,the ,itching ,palm ,a ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,habit ,,of ,,tipping ,,in ,,america ,by ,,william ,r4 ,,scott ,author of ,the ,americans in ,panama1 ,scientific ,circulation ,management1 ,etc4 ,,the ,,penn ,,publishing ,,company ,,philadelphia #aiaf ,,copyright #aiaf ,,by ,,the ,,penn ,,publishing ,,company ,the ,itching ,palm ,,the ,,author ,,will ,,be ,,pleased ,,to ,,correspond ,,with ,,any ,,reader ,,who ,,approves ,,of1 ,,or ,,has ,,comments ,,to ,,make ,,upon1 ,,the ,,attitude ,,taken ,,in ,,this ,,book ,,toward ,,the ,,tipping ,,custom4 ,,william ,r4 ,,scott4 ,,paducah1 ,,kentucky4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,,flunkyism ,,in ,,america #g ,,ii ,,on ,,personal ,,liberty #aj ,,iii ,,barbary ,,pirates #ae ,,iv ,,personnel ,,and ,,distribution #ai ,v ,,the ,,economics ,,of ,,tipping #bf ,,vi ,,the ,,ethics ,,of ,,tipping #cf ,,vii ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,tipping #dg ,,viii ,,the ,,literature ,,of ,,tipping #eh ,,ix ,,tipping ,,and ,,the ,,stage #fh ,x ,,the ,,employee ,,viewpoint #gc ,,xi ,,the ,,employer ,,viewpoint #hh ,,xii ,,one ,,step ,,forward #ig ,,xiii ,,the ,,sleeping-,,car ,,phase #aje ,,xiv ,,the ,,government ,,and ,,tipping #aac ,,xv ,,laws ,,against ,,tipping #abb ,,xvi ,,samuel ,,gompers ,,on ,,tipping #add ,,xvii ,,the ,,way ,,out #aeh ,,index #afi ,,the ,,itching ,,palm ,i ,,flunkyism ,,in ,,america ,oliver ,cromwell struck a mortal blow at the universal heart of ,flunkyism1 wrote ,carlyle of the execution of ,charles ,i4 ,yet1 ,flunkyism is not dead6 ,in the ,united ,states alone more than #e1jjj1jjj persons derive their incomes1 in whole or in part1 from tips1 or gratuities4 ,they have the moral malady denominated ,the ,itching ,palm4 ,tipping is the modern form of ,flunkyism4 ,flunkyism may be defined as a willingness to be servile for a consideration4 ,it is democracy's deadly foe4 ,the two ideas cannot live together except in a false peace4 ,the tendency always is for one to sap the vitality of the other4 ,the full significance of the foregoing figures is realized in the further knowledge that these #e1jjj1jjj persons with itching palms are fully #aj per cent of our entire industrial population2 for the number of persons engaged in gainful occupations in this country is less than #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,whether this constitutes a problem for moralists1 economists and statesmen depends upon the ethical appraisement of tipping4 ,if tipping is moral1 the interest is reduced to the economic phase--whether the remuneration thus given is normal or abnormal4 ,if tipping is immoral1 the fact that #e1jjj1jjj ,americans practice it constitutes a problem of first rate importance4 ,accurate statistics are not obtainable1 but conservative estimates place the amount of money given in one year by the ,american people in tips1 or gratuities1 at a figure somewhere between #bjj1jjj1jjj and #ejj1jjj1jjj6 ,now we have the full statement of the case against tipping--five million persons receiving in excess of two hundred millions of dollars for--what8 ,it will be interesting to examine the ethics1 economics and psychology of tipping to determine whether the ,american people receive a value for this expenditure4 ,,ii ,,on ,,personal ,,liberty ,the ,itching ,palm is a moral disease4 ,it is as old as the passion of greed in the human mind4 ,milton was thinking of it when he exclaimed3 ,help us to save free conscience from the paw1 ,of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw4 ,although it had only a feeble lodgment in the minds of the ,puritans1 because their minds were in the travail that gave birth to democracy1 enough remained to perpetuate the disease4 ,in ,europe1 under monarchical ideals1 a person could accept a tip without feeling the acute loss of self-respect that attends the practice in ,america1 under democratic ideals4 ,for tipping is essentially an aristocratic custom4 ,,tipping ,,un-,,american ,if it seems astounding that this aristocratic practice should reach such stupendous proportions in a republic1 we must remember that the same republic allowed slavery to reach stupendous proportions4 ,,if ,,tipping ,,is ,,un-,,american1 ,,some ,,day1 ,,somehow1 ,,it ,,will ,,be ,,uprooted ,,like ,,african ,,slavery ,apparently the ,american conscience is dormant upon this issue4 ,but this is more apparent than real4 ,the people are stirring vaguely and uneasily over the ethics of the custom4 ,six ,state ,legislatures reflected the dawning of a new conscience by considering in their #aiae sessions bills relating to tipping4 ,they were ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,nebraska1 ,tennessee and ,south ,carolina4 ,the geographical distribution of these ,states is significant4 ,it is proof that the opposition to the practice is not isolated1 not sectional1 but national4 ,north1 ,central1 ,south1 the verdict was registered that tipping is wrong4 ,the ,south1 former home of slavery1 might be supposed to be favorable to this aristocratic custom4 ,on the contrary the most vigorous opposition to it is found there4 ,mississippi1 ,arkansas1 ,tennessee1 and ,south ,carolina simultaneously had laws against tipping--with the usual contests in the courts on their constitutionality4 ,the ,negro was servile by law and inheritance4 ,the modern tip-taker voluntarily assumes1 in a republic where he is actually and theoretically equal to all other citizens1 a servile attitude for a fee4 ,while the form of servitude is different1 the slavery is none the less real in the case of the tip-taker4 ,strangely enough1 bills to prohibit tipping often have been vetoed by ,governors--notably in ,wisconsin--on the ground that they curtailed personal liberty4 ,that is to say1 a bill which removed the chains of social slavery from the serving classes was declared to be an abridgment of liberty6 ,oh1 ,liberty1 how many crimes are committed in thy name6 ,the ,legislature in ,wisconsin almost re-passed the bill over the ,governor's veto4 ,in ,tennessee and ,kentucky bills have been vetoed for the same given reason1 though ,tennessee in #aiaf finally had such a law in force4 ,in ,illinois1 the law was framed primarily with the object of preventing the leasing of privileges to collect tips in hotels and other public places1 and not against the individual giver or taker of tips4 ,,short-,,lived ,,laws ,the courts have negatived such laws on much the same grounds1 so that anti-tipping laws thus far have been1 generally1 short-lived4 ,the reason is1 of course1 that popular sentiment has not been behind the laws in an extent sufficient to give them power4 ,judges and executives simply have yielded to their own class impulses1 and the pressure from organized interests1 to suppress the legislation4 ,when the public conscience finds itself and becomes organized and articulate1 they will have no difficulty in finding grounds for declaring regulatory laws constitutional4 ,the history of the prohibition of the liquor business is a parallel4 ,,personal ,,liberty ,personal liberty is a phrase that is being redefined in ,america in every decade4 ,in its broadest sense it is interpreted to mean that a man has the right to go to perdition if he so elects without neighbors or the government taking note or interfering4 ,anti-liquor laws in the early days of the temperance movement fared badly from this interpretation1 just as anti-tipping laws fare to-day4 ,but as public sentiment crystallized1 and judges and executives began to feel the pressure at the polls1 a new conception of personal liberty developed4 ,in its present accepted sense1 as regards liquor1 it is interpreted to mean that no citizen may act or live in a way that is detrimental to himself1 his neighbor or his government1 and his privilege to drink liquor is abridged or abolished at will4 ,the right to give tips is not inalienable4 ,it is not grounded on personal liberty4 ,if the public conscience reaches the conviction that tipping is detrimental to democracy1 that it destroys that fineness of self-respect requisite in a republic1 the right will be abridged or withdrawn4 ,,iii ,,barbary ,,pirates ,the ,american people became fully aroused on one occasion to the iniquity of tipping--on an international scale4 ,in #ahja ,president ,jefferson decided that the ,united ,states could tolerate no longer the system of tribute enforced by the ,barbary ,states along the shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,before our action1 no ,european government had made more than fitful1 ineffectual attempts to break up a practice at once humiliating to national honor and disastrous to national commerce4 ,candor requires the admission that we1 too1 submitted for years to this system of paying tribute to ,barbary pirates for an unmolested passage of our ships1 but the significant fact is that ,american manhood did finally and successfully revolt against the practice4 ,by #ahje our naval forces had brought the pirates to their knees and all ,europe breathed grateful sighs of relief4 ,even the ,pope commended the ,american achievement4 ,the practice was contrary to every dictate of self-respect4 ,,tribute ,these pirates of ,algiers1 ,tunis1 ,morocco and ,tripoli did not pretend to have any other right behind their demands for tribute than the right they could enforce with cutlass and cannon--a right ferociously employed4 ,it was not robbery in the ordinary sense of the word4 ,they demanded a fee based on the value of the cargo for the privilege of sailing in the ,mediterranean1 and this being paid1 the ship could proceed to its destination4 ,ship-owners soon began to figure tribute as a fixed expense of navigation1 like insurance1 and passed the added cost along to the ultimate consumer4 ,this practice of paying tribute was a system of international tipping4 ,the ,barbary pirates granted immunity to those who obeyed the custom1 but made it decidedly warm and expensive for those who dared to protest against it--just as do our modern pirates in hotels1 sleeping cars1 restaurants1 barber shops and elsewhere4 ,if a ship refused to pay tribute it was sunk1 and the sailors went to slavery in the desert1 or to death by fearful torture4 ,president ,jefferson could not see any basis of right in the position of the ,barbary ,states that the ,mediterranean was their private lake through which ships could not pass without paying toll4 ,he sent ,decatur to register our protest4 ,with the ,pinckney slogan3 ,,millions ,,for ,,defense--,,not ,,one ,,cent ,,for ,,tribute6 the ,american naval forces made good our position4 ,the tips that skippers of our nation had been paying to the pirates were saved and the custom soon was abandoned by other nations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day1 the old battle cry is reversed to read3 ,millions for tribute--not one cent for defense6 ,it is certain that a greater tribute is paid in one week in the ,united ,states in the form of tips1 than our merchantmen paid during the whole period that they knuckled to the ,barbary pirates4 ,in ,new ,york ,city alone more than #ajj1jjj a day is paid in gratuities to waiters1 hotel employes1 chauffeurs1 barbers and allied classes4 ,but ,new ,york has reached a subserviency to the tipping custom that is amazing in a democratic country4 ,this vast tribute is paid for not more real service than the ,barbary pirates rendered to those from whom they exacted tribute4 ,it is given to workers who are paid by their employers to perform the services enjoyed by the public4 ,if the ,barbary pirates could see the ease with which a princely tribute is exacted from a docile public by the tip-takers1 they would yearn to be reincarnated as waiters in ,america--the ,land of the ,fee6 ,,iv ,,personnel ,,and ,,distribution ,the ,itching ,palm is not limited to the serving classes4 ,it is found among public officials1 where it is particularized as grafting1 and it is found among store buyers1 purchasing agents1 traveling salesmen and the like1 and takes the form of splitting commissions4 ,there are varied manifestations of the disease1 but whether the amount of the gratuity is ten cents to a waiter or #aj1jjj to a captain of police1 the practice is the same4 ,this is a partial list of those affected3 ,baggagemen ,barbers ,bartenders ,bath attendants ,bellboys ,bootblacks ,butlers ,cab drivers ,chauffeurs ,charwomen ,coachmen ,cooks ,door men ,elevator men ,garbage men ,guides ,hatboys ,housekeepers ,janitors ,maids ,manicurists ,messengers ,mail carriers ,pullman porters ,rubbish collectors ,steamship stewards ,theater attendants ,waiters ,the foregoing list is not offered as a complete roster of those who regularly or occasionally receive tips4 ,nearly every one can think of additions1 and at ,christmas the list is extended to include money gifts to policemen1 delivery men and numerous others4 ,,the ,,tip-,,taking ,,classes ,at the last ,census1 in #aiaj1 there were #ch1afg1ccf persons in the ,united ,states1 out of a total population of ninety-odd millions1 who were engaged in gainful occupations1 that is1 who worked for specified wages or salaries4 ,of this number1 #c1ggb1agd persons were engaged in domestic or personal service1 or practically ten per cent4 of the industrial population4 ,this means that in round numbers #d1jjj1jjj ,americans of both sexes and all ages were engaged in the lines of work specified in the foregoing list1 with certain additions as mentioned4 ,these are the citizens who profit by the tipping practice4 ,since #aiaj the growth in population to one hundred millions1 and the steadily widening spread of the tipping practice will increase the beneficiaries of tipping to #e1jjj1jjj4 ,an idea of the relative distribution of the total may be obtained from the statistics of fifty leading cities4 ,the numbers represent the tip-taking classes in each city4 ,,city ,,number ,albany #h1jjj ,atlanta #bc1jjj ,baltimore #dh1jjj ,birmingham #af1jjj ,boston #fa1jjj ,bridgeport #e1bjj ,buffalo #be1jjj ,cambridge #g1ejj ,chicago #ace1jjj ,cincinnati #cj1jjj ,cleveland #ca1jjj ,columbus #ad1jjj ,dayton #f1ejj ,denver #ag1jjj ,detroit #bf1jjj ,fall ,river #d1jjj ,grand ,rapids #e1ejj ,indianapolis #ai1jjj ,jersey ,city #ad1jjj ,kansas ,city #bd1jjj ,los ,angeles #bf1jjj ,lowell #e1ejj ,louisville #bc1jjj ,memphis #ai1jjj ,milwaukee #bb1jjj ,minneapolis #ai1jjj ,nashville #ae1jjj ,new ,haven #i1jjj ,new ,orleans #cg1jjj ,new ,york #djj1jjj ,newark #ag1jjj ,oakland #aa1jjj ,omaha #aj1jjj ,paterson #e1jjj ,philadelphia #aje1jjj ,pittsburgh #da1jjj ,portland #ag1jjj ,providence #ad1jjj ,richmond #ae1jjj ,rochester #ac1jjj ,st4 ,louis #ef1jjj ,st4 ,paul #af1jjj ,san ,francisco #dd1jjj ,scranton #f1jjj ,seattle #ai1jjj ,spokane #g1jjj ,syracuse #i1jjj ,toledo #i1ejj ,washington #dc1jjj ,worcester #i1jjj ,in all other cities1 towns and hamlets there are proportionate quotas to bring the grand total to #e1jjj1jjj4 ,any estimate of the daily tipping tribute for the whole country necessarily is only an approximation1 but #fjj1jjj is a conservative figure4 ,at this rate the annual tribute is around #bbj1jjj1jjj4 ,,in ,,new ,,york ,,alone ,taking ,new ,york with its #djj1jjj persons who profit from tipping1 the leading classes of beneficiaries are as follows3 ,barbers #bj1jjj ,bartenders #ab1jjj ,bellboys #b1ejj ,bootblacks #c1ejj ,chauffeurs #ab1jjj ,janitors #be1jjj ,manicurists #d1ejj ,messengers #a1ejj ,porters #ae1jjj ,waiters #ce1jjj ,the tipping to these and other classes varies both in amount and regularity4 ,waiters and manicurists in the better-class places receive no pay from their employers and depend entirely upon tips for their compensation4 ,barbers and chauffeurs are classes which receive wages and supplement them with tips4 ,sometimes the employer will pay wages and require that all tips be turned in to the house4 ,it is a common feature of the ,help ,wanted columns to state that the job is desirable to the workers because of good tips4 ,thus the employers are fully alert to the economic advantage of tipping1 and wherever it is practicable they throw upon their patrons the entire cost of servant hire4 ,the extent to which employers are exploiting the public is realized vaguely1 if at all4 ,the vein of generosity and the fear of violating a social convention can be worked profitably1 and they are in league with their employees to make it assay the maximum amount to the patron4 ,in a restaurant where the employer has thus shifted the cost of waiter hire to the shoulders of the public1 the patron who conscientiously objects to tipping has not the slightest chance in the world of a square deal in competition with the patron who pays tribute1 although he pays as much for the food4 ,a waiter1 knowing that his compensation depends upon what he can work out of his patron1 employs every art to stimulate the tipping propensity1 from subtle flattery to out-right bull-dozing4 ,he weaves a spell of obligation around a patron as tangible1 if invisible1 as the web a spider weaves around a fly4 ,he plays as consciously upon the patron's fear of social usage as the musician in the alcove plays upon his violin4 ,this is a particularly bad ethical and economic situation from any viewpoint4 ,the patron1 getting only one service1 pays two persons for it--the employer and the employee4 ,the payment to the employer is fixed1 but to the employee it is dependent upon the whim of the patron4 ,to make this situation normal1 the patron should pay only once1 and this should cover both the cost of the food and the services of the waiter4 ,theoretically this is the present idea under the common law1 but actually the patron is required1 through fear of well-defined penalties1 to pay twice4 ,naturally1 if the #bjj1jjj1jjj or more annually given to those serving the public should be withdrawn suddenly1 employers would face the necessity of a radical readjustment of wage systems4 ,in many lines wages would be increased to a normal basis1 either at the expense of the employer's profits1 or through additional charges to patrons4 ,before going further into the employer phase of the practice1 the economics of tipping in individual instances will be an interesting study4 ,v ,,the ,,economics ,,of ,,tipping ,the basic question is1 does tipping represent a sound exchange of wealth8 ,do the ,american people receive full value1 or any value1 for the #bjj1jjj1jjj or more given in tips8 ,values1 of course1 may be sentimental as well as substantial and1 so far as tipping is concerned1 it can be demonstrated that if any values are received they are sentimental4 ,the satisfaction of giving1 the balm to vanity1 the indulgence of pride1 are the values obtained by the giver of a tip in exchange for his money4 ,it is a stock argument for tipping that the person serving frequently performs extra services1 or displays special painstaking1 which deserve extra compensation4 ,only an examination of individual instances can determine whether this is true4 ,the proportion of the tipping tribute which really pays for extraordinary service is negligible4 ,a brief inquiry into a few of the more prominent instances of tipping follows4 ,,the ,,waiter ,if food is sold undelivered1 then the waiter in bringing it to the patron and assisting him in its consumption does perform an extra service for which payment is due4 ,but this is not the fact1 any more than that a shoe clerk should be tipped for assisting a customer in the selection of his employer's footwear4 ,in both instances1 the cost of the service is included in the price of the article--food or shoes4 ,the prices on the bill of fare have been figured to include all costs of serving it1 such as cook-hire1 waiter-hire1 rent1 music1 table ware1 raw materials and overhead charges4 ,if a sirloin steak costs seventy-five cents a definite part of that amount represents the wages of the waiter serving it4 ,thus the waiter has no claim upon the patron for compensation1 because the patron1 in paying for the food1 provides the proprietor with funds from which the waiter's wages will be paid4 ,if the patron1 in addition1 gives the waiter a tip it is clearly a gift for which no value has been returned4 ,the waiter is paid twice for one service4 ,,economic ,,waste ,the question then recurs1 is this gift to the waiter a sound economic transaction8 ,economists teach that no transaction is industrially sound which does not involve an equal exchange of values4 ,the exchange of five dollars for a pair of shoes is a sound transaction because the dealer and the customer each receive a value4 ,but the gift of a quarter to a waiter as a tip is an unsound transaction because the patron receives nothing in return--nothing of like substantiality4 ,the patron may justify the gift from sentimental considerations1 of pride1 generosity or fear of violating a social convention1 but no sophistry of reasoning can prove that a substantial value has been received4 ,of course1 a waiter may give a patron more than the proprietor agrees to give in the bill of fare1 and this undoubtedly is an extra service--but it is also a dishonest service4 ,every extra service to one patron means a deficiency of service to other patrons4 ,it is a common experience that liberal tipping obtains special attentions which non-tipping patrons miss1 but1 being dishonest1 such a condition is outside the scope of this inquiry4 ,when a patron pays for food he is entitled to adequate and equal service1 and no largess by other patrons should interfere with this basic right4 ,on its economic side1 then1 tipping is wrong4 ,wealth is exchanged without both parties to the