,,fry+ ,,pan ,,f>m ,by ,elizabe? ,br[n ,pryor ,(fice ( ,compreh5sive ,plann+ ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia ,septemb]1 #aigi ,,fairfax ,,c\nty ,,bo>d ,,( ,,sup]visors ,john ,f4 ,h]rity1 ,*airman ,m>?a ,v4 ,p5n9o1 ,vice ,*airman ,joseph ,alex&] ,w>r5 ,i4 ,cik9s ,alan ,h4 ,magaz9e ,audrey ,moore ,james ,m4 ,scott ,john ,p4 ,%aco*is ,m>ie ,b4 ,travesky ,,fairfax ,,c\nty ,,hi/ory ,,commission ,donie ,rieg]1 ,*airman ,john ,p4 ,lib]ty1 ,vice ,*airman ,d5zil ,o4 ,evans ,b]n>d ,n4 ,bo/on ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 ,durham ,m>y ,m4 ,fahr+] ,c]es ,gask9s ,dana ,k4 ,gre5e ,william ,a4 ,kl5e ,virg9ia ,b4 ,pet]s ,edi? ,m4 ,spr\se ,mayo ,s4 ,/untz ,gloria ,m4 ,mat!ws1 ,lay\t ,c>olynn ,j4 ,ca/ellucci1 ,copy ,prep>ation ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,numb] #gi-ijeai ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,li/ ( ,illu/rations iv ,ackn[l$gm5ts v ,introduction #a ,"p ,i1 ,cont9uity #e ,"p ,,ii1 ,*ange #cf ,"p ,,iii1 ,pr(essionalization & an ,increas$ ,/&>d ( ,liv+ #ei ,"p ,,iv1 ,! ,new ,deal #hg ,"p ,v1 ,community #aae ,"p ,,vi1 ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k #abf ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,hold5 ,h>rison1 #aice #f ,h>rison dairy b>n1 #aicf #f ,mc,nair ,gu]nsey bull1 #aiah #g ,int]ior ,h>rison dairy b>n #g ,spr+ pl[+ on ,mc,nair f>m #ab ,%ock ( :eat1 ,ellmore f>m1 #aibe #ae ,me*anical hay load]1 #aice #ae ,small or*>d api>y1 #aibe #ag ,inv5tory ( #aibj f>m] #bj ,plan ( ,smi? f>m1 #aibi #ba ,rebecca ,rice cann+ fruit #be ,elizabe? ,h>rison1 ,h]ndon #be ,homemade manure sl$ #bg ,broadca/ h>ve/]1 #aiba #cg ,:eat be+ me*anically h>ve/$1 #aibe #cg ,tractor-drawn drill1 #aibb #dj ,mc,nair abo>d a ,r[ ,crop #gj tractor #dj ,soybeans on a demon/ration f>m1 #aibe #dc ,a wild *]ry tree de/roy$ by web worms #de ,h>d ,"w ,made ,easy & ,quick #ed ,! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,grange meet+1 #aidj #fj ,! ,floris ,home ,demon/ration ,club1 #aicj #fc ,a #d-;,h ,club1 ,a*ievem5t ,day displays1 #aicj #fc ,a community fair1 #aibb #fd ,a sugge/$ model f>m = ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #aibd #fd ,! #d-;,h ,girls ,camp at ,woodlawn1 #aibe #ff ,a ,pi$mont ,dairy ,fe/ival p>ade float1 #aicj #ff ,map ( improv$ & unimprov$ roads1 #aicj #gj ,/uck 9 ! mud on "o ( c\nty's roads #ga ,a]ial ( ,kidwell f>m & ,floris vic9ity #ge #aicj map ( ,floris community #hh ,g4 ,ray ,h>rison1 #aibe #ij ,e>ly ?re%+ ma*9e #aah ,laura ,p>ham & ,kim ,/anton "w 9 vegetable g>d5 #aah ,! f>my>d at ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m 9 ! e>ly fall #aah ,f>m]'s h\se--,fry+ ,pan ,f>m #abj ,two "y girls meet two "y goats #abj ,john ,hopk9s 9 ! ,m(fett ,blacksmi? ,%op #abj ,pat ,middleton at #d-;,h ,club ,fair #aba ,cattle judg+1 ,floris ,s*ool1 #aiej #aba ,dressage competition at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k1 #aigh #abc ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,coop]ation & goodwill 7 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! agricultural communities exam9$ 9 ?is /udy1 & x has be5 my pleasure to discov] t ^? qualities are /ill v evid5t today among ! c\nty's rural folk4 ,_m resid5ts ( ! ,h]ndon area %>$ _! p]sonal memories & (f]$ really old-fa%ion$ ,virg9ia hospitality to ^? do+ rese>*4 ,)\t ! help ( ,neal ,bailey1 ,elizabe? ,ellmore1 ,emma ,ellmore1 ,virg9ia ,gree>1 ,hold5 ,h>rison1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,ray ,h>rison1 ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee1 ,edna ,middleton1 ,john ,middleton1 ,rebecca ,middleton1 ,ri*>d ,peck1 ,elizabe? ,rice1 ,l\ise ,ryd]1 & ,m>y ,scott1 ?is monograph c\ld n h be5 complet$4 ,special m5tion mu/ be made ( retir$ ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,ag5t ,joseph ,be>d1 :o %>$ 8 detail$ k ( c\nty agricultural practices on num]\s occasions4 ,he will+ly arrang$ int]views ) c\nty f>m]s1 & (t5 help$ to break ! ice by accompany+ ! int]view]4 ,?is 0 always done ) abundant good humor & 8 en?usiasm 0 infecti\s4 ,i am also p>ticul>ly grateful to ,dr4 ,john ,t4 ,s*lebeck] ( ! ,extractive ,indu/ries ,division ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,8 exp]tise 9 ! field ( agricultural te*nology & special int]e/ 9 liv+ hi/orical f>ms add$ significantly to ! quality ( ! monograph4 ,additional ?anks g to ,an?ony ,pryor ( ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation :o read ?is pap] & help$ to put its conclusions 9 p]spective ) tr5ds ( agricultural economics4 ,nan ,ne!rton orig9ally conceiv$ ! project & did mu* ( ! initial gr\ndwork4 ,! majority ( int]views ) ,floris area f>m]s 7 conduct$ by h]4 ,mrs4 ,ne!rton's reputation 9 ! c\nty made x possible = u bo? to acquire private pap]s & photographs :i* might o!rwise h be5 ov]look$ or )held4 ,:at is m1 %e sympa!tically initiat$ me into ! project1 (f]+ sugge/ions & con/ructive aid )\t disc\rag+ my own ideas ab\t ! direction ! /udy %\ld take4 ,elizabe? ,br[n ,pryor ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia ,june #ba1 #aigi ,,introduction ,9 #aibe ,fairfax ,c\nty 0 /ill pr$om9antly rural 9 "*4 ,f>m]s occupi$ ov] half ( ! c\nty's l&1 liv+ on individual hold+s :i* av]ag$ #fb4e acres4 ,ne>ly #he ( ^! f>m]s 7 :ite & ( ?is gr\p only #ae did n own _! own f>m4 ,!y %>$ _! doma9 ) #c1fje horses1 #aa1fcf head ( cattle1 #e1djh sw9e1 #aga1ebf *ick5s & #agh mules4 ,"o-t5? ( ! f>ms enjoy$ ! use ( a tractor & #be _h a radio4 ,! av]age capital hold+ on l& & build+s 0 #h1bbi1 & ! ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m] nett$ some?+ less ?an #a1jjj income annually4#a ,^! figures give a skeleton picture ( ,fairfax ,c\nty's mo/ prom95t citiz5 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! two ,_w ,w>s2 :5 ! /ati/ics are translat$ 9 prose1 8 %ad[y =m ga9s weight4 ,! f>m] at ?is "t 0 a small l&[n]1 possess+ a f>m only z l>ge z 8 own family & a few hir$ labor]s c\ld manage4 ,al?\gh 8 capital hold+s 7 n huge1 !y 7 well above ! /ate av]age4 ,he _h ! pre/ige ( be+ a home[n]1 & ! pride ( work+ 8 own soil1 p]haps ! same soil 8 gr&p>5ts _h till$4 ,! rural family rais$ live/ock = _! own use1 b pr9cipally = ! m>ket1 & favor$ draft horses ov] tractors1 mules or ox5 to p[] f>m equipm5t4 ,?is f>m]'s "t 0 sp5t on a myriad ( duties & details--8 function 0 n yet totally specializ$--rang+ f but*]+ hogs to build+ *ick5 coops to ?9n+ corn4 ,he work$ = himself1 plann+ ! day's activities1 rely+ on 8 own judgm5t & initiative to cope ) ! v>y+ responsibilities he %\ld]$4 ,8 num]ical prom95ce gave him political & social lev]age4 ,x 0 ! rural way ( life t %ap$ ! c\nty & 8 dem&s :i* ne$$ to be met4 ,at fir/ glance ?is f>m]'s life seems temp]$ by nature & l>gely self-conta9$4 ,! daily r\t9e 0 e/abli%$ by seasons & sunlight2 =tunes 7 made or lo/ at ! m]cy ( ! w9d & ra94 ,a f>m 0 n only ! f>m]'s livelihood & work%op b 8 home4 ,?us1 unlike ! city work] ^: occupation 0 entirely sep>ate f home conc]ns1 c\ntry life _h a total integration4#b ,moreov]1 ! family f>m] possess$ a s5se ( cont9uity ) ! long tradition ( ! small l&[n] 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 _m respects 8 life 0 little *ang$ f t ( ! ?rifty1 en]getic & %rewd subsi/5ce f>m] :om ,?omas ,jeff]son _h prais$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury z ! ideal citiz5 ( a democracy4#c ,9 bo? />tl+ & subtle ways1 h[ev]1 ! traditional role ( ! family f>m] 0 *ang+ 9 ! #aibjs & #aicjs4 ,9 ,ell5 ,glasg['s novel ,b>r5 ,gr\nd1 :i* exam9es ! unc]ta9ties ( life on a nor!rn ,virg9ia dairy f>m1 ! h]o9e1 ,dor9da ,oakley1 describes h] emotional & economic reaction to ! po/ ,_w ,w> ,i p]iod3 ,) ! return ( peace %e hop$ t ! daily life on ! f>m w\ld slip back into ord]ly grooves2 b be=e ! end ( ! fir/ ye> %e discov]$ t ! demoralization ( peace 0 m difficult to combat ?an ! madness ( w>4 ,!re 0 no long] an ec/atic patriotism to inspire "o to fabul\s exploits4 ,! _w t _h be5 organiz$ = de/ruction appe>$ to h] to become z completely disorganiz$ = folly4444 ,! excessive wages paid = unskill$ lab\r 7 ru9\s to ! f>m]1 = ! field h&s :o _h e>n$ six doll>s a day f ! ,gov]nm5t 7 n satisfi$ to drive a pl\gh = ! small sum t _h enabl$ h] to reclaim ! ab&on$ mead[s ( five oaks4444 ,%e 0 us+ two tractor-pl\ghs on ! f>m2 b ! roads 7 almo/ impassable aga9 because none ( ! negroes c\ld be p]suad$ to "w on !m4 ,ev5 :5 %e employ$ m5 to repair ! /rip ( corduroy road betwe5 ! bridge & ! =k1 x 0 impossible to keep ! bad places firm en\gh = any c> heavi] ?an a ,=d to travel ov] !m4444#d ,?us1 social & te*nical advances t _h long be5 desir$ 9 rural areas bol/]$ ! f>m]'s optimism4 ,yet curi\sly en\gh ?is same progress (t5 j>r$ 8 expectations & f9ancial security4 ,improv$ roads meant improv$ m>kets1 & increas$ contact ) outside communities b1 along ) ! adv5t ( ! radio1 !y result$ 9 a homog5iz+ ( city & c\ntry ways1 & lur$ _m away f ! f>m4 ,conc]n = rural welf>e prompt$ all levels ( gov]nm5t to design programs to aid ! f>m]--programs :i* inde$ fur!r$ agriculture1 b at ! price ( well-mean+ int]f]5ce 9 a previ\sly highly individual sph]e4 ,amid regulations & =ms ! f>m] felt a nagg+ loss ( indep5d5ce4 ,p]haps mo/ /rik+ly1 widespread use ( gasol9e-p[]$ equipm5t *ang$ ! pace ( "w1 made him reliant on outside s\rces = fuel & p>ts1 & involv$ inve/m5ts :i* (t5 prohibit$ pur*ase or enc\rag$ specialization4 ,h5ce1 ! family f>m reta9$ its size & %ape b x c\ld no long] revel 9 complete self-reliance4 ,! model f>m at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k is a repres5tation ( ?is *ang+ way ( life4 ,x recognizes especially ! role ( ! family subsi/5ce f>m] & 8 contributions to ! economy & solid>ity ( ,fairfax ,c\nty's rural communities4 ,al?\gh ?is /udy focuses on ! in/itutions & p]sonalities ( ! ,floris-,h]ndon area1 x is meant to be g5]ic 9 scope4 ,dairy+1 :i* =ms "o emphasis ( ?is monograph1 0 widespread 9 ! area1 & ?\gh ea* di/rict _h its di/9ctive elem5ts1 ! und]ly+ social values & f>m+ me?ods 7 consi/5t ?r\gh\t ! c\nty4 ,9 ess5ce1 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m works mu* z a snap%ot w\ld to recall an important phase 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty's hi/ory4 ,x gives a brief glance at a _w we h lo/1 b :i* l+]s significantly 9 ! region's memory4 ,,notes ,introduction #a ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ( ,agriculture1 #aibe1 ,/ati/ics = ,virg9ia 7,wa%+ton4 ,d4,c41 #aibh74 #b ,see1 ,e4 ,p4 ,?ompson1 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,engli% ,work+ ,class 7,london1 #aiff71 #gf-gh4 #c ,= an ov]view ( ,jeff]son's political beliefs1 includ+ 8 admiration = ! small f>m]1 see ,john ,c4 ,mill]1 ,! ,f$]ali/ ,era 7,new ,york1 #aifh71 #gj-hc4 #d ,ell5 ,glasg[1 ,b>r5 ,gr\nd 7,ri*mond1 #aibe71 #ddh-di4 ,,"p ,i ,cont9uity ,tradition & p]sonal exp]i5ce color$ ! #bj? c5tury f>m]'s reactions4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to a _w 9 :i* 8 occupation & social /atus 7 assur$1 & *ildhood exp]i5ce probably l$ him to assume ! f>m]'s role naturally4 ,! rhy?ms ( f>m life 7 bas$ on ! immutable r\nd ( ! seasons4 ,ea* day's sun & w9d pull$ ! till] 9 its direction z did ! unceas+ ne$ to tame ! gr[? & habits ( bea/s & l&4 ,nature 0 ! f>m]'s clock1 & ?\gh he bid ! l& to produce :at he desir$1 x 0 ! e>? :i* fix$ 8 h\rs & *ores4 ,f ?is close association ) nature came a cont9uity & special bond betwe5 f>m]s1 :i* defi$ bo? "t & place4 ,al?\gh ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #bj? c5tury h]ald$ a new era ( specialization 9 agriculture1 ! f>m]s ( ,fairfax ,c\nty p]si/$ 9 execut+ ! v>i$ functions ( g5]al f>m+4 ,dairy+ might be ! emphasis on _m f>ms1 b x 0 r>ely pursu$ at ! exp5se ( production ( gra9 or food = home consumption4 ,v>iety cont9u$ to be an important quality ( f>m "w4 ,families on l>ge & specializ$ f>ms /ill did *ores simil> to ^? done by subsi/5ce f>m]s1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( "t allott$ = ea* task might diff]4 ,! rel5tlessness ( c]ta9 activities1 su* z fe$+ ! /ock1 0 ! same :e!r ! f>m boa/$ "o c[ or fifty4 ,?us di/9ctions betwe5 g5]al & specializ$ f>m]s 7 n s cle>-cut 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! foll[+ pages detail ! "w done on a small dairy f>m1 yet ! k9ds & me?ods ( activities also p]ta9 to ! f>m] ^: acreage 0 devot$ solely to g5]al f>m+4 ,p]petuity--a cont9ual ne$ to p]=m c]ta9 tasks & wat* ov] specific ev5ts on a daily basis--0 ! mo/ fundam5tal aspect ( f>m+4 ,! f>m]'s day began ) su* an int]m9able *ore3 milk+ ! c[s4 ,?is twice-daily task 01 ( c\rse1 p>ticul>ly important on dairy f>ms & its rel5tlessness is (t5 ! fir/ aspect to be m5tion$ 9 any f>m+ recollection4 ,:5 y h dairy c[s1 ,joseph ,be>d1 :o grew up 9 ! ,floris area1 ackn[l$g$1 t's a #cfe-;day proposition reg>dless ( :e!r y're sick or any?+ l t4 ,ano!r resid5t1 ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee1 expla9$ x m t]sely3 ,c[s & h5s & milk trucks did n take holidays4#e ,! fir/ milk+ 0 e>ly 9 ! morn+ & mo/ f>m]s rose ar\nd f\r a4m4#f ,! m5 & any hir$ h&s usually began milk+ ar\nd #d3cj a4m41 :ile ! wom5 prep>$ breakfa/4 ,:at might initially appe> to ! outsid] z a pleas+ novelty 0 h>d & dem&+ "w4 ,?is 0 especially true 9 ! morn+ :5 bo? ! new & (t5 ! previ\s night's milk ne$$ to be haul$ to ,h]ndon = ! e>ly tra9 into ,wa%+ton4 ,ray ,h>rison1 ) 8 bro!r ! own] ( "o ( ! area's bigge/ h]ds1 c\ld milk a c[ 9 six m9utes--quick] ?an a lot p c\ld d x#g--;b ev5 at ?is rate1 milk+ 8 #hj-odd c[s 0 a =midable und]tak+4 ,john ,middleton1 :o liv$ d[n ! road f ! ,h>risons1 e/imat$ x took ab\t #a-a_/b h\rs = sev5 p to milk 8 h]d ( #dj c[s2 !y b>ely f9i%$ 9 "t = ! hir$ man1 :o took ! milk to ,h]ndon1 to grab a s&wi* & cup ( c(fee to eat en r\te4#h ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( a confid5t & successful f>m]4 ,hold5 ,h>rison1 c4 #aice4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,ray ,h>rison4 ,illu/ration3 ,! well-equipp$ dairy b>n own$ by ! ,h>rison ,bro!rs1 c4 #aicf4 ,! ,h>risons own$ "o ( ! c\nty's l>ge/ h]ds4 ,photo c\rtesy ,hold5 & ,ray ,h>rison4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,gu]nsey bull own$ by ,wilson ,d4 ,mc,nair4 ,acquir$ 9 #aiah1 x 0 among ! e>lie/ pure-br$ /ock 9 ! area4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! int]ior ( a l>ge & well-ma9ta9$ dairy b>n on ! f>m ( ,hold5 & ,ray ,h>rison4 ,! b>n c\ld h\se ov] #ej c[s4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,hold5 & ,ray ,h>rison4 ,! milk :i* travel$ to ,h]ndon 0 /ra9$ to remove any extrane\s matt] & cook$ to ab\t #ce deg4 ,f to ret>d spoilage & r$uce ! risk ( spread+ bact]ial infections4 ,?is 0 a real problem until me*aniz$ refrig]ators became available1 & ! f>m]s _h to use consid]able +5uity to keep _! milk *ill$4 ,"s1 l ! ,middletons1 kept ! milk 9 ! well ov]night1 & ,wilson ,mc,nair wrote t 8 family /or$ ! milk 9 tall cans set 9 cold wat]4 ,occasionally m dra/ic action 0 ne$$4 ,c y imag9e go+ out to ,h]ndon & gett+ great big *unks ( ice & putt+ x 9 a wa%+ tub & sett+ a c ( milk 9 & keep+ x cool all night long8 qu]i$ ,joseph ,be>d4#i ,milk e>m>k$ = home use und]w5t ! fur!r process ( sep>at+ ! ?ick cream f ! re/ ( ! milk4 ,9 ! days be=e me*anical sep>ators ! milk _h to /& sev]al h\rs = ! cream to rise1 & x 0 !n skimm$ by h& or ! milk drawn (f f ! bottom ( a c ) a spigot4 ,me*anical sep>ators /reaml9$ ?is task by all[+ ! milk to be sep>at$ :ile /ill w>m1 us+ c5trifugal action to br+ ! heavi] cream p>ticles to ! bottom ( ! ma*9e4 ,:ile ! f>m]s sat d[n to breakfa/ ! roads />t$ fill+ ) wagons & trucks br++ ! day's milk f ! entire area4 ,l ,alex&ria & ,falls ,*ur*1 ! c\nty's o!r major %ipp+ c5t]s1 ,h]ndon s]v$ :at 0 kn[n z a milk%$ area1 t is a community ^: milk c\ld be transport$ to t locality )\t spoil+4 ,"h too ! fre%ness ( ! milk 0 ( crucial conc]n4 ,h]ndon1 ) its electric c>s on ! ,wa%+ton & ,old ,dom9ion ,railroad1 s]v$ mo/ ( ! c\nty's ,dranesville di/rict2 h[ev]1 ,floris' close proximity to ,h]ndon gave x an add$ advantage1 = ev5 pack$ 9 ice wat]1 milk c\ld easily spoil dur+ ! sultry summ] mon?s4#aj ,a f>m] ) a good-siz$ h]d su* z ,john ,middleton w\ld haul eight or m t5-gallon cans ( milk to ! depot dep5d+ on ! "t ( ye>4 ,! milk 0 transport$ 9 a light wagon ) two horses1 :i* g5]ally held only "o f>m's milk1 ?\gh sometimes two or m families %>$ ?is duty4 ,rebecca ,middleton recall$ h] bro!r collect+ cans 9 an e>ly model truck ) a canvas top2 he trad$ haul+ ) ! neighbor+ ,bradleys4#aa ,= a %ort "t a community co-op1 bas$ 9 ,floris1 0 also e/abli%$ to collect milk = %ipm5t to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4#ab ,z ?is milk-lad5 c>avan approa*$ ,h]ndon1 ! small /ation !re bu/l$ sudd5ly ) activity4 ,= at lea/ "o local resid5t1 ! sight & s\nds 7 memorable4 ,! bang+ ( ! milk cans at ! depot1 recall$ ,lottie ,s*neid]1 :o grew up 9 ,h]ndon1 444 res\nd$ f> & wide4 ,i lik$ to he> x 444 = busy m5 7 work+ & x 0 a fri5dly s\nd4#ac ,milk+ 01 ( c\rse1 j "o ( _m *ores involv$ on ! family f>m4 ,aft] a #f3cj breakfa/ 7/ill e>ly 9 ! eyes ( _m city dwell]s7 !re 7 /alls to clean1 equipm5t to /]ilize1 o!r f>m animals to be c>$ =4 ,mo/ ,fairfax f>ms reta9$ a few animals = home use ev5 :5 conc5trat+ on milk production4 ,be=e me*anization completely revolutioniz$ f>m "w1 draft horses provid$ ! f>m's muscle & a fifty-acre f>m w\ld ne$ two to f\r = pl[+1 rak+ hay1 & cutt+ :eat ) a b9d]4 ,! fe$+ & groom+ ( ^! animals =m$ a vital task4 ,?\gh ,lang & ,hur/'s comm]cial meat wagon came ?r\gh ,floris & o!r communities ea* ,saturday1 _m families kept hogs & *ick5s = _! own consumption4#ad ,elizabe? ,rice f ! ,oakton area /at$ t1 despite h] husb&'s reluctance to sp5d en]gy on any facet ( f>m+ outside dairy+1 !y rais$ hogs1 kept on ! back end ( ! f>m 9 ! woods4#ae ,9 ,floris ne>ly e family also rais$ hogs & *ick5s & ,hold5 ,h>rison rememb]$ t !y us$ to get ab\t a hundr$ *icks ea* spr+--we'd eat !m all up by fall4#af ,few ,floris area f>ms kept %eep1 ?\gh c5sus figures %[ ab\t #a1bjj 9 ! c\nty dur+ ?is p]iod4#ag ,9 addition1 dogs1 cats1 mules & an occasional goat made up ! f>m population1 all dem&+ ! f>m]'s att5tion & "t4 ,) ! /ock wat]$1 f$1 giv5 fre% b$d+1 & possibly turn$ out to pa/ure1 ! f>m] c\ld turn 8 att5tion to crops & o!r matt]s4 ,c5sus records %[ hay & corn to be ,fairfax ,c\nty's mo/ important crops4 ,little ( ^! 7 sold comm]cially1 h[ev]1 r !y 7 us$ z support crops = ! dairy indu/ry4#ah ,hay & fe$ /ores ab\nd$ 9 neighbor+ t[ns b mo/ dairym5 attempt$ to supply _! own /raw1 ensilage & gra91 ?us cutt+ co/s by mak+ ! mo/ effici5t use ( _! l&4 ,?is involv$ rais+ sev]al crops & a ye>-r\nd ef=t ( cultivation4 ,"w began 9 e>ly spr+ :5 a team ( horses--lat] a tractor--pull$ a /eel pl[ across ea* field1 turn+ up ! e>? into a r\gh & lumpy mass4 ,little 0 kn[n ( cont\r pl[+ or plant+ at ?is "t1 & ! team 0 driv5 back & =? 9 /raight r[s4 ,c4 ,t4 ,rice & ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r bo? not$ t erosion 0 a major problem 9 ! area at ! "t4#ai ,! newly brok5 gr\nd 0 !n work$ ) a drag1 g5]ally made ( heavy logs *a9$ toge!r & topp$ ) a plat=m on :i* ! driv] /ood4 ,! purpose ( ?is implem5t 0 to use ! weight ( ! drag to break up ! soil clods4 ,aft] ?is 0 f9i%$1 a field /ill ne$$ to be work$ once m be=e plant+1 ?is "t ) a h>r[4 ,! h>r[ resembl$ a l>ge1 spike-too!d rake1 ) two sections1 ea* conta9+ f\r r[s ( tee?4 ,pass$ ov] ! field1 x /irr$ up ! gr\nd & cont9u$ ! pulv]ization ( ! soil to make a mell[1 friable se$ b$4#bj ,^! *ores 7 exact+ & "t-consum+4 ,neal ,bailey1 :o has sp5t _m ( 8 #ff ye>s 9 work+ fields ar\nd ,floris1 e/imat$ t a man & /rong team c\ld h>r[ or drag b a t5-acre field 9 ab\t #f-a_/b h\rs4 ,pl[+ took ev5 long]4 ,mo/ ( ! l& 0 h>d to pl[ & we _h to />t z soon z possible 9 ! spr+ 9 ord] to get ?r\gh be=e x got too h>d & sometimes we didn't make x1 wrote ,wilson ,mc,nair4 ,! majority ( f>m]s c\ld pl[ only an acre or acre & a half 9 a day's "t4#ba ,fairfax ,c\nty's soil 7pr9cipally ,*e/] loam1 a clay soil ) a slightly acidic base7 0 deep1 f]tile &1 z ,joseph ,be>d put x1 adapt$ to gr[+ ! k9ds ( ?+s c[s l to eat at a reasonable price4#bb ,because x 0 some:at acidic1 ! soil b5efitt$ f ! addition ( lime &1 ( c\rse1 ne$$ o!r f]tiliz]s4 ,f]tilization te*niques _h be5 kn[n = hundr$s ( ye>s 7,george ,wa%+ton burn$ oy/] %ells to obta9 lime = 8 fields71 h[ev]1 _! b5efits 7 n always fully und]/ood4 ,mo/ f>m]s spread manure & "s guano on _! cropl&1 b correct *emical balances = specific crops 7 a*iev$ only infrequ5tly4 ,(t5 ! small l&[n] did n h sp>e fields to lie fall[ = a ye>--! ideal situation = soil enri*m5t4 ,we spread "s lime a "t or two1 b n ne>ly en\gh1 admitt$ ,wilson ,mc,nair4 ,we got burn$ lump lime & dump$ x on ! gr\nd 9 piles ( "o bu%el & :5 x _h slak$ we spread x ) a %ovel4 ,! spread+ itself c\ld be a problem1 especially :5 ! e>lie/ trucks began to be us$ 9 ! mid-#aibjs4 ,a truck haul+ sev5 or eight tons ( lime w\ld bog d[n 9 a wet field3 ,! only way y c\ld get out 0 to dump ! lime1 & if y dump$ ! lime y 7 9 ! hole y got /uck 94 ,?us1 a lack ( und]/&+ ( soil build+ te*niques 0 c\pl$ ) ! physical difficulty ( f]tilization1 to inhibit ! optimum effici5cy ( ! l& 9 ! e>ly #bj? c5tury4#bc ,) ! soil prep>$1 ! crops c\ld be s[n4 ,9 ! fall1 g5]ally betwe5 mid-,octob] & ,?anksgiv+1 w9t] :eat 0 plant$4 ,a drill or me*anical plant] drawn by horses 0 us$1 :i* c\ld be adapt$ = use ) oats1 b>ley or rye4 ,! area _h once be5 a pr9cipal :eat-gr[+ region1 b 9 ! e>ly #bj? c5tury dairym5 cultivat$ :eat *iefly = ! /raw :i* 0 us$ = b$d+4 ,9 ! mid-#aicjs1 h[ev]1 ! availability ( c]tifi$ se$ 7se$ :i* 0 gr[n to be ( a uni=m & e/abli%$ v>ietal type1 mu* z g5etically pure live/ock 0 br$7 rais$ ! quality ( ,fairfax :eat & slightly increas$ ! gra9's m>ketability4#bd ,edi? ,rog]s1 a long-"t ,floris resid5t & = _m ye>s a memb] ( ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 grew :eat on h] family's f>m to use 9 *ick5 fe$1 & to h mill$ into fl\r = home use4 ,x 0 gr\nd at ! ,h]ndon ,mill+ ,company4#be ,l ! use ( c]tifi$ se$1 increas$ und]/&+ ( f]tilization & crop rotation practices boo/$ production ( :eat p] acre1 yet x nev] ga9$ prom95ce z ev5 a second>y crop4 ,9 l>ge "p ?is 0 due to ! fact t :eat 0 a less desirable +r$i5t 9 cattle fe$ ?an 0 corn or ev5 soybeans4#bf ,corn 0 plant$ 9 ! spr+1 g5]ally 9 late ,april4 ,aga9 a drill 0 employ$1 :i*1 plant+ two r[s at a "t1 enabl$ ! f>m] to plant ab\t t5 acres 9 "o day4 ,! wide v>iety ( uses = corn made x ,fairfax ,c\nty's mo/ important gra9 crop & a #aibf report on ! area's agriculture obs]v$ t ne>ly e f>m has m or less corn4#bg ,n only 0 ! gra9 a *ief +r$i5t 9 ! dairy cattle's conc5trate or fe$ mixture1 b x 0 us$ to fe$ horses1 *ick5s & to fatt5 pigs ne> but*]+ "t4 ,! leaves & /alks 7 gr\nd = ensilage or /or$ 9 ! %ock = dry fodd]4 ,dur+ ! #aibjs1 ,c\nty ,ag5t ,d]r promot$ a cont9ual campaign to improve ! area's corn production & ev5 introduc$ a new v>iety1 dubb$ ,fairfax ,c\nty ,:ite ,corn1 because ( its local success4 ,he also work$ to increase yields ( o!r popul> /ra9s1 notably ,reid's ,yell[ ,d5t4 ,9 a report on 8 "w 9 ?is field 9 #aibe1 ,d]r %[s 8 me?ods to be n f> remov$ f ! e>ly g5etic exp]im5tation ( ,gregor ,m5del4 ,= ! pa/ f\r ye>s ! writ] has assi/$ "o ( 8 be/ demon/rators 9 improv+ 8 crop ( ,reid's ,yell[ ,d5t ,corn4 ,! fir/ ye> ! be/ #ej e>s 7 plant$ 9 #ej sep>ate r[s & at h>ve/ "t ! be/ yield+ #aj r[s 7 select$ = ! next ye>'s "w4 ,?is "w 0 cont9u$1 ea* ye> ! numb] ( r[s be+ r$uc$4 ,?is ye> ! results %[ a v uni=m type ( corn4444#bh ,soybeans began to be introduc$ into ! area dur+ ?is p]iod & ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m]s also s[$ v>i\s grasses = summ] pa/urage & to make hay = w9t] fe$+4 ,timo?y & clov] pr$om9at$ among pa/ure crops4 ,"s f>m]s p]si/$ 9 rais+ alfalfa1 despite ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r's repeat$ prote/s t x 0 unpr(itable on ! c\nty's lime-poor soil4#bi ,a few ambiti\s f>m]s ev5 exp]im5t$ ) grasses attempt+ to f9d ^? :i* produc$ ! highe/ milk yields & "o w5t s f> z to h a special lad9o clov] se$ br\ght f ,oregon because he felt x increas$ ! ri*ness ( 8 milk4#cj ,z ) :eat & corn1 improv$ v>ietal types & /rict] control ov] ! uni=mity ( ! se$ greatly aid$ ! cultivator4 ,illu/ration3 ,spr+ pl[+ on ! ,mc,nair f>m ne> ,floris4 ,! s]5e aspect ( ! pre-me*anization f>m is evid5t 9 ?is photograph tak5 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,naturally1 ! f>m]'s "w only began ) ! s[+ ( ! se$1 = activity cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! "w ( calv+1 ( prun+ or*>d trees1 digg+ g>d5 b$s1 & trimm+ cattle hooves occurr$ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 e>ly summ] ! corn 0 ?9n$ f f\r to two /alks p] hill1 by us+ a %>p /ick to dig ! /alks out4 ,!n1 t[>d ! end ( ,june ! w9t] :eat 0 h>ve/$4 ,cut ) a b9d] & ti$ 9 bundles1 x 0 %ock$ 7put 9 /acks ( t5 to twelve bundles1 wigwam fa%ion1 ) a bundle on top to %$ wat]1 or /ack$ on poles 9 a m\nd ) ! outside slop+ a bit to let ! ra9 run (f7 & left to dry 9 ! field4 ,if ?re%$ by h& aft] ab\t a mon? x _h to be ga!r$ & tak5 to ! b>n = fur!r dry+4 ,9 ! #aibjs1 h[ev]1 only a few f>m]s /ill wield$ ! flail2 mo/ ?re%+ 0 done by /eam & lat] gas-p[]$ ?re%+ ma*9es :i* travell$ f f>m to f>m4 ,wilson ,mc,nair describ$ ^! cumb]some & sometimes dang]\s ma*9es ?is way3 ,! ?re%] 0 run & pull$ by a traction eng9e4 ,!y mov$ sl[ly only ab\t #b mi4 an h\r4 ,! eng9e _h a wat] tank m\nt$ on ea* side 9 ! re> to c>ry wat] :ile x 0 mov+ f "o place to ano!r4444 ,! eng9es all _h :i/les & !y w\ld bl[ !m e once 9 a :ile :5 !y 7 on ! road s we w\ld "k !y 7 com+4 ,we _h to haul up "s wood to fire ! eng9e be=e we ?re%$4444 ,9 lat] ye>s we _h self-pack+ & weigh+ ?re%]s ) bl[]s t mov$ ! /raw fur!r f ! ?re%]4 ,"o "t ,mr4 ,hornbak] ?re%$ = u4 ,we _h a small eng9e & ?re%] t 0 pull$ by a team4 ,:ile we 7 wa%+ up = d9n] "s "o look$ up & saw smoke1 on ! o!r side ( ! b>n :]e ! ?re%] 04 ,all h&s ran up !re & pull$ ! ?re%] out ( ! way & sav$ ! :eat t 0 ?re%$1 b ! /raw burn$ up4 ,a sp>k f ! eng9e _h fall5 into ! /raw4#ca ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s ( ! cultivation process1 insect control 0 also a major consid]ation4 ,by ! late #aicjs a few l>ge f>ms1 su* z ! ,h>risons1 c\ld hire an airplane to du/ _! crops1 b mode/ f>ms ( necessity reli$ on h& labor = ?is1 z mo/ o!r *ores4 ,z 444 new v>ieties ( clov]1 alfalfa1 & o!r plants came to be us$1 seems l ! insects came along ) !m1 lam5t$ "o f>m]4#cb ,! ,japanese beetle1 introduc$ into ,am]ica 9 ! #aibjs1 wreck$ p>ticul> havoc ) ! crucial corn crop4 ,! ,japanese beetle 0 j awful1 recall$ ,ray ,h>rison1 x w\ld eat ! tassel up :i* poll9at$ ! corn 444 !n w\ld get "r into ! e> ( ! corn & g "r d[n into ! %uck+s4#cc ,aga9/ ^! pe/s1 & ! inevitable de/ruction ( wildlife1 wea!r1 & we$s1 ! f>m] _h to ma9ta9 an et]nal vigilance4 ,mu* ( ! gr[+ season 0 sp5t 9 monitor+ ^! de/ructive =ces4 ,! b5efits ( ?is wat*fulness became app>5t ) ! h>ve/4 ,z m5tion$ above1 :eat 0 ! e>lie/ crop reap$ b ! major h>ve/+ 0 done e>ly 9 ,septemb]4 ,corn 0 cut & %ock$ at ?is "t1 & ! l>ge task ( fill+ ! silo 0 und]tak54 ,to d ?is /alks & leaves ( ! corn 7 *opp$ by an ensilage cutt]4 ,l ! ?re%]1 ?is ma*9e 0 g5]ally own$ by an outside ag5t2 x travell$ f f>m to f>m to process ea* f>m]'s fodd]4 ,! e>ly cutt]s 7 p[]$ by /eam1 b l num]\s o!r f>m in/rum5ts1 gasol9e-driv5 equipm5t 0 develop$ dur+ ,_w ,w> ,i4 ,on a l>ge f>m up to tw5ty m5 7 ne$$ to keep a ?re%+ ma*9e or ensilage cutt] go+4 ,bundles ( corn 7 *opp$ by ! ma*9e & !n convey$ to a fan :i* blew ! ensilage ?r\gh a pipe into ! silo4 ,!re "o to f\r m5 tamp$ x d[n & guid$ ! nozzle on ! bl[] pipe to insure ev5 di/ribution4 ,x 0 dirty "w1 ! corn /alks ooz+ juice & /ick+ z t5aci\sly z burrs to ! clo!s1 h&s & hair ( ^? work+ 9 ! silo4 ,a small l&[n] might complete ! silo fill+ process 9 a day1 b = l>ge f>ms x (t5 took ! bett] "p ( a week4#cd ,j z ! spr+ br\ght =? a burgeon+ activity1 s did ?+s happ5 ) a ru% 9 ! fall4 ,hay+ 0 done j be=e ! corn h>ve/1 9 ! hot1 late summ] days :i* w\ld cure ! new-m[n grass 9 ! field4 ,to cut ! hay ! c\nty's f>m]s (t5 us$ a "o- or two-horse rake ) a s+le atta*m5t to raise or l[] ! rake's tee? :5 pass+ ov] a mead[4 ,! dri$ hay1 ) its almo/ ov]p[]+ly sweet smell1 0 lift$ by =ks into a wagon1 tramp$ d[n1 !n transport$ to fill bur/+ b>ns4 ,! lea/ me*aniz$ f>ms =k$ ! hay into ! l(ts by h& b lat] b>ns 7 equipp$ ) a me*anical =k = lift+ ! hay4 ,hay+ _h to be done at precisely ! "r "t or ! grass w\ld n cure prop]ly & ! hay w\ld spoil4 ,! comb9ation ( heat1 h>d1 backbreak+ "w1 & ! necessity = hurry made hay+ a p>ticul>ly fatigu+ "t4#ce ,mo/ ( ! h>ve/ 0 us$ "r on ! f>m4 ,l manure1 :i* 0 recycl$ to enri* fields & g>d5s1 ! gra9 & hay crops w5t to n\ri% ! f>m's dairy animals4 ,little 0 m>ket$ & little 0 wa/$4 ,t prov$ to be ! be/ ?