,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected4 ,hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised1 all other inconsistencies are as in the original4 ,the author's spelling has been maintained4 ,bold text is marked with 4 ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,eminent ,,painters ,,sculptors ,,architects ,,by ,,giorgio ,,vasari3 ,,volume ,x4 ,,bronzino ,,to ,,vasari ,,general ,,index #aiae ,,newly ,,translated ,,by ,,gaston ,du ,c4 ,,de ,,vere4 ,,with ,,five ,,hundred ,,illustrations3 ,,in ,,ten ,,volumes ,illustration3 #aeaa-aegd ,,philip ,,lee ,,warner1 ,,publisher ,,to ,,the ,,medici ,,society1 ,,limited #g ,,grafton ,,st4 ,,london1 ,w4 #aiab-ae ,,contents ,,of ,,volume ,x ,,page ,,academicians ,,of ,,design1 ,,painters1 ,,sculptors1 ,,and ,,architects #c ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,festive ,,preparations ,,for ,,the ,,nuptials ,,of ,,the ,,prince ,,don ,,francesco ,,of ,,tuscany #cg ,,giorgio ,,vasari #aga ,,index ,,of ,,names #bbg ,,general ,,index1 ,,volumes ,i ,,to ,x #bcc ,,illustrations ,,to ,,volume ,x ,,plates ,,in ,,monochrome ,,facing ,,page ,,agnolo ,,bronzino ,bartolommeo ,panciatichi ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #aei #d ,,agnolo ,,bronzino ,eleanora de ,toledo and her ,son ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #agb #f ,,agnolo ,,bronzino ,christ in ,limbo ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #abga #h ,,alessandro ,,allori ,giuliano de' ,medici ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #aic #ab ,,benvenuto ,,cellini ,perseus ,florence3 ,loggia de' ,lanzi #bb ,,giovanni ,,bologna ,fountain of ,neptune ,bologna #bd ,,giovanni ,,bologna ,mercury ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale #bf ,,vincenzio ,,danti ,the ,brazen ,serpent ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale #bh ,,vincenzio ,,danti ,bronze ,relief ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale #cj ,,giorgio ,,vasari ,lorenzo the ,magnificent and the ,ambassadors ,florence3 ,palazzo ,vecchio #bjh ,,giorgio ,,vasari ,fresco in the ,hall of ,lorenzo the ,magnificent ,florence3 ,palazzo ,vecchio #bad ,,of ,,the ,,academicians ,,of ,,design1 ,,painters1 ,,sculptors1 ,,and ,,architects1 ,,and ,,of ,,their ,,works1 ,,and ,,first ,,of ,,bronzino ,having written hitherto of the lives and works of the most excellent painters1 sculptors1 and architects1 from ,cimabue down to the present day1 who have passed to a better life1 and having spoken with the opportunities that came to me of many still living1 it now remains that ,i say something of the craftsmen of our ,academy of ,florence1 of whom up to this point ,i have not had occasion to speak at sufficient length4 ,and beginning with the oldest and most important1 ,i shall speak first of ,agnolo1 called ,bronzino1 a ,florentine painter truly most rare and worthy of all praise4 ,agnolo1 then1 having been many years with ,pontormo1 as has been told1 caught his manner so well1 and so imitated his works1 that their pictures have been taken very often one for the other1 so similar they were for a time4 ,and certainly it is a marvel how ,bronzino learned the manner of ,pontormo so well1 for the reason that ,jacopo was rather strange and shy than otherwise even with his dearest disciples1 being such that he would never let anyone see his works save when completely finished4 ,but notwithstanding this1 so great were the patience and lovingness of ,agnolo towards ,pontormo1 that he was forced always to look kindly upon him1 and to love him as a son4 ,the first works of account that ,bronzino executed1 while still a young man1 were in the ,certosa of ,florence1 over a door that leads from the great cloister into the chapter-house1 on two arches1 one within and the other without4 ,on that without is a ,pieta1 with two ,angels1 in fresco1 and on that within is a nude ,s4 ,laurence upon the gridiron1 painted in oil-colours on the wall2 which works were a good earnest of the excellence that has been seen since in the works of this painter in his mature years4 ,in the ,chapel of ,lodovico ,capponi1 in ,s4 ,felicita at ,florence1 ,bronzino1 as has been said in another place1 painted two ,evangelists in two round pictures in oils1 and on the vaulting he executed some figures in colour4 ,in the ,abbey of the ,black ,friars at ,florence1 in the upper cloister1 he painted in fresco a story from the life of ,s4 ,benedict1 when he throws himself naked on the thorns1 which is a very good picture4 ,in the garden of the ,sisters called the ,poverine1 he painted in fresco a most beautiful tabernacle1 wherein is ,christ appearing to the ,magdalene in the form of a gardener4 ,and in ,s4 ,trinita1 likewise in ,florence1 may be seen a picture in oils by the same hand1 on the first pilaster at the right hand1 of the ,dead ,christ1 ,our ,lady1 ,s4 ,john1 and ,s4 ,mary ,magdalene1 executed with much diligence and in a beautiful manner4 ,and during that time when he executed these works1 he also painted many portraits of various persons1 and other pictures1 which gave him a great name4 ,illustration3 ,,bartolommeo ,,panciatichi 7,after the painting by ,angelo ,bronzino4 ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #aei7 ,alinari ,then1 the siege of ,florence being ended and the settlement made1 he went1 as has been told elsewhere1 to ,pesaro1 where under the protection of ,guidobaldo1 ,duke of ,urbino1 besides the above-mentioned harpsichord-case full of figures1 which was a rare thing1 he executed the portrait of that lord and one of a daughter of ,matteo ,sofferoni1 which was a truly beautiful picture and much extolled4 ,he also executed at the ,imperiale1 a villa of the said ,duke1 some figures in oils on the spandrels of a vault2 and more of these he would have done if he had not been recalled to ,florence by his master1 ,jacopo ,pontormo1 that he might assist him to finish the ,hall of ,poggio a ,caiano4 ,and having arrived in ,florence1 he painted as it were by way of pastime1 for ,messer ,giovanni de ,statis1 ,auditor to ,duke ,alessandro1 a little picture of ,our ,lady which was a much extolled work1 and shortly afterwards1 for ,monsignor ,giovio1 his friend1 the portrait of ,andrea ,doria2 and for ,bartolommeo ,bettini1 to fill certain lunettes in a chamber1 the portraits of ,dante1 ,petrarca1 and ,boccaccio1 half-length figures of great beauty4 ,which pictures finished1 he made portraits of ,bonaccorso ,pinadori1 ,ugolino ,martelli1 ,messer ,lorenzo ,lenzi1 now ,bishop of ,fermo1 and ,pier ,antonio ,bandini and his wife1 with so many others1 that it would be a long work to seek to make mention of them all2 let it suffice that they were all very natural1 executed with incredible diligence1 and finished so well1 that nothing more could be desired4 ,for ,bartolommeo ,panciatichi he painted two large pictures of ,our ,lady1 with other figures1 beautiful to a marvel and executed with infinite diligence1 and1 besides these1 portraits of him and his wife1 so natural that they seem truly alive1 and nothing is wanting in them save breath4 ,for the same man he has painted a picture of ,christ on the ,cross1 which is executed with much study and pains1 insomuch that it is clearly evident that he copied it from a real dead body fixed on a cross1 such is the supreme excellence and perfection of every part4 ,for ,matteo ,strozzi he painted in fresco1 in a tabernacle at his villa of ,s4 ,casciano1 a ,pieta with some ,angels1 which was a very beautiful work4 ,for ,filippo d' ,averardo ,salviati he executed a ,nativity of ,christ in a small picture with little figures1 of such beauty that it has no equal1 as everyone knows1 that work being now in engraving2 and for ,maestro ,francesco ,montevarchi1 a most excellent physicist1 he painted a very beautiful picture of ,our ,lady and some other little pictures full of grace4 ,and he assisted his master ,pontormo1 as was said above1 to execute the work of ,careggi1 whereon the spandrels of the vaults he painted with his own hand five figures1 ,fortune1 ,fame1 ,peace1 ,justice1 and ,prudence1 with some children1 all wrought excellently well4 ,duke ,alessandro being then dead and ,cosimo elected1 ,bronzino assisted the same ,pontormo in the work of the ,loggia of ,castello4 ,for the nuptials of the most illustrious ,lady1 ,leonora di ,toledo1 the wife of ,duke ,cosimo1 he painted two scenes in chiaroscuro in the court of the ,medici ,palace1 and on the base that supported the horse made by ,tribolo1 as was related1 some stories of the actions of ,signor ,giovanni de' ,medici1 in imitation of bronze2 all which were the best pictures that were executed in those festive preparations4 ,wherefore the ,duke1 having recognized the ability of this man1 caused him to set his hand to adorning a chapel of no great size in the ,ducal ,palace for the said ,lady ,duchess1 a woman of true worth1 if ever any woman was1 and for her infinite merits worthy of eternal praise4 ,in that chapel ,bronzino made on the vault some compartments with very beautiful children and four figures1 each of which has the feet turned towards the walls--,s4 ,francis1 ,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,michelagnolo1 and ,s4 ,john2 all executed with the greatest diligence and lovingness4 ,and on the three walls1 two of which are broken by the door and the window1 he painted three stories of ,moses1 one on each wall4 ,where the door is1 he painted the story of the snakes or serpents raining down upon the people1 with many beautiful considerations in figures bitten by them1 some of whom are dying1 some are dead1 and others1 gazing on the ,brazen ,serpent1 are being healed4 ,on another wall1 that of the window1 is the ,rain of ,manna2 and on the unbroken wall the ,passing of the ,red ,sea1 and the ,submersion of ,pharaoh2 which scene has been printed in engraving at ,antwerp4 ,in a word1 this work1 executed as it is in fresco1 has no equal1 and is painted with the greatest possible diligence and study4 ,in the altar-picture of this chapel1 painted in oils1 which was placed over the altar1 was ,christ taken down from the ,cross1 in the lap of ,his ,mother2 but it was removed from there by ,duke ,cosimo for sending as a present1 as a very rare work1 to ,granvella1 who was once the greatest man about the person of the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,in place of that altar-piece the same master has painted another like it1 which was set over the altar between two pictures not less beautiful than the altar-piece1 in which pictures are the ,angel ,gabriel and the ,virgin receiving from him the ,annunciation2 but instead of these1 when the first altar-picture was removed1 there were a ,s4 ,john the ,baptist and a ,s4 ,cosimo1 which were placed in the guardaroba when the ,lady ,duchess1 having changed her mind1 caused the other two to be painted4 ,illustration3 ,,eleanora ,,de ,,toledo ,,and ,,her ,,son 7,after the painting by ,angelo ,bronzino4 ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #agb7 ,alinari ,the ,lord ,duke1 having seen from these and other works the excellence of this painter1 and that it was his particular and peculiar field to portray from life with the greatest diligence that could be imagined1 caused him to paint a portrait of himself1 at that time a young man1 fully clad in bright armour1 and with one hand upon his helmet2 in another picture the ,lady ,duchess1 his consort1 and in yet another picture the ,lord ,don ,francesco1 their son and ,prince of ,florence4 ,and no long time passed before he portrayed the same ,lady ,duchess once again1 to do her pleasure1 in a different manner from the first1 with the ,lord ,don ,giovanni1 her son1 beside her4 ,he also made a portrait of ,la ,bia1 a young girl1 the natural daughter of the ,duke2 and afterwards all the ,duke's children1 some for the first time and others for the second--the ,lady ,donna ,maria1 a very tall and truly beautiful girl1 the ,prince ,don ,francesco1 the ,lord ,don ,giovanni1 ,don ,garzia1 and ,don ,ernando1 in a number of pictures which are all in the guardaroba of his ,excellency1 together with the portraits of ,don ,francesco di ,toledo1 ,signora ,maria1 mother of the ,duke1 and ,ercole ,,ii1 ,duke of ,ferrara1 with many others4 ,about the same time1 also1 he executed in the ,palace for the ,carnival1 two years in succession1 two scenic settings and prospect-views for comedies1 which were held to be very beautiful4 ,and he painted a picture of singular beauty that was sent to ,king ,francis in ,france1 wherein was a nude ,venus1 with a ,cupid who was kissing her1 and ,pleasure on one side with ,play and other ,loves1 and on the other side ,fraud and ,jealousy and other passions of love4 ,the ,lord ,duke had caused to be begun by ,pontormo the cartoons of the tapestries in silk and gold for the ,sala del ,consiglio de' ,dugento2 and1 having had two stories of the ,hebrew ,joseph executed by the said ,pontormo1 and one by ,salviati1 he gave orders that ,bronzino should do the rest4 ,whereupon he executed fourteen pieces with the excellence and perfection which everyone knows who has seen them2 but since this was an excessive labour for ,bronzino1 who was losing too much time thereby1 he availed himself in the greater part of these cartoons1 himself making the designs1 of ,raffaello dal ,colle1 the painter of ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro1 who acquitted himself excellently well4 ,now ,giovanni ,zanchini had built a chapel very rich in carved stone1 with his family tombs in marble1 opposite to the ,chapel of the ,dini in ,s4 ,croce at ,florence1 on the front wall1 on the left hand as one enters the church by the central door2 and he allotted the altar-piece to ,bronzino1 to the end that he might paint in it ,christ descended into the ,limbo of ,hell in order to deliver the ,holy ,fathers4 ,agnolo1 then1 having set his hand to it1 executed that work with the utmost possible diligence that one can use who desires to acquire glory by such a labour2 wherefore there are in it most beautiful nudes1 men1 women1 and children1 young and old1 with different features and attitudes1 and portraits of men that are very natural1 among which are ,jacopo da ,pontormo1 ,giovan ,battista ,gello1 a passing famous ,academician of ,florence1 and the painter ,bacchiacca1 of whom we have spoken above4 ,and among the women he portrayed there two noble and truly most beautiful young women of ,florence1 worthy of eternal praise and memory for their incredible beauty and virtue1 ,madonna ,costanza da ,sommaia1 wife of ,giovan ,battista ,doni1 who is still living1 and ,madonna ,camilla ,tedaldi del ,corno1 who has now passed to a better life4 ,not long afterwards he executed another large and very beautiful altar-picture of the ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1 which was placed in the ,chapel of ,jacopo and ,filippo ,guadagni beside the choir in the ,church of the ,servites--that is1 the ,nunziata4 ,and at this same time he painted the altar-piece that was placed in the chapel of the ,palace1 whence there had been removed that which was sent to ,granvella2 which altar-piece is certainly a most beautiful picture1 and worthy of that place4 ,bronzino then painted for ,signor ,alamanno ,salviati a ,venus with a ,satyr beside her1 so beautiful as to appear in truth ,venus ,goddess of ,beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,christ ,,in ,,limbo 7,after the panel by ,angelo ,bronzino4 ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #abga7 ,anderson ,having then gone to ,pisa1 whither he was summoned by the ,duke1 he executed some portraits for his ,excellency2 and for ,luca ,martini1 who was very much his friend1 and not of him only1 but also attached with true affection to all men of talent1 he painted a very beautiful picture of ,our ,lady1 in which he portrayed that ,luca with a basket of fruits1 from his having been the minister and proveditor for the said ,lord ,duke in the draining of the marshes and other waters that rendered unhealthy the country round ,pisa1 and for having made it in consequence fertile and abundant in fruits4 ,nor did ,bronzino depart from ,pisa before there was allotted to him at the instance of ,martini1 by ,raffaello del ,setaiuolo1 the ,warden of ,works of the ,duomo1 the altar-picture for one of the chapels in that ,duomo1 wherein he painted a nude ,christ with the ,cross1 and about ,him many ,saints1 among whom is a ,s4 ,bartholomew flayed1 which has the appearance of a true anatomical subject and of a man flayed in reality1 so natural it is and imitated with such diligence from an anatomical subject4 ,that altar-picture1 which is beautiful in every part1 was placed1 as ,i have said1 in a chapel from which they removed another by the hand of ,benedetto da ,pescia1 a disciple of ,giulio ,romano4 ,bronzino then made for ,duke ,cosimo a full-length portrait of the dwarf ,morgante1 nude1 and in two ways--namely1 on one side of the picture the front1 and on the other the back1 with the bizarre and monstrous members which that dwarf has2 which picture1 of its kind1 is beautiful and marvellous4 ,for ,ser ,carlo ,gherardi of ,pistoia1 who from his youth was a friend of ,bronzino1 he executed at various times1 besides the portrait of ,ser ,carlo himself1 a very beautiful ,judith placing the head of ,holofernes in a basket1 and on the cover that protects that picture1 in the manner of a mirror1 a ,prudence looking at herself2 and for the same man a picture of ,our ,lady1 which is one of the most beautiful things that he has ever done1 because it has extraordinary design and relief4 ,and the same ,bronzino executed the portrait of the ,duke when his ,excellency was come to the age of forty1 and also that of the ,lady ,duchess1 both of which are as good likenesses as could be4 ,after ,giovan ,battista ,cavalcanti had caused a chapel to be built in ,s4 ,spirito1 at ,florence1 with most beautiful variegated marbles conveyed from beyond the sea at very great cost1 and had laid there the remains of his father ,tommaso1 he had the head and bust of the father executed by ,fra ,giovanni ,agnolo ,montorsoli1 and the altar-piece ,bronzino painted1 depicting in it ,christ appearing to ,mary ,magdalene in the form of a gardener1 and more distant two other ,maries1 all figures executed with incredible diligence4 ,jacopo da ,pontormo having left unfinished at his death the chapel in ,s4 ,lorenzo1 and the ,lord ,duke having ordained that ,bronzino should complete it1 he finished in the part where the ,deluge is many nudes that were wanting at the foot1 and gave perfection to that part1 and in the other1 where at the foot of the ,resurrection of the ,dead many figures were wanting over a space about one braccio in height and as wide as the whole wall1 he painted them all in the manner wherein they are to be seen1 very beautiful2 and between the windows1 at the foot1 in a space that remained there unpainted1 he depicted a nude ,s4 ,laurence upon a gridiron1 with some little ,angels about him4 ,in that whole work he demonstrated that he had executed his paintings in that place with much better judgment than his master ,pontormo had shown in his pictures in the work2 the portrait of which ,pontormo ,bronzino painted with his own hand in a corner of that chapel1 on the right hand of the ,s4 ,laurence4 ,the ,duke then gave orders to ,bronzino that he should execute two large altar-pictures1 one containing a ,deposition of ,christ from the ,cross with a good number of figures1 for sending to ,porto ,ferraio in the ,island of ,elba1 for the ,convent of the ,frati ,zoccolanti1 built by his ,excellency in the city of ,cosmopolis2 and another altar-piece1 in which ,bronzino painted the ,nativity of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 for the new ,church of the ,knights of ,s4 ,stephen1 which has since been built in ,pisa1 together with their ,palace and ,hospital1 after the designs and directions of ,giorgio ,vasari4 ,both these pictures have been finished with such art1 diligence1 design1 invention1 and supreme loveliness of colouring1 that it would not be possible to go further2 and no less1 indeed1 was required in a church erected by so great a ,prince1 who has founded and endowed that ,order of ,knights4 ,on some little panels made of sheet-tin1 and all of one same size1 the same ,bronzino has painted all the great men of the ,house of ,medici1 beginning with ,giovanni di ,bicci and the elder ,cosimo down to the ,queen of ,france1 in that line1 and in the other from ,lorenzo1 the brother of the elder ,cosimo1 down to ,duke ,cosimo and his children2 all which portraits are set in order behind the door of a little study that ,vasari has caused to be made in the apartment of new rooms in the ,ducal ,palace1 wherein is a great number of antique statues of marble and bronzes and little modern pictures1 the rarest miniatures1 and an infinity of medals in gold1 silver1 and bronze1 arranged in very beautiful order4 ,these portraits of the illustrious men of the ,house of ,medici are all natural and vivacious1 and most faithful likenesses4 ,it is a notable thing that whereas many are wont in their last years to do less well than they have done in the past1 ,bronzino does as well and even better now than when he was in the flower of his manhood1 as the works demonstrate that he is executing every day4 ,not long ago he painted for ,don ,silvano ,razzi1 a ,camaldolite monk in the ,monastery of the ,angeli at ,florence1 who is much his friend1 a picture about one braccio and a half high of a ,s4 ,catharine1 so beautiful and well executed1 that it is not inferior to any other picture by the hand of this noble craftsman2 insomuch that nothing seems to be wanting in her save the spirit and that voice which confounded the tyrant and confessed ,christ her well-beloved spouse even to the last breath2 and that father1 like the truly gentle spirit that he is1 has nothing that he esteems and holds in price more than that picture4 ,agnolo made a portrait of the ,cardinal1 ,don ,giovanni de' ,medici1 the son of ,duke ,cosimo1 which was sent to the ,court of the ,emperor for ,queen ,joanna2 and afterwards that of the ,lord ,don ,francesco1 ,prince of ,florence1 which was a picture very like the reality1 and executed with such diligence that it has the appearance of a miniature4 ,for the nuptials of ,queen ,joanna of ,austria1 wife of that ,prince1 he painted in three large canvases which were placed at the ,ponte alla ,carraia1 as will be described at the end1 some scenes of the ,nuptials of ,hymen1 of such beauty that they appeared not things for a festival1 but worthy to be set in some honourable place for ever1 so finished they were and executed with such diligence4 ,for the same ,lord ,prince he painted a few months ago a small picture with little figures which has no equal1 and it may be said that it is truly a miniature4 ,and since at this his present age of sixty-five he is no less enamoured of the matters of art than he was as a young man1 he has undertaken recently1 according to the wishes of the ,duke1 to execute two scenes in fresco on the wall beside the organ in the ,church of ,s4 ,lorenzo1 in which there is not a doubt that he will prove the excellent ,bronzino that he has always been4 ,this master has delighted much1 and still delights1 in poetry2 wherefore he has written many capitoli and sonnets1 part of which have been printed4 ,but above all1 with regard to poetry1 he is marvellous in the style of his capitoli after the manner of ,berni1 insomuch that at the present day there is no one who writes better in that kind of verse1 nor things more fanciful and bizarre1 as will be seen one day if all his works1 as is believed and hoped1 come to be printed4 ,bronzino has been and still is most gentle and a very courteous friend1 agreeable in his conversation and in all his affairs1 and much honoured2 and as loving and liberal with his possessions as a noble craftsman such as he is could well be4 ,he has been peaceful by nature1 and has never done an injury to any man1 and he has always loved all able men in his profession1 as ,i know1 who have maintained a strait friendship with him for three-and-forty years1 that is1 from #aebd down to the present year1 ever since ,i began to know and to love him in that year of #aebd1 when he was working at the ,certosa with ,pontormo1 whose works ,i used as a youth to go to draw in that place4 ,illustration3 ,,giuliano ,,de' ,,medici 7,after the painting by ,alessandro ,allori4 ,florence3 ,uffizi1 #aic7 ,alinari ,many have been the pupils and disciples of ,bronzino1 but the first 7to speak now of our ,academicians7 is ,alessandro ,allori1 who has been loved always by his master1 not as a disciple1 but as his own son1 and they have lived and still live together with the same love1 one for another1 that there is between a good father and his son4 ,alessandro has shown in many pictures and portraits that he has executed up to his present age of thirty1 that he is a worthy disciple of so great a master1 and that he is seeking by diligence and continual study to arrive at that rarest perfection which is desired by beautiful and exalted intellects4 ,he has painted and executed all with his own hand the ,chapel of the ,montaguti in the ,church of the ,nunziata--namely1 the altar-piece in oils1 and the walls and vaulting in fresco4 ,in the altar-piece is ,christ on high1 and the ,madonna1 in the act of judging1 with many figures in various attitudes and executed very well1 copied from the ,judgment of ,michelagnolo ,buonarroti4 ,about that altar-piece1 on the same wall1 are four large figures in the forms of ,prophets1 or rather1 ,evangelists1 two above and two below2 and on the vaulting are some ,sibyls and ,prophets executed with great pains1 study1 and diligence1 he having sought in the nudes to imitate ,michelagnolo4 ,on the wall which is at the left hand looking towards the altar1 is ,christ as a boy disputing in the midst of the ,doctors in the ,temple2 which boy is seen in a fine attitude answering their questions1 and the ,doctors1 and others who are there listening attentively to him1 are all different in features1 attitudes1 and vestments1 and among them are portraits from life of many of ,alessandro's friends1 which are good likenesses4 ,opposite to that1 on the other wall1 is ,christ driving from the ,temple those who with their buying and selling were making it a house of traffic and a market-place2 with many things worthy of consideration and praise4 ,over those two scenes are some stories of the ,madonna1 and on the vaulting figures that are of no great size1 but passing graceful2 with some buildings and landscapes1 which in their essence show the love that he bears to art1 and how he seeks the perfection of design and invention4 ,and opposite to the altar-piece1 on high1 is a story of ,ezekiel1 when he saw a great multitude of bones reclothe themselves with flesh and take to themselves their members2 in which this young man has demonstrated how much he desires to master the anatomy of the human body1 and how he has studied it and given it his attention4 ,and1 in truth1 in this his first work of importance1 as also in the nuptials of his ,highness1 with figures in relief and stories in painting1 he has proved himself and given great signs and promise1 as he continues to do1 that he is like to become an excellent painter2 and not in this only1 but in some other smaller works1 and recently in a small picture full of little figures in the manner of miniature1 which he has executed for ,don ,francesco1 ,prince of ,florence1 a much-extolled work2 and other pictures and portraits he has painted with great study and diligence1 in order to become practised and to acquire a grand manner4 ,another young man1 likewise a pupil of ,bronzino and one of our ,academicians1 called ,giovan ,maria ,butteri1 has shown good mastery and much dexterity in what he did1 besides many other smaller pictures and other works1 for the obsequies of ,michelagnolo and for the coming of the above-named most illustrious ,queen ,joanna to ,florence4 ,and another disciple1 first of ,pontormo and then of ,bronzino1 has been ,cristofano dell' ,altissimo1 a painter1 who1 after having executed in his youth many pictures in oils and some portraits1 was sent by the ,lord ,duke ,cosimo to ,como1 to copy many pictures of illustrious persons in the ,museum of ,monsignor ,giovio1 out of the vast number which that man1 so distinguished in our times1 collected in that place4 ,many others1 also1 the ,lord ,duke has obtained by the labours of ,vasari2 and of all these portraits a list#a will be made in the index of this book1 in order not to occupy too much space in this discourse4 ,in the work of these portraits ,cristofano has exerted himself with such diligence and pains1 that those which he has copied up to the present day1 and which are in three friezes in a guardaroba of the said ,lord ,duke1 as will be described elsewhere in speaking of the decorations of that place1 are more than two hundred and eighty in number1 what with ,pontiffs1 ,emperors1 ,kings1 ,princes1 ,captains of armies1 men of letters1 and1 in short1 all men for some reason illustrious and renowned4 ,and1 to tell the truth1 we owe a great obligation to this zeal and diligence of ,giovio and of the ,duke1 for the reason that not only the apartments of ,princes1 but also those of many private persons1 are now being adorned with portraits of one or other of those illustrious men1 according to the country1 family1 and particular affection of each person4 ,cristofano1 then1 having established himself in this manner of painting1 which is suited to his genius1 or rather1 inclination1 has done little else1 as one who is certain to derive from it honour and profit in abundance4 ,footnote #a3 ,given in the original ,italian edition of #aefh4 ,pupils of ,bronzino1 also1 are ,stefano ,pieri and ,lorenzo della ,sciorina1 who have so acquitted themselves1 both the one and the other1 in the obsequies of ,michelagnolo and in the nuptials of his ,highness1 that they have been admitted among the number of our ,academicians4 ,from the same school of ,pontormo and ,bronzino has issued also ,battista ,naldini1 of whom we have spoken in another place4 ,this ,battista1 after the death of ,pontormo1 having been some time in ,rome and having applied himself with much study to art1 has made much proficience and become a bold and well-practised painter1 as many works demonstrate that he has executed for the very reverend ,don ,vincenzio ,borghini1 who has made great use of him and assisted him1 together with ,francesco da ,poppi1 a young man of great promise and one of our ,academicians1 who has acquitted himself well in the nuptials of his ,highness1 and other young men1 whom ,don ,vincenzio is continually employing and assisting4 ,of this ,battista1 ,vasari has made use for more than two years1 as he still does1 in the works of the ,ducal ,palace of ,florence1 where1 by the emulation of many others who were working in the same place1 he has made much progress1 insomuch that at the present day he is equal to any other young man of our ,academy2 and that which much pleases those who are good judges is that he is expeditious1 and does his work without effort4 ,battista has painted in an altar-picture in oils that is in a chapel of the ,black ,friars' ,abbey of ,florence1 a ,christ who is bearing the ,cross1 in which work are many good figures2 and he has other works constantly in hand1 which will make him known as an able man4 ,not inferior to any of these named above in talent1 art1 and merit1 is ,maso ,manzuoli1 called ,maso da ,san ,friano1 a young man of about thirty or thirty-two years1 who had his first principles from ,pier ,francesco di ,jacopo di ,sandro1 one of our ,academicians1 of whom we have spoken in another place4 ,this ,maso1 ,i say1 besides having shown how much he knows and how much may be expected of him in many pictures and smaller paintings1 has demonstrated this recently in two altar-pictures with much honour to himself and full satisfaction to everyone1 having displayed in them invention1 design1 manner1 grace1 and unity in the colouring4 ,in one of these altar-pieces1 which is in the ,church of ,s4 ,apostolo at ,florence1 is the ,nativity of ,jesus ,christ1 and in the other1 which is placed in the ,church of ,s4 ,pietro ,maggiore1 and is as beautiful as an old and well-practised master could have made it1 is the ,visitation of ,our ,lady to ,s4 ,elizabeth1 executed with judgment and with many fine considerations1 insomuch that the heads1 the draperies1 the attitudes1 the buildings1 and all the other parts are full of loveliness and grace4 ,this man acquitted himself with no ordinary excellence in the obsequies of ,buonarroti1 as an ,academician and very loving1 and then in some scenes for the nuptials of ,queen ,joanna4 ,now1 since not only in the ,life of ,ridolfo ,ghirlandajo ,i have spoken of his disciple ,michele and of ,carlo da ,loro1 but also in other places1 ,i shall say nothing more of them here1 although they are of our ,academy1 enough having been said of them4 ,but ,i will not omit to tell that other disciples and pupils of ,ghirlandajo have been ,andrea del ,minga1 likewise one of our ,academicians1 who has executed many works1 as he still does2 ,girolamo di ,francesco ,crocifissaio1 a young man of twenty-six1 and ,mirabello di ,salincorno1 both painters1 who have done and continue to do such works of painting in oils and in fresco1 and also portraits1 that a most honourable result may be expected from them4 ,these two executed together1 now several years ago1 some pictures in fresco in the ,church of the ,capuchins without ,florence1 which are passing good2 and in the obsequies of ,michelagnolo and the above-mentioned nuptials1 also they did themselves much honour4 ,mirabello has painted many portraits1 and in particular that of the most illustrious ,prince more than once1 and many others that are in the hands of various gentlemen of ,florence4 ,another1 also1 who has done much honour to our ,academy and to himself1 is ,federigo di ,lamberto of ,amsterdam1 a ,fleming1 the son-in-law of the ,paduan ,cartaro1 working in the said obsequies and in the festive preparations for the nuptials of the ,prince1 and besides this he has shown in many pictures painted in oils1 both large and small1 and in other works that he has executed1 a good manner and good design and judgment4 ,and if he has merited praise up to the present1 he will merit even more in the future1 for he is labouring constantly with much advantage in ,florence1 which he appears to have chosen as his country1 that city being one where young men derive much benefit from competition and emulation4 ,a beautiful genius1 also1 universal and abundant in fine fantasies1 has been shown by ,bernardo ,timante ,buontalenti1 who had his first principles of painting in his youth from ,vasari1 and then1 continuing1 has made so much proficiency that he has now served for many years1 and still serves with much favour1 the most illustrious ,lord ,don ,francesco de' ,medici1 ,prince of ,florence4 ,that lord has kept him continually at work2 and he has executed for his ,excellency many works in miniature after the manner of ,don ,giulio ,clovio1 such as many portraits and scenes with little figures1 painted with much diligence4 ,the same ,bernardo has made with a beautiful architectural design1 by order of the said ,prince1 a cabinet with compartments of ebony and columns of heliotrope1 oriental jasper1 and lapis-lazuli1 which have bases and capitals of chased silver2 and besides this he has filled the whole surface of the work with jewels and most lovely ornaments of silver and beautiful little figures1 within which ornaments are to be miniatures1 and1 between terminals placed in pairs1 figures of silver and gold in the round1 separated by other compartments of agate1 jasper1 heliotrope1 sardonyx1 cornelian1 and others of the finest stones1 to describe all which here would make a very long story4 ,it is enough that in this work1 which is near completion1 ,bernardo has displayed a most beautiful genius1 equal to any work4 ,thus that lord makes use of him for many ingenious fantasies of his own of cords for drawing weights1 of windlasses1 and of lines2 besides that he has discovered a method of fusing rock-crystal with ease and of purifying it1 and has made with it scenes and vases of several colours2 for ,bernardo occupies himself with everything4 ,this1 also1 will be seen in a short time in the making of vases of porcelain with all the perfection of the most ancient and most perfect2 in which at the present day a most excellent master is ,giulio da ,urbino1 who is in the service of the most illustrious ,duke ,alfonso ,,ii of ,ferrara1 and does stupendous things in the way of vases with several kinds of clay1 and to those in porcelain he gives the most beautiful shapes1 besides fashioning with the same earth little squares1 octagons1 and rounds1 hard and with an extraordinary polish1 for making pavements counterfeiting the appearance of variegated marbles2 of all which things our ,prince has the methods of making them4 ,his ,excellency has also caused a beginning to be made with the executing of a study-table with precious stones1 richly adorned1 as an accompaniment to another belonging to his father1 ,duke ,cosimo4 ,and not long ago he had one finished after the design of ,vasari1 which is a rare work1 being of oriental alabaster all inlaid with great pieces of jasper1 heliotrope1 cornelian1 lapis-lazuli1 and agate1 with other stones and jewels of price that are worth twenty thousand crowns4 ,this study-table has been executed by ,bernardino di ,porfirio of ,leccio in the neighbourhood of ,florence1 who is excellent in such work1 and who made for ,messer ,bindo ,altoviti an octagon of ebony and ivory inlaid likewise with jaspers1 after the design of the same ,vasari2 which ,bernardino is now in the service of their ,excellencies4 ,but to return to ,bernardo3 in painting1 also1 beyond the expectation of many1 he showed that he is able to execute large figures no less well than the small1 when he painted for the obsequies of ,michelagnolo that great canvas of which we have spoken4 ,bernardo was employed1 also1 with much credit to him1 for the nuptials of his and our ,prince1 in certain masquerades1 in the ,triumph of ,dreams1 as will be told1 and in the interludes of the comedy that was performed in the ,palace1 as has been described exhaustively by others4 ,and if this man1 when he was a youth 7although even now he is not past thirty71 had given his attention to the studies of art as he gave it to the methods of fortification1 in which he spent no little time1 he would be perchance now at such a height of excellence as would astonish everyone2 none the less1 it is believed that he is bound for all that to achieve the same end1 although something later1 for the reason that he is all genius and art1 to which is added this also1 that he is continually employed and exercised by his sovereign1 and in the most honourable works4 ,of our ,academy1 also1 is ,giovanni della ,strada1 a ,fleming1 who has good design1 the finest fantasy1 much invention1 and a good manner of colouring2 and1 having made much proficience during the ten years that he has worked in the ,palace in distemper1 fresco1 and oils1 after the designs and directions of ,giorgio ,vasari1 he can bear comparison with any of the many painters that the said ,lord ,duke has in his service4 ,but at the present day the principal task of this man is to make cartoons for various arras-tapestries that the ,duke and the ,prince are having executed1 likewise under the direction of ,vasari1 of divers kinds in accordance with the stories in painting that are on high in the rooms and chambers painted by ,vasari in the ,palace1 for the adornment of which they are being made1 to the end that the embellishment of tapestries below may correspond to the pictures above4 ,for the chambers of ,saturn1 ,ops1 ,ceres1 ,jove1 and ,hercules1 he has made most lovely cartoons for about thirty pieces of tapestry2 and for the upper chambers where the ,princess has her habitation1 which are four1 dedicated to the virtues of woman1 with stories of ,roman1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,tuscan women 7namely1 the ,sabines1 ,esther1 ,penelope1 and ,gualdrada71 he has made1 likewise1 very beautiful cartoons for tapestries4 ,in like manner1 he has done the same for ten pieces of tapestry in a hall1 in which is the ,life of ,man2 and also for the five lower rooms where the ,prince dwells1 dedicated to ,david1 ,solomon1 ,cyrus1 and others4 ,and for twenty rooms in the ,palace of ,poggio a ,caiano1 for which the tapestries are even now being woven1 he has made after the inventions of the ,duke cartoons of the hunting of every kind of animal1 and the methods of fowling and fishing1 with the strangest and most beautiful inventions in the world2 in which variety of animals1 birds1 fishes1 landscapes1 and vestments1 with huntsmen on foot and on horseback1 fowlers in various habits1 and nude fishermen1 he has shown and still shows that he is a truly able man1 and that he has learned well the ,italian manner1 being minded to live and die in ,florence in the service of his most illustrious lords1 in company with ,vasari and the other ,academicians4 ,another pupil of ,vasari1 likewise1 and also an ,academician1 is ,jacopo di ,maestro ,piero ,zucca1 a young ,florentine of twenty-five or twenty-six years1 who1 having assisted ,vasari to execute the greater part of the works in the ,palace1 and in particular the ceiling of the ,great ,hall1 has made so much proficience in design and in the handling of colours1 labouring with much industry1 study1 and assiduity1 that he can now be numbered among the first of the young painters in our ,academy4 ,and the works that he has done by himself alone in the obsequies of ,michelagnolo1 in the nuptials of the most illustrious ,lord ,prince1 and at other times for various friends1 in which he has shown intelligence1 boldness1 diligence1 grace1 and good judgment1 have made him known as a gifted youth and an able painter2 but even more will those make him known that may be expected from him in the future1 doing as much honour to his country as has been done to her by any painter at any time4 ,in like manner1 among other young painters of the ,academy1 ,santi ,titi may be called ingenious and able1 who1 as has been told in other places1 after having practised for many years in ,rome1 has returned finally to enjoy ,florence1 which he regards as his country1 although his elders are of ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro and of a passing good family in that city4 ,this ,santi acquitted himself truly excellently in the works that he executed for the obsequies of ,buonarroti and the above-mentioned nuptials of the most illustrious ,princess1 but even more1 after great and almost incredible labours1 in the scenes that he painted in the theatre which he made for the same nuptials on the ,piazza di ,s4 ,lorenzo1 for the most illustrious ,lord ,paolo ,giordano ,orsino1 ,duke of ,bracciano2 wherein he painted in chiaroscuro1 on several immense pieces of canvas1 stories of the actions of various illustrious men of the ,orsini family4 ,but how able he is can be perceived best from two altar-pieces by his hand that are to be seen1 one of which is in ,ognissanti1 or rather1 ,s4 ,salvadore di ,fiorenza 7as it is now called71 once the church of the ,padri ,umiliati1 and now of the ,zoccolanti1 and contains the ,madonna on high and at the foot ,s4 ,john1 ,s4 ,jerome1 and other ,saints2 and in the other1 which is in ,s4 ,giuseppe1 behind ,s4 ,croce1 in the ,chapel of the ,guardi1 is a ,nativity of ,our ,lord executed with much diligence1 with many portraits from life4 ,not to speak of many pictures of ,our ,lady and various portraits that he has painted in ,rome and in ,florence1 and pictures executed in the ,vatican1 as has been related above4 ,there are also certain other young painters of the same ,academy who have been employed in the above-mentioned decorations1 some of ,florence and some of the ,florentine ,states4 ,alessandro del ,barbiere1 a young ,florentine of twenty-five1 besides many other works1 painted for the said nuptials in the ,palace1 after the designs and directions of ,vasari1 the canvases of the walls in the ,great ,hall1 wherein were depicted the squares of all the cities in the dominion of the ,lord ,duke2 in which he certainly acquitted himself very well1 and proved himself a young man of judgment and likely to achieve any success4 ,in like manner1 ,vasari has been assisted in these and other works by many other disciples and friends2 ,domenico ,benci1 ,alessandro ,fortori of ,arezzo1 his cousin ,stefano ,veltroni1 and ,orazio ,porta1 both of ,monte ,sansovino1 and ,tommaso del ,verrocchio4 ,in the same ,academy there are also many excellent craftsmen who are strangers1 of whom we have spoken at length in various places above2 and therefore it shall suffice here to make known their names1 to the end that they may be numbered in this part among the other ,academicians4 ,these1 then1 are ,federigo ,zucchero2 ,prospero ,fontana and ,lorenzo ,sabatini1 of ,bologna2 ,marco da ,faenza1 ,tiziano ,vecelli1 ,paolo ,veronese1 ,giuseppe ,salviati1 ,tintoretto1 ,alessandro ,vittoria1 the sculptor ,danese1 the painter ,battista ,farinato of ,verona1 and the architect ,andrea ,palladio4 ,now1 to say something also of the sculptors in our ,academy and of their works1 although ,i do not intend to speak of them at any length1 because they are alive and for the most part most illustrious in name and fame1 ,i say that ,benvenuto ,cellini1 a citizen of ,florence1 who is now a sculptor 7to begin with the oldest and most honoured71 had no peer in his youth when he was a goldsmith1 nor perhaps had he for many years any equal in that profession and in making most beautiful figures in the round and in low-relief1 and all the other works of that craft4 ,he set jewels1 and adorned them with marvellous collets and with little figures so well wrought1 and at times so bizarre and fantastic that it is not possible to imagine anything finer or better4 ,and the medals that he made in his youth1 of silver and gold1 were executed with incredible diligence1 nor can they ever be praised enough4 ,he made in ,rome for ,pope ,clement ,,vii a very beautiful morse for a pluvial1 setting in it excellently well a pointed diamond surrounded by some children made of gold plate1 and a ,god the ,father marvellously wrought2 wherefore1 besides his payment1 he received as a gift from that ,pope an office of mace-bearer4 ,being then commissioned by the same ,pontiff to make a chalice of gold1 the cup of which was to be supported by figures representing the ,theological ,virtues1 he carried it near completion with most marvellous artistry4 ,in these same times there was no one who made the medals of that ,pope better than he did1 among the many who essayed it1 as those well know who saw his medals and possess them2 and since for these reasons he received the charge of making the dies for the ,mint of ,rome1 no more beautiful coins have ever been seen than were struck in ,rome at that time4 ,wherefore ,benvenuto1 after the death of ,clement1 having returned to ,florence1 likewise made dies with the head of ,duke ,alessandro for the coins of the ,mint of ,florence1 so beautiful and wrought with such diligence1 that some of them are now preserved as if they were most beautiful antique medals1 and that rightly1 for the reason that in these he surpassed himself4 ,having finally given himself to sculpture and to the work of casting1 ,benvenuto executed in ,france many works in bronze1 silver1 and gold1 while he was in the service of ,king ,francis in that kingdom4 ,then1 having returned to his own country and entered the service of ,duke ,cosimo1 he was first employed in some goldsmiths' work1 and in the end was given some works of sculpture2 whereupon he executed in metal the statue of the ,perseus that has cut off the head of ,medusa1 which is in the ,piazza del ,duca1 near the door of the ,ducal ,palace1 upon a base of marble with some very beautiful figures in bronze1 each about one braccio and a third in height4 ,this whole work was carried to perfection with the greatest possible study and diligence1 and set up in the above-named place as a worthy companion to the ,judith by the hand of ,donato1 that famous and celebrated sculptor4 ,and certainly it was a marvel that ,benvenuto1 after being occupied for so many years in making little figures1 executed so great a statue with such excellence4 ,the same master has made a ,crucifix of marble1 in the round and large as life1 which of its kind is the rarest and most beautiful piece of sculpture that there is to be seen4 ,wherefore the ,lord ,duke keeps it1 as a thing most dear to him1 in the ,pitti ,palace1 intending to place it in the chapel1 or rather1 little church1 that he is building in that place2 which little church could not have in these times anything more worthy of itself and of so great a ,prince4 ,in short1 it is not possible to praise this work so much as would be sufficient4 ,now1 although ,i could enlarge at much greater length on the works of ,benvenuto1 who has been in his every action spirited1 proud1 vigorous1 most resolute1 and truly terrible1 and a person who has been only too well able to speak for himself with ,princes1 no less than to employ his hand and brain in matters of art1 ,i shall say nothing more of him here1 seeing that he has written of his own life and works1 and a treatise on the goldsmith's arts1 and on founding and casting in metal1 with other things pertaining to such arts1 and also of sculpture1 with much more eloquence and order than ,i perchance would be able to use here2 as for him1 therefore1 ,i must be content with this short summary of the rarest of his principal works4 ,illustration3 ,,perseus 7,after the bronze by ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,florence3 ,loggia de' ,lanzi7 ,brogi ,francesco di ,giuliano da ,san ,gallo1 sculptor1 architect1 and ,academician1 and now a man seventy years of age1 has executed many works of sculpture1 as has been related in the ,life of his father and elsewhere2 the three figures of marble1 somewhat larger than life1 which are over the altar of the ,church of ,orsanmichele1 ,s4 ,anne1 the ,virgin1 and the ,child ,christ1 figures which are much extolled2 certain other statues1 also in marble1 for the tomb of ,piero de' ,medici at ,monte ,cassino2 the tomb of ,bishop de' ,marzi1 which is in the ,nunziata1 and that of ,monsignor ,giovio1 the writer of the history of his own times4 ,in architecture1 likewise1 the same ,francesco has executed many good and beautiful works in ,florence and elsewhere2 and he has well deserved1 both for his own good qualities and for the services of his father ,giuliano1 to be always favoured by the house of ,medici as their protege1 on which account ,duke ,cosimo1 after the death of ,baccio d',agnolo1 gave him the place which that master had held as architect to the ,duomo of ,florence4 ,of ,ammanati1 who is also among the first of our ,academicians1 enough having been said of him in the description of the works of ,jacopo ,sansovino1 there is no need to speak further here4 ,but ,i will record that disciples of his1 and also ,academicians1 are ,andrea ,calamech of ,carrara1 a well-practised sculptor1 who executed many figures under ,ammanati1 and was invited to ,messina after the death of the above-named ,martino to take the position which ,fra ,giovanni ,agnolo had once held1 in which place he died2 and ,battista di ,benedetto1 a young man who has given promise of becoming1 as he will1 an excellent master1 having demonstrated already by many works that he is not inferior to the above-named ,andrea or to any other of the young sculptors of our ,academy1 in beauty of genius and judgment4 ,vincenzio de' ,rossi of ,fiesole1 likewise a sculptor1 architect1 and ,academician of ,florence1 is worthy to have some record made of him in this place1 in addition to what has been said of him in the ,life of ,baccio ,bandinelli1 whose disciple he was4 ,after he had taken leave of ,baccio1 then1 he gave a great proof of his powers in ,rome1 although he was young enough1 in the statue that he made for the ,ritonda1 of a ,s4 ,joseph with ,christ as a boy of ten years1 both figures wrought with good mastery and a beautiful manner4 ,he then executed two tombs in the ,church of ,s4 ,maria della ,pace1 with the effigies of those who are within them on the sarcophagi1 and on the front without some ,prophets of marble in half-relief and large as life1 which acquired for him the name of an excellent sculptor4 ,whereupon there was allotted to him by the ,roman people the statue of ,pope ,paul ,,iv1 which was placed on the ,campidoglio2 and he executed it excellently well4 ,but that work had a short life1 for the reason that after the death of the ,pope it was thrown to the ground and destroyed by the populace1 which persecutes fiercely one day the very men whom it has exalted to the heavens the day before4 ,after that figure ,vincenzio made from one block of marble two statues a little larger than life1 a ,theseus1 ,king of ,athens1 who has carried off ,helen and holds her in his arms in the act of knowing her1 with a ,troy beneath his feet2 than which figures it is not possible to make any with more diligence1 study1 labour1 and grace4 ,wherefore when ,duke ,cosimo de' ,medici1 having journeyed to ,rome1 and going to see the modern works worthy to be seen no less than the antiques1 saw those statues1 ,vincenzio himself showing them to him1 he extolled them very highly1 as they deserved2 and then ,vincenzio1 who is a gentle spirit1 courteously presented them to him1 and at the same time freely offered him his services4 ,but his ,excellency1 having conveyed them not long afterwards to his ,palace of the ,pitti in ,florence1 paid him a good price for them2 and1 having taken ,vincenzio himself with him1 he commissioned him after no long time to execute the ,labours of ,hercules in figures of marble larger than life and in the round4 ,on these ,vincenzio is now spending his time1 and already he has carried to completion the ,slaying of ,cacus and the ,combat with the ,centaur2 which whole work1 even as it is most exalted in subject and also laborious1 so it is hoped that it will prove excellent in artistry1 ,vincenzio being a man of very beautiful genius and much judgment1 and prodigal of thought in all his works of importance4 ,nor must ,i omit to say that under his discipline ,ilarione ,ruspoli1 a young citizen of ,florence1 gives his attention with much credit to sculpture2 which ,ilarione1 no less than his peers in our ,academy1 showed that he had knowledge1 design1 and a good mastery in the making of statues1 when he had occasion together with the others in the obsequies of ,michelagnolo and in the festive preparations for the nuptials named above4 ,illustration3 ,,fountain ,,of ,,neptune 7,after ,giovanni ,bologna4 ,bologna7 ,alinari ,francesco ,camilliani1 a sculptor and ,academician of ,florence1 who was a disciple of ,baccio ,bandinelli1 after having given in many works proof of being a good sculptor1 has consumed fifteen years in making ornaments for fountains2 and of such there is one most stupendous1 which the ,lord ,don ,luigi di ,toledo has caused to be executed for his garden in ,florence4 ,the ornaments about that garden are various statues of men and animals in divers manners1 all rich and truly regal1 and wrought without sparing of expense2 and among other statues that ,francesco has made for that place1 two larger than life1 which represent the ,rivers ,arno and ,mugnone1 are of supreme beauty1 and particularly the ,mugnone1 which can bear comparison with no matter what statue by an excellent master4 ,in short1 all the architecture and ornamentation of that garden are the work of ,francesco1 who by the richness of the various fountains has made it such1 that it has no equal in ,florence1 and perhaps not in ,italy4 ,and the principal fountain1 which is even now being carried to completion1 will be the richest and most sumptuous to be seen in any place1 with its wealth of the richest and finest ornaments that can be imagined1 and the great abundance of waters that will be there1 flowing without fail at every season4 ,also an ,academician1 and much in favour with our ,princes for his talents1 is ,giovan ,bologna of ,douai1 a ,flemish sculptor and a young man truly of the rarest1 who has executed with most beautiful ornaments of metal the fountain that has been made recently on the ,piazza di ,s4 ,petronio in ,bologna1 opposite to the ,palazzo de' ,signori1 in which there are1 besides other ornaments1 four very beautiful ,sirens at the corners1 with various children all around1 and masks bizarre and extraordinary4 ,but the most notable thing is a figure that he has made and placed over the centre of that fountain1 a ,neptune of six braccia1 which is a most beautiful casting and a statue studied and wrought to perfection4 ,the same master--not to speak at present of all the works that he has executed in clay1 terracotta1 wax1 and other mixtures--has made a very beautiful ,venus in marble1 and has carried almost to completion for the ,lord ,prince a ,samson large as life1 who is combating on foot with two ,philistines4 ,and in bronze he has made a statue of ,bacchus1 larger than life and in the round1 and a ,mercury in the act of flying1 a very ingenious figure1 the whole weight resting on one leg and on the point of the foot1 which has been sent to the ,emperor ,maximilian1 as a thing that is indeed most rare4 ,but if up to the present he has executed many works1 he will do many more in the future1 and most beautiful1 for recently the ,lord ,prince has had him provided with rooms in the ,palace1 and has commissioned him to make a statue of a ,victory of five braccia1 with a captive1 which is going into the ,great ,hall1 opposite another by the hand of ,michelagnolo2 and he will execute for that ,prince large and important works1 in which he will have an ample field to show his worth4 ,many works by his hand1 and very beautiful models of various things1 are in the possession of ,m4 ,bernardo ,vecchietti1 a gentleman of ,florence1 and ,maestro ,bernardo di ,mona ,mattea1 builder to the ,duke1 who has constructed with great excellence all the fabrics designed by ,vasari4 ,illustration3 ,,mercury 7,after the bronze by ,giovanni ,bologna4 ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale7 ,anderson ,not less than this ,giovan ,bologna and his friends and other sculptors of our ,academy1 ,vincenzio ,danti of ,perugia1 who under the protection of ,duke ,cosimo has adopted ,florence as his country1 is a young man truly rare and of fine genius4 ,vincenzio1 when a youth1 worked as a goldsmith1 and executed in that profession things beyond belief2 and afterwards1 having applied himself to the work of casting1 he had the courage at the age of twenty to cast in bronze a statue of ,pope ,julius ,,iii1 four braccia high1 seated and giving the ,benediction2 which statue1 a very creditable work1 is now in the ,piazza of ,perugia4 ,then1 having come to ,florence to serve ,duke ,cosimo1 he made a very beautiful model in wax1 larger than life1 of a ,hercules crushing ,antaeus1 in order to cast from it a figure in bronze1 which was to be placed over the principal fountain in the garden of ,castello1 a villa of the said ,lord ,duke4 ,but1 having made the mould upon that model1 in seeking to cast it in bronze it did not succeed1 although he returned twice to the work2 either by bad fortune1 or because the metal was burnt1 or for some other reason4 ,having then turned1 in order not to subject his labours to the whim of chance1 to working in marble1 he executed in a short time from one single piece of marble two figures1 ,honour with ,deceit beneath it1 and with such diligence1 that it seemed as if he had never done anything but handle the hammer and chisels2 and on the head of ,honour1 which is beautiful1 he made the hair curling and so well pierced through1 that it seems real and natural1 besides displaying a very good knowledge of the nude4 ,that statue is now in the courtyard of the house of ,signor ,sforza ,almeni in the ,via de' ,servi4 ,and at ,fiesole1 for the same ,signor ,sforza1 he made many ornaments in his garden and around certain fountains4 ,afterwards he executed for the ,lord ,duke some low-reliefs in marble and in bronze1 which were held to be very beautiful1 for in that manner of sculpture he is perhaps not inferior to any other master4 ,he then cast1 also in bronze1 the grating of the chapel built in the new apartments of the ,palace1 which were painted by ,giorgio ,vasari1 and with it a panel with many figures in low-relief1 which serves to close a press wherein the ,duke keeps writings of importance2 and another panel one braccio and a half in height and two and a half in breadth1 representing how ,moses1 in order to heal the ,hebrew people from the bites of the serpents1 placed one upon a pole4 ,all these things are in the possession of that lord1 by order of whom he made the door of the sacristy in the ,pieve of ,prato1 and over it a sarcophagus of marble1 with a ,madonna three braccia and a half high1 and beside her the ,child nude1 and two little children that are one on either side of a head in low-relief of ,messer ,carlo de' ,medici1 the natural son of the elder ,cosimo1 and once ,provost of ,prato1 whose bones1 after having long been in a tomb of brick1 ,duke ,cosimo has caused to be laid in the above-named sarcophagus1 thus giving him honourable sepulture2 although it is true that the said ,madonna and the head in low-relief 7which is very beautiful71 being in a bad light1 do not show up by a great measure as they should4 ,the same ,vincenzio has since made1 in order to adorn the residence of the ,magistrates of the ,mint1 on the head-wall over the loggia that is on the ,river ,arno1 an escutcheon of the ,duke with two nude figures1 larger than life1 on either side of it1 one representing ,equity and the other ,rigour2 and from hour to hour he is expecting the marble to make the statue of the ,lord ,duke himself1 considerably larger than life1 of which he has made a