,ver4#ab4ab4jj99;,,end99 ,a note from the digitizer ,this digitized version preserves the original page breaks4 ,it is the ,english translation portion of the ,,confucian ,,analects1 which is one part of ,legge's ,,the ,,chinese ,,classics4 ,the ,prolegomena1 ,the ,great ,learning1 and ,the ,doctrine of the ,mean can be found in other ,the original ,chinese of the ,,confucian ,,analects and ,legge's notes are presented ,,the ,,chinese ,,classics with a translation1 critical and exegetical notes1 prolegomena1 and copious indexes by ,james ,legge ,,in ,,five ,,volumes ,,confucian ,,analects ,,the ,,great ,,learning ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,the ,,mean ,,confucian ,,analects4 ,,book ,i4 ,,hsio ,r4 ,,chapter ,i4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application8 #b4 ',is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters8' #c4 ',is he not a man of complete virtue1 who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him8' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the philosopher ,yu said1 ',they are few who1 being filial and fraternal1 are fond of offending against their superiors4 ,there have been none1 who1 not liking to offend against their superiors1 have been fond of stirring up confusion4 #b4 ',the superior man bends his attention to what is radical4 ,that being established1 all practical courses naturally grow up4 ,filial piety and fraternal submission6-- are they not the root of all benevolent actions8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',i daily examine myself on three points3-- whether1 in transacting business for others1 ,i may have been not faithful2-- whether1 in intercourse with friends1 ,i may have been not sincere2-- whether ,i may have not mastered and practised the instructions of my teacher4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ,to rule a country of a thousand chariots1 there must be reverent attention to business1 and sincerity2 economy in expenditure1 and love for men2 and the employment of the people at the proper seasons4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the ,master said1 ',a youth1 when at home1 should be filial1 and1 abroad1 respectful to his elders4 ,he should be earnest and truthful4 ,he should overflow in love to all1 and cultivate the friendship of the good4 ,when he has time and opportunity1 after the performance of these things1 he should employ them in polite studies4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',if a man withdraws his mind from the love of beauty1 and applies it as sincerely to the love of the virtuous2 if1 in serving his parents1 he can exert his utmost strength2 if1 in serving his prince1 he can devote his life2 if1 in his intercourse with his friends1 his words are sincere3-- although men say that he has not learned1 ,i will certainly say that he has4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',if the scholar be not grave1 he will not call forth any veneration1 and his learning will not be solid4 #b4 ',hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles4 #c4 ',have no friends not equal to yourself4 #d4 ',when you have faults1 do not fear to abandon them4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',let there be a careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents1 and let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice2-- then the virtue of the people will resume its proper excellence4' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,tsze-ch'in asked ,tsze-kung1 saying1 ',when our master comes to any country1 he does not fail to learn all about its government4 ,does he ask his information8 or is it given to him8' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',our master is benign1 upright1 courteous1 temperate1 and complaisant1 and thus he gets his information4 ,the master's mode of asking information6-- is it not different from that of other men8' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',while a man's father is alive1 look at the bent of his will2 when his father is dead1 look at his conduct4 ,if for three years he does not alter from the way of his father1 he may be called filial4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,the philosopher ,yu said1 ',in practising the rules of propriety1 a natural ease is to be prized4 ,in the ways prescribed by the ancient kings1 this is the excellent quality1 and in things small and great we follow them4 #b4 ',yet it is not to be observed in all cases4 ,if one1 knowing how such ease should be prized1 manifests it1 without regulating it by the rules of propriety1 this likewise is not to be done4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the philosopher ,yu said1 ',when agreements are made according to what is right1 what is spoken can be made good4 ,when respect is shown according to what is proper1 one keeps far from shame and disgrace4 ,when the parties upon whom a man leans are proper persons to be intimate with1 he can make them his guides and masters4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who aims to be a man of complete virtue in his food does not seek to gratify his appetite1 nor in his dwelling place does he seek the appliances of ease2 he is earnest in what he is doing1 and careful in his speech2 he frequents the company of men of principle that he may be rectified3-- such a person may be said indeed to love to learn4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',what do you pronounce concerning the poor man who yet does not flatter1 and the rich man who is not proud8' ,the ,master replied1 ',they will do2 but they are not equal to him1 who1 though poor1 is yet cheerful1 and to him1 who1 though rich1 loves the rules of propriety4' #b4 ,tsze-kung replied1 ',it is said in the ,book of ,poetry1 ,as you cut and then file1 as you carve and then polish4-- ,the meaning is the same1 ,i apprehend1 as that which you have just expressed4' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',with one like ,ts'ze1 ,i can begin to talk about the odes4 ,i told him one point1 and he knew its proper sequence4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',i will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me2 ,i will be afflicted that ,i do not know men4' ,,book ,,ii4 ,,wei ,,chang4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star1 which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in the ,book of ,poetry are three hundred pieces1 but the design of them all may be embraced in one sentence-- ,having no depraved thoughts4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',if the people be led by laws1 and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments1 they will try to avoid the punishment1 but have no sense of shame4 #b4 ',if they be led by virtue1 and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety1 they will have the sense of shame1 and moreover will become good4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',at fifteen1 ,i had my mind bent on learning4 #b4 ',at thirty1 ,i stood firm4 #c4 ',at forty1 ,i had no doubts4 #d4 ',at fifty1 ,i knew the decrees of ,heaven4 #e4 ',at sixty1 my ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth4 #f4 ',at seventy1 ,i could follow what my heart desired1 without transgressing what was right4' ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,mang ,i asked what filial piety was4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is not being disobedient4' #b4 ,soon after1 as ,fan ,ch'ih was driving him1 the ,master told him1 saying1 ',mang-sun asked me what filial piety was1 and ,i answered him1-- not being disobedient4' #c4 ,fan ,ch'ih said1 ',what did you mean8' ,the ,master replied1 ',that parents1 when alive1 be served according to propriety2 that1 when dead1 they should be buried according to propriety2 and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,mang ,wu asked what filial piety was4 ,the ,master said1 ',parents are anxious lest their children should be sick4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,tsze-yu asked what filial piety was4 ,the ,master said1 ',the filial piety of now-a-days means the support of one's parents4 ,but dogs and horses likewise are able to do something in the way of support2-- without reverence1 what is there to distinguish the one support given from the other8' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,tsze-hsia asked what filial piety was4 ,the ,master said1 ',the difficulty is with the countenance4 ,if1 when their elders have any troublesome affairs1 the young take the toil of them1 and if1 when the young have wine and food1 they set them before their elders1 is ,,this to be considered filial piety8' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',i have talked with ,hui for a whole day1 and he has not made any objection to anything ,i said2-- as if he were stupid4 ,he has retired1 and ,i have examined his conduct when away from me1 and found him able to illustrate my teachings4 ,hui6-- ,he is not stupid4' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',see what a man does4 #b4 ',mark his motives4 #c4 ',examine in what things he rests4 #d4 ',how can a man conceal his character8 #e4 ,how can a man conceal his character8' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge1 so as continually to be acquiring new1 he may be a teacher of others4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the accomplished scholar is not a utensil4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,tsze-kung asked what constituted the superior man4 ,the ,master said1 ',he acts before he speaks1 and afterwards speaks according to his actions4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is catholic and no partisan4 ,the mean man is partisan and not catholic4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',learning without thought is labour lost2 thought without learning is perilous4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the study of strange doctrines is injurious indeed6' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',yu1 shall ,i teach you what knowledge is8 ,when you know a thing1 to hold that you know it2 and when you do not know a thing1 to allow that you do not know it2-- this is knowledge4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,tsze-chang was learning with a view to official emolument4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',hear much and put aside the points of which you stand in doubt1 while you speak cautiously at the same time of the others3-- then you will afford few occasions for blame4 ,see much and put aside the things which seem perilous1 while you are cautious at the same time in carrying the others into practice3-- then you will have few occasions for repentance4 ,when one gives few occasions for blame in his words1 and few occasions for repentance in his conduct1 he is in the way to get emolument4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,duke ,ai asked1 saying1 ',what should be done in order to secure the submission of the people8' ,confucius replied1 ',advance the upright and set aside the crooked1 then the people will submit4 ,advance the crooked and set aside the upright1 then the people will not submit4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,chi ,k'ang asked how to cause the people to reverence their ruler1 to be faithful to him1 and to go on to nerve themselves to virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',let him preside over them with gravity2-- then they will reverence him4 ,let him be filial and kind to all2-- then they will be faithful to him4 ,let him advance the good and teach the incompetent2-- then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 #a4 ,some one addressed ,confucius1 saying1 ',sir1 why are you not engaged in the government8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',what does the ,shu-ching say of filial piety8-- ,you are filial1 you discharge your brotherly duties4 ,these qualities are displayed in government4 ,this then also constitutes the exercise of government4 ,why must there be ,,that-- making one be in the government8' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',i do not know how a man without truthfulness is to get on4 ,how can a large carriage be made to go without the cross-bar for yoking the oxen to1 or a small carriage without the arrangement for yoking the horses8' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,tsze-chang asked whether the affairs of ten ages after could be known4 #b4 ,confucius said1 ',the ,yin dynasty followed the regulations of the ,hsia3 wherein it took from or added to them may be known4 ,the ,chau dynasty has followed the regulations of ,yin3 wherein it took from or added to them may be known4 ,some other may follow the ,chau1 but though it should be at the distance of a hundred ages1 its affairs may be known4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',for a man to sacrifice to a spirit which does not belong to him is flattery4 #b4 ',to see what is right and not to do it is want of courage4' ,,book ,,iii4 ,,pa ,,yih4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,confucius said of the head of the ,chi family1 who had eight rows of pantomimes in his area1 ',if he can bear to do this1 what may he not bear to do8' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the three families used the ,,yung ode1 while the vessels were being removed1 at the conclusion of the sacrifice4 ,the ,master said1 ',assisting are the princes2-- the son of heaven looks profound and grave3-- what application can these words have in the hall of the three families8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a man be without the virtues proper to humanity1 what has he to do with the rites of propriety8 ,if a man be without the virtues proper to humanity1 what has he to do with music8' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,lin ,fang asked what was the first thing to be attended to in ceremonies4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',a great question indeed6 #c4 ',in festive ceremonies1 it is better to be sparing than extravagant4 ,in the ceremonies of mourning1 it is better that there be deep sorrow than a minute attention to observances4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ',the rude tribes of the east and north have their princes1 and are not like the ,states of our great land which are without them4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the chief of the ,chi family was about to sacrifice to the ,t'ai mountain4 ,the ,master said to ,zan ,yu1 ',can you not save him from this8' ,he answered1 ',i cannot4' ,confucius said1 ',alas6 will you say that the ,t'ai mountain is not so discerning as ,lin ,fang8' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the student of virtue has no contentions4 ,if it be said he cannot avoid them1 shall this be in archery8 ,but he bows complaisantly to his competitors2 thus he ascends the hall1 descends1 and exacts the forfeit of drinking4 ,in his contention1 he is still the ,chun-tsze4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,tsze-hsia asked1 saying1 ',what is the meaning of the passage-- ,the pretty dimples of her artful smile6 ,the well- defined black and white of her eye6 ,the plain ground for the colours8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',the business of laying on the colours follows 7the preparation of7 the plain ground4' #c4 ',ceremonies then are a subsequent thing8' ,the ,master said1 ',it is ,shang who can bring out my meaning4 ,now ,i can begin to talk about the odes with him4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',i could describe the ceremonies of the ,hsia dynasty1 but ,chi cannot sufficiently attest my words4 ,i could describe the ceremonies of the ,yin dynasty1 but ,sung cannot sufficiently attest my words4 7,they cannot do so7 because of the insufficiency of their records and wise men4 ,if those were sufficient1 ,i could adduce them in support of my words4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said1 ',at the great sacrifice1 after the pouring out of the libation1 ,i have no wish to look on4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,some one asked the meaning of the great sacrifice4 ,the ,master said1 ',i do not know4 ,he who knew its meaning would find it as easy to govern the kingdom as to look on this2-- pointing to his palm4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,he sacrificed to the dead1 as if they were present4 ,he sacrificed to the spirits1 as if the spirits were present4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',i consider my not being present at the sacrifice1 as if ,i did not sacrifice4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,wang-sun ,chia asked1 saying1 ',what is the meaning of the saying1 ,it is better to pay court to the furnace than to the south-west corner8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',not so4 ,he who offends against ,heaven has none to whom he can pray4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',chau had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties4 ,how complete and elegant are its regulations6 ,i follow ,chau4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master1 when he entered the grand temple1 asked about everything4 ,some one said1 ',who will say that the son of the man of ,tsau knows the rules of propriety6 ,he has entered the grand temple and asks about everything4' ,the ,master heard the remark1 and said1 ',this is a rule of propriety4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',in archery it is not going through the leather which is the principal thing2-- because people's strength is not equal4 ,this was the old way4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,tsze-kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep connected with the inauguration of the first day of each month4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',ts'ze1 you love the sheep2 ,i love the ceremony4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one's prince is accounted by people to be flattery4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,duke ,ting asked how a prince should employ his ministers1 and how ministers should serve their prince4 ,confucius replied1 ',a prince should employ his minister according to according to the rules of propriety2 ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said1 ',the ,kwan ,tsu is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious1 and of grief without being hurtfully excessive4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 #a4 ,the ,duke ,ai asked ,tsai ,wo about the altars of the spirits of the land4 ,tsai ,wo replied1 ',the ,hsia sovereign planted the pine tree about them2 the men of the ,yin planted the cypress2 and the men of the ,chau planted the chestnut tree1 meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe4' #b4 ,when the ,master heard it1 he said1 ',things that are done1 it is needless to speak about2 things that have had their course1 it is needless to remonstrate about2 things that are past1 it is needless to blame4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',small indeed was the capacity of ,kwan ,chung6' #b4 ,some one said1 ',was ,kwan ,chung parsimonious8' ',kwan1' was the reply1 'had the ,san ,kwei1 and his officers performed no double duties2 how can he be considered parsimonious8' #c4 ',then1 did ,kwan ,chung know the rules of propriety8' ,the ,master said1 ',the princes of ,states have a screen intercepting the view at their gates4 ,kwan had likewise a screen at his gate4 ,the princes of ,states on any friendly meeting between two of them1 had a stand on which to place their inverted cups4 ,kwan had also such a stand4 ,if ,kwan knew the rules of propriety1 who does not know them8' ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,the ,master instructing the grand music-master of ,lu said1 ',how to play music may be known4 ,at the commencement of the piece1 all the parts should sound together4 ,as it proceeds1 they should be in harmony while severally distinct and flowing without break1 and thus on to the conclusion4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the border warden at ,yi requested to be introduced to the ,master1 saying1 ',when men of superior virtue have come to this1 ,i have never been denied the privilege of seeing them4' ,the followers of the sage introduced him1 and when he came out from the interview1 he said1 ',my friends1 why are you distressed by your master's loss of office8 ,the kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right2 ,heaven is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said of the ,shao that it was perfectly beautiful and also perfectly good4 ,he said of the ,wu that it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',high station filled without indulgent generosity2 ceremonies performed without reverence2 mourning conducted without sorrow2-- wherewith should ,i contemplate such ways8' ,,book ,,iv4 ,,le ,,jin4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is virtuous manners which constitute the excellence of a neighborhood4 ,if a man in selecting a residence1 do not fix on one where such prevail1 how can he be wise8' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,master said1 ',those who are without virtue cannot abide long either in a condition of poverty and hardship1 or in a condition of enjoyment4 ,the virtuous rest in virtue2 the wise desire virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is only the 7truly7 virtuous man1 who can love1 or who can hate1 others4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,master said1 ',if the will be set on virtue1 there will be no practice of wickedness4' ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',riches and honours are what men desire4 ,if it cannot be obtained in the proper way1 they should not be held4 ,poverty and meanness are what men dislike4 ,if it cannot be avoided in the proper way1 they should not be avoided4 #b4 ',if a superior man abandon virtue1 how can he fulfil the requirements of that name8 #c4 ',the superior man does not1 even for the space of a single meal1 act contrary to virtue4 ,in moments of haste1 he cleaves to it4 ,in seasons of danger1 he cleaves to it4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',i have not seen a person who loved virtue1 or one who hated what was not virtuous4 ,he who loved virtue1 would esteem nothing above it4 ,he who hated what is not virtuous1 would practise virtue in such a way that he would not allow anything that is not virtuous to approach his person4 #b4 ',is any one able for one day to apply his strength to virtue8 ,i have not seen the case in which his strength would be insufficient4 #c4 ',should there possibly be any such case1 ,i have not seen it4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the faults of men are characteristic of the class to which they belong4 ,by observing a man's faults1 it may be known that he is virtuous4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a man in the morning hear the right way1 he may die in the evening without regret4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',a scholar1 whose mind is set on truth1 and who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food1 is not fit to be discoursed with4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man1 in the world1 does not set his mind either for anything1 or against anything2 what is right he will follow4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man thinks of virtue2 the small man thinks of comfort4 ,the superior man thinks of the sanctions of law2 the small man thinks of favours which he may receive4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said3 ',he who acts with a constant view to his own advantage will be much murmured against4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a prince is able to govern his kingdom with the complaisance proper to the rules of propriety1 what difficulty will he have8 ,if he cannot govern it with that complaisance1 what has he to do with the rules of propriety8' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',a man should say1 ,i am not concerned that ,i have no place1 ,i am concerned how ,i may fit myself for one4 ,i am not concerned that ,i am not known1 ,i seek to be worthy to be known4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',shan1 my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity4' ,the disciple ,tsang replied1 ',yes4' #b4 ,the ,master went out1 and the other disciples asked1 saying1 ',what do his words mean8' ,tsang said1 ',the doctrine of our master is to be true to the principles of our nature and the benevolent exercise of them to others1-- this and nothing more4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the mind of the superior man is conversant with righteousness2 the mind of the mean man is conversant with gain4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',when we see men of worth1 we should think of equalling them2 when we see men of a contrary character1 we should turn inwards and examine ourselves4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in serving his parents1 a son may remonstrate with them1 but gently2 when he sees that they do not incline to follow his advice1 he shows an increased degree of reverence1 but does not abandon his purpose2 and should they punish him1 he does not allow himself to murmur4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,master said1 ',while his parents are alive1 the son may not go abroad to a distance4 ,if he does go abroad1 he must have a fixed place to which he goes4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said1 ',if the son for three years does not alter from the way of his father1 he may be called filial4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the years of parents may by no means not be kept in the memory1 as an occasion at once for joy and for fear4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the reason why the ancients did not readily give utterance to their words1 was that they feared lest their actions should not come up to them4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the cautious seldom err4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man wishes to be slow in his speech and earnest in his conduct4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',virtue is not left to stand alone4 ,he who practises it will have neighbors4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,tsze-yu said1 ',in serving a prince1 frequent remonstrances lead to disgrace4 ,between friends1 frequent reproofs make the friendship distant4' ,,book ,v4 ,,kung-,,ye ,,ch',,ang4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the ,master said of ,kung-ye ,ch'ang that he might be wived2 although he was put in bonds1 he had not been guilty of any crime4 ,accordingly1 he gave him his own daughter to wife4 #b4 ,of ,nan ,yung he said that if the country were well governed he would not be out of office1 and if it were ill-governed1 he would escape punishment and disgrace4 ,he gave him the daughter of his own elder brother to wife4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,master said of ,tsze-chien1 ',of superior virtue indeed is such a man6 ,if there were not virtuous men in ,lu1 how could this man have acquired this character8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,tsze-kung asked1 ',what do you say of me1 ,ts'ze8 ,the ,master said1 ',you are a utensil4' ',what utensil8' ',a gemmed sacrificial utensil4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,some one said1 ',yung is truly virtuous1 but he is not ready with his tongue4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',what is the good of being ready with the tongue8 ,they who encounter men with smartnesses of speech for the most part procure themselves hatred4 ,i know not whether he be truly virtuous1 but why should he show readiness of the tongue8' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master was wishing ,ch'i-tiao ,k'ai to enter on official employment4 ,he replied1 ',i am not yet able to rest in the assurance of ,,this4' ,the ,master was pleased4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the ,master said1 ',my doctrines make no way4 ,i will get upon a raft1 and float about on the sea4 ,he that will accompany me will be ,yu1 ,i dare say4' ,tsze-lu hearing this was glad1 upon which the ,master said1 ',yu is fonder of daring than ,i am4 ,he does not exercise his judgment upon matters4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,mang ,wu asked about ,tsze-lu1 whether he was perfectly virtuous4 ,the ,master said1 ',i do not know4' #b4 ,he asked again1 when the ,master replied1 ',in a kingdom of a thousand chariots1 ,yu might be employed to manage the military levies1 but ,i do not know whether he be perfectly virtuous4' #c4 ',and what do you say of ,ch'iu8' ,the ,master replied1 ',in a city of a thousand families1 or a clan of a hundred chariots1 ,ch'iu might be employed as governor1 but ,i do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous4' #d4 ',what do you say of ,ch'ih8' ,the ,master replied1 ',with his sash girt and standing in a court1 ,ch'ih might be employed to converse with the visitors and guests1 but ,i do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,the ,master said to ,tsze-kung1 ',which do you consider superior1 yourself or ,hui8' #b4 ,tsze-kung replied1 ',how dare ,i compare myself with ,hui8 ,hui hears one point and knows all about a subject2 ,i hear one point1 and know a second4' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',you are not equal to him4 ,i grant you1 you are not equal to him4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,tsai ,yu being asleep during the daytime1 the ,master said1 ',rotten wood cannot be carved2 a wall of dirty earth will not receive the trowel4 ,this ,yu6-- what is the use of my reproving him8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',at first1 my way with men was to hear their words1 and give them credit for their conduct4 ,now my way is to hear their words1 and look at their conduct4 ,it is from ,yu that ,i have learned to make this change4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said1 ',i have not seen a firm and unbending man4' ,some one replied1 ',there is ,shan ,ch'ang4' ',ch'ang1' said the ,master1 'is under the influence of his passions2 how can he be pronounced firm and unbending8' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',what ,i do not wish men to do to me1 ,i also wish not to do to men4' ,the ,master said1 ',ts'ze1 you have not attained to that4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',the ,master's personal displays of his principles and ordinary descriptions of them may be heard4 ,his discourses about man's nature1 and the way of ,heaven1 cannot be heard4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,when ,tsze-lu heard anything1 if he had not yet succeeded in carrying it into practice1 he was only afraid lest he should hear something else4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,tsze-kung asked1 saying1 ',on what ground did ,kung-wan get that title of ,wan8' ,the ,master said1 ',he was of an active nature and yet fond of learning1 and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors6-- ,on these grounds he has been styled ,wan4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said of ,tsze-ch'an that he had four of the characteristics of a superior man3-- in his conduct of himself1 he was humble2 in serving his superiors1 he was respectful2 in nourishing the people1 he was kind2 in ordering the people1 he was just4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',yen ,p'ing knew well how to maintain friendly intercourse4 ,the acquaintance might be long1 but he showed the same respect as at first4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',tsang ,wan kept a large tortoise in a house1 on the capitals of the pillars of which he had hills made1 and with representations of duckweed on the small pillars above the beams supporting the rafters4-- ,of what sort was his wisdom8' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,tsze-chang asked1 saying1 ',the minister ,tsze- wan thrice took office1 and manifested no joy in his countenance4 ,thrice he retired from office1 and manifested no displeasure4 ,he made it a point to inform the new minister of the way in which he had conducted the government2-- what do you say of him8' ,the ,master replied4 ',he was loyal4' ',was he perfectly virtuous8' ',i do not know4 ,how can he be pronounced perfectly virtuous8' #b4 ,tsze-chang proceeded1 ',when the officer ,ch'ui killed the prince of ,ch'i1 ,ch'an ,wan1 though he was the owner of forty horses1 abandoned them and left the country4 ,coming to another ,state1 he said1 ,they are here like our great officer1 ,ch'ui1 and left it4 ,he came to a second ,state1 and with the same observation left it also2-- what do you say of him8' ,the ,master replied1 ',he was pure4' ',was he perfectly virtuous8' ',i do not know4 ,how can he be pronounced perfectly virtuous8' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,chi ,wan thought thrice1 and then acted4 ,when the ,master was informed of it1 he said1 ',twice may do4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said1 ',when good order prevailed in his country1 ,ning ,wu acted the part of a wise man4 ,when his country was in disorder1 he acted the part of a stupid man4 ,others may equal his wisdom1 but they cannot equal his stupidity4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,when the ,master was in ,ch'an1 he said1 ',let me return6 ,let me return6 ,the little children of my school are ambitious and too hasty4 ,they are accomplished and complete so far1 but they do not know how to restrict and shape themselves4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',po-i and ,shu-ch'i did not keep the former wickednesses of men in mind1 and hence the resentments directed towards them were few4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',who says of ,wei-shang ,kao that he is upright8 ,one begged some vinegar of him1 and he begged it of a neighbor and gave it to the man4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',fine words1 an insinuating appearance1 and excessive respect2-- ,tso ,ch'iu-ming was ashamed of them4 ,i also am ashamed of them4 ,to conceal resentment against a person1 and appear friendly with him2-- ,tso ,ch'iu-ming was ashamed of such conduct4 ,i also am ashamed of it4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 #a4 ,yen ,yuan and ,chi ,lu being by his side1 the ,master said to them1 ',come1 let each of you tell his wishes4' #b4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',i should like1 having chariots and horses1 and light fur dresses1 to share them with my friends1 and though they should spoil them1 ,i would not be displeased4' #c4 ,yen ,yuan said1 ',i should like not to boast of my excellence1 nor to make a display of my meritorious deeds4' #d4 ,tsze-lu then said1 ',i should like1 sir1 to hear your wishes4' ,the ,master said1 ',they are1 in regard to the aged1 to give them rest2 in regard to friends1 to show them sincerity2 in regard to the young1 to treat them tenderly4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is all over6 ,i have not yet seen one who could perceive his faults1 and inwardly accuse himself4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in a hamlet of ten families1 there may be found one honourable and sincere as ,i am1 but not so fond of learning4' ,,book ,,vi4 ,,yung ,,yey4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',there is ,yung6-- ,he might occupy the place of a prince4' #b4 ,chung-kung asked about ,tsze-sang ,po-tsze4 ,the ,master said1 ',he may pass4 ,he does not mind small matters4' #c4 ,chung-kung said1 ',if a man cherish in himself a reverential feeling of the necessity of attention to business1 though he may be easy in small matters in his government of the people1 that may be allowed4 ,but if he cherish in himself that easy feeling1 and also carry it out in his practice1 is not such an easy mode of procedure excessive8' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',yung's words are right4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,duke ,ai asked which of the disciples loved to learn4 ,confucius replied to him1 ',there was ,yen ,hui2 ,,he loved to learn4 ,he did not transfer his anger2 he did not repeat a fault4 ,unfortunately1 his appointed time was short and he died2 and now there is not such another4 ,i have not yet heard of any one who loves to learn as he did4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,tsze-hwa being employed on a mission to ,ch'i1 the disciple ,zan requested grain for his mother4 ,the ,master said1 ',give her a fu4' ,yen requested more4 ',give her an yu1' said the ,master4 ,yen gave her five ping4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',when ,ch'ih was proceeding to ,ch'i1 he had fat horses to his carriage1 and wore light furs4 ,i have heard that a superior man helps the distressed1 but does not add to the wealth of the rich4' #c4 ,yuan ,sze being made governor of his town by the ,master1 he gave him nine hundred measures of grain1 but ,sze declined them4 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',do not decline them4 ,may you not give them away in the neighborhoods1 hamlets1 towns1 and villages8' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,master1 speaking of ,chung-kung1 said1 ',if the calf of a brindled cow be red and horned1 although men may not wish to use it1 would the spirits of the mountains and rivers put it aside8' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ',such was ,hui that for three months there would be nothing in his mind contrary to perfect virtue4 ,the others may attain to this on some days or in some months1 but nothing more4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,chi ,k'ang asked about ,chung-yu1 whether he was fit to be employed as an officer of government4 ,the ,master said1 ',yu is a man of decision2 what difficulty would he find in being an officer of government8' ,k'ang asked1 ',is ,ts'ze fit to be employed as an officer of government8' and was answered1 ',ts'ze is a man of intelligence2 what difficulty would he find in being an officer of government8' ,and to the same question about ,ch'iu the ,master gave the same reply1 saying1 ',ch'iu is a man of various ability4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the chief of the ,chi family sent to ask ,min ,tsze- ch'ien to be governor of ,pi4 ,min ,tsze-ch'ien said1 ',decline the offer for me politely4 ,if any one come again to me with a second invitation1 ,i shall be obliged to go and live on the banks of the ,wan4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,po-niu being ill1 the ,master went to ask for him4 ,he took hold of his hand through the window1 and said1 ',it is killing him4 ,it is the appointment of ,heaven1 alas6 ,that such a man should have such a sickness6 ,that such a man should have such a sickness6' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',admirable indeed was the virtue of ,hui6 ,with a single bamboo dish of rice1 a single gourd dish of drink1 and living in his mean narrow lane1 while others could not have endured the distress1 he did not allow his joy to be affected by it4 ,admirable indeed was the virtue of ,hui6' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,yen ,ch'iu said1 ',it is not that ,i do not delight in your doctrines1 but my strength is insufficient4' ,the ,master said1 ',those whose strength is insufficient give over in the middle of the way but now you limit yourself4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said to ,tsze-hsia1 ',do you be a scholar after the style of the superior man1 and not after that of the mean man4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,tsze-yu being governor of ,wu-ch'ang1 the ,master said to him1 ',have you got good men there8' ,he answered1 ',there is ,tan-t'ai ,mieh-ming1 who never in walking takes a short cut1 and never comes to my office1 excepting on public business4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',mang ,chih-fan does not boast of his merit4 ,being in the rear on an occasion of flight1 when they were about to enter the gate1 he whipped up his horse1 saying1 ,it is not that ,i dare to be last4 ,my horse would not advance4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',without the specious speech of the litanist ,t'o and the beauty of the prince ,chao of ,sung1 it is difficult to escape in the present age4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',who can go out but by the door8 ,how is it that men will not walk according to these ways8' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',where the solid qualities are in excess of accomplishments1 we have rusticity2 where the accomplishments are in excess of the solid qualities1 we have the manners of a clerk4 ,when the accomplishments and solid qualities are equally blended1 we then have the man of virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',man is born for uprightness4 ,if a man lose his uprightness1 and yet live1 his escape from death is the effect of mere good fortune4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',they who know the truth are not equal to those who love it1 and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,master said1 ',to those whose talents are above mediocrity1 the highest subjects may be announced4 ,to those who are below mediocrity1 the highest subjects may not be announced4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked what constituted wisdom4 ,the ,master said1 ',to give one's self earnestly to the duties due to men1 and1 while respecting spiritual beings1 to keep aloof from them1 may be called wisdom4' ,he asked about perfect virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',the man of virtue makes the difficulty to be overcome his first business1 and success only a subsequent consideration2-- this may be called perfect virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the wise find pleasure in water2 the virtuous find pleasure in hills4 ,the wise are active2 the virtuous are tranquil4 ,the wise are joyful2 the virtuous are long-lived4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',ch'i1 by one change1 would come to the ,state of ,lu4 ,lu1 by one change1 would come to a ,state where true principles predominated4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',a cornered vessel without corners4-- ,a strange cornered vessel6 ,a strange cornered vessel6' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,tsai ,wo asked1 saying1 ',a benevolent man1 though it be told him1-- ',there is a man in the well' will go in after him1 ,i suppose4' ,confucius said1 ',why should he do so8' ,a superior man may be made to go to the well1 but he cannot be made to go down into it4 ,he may be imposed upon1 but he cannot be fooled4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man1 extensively studying all learning1 and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety1 may thus likewise not overstep what is right4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master having visited ,nan-tsze1 ,tsze-lu was displeased1 on which the ,master swore1 saying1 ',wherein ,i have done improperly1 may ,heaven reject me1 may ,heaven reject me6' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',perfect is the virtue which is according to the ,constant ,mean6 ,rare for a long time has been its practise among the people4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 #a4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',suppose the case of a man extensively conferring benefits on the people1 and able to assist all1 what would you say of him8 ,might he be called perfectly virtuous8' ,the ,master said1 ',why speak only of virtue in connexion with him8 ,must he not have the qualities of a sage8 ,even ,yao and ,shun were still solicitous about this4 #b4 ',now the man of perfect virtue1 wishing to be established himself1 seeks also to establish others2 wishing to be enlarged himself1 he seeks also to enlarge others4 #c4 ',to be able to judge of others by what is nigh in ourselves2-- this may be called the art of virtue4' ,,book ,,vii4 ,,shu ,r4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,master said1 ',a transmitter and not a maker1 believing in and loving the ancients1 ,i venture to compare myself with our old ,p'ang4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the silent treasuring up of knowledge2 learning without satiety2 and instructing others without being wearied3-- which one of these things belongs to