im5ts consi/$ 9 cross+ :ite & yell[ v>ieties ( bo? ,v4 ly*nitis & ,v4 blatt>ia ) n9e o!r species & _! hybrids4 ,t ! :ite & yell[ fl[]$ plants ( ^! two species are really v>ieties1 no "o has d\bt$2 & ,grtn] actually rais$ 9 ! case ( bo? species "o v>iety f ! se$ ( ! o!r4 ,n[ 9 two ( 8 works#ae he di/9ctly ass]ts t crosses betwe5 simil>ly-col\r$ fl[]s yield m se$ ?an betwe5 dissimil>ly-col\r$2 s t ! yell[-fl[]$ v>iety ( ei!r species 7& conv]sely ) ! :ite-fl[]$ v>iety71 :5 cross$ ) poll5 ( its own k9d1 yields m se$ ?an :5 cross$ ) t ( ! :ite v>iety2 & s x is :5 diff]5tly col\r$ species are cross$4 ,! g5]al results may be se5 9 ! ,table at ! end ( 8 volume4 ,9 "o in/ance he gives#af ! foll[+ details2 b ,i mu/ premise t ,grtn]1 to avoid exagg]at+ ! degree ( /]ility 9 8 crosses1 always comp>es ! maximum numb] obta9$ f a cross ) ! av]age numb] naturally giv5 by ! pure "m-plant4 ,! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 ly*nitis1 naturally f]tilis$ by its own poll51 gave f an av]age ( twelve capsules n9ety-six good se$s 9 ea*2 :il/ tw5ty fl[]s f]tilis$ ) poll5 f ! yell[ v>iety ( ?is same species1 gave z ! maximum only eighty-n9e good se$s2 s t we h ! proportion ( #ajjj to #ijh1 accord+ to ,grtn]'s usual scale4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x possible t s small a diff]5ce 9 f]tility might h be5 acc\nt$ = by ! evil effects ( ! necess>y ca/ration2 b ,grtn] %[s t ! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 ly*nitis1 :5 f]tilis$ fir/ by ! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 blatt>ia1 & !n by ! yell[ v>iety ( ?is species1 yield$ se$ 9 ! proportion ( #fbb to #dch2 & 9 bo? ^! cases ca/ration 0 p]=m$4 ,n[ ! /]ility :i* results f ! cross+ ( ! diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties ( ! same species1 is fully z great z t :i* occurs 9 _m cases :5 di/9ct species are cross$4 ,un=tunately ,grtn] comp>$ ! results ( ! fir/ unions alone1 & n ! /]ility ( ! two sets ( hybrids produc$ f ! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 ly*nitis :5 f]tilis$ by ! :ite & yell[ v>ieties ( ,v4 blatt>ia1 = x is probable t !y w\ld h diff]$ 9 ?is respect4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott has giv5 me ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ,v]bascum1 made by him 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh4#ag ,he repeat$ "s ( ,grtn]'s exp]im5ts on di/9ct species1 b obta9$ only fluctuat+ results1 "s confirmatory1 ! great] numb] contradictory2 nev]!less ^! seem h>dly suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,grtn] f exp]im5ts tri$ on a l>g] scale4 ,mr4 ,scott also exp]im5t$ on ! relative f]tility ( unions betwe5 simil>ly & dissimil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,?us he f]tilis$ six fl[]s ( ! yell[ v>iety ( ,v4 ly*nitis by its own poll51 & obta9$ six capsules2 & call+1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 ! av]age numb] ( good se$ 9 ea* ( _! capsules "o hundr$1 he f\nd t ?is same yell[ v>iety1 :5 f]tilis$ by ! :ite v>iety1 yield$ f sev5 capsules an av]age ( n9ety-f\r se$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 ! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 ly*nitis by its own poll5 7f six capsules71 & by ! poll5 ( ! yell[ v>iety 7eight capsules71 yield$ se$ 9 ! proportion ( #ajj to #hb4 ,! yell[ v>iety ( ,v4 ?apsus by its own poll5 7eight capsules71 & by t ( ! :ite v>iety 7only two capsules71 yield$ se$ 9 ! proportion ( #ajj to #id4 ,la/ly1 ! :ite v>iety ( ,v4 blatt>ia by its own poll5 7eight capsules71 & by t ( ! yell[ v>iety 7five capsules71 yield$ se$ 9 ! proportion ( #ajj to #gi4 ,s t 9 e case ! unions ( simil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties ( ! same species 7 m f]tile ?an ! unions ( dissimil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties2 :5 all ! cases are gr\p$ toge!r1 ! diff]5ce ( f]tility is z #ajj to #hf4 ,"s additional trials 7 made1 & altoge!r ?irty-six simil>ly-col\r$ unions yield$ ?irty-five good capsules2 :il/ ?irty-five dissimil>ly-col\r$ unions yield$ only tw5ty-six good capsules4 ,besides ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 ! purple ,v4 phniceum 0 cross$ by a rose-col\r$ & a :ite v>iety ( ! same species2 ^! two v>ieties 7 also cross$ toge!r1 & ^! sev]al unions yield$ less se$ ?an ,v4 phniceum by its own poll54 ,h5ce x foll[s f ,mr4 ,scott's exp]im5ts1 t 9 ! g5us ,v]bascum ! simil>ly & dissimil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties ( ! same species behave1 :5 cross$1 l closely alli$ b di/9ct species4#ah ,?is rem>kable fact ( ! sexual aff9ity ( simil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties1 z obs]v$ by ,grtn] & ,mr4 ,scott1 may n be ( v r>e occurr5ce2 = ! subject has n be5 att5d$ to by o!rs4 ,! foll[+ case is wor? giv+1 p>tly to %[ h[ difficult x is to avoid error4 ,dr4 ,h]b]t#ai has rem>k$ t v>i\sly-col\r$ d\ble v>ieties ( ! ,hollyhock 7,al!a rosea7 may be rais$ ) c]ta9ty by se$ f plants gr[+ close toge!r4 ,i h be5 in=m$ t nurs]ym5 :o raise se$ = sale d n sep>ate _! plants2 accord+ly ,i procur$ se$ ( eighte5 nam$ v>ieties2 ( ^!1 elev5 v>ieties produc$ sixty-two plants all p]fectly true to _! k9d2 & sev5 produc$ =ty-n9e plants1 half ( :i* 7 true & half false4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s ( ,cant]bury has giv5 me a m /rik+ case2 he sav$ se$ f a great b$ ( tw5ty-f\r nam$ v>ieties plant$ 9 closely adjo9+ r[s1 & ea* v>iety reproduc$ itself truly ) only sometimes a %ade ( diff]5ce 9 t9t4 ,n[ 9 ! hollyhock ! poll51 :i* is abundant1 is matur$ & ne>ly all %$ be=e ! /igma ( ! same fl[] is ready to receive x2#bj & z bees cov]$ ) poll5 incessantly fly f plant to plant1 x w\ld appe> t adjo9+ v>ieties c\ld n escape be+ cross$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is does n occur1 x appe>$ to me probable t ! poll5 ( ea* v>iety 0 prepot5t on its own /igma ov] t ( all o!r v>ieties1 b ,i h no evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,turn] ( ,sl\gh1 well kn[n = 8 success 9 ! cultivation ( ?is plant1 in=ms me t x is ! d\bl5ess ( ! fl[]s :i* prev5ts ! bees ga9+ access to ! poll5 & /igma2 & he f9ds t x is difficult ev5 to cross !m artificially4 ,:e!r ?is explanation w fully acc\nt = v>ieties 9 close proximity propagat+ !mselves s truly by se$1 ,i d n "k4 ,! foll[+ cases are wor? giv+1 z !y relate to monoeci\s =ms1 :i* d n require1 & consequ5tly _c h be5 injur$ by1 ca/ration4 ,gir\ de ,buz>e+ues cross$ :at he designates ?ree v>ieties ( g\rd1#ba & ass]ts t _! mutual f]tilisation is less easy 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce :i* !y pres5t4 ,i am aw>e h[ imp]fectly ! =ms 9 ?is gr\p 7 until rec5tly kn[n2 b ,sag]et1#bb :o rank$ !m accord+ to _! mutual f]tility1 consid]s ! ?ree =ms above allud$ to z v>ieties1 z does a f> high] au?ority1 namely1 ,m4 ,naud94#bc ,sag]et#bd has obs]v$ t c]ta9 melons h a great] t5d5cy1 :atev] ! cause may be1 to keep true ?an o!rs2 & ,m4 ,naud91 :o has _h su* imm5se exp]i5ce 9 ?is gr\p1 in=ms me t he believes t c]ta9 v>ieties int]cross m readily ?an o!rs ( ! same species2 b he has n prov$ ! tru? ( ?is conclusion2 ! frequ5t abortion ( ! poll5 ne> ,p>is be+ "o great difficulty4 ,nev]!less1 he has gr[n close toge!r1 dur+ sev5 ye>s1 c]ta9 =ms ( ,citrullus1 :i*1 z !y c\ld be artificially cross$ ) p]fect facility & produc$ f]tile (fspr+1 are rank$ z v>ieties2 b ^! =ms :5 n artificially cross$ kept true4 ,_m o!r v>ieties1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! same gr\p cross ) su* facility1 z ,m4 ,naud9 repeat$ly insi/s1 t )\t be+ gr[n f> ap>t !y _c be kept 9 ! lea/ true4 ,ano!r case1 ?\gh some:at diff]5t1 may be "h giv51 z x is highly rem>kable1 & is e/abli%$ on excell5t evid5ce4 ,kolreut] m9utely describes five v>ieties ( ! common tobacco#be :i* 7 reciprocally cross$1 & ! (fspr+ 7 int]m$iate 9 "* & z f]tile z _! p>5ts3 f ?is fact ,kolreut] inf]r$ t !y are really v>ieties2 & no "o1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 seems to h d\bt$ t su* is ! case4 ,he also cross$ reciprocally ^! five v>ieties ) ,n4 glut9osa1 & !y yield$ v /]ile hybrids2 b ^? rais$ f ! v>4 p]5nis1 :e!r us$ z ! fa!r or "m plant1 7 n s /]ile z ! hybrids f ! f\r o!r v>ieties4#bf ,s t ! sexual capacity ( ?is "o v>iety has c]ta9ly be5 9 "s degree modifi$1 s z to approa* 9 nature t ( ,n4 glut9osa4#bg ,^! facts ) respect to plants %[ t 9 "s few cases c]ta9 v>ieties h _h _! sexual p[]s s f> modifi$1 t !y cross toge!r less readily & yield less se$ ?an o!r v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ! sexual functions ( mo/ animals & plants are em95tly liable to be affect$ by ! conditions ( life to :i* !y are expos$2 & h]eaft] we %all briefly discuss ! conjo9t be>+ ( ?is fact1 & o!rs1 on ! diff]5ce 9 f]tility betwe5 cross$ v>ieties & cross$ species4 ,dome/ication elim9ates ! t5d5cy to ,/]ility :i* is g5]al ) ,species :5 cross$4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,pallas1#bh & has be5 adopt$ by sev]al au?ors4 ,i c f9d h>dly any direct facts 9 its support2 b un=tunately no "o has comp>$1 9 ! case ( ei!r animals or plants1 ! f]tility ( anci5tly dome/icat$ v>ieties1 :5 cross$ ) a di/9ct species1 ) t ( ! wild p>5t-species :5 simil>ly cross$4 ,no "o has comp>$1 = in/ance1 ! f]tility ( ,gallus bankiva & ( ! dome/icat$ f[l1 :5 cross$ ) a di/9ct species ( ,gallus or ,phasianus2 & ! exp]im5t w\ld 9 all cases be surr\nd$ by _m difficulties4 ,dureau de la ,malle1 :o has s closely /udi$ classical lit]ature1 /ates#bi t 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans ! common mule 0 produc$ ) m difficulty ?an at ! pres5t day2 b :e!r ?is /atem5t may be tru/$ ,i "k n4 ,a mu* m important1 ?\gh some:at diff]5t1 case is giv5 by ,m4 ,gro5l&1#cj namely1 t plants1 kn[n f _! int]m$iate "* & /]ility to be hybrids betwe5 gilops & :eat1 h p]petuat$ !mselves "u culture s9ce #aheg1 ) a rapid b v>y+ increase ( f]tility 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,9 ! f\r? g5]ation ! plants1 /ill reta9+ _! int]m$iate "*1 _h become z f]tile z common cultivat$ :eat4 ,! indirect evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,pallasian doctr9e appe>s to me to be extremely /rong4 ,9 ! e>li] *apt]s ,i h %[n t our v>i\s bre$s ( ! dog are desc5d$ f sev]al wild species2 & ?is probably is ! case ) %eep4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,zebu or hump$ ,indian ox belongs to a di/9ct species f ,european cattle3 ! latt]1 moreov]1 are desc5d$ f two =ms1 :i* may be call$ ei!r species or races4 ,we h good evid5ce t our dome/icat$ pigs belong to at lea/ two specific types1 ,s4 scr(a & indicus4 ,n[ a widely ext5d$ analogy leads to ! belief t if ^! sev]al alli$ species1 :5 fir/ reclaim$1 _h be5 cross$1 !y w\ld h exhibit$1 bo? 9 _! fir/ unions & 9 _! hybrid (fspr+1 "s degree ( /]ility4 ,nev]!less1 ! sev]al dome/icat$ races desc5d$ f !m are n[ all1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 p]fectly f]tile toge!r4 ,if ?is reason+ be tru/wor?y1 & x is app>5tly s\nd1 we mu/ admit ! ,pallasian doctr9e t long-cont9u$ dome/ication t5ds to elim9ate t /]ility :i* is natural to species :5 cross$ 9 _! aborig9al /ate4 ,on increas$ ,f]tility f ,dome/ication & ,cultivation4 ,increas$ f]tility f dome/ication1 )\t any ref]5ce to cross+1 may be "h briefly consid]$4 ,?is subject be>s indirectly on two or ?ree po9ts connect$ ) ! modification ( organic be+s4 ,z ,buffon long ago rem>k$1#ca dome/ic animals bre$ (t5] 9 ! ye> & produce m "y at a bir? ?an wild animals ( ! same species2 !y1 also1 sometimes bre$ at an e>li] age4 ,! case w\ld h>dly h des]v$ fur!r notice1 _h n "s au?ors lately attempt$ to %[ t f]tility increases & decreases 9 an inv]se ratio ) ! am\nt ( food4 ,?is /range doctr9e has app>5tly aris5 f individual animals :5 suppli$ ) an inord9ate quantity ( food1 & f plants ( _m k9ds :5 gr[n on excessively ri* soil1 z on a dunghill1 becom+ /]ile3 b to ?is latt] po9t ,i %all h occasion pres5tly to return4 ,) h>dly an exception1 our dome/icat$ animals1 :i* h be5 long habituat$ to a regul> & copi\s supply ( food1 )\t ! lab\r ( se>*+ = x1 are m f]tile ?an ! correspond+ wild animals4 ,x is notori\s h[ frequ5tly cats & dogs bre$1 & h[ _m "y !y produce at a bir?4 ,! wild rabbit is said g5]ally to bre$ f\r times ye>ly1 & to produce ea* "t at mo/ six "y2 ! tame rabbit bre$s six or sev5 times ye>ly1 produc+ ea* "t f f\r to elev5 "y2 & ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir tells me ( a case ( eighte5 "y hav+ be5 produc$ at a bir?1 all ( :i* surviv$4 ,! f]ret1 ?\gh g5]ally s closely conf9$1 is m prolific ?an its suppos$ wild prototype4 ,! wild s[ is rem>kably prolific2 %e (t5 bre$s twice 9 ! ye>1 & be>s f f\r to eight & sometimes ev5 twelve "y2 b ! dome/ic s[ regul>ly bre$s twice a ye>1 & w\ld bre$ (t5] if p]mitt$2 & a s[ t produces less ?an eight at a bir? 8is wor? little1 & ! soon] %e is fatt5$ = ! but*] ! bett]40 ,! am\nt ( food affects ! f]tility ( ! same individual3 ?us %eep1 :i* on m\nta9s nev] produce m ?an "o lamb at a bir?1 :5 br\ght d[n to l[l& pa/ures frequ5tly be> tw9s4 ,?is diff]5ce app>5tly is n due to ! cold ( ! high] l&1 = %eep & o!r dome/ic animals are said to be extremely prolific 9 ,lapl&4 ,h>d liv+1 also1 ret>ds ! p]iod at :i* animals conceive2 = x has be5 f\nd disadvantage\s 9 ! nor!rn isl&s ( ,scotl& to all[ c[s to be> calves be=e !y are f\r ye>s old4#cb ,birds (f] /ill bett] evid5ce ( increas$ f]tility f dome/ication3 ! h5 ( ! wild ,gallus bankiva lays f six to t5 eggs1 a numb] :i* w\ld be ?\ght no?+ ( ) ! dome/ic h54 ,! wild duck lays f five to t5 eggs2 ! tame "o 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> f eighty to "o hundr$4 ,! wild grey-lag goose lays f five to eight eggs2 ! tame f ?irte5 to eighte51 & %e lays a second "t2 z ,mr4 ,dixon has rem>k$1 8high-fe$+1 c>e1 & mod]ate w>m? induce a habit ( prolificacy :i* becomes 9 "s measure h]$it>y40 ,:e!r ! semi-dome/icat$ dovecote pigeon is m f]tile ?an ! wild rock-pigeon1 ,c4 livia1 ,i "k n2 b ! m ?or\ghly dome/icat$ bre$s are ne>ly twice z f]tile z dovecotes3 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 :5 cag$ & highly f$1 become equally f]tile ) h\se pigeons4 ,i he> f ,judge ,caton t ! wild turkey 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n bre$ :5 a ye> old1 z ! dome/icat$ turkeys !re inv>iably d4 ,! peah5 alone ( dome/icat$ birds is r m f]tile1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 :5 wild 9 its native ,indian home1 ?an 9 ,europe :5 expos$ to our mu* cold] climate4#cc ,) respect to plants1 no "o w\ld expect :eat to till] m1 & ea* e> to produce m gra91 9 poor ?an 9 ri* soil2 or to get 9 poor soil a heavy crop ( peas or beans4 ,se$s v>y s mu* 9 numb] t x is difficult to e/imate !m2 b on comp>+ b$s ( c>rots 9 a nurs]y g>d5 ) wild plants1 ! =m] seem$ to produce ab\t twice z mu* se$4 ,cultivat$ cabbages yield$ ?rice z _m pods by measure z wild cabbages f ! rocks ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,! excess ( b]ries produc$ by ! cultivat$ asp>agus 9 comp>ison ) ! wild plant is enorm\s4 ,no d\bt _m highly cultivat$ plants1 su* z pe>s1 p9eapples1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 etc41 are ne>ly or q /]ile2 & ,i am incl9$ to attribute ?is /]ility to excess ( food & to o!r unnatural conditions2 b to ?is subject ,i %all recur4 ,9 "s cases1 z ) ! pig1 rabbit1 etc41 & ) ^? plants :i* are valu$ = _! se$1 ! direct selection ( ! m f]tile individuals has probably mu* increas$ _! f]tility2 & 9 all cases ?is may h occurr$ indirectly1 f ! bett] *ance ( "s ( ! num]\s (fspr+ f ! m f]tile individuals hav+ be5 pres]v$4 ,b ) cats1 f]rets1 & dogs1 & ) plants l c>rots1 cabbages1 & asp>agus1 :i* are n valu$ = _! prolificacy1 selection c h play$ only a subord9ate "p2 & _! increas$ f]tility mu/ be attribut$ to ! m fav\rable conditions ( life "u :i* !y h long exi/$4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,j\rnal de ,physiolog41' tom4 ii41 #ahei1 p4 #che4 #b ,dec4 #ahfc1 p4 #dhd4 #c ,on #8,! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' p4 #ff4 #d ,r5gg]1 #8,suge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' s4 #ccf4 #e ,see a memoir by ,,mm4 ,lh]bette & ,de ,quatrefages1 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii41 ,july1 #ahfa1 p4 #cab4 #f ,= ! ,norfolk %eep1 see ,m>%all's #8,rural ,economy ( ,norfolk1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acf4 ,see ,rev4 ,l4 ,l&t's #8,description ( ,f>oe1' p4 #ff4 ,= ! ancon %eep1 see #8,phil4 ,transact41' #ahac1 p4 #ij4 #g ,:ite's #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,selb\rne1' edit$ by ,b5nett1 p4 #ci4 ,) respect to ! orig9 ( ! d>k-col\r$ de]1 see #8,"s ,acc\nt ( ,engli% ,de] ,p>ks1' by ,e4 ,p4 ,%irley1 ,esq4 #h #8,! ,dovecote1' by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 p4 #aee2 ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' b4 iv41 #agie1 s4 #ag4 #i #8,cattle1' p4 #bjb4 #aj ,mr4 ,j4 ,wilk9son1 9 #8,rem>ks address$ to ,sir ,j4 ,sebright1' #ahbj1 p4 #ch4 #aa #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #hg1 #afi4 ,see also ! ,table at ! end ( volume4 #ab #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #hg1 #egg4 #ac #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' #ahfh1 p4 #cbg4 #ad ,mr4 ,%irreff =m]ly ?\ght 7#8,g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheh1 p4 #gga7 t ! (fspr+ f a cross betwe5 c]ta9 v>ieties ( :eat became /]ile 9 ! f\r? g5]ation2 b he n[ admits 7#8,improvem5t ( ! ,c]eals1' #ahgc7 t ?is 0 an error4 #ae #8,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' s4 #acg2 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #ib1 #aha4 ,on rais+ ! two v>ieties f se$1 see s4 #cjg4 #af #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #baf4 #ag ,! results h s9ce be5 publi%$ 9 #8,j\rn4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' #ahfg1 p4 #ade4 #ah ,! foll[+ facts1 giv5 by ,klreut] 9 8 #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' ss4 #cd1 #ci1 appe> at fir/ sight /rongly to confirm ,mr4 ,scott's & ,grtn]'s /atem5ts2 & to a c]ta9 limit$ ext5t !y d s4 ,klreut] ass]ts1 f innum]able obs]vations1 t insects incessantly c>ry poll5 f "o species & v>iety ( ,v]bascum to ano!r2 & ,i c confirm ?is ass]tion2 yet he f\nd t ! :ite & yell[ v>ieties ( ,v]bascum ly*nitis (t5 grew wild m+l$ toge!r3 moreov]1 he cultivat$ ^! two v>ieties 9 consid]able numb]s dur+ f\r ye>s 9 8 g>d51 & !y kept true by se$2 b :5 he cross$ !m1 !y produc$ fl[]s ( an int]m$iate t9t4 ,h5ce x might h be5 ?\ght t bo? v>ieties mu/ h a /rong] elective aff9ity = ! poll5 ( _! own v>iety ?an = t ( ! o!r2 ?is elective aff9ity1 ,i may add ( ea* species = its own poll5 7,klreut]1 #8,dritte ,=ts4' s4 #ci1 & ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]z41' passim7 be+ a p]fectly well-asc]ta9$ p[]4 ,b ! =ce ( ! =ego+ facts is mu* less5$ by ,grtn]'s num]\s exp]im5ts1 =1 diff]5tly f ,klreut]1 he nev] once got 7#8,ba/>d]z41' s4 #cjg7 an int]m$iate t9t :5 he cross$ ! yell[ & :ite fl[]$ v>ieties ( ,v]bascum4 ,s t ! fact ( ! :ite & yell[ v>ieties keep+ true to _! col\r by se$ does n prove t !y 7 n mutually f]tilis$ by ! poll5 c>ri$ by insects f "o to ! o!r4 #ai #8,am>yllidace1' #ahcg1 p4 #cff4 ,grtn] has made a simil> obs]vation4 #bj ,klreut] fir/ obs]v$ ?is fact1 #8,mm4 de l',acad4 de ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' vol4 iii4 p4 #abg4 ,see also ,c4 ,k4 ,spr5gel1 #8,das ,entdeckte ,geheimniss1' s4 #cde4 #ba ,namely1 ,b>b>9es1 ,pa/issons1 ,giraum\s3 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat4' tom4 xxx41 #ahcc1 pp4 #cih & #dje4 #bb #8,mmoire sur les ,cucurbitace1' #ahbf1 pp4 #df1 #ee4 #bc #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #d? s]ies1 tom4 vi4 ,m4 ,naud9 consid]s ^! =ms z und\bt$ly v>ieties ( ,cucurbita pepo4 #bd #8,mm4 ,cucurb41' p4 #h4 #be #8,zweite ,=ts41' s4 #ec1 namely1 ,nicotiana major vulg>is2 7#b7 p]5nis2 7#c7 transylvanica2 7#d7 a sub-v>4 ( ! la/2 7#e7 major latifol4 fl4 alb4 #bf ,klreut] 0 s mu* /ruck ) ?is fact t he suspect$ t a little poll5 ( ,n4 glut9osa 9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts might h accid5tally got m+l$ ) t ( v>4 p]5nis1 & ?us aid$ its f]tilis+ p[]4 ,b we n[ "k conclusively f ,grtn] 7#8,ba/>d]z41' s4 #cd1 #dc7 t ! poll5 ( two species nev] acts conjo9tly on a ?ird species2 /ill less w ! poll5 ( a di/9ct species1 m+l$ ) a plant's own poll51 if ! latt] be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 h any effect4 ,! sole effect ( m+l+ two k9ds ( poll5 is to produce 9 ! same capsule se$s :i* yield plants1 "s tak+ aft] ! "o & "s aft] ! o!r p>5t4 #bg ,mr4 ,scott has made "s obs]vations on ! absolute /]ility ( a purple & :ite primrose 7,primula vulg>is7 :5 f]tilis$ by poll5 f ! common primrose 7#8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ( ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 viii41 #ahfd1 p4 #ih72 b ^! obs]vations require confirmation4 ,i rais$ a numb] ( purple-fl[]$ long-/yl$ se$l+s f se$ k9dly s5t me by ,mr4 ,scott1 &1 ?\gh !y 7 all 9 "s degree /]ile1 !y 7 mu* m f]tile ) poll5 tak5 f ! common primrose ?an ) _! own poll54 ,mr4 ,scott has likewise describ$ a r$ equal-/yl$ c[slip 7,p4 v]is1 ibid4 p4 #ajf71 :i* 0 f\nd by him to be highly /]ile :5 cross$ ) ! common c[slip2 b ?is 0 n ! case ) sev]al equal-/yl$ r$ se$l+s rais$ by me f 8 plant4 ,?is v>iety ( ! c[slip pres5ts ! rem>kable peculi>ity ( comb9+ male organs 9 e respect l ^? ( ! %ort-/yl$ =m1 ) female organs resembl+ 9 function & p>tly 9 /ructure ^? ( ! long-/yl$ =m2 s t we h ! s+ul> anomaly ( ! two =ms comb9$ 9 ! same fl[]4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ^! fl[]s %\ld be spontane\sly self-f]tile 9 a high degree4 #bh #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #aghj1 "p ii4 pp4 #hd1 #ajj4 #bi #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4' tom4 xxi4 7#a/ s]ies71 p4 #fa4 #cj #8,bull4 ,bot4 ,soc4 de ,france1' ,dec4 #bg?1 #ahfa1 tom4 viii4 p4 #fab4 #ca ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire #8,hi/4 ,naturelle ,gnrale1' tom4 iii4 p4 #dgf4 ,s9ce ?is ,,ms4 has be5 s5t to press a full discussion on ! pres5t subject has appe>$ 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s #8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 ii41 #ahfg1 p4 #deg et seq4 #cb ,= cats & dogs1 etc41 see ,bell+]i 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #bnd s]ies1 ,zoolog4 tom4 xii4 p4 #aee4 ,= f]rets1 ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' b4 i4 #ahja1 s4 #ghf1 #gie4 ,= rabbits1 ditto1 s4 #aabc1 #aaca2 & ,bronn's #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur41' b4 ii4 s4 #ii4 ,= m\nta9 %eep1 ditto1 s4 #ajb4 ,= ! f]tility ( ! wild s[1 see ,be*/e9 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' b4 i41 #ahja1 s4 #ecd2 = ! dome/ic pig1 ,sidney's edit4 ( ,y\att on ! ,pig1 #ahfj1 p4 #fb4 ,) respect to ,lapl&1 see ,ac]bi's #8,travels to ! ,nor? ,cape1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 ,ab\t ! ,highl& c[s1 see ,hogg on ,%eep1 p4 #bfc4 #cc ,= ! eggs ( ,gallus bankiva1 see ,bly?1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 i41 #ahdh1 p4 #def4 ,= wild & tame ducks1 ,macgillivray1 #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 v4 p4 #cg2 & #8,die ,ent51' s4 #hg4 ,= wild geese1 ,l4 ,lloyd1 #8,sc&9avian ,adv5tures1' vol4 ii4 #ahed1 p4 #dac2 & = tame geese1 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' by ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 p4 #aci4 ,on ! bre$+ ( ,pigeons1 ,pi/or1 #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t1' #ahca1 s4 #df2 & ,boit>d & ,corbi #8,les ,pigeons1' p4 #aeh4 ,) respect to peacocks1 accord+ to ,temm9ck 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' etc41 #ahac1 tom4 ii4 p4 #da71 ! h5 lays 9 ,india ev5 z _m z tw5ty eggs2 b accord+ to ,j]don & ano!r writ] 7quot$ 9 ,tegetmei]'s #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 pp4 #bhj1 #bhb71 %e !re lays only f f\r to n9e or t5 eggs3 9 ,engl& %e is said1 9 ! #8,p\ltry ,book1' to lay five or six1 b ano!r writ] says f eight to twelve eggs4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,good ,,effects ,,( ,,cross+1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,close ,,int]bre$+4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,augm5tation ,,( ,,morbid ,,t5d5cies--,,g5]al ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,effects ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,cross+1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,f ,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,cattle1 ,,closely ,,int]br$2 ,,half-,,wild ,,cattle ,,long ,,kept ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,p>ks--,,%eep--,,fall[-,,de]--,,dogs1 ,,rabbits1 ,,pigs--,,man1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,8 ,,abhorr5ce ,,( ,,ince/u\s ,,m>riages--,,f[ls--,,pigeons--,,hive-,, bees--,,plants1 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations ,,on ,,! ,,b5efits ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,cross+--,,melons1 ,,fruit-,,trees1 ,,peas1 ,,cabbages1 ,,:eat1 ,,& ,,=e/-,,trees--,,on ,,! ,,increas$ ,,size ,,( ,,hybrid ,,plants1 ,,n ,,exclusively ,,due ,,to ,,_! ,,/]ility--,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,plants ,,:i* ,,ei!r ,,normally ,,or ,,abnormally ,,are ,,self-,,impot5t1 ,,b ,,are ,,f]tile1 ,,bo? ,,on ,,! ,,male ,,& ,,female ,,side1 ,,:5 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,di/9ct ,,individuals ,,ei!r ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,or ,,ano!r ,,species--,,conclusion4 ,! ga9 9 con/itutional vig\r1 d]iv$ f an occasional cross betwe5 individuals ( ! same v>iety1 b belong+ to di/9ct families1 or betwe5 di/9ct v>ieties1 has n be5 s l>gely or s frequ5tly discuss$1 z h ! evil effects ( too close int]bre$+4 ,b ! =m] po9t is ! m important ( ! two1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce is m decisive4 ,! evil results f close int]bre$+ are difficult to detect1 = !y accumulate sl[ly1 & diff] mu* 9 degree ) diff]5t species2 :il/ ! good effects :i* almo/ inv>iably foll[ a cross are f ! fir/ manife/4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cle>ly und]/ood t ! advantage ( close int]bre$+1 z f> z ! ret5tion ( "* is conc]n$1 is indisputable1 & (t5 outweighs ! evil ( a slight loss ( con/itutional vig\r4 ,9 relation to ! subject ( dome/ication1 ! :ole "q is ( "s importance1 z too close int]bre$+ int]f]es ) ! improvem5t ( old races4 ,x is important z indirectly be>+ on ,hybridism2 & possibly on ! ext9ction ( species1 :5 any =m has become s r>e t only a few individuals rema9 )9 a conf9$ area4 ,x be>s 9 an important mann] on ! influ5ce ( free int]cross+1 9 oblit]at+ individual diff]5ces1 & ?us giv+ uni=mity ( "* to ! individuals ( ! same race or species2 = if additional vig\r & f]tility be ?us ga9$1 ! cross$ (fspr+ w multiply & prevail1 & ! ultimate result w be f> great] ?an o!rwise w\ld h occurr$4 ,la/ly1 ! "q is ( high int]e/1 z be>+ on mank9d4 ,i %all !re=e discuss ?is subject at full l5g?4 ,z ! facts :i* prove ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ are m copi\s1 ?\gh less decisive1 ?an ^? on ! good effects ( cross+1 ,i %all1 "u ea* gr\p ( be+s1 beg9 ) ! =m]4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 def9+ :at is meant by a cross2 b ?is is by no means easy 9 reg>d to 8bre$+ 9 & 90 or 8too close int]bre$+10 because1 z we %all see1 diff]5t species ( animals are diff]5tly affect$ by ! same degree ( int]bre$+4 ,! pair+ ( a fa!r & daught]1 or "m & son1 or bro!rs & si/]s1 if c>ri$ on dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 is ! close/ possible =m ( int]bre$+4 ,b "s good judges1 = in/ance ,sir ,j4 ,sebright1 believe t ! pair+ ( a bro!r & si/] is mu* clos] ?an t ( p>5ts & *ildr52 = :5 ! fa!r is mat*$ ) 8 daught] he crosses1 z is said1 ) only half 8 own blood4 ,! consequ5ces ( close int]bre$+ c>ri$ on = too long a "t1 are1 z is g5]ally believ$1 loss ( size1 con/itutional vig\r1 & f]tility1 sometimes accompani$ by a t5d5cy to mal=mation4 ,manife/ evil does n usually foll[ f pair+ ! ne>e/ relations = two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r g5]ations2 b sev]al causes int]f]e ) our detect+ ! evil--su* z ! det]ioration be+ v gradual1 & ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 su* direct evil & ! inevitable augm5tation ( any morbid t5d5cies :i* may be lat5t or app>5t 9 ! relat$ p>5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! b5efit f a cross1 ev5 :5 !re has n be5 any v close int]bre$+1 is almo/ inv>iably at once conspicu\s4 ,!re is good reason to believe1 & ?is 0 ! op9ion ( t mo/ exp]i5c$ obs]v] ,sir ,j4 ,sebright1#a t ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ may be *eck$ or q prev5t$ by ! relat$ individuals be+ sep>at$ = a few g5]ations & expos$ to diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,?is conclusion is n[ held by _m bre$]s2 = in/ance ,mr4 ,c>r#b rem>ks1 x is a well-kn[n 8fact t a *ange ( soil & climate effects p]haps almo/ z great a *ange 9 ! con/itution z w\ld result f an infusion ( fre% blood40 ,i hope to %[ 9 a future "w t consangu9ity by itself c\nts = no?+1 b acts solely f relat$ organisms g5]ally hav+ a simil> con/itution1 & hav+ be5 expos$ 9 mo/ cases to simil> conditions4 ,t any evil directly foll[s f ! close/ int]bre$+ has be5 d5i$ by _m p]sons2 b r>ely by any practical bre$]2 & nev]1 z f> z ,i "k1 by "o :o has l>gely br$ animals :i* propagate _! k9d quickly4 ,_m physiologi/s attribute ! evil exclusively to ! comb9ation & consequ5t increase ( morbid t5d5cies common to bo? p>5ts2 & t ?is is an active s\rce ( mis*ief !re c be no d\bt4 ,x is un=tunately too notori\s t m5 & v>i\s dome/ic animals end[$ ) a wret*$ con/itution1 & ) a /rong h]$it>y disposition to disease1 if n actually ill1 are fully capable ( procreat+ _! k9d4 ,close int]bre$+1 on ! o!r h&1 (t5 induces /]ility2 & ?is indicates some?+ q di/9ct f ! augm5tation ( morbid t5d5cies common to bo? p>5ts4 ,! evid5ce imm$iately to be giv5 conv9ces me t x is a great law ( nature1 t all organic be+s pr(it f an occasional cross ) individuals n closely relat$ to !m 9 blood2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ is injuri\s4 ,v>i\s g5]al consid]ations h _h mu* influ5ce 9 lead+ me to ?is conclusion2 b ! read] w probably rely m on special facts & op9ions4 ,! au?ority ( exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 ev5 :5 !y d n advance ! gr\nds ( _! belief1 is ( "s little value4 ,n[ almo/ all m5 :o h br$ _m k9ds ( animals & h writt5 on ! subject1 su* z ,sir ,j4 ,sebright1 ,&rew ,knight1 etc41#c h express$ ! /ronge/ conviction on ! impossibility ( long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+4 ,^? :o h compil$ works on agriculture1 & h associat$ mu* ) bre$]s1 su* z ! sagaci\s ,y\att1 ,l[1 etc41 h /rongly decl>$ _! op9ion to ! same effect4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 tru/+ l>gely to ,fr5* au?orities1 has come to a simil> conclusion4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,g]man agriculturi/ ,h]mann von ,na?usius1 :o has writt5 ! mo/ able treatise on ?is subject :i* ,i h met )1 concurs2 & z ,i %all h to quote f ?is treatise1 ,i may /ate t ,na?usius is n only intimately acqua9t$ ) works on agriculture 9 all languages1 & kn[s ! p$igrees ( our ,briti% bre$s bett] ?an mo/ ,engli%m51 b has import$ _m ( our improv$ animals1 & is himself an exp]i5c$ bre$]4 ,evid5ce ( ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ c mo/ readily be acquir$ 9 ! case ( animals1 su* z f[ls1 pigeons1 etc41 :i* propagate quickly1 &1 f be+ kept 9 ! same place1 are expos$ to ! same conditions4 ,n[ ,i h inquir$ ( v _m bre$]s ( ^! birds1 & ,i h hi!rto n met ) a s+le man :o 0 n ?or\ghly conv9c$ t an occasional cross ) ano!r /ra9 ( ! same sub-v>iety 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,mo/ bre$]s ( highly improv$ or fancy birds value _! own /ra91 & are mo/ unwill+1 at ! risk1 9 _! op9ion1 ( det]ioration1 to make a cross4 ,! pur*ase ( a fir/-rate bird ( ano!r /ra9 is exp5sive1 & ex*anges are tr\blesome2 yet all bre$]s1 z f> z ,i c he>1 except+ ^? :o keep l>ge /ocks at diff]5t places = ! sake ( cross+1 are driv5 aft] a "t to take ?is /ep4 ,ano!r g5]al consid]ation :i* has _h great influ5ce on my m9d is1 t ) all h]maphrodite animals & plants1 :i* x might h be5 ?\ght w\ld h p]petually f]tilis$ !mselves & be5 ?us subject$ = long ages to ! close/ int]bre$+1 !re is n a s+le species1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 9 :i* ! /ructure ensures self-f]tilisation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are 9 a multitude ( cases1 z briefly /at$ 9 ! fifte5? *apt]1 manife/ adaptations :i* fav\r or inevitably lead to an occasional cross betwe5 "o h]maphrodite & ano!r ( ! same species2 & ^! adaptive /ructures are utt]ly purposeless1 z f> z we c see1 = any o!r end4 ,) ,cattle !re c be no d\bt t extremely close int]bre$+ may be long c>ri$ on advantage\sly ) respect to ext]nal *>act]s1 & ) no manife/ evil z f> z con/itution is conc]n$4 ,! case ( ,bakewell's ,longhorns1 :i* 7 closely int]br$ = a long p]iod1 has (t5 be5 quot$2 yet ,y\att says#d ! bre$ 8_h acquir$ a delicacy ( con/itution inconsi/5t ) common managem5t10 & 8! propagation ( ! species 0 n always c]ta940 ,b ! ,%or?orns (f] ! mo/ /rik+ case ( close int]bre$+2 = in/ance1 ! fam\s bull ,fav\rite 7:o 0 himself ! (fspr+ ( a half-bro!r & si/] f ,foljambe7 0 mat*$ ) 8 own daught]1 gr&daught]1 & great-gr&daught]2 s t ! produce ( ?is la/ union1 or ! great-great-gr&daught]1 _h #ae-af?s1 or #icge p] c5t ( ! blood ( ,fav\rite 9 h] ve9s4 ,?is c[ 0 mat*$ ) ! bull ,well+ton1 hav+ #fbe p] c5t ( ,fav\rite blood 9 8 ve9s1 & produc$ ,cl>issa2 ,cl>issa 0 mat*$ ) ! bull ,lanca/]1 hav+ #fhge ( ! same blood1 & %e yield$ valuable (fspr+4#e ,nev]!less ,coll+s1 :o re>$ ^! animals1 & 0 a /rong advocate = close bre$+1 once cross$ 8 /ock ) a ,gall[ay1 & ! c[s f ?is cross realis$ ! highe/ prices4 ,bates's h]d 0 e/eem$ ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! _w4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s he br$ mo/ closely 9 & 92 b dur+ ! next sev5te5 ye>s1 ?\gh he _h ! mo/ exalt$ notion ( ! value ( 8 own /ock1 he ?rice infus$ fre% blood into 8 h]d3 x is said t he did ?is1 n to improve ! =m ( 8 animals1 b on acc\nt ( _! less5$ f]tility4 ,mr4 ,bates's own view1 z giv5 by a celebrat$ bre$]1#f 01 t 8to bre$ 9-&-9 f a bad /ock 0 ru9 & deva/ation2 yet t ! practice may be safely foll[$ )9 c]ta9 limits :5 ! p>5ts s relat$ are desc5d$ f fir/-rate animals40 ,we ?us see t !re has be5 mu* close int]bre$+ ) ,%or?orns2 b ,na?usius1 aft] ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( _! p$igrees1 says t he c f9d no in/ance ( a bre$] :o has /rictly foll[$ ?is practice dur+ 8 :ole life4 ,f ?is /udy & 8 own exp]i5ce1 he concludes t close int]bre$+ is necess>y to ennoble ! /ock2 b t 9 effect+ ?is ! greate/ c>e is necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy to inf]tility & weakness4 ,x may be add$1 t ano!r high au?ority#g ass]ts t _m m calves are born cripples f ,%or?orns ?an f o!r & less closely int]br$ races ( cattle4 ,al?\gh by c>efully select+ ! be/ animals 7z ,nature effectually does by ! law ( battle7 close int]bre$+ may be long c>ri$ on ) cattle1 yet ! good effects ( a cross betwe5 almo/ any two bre$s is at once %[n by ! great] size & vig\r ( ! (fspr+2 z ,mr4 ,spoon] writes to me1 8cross+ di/9ct bre$s c]ta9ly improves cattle = ! but*]40 ,su* cross$ animals are ( c\rse ( no value to ! bre$]2 b !y h be5 rais$ dur+ _m ye>s 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& to be slaught]$2#h & _! m]it is n[ s fully recognis$1 t at fat-cattle %[s a sep>ate class has be5 =m$ = _! reception4 ,! be/ fat ox at ! great %[ at ,isl+ton 9 #ahfb 0 a cross$ animal4 ,! half-wild cattle1 :i* h be5 kept 9 ,briti% p>ks probably = #djj or #ejj ye>s1 or ev5 = a long] p]iod1 h be5 advanc$ by ,culley & o!rs z a case ( long-cont9u$ int]bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same h]d )\t any consequ5t injury4 ,) respect to ! cattle at ,*ill+ham1 ! late ,"l ,tank]ville own$ t !y 7 bad bre$]s4#i ,! ag5t1 ,mr4 ,h>dy1 e/imates 79 a lett] to me1 dat$ ,may1 #ahfa7 t 9 ! h]d ( ab\t fifty ! av]age numb] annually slaught]$1 kill$ by fight+1 & dy+1 is ab\t t51 or "o 9 five4 ,z ! h]d is kept up to ne>ly ! same av]age numb]1 ! annual rate ( increase mu/ be likewise ab\t "o 9 five4 ,! bulls1 ,i may add1 engage 9 furi\s battles1 ( :i* battles ! pres5t ,"l ,tank]ville has giv5 me a graphic description1 s t !re w always be rigor\s selection ( ! mo/ vigor\s males4 ,i procur$ 9 #ahee f ,mr4 ,d4 ,g>dn]1 ag5t to ! ,duke ( ,hamilton1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! wild cattle kept 9 ! ,duke's p>k 9 ,lan>k%ire1 :i* is ab\t #bjj acres 9 ext5t4 ,! numb] ( cattle v>ies f sixty-five to eighty2 & ! numb] annually kill$ 7,i presume by all causes7 is f eight to t52 s t ! annual rate ( increase c h>dly be m ?an "o 9 six4 ,n[ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! h]ds are half-wild1 & !re=e (f] a ne>ly fair /&>d ( comp>ison1 accord+ to ,az>a ! natural increase ( ! cattle on an e/ancia is f "o-?ird to "o-f\r? ( ! total numb]1 or "o 9 betwe5 ?ree & f\r & ?is1 no d\bt1 applies exclusively to adult animals fit = consumption4 ,h5ce ! half-wild ,briti% cattle :i* h long int]br$ )9 ! limits ( ! same h]d are relatively f> less f]tile4 ,al?\gh 9 an un5clos$ c\ntry l ,p>aguay !re mu/ be "s cross+ betwe5 ! diff]5t h]ds1 yet ev5 !re ! inhabitants believe t ! occasional introduction ( animals f di/ant localities is necess>y to prev5t 8deg5]ation 9 size & dim9ution ( f]tility40#aj ,! decrease 9 size f anci5t times 9 ! ,*ill+ham & ,hamilton cattle mu/ h be5 prodigi\s1 = ,pr(essor ,rtimey] has %[n t !y are almo/ c]ta9ly ! desc5dants ( ! gigantic ,bos primig5ius4 ,no d\bt ?is decrease 9 size may be l>gely attribut$ to less fav\rable conditions ( life2 yet animals roam+ ov] l>ge p>ks1 & f$ dur+ sev]e w9t]s1 c h>dly be consid]$ z plac$ "u v unfav\rable conditions4 ,) ,%eep !re has (t5 be5 long-cont9u$ int]bre$+ )9 ! limits ( ! same flock2 b :e!r ! ne>e/ relations h be5 mat*$ s frequ5tly z 9 ! case ( ,%or?orn cattle1 ,i d n "k4 ,! ,messrs4 ,br[n dur+ fifty ye>s h nev] infus$ fre% blood into _! excell5t flock ( ,leice/]s4 ,s9ce #ahaj ,mr4 ,b>=d has act$ on ! same pr9ciple ) ! ,foscote flock4 ,he ass]ts t half a c5tury ( exp]i5ce has conv9c$ him t :5 two ne>ly relat$ animals are q s\nd 9 con/itution1 9-&-9 bre$+ does n induce deg5]acy2 b he adds t he 8does n pride himself on bre$+ f ! ne>e/ aff9ities40 ,9 ,france ! ,naz flock has be5 br$ = sixty ye>s )\t ! introduction ( a s+le /range ram4#aa ,nev]!less1 mo/ great bre$]s ( %eep h prote/$ aga9/ close int]bre$+ prolong$ = too great a l5g? ( "t4#ab ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( rec5t bre$]s1 ,jonas ,webb1 kept five sep>ate families to "w on1 ?us 8reta9+ ! requisite di/ance ( relation%ip betwe5 ! sexes02#ac & :at is probably ( great] importance1 ! sep>ate flocks w h be5 expos$ to some:at diff]5t conditions4 ,al?\gh by ! aid ( c>eful selection ! ne> int]bre$+ ( %eep may be long cont9u$ )\t any manife/ evil1 yet x has (t5 be5 ! practice ) f>m]s to cross di/9ct bre$s to obta9 animals = ! but*]1 :i* pla9ly %[s t good ( "s k9d is d]iv$ f ?is practice4 ,we h excell5t evid5ce on ?is head f ,mr4 ,s4 ,druce1#ad :o gives 9 detail ! comp>ative numb]s ( f\r pure bre$s & ( a cross-bre$ :i* c be support$ on ! same gr\nd1 & he gives _! produce 9 fleece & c>case4 ,a high au?ority1 ,mr4 ,pusey1 sums up ! result 9 money value dur+ an equal l5g? ( "t1 namely 7neglect+ %ill+s71 = ,cotswolds #bdhl41 = ,leice/]s #bbcl41 = ,s\?d[ns #bjdl41 = ,hamp%ire ,d[ns #bfdl41 & = ! crossbr$ #bicl4 ,a =m] celebrat$ bre$]1 ,"l ,som]ville1 /ates t 8 half-bre$s f ,ryel&s & ,spani% %eep 7 l>g] animals ?an ei!r ! pure ,ryel&s or pure ,spani% %eep4 ,mr4 ,spoon] concludes 8 excell5t ,essay on ,cross+ by ass]t+ t !re is a pecuni>y advantage 9 judici\s cross-bre$+1 especially :5 ! male is l>g] ?an ! female4#ae ,z "s ( our ,briti% p>ks are anci5t1 x occurr$ to me t !re mu/ h be5 long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ ) ! fall[-de] 7,c]vus dama7 kept 9 !m2 b on inquiry ,i f9d t x is a common practice to infuse new blood by procur+ bucks f o!r p>ks4 ,mr4 ,%irley1#af :o has c>efully /udi$ ! managem5t ( de]1 admits t 9 "s p>ks !re has be5 no admixture ( =eign blood f a "t beyond ! memory ( man4 ,b he concludes 8t 9 ! end ! con/ant bre$+ 9-&-9 is sure to tell to ! disadvantage ( ! :ole h]d1 ?\gh x may take a v long "t to prove x2 moreov]1 :5 we f9d1 z is v con/antly ! case1 t ! introduction ( fre% blood has be5 ( ! v greate/ use to de]1 bo? by improv+ _! size & appe>ance1 & p>ticul>ly by be+ ( s]vice 9 remov+ ! ta9t ( #8rickback1' if n ( o!r diseases1 to :i* de] are sometimes subject :5 ! blood has n be5 *ang$1 !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt b t a judici\s cross ) a good /ock is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 & is inde$ ess5tial1 soon] or lat]1 to ! prosp]ity ( e well-ord]$ p>k40 ,mr4 ,meynell's fam\s foxh\nds h be5 adduc$1 z %[+ t no ill effects foll[ f close int]bre$+2 & ,sir ,j4 ,sebright asc]ta9$ f him t he frequ5tly br$ f fa!r & daught]1 "m & son1 & sometimes ev5 f bro!rs & si/]s4 ,) greyh\nds also !re has be5 mu* close int]bre$+1 b ! be/ bre$]s agree t x may be c>ri$ too f>4#ag ,b ,sir ,j4 ,sebright decl>es1#ah t by bre$+ 9-&-91 by :i* he means mat*+ bro!rs & si/]s1 he has actually se5 ! (fspr+ ( /rong spaniels deg5]ate into weak & dim9utive lapdogs4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox has communicat$ to me ! case ( a small lot ( bloodh\nds1 long kept 9 ! same family1 :i* _h become v bad bre$]s1 & ne>ly all _h a bony enl>gem5t 9 ! tail4 ,a s+le cross ) a di/9ct /ra9 ( bloodh\nds re/or$ _! f]tility1 & drove away ! t5d5cy to mal=mation 9 ! tail4 ,i h he>d ! p>ticul>s ( ano!r case ) bloodh\nds1 9 :i* ! female _h to be held to ! male4 ,consid]+ h[ rapid is ! natural increase ( ! dog1 x is difficult to und]/& ! l>ge price ( all highly improv$ bre$s1 :i* almo/ implies long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+1 except on ! belief t ?is process less5s f]tility & increases liability to di/emp] & o!r diseases4 ,a high au?ority1 ,mr4 ,scrope1 attributes ! r>ity & det]ioration 9 size ( ! ,scot* de]h\nd 7! few individuals =m]ly exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry be+ all relat$7 9 l>ge "p to close int]bre$+4 ,) all highly-br$ animals !re is m or less difficulty 9 gett+ !m to procreate quickly1 & all suff] mu* f delicacy ( con/itution4 ,a great judge ( rabbits#ai says1 8! long-e>$ does are (t5 too highly br$ or =c$ 9 _! y\? to be ( mu* value z bre$]s1 (t5 turn+ out b>r5 or bad mo!rs40 ,!y (t5 des]t _! "y1 s t x is necess>y to h nurse-rabbits1 b ,i d n pret5d to attribute all ^! evil results to close int]bre$+4#bj ,) respect to ,pigs !re is m unanimity among/ bre$]s on ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ ?an1 p]haps1 ) any o!r l>ge animal4 ,mr4 ,druce1 a great & successful bre$] ( ! ,improv$ ,ox=d%ires 7a cross$ race71 writes1 8)\t a *ange ( bo>s ( a diff]5t tribe1 b ( ! same bre$1 con/itution _c be pres]v$40 ,mr4 ,fi%] ,hobbs1 ! rais] ( ! celebrat$ ,improv$ ,essex bre$1 divid$ 8 /ock into ?ree sep>ate families1 by :i* means he ma9ta9$ ! bre$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 8by judici\s selection f ! ?ree di/9ct families40#ba ,"l ,we/]n 0 ! fir/ import] ( a ,neapolitan bo> & s[4 8,f ?is pair he br$ 9-&-91 until ! bre$ 0 9 dang] ( becom+ ext9ct1 a sure result 7z ,mr4 ,sidney rem>ks7 ( 9-&-9 bre$+40 ,"l ,we/]n !n cross$ 8 ,neapolitan pigs ) ! old ,essex1 & made ! fir/ great /ep t[>ds ! ,improv$ ,essex bre$4 ,"h is a m int]e/+ case4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,wright1 well kn[n z a bre$]1 cross$#bb ! same bo> ) ! daught]1 gr&daught]1 & great-gr&daught]1 & s on = sev5 g5]ations4 ,! result 01 t 9 _m in/ances ! (fspr+ fail$ to bre$2 9 o!rs !y produc$ few t liv$2 & ( ! latt] _m 7 idiotic1 )\t s5se1 ev5 to suck1 & :5 attempt+ to move c\ld n walk /raight4 ,n[ x des]ves especial notice1 t ! two la/ s[s produc$ by ?is long c\rse ( int]bre$+ 7 s5t to o!r bo>s1 & !y bore sev]al litt]s ( heal?y pigs4 ,! be/ s[ 9 ext]nal appe>ance produc$ dur+ ! :ole sev5 g5]ations 0 "o 9 ! la/ /age ( desc5t2 b ! litt] consi/$ ( ?is "o s[4 ,%e w\ld n bre$ to h] sire1 yet br$ at ! fir/ trial to a /rang] 9 blood4 ,s t1 9 ,mr4 ,wright's case1 long-cont9u$ & extremely close int]bre$+ did n affect ! ext]nal =m or m]it ( ! "y2 b ) _m ( !m ! g5]al con/itution & m5tal p[]s1 & especially ! reproductive functions1 7 s]i\sly affect$4 ,na?usius gives#bc an analog\s & ev5 m /rik+ case3 he import$ f ,engl& a pregnant s[ ( ! l>ge ,york%ire bre$1 & br$ ! product closely 9-&-9 = ?ree g5]ations3 ! result 0 unfav\rable1 z ! "y 7 weak 9 con/itution1 ) impair$ f]tility4 ,"o ( ! late/ s[s1 :i* he e/eem$ a good animal1 produc$1 :5 pair$ ) h] own uncle 7:o 0 kn[n to be productive ) s[s ( o!r bre$s71 a litt] ( six1 & a second "t a litt] ( only five weak "y pigs4 ,he !n pair$ ?is s[ ) a bo> ( a small black bre$1 :i* he _h likewise import$ f ,engl&2 ?is bo>1 :5 mat*$ ) s[s ( 8 own bre$1 produc$ f sev5 to n9e "y4 ,n[1 ! s[ ( ! l>ge bre$1 :i* 0 s unproductive :5 pair$ ) h] own uncle1 yield$ to ! small black bo>1 9 ! fir/ litt] tw5ty-"o1 & 9 ! second litt] eighte5 "y pigs2 s t 9 "o ye> %e produc$ ?irty-n9e f9e "y animals6 ,z 9 ! case ( sev]al o!r animals already m5tion$1 ev5 :5 no injury is p]ceptible f mod]ately close int]bre$+1 yet1 to quote ! words ( ,mr4 ,coate 7:o five times won ! annual gold m$al ( ! ,smi?field ,club ,%[ = ! be/ p5 ( pigs71 8,crosses answ] well = pr(it to ! f>m]1 z y get m con/itution & quick] gr[?2 b = me1 :o sell a great numb] ( pigs = bre$+ purposes1 ,i f9d x w n d1 z x requires _m ye>s to get any?+ l purity ( blood aga940#bd ,almo/ all ! animals z yet m5tion$ are greg>i\s1 & ! males mu/ frequ5tly pair ) _! own daught]s1 = !y expel ! "y males z well z all intrud]s1 until =c$ by old age & loss ( /r5g? to yield to "s /rong] male4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t greg>i\s animals may h be5 r5d]$ less susceptible ?an non-social species to ! evil consequ5ces ( close int]bre$+1 s t !y may be enabl$ to live 9 h]ds )\t injury to _! (fspr+4 ,un=tunately we d n "k :e!r an animal l ! cat1 :i* is n greg>i\s1 w\ld suff] f close int]bre$+ 9 a great] degree ?an our o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,b ! pig is n1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 /rictly greg>i\s1 & we h se5 t x appe>s em95tly liable to ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+4 ,mr4 ,hu?1 9 ! case ( ! pig1 attributes 7,*apt] ,,xxiv7 ^! effects to _! hav+ be5 8cultivat$ mo/ = _! fat10 or to ! select$ individuals hav+ _h a weak con/itution2 b we mu/ rememb] t x is great bre$]s :o h br\ght =w>d ! above cases1 & :o are f> m famili> ?an ord9>y m5 c be1 ) ! causes :i* are likely to int]f]e ) ! f]tility ( _! animals4 ,! effects ( close int]bre$+ 9 ! case ( man is a difficult subject1 on :i* ,i w say b little4 ,x has be5 discuss$ by v>i\s au?ors "u _m po9ts ( view4#be ,mr4 ,tylor#bf has %[n t ) widely diff]5t races 9 ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s ( ! _w1 m>riages betwe5 relations--ev5 betwe5 di/ant relations--h be5 /rictly prohibit$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m exceptions to ! rule1 :i* are fully giv5 by ,mr4 ,hu?4#bg ,x is a curi\s problem h[ ^! prohibitions arose dur+ e>ly & b>b>\s times4 ,mr4 ,tylor is incl9$ to attribute !m to ! evil effects ( consangu9e\s m>riages hav+ be5 obs]v$2 & he +5i\sly attempts to expla9 "s app>5t anomalies 9 ! prohibition n ext5d+ equally to ! relations on ! male & female side4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t o!r causes1 su* z ! ext5sion ( fri5dly alliances1 may h come into play4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,adam1 on ! o!r h&1 concludes t relat$ m>riages are prohibit$ & view$ ) repugnance1 f ! confusion :i* w\ld ?us arise 9 ! desc5t ( prop]ty1 & f o!r /ill m recondite reasons4 ,b ,i _c accept ^! views1 see+ t ince/ is held 9 abhorr5ce by savages su* z ^? ( ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica1#bh :o h no prop]ty to bequea?1 or f9e moral feel+s to confuse1 & :o are n likely to reflect on di/ant evils to _! prog5y4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hu? ! feel+ is ! indirect result ( exogamy1 inasmu* z :5 ?is practice ceas$ 9 any tribe & x became endogam\s1 s t m>riages 7 /rictly conf9$ to ! same tribe1 x is n unlikely t a ve/ige ( ! =m] practice w\ld /ill be reta9$1 s t closely-relat$ m>riages w\ld be prohibit$4 ,) respect to exogamy itself ,mr4 ,mac,lennan believes t x arose f a sc>city ( wom51 ow+ to female infanticide1 aid$ p]haps by o!r causes4 ,x has be5 cle>ly %[n by ,mr4 ,hu? t !re is no in/9ctive feel+ 9 man aga9/ ince/ any m ?an 9 greg>i\s animals4 ,we "k also h[ readily any prejudice or feel+ may rise to abhorr5ce1 z %[n by ,h9dus 9 reg>d to objects caus+ defilem5t4 ,al?\gh !re seems to be no /rong inh]it$ feel+ 9 mank9d aga9/ ince/1 x seems possible t m5 dur+ primeval times may h be5 m excit$ by /range females ?an by ^? ) :om !y habitually liv$2 9 ! same mann] z accord+ to ,mr4 ,cupples1#bi male de]h\nds are incl9$ t[>ds /range females1 :ile ! females pref] dogs ) :om !y h associat$4 ,if any su* feel+ =m]ly exi/$ 9 man1 ?is w\ld h l$ to a pref]5ce = m>riages beyond ! ne>e/ k91 & might h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! (fspr+ ( su* m>riages surviv+ 9 great] numb]s1 z analogy w\ld lead u to believe w\ld h occurr$4 ,:e!r consangu9e\s m>riages1 su* z are p]mitt$ 9 civilis$ nations1 & :i* w\ld n be consid]$ z close int]bre$+ 9 ! case ( our dome/icat$ animals1 cause any injury w nev] be kn[n ) c]ta9ty until a c5sus is tak5 ) ?is object 9 view4 ,my son1 ,george ,d>w91 has done :at is possible at pres5t by a /ati/ical inve/igation1#cj & he has come to ! conclusion1 f 8 own rese>*es & ^? ( ,dr4 ,mit*ell1 t ! evid5ce z to any evil ?us caus$ is conflict+1 b on ! :ole po9ts to ! evil be+ v small4 ,birds4--,9 ! case ( ! ,f[l a :ole array ( au?orities c\ld be giv5 aga9/ too close int]bre$+4 ,sir ,j4 ,sebright positively ass]ts t he made _m trials1 & t 8 f[ls1 :5 ?us treat$1 became long 9 ! legs1 small 9 ! body1 & bad bre$]s4#ca ,he produc$ ! fam\s ,sebright ,bantams by complicat$ crosses1 & by bre$+ 9-&-92 & s9ce 8 "t !re has be5 mu* close int]bre$+ ) ^! animals2 & !y are n[ notori\sly bad bre$]s4 ,i h se5 ,silv] ,bantams1 directly desc5d$ f 8 /ock1 :i* _h become almo/ z b>r5 z hybrids2 = n a s+le *ick5 _h be5 t ye> hat*$ f two full ne/s ( eggs4 ,mr4 ,hewitt says t ) ^! ,bantams ! /]ility ( ! male /&s1 ) r>e exceptions1 9 ! close/ relation ) _! loss ( c]ta9 second>y male *>act]s3 he adds1 8,i h notic$1 z a g5]al rule1 t ev5 ! slighte/ deviation f fem99e "* 9 ! tail ( ! male ,sebright--say ! elongation by only half an in* ( ! two pr9cipal tail fea!rs--br+s ) x improv$ probability ( increas$ f]tility40#cb ,mr4 ,wright /ates#cc t ,mr4 ,cl>k1 8^: fight+-cocks 7 s notori\s1 cont9u$ to bre$ f 8 own k9d till !y lo/ _! disposition to fight1 b /ood to be cut up )\t mak+ any resi/ance1 & 7 s r$uc$ 9 size z to be "u ^? weights requir$ = ! be/ prizes2 b on obta9+ a cross f ,mr4 ,leighton1 !y aga9 resum$ _! =m] c\rage & weight40 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t game-cocks be=e !y f\ght 7 always weigh$1 s t no?+ 0 left to ! imag9ation ab\t any r$uction or increase ( weight4 ,mr4 ,cl>k does n seem to h br$ f bro!rs & si/]s1 :i* is ! mo/ injuri\s k9d ( union2 & he f\nd1 aft] repeat$ trials1 t !re 0 a great] r$uction 9 weight 9 ! "y f a fa!r pair$ ) 8 daught]1 ?an f a "m ) h] son4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,eyton ( ,eyton1 ! well-kn[n orni?ologi/1 :o is a l>ge bre$] ( ,grey ,dork+s1 in=ms me t !y c]ta9ly dim9i% 9 size1 & become less prolific1 unless a cross ) ano!r /ra9 is occasionally obta9$4 ,s x is ) ,malays1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hewitt1 z f> z size is conc]n$4#cd ,an exp]i5c$ writ]#ce rem>ks t ! same amateur1 z is well kn[n1 seldom long ma9ta9s ! sup]iority ( 8 birds2 & ?is1 he adds1 und\bt$ly is due to all 8 /ock 8be+ ( ! same blood20 h5ce x is indisp5sable t he %\ld occasionally procure a bird ( ano!r /ra94 ,b ?is is n necess>y ) ^? :o keep a /ock ( f[ls at diff]5t /ations4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,ballance1 :o has br$ ,malays = ?irty ye>s1 & has won m prizes ) ^! birds ?an any o!r fanci] 9 ,engl&1 says t bre$+ 9-&-9 does n necess>ily cause det]ioration2 8b all dep5ds ^u h[ ?is is manag$4 ,my plan has be5 to keep ab\t five or six di/9ct runs1 & to re> ab\t two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ *ick5s ea* ye>1 & select ! be/ birds f ea* run = cross+4 ,i ?us secure suffici5t cross+ to prev5t det]ioration40#cf ,we ?us see t !re is almo/ complete unanimity ) p\ltry-bre$]s t1 :5 f[ls are kept at ! same place1 evil quickly foll[s f int]bre$+ c>ri$ on to an ext5t :i* w\ld be disreg>d$ 9 ! case ( mo/ quadrup$s4 ,moreov]1 x is a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion t cross-br$ *ick5s are ! h>die/ & mo/ easily re>$4#cg ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 :o has c>efully att5d$ to p\ltry ( all bre$s1 says#ch t ,dork+ h5s1 all[$ to run ) ,h\dan or ,crevecur cocks1 8produce 9 ! e>ly spr+ *ick5s t = size1 h>dihood1 e>ly maturity1 & fitness = ! m>ket1 surpass ^? ( any pure bre$ t we h ev] rais$40 ,mr4 ,hewitt gives x z a g5]al rule ) f[ls1 t cross+ ! bre$ increases _! size4 ,he makes ?is rem>k aft] /at+ t hybrids f ! pheasant & f[l are consid]ably l>g] ?an ei!r prog5itor3 s aga91 hybrids f ! male gold5 pheasant & female common pheasant 8are ( f> l>g] size ?an ei!r p>5t-bird40#ci ,to ?is subject ( ! increas$ size ( hybrids ,i %all pres5tly return4 ,) ,pigeons1 bre$]s are unanim\s1 z previ\sly /at$1 t x is absolutely indisp5sable1 not)/&+ ! tr\ble & exp5se ?us caus$1 occasionally to cross _! mu*-priz$ birds ) individuals ( ano!r /ra91 b belong+1 ( c\rse1 to ! same v>iety4 ,x des]ves notice t1 :5 size is "o ( ! desir$ *>act]s1 z ) p\t]s#dj ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ are mu* soon] p]ceiv$ ?an :5 small birds1 su* z %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 are valu$4 ,! extreme delicacy ( ! high fancy bre$s1 su* z ^! tumbl]s & improv$ ,engli% c>ri]s1 is rem>kable2 !y are liable to _m diseases1 & (t5 die 9 ! egg or dur+ ! fir/ m\lt2 & _! eggs h g5]ally to be hat*$ "u fo/]-mo!rs4 ,al?\gh ^! highly-priz$ birds h inv>iably be5 subject$ to mu* close int]bre$+1 yet _! extreme delicacy ( con/itution _c p]haps be ?us fully expla9$4 ,mr4 ,y>rell in=m$ me t ,sir ,j4 ,sebright cont9u$ closely int]bre$+ "s owl-pigeons1 until f _! extreme /]ility he z ne>ly z possible lo/ ! :ole family4 ,mr4 ,br5t#da tri$ to raise a bre$ ( trumpet]s1 by cross+ a common pigeon1 & recross+ ! daught]1 gr&daught]1 great-gr&daught]1 & great-great-gr&daught]1 ) ! same male trumpet]1 until he obta9$ a bird ) #ae_/af ( trumpet]'s blood2 b !n ! exp]im5t fail$1 = 8bre$+ s close /opp$ reproduction40 ,! exp]i5c$ ,neumei/]#db also ass]ts t ! (fspr+ f dovecotes & v>i\s o!r bre$s are 8g5]ally v f]tile & h>dy birds30 s aga9 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbi1#dc aft] =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 recomm5d p]sons to cross _! bre$s = amusem5t2 =1 if !y fail to make int]e/+ birds1 !y w succe$ "u an economical po9t ( view1 8z x is f\nd t mongrels are m f]tile ?an pigeons ( pure race40 ,i w ref] only to "o o!r animal1 namely1 ! ,hive-bee1 because a di/+ui%$ entomologi/ has advanc$ ?is z a case ( inevitable close int]bre$+4 ,z ! hive is t5ant$ by a s+le female1 x might h be5 ?\ght t h] male & female (fspr+ w\ld always h br$ toge!r1 m especially z bees ( diff]5t hives are ho/ile to ea* o!r2 a /range work] be+ almo/ always attack$ :5 try+ to ent] ano!r hive4 ,b ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has %[n#dd t ?is in/9ct does n apply to drones1 :i* are p]mitt$ to ent] any hive2 s t !re is no priori improbability ( a que5 receiv+ a =eign drone4 ,! fact ( ! union inv>iably & necess>ily tak+ place on ! w+1 dur+ ! que5's nuptial flight1 seems to be a special provision aga9/ cont9u$ int]bre$+4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 exp]i5ce has %[n1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! yell[-b&$ ,ligurian race into ,g]many & ,engl&1 t bees freely cross3 ,mr4 ,woodbury1 :o introduc$ ,ligurian bees into ,devon%ire1 f\nd dur+ a s+le season t ?ree /ocks1 at di/ances ( f "o to two miles f 8 hives1 7 cross$ by 8 drones4 ,9 "o case ! ,ligurian drones mu/ h fl[n ov] ! city ( ,exet]1 & ov] sev]al int]m$iate hives4 ,on ano!r occasion sev]al common black que5s 7 cross$ by ,ligurian drones at a di/ance ( f "o to ?ree & a half miles4#de ,plants4 ,:5 a s+le plant ( a new species is introduc$ into any c\ntry1 if propagat$ by se$1 _m individuals w soon be rais$1 s t if ! prop] insects be pres5t !re w be cross+4 ,) newly-introduc$ trees or o!r plants n propagat$ by se$ we are n "h conc]n$4 ,) old-e/abli%$ plants x is an almo/ univ]sal practice occasionally to make ex*anges ( se$1 by :i* means individuals :i* h be5 expos$ to diff]5t conditions ( life1--& ?is1 z we h se5 ) animals1 dim9i%es ! evil f close int]bre$+1--w occasionally be introduc$ into ea* di/rict4 ,) respect to individuals belong+ to ! same sub-v>iety1 ,grtn]1 ^: accuracy & exp]i5ce exce$$ t ( all o!r obs]v]s1 /ates#df t he has _m times obs]v$ good effects f ?is /ep1 especially ) exotic g5]a1 ( :i* ! f]tility is some:at impair$1 su* z ,passiflora1 ,lobelia1 ,fu*sia4 ,h]b]t also says1#dg 8,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,i h d]iv$ advantage f impregnat+ ! fl[] f :i* ,i wi%$ to obta9 se$ ) poll5 f ano!r individual ( ! same v>iety1 or at lea/ f ano!r fl[]1 r ?an ) its own40 ,aga91 ,pr(essor ,lecoq asc]ta9$ t cross$ (fspr+ are m vigor\s & robu/ ?an _! p>5ts4#dh ,g5]al /atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 c seldom be fully tru/$3 ,i !re=e began a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 cont9u$ = ab\t t5 ye>s1 :i* w ,i ?9k conclusively %[ ! good effects ( cross+ two di/9ct plants ( ! same v>iety1 & ! evil effects ( long-cont9u$ self-f]tilisation4 ,a cle> light w ?us be ?r[n on su* que/ions1 z :y fl[]s are almo/ inv>iably con/ruct$ s z to p]mit1 or fav\r1 or necessitate ! union ( two individuals4 ,we %all cle>ly und]/& :y monci\s & dioeci\s1--:y di*ogam\s1 dimorphic & trimorphic plants exi/1 & _m o!r su* cases4 ,i int5d soon to publi% an acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ,i c "h give only a few cases 9 illu/ration4 ,! plan :i* ,i foll[$ 0 to gr[ plants 9 ! same pot1 or 9 pots ( ! same size1 or close toge!r 9 ! op5 gr\nd2 c>efully to exclude insects2 & !n to f]tilise "s ( ! fl[]s ) poll5 f ! same fl[]1 & o!rs on ! same plant ) poll5 f a di/9ct b adjo9+ plant4 ,9 _m ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! cross$ plants yield$ mu* m se$ ?an ! self-f]tilis$ plants2 & ,i h nev] se5 ! rev]s$ case4 ,! self-f]tilis$ & cross$ se$s ?us obta9$ 7 all[$ to g]m9ate 9 ! same glass vessel on damp s&2 & z ! se$s g]m9at$1 !y 7 plant$ 9 pairs on opposite sides ( ! same pot1 ) a sup]ficial p>tition betwe5 !m1 & 7 plac$ s z to be equally expos$ to ! light4 ,9 o!r cases ! self-f]tilis$ & cross$ se$s 7 simply s[n on opposite sides ( ! same small pot4 ,i h1 9 %ort1 foll[$ diff]5t plans1 b 9 e case h tak5 all ! precautions :i* ,i c\ld ?9k (1 s t ! two lots %\ld be equally fav\r$4 ,! gr[? ( ! plants rais$ f ! cross$ & self-f]tilis$ se$1 7 c>efully obs]v$ f _! g]m9ation to maturity1 9 species belong+ to fifty-two g5]a2 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! gr[?1 & 9 )/&+ unfav\rable conditions1 0 9 mo/ cases manife/ & /rongly m>k$4 ,x is ( importance t ! two lots ( se$ %\ld be s[n or plant$ on opposite sides ( ! same pot1 s t ! se$l+s may /ruggle aga9/ ea* o!r2 = if s[n sep>ately 9 ample & good soil1 !re is (t5 b little diff]5ce 9 _! gr[?4 ,i w briefly describe two ( ! fir/ cases obs]v$ by me4 ,six cross$ & six self-f]tilis$ se$s ( ,ipomoea purpurea1 f plants treat$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 7 plant$ z soon z !y _h g]m9at$1 9 pairs on opposite sides ( two pots1 & rods ( equal ?ickness 7 giv5 !m to tw9e up4 ,five ( ! cross$ plants grew f ! fir/ m quickly ?an ! oppos$ self-f]tilis$ plants2 ! six?1 h[ev]1 0 weakly & 0 = a "t beat51 b at la/ its s\nd] con/itution prevail$ & x %ot ahead ( its antagoni/4 ,z soon z ea* cross$ plant rea*$ ! top ( its sev5-foot rod its fell[ 0 measur$1 & ! result 0 t1 :5 ! cross$ plants 7 sev5 feet high ! self-f]tilis$ _h atta9$ ! av]age height ( only five feet f\r & a half in*es4 ,! cross$ plants fl[]$ a little be=e1 & m pr(usely ?an ! self-f]tilis$ plants4 ,on opposite sides ( ano!r small pot a l>ge numb] ( cross$ & self-f]tilis$ se$s 7 s[n1 s t !y _h to /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce2 a s+le rod 0 giv5 to ea* lot3 "h aga9 ! cross$ plants %[$ f ! fir/ _! advantage2 !y nev] q rea*$ ! summit ( ! sev5-foot rod1 b relatively to ! self-f]tilis$ plants _! av]age height 0 z sev5 feet to five feet two in*es4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ dur+ sev]al succe$+ g5]ations1 treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 & ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,9 ! second g5]ation1 ! cross$ plants1 :i* 7 aga9 cross$1 produc$ #aba se$-capsules1 :il/ ! self-f]tilis$1 aga9 self-f]tilis$1 produc$ only #hd capsules4 ,"s fl[]s ( ! ,mimulus luteus 7 f]tilis$ ) _! own poll51 & o!rs 7 cross$ ) poll5 f di/9ct plants gr[+ 9 ! same pot4 ,! se$s 7 ?ickly s[n on opposite sides ( a pot4 ,! se$l+s 7 at fir/ equal 9 height2 b :5 ! "y cross$ plants 7 half an in*1 ! self-f]tilis$ plants 7 only a qu>t] ( an in* high4 ,b ?is degree ( inequality did n la/1 =1 :5 ! cross$ plants 7 f\r & a half in*es high1 ! self-f]tilis$ 7 ?ree in*es1 & !y reta9$ ! same relative diff]5ce till _! gr[? 0 complete4 ,! cross$ plants look$ f> m vigor\s ?an ! uncross$1 & fl[]$ be=e !m2 !y produc$ also a f> great] numb] ( capsules4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ dur+ sev]al succe$+ g5]ations4 ,_h ,i n wat*$ ^! plants ( ,mimulus & ,ipomoea dur+ _! :ole gr[?1 ,i c\ld n h believ$ x possible1 t a diff]5ce app>5tly s slight z t ( ! poll5 be+ tak5 f ! same fl[]1 or f a di/9ct plant gr[+ 9 ! same pot1 c\ld h made s wond]ful a diff]5ce 9 ! gr[? & vig\r ( ! plants ?us produc$4 ,?is1 "u a physiological po9t ( view1 is a mo/ rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,) respect to ! b5efit d]iv$ f cross+ di/9ct v>ieties1 pl5ty ( evid5ce has be5 publi%$4 ,sag]et#di repeat$ly speaks 9 /rong t]ms ( ! vig\r ( melons rais$ by cross+ diff]5t v>ieties1 & adds t !y are m easily f]tilis$ ?an common melons1 & produce num]\s good se$4 ,"h foll[s ! evid5ce ( an ,engli% g>d5]3#ej 8,i h ?is summ] met ) bett] success 9 my cultivation ( melons1 9 an unprotect$ /ate1 f ! se$s ( hybrids 7i4e4 mongrels7 obta9$ by cross impregnation1 ?an ) old v>ieties4 ,! (fspr+ ( ?ree diff]5t hybridisations 7"o m especially1 ( :i* ! p>5ts 7 ! two mo/ dissimil> v>ieties ,i c\ld select7 ea* yield$ m ample & f9] produce ?an any "o ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty e/abli%$ v>ieties40 ,&rew ,knight#ea believ$ t 8 se$l+s f cross$ v>ieties ( ! apple exhibit$ increas$ vig\r & luxuriance2 & ,m4 ,*evreul#eb alludes to ! extreme vig\r ( "s ( ! cross$ fruit-trees rais$ by ,sag]et4 ,by cross+ reciprocally ! talle/ & %orte/ peas1 ,knight#ec says3 8,i _h 9 ?is exp]im5t a /rik+ in/ance ( ! /imulative effects ( cross+ ! bre$s2 = ! smalle/ v>iety1 ^: height r>ely exce$$ two feet1 0 increas$ to six feet3 :il/ ! height ( ! l>ge & luxuriant k9d 0 v little dim9i%$40 ,mr4 ,laxton gave me se$-peas produc$ f crosses betwe5 f\r di/9ct k9ds2 & ! plants ?us rais$ 7 extraord9>ily vigor\s1 be+ 9 ea* case f "o to two or ?ree feet tall] ?an ! p>5t-=ms gr[+ close alongside !m4 ,wiegmann#ed made _m crosses betwe5 sev]al v>ieties ( cabbage2 & he speaks ) a/oni%m5t ( ! vig\r & height ( ! mongrels1 :i* excit$ ! amazem5t ( all ! g>d5]s :o beheld !m4 ,mr4 ,*aundy rais$ a great numb] ( mongrels by plant+ toge!r six di/9ct v>ieties ( cabbage4 ,^! mongrels display$ an inf9ite div]sity ( "*2 8,b ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 01 t1 :ile all ! o!r cabbages & borecoles 9 ! nurs]y 7 de/roy$ by a sev]e w9t]1 ^! hybrids 7 little injur$1 & suppli$ ! kit*5 :5 !re 0 no o!r cabbage to be _h40 ,mr4 ,maund exhibit$ be=e ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society#ee specim5s ( cross$ :eat1 toge!r ) _! p>5t v>ieties2 & ! editor /ates t !y 7 int]m$iate 9 "*1 8unit$ ) t great] vig\r ( gr[?1 :i* x appe>s1 9 ! vegetable z 9 ! animal _w1 is ! result ( a fir/ cross40 ,knight also cross$ sev]al v>ieties ( :eat1#ef & he says 8t 9 ! ye>s #agie & #agif1 :5 almo/ ! :ole crop ( corn 9 ! isl& 0 blight$1 ! v>ieties ?us obta9$1 & ^! only1 escap$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 ?\gh s[n 9 sev]al diff]5t soils & situations40 ,"h is a rem>kable case3 ,m4 ,clotzs*#eg cross$ ,p9us sylve/ris & nigricans1 ,qu]cus robur & p$unculata1 ,alnus glut9osa & incana1 ,ulmus campe/ris & effusa2 & ! cross-f]tilis$ se$s1 z well z se$s ( ! pure p>5t-trees1 7 all s[n at ! same "t & 9 ! same place4 ,! result 01 t aft] an int]val ( eight ye>s1 ! hybrids 7 "o-?ird tall] ?an ! pure trees6 ,! facts above giv5 ref] to und\bt$ v>ieties1 except+ ! trees cross$ by ,clotzs*1 :i* are rank$ by v>i\s botani/s z /rongly-m>k$ races1 sub-species1 or species4 ,t true hybrids rais$ f entirely di/9ct species1 ?\gh !y lose 9 f]tility1 (t5 ga9 9 size & con/itutional vig\r1 is c]ta94 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to quote any facts2 = all exp]im5t]s1 ,kolreut]1 ,grtn]1 ,h]b]t1 ,sag]et1 ,lecoq1 & ,naud91 h be5 /ruck ) ! wond]ful vig\r1 height1 size1 t5acity ( life1 precocity1 & h>d9ess ( _! hybrid productions4 ,grtn]#eh sums up 8 conviction on ?is head 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms4 ,klreut]#ei gives num]\s precise measurem5ts ( ! weight & height ( 8 hybrids 9 8 comp>ison ) measurem5ts ( bo? p>5t-=ms2 & speaks ) a/oni%m5t ( _! 8/atura port5tosa10 _! 8ambitus va/issimus ac altitudo valde conspicua40 ,"s exceptions to ! rule 9 ! case ( v /]ile hybrids h1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$ by ,grtn] & ,h]b]t2 b ! mo/ /rik+ exceptions are giv5 by ,max ,wi*ura#fj :o f\nd t hybrid will[s 7 g5]ally t5d] 9 con/itution1 dw>f1 & %ort-liv$4 ,kolreut] expla9s ! va/ increase 9 ! size ( ! roots1 /ems1 etc41 ( 8 hybrids1 z ! result ( a sort ( comp5sation due to _! /]ility1 9 ! same way z _m emasculat$ animals are l>g] ?an ! p]fect males4 ,?is view seems at fir/ sight extremely probable1 & has be5 accept$ by v>i\s au?ors2#fa b ,grtn]#fb has well rem>k$ t !re is mu* difficulty 9 fully admitt+ x2 = ) _m hybrids !re is no p>allelism betwe5 ! degree ( _! /]ility & _! increas$ size & vig\r4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( luxuriant gr[? h be5 obs]v$ ) hybrids :i* 7 n /]ile 9 any extreme degree4 ,9 ! g5us ,mirabilis1 c]ta9 hybrids are unusually f]tile1 & _! extraord9>y luxuriance ( gr[?1 toge!r ) _! enorm\s roots#fc h be5 transmitt$ to _! prog5y4 ,! result 9 all cases is probably 9 "p due to ! sav+ ( nutrim5t & vital =ce ?r\gh ! sexual organs act+ imp]fectly or n at all1 b m especially to ! g5]al law ( good be+ d]iv$ f a cross4 ,= x des]ves especial att5tion t mongrel animals & plants1 :i* are s f> f be+ /]ile t _! f]tility is (t5 actually augm5t$1 h1 z previ\sly %[n1 _! size1 h>d9ess1 & con/itutional vig\r g5]ally increas$4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t an accession ( vig\r & size %\ld ?us arise "u ! opposite cont+5cies ( increas$ & dim9i%$ f]tility4 ,x is a p]fectly well asc]ta9$ fact#fd t hybrids inv>iably bre$ ) ei!r pure p>5t1 & n r>ely ) a di/9ct species1 m readily ?an ) "o ano!r4 ,h]b]t is incl9$ to expla9 ev5 ?is fact by ! advantage d]iv$ f a cross2 b ,grtn] m ju/ly acc\nts = x by ! poll5 ( ! hybrid1 & probably its ovules1 be+ 9 "s degree vitiat$1 :]eas ! poll5 & ovules ( bo? pure p>5ts & ( any ?ird species are s\nd4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s well-asc]ta9$ & rem>kable facts1 :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 %[ t a cross by itself und\bt$ly t5ds to increase or re-e/abli% ! f]tility ( hybrids4 ,! same law1 namely1 t ! cross$ (fspr+ bo? ( v>ieties & species are l>g] ?an ! p>5t-=ms1 holds good 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] ) hybrid animals z well z ) mongrels4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 :o has _h su* l>ge exp]i5ce says1 8,among all hybrids ( v]tebrat$ animals !re is a m>k$ increase ( size40 ,he !n enum]ates _m cases ) mammals1 includ+ monkeys1 & ) v>i\s families ( birds4#fe ,on c]ta9 ,h]maphrodite ,plants :i*1 ei!r normally or abnormally1 require to be f]tilis$ by poll5 f a di/9ct individual or species4 ,! facts n[ to be giv5 diff] f ! =ego+1 z self-/]ility is n "h ! result ( long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+4 ,^! facts are1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) our pres5t subject1 because a cross ) a di/9ct individual is %[n to be ei!r necess>y or advantage\s4 ,dimorphic & trimorphic plants1 ?\gh !y are h]maphrodites1 mu/ be reciprocally cross$1 "o set ( =ms by ! o!r1 9 ord] to be fully f]tile1 & 9 "s cases to be f]tile 9 any degree4 ,b ,i %\ld n h notic$ ^! plants1 _h x n be5 = ! foll[+ cases giv5 by ,dr4 ,hildebr&3--#ff ,primula s95sis is a reciprocally dimorphic species3 ,dr4 ,hildebr& f]tilis$ tw5ty-eight fl[]s ( bo? =ms1 ea* by poll5 ( ! o!r =m1 & obta9$ ! full numb] ( capsules conta9+ on an av]age #dbg se$ p] capsule2 "h we h complete & normal f]tility4 ,he !n f]tilis$ =ty-two fl[]s ( bo? =ms ) poll5 ( ! same =m1 b tak5 f a di/9ct plant1 & all produc$ capsules conta9+ on an av]age only #aif se$4 ,la/ly1 & "h we come to our m imm$iate po9t1 he f]tilis$ =ty-eight fl[]s ( bo? =ms ) poll5 ( ! same =m & tak5 f ! same fl[]1 & n[ he obta9$ only ?irty-two capsules1 & ^! conta9$ on an av]age #ahf se$1 or "o less p] capsule ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,s t1 ) ^! illegitimate unions1 ! act ( impregnation is less assur$1 & ! f]tility slightly less1 :5 ! poll5 & ovules belong to ! same fl[]1 ?an :5 belong+ to two di/9ct individuals ( ! same =m4 ,dr4 ,hildebr& has rec5tly made analog\s exp]im5ts on ! long-/yl$ =m ( ,oxalis rosea1 ) ! same result4#fg ,x has rec5tly be5 discov]$ t c]ta9 plants1 :il/ gr[+ 9 _! native c\ntry "u natural conditions1 _c be f]tilis$ ) poll5 f ! same plant4 ,!y are sometimes s utt]ly self-impot5t1 t1 ?\gh !y c readily be f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( a di/9ct species or ev5 di/9ct g5us1 yet1 wond]ful z is ! fact1 !y nev] produce a s+le se$ by _! own poll54 ,9 "s cases1 moreov]1 ! plant's own poll5 & /igma mutually act on ea* o!r 9 a delet]i\s mann]4 ,mo/ ( ! facts to be giv5 relate to or*ids1 b ,i w comm5ce ) a plant belong+ to a widely diff]5t family4 ,sixty-?ree fl[]s ( ,corydalis cava1 borne on di/9ct plants1 7 f]tilis$ by ,dr4 ,hildebr&#fh ) poll5 f o!r plants ( ! same species2 & fifty-eight capsules 7 obta9$1 includ+ on an av]age #d4e se$ 9 ea*4 ,he !n f]tilis$ sixte5 fl[]s produc$ by ! same raceme1 "o ) ano!r1 b obta9$ only ?ree capsules1 "o ( :i* alone conta9$ any good se$s1 namely1 two 9 numb]4 ,la/ly1 he f]tilis$ tw5ty-sev5 fl[]s1 ea* ) its own poll52 he left also fifty-sev5 fl[]s to be spontane\sly f]tilis$1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly h ensu$ if x _h be5 possible1 = ! an!rs n only t\* ! /igma1 b ! poll5-tubes 7 se5 by ,dr4 ,hildebr& to p5etrate x2 nev]!less ^! eighty-f\r fl[]s did n produce a s+le se$-capsule6 ,?is :ole case is highly in/ructive1 z x %[s h[ widely diff]5t ! action ( ! same poll5 is1 accord+ z x is plac$ on ! /igma ( ! same fl[]1 or on t ( ano!r fl[] on ! same raceme1 or on t ( a di/9ct plant4 ,) exotic ,or*ids sev]al analog\s cases h be5 obs]v$1 *iefly by ,mr4 ,john ,scott4#fi ,oncidium sphacelatum has effective poll51 = ,mr4 ,scott f]tilis$ two di/9ct species ) x2 ! ovules are likewise capable ( impregnation1 = !y 7 readily f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,o4 div>icatum2 nev]!less1 betwe5 "o & two hundr$ fl[]s f]tilis$ by _! own poll5 did n produce a s+le capsule1 ?\gh ! /igmas 7 p5etrat$ by ! poll5-tubes4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,munro1 ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh1 also in=ms me 7#ahfd7 t a hundr$ & tw5ty fl[]s ( ?is same species 7 f]tilis$ by him ) _! own poll51 & did n produce a capsule1 b eight fl[]s1 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,o4 div>icatum1 produc$ f\r f9e capsules3 aga91 betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ fl[]s ( ,o4 div>icatum1 f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 did n set a capsule1 b twelve fl[]s f]tilis$ by ,o4 flexuosum produc$ eight f9e capsules3 s t "h we h ?ree utt]ly self-impot5t species1 ) _! male & female organs p]fect1 z %[n by _! mutual f]tilisation4 ,9 ^! cases f]tilisation 0 effect$ only by ! aid ( a di/9ct species4 ,b1 z we %all pres5tly see1 di/9ct plants1 rais$ f se$1 ( ,oncidium flexuosum1 & probably ( ! o!r species1 w\ld h be5 p]fectly capable ( f]tilis+ ea* o!r1 = ?is is ! natural process4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,scott f\nd t ! poll5 ( a plant ( ,o4 micro*ilum 0 effective1 = ) x he f]tilis$ two di/9ct species2 he f\nd its ovules good1 = !y c\ld be f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( "o ( ^! species1 & by ! poll5 ( a di/9ct plant ( ,o4 micro*ilum2 b !y c\ld n be f]tilis$ by poll5 ( ! same plant1 ?\gh ! poll5-tubes p5etrat$ ! /igma4 ,an analog\s case has be5 record$ by ,m4 ,rivire#gj ) two plants ( ,o4 cav5di%ianum1 :i* 7 bo? self-/]ile1 b reciprocally f]tilis$ ea* o!r4 ,all ^! cases ref] to ! g5us ,oncidium1 b ,mr4 ,scott f\nd t ,maxill>ia atro-rub5s 0 8totally insusceptible ( f]tilisation ) its own poll510 b f]tilis$1 & 0 f]tilis$ by1 a widely di/9ct species1 viz4 ,m4 squal5s4 ,z ^! or*ids _h be5 gr[n "u unnatural conditions 9 hot-h\ses1 ,i conclud$ t _! self-/]ility 0 due to ?is cause4 ,b ,fritz ,mll] in=ms me t at ,de/]ro1 9 ,brazil1 he f]tilis$ above "o hundr$ fl[]s ( ! above-m5tion$ ,oncidium flexuosum1 :i* is !re endemic1 ) its own poll51 & ) t tak5 f di/9ct plants3 all ! =m] 7 /]ile1 :il/ ^? f]tilis$ by poll5 f any o!r plant ( ! same species 7 f]tile4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ! two k9ds ( poll53 t plac$ on /igma ( ! same plant sep>at$ 9 ! usual mann] into gra9s1 & emitt$ tubes :i* p5etrat$ ! column1 & ! /igmatic *amb] %ut itself2 b only ^? fl[]s :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by poll5 tak5 f a di/9ct plant produc$ se$-capsules4 ,on a subsequ5t occasion ^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ on a l>ge scale ) ! same result4 ,fritz ,mll] f\nd t f\r o!r endemic species ( ,oncidium 7 9 l mann] utt]ly /]ile ) _! own poll51 b f]tile ) t f any o!r plant3 "s ( !m likewise produc$ se$-capsules :5 impregnat$ ) poll5 ( widely di/9ct g5]a1 su* z ,cyrtopodium1 & ,rodriguezia4 ,oncidium crispum1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ! =ego+ species 9 v>y+ mu* 9 its self-/]ility2 "s plants produc+ f9e pods ) _! own poll51 o!rs fail+ to d s 9 two or ?ree in/ances1 ,fritz ,mll] obs]v$ t ! pods produc$ by poll5 tak5 f a di/9ct fl[] on ! same plant1 7 l>g] ?an ^? produc$ by ! fl[]'s own poll54 ,9 ,epid5drum c9nab>9um1 an or*id belong+ to ano!r division ( ! family1 f9e pods 7 produc$ by ! plant's own poll51 b !y conta9$ by weight only ab\t half z mu* se$ z ! capsules :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by poll5 f a di/9ct plant1 & 9 "o in/ance f a di/9ct species2 moreov]1 a v l>ge proportion1 & 9 "s cases ne>ly all ! se$s produc$ by ! plant's own poll51 7 de/itute ( an embryo4 ,"s self-f]tilis$ capsules ( a ,maxill>ia 7 9 a simil> /ate4 ,ano!r obs]vation made by ,fritz ,mll] is highly rem>kable1 namely1 t ) v>i\s or*ids ! plant's own poll5 n only fails to impregnate ! fl[]1 b acts on ! /igma1 & is act$ on1 9 an injuri\s or poison\s mann]4 ,?is is %[n by ! surface ( ! /igma 9 contact ) ! poll51 & by ! poll5 itself becom+ 9 f ?ree to five days d>k br[n1 & !n decay+4 ,! discoloration & decay are n caus$ by p>asitic cryptograms1 :i* 7 obs]v$ by ,fritz ,mll] 9 only a s+le in/ance4 ,^! *anges are well %[n by plac+ on ! same /igma1 at ! same "t1 ! plant's own poll5 & t f a di/9ct plant ( ! same species1 or ( ano!r species1 or ev5 ( ano!r & widely remote g5us4 ,?us1 on ! /igma ( ,oncidium flexuosum1 ! plant's own poll5 & t f a di/9ct plant 7 plac$ side by side1 & 9 five days' "t ! latt] 0 p]fectly fre%1 :il/ ! plant's own poll5 0 br[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! poll5 ( a di/9ct plant ( ! ,oncidium flexuosum & ( ! ,epid5drum zebra 7nov4 spec487 7 plac$ toge!r on ! same /igma1 !y behav$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 ! gra9s sep>at+1 emitt+ tubes1 & p5etrat+ ! /igma1 s t ! two poll5-masses1 aft] an int]val ( elev5 days1 c\ld n be di/+ui%$ except by ! diff]5ce ( _! caudicles1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 und]go no *ange4 ,fritz ,mll] has1 moreov]1 made a l>ge numb] ( crosses betwe5 or*ids belong+ to di/9ct species & g5]a1 & he f9ds t 9 all cases :5 ! fl[]s are n f]tilis$ _! foot/alks fir/ beg9 to )]2 & ! )]+ sl[ly spreads upw>ds until ! g]m5s fall (f1 aft] an int]val ( "o or two weeks1 & 9 "o in/ance ( betwe5 six & sev5 weeks2 b ev5 9 ?is latt] case1 & 9 mo/ o!r cases1 ! poll5 & /igma rema9$ 9 appe>ance fre%4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! poll5 becomes br[ni%1 g5]ally on ! ext]nal surface1 & n 9 contact ) ! /igma1 z is inv>iably ! case :5 ! plant's own poll5 is appli$4 ,fritz ,mll] obs]v$ ! poison\s action ( ! plant's own poll5 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,oncidium flexuosum1 ,o4 unicorne1 pubes 7871 & 9 two o!r unnam$ species4 ,also 9 two species ( ,rodriguezia1 9 two ( ,notylia1 9 "o ( ,burl+tonia1 & ( a f\r? g5us 9 ! same gr\p4 ,9 all ^! cases1 except ! la/1 x 0 prov$ t ! fl[]s 71 z might h be5 expect$1 f]tile ) poll5 f a di/9ct plant ( ! same species4 ,num]\s fl[]s ( "o species ( ,notylia 7 f]tilis$ ) poll5 f ! same raceme2 9 two days' "t !y all )]$1 ! g]m5s began to %r9k1 ! poll5-masses became d>k br[n1 & n "o poll5-gra9 emitt$ a tube4 ,s t 9 ?is or*id ! injuri\s action ( ! plant's own poll5 is m rapid ?an ) ,oncidium flexuosum4 ,eight o!r fl[]s on ! same raceme 7 f]tilis$ ) poll5 f a di/9ct plant ( ! same species3 two ( ^! 7 dissect$1 & _! /igmas 7 f\nd to be p5etrat$ by numb]less poll5-tubes2 & ! g]m5s ( ! o!r six fl[]s became well develop$4 ,on a subsequ5t occasion _m o!r fl[]s 7 f]tilis$ ) _! own poll51 & all fell (f dead 9 a few days2 :il/ "s fl[]s on ! same raceme :i* _h be5 left simply unf]tilis$ adh]$ & long rema9$ fre%4 ,we h se5 t 9 cross-unions betwe5 extremely di/9ct or*ids ! poll5 long rema9s undecay$2 b ,notylia behav$ 9 ?is respect diff]5tly2 = :5 its poll5 0 plac$ on ! /igma ( ,oncidium flexuosum1 bo? ! /igma & poll5 quickly became d>k br[n1 9 ! same mann] z if ! plant's own poll5 _h be5 appli$4 ,fritz ,mll] sugge/s t1 z 9 all ^! cases ! plant's own poll5 is n only impot5t 7?us effectually prev5t+ self-f]tilisation71 b likewise prev5ts1 z 0 asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( ! ,notylia & ,oncidium flexuosum1 ! action ( subsequ5tly appli$ poll5 f a di/9ct individual1 x w\ld be an advantage to ! plant to h its own poll5 r5d]$ m & m delet]i\s2 = ! g]m5s w\ld ?us quickly be kill$1 & dropp+ (f1 !re w\ld be no fur!r wa/e 9 n\ri%+ a "p :i* ultimately c\ld be ( no avail4 ,! same naturali/ f\nd 9 ,brazil ?ree plants ( a ,bignonia gr[+ ne> toge!r4 ,he f]tilis$ tw5ty-n9e fl[]ets on "o ( !m ) _! own poll51 & !y did n set a s+le capsule4 ,?irty fl[]s 7 !n f]tilis$ ) poll5 f a di/9ct plant1 "o ( ! ?ree1 & !y yield$ only two capsules4 ,la/ly1 five fl[]s 7 f]tilis$ ) poll5 f a f\r? plant gr[+ at a di/ance1 & all five produc$ capsules4 ,fritz ,mll] ?9ks t ! ?ree plants :i* grew ne> "o ano!r 7 probably se$l+s f ! same p>5t1 & t f be+ closely relat$1 !y act$ v feebly on "o ano!r4 ,?is view is extremely probable1 = he has s9ce %[n 9 a rem>kable pap]1#ga t 9 ! case ( "s ,brazilian species ( ,abutilon1 :i* are self-/]ile1 & betwe5 :i* he rais$ "s complex hybrids1 t ^!1 if ne> relatives1 7 mu* less f]tile int] se1 ?an :5 n closely relat$4 ,we n[ come to cases closely analog\s ) ^? j giv51 b diff]5t 9 s f> t only c]ta9 individuals ( ! species are self-/]ile4 ,?is self-impot5ce does n dep5d on ! poll5 or ovules be+ 9 an unfit /ate = f]tilisation1 = bo? h be5 f\nd effective 9 union ) o!r plants ( ! same or ( a di/9ct species4 ,! fact ( plants hav+ acquir$ s peculi> a con/itution1 t !y c be f]tilis$ m readily by ! poll5 ( a di/9ct species ?an by _! own1 is exactly ! rev]se ( :at occurs ) all ord9>y species4 ,= 9 ! latt] ! two sexual elem5ts ( ! same individual plant are ( c\rse capable ( freely act+ on ea* o!r2 b are s con/itut$ t !y are m or less impot5t :5 br\ght into union ) ! sexual elem5ts ( a di/9ct species1 & produce m or less /]ile hybrids4 ,grtn] exp]im5t$ on two plants ( ,lobelia fulg5s1 br\ght f sep>ate places1 & f\nd#gb t _! poll5 0 good1 = he f]tilis$ ) x ,l4 c>d9alis & syphilitica2 _! ovules 7 likewise good1 = !y 7 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ^! same two species2 b ^! two plants ( ,l4 fulg5s c\ld n be f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 z c g5]ally be effect$ ) p]fect ease ) ?is species4 ,aga91 ! poll5 ( a plant ( ,v]bascum nigrum gr[n 9 a pot 0 f\nd by ,grtn]#gc capable ( f]tilis+ ,v4 ly*nitis & ,v4 au/riacum2 ! ovules c\ld be f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,v4 ?apsus2 b ! fl[]s c\ld n be f]tilis$ by _! own poll54 ,klreut]1 also1#gd gives ! case ( ?ree g>d5 plants ( ,v]bascum phniceum1 :i* bore dur+ two ye>s _m fl[]s2 ^! he f]tilis$ successfully ) ! poll5 ( no less ?an f\r di/9ct species1 b !y produc$ n a se$ ) _! own app>5tly good poll52 subsequ5tly ^! same plants1 & o!rs rais$ f se$1 assum$ a /rangely fluctuat+ condition1 be+ tempor>ily /]ile on ! male or female side1 or on bo? sides1 & sometimes f]tile on bo? sides2 b two ( ! plants 7 p]fectly f]tile ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,) ,res$a odorata ,i h f\nd c]ta9 individuals q /]ile ) _! own poll51 & s x is ) ! indig5\s ,res$a lutea4 ,! self-/]ile plants ( bo? species 7 p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$ ) poll5 f any o!r individual ( ! same species4 ,^! obs]vations w h]eaft] be publi%$ 9 ano!r "w1 9 :i* ,i %all also %[ t se$s s5t to me by ,fritz ,mll] produc$ by plants ( ,es*s*oltzia cali=nica :i* 7 q self-/]ile 9 ,brazil1 yield$ 9 ?is c\ntry plants :i* 7 only slightly self-/]ile4 ,x appe>s#ge t c]ta9 fl[]s on c]ta9 plants ( ,lilium c&idum c be f]tilis$ m freely by poll5 f a di/9ct individual ?an by _! own4 ,s1 aga91 ) ! v>ieties ( ! potato4 ,t9zmann1#gf :o made _m trials ) ?is plant1 says t poll5 f ano!r v>iety sometimes 8ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce1 & ,i h f\nd sorts ( potatoes :i* w\ld n be> se$ f impregnation ) ! poll5 ( _! own fl[]s w\ld be> x :5 impregnat$ ) o!r poll540 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 prov$ t ! poll5 :i* fail$ to act on ! fl[]'s own /igma 0 9 itself good4 ,9 ! g5us ,passiflora x has long be5 kn[n t sev]al species d n produce fruit1 unless f]tilis$ by poll5 tak5 f di/9ct species3 ?us1 ,mr4 ,m[bray#gg f\nd t he c\ld n get fruit f ,p4 alata & racemosa except by reciprocally f]tilis+ !m ) ea* o!r's poll52 & simil> facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,g]many & ,france4#gh ,i h receiv$ two acc\nts ( ,p4 quadrangul>is nev] produc+ fruit f its own poll51 b do+ s freely :5 f]tilis$ 9 "o case ) ! poll5 ( ,p4 crulea1 & 9 ano!r case ) t ( ,p4 edulis4 ,b 9 ?ree o!r cases ?is species fruit$ freely :5 f]tilis$ ) its own poll52 & ! writ] 9 "o case attribut$ ! fav\rable result to ! temp]ature ( ! h\se hav+ be5 rais$ f #e to #aj ,fahr4 above ! =m] temp]ature1 aft] ! fl[]s 7 f]tilis$4#gi ,) respect to ,p4 laurifolia1 a cultivator ( mu* exp]i5ce has rec5tly rem>k$#hj t ! fl[]s 8mu/ be f]tilis$ ) ! poll5 ( ,p4 crulea1 or ( "s o!r common k9d1 z _! own poll5 w n f]tilise !m40 ,b ! fulle/ details on ?is subject h be5 giv5 by ,messrs4 ,scott & ,rob]tson ,munro3#ha plants ( ,passiflora racemosa1 crulea1 & alata fl[]$ pr(usely dur+ _m ye>s 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh1 &1 ?\gh repeat$ly f]tilis$ ) _! own poll51 nev] produc$ any se$2 yet ?is occurr$ at once ) all ?ree species :5 !y 7 cross$ toge!r 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! case ( ,p4 crulea ?ree plants1 two ( :i* grew 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 7 all r5d]$ f]tile1 m]ely by impregnat+ ea* ) poll5 ( "o ( ! o!rs4 ,! same result 0 atta9$ 9 ! same mann] ) ,p4 alata1 b ) only "o plant out ( ?ree4 ,z s _m self-/]ile species ( ,passiflora h be5 m5tion$1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! fl[]s ( ! annual ,p4 gracilis are ne>ly z f]tile ) _! own poll5 z ) t f a di/9ct plant2 ?us sixte5 fl[]s spontane\sly self-f]tilis$ produc$ fruit1 ea* conta9+ on an av]age #bac se$1 :il/ fruit f f\rte5 cross$ fl[]s conta9$ #bda se$4 ,return+ to ,p4 alata1 ,i h receiv$ 7#ahff7 "s int]e/+ details f ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,munro4 ,?ree plants1 includ+ "o 9 ,engl&1 h already be5 m5tion$ :i* 7 invet]ately self-/]ile1 & ,mr4 ,munro in=ms me ( sev]al o!rs :i*1 aft] repeat$ trials dur+ _m ye>s1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,at "s o!r places1 h[ev]1 ?is species fruits readily :5 f]tilis$ ) its own poll54 ,at ,taym\? ,ca/le !re is a plant :i* 0 =m]ly graft$ by ,mr4 ,donaldson on a di/9ct species1 "n unkn[n1 & ev] s9ce ! op]ation x has produc$ fruit 9 abundance by its own poll52 s t ?is small & unnatural *ange 9 ! /ate ( ?is plant has re/or$ its self-f]tility6 ,"s ( ! se$l+s f ! ,taym\? ,ca/le plant 7 f\nd to be n only /]ile ) _! own poll51 b ) ea* o!r's poll51 & ) ! poll5 ( di/9ct species4 ,poll5 f ! ,taym\? plant fail$ to f]tilise c]ta9 plants ( ! same species1 b 0 successful on "o plant 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,botanic ,g>d5s4 ,se$l+s 7 rais$ f ?is latt] union1 & "s ( _! fl[]s 7 f]tilis$ by ,mr4 ,munro ) _! own poll52 b !y 7 f\nd to be z self-impot5t z ! "m-plant _h always prov$1 except :5 f]tilis$ by ! graft$ ,taym\? plant1 & except1 z we %all see1 :5 f]tilis$ by h] own se$l+s4 ,= ,mr4 ,munro f]tilis$ eighte5 fl[]s on ! self-impot5t "m-plant ) poll5 f ^! h] own self-impot5t se$l+s1 & obta9$1 rem>kable z ! fact is1 eighte5 f9e capsules full ( excell5t se$6 ,i h met ) no case 9 reg>d to plants :i* %[s s well z ?is ( ,p4 alata1 on :at small & my/]i\s causes complete f]tility or complete /]ility dep5ds4 ,! facts hi!rto giv5 relate to ! mu*-less5$ or completely de/roy$ f]tility ( pure species :5 impregnat$ ) _! own poll51 9 comp>ison ) _! f]tility :5 impregnat$ by di/9ct individuals or di/9ct species2 b closely analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ ) hybrids4 ,h]b]t /ates#hb t hav+ 9 fl[] at ! same "t n9e hybrid ,hippea/rums1 ( complicat$ orig91 desc5d$ f sev]al species1 he f\nd t 8almo/ e fl[] t\*$ ) poll5 f ano!r cross produc$ se$ abundantly1 & ^? :i* 7 t\*$ ) _! own poll5 ei!r fail$ entirely1 or =m$ sl[ly a pod ( inf]ior size1 ) few] se$s40 ,9 ! #8,horticultural ,j\rnal' he adds t 8! admission ( ! poll5 ( ano!r cross-br$ ,hippea/rum 7h[ev] complicat$ ! cross7 to any "o fl[] ( ! numb]1 is almo/ sure to *eck ! fructification ( ! o!rs40 ,9 a lett] writt5 to me 9 #ahci1 ,dr4 ,h]b]t says t he _h already tri$ ^! exp]im5ts dur+ five consecutive ye>s1 & he subsequ5tly repeat$ !m1 ) ! same inv>iable result4 ,he 0 ?us l$ to make an analog\s trial on a pure species1 namely1 on ! ,hippea/rum aulicum1 :i* he _h lately import$ f ,brazil3 ?is bulb produc$ f\r fl[]s1 ?ree ( :i* 7 f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 & ! f\r? by ! poll5 ( a triple cross betwe5 ,h4 bulbulosum1 reg91 & vittatum2 ! result 01 t 8! ov>ies ( ! ?ree fir/ fl[]s soon ceas$ to gr[1 & aft] a few days p]i%$ entirely3 :]eas ! pod impregnat$ by ! hybrid made vigor\s & rapid progress to maturity1 & bore good se$1 :i* vegetat$ freely40 ,?is is1 inde$1 z ,h]b]t rem>ks1 8a /range tru?10 b n s /range z x !n appe>$4 ,z a confirmation ( ^! /atem5ts1 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,m4 ,mayes#hc aft] mu* exp]i5ce 9 cross+ ! species ( ,am>yllis 7,hippea/rum71 says1 8nei!r ! species nor ! hybrids w1 we are well aw>e1 produce se$ s abundantly f _! own poll5 z f t ( o!rs40 ,s1 aga91 ,mr4 ,bidwell1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales#hd ass]ts t ,am>yllis belladonna be>s _m m se$s :5 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,brunswigia 7,am>yllis ( "s au?ors7 joseph9 or ( ,b4 multiflora1 ?an :5 f]tilis$ by its own poll54 ,mr4 ,beaton du/$ f\r fl[]s ( a ,cyrtan?us ) _! own poll51 & f\r ) ! poll5 ( ,vallota 7,am>yllis7 purpurea2 on ! sev5? day 8^? :i* receiv$ _! own poll5 slack5$ _! gr[?1 & ultimately p]i%$2 ^? :i* 7 cross$ ) ! ,vallota held on40#he ,^! latt] cases1 h[ev]1 relate to uncross$ species1 l ^? be=e giv5 ) respect to ,passiflora1 ,or*ids1 etc41 & are "h ref]r$ to only because ! plants belong to ! same gr\p ( ,am>yllidace4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on ! hybrid ,hippea/rums1 if ,h]b]t _h f\nd t ! poll5 ( two or ?ree k9ds alone _h be5 m effici5t on c]ta9 k9ds ?an _! own poll51 x might h be5 argu$ t ^!1 f _! mix$ p>5tage1 _h a clos] mutual aff9ity ?an ! o!rs2 b ?is explanation is inadmissible1 = ! trials 7 made reciprocally backw>ds & =w>ds on n9e diff]5t hybrids2 & a cross1 :i*ev] way tak51 always prov$ highly b5eficial4 ,i c add a /rik+ & analog\s case f exp]im5ts made by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,rawson1 ( ,bromley ,common1 ) "s complex hybrids ( ,gladiolus4 ,?is skilful horticulturi/ possess$ a numb] ( ,fr5* v>ieties1 diff]+ f ea* o!r only 9 ! col\r & size ( ! fl[]s1 all desc5d$ f ,g&av5sis1 a well-kn[n old hybrid1 said to be desc5d$ f ,g4 natal5sis by ! poll5 ( ,g4 oppositiflorus4#hf ,mr4 ,rawson1 aft] repeat$ trials1 f\nd t none ( ! v>ieties w\ld set se$ ) _! own poll51 al?\gh tak5 f di/9ct plants ( ! same v>iety 7:i* _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 propagat$ by bulbs71 b t !y all se$$ freely ) poll5 f any o!r v>iety4 ,to give two examples3 ,ophir did n produce a capsule ) its own poll51 b :5 f]tilis$ ) t ( ,janire1 ,br5*ley5sis1 ,vulca9 & ,l9n1 x produc$ t5 f9e capsules2 b ! poll5 ( ,ophir 0 good1 = :5 ,l9n 0 f]tilis$ by x sev5 capsules 7 produc$4 ,?is latt] v>iety1 on ! o!r h&1 0 utt]ly b>r5 ) its own poll51 :i* we h se5 0 p]fectly effici5t on ,ophir4 ,altoge!r1 ,mr4 ,rawson1 9 ! ye> #ahfa f]tilis$ tw5ty-six fl[]s borne by f\r v>ieties ) poll5 tak5 f o!r v>ieties1 & e s+le fl[] produc$ a f9e se$-capsule2 :]eas fifty-two fl[]s on ! same plants1 f]tilis$ at ! same "t ) _! own poll51 did n yield a s+le se$-capsule4 ,mr4 ,rawson f]tilis$1 9 "s cases1 ! alt]nate fl[]s1 & 9 o!r cases all ^? d[n "o side ( ! spike1 ) poll5 ( o!r v>ieties1 & ! rema9+ fl[]s ) _! own poll54 ,i saw ^! plants :5 ! capsules 7 ne>ly mature1 & _! curi\s arrangem5t at once br\ght full conviction to ! m9d t an imm5se advantage _h be5 d]iv$ f cross+ ^! hybrids4 ,la/ly1 ,i h he>d f ,dr4 ,e4 ,bornet1 ( ,antibes1 :o has made num]\s exp]im5ts 9 cross+ ! species ( ,ci/us1 b has n yet publi%$ ! results1 t1 :5 any ( ^! hybrids are f]tile1 !y may be said to be1 9 reg>d to function1 dioeci\s2 8= ! fl[]s are always /]ile :5 ! pi/il is f]tilis$ by poll5 tak5 f ! same fl[] or f fl[]s on ! same plant4 ,b !y are (t5 f]tile if poll5 be employ$ f a di/9ct individual ( ! same hybrid nature1 or f a hybrid made by a reciprocal cross40 ,conclusion4--,t plants %\ld be self-/]ile1 al?\gh bo? sexual elem5ts are 9 a fit /ate = reproduction1 appe>s at fir/ sight oppos$ to all analogy4 ,) respect to ! species1 all ! individuals ( :i* are 9 ?is /ate1 al?\gh liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 we may conclude t _! self-/]ility has be5 acquir$ = ! sake ( effectually prev5t+ self-f]tilisation4 ,! case is closely analog\s ) t ( dimorphic & trimorphic or het]o/yl$ plants1 :i* c be fully f]tilis$ only by plants belong+ to a diff]5t =m1 & n1 z 9 ! =ego+ cases1 indiff]5tly by any o!r individual ( ! species4 ,"s ( ^! het]o-/yl$ plants are completely /]ile ) poll5 tak5 f ! same plant or f ! same =m4 ,) respect to species liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 ( :i* only c]ta9 individuals are self-/]ile 7z ) ,res$a lutea71 x is probable t ^! h be5 r5d]$ self-/]ile to ensure occasional cross-f]tilisation1 :il/ o!r individuals h rema9$ self-f]tile to ensure ! propagation ( ! species4 ,! case seems to be p>allel ) t ( plants :i* produce1 z ,h]mann ,mll] has discov]$1 two =ms--"o be>+ m conspicu\s fl[]s ) _! /ructure adapt$ = cross-f]tilisation by insects1 & ! o!r =m ) less conspicu\s fl[]s adapt$ = self-f]tilisation4 ,! self-/]ility1 h[ev]1 ( "s ( ! =ego+ plants is incid5tal on ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 z ) ! ,es*s*oltzia1 ! ,v]bascum phniceum 7! /]ility ( :i* v>i$ accord+ to ! season71 & ) ! ,passiflora alata1 :i* recov]$ its self-f]tility :5 graft$ on a diff]5t /ock4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve 9 ! above sev]al cases ! graduat$ s]ies f plants :i*1 :5 f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 yield ! full numb] ( se$s1 b ) ! se$l+s a little dw>f$ 9 /ature--to plants :i* :5 self-f]tilis$ yield few se$s--to ^? :i* yield none1 b h _! ov>ia some:at develop$--&1 la/ly1 to ^? 9 :i* ! plant's own poll5 & /igma mutually act on "o ano!r l poison4 ,x is also int]e/+ to obs]ve on h[ slight a diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! poll5 or ( ! ovules complete self-/]ility or complete self-f]tility mu/ dep5d 9 "s ( ! above cases4 ,e individual ( ! self-/]ile species appe>s to be capable ( produc+ ! full complem5t ( se$ :5 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( any o!r individual 7?\gh judg+ f ! facts giv5 ) respect to ,abutilon ! ne>e/ k9 mu/ be except$72 b n "o individual c be f]tilis$ by its own poll54 ,z e organism diff]s 9 "s slight degree f e o!r individual ( ! same species1 s no d\bt x is ) _! poll5 & ovules2 & 9 ! above cases we mu/ believe t complete self-/]ility & complete self-f]tility dep5d on su* slight diff]5ces 9 ! ovules & poll51 & n _! hav+ be5 diff]5tiat$ 9 "s special mann] 9 relation to "o ano!r2 = x is impossible t ! sexual elem5ts ( _m ?\s& individuals %\ld h be5 specialis$ 9 relation to e o!r individual4 ,9 "s1 h[ev]1 ( ! above cases1 z ) c]ta9 ,passifloras1 an am\nt ( diff]5tiation betwe5 ! poll5 & ovules suffici5t = f]tilisation is ga9$ only by employ+ poll5 f a di/9ct species2 b ?is is probably ! result ( su* plants hav+ be5 r5d]$ some:at /]ile f ! unnatural conditions to :i* !y h be5 expos$4 ,exotic animals conf9$ 9 m5ag]ies are sometimes 9 ne>ly ! same /ate z ! above-describ$ self-impot5t plants2 =1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 c]ta9 monkeys1 ! l>g] c>nivora1 sev]al f9*es1 geese1 & pheasants1 cross toge!r1 q z freely z1 or ev5 m freely ?an ! individuals ( ! same species bre$ toge!r4 ,cases w1 also1 be giv5 ( sexual incompatibility betwe5 c]ta91 male & female dome/icat$ animals1 :i*1 nev]!less1 are f]tile :5 mat*$ ) any o!r individual ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] x 0 %[n t ! cross+ ( individuals belong+ to di/9ct families ( ! same race1 or to diff]5t races or species1 gives increas$ size & con/itutional vig\r to ! (fspr+1 &1 except 9 ! case ( cross$ species1 increas$ f]tility4 ,! evid5ce re/s on ! univ]sal te/imony ( bre$]s 7= x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,i am n "h speak+ ( ! evil results ( close int]bre$+71 & is practically exemplifi$ 9 ! high] value ( cross-br$ animals = imm$iate consumption4 ,! good results ( cross+ h also be5 demon/rat$ ) "s animals & ) num]\s plants1 by actual weight & measurem5t4 ,al?\gh animals ( pure blood w obvi\sly be det]iorat$ by cross+1 z f> z _! *>act]i/ic qualities are conc]n$1 !re seems to be no exception to ! rule t advantages ( ! k9d j m5tion$ are ?us ga9$1 ev5 :5 !re has n be5 any previ\s close int]bre$+2 & ! rule applies to su* animals z cattle & %eep1 :i* c long resi/ bre$+ 9-&-9 betwe5 ! ne>e/ blood-relations4 ,9 ! case ( cross$ species1 al?\gh size1 vig\r1 precocity1 & h>d9ess are1 ) r>e exceptions1 ga9$1 f]tility1 9 a great] or less degree1 is lo/2 b ! ga9 9 ! above respects c h>dly be attribut$ to ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation2 = !re is no close p>allelism betwe5 ! increas$ size & vig\r ( hybrid (fspr+ & _! /]ility4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t mongrels :i* are p]fectly f]tile ga9 ^! same advantages z well z /]ile hybrids4 ,) ! high] animals no special adaptations = ensur+ occasional crosses betwe5 di/9ct families seem to exi/4 ,! eag]ness ( ! males1 lead+ to sev]e competition betwe5 !m1 is suffici5t2 = ev5 ) greg>i\s animals1 ! old & dom9ant males w be dispossess$ aft] a "t & x w\ld be a m]e *ance if a closely relat$ memb] ( ! same family 7 to be ! victori\s successor4 ,! /ructure ( _m ( ! l[] animals1 :5 !y are h]maphrodites1 is su* z to prev5t ! ovules be+ f]tilis$ by ! male elem5t ( ! same individual2 s t ! conc\rse ( two individuals is necess>y4 ,9 o!r cases ! access ( ! male elem5t ( a di/9ct individual is at lea/ possible4 ,) plants1 :i* are affix$ to ! gr\nd & _c w&] f place to place l animals1 ! num]\s adaptations = cross-f]tilisation are wond]fully p]fect1 z has be5 admitt$ by e "o :o has /udi$ ! subject4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ are n s easily recognis$ z ! good effects f cross+1 = ! det]ioration is gradual4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! g5]al op9ion ( ^? :o h _h mo/ exp]i5ce1 especially ) animals :i* propagate quickly1 t evil does inevitably foll[ soon] or lat]1 b at diff]5t rates ) diff]5t animals4 ,no d\bt a false belief may1 l a sup]/ition1 prevail widely2 yet x is difficult to suppose t s _m acute obs]v]s h all be5 deceiv$ at ! exp5se ( mu* co/ & tr\ble4 ,a male animal may sometimes be pair$ ) 8 daught]1 gr&daught]1 & s on1 ev5 = sev5 g5]ations1 )\t any manife/ bad result3 b ! exp]im5t has nev] be5 tri$ ( mat*+ bro!rs & si/]s1 :i* is consid]$ ! close/ =m ( int]bre$+1 = an equal numb] ( g5]ations4 ,!re is good reason to believe t by keep+ ! memb]s ( ! same family 9 di/9ct bodies1 especially if expos$ to some:at diff]5t conditions ( life1 & by occasionally cross+ ^! families1 ! evil results ( int]bre$+ may be mu* dim9i%$ or q elim9at$4 ,^! results are loss ( con/itutional vig\r1 size1 & f]tility2 b !re is no necess>y det]ioration 9 ! g5]al =m ( ! body1 or 9 o!r good qualities4 ,we h se5 t ) pigs fir/-rate animals h be5 produc$ aft] long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+1 ?\gh !y _h become extremely inf]tile :5 pair$ ) _! ne> relations4 ,! loss ( f]tility1 :5 x occurs1 seems nev] to be absolute1 b only relative to animals ( ! same blood2 s t ?is /]ility is to a c]ta9 ext5t analog\s ) t ( self-impot5t plants :i* _c be f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 b are p]fectly f]tile ) poll5 ( any o!r individual ( ! same species4 ,! fact ( inf]tility ( ?is peculi> nature be+ "o ( ! results ( long-cont9u$ int]bre$+1 %[s t int]bre$+ does n act m]ely by comb9+ & augm5t+ v>i\s morbid t5d5cies common to bo? p>5ts2 = animals ) su* t5d5cies1 if n at ! "t actually ill1 c g5]ally propagate _! k9d4 ,al?\gh (fspr+ desc5d$ f ! ne>e/ blood-relations are n necess>ily det]iorat$ 9 /ructure1 yet "s au?ors believe t !y are em95tly liable to mal=mations2 & ?is is n improbable1 z ev]y?+ :i* less5s ! vital p[]s acts 9 ?is mann]4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d h be5 record$ 9 ! case ( pigs1 bloodh\nds1 & "s o!r animals4 ,f9ally1 :5 we consid] ! v>i\s facts n[ giv5 :i* pla9ly %[ t good foll[s f cross+1 & less pla9ly t evil foll[s f close int]bre$+1 & :5 we be> 9 m9d t ) v _m organisms elaborate provisions h be5 made = ! occasional union ( di/9ct individuals1 ! exi/5ce ( a great law ( nature is almo/ prov$2 namely1 t ! cross+ ( animals & plants :i* are n closely relat$ to ea* o!r is highly b5eficial or ev5 necess>y1 & t int]bre$+ prolong$ dur+ _m g5]ations is injuri\s4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,! ,art ( ,improv+ ! ,bre$1 etc41' #ahji1 p4 #af4 #b #8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,kill]by1 etc4 ,h]ds1' p4 #da4 #c ,= ,&rew ,knight1 see ,a4 ,walk]1 on #8,int]m>riage1' #ahch1 p4 #bbg4 ,sir ,j4 ,sebright's ,treatise has j be5 quot$4 #d #8,cattle1' p4 #aii4 #e ,i give ?is on ! au?ority ( ,na?usius1 #8,ueb] ,%or?orn ,r9dvieh1' #aheg1 s4 #ga1 7see also #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #bgj74 ,b ,mr4 ,j4 ,/or]1 a l>ge bre$] ( cattle1 in=ms me t ! p>5tage ( ,cl>issa is n well au!nticat$4 ,9 ! fir/ vol4 ( ! #8,h]d ,book1' %e 0 ent]$ z hav+ six desc5ts f ,fav\rite1 8:i* 0 a palpable mi/ake10 & 9 all subsequ5t editions %e 0 spok5 ( z hav+ only f\r desc5ts4 ,mr4 ,/or] d\bts ev5 ab\t ! f\r1 z no names ( ! dams are giv54 ,moreov]1 ,cl>issa bore 8only two bulls & "o heif]1 & 9 ! next g5]ation h] prog5y became ext9ct40 ,analog\s cases ( close int]bre$+ are giv5 9 a pamphlet publi%$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,macknight & ,dr4 ,h4 ,madd51 #8,on ! ,true ,pr9ciples ( ,bre$+2' ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 #ahfe4 #f ,mr4 ,will\ghby ,wood1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #daa2 & #ahfj1 p4 #bgj4 ,see ! v cle> tables & p$igrees giv5 9 ,na?usius' #8,r9dvieh1' s4 #gb-gg4 #g ,mr4 ,wright1 #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 vii41 #ahdf1 p4 #bjd4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d[n+ 7a successful bre$] ( ,%or?orns 9 ,irel&7 in=ms me t ! rais]s ( ! great families ( ,%or?orns c>efully conceal _! /]ility & want ( con/itution4 ,he adds t ,mr4 ,bates1 aft] he _h br$ 8 h]d 9-&-9 = "s ye>s1 8lo/ 9 "o season tw5ty-eight calves solely f want ( con/itution40 #h ,y\att on ,cattle1 p4 #bjb4 #i #8,report ,briti% ,assoc41 ,zoolog4 ,sect41' #ahch4 #aj ,az>a1 #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 pp4 #ced1 #cfh4 #aa ,= ! case ( ! ,messrs4 ,br[n1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #bf4 ,= ! ,foscote flock1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #daf4 ,= ! ,naz flock1 #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' #ahfj1 p4 #dgg4 #ab ,na?usius1 #8,r9dvieh1' s4 #fe2 ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #die4 #ac #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #fca4 #ad #8,j\rnal ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv41 #ahec1 p4 #bab4 #ae ,"l ,som]ville1 #8,facts on ,%eep & ,husb&ry1' p4 #f4 ,mr4 ,spoon] 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc4 ( ,engl&1' vol4 xx4 "p ii4 ,see also an excell5t pap] on ! same subject 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #cba1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,h[>d4 #af #8,"s ,acc\nt ( ,engli% ,de] ,p>ks1' by ,evelyn ,p4 ,%irley1 #ahfg4 #ag ,/oneh5ge1 #8,! ,dog1' #ahfg1 pp4 #age-agh4 #ah #8,! ,art ( ,improv+ ! ,bre$1' etc41 p4 #ac4 ,) respect to ,scot* de]h\nds1 see ,scrope's #8,art ( ,de] ,/alk+1' pp4 #cej-cec4 #ai #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfa1 p4 #cbg4 #bj ,mr4 ,hu? gives 7#8,! ,m>riage ( ,ne> ,k91' #ahge1 p4 #cjb7 f ! #8,bullet9 de l',acad4 ,r4 de ,md4 de ,belgique' 7vol4 ix41 #ahff1 pp4 #bhg1 #cje71 sev]al /atem5ts made by a ,m4 ,legra9 ) respect to cross+ bro!r & si/] rabbits = five or six successive g5]ations ) no consequ5t evil results4 ,i 0 s mu* surpris$ at ?is acc\nt1 & at ,m4 ,legra9's inv>iable success 9 8 exp]im5ts1 t ,i wrote to a di/+ui%$ naturali/ 9 ,belgium to inquire :e!r ,m4 ,legra9 0 a tru/wor?y obs]v]4 ,9 answ]1 ,i h he>d t1 z d\bts 7 express$ ab\t ! au!nticity ( ^! exp]im5ts1 a commission ( inquiry 0 appo9t$1 & t at a succe$+ meet+ ( ! ,society 7#8,bull4 de l',acad4 ,r4 de ,md4 de ,belgique1' #ahfg1 #crd s]ies1 ,tome #a1 ,no4 #a to #e71 ,dr4 ,crocq report$ 8qu'il tait matriellem5t impossible que ,m4 ,legra9 ait fait les expri5ces qu'il annonce40 ,to ?is public accusation no satisfactory answ] 0 made4 #ba ,sidney's edit4 ( #8,y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 p4 #cj2 p4 #cc quotation f ,mr4 ,druce2 p4 #bi on ,"l ,we/]n's case4 #bb #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc4 ( ,engl&1' #ahdf1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bje4 #bc #8,ueb] ,r9dvieh1' etc41 s4 #gh4 ,col4 ,le ,c\teur1 :o has done s mu* = ! agriculture ( ,j]sey1 writes to me t f possess+ a f9e bre$ ( pigs he br$ !m v closely1 twice pair+ bro!rs & si/]s1 b ne>ly all ! "y _h fits & di$ sudd5ly4 #bd ,sidney on ! ,pig1 p4 #cf4 ,see also note p4 #cd4 ,also ,ri*>dson on ! ,pig1 #ahdg1 p4 #bf4 #be ,dr4 ,dally has publi%$ an excell5t article 7translat$ 9 ! #8,an?ropolog4 ,review1' ,may1 #ahfd1 p4 #fe71 criticis+ all writ]s :o h ma9ta9$ t evil foll[s f consangu9e\s m>riages4 ,no d\bt on ?is side ( ! "q _m advocates h injur$ _! cause by inaccuracies3 ?us x has be5 /at$ 7,devay1 #8,du ,dang] des ,m>iages1' etc41 #ahfb1 p4 #ada7 t ! m>riages ( c\s9s h be5 prohibit$ by ! legislature ( ,ohio2 b ,i h be5 assur$1 9 answ] to inquiries made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ?is /atem5t is a m]e fable4 #bf ,see 8 int]e/+ "w on ! #8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,man1' #ahfe1 *ap4 x4 #bg #8,! ,m>riage ( ,ne> ,k91' #ahge4 ,! evid5ce giv5 by ,mr4 ,hu? w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 ev5 m valuable ?an x is on ?is & "s o!r po9ts1 if he _h ref]r$ solely to ! works ( m5 :o _h long resid$ 9 ea* c\ntry ref]r$ to1 & :o %[$ t !y possess$ judgm5t & caution4 ,see also ,mr4 ,w4 ,adam1 #8,on ,consangu9ity 9 ,m>riage' 9 ! #8,=tnightly ,review1' #ahfe1 p4 #gaj4 ,also ,h(ack]1 #8,ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' etc41 #ahbh4 #bh ,sir ,g4 ,grey's #8,j\rnal ( ,exp$itions into ,au/ralia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdc2 & ,dobrizh(f]1 #8,on ! ,abipones ( ,s\? ,am]ica4' #bi #8,desc5t ( ,man1' #bnd4 edit4 p4 #ebd4 #cj #8,j\rnal ( ,/ati/ical ,soc4' ,june1 #ahge1 p4 #aec2 & #8,=tnightly ,review1' ,june1 #ahge4 #ca #8,! ,art ( ,improv+ ! ,bre$1' p4 #ac4 #cb #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bde4 #cc #8,j\rnal ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' #ahdf1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bje2 see also ,f]guson on ! ,f[l1 pp4 #hc1 #cag2 see also #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #ace1 ) respect to ! ext5t to :i* cock-fight]s f\nd t !y c\ld v5ture to bre$ 9-&-91 viz41 occasionally a h5 ) h] own son2 8b !y 7 cauti\s n to repeat ! 9-&-9 bre$+40 #cd #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #gi4 #ce #8,! ,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc4 #cf #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #gi4 #cg #8,! ,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i4 p4 #hi4 #ch #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #baj4 #ci ,ibid4 #ahff1 p4 #afg2 & #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #ae4 #dj #8,a ,treatise on ,fancy ,pigeons1' by ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 p4 #ef4 #da #8,! ,pigeon ,book1' p4 #df4 #db #8,das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t1' #ahcg1 s4 #ah4 #dc #8,les ,pigeons1' #ahbd1 p4 #ce4 #dd #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc41' ,aug4 #f?1 #ahfj1 p4 #abf4 #de #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 pp4 #ci1 #gg1 #aeh2 & #ahfd1 p4 #bjf4 #df #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' #ahdd1 s4 #cff4 #dg #8,am>yllidace1' p4 #cga4 #dh #8,de la ,fcondation1' #bnd edit41 #ahfb1 p4 #gi4 #di #8,mmoire sur les ,cucurbitaces1' pp4 #cf1 #bh1 #cj4 #ej ,l\don's #8,g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 viii41 #ahcb1 p4 #eb4 #ea #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #be4 #eb #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #crd s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 vi4 p4 #ahi4 #ec #8,philosophical ,transactions1' #agii1 p4 #bjj4 #ed #8,ueb] die ,ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahbh1 s4 #cb1 #cc4 ,= ,mr4 ,*aundy's case1 see ,l\don's #8,g>d4 ,mag4' vol4 vii4 #ahca1 p4 #fif4 #ee #8,g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdf1 p4 #fja4 #ef #8,philosoph4 ,transact41' #agii1 p4 #bja4 #eg ,quot$ 9 #8,bull4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,france1' vol4 ii41 #ahee1 p4 #cbg4 #eh ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #bei1 #eah1 #ebf et seq4 #ei #8,=tsetzung1' #agfc1 s4 #bi2 #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' s4 #dd1 #if2 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #aghb1 "p ii41 p4 #bea2 #8,nova ,acta1' #agic1 pp4 #cia1 #cid2 #8,nova ,acta1' #agie1 pp4 #caf1 #cbc4 #fj #8,die ,ba/>dbefru*tung1' etc41 #ahfe1 s4 #ca1 #da1 #db4 #fa ,max ,wi*ura fully accepts ?is view 7#8,ba/>dbefru*tung1' s4 #dc71 z does ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' ,jan4 #ahff1 p4 #gj4 #fb #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #cid1 #ebf1 #ebh4 #fc ,klreut]1 #8,nova ,acta1' #agie1 p4 #caf4 #fd ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #dcj4 #fe ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,murie1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahgj1 p4 #dj4 #ff #8,botanis*e ,zeitung1' ,jan4 #ahfd1 s4 #c4 #fg #8,monatsb]i*t ,akad4 ,wiss54' ,b]l91 #ahff1 s4 #cgb4 #fh ,int]national ,hort4 ,congress1 ,london1 #ahff4 #fi #8,proc4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1' ,may1 #ahfc3 ^! obs]vations are giv5 9 ab/ract1 & o!rs are add$1 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ( ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 viii4 ,bot41 #ahfd1 p4 #afb4 #gj ,pr(4 ,lecoq1 #8,de la ,fcondation1' #bnd edit41 #ahfb1 p4 #gf4 #ga #8,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift fur ,naturwiss4' ,b4 vii4 p4 #bb1 #ahgb1 & p4 #dda1 #ahgc4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is pap] has be5 translat$ 9 ! #8,am]ican ,naturali/1' #ahgd1 p4 #bbc4 #gb #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #fd1 #ceg4 #gc ,ibid41 s4 #ceg4 #gd #8,zweite ,=tsetzung1' s4 #aj2 #8,dritte ,=ts41' s4 #dj4 ,mr4 ,scott likewise f]tilis$ fifty-f\r fl[]s ( ,v]bascum phniceum1 includ+ two v>ieties1 ) _! own poll51 & n a s+le capsule 0 produc$4 ,_m ( ! poll5-gra9s emitt$ _! tubes1 b only a few ( !m p5etrat$ ! /igmas2 "s slight effect h[ev] 0 produc$1 z _m ( ! ov>ies became some:at develop$3 #8,j\rnal ,asiatic ,soc4 ,b5gal1' #ahfg1 p4 #aej4 #ge ,duv]noy1 quot$ by ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #ccd4 #gf #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdf1 p4 #ahc4 #gg #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vii41 #ahcj1 p4 #ie4 #gh ,pr(4 ,lecoq #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahde1 p4 #gj2 ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #fd4 #gi #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfh1 p4 #acda4 #hj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #ajfh4 #ha #8,j\rnal ( ,proc4 ( ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 viii41 #ahfd1 p4 #aafh4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,munro1 9 #8,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4' ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cii4 #hb #8,am>yllidace1' #ahcg1 p4 #cga2 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii41 #ahdg1 p4 #ai4 #hc ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 xi41 #ahce1 p4 #bfj4 #hd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #dgj4 #he #8,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #ace4 ,! se$l+s ?us rais$ 7 giv5 to ! ,hort4 ,soc42 b ,i f9d1 on inquiry1 t !y un=tunately di$ ! foll[+ w9t]4 #hf ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahfa1 p4 #dec4 ,lecoq h[ev] 7#8,de la ,fcond41' #ahfb1 p4 #cfi71 /ates t ?is hybrid is desc5d$ f ,g4 psittac9us & c>d9alis2 b ?is is oppos$ to ,h]b]t's exp]i5ce1 :o f\nd t ! =m] species c\ld n be cross$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,on ,,! ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life3 ,,/]ility ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,causes4 ,,on ,,! ,,good ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,slight ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,/]ility ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions1 ,,9 ,,animals1 ,,9 ,,_! ,,native ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,9 ,,m5ag]ies--,,mammals1 ,,birds1 ,,& ,,insects--,,loss ,,( ,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,( ,,in/9cts--,,causes ,,( ,,/]ility--,,/]ility ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,sexual ,,incompatibility ,,( ,,individual ,,animals--,,/]ility ,,( ,,plants ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,contabesc5ce ,,( ,,! ,,an!rs--,,mon/rosities ,,z ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,/]ility--,,d\ble ,,fl[]s--,,se$less ,,fruit--,,/]ility ,,f ,,! ,,excessive ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,vegetation--,,f ,,long-,,cont9u$ ,,propagation ,,by ,,buds--,,incipi5t ,,/]ility ,,! ,,prim>y ,,cause ,,( ,,d\ble ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,se$less ,,fruit4 ,on ! ,good d]iv$ f slight ,*anges 9 ! ,conditions ( ,life4--,9 consid]+ :e!r any facts 7 kn[n :i* might ?r[ light on ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! la/ *apt]1 namely1 t b5efits ensue f cross+1 & t x is a law ( nature t all organic be+s %\ld occasionally cross1 x appe>$ to me probable t ! good d]iv$ f slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 f be+ an analog\s ph5om5on1 might s]ve ?is purpose4 ,no two individuals1 & /ill less no two v>ieties1 are absolutely alike 9 con/itution & /ructure2 & :5 ! g]m ( "o is f]tilis$ by ! male elem5t ( ano!r1 we may believe t x is act$ on 9 a some:at simil> mann] z an individual :5 expos$ to slightly *ang$ conditions4 ,n[1 e "o mu/ h obs]v$ ! rem>kable influ5ce on convalesc5ts ( a *ange ( resid5ce1 & no m$ical man d\bts ! tru? ( ?is fact4 ,small f>m]s :o hold b little l& are conv9c$ t _! cattle d]ive great b5efit f a *ange ( pa/ure4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 ! evid5ce is /rong t a great advantage is d]iv$ f ex*ang+ se$s1 tub]s1 bulbs1 & cutt+s f "o soil or place to ano!r z diff]5t z possible4 ,! belief t plants are ?us b5efit$1 :e!r or n well f\nd$1 has be5 firmly ma9ta9$ f ! "t ( ,columella1 :o wrote %ortly aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 to ! pres5t day2 & x n[ prevails 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4#a ,a sagaci\s obs]v]1 ,bradley1 writ+ 9 #agbd1b says1 8,:5 we once become ,ma/]s ( a good ,sort ( ,se$1 we %\ld at lea/ put x into ,two or ,?ree ,h&s1 :]e ! ,soils & ,situations are z diff]5t z possible2 & e ,ye> ! ,p>ties %\ld *ange ) "o ano!r2 by :i* ,means1 ,i f9d ! ,goodness ( ! ,se$ w be ma9ta9$ = sev]al ,ye>s4 ,= ,want ( ?is ,use _m ,f>m]s h fail$ 9 _! ,crops & be5 great ,los]s40 ,he !n gives 8 own practical exp]i5ce on ?is head4 ,a mod]n writ]#c ass]ts1 8,no?+ c be m cle>ly e/abli%$ 9 agriculture ?an t ! cont9ual gr[? ( any "o v>iety 9 ! same di/rict makes x liable to det]ioration ei!r 9 quality or quantity40 ,ano!r writ] /ates t he s[$ close toge!r 9 ! same field two lots ( :eat-se$1 ! product ( ! same orig9al /ock1 "o ( :i* _h be5 gr[n on ! same l& & ! o!r at a di/ance1 & ! diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! crop f ! latt] se$ 0 rem>kable4 ,a g5tleman 9 ,surrey :o has long made x 8 bus9ess to raise :eat to sell = se$1 & :o has con/antly realis$ 9 ! m>ket high] prices ?an o!rs1 assures me t he f9ds x indisp5sable cont9ually to *ange 8 se$2 & t = ?is purpose he keeps two f>ms diff]+ mu* 9 soil & elevation4 ,) respect to ! tub]s ( ! potato1 ,i f9d t at ! pres5t day ! practice ( ex*ang+ sets is almo/ ev]y:]e foll[$4 ,! great gr[]s ( potatoes 9 ,lanca%ire =m]ly us$ to get tub]s f ,scotl&1 b !y f\nd t 8a *ange f ! moss-l&s1 & vice v]sa1 0 g5]ally suffici5t40 ,9 =m] times 9 ,france ! crop ( potatoes 9 ! ,vosges _h become r$uc$ 9 ! c\rse ( fifty or sixty ye>s 9 ! proportion f #abj-aej to #cj-dj bu%els2 & ! fam\s ,ob]l9 attribut$ ! surpris+ good :i* he effect$ 9 l>ge "p to *ang+ ! sets4#d ,a well-kn[n practical g>d5]1 ,mr4 ,robson#e positively /ates t he has himself witness$ decid$ advantage f obta9+ bulbs ( ! onion1 tub]s ( ! potato1 & v>i\s se$s1 all ( ! same k9d1 f diff]5t soils & di/ant p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,he fur!r /ates t ) plants propagat$ by cutt+s1 z ) ! ,pel>gonium1 & especially ! ,dahlia1 manife/ advantage is d]iv$ f gett+ plants ( ! same v>iety1 :i* h be5 cultivat$ 9 ano!r place2 or1 8:]e ! ext5t ( ! place all[s1 to take cutt+s f "o description ( soil to plant on ano!r1 s z to af=d ! *ange t seems s necess>y to ! well-be+ ( ! plants40 ,he ma9ta9s t aft] a "t an ex*ange ( ?is nature is 8=c$ on ! gr[]1 :e!r he be prep>$ = x or n40 ,simil> rem>ks h be5 made by ano!r excell5t g>d5]1 ,mr4 ,fi%1 namely1 t cutt+s ( ! same v>iety ( ,calceol>ia1 :i* he obta9$ f a neighb\r1 8%[$ mu* great] vig\r ?an "s ( 8 own t 7 treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]10 & he attribut$ ?is solely to 8 own plants hav+ become 8to a c]ta9 ext5t worn out or tir$ ( _! qu>t]s40 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d app>5tly occurs 9 graft+ & budd+ fruit-trees2 =1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,abbey1 grafts or buds g5]ally take ) great] facility on a di/9ct v>iety or ev5 species1 or on a /ock previ\sly graft$1 ?an on /ocks rais$ f se$s ( ! v>iety :i* is to be graft$2 & he believes ?is _c be altoge!r expla9$ by ! /ocks 9 "q be+ bett] adapt$ to ! soil & climate ( ! place4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be add$1 t v>ieties graft$ or budd$ on v di/9ct k9ds1 ?\gh !y may take m readily & gr[ at fir/ m vigor\sly ?an :5 graft$ on closely alli$ /ocks1 aft]w>ds (t5 become unheal?y4 ,i h /udi$ ,m4 ,tessi]'s c>eful & elaborate exp]im5ts#f made to disprove ! common belief t good is d]iv$ f a *ange ( se$2 & he c]ta9ly %[s t ! same se$ may ) c>e be cultivat$ on ! same f>m 7x is n /at$ :e!r on exactly ! same soil7 = t5 consecutive ye>s )\t loss4 ,ano!r excell5t obs]v]1 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur#g has come to ! same conclusion2 b !n he expressly adds1 if ! same se$ be us$1 8t :i* is gr[n on l& manur$ f ! mix5 "o ye> becomes se$ = l& prep>$ ) lime1 & t aga9 becomes se$ = l& dress$ ) a%es1 !n = l& dress$ ) mix$ manure1 & s on40 ,b ?is 9 effect is a sy/ematic ex*ange ( se$1 )9 ! limits ( ! same f>m4 ,on ! :ole ! belief1 :i* has long be5 held by _m cultivators1 t good foll[s f ex*ang+ se$1 tub]s1 etc41 seems to be fairly well f\nd$4 ,x seems h>dly cr$ible t ! advantage ?us d]iv$ c be due to ! se$s1 especially if v small ones1 obta9+ 9 "o soil "s *emical elem5t defici5t 9 ! o!r & 9 suffici5t quantity to influ5ce ! :ole aft]-gr[? ( ! plant4 ,z plants aft] once g]m9at+ are fix$ to ! same spot1 x might h be5 anticipat$ t !y w\ld %[ ! good effects ( a *ange m pla9ly ?an d animals :i* cont9ually w&] ab\t2 & ?is app>5tly is ! case4 ,life dep5d+ on1 or consi/+ 91 an incessant play ( ! mo/ complex =ces1 x w\ld appe> t _! action is 9 "s way /imulat$ by slight *anges 9 ! circum/ances to :i* ea* organism is expos$4 ,all =ces ?r\gh\t nature1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#h rem>ks1 t5d t[>ds an equilibrium1 & = ! life ( ea* organism x is necess>y t ?is t5d5cy %\ld be *eck$4 ,^! views & ! =ego+ facts probably ?r[ light1 on ! "o h&1 on ! good effects ( cross+ ! bre$1 = ! g]m w be ?us slightly modifi$ or act$ on by new =ces2 & on ! o!r h&1 on ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ prolong$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 dur+ :i* ! g]m w be act$ on by a male hav+ almo/ id5tically ! same con/itution4 ,/]ility f ,*ang$ ,conditions ( ,life4 ,i w n[ attempt to %[ t animals & plants1 :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions1 are (t5 r5d]$ 9 "s degree inf]tile or completely b>r52 & ?is occurs ev5 :5 ! conditions h n be5 greatly *ang$4 ,?is conclusion is n necess>ily oppos$ to t at :i* we h j arriv$1 namely1 t less] *anges ( o!r k9ds are advantage\s to organic be+s4 ,our pres5t subject is ( "s importance1 f hav+ an intimate connection ) ! causes ( v>iability4 ,indirectly x p]haps be>s on ! /]ility ( species :5 cross$3 = z1 on ! "o h&1 slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life are fav\rable to plants & animals1 & ! cross+ ( v>ieties adds to ! size1 vig\r1 & f]tility ( _! (fspr+2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 o!r *anges 9 ! conditions ( life cause /]ility2 & z ?is likewise ensues f cross+ mu*-modifi$ =ms or species1 we h a p>allel & d\ble s]ies ( facts1 :i* app>5tly /& 9 close relation to ea* o!r4 ,x is notori\s t _m animals1 ?\gh p]fectly tam$1 refuse to bre$ 9 captivity4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire#i consequ5tly has drawn a broad di/9ction betwe5 tam$ animals :i* w n bre$ "u captivity1 & truly dome/icat$ animals :i* bre$ freely--g5]ally m freely1 z %[n 9 ! sixte5? *apt]1 ?an 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,x is possible & g5]ally easy to tame mo/ animals2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t x is difficult to get !m to bre$ regul>ly1 or ev5 at all4 ,i %all discuss ?is subject 9 detail2 b w give only ^? cases :i* seem mo/ illu/rative4 ,my mat]ials are d]iv$ f notices scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s works1 & especially f a ,report1 k9dly drawn up = me by ! (fic]s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london1 :i* has especial value1 z x records all ! cases1 dur+ n9e ye>s f #ahch-df1 9 :i* ! animals 7 se5 to c\ple b produc$ no (fspr+1 z well z ! cases 9 :i* !y nev]1 z f> z kn[n1 c\pl$4 ,?is ,,ms4 ,report ,i h correct$ by ! annual ,reports subsequ5tly publi%$ up to ! ye> #ahfe4aj ,_m facts are giv5 on ! bre$+ ( ! animals 9 t magnific5t "w1 #8,glean+s f ! ,m5ag]ies ( ,kn[sley ,hall' by ,dr4 ,gray4 ,i made1 also1 p>ticul> inquiries f ! exp]i5c$ keep] ( ! birds 9 ! old ,surrey ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,i %\ld premise t a slight *ange 9 ! treatm5t ( animals sometimes makes a great diff]5ce 9 _! f]tility2 & x is probable t ! results obs]v$ 9 diff]5t m5ag]ies w\ld diff]4 ,inde$1 "s animals 9 our ,zoological ,g>d5s h become m productive s9ce ! ye> #ahdf4 ,x is1 also1 manife/ f ,f4 ,cuvi]'s acc\nt ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes#aa t ! animals =m]ly br$ mu* less freely !re ?an ) u2 = in/ance1 9 ! ,duck tribe1 :i* is highly prolific1 only "o species _h at t p]iod produc$ "y4 ,! mo/ rem>kable cases1 h[ev]1 are af=d$ by animals kept 9 _! native c\ntry1 :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly tam$1 q heal?y1 & all[$ "s fre$om1 are absolutely incapable ( bre$+4 ,r5gg]1#ab :o 9 ,p>aguay p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is subject1 specifies six quadrup$s 9 ?is condition2 & he m5tions two or ?ree o!rs :i* mo/ r>ely bre$4 ,mr4 ,bates1 9 8 admirable "w on ! ,amazons1 /rongly insi/s on simil> cases2#ac & he rem>ks1 t ! fact ( ?or\ghly tam$ native mammals & birds n bre$+ :5 kept by ! ,indians1 _c be :olly acc\nt$ = by _! neglig5ce or indiff]5ce1 = ! turkey & f[l are kept & br$ by v>i\s remote tribes4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w--= in/ance1 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 & 9 sev]al ( ! ,polynesian isl&s--! natives are extremely fond ( tam+ ! indig5\s quadrup$s & birds2 b !y r>ely or nev] succe$ 9 gett+ !m to bre$4 ,! mo/ notori\s case ( an animal n bre$+ 9 captivity is t ( ! elephant4 ,elephants are kept 9 l>ge numb]s 9 _! native ,indian home1 live to old age1 & are vigor\s en\gh = ! sev]e/ lab\r2 yet1 ) a v few exceptions1 !y h nev] be5 kn[n ev5 to c\ple1 ?