model2 and that statue is to be placed seated over the escutcheon1 as a completion to the work1 which is to be built shortly1 together with the rest of the facade1 which ,vasari1 who is the architect of that fabric1 is even now superintending4 ,he has also in hand1 and has carried very near completion1 a ,madonna of marble larger than life1 standing with ,jesus1 a ,child of three months1 in her arms2 which will be a very beautiful work4 ,all these works1 together with others1 he is executing in the ,monastery of the ,angeli in ,florence1 where he lives quietly in company with these monks1 who are much his friends1 in the rooms that were once occupied there by ,messer ,benedetto ,varchi1 of whom the same ,vincenzio is making a portrait in low-relief1 which will be very beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brazen ,,serpent 7,after the bronze relief by ,vincenzo ,danti4 ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale7 ,alinari ,vincenzio has a brother in the ,order of ,preaching ,friars1 called ,fra ,ignazio ,danti1 who is very excellent in matters of cosmography1 and of a rare genius1 insomuch that ,duke ,cosimo de' ,medici is causing him to execute a work than which none greater or more perfect has ever been done at any time in that profession2 which is as follows4 ,his ,excellency1 under the direction of ,vasari1 has built a new hall of some size expressly as an addition to the guardaroba1 on the second floor of the apartments in the ,ducal ,palace2 and this he has furnished all around with presses seven braccia high1 with rich carvings of walnut-wood1 in order to deposit in them the most important1 precious1 and beautiful things that he possesses4 ,over the doors of those presses1 within their ornaments1 ,fra ,ignazio has distributed fifty-seven pictures about two braccia high and wide in proportion1 in which are painted in oils on the wood with the greatest diligence1 after the manner of miniatures1 the ,tables of ,ptolemy1 all measured with perfect accuracy and corrected after the most recent authorities1 with exact charts of navigation and their scales for measuring and degrees1 done with supreme diligence2 and with these are all the names1 both ancient and modern4 ,his distribution of these pictures is on this wise4 ,at the principal entrance of the hall1 on the transverse surfaces of the thickness of the presses1 in four pictures1 are four half-spheres in perspective2 in the two below is the ,universe of the ,earth1 and in the two above is the ,universe of the ,heavens1 with its signs and celestial figures4 ,then as one enters1 on the right hand1 there is all ,europe in fourteen tables and pictures1 one after another1 as far as the centre of the wall that is at the head1 opposite to the principal door2 in which centre is placed the clock with the wheels and with the spheres of the planets that every day go through their motions1 which is that clock1 so famous and renowned1 made by the ,florentine ,lorenzo della ,volpaia4 ,above these tables is ,africa in eleven tables1 as far as the said clock2 and then1 beyond that clock1 ,asia in the lower range1 which continues likewise in fourteen tables as far as the principal door4 ,above these tables of ,asia1 in fourteen other tables1 there follow the ,west ,indies1 beginning like the others from the clock1 and continuing as far as the same principal door2 and thus there are in all fifty-seven tables4 ,in the base at the foot1 in an equal number of pictures running right round1 which will be exactly in line with those tables1 are to be all the plants and all the animals copied from nature1 according to the kinds that those countries produce4 ,over the cornice of the presses1 which is the crown of the whole1 there are to be some projections separating the pictures1 and upon these are to be placed such of the antique heads in marble as are in existence of the ,emperors and ,princes who have possessed those lands2 and on the plain walls up to the cornice of the ceiling1 which is all of carved wood and painted in twelve great pictures1 each with four celestial signs1 making in all forty-eight1 and little less than lifesize1 with their stars--there are beneath1 as ,i have said1 on those walls1 three hundred portraits from life of distinguished persons for the last five hundred years or more1 painted in pictures in oils 7and a note will be made of them in the table of portraits1 in order not to make too long a story here with their names71 all of one size1 and with one and the same ornament of carved walnut-wood--a very rare effect4 ,in the two compartments in the centre of the ceiling1 each four braccia wide1 where there are the celestial signs1 which open with ease without revealing the secret of the hiding-place1 in a part after the manner of a heaven1 will be accommodated two large globes1 each three braccia and a half in height4 ,in one of them will be the whole earth1 marked distinctly1 and this will be let down by a windlass that will not be seen1 down to the floor1 and will rest on a balanced pedestal1 so that1 when fixed1 there will be seen reflected all the tables that are right round in the pictures of the presses1 and they will have a countermark in the globe wherewith to find them with ease4 ,in the other globe will be the forty-eight celestial signs arranged in such a manner1 that it will be possible with it to perform all the operations of the ,astrolabe to perfection4 ,this fanciful invention came from ,duke ,cosimo1 who wished to put together once and for all these things both of heaven and of earth1 absolutely exact and without errors1 so that it might be possible to see and measure them separately and all together1 according to the pleasure of those who delight in this most beautiful profession and study it2 of which1 as a thing worthy to be recorded1 it has seemed to me my duty to make mention in this place on account of the art of ,fra ,ignazio and the greatness of the ,prince1 who holds us worthy to enjoy such honourable labours1 and also to the end that it may be known throughout the whole world4 ,and now to return to the men of our ,academy2 although ,i have spoken in the ,life of ,tribolo of ,antonio di ,gino ,lorenzi1 a sculptor of ,settignano1 ,i must record here with better order1 as in the proper place1 that he executed under his master ,tribolo the statue of ,a,esculapius described above1 which is at ,castello1 and four children that are in the great fountain of that place2 and since then he has made some heads and ornaments that are about the new fish-pond of ,castello1 which is high up there in the midst of various kinds of trees of perpetual verdure4 ,recently he has made in the lovely garden of the stables1 near ,s4 ,marco1 most beautiful ornaments for an isolated fountain1 with many very fine aquatic animals of white and variegated marble2 and in ,pisa he once executed under the direction of the above-named ,tribolo the tomb of ,corte1 a most excellent philosopher and physician1 with his statue and two very beautiful children of marble4 ,in addition to these1 he is even now executing new works for the ,duke1 of animals and birds in variegated marble for fountains1 works of the greatest difficulty1 which make him well worthy to be in the number of these our ,academicians4 ,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,relief 7,after ,vincenzo ,danti4 ,florence3 ,museo ,nazionale7 ,alinari ,in like manner1 a brother of ,antonio1 called ,stoldo di ,gino ,lorenzi1 a young man thirty years of age1 has acquitted himself in such a manner up to the present in many works of sculpture1 that he may now be numbered with justice among the first of the young men in his profession1 and set in the most honourable place in their midst4 ,at ,pisa he has executed in marble a ,madonna receiving the ,annunciation from the ,angel1 which has made him known as a young man of beautiful judgment and genius2 and ,luca ,martini caused him to make another very lovely statue in ,pisa1 which was presented afterwards by the ,lady ,duchess ,leonora to the ,lord ,don ,garzia di ,toledo1 her brother1 who has placed it in his garden on the ,chiaia at ,naples4 ,the same ,stoldo has made1 under the direction of ,vasari1 in the centre of the facade of the ,palace of the ,knights of ,s4 ,stephen at ,pisa1 over the principal door1 a very large escutcheon in marble of the ,lord ,duke1 their ,grand ,master1 between two statues in the round1 ,religion and ,justice1 which are truly most beautiful and highly extolled by all those who are good judges4 ,the same lord has since caused him to execute a fountain for his garden of the ,pitti1 after the likeness of the beautiful ,triumph of ,neptune that was seen in the superb masquerade which his ,excellency held for the above-mentioned nuptials of the most illustrious ,lord ,prince4 ,and let this suffice for ,stoldo ,lorenzi1 who is young and is constantly working and acquiring more and more fame and honour among his companions of the ,academy4 ,of the same family of the ,lorenzi of ,settignano is ,battista1 called ,battista del ,cavaliere from his having been a disciple of the ,chevalier ,baccio ,bandinelli2 who has executed in marble three statues of the size of life1 which ,bastiano del ,pace1 a citizen of ,florence1 has caused him to make for the ,guadagni1 who live in ,france1 and who have placed them in a garden that belongs to them4 ,these are a nude ,spring1 a ,summer1 and a ,winter1 which are to be accompanied by an ,autumn2 which statues have been held by many who have seen them1 to be beautiful and executed with no ordinary excellence4 ,wherefore ,battista has well deserved to be chosen by the ,lord ,duke to make the sarcophagus1 with the ornaments1 and one of the three statues that are to be on the tomb of ,michelagnolo ,buonarroti1 which his ,excellency and ,leonardo ,buonarroti are carrying out after the design of ,giorgio ,vasari2 which work1 as may be seen1 ,battista is carrying to completion excellently well1 with certain little boys1 and the figure of ,buonarroti himself from the breast upwards4 ,the second of these three figures that are to be on that sepulchre1 which are to be ,painting1 ,sculpture1 and ,architecture1 has been allotted to ,giovanni di ,benedetto of ,castello1 a disciple of ,baccio ,bandinelli and an ,academician1 who is executing for the ,wardens of ,s4 ,maria del ,fiore the works in low-relief that are going round the choir1 which is now near completion4 ,in these he is closely imitating his master1 and acquitting himself in such a manner that an excellent result is expected of him2 nor will it fall out otherwise1 seeing that he is very assiduous in his work and in the studies of his profession4 ,the third figure has been allotted to ,valerio ,cioli of ,settignano1 a sculptor and ,academician1 for the reason that the other works that he has executed up to the present have been such1 that it is thought that the said figure must prove to be so good as to be not otherwise than worthy to be placed on the tomb of so great a man4 ,valerio1 who is a young man twenty-six years of age1 has restored many antique statues of marble in the garden of the ,cardinal of ,ferrara at ,monte ,cavallo in ,rome1 making for some of them new arms1 for some new feet1 and for others other parts that were wanting2 and he has since done the same for many statues in the ,pitti ,palace1 which the ,duke has conveyed there for the adornment of a great hall4 ,the ,duke has also caused the same ,valerio to make a nude statue of the dwarf ,morgante in marble1 which has proved so beautiful and so like the reality1 that probably there has never been seen another monster so well wrought1 nor one executed with such diligence1 lifelike and faithful to nature4 ,in like manner1 he has caused him to execute the statue of ,pietro1 called ,barbino1 a gifted dwarf1 well-lettered and a very gentle spirit1 and a favourite of our ,duke4 ,for all these reasons1 ,i say1 ,valerio has well deserved that there should be allotted to him by his ,excellency the statue that is to adorn the tomb of ,buonarroti1 the one master of all these able men of the ,academy4 ,as for ,francesco ,moschino1 a sculptor of ,florence1 enough having been spoken of him in another place1 it suffices here to say that he also is an ,academician1 that under the protection of ,duke ,cosimo he is constantly at work in the ,duomo of ,pisa1 and that among the festive preparations for the nuptials he acquitted himself excellently well in the decorations of the principal door of the ,ducal ,palace4 ,of ,domenico ,poggini1 likewise1 having said above that he is an able sculptor and that he has executed an infinity of medals very faithful to the reality1 and some works in marble and in casting1 ,i shall say nothing more of him here1 save that he is deservedly one of our ,academicians1 that for the above-named nuptials he made some very beautiful statues1 which were placed upon the ,arch of ,religion at the ,canto della ,paglia1 and that recently he has executed a new medal of the ,duke1 very true to the life and most beautiful2 and he is still continually at work4 ,giovanni ,fancelli1 or rather1 as others call him1 ,giovanni di ,stocco1 an ,academician1 has executed many works in marble and stone1 which have proved good sculptures2 among others1 much extolled is an escutcheon of balls with two children and other ornaments1 placed on high over the two knee-shaped windows of the facade of ,ser ,giovanni ,conti in ,florence4 ,and the same ,i say of ,zanobi ,lastricati1 who1 as a good and able sculptor1 has executed and is still executing many works in marble and in casting1 which have made him well worthy to be in the ,academy in company with those named above2 and1 among his works1 much praised is a ,mercury of bronze that is in the court of the ,palace of ,m4 ,lorenzo ,ridolfi1 for it is a figure wrought with all the considerations that are requisite4 ,finally1 there have been accepted into the ,academy some young sculptors who executed honourable and praiseworthy works in the above-named preparations for the nuptials of his ,highness2 and these were ,fra ,giovanni ,vincenzio of the ,servites1 a disciple of ,fra ,giovanni ,agnolo2 ,ottaviano del ,collettaio1 a pupil of ,zanobi ,lastricati1 and ,pompilio ,lancia1 the son of ,baldassarre da ,urbino1 architect and pupil of ,girolamo ,genga2 which ,pompilio1 in the masquerade called the ,genealogy of the ,gods1 arranged for the most part1 and particularly the mechanical contrivances1 by the said ,baldassarre1 his father1 acquitted himself in certain things excellently well4 ,in these last pages we have shown at some length what kind of men1 and how many and how able1 have been gathered together to form so noble an ,academy1 and we have touched in part on the many and honourable occasions obtained by them from their most liberal lords1 wherein to display their capacity and ability4 ,nevertheless1 to the end that this may be the better understood1 although those first learned writers1 in their descriptions of the arches and of the various spectacles represented in those splendid nuptials1 made it very well known1 yet1 since there has been given into my hands the following little work1 written by way of exercise by a person of leisure who delights not a little in our profession1 to a dear and close friend who was not able to see those festivities1 forming the most brief account and comprising everything in one1 it has seemed to me my duty1 for the satisfaction of my brother-craftsmen1 to insert it in this volume1 adding to it a few words1 to the end that it may be more easy1 by thus uniting rather than separating it1 to preserve an honourable record of their noble labours4 ,,of ,,the ,,academicians ,,of ,,the ,,academicians ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,festive ,,preparations ,,for ,,the ,,nuptials ,,of ,,the ,,prince ,,don ,,francesco ,,of ,,tuscany ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,porta ,,al ,,prato ,we will describe1 then1 with the greatest clearness and brevity that may be permitted by the abundance of our material1 how the intention in all these decorations was to represent by the vast number of pictures and sculptures1 as if in life1 all those ceremonies1 effects1 and pomps that appeared to be proper to the reception and the nuptials of so great a ,princess1 forming of them poetically and ingeniously a whole so well proportioned1 that with judgment and grace it might achieve the result designed4 ,first of all1 therefore1 at the ,gate that is called the ,porta al ,prato1 by which her ,highness was to enter the city1 there was built with dimensions truly heroic1 which well showed ancient ,rome risen again in her beloved daughter ,florence1 a vast1 most ornate1 and very ingeniously composed ante-port of ,ionic architecture1 which1 surpassing by a good measure the height of the walls1 which are there very lofty1 presented a marvellous and most superb view not only to those entering the city1 but even at a distance of several miles4 ,and this arch was dedicated to ,florence1 who--standing between two figures1 as it were her beloved companions1 of ,fidelity and ,affection1 virtues which she has always shown towards her ,lords--in the form of a young and most beautiful woman1 smiling and all adorned with flowers1 had been set1 as was her due1 in the most important and most honourable place1 nearest to the ,gate1 as if she sought to receive1 introduce1 and accompany her new ,lady2 having brought with her1 as it were as her minister and companion1 and as the symbol of those of her sons who in the art of war1 among other arts1 have rendered her illustrious1 ,mars1 their leader and master1 and in a certain sense the first father of ,florence herself1 in that under his auspices and by martial men1 who were descended from ,mars1 was made her first foundation4 ,his statue1 dread and terrible1 could be seen on the right in the part farthest from her1 sword in hand1 as if he sought to use it in the service of his new ,lady2 he likewise having as it were brought with him to accompany his ,florence1 in a very large and very beautiful canvas painted in chiaroscuro that was beneath his feet 7very similar to the whitest marble1 as were all the other works that were in these decorations71 some of the men of that invincible ,martian ,legion so dear to the first and second ,caesar1 her first founders1 and some of those born from her1 who afterwards followed her discipline so gloriously4 ,many of these could be seen issuing full of gladness from his temple1 which is now dedicated to ,s4 ,john in the name of the ,christian religion2 and in the farthest distance were placed those who were thought to have had a name only for bodily valour1 in the central space those others who had become famous by their counsel and industry1 such as commissaries or proveditors 7to call them by their ,venetian name71 and in the front part nearest to the eye1 in the most honourable places1 as being the most worthy of honour1 were painted the captains of armies and those who had acquired illustrious renown and immortal fame by valour of the body and mind together4 ,among these1 as the first and perhaps the most honourable1 could be seen on horseback1 like many others1 the glorious ,signor ,giovanni de' ,medici portrayed from life1 that rare master of ,italian military discipline1 and the illustrious father of the great ,cosimo whom we honour as our excellent and most valorous ,duke2 and with him ,filippo ,spano1 terror of the barbarous ,turks1 and ,m4 ,farinata degli ,uberti1 great-hearted saviour of his native ,florence4 ,there1 also1 was ,m4 ,buonaguisa della ,pressa1 who1 at the head of the valiant youth of ,florence1 winning the first and glorious mural crown at ,damiata1 acquired so great a name2 and the ,admiral ,federigo ,folchi1 ,knight of ,rhodes1 who with his two sons and eight nephews performed so many deeds of prowess against the ,saracens4 ,there were ,m4 ,nanni ,strozzi1 ,m4 ,manno ,donati1 ,meo ,altoviti1 and ,bernardo ,ubaldini1 called ,della ,carda1 father of ,federigo1 ,duke of ,urbino1 that most excellent captain of our times4 ,there1 likewise1 was the ,great ,constable1 ,m4 ,niccola ,acciaiuoli1 he who it may be said preserved for ,queen ,joanna and ,king ,louis1 his ,sovereigns1 the troubled kingdom of ,naples1 and who always bore himself both there and in ,sicily with such loyalty and valour4 ,there were another ,giovanni de' ,medici and ,giovanni ,bisdomini1 most illustrious in the wars with the ,visconti1 and the unfortunate but valorous ,francesco ,ferrucci2 and among those more ancient were ,m4 ,forese ,adimari1 ,m4 ,corso ,donati1 ,m4 ,vieri de' ,cerchi1 ,m4 ,bindaccio da ,ricasoli1 and ,m4 ,luca da ,panzano4 ,among the commissaries1 not less faithfully portrayed from life1 could be seen there ,gino ,capponi1 with ,neri his son1 and ,piero his grand-nephew1 he who1 tearing so boldly the insolent proposals of ,charles ,,viii1 ,king of ,france1 to his immortal honour1 caused the voice of a ,capon 7,cappon71 as the witty poet said so well1 to sound so nobly among so many ,cocks 7,galli74 ,there were ,bernardetto de' ,medici1 ,luca di ,maso degli ,albizzi1 ,tommaso di ,m4 ,guido1 now called ,del ,palagio1 ,piero ,vettori1 so celebrated in the wars with the ,aragonese1 and the so greatly and so rightly renowned ,antonio ,giacomini1 with ,m4 ,antonio ,ridolfi and many others of this and other orders1 who would make too long a story4 ,all these appeared to be filled with joy that they had raised their country to such a height1 auguring for her1 in the coming of that new ,lady1 increase1 felicity1 and greatness2 which was expressed excellently well in the four verses that were to be seen written on the architrave above3 ,hanc peperere suo patriam qui sanguine nobis ,aspice magnanimos heroas2 nunc et ovantes ,et laeti incedant1 felicem terque quaterque ,certatimque vocent tali sub ,principe ,floram4 ,not less gladness could be seen in the beautiful statue of one of the nine ,muses1 which was placed as a complement opposite to that of ,mars1 nor less1 again1 in the figures of the men of science in the painted canvas that was to be seen at her feet1 of the same size and likewise as the complement of the men of ,mars opposite1 by which it was sought to signify that even as the men of war1 so also the men of learning1 of whom ,florence had always a great abundance and in no way less renowned 7in that1 as all men admit1 it was there that learning began to revive71 had likewise been brought by ,florence under the guidance of their ,muse to receive and honour the noble bride4 ,which ,muse1 clad in a womanly1 graceful1 and seemly habit1 with a book in the right hand and a flute in the left1 seemed with a certain loving expression to wish to invite all beholders to apply their minds to true virtue2 and on the canvas beneath her1 executed1 like all the others1 in chiaroscuro1 could be seen painted a great and rich ,temple of ,minerva1 whose statue crowned with olive1 with the shield of the ,gorgon 7as is customary71 was placed without2 and before the temple and at the sides1 within an enclosure of balusters made as it were for a promenade1 could be seen a great throng of grave and solemn men1 who1 although all rejoicing and making merry1 yet retained in their aspect a certain something of the venerable1 and these1 also1 were portrayed from life4 ,for ,theology and ,sanctity there was the famous ,fra ,antonino1 ,archbishop of ,florence1 for whom a little ,angel was holding the episcopal mitre1 and with him was seen ,giovanni ,domenici1 first ,friar and then ,cardinal2 and with them ,don ,ambrogio1 ,general of ,camaldoli1 and ,m4 ,ruberto de' ,bardi1 ,maestro ,luigi ,marsili1 ,maestro ,leonardo ,dati1 and many others4 ,even so1 in another part--and these were the ,philosophers--were seen the ,platonist ,m4 ,marsilio ,ficino1 ,m4 ,francesco ,cattani da ,diacceto1 ,m4 ,francesco ,verini the elder1 and ,m4 ,donato ,acciaiuoli2 and for ,law there were1 with the great ,accursio1 ,francesco his son1 ,m4 ,lorenzo ,ridolfi1 ,m4 ,dino ,rossoni di ,mugello1 and ,m4 ,forese da ,rabatta4 ,the ,physicians1 also1 had their portraits2 and among them ,maestro ,taddeo ,dino and ,tommaso del ,garbo1 with ,maestro ,torrigian ,valori and ,maestro ,niccolo ,falcucci1 had the first places4 ,nor did the ,mathematicians1 likewise1 fail to be painted there2 and of these1 besides the ancient ,guido ,bonatto1 were seen ,maestro ,paolo del ,pozzo and the very acute1 ingenious1 and noble ,leon ,batista ,alberti1 and with them ,antonio ,manetti and ,lorenzo della ,volpaia1 he by whose hand we have that first and marvellous clock of the planets1 the wonder of our age1 which is now to be seen in the guardaroba of our most excellent ,duke4 ,for ,navigation1 also1 there was ,amerigo ,vespucci1 most experienced and most fortunate of men1 in that so great a part of the world1 having been discovered by him1 retains because of him the name of ,america4 ,for ,learning1 various and elegant1 there was ,messer ,agnolo ,poliziano1 to whom how much is owed by the ,latin and ,tuscan tongues1 which began to revive in him1 ,i believe is sufficiently well known to all the world4 ,with him were ,pietro ,crinito1 ,giannozzo ,manetti1 ,francesco ,pucci1 ,bartolommeo ,fonzio1 ,alessandro de' ,pazzi1 and ,messer ,marcello ,vergilio ,adriani1 father of the most ingenious and most learned ,m4 ,giovan ,battista1 now called ,il ,marcellino1 who is still living and giving public lectures with so much honour in our ,florentine ,university1 and who at the commission of their illustrious ,excellencies has been writing anew the ,history of ,florence2 and there were also ,m4 ,cristofano ,landini1 ,m4 ,coluccio ,salutati1 and ,ser ,brunetto ,latini1 the master of ,dante4 ,nor were there wanting certain ,poets who had written in ,latin1 such as ,claudian1 and among the more modern ,carlo ,marsuppini and ,zanobi ,strada4 ,of the ,historians1 then1 were seen ,m4 ,francesco ,guicciardini1 ,niccolo ,macchiavelli1 ,m4 ,leonardo ,bruni1 ,m4 ,poggio1 ,matteo ,palmieri1 and1 among the earliest1 ,giovanni and ,matteo ,villani and the very ancient ,ricordano ,malespini4 ,all these1 or the greater part1 for the satisfaction of all beholders1 had each his name or that of his most famous works marked on the scrolls or on the covers of the books that they held1 placed there as if by chance2 and with all of them1 as with the men of war1 to demonstrate what they were come there to do1 the four verses that were painted on the architrave1 as with the others1 made it clearly manifest1 saying3 ,artibus egregiis ,latiae ,graiaeque ,minervae ,florentes semper quis non miretur ,etruscos8 ,sed magis hoc illos aevo florere necesse est ,et ,cosmo genitore et ,cosmi prole favente4 ,next1 beside the statue of ,mars1 and somewhat nearer to that of ,florence--and here it must be noted with what singular art and judgment every least thing was distributed1 in that1 the intention being to accompany ,florence with six ,deities1 so to speak1 for the potency of whom she could right well vaunt herself1 the two hitherto described1 ,mars and the ,muse1 because other cities could perhaps no less than she lay claim to them1 as being the least peculiar to her1 were placed less near to her than the others2 and so for the spacious vestibule or passage1 as it were1 formed before the gate by the four statues to follow1 the two already described were used as wings or head-pieces1 being placed at the entrance1 one turned towards the ,castle and the other towards the ,arno1 but the next two1 which formed the beginning of the vestibule1 for the reason that they are shared by her with few other cities1 came to be placed somewhat nearer to her1 even as the last two1 because they are entirely peculiar to her and shared with no other city1 or1 to speak more exactly1 because no other can compare with her in them 7and may this be said without offence to any other ,tuscan people1 which1 when it shall have a ,dante1 a ,petrarca1 and a ,boccaccio to put forward1 may perchance be able to come into dispute with her71 were placed in close proximity to her1 and nearer than any of the others--now1 to go back1 ,i say that beside the statue of ,mars had been placed a ,ceres1 ,goddess of ,cultivation and of the fields1 not less beautiful and good to look upon than the others2 which pursuit1 how useful it is and how worthy of honour for a well-ordered city1 was taught in ancient times by ,rome1 who had enrolled all her nobility among the rustic tribes1 as ,cato testifies1 besides many others1 calling it the nerve of that most puissant ,republic1 and as ,pliny affirms no less strongly when he says that the fields had been tilled by the hands of ,imperatores1 and that it may be believed that earth rejoiced to be ploughed by the laureate share and by the triumphant ploughman4 ,that ,ceres was crowned1 as is customary1 with ears of various kinds of corn1 having in the right hand a sickle and in the left a bunch of similar ears4 ,now1 how much ,florence can vaunt herself in this respect1 whoever may be in any doubt of it may enlighten himself by regarding her most ornate and highly cultivated neighbourhood1 for1 leaving on one side the vast number of most superb and commodious palaces that may be seen dispersed over its surface1 it is such that ,florence1 although among the most beautiful cities of which we have any knowledge she might be said to carry off the palm1 yet remains by a great measure vanquished and surpassed by it1 insomuch that it may rightly claim the title of the garden of ,europe2 not to speak of its fertility1 as to which1 although it is for the most part mountainous and not very large1 nevertheless the diligence that is used in it is such1 that it not only feeds bountifully its own vast population and the infinite multitude of strangers who flock to it1 but very often gives courteous succour to other lands both near and far4 ,in the canvas 7to return to our subject7 which was to be seen in like fashion beneath her statue1 in the same manner and of the same size1 the excellent painter had figured a most beautiful little landscape adorned with an infinite variety of trees1 in the most distant part of which was seen an ancient and very ornate little temple dedicated to ,ceres1 in which1 since it was open and raised upon colonnades1 could be perceived many who were offering religious sacrifices4 ,on the other side1 in a part somewhat more solitary1 ,nymphs of the chase could be seen standing about a shady and most limpid fount1 gazing as it were in marvel and offering to the new bride of those pleasures and delights that are found in their pursuits1 in which ,tuscany is perhaps not inferior to any other part of ,italy4 ,in another part1 with many countrymen bringing various animals both wild and domestic1 were seen also many country-girls1 young and beautiful1 and adorned in a thousand rustic but graceful manners1 and likewise come--weaving the while garlands of flowers and bearing various fruits--to see and honour their ,lady4 ,and the verses which were over this scene as with the others1 taken from ,virgil1 to the great glory of ,tuscany1 ran thus3 ,hanc olim veteres vitam coluere ,sabini1 ,hanc ,remus et frater1 sic fortis ,etruria crevit1 ,scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima ,flora1 ,urbs antiqua1 potens armis atque ubere glebae4 ,next1 opposite to the above-described statue of ,ceres1 was seen that of ,industry2 and ,i do not speak merely of that industry which is seen used by many in many places in matters of commerce1 but of a certain particular excellence and ingenious virtue which the men of ,florence employ in everything to which they deign to apply themselves1 on which account many1 and in particular the ,poet of supreme judgment 7and rightly1 as is evident71 give them the title of ,industrious4 ,how great a benefit this industry has been to ,florence1 and in what great account it has always been held by her1 is seen from this1 that upon it she formed her body corporate1 decreeing that none could become one of her citizens who was not entered under the name of some ,guild1 and thus recognizing that by that industry she had risen to no small power and greatness4 ,now ,industry was figured as a woman in a light and easy habit1 holding a sceptre1 at the head of which was a hand with an eye in the centre of the palm1 and with two little wings1 whereby with the sceptre there was achieved a certain sort of resemblance to the ,caduceus of ,mercury2 and in the canvas that was beneath her1 as with the other statues1 was seen a vast and most ornate portico or forum1 very similar to the place where our merchants resort to transact their business1 called the ,mercato ,nuovo1 which was made even clearer by the boy that was to be seen striking the hours on one of the walls4 ,and on one side1 their particular ,gods having been ingeniously placed there 7in one part1 namely1 the statue of ,fortune seated on a wheel1 and in another part ,mercury with the ,caduceus and with a purse in the hand71 were seen assembled many of the most noble artificers1 those1 namely1 who exercise their arts with perhaps greater excellence in ,florence than in any other place2 and of such1 with their wares in their hands1 as if they were seeking to offer them to the incoming ,princess1 some were to be seen with cloth of gold or of silk1 some with the finest draperies1 and others with most beautiful and marvellous embroideries1 and all with expressions of joy4 ,even so1 in another part1 some were seen in various costumes trafficking as they walked1 and others of lower degree with various most beautiful wood-carvings and works in tarsia1 and some again with balls1 masks1 and rattles1 and other childish things1 all in the same manner showing the same gladness and contentment4 ,all which1 and the advantage of these things1 and the profit and glory that have come from them to ,florence1 was made manifest by the four verses that were placed above them1 as with the others1 saying3 ,quas artes pariat solertia1 nutriat usus1 ,aurea monstravit quondam ,florentia cunctis4 ,pandere namque acri ingenio atque enixa labore est ,praestanti1 unde paret vitam sibi quisque beatam4 ,of the two last ,deities or ,virtues1 seeing that1 as we have said1 by reason of the number and excellence in them of her sons they are so peculiar to ,florence that she may well consider herself glorious in them beyond any other city1 there was placed on the right hand1 next to the statue of ,ceres1 that of ,apollo1 representing that ,tuscan ,apollo who infuses ,tuscan verse in ,tuscan poets4 ,under his feet1 as in the other canvases1 there was painted on the summit of a most lovely mountain1 recognized as that of ,helicon by the horse ,pegasus1 a very spacious and beautiful meadow1 in the centre of which rose the sacred ,fount of ,aganippe1 likewise recognized by the nine ,muses1 who stood around it in pleasant converse1 and with them1 and in the shade of the verdant laurels with which the whole mount was covered1 were seen various poets in various guise seated or discoursing as they walked1 or singing to the sound of the lyre1 while a multitude of little ,loves were playing above the laurels1 some of them shooting arrows1 and some appeared to be throwing down crowns of laurel4 ,of these poets1 in the most honourable place were seen the profound ,dante1 the gracious ,petrarca1 and the fecund ,boccaccio1 who with smiling aspect appeared to be promising to the incoming ,lady1 since a subject so noble had not fallen to them1 to infuse in the intellects of ,florence such virtue that they would be able to sing worthily of her2 to which with the exemplar of their writings1 if only there may be found one able to imitate them1 they have opened a broad and easy way4 ,near them1 as if discoursing with them1 and all1 like the rest1 portrayed from life1 were seen ,m4 ,cino da ,pistoia1 ,montemagno1 ,guido ,cavalcanti1 ,guittone d',arezzo1 and ,dante da ,maiano1 who lived in the same age and were poets passing gracious for those times4 ,in another part were ,monsignor ,giovanni della ,casa1 ,luigi ,alamanni1 and ,lodovico ,martelli1 with ,vincenzio at some distance from him1 and with them ,messer ,giovanni ,rucellai1 the writer of the tragedies1 and ,girolamo ,benivieni2 among whom1 if he had not been living at that time1 a well-merited place would have been given also to the portrait of ,m4 ,benedetto ,varchi1 who shortly afterwards made his way to a better life4 ,in another part1 again1 were seen ,franco ,sacchetti1 who wrote the three hundred ,novelle1 and other men1 who1 although at the present day they have no great renown1 yet1 because in their times they made no small advance in romances1 were judged to be not unworthy of that place--,luigi ,pulci1 with his brothers ,bernardo and ,luca1 and also ,ceo and ,altissimo4 ,berni1 also1 the inventor and father 7and excellent father7 of ,tuscan burlesque poetry1 with ,burchiello1 with ,antonio ,alamanni1 and with ,unico ,accolti 7who were standing apart71 appeared to be showing no less joy than any of the others2 while ,arno1 leaning in his usual manner on his ,lion1 with two children that were crowning him with laurel1 and ,mugnone1 known by the ,nymph that stood over him crowned with stars1 with the moon on her brow1 in allusion to the daughters of ,atlas1 and representing ,fiesole1 appeared likewise to be expressing the same gladness and contentment4 ,all which conception described above was explained excellently well by the four verses that were placed in the architrave1 as with the others1 which ran thus3 ,musarum hic regnat chorus1 atque ,helicone virente ,posthabito1 venere tibi ,florentia vates ,eximii1 quoniam celebrare haec regia digno ,non potuere suo et connubia carmine sacro4 ,opposite to this1 placed on the left hand1 and perhaps not less peculiar to the ,florentine genius than the last-named1 was seen the statue of ,design1 the father of painting1 sculpture1 and architecture1 who1 if not born in ,florence1 as may be seen in the past writings1 may be said to have been born again there1 and nourished and grown as in his own nest4 ,he was figured by a statue wholly nude1 with three similar heads for the three arts that he embraces1 each holding in the hand some instrument1 but without any distinction2 and in the canvas that was beneath him was seen painted a vast courtyard1 for the adornment of which were placed in various manners a great quantity of statues and of pictures in painting1 both ancient and modern1 which could be seen in process of being designed and copied by divers masters in divers ways4 ,in one part was being prepared an anatomical study1 and many could be seen observing it1 and likewise drawing1 very intently4 ,others1 again1 considering the fabric and rules of architecture1 appeared to be seeking to measure certain things with great minuteness1 the while that the divine ,michelagnolo ,buonarroti1 prince and monarch of them all1 with the three circlets in his hand 7his ancient device71 making signs to ,andrea del ,sarto1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,pontormo1 ,rosso1 ,perino del ,vaga1 ,francesco ,salviati1 ,antonio da ,san ,gallo1 and ,rustici1 who were gathered with great reverence about him1 was pointing out with supreme gladness the pompous entrance of the noble ,lady4 ,the ancient ,cimabue1 standing in another part1 was doing as it were the same service to certain others1 at whom ,giotto appeared to be smiling1 having taken from him1 as ,dante said so well1 the field of painting which he thought to hold2 and ,giotto had with him1 besides the ,gaddi1 ,buffalmacco and ,benozzo1 with many others of that age4 ,in another part1 again1 placed in another fashion and all rejoicing as they conversed1 were seen those who conferred such benefits on art1 and to whom these new masters owed so much2 the great ,donatello1 ,filippo di ,ser ,brunellesco1 ,lorenzo ,ghiberti1 ,fra ,filippo1 the excellent ,masaccio1 ,desiderio1 and ,verrocchio1 with many others1 portrayed from life1 whom1 since ,i have spoken of them in the previous books1 ,i will pass by without saying more about them1 thus avoiding the tedium that might come upon my readers by repetition4 ,who they were1 and what they were come thither to do1 was explained1 as with the others1 by four verses written above them3 ,non pictura satis1 non possunt marmora et aera ,tuscaque non arcus testari ingentia facta1 ,atque ea praecipue quae mox ventura trahuntur2 ,quis nunc ,praxiteles caelet1 quis pingat ,apelles8 ,now in the base of all these six vast and most beautiful canvases was seen painted a gracious throng of children1 each occupying himself in the profession appropriate to the canvas placed above1 who1 besides the adornment1 were seen to be demonstrating with great accuracy with what beginnings one arrived at the perfection of the men painted above2 even as with much judgment and singular art the same canvases were also divided and adorned by round and very tall columns and by pilasters1 and by various ornaments of trophies all in keeping with the subjects to which they were near4 ,but1 above all1 graceful and lovely in appearance were the ten devices1 or1 to speak more precisely1 the ten reverses 7as it were7 of medals1 partly long established in the city and partly newly introduced1 which were painted in the compartments over the columns1 serving to divide the statues already described1 and accompanying very appropriately their inventions2 the first of which was the ,deduction of a ,colony1 represented by a bull and a cow together in a yoke1 and behind them the ploughman with the head veiled1 as the ancient ,augurs are depicted1 with the crooked lituus in the hand1 and with a motto1 which said3 ,,col4 ,,jul4 ,,florentia4 ,the second--and this is very ancient in the city1 and the one wherewith public papers are generally sealed--was ,hercules with the ,club and with the skin of the ,nemaean ,lion1 but without any motto4 ,the third was the horse ,pegasus1 which with the hind feet was smiting the urn held by ,arno1 in the manner that is told of the ,fount of ,helicon2 whence were issuing waters in abundance1 which formed a river1 crystal-clear1 that was all covered with swans2 but this1 also1 was without any motto4 ,so1 likewise1 was the fourth1 which was composed of a ,mercury with the ,caduceus in the hand1 the purse1 and the cock1 such as is seen in many ancient cornelians4 ,but the fifth1 in accord with that ,affection which1 as was said at the beginning1 was given to ,florence as a companion1 was a young woman receiving a crown of laurel from two figures1 one on either side of her1 which1 clad in the military paludament and likewise crowned with laurel1 appeared to be ,consuls or ,imperatores2 with words that ran3 ,,gloria ,,pop4 ,,floren4 ,so also the sixth1 in like manner in accord with ,fidelity1 likewise the companion of ,florence1 was also figured by a woman seated1 with an altar near her1 upon which she was seen to be laying one of her hands1 and with the other uplifted1 holding the second finger raised in the manner wherein one generally sees an oath taken1 she was seen to declare her intention with the inscription3 ,,fides4 ,,pop4 ,,flor4 ,this1 also1 did the picture of the seventh1 without any inscription2 which was the two horns of plenty filled with ears of corn intertwined together4 ,and the eighth1 likewise without any inscription1 did the same with the three ,arts of ,painting1 ,sculpture1 and ,architecture1 which1 after the manner of the three ,graces1 with hands linked to denote the interdependence of one art with another1 were placed no less gracefully than the others upon a base in which was seen carved a ,capricorn4 ,and so1 also1 did the ninth 7placed more towards the ,arno71 which was the usual ,florence with her ,lion beside her1 to whom various boughs of laurel were offered by certain persons standing around her1 as it were showing themselves grateful for the benefits received from her1 in that there1 as has been told1 letters began to revive4 ,and the tenth and last did the same with its inscription that ran thus1 ,,tribu ,,scaptia1 written upon a shield held by a ,lion2 which tribe was that of ,augustus1 her founder1 and the one in which in ancient times ,florence used to be enrolled4 ,but the finest ornament--besides the beautiful shields on which were the arms of their ,excellencies1 both the one and the other1 and of the most illustrious ,princess1 and the device of the city1 and besides the great ,ducal crown of gold1 which ,florence was in the act of presenting--was the principal device1 set over all the shields1 and placed there in allusion to the city2 which was composed of two halcyons making their nest in the sea at the beginning of winter4 ,this was made clear by the part of the ,zodiac that was painted there1 wherein the ,sun was seen at the point of entering into the ,sign of ,capricorn1 with a motto that said1 ,,hoc ,,fidunt1 signifying that even as the halcyons1 by the grace of ,nature1 at the time when the ,sun is entering into the said ,sign of ,capricorn1 which renders the sea smooth and tranquil1 are able to make their nests there in security 7whence such days are called halcyon days71 so also ,florence1 with ,capricorn in the ascendant1 which is therefore the ancient and most honourable device of her excellent ,duke1 is able in whatever season the world may bring her to flourish in the greatest felicity and peace1 as she does right well4 ,and all this1 with all the other conceptions given above1 was declared in great part by the inscription which1 addressed to the exalted bride1 was written appropriately in a most ornate and beautiful place1 saying3 ,,ingredere ,,urbem ,,felicissimo ,,conjugio ,,factam ,,tuam1 ,,augustissima ,,virgo1 ,,fide1 ,,ingeniis1 ,,et ,,omni ,,laude ,,praestantem2 ,,optataque ,,praesentia ,,tua1 ,,et ,,eximia ,,virtute1 ,,sperataque ,,fecunditate1 ,,optimorum ,,principum ,,paternam ,,et ,,avitam ,,claritatem1 ,,fidelissimorum ,,civium ,,laetitiam1 ,,florentis ,,urbis ,,gloriam ,,et ,,felicitatem ,,auge4 ,,of ,,the ,,entrance ,,to ,,borg' ,,ognissanti4 ,proceeding1 then1 towards ,borg' ,ognissanti1 a street1 as everyone knows1 most beautiful1 spacious1 and straight1 there were at the entrance two very large colossal figures1 one representing ,austria1 as a young woman in full armour after the antique1 with a sceptre in the hand1 signifying her military power as embodied in the ,imperial dignity1 which now has its residence in that nation and appears to be entirely concentrated there2 and the other representing ,tuscany1 apparelled in religious vestments and with the sacerdotal lituus in the hand1 which in like manner demonstrated the excellence that the ,tuscan nation has always displayed from the most ancient times in the ,divine cult1 insomuch that even at the present day it is seen that the ,pontiffs and the ,holy ,roman ,church have chosen to establish their principal seat in ,tuscany4 ,each of these had at her side a nude and gracious little ,angel1 one of whom was seen guarding the ,imperial crown1 and the other the crown that the ,pontiffs are wont to use2 and one figure was shown offering her hand most lovingly to the other1 almost as if ,austria1 with her most noble cities 7which were depicted under various images in the vast canvas that was as an ornament and head-piece1 at the entrance to that street1 facing towards the ,porta al ,prato71 wished to signify that she was come parentally to take part in the rejoicings and festivities in honour of the illustrious bridal pair1 and to meet and embrace her beloved ,tuscany1 thus in a certain sort uniting together the two most mighty powers1 the spiritual and the temporal4 ,all which was declared excellently well in the six verses that were written in a suitable place1 saying3 ,augustae en adsum sponsae comes ,austria2 magni ,caesaris haec nata est1 ,caesaris atque soror4 ,carolus est patruus1 gens et faecunda triumphis1 ,imperio fulget1 regibus et proavis4 ,laetitiam et pacem adferimus dulcesque ,hymeneos ,et placidam requiem1 ,tuscia clara1 tibi4 ,even as on the other side ,tuscany1 having yielded the first place at the first ,gate to ,florence1 her ,lady and her ,queen1 was seen with an aspect all full of joy at receiving so great a ,princess2 having likewise in company with her1 in a similar painted canvas beside her1 ,fiesole1 ,pisa1 ,siena1 and ,arezzo1 with the most famous of her other cities1 and with the ,ombrone1 the ,arbia1 the ,serchio1 and the ,chiana1 all depicted in various forms according to custom2 and expressing her contentment in the six following verses1 written in a way similar to the others1 and in a suitable place3 ,ominibus faustis et laetor imagine rerum1 ,virginis aspectu ,caesareaeque fruor4 ,hae nostrae insignes urbes1 haec oppida et agri1 ,haec tua sunt2 illis tu dare jura potes4 ,audis ut resonet laetis clamoribus aether1 ,et plausu et ludis ,austria cuncta fremat8 ,,of ,,the ,,ponte ,,alla ,,carraia4 ,and to the end that the splendid nuptials might be celebrated with all the most favourable auspices1 at the ,palazzo de' ,ricasoli1 which1 as everyone knows1 is situated at the beginning of the ,ponte alla ,carraia1 there was erected in the ,doric ,order of composition the third ornament1 dedicated to ,hymen1 their ,god2 and this consisted--in addition to a head-piece of singular beauty1 on which the eyes of all who came through ,borg' ,ognissanti feasted with marvellous delight--of two very lofty and most magnificent portals1 between which it stood1 and over one of these1 which gave access to those passing into the street called ,la ,vigna1 was placed with much judgment the statue of ,venus ,genetrix1 perhaps alluding to the ,house of the ,caesars1 which had its origin from ,venus1 or perchance auguring generation and fecundity for the bridal pair2 with a motto taken from the ,epithalamium of ,theocritus1 saying3 ,greek3 ,kypris de1 ,thea ,kypris1 ison erasthai allalon4 ,and over the other1 giving access along the bank of the ,arno1 through which the procession passed1 was the statue of the ,nurse ,latona1 perchance to ward off sterility or the jealous interference of ,juno1 and likewise with a motto that ran3 ,greek3 ,lato men doie1 ,lato kourotrophos ymmin euteknian4 ,as a complement to these1 executed with singular artistry1 upon a great base attached to one of the portals1 there was seen on one side1 as it were newly issued from the water1 and in the form of a most beautiful giant with a garland of lilies1 the ,river ,arno1 who1 as if he wished to give an example of nuptial bliss1 was locked in embrace with his ,sieve1 who had likewise a garland of leaves and apples2 which apples1 alluding to the balls of the ,medici1 of which they were the origin1 would have been rosy1 if the colour had been in keeping with the white marble4 ,and ,arno1 all rejoicing1 was shown speaking to his new ,lady in the manner expressed by the following verses3 ,in mare nunc auro flaventes ,arnus arenas ,volvam1 atque argento purior unda fluet4 ,etruscos nunc invictis comitantibus armis ,caesareis1 tollam sidera ad alta caput4 ,nunc mihi fama etiam ,tibrim fulgoreque rerum ,tantarum longe vincere fata dabunt4 ,and on the other side1 as a complement to ,arno1 on a similar base attached in a similar way to the other portal 7the two being turned1 as it were1 like wings one towards the other71 and almost in the same form1 were seen the ,danube and the ,drava likewise in a close embrace1 and1 even as the others had the ,lion1 so they had the ,eagle as emblem and support2 and these1 crowned also with roses and with a thousand varieties of little flowers1 were shown speaking to ,florence1 even as the others were speaking to themselves1 the following verses3 ,quamvis ,flora tuis celeberrima finibus errem1 ,sum septemgeminus ,danubiusque ferox2 ,virginis ,augustae comes1 et vestigia lustro1 ,ut reor1 et si quod flumina numen habent1 ,conjugium faustum et foecundum et ,nestoris annos1 ,tuscorum et late nuntio regna tibi4 ,then at the summit of the head-piece1 in the place of honour1 and with a close resemblance to the whitest marble1 was seen the statue of the young ,hymen1 with a garland of flowering marjoram and the torch and veil1 and at his feet this inscription3 ,,boni ,,conjugator ,,amoris4 ,on one side of him was ,love1 who lay all languid under one of his flanks2 and on the other side was ,conjugal ,fidelity1 who was holding one arm supported under the other2 which was all so pleasing1 so full of charm1 so beautiful1 and so well distributed before the eyes of all beholders1 that in truth it is not to be expressed in words4 ,as the principal crown of that ornament--for on them all there was placed a principal crown and a principal device--there were formed in the hands of the ,hymen described above two garlands of the same marjoram that crowned his head1 which1 as he held them1 he appeared to be about to present to the happy pair4 ,but most lovely and beautiful of all1 and best executed1 were the three spacious pictures1 separated by double columns1 into which the whole of that vast facade was divided1 placed with supreme beauty at the feet of ,hymen2 for in them were depicted all the advantages1 all the delights1 and all the desirable things that are generally found in nuptials2 those displeasing and vexatious being driven away from them with a certain subtle grace4 ,and thus in one of these1 that in the centre namely1 were seen the ,three ,graces painted in the manner that is customary1 all full of joy and gladness1 who appeared to be singing with a certain soft harmony the verses written over them1 saying3 ,quae tam praeclara nascetur stirpe parentum ,inclita progenies1 digna atavisque suis8 ,etrusca attollet se quantis gloria rebus ,conjugio ,austriacae ,mediceaeque ,domus8 ,vivite felices2 non est spes irrita1 namque ,divina ,charites talia voce canunt4 ,these had on one side1 forming as it were a choir about them1 and coupled becomingly together1 ,youth and ,delight1 and ,beauty with ,contentment in her embrace1 and on the other side1 in like fashion1 ,gladness with ,play1 and ,fecundity with ,repose1 all in attitudes most graceful and in keeping with their characters1 and so well distinguished by the able painter1 that they could be recognized with ease4 ,in the picture that was on the right of that one1 there were seen1 besides ,love and ,fidelity1 the same ,gladness1 ,contentment1 ,delight1 and ,repose1 with lighted torches in their hands1 who were chasing from the world and banishing to the nethermost abyss ,jealousy1 ,contention1 ,affliction1 ,sorrow1 ,lamentation1 ,deceit1 ,sterility1 and other vexatious and displeasing things of that kind1 which are wont so often to disturb the minds of human creatures4 ,and in the other1 on the left hand1 were seen the same ,graces in company with ,juno1 ,venus1 ,concord1 ,love1 ,fecundity1 ,sleep1 ,pasithea1 and ,thalassius1 setting the genial bed in order with those ancient religious ceremonies of torches1 incense1 garlands1 and flowers1 which were customary2 of which last a number of little ,loves1 playing in their flight1 were scattering no small quantity over the bed4 ,above these1 then1 were two other pictures distributed in very beautiful compartments1 one on either side of the statue of ,hymen1 and somewhat smaller than those described2 in one of which1 in imitation of the ancient custom so well described by ,catullus1 was seen the illustrious ,princess portrayed from life in the midst of a gracious little company of most beautiful maidens in virginal dress1 all crowned with flowers1 and with lighted torches in their hands1 who were pointing towards the ,evening ,star1 which was seen appearing1 and1 as if set in motion by them1 seemed in a certain gracious manner to move and to advance towards ,hymen2 with the motto3 ,o ,,digna ,,conjuncta ,,viro4 ,even as in the other picture1 on the other side1 was seen the excellent ,prince in the midst of many young men likewise crowned with garlands and burning with love1 not less eager than the maidens in lighting the nuptial torches1 and pointing no less towards the newly-appeared star1 and giving signs1 in advancing towards it1 of equal or even greater desire2 likewise with a motto that said3 ,o ,,taedis ,,felicibus ,,aucte4 ,above these1 arranged in a very graceful manner1 there was seen as the principal device1 which1 as has been told1 was placed over all the arches1 a gilded chain all composed of marriage-rings with their stones1 which1 hanging down from ,heaven1 appeared to be sustaining this terrestrial ,world2 alluding in a certain sense to the ,homeric ,chain of ,jove1 and signifying that by virtue of nuptials1 the heavenly causes being wedded with terrestrial matter1 ,nature and the aforesaid terrestrial ,world are preserved and rendered as it were eternal2 with a motto that said3 ,,natura ,,sequitur ,,cupide4 ,and then a quantity of little ,angels and ,loves1 all gracious and merry1 and all set in fitting places1 were seen dispersed among the bases1 the pilasters1 the festoons1 and the other ornaments1 which were without number2 and all1 with a certain gladness1 appeared to be either scattering flowers and garlands1 or sweetly singing the following ode1 from among the spaces between the double columns that divided1 as has been told1 the great pictures and the great facade1 which was arranged in a lovely and gracious manner3 ,augusti soboles regia ,caesaris1 ,summo nupta viro ,principi ,etruriae1 ,faustis auspiciis deseruit vagum ,istrum regnaque patria4 ,cui frater1 genitor1 patruus1 atque avi ,fulgent innumeri stemmate nobiles ,praeclaro ,imperii1 prisca ab origine ,digno nomine ,caesares4 ,ergo magnanimae virgini et inclytae ,jam nunc ,arne pater suppliciter manus ,libes1 et violis versicoloribus ,pulchram ,flora premas comam4 ,assurgant proceres1 ac velut aureum ,et caeleste jubar rite colant eam4 ,omnes accumulent templa ,deum1 et piis ,aras muneribus sacras4 ,tali conjugio ,pax hilaris redit1 ,fruges alma ,ceres porrigit uberes1 ,saturni remeant aurea saecula1 ,orbis laetitia fremit4 ,quin dirae ,eumenides monstraque ,tartari ,his longe duce te finibus exulant4 ,bellorum rabies hinc abit effera1 ,mavors sanguineus fugit4 ,sed jam nox ruit et sidera concidunt2 ,et nymphae adveniunt1 ,junoque pronuba ,arridet pariter1 blandaque ,gratia ,nudis juncta sororibus4 ,haec cingit niveis tempora liliis1 ,haec e purpureis serta gerit rosis1 ,huic molles violae et suavis amaracus ,nectunt virgineum caput4 ,lusus1 laeta ,quies cernitur et ,decor2 ,quos circum volitat turba ,cupidinum1 ,et plaudens recinit haec ,hymeneus ad ,regalis thalami fores4 ,quid statis juvenes tam genialibus ,indulgere toris immemores8 ,joci ,cessent et choreae2 ludere vos simul ,poscunt tempora mollius4 ,non vincant hederae bracchia flexiles1 ,conchae non superent oscula dulcia1 ,emanet pariter sudor et ossibus ,grato murmure ab intimis4 ,det summum imperium regnaque ,juppiter1 ,det ,latona parem progeniem patri2 ,ardorem unanimem det ,venus1 atque ,amor ,aspirans face mutua4 ,,of ,,the ,,palazzo ,,degli ,,spini4 ,and to the end that no part of either dominion might be left without being present at those happy nuptials1 at the ,ponte a ,s4 ,trinita and also at the ,palazzo degli ,spini1 which is to be seen at the beginning of that bridge1 there was the fourth ornament1 of an architecture not less magnificent in composition1 and consisting of a head-piece with three facades1 one of which1 turning to face towards the ,ponte alla ,carraia1 became joined to that in the centre1 which was somewhat bent and likewise attached to that which in like manner turned to face towards the ,palazzo degli ,spini and ,s4 ,trinita2 whence it appeared to have been contrived principally for the point of view both from the one street and from the other1 insomuch that both from the one and from the other it presented itself complete to the eyes of all beholders--a thing of singular artifice for him who well considers it1 which rendered that street1 which is in itself as imposing and magnificent as any other that is to be found in ,florence1 even more imposing and more beautiful than could be believed4 ,in the facade that came in the centre1 there had been formed upon a great base two ,giants1 immense and most superb to behold1 supported by two great monsters and by other extravagant fishes that appeared to be swimming in the sea1 and accompanied by two sea-nymphs4 ,these represented1 one the great ,ocean and the other the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 and1 half reclining1 they appeared to be seeking to present to the most illustrious pair1 with a certain affectionate liberality1 not only many most beautiful branches of coral and immense shells of mother-of-pearl1 and others of their sea-riches that they held in their hands1 but also new islands1 new lands1 and new dominions1 which were seen led thither in their train4 ,behind them1 making that whole ornament lovely and imposing1 were seen rising little by little1 from their socles that rested upon the base1 two vast half-columns1 upon which rested cornice1 frieze1 and architrave1 leaving behind the ,sea-,gods already described1 almost in the form of a triumphal arch1 a very spacious square2 and over the two columns and the architrave rose two very well-formed pilasters covered with creepers1 from which sprang two cornices1 forming at the summit a superb and very bold frontispiece1 at the top of which1 and above the creepers of the pilasters already described1 were seen placed three very large vases of gold1 all filled to overflowing with thousands and thousands of different riches of the sea2 and in the space that remained between the architrave and the point of the frontispiece1 there was seen lying with rare dignity a masterly figure of a ,nymph1 representing ,tethys1 or ,amphitrite1 ,goddess and ,queen of the ,sea1 who with a very grave gesture was presenting as the principal crown of that place a rostral crown1 such as was generally given to the victors in naval battles1 with her motto1 ,,vince ,,mari1 and as it were adding that which follows3 ,,jam ,,terra ,,tua ,,est4 ,even as in the picture and the facade behind the ,giants1 in a very large niche that had the appearance of a real and natural cavern or grotto1 there was painted among many other monsters of the sea the ,proteus of ,virgil's ,georgics1 bound by ,aristaeus1 who1 pointing with his finger towards the verses written above him1 appeared to wish to announce in prophecy to the well-united pair