me8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the leaving virtue without proper cultivation2 the not thoroughly discussing what is learned2 not being able to move towards righteousness of which a knowledge is gained2 and not being able to change what is not good3-- these are the things which occasion me solicitude4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,when the ,master was unoccupied with business1 his manner was easy1 and he looked pleased4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ',extreme is my decay4 ,for a long time1 ,i have not dreamed1 as ,i was wont to do1 that ,i saw the duke of ,chau4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',let the will be set on the path of duty4 #b4 ',let every attainment in what is good be firmly grasped4 #c4 ',let perfect virtue be accorded with4 #d4 ',let relaxation and enjoyment be found in the polite arts4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',from the man bringing his bundle of dried flesh for my teaching upwards1 ,i have never refused instruction to any one4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said1 ',i do not open up the truth to one who is not eager to get knowledge1 nor help out any one who is not anxious to explain himself4 ,when ,i have presented one corner of a subject to any one1 and he cannot from it learn the other three1 ,i do not repeat my lesson4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,when the ,master was eating by the side of a mourner1 he never ate to the full4 #b4 ,he did not sing on the same day in which he had been weeping4 ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,the ,master said to ,yen ,yuan1 ',when called to office1 to undertake its duties2 when not so called1 to lie retired2-- it is only ,i and you who have attained to this4' #b4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',if you had the conduct of the armies of a great ,state1 whom would you have to act with you8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',i would not have him to act with me1 who will unarmed attack a tiger1 or cross a river without a boat1 dying without any regret4 ,my associate must be the man who proceeds to action full of solicitude1 who is fond of adjusting his plans1 and then carries them into execution4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',if the search for riches is sure to be successful1 though ,i should become a groom with whip in hand to get them1 ,i will do so4 ,as the search may not be successful1 ,i will follow after that which ,i love4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the things in reference to which the ,master exercised the greatest caution were -- fasting1 war1 and sickness4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,when the ,master was in ,ch'i1 he heard the ,shao1 and for three months did not know the taste of flesh4 ',i did not think'' he said1 'that music could have been made so excellent as this4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 #a4 ,yen ,yu said1 ',is our ,master for the ruler of ,wei8' ,tsze-kung said1 ',oh6 ,i will ask him4' #b4 ,he went in accordingly1 and said1 ',what sort of men were ,po-i and ,shu-ch'i8' ',they were ancient worthies1' said the ,master4 ',did they have any repinings because of their course8' ,the ,master again replied1 ',they sought to act virtuously1 and they did so2 what was there for them to repine about8' ,on this1 ,tsze-kung went out and said1 ',our ,master is not for him4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',with coarse rice to eat1 with water to drink1 and my bended arm for a pillow2-- ,i have still joy in the midst of these things4 ,riches and honours acquired by unrighteousness1 are to me as a floating cloud4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',if some years were added to my life1 ,i would give fifty to the study of the ,yi1 and then ,i might come to be without great faults4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii ,the ,master's frequent themes of discourse were-- the ,odes1 the ,history1 and the maintenance of the ,rules of ,propriety4 ,on all these he frequently discoursed4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,the ,duke of ,sheh asked ,tsze-lu about ,confucius1 and ,tsze-lu did not answer him4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',why did you not say to him1-- ,he is simply a man1 who in his eager pursuit 7of knowledge7 forgets his food1 who in the joy of its attainment forgets his sorrows1 and who does not perceive that old age is coming on8' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,master said1 ',i am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge2 ,i am one who is fond of antiquity1 and earnest in seeking it there4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the subjects on which the ,master did not talk1 were-- extraordinary things1 feats of strength1 disorder1 and spiritual beings4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',when ,i walk along with two others1 they may serve me as my teachers4 ,i will select their good qualities and follow them1 their bad qualities and avoid them4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',heaven produced the virtue that is in me4 ,hwan ,t'ui-- what can he do to me8' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',do you think1 my disciples1 that ,i have any concealments8 ,i conceal nothing from you4 ,there is nothing which ,i do that is not shown to you1 my disciples2-- that is my way4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,there were four things which the ,master taught1-- letters1 ethics1 devotion of soul1 and truthfulness4 ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',a sage it is not mine to see2 could ,i see a man of real talent and virtue1 that would satisfy me4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',a good man it is not mine to see2 could ,i see a man possessed of constancy1 that would satisfy me4 #c4 ',having not and yet affecting to have1 empty and yet affecting to be full1 straitened and yet affecting to be at ease3-- it is difficult with such characteristics to have constancy4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master angled1-- but did not use a net4 ,he shot1-- but not at birds perching4 ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',there may be those who act without knowing why4 ,i do not do so4 ,hearing much and selecting what is good and following it2 seeing much and keeping it in memory3-- this is the second style of knowledge4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 #a4 ,it was difficult to talk 7profitably and reputably7 with the people of ,hu-hsiang1 and a lad of that place having had an interview with the ,master1 the disciples doubted4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',i admit people's approach to me without committing myself as to what they may do when they have retired4 ,why must one be so severe8 ,if a man purify himself to wait upon me1 ,i receive him so purified1 without guaranteeing his past conduct4' ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',is virtue a thing remote8 ,i wish to be virtuous1 and lo6 virtue is at hand4' ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 #a4 ,the minister of crime of ,ch'an asked whether the duke ,chao knew propriety1 and ,confucius said1 ',he knew propriety4' #b4 ,confucius having retired1 the minister bowed to ,wu-ma ,ch'i to come forward1 and said1 ',i have heard that the superior man is not a partisan4 ,may the superior man be a partisan also8 ,the prince married a daughter of the house of ,wu1 of the same surname with himself1 and called her1-- ,the elder ,tsze of ,wu4 ,if the prince knew propriety1 who does not know it8' #c4 ,wu-ma ,ch'i reported these remarks1 and the ,master said1 ',i am fortunate6 ,if ,i have any errors1 people are sure to know them4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,when the ,master was in company with a person who was singing1 if he sang well1 he would make him repeat the song1 while he accompanied it with his own voice4 ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in letters ,i am perhaps equal to other men1 but the character of the superior man1 carrying out in his conduct what he professes1 is what ,i have not yet attained to4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the sage and the man of perfect virtue2-- how dare ,i rank myself with them8 ,it may simply be said of me1 that ,i strive to become such without satiety1 and teach others without weariness4' ,kung-hsi ,hwa said1 ',this is just what we1 the disciples1 cannot imitate you in4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,master being very sick1 ,tsze-lu asked leave to pray for him4 ,he said1 ',may such a thing be done8' ,tsze-lu replied1 ',it may4 ,in the ,eulogies it is said1 ,prayer has been made for thee to the spirits of the upper and lower worlds4' ,the ,master said1 ',my praying has been for a long time4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',extravagance leads to insubordination1 and parsimony to meanness4 ,it is better to be mean than to be insubordinate4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is satisfied and composed2 the mean man is always full of distress4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,the ,master was mild1 and yet dignified2 majestic1 and yet not fierce2 respectful1 and yet easy4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,t',,ai-,,po4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,master said1 ',t'ai-po may be said to have reached the highest point of virtuous action4 ,thrice he declined the kingdom1 and the people in ignorance of his motives could not express their approbation of his conduct4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',respectfulness1 without the rules of propriety1 becomes laborious bustle2 carefulness1 without the rules of propriety1 becomes timidity2 boldness1 without the rules of propriety1 becomes insubordination2 straightforwardness1 without the rules of propriety1 becomes rudeness4 #b4 ',when those who are in high stations perform well all their duties to their relations1 the people are aroused to virtue4 ,when old friends are not neglected by them1 the people are preserved from meanness4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the philosopher ,tsang being ill1 he called to him the disciples of his school1 and said1 ',uncover my feet1 uncover my hands4 ,it is said in the ,book of ,poetry1 ,we should be apprehensive and cautious1 as if on the brink of a deep gulf1 as if treading on thin ice1 and so have ,i been4 ,now and hereafter1 ,i know my escape from all injury to my person1 ,o ye1 my little children4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,the philosopher ,tsang being ill1 ,meng ,chang went to ask how he was4 #b4 ,tsang said to him1 ',when a bird is about to die1 its notes are mournful2 when a man is about to die1 his words are good4 #c4 ',there are three principles of conduct which the man of high rank should consider specially important3-- that in his deportment and manner he keep from violence and heedlessness2 that in regulating his countenance he keep near to sincerity2 and that in his words and tones he keep far from lowness and impropriety4 ,as to such matters as attending to the sacrificial vessels1 there are the proper officers for them4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',gifted with ability1 and yet putting questions to those who were not so2 possessed of much1 and yet putting questions to those possessed of little2 having1 as though he had not2 full1 and yet counting himself as empty2 offended against1 and yet entering into no altercation2 formerly ,i had a friend who pursued this style of conduct4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',suppose that there is an individual who can be entrusted with the charge of a young orphan prince1 and can be commissioned with authority over a state of a hundred li1 and whom no emergency however great can drive from his principles3-- is such a man a superior man8 ,he is a superior man indeed4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',the officer may not be without breadth of mind and vigorous endurance4 ,his burden is heavy and his course is long4 #b4 ',perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to sustain2-- is it not heavy8 ,only with death does his course stop2-- is it not long8 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is by the ,odes that the mind is aroused4 #b4 ',it is by the ,rules of ,propriety that the character is established4 #c4 ',it is from ,music that the finish is received4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',the people may be made to follow a path of action1 but they may not be made to understand it4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said1 ',the man who is fond of daring and is dissatisfied with poverty1 will proceed to insubordination4 ,so will the man who is not virtuous1 when you carry your dislike of him to an extreme4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',though a man have abilities as admirable as those of the ,duke of ,chau1 yet if he be proud and niggardly1 those other things are really not worth being looked at4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is not easy to find a man who has learned for three years without coming to be good4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',with sincere faith he unites the love of learning2 holding firm to death1 he is perfecting the excellence of his course4 #b4 ',such an one will not enter a tottering ,state1 nor dwell in a disorganized one4 ,when right principles of government prevail in the kingdom1 he will show himself2 when they are prostrated1 he will keep concealed4 #c4 ',when a country is well-governed1 poverty and a mean condition are things to be ashamed of4 ,when a country is ill- governed1 riches and honour are things to be ashamed of4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who is not in any particular office1 has nothing to do with plans for the administration of its duties4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',when the music master ,chih first entered on his office1 the finish of the ,kwan ,tsu was magnificent2-- how it filled the ears6' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',ardent and yet not upright2 stupid and yet not attentive2 simple and yet not sincere3-- such persons ,i do not understand4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',learn as if you could not reach your object1 and were always fearing also lest you should lose it4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',how majestic was the manner in which ,shun and ,yu held possession of the empire1 as if it were nothing to them6' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',great indeed was ,yao as a sovereign6 ,how majestic was he6 ,it is only ,heaven that is grand1 and only ,yao corresponded to it4 ,how vast was his virtue6 ,the people could find no name for it4 #b4 ',how majestic was he in the works which he accomplished6 ,how glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted6' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 #a4 ,shun had five ministers1 and the empire was well-governed4 #b4 ,king ,wu said1 ',i have ten able ministers4' #c4 ,confucius said1 ',is not the saying that talents are difficult to find1 true8 ,only when the dynasties of ,t'ang and ,yu met1 were they more abundant than in this of ,chau1 yet there was a woman among them4 ,the able ministers were no more than nine men4 #d4 ',king ,wan possessed two of the three parts of the empire1 and with those he served the dynasty of ,yin4 ,the virtue of the house of ,chau may be said to have reached the highest point indeed4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',i can find no flaw in the character of ,yu4 ,he used himself coarse food and drink1 but displayed the utmost filial piety towards the spirits4 ,his ordinary garments were poor1 but he displayed the utmost elegance in his sacrificial cap and apron4 ,he lived in a low mean house1 but expended all his strength on the ditches and water-channels4 ,i can find nothing like a flaw in ,yu4' ,,book ,,ix4 ,,tsze ,,han4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the subjects of which the ,master seldom spoke were-- profitableness1 and also the appointments of ,heaven1 and perfect virtue4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,a man of the village of ,ta-hsiang said1 ',great indeed is the philosopher ,k'ung6 ,his learning is extensive1 and yet he does not render his name famous by any particular thing4' #b4 ,the ,master heard the observation1 and said to his disciples1 ',what shall ,i practise8 ,shall ,i practise charioteering1 or shall ,i practise archery8 ,i will practise charioteering4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',the linen cap is that prescribed by the rules of ceremony1 but now a silk one is worn4 ,it is economical1 and ,i follow the common practice4 #b4 ',the rules of ceremony prescribe the bowing below the hall1 but now the practice is to bow only after ascending it4 ,that is arrogant4 ,i continue to bow below the hall1 though ,i oppose the common practice4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,there were four things from which the ,master was entirely free4 ,he had no foregone conclusions1 no arbitrary predeterminations1 no obstinacy1 and no egoism4 ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,the ,master was put in fear in ,k'wang4 #b4 ,he said1 ',after the death of ,king ,wan1 was not the cause of truth lodged here in me8 #c4 ',if ,heaven had wished to let this cause of truth perish1 then ,i1 a future mortal1 should not have got such a relation to that cause4 ,while ,heaven does not let the cause of truth perish1 what can the people of ,k'wang do to me8' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,a high officer asked ,tsze-kung1 saying1 ',may we not say that your ,master is a sage8 ,how various is his ability6' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',certainly ,heaven has endowed him unlimitedly4 ,he is about a sage4 ,and1 moreover1 his ability is various4' #c4 ,the ,master heard of the conversation and said1 ',does the high officer know me8 ,when ,i was young1 my condition was low1 and therefore ,i acquired my ability in many things1 but they were mean matters4 ,must the superior man have such variety of ability8 ,he does not need variety of ability4' #d4 ,lao said1 ',the ,master said1 ,having no official employment1 ,i acquired many arts4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',am ,i indeed possessed of knowledge8 ,i am not knowing4 ,but if a mean person1 who appears quite empty-like1 ask anything of me1 ,i set it forth from one end to the other1 and exhaust it4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the ,,fang bird does not come2 the river sends forth no map3-- it is all over with me6' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,when the ,master saw a person in a mourning dress1 or any one with the cap and upper and lower garments of full dress1 or a blind person1 on observing them approaching1 though they were younger than himself1 he would rise up1 and if he had to pass by them1 he would do so hastily4 ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,yen ,yuan1 in admiration of the ,master's doctrines1 sighed and said1 ',i looked up to them1 and they seemed to become more high2 ,i tried to penetrate them1 and they seemed to become more firm2 ,i looked at them before me1 and suddenly they seemed to be behind4 #b4 ',the ,master1 by orderly method1 skilfully leads men on4 ,he enlarged my mind with learning1 and taught me the restraints of propriety4 #c4 ',when ,i wish to give over the study of his doctrines1 ,i cannot do so1 and having exerted all my ability1 there seems something to stand right up before me2 but though ,i wish to follow and lay hold of it1 ,i really find no way to do so4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,the ,master being very ill1 ,tsze-lu wished the disciples to act as ministers to him4 #b4 ,during a remission of his illness1 he said1 ',long has the conduct of ,yu been deceitful6 ,by pretending to have ministers when ,i have them not1 whom should ,i impose upon8 ,should ,i impose upon ,heaven8 #c4 ',moreover1 than that ,i should die in the hands of ministers1 is it not better that ,i should die in the hands of you1 my disciples8 ,and though ,i may not get a great burial1 shall ,i die upon the road8' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',there is a beautiful gem here4 ,should ,i lay it up in a case and keep it8 or should ,i seek for a good price and sell it8' ,the ,master said1 ',sell it6 ,sell it6 ,but ,i would wait for one to offer the price4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,the ,master was wishing to go and live among the nine wild tribes of the east4 #b4 ,some one said1 ',they are rude4 ,how can you do such a thing8' ,the ,master said1 ',if a superior man dwelt among them1 what rudeness would there be8' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',i returned from ,wei to ,lu1 and then the music was reformed1 and the pieces in the ,royal songs and ,praise songs all found their proper places4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',abroad1 to serve the high ministers and nobles2 at home1 to serve one's father and elder brothers2 in all duties to the dead1 not to dare not to exert one's self2 and not to be overcome of wine3-- which one of these things do ,i attain to8' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master standing by a stream1 said1 ',it passes on just like this1 not ceasing day or night6' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',i have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the prosecution of learning may be compared to what may happen in raising a mound4 ,if there want but one basket of earth to complete the work1 and ,i stop1 the stopping is my own work4 ,it may be compared to throwing down the earth on the level ground4 ,though but one basketful is thrown at a time1 the advancing with it is my own going forward4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,master said1 ',never flagging when ,i set forth anything to him2-- ah6 that is ,hui4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said of ,yen ,yuan1 ',alas6 ,i saw his constant advance4 ,i never