transaction receiving fair values4 ,the psychology and ethics of the transaction will be considered in other chapters4 ,,the ,,barber ,no tipping is so inexcusable as that which is done to a barber4 ,the trade is highly organized and the workers are well-paid under good working conditions4 ,there is not the slightest chance for the barber to serve a patron in a way for which the patron does not pay in the shop tariffs4 ,if a haircut costs thirty-five cents1 the patron is entitled to just as good a hair-cut as the barber can give4 ,the patron enters the shop upon the assumption that he is entitled to a satisfactory service4 ,hence1 in tipping a barber a patron is yielding in a peculiarly timid way to the mesmeric influence which the tipping custom exerts over its devotees4 ,it is a wanton waste of wealth1 an unsound business transaction1 because money is given where charity is unnecessary and where absolutely nothing is given in return4 ,but my barber takes lots of pains with my hair1 the patron exclaims in justification of the tip4 ,as in the instance of the waiter1 if he takes more than a normal amount of pains with your hair he is dishonest to his employer and to other patrons whom he must neglect to pay you special attention4 ,your right is to a satisfactory service1 and this you pay for in the regular charge4 ,any extra compensation is unearned increment to the barber4 ,the unctuous manner he employs to arouse a sense of obligation in a patron1 when stripped of disguises1 is a plain hold-up game4 ,this will be shown in the consideration of the psychology and ethics of tipping4 ,,the ,,hotel ,the attitude that hotel employees have been allowed to develop toward the public is a blot upon professional hospitality4 ,every one of them takes the hotel patron for fair game4 ,and the hotel proprietor1 with a few notable exceptions1 encourages this despicable attitude4 ,the assumption is that the patron pays at the desk only for the privilege of being in the building4 ,hence1 they will not cheerfully move his baggage to his room unless he pays to get it there4 ,he cannot have a pitcher of ice water without being made to feel that he owes for the service4 ,the maid who cares for his room exacts her toll4 ,the head waiter demands payment for showing him to a seat4 ,the individual waiters at each meal 7and they are changed each meal by the head-waiter so that the patron has a new tip to give each time he dines7 require fees4 ,if he rings a bell1 asks any assistance1 goes out the door to a cab1 in short1 whichever way he turns1 an itching palm is outstretched6 ,just think for a moment of the real significance of this state of affairs4 ,hotel hospitality8 ,why1 the ,barbary pirates would have been ashamed to go it that strong6 ,to ignore this grafting spirit means insulting annoyance4 ,the suave hotel manager listens to your complaint and smiles assurance that his guests shall have proper service1 but underneath the smile he has a contempt for the tight-wad1 and instructs the cashier always to give the waiters small change so as to make tipping easy for the patrons4 ,in truth1 what does a hotel guest pay for when he registers8 ,certainly for the service of the bell-boy who carries his suit-case to his room2 for the keeping of the room in order2 for water1 clean towels and other necessities for his comfort2 for the privilege of finding a seat in the dining room2 for the right to use the doors--all without extra charge4 ,but the hotel manager admits this in theory and outrageously violates it in practice4 ,all tipping done to bell-boys1 porters1 maids1 waiters1 door men1 hat-boys and other servitors in a hotel is sheer economic waste4 ,when the guest pays his bill at the desk he pays for all the service they perform4 ,the hotel manager protests that the money that passes between his guests and his employees is not his affair4 ,but he proves his insincerity by adjusting his wage scale on the estimate that the guests will pass money to his employees6 ,professional hospitality as enjoyed by ,americans is a travesty on democracy4 ,that ,europe should have such a system and spirit is historically understandable4 ,tipping1 and the aristocratic idea it exemplifies1 is what we left ,europe to escape4 ,it is a cancer in the breast of democracy4 ,,the ,,chauffeur ,it would be possible to run through all the classes tipped and prove that the extra compensation is unearned4 ,the chauffeur is a latter-day instance of the itching palm4 ,like the barber1 the chauffeur is paid well for his work4 ,he does nothing for which the patron should give him a tip4 ,the taxi-meter charges the patron roundly for all the service given1 yet tipping chauffeurs is as common in the larger cities as tipping barbers or waiters4 ,it simply shows the spread of the practice to workers who have no other claim upon it than their own avaricious impulses--and the extreme docility of the public4 ,every tip given to a chauffeur is so clearly a bad economic transaction that further argument is unnecessary4 ,so widespread has the practice become that tipping is1 individually1 a problem1 as well as collectively4 ,the traveler has a formidable cost to face in the tipping required4 ,when the total passes #bjj1jjj1jjj a year1 it becomes a problem which the ,american people will find more difficult of solution the longer it continues unchecked4 ,the whole argument is summed up in this4 ,tipping is an economic waste because it is double pay for one service--or pay for no service4 ,it causes one person to give wealth to another without a fair return in values1 or without any return4 ,the pay that employers give to their employees should be the only compensation they receive4 ,all the money given by the public on the side is unearned increment4 ,the best condition for a fair exchange of wealth is where standards are known and prices are definite4 ,self-respect and sound economics flourish in such an atmosphere1 whereas1 if values are hazy and compensation is indirect and irregular1 as it is under the custom of tipping1 the bickering that follows degrades manhood4 ,from an economic viewpoint1 all businesses are on an abnormal basis which figure minimum wages1 or no wages1 to their employees on the assumption that the public will1 through gratuities1 pay for this item of service4 ,one service--one compensation is the only right relation of seller and buyer1 of patron and proprietor4 ,,vi ,,the ,,ethics ,,of ,,tipping ,the moral wrong of tipping is in the grafting spirit it engenders in those who profit by it2 in the rigid class distinctions it creates in a republic2 in the loss of that fineness of self-respect without which men and women are only so much clay--worthless dregs in the crucible of democracy4 ,in a monarchy it may be sufficient for self-respect to be limited to the governing classes2 but the theory of ,americanism requires that every citizen shall possess this quality4 ,we grant the suffrage simply upon manhood--upon the assumption that all men are equal in that fundamental respect4 ,,the ,,price ,,of ,,pride ,hence1 whatever undermines self-respect1 manhood1 undermines the republic4 ,whatever cultivates aristocratic ideals and conventions in a republic strikes at the heart of democracy4 ,where all men are equal1 some cannot become superior unless the others grovel in the dust4 ,tipping comes into a democracy to produce that relation4 ,tipping is the price of pride4 ,it is what one ,american is willing to pay to induce another ,american to acknowledge inferiority4 ,it represents the root of aristocracy budding anew in the hearts of those who publicly renounced the system and all its works4 ,the same ,americans who profit by this undemocratic practice exert as much influence1 proportionably1 in the government of the republic1 as those who give tips1 or those whose sense of rectitude will not allow them to give or accept gratuities4 ,is a man who will take a tip as good a citizen1 is his self-respect as fine1 as the one who will not accept a tip1 or who will not give a tip8 ,is the one as well qualified to vote as the other8 ,what is a gentleman8 ,what is a lady8 ,can a waiter be a gentleman8 ,can a maid be a lady8 ,would a gentleman or a lady accept a gratuity8 ,what would happen if a tip should be offered to the average gentleman who patronizes restaurants1 and taxicabs and barber shops8 ,he would have a brainstorm of self-righteous wrath6 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,democracy ,and there is the test4 ,if a gentleman would not accept a tip1 is it gentlemanly to give a tip8 ,if a gentleman's self-respect would rebel at the idea of accepting a gratuity1 why should not a waiter's self-respect rebel at the idea8 ,oh1 but there's a difference6 ,the difference is there indeed4 ,it is the difference between aristocracy and democracy4 ,in an aristocracy a waiter may accept a tip and be servile without violating the ideals of the system4 ,in the ,american democracy to be servile is incompatible with citizenship4 ,every tip given in the ,united ,states is a blow at our experiment in democracy4 ,the custom announces to the world that at heart we are aristocratic1 that we do not believe practically that all men are created equal2 that the class distinctions forbidden by our organic law are instituted through social conventions and flourish in spite of our lofty professions4 ,unless a waiter can be a gentleman1 democracy is a failure4 ,if any form of service is menial1 democracy is a failure4 ,those ,americans who dislike self-respect in servants are undesirable citizens2 they belong in an aristocracy4 ,,tips ,,disliked ,,by ,,recipients ,fortunately1 conditions are not as rotten as the extent of the tipping practice would indicate4 ,the vast majority of ,americans who give tips do so under duress4 ,at heart they loathe the custom4 ,they feel that it is tribute exacted as arbitrarily and unrighteously as the tribute paid to the ,barbary pirates4 ,some day this majority will rise up and deal as summarily with the tipping practice as our forefathers dealt with the ,mediterranean tribute custom6 ,a great number of servants and workers in such lines as barber shops1 restaurants and other public service positions are equally opposed to the custom4 ,they are caught up1 however1 in a system where they must conform to the custom or lose their employment4 ,many a barber or waiter or chauffeur whose self-respect rebels at taking a tip is forced to do so in order not to offend patrons4 ,for nothing so stirs up a gentleman as for the person serving to decline a tip4 ,the reason is that he feels the rebuke implied in the refusal and knows in his conscience that the practice is wrong4 ,we always grow more indignant at a just accusation than at an unjust one6 ,,conscience ,,is ,,stirring ,the constant re-appearance of laws to regulate tipping1 in every section of the country1 proves that the conscience of the people is stirring4 ,the daily and periodical press now and then condemn the practice editorially in unmeasured terms and persons prominent in the public eye occasionally flare-up at some particularly flagrant manifestation of the itching palm4 ,governor ,whitman1 of ,new ,york1 in an address to the ,society for the ,prevention of ,useless ,giving1 said 7as ,district ,attorney then73 ,it is a brave thing1 a womanly thing and a courageous thing for you to band together to combat an evil4 ,and ,i hope you will stand pat4 ,we are all growing to tolerate a kind of petty grafting that is not right1 that is un-,american4 ,i object to having a man take my hat and hang it up for me and then accept a coin4 ,i am strong and big enough to hang up my own hat4 ,and ,i also prefer to carry my own bag to having a boy half my size carry a bag that is half his size and be paid with a coin4 ,if he honestly earns the money he should have it as an earning1 not as a gratuity4 ,it is this giving of gratuities that is unlike us1 it is a custom copied from a foreign country where conditions are different from ours4 ,where one person has the courage to speak out against this deep-rooted social convention1 unnumbered thousands feel dumbly the same opposition to it4 ,harry ,lauder1 the ,scotch comedian1 a citizen of a monarchy1 on one of his tours in ,america1 was reported by the newspapers as being disgusted with the development of so aristocratic a custom as tipping in ,america1 the cradle of democracy4 ,the press will yield many such evidences of condemnation for the practice in high places4 ,they are cited to prove that opposition to tipping is not a mere distaste among persons of limited means who cannot afford to tip generously4 ,the cost of following the custom is an important item2 but those who consider it morally wrong gladly would pay any increase in charges that might follow the abolition of the custom4 ,if the ,pullman company should agree to abolish tipping if each patron would pay a quarter more for his berth it would be a long step in advance--though the custom should be abolished without additional charges to the public4 ,,hush ,,money ,the ,united ,states went through a period of muck-raking against graft among politicians and big business men4 ,it was found that the idea of honest graft was shockingly prevalent4 ,the especially odious manifestations were dealt with1 but the little springs and rivulets that combine to make the main stream were allowed to trickle along1 unite1 and become a torrent6 ,tipping is the training school of graft4 ,will a messenger boy who thinks that the public owes him gratuities develop into a man with sound morals8 ,will the bell-boy who works for tips grow up to be a policeman who accepts hush-money from the corner saloon-keeper8 ,what is the difference between a tip to a bell-boy for doing what the hotel pays him to do and the hush-money to a policeman for overlooking the offence he is paid to detect8 ,the tipping practice has created an atmosphere of petty graft1 the constant breathing of which breeds all other forms of dishonesty4 ,it is small wonder that with so much avarice in low places that we have been shocked by graft in high places4 ,the tipping custom is educating the grafting spirit much faster than the prosecuting arm of the government can destroy it4 ,there is a direct connection between corruption in elections and the custom of tipping4 ,the man who lives upon tips will not see the dishonesty of selling his vote1 so readily as if he discerned the immorality of gratuities4 ,of course1 not all tip-takers sell their votes2 but the moral laxity in one direction predisposes toward laxity in other directions4 ,,splitting ,,commissions ,when a gratuity gets above a small amount1 it is known as splitting commissions1 or plain graft4 ,salesmen in their anxiety to sell goods will divide their commissions with the buyers4 ,frequently buyers or purchasing agents will demand this concession when it has not been offered4 ,one ,new ,york department store found that its piano buyer was accepting money for placing all orders with a particular manufacturer4 ,this store discharged its buyer1 and yet the proprietor of the store doubtless tipped the waiter at lunch the same day he so acted6 ,he failed to see that a waiter 7paid to serve patrons7 who accepts tips1 is precisely on the same level as a buyer 7paid to purchase in the whole market71 who concentrates his orders with one house for a fee4 ,a clipping from ,the ,new ,york ,times shows the attitude that employers are taking toward split commissions3 ,several wholesalers in this market received a letter yesterday from a prominent dry goods retailer in the middle ,west saying that their buyers would be in this city to-day and that each one had signified her acceptance of a rule against taking petty 'graft4' ,the retailer asked that the salesmen try not to make this rule difficult to observe4 ,the rule follows3 ',you must not accept entertainment of any kind1 even luncheon or dinner1 from any one in ,new ,york4 ,we will make an allowance1 sufficient to cover all expenses1 including entertainment4' ,this retail merchant had discovered that a free theater ticket or dinner could create such a sense of obligation that his buyers would not be able to exercise the freedom of choice that was necessary4 ,the ,new ,york salesmen offered the tickets and dinners in the form of gracious hospitality1 but knew all the while that their real intent was to bind the buyers to them through a sense of obligation without regard to the merits of the goods4 ,thus the spirit of honest graft is spreading out in ,america4 ,it grows with what it feeds upon4 ,it is a moral miasma1 the fumes of which are permeating all strata of society4 ,,the ,,bible ,,against ,,tips ,following are only a few of the many citations in the ,bible against tipping1 gifts1 gratuities1 greed and like practices and impulses3 ,exodus #bc3h4 ,and thou shalt take no gift2 for the gift blindeth the wise1 and perverteth the words of the righteous4 ,ecclesiastes #g3g4 ,surely oppression maketh a wise man mad2 and a gift destroyeth the heart4 ,proverbs #ae3bg4 ,he that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house2 but he that hateth gifts shall live4 ,i ,samuel #ab3c4 ,behold here ,i am3 witness against me before the ,lord1 and before his anointed3 whose ox have ,i taken8 or whose ass have ,i taken8 or whom have ,i defrauded8 whom have ,i oppressed8 or of whose hand have ,i received any bribe to blind mine eyes therewith8 and ,i will restore it you4 ,isaiah #cc3ad-ae4 ,who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire8444 ,he that walketh righteously and speaketh uprightly 444 that shaketh his hands from holding bribes4444 ,he shall dwell on high4444 ,job #ae3cd4 ,for the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate1 and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery4 ,luke #ab3ae4 ,and he said unto them1 ,take heed and beware of covetousness3 for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth4 ,,vii ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,tipping ,why the custom of tipping should be followed so generally when it is palpably a bad economic practice and ethically indefensible is a psychological study with the same aspects that the slavery issue presented before the ,civil ,war4 ,the ,puritan conscience allowed that institution to grow to formidable proportions before arousing itself decisively1 and it has allowed this equally undemocratic custom to attain national ramifications4 ,,caste ,,and ,,class ,in its broadest statement1 the psychology of tipping presents the two antipodal qualities of pride and pusillanimity4 ,the caste system is not based upon the superiority of one class over another1 but upon the pride that one stage of human development feels over another stage of human development4 ,a democracy cannot do away with different stages of development in the human mind4 ,but it does do away with the belief of one stage of development that it is worthy of homage from another stage of development4 ,democracy does not concede that one man working with his brain is superior to another man working with his brawn4 ,democracy looks beyond the accident of occupation1 or the stage of human development1 and sees every man as originating in the same divine source4 ,we hold these truths to be self-evident1 that all men are created equal4 ,in a monarchy1 the craving of the human mind for approbation--the quality of pride--is cultivated into the class or caste system4 ,those citizens who have attained a larger measure of culture than their fellow-men allow the false sense of pride in that culture to creep into their ideals and actions4 ,they seek for some method of visualizing this assumed superiority1 of obtaining the acknowledgment of it from their fellow-men4 ,with an unerring instinct of human nature they play upon the cupidity of those whom they desire to place in a servile relation4 ,a gift of money wins the social distinction they covet4 ,thus the tipping custom has its origin in pride1 and it necessarily involves humility as a correlative condition4 ,if all men are created equal1 as we aver in our basic political creed1 they cannot become unequal except artificially1 except by an agreement of one set of citizens to play the role of servitors for a consideration from another set of citizens4 ,one set of citizens will become abased--that is1 they will surrender their birthright of equality--in order that another set may strut around in a belief of superiority and indulge a sense of pride4 ,,no ,,superior ,,class ,in a democracy1 the gradations of culture exist1 but it is not permissible for one class of workers to assume a superiority over another class4 ,that they do assume it is evident1 and that for all practical social purposes we live and move and have our being on that assumption is evident1 but in granting manhood suffrage1 in allowing the proud and the humble to have an equal voice in government1 we declare the social system a fungus growth4 ,at the moment of the highest power of the institution of slavery it was not less wrong than at the moment the first ship-load of slaves was landed4 ,no mere accumulation of material property can vitiate a principle of right4 ,hence1 the very widespread acceptance of the tipping custom lends no authority to it4 ,if #ie1jjj1jjj ,americans are engaged in tipping #e1jjj1jjj ,americans1 and if both the givers and the receivers apparently concur in the rightness of the custom1 it does not thereby become right4 ,we must go back to first principles to find the answer4 ,,tipping ,,and ,,slavery ,the ,american democracy could not live in the face of a lie such as