good fortune1 victories1 and triumphs in maritime affairs1 saying3 ,germana adveniet felici cum alite virgo1 ,flora1 tibi1 adveniet soboles ,augusta1 ,hymenei ,cui pulcher ,juvenis jungatur foedere certo ,regius ,italiae columen1 bona quanta sequentur ,conjugium8 ,pater ,arne tibi1 et tibi ,florida ,mater1 ,gloria quanta aderit8 ,protheum nil postera fallunt4 ,and since1 as has been told1 this facade of the cavern stood between the two other facades1 one of which was turned towards ,s4 ,trinita and the other towards the ,ponte alla ,carraia1 both these1 which were of the same size and height1 were likewise bordered in a similar manner by two similar half-columns1 which in like manner supported their architrave1 frieze1 and cornice in a quarter-round1 upon which1 both on the one side and on the other1 were seen three statues of boys on three pedestals1 who were upholding certain very rich festoons of gold1 composed in a most masterly fashion of conches1 shells1 coral1 sword-grass1 and sea-weed1 by which a no less graceful finish was given to the whole structure4 ,but to return to the space of the facade which1 turning from the straight1 was supported against the ,palazzo degli ,spini4 ,in it was seen1 painted in chiaroscuro1 a ,nymph all unadorned and little less than nude1 placed between many new kinds of animals1 who stood for the new land of ,peru1 with the other new ,west ,indies1 discovered and ruled for the most part under the auspices of the most fortunate ,house of ,austria4 ,she was turned towards a figure of ,jesus ,christ ,our ,lord1 who1 painted all luminous in a ,cross in the air 7alluding to the four exceeding bright stars which form the semblance of a ,cross1 newly discovered among those peoples71 appeared in the manner of a ,sun piercing some thick clouds with most resplendent rays1 for which she seemed in a certain sense to be rendering much thanks to that house1 in that by their means she was seen converted to the ,divine worship and to the true ,christian ,religion1 with the verses written below3 ,di tibi pro meritis tantis1 ,augusta propago1 ,praemia digna ferant1 quae vinctam mille catenis ,heu duris solvis1 quae clarum cernere solem ,e tenebris tantis et ,christum noscere donas4 ,even as on the base which supported that whole facade1 and which1 although on a level with that of the ,giants1 yet did not like that one project outwards1 there was seen1 painted as it were by way of allegory1 the fable of ,andromeda delivered by ,perseus from the cruel ,monster of the sea4 ,and in that which1 turning1 faced towards the ,arno and the ,ponte alla ,carraia1 there was seen in like manner painted the small but famous ,island of ,elba1 in the form of an armed warrior seated upon a great rock1 with the ,trident in her right hand1 having on one side of her a little boy who was seen sporting playfully with a dolphin1 and on the other side another like him1 who was upholding an anchor1 with many galleys that were shown circling about her port1 which was painted there4 ,at her feet1 on her base1 and corresponding in like manner to the facade painted above1 was seen likewise the fable that is given by ,strabo1 when he relates that the ,argonauts1 returning from the acquisition of the ,golden ,fleece1 and arriving with ,medea in ,elba1 raised altars there and made sacrifice to ,jove upon them2 perhaps foreseeing or auguring that at another time our present glorious ,duke1 being as it were of their company by virtue of the ,order of the ,golden ,fleece1 was to fortify that island and to safeguard distressed mariners1 thus reviving their ancient and glorious memory4 ,which was expressed excellently well by the four verses written there in a suitable place1 saying3 ,evenere olim ,heroes qui littore in isto ,magnanimi votis petiere4 ,en ,ilva potentis ,auspiciis ,cosmi multa munita opera ac vi2 ,pacatum pelagus securi currite nautae4 ,but the most beautiful effect1 the most bizarre1 the most fantastic1 and the most ornate--besides the various devices and trophies1 and ,arion1 who was riding pleasantly through the sea on the back of the swimming dolphin--came from an innumerable quantity of extravagant fishes of the sea1 ,nereids1 and ,tritons1 which were distributed among the friezes1 pedestals1 and bases1 and wherever a space or the beauty of the place required them4 ,even as at the foot of the great base of the ,giants there was another gracious effect in the form of a most beautiful ,siren seated upon the head of a very large fish1 from whose mouth at times1 at the turning of a key1 not without laughter among the expectant bystanders1 a rushing jet of water was seen pouring upon such as were too eager to drink the white and red wine that flowed in abundance from the breasts of the ,siren into a very capacious and most ornate basin4 ,and since the bend of the facade where ,elba was painted was the first thing to strike the eyes of those who came1 as did the procession1 from the ,ponte alla ,carraia along the ,arno towards the ,palazzo degli ,spini1 it seemed good to the inventor to hide the ugliness of the scaffolding and woodwork that were necessarily placed behind1 by raising to the same height another new facade similar to the three described1 which might1 as it did1 render that whole vista most festive and ornate4 ,and in it1 within a large oval1 it appeared to him that it was well to place the principal device1 embracing the whole conception of the structure2 and to that end1 therefore1 there was seen figured a great ,neptune on his usual ,car1 with the usual ,trident1 as he is described by ,virgil1 chasing away the troublesome winds1 and using as a motto the very same words1 ,,maturate ,,fugam2 as if he wished to promise to the fortunate pair happiness1 peace1 and tranquillity in his realm4 ,,of ,,the ,,column4 ,opposite to the graceful ,palace of the ,bartolini there had been erected a short time before1 as a more stable and enduring ornament1 not without singular ingenuity1 that ancient and immense column of oriental granite which had been taken from the ,baths of ,antoninus in ,rome1 and granted by ,pius ,,iv to our glorious ,duke1 and by him conveyed1 although at no little expense1 to ,florence1 and magnanimously presented to her as a courteous gift for her public adornment4 ,upon that column1 over its beautiful capital1 which had1 like the base1 the appearance of bronze1 and which is now being made of real bronze1 there was placed a statue 7of clay1 indeed1 but in the colour of porphyry1 because even so it is to be71 very large and very excellent1 of a woman in full armour1 with a helmet on the head1 and representing1 by the sword in the right hand and by the scales in the left1 an incorruptible and most valorous ,justice4 ,,of ,,the ,,canto ,,de' ,,tornaquinci4 ,the sixth ornament was erected at the ,canto de' ,tornaquinci2 and here ,i must note a thing which would appear incredible to one who had not seen it--namely1 that this ornament was so magnificent1 so rich in pomp1 and fashioned with so much art and grandeur1 that1 although it was conjoined with the superb ,palace of the ,strozzi1 which is such as to make the greatest things appear as nothing1 and although on a site altogether disastrous by reason of the uneven ends of the streets that run together there1 and certain other inconvenient circumstances1 nevertheless such was the excellence of the craftsman1 and so well conceived the manner of the work1 that it seemed as if all those difficulties had been brought together there for the purpose of rendering it the more admirable and the more beautiful2 that most lovely palace being so well accompanied by the richness of the ornaments1 the height of the arches1 the grandeur of the columns1 all intertwined with arms and trophies1 and the great statues that towered over the summit of the whole structure1 that anyone would have judged that neither that ornament required any other accompaniment than that of such a palace1 nor such a palace required any other ornament4 ,and to the end that all may be the better understood1 and in order to show more clearly and distinctly in what manner the work was constructed1 it is necessary that some measure of pardon should be granted to us by those who are not of our arts1 if for the sake of those who delight in them we proceed1 more minutely than might appear proper to the others1 to describe the nature of the sites and the forms of the arches2 and this in order to demonstrate how noble intellects accommodate ornaments to places and inventions to sites with grace and beauty4 ,we must relate1 then1 that since the street which runs from the ,column to the ,tornaquinci is1 as everyone knows1 very wide1 and since it was necessary to pass from there into the street of the ,tornabuoni1 which by its narrowness brought it about that the eyes of those thus passing fell for the most part on the not very ornate ,tower of the ,tornaquinci1 which occupies more than half the street1 it was thought expedient1 in order to obviate that difficulty and to make the effect more pleasing1 to construct in the width of the above-named street1 in a ,composite ,order1 two arches divided by a most ornate column1 one of which gave free passage to the procession1 which proceeded through the said street of the ,tornabuoni1 and the other1 concealing the view of the tower1 appeared1 by virtue of an ingenious prospect-scene that was painted there1 to lead into another street similar to the said street of the ,tornabuoni1 wherein with most pleasing illusion were seen not only the houses and windows adorned with tapestries and full of men and women who were all intent on gazing at the spectacle1 but also the gracious sight of a most lovely maiden on a white palfrey1 accompanied by certain grooms1 who appeared to be coming from there towards those approaching1 insomuch that both on the day of the procession and all the time afterwards that she remained there1 she roused in more than one person1 by a gracious deception1 a desire either to go to meet her or to wait until she should have passed4 ,these two arches1 besides the above-mentioned column that divided them1 were bordered by other columns of the same size1 which supported architraves1 friezes1 and cornices2 and over each arch was seen a lovely ornament in the form of a most beautiful picture1 in which were seen painted1 likewise in chiaroscuro1 the stories of which we shall speak in a short time4 ,the whole work was crowned above by an immense cornice with ornaments corresponding to the loveliness1 grandeur1 and magnificence of the rest1 upon which1 then1 stood the statues1 which1 although they were at a height of a good twenty-five braccia from the level of the ground1 nevertheless were wrought with such proportion that the height did not take away any of their grace1 nor the distance any of the effect of any detail of their adornment and beauty4 ,there stood in the same manner1 as it were as wings to those two main arches1 on the one side and on the other1 two other arches1 one of which1 attached to the ,palace of the ,strozzi1 and leading to the above-mentioned ,tower of the ,tornaquinci1 gave passage to those who wished to turn towards the ,mercato ,vecchio1 even as the other1 placed on the other side1 did the same service to those who might desire to go towards the street called ,la ,vigna2 wherefore the ,via di ,s4 ,trinita1 which1 as has been told1 is so broad1 terminating thus in the four arches described1 came to present such loveliness and a view so beautiful and so heroic1 that it appeared impossible to afford greater satisfaction to the eyes of the spectators4 ,and this was the front part1 composed1 as has been described1 of four arches2 of two main arches1 namely1 one false1 and one real1 which led into the ,via de' ,tornabuoni1 and of two others at the sides1 in the manner of wings1 which were turned towards the two cross-streets4 ,now since1 entering into the said street of the ,tornabuoni on the left side1 beside the ,vigna1 there debouches 7as everyone knows7 the ,strada di ,s4 ,sisto1 which likewise of necessity strikes the flank of the same ,tower of the ,tornaquinci1 it was made to appear1 in order to hide the same ugliness in a similar manner with the same illusion of a similar prospect-scene1 that that side also passed into a similar street of various houses placed in the same way1 with an ingenious view of a very ornate fountain overflowing with crystal-clear waters1 from which a woman with a child was represented as drawing some1 so that one who was at no great distance would certainly have declared that she was real and by no means simulated4 ,now these four arches--to return to those in front--were supported and divided by five columns adorned in the manner described1 forming as it were a rectangular piazza2 and in a line with each of those columns1 above the final cornice and the summit of the edifice1 there was a most beautiful seat1 while in the same manner four others were placed over the centre of each arch1 which in all came to the number of nine4 ,in eight of these was seen seated in each a statue of most imposing appearance1 some shown in armour1 some in the garb of peace1 and others in the imperator's paludament1 according to the characters of those who were portrayed in them2 and in place of the ninth seat and the ninth statue1 above the column in the centre1 was seen placed an immense escutcheon1 supported by two great ,victories with the ,imperial ,crown of the ,house of ,austria1 to which that structure was dedicated2 which was made manifest by a very large epitaph1 which was seen placed with much grace and beauty below the escutcheon1 saying3 ,,virtuti ,,felicitatique ,,invictissimae ,,domus ,,austriae1 ,,majestatique ,,tot ,,et ,,tantorum ,,imperatorum ,,ac ,,regum1 ,,qui ,,in ,,ipsa ,,floruerunt ,,et ,,nunc ,,maxime ,,florent1 ,,florentia ,,augusto ,,conjugio ,,particeps ,,illius ,,felicitatis1 ,,grato ,,pioque ,,animo ,,dicat4 ,the intention had been1 after bringing to those most splendid nuptials the ,province of ,austria1 with her cities and rivers and with her ocean-sea1 and after having caused her to be received by ,tuscany with her cities1 the ,arno1 and the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 as has been related1 to bring then her great and glorious ,caesars1 all magnificent in adornment and pomp1 as is the general custom in taking part in nuptials2 as if they1 having conducted thither with them the illustrious bride1 were come before to have the first meeting of kinsmen with the ,house of ,medici1 and to prove of what stock1 and how glorious1 was the noble virgin that they sought to present to them4 ,and so1 of the eight above-mentioned statues placed upon the eight seats1 representing eight ,emperors of that august house1 there was seen on the right hand of the above-named escutcheon1 over the arch through which the procession passed1 that of ,maximilian ,,ii1 the present magnanimous and excellent ,emperor1 and brother of the bride2 below whom1 in a very spacious picture1 there was seen painted with most beautiful invention his marvellous assumption to the ,empire1 himself being seated in the midst of the ,electors1 both spiritual and temporal1 the first being recognized--besides their long vestments--by a ,faith that was to be seen at their feet1 and the others by a ,hope in a like position4 ,in the air1 also1 over his head1 were seen certain little ,angels that seemed to be chasing many malign spirits out of certain thick and dark clouds2 these being intended either to suggest the hope which is felt that at some time1 in that all-conquering and most constant nation1 men will contrive to dissipate and clear away the clouds of those many disturbances that have occurred there in matters of religion1 and restore her to her pristine purity and serenity of tranquil concord2 or rather1 that in that act all dissensions had flown away1 and showing how marvellously1 and with what unanimous consent of all ,germany1 amid that great variety of minds and religions1 that assumption had taken place1 which was explained by the words that were placed above1 saying3 ,,maximilianus ,,ii ,,salutatur ,,imp4 ,,magno ,,consensu ,,germanorum1 ,,atque ,,ingenti ,,laetitia ,,bonorum ,,omnium1 ,,et ,,christianae ,,pietatis ,,felicitate4 ,then1 next to the statue of the said ,maximilian1 in a place corresponding to the column at the corner1 was seen that of the truly invincible ,charles ,v2 even as over the arch of that wing1 which commanded the ,via della ,vigna1 there was that of the second ,albert1 a man of most resolute valour1 although he reigned but a short time4 ,above the column at the head was placed that of the great ,rudolph1 who1 the first of that name1 was also the first to introduce into that most noble house the ,imperial dignity1 and the first to enrich her with the great ,archduchy of ,austria2 when1 having reverted to the ,empire for lack of a successor1 he invested with it the first ,albert1 his son1 whence the ,house of ,austria has since taken its name4 ,all which1 in memory of an event so important1 was seen painted in a most beautiful manner in the frieze above that arch1 with an inscription at the foot that said3 ,,rodulphus ,,primus ,,ex ,,hac ,,familia ,,imp4 ,,albertum ,,primum ,,austriae ,,principatu ,,donat4 ,but to return to the part on the left1 beginning with the same place in the centre2 beside the escutcheon1 and over the false arch that covered the ,tower of the ,tornaquinci1 was seen the statue of the most devout ,ferdinand1 father of the bride1 beneath whose feet was seen painted the valorous resistance made by his efforts in the year #aebi in the defence of ,vienna against the terrible assault of the ,turks2 demonstrated by the inscription written above1 which said3 ,,ferdinandus ,,primus ,,imp41 ,,ingentibus ,,copiis ,,turcorum ,,cum ,,rege ,,ipsorum ,,pulsis1 ,,viennam ,,nobilem ,,urbem ,,fortissime ,,felicissimeque ,,defendit4 ,even as at the corner there was the statue of the first and most renowned ,maximilian1 and over the arch that inclined towards the ,palace of the ,strozzi that of the pacific ,frederick1 father of that same ,maximilian1 leaning against an olive-trunk4 ,above the last column1 which was attached to the above-named ,palace of the ,strozzi1 was seen that of the first ,albert mentioned above1 who1 as has been told1 was first invested by his father ,rudolph with the sovereignty of ,austria1 and gave to that most noble house the arms that are still to be seen at the present day4 ,those arms used formerly to be five little larks on a gold ground1 whereas the new arms1 which1 as everyone may see1 are all red with a white band that divides them1 are said to have been introduced by him in that form because1 as was seen painted there in a great picture beneath his feet1 he found himself not otherwise in that most bloody battle fought by him with ,adolf1 who had been first deposed from the ,imperial throne1 when the said ,albert was seen to slay ,adolf valorously with his own hand and to win from him the ,spolia ,opima2 and since1 save for the middle of his person1 which was white on account of his armour1 over all the rest he found himself on that day all stained and dabbled with blood1 he ordained that in memory of that his arms should be painted in the same manner both of form and colour1 and that they should be preserved gloriously after him by his successors in that house2 and beneath the picture1 as with the others1 there was to be read a similar inscription that said3 ,,albertus ,i ,,imp4 ,,adolphum1 ,,cui ,,legibus ,,imperium ,,abrogatum ,,fuerat1 ,,magno ,,proelio ,,vincit ,,et ,,spolia ,,opima ,,refert4 ,and since each of the eight above-mentioned ,emperors1 besides the arms common to their whole house1 also used during his lifetime arms private and peculiar to himself1 for that reason1 in order to make it more manifest to the beholders which ,emperor each of the statues represented1 there were also placed beneath their feet1 on most beautiful shields1 the particular arms that each1 as has been told1 had borne4 ,all which1 together with some pleasing and well-accommodated little scenes that were painted on the pedestals1 made a magnificent1 heroic1 and very ornate effect2 even as not less was done1 on the columns and in all the parts where ornaments could be suitably placed1 in addition to trophies and the arms1 by the ,crosses of ,s4 ,andrew1 the ,fusils1 and the ,pillars of ,hercules1 with the motto1 ,,plus ,,ultra1 the principal device of that arch1 and many others like it used by the men of that ,imperial family4 ,such1 then1 was the principal view which presented itself to those who chose to pass by the direct way with the procession2 but for those who came from the opposite direction1 from the ,via de' ,tornabuoni towards the ,tornaquinci1 there appeared1 with an ornamentation perhaps not less lovely1 in so far as the narrowness of the street permitted1 a similar spectacle arranged in due proportion4 ,for on that side1 which we will call the back1 there was formed1 as it were1 another structure similar to that already described1 save that on account of the narrowness of the street1 whereas the first was seen composed of four arches1 the other was of three only2 one of which being joined with friezes and cornices to that upon which1 as has been told1 was placed the statue of the second ,maximilian1 now ,emperor1 and thus making it double1 and another likewise attached to the above-described prospect-scene which concealed the tower1 brought it about that the third1 leaving also behind it a little quadrangular piazza1 remained as the last for one coming with the procession1 and appeared as the first for one approaching1 on the contrary1 from the street of the ,tornabuoni2 and upon that last1 which was in the same form as those described1 even as upon them were the ,emperors1 so upon it were seen towering1 but standing on their feet1 the two ,kings ,philip1 one the father and the other the son of the great ,charles ,v1 the first ,philip1 namely1 and also the second1 so filled with liberality and justice1 whom at the present day we honour as the great and puissant ,king of so many most noble realms4 ,between him and the statue of his grandfather there was seen painted in the circumambient frieze that same ,philip ,,ii seated in majesty1 and standing before him a tall woman in armour1 recognized by the white cross that she had on the breast as being ,malta1 delivered by him through the valour of the most illustrious ,lord ,don ,garzia di ,toledo1 who was portrayed there1 from the siege of the ,turks2 and she appeared to be seeking1 as one grateful for that great service1 to offer to him the obsidional crown of dog's grass1 which was made manifest by the inscription written beneath1 which said3 ,,melita1 ,,erepta ,e ,,faucibus ,,immanissimorum ,,hostium ,,studio ,,et ,,auxiliis ,,piissimi ,,regis ,,philippi1 ,,conservatorem ,,suum ,,corona ,,graminea ,,donat4 ,and to the end that the part turned towards the ,strada della ,vigna might have likewise some adornment1 it was thought a fitting thing to declare the conception of the whole vast structure by a great inscription between the final cornice1 where the statues stood1 and the arch1 which was a large space1 saying3 ,,imperio ,,late ,,fulgentes ,,aspice ,,reges2 ,,austriaca ,,hos ,,omnes ,,edidit ,,alta ,,domus4 ,,his ,,invicta ,,fuit ,,virtus1 ,,his ,,cuncta ,,subacta1 ,,his ,,domita ,,est ,,tellus1 ,,servit ,,et ,,oceanus4 ,even as was done in the same manner and for the same reason towards the ,mercato ,vecchio1 in another inscription1 saying3 ,,imperiis ,,gens ,,nata ,,bonis ,,et ,,nata ,,triumphis1 ,,quam ,,genus ,e ,,coelo ,,ducere ,,nemo ,,neget2 ,,tuque ,,nitens ,,germen ,,divinae ,,stirpis ,,etruscis ,,traditum ,,agris ,,nitidis1 ,,ut ,,sola ,,culta ,,bees2 ,,si ,,mihi ,,contingat ,,vestro ,,de ,,semine ,,fructum ,,carpere ,,et ,,in ,,natis ,,cernere ,,detur ,,avos1 ,o ,,fortunatam6 ,,vero ,,tunc ,,nomine ,,florens ,,urbs ,,ferar1 ,,in ,,quam ,,fors ,,congerat ,,omne ,,bonum4 ,,of ,,the ,,canto ,,de' ,,carnesecchi4 ,now it appeared a fitting thing1 having brought the triumphant ,caesars to the place described above1 to bring the magnanimous ,medici1 also1 with all their pomp1 to the corner that is called the ,canto de' ,carnesecchi1 which is not far distant from it2 as if1 reverently receiving the ,caesars1 as is the custom1 they were come to hold high revel and to do honour to the new-come bride1 so much desired4 ,and here1 no less than in some of the passages to follow1 it will be necessary that ,i should be pardoned by those who are not of our arts for describing minutely the nature of the site and the form of the arches and other ornaments1 for the reason that it is my intention to demonstrate not less the excellence of the hands and brushes of the craftsmen who executed the works1 than the fertility and acuteness of brain of him who was the author of the stories and of the whole invention2 and particularly because the site in that place was perhaps more disastrous and more difficult to accommodate than any of the others described or about to be described4 ,for there the street turns towards ,s4 ,maria del ,fiore1 inclining to somewhat greater breadth1 and comes to form the angle that by those of our arts is called obtuse2 and that was the side on the right4 ,opposite1 and on the left-hand side1 there is a little piazza into which two streets lead1 one that comes from the great ,piazza di ,s4 ,maria ,novella1 and the other likewise from another piazza called the ,piazza ,vecchia4 ,in that little piazza1 which is in truth very ill proportioned1 there was built over all the lower part a structure in the form of an octagonal theatre1 the doors of which were rectangular and in the ,tuscan ,order2 and over each of them was seen a niche between two columns1 with cornices1 architraves1 and other ornaments1 rich and imposing1 of ,doric architecture1 and then1 rising higher1 there was formed the third range1 wherein was seen above the niches1 in each space1 a compartment with most beautiful ornaments in painting4 ,now it is but proper to remark that although it has been said that the doors below were rectangular and ,tuscan1 nevertheless the two by which the principal road entered and issued forth1 and by which the procession was to pass1 were made in the semblance of arches1 and projected for no small distance in the manner of vestibules1 one towards the entrance and the other towards the exit1 both the one and the other having been made as rich and ornate on the outer facade as was required for the sake of proportion4 ,having thus described the general form of the whole edifice1 let us come down to the details1 beginning with the front part1 which presented itself first to the eyes of passers-by and was after the manner of a triumphal arch1 as has been told1 in the ,corinthian ,order4 ,that arch was seen bordered on one side and on the other by two most warlike statues in armour1 each of which1 resting upon a graceful little door1 was seen likewise coming forth from the middle of a niche placed between two well-proportioned columns4 ,of these statues1 that which was to be seen on the right hand represented ,duke ,alessandro1 the son-in-law of the most illustrious ,charles ,v1 a ,prince spirited and bold1 and of most gracious manners1 holding in one hand his sword1 and in the other the ,ducal baton1 with a motto placed at his feet1 which said1 on account of his untimely death3 ,,si ,,fata ,,aspera ,,rumpas1 ,,alexander ,,eris4 ,on the left hand was seen1 portrayed like all the others from life1 the most valorous ,signor ,giovanni1 with the butt of a broken lance in the hand1 and likewise with his motto at his feet3 ,,italum ,,fortiss4 ,,ductor4 ,and since over the architraves of those four columns already described there were placed very spacious friezes in due proportion1 in the width covered by the niches there was seen above each of the statues a compartment between two pilasters2 in that above ,duke ,alessandro was seen in painting the device of a rhinoceros1 used by him1 with the motto3 ,,non ,,buelvo ,,sin ,,vencer2 and above the statue of ,signor ,giovanni1 in the same fashion1 his flaming thunderbolt4 ,above the arch in the centre1 which1 being more than seven braccia in width and more than two squares in height1 gave ample room for the procession to pass1 and above the cornice and the frontispieces1 there was seen seated in majestic beauty that of the wise and valorous ,duke ,cosimo1 the excellent father of the fortunate bridegroom1 likewise with his motto at his feet1 which said3 ,,pietate ,,insignis ,,et ,,armis2 and with a ,she-,wolf and a ,lion on either side of him1 representing ,siena and ,florence1 which1 supported and regarded lovingly by him1 seemed to be reposing affectionately together4 ,that statue was seen set in the frieze1 exactly in a line with the arch1 and between the pictures with the devices described2 and in that same width1 above the crowning cornice1 there rose on high another painted compartment1 with pilasters in due proportion1 cornice1 and other embellishments1 wherein with great fitness1 alluding to the election of the above-named ,duke ,cosimo1 was seen represented the story of the young ,david when he was anointed ,king by ,samuel1 with his motto3 ,a ,,domino ,,factum ,,est ,,istud4 ,and then1 above that last cornice1 which was raised a very great distance from the ground1 was seen the escutcheon of that most adventuresome family1 which1 large and magnificent as was fitting1 was likewise supported1 with the ,ducal ,crown1 by two ,victories also in imitation of marble2 and over the principal entrance of the arch1 in the most becoming place1 was the inscription1 which said3 ,,virtuti ,,felicitatique ,,illustrissimae ,,mediceae ,,familiae1 ,,quae ,,flos ,,italiae1 ,,lumen ,,etruriae1 ,,decus ,,patriae ,,semper ,,fuit1 ,,nunc ,,ascita ,,sibi ,,caesarea ,,sobole ,,civibus ,,securitatem ,,et ,,omni ,,suo ,,imperio ,,dignitatem ,,auxit1 ,,grata ,,patria ,,dicat4 ,entering within that arch1 one found a kind of loggia1 passing spacious and long1 with the vaulting above all painted and embellished with the most bizarre and beautiful ornaments and with various devices4 ,after which1 in two pilasters over which curved an arch1 through which was the entrance into the above-mentioned theatre1 there were seen opposite to one another two most graceful niches1 as it were conjoined with that second arch2 between which niches and the arch first described there were seen on the counterfeit walls that supported the loggia two spacious painted compartments1 the stories of which accompanied becomingly each its statue4 ,of these statues1 that on the right hand was made to represent the great ,cosimo1 called the ,elder1 who1 although there had been previously in the family of the ,medici many men noble and distinguished in arms and in civil actions1 was nevertheless the first founder of its extraordinary greatness1 and as it were the root of that plant which has since grown so happily to such magnificence4 ,in his picture was seen painted the supreme honour conferred upon him by his native ,florence1 when he was acclaimed by the public ,senate as ,pater ,patriae2 which was declared excellently well in the inscription that was seen below1 saying3 ,,cosmus ,,medices1 ,,vetere ,,honestissimo ,,omnium ,,senatus ,,consulto ,,renovato1 ,,parens ,,patriae ,,appellatur4 ,in the upper part of the same pilaster in which was placed the niche1 there was a little picture in due proportion wherein was portrayed his son1 the magnificent ,piero1 father of the glorious ,lorenzo1 likewise called the ,elder1 the one and true ,maecenas of his times1 and the magnanimous preserver of the peace of ,italy1 whose statue was seen in the other above-mentioned niche1 corresponding to that of the ,elder ,cosimo4 ,in the little picture1 which he in like manner had over his head1 was painted the portrait of his brother1 the magnificent ,giuliano1 the father of ,pope ,clement2 and in the large picture1 corresponding to that of ,cosimo1 was the public council held by all the ,italian ,princes1 wherein was seen formed1 by the advice of ,lorenzo1 that so stable and so prudent union by which1 as long as he was alive and it endured1 ,italy was seen brought to the height of felicity1 whereas afterwards1 ,lorenzo dying and that union perishing1 she was seen precipitated into such conflagrations1 calamities1 and ruin2 which was demonstrated no less clearly by the inscription that was beneath1 saying3 ,,laurentius ,,medices1 ,,belli ,,et ,,pacis ,,artibus ,,excellens1 ,,divino ,,suo ,,consilio ,,conjunctis ,,animis ,,et ,,opibus ,,principum ,,italorum ,,et ,,ingenti ,,italiae ,,tranquillitate ,,parta1 ,,parens ,,optimi ,,saeculi ,,appellatur4 ,now1 coming to the little piazza in which1 as has been told1 was placed the octagonal theatre1 as ,i shall call it1 and beginning from that first entrance to go round on the right hand1 let me say that the first part was occupied by that arch of the entrance1 above which1 in a frieze corresponding in height to the third and last range of the theatre1 were seen in four ovals the portrait of ,giovanni di ,bicci1 father of ,cosimo the ,elder1 and that of his son ,lorenzo1 brother of the same ,cosimo1 from whom this fortunate branch of the ,medici now reigning had its origin2 with that of ,pier ,francesco1 son of the above-named ,lorenzo1 and likewise that of another ,giovanni1 father of the warlike ,signor ,giovanni mentioned above4 ,in the second facade of the octagon1 which was joined to the entrance1 there was seen between two most ornate columns1 seated in a great niche1 with the royal staff in the hand1 a figure in marble1 like all the other statues1 of ,caterina1 the valorous ,queen of ,france1 with all the other ornaments that are required in architecture both lovely and heroic4 ,and in the third range above1 where1 as has been said1 the painted compartments came1 there was figured for her scene the same ,queen seated in majesty1 who had before her two most beautiful women in armour1 one of whom1 representing ,france1 and kneeling before her1 was shown presenting to her a handsome boy adorned with a royal crown1 even as the other1 who was ,spain1 standing1 was shown in like manner presenting to her a most lovely girl2 the boy being intended for the most ,christian ,charles ,,ix1 who is now revered as ,king of ,france1 and the girl the most noble ,queen of ,spain1 wife of the excellent ,king ,philip4 ,then1 about the same ,caterina1 were seen standing with much reverence some other smaller boys1 representing her other most gracious little children1 for whom a ,fortune appeared to be holding sceptres1 crowns1 and realms4 ,and since between that niche and the arch of the entrance1 on account of the disproportion of the site1 there was some space left over1 caused by the desire to make the arch not ungracefully awry1 but well-proportioned and straight1 for that reason there was placed there1 as it were in a niche1 a painted picture wherein by means of a ,prudence and a ,liberality1 who stood clasped in a close embrace1 it was shown very ingeniously with what guides the ,house of ,medici had come to such a height2 having above them1 painted in a little picture equal in breadth to the others of the third range1 a ,piety humble and devout1 recognized by the stork that was beside her1 round whom were seen many little ,angels that were showing to her various designs and models of the many churches1 monasteries1 and convents built by that magnificent and religious family4 ,now1 proceeding to the third side of the octagon1 where there was the arch by which one issued from the theatre1 over the frontispiece of that arch was placed1 as the heart of so many noble members1 the statue of the most excellent and amiable ,prince and ,spouse1 and at his feet the motto3 ,,spes ,,altera ,,florae4 ,in the frieze above--meaning1 as before1 that this came to the height of the third range--to correspond to the other arch1 where1 as has been told1 four portraits had been placed1 in that part1 also1 were four other similar portraits of his illustrious brothers1 accommodated in a similar manner2 those1 namely1 of the two very reverend ,cardinals1 ,giovanni of revered memory and the most gracious ,ferdinando1 and those of the handsome ,signor ,don ,garzia and the amiable ,signor ,don ,pietro4 ,then1 to go on to the fourth face1 since the corner of the houses that are there1 not giving room for the hollow of any recess1 did not permit of the usual niche being made there1 in its stead was seen accommodated with beautiful artifice1 corresponding to the niches1 a very large inscription that said3 ,,hi1 ,,quos ,,sacra ,,vides ,,redimitos ,,tempora ,,mitra ,,pontifices ,,triplici1 ,,romam ,,totumque ,,piorum ,,concilium ,,rexere ,,pii2 ,,sed ,,qui ,,prope ,,fulgent ,,illustri ,e ,,gente ,,insignes ,,sagulisve ,,togisve ,,heroes1 ,,claram ,,patriam ,,populumque ,,potentem ,,imperiis ,,auxere ,,suis ,,certaque ,,salute4 ,,nam ,,semel ,,italiam ,,donarunt ,,aurea ,,saecla1 ,,conjugio ,,augusto ,,decorant ,,nunc ,,et ,,mage ,,firmant4 ,above it1 in place of scene and picture1 there were painted in two ovals the two devices1 one of the fortunate ,duke1 the ,capricorn with the seven ,stars and with the motto1 ,,fiducia ,,fati2 and the other of the excellent ,prince1 the ,weasel1 with the motto1 ,,amat ,,victoria ,,curam4 ,then in the three niches that came in the three following facades were the statues of the three ,supreme ,pontiffs who have come from that family2 all rejoicing1 likewise1 to lend their honourable presence to so great a festival1 as if every favour human and divine1 every excellence in arms1 letters1 wisdom1 and religion1 and every kind of sovereignty1 were assembled together to vie in rendering those splendid nuptials august and happy4 ,of those ,pontiffs one was ,pius ,,iv1 departed a short time before to a better life1 over whose head1 in his picture1 was seen painted how1 after the intricate disputes were ended at ,trent and the sacrosanct ,council was finished1 the two ,cardinal ,legates presented to him its inviolable decrees2 even as in that of ,leo ,x was seen the conference held by him with ,francis ,i1 ,king of ,france1 whereby with prudent counsel he bridled the vehemence of that bellicose and victorious ,prince1 so that he did not turn all ,italy upside down1 as he might perchance have done1 and as he was certainly able to do2 and in that of ,clement ,,vii was the ,coronation1 performed by him in ,bologna1 of the great ,charles ,v4 ,but in the last facade1 which hit against the acute angle of the houses of the ,carnesecchi1 by which the straight line of that facade of the octagon was no little interrupted1 nevertheless there was made with gracious and pleasing artifice another masterly inscription1 after the likeness of the other1 but curving somewhat outwards1 which said3 ,,pontifices ,,summos ,,medicum ,,domus ,,alta ,,leonem1 ,,clementem ,,deinceps1 ,,edidit ,,inde ,,pium4 ,,quid ,,tot ,,nunc ,,referam ,,insignes ,,pietate ,,vel ,,armis ,,magnanimosque ,,duces ,,egregiosque ,,viros8 ,,gallorum ,,inter ,,quos ,,late ,,regina ,,refulget1 ,,haec ,,regis ,,conjunx1 ,,haec ,,eadem ,,genitrix4 ,such1 as a whole1 was the interior of the theatre described above2 but although it may appear to have been described minutely enough1 it is none the less true that an infinity of other ornaments1 pictures1 devices1 and a thousand most bizarre and most beautiful fantasies which were placed throughout the ,doric cornices and many spaces according to opportunity1 making a very rich and gracious effect1 have been omitted as not being essential1 in order not to weary the perhaps already tired reader2 and anyone who delights in such things may imagine that no part was left without being finished with supreme mastery1 consummate judgment1 and infinite loveliness4 ,and a most pleasing and beautiful finish was given to the highest range by the many arms that were seen distributed there in due proportion1 which were ,medici and ,austria for the illustrious ,prince1 the bridegroom1 and her ,highness2 ,medici and ,toledo for the ,duke1 his father2 ,medici and ,austria again1 recognized by the three feathers as belonging to his predecessor ,alessandro2 ,medici and ,boulogne in ,picardy for ,lorenzo1 ,duke of ,urbino2 ,medici and ,savoy for ,duke ,giuliano2 ,medici and ,orsini for the double kinship of the ,elder ,lorenzo and his son ,piero2 ,medici and the ,viper for the above-named ,giovanni1 husband of ,caterina ,sforza2 ,medici and ,salviati for the glorious ,signor ,giovanni1 his son2 ,france and ,medici for her most serene ,highness the ,queen2 ,ferrara and ,medici for the ,duke1 with one of the sisters of the most excellent bridegroom2 and ,orsini and ,medici for the other most gentle sister1 married to the illustrious ,signor ,paolo ,giordano1 ,duke of ,bracciano4 ,it now remains for us to describe the last part of the theatre and the exit1 which1 corresponding in size1 in proportion1 and in every other respect to the entrance already described1 there will be little labour1 ,i believe1 in making known to the intelligent reader2 save only that the arch which formed the facade there1 facing towards ,s4 ,maria del ,fiore1 had been constructed1 as a part less important1 without statues and with somewhat less magnificence1 and in their stead there had been placed over that arch a very large inscription1 which said3 ,,virtus ,,rara ,,tibi1 ,,stirps ,,illustrissima1 ,,quondam ,,clarum ,,tuscorum ,,detulit ,,imperium2 ,,quod ,,cosmus ,,forti ,,praefunctus ,,munere ,,martis ,,protulit ,,et ,,justa ,,cum ,,ditione ,,regit3 ,,nunc ,,eadem ,,major ,,divina ,e ,,gente ,,joannam ,,allicit ,,in ,,regnum ,,conciliatque ,,toro4 ,,quae ,,si ,,crescet ,,item ,,ventura ,,in ,,prole ,,nepotes1 ,,aurea ,,gens ,,tuscis ,,exorietur ,,agris4 ,in the two pilasters that were at the beginning of the passage1 or vestibule1 as we have called it 7over which pilasters rose the arch of the exit1 upon which was the statue of the illustrious bridegroom71 were seen two niches1 in one of which was placed the statue of the most gentle ,giuliano1 ,duke of ,nemours1 the younger brother of ,leo and ,gonfalonier of ,holy ,church1 who had likewise in the little picture that was above him the portrait of the magnanimous ,cardinal ,ippolito1 his son1 and1 in the picture that stretched towards the exit1 the scene of the ,capitoline ,theatre1 dedicated to him by the ,roman people in the year #aeac1 with an inscription to make this known1 which said3 ,,julianus ,,medices ,,eximiae ,,virtutis ,,et ,,probitatis ,,ergo ,,summis ,a ,,pop4 ,,rom4 ,,honoribus ,,decoratur1 ,,renovata ,,specie ,,antiquae ,,dignitatis ,,ac ,,laetitiae4 ,in the other niche1 corresponding to the first statue1 and1 like it1 standing and in armour1 was seen the statue of ,lorenzo the ,younger1 ,duke of ,urbino1 with a sword in the hand2 and in the little picture above him he had the portrait of his father ,piero1 and in the other picture the scene when the general's baton was given to him with such happy augury by his native ,florence1 likewise with an inscription to explain it1 which said3 ,,laurentius ,,med4 ,,junior ,,maxima ,,invictae ,,virtutis ,,indole1 ,,summum ,,in ,,re ,,militari ,,imperium ,,maximo ,,suorum ,,civium ,,amore ,,et ,,spe ,,adipiscitur4 ,,of ,,the ,,canto ,,alla ,,paglia4 ,at the corner which from the straw that is constantly sold there is called the ,canto alla ,paglia1 there was made another arch of great beauty and not less rich and imposing than any of the others4 ,now it may perchance appear to some1 for the reason that all or the greater part of those ornaments have been extolled by us as in the highest rank of beauty and excellence of artistry1 pomp1 and richness1 that this has been done by reason of a certain manner of writing inclined to overmuch praise and exaggeration4 ,but everyone may take it as very certain that those works1 besides leaving a long way behind them all things of that kind as were ever executed in that city1 and perhaps in any other place1 were also such1 and ordained with such grandeur1 magnificence1 and liberality by those magnanimous ,lords1 and executed in such a manner by the craftsmen1 that they surpassed by a great measure every expectation1 and took away from no matter what writer all force and power to attain with the pen to the excellence of the reality4 ,now1 to return1 ,i say that in that place--in that part1 namely1 where the street that leads from the ,archbishop's ,palace into the ,borgo ,s4 ,lorenzo1 dividing the above-named ,strada della ,paglia1 forms a perfect crossing of the ways1 was made the ornament already mentioned1 much after the likeness of the ancient four-fronted ,temple of ,janus2 and1 for the reason that from there the ,cathedral ,church could be seen1 it was ordained by those truly religious ,princes that it should be dedicated to sacrosanct ,religion1 in which how eminent all ,tuscany1 and ,florence in particular1 has been at all times1 ,i do not believe that it is necessary for me to take much pains to demonstrate4 ,and therein the intention was that since ,florence had brought with her1 as was told at the beginning1 as her handmaids and companions1 to give the first welcome to the new bride1 some of the virtues or attributes that had raised her to greatness1 and in which she could well vaunt herself1 the intention1 ,i say1 was to show that there also1 for a no less necessary office1 she had left ,religion1 that she1 awaiting the bride1 might in a certain manner introduce her into the vast and most ornate church so near at hand4 ,that arch1 then1 which was in a very broad street1 as has been told1 was seen formed of four very ornate facades1 the first of which presented itself to the eyes of one going in the direction of the ,carnesecchi1 and another1 following the limb of the cross1 faced towards ,s4 ,giovanni and the ,duomo of ,s4 ,maria del ,fiore1 leaving two other facades on the cross-limb of the cross1 one of which looked towards ,s4 ,lorenzo and the other towards the ,archbishop's ,palace4 ,and now1 to describe in order and with as much clearness as may be possible the composition and the beauty of the whole1 ,i say--beginning again with the front part1 to which that at the back was wholly similar in the composition of the ornaments1 without failing in any point--that in the centre of the wide street was seen the very broad entrance of the arch1 which rose to a beautifully proportioned height1 and on either side of it were seen two immense niches bordered by two similar ,corinthian columns1 all painted with sacred books1 mitres1 thuribles1 chalices1 and other sacerdotal instruments1 in place of trophies and spoils4 ,above these1 and above the regular cornices and friezes1 which projected somewhat further outwards than those which came over the arch in the centre1 but were exactly equal to them in height1 was seen another cornice1 as of a door or window1 curving between the one column and the other in a quarter-round1 which1 seeming to form a separate niche1 made an effect as graceful and lovely as could well be imagined4 ,above that last cornice1 then1 rose a frieze of a height and magnificence in accord with the proportions of so great a beginning1 with certain great consoles1 carved and overlaid with gold1 which came exactly in perpendicular lines with the columns already described2 and upon them rested another magnificent and very ornate cornice1 with four very large candelabra likewise overlaid with gold and1 like all the columns1 bases1 capitals1 cornices1 architraves1 and every other thing1 picked out with various carvings and colours1 and also standing in line with the great consoles and the columns above described4 ,now in the centre1 springing above the said consoles1 two cornices were seen rising1 and little by little forming an angle1 and finally uniting as a frontispiece1 over which1 upon a very rich and beautiful base1 was seated an immense statue with a ,cross in the hand1 representing the most holy ,christian ,religion1 at whose feet1 one on either side of her1 were seen two other similar statues which seemed to be lying upon the cornice of the above-named frontispiece1 one of which1 that on the right hand1 with three children about her1 represented ,charity1 and the other ,hope4 ,then in the space1 or1 to speak more precisely1 in the angle of the frontispiece1 there was seen as the principal device of that arch the ancient ,labarum with the ,cross1 and with the motto1 ,,in ,,hoc ,,vinces1 sent to ,constantine2 beneath which was seen set with beautiful grace a very large escutcheon of the ,medici with three ,papal crowns1 in keeping with the idea of ,religion1 for the three ,pontiffs whom she has had from that house4 ,and on the first level cornice1 on either side1 was seen a statue corresponding to the niche already described which came between the two columns2 one of which1 that on the right hand1 was a most beautiful young woman in full armour1 with the spear and shield1 such as ,minerva used to be represented in ancient times1 save that in place of the head of ,medusa there was seen a great red cross on her breast1 which caused her to be recognized with ease as the new ,order of ,s4 ,stephen1 founded so devoutly by our glorious and magnanimous ,duke4 ,the other on the left hand was seen all adorned with sacerdotal and civil vestments in place of arms1 and with a great cross in the hand in place of a spear2 and these1 towering over the whole structure in most beautiful accord with the others1 made a very imposing and marvellous effect4 ,next1 in the frieze that came between that last cornice and the architrave that rested upon the columns1 where according to the order of the composition there came three compartments1 were seen painted the three kinds of true religion that have been from the creation of the world down to the present day4 ,in the first of these1 which came on the right hand beneath the armed statue1 was seen painted that kind of religion which reigned in the time of natural law1 in those few who had it true and good1 although they had not a perfect knowledge of ,god1 wherefore there was seen figured ,melchizedek offering bread and wine and other fruits of the earth4 ,even so1 in the picture on the left hand1 which came in like manner beneath the statue of peaceful ,religion1 was seen the other religion1 ordained by ,god through the hands of ,moses1 and more perfect than the first1 but all so veiled with images and figures1 that these did not permit the final and perfect clearness of ,divine worship to be fully revealed2 to signify which there were seen ,moses and ,aaron sacrificing the ,paschal ,lamb to ,god4 ,but in the central picture1 which came exactly beneath the large and above-described statues of ,religion1 ,charity1 and ,hope1 and over the principal arch1 and which in proportion with the greater space was much larger1 there was seen figured an altar1 and upon it a ,chalice with the ,host1 which is the true and evangelic ,sacrifice2 about which were seen some figures kneeling1 and over it a ,holy ,spirit in the midst of many little ,angels1 who were holding in their hands a scroll in which was written1 ,,in ,,spiritu ,,et ,,veritate2 so that it appeared that they were repeating those words in song1 ,spiritus meaning all that concerns the sacrifice natural and corporeal1 and ,veritas all that appertains to the legal2 which was all by way of image and figure4 ,beneath the whole scene was a most beautiful inscription1 which1 supported by two other ,angels1 rested on the cornice of the central arch1 saying3 ,,verae ,,religioni1 ,,quae ,,virtutum ,,omnium ,,fundamentum1 ,,publicarum ,,rerum ,,firmamentum1 ,,privatarum ,,ornamentum1 ,,et ,,humanae ,,totius ,,vitae ,,lumen ,,continet1 ,,etruria ,,semper ,,dux ,,et ,,magistra ,,illius ,,habita1 ,,et ,,eadem ,,nunc ,,antiqua ,,et ,,sua ,,propria ,,laude ,,maxime ,,florens1 ,,libentissime ,,consecravit4 ,but coming to the lower part1 and returning to the niche which came on the right hand1 between the two columns and beneath the armed ,religion1 and which1 although in painting1 by reason of the chiaroscuro appeared as if in relief2 there1 ,i say1 was seen the statue of our present most pious ,duke in the habit of a ,knight of ,s4 ,stephen1 with the cross in his hand1 and with the following inscription1 which had the appearance of real carving1 over his head and above the niche1 saying3 ,,cosmus ,,medic4 ,,floren4 ,,et ,,senar4 ,,dux ,,ii1 ,,sacram ,d4 ,,stephani ,,militiam ,,christianae ,,pietatis ,,et ,,bellicae ,,virtutis ,,domicilium ,,fundavit1 ,,anno ,,mdlxi4 ,even as on the base of the same niche1 between the two pedestals of the columns1 which were fashioned in the ,corinthian proportions1 there was seen painted the ,taking of ,damiata1 achieved by the prowess of the valiant knights of ,florence2 as it were auguring for those his new knights similar glory and valour4 ,and in the lunette or semi-circle which came above the two columns1 there was seen his private and particular escutcheon of balls1 which1 by the red cross that was added to it with beautiful grace1 made it clearly manifest that it was that of the ,grand ,master and ,chief of the ,order4 ,now1 for the public and universal satisfaction1 and in order to revive the memory of those who1 born in that city or that province1 became illustrious for integrity of character and for sanctity of life1 and founders of some revered ,order1 and also to kindle the minds of all beholders to imitation of their goodness and perfection1 it was thought right and proper1 since there had been placed on the right hand1 as has been related1 the statue of the ,duke1 founder of the holy military ,order of ,s4 ,stephen1 to set on the other side that of ,s4 ,giovanni ,gualberto1 who was likewise a knight of the household1 according to the custom of those times1 and the first founder and father of the ,order of ,vallombrosa4 ,most fittingly1 even as the ,duke was beneath the armed statue1 in like manner he was seen standing beneath the sacerdotal statue of ,religion1 in the habit of a knight1 pardoning his enemy2 having in the frontispiece over the niche a similar escutcheon of the ,medici1 with three ,cardinal's hats1 and on the base the story of the miracle that took place at ,badia di ,settimo1 when the friar1 by the command of the above-named ,s4 ,giovanni ,gualberto1 to the confusion of the heretics and simonists1 passed with his benediction and with a cross in his hand through the midst of a raging fire2 with the inscription likewise in a little tablet above him1 which made all that manifest1 saying3 ,,joannes ,,gualbertus1 ,,eques ,,nobiliss4 ,,floren41 ,,vallis ,,umbrosae ,,familiae ,,auctor ,,fuit1 ,,anno ,,mlxi4 ,with which was terminated that most ornate and beautiful principal facade4 ,entering beneath the arch1 one saw there a passing spacious loggia1 or passage1 or vestibule1 whichever we may choose to call it2 and in exactly the same manner were seen formed the three other entrances1 which1 being joined together at the intersection of the two streets1 left in the centre a space about eight braccia square4 ,there the four arches rose to the height of those without1 and the pendentives curved in the manner of a vault as if a little cupola were to spring over them2 but when these had reached the cornice curving right round1 at the point where the vault of the cupola would have had to begin to rise1 there sprang a gallery of gilded balusters1 above which was seen a choir of most beautiful ,angels1 dancing most gracefully in a ring and singing in sweetest harmony2 while for greater grace1 and to the end that there might be light everywhere beneath the arch1 in place of a cupola there was left the free and open sky4 ,and in the spaces or spandrels1 whichever they may be called1 of the four angles1 which of necessity1 narrow at their springing1 opened out as they rose nearer to the cornice in accordance with the curve of the arch1 were painted with no less grace in four rounds the four beasts mystically imagined by ,ezekiel and by ,john the ,divine for the four writers of the holy ,evangel4 ,but to return to the first of those four loggie or vestibules1 as we have called them2 the vaults there were seen distributed with very graceful and lovely divisions1 and all adorned and painted with various little scenes and with the arms and devices of those religious ,orders which were above or beside them1 and in whose service1 principally1 they were there4 ,thus on the facade of that first one on the right hand1 which was joined to the ,duke's niche1 there was seen painted in a spacious picture the same ,duke giving the habit to his knights1 with those observances and ceremonies that are customary with them2 in the most distant part1 which represented ,pisa1 could be perceived the noble building of their palace1 church1 and hospital1 and on the base1 in an inscription for the explanation of the scene1 could be read these words3 ,,cosmus ,,med4 ,,flor4 ,,et ,,senar4 ,,dux ,,ii1 ,,equitibus ,,suis ,,divino ,,consilio ,,creatis ,,magnifice ,,pieque ,,insignia ,,et ,,sedem ,,praebet ,,largeque ,,rebus ,,omnibus ,,instruit4 ,even as in the other on the opposite side1 attached to the niche of ,s4 ,giovanni ,gualberto1 was seen how that same ,saint founded his first and principal monastery in the midst of the wildest forests2 with an inscription likewise on the base1 which said3 ,s4 ,,jo4 ,,gualbertus ,,in ,,vallombrosiano ,,monte1 ,,ab ,,interventoribus ,,et ,,illecebris ,,omnibus ,,remoto ,,loco1 ,,domicilium ,,ponit ,,sacris ,,suis ,,sodalibus4 ,now1 having despatched the front facade1 and passing to that at the back1 and describing it in the same manner1 the less to hinder a clear understanding1 we shall say1 as has also been said before1 that in height1 in size1 in the compartments1 in the columns1 and1 finally1 in every other ornament1 it corresponded completely to that already described1 save that whereas the first had on the highest summit in the centre the three great statues described above1 ,religion1 ,charity1 and ,hope1 the other had in place of these only a most beautiful altar all composed and adorned after the ancient use1 upon which1 even as one reads of ,vesta1 was seen burning a very bright flame4 ,on the right hand1 towards ,s4 ,giovanni1 there was seen standing a great statue in becoming vestments and gazing intently on ,heaven1 representing the ,contemplative ,life1 which came exactly in a perpendicular line over the great niche between the two columns1 as has been described in the other facade2 and on the other side another great statue like it1 but very active1 with the arms bare and with the head crowned with flowers1 representing the ,active ,life2 in which statues were comprised very fittingly all the qualities that appertain to the ,christian ,religion4 ,in the frieze between the one cornice and the other1 which corresponded to that of the other part1 and which was likewise divided into three compartments1 there were seen in the largest1 which was in the centre1 three men in ,roman dress presenting twelve little children to some old and venerable ,tuscans1 to the end that these1 being instructed by them in their religion1 might demonstrate in what repute the ,tuscan religion was held in ancient times among the ,romans and all other nations3 with a motto to explain this1 taken from that perfect law of ,cicero1 which said3 ,,etruria ,,principes ,,disciplinam ,,doceto4 ,beneath which was the inscription1 similar and corresponding to that already given from the other facade1 which said3 ,,frugibus ,,inventis ,,doctae ,,celebrantur ,,athenae1 ,,roma ,,ferox ,,armis ,,imperioque ,,potens4 ,,at ,,nostra ,,haec ,,mitis ,,provincia ,,etruria ,,ritu ,,divino ,,et ,,cultu ,,nobiliore ,,dei1 ,,unam ,,quam ,,perhibent ,,artes ,,tenuisse ,,piandi ,,numinis1 ,,et ,,ritus ,,edocuisse ,,sacros2 ,,nunc ,,eadem ,,sedes ,,verae ,,est ,,pietatis1 ,,et ,,illi ,,hos ,,numquam ,,titulos ,,auferet ,,ulla ,,dies4 ,in one of the two smaller pictures1 that which came on the right hand1 since it is thought that the ancient religion of the ,gentiles 7which not without reason was placed on the west7 is divided into two parts1 and consists1 above all1 of augury and sacrifice1 there was seen painted according to that use an ancient priest who with marvellous solicitude was standing all intent on considering the entrails of the animals sacrificed1 which were placed before him in a great basin by the ministers of the sacrifice2 and in the other picture an augur like him with the crooked lituus in the hand1 drawing in the sky the regions proper for taking auguries from certain birds that were shown flying above4 ,now1 descending lower1 and coming to the niches2 in that1 ,i say1 which was on the right hand1 was seen ,s4 ,romualdo1 who in this our country1 a land set apart1 as it were1 by ,nature for religion and sanctity1 founded on the wild ,apennine mountains the holy ,hermitage of ,camaldoli1 whence that ,order had its origin and name2 with the inscription over the niche1 which said3 ,,romualdus ,,in ,,hac ,,nostra ,,plena ,,sanctitatis ,,terra1 ,,camaldulensium ,,ordinem ,,collocavit ,,anno ,,mxii4 ,and on the base the story of the sleeping hermit who saw in a dream the staircase similar to that of ,jacob1 which1 passing beyond the clouds1 ascended even to ,heaven4 ,on the facade which was joined to the niche1 and which passed1 as was said of the other1 under the vestibule1 was seen painted the building of the above-named hermitage in that wild place1 carried out with marvellous care and magnificence2 with the inscription1 which in explanation said3 ,,sanctus ,,romualdus ,,in ,,camaldulensi ,,sylvestri ,,loco1 ,,divinitus ,,sibi ,,ostenso ,,et ,,divinae ,,contemplationi ,,aptissimo1 ,,suo ,,gravissimo ,,collegio ,,sedes ,,quietissimas ,,extruit4 ,in the niche on the left hand was seen the ,blessed ,filippo ,benizi1 one of our citizens1 who was little less than the founder of the ,servite ,order1 and without a doubt its first ordinator2 and he1 although he was accompanied by seven other noble ,florentines1 the one niche not being large enough to contain them all1 was placed therein alone1 as the most worthy2 with the inscription above1 which said3 ,,philippus ,,benitius ,,civis ,,noster ,,instituit ,,et ,,rebus ,,omnibus ,,ornavit ,,servorum ,,familiam1 ,,anno ,,mcclxxxv4 ,with the story of the ,annunciation1 likewise1 on the base1 wherein was the ,virgin