,,coal2 ,,& ,,:at ,,we ,,get ,,f ,,x4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,coal ,,& ,,:at ,,we ,,get ,,f ,,x4 ,a ,romance ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,,exp&$ ,,f ,,! ,,notes ,,( ,a ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,!atre ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,in/itution1 ,,jan4 #bj?1 #ahij4 ,,by ,,raphael ,,meldola1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,c41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,f9sbury ,,te*nical ,,college1 ,,city ,,& ,,guilds ,,( ,,london ,,in/itute4 ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,education ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k4 ,,london3 ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k1 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 ,,*>+ ,,cross1 ,w4,c42 #dc1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,brighton3 #ace1 ,,nor? ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,"y ,,co4 #ahia4 ,,to ,,william ,,h5ry ,,p]k91 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,coal-,,t> ,,col\r ,,indu/ry1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,?is is nei!r a te*nical manual1 nor a treatise deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( a p>ticul> bran* ( appli$ sci5ce1 b x p>takes some:at ( ! "* ( bo?4 ,x is an attempt--p]haps some:at bold--to pres5t 9 a popul> =m an acc\nt ( ! great indu/ry :i* has aris5 out ( ! wa/e f ! gas-works4 ,9 ! /ricte/ s5se x is a romance ( dirt4 ,to r5d] intelligible ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! indu/ry1 )\t assum+ any k ( *emical sci5ce on ! "p ( ! g5]al read]1 has by no means be5 an easy task1 & ,i h great misgiv+s z to ! success ( my ef=t4 ,b !re is s mu* misappreh5sion conc]n+ ! hi/ory & ! mode ( production ( col\r+-matt]s f coal-t>1 t any attempt to /rip ! indu/ry ( its my/]y 9 ?is1 ! l& ( its bir?1 _c b f9d ju/ification4 ,al?\gh ! !me is a fav\rite "o ) popul> lectur]s1 x is g5]ally treat$ 9 a sup]ficial way1 leav+ ! audi5ce only 9 possession ( ! b>e fact t dye/uffs1 c41 h by "s means or o!r be5 obta9$ f coal-t>4 ,i h endeav\r$ to g some:at beyond ?is1 & to give "s notion ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples und]ly+ ! subject4 ,if ! read] c foll[ ^! pages1 9 :i* n a *emical =mula appe>s1 ) ! same int]e/ & ) ! same desire to "k m ab\t ! subject t 0 manife/$ by ! audi5ce at ! ,london ,in/itution1 be=e :om ! lecture 0 deliv]$1 my object w h be5 accompli%$4 ,to ! ,bo>d ( ,manag]s ( t ,in/itution my ?anks are due = ! opportunity :i* !y h af=d$ me ( attempt+ to ext5d t popul> k ( appli$ sci5ce = :i* !re is su* a heal?y crav+ 9 ! public m9d at ! pres5t "t4 ,r4 ,m4 #f ,brunswick ,squ>e1 ,w4,c4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,orig9 ( ,coal1 #i4 ,coal ( v>i\s ages1 #aa4 ,graphite1 #ab4 ,rec5t ,vegetable ,deposits1 #ac4 ,mode ( occurr5ce ( ,coal1 #ac4 ,/ructure ( ,coal1 #ae4 ,uses ( ,coal1 #af4 ,coal a s\rce ( ,en]gy1 #ag4 ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat1 #ai4 ,value ( ,coal z a ,fuel1 #bj4 ,small effici5cy ( ,/eam-eng9es1 #ba4 ,me*anical value ( ,coal1 #bb4 ,:5ce ,coal d]ives its ,en]gy1 #bb4 ,*emical ,composition ( ,coal1 #bc4 ,gr[? ( ,plants1 #bf4 ,sol> ,en]gy1 #bh4 ,trans=mation ( ,wood into ,coal1 #cj4 ,de/ructive ,di/illation ( ,coal1 #cc4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,be*]1 #cd2 ( ,dean ,clayton1 #ce2 ( ,/eph5 ,hales1 #cg2 ( ,bi%op ,watson1 #cg2 ( ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 #ci4 ,coal-gas introduc$ by ,murdo*1 #dj4 ,spread ( ! new ,illum9ant1 #da4 ,manufacture ( ,coal-gas1 #db4 ,quantitative results1 #de4 ,uses ( ,coke1 #dg4 ,goe!'s visit to ,/auf1 #dh4 ,bi%op ,watson on wa/e f ,coke-ov5s1 #ej4 ,%ale-oil ,indu/ry1 #ej4 ,hi/ory ( ,coal-m9+1 #eg4 ,introduction ( ,coal into ,london1 #eh4 ,! ,coal res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #fj4 ,competition betwe5 ,electricity & ,coal-gas1 #fb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ammoniacal ,liquor ( ,gas-works1 #fd4 ,orig9 ( ! ,ammonia1 #fe4 ,ammonia z a ,f]tiliz]1 #fe4 ,o!r uses ( ,ammonia1 #fg4 ,annual production ( ,ammonia1 #fh4 ,utilization ( ,coal-t>1 #fi4 ,! ,creosot+ ( ,timb]1 #gj4 ,e>ly uses ( ! ,light ,t> ,oils1 #ga4 ,discov]y ( ,b5z5e by ,f>aday2 isolation f ,t> ,oil by ,h(mann & ,mansfield1 #gc4 ,discov]y ( ,mauve by ,p]k91 #gd4 ,hi/ory ( ,anil9e1 #ge4 ,! ,di/illation ( ,coal-t>1 #gg4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,hydroc>bons ( ! ,b5z5e ,s]ies1 #hb4 ,manufacture ( ,anil9e & ,toluid9e1 #hg4 ,hi/ory & ,manufacture ( ,mag5ta1 #hi4 ,blue1 ,violet1 & ,gre5 ,dyes f ,mag5ta1 #ib4 ,! ,triph5ylme?ane ,gr\p1 #ig4 ,! ,az9es1 #ajh4 ,lau?'s ,violet & ,me?yl5e ,blue1 #aaa4 ,anil9e ,black1 #aad4 ,introduction ( ,azo-dyes1 #aae4 ,anil9e ,yell[1 ,man*e/] ,br[n1 & ,*rysoid9e1 #aah4 ,! ,indul9es1 #aba4 ,*ronological ,summ>y1 #abb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,natural ,s\rces ( ,indigo1 #abd4 ,syn!ses ( ! ,col\r+-matt]1 #abf4 ,c>bolic ,oil1 its treatm5t & its con/itu5ts1 #abi4 ,ph5ol ,dyes1 #acb4 ,salicylic ,acid & its uses1 #acd4 ,picric ,acid1 #acf4 ,naph?al5e & its applications1 #aci4 ,! ,albo-c>bon ,light1 #adj4 ,ph?alic ,acid & ! ,ph?ale9s1 #ade4 ,magdala ,r$1 #adi4 ,azo-dyes f ! ,naph?ols1 ,naph?ylam9es1 & _! ,sulpho-acids1 #aej4 ,naph?ol ,gre51 ! ,oxaz9es1 & ! ,indoph5ols1 #afa4 ,creosote ,oil1 #afc4 ,! ,lucig5 ,burn]1 #afc4 ,an?rac5e ,oil1 #afg4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,artificial ,aliz>91 & its effects on ,madd] gr[+1 #afg4 ,! indu/rial isolation ( ,an?rac5e & its conv]sion into ,col\r+-matt]s1 #aga4 ,pit*1 & its uses1 #agf4 ,pat5t ,fuel1 or ,briquettes1 #agh4 ,coal-t> products 9 ,ph>macy1 #agh4 ,aromatic ,p]fumes1 #ahe4 ,coal-t> ,sac*>91 #ahf4 ,coal-t> ,products 9 ,photography1 #ahh4 ,coal-t> ,products 9 ,biology1 #aib4 ,value ( ! ,coal-t> ,indu/ry1 #aid4 ,! ,coal-t> ,indu/ry 9 relation to pure ,sci5ce1 #aif4 ,p]man5ce ( ! ,artificial ,col\r+-matt]s1 #aih4 ,*ronological ,summ>y1 #bjj4 ,add5dum1 #bjb4 ,,coal2 ,,& ,,:at ,,we ,,get ,,f ,,x4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,hi] #agga f& si* e9e zusamm5ha5g5de ,(5reihe1 wo ,/e9kohl5 abges*wefelt und zum ,gebrau* bei ,eis5w]k5 taugli* gema*t w]d5 sollt52 alle9 zu glei*] ,zeit wollte man ,oel und ,h>z au* zu ,gute ma*51 ja sog> d5 ,russ ni*t miss51 und s unt]lag d5 vielfa*5 ,absi*t5 alles zusamm54--,goe!1 ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,book ,x4 ,to get at ! orig9 ( ! famili> fuel :i* blazes 9 our grates ) su* lavi% wa/e ( heat1 & pollutes ! atmosph]e ( our t[ns ) its unconsum$ p>ticles1 we mu/ 9 imag9ation travel backw>ds ?r\gh ! c\rse ( "t to a v remote