saw him stop in his progress4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',there are cases in which the blade springs1 but the plant does not go on to flower6 ,there are cases where it flowers1 but no fruit is subsequently produced6' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',a youth is to be regarded with respect4 ,how do we know that his future will not be equal to our present8 ,if he reach the age of forty or fifty1 and has not made himself heard of1 then indeed he will not be worth being regarded with respect4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',can men refuse to assent to the words of strict admonition8 ,but it is reforming the conduct because of them which is valuable4 ,can men refuse to be pleased with words of gentle advice8 ,but it is unfolding their aim which is valuable4 ,if a man be pleased with these words1 but does not unfold their aim1 and assents to those1 but does not reform his conduct1 ,i can really do nothing with him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles4 ,have no friends not equal to yourself4 ,when you have faults1 do not fear to abandon them4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the commander of the forces of a large state may be carried off1 but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',dressed himself in a tattered robe quilted with hemp1 yet standing by the side of men dressed in furs1 and not ashamed2-- ah6 it is ,yu who is equal to this6 #b4 ',he dislikes none1 he covets nothing2-- what can he do but what is good6' #c4 ,tsze-lu kept continually repeating these words of the ode1 when the ,master said1 ',those things are by no means sufficient to constitute 7perfect7 excellence4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',when the year becomes cold1 then we know how the pine and the cypress are the last to lose their leaves4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the wise are free from perplexities2 the virtuous from anxiety2 and the bold from fear4' ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',there are some with whom we may study in common1 but we shall find them unable to go along with us to principles4 ,perhaps we may go on with them to principles1 but we shall find them unable to get established in those along with us4 ,or if we may get so established along with them1 we shall find them unable to weigh occurring events along with us4' ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 #a4 ,how the flowers of the aspen-plum flutter and turn6 ,do ,i not think of you8 ,but your house is distant4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is the want of thought about it4 ,how is it distant8' ,,book ,x4 ,,heang ,,tang4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,confucius1 in his village1 looked simple and sincere1 and as if he were not able to speak4 #b4 ,when he was in the prince's ancestorial temple1 or in the court1 he spoke minutely on every point1 but cautiously4 ,,chap ,,ii4 #a4 ,when he was waiting at court1 in speaking with the great officers of the lower grade1 he spake freely1 but in a straightforward manner2 in speaking with those of the higher grade1 he did so blandly1 but precisely4 #b4 ,when the ruler was present1 his manner displayed respectful uneasiness2 it was grave1 but self-possessed4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,when the prince called him to employ him in the reception of a visitor1 his countenance appeared to change1 and his legs to move forward with difficulty4 #b4 ,he inclined himself to the other officers among whom he stood1 moving his left or right arm1 as their position required1 but keeping the skirts of his robe before and behind evenly adjusted4 #c4 ,he hastened forward1 with his arms like the wings of a bird4 #d4 ,when the guest had retired1 he would report to the prince1 ',the visitor is not turning round any more4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,when he entered the palace gate1 he seemed to bend his body1 as if it were not sufficient to admit him4 #b4 ,when he was standing1 he did not occupy the middle of the gate-way2 when he passed in or out1 he did not tread upon the threshold4 #c4 ,when he was passing the vacant place of the prince1 his countenance appeared to change1 and his legs to bend under him1 and his words came as if he hardly had breath to utter them4 #d4 ,he ascended the reception hall1 holding up his robe with both his hands1 and his body bent2 holding in his breath also1 as if he dared not breathe4 #e4 ,when he came out from the audience1 as soon as he had descended one step1 he began to relax his countenance1 and had a satisfied look4 ,when he had got to the bottom of the steps1 he advanced rapidly to his place1 with his arms like wings1 and on occupying it1 his manner still showed respectful uneasiness4 ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,when he was carrying the scepter of his ruler1 he seemed to bend his body1 as if he were not able to bear its weight4 ,he did not hold it higher than the position of the hands in making a bow1 nor lower than their position in giving anything to another4 ,his countenance seemed to change1 and look apprehensive1 and he dragged his feet along as if they were held by something to the ground4 #b4 ,in presenting the presents with which he was charged1 he wore a placid appearance4 #c4 ,at his private audience1 he looked highly pleased4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,the superior man did not use a deep purple1 or a puce colour1 in the ornaments of his dress4 #b4 ,even in his undress1 he did not wear anything of a red or reddish colour4 #c4 ,in warm weather1 he had a single garment either of coarse or fine texture1 but he wore it displayed over an inner garment4 #d4 ,over lamb's fur he wore a garment of black2 over fawn's fur one of white2 and over fox's fur one of yellow4 #e4 ,the fur robe of his undress was long1 with the right sleeve short4 #f4 ,he required his sleeping dress to be half as long again as his body4 #g4 ,when staying at home1 he used thick furs of the fox or the badger4 #h4 ,when he put off mourning1 he wore all the appendages of the girdle4 #i4 ,his under-garment1 except when it was required to be of the curtain shape1 was made of silk cut narrow above and wide below4 #aj4 ,he did not wear lamb's fur or a black cap1 on a visit of condolence4 #aa4 ,on the first day of the month he put on his court robes1 and presented himself at court4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,when fasting1 he thought it necessary to have his clothes brightly clean and made of linen cloth4 #b4 ,when fasting1 he thought it necessary to change his food1 and also to change the place where he commonly sat in the apartment4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,he did not dislike to have his rice finely cleaned1 nor to have his minced meat cut quite small4 #b4 ,he did not eat rice which had been injured by heat or damp and turned sour1 nor fish or flesh which was gone4 ,he did not eat what was discoloured1 or what was of a bad flavour1 nor anything which was ill-cooked1 or was not in season4 #c4 ,he did not eat meat which was not cut properly1 nor what was served without its proper sauce4 #d4 ,though there might be a large quantity of meat1 he would not allow what he took to exceed the due proportion for the rice4 ,it was only in wine that he laid down no limit for himself1 but he did not allow himself to be confused by it4 #e4 ,he did not partake of wine and dried meat bought in the market4 #f4 ,he was never without ginger when he ate4 #g4 ,he did not eat much4 #h4 ,when he had been assisting at the prince's sacrifice1 he did not keep the flesh which he received overnight4 ,the flesh of his family sacrifice he did not keep over three days4 ,if kept over three days1 people could not eat it4 #i4 ,when eating1 he did not converse4 ,when in bed1 he did not speak4 #aj4 ,although his food might be coarse rice and vegetable soup1 he would offer a little of it in sacrifice with a grave1 respectful air4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,if his mat was not straight1 he did not sit on it4 ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,when the villagers were drinking together1 on those who carried staffs going out1 he went out immediately after4 #b4 ,when the villagers were going through their ceremonies to drive away pestilential influences1 he put on his court robes and stood on the eastern steps4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,when he was sending complimentary inquiries to any one in another ,state1 he bowed twice as he escorted the messenger away4 #b4 ,chi ,k'ang having sent him a present of physic1 he bowed and received it1 saying1 ',i do not know it4 ,i dare not taste it4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the stable being burned down1 when he was at court1 on his return he said1 ',has any man been hurt8' ,he did not ask about the horses4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,when the prince sent him a gift of cooked meat1 he would adjust his mat1 first taste it1 and then give it away to others4 ,when the prince sent him a gift of undressed meat1 he would have it cooked1 and offer it to the spirits of his ancestors4 ,when the prince sent him a gift of a living animal1 he would keep it alive4 #b4 ,when he was in attendance on the prince and joining in the entertainment1 the prince only sacrificed4 ,he first tasted everything4 #c4 ,when he was ill and the prince came to visit him1 he had his head to the east1 made his court robes be spread over him1 and drew his girdle across them4 #d4 ,when the prince's order called him1 without waiting for his carriage to be yoked1 he went at once4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,when he entered the ancestral temple of the ,state1 he asked about everything4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,when any of his friends died1 if he had no relations who could be depended on for the necessary offices1 he would say1 ',i will bury him4' #b4 ,when a friend sent him a present1 though it might be a carriage and horses1 he did not bow4 #c4 ,the only present for which he bowed was that of the flesh of sacrifice4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 #a4 ,in bed1 he did not lie like a corpse4 ,at home1 he did not put on any formal deportment4 #b4 ,when he saw any one in a mourning dress1 though it might be an acquaintance1 he would change countenance2 when he saw any one wearing the cap of full dress1 or a blind person1 though he might be in his undress1 he would salute them in a ceremonious manner4 #c4 ,to any person in mourning he bowed forward to the crossbar of his carriage2 he bowed in the same way to any one bearing the tables of population4 #d4 ,when he was at an entertainment where there was an abundance of provisions set before him1 he would change countenance and rise up4 #e4 ,on a sudden clap of thunder1 or a violent wind1 he would change countenance4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,when he was about to mount his carriage1 he would stand straight1 holding the cord4 #b4 ,when he was in the carriage1 he did not turn his head quite round1 he did not talk hastily1 he did not point with his hands4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,seeing the countenance1 it instantly rises4 ,it flies round1 and by and by settles4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',there is the hen-pheasant on the hill bridge4 ,at its season6 ,at its season6' ,tsze-lu made a motion to it4 ,thrice it smelt him and then rose4 ,,book ,,xi4 ,,hsien ,,tsin4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',the men of former times1 in the matters of ceremonies and music were rustics1 it is said1 while the men of these latter times1 in ceremonies and music1 are accomplished gentlemen4 #b4 ',if ,i have occasion to use those things1 ,i follow the men of former times4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',of those who were with me in ,ch'an and ,ts'ai1 there are none to be found to enter my door4' #b4 ,distinguished for their virtuous principles and practice1 there were ,yen ,yuan1 ,min ,tsze-ch'ien1 ,zan ,po-niu1 and ,chung-kung2 for their ability in speech1 ,tsai ,wo and ,tsze-kung2 for their adminis- trative talents1 ,zan ,yu and ,chi ,lu2 for their literary acquirements1 ,tsze-yu and ,tsze-hsia4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',hui gives me no assistance4 ,there is nothing that ,i say in which he does not delight4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,master said1 ',filial indeed is ,min ,tsze-ch'ien6 ,other people say nothing of him different from the report of his parents and brothers4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,nan ,yung was frequently repeating the lines about a white scepter stone4 ,confucius gave him the daughter of his elder brother to wife4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,chi ,k'ang asked which of the disciples loved to learn4 ,confucius replied to him1 ',there was ,yen ,hui2 he loved to learn4 ,unfortunately his appointed time was short1 and he died4 ,now there is no one who loves to learn1 as he did4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,when ,yen ,yuan died1 ,yen ,lu begged the carriage of the ,master to sell and get an outer shell for his son's coffin4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',every one calls his son his son1 whether he has talents or has not talents4 ,there was ,li2 when he died1 he had a coffin but no outer shell4 ,i would not walk on foot to get a shell for him1 because1 having followed in the rear of the great officers1 it was not proper that ,i should walk on foot4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,when ,yen ,yuan died1 the ,master said1 ',alas6 ,heaven is destroying me6 ,heaven is destroying me6' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,when ,yen ,yuan died1 the ,master bewailed him exceedingly1 and the disciples who were with him said1 ',master1 your grief is excessive8' #b4 ',is it excessive8' said he4 #c4 ',if ,i am not to mourn bitterly for this man1 for whom should ,i mourn8' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,when ,yen ,yuan died1 the disciples wished to give him a great funeral1 and the ,master said1 ',you may not do so4' #b4 ,the disciples did bury him in great style4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',hui behaved towards me as his father4 ,i have not been able to treat him as my son4 ,the fault is not mine2 it belongs to you1 ,o disciples4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,chi ,lu asked about serving the spirits of the dead4 ,the ,master said1 ',while you are not able to serve men1 how can you serve their spirits8' ,chi ,lu added1 ',i venture to ask about death8' ,he was answered1 ',while you do not know life1 how can you know about death8' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,the disciple ,min was standing by his side1 looking bland and precise2 ,tsze-lu1 looking bold and soldierly2 ,zan ,yu and ,tsze-kung1 with a free and straightforward manner4 ,the ,master was pleased4 #b4 ,he said1 ',yu1 there6-- he will not die a natural death4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,some parties in ,lu were going to take down and rebuild the ,long ,treasury4 #b4 ,min ,tsze-ch'ien said1 ',suppose it were to be repaired after its old style2-- why must it be altered and made anew8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',this man seldom speaks2 when he does1 he is sure to hit the point4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',what has the lute of ,yu to do in my door8' #b4 ,the other disciples began not to respect ,tsze-lu4 ,the ,master said1 ',yu has ascended to the hall1 though he has not yet passed into the inner apartments4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,tsze-kung asked which of the two1 ,shih or ,shang1 was the superior4 ,the ,master said1 ',shih goes beyond the due mean1 and ,shang does not come up to it4' #b4 ',then1' said ,tsze-kung1 'the superiority is with ,shih1 ,i suppose4' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',to go beyond is as wrong as to fall short4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 #a4 ,the head of the ,chi family was richer than the duke of ,chau had been1 and yet ,ch'iu collected his imposts for him1 and increased his wealth4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',he is no disciple of mine4 ,my little children1 beat the drum and assail him4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,ch'ai is simple4 #b4 ,shan is dull4 #c4 ,shih is specious4 #d4 ,yu is coarse4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',there is ,hui6 ,he has nearly attained to perfect virtue4 ,he is often in want4 #b4 ',ts'ze does not acquiesce in the appointments of ,heaven1 and his goods are increased by him4 ,yet his judgments are often correct4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,tsze-chang asked what were the characteristics of the ,,good man4 ,the ,master said1 ',he does not tread in the footsteps of others1 but moreover1 he does not enter the chamber of the sage4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said1 ',if1 because a man's discourse appears solid and sincere1 we allow him to be a good man1 is he really a superior man8 or is his gravity only in appearance8' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,tsze-lu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard4 ,the ,master said1 ',there are your father and elder brothers to be consulted2-- why should you act on that principle of immediately carrying into practice what you hear8' ,zan ,yu asked the same1 whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard1 and the ,master answered1 ',immediately carry into practice what you hear4' ,kung-hsi ,hwa said1 ',yu asked whether he should carry immediately into practice what he heard1 and you said1 ,there are your father and elder brothers to be consulted4 ,ch'iu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard1 and you said1 ,carry it immediately into practice4 ,i1 ,ch'ih1 am perplexed1 and venture to ask you for an explanation4' ,the ,master said1 ',ch'iu is retiring and slow2 therefore1 ,i urged him forward4 ,yu has more than his own share of energy2 therefore ,i kept him back4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master was put in fear in ,k'wang and ,yen ,yuan fell behind4 ,the ,master1 on his rejoining him1 said1 ',i thought you had died4' ,hui replied1 ',while you were alive1 how should ,i presume to die8' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,chi ,tsze-zan asked whether ,chung ,yu and ,zan ,ch'iu could be called great ministers4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',i thought you would ask about some extraordinary individuals1 and you only ask about ,yu and ,ch'iu6 #c4 ',what is called a great minister1 is one who serves his prince according to what is right1 and when he finds he cannot do so1 retires4 #d4 ',now1 as to ,yu and ,ch'iu1 they may be called ordinary ministers4' #e4 ,tsze-zan said1 ',then they will always follow their chief2-- will they8' #f4 ,the ,master said1 ',in an act of parricide or regicide1 they would not follow him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,tsze-lu got ,tsze-kao appointed governor of ,pi4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',you are injuring a man's son4' #c4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',there are 7there7 common people and officers2 there are the altars of the spirits of the land and grain4 ,why must one read books before he can be considered to have learned8' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is on this account that ,i hate your glib-tongued people4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 #a4 ,tsze-lu1 ,tsang ,hsi1 ,zan ,yu1 and ,kung-hsi ,hwa were sitting by the ,master4 #b4 ,he said to them1 ',though ,i am a day or so older than you1 do not think of that4 #c4 ',from day to day you are saying1 ,we are not known4 ,if some ruler were to know you1 what would you like to do8' #d4 ,tsze-lu hastily and lightly replied1 ',suppose the case of a ,state of ten thousand chariots2 let it be straitened between other large ,states2 let it be suffering from invading armies2 and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables3-- if ,i were intrusted with the government of it1 in three years' time ,i could make the people to be bold1 and to recognise the rules of righteous conduct4' ,the ,master smiled at him4 #e4 ,turning to ,yen ,yu1 he said1 ',ch'iu1 what are your wishes8' ,ch'iu replied1 ',suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square1 or one of fifty or sixty1 and let me have the government of it2-- in three years' time1 ,i could make plenty to abound among the people4 ,as to teaching them the principles of propriety1 and music1 ,i must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that4' #f4 ',what are your wishes1 ,ch'ih1' said the ,master next to ,kung- hsi ,hwa4 ,ch'ih replied1 ',i do not say that my ability extends to these things1 but ,i should wish to learn them4 ,at the services of the ancestral temple1 and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign1 ,i should like1 dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap1 to act as a small assistant4' #g4 ,last of all1 the ,master asked ,tsang ,hsi1 ',tien1 what are your wishes8' ,tien1 pausing as he was playing on his lute1 while it was yet twanging1 laid the instrument aside1 and rose4 ',my wishes1' he said1 'are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen4' ',what harm is there in that8' said the ,master2 'do you also1 as well as they1 speak out your wishes4' ,tien then said1 ',in this1 the last month of spring1 with the dress of the season all complete1 along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap1 and six or seven boys1 ,i would wash in the ,i1 enjoy the breeze among the rain altars1 and return home singing4' ,the ,master heaved a sigh and said1 ',i give my approval to ,tien4' #h4 ,the three others having gone out1 ,tsang ,hsi remained behind1 and said1 ',what do you think of the words of these three friends8' ,the ,master replied1 ',they simply told each one his wishes4' #i4 ,hsi pursued1 ',master1 why did you smile at ,yu8' #aj4 ,he was answered1 ',the management of a ,state demands the rules of propriety4 ,his words