supported by many little ,angels1 with one among them who was shown scattering a beautiful vase of flowers over a vast multitude that stood there in supplication2 representing the innumerable graces that are seen bestowed daily by her intercession on the faithful who with devout zeal commend themselves to her4 ,in the other scene1 in the great picture that came in the passage below1 were the same ,s4 ,filippo and the seven above-mentioned noble citizens throwing off the civil habit of ,florence and assuming that of the ,servite ,order1 and shown all occupied with directing the building of their beautiful monastery1 which is now to be seen in ,florence1 but was then without the city1 and the venerable and most ornate ,church of the ,annunziata1 so celebrated throughout the whole world for innumerable miracles1 which has been ever since the head of that ,order2 with the inscription1 which said3 ,,septem ,,nobiles ,,cives ,,nostri ,,in ,,sacello ,,nostrae ,,urbis1 ,,toto ,,nunc ,,orbe ,,religionis ,,et ,,sanctitatis ,,fama ,,clarissimo1 ,,se ,,totos ,,religioni ,,dedunt ,,et ,,semina ,,jaciunt ,,ordinis ,,servorum ,d4 ,,mariae ,,virg4 ,there remain the two facades which formed as it were arms1 as has been told1 to the straight limb of the cross4 ,these were smaller than those already described1 which was caused by the narrowness of the two streets that begin there2 wherefore1 since less space came to be left for the magnificence of the work1 in order consequently not to depart from the due proportion of height in their much smaller size1 with much judgment the arch which gave passage there had on either side not a niche but a single column2 over which rose a frieze in due proportion1 in the centre of which was a painted picture that crowned the ornamentation of that facade1 but not without an infinity of such other embellishments1 devices1 and pictures as were thought to be proper in such a place4 ,now1 that whole structure being dedicated to the glory and power of the true ,religion and to the memory of her glorious victories1 they chose the two most noble and most important victories1 won over two most powerful and particular adversaries1 human wisdom namely1 under which are comprised philosophers and heretics1 and worldly power3 and on the part facing towards the ,archbishop's ,palace was seen depicted how ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul and the other ,apostles1 filled with the divine spirit1 disputed with a great number of philosophers and many others full of human wisdom1 some of whom1 those most confused1 were seen throwing away or tearing up the books that they held in their hands1 and others1 such as ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 ,justinus1 ,pantaenus1 and the like1 were coming towards them1 all humble and devout1 in token of having recognized and accepted the ,evangelic truth2 with the motto in explanation of this1 which said3 ,,non ,,est ,,sapientia1 ,,non ,,est ,,prudentia4 ,in the other scene towards the ,archbishop's ,palace1 on the other side from the first1 were seen the same ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul and the others in the presence of ,nero and many of his armed satellites1 boldly and freely preaching the truth of the ,evangel2 with the motto--,,non ,,est ,,fortitudo1 ,,non ,,est ,,potentia1 referring to that which follows in ,solomon1 whence the motto is taken--,,contra ,,dominum4 ,of the facades which came under the two vaults of those two arches1 in one1 on the side towards the ,archbishop's ,palace1 was seen the ,blessed ,giovanni ,colombini1 an honoured citizen of ,siena1 making a beginning with the ,company of the ,ingesuati by throwing off the citizen's habit on the ,campo di ,siena and assuming that of a miserable beggar1 and giving the same habit to many who with great zeal were demanding it from him2 with the inscription1 which said3 ,,origo ,,collegii ,,pauperum1 ,,qui ,,ab ,,jesu ,,cognomen ,,acceperunt2 ,,cujus ,,ordinis ,,princeps ,,fuit ,,joannes ,,colombinus1 ,,domo ,,senensis1 ,,anno ,,mcccli4 ,and in the other1 on the opposite side1 were seen other gentlemen1 likewise of ,siena1 before ,guido ,pietramalesco1 ,bishop of ,arezzo1 to whom a commission had been given by the ,pope that he should inquire into their lives2 and they were all intent on making manifest to him the wish and desire that they had to create the ,order of ,monte ,oliveto1 which was seen approved by that ,bishop1 exhorting them to put into execution the building of that vast and most holy monastery1 which they erected afterwards at ,monte ,oliveto in the district of ,siena1 and of which they were shown to have brought thither a model2 with the inscription1 which said3 ,,instituitur ,,sacer ,,ordo ,,monacorum ,,qui ,,ab ,,oliveto ,,monte ,,nominatur1 ,,auctoribus ,,nobilibus ,,civibus ,,senensibus1 ,,anno ,,mcccxix4 ,on the side towards ,s4 ,lorenzo was seen the building of the most famous ,oratory of ,la ,vernia1 at the expense in great part of the devout ,counts ,guidi1 at that time lords of that country1 and by the agency of the glorious ,s4 ,francis1 who1 moved by the solitude of the place1 made his way thither1 and was visited there by ,our ,lord the ,crucified ,jesus ,christ and marked with the ,stigmata2 with the inscription that explained all this1 saying3 ,,asperrimum ,,agri ,,nostri ,,montem ,,divus ,,franciscus ,,elegit1 ,,in ,,quo ,,summo ,,ardore ,,domini ,,nostri ,,salutarem ,,necem ,,contemplaretur1 ,,isque ,,notis ,,plagarum ,,in ,,corpore ,,ipsius ,,expressis ,,divinitus ,,conservatur4 ,even as on the opposite side was seen the ,celebration held in ,florence of the ,council under ,eugenius ,,iv1 when the ,greek ,church1 so long at discord with the ,latin1 was reunited with her1 and the true ,faith1 it may be said1 was restored to her pristine clearness and purity2 which was likewise made manifest by the inscription1 saying3 ,,numine ,,dei ,,optimi ,,max4 ,,et ,,singulari ,,civium ,,nostrorum ,,religionis ,,studio1 ,,eligitur ,,urbs ,,nostra ,,in ,,qua ,,graecia1 ,,amplissimum ,,membrum ,a ,,christiana ,,pietate ,,disjunctum1 ,,reliquo ,,ecclesiae ,,corpori ,,conjungeretur4 ,,of ,s4 ,,maria ,,del ,,fiore4 ,as for the ,cathedral ,church1 the central ,duomo of the city1 although it is in itself stupendous and most ornate1 nevertheless1 since the new ,lady was to halt there1 met by all the clergy1 as she did1 it was thought well to embellish it with all possible pomp and show of religion1 and with lights1 festoons1 shields1 and a vast and very well distributed quantity of banners4 ,at the principal door1 in particular1 there was made in the ,ionic ,order of composition a marvellous and most graceful ornament1 in which1 in addition to the rest1 which was in truth excellently well conceived1 rich and rare beyond all else appeared ten little stories of the actions of the glorious ,mother of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 executed in low-relief1 which1 since they were judged by all who saw them to be of admirable artistry1 it is hoped that some day they may be seen in bronze in competition with the marvellous and stupendous gates of the ,temple of ,s4 ,giovanni1 and even1 as in a more favoured age1 more pleasing and more beautiful2 but at that time1 although of clay1 they were seen all overlaid with gold1 and were let in a graceful pattern of compartments into the wooden door1 which likewise had the appearance of gold4 ,above which1 besides an immense escutcheon of the ,medici with the ,papal ,keys and ,crown1 supported by ,operation and ,grace1 were seen painted in a very beautiful canvas all the tutelary ,saints of the city1 who1 turned towards a ,madonna and the ,child that she was holding in her arms1 appeared to be praying to her for the welfare and felicity of ,florence2 even as over all1 as the principal device1 and with most lovely invention1 was seen a little ship which1 with the aid of a favourable wind1 appeared to be speeding with full sail towards a most tranquil port1 signifying that ,christian actions are in need of the divine grace1 but that it is also necessary on our part to add to them1 as not being passive1 good disposition and activity4 ,which was likewise made clearly manifest by the motto1 which said1 ,greek3 ,syn ,theo2 and even more by the very short inscription that was seen beneath1 saying3 ,,confirma ,,hoc ,,deus ,,quod ,,operatus ,,es ,,in ,,nobis4 ,,of ,,the ,,horse4 ,on the ,piazza di ,s4 ,pulinari1 not in connection with the tribunal that was near there1 but to the end that the great space between the ,duomo and the next arch might not remain empty1 although the street is very beautiful1 there was made with marvellous artistry and subtle invention the figure of an immense1 very excellent1 very fiery and well-executed horse1 more than nine braccia in height1 which was rearing up on the hind-legs2 and upon it was seen a young hero in full armour and in aspect all filled with valour1 who had just wounded to death with his spear1 the butt of which was seen at his feet1 a vast monster that was stretched all limp beneath his horse1 and already he had laid his hand on a glittering sword1 as if about to smite him again1 and seemed to marvel to what straits the monster had been reduced by the first blow4 ,that hero represented the true ,herculean ,virtue1 which1 as ,dante said so well1 chased through every town and banished to ,hell the dissipatrix of kingdoms and republics1 the mother of discord1 injury1 rapine1 and injustice1 that evil power1 finally1 that is commonly called ,vice or ,fraud1 hidden under the form of a woman young and fair1 but with a great scorpion's tail2 and1 slaying her1 he seemed to have restored the city to the tranquillity and peace in which she is seen at the present day1 thanks to her excellent ,lords1 reposing and flourishing so happily4 ,which was demonstrated in a manner no less masterly by the device1 placed fittingly on the great base1 in which1 in the centre of an open temple supported by many columns1 upon a sacred altar1 was seen the ,egyptian ,ibis1 which was shown tearing with the beak and with the claws some serpents that were wound round its legs2 with a motto that said aptly3 ,,praemia ,,digna4 ,,of ,,the ,,borgo ,,de' ,,greci4 ,even so1 also1 at the corner of the ,borgo de' ,greci1 to the end that in the turn that was made in going towards the ,dogana1 the eyes might have something on which to feast with delight1 it was thought well to form a little closed arch of ,doric architecture1 dedicating it to ,public ,merriment2 which was demonstrated by the statue of a woman crowned with a garland and all joyous and smiling1 which was in the principal place1 with a motto in explanation1 saying3 ,,hilaritas ,p4,p4 ,,florent4 ,below her1 in the midst of many grotesques and many graceful little stories of ,bacchus1 were seen two most charming little ,satyrs1 which with two skins that they held on their shoulders were pouring into a very beautiful fountain1 as was done in the other1 white and red wine2 and as in the other the fish1 so in this one two swans that were under the boys1 played a trick on him who drank too much by means of jets of water that at times spurted with force from the vase2 with a graceful motto that said3 ,,abite ,,lymphae ,,vini ,,pernicies4 ,above and around the large statue were seen many others1 both ,satyrs and ,bacchanals1 who1 shown in a thousand pleasing ways drinking1 dancing1 singing1 and playing all those pranks that the drunken are wont to play1 seemed as if chanting the motto written above them3 ,,nunc ,,est ,,bibendum1 ,,nunc ,,pede ,,libero ,,pulsanda ,,tellus4 ,,of ,,the ,,arch ,,of ,,the ,,dogana4 ,it appeared1 among the many prerogatives1 excellences1 and graces with which fair ,florence adorned herself1 distributing them over various places1 as has been shown1 to receive and accompany her illustrious ,princess1 it appeared1 ,i say1 that the sole sovereign and head of them all1 ,civil ,virtue or ,prudence1 queen and mistress of the art of ruling and governing well peoples and states1 had been passed over up to this point without receiving any attention2 as to which ,prudence1 although to the great praise and glory of ,florence it could be demonstrated amply in many of her children in past times1 nevertheless1 having at the present time in her most excellent ,lords the most recent1 the most true1 and without a doubt the most splendid example that has ever been seen in her up to our own day1 it was thought that their magnanimous actions were best fitted to express and demonstrate that virtue4 ,and with what good reason1 and how clearly without any taint of adulation1 but only by the grateful minds of the best citizens1 this honour was paid to them1 anyone who is not possessed by blind envy 7by whose venomous bite whoever has ruled at any time has always been molested71 may judge with ease1 looking not only at the pure and upright government of their happily adventuresome ,state and at its preservation among difficulties1 but also at its memorable1 ample1 and glorious increase1 brought about certainly not less by the infinite fortitude1 constancy1 patience1 and vigilance of its most prudent ,duke1 than by the benign favour of prosperous ,fortune4 ,all which came to be expressed excellently well in the inscription set with most beautiful grace in a fitting place1 embracing the whole conception of the whole ornament1 and saying3 ,,rebus ,,urbanis ,,constitutis1 ,,finib4 ,,imperii ,,propagatis1 ,,re ,,militari ,,ornata1 ,,pace ,,ubique ,,parta1 ,,civitatis ,,imperiique ,,dignitate ,,aucta1 ,,memor ,,tantorum ,,beneficiorum ,,patria ,,prudentiae ,,ducis ,,opt4 ,,dedicavit4 ,at the entrance of the public and ducal ,piazza1 then1 and attached on one side to the public and ducal ,palace1 and on the other to those buildings in which salt is distributed to the people1 there was dedicated well and fittingly to that same ,civil ,virtue or ,prudence an arch marvellous and grand beyond all the others1 similar and conforming in every part1 although more lofty and more magnificent1 to that of ,religion already described1 which was placed on the ,canto alla ,paglia4 ,in that arch1 above four vast ,corinthian columns1 in the midst of which space was left for the procession to pass1 and above the usual architrave1 cornice1 and frieze of projections--as was said of the other--divided into three compartments1 and upon a second great cornice that crowned the whole work1 there was seen in grave and heroic majesty1 seated in the semblance of a ,queen with a sceptre in the right hand and resting the left on a great globe1 an immense woman adorned with a royal crown1 who could be recognized with ease as being that ,civil ,virtue4 ,there remained below1 between one column and another1 as much space as accommodated without difficulty a deep and spacious niche1 in each of which was demonstrated very aptly of what other virtues that ,civil ,virtue is composed2 and1 rightly giving the first place to the military virtues1 there was seen in the niche on the right hand1 with heroic and most beautiful composition1 the statue of ,fortitude1 the first principle of all magnanimous and generous actions1 even as on the left hand in like manner was seen placed that of ,constancy1 who best guides and executes them4 ,and since between the frontispieces of the two niches and the cornice that went right round there was left some space1 to the end that the whole might be adorned1 there were counterfeited there two rounds in the colour of bronze1 in one of which was depicted with a fine fleet of galleys and other ships the diligence and solicitude of our most shrewd ,duke in maritime affairs1 and in the other1 as is often found in ancient medals1 was seen the same ,duke going around on horseback to visit his fortunate ,states and to provide for their wants4 ,next1 over the crowning cornice1 where1 as has been told1 the masterly statue of ,civil ,prudence was seated1 continuing to show of what parts she is composed1 and exactly in a line with the ,fortitude already described1 and separated from her by some magnificent vases1 was seen ,vigilance1 so necessary in every human action2 even as above ,constancy was seen in like manner ,patience1 and ,i do not speak of that patience to which meek minds1 tolerating injuries1 have given the name of virtue1 but of that which won so much honour for the ancient ,fabius ,maximus1 and which1 awaiting opportune moments with prudence and mature reflection1 and void of all rash vehemence1 executes every action with reason and advantage4 ,in the three pictures1 then1 into which1 as was said1 the frieze was divided1 and which were separated by medallions and pilasters that sprang in a line with the columns and extended with supreme beauty as far as the great cornice2 in that in the centre1 which came above the portal of the arch and beneath the ,sovereign ,prudence1 was seen painted the generous ,duke with prudent and loving counsel handing over to the worthy ,prince the whole government of his spacious ,states1 which was expressed by a sceptre upon a stork1 which he was shown offering to his son1 and it was being accepted with great reverence by the obedient ,prince2 with a motto that said3 ,,reget ,,patriis ,,virtutibus4 ,even as in that on the right hand was seen the same most valiant ,duke with courageous resolution sending forth his people1 and the first fort of ,siena occupied by them--no slight cause1 probably1 of their victory in that war4 ,and in that on the left hand1 in like manner1 was painted his joyful entry into that most noble city after the winning of the victory4 ,but behind the great statue of ,sovereign ,prudence--and in this alone was that front part dissimilar to the ,arch of ,religion--was seen raised on high a base beautifully twined with cartouches and square1 although at the foot1 not without infinite grace1 it was something wider than at the top2 upon which1 reviving the ancient use1 was seen a most beautiful triumphal chariot drawn by four marvellous coursers1 not inferior1 perchance1 to any of the ancient in beauty and grandeur4 ,in that chariot was seen held suspended in the air by two lovely little ,angels the principal crown of the arch1 composed of civic oak1 and1 in the likeness of that of the first ,augustus1 attached to two tails of ,capricorns2 with the same motto that was once used with it by him1 saying3 ,,ob ,,cives ,,servatos4 ,and in the spaces that remained between the pictures1 statues1 columns1 and niches1 all was filled up with richness and grace by an infinite wealth of ,victories1 ,anchors1 ,tortoises with the ,sail1 ,diamonds1 ,capricorns1 and other suchlike devices of those magnanimous ,lords4 ,now1 passing to the part at the back1 facing towards the ,piazza1 which we must describe as being in every way similar to the front1 excepting that in place of the statue of ,sovereign ,prudence1 there was seen in a large oval corresponding to the great pedestal that supported the great chariot described above1 which1 with ingenious artifice1 after the passing of the procession1 was turned in a moment towards the ,piazza2 there was seen1 ,i say1 as the principal device of the arch1 a celestial ,capricorn with its stars1 which was shown holding with the paws a royal sceptre with an eye at the top1 such as it is said that the ancient and most just ,osiris used once to carry1 with the ancient motto about it1 saying3 ,,nullum ,,numen ,,abest2 as if adding1 as the first author said3 ,,si ,,sit ,,prudentia4 ,in the lower part1 we have to relate as a beginning--because that facade was made to represent the actions of peace1 which are perhaps no less necessary to the human race--that in the niche on the right hand1 as with those of the other facade already described1 there was seen placed a statue of a woman1 representing ,reward or ,remuneration1 and called ,grace1 such as wise ,princes are wont to confer for meritorious works upon men of excellence and worth1 even as on the left hand1 in a threatening aspect1 with a sword in the hand1 in the figure of ,nemesis1 was seen ,punishment1 for the vicious and criminal2 with which figures were comprised the two principal pillars of ,justice1 without both which no ,state ever had stability or firmness1 or was anything but imperfect and maimed4 ,in the two ovals1 then1 always corresponding to those of the other facade1 and like them also counterfeited in bronze1 in one were seen the fortifications executed with much forethought in many places by the prudent ,duke1 and in the other his marvellous care and diligence in achieving the common peace of ,italy1 as has been seen in many of his actions1 but particularly at that moment when by his agency was extinguished the terrible and so dangerous conflagration fanned with little prudence by one who should rather have assured the public welfare of the ,christian people2 which was represented by various ,fetiales1 altars1 and other suchlike instruments of peace1 and by the words customary in medals placed over them1 saying3 ,,pax ,,augusta4 ,over these1 and over the two above-described statues of the niches1 similar to those of the other side1 were seen on the right hand ,facility and on the left ,temperance or ,goodness1 as we would rather call her2 signifying by the first an external courtesy and affability in deigning to listen and hearken and answer graciously to everyone1 which keeps the people marvellously well contented1 and by the other that temperate and benign nature which renders the ,prince amiable and loving with his confidants and intimates1 and with his subjects easy and gracious4 ,in the frieze1 corresponding to that of the front part1 and like it divided into three pictures1 was likewise seen in that of the centre1 as the thing of most importance1 the conclusion of the happy marriage contracted between the most illustrious ,prince and the most serene ,queen ,joanna of ,austria1 with so much satisfaction and benefit to his fortunate people1 and bringing peace and repose to everyone2 with a motto saying3 ,,fausto ,,cum ,,sidere4 ,even as in another1 on the right hand1 was seen the loving ,duke holding by the hand the excellent ,duchess ,leonora1 his consort1 a woman of virile and admirable worth and wisdom1 with whom while she was alive he was joined by such a love1 that they could well be called the bright mirror of conjugal fidelity4 ,on the left hand was seen the same gracious ,duke listening with marvellous courtesy1 as he has been wont always to do1 to many who were shown seeking to speak with him4 ,and such was all that part which faced towards the ,piazza4 ,beneath the spacious arch and within the wide passage through which the procession passed1 on one of the walls that supported the vaulting1 was seen painted the glorious ,duke in the midst of many venerable old men1 with whom he was taking counsel1 and he appeared to be giving to many various laws and statutes written on divers sheets1 signifying the innumerable laws so wisely amended or newly decreed by him2 with the motto3 ,,legibus ,,emendes4 ,even as in the other1 demonstrating his most useful resolve to set in order and increase his valorous militia1 was seen the same valiant ,duke standing upon a military tribune and engaged in addressing a great multitude of soldiers who stood around him1 as we see in many ancient medals2 with a motto above him that said3 ,,armis ,,tuteris4 ,and so on the great vault1 which was divided into six compartments1 there was seen in each of these1 in place of the rosettes that are generally put there1 a device1 or1 to speak more correctly1 the reverse of a medal in keeping with the two above-described scenes of the walls4 ,in one of these were painted various curule chairs with various consular fasces1 and in another a woman with the balance1 representing ,equity2 these two being intended to signify that just laws must always unite with the severity of the supreme power the equity of the discerning judge4 ,the next two were concerned with military life1 demonstrating the virtues of soldiers and the fidelity incumbent on them2 for the first of these things there was seen painted a woman armed in the ancient fashion1 and for the other many soldiers who1 laying one hand upon an altar1 were shown presenting the other to their captain4 ,in the two that remained1 representing the just and desired fruits of all these fatigues1 namely1 ,victory1 the whole was seen fully expressed1 as is customary1 by the figures of two women1 one standing in one of the pictures upon a great chariot1 and the other in the other picture upon a great ship's beak2 and both were seen holding in one of the hands a branch of glorious palm1 and in the other a verdant crown of triumphal laurel4 ,and in the encircling frieze that ran right round the vaulting1 the front and the back1 there followed the third part of the motto already begun1 saying3 ,,moribus ,,ornes4 ,,of ,,the ,,piazza1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,neptune4 ,next1 all the most noble magistrates of the city1 distributing themselves one by one over the whole circuit of the great ,piazza1 each with his customary devices and with very rich tapestries divided evenly by most graceful pilasters1 had rendered it all magnificently imposing and ornate2 and there in those days great care and diligence were devoted to hastening the erecting in its place1 at the beginning of the ,ringhiera1 of that ,giant in the finest white marble1 so marvellous and so stupendous in grandeur1 in beauty1 and in every part1 which is still to be seen there at the present day2 although it had been ordained as a permanent and enduring ornament4 ,that ,giant is known by the trident that he has in the hand1 by the crown of pine1 and by the ,tritons that are at his feet1 sounding their trumpets1 to be ,neptune1 ,god of the sea2 and1 riding in a graceful car adorned with various products of the sea and two ascendant ,signs1 ,capricorn for the ,duke and ,aries for the ,prince1 and drawn by four ,sea-horses1 he appears in the guise of a benign protector to be promising tranquillity1 felicity1 and victory in the affairs of the sea4 ,at the foot of this1 in order to establish it more securely and more richly1 there was made at that time in a no less beautiful manner an immense and most lovely octagonal fountain1 gracefully supported by some ,satyrs1 who1 holding in their hands little baskets of various wild fruits and prickly shells of chestnuts1 and divided by some little scenes in low-relief and by some festoons in which were interspersed sea-shells1 crabs1 and other suchlike things1 seemed as they danced to be expressing great joy in their new ,lady2 even as with no less joy and no less grace there were seen lying on the sides of the four principal faces of the fountain1 likewise with certain great shells in their hands and with some children in their arms1 two nude women and two most beautiful youths1 who in a certain gracious attitude1 as if they were on the sea-shore1 appeared to be playing and sporting gracefully with some dolphins that were there1 likewise in low-relief4 ,,of ,,the ,,door ,,of ,,the ,,palace4 ,now1 having caused the serene ,princess to be received1 as has been told in the beginning of this description1 by ,florence1 accompanied by the followers of ,mars1 of the ,muses1 of ,ceres1 of ,industry1 and of ,tuscan ,poetry and ,design1 and then triumphant ,austria by ,tuscany1 and the ,drava by ,arno1 and ,ocean by the ,tyrrhenian ,sea1 with ,hymen promising her happy and prosperous nuptials1 and the parental meeting of her august and glorious ,emperors with the illustrious ,medici1 and then all passing through the ,arch of ,sacrosanct ,religion and fulfilling and accomplishing their vows at the ,cathedral ,church1 and having seen ,heroic ,virtue in triumph over ,vice1 and with what public rejoicing her entry was celebrated by ,civil ,virtue1 and how1 finally1 she was welcomed by the magistrates of the city1 with ,neptune promising her a tranquil sea1 it was determined judiciously to bring her at the last into the port of peaceful ,security1 who was seen figured over the door of the ,ducal ,palace1 in a place marvellously appropriate1 in the form of a very tall1 most beautiful1 and most joyous woman crowned with laurel and olive1 who was shown seated in an easy attitude upon a stable pedestal and leaning against a great column2 demonstrating by means of her the desired end of all human affairs1 deservedly acquired for ,florence1 and in consequence for the happy bride1 by the sciences1 arts1 and virtues of which we have spoken above1 but particularly by her most prudent and most fortunate ,lords1 who had prepared to receive and accommodate her there as in a place secure beyond all others1 wherein she might enjoy unceasingly in glory and splendour the benefits human and divine displayed before her in the ornaments that she had passed2 which was explained very aptly both by the inscription that came with most beautiful grace over the door1 saying3 ,,ingredere ,,optimis ,,auspiciis ,,fortunatas ,,aedes ,,tuas ,,augusta ,,virgo1 ,,et ,,praestantissimi ,,sponsi ,,amore1 ,,clariss4 ,,ducis ,,sapientia1 ,,cum ,,bonis ,,omnibus ,,deliciisque ,,summa ,,animi ,,securitate ,,diu ,,felix ,,et ,,laeta ,,perfruere1 ,,et ,,divinae ,,tuae ,,virtutis1 ,,suavitatis1 ,,fecunditatis ,,fructibus ,,publicam ,,hilaritatem ,,confirma4 ,and also by the principal device1 which was seen painted in a great oval in the highest part1 over the statue of ,security already described2 and this was the military ,eagle of the ,roman ,legions upon a laureate staff1 which was shown to have been planted firmly in the earth by the hand of the standard-bearer2 with the motto of such happy augury from ,livy1 from whom the whole device is taken1 saying3 ,,hic ,,manebimus ,,optume4 ,the ornament of the door1 which was attached to the wall1 was contrived in such a manner1 and conceived so well1 that it would serve excellently well if at any time1 in order to adorn the simple but magnificent roughness of past ages1 it were determined to build it in marble or some other finer stone as more stable and enduring1 and more in keeping with our more cultured age4 ,beginning with the lowest part1 ,i say1 upon two great pedestals that rested on the level of the ground and stood one on either side of the true door of the ,palace1 were seen two immense captives1 one male1 representing ,fury1 and one female1 with vipers and horned snakes for hair1 representing ,discord1 his companion2 which1 as it were vanquished1 subjugated1 and bound with chains1 and held down by the ,ionic capital and by the architrave1 frieze1 and cornice that pressed upon them from above1 seemed in a certain sort to be unable to breathe by reason of the great weight1 revealing only too well in their faces1 which were most beautiful in their ugliness1 ,anger1 ,rage1 ,venom1 ,violence1 and ,fraud1 their peculiar and natural passions4 ,above that cornice was seen formed a frontispiece1 in which was placed a very rich and very large escutcheon of the ,duke1 bordered by the usual ,fleece1 with the ,ducal ,mazzocchio supported by two very beautiful boys4 ,and lest this single ornament1 which exactly covered the jambs of the true door1 might have a poor effect in so great a palace1 it was thought right to place on either side of it four half-columns set two on one side and two on the other1 which1 coming to the same height1 and furnished with the same cornice and architrave1 should form a quarter-round which the other frontispiece1 pointed but rectilinear1 might embrace1 with its projections and with all its appurtenances set in the proper places4 ,and above this was formed a very beautiful base1 where there was seen the above-described statue of ,security1 set in position1 as has been told1 with most beautiful grace4 ,but to return to the four half-columns below2 for the sake of greater magnificence1 beauty1 and proportion1 ,i say1 there had been left so much space at either side1 between column and column1 that there was ample room for a large and beautiful picture painted there in place of a niche4 ,in one of these1 that which was placed nearest to the divine statue of the gentle ,david1 were seen in the forms of three women1 who were shown full of joy advancing to meet their desired ,lady1 ,nature1 with her towers on her head1 as is customary1 and with her many breasts1 signifying the happy multitude of her inhabitants1 and ,concord with the ,caduceus in her hand1 even as in the third was seen figured ,minerva1 the inventress and mistress of the liberal arts and of civil and refined customs4 ,in the other1 which faced towards the proud statue of ,hercules1 was seen ,amaltheia1 with the usual horn of plenty1 overflowing with fruits and flowers1 in her arms1 and at her feet the corn-measure brimming and adorned with ears of corn1 signifying the abundance and fertility of the earth2 there1 also1 was ,peace crowned with flowered and fruitful olive1 with a branch of the same in the hand1 and finally there was seen1 with an aspect grave and venerable1 ,majesty or ,reputation2 demonstrating ingeniously with all these things how in well-ordered cities1 abundant in men1 copious in riches1 adorned by arts1 filled with sciences1 and illustrious in majesty and reputation1 one lives happily and in peace1 quietness1 and contentment4 ,then in line with the four half-columns already described1 above the cornice and frieze of each1 was seen fixed in a manner no less beautiful a socle with a pedestal in proportion1 upon which rested some statues2 and since the two in the centre embraced also the width of the two terminals described1 upon each of these were placed two statues embracing one another--,virtue1 namely1 who was shown holding ,fortune in a strait and loving embrace1 with a motto on the base saying1 ,,virtutem ,,fortuna ,,sequetur2 as if to demonstrate that1 whatever many may say1 where virtue is fortune is never wanting2 and upon the other ,fatigue or ,diligence1 who in like manner was shown in the act of embracing ,victory1 with a motto at her feet saying3 ,,amat ,,victoria ,,curam4 ,and above the half-columns that were at the extremities1 and upon which the pedestals were narrower1 adorning each of them with a single statue1 on one there was seen ,eternity as she is figured by the ancients1 with the heads of ,janus in her hands1 and with the motto1 ,,nec ,,fines ,,nec ,,tempora2 and on the other ,fame figured in the usual manner1 likewise with a motto saying3 ,,terminat ,,astris4 ,between one and the other of these1 there was placed with ornate and beautiful composition1 so as to have the above-named escutcheon of the ,duke exactly in the middle1 on the right hand that of the most excellent ,prince and ,princess1 and on the other that which the city has been accustomed to use from ancient times4 ,,of ,,the ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,palace4 ,i thought1 when ,i first resolved to write1 that it would take much less work to bring me to the end of the description given above1 but the abundance of the inventions1 the magnificence of the things done1 and the desire to satisfy the curiosity of craftsmen1 for whose particular benefit1 as has been told1 this description is written1 have in some way1 ,i know not how1 carried me to a length which might perchance appear to some to be excessive1 but which is nevertheless necessary for one who proposes to render everything distinct and clear4 ,but now that ,i find myself past the first part of my labours1 although ,i hope to treat with more brevity1 and with perhaps no less pleasure for my readers1 the remainder of the description of the spectacles that were held1 in which1 no less than the liberality of our magnanimous ,lords1 and no less than the lively dexterity of the ingenious inventors1 there appeared rare and excellent the industry and art of the same craftsmen1 yet it should not be thought a thing beside the mark or altogether unworthy of consideration1 if1 before going any further1 we say something of the aspect of the city while the festivities for the nuptials were being prepared and after they were finished1 for the reason that in the city1 to the infinite entertainment of all beholders1 were seen many streets redecorated both within and without1 the ,ducal ,palace 7as will be described7 embellished with extraordinary rapidity1 the fabric of the long corridor 7which leads from that ,palace to that of the ,pitti7 flying1 as it were1 with wings1 the column1 the fountain1 and all the arches described above springing in a certain sense out of the ground1 and all the other festive preparations in progress1 but in particular the comedy1 which was to appear first1 and the two grand masquerades1 which had need of most labour1 and1 finally1 all the other things being prepared according to the time at which they were to be represented1 some quickly and others more slowly2 the two ,lords1 ,duke and ,prince1 after the manner of the ancient ,a,ediles1 having distributed them between themselves1 and having undertaken to execute each his part in generous emulation4 ,nor was less solicitude or less rivalry seen among the gentlemen and ladies of the city1 and among the strangers1 of whom a vast number had flocked thither from all ,italy1 vying one with another in the pomp of vestments1 and not less in their own than in the liveries of their attendants1 male and female1 in festivals private and public1 and in the sumptuous banquets that were given in constant succession1 now in one place and now in another2 so that there could be seen at one and the same moment leisure1 festivity1 delight1 spending1 and pomp1 and also commerce1 industry1 patience1 labour1 and grateful gain1 with which all the craftsmen named above were filled1 all working their effect in liberal measure4 ,now1 to come to the court of the ,ducal ,palace1 into which one entered by the door already described2 in order not to pass it by without saying anything about it1 we must relate that1 although it seemed dark and inconvenient1 and almost incapable of receiving any kind of ornamentation1 nevertheless with marvellous novelty and with incredible rapidity it was carried to that perfection of beauty and loveliness in which it may be seen by everyone at the present day4 ,in addition to the graceful fountain of hardest porphyry that is placed in the centre1 and the lovely boy that pours water into it from the dolphin held in his arms1 in an instant the nine columns were fluted and shaped in a most beautiful manner in the ,corinthian ,order1 which surround the square court named above1 and which support on one side the encircling loggie constructed very roughly of hard-stone1 according to the custom of those times2 overlaying the ground of those columns almost entirely with gold1 and filling them with most graceful foliage over the flutings1 and shaping their bases and capitals together according to the good ancient custom4 ,within the loggie1 the vaults of which were all filled and adorned with most bizarre and extravagant grotesques1 there were seen represented1 as in many medallions made for the same purpose1 some of the glorious deeds of the magnanimous ,duke1 which--if smaller things may be compared with greater--,i have considered often in my own mind to be so similar to those of the first ,octavianus ,augustus1 that it would be difficult to find any greater resemblance2 for the reason that--not to mention that both the one and the other were born under one and the same ascendant of ,capricorn1 and not to mention that both were raised almost unexpectedly to the sovereignty at the same immature age1 and not to speak of the most important victories gained both by the one and by the other in the first days of ,august1 and of their having similar constitutions and natures in their private and intimate lives1 and of their singular affection for their wives1 save that in his children1 in the election to the principality1 and perhaps in many other things1 ,i believe that our fortunate ,duke might be esteemed more blessed than ,augustus--is there not seen both in the one and in the other a most ardent and most extraordinary desire to build and embellish1 and to contrive that others should build and embellish8 ,insomuch that1 if the first said that he found ,rome built of bricks and left her built of solid stone1 the second will be able to say not less truthfully that he received ,florence already of stone1 indeed1 ornate and beautiful1 but leaves her to his successors by a great measure more ornate and more beautiful1 increased and magnified by every kind of convenient1 lovely1 and magnificent adornment4 ,to represent these matters1 in each lunette of the above-named loggie there was seen an oval accommodated with suitable ornaments1 and with singular grace2 in one of which there could be seen the fortification of ,porto ,ferrajo in ,elba1 a work of such importance1 with many ships and galleys that were shown lying there in safety1 and the glorious building of the city in the same place1 called after its founder ,cosmopolis2 with a motto within the oval1 saying3 ,,ilva ,,renascens2 and another in the encircling scroll1 which said3 ,,tuscorum ,,et ,,ligurum ,,securitati4 ,even as in the second was seen that most useful and handsome building wherein the greater part of the most noble magistrates are to be accommodated1 which is being erected by his command opposite to the ,mint1 and which may be seen already carried near completion2 and over it stretches that long and convenient corridor of which mention has been made above1 built with extraordinary rapidity in these days by order of the same ,duke2 likewise with a motto that said3 ,,publicae ,,commoditati4 ,and so1 also1 in the third was seen ,concord1 with the usual horn of plenty in the left hand1 and with an ancient military ensign in the right1 at whose feet a ,lion and a ,she-,wolf1 the well-known emblems of ,florence and ,siena1 were shown lying in peaceful tranquillity2 with a motto suited to the matter1 and saying3 ,,etruria ,,pacata4 ,in the fourth was seen depicted the above-described oriental column of granite1 with ,justice on the summit1 which under his happy sceptre may well be said to be preserved inviolate and impartial2 with a motto saying3 ,,justitia ,,victrix4 ,even as in the fifth was seen a ferocious bull with both the horns broken1 intended to signify1 as has been told already of the ,achelous1 the straightening of the ,river ,arno in many places1 carried out with such advantage by the ,duke2 with the motto3 ,,imminutus ,,crevit4 ,in the sixth1 then1 was seen that most superb palace which was begun formerly by ,m4 ,luca ,pitti with a magnificence so marvellous in a private citizen1 and with truly regal spirit and grandeur1 and which at the present day our most magnanimous ,duke is causing with incomparable artistry and care to be not only carried to completion1 but also to be increased and beautified in a glorious and marvellous manner1 with architecture heroic and stupendous1 and also with very large and very choice gardens full of most abundant fountains1 and with a vast quantity of most noble statues1 ancient and modern1 which he has caused to be collected from all over the world2 which was explained by the motto1 saying3 ,,pulchriora ,,latent4 ,in the seventh1 within a great door1 were seen many books arranged in various manners1 with a motto in the scroll1 saying1 ,,publicae ,,utilitati2 intended to signify the glorious solicitude shown by many of the ,medici family1 and particularly by our most liberal ,duke1 in collecting and preserving with such diligence a marvellous quantity of the rarest books in every tongue1 recently placed in the beautiful ,library of ,s4 ,lorenzo1 which was begun by ,clement ,,vii and finished by his ,excellency4 ,even as in the eighth1 under the figure of two hands that appeared to become more firmly bound together the more they strove to undo a certain knot1 there was denoted the abdication lovingly performed by him in favour of the most amiable ,prince1 and how difficult1 or1 we should rather say1 how impossible it is for one who has once set himself to the government of a ,state1 to disengage himself2 which was explained by the motto1 saying3 ,,explicando ,,implicatur4 ,in the ninth was seen the above-described ,fountain of the ,piazza1 with that rare statue of ,neptune1 and with the motto1 ,,optabilior ,,quo ,,melior2 signifying not only the adornment of the immense statue and fountain named above1 but also the profit and advantage that will accrue in a short time to the city from the waters that the ,duke is constantly engaged in bringing to her4 ,in the tenth1 then1 was seen the magnanimous creation of the new ,order of ,s4 ,stephen1 represented by the figure of the same ,duke in armour1 who was shown offering a sword with one hand over an altar to an armed knight1 and with the other one of their crosses2 with a motto saying3 ,,victor ,,vincitur4 ,and in the eleventh1 likewise under the figure of the same ,duke1 who was addressing many soldiers according to the ancient custom1 there was represented the militia so well ordained and preserved by him in his valorous companies2 with a motto that explained it1 saying3 ,,res ,,militaris ,,constituta4 ,in the twelfth1 with the sole words1 ,,munita ,,tuscia1 and without any further representation1 were demonstrated the many fortifications made by our most prudent ,duke in the most important places in the ,state2 adding in the scroll1 with fine morality3 ,,sine ,,justitia ,,immunita4 ,even as in the thirteenth1 in like manner without any other representation1 there could be read1 ,,siccatis ,,maritimis ,,paludibus2 as may be seen to his infinite glory in many places1 but above all in the fertile country of ,pisa4 ,and in order not to pass over completely in silence the praise due to him for having brought back and restored so gloriously to his native ,florence the artillery and the ensigns lost at other times1 in the fourteenth and last were seen some soldiers returning to him laden with these1 all dancing and joyful2 with a motto in explanation1 which said3 ,,signis ,,receptis4 ,and then1 for the satisfaction of the strangers1 and particularly the many ,german lords who had come thither in vast numbers in honour of her ,highness1 with the most excellent ,duke of ,bavaria1 the younger1 her kinsman1 there were seen under the above-described lunettes1 beautifully distributed in compartments and depicted with all the appearance of reality1 many of the principal cities of ,austria1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 the ,tyrol1 and the other ,states subject to her august brother4 ,,of ,,the ,,hall1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,comedy4 ,now1 ascending by the most commodious staircase to the ,great ,hall1 where the principal and most important festivities and the principal banquet of the nuptials were celebrated 7forbearing to speak of the magnificent and stupendous ceiling1 marvellous in the variety and multitude of the rare historical paintings1 and marvellous also in the ingenuity of the inventions1 in the richness of the partitions1 and in the infinite quantity of gold with which the whole is seen to shine1 but most marvellous in that it has been executed in an incredibly short time by the industry of a single painter2 and treating of the other things pertaining only to this place71 ,i must say that truly ,i do not believe that in these our parts we have any information of any other hall that is larger or more lofty2 but to find one more beautiful1 more rich1 more ornate1 or arranged with more convenience than that hall as it was seen on the day when the comedy was performed1 that ,i believe would be absolutely impossible4 ,for1 in addition to the immense walls1 on which with graceful partitions1 and not without poetical invention1 were seen portrayed from the reality the principal squares of the most noble cities of ,tuscany1 and in addition to the vast and most lovely canvas painted with various animals hunted and taken in various ways1 which1 upheld by a great cornice1 and concealing the prospect-scene1 served so well as one of the end-walls1 that the ,great ,hall appeared to have its due proportions1 such1 in addition1 and so well arranged1 were the tiers of seats that ran right round1 and so lovely on that day the sight of the handsome ladies who had been invited there in great numbers from among the most beautiful1 the most noble1 and the richest1 and of the many lords1 chevaliers1 and other gentlemen who had been accommodated above them and throughout the rest of the room1 that without a doubt1 when the fantastic lights were lit1 at the fall of the canvas described above1 the luminous prospect-scene being revealed1 it appeared in truth as if ,paradise with all the ,choirs of the ,angels had been thrown open at that instant2 which illusion was increased marvellously by a very soft1 full1 and masterly concert of instruments and voices1 which very soon afterwards was heard to come forth from that direction4 ,in that prospect-scene the most distant part was made to recede most ingeniously along the line of the bridge1 terminating in the end of the street that is called the ,via ,maggio1 and in the nearest part was represented the beautiful street of ,s4 ,trinita2 and when the eyes of the spectators had been allowed to sate themselves for some time with that and the many other marvellous things1 the desired and welcome beginning was made with the first interlude of the comedy1 which was taken1 like all the others1 from that touching story of ,psyche and ,cupid so delicately narrated by ,apuleius in his ,golden ,ass4 ,from it were taken the parts that appeared the most important1 and these were accommodated with the greatest possible dexterity to the comedy1 so that1 having made1 as it were1 an ingenious composition from the one fable and the other1 it might appear that what the ,gods did in the fable of the interludes was done also by mankind in the fable of the comedy1 as if constrained by a superior power4 ,in the hollow sky of the above-named prospect-scene1 which opened out all of a sudden1 there was seen to appear another sky contrived with great artifice1 from which was seen issuing little by little a white and very naturally counterfeited cloud1 upon which1 with an effect of singular beauty1 a gilded and jewelled car appeared to be resting1 recognized as that of ,venus1 because it was drawn by two snow-white swans1 and in it1 as its mistress and guide1 could be perceived likewise that most beautiful ,goddess1 wholly nude and crowned with roses and myrtle1 seated with great majesty and holding the reins4 ,she had in her company the three ,graces1 likewise recognized by their being shown wholly nude1 by their blonde tresses1 which fell all loose over their shoulders1 and even more by the manner in which they were standing linked hand to hand2 and also the four ,hours1 who had the wings all painted after the likeness of butterflies1 and1 not without reason1 were distinguished in certain particulars according to the four seasons of the year4 ,thus one of them1 who had the head and the buskins all adorned with various little flowers1 and the dress of changing colours1 was intended to represent the varied and flowering ,spring2 even as the second1 with the garland and the buskins woven of pale ears of corn1 and the yellow draperies wherewith she was adorned1 was intended to signify the heat of ,summer1 and the third1 representing ,autumn1 and all clothed in red draperies1 signifying the maturity of fruits1 was seen likewise all covered and adorned with those same fruits1 vine-leaves1 and grapes2 and the fourth and last1 who represented the white and snowy ,winter1 besides her dress of turquoise-blue all sprinkled with flakes of snow1 had the hair and the buskins likewise covered with similar snow1 hoar-frost1 and ice4 ,and all1 as followers and handmaidens of ,venus1 being grouped around the car on the same cloud with singular artistry and most beautiful composition1 were seen--leaving behind them ,jove1 ,juno1 ,saturn1 ,mars1 ,mercury1 and the other ,gods1 from whom appeared to be issuing the soft harmony described above--to sink gradually with most beautiful grace towards the earth1 and by their coming to fill the scene and the whole hall with a thousand sweet and precious odours2 while from another part1 with an aspect no less gracious1 but appearing to walk on earth1 was seen to come the nude and winged ,cupid1 likewise accompanied by those four ,passions that seem so often to be wont to disturb his unrestful kingdom2 ,hope1 namely1 all clothed in green1 with a little flowering branch on the head2 ,fear1 recognized1 in addition to his pale garment1 by the rabbits that he had on his hair and his buskins2 ,joy1 likewise clothed in white and orange and a thousand glad colours1 and with a plant of flowering borage on the hair1 and ,sorrow1 all in black and in aspect all weeping and sad2 of whom1 as his ministers1 one carried the bow1 another the quiver and the arrows1 another the nets1 and yet another the lighted torch4 ,and while the above-described ,hours and ,graces1 having descended from the cloud1 went slowly towards their mother's car1 now arrived on earth1 and1 having grouped themselves reverently in a most graceful choir around the lovely ,venus1 seemed all intent on singing in harmony with her1 she1 turning towards her son with rare and infinite grace1 and making manifest to him the cause of her displeasure1 when those in ,heaven were silent1 sang the two following stanzas1 the first of the ballad1 saying3 ,a me1 che fatta son negletta e sola1 ,non piu gli altar ne i voti1 ,ma di ,psiche devoti ,a lei sola si danno1 ella gl' invola2 ,dunque1 se mai di me ti calse o cale1 ,figlio1 l' armi tue prendi1 ,e questa folle accendi ,di vilissimo amor d' uomo mortale4 ,which being finished1 and each of her handmaidens having returned to her own place1 while they kept continually throwing down various delicate and lovely garlands of flowers upon the assembled spectators1 the cloud and the car1 as if the beautiful guide had satisfied her desire1 were seen to move slowly and to go back towards the heaven2 and when they had arrived there1 and the heaven was closed again in an instant1 without a single sign remaining from which one might have guessed by which part the cloud and so many other things had come forth and returned1 everyone1 it appeared1 was left all amazed with a sort of novel and pleasing marvel4 ,but the obedient ,cupid1 while that was being done1 making a sign1 as it were1 to his mother that her command would be fulfilled1 and crossing the stage1 continued--with his companions1 who were presenting him his arms1 and who1 likewise singing1 kept in harmony with him--the following stanza1 the last1 saying3 ,ecco madre1 andiam noi2 chi l' arco dammi8 ,chi le saette8 ond' io ,con l' alto valor mio ,tutti i cor vinca1 leghi1 apra1 ed infiammi4 ,and he1 also1 as he sang this1 kept shooting arrows1 many and various1 at those listening to him1 whereby he gave reason to believe that the lovers who were about to perform their parts1 stung1 as it were1 by them1 were giving birth to the comedy about to follow4 ,,second ,,interlude4 ,the first act being finished1 and ,cupid having been taken in his own snare--at the moment when he thought to take the lovely ,psyche--by reason of her infinite beauty1 it became necessary to represent those mysterious voices which1 as may be read in the fable1 had been intended by him to serve her2 and so there was seen to issue by one of the four passages that had been left on the stage for the use of the performers1 first a little ,cupid who was carrying in his arms what seemed to be a graceful swan1 with which1 since it concealed an excellent bass-viol1 while he appeared to be diverting himself with a wand of marsh-grass that served him as a bow1 he proceeded to play most sweet airs4 ,after him1 four others were seen to come at one and the same moment by the four passages of the stage already described2 by one the amorous ,zephyr1 all merry and smiling1 who had wings1 garments1 and buskins woven of various flowers2 by another ,music1 known by the tuning instrument that she had on the head1 by her rich dress covered with her various instruments and with various scrolls wherein were marked all her notes and all her times1 and even more because she likewise was seen playing with most sweet harmony upon a great and beautiful lyra-viol2 and by the other two1 also1 ,play and ,laughter were seen to appear in the form of two little ,cupids1 playing and laughing4 ,after these1 while they were going on their way to their destined places1 four other ,cupids were seen to issue by the same passages1 in the same guise1 and at the same time1 and to proceed likewise to play most graciously on four most ornate lutes2 and after them four other similar little ,cupids1 two of whom1 with fruits in their hands1 were seen playing together1 and two seemed to be seeking to shoot one another in the breast with their bows and arrows1 in a quaint and playful fashion4 ,all these gathered in a graceful circle1 and1 singing in most harmonious concert the following madrigal1 with the lutes and with many other instruments concealed within the scenery accompanying the voices1 they appeared to make this whole conception manifest enough1 saying3 ,o altero miracolo novello6 ,visto l' abbiam6 ma chi sia che cel creda8 ,ch' amor1 d' amor ribello1 ,di se stesso e di ,psiche oggi sia preda8 ,dunque a ,psiche conceda ,di belta pur la palma e di valore ,ogn' altra bella1 ancor che pel timore ,ch' ha del suo prigionier dogliosa stia2 ,ma seguiam noi l' incominciata via1 ,andiam ,gioco1 andiam ,riso1 ,andiam dolce armonia di ,paradiso1 ,e facciam che i tormenti ,suoi dolci sien co' tuoi dolci concenti4 ,,third ,,interlude4 ,not less festive was the third ,interlude1 because1 as is narrated in the fable1 ,cupid being occupied with the love of his beautiful ,psyche1 and not caring any more to kindle the customary flames in the hearts of mortals1 and using with others1 as others with him1 fraud and deceit1 it was inevitable that among those same mortals1 who were living without love1 there should arise at the same time a thousand frauds and a thousand deceits4 ,and therefore it was made to appear that the floor of the stage swelled up1 and finally that it was changed into seven little mounds from which there were seen to issue1 as things evil and hurtful1 first seven ,deceits1 and then seven others1 which could be recognized as such with ease1 for the reason that not only the bust of each was all spotted1 after the likeness of a leopard1 and the thighs and legs like serpents1 but their locks were seen all composed of malicious foxes in most fantastic forms and very beautiful attitudes2 and in their hands1 not without laughter from the bystanders1 some were holding traps1 some hooks1 and others guileful crooks and grapnels1 under which had been concealed with singular dexterity some musical serpents1 for the sake of the music that they had to make4 ,these1 expressing thus the conception described above1 after they had first most sweetly sung1 and then sung and played1 the following madrigal1 went with very beautiful order 7providing material for the deceptions of the comedy7 their several ways along the four above-mentioned passages of the stage3 ,s' amor vinto e prigion1 posto in oblio ,l' arco e l' ardente face1 ,della madre ingannar nuovo desio ,lo punge1 e s' a lui ,psiche inganno face1 ,e se l' empia e fallace ,coppia d' invide suore inganno e froda ,sol pensa1 or chi nel mondo oggi piu sia ,che 'l regno a noi non dia8 ,d' inganni dunque goda ,ogni saggio1 e se speme altra l' invita ,ben la strada ha smarrita4 ,,fourth ,,interlude4 ,now1 deceits giving rise to affronts1 and affronts to dissensions and quarrels and a thousand other suchlike evils1 since ,cupid1 by reason of the hurt received from the cruel lamp1 was not able to attend to his customary office of inflaming the hearts of living mortals1 in the fourth interlude1 in place of the seven mounds that had been shown on the stage the time before1 there were seen to appear in this one 7to give material for the disturbances of the comedy7 seven little abysses1 from which there first came a black smoke1 and then1 little by little1 was seen to appear ,discord with an ensign in the hand1 recognized1 besides her arms1 by the torn and varied dress and by the tresses1 and with her ,rage1 also recognized1 besides the arms1 by the buskins in the form of claws1 and by the bear's head in place of a helmet1 from which poured a constant stream of smoke and flame2 and ,cruelty1 with the great scythe in her hand1 known by the helmet in the likeness of a tiger's head and by the buskins after the manner of the feet of a crocodile2 and ,rapine1 also1 with the pruning-hook in her hand1 with the bird of prey on the helmet1 and with the feet in the likeness of an eagle2 and ,vengeance1 with a bloody scimitar in the hand1 and with buskins and helmet all woven of vipers2 and two ,anthropophagi1 or ,lestrigonians1 as we would rather call them1 who1 sounding two trombones in the form of ordinary trumpets1 appeared to be seeking with a certain bellicose movement 7besides the sound7 to excite the audience of bystanders to combat4 ,each of these was between two ,furies1 horrible companions1 furnished with drums1 whips of iron1 and various arms1 beneath which with the same dexterity had been hidden various musical instruments4 ,the above-named ,furies could be recognized by the wounds wherewith their whole persons were covered1 from which were seen pouring flames of fire1 by the serpents with which they were all encircled and bound1 by the broken chains that hung from their legs and arms1 and by the fire and smoke that issued from their hair4 ,and all these1 having sung the following madrigal all together with a certain fiery and warlike harmony1 performed in the manner of combatants a novel1 bold1 and most extravagant ,moorish dance2 at the end of which1 running here and there in confusion about the stage1 they were seen finally to take themselves in a horrible and fearsome rout out of the sight of the spectators3 ,in bando itene1 vili ,inganni2 il mondo solo ira e furore ,sent' oggi2 audaci voi1 spirti gentili1 ,venite a dimostrar vostro valore2 ,che se per la lucerna or langue amore1 ,nostro convien1 non che lor sia l' impero4 ,su dunque ogni piu fero ,cor surga2 il nostro bellicoso carme ,guerra1 guerra sol grida1 e solo arm'1 