slavery presented1 and it cannot live in the face of a lie such as tipping presents4 ,the aim of ,american statesmanship should be to keep fresh and strong the original concepts of democracy and to beat back the efforts of base human qualities to override these concepts4 ,the relation of a man giving a tip and a man accepting it is as undemocratic as the relation of master and slave4 ,a citizen in a republic ought to stand shoulder to shoulder with every other citizen1 with no thought of cringing1 without an assumption of superiority or an acknowledgment of inferiority4 ,this is elementary preaching and yet the distance we have strayed from primary principles makes it necessary to prove the case against tipping4 ,the psychology of tipping may be stated more in detail in the following formula3 ,to one-quarter part of generosity add two parts of pride and one part of fear4 ,,first ,,ingredient1 ,,generosity ,this is a subtle element and merges into a sense of obligation on slight provocation4 ,you feel that your position in life is more fortunate1 and pity enters your thought4 ,if an extra service is given1 in reality or in appearance1 the servitor has pitched his appeal upon the ground of obligation4 ,few persons can rest easily until a sense of obligation is discharged through some form of compensation4 ,the opportunity to balance the account comes when cash is being passed between you and the person serving4 ,you offer a cash consideration proportioned to your sense of obligation4 ,inasmuch as the whole argument in favor of tipping is based upon the allegation that the servitor actually gives a value in extra service1 the element of obligation will be examined closely4 ,the ,pullman porter or the waiter who can succeed in making a patron feel a sense of obligation knows that he has assured a tip for himself4 ,the company or the restaurant business is a vague fact1 while the man hovering over your berth or table is a most tangible relation4 ,his art is to make the patron feel that he is responsible for the careful attentions4 ,in a subconscious way the patron knows that the price of the ticket or the food includes the service 7wages of the porter or waiter7 but the obsequious alertness of the attendant overshadows this knowledge4 ,it is present personality versus an abstract entity known as company or restaurant4 ,hence1 though the price of the ticket or the payment of the check pays for the porter's or waiter's service1 the patron has been made to feel a second obligation which he discharges with a tip4 ,,cloakroom ,,tactics ,thus tipping involves two payments for one service4 ,servitors understand clearly the psychology of the sense of obligation from experiment even though they could not read understandingly a book on psychology4 ,a trial in ,detroit over the division of the tips in the cloak-room of a restaurant furnished the following proof3 ',how do you make people cough up8' queried the judge4 ',when they are going away ,i brush them down1 and if they don't give me something ,i take hold of their lapel and say1 ,excuse me1 and brush them again4 ,i pretend that's the only ,english ,i can speak4 ,if they don't give me something then ,i hold on to their hats until they do give me something4 ,i made #ab the first day ,i worked at the place4' ',why did you pretend you could not speak ,english8' demanded the judge4 ',the more ,english you know the less tips you get4' ,this morally obtuse hat-boy knew that the average person does not want something for nothing when dealing with serving persons1 and he exploited this trait to the maximum4 ,pullman porters and high grade waiters are more polished in the use of the same method1 but it all gets back to the idea of creating a sense of obligation by actual or pretended service beyond the expected4 ,undoubtedly1 a rigid adherence to the letter of duty would result in service that would be unsatisfactory1 but this is to be surmounted rightly by the employer requiring flexibility of service from employees--not by the public paying extra for affability1 courtesy and attentiveness4 ,,second ,,ingredient1 ,,pride ,anxiety to cut a good figure before servants or allied classes of personal workers is a rich vein of pride which they do not fail to work for all it is worth4 ,this kind of mind is always agitated from fear that the tipping has not been done handsomely enough4 ,the satisfaction of having a fellow creature servile before your largess is a factor4 ,the gratuity emphasizes your position in the social scale4 ,it stamps the giver as a gentleman or lady4 ,the smirking attentiveness of the servitor is balm to vanity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,truly1 if it were not for vanity there would be no tipping system4 ,,third ,,ingredient1 ,,fear ,the power behind the tipping custom is ,social ,convention and the fear of violating it4 ,the so-called social leaders1 actuated by aristocratic ideals1 establish the custom and the crowd follow suit in a desire to do the proper thing4 ,the what will people say mania holds the average person in an iron obedience to a custom which is innately loathed4 ,it makes you conspicuous to be a dissenter4 ,the serving persons understand this psychology perfectly4 ,to drift along with the current of social usage is easiest1 whereas1 to go against it requires the highest order of courage4 ,the multitude simply rate it as one of the petty vices and let it go at that4 ,,the ,,remedy ,now what is the method of meeting and mastering this situation8 ,precisely the same reasoning employed by the ,americans in #ahja against the custom of paying tribute to the ,barbary pirates4 ,first1 establish clearly in your mind that tipping is wrong4 ,the slogan is3 ,,one ,,compensation ,,for ,,one ,,service4 ,with this premise1 you can answer1 seriatim1 every argument which arises in favor of the custom4 ,to the plea of generosity or obligation the reply is1 full compensation for all service rendered is included in the bill you pay at the hotel desk1 at the ticket window1 to the barber-shop cashier1 for the taxi-meter reading1 and so on4 ,any extra compensation implied by the person serving is an imposition and has no justification either as charity or obligation4 ,second1 the promptings of pride must be recognized frankly and mastered by democratic ideals4 ,when a tip is given1 not only is an individual wrong done1 but a blow is struck at republican government and the ideals upon which it is founded4 ,patriotism1 as well as faithfulness to self-respect requires that all customs which promote class distinctions shall be held in check4 ,in entertaining a democratic attitude toward all ,americans you are strengthening the government under which you live4 ,you will not become less of a gentleman or lady if the socially submerged classes rise to a normal plane of self-respect4 ,in declining to place a false valuation upon them you are promoting the true mission of ,americanism4 ,to thine own self be true1 ,and it must follow as the night the day ,thou canst not then be false to any man4 ,third1 the fear of violating a social custom is overcome when you understand its pernicious nature4 ,the general observance of it gives the custom neither rightness nor authority4 ,with full assurance that the custom is wrong and with a measure of the courage ,decatur showed before ,tripoli1 an apparently formidable1 but really vulnerable1 custom can be destroyed4 ,,viii ,,the ,,literature ,,of ,,tipping ,writers of books on etiquette uniformly accept tipping as the correct social usage4 ,they state just the amount that it is proper to give on various occasions and thus do their utmost to rivet the custom upon the people4 ,a few extracts from such books will be given here to show how the custom is strengthened by the arbiters of etiquette4 ,those masses of ,americans who are aspiring to a broader culture naturally turn to these books1 and have their ,americanism poisoned at the very start4 ,they are educated to believe that tipping is essential to social grace4 ,the feature departments of newspapers in answering queries about tipping usually confirm this impression1 though now and then a side-swipe is delivered at the extortionate attitude of the serving persons4 ,,hotel ,,fees ,taking up the hotel first1 the following advice is from ,everyday ,etiquette3 ,a porter carries a bag and he must be tipped2 another carries up a trunk1 he must be tipped2 one rings for ice water and the boy bringing it expects his ten cents2 one wants hot water every morning and in notifying the chambermaid of this fact1 must slip a bit of silver into her palm4 ,the waiter at one's table must be frequently remembered1 and the head waiter will give one better attention if he finds something in his hand after he shows the new arrival to a table1 and1 of course1 on leaving one will give a fee4 ,it is usually best for a transient guest to fee the waiter at each meal1 since another man will probably be in attendance at the next one4 ,the usual rate is to give #aj per cent4 of the sum paid for the lunch or dinner--ten cents being the minimum except at a restaurant of humble pretensions1 where five will be gladly accepted by the waitress4 ,if the waiters and other hotel employees had written the foregoing themselves could they have put it more strongly8 ,note the advice to tip the waiter at each meal because a new one may be on hand at the next meal6 ,this implies that the failure to tip is a grave offense1 and that no risk of giving it must be taken4 ,the patron may rest assured that a new one will be on hand at the next meal1 for the head waiter shifts them about for exactly that reason--to make the patron tip again4 ,however1 in this same book1 there is a reluctant note1 as shown by the following extract3 ,we may rebel against the custom and with reason4 ,but as not one of us can alter the state of affairs1 it is well to accept it with good grace1 or reconcile oneself to indifferent service4 ,hotel managers will read this with entire approval4 ,and yet1 consider what a contradiction it is for a hotel to advertise its service at such and such rates and then subject its guests to indifferent service if they do not cross an itching palm at every angle in the building6 ,,tip--,,or ,,be ,,insulted ,any one who conscientiously objects to tipping knows how true it is that in the best places1 with one or two notable exceptions1 not only indifferent service but positively insulting deportment may be expected from the servitors if the tips are omitted4 ,the servitors are aggressive because their remuneration depends upon what they can work out of the patrons4 ,the employer had hired them on the understanding that any compensation they receive must come from the gratuities of patrons4 ,in certain hotels the management carries the exploitation to the point of charging the servitors for the privilege of working the patrons4 ,the tipping privilege in one hotel has been sold as high as #aj1jjj a year6 ,the economic pressure of tipping upon the patron causes one authority on etiquette1 ,good ,form ,for ,all ,occasions1 to exclaim3 ,women of frugal mind endeavor to call on these functionaries as little as they can because the cents readily mount into dollars4 ,the elevator-boy receives fewer tips than his peripatetic brother and need not be feed after a short stay4 ,here is proof that those who from economic or ethical reasons do not wish to tip are persecuted4 ,they are advised that the easiest way to avoid the displeasure of servitors is to call on them for service as little as possible6 ,the two dollars or more they pay at the hotel desk for a day's domicile must be exclusively for the privilege of sitting in a chair or sleeping in a bed4 ,the moment they require the service of any of the employees about the building1 they are under a second obligation to pay4 ,and yet1 hotels prate about their hospitality4 ,the ,barbary pirates were hospitable in the same way--after you paid the tribute6 ,,how ,,the ,,books ,,help ,the ,cyclopaedia of ,social ,usage states the tipping obligation as follows3 ,in a large and fashionable hotel generous and widely diffused gratuities are expected by the employees4 ,the experienced traveler usually distributes in gratuities a sum equal to ten per cent4 of the amount of the bill4 ,it is customary when a lengthy sojourn is made in an hotel or pension to tip the chambermaid1 the various waiters and the porter who does one's boots1 once in every week4 ,once in every fortnight the head waiter's expectations should be satisfied1 and where an elevator boy and doorman are on duty1 they1 too1 have claims on the purse of the guest4 ,in a fashionable ,european hotel the rule of tipping a franc a week all around may safely be observed during a long stop4 ,but at the hour of departure something extra must be added to the weekly franc1 and the head waiter will scarcely smile as blandly as need be if he is not propitiated with gold4 ,others1 the writer says1 have claims that it is well to recognize and meet before they urge them4 ,practically all the books on etiquette have the same note of subserviency to the custom4 ,the point to be remembered is that1 without being conscious of it1 these writers are in league with the beneficiaries of the custom to perpetuate and extend it4 ,most of the authors think the custom is right1 they have the aristocratic viewpoint that servants should know their place and1 in a republic1 be made to acknowledge it by accepting a gratuity4 ,others simply take conditions as they find them and write to inform readers how to avoid unpleasant incidents4 ,but regardless of the opinion of the writers on the ethics of the custom1 the books are one of the principal supports of the custom4 ,leaving the hotel1 and considering the tipping custom in its relation to private hospitality1 we find this advice in ,dame ,curtesy's ,book of ,etiquette3 ,it is customary to give servants a tip when one remains several days under a friend's roof4 ,the sum cannot be stated but common sense will settle the question4 ,,in ,,private ,,houses ,the theory of tipping to servants in private homes where one may be a guest is based on the assumption that one's presence gives the servants extra work and they should be compensated therefor4 ,the extra work undoubtedly is involved1 but in a really true conception of hospitality1 should not the servants enter into it as much as the hosts8 ,or1 if the guest entails extra work should not the host's conception of hospitality cause him or her to supply the extra compensation8 ,the guest who tips servants in a private home implies that the host or hostess has not adequately compensated them for their labor4 ,the tips under such circumstances are a reflection upon the hospitality of the home4 ,a host should ascertain if servants consider themselves outside the feeling of hospitality and pay them for the extra work1 thus giving the guest complete hospitality4 ,it is bad enough to tip in a hotel1 for professional hospitality2 to tip in a private home is1 or should be1 an insult to the host4 ,,on ,,ocean ,,voyages ,the same author advises in regard to the ,pullman car that a porter should receive a tip at the end of the journey1 large or small according to the length of the trip and the service rendered1 and then considers the custom aboard a ship1 as follows3 ,there is much tipping to be done aboard a ship4 ,two dollars all around is a tariff fixed for persons of average means1 and this is increased to individual servants from whom extra service has been demanded4 ,the traveler boards a ship with a ticket of passage which includes stateroom and meals and all service requisite to the proper enjoyment of these privileges4 ,the stewards and other employees on board are expressly for the purpose of giving the service the ticket promised4 ,hence1 extra compensation to them may be justified only as charity4 ,they cannot possibly render extra service for which they should be paid4 ,if a passenger called upon the engineer to render a service1 that employee would be rendering an extra service1 but stewards and stewardesses and like employees are aboard to render any service the passenger wants or needs4 ,moving deck chairs1 bringing books1 attending to calls to your stateroom1 serving you food and the like duties are all within the scope of their regular employment4 ,but read another writer's pronouncement3 ,at the end of an ocean voyage of at least five days' duration1 the fixed tariff of fees exacts a sum of two dollars and a half per passenger to every one of those steamer servants who have ministered daily to the traveler's comfort4 ,thus single women would give this sum to the stewardess1 the table steward1 the stateroom steward1 and1 if the stewardess has not prepared her bath1 she bestows a similar gratuity on her bath steward4 ,if every day she has occupied her deck chair1 he also will expect two dollars and fifty cents4 ,steamers there are on which the deck boys must be remembered with a dollar each1 and where a collection is taken up1 by the boy who polishes the shoes and by the musicians4 ,on huge liners patronized by rich folks exclusively1 the tendency is to fix the minimum gratuity at #e1 with an advance to seven1 ten and twelve where the stewardess1 table steward and stateroom steward are concerned4 ,then follow instructions to tip the smoking-room steward1 the barbers and even the ship's doctor6 ,,the ,,rich ,,american ,,myth ,it is small wonder1 in view of the nature of the literature of tipping1 that ,europe has found ,american travelers rich picking4 ,before embarking on the first trip abroad the average ,american informs himself and herself of what is expected in the way of gratuities1 and everywhere the tourist turns in a library advice is found which effectually throws the cost of service upon the patron4 ,railroad and steamship literature usually avoids the subject because these companies do not want to bring this additional expense of travel to the attention of the public4 ,a steamship folder will state that passage to ,london is ninety dollars1 including berth and meals1 but gives no hint that the tips will amount to ten dollars more6 ,,ix ,,tipping ,,and ,,the ,,stage ,an almost invariable laugh-producer on the stage or in moving pictures is a scene in which a bell-boy or other servitor executes the customary maneuvers for obtaining a tip4 ,play producers know that the laugh can be evoked and any hotel scene is certain to include this bit of business4 ,in seeking the explanation of the humor in such a scene1 the answer will be found to be cynicism and the peculiar glee that people feel in observing others in disagreeable situations4 ,,comic ,,woes ,the slap-stick variety of comedy is based upon this trait in human nature4 ,if a man is kicked down three flights of stairs1 the spectator howls with delight4 ,and1 particularly1 if a policeman is worsted in an encounter1 the merriment is frenzied4 ,our ,sunday comic papers depend almost exclusively upon violence for their humor4 ,it is the final spanking the ,katzenjammer ,kids receive that brings the laugh4 ,the climax to many other comics--notably ,mutt and ,jeff--is violence4 ,hence1 a tipping scene on the stage or in moving pictures creates a laugh because the public sees the tip-giver as a victim4 ,he usually exaggerates his role by making the giving of the tip a painful act to himself1 and the whole scene proves the contention in this discussion1 namely1 that tipping is wrong4 ,if the spectators did not perceive the bell-boy as a bandit1 and the hotel guest as a victim1 no laugh would result4 ,they have been in similar situations and know the feelings of the victim4 ,sometimes stage managers vary the incident so that the laugh is on the bell-boy1 by having the guest refrain from tipping4 ,then the spectators laugh at the bell-boy's disappointment--again finding humor in misfortune4 ,,tips ,,in ,,the ,,movies ,with the development of moving pictures the utilization of this kind of humor has widened immeasurably4 ,and the point to be considered here is the influence of such visualization of tipping upon the spread of the custom4 ,undoubtedly tipping is increased by moving pictures and by stage representation4 ,the public is made to feel that1 despite the inherent wrong in the custom1 it must be followed1 or they will experience the unpleasantness at which they have just laughed4 ,another example of the itching palm which may be depended upon to produce a laugh is a scene in which a policeman is handed a bill for neglecting his duty in some respect4 ,a well-to-do man will cross the law in some manner and in the play he winks an eye1 the policeman turns his back with his palm extended1 a bill is slipped into it1 and he departs to the sound of the spectators' laugh4 ,the effect of these scenes upon the public is dual4 ,it either confirms their impression that all servants or officers are approachable1 or it creates among the unsophisticated the idea that tipping or graft is the customary and proper method of dealing with such classes of citizens4 ,the worldly wise gain the first impression1 and the spread of the tipping custom is assured by the second impression4 ,moving pictures have extended this influence to every nook and corner of the country4 ,the result is that persons who live in the smaller and more democratic communities are educated to the big city development of the itching palm4 ,and the effect upon children and young people is pernicious in the extreme4 ,,impressing ,,the ,,young ,a boy who sees a tipping scene in a moving picture gains the impression that it is smart to exact such tribute4 ,or he gains the impression that he has been overlooking a rich vein of easy remuneration4 ,the photo-play directors1 either consciously or unconsciously1 are doing great damage to democratic ideals by featuring such scenes4 ,it will not be surprising if1 among the other evils fostered by moving pictures1 the next generation displays a marked increase in the grafting propensity4 ,the young people are being educated to think it natural4 ,thus1 aside from the human impulses of pride and avarice1 it is apparent that literature and the stage are strengthening the custom of tipping by their representations of it as humorous4 ,people will not combat anything at which they laugh4 ,the itching palm has two doughty champions in the books on etiquette and the theaters4 ,actors1 it would seem1 have enough contact with the itching palm among stage hands to make them ardent advocates of reform1 to say nothing of their contact with it in hotels4 ,on the vaudeville stage especially the carpenter1 the electrician1 the property man and their co-workers must be seen with regular and generous donations to insure a smooth act4 ,in many theaters the stage hands have a definite scale of tips for regular duties that they perform--and for which the management also pays them4 ,x ,,the ,,employee ,,viewpoint ,from a waiter1 or a porter1 or a janitor's point of view1 tipping is wrong only when it is meager4 ,they regard this form of compensation as not only just but usually too sparingly bestowed4 ,unquestionably1 with any reform in the manner of compensation to persons engaged in domestic or other serving capacities1 must go a reform in the attitude of the public toward servitors4 ,the patron who abuses his privileges1 who exacts of employees far more than he has the right to ask1 who treats them as automatons without sensibilities or self-respect--such a patron must be handled simultaneously with the change in manner of compensation4 ,employers1 particularly in hotels and like public places1 will have to give more attention to seeing that employees are not mistreated by the swaggering1 blatant1 selfish type of patron4 ,this type abounds and has been developed largely by the tipping custom1 that is1 the extremely servile attitude assumed by servitors in order to stimulate tipping has brought out the opposite quality of domineering pride in the patron4 ,,the ,,sore ,,spot ,no feeling so rankles in the mind as the sense of uncompensated labor4 ,the thought that patrons have gotten something for nothing leaves a sore spot in the thought of servitors4 ,and if they are employed in places where the only compensation they receive is from the gratuities of patrons1 this soreness is incurable4 ,the next time the patron appears he will be made to feel the displeasure of the employee4 ,thus1 in one sense1 it is the system that is wrong1 a system which does an injustice to both employee and patron4 ,every employee has a fairly clear idea of his duties4 ,most employees scrupulously refrain from doing more than the duties for which they are paid expressly4 ,hence1 when an employee over-steps this boundary he has fixed in his own mind1 he has the sense of uncompensated labor4 ,he feels a grudge either against the employer or the patron4 ,he looks to one or the other to supply the extra remuneration for the extra service4 ,as a consequence1 personal service workers are nursing a grievance much of the time4 ,their conversation and thoughts are about some patron who has failed to compensate them1 or has1 in their judgment1 inadequately compensated them4 ,they devote little time to thinking of a reform in the system that would give them an adequate compensation from the employer and do away entirely with the patron-to-employee form of compensation4 ,,the ,,martyr ,the tipping system is so established now that the individual who opposes it must be prepared to play the role of martyr1 whether employee or patron4 ,employers who profit by the no-wage system dislike employees with a degree of self-respect that makes them rebel at gratuities4 ,such wages as are paid are so nominal that the employee cannot subsist upon them alone4 ,he either has to quit that line of work or enter it and conform to the conventional methods4 ,in ,chapter ,v the equity of tipping certain employees was considered and the claim of other employees as to their rights will be considered briefly here4 ,,baggagemen ,tipping men who call for and deliver trunks has become a fixed custom in the cities and is expected1 though not so often practiced1 in the smaller towns4 ,the transfer company theoretically charge for the complete operation of moving the trunk from the home or hotel to the railroad station4 ,but the men on the wagons or trucks exact tips for carrying the baggage up and down stairs or elevators4 ,the question is1 are they entitled to this extra compensation8 ,the baggagemen argue that their business1 strictly interpreted1 is to carry the trunk from the house to the station and that going up stairs and into rooms is an extra service4 ,hence1 they stand around and make it evident that they expect compensation from the patron1 in addition to their wages from the company4 ,their position is not tenable4 ,a patron pays the company to get his trunk from wherever it may be and to deliver it to its destination4 ,whatever operations are necessary to get the trunk are the natural duties of the company and its employees4 ,the charges of the company are1 or should be1 based on the complete service4 ,the exaction of extra compensation in the form of tips by the employees1 therefore1 is an imposition4 ,in calling the company no person1 tacitly or openly1 agrees to the argument that the trunk is to be moved from curb to curb4 ,the understanding is that your baggage is to be removed from its customary place in the home to the customary place in the station or other destination4 ,it would be as reasonable for baggagemen to dump a trunk outside a station and demand a gratuity from the railroad for bringing it inside1 as to demand a gratuity from the patron for taking the trunk up or down stairs4 ,tipping to baggagemen is unnecessary4 ,if the company pays inadequate wages the remedy lies not from the patron through tips but from the employer through the payment of increased wages4 ,,bootblacks ,of late years the custom has grown up to tip bootblacks4 ,this is in addition to the regular charge paid for the service and has no justification except in the false plea of the servitor that if the patron does not tip him he will have no compensation4 ,here it may be stated that the thought that the tip constitutes the only compensation the employee receives is the chief influence in the mind of the patron4 ,he feels a pity for the employee even though he objects to the bad economic system that enables employers to engage workers on such a basis4 ,the employees exploit this thought in the mind by leading the conversation with the patron into the channel of compensation4 ,at some time during the service he lets the patron know that the tips he receives are his only compensation and this arouses the sense of obligation in the patron who does not like to have his shoes shined for nothing1 even though the payment at the desk covers the transaction4 ,any one who has patronized a restaurant regularly1 or a bootblack stand1 or a barbershop1 or manicurist1 or any public place1 will recall how invariably the servitors bring up the subject of tipping and always with the suggestion that they would be disabled financially if it were not for the generosity of the public4 ,this is all a carefully and skilfully planned campaign to exploit the patron4 ,,barber ,,shop ,,porters ,patrons who do not tip barbers frequently tip the porters who brush them down4 ,on the surface it seems that the porter's attentions in a barber shop are extra and deserve extra compensation4 ,yet1 theoretically1 no master barber would admit that a patron of his shop has any other charges to pay than the regular tariffs4 ,the porter is there as an extra measure of service from the shop4 ,practically1 however1 the shops all proceed on the assumption of tipping4 ,the porter is a much-aggrieved individual if he is overlooked4 ,in any sound economic system1 the porter's compensation should come exclusively from the shop4 ,if his attentions are decided to be extra1 there should be a regular scale of compensation1 as for a hair cut1 which the patron should pay4 ,so long as his services are furnished by the shop without being included in the regular shop tariffs1 the patron owes the porter nothing for his attentions4 ,the solution of the whole tipping problem lies in the foregoing postulate--that if any employee is in a position to render an extra service there should be a regular scale of charges for such service4 ,it is the irregular compensation1 depending upon the whim of the patron1 that makes the practice economically unsound4 ,no hotel1 or other employer1 should have on the premises any employee whose compensation depends upon chance4 ,if a hotel stations an employee in the washroom he should be there distinctly as part of the service for which a patron pays at the cashier's desk4 ,a porter in a barber shop should be engaged exclusively at the shop's expense as part of the complete service for which a patron pays to the cashier4 ,employers1 however1 are much too shrewd to scatter employees around on the formal understanding that the patrons are to compensate them4 ,they pretend that they are engaged as an extra measure of courtesy or service from the employer and then are educated to exact1 through tips1 their compensation from the patron4 ,,door ,,men ,it would seem that if there were any place where the patron might feel free to forget his coin pocket1 it would be in the use of doors4 ,but it is customary now to tip door men4 ,that is1 you have to pay to enter a hotel1 a restaurant or other public place in order to spend money with the employer4 ,the employer will smile blandly and assure you that no patron need tip the door man1 but the door man will give unmistakable evidence to the contrary4 ,the tipping of door men shows how the custom grows with what it feeds upon4 ,to the devotee of the custom every underling has an itching palm that must be scratched with a coin and the employer rejoices because it relieves him of wage-payments4 ,tipping doormen is incomprehensibly weak4 ,elevator men are in the same class4 ,,guides ,in parks and other public places where the employer or the ,government furnishes guides and where patrons pay a regular fee for being shown the sights1 the guides carefully cultivate the tipping propensity4 ,their most common method is to start a conversation about how inadequately they are paid for their work and the high cost of living4 ,they play upon the sympathies of the sight-seers until at the end of the trip the feeling is strong that the guide should be remembered4 ,he pockets the gratuity and looks for other game4 ,the patrons overlook the fact that if he is underpaid the employer or the ,government is at fault4 ,he often works in the appearance of extra attentions to create the sense of obligation4 ,it is clearly a case of double compensation for one service4 ,,hatboys ,the cloak-room is one of the best devices for throwing the item of wages to the shoulders of patrons4 ,for some one to check and guard your hat and overcoat while you see a show or dine has a speaking likeness to a real extra service4 ,but it is as counterfeit as the other pretenses of extra service4 ,it is every restaurant's or theater's duty to provide for hats and coats of patrons4 ,the meal or the show cannot be enjoyed unless this preliminary function is performed by the proprietor4 ,when two dollars is paid for a theater ticket it also pays for this service1 and extra compensation to the attendant in charge may be defended as charity but not as an obligation4 ,a patron who buys a meal in a restaurant owes the cloak-room attendants nothing4 ,he paid for their service in paying for the meal4 ,tips to hatboys are superfluous4 ,,janitors ,the autocrat of the basement is a man with a grievance even when generously tipped4 ,from his viewpoint he is called upon to do a score of things outside his duties4 ,must he do these for nothing8 ,he must not4 ,the only question is who shall pay him4 ,the janitor should be hired by employers upon the understanding that the renters have the right of way in utilizing his services4 ,or1 apartments should be leased with a clear understanding of the janitor's duties1 so that he will have no lee-way to exploit the renters4 ,on the face of it1 the idea of defining a janitor's services so that everything outside of the regulations would be extra service for which the renter should compensate him1 seems difficult of execution4 ,but the difficulty is less real than apparent4 ,and in the meantime1 the janitor regularly is tipped to do things for which he is paid by the employer4 ,he is out for his as eagerly as the waiter or the ,pullman porter4 ,hallboys in the apartment houses are equally avaricious4 ,now and then the metropolitan papers contain letters to the editor complaining of their exactions--pathetic letters from well-to-do persons paying thousands of dollars' rent for apartments6 ,one way out would be to insert in a lease that the renter shall receive full and equal service without extra compensation to employees4 ,,manicurists ,these young women have the best psychological opportunity to exact tribute1 particularly where the patrons are men4 ,the personal contact is influential1 and the plaintive tale of meager salary and small tips which she purrs into your ears1 the meanwhile flashing a languishing smile--it's a great little game which she plays for all it is worth6 ,some of them receive eight dollars a week in salary1 and the tips amount to enough to make their income thirty-five a week and more4 ,the employer has the fifty1 seventy-five cents or a dollar charge for the service as practically clear profit4 ,many men tip the manicurist as much as they pay for the service4 ,perhaps many of them feel that they get their money's worth in social enjoyment--not believing that the young woman bestows the same charm upon every other male victim6 ,i feel sorry for that little ,miss ,brown4 ,if it wasn't for the tips she couldn't live on her salary1 said one sympathetic man4 ,he objected to tipping as a rule1 but here was a clear case where it was worthy6 ,no use arguing ethics with him4 ,,messengers ,the custom of pay to telegraph messenger boys by the recipients of messages is peculiarly reprehensible because it is fixing a standard of graft in his mind that will work out into worse practices in maturity4 ,a boy given a tip has had his self-respect punctured in a dangerous way4 ,he may grow up and out of such a conception of compensation1 but it will be a struggle1 and much of our police and other public graft had its origin in the cultivation of the belief that tips are proper4 ,a messenger boy has absolutely no claim upon a patron for extra compensation4 ,the price of a telegram includes the cost of delivery4 ,,stenographers ,public typists often expect gratuities4 ,the regular charges are for the house4 ,they want something for themselves on the side4 ,sometimes the tips are so large that the employer gets greedy and requires them to be turned in1 as proved by the following extract from a want ad in the ,new ,york ,times3 ,remuneration half of all you make with weekly guarantee of #bj2 proceeds net more than guarantee4 ,no smoking2 tips must be turned in4 ,it seems self-evident that anything given to stenographers beyond the regular charges for the work is pure waste4 ,they cannot possibly give any service in return1 and cannot retain the proper self-respect in accepting something for nothing4 ,many of them1 however1 take the tips simply to avoid offending patrons4 ,the list of tip-takers is too extensive for individual consideration4 ,bath attendants1 bartenders1 house servants1 clerks--and so on through a lamentably long list1 have the same moral disease4 ,the contagion is spreading in an alarming way4 ,of course1 the whole system is riding for a fall4 ,the spurious and specious arguments of employees in behalf of the custom and the timorous acquiescence of the public will alike yield before a robust and elemental ,americanism4 ,,xi ,,the ,,employer ,,viewpoint ,we face a condition1 not a theory1 assert those employers who defend their adaptation of wages to the tipping custom4 ,the public seems determined to bestow gratuities1 and if we paid full wages in addition1 our employees would be the highest paid workers in the world4 ,but two wrongs do not make a right4 ,,three ,,kinds ,,of ,,employers ,employers who profit by tipping are classified as follows3 #a4 ,those who pay living wages and positively forbid gratuities4 #b4 ,those who pay average competitive wages and maintain a passive attitude toward gratuities4 #c4 ,those who pay minimum1 or no1 wages1 and aggressively exploit the propensity to give4 ,at present the first class constitutes almost an infinitesimal minority4 ,here and there in large cities there are barber shops which advertise a ,no-,tip policy1 and occasionally a hotel or restaurant4 ,in the second class are most of the moderate-price places catering to the public4 ,the employers and employees welcome gratuities but do not make them the prime object in their relations with patrons4 ,the third class includes the high-grade hotels1 sleeping car companies1 expensively conducted restaurants and like enterprises4 ,this is the class which sets the pace through the patronage of the socially or financially prominent4 ,a few of the more noteworthy employers who profit by the custom follow3 ,the ,pullman ,company1 ,the ,hotel ,company1 ,the ,taxicab ,company1 ,the ,transfer ,company1 ,the ,steam ,ship ,company1 ,the ,master ,barber1 ,the ,apartment ,house ,owner1 ,the ,restaurant1 ,the ,telegraph ,company4 ,that an organized conspiracy exists between employers and employees to exploit the public is realized vaguely1 if at all1 by the average patron4 ,proof of this allegation may be found at the cashier's desk of almost any restaurant or hotel4 ,the waiter invariably is given change that will make it easy for the patron to tip4 ,he returns with the change arranged in such a way on the tray that the patron must fumble over all of it if he wants the full amount4 ,the employer's and the waiter's theory is that1 rather than do this1 he will leave a dime or a quarter in one corner4 ,in a barber shop the patron always receives small change so that it will be easy to remember the porter4 ,yet1 such a practice is the mildest indictment that may be brought against employers for entering a conspiracy to exploit patrons4 ,,selling ,,the ,,tip ,,privilege ,in ,new ,york and ,chicago particularly1 many employers went so far 7and still maintain the practice7 as to sell to outside persons and companies the privilege of collecting the tips in their places of business4 ,that is to say1 these outside parties were to furnish waiters1 cloak room attendants and other employees to the hotel or restaurant and depend upon the tips for their remuneration4 ,so large was the sum realized from tips that the hotels and restaurants actually charged the outside parties thousands of dollars for the concession4 ,in ,illinois a law was passed in #aiae aimed directly at this organized phase of the custom4 ,it prohibited hotels and others from selling tipping privileges4 ,the men who owned such privileges promptly went to law to test the constitutionality of the act4 ,to the tip-taker anything is unconstitutional that interferes with his graft6 ,at the time the law went into effect1 the situation was reported in the ,chicago ,tribune as follows3 ,the state will have a fight on its hands before the ,chicago tip trust 444 releases its clutch on the pocketbooks of hotel and restaurant patrons4 ,at midnight last night 444 there was no indication the largess was going anywhere else than it has gone before ever since a commercial genius capitalized the well-known generosity of the dining and wining public--straight into the coffers of the trust4 ,the manager of one of the leading hotels said that lawyers for the hotel had served notice on the head of the biggest of ,chicago's three tip trusts to withdraw his minions4 ,do you contemplate returning part of the money paid for the concession8 he was asked4 ,that1 the manager replied1 is a detail4 ,do you think it possible 7the head of the tip trust7 will resist expulsion8 ,hardly4 ,we'll just put in a crew of our own and that will end it4 ,have you heard a report that the tip trusts contemplate standing by their guns and1 if necessary1 charging a #aj cent fee for checking hats and coats1 anticipating the tip8 ,that's preposterous4 ,after such evidence1 patrons of hotels and other public service places hardly will feel as cheerful in giving tips as they may have felt before being enlightened4 ,here was a typical instance of a hotel advertising such and such rates for rooms and food with the plain inference that patrons had no other obligation4 ,then the management goes out and sells the right to exploit the patrons1 thereby filling its dining rooms and cloak rooms with employees who must exact tips if they are to be paid at all for their work6 ,,are ,,you ,a ,,benefactor8 ,a small part of the public cares nothing about this and will tip regardless of the conditions of employment of the servitors4 ,this element simply enjoys the grandiloquent role of ,bestower of ,largess4 ,but the vast majority of ,americans