were not humble2 therefore ,i smiled at him4' #aa4 ,hsi again said1 ',but was it not a ,state which ,ch'iu proposed for himself8' ,the reply was1 ',yes2 did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty1 which was not a ,state8' #ab4 ,once more1 ,hsi inquired1 ',and was it not a ,state which ,ch'ih proposed for himself8' ,the ,master again replied1 ',yes2 who but princes have to do with ancestral temples1 and with audiences but the sovereign8 ,if ,ch'ih were to be a small assistant in these services1 who could be a great one8 ,,book ,,xii4 ,,yen ,,yuan4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,yen ,yuan asked about perfect virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',to subdue one's self and return to propriety1 is perfect virtue4 ,if a man can for one day subdue himself and return to propriety1 all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him4 ,is the practice of perfect virtue from a man himself1 or is it from others8' #b4 ,yen ,yuan said1 ',i beg to ask the steps of that process4' ,the ,master replied1 ',look not at what is contrary to propriety2 listen not to what is contrary to propriety2 speak not what is contrary to propriety2 make no movement which is contrary to propriety4' ,yen ,yuan then said1 ',though ,i am deficient in intelligence and vigour1 ,i will make it my business to practise this lesson4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,chung-kung asked about perfect virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is1 when you go abroad1 to behave to every one as if you were receiving a great guest2 to employ the people as if you were assisting at a great sacrifice2 not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself2 to have no murmuring against you in the country1 and none in the family4' ,chung-kung said1 ',though ,i am deficient in intelligence and vigour1 ,i will make it my business to practise this lesson4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,sze-ma ,niu asked about perfect virtue4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',the man of perfect virtue is cautious and slow in his speech4' #c4 ',cautious and slow in his speech6' said ,niu2-- 'is this what is meant by perfect virtue8' ,the ,master said1 ',when a man feels the difficulty of doing1 can he be other than cautious and slow in speaking8' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,sze-ma ,niu asked about the superior man4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man has neither anxiety nor fear4' #b4 ',being without anxiety or fear6' said ,nui2-- 'does this constitute what we call the superior man8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',when internal examination discovers nothing wrong1 what is there to be anxious about1 what is there to fear8' ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,sze-ma ,niu1 full of anxiety1 said1 ',other men all have their brothers1 ,i only have not4' #b4 ,tsze-hsia said to him1 ',there is the following saying which ,i have heard3-- #c4 ',death and life have their determined appointment2 riches and honours depend upon ,heaven4 #d4 ',let the superior man never fail reverentially to order his own conduct1 and let him be respectful to others and observant of propriety3-- then all within the four seas will be his brothers4 ,what has the superior man to do with being distressed because he has no brothers8' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,tsze-chang asked what constituted intelligence4 ,the ,master said1 ',he with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind1 nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh1 are successful1 may be called intelligent indeed4 ,yea1 he with whom neither soaking slander1 nor startling statements1 are successful1 may be called farseeing4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,tsze-kung asked about government4 ,the ,master said1 ',the requisites of government are that there be sufficiency of food1 sufficiency of military equipment1 and the confidence of the people in their ruler4' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',if it cannot be helped1 and one of these must be dispensed with1 which of the three should be foregone first8' ',the military equipment1' said the ,master4 #c4 ,tsze-kung again asked1 ',if it cannot be helped1 and one of the remaining two must be dispensed with1 which of them should be foregone8' ,the ,master answered1 ',part with the food4 ,from of old1 death has been the lot of all men2 but if the people have no faith in their rulers1 there is no standing for the state4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,chi ,tsze-ch'ang said1 ',in a superior man it is only the substantial qualities which are wanted2-- why should we seek for ornamental accomplishments8' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',alas6 ,your words1 sir1 show you to be a superior man1 but four horses cannot overtake the tongue4 #c4 ,ornament is as substance2 substance is as ornament4 ,the hide of a tiger or a leopard stripped of its hair1 is like the hide of a dog or a goat stripped of its hair4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,the ,duke ,ai inquired of ,yu ,zo1 saying1 ',the year is one of scarcity1 and the returns for expenditure are not sufficient2-- what is to be done8' #b4 ,yu ,zo replied to him1 ',why not simply tithe the people8' #c4 ',with two tenths1 said the duke1 ',i find it not enough2-- how could ,i do with that system of one tenth8' #d4 ,yu ,zo answered1 ',if the people have plenty1 their prince will not be left to want alone4 ,if the people are in want1 their prince cannot enjoy plenty alone4' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,tsze-chang having asked how virtue was to be exalted1 and delusions to be discovered1 the ,master said1 ',hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles1 and be moving continually to what is right2-- this is the way to exalt one's virtue4 #b4 ',you love a man and wish him to live2 you hate him and wish him to die4 ,having wished him to live1 you also wish him to die4 ,this is a case of delusion4 #c4 ',it may not be on account of her being rich1 yet you come to make a difference4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,the ,duke ,ching1 of ,ch'i1 asked ,confucius about government4 #b4 ,confucius replied1 ',there is government1 when the prince is prince1 and the minister is minister2 when the father is father1 and the son is son4' #c4 ',good6' said the duke2 'if1 indeed2 the prince be not prince1 the minister not minister1 the father not father1 and the son not son1 although ,i have my revenue1 can ,i enjoy it8' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',ah6 it is ,yu1 who could with half a word settle litigations6' #b4 ,tsze-lu never slept over a promise4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in hearing litigations1 ,i am like any other body4 ,what is necessary1 however1 is to cause the people to have no litigations4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,tsze-chang asked about government4 ,the ,master said1 ',the art of governing is to keep its affairs before the mind without weariness1 and to practise them with undeviating consistency4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',by extensively studying all learning1 and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety1 one may thus likewise not err from what is right4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man seeks to perfect the admirable qualities of men1 and does not seek to perfect their bad qualities4 ,the mean man does the opposite of this4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,chi ,k'ang asked ,confucius about government4 ,confucius replied1 ',to govern means to rectify4 ,if you lead on the people with correctness1 who will dare not to be correct8' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,chi ,k'ang1 distressed about the number of thieves in the state1 inquired of ,confucius how to do away with them4 ,confucius said1 ',if you1 sir1 were not covetous1 although you should reward them to do it1 they would not steal4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,chi ,k'ang asked ,confucius about government1 saying1 ',what do you say to killing the unprincipled for the good of the principled8' ,confucius replied1 ',sir1 in carrying on your government1 why should you use killing at all8 ,let your evinced desires be for what is good1 and the people will be good4 ,the relation between superiors and inferiors1 is like that between the wind and the grass4 ,the grass must bend1 when the wind blows across it4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 #a4 ,tsze-chang asked1 ',what must the officer be1 who may be said to be distinguished8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',what is it you call being distinguished8' #c4 ,tsze-chang replied1 ',it is to be heard of through the ,state1 to be heard of throughout his clan4' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',that is notoriety1 not distinction4 #e4 ',now the man of distinction is solid and straightforward1 and loves righteousness4 ,he examines people's words1 and looks at their countenances4 ,he is anxious to humble himself to others4 ,such a man will be distinguished in the country2 he will be distinguished in his clan4 #f4 ',as to the man of notoriety1 he assumes the appearance of virtue1 but his actions are opposed to it1 and he rests in this character without any doubts about himself4 ,such a man will be heard of in the country2 he will be heard of in the clan4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 #a4 ,fan ,ch'ih rambling with the ,master under the trees about the rain altars1 said1 ',i venture to ask how to exalt virtue1 to correct cherished evil1 and to discover delusions4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',truly a good question6 #c4 ',if doing what is to be done be made the first business1 and success a secondary consideration2-- is not this the way to exalt virtue8 ,to assail one's own wickedness and not assail that of others2-- is not this the way to correct cherished evil8 ,for a morning's anger to disregard one's own life1 and involve that of his parents2-- is not this a case of delusion8' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked about benevolence4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is to love all men4' ,he asked about knowledge4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is to know all men4' #b4 ,fan ,ch'ih did not immediately understand these answers4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',employ the upright and put aside all the crooked2-- in this way the crooked can be made to be upright4' #d4 ,fan ,ch'ih retired1 and1 seeing ,tsze-hsia1 he said to him1 ',a ,little while ago1 ,i had an interview with our ,master1 and asked him about knowledge4 ,he said1 ',employ the upright1 and put aside all the crooked2-- in this way1 the crooked will be made to be upright4' ,what did he mean8' #e4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',truly rich is his saying6 #f4 ',shun1 being in possession of the kingdom1 selected from among all the people1 and employed ,kao-yao1 on which all who were devoid of virtue disappeared4 ,t'ang1 being in possession of the kingdom1 selected from among all the people1 and employed ,i ,yin1 and all who were devoid of virtue disappeared4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,tsze-kung asked about friendship4 ,the ,master said1 ',faithfully admonish your friend1 and skillfully lead him on4 ,if you find him impracticable1 stop4 ,do not disgrace yourself4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',the superior man on grounds of culture meets with his friends1 and by their friendship helps his virtue4' ,,book ,,xiii4 ,,tsze-,,lu4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,tsze-lu asked about government4 ,the ,master said1 ',go before the people with your example1 and be laborious in their affairs4' #b4 ,he requested further instruction1 and was answered1 ',be not weary 7in these things74' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,chung-kung1 being chief minister to the ,head of the ,chi family1 asked about government4 ,the ,master said1 ',employ first the services of your various officers1 pardon small faults1 and raise to office men of virtue and talents4' #b4 ,chung-kung said1 ',how shall ,i know the men of virtue and talent1 so that ,i may raise them to office8' ,he was answered1 ',raise to office those whom you know4 ,as to those whom you do not know1 will others neglect them8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',the ruler of ,wei has been waiting for you1 in order with you to administer the government4 ,what will you consider the first thing to be done8' #b4 ,the ,master replied1 ',what is necessary is to rectify names4' #c4 ',so1 indeed6' said ,tsze-lu4 ',you are wide of the mark6 ,why must there be such rectification8' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',how uncultivated you are1 ,yu6 ,a superior man1 in regard to what he does not know1 shows a cautious reserve4 #e4 ',if names be not correct1 language is not in accordance with the truth of things4 ,if language be not in accordance with the truth of things1 affairs cannot be carried on to success4 #f4 ',when affairs cannot be carried on to success1 proprieties and music will not flourish4 ,when proprieties and music do not flourish1 punishments will not be properly awarded4 ,when punishments are not properly awarded1 the people do not know how to move hand or foot4 #g4 ',therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately1 and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately4 ,what the superior man requires1 is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,fan ,ch'ih requested to be taught husbandry4 ,the ,master said1 ',i am not so good for that as an old husbandman4' ,he requested also to be taught gardening1 and was answered1 ',i am not so good for that as an old gardener4' #b4 ,fan ,ch'ih having gone out1 the ,master said1 ',a small man1 indeed1 is ,fan ,hsu6 #c4 ,if a superior love propriety1 the people will not dare not to be reverent4 ,if he love righteousness1 the people will not dare not to submit to his example4 ,if he love good faith1 the people will not dare not to be sincere4 ,now1 when these things obtain1 the people from all quarters will come to him1 bearing their children on their backs2-- what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry8' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ',though a man may be able to recite the three hundred odes1 yet if1 when intrusted with a governmental charge1 he knows not how to act1 or if1 when sent to any quarter on a mission1 he cannot give his replies unassisted1 notwithstanding the extent of his learning1 of what practical use is it8' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a prince's personal conduct is correct1 his government is effective without the issuing of orders4 ,if his personal conduct is not correct1 he may issue orders1 but they will not be followed4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the governments of ,lu and ,wei are brothers4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said of ,ching1 a scion of the ducal family of ,wei1 that he knew the economy of a family well4 ,when he began to have means1 he said1 ',ha6 here is a collection6' ,when they were a little increased1 he said1 ',ha6 this is complete6' ,when he had become rich1 he said1 ',ha6 this is admirable6' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,when the ,master went to ,wei1 ,zan ,yu acted as driver of his carriage4 #b4 ,the ,master observed1 ',how numerous are the people6' #c4 ,yu said1 ',since they are thus numerous1 what more shall be done for them8' ',enrich them1' was the reply4 #d4 ',and when they have been enriched1 what more shall be done8' ,the ,master said1 ',teach them4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said1 ',if there were 7any of the princes7 who would employ me1 in the course of twelve months1 ,i should have done something considerable4 ,in three years1 the government would be perfected4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',if good men were to govern a country in succession for a hundred years1 they would be able to transform the violently bad1 and dispense with capital punishments4 ,true indeed is this saying6' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a truly royal ruler were to arise1 it would still require a generation1 and then virtue would prevail4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a minister make his own conduct correct1 what difficulty will he have in assisting in government8 ,if he cannot rectify himself1 what has he to do with rectifying others8' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the disciple ,zan returning from the court1 the ,master said to him1 ',how are you so late8' ,he replied1 ',we had government business4' ,the ,master said1 ',it must have been family affairs4 ,if there had been government business1 though ,i am not now in office1 ,i should have been consulted about it4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,the ,duke ,ting asked whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous4 ,confucius replied1 ',such an effect cannot be expected from one sentence4 #b4 ',there is a saying1 however1 which people have-- ,to be a prince is difficult2 to be a minister is not easy4 #c4 ',if a ruler knows this1-- the difficulty of being a prince1-- may there not be expected from this one sentence the prosperity of his country8' #d4 ,the duke then said1 ',is there a single sentence which can ruin a country8' ,confucius replied1 ',such an effect as that cannot be expected from one sentence4 ,there is1 however1 the saying which people have-- ,i have no pleasure in being a prince1 but only in that no one can offer any opposition to what ,i say6 #e4 ',if a ruler's words be good1 is it not also good that no one oppose them8 ,but if they are not good1 and no one opposes them1 may there not be expected from this one sentence the ruin of his country8' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 #a4 ,the ,duke of ,sheh asked about government4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',good government obtains1 when those who are near are made happy1 and those who are far off are attracted4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,tsze-hsia1 being governor of ,chu-fu1 asked about government4 ,the ,master said1 ',do not be desirous to have things done quickly2 do not look at small advantages4 ,desire to have things done quickly prevents their being done thoroughly4 ,looking at small advantages prevents great affairs from being accomplished4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,the ,duke of ,sheh informed ,confucius1 saying1 ',among us here there are those who may be styled upright in their conduct4 ,if their father have stolen a sheep1 they will bear witness to the fact4' #b4 ,confucius said1 ',among us1 in our part of the country1 those who are upright are different from this4 ,the father conceals the misconduct of the son1 and the son conceals the misconduct of the father4 ,uprightness is to be found in this4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked about perfect virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is1 in retirement1 to be sedately grave2 in the management of business1 to be reverently attentive2 in intercourse with others1 to be strictly sincere4 ,though a man go among rude1 uncultivated tribes1 these qualities may not be neglected4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 #a4 ,tsze-kung asked1 saying1 ',what qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called an officer8 ,the ,master said1 ',he who in his conduct of himself maintains a sense of shame1 and when sent to any quarter will not disgrace his prince's commission1 deserves to be called an officer4' #c4 ,tsze-kung pursued1 ',i venture to ask who may be placed in the next lower rank8' ,and he was told1 ',he whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial1 whom his fellow-villagers and neighbours pronounce to be fraternal4' #c4 ,again the disciple asked1 ',i venture to ask about the class still next in order4' ,the ,master said1 ',they are determined to be sincere in what they say1 and to carry out what they do4 ,they are obstinate little men4 ,yet perhaps they may make the next class4' #d4 ,tsze-kung finally inquired1 ',of what sort are those of the present day1 who engage in government8' ,the ,master said ',pooh6 they are so many pecks and hampers1 not worth being taken into account4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',since ,i cannot get men pursuing the due medium1 to whom ,i might communicate my instructions1 ,i must find the ardent and the cautiously-decided4 ,the ardent will advance and lay hold of truth2 the cautiously-decided will keep themselves from what is wrong4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',the people of the south have a saying-- ,a man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor4 ,good6 #b4 ',inconstant in his virtue1 he will be visited with disgrace4' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',this arises simply from not attending to the prognostication4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is affable1 but not adulatory2 the mean man is adulatory1 but not affable4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,tsze-kung asked1 saying1 ',what do you say of a man who is loved by all the people of his neighborhood8' ,the ,master replied1 ',we may not for that accord our approval of him4' ',and what do you say of him who is hated by all the people of his neighborhood8' ,the ,master said1 ',we may not for that conclude that he is bad4 ,it is better than either of these cases that the good in the neighborhood love him1 and the bad hate him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please4 ,if you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right1 he will not be pleased4 ,but in his employment of men1 he uses them according to their capacity4 ,the mean man is difficult to serve1 and easy to please4 ,if you try to please him1 though it be in a way which is not accordant with right1 he may be pleased4 ,but in his employment of men1 he wishes them to be equal to everything4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man