arme4 ,,fifth ,,interlude4 ,poor simple ,psyche1 having 7as has been hinted in the last interlude7 injured her beloved spouse with the torch by her rash and eager curiosity1 and being abandoned by him1 and having finally fallen into the hands of angry ,venus1 provided most convenient material for the fifth and most sorrowful interlude1 accompanying the sadness of the fourth act of the comedy2 for it was feigned that she was sent by that same ,venus to the infernal ,proserpine1 whence she should never be able to return among living creatures4 ,and so1 wrapped in despair and very sad1 she was seen approaching by one of the passages1 accompanied by hateful ,jealousy1 who had an aspect all pallid and afflicted1 like her other followers1 and was known by the four heads and by the dress of turquoise-blue all interwoven with eyes and ears2 by ,envy1 known likewise by the serpents that she was devouring2 by ,thought1 ,care1 or ,solicitude1 whichever we may choose to call her1 known by the raven that she had on the head1 and by the vulture that was tearing her entrails2 and by ,scorn1 or ,disdain 7to make it a woman's name71 who could be recognized not only by the owl that she had on the head1 but also by the ill-made1 ill-fitting and tattered dress4 ,when these four1 beating and goading her1 had made their way near the middle of the stage1 in an instant the ground opened in four places with fire and smoke1 and they1 as if they sought to defend themselves1 seized hold of four most horrible serpents that were seen without any warning to issue from below1 and struck them a thousand different blows with their thorny staves1 under which were concealed four little bows1 until in the end1 after much terror in the bystanders1 it appeared that the serpents had been torn open by them2 and then1 striking again in the blood-stained bellies and entrails1 all at once there was heard to issue--,psyche singing the while the madrigal given below--a mournful but most delicate and sweet harmony2 for in the serpents were concealed with singular artifice four excellent bass-viols1 which1 accompanying 7together with four trombones that sounded behind the stage7 the single plaintive and gracious voice of ,psyche1 produced an effect at once so sad and so sweet1 that there were seen drawn from the eyes of more than one person tears that were not feigned4 ,which finished1 and each figure having taken her serpent on her shoulders1 there was seen1 with no less terror among the spectators1 a new and very large opening appearing in the floor1 from which issued a thick and continuous stream of flame and smoke1 and an awful barking was heard1 and there was seen to issue from the hole the infernal ,cerberus with his three heads1 to whom1 in accordance with the fable1 ,psyche was seen to throw one of the two flat cakes that she had in her hand2 and shortly afterwards there was seen likewise to appear1 together with various monsters1 old ,charon with his customary barque1 into which the despairing ,psyche having entered1 the four tormentors described above kept her unwelcome and displeasing company4 ,fuggi1 speme mia1 fuggi1 ,e fuggi per non far piu mai ritorno2 ,sola tu1 che distruggi ,ogni mia pace1 a far vienne soggiorno1 ,invidia1 ,gelosia1 ,pensiero e ,scorno ,meco nel cieco ,inferno ,ove l' aspro martir mio viva eterno4 ,,last ,,interlude4 ,the sixth and last interlude was all joyous1 for the reason that1 the comedy being finished1 there was seen to issue in an instant from the floor of the stage a verdant mound all adorned with laurels and different flowers1 which1 having on the summit the winged horse ,pegasus1 was soon recognized to be the ,mount of ,helicon1 from which were seen descending one by one that most pleasing company of little ,cupids already described1 and with them ,zephyr1 ,music1 and ,cupid1 all joining hands1 and ,psyche also1 all joyful and merry now that she was safe returned from ,hell1 and that by the prayers of her husband ,cupid1 at the intercession of ,jove1 after such mighty wrath in ,venus1 there had been won for her grace and pardon4 ,with these were ,pan and nine other ,satyrs1 with various pastoral instruments in their hands1 under which other musical instruments were concealed2 and all descending from the mound described above1 they were seen bringing with them ,hymen1 ,god of nuptials1 in whose praise they sang and played1 as in the following canzonets1 and performed in the second a novel1 most merry and most graceful dance1 giving a gracious conclusion to the festival3 ,dal bel monte ,elicona ,ecco ,imeneo che scende1 ,e gia la face accende1 e s' incorona2 ,di persa s' incorona4 ,odorata e soave1 ,onde il mondo ogni grave cura scaccia4 ,dunque e tu1 ,psiche1 scaccia ,l' aspra tua fera doglia1 ,e sol gioia s' accoglia entro al tuo seno4 ,amor dentro al suo seno ,pur lieto albergo datti1 ,e con mille dolci atti ti consola4 ,ne men ,giove consola ,il tuo passato pianto1 ,ma con riso e con canto al ,ciel ti chiede4 ,imeneo dunque ognun chiede1 ,imeneo vago ed adorno1 ,deh che lieto e chiaro giorno1 ,imeneo1 teco oggi riede6 ,imeneo1 per l' alma e diva ,sua ,giovanna ogn' or si sente ,del gran ,ren ciascuna riva ,risonar soavemente2 ,e non men l' ,arno lucente ,pel gratioso1 inclito e pio ,suo ,francesco aver desio ,d' ,imeneo lodar si vede4 ,imeneo ecc4 ,flora lieta1 ,arno beato1 ,arno umil1 ,flora cortese1 ,deh qual piu felice stato ,mai si vide1 mai s' intese8 ,fortunato almo paese1 ,terra in ,ciel gradita e cara1 ,a cui coppia cosi rara ,imeneo benigno diede4 ,imeneo ecc4 ,lauri or dunque1 olive e palme ,e corone e scettri e regni ,per le due si felici alme1 ,flora1 in te sol si disegni2 ,tutti i vili atti ed indegni ,lungi stien2 sol pace vera ,e diletto e primavera ,abbia in te perpetua sede4 ,and all the rich vestments and all the other things1 which one might think it impossible to make1 were executed by the ingenious craftsmen with such dexterity1 loveliness and grace1 and made to appear so natural1 real1 and true1 that it seemed that without a doubt the real action could surpass the counterfeited spectacle by but a little4 ,,of ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,dreams ,,and ,,other ,,festivities4 ,now after this1 although every square and every street1 as has been told1 resounded with music and song1 merriment and festivity1 our magnanimous ,lords1 distributing everything most prudently1 to the end that excessive abundance might not produce excessive satiety1 had ordained that one of the principal festivals should be performed on each ,sunday1 and for this reason1 and for the greater convenience of the spectators1 they had caused the sides of the most beautiful squares of ,s4 ,croce and ,s4 ,maria ,novella to be furnished after the likeness of a theatre1 with very strong and very capacious tribunes4 ,and since within these there were held games1 in which the young noblemen played a greater part by their exercises than did our craftsmen by attiring them1 ,i shall treat of them briefly1 saying that on one occasion there was presented therein by our most liberal ,lords1 with six companies of most elegant cavaliers1 eight to a company1 the play of the canes and the carousel1 so celebrated among the ,spaniards1 each of the companies1 which were all resplendent in cloth of gold and silver1 being distinguished from the rest1 one in the ancient habit of the ,castilians1 another in the ,portuguese1 another in the ,moorish1 a fourth in the ,hungarian1 a fifth in the ,greek1 and the last in the ,tartar2 and finally1 after a perilous combat1 partly with assegais and horses likewise in the ,spanish manner1 and partly with men on foot and dogs1 some most ferocious bulls were killed4 ,another time1 renewing the ancient pomp of the ,roman chase1 there was seen a beautifully ordered spectacle of certain elegant huntsmen and a good quantity of various dogs1 chasing forth from a little counterfeited wood and slaying an innumerable multitude of animals1 which came out in succession one kind after another1 first rabbits1 hares1 roebucks1 foxes1 porcupines1 and badgers1 and then stags1 boars1 and bears1 and even some savage horses all burning with love2 and in the end1 as the most noble and most superb chase of all1 after they had sought several times by means of an immense turtle and a vast and most hideous mask of a monster1 which were full of men and were made to move hither and thither with various wheels1 to incite a most fierce lion to do battle with a very valiant bull2 finally1 since that could not be achieved1 both the animals were seen struck down and slain1 not without a long and bloody struggle1 by the multitude of dogs and huntsmen4 ,besides this1 every evening the noble youth of the city exercised themselves with most elegant dexterity and valour1 according to their custom1 at the game of football1 the peculiar and particular sport of that people1 with which finally there was given on one of those ,sundays one of the most agreeable and most graceful spectacles that anyone could ever behold1 in very rich costumes of cloth of gold in red and green colours1 with all the rules1 which are many and beautiful4 ,but since variety seems generally to enhance the pleasure of most things1 another time the illustrious ,prince sought with a different show to satisfy the expectant people by means of his so much desired ,triumph of ,dreams4 ,the invention of this1 although1 since he went to ,germany to see his exalted bride and to do reverence to the most august ,emperor ,maximilian and to his other illustrious kinsmen1 it was arranged and composed by others with great learning and diligence1 may yet be said to have been born in the beginning from his most noble genius1 so competent in no matter how subtle and exacting a task2 and with it he who afterwards executed the work1 and was the composer of the song1 sought to demonstrate that moral opinion expressed by ,dante when he says that innumerable errors arise among living mortals because many are set to do many things for which they do not seem to have been born fitted by nature1 deviating1 on the other hand1 from those for which1 following their natural inclination1 they might be very well adapted4 ,this he also strove to demonstrate with five companies of masks led by five of those human desires that were considered by him the greatest2 by ,love1 namely1 behind whom followed the lovers2 by ,beauty1 figured under the form of ,narcissus1 and followed by those who strive too much to appear beautiful2 by ,fame1 who had as followers those too hungry for glory2 by ,pluto1 signifying ,riches1 behind whom were seen those eager and greedy for them1 and by ,bellona1 who was followed by the men enamoured of war2 contriving that the sixth company1 which comprised all the five described above1 and to which he wished that they should all be referred1 should be guided by ,madness1 likewise with a good number of her followers behind her1 signifying that he who sinks himself too deep and against the inclination of ,nature in the above-named desires1 which are in truth dreams and spectres1 comes in the end to be seized and bound by ,madness4 ,and then this judgment1 turning1 as a thing of feast and carnival1 to the amorous1 announces to young women that the great father ,sleep is come with all his ministers and companions in order to show to them with his matutinal dreams1 which are reputed as true 7comprised1 as has been told1 in the first five companies71 that all the above-named things that are done by us against ,nature1 are to be considered1 as has been said1 as dreams and spectres2 and therefore1 exhorting them to pursue that to which their nature inclines them1 it appears that in the end he wishes1 as it were1 to conclude that if they feel themselves by nature inclined to be loved1 they should not seek to abstain from that natural desire2 nay1 despising any other counsel as something vain and mad1 they should dispose themselves to follow the wise1 natural1 and true4 ,and then1 around the ,car of ,sleep and the masks that were to express this conception1 were accommodated and placed as ornaments those things that are judged to be in keeping with sleep and with dreams4 ,there was seen1 therefore1 after two most beautiful ,sirens1 who1 blowing two great trumpets in place of two trumpeters1 preceded all the rest1 and after two extravagant masks1 the guides of all the others1 by which1 mingling white1 yellow1 red1 and black over their cloth of silver1 were demonstrated the four humours of which bodies are composed1 and after the bearer of a large red ensign adorned with various poppies1 on which was painted a great gryphon1 with three verses that encircled it1 saying3 ,non solo aquila e questo1 e non leone1 ,ma l' uno e l' altro2 cosi 'l ,sonno ancora ,ed humana e divina ha condizione4 ,there was seen coming1 ,i say1 as has been told above1 the joyous ,love1 figured as is customary1 and accompanied on one side by ever-verdant ,hope1 who had a chameleon on the head1 and on the other by pallid ,fear1 with the head likewise adorned by a timorous deer2 and he was seen followed by the lovers1 his captives and slaves1 dressed for the most part with infinite grace and richness in draperies of flaming gold1 for the flames wherewith they are ever burning1 and all girt and bound with most delicate gilded chains4 ,after these 7to avoid excessive minuteness7 there was seen coming1 to represent ,beauty1 in a graceful habit of turquoise-blue all interwoven with his own flowers1 the beautiful ,narcissus1 likewise accompanied1 as was said of ,love1 on one side by ,youth adorned with flowers and garlands1 and dressed all in white1 and on the other by ,proportion1 adorned with draperies of turquoise-blue1 and recognized by the spectators by an equilateral triangle that was upon the head4 ,after these were seen those who seek to be esteemed for the sake of their beauty1 and who appeared to be following their guide ,narcissus2 and they1 also1 were of an aspect youthful and gracious1 and had the same narcissus-blooms most beautifully embroidered upon the cloth of silver wherein they were robed1 with their blonde and curly locks all crowned in lovely fashion with the same flowers4 ,and after them was seen approaching ,fame1 who seemed to be sounding a great trumpet that had three mouths1 with a globe on her head that represented the world1 and with immense wings of peacock's feathers2 having in her company ,glory1 who had a head-dress fashioned likewise of a peacock1 and ,reward1 who in like manner carried a crowned eagle on the head2 and her followers1 who were divided into three companies1 ,emperors1 ,kings1 and ,dukes1 although they were all dressed in gold with the richest embroideries and pearls1 and although they all presented an aspect of singular grandeur and majesty1 nevertheless were distinguished very clearly one from another by the forms of the different crowns that they wore on their heads1 each in accord with his rank4 ,then the blind ,pluto1 the ,god 7as has been told7 of ,riches1 who followed after these with rods of gold and silver in the hands1 was seen1 like the others1 accompanied on either side by ,avarice dressed in yellow1 with a she-wolf on the head1 and by ,rapacity robed in red draperies1 who had a falcon on the head to make her known2 but it would be a difficult thing to seek to describe the quantity of gold1 pearls1 and other precious gems1 and the various kinds of draperies with which his followers were covered and adorned4 ,and ,bellona1 ,goddess of ,war1 most richly robed in many parts with cloth of silver in place of arms1 and crowned with a garland of verdant laurel1 with all the rest of her habit composed in a thousand rich and gracious ways1 was seen likewise coming after them with a large and warlike horn in the hand1 and accompanied1 like the others1 by ,terror1 known by the cuckoo in the head-dress1 and by ,boldness1 also known by the lion's head worn in place of a cap2 and with her the military men in her train were seen following her in like manner with swords and iron-shod maces in their hands1 and draperies of gold and silver arranged most fancifully in the likeness of armour and helmets4 ,these and all the others in the other companies had each1 to demonstrate that they represented dreams1 a large1 winged1 and very well fashioned bat of grey cloth of silver fitted on the shoulders1 and forming a sort of little mantle2 which1 besides the necessary significance1 gave to all the companies 7which1 as has been shown1 were all different7 the necessary unity1 and also grace and beauty beyond measure4 ,and all this left in the minds of the spectators a firm belief that there had never been seen in ,florence1 and perhaps elsewhere1 any spectacle so rich1 so gracious1 and so beautiful2 for1 in addition to all the gold1 the pearls1 and the other most precious gems wherewith the embroideries1 which were very fine1 were made1 all the dresses were executed with such diligence1 design1 and grace1 that they seemed to be costumes fashioned not for masquerades1 but enduring and permanent1 and worthy to be used only by great ,princes4 ,there followed ,madness1 the men of whose company alone1 for the reason that she had to be shown not as a dream but as real in those who sought against the inclination of nature to pursue the things described above1 were seen without the bat upon the shoulders2 and she was dressed in various colours1 but all put together most inharmoniously and without any manner of grace1 while upon her dishevelled tresses1 to demonstrate her disordered thoughts1 were seen a pair of gilded spurs with the rowels turned upwards1 and on either side of her were a ,satyr and a ,bacchante4 ,her followers1 then1 in the semblance of lunatics and drunkards1 were seen dressed most extravagantly in cloth of gold1 embroidered with varied boughs of ivy and vine-leaves with their little bunches of ripe grapes4 ,and these and all the others in the companies already described1 besides a good number of grooms1 likewise very richly and ingeniously dressed according to the company wherein they were serving1 had horses of different colours distributed among them1 a particular colour to each company1 so that one had dappled horses1 another sorrel1 a third black1 a fourth peach-coloured1 another bay1 and yet another of a varied coat1 according as the invention required4 ,and to the end that the above-described masques1 which were composed almost entirely of the most noble lords1 might not be constrained to carry the customary torches at night1 forty-eight different witches--who during the day preceded in most beautiful order all those six companies1 guided by ,mercury and ,diana1 who had each three heads to signify their three powers2 being themselves also divided into six companies1 and each particular company being ruled by two dishevelled and barefooted priestesses--when night came1 went in due order on either side of the particular company of dreams to which they were assigned1 and1 with the lighted torches which they and the grooms bore1 rendered it abundantly luminous and clear4 ,these witches1 besides their different faces1 all old and hideous1 and besides the different colours of the rich draperies wherewith they were clothed1 were known in particular1 and one company distinguished from another1 by the animals that they had upon their heads1 into the shapes of which1 so men say and believe1 they transform themselves often by their incantations2 for some had upon the cloth of silver that served as kerchief for their heads a black bird1 with wings and claws outspread1 and with two little phials about the head1 signifying their maleficent distillations2 and some had cats1 others black and white dogs1 and others1 by their false blonde tresses and by the natural white hair that could be seen1 as it were against their will1 beneath them1 betrayed their vain desire to appear young and beautiful to their lovers4 ,the immense car1 drawn by six large and shaggy bears crowned with poppies1 which came at the end after all that lovely train1 was without a doubt the richest1 the most imposing1 and the most masterly in execution that has ever been seen for a long time back4 ,that car was guided by ,silence1 a figure adorned with grey draperies and with the customary shoes of felt upon the feet1 who1 placing a finger on the mouth1 appeared to be making sign to the spectators that they should be silent2 and with him were three women1 representing ,quiet1 plump and full in countenance1 and dressed in rich robes of azure-blue1 and each with a tortoise upon the head1 who appeared to be seeking to assist that same ,silence to guide those bears4 ,the car itself1 resting upon a graceful hexagonal platform1 was shaped in the form of a vast head of an elephant1 within which1 also1 there was represented as the house of ,sleep a fantastic cavern1 wherein the great father ,sleep was likewise seen lying at his ease1 fat and ruddy1 and partly nude1 with a garland of poppies1 and with his cheek resting upon one of his arms2 having about him ,morpheus1 ,icelus1 ,phantasus1 and his other sons1 figured in various extravagant and bizarre forms4 ,at the summit of the same cavern was seen the white1 luminous1 and beautiful ,dawn1 with her blonde tresses all soft and moist with dew2 and at the foot of the cavern1 with a badger that served her for a pillow1 was dark ,night1 who1 being held to be the mother of true dreams1 was thought likely to lend no little faith to the words of the dreams described above4 ,for the adornment of the car1 then1 were seen some most lovely little stories1 accommodated to the invention and distributed with so much diligence1 delicacy1 and grace1 that it appeared impossible for anything more to be desired4 ,in the first of these was seen ,bacchus1 the father of ,sleep1 upon a car wreathed in vine-leaves and drawn by two spotted tigers1 with a verse to make him known1 which said3 ,bacco1 del ,sonno sei tu vero padre4 ,even as in another was seen ,ceres1 the mother of the same ,sleep1 crowned with the customary ears of corn1 and likewise with a verse placed there for the same reason1 which said3 ,cerer del dolce ,sonno e dolce madre4 ,and in a third was seen ,pasithea1 wife of the same ,sleep1 who1 seeming to fly over the earth1 appeared to have infused most placid sleep in the animals that were dispersed among the trees and upon the earth2 likewise with her motto which made her known1 saying3 ,sposa del ,sonno questa e ,pasitea4 ,on the other side was seen ,mercury1 president of ,sleep1 infusing slumber in the many-eyed ,argus2 also with his motto1 saying3 ,creare il sonno puo ,mercurio ancora4 ,and there was seen1 to express the nobility and divinity of the same ,sleep1 an ornate little temple of ,a,esculapius1 in which many men1 emaciated and infirm1 sleeping1 appeared to be winning back their lost health2 likewise with a verse signifying this1 and saying3 ,rende gl' uomini sani il dolce ,sonno4 ,even as in another place there was seen ,mercury pointing towards some ,dreams that were shown flying through the air and speaking in the ears of ,king ,latinus1 who was asleep in a cave2 his verse saying3 ,spesso in sogno parlar lece con ,dio4 ,orestes1 then1 spurred by the ,furies1 was seen alone taking some rest amid such travail by the help of the ,dreams1 who were shown driving away those ,furies with certain bunches of poppies2 with his verse that said3 ,fuggon pel sonno i piu crudi pensieri4 ,and there was the wretched ,hecuba likewise dreaming in a vision that a lovely hind was rapt from her bosom and strangled by a fierce wolf2 this being intended to signify the piteous fate that afterwards befell her hapless daughter2 with a motto saying3 ,quel ch' esser deve1 il sogno scuopre e dice4 ,even as in another place1 with a verse that said3 ,fanno gli ,dei saper lor voglie in sogno1 there was seen ,nestor appearing to ,agamemnon1 and revealing to him the will of almighty ,jove4 ,and in the seventh and last was depicted the ancient usage of making sacrifice1 as to a revered deity1 to ,sleep in company with the ,muses1 represented by an animal sacrificed upon an altar2 with a verse saying3 ,fan sacrifizio al ,sonno ed alle ,muse4 ,all these little scenes were divided and upheld by various ,satyrs1 ,bacchants1 boys1 and witches1 and rendered pleasingly joyous and ornate by divers nocturnal animals and festoons of poppies1 not without a beautiful medallion set in place of a shield in the last part of the car1 wherein was seen painted the story of ,endymion and the ,moon2 everything1 as has been said1 being executed with such delicacy and grace1 patience and design1 that it would entail too much work to seek to describe every least part with its due praise4 ,but those of whom it has been told that they were placed as the children of ,sleep in such extravagant costumes upon the above-described car1 singing to the favourite airs of the city the following canzonet1 seemed truly1 with their soft and marvellous harmony1 to be seeking to infuse a most gracious and sweet sleep in their hearers1 saying3 ,or che la rugiadosa ,alba la rondinella a pianger chiama1 ,questi che tanto v' ama1 ,sonno1 gran padre nostro e dell' ombrosa ,notte figlio1 pietosa ,e sacra schiera noi ,di ,sogni1 o belle donne1 mostra a voi2 ,perche il folle pensiero ,uman si scorga1 che seguendo fiso ,amor1 ,fama1 ,narciso ,e ,bellona e ,ricchezza il van sentiero ,la notte e il giorno intero ,s' aggira1 al fine insieme ,per frutto ha la ,pazzia del suo bel seme4 ,accorte or dunque1 il vostro ,tempo miglior spendete in cio che chiede ,natura1 e non mai fede ,aggiate all' arte1 che quasi aspro mostro ,cinto di perle e d' ostro ,dolce v' invita1 e pure ,son le promesse ,sogni e ,larve scure4 ,,of ,,the ,,castle4 ,by way of having yet another different spectacle1 there was built with singular mastery on the vast ,piazza di ,s4 ,maria ,novella a most beautiful castle1 with all the proper appurtenances of ramparts1 cavaliers1 casemates1 curtains1 ditches and counterditches1 secret and public gates1 and1 finally1 all those considerations that are required in good and strong fortifications2 and in it was placed a good number of valorous soldiers1 with one of the principal and most noble lords of the ,court as their captain1 a man determined on no account ever to be captured4 ,that magnificent spectacle being divided into two days1 on the first day there was seen appearing in most beautiful order from one side a fine and most ornate squadron of horsemen all in armour and in battle-array1 as if about to meet real enemies in combat1 and from the other side1 with the aspect of a massive and well-ordered army1 some companies of infantry with their baggage1 waggons of munitions1 and artillery1 and with their pioneers and sutlers1 all drawn close together1 as is customary amid the dangers of real wars2 these likewise having a similar lord of great experience and valour as captain1 who was seen urging them on from every side1 and fulfilling his office most nobly4 ,and after the attackers had been reconnoitred several times and in various ways1 with valour and artifice1 by those within the castle1 and various skirmishes had been fought1 now by the horsemen and now by the infantry1 with a great roar of musketry and artillery1 and charges had been delivered and received1 and several ambuscades and other suchlike stratagems of war had been planned with astuteness and ingenuity2 finally the defenders were seen1 as if overcome by the superior force1 to begin little by little to retire1 and in the end it seemed that they were constrained to shut themselves up completely within the castle4 ,but the second day1 after they had1 as it were during the night1 constructed their platforms and gabionade and planted their artillery1 there was seen to begin a most terrible bombardment1 which seemed little by little to throw a part of the walls to the ground2 after which1 and after the explosion of a mine1 which in another part1 in order to keep the attention of the defenders occupied1 appeared to have made a passing wide breach in the wall1 the places were reconnoitred and the cavalry drew up in most beautiful battle-array1 and then was seen now one company moving up1 and now another1 some with ladders and some without1 and many valorous and terrible assaults delivered in succession and repeated several times1 and ever received by the others with skill1 boldness1 and obstinacy1 until in the end it was seen that the defenders1 weary1 but not vanquished1 made an honourable compact with the attackers to surrender the place to them1 issuing from it1 with marvellous satisfaction for the spectators1 in military order1 with their banners unfurled1 their drums1 and all their usual baggage4 ,,the ,,genealogy ,,of ,,the ,,gods4 ,we read of ,paulus ,emilius1 that first captain of his illustrious age1 that he caused no less marvel by his wisdom and worth to the people of ,greece and of many other nations who had assembled in ,amphipolis to celebrate various most noble spectacles there after the victory that he had won1 than by the circumstance that first1 vanquishing ,perseus and subjugating ,macedonia1 he had borne himself valiantly in the management of that war1 which was in no small measure laborious and difficult2 he having been wont to say that it is scarcely less the office of a good captain1 requiring no less order and no less wisdom1 to know how to prepare a banquet well in time of peace1 than to know how to marshal an army for a deed of arms in time of war4 ,wherefore if our glorious ,duke1 born to do everything with noble worth and grandeur1 displayed the same wisdom and the same order in those spectacles1 and1 above all1 in that one which ,i am about to describe1 ,i believe that he will not take it amiss that ,i have been unwilling to refrain from saying that he was in every part its inventor and ordinator1 and in a certain sense its executor1 preparing all the various things1 and then representing them1 with so much order1 tranquillity1 wisdom1 and magnificence1 that among his many glorious actions this one also may be numbered to his supreme glory4 ,now1 yielding to him who wrote of it in those days with infinite learning1 before me1 and referring to that work those who may seek curiously to see how every least thing in this masquerade1 which had as title the ,genealogy of the ,gods1 was figured with the authority of excellent writers1 and passing over whatever ,i may judge to be superfluous in this place1 let me say that even as we read that some of the ancient ,gods were invited to the nuptials of ,peleus and ,thetis in order to render them auspicious and fortunate1 so to the nuptials of this new and most excellent bridal pair it appeared that there had come for the same reason not some only of these same ,gods1 but all1 and not invited1 but seeking to introduce themselves and by their own wish1 the good auguring them the same felicity and contentment1 and the harmful assuring them that they would do them no harm4 ,which conception appeared gracefully expressed in the following fashion by four madrigals that were sung at various times in the principal places by four very full choirs1 even as has been told of the ,triumph of ,dreams2 saying3 ,l' alta che fino al ciel fama rimbomba ,della leggiadra ,sposa1 ,che in questa riva erbosa ,d' ,arno1 candida e pura1 alma colomba ,oggi lieta sen vola e dolce posa1 ,dalla celeste sede ha noi qui tratti1 ,perche piu leggiadri atti ,e bellezza piu vaga e piu felice ,veder gia mai non lice4 ,ne pur la tua festosa ,vista1 o ,flora1 e le belle alme tue dive ,traggionne alle tue rive1 ,ma il lume e 'l sol della novella ,sposa1 ,che piu che mai gioiosa ,di suo bel seggio e freno ,al gran ,tosco divin corcasi in seno4 ,da' bei lidi1 che mai caldo ne gielo ,discolora1 vegnam2 ne vi crediate ,ch' altrettante beate ,schiere e sante non abbia il ,mondo e il ,cielo2 ,ma vostro terren velo ,e lor soverchio lume1 ,questo e quel vi contende amico nume4 ,ha quanti il ,cielo1 ha quanti ,iddii la ,terra e l' ,onda al parer vostro2 ,ma ,dio solo e quell' un che il sommo chiostro ,alberga in mezzo a mille ,angeli santi1 ,a cui sol giunte avanti ,posan le pellegrine ,e stanche anime al fine1 al fin del giorno1 ,tutto allegrando il ,ciel del suo ritorno4 ,i believe ,i can affirm most surely that this masquerade--a spectacle only to be arranged by the hand of a wise1 well-practised1 great1 and valiant ,prince1 and in which almost all the lords and gentlemen of the city1 and many strangers1 took part--was without a doubt the greatest1 the most magnificent1 and the most splendid which can be remembered to have been held in any place for many centuries down to our own times1 for the greater part of the vestments were not only made of cloth of gold and silver and other very rich draperies1 and1 when the place required it1 of the finest skins1 but1 what is more 7art surpassing the materials71 composed with rare and marvellous industry1 invention1 and loveliness2 and to the end that the eyes of the spectators1 as they gazed1 might be able with greater satisfaction to recognize one by one which of the ,gods it was intended to represent1 it was thought expedient to proceed to divide them into twenty-one distinct companies1 placing at the head of each company one that should be considered as the chief1 and causing each of these1 for greater magnificence and grandeur1 and because they are so figured by the ancient poets1 to be drawn upon appropriate cars by their appropriate and particular animals4 ,now in these cars1 which were beautiful1 fantastic1 and bizarre beyond belief1 and most splendid with silver and gold1 and in representing as real and natural the above-named animals that drew them1 without a doubt the dexterity and excellence of the ingenious craftsmen were such1 that not only they surpassed all things done up to that time both within and without the city1 which at all times has had a reputation for rare mastery in such things1 but they also 7infinite marvel67 took away from everyone all hope of ever being able to see another thing so heroic or so lifelike4 ,beginning1 then1 with those ,gods who were such that they were reputed to be the first causes and the first fathers of the others1 we will proceed to describe each of the cars and of the companies that preceded them4 ,and since the representation was of the ,genealogy of the ,gods1 making a beginning with ,demogorgon1 the first father of them all1 and with his car1 we have to say that after a graceful1 lovely1 and laurel-crowned ,shepherd1 representing the ancient poet ,hesiod1 who1 singing of the ,gods in his ,theogony1 first wrote their genealogy1 and who1 as guide1 carried in his hand a large1 square1 and ancient ensign1 wherein were depicted in divers colours ,heaven and the four ,elements1 and in the centre was painted a large ,greek ,o1 crossed with a serpent that had the head of a hawk2 and after eight trumpeters who were gesticulating in a thousand graceful and sportive ways1 representing those tibicines who1 having been prevented from eating in the temple1 fled in anger to ,tibur1 but were made drunk and put to sleep by deceit1 and brought back with many privileges to ,rome2 beginning1 ,i say1 with ,demogorgon1 there was seen his car in the form of a dark and double cavern drawn by two awful dragons1 and for ,demogorgon was seen a figure of a pallid old man with the hair ruffled1 all wrapped in mist and dark fog1 lying in utter sloth and negligence in the front part of the cavern1 and accompanied on one side by youthful ,eternity adorned 7because she never grows old7 with verdant draperies1 and on the other side by ,chaos1 who had the appearance1 as it were1 of a mass without any shape4 ,beyond that cavern1 which contained the three figures described1 rose a graceful little mound all covered and adorned with trees and various plants1 representing ,mother ,earth1 at the back of which was seen another cavern1 but darker and deeper than that already described1 wherein ,erebus was shown likewise lying in the guise that has been told of his father ,demogorgon1 and in like manner accompanied on one side by ,night1 the daughter of ,earth1 with two children in her arms1 one white and the other dark1 and on the other side by ,a,ether1 the child of the aforesaid ,night and ,erebus1 who must be figured1 so it appeared1 as a resplendent youth with a ball of turquoise-blue in the hand4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 was seen riding ,discord1 who separates things confused and is therefore held by philosophers to preserve the world1 and who is regarded as the first daughter of ,demogorgon2 and with her the three ,fates1 who were shown spinning various threads and then cutting them4 ,and in the form of a youth all robed in draperies of turquoise-blue was seen ,polus1 who had a terrestrial globe in the hand1 and over him1 alluding to the fable that is related of him1 many sparks appeared to have been scattered from a vase of glowing coals that was beneath him2 and there was seen ,python1 also the son of ,demogorgon1 all yellow and with a mass of fire in the hand1 who seemed to have come in the company of his brother ,polus4 ,after them1 then1 came ,envy1 the daughter of ,erebus and ,night1 and with her ,timidity1 her brother1 in the form of a pallid and trembling old man1 who had the head-dress and all the other vestments made from skins of the timid deer4 ,and after these was seen ,obstinacy1 who is born from the same seed1 all in black1 with some boughs of ivy that seemed to have taken root upon her2 and with the great cube of lead that she had on the head she gave a sign of that ,ignorance wherewith ,obstinacy is said to be joined4 ,she had in her company ,poverty1 her sister1 who was seen all pale and raging1 and negligently covered rather than clothed in black2 and with them was ,hunger1 born likewise from the same father1 who was seen feeding the while on roots and wild herbs4 ,then ,complaint or ,querulousness1 their sister1 covered with tawny draperies1 and with the querulous solitary rock-thrush1 which was seen to have made her nest in her head-dress1 was shown walking in profound melancholy after them1 having in her company the sister common to them1 called ,infirmity1 who by her meagreness and pallor1 and by the garland and the little stalk of anemone that she held in her hand1 made herself very well known to the spectators for what she was4 ,and on her other side was the other sister1 ,old ,age1 with white hair and all draped in simple black vestments1 who likewise had1 not without reason1 a stalk of cress in the hand4 ,the ,hydra and the ,sphinx1 daughters of ,tartarus1 in the guise wherein they are generally figured1 were seen coming behind them in the same beautiful order2 and after these1 to return to the other daughters of ,erebus and ,night1 was seen ,license1 all nude and dishevelled1 with a garland of vine-leaves on the head1 and keeping the mouth open without any restraint1 and in her company was ,falsehood1 her sister1 all covered and wrapped in various draperies of various colours1 with a magpie on the head for better recognition1 and with a cuttle-fish in the hand4 ,these had ,thought walking on a level with them1 represented as an old man1 likewise all dressed in black1 with an extravagant head-dress of peach-stones on the head1 and showing beneath the vestments1 which at times fluttered open with the wind1 the breast and the whole person pricked and pierced by a thousand sharp thorns4 ,momus1 then1 the ,god of censure and of evil-speaking1 was seen coming after them in the form of a bent and very loquacious old man2 and with them1 also1 the boy ,tages1 all resplendent1 although he was the son of ,earth1 figured in such a manner because he was the first inventor of the soothsayer's art1 in token of which there was hung from his neck a lamb split down the middle1 which showed a good part of the entrails4 ,there was seen1 likewise1 in the form of an immense giant1 the ,african ,antaeus1 his brother1 who1 clothed in barbaric vestments1 with a dart in the right hand1 appeared to wish to give on that day manifest signs of his vaunted prowess4 ,and following after him was seen ,day1 also the son of ,erebus and ,night1 represented in like manner as a resplendent and joyous youth1 all adorned with white draperies and crowned with ornithogal1 in whose company was seen ,fatigue1 his sister1 who1 clothed in the skin of an ass1 had made herself a cap from the head of the same animal1 with the ears standing erect1 not without laughter among the spectators2 to which were added two wings of the crane1 and in her hands were placed also the legs of the same crane1 because of the common opinion that this renders men indefatigable against all fatigue4 ,and ,jurament1 born of the same parents1 in the form of an old priest all terrified by an avenging ,jove that he held in the hand1 and bringing to conclusion the band attributed to the great father ,demogorgon1 was the last in their company4 ,and here1 judging that with these deities the origins of all the other ,gods had been made sufficiently manifest1 the followers of the first car were brought to an end4 ,,second ,,car1 ,,of ,,heaven4 ,in a second car of more pleasing appearance1 which was dedicated to the ,god ,heaven1 held by some to be the son of the above-named ,a,ether and ,day1 was seen that jocund and youthful ,god clothed in bright-shining stars1 with a crown of sapphires on the brow1 and with a vase in the hand that contained a burning flame1 and seated upon a ball of turquoise-blue all painted and adorned with the forty-eight celestial signs2 and in that car1 which was drawn by the ,great and the ,little ,bear1 the one known by the seven and the other by the twenty-one stars with which they were all dotted1 there were seen painted1 in order to render it ornate and rich in pomp1 with a most beautiful manner and a graceful distribution1 seven of the fables of that same ,heaven4 ,in the first was figured his birth--in order to demonstrate1 not without reason1 the other opinion that is held of it--which is said to have been from ,earth2 even as in the second was seen his union with the same ,mother ,earth1 from which were born1 besides many others1 ,cottus1 ,briareus1 and ,gyges1 who1 it is believed1 had each a hundred hands and fifty heads2 and there were born also the ,cyclopes1 so called from the single eye that they had on the brow4 ,in the third was seen how he imprisoned their common children in the caverns of that same ,earth1 that they might never be able to see the light2 even as in the fourth their ,mother ,earth1 seeking to deliver them from such oppression1 was seen exhorting them to take a rightful vengeance on their cruel father2 wherefore in the fifth his genital members were cut off by ,saturn1 when from their blood on one side it appeared that the ,furies and the ,giants were born1 and on the other1 from the foam that was shown fallen into the sea1 was seen a different birth1 from which sprang the beautiful ,venus4 ,in the sixth was seen expressed the anger that he showed against the ,titans1 because1 as has been told1 they had allowed his genitals to be cut off2 and in the seventh and last1 likewise1 was seen the same ,god adored by the ,atlantides1 with temples and altars devoutly raised to him4 ,now at the foot of the car 7as with the other already described7 was seen riding the black1 old1 and blindfolded ,atlas1 who has been reputed to have supported ,heaven with his stout shoulders1 on which account there had been placed in his hands a great globe of turquoise-blue1 dotted with stars4 ,after him was seen walking in the graceful habit of a huntsman the young and beautiful ,hyas1 his son1 in whose company were his seven sisters1 also called ,hyades1 five of whom1 all resplendent in gold1 were seen to have each on the head a bull's head1 for the reason that they are said to form an ornament to the head of the ,heavenly ,bull2 and the two others1 as being less bright in the heavens1 it was thought proper to clothe in grey cloth of silver4 ,after these followed the seven ,pleiades1 daughters of the same ,atlas1 figured as seven other similar stars2 one of whom1 for the reason that she shines with little light in the heavens1 it was thought right and proper to adorn only with the same grey cloth1 whereas the six others1 because they are resplendent and very bright1 were seen in front glittering and flashing with an infinite abundance of gold1 but at the back they were clothed only in vestments of pure white1 that being intended to signify that even as at their first appearance the bright and luminous summer seems to have its beginning1 so at their departure it is seen that they leave us dark and snowy winter2 which was also expressed by the head-dress1 which had the front part woven of various ears of corn1 even as the back appeared to be composed of snow1 ice1 and hoar-frost4 ,there followed after these the old and monstrous ,titan1 who had with him the proud and audacious ,iapetus1 his son4 ,and ,prometheus1 who was born of ,iapetus1 was seen coming after them all grave and venerable1 with a little statue of clay in one of his hands1 and in the other a burning torch1 denoting the fire that he is said to have stolen from ,jove out of ,heaven itself4 ,and after him1 as the last1 to conclude the company of the second car1 there were seen coming1 with a ,moorish habit and with a sacred elephant's head as a cap1 likewise two of the ,atlantides1 who1 as has been told1 first adored ,heaven2 and1 in addition1 in token of the things that were used by them in their first sacrifices1 there were in the hands of both1 in a great bundle1 the ladle1 the napkin1 the cleaver1 and the casket of incense4 ,,third ,,car1 ,,of ,,saturn4 ,saturn1 the son of ,heaven1 all white and old1 who was shown greedily devouring some children1 had the third car1 no less ornate than the last1 and drawn by two great black oxen2 and to enhance the beauty of that car1 even as in the last there were seven fables painted1 so in that one it was thought proper that five of his fables should be painted4 ,for the first1 therefore1 was seen this ,god surprised by his wife ,ops as he lay taking his pleasure of the gracious and beautiful ,nymph ,philyra1 on which account being constrained to transform himself into a horse in order not to be recognized by her1 it was shown how from that union there was born afterwards the ,centaur ,cheiron4 ,even as in the second was seen his other union with the ,latin ,entoria1 from which sprang at one and the same birth ,janus1 ,hymnus1 ,felix1 and ,faustus1 by whom the same ,saturn distributed among the human race that so useful invention of planting vines and making wine2 and there was seen ,janus arriving in ,latium and there teaching his father's invention to the ignorant people1 who1 drinking intemperately of the new and most pleasing liquor1 and therefore sinking little by little into a most profound sleep1 when finally they awakened1 thinking that they had been poisoned by him1 were seen rushing impiously to stone and slay him2 on which account ,saturn1 moved to anger1 chastised them with a most horrible pestilence2 but in the end it was shown how he was pacified and turned to mercy by the humble prayers of the miserable people and by the temple built by them upon the ,tarpeian rock4 ,in the third1 then1 was seen figured how1 ,saturn seeking cruelly to devour his son ,jove1 his shrewd wife and compassionate daughters sent to him in ,jove's stead the stone1 which he brought up again before them1 being left thereby in infinite sorrow and bitterness4 ,even as in the fourth was painted the same fable of which there has been an account in speaking of the above-described car of ,heaven--namely1 how he cut off the genitals of the above-named ,heaven1 from which the ,giants1 the ,furies1 and ,venus had their origin4 ,and in the last1 likewise1 was seen how1 after he was made a prisoner by the ,titans1 he was liberated by his compassionate son ,jove4 ,and then1 to demonstrate the belief that is held by some1 that history first began to be written in the time of ,saturn1 there was seen figured with the authority of an approved writer a ,triton blowing a sea-conch1 with the double tail as it were fixed in the earth1 closing the last part of the car2 at the foot of which 7as has been told of the others7 was seen a pure maiden1 representing ,pudicity1 adorned with green draperies and holding a white ermine in her arms1 with a gilded topaz-collar about the neck4 ,she1 with the head and face covered with a yellow veil1 had in her company ,truth1 likewise figured in the form of a most beautiful1 delicate1 and pure young woman1 clothed only in a few white and transparent veils2 and these1 walking in a manner full of grace1 had between them the happy ,age of ,gold1 also figured as a pure and gracious virgin1 wholly nude1 and all crowned and adorned with those first fruits produced by herself from the earth4 ,after them followed ,quiet1 robed in black draperies1 in the aspect of a young but very grave and venerable woman1 who had as head-dress a nest composed in a most masterly manner1 in which was seen lying an old and featherless stork1 and she walked between two black priests1 who1 crowned with fig-leaves1 and each with a branch of the same fig in one hand1 and in the other a basin containing a flat cake of flour and honey1 seemed to wish to demonstrate thereby that opinion which is held by some1 that ,saturn was the first discoverer of grain-crops2 for which reason the ,cyrenaeans 7and even such were the two black priests7 are said to have been wont to offer him sacrifices of those things named above4 ,these were followed by two ,roman priests1 who appeared likewise to be about to sacrifice to him some waxen images1 as it were after the more modern use1 since they were seen delivered by means of the example of ,hercules1 who used similar waxen images1 from the impious custom of sacrificing men to ,saturn1 introduced into ,italy by the ,pelasgians4 ,these1 like the others with ,quiet1 had likewise between them the venerable ,vesta1 daughter of ,saturn1 who1 very narrow in the shoulders and very broad and full in the flanks1 after the manner of a round ball1 and dressed in white1 carried a lighted lamp in the hand4 ,and after them1 as the last1 closing the third company1 was seen coming the ,centaur ,cheiron1 the son1 as has been told1 of ,saturn1 armed with sword1 bow1 and quiver2 and with him another of the sons of the same ,saturn1 holding the crooked lituus 7for the reason that he was an augur7 in the hand1 and all robed in green draperies1 with a bird1 the woodpecker1 on the head1 because into such a bird1 according as the fables tell1 it is believed that he was transformed by ,cheiron4 ,,fourth ,,car1 ,,of ,,the ,,sun4 ,to the resplendent ,sun was dedicated the fourth car1 all glittering1 gilded1 and jewelled1 which1 drawn according to custom by four swift and winged coursers1 was seen to have ,velocity1 with a head-dress of a dolphin and a sail on the head1 as charioteer2 and in it were painted 7as has been told of the others71 but with a different distribution1 and as pleasing and gracious as could well be imagined1 seven of his fables4 ,for the first of these was seen the fate of the too audacious ,phaethon1 who contrived so ill to guide that same car1 even as for the second was seen the death of the serpent ,python1 and for the third the chastisement inflicted on the rash ,marsyas4 ,in the fourth was seen how the ,sun deigned for a time to lead a humble pastoral life1 grazing the flocks of ,admetus2 even as in the fifth was seen how1 flying from the fury of ,typhoeus1 he was constrained to change himself into a raven4 ,in the sixth were likewise depicted his other transformations1 first into a lion and then into a hawk2 and as the last was seen his love received so ill by the timid ,daphne1 who finally1 as is very well known1 was changed by the compassion of the ,gods into laurel4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 were seen riding1 all winged and of different ages and colours1 the ,hours1 the handmaids and ministers of the ,sun1 each of whom1 in imitation of the ,egyptians1 carried a hippopotamus in the hand1 and was crowned with flowers of the lupine2 and behind them1 likewise following the ,egyptian custom1 in the form of a young man all dressed in white1 with two little horns on the head that were turned towards the ground1 and with a garland of oriental palm1 was seen walking the ,month1 carrying in the hand a calf which1 not without reason1 had only one horn4 ,and after him was seen likewise walking the ,year1 with the head all covered with ice and snow1 the arms wreathed in flowers and garlands1 and the breast and stomach all adorned with ears of corn1 even as the thighs and legs1 also1 were seen to be all wet and stained with must1 while in one hand he carried1 as a symbol of his circling course1 a circle formed by a serpent that appeared to be seeking to devour the tail with the mouth1 and in the other hand a nail1 such as the ancient ,romans used1 so we read1 to keep count of the years in their temples4 ,then came rosy ,aurora1 all pleasing1 fair1 and lissom1 with a little yellow mantle1 and with an ancient lamp in the hand1 seated with most beautiful grace upon the horse ,pegasus4 ,in her company was seen the physician ,a,esculapius1 in the habit of a priest1 with a knotted stick and a ruddy serpent in the hands1 and a dog at his feet2 and with them the young ,phaethon1 also 7like ,a,esculapius7 the child of the ,sun1 who1 all burning1 to recall the memory of his unhappy fate1 appeared to wish to transform himself into even such a swan as he carried in his hand4 ,orpheus1 next1 their brother1 was seen walking behind them1 young and much adorned1 but of a presence grave and venerable1 with the tiara on his head1 and seeming to play a most ornate lyre2 and with him was seen the enchantress ,circe1 likewise the daughter of the ,sun1 with a band around the head1 which was a sign of her sovereignty1 and in the habit of a matron1 and she was shown holding in the hand1 in place of a sceptre1 a little branch of larch and another of cedar1 with the fumes of which it is said that she used to contrive the greater part of her enchantments4 ,and the nine ,muses1 walking in gracious order1 formed a most beautiful finish to the last part of the lovely company just described2 who were seen figured in the forms of most graceful ,nymphs1 crowned with feathers of the magpie in remembrance of the ,sirens vanquished by them1 and with feathers of other kinds1 and holding various musical instruments in the hands1 while among the last of them1 who held the most honourable place1 was set ,memory1 mother of the ,muses1 adorned with rich black draperies1 and holding in the hand a little black dog1 signifying the marvellous memory which that animal is said to have1 and with the head-dress fantastically composed of the most different things1 denoting the so many and so different things that the memory is able to retain4 ,,fifth ,,car1 ,,of ,,jove4 ,the great father of mankind and of the ,gods1 ,jove1 the son of ,saturn1 had the fifth car1 ornate and rich in pomp beyond all the others2 for1 besides the five fables that were seen painted there1 as with the others1 it was rendered rich and marvellous beyond belief by three statues that served as most imposing partitions to those fables4 ,by one of these was seen represented the image1 such as it is believed to have been1 of the young ,epaphus1 the son of ,io and ,jove1 and by the second that of the lovely ,helen1 who was born from ,leda at one birth with ,castor and ,pollux2 even as by the last was represented that of the grandfather of the sage ,ulysses1 called ,arcesius4 ,for the first of the fables already mentioned was seen ,jove transformed into a ,bull1 conveying the trusting ,europa to ,crete1 even as for the second was seen his perilous rape as he flew to ,heaven in the form of an ,eagle with the ,trojan ,ganymede1 and for the third his other transformation into fire when he wished to lie with the beautiful ,a,egina1 daughter of ,asopus4 ,for the fourth was seen the same ,jove1 changed into a rain of gold1 falling into the lap of his beloved ,danae2 and in the fifth and last he was seen delivering his father ,saturn1 who1 as has been told above1 was unworthily held prisoner by the ,titans4 ,in such and so adorned a car1 then1 and upon a most beautiful throne composed of various animals and of many gilded ,victories1 with a little mantle woven of divers animals and plants1 the above-named great father ,jove was seen seated in infinite majesty1 with a garland of leaves similar to those of the common olive1 and in the right hand a ,victory crowned with a band of white wool1 and in the left hand a royal sceptre1 at the head of which was shown poised the imperial ,eagle4 ,at the foot of the throne1 to render it more imposing and pompous1 was seen on one side ,niobe1 with her children1 dying by the shafts of ,apollo and ,diana1 and on the other side seven men in combat1 who were seen to have in their midst a boy with the head bound with white wool1 even as in another place could be seen ,hercules and ,theseus1 who were shown in combat with the famous ,amazons4 ,and at the foot of the car1 which was drawn by two very large and very naturally figured eagles1 there was seen walking 7as has been told of the others7 ,bellerophon adorned with a royal habit and a royal diadem1 in allusion to whose fable there was seen over that diadem the ,chimera slain by him2 having in his company the young ,perseus1 born from ,jove and ,danae1 with the usual head of ,medusa in his hand1 and the usual knife at his flank2 and with them was the above-named ,epaphus1 who had as a cap the head of an ,african elephant4 ,hercules1 the son of ,jove and ,alcmena1 with the customary lion's skin and the customary club1 was seen coming after them2 and in his company he had ,scythes1 his brother 7although born from a different mother71 the first inventor of bow and arrows1 on which account his hands and his flank were seen furnished with these4 ,after them were seen the two gracious ,twins1 ,castor and ,pollux1 riding with an air of no less beauty upon two milk-white and spirited coursers1 and dressed in military habit2 each having upon the helmet1 one of which was dotted with eight stars and the other with ten1 a brilliant little flame as helmet-crest1 in allusion to that salutary light1 now called ,s4 ,elmo's ,fire1 which is wont to appear to mariners as a sign that the tempest has passed2 the stars being intended to signify how they were placed in ,heaven by ,jove as the sign of the ,twins4 ,then ,justice was seen coming after these1 a beautiful maiden1 who was beating with a stick and finally strangling a woman ugly and deformed1 and in her company were four of the ,gods ,penates1 two male and two female1 these demonstrating--although in barbaric and extravagant dress1 and although they had on the head a pediment which1 with the base turned upwards1 supported the heads of a young man and an old--by the gilded chain with a heart attached that they had about the neck1 and by their long1 ample1 and pompous vestments1 that they were persons of great weight and of great and lofty counsel2 which was done with much reason1 seeing that they were reputed by the ancient writers to be the counsellors of ,jove4 ,after them were seen walking the two ,palici1 born of ,jove and ,thaleia1 adorned with draperies of tawny hue1 and crowned with various ears of corn1 and each with an altar in the hand2 and in their company was ,iarbas1 ,king of ,gaetulia1 the son of the same ,jove1 crowned with a white band1 and with the head of a lion surmounted by a crocodile as a cap1 and his other garments interwoven with leaves of cane and papyrus and various monsters1 and with the sceptre and a burning flame of fire in the hands4 ,behind these were seen coming ,xanthus1 the ,trojan ,river1 likewise the son of ,jove1 in human form1 but all yellow1 all nude1 and all shorn1 with the overflowing vase in his hands1 and ,sarpedon1 ,king of ,lycia1 his brother1 in a most imposing garb1 and in his hand a little mound covered with lions and serpents4 ,and the last part of that great company1 concluding the whole1 was formed of four armed ,curetes1 who kept clashing their swords one against another1 thus reviving the memory of ,mount ,ida1 where ,jove was saved from the voracious ,saturn by their means1 drowning by the clash of their arms the wailing of the tender babe2 among whom1 with the last couple1 for greater dignity1 as ,queen of all the others1 winged and without feet1 and with much pomp and grandeur1 proud ,fortune was seen haughtily approaching4 ,,sixth ,,car1 ,,of ,,mars4 ,mars1 the proud and warlike ,god1 covered with brightly-shining armour1 had the sixth car1 adorned with no little richness and pomp1 and drawn by two ferocious wolves very similar to the reality2 and therein his wife ,neriene and his daughter ,evadne1 figured in low-relief1 served to divide three of his fables1 which 7as has been told of the other cars7 were painted there4 ,for the first of these1 he was seen slaying the hapless son of ,neptune1 ,halirrhotius1 in vengeance for the violation of ,alcippe1 and for the second he was seen in most amorous guise lying with ,rea ,silvia1 and begetting by her the two great founders of ,rome1 ,romulus and ,remus2 even as for the third and last he was seen miserably reduced to captivity 7as happens often enough to his followers7 in the hands of the impious ,otus and ,ephialtes4 ,then before the car1 as the first figures1 preceding it on horseback1 were seen two of his priests1 the ,salii1 with their usual shields1 the ,ancilia1 and clad and adorned with their usual armour and vestments1 and wearing on their heads1 in place of helmets1 two caps in the likeness of cones2 and they were seen followed by the above-named ,romulus and ,remus in the guise of shepherds1 covered in rustic fashion with skins of wolves1 while1 to distinguish the one from the other1 ,remus had six vultures placed in his head-dress1 and ,romulus twelve1 in memory of his more happy augury4 ,after them came ,oenomaus1 ,king of the ,greek ,pisa1 and also the son of ,mars1 who held in one hand1 as ,king1 a royal sceptre1 and in the other a little chariot all broken1 in memory of the treachery shown against him by the charioteer ,myrtilus in his combat for his daughter ,hippodameia against ,pelops1 her lover4 ,and