+ y c\ld d1 not$ ,hold5 ,h>rison1 gr[ z mu* ( y\r own fe$ = y\r cattle z y c\ld4 ,y sold y\r 444 crop production ?r\gh y\r milk c4#cf ,illu/ration3 ,a %ock ( :eat on ! ,ellmore f>m ne> ,floris4 ,on ?is p>ticul>ly successful f>m ! :eat 0 sold = se$ to help improve ! /ock on o!r area f>ms4 ,photo 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is me*anical hay load] on ! ,h>rison ,bro!rs' f>m ne> ,floris dates f #aice4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,! fruits ( ! ye>'s labor came n only f ! hay fields b f g>d5 & or*>d1 ^: abundance _h to be ga!r$1 pres]v$ & /or$ 9 ! late summ] season4 ,fairfax ,c\nty _h once be5 a major truck f>m+ section b ! onslaught ( insects & competition f l>ge comm]cial or*>ds 7su* z ^? 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley7 _h relegat$ ?is produce to ! realm ( home use4 ,! ,a4 ,s4 ,h>rison f>m includ$ plum1 apple1 pea* & *]ry trees & ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee recall$ t *]ries1 pe>s & apples grew 9 h] family's or*>d4 ,sometimes pe>s & apples 7 made into cid] b mo/ ( ! fruit 0 dri$ or cann$ = w9t] use4 ,_m f>m]s made ! extra ef=t to keep bees "u _! fruit trees because !y aid$ poll9ation & produc$ honey f ! blossoms4 ,! ,lees 7 among ^? :o enjoy$ ! s(t hum ( ! bees among ! or*>d trees4 ,m>g>et ,lee especially lik$ to recall !m d>t+ busily betwe5 ! fragrant :ite %eets1 :5 ! wa%+ 0 hung 9 ! y>d4#cg ,! vegetable g>d51 too1 _h a prom95t place 9 ! f>m s*eme4 ,elizabe? ,rice not$ t ev]yone _h a good g>d51 gr[+ su* ?+s z sweet corn1 limas1 /r+ beans1 potatoes1 tomatoes1 & asp>agus4#ch ,o!rs m5tion$ lettuce1 h]bs & popcorn 9 ! family vegetable pat* & _m f>ms _h grape arbors4#ci ,l o!r areas ( cultivation1 ! g>d5 plot requir$ c>e & att5tion = ?ree seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! r\nd ( soil prep>ation1 plant+1 n\ri%+ & h>ve/+ add$ additional responsibilities to ! multitude ( duties :i* already cr[d$ ! sunlight h\rs4 ,/ill1 ! rew>ds 7 great3 self-suffici5cy1 economy1 & ! enjoym5t ( ! e>?'s fre% b\nty4 ,) ! h>ve/ ov] ! f>m] w\ld fill ! less hectic w9t] h\rs ) ! un5d+ m9utia ( ! f>m4 ,f5ce & equipm5t m5d+s1 cutt+ ice f ponds & riv]s1 *opp+ wood1 & grubb+ up trees all _h a "p 9 8 busy life4 ,ano!r bur/ ( activity occurr$ 9 e>ly w9t] :5 animals 7 but*]$ = ! ye>'s meat4 ,mo/ f>m families b\ght _! beef 9 ,h]ndon1 b ne>ly ev]yone kept hogs = home consumption4#dj ,neal ,bailey1 a vet]an ( _m local but*]+s1 describ$ !m 9 ?is p>ticul>ly detail$ mann]3 ,two to ?ree meat hogs p] ye> 7 rais$ & slaught]$1 all ab\t ,?anksgiv+4 ,f>m]s us$ to d ev]y?+ by ! almanac4 ,two m5 w\ld grab a hog & ?r[ x on its back & cut ! jugul> ve9 ) a but*] knife4 ,! pig 0 ?r[n !n into a scald+ tr\gh--a metal tr\gh ) wat] plac$ ov] a wood fire burn+ 9 a tr5*4444 ,9 ! old days1 ! local f>m]s heat$ rocks r$ hot & ?rew !m 9 a big b>rel ( wat]4 ,x 0 a day's "w to haul rocks = ?is4 ,! hair 0 scald$ & scrap$ (f4 ,!n ! hog 0 gutt$4 ,old folks us$ to take ! insides & make *itl9s out ( !m4 ,i nev] ate !m myself4 ,! hogs 7 hung up ov]night 9 a %$ or 9 a tree :]e dogs c\ldn't get x1 to let ! c>casses cure4 ,! sk9 0 left on ! c>cass1 & next day1 x 0 cut up & salt$ d[n 9 a box4 ,x 0 kept tight s flies & mice c\ldn't get 94444 ,any?+ t 0 left 9 spr+ 0 smok$ to pres]ve x ?r\gh ! summ]4#da ,illu/ration3 ,a small or*>d api>y kept to provide honey & aid poll9ation ( ! fruit trees4 ,photo 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,ea* family pres]v$ its own meat & z ,emma ,ellmore relat$1 ev]ybody _h 8 own pet recipe 444 = mix+ ! salt & ! br[n sug>--& "s smok$ ! meat & "s didn't4 ,l>d _h to be r5d]$ = /orage 9 ! cell>1 sausage h&-gr\nd & cann$ or froz51 ! heads boil$ until ! meat left ! bones1 !n *opp$ & press$ into a pan ) ! pot liquor to make head*eese4 ,but*]+ "t seems to h be5 an especially un=gettable occasion1 = its details /& out %>ply 9 ! m9ds ( _m4 ,aft] but*]+ ea* ye>1 ,"m made 444 buck:eat cakes to eat ) fre% sausage1 rem9isc$ ,m>g>et ,peck4 ,bak$ on a long black griddle1 ov] a wood /ove1 spread ) homemade butt] & topp$ ) corn syrup1 !y 7 ! "r beg9n+ = a w9t] day4#db ,= ,floris resid5ts1 ! smells & ta/es ( a "t seem to :irl ! memory backw>d ) p>ticul> acuity4 ,ev5 9 ! hectic activity ( h>ve/1 a f>m] 0 oblig$ to move ?r\gh ! ev5+ r\t9e ( milk+1 fe$+ & b$d+ 8 animals4 ,) ^! tasks complet$1 & a f9al *eck on ! b>ns to see t all 0 snug1 ! f>m]'s day 0 ne>ly complete by ab\t #f3jj4 ,he ate a he>ty supp]1 !n read ,! ,s\!rn ,plant]1 & possibly m5d$ f>m ma*9]y or did a little "w 9 ! b>n4#dc ,= ^? :o arose at #d3jj a4m4 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 sleep came e>ly & ! h\se 0 usually d>k by #i3jj p4m4#dd 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all ( ?is activity ( cultivation1 ! ru% ( h>ve/1 & regul>ity ( day-to-day *ores1 ! f>m] work$1 n alone1 b 9 conjunction ) 8 family4 ,unlike ! indu/rial work]1 ^: employm5t 0 discrete & sep>ate f 8 home life1 ! f>m]'s home 0 8 work%op1 & 8 labor directly connect$ to 8 su/5ance4 ,8 family 0 an integral "p ( ?is s*eme2 f> f be+ remov$ f ! h\sehold's =m ( support1 !y 7 intimately b\nd up 9 x4 ,wife1 husb&1 *ildr5 & gr&p>5ts all contribut$ 9 _! di/9ct sph]e4 ,! t]m family f>m 0 no idle d5om9ation1 b a recognition ( ! importance ! entire family play$ 9 ! smoo? op]ation ( ! f>m4 ,! relation%ip ( a f>m husb& & wife 0 9 _m ways a tru] p>tn]%ip ?an t ( ! urban m>riage4 ,a f>m] ne$s a wife l he ne$s ! ra91 is an old f>m say+1 exp\nd$ = decades 9 ! f>m]'s almanacs4 ,x has n[ be5 collaborat$ by rural sociologi/s to %[ t f>m effici5cy 0 bas$ l>gely on ! p>tn]s' %>$ duties4#de ,! f>m]s !mselves seem$ to realize ?is4 ,9 a #aicb nationwide survey ( factors :i* f>m]s reg>d$ z mo/ important to _! success1 co-op]ation ( wives 0 rank$ second4#df ,! activities ( rural m5 & wom5 7 co-equal1 n id5tical4 ,wom5 r>ely work$ 9 ! fields except 9 ! press ( h>ve/+ :5 !y might drive a horse to pull up ! hay =k--:at we've all done1 ,i guess1 agre$ "o gr\p ( ,floris wom54#dg ,!y only occasionally aid$ ! m5 9 ! b>n4 ,edi? ,rog]s rememb]$ work+ ) ! /ock z did ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee1 :o help$ ) milk+ & also recall$ wa%+ ! milk /orage tank & o!r equipm5t4 ,?is pleas$ ! local milk inspector :o told h]1 ,:5 wom5 are 9 ! b>n1 ,i "k ! equipm5t is clean4#dh ,except = su* int]mitt5t "w1 ! outside duties 7 left to ! m54 ,in/ead1 mo/ wom5's activity 0 to be f\nd 9 ! f>mh\se & g>d54 ,h] responsibilities encompass$ ! expect$ areas ( h\sekeep+1 decorat+ & sew+1 & (t5 ! less obvi\s "w ( bookkeep+ or lawnm[+4 ,! f>m woman's mo/ dem&+ task probably c5t]$ ar\nd ! prep>ation & pres]vation ( food1 a vitally important function1 = to wa/e or misuse food 0 to negate ! h>d labor ( a ye>4 ,9 ! curr5t era ( conv5i5ce foods1 ! "t-consum+ nature ( cook+ is easily =gott54 ,j op]at+ a wood-burn+ /ove 0 a complicat$ task1 atte/$ to by ! directions = lay+ a fire 9 a contempor>y cookbook4 ,to build a fire1 fir/ let d[n ! grate1 & take up ! a%es & c9d]s c>efully to avoid rais+ a du/1 sift+ ! c9d]s to use 9 build+ ! fire2 bru% ! soot & du/ out ( ! upp] "p ( ! /ove1 & f ! flues :i* c be rea*$2 be sure t all p>ts ( ! ov5s & hot-boxes are clean2 if !re is a wat]-back atta*$ to ! /ove1 see t x is fill$ ) wat]2 if x is connect$ ) wat]-pipes1 be sure 9 w9t] t !y are n froz52 bru% up ! he>?-/one4 ,lay ! fire z foll[s3 ,put a few h&fuls ( dry %av+s or pap] 9 ! bottom ( ! grate2 ^u !m1 "s small /icks ( p9e wood laid across ea* o!r2 !n a few l>g] /icks1 & "s c9d]s free f a%es2 a few small lumps ( coke or coal may be mix$ ) ! c9d]s4 ,op5 all ! draughts ( ! /ove1 close all ! cov]s1 & light ! fire2 :5 ! c9d]s are light$1 add fre% coke & coal gradually & repeat$ly until a cle>1 bright fire is />t$2 !n p>tly close ! draughts4 ,to keep up a fire1 add fuel (t51 a little at once1 9 ord] n to *eck ! heat3 lett+ ! fire burn l[1 & !n repl5i%+ x abundantly1 is a wa/eful me?od1 because ! /ove gr[s s cold t mo/ ( ! fre% heat is lo/ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature aga9 to ! degree necess>y = cook+4#di ,,inv5tory ,,( ,,! ,,e/ate ,,( ,,george ,w4 ,,kidwell ,decemb] #i1 #aibe ,,article ,,value4 #h ,grade ,gu]nsey ,c[s1 #dj4jj ea* #cbj4jj #ab ,hol/e9 ,c[s #dhj4jj #a ,bull #ej4jj #a ,hol/e9 ,calf #aj4jj #b ,black ,heiff]s1 #dj4jj ea* #hj4jj #b ,small ,black ,heiff]s #cj4jj #b ,black ,horses #ajj4jj #b ,d\ble ,sets ,h>ness #be4jj #ae milk ,cans #ae4jj #b ,milk ,buckets #a4jj #a ,/ra9] 4#be #acc ,%ocks ,fodd] #ci4ij #abj ,b>rels ,corn #cfj4jj #f #b_/c ,tons ,hay ,bail$1 #bj4jj ,ton #acc4cc #ffjj ,lbs4 ,loose ,hay 4#ge #di4ej #bj ,tons ,ensilage #dj4jj #afj ,bu4 ,:eat #a4dj p] ,bu #bbd4jj #a ,high ,:eel ,wagon #be4jj #a ,truck ,wagon #bj4jj #a ,top ,wagon #aj4jj #a ,manure ,spread] #ajj4jj #a ,hay ,ladd] #aj4jj #a ,blizz>d ,ensilage ,cutt] #ae4jj #a ,gasol9e ,eng9e #bj4jj #a ,milk ,wagon #aj4jj #a ,plat=m ,scale #aj4jj #a ,set ,s+le ,h>ness #a4jj #a ,buggy #b4jj #a_/b ,ton #af4jj ,rock #i4jj #a ,oil ,drum 4#ej #a ,"o ,horse ,wagon #b4jj #a ,basket ,sleigh #c4jj #a ,top ,wagon #c4jj #a ,smoo?+ ,h>r[ #e4jj #b ,s+le ,%ovel ,pl[s #a4jj #a ,s+le ,cultivator 4#ej #a ,oliv] #b ,horse ,pl[ #b4jj #a ,spr+ ,too? ,h>r[ #e4jj #a ,set ,blacksmi? ,tools #be4jj #a ,lot ( ,lumb] at ,mill ,h\se #dj4jj #a ,lot ( ,tools & ,repairs 9 ,mill ,h\se #e4jj #a ,cut (f ,saw #a4jj ,cont5ts ( ,well ,h\se #ae4jj #a ,dort ,automobile #ajj4jj ,cont5ts ( ,g>age #be4jj #a ,lot ( ,ladd]s & ,cont5ts ( ,wood ,h\se #be4jj ,cont5ts ( ,tool ,h\se #be4jj #a ,gr9d/one #b4jj #a ,iron ,boil] #e4jj #a ,:eelb>r[ #c4jj #a ,hay ,rake #bj4jj #b ,m[+ ,ma*9es1 #e4jj ea* #aj4jj #a ,rid+ ,cultivator #e4jj #a ,corn ,plant] #bj4jj #a ,la? ,mill & ,b5* #a4jj #a ,gra9 ,drill #hj4jj #a ,hay ,t$d] #be4jj #a ,di% ,h>r[ #a4jj #a ,?ree ,horse ,pl[ #e4jj #a ,b9d] #e4jj #a ,note dat$ ,aug4 #cj?1 #aiba payable #c yrs4 aft] date #ejj4jj ,int]e/ on above note f ,aug4 #cj?1 #aibd1 to ! pres5t "t #f #ch4cc ,ca% 9 ,h]ndon ,national ,bank #ija4hh ,ca% on ,sav+s ,acc\nt ,f>m]s ,me*anics ,national #fhe4fj ,ca% on ,sav+s ,acc\nt ,! ,potomac ,sav+s ,bank #edi4hj ,lib]ty ,bonds #bjj4jj ------ #efcj4ei ,?is inv5tory1 atta*$ to ! w ( a small f>m]1 %[s ! div]se equipm5t f\nd on ! #aibj's f>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ! family f>m ( ,mason ,f4 ,smi?1 drawn by ,mason ,smi?1 ,jr41 = a #d-;,h ,club project4 ,! f>m 0 b\ght 9 #aicb by ,floyd ,kidwell & n[ con/itutes ! nucleus ( ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m ,p>k4 ,f ,mason ,smi?1 ,jr4 ,live/ock ,record ,books 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibi1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,?\gh ! wood-burn+ /oves (t5 imp>t$ a special flavor to ! food prep>$ on !m 7= example1 "o f>m cook+ devotee op9$ t no waffles c\ld ta/e l ^? f a wood-burn+ /ove#ej71 ! /oves 7 fe>fully hot 9 ! summ] & ne$$ con/ant refuel+ & exp]t att5tion to heat ev5ly4 ,few ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m wom5 _h ! luxury ( electricity 9 _! kit*5s until well aft] #aice4 ,/ati/ics %[ t only #fe ( f>m wom5 cook$ ) electricity ev5 9 #aidj4ea ,9 addition to ! l>ge regul> meals requir$ by a h>d-work+ family1 ! f>m woman prep>$ ! g>gantuan h>ve/ meals %>$ by all :o work$ 9 ! fields4 ,cook+ ^! meals 9 ! late summ] heat 0 a *ore :i* took sev]al days4 ,an ordeal "o vet]an call$ x & enum]at$ "s p>ts ( ! expect$ m5u3 corn bread1 hot biscuits1 pork %\ld]1 press$ *ick51 fri$ *ick51 vegetables & pie4 ,we'd put food en\gh toge!r = !m--& did !y eat6#eb ,ev5 at o!r times ( ! ye>1 a f>m wife ne$$ to c\nt on unexpect$ visitors & accommodate h] activities to an un=ese5 ne$ to ent]ta94 ,h] adaptability is atte/$ to by ,joseph ,be>d :o describ$ ! op5 f>m hospitality ( ! era3 ,:5 anybody came ar\nd to y\r f>m 9 ^? days1 :5 d9n]time came1 y'd say1 ',well1 x's "t = d9n]4 ,let's g eat4' ,x didn't seem to matt] if y _h somebody drop 9 on y on %ort notice4 ,wom51 ladies1 mo!rs1 wives1 7 accu/om$ to ?is k9d ( ?+4 ,x nev] seem$ to upset !m4 ,!y j took x 9 /ride4 ,!y put on ano!r plate & said1 ',we hav5't got mu*1 b y're welcome to :at we h4' ,!y'd g on l ?is4 ,!y w\ld br+ out ! be/ !y c\ld f9d4 ,t 0 ! k9d ( condition t prevail$4#ec ,! lady ( ! h\se 9 ?is p]iod did n m]ely cook h] family's food2 %e 0 in/rum5tal 9 its production & process+4 ,! family g>d5 0 g5]ally h] responsibility4 ,x 0 %e :o plant$ ! e>ly radi%es1 h]bs1 fl[]s & all ! multitude ( summ] vegetables 9 ! cool1 moi/ spr+ soil1 we$$ & nurtur$ !m ?r\gh ! summ] mon?s1 & f9ally ga!r$ !m 9 ! l+]+ ,indian summ] days4 ,if !re 7 daught]s 9 ! family1 !y aid$ h] 9 ?is z 9 h] o!r activities4 ,:5 ! produce 0 f9ally all pick$1 peel$ & cut1 %e comb9$ !m ) v9eg>1 sug>1 & spices to pres]ve ! vegetables z pickles1 jelly or cann$ goods4 ,x 0 w>m & tir+1 b highly rew>d+ "w4 ,nev] w ,i =get ! pung5t fragrances t p]vad$ ! air :5 x 0 catsup or pickle-mak+ season1 wrote ,lottie ,s*neid]4 ,:5 our mo!rs made apple butt] 9 great kettles ea* *ild took a turn at /irr+ ! delici\s mixture4 ,! wond]ful fragrance made ! task easi] ev5 ?\gh ! ?ick5+ +r$i5ts sometimes sputt]$ & caus$ burns z !y popp$ out on ! h&s :o us$ ! /irr+ paddle4#ed ,! pantry %elves fill$ ) glass j>s display+ _! highly color$ cont5ts produc$ feel+s ( pride & pl5ty 9 ! f>m woman4 ,p\ltry keep+ also fell to ! f>m]'s wife4 ,!re 7 a sizable numb] ( comm]cial p\ltry f>ms 9 ! c\nty--x 0 9 fact ! area's second mo/ important f>m indu/ry--b mo/ dairy & g5]al f>ms kept j en\gh = _! own use4#ee ,egg collect+1 fe$+ & clean+ ( ! *ick5 h\se & y>d1 ev5 kill+1 dress+ & pluck+ ! p\ltry 7 done by female memb]s ( ! f>m family4 ,?rifty wom5 sav$ ! fea!rs = pill[s & cov]lets & ne>ly all sold _! excess eggs to ! huck/]s :o travell$ f f>m to f>m buy+ surplus goods4 ,^! p$dl>s also b\ght rabbits1 turkeys1 & o!r p\ltry1 z well z home-*urn$ butt] f ! f>ms4 ,?is 0 yet ano!r area 9 :i* wom5 utiliz$ & process$ ! raw mat]ials ( ! l&4 ,twice a week ! cream t _h be5 skimm$ & sav$ 0 *urn$ 7g5]ally 9 r\nd b>rel *urns ) wood5 paddles71 salt$1 & pack$ 9 /one j>s to be pick$ up & transport$ to ! ,alex&ria & ,wa%+ton m>kets4 ,"o ( ! e>ly huck/]s 0 ,e>l ,robey :o collect$ eggs & *ick5s once a week4 ,he travell$ ) #b horses hit*$ to a cov]$ wagon1 wrote "o f>m]4 ,9 lat] ye>s he _h a model ,t truck4 ,! money made by ! wom5 0 !irs to keep1 = runn+ ! h\se & p]sonal exp5ses1 & ! au/]ity or comp>ative com=t ( a f>m/ead 0 (t5 ! direct result ( ! en]gy & effici5cy ( ! f>m woman4#ef ,! rural woman's place 0 respect$ & secure on ! f>ms ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,! f>m] might consid] himself ! ov]all manag] b he recogniz$ 8 sp\se's vital contributions4 ,mutually !y bo? decid$ to make ?+s g & !y did g1 wrote "o #aicjs f>m boy ( 8 p>5ts4 ,"m did n feel inf]ior to fa!r & %e nev] felt t he expect$ h] to feel s4#eg ,if ! woman's role & duties 7 firmly set 9 ?is rural society1 !n s 0 h] /atus4 ,an additional responsibility 0 t ( c>+ = *ildr51 b 9 ! f>m family ?is 0 m cle>ly a jo9t obligation ( ! fa!r & "m ?an 9 families 9 :i* ! male p>5t left home to "w4 ,too1 *ildr5 7 m closely ti$ to ! family z a work+ unit2 !y felt bo? ! necessity ( aid+ _! p>5ts ) ! runn+ ( ! f>m & ! pride ( contribut+ 9 a real s5se to ! family's well-be+4 ,( c\rse1 f>m *ildr5 att5d$ s*ool1 b !y also %>$ ! patt]n ( _! p>5ts' life4 ,) fa!r & "m !y awoke 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+ to help ) b>n or h\sehold *ores3 ,x didn't make any diff]5ce h[ small !y 71 !y got up at six o'clock4#eh ,_m le>n$ to milk be=e ! age ( t54 ,on week5ds1 summ] holidays & aft] s*ool1 !y 7 also expect$ to help on ! f>m4 ,bo? boys & girls p]=m$ ! un5d+ job ( ga!r+ firewood = ! kit*5 /ove4 ,c>ry+ wat] 0 ano!r con/ant *ore :i* (t5 fell to ! family's *ildr51 = z late z #aidj ne>ly #dj ( ! c\nty's homes /ill lack$ runn+ wat]4#ei ,f>m y\ng/]s le>n$ to drive a team & ride horseback at an e>ly age1 & ?is enabl$ !m to take a horse to be %od1 fet* a m[] section f ! g5]al /ore1 or run o!r unexpect$ err&s4 ,m>g>et ,lee /at$ t z a girl %e us$ to hit* up a mule & buggy ea* ,monday to take ! family's laundry to be wa%$ by a local ,negro laundress1 & pick x up aga9 on ,?ursday4#fj ,girls also help$ ) ! di%es1 f$ *ick5s1 & cook$ :ile boys tackl$ pl[+1 ?re%+ & animal husb&ry4 ,"o woman recall$ ! special satisfaction %e felt :51 at ! age ( ?irte51 %e %ock$ an entire field ( :eat4#fa ,by do+ ^! *ores & err&s1 f>m *ildr5 7 n m]ely assi/+ 9 ! f>m op]ation4 ,9 ! emulation ( _! p>5ts' activity1 !y b5efitt$ f a k9d ( on-!-job tra9+ :i* bo? %>p5$ _! skills = a lat] f>m c>e] & fur!r$ _! id5tity ) ! family gr\p & f>m life 9 g5]al4 ,! f>m *ild's close connection to 8 p>5ts' life & ! necessity = p]=m+ a v>iety ( *ores also act$ 9 "s measure z a =ce = social control3 ! *ild :o work$ ) 8 p>5ts 0 expect$ to act 9 a mann] acceptable to !m4 ,fur!rmore1 ! close-knit nature ( ! community re9=c$ ! p>5ts' values :5 _! (fspr+ 7 away f home4 ,a f>m] 0 always busy1 & 8 kids didn't run ! /reets1 not$ ,joseph ,be>d4#fb ,ano!r native ( nor!rn ,virg9ia expla9$ ! preval5t philosophy 9 m detail3 ,papa 0 a firm believ] t "w 0 a !rapy t kept "y p out ( mis*ief4 ,x 0 un?\ght ( = y\ng/]s to get into s]i\s tr\ble 9 ^? days o!r ?an smok+ corn silk or grapev9e1 & t 0 a puni%m5t 9 itself4 ,all 7 assign$ specific *ores & ! y\nge/ />t$ out pick+ up *ips & o!r small pieces ( wood f ! 'woodpile' = k9dl+ to />t ! fire 9 ! kit*5 range at daylight 9 ! morn+4444 ,z we grew a little old] br++ 9 ! firewood 0 add$ to ! li/ ( *ores & :5 y grew big en\gh to *op & split cordwood1 usually ar\nd ! age ( #aj-ab ye>s1 "o f\nd ! *ores ar\nd ! home 7 endless4#fc ,illu/ration3 ,rebecca ,rice1 daught] ( ,c4 ,t4 ,rice1 cann+ fruit 9 h] home ne> ,oakton1 ,virg9ia4 ,note ! ice box & wood burn+ /ove1 /&>d features ( ! e>ly #bj? c5tury kit*54 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,reports1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,elizabe? ,h>rison 9 h] room on a f>m ne> ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia4 ,%e refurbi%$ ! room h]self z "p ( a #d-;,h project4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,reports1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,! r\nd ( *ores might seem endless1 b f>m kids _h _! fun1 too4 ,joseph ,be>d & ,ri*>d ,peck bo? recall swimm+ 9 ,horse ,p5 ,run & ,peck also rem9isc$ ab\t fi%+ 9 ! local /reams4#fd ,m>g>et ,lee 0 sometimes treat$ to a bak$ sweet potato aft] s*ool2 %e rode ! family mule = recreation4#fe ,at ,hall[e51 mu* secret giggl+ w5t on z plans 7 afoot to take an ou?\se & sit x on ! s*ool por*1 or sneak all ( ! milk cans out ( ! dairy & set !m outside4#ff ,skat+ on ! baptismal pond ( ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur*1 & neighborhood ev5ts su* z picnics1 wat]melon fea/s & oy/] supp]s also l5t excitem5t to ! *ild's life4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p]vasive enjoym5t came f ! ev]-*ang+ delights ( ! c\ntryside itself4 ,wrote "o resid5t ( ! ,h]ndon area3 ,we c\ld ramble ?r\gh ! woods1 f9d+ huckleb]ries1 wild fl[]s1 sassafras roots & /ems1 *e/nuts & lovely mosses4#fg 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh *ildr5 provid$ a great deal ( supplem5tal labor on ! c\nty's small f>ms1 ! hir$ h& 0 also an important "p ( ! community's "w =ce4 ,"o local resid5t e/imat$ t approximately half ( ! f>ms 9 ! ,h]ndon area us$ hir$ labor1 & ?is figure is collaborat$ by ! agricultural c5sus ( #aidj4 ,o!r evid5ce %[s t ! l>ge/ s+le exp5se 7ab\t #ch ( total f>m exp5ditures7 = ! own] ( ?irty or m acres 0 hir$ help4#fh ,9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ,s\?1 ?is hir$ labor 0 compos$ almo/ entirely ( ! community's black resid5ts1 ?\gh occasionally a family w\ld employ a :ite man4 ,! ,ellmore family1 :o (t5 _h a :ite man z _! hir$ help1 0 su* an exception4#fi ,illu/ration3 ,a homemade sl$ us$ = haul+ manure to ! fields4 ,note ! two "y boys :o1 by driv+ ! sl$1 %>$ ! family's responsibility = ! f>m4 ,photo 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,extra help 0 engag$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,l>g] f>ms frequ5tly kept "o or two m5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 sometimes supply+ !m ) a h\se & _! noon meal z well z a sal>y4#gj ,on mo/ f>ms1 h[ev]1 extra help w\ld be hir$ at p>ticul>ly busy seasons by ! day or ! week4 ,9 ! summ]time y'd get seasonal help1 ga!r !m up "h & !re1 :]ev] y c\ld1 /at$ ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,if y c\ld c>ry ^? m51 at lea/ ! be/ ones1 ov] ! w9t]1 !n y'd h a good =ce t y c\ld dep5d on = y\r summ] "w1 y\r plant+ & h>ve/+4#ga ,9 "s cases ! hir$ man w\ld come ) 8 team ( horses = :i* he receiv$ additional wages4 ,9 ano!r v>iation gr\ps ( work]s w\ld organize into crews to p]=m a specific function 7= example1 to fill a silo7 & travell$ f f>m to f>m accompli%+ ?is special task4#gb ,_m ( ! labor]s 9 ! ,floris area came f ,will>d1 a community ( bo? :ites & blacks1 j ov] ! ,l\d\n ,c\nty l9e4 ,ab\t #he ( ,fairfax ,c\nty's black population own$ no l& 9 #aicd & support$ !mselves solely by agricultural labor4#gc ,unlike ?is l>ge l&less majority1 _m ( ,will>d's families own$ ?ree to fifte5 acres ( l&4 ,mo/ ( ^! families grew vegetables on _! l& & ne>ly all kept a c[4#gd ,a few black families tri$ to support !mselves by truck g>d5+1 a difficult task :5 compet+ ) l>g] m economical f>ms4 ,"o su* f>m]1 ,erne/ ,e4 ,webb1 /ruggl$ to ma9ta9 8 *ildr5 by sell+ vegetables 9 ! city m>ket4 ,biweekly he took 8 goods by wagon across ! l[1 un/able ,*a9 ,bridge & along ,canal ,road to ! m>kets 9 ,wa%+ton1 b = ?is long1 exhau/+ trip 8 pr(its 7 slim3 ,we made en\gh to come back home1 fe$ ! horses1 & fe$ ourselves a little = ano!r trip4#ge ,to eke out an exi/5ce1 mo/ blacks _h to supplem5t any f>m+ income !y might h by work+ z agricultural labor]s4 ,^? labor]s :o did n h /eady employm5t _h to wait = "w until !y 7 ne$$ = a specific job4 ,:5 a f>m] want$ extra help1 he w5t to ! black community1 or s5t ^w by someone else1 & detail$ ! numb] ( m5 ne$$ & ! job to be done4 ,9 ! spr+ my fa!r w\ld g up !re to ,will>d or s5d me up !re to see if ,i c\ld get ?ree or f\r fell[s to help get ! spr+ "w go+1 rem>k$ ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,maybe y c\ld get !m & maybe y c\ldn't4#gf ,sometimes !re 0 a labor %ortage1 b frequ5tly m m5 want$ "w ?an !re 7 jobs to g ar\nd4 ,sev]al area resid5ts rememb]$ t if ^w got out t t5 m5 7 ne$$ = a job1 (t5 fifte5 or m w\ld %[ up4#gg ,?is 0 especially true dur+ ! agricultural depression ( ! #aibjs & #aicjs1 :i* hit blacks f> worse ?an ! c\nty's :ite population4 ,! blacks' l&hold+s 7 ( inf]ior quality & g5]ally too small = effici5t op]ation1 & ?is1 comb9$ ) _! meagre op]at+ capital & inadequate res]ves1 made ! black agriculturali/ m dep5d5t ?an ev] on "w f ! l>ge l&[n]4#gh ,! hir$ man 0 expect$ to arrive 9 "t = ! e>ly morn+ milk+ & "w ! l5g?y fifte5-h\r day alongside ! f>m]4 ,8 *ores rang$ f mak+ hay to cutt+ wood & build+ f5ces4 ,neal ,bailey recall$ t he sp5t 8 entire fir/ day z a labor] driv+ f5ce po/s ) a #af-p\nd hamm]4 ,! /&>d sal>y 0 #a4jj to #a4ej p] day plus all he c\ld eat = lun*4 ,"s f>m]s paid by ! job r ?an by ! day ?\gh !y f\nd ! latt] sy/em pref]able4 ,:5 ! help 0 n s conc]n$ ) complet+ a task rapidly1 f>m]s believ$ x produc$ a bett] quality "w4 ,occasionally ! :ite f>m]s %>$ or trad$ "w ) _! black c\nt]p>ts4 ,m frequ5tly1 hir$ h&s work$ = a %>e ( ! fruits ( _! labor4 ,at but*]+ "t1 ! hir$ help might g home ) sausage1 side meat 7bacon7 or a pork %\ld] = 8 pay4 ,at b]ry season !y pick$ a f>m]'s blackb]ries or wild *]ries = half ( ! take4#gi ,! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! black communities 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty also work$4 ,black wom5 took 9 laundry1 pick$ fruit & sometimes came to ! :ite f>m]'s h\ses to help ) cann+ or meat pres]vation at but*]+ "t4 ,"o woman work$ z a midwife2 accord+ to ,m>g>et ,lee1 ! only "o 9 ! area4 ,%e deliv]$ ,miss ,lee's y\ng] si/] ar\nd #aiac4hj ,*ildr5 z "y z n9e w\ld ?9 corn or pluck potato bugs (f ! d>k1 leafy plants = #ej;c a day4 ,girls us$ to pick b]ries & pull field cress :5 x 0 go+ to se$1 & "s *ildr5 work$ 9 ! f>mh\ses runn+ err&s4#ha ,! ,ellmore family (t5 _h a "y boy to help d odds & ends1 & ano!r ,floris resid5t not$ t !re 0 "s tw9s ( ab\t twelve ye>s old & we ne$$ a little help s ,i took "o ( !m 9 ! h\se & my bro!r _h ! o!r out to help him ) ?+s4#hb ,neal ,bailey recall$ go+ out to help 8 fa!r cut corn at a v "y age & be+ told to keep work+--y h no back1 ev5 :5 x felt z if x 7 break+4#hc ,)9 ^! labor relation%ips ! :ite employ] reta9$ ! mo/ control s9ce he set wages & h\rs1 & because he work$ ) ! k t ! black families 7 dep5d5t on him = employm5t4 ,yet ! blacks _h _! influ5ce too1 = ! l>g] l&[n]s ne$$ _! labor to keep ! f>ms op]at+ smoo?ly4 ,! f>m]'s dep5d5ce 0 app>5t 9 in/ances su* z t relat$ by ,ray ,h>rison1 :o rememb]$ "o ,*ri/mas night :5 no help at all %[$ up4 ,t night he milk$ fifty-two c[s by h&1 some?+ he c\ld n af=d to d e day4#hd ,9 num]\s ways ! hir$ h&s ex]cis$ "s control ov] _! work+ conditions4 ,= example1 season$ workm5 res]v$ ! "r to break 9 a field h& new to ! neighborhood1 ?us bo? initiat+ him into local "w patt]ns & assur+ t 8 expectations & treatm5t correspond$ to t ( ! vet]an help4#he ,9 times ( int5se activity1 ! labor supply w\ld be %ort & ! work]s rais$ _! prices accord+ly4 ,"o f>m] recall$ t dur+ an exceptionally busy silo-fill+ season ! help 7 jack+ up ! price 444 t5 c5ts an h\r ab\t f\r times 9 "o day4444 ,!y 7 putt+ pressure on because !y ?\ght !y _h ! lev]age !re4 ,9 ?is case ! f>m] call$ _! bluff & s5t ! work]s home1 b 9 _m in/ances1 ! labor]s held sway & receiv$ high] wages dur+ peak "w p]iods4#hf ,! :ite attitude t[>d _! black work]s seems to h be5 pat]nali/ic1 z 0 ! patt]n ( mo/ racial relations 9 ! po/-bellum ,s\?4 ,?\gh area f>m]s ma9ta9 t _! hir$ labor]s 7 lik$ & respect$--z mu* a "p ( ! neighborhood z anyone else--9 conv]sation capable work]s 7 ref]r$ to z boy or by ! old plantation epi!ts ( ,aunt & ,uncle4 ,a he>ty noon meal 0 "p ( ! hir$ man's pay1 b ! help ate outside by !mselves1 r ?an ) ! family4#hg ,moreov]1 r ?an admit 8 ne$ = ! labor]s1 ! :ite employ] sometimes view$ 8 hir+ 9 an altrui/ic light4 ,i rememb] my bro!r w5t ov] to ^! color$ p t _h be5 work+ = him at diff]5t times1 9 ! middle ( ! w9t]1 & told !m to come ov] & cut "s wood1 & he paid !m = x s t !y w\ld h some?