has a dignified ease without pride4 ,the mean man has pride without a dignified ease4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the firm1 the enduring1 the simple1 and the modest are near to virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,tsze-lu asked1 saying1 ',what qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called a scholar8' ,the ,master said1 ',he must be thus1-- earnest1 urgent1 and bland3-- among his friends1 earnest and urgent2 among his brethren1 bland4' ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',let a good man teach the people seven years1 and they may then likewise be employed in war4' ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,the ,master said1 ',to lead an uninstructed people to war1 is to throw them away4' ,,book ,,xiv4 ,,hsien ,,wan4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,hsien asked what was shameful4 ,the ,master said1 ',when good government prevails in a state1 to be thinking only of salary2 and1 when bad government prevails1 to be thinking1 in the same way1 only of salary2-- this is shameful4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ',when the love of superiority1 boasting1 resentments1 and covetousness are repressed1 this may be deemed perfect virtue4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',this may be regarded as the achievement of what is difficult4 ,but ,i do not know that it is to be deemed perfect virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the scholar who cherishes the love of comfort is not fit to be deemed a scholar4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,master said1 ',when good government prevails in a state1 language may be lofty and bold1 and actions the same4 ,when bad government prevails1 the actions may be lofty and bold1 but the language may be with some reserve4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,the ,master said1 ',the virtuous will be sure to speak correctly1 but those whose speech is good may not always be virtuous4 ,men of principle are sure to be bold1 but those who are bold may not always be men of principle4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,nan-kung ,kwo1 submitting an inquiry to ,confucius1 said1 ',i was skillful at archery1 and ,ao could move a boat along upon the land1 but neither of them died a natural death4 ,yu and ,chi personally wrought at the toils of husbandry1 and they became possessors of the kingdom4' ,the ,master made no reply2 but when ,nan-kung ,kwo went out1 he said1 ',a superior man indeed is this6 ,an esteemer of virtue indeed is this6' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',superior men1 and yet not always virtuous1 there have been1 alas6 ,but there never has been a mean man1 and1 at the same time1 virtuous4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said1 ',can there be love which does not lead to strictness with its object8 ,can there be loyalty which does not lead to the instruction of its object8' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,the ,master said1 ',in preparing the governmental notifications1 ,p'i ,shan first made the rough draft2 ,shi-shu examined and discussed its contents2 ,tsze-yu1 the manager of ,foreign intercourse1 then polished the style2 and1 finally1 ,tsze-ch'an of ,tung-li gave it the proper elegance and finish4' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,some one asked about ,tsze-ch'an4 ,the ,master said1 ',he was a kind man4' #b4 ,he asked about ,tsze-hsi4 ,the ,master said1 ',that man6 ,that man6' #c4 ,he asked about ,kwan ,chung4 ',for him1' said the ,master1 'the city of ,pien1 with three hundred families1 was taken from the chief of the ,po family1 who did not utter a murmuring word1 though1 to the end of his life1 he had only coarse rice to eat4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',to be poor without murmuring is difficult4 ,to be rich without being proud is easy4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',mang ,kung-ch'o is more than fit to be chief officer in the families of ,chao and ,wei1 but he is not fit to be great officer to either of the ,states ,tang or ,hsieh4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,tsze-lu asked what constituted a ,,complete man4 ,the ,master said1 ',suppose a man with the knowledge of ,tsang ,wu-chung1 the freedom from covetousness of ,kung-ch'o1 the bravery of ,chwang of ,pien1 and the varied talents of ,zan ,ch'iu2 add to these the accomplishments of the rules of propriety and music3-- such a one might be reckoned a ,,complete man4' #b4 ,he then added1 ',but what is the necessity for a complete man of the present day to have all these things8 ,the man1 who in the view of gain1 thinks of righteousness2 who in the view of danger is prepared to give up his life2 and who does not forget an old agreement however far back it extends3-- such a man may be reckoned a ,,complete man4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 #a4 ,the ,master asked ,kung-ming ,chia about ,kung- shu ,wan1 saying1 ',is it true that your master speaks not1 laughs not1 and takes not8' #b4 ,kung-ming ,chia replied1 ',this has arisen from the reporters going beyond the truth4-- ,my master speaks when it is the time to speak1 and so men do not get tired of his speaking4 ,he laughs when there is occasion to be joyful1 and so men do not get tired of his laughing4 ,he takes when it is consistent with righteousness to do so1 and so men do not get tired of his taking4' ,the ,master said1 ',so6 ,but is it so with him8' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',tsang ,wu-chung1 keeping possession of ,fang1 asked of the duke of ,lu to appoint a successor to him in his family4 ,although it may be said that he was not using force with his sovereign1 ,i believe he was4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the duke ,wan of ,tsin was crafty and not upright4 ,the duke ,hwan of ,ch'i was upright and not crafty4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',the ,duke ,hwan caused his brother ,chiu to be killed1 when ,shao ,hu died with his master1 but ,kwan ,chung did not die4 ,may not ,i say that he was wanting in virtue8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',the ,duke ,hwan assembled all the princes together1 and that not with weapons of war and chariots3-- it was all through the influence of ,kwan ,chung4 ,whose beneficence was like his8 ,whose beneficence was like his8' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',kwan ,chung1 ,i apprehend1 was wanting in virtue4 ,when the ,duke ,hwan caused his brother ,chiu to be killed1 ,kwan ,chung was not able to die with him4 ,moreover1 he became prime minister to ,hwan4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',kwan ,chung acted as prime minister to the ,duke ,hwan1 made him leader of all the princes1 and united and rectified the whole kingdom4 ,down to the present day1 the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred4 ,but for ,kwan ,chung1 we should now be wearing our hair unbound1 and the lappets of our coats buttoning on the left side4 #c4 ',will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and common women1 who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch1 no one knowing anything about them8' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,the great officer1 ,hsien1 who had been family- minister to ,kung-shu ,wan1 ascended to the prince's court in company with ,wan4 #b4 ,the ,master1 having heard of it1 said1 ',he deserved to be considered ,,wan 7the accomplished74' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 #a4 ,the ,master was speaking about the unprincipled course of the duke ,ling of ,wei1 when ,ch'i ,k'ang said1 ',since he is of such a character1 how is it he does not lose his ,state8' #b4 ,confucius said1 ',the ,chung-shu ,yu has the superintendence of his guests and of strangers2 the litanist1 ,t'o1 has the management of his ancestral temple2 and ,wang-sun ,chia has the direction of the army and forces3-- with such officers as these1 how should he lose his ,state8' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,chan ,ch'ang murdered the ,duke ,chien of ,ch'i4 #b4 ,confucius bathed1 went to court1 and informed the duke ,ai1 saying1 ',chan ,hang has slain his sovereign4 ,i beg that you will undertake to punish him4' #c4 ,the duke said1 ',inform the chiefs of the three families of it4' #d4 ,confucius retired1 and said1 ',following in the rear of the great officers1 ,i did not dare not to represent such a matter1 and my prince says1 ,inform the chiefs of the three families of it4' #e4 ,he went to the chiefs1 and informed them1 but they would not act4 ,confucius then said1 ',following in the rear of the great officers1 ,i did not dare not to represent such a matter4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,tsze-lu asked how a ruler should be served4 ,the ,master said1 ',do not impose on him1 and1 moreover1 withstand him to his face4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',the progress of the superior man is upwards2 the progress of the mean man is downwards4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',in ancient times1 men learned with a view to their own improvement4 ,now-a-days1 men learn with a view to the approbation of others4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 #a4 ,chu ,po-yu sent a messenger with friendly inquiries to ,confucius4 #b4 ,confucius sat with him1 and questioned him4 ',what1' said he1 'is your master engaged in8' ,the messenger replied1 ',my master is anxious to make his faults few1 but he has not yet succeeded4' ,he then went out1 and the ,master said1 ',a messenger indeed6 ,a messenger indeed6' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who is not in any particular office1 has nothing to do with plans for the administration of its duties4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',the superior man1 in his thoughts1 does not go out of his place4' ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is modest in his speech1 but exceeds in his actions4' ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',the way of the superior man is threefold1 but ,i am not equal to it4 ,virtuous1 he is free from anxieties2 wise1 he is free from perplexities2 bold1 he is free from fear4 #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',master1 that is what you yourself say4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,tsze-kung was in the habit of comparing men together4 ,the ,master said1 ',tsze must have reached a high pitch of excellence6 ,now1 ,i have not leisure for this4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',i will not be concerned at men's not knowing me2 ,i will be concerned at my own want of ability4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who does not anticipate attempts to deceive him1 nor think beforehand of his not being believed1 and yet apprehends these things readily 7when they occur72-- is he not a man of superior worth8' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 #a4 ,wei-shang ,mau said to ,confucius1 ',ch'iu1 how is it that you keep roosting about8 ,is it not that you are an insinuating talker8' #b4 ,confucius said1 ',i do not dare to play the part of such a talker1 but ,i hate obstinacy4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',a horse is called a ch'i1 not because of its strength1 but because of its other good qualities4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 #a4 ,some one said1 ',what do you say concerning the principle that injury should be recompensed with kindness8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',with what then will you recompense kindness8 #c4 ',recompense injury with justice1 and recompense kindness with kindness4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',alas6 there is no one that knows me4' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',what do you mean by thus saying-- that no one knows you8' ,the ,master replied1 ',i do not murmur against ,heaven4 ,i do not grumble against men4 ,my studies lie low1 and my penetration rises high4 ,but there is ,heaven2-- that knows me6' ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 #a4 ,the ,kung-po ,liao1 having slandered ,tsze-lu to ,chi-sun1 ,tsze-fu ,ching-po informed ,confucius of it1 saying1 ',our master is certainly being led astray by the ,kung-po ,liao1 but ,i have still power enough left to cut ,liao off1 and expose his corpse in the market and in the court4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',if my principles are to advance1 it is so ordered4 ,if they are to fall to the ground1 it is so ordered4 ,what can the ,kung-po ,liao do where such ordering is concerned8' ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',some men of worth retire from the world4 #b4 ,some retire from particular states4 #c4 ,some retire because of disrespectful looks4 #d4 ,some retire because of contradictory language4' ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,the ,master said1 ',those who have done this are seven men4' ,,chap4 ,,xli4 ,tsze-lu happening to pass the night in ,shih-man1 the gatekeeper said to him1 ',whom do you come from8' ,tsze-lu said1 ',from ,mr4 ,k'ung4' ',it is he1-- is it not8'-- said the other1 'who knows the impracticable nature of the times and yet will be doing in them4' ,,chap4 ,,xlii4 #a4 ,the ,master was playing1 one day1 on a musical stone in ,wei1 when a man1 carrying a straw basket1 passed the door of the house where ,confucius was1 and said1 ',his heart is full who so beats the musical stone4' #b4 ,a little while after1 he added1 ',how contemptible is the one-ideaed obstinacy those sounds display6 ,when one is taken no notice of1 he has simply at once to give over his wish for public employment4 ,deep water must be crossed with the clothes on2 shallow water may be crossed with the clothes held up4' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',how determined is he in his purpose6 ,but this is not difficult6' ,,chap4 ,,xliii4 #a4 ,tsze-chang said1 ',what is meant when the ,shu says that ,kao-tsung1 while observing the usual imperial mourning1 was for three years without speaking8' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',why must ,kao-tsung be referred to as an example of this8 ,the ancients all did so4 ,when the sovereign died1 the officers all attended to their several duties1 taking instructions from the prime minister for three years4' ,,chap4 ,,xliv4 ,the ,master said1 ',when rulers love to observe the rules of propriety1 the people respond readily to the calls on them for service4' ,,chap4 ,,xlv4 ,tsze-lu asked what constituted the superior man4 ,the ,master said1 ',the cultivation of himself in reverential carefulness4' ',and is this all8' said ,tsze-lu4 ',he cultivates himself so as to give rest to others1' was the reply4 ',and is this all8' again asked ,tsze-lu4 ,the ,master said1 ',he cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people4 ,he cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people3-- even ,yao and ,shun were still solicitous about this4' ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 ,yuan ,zang was squatting on his heels1 and so waited the approach of the ,master1 who said to him1 ',in youth not humble as befits a junior2 in manhood1 doing nothing worthy of being handed down2 and living on to old age3-- this is to be a pest4' ,with this he hit him on the shank with his staff4 ,,chap4 ,,xlvi4 #a4 ,a youth of the village of ,ch'ueh was employed by ,confucius to carry the messages between him and his visitors4 ,some one asked about him1 saying1 ',i suppose he has made great progress4' #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',i observe that he is fond of occupying the seat of a full-grown man2 ,i observe that he walks shoulder to shoulder with his elders4 ,he is not one who is seeking to make progress in learning4 ,he wishes quickly to become a man4' ,,book ,,xv4 ,,wei ,,ling ,,kung4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the ,duke ,ling of ,wei asked ,confucius about tactics4 ,confucius replied1 ',i have heard all about sacrificial vessels1 but ,i have not learned military matters4' ,on this1 he took his departure the next day4 #b4 ,when he was in ,chan1 their provisions were exhausted1 and his followers became so ill that they were unable to rise4 #c4 ,tsze-lu1 with evident dissatisfaction1 said1 ',has the superior man likewise to endure in this way8' ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man may indeed have to endure want1 but the mean man1 when he is in want1 gives way to unbridled license4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',ts'ze1 you think1 ,i suppose1 that ,i am one who learns many things and keeps them in memory8' #b4 ,tsze-kung replied1 ',yes1-- but perhaps it is not so8' #c4 ',no1' was the answer2 ',i seek a unity all-pervading4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',yu1 those who know virtue are few4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the ,master said1 ',may not ,shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion8 ,what did he do8 ,he did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat4' ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,tsze-chang asked how a man should conduct himself1 so as to be everywhere appreciated4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',let his words be sincere and truthful1 and his actions honourable and careful2-- such conduct may be practised among the rude tribes of the ,south or the ,north4 ,if his words be not sincere and truthful and his actions not honourable and careful1 will he1 with such conduct1 be appreciated1 even in his neighborhood8 #c4 ',when he is standing1 let him see those two things1 as it were1 fronting him4 ,when he is in a carriage1 let him see them attached to the yoke4 ,then may he subsequently carry them into practice4' #d4 ,tsze-chang wrote these counsels on the end of his sash4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',truly straightforward was the historiographer ,yu4 ,when good government prevailed in his ,state1 he was like an arrow4 ,when bad government prevailed1 he was like an arrow4 #b4 ,a superior man indeed is ,chu ,po-yu6 ,when good government prevails in his state1 he is to be found in office4 ,when bad government prevails1 he can roll his principles up1 and keep them in his breast4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a man may be spoken with1 not to speak to him is to err in reference to the man4 ,when a man may not be spoken with1 to speak to him is to err in reference to our words4 ,the wise err neither in regard to their man nor to their words4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue4 ,they will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,tsze-kung asked about the practice of virtue4 ,the ,master said1 ',the mechanic1 who wishes to do his work well1 must first sharpen his tools4 ,when you are living in any state1 take service with the most worthy among its great officers1 and make friends of the most virtuous among its scholars4' ,,chap4 ,x4 #a4 ,yen ,yuan asked how the government of a country should be administered4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',follow the seasons of ,hsia4 #c4 ',ride in the state carriage of ,yin4 #d4 ',wear the ceremonial cap of ,chau4 #e4 ',let the music be the ,shao with its pantomimes4 #f4 ,banish the songs of ,chang1 and keep far from specious talkers4 ,the songs of ,chang are licentious2 specious talkers are dangerous4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',if a man take no thought about what is distant1 he will find sorrow near at hand4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is all over6 ,i have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty4' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',was not ,tsang ,wan like one who had stolen his situation8 ,he knew the virtue and the talents of ,hui of ,liu-hsia1 and yet did not procure that he should stand with him in court4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who requires much from himself and little from others1 will keep himself from being the object of resentment4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a man is not in the habit of saying-- ,what shall ,i think of this8 ,what shall ,i think of this8 ,i can indeed do nothing with him6' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a number of people are together1 for a whole day1 without their conversation turning on righteousness1 and when they are fond of carrying out the suggestions of a small shrewdness2-- theirs is indeed a hard case4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man in everything considers righteousness to be essential4 ,he performs it according to the rules of propriety4 ,he brings it forth in humility4 ,he completes it with sincerity4 ,this is indeed a superior man4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is distressed by his want of ability4 ,he is not distressed by men's not knowing him4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man dislikes the thought of his name not being mentioned after his death4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,the ,master said1 ',what the superior man seeks1 is in himself4 ,what the mean man seeks1 is in others4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is dignified1 but does not wrangle4 ,he is sociable1 but not a partizan4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words1 nor does he put aside good words because of the man4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,tsze-kung asked1 saying1 ',is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life8' ,the ,master said1 ',is not ,,reciprocity such a word8 ,what you do not want done to yourself1 do not do to others4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',in my dealings with men1 whose evil do ,i blame1 whose goodness do ,i praise1 beyond what is proper8 ,if ,i do sometimes exceed in praise1 there must be ground for it in my examination of the individual4 #b4 ',this people supplied the ground why the three dynasties pursued the path of straightforwardness4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',even in my early days1 a historiographer would leave a blank in his text1 and he who had a horse would lend him to another to ride4 ,now1 alas6 there are no such things4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',specious