after him were seen coming ,ascalaphus and ,ialmenus1 likewise sons of ,mars1 adorned with a rich military habit2 recalling by the ships that they had in the hand1 one for each1 the weighty succour brought by them with fifty ships to the besieged ,trojans4 ,these were followed by the beautiful ,nymph ,britona1 daughter likewise of ,mars1 with a net in her arms1 in memory of her miserable fate2 and by the not less beautiful ,harmonia1 who was born of the same ,mars and lovely ,venus1 and became the wife of ,theban ,cadmus4 ,to her1 it is said1 ,vulcan once presented a most beautiful necklace1 on which account she was seen with that necklace about her neck2 and in the upper parts she had the semblance of a woman1 but in the lower parts--denoting that she was transformed1 together with her husband1 into a serpent--she was seen all covered with serpent's skin4 ,these had behind them1 with a bloody knife in the hand and across the shoulders a little kid split open1 and very fierce in aspect1 ,hyperion1 born from the same father1 by whom it is said that men were first taught to kill brute-animals1 and with him the no less fierce ,a,etolus1 likewise the offspring of ,mars2 and between them was seen walking blind ,rage1 adorned with a red habit all picked out with black embroidery1 with foaming mouth1 and with a rhinoceros on the head and a cynocephalus upon the back4 ,after these walked ,fraud1 with the face of a human creature and with the other parts as they are described by ,dante in the ,inferno1 and ,menace1 truly threatening in aspect with the sword and the staff that she had in the hands1 covered with grey and red draperies1 and with the mouth open2 and they were seen to have behind them ,fury1 the great ,minister of ,mars1 and ,death1 pallid and not less in harmony with the same ,mars2 the first all draped and tinted in dark red1 with the hands bound behind the back1 and seeming to be seated1 all threatening1 upon a great bundle of various arms1 and the second all pallid1 as has been said1 and covered with black draperies1 with the eyes closed1 and with a presence no less awful and no less horrible4 ,spoils1 then1 in the form of a woman adorned with a lion's skin1 with an ancient trophy in the hand1 was seen coming after these1 and she appeared as if desirous to exult over two prisoners1 wounded and bound1 who were on either side of her2 having behind her1 as the last line of so terrible a company1 a woman of a very stalwart presence1 with two bull's horns on the head and with an elephant in the hand1 representing ,force1 to whom ,cruelty1 all red and likewise awful1 killing a little child1 seemed to make a true and fit companion4 ,,seventh ,,car1 ,,of ,,venus4 ,very different was the aspect of the charming1 graceful1 elegant1 and gilded car of benign ,venus1 which was seen coming after the last in the seventh place1 drawn by two most peaceful1 snow-white1 and amorous doves2 wherein were not wanting four scenes executed with great mastery1 to render it pleasing1 gladsome1 and rich in pomp4 ,for the first of these was seen the lovely ,goddess transforming herself into a fish1 to escape from the fury of the ,giant ,typhoeus1 and for the second1 likewise1 she was seen praying the great father ,jove most piteously that he should deign to make an end at last of the many labours of her much-enduring son ,a,eneas4 ,in the third was seen the same ,venus caught by her husband ,vulcan with the net1 while lying with her lover ,mars2 even as in the fourth and last she was seen1 no less solicitous for her same son ,a,eneas1 coming into accord with the so inexorable ,juno to unite him with the snares of love to the chaste ,queen of ,carthage4 ,the beautiful ,adonis1 as her dearest lover1 was seen walking first before the car1 in the gracious habit of a huntsman1 and with him appeared as his companions two charming little ,loves1 with painted wings and with bows and arrows4 ,these were followed by the marital ,hymeneus1 young and beautiful1 with the customary garland of marjoram1 and in his hand the lighted torch2 and by ,thalassius with the spear and shield1 and the little basket full of wool4 ,and after them was seen coming ,peitho1 the ,goddess of ,persuasion1 robed in the habit of a matron1 with a great tongue upon the head 7after the ,egyptian custom7 containing a bloody eye1 and in the hand another similar tongue which was joined to another counterfeited hand2 and with her the ,trojan ,paris in the habit of a shepherd1 who was seen carrying in memory of his fable that for him so unlucky apple4 ,even as ,concord1 in the form of a grave and beautiful woman crowned with a garland1 with a cup in one hand and in the other a sceptre wreathed in flowers1 could be seen following these2 and with her1 likewise1 appeared as a companion ,priapus1 the ,god of orchards1 with the usual sickle and with the lap all full of fruits2 and with them1 with a cube in the hand and another upon the head1 ,manturna1 who was always invoked most devoutly by brides on the first night that they were joined with their husbands1 believing that firmness and constancy could be infused by her into inconstant minds4 ,extravagantly figured1 next1 was ,friendship1 who came after these1 for1 although in the form of a young woman1 she was seen to have the bare head crowned with leaves of pomegranate and myrtle1 wearing a rough dress1 upon which could be read1 ,,mors ,,et ,,vita2 with the breast open1 so that the heart could be perceived1 and there1 likewise1 were to be read these words written1 ,,longe ,,et ,,prope2 and she carried in the hand a withered elm-trunk entwined with a fresh and fertile vine4 ,in her company was ,pleasure1 both the seemly and the unseemly1 likewise extravagantly figured in the form of two young women that were shown attached to one another by the back2 one white1 and1 as ,dante said1 cross-eyed and with the feet distorted1 and the other1 although black1 yet of a seemly and gracious form1 girt with beautiful consideration by the jewelled and gilded cestus1 with a bit and a common braccio for measuring in the hands4 ,and she was followed by the ,goddess ,virginensis1 who used also to be invoked in ancient nuptials1 that she might aid the husband to loose the virgin zone2 on which account1 all robed in draperies of white linen1 with a crown of emeralds and a cock upon the head1 she was seen walking with the above-named zone and with a little branch of agnus-castus in the hands4 ,in her company was ,beauty1 desired so much and by so many1 in the form of a gracious virgin wreathed in flowers1 and all crowned with lilies2 and with them was ,hebe1 the ,goddess of ,youth1 likewise a virgin1 and likewise dressed with much richness and infinite grace1 and crowned with the ornament of a lovely gilded garland1 and carrying in the hand a beautiful little branch of flowering almond4 ,finally1 that most lovely company was concluded by ,joy1 likewise a virgin1 gracious and crowned with a garland1 who in similar guise carried in the hand a thyrsus all woven of garlands and various leaves and flowers4 ,,eighth ,,car1 ,,of ,,mercury4 ,to ,mercury1 who had the caduceus1 the cap1 and the winged sandals1 was given the eighth car1 drawn by two most natural storks1 and likewise enriched and adorned with five of his fables4 ,for the first of these he was seen appearing upon the new walls of ,carthage1 as the ,messenger of ,jove1 to the enamoured ,a,eneas1 and commanding him that he should depart thence and set out on the way to ,italy2 even as for the second was seen the unhappy ,agraulos converted by him into stone1 and for the third he was seen likewise at the command of ,jove binding the too audacious ,prometheus to the rocks of ,mount ,caucasus4 ,in the fourth1 again1 he was seen converting the ill-advised ,battus into that stone that is called basanite2 and in the fifth and last was his slaying1 so cunningly achieved1 of the many-eyed ,argus4 ,for clearer demonstration1 that same ,argus was seen walking first before the car1 in a pastoral habit all covered with eyes2 and with him was seen as his companion ,maia1 the mother of the above-named ,mercury and daughter of ,faunus1 in the very rich habit of a young woman1 with a vine upon the head and a sceptre in the hand1 having some serpents tame in appearance that were following her4 ,after these was seen coming ,palaestra1 daughter of ,mercury1 in the semblance of a virgin wholly nude1 but stalwart and proud to a marvel1 and adorned with various leaves of olive over the whole person1 with the hair cut short1 to the end that when fighting1 as it was her custom always to do1 it might not give a grip to the enemy2 and with her was ,eloquence1 also the daughter of ,mercury1 robed in the dignified and decorous habit of a matron1 with a parrot upon the head1 and with one of the hands open4 ,next were seen the three ,graces1 with the hands linked in the usual manner1 and draped in most delicate veiling2 and after them were seen coming the two ,lares1 dressed in the skins of dogs1 with whom there appeared as their companion ,art1 also in the habit of a matron1 with a great lever and a great flame of fire in the hands4 ,these were followed by ,autolycus1 that most subtle thief1 the son of ,mercury and of the ,nymph ,chione1 with shoes of felt and a closed cap that hid his face1 having both his hands occupied with such a lantern as is called a thieves' lantern1 various picklocks1 and a rope-ladder4 ,and finally1 ,hermaphroditus1 the offspring of the same ,mercury and of ,venus1 figured in the usual manner1 was seen bringing up the rear of that little company4 ,,ninth ,,car1 ,,of ,,the ,,moon4 ,the ninth car1 all silvered1 of the ,moon1 drawn by two horses1 one black and the other white1 was seen passing in no less lovely fashion after the last2 the ,moon1 draped1 as is customary1 in a white and delicate veil1 guiding the silver reins with grace most gracious2 and1 like the others1 it was seen adorned with no less beauty and pomp by four of her fables4 ,for the first of these that most gentle ,goddess1 flying from the fury of ,typhoeus1 was seen constrained to transform herself into a cat2 even as in the second she was seen fondly embracing and kissing beautiful ,endymion as he lay asleep1 and in the third she was seen1 won over by a delicate fleece of white wool1 making her way into a dark forest1 there to lie with the enamoured ,pan1 the ,god of ,shepherds4 ,in the fourth was seen how the same ,endymion named above1 for the grace acquired with her1 was given pasture for his white flock2 and for a better representation of him who was so dear to the ,moon1 he was then seen walking first before the car1 crowned with dittany1 and in his company a fair-haired child1 with a serpent in the hand1 and also crowned with leaves of the plane1 representing the ,good ,genius1 and a great black man1 awful in aspect1 with the beard and hair all dishevelled and with an owl in the hand1 representing the ,evil ,genius4 ,these were followed by the ,god ,vaticanus1 who is believed to be able to bring succour to the wailing of little infants1 robed in a handsome tawny habit1 and with an infant in his arms2 and with him was likewise seen coming1 in a splendid and well-varied dress1 with a key in the hand1 the ,goddess ,egeria1 who is also invoked in aid of pregnant women2 and with them the other ,goddess1 ,nundina1 who likewise protects the names of little babes1 in a venerable habit1 with a branch of laurel and a sacrificial vase in the hands4 ,then after these ,vitumnus was seen walking1 who was reputed to breathe the soul into children at their birth1 figured after the ,egyptian custom1 and with him ,sentinus1 who likewise was believed by the ancients to give to the newly-born the power of the senses1 on which account1 he himself being all white1 there were seen in his head-dress the heads of those five animals that are believed to have the five senses more acute than any of the others2 that of an ape1 namely1 that of a vulture1 that of a wild-boar1 that of a lynx1 and that--or rather1 the whole body--of a little spider4 ,then ,edusa and ,potina1 who preside over the nourishment of those same infants1 were seen riding in the same fashion as the others1 in the habit of nymphs1 but with breasts very long and very full1 one holding a basin containing white bread1 and the other a most beautiful vase that seemed to be full of water2 and with them1 concluding the last part of the company1 was ,fabulinus1 who presides over the first speech of the same infants1 robed in various colours1 with the head all crowned with wagtails and singing chaffinches4 ,,tenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,minerva4 ,minerva1 clad in armour1 with the spear and the shield of the ,gorgon1 as she is generally figured1 had the tenth car1 composed in a triangular form and in the colour of bronze1 and drawn by two very large and most bizarre owls1 of which ,i cannot forbear to say that although it would be possible to relate singular and even incredible marvels of all the animals that drew the cars1 yet these1 beyond all the others1 were figured so lifelike and so natural1 and their feet1 wings1 and necks were made to move1 and even the eyes to open and shut so well1 and with a resemblance so close to the reality1 that ,i know not how ,i could ever be able to convince of it those who never saw them4 ,however1 ceasing to speak of these1 ,i must relate that of the three sides of which the triangular car was composed1 there was seen painted in one the miraculous birth of the ,goddess from the head of ,jove1 even as in the second ,pandora was seen adorned by her with all those countless ornaments1 and in the third1 likewise1 she was seen converting the hair of the wretched ,medusa into snakes4 ,then on one part of the base there was painted the contest that she had with ,neptune over the name that was to be given to ,athenae 7before she had such a name71 when1 he producing the fiery horse and she the fruitful olive1 she was seen to win thereby a glorious and memorable victory2 and on the other she was seen in the form of a little old woman1 striving to persuade the overbold ,arachne1 before she had transformed her into the animal of that name1 that she should consent1 without putting the matter to the proof1 to yield her the palm in the art of embroidery2 even as in the third and last part1 with a different aspect1 she was seen valorously slaying the proud ,typhon4 ,before the car was seen walking ,virtue1 in the form of a young and stalwart woman1 with two great wings1 and in an easy1 chaste1 and becoming habit1 having as a worthy companion the venerable ,honour1 crowned with palm and resplendent in purple and gold1 with the shield and spear in the hands1 who was shown supporting two temples1 into one of which 7namely1 that dedicated to the same ,honour7 it appeared impossible to pass save by way of that dedicated to ,virtue2 and to the end that a noble and worthy companion might be given to those masks1 it seemed right that ,victory1 crowned with laurel and likewise with a branch of palm in the hand1 should be added to the same line4 ,these were followed by ,good ,fame1 figured in the form of a young woman with two white wings1 sounding a great trumpet1 and after her1 with a little white dog in her arms1 came ,faith1 likewise all white1 with a luminous veil that was seen covering her arms1 head1 and face2 and with them ,salvation1 holding in the right hand a cup that she seemed to be seeking to offer to a serpent1 and in the other a thin and straight wand4 ,after these1 then1 was seen coming ,nemesis1 the daughter of ,night1 who rewards the good and chastises the wicked1 virginal in aspect1 and crowned with little stags and little victories1 with a spear of ash and a similar cup in the hands2 with whom appeared as her companion ,peace1 also a virgin1 but of a kindly aspect1 with a branch of olive in the hand and a blind boy1 representing the ,god of riches1 in the arms2 and with them1 carrying in the hand a drinking-vessel in the form of a lily1 and in similar guise1 was seen likewise coming ever-verdant ,hope1 followed by ,clemency1 who was riding upon a great lion1 with a spear in one hand and in the other a thunderbolt1 which she was making as if not to hurl furiously1 but to throw away4 ,then were seen likewise coming ,opportunity1 who had a little behind her ,penitence1 by whom she seemed to be continually smitten1 and ,felicity1 upon a commodious throne1 with a caduceus in one hand and a horn of plenty in the other4 ,and these were seen followed by the ,goddess ,pellonia1 whose office it is to keep enemies at a distance1 in full armour1 with two great horns upon the head1 and in the hand a vigilant crane1 who was seen poised upon one foot1 as is their custom1 and holding in the other a stone2 and with her1 closing the last part of the glorious company1 was ,science1 figured in the form of a young man1 who was shown carrying in the hand a book and upon the head a gilded tripod1 to denote his constancy and firmness4 ,,eleventh ,,car1 ,,of ,,vulcan4 ,vulcan1 the ,god of fire1 old1 ugly1 and lame1 with a cap of turquoise-blue upon the head1 had the eleventh car1 drawn by two great dogs2 and in it was figured the ,isle of ,lemnos1 where it is said that ,vulcan1 thrown down from ,heaven1 was nursed by ,thetis1 and began to fashion there the first thunderbolts for ,jove4 ,before it were seen walking1 as his ministers and servants1 three ,cyclopes1 ,brontes1 ,steropes1 and ,pyracmon1 of whose aid he is said to have been wont to avail himself in making those thunderbolts4 ,after them was seen coming ,polyphemus1 the lover of the beautiful ,galatea and the first of all the ,cyclopes1 in the garb of a shepherd1 with a great pipe hanging from his neck and a staff in the hand2 and with him1 crowned with seven stars1 the deformed but ingenious ,ericthonius1 born with serpent's feet from ,vulcan's attempt to violate ,minerva1 to conceal the ugliness of which it is believed that he invented the use of chariots1 on which account he walked with one of these in the hand4 ,he was seen followed by the savage ,cacus1 also the son of ,vulcan1 spouting a stream of sparks from the mouth and nose2 and by ,caeculus1 likewise the son of ,vulcan1 and likewise in pastoral garb1 but adorned with the royal diadem1 and in one of his hands1 in memory of the building of ,praeneste1 was seen a city placed upon a hill1 and in the other a ruddy and burning flame4 ,after these was seen coming ,servius ,tullius1 ,king of ,rome1 who is also believed to have been born of ,vulcan1 and upon his head1 even as in the hand of ,caeculus1 in token of his happy augury1 a similar flame was seen to form in marvellous fashion a splendid and propitious garland4 ,then was seen the jealous ,procris1 daughter of the above-named ,ericthonius1 and wife of ,cephalus1 who1 in memory of the ancient fable1 seemed to have the breast transfixed by a javelin2 and with her was seen ,oreithyia1 her sister1 in a virginal and lovely habit1 and in the centre between them was ,pandion1 ,king of ,athens1 born with them of the same father1 adorned with the vestments of a ,grecian ,king4 ,after him came ,procne and ,philomela1 his daughters1 one dressed in the skin of a deer1 with a spear in the hand and upon the head a little chattering swallow1 and the other carrying in the same place a nightingale1 and likewise having in the hand a woman's embroidered mantle1 in allusion to her miserable fate2 and she appeared to be following her beloved father all filled with sorrow1 although adorned with a rich vestment4 ,and with them1 to conclude the last part of the company1 was ,caca1 the sister of ,cacus1 adored by the ancients as a ,goddess for the reason that1 laying aside her love for her brother1 she is said to have revealed to ,hercules the secret of the stolen cattle4 ,,twelfth ,,car1 ,,of ,,juno4 ,when ,vulcan had passed1 ,queen ,juno1 adorned with a rich1 superb1 and royal crown1 and with vestments transparent and luminous1 was seen coming in much majesty upon the twelfth car1 which was not less pompous than any of the others1 and drawn by two most lovely peacocks2 and between the five little stories of her actions that were seen painted therein1 were ,lycorias1 ,beroe1 and ,deiopea1 her most beautiful and most favoured ,nymphs4 ,for the first of these stories was seen the unhappy ,callisto transformed by her into a bear1 who was placed afterwards by compassionate ,jove among the principal stars in the heavens2 and in the second was seen how1 having transformed herself into the likeness of ,beroe1 she persuaded the unsuspecting ,semele to beseech ,jove that he should deign in his grace to lie with her in the guise wherein he was wont to lie with his wife ,juno2 on which account the unhappy mortal1 not being able to sustain the force of the celestial splendour1 was consumed by fire1 and ,jove was seen to take ,bacchus from her belly and place him in his own1 preserving him for the full time of birth4 ,in the third1 likewise1 she was seen praying ,a,eolus that he should send his furious winds to scatter the fleet of ,trojan ,a,eneas2 even as in the fourth she was seen in like manner1 filled with jealousy1 demanding from ,jove the miserable ,io transformed into a cow1 and giving her1 to the end that she might not be stolen from her by ,jove1 into the custody of the ever-vigilant ,argus1 who1 as has been told elsewhere1 was put to sleep and slain by ,mercury2 and in the fifth picture was seen ,juno sending after most unhappy ,io the pitiless gad-fly1 to the end that he might keep her continually pricked and stung4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 were seen coming a good number of those phenomena that are formed in the air1 among which could be seen as the first ,iris1 regarded by the ancients as the messenger of the ,gods1 and the daughter of ,thaumas and ,electra2 all lissom and free1 and dressed in vestments of red1 yellow1 blue1 and green1 signifying the rainbow1 with two hawks' wings upon the head that denoted her swiftness4 ,in her company1 then1 in a red habit1 with the hair ruddy and dishevelled1 was the ,comet1 figured as a young woman who had a large and shining star upon the brow2 and with them came ,clear ,sky1 in the aspect of a virgin1 who was seen with the countenance of turquoise-blue1 and turquoise-blue all the wide and ample dress1 not without a white dove likewise upon the head1 to signify the sky4 ,after these were seen ,snow and ,mist1 coupled together2 the first dressed in tawny-coloured draperies1 upon which were shown lying many trunks of trees all sprinkled with snow1 and the other was seen walking1 as if she had no shape1 as it were in the semblance of a great white mass2 having with them verdant ,dew1 figured in that same colour1 to denote the green plants upon which she is generally seen1 and having a round moon upon the head1 signifying that in the time of the moon's fulness1 above all1 dew is wont to fall from the heavens upon green herbage4 ,then there followed ,rain1 dressed in a white but somewhat soiled habit1 upon whose head seven stars1 partly bright and partly dim1 formed a garland representing the seven ,pleiades1 even as the seventeen that blazed upon her breast appeared to denote the sign of rainy ,orion4 ,there followed1 likewise1 three virgins of different ages1 attired in white draperies and also crowned with olive1 representing the three classes of virgins that used to run races in the ancient games of ,juno2 having with them1 for the last1 the ,goddess ,populonia in the rich habit of a matron1 with a garland of pomegranate and balm-mint upon the head1 and with a little table in the hand1 by whom the airy company above described was seen graciously concluded4 ,,thirteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,neptune4 ,fanciful1 bizarre1 and beautiful beyond all the others appeared the thirteenth car1 of ,neptune1 which was composed of an immense crab1 such as the ,venetians are wont to call ,grancevola1 which rested upon four great dolphins1 having about the base1 which resembled a real and natural rock1 a vast number of sea-shells1 sponges1 and corals1 which rendered it most lovely and ornate1 and being drawn by two sea-horses2 and upon it was seen standing ,neptune1 in the customary form and with the customary trident1 having at his feet1 as a companion1 his spouse ,salacia1 in the form of a snow-white nymph all covered with foam4 ,before the car1 then1 was seen walking the old and bearded ,glaucus1 all dripping and all covered with sea-weed and moss1 whose person from the waist downwards was seen in the form of a swimming fish4 ,about him circled many halcyon-birds1 and with him was seen the much-changing and deceitful ,proteus1 likewise old1 all dripping1 and covered with sea-weed2 and with them proud ,phorcys1 with a royal band of turquoise-blue about the head1 and with beard and hair long and flowing beyond measure1 and carrying in the hand the famous ,pillars of ,hercules1 as a sign of the empire that he once had4 ,then followed two ,tritons with the customary tails1 sounding their trumpets1 and in their company appeared old ,a,eolus1 likewise holding in the hands a royal sceptre and a sail1 and having upon the head a burning flame of fire4 ,and he was followed by four of his principal ,winds2 by young ,zephyrus1 with the locks and the varied wings adorned with various little flowers1 by dark and parching ,eurus1 who had a radiant sun upon the head2 by cold and snowy ,boreas2 and1 finally1 by the soft1 cloudy1 and proud ,auster2 all figured1 according as they are generally painted1 with swelling cheeks and with the large and swift wings that are customary4 ,after these1 in due place1 were seen coming the two giants1 ,otus and ,ephialtes1 all wounded and transfixed by various arrows1 in memory of their having been slain by ,apollo and ,diana2 and with them1 not less appropriately1 were seen coming likewise two ,harpies1 with the customary maiden's face and the customary rapacious claws and most hideous belly4 ,there was seen also the ,egyptian ,god ,canopus1 in memory of the astuteness formerly used by the priest against the ,chaldaeans1 figured as very short1 round1 and fat2 and likewise1 young and lovely1 winged ,zetes and ,calais1 the sons of ,boreas1 by whose valour it is related that once upon a time those foul and ravenous ,harpies were driven from the world4 ,and with them were seen1 at the last1 the beautiful ,nymph ,amymone1 beloved by ,neptune1 with a gilded vase1 and the young ,greek ,neleus1 son of the same ,neptune1 who1 with royal sceptre and habit1 was seen to conclude the last part of the company described above4 ,,fourteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,oceanus ,,and ,,of ,,tethys4 ,there followed in the fourteenth company1 with ,tethys1 the great ,queen of the sea1 the great father ,oceanus1 her husband1 the son of ,heaven1 who was figured in the form of a tall and cerulean old man1 with a great beard and long hair all wet and dishevelled1 and covered all over with sea-weed and various sea-shells1 with a horrible seal in the hand1 while she was represented as a tall and masterful matron1 resplendent1 old1 and white1 and holding in the hand a great fish2 and they were both seen upon a most fantastic car in the semblance of a rock1 very strange and bizarre1 drawn by two immense whales4 ,at the foot of the car was seen walking ,nereus1 their son1 old1 venerable1 and covered with foam1 and with him ,thetis1 daughter of that ,nereus and of ,doris1 and mother of great ,achilles1 who was shown riding upon a dolphin2 and she was seen followed by three most beautiful ,sirens figured in the usual manner1 who had behind them two very beautiful1 although white-haired1 ,nymphs of the sea1 called ,graeae1 likewise daughters of the ,sea-,god ,phorcys and of the ,nymph ,ceto1 clothed most pleasingly in various graceful draperies4 ,behind these1 then1 were seen coming the three ,gorgons with their snaky locks1 daughters of the same father and mother1 who made use of a single eye1 with which alone1 lending it to one another1 they were all three able to see2 and there was likewise seen coming the cruel ,scylla1 with the face and breast of a maiden and with the rest of the person in the form of a fish1 and with her the old1 ugly1 and voracious ,charybdis1 transfixed by an arrow in memory of her well-deserved punishment4 ,and behind these1 in order to leave the last part of the company more gladsome in aspect1 there was seen coming for the last1 all nude1 the beautiful and pure-white ,galatea1 beloved and gracious daughter of ,nereus and ,doris4 ,,fifteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,pan4 ,in the fifteenth car1 which had the natural and true appearance of a shady forest counterfeited with much artifice1 and was drawn by two great white he-goats1 was seen coming the rubicund ,pan1 the ,god of forests and of shepherds1 in the form of an old and horned ,satyr1 crowned with foliage of the pine1 with the spotted skin of a panther across the body1 and in the hands a great pipe with seven reeds and a pastoral staff4 ,at the foot of the car were seen walking some other ,satyrs and some old ,sylvan ,gods1 crowned with fennel and lilies1 and holding some boughs of cypress in memory of the beloved ,cyparissus4 ,after these1 likewise1 were seen coming two ,fauns crowned with laurel1 and each with a cat upon the right shoulder2 and behind them the wild and beautiful ,syrinx1 beloved by ,pan1 who1 flying from him1 is said to have been transformed by the ,naiad sisters into a tremulous and musical reed4 ,syrinx had in her company the other ,nymph1 ,pitys1 likewise beloved by ,pan2 but since the wind ,boreas was also and in like manner enamoured of her1 it is believed that out of jealousy he hurled her over a most cruel rock1 whereupon1 being all shattered1 it is said that out of pity she was transformed by ,mother ,earth into a beautiful pine1 from the foliage of which her lover ,pan used1 as has been shown above1 to make himself a gracious and well-beloved garland4 ,then after these was seen coming ,pales1 the revered custodian and protectress of flocks1 dressed as a gentle shepherdess1 with a great vessel of milk in the hands1 and a garland of medicinal herbs2 and with her the protectress of herds1 by name ,bubona1 in a similar pastoral dress1 with an ornate head of an ox that made a cap for her head2 and ,myiagrus1 the ,god of flies1 dressed in white1 with an infinite multitude of those importunate little creatures about his head and his person1 with a garland of spondyl1 and with the club of ,hercules in his hand2 and ,evander1 who first taught men in ,italy to make sacrifices to ,pan1 adorned with royal purple and the royal head-band1 and with the royal sceptre in his hand1 concluded with gracious pomp the last part of that pastoral1 indeed1 yet pleasing and most fair company4 ,,sixteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,pluto ,,and ,,of ,,proserpine4 ,then followed infernal ,pluto with ,queen ,proserpine1 all nude1 awful1 and dark1 and crowned with funeral cypress1 holding a little sceptre in one of his hands as a sign of his royal power1 and having at his feet the great1 horrible1 and triple-throated ,cerberus2 but ,proserpine1 who was seen with him 7accompanied by two ,nymphs1 one holding in the hand a round ball1 and the other a great and strong key1 denoting that one who has once come into that kingdom must abandon all hope of return71 was shown clothed in a white and rich dress1 ornate beyond belief4 ,and both were in the usual car1 drawn by four jet-black horses1 whose reins were seen guided by a most hideous and infernal monster1 who had with him1 as worthy companions1 the three likewise infernal ,furies1 bloody1 foul1 and awful1 with the hair and the whole person entwined with various venomous serpents4 ,behind these were seen following the two ,centaurs1 ,nessus and ,astylus1 with bows and arrows1 and besides these arms ,astylus carried in the hand a great eagle2 and with them the proud giant ,briareus1 who had a hundred hands armed with sword and buckler1 and fifty heads1 from which a stream of fire was seen spouting through the mouth and nostrils4 ,these were followed by turbid ,acheron1 pouring water and sand1 livid and stinking1 from a great vase that he carried in his hands1 and with him was seen coming the other infernal river1 ,cocytus1 likewise pallid and dark1 and likewise pouring from a similar vase a similar fetid and turbid stream2 having with them the horrible and sluggish ,styx1 daughter of ,oceanus1 so much feared by all the ,gods1 who was dressed in a nymph's habit1 but dark and foul1 and carried a similar vase1 and seemed to be encompassed by the other infernal river1 ,phlegethon1 whose whole person1 with his vase and the boiling waters1 was tinted with a dark and fearful redness4 ,then followed old ,charon1 with the oar1 and with the eyes 7as ,dante said7 of glowing coal2 accompanied1 to the end that not one of the infernal rivers might be absent1 by the pallid1 meagre1 emaciated1 and oblivious ,lethe1 in whose hand was seen a similar vase1 which likewise poured from every side turbid and livid water2 and following behind them were the three great judges of ,hell1 ,minos1 ,a,eacus1 and ,rhadamanthus1 the first being figured in royal form and habit1 and the second and third attired in dark1 grave1 and venerable vestments4 ,after these was seen coming ,phlegyas1 the sacrilegious ,king of the ,lapithae1 recalling1 by an arrow that transfixed his breast1 the memory of the burned temple of ,phoebus and the chastisement received from him1 and1 for clearer demonstration1 carrying that temple all burning in one of his hands4 ,next was seen the afflicted ,sisyphus under the great and ponderous stone1 and with him the famished and miserable ,tantalus1 who was shown with the fruits so vainly desired close to his mouth4 ,and then were seen coming1 but in more gracious aspect1 as if setting out from the glad ,elysian ,fields1 with the comet-like star on the brow1 and wearing the imperial habit1 the divine ,julius and the happy ,octavianus ,augustus1 his successor2 the terrible and dreadful company being finally concluded in most noble fashion by the ,amazon ,penthesileia1 adorned with the spear1 the half-moon shield1 and the royal band upon the head1 and by the widowed ,queen ,tomyris1 who likewise had the hands and side adorned with the bow and barbaric arrows4 ,,seventeenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,cybele4 ,after these was seen coming ,cybele1 the great mother of the ,gods1 crowned with towers1 and1 for the reason that she is held to be ,goddess of the ,earth1 robed in a vestment woven of various plants1 with a sceptre in the hand1 and seated upon a quadrangular car1 which contained many other empty seats besides her own1 and was drawn by two great lions2 and for the adornment of the car were painted with most beautiful design four of her stories4 ,for the first of these was seen how1 when she was conveyed from ,pessinus to ,rome1 the ship that was carrying her being stuck fast in the ,tiber1 she was drawn miraculously to the bank by the ,vestal ,claudia with only her own simple girdle1 to the rare marvel of the bystanders2 even as for the second she was seen taken by command of her priests to the house of ,scipio ,nasica1 who was judged to be the best and most holy man to be found in ,rome at that time4 ,for the third1 likewise1 she was seen visited in ,phrygia by the ,goddess ,ceres1 after she thought to have hidden her daughter ,proserpine safely in ,sicily2 and for the fourth and last she was seen flying from the fury of the ,giants into ,egypt1 as the poets relate1 and constrained to transform herself into a blackbird4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 were seen riding ten ,corybantes1 armed after the ancient fashion1 who were making various extravagant gestures of head and person2 after whom were seen coming two ,roman matrons in ,roman dress1 with the head covered by a yellow veil1 and with them the above-named ,scipio ,nasica and the ,vestal ,virgin ,claudia1 who had over the head a square white kerchief with a border all around1 which was fastened under the throat4 ,and for the last1 to give a gracious conclusion to the little company1 there was seen coming with an aspect of great loveliness the young and beautiful ,atys1 beloved most ardently1 as we read1 by ,cybele2 who1 besides the rich1 easy1 and charming costume of a huntsman1 was seen most gracefully adorned by a very beautiful gilded collar4 ,,eighteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,diana4 ,in the eighteenth and incredibly beautiful car1 drawn by two white stags1 there was seen coming1 with the gilded bow and gilded quiver1 the huntress ,diana1 who was shown seated with infinite grace and loveliness upon two other stags1 which with their hindquarters made for her1 as it were1 a most fanciful seat2 the rest of the car being rendered strangely gracious1 lovely1 and ornate by nine of her most pleasing fables4 ,for the first of these was seen how1 moved by pity for the flying ,arethusa1 who was seen pursued by the enamoured ,alpheus1 the ,goddess converted her into a fountain2 even as for the second she was seen praying ,a,esculapius that he should consent to restore to life for her the dead but innocent ,hippolytus2 which being accomplished1 she was then seen in the third ordaining him guardian of her temple and her sacred wood in ,aricia4 ,for the fourth she was seen chasing ,cynthia1 violated by ,jove1 from the pure waters where she used to bathe with her other virgin ,nymphs2 and for the fifth was seen the deceit practised by her on the above-named ,alpheus1 when1 seeking presumptuously to obtain her as his wife1 he was taken by her to see her dance1 and there1 having smeared her face with mire in company with the other ,nymphs1 she constrained him1 not being able to recognize her in that guise1 to depart all derided and scorned4 ,for the sixth1 then1 she was seen in company with her brother ,apollo1 chastising proud ,niobe and slaying her with all her children2 and for the seventh she was seen sending the great and savage boar into the ,calydonian forest1 which laid all ,a,etolia waste1 having been moved to just and righteous wrath against that people because they had discontinued her sacrifices4 ,even as for the eighth she was seen not less wrathfully converting the unhappy ,actaeon into a stag2 but in the ninth and last1 moved on the contrary by pity1 she was seen transforming ,egeria1 weeping for the death of her husband1 ,numa ,pompilius1 into a fountain4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 were seen coming eight of her huntress ,nymphs1 with their bows and quivers1 dressed in graceful1 pleasing1 loose1 and easy garments1 composed of skins of various animals as it were slain by them2 and with them1 as the last1 concluding the small but gracious company1 was young ,virbius1 crowned with spotted-leaf myrtle1 and holding in one hand a little broken chariot1 and in the other a bunch of tresses virginal and blonde4 ,,nineteenth ,,car1 ,,of ,,ceres4 ,in the nineteenth car1 drawn by two great dragons1 coming in no less pomp than the others1 was seen ,ceres1 the ,goddess of grain-crops1 in the habit of a matron1 with a garland of ears of corn and with ruddy locks2 and with no less pomp that car was seen adorned by nine of her fables1 which had been painted there4 ,for the first of these was seen figured the happy birth of ,pluto1 the ,god of ,riches1 born1 as we read in certain poets1 from her and from the hero ,iasius2 even as for the second she was seen washing with great care and feeding with her own milk the little ,triptolemus1 son of ,eleusis and ,hyona4 ,for the third was seen the same ,triptolemus flying by her advice upon one of the two dragons that had been presented to him by her1 together with the car1 to the end that he might go through the world piously teaching the care and cultivation of the fields2 the other dragon having been killed by the impious ,king of the ,getae1 who sought with every effort likewise to slay ,triptolemus4 ,for the fourth was seen how she hid her beloved daughter ,proserpine in ,sicily1 foreseeing in a certain sense that which afterwards befell her2 even as in the fifth1 likewise1 she was seen after that event1 as has been told elsewhere1 going to ,phrygia to visit her mother ,cybele2 and in the sixth1 as she was dwelling in that place1 the same ,proserpine was seen appearing to her in a dream1 and demonstrating to her in what a plight she found herself from ,pluto's rape of her2 on which account1 being all distraught1 she was seen in the seventh returning in great haste to ,sicily4 ,for the eighth1 likewise1 was seen how1 not finding her there1 in her deep anguish she kindled two great torches1 being moved to the resolution to seek her throughout the whole world2 and in the ninth and last she was seen arriving at the well of ,cyane1 and there coming by chance upon the girdle of her stolen daughter1 a sure proof of what had befallen her2 whereupon in her great wrath1 not having aught else on which to vent it1 she was seen turning to break to pieces the rakes1 hoes1 ploughs1 and other rustic implements that chanced to have been left there in the fields by the peasants4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 were seen walking figures signifying her various sacrifices2 first1 for those that are called the ,eleusinia1 two little virgins attired in white vestments1 each with a gracious little basket in the hands1 one of which was seen to be all filled with various flowers1 and the other with various ears of corn4 ,after which1 for those sacrifices that were offered to ,ceres as ,goddess of ,earth1 there were seen coming two boys1 two women1 and two men1 likewise all dressed in white1 and all crowned with hyacinths1 who were leading two great oxen1 as it were to sacrifice them2 and then1 for those others that were offered to ,ceres the ,law-giver1 called by the ,greeks ,thesmophoros1 were seen coming two matrons only1 very chaste in aspect1 likewise dressed in white1 and in like manner crowned with ears of corn and agnus-castus4 ,and after these1 in order to display in full the whole order of her sacrifices1 there were seen coming three ,greek priests1 likewise attired in white draperies1 two of whom carried in the hands two lighted torches1 and the other an ancient lamp1 likewise lighted4 ,and1 finally1 the sacred company was concluded by the two heroes so much beloved by ,ceres1 of whom mention has been made above--,triptolemus1 namely1 who carried a plough in the hand and was shown riding upon a dragon1 and ,iasius1 whom it was thought proper to figure in the easy1 rich1 and gracious habit of a huntsman4 ,,twentieth ,,car1 ,,of ,,bacchus4 ,then followed the twentieth car1 of ,bacchus1 likewise shaped with singular artistry and with novel and truly most fanciful and bizarre invention2 and it was seen in the form of a very graceful little ship all overlaid with silver1 which was balanced in such wise upon a great base that had the true and natural appearance of the cerulean sea1 that at the slightest movement it was seen1 with extraordinary pleasure for the spectators1 to roll from side to side in the very manner of a real ship upon the real sea4 ,in it1 besides the merry and laughing ,bacchus1 attired in the usual manner and set in the most commanding place1 there were seen in company with ,maron1 ,king of ,thrace1 some ,bacchantes and some ,satyrs all merry and joyful1 sounding various cymbals and other suchlike instruments2 and since1 as it were1 from a part of that happy ship there rose an abundant fount of bright and foaming wine1 they were seen not only drinking the wine very often from various cups1 with much rejoicing1 but also with the licence that wine induces inviting the bystanders to drink and sing in their company4 ,in place of a mast1 also1 the little ship had a great thyrsus wreathed in vine-leaves1 which supported a graceful and swelling sail1 upon which1 to the end that it might be gladsome and ornate1 were seen painted many of those ,bacchantes who1 so it is said1 are wont to run about1 drinking and dancing and singing with much licence1 over ,mount ,tmolus1 father of the choicest wines4 ,at the foot of the car1 then1 was seen walking the beautiful ,syce1 beloved by ,bacchus1 who had upon the head a garland1 and in the hand a branch1 of fig2 and with her1 likewise1 was the other love of the same ,bacchus1 ,staphyle by name1 who1 besides a great vine-branch with many grapes that she carried in the hand1 was also seen to have made in no less lovely fashion about her head1 with vine-leaves and bunches of similar grapes1 a green and graceful garland4 ,after these came the fair and youthful ,cissus1 also beloved by ,bacchus1 who1 falling by misfortune1 was transformed by ,mother ,earth into ivy1 on which account he was seen in a habit all covered with ivy in every part4 ,and behind him was seen coming old ,silenus1 all naked and bound upon an ass with various garlands of ivy1 as if by reason of his drunkenness he were unable to support himself1 and carrying attached to his girdle a great wooden cup all worn away2 and with him1 likewise1 came the ,god of ,banquets1 called by the ancients ,comus1 represented in the form of a ruddy1 beardless1 and most beautiful youth1 all crowned with roses1 but in aspect so somnolent and languid1 that it appeared almost as if the huntsman's boar-spear and the lighted torch that he carried in the hands might fall from them at any moment4 ,there followed with a panther upon the back the old and likewise ruddy and laughing ,drunkenness1 attired in a red habit1 with a great foaming vessel of wine in the hands1 and with her the young and merry ,laughter2 and behind these were seen coming in the garb of shepherds and nymphs two men and two women1 followers of ,bacchus1 crowned and adorned in various ways with various leaves of the vine4 ,and ,semele1 the mother of ,bacchus1 all smoky and scorched in memory of the ancient fable1 with ,narcaeus1 the first ordinator of the sacrifices to ,bacchus1 who had a great he-goat upon his back1 and was adorned with antique and shining arms1 appeared to form a worthy1 appropriate1 and gracious end to that glad and festive company4 ,,twenty-,,first ,,and ,,last ,,car4 ,the twenty-first and last car1 representing the ,roman ,mount ,janiculum1 and drawn by two great white rams1 was given to the venerable ,janus1 figured with two heads1 one young and the other old1 as is the custom1 and holding in the hands a great key and a thin wand1 to demonstrate the power over doors and streets that is attributed to him4 ,at the foot of the car was seen coming sacred ,religion1 attired in white linen vestments1 with one of the hands open1 and carrying in the other an ancient altar with a burning flame2 and on either side of her were the ,prayers1 represented1 as they are described by ,homer1 in the form of two wrinkled1 lame1 cross-eyed1 and melancholy old women1 dressed in draperies of turquoise-blue4 ,after these were seen coming ,antevorta and ,postvorta1 the companions of ,divinity1 of whom it was believed that the first had power to know whether prayers were or were not to be heard by the ,gods2 and the second1 who rendered account only of the past1 was able to say whether prayers had or had not been heard2 the first being figured in the comely aspect and habit of a matron1 with a lamp and a corn-sieve in the hands1 and a head-dress covered with ants upon the head2 and the second1 clothed in front all in white1 and figured with the face of an old woman1 was seen to be attired at the back in heavy black draperies1 and to have the hair1 on the contrary1 blonde1 curling1 and beautiful1 such as is generally seen in young and love-compelling women4 ,then followed that ,favour which we seek from the ,gods1 to the end that our desires may have a happy and fortunate end2 and he1 although shown in the aspect of a youth1 blind and with wings1 and with a proud and haughty presence1 yet at times appeared timid and trembling because of the rolling wheel upon which he was seen standing1 doubting that1 as is often seen to happen1 at every least turn he might come with great ease to fall from it2 and with him was seen ,success1 or1 as we would rather say1 the happy end of our enterprises1 figured as a gay and lovely youth1 holding in one of the hands a cup1 and in the other an ear of corn and a poppy4 ,then there followed1 in the form of a virgin crowned with oriental palm1 with a star upon the brow and with a branch of the same palm in the hand1 ,anna ,perenna1 revered by the ancients as a ,goddess1 believing that she was able to make the year fortunate1 and with her were seen coming two ,fetiales with the ,roman toga1 adorned with garlands of verbenae and with a sow and a stone in the hands1 to denote the kind of oath that they were wont to take when they made any declaration for the ,roman people4 ,behind these1 then1 following the religious ceremonies of war1 was seen coming a ,roman ,consul in the ,gabinian and purple toga1 and with a spear in the hand1 and with him two ,roman ,senators likewise in the toga1 and two soldiers in full armour and with the ,roman javelin4 ,and finally1 concluding that company and all the others1 there followed ,money1 attired in draperies of yellow1 white1 and tawny colour1 and holding in the hands various instruments for striking coins2 the use of which1 so it is believed1 was first discovered and introduced1 as a thing necessary to the human race1 by ,janus4 ,such were the cars and companies of that marvellous masquerade1 the like of which was never seen before1 and1 perchance1 will never be seen again in our day4 ,and about it--leaving on one side1 as a burden too great for my shoulders1 the vast and incomparable praises that would be due to it--there had been marshalled with much judgment six very rich masks in the guise of sergeants1 or rather1 captains1 who1 harmonizing very well with the invention of the whole1 were seen1 according as necessity demanded1 running hither and thither and keeping all that long line1 which occupied about half a mile of road1 advancing in due order with decorum and grace4 ,now1 drawing near at length to the end of that splendid and most merry ,carnival1 which would have been much more merry and celebrated with much more splendour1 if the inopportune death of ,pius ,,iv1 which happened a short time before1 had not incommoded a good number of very reverend ,cardinals and other very illustrious lords from all ,italy1 who1 invited to those most royal nuptials1 had made preparations to come2 and leaving on one side the rich and lovely inventions without number seen in the separate masks1 thanks to the amorous young men1 not only in the innumerable banquets and other suchlike entertainments1 but wherever they broke a lance or tilted at the ring1 now in one place and now in another1 and wherever they made similar trial of their dexterity and valour in a thousand other games2 and treating only of the last festival1 which was seen on the last day1 ,i shall say that although there had been seen the innumerable things1 so rare1 so rich1 and so ingenious1 of which mention has been made above1 yet this festival1 from the pleasing nature of the play1 from the richness1 emulation and competence shown in it by our craftsmen 7some of whom1 as always happens1 considered themselves surpassed in the things accomplished71 and from a certain extravagance and variety in the inventions1 some of which appeared beautiful and ingenious1 and others ridiculous and clumsy1 this one1 ,i say1 also displayed an extraordinary and most charming beauty1 and likewise gave to the admiring people1 amid all that satiety1 a pleasure and a delight that were marvellous and perhaps unexpected2 and it was a buffalo-race1 composed of ten distinct companies1 which were distributed1 besides those that the ,sovereign ,princes took for themselves1 partly among the lords of the ,court and the strangers1 and partly among the gentlemen of the city and the two colonies of merchants1 the ,spanish and the ,genoese4 ,first1 then1 upon the first buffalo that appeared in the appointed place1 there was seen coming ,wickedness1 adorned with great art and judgment1 who was shown being chased1 goaded and beaten by six cavaliers likewise figured most ingeniously as ,scourging1 or rather1 ,scourges4 ,after that1 upon the second buffalo1 which had the appearance of a lazy ass1 was seen coming the old and drunken ,silenus1 supported by six ,bacchants1 who were seen striving at the same time to goad and spur the ass2 even as upon the third1 which had the form of a calf1 there was likewise seen coming the ancient ,osiris1 accompanied by six of the companions or soldiers with whom1 it is believed1 that ,deity travelled over many parts of the world and taught to the still new and barbarous races the cultivation of the fields4 ,upon the fourth1 without any disguise1 was placed as on horseback ,human ,life1 likewise chased and goaded by six cavaliers who represented the ,years2 even as upon the fifth1 also without any disguise1 was seen coming ,fame with the many mouths and with the great wings of desire that are customary1 also chased by six cavaliers who resembled ,virtue1 or the ,virtues2 which ,virtues1 so it was said1 chasing her1 were aspiring to obtain the due and well-deserved reward of honour4 ,upon the sixth1 then1 was seen coming a very rich ,mercury1 who was shown being goaded and urged on no less than the others by six other similar figures of ,mercury2 and upon the seventh was seen the nurse of ,romulus1 ,acca ,laurentia1 with six of her ,fratres ,arvales1 who were not only urging her lazy animal to a run with their goads1 but seemed almost to have been introduced to keep her company with much fittingness and pomp4 ,upon the eighth1 next1 was seen coming with much grace and richness a large and very natural owl1 with six cavaliers in the form of bats most natural and marvellously similar to the reality1 who with most dexterous horses1 goading the buffalo now from one side and now from another1 were seen delivering a thousand joyous and most festive assaults4 ,for the ninth1 with singular artifice and ingenious illusion1 there was seen appearing little by little a ,cloud1 which1 after it had held the eyes of the spectators for some time in suspense1 was seen in an instant as it were to part asunder1 and from it issued the seafaring ,misenus seated upon the buffalo1 which at once was seen pursued and pricked by six ,tritons adorned in a very rich and most masterly fashion4 ,and for the tenth and last there was seen coming1 almost with the same artifice1 but in a different and much larger form and in a different colour1 another similar ,cloud1 which1 parting asunder in like manner at the appointed place with smoke and flame and a horrible thunder1 was seen to have within it infernal ,pluto1 drawn in his usual car1 and from it in a most gracious manner was seen to come forth in place of a buffalo a great and awful ,cerberus1 who was chased by six of those glorious ancient heroes who are supposed to dwell in peace in the ,elysian ,fields4 ,all those companies1 when they had appeared one by one upon the piazza1 and presented the due and gracious spectacle1 and after a long breaking of lances1 a great caracoling of horses1 and a thousand other suchlike games1 with which the fair ladies and the multitude of spectators were entertained for a good time1 finally made their way to the place where the buffaloes were to be set to race4 ,and there1 the trumpet having sounded1 and each company striving that its buffalo should arrive at the appointed goal before the others1 and now one prevailing and now another1 all of a sudden1 when they were come within a certain distance of the place1 all the air about them was seen filled with terror and alarm from the great and deafening fires that smote them now on one side and now on another1 in a thousand strange fashions1 insomuch that very often it was seen to happen that one who at the beginning had been nearest to winning the coveted prize1 the timid and not very obedient animal taking fright at the noise1 the smoke1 and the fires above described1 which1 in proportion as one went ahead1 became ever greater and assailed that one with ever greater vehemence1 so that the animals turned in various directions1 and very often took to headlong flight--it was seen many times1 ,i say1 that the first were constrained to return among the last2 while the confusion of men1 buffaloes1 and horses1 and the lightning-flashes1 noises1 and thunderings1 produced a strange1 novel1 and incomparable pleasure and delight4 ,and thus with that spectacle was finally contrived a splendid1 although for many perhaps disturbing1 conclusion of the joyous and most festive ,carnival4 ,in the first and holy days of the following ,lent1 with the thought of pleasing the most devout bride1 but also with truly extraordinary pleasure for the whole people1 who1 having been deprived of such things for many years1 and part of the fragile apparatus having been lost1 feared that they would never be resumed1 there was held the festival1 so famous and so celebrated in olden days1 of ,s4 ,felice1 so-called from the church where it used formerly to be represented4 ,but this time1 besides that which their ,excellencies1 our ,lords1 themselves deigned to do1 it was represented at the pains and expense of four of the principal and most ingenious gentlemen of the city in the ,church of ,s4 ,spirito1 as a place more capacious and more beautiful1 with a vast apparatus of machinery and all the old instruments and not a few newly added4 ,in it1 besides many ,prophets and ,sibyls who1 singing in the simple ancient manner1 announced the coming of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 very notable--nay1 marvellous1 stupendous1 and incomparable1 from its having been contrived in those ignorant ages--was the ,paradise1 which1 opening in an instant1 was seen filled with all the hierarchies of the ,angels and of the ,saints both male and female1 and with various movements representing its different spheres1 and as it were sending down to earth the ,divine ,gabriel shining with infinite splendour1 in the midst of eight other little ,angels1 to bring the ,annunciation to the ,glorious ,virgin1 who was seen waiting in her chamber1 all humble and devout2 all being let down 7and reascending afterwards71 to the rare marvel of everyone1 from the highest part of the cupola of that church1 where the above-described ,paradise was figured1 down to the floor of the chamber of the ,virgin1 which was not raised any great height from the ground1 and all with such security and by methods so beautiful1 so facile1 and so ingenious1 that it appeared scarcely possible that the human brain was able to go so far4 ,and with this the festivities all arranged by our most excellent ,lords for those most royal nuptials had a conclusion not only renowned and splendid1 but also1 as was right fitting for true ,christian ,princes1 religious and devout4 ,many things1 also1 could have been told of a very noble spectacle presented by the most liberal ,signor ,paolo ,giordano ,orsino1 ,duke of ,bracciano1 in a great and most heroic theatre1 all suspended in the air1 which was constructed by him of woodwork in those days with royal spirit and incredible expense2 and in it1 with very rich inventions of the ,knights ,challengers1 of whom he was one1 and of the ,knights ,adventurers1 there was fought with various arms a combat for a barrier1 and there was performed with beautifully trained horses1 to the rare delight of the spectators1 the graceful dance called the ,battaglia4 ,but this1 being hindered by inopportune rains1 was prolonged over many days2 and since1 seeking to treat of it at any length1 it would require almost an entire work1 being now weary1 ,i believe that ,i may be pardoned if without saying more of it ,i bring this my long--,i know not whether to call it tedious--labour1 at length to an end4 ,,giorgio ,,vasari ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,giorgio ,,vasari ,,painter ,,and ,,architect ,,of ,,arezzo ,having discoursed hitherto of the works of others1 with the greatest diligence and sincerity that my brain has been able to command1 ,i also wish at the end of these my labours to assemble together and make known to the world the works that the ,divine ,goodness in its grace has enabled me to execute1 for the reason that1 if indeed they are not of that perfection which ,i might wish1 it will yet be seen by him who may consent to look at them with no jaundiced eye that they have been wrought by me with study1 diligence1 and loving labour1 and are therefore worthy1 if not of praise1 at least of excuse2 besides which1 being out in the world and open to view1 ,i cannot hide them4 ,and since perchance at some time they might be described by some other person1 it is surely better that ,i should confess the truth1 and of myself accuse my imperfection1 which ,i know only too well1 being assured of this1 that if1 as ,i said1 there may not be seen in them the perfection of excellence1 there will be perceived at least an ardent desire to work well1 great and indefatigable effort1 and the extraordinary love that ,i bear to our arts4 ,wherefore it may come about that1 according to the law1 myself confessing openly my own deficiencies1 ,i shall be in great part pardoned4 ,to begin1 then1 with my earliest years1 let me say that1 having spoken sufficiently of the origin of my family1 of my birth and childhood1 and how ,i was set by ,antonio1 my father1 with all manner of lovingness on the path of the arts1 and in particular that of design1 to which he saw me much inclined1 with good occasions in the ,life of ,luca ,signorelli of ,cortona1 my kinsman1 in that of ,francesco ,salviati1 and in many other places in the present work1 ,i shall not proceed to repeat the same things4 ,but ,i must relate that after having drawn in my first years all the good pictures that are about the churches of ,arezzo1 the first rudiments were taught to me with some method by the ,frenchman ,guglielmo da ,marcilla1 whose life and works we have described above4 ,then1 having been taken to ,florence in the year #aebd by ,silvio ,passerini1 ,cardinal of ,cortona1 ,i gave some little attention to design under ,michelagnolo1 ,andrea del ,sarto1 and others4 ,but