\gh bo? males & females h _! prop] p]iodical seasons4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we proce$ a little ea/w>d to ,ava1 we he> f ,mr4 ,crawfurd#ad t _! 8bre$+ 9 ! dome/ic /ate1 or at lea/ 9 ! half-dome/ic /ate 9 :i* ! female elephants are g5]ally kept1 is ( ev]yday occurr5ce20 & ,mr4 ,crawfurd in=ms me t he believes t ! diff]5ce mu/ be attribut$ solely to ! females be+ all[$ to roam ! =e/ ) "s degree ( fre$om4 ,! captive rh9oc]os1 on ! o!r h&1 seems f ,bi%op ,heb]'s acc\nt#ae to bre$ 9 ,india f> m readily ?an ! elephant4 ,f\r wild species ( ! horse g5us h br$ 9 ,europe1 ?\gh "h expos$ to a great *ange 9 _! natural habits ( life2 b ! species h g5]ally be5 cross$ "o ) ano!r4 ,mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! pig family bre$ readily 9 our m5ag]ies2 ev5 ! ,r$ ,riv] hog 7,potamo*rus p5icillatus71 f ! swelt]+ pla9s ( ,we/ ,africa1 has br$ twice 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,"h also ! ,pecc>y 7,dicotyles torquatus7 has br$ sev]al times2 b ano!r species1 ! ,d4 labiatus1 ?\gh r5d]$ s tame z to be half-dome/icat$1 is said to bre$ s r>ely 9 its native c\ntry ( ,p>aguay1 t accord+ to ,r5gg]#af ! fact requires confirmation4 ,mr4 ,bates rem>ks t ! tapir1 ?\gh (t5 kept tame 9 ,amazonia by ! ,indians1 nev] bre$s4 ,rum9ants g5]ally bre$ q freely 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh br\ght f widely diff]5t climates1 z may be se5 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & 9 ! ,glean+s f ,"l ,d]by's m5ag]ie4 ,! ,c>nivora1 ) ! exception ( ! ,plantigrade division1 bre$ 7?\gh ) caprici\s exceptions7 ab\t half z freely z rum9ants4 ,_m species ( ,felidae h br$ 9 v>i\s m5ag]ies1 al?\gh import$ f div]se climates & closely conf9$4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 ! pres5t sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s#ag rem>ks t ! lion appe>s to bre$ m frequ5tly & to br+ =? m "y at a bir? ?an any o!r species ( ! family4 ,he adds t ! tig] has r>ely br$2 8b !re are sev]al well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( ! female tig] bre$+ ) ! lion40 ,/range z ! fact may appe>1 _m animals "u conf9em5t unite ) di/9ct species & produce hybrids q z freely z1 or ev5 m freely ?an1 ) _! own species4 ,on inquir+ f ,dr4 ,falcon] & o!rs1 x appe>s t ! tig] :5 conf9$ 9 ,india does n bre$1 ?\gh x has be5 kn[n to c\ple4 ,! *etah 7,felis jubata7 has nev] be5 kn[n by ,mr4 ,b>tlett to bre$ 9 ,engl&1 b x has br$ at ,frank=t2 nor does x bre$ 9 ,india1 :]e x is kept 9 l>ge numb]s = hunt+2 b no pa9s w\ld be tak5 to make !m bre$1 z only ^? animals :i* h hunt$ = !mselves 9 a /ate ( nature are s]viceable & wor? tra9+4#ah ,accord+ to ,r5gg]1 two species ( wild cats 9 ,p>aguay1 ?\gh ?or\ghly tam$1 h nev] br$4 ,al?\gh s _m ( ! ,felidae bre$ readily 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 yet conception by no means always foll[s union3 9 ! n9e-ye> ,report1 v>i\s species are specifi$ :i* 7 obs]v$ to c\ple sev5ty-?ree times1 & no d\bt ?is mu/ h pass$ _m times unnotic$2 yet f ! sev5ty- ?ree unions only fifte5 bir?s ensu$4 ,! ,c>nivora 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 7 =m]ly less freely expos$ to ! air & cold ?an at pres5t1 & ?is *ange ( treatm5t1 z ,i 0 assur$ by ! =m] sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,mill]1 greatly increas$ _! f]tility4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 & !re _c be a m capable judge1 says1 8x is rem>kable t lions bre$ m freely 9 travell+ collections ?an 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s2 probably ! con/ant excitem5t & irritation produc$ by mov+ f place to place1 or *ange ( air1 may h consid]able influ5ce 9 ! matt]40 ,_m memb]s ( ! ,dog family bre$ readily :5 conf9$4 ,! ,dhole is "o ( ! mo/ untamable animals 9 ,india1 yet a pair kept !re by ,dr4 ,falcon] produc$ "y4 ,foxes1 on ! o!r h&1 r>ely bre$1 & ,i h nev] he>d ( su* an occurr5ce ) ! ,european fox3 ! silv] fox ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,canis arg5tatus71 h[ev]1 has br$ sev]al times 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,ev5 ! ott] has br$ !re4 ,e "o kn[s h[ readily ! semi-dome/icat$ f]ret bre$s1 ?\gh %ut up 9 mis]ably small cages2 b o!r species ( ,viv]ra & ,p>adoxurus absolutely refuse to bre$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,! ,g5etta has br$ bo? "h & 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 & produc$ hybrids4 ,! ,h]pe/es fasciatus has likewise br$2 b ,i 0 =m]ly assur$ t ! ,h4 griseus1 ?\gh _m 7 kept 9 ! ,g>d5s1 nev] br$4 ,! ,plantigrade ,c>nivora bre$ "u conf9em5t mu* less freely ?an o!r ,c>nivora1 al?\gh no reason c be assign$ = ?is fact4 ,9 ! n9e-ye> ,report x is /at$ t ! be>s _h be5 se5 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s to c\ple freely1 b previ\sly to #ahdh _h mo/ r>ely conceiv$4 ,9 ! ,reports publi%$ s9ce ?is date ?ree species h produc$ "y 7hybrids 9 "o case71 &1 wond]ful to relate1 ! :ite ,pol> be> has produc$ "y4 ,! badg] 7,meles taxus7 has br$ sev]al times 9 ! ,g>d5s2 b ,i h n he>d ( ?is occurr+ else:]e 9 ,engl&1 & ! ev5t mu/ be v r>e1 = an in/ance 9 ,g]many has be5 ?\ght wor? record+4#ai ,9 ,p>aguay ! native ,nasua1 ?\gh kept 9 pairs dur+ _m ye>s & p]fectly tam$1 has nev] be5 kn[n1 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 to bre$ or %[ any sexual passion2 nor1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bates1 does ?is animal1 or ! ,c]coleptes1 bre$ 9 ,amazonia4 ,two o!r plantigrade g5]a1 ,procyon & ,gulo1 ?\gh (t5 kept tame 9 ,p>aguay1 nev] bre$ !re4 ,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s species ( ,nasua & ,procyon h be5 se5 to c\ple2 b !y did n produce "y4 ,z dome/icat$ rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & :ite mice bre$ s abundantly :5 closely conf9$ "u v>i\s climates1 x might h be5 ?\ght t mo/ o!r memb]s ( ! ,rod5t ord] w\ld h br$ 9 captivity1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,x des]ves notice1 z %[+ h[ ! capacity to bre$ sometimes goes by aff9ity1 t ! "o native rod5t ( ,p>aguay1 :i* !re bre$s freely & has yield$ successive g5]ations1 is ! ,cavia ap]ea2 & ?is animal is s closely alli$ to ! gu9ea-pig1 t x has be5 errone\sly ?\ght to be ! p>5t =m4#bj ,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 "s rod5ts h c\pl$1 b h nev] produc$ "y2 "s h nei!r c\pl$ nor br$2 b a few h br$1 z ! porcup9e m ?an once1 ! ,b>b>y m\se1 lemm+1 *9*illa1 & ag\ti 7,dasyprocta aguti7 sev]al times4 ,?is latt] animal has also produc$ "y 9 ,p>aguay1 ?\gh !y 7 born dead & ill-=m$2 b 9 ,amazonia1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bates1 x nev] bre$s1 ?\gh (t5 kept tame ab\t ! h\ses4 ,nor does ! paca 7,clog5ys paca7 bre$ !re4 ,! common h>e :5 conf9$ has1 ,i believe1 nev] br$ 9 ,europe2 ?\gh1 accord+ to a rec5t /atem5t1 x has cross$ ) ! rabbit4#ba ,i h nev] he>d ( ! dorm\se bre$+ 9 conf9em5t4 ,b squirrels (f] a m curi\s case3 ) "o exception1 no species has br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 yet z _m z f\rte5 individuals ( ,s4 palm>um 7 kept toge!r dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,! ,s4 c9]a has be5 se5 to c\ple1 b x did n produce "y2 nor has ?is species1 :5 r5d]$ extremely tame 9 its native c\ntry1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 be5 ev] kn[n to bre$4#bb ,at ,"l ,d]by's m5ag]ie squirrels ( _m k9ds 7 kept 9 numb]s1 b ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 told me t none _h ev] br$ !re1 or else:]e z f> z he knew4 ,i h nev] he>d ( ! ,engli% squirrel bre$+ 9 conf9em5t4 ,b ! species :i* has br$ m ?an once 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s is ! "o :i* p]haps might h be5 lea/ expect$1 namely1 ! fly+ squirrel 7,sciuropt]us volucella73 x has1 also1 br$ sev]al times ne> ,birm+ham2 b ! female nev] produc$ m ?an two "y at a bir?1 :]eas 9 its native ,am]ican home %e be>s f ?ree to six "y4#bc ,monkeys1 9 ! n9e-ye> ,report f ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 are /at$ to unite mo/ freely1 b dur+ ?is p]iod1 ?\gh _m individuals 7 kept1 !re 7 only sev5 bir?s4 ,i h he>d ( only "o ,am]ican monkey1 ! ,oui/iti1 bre$+ 9 ,europe4#bd ,a ,macacus1 accord+ to ,fl\r5s1 br$ 9 ,p>is2 & m ?an "o species ( ?is g5us has produc$ "y 9 ,london1 especially ! ,macacus rhesus1 :i* ev]y:]e %[s a special capacity to bre$ "u conf9em5t4 ,hybrids h be5 produc$ bo? 9 ,p>is & ,london f ?is same g5us4 ,! ,arabian baboon1 or ,cynocephalus hamadryas1#be & a ,c]copi!cus h br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & ! latt] species at ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&'s4 ,sev]al memb]s ( ! family ( ,lemurs h produc$ hybrids 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,x is mu* m rem>kable t monkeys v r>ely bre$ :5 conf9$ 9 _! native c\ntry2 ?us ! ,cay 7,cebus az>7 is frequ5tly & completely tam$ 9 ,p>aguay1 b ,r5gg]#bf says t x bre$s s r>ely1 t he nev] saw m ?an two females :i* _h produc$ "y4 ,a simil> obs]vation has be5 made ) respect to ! monkeys :i* are frequ5tly tam$ by ! aborig9es 9 ,brazil4#bg ,9 ,amazonia1 ^! animals are s (t5 kept 9 a tame /ate1 t ,mr4 ,bates 9 walk+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,p>a c\nt$ ?irte5 species2 b1 z he ass]ts1 !y h nev] be5 kn[n to bre$ 9 captivity4#bh ,birds4 ,birds (f] 9 "s respects bett] evid5ce ?an quadrup$s1 f _! bre$+ m rapidly & be+ kept 9 great] numb]s4#bi ,we h se5 t c>nivor\s animals are m f]tile "u conf9em5t ?an mo/ o!r mammals4 ,! rev]se holds good ) c>nivor\s birds4 ,x is said#cj t z _m z eighte5 species h be5 us$ 9 ,europe = hawk+1 & sev]al o!rs 9 ,p]sia & ,india2#ca !y h be5 kept 9 _! native c\ntry 9 ! f9e/ condition1 & h be5 fl[n dur+ six1 eight1 or n9e ye>s2#cb yet !re is no record ( _! hav+ ev] produc$ "y4 ,z ^! birds 7 =m]ly caught :il/ "y1 at great exp5se1 be+ import$ f ,icel&1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 !re c be little d\bt t1 if possible1 !y w\ld h be5 propagat$4 ,9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 no bird ( prey has be5 kn[n to c\ple4#cc ,no hawk1 vulture1 or owl has ev] produc$ f]tile eggs 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 or 9 ! old ,surrey ,g>d5s1 ) ! exception1 9 ! =m] place on "o occasion1 ( a condor & a kite 7,milvus nig]74 ,yet sev]al species1 namely1 ! ,aquila fusca1 ,haliaetus leucocephalus1 ,falco t9nunculus1 ,f4 subbuteo1 & ,buteo vulg>is1 h be5 se5 to c\ple 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,mr4 ,morris#cd m5tions z a unique fact t a ke/rel 7,falco t9nunculus7 br$ 9 an avi>y4 ,! "o k9d ( owl :i* has be5 kn[n to c\ple 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 0 ! ,eagle ,owl 7,bubo maximus72 & ?is species %[s a special incl9ation to bre$ 9 captivity2 = a pair at ,arundel ,ca/le1 kept m ne>ly 9 a /ate ( nature 8?an ev] fell to ! lot ( an animal depriv$ ( its lib]ty10#ce actually re>$ _! "y4 ,mr4 ,gurney has giv5 ano!r in/ance ( ?is same owl bre$+ 9 conf9em5t2 & he records ! case ( a second species ( owl1 ! ,/rix pass]9a1 bre$+ 9 captivity4#cf ,( ! small] gram9ivor\s birds1 _m k9ds h be5 kept tame 9 _! native c\ntries1 & h liv$ long2 yet1 z ! highe/ au?ority on cage-birds#cg rem>ks1 _! propagation is 8uncommonly difficult40 ,! can>y-bird %[s t !re is no inh]5t difficulty 9 ^! birds bre$+ freely 9 conf9em5t2 & ,audubon says#ch t ! ,fr+illa 7,spiza7 ciris ( ,nor? ,am]ica bre$s z p]fectly z ! can>y4 ,! difficulty ) ! _m f9*es :i* h be5 kept 9 conf9em5t is all ! m rem>kable z m ?an a doz5 species c\ld be nam$ :i* h yield$ hybrids ) ! can>y2 b h>dly any ( ^!1 ) ! exception ( ! sisk9 7,fr+illa sp9us71 h reproduc$ _! own k9d4 ,ev5 ! bullf9* 7,loxia pyrrhula7 has br$ z frequ5tly ) ! can>y1 ?\gh belong+ to a di/9ct g5us1 z ) its own species4#ci ,) respect to ! skyl>k 7,alauda arv5sis71 ,i h he>d ( birds liv+ = sev5 ye>s 9 an avi>y1 :i* nev] produc$ "y2 & a great ,london bird-fanci] assur$ me t he _h nev] kn[n an in/ance ( _! bre$+2 nev]!less "o case has be5 record$4#dj ,9 ! n9e-ye> ,report f ! ,zoological ,society1 tw5ty-f\r insessorial species are enum]at$ :i* _h n br$1 & ( ^! only f\r 7 kn[n to h c\pl$4 ,p>rots are s+ul>ly long-liv$ birds2 & ,humboldt m5tions ! curi\s fact ( a p>rot 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* spoke ! language ( an ext9ct ,indian tribe1 s t ?is bird pres]v$ ! sole relic ( a lo/ language4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry !re is reason to believe#da t p>rots h liv$ to ! age ( ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s2 yet !y bre$ s r>ely1 ?\gh _m h be5 kept 9 ,europe1 t ! ev5t has be5 ?\ght wor? record+ 9 ! grave/ publications4#db ,nev]!less1 :5 ,mr4 ,buxton turn$ out a l>ge numb] ( p>rots 9 ,norfolk1 ?ree pairs br$ & re>$ t5 "y birds 9 ! c\rse ( two seasons2 & ?is success may be attribut$ to _! free life4#dc ,accord+ to ,be*/e9#dd ! ,african ,psittacus eri?acus bre$s (t5] ?an any o!r species 9 ,g]many3 ! ,p4 macoa occasionally lays f]tile eggs1 b r>ely succe$s 9 hat*+ !m2 ?is bird1 h[ev]1 has ! in/9ct ( incubation sometimes s /rongly develop$1 t x w hat* ! eggs ( f[ls or pigeons4 ,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s & 9 ! old ,surrey ,g>d5s "s few species h c\pl$1 b1 ) ! exception ( ?ree species ( p>akeets1 none h br$4 ,x is a mu* m rem>kable fact t 9 ,guiana p>rots ( two k9ds1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 are (t5 tak5 f ! ne/s by ! ,indians & re>$ 9 l>ge numb]s2 !y are s tame t !y fly freely ab\t ! h\ses1 & come :5 call$ to be f$1 l pigeons2 yet he has nev] he>d ( a s+le in/ance ( _! bre$+4#de ,9 ,jamaica1 a resid5t naturali/1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill1#df says1 8no birds m readily submit to human dep5d5ce ?an ! p>rot-tribe1 b no in/ance ( a p>rot bre$+ 9 ?is tame life has be5 kn[n yet40 ,mr4 ,hill specifies a numb] ( o!r native birds kept tame 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* nev] bre$ 9 ?is /ate4 ,! great pigeon family (f]s a /rik+ contra/ ) ! p>rots3 9 ! n9e-ye> ,report ?irte5 species are record$ z hav+ br$1 &1 :at is m noticeable1 only two 7 se5 to c\ple )\t any result4 ,s9ce ! above date e annual ,report gives _m cases ( v>i\s pigeons bre$+4 ,! two magnific5t cr[n$ pigeons 7,g\ra coronata & victori7 produc$ hybrids2 nev]!less1 ( ! =m] species m ?an a doz5 birds 7 kept1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 9 a p>k at ,p5ang1 "u a p]fectly well-adapt$ climate1 b nev] once br$4 ,! ,columba migratoria 9 its native c\ntry1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 inv>iably lays two eggs1 b 9 ,"l ,d]by's m5ag]ie nev] m ?an "o4 ,! same fact has be5 obs]v$ ) ! ,c4 leucocephala4#dg ,gall9ace\s birds ( _m g5]a likewise %[ an em95t capacity = bre$+ "u captivity4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) pheasants1 yet our ,engli% species seldom lays m ?an t5 eggs 9 conf9em5t2 :il/ f eighte5 to tw5ty is ! usual numb] 9 ! wild /ate4#dh ,) ! ,gall9ace1 z ) all o!r ord]s1 !re are m>k$ & inexplicable exceptions 9 reg>d to ! f]tility ( c]ta9 species & g5]a "u conf9em5t4 ,al?\gh _m trials h be5 made ) ! common p>tridge1 x has r>ely br$1 ev5 :5 re>$ 9 l>ge avi>ies2 & ! h5 w nev] hat* h] own eggs4#di ,! ,am]ican tribe ( ,guans or ,cracid are tam$ ) rem>kable ease1 b are v %y bre$]s 9 ?is c\ntry2#ej b ) c>e v>i\s species 7 =m]ly made to bre$ r freely 9 ,holl&4#ea ,birds ( ?is tribe are (t5 kept 9 a p]fectly tam$ condition 9 _! native c\ntry by ! ,indians1 b !y nev] bre$4#eb ,x might h be5 expect$ t gr\se f _! habits ( life w\ld n h br$ 9 captivity1 m especially z !y are said soon to langui% & die4#ec ,b _m cases are record$ ( _! bre$+3 ! cap]cailzie 7,tetrao urogallus7 has br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s2 x bre$s )\t mu* difficulty :5 conf9$ 9 ,norway1 & 9 ,russia five successive g5]ations h be5 re>$3 ,tetrao tetrix has likewise br$ 9 ,norway2 ,t4 scoticus 9 ,irel&2 ,t4 umbellus at ,"l ,d]by's2 & ,t4 cupido 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e a great] *ange 9 habits ?an t :i* ! memb]s ( ! o/ri* family mu/ suff]1 :5 coop$ up 9 small enclosures "u a temp]ate climate1 aft] freely roam+ ov] des]t & tropical pla9s or entangl$ =e/s2 yet almo/ all ! k9ds h frequ5tly produc$ "y 9 ! v>i\s ,european m5ag]ies1 ev5 ! mooruk 7,casu>ius b5netii7 f ,new ,irel&4 ,! ,african o/ri*1 ?\gh p]fectly heal?y & liv+ long 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 nev] lays m ?an f twelve to fifte5 eggs1 ?\gh 9 its native c\ntry x lays f tw5ty-five to ?irty4#ed ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( f]tility impair$1 b n lo/1 "u conf9em5t1 z ) ! fly+ squirrel1 ! h5-pheasant1 & two species ( ,am]ican pigeons4 ,mo/ ,wad]s c be tam$1 z ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon in=ms me1 ) rem>kable facility2 b sev]al ( !m are %ort-liv$ "u conf9em5t1 s t _! /]ility 9 ?is /ate is n surpris+4 ,! cranes bre$ m readily ?an o!r g5]a3 ,grus montigresia has br$ sev]al times 9 ,p>is & 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 z has ,g4 c9]ea at ! latt] place1 & ,g4 antigone at ,calcutta4 ,( o!r memb]s ( ?is great ord]1 ,tetrapt]yx p>adisea has br$ at ,kn[sley1 a ,porphyrio 9 ,sicily1 & ! ,gall9ula *loropus 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al birds belong+ to ?is ord] w n bre$ 9 _! native c\ntry1 ,jamaica2 & ! ,psophia1 ?\gh (t5 kept by ! ,indians ( ,guiana ab\t _! h\ses1 8is seldom or nev] kn[n to bre$40#ee ,! memb]s ( ! great ,duck family bre$ z readily 9 conf9em5t z d ! ,columb & ,gall9 & ?is1 consid]+ _! aquatic & w&]+ habits1 & ! nature ( _! food1 c\ld n h be5 anticipat$4 ,ev5 "s "t ago above two doz5 species _h br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s2 & ,m4 ,selys-,long*amps has record$ ! production ( hybrids f =ty-f\r diff]5t memb]s ( ! family2 & to ^! ,pr(essor ,newton has add$ a few m cases4#ef 8,!re is n10 says ,mr4 ,dixon1#eg 89 ! wide _w1 a goose :i* is n 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w dome/icable20 t is1 capable ( bre$+ "u conf9em5t2 b ?is /atem5t is probably too bold4 ,! capacity to bre$ sometimes v>ies 9 individuals ( ! same species2 ?us ,audubon#eh kept = m ?an eight ye>s "s wild geese 7,ans] canad5sis71 b !y w\ld n mate2 :il/ o!r individuals ( ! same species produc$ "y dur+ ! second ye>4 ,i "k ( b "o in/ance 9 ! :ole family ( a species :i* absolutely refuses to bre$ 9 captivity1 namely1 ! ,d5drocygna viduata1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1#ei x is easily tam$1 & is frequ5tly kept by ! ,indians ( ,guiana4 ,la/ly1 ) respect to ,gulls1 ?\gh _m h be5 kept 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s & 9 ! old ,surrey ,g>d5s1 no in/ance 0 kn[n be=e ! ye> #ahdh ( _! c\pl+ or bre$+2 b s9ce t p]iod ! h]r+ gull 7,l>us arg5tatus7 has br$ _m times 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s & at ,kn[sley4 ,!re is reason to believe t insects are affect$ by conf9em5t l ! high] animals4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,sph+idae r>ely bre$ :5 ?us treat$4 ,an entomologi/#fj 9 ,p>is kept tw5ty-five specim5s ( ,saturnia pyri1 b did n succe$ 9 gett+ a s+le f]tile egg4 ,a numb] ( females ( ,or?osia munda & ( ,mame/ra suasa re>$ 9 conf9em5t 7 unattractive to ! males4#fa ,mr4 ,newport kept ne>ly a hundr$ individuals ( two species ( ,vanessa1 b n "o pair$2 ?is1 h[ev]1 might h be5 due to _! habit ( c\pl+ on ! w+4#fb ,mr4 ,atk9son c\ld nev] succe$ 9 ,india 9 mak+ ! ,t>roo silk-mo? bre$ 9 conf9em5t4#fc ,x appe>s t a numb] ( mo?s1 especially ! ,sph+idae1 :5 hat*$ 9 ! autumn out ( _! prop] season1 are completely b>r52 b ?is latt] case is /ill involv$ 9 "s obscurity4#fd ,indep5d5tly ( ! fact ( _m animals "u conf9em5t n c\pl+1 or1 if !y c\ple1 n produc+ "y1 !re is evid5ce ( ano!r k9d t _! sexual functions are di/urb$4 ,= _m cases h be5 record$ ( ! loss by male birds :5 conf9$ ( _! *>act]i/ic plumage4 ,?us ! common l9net 7,l9ota cannab9a7 :5 cag$ does n acquire ! f9e crimson col\r on its brea/1 & "o ( ! bunt+s 7,emb]iza pass]9a7 loses ! black on its head4 ,a ,pyrrhula & an ,oriolus h be5 obs]v$ to assume ! quiet plumage ( ! h5-bird2 & ! ,falco albidus return$ to ! dress ( an e>li] age4#fe ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,kn[sley m5ag]ie1 in=m$ me t he _h (t5 obs]v$ analog\s facts4 ,! horns ( a male de] 7,c]vus canad5sis7 dur+ ! voyage f ,am]ica 7 badly develop$2 b subsequ5tly 9 ,p>is p]fect horns 7 produc$4 ,:5 conception takes place "u conf9em5t1 ! "y are (t5 born dead1 or die soon1 or are ill-=m$4 ,?is frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 &1 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 ) native animals conf9$ 9 ,p>aguay4 ,! "m's milk (t5 fails4 ,we may also attribute to ! di/urbance ( ! sexual functions ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( t mon/r\s in/9ct :i* leads ! "m to dev\r h] own (fspr+1--a my/]i\s case ( p]v]sion1 z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,suffici5t evid5ce has n[ be5 advanc$ to prove t animals :5 fir/ conf9$ are em95tly liable to suff] 9 _! reproductive sy/ems4 ,we feel at fir/ naturally incl9$ to attribute ! result to loss ( heal?1 or at lea/ to loss ( vig\r2 b ?is view c h>dly be admitt$ :5 we reflect h[ heal?y1 long-liv$1 & vigor\s _m animals are "u captivity1 su* z p>rots1 & hawks :5 us$ = hawk+1 *eetahs :5 us$ = hunt+1 & elephants4 ,! reproductive organs !mselves are n diseas$2 & ! diseases1 f :i* animals 9 m5ag]ies usually p]i%1 are n ^? :i* 9 any way affect _! f]tility4 ,no dome/ic animal is m subject to disease ?an ! %eep1 yet x is rem>kably prolific4 ,! failure ( animals to bre$ "u conf9em5t has be5 sometimes attribut$ exclusively to a failure 9 _! sexual in/9cts3 ?is may occasionally come into play1 b !re is no obvi\s reason :y ?is in/9ct %\ld be especially liable to be affect$ ) p]fectly tam$ animals1 except1 inde$1 indirectly ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em itself be+ di/urb$4 ,moreov]1 num]\s cases h be5 giv5 ( v>i\s animals :i* c\ple freely "u conf9em5t1 b nev] conceive2 or1 if !y conceive & produce "y1 ^! are few] 9 numb] ?an is natural to ! species4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom in/9ct ( c\rse c play no "p2 & we %all pres5tly see t plants :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions are affect$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z animals4 ,*ange ( climate _c be ! cause ( ! loss ( f]tility1 =1 :il/ _m animals import$ into ,europe f extremely diff]5t climates bre$ freely1 _m o!rs :5 conf9$ 9 _! native l& are completely /]ile4 ,*ange ( food _c be ! *ief cause2 = o/ri*es1 ducks1 & _m o!r animals1 :i* mu/ h und]gone a great *ange 9 ?is respect1 bre$ freely4 ,c>nivor\s birds :5 conf9$ are extremely /]ile1 :il/ mo/ c>nivor\s mammals1 except plantigrades1 are mod]ately f]tile4 ,nor c ! am\nt ( food be ! cause2 = a suffici5t supply w c]ta9ly be giv5 to valuable animals2 & !re is no reason to suppose t mu* m food w\ld be giv5 to !m ?an to our *oice dome/ic productions :i* reta9 _! full f]tility4 ,la/ly1 we may inf] f ! case ( ! elephant1 *eetah1 v>i\s hawks1 & ( _m animals :i* are all[$ to lead an almo/ free life 9 _! native l&1 t want ( ex]cise is n ! sole cause4 ,x w\ld appe> t any *ange 9 ! habits ( life1 :atev] ^! habits may be1 if great en\gh1 t5ds to affect 9 an inexplicable mann] ! p[]s ( reproduction4 ,! result dep5ds m on ! con/itution ( ! species ?an on ! nature ( ! *ange2 = c]ta9 :ole gr\ps are affect$ m ?an o!rs2 b exceptions always occur1 = "s species 9 ! mo/ f]tile gr\ps refuse to bre$1 & "s 9 ! mo/ /]ile gr\ps bre$ freely4 ,^? animals :i* usually bre$ freely "u conf9em5t1 r>ely bre$1 z ,i 0 assur$1 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 )9 a ye> or two aft] _! fir/ importation4 ,:5 an animal :i* is g5]ally /]ile "u conf9em5t happ5s to bre$1 ! "y app>5tly d n inh]it ?is p[]3 = _h ?is be5 ! case1 v>i\s quadrup$s & birds1 :i* are valuable = exhibition1 w\ld h become common4 ,dr4 ,broca ev5 affirms#ff t _m animals 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 aft] hav+ produc$ "y = ?ree or f\r successive g5]ations1 become /]ile2 b ?is may be ! result ( too close int]bre$+4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t _m mammals & birds h produc$ hybrids "u conf9em5t q z readily z1 or ev5 m readily ?an1 !y h procreat$ _! own k9d4 ,( ?is fact _m in/ances h be5 giv52#fg & we are ?us rem9d$ ( ^? plants :i* :5 cultivat$ refuse to be f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 b c easily be f]tilis$ by t ( a di/9ct species4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ conclude1 limit$ z ! conclusion is1 t *ang$ conditions ( life h an especial p[] ( act+ injuri\sly on ! reproductive sy/em4 ,! :ole case is q peculi>1 = ^! organs1 ?\gh n diseas$1 are ?us r5d]$ incapable ( p]=m+ _! prop] functions1 or p]=m !m imp]fectly4 ,/]ility ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals f *ang$ conditions4--,) respect to dome/icat$ animals1 z _! dome/ication ma9ly dep5ds on ! accid5t ( _! bre$+ freely "u captivity1 we ought n to expect t _! reproductive sy/em w\ld be affect$ by any mod]ate degree ( *ange4 ,^? ord]s ( quadrup$s & birds1 ( :i* ! wild species bre$ mo/ readily 9 our m5ag]ies1 h af=d$ u ! greate/ numb] ( dome/icat$ productions4 ,savages 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w are fond ( tam+ animals2#fh & if any ( ^! regul>ly produc$ "y1 & 7 at ! same "t useful1 !y w\ld be at once dome/icat$4 ,if1 :5 _! ma/]s migrat$ into o!r c\ntries1 !y 7 9 addition f\nd capable ( )/&+ v>i\s climates1 !y w\ld be /ill m valuable2 & x appe>s t ! animals :i* bre$ readily 9 captivity c g5]ally )/& diff]5t climates4 ,"s few dome/icat$ animals1 su* z ! re9de] & camel1 (f] an exception to ?is rule4 ,_m ( our dome/icat$ animals c be> ) undim9i%$ f]tility ! mo/ unnatural conditions2 = in/ance1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & f]rets bre$ 9 mis]ably conf9$ hut*es4 ,few ,european dogs ( any k9d )/& ! climate ( ,india )\t deg5]at+1 b z long z !y survive1 !y reta91 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,falcon]1 _! f]tility2 s x is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,daniell1 ) ,engli% dogs tak5 to ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! f[l1 a native ( ! hot jungles ( ,india1 becomes m f]tile ?an its p>5t-/ock 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w1 until we advance z f> nor? z ,gre5l& & ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 :]e ?is bird w n bre$4 ,bo? f[ls & pigeons1 :i* ,i receiv$ dur+ ! autumn direct f ,si]ra ,leone1 7 at once ready to c\ple4#fi ,i h1 also1 se5 pigeons bre$+ z freely z ! common k9ds )9 a ye> aft] _! importation f ! upp] ,nile4 ,! gu9ea- f[l1 an aborig9al ( ! hot & dry des]ts ( ,africa1 :il/ liv+ "u our damp & cool climate1 produces a l>ge supply ( eggs4 ,nev]!less1 our dome/icat$ animals "u new conditions occasionally %[ signs ( less5$ f]tility4 ,r\l9 ass]ts t 9 ! hot valleys ( ! equatorial ,cordill]a %eep are n fully fecund2#gj & accord+ to ,"l ,som]ville#ga ! m]9o-%eep :i* he import$ f ,spa9 7 n at fir/ p]fectly f]tile1 x is said#gb t m>es br\ght up on dry food 9 ! /able1 & turn$ out to grass1 d n at fir/ bre$4 ,! peah51 z we h se51 is said n to lay s _m eggs 9 ,engl& z 9 ,india4 ,x 0 long be=e ! can>y-bird 0 fully f]tile1 & ev5 n[ fir/-rate bre$+ birds are n common4#gc ,9 ! hot & dry prov9ce ( ,delhi1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ! eggs ( ! turkey1 ?\gh plac$ "u a h51 are extremely liable to fail4 ,accord+ to ,r\l91 geese tak5 to ! l(ty plateau ( ,bogota1 at fir/ laid seldom1 & !n only a few eggs2 ( ^! sc>cely a f\r? 7 hat*$1 & half ! "y birds di$2 9 ! second g5]ation !y 7 m f]tile2 & :5 ,r\l9 wrote !y 7 becom+ z f]tile z our geese 9 ,europe4 ,) respect to ! valley ( ,quito1 ,mr4 ,orton says#gd 8! only geese 9 ! valley are a few import$ f ,europe1 & ^! refuse to propagate40 ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,ar*ipelago ! goose1 x is ass]t$1 w n bre$ or ev5 lay eggs4#ge ,a m curi\s case is t ( ! f[l1 :i*1 accord+ to ,r\l91 :5 fir/ introduc$ w\ld n bre$ at ,cusco 9 ,bolivia1 b subsequ5tly became q f]tile2 & ! ,engli% ,game f[l1 lately introduc$1 _h n z yet arriv$ at its full f]tility1 = to raise two or ?ree *ick5s f a ne/ ( eggs 0 ?\ght =tunate4 ,9 ,europe close conf9em5t has a m>k$ effect on ! f]tility ( ! f[l3 x has be5 f\nd 9 ,france t ) f[ls all[$ consid]able fre$om only tw5ty p] c5t ( ! eggs fail$2 :5 all[$ less fre$om =ty p] c5t fail$2 & 9 close conf9em5t sixty out ( ! hundr$ 7 n hat*$4#gf ,s we see t unnatural & *ang$ conditions ( life produce "s effect on ! f]tility ( our mo/ ?or\ghly dome/icat$ animals1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh 9 a f> less degree1 z ) captive wild animals4 ,x is by no means r>e to f9d c]ta9 males & females :i* w n bre$ toge!r1 ?\gh bo? are kn[n to be p]fectly f]tile ) o!r males & females4 ,we h no reason to suppose t ?is is caus$ by ^! animals hav+ be5 subject$ to any *ange 9 _! habits ( life2 !re=e su* cases are h>dly relat$ to our pres5t subject4 ,! cause app>5tly lies 9 an innate sexual incompatibility ( ! pair :i* are mat*$4 ,sev]al in/ances h be5 communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon] 7well kn[n = 8 essay on ,cross-bre$+71 by ,mr4 ,eyton ( ,eyton1 by ,mr4 ,wick/$ & o!r bre$]s1 & especially by ,mr4 ,w>+ ( ,*elsfield1 9 relation to horses1 cattle1 pigs1 foxh\nds1 o!r dogs1 & pigeons4#gg ,9 ^! cases1 females1 :i* ei!r previ\sly or subsequ5tly 7 prov$ to be f]tile1 fail$ to bre$ ) c]ta9 males1 ) :om x 0 p>ticul>ly desir$ to mat* !m4 ,a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! female may sometimes h occurr$ be=e %e 0 put to ! second male2 b 9 o!r cases ?is explanation is h>dly t5able1 = a female1 kn[n n to be b>r51 has be5 unsuccessfully pair$ sev5 or eight times ) ! same male likewise kn[n to be p]fectly f]tile4 ,) c>t-m>es1 :i* sometimes w n bre$ ) /allions ( pure blood1 b subsequ5tly h br$ ) c>t-/allions1 ,mr4 ,spoon] is incl9$ to attribute ! failure to ! less] sexual p[] ( ! racehorse4 ,b ,i h he>d f ! greate/ bre$] ( racehorses at ! pres5t day1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,w>+1 t 8x frequ5tly occurs ) a m>e to be put sev]al times dur+ "o or two seasons to a p>ticul> /allion ( ackn[l$g$ p[]1 & yet prove b>r52 ! m>e aft]w>ds bre$+ at once ) "s o!r horse40 ,^! facts are wor? record+1 z !y %[1 l s _m previ\s facts1 on :at slight con/itutional diff]5ces ! f]tility ( an animal (t5 dep5ds4 ,/]ility ( ,plants f *ang$ ,conditions ( ,life1 & f o!r causes4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom cases ( /]ility frequ5tly occur1 analog\s ) ^? previ\sly giv5 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,b ! subject is obscur$ by sev]al circum/ances1 pres5tly to be discuss$1 namely1 ! contabesc5ce ( ! an!rs1 z ,grtn] has nam$ a c]ta9 affection--mon/rosities--d\bl5ess ( ! fl[]--mu*-enl>g$ fruit--& long-cont9u$ or excessive propagation by buds4 ,x is notori\s t _m plants 9 our g>d5s & hot-h\ses1 ?\gh pres]v$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect heal?1 r>ely or nev] produce se$4 ,i d n allude to plants :i* run to leaves1 f be+ kept too damp1 or too w>m1 or too mu* manur$2 = ^! d n fl[]1 & ! case may be :olly diff]5t4 ,nor d ,i allude to fruit n rip5+ f want ( heat or rott+ f too mu* moi/ure4 ,b _m exotic plants1 ) _! ovules & poll5 appe>+ p]fectly s\nd1 w n set any se$4 ,! /]ility 9 _m cases1 z ,i "k f my own obs]vation1 is simply due to ! abs5ce ( ! prop] insects = c>ry+ ! poll5 to ! /igma4 ,b aft] exclud+ ! sev]al cases j specifi$1 !re are _m plants 9 :i* ! reproductive sy/em has be5 s]i\sly affect$ by ! alt]$ conditions ( life to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to ent] on _m details4 ,l9nu long ago obs]v$#gh t ,alp9e plants1 al?\gh naturally load$ ) se$1 produce ei!r few or none :5 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s4 ,b exceptions (t5 occur3 ! ,draba sylve/ris1 "o ( our mo/ ?or\ghly ,alp9e plants1 multiplies itself by se$ 9 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson's g>d51 ne> ,london2 & ,k]n]1 :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! cultivation ( ,alp9e plants1 f\nd t v>i\s k9ds1 :5 cultivat$1 spontane\sly s[$ !mselves4#gi ,_m plants :i* naturally gr[ 9 peat-e>? are entirely /]ile 9 our g>d5s4 ,i h notic$ ! same fact ) sev]al liliace\s plants1 :i* nev]!less grew vigor\sly4 ,too mu* manure r5d]s "s k9ds utt]ly /]ile1 z ,i h myself obs]v$4 ,! t5d5cy to /]ility f ?is cause runs 9 families2 ?us1 accord+ to ,grtn]1#hj x is h>dly possible to give too mu* manure to mo/ ,gram9e1 ,crucif]1 & ,legum9os1 :il/ succul5t & bulb\s-root$ plants are easily affect$4 ,extreme pov]ty ( soil is less apt to induce /]ility2 b dw>f$ plants ( ,trifolium m9us & rep5s1 gr[+ on a lawn (t5 m[n & nev] manur$1 7 f\nd by me n to produce any se$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! soil1 & ! season at :i* plants are wat]$1 (t5 h a m>k$ effect on _! f]tility1 z 0 obs]v$ by ,klreut] 9 ! case ( ,mirabilis4#ha ,mr4 ,scott1 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh1 obs]v$ t ,oncidium div>icatum w\ld n set se$ :5 gr[n 9 a basket 9 :i* x ?rove1 b 0 capable ( f]tilisation 9 a pot :]e x 0 a little damp]4 ,pel>gonium fulgidum1 = _m ye>s aft] its introduction1 se$$ freely2 x !n became /]ile2 n[ x is f]tile#hb if kept 9 a dry /ove dur+ ! w9t]4 ,o!r v>ieties ( pel>gonium are /]ile & o!rs f]tile )\t our be+ able to assign any cause4 ,v slight *anges 9 ! position ( a plant1 :e!r plant$ on a bank or at its base1 sometimes make all ! diff]5ce 9 its produc+ se$4 ,temp]ature app>5tly has a mu* m p[]ful influ5ce on ! f]tility ( plants ?an on t ( animals4 ,nev]!less x is wond]ful :at *anges "s few plants w )/& ) undim9i%$ f]tility3 ?us ! ,zephyran!s c&ida1 a native ( ! mod]ately w>m banks ( ! ,plata1 s[s itself 9 ! hot dry c\ntry ne> ,lima1 & 9 ,york%ire resi/s ! sev]e/ fro/s1 & ,i h se5 se$s ga!r$ f pods :i* _h be5 cov]$ ) sn[ dur+ ?ree weeks4#hc ,b]b]is walli*ii1 f ! hot ,khasia range 9 ,india1 is un9jur$ by our %>pe/ fro/s1 & rip5s its fruit "u our cool summ]s4 ,nev]!less1 ,i presume we mu/ attribute to *ange ( climate ! /]ility ( _m =eign plants2 ?us1 ! ,p]sian & ,*9ese lilacs 7,syr+a p]sica & *95sis71 ?\gh p]fectly h>dy "h1 nev] produce a se$2 ! common lilac 7,s4 vulg>is7 se$s ) u mod]ately well1 b 9 p>ts ( ,g]many ! capsules nev] conta9 se$4#hd ,"s few ( ! cases1 giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ( self-impot5t plants1 might h be5 "h introduc$1 z _! /ate seems due to ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,! liability ( plants to be affect$ 9 _! f]tility by slightly *ang$ conditions is ! m rem>kable1 z ! poll5 :5 once 9 process ( =mation is n easily injur$2 a plant may be transplant$1 or a bran* ) fl[]-buds be cut (f & plac$ 9 wat]1 & ! poll5 w be matur$4 ,poll51 also1 :5 once mature1 may be kept = weeks or ev5 mon?s4#he ,! female organs are m s5sitive1 = ,grtn]#hf f\nd t dicotyl$on\s plants1 :5 c>efully remov$ s t !y did n 9 ! lea/ flag1 c\ld seldom be f]tilis$2 ?is occurr$ ev5 ) pott$ plants if ! roots _h gr[n out ( ! hole at ! bottom4 ,9 "s few cases1 h[ev]1 z ) ,digitalis1 transplantation did n prev5t f]tilisation2 & accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,mawz1 ,brassica rapa1 :5 pull$ up by its roots & plac$ 9 wat]1 rip5$ its se$4 ,fl[]-/ems ( sev]al monocotyl$on\s plants :5 cut (f & plac$ 9 wat] likewise produce se$4 ,b 9 ^! cases ,i presume t ! fl[]s _h be5 already f]tilis$1 = ,h]b]t#hg f\nd ) ! ,crocus t ! plants might be remov$ or mutilat$ aft] ! act ( f]tilisation1 & w\ld /ill p]fect _! se$s2 b t1 if transplant$ be=e be+ f]tilis$1 ! application ( poll5 0 p[]less4 ,plants :i* h be5 long cultivat$ c g5]ally endure ) undim9i%$ f]tility v>i\s & great *anges2 b n 9 mo/ cases s great a *ange ( climate z dome/icat$ animals4 ,x is rem>kable t _m plants "u ^! circum/ances are s mu* affect$ t ! proportion & ! nature ( _! *emical +r$i5ts are modifi$1 yet _! f]tility is unimpair$4 ,?us1 z ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me1 !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! fibre 9 hemp1 9 ! quantity ( oil 9 ! se$ ( ! ,l9um1 9 ! proportion ( n>cot9 to morph9e 9 ! poppy1 9 glut5 to />* 9 :eat1 :5 ^! plants are cultivat$ on ! pla9s & on ! m\nta9s ( ,india2 nev]!less1 !y all rema9 fully f]tile4 ,contabesc5ce4--,grtn] has designat$ by ?is t]m a peculi> condition ( ! an!rs 9 c]ta9 plants1 9 :i* !y are %rivell$1 or become br[n & t\gh1 & conta9 no good poll54 ,:5 9 ?is /ate !y exactly resemble ! an!rs ( ! mo/ /]ile hybrids4 ,grtn]1#hh 9 8 discussion on ?is subject1 has %[n t plants ( _m ord]s are occasionally ?us affect$2 b ! ,c>yophyllace & ,liliace suff] mo/1 & to ^! ord]s1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,ericace may be add$4 ,contabesc5ce v>ies 9 degree1 b on ! same plant all ! fl[]s are g5]ally affect$ to ne>ly ! same ext5t4 ,! an!rs are affect$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! fl[]-bud1 & rema9 9 ! same /ate 7) "o record$ exception7 dur+ ! life ( ! plant4 ,! affection _c be cur$ by any *ange ( treatm5t1 & is propagat$ by lay]s1 cutt+s1 etc41 & p]haps ev5 by se$4 ,9 contabesc5t plants ! female organs are seldom affect$1 or m]ely become precoci\s 9 _! developm5t4 ,! cause ( ?is affection is d\btful1 & is diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,until ,i read ,grtn]'s discussion ,i attribut$ x1 z app>5tly did ,h]b]t1 to ! unnatural treatm5t ( ! plants2 b its p]man5ce "u *ang$ conditions1 & ! female organs n be+ affect$1 seem incompatible ) ?is view4 ,! fact ( sev]al endemic plants becom+ contabesc5t 9 our g>d5s seems1 at fir/ sight1 equally incompatible ) ?is view2 b ,klreut] believes t ?is is ! result ( _! transplantation4 ,! contabesc5t plants ( ,dian?us & ,v]bascum1 f\nd wild by ,wiegmann1 grew on a dry & /]ile bank4 ,! fact t exotic plants are em95tly liable to ?is affection also seems to %[ t x is 9 "s mann] caus$ by _! unnatural treatm5t4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z ) ,sil5e1 ,grtn]'s view seems ! mo/ probable1 namely1 t x is caus$ by an inh]5t t5d5cy 9 ! species to become dioeci\s4 ,i c add ano!r cause1 namely1 ! illegitimate unions ( het]o/yl$ plants1 = ,i h obs]v$ se$l+s ( ?ree species ( ,primula & ( ,ly?rum salic>ia1 :i* _h be5 rais$ f plants illegitimately f]tilis$ by _! own-=m poll51 ) "s or all _! an!rs 9 a contabesc5t /ate4 ,!re is p]haps an additional cause1 namely1 self-f]tilisation2 = _m plants ( ,dian?us & ,lobelia1 :i* _h be5 rais$ f self-f]tilis$ se$s1 _h _! an!rs 9 ?is /ate2 b ^! in/ances are n conclusive1 z bo? g5]a are liable f o!r causes to ?is affection4 ,cases ( an opposite nature likewise occur1 namely1 plants ) ! female organs /ruck ) /]ility1 :il/ ! male organs rema9 p]fect4 ,dian?us japonicus1 a ,passiflora1 & ,nicotiana1 h be5 describ$ by ,grtn]#hi z be+ 9 ?is unusual condition4 ,mon/rosities z a cause ( /]ility4--,great deviations ( /ructure1 ev5 :5 ! reproductive organs !mselves are n s]i\sly affect$1 sometimes cause plants to become /]ile4 ,b 9 o!r cases plants may become mon/r\s to an extreme degree & yet reta9 _! full f]tility4 ,gallesio1 :o c]ta9ly _h great exp]i5ce1#ij (t5 attributes /]ility to ?is cause2 b x may be suspect$ t 9 "s ( 8 cases /]ility 0 ! cause1 & n ! result1 ( ! mon/r\s gr[?s4 ,! curi\s ,/4 ,val]y apple1 al?\gh x be>s fruit1 r>ely produces se$4 ,! wond]fully anomal\s fl[]s ( ,begonia frigida1 =m]ly describ$1 ?\gh !y appe> fit = fructification1 are /]ile4#ia ,species ( ,primula 9 :i* ! calyx is brightly col\r$ are said#ib to be (t5 /]ile1 ?\gh ,i h kn[n !m to be f]tile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,v]lot gives sev]al cases ( prolif]\s fl[]s :i* c be propagat$ by se$4 ,?is 0 ! case ) a poppy1 :i* _h become monopetal\s by ! union ( its petals4#ic ,ano!r extraord9>y poppy1 ) ! /am5s replac$ by num]\s small supplem5t>y capsules1 likewise reproduces itself by se$4 ,?is has also occurr$ ) a plant ( ,saxifraga geum1 9 :i* a s]ies ( adv5titi\s c>pels1 be>+ ovules on _! m>g9s1 _h be5 develop$ betwe5 ! /am5s & ! normal c>pels#id ,la/ly1 ) respect to peloric fl[]s1 :i* dep>t wond]fully f ! natural /ructure1--^? ( ,l9>ia vulg>is seem g5]ally to be m or less /]ile1 :il/ ^? be=e describ$ ( ,antirrh9um majus1 :5 artificially f]tilis$ ) _! own poll51 are p]fectly f]tile1 ?\gh /]ile :5 left to !mselves1 = bees are unable to crawl into ! n>r[ tubul> fl[]4 ,! peloric fl[]s ( ,corydalis solida1 accord+ to ,godron1#ie are sometimes b>r5 & sometimes f]tile2 :il/ ^? ( ,glox9ia are well kn[n to yield pl5ty ( se$4 ,9 our gre5h\se ,pel>goniums1 ! c5tral fl[] ( ! truss is (t5 peloric1 & ,mr4 ,ma/]s in=ms me t he tri$ 9 va9 dur+ sev]al ye>s to get se$ f ^! fl[]s4 ,i likewise made _m va9 attempts1 b sometimes succe$$ 9 f]tilis+ !m ) poll5 f a normal fl[] ( ano!r v>iety2 & conv]sely ,i sev]al times f]tilis$ ord9>y fl[]s ) peloric poll54 ,only once ,i succe$$ 9 rais+ a plant f a peloric fl[] f]tilis$ by poll5 f a peloric fl[] borne by ano!r v>iety2 b ! plant1 x may be add$1 pres5t$ no?+ p>ticul> 9 its /ructure4 ,h5ce we may conclude t no g5]al rule c be laid d[n2 b any great deviation f ! normal /ructure1 ev5 :5 ! reproductive organs !mselves are n s]i\sly affect$1 c]ta9ly (t5 leads to sexual impot5ce4 ,d\ble ,fl[]s4--,:5 ! /am5s are conv]t$ into petals1 ! plant becomes on ! male side /]ile2 :5 bo? /am5s & pi/ils are ?us *ang$1 ! plant becomes completely b>r54 ,symmetrical fl[]s hav+ num]\s /am5s & petals are ! mo/ liable to become d\ble1 z p]haps foll[s f all multiple organs be+ ! mo/ subject to v>iability4 ,b fl[]s furni%$ ) only a few /am5s1 & o!rs :i* are asymmetrical 9 /ructure1 sometimes become d\ble1 z we see ) ! d\ble gorse or ,ulex1 & ,antirrh9um4 ,! ,composit be> :at are call$ d\ble fl[]s by ! abnormal developm5t ( ! corolla ( _! c5tral florets4 ,d\bl5ess is sometimes connect$ ) prolification1#if or ! cont9u$ gr[? ( ! axis ( ! fl[]4 ,d\bl5ess is /rongly inh]it$4 ,no "o has produc$1 z ,l9dley rem>ks1#ig d\ble fl[]s by promot+ ! p]fect heal? ( ! plant4 ,on ! contr>y1 unnatural conditions ( life fav\r _! production4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t se$s kept dur+ _m ye>s1 & se$s believ$ to be imp]fectly f]tilis$1 yield d\ble fl[]s m freely ?an fre% & p]fectly f]tilis$ se$4#ih ,long-cont9u$ cultivation 9 ri* soil seems to be ! commone/ excit+ cause4 ,a d\ble n>cissus & a d\ble ,an!mis nobilis1 transplant$ into v poor soil1 has be5 obs]v$ to become s+le2#ii & ,i h se5 a completely d\ble :ite primrose r5d]$ p]man5tly s+le by be+ divid$ & transplant$ :il/ 9 full fl[]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,morr5 t d\bl5ess ( ! fl[]s & v>iegation ( ! leaves are antagoni/ic /ates2 b s _m exceptions to ! rule h lately be5 record$1#ajj t1 ?\gh g5]al1 x _c be look$ at z inv>iable4 ,v>iegation seems g5]ally to result f a feeble or atrophi$ condition ( ! plant1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! se$l+s rais$ f p>5ts1 if bo? are v>iegat$1 usually p]i% at an e>ly age2 h5ce we may p]haps inf] t d\bl5ess1 :i* is ! antagoni/ic /ate1 commonly arises f a ple?oric condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 extremely poor soil sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 appe>s to cause d\bl5ess3 ,i =m]ly describ$#aja "s completely d\ble1 bud-l1 fl[]s produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s by /unt$ wild plants ( ,g5tiana am>ella gr[+ on a poor *alky bank4 ,i h also notic$ a di/9ct t5d5cy to d\bl5ess 9 ! fl[]s ( a ,ranunculus1 ,horse-*e/nut1 & ,bladd]-nut 7,ranunculus rep5s1 ,aesculus pavia1 & ,/aphylea71 gr[+ "u v unfav\rable conditions4 ,pr(essor ,lehmann#ajb f\nd sev]al wild plants gr[+ ne> a hot spr+ ) d\ble fl[]s4 ,) respect to ! cause ( d\bl5ess1 :i* arises1 z we see1 "u widely diff]5t circum/ances1 ,i %all pres5tly attempt to %[ t ! mo/ probable view is t unnatural conditions fir/ give a t5d5cy to /]ility1 & t !n1 on ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation1 z ! reproductive organs d n p]=m _! prop] functions1 !y ei!r become develop$ into petals1 or additional petals are =m$4 ,?is view has lately be5 support$ by ,mr4 ,laxton#ajc :o advances ! case ( "s common peas1 :i*1 aft] long-cont9u$ heavy ra91 fl[]$ a second "t1 & produc$ d\ble fl[]s4 ,se$less ,fruit4--,_m ( our mo/ valuable fruits1 al?\gh consi/+ 9 a homological s5se ( widely diff]5t organs1 are ei!r q /]ile1 or produce extremely few se$s4 ,?is is notori\sly ! case ) our be/ pe>s1 grapes1 & figs1 ) ! p9e-apple1 banana1 bread-fruit1 pomegranate1 az>ole1 date-palms1 & "s memb]s ( ! orange-tribe4 ,poor] v>ieties ( ^! same fruits ei!r habitually or occasionally yield se$4#ajd ,mo/ horticulturi/s look at ! great size & anomal\s developm5t ( ! fruit z ! cause1 & /]ility z ! result2 b ! opposite view1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is m probable4 ,/]ility f ! excessive developm5t ( ! organs ( ,gr[? or ,vegetation4--,plants :i* f any cause gr[ too luxuriantly1 & produce leaves1 /ems1 runn]s1 suck]s1 tub]s1 bulbs1 etc41 9 excess1 sometimes d n fl[]1 or if !y fl[] d n yield se$4 ,to make ,european vegetables "u ! hot climate ( ,india yield se$1 x is necess>y to *eck _! gr[?2 &1 :5 "o-?ird gr[n1 !y are tak5 up1 & _! /ems & tap-roots are cut or mutilat$4#aje ,s x is ) hybrids2 = in/ance1 ,pr(4 ,lecoq#ajf _h ?ree plants ( ,mirabilis1 :i*1 ?\gh !y grew luxuriantly & fl[]$1 7 q /]ile2 b aft] beat+ "o ) a /ick until a few bran*es alone 7 left1 ^! at once yield$ good se$4 ,! sug>-cane1 :i* gr[s vigor\sly & produces a l>ge supply ( succul5t /ems1 nev]1 accord+ to v>i\s obs]v]s1 be>s se$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,malaga1 ,india1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,mauritius1 or ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4#ajg ,plants :i* produce a l>ge numb] ( tub]s are apt to be /]ile1 z occurs1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) ! common potato2 & ,mr4 ,=tune in=ms me t ! sweet potato 7,convolvulus batatas7 9 ,*9a nev]1 z f> z he has se51 yields se$4 ,dr4 ,royle rem>ks#ajh t 9 ,india ! ,agave vivip>a1 :5 gr[n 9 ri* soil1 inv>iably produces bulbs1 b no se$s2 :il/ a poor soil & dry climate lead to an opposite result4 ,9 ,*9a1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,=tune1 an extraord9>y numb] ( little bulbs are develop$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! yam1 & ?is plant does n be> se$4 ,:e!r 9 ^! cases1 z 9 ^? ( d\ble fl[]s & se$less fruit1 sexual /]ility f *ang$ conditions ( life is ! prim>y cause :i* leads to ! excessive developm5t ( ! organs ( vegetation1 is d\btful2 ?\gh "s evid5ce might be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is view4 ,x is p]haps a m probable view t plants :i* propagate !mselves l>gely by "o me?od1 namely by buds1 h n suffici5t vital p[] or organis$ matt] = ! o!r me?od ( sexual g5]ation4 ,sev]al di/+ui%$ botani/s & good practical judges believe t long- cont9u$ propagation by cutt+s1 runn]s1 tub]s1 bulbs1 etc41 indep5d5tly ( any excessive developm5t ( ^! p>ts1 is ! cause ( _m plants fail+ to produce fl[]s1 or produc+ only b>r5 fl[]s1--x is z if !y _h lo/ ! habit ( sexual g5]ation4#aji ,t _m plants :5 ?us propagat$ are /]ile !re c be no d\bt1 b z to :e!r ! long cont9uance ( ?is =m ( propagation is ! actual cause ( _! /]ility1 ,i w n v5ture1 f ! want ( suffici5t evid5ce1 to express an op9ion4 ,t plants may be propagat$ = long p]iods by buds1 )\t ! aid ( sexual g5]ation1 we may safely inf] f ?is be+ ! case ) _m plants :i* mu/ h long surviv$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,z ,i h _h occasion be=e to allude to ?is subject1 ,i w "h give su* cases z ,i h collect$4 ,_m alp9e plants asc5d m\nta9s beyond ! height at :i* !y c produce se$4#aaj ,c]ta9 species ( ,poa & ,fe/uca1 :5 gr[+ on m\nta9-pa/ures1 propagate !mselves1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,b5?am1 almo/ exclusively by bulblets4 ,kalm gives a m curi\s in/ance#aaa ( sev]al ,am]ican trees1 :i* gr[ s pl5tifully 9 m>%es or 9 ?ick woods1 t !y are c]ta9ly well adapt$ = ^! /ations1 yet sc>cely ev] produce se$s2 b :5 accid5tally gr[+ on ! outside ( ! m>% or wood1 are load$ ) se$4 ,! common ivy is f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,sw$5 & ,russia1 b fl[]s & fruits only 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces4 ,! ,acorus calamus ext5ds ov] a l>ge portion ( ! globe1 b s r>ely p]fects fruit t ?is has be5 se5 only by a few botani/s2 accord+ to ,casp>y1 all its poll5-gra9s are 9 a wor?less condition4#aab ,! ,hyp]icum calyc9um1 :i* propagates itself s freely 9 our %rubb]ies by rhizomes1 & is naturalis$ 9 ,irel&1 blossoms pr(usely1 b r>ely sets any se$1 & ?is only dur+ c]ta9 ye>s2 nor did x set any :5 f]tilis$ 9 my g>d5 by poll5 f plants gr[+ at a di/ance4 ,! ,lysima*ia nummul>ia1 :i* is furni%$ ) long runn]s1 s seldom produces se$-capsules1 t ,pr(4 ,decaisne1#aac :o has especially att5d$ to ?is plant1 has nev] se5 x 9 fruit4 ,! ,c>ex rigida (t5 fails to p]fect its se$ 9 ,scotl&1 ,lapl&1 ,gre5l&1 ,g]many1 & ,new ,hamp%ire 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#aad ,! p]iw9kle 7,v9ca m9or71 :i* spreads l>gely by runn]s1 is said sc>cely ev] to produce fruit 9 ,engl&2#aae b ?is plant requires insect-aid = its f]tilisation1 & ! prop] insects may be abs5t or r>e4 ,! ,jussiaea gr&iflora has become naturalis$ 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 & has spread by its rhizomes s ext5sively z to imp$e ! navigation ( ! wat]s1 b nev] produces f]tile se$4#aaf ,! horse-radi% 7,co*l]ia armoracia7 spreads p]t9aci\sly & is naturalis$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe2 ?\gh x be>s fl[]s1 ^! r>ely produce capsules3 ,pr(essor ,casp>y in=ms me t he has wat*$ ?is plant s9ce #ahea1 b has nev] se5 its fruit2 #fe p] c5t ( its poll5-gra9s are bad4 ,! common ,ranunculus fic>ia r>ely be>s se$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,switz]l&2 b 9 #ahfc ,i obs]v$ se$s on sev]al plants gr[+ ne> my h\se4#aag ,o!r cases analog\s ) ! =ego+ c\ld be giv52 = in/ance1 "s k9ds ( mosses & li*5s h nev] be5 se5 to fructify 9 ,france4 ,"s ( ^! endemic & naturalis$ plants are probably r5d]$ /]ile f excessive multiplication by buds1 & _! consequ5t incapacity to produce & n\ri% se$4 ,b ! /]ility ( o!rs m probably dep5ds on ! peculi> conditions "u :i* !y live1 z 9 ! case ( ! ivy 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,europe1 & ( ! trees 9 ! swamps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 yet ^! plants mu/ be 9 "s respects em95tly well adapt$ = ! /ations :i* !y occupy1 = !y hold _! places aga9/ a ho/ ( competitors4 ,f9ally1 ! high degree ( /]ility :i* (t5 accompanies ! d\bl+ ( fl[]s1 or an excessive developm5t ( fruit1 seldom sup]v5es at once4 ,an incipi5t t5d5cy is obs]v$1 & cont9u$ selection completes ! result4 ,! view :i* seems ! mo/ probable1 & :i* connects toge!r all ! =ego+ facts & br+s !m )9 our pres5t subject1 is1 t *ang$ & unnatural conditions ( life fir/ give a t5d5cy to /]ility2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! organs ( reproduction be+ no long] able fully to p]=m _! prop] functions1 a supply ( organis$ matt]1 n requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! se$1 fl[s ei!r into ^! organs & r5d]s !m foliace\s1 or into ! fruit1 /ems1 tub]s1 etc41 increas+ _! size & succul5cy4 ,b x is probable t !re exi/s1 indep5d5tly ( any incipi5t /]ility1 an antagonism betwe5 ! two =ms ( reproduction1 namely1 by se$ & buds1 :5 ei!r is c>ri$ to an extreme degree4 ,t incipi5t /]ility plays an important "p 9 ! d\bl+ ( fl[]s1 & 9 ! o!r cases j specifi$1 ,i inf] *iefly f ! foll[+ facts4 ,:5 f]tility is lo/ f a :olly diff]5t cause1 namely1 f hybridism1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy1 z ,grtn]#aah affirms1 = fl[]s to become d\ble1 & ?is t5d5cy is inh]it$4 ,moreov]1 x is notori\s t ) hybrids ! male organs become /]ile be=e ! female organs1 & ) d\ble fl[]s ! /am5s fir/ become foliace\s4 ,?is latt] fact is well %[n by ! male fl[]s ( dioeci\s plants1 :i*1 accord+ to ,gallesio#aai fir/ become d\ble4 ,aga91 ,grtn]#abj (t5 insi/s t ! fl[]s ( ev5 utt]ly /]ile hybrids1 :i* d n produce any se$1 g5]ally yield p]fect capsules or fruit1--a fact :i* has likewise be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ by ,naud9 ) ! ,cucurbitace2 s t ! production ( fruit by plants r5d]$ /]ile ?r\gh any cause is intelligible4 ,klreut] has also express$ 8 unb\nd$ a/oni%m5t at ! size & developm5t ( ! tub]s 9 c]ta9 hybrids2 & all exp]im5tali/s#aba h rem>k$ on ! /rong t5d5cy 9 hybrids to increase by roots1 runn]s1 & suck]s4 ,see+ t hybrid plants1 :i* f _! nature are m or less /]ile1 ?us t5d to produce d\ble fl[]s2 t !y h ! p>ts includ+ ! se$1 t is ! fruit1 p]fectly develop$1 ev5 :5 conta9+ no se$2 t !y sometimes yield gigantic roots2 t !y almo/ inv>iably t5d to increase l>gely by suck]s & o!r su* means2--see+ ?is1 & kn[+1 f ! _m facts giv5 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ?is *apt]1 t almo/ all organic be+s :5 expos$ to unnatural conditions t5d to become m or less /]ile1 x seems mu* ! mo/ probable view t ) cultivat$ plants /]ility is ! excit+ cause1 & d\ble fl[]s1 ri* se$less fruit1 & 9 "s cases l>gely-develop$ organs ( vegetation1 etc41 are ! indirect results--^! results hav+ be5 9 mo/ cases l>gely increas$ ?r\gh cont9u$ selection by man4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,= ,engl&1 see bel[4 ,= ,g]many1 see ,metzg]1 #8,getreide>t51' #ahda1 s4 #fc4 ,= ,france1 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps 7#8,consid4 sur les ,crales1' #ahdc1 p4 #bjj7 gives num]\s ref]5ces on ?is subject4 ,= ,s\!rn ,france1 see ,godron1 #8,florula ,juv5alis1' #ahed1 p4 #bh4 #b #8,a ,g5]al ,treatise ( ,husb&ry1' vol4 #c p4 #eh4 #c #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #aheh1 p4 #bdg2 & = ! second /atem5t1 ,ibid41 #ahej1 p4 #gjb4 ,on ?is same subject see also ,rev4 ,d4 ,walk]'s #8,prize ,essay ( ,highl& ,agricult4 ,soc4' vol4 ii4 p4 #bjj4 ,also ,m>%all #8,m9utes ( ,agriculture1' ,novemb]1 #agge4 #d ,ob]l9's #8,memoirs1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #gc4 ,= ,lanca%ire see ,m>%all's #8,review ( ,reports1' #ahjh1 p4 #bie4 #e #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 p4 #ahf4 ,= ,mr4 ,robson's subsequ5t /atem5ts1 see #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #ah1 #ahff1 p4 #aba4 ,= ,mr4 ,abbey's rem>ks on graft+1 etc41 ,ibid41 ,july #ah1 #ahfe1 p4 #dd4 #f #8,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1' #agij1 p4 #bji4 #g #8,on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' p4 #eb4 #h ,mr4 ,sp5c] has fully & ably discuss$ ?is :ole subject 9 8 #8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' #ahfd1 vol4 ii4 *4 x4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( my #8,orig9 ( ,species1' #ahei1 p4 #bfg1 ,i spoke ( ! good effects f slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life & f cross-bre$+1 & ( ! evil effects f great *anges 9 ! conditions & f cross+ widely di/9ct =ms1 z a s]ies ( facts 8connect$ toge!r by "s common b unkn[n bond1 :i* is ess5tially relat$ to ! pr9ciple ( life40 #i #8,essais de ,zoologie ,gnrale1' #ahda1 p4 #bef4 #aj ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ,mr4 ,sclat] has publi%$ 7#8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfh1 p4 #fbc7 a li/ ( ! species ( mammals :i* h br$ 9 ! g>d5s f #ahdh to #ahfg inclusive4 ,( ! ,artiodactyla #he species h be5 kept1 & ( ^! #a species 9 #ai h br$ at lea/ once dur+ ! #bj ye>s2 ( #bh ,m>supialia1 #a 9 #be h br$2 ( #gd ,c>nivora1 #a 9 #cj h br$2 ( #eb ,rod5tia1 #a 9 #dg h br$2 & ( ,quadrumana #ge species h be5 kept1 & #a 9 #fb h br$4 #aa ,du ,rut1 #8,annales du ,musum1' #ahjg1 tom4 ix4 p4 #abj4 #ab #8,sauge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #di1 #ajf1 #aah1 #abd1 #bja1 #bjh1 #bdi1 #bfe1 #cbg4 #ac #8,! ,naturali/ on ! ,amazons1' #ahfc1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ii1 #aic2 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac4 #ad #8,embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava1' vol4 i4 p4 #ecd4 #ae #8,j\rnal1' vol4 i4 p4 #bac4 #af #8,suge?i]e1' s4 #cbg4 #ag ,on ! ,bre$+ ( ! ,l>g] ,felid1 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #adj4 #ah ,sleeman's #8,rambles 9 ,india1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aj4 #ai ,wiegmann's #8,ar*iv4 fur ,naturges*41' #ahcg1 s4 #afb4 #bj ,r5gg] #8,suge?i]e1' etc41 s4 #bgf4 ,on ! p>5tage ( ! gu9ea-pig1 see also ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54' ,i s5t to ,mr4 ,h4 ,d5ny ( ,le$s ! lice :i* ,i collect$ f ! wild ap]ea 9 ,la ,plata1 & he in=ms me t !y belong to a g5us di/9ct f ^? f\nd on ! gu9ea-pig4 ,?is is important evid5ce t ! ap]ea is n ! p>5t ( ! gu9ea-pig2 & is wor? giv+1 z "s au?ors errone\sly suppose t ! gu9ea-pig s9ce be+ dome/icat$ has become /]ile :5 cross$ ) ! ap]ea4 #ba ,al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( ! ,leporides1 z describ$ by ,dr4 ,broca 7#8,j\rnal de ,phys41' tom4 ii4 p4 #cgj71 has be5 positively d5i$1 yet ,dr4 ,pigeaux 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx41 #ahfg1 p4 #ge7 affirms t ! h>e & rabbit h produc$ hybrids4 #bb #8,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' by ,audubon & ,ba*man1 #ahdf1 p4 #bfh4 #bc ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ix41 #ahcf1 p4 #ega2 ,audubon & ,ba*man's #8,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' p4 #bba4 #bd ,fl\r5s1 #8,de l',in/9ct1' etc41 #ahde1 p4 #hh4 #be ,see #8,annual ,reports ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahee1 #aheh1 #ahfc1 #ahfd2 #8,times' newspap]1 ,aug4 #aj?1 #ahdg2 ,fl\r5s1 #8,de l',in/9ct1' p4 #he4 #bf #8,suge?i]e1' etc41 s4 #cd1 #di4 #bg ,art4 ,brazil1 #8,p5ny ,cyclop41' p4 #cfc4 #bh #8,! ,naturali/ on ! ,amazons1' vol4 i4 p4 #ii4 #bi ,a li/ ( ! species ( birds :i* h br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s f #ahdh to #ahfg inclusive has be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,sclat] 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfi1 p4 #fbf1 s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w appe>$4 ,( ,columb #ea species h be5 kept1 & ( ,ans]es #hj species1 & 9 bo? ^! families #a species 9 #bf h br$ at lea/ once 9 ! #bj ye>s4 ,( ,gall9 #hc species h be5 kept & #a 9 #bg h br$2 ( #eg ,grall #a 9 #i h br$2 ( #aaj ,preh5sores #a 9 #bb h br$2 ( #agh ,pass]es #a 9 #bed h br$2 ( #id ,accipitres #a 9 #dg h br$2 ( #be ,pic>i & ( #ce ,h]odiones n "o species 9 ei!r gr\p has br$4 #cj #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #fia4 #ca ,accord+ to ,sir ,a4 ,burnes 7#8,cabool1' etc41 p4 #ea71 eight species are us$ = hawk+ 9 ,s9de4 #cb ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 vi41 #ahcc1 p4 #aaj4 #cc ,f4 ,cuvi]1 #8,annal4 du ,musum1' tom4 ix4 p4 #abh4 #cd #8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 vii4-viii41 #ahdi-ej1 p4 #bfdh4 #ce ,knox1 #8,orni?ological ,rambles 9 ,sussex1' p4 #ia4 #cf #8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 vii4-viii41 #ahdi-ej1 p4 #beff2 vol4 ix4-x41 #ahea-b1 p4 #cbjg4 #cg ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 d] ,/ub5vgel1' #ahdj1 s4 #bj4 #ch #8,orni?ological ,biography1' vol4 v4 p4 #eag4 #ci ,a case is record$ 9 #8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 i4-ii41 #ahdc-de1 p4 #dec4 ,= ! sisk9 bre$+1 vol4 iii4-iv41 #ahde-df1 p4 #ajge4 ,be*/e9 #8,/ub5vgel1' s4 #aci1 speaks ( bullf9*es mak+ ne/s1 b r>ely produc+ "y4 #dj ,y>rell's #8,hi/4 ,briti% ,birds1' #ahci1 vol4 i4 p4 #dab4 #da ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 xix41 #ahcf1 p4 #cdg4 #db #8,mmoires du ,musum d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 x4 p4 #cad3 five cases ( p>rots bre$+ 9 ,france are "h record$4 ,see also #8,report ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,zoolog41' #ahdc4 #dc #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,nov4 #ahfh1 p4 #caa4 #dd #8,/ub5vgel1' s4 #aje1 #hc4 #de ,dr4 ,hancock rem>ks 7#8,*>leswor?'s ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' vol4 ii41 #ahch1 p4 #dib71 8x is s+ul> t1 among/ ! num]\s useful birds t are indig5\s to ,guiana1 none are f\nd to propagate among ! ,indians2 yet ! common f[l is re>$ 9 abundance ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry40 #df #8,a ,week at ,p]t ,royal1' #ahee1 p4 #g4 #dg ,audubon1 #8,am]ican ,orni?ology1' vol4 v4 pp4 #eeb1 #eeg4 #dh ,m[bray on ,p\ltry1 #g? edit41 p4 #acc4 #di ,temm9ck1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' etc41 #ahac1 tom4 iii4 pp4 #bhh1 #chb2 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xii41 #ahdc1 p4 #dec4 ,o!r species ( p>tridge h occasionally br$2 z ! r$-legg$ 7,p4 rubra71 :5 kept 9 a l>ge c\rt 9 ,france 7see #8,j\rnal de ,physique1' tom4 xxv4 p4 #bid71 & 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 #ahef4 #ej ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,! ,dovecote1' #ahea1 pp4 #bdc-beb4 #ea ,temm9ck1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn4 des ,pigeons1' etc41 tom4 ii4 pp4 #def1 #deh2 tom4 iii4 pp4 #b1 #ac1 #dg4 #eb ,bates1 #8,! ,naturali/ on ! ,amazons1' vol4 i4 p4 #aic2 vol4 ii4 p4 #aab4 #ec ,temm9ck1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' etc41 tom4 ii4 p4 #abe4 ,= ,tetrao urogallus1 see ,l4 ,lloyd1 #8,field ,sports ( ,nor? ( ,europe1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bhg1 #cad2 & #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii41 #ahfj1 p4 #fjj4 ,= ,t4 scoticus1 ,?ompson1 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,irel&1' vol4 ii4 #ahej1 p4 #di4 ,= ,t4 cupido1 #8,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 iii4 p4 #aii4 #ed ,m>cel de ,s]res1 #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #bnd s]ies1 ,zoolog41 tom4 xiii4 p4 #age4 #ee ,dr4 ,hancock1 9 #8,*>leswor?'s ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii41 #ahch1 p4 #dia2 ,r4 ,hill1 #8,a ,week at ,port ,royal1' p4 #h2 #8,guide to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1' by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclat]1 #ahei1 pp4 #aa1 #ab2 #8,! ,kn[sley ,m5ag]ie1' by ,d4 ,gray1 #ahdf1 pl4 xiv42 ,e4 ,bly?1 #8,report ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' ,may #ahee4 #ef ,pr(4 ,newton1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfj1 p4 #ccf4 #eg #8,! ,dovecote & ,avi>y1' p4 #dbh4 #eh #8,orni?ological ,biography1' vol4 iii4 p4 #i4 #ei #8,geograph4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 xiii41 #ahdd1 p4 #cb4 #fj ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 v41 #ahcb1 p4 #aec4 #fa #8,zoologi/1' vols4 v4-vi41 #ahdg-dh1 p4 #affj4 #fb #8,transact4 ,entomolog4 ,soc41' vol4 iv41 #ahde1 p4 #fj4 #fc #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 vii4 p4 #dj4 #fd ,see an int]e/+ pap] by ,mr4 ,newman 9 ! #8,zoologi/1' #aheg1 p4 #egfd2 & ,dr4 ,wallace1 9 #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc41' ,june #d?1 #ahfj1 p4 #aai4 #fe ,y>rell's #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 p4 #ejf2 ,be*/e9 #8,/ub5vgel1' s4 #ahe2 #8,philosoph4 ,transact41' #aggb1 p4 #bga4 ,bronn 7#8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b& ii4 s4 #if7 has collect$ a numb] ( cases4 ,= ! case ( ! de]1 see #8,p5ny ,cyclop41' vol4 viii4 p4 #cej4 #ff #8,j\rnal de ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cdg4 #fg ,= additional evid5ce on ?is subject1 see ,f4 ,cuvi] 9 #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 xii4 p4 #aai4 #fh ,num]\s in/ances c\ld be giv54 ,?us ,liv+/one 7#8,travels1' p4 #bag7 /ates t ! ,k+ ( ! ,b>otse1 an inl& tribe :i* nev] _h any communication ) :ite m51 0 extremely fond ( tam+ animals1 & e "y antelope 0 br\ght to him4 ,mr4 ,galton in=ms me t ! ,dam>as are likewise fond ( keep+ pets4 ,! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica foll[ ! same habit4 ,capt4 ,wilkes /ates t ! ,polynesians ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s tam$ pigeons2 & ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 z ,mr4 ,mantell in=ms me1 kept v>i\s k9ds ( birds4 #fi ,= analog\s cases ) ! f[l1 see ,raumur1 #8,l',art de faire ,eclore1' etc41 #agdi1 p4 #bdc2 & ,col4 ,sykes1 9 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcb1 etc4 ,) respect to ! f[l n bre$+ 9 nor!rn regions1 see ,la?am's #8,hi/4 ( ,birds1' vol4 viii41 #ahbc1 p4 #afi4 #gj 8,mm4 p> div]s ,savans10 #8,acad4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cdg4 #ga ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #aha4 #gb ,j4 ,mills1 #8,treatise on ,cattle1' #aggf1 p4 #gb4 #gc ,be*/e91 #8,/ub5vgel1' s4 #bdb4 #gd #8,! ,&es & ! ,amazon1' #ahgj1 p4 #ajg4 #ge ,crawfurd's #8,descriptive ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #ade4 #gf #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 ix41 #ahfb1 pp4 #chj1 #chd4 #gg ,= pigeons1 see ,dr4 ,*apuis1 #8,le ,pigeon ,voyageur ,belge1' #ahfe1 p4 #ff4 #gh #8,sw$i% ,acts1' vol4 i41 #agci1 p4 #c4 ,pallas makes ! same rem>k 9 8 #8,travels' 7,eng4 translat471 vol4 i4 p4 #bib4 #gi ,a4 ,k]n]1 #8,die ,cultur d] ,alp5pflanz51' #ahfd1 s4 #aci2 ,watson's #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 p4 #aca2 ,mr4 ,d4 ,cam]on1 also1 has writt5 on ! culture ( ,alp9e plants 9 #8,g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahdh1 pp4 #bec1 #bfh1 & m5tions a few :i* se$4 #hj #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' #ahdd s4 #ccc4 #ha #8,nova ,acta ,petrop41' #agic1 p4 #cia4 #hb #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 pp4 #dd1 #aji4 #hc ,dr4 ,h]b]t1 #8,am>yllidace1' p4 #agf4 #hd ,grtn]1 #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss1' etc41 s4 #efj1 #efd4 #he #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #bae2 #ahej1 p4 #dgj4 ,faivre gives a good rsum on ?is subject 9 8 #8,la ,v>iabilit des ,espces1' #ahfh1 p4 #aee4 #hf #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss1' etc41 s4 #beb1 #cch4 #hg #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii41 #ahdg1 p4 #hc4 #hh #8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss1' etc41 s4 #aag et seq42 ,klreut]1 #8,zweite ,=tsetzung1' s4 #aj1 #aba2 #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' s4 #eg4 ,h]b]t1 #8,am>yllidace1' p4 #cee4 ,wiegmann #8,ueb] die ,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #bg4 #hi #8,ba/>d]z5gung1' s4 #cef4 #ij #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' #ahaf1 p4 #hd2 #8,trait du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #fg4 #ia ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,crock]1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #ajib4 #ib ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #hj4 #ic ,v]lot1 ibid41 p4 #hh4 #id ,pr(4 ,allman1 ,brit4 ,assoc41 quot$ 9 ! #8,phytologi/1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dhc4 ,pr(4 ,h>vey1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,&rews1 :o discov]$ ! plant1 in=m$ me t ?is mon/rosity c\ld be propagat$ by se$4 ,) respect to ! poppy1 see ,pr(4 ,goepp]t1 z quot$ 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #a/1 #ahfc1 p4 #aga4 #ie #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,dec4 #ai?1 #ahfd1 p4 #ajci4 #if #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #fha4 #ig #8,!ory ( ,horticulture1' p4 #ccc4 #ih ,mr4 ,fairwea!r1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #djf3 ,bosse1 quot$ by ,bronn1 #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #gg4 ,on ! effects ( ! removal ( ! an!rs1 see ,mr4 ,leitn]1 9 ,silliman's #8,nor? ,am]ican ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxiii4 p4 #dg2 & ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #hd4 #ii ,l9dley's #8,!ory ( ,horticulture1' p4 #c8c4 #ajj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #fbf2 #ahff1 pp4 #bij1 #gcj2 & ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' p4 #ge4 #aja #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #fbh4 ,9 ?is article ,i sugge/$ ! !ory above giv5 on ! d\bl5ess ( fl[]s4 ,?is view is adopt$ by ,c>rire1 #8,production et ,fix4 des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #fg4 #ajb ,quot$ by ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #efg4 #ajc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #ija4 #ajd ,l9dley1 #8,!ory ( ,horticulture1' pp4 #age-agi2 ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ajf2 ,pick]+1 #8,races ( ,man2' ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' l#haf1 pp4 #aja-aaj4 ,mey51 7#8,reise um ,erde1' ,?4 ii4 s4 #bad7 /ates t at ,manilla "o v>iety ( ! banana is full ( se$s3 & ,*amisso 7,hook]'s #8,bot4 ,misc41' vol4 i4 p4 #caj7 describes a v>iety ( ! bread-fruit 9 ! ,m>iana ,isl&s ) small fruit1 conta9+ se$s :i* are frequ5tly p]fect4 ,burnes1 9 8 #8,travels 9 ,bokh>a1' rem>ks on ! pomegranate se$+ 9 ,maz5d]an1 z a rem>kable peculi>ity4 #aje ,+l$ew1 9 #8,transact4 ( ,agricult4 & ,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,india1' vol4 ii4 #ajf #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #cjh4 #ajg ,hook]'s #8,bot4 ,misc41' vol4 i4 p4 #ii2 ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' p4 #aaj4 ,dr4 ,j4 de ,cordemoy1 9 #8,transact4 ( ! ,r4 ,soc4 ( ,mauritius' 7new s]ies71 vol4 vi4 #ahgc1 pp4 #fj-fg1 gives a l>ge numb] ( cases ( plants :i* nev] se$1 includ+ sev]al species indig5\s 9 ,mauritius4 #ajh #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 xvii4 p4 #efc4 #aji ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ajf2 ,h]b]t on ,crocus1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 #ahdf1 p4 #bed3 ,dr4 ,wight1 f :at he has se5 9 ,india1 believes 9 ?is view2 #8,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1' vol4 iv41 #ahcf1 p4 #fa4 #aaj ,wahl5b]g specifies eight species 9 ?is /ate on ! ,lapl& ,alps3 see ,app5dix to ,l9nu' #8,t\r 9 ,lapl&1' translat$ by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgd-bhj4 #aaa #8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 iii4 p4 #age4 #aab ,) respect to ! ivy & ,acorus1 see ,dr4 ,broomfield 9 ! #8,phytologi/1' vol4 iii4 p4 #cgf4 ,also ,l9dley & ,vau*] on ! ,acorus1 & see ,casp>y z bel[4 #aac #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #crd s]ies1 ,zool41 tom4 iv4 p4 #bhj4 ,pr(4 ,decaisne ref]s also to analog\s cases ) mosses & li*5s ne> ,p>is4 #aad ,mr4 ,tuck]mann1 9 ,silliman's #8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 xlv4 p4 #a4 #aae ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 #8,engli% ,flora1' vol4 i4 p4 #cci4 #aaf ,g4 ,plan*on1 #8,flora de ,montpelli]1' #ahfd1 p4 #bj4 #aag ,on ! non-production ( se$s 9 ,engl&1 see ,mr4 ,crock]1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,weekly ,magaz9e1' #aheb1 p4 #gj2 ,vau*]1 #8,hi/4 ,phys4 ,plantes d',europe1' tom4 i4 p4 #cc2 ,lecoq1 #8,gograph4 ,bot4 d',europe1' tom4 iv4 p4 #dff2 ,dr4 ,d4 ,clos1 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #crd s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 xvii4 #aheb1 p4 #abi3 ?is latt] au?or ref]s to o!r analog\s cases4 ,see m especially on ?is plant & on o!r alli$ cases ,pr(4 ,casp>y1 8,die ,nuph>10 #8,abh&4 ,naturw4 ,gesells*4 zu ,halle1' ,b4 xi4 #ahgj1 p4 #dj1 #gh4 #aah #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #efe4 ,klreut] 7,dritte ,=tsetzung1 s4 #gc1 #hg1 #aai7 also %[s t :5 two species1 "o s+le & ! o!r d\ble1 are cross$1 ! hybrids are apt to be extremely d\ble4 #aai #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,veg41' #ahaf1 p4 #gc4 #abj #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #egc4 #aba ,ibid41 s4 #ebg4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,la/ ,,*apt]s1 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,hybridism4 ,,on ,,! ,,good ,,d]iv$ ,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cross+--,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,dome/ication ,,on ,,f]tility--,,close ,,int]bre$+--,,good ,,& ,,evil ,,results ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,v>ieties ,,:5 ,,cross$ ,,n ,,inv>iably ,,f]tile--,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,f]tility ,,betwe5 ,,cross$ ,,species ,,& ,,v>ieties--,,conclusions ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,hybridism--,,light ,,?r[n ,,on ,,hybridism ,,by ,,! ,,illegitimate ,,prog5y ,,( ,,het]o/yl$ ,,plants--,,/]ility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,species ,,due ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,conf9$ ,,to ,,! ,,reproductive ,,sy/em--,,n ,,accumulat$ ,,?r\gh ,,natural ,,selection--,,reasons ,,:y ,,dome/ic ,,v>ieties ,,are ,,n ,,mutually ,,/]ile--,,too ,,mu* ,,/ress ,,has ,,be5 ,,laid ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,f]tility ,,betwe5 ,,cross$ ,,species ,,& ,,cross$ ,,v>ieties--,,conclusion4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ! fifte5? *apt] t :5 individuals ( ! same v>iety1 or ev5 ( a di/9ct v>iety1 are all[$ freely to int]cross1 uni=mity ( "* is ultimately acquir$4 ,"s few *>act]s1 h[ev]1 are incapable ( fusion1 b ^! are unimportant1 z !y are (t5 ( a semi-mon/r\s nature1 & h sudd5ly appe>$4 ,h5ce1 to pres]ve our dome/icat$ bre$s true1 or to improve !m by me?odical selection1 x is obvi\sly necess>y t !y %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,nev]!less1 a :ole body ( individuals may be sl[ly modifi$1 ?r\gh unconsci\s selection1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 )\t sep>at+ !m into di/9ct lots4 ,dome/ic races h (t5 be5 int5tionally modifi$ by "o or two crosses1 made ) "s alli$ race1 & occasionally ev5 by repeat$ crosses ) v di/9ct races2 b 9 almo/ all su* cases1 long-cont9u$ & c>eful selection has be5 absolutely necess>y1 ow+ to ! excessive v>iability ( ! cross$ (fspr+1 due to ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion4 ,9 a few in/ances1 h[ev]1 mongrels h reta9$ a uni=m "* f _! fir/ production4 ,:5 two v>ieties are all[$ to cross freely1 & "o is mu* m num]\s ?an ! o!r1 ! =m] w ultimately absorb ! latt]4 ,%\ld bo? v>ieties exi/ 9 ne>ly equal numb]s1 x is probable t a consid]able p]iod w\ld elapse be=e ! acquirem5t ( a uni=m "*2 & ! "* ultimately acquir$ w\ld l>gely dep5d on prepot5cy ( transmission & on ! conditions ( life2 = ! nature ( ^! conditions w\ld g5]ally fav\r "o v>iety m ?an ano!r1 s t a k9d ( natural selection w\ld come into play4 ,unless ! cross$ (fspr+ 7 slaught]$ by man )\t ! lea/ discrim9ation1 "s degree ( unme?odical selection w\ld likewise come into action4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations we may inf]1 t :5 two or m closely alli$ species fir/ came into ! possession ( ! same tribe1 _! cross+ w n h influ5c$1 9 s great a degree z has (t5 be5 suppos$1 ! "* ( ! (fspr+ 9 future times2 al?\gh 9 "s cases x probably has _h a consid]able effect4 ,dome/ication1 z a g5]al rule1 increases ! prolificness ( animals & plants4 ,x elim9ates ! t5d5cy to /]ility :i* is common to species :5 fir/ tak5 f a /ate ( nature & cross$4 ,on ?is latt] head we h no direct evid5ce2 b z our races ( dogs1 cattle1 pigs etc41 are almo/ c]ta9ly desc5d$ f aborig9ally di/9ct /ocks1 & z ^! races are n[ fully f]tile toge!r1 or at lea/ incomp>ably m f]tile ?an mo/ species :5 cross$1 we may ) entire confid5ce accept ?is conclusion4 ,abundant evid5ce has be5 giv5 t cross+ adds to ! size1 vig\r1 & f]tility ( ! (fspr+4 ,?is holds good :5 !re has be5 no previ\s close int]bre$+4 ,x applies to ! individuals ( ! same v>iety b belong+ to diff]5t families1 to di/9ct v>ieties1 sub-species1 & ev5 to species4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ?\gh size is ga9$1 f]tility is lo/2 b ! increas$ size1 vig\r1 & h>d9ess ( _m hybrids _c be acc\nt$ = solely on ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation f ! inaction ( ! reproductive sy/em4 ,c]ta9 plants :il/ gr[+ "u _! natural conditions1 o!rs :5 cultivat$1 & o!rs ( hybrid orig91 are completely self-impot5t1 ?\gh p]fectly heal?y2 & su* plants c be /imulat$ to f]tility only by be+ cross$ ) o!r individuals ( ! same or ( a di/9ct species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ betwe5 ! ne>e/ relations dim9i%es ! con/itutional vig\r1 size1 & f]tility ( ! (fspr+2 & occasionally leads to mal=mations1 b n necess>ily to g5]al det]ioration ( =m or /ructure4 ,?is failure ( f]tility %[s t ! evil results ( int]bre$+ are indep5d5t ( ! augm5tation ( morbid t5d5cies common to bo? p>5ts1 ?\gh ?is augm5tation no d\bt is (t5 highly injuri\s4 ,our belief t evil foll[s f close int]bre$+ re/s to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! exp]i5ce ( practical bre$]s1 especially ( ^? :o h re>$ _m animals ( quickly propagat+ k9ds2 b x likewise re/s on sev]al c>efully record$ exp]im5ts4 ,) "s animals close int]bre$+ may be c>ri$ on = a long p]iod ) impunity by ! selection ( ! mo/ vigor\s & heal?y individuals2 b soon] or lat] evil foll[s4 ,! evil1 h[ev]1 comes on s sl[ly & gradually t x easily escapes obs]vation1 b c be recognis$ by ! almo/ in/antane\s mann] 9 :i* size1 con/itutional vig\r1 & f]tility are rega9$ :5 animals t h long be5 int]br$ are cross$ ) a di/9ct family4 ,^! two great classes ( facts1 namely1 ! good d]iv$ f cross+1 & ! evil f close int]bre$+1 ) ! consid]ation ( ! innum]able adaptations ?r\gh\t nature = compell+1 or fav\r+1 or at lea/ p]mitt+1 ! occasional union ( di/9ct individuals1 tak5 toge!r1 lead to ! conclusion t x is a law ( nature t organic be+s %all n f]tilise !mselves = p]petuity4 ,?is law 0 fir/ pla9ly h9t$ at 9 #agii1 ) respect to plants1 by ,&rew ,knight#a &1 n long aft]w>ds1 t sagaci\s obs]v] ,klreut]1 aft] %[+ h[ well ! ,malvace are adapt$ = cross+1 asks1 8an id aliquid 9 recessu habeat1 quod hujuscemodi flores nunquam proprio suo pulv]e1 s$ semp] eo ali>um su speciei impregn5tur1 m]ito quritur8 ,c]te natura nil facit fru/ra40 ,al?\gh we may demur to ,klreut]'s say+ t nature does no?+ 9 va91 see+ h[ _m rudim5t>y & useless organs !re are1 yet und\bt$ly ! argum5t f ! innum]able contrivances1 :i* fav\r cross+1 is ( ! greate/ weight4 ,! mo/ important result ( ?is law is t x leads to uni=mity ( "* 9 ! individuals ( ! same species4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 h]maphrodites1 :i* probably int]cross only at long int]vals ( "t1 & ) unisexual animals inhabit+ some:at sep>at$ localities1 :i* c only occasionally come into contact & pair1 ! great] vig\r & f]tility ( ! cross$ (fspr+ w ultimately t5d to give uni=mity ( "*4 ,b :5 we g beyond ! limits ( ! same species1 free int]cross+ is b>r$ by ! law ( /]ility4 ,9 se>*+ = facts :i* might ?r[ light on ! cause ( ! good effects f cross+1 & ( ! evil effects f close int]bre$+1 we h se5 t1 on ! "o h&1 x is a widely preval5t & anci5t belief1 t animals & plants pr(it f slight *anges 9 _! condition ( life2 & x w\ld appe> t ! g]m1 9 a some:at analog\s mann]1 is m effectually /imulat$ by ! male elem5t1 :5 tak5 f a di/9ct individual1 & !re=e slightly modifi$ 9 nature1 ?an :5 tak5 f a male hav+ ! same id5tical con/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 num]\s facts h be5 giv51 %[+ t :5 animals are fir/ subject$ to captivity1 ev5 9 _! native l&1 & al?\gh all[$ mu* lib]ty1 _! reproductive functions are (t5 greatly impair$ or q annull$4 ,"s gr\ps ( animals are m affect$ ?an o!rs1 b ) app>5tly caprici\s exceptions 9 e gr\p4 ,"s animals nev] or r>ely c\ple "u conf9em5t2 "s c\ple freely1 b nev] or r>ely conceive4 ,! second>y male *>act]s1 ! mat]nal functions & in/9cts1 are occasionally affect$4 ,) plants1 :5 fir/ subject$ to cultivation1 analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$4 ,we probably owe our d\ble fl[]s1 ri* se$less fruits1 & 9 "s cases greatly develop$ tub]s1 etc41 to incipi5t /]ility ( ! above nature comb9$ ) a copi\s supply ( nutrim5t4 ,animals :i* h long be5 dome/icat$1 & plants :i* h long be5 cultivat$1 c g5]ally )/&1 ) unimpair$ f]tility1 great *anges 9 _! conditions ( life2 ?\gh bo? are sometimes slightly affect$4 ,) animals ! some:at r>e capacity ( bre$+ freely "u conf9em5t1 toge!r ) _! utility1 ma9ly det]m9e ! k9ds :i* h be5 dome/icat$4 ,we c 9 no case precisely say :at is ! cause ( ! dim9i%$ f]tility ( an animal :5 fir/ captur$1 or ( a plant :5 fir/ cultivat$2 we c only inf] t x is caus$ by a *ange ( "s k9d 9 ! natural conditions ( life4 ,! rem>kable susceptibility ( ! reproductive sy/em to su* *anges1--a susceptibility n common to any o!r organ1--app>5tly has an important be>+ on ,v>iability1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! d\ble p>allelism betwe5 ! two classes ( facts j allud$ to4 ,on ! "o h&1 slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 & crosses betwe5 slightly modifi$ =ms or v>ieties1 are b5eficial z f> z prolificness & con/itutional vig\r are conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *anges 9 ! conditions great] 9 degree1 or ( a diff]5t nature1 & crosses betwe5 =ms :i* h be5 sl[ly & greatly modifi$ by natural means1--9 o!r words1 betwe5 species1--are highly injuri\s1 z f> z ! reproductive sy/em is conc]n$1 & 9 "s few in/ances z f> z con/itutional vig\r is conc]n$4 ,c ?is p>allelism be accid5tal8 ,does x n r indicate "s real bond ( connection8 ,z a fire goes out unless x be /irr$ up1 s ! vital =ces are always t5d+1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to a /ate ( equilibrium1 unless di/urb$ & r5ovat$ ?r\gh ! action ( o!r =ces4 ,9 "s few cases v>ieties t5d to keep di/9ct1 by bre$+ at diff]5t seasons1 by great diff]5ce 9 size1 or by sexual pref]5ce4 ,b ! cross+ ( v>ieties1 f> f dim9i%+1 g5]ally adds to ! f]tility ( ! fir/ union & ( ! mongrel (fspr+4 ,:e!r all ! m widely di/9ct dome/ic v>ieties are inv>iably q f]tile :5 cross$1 we d n positively "k2 mu* "t & tr\ble w\ld be requisite = ! necess>y exp]im5ts1 & _m difficulties occur1 su* z ! desc5t ( ! v>i\s races f aborig9ally di/9ct species1 & ! d\bts :e!r c]ta9 =ms ought to be rank$ z species or v>ieties4 ,nev]!less1 ! wide exp]i5ce ( practical bre$]s proves t ! great majority ( v>ieties1 ev5 if "s %\ld h]eaft] prove n to be indef9itely f]tile int] se1 are f> m f]tile :5 cross$1 ?an ! va/ majority ( closely alli$ natural species4 ,a few rem>kable cases h1 h[ev]1 be5 giv5 on ! au?ority ( excell5t obs]v]s1 %[+ t ) plants c]ta9 =ms1 :i* und\bt$ly mu/ be rank$ z v>ieties1 yield few] se$s :5 cross$ ?an is natural to ! p>5t-species4 ,o!r v>ieties h _h _! reproductive p[]s s f> modifi$ t !y are ei!r m or less f]tile ?an _! p>5ts1 :5 cross$ ) a di/9ct species4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s indisputable t dome/icat$ v>ieties1 ( animals & ( plants1 :i* diff] greatly f "o ano!r 9 /ructure1 b :i* are c]ta9ly desc5d$ f ! same aborig9al species1 su* z ! races ( ! f[l1 pigeon1 _m vegetables1 & a ho/ ( o!r productions1 are extremely f]tile :5 cross$2 & ?is seems to make a broad & impassable b>ri] betwe5 dome/ic v>ieties & natural species4 ,b1 z ,i w n[ attempt to %[1 ! di/9ction is n s great & ov]:elm+ly important z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,on ! ,diff]5ce 9 ,f]tility betwe5 ,v>ieties & ,species :5 cross$4 ,?is "w is n ! prop] place = fully treat+ ! subject ( hybridism1 & ,i h already giv5 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' a mod]ately full ab/ract4 ,i w "h m]ely enum]ate ! g5]al conclusions :i* may be reli$ on1 & :i* be> on our pres5t po9t4 ,fir/ly1 ! laws gov]n+ ! production ( hybrids are id5tical1 or ne>ly id5tical1 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,secondly1 ! /]ility ( di/9ct species :5 fir/ unit$1 & t ( _! hybrid (fspr+1 graduate1 by an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( /eps1 f z]o1 :5 ! ovule is nev] impregnat$ & a se$-capsule is nev] =m$1 up to complete f]tility4 ,we c only escape ! conclusion t "s species are fully f]tile :5 cross$1 by det]m9+ to designate z v>ieties all ! =ms :i* are q f]tile4 ,?is high degree ( f]tility is1 h[ev]1 r>e4 ,nev]!less1 plants1 :i* h be5 expos$ to unnatural conditions1 sometimes become modifi$ 9 s peculi> a mann]1 t !y are mu* m f]tile :5 cross$ ) a di/9ct species ?an :5 f]tilis$ by _! own poll54 ,success 9 effect+ a fir/ union betwe5 two species1 & ! f]tility ( _! hybrids1 dep5d 9 an em95t degree on ! conditions ( life be+ fav\rable4 ,! innate /]ility ( hybrids ( ! same p>5tage & rais$ f ! same se$-capsule (t5 diff]s mu* 9 degree4 ,?irdly1 ! degree ( /]ility ( a fir/ cross betwe5 two species does n always run /rictly p>allel ) t ( _! hybrid (fspr+4 ,_m cases are kn[n ( species :i* c be cross$ ) ease1 b yield hybrids excessively /]ile2 & conv]sely "s :i* c be cross$ ) great difficulty1 b produce fairly f]tile hybrids4 ,?is is an inexplicable fact1 on ! view t species h be5 specially end[$ ) mutual /]ility 9 ord] to keep !m di/9ct4 ,f\r?ly1 ! degree ( /]ility (t5 diff]s greatly 9 two species :5 reciprocally cross$2 = ! fir/ w readily f]tilise ! second2 b ! latt] is incapable1 aft] hundr$s ( trials1 ( f]tilis+ ! =m]4 ,hybrids produc$ f reciprocal crosses betwe5 ! same two species likewise sometimes diff] 9 _! degree ( /]ility4 ,^! cases also are utt]ly inexplicable on ! view ( /]ility be+ a special end[m5t4 ,fif?ly1 ! degree ( /]ility ( fir/ crosses & ( hybrids runs1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p>allel ) ! g5]al or sy/ematic aff9ity ( ! =ms :i* are unit$4 ,= species belong+ to di/9ct g5]a c r>ely1 & ^? belong+ to di/9ct families c nev]1 be cross$4 ,! p>allelism1 h[ev]1 is f> f complete2 = a multitude ( closely alli$ species w n unite1 or unite ) extreme difficulty1 :il/ o!r species1 widely diff]5t f "o ano!r1 c be cross$ ) p]fect facility4 ,nor does ! difficulty dep5d on ord9>y con/itutional diff]5ces1 = annual & p]5nial plants1 decidu\s & ev]gre5 trees1 plants fl[]+ at diff]5t seasons1 inhabit+ diff]5t /ations1 & naturally liv+ "u ! mo/ opposite climates1 c (t5 be cross$ ) ease4 ,! difficulty or facility app>5tly dep5ds exclusively on ! sexual con/itution ( ! species :i* are cross$2 or on _! sexual elective aff9ity1 i4e4 ,wahlv]w&ts*aft ( ,grtn]4 ,z species r>ely or nev] become modifi$ 9 "o "*1 )\t be+ at ! same "t modifi$ 9 _m *>act]s1 & z sy/ematic aff9ity includes all visible simil>ities & dissimil>ities1 any diff]5ce 9 sexual con/itution betwe5 two species w\ld naturally /& 9 m or less close relation ) _! sy/ematic position4 ,six?ly1 ! /]ility ( species :5 fir/ cross$1 & t ( hybrids1 may possibly dep5d to a c]ta9 ext5t on di/9ct causes4 ,) pure species ! reproductive organs are 9 a p]fect condition1 :il/ ) hybrids !y are (t5 pla9ly det]iorat$4 ,a hybrid embryo :i* p>takes ( ! con/itution ( its fa!r & "m is expos$ to unnatural conditions1 z long z x is n\ri%$ )9 ! womb1 or egg1 or se$ ( ! "m-=m2 & z we "k t unnatural conditions (t5 induce /]ility1 ! reproductive organs ( ! hybrid might at ?is e>ly age be p]man5tly affect$4 ,b ?is cause has no be>+ on ! inf]tility ( fir/ unions4 ,! dim9i%$ numb] ( ! (fspr+ f fir/ unions may (t5 result1 z is c]ta9ly sometimes ! case1 f ! premature dea? ( mo/ ( ! hybrid embryos4 ,b we %all imm$iately see t a law ( an unkn[n nature app>5tly exi/s1 :i* leads to ! (fspr+ f unions1 :i* are inf]tile1 be+ !mselves m or less inf]tile2 & ?is at pres5t is all t c be said4 ,sev5?ly1 hybrids & mongrels pres5t1 ) ! "o great exception ( f]tility1 ! mo/ /rik+ accordance 9 all o!r respects2 namely1 9 ! laws ( _! resemblance to _! two p>5ts1 9 _! t5d5cy to rev]sion1 9 _! v>iability1 & 9 be+ absorb$ ?r\gh repeat$ crosses by ei!r p>5t-=m4 ,aft] arriv+ at ^! conclusions1 ,i 0 l$ to inve/igate a subject :i* ?r[s consid]able light on hybridism1 namely1 ! f]tility ( het]o/yl$ or dimorphic & trimorphic plants1 :5 illegitimately unit$4 ,i h _h occasion sev]al times to allude to ^! plants1 & ,i may "h give a brief ab/ract ( my obs]vations4 ,sev]al plants belong+ to di/9ct ord]s pres5t two =ms1 :i* exi/ 9 ab\t equal numb]s1 & :i* diff] 9 no respect except 9 _! reproductive organs2 "o =m hav+ a long pi/il ) %ort /am5s1 ! o!r a %ort pi/il ) long /am5s2 bo? ) diff]5tly siz$ poll5-gra9s4 ,) trimorphic plants !re are ?ree =ms likewise diff]+ 9 ! l5g?s ( _! pi/ils & /am5s1 9 ! size & col\r ( ! poll5-gra9s1 & 9 "s o!r respects2 & z 9 ea* ( ! ?ree =ms !re are two sets ( /am5s1 !re are altoge!r six sets ( /am5s & ?ree k9ds ( pi/ils4 ,^! organs are s proportion$ 9 l5g? to "o ano!r t1 9 any two ( ! =ms1 half ! /am5s 9 ea* /& on a level ) ! /igma ( ! ?ird =m4 ,n[ ,i h %[n1 & ! result has be5 confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s1 t1 9 ord] to obta9 full f]tility ) ^! plants1 x is necess>y t ! /igma ( ! "o =m %\ld be f]tilis$ by poll5 tak5 f ! /am5s ( correspond+ height 9 ! o!r =m4 ,s t ) dimorphic species two unions1 :i* may be call$ legitimate1 are fully f]tile1 & two1 :i* may be call$ illegitimate1 are m or less inf]tile4 ,) trimorphic species six unions are legitimate1 or fully f]tile1 & twelve are illegitimate1 or m or less inf]tile4#b ,! inf]tility :i* may be obs]v$ 9 v>i\s dimorphic & trimorphic plants1 :5 illegitimately f]tilis$1 t is1 by poll5 tak5 f /am5s n correspond+ 9 height ) ! pi/il1 diff]s mu* 9 degree1 up to absolute & utt] /]ility2 j 9 ! same mann] z occurs 9 cross+ di/9ct species4 ,z ! degree ( /]ility 9 ! latt] case dep5ds 9 an em95t degree on ! conditions ( life be+ m or less fav\rable1 s ,i h f\nd x ) illegitimate unions4 ,x is well kn[n t if poll5 ( a di/9ct species be plac$ on ! /igma ( a fl[]1 & its own poll5 be aft]w>ds1 ev5 aft] a consid]able int]val ( "t1 plac$ on ! same /igma1 its action is s /rongly prepot5t t x g5]ally annihilates ! effect ( ! =eign poll52 s x is ) ! poll5 ( ! sev]al =ms ( ! same species1 = legitimate poll5 is /rongly prepot5t ov] illegitimate poll51 :5 bo? are plac$ on ! same /igma4 ,i asc]ta9$ ?is by f]tilis+ sev]al fl[]s1 fir/ illegitimately1 & tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds legitimately1 ) poll5 tak5 f a peculi>ly col\r$ v>iety1 & all ! se$l+s 7 simil>ly col\r$2 ?is %[s t ! legitimate poll51 ?\gh appli$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs subsequ5tly1 _h :olly de/roy$ or prev5t$ ! action ( ! previ\sly appli$ illegitimate poll54 ,aga91 z1 9 mak+ reciprocal crosses betwe5 ! same two species1 !re is occasionally a great diff]5ce 9 ! result1 s ! same ?+ occurs ) trimorphic plants2 = in/ance1 ! mid-/yl$ =m ( ,ly?rum salic>ia c\ld be illegitimately f]tilis$ ) ! greate/ ease by poll5 f ! long] /am5s ( ! %ort-/yl$ =m1 & yield$ _m se$s2 b ! %ort-/yl$ =m did n yield a s+le se$ :5 f]tilis$ by ! long] /am5s ( ! mid-/yl$ =m4 ,9 all ^! respects ! =ms ( ! same und\bt$ species1 :5 illegitimately unit$1 behave 9 exactly ! same mann] z d two di/9ct species :5 cross$4 ,?is l$ me c>efully to obs]ve dur+ f\r ye>s _m se$l+s1 rais$ f sev]al illegitimate unions4 ,! *ief result is t ^! illegitimate plants1 z !y may be call$1 are n fully f]tile4 ,x is possible to raise f dimorphic species1 bo? long-/yl$ & %ort-/yl$ illegitimate plants1 & f trimorphic plants all ?ree illegitimate =ms4 ,^! c !n be prop]ly unit$ 9 a legitimate mann]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !re is no app>5t reason :y !y %\ld n yield z _m se$s z did _! p>5ts :5 legitimately f]tilis$4 ,b su* is n ! case2 !y are all inf]tile1 b 9 v>i\s degrees2 "s be+ s utt]ly & incurably /]ile t !y did n yield dur+ f\r seasons a s+le se$ or ev5 se$-capsule4 ,^! illegitimate plants1 :i* are s /]ile1 al?\gh unit$ ) ea* o!r 9 a legitimate mann]1 may be /rictly comp>$ ) hybrids :5 cross$ int] se1 & x is well kn[n h[ /]ile ^! latt] g5]ally are4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 a hybrid is cross$ ) ei!r pure p>5t-species1 ! /]ility is usually mu* less5$3 & s x is :5 an illegitimate plant is f]tilis$ by a legitimate plant4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! /]ility ( hybrids does n always run p>allel ) ! difficulty ( mak+ ! fir/ cross betwe5 ! two p>5t-species1 s ! /]ility ( c]ta9 illegitimate plants 0 unusually great1 :il/ ! /]ility ( ! union f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ 0 by no means great4 ,) hybrids rais$ f ! same se$-capsule ! degree ( /]ility is innately v>iable1 s x is 9 a m>k$ mann] ) illegitimate plants4 ,la/ly1 _m hybrids are pr(use & p]si/5t fl[]]s1 :il/ o!r & m /]ile hybrids produce few fl[]s1 & are weak1 mis]able dw>fs2 exactly simil> cases occur ) ! illegitimate (fspr+ ( v>i\s dimorphic & trimorphic plants4 ,al?\gh !re is ! close/ id5tity 9 "* & behavi\r betwe5 illegitimate plants & hybrids1 x is h>dly an exagg]ation to ma9ta9 t ! =m] are hybrids1 b produc$ )9 ! limits ( ! same species by ! improp] union ( c]ta9 =ms1 :il/ ord9>y hybrids are produc$ f an improp] union betwe5 s-call$ di/9ct species4 ,we h already se5 t !re is ! close/ simil>ity 9 all respects betwe5 fir/ illegitimate unions1 & fir/ crosses betwe5 di/9ct species4 ,?is w p]haps be made m fully app>5t by an illu/ration3--we may suppose t a botani/ f\nd two well-m>k$ v>ieties 7& su* occur7 ( ! long-/yl$ =m ( ! trimorphic ,li?rum salic>ia1 & t he det]m9$ to try by cross+ :e!r !y 7 specifically di/9ct4 ,he w\ld f9d t !y yield$ only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! prop] numb] ( se$1 & t !y behav$ 9 all ! o!r above-specifi$ respects z if !y _h be5 two di/9ct species4 ,b to make ! case sure1 he w\ld raise plants f 8 suppos$ hybridis$ se$1 & he w\ld f9d t ! se$l+s 7 mis]ably dw>f$ & utt]ly /]ile1 & t !y behav$ 9 all o!r respects l ord9>y hybrids1 he might !n ma9ta9 t he _h actually prov$1 9 accordance ) ! common view1 t 8 two v>ieties 7 z good & z di/9ct species z any 9 ! _w2 b he w\ld be completely mi/ak54 ,! facts n[ giv5 on dimorphic & trimorphic plants are important1 because !y %[ u1 fir/1 t ! physiological te/ ( less5$ f]tility1 bo? 9 fir/ crosses & 9 hybrids1 is no crit]ion ( specific di/9ction2 secondly1 because we may conclude t !re is "s unkn[n bond :i* connects ! inf]tility ( illegitimate unions ) t ( _! illegitimate (fspr+1 & we are l$ to ext5d ! same view to fir/ crosses & hybrids2 ?irdly1 because we f9d1 & ?is seems to me ( especial importance1 t two or ?ree =ms ( ! same species may exi/ & may diff] 9 no respect :atev]1 ei!r 9 /ructure or 9 con/itution1 relatively to ext]nal conditions1 & yet be /]ile :5 unit$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t x is ! union ( ! sexual elem5ts ( individuals ( ! same =m1 = in/ance1 ( two long-/yl$ =ms1 :i* results 9 /]ility2 :il/ x is ! union ( ! sexual elem5t prop] to two di/9ct =ms :i* is f]tile4 ,h5ce ! case appe>s at fir/ sight exactly ! rev]se ( :at occurs 9 ! ord9>y unions ( ! individuals ( ! same species1 & ) crosses betwe5 di/9ct species4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ?is is really s2 b ,i w n enl>ge on ?is obscure subject4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 inf] z probable f ! consid]ation ( dimorphic & trimorphic plants1 t ! /]ility ( di/9ct species :5 cross$1 & ( _! hybrid prog5y1 dep5ds exclusively on ! nature ( _! sexual elem5ts1 & n on any diff]5ce 9 _! /ructure or g5]al con/itution4 ,we are also l$ to ?is same conclusion by consid]+ reciprocal crosses1 9 :i* ! male ( "o species _c be unit$1 or only ) great difficulty1 ) ! female ( a second species1 :il/ ! conv]se cross c be effect$ ) p]fect facility4 ,t excell5t obs]v]1 ,grtn]1 likewise conclud$ t species :5 cross$ are /]ile ow+ to diff]5ces conf9$ to _! reproductive sy/ems4 ,on ! pr9ciple :i* makes x necess>y = man1 :il/ he is select+ & improv+ 8 dome/ic v>ieties1 to keep !m sep>ate1 x w\ld cle>ly be advantage\s to v>ieties 9 a /ate ( nature1 t is to incipi5t species1 if !y c\ld be kept f bl5d+1 ei!r ?r\gh sexual av]sion1 or by becom+ mutually /]ile4 ,h5ce x at "o "t appe>$ to me probable1 z x has to o!rs1 t ?is /]ility might h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,on ?is view we mu/ suppose t a %ade ( less5$ f]tility fir/ spontane\sly appe>$1 l any o!r modification1 9 c]ta9 individuals ( a species :5 cross$ ) o!r individuals ( ! same species2 & t successive slight degrees ( inf]tility1 f be+ advantage\s1 7 sl[ly accumulat$4 ,?is appe>s all ! m probable1 if we admit t ! /ructural diff]5ces betwe5 ! =ms ( dimorphic & trimorphic plants1 z ! l5g? & curvature ( ! pi/il1 etc41 h be5 co-adapt$ ?r\gh natural selection2 = if ?is be admitt$1 we c h>dly avoid ext5d+ ! same conclusion to _! mutual inf]tility4 ,/]ility1 moreov]1 has be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection = o!r & widely diff]5t purposes1 z ) neut] insects 9 ref]5ce to _! social economy4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 ! fl[]s on ! circumf]5ce ( ! truss 9 ! gueld] rose 7,viburnum opulus7 & ^? on ! summit ( ! spike 9 ! fea!r-hyac9? 7,musc>i comosum7 h be5 r5d]$ conspicu\s1 & app>5tly 9 consequ5ce /]ile1 9 ord] t insects might easily discov] & visit ! p]fect fl[]s4 ,b :5 we endeav\r to apply ! pr9ciple ( natural selection to ! acquirem5t by di/9ct species ( mutual /]ility1 we meet ) great difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be rem>k$ t sep>ate regions are (t5 inhabit$ by gr\ps ( species or by s+le species1 :i* :5 br\ght toge!r & cross$ are f\nd to be m or less /]ile2 n[ x c\ld cle>ly h be5 no advantage to su* sep>at$ species to h be5 r5d]$ mutually /]ile1 & consequ5tly ?is c\ld n h be5 effect$ ?r\gh natural selection2 b x may p]haps be argu$1 t1 if a species 7 r5d]$ /]ile ) "s "o compatriot1 /]ility ) o!r species w\ld foll[ z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 x is z mu* oppos$ to ! !ory ( natural selection1 z to ! !ory ( special creation1 t 9 reciprocal crosses ! male elem5t ( "o =m %\ld h be5 r5d]$ utt]ly impot5t on a second =m1 :il/ at ! same "t ! male elem5t ( ?is second =m is enabl$ freely to f]tilise ! fir/ =m2 = ?is peculi> /ate ( ! reproductive sy/em c\ld n possibly h be5 advantage\s to ei!r species4 ,9 consid]+ ! probability ( natural selection hav+ come into action 9 r5d]+ species mutually /]ile1 "o ( ! greate/ difficulties w be f\nd to lie 9 ! exi/5ce ( _m graduat$ /eps f slightly less5$ f]tility to absolute /]ility4 ,x may be admitt$1 on ! pr9ciple above expla9$1 t x w\ld pr(it an incipi5t species if x 7 r5d]$ 9 "s slight degree /]ile :5 cross$ ) its p>5t-=m or ) "s o!r v>iety2 = ?us few] ba/>dis$ & det]iorat$ (fspr+ w\ld be produc$ to comm+le _! blood ) ! new species 9 process ( =mation4 ,b he :o w take ! tr\ble to reflect on ! /eps by :i* ?is fir/ degree ( /]ility c\ld be increas$ ?r\gh natural selection to t high] degree :i* is common to s _m species1 & :i* is univ]sal ) species :i* h be5 diff]5tiat$ to a g5]ic or family rank1 w f9d ! subject extraord9>ily complex4 ,aft] mature reflection x seems to me t ?is c\ld n h be5 effect$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,take ! case ( any two species :i*1 :5 cross$1 produce few & /]ile (fspr+2 n[1 :at is !re :i* c\ld fav\r ! survival ( ^? individuals :i* happ5$ to be end[$ 9 a slightly high] degree ) mutual inf]tility1 & :i* ?us approa*$ by "o small /ep t[>ds absolute /]ility8 ,yet an advance ( ?is k9d1 if ! !ory ( natural selection be br\ght to be>1 mu/ h incessantly occurr$ ) _m species1 = a multitude are mutually q b>r54 ,) /]ile neut] insects we h reason to believe t modifications 9 _! /ructure & f]tility h be5 sl[ly accumulat$ by natural selection1 f an advantage hav+ be5 ?us indirectly giv5 to ! community to :i* !y belong$ ov] o!r communities ( ! same species2 b an individual animal n belong+ to a social community1 if r5d]$ slightly /]ile :5 cross$ ) "s o!r v>iety1 w\ld n ?us itself ga9 any advantage or indirectly give any advantage to ! o!r individuals ( ! same v>iety1 ?us lead+ to _! pres]vation4 ,b x w\ld be sup]flu\s to discuss ?is "q 9 detail2 = ) plants we h conclusive evid5ce t ! /]ility ( cross$ species mu/ be due to "s pr9ciple1 q indep5d5t ( natural selection4 ,bo? ,grtn] & ,kolreut] h prov$ t 9 g5]al includ+ num]\s species1 a s]ies c be =m$ f species :i* :5 cross$ yield few] & few] se$s1 to species :i* nev] produce a s+le se$1 b yet are affect$ by ! poll5 ( c]ta9 o!r species1 = ! g]m5 swells4 ,x is "h manife/ly impossible to select ! m /]ile individuals1 :i* h already ceas$ to yield se$s2 s t ?is acme ( /]ility1 :5 ! g]m5 alone is affect$1 _c h be5 ga9$ ?r\gh selection2 & f ! laws gov]n+ ! v>i\s grades ( /]ility be+ s uni=m ?r\gh\t ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 we may inf] t ! cause1 :atev] x may be1 is ! same or ne>ly ! same 9 all cases4 ,z species h n be5 r5d]$ mutually inf]tile ?r\gh ! accumulative action ( natural selection1 & z we may safely conclude1 f ! previ\s z well z f o!r & m g5]al consid]ations1 t !y h n be5 end[$ ?r\gh an act ( creation ) ?is quality1 we mu/ inf] t x has aris5 incid5tally dur+ _! sl[ =mation 9 connection ) o!r & unkn[n *anges 9 _! organisation4 ,by a quality aris+ incid5tally1 ,i ref] to su* cases z diff]5t species ( animals & plants be+ diff]5tly affect$ by poisons to :i* !y are n naturally expos$2 & ?is diff]5ce 9 susceptibility is cle>ly incid5tal on o!r & unkn[n diff]5ces 9 _! organisation4 ,s aga9 ! capacity 9 diff]5t k9ds ( trees to be graft$ on ea* o!r1 or on a ?ird species1 diff]s mu*1 & is ( no advantage to ^! trees1 b is incid5tal on /ructural or functional diff]5ces 9 _! woody tissues4 ,we ne$ n feel surprise at /]ility incid5tally result+ f crosses betwe5 di/9ct species1--! modifi$ desc5dants ( a common prog5itor1--:5 we be> 9 m9d h[ easily ! reproductive sy/em is affect$ by v>i\s causes--(t5 by extremely slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 by too close int]bre$+1 & by o!r ag5cies4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d su* cases z t ( ! ,passiflora alata1 :i* recov]$ its self-f]tility f be+ graft$ on a di/9ct species--! cases ( plants :i* normally or abnormally are self-impot5t1 b c readily be f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( a di/9ct species--& la/ly ! cases ( individual dome/icat$ animals :i* ev9ce t[>ds ea* o!r sexual incompatibility4 ,we n[ at la/ come to ! imm$iate po9t "u discussion3 h[ is x t1 ) "s few exceptions 9 ! case ( plants1 dome/icat$ v>ieties1 su* z ^? ( ! dog1 f[l1 pigeon1 sev]al fruit-trees1 & cul9>y vegetables1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s m ?an _m species1 are p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$1 or ev5 f]tile 9 excess1 :il/ closely alli$ species are almo/ inv>iably 9 "s degree /]ile8 ,we c1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 give a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q4 ,pass+ ov] ! fact t ! am\nt ( ext]nal diff]5ce betwe5 two species is no sure guide to _! degree ( mutual /]ility1 s t simil> diff]5ces 9 ! case ( v>ieties w\ld be no sure guide1 we "k t ) species ! cause lies exclusively 9 diff]5ces 9 _! sexual con/itution4 ,n[ ! conditions to :i* dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants h be5 subject$ h _h s little t5d5cy t[>ds modify+ ! reproductive sy/em 9 a mann] lead+ to mutual /]ility1 t we h v good gr\nds = admitt+ ! directly opposite doctr9e ( ,pallas1 namely1 t su* conditions g5]ally elim9ate ?is t5d5cy2 s t ! dome/icat$ desc5dants ( species1 :i* 9 _! natural /ate w\ld h be5 9 "s degree /]ile :5 cross$1 become p]fectly f]tile toge!r4 ,) plants1 s f> is cultivation f giv+ a t5d5cy t[>ds mutual /]ility1 t 9 sev]al well-au!nticat$ cases1 already (t5 allud$ to1 c]ta9 species h be5 affect$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 = !y h become self-impot5t1 :il/ /ill reta9+ ! capacity ( f]tilis+1 & be+ f]tilis$ by1 di/9ct species4 ,if ! ,pallasian doctr9e ( ! elim9ation ( /]ility ?r\gh long-cont9u$ dome/ication be admitt$1 & x c h>dly be reject$1 x becomes 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t simil> circum/ances %\ld commonly bo? induce & elim9ate ! same t5d5cy2 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 cases1 ) species hav+ a peculi> con/itution1 /]ility might occasionally be ?us induc$4 ,?us1 z ,i believe1 we c und]/& :y ) dome/icat$ animals v>ieties h n be5 produc$ :i* are mutually /]ile2 & :y ) plants only a few su* cases h be5 obs]v$1 namely1 by ,grtn]1 ) c]ta9 v>ieties ( maize & v]bascum1 by o!r exp]im5tali/s ) v>ieties ( ! g\rd & melon1 & by ,klreut] ) "o k9d ( tobacco4 ,) respect to v>ieties :i* h orig9at$ 9 a /ate ( nature1 x is almo/ hopeless to expect to prove by direct evid5ce t !y h be5 r5d]$ mutually /]ile2 = if ev5 a trace ( /]ility c\ld be detect$1 su* v>ieties w\ld at once be rais$ by almo/ e naturali/ to ! rank ( di/9ct species4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,grtn]'s /atem5t 7 fully confirm$1 t ! blue & r$ fl[]$ =ms ( ! pimp]nel 7,anagallis arv5sis7 are /]ile :5 cross$1 ,i presume t all ! botani/s :o n[ ma9ta9 on v>i\s gr\nds t ^! two =ms are m]ely fleet+ v>ieties1 w\ld at once admit t !y 7 specifically di/9ct4 ,! real difficulty 9 our pres5t subject is n1 z x appe>s to me1 :y dome/ic v>ieties h n become mutually inf]tile :5 cross$1 b :y ?is has s g5]ally occurr$ ) natural v>ieties z soon z !y h be5 modifi$ 9 a suffici5t & p]man5t degree to take rank z species4 ,we are f> f precisely kn[+ ! cause2 b we c see t ! species1 ow+ to _! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) num]\s competitors1 mu/ h be5 expos$ to m uni=m conditions ( life dur+ long p]iods ( "t ?an dome/ic v>ieties h be51 & ?is may well make a wide diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,= we "k h[ commonly wild animals & plants1 :5 tak5 f _! natural conditions & subject$ to captivity1 are r5d]$ /]ile2 & ! reproductive functions ( organic be+s :i* h always liv$ & be5 sl[ly modifi$ "u natural conditions w\ld probably 9 l mann] be em95tly s5sitive to ! influ5ce ( an unnatural cross4 ,dome/icat$ productions1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 z %[n by ! m]e fact ( _! dome/ication1 7 n orig9ally highly s5sitive to *anges 9 _! conditions ( life1 & :i* c n[ g5]ally resi/ ) undim9i%$ f]tility repeat$ *anges ( conditions1 might be expect$ to produce v>ieties1 :i* w\ld be little liable to h _! reproductive p[]s injuri\sly affect$ by ! act ( cross+ ) o!r v>ieties :i* _h orig9at$ 9 a l mann]4 ,c]ta9 naturali/s h rec5tly laid too great /ress1 z x appe>s to me1 on ! diff]5ce 9 f]tility betwe5 v>ieties & species :5 cross$4 ,"s alli$ species ( trees _c be graft$ on "o ano!r1 :il/ all v>ieties c be s graft$4 ,"s alli$ animals are affect$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] by ! same poison1 b ) v>ieties no su* case until rec5tly 0 kn[n2 :il/ n[ x has be5 prov$ t immunity f c]ta9 poisons sometimes /&s 9 correlation ) ! col\r ( ! individuals ( ! same species4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation g5]ally diff]s mu* 9 di/9ct species1 b ) v>ieties until lately no su* diff]5ce _h be5 obs]v$4 ,"h we h v>i\s physiological diff]5ces1 & no d\bt o!rs c\ld be add$1 betwe5 "o species & ano!r ( ! same g5us1 :i* d n occur1 or occur ) extreme r>ity1 9 ! case ( v>ieties2 & ^! diff]5ces are app>5tly :olly or 9 *ief "p incid5tal on o!r con/itutional diff]5ces1 j 9 ! same mann] z ! /]ility ( cross$ species is incid5tal on diff]5ces conf9$ to ! sexual sy/em4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ^! latt] diff]5ces1 h[ev] s]viceable !y may indirectly be 9 keep+ ! inhabitants ( ! same c\ntry di/9ct1 be ?\ght ( su* p>am\nt importance1 9 comp>ison ) o!r incid5tal & functional diff]5ces8 ,no suffici5t answ] to ?is "q c be giv54 ,h5ce ! fact t widely di/9ct dome/ic v>ieties are1 ) r>e exceptions1 p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$1 & produce f]tile (fspr+1 :il/ closely alli$ species are1 ) r>e exceptions1 m or less /]ile1 is n ne>ly s =midable an objection z x appe>s at fir/ to ! !ory ( ! common desc5t ( alli$ species4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,transactions ,phil4 ,soc41' #agii1 p4 #bjb4 ,= ,klreut] see #8,mm4 de l',acad4 de ,/4-,pt]sb\rg1' tom4 iii4 #ahji 7publi%$ #ahaa7 p4 #aig4 ,9 read+ ,c4 ,k4 ,spr5gel's rem>kable "w1 #8,das entdeckte ,geheimniss1' etc41 #agic1 x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ (t5 ?is wond]fully acute obs]v] fail$ to und]/& ! full mean+ ( ! /ructure ( ! fl[]s :i* he has s well describ$1 f n always hav+ be=e 8 m9d ! key to ! problem1 namely1 ! good d]iv$ f ! cross+ ( di/9ct individual plants4 #b ,my obs]vations #8,on ! ,"* & hybrid-l nature ( ! (fspr+ f ! illegitimate union ( ,dimorphic & ,trimorphic ,plants' 7 publi%$ 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,soc41' vol4 x4 p4 #cic4 ,! ab/ract "h giv5 is ne>ly ! same ) t :i* appe>$ 9 ! #f? edition ( my #8,orig9 ( ,species4' ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,selection ,,by ,,man4 ,,selection ,a ,,difficult ,,art--,,me?odical1 ,,unconsci\s1 ,,& ,,natural ,,selection--,,results ,,( ,,me?odical ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,9 ,,selection--,,selection ,,) ,,plants--,,selection ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,& ,,by ,,semi-,,civilis$ ,,p--,,unimportant ,,*>act]s ,,(t5 ,,att5d$ ,,to--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,z ,,circum/ances ,,sl[ly ,,*ange1 ,,s ,,h ,,our ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,,*ang$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,bre$]s ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,sub-,,v>iety--,,plants ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,effects ,,( ,,selection ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,great ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,mo/ ,,valu$ ,,by ,,man4 ,! p[] ( ,selection1 :e!r ex]cis$ by man1 or br\ght into play "u nature ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/1 absolutely dep5ds on ! v>iability ( organic be+s4 ,)\t v>iability no?+ c be effect$2 slight individual diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 suffice = ! "w1 & are probably ! *ief or sole means 9 ! production ( new species4 ,h5ce our discussion on ! causes & laws ( v>iability ought 9 /rict ord] to h prec$$ ! pres5t subject1 z well z inh]itance1 cross+1 etc42 b practically ! pres5t arrangem5t has be5 f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,man does n attempt to cause v>iability2 ?\gh he un9t5tionally effects ?is by expos+ organisms to new conditions ( life1 & by cross+ bre$s already =m$4 ,b v>iability be+ grant$1 he works wond]s4 ,unless "s degree ( selection be ex]cis$1 ! free comm+l+ ( ! individuals ( ! same v>iety soon oblit]ates1 z we h previ\sly se51 ! slight diff]5ces :i* arise1 & gives uni=mity ( "* to ! :ole body ( individuals4 ,9 sep>at$ di/ricts1 long-cont9u$ exposure to diff]5t conditions ( life may produce new races )\t ! aid ( selection2 b to ?is subject ( ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life ,i %all recur 9 a future *apt]4 ,:5 animals or plants are born ) "s conspicu\s & firmly inh]it$ new "*1 selection is r$uc$ to ! pres]vation ( su* individuals1 & to ! subsequ5t prev5tion ( crosses2 s t no?+ m ne$ be said on ! subject4 ,b 9 ! great majority ( cases a new "*1 or "s sup]iority 9 an old "*1 is at fir/ fa9tly pron\nc$1 & is n /rongly inh]it$2 & !n ! full difficulty ( selection is exp]i5c$4 ,indomitable pati5ce1 ! f9e/ p[]s ( discrim9ation1 & s\nd judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ dur+ _m ye>s4 ,a cle>ly pr$et]m9$ object mu/ be kept /eadily 9 view4 ,few m5 are end[$ ) all ^! qualities1 especially ) t ( discrim9at+ v slight diff]5ces2 judgm5t c be acquir$ only by long exp]i5ce2 b if any ( ^! qualities be want+1 ! lab\r ( a life may be ?r[n away4 ,i h be5 a/oni%$ :5 celebrat$ bre$]s1 ^: skill & judgm5t h be5 prov$ by _! success at exhibitions1 h %[n me _! animals1 :i* appe>$ all alike1 & h assign$ _! reasons = mat*+ ?is & t individual4 ,! importance ( ! great pr9ciple ( ,selection ma9ly lies 9 ?is p[] ( select+ sc>cely appreciable diff]5ces1 :i* nev]!less are f\nd to be transmissible1 & :i* c be accumulat$ until ! result is made manife/ to ! eyes ( e behold]4 ,! pr9ciple ( selection may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree k9ds4 ,me?odical selection is t :i* guides a man :o sy/ematically endeav\rs to modify a bre$ accord+ to "s pr$et]m9$ /&>d4 ,unconsci\s selection is t :i* foll[s f m5 naturally pres]v+ ! mo/ valu$ & de/roy+ ! less valu$ individuals1 )\t any ?\ght ( alt]+ ! bre$2 & und\bt$ly ?is process sl[ly works great *anges4 ,unconsci\s selection graduates into me?odical1 & only extreme cases c be di/9ctly sep>at$2 = he :o pres]ves a useful or p]fect animal w g5]ally bre$ f x ) ! hope ( gett+ (fspr+ ( ! same "*2 b z long z he has n a pr$et]m9$ purpose to improve ! bre$1 he may be said to be select+ unconsci\sly4#a ,la/ly1 we h ,natural selection1 :i* implies t ! individuals :i* are be/ fitt$ = ! complex1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ages *ang+ conditions to :i* !y are expos$1 g5]ally survive & procreate _! k9d4 ,) dome/ic productions1 natural selection comes to a c]ta9 ext5t into action1 indep5d5tly (1 & ev5 9 opposition to1 ! w ( man4 ,me?odical ,selection4--,:at man has effect$ )9 rec5t times 9 ,engl& by me?odical selection is cle>ly %[n by our exhibitions ( improv$ quadrup$s & fancy birds4 ,) respect to cattle1 %eep1 & pigs1 we owe _! great improvem5t to a long s]ies ( well-kn[n names--,bakewell1 ,coil+1 ,ellman1 ,bates1 ,jonas ,webb1 ,lords ,leice/] & ,we/]n1 ,fi%] ,hobbs1 & o!rs4 ,agricultural writ]s are unanim\s on ! p[] ( selection3 any numb] ( /atem5ts to ?is effect c\ld be quot$2 a few w suffice4 ,y\att1 a sagaci\s & exp]i5c$ obs]v]1 writes#b ! pr9ciple ( selection is 8t :i* enables ! agriculturi/1 n only to modify ! "* ( 8 flock1 b to *ange x altoge!r40 ,a great bre$] ( ,%or?orns#c says1 8,9 ! anatomy ( ! %\ld] mod]n bre$]s h made great improvem5t on ! ,ketton %or?orns by correct+ ! defect 9 ! knuckle or %\ld]-jo9t1 & by lay+ ! top ( ! %\ld] m snugly 9 ! crop1 & !reby fill+ up ! holl[ beh9d x 4 4 4 ,! eye has its fa%ion at diff]5t p]iods3 at "o "t ! eye high & out/&+ f ! head1 & at ano!r "t ! sleepy eye sunk into ! head2 b ^! extremes h m]g$ into ! m$ium ( a full1 cle> & prom95t eye ) a placid look40 ,aga91 he> :at an excell5t judge ( pigs#d says3 8,! legs %\ld be no long] ?an j to prev5t ! animal's belly f trail+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! leg is ! lea/ pr(itable portion ( ! hog1 & we !re=e require no m ( x ?an is absolutely necess>y = ! support ( ! re/40 ,let any "o comp>e ! wild-bo> ) any improv$ bre$1 & he w see h[ effectually ! legs h be5 %ort5$4 ,few p]sons1 except bre$]s1 are aw>e ( ! sy/ematic c>e tak5 9 select+ animals1 & ( ! necessity ( hav+ a cle> & almo/ prophetic vision into futurity4 ,"l ,sp5c]'s skill & judgm5t 7 well kn[n2 & he writes1#e 8,x is !re=e v desirable1 be=e any man comm5ces to bre$ ei!r cattle or %eep1 t he %\ld make up 8 m9d to ! %ape & qualities he wi%es to obta91 & /eadily pursue ?is object40 ,"l ,som]ville1 9 speak+ ( ! m>vell\s improvem5t ( ! ,new ,leice/] %eep1 effect$ by ,bakewell & 8 successors1 says1 8,x w\ld seem z if !y _h fir/ drawn a p]fect =m1 & !n giv5 x life40 ,y\att#f urges ! necessity ( annually draft+ ea* flock1 z _m animals w c]ta9ly deg5]ate 8f ! /&>d ( excell5ce :i* ! bre$] has e/abli%$ 9 8 own m9d40 ,ev5 ) a bird ( su* little importance z ! can>y1 long ago 7#aghj-agij7 rules 7 e/abli%$1 & a /&>d ( p]fection 0 fix$ accord+ to :i* ! ,london fanci]s tri$ to bre$ ! sev]al sub-v>ieties4#g ,a great w9n] ( prizes at ! ,pigeon-%[s1#h 9 describ+ ! %ort-fac$ ,almond ,tumbl]1 says1 8,!re are _m fir/-rate fanci]s :o are p>ticul>ly p>tial to :at is call$ ! goldf9*-beak1 :i* is v beautiful2 o!rs say1 take a full-size r\nd *]ry !n take a b>leycorn1 & judici\sly plac+ & ?ru/+ x into ! *]ry1 =m z x 7 y\r beak2 & t is n all1 = x w =m a good head & beak1 provid$1 z ,i said be=e1 x is judici\sly done2 o!rs take an oat2 b z ,i ?9k ! goldf9*-beak ! h&some/1 ,i w\ld advise ! inexp]i5c$ fanci] to get ! head ( a goldf9*1 & keep x by him = 8 obs]vation40 ,wond]fully diff]5t z are ! beaks ( ! rock pigeon & goldf9*1 ! end has und\bt$ly be5 ne>ly ga9$1 z f> z ext]nal %ape & proportions are conc]n$4 ,n only %\ld our animals be exam9$ ) ! greate/ c>e :il/ alive1 b1 z ,&]son rem>ks#i _! c>cases %\ld be scrut9is$1 8s z to bre$ f ! desc5dants ( su* only z1 9 ! language ( ! but*]1 cut up well40 ,! 8gra9 ( ! meat0 9 cattle1 & its be+ well m>bl$ ) fat1#aj & ! great] or less accumulation ( fat 9 ! abdom5 ( our %eep1 h be5 att5d$ to ) success4 ,s ) p\ltry1 a writ]1#aa speak+ ( ,co*9-,*9a f[ls1 :i* are said to diff] mu* 9 ! quality ( _! fle%1 says1 8! be/ mode is to pur*ase two "y bro!r-cocks1 kill1 dress1 & s]ve up "o2 if he be indiff]5t1 simil>ly dispose ( ! o!r1 & try aga92 if1 h[ev]1 he be f9e & well-flav\r$1 8 bro!r w n be amiss = bre$+ purposes = ! table40 ,! great pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r has be5 br\ght to be> on selection4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts#ab 8! bre$+ ( bulls is conf9$ to a v limit$ numb] ( p]sons1 :o by devot+ _! :ole att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t1 are able f ye> to ye> to furni% a class ( bulls :i* are /eadily improv+ ! g5]al bre$ ( ! di/rict40 ,! re>+ & lett+ ( *oice rams has long be51 z is well kn[n1 a *ief s\rce ( pr(it to sev]al em95t bre$]s4 ,9 p>ts ( ,g]many ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ ) m]9o %eep to an extreme po9t4#ac ,s 8important is ! prop] selection ( bre$+ animals consid]$1 t ! be/ flock-ma/]s d n tru/ to _! own judgm5t or to t ( _! %eph]ds1 b employ p]sons call$ #8%eep-classifi]s' :o make x _! special bus9ess to att5d to ?is "p ( ! managem5t ( sev]al flocks1 & ?us to pres]ve1 or if possible to improve1 ! be/ qualities ( bo? p>5ts 9 ! lambs40 ,9 ,saxony1 8:5 ! lambs are wean$1 ea* 9 8 turn is plac$ ^u a table t 8 wool & =m may be m9utely obs]v$4 ,! f9e/ are select$ = bre$+ & receive a fir/ m>k4 ,:5 !y are "o ye> old1 & prior to %e>+ !m1 ano!r close exam9ation ( ^? previ\sly m>k$ takes place3 ^? 9 :i* no defect c be f\nd receive a second m>k1 & ! re/ are condemn$4 ,a few mon?s aft]w>ds a ?ird & la/ scrut9y is made2 ! prime rams & ewes receive a ?ird & f9al m>k1 b ! slighte/ blemi% is suffici5t to cause ! rejection ( ! animal40 ,^! %eep are br$ & valu$ almo/ exclusively = ! f95ess ( _! wool2 & ! result corresponds ) ! lab\r be/[$ on _! selection4 ,in/rum5ts h be5 inv5t$ to measure accurately ! ?ickness ( ! fibres2 & 8an ,au/rian fleece has be5 produc$ ( :i* twelve hairs equall$ 9 ?ickness "o f a ,leice/] %eep40 ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 :]ev] silk is produc$1 ! greate/ c>e is be/[$ on select+ ! cocoons f :i* ! mo?s = bre$+ are to be re>$4 ,a c>eful cultivator#ad likewise exam9es ! mo?s !mselves1 & de/roys ^? t are n p]fect4 ,b :at m imm$iately conc]ns u is t c]ta9 families 9 ,france devote !mselves to rais+ eggs = sale4#ae ,9 ,*9a1 ne> ,%anghai1 ! inhabitants ( two small di/ricts h ! privilege ( rais+ eggs = ! :ole surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & t !y may give up _! :ole "t to ?is bus9ess1 !y are int]dict$ by law f produc+ silk4#af ,! c>e :i* successful bre$]s take 9 mat*+ _! birds is surpris+4 ,sir ,john ,sebright1 ^: fame is p]petuat$ by ! 8,sebright ,bantam10 us$ to sp5d 8two & ?ree days 9 exam9+1 consult+1 & disput+ ) a fri5d :i* 7 ! be/ ( five or six birds40#ag ,mr4 ,bult1 ^: p\t]-pigeons won s _m prizes1 & 7 export$ to ,nor? ,am]ica "u ! *>ge ( a man s5t on purpose1 told me t he always delib]at$ = sev]al days be=e he mat*$ ea* pair4 ,h5ce we c und]/& ! advice ( an em95t fanci]1 :o writes#ah 8,i w\ld "h p>ticul>ly gu>d y aga9/ hav+ too great a v>iety ( pigeons1 o!rwise y w "k a little ( all1 b no?+ ab\t "o z x ought to be kn[n40 ,app>5tly x transc5ds ! p[] ( ! human intellect to bre$ all k9ds3 8x is possible t !re may be a few fanci]s t h a good g5]al k ( fancy pigeons2 b !re are _m m :o lab\r "u ! delusion ( suppos+ !y "k :at !y d n40 ,! excell5ce ( "o sub-v>iety1 ! ,almond ,tumbl]1 lies 9 ! plumage1 c>riage1 head1 beak1 & eye2 b x is too presumptu\s 9 ! beg9n] to try = all ^! po9ts4 ,! great judge above quot$ says1 8,!re are "s "y fanci]s :o are ov]-covet\s1 :o g = all ! above five prop]ties at once2 !y h _! rew>d by gett+ no?+40 ,we ?us see t bre$+ ev5 fancy pigeons is no simple art3 we may smile at ! solemnity ( ^! precepts1 b he :o laughs w w9 no prizes4 ,:at me?odical selection has effect$ = our animals is suffici5tly prov$1 z already rem>k$1 by our ,exhibitions4 ,s greatly 7 ! %eep belong+ to "s ( ! e>li] bre$]s1 su* z ,bakewell & ,"l ,we/]n1 *ang$1 t _m p]sons c\ld n be p]suad$ t !y _h n be5 cross$4 ,our pigs1 z ,mr4 ,corr+ham rem>ks#ai dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h und]gone1 ?r\gh rigor\s selection toge!r ) cross+1 a complete metamorphosis4 ,! fir/ exhibition = p\ltry 0 held 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 #ahde2 & ! improvem5t effect$ s9ce t "t has be5 great4 ,z ,mr4 ,bailey1 ! great judge1 rem>k$ to me1 x 0 =m]ly ord]$ t ! comb ( ! ,spani% cock %\ld be upright1 & 9 f\r or five ye>s all good birds _h upright combs2 x 0 ord]$ t ! ,poli% cock %\ld h no comb or wattles1 & n[ a bird ?us furni%$ w\ld be at once disqualifi$2 be>ds 7 ord]$1 & out ( fifty-sev5 p5s lately 7#ahfj7 exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 all _h be>ds4 ,s x has be5 9 _m o!r cases4 ,b 9 all cases ! judges ord] only :at is occasionally produc$ & :at c be improv$ & r5d]$ con/ant by selection4 ,! /eady increase 9 weight dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 9 our f[ls1 turkeys1 ducks1 & geese is notori\s2 8six-p\nd ducks are n[ common1 :]eas f\r p\nds 0 =m]ly ! av]age40 ,z ! "t requir$ to make a *ange has n (t5 be5 record$1 x may be wor? m5tion+ t x took ,mr4 ,wick+ ?irte5 ye>s to put a clean :ite head on an almond tumbl]'s body1 8a triumph10 says ano!r fanci]1 8( :i* he may be ju/ly pr\d40#bj ,mr4 ,tollet1 ( ,betley ,hall1 select$ c[s1 & especially bulls1 desc5d$ f good milk]s1 = ! sole purpose ( improv+ 8 cattle = ! production ( *eese2 he /eadily te/$ ! milk ) ! lactomet]1 & 9 eight ye>s he increas$1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by him1 ! product 9 proportion ( f\r to ?ree4 ,"h is a curi\s case#ba ( /eady b sl[ progress1 ) ! end n z yet fully atta9$3 9 #aghd a race ( silkworms 0 introduc$ into ,france1 9 :i* "o hundr$ 9 ! ?\s& fail$ to produce :ite cocoons2 b n[ aft] c>eful selection dur+ sixty-five g5]ations1 ! proportion ( yell[ cocoons has be5 r$uc$ to ?irty-five 9 ! ?\s&4 ,) plants selection has be5 foll[$ ) ! same good result z ) animals4 ,b ! process is simpl]1 = plants 9 ! great majority ( cases be> bo? sexes4 ,nev]!less1 ) mo/ k9ds x is necess>y to take z mu* c>e to prev5t crosses z ) animals or unisexual plants2 b ) "s plants1 su* z peas1 ?is c>e is n necess>y4 ,) all improv$ plants1 except+ ( c\rse ^? :i* are propagat$ by buds1 cutt+s1 etc41 x is almo/ indisp5sable to exam9e ! se$l+s & de/roy ^? :i* dep>t f ! prop] type4 ,?is is call$ 8rogu+10 & is1 9 fact1 a =m ( selection1 l ! rejection ( inf]ior animals4 ,exp]i5c$ horticulturi/s & agriculturi/s incessantly urge e "o to pres]ve ! f9e/ plants = ! production ( se$4 ,al?