words confound virtue4 ,want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',when the multitude hate a man1 it is necessary to examine into the case4 ,when the multitude like a man1 it is necessary to examine into the case4' ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',a man can enlarge the principles which he follows2 those principles do not enlarge the man4' ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',to have faults and not to reform them1-- this1 indeed1 should be pronounced having faults4' ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,the ,master said1 ',i have been the whole day without eating1 and the whole night without sleeping3-- occupied with thinking4 ,it was of no use4 ,the better plan is to learn4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the object of the superior man is truth4 ,food is not his object4 ,there is plowing2-- even in that there is sometimes want4 ,so with learning2-- emolument may be found in it4 ,the superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth2 he is not anxious lest poverty should come upon him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a man's knowledge is sufficient to attain1 and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold1 whatever he may have gained1 he will lose again4 #b4 ',when his knowledge is sufficient to attain1 and he has virtue enough to hold fast1 if he cannot govern with dignity1 the people will not respect him4 #c4 ',when his knowledge is sufficient to attain1 and he has virtue enough to hold fast2 when he governs also with dignity1 yet if he try to move the people contrary to the rules of propriety3-- full excellence is not reached4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man cannot be known in little matters2 but he may be intrusted with great concerns4 ,the small man may not be intrusted with great concerns1 but he may be known in little matters4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',virtue is more to man than either water or fire4 ,i have seen men die from treading on water and fire1 but ,i have never seen a man die from treading the course of virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',let every man consider virtue as what devolves on himself4 ,he may not yield the performance of it even to his teacher4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man is correctly firm1 and not firm merely4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',a minister1 in serving his prince1 reverently discharges his duties1 and makes his emolument a secondary consideration4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',in teaching there should be no distinction of classes4' ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,the ,master said1 ',those whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another4' ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,the ,master said1 ',in language it is simply required that it convey the meaning4' ,,chap4 ,,xli4 #a4 ,the ,music-master1 ,mien1 having called upon him1 when they came to the steps1 the ,master said1 ',here are the steps4' ,when they came to the mat for the guest to sit upon1 he said1 ',here is the mat4' ,when all were seated1 the ,master informed him1 saying1 ',so and so is here2 so and so is here4' #b4 ,the ,music-master1 ,mien1 having gone out1 ,tsze-chang asked1 saying4 ',is it the rule to tell those things to the ,music- master8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',yes4 ,this is certainly the rule for those who lead the blind4' ,,book ,,xvi4 ,,ke ,,she4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the head of the ,chi family was going to attack ,chwan-yu4 #b4 ,zan ,yu and ,chi-lu had an interview with ,confucius1 and said1 ',our chief1 ,chi1 is going to commence operations against ,chwan-yu4' #c4 ,confucius said1 ',ch'iu1 is it not you who are in fault here8 #d4 ',now1 in regard to ,chwan-yu1 long ago1 a former king appointed its ruler to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern ,mang2 moreover1 it is in the midst of the territory of our ,state2 and its ruler is a minister in direct connexion with the sovereign3-- ,what has your chief to do with attacking it8' #e4 ,zan ,yu said1 ',our master wishes the thing2 neither of us two ministers wishes it4' #f4 ,confucius said1 ',ch'iu1 there are the words of ,chau ,zan1-- ,when he can put forth his ability1 he takes his place in the ranks of office2 when he finds himself unable to do so1 he retires from it4 ,how can he be used as a guide to a blind man1 who does not support him when tottering1 nor raise him up when fallen8 #g4 ',and further1 you speak wrongly4 ,when a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage2 when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository3-- whose is the fault8' #h4 ,zan ,yu said1 ',but at present1 ,chwan-yu is strong and near to ,pi2 if our chief do not now take it1 it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants4' #i4 ,confucius said4 ',ch'iu1 the superior man hates that declining to say-- ,i want such and such a thing1 and framing explanations for the conduct4 #aj4 ',i have heard that rulers of ,states and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few1 but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places2 that they are not troubled with fears of poverty1 but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places4 ,for when the people keep their several places1 there will be no poverty2 when harmony prevails1 there will be no scarcity of people2 and when there is such a contented repose1 there will be no rebellious upsettings4 #aa4 ',so it is4-- ,therefore1 if remoter people are not submissive1 all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so2 and when they have been so attracted1 they must be made contented and tranquil4 #ab4 ',now1 here are you1 ,yu and ,ch'iu1 assisting your chief4 ,remoter people are not submissive1 and1 with your help1 he cannot attract them to him4 ,in his own territory there are divisions and downfalls1 leavings and separations1 and1 with your help1 he cannot preserve it4 #ac4 ',and yet he is planning these hostile movements within the ,state4-- ,i am afraid that the sorrow of the ,chi-sun family will not be on account of ,chwan-yu1 but will be found within the screen of their own court4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,confucius said1 ',when good government prevails in the empire1 ceremonies1 music1 and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of ,heaven4 ,when bad government prevails in the empire1 ceremonies1 music1 and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes4 ,when these things proceed from the princes1 as a rule1 the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations4 ,when they proceed from the ,great officers of the princes1 as a rule1 the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations4 ,when the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the state1 as a rule1 the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations4 #b4 ',when right principles prevail in the kingdom1 government will not be in the hands of the ,great officers4 #c4 ',when right principles prevail in the kingdom1 there will be no discussions among the common people4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,confucius said1 ',the revenue of the state has left the ducal ,house now for five generations4 ,the government has been in the hands of the ,great officers for four generations4 ,on this account1 the descendants of the three ,hwan are much reduced4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,confucius said1 ',there are three friendships which are advantageous1 and three which are injurious4 ,friendship with the upright2 friendship with the sincere2 and friendship with the man of much observation3-- these are advantageous4 ,friendship with the man of specious airs2 friendship with the insinuatingly soft2 and friendship with the glib-tongued3-- these are injurious4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,confucius said1 ',there are three things men find enjoyment in which are advantageous1 and three things they find enjoyment in which are injurious4 ,to find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies and music2 to find enjoyment in speaking of the goodness of others2 to find enjoyment in having many worthy friends3-- these are advantageous4 ,to find enjoyment in extravagant pleasures2 to find enjoyment in idleness and sauntering2 to find enjoyment in the pleasures of feasting3-- these are injurious4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,confucius said1 ',there are three errors to which they who stand in the presence of a man of virtue and station are liable4 ,they may speak when it does not come to them to speak2-- this is called rashness4 ,they may not speak when it comes to them to speak2-- this is called concealment4 ,they may speak without looking at the countenance of their superior2-- this is called blindness4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,confucius said1 ',there are three things which the superior man guards against4 ,in youth1 when the physical powers are not yet settled1 he guards against lust4 ,when he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor1 he guards against quarrelsomeness4 ,when he is old1 and the animal powers are decayed1 he guards against covetousness4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,confucius said1 ',there are three things of which the superior man stands in awe4 ,he stands in awe of the ordinances of ,heaven4 ,he stands in awe of great men4 ,he stands in awe of the words of sages4 #b4 ',the mean man does not know the ordinances of ,heaven1 and consequently does not stand in awe of them4 ,he is disrespectful to great men4 ,he makes sport of the words of sages4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,confucius said1 ',those who are born with the possession of knowledge are the highest class of men4 ,those who learn1 and so1 readily1 get possession of knowledge1 are the next4 ,those who are dull and stupid1 and yet compass the learning1 are another class next to these4 ,as to those who are dull and stupid and yet do not learn2-- they are the lowest of the people4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,confucius said1 ',the superior man has nine things which are subjects with him of thoughtful consideration4 ,in regard to the use of his eyes1 he is anxious to see clearly4 ,in regard to the use of his ears1 he is anxious to hear distinctly4 ,in regard to his countenance1 he is anxious that it should be benign4 ,in regard to his demeanor1 he is anxious that it should be respectful4 ,in regard to his speech1 he is anxious that it should be sincere4 ,in regard to his doing of business1 he is anxious that it should be reverently careful4 ,in regard to what he doubts about1 he is anxious to question others4 ,when he is angry1 he thinks of the difficulties 7his anger may involve him in74 ,when he sees gain to be got1 he thinks of righteousness4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,confucius said1 ',contemplating good1 and pursuing it1 as if they could not reach it2 contemplating evil1 and shrinking from it1 as they would from thrusting the hand into boiling water3-- ,i have seen such men1 as ,i have heard such words4 #b4 ',living in retirement to study their aims1 and practising righteousness to carry out their principles3-- ,i have heard these words1 but ,i have not seen such men4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,the duke ,ching of ,ch'i had a thousand teams1 each of four horses1 but on the day of his death1 the people did not praise him for a single virtue4 ,po-i and ,shu-ch'i died of hunger at the foot of the ,shau-yang mountain1 and the people1 down to the present time1 praise them4 #b4 ',is not that saying illustrated by this8' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,ch'an ,k'ang asked ,po-yu1 saying1 ',have you heard any lessons from your father different from what we have all heard8' #b4 ,po-yu replied1 ',no4 ,he was standing alone once1 when ,i passed below the hall with hasty steps1 and said to me1 ,have you learned the ,odes8 ,on my replying ,not yet1 he added1 ,if you do not learn the ,odes1 you will not be fit to converse with4 ,i retired and studied the ,odes4 #c4 ',another day1 he was in the same way standing alone1 when ,i passed by below the hall with hasty steps1 and said to me1 ',have you learned the rules of ,propriety8' ,on my replying ',not yet1' he added1 ',if you do not learn the rules of ,propriety1 your character cannot be established4' ,i then retired1 and learned the rules of ,propriety4 #d4 ',i have heard only these two things from him4' #e4 ,ch'ang ,k'ang retired1 and1 quite delighted1 said1 ',i asked one thing1 and ,i have got three things4 ,i have heard about the ,odes4 ,i have heard about the rules of ,propriety4 ,i have also heard that the superior man maintains a distant reserve towards his son4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the wife of the prince of a state is called by him ,,fu ,,zan4 ,she calls herself ,,hsiao ,t',,ung4 ,the people of the ,state call her ,,chun ,,fu ,,zan1 and1 to the people of other ,states1 they call her ,k',,wa ,,hsiao ,,chun4 ,the people of other states also call her ,,chun ,,fu ,,zan4 ,,book ,,xvii4 ,,yang ,,ho4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,yang ,ho wished to see ,confucius1 but ,confucius would not go to see him4 ,on this1 he sent a present of a pig to ,confucius1 who1 having chosen a time when ,ho was not at home1 went to pay his respects for the gift4 ,he met him1 however1 on the way4 #b4 ,ho said to ,confucius1 ',come1 let me speak with you4' ,he then asked1 ',can he be called benevolent who keeps his jewel in his bosom1 and leaves his country to confusion8' ,confucius replied1 ',no4' ',can he be called wise1 who is anxious to be engaged in public employment1 and yet is constantly losing the opportunity of being so8' ,confucius again said1 ',no4' ',the days and months are passing away2 the years do not wait for us4' ,confucius said1 ',right2 ,i will go into office4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,the ,master said1 ',by nature1 men are nearly alike2 by practice1 they get to be wide apart4' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the ,master said1 ',there are only the wise of the highest class1 and the stupid of the lowest class1 who cannot be changed4' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,the ,master1 having come to ,wu-ch'ang1 heard there the sound of stringed instruments and singing4 #b4 ,well pleased and smiling1 he said1 ',why use an ox knife to kill a fowl8' #c4 ,tsze-yu replied1 ',formerly1 ,master1 ,i heard you say1-- ,when the man of high station is well instructed1 he loves men2 when the man of low station is well instructed1 he is easily ruled4' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',my disciples1 ,yen's words are right4 ,what ,i said was only in sport4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,kung-shan ,fu-zao1 when he was holding ,pi1 and in an attitude of rebellion1 invited the ,master to visit him1 who was rather inclined to go4 #b4 ,tsze-lu was displeased1 and said1 ',indeed1 you cannot go6 ,why must you think of going to see ,kung-shan8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',can it be without some reason that he has invited ,,me8 ,if any one employ me1 may ,i not make an eastern ,chau8' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,tsze-chang asked ,confucius about perfect virtue4 ,confucius said1 ',to be able to practise five things everywhere under heaven constitutes perfect virtue4' ,he begged to ask what they were1 and was told1 ',gravity1 generosity of soul1 sincerity1 earnestness1 and kindness4 ,if you are grave1 you will not be treated with disrespect4 ,if you are generous1 you will win all4 ,if you are sincere1 people will repose trust in you4 ,if you are earnest1 you will accomplish much4 ,if you are kind1 this will enable you to employ the services of others4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,pi ,hsi inviting him to visit him1 the ,master was inclined to go4 #b4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',master1 formerly ,i have heard you say1 ,when a man in his own person is guilty of doing evil1 a superior man will not associate with him4 ,pi ,hsi is in rebellion1 holding possession of ,chung-mau2 if you go to him1 what shall be said8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',yes1 ,i did use these words4 ,but is it not said1 that1 if a thing be really hard1 it may be ground without being made thin8 ,is it not said1 that1 if a thing be really white1 it may be steeped in a dark fluid without being made black8 #d4 ',am ,i a bitter gourd6 ,how can ,i be hung up out of the way of being eaten8' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',yu1 have you heard the six words to which are attached six becloudings8' ,yu replied1 ',i have not4' #b4 ',sit down1 and ,i will tell them to you4 #c4 ',there is the love of being benevolent without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to a foolish simplicity4 ,there is the love of knowing without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to dissipation of mind4 ,there is the love of being sincere without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to an injurious disregard of consequences4 ,there is the love of straightforwardness without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to rudeness4 ,there is the love of boldness without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to insubordination4 ,there is the love of firmness without the love of learning2-- the beclouding here leads to extravagant conduct4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',my children1 why do you not study the ,book of ,poetry8 #b4 ',the ,odes serve to stimulate the mind4 #c4 ',they may be used for purposes of self-contemplation4 #d4 ',they teach the art of sociability4 #e4 ',they show how to regulate feelings of resentment4 #f4 ',from them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father1 and the remoter one of serving one's prince4 #g4 ',from them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds1 beasts1 and plants4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the ,master said to ,po-yu1 ',do you give yourself to the ,chau-nan and the ,shao-nan4 ,the man who has not studied the ,chau-nan and the ,shao-nan1 is like one who stands with his face right against a wall4 ,is he not so8' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,the ,master said1 ',it is according to the rules of propriety1 they say4-- ,it is according to the rules of propriety1 they say4 ,are gems and silk all that is meant by propriety8 ,it is music1 they say4-- ,it is music1 they say4 ,are bells and drums all that is meant by music8' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,the ,master said1 ',he who puts on an appearance of stern firmness1 while inwardly he is weak1 is like one of the small1 mean people2-- yea1 is he not like the thief who breaks through1 or climbs over1 a wall8' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,master said1 ',your good1 careful people of the villages are the thieves of virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,master said1 ',to tell1 as we go along1 what we have heard on the way1 is to cast away our virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',there are those mean creatures6 ,how impossible it is along with them to serve one's prince6 #b4 ',while they have not got their aims1 their anxiety is how to get them4 ,when they have got them1 their anxiety is lest they should lose them4 #c4 ',when they are anxious lest such things should be lost1 there is nothing to which they will not proceed4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',anciently1 men had three failings1 which now perhaps are not to be found4 #b4 ',the high-mindedness of antiquity showed itself in a disregard of small things2 the high-mindedness of the present day shows itself in wild license4 ,the stern dignity of antiquity showed itself in grave reserve2 the stern dignity of the present day shows itself in quarrelsome perverseness4 ,the stupidity of antiquity showed itself in straightforwardness2 the stupidity of the present day shows itself in sheer deceit4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,master said1 ',fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,master said1 ',i hate the manner in which purple takes away the luster of vermilion4 ,i hate the way in which the songs of ,chang confound the music of the ,ya4 ,i hate those who with their sharp mouths overthrow kingdoms and families4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',i would prefer not speaking4' #b4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',if you1 ,master1 do not speak1 what shall we1 your disciples1 have to record8' #c4 ,the ,master said1 ',does ,heaven speak8 ,the four seasons pursue their courses1 and all things are continually being produced1 but does ,heaven say anything8' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,zu ,pei wished to see ,confucius1 but ,confucius declined1 on the ground of being sick1 to see him4 ,when the bearer of this message went out at the door1 7the ,master7 took his lute and sang to it1 in order that ,pei might hear him4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 #a4 ,tsai ,wo asked about the three years' mourning for parents1 saying that one year was long enough4 #b4 ',if the superior man1' said he1 'abstains for three years from the observances of propriety1 those observances will be quite lost4 ,if for three years he abstains from music1 music will be ruined4 #c4 ',within a year the old grain is exhausted1 and the new grain has sprung up1 and1 in procuring fire by friction1 we go through all the changes of wood for that purpose4 ,after a complete year1 the mourning may stop4' #d4 ,the ,master said1 ',if you were1 after a year1 to eat good rice1 and wear embroidered clothes1 would you feel at ease8' ',i should1' replied ,wo4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ',if you can feel at ease1 do it4 ,but a superior man1 during the whole period of mourning1 does not enjoy pleasant food which he may eat1 nor derive pleasure from music which he may hear4 ,he also does not feel at ease1 