has followed the custom under duress4 ,this majority finds it repugnant to tip on the assumption that the employee alone profits by its generosity2 and to discover that the employer as well profits by it--in fact secretly devises methods of encouraging the tipping--will confirm the majority in the thought that the custom is wholly bad4 ,under which school of economics1 or ethics1 can such a system be justified8 ,the assertion of employers that tipping is the spontaneous impulse of patrons and that they cannot afford to pay living wages in addition is seen to be without foundation in conspicuous instances4 ,such spontaneity as exists they stimulate and exploit for their own profit4 ,conceding that the development of tipping has thrown employment upon an abnormal basis1 the question arises1 if tipping is abolished should the increase in wages be borne exclusively by the employer8 ,to the extent that employers make extraordinary dividends out of the custom the extra cost of operation through normal wages should be borne by them without increased tariffs to patrons4 ,competition in the hotel business1 for example1 has been adjusted to the custom of tipping and the sudden throwing of a bona fide wage system upon such employers1 without an increase in revenues1 would be disastrous4 ,a ,,reasonable ,,solution ,the solution in certain instances might be found in a joint obligation of patron and employer4 ,the employer says3 ,i have been able to give you food at such and such a price because ,i have not had to charge to it the cost of waiter hire4 ,if the public discontinues gratuities to my employees1 ,i must raise the price of food to cover this deficit4 ,the patron replies3 ,upon proof that your food tariffs have not included the item of waiter-hire1 ,i will pay more for my meals if they are served free4 ,the goal of a reform in tipping is to make one payment--and that one to the employer--cover every expense of the patron4 ,even if the public should have to pay more for food1 lodging and other service1 if tipping is abolished1 an immense advance in sound economics and democratic ethics would be made in eliminating the double-payment system4 ,where two payments are made--to employer and employee--it is inevitable that the patron will lose4 ,it should be understood1 however1 that a large part of the #bjj1jjj1jjj or more given annually by ,americans in gratuities is sheer waste because it is given for absolutely nothing in return4 ,such waste should be eliminated without consideration of employer or employee4 ,so long as employers assume that the public will pay part or all of the wages of employees1 so long will the employees be under the necessity of resorting to outrageous tactics--coddling the patron who does tip1 insulting and neglecting the one who does not tip--in order to obtain pay for their services4 ,employers must come to the viewpoint that tipping is morally wrong1 and therefore of necessity1 economically unsound4 ,the money they make out of tipping is tainted money4 ,employees should be engaged on wages that are adequate without regard to any gratuities that may be given4 ,,xii ,,one ,,step ,,forward ,when the ,hotel ,statler1 in ,buffalo1 announced that a guest need not tip its employees in order to get satisfactory service1 a sensation was sprung upon hotel managers and the traveling public4 ,nothing more emphatically shows the abnormal state of mind toward tipping than that such an elementary right should be affirmed and cause surprise in the affirmation4 ,a ,,sound ,,code ,following is its ,code to employes on the practice of tipping3 ,the patron of a hotel goes there because he expects to receive certain things served with celerity1 courtesy and cheerfulness4 ,the persons who are to fetch and carry him these things will be those whose portion it is to render intimate1 personal services to others4 ,since time immemorial1 this class of servitors has been of the rank and file4 ,now and then a server is found--a waiter1 a bootblack1 a barber or a bell boy--who adds a bit of his own personality to his services4 ,such a one shows a bit more intelligence--initiative--perspicacity-- than his fellows4 ,the patron finds his smaller wants anticipated1 and is pleased4 ,he feels that the servant has given him something extra and unexpected--and he wants to pay something extra for it4 ,he tips4 ,of course there are abuses of the tip4 ,a rich bounder wants something more than other hotel guests1 and he futilely tries to get it by throwing money about4 ,his tips are insults1 and his reward ,servility instead of service4 ,or-- ,an individual wishing to be thought a 'good fellow' ,,administers tips with the advice to 'buy a house and lot1' etc4 ,or-- ,an infrequent traveler1 having the time of his life1 tips out of sheer goodheartedness4 ,these types help to constitute the ',public4' ,it is the business of a good hotel to cater to the ,public4 ,it is the avowed business of the ,hotel ,statler to please the public better than any other hotel in the world4 ,statler can run a tipless hotel if he wants to4 ,but ,statler knows that a first-class hotel cannot be maintained on a tip-less basis1 for the reason that a small but certain per cent4 of its guests will tip1 in spite of all rules4 ,statler can and does do this3 ,he guarantees to his guests who do not wish to tip1 everything--,,everything--in the way of hotel service1 courtesy1 etc41 that the tipper gets4 ,let's make that a bit stronger--guests do ,,not have to tip at ,hotel ,statler to get courteous1 polite1 attentive service4 ,or1 for final emphasis1 we say to ,statler guests3 ,please do ,,not tip unless you feel like it2 but if you ,,do tip1 let your tipping be yielding to a genuine desire--not conforming to an outrageous custom4 ,any ,statler employee who is wise and discreet enough to merit tips is wise and discreet enough to render a like service whether he is tipped or not4 ,and he is wise and discreet enough to say 'thank you' when he gets his tip4 ,in this connection let this be said3 ,the man who takes a tip and does not thank the tipper does not feel that he has earned the tip any more than a blackmailer feels that he has earned his blood money4 ,any ,statler employee who fails to give ,service1 or who fails to thank the guest who gives him something1 falls short of the ,statler ,standard4 ,we always thank any guest who reports such a case to us4 ,statler does not deal summarily with his helpers1 any more than he deals perfunctorily with his guests--but the tip-grafters get short shrift here4 ,,for ,,the ,,benefit ,,of ,,guests ,to understand the spirit of management which could issue such instructions to its employees in the face of the opportunity to exploit the public1 as most hotels do and so throw the whole cost of wages upon the patron1 it is necessary to consider other sections of the ,code treating of professional hospitality4 ,hotel ,statler is operated primarily for the benefit and convenience of its guests4 ,without guests there could be no ,hotel ,statler4 ,these are simple ,facts easily understood4 ,the ,statler is a successful hotel4 ,the ,reason is1 that every ,waiter in this hotel1 every ,hall-,boy1 the ,chambermaid1 the ,clerk1 the ,chef1 the ,manager1 the ,boss ,himself1 is working all the time to make them ,,feel 'at home4' ,hotel service--that is1 ,hotel ,statler service--means the limit of ,courteous1 ,efficient ,attention from ,each ,particular ,employee to ,each ,particular ,guest4 ,this is the kind of service a ,guest pays for when he pays us his bill--whether it is for #b4jj or #bj4jj per day4 ,it is the kind of ,service he is entitled to1 and he ,,need ,,not and ,,should ,,not pay ,,any ,,more4 ,,not ,,hospitality ,compare the attitude of management toward guests as revealed in this code with the bristling1 belligerent attitude of employees in other first-class places where tipping is undisciplined6 ,in the average hotel where the management encourages the tipping for economic reasons the bell-boy will make a scene if you fail to tip him after he carries your suit-case from the lobby to your room4 ,every other employee has the same spirit--he has to have it if he is to be compensated at all1 for the employer puts it squarely up to him to work the guest for his wages4 ,apparently this hotel reached the conviction that this was not hospitality4 ,then the conviction was reached that a guest need not and should not pay any more for hotel service than the rate paid at the desk4 ,from this it was logical to bring the employees to a new conception of service and to stop the piratical practice toward guests who do not tip4 ,it is particularly significant to note the assertion that the proprietor can run a tipless hotel if he wants to4 ,that is an interesting declaration4 ,it proves that those managers who exploit the tipping propensity deliberately do so for reasons of greed4 ,then the reason for not running a tipless hotel is stated to be that a small but certain per cent4 of its guests will tip in spite of all rules4 ,here is evidence that the public has its measure of blame for the custom as well as the avarice of managers4 ,this hotel declares that its conception of hospitality is to leave the guest free in his relation toward employees4 ,but note this6 ,it does not leave the employees free in their attitude toward guests4 ,,up ,,to ,,the ,,employer ,the foregoing distinction is the crux of the whole tipping problem4 ,if managers will restrain and discipline employees so that they will not run riot in their eagerness to exact toll from patrons the tipping evil will be reduced to a minimum4 ,,the ,,first ,,step ,it is not the idea underlying this discussion to consider that a satisfactory disposal of the tipping custom has been made when managers insure equal treatment for those who do not tip in comparison with those who do tip4 ,nothing short of the complete abolition of the custom can be the goal in a republic4 ,but as a long stride toward the goal1 the ,code cited above is noteworthy4 ,it constitutes the first immediate step that any hotel may take4 ,the public would find immense relief in the general adoption of the foregoing idea--that tipping must be yielding to a genuine desire--not conforming to an outrageous custom4 ,inasmuch as the vast majority of ,americans who tip do so only because they are afraid not to conform to an outrageous custom1 this plan1 honestly enforced upon employees1 will reduce the followers of the custom to the small percentage of the public who tip because of pride or moral obtuseness4 ,a way can be found to handle this element when the majority have been freed4 ,once the proof is at hand that tipping can be handled the conclusion is unescapable that the managers who knuckle to the custom are corrupt and contented4 ,they are on precisely the same moral level as their employees4 ,,the ,,guest',s ,,rights ,in the meantime1 the individual patron has the right to and should proceed on the theory that he is entitled to ,,everything in the way of service for the one payment4 ,this is his common law right even if no special laws regulating tipping are in force4 ,the public is at a great disadvantage in combating the tipping evil when the managers leave the issue to be settled between the patrons and the employees4 ,a bell boy can commit an offense to a patron who does not tip that is perfectly tangible to the patron but difficult to report to the manager4 ,unless the manager takes a positive hand and instructs his employees in a manner similar to the above ,code it is likely that most persons will continue to pay tribute rather than be insulted and neglected4 ,in ,chicago1 the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association operates a nineteen-story hotel where tips are prohibited1 and this organization generally discourages the custom in its enterprises4 ,,xiii ,,the ,,sleeping-,,car ,,phase ,the ,pullman company stands in the public mind as the leading exponent of tipping4 ,it certainly is the largest beneficiary of the custom1 as a simple calculation will show4 ,the company has about #f1ejj porters1 who receive #bg4ej a month in wages4 ,suppose the porters received no tips4 ,the company then would have to pay living wages4 ,assuming that the long hours of work would not attract desirable porters under a straight wage system without at least #fj a month pay1 each one of the #f1ejj would have an increase of #cb4ej a month1 or #cij a year4 ,this would mean an increase in the company's annual pay-roll of #b1ece1jjj6 ,in other words1 the company saves about two and a half millions a year through the tips given to its porters4 ,what part of the large annual dividend is furnished by this saving is a secret of the company's books4 ,some of these porters after many years' service receive #db a month in wages1 and this would bring down the foregoing estimate1 though not to any radical extent4 ,the tips bring their incomes to #ajj1 #aej1 #bjj and more a month6 ,there are1 of course1 many runs on which the porters derive smaller amounts in gratuities1 and the best runs are given as a reward for long and faithful service4 ,,what ,,the ,,pullman ,,manager ,,said ,the ,walsh ,commission1 appointed to investigate industrial conditions in the ,united ,states1 in #aiae singled out the ,pullman tipping practice for investigation4 ,some of the testimony given by the general manager of the company follows3 ,the company simply accepts conditions as it finds them4 ,the company did not invent tipping4 ,it was here when the company began4 ,what do you say to making tipping unlawful and paying employees a living wage8 ,chairman ,walsh asked4 ,if such a condition arises1 ,i presume we would have to pay wages necessary to get the service4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do you get your negroes in the ,south8 ,yes1 we have been looking after them in the ,south4 ,the ,south is a bigger field and the men there are more adapted for the work than the ,northern negroes4 ,well1 be plain1 ,chairman ,walsh said1 are the negroes from the ,south more docile and less independent than those from the ,north8 ,well1 no1 but the ,southern negro is more pleasing to the traveling public4 ,he is more adapted to wait on people and serve with a smile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,can a man live on #bg4ej a month and rear a family8 ,really1 ,i don't know4 ,he might4 ,does the ,pullman company have in mind the liberality and kindness of the public when it fixes that rate of pay8 ,well1 ,i should say that tips have something to do with it4 ,i didn't make the rates of pay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a porter must call passengers during the night1 polish shoes1 answer bells1 and look after the safety and comfort of the passengers at all hours1 must he not8 ,yes4 ,he is reprimanded1 suspended or discharged for infractions of the rules4 ,what is your attitude toward the question of an organization among your employees8 ,i felt that the movement to form a federation of our employees was a selfish one on the part of a few4 ,,what ,,the ,,porters ,,said ,the ,commission also called several porters to testify4 ,they stated that they could not live without the tips4 ,one porter with twenty-one years' service behind him testified that he receives #db a month in wages1 while the tips averaged about #ge a month1 or #aag income from the company and the public4 ,another porter receiving #bg4ej a month testified that his tips averaged about #gg a month4 ,he was described as wearing two diamond rings and being tastefully dressed4 ,the conductors receive from #gj to #ij a month in salary1 and it was brought out before the ,commission that many do not consider it dishonest to knock down on seat sales4 ,this is accomplished partly at the company's expense1 and partly at the expense of patrons--especially unsophisticated travelers who buy a whole seat but have other passengers sit beside them1 the conductor pocketing the extra payment4 ,this practice is limited to day runs4 ,there is also the opportunity to overcharge4 ,that the ,pullman company gives the public good service through its porters is indisputable4 ,the only question is whether the public should pay extra for this service4 ,if a porter with an income of #aag1 say1 receives only #bg4ej from the company1 the public is paying three-fourths of his wages and the company only one-fourth4 ,where the porters have incomes of #aej to #bjj a month the company pays one-fifth to one-eighth of the amount and the public pays from four-fifths to seven-eighths6 ,,service ,,included ,the price of a ticket on a sleeping car is as much as a patron should pay the ,pullman company1 and it should carry with it adequate porter service4 ,a passenger enters a car in spick and span condition as a rule4 ,at the end of the journey1 through no fault of his own1 he may be dusty1 and it becomes the obligation of the ,pullman company to discharge him in as good condition as when he entered the car4 ,the porter is there for this service4 ,hence1 to give him a tip for a brush1 or for any other service he may have rendered to make the use of the company's property comfortable1 is a superfluous payment4 ,the company has a school for training a porter in which he is taught a rigid discipline of attentions to passengers1 all of which tend to create in the passenger a sense of obligation toward the porter4 ,yet not one of these attentions calls for a gratuity if they are examined fairly4 ,the porter is psychologist enough to know that to create the illusion that he has rendered an extra service is as good for producing a tip as actually to do so4 ,hence he will come around with a pillow1 or shine your shoes during the night unsolicited1 or execute some other maneuver that arouses a feeling of obligation4 ,the shining of shoes is outside his ordinary duties1 but he has no valid claim for compensation unless specifically requested to perform this service4 ,in his mind is the constant reminder that if the passenger does not make a donation his pay envelope from the company will not meet his bills4 ,,what ,,the ,,press ,,said ,among the many editorial comments that the disclosures of the ,walsh ,commission evoked is the following from the ,st4 ,louis ,republic3 ,the most captious critic of the ,pullman company cannot deny that it merits a unique distinction4 ,other corporations before now have underpaid their employees 444 but it remained for the ,pullman company to discover how to work on the sympathies of the public in such a manner as to induce that public to make up1 by gratuities1 for its failure to pay its employees a living wage4 ,it began this forty years ago1 when the plantation darky of ante-bellum days was still abroad in the land4 ,it used him1 his pathetic history1 his peculiar attitude toward the white man1 for the accomplishment of its purpose4 ,there at the end of the journey1 after the traveler had paid #b1 #b4ej or #c for his berth1 stood the porter with his whisk broom and his smile4 ,and back of him was the pathetic fact1 industriously circulated1 that the company did not pay him enough to live on1 so that he was dependent on the gratuities of passengers who had already paid full price for accommodations and services4 ,we were expected to pay him simply because the ,pullman company didn't4 ,and we paid him4 ,tens of millions of passengers have paid him millions of dollars4 ,it wasn't really philanthropy to the porter2 it was philanthropy extended to the ,pullman company1 which was glad to have the fact of its meanness in its relations to its colored employees--ill-informed of the rights of workingmen and dependent by instinct--published to the world4 ,it was the ,pullman company which fastened the tipping habit on the ,american people and they used the negro as the instrument to do it with4 ,it may be remarked in closing this phase of the discussion that an act of ,congress forbidding tips on inter-state carriers would effectually reach the ,pullman situation4 ,,xiv ,,the ,,government ,,and ,,tipping ,it has been asserted in this discussion that tipping is incompatible with a democratic form of government4 ,yet we find officials of our ,government following the custom and allowing tips as a legitimate item of expense of traveling to be paid out of the public treasury4 ,,free ,,and ,,equal ,this state of affairs proves that the work of #aggf and #aghg was limited practically to one phase of democracy1 namely1 the political4 ,washington and ,jefferson lived in a day when political equality was the passionate ideal4 ,this they and their associates achieved in ample measure4 ,they gave the waiter or the barber or the bootblack an equal voice in government with themselves4 ,let those ,americans who think that the abolition of tipping would be too radical a step toward social democracy consider how repulsive the attitude of ,washington and ,jefferson was to the aristocratic thought of their day4 ,no matter what arguments the aristocrats presented against political democracy1 their real objection was just this granting of voting equality to persons whom they rated as socially submerged4 ,but having founded our government upon political democracy1 the straight line of development is toward social and industrial democracy1 in order to complete the ideal entertained by ,washington and ,jefferson4 ,that both of these idealists tipped servants and that ,washington owned slaves is indisputable1 but they left records that prove that they merely suffered it to be so now4 ,washington clearly foresaw the trouble in which slavery would involve his country1 and would have freed his