\gh plants (t5 pres5t mu* m conspicu\s v>iations ?an animals1 yet ! close/ att5tion is g5]ally requisite to detect ea* slight & fav\rable *ange4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s relates#bb h[ 8_m a pati5t h\r 0 devot$10 :il/ he 0 "y1 to ! detection ( diff]5ces 9 peas int5d$ = se$4 ,mr4 ,b>net#bc rem>ks t ! old sc>let ,am]ican /rawb]ry 0 cultivat$ = m ?an a c5tury )\t produc+ a s+le v>iety2 & ano!r writ] obs]ves h[ s+ul> x 0 t :5 g>d5]s fir/ began to att5d to ?is fruit x began to v>y2 ! tru? no d\bt be+ t x _h always v>i$1 b t1 until slight v>iations 7 select$ & propagat$ by se$1 no conspicu\s result 0 obta9$4 ,! f9e/ %ades ( diff]5ce 9 :eat h be5 discrim9at$ & select$ ) almo/ z mu* c>e z1 9 ! case ( ! high] animals1 = in/ance by ,col4 ,le ,c\teur & m especially by ,major ,hallett4 ,x may be wor? :ile to give a few examples ( me?odical selection ) plants2 b 9 fact ! great improvem5t ( all our anci5tly cultivat$ plants may be attribut$ to selection long c>ri$ on1 9 "p me?odically1 & 9 "p unconsci\sly4 ,i h %[n 9 a =m] *apt] h[ ! weight ( ! gooseb]ry has be5 increas$ by sy/ematic selection & culture4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,he>tsease h be5 simil>ly increas$ 9 size & regul>ity ( outl9e4 ,) ! ,c9]>ia1 ,mr4 ,gl5ny#bd 80 bold en\gh :5 ! fl[]s 7 ragg$ & />ry & ill def9$ 9 col\r1 to fix a /&>d :i* 0 !n consid]$ outrage\sly high & impossible1 & :i*1 ev5 if rea*$1 x 0 said1 we %\ld be no ga9]s by1 z x w\ld spoil ! beauty ( ! fl[]s4 ,he ma9ta9$ t he 0 "r2 & ! ev5t has prov$ x to be s40 ,! d\bl+ ( fl[]s has sev]al times be5 effect$ by c>eful selection3 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,williamson1#be aft] s[+ dur+ sev]al ye>s se$ ( ,anemone coron>ia1 f\nd a plant ) "o additional petal2 he s[$ ! se$ ( ?is1 & by p]sev]ance 9 ! same c\rse obta9$ sev]al v>ieties ) six or sev5 r[s ( petals4 ,! s+le ,scot* rose 0 d\bl$1 & yield$ eight good v>ieties 9 n9e or t5 ye>s4#bf ,! ,cant]bury bell 7,campanula m$ium7 0 d\bl$ by c>eful selection 9 f\r g5]ations4#bg ,9 f\r ye>s ,mr4 ,buckman1#bh by culture & c>eful selection1 conv]t$ p>snips1 rais$ f wild se$1 into a new & good v>iety4 ,by selection dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s1 ! e>ly maturity ( peas has be5 ha/5$ by betwe5 t5 & tw5ty-"o days4#bi ,a m curi\s case is (f]$ by ! beet plant1 :i* s9ce its cultivation 9 ,france1 has almo/ exactly d\bl$ its yield ( sug>4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by ! mo/ c>eful selection2 ! specific gravity ( ! roots be+ regul>ly te/$1 & ! be/ roots sav$ = ! production ( se$4#cj ,selection by ,anci5t & ,semi-civilis$ ,p4 ,9 attribut+ s mu* importance to ! selection ( animals & plants1 x may be object$1 t me?odical selection w\ld n h be5 c>ri$ on dur+ anci5t times4 ,a di/+ui%$ naturali/ consid]s x z absurd to suppose t semi-civilis$ p %\ld h practis$ selection ( any k9d4 ,und\bt$ly ! pr9ciple has be5 sy/ematically ackn[l$g$ & foll[$ to a f> great] ext5t )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ?an at any =m] p]iod1 & a correspond+ result has be5 ga9$2 b x w\ld be a great] error to suppose1 z we %all imm$iately see1 t its importance 0 n recognis$ & act$ on dur+ ! mo/ anci5t times1 & by semi-civilis$ p4 ,i %\ld premise t _m facts n[ to be giv5 only %[ t c>e 0 tak5 9 bre$+2 b :5 ?is is ! case1 selection is almo/ sure to be practis$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,we %all h]eaft] be enabl$ bett] to judge h[ f> selection1 :5 only occasionally c>ri$ on1 by a few ( ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry1 w sl[ly produce a great effect4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 rules are giv5 = influ5c+1 z 0 !n ?\ght possible1 ! col\r ( %eep2 & speckl$ & d>k bre$s are spok5 ( z be+ kept sep>ate4 ,by ! "t ( ,david ! fleece 0 lik5$ to sn[4 ,y\att1#ca :o has discuss$ all ! passages 9 relation to bre$+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 concludes t at ?is e>ly p]iod 8"s ( ! be/ pr9ciples ( bre$+ mu/ h be5 /eadily & long pursu$40 ,x 0 ord]$1 accord+ to ,moses1 t 8,?\ %alt n let ?y cattle g5d] ) a div]se k9d20 b mules 7 pur*as$#cb s t at ?is e>ly p]iod o!r nations mu/ h cross$ ! horse & ass4 ,x is said#cc t ,eri*?onius1 "s g5]ations be=e ! ,trojan w>1 _h _m brood-m>es1 8:i* by 8 c>e & judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( /allions produc$ a bre$ ( horses sup]ior to any 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntries40 ,hom] 7,book #e7 speaks ( ,a5eas' horses z br$ f m>es :i* 7 put to ! /e$s ( ,laom$on4 ,plato1 9 8 #8,republic' says to ,glaucus1 8,i see t y raise at y\r h\se a great _m dogs = ! *ase4 ,d y take c>e ab\t bre$+ & pair+ !m8 ,among animals ( good blood1 are !re n always "s :i* are sup]ior to ! re/80 ,to :i* ,glaucus answ]s 9 ! affirmative4#cd ,alex&] ! ,great select$ ! f9e/ ,indian cattle to s5d to ,mac$onia to improve ! bre$4#ce ,accord+ to ,pl9y1#cf ,k+ ,pyrrhus _h an especially valuable bre$ ( ox53 & he did n suff] ! bulls & c[s to come toge!r till f\r ye>s old1 t ! bre$ might n deg5]ate4 ,virgil1 9 8 ,georgics 7lib4 #c71 gives z /rong advice z any mod]n agriculturi/ c\ld d1 c>efully to select ! bre$+ /ock2 8to note ! tribe1 ! l9eage1 & ! sire2 :om to res]ve = husb& ( ! h]d20--to br& ! prog5y2--to select %eep ( ! pure/ :ite1 & to exam9e if _! tongues are sw>?y4 ,we h se5 t ! ,romans kept p$igrees ( _! pigeons1 & ?is w\ld h be5 a s5seless proce$+ _h n great c>e be5 tak5 9 bre$+ !m4 ,columella gives detail$ in/ructions ab\t bre$+ f[ls3 8,let ! bre$+ h5s !re=e be ( a *oice col\r1 a robu/ body1 squ>e-built1 full-brea/$1 ) l>ge heads1 ) upright & bright-r$ combs4 ,^? are believ$ to be ! be/ br$ :i* h five toes40#cg ,accord+ to ,tacitus1 ! ,celts att5d$ to ! races ( _! dome/ic animals2 & ,caes> /ates t !y paid high prices to m]*ants = f9e import$ horses4#ch ,9 reg>d to plants1 ,virgil speaks ( ye>ly cull+ ! l>ge/ se$s2 & ,celsus says1 8:]e ! corn & crop is b small1 we mu/ pick out ! be/ e>s ( corn1 & ( !m lay up our se$ sep>ately by itself40#ci ,com+ d[n ! /ream ( "t1 we may be brief4 ,at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury ,*>lemagne expressly ord]$ 8 (fic]s to take great c>e ( 8 /allions2 & if any prov$ bad or old1 to =ew>n him 9 good "t be=e !y 7 put to ! m>es4#dj ,ev5 9 a c\ntry s little civilis$ z ,irel& dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 x w\ld appe> f "s anci5t v]ses1#da describ+ a ransom dem&$ by ,cormac1 t animals f p>ticul> places1 or hav+ a p>ticul> "*1 7 valu$4 ,?us x is said1-- ,two pigs ( ! pigs ( ,mac ,lir1 ,a ram & ewe bo? r\nd & r$1 ,i br\ght ) me f ,a5gus4 ,i br\ght ) me a /allion & a m>e ,f ! beautiful /ud ( ,manannan1 ,a bull & a :ite c[ f ,druim ,ca94 ,a!l/an1 9 #icj1 receiv$ runn+-horses z a pres5t f ,g]many2 & he prohibit$ ! exportation ( ,engli% horses4 ,k+ ,john import$ 8"o hundr$ *os5 /allions f ,fl&]s40#db ,on ,june #af?1 #acje1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales wrote to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 begg+ = ! loan ( any *oice /allion1 & promis+ its return at ! end ( ! season4#dc ,!re are num]\s records at anci5t p]iods 9 ,engli% hi/ory ( ! importation ( *oice animals ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ( fooli% laws aga9/ _! exportation4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 x 0 ord]$ t ! magi/rates1 at ,mi*aelmas1 %\ld sc\r ! hea?s & commons1 & de/roy all m>es b5ea? a c]ta9 size4#dd ,"s ( our e>li] k+s pass$ laws aga9/ ! slaught]+ rams ( any good bre$ be=e !y 7 sev5 ye>s old1 s t !y might h "t to bre$4 ,9 ,spa9 ,c>d9al ,xim5es issu$1 9 #aeji1 regulations on ! selection ( good rams = bre$+4#de ,! ,emp]or ,akb> ,khan be=e ! ye> l#fjj is said to h 8wond]fully improv$0 8 pigeons by cross+ ! bre$s2 & ?is necess>ily implies c>eful selection4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod ! ,dut* att5d$ ) ! greate/ c>e to ! bre$+ ( ^! birds4 ,belon 9 #aeee says t good manag]s 9 ,france exam9$ ! col\r ( _! gosl+s 9 ord] to get geese ( a :ite col\r & bett] k9ds4 ,m>kham 9 #afca tells ! bre$] 8to elect ! l>ge/ & goodlie/ conies10 & ent]s into m9ute details4 ,ev5 ) respect to se$s ( plants = ! fl[]-g>d51 ,sir ,j4 ,hanm] writ+ ab\t ! ye> #affjdf says1 9 8*oos+ se$1 ! be/ se$ is ! mo/ weighty1 & is _h f ! lu/ie/ & mo/ vigor\s /ems20 & he !n gives rules ab\t leav+ only a few fl[]s on plants = se$2 s t ev5 su* details 7 att5d$ to 9 our fl[]-g>d5s two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 ord] to %[ t selection has be5 sil5tly c>ri$ on 9 places :]e x w\ld n h be5 expect$1 ,i may add t 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 a remote "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,coop] improv$ by c>eful selection all 8 vegetables1 8s t !y 7 greatly sup]ior to ^? ( any o!r p]son4 ,:5 8 radi%es1 = in/ance1 are fit = use1 he takes t5 or twelve t he mo/ approves1 & plants !m at lea/ #ajj y>ds f o!rs t blossom at ! same "t4 ,9 ! same mann] he treats all 8 o!r plants1 v>y+ ! circum/ances accord+ to _! nature40#dg ,9 ! great "w on ,*9a publi%$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ! ,jesuits1 & :i* is *iefly compil$ f anci5t ,*9ese encyclopa$ias1 x is said t ) %eep 8improv+ ! bre$ consi/s 9 *oos+ ) p>ticul> c>e ! lambs :i* are de/9$ = propagation1 9 n\ri%+ !m well1 & 9 keep+ ! flocks sep>ate40 ,! same pr9ciples 7 appli$ by ! ,*9ese to v>i\s plants & fruit-trees4#dh ,an imp]ial edict recomm5ds ! *oice ( se$ ( rem>kable size2 & selection 0 practis$ ev5 by imp]ial h&s1 = x is said t ! ,ya-mi1 or imp]ial rice1 0 notic$ at an anci5t p]iod 9 a field by ! ,emp]or ,khang-hi1 0 sav$ & cultivat$ 9 8 g>d51 & has s9ce become valuable f be+ ! only k9d :i* w gr[ nor? ( ! ,great ,wall4#di ,ev5 ) fl[]s1 ! tree paeony 7,p4 m\tan7 has be5 cultivat$1 accord+ to ,*9ese traditions1 = #adjj ye>s2 betwe5 #bjj & #cjj v>ieties h be5 rais$1 :i* are *]i%$ l tulips =m]ly 7 by ! ,dut*4#ej ,turn+ n[ to semi-civilis$ p & to savages3 x occurr$ to me1 f :at ,i _h se5 ( sev]al p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e f5ces d n exi/1 & :]e ! animals are ( little value1 t !re w\ld be absolutely no c>e 9 bre$+ or select+ !m2 & ?is to a l>ge ext5t is true4 ,r\l91#ea h[ev]1 describes 9 ,columbia a nak$ race ( cattle1 :i* are n all[$ to increase1 on acc\nt ( _! delicate con/itution4 ,accord+ to ,az>a#eb horses are (t5 born 9 ,p>aguay ) curly hair2 b1 z ! natives d n l !m1 !y are de/roy$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,az>a /ates t a hornless bull1 born 9 #aggj1 0 pres]v$ & propagat$ its race4 ,i 0 in=m$ ( ! exi/5ce 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal ( a bre$ ) rev]s$ hair2 & ! extraord9>y niata cattle fir/ appe>$ & h s9ce be5 kept di/9ct 9 ,la ,plata4 ,h5ce c]ta9 conspicu\s v>iations h be5 pres]v$1 & o!rs h be5 habitually de/roy$1 9 ^! c\ntries1 :i* are s little fav\rable = c>eful selection4 ,we h also se5 t ! inhabitants sometimes introduce fre% cattle on _! e/ates to prev5t ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h he>d on reliable au?ority t ! ,gau*os ( ! ,pampas nev] take any pa9s 9 select+ ! be/ bulls or /allions = bre$+2 & ?is probably acc\nts = ! cattle & horses be+ rem>kably uni=m 9 "* ?r\gh\t ! imm5se range ( ! ,arg5t9e republic4 ,look+ to ! ,old ,_w1 9 ! ,sah>a ,des]t 8,! ,t\>eg is z c>eful 9 ! selection ( 8 bre$+ ,mah>i 7a f9e race ( ! drom$>y7 z ! ,arab is 9 t ( 8 horse4 ,! p$igrees are h&$ d[n1 & _m a drom$>y c boa/ a g5ealogy f> long] ?an ! desc5dants ( ! ,d>ley ,arabian40#ec ,accord+ to ,pallas ! ,mongolians endeav\r to bre$ ! ,yaks or horse-tail$ buffaloes ) :ite tails1 = ^! are sold to ! ,*9ese m&>9s z fly-flapp]s2 & ,moorcr(t1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ,pallas1 f\nd t :ite-tail$ animals 7 /ill select$ = bre$+4#ed ,we h se5 9 ! *apt] on ! ,dog t savages 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,guiana cross _! dogs ) wild ,canid1 z did ! anci5t ,gauls1 accord+ to ,pl9y4 ,?is 0 done to give _! dogs /r5g? & vig\r1 9 ! same way z ! keep]s 9 l>ge w>r5s n[ sometimes cross _! f]rets 7z ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,y>rell7 ) ! wild polecat1 8to give !m m devil40 ,accord+ to ,v>ro1 ! wild ass 0 =m]ly caught & cross$ ) ! tame animal to improve ! bre$1 9 ! same mann] z at ! pres5t day ! natives ( ,java sometimes drive _! cattle into ! =e/s to cross ) ! wild ,bant5g 7,bos sondaicus74#ee ,9 ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 among ! ,o/yaks1 ! dogs v>y 9 m>k+s 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b 9 ea* place !y are spott$ black & :ite 9 a rem>kably uni=m mann]2#ef & f ?is fact alone we may inf] c>eful bre$+1 m especially z ! dogs ( "o locality are fam$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = _! sup]iority4 ,i h he>d ( c]ta9 tribes ( ,esquimaux :o take pride 9 _! teams ( dogs be+ uni=mly col\r$4 ,9 ,guiana1 z ,sir ,h4 ,s*omburgk in=ms me1#eg ! dogs ( ! ,turuma ,indians are highly valu$ & ext5sively b>t]$3 ! price ( a good "o is ! same z t giv5 = a wife3 !y are kept 9 a sort ( cage1 & ! ,indians 8take great c>e :5 ! female is 9 season to prev5t h] unit+ ) a dog ( an inf]ior description40 ,! ,indians told ,sir ,rob]t t1 if a dog prov$ bad or useless1 he 0 n kill$1 b 0 left to die f %e] neglect4 ,h>dly any nation is m b>b>\s ?an ! ,fuegians1 b ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bridges1 ! ,cate*i/ to ! ,mission1 t1 8:5 ^! savages h a l>ge1 /rong1 & active bit*1 !y take c>e to put h] to a f9e dog1 & ev5 take c>e to fe$ h] well1 t h] "y may be /rong & well fav\r$40 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 negroes1 :o h n associat$ ) :ite m51 %[ great anxiety to improve _! animals2 !y 8always *oose ! l>g] & /rong] males = /ock20 ! ,malakolo 7 mu* pleas$ at ,liv+/one's promise to s5d !m a bull1 & "s ,bakalolo c>ri$ a live cock all ! way f ,lo&a into ! int]ior4#eh ,at ,falaba ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade notic$ an unusually f9e horse1 & ! negro ,k+ in=m$ him t 8! own] 0 not$ = 8 skill 9 bre$+ horses40 ,fur!r s\? on ! same cont95t1 ,&]sson /ates t he has kn[n a ,dam>a give two f9e ox5 = a dog :i* /ruck 8 fancy4 ,! ,dam>as take great delight 9 hav+ :ole droves ( cattle ( ! same col\r1 & !y prize _! ox5 9 proportion to ! size ( _! horns4 8,! ,namaquas h a p]fect mania = a uni=m team2 & almo/ all ! p ( ,s\!rn ,africa value _! cattle next to _! wom51 & take a pride 9 possess+ animals t look high-br$4 ,!y r>ely or nev] make use ( a h&some animal z a bea/ ( burd540#ei ,! p[] ( discrim9ation :i* ^! savages possess is wond]ful1 & !y c recognise to :i* tribe any cattle belong4 ,mr4 ,&]sson fur!r in=ms me t ! natives frequ5tly mat* a p>ticul> bull ) a p>ticul> c[4 ,! mo/ curi\s case ( selection by semi-civilis$ p1 or inde$ by any p1 :i* ,i h f\nd record$1 is t giv5 by ,g>cilazo de la ,vega1 a desc5dant ( ! ,incas1 z hav+ be5 practis$ 9 ,p]u be=e ! c\ntry 0 subjugat$ by ! ,spani>ds4#fj ,! ,incas annually held great hunts1 :5 all ! wild animals 7 driv5 f an imm5se circuit to a c5tral po9t4 ,! bea/s ( prey 7 fir/ de/roy$ z injuri\s4 ,! wild ,guanacos & ,vicunas 7 %e>$2 ! old males & females kill$1 & ! o!rs set at lib]ty4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( de] 7 exam9$2 ! old males & females 7 likewise kill$1 8b ! "y females1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( males1 select$ f ! mo/ beautiful & /rong10 7 giv5 _! fre$om4 ,"h1 !n1 we h selection by man aid+ natural selection4 ,s t ! ,incas foll[$ exactly ! rev]se sy/em ( t :i* our ,scotti% sportsman are accus$ ( foll[+1 namely1 ( /eadily kill+ ! f9e/ /ags1 ?us caus+ ! :ole race to deg5]ate4#fa ,9 reg>d to ! dome/icat$ llamas & alpacas1 !y 7 sep>at$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,incas accord+ to col\r3 & if by *ance "o 9 a flock 0 born ( ! wrong col\r1 x 0 ev5tually put into ano!r flock4 ,9 ! g5us ,au*5ia !re are f\r =ms1--! ,guanaco & ,vicuna1 f\nd wild & und\bt$ly di/9ct species2 ! ,llama & ,alpaca1 kn[n only 9 a dome/icat$ condition4 ,^! f\r animals appe> s diff]5t1 t mo/ naturali/s1 especially ^? :o h /udi$ ^! animals 9 _! native c\ntry1 ma9ta9 t !y are specifically di/9ct1 not)/&+ t no "o pret5ds to h se5 a wild llama or alpaca4 ,mr4 ,l$g]1 h[ev]1 :o has closely /udi$ ^! animals bo? 9 ,p]u & dur+ _! exportation to ,au/ralia1 & :o has made _m exp]im5ts on _! propagation1 adduces argum5ts#fb :i* seem to me conclusive1 t ! llama is ! dome/icat$ desc5dant ( ! guanaco1 & ! alpaca ( ! vicuna4 ,& n[ t we "k t ^! animals 7 sy/ematically br$ & select$ _m c5turies ago1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! great am\nt ( *ange :i* !y h und]gone4 ,x appe>$ to me at "o "t probable t1 ?\gh anci5t & semi-civilis$ p might h att5d$ to ! improvem5t ( _! m useful animals 9 ess5tial po9ts1 yet t !y w\ld h disreg>d$ unimportant *>act]s4 ,b human nature is ! same ?r\gh\t ! _w3 fa%ion ev]y:]e reigns supreme1 & man is apt to value :atev] he may *ance to possess4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! niata cattle1 :i* c]ta9ly are n made useful by _! %ort5$ faces & upturn$ no/rils1 h be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,dam>as ( ,s\? ,africa value _! cattle = uni=mity ( col\r & enorm\sly long horns4 ,& ,i w n[ %[ t !re is h>dly any peculi>ity 9 our mo/ useful animals :i*1 f fa%ion1 sup]/ition1 or "s o!r motive1 has n be5 valu$1 & consequ5tly pres]v$4 ,) respect to cattle1 8an e>ly record10 accord+ to ,y\att#fc 8speaks ( a hundr$ :ite c[s ) r$ e>s be+ dem&$ z a comp5sation by ! pr9ces ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales4 ,if ! cattle 7 ( a d>k or black col\r1 #aej 7 to be pres5t$40 ,s t col\r 0 att5d$ to 9 ,wales be=e its subjugation by ,engl&4 ,9 ,c5tral ,africa1 an ox t beats ! gr\nd ) its tail is kill$2 & 9 ,s\? ,africa "s ( ! ,dam>as w n eat ! fle% ( a spott$ ox4 ,! ,kaffirs value an animal ) a musical voice2 & 8at a sale 9 ,briti% ,kaffr>ia ! l[ ( a heif] excit$ s mu* admiration t a %>p competition sprung up = h] possession1 & %e realis$ a consid]able price40#fd ,) respect to %eep1 ! ,*9ese pref] rams )\t horns2 ! ,t>t>s pref] !m ) spirally w\nd horns1 because ! hornless are ?\ght to lose c\rage4#fe ,"s ( ! ,dam>as w n eat ! fle% ( hornless %eep4 ,9 reg>d to horses1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury animals ( ! col\r describ$ z li>t pomme 7 mo/ valu$ 9 ,france4 ,! ,arabs h a prov]b1 8,nev] buy a horse ) f\r :ite feet1 = he c>ries 8 %r\d ) him02#ff ! ,arabs also1 z we h se51 despise dun-col\r$ horses4 ,s ) dogs1 ,x5ophon & o!rs at an anci5t p]iod 7 prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 col\rs2 & 8:ite or slate-col\r$ hunt+ dogs 7 n e/eem$40#fg ,turn+ to p\ltry1 ! old ,roman g\rm&s ?\ght t ! liv] ( a :ite goose 0 ! mo/ sav\ry4 ,9 ,p>aguay black-sk9n$ f[ls are kept because !y are ?\ght to be m productive1 & _! fle% ! mo/ prop] = invalids4#fh ,9 ,guiana1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ! aborig9es w n eat ! fle% or eggs ( ! f[l1 b two races are kept di/9ct m]ely = ornam5t4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es1 no less ?an n9e sub-v>ieties ( ! game-cock are kept & nam$1 s t !y mu/ be sep>ately br$4 ,at ! pres5t "t 9 ,europe1 ! smalle/ peculi>ities are c>efully att5d$ to 9 our mo/ useful animals1 ei!r f fa%ion1 or z a m>k ( purity ( blood4 ,_m examples c\ld be giv52 two w suffice4 8,9 ! ,we/]n c\nties ( ,engl& ! prejudice aga9/ a :ite pig is ne>ly z /rong z aga9/ a black "o 9 ,york%ire40 ,9 "o ( ! ,b]k%ire sub-bre$s1 x is said1 8! :ite %\ld be conf9$ to f\r :ite feet1 a :ite spot betwe5 ! eyes1 & a few :ite hairs beh9d ea* %\ld]40 ,mr4 ,saddl] possess$ 8?ree hundr$ pigs1 e "o ( :i* 0 m>k$ 9 ?is mann]40#fi ,m>%all1 t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 speak+ ( a *ange 9 "o ( ! ,york%ire bre$s ( cattle1 says ! horns h be5 consid]ably modifi$1 z 8a clean1 small1 %>p horn has be5 fa%ionable = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s40#gj ,9 a "p ( ,g]many ! cattle ( ! ,race de ,gfoehl are valu$ = _m good qualities1 b !y mu/ h horns ( a p>ticul> curvature & t9t1 s mu* s t me*anical means are appli$ if !y take a wrong direction2 b ! inhabitants 8consid] x ( ! highe/ importance t ! no/rils ( ! bull %\ld be fle%-col\r$1 & ! eyela%es light2 ?is is an indisp5sable condition4 ,a calf ) blue no/rils w\ld n be pur*as$1 or pur*as$ at a v l[ price40#ga ,!re=e let no man say t any po9t or "* is too trifl+ to be me?odically att5d$ to & select$ by bre$]s4 ,unconsci\s ,selection4--,by ?is t]m ,i mean1 z already m ?an once expla9$1 ! pres]vation by man ( ! mo/ valu$1 & ! de/ruction ( ! lea/ valu$ individuals1 )\t any consci\s int5tion on 8 "p ( alt]+ ! bre$4 ,x is difficult to (f] direct pro(s ( ! results :i* foll[ f ?is k9d ( selection2 b ! indirect evid5ce is abundant4 ,9 fact1 except t 9 ! "o case man acts int5tionally1 & 9 ! o!r un9t5tionally1 !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 me?odical & unconsci\s selection4 ,9 bo? cases man pres]ves ! animals :i* are mo/ useful or pleas+ to him1 & de/roys or neglects ! o!rs4 ,b no d\bt a f> m rapid result foll[s f me?odical ?an f unconsci\s selection4 ,! 8rogu+0 ( plants by g>d5]s1 & ! de/ruction by law 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4's reign ( all "u-siz$ m>es1 are in/ances ( a process ! rev]se ( selection 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b lead+ to ! same g5]al result4 ,! influ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( individuals hav+ a p>ticul> "* is well %[n by ! necessity ( kill+ e lamb ) a trace ( black ab\t x1 9 ord] to keep ! flock :ite2 or aga91 by ! effects on ! av]age height ( ! m5 ( ,france ( ! de/ructive w>s ( ,napoleon1 by :i* _m tall m5 7 kill$1 ! %ort ones be+ left to be ! fa!rs ( families4 ,?is at lea/ is ! conclusion ( "s ( ^? :o h closely /udi$ ! effects ( ! conscription2 & x is c]ta9 t s9ce ,napoleon's "t ! /&>d = ! army has be5 l[]$ two or ?ree times4 ,unconsci\s selection bl5ds ) me?odical1 s t x is sc>cely possible to sep>ate !m4 ,:5 a fanci] long ago fir/ happ5$ to notice a pigeon ) an unusually %ort beak1 or "o ) ! tail-fea!rs unusually develop$1 al?\gh he br$ f ^! birds ) ! di/9ct int5tion ( propagat+ ! v>iety1 yet he c\ld n h int5d$ to make a %ort-fac$ tumbl] or a fantail1 & 0 f> f kn[+ t he _h made ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is end4 ,if he c\ld h se5 ! f9al result1 he w\ld h be5 /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 b1 f :at we "k ( ! habits ( fanci]s1 probably n ) admiration4 ,our ,engli% c>ri]s1 b>bs1 & %ort-fac$ tumbl]s h be5 greatly modifi$ 9 ! same mann]1 z we may inf] bo? f ! hi/orical evid5ce giv5 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,pigeon1 & f ! comp>ison ( birds br\ght f di/ant c\ntries4 ,s x has be5 ) dogs2 our pres5t fox-h\nds diff] f ! old ,engli% h\nd2 our greyh\nds h become light]3 ! ,scot* de]-h\nd has be5 modifi$1 & is n[ r>e4 ,our bulldogs diff] f ^? :i* 7 =m]ly us$ = bait+ bulls4 ,our po9t]s & ,newf\ndl&s d n closely resemble any native dog n[ f\nd 9 ! c\ntries :5ce !y 7 br\ght4 ,^! *anges h be5 effect$ p>tly by crosses2 b 9 e case ! result has be5 gov]n$ by ! /ricte/ selection4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no reason to suppose t man int5tionally & me?odically made ! bre$s exactly :at !y n[ are4 ,z our horses became fleet]1 & ! c\ntry m cultivat$ & smoo!r1 fleet] fox-h\nds 7 desir$ & produc$1 b probably )\t any "o di/9ctly =esee+ :at !y w\ld become4 ,our po9t]s & sett]s1 ! latt] almo/ c]ta9ly desc5d$ f l>ge spaniels1 h be5 greatly modifi$ 9 accordance ) fa%ion & ! desire = increas$ spe$4 ,wolves h become ext9ct1 & s has ! wolf-dog2 de] h become r>]1 bulls are no long] bait$1 & ! correspond+ bre$s ( ! dog h answ]$ to ! *ange4 ,b we may feel almo/ sure t :51 = in/ance1 bulls 7 no long] bait$1 no man said to himself1 ,i w n[ bre$ my dogs ( small] size1 & ?us create ! pres5t race4 ,z circum/ances *ang$1 m5 unconsci\sly & sl[ly modifi$ _! c\rse ( selection4 ,) racehorses selection = swiftness has be5 foll[$ me?odically1 & our horses n[ easily surpass _! prog5itors4 ,! increas$ size & diff]5t appe>ance ( ! ,engli% racehorse l$ a good obs]v] 9 ,india to ask1 8,c\ld any "o 9 ?is ye> ( #ahef1 look+ at our racehorses1 conceive t !y 7 ! result ( ! union ( ! ,arab horse & ! ,african m>e80#gb ,?is *ange has1 x is probable1 be5 l>gely effect$ ?r\gh unconsci\s selection1 t is1 by ! g5]al wi% to bre$ z f9e horses z possible 9 ea* g5]ation1 comb9$ ) tra9+ & high fe$+1 b )\t any int5tion to give to !m _! pres5t appe>ance4 ,accord+ to ,y\att1#gc ! introduction 9 ,oliv] ,cromwell's "t ( ?ree celebrat$ ,ea/]n /allions spe$ily affect$ ! ,engli% bre$2 8s t ,"l ,h>leigh1 "o ( ! old s*ool1 compla9$ t ! great horse 0 fa/ disappe>+40 ,?is is an excell5t pro( h[ c>efully selection mu/ h be5 att5d$ to2 = )\t su* c>e1 all traces ( s small an infusion ( ,ea/]n blood w\ld soon h be5 absorb$ & lo/4 ,not)/&+ t ! climate ( ,engl& has nev] be5 e/eem$ p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ! horse1 yet long-cont9u$ selection1 bo? me?odical & unconsci\s1 toge!r ) t practis$ by ! ,arabs dur+ a /ill long] & e>li] p]iod1 has end$ 9 giv+ u ! be/ bre$ ( horses 9 ! _w4 ,macaulay#gd rem>ks1 8,two m5 ^: au?ority on su* subjects 0 held 9 great e/eem1 ! ,duke ( ,newca/le & ,sir ,john ,f5wick1 pron\nc$ t ! meane/ hack ev] import$ f ,tangi] w\ld produce a f9] prog5y ?an c\ld be expect$ f ! be/ sire ( our native bre$4 ,!y w\ld n readily h believ$ t a "t w\ld come :5 ! pr9ces & nobles ( neighb\r+ l&s w\ld be z eag] to obta9 horses f ,engl& z ev] ! ,engli% _h be5 to obta9 horses f ,b>b>y40 ,! ,london dray-horse1 :i* diff]s s mu* 9 appe>ance f any natural species1 & :i* f its size has s a/oni%$ _m ,ea/]n pr9ces1 0 probably =m$ by ! heavie/ & mo/ p[]ful animals hav+ be5 select$ dur+ _m g5]ations 9 ,fl&]s & ,engl&1 b )\t ! lea/ int5tion or expectation ( creat+ a horse su* z we n[ see4 ,if we g back to an e>ly p]iod ( hi/ory1 we behold 9 ! antique ,greek /atues1 z ,s*aaffhaus5 has rem>k$1#ge a horse equally unlike a race or dray horse1 & diff]+ f any exi/+ bre$4 ,! results ( unconsci\s selection1 9 an e>ly /age1 are well %[n 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! flocks desc5d$ f ! same /ock1 b sep>ately re>$ by c>eful bre$]s4 ,y\att gives an excell5t in/ance ( ?is fact 9 ! %eep belong+ to ,messrs4 ,buckley & ,burgess1 :i* 8h be5 purely br$ f ! orig9al /ock ( ,mr4 ,bakewell = upw>ds ( fifty ye>s4 ,!re is n a suspicion exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( any "o at all acqua9t$ ) ! subject t ! own] ( ei!r flock has deviat$ 9 any "o in/ance f ! pure blood ( ,mr4 ,bakewell's flock2 yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! %eep possess$ by ^! two g5tlem5 is s great1 t !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ q diff]5t v>ieties40#gf ,i h se5 sev]al analog\s & well m>k$ cases ) pigeons3 = in/ance1 ,i _h a family ( b>bs desc5d$ f ^? long br$ by ,sir ,j4 ,sebright1 & ano!r family long br$ by ano!r fanci]1 & ! two families pla9ly diff]$ f ea* o!r4 ,na?usius--& a m compet5t witness c\ld n be cit$--obs]ves t1 ?\gh ! ,%or?orns are rem>kably uni=m 9 appe>ance 7except 9 col\r71 yet ! individual "* & wi%es ( ea* bre$] become impress$ on 8 cattle1 s t diff]5t h]ds diff] slightly f "o ano!r4#gg ,! ,h]e=d cattle assum$ _! pres5t well-m>k$ "* soon aft] ! ye> #agfi1 ?r\gh c>eful selection by ,mr4 ,tomk9s#gh & ! bre$ has lately split into two /ra9s--"o /ra9 hav+ a :ite face1 & diff]+ slightly1 x is said1#gi 9 "s o!r po9ts3 b !re is no reason to believe t ?is split1 ! orig9 ( :i* is unkn[n1 0 int5tionally made2 x may ) mu* m probability be attribut$ to diff]5t bre$]s hav+ att5d$ to diff]5t po9ts4 ,s aga91 ! ,b]k%ire bre$ ( sw9e 9 ! ye> #ahaj _h greatly *ang$ f :at x 0 9 #aghj2 & s9ce #ahaj at lea/ two di/9ct sub-bre$s h aris5 be>+ ! same "n4#hj ,keep+ 9 m9d h[ rapidly all animals increase1 & t "s mu/ be annually slaught]$ & "s sav$ = bre$+1 !n1 if ! same bre$] dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s delib]ately settles :i* %all be sav$ & :i* %all be kill$1 x is almo/ inevitable t 8 individual turn ( m9d w influ5ce ! "* ( 8 /ock1 )\t 8 hav+ _h any int5tion to modify ! bre$4 ,unconsci\s selection 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 ! sav+ ( ! m useful animals & ! neglect or slaught] ( ! less useful1 )\t any ?\ght ( ! future1 mu/ h gone on occasionally f ! remote/ p]iod & among/ ! mo/ b>b>\s nations4 ,savages (t5 suff] f fam9es1 & are sometimes expell$ by w> f _! own homes4 ,9 su* cases x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !y w\ld save _! mo/ useful animals4 ,:5 ! ,fuegians are h>d press$ by want1 !y kill _! old wom5 = food r ?an _! dogs2 =1 z we 7 assur$1 8old wom5 no use--dogs cat* ott]s40 ,! same s\nd s5se w\ld surely lead !m to pres]ve _! m useful dogs :5 /ill h>d] press$ by fam9e4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 :o has se5 s mu* ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 in=ms me t 8!y are all v glad to get a ,european kang>oo dog1 & sev]al in/ances h be5 kn[n ( ! fa!r kill+ 8 own infant t ! "m might suckle ! mu*-priz$ puppy40 ,diff]5t k9ds ( dogs w\ld be useful to ! ,au/ralian = hunt+ opossums & kang>oos1 & to ! ,fuegian = cat*+ fi% & ott]s2 & ! occasional pres]vation 9 ! two c\ntries ( ! mo/ useful animals w\ld ultimately lead to ! =mation ( two widely di/9ct bre$s4 ,) plants1 f ! e>lie/ dawn ( civilisation1 ! be/ v>iety :i* 0 kn[n w\ld g5]ally h be5 cultivat$ at ea* p]iod & its se$s occasionally s[n2 s t !re w h be5 "s selection f an extremely remote p]iod1 b )\t any prefix$ /&>d ( excell5ce or ?\ght ( ! future4 ,we at ! pres5t day pr(it by a c\rse ( selection occasionally & unconsci\sly c>ri$ on dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is is prov$ 9 an int]e/+ mann] by ,oswald ,he]'s rese>*es on ! lake-inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 z giv5 9 a =m] *apt]2 = he %[s t ! gra9 & se$ ( our pres5t v>ieties ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 beans1 l5tils1 & poppy1 exce$ 9 size ^? :i* 7 cultivat$ 9 ,switz]l& dur+ ! ,neoli?ic & ,bronze p]iods4 ,^! anci5t p1 dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 possess$ also a crab consid]ably l>g] ?an t n[ gr[+ wild on ! ,jura4#ha ,! pe>s describ$ by ,pl9y 7 evid5tly extremely inf]ior 9 quality to our pres5t pe>s4 ,we c realise ! effects ( long-cont9u$ selection & cultivation 9 ano!r way1 = w\ld any "o 9 8 s5ses expect to raise a fir/-rate apple f ! se$ ( a truly wild crab1 or a lusci\s melt+ pe> f ! wild pe>8 ,alphonse de ,c&olle in=ms me t he has lately se5 on an anci5t mosaic at ,rome a repres5tation ( ! melon2 & z ! ,rotnans1 :o 7 su* g\rm&s1 are sil5t on ?is fruit1 he inf]s t ! melon has be5 greatly ameliorat$ s9ce ! classical p]iod4 ,com+ to lat] times1 ,buffon#hb on comp>+ ! fl[]s1 fruit1 & vegetables :i* 7 !n cultivat$ ) "s excell5t draw+s made a hundr$ & fifty ye>s previ\sly1 0 /ruck ) surprise at ! great improvem5t :i* _h be5 effect$2 & rem>ks t ^! anci5t fl[]s & vegetables w\ld n[ be reject$1 n only by a flori/ b by a village g>d5]4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,buffon ! "w ( improvem5t has /eadily & rapidly gone on4 ,e flori/ :o comp>es our pres5t fl[]s ) ^? figur$ 9 books publi%$ n long s9ce1 is a/oni%$ at ! *ange4 ,a well-kn[n amateur1#hc 9 speak+ ( ! v>ieties ( ,pel>gonium rais$ by ,mr4 ,g>? only tw5ty-two ye>s be=e1 rem>ks1 8,:at a rage !y excit$3 surely we _h atta9$ p]fection1 x 0 said2 & n[ n "o ( ! fl[]s ( ^? days w be look$ at4 ,b none ! less is ! debt ( gratitude :i* we owe to ^? :o saw :at 0 to be done1 & did x40 ,mr4 ,paul1 ! well-kn[n horticulturi/1 9 writ+ ( ! same fl[]1#hd says he rememb]s :5 "y be+ delight$ ) ! portraits 9 ,sweet's "w2 8b :at are !y 9 po9t ( beauty comp>$ ) ! ,pel>goniums ( ?is day8 ,"h aga9 nature did n advance by leaps2 ! improvem5t 0 gradual1 & if we _h neglect$ ^? v gradual advances1 we mu/ h =egone ! pres5t gr& results40 ,h[ well ?is practical horticulturi/ appreciates & illu/rates ! gradual & accumulative =ce ( selection6 ,! ,dahlia has advanc$ 9 beauty 9 a l mann]2 ! l9e ( improvem5t be+ guid$ by fa%ion1 & by ! successive modifications :i* ! fl[] sl[ly und]w5t4#he ,a /eady & gradual *ange has be5 notic$ 9 _m o!r fl[]s3 ?us an old flori/1#hf aft] describ+ ! lead+ v>ieties ( ! ,p9k :i* 7 gr[n 9 #ahac adds1 8! p9ks ( ^? days w\ld n[ be sc>cely gr[n z bord]-fl[]s40 ,! improvem5t ( s _m fl[]s & ! numb] ( ! v>ieties :i* h be5 rais$ is all ! m /rik+ :5 we he> t ! e>lie/ kn[n fl[]-g>d5 9 ,europe1 namely at ,padua1 dates only f ! ye> #aede4hg ,effects ( ,selection1 z %[n by ! p>ts mo/ valu$ by man pres5t+ ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce4--,! p[] ( long-cont9u$ selection1 :e!r me?odical or unconsci\s1 or bo? comb9$1 is well %[n 9 a g5]al way1 namely1 by ! comp>ison ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>ieties ( di/9ct species1 :i* are valu$ = diff]5t p>ts1 su* z = ! leaves1 or /ems1 or tub]s1 ! se$1 or fruit1 or fl[]s4 ,:atev] "p man values mo/1 t "p w be f\nd to pres5t ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce4 ,) trees cultivat$ = _! fruit1 ,sag]et rem>ks t ! fruit is l>g] ?an 9 ! p>5t-species1 :il/ ) ^? cultivat$ = ! se$1 z ) nuts1 walnuts1 almonds1 *e/nuts1 etc41 x is ! se$ itself :i* is l>g]2 & he acc\nts = ?is fact by ! fruit 9 ! "o case1 & by ! se$ 9 ! o!r1 hav+ be5 c>efully att5d$ to & select$ dur+ _m ages4 ,gallesio has made ! same obs]vation4 ,godron insi/s on ! div]sity ( ! tub] 9 ! potato1 ( ! bulb 9 ! onion1 & ( ! fruit 9 ! melon2 & on ! close simil>ity ( ! o!r p>ts 9 ^! same plants4#hh ,9 ord] to judge h[ f> my own impression on ?is subject 0 correct1 ,i cultivat$ num]\s v>ieties ( ! same species close to "o ano!r4 ,! comp>ison ( ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 widely diff]5t organs is necess>ily vague2 ,i w !re=e give ! results 9 only a few cases4 ,we h previ\sly se5 9 ! n9? *apt] h[ greatly ! v>ieties ( ! cabbage diff] 9 _! foliage & /ems1 :i* are ! select$ p>ts1 & h[ closely !y resemble "o ano!r 9 _! fl[]s1 capsules1 & se$s4 ,9 sev5 v>ieties ( ! radi%1 ! roots diff]$ greatly 9 col\r & %ape1 b no diff]5ce :atev] c\ld be detect$ 9 _! foliage1 fl[]s1 or se$s4 ,n[ :at a contra/ is pres5t$1 if we comp>e ! fl[]s ( ! v>ieties ( ^! two plants ) ^? ( any species cultivat$ 9 our fl[]-g>d5s = ornam5t2 or if we comp>e _! se$s ) ^? ( ! v>ieties ( maize1 peas1 beans1 etc41 :i* are valu$ & cultivat$ = _! se$s4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] x 0 %[n t ! v>ieties ( ! pea diff] b little except 9 ! tallness ( ! plant1 mod]ately 9 ! %ape ( ! pod1 & greatly 9 ! pea itself1 & ^! are all select$ po9ts4 ,! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,pois sans p>*em9 diff] mu* m 9 _! pods1 & ^! are eat5 & valu$4 ,i cultivat$ twelve v>ieties ( ! common bean2 "o alone1 ! ,dw>f ,fan1 diff]$ consid]ably 9 g5]al appe>ance2 two diff]$ 9 ! col\r ( _! fl[]s1 "o be+ an alb9o1 & ! o!r be+ :olly in/ead ( p>tially purple2 sev]al diff]$ consid]ably 9 ! %ape & size ( ! pod1 b f> m 9 ! bean itself1 & ?is is ! valu$ & select$ "p4 ,tok]'s bean1 = in/ance1 is twice-&-a-half z long & broad z ! horse-bean1 & is mu* ?9n] & ( a diff]5t %ape4 ,! v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 z =m]ly describ$1 diff] mu* 9 _! fruit1 b h>dly p]ceptibly 9 _! fl[]s or organs ( vegetation4 ,) ! plum1 ! diff]5ces likewise appe> to be great] 9 ! fruit ?an 9 ! fl[]s or leaves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! se$ ( ! /rawb]ry1 :i* corresponds ) ! fruit ( ! plum1 diff]s h>dly at all2 :il/ e "o kn[s h[ greatly ! fruit--t is1 ! enl>g$ receptacle--diff]s 9 sev]al v>ieties4 ,9 apples1 pe>s1 & pea*es ! fl[]s & leaves diff] consid]ably1 b n1 z f> z ,i c judge1 9 proportion ) ! fruit4 ,! ,*9ese d\ble-fl[]+ pea*es1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ t v>ieties ( ?is tree h be5 =m$1 :i* diff] m 9 fl[] ?an 9 fruit4 ,if1 z is highly probable1 ! pea* is ! modifi$ desc5t ( ! almond1 a surpris+ am\nt ( *ange has be5 effect$ 9 ! same species1 9 ! fle%y cov]+ ( ! =m] & 9 ! k]nels ( ! latt]4 ,:5 p>ts /& 9 close relation%ip to ea* o!r1 su* z ! se$ & ! fle%y cov]+ ( ! fruit 7:atev] its homological nature may be71 *anges 9 ! "o are usually accompani$ by modifications 9 ! o!r1 ?\gh n necess>ily to ! same degree4 ,) ! plum-tree1 = in/ance1 "s v>ieties produce plums :i* are ne>ly alike1 b include /ones extremely dissimil> 9 %ape2 :il/ conv]sely o!r v>ieties produce dissimil> fruit ) b>ely di/+ui%able /ones2 & g5]ally ! /ones1 ?\gh !y h nev] be5 subject$ to selection1 diff] greatly 9 ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! plum4 ,9 o!r cases organs :i* are n manife/ly relat$1 ?r\gh "s unkn[n bond v>y toge!r1 & are consequ5tly liable1 )\t any int5tion on man's "p1 to be simultane\sly act$ on by selection4 ,?us ! v>ieties ( ! /ock 7,mat?iola7 h be5 select$ solely = ! beauty ( _! fl[]s1 b ! se$s diff] greatly 9 col\r & some:at 9 size4 ,v>ieties ( ! lettuce h be5 select$ solely on acc\nt ( _! leaves1 yet produce se$s :i* likewise diff] 9 col\r4 ,g5]ally1 ?r\gh ! law ( correlation1 :5 a v>iety diff]s greatly f its fell[-v>ieties 9 any "o "*1 x diff]s to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 sev]al o!r *>act]s4 ,i obs]v$ ?is fact :5 ,i cultivat$ toge!r _m v>ieties ( ! same species1 = ,i us$ fir/ to make a li/ ( ! v>ieties :i* diff]$ mo/ f ea* o!r 9 _! foliage & mann] ( gr[?1 aft]w>ds ( ^? t diff]$ mo/ 9 _! fl[]s1 !n 9 _! se$-capsules1 & la/ly 9 _! mature se$2 & ,i f\nd t ! same names g5]ally occurr$ 9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r ( ! successive li/s4 ,nev]!less ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>ieties 0 always exhibit$1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 by t "p or organ = :i* ! plant 0 cultivat$4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t ea* plant 0 at fir/ cultivat$ because useful to man1 & t its v>iation 0 a subsequ5t1 (t5 a long subsequ5t1 ev5t1 we _c expla9 ! great] am\nt ( div]sity 9 ! valuable p>ts by suppos+ t species end[$ ) an especial t5d5cy to v>y 9 any p>ticul> mann] 7 orig9ally *os54 ,we mu/ attribute ! result to ! v>iations 9 ^! p>ts hav+ be5 successively pres]v$1 & ?us cont9ually augm5t$2 :il/ o!r v>iations1 except+ su* z inevitably appe>$ ?r\gh correlation1 7 neglect$ & lo/4 ,we may !re=e inf] t mo/ plants might be made1 ?r\gh long-cont9u$ selection1 to yield races z diff]5t f "o ano!r 9 any "* z !y n[ are 9 ^? p>ts = :i* !y are valu$ & cultivat$4 ,) animals we see no?+ ( ! same k9d2 b a suffici5t numb] ( species h n be5 dome/icat$ = a fair comp>ison4 ,%eep are valu$ = _! wool1 & ! wool diff]s mu* m 9 ! sev]al races ?an ! hair 9 cattle4 ,nei!r %eep1 goats1 ,european cattle1 nor pigs are valu$ = _! fleetness or /r5g?2 & we d n possess bre$s diff]+ 9 ^! respects l ! racehorse & dray-horse4 ,b fleetness & /r5g? are valu$ 9 camels & dogs2 & we h ) ! =m] ! swift drom$>y & heavy camel2 ) ! latt] ! greyh\nd & ma/iff4 ,b dogs are valu$ ev5 9 a high] degree = _! m5tal qualities & s5ses2 & e "o kn[s h[ greatly ! races diff] 9 ^! respects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! dog is kept solely to s]ve = food1 z 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s & ,*9a1 x is describ$ z an extremely /upid animal4#hi ,blum5ba* rem>ks t 8_m dogs1 su* z ! badg]-dog1 h a build s m>k$ & s appropriate = p>ticul> purposes1 t ,i %\ld f9d x v difficult to p]suade myself t ?is a/oni%+ figure 0 an accid5tal consequ5ce ( deg5]ation40#ij ,_h ,blum5ba* reflect$ on ! great pr9ciple ( selection1 he w\ld n h us$ ! t]m deg5]ation1 & he w\ld n h be5 a/oni%$ t dogs & o!r animals %\ld become excell5tly adapt$ = ! s]vice ( man4 ,on ! :ole we may conclude t :atev] "p or "* is mo/ valu$--:e!r ! leaves1 /ems1 tub]s1 bulbs1 fl[]s1 fruit1 or se$ ( plants1 or ! size1 /r5g?1 fleetness1 hairy cov]+1 or intellect ( animals--t "* w almo/ inv>iably be f\nd to pres5t ! greate/ am\nt ( diff]5ce bo? 9 k9d & degree4 ,& ?is result may be safely attribut$ to man hav+ pres]v$ dur+ a long c\rse ( g5]ations ! v>iations :i* 7 useful to him1 & neglect$ ! o!rs4 ,i w conclude ?is *apt] by "s rem>ks on an important subject4 ,) animals su* z ! giraffe1 ( :i* ! :ole /ructure is admirably co-ord9at$ = c]ta9 purposes1 x has be5 suppos$ t all ! p>ts mu/ h be5 simultane\sly modifi$2 & x has be5 argu$ t1 on ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 ?is is sc>cely possible4 ,b 9 ?us argu+1 x has be5 tacitly assum$ t ! v>iations mu/ h be5 abrupt & great4 ,no d\bt1 if ! neck ( a rum9ant 7 sudd5ly to become greatly elongat$1 ! =e limbs & back w\ld h to be simultane\sly /r5g!n$ & modifi$2 b x _c be d5i$ t an animal might h its neck1 or head1 or tongue1 or =e-limbs elongat$ a v little )\t any correspond+ modification 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body2 & animals ?us slightly modifi$ w\ld1 dur+ a de>?1 h a slight advantage1 & be enabl$ to br[se on high] twigs1 & ?us survive4 ,a few m\?fuls m or less e day w\ld make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea?4 ,by ! repetition ( ! same process1 & by ! occasional int]cross+ ( ! survivors1 !re w\ld be "s progress1 sl[ & fluctuat+ ?\gh x w\ld be1 t[>ds ! admirably coord9at$ /ructure ( ! giraffe4 ,if ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]-pigeon1 ) its small conical beak1 globul> head1 r\nd$ body1 %ort w+s1 & small feet--*>act]s :i* appe> all 9 h>mony--_h be5 a natural species1 its :ole /ructure w\ld h be5 view$ z well fitt$ = its life2 b 9 ?is case we "k t inexp]i5c$ bre$]s are urg$ to att5d to po9t aft] po9t1 & n to attempt improv+ ! :ole /ructure at ! same "t4 ,look at ! greyh\nd1 t p]fect image ( grace1 symmetry1 & vig\r2 no natural species c boa/ ( a m admirably co-ord9at$ /ructure1 ) its tap]+ head1 slim body1 deep *e/1 tuck$-up abdom51 rat-l tail1 & long muscul> limbs1 all adapt$ = extreme fleetness1 & = runn+ d[n weak prey4 ,n[1 f :at we see ( ! v>iability ( animals1 & f :at we "k ( ! me?od :i* diff]5t m5 foll[ 9 improv+ _! /ock--"s *iefly att5d+ to "o po9t1 o!rs to ano!r po9t1 o!rs aga9 correct+ defects by crosses1 & s =?--we may feel assur$ t if we c\ld see ! long l9e ( ance/ors ( a fir/-rate greyh\nd up to its wild wolf-l prog5itor1 we %\ld behold an inf9ite numb] ( ! f9e/ gradations1 sometimes 9 "o "* & sometimes 9 ano!r1 b all lead+ t[>ds our pres5t p]fect type4 ,by small & d\btful /eps su* z ^!1 nature1 z we may confid5tly believe1 has progress$1 on h] gr& m>* ( improvem5t & developm5t4 ,a simil> l9e ( reason+ is z applicable to sep>ate organs z to ! :ole organisation4 ,a writ]#ia has rec5tly ma9ta9$ t 8x is probably no exagg]ation to suppose t 9 ord] to improve su* an organ z ! eye at all1 x mu/ be improv$ 9 t5 diff]5t ways at once4 ,& ! improbability ( any complex organ be+ produc$ & br\ght to p]fection 9 any su* way is an improbability ( ! same k9d & degree z t ( produc+ a poem or a ma!matical demon/ration by ?r[+ lett]s at r&om on a table40 ,if ! eye 7 abruptly & greatly modifi$1 no d\bt _m p>ts w\ld h to be simultane\sly alt]$1 9 ord] t ! organ %\ld rema9 s]viceable4 ,b is ?is ! case ) small] *anges8 ,!re are p]sons :o c see di/9ctly only 9 a dull light1 & ?is condition dep5ds1 ,i believe1 on ! abnormal s5sitiv5ess ( ! ret9a1 & is kn[n to be inh]it$4 ,n[ if a bird1 = in/ance1 receive "s great advantage f see+ well 9 ! twilight1 all ! individuals ) ! mo/ s5sitive ret9a w\ld succe$ be/ & be ! mo/ likely to survive2 & :y %\ld n all ^? :i* happ5$ to h ! eye itself a little l>g]1 or ! pupil capable ( great] dilatation1 be likewise pres]v$1 :e!r or n ^! modifications 7 /rictly simultane\s8 ,^! individuals w\ld subsequ5tly int]cross & bl5d _! respective advantages4 ,by su* slight successive *anges1 ! eye ( a diurnal bird w\ld be br\ght into ! condition ( t ( an owl1 :i* has (t5 be5 advanc$ z an excell5t in/ance ( adaptation4 ,%ort-sight1 :i* is (t5 inh]it$1 p]mits a p]son to see di/9ctly a m9ute object at s ne> a di/ance t x w\ld be indi/9ct to ord9>y eyes2 & "h we h a capacity :i* might be s]viceable "u c]ta9 conditions1 abruptly ga9$4 ,! ,fuegians on bo>d ! ,beagle c\ld c]ta9ly see di/ant objects m di/9ctly ?an our sailors ) all _! long practice2 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is dep5ds ^u s5sitiv5ess or on ! p[] ( adju/m5t 9 ! focus2 b ?is capacity = di/ant vision might1 x is probable1 be slightly augm5t$ by successive modifications ( ei!r k9d4 ,amphibi\s animals :i* are enabl$ to see bo? 9 ! wat] & 9 ! air1 require & possess1 z ,m4 ,plateau has %[n1#ib eyes con/ruct$ on ! foll[+ plan3 8! cornea is always flat1 or at lea/ mu* flatt5$ 9 ! front ( ! cry/all9e & ov] a space equal to ! diamet] ( t l5s1 :il/ ! lat]al portions may be mu* curv$40 ,! cry/all9e is v ne>ly a sph]e1 & ! hum\rs h ne>ly ! same d5sity z wat]4 ,n[ z a t]re/rial animal became m & m aquatic 9 its habits1 v slight *anges1 fir/ 9 ! curvature ( ! cornea or cry/all9e1 & !n 9 ! d5sity ( ! hum\rs1 or conv]sely1 might successively occur1 & w\ld be advantage\s to ! animal :il/ "u wat]1 )\t s]i\s detrim5t to its p[] ( vision 9 ! air4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to conjecture by :at /eps ! fundam5tal /ructure ( ! eye 9 ! ,v]tebrata 0 orig9ally acquir$1 = we "k no?+ ab\t ?is organ 9 ! fir/ prog5itors ( ! class4 ,) respect to ! l[e/ animals 9 ! scale1 ! transitional /ates ?r\gh :i* ! eye at fir/ probably pass$1 c by ! aid ( analogy be indicat$1 z ,i h attempt$ to %[ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species4'#ic ,,ref]5ces #a ,! t]m unconsci\s selection has be5 object$ to z a contradiction2 b see "s excell5t obs]vations on ?is head by ,pr(4 ,huxley 7#8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review1' ,oct4 #ahfd1 p4 #egh71 :o rem>ks t :5 ! w9d heaps up s&-dunes x sifts & unconsci\sly selects f ! gravel on ! bea* gra9s ( s& ( equal size4 #b #8,on ,%eep1' #ahch1 p4 #fj4 #c ,mr4 ,j4 ,wright on ,%or?orn ,cattle1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 vii4 pp4 #bjh1 #bji4 #d ,h4 ,d4 ,ri*>dson #8,on ,pigs1' #ahdg1 p4 #dd4 #e #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #bd4 #f #8,on ,%eep1' pp4 #ebj1 #cai4 #g ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 viii41 #ahce1 p4 #fah4 #h #8,a treatise on ! ,art ( ,bre$+ ! ,almond ,tumbl]4' #ahea4 p4 #i4 #i #8,recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dji4 #aj ,y\att on ,cattle1 pp4 #aia1 #bbg4 #aa ,f]guson1 #8,prize ,p\ltry1' #ahed1 p4 #bjh4 #ab ,wilson1 9 #8,transact4 ,highl& ,agricult4 ,soc41' quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #bi4 #ac ,simmonds1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #fcg4 ,& = ! second quotation1 see ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #aga4 #ad ,rob9et1 #8,v]s ,soie1' #ahdh1 p4 #bga4 #ae ,quatrefages1 #8,les ,maladies du ,v] ,soie1' #ahei1 p4 #aja4 #af ,m4 ,simon1 9 #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 ix41 #ahfb1 p4 #bba4 #ag #8,! ,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #fjg4 #ah ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #8,a ,treatise on ,fancy ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 xiv41 & #8,a ,treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea1 p4 #aa4 #ai #8,j\rnal ,royal ,agricultural ,soc41' vol4 vi41 p4 #bb4 #bj #8,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii41 #ahee1 p4 #eif4 #ba ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #bed4 #bb #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #aih4 #bc #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #aeb4 #bd #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #cfi4 #be #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #cha4 #bf #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #bhe4 #bg ,rev4 ,w4 ,bromehead1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #eej4 #bh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #gba4 #bi ,dr4 ,&]son1 9 #8,! ,bee1' vol4 vi4 p4 #if2 ,mr4 ,b>nes 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #dgf4 #cj ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fi2 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #beh4 #ca ,on ,%eep1 p4 #ah4 #cb ,volz1 #8,beitrge zur ,kulturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #dg4 #cc ,mit=d's #8,hi/ory ( ,greece1' vol4 i4 p4 #gc4 #cd ,dr4 ,dally1 translat$ 9 #8,an?ropological ,review1' ,may #ahfd1 p4 #aja4 #ce ,volz1 #8,beitrge1' etc41 #aheb1 s4 #hj4 #cf #8,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1' *4 #de4 #cg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdh1 p4 #cbc4 #ch ,reyni]1 #8,de l'conomie des ,celtes1' #ahah1 pp4 #dhg1 #ejc4 #ci ,le ,c\teur on ,:eat1 p4 #ae4 #dj ,mi*el1 #8,des ,h>as1' #ahfa1 p4 #hd4 #da ,sir ,w4 ,wilde1 an #8,essay on ,unmanufactur$ ,animal ,rema9s1' etc41 #ahfj1 p4 #aa4 #db ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 #8,nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 xii41 ,horses1 pp4 #ace1 #adj4 #dc ,mi*el1 #8,des ,h>as1' p4 #ij4 #dd ,mr4 ,bak]1 #8,hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' #8,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #dbc4 #de ,m4 l',abb ,c>li]1 9 #8,j\rnal de ,physique1' vol4 xxiv41 #aghd1 p4 #aha2 ?is memoir conta9s mu* in=mation on ! anci5t selection ( %eep2 & is my au?ority = rams n be+ kill$ "y 9 ,engl&4 #df #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #chi4 #dg #8,communications to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture' quot$ 9 ,dr4 ,d>w9's #8,phytologia1' #ahjj1 p4 #dea4 #dh #8,mmoire sur les ,*9ois1' #aghf1 tom4 xi4 p4 #ee2 tom4 v4 p4 #ejg4 #di #8,re*]*es sur l',agriculture des ,*9ois1' p> ,l4 ,d',h]vey ,sa9t-,d5ys1 #ahej1 p4 #bbi4 ,) respect to ,khang-hi see ,huc's #8,*9ese ,empire1' p4 #caa4 #ej ,&]son1 9 #8,l9n4 ,transact41' vol4 xii4 p4 #bec4 #ea #8,mm4 de l',acad4' 7div]s savants71 tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #ccc4 #eb #8,des ,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' #ahja1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #ccc1 #cga4 #ec #8,! ,great ,sah>a1' by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 #ahfj1 p4 #bch4 #ed ,pallas1 #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #aggg1 p4 #bdi2 ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 #8,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1' #ahda4 #ee ,quot$ f ,raffles1 9 ! #8,indian ,field1' #ahei1 p4 #aif3 = ,v>ro1 see ,pallas ut supra4 #ef ,erman's #8,travels 9 ,sib]ia1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 i4 p4 #dec4 #eg ,see also #8,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xiii4 "p i4 p4 #fe4 #eh ,liv+/one's #8,fir/ ,travels1' pp4 #aia1 #dci1 #efe2 see also #8,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1' #ahfe1 p4 #die1 = an analog\s case respect+ a good bre$ ( goats4 #ei ,&]sson's #8,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' pp4 #bcb1 #cah1 #cai4 #fj ,dr4 ,vavasseur1 9 #8,bull4 de ,la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii4 #ahfa1 p4 #acf4 #fa #8,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,dee ,side1' #ahee1 p4 #dgf4 #fb #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii4 #ahfj1 p4 #deg4 #fc #8,cattle1' p4 #dh4 #fd ,liv+/one's ,travels1 p4 #egf2 ,&]sson1 #8,lake ,ngami1' #ahef1 p4 #bbb4 ,) respect to ! sale 9 ,kaffr>ia1 see #8,qu>t]ly ,review1' #ahfj1 p4 #aci4 #fe #8,mmoire sur les ,*9ois' 7by ! ,jesuits71 #aghf1 tom4 xi4 p4 #eg4 #ff ,f4 ,mi*el1 #8,des ,h>as1' pp4 #dg1 #ej4 #fg ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 ,dogs1 9 #8,nat4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #ajc4 #fh ,az>a1 #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 #fi ,sidney's edit4 ( ,y\att1 #ahfj1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 #gj #8,rural ,economy ( ,york%ire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb4 #ga ,moll et ,gayot1 #8,du ,boeuf1' #ahfj1 p4 #edg4 #gb #8,! ,india ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aha2 #8,! ,/ud ,f>m1' by ,cecil1 p4 #eh4 #gc #8,! ,horse1' p4 #bb4 #gd #8,hi/ory ( ,engl&1' vol4 i4 p4 #caf4 #ge #8,ueb] ,be/ndigkeit d] ,art54' #gf ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #cae4 #gg #8,ueb] ,%or?orn ,r9dvieh1' #aheg1 s4 #ea4 #gh ,l[1 #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' #ahde1 p4 #cfc4 #gi #8,qu>t]ly ,review1' #ahdi1 p4 #cib4 #hj ,h4 von ,na?usius1 #8,vor/udi5 4 4 4 ,s*we9es*del1' #ahfd1 s #adj4 #ha ,see also ,dr4 ,*ri/1 9 ,rtimey]'s #8,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #bbf4 #hb ,! passage is giv51 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' #aheh1 p4 #aa4 #hc #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #cid4 #hd #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #he4 #he ,see ,mr4 ,wildman's address to ! ,floricult4 ,soc4 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hf4 #hf #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,oct4 #bd?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bci4 #hg ,prescott's #8,hi/4 ( ,mexico1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fa4 #hh ,sag>et1 #8,pomologie ,physiologique1' #ahcj1 p4 #dg2 ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione1' #ahaf1 p4 #hh2 ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 tom4 #b pp4 #fc1 #fg1 #gj4 ,9 my t5? & elev5? *apt]s ,i h giv5 details on ! potato2 & ,i c confirm simil> rem>ks ) respect to ! onion4 ,i h also %[n h[ f> ,naud9 concurs 9 reg>d to ! v>ieties ( ! melon4 #hi ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #bg4 #ij #8,! ,an?ropological ,treatises ( ,blum5ba*1' #ahef1 p4 #bib4 #ia ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 9 8 op5+ address to ! ,belfa/ ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 z giv5 9 ! #8,belfa/ ,nor!rn ,:ig1' ,nov4 #ai?1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,murphy "h foll[s ! l9e ( argum5t aga9/ my views previ\sly & m cauti\sly giv5 by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,prit*>d1 ,pres4 ,royal ,a/ronomical ,soc41 9 8 s]mon 7,app5dix1 p4 #cc7 prea*$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,nott+ham1 #ahff4 #ib ,on ! ,vision ( ,fi%es & ,amphibia1 translat$ 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xviii41 #ahff1 p4 #dfi4 #ic ,six? edition1 #ahgb1 p4 #add4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,selection1 cont9u$4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,z ,,affect+ ,,dome/ic ,,productions--,,*>act]s ,,:i* ,,appe> ,,( ,,trifl+ ,,value ,,(t5 ,,( ,,real ,,importance--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,selection ,,by ,,man--,,facility ,,9 ,,prev5t+ ,,crosses1 ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,conditions--,,close ,,att5tion ,,& ,,p]sev]ance ,,indisp5sable--,,! ,,production ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,individuals ,,especially ,,fav\rable--,,:5 ,,no ,,selection ,,is ,,appli$1 ,,di/9ct ,,races ,,are ,,n ,,=m$--,,highly-,,br$ ,,animals ,,liable ,,to ,,deg5]ation--,,t5d5cy ,,9 ,,man ,,to ,,c>ry ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,ea* ,,"* ,,to ,,an ,,extreme ,,po9t1 ,,lead+ ,,to ,,div]g5ce ,,( ,,"*1 ,,r>ely ,,to ,,conv]g5ce--,,*>act]s ,,cont9u+ ,,to ,,v>y ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,direction ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,h ,,already ,,v>i$--,,div]g5ce ,,( ,,"*1 ,,) ,,! ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,v>ieties1 ,,leads ,,to ,,di/9ctness ,,9 ,,our ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,limit ,,to ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,selection--,,lapse ,,( ,,"t ,,important--,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,dome/ic ,,races ,,h ,,orig9at$--,,summ>y4 ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 z affect+ dome/ic productions4--,we "k little on ?is head4 ,b z animals kept by savages h to provide ?r\gh\t ! ye> _! own food ei!r entirely or to a l>ge ext5t1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 v>ieties diff]+ 9 con/itution & 9 v>i\s *>act]s w\ld succe$ be/1 & s be naturally select$4 ,h5ce p]haps x is t ! few dome/icat$ animals kept by savages p>take1 z has be5 rem>k$ by m ?an "o writ]1 ( ! wild appe>ance ( _! ma/]s1 & likewise resemble natural species4 ,ev5 9 long-civilis$ c\ntries1 at lea/ 9 ! wild] p>ts1 natural selection mu/ act on our dome/ic races4 ,x is obvi\s t v>ieties hav+ v diff]5t habits1 con/itution1 & /ructure1 w\ld succe$ be/ on m\nta9s & on ri* l[l& pa/ures4 ,= example1 ! improv$ ,leice/] %eep 7 =m]ly tak5 to ! ,lamm]muir ,hills2 b an intellig5t %eep-ma/] report$ t 8our co>se lean pa/ures 7 unequal to ! task ( support+ su* heavy-bodi$ %eep2 & !y gradually dw9dl$ away into less & less bulk3 ea* g5]ation 0 inf]ior to ! prec$+ "o2 & :5 ! spr+ 0 sev]e1 seldom m ?an two-?irds ( ! lambs surviv$ ! ravages ( ! /orms40#a ,s ) ! m\nta9 cattle ( ,nor? ,wales & ! ,hebrides1 x has be5 f\nd t !y c\ld n )/& be+ cross$ ) ! l>g] & m delicate l[l& bre$s4 ,two ,fr5* naturali/s1 9 describ+ ! horses ( ,circassia1 rem>k t1 subject$ z !y are to extreme vicissitudes ( climate1 hav+ to se>* = scanty pa/ure1 & expos$ to con/ant dang] f wolves1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ vigor\s alone survive4#b ,e "o mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! surpass+ grace1 /r5g?1 & vig\r ( ! ,game-cock1 ) its bold & confid5t air1 its long1 yet firm neck1 compact body1 p[]ful & closely press$ w+s1 muscul> ?ighs1 /rong beak massive at ! base1 d5se & %>p spurs set l[ on ! legs = deliv]+ ! fatal bl[1 & its compact1 glossy1 & mail-l plumage s]v+ z a def5ce4 ,n[ ! ,engli% game-cock has n only be5 improv$ dur+ _m ye>s by man's c>eful selection1 b 9 addition1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has rem>k$1#c by a k9d ( natural selection1 = ! /ronge/1 mo/ active & c\rage\s birds h /rick5 d[n _! antagoni/s 9 ! cockpit1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 & h subsequ5tly s]v$ z ! prog5itors ( _! race4 ,! same k9d ( d\ble selection has come into play ) ! c>ri] pigeon1 = dur+ _! tra9+ ! inf]ior birds fail to return home & are lo/1 s t ev5 )\t selection by man only ! sup]ior birds propagate _! race4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 9 =m] times1 almo/ e di/rict _h its own bre$ ( cattle & %eep2 8!y 7 indig5\s to ! soil1 climate1 & pa/urage ( ! locality on :i* !y graz$3 !y seem$ to h be5 =m$ = x & by x40#d ,b 9 ?is case we are q unable to dis5tangle ! effects ( ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1--( use or habit--( natural selection--& ( t k9d ( selection :i* we h se5 is occasionally & unconsci\sly foll[$ by man ev5 dur+ ! rude/ p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,let u n[ look to ! action ( natural selection on special *>act]s4 ,al?\gh nature is difficult to resi/1 yet man (t5 /rives aga9/ h] p[]1 & sometimes ) success4 ,f ! facts to be giv51 x w also be se5 t natural selection w\ld p[]fully affect _m ( our dome/ic productions if left unprotect$4 ,?is is a po9t ( mu* int]e/1 = we ?us le>n t diff]5ces app>5tly ( v slight importance w\ld c]ta9ly det]m9e ! survival ( a =m :5 =c$ to /ruggle = its own exi/5ce4 ,x may h occurr$ to "s naturali/s1 z x =m]ly did to me1 t1 ?\gh selection act+ "u natural conditions w\ld det]m9e ! /ructure ( all important organs1 yet t x c\ld n affect *>act]s :i* are e/eem$ by u ( little importance2 b ?is is an error to :i* we are em95tly liable1 f our ignorance ( :at *>act]s are ( real value to ea* liv+ creature4 ,:5 man attempts to make a bre$ ) "s s]i\s defect 9 /ructure1 or 9 ! mutual relation ( ! sev]al p>ts1 he w p>tly or completely fail1 or enc\nt] mu* difficulty2 he is 9 fact resi/$ by a =m ( natural selection4 ,we h se5 t an attempt 0 once made 9 ,york%ire to bre$ cattle ) enorm\s buttocks1 b ! c[s p]i%$ s (t5 9 br++ =? _! calves1 t ! attempt _h to be giv5 up4 ,9 re>+ %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 ,mr4 ,eaton says1#e 8,i am conv9c$ t bett] head & beak birds h p]i%$ 9 ! %ell ?an ev] 7 hat*$2 ! reason be+ t ! amaz+ly %ort-fac$ bird _c rea* & break ! %ell ) its beak1 & s p]i%es40 ,"h is a m curi\s case1 9 :i* natural selection comes into play only at long int]vals ( "t3 dur+ ord9>y seasons ! ,niata cattle c graze z well z o!rs1 b occasionally1 z f #ahbg to #ahcj ! pla9s ( ,la ,plata suff] f long-cont9u$ dr\ghts & ! pa/ure is burnt up2 at su* times common cattle & horses p]i% by ! ?\s&1 b _m survive by br[s+ on twigs1 re$s1 etc42 ?is ! ,niata cattle _c s well effect f _! upturn$ jaws & ! %ape ( _! lips2 consequ5tly1 if n att5d$ to1 !y p]i% be=e ! o!r cattle4 ,9 ,columbia1 accord+ to ,r\l91 !re is a bre$ ( ne>ly hairless cattle1 call$ ,pelones2 ^! succe$ 9 _! native hot di/rict1 b are f\nd too t5d] = ! ,cordill]a2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 natural selection det]m9es only ! range ( ! v>iety4 ,x is obvi\s t a ho/ ( artificial races c\ld nev] survive 9 a /ate ( nature2--su* z ,italian greyh\nds1--hairless & almo/ too?less ,turki% dogs1--fantail pigeons1 :i* _c fly well aga9/ a /rong w9d1--b>bs & ,poli% f[ls1 ) _! vision imp$$ by _! eye wattles & great topknots1--hornless bulls & rams1 :i* consequ5tly _c cope ) o!r males1 & ?us h a poor *ance ( leav+ (fspr+1--se$less plants1 & _m o!r su* cases4 ,col\r is g5]ally e/eem$ by ! sy/ematic naturali/ z unimportant3 let u1 !re=e1 see h[ f> x indirectly affects our dome/ic productions1 & h[ f> x w\ld affect !m if !y 7 left expos$ to ! full =ce ( natural selection4 ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all h to %[ t con/itutional peculi>ities ( ! /range/ k9d1 entail+ liability to ! action ( c]ta9 poisons1 are correlat$ ) ! col\r ( ! sk94 ,i w "h give a s+le case1 on ! high au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,wyman2 he in=ms me t1 be+ surpris$ at all ! pigs 9 a "p ( ,virg9ia be+ black1 he made inquiries1 & asc]ta9$ t ^! animals fe$ on ! roots ( ! ,la*nan!s t9ctoria1 :i* col\rs _! bones p9k1 &1 except+ 9 ! case ( ! black v>ieties1 causes ! ho(s to drop (f4 ,h5ce1 z "o ( ! squatt]s rem>k$1 8we select ! black memb]s ( ! litt] = rais+1 z !y alone h a good *ance ( liv+40 ,s t "h we h artificial & natural selection work+ h& 9 h&4 ,i may add t 9 ! ,t>5t9o ! inhabitants keep black %eep alone1 because ! ,hyp]icum crispum ab\nds !re2 & ?is plant does n injure black %eep1 b kills ! :ite ones 9 ab\t a =tnight's "t4#f ,complexion1 & liability to c]ta9 diseases1 are believ$ to run toge!r 9 man & ! l[] animals4 ,?us :ite t]ri]s suff] m ?an ^? ( any o!r col\r f ! fatal di/emp]4#g ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica plum-trees are liable to a disease :i* ,d[n+#h believes is n caus$ by insects2 ! k9ds be>+ purple fruit are mo/ affect$1 8& we h nev] kn[n ! gre5 or yell[ fruit$ v>ieties infect$ until ! o!r sorts _h fir/ become fill$ ) ! knots40 ,on ! o!r h&1 pea*es 9 ,nor? ,am]ica suff] mu* f a disease call$ ! yell[s1 :i* seems to be peculi> to t cont95t1 & m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! victims1 8:5 ! disease fir/ appe>$1 7 ! yell[-fle%$ pea*es4 ,! :ite-fle%$ k9ds are mu* m r>ely attack$2 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry nev]40 ,9 ,mauritius1 ! :ite sug>-canes h ( late ye>s be5 s sev]ely attack$ by a disease1 t _m plant]s h be5 compell$ to give up gr[+ ?is v>iety 7al?\gh fre% plants 7 import$ f ,*9a = trial71 & cultivate only r$ canes4#i ,n[1 if ^! plants _h be5 =c$ to /ruggle ) o!r compet+ plants & enemies1 !re _c be a d\bt t ! col\r ( ! fle% or sk9 ( ! fruit1 unimportant z ^! *>act]s are consid]$1 w\ld h rigor\sly det]m9$ _! exi/5ce4 ,liability to ! attacks ( p>asites is also connect$ ) col\r4 ,:ite *ick5s are c]ta9ly m subject ?an d>k-col\r$ *ick5s to ! 8gapes10 :i* is caus$ by a p>asitic worm 9 ! tra*ea4#aj ,on ! o!r h&1 exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 ,france ! cat]pill>s :i* produce :ite cocoons resi/ ! deadly fungus bett] ?an ^? produc+ yell[ cocoons4#aa ,analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ ) plants3 a new & beautiful :ite onion1 import$ f ,france1 ?\gh plant$ close to o!r k9ds1 0 alone attack$ by a p>asitic fungus4#ab ,:ite v]b5as are especially liable to mildew4#ac ,ne> ,malaga1 dur+ an e>ly p]iod ( ! v9e-disease1 ! gre5 sorts suff]$ mo/2 8& r$ & black grapes1 ev5 :5 int]wov5 ) ! sick plants1 suff]$ n at all40 ,9 ,france :ole gr\ps ( v>ieties 7 comp>atively free1 & o!rs1 su* z ! ,*asselas1 did n af=d a s+le =tunate exception2 b ,i d n "k :e!r any correlation betwe5 col\r & liability to disease 0 "h obs]v$4#ad ,9 a =m] *apt] x 0 %[n h[ curi\sly liable "o v>iety ( ! /rawb]ry is to mildew4 ,x is c]ta9 t insects regulate 9 _m cases ! range & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! high] animals1 :il/ liv+ "u _! natural conditions4 ,"u dome/ication light-col\r$ animals suff] mo/3 9 ,?ur+ia#ae ! inhabitants d n l grey1 :ite1 or pale cattle1 because !y are mu* m tr\bl$ by v>i\s k9ds ( flies ?an ! br[n1 r$1 or black cattle4 ,an ,alb9o negro1 x has be5 rem>k$1#af 0 peculi>ly s5sitive to ! bites ( insects4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies#ag x is said t 8! only horn$ cattle fit = "w are ^? :i* h a good deal ( black 9 !m4 ,! :ite are t]ribly torm5t$ by ! insects2 & !y are weak & sluggi% 9 proportion to ! :ite40 ,9 ,devon%ire !re is a prejudice aga9/ :ite pigs1 because x is believ$ t ! sun bli/]s !m :5 turn$ out2#ah & ,i knew a man :o w\ld n keep :ite pigs 9 ,k5t1 = ! same reason4 ,! scor*+ ( fl[]s by ! sun seems likewise to dep5d mu* on col\r2 ?us1 d>k pel>goniums suff] mo/2 & f v>i\s acc\nts x is cle> t ! clo?-(-gold v>iety w n )/& a degree ( exposure to sun%9e :i* o!r v>ieties enjoy4 ,ano!r amateur ass]ts t n only all d>k-col\r$ v]b5as1 b likewise sc>lets1 suff] f ! sun3 8! pal] k9ds /& bett]1 & pale blue is p]haps ! be/ ( all40 ,s aga9 ) ! he>tsease 7,viola tricolor72 hot wea!r suits ! blot*$ sorts1 :il/ x de/roys ! beautiful m>k+s ( "s o!r k9ds4#ai ,dur+ "o extremely cold season 9 ,holl& all r$-fl[]$ hyac9?s 7 obs]v$ to be v inf]ior 9 quality4 ,x is believ$ by _m agriculturi/s t r$ :eat is h>di] 9 nor!rn climates ?an :ite :eat4#bj ,) animals1 :ite v>ieties f be+ conspicu\s are ! mo/ liable to be attack$ by bea/s & birds ( prey4 ,9 p>ts ( ,france & ,g]many :]e hawks ab\nd1 p]sons are advis$ n to keep :ite pigeons2 =1 z ,p>m5ti] says1 8x is c]ta9 t 9 a flock ! :ite always fir/ fall victims to ! kite40 ,9 ,belgium1 :]e s _m societies h be5 e/abli%$ = ! flight ( c>ri]-pigeons1 :ite is ! "o col\r :i* = ! same reason is dislik$4#ba ,pr(4 ,g4 ,jaeg]#bb :il/ fi%+ f\nd f\r pigeons :i* _h be5 kill$ by hawks1 & all 7 :ite2 on ano!r occasion he exam9$ ! eyrie ( a hawk1 & ! fea!rs ( ! pigeons :i* _h be5 caught 7 all ( a :ite or yell[ col\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said t ! sea-eagle 7,falco ossifragus1 ,l9n47 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& picks out ! black f[ls1 s t 8! villag]s avoid z mu* z possible re>+ birds ( t col\r40 ,m4 ,daud91#bc speak+ ( :ite rabbits kept 9 w>r5s 9 ,russia1 rem>ks t _! col\r is a great disadvantage1 z !y are ?us m expos$ to attack1 & c be se5 dur+ bright nights f a di/ance4 ,a g5tleman 9 ,k5t1 :o fail$ to /ock 8 woods ) a ne>ly :ite & h>dy k9d ( rabbit1 acc\nt$ 9 ! same mann] = _! e>ly disappe>ance4 ,any "o :o w wat* a :ite cat pr[l+ aft] h] prey w soon p]ceive "u :at a disadvantage %e lies4 ,! :ite ,t>t>ian *]ry1 8ow+ ei!r to its col\r be+ s mu* l t ( ! leaves1 or to ! fruit always appe>+ f a di/ance unripe10 is n s readily attack$ by birds z o!r sorts4 ,! yell[-fruit$ raspb]ry1 :i* g5]ally comes ne>ly true by se$1 8is v little mole/$ by birds1 :o evid5tly are n fond ( x2 s t nets may be disp5s$ ) 9 places :]e no?+ else w protect ! r$ fruit40#bd ,?is immunity1 ?\gh a b5efit to ! g>d5]1 w\ld be a disadvantage 9 a /ate ( nature bo? to ! *]ry & raspb]ry1 z dissem9ation dep5ds on birds4 ,i notic$ dur+ sev]al w9t]s t "s trees ( ! yell[-b]ri$ holly1 :i* 7 rais$ f se$ f a tree f\nd wild by my fa!r rema9$ cov]$ ) fruit1 :il/ n a sc>let b]ry c\ld be se5 on ! adjo9+ trees ( ! common k9d4 ,a fri5d in=ms me t a m\nta9-a% 7,pyrus aucup>ia7 gr[+ 9 8 g>d5 be>s b]ries :i*1 ?\gh n diff]5tly col\r$1 are always dev\r$ by birds be=e ^? on ! o!r trees4 ,?is v>iety ( ! m\nta9-a% w\ld ?us be m freely dissem9at$1 & ! yell[-b]ri$ v>iety ( ! holly less freely1 ?an ! common v>ieties ( ^! two trees4 ,indep5d5tly ( col\r1 trifl+ diff]5ces are sometimes f\nd to be ( importance to plants "u cultivation1 & w\ld be ( p>am\nt importance if !y _h to fight _! own battle & to /ruggle ) _m competitors4 ,! ?9-%ell$ peas1 call$ pois sans p>*em91 are attack$ by birds#be mu* m commonly ?an ord9>y peas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! purple-podd$ pea1 :i* has a h>d %ell1 escap$ ! attacks ( tomtits 7,p>us major7 9 my g>d5 f> bett] ?an any o!r k9d4 ,! ?9-%ell$ walnut likewise suff]s greatly f ! tomtit4#bf ,^! same birds h be5 obs]v$ to pass ov] & ?us fav\r ! filb]t1 de/roy+ only ! o!r k9ds ( nuts :i* grew 9 ! same or*>d4#bg ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! pe> h s(t b>k1 & ^! suff] sev]ely f wood-bor+ beetles2 :il/ o!r v>ieties are kn[n to resi/ _! attacks mu* bett]4#bh ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! smoo?ness1 or abs5ce ( d[n on ! fruit1 makes a great diff]5ce 9 ! attacks ( ! weevil1 8:i* is ! uncompromis+ foe ( all smoo? /one-fruits20 & ! cultivator 8has ! frequ5t mortification ( see+ ne>ly all1 or inde$ (t5 ! :ole crop1 fall f ! trees :5 half or two-?irds gr[n40 ,h5ce ! nect>9e suff]s m ?an ! pea*4 ,a p>ticul> v>iety ( ! ,morello *]ry1 rais$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 is1 )\t any assignable cause1 m liable to be injur$ by ?is same insect ?an o!r *]ry-trees4#bi ,f "s unkn[n cause1 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! apple enjoy1 z we h se51 ! great advantage 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ( n be+ infe/$ by ! coccus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p>ticul> case has be5 record$ 9 :i* aphides conf9$ !mselves to ! ,w9t] ,nelis pe> & t\*$ no o!r k9d 9 an ext5sive or*>d4#cj ,! exi/5ce ( m9ute gl&s on ! leaves ( pea*es1 nect>9es1 & apricots1 w\ld n be e/eem$ by botani/s z a "* ( ! lea/ importance = !y are pres5t or abs5t 9 closely-relat$ sub-v>ieties1 desc5d$ f ! same p>5t-tree2 yet !re is good evid5ce#ca t ! abs5ce ( gl&s leads to mildew1 :i* is highly injuri\s to ^! trees4 ,a diff]5ce ei!r 9 flav\r or 9 ! am\nt ( nutrim5t 9 c]ta9 v>ieties causes !m to be m eag]ly attack$ by v>i\s enemies ?an o!r v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,bullf9*es 7,pyrrhula vulg>is7 injure our fruit-trees by dev\r+ ! fl[]-buds1 & a pair ( ^! birds h be5 se5 8to d5ude a l>ge plum-tree 9 a c\ple ( days ( almo/ e bud20 b c]ta9 v>ieties#cb ( ! apple & ?orn 7,cratgus oxyacan?a7 are m especially liable to be attack$4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 0 obs]v$ 9 ,mr4 ,riv]s's g>d51 9 :i* two r[s ( a p>ticul> v>iety ( plum#cc _h to be c>efully protect$1 z !y 7 usually /ripp$ ( all _! buds dur+ ! w9t]1 :il/ o!r sorts gr[+ ne> !m escap$4 ,! root 7or enl>g$ /em7 ( ,la+'s ,sw$i% turnip is pref]r$ by h>es1 & !re=e suff]s m ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,h>es & rabbits eat d[n common rye be=e ,/4 ,john's-day-rye1 :5 bo? gr[ toge!r4#cd ,9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :5 an or*>d ( almond-trees is =m$1 ! nuts ( ! bitt] v>iety are s[n1 89 ord] t !y may n be dev\r$ by field-mice02#ce s we see ! use ( ! bitt] pr9ciple 9 almonds4 ,o!r slight diff]5ces1 :i* w\ld be ?\ght q unimportant1 are no d\bt sometimes ( great s]vice bo? to plants & animals4 ,! ,:itesmi?'s gooseb]ry1 z =m]ly /at$1 produces its leaves lat] ?an o!r v>ieties1 &1 z ! fl[]s are ?us left unprotect$1 ! fruit (t5 fails4 ,9 "o v>iety ( ! *]ry1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,riv]s1#cf ! petals are mu* curl$ backw>ds1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! /igmas 7 obs]v$ to be kill$ by a sev]e fro/2 :il/ at ! same "t1 9 ano!r v>iety ) incurv$ petals1 ! /igmas 7 n 9 ! lea/ injur$4 ,! /raw ( ! ,f5ton :eat is rem>kably unequal 9 height2 & a compet5t obs]v] believes t ?is v>iety is highly productive1 p>tly because ! e>s f be+ di/ribut$ at v>i\s heights above ! gr\nd are less cr[d$ toge!r4 ,! same obs]v] ma9ta9s t 9 ! upright v>ieties ! div]g5t awns are s]viceable by break+ ! %ocks :5 ! e>s are da%$ toge!r by ! w9d4#cg ,if sev]al v>ieties ( a plant are gr[n toge!r1 & ! se$ is indiscrim9ately h>ve/$1 x is cle> t ! h>di] & m productive k9ds w1 by a sort ( natural selection1 gradually prevail ov] ! o!rs2 ?is takes place1 z ,colonel ,le ,c\teur believes1#ch 9 our :eat-fields1 =1 z =m]ly %[n1 no v>iety is q uni=m 9 "*4 ,! same ?+1 z ,i am assur$ by nurs]ym51 w\ld take place 9 our fl[]-g>d5s1 if ! se$ ( ! diff]5t v>ieties 7 n sep>ately sav$4 ,:5 ! eggs ( ! wild & tame duck are hat*$ toge!r1 ! "y wild ducks almo/ inv>iably p]i%1 f be+ ( small] size & n gett+ _! fair %>e ( food4#ci ,facts 9 suffici5t numb] h n[ be5 giv5 %[+ t natural selection (t5 *ecks1 b occasionally fav\rs1 man's p[] ( selection4 ,^! facts tea* u1 9 addition1 a valuable lesson1 namely1 t we ought to be extremely cauti\s 9 judg+ :at *>act]s are ( importance 9 a /ate ( nature to animals & plants1 :i* h to /ruggle = exi/5ce f ! h\r ( _! bir? to t ( _! dea?1--_! exi/5ce dep5d+ on conditions1 ab\t :i* we are pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,circum/ances fav\rable to ,selection by ,man4 ,! possibility ( selection re/s on v>iability1 & ?is1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 ma9ly dep5ds on *ang$ conditions ( life1 b is gov]n$ by inf9itely complex & unkn[n laws4 ,dome/ication1 ev5 :5 long cont9u$1 occasionally causes b a small am\nt ( v>iability1 z 9 ! case ( ! goose & turkey4 ,! slight diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* *>act]ise ea* individual animal & plant w\ld 9 mo/1 probably 9 all1 cases suffice = ! production ( di/9ct races ?r\gh c>eful & prolong$ selection4 ,we see :at selection1 ?\gh act+ on m]e individual diff]5ces1 c effect :5 families ( cattle1 %eep1 pigeons1 etc41 ( ! same race1 h be5 sep>ately br$ dur+ a numb] ( ye>s by diff]5t m5 )\t any wi% on _! "p to modify ! bre$4 ,we see ! same fact 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 h\nds br$ = hunt+ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1#dj & 9 _m o!r su* cases4 ,9 ord] t selection %\ld produce any result1 x is manife/ t ! cross+ ( di/9ct races mu/ be prev5t$2 h5ce facility 9 pair+1 z ) ! pigeon1 is highly fav\rable = ! "w2 & difficulty 9 pair+1 z ) cats1 prev5ts ! =mation ( di/9ct bre$s4 ,on ne>ly ! same pr9ciple ! cattle ( ! small isl& ( ,j]sey h be5 improv$ 9 _! milk+ qualities 8) a rapidity t c\ld n h be5 obta9$ 9 a widely ext5d$ c\ntry l ,france40#da ,al?\gh free cross+ is a dang] on ! "o side :i* e "o c see1 too close int]bre$+ is a hidd5 dang] on ! o!r side4 ,unfav\rable conditions ( life ov]rule ! p[] ( selection4 ,our improv$ heavy bre$s ( cattle & %eep c\ld n h be5 =m$ on m\nta9\s pa/ures2 nor c\ld dray-horses h be5 rais$ on a b>r5 & inhospitable l&1 su* z ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e ev5 ! light horses ( ,la ,plata rapidly decrease 9 size4 ,x seems impossible to pres]ve sev]al ,engli% bre$s ( %eep 9 ,france2 = z soon z ! lambs are wean$ _! vig\r decays z ! heat ( ! summ] increases3#db x w\ld be impossible to give great l5g? ( wool to %eep )9 ! tropics2 yet selection has kept ! ,m]9o bre$ ne>ly true "u div]sifi$ & unfav\rable conditions4 ,! p[] ( selection is s great1 t bre$s ( ! dog1 %eep1 & p\ltry1 ( ! l>ge/ & smalle/ size1 long & %ort beak$ pigeons1 & o!r bre$s ) opposite *>act]s1 h _h _! *>act]i/ic qualities augm5t$1 ?\gh treat$ 9 e way alike1 be+ expos$ to ! same climate & f$ on ! same food4 ,selection1 h[ev]1 is ei!r *eck$ or fav\r$ by ! effects ( use or habit4 ,our wond]fully-improv$ pigs c\ld nev] h be5 =m$ if !y _h be5 =c$ to se>* = _! own food2 ! ,engli% racehorse & greyh\nd c\ld n h be5 improv$ up to _! pres5t high /&>d ( excell5ce )\t con/ant tra9+4 ,z conspicu\s deviations ( /ructure occur r>ely1 ! improvem5t ( ea* bre$ is g5]ally ! result ( ! selection ( slight individual diff]5ces4 ,h5ce ! close/ att5tion1 ! %>pe/ p[]s ( obs]vation1 & indomitable p]sev]ance1 are indisp5sable4 ,x is1 also1 highly important t _m individuals ( ! bre$ :i* is to be improv$ %\ld be rais$2 = ?us !re w be a bett] *ance ( ! appe>ance ( v>iations 9 ! "r direction1 & individuals v>y+ 9 an unfav\rable mann] may be freely reject$ or de/roy$4 ,b t a l>ge numb] ( individuals %\ld be rais$1 x is necess>y t ! conditions ( life %\ld fav\r ! propagation ( ! species4 ,_h ! peacock be5 re>$ z easily z ! f[l1 we %\ld probably ere ?is h _h _m di/9ct races4 ,we see ! importance ( a l>ge numb] ( plants1 f ! fact ( nurs]y g>d5]s almo/ always beat+ amateurs 9 ! exhibition ( new v>ieties4 ,9 #ahde x 0 e/imat$#dc t betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj pel>goniums 7 annually rais$ f se$ 9 ,engl&1 yet a decid$ly improv$ v>iety is r>ely obta9$4 ,at ,messrs4 ,c>t]'s gr\nds1 9 ,essex1 :]e su* fl[]s z ! ,lobelia1 ,nemophila1 ,mignonette1 etc41 are gr[n by ! acre = se$1 8sc>cely a season passes )\t "s new k9ds be+ rais$1 or "s improvem5t effect$ on old k9ds40#dd ,at ,kew1 z ,mr4 ,beaton rem>ks1 :]e _m se$l+s ( common plants are rais$1 8y see new =ms ( ,laburnums1 ,spiraeas1 & o!r %rubs40#de ,s ) animals3 ,m>%all1#df 9 speak+ ( ! %eep 9 "o "p ( ,york%ire1 rem>ks1 8z !y belong to poor p1 & are mo/ly 9 small lots1 !y nev] c be improv$40 ,"l ,riv]s1 :5 ask$ h[ he succe$$ 9 always hav+ fir/-rate greyh\nds1 answ]$1 8,i bre$ _m1 & hang _m40 ,?is1 z ano!r man rem>ks1 80 ! secret ( 8 success2 & ! same w be f\nd 9 exhibit+ f[ls1-- successful competitors bre$ l>gely1 & keep ! be/40#dg ,x foll[s f ?is t ! capacity ( bre$+ at an e>ly age & at %ort int]vals1 z ) pigeons1 rabbits1 etc41 facilitates selection2 = ! result is ?us soon made visible1 & p]sev]ance 9 ! "w enc\rag$4 ,x c h>dly be an accid5t t ! great majority ( ! cul9>y & agricultural plants :i* h yield$ num]\s races are annuals or bi5nials1 :i* !re=e are capable ( rapid propagation1 & ?us ( improvem5t4 ,sea-kale1 asp>agus1 common & ,j]usalem arti*okes1 potatoes1 & onions1 mu/ be except$1 z !y are p]5nials3 b onions are propagat$ l annuals1 & ( ! o!r plants j specifi$1 none1 ) ! exception ( ! potato1 h yield$ 9 ?is c\ntry m ?an "o or two v>ieties4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 :]e arti*okes are (t5 rais$ f se$1 !re are sev]al k9ds1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,b5?am4 ,no d\bt fruit-trees1 :i* _c be propagat$ quickly by se$1 h yield$ a ho/ ( v>ieties1 ?\gh n p]man5t races2 b ^!1 judg+ f prehi/oric rema9s1 h be5 produc$ at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,a species may be highly v>iable1 b di/9ct races w n be =m$1 if f any cause selection be n appli$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to select slight v>iations 9 fi%es f _! place ( habitation2 & ?\gh ! c>p is extremely v>iable & is mu* att5d$ to 9 ,g]many1 only "o well-m>k$ race has be5 =m$1 z ,i he> f ,"l ,a4 ,russell1 namely ! spiegel-c>pe2 & ?is is c>efully seclud$ f ! common scaly k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a closely alli$ species1 ! gold-fi%1 f be+ re>$ 9 small vessels1 & f hav+ be5 c>efully att5d$ to by ! ,*9ese1 has yield$ _m races4 ,nei!r ! bee1 :i* has be5 semi-dome/icat$ f an extremely remote p]iod1 nor ! co*9eal insect1 :i* 0 cultivat$ by ! aborig9al ,mexicans1#dh has yield$ races2 & x w\ld be impossible to mat* ! que5-bee ) any p>ticul> drone1 & mo/ difficult to mat* co*9eal insects4 ,silk-mo?s1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 subject$ to rigor\s selection1 & h produc$ a ho/ ( races4 ,cats1 :i* f _! nocturnal habits _c be select$ = bre$+1 d n1 z =m]ly rem>k$1 yield di/9ct races )9 ! same c\ntry4 ,dogs are held 9 abom9ation 9 ! ,ea/1 & _! bre$+ is neglect$2 consequ5tly1 z ,pr(4 ,moritz ,wagn]#di rem>ks1 "o k9d alone exi/s !re4 ,! ass 9 ,engl& v>ies mu* 9 col\r & size2 b z x is an animal ( little value & br$ by poor p1 !re has be5 no selection1 & di/9ct races h n be5 =m$4 ,we mu/ n attribute ! inf]iority ( our asses to climate1 = 9 ,india !y are ( ev5 small] size ?an 9 ,europe4 ,b :5 selection is br\ght to be> on ! ass1 all is *ang$4 ,ne> ,cordova1 z ,i am in=m$ 7,feb4 #ahfj7 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,webb1 ,c4,e41 !y are c>efully br$1 z mu* z #bjjl4 hav+ be5 paid = a /allion ass1 & !y h be5 imm5sely improv$4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 asses h be5 import$ 7= bre$+ mules7 f ,spa91 ,malta1 & ,france2 ^! 8seldom av]ag$ m ?an f\rte5 h&s high3 b ! ,k5tuckians1 by great c>e1 h rais$ !m up to fifte5 h&s1 & sometimes ev5 to sixte54 ,! prices paid = ^! spl5did animals1 = su* !y really are1 w prove h[ mu* !y are 9 reque/4 ,"o male1 ( great celebrity1 0 sold = upw>ds ( "o ?\s& p\nds /]l+40 ,^! *oice asses are s5t to cattle-%[s1 a day be+ giv5 = _! exhibition4#ej ,analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ ) plants3 ! nutmeg-tree 9 ! ,malay ar*ipelago is highly v>iable1 b !re has be5 no selection1 & !re are no di/9ct races4#ea ,! common mignonette 7,res$a odorata71 f be>+ inconspicu\s fl[]s1 valu$ solely = _! fragrance1 8rema9s 9 ! same unimprov$ condition z :5 fir/ introduc$40#eb ,our common =e/-trees are v v>iable1 z may be se5 9 e ext5sive nurs]y-gr\nd2 b z !y are n valu$ l fruit-trees1 & z !y se$ late 9 life1 no selection has be5 appli$ to !m2 consequ5tly1 z ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!ws rem>ks1#ec !y h n yield$ di/9ct races1 leaf+ at diff]5t p]iods1 gr[+ to diff]5t sizes1 & produc+ timb] fit = diff]5t purposes4 ,we h ga9$ only "s fanciful & semi-mon/r\s v>ieties1 :i* no d\bt appe>$ sudd5ly z we n[ see !m4 ,"s botani/s h argu$ t plants _c h s /rong a t5d5cy to v>y z is g5]ally suppos$1 because _m species long gr[n 9 botanic g>d5s1 or un9t5tionally cultivat$ ye> aft] ye> m+l$ ) our corn crops1 h n produc$ di/9ct races2 b ?is is acc\nt$ = by slight v>iations n hav+ be5 select$ & propagat$4 ,let a plant :i* is n[ gr[n 9 a botanic g>d51 or any common we$1 be cultivat$ on a l>ge scale1 & let a %>p-sight$ g>d5] look out = ea* slight v>iety & s[ ! se$1 & !n1 if di/9ct races are n produc$1 ! argum5t w be valid4 ,! importance ( selection is likewise %[n by consid]+ special *>act]s4 ,= in/ance1 ) mo/ bre$s ( f[ls ! =m ( ! comb & ! col\r ( ! plumage h be5 att5d$ to1 & are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ea* race2 b 9 ,dork+s fa%ion has nev] dem&$ uni=mity ( comb or col\r2 & ! utmo/ div]sity 9 ^! respects prevails4 ,rose-combs1 d\ble-combs1 cup-combs1 etc41 & col\rs ( all k9ds1 may be se5 9 purely br$ & closely relat$ ,dork+ f[ls1 :il/ o!r po9ts1 su* z ! g5]al =m ( body1 & ! pres5ce ( an additional toe1 h be5 att5d$ to1 & are inv>iably pres5t4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t col\r c be fix$ 9 ?is bre$1 z well z 9 any o!r4#ed ,dur+ ! =mation or improvem5t ( a bre$1 its memb]s w always be f\nd to v>y mu* 9 ^? *>act]s to :i* especial att5tion is direct$1 & ( :i* ea* slight improvem5t is eag]ly s\ght & select$4 ,?us1 ) %ort-fac$ tumbl]-pigeons1 ! %ortness ( ! beak1 %ape ( head & plumage1--) c>ri]s1 ! l5g? ( ! beak & wattle1--) fantails1 ! tail & c>riage1--) ,spani% f[ls1 ! :ite face & comb1--) long-e>$ rabbits1 ! l5g? ( e>1 are all po9ts :i* are em95tly v>iable4 ,s x is 9 e case2 & ! l>ge price paid = fir/-rate animals proves ! difficulty ( bre$+ !m up to ! highe/ /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,?is subject has be5 discuss$ by fanci]s1#ee & ! great] prizes giv5 = highly improv$ bre$s1 9 comp>ison ) ^? giv5 = old bre$s :i* are n n[ und]go+ rapid improvem5t1 h be5 fully ju/ifi$4 ,na?usius makes#ef a simil> rem>k :5 discuss+ ! less uni=m "* ( improv$ ,%or?orn cattle & ( ! ,engli% horse1 9 comp>ison1 = example1 ) ! un5nobl$ cattle ( ,hung>y1 or ) ! horses ( ! ,asiatic /eppes4 ,?is want ( uni=mity 9 ! p>ts :i* at ! "t are und]go+ selection *iefly dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion2 b x likewise dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! cont9u$ v>iability ( ! p>ts :i* h rec5tly v>i$4 ,t ! same p>ts d cont9ue v>y+ 9 ! same mann] we mu/ admit1 = if x 7 n s1 !re c\ld be no improvem5t beyond an e>ly /&>d ( excell5ce1 & we "k t su* improvem5t is n only possible1 b is ( g5]al occurr5ce4 ,z a consequ5ce ( cont9u$ v>iability1 & m especially ( rev]sion1 all highly improv$ races1 if neglect$ or n subject$ to incessant selection1 soon deg5]ate4 ,y\att gives a curi\s in/ance ( ?is 9 "s cattle =m]ly kept 9 ,glamorgan%ire2 b 9 ?is case ! cattle 7 n f$ ) suffici5t c>e4 ,mr4 ,bak]1 9 8 memoir on ! ,horse1 sums up3 8,x mu/ h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ pages t1 :5ev] !re has be5 neglect1 ! bre$ has proportionally det]iorat$40#eg ,if a consid]able numb] ( improv$ cattle1 %eep1 or o!r animals ( ! same race1 7 all[$ to bre$ freely toge!r1 ) no selection1 b ) no *ange 9 _! condition ( life1 !re c be no d\bt t aft] a score or hundr$ g5]ations !y w\ld be v f> f excell5t ( _! k9d2 b1 f :at we see ( ! _m common races ( dogs1 cattle1 f[ls1 pigeons1 etc41 :i* )\t any p>ticul> c>e h long reta9$ ne>ly ! same "*1 we h no gr\nds = believ+ t !y w\ld altoge!r dep>t f _! type4 ,x is a g5]al belief among/ bre$]s t *>act]s ( all k9ds become fix$ by long-cont9u$ inh]itance4 ,b ,i h attempt$ to %[ 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] t ?is belief app>5tly resolves itself into ! foll[+ proposition1 namely1 t all *>act]s :atev]1 :e!r rec5tly acquir$ or anci5t1 t5d to be transmitt$1 b t ^? :i* h already long )/ood all c\nt]act+ influ5ces1 w1 z a g5]al rule1 cont9ue to )/& !m1 & consequ5tly be fai?fully transmitt$4 ,t5d5cy 9 ,man to c>ry ! practice ( ,selection to an extreme po9t4 ,x is an important pr9ciple t 9 ! process ( selection man almo/ inv>iably wi%es to g to an extreme po9t4 ,?us1 !re is no limit to 8 desire to bre$ c]ta9 k9ds ( horses & dogs z fleet z possible1 & o!rs z /rong z possible2 c]ta9 k9ds ( %eep = extreme f95ess1 & o!rs = extreme l5g? ( wool2 & he wi%es to produce fruit1 gra91 tub]s1 & o!r useful p>ts ( plants1 z l>ge & excell5t z possible4 ,) animals br$ = amusem5t1 ! same pr9ciple is ev5 m p[]ful2 = fa%ion1 z we see 9 our dress1 always runs to extremes4 ,?is view has be5 expressly admitt$ by fanci]s4 ,in/ances 7 giv5 9 ! *apt]s on ! pigeon1 b "h is ano!r3 ,mr4 ,eaton1 aft] describ+ a comp>atively new v>iety1 namely1 ! ,ar*angel1 rem>ks1 8,:at fanci]s int5d do+ ) ?is bird ,i am at a loss to "k1 :e!r !y int5d to bre$ x d[n to ! tumbl]'s head & beak1 or c>ry x out to ! c>ri]'s head & beak2 leav+ x z !y f\nd x1 is n progress+40 ,f]guson1 speak+ ( f[ls1 says1 8_! peculi>ities1 :atev] !y may be1 mu/ necess>ily be fully develop$3 a little peculi>ity =ms n\ght b ugl9ess1 see+ x violates ! exi/+ laws ( symmetry40 ,s ,mr4 ,br5t1 9 discuss+ ! m]its ( ! sub-v>ieties ( ! ,belgian can>y-bird1 rem>ks1 8,fanci]s always g to extremes2 !y d n admire indef9ite prop]ties40#eh ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* necess>ily leads to div]g5ce ( "*1 expla9s ! pres5t /ate ( v>i\s dome/ic races4 ,we c ?us see h[ x is t racehorses & dray-horses1 greyh\nds & ma/iffs1 :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 e "*1--h[ v>ieties s di/9ct z ,co*9-*9a f[ls & bantams1 or c>ri]-pigeons ) v long beaks1 & tumbl]s ) excessively %ort beaks1 h be5 d]iv$ f ! same /ock4 ,z ea* bre$ is sl[ly improv$1 ! inf]ior v>ieties are fir/ neglect$ & f9ally lo/4 ,9 a few cases1 by ! aid ( old records1 or f int]m$iate v>ieties /ill exi/+ 9 c\ntries :]e o!r fa%ions h prevail$1 we are enabl$ p>tially to trace ! graduat$ *anges ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 bre$s h pass$4 ,selection1 :e!r me?odical or unconsci\s1 always t5d+ t[>ds an extreme po9t1 toge!r ) ! neglect & sl[ ext9ction ( ! int]m$iate & less-valu$ =ms1 is ! key :i* unlocks ! my/]y ( h[ man has produc$ su* wond]ful results4 ,9 a few in/ances selection1 guid$ by utility = a s+le purpose1 has l$ to conv]g5ce ( "*4 ,all ! improv$ & diff]5t races ( ! pig1 z ,na?usius has well %[n1#ei closely approa* ea* o!r 9 "*1 9 _! %ort5$ legs & muzzles1 _! almo/ hairless1 l>ge1 r\nd$ bodies1 & small tusks4 ,we see "s degree ( conv]g5ce 9 ! simil> outl9e ( ! body 9 well-br$ cattle belong+ to di/9ct races4#fj ,i "k ( no o!r su* cases4 ,cont9u$ div]g5ce ( "* dep5ds on1 & is inde$ a cle> pro(1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 ( ! same p>ts cont9u+ to v>y 9 ! same direction4 ,! t5d5cy to m]e g5]al v>iability or pla/icity ( organisation c c]ta9ly be inh]it$1 ev5 f "o p>5t1 z has be5 %[n by ,grtn] & ,klreut]1 9 ! production ( v>y+ hybrids f two species1 ( :i* "o alone 0 v>iable4 ,x is 9 itself probable t1 :5 an organ has v>i$ 9 any mann]1 x w aga9 v>y 9 ! same mann]1 if ! conditions :i* fir/ caus$ ! be+ to v>y rema91 z f> z c be judg$1 ! same4 ,?is is ei!r tacitly or expressly admitt$ by all horticulturi/s3 if a g>d5] obs]ves "o or two additional petals 9 a fl[]1 he feels confid5t t 9 a few g5]ations he w be able to raise a d\ble fl[]1 cr[d$ ) petals4 ,"s ( ! se$l+s f ! weep+ ,moccas oak 7 s pro/rate t !y only crawl$ along ! gr\nd4 ,a se$l+ f ! fa/igiate or upright ,iri% yew is describ$ z diff]+ greatly f ! p>5t-=m 8by ! exagg]ation ( ! fa/igiate habit ( its bran*es40#fa ,mr4 ,%irreff1 :o has be5 highly successful 9 rais+ new k9ds ( :eat1 rem>ks1 8,a good v>iety may safely be reg>d$ z ! =]unn] ( a bett] "o40#fb ,a great rose-gr[]1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 has made ! same rem>k ) respect to roses4 ,sag]et1#fc :o _h l>ge exp]i5ce1 9 speak+ ( ! future progress ( fruit-trees1 obs]ves t ! mo/ important pr9ciple is 8t ! m plants h dep>t$ f _! orig9al type1 ! m !y t5d to dep>t f x40 ,!re is app>5tly mu* tru? 9 ?is rem>k2 = we c 9 no o!r way und]/& ! surpris+ am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 v>ieties 9 ! p>ts or qualities :i* are valu$1 :il/ o!r p>ts reta9 ne>ly _! orig9al "*4 ,! =ego+ discussion naturally leads to ! "q1 :at is ! limit to ! possible am\nt ( v>iation 9 any "p or quality1 &1 consequ5tly1 is !re any limit to :at selection c effect8 ,w a racehorse ev] be re>$ fleet] ?an ,eclipse8 ,c our prize-cattle & %eep be /ill fur!r improv$8 ,w a gooseb]ry ev] weigh m ?an t produc$ by 8,london0 9 #aheb8 ,w ! beet-root 9 ,france yield a great] p]c5tage ( sug>8 ,w future v>ieties ( :eat & o!r gra9 produce heavi] crops ?an our pres5t v>ieties8 ,^! que/ions _c be positively answ]$2 b x is c]ta9 t we ought to be cauti\s 9 answ]+ !m by a negative4 ,9 "s l9es ( v>iation ! limit has probably be5 rea*$4 ,y\att believes t ! r$uction ( bone 9 "s ( our %eep has already be5 c>ri$ s f> t x entails great delicacy ( con/itution4#fd ,b see+ ! great improvem5t )9 rec5t times 9 our cattle & %eep1 & especially 9 our pigs2 see+ ! wond]ful increase 9 weight 9 our p\ltry ( all k9ds dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 he w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld ass]t t p]fection has be5 rea*$4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,eclipse nev] 01 & nev] w be1 beat5 9 spe$ by any o!r horse2 b on mak+ inquiries ,i f9d t ! be/ judges believe t our pres5t racehorses are fleet]4#fe ,! attempt to raise a new v>iety ( :eat m productive ?an ! _m old k9ds1 might h be5 ?\ght until lately q hopeless2 b ?is has be5 effect$ by ,major ,hallett1 by c>eful selection4 ,) respect to almo/ all our animals & plants1 ^? :o are be/ qualifi$ to judge d n believe t ! extreme po9t ( p]fection has yet be5 rea*$ ev5 9 ! *>act]s :i* h already be5 c>ri$ to a high /&>d4 ,= in/ance1 ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]-pigeon has be5 greatly modifi$2 nev]!less1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,eaton#ff 8! field is /ill z op5 = fre% competitors z x 0 "o hundr$ ye>s ago40 ,ov] & ov] aga9 x has be5 said t p]fection _h be5 atta9$ ) our fl[]s1 b a high] /&>d has soon be5 rea*$4 ,h>dly any fruit has be5 m improv$ ?an ! /rawb]ry1 yet a great au?ority rem>ks1#fg 8x mu/ n be conceal$ t we are f> f ! extreme limits at :i* we may arrive40 ,no d\bt !re is a limit beyond :i* ! organisation _c be modifi$ compatibly ) heal? or life4 ,! extreme degree ( fleetness1 = in/ance1 ( :i* a t]re/rial animal is capable1 may h be5 acquir$ by our pres5t racehorses2 b z ,mr4 ,wallace has well rem>k$1#fh ! "q t int]e/s u1 8is n :e!r indef9ite & unlimit$ *ange 9 any or all directions is possible1 b :e!r su* diff]5ces z d occur 9 nature c\ld h be5 produc$ by ! accumulation ( v>ieties by selection40 ,& 9 ! case ( our dome/ic productions1 !re c be no d\bt t _m p>ts ( ! organisation1 to :i* man has att5d$1 h be5 ?us modifi$ to a great] degree ?an ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! natural species ( ! same g5]a or ev5 families4 ,we see ?is 9 ! =m & size ( our light & heavy dogs or horses1--9 ! beak & _m o!r *>act]s ( our pigeons1--9 ! size & quality ( _m fruits1--9 comp>ison ) ! species belong+ to ! same natural gr\ps4 ,"t is an important elem5t 9 ! =mation ( our dome/ic races1 z x p]mits innum]able individuals to be born1 & ^! :5 expos$ to div]sifi$ conditions are r5d]$ v>iable4 ,me?odical selection has be5 occasionally practis$ f an anci5t p]iod to ! pres5t day1 ev5 by semi-civilis$ p1 & dur+ =m] times w h produc$ "s effect4 ,unconsci\s selection w h be5 /ill m effective2 = dur+ a l5g!n$ p]iod ! m valuable individual animals w occasionally h be5 sav$1 & ! less valuable neglect$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 diff]5t v>ieties1 especially 9 ! less civilis$ c\ntries1 w also h be5 m or less modifi$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 ?\gh on ?is head we h little or no evid5ce1 t new *>act]s 9 "t become fix$2 & aft] hav+ long rema9$ fix$ x seems possible t "u new conditions !y might aga9 be r5d]$ v>iable4 ,h[ great ! lapse ( "t has be5 s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 we beg9 dimly to see4 ,:5 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l& 7 inhabit$ dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 sev]al animals 7 already dome/icat$ & v>i\s plants cultivat$4 ,! sci5ce ( language tells u t ! art ( pl\gh+ & s[+ ! l& 0 foll[$1 & ! *ief animals _h be5 already dome/icat$1 at an epo* s imm5sely remote1 t ! ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,go?ic1 ,celtic1 & ,sclavonic languages _h n z yet div]g$ f _! common p>5t-tongue4#fi ,x is sc>cely possible to ov]rate ! effects ( selection occasionally c>ri$ on 9 v>i\s ways & places dur+ ?\s&s ( g5]ations4 ,all t we "k1 &1 9 a /ill /rong] degree1 all t we d n "k1#gj ( ! hi/ory ( ! great majority ( our bre$s1 ev5 ( our m mod]n bre$s1 agrees ) ! view t _! production1 ?r\gh ! action ( unconsci\s & me?odical selection1 has be5 almo/ ins5sibly sl[4 ,:5 a man att5ds r m closely ?an is usual to ! bre$+ ( 8 animals1 he is almo/ sure to improve !m to a slight ext5t4 ,!y are 9 consequ5ce valu$ 9 8 imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & are br$ by o!rs2 & _! *>act]i/ic features1 :atev] ^! may be1 w !n sl[ly b /eadily be increas$1 sometimes by me?odical & almo/ always by unconsci\s selection4 ,at la/ a /ra91 des]v+ to be call$ a sub-v>iety1 becomes a little m widely kn[n1 receives a local "n1 & spreads4 ,! spread+ w h be5 extremely sl[ dur+ anci5t & less civilis$ times1 b n[ is rapid4 ,by ! "t t ! new bre$ _h assum$ a some:at di/9ct "*1 its hi/ory1 h>dly notic$ at ! "t1 w h be5 completely =gott52 =1 z ,l[ rem>ks1#ga 8we "k h[ quickly ! memory ( su* ev5ts is effac$40 ,z soon z a new bre$ is ?us =m$1 x is liable ?r\gh ! same process to break up into new /ra9s & sub-v>ieties4 ,= diff]5t v>ieties are suit$ =1 & are valu$ "u1 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,fa%ion *anges1 b1 %\ld a fa%ion la/ = ev5 a mod]ate l5g? ( "t1 s /rong is ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 t "s effect w probably be impress$ on ! bre$4 ,?us v>ieties g on increas+ 9 numb]1 & hi/ory %[s u h[ wond]fully !y h increas$ s9ce ! e>lie/ records4#gb ,z ea* new v>iety is produc$1 ! e>li]1 int]m$iate1 & less valuable =ms w be neglect$1 & p]i%4 ,:5 a bre$1 f n be+ valu$1 is kept 9 small numb]s1 its ext9ction almo/ inevitably foll[s soon] or lat]1 ei!r f accid5tal causes ( de/ruction or f close int]bre$+2 & ?is is an ev5t :i*1 9 ! case ( well-m>k$ bre$s1 excites att5tion4 ,! bir? or production ( a new dome/ic race is s sl[ a process t x escapes notice2 its dea? or de/ruction is comp>atively sudd51 is (t5 record$1 & :5 too late sometimes regrett$4 ,sev]al au?ors h drawn a wide di/9ction betwe5 artificial & natural races4 ,! latt] are m uni=m 9 "*1 possess+ 9 a high degree ! appe>ance ( natural species1 & are ( anci5t orig94 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd 9 less civilis$ c\ntries1 & h probably be5 l>gely modifi$ by natural selection1 & only to a small ext5t by man's unconsci\s & me?odical selection4 ,!y h1 also1 dur+ a long p]iod1 be5 directly act$ on by ! physical conditions ( ! c\ntries :i* !y inhabit4 ,! s-call$ artificial races1 on ! o!r h&1 are n s uni=m 9 "*2 "s h a semi-mon/r\s "*1 su* z 8! wry-legg$ t]ri]s s useful 9 rabbit-%oot+10#gc turnspit dogs1 ancon %eep1 niata ox51 ,poli% f[ls1 fantail-pigeons1 etc42 _! *>act]i/ic features h g5]ally be5 acquir$ sudd5ly1 ?\gh subsequ5tly increas$ by c>eful selections 9 _m cases4 ,o!r races1 :i* c]ta9ly mu/ be call$ artificial1 = !y h be5 l>gely modifi$ by me?odical selection & by cross+1 z ! ,engli% racehorse1 t]ri]-dogs1 ! ,engli% game-cock1 ,antw]p c>ri]-pigeons1 etc41 nev]!less _c be said to h an unnatural appe>ance2 & no di/9ct l9e1 z x seems to me1 c be drawn betwe5 natural & artificial races4 ,x is n surpris+ t dome/ic races %\ld g5]ally pres5t a diff]5t aspect f natural species4 ,man selects & propagates modifications solely = 8 own use or fancy1 & n = ! creature's own good4 ,8 att5tion is /ruck by /rongly m>k$ modifications1 :i* h appe>$ sudd5ly1 due to "s great di/urb+ cause 9 ! organisation4 ,he att5ds almo/ exclusively to ext]nal *>act]s2 & :5 he succe$s 9 modify+ int]nal organs1--:5 = in/ance he r$uces ! bones & (fal1 or loads ! visc]a ) fat1 or gives e>ly maturity1 etc4-! *ances are /rong t he w at ! same "t weak5 ! con/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 an animal has to /ruggle ?r\gh\t its life ) _m competitors & enemies1 "u circum/ances inconceivably complex & liable to *ange1 modifications ( ! mo/ v>i$ nature 9 ! int]nal organs z well z 9 ext]nal *>act]s1 9 ! functions & mutual relations ( p>ts1 w be rigor\sly te/$1 pres]v$1 or reject$4 ,natural selection (t5 *ecks man's comp>atively feeble & caprici\s attempts at improvem5t2 & if x 7 n s1 ! result ( 8 "w1 & ( nature's "w1 w\ld be ev5 /ill m diff]5t4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n ov]rate ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 natural species & dome/ic races2 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ naturali/s h (t5 disput$ :e!r ! latt] are desc5d$ f "o or f sev]al aborig9al /ocks1 & ?is cle>ly %[s t !re is no palpable diff]5ce betwe5 species & races4 ,dome/ic races propagate _! k9d f> m truly1 & endure = mun* long] p]iods1 ?an mo/ naturali/s are will+ to admit4 ,bre$]s feel no d\bt on ?is head3 ask a man :o has long re>$ ,%or?orn or ,h]e=d cattle1 ,leice/] or ,s\?d[n %eep1 ,spani% or ,game p\ltry1 tumbl] or c>ri]-pigeons1 :e!r ^! races may n h be5 d]iv$ f common prog5itors1 & he w probably laugh y to scorn4 ,! bre$] admits t he may hope to produce %eep ) f9] or long] wool & ) bett] c>cases1 or h&som] f[ls1 or c>ri]-pigeons ) beaks j p]ceptibly long] to ! practis$ eye1 & ?us be successful at an exhibition4 ,?us f> he w g1 b no f>!r4 ,he does n reflect on :at foll[s f add+ up dur+ a long c\rse ( "t _m slight1 successive modifications2 nor does he reflect on ! =m] exi/5ce ( num]\s v>ieties1 connect+ ! l9ks 9 ea* div]g5t l9e ( desc5t4 ,he concludes1 z 0 %[n 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 t all ! *ief bre$s to :i* he has long att5d$ are aborig9al productions4 ,! sy/ematic naturali/1 on ! o!r h&1 :o g5]ally kn[s no?+ ( ! art ( bre$+1 :o does n pret5d to "k h[ & :5 ! sev]al dome/ic races 7 =m$1 :o _c h se5 ! int]m$iate gradations1 = !y d n n[ exi/1 nev]!less feels no d\bt t ^! races are sprung f a s+le s\rce4 ,b ask him :e!r ! closely alli$ natural species :i* he has /udi$ may n h desc5d$ f a common prog5itor1 & he 9 8 turn w p]haps reject ! notion ) scorn4 ,?us ! naturali/ & bre$] may mutually le>n a useful lesson f ea* o!r4 ,summ>y on ,selection by ,man4--,!re c be no d\bt t me?odical selection has effect$ & w effect wond]ful results4 ,x 0 occasionally practis$ 9 anci5t times1 & is /ill practis$ by semi-civilis$ p4 ,*>act]s ( ! highe/ importance1 & o!rs ( trifl+ value1 h be5 att5d$ to1 & modifi$4 ,i ne$ n "h repeat :at has be5 s (t5 said on ! "p :i* unconsci\s selection has play$3 we see its p[] 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 flocks :i* h be5 sep>ately br$1 & 9 ! sl[ *anges1 z circum/ances h sl[ly *ang$1 :i* _m animals h und]gone 9 ! same c\ntry1 or :5 transport$ into a =eign l&4 ,we see ! comb9$ effects ( me?odical & unconsci\s selection1 9 ! great am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ^? p>ts or qualities :i* are valu$ by man 9 comp>ison ) ! p>ts :i* are n valu$1 & consequ5tly h n be5 att5d$ to4 ,natural selection (t5 det]m9es man's p[] ( selection4 ,we sometimes err 9 imag9+ t *>act]s1 :i* are consid]$ z unimportant by ! sy/ematic naturali/1 c\ld n be affect$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & c\ld n be act$ on by natural selection2 b /rik+ cases h be5 giv51 %[+ h[ great an error ?is is4 ,! possibility ( selection com+ into action re/s on v>iability2 & ?is is ma9ly caus$1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 by *anges 9 ! conditions ( life4 ,selection is sometimes r5d]$ difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 by ! conditions be+ oppos$ to ! desir$ "* or quality4 ,x is sometimes *eck$ by ! less5$ f]tility & weak5$ con/itution :i* foll[ f long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+4 ,t me?odical selection may be successful1 ! close/ att5tion & disc]nm5t1 comb9$ ) unwe>i$ pati5ce1 are absolutely necess>y2 & ^! same qualities1 ?\gh n indisp5sable1 are highly s]viceable 9 ! case ( unconsci\s selection4 ,x is almo/ necess>y t a l>ge numb] ( individuals %\ld be re>$2 = ?us !re w be a fair *ance ( v>iations ( ! desir$ nature aris+1 & ( e individual ) ! slighte/ blemi% or 9 any degree inf]ior be+ freely reject$4 ,h5ce l5g? ( "t is an important elem5t ( success4 ,?us1 also1 reproduction at an e>ly age & at %ort int]vals fav\rs ! "w4 ,facility 9 pair+ animals1 or _! inhabit+ a conf9$ area1 is advantage\s z a *eck to free cross+4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] selection is n practis$1 di/9ct races are n =m$ )9 ! same c\ntry4 ,:5 any "o "p ( ! body or "o quality is n att5d$ to1 x rema9s ei!r un*ang$ or v>ies 9 a fluctuat+ mann]1 :il/ at ! same "t o!r p>ts & o!r qualities may become p]man5tly & greatly modifi$4 ,b f ! t5d5cy to rev]sion & to cont9u$ v>iability1 ^? p>ts or organs :i* are n[ und]go+ rapid improvem5t ?r\gh selection1 are likewise f\nd to v>y mu*4 ,consequ5tly highly-br$ animals :5 neglect$ soon deg5]ate2 b we h no reason to believe t ! effects ( long-cont9u$ selection w\ld1 if ! conditions ( life rema9$ ! same1 be soon & completely lo/4 ,man always t5ds to g to an extreme po9t 9 ! selection1 :e!r me?odical or unconsci\s1 ( all useful & pleas+ qualities4 ,?is is an important pr9ciple1 z x leads to cont9u$ div]g5ce1 & 9 "s r>e cases to conv]g5ce ( "*4 ,! possibility ( cont9u$ div]g5ce re/s on ! t5d5cy 9 ea* "p or organ to g on v>y+ 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* x has already v>i$2 & t ?is occurs1 is prov$ by ! /eady & gradual improvem5t ( _m animals & plants dur+ l5g!n$ p]iods4 ,! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce ( "*1 comb9$ ) ! neglect & f9al ext9ction ( all previ\s1 less-valu$1 & int]m$iate v>ieties1 expla9s ! am\nt ( diff]5ce & ! di/9ctness ( our sev]al races4 ,al?\gh we may h rea*$ ! utmo/ limit to :i* c]ta9 *>act]s c be modifi$1 yet we are f> f hav+ rea*$1 z we h good reason to believe1 ! limit 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,f9ally1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 selection z c>ri$ on by man & by nature1 we c und]/& h[ x is t dome/ic races (t51 ?\gh by no means always1 diff] 9 g5]al aspect f closely alli$ natural species4 ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt] & else:]e ,i h spok5 ( selection z ! p>am\nt p[]1 yet its action absolutely dep5ds on :at we 9 our ignorance call spontane\s or accid5tal v>iability4 ,let an ar*itect be compell$ to build an edifice ) uncut /ones1 fall5 f a precipice4 ,! %ape ( ea* fragm5t may be call$ accid5tal2 yet ! %ape ( ea* has be5 det]m9$ by ! =ce ( gravity1 ! nature ( ! rock1 & ! slope ( ! precipice1--ev5ts & circum/ances1 all ( :i* dep5d on natural laws2 b !re is no relation betwe5 ^! laws & ! purpose = :i* ea* fragm5t is us$ by ! build]4 ,9 ! same mann] ! v>iations ( ea* creature are det]m9$ by fix$ & immutable laws2 b ^! be> no relation to ! liv+ /ructure :i* is sl[ly built up ?r\gh ! p[] ( selection1 :e!r ?is be natural or artificial selection4 ,if our ar*itect succe$$ 9 re>+ a noble edifice1 us+ ! r\gh w$ge-%ap$ fragm5ts = ! ar*es1 ! long] /ones = ! l9tels1 & s =?1 we %\ld admire 8 skill ev5 9 a high] degree ?an if he _h us$ /ones %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,s x is ) selection1 :e!r appli$ by man or by nature2 = al?\gh v>iability is indisp5sably necess>y1 yet1 :5 we look at "s highly complex & excell5tly adapt$ organism1 v>iability s9ks to a q subord9ate position 9 importance 9 comp>ison ) selection1 9 ! same mann] z ! %ape ( ea* fragm5t us$ by our suppos$ ar*itect is unimportant 9 comp>ison ) 8 skill4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,quot$ by ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #cbe4 ,see also ,y\att on ,cattle1 pp4 #fb1 #fi4 #b ,,mm4 ,lh]bette & ,de ,quatrefages1 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii4 #ahfa1 p4 #caa4 #c #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #abc4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #8,! ,hom+ or ,c>ri] ,pigeon1' #ahga1 pp4 #de-eh4 #d ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #cab4 #e #8,treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea1 p4 #cc4 #f ,dr4 ,heus+]1 #8,wo*5s*rift fr die ,heilkunde1' ,b]l91 #ahdf1 s4 #bgi4 #g ,y\att on ! ,dog1 p4 #bcb4 #h #8,! ,fruit-trees ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #bgj3 = pea*es1 p4 #dff4 #i #8,proc4 ,royal ,soc4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces ( ,mauritius1' #aheb1 p4 #ace4 #aj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #cgi4 #aa ,quatrefages1 #8,maladies ,actuelles du ,v] ,soie1' #ahei1 pp4 #ab1 #bad4 #ab #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #eie4 #ac #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #dgf4 #ad #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 pp4 #dce1 #fia4 #ae ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 ,b4 #a s4 #caj4 #af ,pri*>d1 #8,phys4 ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' #ahea1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #ag ,g4 ,lewis's #8,j\rnal ( ,resid5ce 9 ,we/ ,indies1' #8,home & ,col4 ,libr>y1' p4 #ajj4 #ah ,sidney's edition ( ,y\att on ! ,pig1 p4 #bd4 ,i h giv5 analog\s facts 9 ! case ( mank9d 9 my #8,desc5t ( ,man1' #bnd edit41 p4 #aie4 #ai #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 pp4 #dgf1 #dih2 #ahfe1 p4 #dfj4 ,) respect to ! he>tsease1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #fbh4 #bj #8,des ,jac9!s1 de leur ,culture1' #agfh1 p4 #ec3 on :eat #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdf1 p4 #fec4 #ba ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #8,! ,field1' ,feb4 #be1 #ahfe4 ,) respect to black f[ls1 see a quotation 9 ,?ompson's #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,irel&1' #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bb4 #bb #8,9 ,sa*5 ,d>w9's contra ,wig&1' #ahgd1 p4 #gj4 #bc #8,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii4 #ahfj1 p4 #cei4 #bd #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 #bnd s]ies1 #ahce1 p4 #bge4 ,= raspb]ries1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #aed1 & #ahfc p4 #bde4 #be #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hjf4 #bf ,ibid41 #ahej1 p4 #gcb4 #bg ,ibid41 #ahfj1 p4 #ief4 #bh ,j4 ,de ,jonghe1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #abj4 #bi ,d[n+1 #8,fruit-trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' pp4 #bff1 #eja3 9 reg>d to ! *]ry1 p4 #aih4 #cj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #gee4 #ca #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #bf?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bed2 see o!r ref]5ces giv5 9 *ap4 x4 #cb ,mr4 ,selby1 9 #8,mag4 ( ,zoology & ,botany1' ,ed9burgh1 vol4 ii4 #ahch1 p4 #cic4 #cc ,! ,re9e ,claude de ,bavay1 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #bg1 #ahfd1 p4 #eaa4 #cd ,mr4 ,pusey1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #agi4 ,= ,sw$i% turnips1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 p4 #ia4 #ce ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ih4 #cf #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #gcb4 #cg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 pp4 #hbj1 #hba4 #ch #8,on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' p4 #ei4 #ci ,mr4 ,hewitt & o!rs1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahfb1 p4 #ggc4 #dj #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #dje4 #da ,col4 ,le ,c\teur1 #8,j\rnal ,roy4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #dc4 #db ,mal+i-,n\el1 #8,j\rnal ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv4 #ahec1 pp4 #bae1 #bag4 #dc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #bgc4 #dd #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #aeg4 #de #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #cfh4 #df #8,a ,review ( ,reports1' #ahjh1 p4 #djf4 #dg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahec1 p4 #de4 #dh ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #di4 #8,on ! ,co*9eal ,insect1' p4 #df4 #di #8,die ,d>w9's*e ,!orie und das ,migrationsgesetz d] ,organism51' #ahfh1 p4 #ai4 #ej ,capt4 ,m>ryat1 quot$ by ,bly? 9 #8,j\rn4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xxviii4 p4 #bbi4 #ea ,mr4 ,oxley1 #8,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 ii4 #ahdh1 p4 #fde4 #eb ,mr4 ,abbey1 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #a1 #ahfc1 p4 #dcj4 #ec #8,on ,naval ,timb]1' #ahca1 p4 #ajg4 #ed ,mr4 ,baily1 9 #8,! ,p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 #ahed1 p4 #aej4 ,also vol4 i4 p4 #cdb2 vol4 iii4 p4 #bde4 #ee #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahee1 ,decemb]1 p4 #aga2 #ahef1 ,janu>y1 pp4 #bdh1 #cbc4 #ef #8,ueb] ,%or?orn ,r9dvieh1' #aheg1 s4 #ea4 #eg #8,! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #gbj4 ,= ! ,glamorgan%ire cattle1 see ,y\att on ,cattle1 p4 #ea4 #eh ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #8,a ,treatise on ,fancy ,pigeons1' p4 #hb2 ,f]guson1 on #8,r>e & ,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #afb2 ,mr4 ,br5t1 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,oct4 #ahfj1 p4 #ac4 #ei #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' #ahfj1 s4 #dh4 #fj ,see "s good rem>ks on ?is head by ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 #8,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1' #ahfa1 p4 #aai4 #fa ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #id4 #fb ,mr4 ,patrick ,%irreff1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheh1 p4 #gga4 #fc #8,pomologie ,physiolog41' #ahcj1 p4 #ajf4 #fd ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #eba4 #fe ,see also ,/oneh5ge1 #8,briti% ,rural ,sports1' edition ( #ahga1 p4 #chd4 #ff #8,a ,treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' p4 #a4 #fg ,m4 ,j4 de ,jonghe1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheh1 p4 #agc4 #fh #8,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1' #bnd edit41 #ahga1 p4 #bib4 #fi ,max ,mll]1 #8,sci5ce ( ,language1' #ahfa1 p4 #bbc4 #gj ,y\att on ,cattle1 pp4 #aaf1 #abh4 #ga #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' p4 #ahh4 #gb ,volz1 #8,beitrge zur ,kulturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #ii et passim4 #gc ,bla9e1 #8,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #bac4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,causes ,,( ,,v>iability4 ,,v>iability ,,does ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,accompany ,,reproduction--,,causes ,,assign$ ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,au?ors--,,individual ,,diff]5ces--,,v>iability ,,( ,,e ,,k9d ,,due ,,to ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,su* ,,*anges--,,climate1 ,,food1 ,,excess ,,( ,,nutrim5t--,,slight ,,*anges ,,suffici5t--,,effects ,,( ,,graft+ ,,on ,,! ,,v>iability ,,( ,,se$l+-,,trees--,,dome/ic ,,productions ,,become ,,habituat$ ,,to ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,on ,,! ,,accumulative ,,action ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions--,,close ,,int]bre$+ ,,& ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,cause ,,v>iability--,,cross+ ,,z ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,new ,,*>act]s--,,v>iability ,,f ,,! ,,comm+l+ ,,( ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,f ,,rev]sion--,,on ,,! ,,mann] ,,& ,,p]iod ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,:i* ,,ei!r ,,directly1 ,,or ,,indirectly ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,reproductive ,,sy/em1 ,,induce ,,v>iability4 ,we w n[ consid]1 z f> z we c1 ! causes ( ! almo/ univ]sal v>iability ( our dome/icat$ productions4 ,! subject is an obscure "o2 b x may be useful to probe our ignorance4 ,"s au?ors1 = in/ance ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 look at v>iability z a necess>y cont+5t on reproduction1 & z mu* an aborig9al law z gr[? or inh]itance4 ,o!rs h ( late enc\rag$1 p]haps un9t5tionally1 ?is view by speak+ ( inh]itance & v>iability z equal & antagoni/ic pr9ciples4 ,pallas ma9ta9$1 & he has _h "s foll[]s1 t v>iability dep5ds exclusively on ! cross+ ( primordially di/9ct =ms4 ,o!r au?ors attribute v>iability to an excess ( food1 & ) animals to an excess relatively to ! am\nt ( ex]cise tak51 or aga9 to ! effects ( a m g5ial climate4 ,t ^! causes are all effective is highly probable4 ,b we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 take a broad] view1 & conclude t organic be+s1 :5 subject$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to any *ange :atev] 9 _! conditions1 t5d to v>y2 ! k9d ( v>iation :i* ensues dep5d+ 9 mo/ cases 9 a f> high] degree on ! nature or con/itution ( ! be+1 ?an on ! nature ( ! *ang$ conditions4 ,^? au?ors :o believe t x is a law ( nature t ea* individual %\ld diff] 9 "s slight degree f e o!r1 may ma9ta91 app>5tly ) tru?1 t ?is is ! fact1 n only ) all dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 b likewise ) all organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! ,lapl&] by long practice kn[s & gives a "n to ea* re9de]1 ?\gh1 z ,l9nu rem>ks1 8to di/+ui% "o f ano!r among su* multitudes 0 beyond my compreh5sion1 = !y 7 l ants on an an?ill40 ,9 ,g]many %eph]ds h won wag]s by recognis+ ea* %eep 9 a flock ( a hundr$1 :i* !y _h nev] se5 until ! previ\s =tnight4 ,?is p[] ( discrim9ation1 h[ev]1 is z no?+ comp>$ to t :i* "s flori/s h acquir$4 ,v]lot m5tions a g>d5] :o c\ld di/+ui% #aej k9ds ( camellia1 :5 n 9 fl[]2 & x has be5 positively ass]t$ t ! fam\s old ,dut* flori/ ,voorhelm1 :o kept above #abjj v>ieties ( ! hyac9?1 0 h>dly ev] deceiv$ 9 kn[+ ea* v>iety by ! bulb alone4 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude t ! bulbs ( ! hyac9? & ! bran*es & leaves ( ! camellia1 ?\gh appe>+ to an unpractis$ eye absolutely undi/+ui%able1 yet really diff]4#a ,z ,l9nu has comp>$ ! re9de] 9 numb] to ants1 ,i may add t ea* ant kn[s its fell[ ( ! same community4 ,sev]al times ,i c>ri$ ants ( ! same species 7,=mica rufa7 f "o ant-hill to ano!r1 inhabit$ app>5tly by t5s ( ?\s&s ( ants2 b ! /rang]s 7 in/antly detect$ & kill$4 ,i !n put "s ants tak5 f a v l>ge ne/ into a bottle /rongly p]fum$ ) assaftida1 & aft] an int]val ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs return$ !m to _! home2 !y 7 at fir/ ?reat5$ by _! fell[s1 b 7 soon recognis$ & all[$ to pass4 ,h5ce ea* ant c]ta9ly recognis$1 indep5d5tly ( od\r1 its fell[2 & if all ! ants ( ! same community h n "s c\nt]sign or wat*word1 !y mu/ pres5t to ea* o!r's s5ses "s di/+ui%able "*4 ,! dissimil>ity ( bro!rs or si/]s ( ! same family1 & ( se$l+s f ! same capsule1 may be 9 "p acc\nt$ = by ! unequal bl5d+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5ts1 & by ! m or less complete recov]y ?r\gh rev]sion ( ance/ral *>act]s on ei!r side2 b we ?us only pu% ! difficulty fur!r back 9 "t1 = :at made ! p>5ts or _! prog5itors diff]5t8 ,h5ce ! belief#b t an innate t5d5cy to v>y exi/s1 indep5d5tly ( ext]nal diff]5ces1 seems at fir/ sight probable4 ,b ev5 ! se$s nurtur$ 9 ! same capsule are n subject$ to absolutely uni=m conditions1 z !y draw _! n\ri%m5t f diff]5t po9ts2 & we %all see 9 a future *apt] t ?is diff]5ce sometimes suffices to affect ! "* ( ! future plant4 ,! great] dissimil>ity ( ! successive *ildr5 ( ! same family 9 comp>ison ) tw9s1 :i* (t5 resemble ea* o!r 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 m5tal disposition1 & con/itution1 9 s extraord9>y a mann]1 app>5tly proves t ! /ate ( ! p>5ts at ! exact p]iod ( conception1 or ! nature ( ! subsequ5t embryonic developm5t1 has a direct & p[]ful influ5ce on ! "* ( ! (fspr+4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we reflect on ! individual diff]5ces betwe5 organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1 z %[n by e wild animal kn[+ its mate2 & :5 we reflect on ! inf9ite div]sity ( ! _m v>ieties ( our dome/icat$ productions1 we may well be incl9$ to exclaim1 ?\gh falsely z ,i believe1 t ,v>iability mu/ be look$ at z an ultimate fact1 necess>ily cont+5t on reproduction4 ,^? au?ors :o adopt ?is latt] view w\ld probably d5y t ea* sep>ate v>iation has its own prop] excit+ cause4 ,al?\gh we c seldom trace ! precise relation betwe5 cause & effect1 yet ! consid]ations pres5tly to be giv5 lead to ! conclusion t ea* modification mu/ h its own di/9ct cause1 & is n ! result ( :at we bl9dly call accid5t4 ,! foll[+ /rik+ case has be5 communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,william ,ogle4 ,two girls1 born z tw9s1 & 9 all respects extremely alike1 _h _! little f+]s on bo? h&s crook$2 & 9 bo? *ildr5 ! second bicuspid too? ( ! second d5tition on ! "r side 9 ! upp] jaw 0 misplac$2 =1 in/ead ( /&+ 9 a l9e ) ! o!rs1 x grew f ! ro( ( ! m\? beh9d ! fir/ bicuspid4 ,nei!r ! p>5ts nor any o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 kn[n to h exhibit$ any simil> peculi>ity2 b a son ( "o ( ^! girls _h ! same too? simil>ly misplac$4 ,n[1 z bo? ! girls 7 affect$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 ! idea ( accid5t is at once exclud$3 & we are compell$ to admit t !re mu/ h exi/$ "s precise & suffici5t cause :i*1 if x _h occurr$ a hundr$ times1 w\ld h giv5 crook$ f+]s & misplac$ bicuspid tee? to a hundr$ *ildr54 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ?is case may h be5 due to rev]sion to "s long-=gott5 prog5itor1 & ?is w\ld mu* weak5 ! value ( ! argum5t4 ,i h be5 l$ to ?9k ( ! probability ( rev]sion1 f hav+ be5 told by ,mr4 ,galton ( ano!r case ( tw9 girls born ) _! little f+]s slightly crook$1 :i* !y inh]it$ f _! mat]nal gr&mo!r4 ,we w n[ consid] ! g5]al argum5ts1 :i* appe> to me to h great weight1 9 fav\r ( ! view t v>iations ( all k9ds & degrees are directly or indirectly caus$ by ! conditions ( life to :i* ea* be+1 & m especially its ance/ors1 h be5 expos$4 ,no "o d\bts t dome/icat$ productions are m v>iable ?an organic be+s :i* h nev] be5 remov$ f _! natural conditions4 ,mon/rosities graduate s ins5sibly into m]e v>iations t x is impossible to sep>ate !m2 & all ^? :o h /udi$ mon/rosities believe t !y are f> common] ) dome/icat$ ?an ) wild animals & plants2#c & 9 ! case ( plants1 mon/rosities w\ld be equally noticeable 9 ! natural z 9 ! cultivat$ /ate4 ,"u nature1 ! individuals ( ! same species are expos$ to ne>ly uni=m conditions1 = !y are rigor\sly kept to _! prop] places by a ho/ ( compet+ animals & plants2 !y h1 also1 long be5 habituat$ to _! conditions ( life2 b x _c be said t !y are subject to q uni=m conditions1 & !y are liable to a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iation4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* our dome/ic productions are re>$ are widely diff]5t3 !y are protect$ f competition2 !y h n only be5 remov$ f _! natural conditions & (t5 f _! native l&1 b !y are frequ5tly c>ri$ f di/rict to di/rict1 :]e !y are treat$ diff]5tly1 s t !y r>ely rema9 dur+ any consid]able l5g? ( "t expos$ to closely simil> conditions4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is1 all our dome/icat$ productions1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 v>y f> m ?an natural species4 ,! hive-bee1 :i* fe$s itself & foll[s 9 mo/ respects its natural habits ( life1 is ! lea/ v>iable ( all dome/icat$ animals1 & probably ! goose is ! next lea/ v>iable2 b ev5 ! goose v>ies m ?an almo/ any wild bird1 s t x _c be affiliat$ ) p]fect c]ta9ty to any natural species4 ,h>dly a s+le plant c be nam$1 :i* has long be5 cultivat$ & propagat$ by se$1 t is n highly v>iable2 common rye 7,secale c]eale7 has af=d$ few] & less m>k$ v>ieties ?an almo/ any o!r cultivat$ plant2#d b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! v>iations ( ?is1 ! lea/ valuable ( all our c]eals1 h be5 closely obs]v$4 ,bud-v>iation1 :i* 0 fully discuss$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 %[s u t v>iability may be q indep5d5t ( sem9al reproduction1 & likewise ( rev]sion to long-lo/ ance/ral *>act]s4 ,no "o w ma9ta9 t ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a moss-rose on a ,prov5ce-rose is a return to a =m] /ate1 = moss9ess ( ! calyx has be5 obs]v$ 9 no natural species2 ! same argum5t is applicable to v>iegat$ & lac9iat$ leaves2 nor c ! appe>ance ( nect>9es on pea*-trees be acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion4 ,b bud-v>iations m imm$iately conc]n u1 z !y occur f> m frequ5tly on plants :i* h be5 highly cultivat$ dur+ a l5g? ( "t1 ?an on o!r & less highly cultivat$ plants2 & v few well-m>k$ in/ances h be5 obs]v$ ) plants gr[+ "u /rictly natural conditions4 ,i h giv5 "o in/ance ( an a%-tree gr[+ 9 a g5tleman's pleasure-gr\nds2 & occasionally !re may be se51 on bee* & o!r trees1 twigs leaf+ at a diff]5t p]iod f ! o!r bran*es4 ,b our =e/ trees 9 ,engl& c h>dly be consid]$ z liv+ "u /rictly natural conditions2 ! se$l+s are rais$ & protect$ 9 nurs]y-gr\nds1 & mu/ (t5 be transplant$ into places :]e wild trees ( ! k9d w\ld n naturally gr[4 ,x w\ld be e/eem$ a prodigy if a dog-rose gr[+ 9 a h$ge produc$ by bud-v>iation a moss-rose1 or a wild bullace or wild *]ry-tree yield$ a bran* be>+ fruit ( a diff]5t %ape & col\r f ! ord9>y fruit4 ,! prodigy w\ld be enhanc$ if ^! v>y+ bran*es 7 f\nd capable ( propagation1 n only by grafts1 b sometimes by se$2 yet analog\s cases h occurr$ ) _m ( our highly cultivat$ trees & h]bs4 ,^! sev]al consid]ations alone r5d] x probable t v>iability ( e k9d is directly or indirectly caus$ by *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,or1 to put ! case "u ano!r po9t ( view1 if x 7 possible to expose all ! individuals ( a species dur+ _m g5]ations to absolutely uni=m conditions ( life1 !re w\ld be no v>iability4 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,*anges 9 ! ,conditions ( ,life :i* induce ,v>iability4 ,f a remote p]iod to ! pres5t day1 "u climates & circum/ances z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive1 organic be+s ( all k9ds1 :5 dome/icat$ or cultivat$1 h v>i$4 ,we see ?is ) ! _m dome/ic races ( quadrup$s & birds belong+ to diff]5t ord]s1 ) goldfi% & silkworms1 ) plants ( _m k9ds1 rais$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,9 ! des]ts ( nor!rn ,africa ! date-palm has yield$ ?irty-eight v>ieties2 9 ! f]tile pla9s ( ,india x is notori\s h[ _m v>ieties ( rice & ( a ho/ ( o!r plants exi/2 9 a s+le ,polynesian isl&1 tw5ty-f\r v>ieties ( ! bread-fruit1 ! same numb] ( ! banana1 & tw5ty-two v>ieties ( ! arum1 are cultivat$ by ! natives2 ! mulb]ry-tree 9 ,india & ,europe has yield$ _m v>ieties s]v+ z food = ! silkworm2 & 9 ,*9a sixty-?ree v>ieties ( ! bamboo are us$ = v>i\s dome/ic purposes4#e ,^! facts1 & innum]able o!rs :i* c\ld be add$1 indicate t a *ange ( almo/ any k9d 9 ! conditions ( life suffices to cause v>iability--diff]5t *anges act+ on diff]5t organisms4 ,&rew ,knight#f attribut$ ! v>iation ( bo? animals & plants to a m abundant supply ( n\ri%m5t1 or to a m fav\rable climate1 ?an t natural to ! species4 ,a m g5ial climate1 h[ev]1 is f> f necess>y2 ! kidney-bean1 :i* is (t5 injur$ by our spr+ fro/s1 & pea*es1 :i* require ! protection ( a wall1 h v>i$ mu* 9 ,engl&1 z has ! orange-tree 9 nor!rn ,italy1 :]e x is b>ely able to exi/4#g ,nor c we ov]look ! fact1 ?