the ,medici having been driven from ,florence in the year #aebg1 and in particular ,alessandro and ,ippolito1 with whom1 young as ,i was1 ,i had a strait attachment of service through the said ,cardinal1 my paternal uncle ,don ,antonio made me return to ,arezzo1 where a short time before my father had died of plague2 which ,don ,antonio1 keeping me at a distance from the city lest ,i might be infected by the plague1 was the reason that ,i1 to avoid idleness1 went about exercising my hand throughout the district of ,arezzo1 near our parts1 painting some things in fresco for the peasants of the countryside1 although as yet ,i had scarcely ever touched colours2 in doing which ,i learned that to try your hand and work by yourself is helpful and instructive1 and enables you to gain excellent practice4 ,in the year afterwards1 #aebh1 the plague being finished1 the first work that ,i executed was a little altar-picture for the ,church of ,s4 ,piero1 of the ,servite ,friars1 at ,arezzo2 and in that picture1 which is placed against a pilaster1 are three half-length figures1 ,s4 ,agatha1 ,s4 ,rocco1 and ,s4 ,sebastian4 ,being seen by ,rosso1 a very famous painter1 who came in those days to ,arezzo1 it came about that he1 recognizing in it something of the good taken from ,nature1 desired to know me1 and afterwards assisted me with designs and counsel4 ,nor was it long before by his means ,m4 ,lorenzo ,gamurrini gave me an altar-picture to execute1 for which ,rosso made me the design2 and ,i then painted it with all the study1 labour1 and diligence that were possible to me1 in order to learn and to acquire something of a name4 ,and if my powers had equalled my good will1 ,i would have soon become a passing good painter1 so much ,i studied and laboured at the things of art2 but ,i found the difficulties much greater than ,i had judged at the beginning4 ,however1 not losing heart1 ,i returned to ,florence1 where1 perceiving that ,i could not save only after a long time become such as to be able to assist the three sisters and two younger brothers left to me by my father1 ,i placed myself with a goldsmith4 ,but not for long1 because in the year #aebi1 the enemy having come against ,florence1 ,i went off with the goldsmith ,manno1 who was very much my friend1 to ,pisa1 where1 setting aside the goldsmith's craft1 ,i painted in fresco the arch that is over the door of the old ,company of the ,florentines1 and some pictures in oils1 which were given to me to execute by means of ,don ,miniato ,pitti1 at that time ,abbot of ,agnano without the city of ,pisa1 and of ,luigi ,guicciardini1 who was then in that city4 ,then1 the war growing every day more general1 ,i resolved to return to ,arezzo2 but1 not being able to go by the direct and ordinary road1 ,i made my way by the mountains of ,modena to ,bologna4 ,there1 finding that some triumphal arches were being decorated in painting for the coronation of ,charles ,v1 young as ,i was ,i obtained some work1 which brought me honour and profit2 and since ,i drew passing well1 ,i would have found means to live and work there4 ,but the desire that ,i had to revisit my family and other relatives brought it about that1 having found good company1 ,i returned to ,arezzo1 where1 finding my affairs in a good state after the diligent care taken of them by the above-named ,don ,antonio1 my uncle1 ,i settled down with a quiet mind and applied myself to design1 executing also some little things in oils of no great importance4 ,meanwhile the above-named ,don ,miniato ,pitti was made ,abbot or ,prior1 ,i know not which1 of ,s4 ,anna1 a monastery of ,monte ,oliveto in the territory of ,siena1 and he sent for me2 and so ,i made for him and for ,albenga1 their ,general1 some pictures and other works in painting4 ,then1 the same man having been made ,abbot of ,s4 ,bernardo in ,arezzo1 ,i painted for him two pictures in oils of ,job and ,moses on the balustrade of the organ4 ,and since the work pleased those monks1 they commissioned me to paint some pictures in fresco--namely1 the four ,evangelists--on the vaulting and walls of a portico before the principal door of the church1 with ,god the ,father on the vaulting1 and some other figures large as life2 in which1 although as a youth of little experience ,i did not do all that one more practised would have done1 nevertheless ,i did all that ,i could1 and work which pleased those fathers1 having regard for my small experience and age4 ,but scarcely had ,i finished that work when ,cardinal ,ippolito de' ,medici1 passing through ,arezzo by post1 took me away to ,rome to serve him1 as has been related in the ,life of ,salviati2 and there1 by the courtesy of that lord1 ,i had facilities to attend for many months to the study of design4 ,and ,i could say with truth that those facilities and my studies at that time were my true and principal master in my art1 although before that those named above had assisted me not a little2 and there had not gone from my heart the ardent desire to learn1 and the untiring zeal to be always drawing night and day4 ,there was also of great benefit to me in those days the competition of my young contemporaries and companions1 who have since become for the most part very excellent in our art4 ,nor was it otherwise than a very sharp spur to me to have such a desire of glory1 and to see many who had proved themselves very rare1 and had risen to honour and rank2 so that ,i used to say to myself at times3 ,why should it not be in my power to obtain by assiduous study and labour some of that grandeur and rank that so many others have acquired8 ,they1 also1 were of flesh and bones1 as ,i am4 ,urged on1 therefore1 by so many sharp spurs1 and by seeing how much need my family had of me1 ,i disposed myself never to shrink from any fatigue1 discomfort1 vigil1 and toil1 in order to achieve that end2 and1 having thus resolved in my mind1 there remained nothing notable at that time in ,rome1 or afterwards in ,florence1 and in other places where ,i dwelt1 that ,i did not draw in my youth1 and not pictures only1 but also sculptures and architectural works ancient and modern4 ,and besides the proficience that ,i made in drawing the vaulting and chapel of ,michelagnolo1 there remained nothing of ,raffaello1 ,polidoro1 and ,baldassarre da ,siena1 that ,i did not likewise draw in company with ,francesco ,salviati1 as has been told already in his ,life4 ,and to the end that each of us might have drawings of everything1 during the day the one would not draw the same things as the other1 but different1 and then at night we used to copy each other's drawings1 so as to save time and extend our studies2 not to mention that more often than not we ate our morning meal standing up1 and little at that4 ,after which incredible labour1 the first work that issued from my hands1 as from my own forge1 was a great picture with figures large as life1 of a ,venus with the ,graces adorning and beautifying her1 which ,cardinal de' ,medici caused me to paint2 but of that picture there is no need to speak1 because it was the work of a lad1 nor would ,i touch on it1 save that it is dear to me to remember still these first beginnings and many upward steps of my apprenticeship in the arts4 ,enough that that lord and others gave me to believe that there was in it a certain something of a good beginning and of a lively and resolute spirit4 ,and since among other things ,i had made therein to please my fancy a lustful ,satyr who1 standing hidden amid some bushes1 was rejoicing and feasting himself on the sight of ,venus and the ,graces nude1 that so pleased the ,cardinal that he had me clothed anew from head to foot1 and then gave orders that ,i should paint in a larger picture1 likewise in oils1 the battle of the ,satyrs with the ,fauns1 ,sylvan ,gods1 and children1 forming a sort of ,bacchanal2 whereupon1 setting to work1 ,i made the cartoon and then sketched in the canvas in colours1 which was ten braccia long4 ,having then to depart in the direction of ,hungary1 the ,cardinal made me known to ,pope ,clement and left me to the protection of his ,holiness1 who gave me into the charge of ,signor ,jeronimo ,montaguto1 his ,chamberlain1 with letters authorizing that1 if ,i might wish to fly from the air of ,rome that summer1 ,i should be received in ,florence by ,duke ,alessandro2 which it would have been well for me to do1 because1 choosing after all to stay in ,rome1 what with the heat1 the air1 and my fatigue1 ,i fell sick in such sort that in order to be restored ,i was forced to have myself carried by litter to ,arezzo4 ,finally1 however1 being well again1 about the #ajth of the following ,december ,i came to ,florence1 where ,i was received by the above-named ,duke with kindly mien1 and shortly afterwards given into the charge of the magnificent ,m4 ,ottaviano de' ,medici1 who so took me under his protection1 that as long as he lived he treated me always as a son2 and his blessed memory ,i shall always remember and revere1 as of a most affectionate father4 ,returning then to my usual studies1 ,i received facilities by means of that lord to enter at my pleasure into the new sacristy of ,s4 ,lorenzo1 where are the works of ,michelagnolo1 he having gone in those days to ,rome2 and so ,i studied them for some time with much diligence1 just as they were on the ground4 ,then1 setting myself to work1 ,i painted in a picture of three braccia a ,dead ,christ carried to the ,sepulchre by ,nicodemus1 ,joseph1 and others1 and behind them the ,maries weeping2 which picture1 when it was finished1 was taken by ,duke ,alessandro4 ,and it was a good and auspicious beginning for my labours1 for the reason that not only did he hold it in account as long as he lived1 but it has been ever since in the chamber of ,duke ,cosimo1 and is now in that of the most illustrious ,prince1 his son2 and although at times ,i have desired to set my hand upon it again1 in order to improve it in some parts1 ,i have not been allowed4 ,duke ,alessandro1 then1 having seen this my first work1 ordained that ,i should finish the ground-floor room in the ,palace of the ,medici which had been left incomplete1 as has been related1 by ,giovanni da ,udine4 ,whereupon ,i painted there four stories of the actions of ,caesar2 his swimming with the ,commentaries in one hand and a sword in the mouth1 his causing the writings of ,pompeius to be burned in order not to see the works of his enemies1 his revealing himself to a helmsman while tossed by fortune on the sea1 and1 finally1 his triumph2 but this last was not completely finished4 ,during which time1 although ,i was but little more than eighteen years of age1 the ,duke gave me a salary of six crowns a month1 a place at table for myself and a servant1 and rooms to live in1 with many other conveniences4 ,and although ,i knew that ,i was very far from deserving so much1 yet ,i did all that ,i could with diligence and lovingness1 nor did ,i shrink from asking from my elders whatever ,i did not know myself2 wherefore on many occasions ,i was assisted with counsel and with work by ,tribolo1 ,bandinelli1 and others4 ,i painted1 then1 in a picture three braccia high1 ,duke ,alessandro himself in armour1 portrayed from life1 with a new invention in a seat formed of captives bound together1 and with other fantasies4 ,and ,i remember that besides the portrait1 which was a good likeness1 in seeking to make the burnished surface of the armour bright1 shining1 and natural1 ,i was not very far from losing my wits1 so much did ,i exert myself in copying every least thing from the reality4 ,however1 despairing to be able to approach to the truth in the work1 ,i took ,jacopo da ,pontormo1 whom ,i revered for his great ability1 to see it and to advise me2 and he1 having seen the picture and perceived my agony1 said to me lovingly3 ,my son1 as long as this real lustrous armour stands beside the picture1 your armour will always appear to you as painted1 for1 although lead-white is the most brilliant pigment that art employs1 the iron is yet more brilliant and lustrous4 ,take away the real armour1 and you will then see that your counterfeit armour is not such poor stuff as you think it4 ,that picture1 when it was finished1 ,i gave to the ,duke1 and the ,duke presented it to ,m4 ,ottaviano de' ,medici1 in whose house it has been up to the present day1 in company with the portrait of ,caterina1 the then young sister of the ,duke1 and afterwards ,queen of ,france1 and that of the ,magnificent ,lorenzo1 the ,elder4 ,and in the same house are three pictures also by my hand and executed in my youth2 in one is ,abraham sacrificing ,isaac1 in the second ,christ in the ,garden1 and in the third ,his ,supper with the ,apostles4 ,meanwhile ,cardinal ,ippolito died1 in whom was centred the sum of all my hopes1 and ,i began to recognize how vain generally are the hopes of this world1 and that a man must trust mostly in himself and in being of some account4 ,after these works1 perceiving that the ,duke was all given over to fortifications and to building1 ,i began1 the better to be able to serve him1 to give attention to matters of architecture1 and spent much time upon them4 ,but meanwhile1 festive preparations having to be made in ,florence in the year #aecf for receiving the ,emperor ,charles ,v1 the ,duke1 in giving orders for that1 commanded the deputies charged with the care of those pomps1 as has been related in the ,life of ,tribolo1 that they should have me with them to design all the arches and other ornaments to be made for that entry4 ,which done1 there was allotted to me for my benefit1 besides the great banners of the castle and fortress1 as has been told1 the facade in the manner of a triumphal arch that was constructed at ,s4 ,felice in ,piazza1 forty braccia high and twenty wide1 and then the ornamentation of the ,porta a ,s4 ,piero ,gattolini2 works all great and beyond my strength4 ,and1 what was worse1 those favours having drawn down upon me a thousand envious thoughts1 about twenty men who were helping me to do the banners and the other labours left me nicely in the lurch1 at the persuasion of one person or another1 to the end that ,i might not be able to execute works so many and of such importance4 ,but ,i1 who had foreseen the malice of such creatures 7to whom ,i had always sought to give assistance71 partly labouring with my own hand day and night1 and partly aided by painters brought in from without1 who helped me secretly1 attended to my business1 and strove to conquer all such difficulties and treacheries by means of the works themselves4 ,during that time ,bertoldo ,corsini1 who was then proveditor-general to his ,excellency1 had reported to the ,duke that ,i had undertaken to do so many things that it would never be possible for me to have them finished in time1 particularly because ,i had no men and the works were much in arrears4 ,whereupon the ,duke sent for me1 and told me what he had heard2 and ,i answered that my works were well advanced1 as his ,excellency might see at his pleasure1 and that the end would do credit to the whole4 ,then ,i went away1 and no long time passed before he came secretly to where ,i was working1 and1 having seen everything1 recognized in part the envy and malice of those who were pressing upon me without having any cause4 ,the time having come when everything was to be in order1 ,i had finished my works to the last detail and set them in their places1 to the great satisfaction of the ,duke and of all the city2 whereas those of some who had thought more of my business than of their own1 were set in place unfinished4 ,when the festivities were over1 besides four hundred crowns that were paid to me for my work1 the ,duke gave me three hundred that were taken away from those who had not carried their works to completion by the appointed time1 according as had been arranged by agreement4 ,and with those earnings and donations ,i married one of my sisters1 and shortly afterwards settled another as a nun in the ,murate at ,arezzo1 giving to the convent besides the dowry1 or rather1 alms1 an altar-picture of the ,annunciation by my hand1 with a ,tabernacle of the ,sacrament accommodated in that picture1 which was placed within their choir1 where they perform their offices4 ,having then received from the ,company of the ,corpus ,domini1 at ,arezzo1 the commission for the altar-piece of the high-altar of ,s4 ,domenico1 ,i painted in it ,christ taken down from the ,cross2 and shortly afterwards ,i began for the ,company of ,s4 ,rocco the altar-picture of their church1 in ,florence4 ,now1 while ,i was going on winning for myself honour1 name1 and wealth under the protection of ,duke ,alessandro1 that poor lord was cruelly murdered1 and there was snatched away from me all hope of that which ,i was promising to myself from ,fortune by means of his favour2 wherefore1 having been robbed within a few years of ,clement1 ,ippolito1 and ,alessandro1 ,i resolved at the advice of ,m4 ,ottaviano that ,i would never again follow the fortune of ,courts1 but only art1 although it would have been easy to establish myself with ,signor ,cosimo de' ,medici1 the new ,duke4 ,and so1 while carrying forward in ,arezzo the above-named altar-picture and the facade of ,s4 ,rocco1 with the ornament1 ,i was making preparations to go to ,rome1 when by means of ,m4 ,giovanni ,pollastra--and by the will of ,god1 to whom ,i have always commended myself1 and to whom ,i attribute and have always attributed my every blessing--,i was invited to ,camaldoli1 the centre of the ,camaldolese ,congregation1 by the fathers of that hermitage1 to see that which they were designing to have done in their church4 ,arriving there1 ,i found supreme pleasure in the ,alpine and eternal solitude and quietness of that holy place2 and although ,i became aware at the first moment that those fathers of venerable aspect were beside themselves at seeing me so young1 ,i took heart and talked to them to such purpose1 that they resolved that they would avail themselves of my hand in the many pictures in oils and in fresco that were to be painted in their church of ,camaldoli4 ,now1 while they wished that before any other thing ,i should execute the picture of the high-altar1 ,i proved to them with good reasons that it was better to paint first one of the lesser pictures1 which were going in the tramezzo1#b and that1 having finished it1 if it should please them1 ,i would be able to continue4 ,besides that1 ,i would not make any fixed agreement with them as to money1 but said that if my work1 when finished1 were to please them1 they might pay me for it as they chose1 and1 if it did not please them1 they might return it to me1 and ,i would keep it for myself most willingly2 which condition appearing to them only too honest and loving1 they were content that ,i should set my hand to the work4 ,they said to me1 then1 that they wished to have in it ,our ,lady with her ,son in her arms1 and ,s4 ,john the ,baptist and ,s4 ,jerome1 who were both hermits and lived in woods and forests2 and ,i departed from the hermitage and made my way down to their ,abbey of ,camaldoli1 where1 having made a design with great rapidity1 which pleased them1 ,i began the altar-piece1 and in two months had it completely finished and set in place1 to the great satisfaction of those fathers1 as they gave me to understand1 and of myself4 ,and in that period of two months ,i proved how much more one is assisted in studies by sweet tranquillity and honest solitude than by the noises of public squares and courts2 ,i recognized1 ,i say1 my error in having in the past placed my hopes in men and in the follies and intrigues of this world4 ,that altar-picture finished1 then1 they allotted to me straightway the rest of the tramezzo#c of the church--namely1 the scenes and other things in fresco-work to be painted there both high and low1 which ,i was to execute during the following summer1 for the reason that in the winter it would be scarcely possible to work in fresco at that altitude1 among those mountains4 ,footnote #b3 ,see note on p4 #eg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,footnote #c3 ,see note on p4 #eg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,meanwhile ,i returned to ,arezzo and finished the altar-picture for ,s4 ,rocco1 painting in it ,our ,lady1 six ,saints1 and a ,god the ,father with some thunderbolts in the hand1 representing the pestilence1 which ,he is in the act of hurling down1 but ,s4 ,rocco and other ,saints make intercession for the people4 ,and in the facade are many figures in fresco1 which1 like the altar-picture1 are no better than they should be4 ,then ,fra ,bartolommeo ,gratiani1 a friar of ,s4 ,agostino in ,monte ,sansovino1 sent to invite me to ,val di ,caprese1 and commissioned me to execute a great altar-piece in oils for the high-altar of the ,church of ,s4 ,agostino in that same ,monte ,sansovino4 ,and after we had come to an agreement1 ,i made my way to ,florence to see ,m4 ,ottaviano1 where1 staying several days1 ,i had much ado to prevent myself from re-entering the service of the ,court1 as ,i was minded not to do4 ,however1 by advancing good reasons ,i won the battle1 and ,i resolved that by hook or by crook1 before doing anything else1 ,i would go to ,rome4 ,but in that ,i did not succeed until ,i had made for that same ,messer ,ottaviano a copy of the picture in which formerly ,raffaello da ,urbino had portrayed ,pope ,leo1 ,cardinal ,giulio de' ,medici1 and ,cardinal de' ,rossi1 for the ,duke was claiming the original1 which was then in the possession of ,messer ,ottaviano2 and the copy that ,i made is now in the house of the heirs of that lord1 who on my departure for ,rome wrote me a letter of exchange for five hundred crowns on ,giovan ,battista ,puccini1 which he was to pay me on demand1 and said to me3 ,use this money to enable you to attend to your studies1 and afterwards1 when you find it convenient1 you can return it to me either in work or in cash1 just as you please4 ,arriving in ,rome1 then1 in ,february of the year #aech1 ,i stayed there until the end of ,june1 giving my attention in company with ,giovan ,battista ,cungi of the ,borgo1 my assistant1 to drawing all that ,i had left not drawn the other times that ,i had been in ,rome1 and particularly everything that was in the underground grottoes4 ,nor did ,i leave anything either in architecture or in sculpture that ,i did not draw and measure1 insomuch that ,i can say with truth that the drawings that ,i made in that space of time were more than three hundred2 and for many years afterwards ,i found pleasure and advantage in examining them1 refreshing the memory of the things of ,rome4 ,and how much those labours and studies benefited me1 was seen after my return to ,tuscany in the altar-picture that ,i executed at ,monte ,sansovino1 in which ,i painted with a somewhat better manner the ,assumption of ,our ,lady1 and at the foot1 besides the ,apostles who are about the sepulchre1 ,s4 ,augustine and ,s4 ,romualdo4 ,having then gone to ,camaldoli1 according as ,i had promised those eremite fathers1 ,i painted in the other altar-piece of the tramezzo#d the ,nativity of ,jesus ,christ1 representing a night illumined by the ,splendour of the newborn ,christ1 who is surrounded by some ,shepherds adoring ,him2 in doing which1 ,i strove to imitate with colours the rays of the sun1 and copied the figures and all the other things in that work from ,nature and in the proper light1 to the end that they might be as similar as possible to the reality4 ,then1 since that light could not pass above the hut1 from there upwards and all around ,i availed myself of a light that comes from the splendour of the ,angels that are in the air1 singing ,gloria in ,excelsis ,deo2 not to mention that in certain places the ,shepherds that are around make light with burning sheaves of straw1 and also the ,moon and the ,star1 and the ,angel that is appearing to certain ,shepherds4 ,for the building1 then1 ,i made some antiquities after my own fancy1 with broken statues and other things of that kind4 ,in short1 ,i executed that work with all my power and knowledge1 and although ,i did not satisfy with the hand and the brush my great desire and eagerness to work supremely well1 nevertheless the picture has pleased many2 wherefore ,messer ,fausto ,sabeo1 a man of great learning who was then custodian of the ,pope's ,library1 and some others after him1 wrote many ,latin verses in praise of that picture1 moved perhaps more by affectionate feeling than by the excellence of the work4 ,be that as it may1 if there be in it anything of the good1 it was the gift of ,god4 ,that altar-picture finished1 those fathers resolved that ,i should paint in fresco on the facade the stories that were to be there1 whereupon ,i painted over the door a picture of the hermitage1 with ,s4 ,romualdo and a ,doge of ,venice who was a saintly man on one side1 and on the other a vision which the above-named ,saint had in that place where he afterwards made his hermitage2 with some fantasies1 grotesques1 and other things that are to be seen there4 ,which done1 they ordained that ,i should return in the summer of the following year to execute the picture of the high-altar4 ,footnote #d3 ,see note on p4 #eg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,meanwhile the above-named ,don ,miniato ,pitti1 who was then ,visitor to the ,congregation of ,monte ,oliveto1 having seen the altar-picture of ,monte ,sansovino and the works of ,camaldoli1 and finding in ,bologna the ,florentine ,don ,filippo ,serragli1 ,abbot of ,s4 ,michele in ,bosco1 said to him that1 since the refectory of that honoured monastery was to be painted1 it appeared to him that the work should be allotted to me and not to another4 ,being therefore summoned to go to ,bologna1 ,i undertook to do it1 although it was a great and important work2 but first ,i desired to see all the most famous works in painting that were in that city1 both by ,bolognese and by others4 ,the work of the head-wall of that refectory was divided into three pictures2 in one was to be when ,abraham prepared food for the ,angels in the ,valley of ,mamre1 in the second ,christ in the house of ,mary ,magdalene and ,martha1 speaking with ,martha1 and saying to her that ,mary had chosen the better part1 and in the third was to be ,s4 ,gregory at table with twelve poor men1 among whom he recognized one as ,christ4 ,then1 setting my hand to the work1 ,i depicted in the last ,s4 ,gregory at table in a convent1 served by ,white ,friars of that ,order1 that ,i might be able to include those fathers therein1 according to their wish4 ,besides that1 ,i made in the figure of that saintly ,pontiff the likeness of ,pope ,clement ,,vii1 and about him1 among many ,lords1 ,ambassadors1 ,princes1 and other personages who stand there to see him eat1 ,i portrayed ,duke ,alessandro de' ,medici1 in memory of the benefits and favours that ,i had received from him1 and of his having been what he was1 and with him many of my friends4 ,and among those who are serving the poor men at table1 ,i portrayed some friars of that convent with whom ,i was intimate1 such as the strangers' attendants who waited upon me1 the dispenser1 the cellarer1 and others of the kind2 and so1 also1 the ,abbot ,serragli1 the ,general ,don ,cipriano da ,verona1 and ,bentivoglio4 ,in like manner1 ,i copied the vestments of that ,pontiff from the reality1 counterfeiting velvets1 damasks1 and other draperies of silk and gold of every kind2 but the service of the table1 vases1 animals1 and other things1 ,i caused to be executed by ,cristofano of the ,borgo1 as was told in his ,life4 ,in the second scene ,i sought to make the heads1 draperies1 and buildings not only different from the first1 but in such a manner as to make as clearly evident as possible the lovingness of ,christ in instructing the ,magdalene1 and the affection and readiness of ,martha in arranging the table1 and her lamentation at being left alone by her sister in such labours and service2 to say nothing of the attentiveness of the ,apostles1 and of many other things worthy of consideration in that picture4 ,as for the third scene1 ,i painted the three ,angels--coming to do this ,i know not how--within a celestial light which seems to radiate from them1 while the rays of the sun surround the cloud in which they are4 ,of the three ,angels the old ,abraham is adoring one1 although those that he sees are three2 while ,sarah stands laughing and wondering how that can come to pass which has been promised to her1 and ,hagar1 with ,ishmael in her arms1 is departing from the hospitable shelter4 ,the same radiance also gives light to some servants who are preparing the table1 among whom are some who1 not being able to endure that splendour1 place their hands over their eyes and seek to shade themselves4 ,which variety of things1 since strong shadows and brilliant lights give greater force to pictures1 caused this one to have more relief than the other two1 and1 the colours being varied1 they produced a very different effect4 ,but would ,i had been able to carry my conception into execution1 even as both then and afterwards1 with new inventions and fantasies1 ,i was always seeking out the laborious and difficult in art4 ,this work1 then1 whatever it may be1 was executed by me in eight months1 together with a frieze in fresco1 architectural ornaments1 carvings1 seat-backs1 panels1 and other adornments over the whole work and the whole refectory2 and the price of all ,i was content to make two hundred crowns1 as one who aspired more to glory than to gain4 ,wherefore ,m4 ,andrea ,alciati1 my very dear friend1 who was then reading in ,bologna1 caused these words to be placed at the foot3 ,,octonis ,,mensibus ,,opus ,,ab ,,aretino ,,georgio ,,pictum1 ,,non ,,tam ,,precio ,,quam ,,amicorum ,,obsequis ,,et ,,honoris ,,voto1 ,,anno #aeci ,,philippus ,,serralius ,,pon4 ,,curavit4 ,at this same time ,i executed two little altar-pictures1 of the ,dead ,christ and of the ,resurrection1 which were placed by the ,abbot ,don ,miniato ,pitti in the ,church of ,s4 ,maria di ,barbiano1 without ,san ,gimignano in ,valdelsa4 ,which works finished1 ,i returned straightway to ,florence1 for the reason that ,treviso1 ,maestro ,biagio1 and other ,bolognese painters1 thinking that ,i was seeking to establish myself in ,bologna and to take their works and commissions out of their hands1 kept molesting me unceasingly2 but they did more harm to themselves than to me1 and their envious ways moved me to laughter4 ,in ,florence1 then1 ,i copied for ,m4 ,ottaviano a large portrait of ,cardinal ,ippolito down to the knees1 and other pictures1 with which ,i kept myself occupied until the insupportable heat of summer4 ,which having come1 ,i returned to the quiet and freshness of ,camaldoli1 in order to execute the above-mentioned altar-piece of the high-altar4 ,in that work ,i painted a ,christ taken down from the ,cross1 with the greatest study and labour that were within my power2 and since1 in the course of the work and of time1 it seemed necessary to me to improve certain things1 and ,i was not satisfied with the first sketch1 ,i gave it another priming and repainted it all anew1 as it is now to be seen1 and then1 attracted by the solitude and staying in that same place1 ,i executed there a picture for the same ,messer ,ottaviano1 in which ,i painted a young ,s4 ,john1 nude1 among some rocks and crags that ,i copied from ,nature among those mountains4 ,and ,i had scarcely finished these works when there arrived in ,camaldoli ,messer ,bindo ,altoviti1 who wished to arrange a transportation of great fir-trees to ,rome by way of the ,tiber1 for the fabric of ,s4 ,pietro1 from the ,cella di ,s4 ,alberigo1 a place belonging to those fathers2 and he1 seeing all the works executed by me in that place1 and by my good fortune liking them1 resolved1 before he departed thence1 that ,i should paint an alter-picture for his ,church of ,s4 ,apostolo in ,florence4 ,wherefore1 having finished that of ,camaldoli1 with the facade of the chapel in fresco 7wherein ,i made the experiment of combining work in oil-colours with the other1 and succeeded passing well71 ,i made my way to ,florence1 and there executed that altar-picture4 ,now1 having to give a proof of my powers in ,florence1 where ,i had not yet executed such a work1 and having many rivals1 and also a desire to acquire a name1 ,i resolved that ,i would do my utmost in that work and put into it all the diligence that ,i might find possible4 ,and in order to be able to do that free from every vexatious thought1 ,i first married my third sister and bought a house already begun in ,arezzo1 with a site for making most beautiful gardens1 in the ,borgo di ,s4 ,vito1 in the best air of that city4 ,in ,october1 then1 of the year #aedj1 ,i began the altar-picture for ,messer ,bindo1 proposing to paint in it a scene that should represent the ,conception of ,our ,lady1 according to the title of the chapel2 which subject presenting no little difficulty to me1 ,messer ,bindo and ,i took the opinions of many common friends1 men of learning1 and finally ,i executed it in the following manner4 ,having depicted the ,tree of the ,primal ,sin in the middle of the picture1 ,i painted at its roots ,adam and ,eve naked and bound1 as the first transgressors of the commandment of ,god1 and then one by one1 bound to the other branches1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 ,aaron1 ,joshua1 ,david1 and the other ,kings in succession1 according to the order of time2 all1 ,i say1 bound by both arms1 excepting ,samuel and ,john the ,baptist1 who are bound by one arm only1 because they were blessed in the womb4 ,i painted there1 also1 with the tail wound about the trunk of the ,tree1 the ,ancient ,serpent1 who1 having a human form from the middle upwards1 has the hands bound behind2 and upon his head1 treading upon his horns1 is one foot of the glorious ,virgin1 who has the other on a ,moon1 being herself all clothed with the ,sun1 and crowned with twelve stars4 ,the ,virgin1 ,i say1 is supported in the air1 within a ,splendour1 by many nude little ,angels1 who are illumined by the rays that come from her2 which rays1 likewise1 passing through the leaves of the ,tree1 shed light upon those bound to it1 and appear to be loosing their bonds by means of the virtue and grace that they bring from her from whom they proceed4 ,and in the heaven1 at the top of the picture1 are two children that are holding certain scrolls1 in which are written these words3 ,,quos ,,evae ,,culpa ,,damnavit1 ,,mariae ,,gratia ,,solvit4 ,in short1 so far as ,i can remember1 ,i had not executed any work up to that time with more study or with more lovingness and labour2 but all the same1 while ,i may perhaps have satisfied others1 ,i did not satisfy myself1 although ,i know the time1 study1 and labour that ,i devoted to it1 particularly to the nudes and heads1 and1 indeed1 to every part4 ,for the labours of that picture ,messer ,bindo gave me three hundred crowns of gold1 besides which1 in the following year1 he showed me so many courtesies and kindnesses in his house in ,rome1 where ,i made him a copy of the same altar-piece in a little picture1 almost in miniature1 that ,i shall always feel an obligation to his memory4 ,at the same time that ,i painted that picture1 which was placed1 as ,i have said1 in ,s4 ,apostolo1 ,i executed for ,m4 ,ottaviano de' ,medici a ,venus and a ,leda from the cartoons of ,michelagnolo1 and in a large picture a ,s4 ,jerome in ,penitence of the size of life1 who1 contemplating the death of ,christ1 whom he has before him on the ,cross1 is beating his breast in order to drive from his mind the thoughts of ,venus and the temptations of the flesh1 which at times tormented him1 although he lived in woods and places wild and solitary1 as he relates of himself at great length4 ,to demonstrate which ,i made a ,venus who with ,love in her arms is flying from that contemplation1 and holding ,play by the hand1 while the quiver and arrows have fallen to the ground2 besides which1 the shafts shot by ,cupid against that ,saint return to him all broken1 and some that fall are brought back to him by the doves of ,venus in their beaks4 ,all these pictures1 although perhaps at that time they pleased me1 and were made by me as best ,i knew1 ,i know not how much they please me at my present age2 but1 since art in herself is difficult1 it is necessary to take from him who paints the best that he can do4 ,this1 indeed1 ,i will say1 because ,i can say it with truth1 that ,i have always executed my pictures1 inventions1 and designs1 whatever may be their value1 ,i do not say only with the greatest possible rapidity1 but also with incredible facility and without effort2 for which let me call to witness1 as ,i have mentioned in another place1 the vast canvas that ,i painted in six days only1 for ,s4 ,giovanni in ,florence1 in the year #aedb1 for the baptism of the ,lord ,don ,francesco de' ,medici1 now ,prince of ,florence and ,siena4 ,now although ,i wished after these works to go to ,rome1 in order to satisfy ,messer ,bindo ,altoviti1 ,i did not succeed in doing it1 because1 being summoned to ,venice by ,messer ,pietro ,aretino1 a poet of illustrious name at that time1 and much my friend1 ,i was forced to go there1 since he much desired to see me4 ,and1 moreover1 ,i did it willingly1 in order to see on that journey the works of ,tiziano and of other painters2 in which purpose ,i succeeded1 for in a few days ,i saw the works of ,correggio at ,modena and ,parma1 those of ,giulio ,romano at ,mantua1 and the antiquities of ,verona4 ,having finally arrived in ,venice1 with two pictures painted by my hand from cartoons by ,michelagnolo1 ,i presented them to ,don ,diego di ,mendoza1 who sent me two hundred crowns of gold4 ,nor had ,i been long in ,venice1 when at the entreaty of ,aretino ,i executed for the gentlemen of the ,calza the scenic setting for a festival that they gave1 wherein ,i had as my companions ,battista ,cungi and ,cristofano ,gherardi of ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro and ,bastiano ,flori of ,arezzo1 men very able and well practised1 of all which enough has been said in another place2 and also the nine painted compartments in the ,palace of ,messer ,giovanni ,cornaro1 which are in the soffit of a chamber in that ,palace1 which is by ,s4 ,benedetto4 ,after these and other works of no little importance that ,i executed in ,venice at that time1 ,i departed1 although ,i was overwhelmed by the commissions that were coming to me1 on the #afth of ,august in the year #aedb1 and returned to ,tuscany4 ,there1 before consenting to put my hand to any other thing1 ,i painted on the vaulting of a chamber that had been built by my orders in my house which ,i have already mentioned1 all the arts that are subordinate to or depend upon design4 ,in the centre is a ,fame who is seated upon the globe of the world and sounds a golden trumpet1 throwing away one of fire that represents ,calumny1 and about her1 in due order1 are all those arts with their instruments in their hands2 and since ,i had not time to do the whole1 ,i left eight ovals1 in order to paint in them eight portraits from life of the first men in our arts4 ,in those same days ,i executed in fresco for the ,nuns of ,s4 ,margherita in the same city1 in a chapel of their garden1 a ,nativity of ,christ with figures the size of life4 ,and having thus passed the rest of that summer in my own country1 and part of the autumn1 ,i went to ,rome1 where1 having been received by the above-named ,messer ,bindo with many kindnesses1 ,i painted for him in a picture in oils a ,christ the size of life1 taken down from the ,cross and laid on the ground at the feet of ,his ,mother2 with ,phoebus in the air obscuring the face of the ,sun1 and ,diana that of the ,moon4 ,in the landscape1 all darkened by that gloom1 some rocky mountains1 shaken by the earthquake that was caused by the ,passion of the ,saviour1 are seen shivered into pieces1 and certain dead bodies of ,saints are seen rising again and issuing from their sepulchres in various manners2 which picture1 when finished1 was not displeasing to the gracious judgment of the greatest painter1 sculptor1 and architect that there has been in our times1 and perchance in the past4 ,by means of that picture1 also1 ,i became known to the most illustrious ,cardinal ,farnese1 to whom it was shown by ,giovio and ,messer ,bindo2 and at his desire ,i made for him1 in a picture eight braccia high and four broad1 a ,justice who is embracing an ostrich laden with the twelve ,tables1 and with the sceptre that has the stork at the point1 and the head covered by a helmet of iron and gold1 with three feathers of three different colours1 the device of the just judge4 ,she is wholly nude from the waist upwards1 and she has bound to her girdle with chains of gold1 as captives1 the seven ,vices that are opposed to her1 ,corruption1 ,ignorance1 ,cruelty1 ,fear1 ,treachery1 ,falsehood1 and ,calumny4 ,above these1 upon their shoulders1 is placed ,truth wholly nude1 offered by ,time to ,justice1 with a present of two doves representing ,innocence4 ,and upon the head of that ,truth ,justice is placing a crown of oak1 signifying fortitude of mind2 which whole work ,i executed with all care and diligence1 according to the best of my ability4 ,at this same time ,i paid constant attention to ,michelagnolo ,buonarroti1 and took his advice in all my works1 and he in his goodness conceived much more affection for me2 and his counsel1 after he had seen some of my designs1 was the reason that ,i gave myself anew and with better method to the study of the matters of architecture1 which probably ,i would never have done if that most excellent man had not said to me what he did say1 which out of modesty ,i forbear to tell4 ,at the next festival of ,s4 ,peter1 the heat being very great in ,rome1 where ,i had spent all that winter of #aedc1 ,i returned to ,florence1 where in the house of ,messer ,ottaviano de' ,medici1 which ,i could call my own1 ,i executed in an altar-piece for ,m4 ,biagio ,mei of ,lucca1 his gossip1 the same conception as in that of ,messer ,bindo in ,s4 ,apostolo1 although ,i varied everything with the exception of the invention2 and that picture1 when finished1 was placed in his chapel in ,s4 ,piero ,cigoli at ,lucca4 ,in another of the same size--namely1 seven braccia high and four broad--,i painted ,our ,lady1 ,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,luke1 ,s4 ,cecilia1 ,s4 ,martha1 ,s4 ,augustine1 and ,s4 ,guido the ,hermit2 which altar-picture was placed in the ,duomo of ,pisa1 where there were many others by the hands of excellent masters4 ,and ,i had scarcely carried that one to completion1 when the ,warden of ,works of that ,duomo commissioned me to execute another1 in which1 since it was to be likewise of ,our ,lady1 in order to vary it from the other ,i painted the ,madonna with the ,dead ,christ at the foot of the ,cross1 lying in her lap1 the ,thieves on high upon their crosses1 and1 grouped with the ,maries and ,nicodemus1 who are standing there1 the titular ,saints of those chapels1 all forming a good composition and rendering the scene in that picture pleasing4 ,having returned again to ,rome in the year #aedd1 besides many pictures that ,i executed for various friends1 of which there is no need to make mention1 ,i made a picture of a ,venus from a design by ,michelagnolo for ,m4 ,bindo ,altoviti1 who took me once more into his house2 and for ,galeotto da ,girone1 a ,florentine merchant1 ,i painted an altar-picture in oils of ,christ taken down from the ,cross1 which was placed in his chapel in the ,church of ,s4 ,agostino at ,rome4 ,in order to be able to paint that picture in comfort1 together with some works that had been allotted to me by ,tiberio ,crispo1 the ,castellan of ,castel ,s4 ,angelo1 ,i had withdrawn by myself to that palace in the ,trastevere which was formerly built by ,bishop ,adimari1 below ,s4 ,onofrio1 and which has since been finished by the second ,salviati2 but1 feeling indisposed and wearied by my infinite labours1 ,i was forced to return to ,florence4 ,there ,i executed some pictures1 and among others one in which were ,dante1 ,petrarca1 ,guido ,cavalcanti1 ,boccaccio1 ,cino da ,pistoia1 and ,guittone d',arezzo1 accurately copied from their ancient portraits2 and of that picture1 which afterwards belonged to ,luca ,martini1 many copies have since been made4 ,in that same year of #aedd ,i was invited to ,naples by ,don ,giammateo of ,aversa1 ,general of the ,monks of ,monte ,oliveto1 to the end that ,i might paint the refectory of a monastery built for them by ,king ,alfonso ,i2 but when ,i arrived1 ,i was for not accepting the work1 seeing that the refectory and the whole monastery were built in an ancient manner of architecture1 with the vaults in pointed arches1 low and poor in lights1 and ,i doubted that ,i was like to win little honour thereby4 ,however1 being pressed by ,don ,miniato ,pitti and ,don ,ippolito da ,milano1 my very dear friends1 who were then ,visitors to that ,order1 finally ,i accepted the undertaking4 ,whereupon1 recognizing that ,i would not be able to do anything good save only with a great abundance of ornaments1 dazzling the eyes of all who might see the work with a variety and multitude of figures1 ,i resolved to have all the vaulting of the refectory wrought in stucco1 in order to remove by means of rich compartments in the modern manner all the old-fashioned and clumsy appearance of those arches4 ,in this ,i was much assisted by the vaults and walls1 which are made1 as is usual in that city1 of blocks of tufa1 which cut like wood1 or even better1 like bricks not completely baked2 and thus1 cutting them1 ,i was able to sink squares1 ovals1 and octagons1 and also to thicken them with additions of the same tufa by means of nails4 ,having then reduced those vaults to good proportions with that stucco-work1 which was the first to be wrought in ,naples in the modern manner1 and in particular the facades and end-walls of that refectory1 ,i painted there six panels in oils1 seven braccia high1 three to each end-wall4 ,in three that are over the entrance of the refectory is the ,manna raining down upon the ,hebrew people1 in the presence of ,moses and ,aaron1 and the people gathering it up2 wherein ,i strove to represent a variety of attitudes and vestments in the men1 women1 and children1 and the emotion wherewith they are gathering up and storing the ,manna1 rendering thanks to ,god4 ,on the end-wall that is at the head is ,christ at table in the house of ,simon1 and ,mary ,magdalene with tears washing ,his feet and drying them with her hair1 showing herself all penitent for her sins2 which story is divided into three pictures1 in the centre the supper1 on the right hand a buttery with a credence full of vases in various fantastic forms1 and on the left hand a steward who is bringing up the viands4 ,the vaulting1 then1 was divided into three parts2 in one the subject is ,faith1 in the second ,religion1 and in the third ,eternity1 and each of these forms a centre with eight ,virtues about it1 demonstrating to the monks that in that refectory they eat what is requisite for the perfection of their lives4 ,to enrich the spaces of the vaulting1 ,i made them full of grotesques1 which serve as ornaments in forty-eight spaces for the forty-eight celestial signs2 and on six walls down the length of that refectory1 under the windows1 which were made larger and richly ornamented1 ,i painted six of the ,parables of ,jesus ,christ which are in keeping with that place2 and to all those pictures and ornaments there correspond the carvings of the seats1 which are wrought very richly4 ,and then ,i executed for the high-altar of the church an altar-picture eight braccia high1 containing the ,madonna presenting the ,infant ,jesus ,christ to ,simeon in the ,temple1 with a new invention4 ,it is a notable thing that since ,giotto there had not been up to that time1 in a city so great and noble1 any masters who had done anything of importance in painting1 although there had been brought there from without some things by the hands of ,perugino and ,raffaello4 ,on which account ,i exerted myself to labour in such a manner1 in so far as my little knowledge could reach1 that the intellects of that country might be roused to execute great and honourable works2 and1 whether that or some other circumstance may have been the reason1 between that time and the present day many very beautiful works have been done there1 both in stucco and in painting4 ,besides the pictures described above1 ,i executed in fresco on the vaulting of the strangers' apartment in the same monastery1 with figures large as life1 ,jesus ,christ with the ,cross on ,his shoulder1 and many of ,his ,saints who have one likewise on their shoulders in imitation of ,him1 to demonstrate that for one who wishes truly to follow ,him it is necessary to bear with good patience the adversities that the world inflicts4 ,for the ,general of that ,order ,i executed a great picture of ,christ appearing to the ,apostles as they struggled with the perils of the sea1 and taking ,s4 ,peter by the arm1 who1 having hastened towards ,him through the water1 was fearing to drown2 and in another picture1 for ,abbot ,capeccio1 ,i painted the ,resurrection4 ,these works carried to completion1 ,i painted a chapel in fresco for the ,lord ,don ,pietro di ,toledo1 ,viceroy of ,naples1 in his garden at ,pozzuolo1 besides executing some very delicate ornaments in stucco2 and arrangements had been made to execute two great loggie for the same lord1 but the undertaking was not carried into effect1 for the following reason4 ,there had been some difference between the ,viceroy and the above-named monks1 and the ,constable went with his men to the monastery to seize the ,abbot and some monks who had had some words with the ,black ,friars in a procession1 over a matter of precedence4 ,but the monks made some resistance1 assisted by about fifteen young men who were assisting me in stucco-work and painting1 and wounded some of the bailiffs2 on which account it became necessary to get them out of the way1 and they went off in various directions4 ,and so ,i1 left almost alone1 was unable not only to execute the loggie at ,pozzuolo1 but also to paint twenty-four pictures of stories from the ,old ,testament and from the life of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 which1 not caring to remain any longer in ,naples1 ,i took to ,rome to finish1 whence ,i sent them1 and they were placed about the stalls and over the presses of walnut-wood made from my architectural designs in the ,sacristy of ,s4 ,giovanni ,carbonaro1 a convent of ,eremite and ,observantine ,friars of ,s4 ,augustine1 for whom ,i had painted a short time before1 for a chapel without their church1 a panel-picture of ,christ ,crucified1 with a rich and varied ornament of stucco1 at the request of ,seripando1 their ,general1 who afterwards became a ,cardinal4 ,in like manner1 half-way up the staircase of the same convent1 ,i painted in fresco a ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist who stands gazing at ,our ,lady clothed with the sun and crowned with twelve stars1 with her feet upon the moon4 ,in the same city ,i painted for ,messer ,tommaso ,cambi1 a ,florentine merchant and very much my friend1 the times and seasons of the year on four walls in the hall of his house1 with pictures of ,sleep and ,dreaming over a terrace where ,i made a fountain4 ,and for the ,duke of ,gravina ,i painted an altar-picture of the ,magi adoring ,christ1 which he took to his dominions2 and for ,orsanca1 ,secretary to the ,viceroy1 ,i executed another altar-piece with five figures around a ,christ ,crucified1 and many pictures4 ,but1 although ,i was regarded with favour by those lords and was earning much1 and my commissions were multiplying every day1 ,i judged1 since my men had departed and ,i had executed works in abundance in one year in that city1 that it would be well for me to return to ,rome4 ,which having done1 the first work that ,i executed was for ,signor ,ranuccio ,farnese1 at that time ,archbishop of ,naples2 painting on canvas and in oils four very large shutters for the organ of the ,piscopio in ,naples1 on the front of which are five ,patron ,saints of that city1 and on the inner side the ,nativity of ,jesus ,christ1 with the ,shepherds1 and ,king ,david singing to his psaltery1 ,,dominus ,,dixit ,,ad ,,me1 etc4 ,and ,i finished likewise the twenty-four pictures mentioned above and some for ,m4 ,tommaso ,cambi1 which were all sent to ,naples2 which done1 ,i painted five pictures of the ,passion of ,christ for ,raffaello ,acciaiuoli1 who took them to ,spain4 ,in the same year1 ,cardinal ,farnese being minded to cause the ,hall of the ,cancelleria1 in the ,palace of ,s4 ,giorgio1 to be painted1 ,monsignor ,giovio1 desiring that it should be done by my hands1 commissioned me to make many designs with various inventions1 which in the end were not carried into execution4 ,nevertheless the ,cardinal finally resolved that it should be painted in fresco1 and with the greatest rapidity that might be possible1 so that he might be able to use it at a certain time determined by himself4 ,that hall is a little more than a hundred palms in length1 fifty in breadth1 and the same in height4 ,on each end-wall1 fifty palms broad1 was painted a great scene1 and two on one of the long walls1 but on the other1 from its being broken by windows1 it was not possible to paint scenes1 and therefore there was made a pendant after the likeness of the head-wall opposite4 ,and not wishing to make a base1 as had been the custom up to that time with the craftsmen in all their scenes1 in order to introduce variety and do something new ,i caused flights of steps to rise from the floor to a height of at least nine palms1 made in various ways1 one to each scene2 and upon these1 then1 there begin to ascend figures that ,i painted in keeping with the subject1 little by little1 until they come to the level where the scene begins4 ,it would be a long and perhaps tedious task to describe all the particulars and minute details of those scenes1 and therefore ,i shall touch only on the principal things1 and that briefly4 ,in all of them1 then1 are stories of the actions of ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 and in each is his portrait from life4 ,in the first1 wherein are the ,dispatchings1 so to speak1 of the ,court of ,rome1 may be seen upon the ,tiber various embassies of various nations 7with many portraits from life7 that are come to seek favours from the ,pope and to offer him divers tributes2 and1 in addition1 two great figures in great niches placed over the doors1 which are on either side of the scene4 ,one of these represents ,eloquence1 and has above it two ,victories that uphold the head of ,julius ,caesar1 and the other represents ,justice1 with two other ,victories that hold the head of ,alexander the ,great2 and in the centre are the arms of the above-named ,pope1 supported by ,liberality and ,remuneration4 ,on the main wall is the same ,pope remunerating merit1 distributing salaries1 knighthoods1 benefices1 pensions1 bishoprics1 and ,cardinal's hats1 and among those who are receiving them are ,sadoleto1 ,polo1 ,bembo1 ,contarini1 ,giovio1 ,buonarroti1 and other men of excellence1 all portrayed from life1 and on that wall1 within a great niche1 is ,grace with a horn of plenty full of dignities1 which she is pouring out upon the earth1 and the ,victories that she has above her1 after the likeness of the others1 support the head of the ,emperor ,trajan4 ,there is also ,envy1 who is devouring vipers and appears to be bursting with venom2 and above1 at the top of the scene1 are the arms of ,cardinal ,farnese1 supported by ,fame and ,virtue4 ,in the other scene the same ,pope ,paul is seen all intent on his buildings1 and in particular on that of ,s4 ,pietro upon the ,vatican1 and therefore there are kneeling before the ,pope ,painting1 ,sculpture1 and ,architecture1 who1 having unfolded a design of the ground-plan of that ,s4 ,pietro1 are receiving orders to execute the work and to carry it to completion4 ,besides these figures1 there is ,resolution1 who1 opening the breast1 lays bare the heart2 with ,solicitude and ,riches near4 ,in a niche is ,abundance1 with two ,victories that hold the effigy of ,vespasian1 and in the centre1 in another niche that divides one scene from the other1 is ,christian ,religion1 with two ,victories above her that hold the head of ,numa ,pompilius2 and the arms that are above the scene are those of ,cardinal ,san ,giorgio1 who built that ,palace4 ,in the other scene1 which is opposite to that of the ,dispatchings of the ,court1 is the universal peace made among ,christians by the agency of ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 and particularly between the ,emperor ,charles ,v and ,francis1 ,king of ,france1 who are portrayed there2 wherefore there may be seen ,peace burning arms1 the ,temple of ,janus being closed1 and ,fury in chains4 ,of the two great niches that are on either side of the scene1 in one is ,concord1 with two ,victories above her that are holding the head of the ,emperor ,titus1 and in the other is ,charity with many children1 while above the niche are two ,victories holding the head of ,augustus2 and over all are the arms of ,charles ,v1 supported by ,victory and ,rejoicing4 ,the whole work is full of the most beautiful inscriptions and mottoes composed by ,giovio1 and there is one in particular which says that those pictures were all executed in a hundred days2 which1 indeed1 like a young man1 ,i did do1 being such that ,i gave no thought to anything but satisfying that lord1 who1 as ,i have said1 desired to have the work finished in that time for a particular purpose4 ,but in truth1 although ,i exerted myself greatly in making cartoons and studying that work1 ,i confess that ,i did wrong in putting it afterwards in the hands of assistants1 in order to execute it more quickly1 as ,i was obliged to do2 for it would have been better to toil over it a hundred months and do it with my own hand1 whereby1 although ,i would not have done it in such a way as to satisfy my wish to please the ,cardinal and to maintain my own honour1 ,i would at least have had the satisfaction of having executed it with my own hand4 ,however1 that error was the reason that ,i resolved that ,i would never again do any work without finishing it entirely by myself over a first sketch done by the hands of assistants from designs by my hand4 ,in that work the ,spaniards1 ,bizzerra and ,roviale1 who laboured much in it in my company1 gained no little practice2 and also ,battista da ,bagnacavallo of ,bologna1 ,bastiano ,flori of ,arezzo1 ,giovan ,paolo dal ,borgo1 ,fra ,salvadore ,foschi of ,arezzo1 and many other young men4 ,at that time ,i went often in the evening1 at the end of the day's work1 to see the above-named most illustrious ,cardinal ,farnese at supper1 where there were always present1 to entertain him with beautiful and honourable discourse1 ,molza1 ,annibale ,caro1 ,m4 ,gandolfo1 ,m4 ,claudio ,tolomei1 ,m4 ,romolo ,amaseo1 ,monsignor ,giovio1 and many other men of learning and distinction1 of whom the ,court of that ,lord is ever full4 ,one evening among others the conversation turned to the museum of ,giovio and to the portraits of illustrious men that he had placed therein with beautiful order and inscriptions2 and one thing leading to another1 as happens in conversation1 ,monsignor ,giovio said that he had always had and still had a great desire to add to his museum and his book of ,eulogies a treatise with an account of the men who had been illustrious in the art of design from ,cimabue down to our own times4 ,enlarging on this1 he showed that he had certainly great knowledge and judgment in the matters of our arts2 but it is true that1 being content to treat the subject in gross1 he did not consider it in detail1 and often1 in speaking of those craftsmen1 either confused their names1 surnames1 birthplaces1 and works1 or did not relate things exactly as they were1 but rather1 as ,i have said1 in gross4 ,when ,giovio had finished his discourse1 the ,cardinal turned to me and said3 ,what do you say1 ,giorgio8 ,will not that be a fine work and a noble labour8 ,fine1 indeed1 most illustrious ,excellency1 ,i answered1 if ,giovio be assisted by someone of our arts to put things in their places and relate them as they really are4 ,that ,i say because1 although his discourse has been marvellous1 he has confused and mistaken many things one for another4 ,then1 replied the ,cardinal1 being besought by ,giovio1 ,caro1 ,tolomei1 and the others1 you might give him a summary and an ordered account of all those craftsmen and their works1 according to the order of time2 and so your arts will receive from you this benefit as well4 ,that undertaking1 although ,i knew it to be beyond my powers1 ,i promised most willingly to execute to the best of my ability2 and so1 having set myself down to search through my records and the notes that ,i had written on that subject from my earliest youth1 as a sort of pastime and because of the affection that ,i bore to the memory of our craftsmen1 every notice of whom was very dear to me1 ,i gathered together everything that seemed to me to touch on the subject1 and took the whole to ,giovio4 ,and he1 after he had much praised my labour1 said to me3 ,giorgio1 ,i would rather that you should undertake this task of setting everything down in the manner in which ,i see that you will be excellently well able to do it1 because ,i have not the courage1 not knowing the various manners1 and being ignorant of many particulars that you are likely to know2 besides which1 even if ,i were to do it1 ,i would make at the most a little treatise like that of ,pliny4 ,do what ,i tell you1 ,vasari1 for ,i see by the specimen that you have given me in this account that it will prove something very fine4 ,and then1 thinking that ,i was not very resolute in the matter1 he caused ,caro1 ,molza1 ,tolomei1 and others of my dearest friends to speak to me4 ,whereupon1 having finally made up my mind1 ,i set my hand to it1 with the intention of giving it1 when finished1 to one of them1 that he might revise and correct it1 and then publish it under a name other than mine4 ,meanwhile ,i