slaves if he could have done so without precipitating what to him appeared a greater evil in view of all the circumstances of his day4 ,the ,revolutionary period did all that can be asked of one generation when political equality was established4 ,it remains for our generation to finish the work of democracy by establishing social and industrial democracy4 ,the prospect of a street cleaner or your valet being your social and industrial equal may seem either utopian or undesirable1 but it must be remembered1 as stated1 that two centuries ago the thought of granting an equal vote to such persons was precisely as distasteful to the aristocratic mind4 ,,equality ,,and ,,uniformity ,much loose thinking along these lines would be obviated if every one could learn clearly the distinction between equality and uniformity4 ,it is the thought of uniformity that makes most persons belligerent toward democratic impulses in industry or society4 ,they dislike the idea of a dead level of compulsory uniformity4 ,a bootblack and a banker are equal in the right to vote1 but they are not uniform in function or culture4 ,social democracy will abolish an aristocratic custom like tipping so that every citizen will stand upon an equality of self-respect4 ,it will delete the adjective menial from any form of service so that a garbage collector will stand in as honorable a relation to society as a lawyer4 ,but social democracy will not and cannot make naturally uncongenial minds live in a relation of compulsory fellowship4 ,thus in the ,united ,states we have only one-third of a democracy4 ,the other two-thirds--social and industrial democracy--must be attained before we can consider our government as ideal4 ,the tipping custom stands squarely in the path of this attainment4 ,the slavery system is not worse in competition with free labor than is the tipping system of compensation4 ,in neither system are values determined by merit or production4 ,in the list of the #e1jjj1jjj ,americans with itching palms were national or city government employees like mail carriers1 garbage collectors and policemen4 ,in the larger cities a system of giving gratuities to these and other government employees has grown up that emphasizes the distance we have to travel to attain true democracy4 ,any one of these three classes of government employees is paid well for the service he renders4 ,yet there are mail carriers who will lose a courteous1 friendly bearing toward those who fail to remember them at ,christmas1 or at more frequent intervals1 or who will actually curtail the service they are paid to render4 ,,misguided ,,generosity ,there seems to be something about the continual contact of a person serving and a person served that makes the one think the other owes him something on the side4 ,a mail carrier will bring your mail once1 twice or several times a day for a period and then enters the feeling that he is entitled to some substantial token of appreciation of his faithful1 cheerful service1 other than the compensation paid by the government4 ,often the person being served feels a generous appreciation of good service and bestows a token of it without the person serving having expected or wanted it4 ,the tipping custom is not wholly the outgrowth of greed4 ,it is frequently misguided generosity4 ,where the error creeps in is in expressing appreciation in terms of money4 ,self-respect is satisfied with verbal appreciation4 ,as an employer the government1 of all employers1 should set an example of true democracy1 should practice sound economics and ethics in the relations it permits between its employees and the public4 ,there is no justification from any viewpoint for giving gratuities to public servants4 ,if garbage collectors render slipshod service to citizens who fail to tip them--and they do this regularly--a complaint should bring immediate relief4 ,it does not now because the higher officials are under the same illusion about tipping that envelopes the subordinates4 ,an inspector of street cleaning in ,philadelphia was investigating a complaint against a street sweeper in a residence district4 ,the sweeper told him that he felt the complaint must be ill-founded and that the people in the neighborhood must be satisfied with his sweeping1 because he had recently received from residents in one block twenty-one dollars in ,christmas tips4 ,how many public servants in your own neighborhood did you tip last ,christmas8 ,it should not be assumed that the indictment here read is against all mail carriers or garbage collectors1 or policemen4 ,with tipping1 as with many other abuses there are more than seven thousand who have not bowed the knee to ,baal4 ,,the ,,golden ,,rule ,at ,christmas the spirit of generosity finds many curious and misdirected expressions4 ,policemen on certain traffic corners are remembered by many gifts of money and cigars from persons who have no other contact with them than a nod from a limousine as they pass the corner daily4 ,why should the feeling of appreciation run to thought of money as a token of expression8 ,it is because the persons who give entertain the idea that the policeman is in a stratum of society under them and that1 being an underling1 his self-respect will not be hurt by offering money4 ,the same persons would not think of offering a friend money and would be insulted if any one offered them money4 ,the golden rule is a dead letter to them4 ,some clubs have handled the tipping custom by forbidding gratuities during the year and then allowing the members to contribute to a fund to be divided among the servitors at ,christmas4 ,this is a great improvement over the tipping custom but it is still short of the democratic ideal4 ,a servant who is adequately paid for his work throughout the year has no more call upon the generosity of patrons at ,christmas than a clerk in a shoe store from whom you purchase shoes four or six times a year4 ,,government ,,hotels ,the ,government operates hotels in the ,canal ,zone1 and tipping is permitted4 ,guests who fail to tip are treated by the servitors precisely like they are treated in private hotels1 but the writer1 who boarded three months in one of the ,government hotels in the ,canal ,zone1 during which time he did not tip the waiter1 found that a complaint to the manager about poor service would result in the prompt discipline of the offending servitor4 ,this is more than can be said of many privately operated hotels4 ,in this connection1 it is noteworthy that the only whisper of graft in the building of the #djj1jjj1jjj canal was the charge made against the purchasing agent of the ,commissary that he split commissions with the houses from which he purchased supplies4 ,splitting commissions is the itching palm in commerce4 ,it would seem that before passing laws to regulate tipping among citizens1 the ,government1 state and national1 should be able to come into court with clean hands4 ,until the ,government rids its service of the spirit of graft the law-makers are beating around the bush4 ,,xv ,,laws ,,against ,,tipping ,efforts to abolish or regulate the custom of tipping have been made in the ,legislatures of practically all of the ,states4 ,often after passing legislative barriers the laws have fallen before ,executive vetoes1 so that scarcely half a dozen ,states now have statutes on the subject4 ,the ,state of ,washington adopted a law prohibiting tipping1 but it was so generally ignored that the ,legislature of #aiac repealed it4 ,this shows that1 at first blush1 a social custom of long standing has a stronger influence upon the people than a conscientious conviction registered in a new law4 ,yet1 as abortive as the legal campaign against tipping has been thus far1 the constant recurrence of the issue in the ,legislatures1 and the voluntary attempts at regulation being made by hotels and other public service enterprises1 show that the propaganda is making headway and that there are great moral resources in the people ready to be called into action4 ,,custom ,,above ,,law ,the opposition to tipping is unorganized1 undisciplined and inarticulate1 while the beneficiaries of the custom1 with a munificent tribute to nerve activity1 are upon a highly efficient basis of operation4 ,even with a law at his back to stiffen his moral resolution1 the average citizen feels more afraid of violating the custom than of violating the law4 ,it is because of the intangible nature of the custom from his viewpoint4 ,a waiter can do so many things to annoy a non-tipping patron that the patron cannot present in the form of a concrete complaint1 yet which are quite real and irritating4 ,the upshot is that the patron swallows his conscientious objection to the custom and pays the tribute for fair service4 ,he knows that a failure to tip means a struggle three times a day in the dining room for his rights and the same struggle at every point of contact with the itching palm4 ,rather than have his efficiency interfered with by the mental disturbance such rows create1 he pays the price4 ,but this type of man will make excellent material in the regular ranks even if he lacks the initiative of a lone hand against big odds4 ,when the movement against tipping reaches the stage where a spokesman and leader is produced1 all the latent opposition will spring into effective cooeperation4 ,,the ,,iowa ,,law ,some of the laws are aimed exclusively at the takers of tips and others at the givers as well4 ,the ,iowa law is in the first class1 as follows3 ,sec4 #ejbh-u4 ,accepting or ,soliciting ,gratuity or ,tip4 ,every employee of any hotel1 restaurant1 barber shop1 or other public place1 and every employee of any person1 firm partnership1 or corporation1 or of any public service corporation engaged in the transportation of passengers in this state1 who shall accept or solicit any gratuity1 tip or other thing of value or of valuable consideration1 from any guest or patron1 shall be guilty of a misdemeanor1 and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than five dollars1 or more than twenty-five dollars1 or be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days4 ,this law makes the mere acceptance of a tip illegal and it also heads off any attempt to circumvent the law on a technicality by prohibiting the acceptance of other thing of value or of valuable consideration4 ,,the ,,wisconsin ,,bill ,the ,wisconsin bill1 which the ,governor vetoed on the ground that it curtailed personal liberty was intended to penalize the giving of the tip1 and was worded as follows3 ,sec4 #degea4 ,every employee of any hotel1 restaurant or public place and every employee of any person1 firm or of any public service corporation engaged in the transportation of passengers or the furnishing of food1 lodging and other accommodations to the public in this state who shall receive or solicit any gratuity or tip from any guest or patron shall be guilty of a misdemeanor4 ,every person who shall give or offer any gratuity or tip to any person or employee prohibited from receiving or soliciting the same by the provisions of this section shall also be guilty of a misdemeanor4 ,every hotel1 restaurant1 firm and public service corporation engaged in the transportation of passengers or in furnishing food or lodging or other accommodations to the public shall keep a copy of this law posted in a conspicuous place in such hotel and restaurant and in the dining or sleeping cars of any firm or public service corporation mentioned in this section4 ,any persons violating any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not less than five dollars1 nor more than twenty-five dollars1 or by imprisonment in the county jail not to exceed thirty days4 ,the demand for this bill was so strong among the members of the ,legislature that it almost was passed over the ,governor's veto4 ,the provision that a copy of the law must be posted in the places where the public comes into contact with the itching palm is a most essential one4 ,it reassures patrons to see it and gives them a present stimulus for standing upon their right to good service for one payment4 ,,the ,,courts ,,and ,,tipping ,the courts1 in declaring such laws unconstitutional have proceeded upon the common law right of one citizen to give away his goods or property in the form of money to any other citizen4 ,a tip1 the judges say1 represents a gift within the meaning of this common law right4 ,but the instances of such altruism are exceedingly rare4 ,even the judges who so decide know that the tips they give are not bona fide gifts out of the goodness of a generous heart4 ,tips are given1 by the devotees of the custom1 from a sense of obligation4 ,they pretend to feel that the servitor actually has rendered a service for which the tip is payment4 ,the proof of this is found in the fact that such persons never go about giving money gifts indiscriminately4 ,their gifts are exclusively to the employees of public service enterprises1 showing that no thought of charity or generosity enters their minds4 ,the courts some day will come to the conclusion that a gift of money to any serving person is a special relation that is subject to the police power of the ,state4 ,the special circumstances surrounding the gift will be taken into consideration4 ,then it will be seen that the gift was made for something the patron did not receive2 for something for which he is required to pay twice and that the motives of the gift were pride1 or fear or a sense of obligation falsely aroused4 ,while the courts are so scrupulous in preserving the common law right to make gifts1 they might give consideration to the equally indubitable right of a patron to receive full value for his money1 and to receive such value for one payment4 ,it may be1 that to write an anti-tipping law that will stand the test of judges educated in the old school of thought about gratuities1 legislators will have to approach the subject from this viewpoint of preserving a patron's common law right to satisfactory service for one payment4 ,for instance1 a law specifically defining the right of a patron to have food served1 or to use a hotel room or sleeping car facilities1 in short to patronize any public service place1 with only one charge1 and that to be paid exclusively to the proprietor1 might strike an effective blow at the universal heart of ,flunkyism4 ,the courts will assert that the foregoing right exists without a special statute1 and it does4 ,still the average citizen does not think of instituting a suit against a hotel1 or swearing out a warrant against the manager or an employee to enforce his common law right to service at one price4 ,if there is a specific statute against tipping there is a more tangible inducement to stand up for one's rights and there is more likelihood that redress will be granted4 ,the defense of tipping on the personal liberty plea1 like the defense of the liquor business on the same plea1 will grow feebler and feebler until judges cease to take the aristocratic viewpoint4 ,,the ,,south ,,carolina ,,law ,the ,south ,carolina law goes a step ahead of either the ,iowa law or the ,wisconsin bill in the provision that the employer shall not permit the custom of tipping1 in addition to provisions prohibiting the giving or receiving of tips by patrons or employees4 ,the law follows3 ,it shall be unlawful in this ,state for any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 dining car company1 railroad companies1 sleeping car company or barber shop to knowingly allow any person in its employ to receive any gratuity commonly known as a tip1 from any patron or passenger1 and it shall be unlawful for any patron of any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 dining car or for any passenger on any railroad train or sleeping car to give any employee any such gratuity and it shall be unlawful for any employee of any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 dining car1 railroad company1 sleeping car company or barber shop to receive any such gratuity4 ,by 'gratuity' or 'tip' as used in this ,act1 is to mean any extra compensation of any kind1 which any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 dining car1 railroad company1 sleeping car company or barber shop manager1 officer or any agent thereof in charge of the same1 allows to be given to any employee and is not a part of the regular charge of the hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 dining car1 railroad company1 sleeping car company or barber shop1 for any part of service rendered1 or a part of the service which by contract it is under duty to render4 ,no company or incorporation shall evade this ,act by adding to the regular charge1 directly or indirectly1 anything intended for or to be used or to be given away as a gratuity or tip to the employee4 ,all charges must be made by the company or proprietor in good faith as a charge for the service it renders1 inclusive of the service which it furnishes through employees4 ,each hotel shall post a copy of this ,act in each room and each restaurant1 cafe and barber shop shall post at least two copies of this ,act in two conspicuous places in their places of business1 and each railroad company shall post two copies of this ,act in their waiting rooms and passenger rooms at passenger stations in cities of three thousand inhabitants or more1 and each sleeping car and dining car shall have posted therein at least one copy of this ,act4 ,any person or corporation failing to post as required shall be fined not less than ten dollars for such failure and each day of failure shall constitute a separate and distinct offense and any person violating any of the other provisions of this ,act shall be subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars1 or be imprisoned for not exceeding thirty days4 ,this ,south ,carolina law was an evident effort to cover the custom of tipping in a manner that would permit of no evasions4 ,it defines a tip and prohibits surreptitious gratuities and makes employer1 employee and patron equally liable to prosecution4 ,yet1 it falls short of an ideal law because its operations are limited to seven places frequented by the public and does not cover private places where the itching palm flourishes1 such as apartment houses and boarding houses4 ,to stop tipping in hotels1 restaurants1 cafes1 dining cars1 railroad stations and cars1 sleeping cars or barber shops will be a long stride in the right direction1 but the need of stopping tipping to messenger boys1 janitors and other employees of apartment houses1 maids and waitresses in boarding houses1 garbage collectors1 mail carriers and policemen among government employees1 trunk transfermen1 guides1 steamship employees and others too numerous to cite1 is fully as urgent4 ,,the ,,ideal ,,law ,the ideal act will be evolved through these repeated approximations and through experience4 ,in a broad outline it must include 7#a7 a clear definition of a tip1 7#b7 a statement of a patron's right to service for one payment exclusively to the proprietor1 7#c7 a prohibition against subterfuges in the charges whereby patrons may give tips1 7#d7 the wages paid by an employer to be considered as presumptive evidence of his attitude toward tipping1 7#e7 a requirement that employers shall give patrons a definite understanding of the service to which they are entitled1 7#f7 any actual extra service to be compensated for direct to employer after being appraised and charged for by the employer1 7#g7 the giving of money or gifts to employees to be taken out of the class of charity and personal liberty1 7#h7 the employer1 the employee and the patron to be subject to the same penalty for violating the law and the conviction of any one of the three to be followed automatically by the conviction of the other two for the same offense1 7#i7 the law to be applicable to any employer and any employee in any relation with the public or with individuals1 in private home or public place1 7#aj7 a prohibition against operating any convenience for the public in which the rate of payment shall be left to the whim of the patron1 such as cloak rooms1 the tariffs to be displayed and exacted impartially of every patron if the employer assumes that patrons must pay extra for the service1 7#aa7 an adequate provision for acquainting patrons with the law through posting it or otherwise directing their attention to it1 7#ab7 the granting of licenses to operate public service places only upon condition that gratuities are not to be permitted1 directly or indirectly1 7#ac7 the granting to a patron who has been denied fair service of redress in addition to the punishment of the guilty employee and employer1 7#ad7 an adequate scale of penalties1 fine or imprisonment for any violation of any part of the law4 ,it is not presumed that if a law were drawn to embody the foregoing provisions that the tipping custom would be strangled4 ,only actual tests in the courts will produce the ultimate intent4 ,of course1 if employers and employees and patrons were actuated by a desire to maintain their relations upon a basis of self-respect so circumstantial a law would be unnecessary1 but many of them are not thus actuated and a minute restraint will be imperative at the outset and until a normal ideal of democracy is cultivated4 ,,the ,,nebraska ,,act ,the bill introduced in the #aiae session of the ,nebraska ,legislature does not penalize the patron for giving gratuities and seems to be aimed at the practice of split commissions as well as at tipping4 ,it has a maximum fine of one hundred dollars1 or imprisonment of sixty days and the employers