p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,ages be=e man1 or ! species ( animals & plants :i* are contemporane\s ) him1 _h appe>$ ^u ! globe1 !re fl\ri%$ a vegetation n only rem>kable = its luxuriance1 b also = ! circum/ance t x consi/$ to a prepond]at+ ext5t ( non-fl[]+ or cryptogamic plants4 ,9 swampy areas1 su* z ! deltas at ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 or 9 %all[ lagoons bord]+ a coa/ m>g91 ! jungles ( f]ns & tree-f]ns1 club-mosses & horse-tails1 s$ges1 grasses1 c41 grew & di$ d[n ye> by ye>1 =m+ a consolidat$ mass ( vegetable matt] mu* 9 ! same way t a peat b$ or a mangrove swamp is accumulat+ organic deposits at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( geological *ange ^! b$s ( compress$ vegetation became gradually depress$1 s t m>9e or fre%-wat] s$im5t 0 deposit$ ov] !m1 & !n once m ! vegetation spread & fl\ri%$ to furni% ano!r accumulation ( vegetable matt]1 :i* 9 its turn became subm]g$ & buri$ "u s$im5t1 & s on 9 successive alt]nations ( organic & s$im5t>y deposits4 ,b ^! conditions ( climate1 & ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] fav\rable to ! accumulation ( l>ge deposits ( vegetable matt]1 gradually gave way to a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,! animals & plants adapt$ to ! p>ticul> conditions ( exi/5ce describ$ above gave rise to desc5dants modifi$ to meet ! new conditions ( life4 ,enorm\s ?icknesses ( o!r deposits 7 laid d[n ov] ! b$s ( vegetable rema9s & _! int]calat$ /rata ( clay1 %ale1 s&/one1 & lime/one4 ,! *apt] ( ! e>?'s hi/ory ?us seal$ up & /[$ away among h] geological records relates to a p]iod n[ kn[n z ! ,c>bonif]\s1 because ( ! preval5ce ( seams or b$s ( coal ?r\gh\t ! =mation at c]ta9 levels4 ,by ! sl[ process ( *emical decomposition )\t access ( air1 modifi$ also by ! me*anical pressure ( sup]9cumb5t =mations1 ! vegetable deposits accumulat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ h1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 become trans=m$ into ! sub/ance n[ famili> to u z coal4 ,al?\gh coal is ?us ess5tially a product ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 x mu/ n be conclud$ t ?is m9]al is f\nd 9 no o!r geological =mation4 ,! conditions fav\rable = ! deposition ( b$s ( vegetable matt] h prevail$ aga9 & aga91 at v>i\s p]iods ( geological "t & on diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 al?\gh !re is at pres5t no di/9ct evid5ce t su* a luxuriant gr[? ( vegetation1 comb9$ ) ! o!r necess>y conditions1 has ev] exi/$ at any o!r p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,?us 9 ! v olde/ rocks ( ,canada & ! nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 /rata :i* take u back to ! dawn ( geological hi/ory1 !re is f\nd abundance ( ! m9]al graphite1 ! sub/ance f :i* black-lead p5cils are made1 :i* is almo/ pure c>bon4 ,n[ mo/ geologi/s admit t graphite repres5ts ! c>bon :i* =m$ "p ( ! woody tissue ( plants t liv$ dur+ ^? remote times1 s t ?is m9]al repres5ts coal 9 ! ultimate /age ( c>bonization4 ,9 "s few in/ances true coal has be5 f\nd conv]t$ into graphite 9 situ by ! intrusion ( ve9s ( volcanic rock 7basalt71 s t ! connection betwe5 ! two m9]als is m ?an a m]e matt] ( surmise4 ,!n aga9 we h coal ( pre-,c>bonif]\s age 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 ?is be+ ( c\rse y\ng] 9 po9t ( "t ?an ! graphite ( ! ,ar*aean rocks4 ,coal ( po/-,c>bonif]\s date is f\nd 9 b$s ( ,p]mian age 9 ,bav>ia1 ( ,triassic age 9 ,g]many1 9 ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,york%ire belong+ to ! ,jurassic p]iod1 & 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s deposits ( nor?