+1 because !y 7 pretty bad (f4 ,s he j made "w = !m1 /at$ "o c\nty woman4#hh ,und\bt$ly1 *>itable motives 7 truly meant1 b ! outcome 0 a pat]nali/ic attitude :i* fail$ to recognize ! mutual dep5d5ce ( l& & labor4 ,?is reliable supply ( labor elim9at$ ! c\nty's ne$ = migratory work]s1 & also r$uc$ ! am\nt ( t5ancy s9ce mo/ f>m]s f\nd labor en\gh to manage all ( _! acreage4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #aiah-aidj1 ab\t #aj-ab ( ! :ite f>m population & #b ( ! black 7 t5ants4#hi ,/ati/ical evid5ce %[s ov] half ( ! t5ants to be ca% cropp]s 9 #aibe & #dj 9 #aidj4 ,_m hi/orians believe ?is to be ! lea/ b5eficial sy/em = ! t5ant z 8 obligation 0 to pay ! l&lord a fix$ r5t on ! l& reg>dless ( ! success ( 8 crop4#ij ,h[ev]1 ,joseph ,be>d /at$ t mo/ ( ! t5ants ) :om he _h contact :5 he 0 c\nty ag5t 9 ! late #aicjs 7 %>ecropp]s4 ,by ?is sy/em1 ! r5t+ f>m] suppli$ 8 tools & labor1 ! l&lord furni%$ ! l&1 & ! crop 0 split4 ,fairfax ,c\nty nev] h>bor$ ! k9d ( p]petual t5ancy describ$ by ,james ,agee's ,let ,u ,n[ ,praise ,fam\s ,m51 9 :i* families liv$ 9 squalor & humiliation ) little hope ( pull+ _! way out ( debt4 ,?is occurr$ m frequ5tly 9 ! "o-crop areas ( ! deep ,s\? :]e exhau/$ soil & crop dep5d5cy made = a high debt risk ea* ye>4 ,be>d ma9ta9$ t ! %>ecropp]s ( ! late #aicjs 7 respectable p1 m]ely r5t+ l& until !y c\ld af=d to pur*ase _! own4 ,9 sev]al in/ances1 !y 7 "y local c\ples :o w5t on to buy _! t5ur$ l& & to become e/abli%$ memb]s ( ! community4#ia ,/ill1 at be/1 any t5ure sy/em 0 a demoraliz+ "o = ! r5t] because 8 pr(its 7 consi/5tly skimm$ (f to ! l&lord4 ,,"p ,i--,,notes ,cont9uity #e ,int]view ) ,joseph ,be>d by ,elizabe? ,pryor1 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 notes f int]view ) ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 ,all transcripts & notes f int]views us$ 9 ?is pap] are deposit$ 9 ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,libr>y ,virg9iana ,collection 7h]eaft] cit$ ,virg9iana74 #f ,notes on int]view ) ,elizabe? & ,emma ,ellmore by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh4 #g ,int]view ) ,hold5 ,h>rison1 ,ray ,h>rison & ,virg9ia ,presgraves ,h>rison by ,elizabe? ,pryor1 ,*antilly1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #h ,notes on int]view ) ,john & ,edna ,middleton by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh4 #i ,int]view ) ,joseph ,be>d & ,hold5 ,h>rison by ,elizabe? ,pryor1 ,floris1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi2 ,wilson ,day ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]1 unpubli%$ manuscript1 n4d41 copy c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]2 au?or's conv]sation ) ,rebecca ,middleton1 ,floris1 ,virg9ia1 ,april #d1 #aigi4 #aj ,john ,middleton_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh2 & int]view ) ,joseph ,be>d by ,nan ,ne!rton & ,patrick ,re$1 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,novemb]1 #aigd4 #aa ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #ab ,floris ,produc]s ,active1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aibe4 #ac ,lottie ,dy] ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia 7,m>ion1 ,virg9ia1 #aifb71 #aj & #cj4 #ad ,notes on int]view ) ,ri*>d ,peck by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh2 notes on int]view ) ,virg9ia ,mc,farland ,gree> by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 & ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #aj4 #ae ,elizabe? ,rice to au?or1 ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e1 ,janu>y #cj1 #aigi4 #af ,be>d_/,ne!rton_/,re$1 ,novemb]1 #aigd2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh2 ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ag ,agricultural ,c5sus1 #aibe2 & ,f$]al ,crop ,report+ ,s]vice1 ,virg9ia ,f>m ,/ati/ics1 #aice-aicf 7,ri*mond1 #aicf74 #ah ,ibid42 & ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #ai ,lehman ,nickell & ,c>y ,j4 ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty 7,*>lottesville1 #aibd71 #bi-dj2 notes on int]view ) ,neal ,bailey by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,decemb] #ab1 #aigh2 ,fairfax ,f>m] ,?rew ,away ,8 ,pl[ 9 #aibh & ,amaz+ ,results ,h ,be5 ,revolution>y1 ,ri*mond ,times-,dispat*1 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiea2 & ,annual ,reports ( ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibh1 #aibi & #aicb1 9 ,virg9iana4 #bj ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #ba ,ibid42 & ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #bb ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bc ,d]r ,reports1 #aibh1 #aicb2 ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]2 & ,joseph ,be>d quot$ 9 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bd ,ibid4 #be ,notes on int]view ) ,edi? ,rog]s by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 n4d4 7c4 spr+1 #aigh74 #bf ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bg ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 ,rog]s_/,ne!rton2 ,d]r ,report1 #aibf1 #i4 #bh ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 #b4 #bi ,agricultural ,c5sus1 #aibe2 & ,d]r ,reports1 #aiba & #aibd4 #cj ,fairfax ,f>m] ,?rew ,away ,pl[4 #ca ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 & ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #cb ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #cc ,ibid4 #cd ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 notes on int]view ) ,joseph ,be>d by ,elizabe? ,pryor1 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ce ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #cf ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #cg ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh2 ,elizabe? ,rice to ,m>y ,scott1 n4d4 7c4 fall1 #aigh71 copy c\rtesy ( ,m>y ,scott4 #ch ,elizabe? ,rice to au?or1 ,janu>y #cj1 #aigi4 #ci #d-;,h ,record ,books1 copy 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,ag5t2 ,d]r ,report1 #aibg2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 & ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #dj ,rog]s_/,ne!rton2 ,gree>_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh4 #da ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #db ,m>g>et ,peck quot$ 9 ,out ( ! ,fry+ ,pan 7,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #aifd71 #d4 #dc ,j4 ,middleton_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh4 #dd ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #de ,see ,hills ,s\!rn ,almanac1 7,virg9ia ,fire & ,m>9e ,insurance ,company1 #aibi72 ,j4 ,h4 ,kolb & ,edmund ,s4 de ,brunn]1 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society 7,bo/on1 #aice71 #cf-cg4 #df ,ibid41 #cg4 #dg ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #dh ,rog]s_/,ne!rton2 ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 #di ,juliet ,corson1 ,miss ,corson's ,practical ,am]ican ,cook]y 7,new ,york1 #ahhf71 #d2 & ,adel9e ,goessl+1 ,! ,f>m & ,home ,cook ,book 7,*icago1 #aiai74 #ej ,frances ,d>l+ton ,simpson1 ,virg9ia ,c\ntry ,life & ,cook+ 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifc74 #ea ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute1 ,! ,h\s+ ( ,virg9ia's ,rural ,folk 7,blacksburg1 #aidj71 #bf4 #eb ,rebecca ,middleton quot$ 9 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #ec ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #ed ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #cj4 #ee ,d]r ,reports1 #aibf1 #aibg2 ne>ly all int]views collaborat$ ?is in=mation1 see especially ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #ef ,gree>_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh2 ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #eg ,unid5tifi$ #aicjs f>m] quot$ 9 ,kolb & ,brunn]1 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society1 #cc4 #eh ,ibid42 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #ei ,,vpi1 ,h\s+1 #bf4 #fj ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 #fa ,ibid42 ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #fb ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #fc ,edw9 ,w4 ,beitzell1 ,life on ! ,potomac ,riv] 7,abell1 ,m>yl&1 #aifh71 #acj4 #fd ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #fe ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 #ff ,ibid4 #fg ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #ca4 #fh ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh2 & ,w4 ,c4 ,funk1 ,an ,economic ,/udy ( ,small ,f>ms ,ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 #hdh1 ,june #bb1 #aibj4 ,?is /udy concludes t ! f>m] ) ?irty or m acres sp5t #ch ( 8 rev5ue = labor1 z comp>$ ) #aj = fe$1 #aa = m>ket+ & #c = insurance & taxes4 ,see ,table ,,iv ( ?is /udy = a complete breakd[n4 #fi ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh4 #gj ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ga ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #gb ,ibid4 #gc ,ibid42 & ,william ,edw>d ,g>nett & ,john ,w4 ,ellison1 ,negro ,life 9 ,rural ,virg9ia1 #ahfe-aicd1 ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute ,bullet9 #bie1 ,june1 #aicd4 #gd ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 & ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #ge ,dana ,gumb1 ,pione] ,recalls ,mc,lean1 ,e*oes ( ,hi/ory1 7,m>* & ,may1 #aigb71 #bh4 #gf ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #gg ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 & ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #gh ,g>nett & ,ellison1 ,negro ,life 9 ,rural ,virg9ia1 #ac4 #gi ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #hj ,lee_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 #ha ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #hb ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 int]view ) ,edi? ,rog]s by ,patty ,corbat1 ,craig ,smi? & ,phyllis ,hir%man1 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 #hc ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #hd ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #he ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #hf ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #hg ,gree>_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #hh ,rog]s_/,corbat1 et al41 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 #hi ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ge-gf2 & ,agricultural ,c5sus1 #aibe4 ,nickell gives a #ac t5ancy & li/s #age out ( #cjd t5ants to be work+ on a ca%-t5ant basis4 ,! ,agricultural ,c5sus = #aidj also %[s a #aj t5ancy figure4 #ij ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 ,= a grim b reveal+ view ( :at t5ancy c\ld mean dur+ ?is p]iod1 see ,james ,agee & ,walk] ,evans1 ,let ,u ,n[ ,praise ,fam\s ,m51 7,new ,york1 #aifj74 #ia ,h>old ,b>g] & ,hans ,m4 ,lansburg1 ,am]ican ,agriculture #ahii-aici 7,new ,york1 #aige71 #bab2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 ,,"p ,,ii ,*ange ,9 its seasonal cycle ( activity1 ! close & int]dep5d5t family relation%ips1 & ! s+ul> self-motivation ( ! f>m]1 ! e>ly #bj? c5tury f>m c>ri$ on _m ( ! traditions ( ! pa/4 ,except = ! *ange f slave to free labor & ! m>g9al use ( me*anical equipm5t1 ^! elem5ts made up a _w 9 :i* ! f>m] ( #ahij1 #ahgj1 or ev5 #ahej w\ld h felt com=table4 ,b runn+ concurr5tly ) ^! expect$ qualities ( rural life 7 major *anges :i* j>r$ & fractur$ ! con/ant tr5ds ( f>m+4 ,*ange 9 attitude1 te*nology or society occurs dur+ all p]iods1 b ! #aibjs & #aicjs 7 a p>ticul>ly dynamic "t 9 ! field ( agriculture4 ,advances 9 ! und]/&+ ( plant biology1 animal husb&ry & soil cons]vation1 toge!r ) high] liv+ /&>ds ?r\gh rural electrification & improv$ communications1 7 a cause = optimism ab\t ! future ( ! family f>m4 ,yet ^! advances irrevocably alt]$ ! famili> rural life patt]ns4 ,to ma9ta9 8 own /ation )9 ?is *ang+ _w1 ! f>m]'s outlook & me?ods w\ld also h to *ange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s modification ( ! traditional me?ods ( f>m+ 0 ! increas$ me*anization ( _m f>m functions dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! #bj? c5tury4 ,n only 7 pl[s improv$ 7by ! addition ( a v]tical disk :i* made = deep] cutt+ & m ?or\gh turn+ ( ! soil7 & heavi] h>r[s develop$1 b gasol9e-p[]$ ma*9]y began to be widely us$4#ib ,! diesel tractor _h actually be5 available z e>ly z #aije1 b 0 n g5]ally adopt$ until ,_w ,w> ,i at :i* "t milit>y exp]im5tation improv$ ! eng9e's con/ruction & work] %ortages made ! labor-effici5t ma*9]y especially valuable4 ,! introduction 9 #aibd ( an all-purpose tractor1 :i* c\ld cultivate z well z prep>e ! soil1 increas$ ! ma*9]y's usefulness & gave an additional ?ru/ to its popul>ity4#ic ,! tractor 0 meant to replace ! "w ( draft horses1 ! l>ge1 g5tle creatures :o1 along ) ox5 & mules1 _h suppli$ ! f>m's p[] = c5turies4 ,! sav+ ! new ma*9]y incurr$ 0 *iefly 9 "t1 an intangible elem5t ( economics :i* f>m]s 7 j beg9n+ to consid] 9 _! appraisal ( income & f>m value4 ,(t5 ! use ( a tractor cut "w "t by half or m4 ,ray ,h>rison recall$ t x took five horses & ?ree m5 sev]al days "w to clean out ! trees & bru% = a pot5tial field2 8 bro!r c\ld d x ) only "o help] 9 a s+le day4#id ,illu/ration3 ,a broadca/ h>ve/] capable ( pick+ f\r r[s at a "t4 ,?is me*anical pick] 0 develop$ by a c\nty f>m]1 ,h4 ,c4 ,clapp4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aiba1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,:eat be+ me*anically h>ve/$1 c4 #aibe4 ,few f>ms c\ld af=d ! luxury ( su* equipm5t at ?is "t4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,! e>ly tractors 7 n )\t _! problems4 ,initially _! :eels 7 ( /eel1 :i* pack$ d[n ! wet e>? mak+ pl[+ difficult1 or lo/ traction & became mir$ 9 ! ev]-pres5t r$ mud2 ! addition ( spik$ :eels or heavy *a9s help$ only a little be=e pneumatic tires 7 introduc$ 9 #aicb4ie ,! ma*9]y 0 also exp5sive & complicat$ to repair4 ,few f>ms 7 z =tunate z ! ,h>risons' on :i* "o bro!r _h tak5 num]\s me*anical c\rses & _h ev5 work$ 9 a tractor repair %op4#if ,= f>m]s :o c\ld n always correlate "t sav+s ) f9ancial advantage1 ! l>ge capital outlay seem$ unnecess>y or ev5 unwise4 ,z ! ma*9]y 0 be/ adapt$ to l>ge f>ms & int5sive cultivation1 ?is 0 especially true 9 situations :]e ! f>m] did n feel ov]work$1 or held few ambitions to exp& production4 ,?us1 ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m]s 7 sl[ to embrace ! newfangl$ te*nology4 ,a #aibd survey ( ! c\nty %[$ t only #aj ( ! f>m]s own$ a tractor despite ,c\nty ,ag5t ,d]r's ass]tion t ! cutt+ ( :eat ) ! tractor _h be5 f\nd ! mo/ economical way = _m reasons4 ,! pr9ciple be+ rapidity & sav+ ( labor4#ig ,z late z #aicf ,d]r wrote t ! majority ( ! small f>m]s c\ld n af=d to pur*ase me*aniz$ equipm5t & 7 compell$ to cont9ue ) _! horses4 ,! co/ 0 p>tially (fset by ma*9]y loan$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 7,,usda71 = example1 a se$ corn grad] & :eat smut treat] :i* travell$ l a mission>y 444 f f>m to f>m 9 _! crop improvem5t "w4#ih ,nev]!less ev5 m5 su* z ,a4 ,s4 ,h>rison1 "o ( ! area's mo/ progressive f>m]s1 7 hesitant ab\t ! new ma*9es1 z ,hold5 ,h>rison relates3 ,he knew ,i 0 sort ( a tractor bug1 & "o day he call$ me 9 & he said1 ',n[ son1 n[ we don't use tractors out "h1 we gr[ ! fe$ = ! horses 444 we d our f>m "w ) horses4' ,b t v spr+ x got s hot t an old brok5 d[n tractor t ,i r\nd$ up did m "w ?an ! twelve horses we _h4#ii ,economics1 cu/om & suspicion ( objects s divorc$ f nature's cad5ce r$uc$ ! f>m]s' en?usiasm = new ma*9]y4 ,me*aniz$ milk+ equipm5t 0 also held 9 suspicion initially4 ,milk+ ma*9es 7 develop$ ar\nd #aijj1 b a prejudice aga9/ !m la/$ well into ! #aibjs4 ,old] c[s1 accu/om$ to h& milk+1 did n l ! s\nd & feel ( ! ma*9es & _m f>m]s cont5d$ t !y impair$ ! milk-produc+ capabilities ( "s animals4#ajj ,sep>ators 7 likewise mi/ru/$ by "s :o felt t !y skimm$ ! cream inadequately4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! dairy equipm5t requir$ electricity = its op]ation & = _m ye>s ?is 0 n readily available 9 ! area4 ,^! factors kept milk+ ma*9es f be+ swiftly adopt$ 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,conv]sations ) f>m]s ( ! int]-w> p]iod indicate t su* equipm5t 0 n g5]ally acquir$ until ! mid #aicjs4#aja ,f>m]s le>n$ ( ! new labor-sav+ devices by ^w ( m\?1 ?r\gh agricultural organizations1 catalogs & manufactur]'s salesm54 ,! latt] c\ld be a nuisance to ! already preoccupi$ f>m]1 b he also act$ z an invaluable in=mational s\rce4 ,"o dairyman expla9$3 ,t 0 a v useful s]vice t salesm5 p]=m$4 ,salesm5 sort ( get a black eye f "s qu>t]s b !y kept ! f>m]s up to date on ! new ma*9es4444 ,we _h a v good tractor ) /eel :eels1 & a salesman came 9 & said1 ',i'm repres5t+ ,goodri* ,rubb] ,company4 ,we're mak+ tractor tires n[ & if y'll let u put a set ( tires on y\r tractor we'll let y try !m out1 & if y don't l !m1 we'll take !m (f & g back home ) !m4' ,s we did1 we tri$ !m & !y work$4#ajb ,! new equipm5t1 atta*m5ts & improvem5ts c\ld be b\ght on cr$it1 or by def]r$ paym5t 7t is1 ext5d$ cr$it7 until a crop 0 h>ve/$4 ,?is 0 frequ5tly necess>y z ! ma*9]y 0 co/ly4 ,joseph ,be>d indicat$ t a tractor co/ ab\t #fjj to #hjj 9 #aicj4 ,! ,se>s & ,roebuck catalog = #aibh (f]$ an electric milk] = #ade 7includ+ a #c_/d horsep[] eng9e7 & a h>r[ atta*m5t to be us$ ) a tractor = #fj4 ,cream sep>ators rang$ f #db4ie to #ajj )\t a motor1 :i* c\ld co/ z mu* z #cj4jj4 ,don't make a horse out ( y\rself1 ! catalog cajol$4 ,b ) ! additional co/ ( p>ts1 ma9t5ance & fuel1 a f>m] e>n+ only #a1jjj annually c\ld at be/ hope to equip 8 f>m only gradually4#ajc ,to (fset co/s1 f>m]s reta9$ _! old tools :ile gradually acquir+ up-to-date equipm5t4 ,an inv5tory ( ! equipm5t on a fifty-acre f>m %[s ! mix ( old & new own$ by ! typical f>m] ( ?is transition p]iod4 ,9 #aibh ! f>m ( ,george ,w4 ,kidwell ne> ,hunt] 0 equipp$ ) h>nesses1 a two-horse pl[1 & blacksmi?+ tools1 b also a gasol9e eng9e1 an oil drum & automobile4#ajd ,ultimately1 ( c\rse1 ! ma*9es 7 ( trem5d\s advantage to ! l>ge & specializ$ dairyman4 ,!y spe$$ & /reaml9$ ! twice-daily milk+s1 effici5tly /ra9$ & sep>at$ ! milk :ile w>m4 ,lat]1 ! ma*9es cool$ ! milk to ! optimum temp]ature requir$ to ret>d spoilage4 ,?is latt] developm5t 0 an especially notewor?y improvem5t ov] ! old well or ice-wat] cool+s4 ,simil> advances 7 made ) electric incubators & *ick5 fe$]s = p\ltry speciali/s & improv$ spray+ equipm5t = or*>di/s4 ,w>r5 ,mc,nair 0 a pione] 9 ! ,floris neighborhood 9 ! use ( me*aniz$ hat*]ies1 e/abli%+ "o :i* 0 p[]$ by coal be=e ,_w ,w> ,i4 ,l ! dairy equipm5t1 p\ltry te*nology (f]$ effici5cy & improv$ production4#aje ,illu/ration3 ,a tractor-drawn drill :i* c\ld plant f\r r[s at a "t4 ,?is snap%ot %[s a black agricultural labor] plant+ soybeans1 :i* 7 us$ z high prote9 live/ock fe$4 ,photo 9 ,annual ,report ( ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 #aibb1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,wilson ,d4 ,mc,nair abo>d a ,r[ ,crop #gj tractor1 featur+ rubb] tires1 c4 #aidj4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is ! f>m's *ick5 h\se4 ,gr[+ p\ltry & eggs 0 ! specialty ( ?is f>m]4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,along ) a sl[-gr[+ recognition ( ! advantages ( automat$ f>m equipm5t came a quantum leap 9 k ( ! agricultural sci5ces4 ,"s exp]im5tation 9 plant & animal bre$+ 0 attempt$ ar\nd ! turn ( ! c5tury1 b ! real impetus = ext5d$ rese>* 0 ! passage ( ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act 9 #aiad4 ,9 ,virg9ia ! "w 0 und]tak5 at ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute 7,,vpi7 9 ,blacksburg4 ,! e>ly ef=ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 7 enl>g$ at ?is "t &1 mo/ significantly1 7 made accessible to individual f>m]s ?r\gh ! c\nty agricultural ext5sion program4 ,int]connect$ ) ! /ate agricultural colleges1 ! program us$ repres5tatives kn[n z c\nty ag5ts to advise & educate ! f>m]s4 ,work+ on a p]sonal level1 !y 7 able to1 9 ! words ( "o ,fairfax ag5t1 br+ ! college to ! p4 ,z a result ( ! improv$ access to in=mation1 new ideas on bre$+1 animal c>e1 soil improvem5ts1 & plant+ almo/ inundat$ ! f>m]4#ajf ,( special importance 0 an increas$ und]/&+ ( live/ock bre$+ & a *ange 9 ! desir$ crit]ia = a prime animal4 ,z m & m emphasis 0 plac$ on pragmatic qualities1 ! old %[ po9ts ( /ature1 color or m>k+s lo/ pre/ige next to reproductive capacity or productivity4 ,"o ,m>yl& f>m] :o m>ket$ 8 products 9 ! same areas z ,fairfax dairym51 /at$ ! case emphatically4 ,:at does a man want a c[ =8 ,milk6 ,& to get milk y've got to h a 444 female animal ) "s size to h]1 /rong bone1 a good bag & a big b>rel--a real ma*9e 444 produc+ quality milk4#ajg ,a ,fairfax ,c\nty p\ltry rais] concurr$4 ,compla9+ to ! editor ( ! ,fairfax ,h]ald 9 #aibf1 he wrote3 ,z is n[ be+ done1 f[ls are be+ judg$ by ! %[ /&>d r ?an f a utility /&po9t4 ,z "o memb] ( ! ,p\ltrym5's organization pres5t /at$ 444 "o ( 8 birds won ! blue ribbon z ! be/ m>k$ bird 9 h] class b %ortly aft] ! fair he sold h] 9 ! m>ket ow+ to h] be+ su* a poor lay]4#ajh ,actually "s disagreem5t occurr$ ov] exactly :i* qualities %\ld be /ress$ 9 bre$+4 ,exp]ts 9 animal husb&ry f\nd t cross-bre$+ (t5 produc$ ! highe/ yield ( milk1 a conclusion :i* 0 at odds ) ^? :o want$ to emphasize pure-br$ /ock4 ,9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r foll[$ ! latt] p]suasion4 ,9 ! end bo? p>ties hop$ to a*ieve ! same result3 a controll$ bre$+ program :i* w\ld all[ ! f>m] to pr$et]m9e ! type & *>act]i/ics ( ! /ock on 8 f>m4 ,to improve ! c\nty's /ock1 f>m]s 7 urg$ to bre$ _! live/ock ) purebr$ animals :5ev] possible1 & keep accurate records ( milk & egg production4 ,an especially successful tool 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,associations :i* te/$ ! yield & butt] fat cont5t ( ea* c['s milk4 ,! aim ( ^! organizations 0 to id5tify ! high & l[ produc]s 9 a h]d s t poor produc]s c\ld be sold & bre$+ done to be/ advantage4 ,agricultural ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r mov$ quickly to e/abli% ^! gr\ps 9 ! c\nty4 ,by #aibj two ( ! f\rte5 ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,associations 9 ,virg9ia 7 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 & ! result 0 a cont9ual improvem5t 9 ! /ock own$ by ,fairfax f>m]s4 ,d]r report$ ) pleasure t )9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! program #ae ( ! c[s 7 elim9at$ & replac$ by bett] /ock & t "o dairyman said ! fir/ mon?'s te/ paid = ! ye>'s "w4#aji ,simil> improvem5ts 7 tak+ place 9 ! grad+ & /&>dization ( se$4 ,:5 ,d]r fir/ arriv$ 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty 9 #aiag1 he compla9$ t x 0 ! dump+ gr\nd ( ab\t z bad a lot ( se$ z he _h ev] se54#aaj ,old or g5etically mix$ se$ yield$ poor crops & ,d]r organiz$ volunte] f>m]s to help te/ new /ra9s z well z e/abli%$ v>ieties 9 ! area's soil4 ,! exp]im5tation = crop return & quality & controll$ bre$+ done at ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute & simil> in/itutions increas$ ! v>iety ( se$ available & made = highly pr$ictable returns4 ,an additional help 0 ! increas$ dep5dability ( se$ di/ributors4 ,hold5 ,h>rison recall$ t ,s\!rn ,/ates ,coop]ative 0 p>ticul>ly consci5ti\s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,o!r se$ companies _h begun to improve _! se$ /ocks1 b ,s\!rn ,/ates put ! emphasis on x4 ,! se$ :eat we got f ,s\!rn ,/ates outproduc$ any o!r t we c\ld f9d4#aaa ,:]eas traditionally _m _h m]ely be5 sav+ ! mo/ likely e>s ( corn or a r&om bu%el ( :eat = se$1 ! f>m] n[ dem&$ c]tifi$ se$ ( a v>iety mo/ responsive to 8 area's soil type & wea!r4 ,agriculturali/s 7 also mak+ huge /rides 9 und]/&+ ! physical ne$s ( animals & disease prev5tion4 ,! discov]ies ab\t bact]ial & viral infections made by m$ical rese>*]s dur+ ! #aibjs & #aicjs 7 beg9n+ to be und]/ood 9 vet]9>y circles & appli$ to animal c>e4 ,ma/itis & *ick5 *ol]a 7 among ! common diseases br\ght "u control by new drugs4 ,c\nty ag5ts c>ri$ m$ic9e & vet]9>y equipm5t ) !m us+ x bo? 9 em]g5cy cases & to in/ruct f>m]s 9 sanitation & prev5tative c>e4#aab ,heal? /&>ds1 especially = dairy products sold 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 _h be5 /iff5$ dur+ ! fir/ ,_w ,w>1 & x 0 important = ! f>m] to und]/& disease prev5tion n only to save 8 animals b to keep 8 produce m>ketable4 ,illu/ration3 ,soybeans on a demon/ration field %[+ ! improvem5ts made by ! addition ( lime to ! soil4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,vet]9>ians ab\nd$ 9 ! area1 b 7 call$ 9 g5]ally = requir$ te/s 7su* z tub]cul97 or :5 ! situation 0 really grave2 mo/ f>m]s reli$ on _! own exp]i5ce = deliv]+ calves or treat+ common ailm5ts4#aac ,among ! prom95t vets 9 ! c\nty 7 ,dr4 ,h>ry ,drake1 ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,poole & ,c4 ,l4 ,kronfeld4 ,all ( ^! m5 made h\se calls1 br++ m$ical kits & m$ic9e ) !m4 ,_! fee 0 #b4ej p] visit :i* includ$ ! price ( foll[-up m$ic9e4 ,p]haps because ?is fee 0 prohibitive to "s1 or ?r\gh a desire = self-reliance1 f>m]s (t5 neglect$ to call ! vet]9>ian until an animal 0 critically ill4 ,! f>m] 9 :at ,i suspect 0 fifty p]c5t ( ! cases lo/ ! animal anyway aft] ! vet got !re1 ackn[l$g$ ,joseph ,be>d1 because s _m times in/ead ( hav+ prev5tative m$ic9e 444 !y nev] call$ him until ?+s 7 9 v bad %ape4 ,i suspect t ! vet w\ld h be5 able to save s _m ( ! animals t he didn't by virtue ( ! fact t he didn't get !re on "t4444 ,!y w]5't int]e/$ 9 prev5tion2 !y 7 int]e/$ 9 ! cure4#aad ,! f>m]s 7 n entirely to blame s9ce prev5tative m$ic9e 0 a new concept1 ! b5efits ( :i* 7 n always imm$iately obvi\s4 ,c\nty ag5ts ,d]r & ,be>d bo? wag$ exhau/ive battles to conv9ce local agriculturali/s ( ! advantage ( vacc9ation & %[ !m ! prop] me?ods ( inoculat+ _! own animals4 ,d]r f\nd ! f>m]s unwill+ to d _! own vacc9at+1 pref]r+ to rely on speciali/s2 yet ) classic inconsi/5cy !y 7 also reluctant to call 9 a vet]9>ian = su* a purpose4#aae ,9 ! end1 ! ag5ts f\nd t1 l _m o!r progressive te*niques :i* seem$ new & unsub/antiat$ to ! f>m]1 demon/ration work$ bett] ?an rhetoric4 ,an example ( ?is occurr$ 9 #aibf :5 a f>m] let "s cattle onto a pa/ure1 believ$ to be infe/$ ) a calf disease kn[n z blackleg4 ,:5 "o ( 8 be/ calves di$1 he panick$ & turn$ to ! c\nty ag5t4 ,! f>m]'s animals 7 all inoculat$1 z 7 ^? on sev]al neighbor+ f>ms1 & !re 7 no fur!r losses4 ,?is incid5t has done m to place confid5ce 9 vacc9ations ?an sev]al ye>s' talk+ c\ld d1 wrote a pleas$ ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r4 ,!re are no m d\bt+ ,?omases 9 t community at lea/4#aaf ,simil> "w 0 und]tak5 to conv9ce or*>di/s & crop produc]s ( ! advantages ( prev5tative spray+ to elim9ate bact]ial diseases & aid 9 insect control4 ,! c\nty's production ( fruits1 vegetables & gra9s _h suff]$ less f direct neglect ?an f ignorance ( prop] c>e4#aag ,! value ( *emical pe/icides 0 j beg9n+ to be und]/ood 7_! use w\ld n rea* major proportions until ! ye>s aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii7 & ,joseph ,be>d not$ t ! ag5ts 7 frequ5tly bomb>d$ ) all ^! new adv]tisem5ts com+ f ! suppli] or *emical company4444#aah ,! ag5ts refra9$ f recomm5d+ products t _h n be5 te/$ = at lea/ ?ree ye>s at ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 insur+ "s safety 9 ! pe/icides1 ?\gh ,be>d admitt$ t ! pr9ciples ( *emical buildup 7 n yet recogniz$4#aai ,sl[ly ^w travell$ ?r\gh ! c\nty ( ! advantages ( protect+ crops f disease4 ,by #aicj ! program 0 progress+ nicely1 z ,d]r report$ to ! /ate ag5cy4 ,driv+ ?r\gh ! c\nty "o day1 he met a successful or*>di/ :om he _h previ\sly urg$ to use fungicides4 ,d]r1 ! f>m] rem>k$ to him1 y sure keep me busy2 e "t my wife sees y\r spray notices %e makes me get ! ma*9e out & g to "w1 b x surely does pay to spray4#abj ,"h too ! f>m] reli$ on 8 own v]ification & judg$ p]sonal exp]i5ce /rong] ?an ! words ( exp]ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a wild *]ry tree de/roy$ by web worms4 ,insect pe/s su* z ^! 7 a *ief reason = ! decl9e ( or*>ds 9 ! area4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is p]iod ( excit+ & crucial advances 9 agricultural k1 ! individual l&[n] 0 sometimes at a loss to1 9 8 p>lance1 sep>ate ! :eat f ! *aff4 ,radio programs1 bullet9s f ! ,,usda & ,,vpi1 local newspap] columns & talks by visit+ exp]ts all vi$ = ! f>m]'s "t1 z did ! news 9 ,! ,s\!rn ,plant]1 ,c\ntry ,g5tleman & ,f>m ,j\rnal1 favorite p]iodicals 9 ! area4 ,^! programs came s rapidly ! f>m]s j ab\t got famili> ) "o until ano!r appe>$1 ,d]r report$ 9 #aicf4 ,z "o f>m] put x1 'j "o durn$ ?+ aft] ano!r4#aba ,fur!rmore1 ! in=mation 0 (t5 confus+1 at odds ) ! h&$-d[n tea*+s ( g5]ations1 or juxtapos$ ) o!r advice ) :i* x 0 dramatically oppos$4 ,! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 = example1 c>ri$ sev]al articles on sci5tific fe$+ 9 its e>ly #aibe issues & advocat$ crop rotation & /rict att5tion to cleanl9ess4 ,only a ye> lat]1 h[ev]1 x pr9t$ a column advis+ f>m]s to fe$ k]os5e & l>d to h5s to rid !m ( v]m94#abb ,9 an ev5 m blatant example1 ?is pap] conta9$ an article writt5 by ,virg9ia /ate dairy speciali/ ,john ,a4 ,av]y1 :i* c\nsel$ area f>m]s to increase _! dairy h]ds2 ! same edition ran a piece by ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r :i* bemoan$ ! surplus ( milk !n glutt+ ! ,wa%+ton m>ket4#abc ,x is n surpris+ t ! f>m]1 caught 9 ! mid/ ( a bewild]+ am\nt ( concrete advice & mis9=mation1 sometimes pref]r$ to /ick to 8 ance/ors' ways4 ,?us1 ! old adages--t corn %\ld be plant$ :5 ! leaves 7 z l>ge z squirrel's e>s1 or t :5 a h5's comb isn't bright r$1 x isn't lay+--7 rel9qui%$ ) reluctance4#abd ,! only consi/5tly accept$ s\rce on sci5tific f>m+ seems to h be5 ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute's ,h&book ( ,agronomy1 :i* m ?an "o f>m] /at$ he held 9 "o h& :ile direct+ ! pl[ ) ! o!r4#abe ,a p>ticul>ly difficult "q = ! f>m] to consid] 0 ! problem ( specialization4 ,g5]al f>m+ _h be5 ! rule = s long1 & "o-crop sy/ems _h su* a reputation = runn+ f>ms into debt1 t _m 7 d\btful ( ! advantages ( specialization4 ,"h1 too1 !y receiv$ mix$ signals4 ,on "o h& f>m]s 7 advis$ to s9k _! all into p\ltry or dairy+1 only to he> t to conc5trate too completely on "o area w\ld limit _! self-suffici5cy & mitigate ! integrat$ quality ( ! f>m4 ,9 an increas+ly te*nical _w1 h[ev]1 specialization _h _m attractions4 ,exp5sive ma*9]y ne$$ to be pur*as$ = only "o k9d ( production1 ! f>m] c\ld cut d[n ! va/ influx ( in=mation to only ^? subjects :i* directly int]e/$ him1 & ! me?ods ( mass production1 fir/ pione]$ 9 factories1 c\ld be appli$ to 8 conc5trat$ ef=t4 ,moreov]1 specialization 9 m>ket commodities produc$ ! ca% :i* _h become ev] m important to buy equipm5t1 pay taxes & pur*ase manufactur$ goods :i* 7 no long] made on ! f>m4 ,9 ! end1 ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m]s g5]ally effect$ a compromise3 :ile focus+ on "o aspect ( f>m+1 !y reta9$ _m ( ! advantages ( ! g5]al f>m]4 ,vegetable g>d5s1 p\ltry h\ses1 or*>ds1 & sometimes %eep all kept _! place on ! family f>m4 ,ev5 ,c4 ,t4 ,rice1 :o lik$ to ref] to 8 f>m z a milk produc+ plant1 ) little "t or space = any?+ else kept a few *ick5s & hogs4#abf ,an e>ly specialization 9 ! c\nty 0 truck g>d5+4 ,! long gr[+ season & pot5tial m>kets 9 ,alex&ria & ,wa%+ton 9 !ory seem$ to po9t to success 9 ?is field4 ,! li/ ( vegetables & fruits gr[n = ! comm]cial m>ket 0 impressive & includ$ potatoes1 corn1 tomatoes1 sp9a*1 black-ey$ peas1 p>snips & rhub>b1 apples & sev]al v>ieties ( b]ries4#abg ,"o man ev5 grew arti*okes1 mak+ q a sub/antial pr(it1 b decid$ to move 8 op]ation to m productive soils 9 ,new ,j]sey4#abh ,yet ^? :o attempt$ rais+ l>ge quantities ( ^! crops f\nd x difficult to %[ cle> pr(its4 ,fruit gr[]s _h to compete ) ! _w-fam\s produce ( ! ,%5&oah ,valley1 ^: /rong coop]ative organization gave an add$ advantage to ! area's natural abundance4 ,hay & =age gra9s 7 ( decreas+ importance 9 a c\ntry rapidly becom+ enamor$ ( ! automobile4 ,9 addition1 a slump 9 f>m prices _h begun 9 #aibj-ba1 ! aft]-effect ( ! inflat$ agricultural rev5ues ( ! ,_w ,w> ,i ye>s4 ,a /udy ( small truck f>ms 9 ! ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 area %[$ t despite int5sive labor & a d\ble cropp+ sy/em1 a f>m] 0 (t5 cle>+ only #ejj annually by rais+ produce = ! city m>kets4 ,! /udy conclud$ t x took ! be/ managem5t & a consid]able k ( f>m practice & m>kets to till su* a f>m to advantage4 ,on ! smalle/ f>ms x 0 only ! exceptional f>m] :o c\ld make m ?an a liv+ )\t any outside s\rce ( income4#abi ,m>ket+ ! produce 0 a special problem ( truck f>m+4 ,! vegetables _h to be deliv]$ & sold at ! peak ( _! rip5ess & _! highly p]i%able nature made ?is some:at difficult 9 ! days be=e refrig]ation4 ,x 0 g5]ally undesirable to sell ?r\gh a middleman1 & !re=e ! f>m] 0 responsible = p]sonally m>ket+ z well z rais+ 8 produce4 ,moreov]1 ! trip to ,wa%+ton 0 t$i\s & "t consum+1 especially 9 ! e>ly #aibjs :5 ! condition ( ! area's roads 0 at a notori\sly l[ po9t4 ,"o m>ket f>m]'s trip 0 describ$ 9 ?is way3 ,he plant$ all sorts ( g>d5 produce & he _h :at y'd call a m>ket wagon2 x 0 a cov]$ wagon4444 ,dur+ ! day he w\ld fill t wagon ) 8 produce & 9 ! ev5+ he w\ld hook 8 444 two horses to ! wagon to get to ,wa%+ton4 ,he'd aim to get !re by six o'clock 9 ! morn+ :5 ! m>kets op5$4 ,he w\ld sell 8 produce z mu* z he c\ld directly f ! wagon 444 to individuals at ! old ,c5t] ,m>ket4444 ,!y paid a high] price4 ,if he _h any left ov] he _h to sell x at :atev] he c\ld get to ! p :o own$ ! /alls4444 ,x took him ?ree or f\r h\rs 444 to sell 8 load ( produce4 ,!n x 0 ! next night be=e he came home4#acj ,conditions at ! city m>kets 7 also less ?an p]fect z l>ge companies tri$ to dump *eap produce f outside areas on ! ,wa%+ton consum]4 ,n only did !y compete ) ! local f>m] = ! l[e/ prices1 b !y misus$ ! /all space itself4 ,ev5 :5 a new m>ket 0 built 9 #aicc1 ?is rema9$ a problem4 ,"o irate f>m] angrily /at$ to ! editor ( ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v] t ! l>ge retail trucks held all ! available spaces :ile ! area f>m]s /& out doors 7sic7 all day & "p ( ! night1 try+ to eke out money = taxes1 int]e/ & o!r arbitr>y co/s4 ,! /reets 7 fil?y1 he cont9u$1 & ! m>ket protection itself inadequate4 ,! only pret5se ( %elt] b>ely cov]s ! sidewalk1 leav+ ! f>m]'s truck or c> outdoors :]e produce is 9 dang] f heat1 cold1 or ra94#aca ,p>tially because ( ^! problems1 ! specialty :i* ga9$ 9 di/9ction & pr(itability at ?is "t 0 dairy f>m+4 ,!re 7 sev]al additional reasons = ?is4 ,! l& itself 0 well adapt$ to ! rais+ ( milk c[s2 its g5tly undulat+ t]ra9--:i* =m$ num]\s natural wat] depressions--c\pl$ ) ! abundance ( small /reams or runs1 made wat] easily available4 ,to ! dairy f>m] :o mu/ wat] 8 /ock reg>dless ( seasonal conditions1 ?is 0 ess5tial4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ,fairfax ,c\nty also possess$ soil types :i* work$ up well & produc$ high yields ( ! pa/urage & ensilage crops requir$ to support l>ge dairy h]ds4 ,&1 "o obs]v] not$1 ! wea!r 0 favorable = ! dairy indu/ry3 ,! w9t]s are relatively %ort 9 ,fairfax1 ?us all[+ cattle to /ay out (t5 until ! latt] "p ( ,novemb]1 return+ to pa/ure by ,april or ,may4#acb ,^! natural assets tell only "p ( ! /ory =1 z /at$ above1 ,fairfax ,c\nty cont9ually produc$ well above ! /ate p] acre av]age 9 bo? corn & or*>d fruits & its m>ket crops 7 consid]ably v>i$ z late z #aibj4 ,al?\gh dairy+ requir$ m capital initially & m l& ?an did m>ket g>d5+1 x held an advantage 9 t ! plummet+ f>m prices did n affect milk products z disa/]\sly z crops4 ,! really great asset t ! ,fairfax ,c\nty dairy indu/ry possess$1 h[ev]1 0 its proximity to ! l>ge milk-consum+ m>kets 9 ,alex&ria & ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & ! spe$y access af=d$ by rail l9es connect+ ! two areas4 ,:]e truck f>m]s ne$$ to sell _! produce p]sonally 9 ord] to make ! be/ pr(it1 milk produc]s sold to di/ributors1 :o collect$ at ! depot1 mak+ rail transportation a feasible m>ket+ device4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! c5tury milk 0 %ipp$ by boat to ! city m>kets1 b ! lack ( riv] access = _m f>ms & ! ease ( spoilage on ?is sl[ mode ( transportation ret>d$ ! gr[? ( ! comm]cial milk m>ket4 ,x 0 n until ! old & unreliable /eam railway l9es1 su* z ! ,wa%+ton & ,old ,dom9ion ,railway1 7 conv]t$ to electricity ar\nd #aiab & refrig]at$ c>s 7 widely us$1 t ! %ipm5t ( milk became really pr(itable4#acc ,communities su* z ,floris1 situat$ only a few miles f ! ,h]ndon depot1 began to fl\ri% z dairy c5t]s :5 only a few ye>s e>li] poor transportation w\ld h made m>ket+ ( su* a highly p]i%able product un?9kable4 ,s successful & rapid 0 ! dairy boom t by #aibd ov] #a1hjj gallons ( milk 7 %ipp$ daily f ! c\nty to ,wa%+ton1 & its production 0 ! highe/ 9 ,virg9ia4#acd ,o!r factors s]v$ to enhance ! burgeon+ dairy indu/ry4 ,ar\nd #aiaj milk pa/eurization & bottl+ plants 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,?is creat$ a l>ge m>ket = :ole milk1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 held 9 suspicion by _m p :o believ$ milk to be a c>ri] ( disease4 ,ano!r important aspect 0 ! well-direct$ ef=ts ( ! two c\nty agricultural ext5sion ag5ts :o1 9 addition to introduc+ ! previ\sly m5tion$ ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,associations1 enc\rag$ ! use ( pure-br$ bulls = bre$+1 (t5 acquir+ ! free loan ( ,,usda animals = ! purpose4 ,! use ( ^! bulls 0 an add$ inc5tive = f>m]s to pay ! nom9al fee & jo9 ! ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,associations1 s9ce memb]%ip 0 requir$ 9 ord] to borr[ a gov]nm5t animal4 ,by ^! me?ods & repeat$ admonitions to get out ( ! scrub class & jo9 ! pure-br$ bun*1 ! c\nty ag5ts help$ ,fairfax f>m]s develop s f9e a reputation = quality dairy c[s t buy]s came f _m /ates to procure ^! high-te/+ animals = _! f>ms4#ace ,ano!r factor affect+ ! rise ( dairy+ 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty 0 ! e>ly =mation ( ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association4 ,! organization _h be5 in=mally />t$ 9 #aijg z a cle>+h\se = grievances among "s produc]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 b = _m ye>s x am\nt$ to little m ?an an occasional g5]al meet+ = ! purpose ( "s unit$ ef=t t[>d rais+ ! price ( milk4#acf ,9 #aibj x 0 incorporat$ & a full-"t manag] employ$4 ,ea* memb] paid a fee ( "o c5t p] gallon ( milk sold 7a fund :i* 0 accumulat$ & refund$ :5 a f>m] left ! organization7 & ! ,association h&l$ ! bus9ess ( sell+ to ! di/ributors 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,by su* collective action ! dairym5 7 able to control milk prices m effectively1 & _! unity assur$ a measure ( security aga9/ unscrupul\s action by di/ributors4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,fairfax ,c\nty dairy+ ?is 0 a v real ?reat z =m] ,association memb] ,hold5 ,h>rison atte/s3 ,!re 7 f\r or five pr9cipal di/ributors 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,i don't "k :e!r !y got toge!r on ?is or n1 b to />t out ) !y _h a two price program4 ,!y paid y m 9 ! w9t] ?an !y did 9 ! summ]4444 ,! dairy f>m] 0 at ! m]cy ( ! milk di/ributor !n4 ,!y set prices j z l[ z !y ?\ght ! be/ dairyman c\ld cont9ue to produce4444 ,! di/ributors 7 ab\t to />ve ! f>m]s out1 t's :at br\ght x ar\nd4 ,we w]5't gett+ a fair deal4 ,s :5 we =m$ ?is ,association ! managem5t ( ! ,association c\ld say1 ',we've got ^! f>m]s l9$ up4 ,!y pretty well dep5d on u & we c pretty well tell !m :at to d4' ,?r\gh t lev]age !y c\ld pretty well tell ! di/ributors :at to d1 too4#acg ,! ,association fur!r$ its pre/ige--& its b>ga9+ p[]--by wag+ a battle aga9/ bootleg1 or un9spect$1 milk be+ br\ght into ! area f ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey4 ,x _h ! additional advantage ( /abiliz+ prices s t ! f>m] ) only a small am\nt ( milk = ! m>ket c\ld compete ) ! l>g] produc] ^: m economical me?ods _h previ\sly all[$ him to und]sell 8 small] neighbor4 ,bett] me?ods ( te/+ & pa/euriz+ ! milk 7 also conc]ns & ! coop]ative us$ its muscle to negotiate loans = its memb]s4#ach ,fur!rmore1 9 ! late #aibjs1 ! ,association became conc]n$ ab\t ! drop 9 prices due to an ov]abundance ( milk 9 ! area & develop$ a sy/em ( h&l+ ! surplus4 ,x ev5tually built itself into a position :]e ! ,association itself ei!r r5t$ or pur*as$ a plant t c\ld take c>e ( surplus milk4441 /at$ ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,?is surplus milk 0 process$ into *eese or butt] or ice cream or maybe ev5 p[d]$ milk4444 ,!y _h a plant 9 ,fr$]ick1 ,m>yl&1 & !y w\ld div]t :atev] am\nt ( produc]s' milk to ,fr$]ick to ! process+ plant & keep x out ( ! h&s ( ! di/ributors4#aci ,?is action _h ! d\ble advantage ( avoid+ wa/e & prev5t+ a pr(it-l[]+ glut ( milk4 ,by #aibg ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association 0 ! l>ge/ f>m]'s coop]ative 9 ,virg9ia4 ,x includ$ #he ( ! ,wa%+ton area produc]s 9 its memb]%ip1 despite ! ef=t ( di/ributors to dissuade "s ( ! bett] produc]s f jo9+4 ,!y ex]cis$ b>ga9+ control ( ov] #b1ejj1jjj annually4 ,?\gh !y nev] actually w5t on /rike1 _! l>ge memb]%ip fund gave !m a /rong b>ga9+ position4 ,! di/ributors knew :5 t fund accumulat$ to a good-siz$ sum t we w]5't j a fly-by-night outfit t c\ld be pu%$ ar\nd1 t we _h res\rces we c\ld rely on4#adj ,fur!rmore1 ! organization wisely kept its cl\t by avoid+ political issues & ex]cis+ m9imum control ov] individual me?ods ( production4 ,its purpose 0 to /reaml9e ! comm]cialization ( a f>m product1 & 9 ?is ef=t x 0 highly successful4 ,nor!rn ,virg9ia's reputation = dairy excell5ce grew bo? 9 local circles & ?r\gh\t ! /ate z a result ( publi%$ c5sus reports & /atewide comp>isons ( milk volume & butt]fat cont5t4 ,! #aibe agricultural c5sus %[s ,fairfax ,c\nty to be ! l>ge/ produc] 9 ! /ate1 ) av]age yield p] c[ #gj above ! /atewide figure2 9 #aidj ?is m>g9 0 ev5 great]4#ada ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,association #a1 bas$ 9 ! ,h]ndon area1 _h especially impressive results4 ,9 #aice1 = example1 x _h ! second highe/ ov]all av]age 9 ,virg9ia & includ$ f\r ( ! /ate's five mo/ productive h]ds4 ,9 #aicg ! c\nty's high-te/+ c[1 a ,hol/e9 own$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,huddle/on1 gave #b1jca p\nds ( milk 7#h4f p\nds to a gallon7 p] mon? to a /atewide av]age ( #fbj4adb ,z a result ( ^! impressive %[+s1 _m local f>m]s %i$ away f g5]al f>m+ & began to put _! en]gies into milk production2 new f>m]s 7 drawn to ! area specifically = ! possibilities 9 dairy f>m+4 ,( t5 families int]view$ 9 ! ,floris area1 all save "o connect$ _! family's removal to ,fairfax ,c\nty to ! comb9ation ( transportation ease & excell5t prices af=d$ by ! ,wa%+ton milk m>ket4 ,9 ?is p]iod !re 0 an immigration ( f>m]s f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,valley ( ,virg9ia1 :o did n h an opportunity to m>ket _! f>m products & _! live/ock v readily up !re 9 ! ,valley1 relat$ ,joseph ,be>d1 444 ! ,s\!rn ,railway1 ! ,ri*mond1 ,fr$]icksburg & ,potomac ,railways 7 q an asset to p :o want$ to m>ket _! f>m products s a lot ( !m mov$ up "h4#adc ,_m ( ! newcom]s became out/&+ 9 ! field ( dairy husb&ry1 = example1 ,c4 ,t4 ,rice1 a celebrat$ dairy own] ( ! ,oakton area1 ^: animals consi/5tly scor$ highly on milk production4 ,he came to ! c\nty 9 #aiae b ?rew away 8 pl[ dur+ ! #aibjs to conc5trate solely on dairy+1 cit+ erosion problems & ! m con/ant income ( dairy+ z 8 reasons4#add ,s widespread 0 ?is t5d5cy to embrace dairy f>m+ t a travell] rid+ ?r\gh ! c\nty 9 #aicj s5s$ t x is n f>m+ c\ntry at all1 because !re is v little plant+ done4 ,we saw few fields 9 :i* a crop _h be5 rec5tly h>ve/$ 444 x is app>5tly a graz+ c\ntry4#ade ,despite its spectacul> a*ievem5ts1 ! ,fairfax ,c\nty dairy indu/ry did n rise ) an un*eck$ asc5t b suff]$ a c]ta9 %>e ( problems & setbacks4 ,9 "o s5se its v success 0 its wor/ enemy4 ,al?\gh _m f>m]s cont9u$ to focus on dairy+1 by #aibf !re 0 a surplus ( milk on ! ,wa%+ton m>ket & ! c\nty ag5t not$ t x appe>s z if we _h suffici5t dairies4#adf ,/ill1 :ile prices dropp$ /eadily betwe5 #aibf & #aice1adg f>m]s cont9u$ to increase _! yields 9 hopes ( increas+ pr(its by %e> quantities ( milk sold4 ,"o c\nty f>m] comm5t+ on ! futility ( ?is1 rem>k$3 ,we 7 gett+ ab\t #be;c a gallon = our base milk4 ,sev5ty-five gallons a day at #be;c a gallon wasn't pay+ ! int]e/ & ! mortgage on 8 f>m loan4 ,s we decid$ 9 #aibh t we w\ld put 9 "s m c[s & get a little extra money to help pay (f ?is mortgage & ?is loan4 ,s we />t$ %ipp+1 in/ead ( #ge gallons ( milk a day1 #ij to #ie gallons ( milk a day4 ,!n milk w5t d[n f #be;c a gallon to #bb;c a gallon4 ,well1 we c\ldn't d t1 s we put "s m /alls on ! b>n & built a new silo & put 9 en\gh c[s to %ip #abe gallons ( milk a day 444 x 0 only nett+ u #ah to #ai;c a gallon 444 ! m we work$1 ! m we produc$1 & ! h>d] we work$1 x seem$ l ! less net income we _h4#adh ,aga9/ ?is turn ( ev5ts ! /ate agricultural s]vice advocat$ p\ltry & truck f>m+ = ^? ent]+ ! c\nty & urg$ a m uni=m di/ribution ( ! c\nty's cattle4 ,"s f>m]s _h too few c[s = ev5 _! own use4 ,o!rs _h too _m & no fe$4 ,a few good c[s well kept1 r ?an a l>ge numb] poorly f$1 w br+ 9 a /eady income1 t w d mu* = our f>m]s 9 _! pres5t conditions1 advis$ ,c\nty ,ag5t ,d]r4#adi ,he also hop$ to see f>m]s conc5trate on ! butt]fat cont5t ( _! milk & to increase _! production ( cream = :i* !re 0 a cont9ual m>ket2 ! skim milk left aft] ! removal ( cream c\ld be f$ to calves1 pigs or *ildr54 ,mo/ (t5 ,d]r caution$ aga9/ ! dang]s ( complete specialization at ! exp5se ( an integrat$ f>m 9 :i* ea* facet ( ! f>m 0 bo? aid$ & b5efitt$ by e o!r "p4 ,! old slogan1 '! c[1 ! s[ & ! h51' is a v true "o1 he wrote1 especially 9 ! ,s\?4#aej ,d]r did well to emphasize ! quality ( milk products4 ,a #aicb rul+ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia requir+ a #d butt]fat cont5t 9 milk sold !re occurr$ j z ,d]r 0 compla9+ t ) _m ! quality ( ! milk is n su* a vital "q z ! quantity4 ,hol/e9 cattle1 :i* gave high] yields b less ri* milk ?an did ,j]seys or ,gu]nseys1 pr$om9at$ 9 ! c\nty1 mak+ ! new dem& a difficult "o to meet4 ,9 desp]ation "s f>m]s tri$ cross-bre$+ ! two /ra9s ) mix$ results2 ! inevitable outcome 0 to compromise ! c\nty's movem5t t[>ds e/abli%+ h]ds ( pure-br$ animals4#aea ,! mix+ ( bre$s to increase butt]fat cont5t 0 n ! only elem5t :i* und]cut ! bre$+ program4 ,"o problem1 ! sell+ ( highly pr(itable animals1 0 yet ano!r haz>d ( success4 ,ow+ to ! excell5t reports be+ made by our c[ te/+ associations1 num]\s buy]s f o!r /ates h come into ! c\nty & by pay+ almo/ fabul\s prices h tak5 away q a numb] ( our be/ animals1 ,d]r wrote 9 #aibf4 ,9 "s cases ?is has prov$ a co/ly und]tak+ = our dairym51 z by br++ new animals into _! h]ds 444 ei!r ,t ,b or abortion has be5 introduc$4#aeb ,ano!r factor work+ aga9/ pure-br$ /ock 0 ! depression1 :i* = f>m]s encompass$ n only ! #aicjs1 b ! entire p]iod foll[+ ! deflation ( ,_w ,w> ,i prices4 ,) less ca% available1 _m f>m]s b\ght poor quality bulls r ?an inve/ ! money = a pure-br$ animal4#aec ,not)/&+ ^! setbacks1 dairy f>m+ cont9u$ to be ,fairfax ,c\nty's pr$om9ant 7& mo/ pre/igi\s7 indu/ry dur+ ! #aibjs & #aicjs4 ,inde$1 x fl\ri%$ well into ! #aiejs & 0 eclips$ only by ! ov]:elm+ spread ( urban work]s into ! area 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury4 ,until ?is developm5t occurr$1 x 0 ! dairy f>m]'s life :i* set ! /yle & pace ( life 9 ! c\nty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,me*anization & specialization ( ! family f>m did n necess>ily light5 ! f>m]'s workload4 ,an electric ma*9e c\ld cut sev]al h\rs p] week (f milk+ "t1 b ?is "t ga9 0 (fset by ! h\rs sp5t on /]ilization & ma9t5ance4 ,?re%]s elim9at$ ! "t-consum+ *ore ( h&-flail+ ! gra91 b ! f>m] /ill _h to cut & /ack 8 h>ve/1 & x took sev]al m5 a numb] ( days to run ! ma*9e4 ,! gr[] 0 at ! m]cy ( ! ma*9e's own] z to ! day & "t he 0 able to ?re%2 "h aga91 he lo/ a measure ( indep5d5ce4#aed ,! excell5t ef=ts ( ! ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,associations also produc$ "w = ! f>m]s1 especially ^? unaccu/om$ to bookkeep+4 ,! l&[n] :o _h kept 8 records 9 an old %oe box 0 n[ expect$ to record ! precise weight & butt]fat cont5t ( ! milk giv5 by ea* c[1 z well z ! m>ket value1 numb] ( days te/$ & am\nt & co/ ( gra9 f$ ! animal4 ,! data %[n 9 ! ,h]d ,record ,books belong+ to ,c4 ,t4 ,rice reveal !m to be complex docum5ts :i* requir$ 9 addition to ! above in=mation1 h]$it>y records1 descriptions ( physical features1 & ye>ly & mon?ly production av]ages4#aee ,! ef=ts 7 rew>d+1 ( c\rse1 b1 add$ to ! f>m]'s already ov]load$ day1 ! recordkeep+ c\ld be burd5some4 ,bo? ,ag5ts ,d]r & ,be>d compla9$ con/antly ( ! f>m]'s reluctance to keep records & 9 _! attempts to increase ! area's pr(essional me?ods & pride1 !y /ress$ ! ne$ to keep accurate acc\nts ( ! f>m's transactions4#aef 99 99 99 99 99 ,! adv5t ( te*nological application 9 ! f>m+ sector 0 a cause ( bo? optimism & disquiet4 ,x elim9at$ "s drudg]y1 x /reaml9$ & mod]niz$1 b x also uproot$ traditions & add$ f9ancial & emotional burd5s to ! already pressur$ f>m]4 ,to cope ) ! new agricultural me?ods & outlook1 f>m]s increas+ly *ose to rel9qui% "s ( _! indep5d5ce & b& toge!r to solve _! problems4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>d ,"w ,made ,easy & ,quick wrote a local f>m] on ! back ( ?is photograph4 ,! me*anical hay load] elim9at$ ! tax+ "w ( pit*+ hay into a b>n l(t1 c4 #aice4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,,"p ,,ii--,,notes ,*ange #ib ,b>g] & ,lansb]g1 ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #ahii-aici1 #bab4 #ic ,ibid41 #bja-bjb4 #id ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ie ,ibid42 ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 ,b>g] & ,lansb]g1 ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #ahii-aici1 #bab4 #if ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ig ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ge-gf2 & ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 photo section4 #ih ,d]r ,report1 #aicf4 ,9 #aidj !re 7 /ill only #bih tractors 9 ! c\nty4 ,see ,agricultural ,c5sus1 #aidj4 #ii ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ajj ,b>g] & ,lansb]g1 ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #ahii-aici1 #bba2 ,ri*>d ,peck 0 among ^? 9 ! ,floris vic9ity :o believ$ t ! e>ly ma*9es ru9$ a good c[2 see ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #aja ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 ,! ,h>risons b\ght _! equipm5t q e>ly--ar\nd #aibd2 ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh2 ,j4 ,middleton_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh2 ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh4 #ajb ,adv]tisem5ts 9 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]2 & ,hold5 ,h>rison quot$ 9 ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ajc ,au?or's conv]sation ) ,joseph ,be>d1 ,april #be1 #aigi2 & ,se>s & ,roebuck catalog1 #aibg-aibh4 #ajd ,inv5tory ( prop]ty ( ,george ,w4 ,kidwell1 ,april #f1 #aibh1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,w ,book ,lib] #aa1 #cdc-cdd4 #aje ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]2 & notes on conv]sation ) ,joseph ,be>d1 ,april #af1 #aigi4 #ajf ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 ,congressional ,record4 #ajg ,russell ,"l1 ,m5 ( ,e>? 7,new ,york1 #aica71 #hj4 #ajh ,p\ltry ,m5 ,conf]1 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,febru>y #bf1 #aibf4 #aji ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,advisory ,c\ncil1 ,a ,five ,ye> ,program = ! ,developm5t ( ,virg9ia's ,agriculture 7,ri*mond1 #aibc71 #bi2 & ,d]r ,report1 #aibj4 #aaj ,d]r ,report1 #aibf4 #aaa ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #aab ,d]r ,reports1 ne>ly e ye>4 ,see1 = example1 #aicb1 #aa4 #aac ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #aad ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #aae ,d]r ,report1 #aicb1 #aa4 #aaf ,ibid41 #aibf1 #h4 #aag ,ibid41 #aibe1 #f4 #aah ,be>d_/,ne!rton_/,reid1 ,novemb]1 #aigd4 #aai ,ibid4 #abj ,d]r ,report1 #aicj1 #bi4 #aba ,ibid41 #aicf1 #af2 & notes foll[+ int]view1 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #abb ,f>m ,notes & ,sci5tific ,fe$+1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aibe2 & ,rid ,h\ses & ,h5s ( ,v]m91 ,octob] #ba1 #aibf2 all 9 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]4 #abc ,ibid41 ,april #ad1 #aicb4 #abd ,bailey_/,ne!rton1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aigh2 & ,! ,s\!rn ,plant]1 ,april1 #aicj4 #abe ,/atem5ts ( ,hold5 ,h>rison & ,joseph ,be>d 9 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #abf ,! ,way ,out = ! ,f>m]1 ,wa%+ton ,/>1 ,june #ai1 #aicb2 ,agricultural ,c5sus1 #aibe2 ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ga2 ,a ,unique ,fairfax ,c\nty ,f>m1 undat$ newspap] clipp+ 7c4 #aide7 belong+ to ,mrs4 ,m>y ,scott2 ,elizabe? ,rice to au?or1 ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e1 ,janu>y #cj1 #aigi4 #abg ,funk1 ,an ,economic ,hi/ory ( ,small ,f>ms ,ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #d4 #abh ,d]r ,report1 #aice1 #aj4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,h4 ,mc,aslan made ab\t #ejj ! fir/ ye> f a #adc inve/m5t4 #abi ,funk1 ,an ,economic ,hi/ory ( ,small ,f>ms ,ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #f-g2 ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty2 & ,d]r ,report1 #aibg1 #ac4 #acj ,description ( ,a4 ,s4 ,h>rison by ,hold5 ,h>rison1 ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #aca ,fairfax ,f>m] ,/ates ,facts1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,m>* #a1 #aicd4 #acb ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #bi-cj4 #acc ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,donald ,sweig1 ,janice ,artemel1 ,patricia ,hick91 & ,patrick ,re$1 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia3 ,a ,hi/ory 7,fairfax ,virg9ia1 #aigh71 #dhj-dhc4 #acd ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #bf-bg4 #ace ,pure ,br$ ,bulls1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,may #ag1 #aibh1 #a2 & ,d]r ,report1 #aibf1 #f4 #acf ,hi/ory ( ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,may #d1 #aicc4 #acg ,ibid42 & ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #ach ,william ,edw>d ,g>nett1 ,rural ,organization 9 ,relation to ,rural ,life 9 ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,/ation ,bullet9 #bef 7,blacksburg1 ,may #aibg71 #aa2 & ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #hc4 #aci ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #adj ,g>nett1 ,rural ,organization 9 ,relation to ,rural ,life 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,ibid4 #ada ,agricultural ,c5ses1 #aibe1 #aidj4 ,! #aidj figures %[ milk production p] f>m 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty to be #djj above ! av]age 9 ! /ate4 #adb ,d]r ,report1 #aicg2 & ,/ate ,dairy ,h]d ,improvem5t ,association1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,augu/ #h1 #aice4 #adc ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #add ,fairfax ,f>m] ,?rew ,away ,8 ,pl[ 9 #aibh & ,amaz+ ,results ,h ,be5 ,revolution>y1 ,ri*mond ,times-,dispat*1 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiea4 #ade ,oliv] ,m>t91 ,on & ,(f ! ,concrete 9 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9ia 7,wa%+ton1 #aicj71 #bf4 #adf ,d]r ,reports1 #aibf1 #f1 & #aibg1 #ac4 #adg ,milk prices dropp$ f #d4je p] #ajj gallons 9 #aibj to a l[ ( #b4aj 9 #aicb4 ,by #aice !y 7 /ill l[1 b _h ris5 "s to #b4be4 ,! prices giv5 are ,july figures2 ,janu>y li/+s 7 g5]ally a bit high]4 ,see ,virg9ia ,f>m ,/ati/ics 7,ri*mond1 #aicf71 #ei4 #adh ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #adi ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r1 ,help+ ,f>m]s1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,april #ad1 #aicb2 & ,d]r ,report1 #aibg1 #ac4 #aej ,d]r1 ,help+ ,f>m]s4 #aea ,d]r ,report1 #aicb1 #e4 #aeb ,d]r ,report1 #aibf1 #f4 #aec ,d]r ,report1 #aicb1 #f4 #aed ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]2 & #af? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aidj1 ,agriculture--,volume ,i1 ,/ati/ics = ,c\nties 7,wa%+ton1 #aidb74 #aee ,c4 ,t4 ,rice ,h]d ,record ,books1 #aibc-aicg1 9 possession ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,scott4 #aef ,d]r & ,be>d ,reports1 ne>ly e ye>1 see especially #aibf1 #aicb4 ,,"p ,,iii ,pr(essionalization & an ,increas$ ,/&>d ( ,liv+ ,specialization1 :e!r 9 truck f>m+1 dairy+ or p\ltry rais+1 /reaml9$ ! f>m]'s "w & gave him an 9-dep? body ( k 9 a p>ticul> field4 ,?is exp]tise made = occupational pre/ige & increas$ /atus 9 non-f>m communities2 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! f>m] z a pr(essional develop$ m>k$ly dur+ ! #aibjs & #aicjs4 ,detail$ k _h be5 ess5tial to ! g5]al f>m] b x 0 n widely recogniz$ z a specializ$ skill4 ,! pr(essionalization tak+ place 0 also due to ! f>m]'s own recognition ( 8 unique role & 8 attempts to enhance x ?r\gh f>m]'s clubs1 educational opportunities & community projects4 ,x also reflect$ a l>g] conc]n 9 ! nation ) upgrad+ /&>ds & promot+ solid>ity among discrete occupational gr\ps1 a remnant f ! movem5t t[>ds effici5cy & pr(ici5cy ( ! ,progressive ,era4#aeg ,an important advance = ! f>m] 0 ! increas$ opportunities 9 agricultural education4 ,! ,hat* ,act _h provid$ = agricultural programs to be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,l& ,grant ,colleges1 & ensu+ legislation 9 #aiag call$ = f>m c\rses to be add$ to ! high s*ool curriculum4#aeh ,?is significant /ep 0 resi/$ = a %ort "t 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 :]e ! s*ool bo>d pref]r$ to tea* ,lat9 r ?an agriculture 9 ! s*ools1 a policy held 9 disda9 by local f>m]s3 ,lat9 0 ( no use unless y want to g ar\nd ! b>n & swe> at "s creature 9 an old language4#aei ,:5 vocational tra9+ 0 f9ally adopt$ 9 #aiai1 ! *ances = f>m *ildr5 to keep up ) ! burgeon+ te*nology & %>p5 _! acquir$ skills 7 immeasurably increas$4 ,9 ,virg9ia practical skills 7 taught b s 7 a program ( social /udies deal+ ) ! quality ( life 9 rural areas1 focus+ on problems ( transportation1 recreation1 res\rce protection & consumption patt]ns4#afj ,su* (ficial sanction = agricultural education 0 a recognition t f>m+ 0 n m]ely a plodd+ or unskill$ activity1 b an exact+ sci5ce :i* requir$ intellig5ce & application to ma/]4 ,ext5sive /udy ( agriculture 9 high s*ool or college 0 ! ideal1 ( c\rse1 b a numb] ( programs 7 develop$ to fur!r ! e/abli%$ f>m]'s basic skills4 ,ray ,h>rison w5t to ,baltimore to take a f>m]'s c\rse 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e & ,wilson ,d4 ,mc,nair travell$ all ! way to ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 to le>n ! mo/ advanc$ me?ods ( p\ltry f>m+4 ,mc,nair lat] enroll$ 9 a two-ye> c\rse at ,,vpi4 ,ano!r f>m]1 ,fr$ ,curtice1 f ! ,navy area1 _h degrees f ,cornell ,univ]sity & took vet]9>y c\rses f ,george ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4#afa ,! c\nty ag5t also design$ ext5sion s*ools = int]e/$ f>m]s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aicc1 = example1 a two-day p\ltry s*ool 0 att5d$ by #ge f>m]s :o he>d reports by local f>m]s1 talks by exp]ts f ,,usda & ,,vpi & work%ops on topics su* z ,egg ,grad+1 ,gr[+ ! ,pullets1 & ,! ,p\ltry ,outlook = ,virg9ia4#afb ,less int5sive programs 7 also (f]$1 su* z ! free %[+ ( a dairy-ori5t$ film1 ,safegu>d+ ! ,fo/] ,mo!rs ( ! ,_w4 ,a pr(itable ev5+ is promis$1 ann\nc$ ! film's adv]tisem5t1 especially to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! economical production ( milk by up-to-date me?ods4#afc ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,grange meet+ at a s*oolh\se ne> ,fairfax1 c4 #aidj4 ,photo1 ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,p]haps ( ev5 great] b5efit to ! f>m]'s image & exp]tise 0 ! gr[? ( local f>m]'s organizations & coop]atives4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ prom95t nationally 0 ! ,grange1 a f>m]'s association initially />t$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 9 #ahfg4 ,fairfax ,c\nty boa/$ f\r *apt]s ( ?is organization1 =m$ 9 ! late ye>s ( ! #aibjs4 ,! ,grange int]e/$ itself 9 agricultural activities & civic matt]s & x 0 ^u its recomm5dation t ! c\nty ag5t 0 appo9t$4#afd ,( m imm$iate conc]n1 h[ev]1 7 ! local f>m]'s clubs1 & ! un(ficial associations ( or*>di/s or dairym5 :o met to discuss surpluses1 crop problems or ! ne$ to adv]tise4 ,! f>m]'s clubs 7 ! outgr[? ( community gr\ps :i* sprang up spontane\sly 9 ! c\nty f ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury on1 b :i* 7 exp&$ & =maliz$ by ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r 9 ! mid-#aibjs4 ,z he describ$ !m !y 7 unique 9 _! plans 9 t !y are compos$ ( twelve families & !y meet once a ye> at ea* home4444 ,!y meet 9 "t = d9n] & aft] d9n] 444 ! m5 g ov] ! f>m & discuss curr5t f>m problems4 ,!n !y return to ! h\se & li/5 to "s speak] :o has be5 invit$ = an in=mal talk4#afe ,broad5+ & sociable1 ! clubs became an out/&+ feature ( ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m organization4 ,! m9utes f ! meet+s ( ,f>m]'s ,club #a1 :i* 0 bas$ 9 ,h]ndon & 0 made up pr$om9antly ( memb]s f ! ,floris area1 %[ ! v>iety ( subjects discuss$4 ,a meet+ 9 ,m>*1 #aiba1 includ$ a lecture on contagi\s abortion 7a disease *iefly affect+ dairy c[s74 ,road conditions 7 discuss$ 9 ,april1 #aibd4 ,problems ( milk cool+ & ! effectiv5ess ( ! agricultural high s*ool 7 topics 9 ,m>*1 #aibh1 & ! foll[+ mon? /ate legislator ,h4 ,e4 ,hanes address$ ! club on f>m issues & vot+ proc$ures 9 ! upcom+ elections4 ,! club memb]s also jo9$ toge!r to buy se$ 9 quantity 9 ord] to r$uce co/ & ef=t4 ,in=mative z ! meet+s 71 ( equal importance 0 ! bond ( fri5d%ip & pr(essional affiliation :i* ! f>m]'s clubs fo/]$4 ,by work+ closely ) m5 ( simil> int]e/s1 a network 0 built up :i* increas$ ! agriculturali/s' pride & effectiv5ess2 n only c\ld ! f>m] id5tify ) ! attitudes & problems ( 8 associates1 b c\ld "w ) !m to fulfill mutual ne$s4 ,! s9c]e respect felt among memb]s ( ?is gr\p is %[n 9 ! foll[+ tribute1 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( "o associat$ f>m]1 ,s4 ,l4 ,*ap93 ,be x resolv$3 ,t we pause to drop a te> ( sympa?y & love1 to express 9 our humble way ! deep feel+ ( our loss4 ,bold & fe>less 9 ! expression ( 8 op9ion1 k9d & consid]ate at all times1 & "u all conditions4 ,8 life & association ) 8 fell[ m5 7 full ( love & t5d]ness4444 ,to 8 b]eav$ family we t5d] our deepe/ sympa?y & may ! recolections 7sic7 ( 8 *e]ful disposition ev] rema9 fre% 9 our memories1 z we recall _m pleasant incid5ts ( 8 associations4#aff ,z f>m]s organiz$1 !y re9=c$ _! own values & occupational id5tity1 & :at is m1 !y comb9$ _! ef=ts to "w = ! *ange !y s\ght mo/4 ,! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association is an obvi\s example ( ?is4 ,small] coop]atives1 _m ( !m outgr[?s ( ! f>m]'s clubs1 sprang up ?r\gh\t ! c\nty1 ?\gh none ( !m _h ! longevity or impact ( ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association4 ,a ,floris ,milk ,produc]s ,association 0 f\nd$ 9 #aibe to op]ate & repair milk collect+ trucks & ! ,dairy ,m>ket+ ,company & ,fairfax ,c\nty ,f>m]'s ,s]vice ,company 7:i* featur$ coop]ative buy+ ( se$7 />t$ a few ye>s lat]4 ,none ( ^! bodies rema9$ p]man5t features ( ! area's organizations1 b all help$ ! f>m] to see ! advantage ( collective ef=t4 ,! pr(essional attitude adopt$ by ! f>m]s' gr\ps is evid5t 9 ! /r+5t /&>ds requir$ 9 _! s]vice contracts4 ,no long] 0 an in=mal g5tleman's agreem5t suffici5t4 ,f>m]s expect$ se$ to be ( a c]ta9 weight & quality1 milk to be deliv]$ at a coolness satisfactory to ! deal]1 & sanit>y measures to be /rictly foll[$4#afg ,9 effect ! coop]ative movem5t enl>g$ ! f>m]'s work+ p>tn]s to include n only 8 family & hir$ labor1 b ! community z a :ole4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,floris ,home ,demon/ration ,club1 #aicj w9n]s ( ! ,c\nty ,*ampion%ip = mo/ effective club4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,reports1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,a #d-;,h ,club display at ! c\nty ,a*ievem5t ,day1 %[+ ! /ress on nutrition ( ! ,oakton & ,pope's ,head ,clubs4 ,photos 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aicj1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a community fair1 c4 #aibb1 simil> to ^? held 9 ! ,floris area4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibb1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sugge/$ model f>m = ,fairfax ,c\nty develop$ 9 #aibd by ,c\nty ,ag5t ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r4 ,! model includes crop rotation1 annual budget & a s*$ule ( live/ock fe$+ & pur*ase4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibd1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 7 also enc\rag$ to pr(essionalize4 ,work+ jo9tly ) ! agricultural ag5t 0 a home demon/ration ag5t :o gave advice1 lectures & demon/rations ge>$ t[>d increas$ economy & conv5i5ce = ! homemak]4 ,home ,demon/ration ,clubs 7 organiz$ 9 ea* community to acqua9t f>m wom5 ) ! newe/ rese>* on food pres]vation1 h\sehold effici5cy & organizational skills4 ,c\rses 9 fancy ne$lework & cake-bak+ 7 sometimes featur$ b ! home demon/ration ag5ts' "w m frequ5tly took a pragmatic b5t4 ,! s]i\sness ) :i* ! homemak] 0 reg>d$1 & ! new image ( pr(essionalism :i* %e hop$ to evoke is evid5c$ 9 ! s*$ule ( classes l$ by ag5t ,lucy ,blake 9 e>ly #aich3 ,janu>y ,home ,light+ & ,wir+ ,febru>y ,! ,homemak] z ,plann]--,h] ,job & ! ,plann+ ,c5t] ,m>* ,s*$ules & ,deadl9es ,april ,citiz5%ip ,may ,! ,homemak] z ,h&yman ,june ,! ,homemak] z ,buy]#afh ,9 addition1 ! clubs rais$ money = neighborhood beautification & work$ on community projects4 ,! ,floris ,club annually cann$ fruits1 vegetables & meats = a hot s*ool lun* program & also donat$ _! "t to s]ve x4 ,z 9 ! m male-ori5t$ ,f>m]'s ,clubs1 ! organizations fo/]$ pride & id5tity among ! f>m wom51 z well z concretely improv+ conditions on ! f>m4#afi ,! home demon/ration ag5t also ran ! c\nty's #d-;,h clubs1 bran*es ( a nationwide organization f\nd$ 9 #aijc4 ,f\r-,h memb]s d$icat$ _! heads1 he>ts1 h&s & heal? to improv+ rural conditions2 ! club's goal 0 to give practical tra9+ to *ildr5 ^: life 0 likely to be sp5t on ! f>m4 ,boys 7 s*ool$ 9 agronomy1 me*anics & animal husb&ry & pursu$ individual projects 9 ^! fields4 ,girls also work$ bo? ) gr\ps & individually 9 su* areas z food = heal?1 clo!s remodel+ & room improvem5t4 ,summ] camps1 rallies & fairs 7 also sponsor$ by #d-;,h ,clubs4 ,at "o camp1 held ne> ,woodlawn1 ! week-long program includ$ work%ops 9 cann+1 basketry & utilization ( dairy products1 a sidetrip to see fireworks1 & ^? p]5nial camp favorites ( swimm+1 we5ie roa/s & /unt nights4#agj ,illu/ration3 ,! #d-;,h ,girls ,camp at ,woodlawn4 ,few] boys 7 able to att5d su* camps s9ce _! labor 0 ne$$ on ! f>m4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,! cream ( ! crop ( ,fairfax ,c\nty girlhood on a float meant = ! ,pi$mont ,dairy ,fe/ival p>ade4 ,photo 9 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r ,report1 #aicj1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,! #d-;,h ,clubs nev] caught on 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty to ! satisfaction ( ! home demon/ration & agricultural ag5ts4 ,! pa/ ye> has n be5 a bann] ye> = club "w1 wrote ,d]r 9 #aibf4 ,f\r clubs 7 organiz$ 444 b ! ag5t is incl9$ to ?9k t ) a numb] ( memb]s ?is 0 done to be excus$ f a /udy p]iod4 ,! small am\nt ( "w done on _! projects seems to sub/antiate ?is belief4#aga ,! clubs grew sl[ly p>tly because !y ov]lapp$ ! "w ( ! ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool & ! ,future ,f>m]s ( ,am]ica ,club1 f\nd$ 9 #aibg4agb ,!re is also "s evid5ce t p>5ts 7 reluctant to release _! *ildr5 f f>m "w to att5d meet+s4#agc ,= ^? :o did jo91 ! meet+s seem to h be5 fun & pr(itable4 ,n only d y le>n f #d-;,h h[ to make a home & a liv+1 an en?usia/ic memb] comm5t$ 9 #aicc1 b y also le>n h[ to make life wor?:ile4 ,we n[ realize m ?an ev] our duties1 z ! *ild ( today w be ! adult ( tomorr[4#agd ,z is evid5t 9 ! above quotation1 gr\ps su* z ! #d-;,h or ,future ,f>m]s ( ,am]ica enc\rag$ a *ild to id5tify ) & improve on rural life4 ,^! organizations n only /ress$ occupational pride1 b b5efitt$ ! community by tra9+ lead]s :o _h e>ly exp]i5ce ) pr(essional f>m+ te*niques4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aside f ! ne$ to influ5ce milk & produce prices1 two *ief conc]ns ( ! f>m]'s organizations 7 ! e/abli%m5t ( electricity ?r\gh\t ! c\nty & ! improvem5t ( ! area's roads4 ,! move t[>ds rural electrification 0 a popul> "o across ! nation1 cit$ cont9ually z ! "o item mo/ useful to ! f>m] = advanc+ me*anization & ( greate/ importance 9 rais+ ! f>m family's /&>d ( liv+4 ,) electricity ! family c\ld use a radio1 rid !mselves ( smoky k]os5e light+ & enjoy ! use ( m effici5t & clean] /oves & refrig]ation4 ,! pragmatic desire = electrical equipm5t to op]ate milk+ ma*9es & wat] pumps 0 int5sifi$ by adv]tisem5ts su* z "o :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v] claim+ t electricity w\ld make life conv5i5t & happy z well z add fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s to ! f>m woman's life4#age ,un=tunately1 ! r\te to e/abli%+ electrical facilities 9 ! c\nty 0 n an easy "o4 ,"s f>m]s us$ small gasol9e eng9es to produce p[]1 b ^!1 ! contr>ie/ little ma*9es1 7 unreliable & frequ5tly too weak to run milk+ equipm5t4 ,d]r report$ t #ih ( ! f>m]s desir$ ?is conv5i5ce b ! exp5se seem$ prohibitive4 ,comm]cial electric companies 7 reluctant to build l9es ?r\gh sp>sely settl$ areas1 & ! f>m]s 7 =c$ to f9ance _! own p[] plants4 ,9 #aicc ! f$]al gov]nm5t began a program to subsidize local electrification programs & make !m f9ancially viable ! only drawback be+ ! undue am\nt ( r$ tape to g ?r\gh involv$ 9 qualify+4 ,! co/ ( build+ new l9es 0 f\nd to range f "o ?\s& to two ?\s& doll>s a mile1 /at$ a disc\rag$ ,d]r4 ,we 7 h>dly prep>$ to be told t ! f>m]s 444 mu/ organize a f>m coop]ative 444 borr[ ! money f ! ,gov]nm5t & build _! own l9es to be self-liquidat+ 9 tw5ty ye>s at #c int]e/4#agf ,difficult z ! process seem$1 ! f>m]s _h little *oice if !y hop$ to electrify _! neighborhoods4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 an organization 0 n only an advantage = success 9 fur!r+ ! community's am5ities1 b a necessity4 ,t ! ,floris community 0 "o ( ! e>li] areas to enjoy ! b5efits ( electrification 0 a result ( great ef=t on ! "p ( its citiz5s4 ,a fran*ise = an electric p[] plant 0 grant$ to ,h]ndon 9 #aiae b nev] mat]ializ$1 & prior to #aibd ! ne>e/ g5]at+ op]ation 0 9 ,alex&ria4#agg ,a gr\p ( f>m]s f ,l\d\n & ,fairfax ,c\nties1 head$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,h>rison1 hir$ an eng9e] & travell$ ?r\gh\t ! ,dranesville ,di/rict to enc\rage f>m]s to contribute "t & money t[>ds an electrical plant4 ,ev5tually !y rais$ en\gh ca% to =m a /ock company & a p[] l9e 0 built betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,h]ndon1 & subsequ5tly on to ,leesburg4#agh ,! initiative %[n by ! ,floris f>m]s 0 rew>d$ by a di/9ct advantage ov] non-electrifi$ communities4 ,z late z #aidj ov] #ce ( ! c\nty's f>ms 7 )\t electric p[]4 ,a survey conduct$ 9 t ye> %[$ ^! non-electrifi$ areas to be ! lea/ productive1 & mo/ depress$ 9 morale & way ( life4#agi ,wat] & sanitation sy/ems 7 also difficult to e/abli% despite conc]t$ ef=ts by ! home demon/ration ag5ts4 ,slightly ov] #aj ( ! c\nty's f>m homes conta9$ complete wat] sy/ems 9 #aicb1 ?\gh a l>g] p]c5tage _h p>tial plumb+ facilities4 ,ev5 9 #aidj1 only #ai ( ! homes 9 ! ,dranesville area 7& #dj 9 ! c\nty z a :ole7 boa/$ runn+ wat]4 ,l[ z ^! figures seem1 h[ev]1 !y 7 ! highe/ 9 ! /ate4 ,because good wat] 0 abundant 9 ! area1 f>m]s saw less ne$ to campaign = ext5d$ wat] ma9s or sew] l9es1 9 spite ( _! advantages = heal? & conv5i5ce4 ,x 0 n until ! population boom ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii t really mod]n utilities 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! c\nty on a l>ge scale4#ahj ,( great] significance 0 ! ef=t to bett] ! c\nty's road sy/em4 ,s\!rn roads 9 g5]al--& ,virg9ia's 9 p>ticul>--_h be5 notori\s s9ce _! inception = ruts1 abrupt end+s &1 especially1 mud4 ,9 #aiah !re 7 only a few miles ( surfac$ road 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 & any roadbuild+ or repairs 7 made at ! discretion ( individual l&[n]s4#aha ,! inconv5i5ces caus$ by ! poor roads became leg5d>y4 ,"o woman rememb]$ ! roads be+ s r\gh t eggs w\ld break on ! way to m>ket1 & ano!r1 ,emma ,mill>d1 /at$ t conditions 7 bad en\gh t y w\ld lose y\r boots :5 y w5t ?r\gh s mu* mud & _h to g back & retrieve ! boots4#ahb ,:5 automobiles became m common on ! c\nty's ?or\ghf>es1 !y increas$ ! problem ( du/1 deeply worn grooves & spla%+ muddy wat]4 ,at ! same "t !y po9t$ up ! necessity = improvem5t4 ,! e>ly solid tire vehicles c\ld b>ely op]ate 9 ! ?ick r$ ,virg9ia mud1 ?us greatly ret>d+ transportation ( produce & milk4 ,if y _h ?ree drops ( ra9 on ! road1 ! tires />t$ sp9n+ & y c\ldn't g any:]e mu* )\t *a9s1 recollect$ "o e>ly f>m]4 ,e truck c>ri$ a set ( tire *a9s 9 ! ev5t x ra9$4 ,9 ! summ]time if x ra9$1 y /uck "r on ! fir/ little grade y hit4 ,n until #aibb did f>m]s attempt to haul _! goods 9 trucks1 & ev5 !n !y broke m axles ?an any?+ else4#ahc ,f>m]s 7 acutely aw>e ( ! situation & "s ( _! e>lie/ unit$ ef=ts 7 focus$ on road improvem5t4 ,records ( ,f>m]'s ,club #a %[ ! topic to be ! subject ( discussion at sev]al meet+s a ye>1 beg9n+ 9 #aiji4 ,initially !y tri$ only to int]e/ ! c\nty 9 und]tak+ repairs b z conditions wors5$1 ! l&[n]s began to appeal to c\nty judges & ! ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors = bond issues to surface ,little ,riv] ,turnpike & o!r ma9 roads4 ,resolutions1 su* z ! foll[+ f a ,h]ndon-bas$ club1 7 regul>ly s5t to gov]nm5t (ficials3 ,resolv$3 ,t we1 ,f>m]'s ,club #d 444 favor petition+ ! circuit judge ( ! c\nty to ord] an election = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r bonds %all be issu$ = ! sum ( #ej1jjj = ! con/ruction ( a macadam road f ,little ,riv] ,turnpike at ,*antilly to ! ,leesburg ,pike at ,dranesville1 & z mu* m z possible4#ahd ,9 "s cases ! clubs ev5 work$ toge!r to build _! own roads4#ahe ,aft] t5 ye>s ( pressure by f>m gr\ps1 a bond issue 0 pres5t$ to ! vot]s to pave ! ,leesburg ,pike1 ! road f ,*antilly to ,h]ndon :i* ran ?r\gh ,floris1 & a ?or\ghf>e ext5d+ beyond ,h]ndon to ,mock ,corn]4 ,! weight ) :i* area resid5ts view$ ?is issue is %[n 9 a /atem5t made by ! ,h]ndon ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce3 ,if ?is bond issue fails1 x w be ! greate/ calamity t has befall5 ?is community 9 _m ye>s4 ,happily ! bond issue did pass & ?is1 plus ! /atewide road program sponsor$ "u ! lead]%ip ( ,gov]nor ,h>ry ,f4 ,byrd f #aibf to #aicj1 elim9at$ ! bulk ( ! road problems4 ,only a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aibh1 ,fairfax 0 "o ( ! =emo/ c\nties 9 ,virg9ia 9 ! area ( transportation1 ) ov] #afj miles ( surfac$ roads4#ahf ,illu/ration3 ,improv$ & unimprov$ roads 9 ! ,h]ndon area1 c4 #aicj4 ,note t ! only surfac$ roads ran betwe5 ,h]ndon & ,c5treville4 ,map survey$ by ! ,(fice ( ! ,c\nty ,eng9e]1 ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,copy c\rtesy ( ,libr>y ( ,congress ,map ,division4 ,illu/ration3 ,/uck 9 ! mud on "o ( ! c\nty's roads1 c4 #aiaa4 ,photo1 ,virg9ia ,dep>tm5t ( ,highways & ,transportation4 ,surfac$ roads 7 an obvi\s boon to m>ket+ b !y also _h a numb] ( unexpect$ positive effects4 ,consci5ti\s & effici5t z ! f>m]s _h tri$ to be1 ! c\nty _h worn a r untidy appe>ance = sev]al ye>s4 ,a travel] obs]v$ t ! f5ces are n z trigly m5d$ or ! build+s z trimly pa9t$ z 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley4 ,a hay/ack is m]ely a pile ( hay & n a neatly fa%ion$ cock4444#ahg ,c\nty ag5t ,d]r also admitt$ t 9 at lea/ #ge p]c5t ( ! f>m homes !re is little or no att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! home surr\nd+s4 ,! ext5sion s]vice work$ valiantly to mitigate ?is problem by (f]+ c\rses 9 l&scap+ & home ma9t5ance1 b to _! surprise !y f\nd t ! *ief /imulus to home improvem5t 0 ! repair ( roads4 ,^? areas :i* appe>$ mo/ untidy 7 f\nd on unimprov$ ?or\ghf>es1 :i* ,d]r ma9ta9$ _h a depress+ effect on ! f>m family4 ,!re is a direct correllation 7sic71 he not$1 betwe5 ! improvem5t ( ! roads & ! pa9t+ & fix+ up ( ?+s ar\nd ! h\se4#ahh ,ano!r b5eficial side effect ( ! surfac$ highway network 0 ! bir? ( ! roadside /& = sell+ surplus produce1 dairy & p\ltry products4 ,!re 7 "s di/9ct advantages to ! /&s1 z f>m]s c\ld sell directly to ! cu/om] )\t ! co/ly use ( a middleman1 & did n h to transport 8 goods to city consum]s4 ,a c\nt made 9 #aicg f\nd #baj roadside /&s 9 ! c\nty4#ahi ,e>li]1 ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v] _h report$ ! success ( ! new m>kets :i* l5t !mselves to ! disposal ( second-grade products or fruits & vegetables too ripe = di/ant %ipp+ & _h gr[n to an unusual bus9ess 444 = ! f>m]s =tunate en\gh to live along popul> highways4 ,bus9ess inde$ seems to h be5 brisk2 by #aibf ! f>m]s 7 pocket+ ov] #b1jjj p] mon? f ! roadside m>kets4#aij 99 99 99 99 99 ,new discov]ies 9 te*nology1 educational opportunities & a refurbi%$ transportation network 7 naturally consid]$ advances 9 _! "t2 !y c\ld be loosely head$ "u ! t]m progress4 ,b progress does n run along a p]fectly /raight pa?1 r x dips & weaves ignor+ "s p & places 9 its circuit\s r\te4 ,consequ5tly1 _m ( ! *anges s eag]ly embrac$ by ! f>m] ( mode/ means 7 ! v factors :i* ev5tually cr[d$ out ! family f>m4 ,! f>m]s ( ,fairfax ,c\nty 7 = ! mo/ "p unaw>e ( _! imp5d+ doom1 be+ in/ead optimi/ic & relatively prosp]\s dur+ ! #aibjs & #aicjs4 ,b ! small1 v>i$ & pre9du/rial f>m c\ld n compete = long aga9/ ! lure ( city wages1 highly me*aniz$ & specializ$ f>ms1 & ! inroads ( ! city into rural areas4 ,me*anization mo/ dra/ically alt]$ life on ! family f>m4 ,"w rhy?ms & patt]ns1 previ\sly ge>$ to h& labor1 7 disrupt$1 & ev5 ! s\nds on ! f>m *ang$4 ,old] c[s1 = example1 dislik$ ! noise ( ! electric milk+ ma*9es1 & ,wilson ,mc,nair wrote t horses 7 g5]ally sc>$ ( traction eng9es ) _! hiss+ /eam1 etc4 ,:5 ! eng9e met a team x w\ld /op & "o man w\ld lead ! horses by ! bridle pa/ ! eng9e4444 ,at ! railroad cross+ 9 ,h]ndon !re 0 a bell t rung :5 a tra9 0 com+4 ,our pony1 if ! bell 0 r++ :5 we cross$ ! track com+ home w\ld break into a dead run4 ,y c\ldn't hold h]4#aia ,to ! int]im f>m]1 caught betwe5 completely automat$ equipm5t & ! tradition ( h& labor1 ! *ange 9 "w habits1 k & goals c\ld be m ?an vaguely disquiet+4 ,z me*anization increas$1 _m began to speak ( agriculture 9 indu/rial t]ms1 believ+ t factoriz+ ! f>m w\ld solve its problems4 ,?is meant disp5s+ ) any unnecess>y tasks1 su* z rais+ %eep or mak+ soap1 & z mu* z possible replac+ manp[] ) ma*9]y4 ,te*nical t]m9ology />t$ to creep into f>m talk4 ,c4 ,t4 ,rice ref]r$ to 8 dairy z a milk produc+ plant1#aib anci5t t]ms su* z cull+ became selective bre$+1 & ev5 ! animals 7 ref]r$ to z ma*9es1 :i* if poorly con/ruct$ mu/ be 444 disc>d$ by ! good bre$]4#aic ,to indep5d5t-m9d$ f>m]s1 :o1 z ,s9clair ,lewis _h obs]v$1 jeal\sly gu>d$ ! ability to escape ! mill & turmoil ( ! city1 ?is indu/rialization seem$ ! ultimate compromise4 ,! f9d+s ( ! ,commission to /udy ! ,condition ( ! ,f>m]s ( ,virg9ia 7#aicj7 %[ ! rural values ( a mo/ fundam5tal "* to be ^? mo/ priz$ by ! agriculturali/3 ,among ^! are3 a7 ,! advantages ( ! c\ntry = br++ up a family 444 a great] %>+ ( responsibilities1 a clos] knit1 m /able family life4444 b7 ,! satisfactions 444 ( contacts ) =ces ( nature1 ( c>+ = plants & animals1 & ( see+ !m gr[4444 c7 ,great] fre$om f v>i\s types ( re/ra9ts1 includ+ some:at great] control ov] "t & fre$om ( p]sonal action2 also less int5se /ruggle to keep up ) or ahead ( o!rs4444 d7 some:at great] fre$om f illness1 toge!r ) a bett] prospect ( atta9+ old age4 e7 ,great] security aga9/ unemploym5t z well z less prospect ( fall+ into absolute want4#aid ,yet 9 ! po/-,_w ,w> ,i p]iod ! f>m] _h increas+ly to comm]cialize & me*anize 8 bus9ess to rema9 solv5t & to citify 8 life1 de/roy+ 9 num]\s in/ances ! /&>ds he held de>4 ,i us$ to 'f>m' "s & made money at x2 n[ ,i'm 'engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( agriculture' & c't make ends meet1 comm5t$ "o ,u4 ,s4 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 e*o+ ! s5tim5ts ( _m small l&[n]s4#aie ,! new f>m me*anization 01 9 _m cases1 n p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to ! family f>m 9 ?is p]iod4 ,gasol9e-p[]$ tractors1 h>ve/]s & o!r equipm5t work$ mo/ economically on ! l>ge1 level acres ( midwe/]n f>ms1 & ! ea/ coa/ f>m] ) mode/ l&hold+s c\ld n hope to compete on ! m>ket ) ! /reaml9$ effici5cy ( we/]n f>ms4 ,me*aniz$ f>m+ 0 also capital int5sive4 ,besides ! initial co/ ( equipm5t !re 7 exp5ses = ma9t5ance & fuel4 ,:]eas ! f>m] _h be5 able to raise fe$ = horses or mules inexp5sively1 he c\ld n gr[ gasol9e4 ,f>m]s usually _h to borr[ money to pur*ase equipm5t & sometimes !y ov]-indulg$4 ,i "k "o or two t did1 said ,joseph ,be>d4 ,:5 y h sev]al ?\s& doll>s inve/$ 9 ma*9]y1 & y only use x ?ree1 five1 t51 fifte5 days a ye>1 ! re/ ( ! "t x's sitt+ idle 444 x w\ld h be5 444 bett] if !y _h hir$ _! "w done f someone else r ?an put t mu* into x4#aif ,m ca% 0 ne$$ to buy manufactur$ goods z ! f>m became less self-support+1 b prices = raw mat]ials rema9$ l[ dur+ ! agricultural slump ( ! #aibjs & #aicjs4 ,agriculture 0 mu* less di/ress$ :5 ! f>m 0 a self-support+ home1 reflect$ ! ,wa%+ton ,/>3 ,b :5 factories began produc+ commodities 9 quantity ! f>m] c\ld buy !m easi] ?an he c\ld make !m at home4 ,at fir/ glance ?is looks l an admirable situation4 ,b ! hit* arose :5 ! f>m] f\nd himself unable to ma9ta9 a fair basis ( ex*ange4#aig ,! result 0 t _m f>ms ( long-/&+ own]%ip _h to be mortgag$4 ,9 ! space ( "o ye> 7betwe5 #aibd & #aibe7 c\nty mortgages rose a dramatic #cj & by #aidj !y _h ris5 ano!r #bj4aih ,worse yet1 a small b significant numb] ( f>m]s & f>m labor]s 7 beg9n+ to leave ! c\ntryside altoge!r to "w 9 ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,kidwell f>m & ,floris vic9ity %[n 9 an a]ial photograph tak5 9 #aicg4 ,photo1 ,national ,ar*ives & ,records ,s]vice4 ,! c\nty's improv$ transportation sy/em 0 p>tially responsible = ?is4 ,access to m>kets _h be5 facilitat$ by surfac$ roads b an easy av5ue to city jobs 0 also op5$4 ,%ort & regul> h\rs1 high] pay & city am5ities 7 /rong attractions to ! f>m] :o _h _h to "w f daybreak to backbreak = a scanty liv+4#aii ,9 recognition ( ?is problem1 ,d]r wrote pla9tively 9 8 annual report ( #aibe3 ,! wor/ feature is ! fact t our small f>m]s 9 ! ma9 h su* a h>d "t to get along t _m ( !m are actually tra9+ _! *ildr5 along m lucrative l9es1 & occupations o!r ?an f>m+4 ,_m ( ^! f>m]s h sold _! f>ms or ab&on$ _! leases & mov$ into ! cities & are e>n+ m money p] day ?an !y made p] week 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r important factor 9 ?is exodus f ! f>m is ! fact t s _m ( our f>m boys ) good heal? & /r5g?1 & n afraid ( h>d "w are mak+ good 9 ! city4#bjj ,cont9u+ on1 ,d]r quot$ "o disc\rag$ f>m]3 ,"o ( my daught]s is mak+ #bb doll>s a week1 & my wife is talk+ ( gett+ a job too4 ,my wife c e>n m 9 ! city ?an ,i am gett+ s ,i guess ,i w take c>e ( ! h\se & let !m g to "w4#bja ,ironically1 additions su* z electrification1 int5d$ to improve ! rural /&>d ( liv+1 seem to h done little to *eck ! migration4 ,,usda & ,unit$ ,nations /udies %[ t ! v am5ities :i* %\ld h made life 9 ! c\ntry m attractive (t5 result$ 9 a l>ge fl[ ( ! population t[>ds urban areas1 a tr5d :i* cont9ues today 9 develop+ c\ntries4 ,ev5 increas$ education1 :i* _h z its goal pr(essional quality 9 agricultural tra9+1 sometimes simply broad5$ ! f>m] to possibilities outside 8 own realm4 ,sociologi/s & agriculturali/s h f\nd ^! rep]cussions puzzl+ & h n discov]$ cle>-cut reasons = !m4 ,p]haps ) c\ntry & city life be+ ev] homog5iz$ by ! use ( radios1 automobiles1 consum] goods & ! int]fl[ ( p1 ! /ep ( leav+ ! f>m to try city life seem$ less =eign & =midable4 ,9 ,fairfax ,c\nty ! proximity ( ,wa%+ton & ,alex&ria made x especially tempt+4#bjb ,x 0 n only f>m own]s :o left home = city jobs1 b ! f>m labor]s4 ,! effect ( ?is exodus 0 deva/at+ to ! c\nty's small f>m]4 ,initially ! sc>city ( help meant cutt+ back additional f>m activities1 ! products ( :i* 7 n e>m>k$ = ! m>ket4 ,rebecca ,middleton rememb]$1 = in/ance1 t f>m]s /opp$ rais+ _! own hogs *iefly because ( ! difficulty ( hir+ labor]s to help ) but*]+4#bjc ,z labor %ortages grew1 ! available help rais$ _! prices significantly1 ev5tually outpric+ !mselves = mo/ f>m]s4 ,z ,joseph ,be>d obs]v$1 ?is tr5d did n affect ,fairfax ,c\nty 9 a really dramatic way until aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 by virtue ( ! fact t mo/ f>m]s rais$ any:]e f two to five *ildr54 ,mo/ e f>m]'s hir$ h& rais$ f two to five *ildr54 ,n[ !re j wasn't room on ?is f>m to employ t5 to twelve *ildr54 ,) su* l>ge families ! dra9 to ,wa%+ton did n s cle>ly affect ! f>ms at ! outset4#bjd ,nev]!less1 ! tr5d reta9s its significance1 = ! high co/ ( labor1 :i* contribut$ greatly to ! demise ( ! self-support+ f>m1 _h its roots 9 ! optimi/ic improvem5t ( transportation sy/ems 9 ! second & ?ird decades ( ! c5tury4#bje ,! improv$ roads c>ri$ yet ano!r liability3 an increase 9 l& value & ! consequ5t rise 9 taxation4 ,9 #aibc ! av]age acre 9 ! c\nty 0 wor? #e to #aj2 x _h m ?an d\bl$ 9 value by ! end ( t decade4#bjf ,taxes rose accord+ly4 ,! editors ( ! ,fairfax ,h]ald compla9$ 9 #aibf t 9 addition to ! co/ ( liv+ :i* _h ris5 #gh f #aiac1 !y paid f$]al taxes :i* 7 #bjj ov] ! pre-,_w ,w> ,i figure4#bjg ,! f>m] also c>ri$ ! burd5 ( co/ = 8 mu*-desir$ roads4 ,9 addition to bond issues1 !re 0 a ,virg9ia /ate gasol9e tax :i* fell heavily on ! f>m] ) 8 gas-driv5 ma*9]y & ne$ to haul produce to m>ket4#bjh ,taxation1 l labor1 ma*9]y & manufactur$ goods1 call$ = additional ca%1 :i* 0 m & m difficult = ! family f>m] to raise4 ,!re's only "o ?+ t has driv5 ! dairy indu/ry out ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 & t's taxes1 conclud$ ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,! l& 0 suitable1 ! location 0 suitable1 b :o's go+ to run a dairy on #aj1jjj an acre l&8#bji 99 99 99 99 99 ,an editorial 9 ! ,fairfax ,h]ald = ,septemb] #f1 #aice1 reflects well ! *anges se5 on f>ms ( ! depression era4 ,h\sewives ?r\gh\t ! c\nty are becom+ m & m inc5s$ ov] ! /eadily ris+ prices ( food/uffs1 p>ticul>ly meats4444 ,9 _m places h\sewives are actually boycott+ m]*ants :o attempt to sell meat at ! pres5t price level4 ,! blame = ! pres5t rise 9 prices lies directly at ! door ( ! ,raw ,deal]s & ,bra9 ,tru/]s4 ,^! sm>t "y g5tlem5 _h a !ory & 9 pursuance ( t !ory !y slaught]$ a great numb] ( hogs1 9 ord] to keep prices at an unnaturally high level4 ,!y succe$$ only too well4#baj ,t ! f>m family 0 no long] rais+ its own meat1 t !y _h lo/ a good deal ( control ov] ! quality & availability ( _! daily necessities1 t h\sewives view$ !mselves z important & cohesive en\gh to organize a boycott1 t f>m commodities 7 no long] /rictly "u ! regulation ( ! f>m]1 & t ! gov]nm5t's int]f]5ce 0 beg9n+ to be que/ion$ & res5t$ 7 signs ( radical *ange 9 rural economic & social /ructure4 ,! f>m] 0 no long] s isolat$1 nor s ov]tax$ ) %e] physical labor4 ,! price he paid = ^! advantages 0 dim9i%+ control ov] a way ( life :i* _h begun to slip away4 ,,"p ,,iii--,,notes ,pr(essionalization & an ,increas$ ,/&>d ( ,liv+ #aeg ,?omas ,a4 ,bailey1 ,! ,am]ican ,pageant 7,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?1 #aiff71 #daf4 #aeh ,unit$ ,/ates ,congressional ,record1 #aiad1 #aiaf1 #aiag4 #aei ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #afj ,kolb & ,brunn]1 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society1 #dbd4 #afa ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb] & ,fr$ ,curtice1 ,fairfax ,dairy ,f>m]1 ,wa%+ton ,po/1 ,octob] #bd1 #aigh4 #afb ,p\ltry ,s*ool at ,fairfax1 ,febru>y #af1 #aicc2 & ,two ,day ,p\ltry ,s*ool a ,success1 ,m>* #b1 #aicc1 bo? 9 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]4 #afc ,adv]tisem5t 9 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,june #d1 #aibe4 #afd ,be>d_/,ne!rton_/,re$1 ,novemb]1 #aigd4 #afe ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 #ad2 & #aicg ,report4 #aff ,m9utes ( ,meet+s1 ,f>m]'s ,club #a1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,octob] #a1 #aiji to ,janu>y #ac1 #aice1 copy c\rtesy ( ,rebecca ,middleton4 #afg ,dairym5 to ,meet1 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,augu/ #cj1 #aice2 ,floris ,produc]s ,active1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aibe2 ,d]r ,report1 #aibg2 = an out/&+ example ( a contract su* z ! "o describ$1 see contract betwe5 ,burd5 ,s4 ,a!y & ,w9dsor ,lodge ,f>m1 ,huntley1 ,virg9ia1 ,may #ca1 #aicc1 9 possession ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,scott4 #afh ,lucy ,blake ,report1 #aich1 #g4 #afi ,see all ( ! annual reports ( home demon/ration ag5ts1 especially ,s>ah ,e4 ,?omas ,reports1 #aicc & #aicd2 & ,lucy ,/eptoe ,report1 #aicf4 #agj ,= #d-;,h ,club activity1 see annual reports ( home demon/ration ag5ts2 & ,! ,%ort ,c\rse1 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,july #af1 #aibf4 #aga ,d]r ,report1 #aibf4 #agb ,floris ',aggies' ,organize1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,janu>y #ac1 #aibf 7sic1 #aibg72 & ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #agc ,influ5ce ( ,club ,memb]s1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]4 #agd ,muriel ,:eel]1 #d-;,h ,record ,book1 ,h]ndon ,club1 #aicc1 9 #d-;,h ,record ,file1 9 ,virg9iana4 #age #ae? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,agricultural ,summ>y1 #aicj2 ,kolb & ,brunn]1 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society1 #chg2 & adv]tisem5t 9 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,m>* #bf1 #aibe4 #agf ,d]r ,report1 #aice1 #ac2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #agg ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 & ,rita ,%ug1 ,! ,t[n ( ,h]ndon1 unpubli%$ monograph1 ,george ,mason ,univ]sity1 ,may1 #aigc1 #h4 #agh ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #agi ,,vpi1 ,h\s+1 #bf4 #ahj ,ibid41 #ad & #bf2 ,f>m ,home ,wat] ,supply = ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,june #bc1 #aicb2 & ,ne!rton1 et al41 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #eai4 #aha ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 ,hi/oric ,progressive ,fairfax ,c\nty 9 ,old ,virg9ia 7,alex&ria1 #aibh71 #ce2 ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #ahb ,gree>_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh2 & int]view ) ,emma ,mill>d1 by ,dana ,gumb1 ,novemb] #ae1 #aigb4 #ahc ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #ahd ,m9utes ( ,f>m]'s ,club #a2 & ,resolution ( ,f>m]'s ,club #ad1 n4d41 copy f\nd 9 ,m9utes ( ,f>m]'s ,club #a4 #ahe ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 #ad4 #ahf ,publicity ,committee ( ,h]ndon ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ,facts ,reg>d+ ,bond ,issue ,e ,vot] ,%\ld ,"k1 #aibd1 copy c\rtesy ( ,hold5 ,h>rison2 ,rob]t ,t4 ,hawkes1 ,jr41 ,! ,em]g5ce ( a ,lead]3 ,h>ry ,flood ,byrd1 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 #aibf-aicj1 ,virg9ia ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory & ,biography1 ,,lxxxii1 ,july #a1 #aigd1 #bha2 ,hi/oric ,progressive ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ce4 #ahg ,agnes ,ro!ry1 ,virg9ia3 ,! ,new ,dom9ion 7,new ,york1 #aidj71 #abd-be4 #ahh ,d]r ,report1 #aibe4 #ahi ,lucy ,blake ,report1 #aicg1 #g4 #aij ,improv$ ,highways are ,big ,aid to ! ,f>m]1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,decemb] #cj1 #aibf4 #aia ,mc,nair1 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 #aib ,a ,unique ,fairfax ,c\nty ,f>m4 #aic ,c[s ,l ,ma*9es1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,april #bh1 #aicb4 #aid ,report ( ! ,commission to ,/udy ! ,condition ( ! ,f>m]s ( ,virg9ia to ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,virg9ia 7,ri*mond1 #aicj71 #ce2 & ,"l1 ,m5 ( ,e>?1 #adg4 #aie ,j]e ,rusk quot$ 9 ,joseph ,s*af]1 ,! ,social ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,agriculture 7,new ,york1 #aicf71 #aei4 ,?is book also conta9s an excell5t summ>y ( ! problems me*anization produc$ = ! small f>m]4 #aif ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #aig ,! ,way ,out = ! ,f>m]1 ,wa%+ton ,/>1 ,june #ai1 #aicb1 section #g1 #c4 #aih ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ec2 & ,agricultural ,c5ses1 #aibe & #aidj4 ,! figures are #ba4i mortgag$ 9 #aibd1 #bh4d 9 #aibe & #cj4be 9 #aidj4 #aii ,j4 ,middleton_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh4 #bjj ,d]r ,report1 #aibe1 #h4 #bja ,d]r ,report1 #aiba1 #a4 #bjb ,national ,rural ,electric ,coop]ative ,association1 ,proce$+s ( ,long ,range ,/udy ,committee ,i-,,iii1 ,novemb] #aifg-,m>* #aifh1 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifi72 & ,rural ,electric ,fact ,book 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifj74 #bjc ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bjd ,be>d_/,ne!rton_/,re$1 ,novemb]1 #aigd4 #bje ,see ,ibid41 ,d]r ,reports1 #aibf & #aibh2 & ,s*aef]1 ,! ,social ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #afb4 #bjf ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,advisory ,c\ncil1 ,a ,five ,ye> ,program = ,developm5t ( ,virg9ia ,agriculture 7,ri*mond1 #aibc71 #ag2 & ,fairfax ,c\nty ,l& ,record ,books1 #aicj-aica1 9 ,virg9iana4 #bjg ,tax ,rate1 editorial 9 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,april #bc1 #aibf4 #bjh ,hawkes1 ,h>ry ,flood ,byrd1 #bha4 #bji ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #baj ,editorial 9 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,septemb] #f1 #aice4 ,,"p ,,iv ,! ,new ,deal ,"o ( ! mo/ important *anges to influ5ce f>m+ 9 ! ye>s betwe5 ! two _w w>s 0 ! new int]e/ ! gov]nm5t took 9 agriculture & its problems4 ,= _m ye>s ! nation _h consid]$ agriculture to be n j ! fundam5tal1 b ! ideal way ( life4 ,x 0 ) a />t1 !re=e1 t p began to realize1 soon aft] ! turn ( ! c5tury1 t rural population 0 9 fact decreas+1 & t f>m life fell %ort ( ! rosy dream ( pa/oral indep5d5ce s *]i%$ by ,am]icans4 ,a survey ( f>m conditions und]tak5 dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,presid5t ,!odore ,roosevelt reveal$ t _m rural areas lack$ ! mo/ basic am5ities (f]$ 9 cities & t l[ f>m prices ret>d$ ! agriculturi/'s ef=ts to bett] 8 condition4 ,f>m conditions improv$ dur+ ! ,_w ,w> ,i ye>s :5 ! cries ( ,fe$ ! ,_w exp&$ m>kets & expectations4 ,inevitably1 ?\gh1 ?is increas$ agricultural production became a liability1 = :5 ! ,european & dome/ic m>kets %runk at ! close ( ! w> f>m prices fell dra/ically4 ,_m f>m]s1 hop+ to (fset ! l[ prices ) high] yields1 took advantage ( ! new te*nology to produce bump] crops2 ! result 0 an additional surplus & ev5 l[] prices4 ,?r\gh\t ! #aibjs1 ! f>m situation rema9$ critical4#baa ,! /ock m>ket cra% ( #aibi m>k$ an ext5sion & exac]bation ( ! grim f>m conditions r ?an a sudd5 decl9e4 ,x rock$ ! f>m]'s m>ket1 ( c\rse1 by fur!r decreas+ ! am\nt ( raw products be+ sold2 unemploy$ work]s b\ght less ( ev]y?+1 & (t5 kept g>d5s !mselves4 ,m crucial ?an ! cra% ( #aibi to ! f>m]'s well-be+ 9 nor!rn ,virg9ia 7 two sev]e dr\ghts1 "o 9 ! late #aibjs & ! o!r 9 #aica4 ,! latt] 0 p>ticul>ly h>%4 ,:eat plant$ 9 ,octob] did n come up until ,april1 & "o woman recall$ t ! *]ry trees fail$ to blossom until ! late fall4#bab ,?\s&s ( tons ( hay & gra9 fe$s _h to be br\ght 9 f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry to fe$ ! live/ock1 at enorm\s co/ to ! f>m]s4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! un=tunate elem5ts meant m mortgag$ f>ms & tight] belts = ! c\nty's f>m]s4#bac ,relief came 9 ! =m ( ! ,agricultural ,adju/m5t ,act 7,,aaa7 :i* w5t into effect 9 ! spr+ ( #aicc4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ,frankl9 ,roosevelt's ,new ,deal policies1 x (f]$ a radically new approa* to f>m recov]y4 ,:]eas e>li] gov]nm5tal policies _h reli$ on t>iffs or half-he>t$ attempts to buy up surpluses to protect f>m pr(its1 ! ,,aaa promot$ a s*eme ( artificial sc>city4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by price supports & ?r\gh elim9ation ( price-depress+ surpluses by pay+ ! gr[]s to cut d[n _! crop acreage4 ,paym5ts 7 f9anc$ by tax+ food processors1 su* z mill]s1 :o 9 turn %ift$ ! burd5 to ! consum]4#bad ,_m ( ! ,,aaa provisions 7 aim$ at ! l>ge produc]s ( ! l[] s\? & midwe/1 b !y also _h _! effect 9 areas ( small] f>ms su* z ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,few c\nty citiz5s 7 9 absolute want dur+ ! ,depression1 9 "p because ! effective "w ( ! ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ,milk ,produc]s ,association insur$ /eady milk prices4 ,yet ^! & lat] policies 7 embrac$ z be+ ! only available hope = turn+ ar\nd ! f>m situation4 ,!y 7 di/ress$ en\gh s t !y 7 will+ to coop]ate 9 a consid]able degree ) any?+ t w\ld help !m out4#bae ,implem5t+ ! programs creat$ "s initial problems4 ,a sy/em ( acreage allotm5t _h to be devis$ = ea* f>m]1 & ?is involv$ sett+ up an intricate bureaucracy :i* includ$ a c\nty committee 7made up ( ?ree local f>m]s71 new responsibilities = ! c\nty ag5t1 & close association ) repres5tatives ( ! new f$]al programs4 ,confusion exi/$ ab\t ! all[ances made 9 ! act = home consumption & ! process by :i* allotm5ts 7 decid$4 ,to arrive at ! all[ances = :eat1 = example1 ! f>m] _h to complete two =ms1 on :i* x 0 necess>y to compute 8 av]age yield = a ?ree-ye> p]iod 7#aicj-aicb7 !n adju/ x to relate to a five-ye> nationwide av]age2 ?is figure1 r$uc$ by #ae to #bj p]c5t 0 8 all[$ production4 ,! ultimate decision 0 made by ! memb]s ( ! c\nty committee :o _h be5 elect$ by ! taxpay]s4 ,i've (t5 wond]$ :e!r our judgm5t 0 accurate en\gh to really be us$1 b x 0 us$1 comm5t$ ,hold5 ,h>rison :o sat on ! bo>d4#baf ,! ,,aaa c\nty committee s\ght to be equitable 9 its det]m9ations1 b z 9 any process :i* tries to fit a s]ies ( requirem5ts to individual cases1 ! decisions sometimes seem$ arbitr>y or unfair4 ,d]r cit$ a case result+ f ! ,potato ,act 7:i* requir$ a f>m] to pay a p5alty = yields exce$+ 8 allotm5t7 9 :i* an old] c\ple _h _h poor luck ) _! potatoes = ! base ye>s2 !y almo/ wept :5 !y le>n$ t _! future lease w\ld be only =ty bu%els & !y w\ld h to pay a tax on :at !y sold ov] t am\nt4#bag ,snags also occurr$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! f>m loan program1 design$ by ! gov]nm5t to aid f>m]s 9 ! pur*ase ( se$ & f]tiliz]4 ,n only 7 elaborate acc\nts ( mortgage1 /ore & p]sonal debts1 unpaid taxes & notes requir$ 7sometimes = a loan ( #be4jj71 b repaym5t ( ! loan 0 set = dates su* z ,july #a1 :5 ! crops 7 n yet h>ve/$ & ready ca% 0 sc>ce4 ,z a result1 mu* ( ! money designat$ = aid to ,fairfax ,c\nty 0 nev] appli$ =4#bah ,to ! f>m]1 accu/om$ to decid+ = himself :at & :5 he w\ld plant1 & unfamili> ) ! niceties ( bureaucratic f9agl+1 ! gov]nm5t sometimes seem$ m ge>$ to int]f]5ce ?an assi/ance4 ,9 reality1 ! programs affect$ ,fairfax ,c\nty less ?an o!r p>ts ( nor!rn ,virg9ia4 ,/ati/ics f ! ,virg9ia ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! ,,usda %[ t only #ga :eat adju/m5t contracts 7 tak5 out 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty 9 #aice1 comp>$ to #bcc = ,fauqui] ,c\nty & #cea = ,l\d\n ,c\nty4 ,z ea* ( ^! neighbor+ c\nties conta9$ ov] #b1jjj f>ms1 ^! are small figures inde$4#bai ,! f$]al gov]nm5t set few limits on milk or p\ltry production1 ! c\nty's two ma9 economic s\rces1 s ! b5efits ( ! ,,aaa programs 7 (t5 indirect4 ,! pr9cipal effect 0 to =ce f>m]s to set aside ab\t #ae ( _! l& f :eat or corn production4 ,because ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m]s m>ket$ little ( _! gra9 production1 ! outcome 0 t !y receiv$ a b\nty = plant+ ano!r crop on ?is acreage1 or all[+ x to lie fall[ & be f]tiliz$4 ,! policy result$ 9 a /rong soil improvem5t program 9 ! c\nty1 :i* 0 additionally aid$ by ! coop]ative buy+ p[] ( ! c\nty committee4 ,?is meant1 = in/ance1 t pur*ases ( lime ne$$ to improve ,fairfax ,c\nty's acidic soil c\ld be _h = #c4ej a ton1 ! co/ at ! qu>ry1 plus h&l+ *>ges4#bbj ,( ev5 great] b5efit to ,fairfax ,c\nty f>m]s 0 ! moratorium on mortgage & ev5 int]e/ paym5ts dur+ ! ,depression's mo/ sev]e p]iod4 ,individual banks1 su* z ! ,national ,bank ( ,leesburg1 :i* held _m f>m mortgages1 also volunt>ily foll[$ ! gov]nm5t's policy ( l5i5cy on collection ( f>m debts4 ,?is reliev$ mu* ( ! /ress on ! area's produc]s1 all[+ !m to reta9 _! l& &1 9 "s cases1 ev5 improve _! hold+s4#bba ,! ,depression ye>s saw ! adv5t ( a radical new policy ( gov]nm5t influ5ce 9 f>m affairs4 ,:]e laissez-faire _h be5 ! f$]al rule 7& ! f>m]s' desire71 a control 0 n[ ex]cis$ ov] production1 m>ket+ & f>m improvem5t4 ,?\gh ! f>m] might believe ?is mitigat$ 8 indep5d5ce & ti$ 8 judgm5t to t ( an imp]sonal bureaucracy1 he 0 =c$ to accept ,uncle ,sam's int]f]5ce4 ,! role ( ! gov]nm5t 9 design+ agricultural policy prov$ to be a la/+ "o1 /ill felt by ! f>m] ( ! #aigjs4 ,,"p ,,iv--,,notes ,! ,new ,deal #baa ,b>g] & ,lansburg1 ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #ahii-aidi1 #gb-aab4 #bab ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi2 ,rog]s_/,corbat1 et al41 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 #bac ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bad ,bailey1 ,! ,am]ican ,pageant1 #hdb-dc4 #bae ,rog]s1 ,corbat1 et al41 ,june #ab1 #aigj2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 ,joseph ,be>d quot$ 9 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #baf ,:eat ,production ,control ,plan1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,july #bg1 #aicc2 ,:eat ,allotm5t ,bas$ on ,av]ages1 ,ibid41 ,augu/ #ag1 #aicc2 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bag ,d]r ,report1 #aicf1 #d4 ,! ,potato ,act1 :i* w\ld 9 fact h be5 disa/]\s = small f>m]s1 0 actually be=e any crop 0 h>ve/$4 ,h[ev]1 its effect 0 /ill to create "s ho/ility to gov]nm5t programs among f>m]s4 #bah ,d]r ,reports1 #aicj1 #aica1 #aicd4 #bai ,virg9ia ,f>m ,/ati/ics 7,ri*mond1 #aibf1 #aicj1 #aicf74 #bbj ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #bba ,ibid4 ,,"p ,v ,community ,beyond ! family1 ) its special work+ relation%ip1 ! neighborhood community 0 ! *ief social unit = ! f>m]4 ,x made available s]vices ! family c\ld n provide = itself & add$ sociability & security to ! f>m]'s life4 ,x also _h "s influ5ce on ! t5or ( 8 "w because a dynamic community _s prompts individual ent]prise4 ,! ,floris neighborhood on :i* ?is /udy is focus$ 0 su* a vigor\s community4 ,fairfax ,c\nty 0 fill$ ) simil> crossroads :i* gave an id5tity to ea* f>m+ area &1 ) po/ (fice1 blacksmi? & g5]al /ore1 fulfill$ ! f>m]'s simple requirem5ts4 ,floris seems to h %[n an out/&+ly progressive impulse1 h[ev]1 & a social int]action :i* made x an area ( p>ticul> cohesiv5ess & community longevity4#bbb ,! root ( community int]action is neighborl9ess--an int]e/ 9 & conc]n = o!r p4 ,villages conta9 ! same v>iety ( human relations & p]sonality z l>ge cities1 ) ! advantage t ! small] numb] ( p are m easily kn[n & und]/ood4 ,!re c\ld be irritat+ aspects to ?is 7privacy 0 n always available 9 abundance7 b also a w>m famili>ity4 ,! p ( ,floris 7 s well acqua9t$ t ea* man's favorite k9d ( pie 0 community k4#bbc ,lottie ,s*neid]1 :o grew up ne> ,h]ndon1 gave a *>m+ description ( village life 9 h] book1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia3 ,ev]yone 0 int]e/$ 9 8 neighbor4 ,we %>$ our joys & sorr[s1 7 sympa!tic to ea* o!r4 ,:5 we w5t d[n ! /reet we knew ev]ybody & w\ld /op to greet ea* o!r4 ,!re 0 a village atmosph]e ( fri5dl9ess & k9dness4 ,h[ (t5 ,i pause ov] e memory & savor aga9 ! *>m ( ! fri5dly neighbors1 ! s*ool & *ur* relation%ips1 ! simple ev]yday happ5+s :i* l a weav]'s %uttle /eadily wove ! lights & %ad[s into ! tape/ry ( life4#bbd ,neighborl9ess w5t beyond social int]action2 x 0 also ! basis = mutual aid & coop]ation4 ,"w on haul+ projects1 b>n rais+s & em]g5cy assi/ance 0 readily available4 ,if somebody got sick & c\ldn't milk 8 c[s1 :y ! neighbors w\ld g ov] & help him1 relat$ ,joseph ,be>d4 ,i rememb] ! neighbor next door to me _h ! flu1 & ev]ybody ?\ght he 0 go+ to die & ! sn[ 0 ab\t tw5ty in*es deep4444 ,!re 0 a wife left !re ) ?ree 444 small *ildr51 n ( s*ool age4 ,my fa!r n only did our "w1 b he w5t ov] & did _! "w too4#bbe ,mutual assi/ance1 conc]n & hospitality 7 ! b$rock ( community relations4 ,illu/ration3 ,a map ( ! ,floris community1 c4 #aicj1 drawn f memory by ,joseph ,be>d4 ,rapid communications made in=mation on ev]yone's activities neighborhood k4 ,c\nty ag5t ,d]r not$ t x 0 rem>kable h[ rapidly news travels1 :e!r good or bad1 & t ?is 0 9 fact an asset to 8 "w4#bbf ,! po/al ag5t & telephone op]ator 7 two o!r in=mation cataly/s4 ,! po/ma/]1 ,?omas ,walk]1 0 notori\s = read+ ! po/c>ds :i* pass$ 8 way1 & (t5 call$ ! recipi5ts to in=m !m ( imp5d+ visits by relatives1 or tid+s ( bir? or dea?4#bbg ,telephone l9es 7 put up 9 #aiaf1 /rung on trees1 j old poles up & d[n ! road#bbh & ?is greatly spe$$ *annels ( gossip & necess>y in=mation4 ,! telephone op]ator work$ f h] own b$room & 0 ! s\rce = all ! late/ news4 ,if y didn't "k :at 0 go+ on 9 ! neighborhood1 all y _h to d 0 ask ! telephone op]ator1 "o ,floris resid5t obs]v$4 ,%e knew ev]y?+4#bbi ,9 a m pragmatic s5se ! op]ator 0 dep5d$ ^u = help dur+ em]g5cies4 ,! fe> ( isolation1 a *ief liability ( rural areas1 0 mu* r$uc$ by ! improv$ roads & telecommunications ( ! fir/ decade ( ! #bj? c5tury4 ,! telephone op]ator 0 p>ticul>ly helpful 9 locat+ rural doctors :5 !y 7 ne$$ 9 an em]g5cy4 ,l ! vet]9>ians1 doctors 7 n reli$ on = m9or illnesses b 7 call$ on 9 extreme cases4 ,jack ,day & ,william ,robey 7 among ! doctors :o travell$ by horse & buggy 7& lat] 9 e>ly model ,=ds7 to make h\secalls4 ,!y 7 lov$ & accept$ by ! community3 ,we ?\ght ( a family doctor ab\t l we did our m9i/]4#bcj ,fees 7 usually #a4jj = a h\secall ?\gh f>m]s w\ld sometimes (f] a bu%el ( corn or a *ick5 9 paym5t = _! treatm5t4#bca ,! doctors contribut$ a great deal to ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,rural families1 h[ev]1 7 res\rceful 9 f9d+ home rem$ies = _m ailm5ts4 ,"s ( ^! 7 long-respect$ h]bal prep>ations1 b o!rs 7 us$ m because ( tradition ?an effectiv5ess4 ,frances ,simpson describ$ ! special folk m$ic9es ( h] family ne> ,h]ndon3 ,:5 an epidemic 0 report$ 9 ! village dur+ ! w9t]1 %e prep>$ ! dreadful smell+ asafetida bags :i* %e ti$ ab\t our necks "u our dresses4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to w>d (f diseases4 ,:5 my si/]s & ,i _h colds1 mutton tall[ pla/]s 7 put on our *e/s & fa/5$ to our und]we>4 ,^! /icky1 clammy pla/]s 7 worn until all signs ( cold _h disappe>$4 ,sulph] & molasses by ! spoonful 7 giv5 9 ! spr+ 'to help cle> out our sy/ems4444' ,calomel 0 an (t5 us$ rem$y = ! liv] until ! doctor =bade its use4 ,my "m _h a bad case ( erysipelas & h] leg 0 9 a fe>ful /ate4 ,no?+ seem$ to help x4 ,"o night %e dream$ my si/] ,dora1 :o _h rec5tly di$1 came to h]1 told h] to make p\ltices ( cabbage leaves wrung 9 hot wat] & apply !m to h] leg4 ,%e foll[$ in/ructions & 9 due season h] leg 0 heal$4#bcb ,illu/ration3 ,g4 ,ray ,h>rison1 c4 #aibe4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,ray ,h>rison4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,h>rison family's mule team on a %opp+ trip to ,h]ndon ab\t #aiad4 ,a "y ,ray ,h>rison is rid+ 9 ! wagon4 ,! /ores 9 ,h]ndon provid$ basic supplies & s]vices = ! ,floris community4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,ray ,h>rison4 ,! ,floris community 0 an e>ly outgr[? ( a m9+ settlem5t ne> ,fry+ ,pan ,run4 ,rob]t ,c>t]1 ( ,nom9i ,hall 9 ,we/morel& ,c\nty1 own$ ! l& :i* he believ$ conta9$ ri* copp] ore4 ,?\gh roads 7 built & sev]al m9+ attempts made1 ! m9]al prov$ to be ( poor quality4 ,! access (f]$ by roads built by ! m9]s 7= example1 ,we/ ,ox ,road on :i* ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m is locat$7 op5$ ! area to agriculture4 ,! fir/ p]man5t community 0 =m$ by a gr\p ( ,bapti/s1 :o successfully petition$ ,c>t] = p]mission to build a *ur* on 8 prop]ty4 ,"o ( _! e>ly *ur*es1 a simple1 frame /ructure built 9 #agia1 /ill /&s ne> ! c5t] ( ! community4#bcc ,! orig9s ( ! area's unusual "n are obscure--"s believe ei!r ,indians or e>ly m9]s :o camp$ 9 ! vic9ity mislaid a fry+ pan & nam$ ! creek aft] _! loss4 ,o!rs feel t ! circul> %ape ( a r\nd pool into :i* ! run fl[s influ5c$ its appellation4 ,until #ahgi ! community at ! crossroads ( ! ,we/ ,ox & ,c5treville ,roads 0 also call$ ,fry+ ,pan1 at :i* "t x 0 ?\ght too undignifi$ a "n4 ,x 0 re*ri/5$ ,floris1 accord+ to "o s\rce1 aft] ! prettie/ girl 9 ! neighborhood4 ,ano!r /ory relates t summ] bo>d]s ne> ,fry+ ,pan ,po/ ,(fice ?\ght su* a l[ly "n w\ld cause ridicule among _! city fri5ds4 ,!y call$ ! t[n ,floris1 :i* means fl[] 9 ,lat91 to tone up ! image ( _! w>m wea!r resort4 ,by ! "t ( ! "n *ange1 ! village _h exp&$ some:at f an #ahja description ( f\r log huts & a ,meet+ ,h\se1#bcd b x reta9$ its small p]sonal "*4 ,9 ! #aibjs & #aicjs x consi/$ ( a blacksmi? %op1 g5]al /ore & po/ (fice1 a bo>d+ h\se1 ?ree *ur*es & two s*ools1 z well z ! surr\nd+ f>ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! focal po9t ( ! ,floris community dur+ ?is p]iod1 & ! factor :i* gave x a c\ntywide importance1 0 ! ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool4 ,! s*ool 0 ! result ( ! ,smi?-,hughes ,act1 pass$ 9 #aiag to organize agriculture & home economics c\rses on ! second>y level ( education4 ,h4 ,b4 ,d]r tri$ unsuccessfully = two ye>s to e/abli% su* a c\rse 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty b met ) little support f ! memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d1 :o favor$ traditional academics4 ,x 0 f9ally ?r\gh ! f>m]'s clubs & community leagues 7=]unn]s ( ! ,,pta71 especially ^? 9 ! ,floris area1 t ,d]r 0 able to conv9ce ! c\nty ( ! program's pot5tial4 ,by #aiai f>m]s & m]*ants _h donat$ "s #ag1jjj to />t con/ruction ( a build+1 & 9 honor ( ! special ef=ts ( agriculturali/s 9 ,floris1 x 0 decid$ to locate ! s*ool !re4#bce ,illu/ration3 ,a sket* ( ! plot ( l& orig9ally de$$ to ! s*ool bo>d 9 #ahgf by ,george ,k5field = a ,floris s*ool4 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,de$book ,h-#e1 p4 #fag4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,jack ,walk]1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,floris ,s*ool #aibj4 ,copy ( photo 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool "u con/ruction1 c4 #aibj4 ,note ! t5nis game be+ play$ 9 ! front ( ! old build+4 ,copy ( photo 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,! ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 0 ! ?ird to be built 9 ,virg9ia4#bcf ,x 0 ext5d$ f an exi/+1 two-ye> high s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #aiaa1 b ! prop]ty on :i* x 0 built _h actually be5 de$$ to ! s*ool bo>d ov] =ty ye>s e>li]4 ,9 #ahgf ,george ,k5field de$$ ab\t six acres ( l& to ! ,fry+ ,pan ,s*ool ,association & ! prop]ty rema9$ 9 s*ool use ?r\gh sev]al own] *anges4#bcg ,"o- & two-room s*ools /ood on ! l& until #aiaa :5 a l>g] build+ 0 complet$4#bch ,! citiz5s ( ,floris _h work$ toge!r to raise money = ! vocational s*ool2 !y also contribut$ _! skills & "t to its con/ruction4 ,"u ! direction ( two 7(t5 diss5t+7 contractors1 a ,mr4 ,%effield & ,jack ,walk]1 pupils & p>5ts help$ to raise ! ?ree-/ory brick /ructure1 & lat] to build a small] agricultural %op a %ort di/ance f ! ma9 s*oolh\se4 ,! s*ool 0 op5 to ! entire c\nty b ! imm$iate community cont9u$ to feel a special int]e/ 9 x4 ,! ,floris ,home ,demon/ration ,club s]v$ hot lun*es 9 ! s*ool = _m ye>s & ar\nd #aibd !y sponsor$ ! hir+ ( a music tea*] at _! own exp5se until ! c\nty & /ate f9ally gave support to ! tea*]4#bci ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 0 an imm$iate success4 ,9 #aibd x _h #aej pupils1 ev5ly divid$ betwe5 prim>y & second>y grades1 & hail+ *iefly f ! ,h]ndon area4 ,/ud5ts walk$ or rode horseback to rea* _! classes2 "s1 su* z ,virg9ia ,presgraves ,h>rison f ,l\d\n ,c\nty1 bo>d$ ) local families4#bdj ,! high s*ool (f]$ ! /&>d curriculum c\rses ( ,engli%1 ,am]ican & ,european hi/ory1 algebra1 geography1 physics & *emi/ry4 ,c\rses 9 high] ma!matics 7plane geometry & trigonometry7 7 optional z 7 ,engli% hi/ory & =eign languages4 ,! s*ool diff]$ f ! c\nty's o!r second>y in/itutions 9 ! v>i$ agriculturally ori5t$ c\rses x taught4 ,boys le>n$ ! pr9ciples ( agronomy1 animal husb&ry1 soil control & vet]9>y sci5ce1 & 7 expect$ to put ! !oretical k into practice ) te/ animals & acreage on _! home f>ms4 ,!y also %>p5$ _! skills 9 agricultural %op c\rses4 ,"u ! guidance ( ,=d ,lucas &1 lat]1 ,h>vey ,d4 ,seale1 !y 7 taught c>p5try1 motor repair1 blacksmi?+1 inde$1 ev]y?+ f build+ *ick5 coops to h[ to put a ro( on a b>n & keep x f leak+4#bda ,classes = ! girls also /ress$ ! relation%ip betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,! rudim5ts ( nutrition1 food prep>ation1 fabric & clo?+ con/ruction1 7 c>ri$ ov] into ,hom9y ,hall1 a h\se own$ by ,william ,ellmore1 :i* h\s$ ! kit*5 & s]v+ areas = dome/ic sci5ce c\rses4 ,! girls sp5t sev]al h\rs a week 9 ?is build+1 ga9+ pr(ici5cy 9 ! "w :i* w\ld probably occupy mo/ ( _! lives4 ,l ! majority ( ! /ud5ts' homes1 ,hom9y ,hall _h no runn+ wat]1 & bak+ 0 done on a l>ge1 wood-burn+ /ove4#bdb ,! classes 7 taught by1 among o!rs1 ,may ,calh\n & ,l\isa ,glassal4 ,elizabe? ,ellmore1 pr9cipal ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 9 #aibi-aicj1 not$ t because ( ! s*ool's p]sonal nature ! tea*]s _h a fair am\nt ( leeway 9 ! "* & dep? ( ! c\rses !y taught--z mu*1 9 fact1 z _! /ud5ts w\ld all[ !m4#bdc ,"o e>ly tea*] f\nd ! pupils v apt inde$1 ) abilities equal to ^? ( ! t[n *ildr5 %e _h previ\sly taught4 ,/at$ ,lulah ,f]guson3 ,s f> z ! int]e/ 0 conc]n$ y'd f9d t maybe ^? *ildr5 9 ,falls ,*ur* 7 a little m int]e/$ 9 affairs 9 g5]al1 a little bett] in=m$ g5]ally1 ?an ^! 71 b s f> z _! attitude t[>ds /udy+ or want+ to "k1 y w\ldn't f9d any diff]5ce4 ,^! c\ntry *ildr5 7 really j z eag] or maybe m s ?an "s ( ! small t[n4444#bdd ,illu/ration3 ,! *ampion%ip girl's basketball team ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool1 #aibd-aibe4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,floris ,follies1 a m9/rel pres5t$ at ! ,floris s*ool 9 ,m>*1 #aici4 ,su* activities 7 usually /ag$ to b5efit a community activity4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! /ud5ts ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool1 #aibd4 ,id5tifi$ 9 ,july1 #aigj1 z foll[s3 ,top r[ left to "r3 ,jay ,lei?1 ,w>r5 ,ros5burg]1 ,jessie ,torreyson1 ,george ,t4 ,mc,whorter1 ,,iii1 ,m>ie ,pol& ,bonde1 ,/ella ,sibley ,jones1 ,eunice ,milam ,middleton 7tea*]71 ,audrey ,b>ton1 ,kelsie ,hornbak]2 ,second r[3 ,irv+ ,mc,nair1 ,l\ise ,mel*] ,ritt]1 ,kate ,patton ,k9*eloe1 ,s>ah ,patton ,middleton1 ,rebecca ,middleton1 ,bradley ,%e>1 ,gilb]t ,presgrave2 ,?ird r[3 ,amy ,rog]s ,nixon1 ,elsie ,&rews ,br[n1 ,georgeanna ,brogd5 ,h>rison1 ,camilla ,c>son ,h>nsburg]1 ,kneel& ,lei?1 ,ir5e ,rog]s ,deut]man1 ,welby ,nalls1 ,wade ,b5nett2 ,f\r? r[3 ,frances ,lei? ,gre5wade1 ,l5a ,&rews1 ,gladys ,robey ,embrey1 ,emma ,ellmore1 ,gem ,?ompson1 ,alan ,allison ,flem+1 ,h[>d ,armfield1 ,george ,h>rison1 ,allan ,%e>1 ,edg> ,reeves2 ,fif? r[3 ,sue ,creel1 ,grafton ,utt]back1 ,ri*>d ,lee1 ,john ,keyes2 ,six? r[3 ,william ,mc,whorter1 ,m>?a ,smi?1 ,h>riet ,m\l?rop ,*eek1 ,erl9e ,bready1 ,oliv] ,keyes1 ,)]s ,murphy1 ,*>les ,au/91 ,john ,hessick1 ,joseph ,be>d2 ,sev5? r[3 ,ru? ,higdon1 ,rosalie ,smi?1 ,eleanor ,b[]s ,mat!ws1 ,m>y ,smi? ,d\glas1 ,daniel ,nalls1 ,ralph ,armfield1 ,turn] ,hornbak]1 ,frank ,kidwell1 ,c>roll ,murphy2 ,eigh? r[3 ,bessie ,be>d ,g>rett1 ,ruby ,hyatt1 ,gladys ,utt]back1 ,elma ,middleton ,nalls1 ,n$ ,sutph92 ,n9? r[3 ,ka!r9e ,humm]1 ,b]nice ,we/1 ,lillian ,adrian ,munday1 ,ruby ,ambl] ,bocato1 ,elizabe? ,p[ell ,au/91 ,mae ,blev9s1 ,virg9ia ,presgrave ,h>rison1 ,dora ,cox ,robey1 ,ka?l5e ,adrian ,presgrave4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,emma ,ellmore4 ,/udi\s or n1 ! ,floris pupils also _h _! %>e ( fun at s*ool4 ,ri*>d ,peck recall$ play+ sev]al pranks dur+ s*ool h\rs1 su* z cat*+ copp]head snakes & lett+ !m loose 9 ! classroom1 or mix+ toge!r soil samples pa9/ak+ly collect$ = ,c\nty ag5t ,d]r4 ,mu* to ! mis*iev\s /ud5ts' hil>ity1 a puzzl$ ,d]r rem>k$1 ,i _h no idea ! soil 0 s uni=m out "h4#bde ,?\gh aft]noon f>mwork occupi$ mo/ ( ! pupils' sp>e "t1 "s extra-curricul> activities 7 also (f]$4 ,plays 7 giv5 annually by ! s5ior class1 an example be+ ! #aibe production ( ,home ,times bill$ z v attractive by ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]4#bdf ,! ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool also boa/$ highly competitive a?letic teams1 especially 9 basketball & track4 ,= a s*ool ( its size1 x %[$ unusual compet5ce & en?usiasm1 w9n+ bo? boys' & girls' c\nty basketball *ampion%ips sev]al ye>s runn+4 ,9 #aibh _! track team compet$ ) #hjj high s*ools 9 ! /ate1 f9i%+ fif? ov]all & claim+ two ( ! sev5 records :i* 7 brok54#bdg ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! academic /&+ ( ! vocational s*ool1 ! community's dynamism & int]e/ influ5c$ its high degree ( excell5ce4 ,graduation ex]cises 7 also community ev5ts4 ,! /ud5ts work$ = weeks plann+ a memorable ev5+ = pr\d p>5ts1 fri5ds & relations4 ,! #aibg graduation f ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool featur$ an invocation by ,rev]5d ,gl5n ,coop] ( ! ,floris ,me?odi/ ,*ur*1 val$ictory & salutatory addresses giv5 by ,virg9ia ,presgraves & ,joseph ,be>d1 respectively1 & a talk on ! promis+ future = f>m]s by ,pr(essor ,walt] ,newman ( ,,vpi :i* ! local pap] describ$ z wor?y ( ! att5tion ( any f>m+ community 9 our /ate4 ,^! =malities 7 foll[$ by musical selections1 includ+ a duet by ,gilb]t ,presgraves & ,joseph ,be>d1 :o sang ! s*ool song1 ,our ,old ,high4 ,next came ! pres5tation ( diplomas 9 a mo/ pleas+ fa%ion4 ,wrote ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]3 ,ea* /ud5t 0 complim5t$ on 8 success :ile 8 classmates 7 r\s$ to great hil>ity by "s well-direct$ humor4#bdh ,illu/ration3 ,a maypole dance held at ! ,floris ,elem5t>y ,s*ool 9 #aibc4 ,celebrations ( ?is sort 7 held ea* ,may #a4 ,miss ,katie ,grok is ! tea*] on ! "r4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,m>g>et ,m>y ,lee4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #aiaj photograph ( ! ,floris ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 built 9 #aijj4 ,! build+ 0 replac$ by a two-ye> high s*ool ! next ye>4 ,copy ( photo 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool graduat$ its la/ class 9 #aicj4 ,! previ\s ye> ! s*ool bo>d _h vot$ to consolidate ! c\nty's s*ools4 ,! s*ool consolidation movem5t 0 aim$ pr9cipally at small "o & two-room s*oolh\ses2 by comb9+ ^! local in/itutions1 bett] facilities c\ld be af=d$ &1 consequ5tly1 tea*]s ( high calib] attract$4 ,! c\nty's f>m families _h clam\r$ = j su* a reorganization = _m ye>s1 b ! measure 0 cont+5t on ! availability ( good roads because rural *ildr5 w\ld h to travel "s di/ance to ! new di/rict s*ools4 ,! purpose ( ! judgm5t z pass$ did n really p]ta9 to ! ,floris ,s*ool1 yet x came "u ! s*ool-bo>d's jurisdiction & consequ5tly ! ,floris ,high ,s*ool pupils 7 mov$ ) ^? ( ,=e/ville to jo9 ,h]ndon ,high ,s*ool4#bdi ,agriculture c\rses 7 also (f]$ at ,h]ndon ,high ,s*ool1 = example1 9 #aicc1 #dc boys 7 enroll$ 9 f>m-ori5t$ programs4 ,yet1 ! clos+ ( ! ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 0 a decisive loss = ,floris4 ,! s*ool _h be5 built & ma9ta9$ by local money & labor & 0 ?us a /rong focal po9t 9 ! neighborhood4 ,x _h enc\rag$ community self-e/eem & ! area's pride _h be5 reflect$ 9 ! /rong academic programs ! s*ool produc$4 ,! di/rict high s*ools 7 less p]sonal 9 nature & broad] 9 scope2 !y did n s accurately fulfill an individual locale's ne$s4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is 0 ! rigid adh]5ce to s*ool att5dance regulations at ,h]ndon ,high ,s*ool4 ,:]eas a neighborhood s*ool w\ld (t5 all[ a f>m boy or girl to be excus$ f classes dur+ peak "w p]iods ( h>ve/+ or but*]+1 ! new consolidat$ s*ools 7 less flexible4 ,9 "o case a /ud5t :o p]si/$ 9 help+ 8 family 0 cont9ually kept beh9d & nev] did graduate4 ,l o!r progressive movem5ts1 consolidation ( rural s*ools advanc$ ! quality ( life 9 only "s areas4 ,x made available m mod]n equipm5t & a wid] range ( tea*]s & curriculum1 b 9 social relations & community b5efit1 ! advantages 7 n s cle>cut4#bej 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,home ,economics & ,future ,f>m]'s ,club ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 9 ! mid-#aibjs4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,emma ,ellmore4 ,! o!r ma9 in/itutions :i* gave "* & def9ition to ! ,floris community 7 ! *ur*es4 ,!re 7 ?ree places ( wor%ip !re 9 ! #aibjs & #aicjs1 all ( !m prote/ant4 ,! old ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur* _h be5 a cont9u\s congregation s9ce ! mid-eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 ! lea/ social & mo/ dogmatic 9 _! religi\s practice2 memb]s ( ! o!r *ur*es us$ adjectives su* z old s*ool or h>d-%ell to describe ! ,bapti/s4 ,aft] ! turn ( ! c5tury & dur+ ! ,depression1 ! ,bapti/ ,*ur* 0 less reg5]ative ?an ! o!rs 9 ,floris & mo/ ( ! memb]s 7 old] p4#bea ,less doctr9aire1 ! ,floris ,me?odi/ ,*ur* & ,floris ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 7 a m active "p ( ! community4 ,! *ur* build+s1 ) _! l>ge seat+ capacity1 made natural auditoriums = f>m]s' meet+s1 lectures & ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! two *ur*es coop]at$ 9 sponsor%ip ( an ,epwor? ,y\? ,league1 :i*1 ?\gh x held its ,sunday night meet+s 9 ! m c5trally locat$ ,me?odi/ ,*ur*1 0 non-d5om9ational 9 "*4 ,! ,rev]5d ,gl5n ,coop] report$ 9 #aibg t ! ,floris ,league1 be+ an indep5d5t & a community organization does n take up any d5om9ational "w1 b is int]e/$ 9 local *>ities & its own ent]ta9m5t4#beb ,! ,presbyt]ian & ,me?odi/ *ur*es also work$ toge!r 9 plann+ holiday programs & avoid$ conflicts by consid]ately s*$ul+ _! important fe/ivals on diff]5t dates4 ,at ,*ri/ma/ime1 !y 7 especially c>eful to plan _! c>ol programs s t ! entire community c\ld att5d bo? s]vices4 ,z !re 0 a great deal ( int]m>riage betwe5 ! two *ur*es1 ?is also r$uc$ family /rife4#bec ,bo? gr\ps welcom$ memb]s ( o!r fai?s4 ,"o ,presbyt]ian recall$ an occasion :5 8 fa!r greet$ a new family j mov+ into ! neighborhood & invit$ !m to att5d ! local s]vices4 ,?is man said1 ',well1 y "k ,i'm a ,roman ,ca?olic4' ,my ,dad said1 ',x doesn't make any diff]5ce :at y are1 we'd sure l to h y come if y c4' ,?is 0 ! g5]al attitude4#bed ,inde$1 s ecum5ical _h ! organizations become t ! ,g5]al ,conf]5ce ( ! ,me?odi/ ,*ur* became some:at al>m$4 ,z e>ly z #aije ?is body not$ t al?\gh its memb]s 7 lead+ quiet1 ord]ly lives & att5d$ *ur* s]vices frequ5tly1 /ill ! congregation 0 n satisfactory 9 "s v ess5tial respects4 ,our p h be5 9 ! pa/ & are n[ v neglig5t & indiff]5t z to ! duty ( in=m+ !mselves ab\t our doctr9es & *ur* policy1 /at$ ! m9utes ( ! *ur*'s qu>t]ly conf]5ce4 ,!re mu/ be a m g5]al /udy ( ! *ur* discipl9e & a l>g] circulation & a close & c>eful read+ ( our *ur* pap]s4#bee ,! *ur*es 7 r>ely us$ = political purposes4 ,in/ead1 ! f>m]s reli$ on _! f>m]'s clubs to ex]t ?is k9d ( pressure & seem$ to feel t ! religi\s bodies %\ld conc5trate on pav+ ! spiritual road to heav5 r ?an ! connect+ road to ! m>ket4 ,9 addition to ! regul> activities ( ,sunday s*ool1 ,bible classes & regul> wor%ip s]vices1 h[ev]1 ^! in/itutions fulfill$ a /rong ne$ = fell[%ip & social int]action4 ,sunday s*ool picnics & ice cream socials 7 p]5nial favorites sponsor$ ea* summ] by ! *ur*es4 ,! picnics 7 frequ5tly held on attractive p>ts ( neighbor+ f>ms1 or sometimes z f> away z ,s5eca or ,great ,falls4 ,ea* family w\ld br+ a l>ge hamp] ( food1 b ! fri$ *ick51 wat]melon & pies 7 spread out on ! tables to be %>$ by ev]yone4 ,:ile ! p>5ts gossip$ or talk$ politics1 ! *ildr5 play$ & sometimes w5t swimm+4 ,^! picnics1 l o!r community ev5ts1 7 held jo9tly by ! ,me?odi/s & ,presbyt]ians4#bef ,! ice cream socials1 h[ev]1 7 ano!r /ory4 ,"h a mild rivalry set 9 z ladies vi$ ) "o ano!r to produce ! mo/ admirable cake1 & ev5 a slight competition arose ov] ! ice cream4 ,an area resid5t confid$ t !re 0 "s speculation ab\t :i* d5om9ation's memb]s own$ c[s giv+ ! creamie/ milk1 ?us produc+ ! mo/ s9fully ri* ice cream4#beg ,no d\bt ?is comp>ison dim9i%$ 9 importance :5 "o 0 fac$ ) ! wide v>iety ( homemade flavors1 us+ fre% fruits & extracts4 ,sometimes 9 e>ly summ] ! socials w\ld feature /rawb]ries along ) ! ice cream4 ,on a quiet summ] ev5+1 ) ! fireflies flick]+ l beacon lights & a :isp]+ breeze lapp+ at tableclo!s & skirts1 ^! mu/ h be5 p>ticul>ly pleasant ev5ts4#beh ,significant holidays also br\ght ab\t special *ur* programs4 ,at ,ea/] ! *ur*es 7 bank$ ) fl[]s & a s+ul> rejoic+ occurr$1 & on ,"m's ,day an appropriate program 0 (f]$4 ,! #aibf s]vice includ$ a suitable s]mon & orig9al ,"m's ,pray] by ! m9i/] & sev]al selections by ! *oir1 among !m ,:5 ,"m ,sang to ,me1 ,don't ,=get ! ,old ,folks1 & ,our ,"m4#bei ,! ye>'s ma9 celebration 01 ( c\rse1 at ,*ri/mas4 ,ea* *ur* _h a ,*ri/mas tree1 cut by an adult1 b decorat$ ) feet & almo/ miles ( popcorn /r+s by ! neighborhood's "y p1 includ+ ^? j return+ home = ! holidays4 ,! w>m ambiance ( ^! s]vices is evid5t 9 ! foll[+ description1 rec\nt$ by ,joseph ,be>d3 ,!y always _h ! little p f :at y consid] ! prim>y grades on up to six? or sev5? grade recite "s little poem or "s /ory or some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,y ne>ly always _h a *orus or *oir1 small1 ( p 9 ! neighborhood t w\ld s+ ,*ri/mas c>ols4 ,y always _h a m9i/] :o read or recit$ ! ,*ri/mas /ory f ! ,bible4444 ,! *ur*es 7 light$ ) oil lamps1 & !y w\ld put c&les on ! ,*ri/mas tree1 wax c&les & !y w\ld light ^? wax c&les & !n bl[ out ! lights4 ,x's a wond] we nev] set ! *ur* on fire4444 ,b !re w\ld be ?is beautiful tree ) all ^! lights on x1 & hidd5 d[n "u ! tree some:]e w\ld be a great big crate ( oranges4 ,santa ,claus usually came 9 & 444 he w\ld r+ sleigh bells & walk d[n ?r\gh ! aisle & make "s k9d ( rem>k4 ,he w\ld h a sack on 8 back4 ,?is always held t9y little sacks ( c&y4 ,!y />t$ ) ! smalle/ *ildr5 & gave ea* "o ( !m "o orange & "o sack ( h>d c&y4 ,!y w5t on up ! l9e z f> z ! oranges & ! c&y la/$4 ,if y didn't h a cr[d ev5 ! adults w\ld get a sack ( c&y & an orange1 b if y _h a l>ge cr[d1 :y x /opp$ at :atev] age x ran out along ! l9e4 ,?is 0 an affair at :i* ! program w\ld probably take an h\r1 an h\r & fifte5 m9utes4 ,b x 0 cold 9 !re y "k 444 !y'd h a great big1 old pot belli$ /ove1 b x 0 9 "o place 9 ! *ur*4 ,ev]ybody c\ldn't sit ar\nd t /ove1 s y sat !re 9 y\r ov]coats sometimes4#bfj ,illu/ration3 ,miss ,gladys ,?ompson & ! ,floris ,community ,or*e/ra1 #aibi4 ,! memb]s at ?is "t includ$3 ,front r[3 ,haley ,smi?1 ,l\ise ,cock]ill1 ,l\ise ,mc,nair2 ,second r[3 ,ri*>d ,peck1 unid5tifi$1 ,miss ,gladys ,?ompson 7director71 ,jack ,patton1 ,m>y ,peck1 ,frankl9 ,ellmore2 ,back r[3 ,hel5 ,presgraves1 ,e!l ,&rews1 ,m>y ,w9 ,nickell1 ,elizabe? ,ellmore1 ,hel5 ,peck4 ,! old c> 9 ! backgr\nd is ! "o 9 :i* ,miss ,?ompson fir/ travel$4 ,note ! old f\r-room s*oolh\se also 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,o!r gr\ps (f]$ activities to fill ! f>m family's leisure h\rs4 ,an elem5t>y s*ool tea*] :o taught music z a sidel9e1 ,gladys ,?ompson1 organiz$ an or*e/ra ab\t #aibh4 ,x consi/$ ( h] viol9 pupils & o!r musically incl9$ citiz5s & 0 call$ ! ,floris ,community ,or*e/ra4 ,twelve viol9s1 & m&ol9s1 saxophones1 piano1 drums & banjo made up ! gr\p :i* play$ = s*ool plays & community ev5ts4 ,!y also put on an annual recital & "o ye> ev5 gave a vaudeville %[4 ,i rememb] %e us$ to fill up h] small "o-seat$ road/] ) music /ud5ts go+ to practices & p]=mances1 fondly wrote a memb] ( ! or*e/ra1 ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]4 ,"o ( my greate/ pleasures 0 clamb]+ into ! rumble seat ) my viol94#bfa ,musical gr\ps also sprang up spontane\sly4 ,"o1 :i* ,joseph ,be>d ref]r$ to z a little old hillybilly b&1 includ$ besides himself on fiddle1 ,virg9ia ,presgraves 7piano7 & h] uncle ,au/9 ,wag/aff on ukulele4 ,ri*>d ,peck play$ banjo & saxophone = ! gr\p4 ,!y play$ toge!r ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s1 us+ no %eet music1 b becom+ s com=table ) ea* o!r's play+ t !y c\ld anticipate ! v>iations & /yle ( _! fell[ musicians4 ,!y practic$ 9 ! s*oolh\se1 play+ c\ntry tunes su* z ,camp ,t[n ,races1 ,old ,black ,joe1 & ,%ortn9' ,bread = _! own amusem5t4 ,!y r>ely ent]ta9$ an audi5ce4#bfb ,sometimes too ! s*ool or an un(ficial gr\p sponsor$ musical ev5ts1 a notable "o be+ ! conc]t by ,al ,hopk9s & 8 ,buckle-,bu/]s1 a celebrat$ c\ntry b& f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4#bfc ,9 addition1 s]i\s organizations l ! ,f>m]'s ,clubs1 ,community ,league or *ur*-affiliat$ wom5's clubs1 mix$ "w & play by sponsor+ picnics1 quilt+ bees1 & oy/] supp]s4 ,! record made ( a pleasant out+ by ,f>m]'s ,clubs #a & #d to ! ,great ,falls 9 #aiac 0 typical ( _m excursions 9 lat] ye>s3 ,x goes )\t say+ t all pres5t _h a v enjoyable day4 ,! *ildr5 sp5t mu* "t on ! sw+s & ,m]ry-,g-,r\nds :ile ! old] memb]s sp5t ! day 9 view+ ! falls4444 ,:ile /ill o!rs enjoy$ fi%+4#bfd ,home ,demon/ration ,clubs also put on _! %>e ( ent]ta9m5ts1 ) buffet supp]s & skits1 r\nd+ (f "o ye> ) a husb&-call+ conte/4#bfe ,ev5 ! bus9ess meet+s !mselves 7 social occasions at :i* d9n] & fri5dly conv]sation 7 mix$ ) m critical conc]ns4 ,oy/] supp]s 7 a regional specialty held all ov] ! c\nty1 ( :i* ,floris sponsor$ its %>e4 ,!y 7 (t5 money-mak+ ev5ts 7z 7 ! ice cream socials7 at :i* d9n] co/ f tw5ty-five to fifty c5ts & featur$ /ew$ & fri$ oy/]s4 ,lottie ,s*neid] recall$ ! bu/le ( prep>ation = an oy/] supp] giv5 9 ,h]ndon1 involv+ ! sett+ up ( tables & b5*es & fl[] arrangem5ts1 & ! difficult *oice to be made betwe5 fri$ or /ew$ oy/]s & ! _m diff]5t reli%es br\ght by ea* lady4#bff ,! supp]s 9 fact g5]ally held an ov]abundance ( food4 ,aga91 ,joseph ,be>d describ$ ! sc5e3 ,!re 7 always a few :o didn't l oy/]s & !y always _h ham = ^?4444 ,any?+ t y w\ld h 9 a f>m+ neighborhood l t1 :5 y sat d[n to eat x 0 j l hav+ a ,?anksgiv+ d9n]4 ,ev]y?+ f sweet potatoes to scallop$ potatoes to mac>oni & *eese to /r+ beans to corn-on-!-cob to tomatoes w\ld be s]v$4 ,mo/ any?+ t c\ld be rais$ or produc$ 9 a vegetable g>d5 or 9 a truck pat* !y'd br+4 ,!n we _h cu/>d pies & lemon pies & apple pies4444#bfg ,! money made at ! oy/] d9n]s 0 us$ = s*ool projects1 to buy *ur* furni%+s or aid 9 mission "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essional int]e/ & pleasure 7 likewise comb9$ at ! v>i\s fairs held 9 ! area dur+ ! late summ]4 ,! c\nty sponsor$ a fair at ,fairfax ,c\r?\se until #aicc :i* featur$ new f>m ma*9]y1 exempl>y produce & live/ock1 & a gay c>nival atmosph]e4 ,! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v] gave a colorful acc\nt ( ! c\nty fe/ivities 9 its ,septemb] #bc1 #aibf edition3 ,! fir/ day 0 l>gely devot$ to judg+1 ! second day saw a l>ge picnic by ,dranesville f>m]s1 ! ,c\nty ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce & ! #d-;,h ,clubs frolick$ on ! ?ird day :ile ! visible & invisible empire ( ! ,ku ,klux ,klan held sway on ! la/ day4 ,good rac+ c>ds fill$ mu* ( ! aft]noon4 ,! prizes 7 m sub/antial & ! p]=mances proportionally good4 ,e exhibit build+ 0 load$ ) all v>ieties & grades ( exhibits1 :ile ! live/ock 0 z equally int]e/+ 9 its magnitude & div]sification4 ,! fl[] dep>tm5t 0 c>ri$ p>tly out ( ! build+ :]e lov+ h&s _h specially devot$ "t & en]gy t[>d p]fection4 ,! woman's dep>tm5t1 ) ne>ly a ?\s& entries1 0 a wond] ( cul9>y art4 ,! p\ltry build+ ) e squeek & squawk imag9able1 fairly dazzl$ ! f>m]s & _! fri5ds1 :o came to see :at ,fairfaxians & _! fri5ds are do+4 ,c]ta9ly no o!r fair 9 ,virg9ia pres5t$ an ar5a ( ke5] competition & ! prize w9n]s des]ve to be mo/ highly congratulat$4444#bfh ,! midway 0 a swirl ( f]ris :eels1 m]ry-g-r\nds & e v>iety ( game by :i* y might sep>ate y\rself f surplus funds4 ,! region boa/$ a simil> fair held g5]ally 9 ,pr9ce ,william ,c\nty & hav+ ! dual purpose ( promot+ & celebrat+ ! dairy indu/ry4 ,! ,pi$mont ,dairy ,fe/ival1 z x 0 call$1 0 model$ aft] ! fam\s ,%5&oah ,apple ,blossom fe/ival & 0 jocul>ly kn[n locally z ! ,c[ ,blossom fe/ival4#bfi ,floris itself held a sub/antial fair 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! decision to /op runn+ a c\nty exhibition4 ,x grew out ( ! ye>ly ,fl[] & ,vegetable ,%[ :i* _h be5 sponsor$ by ! #d-;,h & ,home ,demon/ration ,clubs & took place on ! s*ool gr\nds4 ,! community divid$ itself into committees :i* met ye>-r\nd to plan ! produce & homemak+ judg+s1 live/ock %[s & ent]ta9m5t & ! result 0 an ev5t ( c\ntywide int]e/4 ,a program f ! #aici fair li/s among ! categories ?ree summ] squa%1 be/ adult clo?+1 be/ buttonhole1 & be/ ,hol/e9 heif]4 ,prizes consi/$ ( ca% 7usually "o to two doll>s7 or practical items su* z five gallons ( fly spray4 ,ironically ! aw>d = ! be/ team ( draft horses 0 ?ree gallons ( oil4#bgj ,a good deal ( pride 9 ev]yday a*ievem5ts result$ f ! conte/s4 ,elizabe? ,rice1 writ+ ( ! excitem5t caus$ by ! fairs1 recall$ ! ye> %e ent]$ a devil's food cake 9 ! c\nty exhibition & receiv$ ! blue ribbon & a prize f ,swann's ,d[n ,company ( a cake mold1 measur+ cups1 spoons & a box ( ,swann's ,d[n cake fl\r4 ,i /ill feel 'up' ov] x1 %e conclud$4#bga ,o!rs took _! entries a little less s]i\sly4 ,emma ,ellmore rememb]$ ! ye> h] "m simply cut a tangl$ mass ( clematis f ! back trellis1 /uck x 9 a :ite vase & ent]$ x 9 ! fl[]-arrang+ conte/1 to w9 a blue ribbon f judges :o admir$ its exceptional arti/ry4#bgb ,! day 0 conclud$ ) a t\rnam5t1 9 :i* ! neighborhood's "y manhood vi$ ) "o ano!r = ! honor ( cr[n+ _! lady que54 ,lance 9 h&1 ,sir ,lancelot or ,sir ,fry+ ,pan rode at a gallop on a /e$ 7(t5 a draft horse7 attempt+ to spe> a r+ susp5d$ above ! track4 ,! w9n] reign$ at ! squ>e dance t ev5+ :i* capp$ ! day's ent]ta9m5t4#bgc ,blue ribbons & fair *ampion%ips 7 respect$ & admir$ by ! neighbors & gave ! recipi5t a c]ta9 am\nt ( /atus4 ,9 a community 9 :i* no "o _h mu* ready money1 ?is evid5ce ( lead]%ip or skill c\nt$ = a great deal4 ,"o p]son sugge/$ t a l>ge family gave a f>m] a c]ta9 /&+ among 8 pe]s1 & t homemak+ 0 equally respect$ ) ! outdoor "w4 ,a clev] manag] 0 p]haps mo/ admir$ ( all4 ,z ,joseph ,be>d rem>k$3 ,!re are "s p :o h v little money1 b h ! ability to use x 9 ! "r place at ! "r "t & get a great deal m out ( x ?an o!rs4 ,i suspect t ! p]son t _h ! highe/ /&>d ( liv+ ) :at !y _h to d ) 0 respect$ m ?an any "o ?+4#bgd ,f>m]s f ! ,floris area also held private ent]ta9m5ts1 su* z ! ,peck family reunion ( #aibg1 or ! bridge p>ties :i* became s fa%ionable 9 ! late #aibjs & #aicjs4#bge ,on r>e occasions !y travell$ to ,wa%+ton to see a %[ or to %op4 ,m (t5 !y w5t to ,h]ndon :i* _h long cat]$ to ! f>m]'s ne$s4 ,/ores1 gra9 companies & mills1 blacksmi? & liv]y /ables built _! bus9ess on fulfill+ ! f>m]'s ev]yday requirem5ts1 :ile ice cream p>lors & movie !at]s provid$ pleasant di/ractions4 ,! latt] 0 an especially popul> =m ( ent]ta9m5t = "y c\ples on dates4 ,frances ,simpson recall$ ! excitem5t ( go+ to ! movies & ! unique p]sonality ( ! ,h]ndon !at]3 ,:at a fasc9ation 0 t !at] or 'movie hall' z x 0 call$4444 ,x 0 a real treat to g ) our fri5ds to ! movies at ! movie hall1 n t we always saw "o :5 we got !re4 ,sometimes ! reel w\ld break1 o!r times a trem5d\s /orm w\ld come up & ! electric p[] w\ld be %ut (f1 leav+ ! play] piano to c>ry on alone 9 ! d>kness :ile we crept home ) fla%lights1 & m ?an once an angry skunk s\ght refuge "u ! movie hall caus+ ! audi5ce to disp]se 9 ?ree m9utes flat4 ,/ill1 x 0 great fun4#bgf ,all ( ^! community ev5ts--ice cream socials1 fairs1 ,community ,league meet+s1 & s*ool ev5ts--7 att5d$ by ! :ole family4 ,social activities 7 less /rictly drawn along age l9es ?an !y are today2 "y & old enjoy$ ! same amusem5ts4 ,! ladies *att$ :ile prep>+ ! d9n]s at ,f>m]'s ,club meet+s1 & ! *ildr5 came along & play$ toge!r4 ,fun]als & w$d+s 7 also family ev5ts = *ildr5 7 expect$ to le>n ( life's joys & sorr[s ?r\gh p>ticipation4 ,?is too enc\rag$ community cohesiv5ess1 z all p>ts ( ! society 7 includ$ 9 its rituals1 & *ildr5 le>n$ at an e>ly age t !y play$ an active role 9 ! neighborhood's well-be+2 !re 0 a place = !m )9 ! community :i* w\ld la/ ! l5g? ( _! life4 ,/rong evid5ce ( ?is community id5tity is se5 9 ! l>ge numb]s ( ,floris "y p :o1 ev5 9 ! face ( urban opportunities1 elect$ to /ay on ! family f>m1 or *ose c>e]s 9 ! agriculture-relat$ fields ( vet]9>y m$ic9e1 ext5sion "w or fi% & wildlife protection4#bgg 99 99 99 99 99 ,floris & ! o!r closely knit agricultural villages ( ,fairfax ,c\nty 7 exceptionally unifi$ & supportive4 ,yet ev5 ^! communities _h fr+e gr\ps1 :i* 7 n entirely fulfill$ )9 ! neighborhood or accept$ by ! majority ( f>m]s4 ,9 "s cases1 ?is 0 caus$ by "u-/imulation & exasp]ation at ! sl[ patt]ns ( rural movem5t4 ,we 7 bor$ to te>s1 wrote "o ,floris resid5t ( ! long ,sunday aft]noons sp5t discuss+ no?+ b politics4#bgh ,m frequ5tly an individual 0 ignor$ or %unn$ by ! society because ( p]sonal problems :i* _h become a community nuisance3 dr9k+1 drugs or sexual indiscretions4 ,! families ( su* social deviants 7 piti$ & aid$1 b ! (f5d+ individuals 7 avoid$--,to :atev] ext5t we c\ld we w\ld o/racize !m4 ,9 "o extreme case ! neighborhood took ! law into its own h&s & lyn*$ a man suspect$ ( rape4 ,?is man may h be5 innoc5t z y look back on x n[ b !y ?\ght he did x & !y got rid ( him "r !n1 relat$ "o local citiz54 ,!y j w\ldn't put up ) t4 ,x j wasn't tol]at$1 t's all4#bgi ,! l>ge/ gr\p outside ! community's ma9/ream 0 ! black agricultural work]s4 ,except 9 ! realm ( employ]_/employee relations !y _h little social int]c\rse ) _! neighbors4 ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool 0 n op5 to ,negro /ud5ts & ! s*ools t 7 available to blacks 7 mu* inf]ior to ^? :i* taught :ite *ildr54 ,no high s*ool exi/$ at all = ! blacks & ! "o-to ?ree-room s*ools t exi/$ 7 9 ! mo/ dilapidat$ condition1 ) no wat]1 heat or adequate toilet facilities4#bhj ,edi? ,rog]s made a reveal+ comm5t ab\t ! quality ( ! tea*]s :5 %e /at$ t %e knew ( "o t _h a degree4#bha ,9 ext5sion activities blacks 7 also (t5 ov]look$4 ,! fir/ black #d-;,h club 0 organiz$ 9 #aicd )\t ! help ( ! c\nty ag5t's (fice1 & x 0 only aft] two ye>s ( exceptional "w t he belat$ly recogniz$ its exi/5ce4 ,! color$ club at ! ,vi5na ,s*ool 0 organiz$1 b we did n expect mu* f x1 ,d]r report$ 9 #aicf4 ,a few days ago we 7 consid]ably surpris$ to h ! ,pr9cipal ( ! ,s*ool s5d 9 h] report 444 ,ne>ly e color$ boy & girl n9e ye>s up to eighte5 did "s "w 444 ,tak+ x 9 we feel x is a cr$ible %[+ = a color$ s*ool t has n receiv$ its full %>e ( assi/ance 9 club "w4#bhb ,black activities 9 *ur*es & f>m]'s clubs 7 simil>ly ignor$4 ,"s black families appe> to h be5 respect$ = _! indu/ry or f>m+ ability4 ,! ,george ,coates family ne> ,floris 0 "o4 ,:ite neighbors ex*ang$ "w & admir$ ! ,coates progressive te*niques1 b /ill nev] w5t s f> z to sit d[n to d9n] ) !m4#bhc ,blacks 7 exclud$ f ! area's fairs1 socials & conc]ts1 except 9 r>e cases :5 a rope kept ! audi5ce segregat$4#bhd ,among !mselves !y1 ( c\rse1 _h _! own ent]ta9m5ts1 b 9 g5]al ! broad] opportunities & amusem5ts ( ! c\nty 7 clos$ to ! blacks4 ,9 ! int]-w> p]iod ano!r gr\p 0 increas+ly on ! fr+e ( ! e/abli%$ community4 ,^! 7 ! urban migrants :o came along ! new roads & railroad l9es1 seek+ an escape f city /resses4 ,! e>lie/ to arrive 7 summ] resid5ts1 !n came ! "p-"t f>m]s :o want$ c\ntry air b city pay4 ,f9ally ! unaba%$ suburbanite :o look$ only = a quiet place to re/ betwe5 b\ts ( urban employm5t mov$ 94 ,ne>ly all came seek+ h[ !y c\ld b5efit by liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 n :at !y c\ld contribute to x4 ,at fir/ c\nty resid5ts welcom$ ?is influx ) op5 arms2 !y saw ! expansion z a boon to employm5t & m>kets4 ,only lat] did !y beg9 to realize t1 9 small ways & l>ge1 ! =ces ( economic expansion w\ld alt] ! %ape ( _! community4#bhe ,^? :o migrat$ *iefly 9 ord] to f>m 7 welcom$ by ! c\nty f>m families1 b ^? :o 7 unaccu/om$ to c\ntry ways caus$ "s problems = ! rural folk4 ,an editorial 9 ! ,fairfax ,h]ald = ,april #bc1 #aibf1 bemoan$ ! loss ( _m ( ! c\nty's lovely wildfl[]s1 = ! suburban resid5ts frequ5tly ignor$ trespass rules to pick ! fl[]s4#bhf ,also al>m+ 7 ! diff]+ habits & mann]s ( ! city migrants & ?reat ( an infiltration ( unusual & (t5 undesirable p4 ,he>+ rumors t a nudi/ colony 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 ! c\nty's ,dranesville ,di/rict1 ! ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v] decl>$ /\tly ,we h a lot ( objectionable p 9 ! c\nty1 :o h spill$ ov] f ,wa%+ton1 b we w at lea/ require t !y br+ _! 'duds' along be=e !y c hope to exp]i5ce a cordial reception4#bhg ,a m critical matt] 0 ! importation & propagation ( insects f ! city1 su* z ! ori5tal fruit mo?1 :i* ?riv$ 9 ! c>elessly kept backy>d plant+s ( suburbanites & !n wreak$ havoc 9 comm]cial or*>ds4 ,c\nty ag5ts ,d]r & ,be>d sp5t consid]able "t advis+ ^! newcom]s & help+ !m plant _! g>d5s4#bhh ,aside f ^! m9or al>ms1 ! urban influx _h really s]i\s consequ5ces = ! f>m]s ( ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,z ! numb]s ( non-f>m resid5ts grew1 political int]e/ l9es began to be drawn & 9 "s cases ! f>m]s began los+ control ov] local gov]n+ policies4 ,?is did n happ5 9 all areas2 = example1 ! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors consi/$ solely ( f>m]s well into ! #aidjs4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s vic9ities !re 7 def9ite political rep]cussions f ! suburban population1 su* z 9 ,h]ndon1 :i* al?\gh comm]cially ori5t$1 _h always be5 sympa!tic to ! f>m]'s views4 ,9 ! ye>s aft] ! arrival ( ! electric trolley1 city work]s & f>m]s battl$ at ! polls ov] mayoral c&idates & c\ncil repres5tatives2 by ! #aibjs ! t[n c\ncil 0 dom9at$ by bus9essm5 & pr(essionals4#bhi ,?is gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds political ali5ation = ! f>m] 0 =e%ad[$ 9 a lett] ( compla9t writt5 by ! ,f>m]'s ,club #a to ! ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia 9 ,octob]1 #aiji3 ,! att5tion ( ! ,fairfax ,f>m]'s ,club ,no4 #a has be5 call$ to ! fact t ! delegates f ?is c\nty to ! ,f>m]'s ,national ,congress are n f>m]s1 "o be+ ,%]iff ( ! ,c\nty1 ! o!r a m]*ant--bo? reputable citiz5s b nei!r int]e/$ directly 9 agriculture4#bij ,l ! o!r *anges %ak+ ! f>m]s' _w1 ! loss ( gov]nm5t influ5ce creat$ a di/urb+ s5se ( imp]man5ce & e/rangem5t4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) ! previ\sly m5tion$ tax rise 7:i* 0 exac]bat$ by ! influx ( p1 all pur*as+ l& & creat+ a rise 9 prices due to dem&7 indicat$ to ! f>m] t he 0 los+ control ov] a _w :i* _h = g5]ations rema9$ secure & settl$4 ,ultimately1 ^! =ces cr[d$ him out altoge!r1 & simultane\sly de/roy$ mo/ ( ! pa/oral communities to :i* ! suburbanites _h hop$ to escape4 ,,"p ,v--,,notes ,community #bbb ,= an ext5sive /udy ( community relations1 see ,kolb & ,brunn]1 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society1 #ge-aci4 #bbc ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bbd ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #ce4 #bbe ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bbf ,d]r ,report1 #aicj1 #af4 #bbg ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh4 #bbh ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bbi ,ibid4 #bcj ,ibid4 #bca ,&rew ,m4 ,d4 ,wolf1 ,c\ntry ,m$ic9e 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 at ! ,turn ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 unpubli%$ monograph1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigf1 copy 9 ,virg9iana1 #e-f4 #bcb ,frances ,d>l+ton ,simpson quot$ 9 ,out ( ,fry+ ,pan1 #bf4 #bcc ,l\ise ,ryd]1 ,"s ,?\ghts ab\t ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur*1 unpubli%$ monograph1 ,june1 #aigb2 & ,h[ ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k ,got ,its ,"n1 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 n4d4 7clipp+71 & miscellane\s notes on ,fry+ ,pan by ,l\ise ,ryd]1 ,june1 #aigg1 c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,ryd]4 #bcd ,john ,davis quot$ 9 ,ryd]1 ,"s ,?\ghts ab\t ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur*1 #d2 ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia2 & ,ryd] notes4 #bce ,d]r ,reports1 #aiai & #aibe2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #bcf #ad? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aibj1 ,national ,ar*ives & ,records ,s]vice4 #bcg ,fairfax ,c\nty ,de$ ,books1 ,lib] ,e-#f1 #dh-ea2 & ,lib] ,h-#e1 #faf-fag4 #bch ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #gj-ga4 #bci ,ibid42 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi2 ,floris ,home ,demon/ration ,club1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,m>* #aj1 #aicb2 ,h[>d ,simmons1 ,hi/ory ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool1 unpubli%$ monograph1 n4d41 copy c\rtesy ( ,elizabe? & ,emma ,ellmore2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 & ,gladys ,t4 ,sp5c] to ,mrs4 ,erne/ ,ryd]1 ,febru>y #ae1 #aigi1 copy c\rtesy ( ,l\ise ,ryd]4 #bdj ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 ,nickell & ,r&olph1 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #ga2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh2 ,gree>_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh4 #bda ,simmons2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aigi2 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #bdb ,simmons2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bdc ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bdd ,int]view ) ,lulah ,f]guson by ,/eve ,mat!ws1 ,falls ,*ur*1 ,virg9ia1 ,augu/ #af1 #aiga4 #bde ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #bdf ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,m>* #ab1 #aibe4 #bdg ,simmons1 ,floris ,reta9s ,high ,rat+ at ,blacksburg1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,april #bj1 #aibh4 #bdh ,comm5cem5t ,ex]cises 9 ,our ,c\nty ,high ,s*ools1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,june #af1 #aibg4 #bdi ,simmons2 ,m9utes ( ,f>m]'s ,club #a1 ,june #f1 #aiaj2 & ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bej ,rog]s_/,corbat1 et al41 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 #bea ,ryd]1 ,"s ,?