only are specified for conviction4 ,the act follows3 ,no employee or servant shall accept1 obtain or agree to accept1 or attempt to obtain1 from any person1 for himself or for any other person1 any gift1 gratuity or consideration as an inducement to perform or as a reward for having performed any duty or service for which such employee or servant has been employed or is to be paid by the employer or master1 firm or corporation of such employee or servant4 ,no employer or master1 firm or corporation shall permit or allow any of his or their employees or servants to solicit or to accept any gift1 gratuity or consideration as an inducement to perform or as a reward for having performed any duty or service for which such employee or servant has been or is to be paid by such employer or master1 firm or corporation4 ,each and every employer or master1 firm or corporation who carries on business as the keeper of a hotel1 inn1 restaurant1 cafe1 place for the sale of alcoholic beverages1 barber shop or place for polishing boots and shoes1 or who operates a railroad dining1 buffet1 sleeping or parlor car1 shall post up or cause to be posted up in at least two conspicuous places in the premises in which such business is carried on1 or in such car1 a notice that tipping1 or the giving of any gift or gratuity to any servant or employee1 is forbidden under penalty of fine or imprisonment4 ,no employer or master1 firm or corporation shall give or agree to give or offer to any employee or servant any gift1 gratuity or consideration as an inducement to perform or as a reward for having performed any duty or service for which such employer or servant has been or is to be paid by the employer1 master1 firm or corporation employing such servants4 ,each and every employer1 master1 firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions herein made shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be liable in each and every case to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars1 or to imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not less than ten nor more than sixty days1 or to both such fine and imprisonment1 at the discretion of the court4 ,,the ,,tennessee ,,law ,the ,tennessee law was adopted upon the especial solicitation of the traveling salesmen of the ,state4 ,these men live constantly in touch with the itching palm and find the tribute not only burdensome to themselves but to their employers4 ,the act is much like the ,south ,carolina law1 and a notable feature is ,section #f3 ,that it shall be the duty of the circuit judges and the courts of like jurisdiction to especially call the attention of the grand jury to the provisions of this act at each term of the court4 ,the foregoing provision makes it certain that1 even if patrons are timid about obeying the law and if employers and employees disregard it1 the fight against the custom will go right on1 just as does the fight against bootlegging after saloons have been banished from a city4 ,the ,tennessee law also has a more elaborate scale of fines1 as the following section shows3 ,be it further enacted that any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 barber shop1 dining car1 railroad or sleeping car company1 and the manager1 officer or agent of the same in charge1 violating this act or wilfully allowing the same to be violated in any way1 shall each be subject to a penalty of not less than #aj nor more than #ej for each tip allowed to be given4 ,if any person shall give an employee any gratuity or tip each person shall be subject to a fine of not more than #be and not less than #e for each offense4 ,if any of the above employees shall receive a gratuity or tip he or she shall be subject to a fine of not more than #be nor less than #e for each offense4 ,should any hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 barber shop1 dining car1 railroad company or sleeping car company fail1 neglect or refuse to post notice of this act as required herein1 such hotel1 restaurant1 cafe1 barber shop1 dining car1 railroad or sleeping car company shall be subject to a fine not to exceed #ajj for each day it shall fail4 ,naturally if this law is enforced with any fidelity by the grand juries1 not to mention such actions as may be instituted by the public1 tipping in ,tennessee in the specified public service place will become extinct1 or assume a guise not covered by the law4 ,but if tipping is restrained only in the seven places enumerated and allowed to be practiced unrestrained everywhere else1 only a limited industrial democracy will be attained1 and the part of the custom left alive will spread by its own insidious processes to the places preempted4 ,,the ,,illinois ,,compromise ,when the public conscience is fully aroused to the need of stifling this custom1 the legal mind will be able to draw up a law that will prevent tipping anywhere and under any circumstances4 ,the ,illinois law is a particular example of a half-way measure in that it seeks only to prohibit the practice of leasing tipping concessions to employees4 ,that it shall be unlawful for the owner1 proprietor1 lessee1 superintendent1 manager or agent in any hotel1 restaurant1 eating house1 barber shop1 theatre1 store building1 office building1 factory1 railroad1 street railroad1 fair ground1 baseball or football ground1 hall used for public meetings or entertainments1 or any other building1 office1 or space which is a place of public accommodation or public resort1 to rent1 lease or permit to be used any part1 space or portion thereof1 for any trade1 calling or occupation1 or for the exercise of any privilege by any person1 company1 partnership or corporation for the purpose of accepting1 demanding or receiving1 directly or indirectly1 from the customers1 patrons or people who frequent such places of public accommodation or public resort1 gratuities or donations1 commonly called tips1 in addition to the regular1 ordinary and published rate of charge for work performed1 materials furnished or services rendered1 provided1 that nothing in this section contained shall be construed to prohibit any employee or servant from accepting or receiving gratuities or donations commonly called tips1 if such gratuities or donations are not accounted for1 paid over1 or delivered1 directly1 or indirectly1 in whole or in part1 to any person1 company1 partnership or corporation1 but are retained by such employee or servant1 as and for his absolute and individual property4 ,any lease1 contract1 agreement or understanding entered into in violation of the provisions of section #a of this act shall be absolutely void4 ,any person1 company1 partnership or corporation or any officer or agent thereof1 violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined in any sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars for each and every offense1 and1 in addition thereto such person1 officer or agent1 in the discretion of the court1 be sentenced to the county jail not less than three months and not more than one year4 ,,legalized ,,robbery ,this ,illinois law is an instance of an ,american ,commonwealth specifically and deliberately recognizing tipping as legal and right4 ,it turns loose the tip-pirates upon the public with full governmental sanction1 but stipulates that in their piracy they shall not organize into a trust1 as they had done in ,chicago and in all large cities4 ,the ,illinois law can be commended to the extent that it seeks to break up the organized traffic in tips1 but its recognition of tipping on an unorganized basis is equivalent to the action of some ,european governments in paying out of their treasuries tribute to the ,barbary pirates for the privilege of sailing the high seas4 ,thomas ,jefferson's democracy rebelled at this and he freed the whole world from the outrageous custom4 ,,in ,,massachusetts ,massachusetts has a law to prohibit the corrupt influencing of agents1 employees or servants1 but it is aimed specially at the practice of splitting commissions and does not operate to restrain tipping in the ,state4 ,a salesman sometimes will offer to give a buyer a bonus or part of his commission if an order is placed1 and this practice is causing the business world considerable thought1 as employers realize that a buyer who will accept favors from salesmen will not exercise unbiased judgment4 ,it is the itching palm a plane above tipping owing to the larger amount involved1 and is akin to the graft of public officials4 ,the law follows3 ,whoever corruptly gives1 offers or promises to an agent1 employee or servant any gift or gratuity whatever1 with intent to influence his action in relation to his principal's1 employer's or master's business2 or an agent1 employee or servant who corruptly requests or accepts a gift or gratuity or a promise to make a gift or to do an act beneficial to himself under an agreement or with an understanding that he shall act in any particular manner in relation to his principal's1 employer's or master's business2 or an agent1 employee or servant1 who1 being authorized to procure materials1 supplies or other articles either by purchase or contract for his principal1 employer or master1 or to employ service or labor for his principal1 employer or master receives1 directly or indirectly1 for himself or for another1 a commission1 discount or bonus from the person who makes such sale or contract1 or furnishes such materials1 supplies or other articles1 or from a person who renders such service or labor2 and any person who gives or offers such an agent1 employee or servant such commission1 discount or bonus1 shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than five hundred dollars1 or by such fine and by imprisonment for not more than one year4 ,although the ,arkansas and ,mississippi laws against tipping are not mentioned1 a comprehensive idea of the extent and nature of the opposition to the custom in the ,united ,states is presented in the review of the bills introduced in or enacted by the ,legislatures of ,iowa1 ,wisconsin1 ,south ,carolina1 ,nebraska1 ,tennessee1 ,illinois1 and ,massachusetts4 ,all the other ,states have no laws against tipping4 ,considering the fact that no organization has been formed to agitate for this reform1 these spontaneous ,state efforts are significant4 ,,xvi ,,samuel ,,gompers ,,on ,,tipping ,labor has the strongest interest of any element of citizens for seeing the #e1jjj1jjj men1 women and children with itching palms elevated to a normal plane of self-respect4 ,for nothing in ,america more certainly promotes class distinctions than tipping4 ,it is essentially aristocratic1 and labor has attained its widest development in democracy4 ,,waiters ,,against ,,the ,,tip ,,custom ,occasionally waiters and some other workers in a serving capacity have attempted to organize and place their work upon the wage-system1 rather than the combination wage-and-tip system1 or the strictly tip system1 now existing4 ,in ,new ,york in #aiac the waiters struck for higher wages and serious riots occurred before they capitulated to the old system4 ,the hotels preferred the tipping system because it throws the cost of waiter hire upon the public1 whereas1 an adequate wage system would necessitate a readjustment of their business4 ,even where the waiters and barbers have organized they have not always shown aggressive efforts to abolish or regulate the tipping custom4 ,the barbers1 for instance1 are highly organized1 and any real desire upon their part to abolish the custom would be followed by immediate reform4 ,but it is evident that the tipping system of compensation is attractive to many persons who serve the public because it yields more pay than a wage system4 ,in the higher strata of workers particularly the tips are so large as to stupefy moral sense1 and this minority dominates the majority by setting a standard of proper social usage4 ,a ,,labor ,,leader ,,on ,,tips ,mr4 ,samuel ,gompers1 president of the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 has opposed tipping as an irregular form of compensation1 and in response to an inquiry for his opinion he inclosed a letter he had written to the manager of the ,hotel ,stowell1 in ,los ,angeles1 where a non-tipping rule is enforced4 ,hotel ,stowell1 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 ,replying to your letter of ,november #bhth ,i beg to say that ,i found your hotel and service eminently satisfactory and was particularly pleased with the rule you have enforced as to no tipping4 ,while1 of course1 ,i have followed the usual custom of giving tips1 yet ,i have maintained the principle of tipping to be unwise and that it tends to lessen the self-respect of a man who accepts a tip4 ,very truly yours1 7,signed7 ,,samuel ,,gompers1 ,american ,federation of ,labor4 ,this letter is interesting as revealing the attitude of many prominent ,americans1 namely1 that while they conform to the custom rather than be subjected to insults1 annoyance and poor service1 they really consider it inimical to self-respect4 ,,european ,,tips ,mr4 ,gompers in his letter said3 ,you have my permission to quote my opinion upon this subject in any way that you may desire1 and gave permission to have reproduced here the chapter in his book1 ,labor ,in ,europe and ,america1 which deals with tipping in ,europe1 as he encountered it in his investigations of labor conditions4 ,the chapter is entitled ,nuisances of ,european ,travel and is as follows3 ,having in previous letters given my impressions with regard to matters of more serious import1 ,i wish to say something about the almost hourly sufferings of ,american travelers in ,europe from mosquito bites4 ,to the sharp probes from these insects1 with the resultant pain1 fever and disgust1 the traveler is obliged to submit continually--at hotels and restaurants1 on the railroad and often elsewhere--as he goes seeing the sights4 ,to illustrate3 our party on arriving at ,the ,hague engaged two mosquitoes in the form of station porters to carry our hand-baggage to the bus of the ,hotel ,blank1 waiting at the curb of the station exit4 ,the station porters passed the valises over to the hotel bus porter at a point just within the station door4 ,nip6 nip6 by the two station porters4 ,,nip6 ,,nip6 ,when we arrived at the hotel door both the bus porter and the bus driver asked me for what they regarded as their due drop of blood4 ,nip6 nip6 ,within the door of the hotel the manager informed us that all his rooms had been engaged by telegraph1 but that he could give us good rooms at a clean hotel near by1 and we took them4 ,two hotel porters who had carried our bits of hand-baggage into the hotel lobby asked me1 as soon as the hotel manager had turned his back1 for their tribute4 ,nip6 nip6 ,yet another porter1 after taking the things a few steps down the street to the other hotel stood by in the hallway and waited to give us his nip4 ,seven gouges of silver change out of my pocket before we reached our rooms6 ,but the probes of the mosquito swarms of this hotel reached even further4 ,the little hotel charged us ,hotel ,blank rates for our rooms1 about double what would have been asked had we gone there direct and bargained for accommodations4 ,and the dinner at the ,hotel ,blank cost us half a florin apiece more than the price set down in the guide-book4 ,in this incident the reader sees some1 but not all1 of the methods of stinging which the hotel mosquitoes practice4 ,in ,berlin1 just at the moment of our departure1 the porter1 the gold-laced and brass-buttoned dignitary who browbeats lamblike guests at ,european hotel entrances1 handed us our laundry bill1 every article of which was charged double to treble ,new ,york prices4 ,in ,vienna1 tired of blood-letting to each mosquito separately in the group of servants always assembled about the door upon our departure--'the review' they themselves call this evolution--,i drew the manager aside and said3 ',i understand that there is a way of giving tips to all hands through the management4' 7,one bleeding as it were47 ',how much extra shall ,i give you8' ,he replied3 ',twenty per cent4 of your bill4' ,,bribe ,,and ,,be ,,happy ,i was rather tickled than bitten the first time ,i got a nip in a ,european railway train4 ,one of our party suggested that as the second-class places were crowded we should go into a first-class compartment and await results4 ,when the conductor1 in his jim-dandy uniform1 came along1 he was handed our second-class tickets and a mark--a silver coin worth a paltry twenty-five cents4 ,and he took our tickets and passed on without seeing for what class they called4 ,the vast possibilities of cheaply purchased privileges on future trips acted as a palliative to this little sting4 ,and the thought of what might happen if the traveler in ,america should try to overcome the virtue of one of our express-train conductors with a 'quarter' brought all our party to see the circumstance from a humorous point of view4 ,truth to relate1 it marked the beginning of a custom we followed--since we learned that it was general--of buying our way past any obstacle that appeared to interrupt the smoothness or comfort of our daily progress4 ,with a little silver we henceforth obtained concessions from grand-looking policemen1 soldiers on guard1 vergers in churches1 museum custodians4 ,it is a common custom for conductors on street cars in ,continental ,europe to hold out their hands to receive as a tip any small change due1 but first handed over to the passenger4 ,you may have your choice in ,european travel3 ,bribe and be otherwise happy and free1 or virtuously decline to bribe and be snubbed1 ordered about and forbidden to see things4 ,,borders ,,on ,,blackmail ,the tipping system1 bad as it is becoming in ,america1 is in ,europe universal and accepted by all classes of travelers as an inevitable nuisance4 ,it often borders on blackmail4 ,tippers go raving mad in recounting their wrongs under the tyrannies of the system1 the newspapers by turn rail or make merry over it1 the hotel keepers and other employers of the class have their excuse that they pay wages to their servants--but the tipping goes on forever4 ,why is it8 ,who is to blame8 ,these questions ,i have asked representative waiters--for representatives these men have1 many of them being organized into benefit societies and a small proportion in a sort of trade union4 ,but one answer was given4 ,the system is detestable to every man and woman of the serving class possessing the least degree of self-respect4 ,it is demoralizing to all who either give or receive tips4 ,the real beneficiaries of the system are the employers4 ,an end to it1 with a fair standard of wages1 would be a boon of the first order to employees1 a means of compelling hotel proprietors to put their business on a basis of fair dealing1 and an incalculable aid to the tranquillity and pleasure of the general public4 ,,moral ,,pirates ,i have often talked over the system of tipping with my fellow waiters1 said an educated man of the calling1 when ,i brought up the subject to him4 7,parenthetically1 perhaps1 ,i should say here that since this man speaks fluently and writes correctly four languages1 has traveled much and observed well on the great tourist routes of the world1 has studied some of the serious works of writers on sociology1 and has1 withal1 acquired agreeable manners1 he may be called educated4 ,without doubt1 had he a few thousands of vulgar dollars he might buy himself a title as ,baron and marry in our best society2 but he is above that2 he has a craving for walking in the light of truth47 ,all of us would like to see the system abolished1 he assured me1 except a small minority who in their moral make-up resemble pirates1 and who cruise in places where riches abound4 ,but the whole situation is one in which reform is most difficult4 ,among the people who patronize hotels and restaurants there is a considerable element that1 either for a week of frolic or during their lifelong holiday1 are regardless of the value of their tips1 and through their vanity enjoy throwing away a percentage of their ready money4 ,then1 also1 are those grateful for the little kindly attentions which a good waiter or porter knows how to bestow4 ,as for the proprietors and managers1 their business is based on tips as one of the considerable forms of revenue4 ,for instance1 in many ,german hotels the waiters are obliged to give the cashier five or more marks additional on every hundred marks of checks4 ,in ,austria1 at the larger restaurants the customers tip three persons after a meal--the head-waiter who collects the payments1 the waiter who serves and the piccolo or beer-boy4 ,the hotel management sells to the head-waiter the monopoly privilege of the tips4 ,the head-waiter then provides the newspapers and magazines on file1 the city directories1 time-tables and other books of reference called for by patrons1 and a part of the outfit of the waiters4 ,of course1 it is an old and true story1 that in the big restaurants of ,paris1 and to-day of other cities and fashionable watering-places1 the waiters pay so much cash a day for their jobs4 ,the pestering of guests to buy drinks comes1 not so much from commissions1 as from orders of the management that the custom of drinking at meals must be encouraged4 ,in ,germany it is usual at the larger restaurants to add half a mark to the cost of a meal if the guest drinks plain water only4 ,,too ,,many ,,servants ,european hotels generally take on more servants than are necessary4 ,it makes a showing of being prepared for big business4 ,then the