if he is comfortably lodged4 ,therefore he does not do what you propose4 ,but now you feel at ease and may do it4' #f4 ,tsai ,wo then went out1 and the ,master said1 ',this shows ,yu's want of virtue4 ,it is not till a child is three years old that it is allowed to leave the arms of its parents4 ,and the three years' mourning is universally observed throughout the empire4 ,did ,yu enjoy the three years' love of his parents8' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,the ,master said1 ',hard is it to deal with him1 who will stuff himself with food the whole day1 without applying his mind to anything good6 ,are there not gamesters and chess players8 ,to be one of these would still be better than doing nothing at all4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,tsze-lu said1 ',does the superior man esteem valour8' ,the ,master said1 ',the superior man holds righteousness to be of highest importance4 ,a man in a superior situation1 having valour without righteousness1 will be guilty of insubordination2 one of the lower people having valour without righteousness1 will commit robbery4' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',has the superior man his hatreds also8' ,the ,master said1 ',he has his hatreds4 ,he hates those who proclaim the evil of others4 ,he hates the man who1 being in a low station1 slanders his superiors4 ,he hates those who have valour merely1 and are unobservant of propriety4 ,he hates those who are forward and determined1 and1 at the same time1 of contracted understanding4' #b4 ,the ,master then inquired1 ',ts'ze1 have you also your hatreds8' ,tsze-kung replied1 ',i hate those who pry out matters1 and ascribe the knowledge to their wisdom4 ,i hate those who are only not modest1 and think that they are valourous4 ,i hate those who make known secrets1 and think that they are straightforward4' ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,master said1 ',of all people1 girls and servants are the most difficult to behave to4 ,if you are familiar with them1 they lose their humility4 ,if you maintain a reserve towards them1 they are discontented4' ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,master said1 ',when a man at forty is the object of dislike1 he will always continue what he is4' ,,book ,,xviii4 ,,wei ,,tsze4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,the ,viscount of ,wei withdrew from the court4 ,the ,viscount of ,chi became a slave to ,chau4 ,pi-kan remonstrated with him and died4 #b4 ,confucius said1 ',the ,yin dynasty possessed these three men of virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,hui of ,liu-hsia being chief criminal judge1 was thrice dismissed from his office4 ,some one said to him1 ',is it not yet time for you1 sir1 to leave this8' ,he replied1 ',serving men in an upright way1 where shall ,i go to1 and not experience such a thrice- repeated dismissal8 ,if ,i choose to serve men in a crooked way1 what necessity is there for me to leave the country of my parents8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the duke ,ching of ,ch'i1 with reference to the manner in which he should treat ,confucius1 said1 ',i cannot treat him as ,i would the chief of the ,chi family4 ,i will treat him in a manner between that accorded to the chief of the ,chi1 and that given to the chief of the ,mang family4' ,he also said1 ',i am old2 ,i cannot use his doctrines4' ,confucius took his departure4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,the people of ,ch'i sent to ,lu a present of female musicians1 which ,chi ,hwan received1 and for three days no court was held4 ,confucius took his departure4 ,,chap4 ,v4 #a4 ,the madman of ,ch'u1 ,chieh-yu1 passed by ,confucius1 singing and saying1 ',o ,,fang6 ,o ,,fang6 ,how is your virtue degenerated6 ,as to the past1 reproof is useless2 but the future may still be provided against4 ,give up your vain pursuit4 ,give up your vain pursuit4 ,peril awaits those who now engage in affairs of government4' #b4 ,confucius alighted and wished to converse with him1 but ,chieh-yu hastened away1 so that he could not talk with him4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,ch'ang-tsu and ,chieh-ni were at work in the field together1 when ,confucius passed by them1 and sent ,tsze-lu to inquire for the ford4 #b4 ,ch'ang-tsu said1 ',who is he that holds the reins in the carriage there8' ,tsze-lu told him1 ',it is ,k'ung ,ch'iu4' ',is it not ,k'ung ,ch'iu of ,lu8' asked he4 ',yes1' was the reply1 to which the other rejoined1 ',he knows the ford4' #c4 ,tsze-lu then inquired of ,chieh-ni1 who said to him1 ',who are you1 sir8' ,he answered1 ',i am ,chung ,yu4' ',are you not the disciple of ,k'ung ,ch'iu of ,lu8' asked the other4 ',i am1' replied he1 and then ,chieh-ni said to him1 ',disorder1 like a swelling flood1 spreads over the whole empire1 and who is he that will change its state for you8 ,than follow one who merely withdraws from this one and that one1 had you not better follow those who have withdrawn from the world altogether8' ,with this he fell to covering up the seed1 and proceeded with his work1 without stopping4 #d4 ,tsze-lu went and reported their remarks1 when the ,master observed with a sigh1 ',it is impossible to associate with birds and beasts1 as if they were the same with us4 ,if ,i associate not with these people1-- with mankind1-- with whom shall ,i associate8 ,if right principles prevailed through the empire1 there would be no use for me to change its state4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,tsze-lu1 following the ,master1 happened to fall behind1 when he met an old man1 carrying across his shoulder on a staff a basket for weeds4 ,tsze-lu said to him1 ',have you seen my master1 sir6' ,the old man replied1 ',your four limbs are unaccustomed to toil2 you cannot distinguish the five kinds of grain3-- who is your master8' ,with this1 he planted his staff in the ground1 and proceeded to weed4 #b4 ,tsze-lu joined his hands across his breast1 and stood before him4 #c4 ,the old man kept ,tsze-lu to pass the night in his house1 killed a fowl1 prepared millet1 and feasted him4 ,he also introduced to him his two sons4 #d4 ,next day1 ,tsze-lu went on his way1 and reported his adventure4 ,the ,master said1 ',he is a recluse1' and sent ,tsze-lu back to see him again1 but when he got to the place1 the old man was gone4 #e4 ,tsze-lu then said to the family1 ',not to take office is not righteous4 ,if the relations between old and young may not be neglected1 how is it that he sets aside the duties that should be observed between sovereign and minister8 ,wishing to maintain his personal purity1 he allows that great relation to come to confusion4 ,a superior man takes office1 and performs the righteous duties belonging to it4 ,as to the failure of right principles to make progress1 he is aware of that4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,the men who have retired to privacy from the world have been ,po-i1 ,shu-ch'i1 ,yu-chung1 ,i-yi1 ,chu-chang1 ,hui of ,liu-hsia1 and ,shao-lien4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ',refusing to surrender their wills1 or to submit to any taint in their persons2-- such1 ,i think1 were ,po-i and ,shu-ch'i4 #c4 ',it may be said of ,hui of ,liu-hsia1 and of ,shao-lien1 that they surrendered their wills1 and submitted to taint in their persons1 but their words corresponded with reason1 and their actions were such as men are anxious to see4 ,this is all that is to be remarked in them4 #d4 ',it may be said of ,yu-chung and ,i-yi1 that1 while they hid themselves in their seclusion1 they gave a license to their words2 but1 in their persons1 they succeeded in preserving their purity1 and1 in their retirement1 they acted according to the exigency of the times4 #e4 ',i am different from all these4 ,i have no course for which ,i am predetermined1 and no course against which ,i am predetermined4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,the grand music master1 ,chih1 went to ,ch'i4 #b4 ,kan1 the master of the band at the second meal1 went to ,ch'u4 ,liao1 the band master at the third meal1 went to ,ts'ai4 ,chueh1 the band master at the fourth meal1 went to ,ch'in4 #c4 ,fang-shu1 the drum master1 withdrew to the north of the river4 #d4 ,wu1 the master of the hand drum1 withdrew to the ,han4 #e4 ,yang1 the assistant music master1 and ,hsiang1 master of the musical stone1 withdrew to an island in the sea4 ,,chap4 ,x4 ,the duke of ,chau addressed his son1 the duke of ,lu1 saying1 ',the virtuous prince does not neglect his relations4 ,he does not cause the great ministers to repine at his not employing them4 ,without some great cause1 he does not dismiss from their offices the members of old families4 ,he does not seek in one man talents for every employment4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,to ,chau belonged the eight officers1 ,po-ta1 ,po- kwo1 ,chung-tu1 ,chung-hwu1 ,shu-ya1 ,shu-hsia1 ,chi-sui1 and ,chi-kwa4 ,,book ,,xix4 ,,tsze-,,chang4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,tsze-chang said1 ',the scholar1 trained for public duty1 seeing threatening danger1 is prepared to sacrifice his life4 ,when the opportunity of gain is presented to him1 he thinks of righteousness4 ,in sacrificing1 his thoughts are reverential4 ,in mourning1 his thoughts are about the grief which he should feel4 ,such a man commands our approbation indeed4' ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,tsze-chang said1 ',when a man holds fast to virtue1 but without seeking to enlarge it1 and believes right principles1 but without firm sincerity1 what account can be made of his existence or non-existence8' ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the disciples of ,tsze-hsia asked ,tsze-chang about the principles that should characterize mutual intercourse4 ,tsze- chang asked1 ',what does ,tsze-hsia say on the subject8' ,they replied1 ',tsze-hsia says3-- ,associate with those who can advantage you4 ,put away from you those who cannot do so4' ,tsze-chang observed1 ',this is different from what ,i have learned4 ,the superior man honours the talented and virtuous1 and bears with all4 ,he praises the good1 and pities the incompetent4 ,am ,i possessed of great talents and virtue8-- who is there among men whom ,i will not bear with8 ,am ,i devoid of talents and virtue8-- men will put me away from them4 ,what have we to do with the putting away of others8' ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',even in inferior studies and employments there is something worth being looked at2 but if it be attempted to carry them out to what is remote1 there is a danger of their proving inapplicable4 ,therefore1 the superior man does not practise them4' ,,chap4 ,v4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',he1 who from day to day recognises what he has not yet1 and from month to month does not forget what he has attained to1 may be said indeed to love to learn4' ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',there are learning extensively1 and having a firm and sincere aim2 inquiring with earnestness1 and reflecting with self-application3-- virtue is in such a course4' ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',mechanics have their shops to dwell in1 in order to accomplish their works4 ,the superior man learns1 in order to reach to the utmost of his principles4' ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',the mean man is sure to gloss his faults4' ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',the superior man undergoes three changes4 ,looked at from a distance1 he appears stern2 when approached1 he is mild2 when he is heard to speak1 his language is firm and decided4' ,,chap4 ,x4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',the superior man1 having obtained their confidence1 may then impose labours on his people4 ,if he have not gained their confidence1 they will think that he is oppressing them4 ,having obtained the confidence of his prince1 one may then remonstrate with him4 ,if he have not gained his confidence1 the prince will think that he is vilifying him4' ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',when a person does not transgress the boundary line in the great virtues1 he may pass and repass it in the small virtues4' ,,chap4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,tsze-yu said1 ',the disciples and followers of ,tsze-hsia1 in sprinkling and sweeping the ground1 in answering and replying1 in advancing and receding1 are sufficiently accomplished4 ,but these are only the branches of learning1 and they are left ignorant of what is essential4-- ,how can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught8' #b4 ,tsze-hsia heard of the remark and said1 ',alas6 ,yen ,yu is wrong4 ,according to the way of the superior man in teaching1 what departments are there which he considers of prime importance1 and delivers8 what are there which he considers of secondary importance1 and allows himself to be idle about8 ,but as in the case of plants1 which are assorted according to their classes1 so he deals with his disciples4 ,how can the way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them8 ,is it not the sage alone1 who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation of learning8' ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',the officer1 having discharged all his duties1 should devote his leisure to learning4 ,the student1 having completed his learning1 should apply himself to be an officer4' ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',mourning1 having been carried to the utmost degree of grief1 should stop with that4' ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,tsze-hsia said1 ',my friend ,chang can do things which are hard to be done1 but yet he is not perfectly virtuous4' ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',how imposing is the manner of ,chang6 ,it is difficult along with him to practise virtue4' ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',i heard this from our ,master3-- ,men may not have shown what is in them to the full extent1 and yet they will be found to do so1 on occasion of mourning for their parents4' ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,the philosopher ,tsang said1 ',i have heard this from our ,master3-- ,the filial piety of ,mang ,chwang1 in other matters1 was what other men are competent to1 but1 as seen in his not changing the ministers of his father1 nor his father's mode of government1 it is difficult to be attained to4' ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,the chief of the ,mang family having appointed ,yang ,fu to be chief criminal judge1 the latter consulted the philosopher ,tsang4 ,tsang said1 ',the rulers have failed in their duties1 and the people consequently have been disorganised1 for a long time4 ,when you have found out the truth of any accusation1 be grieved for and pity them1 and do not feel joy at your own ability4' ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',chau's wickedness was not so great as that name implies4 ,therefore1 the superior man hates to dwell in a low-lying situation1 where all the evil of the world will flow in upon him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',the faults of the superior man are like the eclipses of the sun and moon4 ,he has his faults1 and all men see them2 he changes again1 and all men look up to him4' ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,kung-sun ,ch'ao of ,wei asked ,tsze-kung1 saying1 ',from whom did ,chung-ni get his learning8' #b4 ,tsze-kung replied1 ',the doctrines of ,wan and ,wu have not yet fallen to the ground4 ,they are to be found among men4 ,men of talents and virtue remember the greater principles of them1 and others1 not possessing such talents and virtue1 remember the smaller4 ,thus1 all possess the doctrines of ,wan and ,wu4 ,where could our ,master go that he should not have an opportunity of learning them8 ,and yet what necessity was there for his having a regular master8' ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,shu-sun ,wu-shu observed to the great officers in the court1 saying1 ',tsze-kung is superior to ,chung-ni4' #b4 ,tsze-fu ,ching-po reported the observation to ,tsze-kung1 who said1 ',let me use the comparison of a house and its encompassing wall4 ,my wall only reaches to the shoulders4 ,one may peep over it1 and see whatever is valuable in the apartments4 #c4 ',the wall of my ,master is several fathoms high4 ,if one do not find the door and enter by it1 he cannot see the ancestral temple with its beauties1 nor all the officers in their rich array4 #d4 ',but ,i may assume that they are few who find the door4 ,was not the observation of the chief only what might have been expected8' ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,shu-sun ,wu-shu having spoken revilingly of ,chung-ni1 ,tsze-kung said1 ',it is of no use doing so4 ,chung-ni cannot be reviled4 ,the talents and virtue of other men are hillocks and mounds which may be stepped over4 ,chung-ni is the sun or moon1 which it is not possible to step over4 ,although a man may wish to cut himself off from the sage1 what harm can he do to the sun or moon8 ,he only shows that he does not know his own capacity4 ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 #a4 ,ch'an ,tsze-ch'in1 addressing ,tsze-kung1 said1 ',you are too modest4 ,how can ,chung-ni be said to be superior to you8' #b4 ,tsze-kung said to him1 ',for one word a man is often deemed to be wise1 and for one word he is often deemed to be foolish4 ,we ought to be careful indeed in what we say4 #c4 ',our ,master cannot be attained to1 just in the same way as the heavens cannot be gone up to by the steps of a stair4 #d4 ',were our ,master in the position of the ruler of a ,state or the chief of a ,family1 we should find verified the description which has been given of a sage's rule3-- he would plant the people1 and forthwith they would be established2 he would lead them on1 and forthwith they would follow him2 he would make them happy1 and forthwith multitudes would resort to his dominions2 he would stimulate them1 and forthwith they would be harmonious4 ,while he lived1 he would be glorious4 ,when he died1 he would be bitterly lamented4 ,how is it possible for him to be attained to8' ,,book ,,xx4 ,,yao ,,yueh4 ,,chap4 ,i4 #a4 ,yao said1 ',oh6 you1 ,shun1 the ,heaven-determined order of succession now rests in your person4 ,sincerely hold fast the due ,mean4 ,if there shall be distress and want within the four seas1 the ,heavenly revenue will come to a perpetual end4' #b4 ,shun also used the same language in giving charge to ,yu4 #c4 ,t'ang said1 ',i the child ,li1 presume to use a dark-coloured victim1 and presume to announce to ,thee1 ,o most great and sovereign ,god1 that the sinner ,i dare not pardon1 and thy ministers1 ,o ,god1 ,i do not keep in obscurity4 ,the examination of them is by thy mind1 ,o ,god4 ,if1 in my person1 ,i commit offences1 they are not to be attributed to you1 the people of the myriad regions4 ,if you in the myriad regions commit offences1 these offences must rest on my person4' #d4 ,chau conferred great gifts1 and the good were enriched4 #e4 ',although he has his near relatives1 they are not equal to my virtuous men4 ,the people are throwing blame upon me1 the ,one man4' #f4 ,he carefully attended to the weights and measures1 examined the body of the laws1 restored the discarded officers1 and the good government of the kingdom took its course4 #g4 ,he revived ,states that had been extinguished1 restored families whose line of succession had been broken1 and called to office those who had retired into obscurity1 so that throughout the kingdom the hearts of the people turned towards him4 #h4 ,what he attached chief importance to1 were the food of the people1 the duties of mourning1 and sacrifices4 #i4 ,by his generosity1 he won all4 ,by his sincerity1 he made the people repose trust in him4 ,by his earnest activity1 his achievements were great4 ,by his justice1 all were delighted4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,tsze-chang asked ,confucius1 saying1 ',in what way should a person in authority act in order that he may conduct government properly8' ,the ,master replied1 ',let him honour the five excellent1 and banish away the four bad1 things2-- then may he conduct government properly4' ,tsze-chang said1 ',what are meant by the five excellent things8' ,the ,master said1 ',when the person in authority is beneficent without great expenditure2 when he lays tasks on the people without their repining2 when he pursues what he desires without being covetous2 when he maintains a dignified ease without being proud2 when he is majestic without being fierce4' #b4 ,tsze-chang said1 ',what is meant by being beneficent without great expenditure8' ,the ,master replied1 ',when the person in authority makes more beneficial to the people the things from which they naturally derive benefit2-- is not this being beneficent without great expenditure8 ,when he chooses the labours which are proper1 and makes them labour on them1 who will repine8 ,when his desires are set on benevolent government1 and he secures it1 who will accuse him of covetousness8 ,whether he has to do with many people or few1 or with things great or small1 he does not dare to indicate any disrespect2-- is not this to maintain a dignified ease without any pride8 ,he adjusts his clothes and cap1 and throws a dignity into his looks1 so that1 thus dignified1 he is looked at with awe2-- is not this to be majestic without being fierce8' #c4 ,tsze-chang then asked1 ',what are meant by the four bad things8' ,the ,master said1 ',to put the people to death without having instructed them2-- this is called cruelty4 ,to require from them1 suddenly1 the full tale of work1 without having given them warning2-- this is called oppression4 ,to issue orders as if without urgency1 at first1 and1 when the time comes1 to insist on them with severity2-- this is called injury4 ,and1 generally1 in the giving pay or rewards to men1 to do it in a stingy way2-- this is called acting the part of a mere official4' ,,chap ,,iii4 #a4 ,the ,master said1 ',without recognising the ordinances of ,heaven1 it is impossible to be a superior man4 #b4 ',without an acquaintance with the rules of ,propriety1 it is impossible for the character to be established4 #c4 ',without knowing the force of words1 it is impossible to know men4'