-we/]n ,g]many4 ,com+ d[n to m rec5t geological p]iods1 we h a coal seam ( ov] ?irty feet 9 ?ickness 9 ! nor!rn ,tyrol ( ,eoc5e age2 we h br[n coal deposits ( ,oligoc5e age 9 ,belgium & ,au/ria1 &1 mo/ rem>kable ( all1 coal has be5 f\nd ( ,mioc5e1 t is1 mid-,t]ti>y age1 9 ! ,arctic regions ( ,gre5l& )9 a few degrees ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,?us ! =mation ( coal appe>s to h be5 go+ on 9 "o area or ano!r ev] s9ce vegetable life appe>$ on ! globe1 & 9 ! peat bogs1 delta jungles1 & mangrove swamps ( ! pres5t "t we may be said to h ! deposition ( pot5tial coal deposits = future ages n[ go+ on4 ,al?\gh 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w coal seams ( pre-,c>bonif]\s age (t5 rea* ! dignity ( workable ?ickness1 ! coal work$ 9 ?is c\ntry is entirely ( ,c>bonif]\s date4 ,aft] ! explanation ( ! mode ( =mation ( coal :i* has be5 giv51 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by a section ?r\gh any ( our coal measures w be readily intelligible 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,we f9d seams ( coal sep>at$ by b$s ( s&/one1 lime/one1 or %ale repres5t+ ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea & ! deposition ( m>9e or e/u>9e s$im5t ov] ! b$s ( vegetable rema9s4 ,! seams ( coal1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to ?ree or f\r feet1 always re/ on a b$ ( clay1 kn[n te*nically z ! und]clay1 :i* repres5ts ! soil on :i* ! plants orig9ally grew4 ,9 "s in/ances ! seams ( coal ) _! ?9 p>t+s ( clay rea* an aggregate ?ickness ( tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,9 _m cases ! v roots ( ! trees are f\nd upright 9 a fossiliz$ condition 9 ! und]clay1 & c be trac$ upw>ds into ! ov]ly+ coal b$s2 or ! completely c>boniz$ trunk is f\nd erect 9 ! position 9 :i* ! tree liv$ & di$ 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,section ?r\gh ,c>bonif]\s /rata %[+ seams ( coal4 ,dislocations1 or faults1 s common 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 are %[n at ,h1 ,t1 & ,f4 ,intrusions ( igne\s rock are %[n at ,d4 ,at ,b is %[n ! coalesc5ce ( two seams1 & at ,n ! local ?9n+ ( ! seam4 ,! v]tical l9es indicate ! %afts ( coal m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,section %[+ coal seams & upright trunks atta*$ to roots 9 situ4 ,a'1 ,a''1 ,a'''1 b$s ( %ale4 ,b1 coal seams4 ,c1 und]clay4 ,d1 s&/one4 ,ow+ to ! *emical & me*anical =ces to :i* ! orig9al vegetable deposit has be5 subject$1 ! organic /ructure ( coal has = ! mo/ "p be5 lo/4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 portions ( leaves1 /ems1 & ! /ructure ( woody fibre c be detect$1 & ?9 sections (t5 %[ ! pres5ce ( spore-cases ( club-mosses 9 su* numb]s t c]ta9 k9ds ( coal appe> to be entirely compos$ ( su* rema9s4 ,b al?