servants must redouble their artful moves to extort tips4 ,porters not infrequently work without salary at all4 ,chambermaids1 who are paid by the month1 receive absurdly low pay4 ,financing a hotel or restaurant is based on the tips as a margin yielding on the average a fixed amount4 ,to make them reach the required sum all the employees are obliged to maneuver so as to put up a showing of earning the traveler's extra silver pieces4 ,coppers rarely are expected as tips now4 ,it has become common for railway station porters to demand half a franc for what once brought them a few sous or pfennigs4 ,one outcome of running a hotel on the tipping system developed to the point of bamboozling or worrying the guests out of petty extras at every turn is that each year there is an emigration of ,european waiters to ,america to get places in hotels taken by ,european managers1 who1 depending upon their servants to work the system at its worst for the guests1 can make a business pay both manager and landlord1 where an ,american manager1 paying wages1 would fail4 ,while shop-keepers have in the course of time been forced to adopt the one-price system1 the drift in the hotel business has been continuously away from the per diem rate4 ,another point--the big tourist agencies for ,european travel are certainly in some sort of partnership with the hotels for which they sell coupon tickets4 ,those on the inside of the hotel business in ,europe know that these hotels are patronized largely by ,americans1 spendthrifts on their trip staying a few days at a time and usually speaking ,english only1 and therefore disinclined to hunt up stopping-places for themselves4 ,hence at such hotels there is a harvest for everybody--a situation which eventually leads to bad food1 bad cooking1 bad service1 and a hold-up at every turn of the guest4 ,a ,,sorry ,,business ,in going over the possible method of a change for the better in this sorry business1 my waiter friend said that first of all he believed that a big trade union must be formed of hotel help4 ,tipping must give way to fair wages4 ,the public could give its share of assistance4 ,he recommended that the guests at either hotels or restaurants should follow these rules1 notes of which were taken on the spot4 ,patronize1 whenever possible1 the hotels and eating houses where tips are forbidden2 there are such places in ,england and on the continent4 ,refuse importunities for tips1 either through words or 'hanging around1' where there has been no service4 ,where1 for your own comfort you feel constrained to tip give the bare minimum4 ,whenever possible do not tip at all4 ,he added1 and ,i felt that he had me also in mind1 ,some easy-going natured people believe that they tip the nearest itching palm to them because of their sympathy with the poor4 ,reflection should teach them that there can sometimes be real charity without public demonstration4 ,true1 church people might1 with this purpose1 give through their own congregational agencies4 ,in ,london1 the ,american traveler wishing to do the best with his withheld tip-appropriation1 might send it to the ,westminster ,children's ,aid ,society2 ,in ,rome1 to the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals2 ,in ,berlin1 to the semi-public lodging houses4 ,everywhere1 trade-unionists can always give first to the genuine and pressing claims of their own organizations4 ,but1 of course1 if the tipper1 gives1 not from motives of good-heartedness1 but mere vanity1 all advice is thrown away on him4 ,the hotel keeper will continue growing rich on him and despising him4 ,other folks in ,europe may have good reason to tell him1 what a plain spoken ,swiss citizen told a friend of mine3 ,you ,americans with your dirty dollars are ruining my country4 ,,vanity1 ,,all ,,is ,,vanity6 ,mr4 ,gompers in this chapter from his book has shed much light on the ethics1 economics and psychology of tipping4 ,the deliberate1 shameless exploitation of the public by employers and employees is revealed4 ,no ground to stand upon is left to the tip givers except vanity1 and the pernicious influence of the custom1 to patron1 employee and employer1 is so unmistakable that the doom of the custom is as certain as was slavery1 when the ,american conscience once squarely faces the issue4 ,hotel and restaurant managers in our cities have employed ,european waiters upon the theory that the native ,american has too much independence and self-respect4 ,the ,european waiters have multiplied the tip-giving propensity in ,america and have established their undemocratic sovereignty over our public hospitality4 ,inasmuch as a certain element of ,americans think that the last word in social propriety originates in ,europe1 when these ,european servitors are transplanted1 gold lace and all1 to ,america1 they hasten to enlarge their tips to the point which they assume these servitors consider proper4 ,the astonishing feature of the ,european situation is that the ,european patrons of hotels do not themselves tip within a tenth of the largess bestowed by ,american tourists4 ,the ,american tourist is fair game to the ,european hotel1 which trebles its regular rates the moment he appears4 ,a native of the country1 however1 can have identically the same accommodations for one-third of the ,american's bill1 and his tips are a bagatelle in comparison4 ,the situation may be changed by an organization of employees1 but reform will come most speedily whenever the public1 which pays the bill1 decides to withhold the tribute4 ,,xvii ,,the ,,way ,,out ,summarizing the case against tipping1 the following facts stand out prominently3 #a4 ,flunkyism is rampant in the ,american democracy and this aristocratic influence is undermining republican ideals and institutions4 #b4 ,flunkyism1 in the form of tipping1 is kept alive by the courts on the plea of personal liberty4 #c4 ,tipping nowadays is of precisely the same morality as paying tribute to the ,barbary ,pirates was in ,jefferson's day1 which the ,american conscience finally abolished4 #d4 ,on the economic side1 tipping is wrong because it is payment for no service1 or double payment for one service2 thereby causing the exchange of wealth without a mutual gain4 #e4 ,tipping is ethically wrong because one person accepts payment for a service not rendered1 or for a service which the employer already has paid to have performed4 ,and because gratuities destroy self-respect4 #f4 ,the hold which tipping has upon the public is due to unscrupulous appeals to generosity1 pride and fear of violating conventional social usage4 #g4 ,the public is exploited deliberately through books on social propriety which emphasize the custom1 or which advise conformity thereto for the sake of peace and comfort4 #h4 ,the exploitation of the public is aided by the visualization of the custom in moving pictures and on the stage where it is treated humorously4 #i4 ,employees defend tipping upon the ground that it compensates them for extra services not covered in their wages4 ,an examination of individual instances shows this contention to be false in a vast majority of the number examined4 #aj4 ,employers defend the custom on the ground that the public insists upon giving gratuities and they must face competition based upon that condition4 ,but it is shown that employers openly profit by the custom and secretly encourage it4 #aa4 ,one metropolitan hotel has blazed the way to reform by guaranteeing that its guests will not be annoyed or neglected if tips are not given4 ,this partial step toward the abolition of the custom is possible everywhere if employers are sincere in their profession of antipathy for the custom4 #ab4 ,our democratic government permits its officers and employees to accept gratuities1 thereby stultifying the spirit of the ,declaration of ,independence and the ,constitution4 #ac4 ,the conscience of the people as reflected in the laws adopted or offered against tipping is sound and needs only to be led to an adequate expression4 ,there are abundant indications of a widespread distaste for the custom but the sentiment is unorganized and inarticulate4 #ad4 ,the head of the labor movement in ,america declares that tipping is undesirable as a system of compensation for employees and destroys the self-respect of those who give or receive the gratuities4 #ae4 ,a national organization of those interested in this reform should be brought into being with effective state auxiliaries4 ,,better ,,organization ,,needed ,the last proposition constitutes the way out of the present undesirable situation4 ,when it is remembered that the anti-tipping propaganda heretofore has lacked organization and direction it is not surprising that the laws adopted against the custom and the spasmodic public irritation over it have fizzled out4 ,with the same organization behind this movement that has been given to the anti-saloon movement1 or the suffrage movement1 tipping would be vanquished in an astonishingly short time4 ,there is no doubt there is sufficient latent opposition to tipping to form the basis of an anti-tipping organization4 ,it may be called ,the ,american ,anti-,tipping ,association1 or by any other name1 and it should embrace in its membership not only those who are opposed to giving tips1 but those servants and workers who are opposed to receiving tips1 and also all other persons of any race or creed whose conception of true ,americanism does not include approval of this custom4 ,,not ,a ,,war ,,against ,,persons ,the object of such an organization should not be to wage war on persons1 but on a custom4 ,there is no need for hostility against waiters1 barbers1 porters and the like as a class4 ,many of these heartily oppose the custom and will join in a movement to eradicate it4 ,hence1 the campaign should be to readjust the basis of compensation of those who serve the public so that self-respect may be preserved all around4 ,nothing less than a fair wage as a substitute for the present tipping system of compensation would be considered4 ,having made the foregoing point clear at the outset1 much resentment among servitors would be eliminated4 ,no one has a desire to deprive a waiter of an adequate compensation1 but no one has a desire to give him an excessive compensation through gratuities1 or a compensation which depresses his self-respect in the manner of receiving and humiliates the patron in the manner of giving4 ,employers would need to be informed1 too1 that the campaign against tipping is not to throw an unjust burden of operating expense upon them4 ,it will indeed deprive them of any revenues which they should not1 economically or ethically1 receive from the public through gratuities to employees4 ,the substitution of a wage scale will be attended by economic changes which at first may cause some unsettled conditions1 but this is inevitable when an unsound practice has been allowed to grow unrestrained in the business world4 ,,public ,,opinion ,one of the first aims of such an organization would be to bring public opinion to bear upon city1 state and national governments to inspire them to clean house in regard to tipping4 ,no government employee should be permitted to accept any compensation other than his salary or wages from the government4 ,mail carriers1 policemen1 garbage collectors1 guides and other government employees are paid adequately and gratuities to them from the public are indefensible1 in any country1 and supremely so in the ,american democracy4 ,the public1 of course1 will need to revise its attitude toward these and all persons who serve them4 ,the feeling that a traffic policeman whom you pass in your automobile every day should be remembered with a gift of money or anything else substantial at ,christmas1 or upon any other occasion is false sentiment4 ,he is due nothing except courtesy all the time from the public1 which1 through taxes1 already has provided his compensation4 ,the feeling that a mail carrier whom you see daily1 or a garbage collector1 must be similarly remembered is equally false sentiment4 ,the ideal is a relation in which patron and employee1 public and government employee1 entertain mutual opinions of self-respect1 and regardless of how distasteful this may be to class sense1 or aristocratic impulses1 it is the ,american standard and the right standard4 ,,promoting ,,legislation ,an organization opposed to tipping would have as its further objects the promotion of legislation against the custom and the protection of the public in the enjoyment of its rights at law4 ,if so many ,states have adopted laws as a spontaneous expression of ,americanism1 it may be assumed that with organized public sentiment1 and educated public sentiment all the ,states will get in line4 ,there will be abundant financial resources behind such an organization4 ,those who oppose tipping have been silent but they have felt keenly and will contribute liberally toward the advancement of the cause4 ,and when such an organization actually proves its efficacy in protecting the public1 its ranks will be augmented overwhelmingly4 ,the protection hinted at is the kind that would take up specific instances of neglect of patrons who do not give tips4 ,thus1 if a member should be neglected or insulted in a hotel after he had failed to bestow a gratuity1 the organization1 upon investigation1 would assume the task of correcting the situation at law4 ,even where there is no statute against tipping1 the common law guarantees the right of a patron to fair and equal service1 and the organization could enforce this right in the courts4 ,naturally1 great care and good judgment would be needed to prevent an injustice to proprietors and employees4 ,often patrons exact more service than they are entitled to1 and in such a situation the organization would be ranged on the side of the employee4 ,those who desire a condition where they may run rough-shod over servitors have a mistaken idea of the anti-tipping ideal4 ,the employer is required to have employees who will give cheerful1 adequate service1 but within the limits of reason1 and the selfish1 domineering1 patron is an evil which must be restrained as effectually as the waiter who surreptitiously insults patrons who do not tip4 ,,to ,,prevent ,,complaint ,surveying the vast field of tipping one may wonder how any organization could offer protection to the numberless patrons who might complain4 ,the answer is that the organization would be as widespread as the custom4 ,every town and city would have its local organization with an attorney to prosecute violations4 ,but it is reasonable to presume that when public opinion is once thoroughly aroused and organized1 and a few prosecutions have been successful1 that employers and employees1 who do not voluntarily reform their practices1 will see the light4 ,as deep-rooted as the custom seems1 it really rests on insecure foundations and will crumble before any real attack4 ,the average ,american1 be he barber1 waiter or porter1 has enough inherent understanding of democracy to know that the custom is wrong4 ,he will get his as long as an easy-going public will stand for the exaction1 but will not be a formidable opponent4 ,the imported ,european waiter will present more obstinate fondness for the custom1 having been nurtured in the aristocratic school1 but his opposition can be handled4 ,the most difficult type will be the class of patrons who delight in playing the role of ,lady ,bountiful or ,gentleman ,generous4 ,their pride will be restrained from buying servility from other ,americans4 ,and wealthy proprietors1 who cater to this class and the intermediate class which ape the smart set1 will cling to the custom because of their pecuniary interest therein4 ,but the average ,american and his vigorous sense of democracy will be adequate to the task of controlling all elements adverse to the republic4 ,the campaign against tipping is much more than a purpose to save the money given in gratuities4 ,its idealism aims to reach the very pinnacle of republican society--the destiny toward which #aggf started us4 ,the mountain peaks of pride will have to be pulled down and the valleys of false humility will have to be lifted up1 while the impulses to greed and avarice will have to be rebuked until every ,american can say3 ,if ,i must build my pride upon another man's humility1 ,i will not be proud2 ,if ,i must build my strength upon another man's weakness1 ,i will not be strong2 ,if ,i must build my success upon another man's failure1 ,i will not succeed6 ,,index ,,arguments ,,for ,,tipping1 #bf1 #bh ,,baggagemen1 #gf ,,barbary ,,pirates1 ,,the1 #ae ,,barber1 ,,the1 #bi ,,barber-,,shop ,,porters1 #gi ,,bath ,,attendants1 #hf ,,bell-,,boys1 #cb1 #fi1 #ajd ,,better ,,organization ,,needed1 #afj ,,bible1 ,,the1 ,,against ,,tipping1 #de ,,blackmail1 #aej ,,bootblacks1 #ff1 #gh ,,caste ,,and ,,class1 #dg ,,chambermaids1 #aec ,,chauffeurs1 #cc ,,christmas ,,tips1 #aaf1 #aai ,,cloakroom ,,tactics1 #eb ,,clubs1 #aai ,,commissions1 ,,splitting1 #dc ,,courts1 ,,the1 ,,and ,,tipping1 #abf ,,custom ,,above ,,law1 #abc ,,democracy ,,and ,,tipping1 #ch1 #dh1 #aad1 #aff ,,door ,,men1 #ha ,,economics ,,of ,,tipping1 #bf1 #bh ,,elevator ,,men1 #fa1 #ha ,,employee ,,viewpoint1 ,,the1 #gc ,,employer ,,viewpoint1 ,,the1 #hh ,,employers1 can control1 #ajb conspiracy by1 #ij retain tips1 #hf1 #ij1 #aeb three kinds of1 #hh who profit by tips1 #hi1 #aje ,,equality ,,and ,,uniformity1 #aae ,,etiquette ,,books foster tipping1 #eh ,,european ,,tips1 #adf train conductors1 #adi ,,fear1 as a reason for tipping1 #ee ,,flunkyism ,,in ,,america1 #g ,,free ,,and ,,equal1 #aac ,,garbage ,,collectors1 #aaf1 #aah ,,generosity1 as a reason for tipping1 #ea misguided1 #aag ,,gentleman1 what is a81 #cg would he accept tips81 #cg ,,golden ,,rule1 ,,the1 #aai ,,gompers1 ,,samuel1 on tipping1 #add ,,government ,,hotels1 tipping in1 #abj the1 and tipping1 #aac ,,governor ,,whitman against tips1 #dj ,,graft1 honest1 #de taught by tipping1 #db ,,guest',s ,,right1 ,,the1 #ajd ,,guides1 #ha ,,harry ,,lauder against tipping1 #da ,,hatboys1 #hb ,,honest ,,graft1 #de ,,hospitality1 false1 #aja ,,hotel1 ,the1 #cj fees1 #ei hospitality1 #fb1 #aja theory and practice1 #cb tipless1 #ig1 #adf ,,house ,,servants1 #fd ,,hush ,,money1 #db ,,ideal ,,law1 ,the1 #acb ,,illinois ,,law1 ,the1 #ia ,compromise1 ,the1 #ach ,,iowa ,,law1 ,the1 #abd ,,itching ,,palm1 ,the1 #h1 #aj1 #ai1 #ca1 #gj1 #gb ,,janitors1 #hc ,,lady1 ,what is a81 #cg would she accept tips1 #cg ,,laws against ,tipping1 #abb ,,legalized ,,robbery1 #adj ,,legislation1 ,promoting1 #afd ,,literature of ,tipping1 ,the1 #eh ,,mail ,,carriers1 #aaf ,,manicurists1 #hd ,,massachusetts1 ,in1 #ada ,,merchants against tips1 #dd ,,messengers1 #he ,,millions ,,for ,,defense1 #ag ,,moral ,,pirates1 #aea ,,movies1 the1 and tipping1 #fi ,,musicians1 #ff ,,nebraska ,,act1 ,the1 #acd ,,not ,a ,,war ,against ,persons1 #afa ,,no ,,tip ,,policy1 barber shops1 #hi hotels1 #hi1 #ig1 #adg restaurants1 #hi ,,ocean ,,voyages1 tipping on1 #fe ,,one ,,compensation1 ,one ,service1 #ce1 #ee ,,organization ,,needed1 #afj ,,personal ,,liberty1 #aj1 #ac ,,personnel ,,and ,,distribution1 #ai ,,policemen1 #aaf1 #aai ,,porters1 #adg1 #aec ,pullman1 #ajh ,,price ,,of ,,pride1 ,the1 #cg ,,pride1 as a reason for tipping1 #ed ,,private ,,houses1 tipping in1 #fd ,,psychology ,,of ,,tipping1 ,the1 #dg ,,pullman ,,company1 ,the1 #aje investigated1 #ajf ,,public ,,opinion1 #afb ,,reasons for tipping1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee ,,recipients opposed to ,tipping1 #ci1 #add1 #aej ,,remedy for ,tipping1 #ee1 #id1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aeh ,,rich ,,american ,,myth1 ,the1 #fg ,,ship',s ,,doctor1 ,the1 #fg ,,sleeping-,,car ,,phase1 ,the1 #aje ,,solution1 a ,reasonable1 #id ,,south ,,carolina ,,law1 ,the1 #abi ,,splitting ,,commissions1 #dc ,,stage1 ,the1 and ,tipping1 #fh1 #gb ,,statistics of ,tipping money given in tips1 #h number of tip-takers1 #g tips in ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 #ag1 #bb tips in other cities1 #ba tip-taking classes1 #ai1 #bj ,,statler ,,hotel1 ,the1 #ig ,,stenographers1 #hf ,,stewards1 ,ship1 #ff ,,street ,,cleaners1 #aah ,,tennessee ,,law1 ,the1 #acf ,,tipping and ,americanism1 #aa1 #hg1 #aej and democracy1 #g1 #ch1 #dh1 #aac and labor1 #add1 #ade and morals1 #if1 #aeh and patriotism1 #ef and personal liberty1 #aj1 #ac and public opinion1 #afb and slavery1 #aa1 #ej and the ,bible1 #de and the caste system1 #dg and the courts1 #abf and the wage system1 #ge1 #ajg arguments for1 #bf1 #bh and a training school for graft1 #db in private houses1 #fd in the movies1 #fi ,laws ,against1 #abc ,literature of1 ,the1 #eh ,merchants opposed to1 #dd on ocean voyages1 #fe on the stage1 #fh psychology of1 the1 #dg real reasons for1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee recipients opposed to1 #ci1 #add1 #aej remedy for1 #ee1 #id1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aeh ,,tip ,,privileges ,sold1 #ij1 #aeb ,,tip-,,takers1 ,partial ,list of1 #ai numbers by cities1 #ba ,,tip ,,trust1 ,the1 #ib ,,tribute1 ,not ,one ,cent for1 #ag ,,wages ,,versus ,,tips1 #ge1 #ajg ,,waiter1 ,the1 #bg can he be a gentleman81 #cg ,,waiters1 ,european1 #aej1 #aef ,,waitresses1 #ei ,,walsh ,,commission1 ,the1 #aaa ,,washington ,,law1 ,the1 #abb ,,way ,,out1 ,the1 #aeh ,,wisconsin ,,bill1 ,the1 #abe ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,the1 #ajd ,transcriber's ,note3 ,spelling and hyphenation have been retained as in the original publication4 ,on page #gd1 asumed in attitude asumed by servitors has been changed to assumed4