\gh n imm$iately connect$ ) our pres5t subject1 t ! plants & %ells ( ! ,arctic regions are em95tly v>iable4#h ,moreov]1 x does n appe> t a *ange ( climate1 :e!r m or less g5ial1 is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( v>iability2 = 9 reg>d to plants ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 9 8 #8,gographie ,botanique' repeat$ly %[s t ! native c\ntry ( a plant1 :]e 9 mo/ cases x has be5 longe/ cultivat$1 is t :]e x has yield$ ! greate/ numb] ( v>ieties4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! food is a pot5t cause ( v>iability4 ,sc>cely any dome/icat$ animal has v>i$ m ?an ! pigeon or ! f[l1 b _! food1 especially t ( highly-br$ pigeons1 is g5]ally ! same4 ,nor c our cattle & %eep h be5 subject$ to any great *ange 9 ?is respect4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! food probably is mu* less v>i$ 9 k9d ?an t :i* 0 consum$ by ! species 9 its natural /ate4#i ,( all ! causes :i* induce v>iability1 excess ( food1 :e!r or n *ang$ 9 nature1 is probably ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,?is view 0 held ) reg>d to plants by ,&rew ,knight1 & is n[ held by ,s*leid51 m especially 9 ref]5ce to ! inorganic elem5ts ( ! food4#aj ,9 ord] to give a plant m food x suffices 9 mo/ cases to gr[ x sep>ately1 & ?us prev5t o!r plants robb+ its roots4 ,x is surpris+1 z ,i h (t5 se51 h[ vigor\sly our common wild species fl\ri% :5 plant$ by !mselves1 ?\gh n 9 highly manur$ l&2 sep>ate gr[? is1 9 fact1 ! fir/ /ep 9 cultivation4 ,we see ! conv]se ( ! belief t excess ( food induces v>iability 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t by a great rais] ( se$s ( all k9ds3#aa 8,x is a rule inv>iably ) u1 :5 we desire to keep a true /ock ( any "o k9d ( se$1 to gr[ x on poor l& )\t dung2 b :5 we gr[ = quantity1 we act contr>y1 & sometimes h de>ly to rep5t ( x40 ,accord+ also to ,c>rire1 :o has _h great exp]i5ce ) fl[]-g>d5 se$s1 8,on rem>que en gnral les plantes de vigeur moy5ne sont celles qui cons]v5t le mieux leurs c>actres40 ,9 ! case ( animals ! want ( a prop] am\nt ( ex]cise1 z ,be*/e9 rem>k$1 has p]haps play$1 indep5d5tly ( ! direct effects ( ! disuse ( any p>ticul> organ1 an important "p 9 caus+ v>iability4 ,we c see 9 a vague mann] t1 :5 ! organis$ & nutri5t fluids ( ! body are n us$ dur+ gr[?1 or by ! we> & te> ( ! tissues1 !y w be 9 excess2 & z gr[?1 nutrition1 & reproduction are intimately alli$ processes1 ?is sup]fluity might di/urb ! due & prop] action ( ! reproductive organs1 & consequ5tly affect ! "* ( ! future (fspr+4 ,b x may be argu$ t nei!r an excess ( food nor a sup]fluity 9 ! organis$ fluids ( ! body necess>ily induces v>iability4 ,! goose & ! turkey h be5 well f$ = _m g5]ations1 yet h v>i$ v little4 ,our fruit-trees & cul9>y plants1 :i* are s v>iable1 h be5 cultivat$ f an anci5t p]iod1 &1 ?\gh !y probably /ill receive m nutrim5t ?an 9 _! natural /ate1 yet !y mu/ h receiv$ dur+ _m g5]ations ne>ly ! same am\nt2 & x might be ?\ght t !y w\ld h become habituat$ to ! excess4 ,nev]!less1 on ! :ole1 ,knight's view1 t excess ( food is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( v>iability1 appe>s1 z f> z ,i c judge1 probable4 ,:e!r or n our v>i\s cultivat$ plants h receiv$ nutrim5t 9 excess1 all h be5 expos$ to *anges ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,fruit-trees are graft$ on diff]5t /ocks1 & gr[n 9 v>i\s soils4 ,! se$s ( cul9>y & agricultural plants are c>ri$ f place to place2 & dur+ ! la/ c5tury ! rotation ( our crops & ! manures us$ h be5 greatly *ang$4 ,slight *anges ( treatm5t (t5 suffice to induce v>iability4 ,! simple fact ( almo/ all our cultivat$ plants & dome/icat$ animals hav+ v>i$ 9 all places & at all times1 leads to ?is conclusion4 ,se$s tak5 f common ,engli% =e/-trees1 gr[n "u _! native climate1 n highly manur$ or o!rwise artificially treat$1 yield se$l+s :i* v>y mu*1 z may be se5 9 e ext5sive se$-b$4 ,i h %[n 9 a =m] *apt] :at a numb] ( well-m>k$ & s+ul> v>ieties ! ?orn 7,cratgus oxycan?a7 has produc$3 yet ?is tree has be5 subject$ to h>dly any cultivation4 ,9 ,/af=d%ire ,i c>efully exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( two ,briti% plants1 namely ,g]anium phum & pyr5aicum1 :i* h nev] be5 highly cultivat$4 ,^! plants _h spread spontane\sly by se$ f a common g>d5 into an op5 plantation2 & ! se$l+s v>i$ 9 almo/ e s+le "*1 bo? 9 _! fl[] & foliage1 to a degree :i* ,i h nev] se5 exce$$2 yet !y c\ld n h be5 expos$ to any great *ange 9 _! conditions4 ,) respect to animals1 ,az>a has rem>k$ ) mu* surprise#ab t1 :il/ ! f]al horses on ! ,pampas are always ( "o ( ?ree col\rs1 & ! cattle always ( a uni=m col\r1 yet ^! animals1 :5 br$ on ! un5clos$ e/ancias1 ?\gh kept 9 a /ate :i* c h>dly be call$ dome/icat$1 & app>5tly expos$ to almo/ id5tically ! same conditions z :5 !y are f]al1 nev]!less display a great div]sity ( col\r4 ,s aga9 9 ,india sev]al species ( fre%-wat] fi% are only s f> treat$ artificially1 t !y are re>$ 9 great tanks2 b ?is small *ange is suffici5t to induce mu* v>iability4#ac ,"s facts on ! effects ( graft+1 9 reg>d to ! v>iability ( trees1 des]ve att5tion4 ,cabanis ass]ts t :5 c]ta9 pe>s are graft$ on ! qu9ce1 _! se$s yield a great] numb] ( v>ieties ?an d ! se$s ( ! same v>iety ( pe> :5 graft$ on ! wild pe>4#ad ,b z ! pe> & qu9ce are di/9ct species1 ?\gh s closely relat$ t ! "o c be readily graft$ & succe$s admirably on ! o!r1 ! fact ( v>iability be+ ?us caus$ is n surpris+2 z we are "h enabl$ to see ! cause1 namely1 ! v diff]5t nature ( ! /ock & graft4 ,sev]al ,nor? ,am]ican v>ieties ( ! plum & pea* are well kn[n to reproduce !mselves truly by se$2 b ,d[n+ ass]ts1#ae 8t :5 a graft is tak5 f "o ( ^! trees & plac$ ^u ano!r /ock1 ?is graft$ tree is f\nd to lose its s+ul> prop]ty ( produc+ ! same v>iety by se$1 & becomes l all o!r work$ trees20--t is1 its se$l+s become highly v>iable4 ,ano!r case is wor? giv+3 ! ,lal&e v>iety ( ! walnut-tree leafs betwe5 ,april #bj? & ,may #ae?1 & its se$l+s inv>iably inh]it ! same habit2 :il/ sev]al o!r v>ieties ( ! walnut leaf 9 ,june4 ,n[1 if se$l+s are rais$ f ! ,may-leaf+ ,lal&e v>iety1 graft$ on ano!r ,may-leaf+ v>iety1 ?\gh bo? /ock & graft h ! same e>ly habit ( leaf+1 yet ! se$l+s leaf at v>i\s times1 ev5 z late z ! #e? ( ,june4#af ,su* facts z ^! are well fitt$ to %[ on :at obscure & slight causes v>iability dep5ds4 ,i may "h j allude to ! appe>ance ( new & valuable v>ieties ( fruit-trees & ( :eat 9 woods & wa/e places1 :i* at fir/ sight seems a mo/ anomal\s circum/ance4 ,9 ,france a consid]able numb] ( ! be/ pe>s h be5 discov]$ 9 woods2 & ?is has occurr$ s frequ5tly1 t ,poiteau ass]ts t 8improv$ v>ieties ( our cultivat$ fruits r>ely orig9ate ) nurs]ym540#ag ,9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 no in/ance ( a good pe> hav+ be5 f\nd wild has be5 record$2 & ,mr4 ,riv]s in=ms me t he kn[s ( only "o in/ance ) apples1 namely1 ! ,bess ,poole1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 a wood 9 ,nott+ham%ire4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two c\ntries may be 9 "p acc\nt$ = by ! m fav\rable climate ( ,france1 b *iefly f ! great numb] ( se$l+s :i* spr+ up !re 9 ! woods4 ,i inf] t ?is is ! case f a rem>k made by a ,fr5* g>d5]1#ah :o reg>ds x z a national calamity t su* a numb] ( pe>-trees are p]iodically cut d[n = firewood1 be=e !y h borne fruit4 ,! new v>ieties :i* ?us spr+ up 9 ! woods1 ?\gh !y _c h receiv$ any excess ( nutrim5t1 w h be5 expos$ to abruptly *ang$ conditions1 b :e!r ?is is ! cause ( _! production is v d\btful4 ,^! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are probably all desc5d$#ai f old cultivat$ k9ds gr[+ 9 adjo9+ or*>ds-- a circum/ance :i* w acc\nt = _! v>iability2 & out ( a va/ numb] ( v>y+ trees !re w always be a good *ance ( ! appe>ance ( a valuable k9d4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e fruit-trees frequ5tly spr+ up 9 wa/e places1 ! ,wa%+ton pe> 0 f\nd 9 a h$ge1 & ! ,emp]or pea* 9 a wood4#bj ,) respect to :eat1 "s writ]s h spok5#ba z if x 7 an ord9>y ev5t = new v>ieties to be f\nd 9 wa/e places2 ! ,f5ton :eat 0 c]ta9ly discov]$ gr[+ on a pile ( basaltic detritus 9 a qu>ry1 b 9 su* a situation ! plant w\ld probably receive a suffici5t am\nt ( nutrim5t4 ,! ,*idham :eat 0 rais$ f an e> f\nd on a h$ge2 & ,hunt]'s :eat 0 discov]$ by ! roadside 9 ,scotl&1 b x is n said t ?is latt] v>iety grew :]e x 0 f\nd4#bb ,:e!r our dome/ic productions w\ld ev] become s completely habituat$ to ! conditions "u :i* !y n[ live1 z to cease v>y+1 we h no suffici5t means = judg+4 ,b1 9 fact1 our dome/ic productions are nev] expos$ = a great l5g? ( "t to uni=m conditions1 & x is c]ta9 t our mo/ anci5tly cultivat$ plants1 z well z animals1 /ill g on v>y+1 = all h rec5tly und]gone m>k$ improvem5t4 ,9 "s few cases1 h[ev]1 plants h become habituat$ to new conditions4 ,?us1 ,metzg]1 :o cultivat$ 9 ,g]many dur+ _m ye>s num]\s v>ieties ( :eat1 br\ght f diff]5t c\ntries1#bc /ates t "s k9ds 7 at fir/ extremely v>iable1 b gradually1 9 "o in/ance aft] an int]val ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 became con/ant2 & x does n appe> t ?is result$ f ! selection ( ! m con/ant =ms4 ,on ! ,accumulative ,action ( *ang$ ,conditions ( ,life4--,we h good gr\nds = believ+ t ! influ5ce ( *ang$ conditions accumulates1 s t no effect is produc$ on a species until x has be5 expos$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to cont9u$ cultivation or dome/ication4 ,univ]sal exp]i5ce %[s u t :5 new fl[]s are fir/ introduc$ into our g>d5s !y d n v>y2 b ultimately all1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 v>y to a great] or less ext5t4 ,9 a few cases ! requisite numb] ( g5]ations1 z well z ! successive /eps 9 ! progress ( v>iation1 h be5 record$1 z 9 ! (t5 quot$ in/ance ( ! ,dahlia4#bd ,aft] sev]al ye>s' culture ! ,z9nia has only lately 7#ahfj7 begun to v>y 9 any great degree4 8,9 ! fir/ sev5 or eight ye>s ( high cultivation1 ! ,swan ,riv] daisy 7,bra*ycome ib]idifolia7 kept to its orig9al col\r2 x !n v>i$ into lilac & purple & o!r m9or %ades40#be ,analog\s facts h be5 record$ ) ! ,scot* rose4 ,9 discuss+ ! v>iability ( plants sev]al exp]i5c$ horticulturi/s h spok5 to ! same g5]al effect4 ,mr4 ,salt]#bf rem>ks1 8,e "o kn[s t ! *ief difficulty is 9 break+ ?r\gh ! orig9al =m & col\r ( ! species1 & e "o w be on ! look-out = any natural sport1 ei!r f se$ or bran*2 t be+ once obta9$1 h[ev] trifl+ ! *ange may be1 ! result dep5ds ^u himself40 ,m4 de ,jonghe1 :o has _h s mu* success 9 rais+ new v>ieties ( pe>s & /rawb]ries1#bg rem>ks ) respect to ! =m]1 8,!re is ano!r pr9ciple1 namely1 t ! m a type has ent]$ into a /ate ( v>iation1 ! great] is its t5d5cy to cont9ue do+ s2 & ! m x has v>i$ f ! orig9al type1 ! m x is dispos$ to v>y /ill f>!r40 ,we h1 inde$1 already discuss$ ?is latt] po9t :5 treat+ ( ! p[] :i* man possesses1 ?r\gh selection1 ( cont9ually augm5t+ 9 ! same direction ea* modification2 = ?is p[] dep5ds on cont9u$ v>iability ( ! same g5]al k9d4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ horticulturi/ 9 ,france1 namely1 ,vilmor91#bh ev5 ma9ta9s t1 :5 any p>ticul> v>iation is desir$1 ! fir/ /ep is to get ! plant to v>y 9 any mann] :atev]1 & to g on select+ ! mo/ v>iable individuals1 ev5 ?\gh !y v>y 9 ! wrong direction2 = ! fix$ "* ( ! species be+ once brok51 ! desir$ v>iation w soon] or lat] appe>4 ,z ne>ly all our animals 7 dome/icat$ at an extremely remote epo*1 we _c1 ( c\rse1 say :e!r !y v>i$ quickly or sl[ly :5 fir/ subject$ to new conditions4 ,b ,dr4 ,ba*man#bi /ates t he has se5 turkeys rais$ f ! eggs ( ! wild species lose _! metallic t9ts & become spott$ ) :ite 9 ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,y>rell _m ye>s ago in=m$ me t ! wild ducks br$ on ! ponds 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 :i* _h nev] be5 cross$1 z x is believ$1 ) dome/ic ducks1 lo/ _! true plumage aft] a few g5]ations4 ,an excell5t obs]v]1#cj :o has (t5 re>$ ducks f ! eggs ( ! wild bird1 & :o took precautions t !re %\ld be no cross+ ) dome/ic bre$s1 has giv51 z previ\sly /at$1 full details on ! *anges :i* !y gradually und]go4 ,he f\nd t he c\ld n bre$ ^! wild ducks true = m ?an five or six g5]ations1 8z !y !n prov$ s mu* less beautiful4 ,! :ite coll> r\nd ! neck ( ! mall>d became mu* broad] & m irregul>1 & :ite fea!rs appe>$ 9 ! duckl+s' w+s40 ,!y increas$ also 9 size ( body2 _! legs became less f9e1 & !y lo/ _! elegant c>riage4 ,fre% eggs 7 !n procur$ f wild birds2 b aga9 ! same result foll[$4 ,9 ^! cases ( ! duck & turkey we see t animals1 l plants1 d n dep>t f _! primitive type until !y h be5 subject$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to dome/ication4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,y>rell in=m$ me t ! ,au/ralian d+os1 br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 almo/ inv>iably produc$ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation puppies m>k$ ) :ite & o!r col\rs2 b1 ^! introduc$ d+os _h probably be5 procur$ f ! natives1 :o keep !m 9 a semi-dome/icat$ /ate4 ,x is c]ta9ly a rem>kable fact t *ang$ conditions %\ld at fir/ produce1 z f> z we c see1 absolutely no effect2 b t !y %\ld subsequ5tly cause ! "* ( ! species to *ange4 ,9 ! *apt] on pang5esis ,i %all attempt to ?r[ a little light on ?is fact4 ,return+ n[ to ! causes :i* are suppos$ to induce v>iability4 ,"s au?ors#ca believe t close int]bre$+ gives ?is t5d5cy1 & leads to ! production ( mon/rosities4 ,9 ! sev5te5? *apt] "s few facts 7 advanc$1 %[+ t mon/rosities are1 z x appe>s1 occasionally ?us induc$2 & !re c be no d\bt t close int]bre$+ causes less5$ f]tility & a weak5$ con/itution2 h5ce x may lead to v>iability3 b ,i h n suffici5t evid5ce on ?is head4 ,on ! o!r h&1 close int]bre$+1 if n c>ri$ to an injuri\s extreme1 f> f caus+ v>iability1 t5ds to fix ! "* ( ea* bre$4 ,x 0 =m]ly a common belief1 /ill held by "s p]sons1 t ! imag9ation ( ! "m affects ! *ild 9 ! womb4#cb ,?is view is evid5tly n applicable to ! l[] animals1 :i* lay unimpregnat$ eggs1 or to plants4 ,dr4 ,william ,hunt]1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 told my fa!r t dur+ _m ye>s e woman 9 a l>ge ,london ,ly+-9 ,hospital 0 ask$ be=e h] conf9em5t :e!r any?+ _h specially affect$ h] m9d1 & ! answ] 0 writt5 d[n2 & x s happ5$ t 9 no "o in/ance c\ld a co9cid5ce be detect$ betwe5 ! woman's answ] & any abnormal /ructure2 b :5 %e knew ! nature ( ! /ructure1 %e frequ5tly sugge/$ "s fre% cause4 ,! belief 9 ! p[] ( ! "m's imag9ation may p]haps h aris5 f ! *ildr5 ( a second m>riage resembl+ ! previ\s fa!r1 z c]ta9ly sometimes occurs1 9 accordance ) ! facts giv5 9 ! elev5? *apt]4 ,cross+ z a ,cause ( ,v>iability4--,9 an e>ly "p ( ?is *apt] x 0 /at$ t ,pallas#cc & a few o!r naturali/s ma9ta9 t v>iability is :olly due to cross+4 ,if ?is means t new *>act]s nev] spontane\sly appe> 9 our dome/ic races1 b t !y are all directly d]iv$ f c]ta9 aborig9al species1 ! doctr9e is little less ?an absurd2 = x implies t animals l ,italian greyh\nds1 pug-dogs1 bull-dogs1 p\t] & fantail pigeons1 etc41 7 able to exi/ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,b ! doctr9e may mean some?+ widely diff]5t1 namely1 t ! cross+ ( di/9ct species is ! sole cause ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 & t )\t ?is aid man c\ld n h =m$ 8 v>i\s bre$s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 new *>act]s h appe>$ 9 c]ta9 cases by bud-v>iation1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty t cross+ is n necess>y = v>iability4 ,x is1 moreov]1 c]ta9 t ! bre$s ( v>i\s animals1 su* z ( ! rabbit1 pigeon1 duck1 etc41 & ! v>ieties ( sev]al plants1 are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( a s+le wild species4 ,nev]!less1 x is probable t ! cross+ ( two =ms1 :5 "o or bo? h long be5 dome/icat$ or cultivat$1 adds to ! v>iability ( ! (fspr+1 indep5d5tly ( ! comm+l+ ( ! *>act]s d]iv$ f ! two p>5t-=ms2 & ?is implies t new *>act]s actually arise4 ,b we mu/ n =get ! facts advanc$ 9 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 :i* cle>ly prove t ! act ( cross+ (t5 leads to ! reappe>ance or rev]sion ( long-lo/ *>act]s2 & 9 mo/ cases x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! reappe>ance ( anci5t *>act]s & ! fir/ appe>ance ( absolutely new *>act]s4 ,practically1 :e!r new or old1 !y w\ld be new to ! bre$ 9 :i* !y reappe>$4 ,grtn] decl>es1#cd & 8 exp]i5ce is ( ! highe/ value on su* a po9t1 t1 :5 he cross$ native plants :i* _h n be5 cultivat$1 he nev] once saw 9 ! (fspr+ any new "*2 b t f ! odd mann] 9 :i* ! *>act]s d]iv$ f ! p>5ts 7 comb9$1 !y sometimes appe>$ z if new4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 he cross$ cultivat$ plants1 he admits t new *>act]s occasionally appe>$1 b he is /rongly incl9$ to attribute _! appe>ance to ord9>y v>iability1 n 9 any way to ! cross4 ,an opposite conclusion1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me ! m probable4 ,accord+ to ,klreut]1 hybrids 9 ! g5us ,mirabilis v>y almo/ inf9itely1 & he describes new & s+ul> *>act]s 9 ! =m ( ! se$s1 9 ! col\r ( ! an!rs1 9 ! cotyl$ons be+ ( imm5se size1 9 new & highly peculi> od\rs1 9 ! fl[]s exp&+ e>ly 9 ! season1 & 9 _! clos+ at night4 ,) respect to "o lot ( ^! hybrids1 he rem>ks t !y pres5t$ *>act]s exactly ! rev]se ( :at might h be5 expect$ f _! p>5tage4#ce ,pr(4 ,lecoq#cf speaks /rongly to ! same effect 9 reg>d to ?is same g5us1 & ass]ts t _m ( ! hybrids f ,mirabilis jalapa & multiflora might easily be mi/ak5 = di/9ct species1 & adds t !y diff]$ 9 a great] degree ?an ! o!r species ( ! g5us1 f ,m4 jalapa4 ,h]b]t1 also1 has describ$#cg c]ta9 hybrid ,rhodod5drons z be+ 8z unlike all o!rs 9 foliage1 z if !y _h be5 a sep>ate species40 ,! common exp]i5ce ( floriculturi/s proves t ! cross+ & recross+ ( di/9ct b alli$ plants1 su* z ! species ( ,petunia1 ,calceol>ia1 ,fu*sia1 ,v]b5a1 etc41 induces excessive v>iability2 h5ce ! appe>ance ( q new *>act]s is probable4 ,m4 ,c>rire#ch has lately discuss$ ?is subject3 he /ates t ,ery?r9a cri/agalli _h be5 multipli$ by se$ = _m ye>s1 b _h n yield$ any v>ieties3 x 0 !n cross$ ) ! alli$ ,e4 h]bacea1 & 8! resi/ance 0 n[ ov]come1 & v>ieties 7 produc$ ) fl[]s ( extremely diff]5t size1 =m1 & col\r40 ,f ! g5]al & app>5tly well-f\nd$ belief t ! cross+ ( di/9ct species1 besides comm+l+ _! *>act]s1 adds greatly to _! v>iability1 x has probably aris5 t "s botani/s h gone s f> z to ma9ta9#ci t1 :5 a g5us includes only a s+le species1 ?is :5 cultivat$ nev] v>ies4 ,! proposition made s broadly _c be admitt$2 b x is probably true t ! v>iability ( monotypic g5]a :5 cultivat$ is g5]ally less ?an t ( g5]a includ+ num]\s species1 & ?is q indep5d5tly ( ! effects ( cross+4 ,i h %[n 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' t ! species belong+ to small g5]a g5]ally yield a less numb] ( v>ieties 9 a /ate ( nature ?an ^? belong+ to l>ge g5]a4 ,h5ce ! species ( small g5]a w\ld1 x is probable1 produce few] v>ieties "u cultivation ?an ! already v>iable species ( l>g] g5]a4 ,al?\gh we h n at pres5t suffici5t evid5ce t ! cross+ ( species1 :i* h nev] be5 cultivat$1 leads to ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 ?is app>5tly does occur ) species :i* h be5 already r5d]$ 9 "s degree v>iable ?r\gh cultivation4 ,h5ce cross+1 l any o!r *ange 9 ! conditions ( life1 seems to be an elem5t1 probably a pot5t "o1 9 caus+ v>iability4 ,b we seldom h ! means ( di/+ui%+1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 betwe5 ! appe>ance ( really new *>act]s & ! reappe>ance ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 evok$ ?r\gh ! act ( cross+4 ,i w give an in/ance ( ! difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ su* cases4 ,! species ( ,datura may be divid$ into two sections1 ^? hav+ :ite fl[]s ) gre5 /ems1 & ^? hav+ purple fl[]s ) br[n /ems3 n[ ,naud9#dj cross$ ,datura lvis & f]ox1 bo? ( :i* belong to ! :ite section1 & rais$ f !m #bje hybrids4 ,( ^! hybrids1 e "o _h br[n /ems & bore purple fl[]s2 s t !y resembl$ ! species ( ! o!r section ( ! g5us1 & n _! own two p>5ts4 ,naud9 0 s mu* a/oni%$ at ?is fact1 t he 0 l$ c>efully to obs]ve bo? p>5t-species1 & he discov]$ t ! pure se$l+s ( ,d4 f]ox1 imm$iately aft] g]m9ation1 _h d>k purple /ems1 ext5d+ f ! "y roots up to ! cotyl$ons1 & t ?is t9t rema9$ ev] aft]w>ds z a r+ r\nd ! base ( ! /em ( ! plant :5 old4 ,n[ ,i h %[n 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] t ! ret5tion or exagg]ation ( an e>ly "* is s intimately relat$ to rev]sion1 t x evid5tly comes "u ! same pr9ciple4 ,h5ce probably we ought to look at ! purple fl[]s & br[n /ems ( ^! hybrids1 n z new *>act]s due to v>iability1 b z a return to ! =m] /ate ( "s anci5t prog5itor4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s f cross+1 a few words may be add$ to :at has be5 said 9 =m] *apt]s on ! unequal comb9ation & transmission ( ! *>act]s prop] to ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,:5 two species or races are cross$1 ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ g5]ation are g5]ally uni=m1 b ^? subsequ5tly produc$ display an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( "*4 ,he :o wi%es1 says ,klreut]1#da to obta9 an endless numb] ( v>ieties f hybrids %\ld cross & recross !m4 ,!re is also mu* v>iability :5 hybrids or mongrels are r$uc$ or absorb$ by repeat$ crosses ) ei!r pure p>5t-=m3 & a /ill high] degree ( v>iability :5 ?ree di/9ct species1 & mo/ ( all :5 f\r species1 are bl5d$ toge!r by successive crosses4 ,beyond ?is po9t ,grtn]1#db on ^: au?ority ! =ego+ /atem5ts are made1 nev] succe$$ 9 effect+ a union2 b ,max ,wi*ura#dc unit$ six di/9ct species ( will[s into a s+le hybrid4 ,! sex ( ! p>5t species affects 9 an inexplicable mann] ! degree ( v>iability ( hybrids2 = ,grtn]#dd repeat$ly f\nd t :5 a hybrid 0 us$ z a fa!r & ei!r "o ( ! pure p>5t-species1 or a ?ird species1 0 us$ z ! "m1 ! (fspr+ 7 m v>iable ?an :5 ! same hybrid 0 us$ z ! "m1 & ei!r pure p>5t or ! same ?ird species z ! fa!r3 ?us se$l+s f ,dian?us b>batus cross$ by ! hybrid ,d4 *95si-b>batus 7 m v>iable ?an ^? rais$ f ?is latt] hybrid f]tilis$ by ! pure ,d4 b>batus4 ,max ,wi*ura#de insi/s /rongly on an analog\s result ) 8 hybrid will[s4 ,aga9 ,grtn]#df ass]ts t ! degree ( v>iability sometimes diff]s 9 hybrids rais$ f reciprocal crosses betwe5 ! same two species2 & "h ! sole diff]5ce is1 t ! "o species is fir/ us$ z ! fa!r & !n z ! "m4 ,on ! :ole we see t1 indep5d5tly ( ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 ! v>iability ( successive cross$ g5]ations is extremely complex1 p>tly f ! (fspr+ p>tak+ unequally ( ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5t-=ms1 & m especially f _! unequal t5d5cy to rev]t to su* *>act]s or to ^? ( m anci5t prog5itors4 ,on ! ,mann] & on ! ,p]iod ( ,action ( ! ,causes :i* induce ,v>iability4--,?is is an extremely obscure subject1 & we ne$ "h only consid]1 :e!r inh]it$ v>iations are due to c]ta9 p>ts be+ act$ on aft] !y h be5 =m$1 or ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em be+ affect$ be=e _! =mation2 & 9 ! =m] case at :at p]iod ( gr[? or developm5t ! effect is produc$4 ,we %all see 9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s t v>i\s ag5cies1 su* z an abundant supply ( food1 exposure to a diff]5t climate1 increas$ use or disuse ( p>ts1 etc41 prolong$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 c]ta9ly modify ei!r ! :ole organisation or c]ta9 organs2 & x is cle> at lea/ 9 ! case ( bud-v>iation t ! action _c h be5 ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em4 ,) respect to ! "p :i* ! reproductive sy/em takes 9 caus+ v>iability1 we h se5 9 ! eighte5? *apt] t ev5 slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life h a rem>kable p[] 9 caus+ a great] or less degree ( /]ility4 ,h5ce x seems n improbable t be+s g5]at$ ?r\gh a sy/em s easily affect$ %\ld !mselves be affect$1 or %\ld fail to inh]it1 or inh]it 9 excess1 *>act]s prop] to _! p>5ts4 ,we "k t c]ta9 gr\ps ( organic be+s1 b ) exceptions 9 ea* gr\p1 h _! reproductive sy/ems mu* m easily affect$ by *ang$ conditions ?an o!r gr\ps2 = in/ance1 c>nivor\s birds1 m readily ?an c>nivor\s mammals1 & p>rots m readily ?an pigeons2 & ?is fact h>monises ) ! app>5tly caprici\s mann] & degree 9 :i* v>i\s gr\ps ( animals & plants v>y "u dome/ication4 ,klreut]#dg 0 /ruck ) ! p>allelism betwe5 ! excessive v>iability ( hybrids :5 cross$ & recross$ 9 v>i\s ways1--^! hybrids hav+ _! reproductive p[]s m or less affect$1--& ! v>iability ( anci5tly cultivat$ plants4 ,max ,wi*ura#dh has gone "o /ep f>!r1 & %[s t ) _m ( our highly cultivat$ plants1 su* z ! hyac9?1 tulip1 auricula1 snapdragon1 potato1 cabbage1 etc41 :i* !re is no reason to believe h be5 hybridis$1 ! an!rs conta9 _m irregul> poll5-gra9s 9 ! same /ate z 9 hybrids4 ,he f9ds also 9 c]ta9 wild =ms1 ! same co9cid5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( ! poll5 & a high degree ( v>iability1 z 9 _m species ( ,rubus2 b 9 ,r4 caesius & idaeus1 :i* are n highly v>iable species1 ! poll5 is s\nd4 ,x is also notori\s t _m cultivat$ plants1 su* z ! banana1 p9eapple1 bread-fruit1 & o!rs previ\sly m5tion$1 h _! reproductive organs s s]i\sly affect$ z to be g5]ally q /]ile2 & :5 !y d yield se$1 ! se$l+s1 judg+ f ! l>ge numb] ( cultivat$ races :i* exi/1 mu/ be v>iable 9 an extreme degree4 ,^! facts indicate t !re is "s relation betwe5 ! /ate ( ! reproductive organs & a t5d5cy to v>iability2 b we mu/ n conclude t ! relation is /rict4 ,al?\gh _m ( our highly cultivat$ plants may h _! poll5 9 a det]iorat$ condition1 yet1 z we h previ\sly se51 !y yield m se$s1 & our anci5tly dome/icat$ animals are m prolific1 ?an ! correspond+ species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! peacock is almo/ ! only bird :i* is believ$ to be less f]tile "u dome/ication ?an 9 its native /ate1 & x has v>i$ 9 a rem>kably small degree4 ,f ^! consid]ations x w\ld seem t *anges 9 ! conditions ( life lead ei!r to /]ility or to v>iability1 or to bo?2 & n t /]ility induces v>iability4 ,on ! :ole x is probable t any cause affect+ ! organs ( reproduction w\ld likewise affect _! product1--t is1 ! (fspr+ ?us g5]at$4 ,! p]iod ( life at :i* ! causes t induce v>iability act1 is likewise an obscure subject1 :i* has be5 discuss$ by v>i\s au?ors4#di ,9 "s ( ! cases1 to be giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ( modifications f ! direct action ( *ang$ conditions1 :i* are inh]it$1 !re c be no d\bt t ! causes h act$ on ! mature or ne>ly mature animal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mon/rosities1 :i* _c be di/9ctly sep>at$ f less] v>iations1 are (t5 caus$ by ! embryo be+ injur$ :il/ 9 ! "m's womb or 9 ! egg4 ,?us ,i4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire#ej ass]ts t poor wom5 :o "w h>d dur+ _! pregnancy1 & ! mo!rs ( illegitimate *ildr5 tr\bl$ 9 _! m9ds & =c$ to conceal _! /ate1 are f> m liable to give bir? to mon/]s ?an wom5 9 easy circum/ances4 ,! eggs ( ! f[l :5 plac$ upright or o!rwise treat$ unnaturally frequ5tly produce mon/r\s *ick5s4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t complex mon/rosities are induc$ m frequ5tly dur+ a r late ?an dur+ a v e>ly p]iod ( embryonic life2 b ?is may p>tly result f "s "o "p1 :i* has be5 injur$ dur+ an e>ly p]iod1 affect+ by its abnormal gr[? o!r p>ts subsequ5tly develop$2 & ?is w\ld be less likely to occur ) p>ts injur$ at a lat] p]iod4#ea ,:5 any "p or organ becomes mon/r\s ?r\gh abortion1 a rudim5t is g5]ally left1 & ?is likewise indicates t its developm5t _h already comm5c$4 ,insects sometimes h _! ant5nae or legs 9 a mon/r\s condition1 ! l>vae ( :i* d n possess ei!r ant5nae or legs2 & 9 ^! cases1 z ,quatrefages#eb believes1 we are enabl$ to see ! precise p]iod at :i* ! normal progress ( developm5t 0 tr\bl$4 ,b ! nature ( ! food giv5 to a cat]pill> sometimes affects ! col\rs ( ! mo?1 )\t ! cat]pill> itself be+ affect$2 !re=e x seems possible t o!r *>act]s 9 ! mature insect might be indirectly modifi$ ?r\gh ! l>vae4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t organs :i* h be5 r5d]$ mon/r\s h always be5 act$ on dur+ _! developm5t2 ! cause may h act$ on ! organisation at a mu* e>li] /age4 ,x is ev5 probable t ei!r ! male or female sexual elem5ts1 or bo?1 be=e _! union1 may be affect$ 9 su* a mann] z to lead to modifications 9 organs develop$ at a late p]iod ( life2 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z a *ild may inh]it f 8 fa!r a disease :i* does n appe> until old age4 ,9 accordance ) ! facts above giv51 :i* prove t 9 _m cases a close relation exi/s betwe5 v>iability & ! /]ility foll[+ f *ang$ conditions1 we may conclude t ! excit+ cause (t5 acts at ! e>lie/ possible p]iod1 namely1 on ! sexual elem5ts1 be=e impregnation has tak5 place4 ,t an affection ( ! female sexual elem5t may induce v>iability we may likewise inf] z probable f ! occurr5ce ( bud-v>iations2 = a bud seems to be ! analogue ( an ovule4 ,b ! male elem5t is app>5tly mu* (t5] affect$ by *ang$ conditions1 at lea/ 9 a visible mann]1 ?an ! female elem5t or ovule & we "k f ,grtn]'s & ,wi*ura's /atem5ts t a hybrid us$ z ! fa!r & cross$ ) a pure species gives a great] degree ( v>iability to ! (fspr+1 ?an does ! same hybrid :5 us$ z ! "m4 ,la/ly1 x is c]ta9 t v>iability may be transmitt$ ?r\gh ei!r sexual elem5t1 :e!r or n orig9ally excit$ 9 !m1 = ,klreut] & ,grtn]#ec f\nd t :5 two species 7 cross$1 if ei!r "o 0 v>iable1 ! (fspr+ 7 r5d]$ v>iable4 ,summ>y4--,f ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 we may conclude t ! v>iability ( organic be+s "u dome/ication1 al?\gh s g5]al1 is n an inevitable cont+5t on life1 b results f ! conditions to :i* ! p>5ts h be5 expos$4 ,*anges ( any k9d 9 ! conditions ( life1 ev5 extremely slight *anges1 (t5 suffice to cause v>iability4 ,excess ( nutrim5t is p]haps ! mo/ effici5t s+le excit+ cause4 ,animals & plants cont9ue to be v>iable = an imm5se p]iod aft] _! fir/ dome/ication2 b ! conditions to :i* !y are expos$ nev] long rema9 q con/ant4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y c be habituat$ to c]ta9 *anges1 s z to become less v>iable2 & x is possible t :5 fir/ dome/icat$ !y may h be5 ev5 m v>iable ?an at pres5t4 ,!re is good evid5ce t ! p[] ( *ang$ conditions accumulates2 s t two1 ?ree1 or m g5]ations mu/ be expos$ to new conditions be=e any effect is visible4 ,! cross+ ( di/9ct =ms1 :i* h already become v>iable1 increases 9 ! (fspr+ ! t5d5cy to fur!r v>iability1 by ! unequal comm+l+ ( ! *>act]s ( ! two p>5ts1 by ! reappe>ance ( long-lo/ *>act]s1 & by ! appe>ance ( absolutely new *>act]s4 ,"s v>iations are induc$ by ! direct action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions on ! :ole organisation1 or on c]ta9 p>ts alone2 o!r v>iations appe> to be induc$ indirectly ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em be+ affect$1 z we "k is (t5 ! case ) v>i\s be+s1 :i* :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions become /]ile4 ,! causes :i* induce v>iability act on ! mature organism1 on ! embryo1 &1 probably1 on ! sexual elem5ts be=e impregnation has be5 effect$4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,des ,jac9!s1' etc41 ,am/]dam1 #agfh1 p4 #dc2 ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' etc41 p4 #hf4 ,on ! re9de] see ,l9nu1 #8,t\r 9 ,lapl&1' translat$ by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 ,! /atem5t 9 reg>d to ,g]man %eph]ds is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,we9l&4 #b ,mll]'s #8,physiology1' ,eng4 translation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #affb4 ,) respect to ! simil>ity ( tw9s 9 con/itution1 ,dr4 ,william ,ogle has giv5 me ! foll[+ extract f ,pr(essor ,tr\sseau's ,lectures 7#8,cl9ique ,mdicale1' tom4 i4#a p4 #ebc71 9 :i* a curi\s case is record$3--8,j'ai donn mes so9s deux frres jumeaux1 t\s deux si extraord9airem5t ressemblants qu'il m'tait impossible de les reconnaitre1 mo9 de les voir l'un ct de l'autre4 ,cette ressemblance physique s't5dait plus lo93 ils avai5t1 p]mettez-moi l'expression1 une similitude pa?ologique plus rem>quable encore4 ,a9si l'un d'eux que je voyais aux no!rmes ,p>is malade d'une oph?almie rhumatismale me disait1 #8,en ce mom5t mon fr]e doit avoir une oph?almie comme la mi5ne2' et comme je m'etais recrie1 il me montrait quelques j\rs apres une lettre qu'il v5ait de recevoir de ce frre alors ,vi5ne1 et qui lui crivait en effet--#8,j'ai mon oph?almie1 tu dois avoir la ti5ne4' ,quelque s+uli] que ceci puisse p>atre1 le fait n'en e/ pas mo9s exact3 on ne me l'a pas racont1 je l'ai vu1 et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique4 ,ces deux jumeaux tai5t aussi t\s deux a/hmatiques1 et a/hmatiques a un effroyable degr4 ,orig9aires de ,m>seille1 ils n'ont jamais pu demeur] dans cette ville1 ou leurs intrts les appelai5t s\v5t1 sans etre pris de leurs acces2 jamais ils n'en epr\vai5t a ,p>is4 ,bi5 mieux1 il leur suffisait de gagn] ,t\lon p\r tre guris de leurs attaques de ,m>seille4 ,voyageant sans cesse et dans t\s pays p\r leurs affaires1 ils avai5t rem>que que c]ta9es localits leur tai5t fune/es1 que dans d'autres ils etai5t exempts de t\t phnomne d'oppression40 #c ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 iii4 p4 #ceb2 ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,tratologie ,vgtale1' #ahda1 p4 #aae4 #d ,metzg]1 #8,die ,getreid>t51' #ahda1 s4 #ci4 #e ,on ! date-palm see ,vogel1 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahed1 p4 #dfj4 ,on ,indian v>ieties1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,hamilton1 #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv4 p4 #bif4 ,on ! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,tahiti1 see ,dr4 ,b5nett1 9 ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,n4 ,hi/41' vol4 v4 #ahcb1 p4 #dhd4 ,also ,ellis1 #8,polynesian ,rese>*es1' vol4 i4 pp4 #cgj1 #cge4 ,on tw5ty v>ieties ( ! ,p&anus & o!r trees 9 ! ,m>ianne ,isl&1 see #8,hook]'s ,miscellany1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjh4 ,on ! bamboo 9 ,*9a1 see ,huc's #8,*9ese ,empire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cjg4 #f #8,treatise on ! ,culture ( ! ,apple1' etc41 p4 #c4 #g ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,veg41' p4 #abe4 #h ,see ,dr4 ,hook]'s ,memoir on ,arctic ,plants 9 #8,l9n4 ,transact41' vol4 xxiii4 "p ii4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d1 & a high] au?ority _c be quot$1 speaks ( ! ,arctic mollusca 79 8 #8,rudim5t>y ,treatise1' #ahef1 p4 #cee7 z rem>kably subject to v>iation4 #i ,be*/e91 9 8 #8,naturges*i*te d] ,/ub5vgel1' #ahdj1 s4 #bch1 has "s good rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,he /ates t 8 can>y-birds v>i$ 9 col\r1 ?\gh kept on uni=m food4 #aj #8,! ,plant1' by ,s*leid51 translat$ by ,h5frey1 #ahdh1 p4 #afi4 ,see also ,alex4 ,braun1 9 #8,bot4 ,memoirs1' ,ray ,soc41 #ahec1 p4 #cac4 #aa ,messrs4 ,h>dy & ,son1 ( ,maldon1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #deh4 ,c>rire1 #8,production et ,fixation des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #ca4 #ab #8,quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' #ahja1 tom4 ii4 p4 #cai4 #ac ,m',clell& on ,indian ,cypr9id1 #8,asiatic ,rese>*es1' vol4 xix4 "p ii41 #ahci1 pp4 #bff1 #bfh1 #cac4 #ad ,quot$ by ,sag]et1 #8,pom4 ,phys41' #ahcj1 p4 #dc4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is n believ$ by ,decaisne4 #ae #8,! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #e4 #af ,m4 ,c>dan1 9 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,dec4 #ahdh1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #aja4 #ag ,m4 ,alexis ,jordan m5tions f\r excell5t pe>s f\nd 9 woods 9 ,france1 & alludes to o!rs 7#8,mm4 ,acad4 de ,lyon1' tom4 ii4 #aheb1 p4 #aei74 ,poiteau's rem>k is quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 iv41 #ahbh1 p4 #che4 ,see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #cce1 = ano!r case ( a new v>iety ( ! pe> f\nd 9 a h$ge 9 ,france4 ,also = ano!r case1 see ,l\don's #8,encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ija4 ,mr4 ,riv]s has giv5 me simil> in=mation4 #ah ,duval1 #8,hi/4 du ,poiri]1' #ahdi1 p4 #b4 #ai ,i inf] t ?is is ! fact f ,van ,mons' /atem5t 7#8,arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahce1 tom4 i4 p4 #ddf7 t he f9ds 9 ! woods se$l+s resembl+ all ! *ief cultivat$ races ( bo? ! pe> & apple4 ,van ,mons1 h[ev]1 look$ at ^! wild v>ieties z aborig9al species4 #bj ,d[n+1 #8,fruit-trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' p4 #dbb2 ,foley1 9 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #dab4 #ba #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 p4 #bdd4 #bb #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #chc2 #ahej1 p4 #gjj2 #ahed1 p4 #fej4 #bc #8,die ,getreide>t51' #ahdc1 s4 #ff1 #aaf1 #aag4 #bd ,sab9e1 9 #8,hort4 ,transact41' vol4 iii4 p4 #bbe2 ,bronn1 #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' b4 ii4 s4 #aai4 #be #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #aab2 on ,z9nia1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #heb4 #bf #8,! ,*rysan!mum1 its ,hi/ory1 etc41' #ahfe1 p4 #c4 #bg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #ed2 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #i1 #ahfe1 p4 #cfc4 #bh ,quot$ by ,v]lot1 #8,des ,v>its1' etc41 #ahfe1 p4 #bh4 #bi #8,exam9ation ( ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,g5]a & ,species1' ,*>le/on1 #ahee1 p4 #ad4 #cj ,mr4 ,hewitt1 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahfc1 p4 #ci4 #ca ,devay1 #8,m>iages ,consangu9s1' pp4 #ig1 #abe4 ,9 conv]sation ,i h f\nd two or ?ree naturali/s ( ! same op9ion4 #cb ,mll] has conclusively argu$ aga9/ ?is belief1 #8,elem5ts ( ,phys41' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 ii4 #ahdb1 p4 #adje4 #cc #8,act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #aghj1 "p ii4 p4 #hd1 etc4 #cd #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #bdi1 #bee1 #bie4 #ce #8,nova ,acta1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #agid1 p4 #cgh2 #agie1 pp4 #cjg1 #cac1 #caf2 #aghg1 p4 #djg4 #cf #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #caa4 #cg #8,am>yllidace1' #ahcg1 p4 #cfb4 #ch ,ab/ract$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #ajha4 #ci ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! eld] ,de ,c&olle1 z quot$ 9 #8,dic4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 viii4 p4 #dje4 ,puvis1 9 8 "w1 #8,de la ,dgnration1' #ahcg1 p4 #cg1 has discuss$ ?is same po9t4 #dj #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,novembre #ba1 #ahfd1 p4 #hch4 #da #8,nova ,acta1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1' #agid1 p4 #cia4 #db #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #ejg1 #eaf1 #egb4 #dc #8,die ,ba/>dbefru*tung1' etc41 #ahfe1 s4 #bd4 #dd #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #deb1 #ejg4 #de #8,die ,ba/>dbefru*tung1' s4 #ef4 #df #8,ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #dbc4 #dg #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' etc41 #agff1 s4 #he4 #dh #8,die ,ba/>dbefru*tung1' etc41 #ahfe1 s4 #ib3 see also ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley on ! same subject1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,royal ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahff1 p4 #hj4 #di ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas has giv5 a hi/ory ( op9ion on ?is subject3 #8,hrd4 ,nat41' #ahdg1 tom4 i4 p4 #age4 #ej #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 iii4 p4 #dii4 #ea ,ibid41 tom4 iii4 pp4 #cib1 #ejb4 ,! sev]al memoirs by ,m4 ,d>e/e h]eaft] ref]r$ to are ( special value on ?is :ole subject4 #eb ,see 8 int]e/+ "w1 #8,mtamorphoses de l',homme1' etc41 #ahfb1 p4 #abi4 #ec #8,dritte ,=tsetzung1' etc41 s4 #abc2 #8,ba/>d]zeugung' s4 #bdi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,direct ,,& ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,conditions ,,( ,,life4 ,,slight ,,modifications ,,9 ,,plants ,,f ,,! ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,conditions1 ,,9 ,,size1 ,,col\r1 ,,*emical ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,tissues--,,local ,,diseases--,,conspicu\s ,,modifications ,,f ,,*ang$ ,,climate ,,or ,,food1 ,,etc--,,plumage ,,( ,,birds ,,affect$ ,,by ,,peculi> ,,nutrim5t1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,inoculation ,,( ,,poison--,,l&-,,%ells--,,modifications ,,( ,,organic ,,be+s ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,def9ite ,,action ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,conditions--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,am]ican ,,& ,,european ,,trees--,,galls--,,effects ,,( ,,p>asitic ,,fungi--,,consid]ations ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,! ,,pot5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,*ang$ ,,ext]nal ,,conditions--,,p>allel ,,s]ies ,,( ,,v>ieties--,,am\nt ,,( ,,v>iation ,,does ,,n ,,correspond ,,) ,,! ,,degree ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,conditions--,,bud-,,v>iation--,,mon/ro sities ,,produc$ ,,by ,,unnatural ,,treatm5t--,,summ>y4 ,if we ask ourselves :y ?is or t "* has be5 modifi$ "u dome/ication1 we are1 9 mo/ cases1 lo/ 9 utt] d>kness4 ,_m naturali/s1 especially ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 attribute e modification to ! 8monde ambiant10 t is1 to *ang$ climate1 ) all its div]sities ( heat & cold1 dampness & dryness1 light & electricity1 to ! nature ( ! soil1 & to v>i$ k9ds & am\nt ( food4 ,by ! t]m def9ite action1 z us$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i mean an action ( su* a nature t1 :5 _m individuals ( ! same v>iety are expos$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to any p>ticul> *ange 9 _! conditions ( life1 all1 or ne>ly all ! individuals1 are modifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! effects ( habit1 or ( ! increas$ use & disuse ( v>i\s organs1 might h be5 includ$ "u ?is head2 b x w be conv5i5t to discuss ?is subject 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,by ! t]m indef9ite action ,i mean an action :i* causes "o individual to v>y 9 "o way & ano!r individual 9 ano!r way1 z we (t5 see ) plants & animals aft] !y h be5 subject$ = "s g5]ations to *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,b we "k f> too little ( ! causes & laws ( v>iation to make a s\nd classification4 ,! action ( *ang$ conditions1 :e!r lead+ to def9ite or indef9ite results1 is a totally di/9ct consid]ation f ! effects ( selection2 = selection dep5ds on ! pres]vation by man ( c]ta9 individuals1 or on _! survival "u v>i\s & complex natural circum/ances1 & has no relation :atev] to ! prim>y cause ( ea* p>ticul> v>iation4 ,i w fir/ give 9 detail all ! facts :i* ,i h be5 able to collect1 r5d]+ x probable t climate1 food1 etc41 h act$ s def9itely & p[]fully on ! organisation ( our dome/icat$ productions1 t new sub-v>ieties or races h be5 ?us =m$ )\t ! aid ( selection by man or nature4 ,i w !n give ! facts & consid]ations oppos$ to ?is conclusion1 & f9ally we w weigh1 z fairly z we c1 ! evid5ce on bo? sides4 ,:5 we reflect t di/9ct races ( almo/ all our dome/icat$ animals exi/ 9 ea* k+dom ( ,europe1 & =m]ly ev5 9 ea* di/rict ( ,engl&1 we are at fir/ /rongly incl9$ to attribute _! orig9 to ! def9ite action ( ! physical conditions ( ea* c\ntry2 & ?is has be5 ! conclusion ( _m au?ors4 ,b we %\ld be> 9 m9d t man annually has to *oose :i* animals %all be pres]v$ = bre$+1 & :i* %all be slaught]$4 ,we h also se5 t bo? me?odical & unconsci\s selection 7 =m]ly practis$1 & are n[ occasionally practis$ by ! mo/ b>b>\s races1 to a mu* great] ext5t ?an might h be5 anticipat$4 ,h5ce x is difficult to judge h[ f> diff]5ces 9 ! conditions betwe51 = in/ance1 ! sev]al di/ricts 9 ,engl&1 h suffic$ to modify ! bre$s :i* h be5 re>$ 9 ea*4 ,x may be argu$ t1 z num]\s wild animals & plants h rang$ dur+ _m ages ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita91 & /ill reta9 ! same "*1 ! diff]5ce 9 conditions betwe5 ! sev]al di/ricts c\ld n h modifi$ 9 a m>k$ mann] ! v>i\s native races ( cattle1 %eep1 pigs1 & horses4 ,! same difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! effects ( natural selection & ! def9ite action ( ext]nal conditions is enc\nt]$ 9 a /ill high] degree :5 we comp>e closely alli$ species inhabit+ two c\ntries1 su* z ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 :i* d n diff] greatly 9 climate1 nature ( soil1 etc41 = 9 ?is case natural selection w inevitably & rigor\sly h act$ dur+ a long succession ( ages4 ,pr(4 ,weismann has sugge/$#a t :5 a v>iable species ent]s a new & isolat$ c\ntry1 al?\gh ! v>iations may be ( ! same g5]al nature z be=e1 yet x is improbable t !y %\ld occur 9 ! same proportional numb]s4 ,aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod1 ! species w t5d to become ne>ly uni=m 9 "* f ! incessant cross+ ( ! v>y+ individuals2 b ow+ to ! proportion ( ! individuals v>y+ 9 diff]5t ways n be+ ! same 9 ! two cases1 ! f9al result w be ! production ( two =ms some:at diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d x w\ld falsely appe> z if ! conditions _h induc$ c]ta9 def9ite modifications1 :]eas !y _h only excit$ indef9ite v>iability1 b ) ! v>iations 9 slightly diff]5t proportional numb]s4 ,?is view may ?r[ "s light on ! fact t ! dome/ic animals :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! sev]al di/ricts 9 ,great ,brita91 & ! half wild cattle lately kept 9 sev]al ,briti% p>ks1 diff]$ slightly f "o ano!r2 = ^! animals 7 prev5t$ f w&]+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry & int]cross+1 b w\ld h cross$ freely )9 ea* di/rict or p>k4 ,f ! difficulty ( judg+ h[ f> *ang$ conditions h caus$ def9ite modifications ( /ructure1 x w be advisable to give z l>ge a body ( facts z possible1 %[+ t extremely slight diff]5ces )9 ! same c\ntry1 or dur+ diff]5t seasons1 c]ta9ly produce an appreciable effect1 at lea/ on v>ieties :i* are already 9 an un/able condition4 ,ornam5tal fl[]s are good = ?is purpose1 z !y are highly v>iable1 & are c>efully obs]v$4 ,all floriculturi/s are unanim\s t c]ta9 v>ieties are affect$ by v slight diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ! artificial compo/ 9 :i* !y are gr[n1 & by ! natural soil ( ! di/rict1 z well z by ! season4 ,?us1 a skilful judge1 9 writ+ on ,c>nations & ,picotees#b asks 8:]e c ,admiral ,curzon be se5 possess+ ! col\r1 size1 & /r5g? :i* x has 9 ,d]by%ire8 ,:]e c ,flora's ,g>l& be f\nd equal to ^? at ,sl\gh8 ,:]e d high-col\r$ fl[]s revel bett] ?an at ,woolwi* & ,birm+ham8 ,yet 9 no two ( ^! di/ricts d ! same v>ieties atta9 an equal degree ( excell5ce1 al?\gh ea* may be receiv+ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ skilful cultivators40 ,! same writ] !n recomm5ds e cultivator to keep five diff]5t k9ds ( soil & manure1 8& to endeav\r to suit ! respective appetites ( ! plants y are deal+ )1 = )\t su* att5tion all hope ( g5]al success w be va940 ,s x is ) ! ,dahlia3#c ! ,lady ,coop] r>ely succe$s ne> ,london1 b does admirably 9 o!r di/ricts2 ! rev]se holds good ) o!r v>ieties2 & aga91 !re are o!rs :i* succe$ equally well 9 v>i\s situations4 ,a skilful g>d5]#d /ates t he procur$ cutt+s ( an old & well-kn[n v>iety 7pul*ella7 ( ,v]b5a1 :i* f hav+ be5 propagat$ 9 a diff]5t situation pres5t$ a slightly diff]5t %ade ( col\r2 ! two v>ieties 7 aft]w>ds multipli$ by cutt+s1 be+ c>efully kept di/9ct2 b 9 ! second ye> !y c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$1 & 9 ! ?ird ye> no "o c\ld di/+ui% !m4 ,! nature ( ! season has an especial influ5ce on c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! ,dahlia3 9 #ahda two v>ieties 7 pre-em95tly good1 & ! next ye> ^! same two 7 pre-em95tly bad4 ,a fam\s amateur#e ass]ts t 9 #ahfa _m v>ieties ( ! ,rose came s untrue 9 "*1 8t x 0 h>dly possible to recognise !m1 & ! ?\ght 0 n seldom ent]ta9$ t ! gr[] _h lo/ 8 tally40 ,! same amateur#f /ates t 9 #ahfb two-?irds ( 8 ,auriculas produc$ c5tral trusses ( fl[]s1 & su* trusses are liable n to keep true2 & he adds t 9 "s seasons c]ta9 v>ieties ( ?is plant all prove good1 & ! next season all prove bad2 :il/ exactly ! rev]se happ5s ) o!r v>ieties4 ,9 #ahde ! editor ( ! #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle'#g rem>k$ h[ s+ul> x 0 t ?is ye> _m ,calceol>ias t5d$ to assume a tubul> =m4 ,) ,he>tsease#h ! blot*$ sorts d n acquire _! prop] "* until hot wea!r sets 92 :il/ o!r v>ieties lose _! beautiful m>ks z soon z ?is occurs4 ,analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ ) leaves3 ,mr4 ,beaton ass]ts#i t he rais$ at ,%rubl&1 dur+ six ye>s1 tw5ty ?\s& se$l+s f ! ,pun* ,pel>gonium1 & n "o _h v>iegat$ leaves2 b at ,surbiton1 9 ,surrey1 "o-?ird1 or ev5 a great] proportion1 ( ! se$l+s f ?is same v>iety 7 m or less v>iegat$4 ,! soil ( ano!r di/rict 9 ,surrey has a /rong t5d5cy to cause v>iegation1 z appe>s f in=mation giv5 me by ,sir ,f4 ,pollock4 ,v]lot#aj /ates t ! v>iegat$ /rawb]ry reta9s its "* z long z gr[n 9 a dryi% soil1 b soon loses x :5 plant$ 9 fre% & humid soil4 ,mr4 ,salt]1 :o is well kn[n = 8 success 9 cultivat+ v>iegat$ plants1 in=ms me t r[s ( /rawb]ries 7 plant$ 9 8 g>d5 9 #ahei1 9 ! usual way2 & at v>i\s di/ances 9 "o r[1 sev]al plants simultane\sly became v>iegat$2 & :at made ! case m extraord9>y1 all 7 v>iegat$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,^! plants 7 remov$1 b dur+ ! ?ree succe$+ ye>s o!r plants 9 ! same r[ became v>iegat$1 & 9 no in/ance 7 ! plants 9 any adjo9+ r[ affect$4 ,! *emical qualities1 od\rs1 & tissues ( plants are (t5 modifi$ by a *ange :i* seems to u slight4 ,! ,hemlock is said n to yield conic9e 9 ,scotl&4 ,! root ( ! ,aconitum napellus becomes innocu\s 9 frigid climates4 ,! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! ,digitalis are easily affect$ by culture4 ,z ! ,pi/acia l5tiscus gr[s abundantly 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 ! climate mu/ suit x1 b x yields no ma/ic4 ,! ,laurus sassafras 9 ,europe loses ! od\r prop] to x 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#aa ,_m simil> facts c\ld be giv51 & !y are rem>kable because x might h be5 ?\ght t def9ite *emical comp\nds w\ld h be5 little liable to *ange ei!r 9 quality or quantity4 ,! wood ( ! ,am]ican ,locu/-tree 7,rob9ia7 :5 gr[n 9 ,engl& is ne>ly wor?less1 z is t ( ! ,oak-tree :5 gr[n at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4#ab ,hemp & flax1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,falcon]1 fl\ri% & yield pl5ty ( se$ on ! pla9s ( ,india1 b _! fibres are brittle & useless4 ,hemp1 on ! o!r h&1 fails to produce 9 ,engl& t res9\s matt] :i* is s l>gely us$ 9 ,india z an intoxicat+ drug4 ,! fruit ( ! ,melon is greatly influ5c$ by slight diff]5ces 9 culture & climate4 ,h5ce x is g5]ally a bett] plan1 accord+ to ,naud91 to improve an old k9d ?an to introduce a new "o into any locality4 ,! se$ ( ! ,p]sian ,melon produces ne> ,p>is fruit inf]ior to ! poore/ m>ket k9ds1 b at ,bordeaux yields delici\s fruit4#ac ,se$ is annually br\ght f ,?ibet to ,ka%mir#ad & produces fruit weigh+ f f\r to t5 p\nds1 b plants rais$ next ye> f se$ sav$ 9 ,ka%mir give fruit weigh+ only f two to ?ree p\nds4 ,x is well kn[n t ,am]ican v>ieties ( ! ,apple produce 9 _! native l& magnific5t & brightly-col\r$ fruit1 b ^! 9 ,engl& are ( poor quality & a dull col\r4 ,9 ,hung>y !re are _m v>ieties ( ! kidney-bean1 rem>kable = ! beauty ( _! se$s1 b ! ,rev4 ,m4,j4 ,b]keley#ae f\nd t _! beauty c\ld h>dly ev] be pres]v$ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 "s cases ! col\r 0 greatly *ang$4 ,we h se5 9 ! n9? *apt]1 ) respect to :eat1 :at a rem>kable effect transportal f ! nor? to ! s\? ( ,france1 & conv]sely1 produc$ on ! weight ( ! gra94 ,:5 man c p]ceive no *ange 9 plants or animals :i* h be5 expos$ to a new climate or to diff]5t treatm5t1 insects c sometimes p]ceive a m>k$ *ange4 ,a cactus has be5 import$ into ,india f ,canton1 ,manilla ,mauritius1 & f ! hot-h\ses ( ,kew1 & !re is likewise a s-call$ native k9d :i* 0 =m]ly introduc$ f ,s\? ,am]ica2 all ^! plants belong to ! same species & are alike 9 appe>ance1 b ! co*9eal insect fl\ri%es only on ! native k9d1 on :i* x ?rives prodigi\sly4#af ,humboldt rem>ks#ag t :ite m5 8born 9 ! torrid zone walk b>efoot ) impunity 9 ! same ap>tm5t :]e a ,european1 rec5tly l&$1 is expos$ to ! attacks ( ! ,pulex p5etrans40 ,?is insect1 ! too well-kn[n *igoe1 mu/ !re=e be able to p]ceive :at ! mo/ delicate *emical analysis fails to discov]1 namely1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! blood or tissues ( a ,european & ^? ( a :ite man born 9 ! tropics4 ,b ! disc]nm5t ( ! *igoe is n s surpris+ z x at fir/ appe>s2 = accord+ to ,liebig#ah ! blood ( m5 ) diff]5t complexions1 ?\gh inhabit+ ! same c\ntry1 emits a diff]5t od\r4 ,diseases peculi> to c]ta9 localities1 heights1 or climates1 may be "h briefly notic$1 z %[+ ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances on ! human body4 ,diseases conf9$ to c]ta9 races ( man d n conc]n u1 = ! con/itution ( ! race may play ! m important "p1 & ?is may h be5 det]m9$ by unkn[n causes4 ,! ,plica ,polonica /&s1 9 ?is respect1 9 a ne>ly int]m$iate position2 = x r>ely affects ,g]mans1 :o inhabit ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,vi/ula1 :]e s _m ,poles are griev\sly affect$2 nei!r does x affect ,russians1 :o are said to belong to ! same orig9al /ock z ! ,poles4#ai ,! elevation ( a di/rict (t5 gov]ns ! appe>ance ( diseases2 9 ,mexico ! yell[ fev] does n ext5d above #ibd metres2 & 9 ,p]u1 p are affect$ ) ! v]ugas only betwe5 #fjj & #afjj metres above ! sea2 _m o!r su* cases c\ld be giv54 ,a peculi> cutane\s compla9t1 call$ ! ,b\ton d',alep1 affects 9 ,aleppo & "s neighb\r+ di/ricts almo/ e native infant1 & "s few /rang]s2 & x seems fairly well e/abli%$ t ?is s+ul> compla9t dep5ds on dr9k+ c]ta9 wat]s4 ,9 ! heal?y little isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a ! sc>let-fev] is dread$ l ! ,plague2 analog\s facts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,*ili & ,mexico4#bj ,ev5 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ,france x is f\nd t ! v>i\s infirmities :i* r5d] ! conscript unfit = s]v+ 9 ! army1 prevail ) rem>kable inequality1 reveal+1 z ,b\d9 obs]ves1 t _m ( !m are endemic1 :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] h be5 suspect$4#ba ,any "o :o w /udy ! di/ribution ( disease w be /ruck ) surprise at :at slight diff]5ces 9 ! surr\nd+ circum/ances gov]n ! nature & sev]ity ( ! compla9ts by :i* man is at lea/ tempor>ily affect$4 ,! modifications z yet ref]r$ to are extremely slight1 & 9 mo/ cases h be5 caus$1 z f> z we c judge1 by equally slight diff]5ces 9 ! conditions4 ,b su* conditions act+ dur+ a s]ies ( g5]ations w\ld p]haps produce a m>k$ effect4 ,) plants1 a consid]able *ange ( climate sometimes produces a conspicu\s result4 ,i h giv5 9 ! n9? *apt] ! mo/ rem>kable case kn[n to me1 namely1 t ( v>ieties ( maize1 :i* 7 greatly modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( only two or ?ree g5]ations :5 tak5 f a tropical c\ntry to a cool] "o1 or conv]sely4 ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me t he has se5 ! ,engli% ,rib/on-pipp9 apple1 a ,himalayan oak1 ,prunus & ,pyrus1 all assume 9 ! hott] p>ts ( ,india a fa/igiate or pyramidal habit2 & ?is fact is ! m int]e/+1 z a ,*9ese tropical species ( ,pyrus naturally gr[s ?us4 ,al?\gh 9 ^! cases ! *ang$ mann] ( gr[? seems to h be5 directly caus$ by ! great heat1 we "k t _m fa/igiate trees h orig9at$ 9 _! temp]ate homes4 ,9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ceylon ! apple-tree#bb 8s5ds out num]\s runn]s "u gr\nd1 :i* cont9ually rise into small /ems1 & =m a gr[? ar\nd ! p>5t-tree40 ,! v>ieties ( ! cabbage :i* produce heads 9 ,europe fail to d s 9 c]ta9 tropical c\ntries4#bc ,! ,rhodod5dron ciliatum produc$ at ,kew fl[]s s mu* l>g] & pal]-col\r$ ?an ^? :i* x be>s on its native ,himalayan m\nta91 t ,dr4 ,hook]#bd w\ld h>dly h recognis$ ! species by ! fl[]s alone4 ,_m simil> facts ) respect to ! col\r & size ( fl[]s c\ld be giv54 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,vilmor9 & ,buckman on c>rots & p>snips prove t abundant nutrim5t produces a def9ite & inh]itable effect on ! roots1 ) sc>cely any *ange 9 o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,alum directly influ5ces ! col\r ( ! fl[]s ( ! ,hydrangea4#be ,dryness seems g5]ally to fav\r ! hair9ess or villosity ( plants4 ,grtn] f\nd t hybrid ,v]bascums became extremely woolly :5 gr[n 9 pots4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s1 on ! o!r h&1 /ates t ! ,opuntia leucotri*a 8is well clo!d ) beautiful :ite hairs :5 gr[n 9 a damp heat1 b 9 a dry heat exhibits none ( ?is peculi>ity40#bf ,slight v>iations ( _m k9ds1 n wor? specify+ 9 detail1 are reta9$ only z long z plants are gr[n 9 c]ta9 soils1 ( :i* ,sag]et#bg gives "s in/ances f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,od>t1 :o insi/s /rongly on ! p]man5ce ( ! v>ieties ( ! grape1 admits#bh t "s v>ieties1 :5 gr[n "u a diff]5t climate or treat$ diff]5tly1 v>y 9 a slight degree1 z 9 ! t9t ( ! fruit & 9 ! p]iod ( rip5+4 ,"s au?ors h d5i$ t graft+ causes ev5 ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 ! scion2 b !re is suffici5t evid5ce t ! fruit is sometimes slightly affect$ 9 size & flav\r1 ! leaves 9 duration1 & ! fl[]s 9 appe>ance4#bi ,!re c be no d\bt1 f ! facts giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t ,european dogs det]iorate 9 ,india1 n only 9 _! in/9cts b 9 /ructure2 b ! *anges :i* !y und]go are ( su* a nature1 t !y may be p>tly due to rev]sion to a primitive =m1 z 9 ! case ( f]al animals4 ,9 p>ts ( ,india ! turkey becomes r$uc$ 9 size1 8) ! p5dul\s app5dage ov] ! beak enorm\sly develop$40#cj ,we h se5 h[ soon ! wild duck1 :5 dome/icat$1 loses its true "*1 f ! effects ( abundant or *ang$ food1 or f tak+ little ex]cise4 ,f ! direct action ( a humid climate & poor pa/ure ! horse rapidly decreases 9 size 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,f in=mation :i* ,i h receiv$1 ?is seems likewise to be ! case to a c]ta9 ext5t ) %eep 9 ,au/ralia4 ,climate def9itely influ5ces ! hairy cov]+ ( animals2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies a great *ange is produc$ 9 ! fleece ( %eep1 9 ab\t ?ree g5]ations4 ,dr4 ,falcon] /ates#ca t ! ,?ibet ma/iff & goat1 :5 br\ght d[n f ! ,himalaya to ,ka%mir1 lose _! f9e wool4 ,at ,angora n only goats1 b %eph]d-dogs & cats1 h f9e fleecy hair1 & ,mr4 ,a9swor?#cb attributes ! ?ickness ( ! fleece to ! sev]e w9t]s1 & its silky lu/re to ! hot summ]s4 ,burnes /ates positively#cc t ! ,k>akool %eep lose _! peculi> black curl$ fleeces :5 remov$ into any o!r c\ntry4 ,ev5 )9 ! limits ( ,engl&1 ,i h be5 assur$ t ! wool ( two bre$s ( %eep 0 slightly *ang$ by ! flocks be+ pa/ur$ 9 diff]5t localities4#cd ,x has be5 ass]t$ on good au?ority#ce t horses kept dur+ sev]al ye>s 9 ! deep coal-m9es ( ,belgium become cov]$ ) velvety hair1 almo/ l t on ! mole4 ,^! cases probably /& 9 close relation to ! natural *ange ( coat 9 w9t] & summ]4 ,nak$ v>ieties ( sev]al dome/ic animals h occasionally appe>$2 b !re is no reason to believe t ?is is 9 any way relat$ to ! nature ( ! climate to :i* !y h be5 expos$4#cf ,x appe>s at fir/ sight probable t ! increas$ size1 ! t5d5cy to fatt51 ! e>ly maturity & alt]$ =ms ( our improv$ cattle1 %eep1 & pigs1 h directly result$ f _! abundant supply ( food4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( _m compet5t judges1 & probably is to a great ext5t true4 ,b z f> z =m is conc]n$1 we mu/ n ov]look ! m pot5t influ5ce ( less5$ use on ! limbs & lungs4 ,we see1 moreov]1 z f> z size is conc]n$1 t selection is app>5tly a m p[]ful ag5t ?an a l>ge supply ( food1 = we c ?us only acc\nt = ! exi/5ce1 z rem>k$ to me by ,mr4 ,bly?1 ( ! l>ge/ & smalle/ bre$s ( %eep 9 ! same c\ntry1 ( ,co*9-,*9a f[ls & ,bantams1 ( small ,tumbl] & l>ge ,runt pigeons1 all kept toge!r & suppli$ ) abundant n\ri%m5t4 ,nev]!less !re c be little d\bt t our dome/icat$ animals h be5 modifi$1 indep5d5tly ( ! increas$ or less5$ use ( p>ts1 by ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 )\t ! aid ( selection4 ,= in/ance1 ,pr(4 ,rtimey]#cg %[s t ! bones ( dome/icat$ quadrup$s c be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( wild animals by ! /ate ( _! surface & g5]al appe>ance4 ,x is sc>cely possible to read ,na?usius's excell5t #8,vor/udi5'#ch & d\bt t1 ) ! highly improv$ races ( ! pig1 abundant food has produc$ a conspicu\s effect on ! g5]al =m ( ! body1 on ! bread? ( ! head & face1 & ev5 on ! tee?4 ,na?usius re/s mu* on ! case ( a purely br$ ,b]k%ire pig1 :i* :5 two mon?s old became diseas$ 9 its dige/ive organs1 & 0 pres]v$ = obs]vation until n9ete5 mon?s old2 at ?is age x _h lo/ sev]al *>act]i/ic features ( ! bre$1 & _h acquir$ a long1 n>r[ head1 ( l>ge size relatively to its small body1 & elongat$ legs4 ,b 9 ?is case & 9 "s o!rs we ought n to assume t1 because c]ta9 *>act]s are lo/1 p]haps ?r\gh rev]sion1 "u "o c\rse ( treatm5t1 !re=e t !y 7 at fir/ directly produc$ by an opposite treatm5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! rabbit1 :i* has become f]al on ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo1 we are at fir/ /rongly tempt$ to attribute ! :ole *ange--! greatly r$uc$ size1 ! alt]$ t9ts ( ! fur1 & ! loss ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m>ks--to ! def9ite action ( ! new conditions to :i* x has be5 expos$4 ,b 9 all su* cases we h to consid] 9 addition ! t5d5cy to rev]sion to prog5itors m or less remote1 & ! natural selection ( ! f9e/ %ades ( diff]5ce4 ,! nature ( ! food sometimes ei!r def9itely induces c]ta9 peculi>ities1 or /&s 9 "s close relation ) !m4 ,pallas long ago ass]t$ t ! fat-tail$ %eep ( ,sib]ia deg5]ate & lose _! enorm\s tails :5 remov$ f c]ta9 sal9e pa/ures2 & rec5tly ,erman#ci /ates t ?is occurs ) ! ,kirgisian %eep :5 br\ght to ,or5burgh4 ,x is well kn[n t hemp-se$ causes bullf9*es & c]ta9 o!r birds to become black4 ,mr4 ,wallace has communicat$ to me "s mu* m rem>kable facts ( ! same nature4 ,! natives ( ! ,amazonian region fe$ ! common gre5 p>rot 7,*rysotis fe/iva1 ,l9n47 ) ! fat ( l>ge ,siluroid fi%es1 & ! birds ?us treat$ become beautifully v>iegat$ ) r$ & yell[ fea!rs4 ,9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 ! natives ( ,gilolo alt] 9 an analog\s mann] ! col\rs ( ano!r p>rot1 namely1 ! ,lorius g>rulus1 ,l9n41 & ?us produce ! ,lori rajah or ,k+-,lory4 ,^! p>rots 9 ! ,malay ,isl&s & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :5 f$ by ! natives on natural vegetable food1 su* z rice & pla9ta9s1 reta9 _! prop] col\rs4 ,mr4 ,wallace has1 also1 record$#dj a /ill m s+ul> fact4 8,! ,indians 7( ,s4 ,am]ica7 h a curi\s art by :i* !y *ange ! col\rs ( ! fea!rs ( _m birds4 ,!y pluck out ^? f ! "p !y wi% to pa9t1 & inoculate ! fre% w\nd ) ! milky secretion f ! sk9 ( a small toad4 ,! fea!rs gr[ ( a brilliant yell[ col\r1 & on be+ pluck$ out1 x is said1 gr[ aga9 ( ! same col\r )\t any fre% op]ation40 ,be*/e9#da does n ent]ta9 any d\bt t seclusion f light affects1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 ! col\rs ( cage-birds4 ,x is well kn[n t ! %ells ( l&-mollusca are affect$ by ! abundance ( lime 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire#db gives ! case ( ,helix lactea1 :i* has rec5tly be5 c>ri$ f ,spa9 to ! ,s\? ( ,france & to ! ,rio ,plata1 & 9 bo? c\ntries n[ pres5ts a di/9ct appe>ance1 b :e!r ?is has result$ f food or climate is n kn[n4 ,) respect to ! common oy/]1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,buckl& in=ms me t he c g5]ally di/+ui% ! %ells f diff]5t di/ricts2 "y oy/]s br\ght f ,wales & laid d[n 9 b$s :]e 8natives0 are indig5\s1 9 ! %ort space ( two mon?s beg9 to assume ! 8native0 "*4 ,m4 ,co/a#dc has record$ a mu* m rem>kable case ( ! same nature1 namely1 t "y %ells tak5 f ! %ores ( ,engl& & plac$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 at once alt]$ _! mann] ( gr[? & =m$ prom95t div]g+ rays1 l ^? on ! %ells ( ! prop] ,m$it]ranean oy/]4 ,! same individual %ell1 %[+ bo? =ms ( gr[?1 0 exhibit$ be=e a society 9 ,p>is4 ,la/ly1 x is well kn[n t cat]pill>s f$ on diff]5t food sometimes ei!r !mselves acquire a diff]5t col\r or produce mo?s diff]+ 9 col\r4#dd ,x w\ld be travell+ beyond my prop] limits "h to discuss h[ f> organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature are def9itely modifi$ by *ang$ conditions4 ,9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' ,i h giv5 a brief ab/ract ( ! facts be>+ on ?is po9t1 & h %[n ! influ5ce ( light on ! col\rs ( birds1 & ( resid5ce ne> ! sea on ! lurid t9ts ( insects1 & on ! succul5cy ( plants4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#de has rec5tly discuss$ ) mu* ability ?is :ole subject on g5]al gr\nds4 ,he argues1 = in/ance1 t ) all animals ! ext]nal & int]nal tissues are diff]5tly act$ on by ! surr\nd+ conditions1 & !y inv>iably diff] 9 intimate /ructure4 ,s aga9 ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( true leaves1 z well z ( /ems & petioles1 :5 ^! assume ! function & occupy ! position ( leaves1 are diff]5tly circum/anc$ ) respect to light1 etc41 & app>5tly 9 consequ5ce diff] 9 /ructure4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] admits1 x is mo/ difficult 9 all su* cases to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects ( ! def9ite action ( physical conditions & ! accumulation ?r\gh natural selection ( inh]it$ v>iations :i* are s]viceable to ! organism1 & :i* h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ! def9ite action ( ^! conditions4 ,al?\gh we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! def9ite action ( ! conditions ( life on organisms 9 a /ate ( nature1 ,i may /ate t mu* evid5ce has be5 ga9$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s on ?is subject4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 x has be5 cle>ly prov$1 m especially by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 t1 ) birds1 _m species diff] 9 t9t1 size ( body & ( beak1 & 9 l5g? ( tail1 9 proce$+ f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?2 & x appe>s t ^! diff]5ces mu/ be attribut$ to ! direct action ( temp]ature4#df ,) respect to plants ,i w give a some:at analog\s case3 ,mr4 ,meehan1#dg has comp>$ tw5ty-n9e k9ds ( ,am]ican trees ) _! ne>e/ ,european allies1 all gr[n 9 close proximity & "u z ne>ly z possible ! same conditions4 ,9 ! ,am]ican species he f9ds1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 t ! leaves fall e>li] 9 ! season1 & assume be=e _! fall a bright] t9t2 t !y are less deeply too!d or s]rat$2 t ! buds are small]2 t ! trees are m diffuse 9 gr[? & h few] bran*lets2 &1 la/ly1 t ! se$s are small]--all 9 comp>ison ) ! correspond+ ,european species4 ,n[ consid]+ t ^! correspond+ trees belong to sev]al di/9ct ord]s1 & t !y are adapt$ to widely diff]5t /ations1 x c h>dly be suppos$ t _! diff]5ces are ( any special s]vice to !m 9 ! ,new & ,old worlds2 & if s su* diff]5ces _c h be5 ga9$ ?r\gh natural selection1 & mu/ be attribut$ to ! long cont9u$ action ( a diff]5t climate4 ,galls4--,ano!r class ( facts1 n relat+ to cultivat$ plants1 des]ves att5tion4 ,i allude to ! production ( galls4 ,e "o kn[s ! curi\s1 bright-r$1 hairy productions on ! wild rose-tree1 & ! v>i\s diff]5t galls produc$ by ! oak4 ,"s ( ! latt] resemble fruit1 ) "o face z rosy z ! rosie/ apple4 ,^! bright col\rs c be ( no s]vice ei!r to ! gall-=m+ insect or to ! tree1 & probably are ! direct result ( ! action ( ! light1 9 ! same mann] z ! apples ( ,nova ,scotia or ,canada are bright] col\r$ ?an ,engli% apples4 ,accord+ to ,o/5 ,sack5's late/ revision1 no less ?an fifty-eight k9ds ( galls are produc$ on ! sev]al species ( oak1 by ,cynips ) its sub-g5]a2 & ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wal%#dh /ates t he c add _m o!rs to ! li/4 ,"o ,am]ican species ( will[1 ! ,salix humilis1 be>s t5 di/9ct k9ds ( galls4 ,! leaves :i* spr+ f ! galls ( v>i\s ,engli% will[s diff] completely 9 %ape f ! natural leaves4 ,! "y %oots ( junip]s & firs1 :5 punctur$ by c]ta9 insects1 yield mon/r\s gr[?s resembl+ fl[]s & fir-cones2 & ! fl[]s ( "s plants become f ! same cause :olly *ang$ 9 appe>ance4 ,galls are produc$ 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w2 ( sev]al s5t to me by ,mr4 ,?waites f ,ceylon1 "s 7 z symmetrical z a composite fl[] :5 9 bud1 o!rs smoo? & sph]ical l a b]ry2 "s protect$ by long sp9es1 o!rs clo!d ) yell[ wool =m$ ( long cellul> hairs1 o!rs ) regul>ly tuft$ hairs4 ,9 "s galls ! int]nal /ructure is simple1 b 9 o!rs x is highly complex2 ?us ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s#di has figur$ 9 ! common ink-gall no less ?an sev5 conc5tric lay]s1 compos$ ( di/9ct tissue1 namely1 ! epid]mic1 sub-epid]mic1 spongy1 int]m$iate1 & ! h>d protective lay] =m$ ( curi\sly ?ick5$ woody cells1 &1 la/ly1 ! c5tral mass1 ab\nd+ ) />*-granules on :i* ! l>v fe$4 ,galls are produc$ by insects ( v>i\s ord]s1 b ! great] numb] by species ( ,cynips4 ,x is impossible to read ,m4 ,lacaze-,du?i]s' discussion & d\bt t ! poison\s secretion ( ! insect causes ! gr[? ( ! gall2 & e "o kn[s h[ virul5t is ! poison secret$ by wasps & bees1 :i* belong to ! same gr\p ) ,cynips4 ,galls gr[ ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & x is said t !y atta9 _! full size 9 a few days2#ej x is c]ta9 t !y are almo/ completely develop$ be=e ! l>vae are hat*$4 ,consid]+ t _m gall-insects are extremely small1 ! drop ( secret$ poison mu/ be excessively m9ute2 x probably acts on "o or two cells alone1 :i*1 be+ abnormally /imulat$1 rapidly increase by a process ( self-division4 ,galls1 z ,mr4 ,wal%#ea rem>ks1 af=d good1 con/ant1 & def9ite *>act]s1 ea* k9d keep+ z true to =m z does any indep5d5t organic be+4 ,?is fact becomes /ill m rem>kable :5 we he> t1 = in/ance1 sev5 out ( ! t5 diff]5t k9ds ( galls produc$ on ,salix humilis are =m$ by gall-gnats 7,cecidomyid7 :i* 8?\gh ess5tially di/9ct species1 yet resemble "o ano!r s closely t 9 almo/ all cases x is difficult1 & 9 mo/ cases impossible1 to di/+ui% ! full-gr[n insects "o f ! o!r40#eb ,= 9 accordance ) a wide-spread analogy we may safely inf] t ! poison secret$ by insects s closely alli$ w\ld n diff] mu* 9 nature2 yet ?is slight diff]5ce is suffici5t to induce widely diff]5t results4 ,9 "s few cases ! same species ( gall-gnat produces on di/9ct species ( will[s galls :i* _c be di/+ui%$2 ! ,cynips fecundatrix1 also1 has be5 kn[n to produce on ! ,turki% oak1 to :i* x is n prop]ly atta*$1 exactly ! same k9d ( gall z on ! ,european oak4#ec ,^! latt] facts app>5tly prove t ! nature ( ! poison is a m p[]ful ag5t 9 det]m9+ ! =m ( ! gall ?an ! specific "* ( ! tree :i* is act$ on4 ,z ! poison\s secretion ( insects belong+ to v>i\s ord]s has ! special p[] ( affect+ ! gr[? ( v>i\s plants2 z a slight diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! poison suffices to produce widely diff]5t results2 & la/ly1 z we "k t ! *emical comp\nds secret$ by plants are em95tly liable to be modifi$ by *ang$ conditions ( life1 we may believe x possible t v>i\s p>ts ( a plant might be modifi$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( its own alt]$ secretions4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! mossy & viscid calyx ( a moss-rose1 :i* sudd5ly appe>s ?r\gh bud-v>iation on a ,prov5ce-rose1 ) ! gall ( r$ moss gr[+ f ! inoculat$ leaf ( a wild rose1 ) ea* filam5t symmetrically bran*$ l a microscopical spruce-fir1 be>+ a gl&ul> tip & secret+ odorif]\s gummy matt]4#ed ,or comp>e1 on ! "o h&1 ! fruit ( ! pea*1 ) its hairy sk91 fle%y cov]+1 h>d %ell & k]nel1 & on ! o!r h& "o ( ! m complex galls ) its epid]mic1 spongy1 & woody lay]s1 surr\nd+ tissue load$ ) />* granules4 ,^! normal & abnormal /ructures manife/ly pres5t a c]ta9 degree ( resemblance4 ,or1 aga91 reflect on ! cases above giv5 ( p>rots :i* h _h _! plumage brightly decorat$ ?r\gh "s *ange 9 _! blood1 caus$ by hav+ be5 f$ on c]ta9 fi%es1 or locally inoculat$ ) ! poison ( a toad4 ,i am f> f wi%+ to ma9ta9 t ! moss-rose or ! h>d %ell ( ! pea*-/one or ! bright col\rs ( birds are actually due to any *emical *ange 9 ! sap or blood2 b ^! cases ( galls & ( p>rots are excell5tly adapt$ to %[ u h[ p[]fully & s+ul>ly ext]nal ag5cies may affect /ructure4 ,) su* facts be=e u1 we ne$ feel no surprise at ! appe>ance ( any modification 9 any organic be+4 ,i may1 also1 "h allude to ! rem>kable effects :i* p>asitic fungi sometimes produce on plants4 ,reissek#ee has describ$ a ,!sium1 affect$ by an cidium1 :i* 0 greatly modifi$1 & assum$ "s ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( c]ta9 alli$ species1 or ev5 g5]a4 ,suppose1 says ,reissek1 8! condition orig9ally caus$ by ! fungus to become con/ant 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! plant w\ld1 if f\nd gr[+ wild1 be consid]$ z a di/9ct species or ev5 z belong+ to a new g5us40 ,i quote ?is rem>k to %[ h[ pr(\ndly1 yet 9 h[ natural a mann]1 ?is plant mu/ h be5 modifi$ by ! p>asitic fungus4 ,mr4 ,meehan#ef also /ates t ?ree species ( ,euphorbia & ,portulaca ol]eacea1 :i* naturally gr[ pro/rate1 become erect :5 !y are attack$ by ! cidium4 ,euphorbia maculata 9 ?is case also becomes nodose1 ) ! bran*lets comp>atively smoo? & ! leaves modifi$ 9 %ape1 approa*+ 9 ^! respects to a di/9ct species1 namely1 ! ,e4 hyp]icifolia4 ,facts & ,consid]ations oppos$ to ! belief t ! ,conditions ( ,life act 9 a pot5t mann] 9 caus+ def9ite ,modifications ( ,/ructure ,i h allud$ to ! slight diff]5ces 9 species naturally liv+ 9 di/9ct c\ntries "u diff]5t conditions2 & su* diff]5ces we feel at fir/ incl9$ to attribute1 probably (t5 ) ju/ice1 to ! def9ite action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !re exi/ _m animals & plants :i* range widely & h be5 expos$ to great div]sities ( climate1 yet rema9 uni=m 9 "*4 ,"s au?ors1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 acc\nt = ! v>ieties ( our cul9>y & agricultural plants by ! def9ite action ( ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 expos$ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita92 b !re are ab\t #bjj plants#eg :i* are f\nd 9 e s+le ,engli% c\nty2 & ^! plants mu/ h be5 expos$ = an imm5se p]iod to consid]able diff]5ces ( climate & soil1 yet d n diff]4 ,s1 aga91 "s animals & plants range ov] a l>ge portion ( ! _w1 yet reta9 ! same "*4 ,not)/&+ ! facts previ\sly giv5 on ! occurr5ce ( highly peculi> local diseases & on ! /range modifications ( /ructure 9 plants caus$ by ! inoculat$ poison ( insects1 & o!r analog\s cases2 /ill !re are a multitude ( v>iations--su* z ! modifi$ skull ( ! niata ox & bulldog1 ! long horns ( ,caffre cattle1 ! conjo9$ toes ( ! solid-ho($ sw9e1 ! imm5se cre/ & protub]ant skull ( ,poli% f[ls1 ! crop ( ! p\t]-pigeon1 & a ho/ ( o!r su* cases--:i* we c h>dly attribute to ! def9ite action1 9 ! s5se be=e specifi$1 ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life4 ,no d\bt 9 e case !re mu/ h be5 "s excit+ cause2 b z we see innum]able individuals expos$ to ne>ly ! same conditions1 & "o alone is affect$1 we may conclude t ! con/itution ( ! individual is ( f> high] importance ?an ! conditions to :i* x has be5 expos$4 ,x seems1 inde$1 to be a g5]al rule t conspicu\s v>iations occur r>ely1 & 9 "o individual alone out ( millions1 ?\gh all may h be5 expos$1 z f> z we c judge1 to ne>ly ! same conditions4 ,z ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ v>iations graduate ins5sibly into ! mo/ trifl+1 we are l$ by ! same tra9 ( ?\ght to attribute ea* slight v>iation mu* m to innate diff]5ces ( con/itution1 h[ev] caus$1 ?an to ! def9ite action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion by consid]+ ! cases1 =m]ly allud$ to1 ( f[ls & pigeons1 :i* h v>i$ & w no d\bt g on v>y+ 9 directly opposite ways1 ?\gh kept dur+ _m g5]ations "u ne>ly ! same conditions4 ,"s1 = in/ance1 are born ) _! beaks1 w+s1 tails1 legs1 etc41 a little long]1 & o!rs ) ^! same p>ts a little %ort]4 ,by ! long-cont9u$ selection ( su* slight individual diff]5ces :i* occur 9 birds kept 9 ! same avi>y1 widely diff]5t races c\ld c]ta9ly be =m$2 & long-cont9u$ selection1 important z is ! result1 does no?+ b pres]ve ! v>iations :i* arise1 z x appe>s to u1 spontane\sly4 ,9 ^! cases we see t dome/icat$ animals v>y 9 an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul>s1 ?\gh treat$ z uni=mly z is possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are in/ances ( animals & plants1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h be5 expos$ to v diff]5t conditions1 bo? "u nature & dome/ication1 h v>i$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann]4 ,mr4 ,lay>d in=ms me t he has obs]v$ among/ ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa a dog s+ul>ly l an arctic ,esquimaux dog4 ,pigeons 9 ,india pres5t ne>ly ! same wide div]sities ( col\r z 9 ,europe2 & ,i h se5 *equ]$ & simply b>r$ pigeons1 & pigeons ) blue & :ite lo9s1 f ,si]ra ,leone1 ,madeira1 ,engl&1 & ,india4 ,new v>ieties ( fl[]s are cont9ually rais$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 b _m ( ^! are f\nd by ! judges at our exhibitions to be almo/ id5tical ) old v>ieties4 ,a va/ numb] ( new fruit-trees & cul9>y vegetables h be5 produc$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica3 ^! diff] f ,european v>ieties 9 ! same g5]al mann] z ! sev]al v>ieties rais$ 9 ,europe diff] f "o ano!r2 & no "o has ev] pret5d$ t ! climate ( ,am]ica has giv5 to ! _m ,am]ican v>ieties any g5]al "* by :i* !y c be recognis$4 ,nev]!less1 f ! facts previ\sly advanc$ on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,meehan ) respect to ,am]ican & ,european =e/-trees x w\ld be ra% to affirm t v>ieties rais$ 9 ! two c\ntries w\ld n 9 ! c\rse ( ages assume a di/9ctive "*4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,ma/]s has record$ a /rik+ fact#eh be>+ on ?is subject3 he rais$ num]\s plants ( ,hybiscus syriacus f se$ collect$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ! ,holy ,l&1 :]e ! p>5t-plants mu/ h be5 expos$ to consid]ably diff]5t conditions2 yet ! se$l+s f bo? localities broke into two simil> /ra9s1 "o ) obtuse leaves & purple or crimson fl[]s1 & ! o!r ) elongat$ leaves & m or less p9k fl[]s4 ,we may1 also1 inf] ! prepot5t influ5ce ( ! con/itution ( ! organism ov] ! def9ite action ( ! conditions ( life1 f ! sev]al cases giv5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( p>allel s]ies ( v>ieties1--an important subject1 h]eaft] to be m fully discuss$4 ,sub-v>ieties ( ! sev]al k9ds ( :eat1 g\rds1 pea*es1 & o!r plants1 & to a limit$ ext5t sub-v>ieties ( ! f[l1 pigeon1 & dog1 h be5 %[n ei!r to resemble or to diff] f "o ano!r 9 a closely correspond+ or p>allel mann]4 ,9 o!r cases1 a v>iety ( "o species resembles a di/9ct species2 or ! v>ieties ( two di/9ct species resemble "o ano!r4 ,al?\gh ^! p>allel resemblances no d\bt (t5 result f rev]sion to ! =m] *>act]s ( a common prog5itor2 yet 9 o!r cases1 :5 new *>act]s fir/ appe>1 ! resemblance mu/ be attribut$ to ! inh]itance ( a simil> con/itution1 & consequ5tly to a t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,we see some?+ ( a simil> k9d 9 ! same mon/rosity appe>+ & reappe>+ _m times 9 ! same species ( animal1 &1 z ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s has rem>k$ to me1 9 ! same species ( plant4 ,we may at lea/ conclude1 t ! am\nt ( modification :i* animals & plants h und]gone "u dome/ication does n correspond ) ! degree to :i* !y h be5 subject$ to *ang$ circum/ances4 ,z we "k ! p>5tage ( dome/icat$ birds f> bett] ?an ( mo/ quadrup$s1 we w glance ?r\gh ! li/4 ,! pigeon has v>i$ 9 ,europe m ?an almo/ any o!r bird2 yet x is a native species1 & has n be5 expos$ to any extraord9>y *ange ( conditions4 ,! f[l has v>i$ equally1 or almo/ equally1 ) ! pigeon1 & is a native ( ! hot jungles ( ,india4 ,nei!r ! peacock1 a native ( ! same c\ntry1 nor ! gu9ea-f[l1 an inhabitant ( ! dry des]ts ( ,africa1 has v>i$ at all1 or only 9 col\r4 ,! turkey1 f ,mexico1 has v>i$ b little4 ,! duck1 on ! o!r h&1 a native ( ,europe1 has yield$ "s well-m>k$ races2 & z ?is is an aquatic bird1 x mu/ h be5 subject$ to a f> m s]i\s *ange 9 its habits ?an ! pigeon or ev5 ! f[l1 :i* nev]!less h v>i$ 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,! goose1 a native ( ,europe & aquatic l ! duck1 has v>i$ less ?an any o!r dome/icat$ bird1 except ! peacock4 ,bud-v>iation is1 also1 important "u our pres5t po9t ( view1 9 "s few cases1 z :5 all ! eyes on ! same tub] ( ! potato1 or all ! fruit on ! same plum-tree1 or all ! fl[]s on ! same plant1 h sudd5ly v>i$ 9 ! same mann]1 x might be argu$ t ! v>iation _h be5 def9itely caus$ by "s *ange 9 ! conditions to :i* ! plants _h be5 expos$2 yet1 9 o!r cases1 su* an admission is extremely difficult4 ,z new *>act]s sometimes appe> by bud-v>iation1 :i* d n occur 9 ! p>5t-species or 9 any alli$ species1 we may reject1 at lea/ 9 ^! cases1 ! idea t !y are due to rev]sion4 ,n[ x is well wor? :ile to reflect maturely on "s /rik+ case ( bud-v>iation1 = in/ance t ( ! pea*4 ,?is tree has be5 cultivat$ by ! million 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 has be5 treat$ diff]5tly1 gr[n on its own roots & graft$ on v>i\s /ocks1 plant$ z a /&>d1 tra9$ aga9/ a wall1 or "u glass2 yet ea* bud ( ea* sub-v>iety keeps true to its k9d4 ,b occasionally1 at long int]vals ( "t1 a tree 9 ,engl&1 or "u ! widely diff]5t climate ( ,virg9ia1 produces a s+le bud1 & ?is yields a bran* :i* ev] aft]w>ds be>s nect>9es4 ,nect>9es diff]1 z e "o kn[s1 f pea*es 9 _! smoo?ness1 size1 & flav\r2 & ! diff]5ce is s great t "s botani/s h ma9ta9$ t !y are specifically di/9ct4 ,s p]man5t are ! *>act]s ?us sudd5ly acquir$1 t a nect>9e produc$ by bud-v>iation has propagat$ itself by se$4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! supposition t !re is "s fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 bud & sem9al v>iation1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t nect>9es h likewise be5 produc$ f ! /one ( ! pea*2 &1 rev]sely1 pea*es f ! /one ( ! nect>9e4 ,n[ is x possible to conceive ext]nal conditions m closely alike ?an ^? to :i* ! buds on ! same tree are expos$8 ,yet "o bud alone1 out ( ! _m ?\s&s borne by ! same tree1 has sudd5ly1 )\t any app>5t cause1 produc$ a nect>9e4 ,b ! case is ev5 /rong] ?an ?is1 = ! same fl[]-bud has yield$ a fruit1 "o-half or "o-qu>t] a nect>9e1 & ! o!r half or ?ree-qu>t]s a pea*4 ,aga91 sev5 or eight v>ieties ( ! pea* h yield$ by bud-v>iation nect>9es3 ! nect>9es ?us produc$1 no d\bt1 diff] a little f "o ano!r2 b /ill !y are nect>9es4 ,( c\rse !re mu/ be "s cause1 int]nal or ext]nal1 to excite ! pea*-bud to *ange its nature2 b ,i _c imag9e a class ( facts bett] adapt$ to =ce on our m9ds ! conviction t :at we call ! ext]nal conditions ( life are 9 _m cases q insignificant 9 relation to any p>ticul> v>iation1 9 comp>ison ) ! organisation or con/itution ( ! be+ :i* v>ies4 ,x is kn[n f ! lab\rs ( ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 & rec5tly f ^? ( ,d>e/e & o!rs1 t eggs ( ! f[l1 if %ak51 plac$ upright1 p]=at$1 cov]$ 9 "p ) v>ni%1 etc41 produce mon/r\s *ick5s4 ,n[ ^! mon/rosities may be said to be directly caus$ by su* unnatural conditions1 b ! modifications ?us induc$ are n ( a def9ite nature4 ,an excell5t obs]v]1 ,m4 ,camille ,d>e/e1#ei rem>ks 8t ! v>i\s species ( mon/rosities are n det]m9$ by specific causes2 ! ext]nal ag5cies :i* modify ! developm5t ( ! embryo act solely 9 caus+ a p]turbation--a p]v]sion 9 ! normal c\rse ( developm5t40 ,he comp>es ! result to :at we see 9 illness3 a sudd5 *ill1 = in/ance1 affects "o individual alone out ( _m1 caus+ ei!r a cold1 or sore-?roat1 rheumatism1 or inflammation ( ! lungs or pleura4 ,contagi\s matt] acts 9 an analog\s mann]4#fj ,we may take a /ill m specific in/ance3 sev5 pigeons 7 /ruck by rattle-snakes3#fa "s suff]$ f convulsions2 "s _h _! blood coagulat$1 9 o!rs x 0 p]fectly fluid2 "s %[$ ec*ymos$ spots on ! he>t1 o!rs on ! inte/9es1 etc42 o!rs aga9 %[$ no visible lesion 9 any organ4 ,x is well kn[n t excess 9 dr9k+ causes diff]5t diseases 9 diff]5t m52 b 9 ! tropics ! effects ( intemp]ance diff] f ^? caus$ 9 a cold climate2#fb & 9 ?is case we see ! def9ite influ5ce ( opposite conditions4 ,! =ego+ facts app>5tly give u z good an idea z we are likely = a long "t to obta91 h[ 9 _m cases ext]nal conditions act directly1 ?\gh n def9itely1 9 caus+ modifications ( /ructure4 ,summ>y4--,!re c be no d\bt1 f ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 t extremely slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life sometimes1 probably (t51 act 9 a def9ite mann] on our dome/icat$ productions2 &1 z ! action ( *ang$ conditions 9 caus+ indef9ite v>iability is accumulative1 s x may be ) _! def9ite action4 ,h5ce consid]able & def9ite modifications ( /ructure probably foll[ f alt]$ conditions act+ dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,9 "s few in/ances a m>k$ effect has be5 produc$ quickly on all1 or ne>ly all1 ! individuals :i* h be5 expos$ to a m>k$ *ange ( climate1 food1 or o!r circum/ance4 ,?is has occurr$ ) ,european m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,european dogs 9 ,india1 ) horses 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 app>5tly ) v>i\s animals at ,angora1 ) =eign oy/]s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ) maize transport$ f "o climate to ano!r4 ,we h se5 t ! *emical comp\nds ( "s plants & ! /ate ( _! tissues are readily affect$ by *ang$ conditions4 ,a relation app>5tly exi/s betwe5 c]ta9 *>act]s & c]ta9 conditions1 s t if ! latt] be *ang$ ! "* is lo/--z ) ! col\rs ( fl[]s1 ! /ate ( "s cul9>y plants1 ! fruit ( ! melon1 ! tail ( fat-tail$ %eep1 & ! peculi> fleeces ( o!r %eep4 ,! production ( galls1 & ! *ange ( plumage 9 p>rots :5 f$ on peculi> food or :5 inoculat$ by ! poison ( a toad1 prove to u :at great & my/]i\s *anges 9 /ructure & col\r1 may be ! def9ite result ( *emical *anges 9 ! nutri5t fluids or tissues4 ,we n[ almo/ c]ta9ly "k t organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature may be modifi$ 9 v>i\s def9ite ways by ! conditions to :i* !y h be5 long expos$1 z 9 ! case ( ! birds & o!r animals 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ,am]ican trees 9 comp>ison ) _! repres5tatives 9 ,europe4 ,b 9 _m cases x is mo/ difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! def9ite result ( *ang$ conditions1 & ! accumulation ?r\gh natural selection ( indef9ite v>iations :i* h prov$ s]viceable4 ,if x pr(it$ a plant to inhabit a humid in/ead ( an arid /ation1 a fitt+ *ange 9 its con/itution might possibly result f ! direct action ( ! environm5t1 ?\gh we h no gr\nds = believ+ t v>iations ( ! "r k9d w\ld occur m frequ5tly ) plants inhabit+ a /ation a little m humid ?an usual1 ?an ) o!r plants4 ,:e!r ! /ation 0 unusually dry or humid1 v>iations adapt+ ! plant 9 a slight degree = directly opposite habits ( life w\ld occasionally arise1 z we h good reason to believe f :at we actually see 9 o!r cases4 ,! organisation or con/itution ( ! be+ :i* is act$ on1 is g5]ally a mu* m important elem5t ?an ! nature ( ! *ang$ conditions1 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! v>iation4 ,we h evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! appe>ance ( ne>ly simil> modifications "u diff]5t conditions1 & ( diff]5t modifications "u app>5tly ne>ly ! same conditions4 ,we h /ill bett] evid5ce ( ?is 9 closely p>allel v>ieties be+ frequ5tly produc$ f di/9ct races1 or ev5 di/9ct species2 & 9 ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! same mon/rosity 9 ! same species4 ,we h also se5 t ! degree to :i* dome/icat$ birds h v>i$1 does n /& 9 any close relation ) ! am\nt ( *ange to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,to recur once aga9 to bud-v>iations4 ,:5 we reflect on ! millions ( buds :i* _m trees h produc$1 be=e "s "o bud has v>i$1 we are lo/ 9 wond] z to :at ! precise cause ( ea* v>iation c be4 ,let u recall ! case giv5 by ,&rew ,knight ( ! =ty-ye>-old tree ( ! yell[ magnum bonum plum1 an old v>iety :i* has be5 propagat$ by grafts on v>i\s /ocks = a v long p]iod ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & on :i* a s+le bud sudd5ly produc$ ! r$ magnum bonum4 ,we %\ld also be> 9 m9d t di/9ct v>ieties1 & ev5 di/9ct species1--z 9 ! case ( pea*es1 nect>9es1 & apricots1--( c]ta9 roses & camellias1--al?\gh sep>at$ by a va/ numb] ( g5]ations f any prog5itor 9 common1 & al?\gh cultivat$ "u div]sifi$ conditions1 h yield$ by bud-v>iation closely analog\s v>ieties4 ,:5 we reflect on ^! facts we become deeply impress$ ) ! conviction t 9 su* cases ! nature ( ! v>iation dep5ds b little on ! conditions to :i* ! plant has be5 expos$1 & n 9 any especial mann] on its individual "*1 b mu* m on ! inh]it$ nature or con/itution ( ! :ole gr\p ( alli$ be+s to :i* ! plant 9 "q belongs4 ,we are ?us driv5 to conclude t 9 mo/ cases ! conditions ( life play a subord9ate "p 9 caus+ any p>ticul> modification2 l t :i* a sp>k plays1 :5 a mass ( combu/ibles bur/s into flame--! nature ( ! flame dep5d+ on ! combu/ible matt]1 & n on ! sp>k4#fc ,no d\bt ea* slight v>iation mu/ h its effici5t cause2 b x is z hopeless an attempt to discov] ! cause ( ea*1 z to say :y a *ill or a poison affects "o man diff]5tly f ano!r4 ,ev5 ) modifications result+ f ! def9ite action ( ! conditions ( life1 :5 all or ne>ly all ! individuals1 :i* h be5 simil>ly expos$1 are simil>ly affect$1 we c r>ely see ! precise relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,9 ! next *apt] x w be %[n t ! increas$ use or disuse ( v>i\s organs produces an inh]it$ effect4 ,x w fur!r be se5 t c]ta9 v>iations are b\nd toge!r by correlation z well z by o!r laws4 ,beyond ?is we _c at pres5t expla9 ei!r ! causes or nature ( ! v>iability ( organic be+s4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,isolirung auf die ,artbildung1' #ahgb4 #b #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahec1 p4 #ahc4 #c ,mr4 ,wildman1 #8,floricultural ,soc41' ,feb4 #g?1 #ahdc1 report$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hf4 #d ,mr4 ,robson1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #ac?1 #ahff1 p4 #abb4 #e #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #bd4 #f ,ibid41 #ahfb1 p4 #hc4 #g #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #ffj4 #h ,ibid41 #ahfc1 p4 #fbh4 #i #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahfa1 pp4 #fd1 #cji4 #aj #8,des ,v>its1' etc41 p4 #gf4 #aa ,engel1 #8,sur les ,prop4 ,mdicales des ,plantes1' #ahfj1 pp4 #aj1 #be4 ,on *anges 9 ! od\rs ( plants1 see ,dalib]t's ,exp]im5ts quot$ by ,beckman1 #8,inv5tions1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cdd2 & ,nees1 9 ,f]ussac1 #8,bull4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #ahbd1 tom4 i4 p4 #fj4 ,) respect to ! rhub>b1 etc41 see also #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #cee2 #ahfb1 p4 #aabc4 #ab ,hook]1 #8,flora ,indica1' p4 #cb4 #ac ,naud91 #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #d? s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 xi41 #ahei1 p4 #ha4 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahei1 p4 #dfd4 #ad ,moorcr(t's #8,travels1' etc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #adc4 #ae #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #aaac4 #af ,royle1 #8,productive ,res\rces ( ,india1' p4 #ei4 #ag #8,p]sonal ,n>rative1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 v4 p4 #aja4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 confirm$ by ,k>/5 7#8,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,rhyn*oprion1' ,mosc[1 #ahfd1 s4 #ci71 & by o!rs4 #ah #8,organic ,*emi/ry1' ,eng4 translat41 #a/ edit41 p4 #cfi4 #ai ,pri*>d1 #8,phys4 ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' #ahea1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee4 #bj ,d>w91 #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #dcd4 #ba ,^! /atem5ts on disease are tak5 f ,dr4 ,b\d9's #8,gographie et ,/ati/ique ,mdicale1' #aheg1 tom4 i4 pp4 xliv4 & lii42 tom4 ii4 p4 #cae4 #bb #8,ceylon1' by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,t5n5t1 vol4 i41 #ahei1 p4 #hi4 #bc ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #eb4 #bd #8,j\rnal ( ,horticultural ,soc41' vol4 vii41 #aheb1 p4 #aag4 #be #8,j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #afj4 #bf ,see ,lecoq1 on ! ,villosity ( ,plants1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' tom4 iii4 pp4 #bhg1 #bia2 ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]z41' s4 #bfa2 ,mr4 ,ma/]s on ! ,opuntia1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdf1 p4 #ddd4 #bg #8,pom4 ,phys41' p4 #acf4 #bh #8,amplographie1' #ahdi1 p4 #ai4 #bi ,grtn]1 #8,ba/>d]z41' s4 #fjf1 has collect$ ne>ly all record$ facts4 ,&rew ,knight 79 #8,transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #afj7 goes s f> z to ma9ta9 t few v>ieties are absolutely p]man5t 9 "* :5 propagat$ by buds or grafts4 #cj ,mr4 ,bly?1 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx4 #ahdg1 p4 #cia4 #ca #8,natural ,hi/ory ,review1' #ahfb1 p4 #aac4 #cb #8,j\rnal ( ,roy4 ,geographical ,soc41' vol4 ix41 #ahci1 p4 #bge4 #cc #8,travels 9 ,bokh>a1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aea4 #cd ,see also1 on ! influ5ce ( m>%y pa/ures on ! wool1 ,godron1 #8,l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #bb4 #ce ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #dch4 #cf ,az>a has made "s good rem>ks on ?is subject1 #8,quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ccg4 ,see an acc\nt ( a family ( nak$ mice produc$ 9 ,engl&1 #8,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahef1 p4 #ch4 #cg #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #ae4 #ch #8,s*we9es*del1' #ahfd1 s4 #ii4 #ci #8,travels 9 ,sib]ia1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 #dj ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 #8,travels on ! ,amazon & ,rio ,negro1' p4 #bid4 #da #8,naturges*i*te d] ,/ub5vgel1' #ahdj1 s4 #bfb1 #cjh4 #db #8,hi/4 ,nat ,gn41' tom4 iii4 p4 #djb4 #dc #8,bull4 de ,la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii4 p4 #cea4 #dd ,see an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,gregson's exp]im5ts on ! ,abraxus grossul>iata1 #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc41' ,jan4 #f?1 #ahfb3 ^! exp]im5ts h be5 confirm$ by ,mr4 ,gre5+1 9 #8,proc4 ( ! ,nor!rn ,entomolog4 ,soc41' ,july #bh?1 #ahfb4 ,= ! effects ( food on cat]pill>s1 see a curi\s acc\nt by ,m4 ,mi*ely 9 #8,bull4 ,de ,la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii4 p4 #efc4 ,= analog\s facts f ,dahlbom on ,hym5opt]a1 see ,we/wood's #8,mod]n ,class4 ( ,insects1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ih4 ,see also ,dr4 ,l4 ,moll] #8,die ,abhngigkeit d] ,insect51' #ahfg1 s4 #gj4 #de #8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 ii41 #ahff4 ,! pres5t *apt]s 7 writt5 be=e ,i _h read ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s "w1 s t ,i h n be5 able to make s mu* use ( x z ,i %\ld o!rwise probably h done47 #df ,pr(essor ,weismann comes to ! same conclusion ) respect to c]ta9 ,european butt]flies 9 8 valuable essay1 #8,ueb] d5 ,saison-,dimorphismus1' #ahge4 ,i might also ref] to ! rec5t works ( sev]al o!r au?ors on ! pres5t subject2 = in/ance to ,k]n]'s #8,gute und s*le*te ,art51' #ahff4 #dg #8,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,soc4 ( ,philadelphia1' ,jan4 #bh?1 #ahfb4 #dh ,see ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wal%'s excell5t pap]s 9 #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc4 ,philadelphia1' ,dec4 #ahff11 p4 #bhd4 ,) respect to ! will[1 see ibid41 #ahfd4 p4 #edf4 #di ,see 8 admirable #8,hi/oire des ,galles' 9 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,bot4' #crd s]ies tom4 #ai #ahec p4 #bgc47 #ej ,kirby & ,sp5ce's #8,entomology1' #ahah1 vol4 i4 p4 #dej2 ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 ibid41 p4 #bhd4 #ea #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc4 ,philadelphia1' #ahfd1 p4 #eeh4 #eb ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wal%1 ibid41 p4 #fcc1 & ,dec4 #ahff1 p4 #bge4 #ec ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wal%1 ibid41 #ahfd1 pp4 #ede1 #daa1 #die2 & ,dec4 #ahff1 p4 #bgh4 ,see also ,lacaze-,du?i]s4 #ed ,lacaze-,du?i]s1 ibid41 pp4 #cbe1 #cbh4 #ee #8,l9na1' vol4 xvii4 #ahdc2 quot$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,ma/]s1 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #af?1 #ahfj4 #ef #8,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sc41 ,philadelphia1' ,june #af?1 #ahgd1 & ,july #bcrd1 #ahge4 #eg ,hewett ,c4 ,watson #8,cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i41 #ahdg1 p4 #aa4 #eh #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #fbi4 #ei #8,mmoire sur la ,production ,artificielle des ,mon/ruosits1' #ahfb1 pp4 #h-ab2 #8,re*]*es sur les ,conditions1 etc41 *ez les ,mon/res1' #ahfc1 p4 #f4 ,an ab/ract is giv5 ( ,ge(froy's ,exp]im5ts by 8 son1 9 8 #8,vie1 ,travaux1' etc41 #ahdg1 p4 #bij4 #fj ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhc4 #fa #8,rese>*es ^u ! ,v5om ( ! ,rattle-snake1' ,jan4 #ahfa1 by ,dr4 ,mit*ell1 p4 #fg4 #fb ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 9 #8,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,july #ahfc1 p4 #age4 #fc ,pr(essor ,weismann argues /rongly 9 fav\r ( ?is view 9 8 #8,saison-,dimorphismus d] ,s*mett]l+e1' #ahge1 pp4 #dj-dc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation--,,use ,,& ,,disuse1 ,,etc4 ,,nisus ,,=mativus1 ,,or ,,! ,,co-,,ord9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,organisation--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,increas$ ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,( ,,organs--,,*ang$ ,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,acclimatisation ,,) ,,animals ,,& ,,plants--,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,by ,,:i* ,,?is ,,c ,,be ,,effect$--,,arre/s ,,( ,,developm5t--,,rudim5t>y ,,organs4 ,9 ?is & ! two foll[+ *apt]s ,i %all discuss1 z well z ! difficulty ( ! subject p]mits1 ! sev]al laws :i* gov]n ,v>iability4 ,^! may be gr\p$ "u ! effects ( use & disuse1 includ+ *ang$ habits & acclimatisation--arre/ ( developm5t--correlat$ v>iation--! cohesion ( homolog\s p>ts-! v>iability ( multiple p>ts--comp5sation ( gr[?--! position ( buds ) respect to ! axis ( ! plant--& la/ly1 analog\s v>iation4 ,^! sev]al subjects s graduate into "o ano!r t _! di/9ction is (t5 arbitr>y4 ,x may be conv5i5t fir/ briefly to discuss t coord9at+ & rep>ative p[] :i* is common1 9 a high] or l[] degree1 to all organic be+s1 & :i* 0 =m]ly designat$ by physiologi/s z nisus =mativus4 ,blum5ba* & o!rs#a h insi/$ t ! pr9ciple :i* p]mits a ,hydra1 :5 cut into fragm5ts1 to develop itself into two or m p]fect animals1 is ! same ) t :i* causes a w\nd 9 ! high] animals to heal by a cicatrice4 ,su* cases z t ( ! ,hydra are evid5tly analog\s to ! spontane\s division or fissip>\s g5]ation ( ! l[e/ animals1 & likewise to ! budd+ ( plants4 ,betwe5 ^! extreme cases & t ( a m]e cicatrice we h e gradation4 ,spallanzani#b by cutt+ (f ! legs & tail ( a ,salam&]1 got 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree mon?s six crops ( ^! memb]s2 s t #fhg p]fect bones 7 reproduc$ by "o animal dur+ "o season4 ,at :atev] po9t ! limb 0 cut (f1 ! defici5t "p1 & no m1 0 exactly reproduc$4 ,:5 a diseas$ bone has be5 remov$1 a new "o sometimes 8gradually assumes ! regul> =m1 & all ! atta*m5ts ( muscles1 ligam5ts1 etc41 become z complete z be=e40#c ,?is p[] ( regr[? does n1 h[ev]1 always act p]fectly2 ! reproduc$ tail ( a liz>d diff]s 9 ! =m ( ! scales f ! normal tail3 ) c]ta9 ,or?opt]\s insects ! l>ge h9d legs are reproduc$ ( small] size3#d ! :ite cicatrice :i* 9 ! high] animals unites ! edges ( a deep w\nd is n =m$ ( p]fect sk91 = ela/ic tissue is n produc$ till long aft]w>ds4#e 8,! activity ( ! nisus =mativus10 says ,blum5ba*1 8is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! age ( ! organis$ body40 ,its p[] is also great] ) animals1 ! l[] !y /& 9 ! scale ( organisation2 & animals l[ 9 ! scale correspond ) ! embryos ( high] animals belong+ to ! same class4 ,newport's obs]vations#f af=d a good illu/ration ( ?is fact1 = he f\nd t 8myriapods1 ^: highe/ developm5t sc>cely c>ries !m beyond ! l>va ( p]fect insects1 c reg5]ate limbs & ant5nae up to ! "t ( _! la/ m\lt20 & s c ! l>vae ( true insects1 b1 except 9 "o ord]1 n 9 ! mature insect4 ,salam&]s correspond 9 developm5t ) ! tadpoles or l>vae ( ! tailless ,batra*ians1 & bo? possess to a l>ge ext5t ! p[] ( regr[?2 b n s ! mature tailless ,batra*ians4 ,absorption (t5 plays an important "p 9 ! repair ( injuries4 ,:5 a bone is brok5 & does n unite1 ! ends are absorb$ & r\nd$1 s t a false jo9t is =m$2 or if ! ends unite1 b ov]lap1 ! project+ p>ts are remov$4#g ,a dislocat$ bone w =m = itself a new socket4 ,displac$ t5dons & v>icose ve9s excavate new *annels 9 ! bones aga9/ :i* !y press4 ,b absorption comes into action1 z ,vir*[ rem>ks1 dur+ ! normal gr[? ( bones2 p>ts :i* are solid dur+ y\? become holl[$ out = ! m$ull>y tissue z ! bone increases 9 size4 ,9 try+ to und]/& ! _m well-adapt$ cases ( regr[? :5 aid$ by absorption1 we %\ld rememb] t almo/ all p>ts ( ! organisation1 ev5 :il/ reta9+ ! same =m1 und]go con/ant r5ewal2 s t a "p :i* is n r5ew$ w\ld be liable to absorption4 ,"s cases1 usually class$ "u ! s-call$ nisus =mativus1 at fir/ appe> to come "u a di/9ct head2 = n only are old /ructures reproduc$1 b new /ructures are =m$4 ,?us1 aft] inflammation 8false membranes10 furni%$ ) blood-vessels1 lymphatics1 & n]ves1 are develop$2 or a ftus escapes f ! ,fallopian tubes1 & falls into ! abdom51 8nature p\rs out a quantity ( pla/ic lymph1 :i* =ms itself into organis$ membrane1 ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels10 & ! ftus is n\ri%$ = a "t4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( hydrocephalus ! op5 & dang]\s spaces 9 ! skull are fill$ up ) new bones1 :i* int]lock by p]fect s]rat$ sutures4#h ,b mo/ physiologi/s1 especially on ! ,cont95t1 h n[ giv5 up ! belief 9 pla/ic lymph or bla/ema1 & ,vir*[#i ma9ta9s t e /ructure1 new or old1 is =m$ by ! prolif]ation ( pre-exi/+ cells4 ,on ?is view false membranes1 l canc]\s or o!r tum\rs1 are m]ely abnormal developm5ts ( normal gr[?s2 & we c ?us und]/& h[ x is t !y resemble adjo9+ /ructures2 = in/ance1 t a 8false membrane 9 ! s]\s cavities acquires a cov]+ ( epi!lium exactly l t :i* cov]s ! orig9al s]\s membrane2 adhesions ( ! iris may become black app>5tly f ! production ( pigm5t-cells l ^? ( ! uvea40#aj ,no d\bt ! p[] ( rep>ation1 ?\gh n always p]fect1 is an admirable provision1 ready = v>i\s em]g5cies1 ev5 = su* z occur only at long int]vals ( "t4#aa ,yet ?is p[] is n m wond]ful ?an ! gr[? & developm5t ( e s+le creature1 m especially ( ^? :i* are propagat$ by fissip>\s g5]ation4 ,?is subject has be5 "h notic$1 because we may inf] t1 :5 any "p or organ is ei!r greatly increas$ 9 size or :olly suppress$ ?r\gh v>iation & cont9u$ selection1 ! co-ord9at+ p[] ( ! organisation w cont9ually t5d to br+ aga9 all ! p>ts into h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,on ! ,effects ( ! ,increas$ ,use & ,disuse ( ,organs4 ,x is notori\s1 & we %all imm$iately adduce pro(s1 t increas$ use or action /r5g!ns muscles1 gl&s1 s5se-organs1 etc42 & t disuse1 on ! o!r h&1 weak5s !m4 ,x has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ by ,ranke#ab t ! fl[ ( blood is greatly increas$ t[>ds any "p :i* is p]=m+ "w1 & s9ks aga9 :5 ! "p is at re/4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! "w is frequ5t1 ! vessels increase 9 size & ! "p is bett] n\ri%$4 ,paget#ac also acc\nts = ! long1 ?ick1 d>k-col\r$ hairs :i* occasionally gr[1 ev5 9 "y *ildr51 ne> old-/&+ inflam$ surfaces or fractur$ bones by an increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! "p4 ,:5 ,hunt] ins]t$ ! spur ( a cock into ! comb1 :i* is well suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 x grew 9 "o case spirally to a l5g? ( six in*es1 & 9 ano!r case =w>d1 l a horn1 s t ! bird c\ld n t\* ! gr\nd ) its beak4 ,accord+ to ! int]e/+ obs]vations ( ,m4 ,s$illot1#ad :5 a portion ( "o ( ! bones ( ! leg ( an animal is remov$1 ! associat$ bone enl>ges till x atta9s a bulk equal to t ( ! two bones1 ( :i* x has to p]=m ! functions4 ,?is is be/ exhibit$ 9 dogs 9 :i* ! tibia has be5 remov$2 ! companion bone1 :i* is naturally almo/ fili=m & n "o-fif? ! size ( ! o!r1 soon acquires a size equal to or great] ?an t ( ! tibia4 ,n[1 x is at fir/ difficult to believe t increas$ weight act+ on a /raight bone c\ld1 by alt]nately increas+ & dim9i%+ ! pressure1 cause ! blood to fl[ m freely 9 ! vessels :i* p]meate ! p]io/eum & ?us supply m nutrim5t to ! bone4 ,nev]!less ! obs]vations adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1#ae on ! /r5g!n+ ( ! b[$ bones ( rickety *ildr51 along _! concave sides1 leads to ! belief t ?is is possible4 ,! rock+ ( ! /em ( a tree increases 9 a m>k$ mann] ! gr[? ( ! woody tissue 9 ! p>ts :i* are /ra9$4 ,pr(4 ,sa*s believes1 f reasons :i* he assigns1 t ?is is due to ! pressure ( ! b>k be+ relax$ 9 su* p>ts1 & n z ,knight & ,h4 ,sp5c] ma9ta91 to an increas$ fl[ ( sap caus$ by ! movem5t ( ! trunk4#af ,b h>d woody tissue may be develop$ )\t ! aid ( any movem5t1 z we see ) ivy closely atta*$ to an old wall4 ,9 all su* cases1 x is v difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects ( long-cont9u$ selection & ^? :i* foll[ f ! increas$ action ( ! "p1 or directly f "s o!r cause4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c]#ag ackn[l$ges ?is difficulty1 & gives z an in/ance ! ?orns on trees & ! %ells ( nuts4 ,"h we h extremely h>d woody tissue )\t ! possibility ( any movem5t1 & )\t1 z f> z we c see1 any o!r directly excit+ cause2 & z ! h>dness ( ^! p>ts is ( manife/ s]vice to ! plant1 we may look at ! result z probably due to ! selection ( s-call$ spontane\s v>iations4 ,e "o kn[s t h>d "w ?ick5s ! epid]mis on ! h&s2 & :5 we he> t ) infants1 long be=e bir?1 ! epid]mis is ?ick] on ! palms & soles ( ! feet ?an on any o!r "p ( ! body1 z 0 obs]v$ ) admiration by ,alb9us1#ah we are naturally incl9$ to attribute ?is to ! inh]it$ effects ( long-cont9u$ use or pressure4 ,we are tempt$ to ext5d ! same view ev5 to ! ho(s ( quadrup$s2 b :o w pret5d to det]m9e h[ f> natural selection may h aid$ 9 ! =mation ( /ructures ( su* obvi\s importance to ! animal8 ,t use /r5g!ns ! muscles may be se5 9 ! limbs ( artisans :o foll[ diff]5t trades2 & :5 a muscle is /r5g!n$1 ! t5dons1 & ! cre/s ( bone to :i* !y are atta*$1 become enl>g$2 & ?is mu/ likewise be ! case ) ! blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a limb is n us$1 z by ,ea/]n fanatics1 or :5 ! n]ve supply+ x ) n]v\s p[] is effectually de/roy$1 ! muscles )]4 ,s aga91 :5 ! eye is de/roy$ ! optic n]ve becomes atrophi$1 sometimes ev5 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s4#ai ,! ,proteus is furni%$ ) bran*iae z well z ) lungs3 & ,s*reib]s#bj f\nd t :5 ! animal 0 compell$ to live 9 deep wat]1 ! bran*iae 7 develop$ to ?rice _! ord9>y size1 & ! lungs 7 p>tially atrophi$4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! animal 0 compell$ to live 9 %all[ wat]1 ! lungs became l>g] & m vascul>1 :il/ ! bran*iae disappe>$ 9 a m or less complete degree4 ,su* modifications z ^! are1 h[ev]1 ( comp>atively little value = u1 z we d n actually "k t !y t5d to be inh]it$4 ,9 _m cases !re is reason to believe t ! less5$ use ( v>i\s organs has affect$ ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! (fspr+4 ,b !re is no good evid5ce t ?is ev] foll[s 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation4 ,x appe>s1 z 9 ! case ( g5]al or indef9ite v>iability1 t sev]al g5]ations mu/ be subject$ to *ang$ habits = any appreciable result4 ,our dome/ic f[ls1 ducks1 & geese h almo/ lo/1 n only 9 ! individual b 9 ! race1 _! p[] ( flight2 = we d n see a "y f[l1 :5 fright5$1 take flight l a "y pheasant4 ,h5ce ,i 0 l$ c>efully to comp>e ! limb-bones ( f[ls1 ducks1 pigeons1 & rabbits1 ) ! same bones 9 ! wild p>5t-species4 ,z ! measurem5ts & weights 7 fully giv5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ,i ne$ "h only recapitulate ! results4 ,) dome/ic pigeons1 ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 ! prom95ce ( its cre/1 ! l5g? ( ! scapulae & furculum1 ! l5g? ( ! w+s z measur$ f tip to tip ( ! radii1 are all r$uc$ relatively to ! same p>ts 9 ! wild pigeon4 ,! w+ & tail fea!rs1 h[ev]1 are increas$ 9 l5g?1 b ?is may h z little connection ) ! use ( ! w+s or tail1 z ! l5g!n$ hair on a dog ) ! am\nt ( ex]cise :i* x has habitually tak54 ,! feet ( pigeons1 except 9 ! long-beak$ races1 are r$uc$ 9 size4 ,) f[ls ! cre/ ( ! /]num is less prom95t1 & is (t5 di/ort$ or mon/r\s2 ! w+-bones h become light] relatively to ! leg-bones1 & are app>5tly a little %ort] 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,gallus bankiva4 ,) ducks1 ! cre/ ( ! /]num is affect$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! =ego+ cases3 ! furculum1 coracoids1 & scapulae are all r$uc$ 9 weight relatively to ! :ole skeleton3 ! bones ( ! w+s are %ort] & light]1 & ! bones ( ! legs long] & heavi]1 relatively to ea* o!r1 & relatively to ! :ole skeleton1 9 comp>ison ) ! same bones 9 ! wild-duck4 ,! decreas$ weight & size ( ! bones1 9 ! =ego+ cases1 is probably ! indirect result ( ! reaction ( ! weak5$ muscles on ! bones4 ,i fail$ to comp>e ! fea!rs ( ! w+s ( ! tame & wild duck2 b ,glog]#ba ass]ts t 9 ! wild duck ! tips ( ! w+-fea!rs rea* almo/ to ! end ( ! tail1 :il/ 9 ! dome/ic duck !y (t5 h>dly rea* to its base4 ,he rem>ks also on ! great] ?ickness ( ! legs1 & says t ! swimm+ membrane betwe5 ! toes is r$uc$2 b ,i 0 n able to detect ?is latt] diff]5ce4 ,) ! dome/icat$ rabbit ! body1 toge!r ) ! :ole skeleton1 is g5]ally l>g] & heavi] ?an 9 ! wild animal1 & ! leg-bones are heavi] 9 due proportion2 b :atev] /&>d ( comp>ison be tak51 nei!r ! leg-bones nor ! scapulae h increas$ 9 l5g? proportionally ) ! increas$ dim5sions ( ! re/ ( ! skeleton4 ,! skull has become 9 a m>k$ mann] n>r[]1 &1 f ! measurem5ts ( its capacity =m]ly giv51 we may conclude1 t ?is n>r[ness results f ! decreas$ size ( ! bra91 consequ5t on ! m5tally inactive life l$ by ^! closely-conf9$ animals4 ,we h se5 9 ! eigh? *apt] t silk-mo?s1 :i* h be5 kept dur+ _m c5turies closely conf9$1 em]ge f _! cocoons ) _! w+s di/ort$1 incapable ( flight1 (t5 greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 or ev51 accord+ to ,quatrefages1 q rudim5t>y4 ,?is condition ( ! w+s may be l>gely ow+ to ! same k9d ( mon/rosity :i* (t5 affects wild ,lepidopt]a :5 artificially re>$ f ! cocoon2 or x may be 9 "p due to an inh]5t t5d5cy1 :i* is common to ! females ( _m ,bombycidae1 to h _! w+s 9 a m or less rudim5t>y /ate2 b "p ( ! effect may be attribut$ to long-cont9u$ disuse4 ,f ! =ego+ facts !re c be no d\bt t ) our anci5tly dome/icat$ animals1 c]ta9 bones h increas$ or decreas$ 9 size & weight ow+ to increas$ or decreas$ use2 b !y h n be5 modifi$1 z %[n 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 9 %ape or /ructure4 ,) animals liv+ a free life & occasionally expos$ to sev]e competition ! r$uction w\ld t5d to be great]1 z x w\ld be an advantage to !m to h ! developm5t ( e sup]flu\s "p sav$4 ,) highly-f$ dome/icat$ animals1 on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to be no economy ( gr[?1 nor any t5d5cy to ! elim9ation ( sup]flu\s details4 ,b to ?is subject ,i %all recur4 ,turn+ n[ to m g5]al obs]vations1 ,na?usius has %[n t ) ! improv$ races ( ! pig1 ! %ort5$ legs & sn\t1 ! =m ( ! articul> condyles ( ! occiput1 & ! position ( ! jaws ) ! upp] can9e tee? project+ 9 a mo/ anomal\s mann] 9 front ( ! l[] can9es1 may be attribut$ to ^! p>ts n hav+ be5 fully ex]cis$4 ,= ! highly-cultivat$ races d n travel 9 se>* ( food1 nor root up ! gr\nd ) _! r+$ muzzles4#bb ,^! modifications ( /ructure1 :i* are all /rictly inh]it$1 *>act]ise sev]al improv$ bre$s1 s t !y _c h be5 d]iv$ f any s+le dome/ic /ock4 ,) respect to cattle1 ,pr(essor ,tann] has rem>k$ t ! lungs & liv] 9 ! improv$ bre$s 8are f\nd to be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 size :5 comp>$ ) ^? possess$ by animals hav+ p]fect lib]ty02#bc & ! r$uction ( ^! organs affects ! g5]al %ape ( ! body4 ,! cause ( ! r$uc$ lungs 9 highly-br$ animals :i* take little ex]cise is obvi\s2 & p]haps ! liv] may be affect$ by ! nutriti\s & artificial food on :i* !y l>gely subsi/4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,wilck5s ass]ts#bd t v>i\s p>ts ( ! body c]ta9ly diff] 9 ,alp9e & l[l& bre$s ( sev]al dome/icat$ animals1 ow+ to _! diff]5t habits ( life2 = in/ance1 ! neck & =e-legs 9 l5g?1 & ! ho(s 9 %ape4 ,x is well kn[n t1 :5 an art]y is ti$1 ! ana/omos+ bran*es1 f be+ =c$ to transmit m blood1 increase 9 diamet]2 & ?is increase _c be acc\nt$ = by m]e ext5sion1 z _! coats ga9 9 /r5g?4 ,) respect to gl&s1 ,sir ,j4 ,paget obs]ves t 8:5 "o kidney is de/roy$ ! o!r (t5 becomes mu* l>g]1 & does d\ble "w40#be ,if we comp>e ! size ( ! udd]s & _! p[] ( secretion 9 c[s :i* h be5 long dome/icat$1 & 9 c]ta9 bre$s ( ! goat 9 :i* ! udd]s ne>ly t\* ! gr\nd1 ) ^! organs 9 wild or half-dome/icat$ animals1 ! diff]5ce is great4 ,a good c[ ) u daily yields m ?an five gallons1 or =ty p9ts ( milk1 :il/ a fir/-rate animal1 kept1 = in/ance1 by ! ,dam>as ( ,s\? ,africa1#bf 8r>ely gives m ?an two or ?ree p9ts ( milk daily1 &1 %\ld h] calf be tak5 f h]1 %e absolutely refuses to give any40 ,we may attribute ! excell5ce ( our c[s & ( c]ta9 goats1 p>tly to ! cont9u$ selection ( ! be/ milk+ animals1 & p>tly to ! inh]it$ effects ( ! increas$ action1 ?r\gh man's art1 ( ! secret+ gl&s4 ,x is notori\s t %ort-sight is inh]it$2 & we h se5 9 ! twelf? *apt] f ! /ati/ical rese>*es ( ,m4 ,giraud-,teulon1 t ! habit ( view+ ne> objects gives a t5d5cy to %ort-sight4 ,vet]9>ians are unanim\s t horses are affect$ ) spav9s1 spl9ts1 r+bones1 etc41 f be+ %od & f travell+ on h>d roads1 & !y are almo/ equally unanim\s t a t5d5cy to ^! mal=mations is transmitt$4 ,=m]ly horses 7 n %od 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & x has be5 ass]t$ t !y did n !n suff] f ^! diseases ( ! legs & feet4#bg ,our dome/icat$ quadrup$s are all desc5d$1 z f> z is kn[n1 f species hav+ erect e>s2 yet few k9ds c be nam$1 ( :i* at lea/ "o race has n droop+ e>s4 ,cats 9 ,*9a1 horses 9 p>ts ( ,russia1 %eep 9 ,italy & else:]e1 ! gu9ea-pig =m]ly 9 ,g]many1 goats & cattle 9 ,india1 rabbits1 pigs1 & dogs 9 all long-civilis$ c\ntries h dep5d5t e>s4 ,) wild animals1 :i* con/antly use _! e>s l funnels to cat* e pass+ s\nd1 & especially to asc]ta9 ! direction :5ce x comes1 !re is n1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$1 any species ) droop+ e>s except ! elephant4 ,h5ce ! incapacity to erect ! e>s is c]ta9ly 9 "s mann] ! result ( dome/ication2 & ?is incapacity has be5 attribut$ by v>i\s au?ors#bh to disuse1 = animals protect$ by man are n compell$ habitually to use _! e>s4 ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?#bi /ates t 9 anci5t effigies ( ! dog1 8) ! exception ( "o ,egyptian in/ance1 no sculpture ( ! e>li] ,grecian era produces repres5tations ( h\nds ) completely droop+ e>s2 ^? ) !m half p5dul\s are miss+ 9 ! mo/ anci5t2 & ?is "* increases1 by degrees1 9 ! works ( ! ,roman p]iod40 ,godron also has rem>k$ 8t ! pigs ( ! anci5t ,egyptians _h n _! e>s enl>g$ & p5d5t40#cj ,b x is rem>kable t ! droop+ ( ! e> is n accompani$ by any decrease 9 size2 on ! contr>y1 animals s diff]5t z fancy rabbits1 c]ta9 ,indian bre$s ( ! goat1 our pett$ spaniels1 blood-h\nds1 & o!r dogs1 h enorm\sly elongat$ e>s1 s t x w\ld appe> z if _! weight _h caus$ !m to droop1 aid$ p]haps by disuse4 ,) rabbits1 ! droop+ ( ! mu* elongat$ e>s has affect$ ev5 ! /ructure ( ! skull4 ,! tail ( no wild animal1 z rem>k$ to me by ,mr4 ,bly?1 is curl$2 :]eas pigs & "s races ( dogs h _! tails mu* curl$4 ,?is de=mity1 !re=e1 appe>s to be ! result ( dome/ication1 b :e!r 9 any way connect$ ) ! less5$ use ( ! tail is d\btful4 ,! epid]mis on our h&s is easily ?ick5$1 z e "o kn[s1 by h>d "w4 ,9 a di/rict ( ,ceylon ! %eep h 8horny callosities t def5d _! knees1 & :i* arise f _! habit ( kneel+ d[n to crop ! %ort h]bage1 & ?is di/+ui%es ! ,jaffna flocks f ^? ( o!r portions ( ! isl&20 b x is n /at$ :e!r ?is peculi>ity is inh]it$4#ca ,! muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! /oma* is cont9u\s ) ! ext]nal sk9 ( ! body2 !re=e x is n surpris+ t its texture %\ld be affect$ by ! nature ( ! food consum$1 b o!r & m int]e/+ *anges likewise foll[4 ,hunt] long ago obs]v$ t ! muscul> coat ( ! /oma* ( a gull 7,l>us tridactylus7 :i* _h be5 f$ = a ye> *iefly on gra9 0 ?ick5$2 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,edmond/on1 a simil> *ange p]iodically occurs 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s 9 ! /oma* ( ! ,l>us arg5tatus1 :i* 9 ! spr+ frequ5ts ! cornfields & fe$s on ! se$4 ,! same c>eful obs]v] has notic$ a great *ange 9 ! /oma* ( a rav5 :i* _h be5 long f$ on vegetable food4 ,9 ! case ( an owl 7,/rix grall>ia71 simil>ly treat$1 ,m5etries /ates t ! =m ( ! /oma* 0 *ang$1 ! inn] coat became lea!ry1 & ! liv] increas$ 9 size4 ,:e!r ^! modifications 9 ! dige/ive organs w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations become inh]it$ is n kn[n4#cb ,! increas$ or dim9i%$ l5g? ( ! inte/9es1 :i* app>5tly results f *ang$ diet1 is a m rem>kable case1 because x is *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 animals 9 _! dome/icat$ condition1 & !re=e mu/ be inh]it$4 ,! complex absorb5t sy/em1 ! blood-vessels1 n]ves1 & muscles1 are necess>ily all modifi$ toge!r ) ! inte/9es4 ,accord+ to ,daub5ton1 ! inte/9es ( ! dome/ic cat are "o-?ird long] ?an ^? ( ! wild cat ( ,europe2 & al?\gh ?is species is n ! p>5t-/ock ( ! dome/ic animal1 yet1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy has rem>k$1 ! sev]al species ( cats are s closely alli$ t ! comp>ison is probably a fair "o4 ,! increas$ l5g? appe>s to be due to ! dome/ic cat be+ less /rictly c>nivor\s 9 its diet ?an any wild fel9e species2 = in/ance1 ,i h se5 a ,fr5* kitt5 eat+ vegetables z readily z meat4 ,accord+ to ,cuvi]1 ! inte/9es ( ! dome/icat$ pig exce$ greatly 9 proportionate l5g? ^? ( ! wild bo>4 ,9 ! tame & wild rabbit ! *ange is ( an opposite nature1 & probably results f ! nutriti\s food giv5 to ! tame rabbit4#cc ,*ang$ & inh]it$ ,habits ( ,life4--,?is subject1 z f> z ! m5tal p[]s ( animals are conc]n$1 s bl5ds into in/9ct1 t ,i w "h only rem9d ! read] ( su* cases z ! tam5ess ( our dome/icat$ animals--! po9t+ or retriev+ ( dogs-- _! n attack+ ! small] animals kept by man--& s =?4 ,h[ mu* ( ^! *anges ought to be attribut$ to m]e habit1 & h[ mu* to ! selection ( individuals :i* h v>i$ 9 ! desir$ mann]1 irrespectively ( ! special circum/ances "u :i* !y h be5 kept1 c seldom be told4 ,we h already se5 t animals may be habituat$ to a *ang$ diet2 b "s additional in/ances may be giv54 ,9 ! ,polynesian ,isl&s & 9 ,*9a ! dog is f$ exclusively on vegetable matt]1 & ! ta/e = ?is k9d ( food is to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]it$4#cd ,our sport+ dogs w n t\* ! bones ( game birds1 :il/ mo/ o!r dogs dev\r !m ) gre$9ess4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w %eep h be5 l>gely f$ on fi%4 ,! dome/ic hog is fond ( b>ley1 ! wild bo> is said to disda9 x2 & ! disda9 is p>tially inh]it$1 = "s "y wild pigs br$ 9 captivity %[$ an av]sion = ?is gra91 :il/ o!rs ( ! same brood reli%$ x4#ce ,"o ( my relations br$ "s "y pigs f a ,*9ese s[ by a wild ,alp9e bo>2 !y liv$ free 9 ! p>k1 & 7 s tame t !y came to ! h\se to be f$2 b !y w\ld n t\* swill1 :i* 0 dev\r$ by ! o!r pigs4 ,an animal :5 once accu/om$ to an unnatural diet1 :i* c g5]ally be effect$ only dur+ y\?1 dislikes its prop] food1 z ,spallanzani f\nd to be ! case ) a pigeon :i* _h be5 long f$ on meat4 ,individuals ( ! same species take to new food ) diff]5t degrees ( read9ess2 "o horse1 x is /at$1 soon le>n$ to eat meat1 :il/ ano!r w\ld h p]i%$ f hung] r ?an h p>tak5 ( x4#cf ,! cat]pill>s ( ! ,bombyx hesp]us fe$ 9 a /ate ( nature on ! leaves ( ! ,caf diable1 b1 aft] hav+ be5 re>$ on ! ,ailan?us1 !y w\ld n t\* ! ,caf diable1 & actually di$ ( hung]4#cg ,x has be5 f\nd possible to accu/om m>9e fi% to live 9 fre% wat]2 b z su* *anges 9 fi% & o!r m>9e animals h be5 *iefly obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( nature1 !y d n prop]ly belong to our pres5t subject4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation & ( maturity1 z %[n 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1--! season & ! frequ5cy ( ! act ( bre$+1--h all be5 greatly modifi$ "u dome/ication4 ,) ! ,egyptian goose ! rate ( *ange ) respect to ! season has be5 record$4#ch ,! wild drake pairs ) "o female1 ! dome/ic drake is polygam\s4 ,c]ta9 bre$s ( f[ls h lo/ ! habit ( incubation4 ,! paces ( ! horse1 & ! mann] ( flight ( c]ta9 bre$s ( ! pigeon1 h be5 modifi$ & are inh]it$4 ,cattle1 horses1 & pigs h le>nt to br[se "u wat] 9 ! ,/4 ,john's ,riv]1 ,ea/ ,florida1 :]e ! ,vallisn]ia has be5 l>gely naturalis$4 ,! c[s 7 obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,wyman to keep _! heads imm]s$ = 8a p]iod v>y+ f fifte5 to ?irty-five seconds40#ci ,! voice diff]s mu* 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( f[ls & pigeons4 ,"s v>ieties are clamor\s & o!rs sil5t1 z ! ,call & common duck1 or ! ,spitz & po9t] dog4 ,e "o kn[s h[ ! bre$s ( ! dog diff] f "o ano!r 9 _! mann] ( hunt+1 & 9 _! ard\r aft] diff]5t k9ds ( game or v]m94 ,) plants ! p]iod ( vegetation is easily *ang$ & is inh]it$1 z 9 ! case ( summ] & w9t] :eat1 b>ley1 & vet*es2 b to ?is subject we %all imm$iately return "u acclimatisation4 ,annual plants sometimes become p]5nial "u a new climate1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,hook] is ! case ) ! /ock & mignonette 9 ,tasmania4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]5nials sometimes become annuals1 z ) ! ,ric9us 9 ,engl&1 & z1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,mangles1 ) _m v>ieties ( ! he>tsease4 ,von ,b]g#dj rais$ f se$ ( ,v]bascum phniceum1 :i* is usually a bi5nial1 bo? annual & p]5nial v>ieties4 ,"s decidu\s bu%es become ev]gre5 9 hot c\ntries4#da ,rice requires mu* wat]1 b !re is "o v>iety 9 ,india :i* c be gr[n )\t irrigation4#db ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! oat & ( our o!r c]eals are be/ fitt$ = c]ta9 soils4#dc ,endless simil> facts c\ld be giv5 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,!y are notic$ "h because !y illu/rate analog\s diff]5ces 9 closely alli$ natural species1 & because su* *ang$ habits ( life1 :e!r due to habit1 or to ! direct action ( ext]nal conditions1 or to s-call$ spontane\s v>iability1 w\ld be apt to lead to modifications ( /ructure4 ,acclimatisation4--,f ! previ\s rem>ks we are naturally l$ to ! mu* disput$ subject ( acclimatisation4 ,!re are two di/9ct que/ions3 ,d v>ieties desc5d$ f ! same species diff] 9 _! p[] ( liv+ "u diff]5t climates8 ,& secondly1 if !y s diff]1 h[ h !y become ?us adapt$8 ,we h se5 t ,european dogs d n succe$ well 9 ,india1 & x is ass]t$1#dd t no "o has !re succe$$ 9 keep+ ! ,newf\ndl& long alive2 b !n x may be argu$1 & probably ) tru?1 t ^! nor!rn bre$s are specifically di/9ct f ! native dogs :i* fl\ri% 9 ,india4 ,! same rem>k may be made ) respect to diff]5t bre$s ( %eep1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ,y\att1#de n "o br\ght 8f a torrid climate la/s out ! second ye>10 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,b %eep are capable ( "s degree ( acclimatisation1 = ,m]9o %eep br$ at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope h be5 f\nd f> bett] adapt$ = ,india ?an ^? import$ f ,engl&4#df ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t all ! bre$s ( ! f[l are desc5d$ f "o species2 b ! ,spani% bre$1 :i* !re is good reason to believe orig9at$ ne> ! ,m$it]ranean1#dg ?