\ghts ,ab\t ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur*2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi2 & ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #h4 #beb ,floris ,unit$ ,me?odi/ ,*ur*3 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt1 #ahia-aigd1 7,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #aige71 #dj4 #bec ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bed ,ibid4 #bee ,floris ,me?odi/ ,*ur*1 #bc4 #bef ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigh4 #beg ,telephone conv]sation ) ,l\ise ,ryd]1 ,janu>y #be1 #aigi4 #beh ,ibid42 ,r4 ,middleton_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bei ,ellmore_/,ne!rton1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh2 & ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,may #ac1 #aibf4 #bfj ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bfa ,gladys ,sp5c] to ,l\ise ,ryd]1 ,febru>y #ae1 #aigi2 & note to au?or by ,l\ise ,mc,nair ,ryd]1 n4d41 7spr+1 #aigi74 #bfb ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi 7notes tak5 aft] int]view72 & ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 #bfc ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 & ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #bfd ,f>m]'s ,club #a1 ,m9utes1 ,augu/ #ba1 #aiac4 #bfe ,lucy ,/eptoe ,report1 #aibd4 #bff ,s*neid]1 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #bg-bh4 #bfg ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bfh ,fairfax ,c\nty ,fair1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aibf4 #bfi ,d]r ,report1 #aica2 & ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #bgj ,program1 ,fif? ,annual ,floris ,community ,fair1 ,?ursday1 ,augu/ #bd1 #aici1 copy 9 ,be>d ,report1 #aici4 #bga ,rice to au?or1 ,janu>y #cj1 #aigi4 #bgb ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bgc ,ne>ly ev]yone spoke en?usia/ically ( ! ,floris fair4 ,see especially ,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi2 ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi2 ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bgd ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bge ,family ,reunion at ,floris1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,may #e1 #aibg2 ,ev5ts 9 ,floris1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,m>* #ba1 #aice4 #bgf ,simpson1 ,virg9ia ,c\ntry ,life & ,cook+1 #eb4 #bgg ,among ^? :o *ose su* c>e]s 7 ,joseph ,be>d & ,john ,be>d 7c\nty ext5sion ag5ts72 ,frankl9 ,ellmore1 on ! /aff ( ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute2 ,*e/] ,mc,laren1 head ( agricultural education at ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute2 & ,jack ,patton1 ( ! ,fi% & ,wildlife ,commission 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 see ,ellmore_/,middleton_/,pryor1 ,m>* #h1 #aigi4 #bgh ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #bgi ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bhj ,e4 ,b4 ,h5d]son & ,edi? ,hussey1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bran* ( ! ,,naacp1 ,octob]1 #aife1 #g-h4 #bha ,rog]s_/,corbat1 et al41 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 #bhb ,d]r ,report1 #aicf4 #bhc ,be>d_/,h>rison_/,pryor1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #bhd ,peck_/,ne!rton1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 #bhe ,see1 = example1 ,! ,future ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,octob] #bj1 #aibg4 #bhf ,editorial1 ,fairfax ,h]ald1 ,april #bc1 #aibf2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi4 #bhg ,! ,nudi/ ,camp1 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]1 ,octob] #h1 #aicc4 #bhh ,d]r ,report1 #aicg2 & ,l\is ,a4 ,/e>ns1 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,ori5tal ,fruit ,mo? 9 ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,bullet9 #bcd4 #bhi ,ne!rton1 et al41 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #dhc4 #bij ,f>m]'s ,club #a1 ,m9utes1 ,octob] #ba1 #aiji4 ,,"p ,,vi ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k ,! population boom ( ! po/-,_w ,w> ,,ii p]iod 7) ! consequ5t dem& = l&71 ! huge jump 9 l& taxes1 & competition f l>g]1 m effici5t f>ms1 spell$ doom = ! family f>m 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,! c\nty's f>m]s _h sp5t mu* ( ! int]-w> p]iod adju/+ to ! new agricultural modes1 b !y c\ld n adapt to ! burgeon+ metropolitan area's desire = expansion4 ,! con/ruction ( ,dulles ,int]national ,airport 9 ! late #aiejs fur!r deplet$ ! c\nty's agricultural areas1 wip+ out bo? ! ,will>d community & mu* ( ! f>ml& ar\nd ,floris4 ,ev5 ^? f>m]s :o _h notic$ ! tr5ds ( tw5ty ye>s felt a nagg+ s5se ( loss & res5tm5t at ! pass+ ( _! traditional way ( life4#bia ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k is an attempt to give citiz5s a glimpse ( _! h]itage by recreat+ ! famili> patt]ns ( family f>m+4 ,its location 7ne> ! corn] ( ,we/ ,ox & ,c5treville ,roads7 9 ! /ill-quiet ,floris c5t] makes x ideal = int]pretation ( ! m tranquil pa/4 ,! p>k's purpose is prim>ily educational & hi/orical1 h[ev] x also (f]s recreational activities4 ,^! include eque/rian facilities1 bridle pa?s & nature walks1 z well z ! model f>m4 ,! idea = su* a p>k began 9 #aieg :5 ,joseph ,be>d1 !n ! c\nty ag5t1 began propos+ uses = ! old ,floris ,s*ool prop]ty :i* 0 no long] ne$$ by ! c\nty s*oolbo>d4 ,he advis$ ! ,fairfax ,c\nty gov]nm5t t ! l& & s*ool build+s be e/abli%$ z a y\? c5t]4 ,z su*1 x w\ld be available to ! ,future ,f>m]s ( ,am]ica1 ! #d-;,h ,club1 sc\t+ gr\ps1 & simil> organizations to /age fairs1 hold meet+s & provide recreation4#bib ,?is proposal 0 accept$ & 9 #aifj ! l& 0 de$$ to ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority ^: p[]s ( police protection & ma9t5ance 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ! individual "y p's organizations4 ,an indep5d5t citiz5 bo>d 0 also e/abli%$ at ?is "t & ! ,p>k has be5 cont9ually adm9i/]$ by ! ,p>k ,au?ority & ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k ,sup]visory ,bo>d4#bic ,! latt] consi/s ( repres5tatives ( agricultural1 homemak+ & y\? organizations su* z ! ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,advisory ,bo>d1 ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,granges & ! ,future ,homemak]s ( ,am]ica4 ,"u _! direction1 ! #d-;,h n only began to clean ! gr\nds1 b /ag$ a few t5tative activities4 ,! e>ly success ( ! ev5ts1 c\pl$ ) a gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! p>k by eque/rian gr\ps1 l$ ! ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority to acquire bits & pieces ( adjo9+ prop]ty ?r\gh\t ! #aifjs & #aigjs1 enl>g+ ! orig9al hold+ ( #d4ci acres to #hg4f acres4 ,!y also con/ruct$ sev]al build+s = use 9 live/ock exhibitions & horse %[s4#bid ,a model f>m1 /rongly advocat$ by ! c\nty ag5t1 ,grange & o!r f>m-ori5t$ gr\ps 0 also propos$ 9 ?is fir/ decade4 ,a de>? ( developm5t money & popul> pressure to exp& ! eque/rian facilities comb9$ to delay its inception4#bie ,illu/ration3 ,ma/] plan ( ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k %[+ ideal arrangem5t ( ! model f>m1 exhibition halls1 & eque/rian facilities4 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority1 #aigd4 ,9 #aife ! ,p>k ,au?ority b\ght ! ,floyd ,kidwell f>m next to ! orig9al s*ool tract :i* consi/$ ( "s #dj acres ) sev]al f>m build+s4 ,! ,kidwells _h own$ ! prop]ty s9ce #aicd2 _! f>m be+ ! v sort ( family op]ation t propon5ts ( ! model f>m project hop$ to %[4#bif ,money 0 /ill sc>ce = ! f>m's developm5t1 h[ev]2 !re=e1 mo/ ( ! l& 0 e>m>k$ = eque/rian use--only a ?ird 0 set aside = ! model f>m4 ,additional acreage1 pur*as$ 9 #aigd 7& aga9 9 #aigg7 & ! acquisition ( ! ,kidwell f>m build+s made m ext5sive & au!ntic cultivation possible2 ! f>m 0 f9ally e/abli%$ 9 #aigd4big ,because ! l& 0 piec$ toge!r f num]\s s\rces1 ! f>m is pres5t$ z a repres5tation ( small-scale f>m+ 9 ! c\nty1 n an exact recreation ( ! ,kidwell f>m4 ,9 its pat*work composition1 x e*oes ! tr5ds ( ! c\nty = few f>ms /ay$ intact dur+ ! fluctuations ( ! #aibjs & #aicjs1 b 7 add$ to or dim9i%$ dep5d+ on ! ca% fl[4 ,model f>ms orig9at$ 9 ,sc&9avia1 :]e entire villages 7 pres]v$ dur+ ! late #ai? c5tury 9 ord] to save ! folkways :i* 7 rapidly erod+ 9 ! wake ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! e>lie/ ef=ts at su* pres]vation took place 9 ! #aidjs4 ,!y _h only scanty gr[? until a ?\ghtful article by ,m>ion ,clawson 0 publi%$ 9 ,agricultural ,hi/ory 9 ,april1 #aife4 ,?is piece al]t$ pres]vationi/s & hi/orians to ! possibility ( su* projects & influ5c$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ne>ly "o hundr$ su* op5-air museums1 among !m ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice's ,turkey ,run ,f>m ne> ,mc,lean1 ,virg9ia4#bih ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m diff]s f mo/ ( ^! re/orations 9 its portrayal ( #bj? c5tury f>m+1 a "t & way ( work+ t _m old] p c /ill recall4 ,r ?an %[ ! sl[ & h&-op]at$ life ( a pre-me*anization f>m]1 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m %[s ! f>m 9 a dynamic transition4 ,9 ! words ( ! sup]visory bo>d1 x recreates a "t t _h n giv5 up ! idea ( home-cur$ meats1 home vegetable g>d5s1 home or*>ds1 apple butt]1 sorghum molasses 444 b x 0 consid]+ ! use ( f>m tractors1 milk+ ma*9es1 & tractor-drawn equipm5t4444#bii ,! f>m ?us portrays crop & pa/urage rotation1 & "s me*aniz$ activity ) a #aidj tractor1 yet ! f>m] h>ve/s 8 gra9 ) a horse-drawn b9d]4 ,mo/ ( ! equipm5t is f ! pre-,_w ,w> ,,ii p]iod & animals h be5 *os5 or br$ to con=m to ^? available 9 ! #aicjs4 ,a volunte] program1 e/abli%$ 9 #aigf1 aids ! f>m] 9 t5d+ ! l>ge vegetable g>d51 & ! live/ock :i* consi/s ( p\ltry1 hogs1 rabbits1 goats1 %eep1 dairy c[s & draft horses4 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m cultivates corn1 :eat & hay crops & includes a late-#ai? c5tury f>m/ead1 a frame b>n1 %$1 h5h\se1 & rabbit hut* & a ma*9e & sep>ator %$4 ,an or*>d & additional crop acreage & f5c+ are plann$4 ,f> f be+ a zoo or a site ( isolat$ craft or me*anical demon/rations1 ! f>m is op]at$ daily z if agriculture 7 its only aim4 ,crops are gr[n n m]ely = %[ b to fe$ ! animal /ock & manure is us$ to f]tilize g>d5 & gra9 fields4 ,! visitor :o /ops by ! f>m does n see a pre>rang$ int]pretive display1 b *ances on ! f>m] p]=m+ t day's necess>y "w3 milk+1 hay+1 repair+ f5ces1 or pl[+4#cjj ,illu/ration3 ,laura ,p>ham & ,kim ,/anton "w 9 ! vegetable g>d5 at ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m4 ,volunte]s d mu* ( ! g>d5 "w at ! site4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is e>ly ?re%+ ma*9e is "o ( ! pieces ( p]iod equipm5t own$ by ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m4 ,photo1 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,! f>my>d at ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m 9 e>ly fall4 ,! b>n h\ses live/ock su* z horses1 pigs1 %eep1 goats1 & dairy c[s4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority4 ,! f>m boa/s "o /ructure n prop]ly belong+ to x1 b none!less mo/ relevant to ! int]pretation ( e>ly #bj? c5tury f>m life3 ! ,m(fett ,blacksmi? ,%op4 ,! %op 0 own$ by ,h5ry ,m(fett & /ood 9 ,h]ndon = #gj ye>s1 f #aijd until ! ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k ,sup]visory ,bo>d b\ght x 9 #aigd4 ,at ?is "t ! %op 0 torn d[n & reassembl$ ne> ! model f>m z a memorial to _! =m] *airman 7& donor ( ! funds to save ! ,m(fett ,%op71 ,hat*] ,ank]s4 ,h5ry ,m(fett1 realiz+ t ! adv5t ( ! tractor & automobile w\ld elim9ate ! ne$ = 8 bus9ess1 display$ consid]able =esight by collect+ blacksmi?+ tools all ov] ! ,wa%+ton area4 ,8 %op n[ h\ses "s ( ?is equipm5t & ano!r portion is 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ?\gh ,m(fett no long] does any smi?+4 ,! p>k (f]s c\rses 9 ornam5tal iron work+ at ! %op4#cja ,! pres5ce ( ! ,m(fett ,blacksmi? ,%op at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k emphasizes ! int]dep5d5ce ( f>m] & smi?4 ,! ma*9i/ ( 8 day1 ! blacksmi? repair$ wagon tongues1 & m5d$ heavy pl[s & o!r f>m equipm5t4 ,z late z ! #bj? c5tury1 ! smi? produc$ tools1 & ornam5tal items 9 addition to 8 /eady bus9ess ( %oe+ horses4 ,8 "w requir$ a s5sitive und]/&+ ( f>m+ & ! quirks & habits ( ! f>m] & 8 animals4 ,h5ry ,m(fett himself own$ a f>m1 giv+ him special insight into ! agriculturali/'s ne$s1 a factor :i* may h be5 p>tially responsible = ! comp>ative success & longevity ( 8 bus9ess4 ,i _h m trade ?an any man ar\nd "h1 ,m(fett admitt$4 ,dur+ ! ,depression we %[$ m pr(it p] man ?an any o!r bus9ess4 ,blacksmi?+ 0 a trade :i* requir$ skill1 b also c\rage1 to wield heavy in/rum5ts1 "w ) molt5 metals & face /iff competition & ! sometimes ugly cu/om]s4 ,h5ry ,m(fett seems to h comb9$ ^! qualities ) a r>e integrity4 ,:5 competition became ke5 among ! _m ,h]ndon =ges1 ,m(fett refus$ to resort to ! accept$ practice ( defam+ ! o!r smi?s to build up 8 own bus9ess4 ,/at$ ,m(fett1 ,i figur$ if ,i c't make x )\t br++ somebody else d[n ,i %\ldn't bo!r4#cjb ,illu/ration3 ,! f>m]'s h\se at ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,two "y girls meet two "y goats at an exhibition at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,hopk9s1 a p>k employee1 demon/rates ! use ( p]iod blacksmi?+ tools 9 ! ,m(fett ,blacksmi? ,%op4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,pat ,middleton1 a conte/ant 9 a #d-;,h ,club fair1 held at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k4 ,copy ( photo 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a cattle judg+ on ! gr\nds ( ! ,floris s*ool1 #aiej4 ,! %$1 built 9 #aiah1 0 us$ cont9ually 9 ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury to h\se exhibits & fairs4 ,copy ( photo 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,! cont9uance ( f>m+ & limit$ blacksmi?+ 9 ! ,floris area provides a cont9uity ) e>li] eras t is also reflect$ 9 ! eque/rian & y\? activities ( ! p>k4 ,! site ( ! old ,floris ,s*ool 0 us$ dur+ ! #aicjs = ! ,floris ,community ,fair & has = sev]al decades be5 ! site ( ! #d-;,h fair1 :i* features _m ( ! same activities z e>li] exhibitions4 ,a description ( ! #d-;,h fair ( #aigf reads mu* z ! acc\nts ( #dj ye>s previ\s3 ,highlight ( ! op5+ c]emonies on ,?ursday ev5+1 ,augu/ #e1 w be a goat-milk+ conte/4444 ,! program w op5 #g3cj p4m4 ) ! po/+ ( ! colors by tw5ty #d-;,h memb]s on horseback4444 ,projects on exhibit w include ev]y?+ f animals to a rocketry display4444 ,six p]=mances ( local dance & in/rum5tal gr\ps h be5 s*$ul$ & squ>e danc+ w take place at #b p4m4 ,saturday4 ,horse %[s w run cont9u\sly 9 ! p>k's two r+s dur+ bo? days4444 ,9 addition ! ,ext5sion ,homemak]s ,club w pres5t m ?an #bj work+ crafts exhibits on h[ to make ev]y?+ f cottage *eese to doll-h\se furniture4444#cjc ,9 addition1 sev]al m9or judg+s are held ea* ye>4 ,dur+ #aigj = example1 ev5ts at ! p>k includ$ a p\ltry judg+1 f\r dog %[s1 f\r sew+ club ev5ts & "o rabbit %[4#cjd ,agriculturally ori5t$ y\? gr\ps are also enc\rag$ to meet at ! p>k1 & ! ma/] plan = developm5t ( ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k calls = space = home economics & me*anical %ops1 areas = crafts in/ruction1 an agriculture libr>y1 & dormitory rooms4 ,9 all ( ^! pursuits1 ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k c>ries on ! traditions ( pr(essional tra9+ 9 ! field ( agriculture e/abli%$ by ! ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool4#cje ,! use ( p>k space = eque/rian activities likewise mirrors ! c\nty citiz5s' cont9u$ int]e/ 9 rural pleasures4 ,! horse %[s & facilities are ! p>k's mo/ popul> feature1 draw+ ov] a ?\s& p p] day = "s ev5ts4 ,fifty-five eque/rian ev5ts 7 /ag$ 9 #aigf1 & ! s*$ule n[ includes ?ree ,class ,a week5d %[s sponsor$ by ! ,am]ican ,qu>t]horse ,association1 & judg+ = po9ts 9 dressage1 jump+1 & o!r /&>d ev5ts4 ,! con/ruction ( an indoor %[ r+ 0 begun 9 ! summ] ( #aigi1 & is expect$ to fur!r exp& ! p>k's activities1 especially provid+ space = w9t] %[s4 ,! p>k also expects to cont9ue its program ( week-long camps = pony clubs1 & its ext5sive network ( bridle pa?s4#cjf ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k is unique bo? 9 its attempt to int]pret a /yle ( liv+ :i* has n yet completely vani%$1 & 9 its comb9ation ( educational & recreational facilities4 ,its aim is n m]ely to display old-fa%ion$ implem5ts or provide = ! enjoym5t ( a special int]e/ gr\p4 ,r x seeks to ma9ta9 a tradition ( int]e/ 9 rural life & culture by cont9u+ to pursue x actively4 ,! trials1 hopes1 & quiet pleasures ( ! c\ntryside c be be/ appreciat$ :]e ! f>m is a liv+ entity4 ,! ri*ness ( ! f>m]'s a*ievem5t is evid5t to ! p>k's visitors ?r\gh fairs1 horse %[s1 & simply 9 gaz+ at a lu%ly bill[+ field ( corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,dressage competition at ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k1 #aigh4 ,eque/rian activities h prov$ to be among ! mo/ popul> ev5ts at ! p>k4 ,photo1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,,"p ,,vi--,,notes ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k #bia ,ne!rton1 et al41 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #edd-efh2 & ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #bib ,joseph ,be>d to ,w4 ,t4 ,woodson1 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #bf1 #aieg1 copy 9 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m files1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,p>k ,au?ority 7h]eaft] cit$ z ,,fcpa74 #bic ,copy ( de$1 ,decemb] #f1 #aifj1 9 ,l& ,acquisitions files1 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m1 ,,fcpa2 & telephone conv]sation ) ,joseph ,be>d1 ,april #bf1 #aigi4 #bid ,additional l& 0 acquir$ z foll[s3 4#igbf acre on condemnation aw>d f ,floyd ,lee1 ,july #e1 #aifb 7co/ #a1bej72 #ch acres b\ght f ,floyd ,kidwell1 ,june #bf1 #aife 7co/ #a1ejj p] acre72 #e4bgga acres on condemnation aw>d f ,emma ,neal ,lee1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aife 7co/ #c1ieh72 #c4efhd acres 7includ+ h\se & outbuild+s7 b\ght f ,floyd ,kidwell1 ,m>* #bf1 #aigj 7co/ #cd1bge72 #ai4jgff acres b\ght f ,annie ,may ,poole ,:itti]1 ,septemb]1 #aigd 7co/ #hj1aba4gb72 & #ba4fchih acres on condemnation aw>d f ,rob]t ,e4 ,cl>k1 ,may #ca1 #aigg 7co/ #agc1jjj74 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! rise 9 l& prices dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,see ,l& ,acquisitions records1 ,,fcpa4 #bie ,be>d_/,pryor1 ,febru>y #bg1 #aigi4 #bif ,see de$ betwe5 ,asa ,e4 ,brad%aw & ,floyd ,kidwell1 9 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,de$ ,books1 ,lib] ,l-#aa1 #big4 #big ,memor&um f ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k ,sup]visory ,bo>d1 ,april1 #aigb2 notes f ,f>m ,committee1 ,june1 #aigb2 & ,propos$ ,plan = ,kidwell ,f>m1 ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k1 ,janu>y1 #aigd1 all 9 ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k files1 ,,fcpa4 #bih ,john ,s*lebeck]1 ,liv+ ,hi/orical ,f>ms3 ,a ,walk into ! ,pa/ 7,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifh71 #e-af4 #bii ,memor&um1 ,april1 #aigb4 #cjj ,int]view ) ,john ,hopk9s1 f>m manag]1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 #cja ,h5ry ,m(fett3 ',a ,mighty ,man1' ,wa%+ton ,/>1 ,april #ah1 #aigf2 notes on int]view ) ,h5ry ,m(fett by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 n4d41 7#aigh74 #cjb ,ibid4 #cjc #d-;,h ,bic5t5nial ,fair at ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m1 ,fairfax ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #f1 #aigf4 #cjd #aigj ,annual ,report1 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m files1 ,,fcpa4 #cje ,ma/] ,plan1 ,fry+ ,pan ,f>m1 #aigg1 copy 9 files1 ,,fcpa4 #cjf ,annual ,report1 #aigf1 ,fry+ ,pan ,p>k2 untitl$ memor&um1 ,may #c1 #aigd1 bo? 9 files1 ,,fcpa2 & ,hopk9s1 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 ,,bibliography ,manuscripts & ,int]views ,all transcripts & notes f int]views are 9 ! ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,bailey1 ,neal4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,decemb] #ab1 #aigh4 ,be>d1 ,joseph4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton & ,patrick ,re$4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,novemb]1 #aigd4 ,be>d1 ,joseph4 ,int]view by ,elizabe? ,pryor4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aigi1 & ,febru>y #b1 #aigi4 ,be>d1 ,joseph & ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,int]view by ,elizabe? ,pryor4 ,floris1 ,virg9ia4 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 ,c>ey1 ,patricia ,m4 ,a ,select$ ,bibliography ( ,res\rces on ! ,hi/ory ( ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,unpubli%$ monograph1 ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 #aifj4 ,de$ ,books1 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,lib]s ,e-#f1 ,h-#e & ,l-#aa4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,c\r?\se4 ,d]r1 ,h4 ,b4 & ,joseph ,be>d4 ,annual ,reports ( ,c\nty ,ext5sion ,ag5ts1 #aiah-aidj1 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,ellmore1 ,elizabe? & ,emma4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #b1 #aigh4 ,ellmore1 ,elizabe? & ,emma & ,rebecca ,middleton4 ,int]view by ,elizabe? ,pryor4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia4 ,m>* #f1 #aigi4 ,f]guson1 ,lulah4 ,int]view by ,/eve ,ma!ws4 ,augu/ #af1 #aiga4 ,gree>1 ,virg9ia4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #bc1 #aigh4 ,h>rison1 ,hold5 & ,ray1 & ,virg9ia ,presgraves ,h>rison4 ,int]view by ,elizabe? ,pryor4 ,*antilly1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #e1 #aigi4 ,l& ,books1 ,fairfax ,c\nty #aicj-aica 9 ,virg9iana ,collection1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,public ,libr>y4 ,lee1 ,m>g>et ,m>y4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,oakton1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #bh1 #aigh4 ,mc,nair1 ,wilson ,d4 ,:at ,i ,rememb]4 ,unpubli%$ manuscript 9 possession ( ,mrs4 ,l\ise ,ryd]4 ,middleton1 ,john & ,edna4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aigh4 ,mill>d1 ,emma4 ,int]view by ,dana ,gumb4 ,novemb] #ae1 #aigb4 ,m9utes ( ,meet+s1 ,f>m]'s ,club #a4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,octob] #a1 #aiji to ,janu>y #ac1 #aice1 9 possession ( ,rebecca ,middleton1 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia4 ,peck1 ,ri*>d4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,febru>y #bc1 #aigh4 ,publicity ,committee ( ,h]ndon ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,facts ,reg>d+ ,bond ,issue ,e ,vot] ,%\ld ,"k4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 #aibd4 ,copy 9 possession ( ,hold5 ,h>rison4 ,rice1 ,elizabe?4 ,lett]s to au?or1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aigi4 ,rog]s1 ,edi?4 ,int]view by ,patty ,corbat1 ,craig ,smi? & ,phyllis ,hir%man4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 ,june #ab1 #aigj4 ,rog]s1 ,edi?4 ,int]view by ,nan ,ne!rton4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 n4d4 7c41 spr+1 #aigh74 ,ryd]1 ,l\ise4 ,"s ,?\ghts ,ab\t ,fry+ ,pan ,bapti/ ,*ur*4 ,unpubli%$ monograph1 ,june1 #aigb4 ,scott ,collection4 ,lett]s1 ,h]d ,record ,books & ,memorabilia ( ,c4 ,t4 ,rice4 ,oakton1 ,virg9ia4 ,%ug1 ,rita4 ,! ,t[n ( ,h]ndon4 ,unpubli%$ monograph1 ,george ,mason ,univ]sity1 ,may1 #aigc4 ,simmons1 ,h[>d4 ,hi/ory ( ,floris ,vocational ,high ,s*ool4 ,unpubli%$ monograph1 n4d4 ,copy 9 possession ( ,elizabe? & ,emma ,ellmore4 ,sp5c]1 ,gladys ,t4 to ,mrs4 ,erne/ ,ryd]4 ,febru>y #ae1 #aigi4 ,copy 9 possession ( ,l\ise ,ryd]4 ,w ,books1 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 #aibh4 ,fairfax ,virg9ia1 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,c\r?\se4 ,publi%$ ,works ,agee1 ,james & ,walk] ,evans4 ,let ,u ,n[ ,praise ,fam\s ,m54 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead & ,company1 #aifj4 ,bailey1 ,?omas ,a4 ,! ,am]ican ,pageant4 ,bo/on3 ,d4,c4 ,hea?1 #aiff4 ,b>g]1 ,h>old & ,hans ,m4 ,lansburg4 ,am]ican ,agriculture1 #ahii-aici4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,arno ,press1 #aige4 ,beitzeel1 ,edw9 ,w4 ,life on ! ,potomac ,riv]4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 privately publi%$1 #aifh4 ,corson1 ,juliet4 ,miss ,corson's ,practical ,am]ican ,cook]y4 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead & ,company1 #ahhf4 ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aice4 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors4 ,hi/oric ,progressive ,fairfax ,c\nty 9 ,old ,virg9ia4 ,alex&ria1 ,virg9ia3 ,newell-,cole ,company1 #aibh4 ,fairfax ,f>m] ,?rew ,away ,8 ,pl[ 9 #aibh & ,amaz+ ,results ,h ,be5 ,revolution>y4 ,ri*mond ,times-,dispat*4 ,septemb] #ag1 #aiea4 ,fairfax ,h]ald4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia1 #aibe-aice4 ,f$]al ,crop ,report+ ,s]vice4 ,virg9ia ,f>m ,/ati/ics1 #aice-aicf4 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 #aicf4 ,fifte5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,agricultural ,summ>y1 #aibi-aicj4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aicj4 ,floris ,unit$ ,me?odi/ ,*ur*3 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt1 #ahia-aigd4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 privately publi%$1 #aige4 ,funk1 ,w4 ,c4 ,an ,economic ,/udy ( ,small ,f>ms ,ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 #hdh4 ,june #bb1 #aibj4 ,g>nett1 ,william ,edw>d4 ,rural ,organization 9 ,relation to ,rural ,life 9 ,virg9ia4 ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,/ation ,bullet9 #bef4 ,blacksburg1 ,virg9ia1 ,may1 #aibg4 ,g>nett1 ,william ,edw>d & ,john ,w4 ,ellison ,negro ,life 9 ,rural ,virg9ia1 #ahfe-aicd4 ,virg9ia ,polyte*nical ,in/itute ,bullet9 #bie4 ,june1 #aicd4 ,gilliam1 ,s>a ,k4 ,virg9ia ,p1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,gr[? & ,di/ribution ( ! ,population ( ,virg9ia f #afjg-aidc4 ,ri*mond3 ,virg9ia ,/ate ,plann+ ,bo>d1 #aidd4 ,glasg[1 ,ell54 ,b>r5 ,gr\nd4 ,ri*mond3 ,hill & ,wang1 #aicc4 ,goessl+1 ,adel9e4 ,! ,f>m & ,home ,cookbook4 ,*icago3 ,phelps1 #aiai4 ,gumb1 ,dana4 ,pione] ,recalls ,mc,lean4 ,e*oes ( ,hi/ory4 ,m>* & ,may #aigb4 ,hawkes1 ,rob]t ,t41 ,jr4 ,! ,em]g5ce ( a ,lead]3 ,h>ry ,flood ,byrd1 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 #aibf-aicj4 ,virg9ia ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory & ,biography4 ,volume #hb1 ,numb] #c1 ,july1 #aigd4 ,h5d]son1 ,e4 ,b4 & ,edi? ,hussey4 ,hi/ory ( ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bran* ( ! ,,naacp4 ,privately publi%$1 #aife4 ,h]ndon ,news-,obs]v]4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia1 #aibe-aidj4 ,hill's ,s\!rn ,almanac4 ,ri*mond3 ,virg9ia ,fire & ,m>9e ,insurance ,company1 #aibi4 ,kolb1 ,j4 ,h4 & ,edmund ,s4 de ,brunn]4 ,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,society4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company1 #aice4 ,"l1 ,russell4 ,m5 ( ,e>?4 ,new ,york3 ,longman's ,gre5 & ,company1 #aica4 ,m>t91 ,oliv]4 ,on & ,(f ! ,concrete 9 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 privately publi%$1 #aicj4 ,mill]1 ,john ,c4 ,! ,f$]ali/ ,era4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] & ,r[1 #aifh4 ,murphy1 ,ar?ur ,morton4 ,! ,agricultural ,depression3 ,a ,propos$ ,measure = ,its ,relief4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 #aibf4 ,national ,rural ,electric ,coop]ative ,association4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,long ,range ,/udy ,committee ,i-,,iii4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,novemb] #aifg-,m>* #aifh4 ,ne!rton1 ,nan1 & ,donald ,sweig1 ,janice ,artemel1 ,patricia ,hick91 ,patrick ,re$4 ,fairfax ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia3 ,a ,hi/ory4 ,fairfax1 ,virg9ia3 ,fairfax ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors1 #aigh4 ,nickell1 ,lehman & ,c>y ,j4 ,r&olph4 ,an ,economic & ,social ,survey ( ,fairfax ,c\nty4 ,*>lottesville1 ,virg9ia3 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 #aibd4 ,out ( ,fry+ ,pan4 ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia3 privately publi%$1 #aifd4 ,rasmuss51 ,wayne ,d4 & ,gladys ,l4 ,bak]4 ,price-,support & ,adju/m5t ,programs f #aicc-aigh3 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aigi4 ,report ( ! ,commission to ,/udy ! ,condition ( ! ,f>m]s ( ,virg9ia to ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,virg9ia4 ,ri*mond3 ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aicj4 ,ri*mond & ,danville ,railroad4 ,c\ntry ,homes ,ne> ! ,nation's ,capital4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 #ahhh4 ,ro!ry1 ,agnes4 ,virg9ia3 ,! ,new ,dom9ion4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton--,c5tury ,company1 #aidj4 ,rural ,electric ,fact ,book4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aifj4 ,s*aef]1 ,joseph4 ,! ,social ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,agriculture4 ,new ,york3 ,mc,millan ,company1 #aicf4 ,s*lebeck]1 ,john4 ,liv+ ,hi/orical ,f>ms3 ,a ,walk into ! ,pa/4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aifh4 ,s*neid]1 ,lottie ,dy]4 ,memoirs ( ,h]ndon1 ,virg9ia4 ,m>ion1 ,virg9ia3 privately publi%$1 #aifb4 ,se>s1 ,roebuck & ,company4 ,catalogue4 ,*icago1 #aibg-bh4 ,simpson1 ,frances ,d>l+ton4 ,virg9ia ,c\ntry ,life & ,cook+4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 privately publi%$1 #aifc4 ,sixte5? 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