departed from ,rome in the month of ,october of the year #aedf1 and came to ,florence1 and there executed for the ,nuns of the famous ,convent of the ,murate a picture in oils of a ,last ,supper for their refectory2 which work was allotted to me and paid for by ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 who had a sister-in-law1 once ,countess of ,pitigliano1 a nun in that convent4 ,and then ,i painted in another picture ,our ,lady with the ,infant ,christ in her arms1 who is espousing the ,virgin-,martyr ,s4 ,catharine1 with two other ,saints2 which picture ,m4 ,tommaso ,cambi caused me to execute for a sister who was then ,abbess of the ,convent of the ,bigallo1 without ,florence4 ,that finished1 ,i painted two large pictures in oils for ,monsignor de' ,rossi1 ,bishop of ,pavia1 of the family of the ,counts of ,san ,secondo2 in one of these is a ,s4 ,jerome1 and in the other a ,pieta1 and they were both sent to ,france4 ,then in the year #aedg ,i carried to completion for the ,duomo of ,pisa1 at the instance of ,m4 ,bastiano della ,seta1 the ,warden of ,works1 another altar-picture that ,i had begun2 and afterwards1 for my very dear friend ,simon ,corsi1 a large picture in oils of ,our ,lady4 ,now1 while ,i was executing these works1 having carried nearly to completion the ,book of the ,lives of the ,craftsmen of ,design1 there was scarcely anything left for me to do but to have it transcribed in a good hand1 when there presented himself to me most opportunely ,don ,gian ,matteo ,faetani of ,rimini1 a monk of ,monte ,oliveto and a person of intelligence and learning1 who desired that ,i should execute some works for him in the ,church and ,monastery of ,s4 ,maria di ,scolca at ,rimini1 where he was ,abbot4 ,he1 then1 having promised to have it transcribed for me by one of his monks who was an excellent writer1 and to correct it himself1 persuaded me to go to ,rimini to execute1 with this occasion1 the altar-picture and the high-altar of that church1 which is about three miles distant from the city4 ,in that altar-picture ,i painted the ,magi adoring ,christ1 with an infinity of figures executed by me with much study in that solitary place1 counterfeiting the men of the ,courts of the three ,kings in such a way1 as well as ,i was able1 that1 although they are all mingled together1 yet one may recognize by the appearance of the faces to what country each belongs and to which ,king he is subject1 for some have the flesh-colour white1 some grey1 and others dark2 besides which1 the diversity of their vestments and the differences in their adornments make a pleasing variety4 ,that altar-piece has on either side of it two large pictures1 in which is the rest of the ,courts1 with horses1 elephants1 and giraffes1 and about the chapel1 in various places1 are distributed ,prophets1 ,sibyls1 and ,evangelists in the act of writing4 ,in the cupola1 or rather1 tribune1 ,i painted four great figures that treat of the praises of ,christ1 of ,his ,genealogy1 and of the ,virgin1 and these are ,orpheus and ,homer with some ,greek mottoes1 ,virgil with the motto1 ,,iam ,,redit ,,et ,,virgo1 etc41 and ,dante with these verses3 ,tu sei colei1 che l' umana natura ,nobilitasti si1 che il suo ,fattore ,non si sdegno di farsi tua fattura4 ,with many other figures and inventions1 of which there is no need to say any more4 ,then1 the work of writing the above-mentioned book and carrying it to completion meanwhile continuing1 ,i painted for the high-altar of ,s4 ,francesco1 in ,rimini1 a large altar-picture in oils of ,s4 ,francis receiving the ,stigmata from ,christ on the mountain of ,la ,vernia1 copied from nature2 and since that mountain is all of grey rocks and stones1 and in like manner ,s4 ,francis and his companion are grey1 ,i counterfeited a ,sun within which is ,christ1 with a good number of ,seraphim1 and so the work is varied1 and the ,saint1 with other figures1 all illumined by the splendour of that ,sun1 and the landscape in shadow with a great variety of changing colours2 all which is not displeasing to many persons1 and was much extolled at that time by ,cardinal ,capodiferro1 ,legate in ,romagna4 ,being then summoned from ,rimini to ,ravenna1 ,i executed an altar-picture1 as has been told in another place1 for the new church of the ,abbey of ,classi1 of the ,order of ,camaldoli1 painting therein a ,christ taken down from the ,cross and lying in the lap of ,our ,lady4 ,and at this same time ,i executed for divers friends many designs1 pictures1 and other lesser works1 which are so many and so varied1 that it would be difficult for me to remember even a part of them1 and perhaps not pleasing for my readers to hear so many particulars4 ,meanwhile the building of my house at ,arezzo had been finished1 and ,i returned home1 where ,i made designs for painting the hall1 three chambers1 and the facade1 as it were for my own diversion during that summer4 ,in those designs ,i depicted1 among other things1 all the places and provinces where ,i had laboured1 as if they were bringing tributes1 to represent the gains that ,i had made by their means1 to that house of mine4 ,for the time being1 however1 ,i did nothing but the ceiling of the hall1 which is passing rich in woodwork1 with thirteen large pictures wherein are the ,celestial ,gods1 and in four angles the four ,seasons of the year nude1 who are gazing at a great picture that is in the centre1 in which1 with figures the size of life1 is ,excellence1 who has ,envy under her feet and has seized ,fortune by the hair1 and is beating both the one and the other2 and a thing that was much commended at the time was that as you go round the hall1 ,fortune being in the middle1 from one side ,envy seems to be over ,fortune and ,excellence1 and from another side ,excellence is over ,envy and ,fortune1 as is seen often to happen in real life4 ,around the walls are ,abundance1 ,liberality1 ,wisdom1 ,prudence1 ,labour1 ,honour1 and other similar things1 and below1 all around1 are stories of ancient painters1 ,apelles1 ,zeuxis1 ,parrhasius1 ,protogenes1 and others1 with various compartments and details that ,i omit for the sake of brevity4 ,in a chamber1 also1 in a great medallion in the ceiling of carved woodwork1 ,i painted ,abraham1 with ,god blessing his seed and promising to multiply it infinitely2 and in four squares that are around that medallion1 ,i painted ,peace1 ,concord1 ,virtue1 and ,modesty4 ,and since ,i always adored the memory and the works of the ancients1 and perceived that the method of painting in distemper-colours was being abandoned1 there came to me a desire to revive that mode of painting1 and ,i executed the whole work in distemper2 which method certainly does not deserve to be wholly despised or abandoned4 ,at the entrance of the chamber1 as it were in jest1 ,i painted a bride who has in one hand a rake1 with which she seems to have raked up and carried away with her from her father's house everything that she has been able1 and in the hand that is stretched in front of her1 entering into the house of her husband1 she has a lighted torch1 signifying that where she goes she carries a fire that consumes and destroys everything4 ,while ,i was passing my time thus1 the year #aedh having come1 ,don ,giovan ,benedetto of ,mantua1 ,abbot of ,,ss4 ,fiore e ,lucilla1 a monastery of the ,black ,friars of ,monte ,cassino1 who took infinite delight in matters of painting and was much my friend1 prayed me that ,i should consent to paint a ,last ,supper1 or some such thing1 at the head of their refectory4 ,whereupon ,i resolved to gratify his wish1 and began to think of doing something out of the common use2 and so ,i determined1 in agreement with that good father1 to paint for it the ,nuptials of ,queen ,esther and ,king ,ahasuerus1 all in a picture fifteen braccia long1 and in oils1 but first to set it in place and then to work at it there4 ,that method--and ,i can speak with authority1 for ,i have proved it--is in truth that which should be followed by one who wishes that his pictures should have their true and proper lights1 for the reason that in fact working at pictures in a place lower or other than that where they are to stand1 causes changes in their lights1 shadows1 and many other properties4 ,in that work1 then1 ,i strove to represent majesty and grandeur2 and1 although ,i may not judge whether ,i succeeded1 ,i know well that ,i disposed everything in such a manner1 that there may be recognized in passing good order all the manners of servants1 pages1 esquires1 soldiers of the guard1 the buttery1 the credence1 the musicians1 a dwarf1 and every other thing that is required for a magnificent and royal banquet4 ,there may be seen1 among others1 the steward bringing the viands to the table1 accompanied by a good number of pages dressed in livery1 besides esquires and other servants2 and at the ends of the table1 which is oval1 are lords and other great personages and courtiers1 who are standing on their feet1 as is the custom1 to see the banquet4 ,king ,ahasuerus is seated at table1 a proud and enamoured monarch1 leaning upon the left arm and offering a cup of wine to the ,queen1 in an attitude truly dignified and regal4 ,in short1 if ,i were to believe what ,i heard said by persons at that time1 and what ,i still hear from anyone who sees the work1 ,i might consider that ,i had done something1 but ,i know better how the matter stands1 and what ,i would have done if my hand had followed that which ,i had conceived in idea4 ,be that as it may1 ,i applied to it--and this ,i can declare freely--study and diligence4 ,above the work1 on a spandrel of the vaulting1 comes a ,christ who is offering to the ,queen a crown of flowers2 and this was done in fresco1 and placed there to denote the spiritual conception of the story1 which signified that1 the ancient ,synagogue being repudiated1 ,christ was espousing the new ,church of his faithful ,christians4 ,at this same time ,i made the portrait of ,luigi ,guicciardini1 brother of the ,messer ,francesco who wrote the ,history1 because that ,messer ,luigi was very much my friend1 and that year1 being ,commissary of ,arezzo1 had caused me out of love for me to buy a very large property in land1 called ,frassineto1 in ,valdichiana1 which has been the salvation and the greatest prop of my house1 and will be the same for my successors1 if1 as ,i hope1 they prove true to themselves4 ,that portrait1 which is in the possession of the heirs of that ,messer ,luigi1 is said to be the best and the closest likeness of the infinite number that ,i have executed4 ,but of the portraits that ,i have painted1 which are so many1 ,i will make no mention1 because it would be a tedious thing2 and1 to tell the truth1 ,i have avoided doing them to the best of my ability4 ,that finished1 ,i painted at the commission of ,fra ,mariotto da ,castiglioni of ,arezzo1 for the ,church of ,s4 ,francesco in that city1 an altar-picture of ,our ,lady1 ,s4 ,anne1 ,s4 ,francis1 and ,s4 ,sylvester4 ,and at this same time ,i drew for ,cardinal di ,monte1 my very good patron1 who was then ,legate in ,bologna1 and afterwards became ,pope ,julius ,,iii1 the design and plan of a great farm which was afterwards carried into execution at the foot of ,monte ,sansovino1 his native place1 where ,i was several times at the orders of that lord1 who much delighted in building4 ,having gone1 after ,i had finished these works1 to ,florence1 ,i painted that summer on a banner for carrying in processions1 belonging to the ,company of ,s4 ,giovanni de' ,peducci of ,arezzo1 that ,saint on one side preaching to the multitude1 and on the other the same ,saint baptizing ,christ4 ,which picture1 as soon as it was finished1 ,i sent to my house at ,arezzo1 that it might be delivered to the men of the above-named ,company2 and it happened that ,monsignor ,giorgio1 ,cardinal d',armagnac1 a ,frenchman1 passing through ,arezzo and going to see my house for some other purpose1 saw that banner1 or rather1 standard1 and1 liking it1 did his utmost to obtain it for sending to the ,king of ,france1 offering a large price4 ,but ,i would not break faith with those who had commissioned me to paint it1 for1 although many said to me that ,i could make another1 ,i know not whether ,i could have done it as well and with equal diligence4 ,and not long afterwards ,i executed for ,messer ,annibale ,caro1 according as he had requested me long before in a letter1 which is printed1 a picture of ,adonis dying in the lap of ,venus1 after the invention of ,theocritus2 which work was afterwards taken to ,france1 almost against my will1 and given to ,m4 ,albizzo del ,bene1 together with a ,psyche gazing with a lamp at ,cupid1 who wakens from his sleep1 a spark from the lamp having scorched him4 ,those figures1 all nude and large as life1 were the reason that ,alfonso di ,tommaso ,cambi1 who was then a very beautiful youth1 well-lettered1 accomplished1 and most gentle and courteous1 had himself portrayed nude and at full length in the person of the huntsman ,endymion beloved by the ,moon1 whose white form1 and the fanciful landscape all around1 have their light from the brightness of the moon1 which in the darkness of the night makes an effect passing natural and true1 for the reason that ,i strove with all diligence to counterfeit the peculiar colours that the pale yellow light of the moon is wont to give to the things upon which it strikes4 ,after this1 ,i painted two pictures for sending to ,ragusa1 in one ,our ,lady1 and in the other a ,pieta2 and then in a great picture for ,francesco ,botti ,our ,lady with her ,son in her arms1 and ,joseph2 and that picture1 which ,i certainly executed with the greatest diligence that ,i knew1 he took with him to ,spain4 ,these works finished1 ,i went in the same year to see ,cardinal di ,monte at ,bologna1 where he was ,legate1 and1 dwelling with him for some days1 besides many other conversations1 he contrived to speak so well and to persuade me with such good reasons1 that1 being constrained by him to do a thing which up to that time ,i had refused to do1 ,i resolved to take a wife1 and so1 by his desire1 married a daughter of ,francesco ,bacci1 a noble citizen of ,arezzo4 ,having returned to ,florence1 ,i executed a great picture of ,our ,lady after a new invention of my own and with more figures1 which was acquired by ,messer ,bindo ,altoviti1 who gave me a hundred crowns of gold for it and took it to ,rome1 where it is now in his house4 ,besides this1 ,i painted many other pictures at the same time1 as for ,messer ,bernardetto de' ,medici1 for ,messer ,bartolommeo ,strada1 an eminent physician1 and for others of my friends1 of whom there is no need to speak4 ,in those days1 ,gismondo ,martelli having died in ,florence1 and having left instructions in his testament that an altar-picture with ,our ,lady and some ,saints should be painted for the chapel of that noble family in ,s4 ,lorenzo1 ,luigi and ,pandolfo ,martelli1 together with ,m4 ,cosimo ,bartoli1 all very much my friends1 besought me that ,i should execute that picture4 ,having obtained leave from the ,lord ,duke ,cosimo1 the ,patron and first ,warden of ,works of that church1 ,i consented to do it1 but on condition that ,i should be allowed to paint in it something after my own fancy from the life of ,s4 ,gismondo1 in allusion to the name of the testator4 ,which agreement concluded1 ,i remembered to have heard that ,filippo di ,ser ,brunellesco1 the architect of that church1 had given a particular form to all the chapels to the end that there might be made for each not some little altar-piece1 but some large scene or picture which might fill the whole space4 ,wherefore1 being disposed to follow in that respect the wishes and directions of ,brunelleschi1 and paying regard rather to honour than to the little profit that ,i could obtain from that commission1 which contemplated the painting of a small altar-picture with few figures1 ,i painted in an altar-piece ten braccia in breadth1 and thirteen in height1 the story1 or rather1 martyrdom1 of the ,king ,s4 ,gismondo1 when he1 his wife1 and his two sons were cast into a well by another ,king1 or rather1 ,tyrant4 ,i contrived that the ornamental border of that chapel1 which is a semi-circle1 should serve as the opening of the gate of a great palace in the ,rustic ,order1 through which there should be a view of a square court supported by pilasters and columns of the ,doric ,order2 and ,i arranged that through that opening there should be seen in the centre an octagonal well with an ascent of steps around it1 by which the executioners might ascend1 carrying the two sons nude in order to cast them into the well4 ,in the loggie around ,i painted on one side people gazing upon that horrid spectacle1 and on the other side1 which is the left1 ,i made some soldiers who1 having seized by force the wife of the ,king1 are carrying her towards the well in order to put her to death4 ,and at the principal door ,i made a group of soldiers that are binding ,s4 ,gismondo1 who with his relaxed and patient attitude shows that he is suffering most willingly that death and martyrdom1 and he stands gazing on four ,angels in the air1 who are showing to him palms and crowns of martyrdom for himself1 his wife1 and his sons1 which appears to give him complete comfort and consolation4 ,i strove1 likewise1 to demonstrate the cruelty and fierce anger of the impious ,tyrant1 who stands on the upper level of the court to behold his vengeance and the death of ,s4 ,gismondo4 ,in short1 so far as in me lay1 ,i made every effort to give to all the figures1 to the best of my ability1 the proper expressions and the appropriate attitudes and spirited movements1 and all that was required4 ,how far ,i succeeded1 that ,i shall leave to be judged by others2 but this ,i must say1 that ,i gave to it all the study1 labour1 and diligence in my power and knowledge4 ,meanwhile1 the ,lord ,duke ,cosimo desiring that the ,book of the ,lives1 already brought almost to completion with the greatest diligence that ,i had found possible1 and with the assistance of some of my friends1 should be given to the printers1 ,i gave it to ,lorenzo ,torrentino1 printer to the ,duke1 and so the printing was begun4 ,but not even the ,theories had been finished1 when1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii having died1 ,i began to doubt that ,i might have to depart from ,florence before that book was finished printing4 ,going therefore out of ,florence to meet ,cardinal di ,monte1 who was passing on his way to the ,conclave1 ,i had no sooner made obeisance to him and spoken a few words1 than he said3 ,i go to ,rome1 and without a doubt ,i shall be ,pope4 ,make haste1 if you have anything to do1 and as soon as you hear the news set out for ,rome without awaiting other advice or any invitation4 ,nor did that prognostication prove false1 for1 being at ,arezzo for that ,carnival1 when certain festivities and masquerades were being arranged1 the news came that the ,cardinal had become ,julius ,,iii4 ,whereupon ,i mounted straightway on horseback and went to ,florence1 whence1 pressed by the ,duke1 ,i went to ,rome1 in order to be present at the coronation of the new ,pontiff and to take part in the preparation of the festivities4 ,and so1 arriving in ,rome and dismounting at the house of ,messer ,bindo1 ,i went to do reverence to his ,holiness and to kiss his feet4 ,which done1 the first words that he spoke to me were to remind me that what he had foretold of himself had not been false4 ,then1 after he was crowned and settled down a little1 the first thing that he wished to have done was to satisfy an obligation that he had to the memory of ,antonio1 the first and elder ,cardinal di ,monte1 by means of a tomb to be made in ,s4 ,pietro a ,montorio2 of which the designs and models having been made1 it was executed in marble1 as has been related fully in another place4 ,and meanwhile ,i painted the altar-picture of that chapel1 in which ,i represented the ,conversion of ,s4 ,paul1 but1 to vary it from that which ,buonarroti had executed in the ,pauline ,chapel1 ,i made ,s4 ,paul young1 as he himself writes1 and fallen from his horse1 and led blind by the soldiers to ,ananias1 from whom by the imposition of hands he receives the lost sight of his eyes1 and is baptized2 in which work1 either because the space was restricted1 or whatever may have been the reason1 ,i did not satisfy myself completely1 although it was perhaps not displeasing to others1 and in particular to ,michelagnolo4 ,for that ,pontiff1 likewise1 ,i executed another altar-picture for a chapel in the ,palace2 but this1 for reasons given elsewhere1 was afterwards taken by me to ,arezzo and placed at the high-altar of the ,pieve4 ,if1 however1 ,i had not fully satisfied either myself or others in the last-named picture or in that of ,s4 ,pietro a ,montorio1 it would have been no matter for surprise1 because1 being obliged to be continually at the beck and call of that ,pontiff1 ,i was kept always moving1 or rather1 occupied in making architectural designs1 and particularly because ,i was the first who designed and prepared all the inventions of the ,vigna ,julia1 which he caused to be erected at incredible expense4 ,and although it was executed afterwards by others1 yet it was ,i who always committed to drawing the caprices of the ,pope1 which were then given to ,michelagnolo to revise and correct4 ,jacopo ,barozzi of ,vignuola finished1 after many designs by his own hand1 the rooms1 halls1 and many other ornaments of that place2 but the lower fountain was made under the direction of myself and of ,ammanati1 who afterwards remained there and made the loggia that is over the fountain4 ,in that work1 however1 it was not possible for a man to show his ability or to do anything right1 because from day to day new caprices came into the head of the ,pope1 which had to be carried into execution according to the daily instructions given by ,messer ,pier ,giovanni ,aliotti1 ,bishop of ,forli4 ,during that time1 being obliged in the year #aeej to go twice to ,florence on other affairs1 the first time ,i finished the picture of ,s4 ,gismondo1 which the ,duke went to see in the house of ,m4 ,ottaviano de' ,medici1 where ,i executed it2 and he liked it so much1 that he said to me that when ,i had finished my work in ,rome ,i should come to serve him in ,florence1 where ,i would receive orders as to what was to be done4 ,i then returned to ,rome1 where ,i gave completion to those works that ,i had begun1 and painted a picture of the ,beheading of ,s4 ,john for the high-altar of the ,company of the ,misericordia1 different not a little from those that are generally done1 which ,i set in place in the year #aeec2 and then ,i wished to return1 but ,i was forced to execute for ,messer ,bindo ,altoviti1 not being able to refuse him1 two very large loggie in stucco-work and fresco4 ,one of them that ,i painted was at his villa1 made with a new method of architecture1 because1 the loggia being so large that it was not possible to turn the vaulting without danger1 ,i had it made with armatures of wood1 matting1 and canes1 over which was done the stucco-work and fresco-painting1 as if the vaulting were of masonry1 and even so it appears and is believed to be by all who see it2 and it is supported by many ornamental columns of variegated marble1 antique and rare4 ,the other loggia is on the ground-floor of his house on the bridge1 and is covered with scenes in fresco4 ,and after that ,i painted for the ceiling of an antechamber four large pictures in oils of the four ,seasons of the year4 ,these finished1 ,i was forced to make for ,andrea della ,fonte1 who was much my friend1 a portrait from life of his wife1 and with it ,i gave him a large picture of ,christ bearing the ,cross1 with figures the size of life1 which ,i had made for a kinsman of the ,pope1 but afterwards had not chosen to present to him4 ,for the ,bishop of ,vasona ,i painted a ,dead ,christ supported by ,nicodemus and by two ,angels1 and for ,pier ,antonio ,bandini a ,nativity of ,christ1 an effect of night with variety in the invention4 ,while ,i was executing these works1 ,i was also watching to see what the ,pope was intending to do1 and finally ,i saw that there was little to be expected from him1 and that it was useless to labour in his service4 ,wherefore1 notwithstanding that ,i had already executed the cartoons for painting in fresco the loggia that is over the fountain of the above-named ,vigna1 ,i resolved that ,i would at all costs go to serve the ,duke of ,florence1 and the rather because ,i was pressed to do this by ,m4 ,averardo ,serristori and ,bishop ,ricasoli1 the ,ambassadors of his ,excellency in ,rome1 and also in letters by ,m4 ,sforza ,almeni1 his ,cupbearer and ,chief ,chamberlain4 ,i transferred myself1 therefore1 to ,arezzo1 in order to make my way from there to ,florence1 but first ,i was forced to make for ,monsignor ,minerbetti1 ,bishop of ,arezzo1 as for my lord and most dear friend1 a lifesize picture of ,patience in the form that has since been used by ,signor ,ercole1 ,duke of ,ferrara1 as his device and as the reverse of his medal4 ,which work finished1 ,i came to kiss the hand of the ,lord ,duke ,cosimo1 by whom in his kindness ,i was received very warmly2 and while it was being considered what ,i should first take in hand1 ,i caused ,cristofano ,gherardi of the ,borgo to paint in chiaroscuro after my designs the facade of ,m4 ,sforza ,almeni1 in that manner and with those inventions that have been described at great length in another place4 ,now at that time ,i happened to be one of the ,lords ,priors of the city of ,arezzo1 whose office it is to govern that city1 but ,i was summoned by letters of the ,lord ,duke into his service1 and absolved from that duty2 and1 having come to ,florence1 ,i found that his ,excellency had begun that year to build that apartment of his ,palace which is towards the ,piazza del ,grano1 under the direction of the wood-carver ,tasso1 who was then architect to the ,palace4 ,the roof had been placed so low that all those rooms had little elevation1 and were1 indeed1 altogether dwarfed2 but1 since to raise the crossbeams and the whole roof would be a long affair1 ,i advised that a series of timbers should be placed1 by way of border1 with sunk compartments two braccia and a half in extent1 between the crossbeams of the roof1 with a range of consoles in the perpendicular line1 so as to make a frieze of about two braccia above the timbers4 ,which plan greatly pleasing his ,excellency1 he gave orders straightway that so it should be done1 and that ,tasso should execute the woodwork and the compartments1 within which was to be painted the ,genealogy of the ,gods2 and that afterwards the work should be continued in the other rooms4 ,illustration3 ,,lorenzo ,,the ,,magnificent ,,and ,,the ,,ambassadors 7,after the fresco by ,giorgio ,vasari4 ,florence3 ,palazzo ,vecchio7 ,brogi ,while the work for those ceilings was being prepared1 having obtained leave from the ,duke1 ,i went to spend two months between ,arezzo and ,cortona1 partly to give completion to some affairs of my own1 and partly to finish a work in fresco begun on the walls and vaulting of the ,company of ,jesus at ,cortona4 ,in that place ,i painted three stories of the life of ,jesus ,christ1 and all the sacrifices offered to ,god in the ,old ,testament1 from ,cain and ,abel down to the ,prophet ,nehemiah2 and there1 during that time1 ,i also furnished designs and models for the fabric of the ,madonna ,nuova1 without the city4 ,the work for the ,company of ,jesus being finished1 ,i returned to ,florence in the year #aeee with all my family1 to serve ,duke ,cosimo4 ,and there ,i began and finished the compartments1 walls1 and ceiling of the above-named upper ,hall1 called the ,sala degli ,elementi1 painting in the compartments1 which are eleven1 the ,castration of ,heaven in the air4 ,in a terrace beside that ,hall ,i painted on the ceiling the actions of ,saturn and ,ops1 and then on the ceiling of another great chamber all the story of ,ceres and ,proserpine2 and in a still larger chamber1 which is beside the last1 likewise on the ceiling1 which is very rich1 stories of the ,goddess ,berecynthia and of ,cybele with her ,triumph1 and the four ,seasons1 and on the walls all the twelve ,months4 ,on the ceiling of another1 not so rich1 ,i painted the ,birth of ,jove and the ,goat ,amaltheia nursing him1 with the rest of the other most notable things related of him2 in another terrace beside the same room1 much adorned with stones and stucco-work1 other things of ,jove and ,juno2 and finally1 in the next chamber1 the ,birth of ,hercules and all his ,labours4 ,all that could not be included on the ceilings was placed in the friezes of each room1 or has been placed in the arras-tapestries that the ,lord ,duke has caused to be woven for each room from my cartoons1 corresponding to the pictures high up on the walls4 ,i shall not speak of the grotesques1 ornaments1 and pictures of the stairs1 nor of many other smaller details executed by my hand in that apartment of rooms1 because1 besides that ,i hope that a longer account may be given of them on another occasion1 everyone may see them at his pleasure and judge of them4 ,while these upper rooms were being painted1 there were built the others that are on the level of the ,great ,hall1 and are connected in a perpendicular line with the first-named1 with a very convenient system of staircases public and private that lead from the highest to the lowest quarters of the ,palace4 ,meanwhile ,tasso died1 and the ,duke1 who had a very great desire that the ,palace1 which had been built at haphazard1 in various stages and at various times1 and more for the convenience of the officials than with any good order1 should be put to rights1 resolved that he would at all costs have it reconstructed in so far as that was possible1 and that in time the ,great ,hall should be painted1 and that ,bandinelli should continue the ,audience-chamber already begun4 ,in order1 therefore1 to bring the whole ,palace into accord1 harmonizing the work already done with that which was to be done1 he ordained that ,i should make several plans and designs1 and finally a wooden model after some that had pleased him1 the better to be able to proceed to accommodate all the apartments according to his pleasure1 and to change and put straight the old stairs1 which appeared to him too steep1 ill-conceived1 and badly made4 ,to which work ,i set my hand1 although it seemed to me a difficult enterprise and beyond my powers1 and ,i executed as best ,i could a very large model1 which is now in the possession of his ,excellency2 more to obey him than with any hope that ,i might succeed4 ,that model1 when it was finished1 pleased him much1 whether by his good fortune or mine1 or because of the great desire that ,i had to give satisfaction2 whereupon ,i set my hand to building1 and little by little1 doing now one thing and now another1 the work has been carried to the condition wherein it may now be seen4 ,and while the rest was being done1 ,i decorated with very rich stucco-work in a varied pattern of compartments the first eight of the new rooms that are on a level with the ,great ,hall1 what with saloons1 chambers1 and a chapel1 with various pictures and innumerable portraits from life that come in the scenes1 beginning with the elder ,cosimo1 and calling each room by the name of some great and famous person descended from him4 ,in one1 then1 are the most notable actions of that ,cosimo and those virtues that were most peculiar to him1 with his greatest friends and servants and portraits of his children1 all from life2 and so1 also1 that of the elder ,lorenzo1 that of his son1 ,pope ,leo1 that of ,pope ,clement1 that of ,signor ,giovanni1 the father of our great ,duke1 and that of the ,lord ,duke ,cosimo himself4 ,in the chapel is a large and very beautiful picture by the hand of ,raffaello da ,urbino1 between a ,s4 ,cosimo and a ,s4 ,damiano painted by my hand1 to whom that chapel is dedicated4 ,then in like manner in the upper rooms painted for the ,lady ,duchess ,leonora1 which are four1 are actions of illustrious women1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,latin1 and ,tuscan1 one to each chamber4 ,but of these1 besides that ,i have spoken of them elsewhere1 there will be a full account in the ,dialogue which ,i am about to give to the world1 as ,i have said2 for to describe everything here would have taken too long4 ,for all these my labours1 continuous1 difficult1 and great as they were1 ,i was rewarded largely and richly by the magnanimous liberality of the great ,duke1 in addition to my salaries1 with donations and with commodious and honourable houses both in ,florence and in the country1 to the end that ,i might be able the more advantageously to serve him4 ,besides which1 he has honoured me with the supreme magistracy of ,gonfalonier and other offices in my native city of ,arezzo1 with the right to substitute in them one of the citizens of that place1 not to mention that to my brother ,ser ,piero he has given offices of profit in ,florence1 and likewise extraordinary favours to my relatives in ,arezzo2 so that ,i shall never be weary of confessing the obligation that ,i feel towards that ,lord for so many marks of affection4 ,returning to my works1 ,i must go on to say that my most excellent ,lord resolved to carry into execution a project that he had had for a long time1 of painting the ,great ,hall1 a conception worthy of his lofty and profound spirit2 ,i know not whether1 as he said1 ,i believe jesting with me1 because he thought for certain that ,i would get it off his hands1 so that he would see it finished in his lifetime1 or it may have been from some other private and1 as has always been true of him1 most prudent judgment4 ,the result1 in short1 was that he commissioned me to raise the crossbeams and the whole roof thirteen braccia above the height at that time1 to make the ceiling of wood1 and to overlay it with gold and paint it full of scenes in oils2 a vast and most important undertaking1 and1 if not too much for my courage1 perhaps too much for my powers4 ,however1 whether it was that the confidence of that great ,lord and the good fortune that he has in his every enterprise raised me beyond what ,i am in myself1 or that the hopes and opportunities of so fine a subject furnished me with much greater faculties1 or that the grace of ,god--and this ,i was bound to place before any other thing--supplied me with strength1 ,i undertook it1 and1 as has been seen1 executed it in contradiction to the opinion of many persons1 and not only in much less time than ,i had promised and the work might be considered to require1 but in less than even ,i or his most illustrious ,excellency ever thought4 ,and ,i can well believe that he was astonished and well satisfied1 because it came to be executed at the greatest emergency and the finest occasion that could have occurred2 and this was 7that the cause of so much haste may be known7 that a settlement had been concluded about the marriage which was being arranged between our most illustrious ,prince and the daughter of the late ,emperor and sister of the present one1 and ,i thought it my duty to make every effort that on the occasion of such festivities that ,hall1 which was the principal apartment of the ,palace and the one wherein the most important ceremonies were to be celebrated1 might be available for enjoyment4 ,and here ,i will leave it to the judgment of everyone not only in our arts but also outside them1 if only he has seen the greatness and variety of that work1 to decide whether the extraordinary importance of the occasion should not be my excuse if in such haste ,i have not given complete satisfaction in so great a variety of wars on land and sea1 stormings of cities1 batteries1 assaults1 skirmishes1 buildings of cities1 public councils1 ceremonies ancient and modern1 triumphs1 and so many other things1 for which1 not to mention anything else1 the sketches1 designs1 and cartoons of so great a work required a very long time4 ,i will not speak of the nude bodies1 in which the perfection of our arts consists1 or of the landscapes wherein all those things were painted1 all which ,i had to copy from nature on the actual site and spot1 even as ,i did with the many captains1 generals and other chiefs1 and soldiers1 that were in the emprises that ,i painted4 ,in short1 ,i will venture to say that ,i had occasion to depict on that ceiling almost everything that human thought and imagination can conceive2 all the varieties of bodies1 faces1 vestments1 habiliments1 casques1 helmets1 cuirasses1 various head-dresses1 horses1 harness1 caparisons1 artillery of every kind1 navigations1 tempests1 storms of rain and snow1 and so many other things1 that ,i am not able to remember them4 ,but anyone who sees the work may easily imagine what labours and what vigils ,i endured in executing with the greatest study in my power about forty large scenes1 and some of them pictures ten braccia in every direction1 with figures very large and in every manner4 ,and although some of my young disciples worked with me there1 they sometimes gave me assistance and sometimes not1 for the reason that at times ,i was obliged1 as they know1 to repaint everything with my own hand and go over the whole picture again1 to the end that all might be in one and the same manner4 ,these stories1 ,i say1 treat of the history of ,florence1 from the building of the city down to the present day2 the division into quarters1 the cities brought to submission1 the enemies vanquished1 the cities subjugated1 and1 finally1 the beginning and end of the ,war of ,pisa on one side1 and on the other likewise the beginning and end of the ,war of ,siena1 one carried on and concluded by the popular government in a period of fourteen years1 and the other by the ,duke in fourteen months1 as may be seen2 besides all the rest that is on the ceiling and will be on the walls1 each eighty braccia in length and twenty in height1 which ,i am even now painting in fresco1 and hope likewise to discuss later in the above-mentioned ,dialogue4 ,and all this that ,i have sought to say hitherto has been for no other cause but to show with what diligence ,i have applied myself and still apply myself to matters of art1 and with what good reasons ,i could excuse myself if in some cases 7which ,i believe1 indeed1 are many7 ,i have failed4 ,illustration3 ,,fresco ,,in ,,the ,,hall ,,of ,,lorenzo ,,the ,,magnificent 7,after ,giorgio ,vasari4 ,florence3 ,palazzo ,vecchio7 ,brogi ,i will add1 also1 that about the same time ,i received orders to design all the arches to be shown to his ,excellency for the purpose of determining the whole arrangement of the numerous festive preparations already described1 executed in ,florence for the nuptials of the most illustrious ,lord ,prince1 of which ,i had then to carry into execution and finish a great part2 to cause to be painted after my designs1 in ten pictures each fourteen braccia high and eleven broad1 all the squares of the principal cities of the dominion1 drawn in perspective with their original builders and their devices2 also1 to have finished the head-wall of the above-named ,hall1 begun by ,bandinelli1 and to have a scene made for the other1 the greatest and richest that was ever made by anyone2 and1 finally1 to execute the principal stairs of that ,palace1 with their vestibules1 the court and the columns1 in the manner that everyone knows and that has been described above1 with fifteen cities of the ,empire and of the ,tyrol depicted from the reality in as many pictures4 ,not little1 also1 has been the time that ,i have spent in those same days in pushing forward the construction1 from the time when ,i first began it1 of the loggia and the vast fabric of the ,magistrates1 facing towards the ,river ,arno1 than which ,i have never had built anything more difficult or more dangerous1 from its being founded over the river1 and even1 one might say1 in the air4 ,but it was necessary1 besides other reasons1 in order to attach to it1 as has been done1 the great corridor which crosses the river and goes from the ,ducal ,palace to the ,palace and ,garden of the ,pitti2 which corridor was built under my direction and after my design in five months1 although it is a work that one might think impossible to finish in less than five years4 ,in addition1 it was also my task to cause to be reconstructed and increased for the same nuptials1 in the great tribune of ,s4 ,spirito1 the new machinery for the festival that used to be held in ,s4 ,felice in ,piazza2 which was all reduced to the greatest possible perfection1 so that there are no longer any of those dangers that used to be incurred in that festival4 ,and under my charge1 likewise1 have been the works of the ,palace and ,church of the ,knights of ,s4 ,stephen at ,pisa1 and the tribune1 or rather1 cupola1 of the ,madonna dell' ,umilta in ,pistoia1 which is a work of the greatest importance4 ,for all which1 without excusing my imperfection1 which ,i know only too well1 if ,i have achieved anything of the good1 ,i render infinite thanks to ,god1 from whom ,i still hope to have such help that ,i may see finished1 whenever that may be1 the terrible undertaking of the walls in the ,hall1 to the full satisfaction of my ,lords1 who already for a period of thirteen years have given me opportunities to execute vast works with honour and profit for myself2 after which1 weary1 aged1 and outworn1 ,i may be at rest4 ,and if for various reasons ,i have executed the works described for the most part with something of rapidity and haste1 this ,i hope to do at my leisure1 seeing that the ,lord ,duke is content that ,i should not press it1 but should do it at my ease1 granting me all the repose and recreation that ,i myself could desire4 ,thus1 last year1 being tired by the many works described above1 he gave me leave that ,i might go about for some months to divert myself1 and so1 setting out to travel1 ,i passed over little less than the whole of ,italy1 seeing again innumerable friends and patrons and the works of various excellent craftsmen1 as ,i have related above in another connection4 ,finally1 being in ,rome on my way to return to ,florence1 ,i went to kiss the feet of the most holy and most blessed ,pope ,pius ,v1 and he commissioned me to execute for him in ,florence an altar-picture for sending to his ,convent and ,church of ,bosco1 which he was then having built in his native place1 near ,alessandria della ,paglia4 ,having then returned to ,florence1 remembering the command that his ,holiness had laid upon me and the many marks of affection that he had shown1 ,i painted for him1 as he had commissioned me1 an altar-picture of the ,adoration of the ,magi2 and when he heard that it had been carried by me to completion1 he sent me a message that to please him1 and that he might confer with me over some thoughts in his mind1 ,i should go with that picture to ,rome1 but particularly for the purpose of discussing the fabric of ,s4 ,pietro1 which he showed himself to have very much at heart4 ,having therefore made preparations with a hundred crowns that he sent me for that purpose1 and having sent the picture before me1 ,i went to ,rome2 and after ,i had been there a month and had had many conversations with his ,holiness1 and had advised him not to permit any alterations to be made in the arrangements of ,buonarroti for the fabric of ,s4 ,pietro1 and had executed some designs1 he commanded me to make for the high-altar of that ,church of ,bosco not an altar-picture such as is customary1 but an immense structure almost in the manner of a triumphal arch1 with two large panels1 one in front and the other behind1 and in smaller pictures about thirty scenes filled with many figures2 all which have been carried very near completion4 ,at that time ,i obtained the gracious leave of his ,holiness1 who with infinite lovingness and condescension sent me the ,bulls expedited free of charge1 to erect in the ,pieve of ,arezzo a chapel and decanate1 which is the principal chapel of that ,pieve1 under the patronage of myself and of my house1 endowed by me and painted by my hand1 and offered to the ,divine ,goodness as an acknowledgment 7although but a trifle7 of the great obligation that ,i feel to the ,divine ,majesty for the innumerable graces and benefits that ,he has deigned to bestow upon me4 ,the altar-picture of that chapel is in form very similar to that described above1 which has been in part the reason that it has been brought back to my memory1 for it is isolated and consists likewise of two pictures1 one in front1 already mentioned above1 and one at the back with the story of ,s4 ,george1 with pictures of certain ,saints on either side1 and at the foot smaller pictures with their stories2 those ,saints whose bodies are in a most beautiful tomb below the altar1 with other principal reliques of the city4 ,in the centre comes a tabernacle passing well arranged for the ,sacrament1 because it serves for both the one altar and the other1 and it is embellished with stories of the ,old ,testament and the ,new all in keeping with that ,mystery1 as has been told in part elsewhere4 ,i had forgotten to say1 also1 that the year before1 when ,i went the first time to kiss the ,pope's feet1 ,i took the road by ,perugia in order to set in place three large altar-pieces executed for a refectory of the ,black ,friars of ,s4 ,piero in that city4 ,in one1 that in the centre1 is the ,marriage of ,cana in ,galilee1 at which ,christ performed the ,miracle of converting water into wine4 ,in the second1 on the right hand1 is ,elisha the ,prophet sweetening with meal the bitter pot1 the food of which1 spoilt by colocynths1 his prophets were not able to eat4 ,and in the third is ,s4 ,benedict1 to whom a lay-brother announces at a time of very great dearth1 and at the very moment when his monks were lacking food1 that some camels laden with meal have arrived at his door1 and he sees that the ,angels of ,god are miraculously bringing to him a vast quantity of meal4 ,for ,signora ,gentilina1 mother of ,signor ,chiappino and ,signor ,paolo ,vitelli1 ,i painted in ,florence and sent from there to ,citta di ,castello a great altar-picture in which is the ,coronation of ,our ,lady1 on high a ,dance of ,angels1 and at the foot many figures larger than life2 which picture was placed in ,s4 ,francesco in that city4 ,for the ,church of ,poggio a ,caiano1 a villa of the ,lord ,duke1 ,i painted in an altar-picture the ,dead ,christ in the lap of ,his ,mother1 ,s4 ,cosimo and ,s4 ,damiano contemplating ,him1 and in the air an ,angel who1 weeping1 displays the ,mysteries of the ,passion of ,our ,saviour2 and in the ,church of the ,carmine at ,florence1 in the ,chapel of ,matteo and ,simon ,botti1 my very dear friends1 there was placed about this same time an altar-picture by my hand wherein is ,christ ,crucified1 with ,our ,lady1 ,s4 ,john and the ,magdalene weeping4 ,then ,i executed two great pictures for ,jacopo ,capponi1 for sending to ,france1 in one of which is ,spring and in the other ,autumn1 with large figures and new inventions2 and in another and even larger picture a ,dead ,christ supported by two ,angels1 with ,god the ,father on high4 ,to the ,nuns of ,s4 ,maria ,novella of ,arezzo ,i sent likewise in those days1 or a little before1 an altar-picture in which is the ,virgin receiving the ,annunciation from the ,angel1 and at the sides two ,saints2 and for the ,nuns of ,luco in the ,mugello1 of the ,order of ,camaldoli1 another altar-piece that is in the inner choir1 containing ,christ ,crucified1 ,our ,lady1 ,s4 ,john1 and ,mary ,magdalene4 ,for ,luca ,torrigiani1 who is very much my intimate and friend1 and who desired to have among the many things that he possesses of our art a picture by my own hand1 in order to keep it near him1 ,i painted in a large picture a nude ,venus with the three ,graces about her1 one of whom is attiring her head1 another holds her mirror1 and the third is pouring water into a vessel to bathe her2 which picture ,i strove to execute with the greatest study and diligence that ,i was able1 in order to satisfy my own mind no less than that of so sweet and dear a friend4 ,i also executed for ,antonio de' ,nobili1 ,treasurer-,general to his ,excellency and my affectionate friend1 besides his portrait1 being forced to do it against my inclination1 a head of ,jesus ,christ taken from the words in which ,lentulus writes of ,his effigy1 both of which were done with diligence2 and likewise another somewhat larger1 but similar to that named above1 for ,signor ,mandragone1 now the first person in the service of ,don ,francesco de' ,medici1 ,prince of ,florence and ,siena1 which ,i presented to his lordship because he is much affected towards our arts and every talent1 to the end that he might remember from the sight of it that ,i love him and am his friend4 ,i have also in hand1 and hope to finish soon1 a large picture1 a most fanciful work1 which is intended for ,signor ,antonio ,montalvo1 ,lord of ,sassetta1 who is deservedly the ,first ,chamberlain and the most trusted companion of our ,duke1 and so sweet and loving an intimate and friend1 not to say a superior1 to me1 that1 if my hand shall accomplish the desire that ,i have to leave to him a proof by that hand of the affection that ,i bear him1 it will be recognized how much ,i honour him and how dearly ,i wish that the memory of a lord so honoured and so loyal1 and beloved by me1 shall live among posterity1 seeing that he exerts himself willingly in favouring all the beautiful intellects that labour in our profession or take delight in design4 ,for the ,lord ,prince1 ,don ,francesco1 ,i have executed recently two pictures that he has sent to ,toledo in ,spain1 to a sister of the ,lady ,duchess ,leonora1 his mother2 and for himself a little picture in the manner of a miniature1 with forty figures1 what with great and small1 according to a very beautiful invention of his own4 ,for ,filippo ,salviati ,i finished not long since an altar-picture that is going to the ,sisters of ,s4 ,vincenzio at ,prato1 wherein on high is ,our ,lady arrived in ,heaven and crowned1 and at the foot the ,apostles around the ,sepulchre4 ,for the ,black ,friars of the ,badia of ,florence1 likewise1 ,i am painting an altar-piece of the ,assumption of ,our ,lady1 which is near completion1 with the ,apostles in figures larger than life1 and other figures at the sides1 and around it stories and ornaments accommodated in a novel manner4 ,and since the ,lord ,duke1 so truly excellent in everything1 takes pleasure not only in the building of palaces1 cities1 fortresses1 harbours1 loggie1 public squares1 gardens1 fountains1 villas1 and other suchlike things1 beautiful1 magnificent1 and most useful1 for the benefit of his people1 but also particularly in building anew and reducing to better form and greater beauty1 as a truly ,catholic ,prince1 the temples and sacred churches of ,god1 in imitation of the great ,king ,solomon1 recently he has caused me to remove the tramezzo#e of the ,church of ,s4 ,maria ,novella1 which had robbed it of all its beauty1 and a new and very rich choir was made behind the high-altar1 in order to remove that occupying a great part of the centre of that church2 which makes it appear a new church and most beautiful1 as indeed it is4 ,and because things that have not order and proportion among themselves can never be entirely beautiful1 he has ordained that there shall be made in the side-aisles1 between column and column1 in such a manner as to correspond to the centres of the arches1 rich ornaments of stone in a novel form1 which are to serve as chapels with altars in the centre1 and are all to be in one of two manners2 and that then in the altar-pictures that are to go within these ornaments1 seven braccia in height and five in breadth1 there shall be executed paintings after the will and pleasure of the patrons of the chapels4 ,within one of those ornaments of stone1 made from my design1 ,i have executed for the very reverend ,monsignor ,alessandro ,strozzi1 ,bishop of ,volterra1 my old and most loving patron1 a ,christ ,crucified according to the ,vision of ,s4 ,anselm--namely1 with the ,seven ,virtues1 without which we cannot ascend the ,seven ,steps to ,jesus ,christ--and with other considerations by the same ,saint4 ,and in the same church1 within another of those ornaments1 ,i have painted for the excellent ,maestro ,andrea ,pasquali1 physician to the ,lord ,duke1 a ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ in the manner that ,god has inspired me1 to please that ,maestro ,andrea1 who is much my friend4 ,and a similar work our great ,duke has desired to have done in the immense ,church of ,s4 ,croce in ,florence2--namely1 that the tramezzo#f should be removed and that the choir should be made behind the high-altar1 bringing that altar somewhat forward and placing upon it a new and rich tabernacle for the most holy ,sacrament1 all adorned with gold1 figures1 and scenes2 and1 in addition1 that in the same manner that has been told of ,s4 ,maria ,novella there should be made there fourteen chapels against the walls1 with greater expense and ornamentation than those described above1 because that church is much larger than the other4 ,in the altar-pieces1 to accompany the two by ,salviati and ,bronzino1 are to be all the principal ,mysteries of the ,saviour1 from the beginning of ,his ,passion to the ,sending of the ,holy ,spirit upon the ,apostles2 which picture of the ,sending of the ,holy ,spirit1 having made the design of the chapels and ornaments of stone1 ,i have in hand for ,m4 ,agnolo ,biffoli1 ,treasurer-,general to our ,lords1 and my particular friend1 and ,i finished1 not long since1 two large pictures that are in the ,magistracy of the ,nine ,conservadori1 beside ,s4 ,piero ,scheraggio2 in one is the head of ,christ1 and in the other a ,madonna4 ,footnote #e3 ,see p4 #eg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,footnote #f3 ,see p4 #eg1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,but since ,i should take too long if ,i sought to recount in detail the many other pictures1 designs without number1 models1 and masquerades that ,i have executed1 and because this much is enough and more than enough1 ,i shall say nothing more of myself1 save that however great and important have been the things that ,i have continually suggested to ,duke ,cosimo1 ,i have never been able to equal1 much less to surpass1 the greatness of his mind4 ,and this will be seen clearly in a third sacristy that he wishes to build beside ,s4 ,lorenzo1 large and similar to that which ,michelagnolo built in the past1 but all of variegated marbles and mosaics1 in order to deposit there1 in tombs most honourable and worthy of his power and grandeur1 the remains of his dead children1 of his father and mother1 of the magnanimous ,duchess ,leonora1 his consort1 and of himself2 for which ,i have already made a model after his taste and according to the orders received from him by me1 which1 when carried into execution1 will cause it to be a novel1 most magnificent1 and truly regal ,mausoleum4 ,this much1 then1 it must suffice to have said of myself1 who am now come after so many labours to the age of fifty-five years1 and look to live so long as it shall please ,god1 honouring ,him1 ever at the service of my friends1 and working in so far as my strength shall allow for the benefit and advantage of these most noble arts4 ,,the ,,author ,,to ,,the ,,craftsmen ,,of ,,design ,honoured and noble craftsmen1 for whose profit and advantage1 chiefly1 ,i set myself a second time to so long a labour1 ,i now find that by the favour and assistance of the ,divine ,grace ,i have accomplished in full that which at the beginning of this my present task ,i promised myself to do4 ,for which result rendering thanks first to ,god and afterwards to my lords1 who have granted me the facilities whereby ,i have been able to do this advantageously1 ,i must then give repose to my weary pen and brain1 which ,i shall do as soon as ,i shall have made some brief observations4 ,if1 then1 it should appear to anyone that in my writing ,i have been at times rather long and even somewhat prolix1 let him put it down to this1 that ,i have sought as much as ,i have been able to be clear1 and before any other thing to set down my story in such a manner that what has not been understood the first time1 or not expressed satisfactorily by me1 might be made manifest at any cost4 ,and if what has been said once has been at times repeated in another place1 the reasons for this have been two--first1 that the matter that ,i was treating required it1 and then that during the time when ,i rewrote and reprinted the work ,i broke off my writing more than once for a period not of days merely but of months1 either for journeys or because of a superabundance of labours1 works of painting1 designs1 and buildings2 besides which1 for a man like myself 7,i confess it freely7 it is almost impossible to avoid every error4 ,to those to whom it might appear that ,i have overpraised any craftsmen1 whether old or modern1 and who1 comparing the old with those of the present age1 might laugh at them1 ,i know not what else to answer save that my intention has always been to praise not absolutely but1 as the saying is1 relatively1 having regard to place1 time1 and other similar circumstances2 and in truth1 although ,giotto1 for example1 was much extolled in his day1 ,i know not what would have been said of him1 as of other old masters1 if he had lived in the time of ,buonarroti1 whereas the men of this age1 which is at the topmost height of perfection1 would not be in the position that they are if those others had not first been such as they were before us4 ,in short1 let it be believed that what ,i have done in praising or censuring ,i have done not with any ulterior object1 but only to speak the truth or what ,i have believed to be the truth4 ,but one cannot always have the goldsmith's balance in the hand1 and he who has experienced what writing is1 and particularly when one has to make comparisons1 which are by their very nature odious1 or to pronounce judgments1 will hold me excused2 and ,i know only too well how great have been the labours1 hardships1 and moneys that ,i have devoted over many years to this work4 ,such1 indeed1 and so many1 have been the difficulties that ,i have experienced therein1 that many a time ,i would have abandoned it in despair1 if the succour of many true and good friends1 to whom ,i shall always be deeply indebted1 had not given me courage and persuaded me to persevere1 they lending me all the loving aids that have been in their power1 of notices1 advices1 and comparisons of various things1 about which1 although ,i had seen them1 ,i was not a little perplexed and dubious4 ,those aids1 indeed1 have been such1 that ,i have been able to lay bare the pure truth and bring this work into the light of day1 in order to revive the memory of so many rare and extraordinary intellects1 which was almost entirely buried1 for the benefit of those who shall come after us4 ,in doing which ,i have found no little assistance1 as has been told elsewhere1 in the writings of ,lorenzo ,ghiberti1 ,domenico ,ghirlandajo1 and ,raffaello da ,urbino2 but although ,i have lent them willing faith1 nevertheless ,i have always sought to verify their statements by a sight of the works1 for the reason that long practice teaches a diligent painter to be able to recognize the various manners of craftsmen not otherwise than a learned and well-practised chancellor knows the various and diverse writings of his equals1 or anyone the characters of his nearest and most familiar friends and relatives4 ,now1 if ,i have achieved the end that ,i have desired1 which has been to benefit and at the same time to delight1 that will be a supreme satisfaction to me1 and1 even if it be otherwise1 it will be a contentment for me1 or at least an alleviation of pain1 to have endured fatigue in an honourable work such as should make me worthy of pity among all choice spirits1 if not of pardon4 ,but to come at last to the end of this long discourse2 ,i have written as a painter and with the best order and method that ,i have been able1 and1 as for language1 in that which ,i speak1 whether it be ,florentine or ,tuscan1 and in the most easy and facile manner at my command1 leaving the long and ornate periods1 choice words1 and other ornaments of learned speech and writing1 to such as have not1 as ,i have1 a hand rather for brushes than for the pen1 and a head rather for designs than for writing4 ,and if ,i have scattered throughout the work many terms peculiar to our arts1 of which perchance it has not occurred to the brightest and greatest lights of our language to avail themselves1 ,i have done this because ,i could do no less and in order to be understood by you1 my craftsmen1 for whom1 chiefly1 as ,i have said1 ,i set myself to this labour4 ,for the rest1 then1 ,i having done all that ,i have been able1 accept it willingly1 and expect not from me what ,i know not and what is not in my power2 satisfying yourselves of my good intention1 which is and ever will be to benefit and please others4 ,,die #be ,,augusti1 #aefg4 ,,concedimus ,,licentiam ,,et ,,facultatem ,,impune ,,et ,,sine ,,ullo ,,praejudicio ,,imprimendi ,,florentiae ,,vitas ,,pictorum1 ,,sculptorum1 ,,et ,,architectorum1 ,,tanquam ,a ,,fide ,,et ,,religione ,,nullo ,,pacto ,,alienas1 ,,sed ,,potius ,,valde ,,consonas4 ,,in ,,quorum ,,fidem ,,etc4 ,,guido ,,servidius1 ,,praepositus ,,et ,,vicarius ,,generalis ,,florent4 ,,index ,,of ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,craftsmen ,,mentioned ,,in ,,volume ,x ,academicians1 ,the1 #cg-afg ,agnolo1 ,baccio d'1 #bc ,agnolo ,bronzino1 ,life1 #c-ab4 #c-ad1 #bai ,alberti1 ,leon ,batista1 #dj ,alessandro ,allori 7,alessandro del ,bronzino71 #ab1 #ac ,alessandro del ,barbiere 7,alessandro di ,vincenzio ,fei71 #bj ,alessandro del ,bronzino 7,alessandro ,allori71 #ab1 #ac ,alessandro di ,vincenzio ,fei 7,alessandro del ,barbiere71 #bj ,alessandro ,fortori1 #bj ,alessandro ,vittoria1 #bj ,allori1 ,alessandro 7,alessandro del ,bronzino71 #ab1 #ac ,altissimo1 ,cristofano dell'1 #ac1 #ad ,ammanati1 ,bartolommeo1 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