\gh s f9e & vigor\s 9 ,engl&1 suff]s m f fro/ ?an any o!r bre$4 ,! ,arr9dy silk mo? introduc$ f ,b5gal1 & ! ,ailan?us mo? f ! temp]ate prov9ce ( ,%an ,tung1 9 ,*9a1 belong to ! same species1 z we may inf] f _! id5tity 9 ! cat]pill>1 cocoon1 & mature /ates2#dh yet !y diff] mu* 9 con/itution3 ! ,indian =m 8w fl\ri% only 9 w>m latitudes10 ! o!r is q h>dy & )/&s cold & ra94 ,plants are m /rictly adapt$ to climate ?an are animals4 ,! latt] :5 dome/icat$ )/& su* great div]sities ( climate1 t we f9d ne>ly ! same species 9 tropical & temp]ate c\ntries2 :il/ ! cultivat$ plants are widely dissimil>4 ,h5ce a l>g] field is op5 = inquiry 9 reg>d to ! acclimatisation ( plants ?an ( animals4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ) almo/ e plant :i* has long be5 cultivat$1 v>ieties exi/ :i* are end[$ ) con/itutions fitt$ = v diff]5t climates2 ,i w select only a few ( ! m /rik+ cases1 z x w\ld be t$i\s to give all4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica num]\s fruit-trees h be5 rais$1 & 9 horticultural publications1--= in/ance1 9 t by ,d[n+1--li/s are giv5 ( ! v>ieties :i* are be/ able to )/& ! sev]e climate ( ! nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada4 ,_m ,am]ican v>ieties ( ! pe>1 plum1 & pea* are excell5t 9 _! own c\ntry1 b until rec5tly1 h>dly "o 0 kn[n t succe$$ 9 ,engl&2 & ) apples1#di n "o succe$s4 ,?\gh ! ,am]ican v>ieties c )/& a sev]] w9t] ?an ours1 ! summ] "h is n hot en\gh4 ,fruit-trees h also orig9at$ 9 ,europe ) diff]5t con/itutions1 b !y are n mu* notic$1 because nurs]ym5 "h d n supply wide areas4 ,! ,=elle pe> fl[]s e>ly1 & :5 ! fl[]s h j set1 & ?is is ! critical p]iod1 !y h be5 obs]v$1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 to )/& ) complete impunity a fro/ ( #ah deg & ev5 #ad ,fahr41 :i* kill$ ! fl[]s1 :e!r fully exp&$ or 9 bud1 ( all o!r k9ds ( pe>s4#ej ,?is p[] 9 ! fl[] ( resi/+ cold & aft]w>ds produc+ fruit does n inv>iably dep5d1 z we "k on good au?ority1#ea on g5]al con/itutional vig\r4 ,9 proce$+ nor?w>d1 ! numb] ( v>ieties :i* are f\nd capable ( resi/+ ! climate rapidly decreases1 z may be se5 9 ! li/ ( ! v>ieties ( ! *]ry1 apple1 & pe>1 :i* c be cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/ockholm4#eb ,ne> ,mosc[1 ,pr9ce ,tr\betzkoy plant$ = exp]im5t 9 ! op5 gr\nd sev]al v>ieties ( ! pe>1 b "o alone1 ! ,poire sans ,pep9s1 )/ood ! cold ( w9t]4#ec ,we ?us see t our fruit-trees1 l di/9ct species ( ! same g5us1 c]ta9ly diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! con/itutional adaptation to diff]5t climates4 ,) ! v>ieties ( _m plants1 ! adaptation to climate is (t5 v close4 ,?us x has be5 prov$ by repeat$ trials 8t few if any ( ! ,engli% v>ieties ( :eat are adapt$ = cultivation 9 ,scotl&02#ed b ! failure 9 ?is case is at fir/ only 9 ! quantity1 ?\gh ultimately 9 ! quality1 ( ! gra9 produc$4 ,! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley s[$ :eat-se$ f ,india1 & got 8! mo/ meagre e>s10 on l& :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h yield$ a good crop f ,engli% :eat4#ee ,9 ^! cases v>ieties h be5 c>ri$ f a w>m] to a cool] climate2 9 ! rev]se case1 z 8:5 :eat 0 import$ directly f ,france into ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 x produc$ ei!r :olly b>r5 spikes or furni%$ ) only two or ?ree mis]able se$s1 :ile ,we/ ,indian se$ by its side yield$ an enorm\s h>ve/40#ef ,"h is ano!r case ( close adaptation to a slightly cool] climate2 a k9d ( :eat :i* 9 ,engl& may be us$ indiff]5tly ei!r z a w9t] or summ] v>iety1 :5 s[n "u ! w>m] climate ( ,grignan1 9 ,france1 behav$ exactly z if x _h be5 a true w9t] :eat4#eg ,botani/s believe t all ! v>ieties ( maize belong to ! same species2 & we h se5 t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 proce$+ nor?w>d1 ! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ea* zone produce _! fl[]s & rip5 _! se$ )9 %ort] & %ort] p]iods4 ,s t ! tall1 sl[ly matur+ s\!rn v>ieties d n succe$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 & ! ,new ,engli% v>ieties d n succe$ 9 ,canada4 ,i h n met ) any /atem5t t ! s\!rn v>ieties are actually injur$ or kill$ by a degree ( cold :i* ! nor!rn v>ieties c )/& ) impunity1 ?\gh ?is is probable2 b ! production ( e>ly fl[]+ & e>ly se$+ v>ieties des]ves to be consid]$ z "o =m ( acclimatisation4 ,h5ce x has be5 f\nd possible1 accord+ to ,kalm1 to cultivate maize fur!r & fur!r nor?w>ds 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,europe1 also1 z we le>n f ! evid5ce giv5 by ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ! culture ( maize has ext5d$ s9ce ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ?irty leagues nor? ( its =m] b\nd>y4#eh ,on ! au?ority ( ,l9nu1#ei ,i may quote an analog\s case1 namely1 t 9 ,sw$5 tobacco rais$ f home-gr[n se$ rip5s its se$ a mon? soon] & is less liable to misc>ry ?an plants rais$ f =eign se$4 ,) ! ,v9e1 diff]5tly f ! maize1 ! l9e ( practical culture has retreat$ a little s\?w>d s9ce ! middle ages2#fj b ?is seems due to comm]ce be+ n[ easi]1 s t x is bett] to import w9e f ! s\? ?an to make x 9 nor!rn di/ricts4 ,nev]!less ! fact ( ! v9e n hav+ spread nor?w>d %[s t acclimatisation has made no progress dur+ sev]al c5turies4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! con/itution ( ! sev]al v>ieties1-- "s be+ h>dy1 :il/ o!rs1 l ! muscat ( ,alex&ria1 require a v high temp]ature to come to p]fection4 ,accord+ to ,labat1#fa v9es tak5 f ,france to ! ,we/ ,indies succe$ ) extreme difficulty1 :il/ ^? import$ f ,madeira or ! ,can>y ,isl&s ?rive admirably4 ,gallesio gives a curi\s acc\nt ( ! naturalisation ( ! ,orange 9 ,italy4 ,dur+ _m c5turies ! sweet orange 0 propagat$ exclusively by grafts1 & s (t5 suff]$ f fro/s1 t x requir$ protection4 ,aft] ! sev]e fro/ ( #agji1 & m especially aft] t ( #agfc1 s _m trees 7 de/roy$1 t se$l+s f ! sweet orange 7 rais$1 &1 to ! surprise ( ! inhabitants1 _! fruit 0 f\nd to be sweet4 ,! trees ?us rais$ 7 l>g]1 m productive1 & h>di] ?an ! old k9ds2 & se$l+s are n[ cont9ually rais$4 ,h5ce ,gallesio concludes t mu* m 0 effect$ = ! naturalisation ( ! orange 9 ,italy by ! accid5tal production ( new k9ds dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t sixty ye>s1 ?an _h be5 effect$ by graft+ old v>ieties dur+ _m ages4#fb ,i may add t ,risso#fc describes "s ,portuguese v>ieties ( ! orange z extremely s5sitive to cold1 & z mu* t5d]] ?an c]ta9 o!r v>ieties4 ,! pea* 0 kn[n to ,!ophra/us1 #cbb ,b4,c4#fd ,accord+ to ! au?orities quot$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,rolle1#fe x 0 t5d] :5 fir/ introduc$ into ,greece1 & ev5 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes only occasionally bore fruit4 ,if ?is be correct1 ! pea*1 9 spread+ dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s ov] ! middle p>ts ( ,europe1 mu/ h become mu* h>di]4 ,at ! pres5t day diff]5t v>ieties diff] mu* 9 h>d9ess3 "s ,fr5* v>ieties w n succe$ 9 ,engl&2 & ne> ,p>is1 ! ,pavie de ,bonneuil does n rip5 its fruit till v late 9 ! season1 ev5 :5 gr[n on a wall2 8x is1 !re=e1 only fit = a v hot s\!rn climate40#ff ,i w briefly give a few o!r cases4 ,a v>iety ( ,magnolia gr&iflora1 rais$ by ,m4 ,roy1 )/&s a temp]ature sev]al degrees l[] ?an t :i* any o!r v>iety c resi/4 ,) camellias !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 h>d9ess4 ,"o p>ticul> v>iety ( ! ,noisette rose )/ood ! sev]e fro/ ( #ahfj 8unt\*$ & hale amid/ a univ]sal de/ruction ( o!r ,noisettes40 ,9 ,new ,york ! 8,iri% yew is q h>dy1 b ! common yew is liable to be cut d[n40 ,i may add t !re are v>ieties ( ! sweet potato 7,convolvulus batatas7 :i* are suit$ = w>m]1 z well z = cold]1 climates4#fg ,! plants z yet m5tion$ h be5 f\nd capable ( resi/+ an unusual degree ( cold or heat1 :5 fully gr[n4 ,! foll[+ cases ref] to plants :il/ "y4 ,9 a l>ge b$ ( "y ,arauc>ias ( ! same age1 gr[+ close toge!r & equally expos$1 x 0 obs]v$1#fh aft] ! unusually sev]e w9t] ( #ahfj-fa1 t1 89 ! mid/ ( ! dy+1 num]\s individuals rema9$ on :i* ! fro/ _h absolutely made no k9d ( impression40 ,dr4 ,l9dley1 aft] allud+ to ?is & o!r simil> cases1 rem>ks1 8,among ! lessons :i* ! late =midable w9t] has taught u1 is t1 ev5 9 _! p[] ( resi/+ cold1 individuals ( ! same species ( plants are rem>kably diff]5t40 ,ne> ,salisbury1 !re 0 a %>p fro/ on ! night ( ,may #bd1 #ahcf1 & all ! ,fr5* beans 7,phaseolus vulg>is7 9 a b$ 7 kill$ except ab\t "o 9 ?irty1 :i* completely escap$4#fi ,on ! same day ( ! mon?1 b 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 !re 0 a sev]e fro/ 9 ,k5t1 & two r[s ( sc>let-runn]s 7,p4 multiflorus7 9 my g>d51 conta9+ #cij plants ( ! same age & equally expos$1 7 all black5$ & kill$ except ab\t a doz5 plants4 ,9 an adjo9+ r[ ( 8,fulm]'s dw>f bean0 7,p4 vulg>is71 "o s+le plant escap$4 ,a /ill m sev]e fro/ occurr$ f\r days aft]w>ds1 & ( ! doz5 plants :i* _h previ\sly escap$ only ?ree surviv$2 ^! 7 n tall] or m vigor\s ?an ! o!r "y plants1 b !y escap$ completely1 ) n ev5 ! tips ( _! leaves br[n$4 ,x 0 impossible to behold ^! ?ree plants1 ) _! black5$1 )]$1 & dead bre?r5 all ar\nd1 & n see at a glance t !y diff]$ widely 9 con/itutional p[] ( resi/+ fro/4 ,?is "w is n ! prop] place to %[ t wild plants ( ! same species1 naturally gr[+ at diff]5t altitudes or "u diff]5t latitudes1 become to a c]ta9 ext5t acclimatis$1 z is prov$ by ! diff]5t behavi\r ( _! se$l+s :5 rais$ 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' ,i h allud$ to "s cases1 & ,i c\ld add _m o!rs4 ,"o in/ance mu/ suffice3 ,mr4 ,grigor1 ( ,=res1#gj /ates t se$l+s ( ! ,scot* fir 7,p9us sylve/ris71 rais$ f se$ f ! ,cont95t & f ! =e/s ( ,scotl&1 diff] mu*4 8,! diff]5ce is p]ceptible 9 "o-ye>-old1 & m s 9 two-ye>-old se$l+s2 b ! effects ( ! w9t] on ! second ye>'s gr[? almo/ uni=mly make ^? f ! ,cont95t q br[n1 & s damag$1 t by ! mon? ( ,m>* !y are q unsaleable1 :ile ! plants f ! native ,scot* p9e1 "u ! same treatm5t1 & /&+ alongside1 al?\gh consid]ably %ort]1 are r /\t] & q gre51 s t ! b$s ( ! "o c be kn[n f ! o!r :5 se5 f ! di/ance ( a mile40 ,closely simil> facts h be5 obs]v$ ) se$l+ l>*es4 ,h>dy v>ieties w\ld alone be valu$ or notic$ 9 ,europe2 :il/ t5d] v>ieties1 requir+ m w>m?1 w\ld g5]ally be neglect$2 b su* occasionally arise4 ,?us ,l\don#ga describes a ,corni% v>iety ( ! elm :i* is almo/ an ev]gre51 & ( :i* ! %oots are (t5 kill$ by ! autumnal fro/s1 s t its timb] is ( little value4 ,horticulturi/s "k t "s v>ieties are mu* m t5d] ?an o!rs3 ?us all ! v>ieties ( ! broccoli are m t5d] ?an cabbages2 b !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ?is respect 9 ! sub-v>ieties ( ! broccoli2 ! p9k & purple k9ds are a little h>di] ?an ! :ite ,cape broccoli1 8b !y are n to be dep5d$ on aft] ! !rmomet] falls bel[ #bd ,fahr420 ! ,wal*]5 broccoli is less t5d] ?an ! ,cape1 & !re are sev]al v>ieties :i* w /& mu* sev]] cold ?an ! ,wal*]54#gb ,caulifl[]s se$ m freely 9 ,india ?an cabbages4#gc ,to give "o in/ance ) fl[]s3 elev5 plants rais$ f a hollyhock1 call$ ! ,que5 ( ! ,:ites1#gd 7 f\nd to be mu* m t5d] ?an v>i\s o!r se$l+s4 ,x may be presum$ t all t5d] v>ieties w\ld succe$ bett] "u a climate w>m] ?an ours4 ,) fruit-trees1 x is well kn[n t c]ta9 v>ieties1 = in/ance ( ! pea*1 /& =c+ 9 a hot-h\se bett] ?an o!rs2 & ?is %[s ei!r pliability ( organisation or "s con/itutional diff]5ce4 ,! same individual *]ry-tree1 :5 =c$1 has be5 obs]v$ dur+ successive ye>s gradually to *ange its p]iod ( vegetation4#ge ,few pel>goniums c resi/ ! heat ( a /ove1 b ,alba ,multiflora w1 z a mo/ skilful g>d5] ass]ts1 8/& p9e-apple top & bottom heat ! :ole w9t]2 )\t look+ any m drawn ?an if x _h /ood 9 a common gre5h\se2 & ,blan*e ,fleur seems z if x _h be5 made on purpose = gr[+ 9 w9t]1 l _m bulbs1 & to re/ all summ]40#gf ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! ,alba ,multiflora pel>gonium mu/ h a widely diff]5t con/itution f t ( mo/ o!r v>ieties ( ?is plant2 x w\ld probably )/& ev5 an equatorial climate4 ,we h se5 t accord+ to ,labat ! v9e & :eat require acclimatisation 9 ord] to succe$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,simil> facts h be5 obs]v$ at ,madras3 8two p>cels ( mignonette-se$1 "o direct f ,europe1 ! o!r sav$ at ,bangalore 7( :i* ! mean temp]ature is mu* bel[ t ( ,madras71 7 s[n at ! same "t3 !y bo? vegetat$ equally fav\rably1 b ! =m] all di$ (f a few days aft] !y appe>$ above gr\nd2 ! latt] /ill survive1 & are vigor\s1 heal?y plants40 8,s aga91 turnip & c>rot se$ sav$ at ,hyd]abad are f\nd to answ] bett] at ,madras ?an se$ f ,europe or f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope40#gg ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ( ! ,calcutta ,botanic ,g>d5s1 in=ms me t se$s ( ! sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus7 import$ f ,engl& produce plants1 ) ?ick1 rigid /ems & small leaves1 :i* r>ely blossom & nev] yield se$2 plants rais$ f ,fr5* se$ blossom sp>+ly1 b all ! fl[]s are /]ile2 on ! o!r h&1 plants rais$ f sweet-peas gr[n ne> ,d>jeel+ 9 ,upp] ,india1 b orig9ally d]iv$ f ,engl&1 c be successfully cultivat$ on ! pla9s ( ,india2 = !y fl[] & se$ pr(usely1 & _! /ems are lax & sc&5t4 ,9 "s ( ! =ego+ cases1 z ,dr4 ,hook] has rem>k$ to me1 ! great] success may p]haps be attribut$ to ! se$s hav+ be5 m fully rip5$ "u a m fav\rable climate2 b ?is view c h>dly be ext5d$ to s _m cases1 includ+ plants1 :i*1 f be+ cultivat$ "u a climate hott] ?an _! native "o1 become fitt$ = a /ill hott] climate4 ,we may !re=e safely conclude t plants c to a c]ta9 ext5t become accu/om$ to a climate ei!r hott] or cold] ?an _! own2 al?\gh ! latt] cases h be5 m frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,we w n[ consid] ! means by :i* acclimatisation may be effect$1 namely1 ?r\gh ! appe>ance ( v>ieties hav+ a diff]5t con/itution1 & ?r\gh ! effects ( habit4 ,9 reg>d to new v>ieties1 !re is no evid5ce t a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! (fspr+ necess>ily /&s 9 any direct relation ) ! nature ( ! climate inhabit$ by ! p>5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is c]ta9 t h>dy & t5d] v>ieties ( ! same species appe> 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,new v>ieties ?us spontane\sly aris+ become fitt$ to slightly diff]5t climates 9 two diff]5t ways2 fir/ly1 !y may h ! p[]1 ei!r z se$l+s or :5 full-gr[n1 ( resi/+ int5se cold1 z ) ! ,mosc[ pe>1 or ( resi/+ int5se heat1 z ) "s k9ds ( ,pel>gonium1 or ! fl[]s may )/& sev]e fro/1 z ) ! ,=elle pe>4 ,secondly1 plants may become adapt$ to climates widely diff]5t f _! own1 f fl[]+ & fruit+ ei!r e>li] or lat] 9 ! season4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! p[] ( acclimatisation by man consi/s simply 9 ! selection & pres]vation ( new v>ieties4 ,b )\t any direct int5tion on 8 "p ( secur+ a h>di] v>iety1 acclimatisation may be unconsci\sly effect$ by m]ely rais+ t5d] plants f se$1 & by occasionally attempt+ _! cultivation fur!r & fur!r nor?w>ds1 z 9 ! case ( maize1 ! orange & ! pea*4 ,h[ mu* influ5ce ought to be attribut$ to inh]it$ habit or cu/om 9 ! acclimatisation ( animals & plants is a mu* m difficult "q4 ,9 _m cases natural selection c h>dly h fail$ to h come into play & complicat$ ! result4 ,x is notori\s t m\nta9 %eep resi/ sev]e wea!r & /orms ( sn[ :i* w\ld de/roy l[l& bre$s2 b !n m\nta9 %eep h be5 ?us expos$ f "t immemorial1 & all delicate individuals w h be5 de/roy$1 & ! h>die/ pres]v$4 ,s ) ! ,arr9dy silk-mo?s ( ,*9a & ,india2 :o c tell h[ f> natural selection may h tak5 a %>e 9 ! =mation ( ! two races1 :i* are n[ fitt$ = su* widely diff]5t climates8 ,x seems at fir/ probable t ! _m fruit-trees :i* are s well fitt$ = ! hot summ]s & cold w9t]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 contra/ ) _! poor success "u our climate1 h become adapt$ ?r\gh habit2 b :5 we reflect on ! multitude ( se$l+s annually rais$ 9 t c\ntry1 & t none w\ld succe$ unless born ) a fitt+ con/itution1 x is possible t m]e habit may h done no?+ t[>ds _! acclimatisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we he> t ,m]9o %eep1 br$ dur+ no great numb] ( g5]ations at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope--t "s ,european plants rais$ dur+ only a few g5]ations 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ,india1 )/& ! hott] p>ts ( t c\ntry mu* bett] ?an ! %eep or se$s import$ directly f ,engl&1 we mu/ attribute "s influ5ce to habit4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion :5 we he> f ,naud9#gh t ! races ( melons1 squa%es1 & g\rds1 :i* h long be5 cultivat$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 are comp>atively m precoci\s1 & ne$ mu* less heat = matur+ _! fruit1 ?an ! v>ieties ( ! same species rec5tly br\ght f tropical regions4 ,9 ! reciprocal conv]sion ( summ] & w9t] :eat1 b>ley1 & vet*es into ea* o!r1 habit produces a m>k$ effect 9 ! c\rse ( a v few g5]ations4 ,! same ?+ app>5tly occurs ) ! v>ieties ( maize1 :i*1 :5 c>ri$ f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 or into ,g]many1 soon became accu/om$ to _! new homes4 ,) v9e-plants tak5 to ! ,we/ ,indies f ,madeira1 :i* are said to succe$ bett] ?an plants br\ght directly f ,france1 we h "s degree ( acclimatisation 9 ! individual1 indep5d5tly ( ! production ( new v>ieties by se$4 ,! common exp]i5ce ( agriculturi/s is ( "s value1 & !y (t5 advise p]sons to be cauti\s 9 try+ ! productions ( "o c\ntry 9 ano!r4 ,! anci5t agricultural writ]s ( ,*9a recomm5d ! pres]vation & cultivation ( ! v>ieties peculi> to ea* c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! classical p]iod1 ,columella wrote1 8,v]naculum pecus p]egr9o longe pr/antius e/40#gi ,i am aw>e t ! attempt to acclimatise ei!r animals or plants has be5 call$ a va9 *im]a4 ,no d\bt ! attempt 9 mo/ cases des]ves to be ?us call$1 if made indep5d5tly ( ! production ( new v>ieties end[$ ) a diff]5t con/itution4 ,) plants propagat$ by buds1 habit r>ely produces any effect2 x app>5tly acts only ?r\gh successive sem9al g5]ations4 ,! laurel1 bay1 laure/9us1 etc41 & ! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 :i* are propagat$ by cutt+s or tub]s1 are probably n[ z t5d] 9 ,engl& z :5 fir/ introduc$2 & ?is appe>s to be ! case ) ! potato1 :i* until rec5tly 0 seldom multipli$ by se$4 ,) plants propagat$ by se$1 & ) animals1 !re w be little or no acclimatisation unless ! h>di] individuals are ei!r int5tionally or unconsci\sly pres]v$4 ,! kidney-bean has (t5 be5 advanc$ z an in/ance ( a plant :i* has n become h>di] s9ce its fir/ introduction into ,brita94 ,we he>1 h[ev]1 on excell5t au?ority#hj t "s v f9e se$1 import$ f abroad1 produc$ plants 8:i* blossom$ mo/ pr(usely1 b 7 ne>ly all b abortive1 :il/ plants gr[n alongside f ,engli% se$ podd$ abundantly20 & ?is app>5tly %[s "s degree ( acclimatisation 9 our ,engli% plants4 ,we h also se5 t se$l+s ( ! kidney-bean occasionally appe> ) a m>k$ p[] ( resi/+ fro/2 b no "o1 z f> z ,i c he>1 has ev] sep>at$ su* h>dy se$l+s1 s z to prev5t accid5tal cross+1 & !n ga!r$ _! se$1 & repeat$ ! process ye> aft] ye>4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ ) tru? t natural selection ought to h _h a decid$ effect on ! h>d9ess ( our kidney-beans2 = ! t5d]e/ individuals mu/ h be5 kill$ dur+ e sev]e spr+1 & ! h>di] pres]v$4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! result ( increas$ h>d9ess w\ld simply be t g>d5]s1 :o are always anxi\s = z e>ly a crop z possible1 w\ld s[ _! se$ a few days e>li] ?an =m]ly4 ,n[1 z ! p]iod ( s[+ dep5ds mu* on ! soil & elevation ( ea* di/rict1 & v>ies ) ! season2 & z new v>ieties h (t5 be5 import$ f abroad1 c we feel sure t our kidney-beans are n some:at h>di]8 ,i h n be5 able1 by se>*+ old horticultural works1 to answ] ?is "q satisfactorily4 ,on ! :ole ! facts n[ giv5 %[ t1 ?\gh habit does some?+ t[>ds acclimatisation1 yet t ! appe>ance ( con/itutionally diff]5t individuals is a f> m effective ag5t4 ,z no s+le in/ance has be5 record$ ei!r ) animals or plants ( h>di] individuals hav+ be5 long & /eadily select$1 ?\gh su* selection is admitt$ to be indisp5sable = ! improvem5t ( any o!r "*1 x is n surpris+ t man has done little 9 ! acclimatisation ( dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 d\bt t "u nature new races & new species w\ld become adapt$ to widely diff]5t climates1 by v>iation1 aid$ by habit1 & regulat$ by natural selection4 ,arre/s ( ,developm5t3 ,rudim5t>y & ,abort$ ,organs4 ,modifications ( /ructure f arre/$ developm5t1 s great or s s]i\s z to des]ve to be call$ mon/rosities1 are n infrequ5t ) dome/icat$ animals1 b1 z !y diff] mu* f any normal /ructure1 !y require only a pass+ notice4 ,?us ! :ole head may be repres5t$ by a s(t nipple-l projection1 & ! limbs by m]e papillae4 ,^! rudim5ts ( limbs are sometimes inh]it$1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 a dog4#ha ,_m less] anomalies appe> to be due to arre/$ developm5t4 ,:at ! cause ( ! arre/ may be1 we seldom "k1 except 9 ! case ( direct injury to ! embryo4 ,t ! cause does n g5]ally act at an extremely e>ly embryonic p]iod we may inf] f ! affect$ organ seldom be+ :olly abort$1--a rudim5t be+ g5]ally pres]v$4 ,! ext]nal e>s are repres5t$ by m]e ve/iges 9 a ,*9ese bre$ ( %eep2 & 9 ano!r bre$1 ! tail is r$uc$ 8to a little button1 suffocat$ 9 a mann]1 by fat40#hb ,9 tailless dogs & cats a /ump is left4 ,9 c]ta9 bre$s ( f[ls ! comb & wattles are r$uc$ to rudim5ts2 9 ! ,co*9-,*9a bre$ sc>cely m ?an rudim5ts ( spurs exi/4 ,) poll$ ,suffolk cattle1 8rudim5ts ( horns c (t5 be felt at an e>ly age02#hc & ) species 9 a /ate ( nature1 ! relatively great developm5t ( rudim5t>y organs at an e>ly p]iod ( life is highly *>act]i/ic ( su* organs4 ,) hornless bre$s ( cattle & %eep1 ano!r & s+ul> k9d ( rudim5t has be5 obs]v$1 namely1 m9ute dangl+ horns atta*$ to ! sk9 alone1 & :i* are (t5 %$ & gr[ aga94 ,) hornless goats1 accord+ to ,desm>e/1#hd ! bony protub]ance :i* prop]ly supports ! horn exi/s z a m]e rudim5t4 ,) cultivat$ plants x is f> f r>e to f9d ! petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils repres5t$ by rudim5ts1 l ^? obs]v$ 9 natural species4 ,s x is ) ! :ole se$ 9 _m fruits2 ?us1 ne> ,a/rakhan !re is a grape ) m]e traces ( se$s1 8s small & ly+ s ne> ! /alk t !y are n p]ceiv$ 9 eat+ ! grape40#he ,9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! g\rd1 ! t5drils1 accord+ to ,naud91 are repres5t$ by rudim5ts or by v>i\s mon/r\s gr[?s4 ,9 ! broccoli & caulifl[] ! great] numb] ( ! fl[]s are incapable ( expansion1 & include rudim5t>y organs4 ,9 ! ,fea!r hyac9? 7,musc>i comosum7 9 its natural /ate ! upp] & c5tral fl[]s are brightly col\r$ b rudim5t>y2 "u cultivation ! t5d5cy to abortion travels d[nw>ds & outw>ds1 & all ! fl[]s become rudim5t>y2 b ! abortive /am5s & pi/ils are n s small 9 ! l[] z 9 ! upp] fl[]s4 ,9 ! ,viburnum opulus1 on ! o!r h&1 ! out] fl[]s naturally h _! organs ( fructification 9 a rudim5t>y /ate1 & ! corolla is ( l>ge size2 "u cultivation1 ! *ange spreads to ! c5tre1 & all ! fl[]s become affect$4 ,9 ! compositae1 ! s-call$ d\bl+ ( ! fl[]s consi/s 9 ! great] developm5t ( ! corolla ( ! c5tral florets1 g5]ally accompani$ ) "s degree ( /]ility2 & x has be5 obs]v$#hf t ! progressive d\bl+ inv>iably spreads f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1--t is1 f ! ray florets1 :i* s (t5 include rudim5t>y organs1 to ^? ( ! disc4 ,i may add1 z be>+ on ?is subject1 t ) ,a/]s1 se$s tak5 f ! florets ( ! circumf]5ce h be5 f\nd to yield ! greate/ numb] ( d\ble fl[]s4#hg ,9 ! above cases we h a natural t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 p>ts to be rudim5t>y1 & ?is "u culture spreads ei!r to1 or f1 ! axis ( ! plant4 ,x des]ves notice1 z %[+ h[ ! same laws gov]n ! *anges :i* natural species & artificial v>ieties und]go1 t 9 ! species ( ,c>?amus1 "o ( ! ,compositae1 a t5d5cy to ! abortion ( ! pappus may be trac$ ext5d+ f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre ( ! disc z 9 ! s-call$ d\bl+ ( ! fl[]s 9 ! memb]s ( ! same family4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,a4 de ,jussieu1#hh ! abortion is only p>tial 9 ,c>?amus creticus1 b m ext5d$ 9 ,c4 lanatus2 = 9 ?is species only two or ?ree ( ! c5tral se$s are furni%$ ) a pappus1 ! surr\nd+ se$s be+ ei!r q nak$ or furni%$ ) a few hairs2 & la/ly 9 ,c4 t9ctorius1 ev5 ! c5tral se$s are de/itute ( pappus1 & ! abortion is complete4 ,) animals & plants "u dome/ication1 :5 an organ disappe>s1 leav+ only a rudim5t1 ! loss has g5]ally be5 sudd51 z ) hornless & tailless bre$s2 & su* cases may be rank$ z inh]it$ mon/rosities4 ,b 9 "s few cases ! loss has be5 gradual1 & has be5 effect$ p>tly by selection1 z ) ! rudim5t>y combs & wattles ( c]ta9 f[ls4 ,we h also se5 t ! w+s ( "s dome/icat$ birds h be5 slightly r$uc$ by disuse1 & ! great r$uction ( ! w+s 9 c]ta9 silk-mo?s1 ) m]e rudim5ts left1 has probably be5 aid$ by disuse4 ,) species 9 a /ate ( nature1 rudim5t>y organs are extremely common4 ,su* organs are g5]ally v>iable1 z sev]al naturali/s h obs]v$2 =1 be+ useless1 !y are n regulat$ by natural selection1 & !y are m or less liable to rev]sion4 ,! same rule c]ta9ly holds good ) p>ts :i* h become rudim5t>y "u dome/ication4 ,we d n "k ?r\gh :at /eps "u nature rudim5t>y organs h pass$ 9 be+ r$uc$ to _! pres5t condition2 b we s incessantly see 9 species ( ! same gr\p ! f9e/ gradations betwe5 an organ 9 a rudim5t>y & p]fect /ate1 t we are l$ to believe t ! passage mu/ h be5 extremely gradual4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r a *ange ( /ructure s abrupt z ! sudd5 loss ( an organ w\ld ev] be ( s]vice to a species 9 a /ate ( nature2 = ! conditions to :i* all organisms are closely adapt$ usually *ange v sl[ly4 ,ev5 if an organ did sudd5ly disappe> 9 "s "o individual by an arre/ ( developm5t1 int]cross+ ) ! o!r individuals ( ! same species w\ld t5d to cause its p>tial reappe>ance2 s t its f9al r$uction c\ld only be effect$ by "s o!r means4 ,! mo/ probable view is1 t a "p :i* is n[ rudim5t>y1 0 =m]ly1 ow+ to *ang$ habits ( life1 us$ less & less1 be+ at ! same "t r$uc$ 9 size by disuse1 until at la/ x became q useless & sup]flu\s4 ,b z mo/ p>ts or organs are n br\ght into action dur+ an e>ly p]iod ( life1 disuse or decreas$ action w n lead to _! r$uction until ! organism arrives at a some:at advanc$ age2 & f ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ ages ! r$uction w be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ at ! same advanc$ /age ( gr[?4 ,! "p or organ w ?us reta9 its full size 9 ! embryo1 z we "k to be ! case ) mo/ rudim5ts4 ,z soon z a "p becomes useless1 ano!r pr9ciple1 t ( economy ( gr[?1 w come into play1 z x w\ld be an advantage to an organism expos$ to sev]e competition to save ! developm5t ( any useless "p2 & individuals hav+ ! "p less develop$ w h a slight advantage ov] o!rs4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,miv>t has ju/ly rem>k$1 z soon z a "p is mu* r$uc$1 ! sav+ f its fur!r r$uction w be utt]ly insignificant2 s t ?is _c be effect$ by natural selection4 ,?is manife/ly holds good if ! "p be =m$ ( m]e cellul> tissue1 entail+ little exp5diture ( nutrim5t4 ,h[ !n c ! fur!r r$uction ( an already some:at r$uc$ "p be effect$8 ,t ?is has occurr$ repeat$ly "u ,nature is %[n by ! _m gradations :i* exi/ betwe5 organs 9 a p]fect /ate & ! m]e/ ve/iges ( !m4 ,mr4 ,romanes#hi has1 ,i ?9k1 ?r[n mu* light on ?is difficult problem4 ,8 view1 z f> z x c be giv5 9 a few words1 is z foll[s3 all p>ts are some:at v>iable & fluctuate 9 size r\nd an av]age po9t4 ,n[1 :5 a "p has already begun f any cause to decrease1 x is v improbable t ! v>iations %\ld be z great 9 ! direction ( increase z ( dim9ution2 = ! previ\s r$uction %[s t circum/ances h n be5 fav\rable = its developm5t2 :il/ !re is no?+ to *eck v>iations 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if ?is be s1 ! long cont9u$ cross+ ( _m individuals furni%$ ) an organ :i* fluctuates 9 a great] degree t[>ds decrease ?an t[>ds increase1 w sl[ly b /eadily lead to its dim9ution4 ,) respect to ! complete & absolute abortion ( a "p1 a di/9ct pr9ciple1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on pang5esis1 probably comes into action4 ,) animals & plants re>$ by man !re is no sev]e or recurr5t /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! pr9ciple ( economy w n come into action1 s t ! r$uction ( an organ w n ?us be aid$4 ,s f>1 inde$1 is ?is f be+ ! case1 t 9 "s few in/ances organs1 :i* are naturally rudim5t>y 9 ! p>5t-species1 become p>tially r$evelop$ 9 ! dome/icat$ desc5dants4 ,?us c[s1 l mo/ o!r rum9ants1 prop]ly h f\r active & two rudim5t>y mamma2 b 9 our dome/icat$ animals1 ! latt] occasionally become consid]ably develop$ & yield milk4 ,! atrophi$ mammae1 :i*1 9 male dome/icat$ animals1 includ+ man1 h 9 "s r>e cases gr[n to full size & secret$ milk1 p]haps (f] an analog\s case4 ,! h9d feet ( dogs naturally include rudim5ts ( a fif? toe1 & 9 c]ta9 l>ge bre$s ^! toes1 ?\gh /ill rudim5t>y1 become consid]ably develop$ & are furni%$ ) claws4 ,9 ! common ,h51 ! spurs & comb are rudim5t>y1 b 9 c]ta9 bre$s ^! become1 indep5d5tly ( age or disease ( ! ov>ia1 well develop$4 ,! /allion has can9e tee?1 b ! m>e has only traces ( ! alveoli1 :i*1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! em95t vet]9>ian ,mr4 ,g4 ,t4 ,br[n1 frequ5tly conta9 m9ute irregul> nodules ( bone4 ,^! nodules1 h[ev]1 sometimes become develop$ into imp]fect tee?1 protrud+ ?r\gh ! gums & coat$ ) enamel2 & occasionally !y gr[ to a f\r? or ev5 a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! can9es 9 ! /allion4 ,) plants ,i d n "k :e!r ! r$evelopm5t ( rudim5t>y organs occurs m frequ5tly "u culture ?an "u nature4 ,p]haps ! pe>-tree may be a case 9 po9t1 = :5 wild x be>s ?orns1 :i* consi/ ( bran*es 9 a rudim5t>y condition & s]ve z a protection1 b1 :5 ! tree is cultivat$1 !y are reconv]t$ into bran*es4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,an ,essay on ,g5]ation1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #ah2 p4t1 #8,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #bji4 #b #8,an ,essay on ,animal ,reproduction1' ,eng4 translat41 #agfi1 p4 #gi4 #c ,c>p5t]'s #8,pr9ciples ( ,comp4 ,physiology1' #ahed1 p4 #dgi4 #d ,*>leswor?'s #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 #ahcg1 p4 #ade4 #e ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1' vol4 i4 p4 #bci4 #f ,quot$ by ,c>p5t]1 #8,comp4 ,phys41' p4 #dgi4 #g ,pr(4 ,m>ey's discussion on ! p[] ( co-adaptation 9 all p>ts ( ! organisation is excell5t4 #8,la ,ma*9e ,animale1' #ahgc1 *ap4 ix4 ,see also ,paget1 #8,lectures1' etc41 p4 #beg4 #h ,^! cases are giv5 by ,blum5ba* 9 8 #8,essay on ,g5]ation1' pp4 #eb1 #ed4 #i #8,cellul> ,pa?ology1' trans4 by ,dr4 ,*ance1 #ahfj1 pp4 #bg1 #dda4 #aj ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' vol4 i4 #ahec1 p4 #ceg4 #aa ,paget1 ibid41 p4 #aej4 #ab #8,die ,blutv]!ilung1 etc4 d] ,organe1' #ahga1 z quot$ by ,jaeg]1 #8,9 ,sa*5 ,d>w9's1' #ahgd1 p4 #dh4 ,see also ,h4 ,sp5c] #8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 ii4 #ahff1 *ap4 #c-e4 #ac #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 #ad #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,sept4 #bf?1 #ahfd1 p4 #eci4 #ae ,h4 ,sp5c]1 #8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdc4 #af ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi4 ,sa*s1 #8,text-book ( ,botany1' #ahge1 p4 #gcd4 #ag ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc4 #ah ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bji4 #ai ,mll]'s #8,phys41' ,eng4 translat41 pp4 #ed1 #gia4 ,pr(4 ,re$ has giv5 7#8,physiological & ,anat4 ,rese>*es1' p4 #aj7 a curi\s acc\nt ( ! atrophy ( ! limbs ( rabbits aft] ! de/ruction ( ! n]ve4 #bj ,quot$ by ,lecoq1 9 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' tom4 i4 #ahed1 p4 #ahb4 #ba #8,das ,abnd]n d] ,vgel1' #ahcc1 s4 #gd4 #bb ,na?usius1 #8,die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' #ahfj1 s4 #ec1 #eg2 #8,vor/udi5 4 4 4 ,s*we9es*del1' #ahfd1 s4 #ajc1 #acj1 #acc4 ,pr(4 ,lucae supports & ext5ds ! conclusions ( ,von ,na?usius3 #8,d] ,s*del des ,mask5s*we9es1' #ahgj4 #bc #8,j\rnal ( ,agriculture ( ,highl& ,soc41' ,july #ahfj1 p4 #cba4 #bd #8,l&wir?4 ,wo*5blatt1' ,no4 #aj4 #be #8,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 #bf ,&]sson1 #8,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' p4 #cah4 ,= analog\s cases 9 ,s\? ,am]ica see ,aug4 ,/4-,hilaire #8,voyage dans la ,prov9ce de ,goyaz1' tom4 i4 p4 #ga4 #bg ,brickell's #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1' #agci1 p4 #ec4 #bh ,liv+/one1 quot$ by ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #adb4 ,hodgson 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi4 #ahdg1 p4 #ajjf1 etc4 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,wilck5s argues /rongly aga9/ ! belief t ! droop+ ( ! e>s is ! result ( disuse3 #8,jahrbu* d] deuts*5 ,viehzu*t1' #ahff4 #bi #8,naturali/'s ,libr>y1' ,dogs1 vol4 ii4 #ahdj1 p4 #ajd4 #cj #8,de l',espce1' tom4 i4 #ahei1 p4 #cfg4 #ca #8,ceylon1' by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,t5n5t1 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eca4 #cb ,= ! =ego+ /atem5ts1 see ,hunt]'s #8,essays & ,obs]vations1' #ahfa1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbi2 ,dr4 ,edmond/on1 z quot$ 9 ,macgillivray's #8,briti% ,birds1' vol4 v4 p4 #eej3 ,m5etries1 z quot$ 9 ,bronn's #8,ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #aaj4 #cc ,^! /atem5ts on ! inte/9es are tak5 f ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gn41' tom4 iii4 pp4 #dbg1 #dda4 #cd ,gilb]t ,:ite1 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,selborne1' #ahbe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aba4 #ce ,burda*1 #8,trait de ,phys41' tom4 ii4 p4 #bfg1 z quot$ by ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #chh4 #cf ,?is & sev]al o!r cases are giv5 by ,col91 #8,physiologie ,comp4 des ,animaux ,dom41' #ahed1 tom4 i4 p4 #dbf4 #cg ,m4 ,mi*ely de ,cay5ne1 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 viii4 #ahfa1 p4 #efc4 #ch ,quatrefages1 #8,unit de l',espce ,huma9e1' #ahfa1 p4 #gi4 #ci #8,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1' ,april #ahgd1 p4 #bcg4 #dj #8,flora1' #ahce1 ,b4 ii4 p4 #ejd4 #da ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' tom4 ii4 p4 #ajgh4 #db ,royle1 #8,illu/rations ( ! ,botany ( ! ,himalaya1' p4 #ai4 #dc #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 pp4 #bjd1 #bai4 #dd ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/1 #8,j\rnal ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ai4 #de ,y\att on ,%eep1 #ahch1 p4 #dia4 #df ,royle1 #8,prod4 ,res\rces ( ,india1' p4 #aec4 #dg ,tegetmei]1 #8,p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #ajb4 #dh ,dr4 ,r4 ,pat]son1 9 a pap] communicat$ to ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,canada quot$ 9 ! #8,read]1' #ahfc1 ,nov4 #ac?4 #di ,see rem>ks by ,editor 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdh1 p4 #e4 #ej #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #ich4 ,rem>ks by ,editor & quotation f ,decaisne4 #ea ,j4 de ,jonghe1 ( ,brussels1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #fab4 #eb ,*4 ,m>tius1 #8,voyage ,bot4 ,ctes ,sept4 de la ,norvge1' p4 #bf4 #ec #8,j\rnal de l',acad4 ,hort4 de ,g&1' quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahei1 p4 #g4 #ed #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #cif4 #ee ,ibid41 #ahfb1 p4 #bce4 #ef ,on ! au?ority ( ,labat1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #bce4 #eg ,,mm4 ,edw>ds & ,col91 #8,annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #bnd s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 v4 p4 #bb4 #eh #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ccg4 #ei #8,sw$i% ,acts1' ,eng4 translat41 #agci-dj1 vol4 i4 ,kalm1 9 8 #8,travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aff1 gives an analog\s case ) cotton-plants rais$ 9 ,new ,j]sey f ,c>ol9a se$4 #fj ,de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #cci4 #fa #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #bce4 #fb ,gallesio1 #8,teoria della ,riproduzione ,veg41' #ahaf1 p4 #abe2 & #8,trait du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #cei4 #fc #8,essai sur l',hi/4 des ,orang]s1' #ahac1 p4 #bj1 etc4 #fd ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 #8,gograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhb4 #fe #8,*4 ,d>w9's ,lehre von d] ,ent/ehung1' etc41 #ahfb1 s4 #hg4 #ff ,decaisne1 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #bga4 #fg ,= ! magnolia1 see ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xiii4 #ahcg1 p4 #ba4 ,= camellias & roses1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfj1 p4 #chd4 ,= ! yew1 #8,j\rnal ( ,hort41' ,m>* #crd1 #ahfc1 p4 #agd4 ,= sweet potatoes1 see ,col4 von ,siebold1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #hbb4 #fh ,! ,editor1 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #bci4 #fi ,l\don's #8,g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xii4 #ahcf1 p4 #cgh4 #gj #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #fii4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,maw gives 7#8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahgj1 p4 #hie7 a numb] ( /rik+ cases2 he br\ght home f s\!rn ,spa9 & nor!rn ,africa sev]al plants1 :i* he cultivat$ 9 ,engl& alongside specim5s f nor!rn di/ricts2 & he f\nd a great diff]5ce n only 9 _! h>d9ess dur+ ! w9t]1 b 9 ! behavi\r ( "s ( !m dur+ ! summ]4 #ga #8,arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iii4 p4 #acgf4 #gb ,mr4 ,robson1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #bc4 #gc ,dr4 ,bonavia1 #8,report ( ! ,agri4-,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,oudh1' #ahff4 #gd #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 ,april #bd?1 p4 #eg4 #ge #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #bia4 #gf ,mr4 ,beaton1 9 #8,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,m>* #bj?1 #ahfj1 p4 #cgg4 ,que5 ,mab w also /& /ove heat4 ,see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #bbf4 #gg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #dci4 #gh ,quot$ by ,asa ,gray1 9 #8,am4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sc41' #bnd s]ies1 ,jan4 #ahfe1 p4 #ajf4 #gi ,= ,*9a1 see #8,mmoire sur les ,*9ois1' tom4 xi4 #aghf1 p4 #fj4 ,columella is quot$ by ,c>li]1 9 #8,j\rnal de ,physique1' tom4 xxiv4 #aghd4 #hj ,messrs4 ,h>dy & ,son1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #ehi4 #ha ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,anomalies1' #ahcf1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #baj1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #cie2 #8,philosoph4 ,transact41' #agge1 p4 #cac4 #hb ,pallas1 quot$ by ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #be4 #hc ,y\att on ,cattle1 #ahcd1 p4 #agd4 #hd #8,encyclop4 ,m?od41' #ahbj1 p4 #dhc3 see p4 #ejj1 on ! ,indian zebu ca/+ its horns4 ,simil> cases 9 ,european cattle 7 giv5 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 #he ,pallas1 #8,travels1' ,eng4 ,translat41 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 #hf ,mr4 ,beaton1 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #ba/1 #ahfa1 p4 #acc4 #hg ,lecoq1 #8,de la ,fcondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #bcc4 #hh #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cai4 #hi ,i sugge/$ 9 #8,nature' 7vol4 #h pp4 #dcb1 #eje7 t ) organisms subject$ to unfav\rable conditions all ! p>ts w\ld t5d t[>ds r$uction1 & t "u su* circum/ances any "p :i* 0 n kept up to its /&>d size by natural selection w\ld1 ow+ to int]cross+1 sl[ly b /eadily decrease4 ,9 ?ree subsequ5t communications to #8,nature' 7,m>* #ab1 ,april #i1 & ,july #b1 #ahgd71 ,mr4 ,romanes gives 8 improv$ view4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation1 cont9u$4--,,correlat$ ,,v>iability4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]m ,,correlation--,,connect$ ,,) ,,developm5t--,,modifications ,,correlat$ ,,) ,,! ,,increas$ ,,or ,,decreas$ ,,size ,,( ,,p>ts--,,correlat$ ,,v>iation ,,( ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,fea!r$ ,,feet ,,9 ,,birds ,,assum+ ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,w+s--,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,! ,,extremities--,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sk9 ,,& ,,d]mal ,,app5dages--,,betwe5 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,sight ,,& ,,he>+--,,correlat$ ,,modifications ,,9 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,plants--,,correlat$ ,,mon/rosities--,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,e>s--,,skull ,,& ,,cre/ ,,( ,,fea!rs--,,skull ,,& ,,horns--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[? ,,complicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,accumulat$ ,,effects ,,( ,,natural ,,selection--,,col\r ,,z ,,correlat$ ,,) ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities4 ,all p>ts ( ! organisation are to a c]ta9 ext5t connect$ toge!r2 b ! connection may be s slight t x h>dly exi/s1 z ) comp\nd animals or ! buds on ! same tree4 ,ev5 9 ! high] animals v>i\s p>ts are n at all closely relat$2 = "o "p may be :olly suppress$ or r5d]$ mon/r\s )\t any o!r "p ( ! body be+ affect$4 ,b 9 "s cases1 :5 "o "p v>ies1 c]ta9 o!r p>ts always1 or ne>ly always1 simultane\sly v>y2 !y are !n subject to ! law ( correlat$ v>iation4 ,! :ole body is admirably co-ord9at$ = ! peculi> habits ( life ( ea* organic be+1 & may be said1 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll insi/s 9 8 #8,reign ( ,law' to be correlat$ = ?is purpose4 ,aga91 9 l>ge gr\ps ( animals c]ta9 /ructures always co-exi/3 = in/ance1 a peculi> =m ( /oma* ) tee? ( peculi> =m1 & su* /ructures may 9 "o s5se be said to be correlat$4 ,b ^! cases h no necess>y connection ) ! law to be discuss$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]2 = we d n "k t ! initial or prim>y v>iations ( ! sev]al p>ts 7 9 any way relat$3 slight modifications or individual diff]5ces may h be5 pres]v$1 fir/ 9 "o & !n 9 ano!r "p1 until ! f9al & p]fectly co-adapt$ /ructure 0 acquir$2 b to ?is subject ,i %all pres5tly recur4 ,aga91 9 _m gr\ps ( animals ! males alone are furni%$ ) weapons1 or are ornam5t$ ) gay col\rs2 & ^! *>act]s manife/ly /& 9 "s sort ( correlation ) ! male reproductive organs1 = :5 ! latt] are de/roy$ ^! *>act]s disappe>4 ,b x 0 %[n 9 ! twelf? *apt] t ! v same peculi>ity may become atta*$ at any age to ei!r sex1 & aft]w>ds be exclusively transmitt$ to ! same sex at a correspond+ age4 ,9 ^! cases we h inh]itance limit$ by bo? sex & age2 b we h no reason = suppos+ t ! orig9al cause ( ! v>iation 0 necess>ily connect$ ) ! reproductive organs1 or ) ! age ( ! affect$ be+4 ,9 cases ( true correlat$ v>iation1 we are sometimes able to see ! nature ( ! connection2 b 9 mo/ cases x is hidd5 f u1 & c]ta9ly diff]s 9 diff]5t cases4 ,we c seldom say :i* ( two correlat$ p>ts fir/ v>ies1 & induces a *ange 9 ! o!r2 or :e!r ! two are ! effects ( "s common cause4 ,correlat$ v>iation is an important subject = u2 = :5 "o "p is modifi$ ?r\gh cont9u$ selection1 ei!r by man or "u nature1 o!r p>ts ( ! organisation w be unavoidably modifi$4 ,f ?is correlation x app>5tly foll[s t ) our dome/icat$ animals & plants1 v>ieties r>ely or nev] diff] f "o ano!r by a s+le "* alone4 ,"o ( ! simple/ cases ( correlation is t a modification :i* arises dur+ an e>ly /age ( gr[? t5ds to influ5ce ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! same "p1 z well z ( o!r & intimately connect$ p>ts4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire /ates#a t ?is may con/antly be obs]v$ ) mon/rosities 9 ! animal k+dom2 & ,moqu9-,t&on#b rem>ks1 t1 z ) plants ! axis _c become mon/r\s )\t 9 "s way affect+ ! organs subsequ5tly produc$ f x1 s axial anomalies are almo/ always accompani$ by deviations ( /ructure 9 ! app5d$ p>ts4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ) %ort-muzzl$ races ( ! dog c]ta9 hi/ological *anges 9 ! basal elem5ts ( ! bones arre/ _! developm5t & %ort5 !m1 & ?is affects ! position ( ! subsequ5tly develop$ mol> tee?4 ,x is probable t c]ta9 modifications 9 ! l>v ( insects w\ld affect ! /ructure ( ! mature insects4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful n to ext5d ?is view too f>1 = dur+ ! normal c\rse ( developm5t1 c]ta9 species pass ?r\gh an extraord9>y c\rse ( *ange1 :il/ o!r & closely alli$ species arrive at maturity ) little *ange ( /ructure4 ,ano!r simple case ( correlation is t ) ! increas$ or decreas$ dim5sions ( ! :ole body1 or ( any p>ticul> "p1 c]ta9 organs are increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 or are o!rwise modifi$4 ,?us pigeon fanci]s h gone on select+ p\t]s = l5g? ( body1 & we h se5 t _! v]tebrae are g5]ally increas$ n only 9 size b 9 numb]1 & _! ribs 9 bread?4 ,tumbl]s h be5 select$ = _! small bodies1 & _! ribs & prim>y w+-fea!rs are g5]ally less5$ 9 numb]4 ,fantails h be5 select$ = _! l>ge widely-exp&$ tails1 ) num]\s tail-fea!rs1 & ! caudal v]tebrae are increas$ 9 size & numb]4 ,c>ri]s h be5 select$ = l5g? ( beak1 & _! tongues h become long]1 b n 9 /rict accordance ) ! l5g? ( beak4 ,9 ?is latt] bre$ & 9 o!rs hav+ l>ge feet1 ! numb] ( ! scutellae on ! toes is great] ?an 9 ! bre$s ) small feet4 ,_m simil> cases c\ld be giv54 ,9 ,g]many x has be5 obs]v$ t ! p]iod ( ge/ation is long] 9 l>ge ?an 9 small bre$s ( cattle4 ,) our highly-improv$ bre$s ( all k9ds1 ! p]iods ( maturity & ( reproduction h advanc$ ) respect to ! age ( ! animal2 &1 9 correspond5ce ) ?is1 ! tee? are n[ develop$ e>li] ?an =m]ly1 s t1 to ! surprise ( agriculturi/s1 ! anci5t rules = judg+ ( ! age ( an animal by ! /ate ( its tee? are no long] tru/wor?y4#c ,correlat$ ,v>iation ( ,homolog\s ,p>ts4--,p>ts :i* are homolog\s t5d to v>y 9 ! same mann]2 & ?is is :at might h be5 expect$1 = su* p>ts are id5tical 9 =m & /ructure dur+ an e>ly p]iod ( embryonic developm5t1 & are expos$ 9 ! egg or womb to simil> conditions4 ,! symmetry1 9 mo/ k9ds ( animals1 ( ! correspond+ or homolog\s organs on ! "r & left sides ( ! body1 is ! simple/ case 9 po9t2 b ?is symmetry sometimes fails1 z ) rabbits hav+ only "o e>1 or /ags ) "o horn1 or ) _m-horn$ %eep :i* sometimes c>ry an additional horn on "o side ( _! heads4 ,) fl[]s :i* h regul> corollas1 all ! petals g5]ally v>y 9 ! same mann]1 z we see 9 ! complicat$ & symmetrical patt]n1 on ! fl[]s1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,*9ese p9k2 b ) irregul> fl[]s1 ?\gh ! petals are ( c\rse homolog\s1 ?is symmetry (t5 fails1 z ) ! v>ieties ( ! ,antirrh9um or snapdragon1 or t v>iety ( ! kidney-bean 7,phaseolus7 :i* has a :ite /&>d-petal4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata ! front & h9d limbs are homolog\s1 & !y t5d to v>y 9 ! same mann]1 z we see 9 long & %ort legg$1 or 9 ?ick & ?9 legg$ races ( ! horse & dog4 ,isidore ,ge(froy#d has rem>k$ on ! t5d5cy ( sup]num]>y digits 9 man to appe>1 n only on ! "r & left sides1 b on ! upp] & l[] extremities4 ,meckel has insi/$#e t1 :5 ! muscles ( ! arm dep>t 9 numb] or arrangem5t f _! prop] type1 !y almo/ always imitate ^? ( ! leg2 & s conv]sely ! v>y+ muscles ( ! leg imitate ! normal muscles ( ! arm4 ,9 sev]al di/9ct bre$s ( ! pigeon & f[l1 ! legs & ! two out] toes are heavily fea!r$1 s t 9 ! trumpet] pigeon !y appe> l little w+s4 ,9 ! fea!r-legg$ bantam ! 8boots0 or fea!rs1 :i* gr[ f ! outside ( ! leg & g5]ally f ! two out] toes1 h1 accord+ to ! excell5t au?ority ( ,mr4 ,hewitt1#f be5 se5 to exce$ ! w+-fea!rs 9 l5g?1 & 9 "o case 7 actually n9e & a half in*es long6 ,z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$ to me1 ^! leg-fea!rs resemble ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 & are totally unlike ! f9e d[n :i* naturally gr[s on ! legs ( "s birds1 su* z gr\se & owls4 ,h5ce x may be suspect$ t excess ( food has fir/ giv5 r$undancy to ! plumage1 & !n t ! law ( homolog\s v>iation has l$ to ! developm5t ( fea!rs on ! legs1 9 a position correspond+ ) ^? on ! w+1 namely1 on ! outside ( ! t>si & toes4 ,i am /r5g!n$ 9 ?is belief by ! foll[+ curi\s case ( correlation1 :i* = a long "t seem$ to me utt]ly inexplicable1 namely1 t 9 pigeons ( any bre$1 if ! legs are fea!r$1 ! two out] toes are p>tially connect$ by sk94 ,^! two out] toes correspond ) our ?ird & f\r? toes4#g ,n[1 9 ! w+ ( ! pigeon or ( any o!r bird1 ! fir/ & fif? digits are abort$2 ! second is rudim5t>y & c>ries ! s-call$ 8ba/>d-w+20 :il/ ! ?ird & f\r? digits are completely unit$ & enclos$ by sk91 toge!r =m+ ! extremity ( ! w+4 ,s t 9 fea!r-foot$ pigeons1 n only does ! ext]ior surface support a r[ ( long fea!rs1 l w+-fea!rs1 b ! v same digits :i* 9 ! w+ are completely unit$ by sk9 become p>tially unit$ by sk9 9 ! feet2 & ?us by ! law ( ! correlat$ v>iation ( homolog\s p>ts we c und]/& ! curi\s connection ( fea!r$ legs & membrane betwe5 ! two out] toes4 ,&rew ,knight#h has rem>k$ t ! face or head & ! limbs usually v>y toge!r 9 g5]al proportions4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! limbs ( a dray & race horse1 or ( a greyh\nd & ma/iff4 ,:at a mon/] a greyh\nd w\ld appe> ) ! head ( a ma/iff6 ,! mod]n bulldog1 h[ev]1 has f9e limbs1 b ?is is a rec5tly-select$ "*4 ,f ! measurem5ts giv5 9 ! six? *apt]1 we see t 9 sev]al bre$s ( ! pigeon ! l5g? ( ! beak & ! size ( ! feet are correlat$4 ,! view :i*1 z be=e expla9$1 seems ! mo/ probable is1 t disuse 9 all cases t5ds to dim9i% ! feet1 ! beak becom+ at ! same "t %ort] ?r\gh correlation2 b t 9 "s few bre$s 9 :i* l5g? ( beak has be5 a select$ po9t1 ! feet1 not)/&+ disuse1 h increas$ 9 size ?r\gh correlation4 ,9 ! foll[+ case "s k9d ( correlation is se5 to exi/ betwe5 ! feet & beak3 sev]al specim5s h be5 s5t to ,mr4 ,b>tlett at diff]5t times1 z hybrids betwe5 ducks & f[ls1 & ,i h se5 "o2 ^! 71 z might be expect$1 ord9>y ducks 9 a semi-mon/r\s condition1 & 9 all ( !m ! swimm+-web betwe5 ! toes 0 q defici5t or mu* r$uc$1 & 9 all ! beak 0 n>r[ & ill-%ap$4 ,) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! beak 9 pigeons1 n only ! tongue increases 9 l5g?1 b likewise ! orifice ( ! no/rils4 ,b ! increas$ l5g? ( ! orifice ( ! no/rils p]haps /&s 9 clos] correlation ) ! developm5t ( ! corrugat$ sk9 or wattle at ! base ( ! beak1 = :5 !re is mu* wattle r\nd ! eyes1 ! eyelids are greatly increas$ or ev5 d\bl$ 9 l5g?4 ,!re is app>5tly "s correlation ev5 9 col\r betwe5 ! head & ! extremities4 ,?us ) horses a l>ge :ite /> or blaze on ! =ehead is g5]ally accompani$ by :ite feet4#i ,) :ite rabbits & cattle1 d>k m>ks (t5 co-exi/ on ! tips ( ! e>s & on ! feet4 ,9 black & tan dogs ( diff]5t bre$s1 tan-col\r$ spots ov] ! eyes & tan-col\r$ feet almo/ inv>iably g toge!r4 ,^! latt] cases ( connect$ col\r+ may be due ei!r to rev]sion or to analog\s v>iation1--subjects to :i* ,i %all h]eaft] return1--b ?is does n necess>ily det]m9e ! "q ( _! orig9al correlation4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,jackson in=ms me t he has obs]v$ _m hundr$ :ite-foot$ cats1 & he f9ds t all are m or less conspicu\sly m>k$ ) :ite on ! front ( ! neck or *e/4 ,! lopp+ =w>ds & d[nw>ds ( ! imm5se e>s ( fancy rabbits seems p>tly due to ! disuse ( ! muscles1 & p>tly to ! weight & l5g? ( ! e>s1 :i* h be5 increas$ by selection dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,n[1 ) ! increas$ size & *ang$ direction ( ! e>s n only has ! bony auditory meatus become *ang$ 9 outl9e1 direction1 & greatly 9 size1 b ! :ole skull has be5 slightly modifi$4 ,?is c\ld be cle>ly se5 9 8half-lops0--t is1 9 rabbits ) only "o e> lopp+ =w>d-- = ! opposite sides ( _! skulls 7 n /rictly symmetrical4 ,?is seems to me a curi\s in/ance ( correlation1 betwe5 h>d bones & organs s s(t & flexible1 z well z s unimportant "u a physiological po9t ( view1 z ! ext]nal e>s4 ,! result no d\bt is l>gely due to m]e me*anical action1 t is1 to ! weight ( ! e>s1 on ! same pr9ciple t ! skull ( a human infant is easily modifi$ by pressure4 ,! sk9 & ! app5dages ( hair1 fea!rs1 ho(s1 horns1 & tee?1 are homolog\s ov] ! :ole body4 ,e "o kn[s t ! col\r ( ! sk9 & t ( ! hair usually v>y toge!r2 s t ,virgil advises ! %eph]d to look :e!r ! m\? & tongue ( ! ram are black1 le/ ! lambs %\ld n be purely :ite4 ,! col\r ( ! sk9 & hair1 & ! od\r emitt$ by ! gl&s ( ! sk91 are said#aj to be connect$1 ev5 9 ! same race ( m54 ,g5]ally ! hair v>ies 9 ! same way all ov] ! body 9 l5g?1 f95ess1 & curl9ess4 ,! same rule holds good ) fea!rs1 z we see ) ! lac$ & frizzl$ bre$s bo? ( f[ls & pigeons4 ,9 ! common cock ! fea!rs on ! neck & lo9s are always ( a p>ticul> %ape1 call$ hackles3 n[ 9 ! ,poli% bre$1 bo? sexes are *>act]is$ by a tuft ( fea!rs on ! head1 & ?r\gh correlation ^! fea!rs 9 ! male always assume ! =m ( hackles4 ,! w+ & tail-fea!rs1 ?\gh aris+ f p>ts n homolog\s1 v>y 9 l5g? toge!r2 s t long or %ort w+$ pigeons g5]ally h long or %ort tails4 ,! case ( ! ,jacob9-pigeon is m curi\s1 = ! w+ & tail fea!rs are rem>kably long2 & ?is app>5tly has aris5 9 correlation ) ! elongat$ & rev]s$ fea!rs on ! back ( ! neck1 :i* =m ! hood4 ,! ho(s & hair are homolog\s app5dages2 & a c>eful obs]v]1 namely ,az>a1#aa /ates t 9 ,p>aguay horses ( v>i\s col\rs are (t5 born ) _! hair curl$ & twi/$ l t on ! head ( a negro4 ,?is peculi>ity is /rongly inh]it$4 ,b :at is rem>kable is t ! ho(s ( ^! horses 8are absolutely l ^? ( a mule40 ,! hair also ( _! manes & tails is inv>iably mu* %ort] ?an usual1 be+ only f f\r to twelve in*es 9 l5g?2 s t curl9ess & %ortness ( ! hair are "h1 z ) ! negro1 app>5tly correlat$4 ,) respect to ! horns ( %eep1 ,y\att#ab rem>ks t 8multiplicity ( horns is n f\nd 9 any bre$ ( mu* value2 x is g5]ally accompani$ by great l5g? & co>s5ess ( ! fleece40 ,sev]al tropical bre$s ( %eep :i* are clo!d ) hair in/ead ( wool1 h horns almo/ l ^? ( a goat4 ,/urm#ac expressly decl>es t 9 diff]5t races ! m ! wool is curl$ ! m ! horns are spirally twi/$4 ,we h se5 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :]e o!r analog\s facts h be5 giv51 t ! p>5t ( ! ,mau*amp bre$1 s fam\s = its fleece1 _h peculi>ly %ap$ horns4 ,! inhabitants ( ,angora ass]t#ad t 8only ! :ite goats :i* h horns we> ! fleece 9 ! long curly locks t are s mu* admir$2 ^? :i* are n horn$ hav+ a comp>atively close coat40 ,f ^! cases we may inf] t ! hair or wool & ! horns t5d to v>y 9 a correlat$ mann]4#ae ,^? :o h tri$ hydropa?y are aw>e t ! frequ5t application ( cold wat] /imulates ! sk92 & :atev] /imulates ! sk9 t5ds to increase ! gr[? ( ! hair1 z is well %[n 9 ! abnormal gr[? ( hair ne> old inflam$ surfaces4 ,n[1 ,pr(essor ,l[#af is conv9c$ t ) ! diff]5t races ( ,briti% cattle ?ick sk9 & long hair dep5d on ! humidity ( ! climate :i* !y inhabit4 ,we c ?us see h[ a humid climate might act on ! horns--9 ! fir/ place directly on ! sk9 & hair1 & secondly by correlation on ! horns4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( horns1 moreov]1 bo? 9 ! case ( %eep & cattle1 acts1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 by "s sort ( correlation on ! skull4 ,) respect to hair & tee?1 ,mr4 ,y>rell#ag f\nd _m ( ! tee? defici5t 9 ?ree hairless 8,egyptian dogs10 & 9 a hairless t]ri]4 ,! incisors1 can9es1 & ! premol>s suff]$ mo/1 b 9 "o case all ! tee?1 except ! l>ge tub]cul> mol> on ea* side1 7 defici5t4 ,) man sev]al /rik+ cases h be5 record$#ah ( inh]it$ baldness ) inh]it$ defici5cy1 ei!r complete or p>tial1 ( ! tee?4 ,i may give an analog\s case1 communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w$d]burn1 ( a ,h9doo family 9 ,sc9de1 9 :i* t5 m51 9 ! c\rse ( f\r g5]ations1 7 furni%$1 9 bo? jaws tak5 toge!r1 ) only f\r small & weak incisor tee? & ) eight po/]ior mol>s4 ,! m5 ?us affect$ h v little hair on ! body1 & become bald e>ly 9 life4 ,!y also suff] mu* dur+ hot wea!r f excessive dryness ( ! sk94 ,x is rem>kable t no in/ance has occurr$ ( a daught] be+ ?us affect$2 & ?is fact rem9ds u h[ mu* m liable m5 are 9 ,engl& to become bald ?an wom54 ,?\gh ! daught]s 9 ! above family are nev] affect$1 !y transmit ! t5d5cy to _! sons2 & no case has occurr$ ( a son transmitt+ x to 8 sons4 ,! affection ?us appe>s only 9 alt]nate g5]ations1 or aft] long] int]vals4 ,!re is a simil> connection betwe5 hair & tee?1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 9 ^? r>e cases 9 :i* ! hair has be5 r5ew$ 9 old age1 = ?is has 8usually be5 accompani$ by a r5ewal ( ! tee?40 ,i h rem>k$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is volume t ! great r$uction 9 ! size ( ! tusks 9 dome/ic bo>s probably /&s 9 close relation ) _! dim9i%$ bri/les1 due to a c]ta9 am\nt ( protection2 & t ! reappe>ance ( ! tusks 9 bo>s1 :i* h become f]al & are fully expos$ to ! wea!r1 probably dep5ds on ! reappe>ance ( ! bri/les4 ,i may add1 ?\gh n /rictly connect$ ) our pres5t po9t1 t an agriculturi/#ai ass]ts t 8pigs ) little hair on _! bodies are mo/ liable to lose _! tails1 %[+ a weakness ( ! tegum5tal /ructure4 ,x may be prev5t$ by cross+ ) a m hairy bre$40 ,9 ! previ\s cases defici5t hair1 & tee? defici5t 9 numb] or size1 are app>5tly connect$4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases abnormally r$undant hair1 & tee? ei!r defici5t or r$undant1 are likewise connect$4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd#bj saw at ! ,burmese ,c\rt a man1 ?irty ye>s old1 ) 8 :ole body1 except ! h&s & feet1 cov]$ ) /raight silky hair1 :i* on ! %\ld]s & sp9e 0 five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at bir? ! e>s alone 7 cov]$4 ,he did n arrive at pub]ty1 or %$ 8 milk tee?1 until tw5ty ye>s old2 & at ?is p]iod he acquir$ five tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 namely1 f\r incisors & "o can9e1 & f\r incisor tee? 9 ! l[] jaw2 all ! tee? 7 small4 ,?is man _h a daught] :o 0 born ) hair )9 h] e>s2 & ! hair soon ext5d$ ov] h] body4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,yule#ba visit$ ! ,c\rt1 he f\nd ?is girl gr[n up2 & %e pres5t$ a /range appe>ance ) ev5 h] nose d5sely cov]$ ) s(t hair4 ,l h] fa!r1 %e 0 furni%$ ) incisor tee? alone4 ,! ,k+ _h ) difficulty brib$ a man to m>ry h]1 & ( h] two *ildr51 "o1 a boy f\rte5 mon?s old1 _h hair gr[+ out ( 8 e>s1 ) a be>d & m\/a*e4 ,?is /range peculi>ity has1 !re=e1 be5 inh]it$ = ?ree g5]ations1 ) ! mol> tee? defici5t 9 ! gr&fa!r & "m2 :e!r ^! tee? w\ld likewise fail 9 ! infant c\ld n !n be told4 ,a p>allel case ( a man fifty-five ye>s old1 & ( 8 son1 ) _! faces cov]$ ) hair1 has rec5tly occurr$ 9 ,russia4 ,dr4 ,alex4 ,br&t has s5t me an acc\nt ( ?is case1 toge!r ) specim5s ( ! extremely f9e hair f ! *eeks4 ,! man is defici5t 9 tee?1 possess+ only f\r incisors 9 ! l[] & two 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,8 son1 ab\t ?ree ye>s old1 has no tee? except f\r l[] incisors4 ,! case1 z ,dr4 ,br&t rem>ks 9 8 lett]1 no d\bt is due to an arre/ ( developm5t 9 ! hair & tee?4 ,we "h see h[ indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y conditions ( exi/5ce su* arre/s mu/ be1 = ! lives ( a ,russian peasant & ( a native ( ,burmah are z diff]5t z possible4#bb ,"h is ano!r & some:at diff]5t case communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,wallace on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,purl&1 a d5ti/3 ,julia ,pa/rana1 a ,spani% danc]1 0 a rem>kably f9e woman1 b %e _h a ?ick mascul9e be>d & a hairy =ehead2 %e 0 photograph$1 & h] /uff$ sk9 0 exhibit$ z a %[2 b :at conc]ns u is1 t %e _h 9 bo? ! upp] & l[] jaw an irregul> d\ble set ( tee?1 "o r[ be+ plac$ )9 ! o!r1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,purl& took a ca/4 ,f ! r$undancy ( tee? h] m\? project$1 & h] face _h a gorilla-l appe>ance4 ,^! cases & ^? ( ! hairless dogs =cibly call to m9d ! fact1 t ! two ord]s ( mammals--namely1 ! ,ed5tata & ,cetacea--:i* are ! mo/ abnormal 9 _! d]mal cov]+1 are likewise ! mo/ abnormal ei!r by defici5cy or r$undancy ( tee?4 ,! organs ( sight & he>+ are g5]ally admitt$ to be homolog\s ) "o ano!r & ) v>i\s d]mal app5dages2 h5ce ^! p>ts are liable to be abnormally affect$ 9 conjunction4 ,mr4 ,:ite ,c[p] says 8t 9 all cases ( d\ble microph?almia br\ght "u 8 notice he has at ! same "t met ) defective developm5t ( ! d5tal sy/em40 ,c]ta9 =ms ( bl9dness seem to be associat$ ) ! col\r ( ! hair2 a man ) black hair & a woman ) light-col\r$ hair1 bo? ( s\nd con/itution1 m>ri$ & _h n9e *ildr51 all ( :om 7 born bl9d2 ( ^! *ildr51 five 8) d>k hair & br[n iris 7 afflict$ ) amaurosis2 ! f\r o!rs1 ) light-col\r$ hair & blue iris1 _h amaurosis & cat>act conjo9$40 ,sev]al cases c\ld be giv51 %[+ t "s relation exi/s betwe5 v>i\s affections ( ! eyes & e>s2 ?us ,liebrei* /ates t out ( #bda deaf-mutes 9 ,b]l91 no less ?an f\rte5 suff]$ f ! r>e disease call$ pigm5t>y ret9itis4 ,mr4 ,:ite ,c[p] & ,dr4 ,e>le h rem>k$ t inability to di/+ui% diff]5t col\rs1 or col\r-bl9dness1 8is (t5 associat$ ) a correspond+ inability to di/+ui% musical s\nds40#bc ,"h is a m curi\s case3 :ite cats1 if !y h blue eyes1 are almo/ always deaf4 ,i =m]ly ?\ght t ! rule 0 inv>iable1 b ,i h he>d ( a few au!ntic exceptions4 ,! fir/ two notices 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbi & relate to ,engli% & ,p]sian cats3 ( ! latt]1 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree possess$ a female1 & he /ates1 8t ( ! (fspr+ produc$ at "o & ! same bir?1 su* z1 l ! "m1 7 entirely :ite 7) blue eyes7 71 l h]1 inv>iably deaf2 :ile ^? t _h ! lea/ speck ( col\r on _! fur1 z inv>iably possess$ ! usual faculty ( he>+40#bd ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d>w9 ,fox in=ms me t he has se5 m ?an a doz5 in/ances ( ?is correlation 9 ,engli%1 ,p]sian1 & ,dani% cats2 b he adds 8t1 if "o eye1 z ,i h sev]al times obs]v$1 be n blue1 ! cat he>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h nev] se5 a :ite cat ) eyes ( ! common col\r t 0 deaf40 ,9 ,france ,dr4 ,si*el#be has obs]v$ dur+ tw5ty ye>s simil> facts2 he adds ! rem>kable case ( ! iris beg9n+1 at ! end ( f\r mon?s1 to gr[ d>k-col\r$1 & !n ! cat fir/ began to he>4 ,?is case ( correlation 9 cats has /ruck _m p]sons z m>vell\s4 ,!re is no?+ unusual 9 ! relation betwe5 blue eyes & :ite fur2 & we h already se5 t ! organs ( sight & he>+ are (t5 simultane\sly affect$4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! cause probably lies 9 a slight arre/ ( developm5t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em 9 connection ) ! s5se-organs4 ,kitt5s dur+ ! fir/ n9e days1 :il/ _! eyes are clos$1 appe> to be completely deaf2 ,i h made a great clang+ noise ) a pok] & %ovel close to _! heads1 bo? :5 !y 7 asleep & awake1 )\t produc+ any effect4 ,! trial mu/ n be made by %\t+ close to _! e>s1 = !y are1 ev5 :5 asleep1 extremely s5sitive to a brea? ( air4 ,n[1 z long z ! eyes cont9ue clos$1 ! iris is no d\bt blue1 = 9 all ! kitt5s :i* ,i h se5 ?is col\r rema9s = "s "t aft] ! eyelids op54 ,h5ce1 if we suppose ! developm5t ( ! organs ( sight & he>+ to be arre/$ at ! /age ( ! clos$ eyelids1 ! eyes w\ld rema9 p]man5tly blue & ! e>s w\ld be incapable ( p]ceiv+ s\nd2 & we %\ld ?us und]/& ?is curi\s case4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! col\r ( ! fur is det]m9$ long be=e bir?1 & z ! blu5ess ( ! eyes & ! :it5ess ( ! fur are obvi\sly connect$1 we mu/ believe t "s prim>y cause acts at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! in/ances ( correlat$ v>iability hi!rto giv5 h be5 *iefly drawn f ! animal k+dom1 & we w n[ turn to plants4 ,leaves1 sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils are all homolog\s4 ,9 d\ble fl[]s we see t ! /am5s & pi/ils v>y 9 ! same mann]1 & assume ! =m & col\r ( ! petals4 ,9 ! d\ble columb9e 7,aquilegia vulg>is71 ! successive :orls ( /am5s are conv]t$ into cornucopias1 :i* are enclos$ )9 "o ano!r & resemble ! true petals4 ,9 hose-9-hose fl[]s ! sepals mock ! petals4 ,9 "s cases ! fl[]s & leaves v>y toge!r 9 t9t3 9 all ! v>ieties ( ! common pea1 :i* h purple fl[]s1 a purple m>k may be se5 on ! /ipules4 ,m4 ,faivre /ates t ) ! v>ieties ( ,primula s95sis ! col\r ( ! fl[] is evid5tly correlat$ ) ! col\r ( ! "u side ( ! leaves2 & he adds t ! v>ieties ) fimbriat$ fl[]s almo/ always h volum9\s1 balloon-l calyces4#bf ,) o!r plants ! leaves & fruit or se$s v>y toge!r 9 col\r1 z 9 a curi\s pale-leav$ v>iety ( ! sycamore1 :i* has rec5tly be5 describ$ 9 ,france1#bg & z 9 ! purple-leav$ hazel1 9 :i* ! leaves1 ! husk ( ! nut1 & ! pellicle r\nd ! k]nel are all col\r$ purple4#bh ,pomologi/s c pr$ict to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f ! size & appe>ance ( ! leaves ( _! se$l+s1 ! probable nature ( ! fruit2 =1 z ,van ,mons rem>ks#bi v>iations 9 ! leaves are g5]ally accompani$ by "s modification 9 ! fl[]1 & consequ5tly 9 ! fruit4 ,9 ! ,s]p5t melon1 :i* has a n>r[ tortu\s fruit above a y>d 9 l5g?1 ! /em ( ! plant1 ! p$uncle ( ! female fl[]1 & ! middle lobe ( ! leaf1 are all elongat$ 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al v>ieties ( ,cucurbita1 :i* h dw>f$ /ems1 all produce1 z ,naud9 rem>ks1 leaves ( ! same peculi> %ape4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,maw in=ms me t all ! v>ieties ( ! sc>let ,pel>goniums :i* h contract$ or imp]fect leaves h contract$ fl[]s3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 8,brilliant0 & its p>5t 8,tom ,?umb0 is a good in/ance ( ?is4 ,x may be suspect$ t ! curi\s case describ$ by ,risso1#cj ( a v>iety ( ! ,orange :i* produces on ! "y %oots r\nd$ leaves ) w+$ petioles1 & aft]w>ds elongat$ leaves on long b w+less petioles1 is connect$ ) ! rem>kable *ange 9 =m & nature :i* ! fruit und]goes dur+ its developm5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ in/ance we h ! col\r & ! =m ( ! petals app>5tly correlat$1 & bo? dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! season4 ,an obs]v]1 skill$ 9 ! subject1 writes1#ca 8,i notic$1 dur+ ! ye> #ahdb1 t e ,dahlia ( :i* ! col\r _h any t5d5cy to sc>let1 0 deeply not*$--inde$1 to s great an ext5t z to give ! petals ! appe>ance ( a saw2 ! ind5tures 71 9 "s in/ances1 m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* deep40 ,aga91 ,dahlias :i* h _! petals tipp$ ) a diff]5t col\r f ! re/ ( ! fl[] are v incon/ant1 & dur+ c]ta9 ye>s "s1 or ev5 all ! fl[]s1 become uni=mly col\r$2 & x has be5 obs]v$ ) sev]al v>ieties#cb t :5 ?is happ5s ! petals gr[ mu* elongat$ & lose _! prop] %ape4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be due to rev]sion1 bo? 9 col\r & =m1 to ! aborig9al species4 ,9 ?is discussion on correlation1 we h hi!rto treat$ ( cases 9 :i* we c p>tly und]/& ! bond ( connection2 b ,i w n[ give cases 9 :i* we _c ev5 conjecture1 or c only v obscurely see1 ! nature ( ! bond4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 9 8 "w on ,mon/rosities1 insi/s1#cc 8que c]ta9es anomalies coexi/5t r>em5t entr'elles1 d'autres frquemm5t1 d'autres enf9 presque con/amm5t1 malgr la diffr5ce trs-gr&e de leur nature1 et quoiqu'elles puiss5t p>atre compltem5t indp5dantes les unes des autres40 ,we see some?+ analog\s 9 c]ta9 diseases3 ?us 9 a r>e affection ( ! r5al capsules 7( :i* ! functions are unkn[n71 ! sk9 becomes bronz$2 & 9 h]$it>y syphilis1 z ,i he> f ,sir ,j4 ,paget1 bo? ! milk & ! second tee? assume a peculi> & *>act]i/ic =m4 ,pr(essor ,rolle/on1 also1 in=ms me t ! incisor tee? are sometimes furni%$ ) a vascul> rim 9 correlation ) intra-pulmon>y deposition ( tub]cles4 ,9 o!r cases ( ph?isis & ( cyanosis ! nails & f+]-ends become clubb$ l acorns4 ,i believe t no explanation has be5 (f]$ ( ^! & ( _m o!r cases ( correlat$ disease4 ,:at c be m curi\s & less intelligible ?an ! fact previ\sly giv51 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 t "y pigeons ( all bre$s1 :i* :5 mature h :ite1 yell[1 silv]-blue1 or dun-col\r$ plumage1 come out ( ! egg almo/ nak$2 :]eas pigeons ( o!r col\rs :5 fir/ born are clo!d ) pl5ty ( d[n8 ,:ite ,pea-f[ls1 z has be5 obs]v$ bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france1#cd & z ,i h myself se51 are inf]ior 9 size to ! common col\r$ k9d2 & ?is _c be acc\nt$ = by ! belief t alb9ism is always accompani$ by con/itutional weakness2 = :ite or alb9o moles are g5]ally l>g] ?an ! common k9d4 ,to turn to m important *>act]s3 ! niata cattle ( ! ,pampas are rem>kable f _! %ort =eheads1 upturn$ muzzles1 & curv$ l[] jaws4 ,9 ! skull ! nasal & premaxill>y bones are mu* %ort5$1 ! maxill>ies are exclud$ f any junction ) ! nasals1 & all ! bones are slightly modifi$1 ev5 to ! plane ( ! occiput4 ,f ! analog\s case ( ! dog1 h]eaft] to be giv51 x is probable t ! %ort5+ ( ! nasal & adjo9+ bones is ! proximate cause ( ! o!r modifications 9 ! skull1 includ+ ! upw>d curvature ( ! l[] jaw1 ?\gh we _c foll[ out ! /eps by :i* ^! *anges h be5 effect$4 ,poli% f[ls h a l>ge tuft ( fea!rs on _! heads2 & _! skulls are p]=at$ by num]\s holes1 s t a p9 c be driv5 into ! bra9 )\t t\*+ any bone4 ,t ?is defici5cy ( bone is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! tuft ( fea!rs is cle> f tuft$ ducks & geese likewise hav+ p]=at$ skulls4 ,! case w\ld probably be consid]$ by "s au?ors z "o ( balancem5t or comp5sation4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,f[ls1 ,i h %[n t ) ,poli% f[ls ! tuft ( fea!rs 0 probably at fir/ small2 by cont9u$ selection x became l>g]1 & !n re/$ on a fibr\s mass2 & f9ally1 z x became /ill l>g]1 ! skull itself became m & m protub]ant until x acquir$ its pres5t extraord9>y /ructure4 ,?r\gh correlation ) ! protub]ance ( ! skull1 ! %ape & ev5 ! relative connection ( ! premaxill>y & nasal bones1 ! %ape ( ! orifice ( ! no/rils1 ! bread? ( ! frontal bone1 ! %ape ( ! po/-lat]al processes ( ! frontal & squamosal bones1 & ! direction ( ! bony cavity ( ! e>1 h all be5 modifi$4 ,! int]nal configuration ( ! skull & ! :ole %ape ( ! bra9 h likewise be5 alt]$ 9 a truly m>vell\s mann]4 ,aft] ?is case ( ! ,poli% f[l x w\ld be sup]flu\s to d m ?an ref] to ! details previ\sly giv5 on ! mann] 9 :i* ! *ang$ =m ( ! comb has affect$ ! skull1 9 v>i\s bre$s ( ! f[l1 caus+ by correlation cre/s1 protub]ances1 & depressions on its surface4 ,) our cattle & %eep ! horns /& 9 close connection ) ! size ( ! skull1 & ) ! %ape ( ! frontal bones2 ?us ,cl9e#ce f\nd t ! skull ( a horn$ ram weigh$ five times z mu* z t ( a hornless ram ( ! same age4 ,:5 cattle become hornless1 ! frontal bones are 8mat]ially dim9i%$ 9 bread? t[>ds ! poll20 & ! cavities betwe5 ! bony plates 8are n s deep1 nor d !y ext5d beyond ! frontals40#cf ,x may be well "h to pause & obs]ve h[ ! effects ( correlat$ v>iability1 ( ! increas$ use ( p>ts1 & ( ! accumulation ( s-call$ spontane\s v>iations ?r\gh natural selection1 are 9 _m cases inextricably comm+l$4 ,we may borr[ an illu/ration f ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o rem>ks t1 :5 ! ,iri% elk acquir$ its gigantic horns1 weigh+ above "o hundr$ p\nds1 num]\s co-ord9at$ *anges ( /ructure w\ld h be5 indisp5sable1--namely1 a ?ick5$ skull to c>ry ! horns2 /r5g!n$ c]vical v]tebrae1 ) /r5g!n$ ligam5ts2 enl>g$ dorsal v]tebrae to support ! neck1 ) p[]ful =e-legs & feet2 all ^! p>ts be+ suppli$ ) prop] muscles1 blood-vessels1 & n]ves4 ,h[ !n c\ld ^! admirably co-ord9at$ modifications ( /ructure h be5 acquir$8 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e :i* ,i ma9ta91 ! horns ( ! male elk 7 sl[ly ga9$ ?r\gh sexual selection1--t is1 by ! be/-arm$ males conqu]+ ! worse-arm$1 & leav+ a great] numb] ( desc5dants4 ,b x is n at all necess>y t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body %\ld h simultane\sly v>i$4 ,ea* /ag pres5ts individual *>act]i/ics1 & 9 ! same di/rict ^? :i* _h slightly heavi] horns1 or /rong] necks1 or /rong] bodies1 or 7 ! mo/ c\rage\s1 w\ld secure ! great] numb] ( does1 & consequ5tly h a great] numb] ( (fspr+4 ,! (fspr+ w\ld inh]it1 9 a great] or less degree1 ^! same qualities1 w\ld occasionally int]cross ) "o ano!r1 or ) o!r individuals v>y+ 9 "s fav\rable mann]2 & ( _! (fspr+1 ^? :i* 7 ! be/ end[$ 9 any respect w\ld cont9ue multiply+2 & s onw>ds1 always progress+1 sometimes 9 "o direction1 & sometimes 9 ano!r1 t[>ds ! excell5tly co-ord9at$ /ructure ( ! male elk4 ,to make ?is cle>1 let u reflect on ! probable /eps1 z %[n 9 ! tw5tie? *apt]1 by :i* our race & dray horses h arriv$ at _! pres5t /ate ( excell5ce2 if we c\ld view ! :ole s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms betwe5 "o ( ^! animals & an e>ly unimprov$ prog5itor1 we %\ld behold a va/ numb] ( animals1 n equally improv$ 9 ea* g5]ation ?r\gh\t _! entire /ructure1 b sometimes a little m 9 "o po9t1 & sometimes 9 ano!r1 yet on ! :ole gradually approa*+ 9 "* to our pres5t race or dray horses1 :i* are s admirably fitt$ 9 ! "o case = fleetness & 9 ! o!r = draught4 ,al?\gh natural selection w\ld ?us#cg t5d to give to ! male elk its pres5t /ructure1 yet x is probable t ! inh]it$ effects ( use1 & ( ! mutual action ( "p on "p1 h be5 equally or m important4 ,z ! horns gradually increas$ 9 weight ! muscles ( ! neck1 ) ! bones to :i* !y are atta*$1 w\ld increase 9 size & /r5g?2 & ^! p>ts w\ld react on ! body & legs4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! fact t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! skull & ! extremities w\ld1 judg+ by analogy1 t5d f ! fir/ to v>y 9 a correlat$ mann]4 ,! increas$ weight ( ! horns w\ld also act directly on ! skull1 9 ! same mann] z :5 "o bone is remov$ 9 ! leg ( a dog1 ! o!r bone1 :i* has to c>ry ! :ole weight ( ! body1 increases 9 ?ickness4 ,b f ! fact giv5 ) respect to horn$ & hornless cattle1 x is probable t ! horns & skull w\ld imm$iately act on ea* o!r ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( correlation4 ,la/ly1 ! gr[? & subsequ5t we> & te> ( ! augm5t$ muscles & bones w\ld require an increas$ supply ( blood1 & consequ5tly increas$ supply ( food2 & ?is aga9 w\ld require increas$ p[]s ( ma/ication1 dige/ion1 respiration1 & excretion4 ,col\r z ,correlat$ ) ,con/itutional ,peculi>ities4 ,x is an old belief t ) man !re is a connection betwe5 complexions & con/itution2 & ,i f9d t "s ( ! be/ au?orities believe 9 ?is to ! pres5t day4#ch ,?us ,dr4 ,b$doe by 8 tables %[s#ci t a relation exi/s betwe5 liability to consumption & ! col\r ( ! hair1 eyes1 & sk94 ,x has be5 affirm$#dj t1 9 ! ,fr5* army :i* invad$ ,russia1 soldi]s hav+ a d>k complexion f ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 )/ood ! int5se cold bett] ?an ^? ) light] complexions f ! nor?2 b no d\bt su* /atem5ts are liable to error4 ,9 ! second *apt] on ,selection ,i h giv5 sev]al cases prov+ t ) animals & plants diff]5ces 9 col\r are correlat$ ) con/itutional diff]5ces1 z %[n by great] or less immunity f c]ta9 diseases1 f ! attacks ( p>asitic plants & animals1 f scor*+ by ! sun1 & f ! action ( c]ta9 poisons4 ,:5 all ! individuals ( any "o v>iety possess an immunity ( ?is nature1 we d n "k t x /&s 9 any sort ( correlation ) _! col\r2 b :5 sev]al simil>ly col\r$ v>ieties ( ! same species are ?us *>act]is$1 :il/ o!r col\r$ v>ieties are n ?us fav\r$1 we mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a correlation ( ?is k9d4 ,?us1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates purple-fruit$ plums ( _m k9ds are f> m affect$ by a c]ta9 disease ?an gre5 or yell[-fruit$ v>ieties4 ,on ! o!r h&1 yell[-fle%$ pea*es ( v>i\s k9ds suff] f ano!r disease mu* m ?an ! :ite-fle%$ v>ieties4 ,9 ! ,mauritius r$ sug>-canes are mu* less affect$ by a p>ticul> disease ?an ! :ite canes4 ,:ite onions & v]b5as are ! mo/ liable to mildew2 & 9 ,spa9 ! gre5-fruit$ grapes suff]$ f ! v9e-disease m ?an o!r col\r$ v>ieties4 ,d>k-col\r$ pel>goniums & v]b5as are m scor*$ by ! sun ?an v>ieties ( o!r col\rs4 ,r$ :eats are believ$ to be h>di] ?an :ite2 & r$-fl[]$ hyac9?s 7 m injur$ dur+ "o p>ticul> w9t] 9 ,holl& ?an o!r col\r$ v>ieties4 ,) animals1 :ite t]ri]s suff] mo/ f ! di/emp]1 :ite *ick5s f a p>asitic worm 9 _! tra*eae1 :ite pigs f scor*+ by ! sun1 & :ite cattle f flies2 b ! cat]pill>s ( ! silk-mo? :i* yield :ite cocoons suff]$ 9 ,france less f ! deadly p>asitic fungus ?an ^? produc+ yell[ silk4 ,! cases ( immunity f ! action ( c]ta9 vegetable poisons1 9 connexion ) col\r1 are m int]e/+1 & are at pres5t :olly inexplicable4 ,i h already giv5 a rem>kable in/ance1 on ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,wyman1 ( all ! hogs1 except+ ^? ( a black col\r1 suff]+ sev]ely 9 ,virg9ia f eat+ ! root ( ! ,la*nan!s t9ctoria4 ,accord+ to ,sp9ola & o!rs1#da buck:eat 7,po#aygonum fagopyrum71 :5 9 fl[]1 is highly injuri\s to :ite or :ite-spott$ pigs1 if !y are expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 b is q innocu\s to black pigs4 ,accord+ to two acc\nts1 ! ,hyp]icum crispum 9 ,sicily is poison\s to :ite %eep alone2 _! heads swell1 _! wool falls (f1 & !y (t5 die2 b ?is plant1 accord+ to ,lecce1 is poison\s only :5 x gr[s 9 swamps2 nor is ?is improbable1 z we "k h[ readily ! poison\s pr9ciple 9 plants is influ5c$ by ! conditions "u :i* !y gr[4 ,?ree acc\nts h be5 publi%$ 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 ( :ite & :ite-spott$ horses be+ greatly injur$ by eat+ mildew$ & honeydew$ vet*es2 e spot ( sk9 be>+ :ite hairs becom+ inflam$ & gangr5\s4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,rodwell in=ms me t 8 fa!r turn$ out ab\t fifte5 c>t-horses into a field ( t>es :i* 9 p>ts sw>m$ ) black aphides1 & :i* no d\bt 7 honeydew$1 & probably mildew$2 ! horses1 ) two exceptions1 7 *e/nuts & bays ) :ite m>ks on _! faces & pa/]ns1 & ! :ite p>ts alone swell$ & became angry scabs4 ,! two bay horses ) no :ite m>ks entirely escap$ all injury4 ,9 ,gu]nsey1 :5 horses eat fool's p>sley 7?usa cynapium7 !y are sometimes viol5tly purg$2 & ?is plant 8has a peculi> effect on ! nose & lips1 caus+ deep cracks & ulc]s1 p>ticul>ly on horses ) :ite muzzles40#db ,) cattle1 indep5d5tly ( ! action ( any poison1 cases h be5 publi%$ by ,y\att & ,erdt ( cutane\s diseases ) mu* con/itutional di/urbance 79 "o in/ance aft] exposure to a hot sun7 affect+ e s+le po9t :i* bore a :ite hair1 b completely pass+ ov] o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,simil> cases h be5 obs]v$ ) horses4#dc ,we ?us see t n only d ^? p>ts ( ! sk9 :i* be> :ite hair diff] 9 a rem>kable mann] f ^? be>+ hair ( any o!r col\r1 b t "s great con/itutional diff]5ce mu/ be correlat$ ) ! col\r ( ! hair2 = 9 ! above-m5tion$ cases1 vegetable poisons caus$ fev]1 swell+ ( ! head1 z well z o!r symptoms1 & ev5 dea?1 to all ! :ite1 or :ite-spott$ animals4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 iii4 p4 #cib4 ,pr(4 ,huxley applies ! same pr9ciple 9 acc\nt+ = ! rem>kable1 ?\gh normal1 diff]5ces 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! ,mollusca1 9 8 pap] on ! ,morphology ( ! ,cephal\s ,mollusca 9 #8,phil4 ,transact41' #ahec1 p4 #ef4 #b #8,elm5ts de ,tratologie ,veg41' #ahda1 p4 #ac4 #c ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,simonds on ! ,age ( ! ,ox1 ,%eep1 etc41 quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #ehh4 #d #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 i4 p4 #fgd4 #e ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy1 ibid41 tom4 i4 p4 #fce4 #f #8,! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bej4 #g ,naturali/s diff] ) respect to ! homologies ( ! digits ( birds2 b sev]al uphold ! view above advanc$4 ,see on ?is subject ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,morse 9 #8,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,new ,york1' vol4 x4 #ahgb1 p4 #af4 #h ,a4 ,walk] on ,int]m>riage1 #ahch1 p4 #afj4 #i #8,! ,f>ri] & ,naturali/1' vol4 i4 #ahbh1 p4 #def4 ,a g5tleman :o has att5d$ to ?is po9t1 tells me t ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( :ite-fac$ horses h :ite legs4 #aj ,godron1 #8,sur l',espce1' tom4 ii4 p4 #bag4 #aa #8,quadrupdes du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ccc4 #ab ,on ,%eep1 p4 #adb4 #ac #8,ueb] ,rac51 ,kreuzung51' etc41 #ahbe1 s4 #bd4 #ad ,quot$ f ,conolly1 9 #8,! ,indian ,field1' ,feb4 #ahei1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bff4 #ae ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ,i h said t 8! hair & horns are s closely relat$ to ea* o!r1 t !y are apt to v>y toge!r40 ,dr4 ,wilck5s 78,d>w9's ,!orie10 #8,jahrbu* d] ,deuts*5 ,viehzu*t1' #ahff1 #a4 ,heft7 translates my words into 8lang-und grobha>ige ,?i]e soll5 g5eigt] se91 lange und viele ,hrn] zu bekomm50 & he !n ju/ly disputes ?is proposition2 b :at ,i h really said1 9 accordance ) ! au?orities j quot$1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be tru/$4 #af #8,dome/icat$ ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1' pp4 #cjg1 #cfh4 ,dr4 ,wilck5s argues 7#8,l&wir?4 ,wo*5blatt1' ,nr4 #aj1 #ahfi7 to ! same effect ) respect to dome/ic animals 9 ,g]many4 #ag #8,proce$+s ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcc1 p4 #aac4 #ah ,s$gwick1 #8,brit4 & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april #ahfc1 p4 #dec4 #ai #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #bje4 #bj #8,embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava1' vol4 i4 p4 #cbj4 #ba #8,n>rative ( a ,mission to ! ,c\rt ( ,ava 9 #ahee1' p4 #id4 #bb ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,m4 ,*auman1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 excell5t photographs ( ?is man & 8 son1 bo? ( :om h s9ce be5 exhibit$ 9 ,p>is & ,london4 #bc ,^! /atem5ts are tak5 f ,mr4 ,s$gwick 9 ! #8,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,july1 #ahfa1 p4 #aih2 ,april1 #ahfc1 pp4 #dee & #deh4 ,liebrei* is quot$ by ,pr(essor ,devay1 9 8 #8,m>iages ,consangu9s1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaf4 #bd ,l\don's #8,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i4 #ahbi1 pp4 #ff1 #agh4 ,see also ,dr4 ,p4 ,lucas1 #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #dbh1 on ! inh]itance ( deafness 9 cats4 ,mr4 ,lawson ,tait /ates 7#8,nature1' #ahgc1 p4 #cbc7 t only male cats are ?us affect$2 b ?is mu/ be a ha/y g5]alisation4 ,! fir/ case record$ 9 ,engl& by ,mr4 ,bree relat$ to a female1 & ,mr4 ,fox in=ms me t he has br$ kitt5s f a :ite female ) blue eyes1 :i* 0 completely deaf2 he has also obs]v$ o!r females 9 ! same condition4 #be #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4' ,zoolog41 #crd s]ies1 #ahdg1 tom4 viii4 p4 #bci4 #bf #8,revue des ,c\rs ,sci5tifiques1' ,june #e?1 #ahfi1 p4 #dcj4 #bg #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #abjb4 #bh ,v]lot gives sev]al o!r in/ances1 #8,des ,v>its1' #ahfe1 p4 #gb4 #bi #8,arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahcf1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #bjd1 #bbf4 #cj #8,annales du ,musum1' tom4 xx4 p4 #ahh4 #ca #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #hgg4 #cb ,ibid41 #ahde1 p4 #ajb4 #cc #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 iii4 p4 #djb4 ,see also ,m4 ,camille ,d>e/e1 #8,re*]*es sur les ,conditions1' etc41 #ahfc1 pp4 #af1 #dh4 #cd ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #8,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdh1 p4 #aaa2 ,isidore ,ge(froy1 #8,hi/4 ,anomalies1' tom4 i4 p4 #baa4 #ce #8,on ! ,bre$+ ( ,dome/ic ,animals1' #ahbi1 p4 #f4 #cf ,y\att on ,cattle1 #ahcd1 p4 #bhc4 #cg ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' #ahfd1 vol4 i4 pp4 #deb1 #dfh7 takes a diff]5t view2 & 9 "o place rem>ks3 8,we h se5 reason to ?9k t1 z fa/ z ess5tial faculties multiply1 & z fa/ z ! numb] ( organs t co-op]ate 9 any giv5 function increases1 indirect equilibration ?r\gh natural selection becomes less & less capable ( produc+ specific adaptations2 & rema9s fully capable only ( ma9ta9+ ! g5]al fitness ( con/itution to conditions40 ,?is view t natural selection c d little 9 modify+ ! high] animals surprises me1 see+ t man's selection has und\bt$ly effect$ mu* ) our dome/icat$ quadrup$s & birds4 #ch ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas app>5tly disbelieves 9 any su* connection2 #8,l',hrd4 ,nat41' tom4 ii4 pp4 #hh-id4 #ci #8,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1' #ahfb1 p4 #dcc4 #dj ,b\d91 #8,gograph4 ,mdicale1' tom4 i4 p4 #djf4 #da ,?is fact & ! foll[+ cases1 :5 n /at$ to ! contr>y1 are tak5 f a v curi\s pap] by ,pr(4 ,heus+]1 9 #8,wo*5s*rift fur ,heilkunde1' ,may1 #ahdf1 s4 #bgg4 ,settega/ 7#8,die ,?i]zu*t1' #ahfh1 p4 #ci7 says t :ite or :ite-spott$ %eep suff] l pigs1 or ev5 die f eat+ buck:eat2 :il/ black or d>k-wooll$ individuals are n 9 ! lea/ affect$4 #db ,mr4 ,mog=d1 9 ! #8,vet]9>ian1' quot$ 9 #8,! ,field1' ,jan4 #bbnd1 #ahfa1 p4 #ede4 #dc #8,ed9burgh ,vet]9>y ,j\rnal1' ,oct4 #ahfj1 p4 #cdg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,laws ,,( ,,v>iation1 cont9u$4--,,summ>y4 ,,! ,,fusion ,,( ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,! ,,v>iability ,,( ,,multiple ,,& ,,homolog\s ,,p>ts--,,comp5sation ,,( ,,gr[?--,,me*anical ,,pressure--,,relative ,,position ,,( ,,fl[]s ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,! ,,axis1 ,,& ,,( ,,se$s ,,9 ,,! ,,ov>y1 ,,z ,,induc+ ,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,or ,,p>allel ,,v>ieties--,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,la/ ,,*apt]s4 ,! ,fusion ( ,homolog\s ,p>ts4--,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire =m]ly prop\nd$ :at he call$ la loi de l'aff9it de soi p\r soi1 :i* has be5 discuss$ & illu/rat$ by 8 son1 ,isidore1 ) respect to mon/]s 9 ! animal k+dom1#a & by ,moqu9-,t&on1 ) respect to mon/r\s plants4 ,?is law seems to imply t homolog\s p>ts actually attract "o ano!r & !n unite4 ,no d\bt !re are _m wond]ful cases1 9 :i* su* p>ts become intimately fus$ toge!r4 ,?is is p]haps be/ se5 9 mon/]s ) two heads1 :i* are unit$1 summit to summit1 or face to face1 or ,janus-l1 back to back1 or obliquely side to side4 ,9 "o in/ance ( two heads unit$ almo/ face to face1 b a little obliquely1 f\r e>s 7 develop$1 & on "o side a p]fect face1 :i* 0 manife/ly =m$ by ! fusion ( two half-faces4 ,:5ev] two bodies or two heads are unit$1 ea* bone1 muscle1 vessel1 & n]ve on ! l9e ( junction appe>s z if x _h s\ght out its fell[1 & _h become completely fus$ ) x4 ,l]eb\llet1#b :o c>efully /udi$ ! developm5t ( d\ble mon/]s 9 fi%es1 obs]v$ 9 fifte5 in/ances ! /eps by :i* two heads gradually became unit$ into "o4 ,9 all su* cases x is n[ ?\ght by ! great] numb] ( capable judges t ! homolog\s p>ts d n attract ea* o!r1 b t 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,l[ne3#c 8,z union takes place be=e ! diff]5tiation ( di/9ct organs occurs1 ^! are =m$ 9 cont9uity ) ea* o!r40 ,he adds t organs already diff]5tiat$ probably 9 no case become unit$ to homolog\s ones4 ,m4 ,d>e/e does n speak#d q decisively aga9/ ! law ( soi p\r soi1 b concludes by say+1 8,on se r5d p>faitem5t compte de la =mation des mon/res1 si l'on admet que les embryons qui se s\d5t app>ti5n5t un mme uf2 qu'ils s'uniss5t en mme temps qu'ils se =m5t1 et que la s\dure ne se produit que p5dant la premire priode de la vie embryonnaire1 celle ou les organes ne sont encore con/itus que p> des bla/mes homognes40 ,by :atev] means ! abnormal fusion ( homolog\s p>ts is effect$1 su* cases ?r[ light on ! frequ5t pres5ce ( organs :i* are d\ble dur+ an embryonic p]iod 7& ?r\gh\t life 9 o!r & l[] memb]s ( ! same class7 b :i* aft]w>ds unite by a normal process into a s+le m$ial organ4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom ,moqu9-,t&on#e gives a long li/ ( cases1 %[+ h[ frequ5tly homolog\s p>ts1 su* z leaves1 petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils1 fl[]s1 & aggregates ( homolog\s p>ts1 su* z buds1 z well z fruit1 become bl5d$1 bo? normally & abnormally1 ) p]fect symmetry into "o ano!r4 ,! ,v>iability ( ,multiple & ,homolog\s p>ts4--,isidore ,ge(froy#f insi/s t1 :5 any "p or organ is repeat$ _m times 9 ! same animal1 x is p>ticul>ly liable to v>y bo? 9 numb] & /ructure4 ,) respect to numb]1 ! proposition may1 ,i ?9k1 be consid]$ z fully e/abli%$2 b ! evid5ce is *iefly d]iv$ f organic be+s liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 ) :i* we are n "h conc]n$4 ,:5ev] su* p>ts z ! v]tebrae or tee?1 ! rays 9 ! f9s ( fi%es1 or ! fea!rs 9 ! tails ( birds1 or petals1 /am5s1 pi/ils1 or se$s1 are v num]\s1 ! numb] is g5]ally v>iable4 ,) respect to ! /ructure ( multiple p>ts1 ! evid5ce ( v>iability is n s decisive2 b ! fact1 z f> z x may be tru/$1 probably dep5ds on multiple p>ts be+ ( less physiological importance ?an s+le p>ts2 consequ5tly _! /ructure has be5 less rigor\sly gu>d$ by natural selection4 ,comp5sation ( ,gr[?1 or ,balancem5t4--,?is law1 z appli$ to natural species1 0 prop\nd$ by ,goe! & ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire at ne>ly ! same "t4 ,x implies t1 :5 mu* organis$ matt] is us$ 9 build+ up "s "o "p1 o!r p>ts are />v$ & become r$uc$4 ,sev]al au?ors1 especially botani/s1 believe 9 ?is law2 o!rs reject x4 ,z f> z ,i c judge1 x occasionally holds good2 b its importance has probably be5 exagg]at$4 ,x is sc>cely possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! suppos$ effects ( su* comp5sation1 & ! effects ( long-cont9u$ selection :i* may lead to ! augm5tation ( "o "p1 & simultane\sly to ! dim9ution ( ano!r4 ,anyh[1 !re c be no d\bt t an organ may be greatly increas$ )\t any correspond+ dim9ution ( an adjo9+ "p4 ,to recur to our =m] illu/ration ( ! ,iri% elk1 x may be ask$ :at "p has suff]$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm5se developm5t ( ! horns8 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce does n be> h>d on our dome/icat$ productions1 & consequ5tly ! pr9ciple ( economy ( gr[? w seldom come into play1 s t we ought n to expect to f9d ) !m frequ5t evid5ce ( comp5sation4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "s su* cases4 ,moqu9-,t&on describes a mon/r\s bean1#g 9 :i* ! /ipules 7 enorm\sly develop$1 & ! leaflets app>5tly 9 consequ5ce completely abort$2 ?is case is int]e/+1 z x repres5ts ! natural condition ( ,la?yrus aphaca1 ) its /ipules ( great size1 & its leaves r$uc$ to m]e ?reads1 :i* act z t5drils4 ,de ,c&olle#h has rem>k$ t ! v>ieties ( ,raphanus sativus :i* h small roots yield num]\s se$ conta9+ mu* oil1 :il/ ^? ) l>ge roots are n productive 9 oil2 & s x is ) ,brassica asp]ifolia4 ,! v>ieties ( ,cucurbita pepo :i* be> l>ge fruit yield a small crop1 accord+ to ,naud92 :il/ ^? produc+ small fruit yield a va/ numb]4 ,la/ly1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ 9 ! eighte5? *apt] t ) _m cultivat$ plants unnatural treatm5t *ecks ! full & prop] action ( ! reproductive organs1 & !y are ?us r5d]$ m or less /]ile2 consequ5tly1 9 ! way ( comp5sation1 ! fruit becomes greatly enl>g$1 &1 9 d\ble fl[]s1 ! petals are greatly increas$ 9 numb]4 ,) animals1 x has be5 f\nd difficult to produce c[s :i* yield mu* milk1 & are aft]w>ds capable ( fatt5+ well4 ,) f[ls :i* h l>ge top-knots & be>ds ! comb & wattles are g5]ally mu* r$uc$ 9 size2 ?\gh !re are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,p]haps ! entire abs5ce ( ! oil-gl& 9 fantail pigeons may be connect$ ) ! great developm5t ( _! tails4 ,me*anical ,pressure z a ,cause ( ,modifications4--,9 "s few cases !re is reason to believe t m]e me*anical pressure has affect$ c]ta9 /ructures4 ,vrolik & ,web]#i ma9ta9 t ! %ape ( ! human head is influ5c$ by ! %ape ( ! "m's pelvis4 ,! kidneys 9 diff]5t birds diff] mu* 9 =m1 & ,/4 ,ange#aj believes t ?is is det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! pelvis1 :i* aga91 no d\bt1 /&s 9 close relation ) _! p[] ( locomotion4 ,9 snakes1 ! visc]a are curi\sly displac$1 9 comp>ison ) _! position 9 o!r v]tebrates2 & ?is has be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to ! elongation ( _! bodies2 b "h1 z 9 s _m previ\s cases1 x is impossible to dis5tangle a direct result ( ?is k9d f t consequ5t on natural selection4 ,godron has argu$#aa t ! abortion ( ! spur on ! inn] side ( ! fl[]s 9 ,corydalis1 is caus$ by ! buds at a v e>ly p]iod ( gr[? :il/ und]gr\nd be+ closely press$ aga9/ "o ano!r & aga9/ ! /em4 ,"s botani/s believe t ! s+ul> diff]5ce 9 ! %ape bo? ( ! se$ & corolla1 9 ! int]ior & ext]ior florets 9 c]ta9 ,composit\s & ,umbellif]\s plants1 is due to ! pressure to :i* ! inn] florets are subject$2 b ?is conclusion is d\btful4 ,! facts j giv5 d n relate to dome/icat$ productions1 & !re=e d n /rictly conc]n u4 ,b "h is a m appropriate case3 ,h4 ,mll]#ab has %[n t 9 %ortfac$ races ( ! dog "s ( ! mol> tee? are plac$ 9 a slightly diff]5t position to t :i* !y occupy 9 o!r dogs1 especially 9 ^? hav+ elongat$ muzzles2 & z he rem>ks1 any inh]it$ *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? des]ves notice1 consid]+ _! classificatory importance4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 position is due to ! %ort5+ ( c]ta9 facial bones & ! consequ5t want ( space2 & ! %ort5+ results f a peculi> & abnormal /ate ( ! embryonal c>tilages ( ! bones4 ,relative ,position ( ,fl[]s ) respect to ! ,axis1 & ( ,se$s 9 ! ,ov>y1 z induc+ ,v>iation4 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] v>i\s peloric fl[]s 7 describ$1 & _! production 0 %[n to be due ei!r to arre/$ developm5t1 or to rev]sion to a primordial condition4 ,moqu9-,t&on has rem>k$ t ! fl[]s :i* /& on ! summit ( ! ma9 /em or ( a lat]al bran* are m liable to become peloric ?an ^? on ! sides2#ac & he adduces1 among/ o!r in/ances1 t ( ,teucrium campanulatum4 ,9 ano!r ,labiate plant gr[n by me1 viz41 ! ,galeobdolon luteum1 ! peloric fl[]s 7 always produc$ on ! summit ( ! /em1 :]e fl[]s are n usually borne4 ,9 ,pel>gonium1 a s+le fl[] 9 ! truss is frequ5tly peloric1 & :5 ?is occurs ,i h dur+ sev]al ye>s inv>iably obs]v$ x to be ! c5tral fl[]4 ,?is is ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t "o obs]v]#ad gives ! names ( t5 v>ieties fl[]+ at ! same "t1 9 e "o ( :i* ! c5tral fl[] 0 peloric4 ,occasionally m ?an "o fl[] 9 ! truss is peloric1 & !n ( c\rse ! additional ones mu/ be lat]al4 ,^! fl[]s are int]e/+ z %[+ h[ ! :ole /ructure is correlat$4 ,9 ! common ,pel>gonium ! upp] sepal is produc$ into a nect>y :i* coh]es ) ! fl[]-p$uncle2 ! two upp] petals diff] a little 9 %ape f ! ?ree l[] ones1 & are m>k$ ) d>k %ades ( col\r2 ! /am5s are graduat$ 9 l5g? & upturn$4 ,9 ! peloric fl[]s1 ! nect>y aborts2 all ! petals become alike bo? 9 %ape & col\r2 ! /am5s are g5]ally r$uc$ 9 numb] & become /raight1 s t ! :ole fl[] resembles t ( ! alli$ g5us ,erodium4 ,! correlation betwe5 ^! *anges is well %[n :5 "o ( ! two upp] petals alone loses its d>k m>k1 = 9 ?is case ! nect>y does n entirely abort1 b is usually mu* r$uc$ 9 l5g?4#ae ,morr5 has describ$#af a m>vell\s flask-%ap$ fl[] ( ! ,calceol>ia1 ne>ly f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* 0 almo/ completely peloric2 x grew on ! summit ( ! plant1 ) a normal fl[] on ea* side2 ,pr(4 ,we/wood also has describ$#ag ?ree simil> peloric fl[]s1 :i* all occupi$ a c5tral position on ! fl[]-bran*es4 ,9 ! ,or*ide\s g5us1 ,phalnopsis1 ! t]m9al fl[] has be5 se5 to become peloric4 ,9 a ,laburnum-tree ,i obs]v$ t ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! racemes produc$ t]m9al fl[]s :i* _h lo/ _! papilionace\s /ructure4 ,^! 7 produc$ aft] almo/ all ! o!r fl[]s on ! same racemes _h )]$4 ,! mo/ p]fectly peloris$ examples _h six petals1 ea* m>k$ ) black /riae l ^? on ! /&>d-petal4 ,! keel seem$ to resi/ ! *ange m ?an ! o!r petals4 ,dutro*et has describ$#ah an exactly simil> case 9 ,france1 & ,i believe ^! are ! only two in/ances ( pelorism 9 ! laburnum :i* h be5 record$4 ,dutro*et rem>ks t ! racemes on ?is tree d n prop]ly produce a t]m9al fl[]1 s t 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,galeobdolon7 _! position z well z /ructure are bo? anomalies1 :i* no d\bt are 9 "s mann] relat$4 ,dr4 ,ma/]s has briefly describ$ ano!r legum9\s plant1#ai namely1 a species ( clov]1 9 :i* ! upp]mo/ & c5tral fl[]s 7 regul> or _h lo/ _! papilionace\s /ructure4 ,9 "s ( ^! plants ! fl[]-heads 7 also prolif]\s4 ,la/ly1 ,l9>ia produces two k9ds ( peloric fl[]s1 "o hav+ simple petals1 & ! o!r hav+ !m all spurr$4 ,! two =ms1 z ,naud9 rem>ks1#bj n r>ely occur on ! same plant1 b 9 ?is case ! spurr$ =m almo/ inv>iably /&s on ! summit ( ! spike4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! t]m9al or c5tral fl[] to become peloric m frequ5tly ?an ! o!r fl[]s1 probably results f 8! bud :i* /&s on ! end ( a %oot receiv+ ! mo/ sap2 x gr[s out into a /rong] %oot ?an ^? situat$ l[] d[n40#ba ,i h discuss$ ! connection betwe5 pelorism & a c5tral position1 p>tly because "s few plants are kn[n normally to produce a t]m9al fl[] diff]5t 9 /ructure f ! lat]al ones2 b *iefly on acc\nt ( ! foll[+ case1 9 :i* we see a t5d5cy to v>iability or to rev]sion connect$ ) ! same position4 ,a great judge ( ,auriculas#bb /ates t :5 "o ?r[s up a side bloom x is pretty sure to keep its "*2 b t if x gr[s f ! c5tre or he>t ( ! plant1 :atev] ! col\r ( ! edg+ ought to be1 8x is j z likely to come 9 any o!r class z 9 ! "o to :i* x prop]ly belongs40 ,?is is s notori\s a fact1 t "s flori/s regul>ly p9* (f ! c5tral trusses ( fl[]s4 ,:e!r 9 ! highly improv$ v>ieties ! dep>ture ( ! c5tral trusses f _! prop] type is due to rev]sion1 ,i d n "k4 ,mr4 ,dombra9 insi/s t1 :atev] may be ! commone/ k9d ( imp]fection 9 ea* v>iety1 ?is is g5]ally exagg]at$ 9 ! c5tral truss4 ,?us "o v>iety 8sometimes has ! fault ( produc+ a little gre5 floret 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]10 & 9 c5tral blooms ^! become excessive 9 size4 ,9 "s c5tral blooms1 s5t to me by ,mr4 ,dombra91 all ! organs ( ! fl[] 7 rudim5t>y 9 /ructure1 ( m9ute size1 & ( a gre5 col\r1 s t by a little fur!r *ange all w\ld h be5 conv]t$ into small leaves4 ,9 ?is case we cle>ly see a t5d5cy to prolification--a t]m :i* ,i may expla91 = ^? :o h nev] att5d$ to botany1 to mean ! production ( a bran* or fl[]1 or head ( fl[]s1 out ( ano!r fl[]4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,ma/]s#bc /ates t ! c5tral or upp]mo/ fl[] on a plant is g5]ally ! mo/ liable to prolification4 ,?us1 9 ! v>ieties ( ! ,auricula1 ! loss ( _! prop] "* & a t5d5cy to prolification1 also a t5d5cy to prolification ) pelorism1 are all connect$ toge!r1 & are due ei!r to arre/$ developm5t1 or to rev]sion to a =m] condition4 ,! foll[+ is a m int]e/+ case2 ,metzg]#bd cultivat$ 9 ,g]many sev]al k9ds ( maize br\ght f ! hott] p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & he f\nd1 z previ\sly describ$1 t 9 two or ?ree g5]ations ! gra9s became greatly *ang$ 9 =m1 size1 & col\r2 & ) respect to two races he expressly /ates t 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 :il/ ! l[] gra9s on ea* head reta9$ _! prop] "*1 ! upp]mo/ gra9s already began to assume t "* :i* 9 ! ?ird g5]ation all ! gra9s acquir$4 ,z we d n "k ! aborig9al p>5t ( ! maize1 we _c tell :e!r ^! *anges are 9 any way connect$ ) rev]sion4 ,9 ! two foll[+ cases1 rev]sion comes into play & is det]m9$ by ! position ( ! se$ 9 ! capsule4 ,! ,blue ,imp]ial pea is ! (fspr+ ( ! ,blue ,prussian1 & has l>g] se$ & broad] pods ?an its p>5t4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,ma/]s1 ( ,cant]bury1 a c>eful obs]v] & a rais] ( new v>ieties ( ! pea1 /ates#be t ! ,blue ,imp]ial always has a /rong t5d5cy to rev]t to its p>5t-/ock1 & ! rev]sion 8occurs 9 ?is mann]3 ! la/ 7or upp]mo/7 pea 9 ! pod is frequ5tly mu* small] ?an ! re/2 & if ^! small peas are c>efully collect$ & s[n sep>ately1 v _m m1 9 proportion1 w rev]t to _! orig91 ?an ^? tak5 f ! o!r p>ts ( ! pod40 ,aga91 ,m4 ,*at#bf says t 9 rais+ se$l+ /ocks he succe$s 9 gett+ eighty p] c5t to be> d\ble fl[]s1 by leav+ only a few ( ! second>y bran*es to se$2 b 9 addition to ?is1 8at ! "t ( extract+ ! se$s1 ! upp] portion ( ! pod is sep>at$ & plac$ aside1 because x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! plants com+ f ! se$s situat$ 9 ?is portion ( ! pod1 give eighty p] c5t ( s+le fl[]s40 ,n[ ! production ( s+le-fl[]+ plants f ! se$ ( d\ble-fl[]+ plants is cle>ly a case ( rev]sion4 ,^! latt] facts1 z well z ! connection betwe5 a c5tral position & pelorism & prolification1 %[ 9 an int]e/+ mann] h[ small a diff]5ce--namely1 a little great] or less fre$om 9 ! fl[ ( sap t[>ds "o "p ( ! plant--det]m9es important *anges ( /ructure4 ,analog\s or ,p>allel ,v>iation4--,by ?is t]m ,i mean t simil> *>act]s occasionally make _! appe>ance 9 ! sev]al v>ieties or races desc5d$ f ! same species1 & m r>ely 9 ! (fspr+ ( widely di/9ct species4 ,we are "h conc]n$1 n z hi!rto ) ! causes ( v>iation1 b ) ! results2 b ?is discussion c\ld n h be5 m conv5i5tly introduc$ else:]e4 ,! cases ( analog\s v>iation1 z f> z _! orig9 is conc]n$1 may be gr\p$1 disreg>d+ m9or subdivisions1 "u two ma9 heads2 fir/ly1 ^? due to unkn[n causes act+ on simil>ly con/itut$ organisms1 & :i* consequ5tly h v>i$ 9 a simil> mann]2 & secondly1 ^? due to ! reappe>ance ( *>act]s :i* 7 possess$ by a m or less remote prog5itor4 ,b ^! two ma9 divisions c (t5 be sep>at$ only conjecturally1 & graduate1 z we %all pres5tly see1 into ea* o!r4 ,"u ! fir/ head ( analog\s v>iations1 n due to rev]sion1 we h ! _m cases ( trees belong+ to q diff]5t ord]s :i* h produc$ p5dul\s & fa/igiate v>ieties4 ,! bee*1 hazel1 & b>b]ry h giv5 rise to purple-leav$ v>ieties2 &1 z ,b]nh>di rem>ks1#bg a multitude ( plants1 z di/9ct z possible1 h yield$ v>ieties ) deeply-cut or lac9iat$ leaves4 ,v>ieties desc5d$ f ?ree di/9ct species ( ,brassica h _! /ems1 or s-call$ roots1 enl>g$ into globul> masses4 ,! nect>9e is ! (fspr+ ( ! pea*2 & ! v>ieties ( pea*es & nect>9es (f] a rem>kable p>allelism 9 ! fruit be+ :ite1 r$1 or yell[ fle%$--9 be+ cl+/ones or free/ones--9 ! fl[]s be+ l>ge or small--9 ! leaves be+ s]rat$ or cr5at$1 furni%$ ) globose or r5i=m gl&s1 or q de/itute ( gl&s4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ea* v>iety ( ! nect>9e has n d]iv$ its "* f a correspond+ v>iety ( ! pea*4 ,! sev]al v>ieties also ( a closely alli$ g5us1 namely ! apricot1 diff] f "o ano!r 9 ne>ly ! same p>allel mann]4 ,!re is no reason to believe t any ( ^! v>ieties h m]ely reacquir$ long-lo/ *>act]s2 & 9 mo/ ( !m ?is c]ta9ly is n ! case4 ,?ree species ( ,cucurbita h yield$ a multitude ( races :i* correspond s closely 9 "* t1 z ,naud9 insi/s1 !y may be arrang$ 9 almo/ /rictly p>allel s]ies4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ! melon are int]e/+ f resembl+1 9 important *>act]s1 o!r species1 ei!r ( ! same g5us or ( alli$ g5]a2 ?us1 "o v>iety has fruit s l1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 ! fruit ( a p]fectly di/9ct species1 namely1 ! cucumb]1 z h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f x2 ano!r has long cyl9drical fruit twi/+ ab\t l a s]p5t2 9 ano!r ! se$s adh]e to portions ( ! pulp2 9 ano!r ! fruit1 :5 ripe1 sudd5ly cracks & falls into pieces2 & all ^! highly rem>kable peculi>ities are *>act]i/ic ( species belong+ to alli$ g5]a4 ,we c h>dly acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( s _m unusual *>act]s by rev]sion to a s+le anci5t =m2 b we mu/ believe t all ! memb]s ( ! family h inh]it$ a ne>ly simil> con/itution f an e>ly prog5itor4 ,our c]eal & _m o!r plants (f] simil> cases4 ,) animals we h few] cases ( analog\s v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( direct rev]sion4 ,we see some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! resemblance betwe5 ! %ort-muzzl$ races ( ! dog1 su* z ! pug & bull-dog2 9 fea!r-foot$ races ( ! f[l1 pigeon1 & can>y-bird2 9 horses ( ! mo/ diff]5t races pres5t+ ! same range ( col\r2 9 all black-&-tan dogs hav+ tan-col\r$ eye-spots & feet1 b 9 ?is latt] case rev]sion may possibly h play$ a "p4 ,l[ has rem>k$#bh t sev]al bre$s ( cattle are 8%eet$10--t is1 h a broad b& ( :ite pass+ r\nd _! bodies l a %eet2 ?is "* is /rongly inh]it$1 & sometimes orig9ates f a cross2 x may be ! fir/ /ep 9 rev]sion to an e>ly type1 =1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :ite cattle ) d>k e>s1 d>k feet & tip ( tail1 =m]ly exi/$1 & n[ exi/ 9 f]al or semi-f]al condition 9 sev]al qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,"u our second ma9 division1 namely1 ( analog\s v>iations due to rev]sion1 ! be/ cases are af=d$ by pigeons4 ,9 all ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 sub-v>ieties occasionally appe> col\r$ exactly l ! p>5t rock-pigeon1 ) black w+-b>s1 :ite lo9s1 b&$ tail1 etc42 & no "o c d\bt t ^! *>act]s are due to rev]sion4 ,s ) m9or details2 turbits prop]ly h :ite tails1 b occasionally a bird is born ) a d>k-col\r$ & b&$ tail2 p\t]s prop]ly h _! prim>y w+-fea!rs :ite1 b n r>ely a 8sword-flight$0 bird appe>s1 t is1 "o ) ! few fir/ prim>ies d>k-col\r$2 & 9 ^! cases we h *>act]s prop] to ! rock-pigeon1 b new to ! bre$1 evid5tly appe>+ f rev]sion4 ,9 "s dome/ic v>ieties ! w+-b>s1 in/ead ( be+ simply black1 z 9 ! rock-pigeon1 are beautifully edg$ ) diff]5t zones ( col\r1 & !y !n pres5t a /rik+ analogy ) ! w+-b>s 9 c]ta9 natural species ( ! same family1 su* z ,phaps *alcopt]a2 & ?is may probably be acc\nt$ = by all ! species ( ! family be+ desc5d$ f ! same remote prog5itor & hav+ a t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,?us1 also1 we c p]haps und]/& ! fact ( "s ,laugh]-pigeons coo+ almo/ l turtle-doves1 & = sev]al races hav+ peculi>ities 9 _! flight1 s9ce c]ta9 natural species 7viz41 ,c4 torquatrix & palumbus71 display s+ul> vag>ies 9 ?is respect4 ,9 o!r cases a race1 in/ead ( imitat+ a di/9ct species1 resembles "s o!r race2 ?us1 c]ta9 runts tremble & slightly elevate _! tails1 l fantails2 & turbits inflate ! upp] "p ( _! oesophagus1 l p\t]-pigeons4 ,x is a common circum/ance to f9d c]ta9 col\r$ m>ks p]si/5tly *>act]is+ all ! species ( a g5us1 b diff]+ mu* 9 t9t2 & ! same ?+ occurs ) ! v>ieties ( ! pigeon3 ?us1 in/ead ( ! g5]al plumage be+ blue1 ) ! w+-b>s black1 !re are sn[-:ite v>ieties ) r$ b>s1 & black v>ieties ) :ite b>s2 9 o!r v>ieties ! w+-b>s1 z we h se51 are elegantly zon$ ) diff]5t t9ts4 ,! ,spot pigeon is *>act]is$ by ! :ole plumage be+ :ite1 except+ a spot on ! =ehead & ! tail2 b ^! p>ts may be r$1 yell[1 or black4 ,9 ! rock-pigeon & 9 _m v>ieties ! tail is blue1 ) ! out] edges ( ! out] fea!rs :ite2 b 9 ! sub-v>iety ( ! monk-pigeon we h a rev]s$ /yle ( coloration1 = ! tail is :ite1 except ! out] edges ( ! out] fea!rs1 :i* are black4#bi ,) "s species ( birds1 = in/ance ) gulls1 c]ta9 col\r$ p>ts appe> z if almo/ wa%$ out1 & ,i h obs]v$ exactly ! same appe>ance 9 ! t]m9al d>k tail-b> 9 c]ta9 pigeons1 & 9 ! :ole plumage ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! duck4 ,analog\s facts 9 ! vegetable k+dom c\ld be giv54 ,_m sub-v>ieties ( ! pigeon h rev]s$ & some:at l5g!n$ fea!rs on ! back "p ( _! heads1 & ?is is c]ta9ly n due to rev]sion to ! p>5t-species1 :i* %[s no trace ( su* /ructure3 b :5 we rememb] t sub-v>ieties ( ! f[l1 turkey1 can>y-bird1 duck1 & goose1 all h ei!r topknots or rev]s$ fea!rs on _! heads2 & :5 we rememb] t sc>cely a s+le l>ge natural gr\p ( birds c be nam$1 9 :i* "s memb]s h n a tuft ( fea!rs on _! heads1 we may suspect t rev]sion to "s extremely remote =m has come into action4 ,sev]al bre$s ( ! f[l h ei!r spangl$ or p5cill$ fea!rs2 & ^! _c be d]iv$ f ! p>5t-species1 ! ,gallus bankiva2 ?\gh ( c\rse x is possible t "o e>ly prog5itor ( ?is species may h be5 spangl$1 & ano!r p5cill$4 ,b1 z _m gall9ace\s birds are ei!r spangl$ or p5cill$1 x is a m probable view t ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s ( ! f[l h acquir$ ?is k9d ( plumage f all ! memb]s ( ! family inh]it+ a t5d5cy to v>y 9 a l mann]4 ,! same pr9ciple may acc\nt = ! ewes 9 c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep be+ hornless1 l ! females ( "s o!r holl[-horn$ rum9ants2 x may acc\nt = c]ta9 dome/ic cats hav+ slightly-tuft$ e>s1 l ^? ( ! lynx2 & = ! skulls ( dome/ic rabbits (t5 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 ! same *>act]s by :i* ! skulls ( ! v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,lepus diff]4 ,i w only allude to "o o!r case1 already discuss$4 ,n[ t we "k t ! wild p>5t ( ! ass commonly has /rip$ legs1 we may feel confid5t t ! occasional appe>ance ( /ripes on ! legs ( ! dome/ic ass is due to rev]sion2 b ?is w n acc\nt = ! l[] end ( ! %\ld]-/ripe be+ sometimes angul>ly b5t or slightly =k$4 ,s1 aga91 :5 we see dun & o!r col\r$ horses ) /ripes on ! sp9e1 %\ld]s1 & legs1 we are l$1 f reasons =m]ly giv51 to believe t !y reappe> ?r\gh rev]sion to ! wild p>5t-horse4 ,b :5 horses h two or ?ree %\ld]-/ripes1 ) "o ( !m occasionally =k$ at ! l[] end1 or :5 !y h /ripes on _! faces1 or are fa9tly /rip$ z foals ov] ne>ly _! :ole bodies1 ) ! /ripes angul>ly b5t "o "u ! o!r on ! =ehead1 or irregul>ly bran*$ 9 o!r p>ts1 x w\ld be ra% to attribute su* div]sifi$ *>act]s to ! reappe>ance ( ^? prop] to ! aborig9al wild horse4 ,z ?ree ,african species ( ! g5us are mu* /rip$1 & z we h se5 t ! cross+ ( ! un/rip$ species (t5 leads to ! hybrid (fspr+ be+ conspicu\sly /rip$--be>+ also 9 m9d t ! act ( cross+ c]ta9ly causes ! reappe>ance ( long-lo/ *>act]s--x is a m probable view t ! above-specifi$ /ripes are due to rev]sion1 n to ! imm$iate wild p>5t-horse1 b to ! /rip$ prog5itor ( ! :ole g5us4 ,i h discuss$ ?is subject ( analog\s v>iation at consid]able l5g?1 because x is well kn[n t ! v>ieties ( "o species frequ5tly resemble di/9ct species--a fact 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! =ego+ cases1 & explicable on ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,secondly1 because ^! facts are important f %[+1 z rem>k$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 t ea* trifl+ v>iation is gov]n$ by law1 & is det]m9$ 9 a mu* high] degree by ! nature ( ! organisation1 ?an by ! nature ( ! conditions to :i* ! v>y+ be+ has be5 expos$4 ,?irdly1 because ^! facts are to a c]ta9 ext5t relat$ to a m g5]al law1 namely1 t :i* ,mr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,wal%#cj has call$ ! 8,law ( ,equable ,v>iability10 or1 z he expla9s x1 8if any giv5 "* is v v>iable 9 "o species ( a gr\p1 x w t5d to be v>iable 9 alli$ species2 & if any giv5 "* is p]fectly con/ant 9 "o species ( a gr\p1 x w t5d to be con/ant 9 alli$ species40 ,?is leads me to recall a discussion 9 ! *apt] on ,selection1 9 :i* x 0 %[n t ) dome/ic races1 :i* are n[ und]go+ rapid improvem5t1 ^? p>ts or *>act]s v>y ! mo/1 :i* are ! mo/ valu$4 ,?is naturally foll[s f rec5tly select$ *>act]s cont9ually t5d+ to rev]t to _! =m] less improv$ /&>d1 & f _! be+ /ill act$ on by ! same ag5cies1 :atev] ^! may be1 :i* fir/ caus$ ! *>act]s 9 "q to v>y4 ,! same pr9ciple is applicable to natural species1 =1 z /at$ 9 my #8,orig9 ( ,species' g5]ic *>act]s are less v>iable ?an specific *>act]s2 & ! latt] are ^? :i* h be5 modifi$ by v>iation & natural selection1 s9ce ! p]iod :5 all ! species belong+ to ! g5us bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor1 :il/ g5]ic *>act]s are ^? :i* h rema9$ unalt]$ f a mu* m remote epo*1 & accord+ly are n[ less v>iable4 ,?is /atem5t makes a ne> approa* to ,mr4 ,wal%'s law ( ,equable ,v>iability4 ,second>y sexual *>act]s1 x may be add$1 r>ely s]ve to *>act]ise di/9ct g5]a1 = !y usually diff] mu* 9 ! species ( ! same g5us1 & !y are highly v>iable 9 ! individuals ( ! same species2 we h also se5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w h[ v>iable second>y sexual *>act]s become "u dome/ication4 ,summ>y ( ! ?ree previ\s ,*apt]s on ! ,laws ( ,v>iation4 ,9 ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] we saw t *ang$ conditions occasionally1 or ev5 (t51 act 9 a def9ite mann] on ! organisation1 s t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! individuals ?us expos$ become modifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,b a f> m frequ5t result ( *ang$ conditions1 :e!r act+ directly on ! organisation or indirectly ?r\gh ! reproductive sy/em1 is indef9ite & fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,9 ! ?ree la/ *apt]s1 "s ( ! laws by :i* su* v>iability is regulat$ h be5 discuss$4 ,increas$ use adds to ! size ( muscles1 toge!r ) ! blood-vessels1 n]ves1 ligam5ts1 ! cre/s ( bone & ! :ole bones1 to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,increas$ functional activity increases ! size ( v>i\s gl&s1 & /r5g!ns ! s5se-organs4 ,increas$ & int]mitt5t pressure ?ick5s ! epid]mis4 ,a *ange 9 ! nature ( ! food sometimes modifies ! coats ( ! /oma*1 & augm5ts or decreases ! l5g? ( ! inte/9es4 ,cont9u$ disuse1 on ! o!r h&1 weak5s & dim9i%es all p>ts ( ! organisation4 ,animals :i* dur+ _m g5]ations h tak5 b little ex]cise1 h _! lungs r$uc$ 9 size1 & z a consequ5ce ! bony fabric ( ! *e/ & ! :ole =m ( ! body become modifi$4 ,) our anci5tly dome/icat$ birds1 ! w+s h be5 little us$1 & !y are slightly r$uc$2 ) _! decrease1 ! cre/ ( ! /]num1 ! scapulae1 coracoids1 & furculum1 h all be5 r$uc$4 ,) dome/icat$ animals1 ! r$uction ( a "p f disuse is nev] c>ri$ s f> t a m]e rudim5t is left2 :]eas we h reason to believe t ?is has (t5 occurr$ "u nature2 ! effects ( disuse 9 ?is latt] case be+ aid$ by economy ( gr[?1 toge!r ) ! int]cross+ ( _m v>y+ individuals4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 organisms 9 a /ate ( nature1 & "u dome/ication1 probably is t 9 ! latt] case !re has n be5 "t suffici5t = any v great *ange1 & t ! pr9ciple ( economy ( gr[? does n come into action4 ,on ! contr>y1 /ructures :i* are rudim5t>y 9 ! p>5t-species1 sometimes become p>tially r$evelop$ 9 our dome/icat$ productions4 ,su* rudim5ts z occasionally make _! appe>ance "u dome/ication1 seem always to be ! result ( a sudd5 arre/ ( developm5t2 nev]!less !y are ( int]e/1 z %[+ t rudim5ts are ! relics ( organs once p]fectly develop$4 ,corporeal1 p]iodical1 & m5tal habits1 ?\gh ! latt] h be5 almo/ pass$ ov] 9 ?is "w1 become *ang$ "u dome/ication1 & ! *anges are (t5 inh]it$4 ,su* *ang$ habits 9 an organic be+1 especially :5 liv+ a free life1 w\ld (t5 lead to ! augm5t$ or dim9i%$ use ( v>i\s organs1 & consequ5tly to _! modification4 ,f long-cont9u$ habit1 & m especially f ! occasional bir? ( individuals ) a slightly diff]5t con/itution1 dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants become to a c]ta9 ext5t acclimatis$ or adapt$ to a climate diff]5t f t prop] to ! p>5t-species4 ,?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( correlat$ v>iability1 tak5 9 its wide/ s5se1 :5 "o "p v>ies o!r p>ts v>y1 ei!r simultane\sly1 or "o aft] ! o!r4 ,?us1 an organ modifi$ dur+ an e>ly embryonic p]iod affects o!r p>ts subsequ5tly develop$4 ,:5 an organ1 su* z ! beak1 increases or decreases 9 l5g?1 adjo9+ or correlat$ p>ts1 z ! tongue & ! orifice ( ! no/rils1 t5d to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! :ole body increases or decreases 9 size1 v>i\s p>ts become modifi$2 ?us1 ) pigeons ! ribs increase or decrease 9 numb] & bread?4 ,homolog\s p>ts :i* are id5tical dur+ _! e>ly developm5t & are expos$ to simil> conditions1 t5d to v>y 9 ! same or 9 "s connect$ mann]1--z 9 ! case ( ! "r & left sides ( ! body1 & ( ! front & h9d limbs4 ,s x is ) ! organs ( sight & he>+2 = in/ance1 :ite cats ) blue eyes are almo/ always deaf4 ,!re is a manife/ relation ?r\gh\t ! body betwe5 ! sk9 & v>i\s d]mal app5dages1 su* z hair1 fea!rs1 ho(s1 horns1 & tee?4 ,9 ,p>aguay1 horses ) curly hair h ho(s l ^? ( a mule2 ! wool & ! horns ( %eep (t5 v>y toge!r2 hairless dogs are defici5t 9 _! tee?2 m5 ) r$undant hair h abnormal tee?1 ei!r by defici5cy or excess4 ,birds ) long w+-fea!rs usually h long tail-fea!rs4 ,:5 long fea!rs gr[ f ! outside ( ! legs & toes ( pigeons1 ! two out] toes are connect$ by membrane2 = ! :ole leg t5ds to assume ! /ructure ( ! w+4 ,!re is a manife/ relation betwe5 a cre/ ( fea!rs on ! head & a m>vell\s am\nt ( *ange 9 ! skull ( v>i\s f[ls2 & 9 a less] degree1 betwe5 ! greatly elongat$1 lopp+ e>s ( rabbits & ! /ructure ( _! skulls4 ,) plants1 ! leaves1 v>i\s p>ts ( ! fl[]1 & ! fruit1 (t5 v>y toge!r to a correlat$ mann]4 ,9 "s cases we f9d correlation )\t be+ able ev5 to conjecture :at is ! nature ( ! connection1 z ) v>i\s mon/rosities & diseases4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! col\r ( ! adult pigeon1 9 connection ) ! pres5ce ( d[n on ! "y bird4 ,num]\s curi\s in/ances h be5 giv5 ( peculi>ities ( con/itution1 9 correlation ) col\r1 z %[n by ! immunity ( individuals ( "o col\r f c]ta9 diseases1 f ! attacks ( p>asites & f ! action ( c]ta9 vegetable poisons4 ,correlation is an important subject2 = ) species1 & 9 a less] degree ) dome/ic races1 we cont9ually f9d t c]ta9 p>ts h be5 greatly modifi$ to s]ve "s useful purpose2 b we almo/ inv>iably f9d t o!r p>ts h likewise be5 m or less modifi$1 )\t our be+ able to discov] any advantage 9 ! *ange4 ,no d\bt great caution is necess>y ) respect to ?is latt] po9t1 = x is difficult to ov]rate our ignorance on ! use ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! organisation2 b f :at we h se51 we may believe t _m modifications are ( no direct s]vice1 hav+ aris5 9 correlation ) o!r & useful *anges4 ,homolog\s p>ts dur+ _! e>ly developm5t (t5 become fus$ toge!r4 ,multiple & homolog\s organs are especially liable to v>y 9 numb] & probably 9 =m4 ,z ! supply ( organis$ matt] is n unlimit$1 ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation sometimes comes into action2 s t1 :5 "o "p is greatly develop$1 adjo9+ p>ts are apt to be r$uc$2 b ?is pr9ciple is probably ( mu* less importance ?an ! m g5]al "o ( ! economy ( gr[?4 ,?r\gh m]e me*anical pressure h>d p>ts occasionally affect adjo9+ p>ts4 ,) plants ! position ( ! fl[]s on ! axis1 & ( ! se$s 9 ! ov>y1 sometimes leads1 ?r\gh a m or less free fl[ ( sap1 to *anges ( /ructure2 b su* *anges are (t5 due to rev]sion4 ,modifications1 9 :atev] mann] caus$1 w be to a c]ta9 ext5t regulat$ by t co-ord9at+ p[]1 or s-call$ nisus =mativus1 :i* is 9 fact a remnant ( t simple =m ( reproduction1 display$ by _m l[ly organis$ be+s 9 _! p[] ( fissip>\s g5]ation & budd+4 ,f9ally1 ! effects ( ! laws :i* directly or indirectly gov]n v>iability1 may be l>gely regulat$ by man's selection1 & w s f> be det]m9$ by natural selection t *anges advantage\s to any race w be fav\r$1 & disadvantage\s *anges w be *eck$4 ,dome/ic races desc5d$ f ! same species1 or f two or m alli$ species1 are liable to rev]t to *>act]s d]iv$ f _! common prog5itor2 &1 z !y inh]it a some:at simil> con/itution1 !y are liable to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,f ^! two causes analog\s v>ieties (t5 arise4 ,:5 we reflect on ! sev]al =ego+ laws1 imp]fectly z we und]/& !m1 & :5 we be> 9 m9d h[ mu* rema9s to be discov]$1 we ne$ n be surpris$ at ! intricate & to u un9telligible mann] 9 :i* our dome/ic productions h v>i$1 & /ill g on v>y+4 ,,ref]5ces #a #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' #ahcb1 tom4 i4 pp4 #bb1 #ecg-eef2 tom4 iii4 p4 #dfb4 #b #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #ahee1 pp4 #hee1 #ajci4 #c #8,catalogue ( ! ,t]atological ,s]ies 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,r4 ,coll4 ( ,surgeons1' #ahgb1 p4 #af4 #d #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 ,exp]41' ,jan4 #ahgd1 p4 #gh4 #e #8,tratologie ,vg41' #ahda1 livre iii4 #f #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 iii4 pp4 #d1 #e1 #f4 #g #8,tratologie ,vg41' p4 #aef4 ,see also my book on #8,! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants1' #bnd edit41 #ahge1 p4 #bjb4 #h #8,mmoires du ,musum1' etc41 tom4 viii4 p4 #agh4 #i ,pri*>d1 #8,phys4 ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1' #ahea1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd4 #aj #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #a/ s]ies1 tom4 xix4 p4 #cbg4 #aa #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,dec4 #ahfd1 p4 #ajci4 #ab 8,ueb] ftale ,ra*ites10 #8,wrzburg] ,m$ic94 ,zeits*rift1' #ahfj1 ,b4 i4 s4 #bfe4 #ac #8,tratologie ,vg41' p4 #aib4 #ad #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #bnd1 #ahfa1 p4 #bec4 #ae ,x w\ld be wor? trial to f]tilise ) ! same poll5 ! c5tral & lat]al fl[]s ( ! pel>gonium1 or ( o!r highly cultivat$ plants1 protect+ !m ( c\rse f insects3 !n to s[ ! se$ sep>ately1 & obs]ve :e!r ! "o or ! o!r lot ( se$l+s v>i$ ! mo/4 #af ,quot$ 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #bd?1 #ahfc1 p4 #aeb4 #ag #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #fab4 ,= ! ,phalnopsis1 see ibid41 #ahfg1 p4 #baa4 #ah #8,mmoires 4 4 4 des ,vgtaux1' #ahcg1 tom4 ii4 p4 #agj4 #ai #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #bcrd1 #ahfa1 p4 #caa4 #bj #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #acg4 #ba ,hugo von ,mohl1 #8,! ,vegetable ,cell1' ,eng4 translat41 #aheb1 p4 #gf4 #bb ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,dombra91 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 ,june #d?1 p4 #agd2 & ,june #be?1 p4 #bcd2 #ahfb1 ,april #bi?1 p4 #hc4 #bc #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 xxiii4 #ahfa1 p4 #cfj4 #bd #8,die ,getreide>t51' #ahde1 s4 #bjh1 #bji4 #be #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #aih4 #bf ,quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #gd4 #bg #8,ueb] d5 ,begriff d] ,pflanz5>t1' #ahcd1 s4 #ad4 #bh #8,dome/icat$ ,animals1' #ahde1 p4 #cea4 #bi ,be*/e91 #8,naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iv4 #agie1 s4 #ca4 #cj #8,proc4 ,entomolog4 ,soc4 ( ,philadelphia1' ,oct4 #ahfc1 p4 #bac4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,provisional ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,pang5esis4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks--,,fir/ ,,"p3 ,,! ,,facts ,,to ,,be ,,connect$ ,,"u ,a ,,s+le ,,po9t ,,( ,,view1 ,,namely1 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,reproduction--,,re-,,gr[? ,,( ,,amputat$ ,,p>ts--,,graft-,,hybrids--,,! ,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,male ,,elem5t ,,on ,,! ,,female--,,developm5t--,,! ,,functional ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,units ,,( ,,! ,,body--,,v>iability--,,inh]itance--,,re v]sion--,,second ,,"p3 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis--,,h[ ,,f> ,,! ,,necess>y ,,assumptions ,,are ,,improbable--,,explanation ,,by ,,aid ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,classes ,,( ,,facts ,,specifi$ ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p--,,conclusion4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s l>ge classes ( facts1 su* z ^? be>+ on bud-v>iation1 ! v>i\s =ms ( inh]itance1 ! causes & laws ( v>iation1 h be5 discuss$2 & x is obvi\s t ^! subjects1 z well z ! sev]al modes ( reproduction1 /& 9 "s sort ( relation to "o ano!r4 ,i h be5 l$1 or r =c$1 to =m a view :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t connects ^! facts by a tangible me?od4 ,e "o w\ld wi% to expla9 to himself1 ev5 9 an imp]fect mann]1 h[ x is possible = a "* possess$ by "s remote ance/or sudd5ly to reappe> 9 ! (fspr+2 h[ ! effects ( increas$ or decreas$ use ( a limb c be transmitt$ to ! *ild2 h[ ! male sexual elem5t c act n solely on ! ovules1 b occasionally on ! "m-=m2 h[ a hybrid c be produc$ by ! union ( ! cellul> tissue ( two plants indep5d5tly ( ! organs ( g5]ation2 h[ a limb c be reproduc$ on ! exact l9e ( amputation1 ) nei!r too mu* nor too little add$2 h[ ! same organism may be produc$ by su* widely diff]5t processes1 z budd+ & true sem9al g5]ation2 &1 la/ly1 h[ ( two alli$ =ms1 "o passes 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t ?r\gh ! mo/ complex metamorphoses1 & ! o!r does n d s1 ?\gh :5 mature bo? are alike 9 e detail ( /ructure4 ,i am aw>e t my view is m]ely a provisional hypo!sis or speculation2 b until a bett] "o be advanc$1 x w s]ve to br+ toge!r a multitude ( facts :i* are at pres5t left disconnect$ by any effici5t cause4 ,z ,:ewell1 ! hi/orian ( ! inductive sci5ces1 rem>ks3--8,hypo!ses may (t5 be ( s]vice to sci5ce1 :5 !y involve a c]ta9 portion ( incomplet5ess1 & ev5 ( error40 ,"u ?is po9t ( view ,i v5ture to advance ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 :i* implies t e sep>ate "p ( ! :ole organisation reproduces itself4 ,s t ovules1 sp]matozoa1 & poll5-gra9s1--! f]tilis$ egg or se$1 z well z buds1--include & consi/ ( a multitude ( g]ms ?r[n (f f ea* sep>ate "p or unit4#a ,9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ,i w enum]ate z briefly z ,i c ! gr\ps ( facts :i* seem to dem& connection2 b c]ta9 subjects1 n hi!rto discuss$1 mu/ be treat$ at disproportionate l5g?4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p ! hypo!sis w be giv52 & aft] consid]+ h[ f> ! necess>y assumptions are 9 !mselves improbable1 we %all see :e!r x s]ves to br+ "u a s+le po9t ( view ! v>i\s facts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,reproduction may be divid$ into two ma9 classes1 namely1 sexual & asexual4 ,! latt] is effect$ 9 _m ways--by ! =mation ( buds ( v>i\s k9ds1 & by fissip>\s g5]ation1 t is by spontane\s or artificial division4 ,x is notori\s t "s ( ! l[] animals1 :5 cut into _m pieces1 reproduce s _m p]fect individuals3 ,lyonnet cut a ,nais or fre%wat] worm into ne>ly =ty pieces1 & ^! all reproduc$ p]fect animals4#b ,x is probable t segm5tation c\ld be c>ri$ mu* fur!r 9 "s ( ! protozoa2 & ) "s ( ! l[e/ plants ea* cell w reproduce ! p>5t-=m4 ,johannes ,mll] ?\ght t !re 0 an important di/9ction betwe5 gemmation & fission2 = 9 ! latt] case ! divid$ portion1 h[ev] small1 is m fully develop$ ?an a bud1 :i* also is a y\ng] =mation2 b mo/ physiologi/s are n[ conv9c$ t ! two processes are ess5tially alike4#c ,pr(4 ,huxley rem>ks1 8fission is little m ?an a peculi> mode ( budd+10 & ,pr(4 ,h4 ,j4 ,cl>k %[s 9 detail t !re is sometimes 8a compromise betwe5 self-division & budd+40 ,:5 a limb is amputat$1 or :5 ! :ole body is bisect$1 ! cut extremities are said to bud =?2#d & z ! papilla1 :i* is fir/ =m$1 consi/s ( undevelop$ cellul> tissue l t =m+ an ord9>y bud1 ! expression is app>5tly correct4 ,we see ! connection ( ! two processes 9 ano!r way2 = ,trembley obs]v$ ) ! hydra1 t ! reproduction ( ! head aft] amputation 0 *eck$ z soon z ! animal put =? reproductive gemm4#e ,betwe5 ! production1 by fissip>\s g5]ation1 ( two or m complete individuals1 & ! repair ( ev5 a v slight injury1 !re is s p]fect a gradation1 t x is impossible to d\bt t ! two processes are connect$4 ,z at ea* /age ( gr[? an amputat$ "p is replac$ by "o 9 ! same /ate ( developm5t1 we mu/ also foll[ ,sir ,j4 ,paget 9 admitt+1 8t ! p[]s ( developm5t f ! embryo1 are id5tical ) ^? ex]cis$ = ! re/oration f injuries3 9 o!r words1 t ! p[]s are ! same by :i* p]fection is fir/ a*iev$1 & by :i*1 :5 lo/1 x is recov]$40#f ,f9ally1 we may conclude t ! sev]al =ms ( budd+1 fissip>\s g5]ation1 ! repair ( injuries1 & developm5t1 are all ess5tially ! results ( "o & ! same p[]4 ,sexual ,g5]ation4--,! union ( ! two sexual elem5ts seems at fir/ sight to make a broad di/9ction betwe5 sexual & asexual g5]ation4 ,b ! conjugation ( alg1 by :i* process ! cont5ts ( two cells unite into a s+le mass capable ( developm5t1 app>5tly gives u ! fir/ /ep t[>ds sexual union3 & ,pr+%eim1 9 8 memoir on ! pair+ ( ,zoospores1#g %[s t conjugation graduates into true sexual reproduction4 ,moreov]1 ! n[ well-asc]ta9$ cases ( ,p>!nog5esis prove t ! di/9ction betwe5 sexual & asexual g5]ation is n ne>ly s great z 0 =m]ly ?\ght2 = ova occasionally1 & ev5 9 "s cases frequ5tly1 become develop$ into p]fect be+s1 )\t ! conc\rse ( ! male4 ,) mo/ ( ! l[] animals & ev5 ) mammals1 ! ova %[ a trace ( p>!nog5etic p[]1 = )\t be+ f]tilis$ !y pass ?r\gh ! fir/ /ages ( segm5tation4#h ,nor c pseudova :i* d n ne$ f]tilisation1 be di/+ui%$ f true ova1 z 0 fir/ %[n by ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock1 & is n[ admitt$ by ,siebold4 ,s1 aga91 ! g]m-balls 9 ! l>v ( ,cecidomyia are said by ,leuck>t#i to be =m$ )9 ! ov>ium1 b !y d n require to be f]tilis$4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t 9 sexual g5]ation1 ! ovules & ! male elem5t h equal p[] ( transmitt+ e s+le "* possess$ by ei!r p>5t to _! (fspr+4 ,we see ?is cle>ly :5 hybrids are pair$ int] se1 = ! *>act]s ( bo? gr&p>5ts (t5 appe> 9 ! prog5y1 ei!r p]fectly or by segm5ts4 ,x is an error to suppose t ! male transmits c]ta9 *>act]s & ! female o!r *>act]s2 al?\gh no d\bt1 f unkn[n causes1 "o sex sometimes has a mu* /rong] p[] ( transmission ?an ! o!r4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ma9ta9$ by "s au?ors t a bud diff]s ess5tially f a f]tilis$ g]m1 9 always reproduc+ ! p]fect "* ( ! p>5t-/ock2 :il/ f]tilis$ g]ms give bir? to v>iable be+s4 ,b !re is no su* broad di/9ction z ?is4 ,9 ! elev5? *apt] num]\s cases 7 advanc$ %[+ t buds occasionally gr[ into plants hav+ q new *>act]s2 & ! v>ieties ?us produc$ c be propagat$ = a l5g? ( "t by buds1 & occasionally by se$4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t be+s produc$ sexually are mu* m liable to v>y ?an ^? produc$ asexually2 & ( ?is fact a p>tial explanation w h]eaft] be attempt$4 ,! v>iability 9 bo? cases is det]m9$ by ! same g5]al causes1 & is gov]n$ by ! same laws4 ,h5ce new v>ieties aris+ f buds _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? aris+ f se$4 ,al?\gh bud-v>ieties usually reta9 _! "* dur+ successive bud-g5]ations1 yet !y occasionally rev]t1 ev5 aft] a long s]ies ( bud-g5]ations1 to _! =m] "*4 ,?is t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 buds1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! sev]al po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ! (fspr+ f bud & sem9al reproduction4 ,b !re is "o diff]5ce betwe5 organisms produc$ sexually & asexually1 :i* is v g5]al4 ,! =m] pass 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t f a v l[ /age to _! highe/ /age1 z we see 9 ! metamorphoses ( insects & ( _m o!r animals1 & 9 ! conceal$ metamorphoses ( ! v]tebrata4 ,animals propagat$ asexually by buds or fission1 on ! o!r h&1 comm5ce _! developm5t at t /age at :i* ! budd+ or self-divid+ animal may happ5 to be1 & !re=e d n pass ?r\gh "s ( ! l[] developm5tal /ages4#aj ,aft]w>ds1 !y (t5 advance 9 organisation1 z we see 9 ! _m cases ( 8alt]nate g5]ation40 ,9 ?us speak+ ( alt]nate g5]ation1 ,i foll[ ^? naturali/s :o look at ?is process z ess5tially "o ( int]nal budd+ or ( fissip>\s g5]ation4 ,"s ( ! l[] plants1 h[ev]1 su* z mosses & c]ta9 alg1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,l4 ,radlk(]1#aa :5 propagat$ asexually1 d und]go a retrogressive metamorphosis4 ,z f> z ! f9al cause is conc]n$1 we c to a c]ta9 ext5t und]/& :y be+s propagat$ by buds %\ld n pass ?r\gh all ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t2 = ) ea* organism ! /ructure acquir$ at ea* /age mu/ be adapt$ to its peculi> habits2 & if !re are places = ! support ( _m individuals at "s "o /age1 ! simple/ plan w be t !y %\ld be multipli$ at ?is /age1 & n t !y %\ld fir/ retrograde 9 _! developm5t to an e>li] or simpl] /ructure1 :i* might n be fitt$ = ! !n surr\nd+ conditions4 ,f ! sev]al =ego+ consid]ations we may conclude t ! diff]5ce betwe5 sexual & asexual g5]ation is n ne>ly s great z at fir/ appe>s2 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t an ovule _c cont9ue to live & to be fully develop$ unless x unites ) ! male elem5t2 b ev5 ?is diff]5ce is f> f inv>iable1 z %[n by ! _m cases ( p>!nog5esis4 ,we are !re=e naturally l$ to inquire :at ! f9al cause c be ( ! necessity 9 ord9>y g5]ation = ! conc\rse ( ! two sexual elem5ts4 ,se$s & ova are (t5 highly s]viceable z ! means ( dissem9at+ plants & animals1 & ( pres]v+ !m dur+ "o or m seasons 9 a dormant /ate2 b unimpregnat$ se$s or ova1 & deta*$ buds1 w\ld be equally s]viceable = bo? purposes4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 indicate two important advantages ga9$ by ! conc\rse ( ! two sexes1 or r ( two individuals belong+ to opposite sexes2 =1 z ,i h %[n 9 a =m] *apt]1 ! /ructure ( e organism appe>s to be especially adapt$ = ! concurr5ce1 at lea/ occasionally1 ( two individuals4 ,:5 species are r5d]$ highly v>iable by *ang$ conditions ( life1 ! free int]cross+ ( ! v>y+ individuals t5ds to keep ea* =m fitt$ = its prop] place 9 nature2 & cross+ c be effect$ only by sexual g5]ation2 b :e!r ! end ?us ga9$ is ( suffici5t importance to acc\nt = ! fir/ orig9 ( sexual int]c\rse is extremely d\btful4 ,secondly1 ,i h %[n f a l>ge body ( facts1 t1 z a slight *ange 9 ! conditions ( life is b5eficial to ea* creature1 s1 9 an analog\s mann]1 is ! *ange effect$ 9 ! g]m by sexual union ) a di/9ct individual2 & ,i h be5 l$1 f obs]v+ ! _m widely-ext5d$ provisions ?r\gh\t nature = ?is purpose1 & f ! great] vig\r ( cross$ organisms ( all k9ds1 z prov$ by direct exp]im5ts1 z well z f ! evil effects ( close int]bre$+ :5 long cont9u$1 to believe t ! advantage ?us ga9$ is v great4 ,:y ! g]m1 :i* be=e impregnation und]goes a c]ta9 am\nt ( developm5t1 ceases to progress & p]i%es1 unless x be act$ on by ! male elem5t2 & :y conv]sely ! male elem5t1 :i* 9 ! case ( "s insects is enabl$ to keep alive = f\r or five ye>s1 & 9 ! case ( "s plants = sev]al ye>s1 likewise p]i%es1 unless x acts on or unites ) ! g]m1 are que/ions :i* _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t bo? sexual elem5ts p]i%1 unless br\ght into union1 simply f includ+ too little =mative matt] = indep5d5t developm5t4 ,quatrefages has %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,t]$o1#ab z did =m]ly ,prevo/ & ,dumas ) o!r animals1 t m ?an "o sp]matozoon is requisite to f]tilise an ovum4 ,?is has likewise be5 %[n by ,newport1#ac :o prov$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 t1 :5 a v small numb] ( sp]matozoa are appli$ to ! ova ( ,batra*ians1 !y are only p>tially impregnat$1 & an embryo is nev] fully develop$4 ,! rate also ( ! segm5tation ( ! ovum is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,) respect to plants1 ne>ly ! same results 7 obta9$ by ,klreut] & ,grtn]4 ,?is la/ c>eful obs]v]1 aft] mak+ successive trials on a ,malva ) m & m poll5-gra9s1 f\nd1#ad t ev5 ?irty gra9s did n f]tilise a s+le se$2 b :5 =ty gra9s 7 appli$ to ! /igma1 a few se$s ( small size 7 =m$4 ,9 ! case ( ,mirabilis ! poll5 gra9s are extraord9>ily l>ge1 & ! ov>ium conta9s only a s+le ovule2 & ^! circum/ances l$ ,naud9#ae to make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 a fl[] 0 f]tilis$ by ?ree gra9s & succe$$ p]fectly2 twelve fl[]s 7 f]tilis$ by two gra9s1 & sev5te5 fl[]s by a s+le gra91 & ( ^! "o fl[] alone 9 ea* lot p]fect$ its se$3 & x des]ves especial notice t ! plants produc$ by ^! two se$s nev] atta9$ _! prop] dim5sions1 & bore fl[]s ( rem>kably small size4 ,f ^! facts we cle>ly see t ! quantity ( ! peculi> =mative matt] :i* is conta9$ )9 ! sp]matozoa & poll5-gra9s is an all-important elem5t 9 ! act ( f]tilisation1 n only = ! full developm5t ( ! se$1 b = ! vig\r ( ! plant produc$ f su* se$4 ,we see some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 c]ta9 cases ( p>!nog5esis1 t is1 :5 ! male elem5t is :olly exclud$2 = ,m4 ,j\rdan#af f\nd t1 out ( ab\t #eh1jjj eggs laid by unimpregnat$ silk-mo?s1 _m pass$ ?r\gh _! e>ly embryonic /ages1 %[+ t !y 7 capable ( self-developm5t1 b only tw5ty-n9e out ( ! :ole numb] produc$ cat]pill>s4 ,! same pr9ciple ( quantity seems to hold good ev5 9 artificial fissip>\s reproduction1 = ,hackel#ag f\nd t by cutt+ ! segm5t$ & f]tilis$ ova or l>va ( ,siphonophor 7jelly-fi%es7 into pieces1 ! small] ! pieces 71 ! sl[] 0 ! rate ( developm5t1 & ! l>v ?us produc$ 7 by s mu* ! m imp]fect & incl9$ to mon/rosity4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 probable t ) ! sep>ate sexual elem5ts defici5t quantity ( =mative matt] is ! ma9 cause ( _! n hav+ ! capacity = prolong$ exi/5ce & developm5t1 unless !y comb9e & ?us increase ea* o!r's bulk4 ,! belief t x is ! function ( ! sp]matozoa to communicate life to ! ovule seems a /range "o1 see+ t ! unimpregnat$ ovule is already alive & g5]ally und]goes a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5t developm5t4 ,sexual & asexual reproduction are ?us se5 n to diff] ess5tially2 & we h already %[n t asexual reproduction1 ! p[] ( re-gr[? & developm5t are all p>ts ( "o & ! same great law4 ,re-gr[? ( amputat$ p>ts4--,?is subject des]ves a little fur!r discussion4 ,a multitude ( ! l[] animals & "s v]tebrates possess ?is wond]ful p[]4 ,= in/ance1 ,spallanzani cut (f ! legs & tail ( ! same salam&] six times successively1 & ,bonnet#ah did s eight times2 & on ea* occasion ! limbs 7 reproduc$ on ! exact l9e ( amputation1 ) no "p defici5t or 9 excess4 ,an alli$ animal1 ! axolotl1 _h a limb bitt5 (f1 :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 an abnormal condition1 b :5 ?is 0 amputat$ x 0 replac$ by a p]fect limb4#ai ,! new limbs 9 ^! cases bud =?1 & are develop$ 9 ! same mann] z dur+ ! regul> developm5t ( a "y animal4 ,= in/ance1 ) ! ,ambly/oma lurida1 ?ree toes are fir/ develop$1 !n ! f\r?1 & on ! h9d-feet ! fif?1 & s x is ) a reproduc$ limb4#bj ,! p[] ( re-gr[? is g5]ally mu* great] dur+ ! y\? ( an animal or dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( its developm5t ?an dur+ maturity4 ,! l>v or tadpoles ( ! ,batra*ians are capable ( reproduc+ lo/ memb]s1 b n s ! adults4#ba ,mature insects h no p[] ( re-gr[?1 except+ 9 "o ord]1 :il/ ! l>v ( _m k9ds h ?is p[]4 ,animals l[ 9 ! scale are able1 z a g5]al rule1 to reproduce lo/ p>ts f> m easily ?an ^? :i* are m highly organis$4 ,! myriapods (f] a good illu/ration ( ?is rule2 b !re are "s /range exceptions to x--?us ,nem]teans1 ?\gh l[ly organis$1 are said to exhibit little p[] ( re-gr[?4 ,) ! high] v]tebrata1 su* z birds & mammals1 ! p[] is extremely limit$4#bb ,9 ! case ( ^? animals :i* may be bisect$ or *opp$ into pieces1 & ( :i* e fragm5t w reproduce ! :ole1 ! p[] ( re-gr[? mu/ be diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole body4 ,nev]!less !re seems to be mu* tru? 9 ! view ma9ta9$ by ,pr(4 ,lessona1#bc t ?is capacity is g5]ally a localis$ & special "o1 s]v+ to replace p>ts :i* are em95tly liable to be lo/ 9 ea* p>ticul> animal4 ,! mo/ /rik+ case 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 is t ! t]re/rial salam&]1 accord+ to ,lessona1 _c reproduce lo/ p>ts1 :il/ ano!r species ( ! same g5us1 ! aquatic salam&]1 has extraord9>y p[]s ( re-gr[?1 z we h j se52 & ?is animal is em95tly liable to h its limbs1 tail1 eyes & jaws bitt5 (f by o!r tritons4#bd ,ev5 ) ! aquatic salam&] ! capacity is to a c]ta9 ext5t localis$1 = :5 ,m4 ,philipeaux#be extirpat$ ! entire =e limb toge!r ) ! scapula1 ! p[] ( re-gr[? 0 completely lo/4 ,x is also a rem>kable fact1 /&+ 9 opposition to a v g5]al rule1 t ! "y ( ! aquatic salam&] d n possess ! p[] ( repair+ _! limbs 9 an equal degree ) ! adults#bf b ,i d n "k t !y are m active1 or c o!rwise bett] escape ! loss ( _! limbs1 ?an ! adults4 ,! walk+-/ick insect1 ,diaph]om]a femorata1 l o!r insects ( ! same ord]1 c reproduce its legs 9 ! mature /ate1 & ^! f _! great l5g? mu/ be liable to be lo/3 b ! capacity is localis$ 7z 9 ! case ( ! salam&]71 = ,dr4 ,scudd] f\nd1#bg t if ! limb 0 remov$ )9 ! tro*anto-femoral articulation1 x 0 nev] r5ew$4 ,:5 a crab is seiz$ by "o ( its legs1 ?is is ?r[n (f at ! basal jo9t1 be+ aft]w>ds replac$ by a new leg2 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t ?is is a special provision = ! safety ( ! animal4 ,la/ly1 ) ga/]opod molluscs1 :i* are well kn[n to h ! p[] ( reproduc+ _! heads1 ,lessona %[s t !y are v liable to h _! heads bitt5 (f by fi%es2 ! re/ ( ! body be+ protect$ by ! %ell4 ,ev5 ) plants we see some?+ ( ! same k9d1 = non-decidu\s leaves & "y /ems h no p[] ( re-gr[?1 ^! p>ts be+ easily replac$ by gr[? f new buds2 :il/ ! b>k & subjac5t tissues ( ! trunks ( trees h great p[] ( re-gr[?1 probably on acc\nt ( _! increase 9 diamet]1 & ( _! liability to injury f be+ gnaw$ by animals4 ,graft-hybrids4--,x is well kn[n f innum]able trials made 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 t buds may be ins]t$ into a /ock1 & t ! plants ?us rais$ are n affect$ 9 a great] degree ?an c be acc\nt$ = by *ang$ nutrition4 ,nor d ! se$l+s rais$ f su* ins]t$ buds p>take ( ! "* ( ! /ock1 ?\gh !y are m liable to v>y ?an are se$l+s f ! same v>iety gr[+ on its own roots4 ,a bud1 also1 may sport into a new & /rongly-m>k$ v>iety )\t any o!r bud on ! same plant be+ 9 ! lea/ degree affect$4 ,we may !re=e inf]1 9 accordance ) ! common view1 t ea* bud is a di/9ct individual1 & t its =mative elem5ts d n spread beyond ! p>ts subsequ5tly develop$ f x4 ,nev]!less1 we h se5 9 ! ab/ract on graft-hybridisation 9 ! elev5? *apt] t buds c]ta9ly include =mative matt]1 :i* c occasionally comb9e ) t includ$ 9 ! tissues ( a di/9ct v>iety or species2 a plant int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms be+ ?us produc$4 ,9 ! case ( ! potato we h se5 t ! tub]s produc$ f a bud ( "o k9d ins]t$ into ano!r are int]m$iate 9 col\r1 size1 %ape & /ate ( surface2 t ! /ems1 foliage1 & ev5 c]ta9 con/itutional peculi>ities1 su* z precocity1 are likewise int]m$iate4 ,) ^! well-e/abli%$ cases1 ! evid5ce t graft-hybrids h also be5 produc$ ) ! laburnum1 orange1 v9e1 rose1 etc41 seems suffici5t4 ,b we d n "k "u :at conditions ?is r>e =m ( reproduction is possible4 ,f ^! sev]al cases we le>n ! important fact t =mative elem5ts capable ( bl5d+ ) ^? ( a di/9ct individual 7& ?is is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( sexual g5]ation71 are n conf9$ to ! reproductive organs1 b are pres5t 9 ! buds & cellul> tissue ( plants2 & ?is is a fact ( ! highe/ physiological importance4 ,direct ,action ( ! ,male ,elem5t on ! ,female4--,9 ! elev5? *apt]1 abundant pro(s 7 giv5 t =eign poll5 occasionally affects 9 a direct mann] ! "m-plant4 ,?us1 :5 ,gallesio f]tilis$ an orange-fl[] ) poll5 f ! lemon1 ! fruit bore /ripes ( p]fectly *>act]is$ lemon-peel4 ,) peas1 sev]al obs]v]s h se5 ! col\r ( ! se$-coats & ev5 ( ! pod directly affect$ by ! poll5 ( a di/9ct v>iety4 ,s x has be5 ) ! fruit ( ! apple1 :i* consi/s ( ! modifi$ calyx & upp] "p ( ! fl[]-/alk4 ,9 ord9>y cases ^! p>ts are :olly =m$ by ! "m-plant4 ,we "h see t ! =mative elem5ts includ$ )9 ! male elem5t or poll5 ( "o v>iety c affect & hybridise1 n ! "p :i* !y are prop]ly adapt$ to affect1 namely1 ! ovules1 b ! p>tially-develop$ tissues ( a di/9ct v>iety or species4 ,we are ?us br\ght half-way t[>ds a graft-hybrid1 9 :i* ! =mative elem5ts includ$ )9 ! tissues ( "o individual comb9e ) ^? includ$ 9 ! tissues ( a di/9ct v>iety or species1 ?us giv+ rise to a new & int]m$iate =m1 indep5d5tly ( ! male or female sexual organs4 ,) animals :i* d n bre$ until ne>ly mature1 & ( :i* all ! p>ts are !n fully develop$1 x is h>dly possible t ! male elem5t %\ld directly affect ! female4 ,b we h ! analog\s & p]fectly well-asc]ta9$ case ( ! male elem5t affect+ 7z ) ! quagga & ,"l ,morton's m>e7 ! female or h] ova1 9 su* a mann] t :5 %e is impregnat$ by ano!r male h] (fspr+ are affect$ & hybridis$ by ! fir/ male4 ,! explanation w\ld be simple if ! sp]matozoa c\ld keep alive )9 ! body ( ! female dur+ ! long int]val :i* has sometimes elaps$ betwe5 ! two acts ( impregnation2 b no "o w suppose t ?is is possible ) ! high] animals4 ,developm5t4--,! f]tilis$ g]m rea*es maturity by a va/ numb] ( *anges3 ^! are ei!r slight & sl[ly effect$1 z :5 ! *ild gr[s into ! man1 or are great & sudd51 z ) ! metamorphoses ( mo/ insects4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes we h e gradation1 ev5 )9 ! same class2 ?us1 z ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock has %[n#bh !re is an ,ephem]\s insect :i* m\lts above tw5ty times1 und]go+ ea* "t a slight b decid$ *ange ( /ructure2 & ^! *anges1 z he fur!r rem>ks1 probably reveal to u ! normal /ages ( developm5t1 :i* are conceal$ & hurri$ ?r\gh or suppress$ 9 mo/ o!r insects4 ,9 ord9>y metamorphoses1 ! p>ts & organs appe> to become *ang$ into ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! next /age ( developm5t2 b !re is ano!r =m ( developm5t1 :i* has be5 call$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 metag5esis4 ,9 ?is case 8! new p>ts are n m\ld$ ^u ! inn] surface ( ! old ones4 ,! pla/ic =ce has *ang$ its c\rse ( op]ation4 ,! out] case1 & all t gave =m & "* to ! prec$5t individual1 p]i% & are ca/ (f2 !y are n *ang$ into ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! new individual4 ,^! are due to a new & di/9ct developm5tal process10 etc4#bi ,metamorphosis1 h[ev]1 graduates s ins5sibly1 into metag5esis1 t ! two processes _c be di/9ctly sep>at$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! la/ *ange :i* ,cirrip$es und]go1 ! alim5t>y canal & "s o!r organs are m\ld$ on pre-exi/+ p>ts2 b ! eyes ( ! old & ! "y animal are develop$ 9 entirely diff]5t p>ts ( ! body2 ! tips ( ! mature limbs are =m$ )9 ! l>val limbs1 & may be said to be metamorphos$ f !m2 b _! basal portions & ! :ole ?orax are develop$ 9 a plane at "r angles to ! l>val limbs & ?orax2 & ?is may be call$ metag5esis4 ,! metag5etic process is c>ri$ to an extreme po9t 9 ! developm5t ( "s ,e*9od]ms1 = ! animal 9 ! second /age ( developm5t is =m$ almo/ l a bud )9 ! animal ( ! fir/ /age1 ! latt] be+ !n ca/ (f l an old ve/m5t1 yet sometimes ma9ta9+ = a %ort p]iod an indep5d5t vitality4#cj ,if1 in/ead ( a s+le individual1 sev]al 7 to be ?us develop$ metag5etically )9 a pre-exi/+ =m1 ! process w\ld be call$ "o ( alt]nate g5]ation4 ,! "y ?us develop$ may ei!r closely resemble ! encas+ p>5t-=m1 z ) ! l>v ( ,cecidomyia1 or may diff] to an a/oni%+ degree1 z ) _m p>asitic worms & jelly-fi%es2 b ?is does n make any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! process1 any m ?an ! greatness or abruptness ( ! *ange 9 ! metamorphoses ( insects4 ,! :ole "q ( developm5t is ( great importance = our pres5t subject4 ,:5 an organ1 ! eye1 = in/ance1 is metag5etically =m$ 9 a "p ( ! body :]e dur+ ! previ\s /age ( developm5t no eye exi/$1 we mu/ look at x z a new & indep5d5t gr[?4 ,! absolute indep5d5ce ( new & old /ructures1 al?\gh correspond+ 9 /ructure & function1 is /ill m obvi\s :5 sev]al individuals are =m$ )9 a previ\s =m1 z 9 ! cases ( alt]nate g5]ation4 ,! same important pr9ciple probably comes l>gely into play ev5 9 ! case ( app>5tly cont9u\s gr[?1 z we %all see :5 we consid] ! inh]itance ( modifications at correspond+ ages4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion1 namely1 ! indep5d5ce ( p>ts successively develop$1 by ano!r & q di/9ct gr\p ( facts4 ,x is well kn[n t _m animals belong+ to ! same ord]1 & !re=e n diff]+ widely f ea* o!r1 pass ?r\gh an extremely diff]5t c\rse ( developm5t4 ,?us c]ta9 beetles1 n 9 any way rem>kably diff]5t f o!rs ( ! same ord]1 und]go :at has be5 call$ a hyp]-metamorphosis--t is1 !y pass ?r\gh an e>ly /age :olly diff]5t f ! ord9>y grub-l l>va4 ,9 ! same sub-ord] ( crabs1 namely1 ! ,macr\ra1 z ,fritz ,mll] rem>ks1 ! riv] cray-fi% is hat*$ "u ! same =m :i* x ev] aft]w>ds reta9s2 ! "y lob/] has divid$ legs1 l a ,mysis2 ! ,palmon appe>s "u ! =m ( a ,zoea1 & ,p5eus "u ! ,nauplius-=m2 & h[ wond]fully ^! l>val =ms diff] f "o ano!r1 is kn[n to e naturali/4#ca ,"s o!r cru/aceans1 z ! same au?or obs]ves1 />t f ! same po9t & arrive at ne>ly ! same end1 b 9 ! middle ( _! developm5t are widely diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,/ill m /rik+ cases c\ld be giv5 ) respect to ! ,e*9od]mata4 ,) ! ,m$us or jelly-fi%es ,pr(essor ,allman obs]ves1 8,! classification ( ! ,hydroida w\ld be a comp>atively simple task if1 z has be5 errone\sly ass]t$1 g5]ically-id5tical m$usoids always arose f g5]ically-id5tical polypoids2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t g5]ically-id5tical polypoids always gave orig9 to g5]ically-id5tical m$usoids40 ,s aga91 ,dr4 ,/re?ill ,wright rem>ks1 8,9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! ,hydroid any phase1 planuloid1 polypoid1 or m$usoid1 may be abs5t40#cb ,accord+ to ! belief n[ g5]ally accept$ by our be/ naturali/s1 all ! memb]s ( ! same ord] or class1 = in/ance1 ! ,m$us or ! ,macr\r\s cru/aceans1 are desc5d$ f a common prog5itor4 ,dur+ _! desc5t !y h div]g$ mu* 9 /ructure1 b h reta9$ mu* 9 common2 & ?is has occurr$1 ?\gh !y h pass$ ?r\gh & /ill pass ?r\gh m>vell\sly diff]5t metamorphoses4 ,?is fact well illu/rates h[ indep5d5t ea* /ructure is f t :i* prec$es & t :i* foll[s x 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! ,functional ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,elem5ts or ,units ( ! ,body4--,physiologi/s agree t ! :ole organism consi/s ( a multitude ( elem5tal p>ts1 :i* are to a great ext5t indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,ea* organ1 says ,claude ,b]n>d1#cc has its prop] life1 its autonomy2 x c develop & reproduce itself indep5d5tly ( ! adjo9+ tissues4 ,a great ,g]man au?ority1 ,vir*[1#cd ass]ts /ill m emphatically t ea* sy/em consi/s ( an 8enorm\s mass ( m9ute c5tres ( action4 4 4 4 ,e elem5t has its own special action1 & ev5 ?\gh x d]ive its /imulus to activity f o!r p>ts1 yet alone effects ! actual p]=mance ( duties4 4 4 4 ,e s+le epi!lial & muscul> fibre-cell leads a sort ( p>asitical exi/5ce 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! body4 4 4 4 ,e s+le bone-corpuscle really possesses conditions ( nutrition peculi> to itself40 ,ea* elem5t1 z ,sir ,j4 ,paget rem>ks1 lives its appo9t$ "t & !n dies1 & is replac$ aft] be+ ca/ (f or absorb$4#ce ,i presume t no physiologi/ d\bts t1 = in/ance1 ea* bone-corpuscle ( ! f+] diff]s f ! correspond+ corpuscle 9 ! correspond+ jo9t ( ! toe2 & !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ev5 ^? on ! correspond+ sides ( ! body diff]1 ?\gh almo/ id5tical 9 nature4 ,?is ne> approa* to id5tity is curi\sly %[n 9 _m diseases 9 :i* ! same exact po9ts on ! "r & left sides ( ! body are simil>ly affect$2 ?us ,sir ,j4 ,paget#cf gives a draw+ ( a diseas$ pelvis1 9 :i* ! bone has gr[n into a mo/ complicat$ patt]n1 b 8!re is n "o spot or l9e on "o side :i* is n repres5t$1 z exactly z x w\ld be 9 a mirror1 on ! o!r40 ,_m facts support ?is view ( ! indep5d5t life ( ea* m9ute elem5t ( ! body4 ,vir*[ insi/s t a s+le bone-corpuscle or a s+le cell 9 ! sk9 may become diseas$4 ,! spur ( a cock1 aft] be+ ins]t$ into ! e> ( an ox1 liv$ = eight ye>s1 & acquir$ a weight ( #cif grammes 7ne>ly f\rte5 ounces71 & ! a/oni%+ l5g? ( tw5ty-f\r c5timetres1 or ab\t n9e in*es2 s t ! head ( ! ox appe>$ to be> ?ree horns4#cg ,! tail ( a pig has be5 graft$ into ! middle ( its back1 & reacquir$ s5sibility4 ,dr4 ,olli]#ch ins]t$ a piece ( p]io/eum f ! bone ( a "y dog "u ! sk9 ( a rabbit1 & true bone 0 develop$4 ,a multitude ( simil> facts c\ld be giv54 ,! frequ5t pres5ce ( hairs & ( p]fectly develop$ tee?1 ev5 tee? ( ! second d5tition1 9 ov>ian tum\rs1#ci are facts lead+ to ! same conclusion4 ,mr4 ,lawson ,tait ref]s to a tum\r 9 :i* 8ov] #cjj tee? 7 f\nd1 resembl+ 9 _m respects milk-tee?20 & to ano!r tum\r1 8full ( hair :i* _h gr[n & be5 %$ f "o little spot ( sk9 n bigg] ?an ! tip ( my little f+]4 ,! am\nt ( hair 9 ! sac1 _h x gr[n f a simil>ly siz$ area ( ! scalp1 w\ld h tak5 almo/ a lifetime to gr[ & be %$40 ,:e!r ea* ( ! innum]able autonom\s elem5ts ( ! body is a cell or ! modifi$ product ( a cell1 is a m d\btful "q1 ev5 if s wide a def9ition be giv5 to ! t]m1 z to include cell-l bodies )\t walls & )\t nuclei4#dj ,! doctr9e ( omnis cellula e cellul is admitt$ = plants1 & widely prevails ) respect to animals4#da ,?us ,vir*[1 ! great support] ( ! cellul> !ory1 :il/ all[+ t difficulties exi/1 ma9ta9s t e atom ( tissue is d]iv$ f cells1 & ^! f pre-exi/+ cells1 & ^! prim>ily f ! egg1 :i* he reg>ds z a great cell4 ,t cells1 /ill reta9+ ! same nature1 increase by self-division or prolif]ation1 is admitt$ by e "o4 ,b :5 an organism und]goes great *anges ( /ructure dur+ developm5t1 ! cells1 :i* at ea* /age are suppos$ to be directly d]iv$ f previ\sly exi/+ cells1 mu/ likewise be greatly *ang$ 9 nature2 ?is *ange is attribut$ by ! support]s ( ! cellul> doctr9e to "s inh]5t p[] :i* ! cells possess1 & n to any ext]nal ag5cy4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t cells & tissues ( all k9ds may be =m$1 indep5d5tly ( pre-exi/+ cells1 f pla/ic lymph or bla/ema4 ,:i*ev] view may be correct1 e "o admits t ! body consi/s ( a multitude ( organic units1 all ( :i* possess _! own prop] attributes1 & are to a c]ta9 ext5t indep5d5t ( all o!rs4 ,h5ce x w be conv5i5t to use indiff]5tly ! t]ms cells or organic units1 or simply units4 ,v>iability & ,inh]itance4--,we h se5 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt] t v>iability is n a pr9ciple co-ord9ate ) life or reproduction1 b results f special causes1 g5]ally f *ang$ conditions act+ dur+ successive g5]ations4 ,! fluctuat+ v>iability ?us induc$ is app>5tly due 9 "p to ! sexual sy/em be+ easily affect$1 s t x is (t5 r5d]$ impot5t2 & :5 n s s]i\sly affect$1 x (t5 fails 9 its prop] function ( transmitt+ truly ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts to ! (fspr+4 ,b v>iability is n necess>ily connect$ ) ! sexual sy/em1 z we see 9 ! cases ( bud-v>iation4 ,al?\gh we are seldom able to trace ! nature ( ! connection1 _m deviations ( /ructure no d\bt result f *ang$ conditions act+ directly on ! organisation1 indep5d5tly ( ! reproductive sy/em4 ,9 "s in/ances we may feel sure ( ?is1 :5 all1 or ne>ly all ! individuals :i* h be5 simil>ly expos$ are simil>ly & def9itely affect$1 ( :i* sev]al in/ances h be5 giv54 ,b x is by no means cle> :y ! (fspr+ %\ld be affect$ by ! exposure ( ! p>5ts to new conditions1 & :y x is necess>y 9 mo/ cases t sev]al g5]ations %\ld h be5 ?us expos$4 ,h[1 aga91 c we expla9 ! inh]it$ effects ( ! use or disuse ( p>ticul> organs8 ,! dome/icat$ duck flies less & walks m ?an ! wild duck1 & its limb-bones h become dim9i%$ & increas$ 9 a correspond+ mann] 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild duck4 ,a horse is tra9$ to c]ta9 paces1 & ! colt inh]its simil> cons5sual movem5ts4 ,! dome/icat$ rabbit becomes tame f close conf9em5t2 ! dog1 intellig5t f associat+ ) man2 ! retriev] is taught to fet* & c>ry2 & ^! m5tal end[m5ts & bodily p[]s are all inh]it$4 ,no?+ 9 ! :ole circuit ( physiology is m wond]ful4 ,h[ c ! use or disuse ( a p>ticul> limb or ( ! bra9 affect a small aggregate ( reproductive cells1 seat$ 9 a di/ant "p ( ! body1 9 su* a mann] t ! be+ develop$ f ^! cells inh]its ! *>act]s ( ei!r "o or bo? p>5ts8 ,ev5 an imp]fect answ] to ?is "q w\ld be satisfactory4 ,9 ! *apt]s devot$ to inh]itance x 0 %[n t a multitude ( newly acquir$ *>act]s1 :e!r injuri\s or b5eficial1 :e!r ( ! l[e/ or highe/ vital importance1 are (t5 fai?fully transmitt$--frequ5tly ev5 :5 "o p>5t alone possesses "s new peculi>ity2 & we may on ! :ole conclude t inh]itance is ! rule1 & non-inh]itance ! anomaly4 ,9 "s in/ances a "* is n inh]it$1 f ! conditions ( life be+ directly oppos$ to its developm5t2 9 _m in/ances1 f ! conditions incessantly induc+ fre% v>iability1 z ) graft$ fruit-trees & highly-cultivat$ fl[]s4 ,9 ! rema9+ cases ! failure may be attribut$ to rev]sion1 by :i* ! *ild resembles its gr&p>5ts or m remote prog5itors1 in/ead ( its p>5ts4 ,inh]itance is gov]n$ by v>i\s laws4 ,*>act]s :i* fir/ appe> at any p>ticul> age t5d to reappe> at a correspond+ age4 ,!y (t5 become associat$ ) c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ at a correspond+ season4 ,if !y appe> r late 9 life 9 "o sex1 !y t5d to reappe> exclusively 9 ! same sex at ! same p]iod ( life4 ,! pr9ciple ( rev]sion1 rec5tly allud$ to1 is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! attributes ( ,inh]itance4 ,x proves to u t ! transmission ( a "* & its developm5t1 :i* ord9>ily g toge!r & ?us escape discrim9ation1 are di/9ct p[]s2 & ^! p[]s 9 "s cases are ev5 antagoni/ic1 = ea* acts alt]nately 9 successive g5]ations4 ,rev]sion is n a r>e ev5t1 dep5d+ on "s unusual or fav\rable comb9ation ( circum/ances1 b occurs s regul>ly ) cross$ animals & plants1 & s frequ5tly ) uncross$ bre$s1 t x is evid5tly an ess5tial "p ( ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance4 ,we "k t *ang$ conditions h ! p[] ( evok+ long-lo/ *>act]s1 z 9 ! case ( animals becom+ f]al4 ,! act ( cross+ 9 itself possesses ?is p[] 9 a high degree4 ,:at c be m wond]ful ?an t *>act]s1 :i* h disappe>$ dur+ scores1 or hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 %\ld sudd5ly reappe> p]fectly develop$1 z 9 ! case ( pigeons & f[ls1 bo? :5 purely br$ & especially :5 cross$2 or z ) ! zebr9e /ripes on dun-col\r$ horses1 & o!r su* cases8 ,_m mon/rosities come "u ?is same head1 z :5 rudim5t>y organs are r$evelop$1 or :5 an organ :i* we mu/ believe 0 possess$ by an e>ly prog5itor ( ! species1 b ( :i* n ev5 a rudim5t is left1 sudd5ly reappe>s1 z ) ! fif? /am5 9 "s ,scrophul>iace4 ,we h already se5 t rev]sion acts 9 bud-reproduction2 & we "k t x occasionally acts dur+ ! gr[? ( ! same individual animal1 especially1 b n exclusively1 if ( cross$ p>5tage1--z 9 ! r>e cases describ$ ( f[ls1 pigeons1 cattle1 & rabbits1 :i* h rev]t$ to ! col\rs ( "o ( _! p>5ts or ance/ors z !y advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,we are l$ to believe1 z =m]ly expla9$1 t e "* :i* occasionally reappe>s is pres5t 9 a lat5t =m 9 ea* g5]ation1 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z 9 male & female animals ! second>y *>act]s ( ! opposite sex lie lat5t & ready to be evolv$ :5 ! reproductive organs are injur$4 ,?is comp>ison ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s :i* lie lat5t 9 bo? sexes1 ) o!r lat5t *>act]s1 is ! m appropriate f ! case record$ ( a ,h51 :i* assum$ "s ( ! mascul9e *>act]s1 n ( h] own race1 b ( an e>ly prog5itor2 %e ?us exhibit$ at ! same "t ! r$evelopm5t ( lat5t *>act]s ( bo? k9ds4 ,9 e liv+ creature we may feel assur$ t a ho/ ( long-lo/ *>act]s lie ready to be evolv$ "u prop] conditions4 ,h[ c we make intelligible & connect ) o!r facts1 ?is wond]ful & common capacity ( rev]sion1--?is p[] ( call+ back to life long-lo/ *>act]s8 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,i h n[ enum]at$ ! *ief facts :i* e "o w\ld desire to see connect$ by "s intelligible bond4 ,?is c be done1 if we make ! foll[+ assumptions1 & mu* may be advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! *ief "o4 ,! second>y assumptions c likewise be support$ by v>i\s physiological consid]ations4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! cells or units ( ! body increase by self-division or prolif]ation1 reta9+ ! same nature1 & t !y ultimately become conv]t$ into ! v>i\s tissues & sub/ances ( ! body4 ,b besides ?is means ( increase ,i assume t ! units ?r[ (f m9ute granules :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em2 t ^!1 :5 suppli$ ) prop] nutrim5t1 multiply by self-division1 & are ultimately develop$ into units l ^? f :i* !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$4 ,^! granules may be call$ gemmules4 ,!y are collect$ f all p>ts ( ! sy/em to con/itute ! sexual elem5ts1 & _! developm5t 9 ! next g5]ation =ms a new be+2 b !y are likewise capable ( transmission 9 a dormant /ate to future g5]ations & may !n be develop$4 ,_! developm5t dep5ds on _! union ) o!r p>tially develop$ or nasc5t cells :i* prec$e !m 9 ! regul> c\rse ( gr[?4 ,:y ,i use ! t]m union1 w be se5 :5 we discuss ! direct action ( poll5 on ! tissues ( ! "m-plant4 ,gemmules are suppos$ to be ?r[n (f by e unit1 n only dur+ ! adult /ate1 b dur+ ea* /age ( developm5t ( e organism2 b n necess>ily dur+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! same unit4 ,la/ly1 ,i assume t ! gemmules 9 _! dormant /ate h a mutual aff9ity = ea* o!r1 lead+ to _! aggregation into buds or into ! sexual elem5ts4 ,h5ce1 x is n ! reproductive organs or buds :i* g5]ate new organisms1 b ! units ( :i* ea* individual is compos$4 ,^! assumptions con/itute ! provisional hypo!sis :i* ,i h call$ ,pang5esis4 ,views 9 _m respects simil> h be5 prop\nd$ by v>i\s au?ors4#db ,be=e proce$+ to %[1 fir/ly1 h[ f> ^! assumptions are 9 !mselves probable1 & secondly1 h[ f> !y connect & expla9 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( facts ) :i* we are conc]n$1 x may be useful to give an illu/ration1 z simple z possible1 ( ! hypo!sis4 ,if "o ( ! ,protozoa be =m$1 z x appe>s "u ! microscope1 ( a small mass ( homog5e\s gelat9\s matt]1 a m9ute p>ticle or gemmule ?r[n (f f any "p & n\ri%$ "u fav\rable circum/ances w\ld reproduce ! :ole2 b if ! upp] & l[] surfaces 7 to diff] 9 texture f ea* o!r & f ! c5tral portion1 !n all ?ree p>ts w\ld h to ?r[ (f gemmules1 :i* :5 aggregat$ by mutual aff9ity w\ld =m ei!r buds or ! sexual elem5ts1 & w\ld ultimately be develop$ into a simil> organism4 ,precisely ! same view may be ext5d$ to "o ( ! high] animals2 al?\gh 9 ?is case _m ?\s& gemmules mu/ be ?r[n (f f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body at ea* /age ( developm5t2 ^! gemmules be+ develop$ 9 union ) pre-exi/+ nasc5t cells 9 due ord] ( succession4 ,physiologi/s ma9ta91 z we h se51 t ea* unit ( ! body1 ?\gh to a l>ge ext5t dep5d5t on o!rs1 is likewise to a c]ta9 ext5t indep5d5t or autonom\s1 & has ! p[] ( increas+ by self-division4 ,i g "o /ep fur!r1 & assume t ea* unit ca/s (f free gemmules :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 & are capable "u prop] conditions ( be+ develop$ into simil> units4 ,nor c ?is assumption be consid]$ z gratuit\s & improbable4 ,x is manife/ t ! sexual elem5ts & buds include =mative matt] ( "s k9d1 capable ( developm5t2 & we n[ "k f ! production ( graft-hybrids t simil> matt] is disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! tissues ( plants1 & c comb9e ) t ( ano!r & di/9ct plant1 giv+ rise to a new be+1 int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,we "k also t ! male elem5t c act directly on ! p>tially develop$ tissues ( ! "m-plant1 & on ! future prog5y ( female animals4 ,! =mative matt] :i* is ?us disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! tissues ( plants1 & :i* is capable ( be+ develop$ into ea* unit or "p1 mu/ be g5]at$ !re by "s means2 & my *ief assumption is t ?is matt] consi/s ( m9ute p>ticles or gemmules ca/ (f f ea* unit or cell4#dc ,b ,i h fur!r to assume t ! gemmules 9 _! undevelop$ /ate are capable ( l>gely multiply+ !mselves by self-division1 l indep5d5t organisms4 ,delp9o insi/s t to 8admit ( multiplication by fissip>ity 9 corpuscles1 analog\s to se$s or buds 4 4 4 is repugnant to all analogy40 ,b ?is seems a /range objection1 z ,?uret#dd has se5 ! zoospore ( an alga divide itself1 & ea* half g]m9at$4 ,haeckel divid$ ! segm5t$ ovum ( a siphonophora into _m pieces1 & ^! 7 develop$4 ,nor does ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! gemmules1 :i* c h>dly diff] mu* 9 nature f ! l[e/ & simple/ organisms1 r5d] x improbable t !y %\ld gr[ & multiply4 ,a great au?ority1 ,dr4 ,beale1#de says 8t m9ute yea/ cells are capable ( ?r[+ (f buds or gemmules1 mu* less ?an ! #a_/ajjjjj ( an in* 9 diamet]20 & ^! he ?9ks are 8capable ( subdivision practically ad inf9itum40 ,a p>ticle ( small-pox matt]1 s m9ute z to be borne by ! w9d1 mu/ multiply itself _m ?\s&fold 9 a p]son ?us inoculat$2 & s ) ! contagi\s matt] ( sc>let fev]4#df ,x has rec5tly be5 asc]ta9$#dg t a m9ute portion ( ! muc\s dis*>ge f an animal affect$ ) r9d]pe/1 if plac$ 9 ! blood ( a heal?y ox1 increases s fa/ t 9 a %ort space ( "t 8! :ole mass ( blood1 weigh+ _m p\nds1 is infect$1 & e small p>ticle ( t blood conta9s en\gh poison to give1 )9 less ?an =ty-eight h\rs1 ! disease to ano!r animal40 ,! ret5tion ( free & undevelop$ gemmules 9 ! same body f e>ly y\? to old age w appe> improbable1 b we %\ld rememb] h[ long se$s lie dormant 9 ! e>? & buds 9 ! b>k ( a tree4 ,_! transmission f g5]ation to g5]ation w appe> /ill m improbable2 b "h aga9 we %\ld rememb] t _m rudim5t>y & useless organs h be5 transmitt$ dur+ an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ well ! long-cont9u$ transmission ( undevelop$ gemmules expla9s _m facts4 ,z ea* unit1 or gr\p ( simil> units1 ?r\gh\t ! body1 ca/s (f its gemmules1 & z all are conta9$ )9 ! smalle/ ovule1 & )9 ea* sp]matozoon or poll5-gra91 & z "s animals & plants produce an a/oni%+ numb] ( poll5-gra9s & ovules1#dh ! numb] & m9ut5ess ( ! gemmules mu/ be some?+ inconceivable4 ,b consid]+ h[ m9ute ! molecules are1 & h[ _m g to ! =mation ( ! smalle/ granule ( any ord9>y sub/ance1 ?is difficulty ) respect to ! gemmules is n insup]able4 ,f ! data arriv$ at by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 my son ,george f9ds t a cube ( #a_/ajjjj ( an in* ( glass or wat] mu/ consi/ ( betwe5 #af million millions1 & #aca ?\s& million million molecules4 ,no d\bt ! molecules ( :i* an organism is =m$ are l>g]1 f be+ m complex1 ?an ^? ( an inorganic sub/ance1 & probably _m molecules g to ! =mation ( a gemmule2 b :5 we be> 9 m9d t a cube ( #a_/ajjjj ( an in* is mu* small] ?an any poll5-gra91 ovule or bud1 we c see :at a va/ numb] ( gemmules "o ( ^! bodies might conta94 ,! gemmules d]iv$ f ea* "p or organ mu/ be ?or\ghly disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t ev5 a m9ute fragm5t ( a leaf ( a ,begonia w reproduce ! :ole plant2 & t if a fre%-wat] worm is *opp$ into small pieces1 ea* w reproduce ! :ole animal4 ,consid]+ also ! m9ut5ess ( ! gemmules & ! p]meability ( all organic tissues1 ! ?or\gh disp]sion ( ! gemmules is n surpris+4 ,t matt] may be readily transf]r$ )\t ! aid ( vessels f "p to "p ( ! body1 we h a good in/ance 9 a case record$ by ,sir ,j4 ,paget ( a lady1 ^: hair lo/ its col\r at ea* successive attack ( neuralgia & recov]$ x aga9 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,) plants1 h[ev]1 & probably ) comp\nd animals1 su* z corals1 ! gemmules d n ord9>ily spread f bud to bud1 b are conf9$ to ! p>ts develop$ f ea* sep>ate bud2 & ( ?is fact no explanation c be giv54 ,! assum$ elective aff9ity ( ea* gemmule = t p>ticul> cell :i* prec$es x 9 due ord] ( developm5t is support$ by _m analogies4 ,9 all ord9>y cases ( sexual reproduction1 ! male & female elem5ts c]ta9ly h a mutual aff9ity = ea* o!r3 ?us1 x is believ$ t ab\t t5 ?\s& species ( ,composit exi/1 & !re c be no d\bt t if ! poll5 ( all ^! species c\ld be simultane\sly or successively plac$ on ! /igma ( any "o species1 ?is "o w\ld elect ) un]r+ c]ta9ty its own poll54 ,?is elective capacity is all ! m wond]ful1 z x mu/ h be5 acquir$ s9ce ! _m species ( ?is great gr\p ( plants bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor4 ,on any view ( ! nature ( sexual reproduction1 ! =mative matt] ( ea* "p conta9$ )9 ! ovules & ! male elem5t act on ea* o!r by "s law ( special aff9ity1 s t correspond+ p>ts affect "o ano!r2 ?us1 a calf produc$ f a %ort-horn$ c[ by a long-horn$ bull has its horns affect$ by ! union ( ! two =ms1 & ! (fspr+ f two birds ) diff]5tly col\r$ tails h _! tails affect$4 ,! v>i\s tissues ( ! body pla9ly %[1 z _m physiologi/s h insi/$1#di an aff9ity = special organic sub/ances1 :e!r natural or =eign to ! body4 ,we see ?is 9 ! cells ( ! kidneys attract+ urea f ! blood2 9 cur>e affect+ c]ta9 n]ves2 ,lytta vesicatoria ! kidneys2 & ! poison\s matt] ( v>i\s diseases1 z small-pox1 sc>let-fev]1 hoop+-c\gh1 gl&]s1 & hydrophobia1 affect+ c]ta9 def9ite p>ts ( ! body4 ,x has also be5 assum$ t ! developm5t ( ea* gemmule dep5ds on its union ) ano!r cell or unit :i* has j comm5c$ its developm5t1 & :i* prec$es x 9 due ord] ( gr[?4 ,t ! =mative matt] )9 ! poll5 ( plants1 :i* by our hypo!sis consi/s ( gemmules1 c unite ) & modify ! p>tially develop$ cells ( ! "m-plant1 we h cle>ly se5 9 ! section devot$ to ?is subject4 ,z ! tissues ( plants are =m$1 z f> z is kn[n1 only by ! prolif]ation ( pre-exi/+ cells1 we mu/ conclude t ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! =eign poll5 d n become develop$ into new & sep>ate cells1 b p5etrate & modify ! nasc5t cells ( ! "m-plant4 ,?is process may be comp>$ ) :at takes place 9 ! act ( ord9>y f]tilisation1 dur+ :i* ! cont5ts ( ! poll5-tubes p5etrate ! clos$ embryonic sac )9 ! ovule1 & det]m9e ! developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! cells ( ! "m-plant may almo/ lit]ally be said to be f]tilis$ by ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! =eign poll54 ,9 ?is case & 9 all o!rs ! prop] gemmules mu/ comb9e 9 due ord] ) pre-exi/+ nasc5t cells1 ow+ to _! elective aff9ities4 ,a slight diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! gemmules & ! nasc5t cells w\ld be f> f int]f]+ ) _! mutual union & developm5t1 = we well "k 9 ! case ( ord9>y reproduction t su* slight diff]5tiation 9 ! sexual elem5ts fav\rs 9 a m>k$ mann] _! union & subsequ5t developm5t1 z well z ! vig\r ( ! (fspr+ ?us produc$4 ,?us f> we h be5 able by ! aid ( our hypo!sis to ?r[ "s obscure light on ! problems :i* h come be=e u2 b x mu/ be confess$ t _m po9ts rema9 altoge!r d\btful4 ,?us x is useless to speculate at :at p]iod ( developm5t ea* unit ( ! body ca/s (f its gemmules1 z ! :ole subject ( ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s tissues is z yet f> f cle>4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! gemmules are m]ely collect$ by "s unkn[n means at c]ta9 seasons )9 ! reproductive organs1 or :e!r aft] be+ ?us collect$ !y rapidly multiply !re1 z ! fl[ ( blood to ^! organs at ea* bre$+ season seems to r5d] probable4 ,nor d we "k :y ! gemmules collect to =m buds 9 c]ta9 def9ite places1 lead+ to ! symmetrical gr[? ( trees & corals4 ,we h no means ( decid+ :e!r ! ord9>y we> & te> ( ! tissues is made good by means ( gemmules1 or m]ely by ! prolif]ation ( pre-exi/+ cells4 ,if ! gemmules are ?us consum$1 z seems probable f ! intimate connection betwe5 ! repair ( wa/e1 re-gr[?1 & developm5t1 & m especially f ! p]iodical *anges :i* _m male animals und]go 9 col\r & /ructure1 !n "s light w\ld be ?r[n on ! ph5om5a ( old age1 ) its less5$ p[] ( reproduction & ( ! repair ( injuries1 & on ! obscure subject ( longevity4 ,! fact ( ca/rat$ animals1 :i* d n ca/ (f innum]able gemmules 9 ! act ( reproduction1 n be+ long]-liv$ ?an p]fect males1 seems oppos$ to ! belief t gemmules are consum$ 9 ! ord9>y repair ( wa/$ tissues2 unless inde$ ! gemmules aft] be+ collect$ 9 small numb]s )9 ! reproductive organs are !re l>gely multipli$4#ej ,t ! same cells or units may live = a long p]iod & cont9ue multiply+ )\t be+ modifi$ by _! union ) free gemmules ( any k9d1 is probable f su* cases z t ( ! spur ( a cock :i* grew to an enorm\s size :5 graft$ into ! e> ( an ox4 ,h[ f> units are modifi$ dur+ _! normal gr[? by absorb+ peculi> nutrim5t f ! surr\nd+ tissues1 indep5d5tly ( _! union ) gemmules ( a di/9ct nature1 is ano!r d\btful po9t4#ea ,we %all appreciate ?is difficulty by call+ to m9d :at complex yet symmetrical gr[?s ! cells ( plants yield :5 inoculat$ by ! poison ( a gall-insect4 ,) animals v>i\s polypoid excresc5ces & tum\rs are g5]ally admitt$#eb to be ! direct product1 ?r\gh prolif]ation1 ( normal cells :i* h become abnormal4 ,9 ! regul> gr[? & repair ( bones1 ! tissues und]go1 z ,vir*[ rem>ks1#ec a :ole s]ies ( p]mutations & sub/itutions4 8,! c>tilage cells may be conv]t$ by a direct trans=mation into m>r[-cells1 & cont9ue z su*2 or !y may fir/ be conv]t$ into osse\s & !n into m$ull>y tissue2 or la/ly1 !y may fir/ be conv]t$ into m>r[ & !n into bone4 ,s v>iable are ! p]mutations ( ^! tissues1 9 !mselves s ne>ly alli$1 & yet 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance s completely di/9ct40 ,b z ^! tissues ?us *ange _! nature at any age1 )\t any obvi\s *ange 9 _! nutrition1 we mu/ suppose 9 accordance ) our hypo!sis t gemmules d]iv$ f "o k9d ( tissue comb9e ) ! cells ( ano!r k9d1 & cause ! successive modifications4 ,we h good reason to believe t sev]al gemmules are requisite = ! developm5t ( "o & ! same unit or cell2 = we _c o!rwise und]/& ! insuffici5cy ( a s+le or ev5 ( two or ?ree poll5-gra9s or sp]matozoa4 ,b we are f> f kn[+ :e!r ! gemmules ( all ! units are free & sep>ate f "o ano!r1 or :e!r "s are f ! fir/ unit$ into small aggregates4 ,a fea!r1 = in/ance1 is a complex /ructure1 &1 z ea* sep>ate "p is liable to inh]it$ v>iations1 ,i conclude t ea* fea!r g5]ates a l>ge numb] ( gemmules2 b x is possible t ^! may be aggregat$ into a comp\nd gemmule4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! petals ( fl[]s1 :i* are sometimes highly complex /ructures1 ) ea* ridge & holl[ contriv$ = a special purpose1 s t ea* "p mu/ h be5 sep>ately modifi$1 & ! modifications transmitt$2 consequ5tly1 sep>ate gemmules1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 mu/ h be5 ?r[n (f f ea* cell or unit4 ,b1 z we sometimes see half an an!r or a small portion ( a filam5t becom+ petali-=m1 or p>ts or m]e /ripes ( ! calyx assum+ ! col\r & texture ( ! corolla1 x is probable t ) petals ! gemmules ( ea* cell are n aggregat$ toge!r into a comp\nd gemmule1 b are free & sep>ate4 ,ev5 9 s simple a case z t ( a p]fect cell1 ) its protoplasmic cont5ts1 nucleus1 nucleolus1 & walls1 we d n "k :e!r or n its developm5t dep5ds on a comp\nd gemmule d]iv$ f ea* "p4#ed ,hav+ n[ endeav\r$ to %[ t ! sev]al =ego+ assumptions are to a c]ta9 ext5t support$ by analog\s facts1 & hav+ allud$ to "s ( ! mo/ d\btful po9ts1 we w consid] h[ f> ! hypo!sis br+s "u a s+le po9t ( view ! v>i\s cases enum]at$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p4 ,all ! =ms ( reproduction graduate into "o ano!r & agree 9 _! product2 = x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 organisms produc$ f buds1 f self-division1 or f f]tilis$ g]ms2 su* organisms are liable to v>iations ( ! same nature & to rev]sions ( ! same k9d2 & z1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 all ! =ms ( reproduction dep5d on ! aggregation ( gemmules d]iv$ f ! :ole body1 we c und]/& ?is rem>kable agreem5t4 ,p>!nog5esis is no long] wond]ful1 & if we did n "k t great good foll[$ f ! union ( ! sexual elem5ts d]iv$ f two di/9ct individuals1 ! wond] w\ld be t p>!nog5esis did n occur mu* (t5] ?an x does4 ,on any ord9>y !ory ( reproduction ! =mation ( graft-hybrids1 & ! action ( ! male elem5t on ! tissues ( ! "m-plant1 z well z on ! future prog5y ( female animals1 are great anomalies2 b !y are intelligible on our hypo!sis4 ,! reproductive organs d n actually create ! sexual elem5ts2 !y m]ely det]m9e ! aggregation & p]haps ! multiplication ( ! gemmules 9 a special mann]4 ,^! organs1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) _! accessory p>ts1 h high functions to p]=m4 ,!y adapt "o or bo? elem5ts = indep5d5t tempor>y exi/5ce1 & = mutual union4 ,! /igmatic secretion acts on ! poll5 ( a plant ( ! same species 9 a :olly diff]5t mann] to :at x does on ! poll5 ( "o belong+ to a di/9ct g5us or family4 ,! sp]matophores ( ! ,cephalopoda are wond]fully complex /ructures1 :i* 7 =m]ly mi/ak5 = p>asitic worms2 & ! sp]matozoa ( "s animals possess attributes :i*1 if obs]v$ 9 an indep5d5t animal1 w\ld be put d[n to in/9ct guid$ by s5se-organs1--z :5 ! sp]matozoa ( an insect f9d _! way into ! m9ute micropyle ( ! egg4 ,! antagonism :i* has long be5 obs]v$1#ee ) c]ta9 exceptions1 betwe5 gr[? & ! p[] ( sexual reproduction#ef--;betwe5 ! repair ( injuries & gemmation--& ) plants1 betwe5 rapid increase by buds1 rhizomes1 etc41 & ! production ( se$1 is p>tly expla9$ by ! gemmules n exi/+ 9 suffici5t numb]s = ^! processes to be c>ri$ on simultane\sly4 ,h>dly any fact 9 physiology is m wond]ful ?an ! p[] ( re-gr[?2 = in/ance1 t a snail %\ld be able to reproduce its head1 or a salam&] its eyes1 tail1 & legs1 exactly at ! po9ts :]e !y h be5 cut (f4 ,su* cases are expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( gemmules d]iv$ f ea* "p1 & dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,i h he>d ! process comp>$ ) t ( ! repair ( ! brok5 angles ( a cry/al by re-cry/allisation2 & ! two processes h ?is mu* 9 common1 t 9 ! "o case ! pol>ity ( ! molecules is ! effici5t cause1 & 9 ! o!r ! aff9ity ( ! gemmules = p>ticul> nasc5t cells4 ,b we h "h to enc\nt] two objections :i* apply n only to ! re-gr[? ( a "p1 or ( a bisect$ individual1 b to fissip>\s g5]ation & budd+4 ,! fir/ objection is t ! "p :i* is reproduc$ is 9 ! same /age ( developm5t z t ( ! be+ :i* has be5 op]at$ on or bisect$2 & 9 ! case ( buds1 t ! new be+s ?us produc$ are 9 ! same /age z t ( ! budd+ p>5t4 ,?us a mature salam&]1 ( :i* ! tail has be5 cut (f1 does n reproduce a l>val tail2 & a crab does n reproduce a l>val leg4 ,9 ! case ( budd+ x 0 %[n 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt] t ! new be+ ?us produc$ does n retrograde 9 developm5t1--t is1 does n pass ?r\gh ^? e>li] /ages1 :i* ! f]tilis$ g]m has to pass ?r\gh4 ,nev]!less1 ! organisms op]at$ on or multiply+ !mselves by buds mu/1 by our hypo!sis1 include innum]able gemmules d]iv$ f e "p or unit ( ! e>li] /ages ( developm5t2 & :y d n su* gemmules reproduce ! amputat$ "p or ! :ole body at a correspond+ e>ly /age ( developm5t8 ,! second objection1 :i* has be5 insi/$ on by ,delp9o1 is t ! tissues1 = in/ance1 ( a mature salam&] or crab1 ( :i* a limb has be5 remov$1 are already diff]5tiat$ & h pass$ ?r\gh _! :ole c\rse ( developm5t2 & h[ c su* tissues 9 accordance ) our hypo!sis attract & comb9e ) ! gemmules ( ! "p :i* is to be reproduc$8 ,9 answ] to ^! two objections we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! evid5ce :i* has be5 advanc$1 %[+ t at lea/ 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ! p[] ( re-gr[? is a localis$ faculty1 acquir$ = ! sake ( repair+ special injuries to :i* ea* p>ticul> creature is liable2 & 9 ! case ( buds or fissip>\s g5]ation1 = ! sake ( quickly multiply+ ! organism at a p]iod ( life :5 x c be support$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,^! consid]ations lead u to believe t 9 all su* cases a /ock ( nasc5t cells or ( p>tially develop$ gemmules are reta9$ = ?is special purpose ei!r locally or ?r\gh\t ! body1 ready to comb9e ) ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! cells :i* come next 9 due succession4 ,if ?is be admitt$ we h a suffici5t answ] to ! above two objections4 ,anyh[1 pang5esis seems to ?r[ a consid]able am\nt ( light on ! wond]ful p[] ( re-gr[?4 ,x foll[s1 also1 f ! view j giv51 t ! sexual elem5ts diff] f buds 9 n includ+ nasc5t cells or gemmules 9 a some:at advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 s t only ! gemmules belong+ to ! e>lie/ /ages are fir/ develop$4 ,z "y animals & ^? :i* /& l[ 9 ! scale g5]ally h a mu* great] capacity = re-gr[? ?an old] & high] animals1 x w\ld also appe> t !y reta9 cells 9 a nasc5t /ate1 or p>tially develop$ gemmules1 m readily ?an d animals :i* h already pass$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( developm5tal *anges4 ,i may "h add t al?\gh ovules c be detect$ 9 mo/ or all female animals at an extremely e>ly age1 !re is no reason to d\bt t gemmules d]iv$ f p>ts modifi$ dur+ maturity c pass into ! ovules4 ,) respect to hybridism1 pang5esis agrees well ) mo/ ( ! asc]ta9$ facts4 ,we mu/ believe1 z previ\sly %[n1 t sev]al gemmules are requisite = ! developm5t ( ea* cell or unit4 ,b f ! occurr5ce ( p>!nog5esis1 m especially f ^? cases 9 :i* an embryo is only p>tially =m$1 we may inf] t ! female elem5t g5]ally includes gemmules 9 ne>ly suffici5t numb] = indep5d5t developm5t1 s t :5 unit$ ) ! male elem5t ! gemmules are sup]abundant4 ,n[1 :5 two species or races are cross$ reciprocally1 ! (fspr+ d n commonly diff]1 & ?is %[s t ! sexual elem5ts agree 9 p[]1 9 accordance ) ! view t bo? include ! same gemmules4 ,hybrids & mongrels are also g5]ally int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! two p>5t-=ms1 yet occasionally !y closely resemble "o p>5t 9 "o "p & ! o!r p>5t 9 ano!r "p1 or ev5 9 _! :ole /ructure3 nor is ?is difficult to und]/& on ! admission t ! gemmules 9 ! f]tilis$ g]m are sup]abundant 9 numb]1 & t ^? d]iv$ f "o p>5t may h "s advantage 9 numb]1 aff9ity1 or vig\r ov] ^? d]iv$ f ! o!r p>5t4 ,cross$ =ms sometimes exhibit ! col\r or o!r *>act]s ( ei!r p>5t 9 /ripes or blot*es2 & ?is occurs 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 or ?r\gh rev]sion 9 succe$+ bud & sem9al g5]ations1 ( :i* fact sev]al in/ances 7 giv5 9 ! elev5? *apt]4 ,9 ^! cases we mu/ foll[ ,naud9#eg & admit t ! 8ess5ce0 or 8elem5t0 ( ! two species1--t]ms :i* ,i %\ld translate into ! gemmules1--h an aff9ity = _! own k9d1 & ?us sep>ate !mselves into di/9ct /ripes or blot*es2 & reasons 7 giv51 :5 discuss+ 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ! incompatibility ( c]ta9 *>act]s to unite1 = believ+ 9 su* mutual aff9ity4 ,:5 two =ms are cross$1 "o is n r>ely f\nd to be prepot5t 9 ! transmission ( its *>act]s ov] ! o!r2 & ?is we c expla9 by aga9 assum+ t ! "o =m has "s advantage ov] ! o!r 9 ! numb]1 vig\r1 or aff9ity ( its gemmules4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 *>act]s are pres5t 9 ! "o =m & lat5t 9 ! o!r2 = in/ance1 !re is a lat5t t5d5cy 9 all pigeons to become blue1 &1 :5 a blue pigeon is cross$ ) "o ( any o!r col\r1 ! blue t9t is g5]ally prepot5t4 ,! explanation ( ?is =m ( prepot5cy w be obvi\s :5 we come to ! consid]ation ( ,rev]sion4 ,:5 two di/9ct species are cross$1 x is notori\s t !y d n yield ! full or prop] numb] ( (fspr+2 & we c only say on ?is head t1 z ! developm5t ( ea* organism dep5ds on su* nicely-balanc$ aff9ities betwe5 a ho/ ( gemmules & nasc5t cells1 we ne$ n feel at all surpris$ t ! commixture ( gemmules d]iv$ f two di/9ct species %\ld lead to p>tial or complete failure ( developm5t4 ,) respect to ! /]ility ( hybrids produc$ f ! union ( two di/9ct species1 x 0 %[n 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] t ?is dep5ds exclusively on ! reproductive organs be+ specially affect$2 b :y ^! organs %\ld be ?us affect$ we d n "k1 any m ?an :y unnatural conditions ( life1 ?\gh compatible ) heal?1 %\ld cause /]ility2 or :y cont9u$ close int]bre$+1 or ! illegitimate unions ( het]o/yl$ plants1 induce ! same result4 ,! conclusion t ! reproductive organs alone are affect$1 & n ! :ole organisation1 agrees p]fectly ) ! unimpair$ or ev5 increas$ capacity 9 hybrid plants = propagation by buds2 = ?is implies1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 t ! cells ( ! hybrids ?r[ (f hybridis$ gemmules1 :i* become aggregat$ into buds1 b fail to become aggregat$ )9 ! reproductive organs1 s z to =m ! sexual elem5ts4 ,9 a simil> mann] _m plants1 :5 plac$ "u unnatural conditions1 fail to produce se$1 b c readily be propagat$ by buds4 ,we %all pres5tly see t pang5esis agrees well ) ! /rong t5d5cy to rev]sion exhibit$ by all cross$ animals & plants4 ,ea* organism rea*es maturity ?r\gh a long] or %ort] c\rse ( gr[? & developm5t3 ! =m] t]m be+ conf9$ to m]e increase ( size1 & developm5t to *ang$ /ructure4 ,! *anges may be small & ins5sibly sl[1 z :5 a *ild gr[s into a man1 or _m1 abrupt1 & slight1 z 9 ! metamorphoses ( c]ta9 ephem]\s insects1 or1 aga91 few & /rongly-m>k$1 z ) mo/ o!r insects4 ,ea* newly =m$ "p may be m\ld$ )9 a previ\sly exi/+ & correspond+ "p1 & 9 ?is case x w appe>1 falsely z ,i believe1 to be develop$ f ! old "p2 or x may be =m$ )9 a di/9ct "p ( ! body1 z 9 ! extreme cases ( metag5esis4 ,an eye1 = in/ance1 may be develop$ at a spot :]e no eye previ\sly exi/$4 ,we h also se5 t alli$ organic be+s 9 ! c\rse ( _! metamorphoses sometimes atta9 ne>ly ! same /ructure aft] pass+ ?r\gh widely diff]5t =ms2 or conv]sely1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ne>ly ! same e>ly =ms1 arrive at widely diff]5t mature =ms4 ,9 ^! cases x is v difficult to accept ! common view t ! fir/-=m$ cells or units possess ! inh]5t p[]1 indep5d5tly ( any ext]nal ag5cy1 ( produc+ new /ructures :olly diff]5t 9 =m1 position1 & function4 ,b all ^! cases become pla9 on ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis4 ,! units1 dur+ ea* /age ( developm5t1 ?r[ (f gemmules1 :i*1 multiply+1 are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,9 ! (fspr+1 z soon z any p>ticul> cell or unit becomes p>tially develop$1 x unites ) 7or1 to speak metaphorically1 is f]tilis$ by7 ! gemmule ( ! next succe$+ cell1 & s onw>ds4 ,b organisms h (t5 be5 subject$ to *ang$ conditions ( life at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t1 & 9 consequ5ce h be5 slightly modifi$2 & ! gemmules ca/ (f f su* modifi$ p>ts w t5d to reproduce p>ts modifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is process may be repeat$ until ! /ructure ( ! "p becomes greatly *ang$ at "o p>ticul> /age ( developm5t1 b ?is w n necess>ily affect o!r p>ts1 :e!r previ\sly or subsequ5tly =m$4 ,9 ?is mann] we c und]/& ! rem>kable indep5d5ce ( /ructure 9 ! successive metamorphoses1 & especially 9 ! successive metag5eses ( _m animals4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( diseases :i* sup]v5e dur+ old age1 subsequ5tly to ! ord9>y p]iod ( procreation1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 are sometimes inh]it$1 z occurs ) bra9 & he>t compla9ts1 we mu/ suppose t ! organs 7 affect$ at an e>ly age & ?rew (f at ?is p]iod affect$ gemmules2 b t ! affection became visible or injuri\s only aft] ! prolong$ gr[?1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ( ! "p4 ,9 all ! *anges ( /ructure :i* regul>ly sup]v5e dur+ old age1 we probably see ! effects ( det]iorat$ gr[?1 & n ( true developm5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! indep5d5t =mation ( ea* "p1 ow+ to ! union ( ! prop] gemmules ) c]ta9 nasc5t cells1 toge!r ) ! sup]abundance ( ! gemmules d]iv$ f bo? p>5ts1 & ! subsequ5t self-multiplication ( ! gemmules1 ?r[s light on a widely diff]5t gr\p ( facts1 :i* on any ord9>y view ( developm5t appe>s v /range4 ,i allude to organs :i* are abnormally transpos$ or multipli$4 ,= in/ance1 a curi\s case has be5 record$ by ,dr4 ,elliott ,c\es#eh ( a mon/r\s *ick5 ) a p]fect additional "r leg articulat$ to ! left side ( ! pelvis4 ,gold-fi% (t5 h sup]num]>y f9s plac$ on v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,:5 ! tail ( a liz>d is brok5 (f1 a d\ble tail is sometimes reproduc$2 & :5 ! foot ( ! salam&] 0 divid$ longitud9ally by ,bonnet1 additional digits 7 occasionally =m$4 ,val5t9 injur$ ! caudal extremity ( an embryo1 & ?ree days aft]w>ds x produc$ rudim5ts ( a d\ble pelvis & ( d\ble h9d-limbs4#ei ,:5 frogs1 toads1 etc41 are born ) _! limbs d\bl$1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! d\bl+1 z ,g]vais rem>ks1#fj _c be due to ! complete fusion ( two embryos1 ) ! exception ( ! limbs1 = ! l>v are limbless4 ,! same argum5t is applicable#fa to c]ta9 insects produc$ ) multiple legs or ant5n1 = ^! are metamorphos$ f apodal or ant5n-less l>v4 ,alphonse ,milne-,edw>ds#fb has describ$ ! curi\s case ( a cru/acean 9 :i* "o eye-p$uncle support$1 in/ead ( a complete eye1 only an imp]fect cornea1 & out ( ! c5tre ( ?is a portion ( an ant5na 0 develop$4 ,a case has be5 record$#fc ( a man :o _h dur+ bo? d5titions a d\ble too? 9 place ( ! left second incisor1 & he inh]it$ ?is peculi>ity f 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r4 ,sev]al cases are kn[n#fd ( additional tee? hav+ be5 develop$ 9 ! orbit ( ! eye1 &1 m especially ) horses1 9 ! palate4 ,hairs occasionally appe> 9 /range situations1 z 8)9 ! sub/ance ( ! bra940#fe ,c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep be> a :ole cr[d ( horns on _! =eheads4 ,z _m z five spurs h be5 se5 on bo? legs ( c]ta9 ,game-f[ls4 ,9 ! ,poli% f[l ! male is ornam5t$ ) a topknot ( hackles l ^? on 8 neck1 :il/ ! female has a top-knot =m$ ( common fea!rs4 ,9 fea!r-foot$ pigeons & f[ls1 fea!rs l ^? on ! w+ arise f ! out] side ( ! legs & toes4 ,ev5 ! elem5tal p>ts ( ! same fea!r may be transpos$2 = 9 ! ,seba/opol goose1 b>bules are develop$ on ! divid$ filam5ts ( ! %aft4 ,imp]fect nails sometimes appe> on ! /umps ( ! amputat$ f+]s ( man#ff & x is an int]e/+ fact t ) ! snake-l ,saurians1 :i* pres5t a s]ies ) m & m imp]fect limbs1 ! t]m9ations ( ! phalanges fir/ disappe>1 8! nails becom+ transf]r$ to _! proximal remnants1 or ev5 to p>ts :i* are n phalanges40#fg ,analog\s cases are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce ) plants t !y d n /rike u ) suffici5t surprise4 ,sup]num]>y petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils1 are (t5 produc$4 ,i h se5 a leaflet l[ d[n 9 ! comp\nd leaf ( ,vicia sativa replac$ by a t5dril2 & a t5dril possesses _m peculi> prop]ties1 su* z spontane\s movem5t & irritability4 ,! calyx sometimes assumes1 ei!r :olly or by /ripes1 ! col\r & texture ( ! corolla4 ,/am5s are s frequ5tly conv]t$ into petals1 m or less completely1 t su* cases are pass$ ov] z n des]v+ notice2 b z petals h special functions to p]=m1 namely1 to protect ! includ$ organs1 to attract insects1 & 9 n a few cases to guide _! entrance by well-adapt$ contrivances1 we c h>dly acc\nt = ! conv]sion ( /am5s into petals m]ely by unnatural or sup]flu\s n\ri%m5t4 ,aga91 ! edge ( a petal may occasionally be f\nd includ+ "o ( ! highe/ products ( ! plant1 namely1 poll52 = in/ance1 ,i h se5 ! poll5-mass ( an ,ophrys1 :i* is a v complex /ructure1 develop$ 9 ! edge ( an upp] petal4 ,! segm5ts ( ! calyx ( ! common pea h be5 obs]v$ p>tially conv]t$ into c>pels1 includ+ ovules1 & ) _! tips conv]t$ into /igmas4 ,mr4 ,salt] & ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s h f\nd poll5 )9 ! ovules ( ! passion-fl[] & ( ! rose4 ,buds may be develop$ 9 ! mo/ unnatural positions1 z on ! petal ( a fl[]4 ,num]\s analog\s facts c\ld be giv54#fh ,i d n "k h[ physiologi/s look at su* facts z ! =ego+4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( pang5esis1 ! gemmules ( ! transpos$ organs become develop$ 9 ! wrong place1 f unit+ ) wrong cells or aggregates ( cells dur+ _! nasc5t /ate2 & ?is w\ld foll[ f a slight modification 9 _! elective aff9ities4 ,nor ought we to feel mu* surprise at ! aff9ities ( cells & gemmules v>y+1 :5 we rememb] ! _m curi\s cases giv5 9 ! sev5te5? *apt]1 ( plants :i* absolutely refuse to be f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 ?\gh abundantly f]tile ) t ( any o!r individual ( ! same species1 & 9 "s cases only ) t ( a di/9ct species4 ,x is manife/ t ! sexual elective aff9ities ( su* plants--to use ! t]m employ$ by ,grtn]--h be5 modifi$4 ,z ! cells ( adjo9+ or homolog\s p>ts w h ne>ly ! same nature1 !y w be p>ticul>ly liable to acquire by v>iation ea* o!r's elective aff9ities2 & we c ?us und]/& to a c]ta9 ext5t su* cases z a cr[d ( horns on ! heads ( c]ta9 %eep1 ( sev]al spurs on ! legs ( f[ls1 hackle-l fea!rs on ! heads ( ! males ( o!r f[ls1 & ) ! pigeon w+-l fea!rs on _! legs & membrane betwe5 _! toes1 = ! leg is ! homologue ( ! w+4 ,z all ! organs ( plants are homolog\s & spr+ f a common axis1 x is natural t !y %\ld be em95tly liable to transposition4 ,x ought to be obs]v$ t :5 any comp\nd "p1 su* z an additional limb or an ant5na1 spr+s f a false position1 x is only necess>y t ! few fir/ gemmules %\ld be wrongly atta*$2 = ^! :il/ develop+ w\ld attract o!r gemmules 9 due succession1 z 9 ! re-gr[? ( an amputat$ limb4 ,:5 p>ts :i* are homolog\s & simil> 9 /ructure1 z ! v]tebr ( snakes or ! /am5s ( poly&r\s fl[]s1 etc41 are repeat$ _m times 9 ! same organism1 closely alli$ gemmules mu/ be extremely num]\s1 z well z ! po9ts to :i* !y ought to become unit$2 &1 9 accordance ) ! =ego+ views1 we c to a c]ta9 ext5t und]/& ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire's law1 t p>ts1 :i* are already multiple1 are extremely liable to v>y 9 numb]4 ,v>iability (t5 dep5ds1 z ,i h attempt$ to %[1 on ! reproductive organs be+ injuri\sly affect$ by *ang$ conditions2 & 9 ?is case ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body are probably aggregat$ 9 an irregul> mann]1 "s sup]flu\s & o!rs defici5t4 ,:e!r a sup]abundance ( gemmules w\ld lead to ! increas$ size ( any "p _c be told2 b we c see t _! p>tial defici5cy1 )\t necess>ily lead+ to ! entire abortion ( ! "p1 might cause consid]able modifications2 = 9 ! same mann] z plants1 if _! own poll5 be exclud$1 are easily hybridis$1 s1 9 ! case ( cells1 if ! prop]ly succe$+ gemmules 7 abs5t1 !y w\ld probably comb9e easily ) o!r & alli$ gemmules1 z we h j se5 ) transpos$ p>ts4 ,9 v>iations caus$ by ! direct action ( *ang$ conditions1 ( :i* sev]al in/ances h be5 giv51 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body are directly affect$ by ! new conditions1 & consequ5tly ?r[ (f modifi$ gemmules1 :i* are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,on any ord9>y view x is un9telligible h[ *ang$ conditions1 :e!r act+ on ! embryo1 ! "y or ! adult1 c cause inh]it$ modifications4 ,x is equally or ev5 m un9telligible on any ord9>y view1 h[ ! effects ( ! long-cont9u$ use or disuse ( a "p1 or ( *ang$ habits ( body or m9d1 c be inh]it$4 ,a m p]plex+ problem c h>dly be propos$2 b on our view we h only to suppose t c]ta9 cells become at la/ /ructurally modifi$2 & t ^! ?r[ (f simil>ly modifi$ gemmules4 ,?is may occur at any p]iod ( developm5t1 & ! modification w be inh]it$ at a correspond+ p]iod2 = ! modifi$ gemmules w unite 9 all ord9>y cases ) ! prop] prec$+ cells1 & w consequ5tly be develop$ at ! same p]iod at :i* ! modification fir/ arose4 ,) respect to m5tal habits or in/9cts1 we are s pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! relation betwe5 ! bra9 & ! p[] ( ?\ght t we d n "k positively :e!r a fix$ habit induces any *ange 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?\gh ?is seems highly probable2 b :5 su* habit or o!r m5tal attribute1 or insanity1 is inh]it$1 we mu/ believe t "s actual modification is transmitt$2#fi & ?is implies1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 t gemmules d]iv$ f modifi$ n]ve-cells are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y t an organism %\ld be expos$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to *ang$ conditions or habits1 9 ord] t any modification ?us acquir$ %\ld appe> 9 ! (fspr+4 ,?is may be p>tly due to ! *anges n be+ at fir/ m>k$ en\gh to cat* att5tion1 b ?is explanation is insuffici5t2 & ,i c acc\nt = ! fact only by ! assumption1 :i* we %all see "u ! head ( rev]sion is /rongly support$1 t gemmules d]iv$ f ea* unmodifi$ unit or "p are transmitt$ 9 l>ge numb]s to successive g5]ations1 & t ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! same unit aft] x has be5 modifi$ g on multiply+ "u ! same fav\rable conditions :i* fir/ caus$ ! modification1 until at la/ !y become suffici5tly num]\s to ov]p[] & supplant ! old gemmules4 ,a difficulty may be "h notic$2 we h se5 t !re is an important diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy1 ?\gh n 9 ! nature1 ( ! v>iations 9 plants propagat$ by sexual & asexual g5]ation4 ,z f> z v>iability dep5ds on ! imp]fect action ( ! reproductive organs "u *ang$ conditions1 we c at once see :y plants propagat$ asexually %\ld be f> less v>iable ?an ^? propagat$ sexually4 ,) respect to ! direct action ( *ang$ conditions1 we "k t organisms produc$ f buds d n pass ?r\gh ! e>li] phases ( developm5t2 !y w !re=e n be expos$1 at t p]iod ( life :5 /ructure is mo/ readily modifi$1 to ! v>i\s causes induc+ v>iability 9 ! same mann] z are embryos & "y l>val =ms2 b :e!r ?is is a suffici5t explanation ,i "k n4 ,) respect to v>iations due to rev]sion1 !re is a simil> diff]5ce betwe5 plants propagat$ f buds & se$s4 ,_m v>ieties c be propagat$ securely by buds1 b g5]ally or inv>iably rev]t to _! p>5t-=ms by se$4 ,s1 also1 hybridis$ plants c be multipli$ to any ext5t by buds1 b are cont9ually liable to rev]sion by se$1--t is1 to ! loss ( _! hybrid or int]m$iate "*4 ,i c (f] no satisfactory explanation ( ^! facts4 ,plants ) v>iegat$ leaves1 phloxes ) /rip$ fl[]s1 b>b]ries ) se$less fruit1 c all be securely propagat$ by buds tak5 f ! /em or bran*es2 b buds f ! roots ( ^! plants almo/ inv>iably lose _! "* & rev]t to _! =m] condition4 ,?is latt] fact is also inexplicable1 unless buds develop$ f ! roots are z di/9ct f ^? on ! /em1 z is "o bud on ! /em f ano!r1 & we "k t ^! latt] behave l indep5d5t organisms4 ,f9ally1 we see t on ! hypo!sis ( pang5esis v>iability dep5ds on at lea/ two di/9ct gr\ps ( causes4 ,fir/ly1 ! defici5cy1 sup]abundance1 & transposition ( gemmules1 & ! r$evelopm5t ( ^? :i* h long be5 dormant2 ! gemmules !mselves n hav+ und]gone any modification2 & su* *anges w amply acc\nt = mu* fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,secondly1 ! direct action ( *ang$ conditions on ! organisation1 & ( ! increas$ use or disuse ( p>ts2 & 9 ?is case ! gemmules f ! modifi$ units w be !mselves modifi$1 &1 :5 suffici5tly multipli$1 w supplant ! old gemmules & be develop$ into new /ructures4 ,turn+ n[ to ! laws ( ,inh]itance4 ,if we suppose a homog5e\s gelat9\s protozoon to v>y & assume a r$di% col\r1 a m9ute sep>at$ p>ticle w\ld naturally1 z x grew to full size1 reta9 ! same col\r2 & we %\ld h ! simple/ =m ( inh]itance4#gj ,precisely ! same view may be ext5d$ to ! inf9itely num]\s & div]sifi$ units ( :i* ! :ole body ( "o ( ! high] animals is compos$2 ! sep>at$ p>ticles be+ our gemmules4 ,we h already suffici5tly discuss$ by implication1 ! important pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ ages4 ,inh]itance z limit$ by sex & by ! season ( ! ye> 7= in/ance ) animals becom+ :ite 9 w9t]7 is intelligible if we may believe t ! elective aff9ities ( ! units ( ! body are slightly diff]5t 9 ! two sexes1 especially at maturity1 & 9 "o or bo? sexes at diff]5t seasons1 s t !y unite ) diff]5t gemmules4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 9 ! discussion on ! abnormal transposition ( organs1 we h se5 reason to believe t su* elective aff9ities are readily modifi$4 ,b ,i %all soon h to recur to sexual & seasonal inh]itance4 ,^! sev]al laws are !re=e explicable to a l>ge ext5t ?r\gh pang5esis1 & on no o!r hypo!sis :i* has z yet be5 advanc$4 ,b x appe>s at fir/ sight a fatal objection to our hypo!sis t a "p or organ may be remov$ dur+ sev]al successive g5]ations1 & if ! op]ation be n foll[$ by disease1 ! lo/ "p reappe>s 9 ! (fspr+4 ,dogs & horses =m]ly _h _! tails dock$ dur+ _m g5]ations )\t any inh]it$ effect2 al?\gh1 z we h se51 !re is "s reason to believe t ! tailless condition ( c]ta9 %eep-dogs is due to su* inh]itance4 ,circumcision has be5 practis$ by ! ,jews f a remote p]iod1 & 9 mo/ cases ! effects ( ! op]ation are n visible 9 ! (fspr+2 ?\gh "s ma9ta9 t an inh]it$ effect does occasionally appe>4 ,if inh]itance dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( dissem9at$ gemmules d]iv$ f all ! units ( ! body1 :y does n ! amputation or mutilation ( a "p1 especially if effect$ on bo? sexes1 inv>iably affect ! (fspr+8 ,! answ] 9 accordance ) our hypo!sis probably is t gemmules multiply & are transmitt$ dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations--z we see 9 ! reappe>ance ( zebr9e /ripes on ! horse--9 ! reappe>ance ( muscles & o!r /ructures 9 man :i* are prop] to 8 l[ly organis$ prog5itors1 & 9 _m o!r su* cases4 ,!re=e ! long-cont9u$ inh]itance ( a "p :i* has be5 remov$ dur+ _m g5]ations is no real anomaly1 = gemmules =m]ly d]iv$ f ! "p are multipli$ & transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,we h z yet spok5 only ( ! removal ( p>ts1 :5 n foll[$ by morbid action3 b :5 ! op]ation is ?us foll[$1 x is c]ta9 t ! defici5cy is sometimes inh]it$4 ,9 a =m] *apt] in/ances 7 giv51 z ( a c[1 ! loss ( ^: horn 0 foll[$ by suppuration1 & h] calves 7 de/itute ( a horn on ! same side ( _! heads4 ,b ! evid5ce :i* admits ( no d\bt is t giv5 by ,br[n-,squ>d ) respect to gu9ea-pigs1 :i* aft] _! sciatic n]ves _h be5 divid$1 gnaw$ (f _! own gangr5\s toes1 & ! toes ( _! (fspr+ 7 defici5t 9 at lea/ ?irte5 in/ances on ! correspond+ feet4 ,! inh]itance ( ! lo/ "p 9 sev]al ( ^! cases is all ! m rem>kable z only "o p>5t 0 affect$2 b we "k t a cong5ital defici5cy is (t5 transmitt$ f "o p>5t alone--= in/ance1 ! (fspr+ ( hornless cattle ( ei!r sex1 :5 cross$ ) p]fect animals1 are (t5 hornless4 ,h[1 !n1 9 accordance ) our hypo!sis c we acc\nt = mutilations be+ sometimes /rongly inh]it$1 if !y are foll[$ by diseas$ action8 ,! answ] probably is t all ! gemmules ( ! mutilat$ or amputat$ "p are gradually attract$ to ! diseas$ surface dur+ ! rep>ative process1 & are !re de/roy$ by ! morbid action4 ,a few words mu/ be add$ on ! complete abortion ( organs4 ,:5 a "p becomes dim9i%$ by disuse prolong$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 ! pr9ciple ( economy ( gr[?1 toge!r ) int]cross+1 w t5d to r$uce x /ill fur!r z previ\sly expla9$1 b ?is w n acc\nt = ! complete or almo/ complete oblit]ation (1 = in/ance1 a m9ute papilla ( cellul> tissue repres5t+ a pi/il1 or ( a microscopically m9ute nodule ( bone repres5t+ a too?4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( suppression n yet complet$1 9 :i* a rudim5t occasionally reappe>s ?r\gh rev]sion1 disp]s$ gemmules d]iv$ f ?is "p mu/1 accord+ to our view1 /ill exi/2 we mu/ !re=e suppose t ! cells1 9 union ) :i* ! rudim5t 0 =m]ly develop$1 fail 9 _! aff9ity = su* gemmules1 except 9 ! occasional cases ( rev]sion4 ,b :5 ! abortion is complete & f9al1 ! gemmules !mselves no d\bt p]i%2 nor is ?is 9 any way improbable1 =1 ?\gh a va/ numb] ( active & long-dormant gemmules are n\ri%$ 9 ea* liv+ creature1 yet !re mu/ be "s limit to _! numb]2 & x appe>s natural t gemmules d]iv$ f r$uc$ & useless p>ts w\ld be m liable to p]i% ?an ^? fre%ly d]iv$ f o!r p>ts :i* are /ill 9 full functional activity4 ,! la/ subject t ne$ be discuss$1 namely1 ,rev]sion1 re/s on ! pr9ciple t transmission & developm5t1 ?\gh g5]ally act+ 9 conjunction1 are di/9ct p[]s2 & ! transmission ( gemmules ) _! subsequ5t developm5t %[s u h[ ?is is possible4 ,we pla9ly see ! di/9ction 9 ! _m cases 9 :i* a gr&fa!r transmits to 8 gr&son1 ?r\gh 8 daught]1 *>act]s :i* %e does n1 or _c1 possess4 ,b be=e proce$+1 x w be advisable to say a few words ab\t lat5t or dormant *>act]s4 ,mo/1 or p]haps all1 ( ! second>y *>act]s1 :i* app]ta9 to "o sex1 lie dormant 9 ! o!r sex2 t is1 gemmules capable ( developm5t into ! second>y male sexual *>act]s are includ$ )9 ! female2 & conv]sely female *>act]s 9 ! male3 we h evid5ce ( ?is 9 c]ta9 mascul9e *>act]s1 bo? corporeal & m5tal1 appe>+ 9 ! female1 :5 h] ov>ia are diseas$ or :5 !y fail to act f old age4 ,9 l mann] female *>act]s appe> 9 ca/rat$ males1 z 9 ! %ape ( ! horns ( ! ox1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( horns 9 ca/rat$ /ags4 ,ev5 a slight *ange 9 ! conditions ( life due to conf9em5t sometimes suffices to prev5t ! developm5t ( mascul9e *>act]s 9 male animals1 al?\gh _! reproductive organs are n p]man5tly injur$4 ,9 ! _m cases 9 :i* mascul9e *>act]s are p]iodically r5ew$1 ^! are lat5t at o!r seasons2 inh]itance z limit$ by sex & season be+ "h comb9$4 ,aga91 mascul9e *>act]s g5]ally lie dormant 9 male animals until !y arrive at ! prop] age = reproduction4 ,! curi\s case =m]ly giv5 ( a ,h5 :i* assum$ ! mascul9e *>act]s1 n ( h] own bre$ b ( a remote prog5itor1 illu/rates ! close connection betwe5 lat5t sexual *>act]s & ord9>y rev]sion4 ,) ^? animals & plants :i* habitually produce sev]al =ms1 z ) c]ta9 butt]flies describ$ by ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 :i* ?ree female =ms & "o male =m co-exi/1 or1 z ) ! trimorphic species ( ,ly?rum & ,oxalis1 gemmules capable ( reproduc+ ^! diff]5t =ms mu/ be lat5t 9 ea* individual4 ,insects are occasionally produc$ ) "o side or "o qu>t] ( _! bodies l t ( ! male1 ) ! o!r half or ?ree-qu>t]s l t ( ! female4 ,9 su* cases ! two sides are sometimes wond]fully diff]5t 9 /ructure1 & are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a %>p l9e4 ,z gemmules d]iv$ f e "p are pres5t 9 ea* individual ( bo? sexes1 x mu/ be ! elective aff9ities ( ! nasc5t cells :i* 9 ^! cases diff] abnormally on ! two sides ( ! body4 ,almo/ ! same pr9ciple comes into play ) ^? animals1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 ga/]opods & ,v]ruca among/ cirrip$es1 :i* normally h ! two sides ( ! body con/ruct$ on a v diff]5t plan2 & yet a ne>ly equal numb] ( individuals h ei!r side modifi$ 9 ! same rem>kable mann]4 ,rev]sion1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 acts s incessantly1 t x evid5tly =ms an ess5tial "p ( ! g5]al law ( inh]itance4 ,x occurs ) be+s1 h[ev] propagat$1 :e!r by buds or sem9al g5]ation1 & sometimes may be obs]v$ ) advanc+ age ev5 9 ! same individual4 ,! t5d5cy to rev]sion is (t5 induc$ by a *ange ( conditions1 & 9 ! pla9e/ mann] by cross+4 ,cross$ =ms ( ! fir/ g5]ation are g5]ally ne>ly int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 _! two p>5ts2 b 9 ! next g5]ation ! (fspr+ commonly rev]t to "o or bo? ( _! gr&p>5ts1 & occasionally to m remote ance/ors4 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ^! facts8 ,ea* unit 9 a hybrid mu/ ?r[ (f1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( pang5esis1 an abundance ( hybridis$ gemmules1 = cross$ plants c be readily & l>gely propagat$ by buds2 b by ! same hypo!sis dormant gemmules d]iv$ f bo? pure p>5t-=ms are likewise pres5t2 & z ^! gemmules reta9 _! normal condition1 !y w\ld1 x is probable1 be enabl$ to multiply l>gely dur+ ! lifetime ( ea* hybrid4 ,consequ5tly ! sexual elem5ts ( a hybrid w include bo? pure & hybridis$ gemmules2 & :5 two hybrids pair1 ! comb9ation ( pure gemmules d]iv$ f ! "o hybrid ) ! pure gemmules ( ! same p>ts d]iv$ f ! o!r1 w\ld necess>ily lead to complete rev]sion ( "*2 & x is1 p]haps1 n too bold a supposition t unmodifi$ & undet]iorat$ gemmules ( ! same nature w\ld be especially apt to comb9e4 ,pure gemmules 9 comb9ation ) hybridis$ gemmules w\ld lead to p>tial rev]sion4 ,& la/ly1 hybridis$ gemmules d]iv$ f bo? p>5t-hybrids w\ld simply reproduce ! orig9al hybrid =m4#ga ,all ^! cases & degrees ( rev]sion incessantly occur4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ! fifte5? *apt] t c]ta9 *>act]s are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r or d n readily bl5d2 h5ce1 :5 two animals ) antagoni/ic *>act]s are cross$1 x might well happ5 t a suffici5cy ( gemmules 9 ! male alone = ! reproduction ( 8 peculi> *>act]s1 & 9 ! female alone = ! reproduction ( h] peculi> *>act]s1 w\ld n be pres5t2 & 9 ?is case dormant gemmules d]iv$ f ! same "p 9 "s remote prog5itor might easily ga9 ! asc5dancy1 & cause ! reappe>ance ( ! long-lo/ "*4 ,= in/ance1 :5 black & :ite pigeons1 or black & :ite f[ls1 are cross$1--col\rs :i* d n readily bl5d1--blue plumage 9 ! "o case1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! rock-pigeon1 & r$ plumage 9 ! o!r case1 d]iv$ f ! wild jungle-cock1 occasionally reappe>4 ,) uncross$ bre$s ! same result foll[s1 "u conditions :i* fav\r ! multiplication & developm5t ( c]ta9 dormant gemmules1 z :5 animals become f]al & rev]t to _! pri/9e "*4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( gemmules be+ requisite = ! developm5t ( ea* "*1 z is kn[n to be ! case f sev]al sp]matozoa or poll5-gra9s be+ necess>y = f]tilisation1 & "t fav\r+ _! multiplication1 w p]haps acc\nt = ! curi\s cases1 insi/$ on by ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 ( c]ta9 diseases :i* regul>ly appe> 9 alt]nate g5]ations4 ,?is likewise holds good1 m or less /rictly1 ) o!r weakly inh]it$ modifications4 ,h5ce1 z ,i h he>d x rem>k$1 c]ta9 diseases appe> to ga9 /r5g? by ! int]mission ( a g5]ation4 ,! transmission ( dormant gemmules dur+ _m successive g5]ations is h>dly 9 itself m improbable1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 ?an ! ret5tion dur+ _m ages ( rudim5t>y organs1 or ev5 only ( a t5d5cy to ! production ( a rudim5t2 b !re is no reason to suppose t dormant gemmules c be transmitt$ & propagat$ = ev]4 ,excessively m9ute & num]\s z !y are believ$ to be1 an inf9ite numb] d]iv$1 dur+ a long c\rse ( modification & desc5t1 f ea* unit ( ea* prog5itor1 c\ld n be support$ or n\ri%$ by ! organism4 ,b x does n seem improbable t c]ta9 gemmules1 "u fav\rable conditions1 %\ld be reta9$ & g on multiply+ = a mu* long] p]iod ?an o!rs4 ,f9ally1 on ! view "h giv51 we c]ta9ly ga9 "s insight into ! wond]ful fact t ! *ild may dep>t f ! type ( bo? its p>5ts1 & resemble its gr&p>5ts1 or ance/ors remov$ by _m hundr$s ( g5]ations4 ,conclusion4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 z appli$ to ! sev]al great classes ( facts j discuss$1 no d\bt is extremely complex1 b s are ! facts4 ,! *ief assumption is t all ! units ( ! body1 besides hav+ ! univ]sally admitt$ p[] ( gr[+ by self-division1 ?r[ (f m9ute gemmules :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,nor c ?is assumption be consid]$ z too bold1 = we "k f ! cases ( graft-hybridisation t =mative matt] ( "s k9d is pres5t 9 ! tissues ( plants1 :i* is capable ( comb9+ ) t includ$ 9 ano!r individual1 & ( reproduc+ e unit ( ! :ole organism4 ,b we h fur!r to assume t ! gemmules gr[1 multiply1 & aggregate !mselves into buds & ! sexual elem5ts2 _! developm5t dep5d+ on _! union ) o!r nasc5t cells or units4 ,!y are also believ$ to be capable ( transmission 9 a dormant /ate1 l se$s 9 ! gr\nd1 to successive g5]ations4 ,9 a highly-organis$ animal1 ! gemmules ?r[n (f f ea* diff]5t unit ?r\gh\t ! body mu/ be inconceivably num]\s & m9ute4 ,ea* unit ( ea* "p1 z x *anges dur+ developm5t1 & we "k t "s insects und]go at lea/ tw5ty metamorphoses1 mu/ ?r[ (f its gemmules4 ,b ! same cells may long cont9ue to increase by self-division1 & ev5 become modifi$ by absorb+ peculi> nutrim5t1 )\t necess>ily ?r[+ (f modifi$ gemmules4 ,all organic be+s1 moreov]1 include _m dormant gemmules d]iv$ f _! gr&p>5ts & m remote prog5itors1 b n f all _! prog5itors4 ,^! almo/ inf9itely num]\s & m9ute gemmules are conta9$ )9 ea* bud1 ovule1 sp]matozoon1 & poll5-gra94 ,su* an admission w be decl>$ impossible2 b numb] & size are only relative difficulties4 ,indep5d5t organisms exi/ :i* are b>ely visible "u ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 & _! g]ms mu/ be excessively m9ute4 ,p>ticles ( infecti\s matt]1 s small z to be waft$ by ! w9d or to adh]e to smoo? pap]1 w multiply s rapidly z to infect )9 a %ort "t ! :ole body ( a l>ge animal4 ,we %\ld also reflect on ! admitt$ numb] & m9ut5ess ( ! molecules compos+ a p>ticle ( ord9>y matt]4 ,! difficulty1 !re=e1 :i* at fir/ appe>s insurm\ntable1 ( believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( gemmules s num]\s & small z !y mu/ be accord+ to our hypo!sis1 has no great weight4 ,! units ( ! body are g5]ally admitt$ by physiologi/s to be autonom\s4 ,i g "o /ep fur!r & assume t !y ?r[ (f reproductive gemmules4 ,?us an organism does n g5]ate its k9d z a :ole1 b ea* sep>ate unit g5]ates its k9d4 ,x has (t5 be5 said by naturali/s t ea* cell ( a plant has ! pot5tial capacity ( reproduc+ ! :ole plant2 b x has ?is p[] only 9 virtue ( conta9+ gemmules d]iv$ f e "p4 ,:5 a cell or unit is f "s cause modifi$1 ! gemmules d]iv$ f x w be 9 l mann] modifi$4 ,if our hypo!sis be provisionally accept$1 we mu/ look at all ! =ms ( asexual reproduction1 :e!r occurr+ at maturity or dur+ y\?1 z fundam5tally ! same1 & dep5d5t on ! mutual aggregation & multiplication ( ! gemmules4 ,! re-gr[? ( an amputat$ limb & ! heal+ ( a w\nd is ! same process p>tially c>ri$ out4 ,buds app>5tly include nasc5t cells1 belong+ to t /age ( developm5t at :i* ! budd+ occurs1 & ^! cells are ready to unite ) ! gemmules d]iv$ f ! next succe$+ cells4 ,! sexual elem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 d n include su* nasc5t cells2 & ! male & female elem5ts tak5 sep>ately d n conta9 a suffici5t numb] ( gemmules = indep5d5t developm5t1 except 9 ! cases ( p>!nog5esis4 ,! developm5t ( ea* be+1 includ+ all ! =ms ( metamorphosis & metag5esis1 dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( gemmules ?r[n (f at ea* p]iod ( life1 & on _! developm5t1 at a correspond+ p]iod1 9 union ) prec$+ cells4 ,su* cells may be said to be f]tilis$ by ! gemmules :i* come next 9 due ord] ( developm5t4 ,?us ! act ( ord9>y impregnation & ! developm5t ( ea* "p 9 ea* be+ are closely analog\s processes4 ,! *ild1 /rictly speak+1 does n gr[ into ! man1 b includes g]ms :i* sl[ly & successively become develop$ & =m ! man4 ,9 ! *ild1 z well z 9 ! adult1 ea* "p g5]ates ! same "p4 ,inh]itance mu/ be look$ at z m]ely a =m ( gr[?1 l ! self-division ( a l[ly-organis$ unicellul> organism4 ,rev]sion dep5ds on ! transmission f ! =efa!r to 8 desc5dants ( dormant gemmules1 :i* occasionally become develop$ "u c]ta9 kn[n or unkn[n conditions4 ,ea* animal & plant may be comp>$ ) a b$ ( soil full ( se$s1 "s ( :i* soon g]m9ate1 "s lie dormant = a p]iod1 :il/ o!rs p]i%4 ,:5 we he> x said t a man c>ries 9 8 con/itution ! se$s ( an inh]it$ disease1 !re is mu* tru? 9 ! expression4 ,no o!r attempt1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 has be5 made1 imp]fect z ?is confess$ly is1 to connect "u "o po9t ( view ^! sev]al gr& classes ( facts4 ,an organic be+ is a microcosm--a little univ]se1 =m$ ( a ho/ ( self-propagat+ organisms1 inconceivably m9ute & num]\s z ! />s 9 heav54 ,,ref]5ces #a ,?is hypo!sis has be5 sev]ely criticis$ by _m writ]s1 & x w be fair to give ref]5ces to ! m important articles4 ,! be/ essay :i* ,i h se5 is by ,pr(4 ,delp9o1 entitl$ #8,sulla ,d>w9iana ,teoria della ,pang5esi1 #ahfi1' ( :i* a translation appe>$ 9 #8,sci5tific ,op9ion1' ,sept4 #bi?1 #ahfi1 & ! succe$+ numb]s4 ,he rejects ! hypo!sis1 b criticises x fairly1 & ,i h f\nd 8 criticisms v useful4 ,mr4 ,miv>t 7#8,g5esis ( ,species1' #ahga1 *ap4 x47 foll[s ,delp9o1 b adds no new objections ( any weight4 ,dr4 ,ba/ian 7#8,! ,beg9n+s ( ,life1' #ahgb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ih7 says t ! hypo!sis 8looks l a relic ( ! old r ?an a fitt+ appanage ( ! new evolution philosophy40 ,he %[s t ,i ought n to h us$ ! t]m 8pang5esis10 z x _h be5 previ\sly us$ by ,dr4 ,gros 9 ano!r s5se4 ,dr4 ,lionel ,beale 7#8,nature1' ,may #aa?1 #ahga1 p4 #bf7 sne]s at ! :ole doctr9e ) mu* ac]bity & "s ju/ice4 ,pr(4 ,wig& 7#8,s*rift5 d] ,gesell4 d] gesammt4 ,naturwiss54 zu ,m>burg1' ,b4 ix4 #ahgj7 consid]s ! hypo!sis z unsci5tific & wor?less4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes 7#8,=tnightly ,review1' ,nov4 #a/1 #ahfh1 p4 #ejc7 seems to consid] t x may be useful3 he makes _m good criticisms 9 a p]fectly fair _s4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,galton1 aft] describ+ 8 valuable exp]im5ts 7#8,proc4 ,royal ,soc41' vol4 xix4 p4 #cic7 on ! int]transfusion ( ! blood ( di/9ct v>ieties ( ! rabbit1 concludes by say+ t 9 8 op9ion ! results negative beyond all d\bt ! doctr9e ( ,pang5esis4 ,he in=ms me t subsequ5tly to ! publication ( 8 pap] he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts on a /ill l>g] scale = two m g5]ations1 )\t any sign ( mongrelism %[+ itself 9 ! v num]\s (fspr+4 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld h expect$ t gemmules w\ld h be5 pres5t 9 ! blood1 b ?is is no necess>y "p ( ! hypo!sis1 :i* manife/ly applies to plants & ! l[e/ animals4 ,mr4 ,galton1 9 a lett] to #8,nature' 7,april #bg?1 #ahga1 p4 #ejb71 also criticises v>i\s incorrect expressions us$ by me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al writ]s h spok5 fav\rably ( ! hypo!sis1 b !re w\ld be no use 9 giv+ ref]5ces to _! articles4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 ref] to ,dr4 ,ross' "w1 #8,! ,graft ,!ory ( ,disease2 be+ an application ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1' #ahgb1 z he gives sev]al orig9al & +5i\s discussions4 #b ,quot$ by ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 p4 #aei4 #c ,dr4 ,la*mann1 also1 obs]ves 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xix4 #aheg1 p4 #bca7 ) respect to infusoria1 t 8fissation & gemmation pass into ea* o!r almo/ imp]ceptibly40 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,m9or 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cbh7 %[s t ) ,annelids ! di/9ction t has be5 made betwe5 fission & budd+ is n a fundam5tal "o4 ,see also ,pr(essor ,cl>k's "w #8,m9d 9 ,nature1' ,new ,york1 #ahfe1 pp4 #fb1 #id4 #d ,see ,bonnet1 #8uvres d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v41 #agha1 p4 #cci1 = rem>ks on ! budd+-out ( ! amputat$ limbs ( ,salam&]s4 #e ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' #ahec1 p4 #aeh4 #f ,ibid41 pp4 #aeb1 #afd4 #g ,translat$ 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,april #ahgj1 p4 #bgb4 #h ,bis*(f1 z quot$ by von ,siebold1 8,ueb] ,p>!nog5esis10 #8,sitzung d] ma?4 phys4 ,classe4' ,muni*1 ,nov4 #d?1 #ahga1 p4 #bdj4 ,see also ,quatrefages1 #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,zoolog41' #crd s]ies1 #ahej1 p4 #ach4 #i #8,on ! ,asexual ,reproduction ( ,cecidomyide ,l>v1' translat$ 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,m>* #ahff1 pp4 #afg1 #aga4 #aj ,pr(4 ,allman speaks 7#8,transact4 ,r4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1' vol4 xxvi41 #ahgj1 p4 #ajb7 decisively on ?is head ) respect to ! ,hydroida3 he says1 8,x is a univ]sal law 9 ! succession ( zooids1 t no retrogression ev] takes place 9 ! s]ies40 #aa #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xx41 #aheg1 pp4 #aec-dee4 #ab #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #crd s]ies1 #ahej1 tom4 xiii4 #ac #8,transact4 ,phil4 ,soc41' #ahea1 pp4 #aif1 #bjh1 #baj2 #ahec pp4 #bde1 #bdg4 #ad #8,beitrage zur ,k5ntniss1' etc41 #ahdd1 s4 #cde4 #ae #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i4 p4 #bg4 #af ,z quot$ by ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock 9 #8,nat4 ,hi/4 ,review1' #ahfb1 p4 #cde4 ,weij5b]gh also rais$ 7#8,nature1' ,dec4 #ba/1 #ahga1 p4 #adi7 two successive g5]ations f unimpregnat$ females ( ano!r lepidopt]\s insect1 ,lip>is disp>4 ,^! females did n produce at mo/ "o-tw5tie? ( _! full complem5t ( eggs1 & _m ( ! eggs 7 wor?less4 ,moreov] ! cat]pill>s rais$ f ^! unf]tilis$ eggs 8possess$ f> less vitality0 ?an ^? f f]tilis$ eggs4 ,9 ! ?ird p>!nog5etic g5]ation n a s+le egg yield$ a cat]pill>4 #ag #8,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,siphonophora1' #ahfi1 p4 #gc4 #ah ,spallanzani1 #8,an ,essay on ,animal ,reproduction1' translat$ by ,dr4 ,maty1 #agfi1 p4 #gi4 ,bonnet1 #8uvres d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v41 "p i41 #dto4 edit41 #agha1 pp4 #cdc1 #cej4 #ai ,vulpian1 z quot$ by ,pr(4 ,faivre1 #8,la ,v>iabilit des ,espces1' #ahfh1 p4 #aab4 #bj ,dr4 ,p4 ,hoy1 #8,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1' ,sept4 #ahga1 p4 #egi4 #ba ,dr4 ,gun!r1 9 ,ow5's #8,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1' vol4 i41 #ahff1 p4 #efg4 ,spallanzani has made simil> obs]vations4 #bb ,a ?ru% 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,hull 9 #ahec :i* _h lo/ its t>sus1 & ?is memb]1 x 0 ass]t$1 _h be5 ?rice reproduc$2 hav+ be5 lo/1 ,i presume1 ea* "t by disease4 ,sir ,j4 ,paget in=ms me t he feels "s d\bt ab\t ! facts record$ by ,sir ,j4 ,simpson 7#8,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce1' ,ed9burgh1 #ahdh1 new s]ies1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hij7 ( ! re-gr[? ( limbs 9 ! womb 9 ! case ( man4 #bc #8,atti della ,soc4 ,ital4 di ,sc4 ,nat41' vol4 xi41 #ahfi1 p4 #dic4 #bd ,lessona /ates t ?is is s 9 ! pap] j ref]r$ to4 ,see also #8,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1' ,sept4 #ahga1 p4 #egi4 #be #8,comptes ,r5dus1' ,oct4 #a/1 #ahff1 & ,june1 #ahfg4 #bf ,bonnet1 #8,oeuvres ,hi/4 ,nat41' vol4 v41 p4 #bid1 z quot$ by ,pr(4 ,rolle/on 9 8 rem>kable address to ! #cf? annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association4 #bg #8,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xii41 #ahfh-fi1 p4 #a4 #bh #8,transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 xxiv41 #ahfc1 p4 #fb4 #bi #8,p>!nog5esis1' #ahdi1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,pr(4 ,huxley has "s excell5t rem>ks 7#8,m$ical ,times1' #ahef1 p4 #fcg7 on ?is subject 9 ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( />-fi%es1 & %[s h[ curi\sly metamorphosis graduates into gemmation or zoid-=mation1 :i* is 9 fact ! same z metag5esis4 #cj ,pr(4 ,j4 ,reay ,gre5e1 9 ,gn!r's #8,record ( ,zoolog4 ,lit41' #ahfe1 p4 #fbe4 #ca ,fritz ,mll]1 #8,fr ,d>w91' #ahfd1 s4 #fe1 #ga4 ,! highe/ au?ority on cru/aceans1 ,pr(4 ,milne-,edw>ds1 insi/s 7#8,annal4 des ,sci4 ,nat41' #bnd s]ies1 ,zoolog41 tom4 iii41 p4 #cbb7 on ! diff]5ce 9 ! metamorphosis ( closely-alli$ g5]a4 #cb ,pr(4 ,allman1 9 #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 xiii41 #ahfd1 p4 #cdh2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,wright1 ibid41 vol4 viii41 #ahfa1 p4 #abg4 ,see also p4 #ceh = analog\s /atem5ts by ,s>s4 #cc #8,tissus ,vivants1' #ahff1 p4 #bb4 #cd #8,cellul> ,pa?ology1' translat$ by ,dr4 ,*ance1 #ahfj1 pp4 #ad1 #ah1 #hc1 #dfj4 #ce ,paget1 #8,surgical ,pa?ology1' vol4 i41 #ahec1 pp4 #ab-ad4 #cf ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 #cg ,see ,pr(4 ,mantegazza's int]e/+ "w1 #8,degli inne/i ,animali1' etc41 ,milano1 #ahfe1 p4 #ea1 tab4 #c4 #ch #8,de la ,production ,artificielle des ,os1' p4 #h4 #ci ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 ii41 pp4 #edi1 #efj1 #efb2 ,vir*[1 ibid41 p4 #dhd4 ,lawson ,tait1 #8,! ,pa?ology ( ,diseases ( ! ,ov>ies1' #ahgd1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #dj ,= ! mo/ rec5t classification ( cells1 see ,ern/ ,hackel1 #8,g5]elle ,morpholog41' ,b4 ii41 #ahff1 s4 #bge4 #da ,dr4 ,w4 ,turn]1 #8,! ,pres5t ,aspect ( ,cellul> ,pa?ology1' #8,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal1' ,april #ahfc4 #db ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes 7#8,=tnightly ,review1' ,nov4 #a/1 #ahfh1 p4 #ejf7 rem>ks on ! numb] ( writ]s :o h advanc$ ne>ly simil> views4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago ,ari/otle combat$ a view ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,w4 ,ogle1 0 held by ,hippocrates & o!rs4 ,ray1 9 8 #8,wisdom ( ,god' 7#bnd edit41 #afib1 p4 #fh71 says t 8e "p ( ! body seems to club & contribute to ! se$40 ,! 8organic molecules0 ( ,buffon 7#8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' edit4 ( #agdi1 tom4 ii41 pp4 #ed1 #fb1 #cbi1 #ccc1 #dbj1 #dbe7 appe> at fir/ sight to be ! same z ! gemmules ( my hypo!sis1 b !y are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,bonnet 7#8uvres d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v41 "p i41 #agha1 #dto edit41 p4 #ccd7 speaks ( ! limbs hav+ g]ms adapt$ = ! rep>ation ( all possible losses2 b :e!r ^! g]ms are suppos$ to be ! same ) ^? )9 buds & ! sexual organs is n cle>4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 says 7#8,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates1' vol4 iii41 #ahfh1 p4 #hac7 t he fails to see any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! views :i* he prop\nd$ 9 8 #8,p>!nog5esis' 7#ahdi1 pp4 #e-h71 & :i* he n[ consid]s z errone\s1 & my hypo!sis ( pang5esis3 b a review] 7#8,j\rnal ( ,anat4 & ,phys41' ,may #ahfi1 p4 #dda7 %[s h[ diff]5t !y really are4 ,i =m]ly ?\ght t ! 8physiological units0 ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 i41 *aps4 iv4 & viii41 #ahfc-fd7 7 ! same z my gemmules1 b ,i n[ "k t ?is is n ! case4 ,la/ly1 x appe>s f a review ( ! pres5t "w by ,pr(4 ,mantegazza 7#8,nuova ,antologia1 ,maggio1' #ahfh71 t he 79 8 #8,elem5ti di ,igi5e1' ,ediz4 iii41 p4 #edj7 cle>ly =esaw ! doctr9e ( pang5esis4 #dc ,mr4 ,l[ne has obs]v$ 7#8,j\rnal ( ,queckett ,microscopical ,club1' ,sept4 #bcrd1 #ahgj7 c]ta9 rem>kable *anges 9 ! tissues ( ! l>va ( a fly1 :i* makes him believe 8x possible t organs & organisms are sometimes develop$ by ! aggregation ( excessively m9ute gemmules1 su* z ^? :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis dem&s40 #dd #8,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41' #crd s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 xiv41 #ahej1 p4 #bdd4 #de #8,disease ,g]ms1' p4 #bj4 #df ,see "s v int]e/+ pap]s on ?is subject by ,dr4 ,beale1 9 #8,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1' ,sept4 #i?1 #ahfe1 pp4 #bgc1 #ccj4 #dg ,?ird ,report ( ! ,r4 ,comm4 on ! ,cattle ,plague1 z quot$ 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #ddf4 #dh ,mr4 ,f4 ,buckl& f\nd #f1hfg1hdj eggs 9 a cod-fi% 7#8,l& & ,wat]1' #ahfh1 p4 #fb74 ,an ,asc>is produces ab\t #fd1jjj1jjj eggs 7,c>p5t]'s #8,comp4 ,phys41' #ahed1 p4 #eij74 ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott1 ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5 ( ,ed9burgh1 calculat$1 9 ! same mann] z ,i h done = "s ,briti% ,or*ids 7#8,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids1' p4 #cdd71 ! numb] ( se$s 9 a capsule ( an ,acrop]a & f\nd ! numb] to be #cga1bej4 ,n[ ?is plant produces sev]al fl[]s on a raceme1 & _m racemes dur+ a season4 ,9 an alli$ g5us1 ,gongora1 ,mr4 ,scott has se5 tw5ty capsules produc$ on a s+le raceme2 t5 su* racemes on ! ,acrop]a w\ld yield above sev5ty-f\r millions ( se$4 #di ,paget1 #8,lectures on ,pa?ology1' p4 #bg2 ,vir*[1 #8,cellul> ,pa?ology1' translat$ by ,dr4 ,*ance1 pp4 #abc1 #abf1 #bid4 ,claude ,b]n>d1 #8,des ,tissus ,vivants1' pp4 #agg1 #baj1 #ccg2 ,mll]1 #8,physiology1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #bij4 #ej ,pr(4 ,ray ,lanke/] has discuss$ sev]al ( ! po9ts "h ref]r$ to z be>+ on pang5esis1 9 8 int]e/+ essay1 #8,on ,comp>ative ,longevity 9 ,man & ! ,l[] ,animals1' #ahgj1 pp4 #cc1 #gg1 etc4 #ea ,dr4 ,ross ref]s to ?is subject 9 8 #8,graft ,!ory ( ,disease1' #ahgb1 p4 #ec4 #eb ,vir*[1 #8,cellul> ,pa?ology1' translat$ by ,dr4 ,*ance1 #ahfj1 pp4 #fj1 #afb1 #bde1 #dda1 #ded4 #ec ,ibid41 pp4 #dab-dbf4 #ed ,see "s good criticisms on ?is head by ,delp9o & by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes 9 ! #8,=tnightly ,review1' ,nov4 #a/1 #ahfh1 p4 #eji4 #ee ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 ii41 p4 #dcj7 has fully discuss$ ?is antagonism4 #ef ,! male salmon is kn[n to bre$ at a v e>ly age4 ,! ,triton & ,sir$on1 :il/ reta9+ _! l>val bran*i1 accord+ to ,filippi & ,dumril 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #aeg7 are capable ( reproduction4 ,ern/ ,haeckel has rec5tly 7#8,monatsb]i*t ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91' ,feb4 #bnd1 #ahfe7 obs]v$ ! surpris+ case ( a m$usa1 ) its reproductive organs active1 :i* produces by budd+ a widely diff]5t =m ( m$usa2 & ?is latt] also has ! p[] ( sexual reproduction4 ,krohn has %[n 7#8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 xix41 #ahfb1 p4 #f7 t c]ta9 o!r m$us1 :il/ sexually mature1 propagate by gemm4 ,see also ,kollik]1 #8,morphologie und ,entwickelungsges*i*te des ,p5natulid5/ammes1' #ahgb1 p4 #ab4 #eg ,see 8 excell5t discussion on ?is subject 9 #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,museum1' tom4 i41 p4 #aea4 #eh #8,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' republi%$ 9 #8,sci5tific ,op9ion1' ,nov4 #aj?1 #ahfi1 p4 #dhh4 #ei ,todd's #8,cyclop4 ( ,anat4 & ,phys41' vol4 iv41 #ahdi-eb1 p4 #ige4 #fj #8,compte ,r5dus1' ,nov4 #ad?1 #ahfe1 p4 #hjj4 #fa ,z previ\sly rem>k$ by ,quatrefages1 9 8 #8,mtamorphoses de l',homme1' etc41 #ahfb1 p4 #abi4 #fb ,gn!r's #8,zoological ,record1' #ahfd1 p4 #bgi4 #fc ,s$gwick1 #8,m$ico-,*irurg4 ,review1' ,april #ahfc1 p4 #ded4 #fd ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #8,hi/4 des ,anomalies1' tom4 i41 #ahcb1 pp4 #dce1 #feg2 & tom4 ii41 p4 #efj4 #fe ,vir*[1 #8,cellul> ,pa?ology1' #ahfj1 p4 #ff4 #ff ,mll]'s #8,phys41' ,eng4 ,translat41 vol4 i41 #ahcc1 p4 #djg4 ,a case ( ?is k9d has lately be5 communicat$ to me4 #fg ,dr4 ,frbr+]1 #8,die ,kno*5 etc4 bei d5 s*lang5hnli*5 ,sauri]n1' z review$ 9 #8,j\rnal ( ,anat4 & ,phys41' ,may #ahgj1 p4 #bhf4 #fh ,moqu9-,t&on1 #8,tratologie ,vg41' #ahda1 pp4 #bah1 #bbj1 #cec4 ,= ! case ( ! pea1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #hig4 ,) respect to poll5 )9 ovules1 see ,dr4 ,ma/]s 9 #8,sci5ce ,review1' ,oct4 #ahgc1 p4 #cfi4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley describes a bud develop$ on a petal ( a ,cl>kia1 9 #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' ,april #bh?1 #ahff4 #fi ,see "s rem>ks to ?is effect by ,sir ,h4 ,holl& 9 8 #8,m$ical ,notes1' #ahci1 p4 #cb4 #gj ,?is is ! view tak5 by ,pr(4 ,haeckel1 9 8 #8,g5]elle ,morphologie' 7,b4 ii4 s4 #aga71 :o says3 8,l$igli* die p>tielle ,id5titt d] specifis* con/ituirt5 ,mat]ie im elt]li*5 und im k9dli*5 ,organismus1 die ,!ilung dies] ,mat]ie bei d] ,=tpflanzung1 i/ die ,ursa*e d] ,erbli*keit40 #ga ,9 ^! rem>ks ,i1 9 fact1 foll[ ,naud91 :o speaks ( ! elem5ts or ess5ces ( ! two species :i* are cross$4 ,see 8 excell5t memoir 9 ! #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 i41 p4 #aea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,,dome/ication--,,nature ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,v>iability--,,selection--,,div]g5ce ,,& ,,di/9ctness ,,( ,,"*--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,races--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,selection ,,by ,,man--,,antiquity ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,races--,,! ,,"q ,,:e!r ,,ea* ,,p>ticul> ,,v>iation ,,has ,,be5 ,,specially ,,preorda9$4 ,z summ>ies h be5 add$ to ne>ly all ! *apt]s1 & z1 9 ! *apt] on pang5esis1 v>i\s subjects1 su* z ! =ms ( reproduction1 inh]itance1 rev]sion1 ! causes & laws ( v>iability1 etc41 h be5 rec5tly discuss$1 ,i w "h only make a few g5]al rem>ks on ! m important conclusions :i* may be d$uc$ f ! multif>i\s details giv5 ?r\gh\t ?is "w4 ,savages 9 all p>ts ( ! _w easily succe$ 9 tam+ wild animals2 & ^? inhabit+ any c\ntry or isl&1 :5 fir/ visit$ by man1 w\ld probably h be5 /ill m easily tam$4 ,complete subjugation g5]ally dep5ds on an animal be+ social 9 its habits1 & on receiv+ man z ! *ief ( ! h]d or family4 ,9 ord] t an animal %\ld be dome/icat$ x mu/ be f]tile "u *ang$ conditions ( life1 & ?is is f> f be+ always ! case4 ,an animal w\ld n h be5 wor? ! lab\r ( dome/ication1 at lea/ dur+ e>ly times1 unless ( s]vice to man4 ,f ^! circum/ances ! numb] ( dome/icat$ animals has nev] be5 l>ge4 ,) respect to plants1 ,i h %[n 9 ! n9? *apt] h[ _! v>i$ uses 7 probably fir/ discov]$1 & ! e>ly /eps 9 _! cultivation4 ,man c\ld n h kn[n1 :5 he fir/ dome/icat$ an animal or plant1 :e!r x w\ld fl\ri% & multiply :5 transport$ to o!r c\ntries1 !re=e he c\ld n h be5 ?us influ5c$ 9 8 *oice4 ,we see t ! close adaptation ( ! re9de] & camel to extremely cold & hot c\ntries has n prev5t$ _! dome/ication4 ,/ill less c\ld man h =ese5 :e!r 8 animals & plants w\ld v>y 9 succe$+ g5]ations & ?us give bir? to new races2 & ! small capacity ( v>iability 9 ! goose has n prev5t$ its dome/ication f a remote epo*4 ,) extremely few exceptions1 all animals & plants :i* h be5 long dome/icat$ h v>i$ greatly4 ,x matt]s n "u :at climate1 or = :at purpose !y are kept1 :e!r z food = man or bea/1 = draught or hunt+1 = clo?+ or m]e pleasure1--"u all ^! circum/ances races h be5 produc$ :i* diff] m f "o ano!r ?an d ! =ms :i* 9 a /ate ( nature are rank$ z diff]5t species4 ,:y c]ta9 animals & plants h v>i$ m "u dome/ication ?an o!rs we d n "k1 any m ?an :y "s are r5d]$ m /]ile ?an o!rs "u *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,b we h to judge ( ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* our dome/ic productions h und]gone1 *iefly by ! numb] & am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! races :i* h be5 =m$1 & we c (t5 cle>ly see :y _m & di/9ct races h n be5 =m$1 namely1 because slight successive v>iations h n be5 /eadily accumulat$2 & su* v>iations w nev] be accumulat$ if an animal or plant be n closely obs]v$1 mu* valu$1 & kept 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! fluctuat+1 &1 z f> z we c judge1 nev]-end+ v>iability ( our dome/icat$ productions1--! pla/icity ( almo/ _! :ole organisation1--is "o ( ! mo/ important lessons :i* we le>n f ! num]\s details giv5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,yet dome/icat$ animals & plants c h>dly h be5 expos$ to great] *anges 9 _! conditions ( life ?an h _m natural species dur+ ! incessant geological1 geographical1 & climatal *anges to :i* ! _w has be5 subject2 b dome/icat$ productions w (t5 h be5 expos$ to m sudd5 *anges & to less cont9u\sly uni=m conditions4 ,z man has dome/icat$ s _m animals & plants belong+ to widely diff]5t classes1 & z he c]ta9ly did n *oose ) prophetic in/9ct ^? species :i* w\ld v>y mo/1 we may inf] t all natural species1 if expos$ to analog\s conditions1 w\ld1 on an av]age1 v>y to ! same degree4 ,few m5 at ! pres5t day w ma9ta9 t animals & plants 7 creat$ ) a t5d5cy to v>y1 :i* long rema9$ dormant1 9 ord] t fanci]s 9 aft] ages might re>1 = in/ance1 curi\s bre$s ( ! f[l1 pigeon1 or can>y-bird4 ,f sev]al causes x is difficult to judge ( ! am\nt ( modification :i* our dome/ic productions h und]gone4 ,9 "s cases ! primitive p>5t-/ock has become ext9ct2 or x _c be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty1 ow+ to its suppos$ desc5dants hav+ be5 s mu* modifi$4 ,9 o!r cases two or m closely-alli$ =ms1 aft] be+ dome/icat$1 h cross$2 & !n x is difficult to e/imate h[ mu* ( ! "* ( ! pres5t desc5dants ought to be attribut$ to v>iation1 & h[ mu* to ! influ5ce ( ! sev]al p>5t-/ocks4 ,b ! degree to :i* our dome/icat$ bre$s h be5 modifi$ by ! cross+ ( di/9ct species has probably be5 mu* exagg]at$ by "s au?ors4 ,a few individuals ( "o =m w\ld seldom p]man5tly affect ano!r =m exi/+ 9 great] numb]s2 =1 )\t c>eful selection1 ! /a9 ( ! =eign blood w\ld soon be oblit]at$1 & dur+ e>ly & b>b>\s times1 :5 our animals 7 fir/ dome/icat$1 su* c>e w\ld seldom h be5 tak54 ,!re is good reason to believe 9 ! case ( ! dog1 ox1 pig1 & ( "s o!r animals1 t sev]al ( our races are desc5d$ f di/9ct wild prototypes2 nev]!less ! belief 9 ! multiple orig9 ( our dome/icat$ animals has be5 ext5d$ by "s few naturali/s & by _m bre$]s to an unau?oris$ ext5t4 ,bre$]s refuse to look at ! :ole subject "u a s+le po9t ( view2 ,i h he>d x said by a man1 :o ma9ta9$ t our f[ls 7 desc5d$ f at lea/ half-a-doz5 aborig9al species1 t ! evid5ce ( ! common orig9 ( pigeons1 ducks & rabbits1 0 ( no avail ) respect to f[ls4 ,bre$]s ov]look ! improbability ( _m species hav+ be5 dome/icat$ at an e>ly & b>b>\s p]iod4 ,!y d n consid] ! improbability ( species hav+ exi/$ 9 a /ate ( nature :i*1 if !y resembl$ our pres5t dome/ic bre$s1 w\ld h be5 highly abnormal 9 comp>ison ) all _! cong5]s4 ,!y ma9ta9 t c]ta9 species1 :i* =m]ly exi/$1 h become ext9ct1 or are n[ unkn[n1 al?\gh =m]ly kn[n4 ,! assumption ( s mu* rec5t ext9ction is no difficulty 9 _! eyes2 = !y d n judge ( its probability by ! facility or difficulty ( ! ext9ction ( o!r closely-alli$ wild =ms4 ,la/ly1 !y (t5 ignore ! :ole subject ( geographical di/ribution z completely z if x 7 ! result ( *ance4 ,al?\gh f ! reasons j assign$ x is (t5 difficult to judge accurately ( ! am\nt ( *ange :i* our dome/icat$ productions h und]gone1 yet ?is c be asc]ta9$ 9 ! cases 9 :i* all ! bre$s are kn[n to be desc5d$ f a s+le species1--z ) ! pigeon1 duck1 rabbit1 & almo/ c]ta9ly ) ! f[l2 & by ! aid ( analogy ?is c be judg$ ( to a c]ta9 ext5t ) dome/icat$ animals desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks4 ,x is impossible to read ! details giv5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s & 9 _m publi%$ works1 or to visit our v>i\s exhibitions1 )\t be+ deeply impress$ ) ! extreme v>iability ( our dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,no "p ( ! organisation escapes ! t5d5cy to v>y4 ,! v>iations g5]ally affect p>ts ( small vital or physiological importance1 b s x is ) ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 closely-alli$ species4 ,9 ^! unimportant *>act]s !re is (t5 a great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! bre$s ( ! same species ?an betwe5 ! natural species ( ! same g5us1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy has %[n to be ! case ) size1 & z is (t5 ! case ) ! col\r1 texture1 =m1 etc41 ( ! hair1 fea!rs1 horns1 & o!r d]mal app5dages4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t important p>ts nev] v>y "u dome/ication1 b ?is is a complete error4 ,look at ! skull ( ! pig 9 any "o ( ! highly improv$ bre$s1 ) ! occipital condyles & o!r p>ts greatly modifi$2 or look at t ( ! niata ox4 ,or1 aga91 9 ! sev]al bre$s ( ! rabbit1 obs]ve ! elongat$ skull1 ) ! diff]5tly %ap$ occipital =am51 atlas1 & o!r c]vical v]tebrae4 ,! :ole %ape ( ! bra91 toge!r ) ! skull1 has be5 modifi$ 9 ,poli% f[ls2 9 o!r bre$s ( ! f[l ! numb] ( ! v]tebrae & ! =ms ( ! c]vical v]tebrae h be5 *ang$4 ,9 c]ta9 pigeons ! %ape ( ! l[] jaw1 ! relative l5g? ( ! tongue1 ! size ( ! no/rils & eyelids1 ! numb] & %ape ( ! ribs1 ! =m & size ( ! oesophagus1 h all v>i$4 ,9 c]ta9 quadrup$s ! l5g? ( ! inte/9es has be5 mu* increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,) plants we see wond]ful diff]5ces 9 ! /ones ( v>i\s fruits4 ,9 ! ,cucurbitaceae sev]al highly important *>act]s h v>i$1 su* z ! sessile position ( ! /igmas on ! ov>ium1 ! position ( ! c>pels1 & ! projection ( ! ov>ium out ( ! receptacle4 ,b x w\ld be useless to run ?r\gh ! _m facts giv5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,x is notori\s h[ greatly ! m5tal disposition1 ta/es1 habits1 cons5sual movem5ts1 loquacity or sil5ce1 & tone ( voice h v>i$ & be5 inh]it$ 9 our dome/icat$ animals4 ,! dog (f]s ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( *ang$ m5tal attributes1 & ^! diff]5ces _c be acc\nt$ = by desc5t f di/9ct wild types4 ,new *>act]s may appe> & old ones disappe> at any /age ( developm5t1 be+ inh]it$ at a correspond+ /age4 ,we see ?is 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! eggs1 ! d[n on ! *ick5s & ! fir/ plumage ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! f[l2 & /ill m pla9ly 9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! cat]pill>s & cocoons ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! silk-mo?4 ,^! facts1 simple z !y appe>1 ?r[ light on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! l>val & adult /ates ( alli$ natural species1 & on ! :ole great subject ( embryology4 ,new *>act]s fir/ appe>+ late 9 life are apt to become atta*$ exclusively to t sex 9 :i* !y fir/ arose1 or !y may be develop$ 9 a mu* high] degree 9 ?is ?an 9 ! o!r sex2 or aga91 aft] hav+ become atta*$ to "o sex1 !y may be transf]r$ to ! opposite sex4 ,^! facts1 & m especially ! circum/ance t new *>act]s seem to be p>ticul>ly liable1 f "s unkn[n cause1 to become atta*$ to ! male sex1 h an important be>+ on ! acquirem5t ( second>y sexual *>act]s by animals 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,x has sometimes be5 said t our dome/ic races d n diff] 9 con/itutional peculi>ities1 b ?is _c be ma9ta9$4 ,9 our improv$ cattle1 pigs1 etc41 ! p]iod ( maturity1 includ+ t ( ! second d5tition1 has be5 mu* ha/5$4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation v>ies mu*1 & has be5 modifi$ 9 a fix$ mann] 9 "o or two cases4 ,9 "s bre$s ( p\ltry & pigeons ! p]iod at :i* ! d[n & ! fir/ plumage are acquir$1 diff]s4 ,! numb] ( m\lts ?r\gh :i* ! l>vae ( silk-mo?s pass1 v>ies4 ,! t5d5cy to fatt51 to yield mu* milk1 to produce _m "y or eggs at a bir? or dur+ life1 diff]s 9 diff]5t bre$s4 ,we f9d diff]5t degrees ( adaptation to climate1 & diff]5t t5d5cies to c]ta9 diseases1 to ! attacks ( p>asites1 & to ! action ( c]ta9 vegetable poisons4 ,) plants1 adaptation to c]ta9 soils1 ! p[] ( resi/+ fro/1 ! p]iod ( fl[]+ & fruit+1 ! duration ( life1 ! p]iod ( %$d+ ! leaves or ( reta9+ !m ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 ! proportion & nature ( c]ta9 *emical comp\nds 9 ! tissues or se$s1 all v>y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important con/itutional diff]5ce betwe5 dome/ic races & species2 ,i ref] to ! /]ility :i* almo/ inv>iably foll[s1 9 a great] or less degree1 :5 species are cross$1 & to ! p]fect f]tility ( ! mo/ di/9ct dome/ic races1 ) ! exception ( a v few plants1 :5 simil>ly cross$4 ,x is c]ta9ly a mo/ rem>kable fact t _m closely-alli$ species1 :i* 9 appe>ance diff] extremely little1 %\ld yield :5 cross$ only a few m or less /]ile (fspr+1 or none at all2 :il/ dome/ic races :i* diff] conspicu\sly f ea* o!r are1 :5 unit$1 rem>kably f]tile1 & yield p]fectly f]tile (fspr+4 ,b ?is fact is n 9 reality s inexplicable z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 cle>ly %[n 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] t ! /]ility ( cross$ species does n dep5d *iefly on diff]5ces 9 _! ext]nal /ructure or g5]al con/itution1 b on diff]5ces 9 ! reproductive sy/em1 analog\s to ^? :i* cause ! less5$ f]tility ( ! illegitimate unions ( dimorphic & trimorphic plants4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,pallasian doctr9e1 t species aft] hav+ be5 long dome/icat$ lose _! natural t5d5cy to /]ility :5 cross$1 has be5 %[n to be highly probable or almo/ c]ta94 ,we _c avoid ?is conclusion :5 we reflect on ! p>5tage & pres5t f]tility ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dog1 ( ! ,indian or hump$ & ,european cattle1 & ( ! two *ief k9ds ( pigs4 ,h5ce x w\ld be unreasonable to expect t races =m$ "u dome/ication %\ld acquire /]ility :5 cross$1 :il/ at ! same "t we admit t dome/ication elim9ates ! normal /]ility ( cross$ species4 ,:y ) closely-alli$ species _! reproductive sy/ems %\ld almo/ inv>iably h be5 modifi$ 9 s peculi> a mann] z to be mutually incapable ( act+ on ea* o!r--?\gh 9 unequal degrees 9 ! two sexes1 z %[n by ! diff]5ce 9 f]tility betwe5 reciprocal crosses ( ! same species--we d n "k1 b may ) mu* probability inf] ! cause to be z foll[s4 ,mo/ natural species h be5 habituat$ to ne>ly uni=m conditions ( life = an incomp>ably long] "t ?an h dome/ic races2 & we positively "k t *ang$ conditions ex]t an especial & p[]ful influ5ce on ! reproductive sy/em4 ,h5ce ?is diff]5ce may well acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! p[] ( reproduction betwe5 dome/ic races :5 cross$ & species :5 cross$4 ,x is probably 9 *ief "p ow+ to ! same cause t dome/ic races c be sudd5ly transport$ f "o climate to ano!r1 or plac$ "u widely diff]5t conditions1 & yet reta9 9 mo/ cases _! f]tility unimpair$2 :il/ a multitude ( species subject$ to less] *anges are r5d]$ incapable ( bre$+4 ,! (fspr+ ( cross$ dome/ic races & ( cross$ species resemble ea* o!r 9 mo/ respects1 ) ! "o important exception ( f]tility2 !y (t5 p>take 9 ! same unequal degree ( ! *>act]s ( _! p>5ts1 "o ( :i* is (t5 prepot5t ov] ! o!r2 & !y are liable to rev]sion ( ! same k9d4 ,by successive crosses "o species may be made to absorb completely ano!r1 & s x notori\sly is ) races4 ,! latt] resemble species 9 _m o!r ways4 ,!y sometimes inh]it _! newly-acquir$ *>act]s almo/ or ev5 q z firmly z species4 ,! conditions lead+ to v>iability & ! laws gov]n+ its nature appe> to be ! same 9 bo?4 ,v>ieties c be class$ 9 gr\ps "u gr\ps1 l species "u g5]a1 & ^! "u families & ord]s2 & ! classification may be ei!r artificial1--t is1 f\nd$ on any arbitr>y "*1--or natural4 ,) v>ieties a natural classification is c]ta9ly f\nd$1 & ) species is app>5tly f\nd$1 on community ( desc5t1 toge!r ) ! am\nt ( modification :i* ! =ms h und]gone4 ,! *>act]s by :i* dome/ic v>ieties diff] f "o ano!r are m v>iable ?an ^? di/+ui%+ species1 ?\gh h>dly m s ?an ) c]ta9 polymorphic species2 b ?is great] degree ( v>iability is n surpris+1 z v>ieties h g5]ally be5 expos$ )9 rec5t times to fluctuat+ conditions ( life1 & are mu* m liable to h be5 cross$2 !y are also 9 _m cases /ill und]go+1 or h rec5tly und]gone1 modification by man's me?odical or unconsci\s selection4 ,dome/ic v>ieties z a g5]al rule c]ta9ly diff] f "o ano!r 9 less important p>ts ?an d species2 & :5 important diff]5ces occur1 !y are seldom firmly fix$2 b ?is fact is intelligible1 if we consid] man's me?od ( selection4 ,9 ! liv+ animal or plant he _c obs]ve int]nal modifications 9 ! m important organs2 nor does he reg>d !m z long z !y are compatible ) heal? & life4 ,:at does ! bre$] c>e ab\t any slight *ange 9 ! mol> tee? ( 8 pigs1 or = an additional mol> too? 9 ! dog2 or = any *ange 9 ! inte/9al canal or o!r int]nal organ8 ,! bre$] c>es = ! fle% ( 8 cattle be+ well m>bl$ ) fat1 & = an accumulation ( fat )9 ! abdom5 ( 8 %eep1 & ?is he has effect$4 ,:at w\ld ! floriculturi/ c>e = any *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! ov>ium or ( ! ovules8 ,z important int]nal organs are c]ta9ly liable to num]\s slight v>iations1 & z ^! w\ld probably be transmitt$1 = _m /range mon/rosities are inh]it$1 man c\ld und\bt$ly effect a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ange 9 ^! organs4 ,:5 he has produc$ any modification 9 an important "p1 he has g5]ally done s un9t5tionally1 9 correlation ) "s o!r conspicu\s "p4 ,= in/ance1 he has giv5 ridges & protub]ances to ! skulls ( f[ls1 by att5d+ to ! =m ( ! comb1 or to ! plume ( fea!rs on ! head4 ,by att5d+ to ! ext]nal =m ( ! p\t]-pigeon1 he has enorm\sly increas$ ! size ( ! oesophagus1 & has add$ to ! numb] ( ! ribs1 & giv5 !m great] bread?4 ,) ! c>ri]-pigeon1 by increas+ ?r\gh /eady selection ! wattles on ! upp] m&ible1 he has greatly modifi$ ! =m ( ! l[] m&ible2 & s 9 _m o!r cases4 ,natural species1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 modifi$ exclusively = _! own good1 to fit !m = inf9itely div]sifi$ conditions ( life1 to avoid enemies ( all k9ds1 & to /ruggle aga9/ a ho/ ( competitors4 ,h5ce1 "u su* complex conditions1 x w\ld (t5 happ5 t modifications ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds1 9 important z well z 9 unimportant p>ts1 w\ld be advantage\s or ev5 necess>y2 & !y w\ld sl[ly b surely be acquir$ ?r\gh ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,/ill m important is ! fact t v>i\s indirect modifications w\ld likewise arise ?r\gh ! law ( correlat$ v>iation4 ,dome/ic bre$s (t5 h an abnormal or semi-mon/r\s "*1 z among/ dogs1 ! ,italian greyh\nd1 bulldog1 ,bl5heim spaniel1 & bloodh\nd1--"s bre$s ( cattle & pigs1--sev]al bre$s ( ! f[l1--& ! *ief bre$s ( ! pigeon4 ,9 su* abnormal bre$s1 p>ts :i* diff] b slightly or n at all 9 ! alli$ natural species1 h be5 greatly modifi$4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by man's (t5 select+1 especially at fir/1 conspicu\s & semi-mon/r\s deviations ( /ructure4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cauti\s 9 decid+ :at deviations ought to be call$ mon/r\s3 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t1 if ! bru% ( horse-l hair on ! brea/ ( ! turkey-cock _h fir/ appe>$ 9 ! dome/icat$ bird1 x w\ld h be5 consid]$ z a mon/rosity2 ! great plume ( fea!rs on ! head ( ! ,poli% cock has be5 ?us designat$1 ?\gh plumes are common on ! heads ( _m k9ds ( birds2 we might call ! wattle or corrugat$ sk9 r\nd ! base ( ! beak ( ! ,engli% c>ri]-pigeon a mon/rosity1 b we d n ?us speak ( ! globul> fle%y excresc5ce at ! base ( ! beak ( ! ,c>pophaga oceanica4 ,"s au?ors h drawn a wide di/9ction betwe5 artificial & natural bre$s2 al?\gh 9 extreme cases ! di/9ction is pla91 9 _m o!r cases x is arbitr>y2 ! diff]5ce dep5d+ *iefly on ! k9d ( selection :i* has be5 appli$4 ,artificial bre$s are ^? :i* h be5 int5tionally improv$ by man2 !y frequ5tly h an unnatural appe>ance1 & are especially liable to lose _! *>act]s ?r\gh rev]sion & cont9u$ v>iability4 ,! s-call$ natural bre$s1 on ! o!r h&1 are ^? :i* are f\nd 9 semi-civilis$ c\ntries1 & :i* =m]ly inhabit$ sep>ate di/ricts 9 ne>ly all ! ,european k+doms4 ,!y h be5 r>ely act$ on by man's int5tional selection2 m frequ5tly by unconsci\s selection1 & p>tly by natural selection1 = animals kept 9 semi-civilis$ c\ntries h to provide l>gely = _! own wants4 ,su* natural bre$s w also h be5 directly act$ on by ! diff]5ces1 ?\gh slight1 9 ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,!re is a mu* m important di/9ction betwe5 our sev]al bre$s1 namely1 9 "s hav+ orig9at$ f a /rongly-m>k$ or semi-mon/r\s deviation ( /ructure1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may subsequ5tly h be5 augm5t$ by selection2 :il/ o!rs h be5 =m$ 9 s sl[ & ins5sible a mann]1 t if we c\ld see _! e>ly prog5itors we %\ld h>dly be able to say :5 or h[ ! bre$ fir/ arose4 ,f ! hi/ory ( ! racehorse1 greyh\nd1 gamecock1 etc41 & f _! g5]al appe>ance1 we may feel ne>ly confid5t t !y 7 =m$ by a sl[ process ( improvem5t2 & we "k t ?is has be5 ! case ) ! c>ri]-pigeon1 z well z ) "s o!r pigeons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t ! ancon & mau*amp bre$s ( %eep1 & almo/ c]ta9 t ! niata cattle1 turnspit1 & pug-dogs1 jump] & frizzl$ f[ls1 %ort-fac$ tumbl] pigeons1 hook-bill$ ducks1 etc41 sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ne>ly ! same /ate z we n[ see !m4 ,s x has be5 ) _m cultivat$ plants4 ,! frequ5cy ( ^! cases is likely to lead to ! false belief t natural species h (t5 orig9at$ 9 ! same abrupt mann]4 ,b we h no evid5ce ( ! appe>ance1 or at lea/ ( ! cont9u$ procreation1 "u nature1 ( abrupt modifications ( /ructure2 & v>i\s g5]al reasons c\ld be assign$ aga9/ su* a belief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h abundant evid5ce ( ! con/ant occurr5ce "u nature ( slight individual diff]5ces ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ k9ds2 & we are ?us l$ to conclude t species h g5]ally orig9at$ by ! natural selection ( extremely slight diff]5ces4 ,?is process may be /rictly comp>$ ) ! sl[ & gradual improvem5t ( ! racehorse1 greyh\nd1 & gamecock4 ,z e detail ( /ructure 9 ea* species has to be closely adapt$ to its habits ( life1 x w r>ely happ5 t "o "p alone w be modifi$2 b1 z 0 =m]ly %[n1 ! co-adapt$ modifications ne$ n be absolutely simultane\s4 ,_m v>iations1 h[ev]1 are f ! fir/ connect$ by ! law ( correlation4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ev5 closely-alli$ species r>ely or nev] diff] f "o ano!r by "o "* alone2 & ! same rem>k is to a c]ta9 ext5t applicable to dome/ic races2 = ^!1 if !y diff] mu*1 g5]ally diff] 9 _m respects4 ,"s naturali/s boldly insi/#a t species are absolutely di/9ct productions1 nev] pass+ by int]m$iate l9ks into "o ano!r2 :il/ !y ma9ta9 t dome/ic v>ieties c always be connect$ ei!r ) "o ano!r or ) _! p>5t-=ms4 ,b if we c\ld always f9d ! l9ks betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dog1 horse1 cattle1 %eep1 pigs1 etc41 !re w\ld n h be5 su* incessant d\bts :e!r !y 7 desc5d$ f "o or sev]al species4 ,! greyh\nd g5us1 if su* a t]m may be us$1 _c be closely connect$ ) any o!r bre$1 unless1 p]haps1 we g back to ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,our ,engli% bulldog also =ms a v di/9ct bre$4 ,9 all ^! cases cross$ bre$s mu/ ( c\rse be exclud$1 = di/9ct natural species c ?us be likewise connect$4 ,by :at l9ks c ! ,co*9 f[l be closely unit$ ) o!rs8 ,by se>*+ = bre$s /ill pres]v$ 9 di/ant l&s1 & by go+ back to hi/orical records1 tumbl]-pigeons1 c>ri]s1 & b>bs c be closely connect$ ) ! p>5t rock-pigeon2 b we _c ?us connect ! turbit or ! p\t]4 ,! degree ( di/9ctness betwe5 ! v>i\s dome/ic bre$s dep5ds on ! am\nt ( modification :i* !y h und]gone1 & m especially on ! neglect & f9al ext9ction ( int]m$iate & less-valu$ =ms4 ,x has (t5 be5 argu$ t no light is ?r[n on ! *anges :i* natural species are believ$ to und]go f ! admitt$ *anges ( dome/ic races1 z ! latt] are said to be m]e tempor>y productions1 always rev]t+1 z soon z !y become f]al1 to _! pri/9e =m4 ,?is argum5t has be5 well combat$ by ,mr4 ,wallace#b & full details 7 giv5 9 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 %[+ t ! t5d5cy to rev]sion 9 f]al animals & plants has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 ?\gh no d\bt x exi/s to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x w\ld be oppos$ to all ! pr9ciples inculcat$ 9 ?is "w1 if dome/ic animals1 :5 expos$ to new conditions & compell$ to /ruggle = _! own wants aga9/ a ho/ ( =eign competitors1 7 n modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t _m *>act]s lie lat5t 9 all organic be+s1 ready to be evolv$ "u fitt+ conditions2 & 9 bre$s modifi$ )9 rec5t times1 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion is p>ticul>ly /rong4 ,b ! antiquity ( "s ( our bre$s cle>ly proves t !y rema9 ne>ly con/ant z long z _! conditions ( life rema9 ! same4 ,x has be5 boldly ma9ta9$ by "s au?ors t ! am\nt ( v>iation to :i* our dome/ic productions are liable is /rictly limit$2 b ?is is an ass]tion re/+ on little evid5ce4 ,:e!r or n ! am\nt ( *ange 9 any p>ticul> direction is limit$1 ! t5d5cy to g5]al v>iability is1 z f> z we c judge1 unlimit$4 ,cattle1 %eep1 & pigs h v>i$ "u dome/ication f ! remote/ p]iod1 z %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,rutimey] & o!rs2 yet ^! animals h be5 improv$ to an unp>allel$ degree1 )9 q rec5t times1 & ?is implies cont9u$ v>iability ( /ructure4 ,:eat1 z we "k f ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5tly cultivat$ plants1 yet at ! pres5t day new & bett] v>ieties frequ5tly arise4 ,x may be t an ox w nev] be produc$ ( l>g] size & f9] proportions1 or a racehorse fleet]1 ?an our pres5t animals1 or a gooseb]ry l>g] ?an ! ,london v>iety2 b he w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld ass]t t ! extreme limit 9 ^! respects has be5 f9ally atta9$4 ,) fl[]s & fruit x has repeat$ly be5 ass]t$ t p]fection has be5 rea*$1 b ! /&>d has soon be5 excell$4 ,a bre$ ( pigeons may nev] be produc$ ) a beak %ort] ?an t ( ! pres5t %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 or ) "o long] ?an t ( ! ,engli% c>ri]1 = ^! birds h weak con/itutions & are bad bre$]s2 b %ortness & l5g? ( beak are ! po9ts :i* h be5 /eadily improv$ dur+ ! la/ #aej ye>s1 & "s ( ! be/ judges d5y t ! goal has yet be5 rea*$4 ,f reasons :i* c\ld be assign$1 x is probable t p>ts :i* h n[ rea*$ _! maximum developm5t1 might1 aft] rema9+ con/ant dur+ a long p]iod1 v>y aga9 9 ! direction ( increase "u new conditions ( life4 ,b !re mu/ be1 z ,mr4 ,wallace has rem>k$ ) mu* tru?1#c a limit to *ange 9 c]ta9 directions bo? ) natural & dome/ic productions2 = in/ance1 !re mu/ be a limit to ! fleetness ( any t]re/rial animal1 z ?is w be det]m9$ by ! friction to be ov]come1 ! weight to be c>ri$1 & ! p[] ( contraction 9 ! muscul> fibres4 ,! ,engli% racehorse may h rea*$ ?is limit2 b x already surpasses 9 fleetness its own wild prog5itor & all o!r equ9e species4 ,! %ort-fac$ tumbl]-pigeon has a beak %ort]1 & ! c>ri] a beak long]1 relatively to ! size ( _! bodies1 ?an t ( any natural species ( ! family4 ,our apples1 pe>s & gooseb]ries be> l>g] fruit ?an ^? ( any natural species ( ! same g5]a2 & s 9 _m o!r cases4 ,x is n surpris+1 see+ ! great diff]5ce betwe5 _m dome/ic bre$s1 t "s few naturali/s h conclud$ t ea* is desc5d$ f a di/9ct aborig9al /ock1 m especially z ! pr9ciple ( selection has be5 ignor$1 & ! high antiquity ( man1 z a bre$] ( animals1 has only rec5tly become kn[n4 ,mo/ naturali/s1 h[ev]1 freely admit t our v>i\s bre$s1 h[ev] dissimil>1 are desc5d$ f a s+le /ock1 al?\gh !y d n "k mu* ab\t ! art ( bre$+1 _c %[ ! connect+ l9ks1 nor say :]e & :5 ! bre$s arose4 ,yet ^! same naturali/s decl>e1 ) an air ( philosophical caution1 t !y w nev] admit t "o natural species has giv5 bir? to ano!r until !y behold all ! transitional /eps4 ,fanci]s use exactly ! same language ) respect to dome/ic bre$s2 ?us1 an au?or ( an excell5t treatise on pigeons says he w nev] all[ t ! c>ri] & fantail are ! desc5dants ( ! wild rock-pigeon1 until ! transitions h 8actually be5 obs]v$1 & c be repeat$ :5ev] man *ooses to set ab\t ! task40 ,no d\bt x is difficult to realise t slight *anges add$ up dur+ long c5turies c produce su* great results2 b he :o wi%es to und]/& ! orig9 ( dome/ic bre$s or ( natural species mu/ ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,! causes :i* excite & ! laws :i* gov]n v>iability h be5 discuss$ s lately1 t ,i ne$ "h only enum]ate ! lead+ po9ts4 ,z dome/icat$ organisms are mu* m liable to slight deviations ( /ructure & to mon/rosities ?an species liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 & z widely-rang+ species g5]ally v>y m ?an ^? :i* inhabit re/rict$ areas1 we may inf] t v>iability ma9ly dep5ds on *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! effects ( ! unequal comb9ation ( ! *>act]s d]iv$ f bo? p>5ts1 or rev]sion to =m] prog5itors4 ,*ang$ conditions h an especial t5d5cy to r5d] ! reproductive organs m or less impot5t1 z %[n 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ?is subject2 & ^! organs consequ5tly (t5 fail to transmit fai?fully ! p>5tal *>act]s4 ,*ang$ conditions also act directly & def9itely on ! organisation1 s t all or ne>ly all ! individuals ( ! same species ?us expos$ become modifi$ 9 ! same mann]2 b :y ?is or t "p is especially affect$ we c seldom or ev] say4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 a *ange 9 ! conditions seems to act indef9itely1 caus+ div]sifi$ v>iations 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z exposure to cold or ! absorption ( ! same poison affects diff]5t individuals 9 diff]5t ways4 ,we h reason to suspect t an habitual excess ( highly-nutriti\s food1 or an excess relatively to ! we> & te> ( ! organisation f ex]cise1 is a p[]ful excit+ cause ( v>iability4 ,:5 we see ! symmetrical & complex outgr[?s1 caus$ by a m9ute drop ( ! poison ( a gall-insect1 we may believe t slight *anges 9 ! *emical nature ( ! sap or blood w\ld lead to extraord9>y modifications ( /ructure4 ,! increas$ use ( a muscle ) its v>i\s atta*$ p>ts1 & ! increas$ activity ( a gl& or o!r organ1 lead to _! increas$ developm5t4 ,disuse has a contr>y effect4 ,) dome/icat$ productions1 al?\gh _! organs sometimes become rudim5t>y ?r\gh abortion1 we h no reason to suppose t ?is has ev] foll[$ solely f disuse4 ,) natural species1 on ! contr>y1 _m organs appe> to h be5 r5d]$ rudim5t>y ?r\gh disuse1 aid$ by ! pr9ciple ( ! economy ( gr[? toge!r ) int]cross+4 ,complete abortion c be acc\nt$ = only by ! hypo!sis giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 namely1 ! f9al de/ruction ( ! g]ms or gemmules ( useless p>ts4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 species & dome/ic v>ieties may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by disuse hav+ act$ on ! latt] = an insuffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & p>tly f _! exemption f any sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce entail+ rigid economy 9 ! developm5t ( ea* "p1 to :i* all species "u nature are subject$4 ,nev]!less ! law ( comp5sation or balancem5t1 :i* likewise dep5ds on ! economy ( gr[?1 app>5tly has affect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t our dome/icat$ productions4 ,z almo/ e "p ( ! organisation becomes highly v>iable "u dome/ication1 & z v>iations are easily select$ bo? consci\sly & unconsci\sly1 x is v difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects ( ! selection ( indef9ite v>iations & ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,= in/ance1 x is possible t ! feet ( our wat]-dogs & ( ! ,am]ican dogs :i* h to travel mu* ov] ! sn[1 may h become p>tially webb$ f ! /imulus ( widely ext5d+ _! toes2 b x is m probable t ! webb+1 l ! membrane betwe5 ! toes ( c]ta9 pigeons1 spontane\sly appe>$ & 0 aft]w>ds increas$ by ! be/ swimm]s & ! be/ sn[-travell]s be+ pres]v$ dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,a fanci] :o wi%$ to decrease ! size ( 8 bantams or tumbl]-pigeons w\ld nev] ?9k ( />v+ !m1 b w\ld select ! smalle/ individuals :i* spontane\sly appe>$4 ,quadrup$s are sometimes born de/itute ( hair & hairless bre$s h be5 =m$1 b !re is no reason to believe t ?is is caus$ by a hot climate4 ,)9 ! tropics heat (t5 causes %eep to lose _! fleeces2 on ! o!r h&1 wet & cold act z a direct /imulus to ! gr[? ( hair2 b :o w pret5d to decide h[ f> ! ?ick fur ( arctic animals1 or _! :ite col\r1 is due to ! direct action ( a sev]e climate1 & h[ f> to ! pres]vation ( ! be/-protect$ individuals dur+ a long succession ( g5]ations8 ,( all ! laws gov]n+ v>iability1 t ( correlation is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,9 _m cases ( slight deviations ( /ructure z well z ( grave mon/rosities1 we _c ev5 conjecture :at is ! nature ( ! bond ( connexion4 ,b betwe5 homolog\s p>ts--betwe5 ! =e & h9d limbs--betwe5 ! hair1 ho(s1 horns1 & tee?--:i* are closely simil> dur+ _! e>ly developm5t & :i* are expos$ to simil> conditions1 we c see t !y w\ld be em95tly liable to be modifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,homolog\s p>ts1 f hav+ ! same nature1 are apt to bl5d toge!r1 &1 :5 _m exi/1 to v>y 9 numb]4 ,al?\gh e v>iation is ei!r directly or indirectly caus$ by "s *ange 9 ! surr\nd+ conditions1 we mu/ nev] =get t ! nature ( ! organisation :i* is act$ on1 is by f> ! m important factor 9 ! result4 ,we see ?is 9 diff]5t organisms1 :i* :5 plac$ "u simil> conditions v>y 9 a diff]5t mann]1 :il/ closely-alli$ organisms "u dissimil> conditions (t5 v>y 9 ne>ly ! same mann]4 ,we see ?is1 9 ! same modification frequ5tly reappe>+ 9 ! same v>iety at long int]vals ( "t1 & likewise 9 ! sev]al /rik+ cases giv5 ( analog\s or p>allel v>iations4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! latt] cases are due to rev]sion1 o!rs _c ?us be acc\nt$ =4 ,f ! indirect action ( *ang$ conditions on ! organisation1 ow+ to ! reproductive organs be+ ?us affect$--f ! direct action ( su* conditions1 & ^! w cause ! individuals ( ! same species ei!r to v>y 9 ! same mann]1 or diff]5tly 9 accordance ) slight diff]5ces 9 _! con/itution--f ! effects ( ! increas$ or decreas$ use ( p>ts--& f correlation1--! v>iability ( our dome/icat$ productions is complicat$ to an extreme degree4 ,! :ole organisation becomes slightly pla/ic4 ,al?\gh ea* modification mu/ h its own excit+ cause1 & ?\gh ea* is subject$ to law1 yet we c s r>ely trace ! precise relation betwe5 cause & effect1 t we are tempt$ to speak ( v>iations z if !y arose spontane\sly4 ,we may ev5 call !m accid5tal1 b ?is mu/ be only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say t a fragm5t ( rock dropp$ f a height owes its %ape to accid5t4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to consid] ! result ( ! exposure to unnatural conditions ( a l>ge numb] ( animals ( ! same species & all[$ to cross freely ) no selection ( any k9d1 & aft]w>ds to consid] ! result :5 selection is br\ght into play4 ,let u suppose t #ejj wild rock-pigeons 7 conf9$ 9 _! native l& 9 an avi>y & f$ 9 ! same mann] z pigeons usually are2 & t !y 7 n all[$ to increase 9 numb]4 ,z pigeons propagate s rapidly1 ,i suppose t a ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ birds w\ld h to be annually kill$4 ,aft] sev]al g5]ations _h be5 ?us re>$1 we may feel sure t "s ( ! "y birds w\ld v>y1 & ! v>iations w\ld t5d to be inh]it$2 = at ! pres5t day slight deviations ( /ructure (t5 occur & are inh]it$4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s ev5 to enum]ate ! multitude ( po9ts :i* /ill g on v>y+ or h rec5tly v>i$4 ,_m v>iations w\ld occur 9 correlation ) "o ano!r1 z ! l5g? ( ! w+ & tail fea!rs--! numb] ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 z well z ! numb] & bread? ( ! ribs1 9 correlation ) ! size & =m ( ! body--! numb] ( ! scutellae ) ! size ( ! feet--! l5g? ( ! tongue ) ! l5g? ( ! beak--! size ( ! no/rils & eyelids & ! =m ( l[] jaw 9 correlation ) ! developm5t ( wattle--! nak$ness ( ! "y ) ! future col\r ( ! plumage--! size ( ! feet ) t ( ! beak1 & o!r su* po9ts4 ,la/ly1 z our birds are suppos$ to be conf9$ 9 an avi>y1 !y w\ld use _! w+s & legs b little1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! skeleton1 su* z ! /]num1 scapulae & feet1 w\ld 9 consequ5ce become slightly r$uc$ 9 size4 ,z 9 our assum$ case _m birds h to be indiscrim9ately kill$ e ye>1 ! *ances are aga9/ any new v>iety surviv+ long en\gh to bre$4 ,& z ! v>iations :i* arise are ( an extremely div]sifi$ nature1 ! *ances are v great aga9/ two birds pair+ :i* h v>i$ 9 ! same mann]2 nev]!less1 a v>y+ bird ev5 :5 n ?us pair$ w\ld occasionally transmit its "* to its "y2 & ^! w\ld n only be expos$ to ! same conditions :i* fir/ caus$ ! v>iation 9 "q to appe>1 b w\ld 9 addition inh]it f _! modifi$ p>5t a t5d5cy aga9 to v>y 9 ! same mann]4 ,s t1 if ! conditions decid$ly t5d$ to induce "s p>ticul> v>iation1 all ! birds might 9 ! c\rse ( "t become simil>ly modifi$4 ,b a f> common] result w\ld be1 t "o bird w\ld v>y 9 "o way & ano!r bird 9 ano!r way2 "o w\ld be born ) a beak a little long]1 & ano!r ) a %ort] beak2 "o w\ld ga9 "s black fea!rs1 ano!r "s :ite or r$ fea!rs4 ,& z ^! birds w\ld be cont9ually int]cross+1 ! f9al result w\ld be a body ( individuals diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _m ways1 b only slightly2 yet m ?an did ! orig9al rock-pigeons4 ,b !re w\ld n be ! lea/ t5d5cy t[>ds ! =mation ( sev]al di/9ct bre$s4 ,if two sep>ate lots ( pigeons 7 treat$ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 "o 9 ,engl& & ! o!r 9 a tropical c\ntry1 ! two lots be+ suppli$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( food1 w\ld !y aft] _m g5]ations diff]8 ,:5 we reflect on ! cases giv5 9 ! tw5ty-?ird *apt]1 & on su* facts z ! diff]5ce 9 =m] times betwe5 ! bre$s ( cattle1 %eep1 etc41 9 almo/ e di/rict ( ,europe1 we are /rongly incl9$ to admit t ! two lots w\ld be diff]5tly modifi$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( climate & food4 ,b ! evid5ce on ! def9ite action ( *ang$ conditions is 9 mo/ cases insuffici5t2 &1 ) respect to pigeons1 ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ a l>ge collection ( dome/icat$ k9ds1 s5t to me by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot f ,india1 & !y v>i$ 9 a rem>kably simil> mann] ) our ,european birds4 ,if two di/9ct bre$s 7 m+l$ toge!r 9 equal numb]s1 !re is reason to suspect t !y w\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t pref] pair+ ) _! own k9d2 b !y w\ld (t5 int]cross4 ,f ! great] vig\r & f]tility ( ! cross$ (fspr+1 ! :ole body w\ld by ?is means become int]bl5d$ soon] ?an w\ld o!rwise h occurr$4 ,f c]ta9 bre$s be+ prepot5t ov] o!rs1 x does n foll[ t ! int]bl5d$ prog5y w\ld be /rictly int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,i h1 also1 prov$ t ! act ( cross+ 9 itself gives a /rong t5d5cy to rev]sion1 s t ! cross$ (fspr+ w\ld t5d to rev]t to ! /ate ( ! aborig9al rock-pigeon2 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y w\ld probably be n mu* m het]og5e\s 9 "* ?an 9 our fir/ case1 :5 birds ( ! same bre$ 7 conf9$ toge!r4 ,i h j said t ! cross$ (fspr+ w\ld ga9 9 vig\r & f]tility4 ,f ! facts giv5 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] !re c be no d\bt ( ?is fact2 & !re c be little d\bt1 ?\gh ! evid5ce on ?is head is n s easily acquir$1 t long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+ leads to evil results4 ,) h]maphrodites ( all k9ds1 if ! sexual elem5ts ( ! same individual habitually act$ on ea* o!r1 ! close/ possible int]bre$+ w\ld be p]petual4 ,b we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! /ructure ( all h]maphrodite animals1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 p]mits & frequ5tly necessitates a cross ) a di/9ct individual4 ,) h]maphrodite plants we incessantly meet ) elaborate & p]fect contrivances = ?is same end4 ,x is no exagg]ation to ass]t t1 if ! use ( ! talons & tusks ( a c>nivor\s animal1 or ( ! plumes & hooks on a se$1 may be safely inf]r$ f _! /ructure1 we may ) equal safety inf] t _m fl[]s are con/ruct$ = ! express purpose ( ensur+ a cross ) a di/9ct plant4 ,f ^! v>i\s consid]ations1 n to m5tion ! result ( a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i h tri$1 ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! *apt] j ref]r$ to--namely1 t great good ( "s k9d is d]iv$ f ! sexual conc\rse ( di/9ct individuals--mu/ be admitt$4 ,to return to our illu/ration3 we h hi!rto assum$ t ! birds 7 kept d[n to ! same numb] by indiscrim9ate slaught]2 b if ! lea/ *oice be p]mitt$ 9 _! pres]vation1 ! :ole result w be *ang$4 ,%\ld ! own] obs]ve any slight v>iation 9 "o ( 8 birds1 & wi% to obta9 a bre$ ?us *>act]is$1 he w\ld succe$ 9 a surpris+ly %ort "t by c>eful selection4 ,z any "p :i* has once v>i$ g5]ally goes on v>y+ 9 ! same direction1 x is easy1 by cont9ually pres]v+ ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ individuals1 to increase ! am\nt ( diff]5ce up to a high1 pr$et]m9$ /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,?is is me?odical selection4 ,if ! own] ( ! avi>y1 )\t any ?\ght ( mak+ a new bre$1 simply admir$1 = in/ance1 %ort-beak$ m ?an long-beak$ birds1 he w\ld1 :5 he _h to r$uce ! numb]1 g5]ally kill ! latt]2 & !re c be no d\bt t he w\ld ?us 9 ! c\rse ( "t s5sibly modify 8 /ock4 ,x is improbable1 if two m5 7 to keep pigeons & act 9 ?is mann]1 t !y w\ld pref] exactly ! same *>act]s2 !y w\ld1 z we "k1 (t5 pref] directly opposite *>act]s1 & ! two lots w\ld ultimately come to diff]4 ,?is has actually occurr$ ) /ra9s or families ( cattle1 %eep1 & pigeons1 :i* h be5 long kept & c>efully att5d$ to by diff]5t bre$]s1 )\t any wi% on _! "p to =m new & di/9ct sub-bre$s4 ,?is unconsci\s k9d ( selection w m especially come into action ) animals :i* are highly s]viceable to man2 = e "o tries to get ! be/ dogs1 horses1 c[s1 or %eep1 )\t ?9k+ ab\t _! future prog5y1 yet ^! animals w\ld transmit m or less surely _! good qualities to _! (fspr+4 ,nor is any "o s c>eless z to bre$ f 8 wor/ animals4 ,ev5 savages1 :5 compell$ f extreme want to kill "s ( _! animals1 w\ld de/roy ! wor/ & pres]ve ! be/4 ,) animals kept = use & n = m]e amusem5t1 diff]5t fa%ions prevail 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 lead+ to ! pres]vation1 & consequ5tly to ! transmission1 ( all sorts ( trifl+ peculi>ities ( "*4 ,! same process w h be5 pursu$ ) our fruit-trees & vegetables1 = ! be/ w always h be5 ! mo/ l>gely cultivat$1 & w occasionally h yield$ se$l+s bett] ?an _! p>5ts4 ,! diff]5t /ra9s1 j allud$ to1 :i* h be5 actually produc$ by bre$]s )\t any wi% on _! "p to obta9 su* a result1 af=d excell5t evid5ce ( ! p[] ( unconsci\s selection4 ,?is =m ( selection has probably l$ to f> m important results ?an me?odical selection1 & is likewise m important "u a !oretical po9t ( view f closely resembl+ natural selection4 ,= dur+ ?is process ! be/ or mo/ valu$ individuals are n sep>at$ & prev5t$ f cross+ ) o!rs ( ! same bre$1 b are simply pref]r$ & pres]v$2 yet ?is inevitably leads to _! gradual modification & improvem5t2 s t f9ally !y prevail1 to ! exclusion ( ! old p>5t-=m4 ,) our dome/icat$ animals natural selection *ecks ! production ( races ) any injuri\s deviation ( /ructure4 ,9 ! case ( animals :i*1 f be+ kept by savages or semi-civilis$ p1 h to provide l>gely = _! own wants "u diff]5t circum/ances1 natural selection w h play$ a m important "p4 ,h5ce x probably is t !y (t5 closely resemble natural species4 ,z !re is no limit to man's desire to possess animals & plants m & m useful 9 any respect1 & z ! fanci] always wi%es1 ow+ to fa%ions runn+ into extremes1 to produce ea* "* m & m /rongly pron\nc$1 !re is1 ?r\gh ! prolong$ action ( me?odical & unconsci\s selection1 a con/ant t5d5cy 9 e bre$ to become m & m diff]5t f its p>5t-/ock2 & :5 sev]al bre$s h be5 produc$ & are valu$ = diff]5t qualities1 to diff] m & m f ea* o!r4 ,?is leads to ,div]g5ce ( ,"*4 ,z improv$ sub-v>ieties & races are sl[ly =m$1 ! old] & less improv$ bre$s are neglect$ & decrease 9 numb]4 ,:5 few individuals ( any bre$ exi/ )9 ! same locality1 close int]bre$+1 by less5+ _! vig\r & f]tility1 aids 9 _! f9al ext9ction4 ,?us ! int]m$iate l9ks are lo/1 & ! rema9+ bre$s ga9 9 ,di/9ctness ( ,"*4 ,9 ! *apt]s on ! ,pigeon1 x 0 prov$ by hi/orical evid5ce & by ! exi/5ce ( connect+ sub-v>ieties 9 di/ant l&s t sev]al bre$s h /eadily div]g$ 9 "*1 & t _m old & int]m$iate sub-bre$s h be5 lo/4 ,o!r cases c\ld be adduc$ ( ! ext9ction ( dome/ic bre$s1 z ( ! ,iri% wolf-dog1 ! old ,engli% h\nd1 & ( two bre$s 9 ,france1 "o ( :i* 0 =m]ly highly valu$4#d ,mr4 ,pick]+ rem>ks#e t 8! %eep figur$ on ! mo/ anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts is unkn[n at ! pres5t day2 & at lea/ "o v>iety ( ! bullock1 =m]ly kn[n 9 ,egypt1 has 9 l mann] become ext9ct40 ,s x has be5 ) "s animals & ) sev]al plants cultivat$ by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,europe dur+ ! neoli?ic p]iod4 ,9 ,p]u1 ,von ,ts*udi#f f\nd 9 c]ta9 tombs1 app>5tly prior to ! dyna/y ( ! ,incas1 two k9ds ( maize n n[ kn[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,) our fl[]s & cul9>y vegetables1 ! production ( new v>ieties & _! ext9ction has incessantly recurr$4 ,at ! pres5t "t improv$ bre$s sometimes displace old] bre$s at an extraord9>ily rapid rate2 z has rec5tly occurr$ ?r\gh\t ,engl& ) pigs4 ,! ,longhorn cattle 9 _! native home 7 8sudd5ly swept away z if by "s murd]\s pe/il5ce10 by ! introduction ( ,%or?orns4#g ,:at gr& results h foll[$ f ! long-cont9u$ action ( me?odical & unconsci\s selection1 regulat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by natural selection1 we see on e side ( u4 ,comp>e ! _m animals & plants :i* are display$ at our exhibitions ) _! p>5t-=ms :5 ^! are kn[n1 or consult old hi/orical records ) respect to _! =m] /ate4 ,mo/ ( our dome/icat$ animals h giv5 rise to num]\s & di/9ct races1 b ^? :i* _c be easily subject$ to selection mu/ be except$--su* z cats1 ! co*9eal insect1 & ! hive-bee4 ,9 accordance ) :at we "k ( ! process ( selection1 ! =mation ( our _m races has be5 sl[ & gradual4 ,! man :o fir/ obs]v$ & pres]v$ a pigeon ) its oesophagus a little enl>g$1 its beak a little long]1 or its tail a little m exp&$ ?an usual1 nev] dream$ t he _h made ! fir/ /ep 9 ! creation ( a p\t]1 c>ri]1 & fantail-pigeon4 ,man c create n only anomal\s bre$s1 b o!rs hav+ _! :ole /ructure admirably co-ord9at$ = c]ta9 purposes1 su* z ! racehorse & dray-horse1 or ! greyh\nd & bulldog4 ,x is by no means necess>y t ea* small *ange ( /ructure ?r\gh\t ! body1 lead+ t[>ds excell5ce1 %\ld simultane\sly arise & be select$4 ,al?\gh man seldom att5ds to diff]5ces 9 organs :i* are important "u a physiological po9t ( view1 yet he has s pr(\ndly modifi$ "s bre$s1 t assur$ly1 if f\nd wild1 !y w\ld be rank$ z di/9ct g5]a4 ,! be/ pro( ( :at selection has effect$ is p]haps af=d$ by ! fact t :atev] "p or quality 9 any animal1 & m especially 9 any plant1 is mo/ valu$ by man1 t "p or quality diff]s mo/ 9 ! sev]al races4 ,?is result is well se5 by comp>+ ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! fruits produc$ by ! sev]al v>ieties ( fruit-trees1 betwe5 ! fl[]s ( our fl[]-g>d5 plants1 betwe5 ! se$s1 roots1 or leaves ( our cul9>y & agricultural plants1 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r & n valu$ p>ts ( ! same v>ieties4 ,/rik+ evid5ce ( a diff]5t k9d is af=d$ by ! fact asc]ta9$ by ,oswald ,he]#h namely1 t ! se$s ( a l>ge numb] ( plants1--:eat1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 beans1 l5tils1 poppies1--cultivat$ = _! se$ by ! anci5t ,lake-inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 7 all small] ?an ! se$s ( our exi/+ v>ieties4 ,rtimey] has %[n t ! %eep & cattle :i* 7 kept by ! e>li] ,lake-inhabitants 7 likewise small] ?an our pres5t bre$s4 ,9 ! midd5s ( ,d5m>k1 ! e>lie/ dog ( :i* ! rema9s h be5 f\nd 0 ! weake/2 ?is 0 succe$$ dur+ ! ,bronze age by a /rong] k9d1 & ?is aga9 dur+ ! ,iron age by "o /ill /rong]4 ,! %eep ( ,d5m>k dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod _h extraord9>ily sl5d] limbs1 & ! horse 0 small] ?an our pres5t animal4#i ,no d\bt 9 mo/ ( ^! cases ! new & l>g] bre$s 7 introduc$ f =eign l&s by ! immigration ( new hordes ( m54 ,b x is n probable t ea* l>g] bre$1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t has supplant$ a previ\s & small] bre$1 0 ! desc5dant ( a di/9ct & l>g] species2 x is f> m probable t ! dome/ic races ( our v>i\s animals 7 gradually improv$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! great ,europaeo-,asiatic cont95t1 & !nce spread to o!r c\ntries4 ,?is fact ( ! gradual increase 9 size ( our dome/ic animals is all ! m /rik+ z c]ta9 wild or half-wild animals1 su* z r$-de]1 auro*s1 p>k-cattle1 & bo>s#aj h )9 ne>ly ! same p]iod decreas$ 9 size4 ,! conditions fav\rable to selection by man are1--! close/ att5tion to e "*1--long-cont9u$ p]sev]ance1--facility 9 mat*+ or sep>at+ animals1--& especially a l>ge numb] be+ kept1 s t ! inf]ior individuals may be freely reject$ or de/roy$1 & ! bett] ones pres]v$4 ,:5 _m are kept !re w also be a great] *ance ( ! occurr5ce ( well-m>k$ deviations ( /ructure4 ,l5g? ( "t is all-important2 = z ea* "*1 9 ord] to become /rongly pron\nc$1 has to be augm5t$ by ! selection ( successive v>iations ( ! same k9d1 ?is c be effect$ only dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,l5g? ( "t w1 also1 all[ any new feature to become fix$ by ! cont9u$ rejection ( ^? individuals :i* rev]t or v>y1 & by ! pres]vation ( ^? :i* /ill inh]it ! new "*4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh "s few animals h v>i$ rapidly 9 c]ta9 respects "u new conditions ( life1 z dogs 9 ,india & %eep 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 yet all ! animals & plants :i* h produc$ /rongly m>k$ races 7 dome/icat$ at an extremely remote epo*1 (t5 be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 no record has be5 pres]v$ ( ! orig9 ( our *ief dome/ic bre$s4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day new /ra9s or sub-bre$s are =m$ s sl[ly t _! fir/ appe>ance passes unnotic$4 ,a man att5ds to "s p>ticul> "*1 or m]ely mat*es 8 animals ) unusual c>e1 & aft] a "t a slight diff]5ce is p]ceiv$ by 8 neighb\rs2--! diff]5ce goes on be+ augm5t$ by unconsci\s & me?odical selection1 until at la/ a new sub-bre$ is =m$1 receives a local "n1 & spreads2 b by ?is "t its hi/ory is almo/ =gott54 ,:5 ! new bre$ has spread widely1 x gives rise to new /ra9s & sub-bre$s1 & ! be/ ( ^! succe$ & spread1 supplant+ o!r & old] bre$s2 & s always onw>ds 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t4 ,:5 a well-m>k$ bre$ has once be5 e/abli%$1 if n supplant$ by /ill fur!r improv$ sub-bre$s1 & if n expos$ to greatly *ang$ conditions ( life induc+ fur!r v>iability or rev]sion to long-lo/ *>act]s1 x may app>5tly la/ = an enorm\s p]iod4 ,we may inf] t ?is is ! case f ! high antiquity ( c]ta9 races2 b "s caution is necess>y on ?is head1 = ! same v>iation may appe> indep5d5tly aft] long int]vals ( "t1 or 9 di/ant places4 ,we may safely assume t ?is has occurr$ ) ! turnspit-dog1 ( :i* "o is figur$ on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts--) ! solid-ho($ sw9e#aa m5tion$ by ,ari/otle--) five-to$ f[ls describ$ by ,columella--& c]ta9ly ) ! nect>9e4 ,! dogs repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c41 %[ u t "s ( ! *ief bre$s !n exi/$1 b x is extremely d\btful :e!r any are id5tically ! same ) our pres5t bre$s4 ,a great ma/iff sculptur$ on an ,assyrian tomb1 #fdj ,b4,c41 is said to be ! same ) ! dog /ill import$ f ,?ibet into ! same region4 ,! true greyh\nd exi/$ dur+ ! ,roman classical p]iod4 ,com+ d[n to a lat] p]iod1 we h se5 t1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! *ief bre$s ( ! pigeon exi/$ betwe5 two & ?ree c5turies ago1 !y h n all reta9$ exactly ! same "* to ! pres5t day2 b ?is has occurr$ 9 c]ta9 cases 9 :i* no improvem5t 0 desir$1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ,spot & ,indian gr\nd-tumbl]4 ,de ,c&olle#ab has fully discuss$ ! antiquity ( v>i\s races ( plants2 he /ates t ! black se$$ poppy 0 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 ! :ite-se$$ sesamum by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & almonds ) sweet & bitt] k]nels by ! ,hebrews2 b x does n seem improbable t "s ( ^! v>ieties may h be5 lo/ & reappe>$4 ,"o v>iety ( b>ley & app>5tly "o ( :eat1 bo? ( :i* 7 cultivat$ at an imm5sely remote p]iod by ! ,lake-inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 /ill exi/4 ,x is said#ac t 8specim5s ( a small v>iety ( g\rd :i* is /ill common 9 ! m>ket ( ,lima 7 exhum$ f an anci5t cemet]y 9 ,p]u40 ,de ,c&olle rem>ks t1 9 ! books & draw+s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! pr9cipal races ( ! cabbage1 turnip1 & g\rd c be recognis$3 ?is might h be5 expect$ at s late a p]iod1 b :e!r any ( ^! plants are absolutely id5tical ) our pres5t sub-v>ieties is n c]ta94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 said t ! ,brussels spr\t1 a v>iety :i* 9 "s places is liable to deg5]ation1 has rema9$ g5u9e = m ?an f\r c5turies 9 ! di/rict :]e x is believ$ to h orig9at$4#ad ,9 accordance ) ! views ma9ta9$ by me 9 ?is "w & else:]e1 n only ! v>i\s dome/ic races1 b ! mo/ di/9ct g5]a & ord]s )9 ! same great class--= in/ance1 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es--are all ! desc5dants ( "o common prog5itor1 & we mu/ admit t ! :ole va/ am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ^! =ms has prim>ily aris5 f simple v>iability4 ,to consid] ! subject "u ?is po9t ( view is en\gh to /rike "o dumb ) amazem5t4 ,b our amazem5t ought to be less5$ :5 we reflect t be+s almo/ inf9ite 9 numb]1 dur+ an almo/ inf9ite lapse ( "t1 h (t5 _h _! :ole organisation r5d]$ 9 "s degree pla/ic1 & t ea* slight modification ( /ructure :i* 0 9 any way b5eficial "u excessively complex conditions ( life has be5 pres]v$1 :il/ ea* :i* 0 9 any way injuri\s has be5 rigor\sly de/roy$4 ,& ! long-cont9u$ accumulation ( b5eficial v>iations w infallibly h l$ to /ructures z div]sifi$1 z beautifully adapt$ = v>i\s purposes & z excell5tly co-ord9at$1 z we see 9 ! animals & plants ar\nd u4 ,h5ce ,i h spok5 ( selection z ! p>am\nt p[]1 :e!r appli$ by man to ! =mation ( dome/ic bre$s1 or by nature to ! production ( species4 ,i may recur to ! metaphor giv5 9 a =m] *apt]3 if an ar*itect 7 to re> a noble & commodi\s edifice1 )\t ! use ( cut /one1 by select+ f ! fragm5ts at ! base ( a precipice w$ge-=m$ /ones = 8 ar*es1 elongat$ /ones = 8 l9tels1 & flat /ones = 8 ro(1 we %\ld admire 8 skill & reg>d him z ! p>am\nt p[]4 ,n[1 ! fragm5ts ( /one1 ?\gh indisp5sable to ! ar*itect1 be> to ! edifice built by him ! same relation :i* ! fluctuat+ v>iations ( organic be+s be> to ! v>i$ & admirable /ructures ultimately acquir$ by _! modifi$ desc5dants4 ,"s au?ors h decl>$ t natural selection expla9s no?+1 unless ! precise cause ( ea* slight individual diff]5ce be made cle>4 ,if x 7 expla9$ to a savage utt]ly ignorant ( ! art ( build+1 h[ ! edifice _h be5 rais$ /one ^u /one1 & :y w$ge-=m$ fragm5ts 7 us$ = ! ar*es1 flat /ones = ! ro(1 etc42 & if ! use ( ea* "p & ( ! :ole build+ 7 po9t$ out1 x w\ld be unreasonable if he decl>$ t no?+ _h be5 made cle> to him1 because ! precise cause ( ! %ape ( ea* fragm5t c\ld n be told4 ,b ?is is a ne>ly p>allel case ) ! objection t selection expla9s no?+1 because we "k n ! cause ( ea* individual diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ea* be+4 ,! %ape ( ! fragm5ts ( /one at ! base ( our precipice may be call$ accid5tal1 b ?is is n /rictly correct2 = ! %ape ( ea* dep5ds on a long sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 all obey+ natural laws2 on ! nature ( ! rock1 on ! l9es ( deposition or cleavage1 on ! =m ( ! m\nta91 :i* dep5ds on its upheaval & subsequ5t d5udation1 & la/ly on ! /orm or e>?quake :i* ?r[s d[n ! fragm5ts4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! use to :i* ! fragm5ts may be put1 _! %ape may be /rictly said to be accid5tal4 ,& "h we are l$ to face a great difficulty1 9 allud+ to :i* ,i am aw>e t ,i am travell+ beyond my prop] prov9ce4 ,an omnisci5t ,creator mu/ h =ese5 e consequ5ce :i* results f ! laws impos$ by ,him4 ,b c x be reasonably ma9ta9$ t ! ,creator int5tionally ord]$1 if we use ! words 9 any ord9>y s5se1 t c]ta9 fragm5ts ( rock %\ld assume c]ta9 %apes s t ! build] might erect 8 edifice8 ,if ! v>i\s laws :i* h det]m9$ ! %ape ( ea* fragm5t 7 n pr$et]m9$ = ! build]'s sake1 c x be ma9ta9$ ) any great] probability t ,he specially orda9$ = ! sake ( ! bre$] ea* ( ! innum]able v>iations 9 our dome/ic animals & plants2--_m ( ^! v>iations be+ ( no s]vice to man1 & n b5eficial1 f> m (t5 injuri\s1 to ! creatures !mselves8 ,did ,he orda9 t ! crop & tail-fea!rs ( ! pigeon %\ld v>y 9 ord] t ! fanci] might make 8 grotesque p\t] & fantail bre$s8 ,did ,he cause ! frame & m5tal qualities ( ! dog to v>y 9 ord] t a bre$ might be =m$ ( indomitable f]ocity1 ) jaws fitt$ to p9 d[n ! bull = man's brutal sport8 ,b if we give up ! pr9ciple 9 "o case1--if we d n admit t ! v>iations ( ! primeval dog 7 int5tionally guid$ 9 ord] t ! greyh\nd1 = in/ance1 t p]fect image ( symmetry & vig\r1 might be =m$1--no %ad[ ( reason c be assign$ = ! belief t v>iations1 alike 9 nature & ! result ( ! same g5]al laws1 :i* h be5 ! gr\ndwork ?r\gh natural selection ( ! =mation ( ! mo/ p]fectly adapt$ animals 9 ! _w1 man includ$1 7 int5tionally & specially guid$4 ,h[ev] mu* we may wi% x1 we c h>dly foll[ ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray 9 8 belief 8t v>iation has be5 l$ along c]ta9 b5eficial l9es10 l a /ream 8along def9ite & useful l9es ( irrigation40 ,if we assume t ea* p>ticul> v>iation 0 f ! beg9n+ ( all "t preorda9$1 !n t pla/icity ( organisation1 :i* leads to _m injuri\s deviations ( /ructure1 z well z ! r$undant p[] ( reproduction :i* inevitably leads to a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 to ! natural selection or survival ( ! fitte/1 mu/ appe> to u sup]flu\s laws ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an omnipot5t & omnisci5t ,creator orda9s ev]y?+ & =esees ev]y?+4 ,?us we are br\ght face to face ) a difficulty z insoluble z is t ( free w & pr$e/9ation4 ,,ref]5ces #a ,godron1 #8,de l',espce1' #ahei1 tom4 ii4 p4 #dd1 etc4 #b #8,j\rnal ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' #aheh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fj4 #c #8,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' ,oct4 #ahfg1 p4 #dhf4 #d ,m4 ,rufz de ,lavison1 9 #8,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat41' ,dec4 #ahfb1 p4 #ajji4 #e #8,races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #cae4 #f #8,travels 9 ,p]u1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #agg4 #g ,y\att on ,cattle1 #ahcd1 p4 #bjj4 ,on ,pigs1 see #8,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #daj4 #h #8,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfe4 #i ,morlot1 #8,soc4 ,vaud4 des ,sci54 ,nat41' ,m>s1 #ahfj1 p4 #bih4 #aj ,rtimey]1 #8,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #cj4 #aa ,godron1',de l',espce1' tom4 i41 #ahei1 p4 #cfh4 #ab #8,geographie ,botan41' #ahee1 p4 #ihi4 #ac ,pick]+1 #8,races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #cah4 #ad #8,j\rnal ( a ,horticultural ,t\r1' by a ,deputation ( ! ,cal$onian ,hi/4 ,soc41 #ahbc1 p4 #bic4 ,,index ,,abbas ,,pa*a1 a fanci] ( fantail$ pigeons1 #f4 ,,abbey1 ,mr41 on graft+1 #ah 7#b72 --on mignonette1 #ba4 ,,abbott1 ,mr4 ,kei?1 on ! ,p]sian tumbl] pigeon1 #e4 ,,abbreviation ( ! facial bones1 #c4 ,,abortion ( organs1 #bd1 #bg4 ,,absorption ( m9ority 9 cross$ races1 #ae1 #ai4 ,,abutilon1 graft hybridisation (1 #aa4 ,,acclimatisation1 #bd2 --( maize1 #i4 ,,ac]bi1 on ! f]tility ( dome/ic animals 9 ,lapl&1 #af4 ,a*at9ella1 #ac4 ,a*illea millefolium1 bud v>iation 91 #aa4 ,aconitum napellus1 roots (1 innocu\s 9 cold climates1 #bc4 ,acorus calamus1 /]ility (1 #ah4 ,,aco/a1 on f[ls 9 ,s\? ,am]ica at its discov]y1 #g4 ,acrop]a1 numb] ( se$s 91 #bg4 ,,adam1 ,m41 orig9 ( ,cytisus adami1 #aa4 ,,adam1 ,w41 on consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,,adams1 on h]$it>y diseases1 #ab4 ,,advancem5t 9 scale ( organisation1 ,introduction4 gilops triticoides1 obs]vations ( ,fabre & ,godron on1 #i2 --increas+ f]tility ( hybrids (1 ) :eat1 #af4 sculus pavia1 t5d5cy (1 to become d\ble1 #ah4 ?usa cynapium1 #be4 ,,aff9ity1 sexual elective1 #ai4 ,,africa1 :ite bull f1 #c2 --f]al cattle 91 #c2 --food-plants ( savages (1 #i2 --,s\?1 div]sity ( bre$s ( cattle 91 #c2 --,we/1 *ange 9 fleece ( %eep 91 #c4 ,agave vivip>a1 se$+ (1 9 poor soil1 #ah4 ,,age1 *anges 9 trees1 dep5d5t on1 #aa4 ----1 z be>+ on pang5esis1 #bg4 ,,ag\ti1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,agriculture1 antiquity (1 #ba4 ,agro/is1 se$s (1 us$ z food1 #i4 ,,agu>a1 #a4 ,,a9swor?1 ,mr41 on ! *ange 9 ! hair ( animals at ,angora1 #bd4 ,,akb> ,,khan1 8 fondness = pigeons1 #f2 #bj4 ,alauda arv5sis1 #ah4 ,,alb91 on 8,gold5 ,hamburgh0 f[ls1 #g2 --figure ( ! hook-bill$ duck1 #h4 ,,alb9ism1 #d1 #ab4 ,,alb9o1 negro1 attack$ by insects1 #ba4 ,,alb9oes1 h]$ity (1 #ab4 ,,alb9us1 ?ickness ( ! epid]mis on ! palms ( ! h&s 9 man1 #bd4 ,,alco1 #a1 #ae4 ,,aldrov&i1 on rabbits1 #d2 --description ( ! nun pigeon1 #e2 --on ! fondness ( ! ,dut* = pigeons 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #f2 --notice ( sev]al v>ieties ( pigeons1 #f2 --on ! bre$s ( f[ls1 #g2 --on ! orig9 ( ! dome/ic duck1 #h4 ,,alefield1 ,dr41 on ! v>ieties ( peas & _! specific unity1 #i2 --on ! v>ieties ( beans1 #i4 ,,alex&] ! ,great1 8 selection ( ,indian cattle1 #bj4 ,,alg1 retrogressive metamorphosis 91 #bg2 --division ( zoospores (1 #bg4 ,,all51 ,j41 birds 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bc4 ,,all51 ,w41 on f]al f[ls1 #g1 #ac4 ,,allman1 ,pr(essor1 on a mon/r\s ,saxifraga geum1 #ah2 --on ! ,hydroida1 #bg 7#b74 ,,almond1 #aj2 --antiquity (1 #bh2 --bitt]1 n eat5 by mice1 #ba4 ,alnus glut9osa1 & incana1 hybrids (1 #ag4 ,,alpaca1 selection (1 #bj4 ,al?a rosea1 #aa1 #af4 ,am>yllis1 #ag4 ,am>yllis vittata1 effect ( =eign poll5 on1 #e4 ,,amaurosis1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,ambly/oma lurida1 #bg4 ,,am]ica1 limits )9 :i* no useful plants h be5 furni%$ by1 #i2 --col\rs ( f]al horses 91 #b2 --,nor?1 native cultivat$ plants (1 #i2 --sk9 ( f]al pig f1 #c2 --,s\?1 v>iations 9 cattle (1 #c4 ,,ammon1 on ! p]si/5cy ( col\r 9 horses1 #ab4 ,amygdalus p]sica1 #aj1 #aa4 ,anagallis arv5sis1 #ai4 ,,analog\s v>iation1 #e1 #bb2 --9 horses1 #e2 --9 ! horse & ass1 #b2 --9 f[ls1 #g4 ,anas bos*as1 #h1 #ac2 --skull (1 figur$1 #h4 8,,ancon0 %eep ( ,massa*usetts1 #c1 #ae4 ,,&alusian f[ls1 #g4 ,,&alusian rabbits1 #d4 ,,&]son1 ,j41 on ! orig9 ( ,briti% %eep1 #d2 --on ! selection ( qualities 9 cattle1 #bj2 --on a "o-e>$ bre$ ( rabbits1 #d2 --on ! inh]itance ( *>act]s f a "o-e>$ rabbit1 & ?ree-legg$ bit*1 #ab2 --on ! p]si/5cy ( v>ieties ( peas1 #i2 --on ! production ( e>ly peas by selection1 #bj2 --on ! v>ieties ( ! potato1 #i2 --on cross+ v>ieties ( ! melon1 #aa2 --on rev]sion 9 ! b>b]ry1 #aa4 ,,&]son1 ,mr41 on ! reproduction ( ! weep+ a% by se$1 #ab4 --on ! cultivation ( ! tree pony 9 ,*9a1 #bj4 ,,&]sson1 ,mr41 on ! ,dam>a1 ,be*uana1 & ,namaqua cattle1 #c2 --on ! c[s ( ! ,dam>as1 #bd2 --selection practis$ by ! ,dam>as & ,namaquas1 #bj2 --on ! use ( grass-se$s & ! roots ( re$s z food 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #i4 ,anemone coron>ia1 d\bl$ by selection1 #bj4 ,,ang9a pectoris1 h]$it>y1 occurr+ at a c]ta9 age1 #ad4 ,,anglesea1 cattle (1 #c4 ,,angola %eep1 #c4 ,,angora1 *ange 9 hair ( animals at1 #bc2 --cats (1 #a 7#b72 --rabbits (1 #d 7#b74 ,,animals1 dome/ication (1 facilitat$ by fe>lessness ( man1 #a2 --refusal ( wild1 to bre$ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --comp\nd1 individual peculi>ities (1 reproduc$ by budd+1 #aa2 --v>iation by selection 9 useful qualities (1 #bj4 ,,annual plants1 r>ity ( bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,anomalies 9 ! o/eology ( ! horse1 #b4 ,,anomal\s bre$s ( pigs1 #c2 --( cattle1 #c4 ,ans] albifrons1 *>act]s (1 reproduc$ 9 dome/ic geese1 #h4 ,ans] gyptiacus1 #h1 #ad4 ,ans] canad5sis1 #ah4 ,ans] f]us1 ! orig9al ( ! dome/ic goose1 #h2 --f]tility ( cross (1 ) dome/ic goose1 #h4 ,,anson1 on f]al f[ls 9 ! ,ladrones1 #g4 ,,antagonism betwe5 gr[? & reproduction1 #bg4 ,an!mis nobilis1 bud-v>iation 9 fl[]s (1 #aa2 --becomes s+le 9 poor soil1 #ah4 ,,an!rs1 contabesc5ce (1 #ah4 ,,antigua1 cats (1 #e2 --*ang$ fleece ( %eep 91 #c4 ,antirrh9um majus1 peloric1 #aj1 #ac 7#b71 #ah2 --d\ble-fl[]$1 #ah2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,ants1 individual recognition (1 #bb4 ,,aphides1 attack+ pe>-trees1 #ba2 --developm5t (1 #bg4 ,,apoplexy1 h]$it>y1 occurr+ at a c]ta9 age1 #ad4 ,,apple1 #aj2 --fruit (1 9 ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --r5d]$ fa/igiate by heat 9 ,india1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 9 !1 #aa2 --) dimidiate fruit1 #aa 7#b72 --) two k9ds ( fruit on ! same bran*1 #aa2 --artificial fecundation (1 #aa2 --,/4 ,valry1 #aa1 #ah2 --rev]sion 9 se$l+s (1 #ac2 --cross+ ( v>ieties (1 #ag2 --gr[? ( !1 9 ,ceylon1 #ba2 --w9t] majet91 n attack$ by coccus1 #ba2 --fl[]-buds (1 attack$ by bullf9*es1 #ba2 --,am]ican1 *ange (1 :5 gr[n 9 ,engl&1 #bc4 ,,apricot1 #aj 7#b72 --gl&s on ! leaves (1 #ba2 --analog\s v>iation 9 !1 #bf4 ,aquila fusca1 copulat+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,aquilegia vulg>is1 #aj1 #be4 ,,arab bo>h\nd1 describ$ by ,h>c\rt1 #a4 ,arabis bleph>ophylla & ,a4 soy]i1 effects ( cross+1 #aa4 ,aralia trifoliata1 bud-v>iation 9 leaves (1 #aa4 ,,arauc>ias1 "y1 v>iable resi/ance (1 to fro/1 #bd4 ,,ar*angel pigeon1 #ba4 ,,arctic regions1 v>iability ( plants & %ells (1 #bb4 ,aria ve/ita1 graft$ on ?orns1 #aa4 ,,ari/ophanes1 f[ls m5tion$ by1 #g4 ,,ari/otle1 on solid-ho($ pigs1 #c2 --dome/ic duck unkn[n to1 #h2 --on ! assumption ( male *>act]s by old h5s1 #ac4 ,,arni1 dome/ication ( !1 #c4 ,,arnold1 ,mr41 exp]im5ts ( poll5 on ! maize1 #aa4 ,,arre/s ( developm5t1 #bd4 ,,art]ies1 increase ( ana/omos+ bran*es (1 :5 ti$1 #bd4 ,,aru ,isl&s1 wild pig (1 #c4 ,,arum1 ,polynesian v>ieties (1 #bb4 ,asc>is1 numb] ( eggs (1 #bg4 ,,a%1 v>ieties ( !1 #aj2 --weep+1 #aj2 --simple-leav$1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --effects ( graft ^u ! /ock 9 !1 #aa2 --production ( ! blot*$ ,breadalbane1 #aa2 --weep+1 caprici\s reproduction (1 by se$1 #ab4 ,as9us bur*ellii1 #b4 ,as9us hemionus1 #ac4 ,as9us indicus1 #ac 7#b74 ,as9us quagga1 #b4 ,as9us tniopus1 ! orig9al ( ! dome/ic ass1 #b4 ,,asp>agus1 increas$ f]tility ( cultivat$1 #af4 ,,ass1 e>ly dome/ication ( !1 #b2 --bre$s (1 #b2 --small size (1 9 ,india1 #b2 --/ripes (1 #b 7#b72 --dislike (1 to cross wat]1 #f2 --rev]sion 91 #ac 7#c72 --hybrid ( !1 ) m>e & zebra1 #ac2 --prepot5cy ( !1 ov] ! horse1 #ad2 --cross$ ) wild ass1 #bj2 --v>iation & selection ( !1 #ba4 ,,assyrian sculpture ( a ma/iff1 #a4 ,,a/]s1 #ab1 #bd4 ,,a/hma1 h]$it>y1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,atavism4 ,see ,rev]sion4 ,,a!l/an1 8 c>e ( horses1 #bj4 ,,atk9son1 ,mr41 on ! /]ility ( ! ,t>roo silk-mo? 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,aub]g9e1 #ae4 ,,audubon1 on f]al hybrid ducks1 #f1 #ac2 --on ! dome/ication ( wild ducks on ! ,mississippi1 #h2 --on ! wild cock turkey visit+ dome/ic h5s1 #h2 --f]tility ( ,fr+illa ciris 9 captivity1 #ah2 --f]tility ( ,columba migratoria & leucocephala 9 captivity1 #ah2 --bre$+ ( ,ans] canad5sis 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,audubon & ,ba*man1 on ! *ange ( coat 9 ,ovis montana1 #c2 --/]ility ( ,sciurus c9]ea 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,auricula1 effect ( seasonal conditions on !1 #bc2 --bloom+ (1 #bf4 ,,au/ralia1 no g5]ally useful plants d]iv$ f1 #i2 --useful plants (1 enum]at$ by ,hook]1 #i4 ,,au/ria1 h]$ity ( "* 9 emp]ors (1 #ad4 ,,aut5rie?1 on p]si/5cy ( col\r 9 horses1 #ab4 ,,ava1 horses (1 #b4 ,av5a fatua1 cultivability (1 #i4 #8,,aye5 ,akb]y1' pigeons m5tion$ 9 !1 #e 7#b71 #f 7#d74 ,,ayres1 ,w4 ,p41 on bud-v>iation 9 pel>goniums1 #aa4 ,azalea indica1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,az>a1 on ! f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata1 #a2 --on ! cross+ ( dome/ic ) wild cats 9 ,p>aguay1 #a2 --on hornlike processes 9 horses1 #b2 --on curl$ hair 9 horses1 #b2 --on ! col\rs ( f]al horses1 #b2 --on ! cattle ( ,p>aguay & ,la ,plata1 #c 7#c71 #bb2 --on a hornless bull1 #bj2 --on ! increase ( cattle 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ag2 --on ! gr[? ( horns 9 ! hornless cattle ( ,corri5tes1 #ac2 --on ! 8,niata0 cattle1 #c2 --on nak$ quadrup$s1 #bc2 --on a race ( black-sk9n$ f[ls 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #g1 #bj2 --on a v>iety ( maize1 #i4 ,,bab+ton1 ,c4 ,c41 on ! orig9 ( ! plum1 #aj2 --,briti% species ( ! g5us ,rosa1 #aj2 --di/9ctness ( ,viola lutea & tricolor1 #aj4 ,,ba*mann1 ,mr41 on ! turkey1 #bb4 ,see also ,audubon4 ,,badg]1 bre$+ 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 8,,bagadott5-,,taube10 #e4 ,,baily1 ,mr41 on ! effect ( selection on f[ls1 #bj2 --on ,dork+ f[ls1 #ba4 ,,baird1 ,s41 on ! orig9 ( ! turkey1 #h4 ,,bak]1 ,mr41 on h]$ity 9 ! horse1 #ab2 --on ! deg5]ation ( ! horse by neglect1 #ba2 --ord]s ( ,h5rys ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 = ! de/ruction ( und]siz$ m>es1 #bj4 ,,bakewell1 *ange 9 ! %eep effect$ by1 #bj4 ,,balancem5t1 #bf 7#b72 --( gr[?1 law (1 #bf4 ,,baldhead 7pigeon71 #e4 ,,baldness1 9 man1 inh]it$1 #be2 --) defici5cy 9 tee?1 #be 7#b74 ,,ballance1 ,mr41 on ! effects ( int]bre$+ on f[ls1 #ag2 --on v>iation 9 ! eggs ( f[ls1 #g4 ,ballota nigra1 transmission ( v>iegat$ leaves 91 #aa4 ,,bamboo1 v>ieties ( !1 #bb4 ,,banana1 v>iation ( !1 #aj1 #bb2 --bud-v>iation 9 !1 #aa2 --/]ility ( !1 #bb4 ,,bantam f[ls1 #g2 --,sebright1 orig9 (1 #ae2 --/]ility (1 #af4 ,,b>b 7pigeon71 #e 7#b71 #f1 #ba2 --figure (1 #e2 --figure ( l[] jaw (1 #e4 ,,b>bs1 ( :eat1 #i4 ,,b>b]ry1 d>k or r$-leav$ v>iety1 #aj1 #ab2 --rev]sion 9 suck]s ( se$less v>iety1 #aa4 ,,b>but1 ,j41 on ! dogs ( ,gu9ea1 #a2 --on ! dome/ic pigeons 9 ,gu9ea1 #f2 --f[ls n native 9 ,gu9ea1 #g4 ,,b>k+1 acquisition ( ! habit (1 by v>i\s dogs1 #a4 ,,b>ley1 wild1 #i2 --( ! lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --anci5t v>iety (1 #bh4 ,,b>nes1 ,mr41 production ( e>ly peas by selection1 #bj4 ,,b>net1 ,mr41 on ! int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --dici\sness ( ! hautbois /rawb]ry1 #aj2 --on ! ,sc>let ,am]ican /rawb]ry1 #bj4 ,,b>?1 ,dr41 use ( grass-se$s z food 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 #i4 ,,b>tlett1 ,a4 ,d41 on ! orig9 ( 8,himalayan0 rabbits by int]cross+1 #d2 --on ! f]al rabbits ( ,porto ,santo1 #d2 --on geese ) rev]s$ fea!rs on ! head & neck1 #h2 --on ! "y ( ! black-%\ld]$ peacock1 #h2 --on a v>iety ( ! turkey1 #h2 --size ( hybrids1 #ag2 --on ! bre$+ ( ! ,felid 9 captivity1 #ah2 --s-call$ hybrids1 #be4 ,,b>tram1 on ! black wolf-dog ( ,florida1 #a4 ,,bates1 ,h4 ,w41 refusal ( wild animals to bre$ 9 captivity1 #ah 7#b72 --/]ility ( ,am]ican monkeys 9 captivity1 #ah2 --/]ility ( tam$ guans1 #ah4 ,,batra*ia1 reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts 91 #bg4 ,,bea*1 rais$1 9 ,p]u1 conta9+ heads ( maize1 #i4 ,,beak1 v>iability (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --individual diff]5ces (1 9 pigeons1 #e2 --correlation (1 ) ! feet 9 pigeons1 #e4 ,,beale1 ,lionel1 on ! cont5ts ( cells1 #bg2 --on ! multiplication ( infecti\s atoms1 #bg4 ,,beans1 #i2 --( ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --v>ieties (1 produc$ by selection1 #bj2 --,fr5* & sc>let1 v>iable resi/ance (1 to fro/1 #bd 7#b72 --sup]iority ( native se$ (1 #bd2 --a symmetrical v>iation ( sc>let1 #bg2 --exp]im5ts on kidney1 #h2 --) mon/r\s /ipules & abortive leaflets1 #bf4 ,,be>d pigeon1 #e4 ,,be>s1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,beasley1 ,j41 rev]sion 9 cross$ cattle1 #ac4 ,,beaton1 ,d41 effect ( soil ^u /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --on v>ieties ( pel>gonium1 #aj1 #bc 7#b72 --bud-v>iation 9 ,gladiolus colvilii1 #aa2 --cross betwe5 ,scot* kail & cabbage1 #ae2 --hybrid gladiolus1 #ag2 --con/ant occurr5ce ( new =ms among se$l+s1 #ba2 --on ! d\bl+ ( ! ,composit1 #bd4 ,,be*uana cattle1 #c4 ,,be*/e91 on ! burr[+ ( wolves1 #a2 --,spitz ,dog1 #a2 --orig9 ( ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 #a2 --cross+ ( dome/ic & wild sw9e1 #c2 --on ! ,jacob9 pigeon1 #e1 #f2 --notice ( swall[-pigeons1 #e2 --on a =k-tail$ pigeon1 #e2 --v>iations 9 ! col\r ( ! cr\p 9 pigeons1 #f2 --on ! ,g]man dovecot pigeon1 #f2 --f]tility ( mongrel-pigeons1 #f2 --on hybrid turtle-doves1 #f2 --on cross+ ! pigeon ) ,columba nas1 ,c4 palumbus1 ,turtur risoria1 & ,t4 vulg>is1 #f2 --developm5t ( spurs 9 ! silk h51 #g2 --on ,poli% f[ls1 #g 7#b72 --on cre/$ birds1 #g2 --on ! can>y-bird1 #h1 #ab1 #ah2 --,g]man sup]/ition ab\t ! turkey1 #h2 --occurr5ce ( horns 9 hornless bre$s ( %eep1 #ac2 --hybrids ( ! horse & ass1 #ad2 --crosses ( tailless f[ls1 #ae2 --difficulty ( pair+ dove-cot & fancy pigeons1 #af2 --f]tility ( tame f]rets & rabbits1 #af2 --f]tility ( wild s[1 #af2 --difficulty ( bre$+ cag$ birds1 #ah2 --comp>ative f]tility ( ,psittacus eri?acus 9 captivity1 #ah2 --on *anges ( plumage 9 captivity1 #ah2 --liability ( light-col\r$ cattle to ! attacks ( flies1 #ba2 --want ( ex]cise a cause ( v>iability1 #bb2 --effect ( privation ( light ^u ! plumage ( birds1 #bc2 --on a sub-v>iety ( ! monk-pigeon1 #bf4 ,,beck1 ,mr41 con/itutional diff]5ces 9 pel>goniums1 #aj4 ,,beckmann1 on *anges 9 ! od\rs ( plants1 #bc4 ,,b$doe1 ,dr41 correlation ( complexion ) consumption1 #be4 ,,bee1 p]si/5cy ( "* (1 #ba1 #bb2 --int]cross+1 #ag2 --conveyance ( poll5 ( peas by1 #i4 ,,bee ,,ophrys1 self-f]tilisation (1 #ae4 ,,bee*1 d>k-leav$1 #aj1 #ab2 --f]n-leav$1 rev]sion (1 #aa2 --weep+1 non-production (1 by se$1 #ab4 ,,bee*ey1 horses ( ,loo*oo ,isl&s1 #b4 ,,beet1 #i2 --increase ( sug> 91 by selection1 #bj4 ,begonia frigida1 s+ul> v>iety (1 #aj2 --/]ility (1 #ah4 ,,belgian rabbit1 #d4 ,,bell1 ,t41 /atem5t t :ite cattle h col\r$ e>s1 #c4 ,,bell1 ,w41 bud-v>iation 9 ,p>itium tricuspis1 #aa4 ,,bell+]i1 obs]vations on ge/ation 9 ! dog1 #a --on ! f]tility ( dogs & cats1 #af4 ,,belon1 on high-fly+ pigeons 9 ,paphlagonia1 #f2 --v>ieties ( ! goose1 #h4 ,,b5guela1 cattle (1 #c4 ,,b5nett1 ,dr4 ,g41 pigs ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #c1 #ae2 --dogs ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #ae2 --v>ieties ( cultivat$ plants 9 ,tahiti1 #bb4 ,,b5nett1 ,mr41 on ! fall[ de]1 #af4 ,,b5?am1 ,g41 numb] & orig9 ( cultivat$ plants1 #i2 --on ,phaseolus1 #i2 --c]eals all cultivat$ v>ieties1 #i2 --species ( ! orange gr\p1 #aj2 --di/9ctions ( almond & pea*1 #aj2 --,briti% species ( ,rosa1 #aj2 --id5tity ( ,viola lutea & tricolor1 #aj4 ,b]b]is vulg>is1 #aa1 #ab4 ,b]b]is walli*ii1 indiff]5ce (1 to climate1 #ah4 ,,b]jeau1 on ! hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a 7#b74 ,,b]keley1 ,g4 ,f41 production ( h5-cocks 9 a /ra9 ( game-f[ls1 #g4 ,,b]keley1 ,m4 ,j41 cross+ ( v>ieties ( ! pea1 #aa2 --effect ( =eign poll5 on grapes1 #aa2 --on hybrid plants1 #ag2 --analogy betwe5 poll5 ( highly-cultivat$ plants & hybrids1 #bb2 --on ,hung>ian kidney-beans1 #bc2 --failure ( ,indian :eat 9 ,engl&1 #bd4 ,,b]n>d1 inh]itance ( disease 9 ! horse1 #ab4 ,,b]n>d1 ,c41 indep5d5ce ( ! organs ( ! body1 #bg2 --special aff9ities ( ! tissues1 #bg4 ,,b]nh>di1 v>ieties ( plants ) lac9iat$ leaves1 #bf4 ,b]nicla ant>ctica1 #h4 ,,b]t]o1 on f]al pigeons 9 ,juan ,f]n&ez1 #f4 ,betula alba1 #ab4 ,,bewick1 on ! ,briti% wild cattle1 #c4 ,,bianconi1 ,pr(41 on ! skulls ( dogs1 #a4 ,,bible1 ref]5ce to bre$+ /uds ( horses 91 #b2 --ref]5ces to dome/ic pigeons 9 !1 #f2 --indications ( selection ( %eep 9 !1 #bj2 --notice ( mules 9 !1 #bj4 ,,bidwell1 ,mr41 on self-impot5ce 9 ,am>yllis1 #ag4 ,bignonia1 self-/]ility (1 #ag4 ,,bir*1 weep+1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,bir*1 ,dr4 ,s41 on ! anci5t dome/ication ( ! pigeon 9 ,egypt1 #f2 --notice ( bantam f[ls 9 a ,japanese encyclopdia1 #g 7#b74 ,,bir*1 ,,wyrley1 on silv]-grey rabbits1 #d 7#b74 ,,birds1 /]ility caus$ 91 by *ange ( conditions1 #ah4 ,,bladd]-,,nut1 t5d5cy ( !1 to become d\ble1 #ah4 ,,bla9e1 ,mr41 on wry-legg$ t]ri]s1 #ba4 ,,bla9ville1 orig9 & hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --v>iations 9 ! numb] ( tee? 9 dogs1 #a2 --v>iations 9 ! numb] ( toes 9 dogs1 #a2 --on mummies ( cats1 #a2 --on ! o/eology ( solid-ho($ pigs1 #c2 --on f]al ,patagonian & ,n4 ,am]ican pigs1 #c4 8,,blass-,,taube10 #e ,,ble$+1 h]$it>y1 #ab2 --sexual limitation ( excessive1 #ad4 ,,bl5d+ ( cross$ races1 "t occupi$ by !1 #ae4 ,,bl9dness1 h]$it>y1 #ab2 --at a c]ta9 age1 #ad2 --associat$ ) col\r ( hair1 #be4 ,,bloodh\nds1 deg5]ation (1 caus$ by int]bre$+1 #ag4 ,,blum5ba*1 on ! protub]ance ( ! skull 9 ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --on ! effect ( circumcision1 #ab2 --inh]itance ( a crook$ f+]1 #ab2 --on badg]-dogs & o!r v>ieties ( ! dog1 #bj2 --on ,hydra1 #bd2 --on ! 8nisus =mativus10 #bd4 ,,bly?1 ,e41 on ! p>iah dog1 #a2 --hybrids ( dog & jackal1 #a2 --e>ly dome/ication ( cats 9 ,india1 #a2 --orig9 ( dome/ic cat1 #a2 --cross+ ( dome/ic & wild cats1 #a2 --on ,indian cats resembl+ ,felis *aus1 #a2 --on /rip$ ,burmese ponies1 #b2 --on ! /ripes ( ! ass1 #b2 --on ,indian wild pigs1 #c2 --on hump$ cattle1 #c2 --occurr5ce ( ,bos frontosus 9 ,iri% crannoges1 #c2 --f]tile cross+ ( zebus & common cattle1 #c2 --on ! species ( %eep1 #c2 --on ! fat-tail$ ,indian %eep1 #c2 --orig9 ( ! goat1 #c2 --on rabbits bre$+ 9 ,india1 #d2 --numb] ( tail-fea!rs 9 fantails1 #e2 --,lotan tumbl] pigeons1 #e2 --numb] ( tail-fea!rs 9 ,ectopi/es1 #b2 --on ,columba aff9is1 #f2 --pigeons roo/+ 9 trees1 #f2 --on ,columba leuconota1 #f2 --on ,columba int]m$ia ( ,/rickl&1 #f2 --v>iation 9 col\r ( cr\p 9 pigeons1 #f 7#c72 --volunt>y dome/ication ( rock-pigeons 9 ,india1 #f2 --f]al pigeons on ! ,hudson1 #f2 --occurr5ce ( sub-species ( pigeons1 #f2 --notice ( pigeon-fanci]s 9 ,delhi1 etc41 #f2 --hybrids ( ,gallus sonn]atii & ! dome/ic h51 #g2 --suppos$ hybridity ( ,gallus temm9ckii1 #g2 --v>iations & dome/ication ( ,gallus bankiva1 #g 7#b72 --cross+ ( wild & tame f[ls 9 ,burmah1 #g2 --re/rict$ range ( ! l>g] gall9ace\s birds1 #g2 --f]al f[ls 9 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 #g2 --black-sk9n$ f[ls occurr+ ne> ,calcutta1 #g2 --weight ( ,gallus bankiva1 #g2 --deg5]ation ( ! turkey 9 ,india1 #h1 #bc2 --on ! col\r ( gold-fi%1 #h2 --rev]sion f a cross1 #ac2 --on ! ,ghor-,khur 7,as9us indicus71 #ac2 --on ,as9us hemionus1 #ac2 --numb] ( eggs ( ,gallus bankiva1 #af2 --on ! bre$+ ( birds 9 captivity1 #ah2 --co-exi/5ce ( l>ge & small bre$s 9 ! same c\ntry1 #bc2 --on ! droop+ e>s ( ! elephant1 #bd2 --homology ( leg & w+ fea!rs1 #be4 ,,boe?ius on ,scot* wild cattle1 #c4 ,,boit>d & ,corbi1 on ! bre$s ( pigeons1 #e2 --,lille p\t] pigeon1 #e2 --notice ( a glid+ pigeon1 #e2 --v>iety ( ! p\t] pigeon1 #e2 --dove-cot pigeon1 #f2 --cross+ pigeons1 #f1 #ae1 #ag2 --/]ility ( hybrids ( turtle-doves1 #f2 --rev]sion ( cross$ pigeons1 #f1 #ac2 --on ! fantail1 #f1 #ad2 --on ! trumpet]1 #ad2 --prepot5cy ( transmission 9 silky fantail1 #ad 7#b72 --second>y sexual *>act]s 9 pigeons1 #ad2 --cross+ ( :ite & col\r$ turtle-doves1 #ae2 --f]tility ( pigeons1 #af4 ,,bombycid1 w+less females (1 #bd4 ,bombyx hesp]us1 #bd4 ,bombyx huttoni1 #h4 ,bombyx mori1 #h4 ,,bonaf\s1 on maize1 #i4 ,,bonap>te1 numb] ( species ( ,columbid1 #e2 --numb] ( tail-fea!rs 9 pigeons1 #e2 --size ( ! feet 9 ,columbid1 #e2 --on ,columba gu9ea1 #f2 --,columba turricola1 rupe/ris & s*imp]i1 #f4 ,bonatea speciosa1 developm5t ( ov>y (1 #aa4 ,,bonavia1 ,dr41 gr[? ( caulifl[]s 9 ,india1 #bd4 ,,bon]1 ,mr41 semi-f]al %eep1 #ac4 ,,bones1 removal ( portions (1 #bd2 --reg5]ation (1 #bd2 --gr[? & repair (1 #bg4 ,,bonizzi1 on pigeons1 #e 7#b74 ,,bonnet1 on ! salam&]1 #bg2 --!ory ( reproduction1 #bg 7#b74 ,,bor*mey]1 exp]im5ts ) ! se$s ( ! weep+ a%1 #ab4 ,,borecole1 #i4 ,,borelli1 on ,poli% f[ls1 #g4 ,,borneo1 f[ls (1 ) tail-b&s1 #g4 ,,bornet1 ,e41 condition ( ! ov>y 9 hybrid ,ci/i1 #aa2 --self-impot5ce ( hybrid ,ci/i1 #ag4 ,,borr[1 ,g41 on po9t]s1 #a4 ,,bory ,,de ,,sa9t-,,v9c5t1 on gold-fi%1 #h4 ,bos1 probable orig9 ( ,european dome/ic cattle f ?ree species (1 #c4 ,bos frontosus1 #c4 ,bos indicus1 #c4 ,bos longifrons1 #c 7#c74 ,bos primig5ius1 #c 7#b71 #ag4 ,bos sondaicus1 #bj4 ,bos taurus1 #c4 ,bos tro*oc]os1 #c4 ,,bosc1 h]$ity 9 foliage-v>ieties ( ! elm1 #aj4 ,,bosse1 production ( d\ble fl[]s f old se$1 #ah4 ,,bossi1 on bre$+ d>k-col\r$ silkworms1 #h4 ,,bosman1 on dogs ( ,gu9ea1 #a4 ,,b\*>dat1 on ! v9e disease1 #aj4 ,,b\d91 on local diseases1 #bc2 --resi/ance to cold ( d>k-complexion$ m51 #be4 8,,b\lans10 #e4 8,,b\ton d',alep10 #bc4 ,,b[51 ,pr(41 d\bts z to ! importance ( inh]itance1 #ab4 ,,b[man1 ,mr41 h]$it>y peculi>ities 9 ! human eye1 #ab2 --h]$it>y cat>act1 #ad4 ,,brace1 ,mr41 on ,hung>ian cattle1 #c4 ,bra*ycome ib]idifolia1 #bb4 ,,bracts1 unusual developm5t (1 9 gooseb]ries1 #aj4 ,,bradley1 ,mr41 effect ( grafts ^u ! /ock 9 ! a%1 #aa2 --effect ( =eign poll5 ^u apples1 #aa2 --on *ange ( soil1 #ah4 8,,brahma ,pootras10 a new bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,bra91 proportion (1 9 h>es & rabbits1 #d4 ,,br&t1 ,dr41 orig9 ( ! goat1 #c2 --correlation ( tee? & hair1 #be4 ,brassica1 v>ieties (1 ) enl>g$ /ems1 #bf4 ,brassica asp]ifolia1 #bf4 ,brassica napus1 #i4 ,brassica ol]acea1 #i4 ,brassica rapa1 #i1 #ah4 ,,braun1 ,a41 bud-v>iation 9 ! v9e1 #aa2 --9 ! currant1 #aa2 --9 ,mirabilis jalapa1 #aa2 --9 ,cytisus adami1 #aa2 --on rev]sion 9 ! foliage ( trees1 #aa2 --spontane\s production ( ,cytisus purpureo-elongatus1 #aa2 --rev]sion ( fl[]s by /ripes & blot*es1 #ac2 --excess ( n\ri%m5t a s\rce ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,brazil1 cattle (1 #c4 ,,bread-,,fruit1 v>ieties (1 #bb2 --/]ility & v>iability (1 #bb4 ,,bree1 ,w4 ,t41 bud-v>iation 9 ,g]anium prat5se & ,c5taurea cyanus1 #aa2 --by tub]s 9 ! dahlia1 #aa2 --on ! deafness ( :ite cats ) blue eyes1 #be4 ,,bre$+1 high1 dep5d5t on inh]itance1 #ab 7#b74 ,,bre$s1 dome/ic1 p]si/5cy (1 #ba2 --artificial & natural1 #bh 7#b72 --ext9ction (1 #bh2 --( dome/ic cats1 #a2 --( pigs produc$ by cross+1 #c2 --( cattle1 #c 7#b72 --( goats1 #c4 ,,brehm1 on ,columba amali1 #f4 ,,br5t1 ,b4 ,p41 numb] ( mamm 9 rabbits1 #d2 --habits ( ! tumbl] pigeon1 #e2 --,laugh] pigeon1 #e2 --col\r+ ( ! kite tumbl]1 #e2 --cross+ ( ! pigeon ) ,columba nas1 #f2 --mongrels ( ! trumpet] pigeon1 #ad2 --close int]bre$+ ( pigeons1 #ag2 --op9ion on ,aldrov&i's f[ls1 #g2 --on /ripes 9 *ick5s1 #g2 --on ! combs ( f[ls1 #g2 --d\ble-spurr$ ,dork+ f[ls1 #g2 --effect ( cross+ on col\r ( plumage 9 f[ls1 #g2 ---incubatory in/9ct ( mongrels betwe5 non-sett+ v>ieties ( f[ls1 #ac2 --orig9 ( ! dome/ic duck1 #h2 --f]tility ( ! hook-bill$ duck1 #h2 --occurr5ce ( ! plumage ( ! wild duck 9 dome/ic bre$s1 #h2 --voice ( ducks1 #h2 --occurr5ce ( a %ort upp] m&ible 9 crosses ( hook-bill$ & common ducks1 #h2 --rev]sion 9 ducks produc$ by cross+1 #ac2 --v>iation ( ! can>y-bird1 #h2 --fa%ion 9 ! can>y1 #ba2 --hybrids ( can>y & f9*es1 #ac4 ,,brickell1 on rais+ nect>9es f se$1 #d2 --on ! horses ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #bd4 ,,bridges1 ,mr41 on ! dogs ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 #a2 --on ! selection ( dogs by ! ,fuegians1 #bj4 ,,bridgman1 ,w4 ,k41 reproduction ( abnormal f]ns1 #aa4 ,,broca1 ,p41 on ! int]cross+ ( dogs1 #a 7#b72 --on hybrids ( h>e & rabbit1 #d2 --on ! rumpless f[l1 #g2 --on ! "* ( half-ca/es1 #ac2 --degree ( f]tility ( mongrels1 #af2 --/]ility ( desc5dants ( wild animals br$ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,broccoli1 #i2 --rudim5t>y fl[]s 91 #bd2 --t5d]ness (1 #bd4 ,,bromehead1 ,w41 d\bl+ ( ! ,cant]bury ,bell by selection1 #bj4 ,,broomfield1 ,dr41 /]ility ( ! ivy & ,acorus calamus1 #ah4 ,bromus secal9us1 #i4 ,,bronn1 ,h4 ,g41 bud v>iation 9 ,an!mis1 #aa2 --effects ( cross-bre$+ on ! female1 #aa2 --on h]$ity 9 a "o-horn$ c[1 #ab2 --propagation ( a p5dul\s pea* by se$1 #ab2 --absorption ( ! m9ority 9 cross$ races1 #ae2 --on ! cross+ ( horses1 #ae2 --f]tility ( tame rabbits & %eep1 #af2 --*anges ( plumage 9 captivity1 #ah2 --on ! dahlia1 #bb4 ,,bronze p]iod1 dog (1 #a4 ,,br[n1 ,c4 ,m41 prepot5cy ( a greyh\nd1 #ad4 ,,br[n1 ,g41 v>iations 9 ! d5tition ( ! horse1 #b4 ,,br[n-,s,,qu>d1 ,dr41 inh]itance ( artificially-produc$ epilepsy 9 ! gu9ea-pig1 #ab2 --inh]it$ effects ( injuries1 #ab4 ,brunswigia1 #ag4 ,,brussels spr\ts1 #i1 #bh4 ,bubo maximus1 #ah4 ,,buckl&1 ,f41 on oy/]s1 #bc2 --numb] ( eggs 9 a codfi%1 #bg4 ,,buckle1 ,mr41 d\bts z to ! importance ( inh]itance1 #ab4 ,,buckley1 ,miss1 c>ri]-pigeons roo/+ 9 trees1 #f4 ,,buckman1 ,pr(41 cultivation ( ,av5a fatua1 #i2 --cultivation ( ! wild p>snip1 #i1 #bj1 #bc2 --rev]sion 9 ! p>snip1 #ac4 ,,buck:eat1 injuri\s :5 9 fl[] to :ite pigs1 #be4 ,,bud & se$1 close analogy (1 #aa4 ,,bud-,,rev]sion1 #ac4 ,,buds1 adv5titi\s1 #bg4 ,,bud-,,v>iation1 #aa1 #bb1 #bc 7#c72 --contra/$ ) sem9al reproduction1 #aa2 --peculi> to plants1 #aa2 --9 ! pea*1 #aj2 --9 plums1 #aa2 --9 ! *]ry1 #aa2 --9 grapes1 #aa2 --9 ! gooseb]ry & currant1 #aa2 --pe> & apple1 #aa2 --& 9 ! banana1 camellia1 haw?orn1 ,azalea indica1 & ,p>itium tricuspis1 #aa2 --9 ! hollyhock & pel>gonium1 #aa2 --9 ,g]anium prat5se & ! *rysan!mum1 #aa2 --9 roses1 #aj1 #aa2 --9 sweet williams1 c>nations1 p9ks1 /ocks1 & snapdragons1 #aa 7#b72 --9 wall-fl[]s1 cyclam51 no!ra bi5nis1 ,gladiolus colvillii1 fu*sias1 & ,mirabilis jalapa1 #aa2 --9 foliage ( v>i\s trees1 #aa2 --cryptogamic plants1 #aa2 --by suck]s 9 ,phlox & b>b]ry1 #aa2 --by tub]s 9 ! potato1 #aa2 --9 ! dahlia1 #aa2 --by bulbs 9 hyac9?s1 ,imatophyllum m9iatum1 & tulips1 #aa2 --9 ,tigridia con*iflora1 #aa2 --9 ,hem]ocallis1 #aa2 --d\btful cases1 #aa2 --9 ,cytisus adami1 #aa2 --summ>y ( obs]vations on1 #aa4 ,,buffon1 on cross+ ! wolf & dog1 #a2 --increase ( f]tility by dome/ication1 #af2 --improvem5t ( plants by unconsci\s selection1 #bj2 --!ory ( reproduction1 #bg4 ,bulimus1 #ac4 ,,bull1 app>5t influ5ce (1 on (fspr+1 #ad4 ,,bullace1 #aj4 ,,bulldog1 deg5]ation (1 9 ,india1 #a2 --rec5t modifications (1 #a4 ,,bullf9*1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --attack+ fl[]-buds1 #ba4 ,,bult1 ,mr41 on ! l5g? ( p\t] pigeons1 #f4 8,,bundtn]s*we910 #c4 ,,bunt+1 re$1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,burda*1 cross+ ( dome/ic & wild animals1 #c2 --av]sion ( ! wild bo> to b>ley1 #bd4 ,,burke1 ,mr41 inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab4 ,burl+tonia1 #ag4 ,,burmah1 cats (1 #a4 ,,burmese ponies1 /rip$1 #b4 ,,burnes1 ,sir ,a41 on ! ,k>akool %eep1 #c1 #bc2 --v>ieties ( ! v9e 9 ,cabool1 #aj2 --hawks1 tra9$ 9 ,sc9de1 #ah2 --pomegranates produc+ se$1 #ah4 ,,burr1 ,,fe>+1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,burton ,,con/able1 wild cattle at1 #c4 8,,burzel-,,taub510 #e4 ,,bussorah c>ri]1 #e4 ,buteo vulg>is1 copulation (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,butt]flies1 polymorphic1 #bg4 ,,buxton1 ,mr41 p>rots bre$+ 9 ,norfolk1 #ah4 ,,buz>e+ues1 ,,gir\ ,,de1 inh]itance ( tricks1 #ab4 ,,cabanis1 pe>s graft$ on ! qu9ce1 #bb4 ,,cabbage1 #i2 --v>ieties (1 #i2 --unity ( "* 9 fl[]s & se$s (1 #i2 --cultivat$ by anci5t ,celts1 #i2 --classification ( v>ieties (1 #i2 --ready cross+ (1 #i1 #ae 7#b71 #ag2 --orig9 (1 #i2 --increas$ f]tility (1 :5 cultivat$1 #af2 --gr[? (1 9 tropical c\ntries1 #bc4 ,,cabool1 v9es (1 #aj4 ,,cabral1 on e>ly cultivation 9 ,brazil1 #i4 ,,cactus1 gr[? ( co*9eal on1 9 ,india1 #bc4 ,c,,s>1 ,bos primig5ius wild 9 ,europe 9 ! "t (1 #c2 --notice ( f[ls 9 ,brita91 #g2 --notice ( ! importation ( horses by ! ,celts1 #bj4 ,,caffre f[ls1 #g4 ,,caffres1 diff]5t k9ds ( cattle possess$ by !1 #c4 8,c,,gias0 a bre$ ( %eep1 #c4 ,cair9a mos*ata1 #f4 ,,calceol>ias1 #aj1 #ah2 --effects ( seasonal conditions on1 #bc2 --peloric fl[]s 91 #bf4 ,,caldwell1 ,j41 sport+ ( sug>-cane1 #aa4 8,,calongos10 a ,columbian bre$ ( cattle1 #c4 ,,calv]1 ,mr41 on a se$l+ pea* produc+ bo? pea*es & nect>9es1 #aj4 ,,calyx1 segm5ts ( !1 conv]t$ into c>pels1 #bg4 ,,camel1 its dislike to cross+ wat]1 #f4 ,camellia1 bud-v>iations 91 #aa2 --recognition ( v>ieties (1 #bb2 --v>iety 91 h>d9ess (1 #bd4 ,,cam]on1 ,d1 on ! cultivation ( ,alp9e plants1 #ah4 ,,cam]onn1 ,b>on1 value ( ,engli% blood 9 racehorses1 #ab4 ,campanula m$ium1 #bj4 ,,can>y-,,bird1 #h2 --conditions ( inh]itance 91 #ab2 --hybrids (1 #ac2 --p]iod ( p]fect plumage 91 #ad2 --dim9i%$ f]tility (1 #ah2 --/&>d ( p]fection 91 #bj2 --analog\s v>iation 91 #bf4 ,,canc]1 h]$ity (1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,canfield1 ,dr41 on horses ) curl$ hair1 #b2 --on f]al horses 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #b4 ,,can9e tee?1 developm5t ( !1 9 m>es1 #bd4 ,canis alopex1 #a4 ,canis ant>cticus1 #a4 ,canis arg5tatus1 #ah4 ,canis aureus1 #a4 ,canis cancrivorus1 dome/icat$ & cross$ 9 ,guiana1 #a4 ,canis c9]eo-v>iegatus1 #a4 ,canis fulvus1 #a4 ,canis +1 ! nak$ ,p]uvian dog1 #a4 ,canis latrans1 #a2 --resemblance (1 to ! ,h>e ,indian dog1 #a2 --"o ( ! orig9al /ocks1 #a4 ,canis lupa/]1 #a4 ,canis lupus1 v>4 occid5talis1 resemblance (1 to ,nor? ,am]ican dogs1 #a2 --cross$ ) dogs1 #a2 --"o ( ! orig9al /ocks1 #a4 ,canis mesomelas1 #a 7#b74 ,canis primvus1 tam$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson1 #a4 ,canis sabb>1 #a4 ,canis sim5sis1 possible orig9al ( greyh\nds1 #a4 ,canis ?aleb1 #a4 ,canis v>iegatus1 #a4 ,,cann+1 ,a4 ,s4 ,g41 ! japann$ peacock1 #h4 ,,cant]bury ,bell1 d\bl$ by selection1 #bj4 ,,cape ( ,good ,hope1 diff]5t k9ds ( cattle at !1 #c2 --no useful plants d]iv$ f !1 #i4 ,,cap]cailzie1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,capra gagrus & ,c4 falcon]i1 probable p>5ts ( dome/ic goat1 #c4 ,,capsicum1 #aj4 ,,c>dan1 on a v>iety ( ! walnut1 #aj2 --on graft$ walnuts1 #bb4 ,,c>doon1 #ac4 ,c>ex rigida1 local /]ility ( !1 #ah4 ,,c>li]1 e>ly selection ( %eep1 #bj4 ,,c>lisle1 ,sir ,a41 inh]itance ( peculi>ities1 #ab 7#b74 --( polydactylism1 #ab4 8,,c>me0 pigeon1 #e4 ,,c>nation1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --v>iability (1 #aj2 --/rip$1 produc$ by cross+ r$ & :ite1 #ab2 --effect ( conditions ( life on !1 #bc4 ,,c>nivora1 g5]al f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago1 cats (1 #a4 ,,c>p1 #ba4 ,,c>pels1 v>iation (1 9 cultivat$ ,cucurbitace1 #aj4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,w4 ,b41 reg5]ation ( bone1 #bd2 --numb] ( eggs 9 an ,asc>is1 #bg4 ,c>p9us betulus1 #bg4 ,c>pophaga oceanica1 #bh4 ,,c>r1 ,mr41 effect ( *ang$ conditions1 #ag4 ,,c>ri] pigeon1 #e2 --,engli%1 #e2 --figur$1 #e2 --skull figur$1 #e2 --hi/ory ( !1 #f2 --,p]sian1 #e2 --,bussorah1 #e2 --,bagadott51 skull figur$1 #e2 --l[] jaw figur$1 #e4 ,,c>ri,,re1 orig9 ( radi%1 #i2 --int]m$iate =m betwe5 ! almond & ! pea*1 #aj2 --gl&s ( pea*-leaves1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! v9e1 #aa2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! rose1 #aa2 --inh]itance 9 purple-leav$ trees1 #ab2 --on v>iation1 #aa 7#c72 --grafts ( ,aria ve/ita ^u ?orns1 #aa2 --v>iability ( hybrids ( ,ery?r9a1 #bb4 ,,c>rot1 wild1 effects ( cultivation on !1 #i2 --rev]sion 9 !1 #ac2 --run wild1 #ac2 --increas$ f]tility ( cultivat$1 #af2 --exp]im5ts on !1 #bc2 --acclimatisation ( !1 9 ,india1 #bd4 ,c>?amus1 abortion ( ! pappus 91 #bd4 ,,c>ti]1 cultivation ( native plants 9 ,canada1 #i4 ,,c>yophyllace1 frequ5cy ( contabesc5ce 9 !1 #ah4 ,,casp>y1 bud-v>iation 9 ! moss-rose1 #aa2 --on ! ovules & poll5 ( ,cytisus1 #aa2 --cross+ ( ,cytisus purpureus & ,c4 laburnum1 #aa2 --trifacial orange1 #aa2 --diff]5tly-col\r$ fl[]s 9 ! wild ,viola lutea1 #aa2 --/]ility ( ! horse-radi%1 #ah4 ,,ca/elnau1 on ,brazilian cattle1 #c4 ,,ca/ration1 assumption ( female *>act]s caus$ by1 #ac 7#b74 ,casu>ius b5nettii1 #ah4 ,,cat1 dome/ic1 #a2 --e>ly dome/ication & probable orig9 ( !1 #a 7#b72 --int]cross+ (1 ) wild species1 #a 7#b72 --v>iations (1 #a2 --f]al1 #a1 #ac2 --anomal\s1 #a2 --polydactylism 91 #ab2 --black1 indications ( /ripes 9 "y1 #ac2 --tortoise%ell1 #ad2 --effects ( cross+ 91 #ae2 --f]tility (1 #af2 --difficulty ( selection 91 #ba 7#b72 --l5g? ( inte/9es 91 #bd2 --:ite ) blue eyes1 deafness (1 #be2 --) tuft$ e>s1 #bf4 ,,cat>act1 h]$it>y1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,cat]pill>s1 effect ( *ang$ food on1 #bc4 ,catleya leopoldii1 #aa4 ,,catl91 ,g41 col\r ( f]al horses 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #b4 ,,caton1 ,judge1 wild turkey1 #af4 ,,cattle1 ,european1 _! probable orig9 f ?ree orig9al species1 #c2 --hump$1 or zebus1 #c2 --int]cross+ (1 #c 7#c72 --wild1 ( ,*ill+ham1 ,hamilton1 ,*>tley1 ,burton ,con/able1 & ,gisburne1 #a1 #ag2 --col\r ( f]al1 #c1 #bj2 --,briti% bre$s (1 #c 7#b72 --,s\? ,african bre$s (1 #c2 --,s\? ,am]ican bre$s (1 #c1 #bj2 --,niata1 #c 7#b71 #bj 7#b71 #be2 --effects ( food & climate on1 #c2 --effects ( selection on1 #c 7#b72 --,dut*-buttock$1 #ab2 --hornless1 production ( horns 91 #be2 --rev]sion 91 :5 cross$1 #ac2 --wildness ( hybrid1 #ac2 --%ort-horn$1 prepot5cy (1 #ad2 --wild1 influ5ce ( cross+ & segregation on1 #ae2 --crosses (1 #ae1 #af1 #ag2 --( ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #af2 --mutual f]tility ( all v>ieties (1 #af2 --effects ( int]bre$+ on1 #ag 7#b72 --%or?orn1 /]ility (1 #ag2 --effects ( c>eful selection on1 #bj 7#b72 --nak$1 ( ,columbia1 #bj2 --cross$ ) wild bant5g 9 ,java1 #bj2 --) rev]s$ hair 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 #bj2 --selection ( trifl+ *>act]s 91 #bj2 --fa%ion 91 #bj2 --simil>ity ( be/ races (1 #ba2 --unconsci\s selection 91 #bj2 --effects ( natural selection on anomal\s bre$s (1 #ba 7#b72 --light-col\r$1 attack$ by flies1 #ba1 #be2 --,j]sey1 rapid improvem5t (1 #ba2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #bd2 --rudim5t>y horns 91 #bd2 --suppos$ influ5ce ( humidity on ! hair (1 #be2 --:ite spots (1 liable to disease1 #be2 --suppos$ analog\s v>iation 91 #bf2 --displacem5t ( long-horn$ by %ort-horn$1 #bh4 ,,caulifl[]1 #i2 --free-se$+ (1 9 ,india1 #ba2 --rudim5t>y fl[]s 91 #bd4 ,,cavali] pigeon1 #ae4 ,cavia ap]ea1 #ah4 ,,cay 7,cebus az>71 /]ility (1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,cebus az>1 #ah4 ,cecidomyia1 l>val developm5t (1 #bc1 #bg 7#b72 --& ,misocampus1 ,introduction4 ,,c$>s ( ,lebanon & ,atlas1 #aj4 ,,cel]y1 turnip-root$1 #i2 --run wild1 #ac4 ,,cell-,,!ory1 #bg4 ,celosia cri/ata1 #aj4 ,,celsus1 on ! selection ( se$-corn1 #i1 #bj4 ,,celts1 e>ly cultivation ( ! cabbage by !1 #i2 --selection ( cattle & horses by !1 #bj4 ,c5*rus1 se$s ( a1 us$ z food1 #i4 ,c5taurea cyanus1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,cephalopoda1 sp]matophores (1 #bg4 ,c]asus padus1 yell[-fruit$1 #ab4 ,c]coleptes1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,c]copi!cus1 bre$+ ( a species (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,c]eals1 #i 7#b72 --( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod 9 ,switz]l&1 #i2 --adaptation (1 to soils1 #bd4 ,c]eus1 #ac4 ,c]eus speciosissimus & phyllan?us1 rev]sion 9 hybrids (1 #aa4 ,c]vus canad5sis1 #ah4 ,c]vus dama1 #ag4 ,,cetacea1 correlation ( d]mal sy/em & tee? 9 !1 #be4 ,,ceylon1 cats (1 #a2 --pigeon-fancy+ 91 #f4 ,,*amisso1 on se$+ bread-fruit1 #ah4 ,,*annel ,isl&s1 bre$s ( cattle 91 #c4 ,,*apman1 ,pr(essor1 pea*-trees produc+ nect>9es1 #aj4 ,,*apuis1 ,f41 sexual peculi>ities 9 pigeons1 #e2 --effect produc$ by fir/ male ^u ! subsequ5t prog5y ( ! female1 #aa2 --/]ility ( ! union ( "s pigeons1 #ah4 ,,*>act]s1 fixity (1 #ba2 --lat5t1 #ac1 #bg 7#b72 --cont9u$ div]g5ce (1 #ba2 --antagoni/ic1 #bg4 ,,*>d91 abundance ( pigeons 9 ,p]sia1 #f4 ,,*>lemagne1 ord]s z to ! selection ( /allions1 #bj4 ,,*>tley1 wild cattle (1 #c4 ,,*at1 rev]sion ( ! upp] se$s 9 ! pods ( /ocks1 #bf4 ,,*aundy1 ,mr41 cross$ v>ieties ( cabbage1 #ag4 ,,*eetah1 g5]al /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,*eiran?us *eiri1 #aa4 ,,*]ries1 #aj 7#b72 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --:ite ,t>t>ian1 #ba2 --v>iety (1 ) curl$ petals1 #ba2 --p]iod ( vegetation (1 *ang$ by =c+1 #bd4 ,,*evreul1 on cross+ fruit-trees1 #ag4 ,,*ick5s1 diff]5ces 9 *>act]s (1 #g 7#b72 --:ite1 liable to gapes1 #ba1 #be4 ,,*igoe1 #bc4 ,,*ile1 %eep (1 #c4 ,,*ill+ham cattle1 id5tical ) ,bos primig5ius1 #c2 --*>act]s (1 #c4 ,,*iloe1 half-ca/es (1 #ac4 ,,*9a1 cats (1 ) droop+ e>s1 #a2 --horses (1 #b2 --/rip$ ponies (1 #b2 --asses (1 #b2 --notice ( rabbits 91 by ,confucius1 #d2 --bre$s ( pigeons re>$ 91 #f2 --bre$s ( f[ls (1 9 fifte5? c5tury1 #g 7#b74 ,,*9*illa1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,*9ese1 selection practis$ by !1 #bj2 --pref]5ce ( !1 = hornless rams1 #bj2 --recognition ( ! value ( native bre$s by !1 #bd4 ,,*9ese1 or ,himalayan rabbit1 #d4 8,,*ivos10 a bre$ ( cattle 9 ,p>aguay1 #c4 ,,*\x-,,raves1 #i4 ,,*ri/1 ,h41 on ! plants ( ! ,swiss ,lake-dwell+s1 #i 7#b72 --int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ,p9us sylve/ris & montana1 #aj4 ,,*rysan!mum1 #aa4 ,*rysotis fe/iva1 #bc4 ,,c9]>ia1 effects ( selection on !1 #bj4 ,,circassia1 horses (1 #af4 ,,circumcision1 #ab4 ,,cirrip$es1 metag5esis 91 #bg4 ,ci/us1 int]cross+ & hybrids (1 #aj1 #ab1 #ag4 ,,citrons1 #aj 7#b74 8,citrus aurantium fructu v>iabili10 #aj ,citrus decumana1 #aj4 ,citrus lemonum1 #aj4 ,citrus m$ica1 #aj 7#b74 ,,clapham1 ,a41 bud-v>iation 9 ! haw?orn1 #aa4 8,,claquant0 7pigeons71 #e4 8,,claqu]s0 7pigeons71 #e4 ,,cl>k1 ,g41 on ! wild dogs ( ,juan de ,nova1 #a2 --on /rip$ ,burmese & ,javanese ponies1 #b2 --bre$s ( goats import$ into ! ,mauritius1 #c2 --v>iations 9 ! mamm ( goats1 #c2 --bilob$ scrotum ( ,muscat goat1 #c4 ,,cl>k1 ,h4 ,j41 on fission & gemmation1 #bg4 ,,cl>ke1 ,r4 ,t41 int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,cl>ke1 ,t41 hybridisation ( /ocks1 #aa1 #ae4 ,,cl>kson1 ,mr41 prize-cultivation ( ! gooseb]ry1 #aj4 ,,classification1 expla9$ by ! !ory ( natural selection1 ,introduction4 ,,cleft palate1 inh]itance (1 #ab4 ,,clem5te1 on wild v9es 9 ,spa91 #aj4 ,,cl]mont-,,tonn]re1 on ! ,/4 ,valry apple1 #aa4 ,,climate1 effect (1 ^u bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --on horses1 #b 7#b72 --on cattle1 #c 7#b72 --on ! fleece ( %eep1 #c 7#b72 --on se$s ( :eat1 #i2 --on cultivat$ cabbages1 #i2 --adaptation ( maize to1 #i4 ,,climate & pa/ure1 adaptation ( bre$s ( %eep to1 #c 7#b74 ,,climate & soil1 effects (1 ^u /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,cl9e1 ,mr41 on ! skull 9 horn$ & hornless rams1 #be4 ,,clos1 on /]ility 9 ,ranunculus fic>ia1 #ah4 ,,clotzs*1 hybrids ( v>i\s trees1 #ag4 ,,clov]1 pelorism 91 #bf4 ,,coate1 ,mr41 on int]bre$+ pigs1 #ag4 ,,coccus ( apple-trees1 #ba4 ,,co*9 f[ls1 #g 7#e72 --occipital =am5 (1 figur$1 #g2 --section ( skull (1 figur$1 #g2 --c]vical v]tebra (1 figur$1 #g4 ,,co*9eal1 p]si/5ce (1 #ba2 --pref]5ce (1 = a p>ticul> cactus1 #bc4 ,co*le>ia armoracia1 #ah4 ,,cock1 game1 natural selection 91 #ba2 --spur (1 graft$ on ! comb1 #bd2 --spur (1 ins]t$ into ! e> ( an ox1 #bg2 --effect ( ca/ration ^u !1 #ac4 ,,cock',s-,,comb1 v>ieties ( !1 #aj4 ,,cocoons ( silkworms1 v>iations 91 #h4 ,,codfi%1 bulldog1 #c2 --numb] ( eggs 9 !1 #bg4 ,coelog5ys paca1 #ah4 ,,col91 prepot5cy ( ! ass ov] ! horse1 #ad2 --on cross-bre$+1 #ae2 --on *ange ( diet1 #bd4 ,,coll9son1 ,,pet]1 pea*-tree produc+ a nect>9e1 #aj4 ,,coloration 9 pigeons1 an evid5ce ( unity ( desc5t1 #f4 ,,col\r1 correlation (1 9 dogs1 #a2 --p]si/5ce (1 9 horses1 #b2 --inh]itance & div]sity (1 9 horses1 #b2 --v>iations (1 9 ! ass1 #e2 --( wild or f]al cattle1 #e2 --transmission (1 9 rabbits1 #d2 --peculi>ities (1 9 ,himalayan rabbits1 #d2 --influ5ce (1 #ba2 --correlation (1 9 head & limbs1 #be2 --correlat$ ) con/itutional peculi>ities1 #be4 ,,col\r & od\r1 correlation (1 #be4 ,,col\r-,,bl9dness1 h]$it>y1 #ab2 --m common 9 m5 ?an 9 wom51 #ad 7#b72 --associat$ ) inability to di/+ui% musical s\nds1 #be4 ,,col\rs1 sometimes n bl5d$ by cross+1 #ae4 ,columba aff9is1 ,bly?1 a v>iety ( ,c4 livia1 #f4 ,columba amali1 ,brehm1 a v>iety ( ,c4 livia1 #f4 ,columba gu9ea1 #f4 ,columba gymnocyclus1 ,gray1 a =m ( ,c4 livia1 #f4 ,columba gymnoph?almos1 hybrids (1 ) ,c4 nas1 #f2 --) ,c4 maculosa1 #f4 ,columba int]m$ia1 ,/rickl&1 a v>iety ( ,c4 livia1 #f4 ,columba leucocephala1 #ah4 ,columba leuconota1 #f 7#b74 ,columba littoralis1 #f4 ,columba livia1 #ac 7#b72 --! p>5t ( dome/ic bre$s ( pigeons1 #f2 --measurem5ts (1 #e2 --figur$1 #e2 --skull figur$1 #e2 --l[] jaw figur$1 #e2 --scapula figur$1 #e4 ,columba luctuosa1 #f4 ,columba migratoria & leucocephala1 dim9i%$ f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,columba nas1 #f2 --cross$ ) common pigeon & ,c4 gymnoph?almos1 #f4 ,columba palumbus1 #f1 #bf4 ,columba rupe/ris1 #f 7#c74 ,columba s*imp]i1 #f4 ,columba torquatrix1 #bf4 ,columba turricola1 #f4 ,,columbia1 cattle (1 #f4 ,,columb9e1 d\ble1 #aj1 #be4 ,,columbus1 on ,we/ ,indian dogs1 #a4 ,,columella1 on ,italian %eph]d dogs1 #a2 --on dome/ic f[ls1 #g 7#b71 #bj1 #bh2 --on ! keep+ ( ducks1 #h2 --on ! selection ( se$-corn1 #i2 --on ! b5efits ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah2 --on ! value ( native bre$s1 #bd4 ,,colza1 #i4 ,,comb1 9 f[ls1 v>iations (1 #g2 --sometimes rudim5t>y1 #bd4 ,,comp5sation1 law (1 #g4 ,,comp5sation ( gr[?1 #bf4 ,,complexion1 connection (1 ) con/itution1 #be4 ,,composit1 d\ble fl[]s (1 #aj1 #ah1 #bd4 ,,conception1 e>li] 9 ,ald]ney & ,zetl& c[s ?an 9 o!r bre$s1 #c4 ,,conditions ( life1 *ang$1 effect (1 #bh2 --on horses1 #b2 --^u v>iation 9 pigeons1 #f2 --^u :eat1 #i2 --^u trees1 #aj2 --9 produc+ bud-v>iation1 #aa2 --advantages (1 #ah2 --/]ility caus$ by1 #ah2 --conducive to v>iability1 #bb2 --accumulative action (1 #bb2 --direct action (1 #bc4 ,,condor1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,conf9em5t1 effect (1 ^u ! cock1 #ag4 ,,confucius1 on ! bre$+ ( rabbits 9 ,*9a1 #d4 ,,conolly1 ,mr41 on ,angora goats1 #be4 ,,con/itutional diff]5ces 9 %eep1 #c2 --9 v>ieties ( apples1 #aj2 --9 pel>goniums1 #aj2 --9 dahlias1 #aj4 ,,con/itutional peculi>ities 9 /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --9 roses1 #aj4 ,,consumption1 h]$it>y1 #ab2 --p]iod ( appe>ance (1 #ad2 --correlat$ ) complexion1 #be4 ,,contabesc5ce1 #ah 7#b74 ,convolvulus batatas1 #ah1 #bd4 ,convolvulus tricolor1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,coop]1 ,mr41 improvem5t ( vegetables by selection1 #bj4 ,,coop]1 ,,:ite1 h]$it>y peculi>ities ( vision1 #ab2 --association ( affections ( ! eyes ) ^? ( o!r sy/ems1 #be4 ,,corals1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --non-diffusion ( cell-gemmules 91 #bg4 ,,corbi1 ,see ,boit>d4 ,,cordemoz1 ,dr41 se$less plants1 #ah4 ,,cornea1 opacity (1 inh]it$1 #ab4 ,cornus mascula1 yell[-fruit$1 #ab4 ,,correlation1 #be2 --( neighb\r+ p>ts1 #be2 --( *ange 9 ! :ole body1 & 9 "s ( its p>ts1 #be2 --( homolog\s p>ts1 #be2 --inexplicable1 #be1 #bf1 #bg2 --comm+l+ (1 ) ! effects ( o!r ag5cies1 #be4 ,,correlation ( skull & limbs 9 sw9e1 #c2 --( tusks & bri/les 9 sw9e1 #c2 --( multiplicity ( horns & co>s5ess ( wool 9 %eep1 #c2 --( beak & feet 9 pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --betwe5 ne/l+ d[n & col\r ( plumage 9 pigeons1 #f2 --( *anges 9 silkworms1 #h2 --9 plants1 #bj2 --9 maize1 #i2 --9 pigeons1 #e2 --9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,correspond+ p]iods1 inh]itance at1 #ad4 ,,corri5tes1 dw>f cattle (1 #c4 ,,corr+ham1 ,mr41 influ5ce ( selection on pigs1 #bj4 ,,corsica1 ponies (1 #b4 8,,cortbeck0 7pigeon7 ( ,aldrov&i1 #f4 ,corvus corone1 & ,c4 cornix1 hybrids (1 #ae4 ,corydalis1 fl[] (1 #bf4 ,corydalis cava1 #ag 7#b74 ,corydalis solida1 /]ile :5 peloric1 #ah4 ,corydalis tub]osa1 peloric by rev]sion1 #ac4 ,corylus avellana1 #aj4 ,,co/a1 ,a41 on %ells transf]r$ f ,engl& to ! ,m$it]ranean1 #bc4 ,,c\es1 ,dr4 ,e41 on a mon/r\s *ick51 #bg4 ,,c[p]1 ,mr4 ,,:ite1 defective developm5t ( ! d5tal sy/em1 #be4 8,,c\ve ,,tron*uda10 #i ,,c[1 inh]itance ( loss ( "o horn 9 !1 #ab2 --am\nt ( milk furni%$ by !1 #bd2 --developm5t ( six mamm 91 #bd4 ,,c[slip1 #ab4 ,,cracid1 /]ility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,cranes1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,cratgus oxyacan?a1 #aj1 #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #ab4 ,cratgus monogyna1 #aj4 ,cratgus sibirica1 #aj4 ,,crawfurd1 ,j41 ,malasian cats1 #a2 --horses ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 #b2 --horses ( ,japan1 #b2 --occurr5ce ( /ripes 9 "y wild pigs ( ,malacca1 #c2 --on a ,burmese hairy family ) defici5t tee?1 #ad1 #be2 --,japanese orig9 ( ! bantam1 #g2 --game f[ls ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #bb2 --hybrids ( ,gallus v>ius & dome/ic f[l1 #g2 --dome/ication ( ,gallus bankiva1 #g2 --f]al f[ls 9 ! ,pellew ,isl&s1 #g2 --hi/ory ( ! f[l1 #g2 --hi/ory ( ! dome/ic duck1 #h2 --dome/ication ( ! goose1 #h2 --cultivat$ plants ( ,new ,zeal&1 #i2 --bre$+ ( tame elephants 9 ,ava1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ,g\ra coronata 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --geese ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #ah4 ,,creep]s1 a bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,cre/$ f[l1 #g2 --figur$1 #g4 8,,cr,,ve-,c,,ur10 a ,fr5* sub-bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,crisp1 ,dr41 on ! bra9s ( ! h>e & rabbit1 #d4 ,,crock]1 ,c4 ,w41 s+ul> =m ( ,begonia frigida1 #aj1 #ah2 --/]ility 9 ,ranunculus fic>ia1 #ah4 ,,crocus1 #ah4 ,,cross-,,bre$+1 p]man5t effect (1 on ! female1 #aa4 ,,cross+1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai2 --a cause ( uni=mity1 #ae2 --occurs 9 all organis$ be+s1 #ae2 --"s *>act]s n bl5d$ by1 #ae1 #ai2 --modifications & new races produc$ by1 #ae2 --causes :i* *eck1 #af2 --dome/ication & cultivation fav\rable to1 #af1 #ai2 --b5eficial effects (1 #ag1 #ai2 --necess>y 9 "s plants1 #ag1 #ai2 --summ>y ( subject (1 #ag2 --( dogs ) wolves 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #a 7#b72 --) ,canis cancrivorus 9 ,guiana1 #a2 --( dog ) wolf1 describ$ by ,pl9y & o!rs1 #a2 --*>act]s furni%$ by1 br\ght out by rev]sion 9 ! prog5y1 #ac2 --a direct cause ( rev]sion1 #ac 7#b72 --a cause ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,cru/acea1 macr\r\s1 diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( !1 #bg4 ,,cru/acean ) an ant5na-l developm5t ( ! eye-p$uncle1 #bg4 ,,cryptogamic plants1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,cuba1 wild dogs (1 #a4 8,,cuckoo10 sub-bre$s ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,cucumb]1 v>iation 9 numb] ( c>pels (1 #aj2 --suppos$ cross+ ( v>ieties ( !1 #aa4 ,cucumis momordica1 #aj4 ,cucumis sativa1 #aj4 ,cucurbita1 dw>f1 correlation ( leaves 91 #be4 ,cucurbita maxima1 #aj 7#b74 ,cucurbita mos*ata1 #aj 7#b74 ,cucurbita pepo #aj2 --v>ieties (1 #aj2 --relation 9 size & numb] ( fruit (1 #bf4 ,,cucurbitace1 #aj2 --suppos$ cross+ (1 #aa2 --,naud9's obs]vations on hybrids (1 #ah2 --acclimatisation (1 #bd4 8,,culbutants0 7pigeons71 #e4 ,,cultivation ( plants1 orig9 (1 among savages1 #i 7#b72 --f]tility increas$ by1 #af4 ,,cuni]1 on h]$it>y night-bl9dness1 #ab4 ,,cupples1 ,mr41 pair+ ( de]-h\nds1 #ag4 ,,currants1 ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 #i2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,curtis1 ,mr41 bud-v>iation 9 ! rose1 #aa4 ,,cuvi]1 on ! ge/ation ( ! wolf1 #a2 --! od\r ( ! jackal1 an ob/acle to dome/ication1 #a2 --diff]5ces ( ! skull 9 dogs1 #a2 --ext]nal *>act]s ( dogs1 #a2 --elongation ( ! inte/9es 9 dome/ic pigs1 #c1 #bd2 --f]tility ( ! hook-bill$ duck1 #h2 --hybrid ( ass & zebra1 #ac2 --bre$+ ( animals 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 #ah2 --/]ility ( pr$ace\s birds 9 captivity1 #ah2 --facility ( hybridisation 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,cyanosis1 affection ( f+]s 91 #be4 ,,cyclam51 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,cyn>a c>dunculus1 #ac4 ,cynips fecundatrix1 #bc4 ,cynocephalus hamadryas1 #ah4 ,cypr9us auratus1 #h4 ,cyrtan?us1 #ag4 ,cyrtopodium1 #ag4 ,cytisus adami1 its bud-v>iation1 #aa2 --se$l+s f1 #aa2 --diff]5t views ( its orig91 #aa2 --exp]im5ts 9 cross+ ,c4 purpureus & laburnum to produce1 #aa2 --its production by ,m4 ,adam1 #aa2 --discussion ( orig9 (1 #aa4 ,cytisus alp9o-laburnum1 ovules & poll5 (1 #aa2 --orig9 (1 #aa4 ,cytisus alp9us1 #aa4 ,cytisus laburnum1 #aa 7#c74 ,cytisus purpureo-elongatus1 ovules & poll5 (1 #aa2 --production (1 #aa4 ,cytisus purpureus1 #aa4 ,,dahlbohm1 effects ( food on hym5opt]a1 #bc4 ,,dahlia1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation by tub]s 9 !1 #aa2 --improvem5t (1 by selection1 #bj2 --/eps 9 cultivation (1 #bb2 --effect ( conditions ( life on1 #bc2 --correlation ( =m & col\r 91 #be4 ,,daisy1 h5-&-*ick51 #aj2 --,swan ,riv]1 #bb4 ,,dalbret1 v>ieties ( :eat1 #i4 ,,dalib]t1 *anges 9 ! od\rs ( plants1 #bc4 ,,dally1 ,dr41 on consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,,daltonism1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,,dam>as1 cattle (1 #c1 #bj 7#b74 ,,damson1 #aj4 ,,d&olo1 ,c\nt1 on silkworms1 #h4 ,,daniell1 f]tility ( ,engli% dogs 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #ah4 ,,dani% ,midd5s1 rema9s ( dogs 91 #a4 ,,dappl+ 9 horses1 asses1 & hybrids1 #b4 ,,d>e/e1 ,c41 on ! skull ( ! ,poli% f[l1 #g2 --causes ( v>iability1 #bb2 --on ! production ( mon/r\s *ick5s1 #bc2 --co-exi/5ce ( anomalies1 #be2 --production ( d\ble mon/]s1 #bf4 ,,d>vill1 ,mr41 h]$ity ( good qualities 9 horses1 #ab4 ,,d>w91 ,c41 on ,lepus magellanicus1 #d2 --on ! wild potato1 #i2 --dimorphism 9 ! polyan?us & primrose1 #ab4 ,,d>w91 ,dr41 improvem5t ( vegetables by selection1 #bj4 ,,d>w91 ,sir ,f41 wildness ( cross$ pigs1 #ac4 ,,d>w91 ,g41 consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,d',,asso1 monogyn\s condition ( ! haw?orn 9 ,spa91 #aj4 ,dasyprocta aguti1 #ah4 ,,date-,,palm1 v>ieties ( !1 #bb4 ,datura1 #ac2 --v>iability 91 #bb4 ,datura lvis & /ramonium1 rev]sion 9 hybrids (1 #aa4 ,datura /ramonium1 #ad4 ,,daub5ton1 v>iations 9 ! numb] ( mamm 9 dogs1 #a2 --proportions ( inte/9es 9 wild & dome/ic cats1 #a1 #bd4 ,,daud91 on :ite rabbits1 #ba4 ,,davy1 ,dr41 on %eep 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #c4 ,,dawk9s1 ,w4 ,,boyd1 hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --orig9 ( cattle1 #c2 --e>ly dome/ication ( ,bos longifrons 9 ,brita91 #c4 ,,deaf-,,mutes1 non-h]$ity 91 #ab4 ,,deafness1 inh]itance (1 #ad4 ,,dean1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,deby1 wild hybrids ( common & musk ducks1 #ac4 ,,de ,,c&olle1 ,,alph41 numb] & orig9 ( cultivat$ plants1 #i 7#b71 #aj2 --regions :i* h furni%$ no useful plants1 #i2 --wild :eat1 #i 7#b72 --wild rye & oats1 #i2 --antiquity ( v>ieties ( :eat1 #i2 --app>5t inefficacy ( selection 9 :eat1 #i2 --orig9 & cultivation ( maize1 #i1 #be2 --col\rs ( se$s ( maize1 #i2 --v>ieties & orig9 ( ! cabbage1 #i 7#b72 --orig9 ( ! g>d5-pea1 #i2 --on ! v9e1 #aj1 #bd2 --cultivat$ species ( ! orange gr\p1 #aj2 --,*9ese orig9 ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --on ! pea* & nect>9e1 #aj 7#b72 --v>ieties ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! apricot1 #aj2 --orig9 & v>ieties ( ! plum1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! *]ry1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 #aj2 --selection practis$ ) =e/-trees1 #aj2 --wild fa/igiate oak1 #aj2 --d>k-leav$ v>ieties ( trees1 #aj2 --conv]sion ( /am5s into pi/ils 9 ! poppy1 #aj2 --v>iegat$ foliage1 #aj2 --h]$ity ( :ite hyac9?s1 #aj1 #ab2 --*anges 9 oaks dep5d5t on age1 #aa2 --inh]itance ( anomal\s *>act]s1 #ab2 --v>iation ( plants 9 _! native c\ntries1 #bb2 --decidu\s bu%es becom+ ev]gre5 9 hot climates1 #bd2 --antiquity ( races ( plants1 #bh4 ,,de ,,c&olle1 ,p41 non-v>iability ( monotypic g5]a1 #bb2 --relative developm5t ( root & se$ 9 ,raphanus sativus1 #bf4 ,,decaisne1 on ! cultivation ( ! wild c>rot1 #i2 --v>ieties ( ! pe>1 #aj2 --int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --fruit ( ! apple1 #aa2 --/]ility ( ,lysima*ia nummul>ia1 #ah2 --t5d] v>iety ( ! pea*1 #bd4 ,,de]1 assumption ( horns by female1 #ac2 --imp]fect developm5t ( horns 9 a1 on a voyage1 #ah4 ,,de]1 fall[1 #af4 ,,de]h\nd1 ,scot*1 diff]5ce 9 size ( ! sexes (1 #ad2 --det]ioration (1 #ag4 ,,deg5]ation ( high-br$ races1 "u neglect1 #ba4 ,,de ,,jonghe1 ,j41 on /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --s(t-b>k$ pe>s1 #ba2 --on accumulative v>iation1 #bb2 --resi/ance ( blossoms to fro/1 #bd4 ,,delam]1 ,e4 ,s41 on rabbits1 #d 7#b74 ,delph9ium ajacis1 #ab4 ,delph9ium consolida1 #ab 7#b74 ,,delp9o on ,pang5esis1 #bg 7#b74 ,d5drocygna viduata1 #ah4 ,,d5ny1 ,h41 lice ( ,ap]ea1 #ah4 ,,d5tition1 v>iations (1 9 ! horse1 #b4 ,,deod>1 #aj4 ,,desm>e/1 di/ribution ( :ite on dogs1 #a2 --cat f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #a2 --cats ( ,madagasc>1 #a2 --occurr5ce ( /rip$ "y 9 ,turki% pigs1 #c2 --,fr5* bre$s ( cattle1 #c2 --horns ( goats1 #c2 --on hornless goats1 #bd4 ,,desportes1 numb] ( v>ieties ( roses1 #aj4 ,,devay1 ,dr41 s+ul> case ( alb9ism1 #ab2 --on ! m>riage ( c\s9s1 #ag2 --on ! effects ( close int]bre$+1 #bb4 ,,developm5t & metamorphosis1 #bg 7#b74 ,,developm5t1 arre/s (1 #bd4 ,,developm5t1 embryonic1 #bg4 ,d',,h]vey-,,sa9t-,,d5ys1 ,l41 on ! ,yami1 or imp]ial race ( ! ,*9ese1 #bj4 ,,dhole1 f]tility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,diabetes1 occurr5ce (1 9 ?ree bro!rs1 #ab4 ,dian?us1 contabesc5t plants (1 #ah 7#b72 --hybrid v>ieties (1 #bb4 ,dian?us arm]ia & deltoides1 hybrids (1 #ae4 ,dian?us b>batus1 #aa4 ,dian?us c>yophyllus1 #aa4 ,dian?us japonicus1 contabesc5ce ( female organs 91 #ah4 ,diaph]om]a femorata1 #bg4 ,,di*ogam\s plants1 #ae4 ,,dickson1 ,mr41 on 8runn+0 9 c>nations1 #aa2 --on ! col\rs ( tulips1 #aa4 ,dicotyles torquatus & labiatus1 #ah4 ,,dieff5ba*1 dog ( ,new ,zeal&1 #a2 --f]al cats 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #a2 --polydactylism 9 ,polynesia1 #ab4 ,dielytra1 #ac4 ,,diet1 *ange (1 #bd 7#b74 ,digitalis1 prop]ties (1 affect$ by culture1 #bc4 ,,digits1 sup]num]>y1 #ab2 --analogy (1 ) embryonic conditions1 #ac2 --fusion (1 #bf4 ,,dimorphic plants1 #ag2 --conditions ( reproduction 91 #ai4 ,,dimorphism1 reciprocal1 #ae4 ,,d+o1 #a2 --v>iation (1 9 col\r #a2 --half-br$1 attempt+ to burr[ #a2 --attraction ( foxes by a female1 #a2 --v>iations (1 9 conf9em5t1 #bb4 ,,dioeci\sness ( /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,diseases1 inh]itance (1 #ab 7#b72 --inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods ( life1 #ad2 --peculi> to localities & climates1 #bc2 --obscure correlations 91 #be 7#b72 --affect+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 #bg2 --occurr+ 9 alt]nate g5]ations1 #bg4 ,,di/emp]1 fatal to :ite t]ri]s1 #ba4 ,,disuse & use ( p>ts1 effects (1 #bd1 #bf 7#b71 #bh 7#b72 --9 ! skeleton ( rabbits1 #d2 --9 pigeons1 #e2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --9 ducks1 #h2 --9 ! silk-mo?1 #h4 ,,div]g5ce1 influ5ce (1 9 produc+ bre$s ( pigeons1 #f4 ,,dixon1 ,e4 ,s41 on ! musk duck1 #f2 --on f]al ducks1 #f2 --on f]al pigeons 9 ,norfolk ,isl&1 #f2 --cross+ ( pigeons1 #f2 --orig9 ( dome/ic f[ls1 #g2 --cross+ ( ,gallus sonn]atii & common f[l1 #g2 --occurr5ce ( :ite 9 ! "y *icks ( black f[ls1 #g2 --,paduan f[l ( ,aldrov&i1 #g2 --peculi>ities ( ! eggs ( f[ls1 #g2 --*ick5s1 #g 7#b72 --late developm5t ( ! tail 9 ,co*9 cocks1 #g2 --comb ( l>k-cre/$ f[ls1 #g2 --developm5t ( webs 9 ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --on ! voice ( f[ls1 #g2 --orig9 ( ! duck1 #h2 --ducks kept by ! ,romans1 #h2 --dome/ication ( ! goose1 #h2 --g&] frequ5tly :ite1 #h2 --bre$s ( turkeys1 #h2 --incubatory in/9ct ( mongrels ( non-sitt+ races ( f[ls1 #ac2 --av]sion ( ! dove-cot pigeon to pair ) fancy birds1 #af2 --f]tility ( ! goose1 #af2 --g5]al /]ility ( ! guans 9 captivity1 #ah2 --f]tility ( geese 9 captivity1 #ah2 --:ite pea-f[l1 #be4 ,,dobell1 ,h41 inh]itance ( anomalies ( ! extremities1 #ab2 --non-rev]sion to a mal=mation1 #ac4 ,,dobrizh(f]1 abhorr5ce ( ince/ by ! ,abipones1 #ag4 ,,dogs1 orig9 (1 #a2 --anci5t bre$s (1 #a1 #bh2 --( ,neoli?ic1 ,bronze & ,iron p]iods 9 ,europe1 #a 7#b71 #bh2 --resemblance (1 to v>i\s species ( ,canid1 #a2 --( ,nor? ,am]ica comp>$ ) wolves1 #a 7#b72 --( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,mexico1 #a 7#b72 --( ,guiana1 #a 7#b72 --nak$ dogs ( ,p>aguay & ,p]u1 #a 7#b72 --dumb1 on ,juan ,f]n&ez1 #a2 --( ,juan de ,nova1 #a2 --( ,la ,plata1 #a2 --( ,cuba1 #a2 --( ,/4 ,dom+o1 #a2 --correlation ( col\r 91 #a 7#b72 --ge/ation (1 #a 7#b72 --hairless ,turki%1 #a1 #ba2 --int]-cross+ ( diff]5t bre$s (1 #a2 --*>act]s ( diff]5t bre$s (1 discuss$1 #a2 --deg5]ation ( ,european1 9 w>m climates1 #a 7#b71 #bc2 --liability to c]ta9 diseases 9 diff]5t bre$s (1 #a 7#b72 --causes ( diff]5ces ( bre$s discuss$1 #a2 --cat*+ fi% & crabs 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 #a2 --webb+ ( ! feet 91 #a2 --influ5ce ( selection 9 produc+ diff]5t bre$s (1 #a 7#b72 --ret5tion ( orig9al habits by1 #f2 --inh]itance ( polydactylism 91 #ab2 --f]al1 #ac2 --rev]sion 9 f\r? g5]ation (1 #ac2 --( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #ae1 #bj1 #bg2 --mongrel1 #ae2 --comp>ative facility ( cross+ diff]5t bre$s (1 #af2 --f]tility (1 #af1 #ah2 --int]bre$+ (1 #ag2 --selection (1 among ! ,greeks1 #bj 7#b72 --among savages1 #ag 7#b72 --unconsci\s selection (1 #bj 7#b72 --valu$ by ! ,fuegians1 #bj 7#b72 --climatal *anges 9 hair (1 #bc2 --production ( droop+ e>s 91 #bd2 --rejection ( bones ( game by1 #bd2 --inh]itance ( rudim5ts ( limbs 91 #bd2 --developm5t ( fif? toe 91 #bd2 --hairless1 defici5cy ( tee? 91 #be2 --%ort-fac$1 tee? (1 #bf2 --probable analog\s v>iation 91 #bf2 --ext9ction ( bre$s (1 #bh4 ,,dombra91 ,h4 ,h41 on ! auricula1 #bf4 ,,dome/ication1 ess5tial po9ts 91 #bh 7#b72 --fav\rable to cross+1 #af1 7#b72 --f]tility increas$ by1 #af1 #ai4 ,,dome/icat$ animals1 orig9 (1 #ah 7#b72 --occasional /]ility (1 "u *ang$ conditions1 #ah 7#b74 ,,dond]s1 ,dr41 h]$it>y hyp]metropia1 #ab4 ,,dork+ f[l1 #g 7#b72 --furculum (1 figur$1 #g4 ,,dorm\se1 #ah4 ,,d\ble fl[]s1 #ah 7#d72 --produc$ by selection1 #bj4 ,,d\bl$ay1 ,h41 cultivation ( ! filb]t p9e /rawb]ry1 #aj4 ,,d\glas1 ,j41 cross+ ( :ite & black game-f[ls1 #ae4 ,,d[n+1 ,mr41 wild v>ieties ( ! hickory1 #i2 --pea*es & nect>9es f se$1 #aj 7#b72 --orig9 ( ! ,bo/on nect>9e1 #aj2 --,am]ican v>ieties ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --,nor? ,am]ican apricot1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! plum1 #aj2 --orig9 & v>ieties ( ! *]ry1 #aj 7#b72 --8tw9-clu/] pipp9s10 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! apple1 #aj2 --on /rawb]ries1 #aj 7#b72 --fruit ( ! wild gooseb]ry1 #aj2 --effects ( graft+ ^u ! se$1 #ab2 --diseases ( plum & pea* tree1 #ba2 --injury done to /one fruit 9 ,am]ica by ! 8weevil10 #ba2 --grafts ( ! plum & pea*1 #bb2 --wild v>ieties ( pe>s1 #bb2 --v>ieties ( fruit-trees suitable to diff]5t climates1 #bd4 ,,d[n+1 ,mr4 ,j41 /]ility ( %or?orns1 #ag4 ,draba sylve/ris #ah4 ,,dragon 7pigeon71 #e 7#b74 8,,draij]0 7pigeon71 #e4 ,,dr9k+1 effects (1 9 diff]5t climates1 #bc4 ,,drom$>y1 selection (1 #bj4 ,,druce1 ,mr41 int]bre$+1 #ag2 --value ( cross bre$ ( pigs1 #ag4 ,,du ,,*aillu1 fruit-trees 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #i4 ,,du*esne1 on ,frag>ia vesca1 #aj 7#b74 ,,duf\r1 ,,leon1 on ,cecidomyia & ,misocampus1 ,introduction4 ,,duck1 musk1 ret5tion ( p]*+ habit by !1 #f2 --f]al hybrid (1 #f4 ,,duck1 p5gu91 hybrid (1 ) ,egyptian goose1 #ad4 ,duck1 wild1 difficulty ( re>+1 #ba2 --effects ( dome/ication on1 #bc4 ,,ducks1 bre$s (1 #h 7#b72 --orig9 (1 #h2 --hi/ory (1 #h2 --wild1 easily tam$1 #h 7#b72 --f]tility ( bre$s (1 :5 cross$1 #h2 --) ! plumage ( ,anas bos*as1 #h2 --,malayan p5gu91 id5tical 9 plumage ) ,engli%1 #h2 --*>act]s ( ! bre$s (1 #h2 --eggs (1 #h2 --effects ( use & disuse 91 #h1 #bd2 --f]al1 9 ,norfolk1 #f2 --,aylesbury1 inh]itance ( e>ly hat*+ by1 #ab2 --rev]sion 91 produc$ by cross+1 #ac2 --wildness ( half-br$ wild1 #ac2 --hybrids (1 ) ! musk duck1 #ac 7#b72 --assumption ( male plumage by1 #ac2 --cross+ ( ,labrador & p5gu91 #ae2 --increas$ f]tility (1 by dome/ication1 #af2 --g5]al f]tility (1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --increase ( size (1 by c>e 9 bre$+1 #bj2 --*ange produc$ by dome/ication 91 #bb4 ,,dum,,ril1 ,,aug41 bre$+ ( ,sir$on 9 ! bran*if]\s /age1 #bg4 ,,dun-,,col\r$ horses1 orig9 (1 #b4 ,,dureau ,,de ,,la ,,malle1 f]al pigs 9 ,l\isiana1 #ac2 --f]al f[ls 9 ,africa1 #ac2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! pe>1 #aa2 --production ( mules among ! ,romans1 #af4 ,dusicyon silve/ris1 #a4 ,,dut* rabbit1 #d4 ,,dut* roll] pigeon1 #e4 ,,dutro*et1 pelorism 9 ! laburnum1 #bf4 ,,duval1 gr[? ( pe>s 9 woods 9 ,france1 #bb4 ,,duval-,,j\ve1 on ,le]sia oryzoides1 #ae4 ,,duv]noy1 self-impot5ce 9 ,lilium c&idum1 #ag4 ,,dzi]zon1 v>iability 9 ! *>act]s & habits ( bees1 #h4 ,,e>le1 ,dr41 on col\r-bl9dness1 #ad1 #be4 ,,e>s1 ( fancy rabbits1 #d2 --defici5cy (1 9 bre$s ( rabbits1 #d2 --rudim5t>y1 9 ,*9ese %eep1 #bd2 --droop+1 #bd2 --fusion (1 #bf4 ,,eaton1 ,j4 ,m41 on fancy pigeons1 #e1 7#b72 --v>iability ( *>act]s 9 bre$s ( pigeons1 #e2 --rev]sion ( cross$ pigeons to coloration ( ,columba livia1 #f2 --on pigeon-fancy+1 #f 7#c72 --on tumbl]-pigeons1 #f1 #ba2 --c>ri]-pigeon1 #f2 --effects ( int]bre$+ on pigeons1 #ag2 --prop]ties ( pigeons1 #bj2 --dea? ( %ort-fac$ tumbl]s 9 ! egg1 #ba2 --,ar*angel-pigeon1 #ba4 ,,e*9od]mata1 metag5esis 91 #bg4 ,ectopi/es1 specific diff]5ce 9 numb] ( tail-fea!rs 91 #e4 ,ectopi/es migratorius1 /]ile hybrids (1 ) ,turtur vulg>is1 #f4 ,,ed5tata1 correlation ( d]mal sy/em & tee? 9 !1 #be4 ,,edgewor?1 ,mr41 use ( grass-se$s z food 9 ! ,punjab1 #i4 ,,edmon/on1 ,dr41 on ! /oma* 9 ,l>us arg5tatus & ! rav51 #bd4 ,,edw>ds & ,col91 on ,engli% :eat 9 ,france1 #bd4 ,,edw>ds1 ,w4 ,f41 absorption ( ! m9ority 9 cross$ races1 #ae4 ,,edw>ds1 ,w4 ,w41 occurr5ce ( /ripes 9 a ne>ly ?or\ghbr$ horse1 #b2 --9 foals ( racehorses1 #b4 ,,eggs1 ( f[ls1 *>act]s (1 #g2 --v>iations (1 9 ducks1 #h2 --( ! silk-mo?1 #h4 ,,egypt1 anci5t dogs (1 #a 7#b72 --anci5t dome/ication ( ! pigeon 91 #f2 --abs5ce ( ! f[l 9 anci5t1 #g4 ,,egyptian goose1 hybrids (1 ) p5gu9 duck1 #h4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,pr(41 multiple orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --dogs ( ,l[] ,egypt1 #a2 --mummies ( ,felis maniculata1 #a4 ,,elem5ts ( ! body1 functional indep5d5ce ( !1 #bg4 ,,elephant1 its /]ility 9 captivity1#ah4 ,,elk1 ,iri%1 correlations 9 !1 #be 7#b74 ,,elliot1 ,sir ,,walt]1 on cats 9 ,india1 #a2 --on /rip$ horses1 #b2 --,indian dome/ic & wild sw9e1 #c2 --pigeons f ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople1 #e2 --fantail pigeons1 #e2 --,lotan tumbl] pigeons1 #e2 --a pigeon utt]+ ! s\nd 8,yahu10 #e2 --,gallus bankiva 9 ,pegu1 #g4 ,,ellis1 ,mr41 v>ieties ( cultivat$ plants 9 ,tahiti1 #bb4 ,,elm1 ne>ly ev]gre5 ,corni% v>iety ( !1 #aj1 #bd2 --foliage-v>ieties ( !1 #aj4 ,,elm1 weep+1 #aj2 --n reproduc$ by se$1 #ab4 ,emb]iza pass]9a1 #ah4 ,,embryos1 simil>ity (1 #a2 --fusion (1 #bf4 ,,engel1 on ,laurus sassafras1 #bc4 ,,engl&1 dome/ication ( ,bos longifrons 91 #c2 --selection ( horses 91 9 m$ival times1 #bj2 --laws aga9/ ! e>ly slaught] ( rams 91 #bj4 ,,ephem]id1 developm5t ( !1 #bg4 ,epid5drum c9nab>9um1 #aa2 --& ,e4 zebra1 #ag4 ,,epilepsy1 h]$it>y1 #ab1 #ad4 ,equus bur*ellii1 #b4 ,equus quagga1 #b4 ,equus indicus1 #a 7#b74 ,equus tniopus1 #b 7#b71 #ac4 ,,erdt1 disease ( ! :ite p>ts ( cattle1 #be4 ,,ericace1 frequ5cy ( contabesc5ce 9 !1 #ah4 ,,eri*?onius1 an improv] ( horses by selection1 #bj4 ,,erman1 on ! fat-tail$ ,kirghisian %eep1 #c1 #bc2 --on ! dogs ( ! ,o/yaks1 #bj4 ,erodium1 #ac4 ,ery?r9a cri/a-galli & ,e4 h]bacea1 hybrids (1 #bb4 ,es*s*oltzia cali=nica1 self-/]ile 9 ,engl&1 #ag4 ,,esquilant1 ,mr41 on ! nak$ "y ( dun-col\r$ pigeons1 #e4 ,,esquimaux dogs1 _! resemblance to wolves1 #a2 --selection (1 #bj4 ,,esquirol1 on h]$it>y insanity1 #b4 ,,eudes-,,deslong*amps1 on app5dages "u ! jaw ( pigs1 #c4 ,euonymus japonicus1 #aa4 ,euphorbia maculata1 #bc4 ,,european cultivat$ plants1 /ill wild 9 ,europe1 #i4 ,,evans1 ,mr41 on ! ,lotan tumbl] pigeon1 #e4 ,,evelyn1 pansies gr[n 9 8 g>d51 #aj4 ,,ev]e/1 ,r41 on ! ,newf\ndl& dog 9 ,india1 #a1 #bd2 --deg5]ation ( sett]s 9 ,india1 #a2 --,indian wild bo>s1 #c4 ,,ewes1 hornless1 #bf4 ,,ext9ction ( dome/ic races1 #f4 ,,eyes1 h]$it>y peculi>ities ( !1 #ab2 --loss (1 caus+ microph?almia 9 *ildr51 #ab2 --modification ( ! /ructure (1 by natural selection1 #bj 7#b74 ,,eyebr[s1 h]$it>y elongation ( hairs 91 #ab4 ,,eyelids1 inh]it$ peculi>ities ( !1 #ab4 ,,eyton1 ,mr41 on ge/ation 9 ! dog1 #a2 --v>iability 9 numb] ( v]tebr 9 ! pig1 #c2 --individual /]ility1 #ah4 ,faba vulg>is1 #i4 ,,fabre1 obs]vations on gilops triticoides1 #i4 ,fagus sylvatica1 #ab4 ,,fairwea!r1 ,mr41 production ( d\ble fl[]s f old se$1 #ah4 ,,faivre1 on ! ,primula s95sis1 #aj1 #be4 ,falco albidus1 resumption ( "y plumage by1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,falco ossifragus1 #ba4 ,falco subbuteo1 copulat+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,falco t9nunculus1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,falcon]1 ,dr41 /]ility ( ,engli% bulldogs 9 ,india1 #a2 --resemblance betwe5 ,siva!rium & ,niata cattle1 #c2 --selection ( ! silkworm 9 ,india1 #h2 --fa/igiate apple-trees 9 ,calcutta1 #aj2 --reproduction ( a sup]num]>y ?umb aft] amputation1 #ab2 --f]tility ( ! dhole 9 captivity1 #ah2 --f]tility ( ,engli% dogs 9 ,india1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ! tig] 9 captivity1 #ah2 --turkeys at ,delhi1 #ah2 --on ,indian cultivat$ plants1 #ah2 --,?ibet ma/iff & goat1 #bc4 ,,falcons1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,falkl& ,isl&s1 horses ( !1 #b 7#b72 --f]al pigs ( !1 #c2 --f]al cattle ( !1 #c 7#b72 --f]al rabbits ( !1 #d4 ,,fall[ de]1 #af1 #ag4 ,,fantail pigeons1 #e1 #ba2 --figur$1 #e2 --furculum (1 figur$1 #e2 --hi/ory (1 #f2 --abs5ce ( oil-gl& 91 #bf4 ,,f>oe ,isl&s1 pigeons ( !1 #f4 ,,fa%ion1 influ5ce (1 9 bre$+1 #ba4 ,,fa/igiate trees1 #bc1 #bf4 ,,faunas1 geographical diff]5ces (1 #a4 8,,fav\rite0 bull1 #ad1 #ag4 ,,fea!rs1 homolog\s v>iation 91 #be4 ,,feet1 ( pigeons1 individual diff]5ces (1 #e2 --correlations ( ext]nal *>act]s 91 #e4 ,,feet & beak1 correlation (1 9 pigeons1 #e4 ,,felid1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,felis buba/es1 #a4 ,felis caffra1 #a4 ,felis caligulata1 #a4 ,felis *aus1 #a4 ,felis jubata1 #ah4 ,felis lybica1 #a4 ,felis maniculata1 #a4 ,felis manul1 #a4 ,felis ornata1 #a4 ,felis sylve/ris1 #a4 ,felis torquata1 #a4 ,,female1 affect$ by male elem5t1 #bg 7#b74 ,,female fl[]s1 9 male panicle ( maize1 #i4 ,,f5n1 ,mr41 graft+ potatoes1 #aa4 ,,f5nel1 ,italian v>iety (1 #i4 ,,f]al cats1 #a2 --cattle1 #c2 --rabbits1 #d 7#b72 --,gu9ea f[l1 #h2 --animals & plants1 rev]sion 91 #ac 7#c74 ,,f]guson1 ,mr41 suppos$ plurality ( orig9 ( dome/ic f[ls1 #g2 --*ick5s ( black game-f[ls1 #g2 --relative size ( eggs ( f[ls1 #g2 --yolk ( eggs ( game-f[ls1 #g2 --e>ly pugnacity ( game-cocks1 #g2 --voice ( ! ,malay f[l1 #g2 --effects ( int]bre$+ on f[ls1 #ag2 --selection 9 ,co*9-,*9a f[ls1 #bj2 --on fa%ion 9 p\ltry1 #ba4 ,,f]n&ez1 on ,mexican dogs1 #a4 ,,f]ns1 reproduction ( abnormal =ms (1 by spores1 #aa2 --non-diffusion ( cell-gemmules 91 #bg4 ,,f]rets1 #af1 #ah1 #bj4 ,,f]tilisation1 artificial1 ( ! ,/4 ,valry apple1 #aj 7#b74 ,,f]tility1 v>i\s degrees (1 9 %eep1 #c2 --unlimit$ mutual1 ( bre$s ( pigeons1 #f2 --comp>ative1 ( mongrels & hybrids1 #af 7#b71 #ai2 --influ5ce ( n\ri%m5t on1 #af2 --dim9i%$ by close int]bre$+1 #ag1 #ai2 --r$uc$1 ( ,*ill+ham wild cattle1 #ag2 --( dome/icat$ v>ieties :5 cross$1 #ai4 ,fe/uca1 species (1 propagat$ by bulblets1 #ah4 ,,filb]ts1 sp>$ by tomtits1 #ba4 ,,filippi1 on ! bre$+ ( bran*if]\s tritons1 #bg4 ,,f9*es1 g5]al /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,f9nik9 7pigeon71 #e4 ,,f9noc*io1 #i4 ,,fir1 ,scot*1 acclimatisation (1 #bd4 ,,fi%1 ,mr41 advantage ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah4 ,,fi%es1 reg5]ation ( portions ( f9s (1 #ac2 --v>iability (1 :5 kept 9 tanks1 #bb2 --m>9e1 liv+ 9 fre% wat]1 #bd2 --d\ble mon/]s (1 #bf4 ,,fission & gemmation1 #bg4 ,,fit*1 ,mr41 p]si/5cy ( a v>iety ( ! pea1 #i4 ,,fitte/1 survival ( !1 #a4 ,,fitz+]1 orig9 ( %eep1 #c2 --,african man$ %eep1 #c4 ,,fitzpatrick1 ,mr41 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,fix$ness ( "*1 conditions (1 discuss$1 #ad4 ,,flax1 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --climatal diff]5ce 9 products (1 #bc4 ,,fleece1 f95ess (1 9 ,au/rian m]9os1 #bj4 ,,fleis*mann1 on ,g]man %eep cross$ ) m]9os1 #ae4 8,,flor5t9]-,,taube10 #e 7#b74 ,,fl\nd]1 #a4 ,,fl\r5s1 cross+ ( wolf & dog1 #a2 --prepot5cy ( ! jackal ov] ! dog1 #ad2 --hybrids ( ! horse & ass1 #ad2 --bre$+ ( monkeys 9 ,europe1 #ah4 ,,fl[]-,,g>d51 e>lie/ kn[n1 9 ,europe1 #bj4 ,,fl[]s1 caprici\s transmission ( col\r-v>ieties 91 #ab 7#b72 --t5d5cy to uni=mity 9 /rip$1 #ad2 --scor*+ (1 dep5d5t on col\r1 #ba2 --*ange 91 caus$ by conditions ( life1 #bc2 --rudim5t>y1 #bd2 --relative position (1 to ! axis1 #bf4 ,f,,tation1 abdom9al1 #bd4 ,,foley1 ,mr41 wild v>ieties ( pe>s1 #bb4 ,,foliage1 inh]it$ peculi>ities (1 #aj2 --v>iegation (1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,food1 influ5ce (1 on ! pig1 #c2 --on cattle1 #c2 --excess (1 a cause ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,=bes1 ,d41 on ,*ilian %eep1 #c2 --on ! horses ( ,spa91 ,*ili1 & ! ,pampas1 #b4 ,=mica rufa1 #bb4 ,,=tune1 ,r41 /]ility ( ! sweet potato 9 ,*9a1 #ah2 --developm5t ( axill>y bulbs 9 ! yam1 #ah4 ,,f[l1 common1 bre$s (1 #g2 --suppos$ plurality ( orig91 #g2 --e>ly hi/ory (1 #g2 --causes ( production ( bre$s (1 #g2 --orig9 (1 f ,gallus bankiva1 #g 7#b72 --f]al1 notices (1 #g 7#b72 --rev]sion & analog\s v>iation 91 #g1 #ac 7#b71 #bf 7#b72 --8cuckoo0 sub-bre$s (1 #g2 --hi/ory (1 #g2 --/ructural *>act]s (1 #g2 --sexual peculi>ities (1 #g1 #ad2 --ext]nal diff]5ces (1 #g2 --diff]5ces ( bre$s (1 f ,g4 bankiva1 #g2 --o/eological *>act]s (1 #g2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #g1 #bd2 --f]al1 #f1 #ac2 --polydactylism 91 #ab2 --f]tility (1 increas$ by dome/ication1 #af1 #ah2 --/]ility (1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 #ah2 --influ5ce ( selection on1 #bj 7#c72 --evils ( close int]bre$+ (1 #ag 7#b72 --cross+ (1 #ae2 --prepot5cy ( transmission 91 #ad2 --rudim5t>y organs 91 #bd2 --cross+ ( non-sitt+ v>ieties (1 #ac 7#b72 --homology ( w+ & leg fea!rs 91 #be2 --hybrids (1 ) pheasants & ,gallus sonn]atii1 #ac2 --black-sk9n$1 #bj2 --black1 prey$ ^u by ! osprey 9 ,irel&1 #ba2 --five-to$1 m5tion$ by ,columella1 #bh2 --rumpless1 tail$ *ick5s produc$ by1 #ac2 --,dork+1 crosses (1 #ae2 --=m ( comb & col\r ( plumage 91 #ba2 --game1 cross+ ( :ite & black1 #ae2 --five-spurr$1 #bg2 --,spani%1 liable to suff] f fro/1 #bd2 --,poli%1 peculi>ities ( skull (1 #be4 ,,fox1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,fox1 ,s4 ,,bevan1 races ( bees1 #h4 ,,fox1 ,w4 ,,d>w91 ge/ation ( ! dog1 #a2 --8,negro0 cat1 #a2 --rev]sion ( %eep 9 col\r1 #ac2 --p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! pig1 #c2 --"y ( ! ,himalayan rabbit1 #d2 --cross+ ( wild & dome/ic turkeys1 #h2 --rev]sion 9 cross$ musk ducks1 #ac2 --spontane\s segregation ( v>ieties ( geese1 #af2 --effects ( close int]bre$+ ^u bloodh\nds1 #ag2 --deafness ( :ite cats ) blue eyes1 #be4 ,,foxh\nds1 #a1 #ag4 ,frag>ia *ilo5sis1 #aj4 ,frag>ia coll9a1 #aj4 ,frag>ia dioica ( ,du*esne1 #aj4 ,frag>ia elatior1 #aj4 ,frag>ia gr&iflora1 #aj4 ,frag>ia vesca1 #aj4 ,frag>ia virg9iana1 #aj4 ,frax9us excelsior1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,frax9us l5tiscifolia1 #ab4 ,,friesl& cattle1 probably desc5d$ f ,bos primig5ius1 #c4 ,,frillback pigeon1 #e2 --,indian1 #e4 ,fr+illa ciris1 #ah4 ,fr+illa sp9us1 #ah4 ,,frizzl$ f[ls1 #g2 --horses1 #b4 ,,frog1 polydactylism 9 !1 #ab4 ,,fruit1 se$less1 #ah4 ,,fruit-,,trees1 v>ieties (1 occurr+ wild1 #i4 ,,fry1 ,mr41 on f]tile hybrid cats1 #a2 --on f]al f[ls 9 ,asc5sion1 #g4 ,,fu*sias1 orig9 (1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91#aa4 ,fu*sia cocc9ea & fulg5s1 tw9 se$ produc$ by cross+1 #aa4 ,,fuegians1 _! sup]/ition ab\t kill+ "y wat]-f[l1 #i2 --selection ( dogs by !1 #bj2 --_! comp>ative e/imation ( dogs & old wom51 #bj2 --_! p[] ( di/ant vision1 #bj4 ,,fungi1 p>asitic1 #bc 7#b74 ,f,,rbr+]1 ,dr41 on nails ( ,saurians1 #bg4 ,,furculum1 *>act]s & v>iations ( !1 9 pigeons1 #e2 --alt]ation (1 by disuse1 9 pigeons1 #e2 --*>act]s (1 9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,fusion ( homolog\s p>ts1 #bg4 ,,gait1 inh]itance ( peculi>ities (1 #ab4 ,,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 its peculi> fauna & flora1 ,introduction ,galeobdolon luteum1 pelorism 91 #ac1 #bf4 ,,galls1 #ac 7#b74 ,,gall-,,gnats1 #bc4 ,,gall-,,l excresc5ces n inh]it$1 #ac4 ,,gall9ace\s birds1 re/rict$ range ( l>ge1 #g2 --g5]al f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,gall9ula *loropus1 #e4 ,gall9ula nesiotis1 #h4 ,,gallesio1 species ( oranges1 #aj2 --hybridisation ( oranges1 #aj2 --p]si/5cy ( races 9 ! pea*1 #aj2 --suppos$ specific di/9ctions ( pea* & nect>9e#aj2 --bizz>ria orange1 #aa2 --cross+ ( r$ & :ite c>nations1 #aa2 --cross+ ( ! orange & lemon1 #aa1 #bg2 --effect ( =eign poll5 on maize1 #d2 --spontane\s cross+ ( oranges1 #ae2 --mon/rosities a cause ( /]ility 9 plants1 #ah2 --se$+ ( ord9>ily se$less fruits1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ! sug>-cane1 #ah2 --t5d5cy ( male fl[]s to become d\ble1 #ah2 --effects ( selection 9 enl>g+ fruit1 etc41 #bj2 --v>iation ( ! orange-tree 9 ,nor? ,italy1 #bb2 --naturalisation ( ! orange 9 ,italy1 #bd4 ,gallus neus1 a hybrid ( ,g4 v>ius & ! dome/ic f[l1 #g4 ,gallus bankiva1 probable orig9al ( dome/ic f[ls1 #g 7#c72 --game-f[l1 ne>e/ to1 #g2 --cross$ ) ,g4 sonn]atii1 #g2 --its "* & habits1 #g1 #af2 --diff]5ces ( v>i\s bre$s ( f[ls f1 #g2 --occipital =am5 (1 figur$1 #g2 --skull (1 figur$1 #g2 --c]vical v]tebra (1 figur$1 #g2 --furculum (1 figur$1 #g2 --rev]sion to1 9 cross$ f[ls1 #ac 7#b72 --hybrid (1 ) ,g4 v>ius1 #g1 #ac2 --numb] ( eggs (1 #af4 ,gallus f]rug9eus1 #g4 ,gallus furcatus1 #g4 ,gallus giganteus1 #g4 ,gallus sonn]atii1 *>act]s & habits (1 #g2 --hybrids (1 #g1 #ac ,gallus /anleyi1 hybrids (1 #g4 ,gallus temm9ckii1 probably a hybrid1 #g4 ,gallus v>ius1 *>act]s & habits (1 #g2 --hybrids & probable hybrids (1 #g4 ,,galton1 ,mr41 fondness ( savages = tam+ animals1 #a2 --cattle ( ,b5guela1 #c2 --on h]$it>y tal5t1 #ab2 --on ,pang5esis1 #bg4 ,,gambi]1 ,"l1 8 e>ly cultivation ( ! pansy1 #aj4 ,,game-,,f[l1 #g 7#b74 ,,gapes1 #ba4 ,,g>cilazo ,,de ,,la ,,vega1 annual hunts ( ! ,p]uvian ,incas1 #bj4 ,,g>nett1 ,mr41 migratory prop5sities ( hybrid ducks1 #ac4 ,,g>rod1 ,dr41 on h]$it>y g\t1 #ab4 ,g,,rtn]1 on ! /]ility ( hybrids1 #f1 #af1 #ai2 --acquir$ /]ility ( v>ieties ( plants :5 cross$1 #aj2 --/]ility 9 transplant$ plants1 & 9 ! lilac 9 ,g]many1 #ah2 --mutual /]ility ( blue & r$ fl[]s ( ! pimp]nel1 #ai2 --suppos$ rules ( transmission 9 cross+ plants1 #ad2 --on cross+ plants1 #ae1 #ag 7#c72 --on repeat$ cross+1 #bb2 --absorption ( "o species by ano!r1 :5 cross$1 #ae2 --cross+ ( v>ieties ( ! pea1 #aa2 --cross+ maize1 #af2 --cross+ ( species ( ,v]bascum1 #ae1 #af2 --rev]sion 9 hybrids1 #ac 7#c72 --( ,c]eus1 #aa2 --( ,tropolum majus & m9us1 #aa2 --v>iability ( hybrids1 #bb2 --v>iable hybrids f "o v>iable p>5t1 #bb2 --graft hybrid produc$ by inoculation 9 ! v9e1 #aa2 --effect produc$ by grafts on ! /ock1 #aa1 #bc2 --t5d5cy ( hybrid plants to produce d\ble fl[]s1 #ah2 --production ( p]fect fruit by /]ile hybrids1 #ah2 --sexual elective aff9ity1 #ai2 --self-impot5ce 9 ,lobelia1 ,v]bascum1 ,lilium1 & ,passiflora1 #ag 7#b72 --on ! action ( poll51 #af2 --f]tilisation ( ,malva1 #aa1 #bg2 --prepot5cy ( poll51 #ai2 --prepot5cy ( transmission 9 species ( ,nicotiana1 #ad2 --bud-v>iation 9 ,pel>gonium zonale1 #aa2 --9 no!ra bi5nis1 #aa2 --9 ,a*illa millefolium1 #aa2 --effect ( manure on ! f]tility ( plants1 #ah2 --on contabesc5ce1 #ah2 --inh]itance ( pla/icity1 #ba2 --villosity ( plants1 #bc4 ,,gasp>9i1 a g5us ( pumpk9s1 f\nd$ on /igmatic *>act]s1 #aj4 ,,gaudi*aud1 bud-v>iation 9 ! pe>1 #aa2 --apple-tree ) two k9ds ( fruit on bran*1 #aa4 ,,gay1 on ,frag>ia gr&iflora1 #aj2 --on ,viola lutea & tricolor1 #aj2 --on ! nect>y ( ,viola gr&iflora1 #aj4 ,,gayal1 dome/ication ( !1 #c4 ,,gayot4 ,see ,moll4 ,,geese 7ans]es71 g5]al f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,gemmation & fission1 #bg4 ,,gemmules1 or cell-gemmules1 #bg 7#c74 ,,g5]ation1 alt]nate1 #bg 7#c74 ,,g5]ation1 sexual1 #bg4 ,,g5et1 f]tility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,g5ius1 inh]itance (1 #ab4 ,g5tiana am>ella1 #ah4 ,,ge(froy ,,sa9t-,,hilaire1 production ( mon/r\s *ick5s1 #bc2 --8,loi de l'aff9ite de soi p\r soi10 #bf2 --comp5sation ( gr[?1 #bf4 ,,ge(froy ,,sa9t-,,hilaire1 ,,isid41 orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --b>k+ ( a jackal1 #a2 --p]iod ( ge/ation & od\r ( ! jackal1 #a2 --anomalies 9 ! tee? ( dogs1 #a2 --v>iations 9 ! proportions ( dogs1 #a2 --webb$ feet ( ,newf\ndl& dogs1 #a2 --cross+ ( dome/ic & wild cats1 #a2 --dome/ication ( ! arni1 #c2 --suppos$ introduction ( cattle into ,europe f ! ,ea/1 #c2 --abs5ce ( int]digital pits 9 %eep1 #c2 --orig9 ( ! goat1 #c2 --f]al geese1 #f2 --anci5t hi/ory ( ! f[l1 #g2 --skull ( ! ,poli% f[l1 #g2 --pref]5ce ( ! ,romans = ! liv] ( :ite geese1 #h2 --polydactylism1 #ab2 --assumption ( male *>act]s by female bird1 #ac2 --transmission & bl5d+ ( *>act]s 9 hybrids1 #ae2 --refusal ( animals to bre$ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --on ! ,gu9ea-pig1 #ah2 --silkworms produc+ :ite cocoons1 #bj2 --on ! c>p1 #ba2 --on ,helix lactea1 #bc2 --on mon/rosities1 #bb2 --injury to ! embryo a cause ( mon/rosity1 #bb2 --alt]ation 9 ! coat ( horses 9 coal-m9es1 #bc2 --l5g? ( ! inte/9es 9 wild & tame animals1 #bd 7#b72 --inh]itance ( rudim5t>y limbs 9 ! dog1 #bd2 --correlation 9 mon/rosities1 #be2 --sup]num]>y digits 9 man1 #be2 --co-exi/5ce ( anomalies1 #be2 --pres5ce ( hairs & tee? 9 ov>ian tum\rs1 #bg2 --developm5t ( tee? on ! palate 9 ! horse1 #bg4 ,,geographical diff]5ces ( faunas1 ,introduction4 ,,geological succession ( organisms1 ,introduction4 ,g]anium1 #ac4 ,g]anium phum & pyr5aicum1 #bb4 ,g]anium prat5se1 #aa4 ,,g]>d1 ass]t$ climatal *ange 9 ,burgundian bees1 #h4 ,,g]>de1 on v>ieties ( ! hyac9?1 #aj4 ,,g]/,,ck]1 on hive-bees1 #h4 ,,g]vais1 ,pr(41 orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --resemblance ( dogs & jackals1 #a2 --tam+ ( ! jackal1 #a2 --numb] ( tee? 9 dogs1 #a2 --bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --on t]ti>y horses1 #b2 --,biblical notices ( horses1 #b2 --species ( ,ovis1 #c2 --wild & dome/ic rabbits1 #d2 --rabbits f ,m\nt ,s9ai & ,alg]ia1 #d2 --e>less rabbits1 #d2 --batra*ia ) d\bl$ limbs1 #bg4 ,,ge/ation1 p]iod (1 9 ! dog1 wolf1 etc41 #a2 --9 ! pig1 #c 7#b72 --9 cattle1 #c1 #be2 --9 %eep1 #c4 ,,ge/ures1 inh]itance ( peculi>ities 91 #ab4 8,,ghoondooks0 a sub-bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,ghor-,,khur1 #ac4 ,,giles1 ,mr41 effect ( cross-bre$+ 9 ! pig1 #aa4 ,,giraffe1 co-ord9ation ( /ructure (1 #bj4 ,,gir>d1 p]iod ( appe>ance ( p]man5t tee? 9 dogs1 #a4 ,,giraud-,,teulon1 cause ( %ort sight1 #ab4 ,,gir\ ,,de ,,buz>e+ues1 inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab2 --rev]sion by age 9 cattle1 #ac2 --prepot5cy ( transmission ( "* 9 %eep & cattle1 #ad2 --on cross+ g\rds1 #af4 ,,gisburne1 wild cattle at1 #c4 ,gladiolus1 #aj2 --self-impot5ce ( hybrids (1 #ag4 ,gladiolus colvillii1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,gl&s1 comp5satory developm5t (1 #bd4 ,,gla/onbury ?orn1 #aj4 ,,gl5ny1 ,mr41 on ! ,c9]>ia1 #bj4 ,,glo$e1 ,f41 on /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,glog]1 on ! w+s ( ducks1 #bd4 8,,gl\gl\0 7pigeon71 #e4 ,glox9i1 peloric1 #aj1 #ah4 ,,gmel91 on r$ cats1 at ,tobolsk1 #a4 ,,goat1 #c 7#b72 --polydactylism 9 !1 #ab2 --sexual diff]5ces 9 horns (1 #ad2 --valu$ by ,s\? ,africans1 #bj2 --,?ibet1 #bc2 --am\nt ( milk & developm5t ( udd]s 9 !1 #bd2 --hornless1 rudim5t>y bony cores 91 #bd2 --,angora1 #be4 ,,god9e1 on prepot5cy ( transmission41 #ad ,,godron1 od\r ( ! hairless ,turki% dog1 #a2 --diff]5ces 9 ! skull ( dogs1 #a2 --increase ( bre$s ( horses1 #b2 --cross+ ( dome/ic & wild sw9e1 #c2 --on goats1 #c 7#b72 --col\r ( ! sk9 9 f[ls1 #g2 --bees ( nor? & s\? ( ,france1 #h2 --introduction ( ! silkworm into ,europe1 #h2 --v>iability 9 ! silkworm1 #h2 --suppos$ species ( :eat1 #i 7#b72 --on gilops triticoides11 #i2 --v>iable pres5ce ( b>bs 9 grasses1 #i2 --col\rs ( ! se$s ( maize1 #i2 --unity ( "* 9 cabbages1 #i2 --correlation ( col\r & od\r1 #i2 --effect ( heat & moi/ure on ! cabbage1 #i2 --on ! cultivat$ species ( ,brassica1 #i2 --on ! ,r\ncival & sug> peas1 #i2 --v>iation 9 ! numb]s ( peas 9 ! same pod1 #i2 --wild v9es 9 ,spa91 #aj2 --on rais+ pea*es f se$1 #aj2 --suppos$ specific di/9ctness ( pea* & nect>9e1 #aj2 --nect>9e produc+ pea*es1 #aj2 --on ! fl[] ( ,corydalis1 #bf2 --orig9 & v>iations ( ! plum1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! *]ry1 #aj2 --rev]sion ( s+le-leav$ /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --five-leav$ v>iety ( ,frag>ia coll9a1 #aj2 --suppos$ immutability ( specific *>act]s1 #aj 7#b72 --v>ieties ( ,rob9ia1 #aj2 --p]man5cy ( ! simple-leav$ a%1 #aj2 --non-inh]itance ( c]ta9 mutilations1 #ab2 --wild turnips1 c>rots1 & cel]y1 #ac2 --peloria1 #ac2 --prepot5cy ( a goat-l ram1 #ad2 --b5efit ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah2 --f]tility ( peloric fl[]s ( ,corydalis solida1 #ah2 --se$+ ( ord9>ily se$less fruit1 #ah2 --sexual /]ility ( plants propagat$ by buds1 etc41 #ah2 --increase ( sug> 9 beet-root1 #bj2 --effects ( selection 9 enl>g+ p>ticul> p>ts ( plants1 #bj2 --gr[? ( ! cabbage 9 ! tropics1 #bc2 --rejection ( bitt] almonds by mice1 #ba2 --influ5ce ( m>%y pa/ure on ! fleece ( %eep1 #bc2 --on ! e>s ( anci5t ,egyptian pigs1 #bd2 --primitive di/9ctness ( species1 #bh2 --solid-ho($ sw9e1 #bh4 ,,goe!1 on comp5sation ( gr[?1 #bf4 ,,gold-,,fi%1 #h 7#b71 #ba4 ,,gom>a1 on ,s\? ,am]ican cats1 #a4 ,,gongora1 numb] ( se$s 9 !1 #bg4 ,,goodman1 ?ree-to$ c[s1 #ab4 ,,goose1 anci5t dome/ication (1 #h2 --sacr$ to ,juno 9 ,rome1 #h2 --inflexibility ( organisation (1 #h2 --skull p]=at$ 9 tuft$1 #h2 --*>act]s ( bre$s & sub-bre$s (1 #h 7#b72 --v>iety (1 f ,seba/opol1 #h1 #bg2 --f]al1 9 ,la ,plata1 #f2 --,egyptian1 hybrid (1 ) p5gu9 duck1 #ad2 --spontane\s segregation ( v>ieties (1 #af2 --f]tility (1 increas$ by dome/ication1 #af2 --decreas$ f]tility (1 9 ,bogota1 #ah2 --/]ility (1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #ah2 --selection (1 #bj2 --:ite1 pref]5ce ( ! ,romans = ! liv] (1 #bj2 --p]si/5cy ( "* 91 #bb2 --,egyptian1 *ange 9 bre$+ season (1 #bd4 ,,gooseb]ry1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 9 !1 #aa2 --,:itesmi?'s1 #ba4 ,g,,pp]t1 on mon/r\s poppies1 #ah4 ,,gosse1 ,p4 ,h41 f]al dogs 9 ,jamaica1 #a2 --f]al pigs ( ,jamaica1 #c2 --f]al rabbits ( ,jamaica1 #d2 --on ,columba leucocephala1 #f2 --f]al ,gu9ea f[l 9 ,jamaica1 #f2 --reproduction ( individual peculi>ities by gemmation 9 a coral1 #aa2 --frequ5cy ( /rip$ legs 9 mules1 #ac4 ,,g\ld1 ,dr41 on h]$it>y hmorrhage1 #ab4 ,,g\ld1 ,,john1 orig9 ( ! turkey1 #h4 ,g\ra coronata & ,victori1 hybrids (1 #f1 #ah4 ,,g\rds1 #aj2 --cross+ ( v>ieties (1 #af2 --anci5t ,p]uvian v>iety (1 #bh4 ,,g\t1 inh]itance (1 #ab2 --p]iod ( appe>ance (1 #ad4 ,,graba1 on ! pigeon ( ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 #f4 ,,graft+1 #ah2 --effects (1 #bb 7#b72 --^u ! /ock1 #aa2 --^u ! v>iability ( trees1 #bb2 --*anges analog\s to bud-v>iation produc$ by1 #aa 7#b74 ,,graft-,,hybrids1 #aa 7#b71 #bg4 ,,grapes1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --cross ( :ite & purple1 #aa2 --gre51 liable to disease1 #be2 --effect ( =eign poll5 on1 #aa4 ,,grasses1 se$s (1 us$ z food by savages1 #i4 ,,gray1 ,,asa1 sup]ior wild v>ieties ( fruit-trees1 #i2 --cultivat$ native plants ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #i1 #aj2 --non-v>iation ( we$s1 #i2 --suppos$ spontane\s cross+ ( ,cucurbitace1 #aa2 --pre-ord9ation ( v>iation1 #aa2 --prog5y ( husk$ =m ( maize1 #i2 --wild int]m$iate =ms ( /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,gray1 ,g4 ,r41 on ,columba gymnocyclus11 #f4 ,,gray1 ,j4 ,e41 on ,sus pliciceps1 #c2 --on a v>iety ( ! gold-fi%1 #h2 --hybrids ( ! ass & zebra1 #ac 7#b72 --on ! bre$+ ( animals at ,kn[sley1 #ah2 --on ! bre$+ ( birds 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,gre5e1 ,j4 ,,reay1 on ! developm5t ( ! e*9od]mata1 #bg4 ,,gre5h[1 ,mr41 on a ,canadian web-foot$ dog1 #a4 ,,gre5+1 ,mr41 exp]im5ts on ,abraxas grossul>iata1 #bc4 ,,gregson1 ,mr41 exp]im5ts on ,abraxas grossul>iata1 #bc4 ,,grey1 ,sir ,,george1 pres]vation ( se$-be>+ plants by ! ,au/ralian savages1 #i2 --dete/ation ( ince/ by ,au/ralian savages1 #ag4 ,,greyh\nds1 sculptur$ on ,egyptian monum5ts1 & 9 ! ,villa ( ,anton9us1 #a2 --mod]n bre$ (1 #a2 --cross$ ) ! bulldog1 by ,"l ,or=d1 #c2 --close int]bre$+ (1 #ag2 --co-ord9ation ( /ructure (1 due to selection1 #bj 7#b72 --,italian1 #ba4 ,,greyness1 inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods ( life1 #ad4 ,,grieve1 ,mr41 on e>ly-fl[]+ dahlias1 #aj4 ,,grigor1 ,mr41 acclimatisation ( ! ,scot* fir1 #bd4 ,,gr,,nl&1 hybrids ( gilops & :eat1 #af4 ,,groom-,,napi]1 ,c4 ,o41 on ! webb$ feet ( ! ott]-h\nd1 #a4 ,,gros1 on ,pang5esis1 #bg4 8,,grosses-,,gorges0 7pigeons71 #e4 ,,gr\nd-,,tumbl]1 ,indian1 #e4 ,,gr\se1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,grus montigresia1 c9]ea1 & antigone1 #ah4 ,,guanacos1 selection (1 #bj4 ,,guans1 g5]al f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,gueld]-,,rose1 #ai4 ,,gueld]l& f[ls1 #f4 ,,guiana1 selection ( dogs by ! ,indians (1 #bj4 ,,gu9ea f[l1 #h2 --f]al1 9 ,asc5sion & ,jamaica1 #f1 #ac2 --indiff]5ce (1 to *ange ( climate1 #ah4 ,,gu9ea pig1 #ab1 #ah4 ,g,,ld5/adt1 on ! jackal1 #a4 ,,gull1 h]r+1 bre$+ 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,gulls1 g5]al /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,gulo1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,g,,n!r1 ,a41 on tuft$ ducks & geese1 #g2 --on ! reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts 9 batra*ia1 #bg4 ,,gurney1 ,mr41 owls bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --appe>ance ( 8black-%\ld]$0 among ord9>y peacocks1 #h4 ,,habit1 influ5ce (1 9 acclimatisation1 #bd4 ,h,,ckel1 on fissip>\s reproduction1 #bg2 --on cells1 #bg2 --on ! d\ble reproduction ( m$us1 #bg2 --on inh]itance1 #bg4 ,,hackles1 peculi>ities (1 9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,hair1 on ! face1 inh]itance (1 9 man1 #ab2 --peculi> lock (1 inh]it$1 #ab2 --gr[? (1 "u /imulation ( sk91 #be2 --homolog\s v>iation (1 #be2 --developm5t (1 9 ! bra91 #bg4 ,,hair & tee?1 correlation (1 #be4 ,,hairy family1 correspond+ p]iod ( inh]itance 91 #ad4 ,,half-,,ca/es1 "* (1 #ac4 ,,half-,,lop rabbits1 figur$ & describ$1 #d1 7#b72 --skull (1 #d4 ,halitus leucocephalus1 copulat+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,hallam1 ,col41 on a two-legg$ race ( pigs1 #ab4 ,,hallet1 ,major1 selection 9 c]eals1 #e2 --on p$igree :eat1 #i4 ,,hamburgh f[l1 #g 7#b72 --figur$1 #g4 ,,hamilton1 wild cattle (1 #c4 ,,hamilton1 ,dr41 on ! assumption ( male plumage by ! h5 pheasant1 #ac4 ,,hamilton1 ,f4 ,,bu*anan1 on ! %addock1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ,indian cultivat$ plants1 #bb4 ,,hancock1 ,mr41 /]ility ( tam$ birds1 #ah 7#b74 ,,h&writ+1 inh]itance ( peculi>ities 91 #ab4 ,,hanm]1 ,sir ,j41 on selection ( fl[]-se$s1 #bj4 ,,hansell1 ,mr41 inh]itance ( d>k yolks 9 duck's eggs1 #h4 ,,h>c\rt1 ,e4 ,v41 on ! ,arab bo>-h\nd1 #a2 --av]sion ( ! ,arabs to dun-col\r$ horses1 #b4 ,,h>dy1 ,mr41 effect ( excess ( n\ri%m5t on plants1 #bb4 ,,h>e1 hybrids (1 ) rabbit1 #d2 --/]ility ( !1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --pref]5ce (1 = p>ticul> plants1 #ba4 ,,h>e-,,lip1 inh]itance (1 #ab4 ,,h>lan1 ,dr41 on h]$it>y diseases1 #ab4 ,,h>tman1 on ! wild ass1 #b4 ,,h>vey1 ,mr41 mon/r\s r$ & :ite ,african bull1 #c4 ,,h>vey1 ,pr(41 s+ul> =m ( ,begonia frigida1 #aj2 --effects ( cross-bre$+ on ! female1 #aa2 --mon/r\s saxifrage1 #ah4 ,,hasora :eat1 #i4 ,,hautbois /rawb]ry1 #aj4 ,,hawk]1 ,col41 on call or decoy ducks1 #h4 ,,haw?orn1 v>ieties (1 #aj 7#b72 --pyramidal1 #aj2 --p5dul\s hybridis$1 #ab2 --*anges (1 by age1 #aj1 #aa2 --bud-v>iation 9 !1 #aa2 --fl[] buds (1 attack$ by bullf9*es1 #ba4 ,,hayes1 ,dr41 "* ( ,esquimaux dogs1 #a4 ,,haywood1 ,w41 on ! f]al rabbits ( ,porto ,santo1 #d4 ,,hazel1 purple-leav$1 #aj1 #aa1 #be4 ,,head ( wild bo> & ,york%ire pig1 figur$1 #c4 ,,head & limbs1 correlat$ v>iability (1 #be4 ,,heada*e1 inh]itance (1 #ad4 ,,he>tsease1 #aj2 --*ange produc$ 9 !1 by transplantation1 #aa2 --rev]sion 91 #ac 7#b72 --effects ( selection on1 #bj2 --scor*+ (1 #ba2 --effects ( seasonal conditions on !1 #bc2 --annual v>ieties ( !1 #bd4 ,,heat1 effect (1 ^u ! fleece ( %eep1 #c4 ,,heb]1 ,bi%op1 on ! bre$+ ( ! rh9oc]os 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,hebrides1 cattle ( !1 #c2 --pigeons ( !1 #f4 ,,he]1 ,o41 on ! plants ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --on ! c]eals1 #i2 --on ! peas1 #i2 --on ! v9e gr[+ 9 ,italy 9 ! ,bronze age1 #aj4 ,,heimann1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,helix lactea1 #bc4 ,hem]ocallis fulva & flava1 int]*ang+ by bud-v>iation1 #aa4 ,,hemlock1 yields no conic9e 9 ,scotl&1 #bc4 ,,hemp1 diff]5ces (1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 #ah2 --climatal diff]5ce 9 products (1 #bc4 ,,hempse$1 effect (1 ^u ! col\r ( birds1 #bc4 ,,h]maphrodite fl[]s1 occurr5ce (1 9 maize1 #i4 ,,h51 assumption ( male *>act]s by !1 #ac 7#b72 --developm5t ( spurs 9 !1 #bd4 8,,h5nies10 or h5-l male f[ls1 #g4 ,,h5ry1 ,t4 ,a41 a v>iety ( ! a% produc$ by graft+1 #aa2 --cross+ ( species ( ,rhodod5dron & ,arabis1 #aa4 ,,h5sl[1 ,pr(41 individual v>iation 9 :eat1 #i2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! ,au/rian bramble rose1 #aa2 --p>tial reproduction ( ! weep+ a% by se$1 #ab4 ,,hepatica1 *ang$ by transplantation1 #aa4 ,,h]b]t1 ,dr41 v>iations ( ,viola gr&iflora1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 9 camellias1 #aa2 --se$l+s f rev]t$ ,cytisus adami11 #aa2 --crosses ( ,sw$i% & o!r turnips1 #ae2 --on hollyhocks1 #bj2 --bre$+ ( hybrids1 #ag2 --self-impot5ce 9 hybrid hippea/rums1 #ag 7#b72 --hybrid ,gladiolus1 #ag2 --on ,zephyran!s c&ida1 #ah2 --f]tility ( ! crocus1 #ah2 --on contabesc5ce1 #ah2 --hybrid ,rhodod5dron1 #bb4 ,,h]culaneum1 figure ( a pig f\nd 91 #c4 ,,h]on1 ,sir ,r41 appe>ance ( 8black-%\ld]$0 among ord9>y peacocks1 #h 7#b72 --non-inh]itance ( mon/r\s *>act]s by gold-fi%1 #h2 --cross+ ( :ite & col\r$ ,angora rabbits1 #ae2 --crosses ( solid-ho($ pigs1 #ae4 ,h]pe/es fasciatus & griseus1 #ah4 ,,heus+]1 on ! %eep ( ! ,t>5t9o1 #ba2 --on correlat$ con/itutional peculi>ities1 #be4 ,,hewitt1 ,mr41 rev]sion 9 bantam cocks1 #g2 --deg5]ation ( silk f[ls1 #g2 --p>tial /]ility ( h5-l male f[ls1 #g2 --production ( tail$ *ick5s by rumpless f[ls1 #g2 --on tam+ & re>+ wild ducks1 #h1 #ba1 #bb2 --conditions ( inh]itance 9 lac$ ,sebright bantams1 #ab2 --rev]sion 9 rumpless f[ls1 #ac2 --rev]sion 9 f[ls by age1 #ac2 --hybrids ( pheasant & f[l1 #ac1 #ad2 --assumption ( male *>act]s by female pheasants1 #ac2 --developm5t ( lat5t *>act]s 9 a b>r5 bantam h51 #ac2 --mongrels f ! silk f[l1 #ad2 --effects ( close int]bre$+ on f[ls1 #ag 7#b72 --on fea!r-legg$ bantams1 #be4 ,,hibb]t1 ,mr41 on ! pigs ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 #c4 ,,hibiscus1 ,see ,p>itium4 ,,highl& cattle1 desc5d$ f ,bos longifrons1 #c4 ,,hildebr&1 ,dr41 on graft-hybrids ) ! potato1 #aa2 --on ! influ5ce ( poll5 on ! "m-plant1 #aa2 --on ! f]tilisation ( ,or*ide1 #aa 7#b72 --occasional necess>y cross+ ( plants1 #ae2 --on se$s n fitt$ = di/ribution1 #i2 --potato-graft+1 #aa2 --cross+ ( v>ieties1 #af2 --on ,primula s95sis & ,oxalis rosea1 #ag2 --on ,corydalis cava1 #ag 7#b74 ,,hill1 ,r41 on ! ,alco1 #a2 --f]al rabbits 9 ,jamaica1 #d2 --f]al peacocks 9 ,jamaica1 #f2 --v>iation ( ! ,gu9ea f[l 9 ,jamaica1 #h2 --/]ility ( tam$ birds 9 ,jamaica1 #ah 7#b74 ,,himalaya1 range ( gall9ace\s birds 9 !1 #g4 ,,himalayan rabbit1 #d 7#b72 --skull (1 #d4 ,,himalayan %eep1 #c4 ,,h9dm>%1 ,mr41 on ,*ill+ham cattle1 #c4 8,,h9kel-,,taube10 #e 7#b74 ,,h9ny & mule1 diff]5ce (1 #ad4 ,hipp>ion1 anomal\s resemblance to1 9 horses1 #b4 ,hippea/rum1 hybrids (1 #ag 7#b74 ,,hive-,,bees1 anci5t dome/ication (1 #h2 --bre$s (1 #h2 --small] :5 produc$ 9 old combs1 #h2 --v>iability 91 #h2 --cross+ ( ,ligurian & common1 #h4 ,,hobbs1 ,,fi%]1 on int]bre$+ pigs1 #ag4 8,,hock]-,,taube10 #e4 ,,hodgk91 ,dr41 on ! attraction ( foxes by a female ,d+o1 #a2 --orig9 ( ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 #a2 --transmission ( a peculi> lock ( hair1 #ab4 ,,hodgson1 ,mr41 dome/ication ( ,canis primvus1 #a2 --developm5t ( a fif? digit 9 ,?ibet ma/iffs1 #a2 --numb] ( ribs 9 hump$ cattle1 #c2 --on ! %eep ( ! ,himalaya1 #c2 --pres5ce ( f\r mamm 9 %eep1 #c2 --ar*$ nose 9 %eep1 #c2 --measurem5ts ( ! inte/9es ( goats1 #c2 --pres5ce ( int]digital pits 9 goats1 #c2 --disuse a cause ( droop+ e>s1 #bd4 ,,h(ack]1 p]si/5cy ( col\r 9 horses1 #b1 #ab2 --production ( dun horses f p>5ts ( diff]5t col\rs1 #b2 --inh]itance ( peculi>ities 9 h&writ+1 #ab2 --h]$ity 9 a "o horn$ /ag1 #ab2 --on consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,,h(fman1 ,pr(41 on ,raphanus1 #i4 ,,hog1 ,r$ ,riv]1 #ah4 ,,hogg1 ,mr41 ret>dation ( bre$+ 9 c[s by h>d liv+1 #af4 ,,holl&1 ,sir ,h41 necessity ( inh]itance1 #ab2 --on h]$it>y diseases1 #ab2 --h]$it>y peculi>ity 9 ! eyelid1 #ab2 --morbid uni=mity 9 ! same family1 #ab2 --transmission ( hydrocele ?r\gh ! female1 #ac2 --inh]itance ( habits & tricks1 #bg4 ,,holly1 v>ieties ( !1 #aj 7#b72 --bud-rev]sion 91 #aa2 --yell[-b]ri$1 #ab1 #ba4 ,,hollyhock1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --non-cross+ ( d\ble v>ieties (1 #af2 --t5d] v>iety ( !1 #bd4 ,,hom]1 notice ( geese1 #h2 --bre$+ ( ! horses ( neas1 #bj4 ,,homolog\s p>ts1 correlat$ v>iability (1 #be1 #bf 7#b72 --fusion (1 #bf2 --aff9ity (1 #bf 7#b74 ,,ho(s1 correlat$ ) hair 9 v>iation1 #be4 ,,hook-,,bill$ duck1 skull figur$1 #h4 ,,hook]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d41 =k$ %\ld]-/ripe 9 ,syrian asses1 #b2 --voice ( ! cock 9 ,sikkim1 #g2 --use ( ,arum-roots z food1 #i2 --native useful plants ( ,au/ralia1 #i2 --wild walnut ( ! ,himalayas1 #aj2 --v>iety ( ! plane-tree1 #aj2 --production ( ,?uja ori5talis f se$s ( ,t4 p5dula1 #aj2 --s+ul> =m ( ,begonia frigida1 #aj2 --rev]sion 9 plants run wild1 #ac2 --on ! sug>-cane1 #ah2 --on ,arctic plants1 #bb2 --on ! oak gr[n at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #bc2 --on ,rhodod5dron ciliatum1 #bc2 --/ock & mignonette p]5nial 9 ,tasmania1 #bd4 ,,hopkirk1 ,mr41 bud-v>iation 9 ! rose1 #aa2 --9 ,mirabilis jalapa1 #aa2 --9 ,convolvulus tricolor1 #aa4 ,,hornbeam1 het]ophyll\s1 #aj4 ,,horn$ f[l1 #g2 --skull figur$1 #g4 ,,hornless cattle 9 ,p>aguay1 #c4 ,,horns ( %eep1 #c2 --correlation (1 ) fleece 9 %eep1 #be2 --correlation (1 ) ! skull1 #be2 --rudim5t>y 9 "y poll$ cattle1 #bd2 --( goats1 #c4 ,,horses1 9 ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #b2 --diff]5t bre$s (1 9 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 #b2 --anomalies 9 o/eology & d5tition (1 #b2 --mutual f]tility ( diff]5t bre$s1 #b2 --f]al1 #b2 --habit ( scrap+ away sn[1 #b2 --mode ( production ( bre$s (1 #b2 --inh]itance & div]sity ( col\r 91 #b2 --d>k /ripes 91 #b2 --dun-col\r$1 orig9 (1 #b2 --col\rs ( f]al1 #c 7#b72 --effect ( fecundation by a quagga on ! subsequ5t prog5y (1 #aa2 --inh]itance ( peculi>ities 91 #ab 7#b72 --polydactylism 91 #ab2 --inh]itance ( col\r 91 #ab2 --inh]itance ( exo/oses 9 legs (1 #ab2 --rev]sion 91 #ac 7#b72 --hybrids (1 ) ass & zebra1 #ac2 --prepot5cy ( transmission 9 ! sexes (1 #ad2 --segregation (1 9 ,p>aguay1 #af2 --wild species (1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --curly1 9 ,p>aguay1 #bj1 #be2 --selection (1 = trifl+ *>act]s1 #bj2 --unconsci\s selection (1 #bj 7#b72 --natural selection 9 ,circassia1 #ba2 --alt]ation ( coat (1 9 coal-m9es1 #bc2 --deg5]ation (1 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #bc2 --diseases (1 caus$ by %oe+1 #bd2 --fe$+ on meat1 #bd2 --:ite & :ite-spott$1 poison$ by mildew$ vet*es1 #be2 --analog\s v>iations 9 ! col\r (1 #bf2 --tee? develop$ on palate (1 #bg2 --( ,bronze p]iod 9 ,d5m>k1 #bh4 ,,horse-,,*e/nut1 e>ly1 at ! ,tuil]ies1 #aj2 --t5d5cy to d\bl5ess 91 #ah4 ,,horse-,,radi%1 g5]al /]ility ( !1 #ah4 8,,h\dan10 a ,fr5* sub-bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,h[>d1 ,c41 on an ,egyptian monum5t1 #a2 --on cross+ %eep1 #c 7#b74 ,,huc1 on ! ,emp]or ,khang-hi1 #bj2 --,*9ese v>ieties ( ! bamboo1 #bb4 ,,humboldt1 ,a41 "* ( ! ,zambos1 #ac2 --p>rot speak+ 9 ! language ( an ext9ct tribe1 #ah2 --on ,pulex p5etrans1 #bc4 ,,humidity1 injuri\s effect (1 ^u horses1 #b4 ,,humphreys1 ,col41 on ,ancon %eep1 #c4 ,,hung>ian cattle1 #c4 ,,hunt]1 ,,john1 p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! dog1 #a2 --on second>y sexual *>act]s1 #c2 --f]tile cross+ ( ,ans] f]us & ! dome/ic goose1 #h2 --inh]itance ( peculi>ities 9 ge/ures1 voice1 etc41 #ab2 --assumption ( male *>act]s by ! human female1 #ac2 --p]iod ( appe>ance ( h]$it>y diseases1 #ad2 --graft ( ! spur ( a cock ^u its comb1 #bd2 --on ! /oma* ( ,l>us trid5tatus1 #bd4 ,,hunt]1 ,w41 evid5ce aga9/ ! influ5ce ( imag9ation ^u ! (fspr+1 #bb4 ,,hu?1 ,mr41 close int]bre$+ ( rabbits1 #ag2 --consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,,hutton1 ,capt41 on ! v>iability ( ! silk-mo?1 #h2 --on ! numb] ( species ( silkworms1 #h2 --m>k+s ( silkworms1 #h2 --dome/ication ( ! rock-pigeon 9 ,india1 #f2 --dome/ication & cross+ ( ,gallus bankiva1 #g2 --rev]sion 9 goats f a cross1 #ac4 ,,hut*9son1 ,col41 liability ( dogs to di/emp]1 #a4 ,,huxley1 ,pr(41 on ! transmission ( polydactylism1 #ab2 --on unconsci\s selection1 #bj2 --on correlation 9 ! mollusca1 #be2 --on gemmation & fission1 #bg2 --developm5t ( />-fi%es1 #bg4 ,,hyac9?s1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --graft-hybrid by union ( half bulbs (1 #aa2 --:ite1 reproduc$ by se$1 #ab2 --r$1 #ba2 --v>ieties (1 recognisable by ! bulb1 #bb4 ,,hyac9?1 fea!r1 #ai1 #bd4 ,hyac9?us ori5talis1 #aj4 ,hybiscus syriacus1 #bc4 ,,hybrids1 ( h>e & rabbit1 #f2 --( v>i\s species ( ,gallus1 #g2 --( almond1 pea*1 & nect>9e1 #aj2 --naturally produc$1 ( species ( ,cytisus1 #aa2 --f tw9-se$ ( ,fu*sia cocc9ea & fulg5s1 #aa2 --rev]sion (1 #aa 7#b71 #ac 7#b72 --f m>e1 ass1 & zebra1 #ac2 --( tame animals1 wildness (1 #ac 7#b72 --female in/9cts ( /]ile male1 #ac2 --transmission & bl5d+ ( *>act]s 91 #ae2 --bre$ bett] ) p>5t species ?an ) ea* o!r1 #ag2 --self-impot5ce 91 #ag2 --readily produc$ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,hybridisation1 s+ul> effects (1 9 oranges1 #aj2 --( *]ries1 #aj2 --difficulty (1 9 ,cucurbit1 #aj2 --( roses1 #aj4 ,,hybridism1 #ai2 --! cause ( a t5d5cy to d\ble fl[]s1 #ah2 --9 relation to ,pang5esis1 #bg4 ,,hybridity 9 cats1 #a 7#b72 --suppos$1 ( pea* & nect>9e1 #aj4 ,hydra1 #aa1 #bd1 #bg4 ,,hydrangea1 col\r ( fl[]s (1 influ5c$ by alum1 #bc4 ,,hydrocele1 #ac4 ,,hydrocephalus1 #bd4 ,hyp]icum calyc9um1 #ah4 ,hyp]icum crispum1 #ba1 #be4 ,,hyp]metamorphosis1 #bg4 ,,hyp]metropia1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,,i*?yopt]ygia1 numb] ( digits 9 !1 #ac4 ,ilex aquifolium1 #ab4 ,,imag9ation1 suppos$ effect (1 on (fspr+1 #bb4 ,imatophyllum m9iatum1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,ince/1 abhorr$ by savages1 #ag4 ,,incubation1 by cross$ f[ls ( non-sitt+ v>ieties1 #ac4 ,,india1 /rip$ horses (1 #b2 --pigs (1 #c 7#b72 --bre$+ ( rabbits 91 #d2 --cultivation ( pigeons 91 #f4 ,,individual v>iability 9 pigeons1 #e4 ,,+l$ew1 ,mr41 cultivation ( ,european vegetables 9 ,india1 #ah4 8,,indis*e ,taube10 #e4 ,,inh]itance1 #ab1 #bg1 7#b72 --d\bts ent]ta9$ (1 by "s writ]s1 #ab2 --importance (1 to bre$]s1 #aa1 #ab2 --evid5ce (1 d]iv$ f /ati/ics ( *ances1 #ab2 --( peculi>ities 9 man1 #ab1 7#b72 --( disease1 #ab 7#c72 --( peculi>ities 9 ! eye1 #ab2 --( deviations f symmetry1 #ab2 --( polydactylism1 #ab2 --caprici\sness (1 #ab2 --( mutilations1 #ab2 --( cong5ital mon/rosities1 #ab2 --causes ( abs5ce (1 #ab2 --by rev]sion or atavism1 #ac2 --its connection ) fix$ness ( "*1 #ad2 --affect$ by prepot5cy ( transmission ( "*1 #ad2 --limit$ by sex1 #ad2 --at correspond+ p]iods ( life1 #ad2 --summ>y ( ! subject (1 #ad2 --laws (1 ! same 9 sem9al & bud v>ieties1 #aa2 --( *>act]s 9 ! horse1 #b2 --9 cattle1 #c2 --9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 ! pea*1 #aj2 --9 ! nect>9e1 #aj2 --9 plums1 #aj2 --9 apples1 #aj2 --9 pe>s1 #aj2 --9 ! pansy1 #aj2 --( prim>y *>act]s ( ,columba livia 9 cross$ pigeons1 #e2 --( peculi>ities ( plumage 9 pigeons1 #e2 --( peculi>ities ( foliage 9 trees1 #aj2 --effects (1 9 v>ieties ( ! cabbage1 #i4 ,,insanity1 inh]itance (1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,insects1 reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts 91 #aj1 #bd2 --ag5cy (1 9 fecundation ( l>kspurs1 #ab2 --effect ( *ang$ conditions ^u1 #ah2 --/]ile neut]1 #ai2 --mon/rosities 91 #bb1 #bg4 ,,in/9cts1 defective1 ( silkworms1 #h4 ,,int]bre$+1 close1 ill effects (1 #ag1 #ai4 ,,int]cross+1 ( species1 z a cause ( v>iation1 #f2 --natural1 ( plants1 #aj2 --( species ( ,canid & bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --( dome/ic & wild cats1 #a 7#b72 --( bre$s ( pigs1 #c 7#b72 --( cattle1 #c2 --( v>ieties ( cabbage1 #i2 --( peas1 #i 7#c72 --( v>ieties ( orange1 #aj2 --( species ( /rawb]ries1 #aj 7#b72 --( ,cucurbit1 #aj 7#b72 --( fl[]+ plants1 #aj2 --( pansies1 #aj4 ,,int]digital pits1 9 goats1 #c4 ,,int]m>riages1 close1 #ag 7#b74 ,,inte/9es1 elongation (1 9 pigs1 #c2 --relative measurem5t ( p>ts (1 9 goats1 #c2 --effects ( *ang$ diet on1 #bd4 ,ipoma purpurea1 #ag4 ,,irel&1 rema9s ( ,bos frontosus & longifrons f\nd 91 #c4 ,,iris1 h]$it>y abs5ce ( !1 #ab2 --h]$it>y peculi>ities ( col\r ( !1 #ab2 --v>iation (1 #aa4 ,iris xiphium1 #aa4 ,,iri%1 anci5t1 selection practis$ by !1 #bj4 ,,iron p]iod1 9 ,europe1 dog (1 #a4 ,,isl&s1 oceanic1 sc>city ( useful plants on1 #i4 ,,islay1 pigeons (1 #f4 ,,isolation1 effect (1 9 fav\r ( selection1 #ba 7#b74 ,,italy1 v9e-gr[+ 91 dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod1 #aj4 ,,ivy1 /]ility (1 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 #ah4 ,,jack1 ,mr41 effect ( =eign poll5 on grapes1 #aa4 ,,jackal1 #a 7#c72 --hybrids (1 ) ! dog1 #a2 --prepot5cy (1 ov] ! dog1 #a4 ,,jackson1 ,mr41 :ite-foot$ cats1 #be4 ,,jacob9 pigeon1 #e1 #f4 ,,jacquemet-,,bonne=t1 on ! mulb]ry1 #aj4 ,,jaeg]1 ,pr(41 on rev]sion 9 pigs1 f a cross1 #ac2 --:ite pigeons kill$ by hawks1 #ba4 ,,jagu>1 ) crook$ legs1 #a4 ,,jamaica1 f]al dogs (1 #a2 --f]al pigs (1 #c2 --f]al rabbits (1 #d4 ,,jameson1 ,mr41 on hybrid potatoes1 #aa4 ,,japan1 horses (1 #b4 ,,japanese pig 7figur$71 #c4 ,,j>d9e1 ,sir ,w41 cross+ ( dome/ic & wild cats1 #a4 ,,j>ves1 ,j41 silkworm 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 #h4 ,,java1 fantail pigeon 91 #e4 ,,javanese ponies1 #b 7#b74 ,,jeitteles1 hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --hi/ory ( ! f[l1 #g2 --,hung>ian %eep-dogs1 #a2 --cross+ ( dome/ic & wild cats1 #a4 ,,jemmy ,,button1 #i4 ,,j5yns1 ,l41 :it5ess ( g&]s1 #h2 --sunfi%-l v>iety ( ! goldfi%1 #h4 ,,j]don1 ,j4 ,c41 numb] ( eggs laid by ! pea-h51 #bj2 --orig9 ( dome/ic f[l1 #g4 ,,j]sey1 arboresc5t cabbages (1 #i4 ,,jessam9e1 #aa4 ,,jesse1 ,g4 ,r41 on ! bulldog1 #a4 ,,john1 ,k+1 importation ( /allions f ,fl&]s by1 #bj4 ,,johnson1 ,d41 occurr5ce ( /ripes on "y wild pigs 9 ,india1 #c4 ,,jordan1 ,a41 on ,vib]t's exp]im5ts on ! v9e1 #aj2 --orig9 ( v>ieties ( ! apple1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( pe>s f\nd wild 9 woods1 #bb4 ,,j\rdan1 p>!nog5esis 9 ! silk-mo?1 #bg4 ,,juan ,,de ,,nova1 wild dogs on1 #a4 ,,juan ,,f]n&ez1 dumb dogs on1 #a4 ,juglans regia1 #aj4 ,,jukes1 ,pr(41 orig9 ( ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 #a4 ,,juli51 ,/anislas1 e>ly dome/ication ( pigs 9 ,*9a1 #c2 --antiquity ( ! dome/ication ( ! silkworm 9 ,*9a1 #h4 ,,jump]s1 a bre$ ( f[ls1 #g4 ,,junip]1 v>iations ( !1 #aj 7#b74 ,junip]us suecica1 #aj4 ,jussia gr&iflora1 #ah4 ,,jussieu1 ,a4 de1 /ructure ( ! pappus 9 ,c>?amus1 #bd4 ,,kail1 ,scot*1 rev]sion 91 #ac4 ,,kales1 #i4 8,,kali-,,p>0 pigeon1 #e4 ,,kalm1 ,p41 on maize1 #i1 #bd2 --introduction ( :eat into ,canada1 #i2 --/]ility ( trees gr[+ 9 m>%es & d5se woods1 #ah4 8,,kalmi ,,lotan0 tumbl] pigeon1 #e4 ,,kane1 ,dr41 on ,esquimaux dogs1 #a4 ,,k>akool %eep1 #c4 ,,k>keek1 on inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab4 8,,k>melit5 ,taube10 #e4 ,,k>/5 on ,pulex p5etrans1 #bc4 ,,kattyw> horses1 #b4 ,,keeley1 ,r41 pelorism 9 ,galeobdolon luteum1 #ac4 ,,k]n]1 on ! culture ( ,alp9e plants1 #ah2 --def9ite action ( conditions1 #bc4 ,,ke/rel1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 8,,kh&,,si10 #e4 ,,khang-,,hi1 selection ( a v>iety ( rice by1 #bj4 ,,kiang1 #ac4 ,,kidd1 on ! can>y-bird1 #h1 #ad4 ,,kidney bean1 #aj2 --v>ieties (1 #bb1 #bc4 ,,kidneys1 comp5satory developm5t ( !1 #bd2 --%ape (1 9 birds influ5c$ by ! =m ( ! pelvis1 #bf4 ,,k+1 ,col41 dome/ication ( rock doves f ! ,orkneys1 #f 7#b74 ,,k+1 ,dr41 on ,p>itium1 #aa4 ,,k+1 ,p4 ,p41 on ! d+o1 #a 7#b74 ,,kirby & ,sp5ce1 on ! gr[? ( galls1 #bc4 ,,kirghisian %eep1 #c4 ,,kite1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,kle9e1 v>iability ( bees1 #h4 ,,knight1 ,,&rew1 on cross+ horses ( diff]5t bre$s1 #b2 --cross+ v>ieties ( peas1 #i1 #ag2 --p]si/5cy ( v>ieties ( peas1 #i2 --orig9 ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --hybridisation ( ! morello by ! ,elton *]ry1 #aj2 --on se$l+ *]ries1 #aj2 --v>iety ( ! apple n attack$ by coccus1 #aj2 --int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj 7#b72 --broad v>iety ( ! cock's-comb1 #aj2 --bud v>iation 9 ! *]ry & plum1 #aa2 --cross+ ( :ite & purple grapes1 #aa2 --exp]im5ts 9 cross+ apples1 #aa1 #ag2 --h]$it>y disease 9 plants1 #ab2 --on int]bre$+1 #ag2 --cross$ v>ieties ( :eat1 #ag2 --necessity ( int]cross+ 9 plants1 #ai2 --on v>iation1 #bb 7#b72 --effects ( graft+1 #aa1 #bc2 --bud-v>iation 9 a plum1 #bc2 --correlat$ v>iation ( head & limbs1 #h4 ,,knox1 ,mr41 bre$+ ( ! eagle owl 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,ko*1 deg5]acy 9 ! turnip1 #i4 ,,kohlrabi1 #i4 ,k,,lreut]1 rev]sion 9 hybrids1 #aa1 #ac2 --acquir$ /]ility ( cross$ v>ieties ( plants1 #aj1 #af2 --absorption ( ,mirabilis vulg>is by ,m4 longiflora1 #ae2 --crosses ( species ( ,v]bascum1 #ae1 #af2 --on ! hollyhock1 #af2 --cross+ v>ieties ( tobacco1 #af2 --b5efits ( cross+ plants1 #ag 7#b71 #ai 7#b72 --sell-impot5ce 9 ,v]bascum1 #ag 7#b72 --effects ( conditions ( gr[? ^u f]tility 9 ,mirabilis1 #ah2 --great developm5t ( tub]s 9 hybrid plants1 #ah2 --inh]itance ( pla/icity1 #ba2 --v>iability ( hybrids ( ,mirabilis1 #bb2 --repeat$ cross+ a cause ( v>iation1 #bb2 --numb] ( poll5-gra9s necess>y = f]tilisation1 #bg4 8,,krauses*we910 #c4 ,,krohn1 on ! d\ble reproduction ( ,m$us1 #bg4 8,,kropf-,,taub510 #e4 ,,labat1 on ! tusks ( f]al bo>s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #e2 --on ,fr5* :eat gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #bd2 --on ! culture ( ! v9e 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #bd4 ,,laburnum1 ,adam's1 see ,cytisus adami12 --oak-leav$1 rev]sion (1 #aa2 --pelorism 9 !1 #bf2 --,wat]]'s1 #aa4 ,,la*mann1 on gemmation & fission1 #bg4 ,la*nan!s t9ctoria1 #ba1 #be4 ,,lactation1 imp]fect1 h]$it>y1 #ab2 --defici5t1 ( wild animals 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,ladrone ,isl&s1 cattle (1 #c4 ,,la ,,gasca1 ,pr(41 individual v>iation 9 :eat1 #i4 ,,la+1 ,mr41 resemblance ( ,norwegian & ,devon%ire cattle1 #c4 ,,lake-,,dwell+s1 %eep (1 #c2 --cattle (1 #c2 --abs5ce ( ! f[l 91 #g2 --cultivat$ plants (1 #i1 #bh 7#b72 --c]eals (1 #i2 --peas f\nd 91 #i2 --beans f\nd 91 #i4 ,,lam>e-,,piquot1 obs]vations on half-br$ ,nor? ,am]ican wolves1 #a4 ,,lamb]t1 ,a4 ,b41 on ,?uja p5dula or fili=mis1 #aj4 ,,lamb]t family1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,lamb]tye1 on /rawb]ries1 #aj 7#b72 --five-leav$ v>iety ( ,frag>ia coll9a1 #aj4 ,,l&t1 ,l41 on %eep 9 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 #af4 ,,lanke/]1 ,,ray1 on longevity1 #bg4 ,,la ,,plata1 wild dogs (1 #a2 --f]al cat f1 #a4 ,,l>*1 #bd4 ,,l>kspurs1 insect ag5cy necess>y = ! full fecundation (1 #ab4 ,l>us arg5tatus1 #ah1 #bd4 ,l>us tridactylus1 #bd4 ,,la/]ye1 m]9o %eep 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 #c4 ,,lat5t *>act]s1 #ac4 ,,la?am1 on ! f[l n bre$+ 9 ! extreme nor?1 #ah4 ,la?yrus1 #ac4 ,la?yrus aphaca1 #bf4 ,la?yrus odoratus1 #aa 7#b71 #ae 7#b71 #bd4 ,,la ,,t\*e1 ,j4 ,d41 on a ,canadian apple ) dimidiate fruit1 #aa 7#b74 8,,latz-,,taube10 #e4 ,,laugh] pigeon1 #e1 #f4 ,laurus sassafras1 #bc4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,j41 production ( a new bre$ ( foxh\nds1 #a2 --occurr5ce ( can9es 9 m>es1 #b2 --on ?ree-p>ts-br$ horses1 #b2 --on inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab 7#b74 ,,lawson1 ,mr41 v>ieties ( ! potato1 #i4 ,,laxton1 ,mr41 bud-v>iation 9 ! gooseb]ry1 #aa2 --cross+ ( v>ieties ( ! pea1 #aa 7#b72 --weakness ( transmission 9 peas1 #ad2 --d\ble-fl[]$ peas1 #ah4 ,,lay>d1 ,e4 ,l41 resemblance ( a ,caffre dog to ! ,esquimaux bre$1 #a1 #bc2 --cross+ ( ! dome/ic cat ) ,felis caffra1 #a2 --f]al pigeons 9 ,asc5sion1 #f2 --dome/ic pigeons ( ,ceylon1 #f2 --on ,gallus /anleyi1 #g2 --on black-sk9n$ ,ceylonese f[ls1 #g4 ,,le ,,compte family1 bl9dness inh]it$ 91 #ad4 ,,lecoq1 bud-v>iation 9 ,mirabilis jalapa1 #aa2 --hybrids ( ,mirabilis1 #aa1 #ah1 #bb2 --cross+ 9 plants1 #ag2 --fecundation ( ,passiflora1 #ag2 --hybrid ,gladiolus1 #ag2 --/]ility ( ,ranunculus fic>ia1 #ah2 --villosity 9 plants1 #bc2 --d\ble a/]s1 #bd4 ,,le ,,c\teur1 ,j41 v>ieties ( :eat1 #i2 --acclimatisation ( exotic :eat 9 ,europe1 #i2 --adaptation ( :eat to soil & climate1 #i2 --selection ( se$-corn1 #i2 --evil f int]-bre$+1 #ag2 --on *ange ( soil1 #ah2 --selection ( :eat1 #bj2 --natural selection 9 :eat1 #ba2 --cattle ( ,j]sey1 #ba4 ,,l$g]1 ,mr41 on ! llama & alpaca1 #bj4 ,,lee1 ,mr41 8 e>ly culture ( ! pansy1 #aj4 ,le]sia oryzoides1 #ae4 ,,lef\r1 p]iod ( ge/ation 9 cattle1 #c4 ,,legra91 falsifi$ exp]im5ts (1 #ag4 ,,legs1 ( f[ls1 effects ( disuse on1 #g2 --*>act]s & v>iations (1 9 ducks1 #bd4 ,,leguat1 cattle ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #c4 ,,lehmann1 occurr5ce ( wild d\ble-fl[]$ plants ne> a hot spr+1 #ah4 ,,leighton1 ,w4 ,a41 propagation ( a weep+ yew by se$1 #ab4 ,,leitn]1 effects ( removal ( an!rs1 #ah4 ,,lemm+1 #ah4 ,,lemo9e1 v>iegat$ ,symphytum & ,phlox1 #aa4 ,,lemon1 #aj2 --orange fecundat$ by poll5 ( !1 #aa4 ,,lemurs1 hybrid1 #d4 ,,leporides1 #ah4 ,,lepsius1 figures ( anci5t ,egyptian dogs1 #a2 --dome/ication ( pigeons 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #f4 ,lepus glacialis1 #d4 ,lepus magellanicus1 #d4 ,lepus nigripes1 #d4 ,lepus tibetanus1 #d4 ,lepus v>iabilis1 #d4 ,,l]eb\llet1 d\ble mon/]s ( fi%es1 #bf4 ,,leslie1 on ,scot* wild cattle1 #c4 ,,lessona1 on regr[?1 #bg2 --on ,lepus magellanicus1 #d4 ,,le?bridge1 previ\s impregnation1 #aa4 ,,leuck>t1 on ! l>va ( ,cecidomyid1 #bg4 ,,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 on ,pang5esis1 #bg4 ,,lewis1 ,g41 cattle ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 #ba4 ,,lh]bette & ,quatrefages1 on ! horses ( ,circassia1 #af1 #ba4 ,,li*5s1 /]ility 91 #ah4 ,,li*t5/e91 resemblance ( ,bosjesman's dogs to ,canis mesomelas1 #a2 --,newf\ndl& dog at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #a4 ,,liebig1 diff]5ces 9 human blood1 accord+ to complexion1 #bc4 ,,liebrei*1 occurr5ce ( pigm5t>y ret9itis 9 deaf-mutes1 #be4 ,,lilacs1 #ah4 ,,liliace1 contabesc5ce 91 #ah4 ,lilium bulbif]um & davuricum1 #aa4 ,lilium c&idum1 #ag4 ,,limbs1 reg5]ation (1 #bg4 ,,limbs & head1 correlat$ v>iation (1 #be4 ,,lime1 effect (1 ^u %ells ( ! mollusca1 #bc4 ,,lime-,,tree1 *anges (1 by age1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,limitation1 sexual1 #ad4 ,,limitation1 suppos$1 ( v>iation1 #bh4 ,l9>ia1 pelorism 91 #ac 7#b71 #ad2 --peloric1 cross$ ) ! normal =m1 #ad2 --/]ility (1 #ah4 ,l9>ia vulg>is & purpurea1 hybrids (1 #ae4 ,,l9demu?1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,l9dley1 ,,john1 classification ( v>ieties ( cabbages1 #i2 --orig9 ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --influ5ce ( soil on pea*es & nect>9es1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e1 #aj2 --on ! ,new ,t[n pipp91 #aj2 --fre$om ( ! ,w9t] ,majet9 apple f coccus1 #aj2 --production ( monci\s ,hautbois /rawb]ries by bud-selection1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! l>ge tawny nect>9e1 #aa2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! gooseb]ry1 #aa2 --h]$it>y disease 9 plants1 #ab2 --on d\ble fl[]s1 #ah2 --se$+ ( ord9>ily se$less fruits1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ,acorus calamus1 #ah2 --resi/ance ( individual plants to cold1 #bd4 ,,l9n,,u1 summ] & w9t] :eat reg>d$ z di/9ct species by1 #i2 --on ! s+le-leav$ /rawb]ry1 #aj2 --/]ility ( ,alp9e plants 9 g>d5s1 #ah2 --recognition ( individual re9de] by ! ,lapl&]s1 #bb2 --gr[? ( tobacco 9 ,sw$51 #bd4 ,,l9net1 #ah4 ,l9ota cannab9a1 #ah4 ,l9um1 #ah4 ,,lion1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah 7#b74 ,,lip>i1 f]al rabbits (1 #d4 ,,liv+/one1 ,dr41 /rip$ "y pigs on ! ,zambesi1 #c2 --dome/ic rabbits at ,lo&a1 #d2 --use ( grass-se$s z food 9 ,africa1 #i2 --plant+ ( fruit-trees by ! ,batokas1 #i2 --"* ( half-ca/es1 #ac2 --tam+ ( animals among ! ,b>otse1 #ah2 --selection practis$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #bj 7#b74 ,,liv+/one1 ,mr41 disuse a cause ( droop+ e>s1 #bd4 ,,liz>ds1 reproduction ( tail 91 #bd4 ,,llama1 selection (1 #bj4 ,,lloyd1 ,mr41 tam+ ( ! wolf1 #a2 --,engli% dogs 9 nor!rn ,europe1 #a2 --f]tility ( ! goose increas$ by dome/ication1 #h2 --numb] ( eggs laid by ! wild goose1 #af2 --bre$+ ( ! cap]cailzie 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,lo&a1 dome/ic rabbits at1 #d4 ,loasa1 hybrid ( two species (1 #ae4 ,lobelia1 rev]sion 9 hybrids (1 #aa2 --contabesc5ce 91 #ah4 ,lobelia fulg5s1 c>d9alis1 & syphilitica1 #ag4 ,,lockh>t1 ,dr41 on ,*9ese pigeons1 #f4 ,,locu/-,,tree1 #bc4 ,,loiseleur-,,deslong*amps1 orig9als ( cultivat$ plants1 #i2 --,mongolian v>ieties ( :eat1 #i2 --*>act]s ( ! e> 9 :eat1 #i2 --acclimatisation ( exotic :eat 9 ,europe1 #i2 --effect ( *ange ( climate on :eat1 #i2 --on ! suppos$ necessity ( ! co9cid5t v>iation ( we$s & cultivat$ plants1 #i2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah4 ,lolium temul5tum1 v>iable pres5ce ( b>bs 91 #i4 ,,long-,,tail$ %eep1 #c4 ,,loo*oo ,isl&s1 horses (1 #b4 ,,"l1 ,j4 ,k41 on ,canis latrans1 #a4 8,,lori ,,rajah10 h[ produc$1 #g4 ,lorius g>rulus1 #bc4 8,,lotan0 tumbl] pigeon1 #e4 ,,l\don1 ,j4 ,w41 v>ieties ( ! c>rot1 #i2 --%ort duration ( v>ieties ( peas1 #i2 --on ! gl&s ( pea*-leaves1 #aj2 --pres5ce ( bloom on ,russian apples1 #aj2 --orig9 ( v>ieties ( ! apple1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 #aj2 --on ! nut tree1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! a%1 #aj2 --fa/igiate junip] 7,j4 suecica71 #aj2 --on ,ilex aquifolium f]ox1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! ,scot* fir1 #aj 7#b72 --v>ieties ( ! haw?orn1 #aj2 --v>iation 9 ! p]si/5cy ( leaves on ! elm & ,turki% oak1 #aj2 --importance ( cultivat$ v>ieties1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ,rosa sp9osissima1 #aj2 --v>iation ( dahlias f ! same se$1 #aj2 --production ( ,prov5ce roses f se$s ( ! moss-rose1 #aa2 --effect ( graft+ ! purple-leav$ ^u ! common hazel1 #aa2 --int]cross+ melons1 #ag2 --ne>ly ev]gre5 ,corni% v>iety ( ! elm1 #bd4 ,,l[1 on ! pigs ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 #c4 ,,l[1 ,pr(41 p$igrees ( greyh\nds1 #ab2 --orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --burr[+ in/9ct ( a half-br$ d+o1 #a2 --inh]itance ( qualities 9 horses1 #b2 --comp>ative p[]s ( ,engli% racehorses1 ,arabs1 etc41 #b2 --,briti% bre$s ( cattle1 #c2 --wild cattle ( ,*>tley1 #c2 --effect ( abundance ( food on ! size ( cattle1 #c2 --effects ( climate on ! sk9 ( cattle1 #c1 #be2 --on int]bre$+1 #ag2 --selection 9 ,h]e=d cattle1 #bj2 --=mation ( new bre$s1 #ba2 --on 8%eet$0 cattle1 #bf4 ,,l[e1 ,mr41 on hive bees1 #h4 ,,l[e1 ,rev4 ,mr41 on ! range ( ,pyrus malus & ,p4 ac]ba1 #aj4 ,,l[ne1 ,mr41 mon/]s1 #bf2 --on gemmules1 #bg4 8,,l[tun0 tumbl] pigeon1 #e4 ,loxia pyrrhula1 #e4 ,,lubbock1 ,sir ,j41 developm5ts ( ! ,ephem]id1 #bg4 ,,lucas1 ,p41 effects ( cross-bre$+ on ! female1 #aa2 --h]$it>y diseases1 #ab1 #ad 7#b72 --h]$it>y affections ( ! eye1 #ab 7#b72 --inh]itance ( anomalies 9 ! human eye & 9 t ( ! horse1 #ab2 --inh]itance ( polydactylism1 #ab2 --morbid uni=mity 9 ! same family1 #ab2 --inh]itance ( mutilations1 #ab2 --p]si/5cy ( cross-rev]sion1 #ac2 --p]si/5cy ( "* 9 bre$s ( animals 9 wild c\ntries1 #ad2 --prepot5cy ( transmission1 #ad 7#b72 --suppos$ rules ( transmission 9 cross+ animals1 #ad2 --sexual limitations ( transmission ( peculi>ities1 #ad 7#b72 --absorption ( ! m9ority 9 cross$ races1 #ae2 --crosses )\t bl5d+ ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 #ae2 --on int]bre$+1 #ag2 --v>iability dep5d5t on reproduction1 #bb2 --p]iod ( action ( v>iability1 #bb2 --inh]itance ( deafness 9 cats1 #be2 --complexion & con/itution1 #be4 ,,lucaze-,,du?i]s1 /ructure & gr[? ( galls1 #bc4 ,,lucae1 ,pr(41 on ! mask$ pig1 #c2 --on pigs1 #bd4 ,,luizet1 graft+ ( a pea*-almond on a pea*1 #aj4 ,,lutke1 cats ( ! ,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago1 #a4 ,,luxuriance1 ( vegetative organs1 a cause ( /]ility 9 plants1 #ah 7#b74 ,,lyonnet1 on ! scission ( ,nais1 #bg4 ,lysima*ia nummul>ia1 /]ility (1 #ah4 ,ly?rum1 trimorphic species (1 #bg4 ,ly?rum salic>ia1 #ai2 --contabesc5ce 91 #ah4 ,lytta vesicatoria1 affect+ ! kidneys1 #bg4 ,macacus1 species (1 br$ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,macaulay1 ,"l1 improvem5t ( ! ,engli% horse1 #bj4 ,m',,clell&1 ,dr41 v>iability ( fre%-wat] fi%es 9 ,india1 #bb4 ,m',,coy1 ,pr(41 on ! d+o1 #a4 ,,macfayd51 influ5ce ( soil 9 produc+ sweet or bitt] oranges f ! same se$1 #aj4 ,,macgillivray1 dome/ication ( ! rock-dove1 #f2 --f]al pigeons 9 ,scotl&1 #f2 --numb] ( v]tebr 9 birds1 #g2 --on wild geese1 #h2 --numb] ( eggs ( wild & tame ducks1 #af4 ,,mack5zie1 ,sir ,g41 peculi> v>iety ( ! potato1 #i4 ,,mack5zie1 ,p41 bud-v>iation 9 ! currant1 #aa4 ,,mack9non1 ,mr41 horses ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #b2 --f]al cattle ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #c4 ,,macknight1 ,c41 on int]bre$+ cattle1 #ag4 ,,macnab1 ,mr41 on se$l+ weep+ bir*es1 #ab2 --non-production ( ! weep+ bee* by se$1 #ab4 ,,madagasc>1 cats (1 #a4 ,,madd51 ,h41 on int]bre$+ cattle1 #ag4 ,,madeira1 rock pigeon (1 #f4 ,magnolia gr&iflora1 #bd4 ,,magnus1 ,h]r1 on potato-graft+1 #aa2 --on graft-hybrids1 #aa 7#b74 ,,maize1 its unity ( orig91 #i2 --antiquity (1 #i2 --) husk$ gra9s said to gr[ wild1 #i2 --v>iation (1 #g2 --irregul>ities 9 ! fl[]s (1 #i2 --p]si/5ce ( v>ieties1 #i2 --adaptation (1 to climate1 #i1 #bd2 --acclimatisation (1 #bd1 #bf2 --cross+ (1 #aa1 #af 7#b72 --ext9ct ,p]uvian v>ieties (1 #bh4 ,,malay f[l1 #g4 ,,malay ,ar*ipelago1 horses (1 #b2 --%ort-tail$ cats (1 #a2 --/rip$ "y wild pigs (1 #c2 --ducks (1 #h4 ,,male1 influ5ce (1 on ! fecundat$ female1 #aa2 --suppos$ influ5ce (1 on (fspr+1 #ad4 ,,male fl[]s1 appe>ance (1 among female fl[]s 9 maize1 #i4 ,,mal=mations1 h]$it>y1 #ad4 ,,mal+i-,,n\el1 on %eep1 #c2 --cross-bre$+ %eep1 #ad2 --,engli% %eep 9 ,france1 #ba4 ,,malm1 eyes ( flat fi%1 #ac4 ,malva1 f]tilisation (1 #aa1 #bg4 ,mame/ra suasa1 #ah4 ,,mamm1 v>iable 9 numb] 9 ! pig1 #c2 --rudim5t>y1 occasional full developm5t (1 9 c[s1 #c1 #bd2 --f\r pres5t 9 "s %eep1 #c2 --v>iable 9 numb] 9 rabbits1 #d2 --lat5t functions (1 9 male animals1 #ac1 #bd4 ,,mangles1 ,mr41 annual v>ieties ( ! he>tsease1 #bd4 ,,mantegazza1 abnormal gr[? ( spur ( cock1 #bg2 --on ,pang5esis1 #bg4 ,,mantell1 ,mr41 tam+ ( birds by ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 #ah4 ,,manu1 dome/ic f[l notic$ 9 ! ,in/itutes (1 #g4 ,,manure1 effect (1 on ! f]tility ( plants1 #ah4 ,,manx cats1 #a1 #ad4 ,,m>cel ,,de ,,s]res1 f]tility ( ! o/ri*1 #ah4 ,,m>ianne ,isl&s1 v>ieties ( ,p&anus 91 #bb4 ,,m>kham1 ,,g]vase1 on rabbits1 #d1 #bj4 ,,m>khor1 probably "o ( ! p>5ts ( ! goat1 #c4 ,,m>qu&1 cattle ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 #c4 ,,m>rimpoey1 inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab4 ,,m>r[1 vegetable1 #aj4 ,,m>ryatt1 ,capt41 bre$+ ( asses 9 ,k5tucky1 #ba4 ,,m>sd51 notice ( ,gallus giganteus1 #g4 ,,m>%all1 ,dr4 ,w41 on ,gallus sonn]atii1 #g4 ,,m>%all1 ,mr41 volunt>y selection ( pa/ure by %eep1 #c2 --adaptation ( :eats to soil & climate1 #i2 --8,dut*-buttock$0 cattle1 #ab2 --segregation ( h]ds ( %eep1 #af2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to :eat & potatoes1 #ah2 --fa%ionable *ange 9 ! horns ( cattle1 #bj2 --%eep 9 ,york%ire1 #ba4 ,,m>t5s1 ,e4 ,,von1 on ,a*at9ella1 #ac4 ,,m>t91 ,w4 ,c4 ,l41 orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --,egyptian dogs1 #a2 --b>k+ ( a ,mack5zie ,riv] dog1 #a2 --,african h\nds 9 ! ,t[] m5ag]ie1 #c2 --on dun horses & dappl$ asses1 #b2 --bre$s ( ! horse1 #b2 --wild horses1 #b2 --,syrian bre$s ( asses1 #b2 --asses )\t /ripes1 #b2 --effects ( cross-bre$+ on ! female 9 dogs1 #aa2 --/rip$ legs ( mules1 #ac4 ,,m>t9s1 defective in/9cts ( silkworms1 #h4 ,,m>tius1 ,c41 fruit-trees ( ,/ockholm1 #bd4 ,,mason1 ,w41 bud-v>iation 9 ! a%1 #aa4 ,,ma/]s1 ,dr41 on bud-v>iation & rev]sion1 #aa2 --potato-graft+1 #aa2 --on poll5 )9 ovules1 #bg2 --rev]sion 9 ! spiral-leav$ weep+ will[1 #aa2 --on peloric fl[]s1 #ac2 --on ,opuntia1 #bc2 --pelorism 9 a clov]1 #bf2 --position z a cause ( pelorism1 #bf 7#b74 ,,ma/]s1 ,mr41 p]si/5ce ( v>ieties ( peas1 #i2 --reproduction ( col\r 9 hyac9?s1 #ab2 --on hollyhocks1 #af2 --selection ( peas = se$1 #bj2 --on ,hibiscus syriacus1 #bc2 --rev]sion by ! t]m9al pea 9 ! pod1 #bf4 ,,ma/iff1 sculptur$ on an ,assyrian monum5t1 #a1 #bh2 --,tibetan1 #a1 #bc4 ,,mat!ws1 ,,patrick1 on =e/ trees1 #ba4 ,mat?iola annua1 #aa 7#b71 #ae4 ,mat?iola incana1 #aa 7#b74 ,,mau*amp m]9o %eep1 #c4 ,,mauduyt1 cross+ ( wolves & dogs 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 #a4 ,,maund1 ,mr41 cross$ v>ieties ( :eat1 #ag4 ,,maup]tuis1 axiom ( 8lea/ action10 #a4 ,,mauritius1 importation ( goats into1 #c4 ,,maw1 ,g41 effects ( *ange ( climate1 #bd2 --correlation ( contract$ leaves & fl[]s 9 pel>goniums1 #be 7#b74 ,,mawz1 f]tility ( ,brassica rapa1 #ah4 ,maxill>ia1 self-f]tilis$ capsules (1 #ag4 ,maxill>ia atro-rub5s1 f]tilisation (1 by ,m4 squal5s1 #ag4 ,,maxim[icz1 direct action ( poll51 #aa4 ,,may]s1 on gold-fi% 9 ,*9a1 #h4 ,,mayes1 ,m41 self-impot5ce 9 ,am>yllis1 #ag4 ,,meckel1 on ! numb] ( digits1 #ab2 --correlation ( abnormal muscles 9 ! leg & arm1 #be4 ,,m$us1 developm5t (1 #bg 7#b74 ,,meehan1 ,mr41 weep+ pea*1 #ab2 --effects ( p>asites1 #bc2 --comp>ison ( ,european & ,am]ican trees1 #bc4 ,meles taxus1 #ah4 ,,melons1 #aj 7#b72 --mongrel suppos$ to be produc$ f a tw9-se$1 #aa2 --cross+ ( v>ieties (1 #aa1 #af1 #ag2 --inf]iority (1 9 ,roman times1 #bj2 --*anges 91 by culture & climate1 #bc2 --s]p5t1 correlation ( v>iations 91 #be2 --analog\s v>iations 91 #bf4 ,,membranes1 false1 #bd 7#b74 ,m,n,,tries1 on ! /oma* ( ,/rix grall>ia1 #bd4 ,,m5+itis1 tub]cul>1 inh]it$1 #ad4 ,,m]rick1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,metag5esis1 #bg4 ,,metamorphosis1 #bg4 ,,metamorphosis & developm5t1 #bg 7#b74 ,,metzg]1 on ! suppos$ species ( :eat1 #i 7#b72 --t5d5cy ( :eat to v>y1 #i2 --v>iation ( maize1 #i 7#b72 --cultivation ( ,am]ican maize 9 ,europe1 #i1 #bf2 --on cabbages1 #i2 --acclimatisation ( ,spani% :eat 9 ,g]many1 #ab2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah2 --on rye1 #bb2 --cultivation ( diff]5t k9ds ( :eat1 #bb4 ,,mexico1 dog f1 ) tan spots on ! eyes1 #a2 --col\rs ( f]al horses 91 #b4 ,,mey51 on se$+ ( bananas1 #ah4 ,,mice1 grey & :ite1 col\rs (1 n bl5d$ by cross+1 #ae2 --rejection ( bitt] almonds by1 #ba2 --nak$1 #bc4 ,,mi*aux1 ,f41 roan-col\r$ f]al horses ( ,mexico1 #b2 --orig9 ( dome/ic turkey1 #h2 --on rais+ pea*es f se$1 #aj4 ,,mi*el1 ,f41 selection ( horses 9 m$ival times1 #bj2 --horses pref]r$ on acc\nt ( slight *>act]s1 #bj4 ,,mi*ely1 effects ( food on cat]pill>s1 #bc2 --on ,bombyx hesp]us1 #be4 ,,microph?almia1 associat$ ) defective tee?1 #be4 ,,midd5s1 ,dani%1 rema9s ( dogs 91 #a1 #bh4 ,,mignonette1 #ba1 #bd4 ,,millet1 #aj4 ,,mills1 ,j41 dim9i%$ f]tility ( m>es :5 fir/ turn$ out to grass1 #ah4 ,,milne-,,edw>ds1 on ! developm5t ( ! cru/acea1 #bg4 ,,milne-,,edw>ds1 ,a41 on a cru/acean ) a mon/r\s eye-p$uncle1 #bg4 ,milvus nig]1 #ah4 ,mimulus luteus1 #ag4 ,,m9or1 ,w4 ,c41 gemmation & fission 9 annelids1 #bg4 ,mirabilis1 f]tilisation (1 #bg2 --hybrids (1 #ag1 #ah1 #bb4 ,mirabilis jalapa1 #aa 7#b74 ,mirabilis longiflora1 #ae4 ,mirabilis vulg>is1 #ae4 ,misocampus & ,cecidomyia1 #a4 ,,mit*ell1 ,dr41 effects ( ! poison ( ! rattlesnake1 #bc4 ,,mit=d1 ,mr41 notice ( ! bre$+ ( horses by ,eri*?onius1 #bj4 ,,miv>t1 ,mr41 rudim5t>y organs1 #bd4 ,,moccas ,c\rt1 weep+ oak at1 #ab4 ,,mog=d1 horses poison$ by fool's p>sley1 #be4 ,m,,ll]1 ,l41 effects ( food on insects1 #bc4 ,,mole1 :ite1 #be4 ,,moll & ,gayot1 on cattle1 #c1 #ae1 #bj4 ,,mollusca1 *ange 9 %ells (1 #bc4 ,,monke1 ,lady1 culture ( ! pansy by1 #aj4 ,,monkeys1 r>ely f]tile 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,monni]1 id5tity ( summ] & w9t] :eat1 #i4 ,,mon/]s1 d\ble1 #bf 7#b74 ,,mon/rosities1 occurr5ce (1 9 dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 #aj1 #bb2 --due to p]si/5ce ( embryonic conditions1 #ac2 --occurr+ by rev]sion1 #ac2 --a cause ( /]ility1 #ah2 --caus$ by injury to ! embryo1 #bb4 ,,moor1 ,j4 ,h41 det]ioration ( ! horse 9 ,malasia1 #b4 ,,moorcr(t1 ,mr41 on ,hasora :eat1 #i2 --selection ( :ite-tail$ yaks1 #bj2 --melon ( ,kas*mir1 #bc2 --v>ieties ( ! apricot cultivat$ 9 ,ladakh1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! walnut cultivat$ 9 ,kas*mir1 #bg4 ,,moore1 ,mr41 on bre$s ( pigeons1 #e 7#b71 #f 7#c72 --on gr\nd tumbl]s1 #f4 ,,mooruk1 f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,moqu9-,,t&on1 orig9al =m ( maize1 #i2 --v>iety ( ! d\ble columb9e1 #aj2 --peloric fl[]s1 #ac2 --position z a cause ( pelorism 9 fl[]s1 #bf2 --t5d5cy ( peloric fl[]s to become irregul>1 #ad2 --on mon/rosities1 #bb2 --correlation 9 ! axis & app5dages ( plants1 #be2 --fusion ( homolog\s p>ts 9 plants1 #bf2 --on a bean ) mon/r\s /ipules & abortive leaflets1 #bf2 --conv]sion ( p>ts ( fl[]s1 #bg4 ,,morlot1 dogs ( ! ,dani% ,midd5s1 #a2 --%eep & horse ( ! ,bronze p]iod1 #bh4 ,mormodes ignea1 #ac4 ,,morocco1 e/imation ( pigeons 91 #f4 ,,morr51 grafts ( ,abutilon1 #aa2 --on pelorism1 #ac2 --9 ,calceol>ia1 #bf2 --non-co9cid5ce ( d\ble fl[]s & v>iegat$ leaves1 #ah4 ,,morris1 ,mr41 bre$+ ( ! ke/rel 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,morse1 ,dr41 digits ( birds1 #be4 ,,morton1 ,"l1 effect ( fecundation by a quagga on an ,arab m>e1 #aa4 ,,morton1 ,dr41 orig9 ( ! dog1 #a4 ,morus alba1 #aj4 ,,mosc[1 rabbits (1 #d 7#b72 --effects ( cold on pe>-trees at1 #bd4 ,,mosses1 /]ility 91 #ah2 --retrogressive metamorphosis 91 #bg4 ,,moss-,,rose1 probable orig9 (1 f ,rosa c5tifolia1 #aa2 --,prov5ce roses produc$ f se$s (1 #aa4 ,,mo/o1 ,cada1 on ! introduction ( rabbits into ,porto ,santo1 #d4 ,,mot-,,mot1 mutilation ( fea!rs inh]it$1 #ab4 ,,mottl+ ( fruits & fl[]s1 #aa4 ,,m\nta9-,,a%1 #ba4 ,,m\se1 ,b>b>y1 #ah4 8,m,,v5-,,taube10 #e4 ,,m[bray1 ,mr41 on ! eggs ( game f[ls1 #g2 --e>ly pugnacity ( game cocks1 #g2 --dim9i%$ fecundity ( ! pheasant 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,m[bray1 ,mr41 reciprocal fecundation ( ,passiflora alata & racemosa1 #ag4 ,,mulattos1 "* (1 #ac4 ,,mulb]ry1 #aj1 #bb4 ,,mule & h9ny1 diff]5ces 9 !1 #ad4 ,,mules1 /rip$ col\r+ (1 #ac2 --ob/9acy (1 #ac2 --production (1 among ! ,romans1 #af2 --notic$ 9 ! ,bible1 #bj4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,fritz1 reproduction ( or*ids1 #ag2 --developm5t ( cru/acea1 #bg2 --direct action ( poll51 #aa2 --self-/]ile bignonia1 #ag4 ,m,,ll]1 ,h41 on ! face & tee? 9 dogs1 #a1 #c1 #bf4 ,m,,ll]1 ,j41 t5d5cy to v>iation1 #bb2 --atrophy ( ! optic n]ve consequ5t on de/ruction ( ! eye1 #bd2 --on gemmation & fission1 #bg2 --id5tity ( ovules & buds1 #bg2 --special aff9ities ( ! tissues1 #bg4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,max1 antiquity ( agriculture1 #ba4 ,,multiplicity ( orig9 ( pigeons1 hypo!ses (1 discuss$1 #f4 ,,muniz1 ,f41 on ,niata cattle1 #c4 ,,munro1 ,r41 on ! f]tilisation ( or*ids1 #ag2 --reproduction ( ,passiflora alata1 #ag2 --self-/]ile ,passiflora1 #ag4 8,,murassa0 pigeon1 #e4 ,,murie1 ,dr41 size ( hybrids1 #ag4 ,,murphy1 ,j4 ,j41 ! /ructure ( ! eye n producible by selection1 #bj4 ,mus alex&r9us1 #ae 7#b74 ,musa sapi5tium1 *95sis & cav5di%ii1 #aa4 ,musc>i comosum1 #ai1 #bd4 ,,muscles1 effects ( use on1 #bd4 ,,musk duck1 f]al hybrid (1 ) ! common duck1 #f4 ,,mutilations1 inh]itance or non-inh]itance (1 #ab1 #bg 7#b74 ,,myatt1 on a five-leav$ v>iety ( ! /rawb]ry1 #aj4 ,,myopia1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,,myriapoda1 reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts 91 #bd1 #bg4 ,,nails1 gr[+ on /umps ( f+]s1 #bg4 ,,nais1 scission (1 #bg4 ,,namaquas1 cattle ( !1 #c1 #bj4 ,,n>cissus1 d\ble1 becom+ s+le 9 poor soil1 #ah4 ,,n>vaez1 on ! cultivation ( native plants 9 ,florida1 #i4 ,nasua1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 8,,natas0 or ,niatas1 a ,s\? ,am]ican bre$ ( cattle1 #c4 ,,na?usius1 ,h4 ,,von1 on /rip$ horses1 #b2 --on ! pigs ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #c2 --on ! races ( pigs1 #c2 --conv]g5ce ( "* 9 highly-br$ pigs1 #c1 #ba2 --causes ( *anges 9 ! =m ( ! pig's skull1 #c 7#b72 --*anges 9 bre$s ( pigs by cross+1 #c2 --*ange ( =m 9 ! pig1 #bc2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 9 ! pig1 #bd2 --p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! pig1 #c2 --app5dages to ! jaw 9 pigs1 #c2 --on ,sus pliciceps1 #c2 --p]iod ( ge/ation 9 %eep1 #c2 --on ,niata cattle1 #c2 --on %or?orn cattle1 #ag2 --on int]bre$+1 #ag2 --9 ! %eep1 #ag2 --9 pigs1 #ag2 --unconsci\s selection 9 cattle & pigs1 #bj2 --v>iability ( highly-select$ races1 #ba4 ,,nato1 ,p41 on ! ,bizz>ria orange1 #aa4 ,,natural selection1 its g5]al pr9ciples1 ,introduction4 ,,nature1 s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is employ$1 ,introduction4 ,,naud91 suppos$ rules ( transmission 9 cross+ plants1 #ad2 --on ! nature ( hybrids1 #ac 7#b72 --ess5ces ( ! species 9 hybrids1 #bg 7#b72 --rev]sion ( hybrids1 #ac 7#c72 --rev]sion 9 fl[]s by /ripes & blot*es1 #ac2 --hybrids ( ,l9>ia vulg>is & purpurea1 #ae2 --pelorism 9 ,l9>ia1 #ac1 #ad2 --cross+ ( peloric ,l9>ia ) ! normal =m1 #ad2 --v>iability 9 ,datura1 #bb2 --hybrids ( ,datura laevis & /ramonium1 #aa2 --prepot5cy ( transmission ( ,datura /ramonium :5 cross$1 #ad2 --on ! poll5 ( ,mirabilis & ( hybrids1 #aa2 --f]tilisation ( ,mirabilis1 #bg2 --cultivat$ ,cucurbitace1 #aj 7#b71 #af2 --rudim5t>y t5drils 9 g\rds1 #bd2 --dw>f ,cucurbit1 #be2 --relation betwe5 ! size & numb] ( ! fruit 9 ,cucurbita pepo1 #bf2 --analog\s v>iation 9 ,cucurbit1 #bb2 --acclimatisation ( ,cucurbitace1 #bd2 --production ( fruit by /]ile hybrid ,cucurbitace1 #ah2 --on ! melon1 #aj1 #af1 #bc2 --incapacity ( ! cucumb] to cross ) o!r species1 #aj4 ,,nect>9e1 #aj2 --d]iv$ f ! pea*1 #aj 7#b72 --hybrids (1 #aj2 --p]si/5cy ( *>act]s 9 se$l+1 #aj2 --orig9 (1 #aj2 --produc$ on pea*-trees1 #aj 7#b72 --produc+ pea*es1 #aj2 --v>iation 91 #aj 7#b72 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --gl&s 9 ! leaves ( !1 #ba2 --analog\s v>iation 91 #bf4 ,,nect>y1 v>iations (1 9 pansies1 #aj4 ,,nees1 on *anges 9 ! od\r ( plants1 #bc4 8,,negro0 cat1 #a4 ,,negroes1 polydactylism 91 #ab2 --selection ( cattle practis$ by1 #bj4 ,,neoli?ic p]iod1 dome/ication ( ,bos longifrons & primig5ius 9 !1 #c2 --cattle ( !1 di/9ct f ! orig9al species1 #c2 --dome/ic goat 9 !1 #c2 --c]eals ( !1 #i4 ,,n]ve1 optic1 atrophy ( !1 #bd4 ,,neub]t1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,neumei/]1 on ! ,dut* & ,g]man p\t] pigeons1 #e2 --on ! ,jacob9 pigeon1 #e2 --duplication ( ! middle flight fea!r 9 pigeons1 #e2 --on a peculi>ly col\r$ bre$ ( pigeons1 8,/a>halsige ,taube10 #e2 --f]tility ( hybrid pigeons1 #f2 --mongrels ( ! trumpet] pigeon1 #ad2 --p]iod ( p]fect plumage 9 pigeons1 #ad2 --advantage ( cross+ pigeons1 #ag4 ,,neuralgia1 h]$it>y1 #ad4 ,,new ,,zeal&1 f]al cats (1 #a2 --cultivat$ plants (1 #i4 ,,newf\ndl& dog1 modification (1 9 ,engl&1 #a4 ,,newman1 ,e41 /]ility ( ,sph+id "u c]ta9 conditions1 #ah4 ,,newport1 ,g41 non-copulation ( ,vaness 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --f]tilisation ( ! ovule 9 batra*ia1 #bg4 ,,newt1 polydactylism 9 !1 #ab4 ,,newton1 ,a41 abs5ce ( sexual di/9ctions 9 ! ,columbid1 #e2 --production ( a 8black-%\ld]$0 peah5 among ! ord9>y k9d1 #h2 --on hybrid ducks1 #ah4 ,,ngami1 ,lake1 cattle (1 #c4 8,,niata0 cattle1 #c2 --resemblance (1 to ,siva!rium1 #c2 --prepot5cy ( transmission ( "* by1 #ad4 8,,nic>d0 rabbit1 #d4 ,,ni*olson1 ,dr41 on ! cats ( ,antigua1 #a2 --on ! %eep ( ,antigua1 #c4 ,nicotiana1 cross+ ( v>ieties & species (1 #c2 --prepot5cy ( transmission ( *>act]s 9 species (1 #ad2 --contabesc5ce ( female organs 91 #ah4 ,nicotiana glut9osa1 #af4 ,,niebuhr1 on ! h]$ity ( m5tal *>act]i/ics 9 "s ,roman families1 #ad4 ,,night-,,bl9dness1 non-rev]sion to1 #ac4 ,,nilsson1 ,pr(41 on ! b>k+ ( a "y wolf1 #a2 --p>5tage ( ,european bre$s ( cattle1 #c 7#b72 --on ,bos frontosus 9 ,scania1 #c4 ,,n9d1 ,mr41 on ! d+o1 #a4 8,,nisus =mativus10 #bd 7#b71 #bf4 ,,nitzs*1 on ! abs5ce ( ! oil-gl& 9 c]ta9 ,columb1 #e4 ,,non-,,inh]itance1 causes (1 #ab4 8,,nonna90 pigeon1 #e4 ,,nordmann1 dogs ( ,a:asie1 #a4 ,,norm&y1 pigs (1 ) app5dages "u ! jaw1 #c4 ,,norway1 /rip$ ponies (1 #b4 ,,nott & ,gliddon1 on ! orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --ma/iff repres5t$ on an ,assyrian tomb1 #a2 --on ,egyptian dogs1 #a2 --on ! ,h>e ,indian dog1 #a4 ,notylia1 #ag4 ,,n\ri%m5t1 excess (1 a cause ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,numb]1 importance (1 9 selection1 #ba4 ,numida ptilorhyn*a1 ! orig9al ( ! ,gu9ea-f[l1 #h4 ,,nun pigeon1 #e2 --kn[n to ,aldrov&i1 #f4 ,,nutmeg-,,tree1 #ba4 ,,oak1 weep+1 #aj1 #ab1 #ba2 --pyramidal1 #aj2 --,hessian1 #aj2 --late-leav$1 #aj2 --valueless z timb] at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #bc2 --*anges 91 dep5d5t on age1 #aa2 --galls ( !1 #bc4 ,,oats1 wild1 #i2 --9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i4 ,,ob]l91 *ange ( soil b5eficial to ! potato1 #ah4 ,,od>t1 ,c\nt1 v>ieties ( ! v9e1 #aj1 #bc2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! v9e1 #aa4 cidium1 #bc4 no!ra bi5nis1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,ogle1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w41 inh]it$ defici5t phalanges1 #ab2 --resemblance ( tw9s1 #bb 7#b74 ,,oil-,,gl&1 abs5ce (1 9 fantail pigeons1 #e 7#b74 ,,oldfield1 ,mr41 e/imation ( ,european dogs among ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 #bj4 ,,ole&]1 /ock affect$ by graft+ 9 !1 #aa4 ,,olli]1 ,dr41 ins]tion ( ! p]io/eum ( a dog b5ea? ! sk9 ( a rabbit1 #bg4 ,oncidium1 reproduction (1 #ag1 #ah4 ,,onions1 cross+ (1 #ae2 --:ite1 liable to ! attacks ( fungi & disease1 #ba1 #be4 ,ophrys apif]a1 self-f]tilisation (1 #ae2 --=mation ( poll5 by a petal 91 #bg4 ,opuntia leucotri*a1 #bc4 ,,orange1 #aj2 --cross+ (1 #ae2 --) ! lemon1 #aa1 #bg2 --naturalisation (1 9 ,italy1 #bd2 --v>iation (1 9 ,nor? ,italy1 #bb2 --peculi> v>iety (1 #be2 --bizz>ria1 #aa2 --trifacial1 #aa4 ,,or*ids1 reproduction (1 #aa 7#b71 #ag4 ,,or=d1 ,"l1 cross+ greyh\nds ) ! bulldog1 #a4 ,,organisms1 orig9 (1 ,introduction4 ,,organisation1 advancem5t 91 ,introduction4 ,,organs1 rudim5t>y & abort$1 #bd2 --multiplication ( abnormal1 #bg4 ,,oriole1 assumptions ( h5-plumage by a male 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,orkney ,isl&s1 pigs (1 #c2 --pigeons (1 #f4 ,,or?opt]a1 reg5]ation ( h9d legs 9 !1 #bd4 ,or?osia munda1 #ah4 ,,orton1 ,r41 on ! effects ( cross-bre$+ on ! female1 #aa2 --on ! ,manx cat1 #ad2 --on mongrels f ! silk f[l1 #ad2 --inf]tility ( geese 9 ,quito1 #ah4 ,,osborne1 ,dr41 inh]it$ mottl+ ( ! iris1 #ab4 ,,osprey1 prey+ on black f[ls1 #ba4 ,,o/5-,,sack51 ,b>on1 on ,am]ican oak-galls1 #bc4 ,,o/eological *>act]s ( pigs1 #c 7#d72 --( rabbits1 #d2 --( pigeons1 #e2 --( ducks1 #h4 ,,o/ri*1 dim9i%$ f]tility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,o/yaks1 selection ( dogs by !1 #bj4 ,,ott]1 #ah4 8,,ott]0 %eep ( ,massa*usetts1 #c4 ,,oude1 f]al hump$ cattle 91 #c4 ,,oui/iti1 bre$ 9 ,europe1 #ah4 ,,ov>y1 v>iation (1 9 ,cucurbita mos*ata1 #aj2 --developm5t (1 indep5d5tly ( poll51 #aa4 ,ovis montana1 #c4 ,,ovules & buds1 id5tity ( nature (1 #bg4 ,,ow51 ,capt41 on /iff-hair$ cats at ,mombas1 #a4 ,,ow51 ,pr(4 ,r41 palontological evid5ce z to ! orig9 ( dogs1 #a2 --on ! skull ( ! 8,niata0 cattle1 #c2 --on fossil rema9s ( rabbits1 #c2 --on ! significance ( ! bra91 #d2 --on metag5esis1 #bg2 --!ory ( reproduction & p>!nog5esis1 #bg4 ,,owl1 eagle1 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,owl pigeon1 #e2 --,african1 figur$1 #e2 --kn[n 9 #agce1 #f4 ,oxalis1 trimorphic species (1 #bg4 ,oxalis rosea1 #ag4 ,,oxley1 ,mr41 on ! nutmeg-tree1 #ba4 ,,oy/]s1 diff]5ces 9 ! %ells (1 #bc4 ,,paca1 /]ility ( !1 9 conf9em5t1 #d4 ,,pacific ,isl&s1 pigs ( !1 #c4 ,,padua1 e>lie/ kn[n fl[]-g>d5 at1 #bj4 ,,paduan f[l ( ,aldrov&i1 #g4 ,ponia m\tan1 #bj4 ,p,,ony-,,tree1 anci5t cultivation (1 9 ,*9a1 #bj4 ,,paget1 on ! ,hung>ian %eep-dog1 #a4 ,,paget1 ,sir ,j41 inh]itance ( canc]1 #ab2 --h]$it>y elongation ( hairs 9 ! eyebr[1 #ab2 --regr[? ( extra digits1 #ab2 --circumcision1 #ab2 --p]iod ( inh]itance ( canc]1 #ad2 --on ,hydra1 #bd2 --on ! heal+ ( w\nds1 #bd2 --on ! rep>ation ( bones1 #bd2 --gr[? ( hair ne> inflam$ surfaces or fractures1 #bd2 --on false membranes1 #bd2 --comp5satory developm5t ( ! kidney1 #bd2 --bronz$ sk9 9 disease ( supra-r5al capsules1 #be2 --unity ( gr[? & gemmation1 #bg2 --indep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts ( ! body1 #bg2 --aff9ity ( ! tissues = special organic sub/ances1 #bg4 ,,pallas1 on ! influ5ce ( dome/ication ^u ! /]ility ( int]cross$ species1 #a1 #d1 #f1 #af2 --hypo!sis t v>iability is :olly due to cross+1 #d1 #h1 #bb 7#b72 --on ! orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --v>iation 9 dogs1 #a2 --cross+ ( dog & jackal1 #a2 --orig9 ( dome/ic cats1 #b2 --orig9 ( ,angora cat1 #a2 --on wild horses1 #b 7#b72 --on ,p]sian %eep1 #c2 --on ,sib]ian fat-tail$ %eep1 #bc2 --on ,*9ese %eep1 #bd2 --on ,crimean v>ieties ( ! v9e1 #aj2 --on a grape ) rudim5t>y se$s1 #bd2 --on f]al musk-ducks1 #ac2 --/]ility ( ,alp9e plants 9 g>d5s1 #ah2 --selection ( :ite-tail$ yaks1 #bj4 ,,pampas1 f]al cattle on !1 #c4 ,p&anus1 #bb4 ,,pang5esis1 hypo!sis (1 #bg4 ,panicum1 se$s (1 us$ z food1 #i2 --f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i4 ,,pansy1 #aj4 ,,pappus1 abortion ( !1 9 ,c>?amus1 #bd4 ,p>adoxurus1 /]ility ( species (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,p>aguay1 cats (1 #a2 --cattle (1 #c2 --horses (1 #c2 --dogs (1 #c2 --black-sk9n$ dome/ic f[l (1 #g4 ,,p>allel v>iation1 #bf4 ,,p>amos1 woolly pigs (1 #c4 ,,p>asites1 liability to attacks (1 dep5d5t on col\r1 #ba4 ,,p>iah dog1 ) crook$ legs1 #a2 --resembl+ ! ,indian wolf1 #a4 ,,p>iset1 inh]itance ( h&writ+1 #ac4 ,p>itium tricuspis1 bud-v>iation1 #aa4 ,,p>k]1 ,w4 ,k41 numb] ( v]tebr 9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,p>k9son1 ,mr41 v>ieties ( ! hyac9?1 #aj4 ,,p>kyns1 ,,mansfield1 on ,columba gu9ea1 #f4 ,,p>m5ti]1 diff]5ces 9 ! nidification ( pigeons1 #e2 --on :ite pigeons1 #ba4 ,,p>rots1 g5]al /]ility (1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --alt]ation ( plumage (1 #bc4 ,,p>snip1 rev]sion 91 #ac2 --influ5ce ( selection on1 #bj2 --exp]im5ts on1 #bc2 --wild1 enl>gem5t ( roots (1 by cultivation1 #i4 ,,p>!nog5esis1 #bg 7#b74 ,,p>tridge1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,p>turition1 difficult1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,p>us major1 #ba4 ,passiflora1 self-impot5ce 9 species (1 #ag 7#b72 --contabesc5ce ( female organs 91 #ah4 ,passiflora alata1 f]tility (1 :5 graft$1 #ai4 ,,pa/rana1 ,julia1 peculi>ities 9 ! hair & tee? (1 #be4 ,,pa/ure & climate1 adaptation ( bre$s ( %eep to1 #c 7#b74 ,,patagonia1 crania ( pigs f1 #c4 ,,patagonian rabbit1 #d4 ,,pat]son1 ,r41 on ! ,arr9dy silk-mo?1 #bd4 ,,paul1 ,w41 on ! hyac9?1 #aj 7#b72 --v>ieties ( pel>goniums1 #aa2 --weakness ( transmission 9 hollyhocks1 #ad2 --improvem5t ( pel>goniums1 #bj4 ,pavo cri/atus & muticus1 hybrids (1 #h4 ,pavo nigrip5nis1 #h4 8,,pavodott5-,,taube10 #e4 ,,pea*1 #aj2 --d]iv$ f ! almond1 #aj2 --/ones (1 figur$1 #aj2 --contra/$ ) almonds1 #aj2 --d\ble-fl[]+1 #aj 7#c72 --hybrids (1 #aj2 --p]si/5cy ( races (1 #aj2 --trees produc+ nect>9es1 #aj2 --v>iation 91 #aj 7#b72 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --p5dul\s1 #ab2 --v>iation by selection 91 #bj2 --peculi> disease ( !1 #ba2 --gl&s on ! leaves ( !1 #ba2 --antiquity ( !1 #bd2 --increas$ h>d9ess ( !1 #bd2 --v>ieties (1 adapt$ = =c+1 #bd2 --yell[-fle%$1 liable to c]ta9 diseases1 #be4 ,,pea*-,,almond1 #bg4 ,,peaf[l1 orig9 (1 #h2 --japann$ or black-%\ld]$1 #h2 --f]al1 9 ,jamaica1 #f2 --comp>ative f]tility (1 9 wild & tame /ates1 #af1 #bb2 --:ite1 #be4 ,,pe>s1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --rev]sion 9 se$l+1 #ac2 --inf]iority (1 9 ,pl9y's "t1 #bj2 --w9t] nelis1 attack$ by aphides1 #ba2 --s(t-b>k$ v>ieties (1 attack$ by wood-bor+ beetles1 #ba2 --orig9ation ( good v>ieties (1 9 woods1 #bb2 --,=elle1 resi/ance (1 to fro/1 #bd4 ,,peas1 #i2 --orig9 (1 #i2 --v>ieties (1 #i2 --f\nd 9 ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i 7#c72 --fruit & se$s figur$1 #i2 --p]si/5cy ( v>ieties1 #i2 --int]cross+ ( v>ieties1 #i1 #aa2 --effect ( cross+ on ! female organs 91 #aa2 --d\ble-fl[]$1 #ah2 --maturity (1 accel]at$ by selection1 #bj2 --v>ieties (1 produc$ by selection1 #bj2 --?9-%ell$1 liable to ! attacks ( birds1 #ba2 --rev]sion (1 by ! t]m9al se$ 9 ! pod1 #bf4 ,,pecc>y1 bre$+ ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,p$igrees ( horses1 cattle1 greyh\nds1 game-cocks1 & pigs1 #ab4 ,,pegu1 cats (1 #a2 --horses (1 #b4 ,,pel>goniums1 multiple orig9 (1 #aj2 --zones (1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --v>iegation 91 accompani$ by dw>f+1 #aa2 --pelorism 91 #ah1 #bf2 --by rev]sion1 #ac2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to1 #ah2 --improvem5t (1 by selection1 #bj2 --scor*+ (1 #ba2 --numb]s (1 rais$ f se$1 #ba2 --effects ( conditions ( life on1 #bc2 --/ove-v>iety (1 #bd2 --correlation ( contract$ leaves & fl[]s 91 #be 7#b74 ,pel>gonium fulgidum1 conditions ( f]tility 91 #ah4 8,,pelones10 a ,columbian bre$ ( cattle1 #c1 #f4 ,,peloric fl[]s1 t5d5cy (1 to acquire ! normal =m1 #ad2 --f]tility or /]ility (1 #ah 7#b74 ,,peloric races ( ,glox9ia speciosa & ,antirrh9um majus1 #aj4 ,,pelorism1 #ac1 #bf 7#b74 ,,pelvis1 *>act]s (1 9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 pigeons1 #e2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --9 ducks1 #h4 ,,pembroke cattle1 #c4 ,,p5dul\s trees1 #aj1 #bf2 --unc]ta9ty ( transmission (1 #ab 7#b74 ,,p5gu9 ducks1 #h 7#b72 --hybrid ( !1 ) ! ,egyptian goose1 #h4 ,,p5nant1 production ( wolf-l curs at ,fo*ab]s1 #a2 --on ! ,duke ( ,que5sb]ry's wild cattle1 #c4 ,p5nisetum1 se$s (1 us$ z food 9 ! ,punjab1 #i4 ,p5nisetum di/i*um1 se$s (1 us$ z food 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 #i4 ,,p]cival1 ,mr41 on inh]itance 9 horses1 #ab2 --on horn-l processes 9 horses1 #b4 ,p]dix rubra1 occasional f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,p]iod ( action ( causes ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,p]io/eum ( a dog1 produc+ bone 9 a rabbit1 #bg4 ,,p]iw9kle1 /]ility (1 9 ,engl&1 #ai4 ,,p]sia1 e/imation ( pigeons 91 #f2 --c>ri] pigeon (1 #e2 --tumbl] pigeon (1 #e2 --cats (1 #a2 --%eep (1 #c4 ,,p]si/5ce ( col\r 9 horses1 #b2 --( g5]ic peculi>ities1 #d4 ,,p]u1 antiquity ( maize 91 #i2 --peculi> potato f1 #i2 --selection ( wild animals practis$ by ! ,incas (1 #bj 7#b74 8,,p]uck5-,,taube10 #e4 ,,petals1 rudim5t>y1 9 cultivat$ plants1 #bd2 --produc+ poll51 #bg4 ,,petunias1 multiple orig9 (1 #aj4 ,,peyrits*1 ,dr41 vegetable t]atology1 #ac4 8,,pfau5-,,taube10 #e4 ,phalnopsis1 pelorism 91 #bf4 ,,phalanges1 defici5cy (1 #ad4 ,phaps *alcopt]a1 #bf4 ,phaseolus multiflorus1 #bd1 #be4 ,phaseolus vulg>is1 #i1 #bd4 ,phasianus pictus1 #g4 ,phasianus amh]/i1 #g4 ,,pheasant1 assumption ( male plumage by ! h51 #ac2 --wildness ( hybrids (1 ) ! common f[l1 #ac2 --prepot5cy ( !1 ov] ! f[l1 #ad2 --dim9i%$ fecundity ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,pheasants1 gold5 & ,lady ,amh]/'s1 #g4 ,,pheasant-,,f[ls1 #g4 ,,philipeaux1 reg5]ation ( limbs 9 ! salam&]1 #bg4 ,,philipp>1 on ! v>ieties ( :eat1 #i4 ,,philipp9e ,isl&s1 nam$ bre$s ( game f[l 9 !1 #g4 ,,phillips1 ,mr41 on bud-v>iation 9 ! potato1 #aa4 ,phlox1 bud-v>iation by suck]s 91 #aa4 ,,ph?isis1 affection ( ! f+]s 91 #be4 ,,phyllox]a1 #aj4 ,,pick]+1 ,dr41 on ! grunt+ voice ( hump$ cattle1 #c2 --occurr5ce ( ! head ( a f[l 9 an anci5t ,egyptian procession1 #g2 --se$+ ( ord9>ily se$less fruits1 #ah2 --ext9ction ( anci5t ,egyptian bre$s ( %eep & ox51 #bh2 --on an anci5t ,p]uvian g\rd1 #bh4 ,,picotees1 effect ( conditions ( life on1 #bc4 ,,pictet1 ,a41 ori5tal names ( ! pigeon1 #f4 ,,pictet1 ,pr(41 orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --on fossil ox51 #c4 ,,piebalds1 probably due to rev]sion1 #ac4 ,,pi,,trem5t1 ,m41 on ! ribs ( horses1 #b4 ,,pigeaux1 hybrids ( ! h>e & rabbit1 #ah4 ,,pigeon cravate1 #e4 ,,pigeon bagadais1 #e 7#b74 ,,pigeon coquille1 #e4 ,,pigeon cygne1 #e4 ,,pigeon heurt1 #e4 ,,pigeon pattu plongeur1 #e4 ,,pigeon polonais1 #e4 ,,pigeon roma91 #e 7#b74 ,,pigeon tamb\r1 #e4 ,,pigeon turc1 #e4 ,,pigeons1 orig9 (1 #e 7#b71 #f2 --classifi$ table ( bre$s (1 #e2 --p\t]1 #e2 --c>ri]1 #e2 --runt1 #e2 --b>bs1 #e2 --fantail1 #e2 --turbit & owl1 #e2 --tumbl]1 #e2 --,indian frill-back1 #e2 --,jacob91 #e2 --trumpet]1 #e2 --o!r bre$s (1 #e2 --diff]5ces (1 equal to g5]ic1 #e2 --individual v>iations (1 #e2 --v>iability ( peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( bre$s 91 #e2 --sexual v>iability 91 #e 7#b72 --o/eology (1 #e2 --correlation ( gr[? 91 #e1 #be2 --"y ( "s v>ieties nak$ :5 hat*$1 #e1 #be2 --effects ( disuse 91 #e2 --settl+ & roo/+ 9 trees1 #f2 --float+ 9 ! ,nile to dr9k1 #f2 --dovecot1 #f 7#b72 --argum5ts = unity ( orig9 (1 #f2 --f]al1 9 v>i\s places1 #f1 #ac2 --unity ( coloration 91 #f2 --rev]sion ( mongrel1 to coloration ( ,c4 livia1 #f2 --hi/ory ( ! cultivation (1 #f2 --hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal races (1 #f2 --mode ( production ( races (1 #f2 --rev]sion 91 #ac2 --by age1 #ac2 --produc$ by cross+ 91 #ac 7#b72 --prepot5cy ( transmission ( *>act]s 9 bre$s (1 #ad 7#b72 --sexual diff]5ces 9 "s v>ieties (1 #ad2 --p]iod ( p]fect plumage 91 #ad2 --effect ( segregation on1 #ae2 --pref]5t pair+ (1 )9 ! same bre$1 #af2 --f]tility (1 increas$ by dome/ication1 #af1 #ah2 --effects ( int]bre$+ & necessity ( cross+1 #ag2 --indiff]5ce (1 to *ange ( climate1 #ah2 --selection (1 #af1 #bj 7#b72 --among ! ,romans1 #bj2 --unconsci\s selection (1 #bj 7#b72 --facility ( selection (1 #ba2 --:ite1 liable to ! attacks ( hawks1 #ba2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #bd2 --f$ ^u meat1 #bd2 --effect ( fir/ male ^u ! subsequ5t prog5y ( ! female1 #aa2 --homology ( ! leg & w+ fea!rs 91 #be2 --union ( two out] toes 9 fea!r-legg$1 #be2 --correlation ( beak1 limbs1 tongue1 & no/rils1 #be2 --analog\s v>iation 91 #bf 7#b72 --p]man5ce ( bre$s (1 #bh4 ,,pigs1 ( ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #c2 --types (1 d]iv$ f ,sus scr(a & ,sus indicus1 #c2 --,japanese 7,sus pliciceps1 ,gray71 figur$1 #c2 --( ,pacific ,isl&s1 #c1 #ae2 --modifications ( skull 91 #c2 --l5g? ( inte/9es 91 #c1 #bd2 --p]iod ( ge/ation (1 #c2 --numb] ( v]tebr & ribs 91 #c2 --anomal\s =ms1 #c 7#b72 --developm5t ( tusks & bri/les 91 #c2 --/rip$ "y (1 #c2 --rev]sion ( f]al1 to wild type1 #c 7#b71 #ac 7#b72 --production & *anges ( bre$s (1 by int]cross+1 #c2 --effects produc$ by ! fir/ male ^u ! subsequ5t prog5y ( ! female1 #aa2 --p$igrees (1 #ab2 --polydactylism 91 #ab2 --cross-rev]sion 91 #ac2 --hybrid1 wildness (1 #ac2 --disappe>ance ( tusks 9 male "u dome/ication1 #ad2 --solid-ho($1 #bh2 --crosses (1 #ae 7#b72 --mutual f]tility ( all v>ieties (1 #af2 --increas$ f]tility by dome/ication1 #af2 --ill effects ( close int]bre$+ 91 #ag 7#b72 --influ5ce ( selection on1 #bj2 --prejudice aga9/ c]ta9 col\rs 91 #bj1 #ba1 #be2 --unconsci\s selection (1 #bj2 --black ,virg9ian1 #ba1 #be2 --simil>ity ( ! be/ bre$s (1 #ba2 --*ange ( =m 91 #bc2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #bd2 --e>s (1 #bd2 --correlations 91 #be2 --:ite buck-:eat injuri\s to1 #be2 --tail (1 graft$ ^u ! back1 #bg2 --ext9ction ( ! old] races (1 #bh4 ,,pim5ta1 #ae4 ,,pimp]nel1 #ai4 ,,p9e-,,apple1 /]ility & v>iability ( !1 #bb4 ,,p9k1 ,*9ese1 #be4 ,,p9ks1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --improvem5t (1 #bj4 ,p9us pumilio1 mughus1 & nana1 v>ieties ( ,p4 sylve/ris1 #aj4 ,p9us sylve/ris1 #aj1 #bd2 --hybrids (1 ) ,p4 nigricans1 #ag4 ,,piorry1 on h]$it>y disease1 #ab1 #ad4 ,pi/acia l5tiscus1 #bc4 ,pi/acia v]a1 #aa4 ,,pi/ils1 rudim5t>y1 9 cultivat$ plants1 #bd4 ,,pi/or1 /]ility ( "s mongrel pigeons1 #f2 --f]tility ( pigeons1 #af4 ,pisum arv5se & sativum1 #i4 ,,pityriasis v]sicolor1 inh]itance (1 #ad4 ,,plan*on1 ,g41 on a fossil v9e1 #aj2 --/]ility ( ,jussia gr&iflora 9 ,france1 #ah4 ,,plane-,,tree1 v>iety ( !1 #aj4 ,,plantigrade c>nivora1 g5]al /]ility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,plants1 progress ( cultivation (1 #i 7#b72 --cultivat$1 _! geographical d]ivation1 #i2 --cross+ (1 #ae1 #ag2 --comp>ative f]tility ( wild & cultivat$1 #af2 --self-impot5t1 #ag2 --dimorphic & trimorphic1 #ag2 --/]ility (1 f *ang$ conditions1 #ah2 --f contabesc5ce ( an!rs1 #ah 7#b72 --f mon/rosities1 #i 7#b72 --f d\bl+ ( ! fl[]s1 #ah 7#b72 --f se$less fruit1 #ah2 --f excessive developm5t ( vegetative organs1 #ah2 --influ5ce ( selection on1 #bj2 --v>iation by selection1 9 useful p>ts (1 #bj2 --v>iability (1 #ba2 --v>iability (1 induc$ by cross+1 #bb2 --direct action ( *ange ( climate on1 #bc2 --*ange ( p]iod ( vegetation 91 #bd2 --v>ieties (1 suitable to diff]5t climates1 #bd2 --correlat$ v>iability (1 #be2 --antiquity ( races (1 #bh4 ,,pla/icity1 inh]itance (1 #ba4 ,,plateau1 ,f41 on ! vision ( amphibi\s animals1 #bj4 ,platessa flesus1 1 #ac4 ,,plato1 notice ( selection 9 bre$+ dogs by1 #bj4 ,,plica polonica1 #bc4 ,,pl9y1 on ! cross+ ( %eph]d dogs ) ! wolf1 #a2 --on ,pyrrhus' bre$ ( cattle1 #bj2 --on ! e/imation ( pigeons among ! ,romans1 #f2 --pe>s describ$ by1 #bj4 ,,plum1 #aj2 --/ones figur$1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( !1 #aj 7#b71 #bj2 --bud-v>iation 9 !1 #aa2 --peculi> disease ( !1 #ba2 --fl[]-buds (1 de/roy$ by bullf9*es1 #ba2 --purple-fruit$1 liable to c]ta9 diseases1 #be4 ,,plumage1 inh]it$ peculi>ities (1 9 pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --sexual peculi>ities (1 9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,plurality ( races1 ,p\*et's views on1 #a4 ,poa1 se$s (1 us$ z food1 #i2 --species (1 propagat$ by bulblets1 #ah4 ,,podolian cattle1 #c4 ,,po9t]s1 modification (1 #a2 --cross$ ) ! foxh\nd1 #c4 ,,pois sans p>*em91 #ba4 ,,poiteau1 orig9 ( ,cytisus adami1 #aa2 --orig9 ( cultivat$ v>ieties ( fruit-trees1 #bb4 ,,poli% f[l1 #g 7#f72 --skull figur$1 #g2 --section ( skull figur$1 #g2 --developm5t ( protub]ance ( skull1 #g2 --furculum figur$1 #g4 ,,poli%1 or ,himalayan rabbit1 #d4 ,,poll51 #bg 7#b72 --action (1 #af2 --injuri\s action (1 9 "s or*ids1 #ag 7#b72 --resi/ance (1 to injuri\s treatm5t1 #ah2 --prepot5cy (1 #ai4 ,,pollock1 ,sir ,f41 transmission ( v>iegat$ leaves 9 ,ballota nigra1 #aa2 --on local t5d5cy to v>iegation1 #bc4 ,,polyan?us1 #ab4 ,,polydactylism1 inh]itance (1 #ab2 --significance (1 #ab4 ,,ponies1 mo/ frequ5t on isl&s & m\nta9s1 #b2 --,javanese1 #b4 ,,poole1 ,col41 on /rip$ ,indian horses1 #b 7#b72 --on ! "y ( ,as9us indicus1 #ac4 ,,popl>1 ,lomb>dy1 #aj4 ,p,,ppig1 on ,cuban wild dogs1 #a4 ,,poppy1 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i 7#b72 --) ! /am5s conv]t$ into pi/ils1 #aj2 --diff]5ces ( !1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 #ah2 --mon/r\s1 f]tility (1 #ah2 --black-se$$1 antiquity (1 #bh4 ,,porcup9e1 bre$+ (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,porcup9e family1 #ab1 #ad4 ,porphyrio1 bre$+ ( a species (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,portal1 on a peculi> h]$it>y affection ( ! eye1 #ab4 ,,porto ,santo1 f]al rabbits (1 #d4 ,portulaca ol]acea1 #bc4 ,potamo*o]us p5icillatus1 #ah4 ,,potato1 #i 7#b72 --bud-v>iation by tub]s 9 !1 #aa 7#b72 --graft-hybrid (1 by union ( half-tub]s1 #aa2 --individual self-impot5ce 9 !1 #ag2 --/]ility (1 #ah2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to !1 #ah4 ,,potato1 sweet1 /]ility ( !1 9 ,*9a1 #ah2 --v>ieties ( !1 suit$ to diff]5t climates1 #bd4 ,,p\*et1 ,m41 8 views on plurality ( races1 #a4 ,,p\t] pigeons1 #e2 --furculum figur$1 #e2 --hi/ory (1 #f4 ,,p[is1 ,"l1 exp]im5ts 9 cross+ hump$ & ,engli% cattle1 #c1 #ac4 ,,poynt]1 ,mr41 on a graft-hybrid rose1 #aa4 ,,prairie wolf1 #a4 ,,precocity ( highly-improv$ bre$s1 #be4 ,,prepot5cy ( poll51 #ai4 ,,prepot5cy ( transmission ( "*1 #ad1 #ai2 --9 ! ,au/rian emp]ors & "s ,roman families1 #ad2 --9 cattle1 #ad 7#b72 --9 %eep1 #ad2 --9 cats1 #ad2 --9 pigeons1 #ad2 --9 f[ls1 #ad2 --9 plants1 #ad2 --9 a v>iety ( ! pumpk91 #aj2 --9 ! jackal ov] ! dog1 #ad2 --9 ! ass ov] ! horse1 #ad2 --9 ! pheasant ov] ! f[l1 #ad2 --9 ! p5gu9 duck ov] ! ,egyptian goose1 #ad2 --discussion ( ! ph5om5a (1 #ad4 ,,prescott1 ,mr41 on ! e>lie/ kn[n ,european fl[]-g>d51 #bj4 ,,pressure1 me*anical1 a cause ( modification1 #bf 7#b74 ,,prevo/ & ,dumas1 on ! employm5t ( sev]al sp]matozoids to f]tilise "o ovule1 #bg4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(41 on ! effect ( circumcision1 #ab4 ,,price1 ,mr41 v>iations 9 ! /ructure ( ! feet 9 horses1 #b4 ,,pri*>d1 ,dr41 on polydactylism 9 ! negro1 #ab2 --on ! ,lamb]t family1 #ad2 --on an alb9o negro1 #ba2 --on ,plica polonica1 #bc4 ,,primrose1 #bh2 --d\ble1 r5d]$ s+le by transplantation1 #ah4 ,primula1 int]cross+ ( species (1 #aj2 --contabesc5ce 91 #ah2 --#8hose 9 hose1' #aj2 --) col\r$ calyces1 /]ility (1 #ah4 ,primula s95sis1 v>iations1 #aj2 --reciprocally dimorphic1 #ag4 ,primula v]is1 #ab1 #af4 ,primula vulg>is1 #ab1 #af4 ,,pr9ce1 ,mr41 on ! int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #bg4 ,,pr+%eim1 on conjugation1 #bg4 ,procyon1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,prolificness1 increas$ by dome/ication1 #ai4 ,,protozoa1 reproduction ( !1 #bg4 ,prunus arm5iaca1 #aj 7#b74 ,prunus avium1 #aj4 ,prunus c]asus1 #aj 7#b74 ,prunus dome/ica1 #aj4 ,prunus insititia1 #aj4 ,prunus sp9osa1 #aj4 ,,prussia1 wild horses 91 #b4 ,psittacus eri?acus1 #ah4 ,psittacus macoa1 #ah4 ,psophia1 g5]al /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,pt>migan f[ls1 #g4 ,pulex p5etrans1 #bc4 ,,pumpk9s1 #aj4 ,,puno ponies ( ! ,cordill]a1 #b4 ,,pusey1 ,mr41 value ( crossbr$ %eep1 #ag2 --pref]5ce ( h>es & rabbits = common rye1 #ba4 ,,puts*e & ,v]tu*1 v>ieties ( ! potato1 #i4 ,,puvis1 effects ( =eign poll5 on apples1 #aa2 --suppos$ non-v>iability ( monotypic g5]a1 #bb4 ,pyrrhula vulg>is1 #ba2 --assumption ( ! h5-plumage by ! male1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,pyrrhus1 8 bre$ ( cattle1 #bj4 ,pyrus1 fa/igiate ,*9ese species (1 #bc4 ,pyrus ac]ba1 #aj4 ,pyrus aucup>ia1 #ba4 ,pyrus communis1 #aj1 #aa4 ,pyrus malus1 #aj1 #aa4 ,pyrus p>adisiaca1 #aj4 ,pyrus prcox1 #aj4 ,,quagga1 previ\s impregnation by1 #aa4 ,,quatrefages1 ,a4 ,,de1 on ! burr[+ ( a bit* to litt]1 #a2 --selection 9 ! silkworm1 #h2 --developm5t ( ! w+s 9 ! silk-mo?1 #h1 #bd2 --on v>ieties ( ! mulb]ry1 #aj2 --special rais+ ( eggs ( ! silk-mo?1 #bj2 --on disease ( ! silkworm1 #ba2 --on mon/rosities 9 insects1 #bb1 #bg2 --on a *ange 9 ! bre$+ season ( ! ,egyptian goose1 #bd2 --f]tilisation ( ! ,t]$o1 #bg2 --t5d5cy to simil>ity 9 ! be/ races1 #ba2 --on 8 8t\rbillon vital10 #ac2 --on ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! sexual elem5ts1 #bg4 ,qu]cus c]ris1 #aj4 ,qu]cus robur & p$unculata1 hybrids (1 #ag4 ,,qu9ce1 pe>s graft$ on !1 #bb4 ,,rabbits1 dome/ic1 _! orig91 #d2 --( ,m\nt ,s9ai & ,alg]ia1 #d2 --bre$s (1 #d2 --,himalayan1 ,*9ese1 ,poli%1 or ,russian1 #d1 #ae2 --f]al1 #d2 --( ,jamaica1 #d2 --( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #d2 --( ,porto ,santo1 #d1 #af1 #bc2 --o/eological *>act]s (1 #d2 --discussion ( modifications 91 #d1 #e2 --"o-e>$1 transmission ( peculi>ity (1 #ab2 --rev]sion 9 f]al1 #ac2 --9 ! ,himalayan1 #ac2 --cross+ ( :ite & col\r$ ,angora1 #ae2 --comp>ative f]tility ( wild & tame1 #af2 --falsifi$ exp]im5ts 9 int]bre$+ (1 #ag2 --high-br$1 (t5 bad bre$]s1 #ag2 --selection (1 #bj2 --:ite1 liable to de/ruction1 #ba2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #bd2 --skull (1 affect$ by droop+ e>s1 #bd2 --l5g? ( inte/9es 91 #bd2 --correlation ( e>s & skull 91 #be 7#b72 --v>iations 9 skull (1 #bf2 --p]io/eum ( a dog produc+ bone 91 #bg4 ,,racehorse1 orig9 (1 #b4 ,,races1 modification & =mation (1 by cross+1 #c2 --natural & artificial1 #ba2 --,p\*et's views on plurality (1 ,introduction2 --( pigeons1 #f4 ,,radclyffe1 ,w4 ,f41 effect ( climate & soil on /rawb]ries1 #aj2 --con/itutional diff]5ces 9 roses1 #aj4 ,,radi%es1 #i2 --cross+ (1 #ae2 --v>ieties (1 #ba4 ,,radlk(]1 retrogressive metamorphosis 9 mosses & alg1 #bg4 ,,raf>91 ,m41 bud-v>iation & rev]sion1 #aa4 ,,raffles1 ,sir ,,/am=d1 on ! cross+ ( ,javanese cattle ) ,bos sondaicus1 #bj4 ,,ram1 goat-l1 f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ad4 ,,ramu1 ,m41 on app5dages to ?roat ( goat1 #c4 ,,ran*91 h]$ity ( diseases1 #ab4 ,,range ( gall9ace\s birds on ! ,himalaya1 #g4 ,,ranke1 on ! effects ( use & disuse ( organs1 #bd4 ,ranunculus fic>ia1 #ah4 ,ranunculus rep5s1 #ah4 ,,rape1 #i4 ,raphanus caudatus1 #i4 ,raphanus raphani/rum1 #i4 ,raphanus sativus1 #bf4 ,,raspb]ry1 yell[-fruit$1 #ba4 ,,rattlesnake1 exp]im5ts ) poison ( !1 #bc4 ,,rav51 /oma* (1 affect$ by vegetable diet1 #bd4 ,,rawson1 ,a41 self-impot5ce 9 hybrids ( ,gladiolus1 #ag 7#b74 ,r1 ,,comte1 on ! assumption ( a yell[ col\r by all v>ieties ( maize1 #i4 ,r,,aumur1 effect ( conf9em5t ^u ! cock1 #ac2 --f]tility ( f[ls 9 mo/ climates1 #ah4 ,,re$1 ,mr41 atrophy ( ! limbs ( rabbits1 consequ5t on ! de/ruction ( _! n]ves1 #bd4 ,,reg5]ation ( amputat$ p>ts 9 man1 #ab2 --9 ! human embryo1 #bg2 --9 ! l[] v]tebrata1 insects1 & myriapoda1 #bg4 ,,re-,,gr[? ( amputat$ jo9ts1 #bg4 ,,regni]1 e>ly cultivation ( ! cabbage by ! ,celts1 #i2 --selection practis$ by ! ,celts1 #bj4 ,,re9de]1 individuals recognis$ by ! ,lapl&]s1 #bb4 ,,reissek1 exp]im5ts 9 cross+ ,cytisus purpureus & laburnum1 #aa2 --modification ( a ,!sium by cidium1 #bc4 ,,relations1 *>act]s ( reproduc$ 9 *ildr51 #ac4 ,,r5gg]1 occurr5ce ( jagu>s ) crook$ legs 9 ,p>aguay1 #a2 --nak$ dogs ( ,p>aguay1 #a 7#b71 #ae1 #af2 --f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata1 #a2 --on ! agu>a1 #a2 --cats ( ,p>aguay1 #a1 #ae1 #ah2 --dogs ( ,p>aguay1 #ae2 --f]al pigs ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 #c2 --on ! refusal ( wild animals to bre$ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --on ,dicotyles labiatus1 #ah2 --/]ility ( plantigrade c>nivora 9 captivity1 #ah2 --on ,cavia ap]ea1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ,cebus az>ae 9 captivity1 #ah2 --abortions produc$ by wild animals 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,reproduction1 sexual & asexual1 contra/$1 #bg2 --unity ( =ms (1 #bg2 --antagonism (1 to gr[?1 #bg4 ,res$a odorata1 self-/]ility (1 #ag1 #ba4 ,,ret9itis1 pigm5t>y1 9 deaf-mutes1 #be4 ,,reut]1 ,h]r1 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,rev]sion1 #ac 7#b71 #bg 7#d72 --9 pigeons1 #ac2 --9 cattle1 #ac2 --9 %eep1 #ac2 --9 f[ls1 #ac2 --9 ! he>tsease1 #ac2 --9 vegetables1 #ac2 --9 f]al animals & plants1 #ac2 --to *>act]s d]iv$ f a previ\s cross 9 man1 dogs1 pigeons1 pigs1 & f[ls1 #ac2 --9 hybrids1 #ac2 --by bud-propagation 9 plants1 #ac2 --by age 9 f[ls1 cattle1 etc41 #ac 7#b72 --p>tial1 f an injury1 #ac2 --caus$ by cross+1 #ac2 --expla9$ by lat5t *>act]s1 #ac2 --produc+ mon/rosities1 #ac2 --produc+ peloric fl[]s1 #ac2 --( f]al pigs to ! wild type1 #c 7#b72 --( suppos$ f]al rabbits to ! wild type1 #d 7#c72 --( pigeons1 9 coloration1 :5 cross$1 #f2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --9 ! silkworm1 #h2 --9 ! pansy1 #aj2 --9 a pel>gonium1 #aa2 --9 ,*rysan!mums1 #aa2 --( v>ieties ( ! ,*9a rose 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 #aa2 --by buds 9 p9ks & c>nations1 #aa2 --( lac9iat$ v>ieties ( trees to ! normal =m1 #aa2 --9 v>iegat$ leaves ( plants1 #aa2 --9 tulips1 #aa2 --( suck]s ( ! se$less b>b]ry to ! common =m1 #aa2 --by buds 9 hybrids ( ,tropolum1 #aa2 --9 plants1 #aa2 --( cross$ peloric snapdragons1 #ad2 --analog\s v>iations due to1 #bf4 ,,rh9oc]os1 bre$+ 9 captivity 9 ,india1 #ah4 ,rhodod5dron1 hybrid1 #bb4 ,rhodod5dron ciliatum1 #bc4 ,rhodod5dron dalh\si1 effect ( poll5 ( ,r4 nuttallii ^u1 #aa4 ,ribes grossul>ia1 #aj 7#b74 ,ribes rubrum1 #aa4 ,,ribs1 numb] & *>act]s (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --*>act]s (1 9 ducks1 #h 7#b74 ,,rice1 imp]ial1 ( ,*9a1 #bj2 --,indian v>ieties (1 #bb2 --v>iety (1 n requir+ wat]1 #bd4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,h4 ,d41 on jaw-app5dages 9 ,iri% pigs1 #c2 --managem5t ( pigs 9 ,*9a1 #c2 --occurr5ce ( /rip$ "y 9 ,we/phalian pigs1 #c2 --on cross+ pigs1 #ae2 --on int]bre$+ pigs1 #ag2 --on selection 9 pigs1 #bj4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,sir ,john1 obs]vations on ! resemblance betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ican dogs & wolves1 #a 7#b72 --on ! burr[+ ( wolves1 #a2 --on ! broad feet ( dogs1 wolves1 & foxes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #a2 --on ,nor? ,am]ican horses scrap+ away ! sn[1 #b4 ,ric9us1 annual 9 ,engl&1 #bd4 ,,ri$el1 ,dr41 on ! 8,bagadotte0 pigeon1 #e2 --on ! ,jacob9 pigeon1 #e2 --f]tility ( hybrid pigeons1 #f2 --circumcision1 #ab4 ,,riley1 on ,phyllox]a1 #aj4 ,,r9d]pe/1 #bg4 ,,r9t\l1 ,mr41 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,risso1 on v>ieties ( ! orange1 #aj1 #bd1 #be4 ,,riv]s1 ,"l1 on ! selection ( greyh\nds1 #ba4 ,,riv]s1 ,mr41 p]si/5cy ( *>act]s 9 se$l+ potatoes1 #i2 --on ! pea*1 #aj 7#b72 --p]si/5cy ( races 9 ! pea* & nect>9e1 #aj 7#b72 --connection betwe5 ! pea* & ! nect>9e1 #aj2 --p]si/5cy ( "* 9 se$l+ apricots1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! plum1 #aj2 --se$l+ v>ieties ( ! plum1 #aj2 --p]si/5cy ( "* 9 se$l+ plums1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! plum1 #aa2 --plum attack$ by bullf9*es1 #ba2 --se$l+ apples ) surface-roots1 #aj2 --v>iety ( ! apple f\nd 9 a wood1 #bb2 --on roses1 #aj 7#b72 --bud-v>iation 9 roses1 #aa2 --production ( ,prov5ce roses f se$s ( ! moss-rose1 #aa2 --effect produc$ by graft+ on ! /ock 9 jessam9e1 #aa2 --9 ! a%1 #aa2 --on graft$ hazels1 #aa2 --hybridisation ( a weep+ ?orn1 #ab2 --exp]im5ts ) ! se$ ( ! weep+ elm & a%1 #ab2 --v>iety ( ! *]ry ) curl$ petals1 #ba4 ,,rivi,,re1 reproduction ( ,oncidium cav5di%ianum1 #ag4 ,,rob]ts1 ,mr41 on inh]itance 9 ! horse1 #ab4 ,,rob]tson1 ,mr41 on gl&ul>-leav$ pea*es1 #aj4 ,,rob9et1 on ! silkworm1 #h1 #bj4 ,rob9ia1 #bc4 ,,robson1 ,mr41 defici5cies ( half-br$ horses1 #ab4 ,,robson1 ,mr41 on ! advantage ( *ange ( soil to plants1 #ah 7#b72 --on ! gr[? ( ! v]b5a1 #bc2 --on broccoli1 #bd4 ,,rock pigeon1 measurem5ts ( !1 #e2 --figur$1 #e4 ,,rod5ts1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,rodriguezia1 #ag 7#b74 ,,rodwell1 ,j41 poison+ ( horses by mildew$ t>es1 #be4 ,,rohilcund1 f]al hump$ cattle 91 #c4 ,,rolle1 ,f41 on ! hi/ory ( ! pea*1 #bd4 ,,roll]-,,pigeons1 ,dut*1 #e4 ,,rolle/on1 ,pr(41 inh]it$ effects ( injuries1 #ab2 --incisor tee? affect$ 9 =m 9 cases ( pulmon>y tub]cle1 #be4 ,,romanes on /]num ( ! f[l1 #g2 --rudim5t>y organs1 #bd4 ,,romans1 e/imation ( pigeons by1 #f2 --bre$s ( f[ls possess$ by1 #g 7#b74 ,,rooks1 pi$1 #ad4 ,rosa1 cultivat$ species (1 #aj4 ,rosa devoni5sis1 graft-hybrid produc$ by1 on ! :ite ,banksian rose1 #aa4 ,rosa indica & c5tifolia1 f]tile hybrids (1 #aj4 ,rosa sp9osissima1 hi/ory ( ! culture (1 #aj4 ,,rosell9i1 on ,egyptian dogs1 #a4 ,,roses1 #aj 7#b72 --orig9 (1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --,scot*1 d\bl$ by selection1 #bj2 --cont9u\s v>iation (1 #ba2 --effect ( seasonal conditions on1 #bc2 --noisette1 #bj2 --galls (1 #bc4 ,,ross1 ,dr41 on ,pang5esis1 #bg 7#b74 ,,r\5nais1 rabbit1 #d4 ,,r\j\1 polydactylism1 & arre/$ developm5t1 #ab4 ,,r\l91 on ! dogs ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 #a2 --on ,s\? ,am]ican cats1 #a2 --/rip$ "y pigs1 #c2 --f]al pigs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #c1 #ac2 --on ,columbian cattle1 #c1 #bj1 #ba2 --effects ( heat on ! hides ( cattle 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #c2 --fleece ( %eep 9 ! hot valleys ( ! ,cordill]as1 #c2 --dim9i%$ f]tility ( ^! %eep1 #ah2 --on black-bon$ ,s\? ,am]ican f[ls1 #g2 --v>iation ( ! gu9ea-f[l 9 tropical ,am]ica1 #h2 --frequ5cy ( /rip$ legs 9 mules1 #ac2 --geese 9 ,bogota1 #ah2 --/]ility ( f[ls introduc$ into ,bolivia1 #ah4 ,,roy1 ,m41 on a v>iety ( ,magnolia gr&iflora1 #bd4 ,,royle1 ,dr41 ,indian v>ieties ( ! mulb]ry1 #aj2 --on ,agave vivip>a1 #ah2 --v>iety ( rice n requir+ irrigation1 #bd2 --%eep f ! ,cape 9 ,india1 #bd4 ,rubus1 poll5 (1 #bb4 ,,rudim5t>y organs1 #a1 #bd4 ,,rufz ,,de ,,lavison1 ext9ction ( bre$s ( dogs 9 ,france1 #bh4 ,,rum9ants1 g5]al f]tility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,rumpless f[ls1 #g4 ,,runts1 #e2 --hi/ory (1 #f2 --l[] jaws & skull figur$1 #e4 ,,russell1 ,"l ,a41 spiegelc>pe1 #ba4 ,,russian or ,himalayan rabbit1 #d4 ,,rutimey]1 ,pr(41 dogs ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 #a2 --horses ( ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #b2 --div]sity ( e>ly dome/icat$ horses1 #b2 --pigs ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #c 7#b72 --on hump$ cattle1 #c2 --p>5tage ( ,european bre$s ( cattle1 #c1 #bh2 --on 8,niata0 cattle1 #c2 --%eep ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #c1 #bh2 --goats ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #c2 --abs5ce ( f[ls 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #g2 --on cross+ cattle1 #ae2 --diff]5ces 9 ! bones ( wild & dome/icat$ animals1 #bc2 --decrease 9 size ( wild ,european animals1 #bh4 ,,rye1 wild1 ,de ,c&olle's obs]vations on1 #i2 --f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --common1 pref]r$ by h>es & rabbits1 #ba2 --less v>iable ?an o!r cultivat$ plants1 #bb4 ,,sab9e1 ,mr41 on ! cultivation ( ,rosa sp9osissima1 #aj2 --on ! cultivation ( ! dahlia1 #aj 7#b71 #bb2 --effect ( =eign poll5 on ! se$-vessel 9 ,am>yllis vittata1 #aa4 ,,/4 ,,ange1 influ5ce ( ! pelvis on ! %ape ( ! kidneys 9 birds1 #bf4 ,,/4 ,,dom+o1 wild dogs (1 #a2 --bud-v>iation ( dahlias 91 #aa4 ,,/4 ,,hilaire1 ,,aug41 milk furni%$ by c[s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bd2 --husk$ =m ( maize1 #i4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,c41 f]al cats 9 ,scotl&1 #a2 --tam+ ( wild ducks1 #h4 ,,/4 ,,val,,ry apple1 s+ul> /ructure ( !1 #aj2 --artificial fecundation ( !1 #aa4 ,,/4 ,,vitus' ,dance1 p]iod ( appe>ance (1 #ad4 ,,sa*s1 ,pr(41 fl[ ( sap1 #bd4 ,,sag]et1 orig9 & v>ieties ( ! *]ry1 #aj 7#b72 --orig9 ( v>ieties ( ! apple1 #aj2 --incapacity ( ! cucumb] = cross+ ) o!r species1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! melon1 #aj2 --suppos$ tw9-mongrel melon1 #aa2 --cross+ melons1 #af1 #ag2 --on g\rds1 #af2 --effects ( selection 9 enl>g+ fruit1 #bj2 --on ! t5d5cy to dep>t f type1 #ba2 --v>iation ( plants 9 p>ticul> soils1 #bc4 ,,salam&]1 exp]im5ts on !1 #bd1 #bg 7#b72 --reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts 9 !1 #bg4 ,salam&ra cri/ata1 polydactylism 91 #ab4 ,,salisbury1 ,mr41 on ! production ( nect>9es by pea*-trees1 #aj2 --on ! dahlia1 #aj 7#b74 ,salix1 int]cross+ ( species (1 #aj4 ,salix humilis1 galls (1 #bc 7#b74 ,,sall1 f]al gu9ea-f[l 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 #h4 ,,salmon1 e>ly bre$+ ( male1 #bg4 ,,salt]1 ,mr41 on bud-v>iation 9 pel>goniums1 #aa2 --9 ! ,*rysan!mum1 #aa2 --transmission ( v>iegat$ leaves by se$1 #aa2 --bud-v>iation by suck]s 9 ,phlox1 #aa2 --application ( selection to bud-v>ieties ( plants1 #aa2 --accumulative effect ( *ang$ conditions ( life1 #bb2 --on ! v>iegation ( /rawb]ry leaves1 #bc2 --on poll5 )9 ovules1 #bg4 ,,salt]1 ,s4 ,j41 hybrids ( ,gallus sonn]atii & ! common f[l1 #g2 --cross+ ( races or species ( rats1 #ae4 ,,salv91 habits ( ! jackal1 #a2 --mutilation inh]it$ 9 mot-mot1 #ab4 ,,samesreu!r1 on inh]itance 9 cattle1 #ab4 ,,s&=d4 ,see ,,dawk9s4 ,,sanson1 ,m41 orig9 ( ! horse1 #b2 --lumb> v]tebra ( pigs1 #c4 ,,sap1 asc5t ( !1 #bd4 ,sapon>ia calabrica1 #ab4 ,,saporta1 on ,pi/acia1 #aa4 ,,s>d9ia1 ponies (1 #b4 ,,s>s1 on ! developm5t ( ! hydroida1 #bg4 ,,satiation ( ! /igma1 #aa 7#b74 ,saturnia pyri1 /]ility (1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,saul1 on ! managem5t ( prize gooseb]ries1 #aj4 ,,sauvigny1 v>ieties ( ! gold-fi%1 #h4 ,,savages1 _! indiscrim9ate use ( plants z food1 #i2 --fondness (1 = tam+ animals1 #ah4 ,,savi1 effect ( =eign poll5 on maize1 #aa4 ,saxifraga geum1 #ah4 ,,sayzid ,,mohamm$ ,,mus>i1 on c>ri]-pigeons1 #e2 --on a pigeon :i* utt]s ! s\nd 8,yahu10 #e4 ,,sc&]oons 7pigeons71 #e 7#b74 ,,scania1 rema9s ( ,bos frontosus f\nd 91 #c4 ,,scapula1 *>act]s (1 9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --9 pigeons1 #e2 --alt]ation (1 by disuse1 9 pigeons1 #e4 ,,sc>let fev]1 #bc4 ,,s*aaffhaus5 on ! horses repres5t$ 9 ,greek /atues1 #bj4 ,,s*leid51 excess ( n\ri%m5t a cause ( v>iability1 #bb4 ,,s*m]l+1 ,dr41 v>ieties ( ! dog f\nd 9 a cave1 #a4 ,,s*omburgk1 ,sir ,r41 on ! dogs ( ,indians ( ,guiana1 #a 7#b71 #bj2 --on ! musk duck1 #f2 --bud-v>iation 9 ! banana1 #aa2 --rev]sion ( v>ieties ( ! ,*9a rose 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 #aa2 --/]ility ( tame p>rots 9 ,guiana1 #ah2 --on ,d5drocygna viduata1 #ah2 --selection ( f[ls 9 ,guiana1 #bj4 ,,s*reib]s1 on ,proteus1 #bd4 ,,s*,,tze on ! ,torfs*we91 #c4 ,sciuropt]us volucella1 #ah4 ,sciurus palm>um & c9]ea1 #ah4 ,,sclat]1 ,p4 ,l41 on ,as9us tniopus1 #b1 #ac2 --on ,as9us indicus1 #ac2 --/rip$ "* ( "y wild pigs1 #c2 --o/eology ( ,gall9ula nesiotis1 #h2 --on ! black-%\ld]$ peacock1 #h2 --animals bre$+ 9 ,zoological ,g>d5s1 #ah2 --birds bre$+ 9 ,zoological ,g>d5s1 #ah2 --on ! bre$+ ( birds 9 captivity1 #ah 7#b74 ,,scot* fir1 local v>iation (1 #aj4 ,,scot* kail & cabbage1 cross betwe51 #ae4 ,,scott1 ,,john1 irregul>ities 9 ! sex ( ! fl[]s ( maize1 #i2 --bud-v>iation 9 ,imatophylium m9iatum1 #aa2 --cross+ ( species ( ,v]bascum1 #af 7#b72 --self-/]ility ( ,v]bascum1 #ag2 --exp]im5ts on cross+ ,primul1 #af2 --reproduction ( or*ids1 #ag2 --f]tility ( ,oncidium div>icatum1 #ah2 --acclimatisation ( ! sweet pea 9 ,india1 #bd2 --numb] ( se$s 9 ,acrop]a & ,gongora1 #bg4 ,,scrope1 on ! ,scot* de]h\nd1 #ad1 #ag4 ,,scudd]1 ,dr41 on regr[?1 #bg4 ,,sebright1 ,sir ,john1 effects ( close int]bre$+ 9 dogs1 #bj2 --c>e tak5 by1 9 selection ( f[ls1 #bj4 ,secale c]eale1 #bb4 ,,s$gwick1 ,w41 effects ( cross+ on ! female1 #aa2 --on ! 8,porcup9e man10 #ab2 --on h]$it>y diseases1 #ab2 --h]$it>y affections ( ! eye1 #ab1 #ad2 --inh]itance ( polydactylism & anomalies ( ! extremities1 #ab 7#b72 --morbid uni=mity 9 ! same family1 #ab2 --on deaf-mutes1 #ab2 --inh]itance ( injury to ! eye1 #ab2 --atavism 9 diseases & anomalies ( /ructure1 #ac2 --non-rev]sion to night-bl9dness1 #ac2 --sexual limitation ( ! transmission ( peculi>ities 9 man1 #ad 7#b72 --on ! effects ( h>d-dr9k+1 #bc2 --inh]it$ baldness ) defici5cy ( tee?1 #be 7#b72 --occurr5ce ( a mol> too? 9 place ( an incisor1 #bg2 --diseases occurr+ 9 alt]nate g5]ations1 #bg4 ,,s$illot1 on ! removal ( portions ( bone1 #bd4 ,,se$s1 e>ly selection (1 #bj2 --rudim5t>y1 9 grapes1 #bd2 --relative position (1 9 ! capsule1 #bf4 ,,se$s & buds1 close analogies (1 #aa4 ,,seemann1 ,b41 cross+ ( ! wolf & ,esquimaux dogs1 #a4 ,,segregation ( *>act]s1 #aa 7#b74 ,,selby1 ,p4 ,j41 on ! bud-de/roy+ habits ( ! bullf9*1 #ba4 ,,selection1 #bj2 --me?odical1 #f1 #bj1 #ba2 --by ! anci5ts & semi-civilis$ p1 #bj2 --( trifl+ *>act]s1 #bj2 --unconsci\s1 #f 7#b72 --effects (1 %[n by diff]5ces 9 mo/ valu$ p>ts1 #bj2 --produc$ by accumulation ( v>iability1 #bj2 --natural1 z affect+ dome/ic productions1 #ai1 #ba2 --z ! orig9 ( species1 g5]a1 & o!r gr\ps1 #bh2 --circum/ances fav\rable to1 #ba2 --t5d5cy (1 t[>ds extremes1 #ba2 --possible limit (1 #ba2 --influ5ce ( "t on1 #ba 7#b72 --summ>y ( subject1 #ba 7#b72 --effects (1 9 modify+ bre$s ( cattle1 #c2 --9 pres]v+ ! purity ( bre$s ( %eep1 #c 7#b72 --9 produc+ v>ieties ( pigeons1 #f2 --9 bre$+ f[ls1 #g 7#b72 --9 ! goose1 #h2 --9 ! can>y1 #h2 --9 ! gold-fi%1 #h2 --9 ! silkworm1 #h 7#b72 --contra/$ 9 cabbages & c]eals1 #i2 --9 :ite mulb]ry1 #aj2 --on gooseb]ries1 #aj2 --appli$ to :eat1 #i 7#b72 --exemplifi$ 9 c>rots1 etc41 #i2 --9 potato1 #i2 --9 ! melon1 #aj2 --9 fl[]+ plants1 #aj2 --9 ! hyac9?1 #aj2 --appli$ to bud-v>ieties ( plants1 #aa2 --illu/rations (1 #bh4 ,,selection1 sexual1 #ad4 ,,self-,,impot5ce 9 plants1 #ag2 --9 individual plants1 #ag2 --( hybrids1 #ai4 ,,selwyn1 ,mr41 on ! ,d+o1 #a4 ,,selys-,,long*amps1 on hybrid ducks1 #f1 #ac1 #ah2 --hybrid ( ! hook-bill$ duck & ,egyptian goose1 #h4 ,,s]+e1 on ! ,/4 ,valry apple1 #aj4 ,,s]p5t melon1 #aj1 #be4 ,,s]res1 ,,olivi] ,,de1 wild p\ltry 9 ,guiana1 #g4 ,,sesamum1 :ite-se$$1 antiquity ( !1 #bh4 ,set>ia1 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i4 ,,settega/1 %eep poison$ by buck:eat1 #be4 ,,sett]s1 deg5]ation (1 9 ,india1 #a2 --,y\att's rem>ks on1 #a4 ,,sex1 second>y *>act]s (1 lat5t1 #ac 7#b72 --( p>5ts1 influ5ce (1 on hybrids1 #bb4 ,,sexual *>act]s1 sometimes lo/ 9 dome/ication1 #ad4 ,,sexual limitation ( *>act]s1 #ad4 ,,sexual peculi>ities1 induc$ by dome/ication 9 %eep1 #c2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --transf] (1 #g4 ,,sexual v>iability 9 pigeons1 #e 7#b74 ,,sexual selection1 #ad4 ,,%addock1 #aj4 ,,%ail]1 ,mr41 on ! moss-rose1 #aa4 ,,%an ponies1 /rip$1 #b4 ,,%anghai f[ls1 #g4 ,,%anghai %eep1 _! fecundity1 #c4 ,,%eep1 disput$ orig9 (1 #c2 --e>ly dome/ication (1 #c2 --l>ge-tail$1 #c 7#b71 #bc2 --v>iations 9 horns1 mamm1 & o!r *>act]s (1 #c2 --sexual *>act]s (1 induc$ by dome/ication1 #c2 --adaptation (1 to climate & pa/ure1 #c 7#b72 --p]iods ( ge/ation (1 #c2 --effect ( heat on ! fleece (1 #c2 --effect ( selection on1 #c2 --8ancon0 or 8ott]0 bre$s (1 #c2 --8,mau*amp-m]9o10 #c 7#b72 --cross ( ,g]man & m]9o1 #ae2 --black1 ( ! ,t>5t9o1 #ba2 --,k>akool1 #bc2 --,jaffna1 ) callosities on ! knees1 #bd2 --,*9ese1 #bd2 --,dani%1 ( ! ,bronze p]iod1 #bh2 --polydactylism 91 #ab2 --occasional production ( horns 9 hornless bre$s (1 #ac2 --rev]sion ( col\r 91 #ac2 --influ5ce ( male1 on (fspr+1 #ad2 --sexual diff]5ces 91 #ad2 --influ5ce ( cross+ or segregation on1 #ae 7#b71 #af 7#b72 --int]bre$+ (1 #ag 7#b72 --effect ( n\ri%m5t on ! f]tility (1 #af2 --value (1 crossbr$1 #ag2 --dim9i%$ f]tility (1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 #ah2 --unconsci\s selection (1 #bj2 --natural selection 9 bre$s (1 #ba 7#b72 --r$uction ( bones 91 #ba2 --individual diff]5ces (1 #bb2 --local *anges 9 ! fleece (1 9 ,engl&1 #bc2 --p>tial deg5]ation (1 9 ,au/ralia1 #bc2 --correlation ( horns & fleece 91 #be2 --fe$+ on fle%1 #bd2 --acclimatisation (1 #bd2 --m\nta91 resi/ance (1 to sev]e wea!r1 #bd2 --:ite1 poison$ by ,hyp]icum crispum1 #be4 ,,%eep dogs1 resembl+ wolves1 #a2 --mutilat$ tail inh]it$1 #ab4 ,,%ells1 s9i/ral & dextral1 #ac4 ,,%irley1 ,e4 ,p41 on ! fall[-de]1 #af1 #ag4 ,,%irreff ,mr41 new v>ieties ( :eat1 #i 7#b72 --on cross+ :eat1 #af2 --v>iability ( :eat1 #aa2 --cont9u\s v>iation ( :eat1 #ba4 ,,%ort1 ,d41 hybrids ( ! dome/ic cat & ,felis ornata1 #a4 ,,siam1 cats (1 #a2 --horses (1 #b4 ,,sib]ia1 nor!rn range ( wild horses 91 #b4 ,,si*el1 ,j41 on ! deafness ( :ite cats ) blue eyes1 #be4 ,,sidney1 ,s41 on ! p$igrees ( pigs1 #ab2 --on cross-rev]sion 9 pigs1 #ac2 --p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! pig1 #c2 --production ( bre$s ( pigs by int]cross+1 #c1 #ae2 --f]tility ( ! pig1 #af2 --effects ( int]bre$+ on pigs1 #ag2 --on ! col\rs ( pigs1 #bj1 #ba4 ,,siebold1 on ! sweet potato1 #ba4 ,,siebold1 ,,c>l ,,von1 on p>!nog5esis1 #bg4 ,sil5e1 contabesc5ce 91 #ah4 ,,silk ,,f[ls1 #g1 #ad 7#b74 ,,silk-,,mo?1 ,arr9dy1 #bd 7#bc72 --,t>roo1 #ah4 ,,silk-,,mo?s1 #h2 --dome/icat$1 species (1 #h2 --hi/ory (1 #h2 --causes ( modification 91 #h2 --diff]5ces pres5t$ by1 #h2 --cross+ (1 #ae2 --disease 91 #ba2 --effects ( disuse ( p>ts 91 #bd2 --selection practis$ )1 #bj 7#b72 --v>iation (1 #ba2 --p>!nog5esis 91 #bg4 ,,silkworms1 v>iations (1 #h2 --yield+ :ite cocoons1 less liable to disease1 #be4 ,,silv]-,,grey rabbit1 #d 7#c74 ,,simon1 on ! rais+ ( eggs ( ! silk-mo? 9 ,*9a1 #bj4 ,,simonds1 ,j4 ,b41 p]iod ( maturity 9 v>i\s bre$s ( cattle1 #c2 --diff]5ces 9 ! p]iods ( d5tition 9 %eep1 #c2 --on ! tee? 9 cattle1 %eep1 etc41 #be2 --on ! bre$+ ( sup]ior rams1 #bj4 ,,simpson1 ,sir ,j41 reg5]ative p[] ( ! human embryo1 #bg4 ,sir$on1 bre$+ 9 ! bran*if]\s /age1 #bg4 ,,sisk91 bre$+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,siva!rium1 resemblance ( !1 to ,niata cattle1 #c4 ,,size1 diff]5ce (1 an ob/acle to cross+1 #af4 ,,sk91 & its app5dages1 homolog\s1 #be2 --h]$it>y affections ( !1 #ad4 ,,skirv+1 ,r4 ,s41 on pigeons settl+ on trees 9 ,egypt1 #f4 ,,skull1 *>act]s ( !1 9 bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --9 bre$s ( pigs1 #c2 --9 rabbits1 #d 7#b72 --9 bre$s ( pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --9 bre$s ( f[ls1 #g2 --9 ducks1 #h 7#b74 ,,skull & horns1 correlation ( !1 #be4 ,,skyl>k1 #ah4 ,,sleeman1 on ! *eetah1 #ah4 ,,sloe1 #aj4 ,,small-,,pox1 #bg4 ,,smit] 7pigeon71 #e4 ,,smi?1 ,sir ,a41 on ,caffr>ian cattle1 #c2 --on ! use ( num]\s plants z food 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #i4 ,,smi?1 ,colonel ,,hamilton1 on ! od\r ( ! jackal1 #a2 --on ! orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --wild dogs 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 #a2 --on ! ,?ibet ma/iff & ! alco1 #a2 --developm5t ( ! fif? toe 9 ! h9d feet ( ma/iffs1 #a2 --diff]5ces 9 ! skull ( dogs1 #a2 --hi/ory ( ! po9t]1 #a2 --on ! e>s ( ! dog1 #bd2 --on ! bre$s ( horses1 #b2 --orig9 ( ! horse1 #b2 --dappl+ ( horses1 #b2 --/rip$ horses 9 ,spa91 #b2 --orig9al col\r ( ! horse1 #b2 --on horses scrap+ away sn[1 #b2 --on ,as9us hemionus1 #ac2 --f]al pigs ( ,jamaica1 #c 7#b74 ,,smi?1 ,sir ,j4 ,e41 production ( nect>9es & pea*es by ! same tree1 #aj2 --on ,viola amo5a1 #aj2 --/]ility ( ,v9ca m9or 9 ,engl&1 #ah4 ,,smi?1 ,j41 developm5t ( ! ov>y 9 ,bonatea speciosa by irritation ( ! /igma1 #aa4 ,,smi?1 ,n4 ,h41 influ5ce ( ! bull 8,fav\rite0 on ! bre$ ( ,%or?orn cattle1 #ad4 ,,smi?1 ,w41 on ! int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,snake-,,rat1 #ae 7#b74 ,,snakes1 =m ( ! visc]a 91 #bf4 ,,snapdragon1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --non-inh]itance ( col\r 91 #ab2 --peloric1 cross$ ) ! normal =m1 #ad1 #ae2 --asymmetrical v>iation ( !1 #be4 ,,soil1 adaptation ( plums to1 #aj2 --influ5ce (1 on ! zones ( pel>goniums1 #aj2 --on roses1 #aj2 --on ! v>iegation ( leaves1 #aa2 --advantages ( *ange (1 #ah4 ,,soil & climate1 effects (1 on /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,solanum1 non-int]cross+ ( species (1 #ae4 ,solanum tub]osum1 #i 7#b71 #aa4 ,,solid-,,ho($ pigs1#c4 ,,solomon1 8 /ud ( horses1 #b4 ,,som]ville1 ,"l1 on ! fleece ( ,m]9o %eep1 #c2 --on cross+ %eep1 #ag2 --on selection ( %eep1 #bj2 --dim9i%$ f]tility ( ,m]9o %eep br\ght f ,spa91 #ah4 ,,sooty f[ls1 #g 7#b74 ,sorghum1 #aj4 ,,soto1 ,,f]d9& ,,de1 on ! cultivation ( native plants 9 ,florida1 #i4 ,,spa91 haw?orn monogyn\s 91 #aj4 ,,spallanzani1 on f]al rabbits 9 ,lip>i1 #d2 --exp]im5ts on salam&]s1 #bd1 #bg 7#b72 --exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ a pigeon ) meat1 #bd4 ,,spaniels1 9 ,india1 #a2 --,k+ ,*>les's1 #a2 --deg5]ation (1 caus$ by int]bre$+1 #ag4 ,,spani% f[ls1 #g 7#c72 --figur$1 #g2 --e>ly developm5t ( sexual *>act]s 91 #g2 --furculum (1 figur$1 #g4 ,,species1 difficulty ( di/+ui%+ f v>ieties1 ,introduction2 --conv]sion ( v>ieties into1 ,introduction2 --orig9 (1 by natural selection1 #bh2 --by mutual /]ility ( v>ieties1 #ai4 ,,sp5c]1 ,"l1 on selection 9 bre$+1 #bj4 ,,sp5c]1 ,,h]b]t1 on ! 8survival ( ! fitte/10 ,introduction2 --increase ( f]tility by dome/ication1 #af2 --on life1 #ah1 #ai2 --*anges produc$ by ext]nal conditions1 #bc2 --effects ( use on organs1 #bd2 --asc5t ( ! sap 9 trees1 #bd2 --correlation exemplifi$ 9 ! ,iri% elk1 #be 7#b72 --on 8physiological units10 #bg2 --antagonism ( gr[? & reproduction1 #bg4 ,,sp]matophores ( ! cephalopoda1 #bg4 ,,sp]matozoids1 #bg 7#b74 ,,sph+id1 /]ility (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,sp9ola1 on ! injuri\s effect produc$ by fl[]+ buck:eat on :ite pigs1 #be4 ,,spitz dog1 #a4 ,,spoon]1 ,w4 ,c41 cross-bre$+ ( %eep1 #c1 #ae 7#b71 #ag2 --on ! effects ( cross+1 #ae 7#b72 --on cross+ cattle1 #ag2 --individual /]ility1 #ah4 ,,spores1 reproduction ( abnormal =ms by1 #aa4 ,,sports1 #aa2 --9 pigeons1 #f4 ,,spot pigeon1 #e1 #f4 ,,spr5gel1 ,c4 ,k41 on di*ogam\s plants1 #ae2 --on ! hollyhock1 #af2 --on ! functions ( fl[]s1 #ai4 ,,spr\le1 ,mr41 transmission ( h>e-lip1 #ab4 ,,spurs1 ( f[ls1 #g2 --developm5t (1 9 h5s1 #bd4 ,,squa%es1 #aj4 ,,squ9t+1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,,squirrels1 g5]ally /]ile 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,squirrels1 fly+1 bre$+ 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 8,,/a>halsige ,taube10 #e4 ,,/ag1 "o-horn$1 suppos$ h]$ity ( "* 91 #ab2 --deg5]acy (1 9 ! ,highl&s1 #bj4 ,,/am5s1 occurr5ce ( rudim5t>y1 #bd2 --conv]sion (1 into pi/ils1 #aj2 --into petals1 #bg4 ,/aphylea1 #ah4 ,,/e5/rup1 ,pr(41 on ! dog ( ! ,dani% ,midd5s1 #a2 --on ! obliquity ( fl\nd]s1 #ac4 ,,/e9an1 ,j41 on h]$it>y diseases1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,/eph5s1 ,j4 ,f41 on ! habits ( ! ,bombycid1 #h4 ,,/]ility1 9 dogs1 consequ5t on close conf9em5t1 #a2 --comp>ative1 ( crosses1 #af 7#b72 --f *ang$ conditions ( life1 #ah2 --occurr+ 9 ! desc5dants ( wild animals br$ 9 captivity1 #ah2 --individual1 #ah2 --result+ f propagation by buds1 cutt+s1 bulbs1 etc41 #ah2 --9 hybrids1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh 7#b72 --9 specific hybrids ( pigeons1 #f2 --z connect$ ) natural selection1 #ai4 ,,/]num1 *>act]s ( !1 9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --9 f[ls1 #g 7#b72 --effects ( disuse on !1 #e 7#b74 ,,/ew>t1 ,h41 on h]$it>y disease1 #ad4 ,,/igma1 v>iation ( !1 9 cultivat$ ,cucurbitace1 #aj2 --satiation ( !1 #aa 7#b74 ,,/ockholm1 fruit-trees (1 #bd4 ,,/ocks1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa2 --effect ( cross+ ^u ! col\r ( ! se$ (1 #aa2 --true by se$1 #ab2 --crosses (1 #ae2 --v>ieties (1 produc$ by selection1 #bj2 --rev]sion by ! upp] se$s 9 ! pods (1 #bf4 ,,/ockton1 ,,h\gh1 direct action ( poll51 #aa4 ,,/okes1 ,pr(41 calculation ( ! *ance ( transmission ( abnormal peculi>ities 9 man1 #ab4 ,,/olons1 v>iations 9 ! production (1 by /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,/oma*1 /ructure ( !1 affect$ by food1 #bd4 ,,/one 9 ! bladd]1 h]$it>y1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,/oneh5ge1 on maturity ( ! dog1 #a2 --inh]it$ effects ( injury1 #ab2 --cross betwe5 bulldog & greyh\nd1 #ae2 --close int]bre$+ ( greyh\nd1 #ag2 --fleetness ( racehorses1 #ba4 ,,/or]1 ,j41 p$igree ( cattle1 #ag4 ,,/rawb]ries1 #aj2 --rem>kable v>ieties (1 #aj 7#b72 --hautbois dici\s1 #aj2 --selection 91 #bj2 --probable fur!r modification (1 #f2 --v>iegat$1 effects ( soil on1 #bc4 ,,/rickl&1 ,a41 on ! dome/ication ( ,ans] f]us1 #h2 --on ! col\r ( ! bill & legs 9 geese1 #h4 ,/rictnas1 #f4 ,,/ripes on "y ( wild sw9e1 #c2 --( dome/ic pigs ( ,turkey1 ,we/phalia1 & ! ,zambesi1 #c2 --( f]al sw9e ( ,jamaica & ,new ,granada1 #c2 --( fruit & fl[]s1 #aa1 #ac2 --9 horses1 #b2 --9 ! ass1 #b 7#b72 --production (1 by cross+ species ( ,equid1 #ac 7#b74 ,/rix grall>ia1 #bd4 ,/rix pass]9a1 #ah4 8,,/rupp-,,taube10 #e4 ,,/ru!rs1 ,d41 o/eology ( ! feet 9 solid-ho($ pigs1 #c2 --on polydactylism1 #ab 7#b74 ,,/urm1 prepot5cy ( transmission ( *>act]s 9 %eep & cattle1 #ad2 --absorption ( ! m9ority 9 cross$ races1 #ae2 --correlation ( twi/$ horns & curl$ wool 9 %eep1 #be4 ,,sub-,,species1 wild1 ( ,columba livia & o!r pigeons1 #f4 ,,succession1 geological1 ( organisms1 ,introduction4 ,,suck]s1 bud-v>iation by1 #aa4 ,,sug>-,,cane1 /]ility (1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #ah2 --sport+ (1 #aa2 --:ite1 liability (1 to disease1 #ba1 #be4 ,,suicide1 h]$it>y t5d5cy to1 #ab1 #ad4 ,,sulivan1 ,admiral1 on ! horses ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #b2 --wild pigs ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #c2 --f]al cattle ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #c 7#b72 --f]al rabbits ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 #d4 ,,sultan f[l1 #g 7#b74 ,sus indicus1 #c 7#b71 #af4 ,sus pliciceps 7figur$71 #c4 ,sus scr(a1 #c 7#b71 #af4 ,sus scr(a palu/ris1 #c4 ,sus s5n>i5sis1 #c4 ,sus vittatus1 #c4 ,,swall[s1 a bre$ ( pigeons1 #b4 ,,sweet peas1 #ae2 --crosses (1 #ae2 --v>ieties (1 com+ true by se$1 #ab2 --acclimatisation (1 9 ,india1 #h4 ,,sweet ,william1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,sw9hoe1 ,r41 on ,*9ese pigeons1 #e1 #f2 --on /rip$ ,*9ese horses1 #b2 --on ! japann$ peacock1 #h4 ,,switz]l&1 anci5t dogs (1 #a2 --pigs (1 9 ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 #c2 --goats (1 #c4 ,,sycamore1 pale-leav$ v>iety ( !1 #be4 ,,sykes1 ,colonel1 on a p>iah dog ) crook$ legs1 #a2 --on small ,indian asses1 #b2 --on ,gallus sonn]atii1 #g2 --on ! voice ( ! ,indian ,kulm cock1 #g2 --f]tility ( ! f[l 9 mo/ climates1 #ah4 ,,symmetry1 h]$it>y dep>tures f1 #ab4 ,symphytum1 v>iegat$1 #aa4 ,,syphilis1 h]$it>y1 #be4 ,,syria1 asses (1 #b4 ,syr+a p]sica1 *95sis1 & vulg>is1 #ah4 ,,tacitus1 on ! c>e tak5 by ! ,celts 9 bre$+ animals1 #bj4 ,tagetes signata1 dw>f v>iety (1 #ab4 ,,tahiti1 v>ieties ( cultivat$ plants 91 #bb4 ,,tail1 nev] curl$ 9 wild animals1 #bd2 --rudim5t>y 9 ,*9ese %eep1 #bd4 ,,tail-,,fea!rs1 numb]s (1 9 bre$s ( pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --peculi>ities (1 9 cocks1 #g2 --v>iability (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --curl$1 9 ,anas bos*as1 & tame drakes1 #h4 ,,tait1 ,,lawson1 pres5ce ( hairs & tee? 9 ov>ian tum\rs1 #bg4 ,,tal5t1 h]$it>y1 #ab4 ,,tank]ville1 ,e>l (1 on ,*ill+ham cattle1 #c1 #ag4 ,,tann]1 ,pr(41 effects ( disuse ( p>ts 9 cattle1 #bd4 ,,tapir1 /]ility ( !1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,t>gioni-,,tozzetti1 on cultivat$ plants1 #i2 --on ! v9e1 #aj2 --v>ieties ( ! pea*1 #aj2 --orig9 & v>ieties ( ! plum1 #aj2 --orig9 ( ! *]ry1 #aj2 --orig9 ( roses1 #aj4 ,,t>sus1 v>iability ( !1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --reproduction ( !1 9 a ?ru%1 #bg4 ,,t>t>s1 _! pref]5ce = spiral-horn$ %eep1 #bj4 ,,tav]ni]1 abundance ( pigeons 9 ,p]sia1 #f4 ,taxus baccata1 #ab4 ,,taylor1 ,mr41 potato-graft+1 #aa4 ,,teebay1 ,mr41 rev]sion 9 f[ls1 #ac4 ,,tee?1 numb] & position (1 9 dogs1 #a2 --defici5cy (1 9 nak$ ,turki% dogs1 #a2 --p]iod ( appe>ance (1 9 bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --precocity (1 9 highly-br$ animals1 #be2 --correlation (1 ) hair1 #be2 --d\ble r[ (1 ) r$undant hair1 9 ,julia ,pa/rana1 #be2 --affect$ 9 =m by h]$it>y syphilis & by pulmon>y tub]cle1 #be2 --develop$ on ! palate1 #bg4 ,,tegetmei]1 ,mr41 on a cat ) mon/r\s tee?1 #a2 --on a swift-l pigeon1 #e2 --on sexual col\rs1 #e2 --nak$ "y ( "s pigeons1 #e2 --f]tility ( hybrid pigeons1 #f2 --on :ite pigeons1 #ba2 --rev]sion 9 cross$ bre$s ( f[ls1 #g2 --*icks ( ! :ite silk f[l1 #g2 --developm5t ( ! cranial protub]ance 9 ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --on ! skull 9 ! ,poli% f[l1 #g 7#b72 --on ! intellig5ce ( ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --correlation ( ! cranial protub]ance & cre/ 9 ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --developm5t ( ! web 9 ! feet ( ,poli% f[ls1 #g2 --e>ly developm5t ( sev]al peculi>ities 9 ,spani% cocks1 #g2 --on ! comb 9 ,spani% f[ls1 #g2 --on ! ,spani% f[l1 #bd2 --v>ieties ( game-f[ls1 #g2 --p$igrees ( game-f[ls1 #ab2 --assumption ( female plumage by a game-cock1 #g2 --natural selection 9 ! game-cock1 #ba2 --pugnacity ( game-h5s1 #g2 --l5g? ( ! middle toe 9 ,co*9 f[ls1 #g2 --orig9 ( ! ,sebright bantam1 #ac2 --diff]5ces 9 ! size ( f[ls1 #g2 --effect ( cross+ 9 f[ls1 #g2 --effects ( int]bre$+ 9 f[ls1 #ag 7#b72 --incubation by mongrels ( non-sitt+ races ( f[ls1 #ac2 --inv]se correlation ( cre/ & comb 9 f[ls1 #g2 --occurr5ce ( p5cill$ fea!rs 9 f[ls1 #ac2 --on a v>iety ( ! goose f ,seba/opol1 #h2 --on ! f]tility ( ! peah51 #af2 --on ! int]cross+ ( bees1 #ag4 ,,temm9ck1 orig9 ( dome/ic cats1 #a2 --orig9 ( dome/ic pigeons1 #f2 --on ,columba gu9ea1 #f2 --on ,columba leucocephala1 #f2 --ass]t$ reluctance ( "s bre$s ( pigeons to cross1 #f2 --/]ility ( hybrid turtle-doves1 #f2 --v>iations ( ,gallus bankiva1 #g2 --on a buff-col\r$ bre$ ( turkeys1 #h2 --numb] ( eggs laid by ! peah51 #af2 --bre$+ ( guans 9 captivity1 #ah2 --behavi\r ( gr\se 9 captivity1 #ah2 --/]ility ( ! p>tridge 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,t5drils 9 ,cucurbitace1 #aj1 #bd4 ,,t5n5t1 ,sir ,j4 ,e41 on ! goose1 #h2 --on ! gr[? ( ! apple 9 ,ceylon1 #bc2 --on ! ,jaffna %eep1 #bd4 ,t]$o1 f]tilisation 91 #bg4 ,,t]ri]s1 wry-legg$1 #ba2 --:ite1 subject to di/emp]1 #be4 ,,tes*ema*]1 on a husk$ =m ( maize1 #i4 ,,tessi]1 on ! p]iod ( ge/ation ( ! dog1 #a2 --( ! pig1 #c2 --9 cattle1 #c2 --exp]im5ts on *ange ( soil1 #ah4 ,tetrao1 bre$+ ( species (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,tetrapt]yx p>adisea1 #ah4 ,teucrium campanulatum1 pelorism 91 #bf4 ,,texas1 f]al cattle 91 #c4 ,,!ognis1 8 notice ( ! dome/ic f[l1 #g4 ,,!ophra/us1 8 notice ( ! pea*1 #bd4 ,!sium1 #bc4 ,,?ompson1 ,mr41 on ! pea* & nect>9e1 #aj2 --on ! v>ieties ( ! apricot1 #aj2 --classification ( v>ieties ( *]ries1 #aj2 --on ! 8,si/] rib/on-pipp910 #aj2 --on ! v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 #aj 7#b74 ,,?ompson1 ,,william1 on ! pigeons ( ,islay1 #f2 --f]al pigeons 9 ,scotl&1 #f2 --col\r ( ! bill & legs 9 geese1 #h2 --bre$+ ( ,tetrao scotius 9 captivity1 #ah2 --de/ruction ( black f[ls by ! osprey1 #ba4 ,,?orn1 graft+ ( e>ly & late1 #aj2 --,gla/onbury1 #aj4 ,,?orns1 reconv]sion (1 into bran*es1 9 pe> trees1 #bd4 ,,?ru%1 ass]t$ reproduction ( ! t>sus 9 a1 #bg4 ,?uja p5dula or fili=mis1 a v>iety ( ,t4 ori5talis1 #aj4 ,,?uret1 on ! division ( ! zoospores ( an alga1 #bg4 ,,?waites1 ,g4 ,h41 on ! cats ( ,ceylon1 #a2 --on a tw9 se$ ( ,fu*sia cocc9ea & fulg5s1 #aa4 ,,tiburtius1 exp]im5ts 9 re>+ wild ducks1 #h4 ,,tig]1 r>ely f]tile 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,tigridia con*iflora1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,"t1 importance (1 9 ! production ( races1 #ba4 ,,t9zmann1 self-impot5ce 9 ! potato1 #ag4 ,,tissues1 aff9ity (1 = special organic sub/ances1 #bg4 ,,titmice1 de/ructive to ?9-%ell$ walnuts1 #aj2 --attack+ nuts1 #aj2 --attack+ peas1 #ba4 ,,tobacco1 cross+ ( v>ieties (1 #af2 --cultivation (1 9 ,sw$51 #bd4 ,,tobolsk1 r$-col\r$ cats (1 #a4 ,,toes1 relative l5g? (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --developm5t ( fif?1 9 dogs1 #bd4 ,,tollet1 ,mr41 8 selection ( cattle1 #bj4 ,,tomato1 #ae4 ,,tomes1 inh]itance ( d5tal mal=mations1 #ab4 ,,tomtits4 ,see ,,titmice4 ,,tongue1 relation (1 to ! beak 9 pigeons1 #c4 ,,too?1 occurr5ce ( a mol>1 9 place ( an incisor1 #bg4 8,,torfs*we910 #c4 ,,trail1 ,r41 on ! union ( half-tub]s ( diff]5t k9ds ( potatoes1 #aa4 ,,trees1 v>ieties (1 sudd5ly produc$1 #aj2 --weep+ or p5dul\s1 #aj2 --fa/igiate or pyramidal1 #aj2 --) v>iegat$ or *ang$ foliage1 #aj2 --e>ly or late 9 leaf1 #aj2 --=e/1 non-application ( selection to1 #ba4 8,,trembleur0 7pigeons71 #e4 ,,trembley1 on reproduction 9 ,hydra1 #bg4 8,,trevolt9i0 silkworms1 #h 7#b74 ,tri*osan!s angu9a1 #aj4 ,,tricks1 inh]itance (1 #ab 7#b74 ,trifolium m9us & rep5s1 #ah4 ,,trimorphic plants1 conditions ( reproduction 91 #ai4 ,,tri/ram1 ,h4 ,b41 selection ( ! drom$>y1 #bj4 ,triticum dicoccum1 #i4 ,triticum monococcum1 #i4 ,triticum spelta1 #i4 ,triticum turgidum1 #i4 ,triticum vulg>e1 wild 9 ,asia1 #i4 ,,triton1 bre$+ 9 ! bran*if]\s /age1 #bg4 8,,trommel-,,taube10 #e4 8,,tronfo0 pigeon1 #e4 ,tropolum1 #ac4 ,tropolum m9us & majus1 rev]sion 9 hybrids (1 #bb4 ,,tr\betzkoy1 ,pr9ce1 exp]im5ts ) pe>-trees at ,mosc[1 #bd4 ,,tr\sseau1 ,pr(41 pa?ological resemblance ( tw9s1 #bb4 ,,trumpet] pigeon1 #e2 --kn[n 9 #agce1 #f4 ,,ts*>n]1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,de1 graft-hybrid produc$ by inosculation 9 ! v9e1 #aa4 ,,ts*udi1 on ! nak$ ,p]uvian dog1 #a2 --ext9ct v>ieties ( maize f ,p]uvian tombs1 #i1 #aa4 ,,tub]s1 bud-v>iation by1 #aa4 ,,tuck]man1 ,mr41 /]ility ( ,c>ex rigida1 #ah4 ,,tuft$ ducks1 #h4 ,,tulips1 v>iability (1 #aj2 --bud-v>iation 91 #aa 7#b72 --influ5ce ( soil 9 8break+10 #aa4 ,,tumbl] pigeon1 #e2 --%ort-fac$1 figur$1 #e2 --skull figur$1 #e2 --l[] jaw figur$1 #e2 --scapula & furculum figur$1 #e2 --e>ly kn[n 9 ,india1 #f2 --hi/ory (1 #f2 --sub-bre$s (1 #f2 --"y1 unable to break ! egg-%ell1 #ba2 --probable fur!r modification (1 #ba4 8,t,,mml]0 7pigeons71 #e4 ,,tum\rs1 ov>ian1 occurr5ce ( hairs & tee? 91 #bg2 --polypoid1 orig9 (1 #bg4 ,,turbit 7pigeon71 #e1 #f4 ,,turkey1 dome/ic1 orig9 (1 #h2 --cross+ (1 ) ,nor? ,am]ican wild turkey1 #h 7#b72 --bre$s (1 #h2 --cre/$ :ite cock1 #h2 --wild1 *>act]s (1 #h 7#b72 --deg5]ation (1 9 ,india1 #h1 #bc2 --failure ( eggs (1 9 ,delhi1 #ah2 --f]al1 on ! ,p>ana1 #f2 --*ange produc$ 91 by dome/ication1 #bb4 ,,turkey1 /rip$ "y pigs 91 #c4 8,,turkis*e ,,taube10 #e4 ,,turn] 7pigeon71 #e4 ,,turn]1 ,c41 on ! hollyhock1 #c4 ,,turn]1 ,w41 on cells1 #bg4 ,,turnips1 orig9 (1 #i2 --rev]sion 91 #ac2 --run wild1 #ac2 --crosses (1 #ae 7#b72 --,sw$i%1 pref]r$ by h>es1 #ba2 --acclimatisation (1 9 ,india1 #bd4 ,,turnspit1 on an ,egyptian monum5t1 #a2 --crosses ( !1 #ae4 ,,turtle-,,dove1 :ite & col\r$1 cross+ (1 #ae4 ,turtur auritus1 hybrids (1 ) ,t4 cambay5sis & ,t4 surat5sis1 #f4 ,turtur risorius1 cross+ (1 ) ! common pigeon1 #f2 --hybrids ( ) ,t4 vulg>is1 #f4 ,turtur surat5sis1 /]ile hybrids (1 ) ,t4 vulg>is1 #f2 --hybrids (1 ) ,t4 auritus1 #f4 ,turtur vulg>is1 cross+ (1 ) ! common pigeon1 #f2 --hybrid (1 ) ,t4 risorius1 #f2 --/]ile hybrids (1 ) ,t4 surat5sis & ,ectopi/es migratorius1 #f4 ,,tusks ( wild & dome/icat$ pigs1 #c 7#b74 ,tussilago f>f>a1 v>iegat$1 #aa4 ,,tw9-,,se$ ( ,fu*sia cocc9ea & fulg5s1 #aa4 ,,ty]man1 ,b41 on ! pigs ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #c1 #ae2 --on ! dogs ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 #ae4 ,,tylor1 ,mr41 on ! prohibition ( consangu9e\s m>riages1 #ag4 ,,udd]s1 developm5t ( !1 #bd4 ,ulex1 d\ble-fl[]$1 #ah4 ,ulmus campe/ris & effusa1 hybrids (1 #ag4 ,,uni=mity ( "*1 ma9ta9$ by cross+1 #ae4 ,,units ( ! body1 functional indep5d5ce ( !1 #bg4 ,,unity or plurality ( orig9 ( organisms1 ,introduction4 ,,urea1 secretion (1 #bg4 ,,use & disuse ( p>ts1 effects (1 #bd 7#b71 #bf 7#b71 #bh 7#b72 --9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 ducks1 #h4 ,,utility1 consid]ations (1 lead+ to uni=mity1 #ba4 ,,val5t91 exp]im5tal production ( d\ble mon/]s by1 #bg4 ,vallota1 #ag4 ,,van ,,beck1 ,,b>b>a1 a hairy-fac$ woman1 #ab4 ,,van ,,mons1 on wild fruit-trees1 #i1 #bb2 --production ( v>ieties ( ! v9e1 #aj2 --correlat$ v>iability 9 fruit-trees1 #be2 --production ( almond-l fruit by pea*-se$l+s1 #aj4 ,vanessa1 species (1 n copulat+ 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,v>iability1 ,introduction1 #bg 7#b71 #bh2 --causes (1 #bb2 --correlat$1 #be1 #bf 7#b71 #bh 7#b72 --law (1 equable1 #bf 7#b72 --necessity (1 = selection1 #ai2 --( select$ *>act]s1 #ba2 --( multiple homolog\s p>ts1 #bf4 ,,v>iation1 laws (1 #bd2 --cont9uity (1 #ba2 --possible limitation (1 #ba1 #bh 7#b72 --9 dome/ic cats1 #a2 --orig9 ( bre$s ( cattle by1 #c2 --9 o/eological *>act]s ( rabbits1 #d2 --( important organs1 #aj2 --analog\s or p>allel1 #i2 --9 horses1 #b2 --9 ! horse & ass1 #b2 --9 f[ls1 #g2 --9 geese1 #h2 --exemplifi$ 9 ! production ( fle%y /ems 9 cabbages1 etc41 #i2 --9 ! pea*1 nect>9e1 & apricot1 #aj 7#b72 --individual1 9 :eat1 #i4 ,,v>iegation ( foliage1 #aa1 #ah4 ,,v>ieties & species1 resemblance (1 ,introduction1 #bh2 --conv]sion (1 into species1 ,introduction2 --abnormal1 #bh2 --dome/ic1 gradually produc$1 #bh4 ,,v>ro1 on dome/ic ducks1 #h2 --on f]al f[ls1 #ac2 --cross+ ( ! wild & dome/ic ass1 #bj4 ,,vasey1 ,mr41 on ! numb] ( sacral v]tebr 9 ord9>y & hump$ cattle1 #c2 --on ,hung>ian cattle1 #c4 ,,vau*]1 /]ility ( ,ranunculus fic>ia & ,acorus calamus1 #ah4 ,,vegetables1 cultivat$1 rev]sion 91 #ac2 --,european1 culture (1 9 ,india1 #ah 7#b74 ,,vei?1 ,mr41 on bre$s ( horses1 #b4 ,v]bascum1 int]cross+ ( species (1 #aj1 #ae1 #af2 --rev]sion 9 hybrids (1 #aa2 --self-/]ility (1 #ag2 --contabesc5t1 wild plants (1 #ah2 --villosity 91 #bc4 ,v]bascum au/riacum1 #ag4 ,v]bascum blatt>ia1 #af 7#b74 ,v]bascum ly*nitis1 #af 7#b71 #ag4 ,v]bascum nigrum1 #ag4 ,v]bascum phniceum1 #af1 #ag2 --v>iable duration (1 #bd4 ,v]bascum ?apsus1 #af1 #ag4 ,,v]b5as1 orig9 (1 #aj2 --:ite1 liability (1 to mildew1 #ba 7#b72 --scor*+ ( d>k1 #ba 7#b72 --effect ( *ang$ conditions ( life on1 #bc4 ,,v]lot1 on ! d>k-leav$ b>b]ry1 #aj2 --inh]itance ( peculi>ities ( foliage 9 trees1 #aj2 --production ( ,rosa cannabifolia by bud-v>iation f ,r4 alba1 #aa2 --bud-v>iation 9 ,aralia trifoliata1 #aa2 --v>iegation ( leaves1 #aa2 --col\rs ( tulips1 #aa2 --unc]ta9ty ( inh]itance1 #ab2 --p]si/5cy ( :ite fl[]s1 #ab2 --peloric fl[]s ( ,l9>ia1 #ac2 --t5d5cy ( /rip$ fl[]s to uni=mity ( col\r1 #ad2 --non-int]cross+ ( c]ta9 alli$ plants1 #ae2 --/]ility ( ,primul ) col\r$ calyces1 #ah2 --on f]tile prolif]\s fl[]s1 #ah2 --on ! ,iri% yew1 #ba2 --diff]5ces 9 ! ,camellia1 #bb2 --effect ( soil on ! v>iegat$ /rawb]ry1 #bc2 --correlat$ v>iability 9 plants1 #be4 ,v]ruca1 #ac1 #bg4 ,,v]tebrae1 *>act]s (1 9 rabbits1 #d2 --9 ducks1 #h 7#b72 --numb] & v>iations (1 9 pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --numb] & *>act]s (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --v>iability ( numb] (1 9 ! pig1 #c4 ,,v]tu*4 ,see ,,puts*e4 8,,v]ugas10 #bc4 ,,vespucius1 e>ly cultivation 9 ,brazil1 #i4 ,,vib]t',s exp]im5ts on ! cultivation ( ! v9e f se$1 #aj4 ,viburnum opulus1 #ai1 #bd4 ,vicia sativa1 leaflet conv]t$ into a t5dril 91 #bg4 ,,vicunas1 selection (1 #bj4 ,,villosity ( plants1 influ5c$ by dryness1 #bc4 ,,vilmor91 cultivation ( ! wild c>rot1 #i1 #bc2 --col\rs ( tulips1 #aa2 --unc]ta9ty ( inh]itance 9 balsams & roses1 #ab2 --exp]im5ts ) dw>f v>ieties ( ,sapon>ia calabrica & ,tagetes signata1 #ab2 --rev]sion ( fl[]s by /ripes & blot*es1 #ac2 --on v>iability1 #bb4 ,v9ca m9or1 /]ility 91 #ah4 ,,v9e1 #aj2 --p>sley-leav$1 rev]sion (1 #aa2 --graft-hybrid produc$ by inosculation 9 !1 #aa2 --disease (1 influ5c$ by col\r ( grapes1 #ba 7#b72 --influ5ce ( climate1 etc41 on v>ieties ( !1 #bc2 --dim9i%$ ext5t ( cultivation ( !1 #bd2 --acclimatisation ( !1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 #bd4 ,viola1 species (1 #aj4 ,viola lutea1 diff]5t col\r$ fl[]s 91 #aa4 ,viola tricolor1 rev]sion 91 #ac 7#b74 ,,vir*[1 ,pr(41 on ! gr[? ( bones1 #bd1 #bg2 --on cellul> prolification1 #af2 --indep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts ( ! body1 #bg2 --on ! cell-!ory1 #bg2 --pres5ce ( hairs & tee? 9 ov>ian tum\rs1 #bg2 --( hairs 9 ! bra91 #bg2 --special aff9ities ( ! tissues1 #bg2 --orig9 ( polypoid excresc5ces & tum\rs1 #bg4 ,,virgil1 on ! selection ( se$ corn1 #i1 #bj2 --( cattle & %eep1 #bj4 ,,virg9ian ,isl&s1 ponies (1 #b4 ,,vision1 h]$it>y peculi>ities (1 #ab 7#b72 --9 amphibi\s animals1 #bj2 --v>ieties (1 #bd2 --affections ( organs (1 correlat$ ) o!r peculi>ities1 #be4 ,vitis v9if]a1 #aj1 #aa4 ,viv]ra1 /]ility ( species (1 9 captivity1 #ah4 ,,vogel1 v>ieties ( ! date palm1 #bb4 ,,vogt1 on ! indications ( /ripes on black kitt5s1 #ac4 ,,voice1 diff]5ces (1 9 f[ls1 #g2 --peculi>ities (1 9 ducks1 #h2 --inh]itance ( peculi>ities (1 #ab4 ,,volz1 on ! hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --anci5t hi/ory ( ! f[l1 #g2 --dome/ic ducks unkn[n to ,ari/otle1 #h2 --,indian cattle s5t to ,mac$onia by ,alex&]1 #bj2 --m5tion ( mules 9 ! ,bible1 #bj2 --hi/ory ( ! increase ( bre$s1 #ba4 ,,von ,,b]g1 on ,v]bascum phniceum1 #bd4 ,,voorhelm1 ,g41 8 k ( hyac9?s1 #aj1 #bb4 ,,vrolik1 ,pr(41 on polydactylism1 #ab2 --influ5ce ( ! %ape ( ! "m's pelvis on h] *ild's head1 #bf4 ,,wade1 droop+ eyelids transmitt$1 #ab4 ,,wad]s1 behavi\r (1 9 conf9em5t1 #ah4 ,,wagn]1 ,,moritz1 ori5tal dogs1 #ba4 ,,wahl5borg1 on ! propagation ( ,alp9e plants by buds1 runn]s1 bulbs1 etc41 #ah4 8,,wahlv]w&ts*aft0 ( ,grtn]1 #ai4 ,,wales1 :ite cattle (1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 #c4 ,,walk]1 ,a41 on int]m>riage1 #aa2 --on ! inh]itance ( polydactylism1 #ab4 ,,walk]1 ,d41 advantage ( *ange ( soil to :eat1 #ah4 ,,walk]1 ,r41 rev]sion 9 cattle1 #ac4 ,,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 on ! multiple orig9 ( ! dog1 #a2 --on a /rip$ ,javanese horse1 #b2 --on ! conditions ( life ( f]al animals1 #ac2 --artificial alt]ation ( ! plumage ( birds1 #bc2 --on polymorphic butt]flies1 #bg2 --on rev]sion1 #bh2 --on ! limits ( *ange1 #bh4 ,,wallace1 ,dr41 on ! /]ility ( ,sph+idae hat*$ 9 autumn1 #ah4 ,,walla*ian %eep1 sexual peculi>ities 9 ! horns (1 #c4 ,,wallfl[]1 bud-v>iation 91 #aa4 ,,walli*1 ,dr41 on ,?uja p5dula or fili=mis1 #aj4 ,,walnuts1 #aj 7#b72 --?9-%ell$1 attack$ by tomtits1 #aj2 --graft+ (1 #bb4 ,,wal%1 ,b4 ,d41 on attacks ( insects1 #aj2 --on galls1 #bc 7#b72 --8 8,law ( equable v>iability10 #bf 7#b74 ,,wal!r1 ,f4 ,l41 on ! hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --on ! int]cross+ ( ! zebu & ord9>y cattle1 #c4 ,,w>+1 ,mr41 on individual /]ility1 #ah4 ,,wat]]1 ,mr41 spontane\s production ( ,cytisus alp9o-laburnum1 #aa4 ,,wat]h\se1 ,g4 ,r41 on ! w9t]-col\r+ ( ,lepus v>iabilis1 #d4 ,,wat]ton1 ,c41 production ( tailless foals1 #b2 --on tam+ wild ducks1 #h2 --on ! wildness ( half-br$ wild ducks1 #ac2 --assumption ( male *>act]s by a h51 #ac4 ,,watson1 ,h4 ,c41 on ,briti% wild fruit-trees1 #i2 --on ! non-v>iation ( we$s1 #i2 --orig9 ( ! plum1 #aj2 --v>iation 9 ,pyrus malus1 #aj2 --on ,viola amna & tricolor1 #aj2 --on rev]sion 9 ,scot* kail1 #ac2 --f]tility ( ,draba sylve/ris :5 cultivat$1 #ah2 --on g5]ally di/ribut$ ,briti% plants1 #bc4 ,,wattles1 rudim5t>y1 9 "s f[ls1 #bd4 ,,watts1 ,miss1 on ,sultan f[ls1 #g4 ,,webb1 ,,jonas1 int]bre$+ ( %eep1 #ag4 ,,web]1 effect ( ! %ape ( ! "m's pelvis on h] *ild's head1 #bf4 ,,w$d]burn1 ,mr41 correlation ( tee? & hair1 #be4 ,,we$s1 suppos$ necessity = _! modification1 co9cid5tly ) cultivat$ plants1 #i4 ,,weep+ v>ieties ( trees1 #aj4 ,,weep+ habit ( trees1 caprici\s inh]itance (1 #ab 7#b74 ,,weevil1 injury done to /one-fruit by1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ba4 ,,weij5b]gh1 on p>!nog5esis1 #bg4 ,,weir1 ,h41 l>ge litt] ( pigs1 #af4 ,,weir1 ,,j5n]1 on ! japann$ peacock1 #h2 --m>e & quagga1 #aa2 --wildness ( mule sisk9s1 #ac4 ,,weismann1 ,pr(41 rev]sion f unnatural conditions1 #ac2 --isolation1 #bc2 --dimorphic butt]flies1 #bc2 --causes ( v>iability1 #bc4 ,,wel% cattle1 desc5d$ f ,bos longifrons1 #c4 ,,we/ ,indies1 f]al pigs (1 #c2 --effect ( climate (1 ^u %eep1 #c4 ,,we/]n1 ,"l1 *ange effect$ by1 9 pigs1 #c 7#b72 --9 ! %eep1 #bj4 ,,we/phalia1 /rip$ "y pigs 91 #c4 ,,we/wood1 ,j4 ,o41 on peloric fl[]s ( ,calceol>ia1 #bf4 ,,we!rell1 ,mr41 on inh]itance ( mutilations1 #ab4 ,,:ately1 ,ar*bi%op1 on graft+ e>ly & late ?orns1 #aj4 ,,:eat1 specific unity or div]sity (1 #i 7#d72 --,hasora1 #i2 --pres5ce or abs5ce ( b>bs 91 #i2 --,godron on v>iations 91 #i2 --v>ieties (1 #i 7#b72 --effects ( soil & climate on1 #i2 --det]ioration (1 #i2 --cross+ ( v>ieties (1 #i1 #ae1 #af1 #ag2 --9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 #i2 --selection appli$ to1 #i1 #bj2 --increas$ f]tility ( hybrids (1 ) gilops1 #af2 --advantage ( *ange ( soil to1 #ah2 --diff]5ces (1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 #ah2 --cont9u\s v>iation 91 #bj2 --r$1 h>d9ess (1 #ba1 #be2 --,f5ton1 #ba2 --natural selection 91 #ba2 --v>ieties (1 f\nd wild1 #bb2 --effects ( *ange ( climate on1 #bd2 --anci5t v>iety (1 #bh4 ,,:itby1 ,mrs41 on ! m>k+s ( silkworms1 #h2 --on ! silk-mo?1 #h4 ,,:ite1 ,mr41 reproduction ( sup]num]>y digits aft] amputation1 #ab2 --"t occupi$ 9 ! bl5d+ ( cross$ races1 #ae4 ,,:ite1 ,,gilb]t1 vegetable diet ( dogs1 #bd4 ,,:ite & :ite-spott$ animals1 liability (1 to disease1 #be 7#b74 ,,:ite fl[]s1 mo/ truly reproduc$ by se$1 #ab4 ,,wi*ura1 ,,max1 on hybrid will[s1 #ac2 --analogy betwe5 ! poll5 ( old-cultivat$ plants & ( hybrids1 #bb4 ,,wick+1 ,mr41 inh]itance ( ! prim>y *>act]s ( ,columba livia 9 cross-br$ pigeons1 #f2 --production ( a :ite head 9 almond tumbl]s1 #bj4 ,,wick/$1 ,mr41 on cases ( individual /]ility1 #ah4 ,,wiegmann1 spontane\s cross+ ( blue & :ite peas1 #aa2 --cross+ ( v>ieties ( cabbage1 #ag2 --on contabesc5ce1 #ah4 ,,wight1 ,dr41 sexual /]ility ( plants propagat$ by buds1 etc41 #ah4 ,,wilck5s1 ,dr41 effect ( previ\s impregnation1 #aa2 --alp9e bre$s1 #bd2 --droop+ e>s1 #bd2 --correlation ( hair & horns1 #be4 ,,wilde1 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 occurr5ce ( ,bos frontosus & longifrons 9 ,iri% crannoges1 #c2 --att5tion paid to bre$s ( animals by ! anci5t ,iri%1 #bj4 ,,wild]1 ,dr4 ,b41 on ! bra9 ( dogs1 #a2 --sup]num]>y digits1 #ab4 ,,wildman1 on ! dahlia1 #bj1 #bc4 ,,wildness ( ! prog5y ( cross$ tame animals1 #ac 7#b74 ,,wilkes1 ,capt41 on ! tam+ ( pigeons among ! ,polynesians1 #ah4 ,,wilk9son1 ,j41 on cross$ cattle1 #af4 ,,williams1 ,mr41 *ange ( plumage 9 a ,hamburgh h51 #g4 ,,williams1 ,mr41 int]cross+ ( /rawb]ries1 #aj4 ,,williamson1 ,capt41 deg5]ation ( dogs 9 ,india1 #a2 --on small ,indian asses1 #b4 ,,williamson1 ,rev4 ,w41 d\bl+ ( ,anemone coron>ia by selection1 #bj4 ,,will[s1 weep+1 #aj2 --rev]sion ( spiral-leav$ weep+1 #aa2 --hybrids (1 #bb2 --galls (1 #bc 7#b74 ,,willughby1 ,f41 notice ( spot pigeons1 #e2 --on a fantail pigeon1 #f2 --on tumbl] pigeons1 #f2 --on ! turbit1 #f2 --on ! b>b & c>ri] pigeons1 #f2 --on ! hook-bill$ duck1 #h4 ,,wilmot1 ,mr41 on a cre/$ :ite ,turkey-cock1 #h2 --rev]sion ( %eep 9 col\r1 #ac4 ,,wilson1 ,b4 ,o41 f]tility ( hybrids ( hump$ & ord9>y cattle 9 ,tasmania1 #c4 ,,wilson1 ,dr41 prepot5cy ( ! ,manx ov] ! common cat1 #ad4 ,,wilson1 ,,james1 orig9 ( dogs1 #a4 ,,wilson1 ,mr41 on prepot5cy ( transmission 9 %eep1 #ad2 --on ! bre$+ ( bulls1 #bj4 ,,w+s1 proportionate l5g? (1 9 diff]5t bre$s ( pigeons1 #e 7#b72 --( f[ls1 effects ( disuse on1 #g2 --*>act]s & v>iations (1 9 ducks1 #h2 --dim9ution (1 9 birds ( small isl&s1 #h 7#b74 ,,w+-,,fea!rs1 numb] (1 9 pigeons1 #e2 --v>iability (1 9 f[ls1 #g4 ,,wolf1 rec5t exi/5ce (1 9 ,irel&1 #a2 --b>k+ ( "y1 #a2 --hybrids (1 ) ! dog1 #a4 ,,wolf-,,dog1 black1 ( ,florida1 #a4 ,,wolves1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 _! resemblance to dogs ( ! same region1 #a 7#b72 --burr[+ (1 #a4 ,,woodbury1 ,mr41 cross+ ( ! ,ligurian & common hive bees1 #h1 #ag2 --v>iability ( bees1 #h4 ,,woodw>d1 ,s4 ,p41 on ,arctic ,mollusca1 #bb4 ,,wood1 ,,will\ghby1 rev]sion f a cross1 #ac2 --on ,mr4 ,bates' cattle1 #ag4 ,,wool]1 ,w4 ,a41 on ! "y ( ! ,himalayan rabbit1 #d2 --p]si/5cy ( ! col\r$ calyx 9 a cross$ polyan?us1 #aj4 ,,w\nds1 heal+ (1 #bd4 ,,wright1 ,j41 production ( crippl$ calves by %ort-horn$ cattle1 #ag2 --on selection 9 cattle1 #bj2 --effect ( close int]bre$+ on pigs1 #ag2 --det]ioration ( game-cocks by close int]bre$+1 #ag4 ,,wright1 ,,/re?ill1 on ! developm5t ( ! hydroida1 #bg4 ,,wyman1 ,dr41 on ,niata cattle1 & on a simil> mal=mation 9 ! codfi%1 #c2 --on ,virg9ian pigs1 #ba2 --br[s+ "u wat]1 #bd4 ,,x5ophon1 on ! col\rs ( hunt+ dogs1 #bj4 ,,xim5es1 ,c>d9al1 regulations = ! selection ( rams1 #bj4 8,,yahu10 ! "n ( ! pigeon 9 ,p]sia1 #e4 ,,yaks1 dome/ication (1 #bj2 --selection ( :ite-tail$1 #bj4 ,,yam1 developm5t ( axill>y bulbs 9 !1 #ah4 ,,y>rell1 ,mr41 defici5cy ( tee? 9 hairless dogs1 #a1 #be2 --on ducks1 #h1 #bb2 --*>act]s ( dome/ic goose1 resembl+ ^? ( ,ans] albifrons1 #h2 --:it5ess ( g&]s1 #h2 --v>iations 9 gold-fi%1 #h 7#b72 --assumption ( male plumage by ! h5-pheasant1 #ac2 --effect ( ca/ration ^u ! cock1 #ac 7#b72 --bre$+ ( ! skyl>k 9 captivity1 #ah2 --plumage ( ! male l9net 9 conf9em5t1 #ah2 --on ! d+o1 #bb4 ,,yell[ fev]1 9 ,mexico1 #bc4 ,,yew1 fa/igiate1 #ba4 ,,yew1 ,iri%1 h>dy 9 ,new ,york1 #bd4 ,,yew1 weep+1 #aj2 --propagation (1 by se$1 #ab4 ,,yolk1 v>iations (1 9 ! eggs ( ducks1 #h4 ,,y\att1 ,mr41 hi/ory ( ! dog1 #a2 --v>iations ( ! pulse 9 bre$s ( dogs1 #a2 --liability to disease 9 dogs1 #a1 #ba2 --inh]itance ( goitre 9 dogs1 #ab2 --on ! greyh\nd1 #a 7#b72 --on ,k+ ,*>les' spaniels1 #a2 --on ! sett]1 #a2 --on bre$s ( horses1 #b2 --v>iation 9 ! numb] ( ribs 9 ! horse1 #b2 --inh]itance ( diseases 9 ! horse1 #ab 7#b72 --introduction ( ,ea/]n blood into ,engli% horses1 #bj 7#b72 --on :ite ,wel% cattle1 #c1 #bj2 --improvem5t ( ,briti% bre$s ( cattle1 #c2 --rudim5ts ( horns 9 "y hornless cattle1 #ac1 #bd2 --on cross$ cattle1 #af1 #ag2 --on ,bakewell's long-horn$ cattle1 #ag2 --selection ( qualities 9 cattle1 #bj2 --deg5]ation ( cattle by neglect1 #ba2 --on ! skull 9 hornless cattle1 #be2 --disease ( :ite p>ts ( cattle1 #be2 --displacem5t ( long-horn$ by %ort-horn$ cattle1 #bh2 --on ,angola %eep1 #c2 --on ! fleece ( %eep1 #c2 --correlation ( horns & fleece 9 %eep1 #c2 --adaptation ( bre$s ( %eep to climate & pa/ure1 #c2 --horns ( ,walla*ian %eep1 #c2 --exotic %eep 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 #c1 #bd2 --occurr5ce ( horns 9 hornless bre$s ( %eep1 #ac2 --on ! col\r ( %eep1 #ac2 --on int]bre$+ %eep1 #ag2 --on ,m]9o rams 9 ,g]many1 #bj2 --effect ( unconsci\s selection on %eep1 #bj2 --rev]sion ( ,leice/] %eep on ! ,lamm]muir ,hills1 #ba2 --on _m-horn$ %eep1 #be2 --r$uction ( bone 9 %eep1 #ba2 --p]si/5cy ( "* 9 bre$s ( animals 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 #ad2 --on int]bre$+1 #ag2 --on ! p[] ( selection1 #bj 7#b72 --sl[ness ( production ( bre$s1 #ba2 --passages 9 ! ,bible relat+ to ! bre$+ ( animals1 #bj4 ,,"y1 ,j41 on ! ,belgian rabbit1 #d4 ,,yule1 ,capt41 on a ,burmese hairy family1 #ad1 #be4 ,,zambesi1 /rip$ "y pigs on !1 #c4 ,,zambos1 "* ( !1 #ac4 ,,z>co1 ,j4 ,g41 introduction ( rabbits into ,porto ,santo by1 #d4 ,zea altissima1 #i2 --mays1 #i4 ,,zebu1 #c2 --dome/ication ( !1 #c2 --f]tile cross+ (1 ) ,european cattle1 #c1 #af4 ,,zebra1 hybrids (1 ) ! ass & m>e1 #ac4 ,zephyran!s c&ida1 #ah4 ,z9nia1 cultivation (1 #bb4 ,,zoll+] on ,malayan p5gu9 ducks1 #h4 ,,zoospore1 division (1 9 ,alg1 #bc4 8,,zopf-,,taube10 #e4