\gh coal itself n[ furni%es b little direct evid5ce ( its vegetable orig91 ! int]/ratifi$ clays1 %ales1 & o!r deposits (t5 ab\nd ) fossiliz$ plant rema9s 9 e /ate ( pres]vation1 f ! mo/ delicate f]n frond to ! pro/rate tree trunk _m y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,x is f su* evid5ce t our k ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora has be5 *iefly d]iv$4 ,n[ ?is c>boniz$ vegetation ( a pa/ age1 ! hi/ory ( :i* has be5 briefly sket*$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( our indu/rial supremacy z a nation4 ,we use x z fuel = g5]at+ ! /eam :i* drives our eng9es1 or = ! production ( heat :]ev] heat is want$4 ,9 metallurgical op]ations we consume enorm\s quantities ( coal = extract+ metals f _! ores1 ?is consumption be+ especially great 9 ! case ( iron smelt+4 ,= ?is la/ op]ation "s k9ds ( raw coal are unsuitable1 & su* coal is conv]t$ into coke be=e be+ us$ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,! fact t ! iron ore & ! coal occur 9 ! same di/rict is ano!r cause ( our high rank z a manufactur+ nation4 ,x has (t5 be5 a matt] ( wond] t iron ore & ! mat]ial ess5tial = extract+ ! metal f x %\ld be f\nd associat$ toge!r1 b x is mo/ likely t ?is comb9ation ( circum/ances1 :i* has be5 s =tunate = our indu/rial prosp]ity1 is n a m]e matt] ( accid5t1 b ! result ( cause & effect4 ,x is1 9 fact1 probable t ! iron ore owes its orig9 to ! r$uction & precipitation ( iron comp\nds by ! decompos+ vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 & ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( ! b&s ( iron/one 9 ! same deposits ) ! coal4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! area 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& kn[n z ! ,weald 0 ?ickly wood$1 ! t[ns & villages ( ?is di/rict 7 ! *ief c5tres ( ! iron manufacture4 ,! ore1 :i* 0 ( a diff]5t k9d to t f\nd 9 ! coal-fields1 0 smelt$ by means ( ! *>coal obta9$ f ! wood ( ! ,weald5 =e/s1 & ! manufacture l+]$ on 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ,surrey till late 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ! rail+s r\nd ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 be+ made f ! la/ ( ! ,sussex iron4 ,:5 ! nor!rn coal-fields came to be ext5sively work$1 & iron/one 0 f\nd s conv5i5tly at h&1 ! ,weald5 iron manufacture decl9$1 & 9 _m places 9 ! di/rict we n[ f9d disus$ furnaces & heaps ( buri$ slag z ! la/ witnesses ( an ext9ct indu/ry4 ,f coal we n only get me*anical "w :5 we burn x to g5]ate heat "u a /eam boil]1 b we also get *emical "w out ( x :5 we employ x to r$uce a metallic ore1 or :5 we make use ( x z a s\rce ( c>bon 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 *emical products1 su* z ! alkalies4 ,we h !re=e 9 coal a sub/ance :i* supplies u ) ! p[] ( do+ "w1 ei!r me*anical1 *emical1 or "s o!r =m1 & any?+ :i* does ?is is said to be a s\rce ( en]gy4 ,x is a famili> doctr9e ( mod]n sci5ce t en]gy1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( en]gy c be conv]t$ into "o ano!r1 su*1 = example1 z *emical en]gy into heat or electricity1 heat into me*anical "w or electricity1 electricity into heat1 & s =?1 b ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! conv]tible =ms is fix$ & inv>iable4 ,f a giv5 quantity ( *emical en]gy repres5t$1 let u say1 by a c]ta9 weight ( coal1 we c get a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt ( heat & no m4 ,we c employ t heat to "w a /eam-eng9e1 :i* we c 9 turn use z a s\rce ( electricity by caus+ x to drive a dynamo-ma*9e4 ,!n ?is doctr9e ( sci5ce tea*es u t our giv5 weight ( coal 9 burn+ evolves a quantity ( heat :i* is ! equival5t ( ! *emical en]gy :i* x conta9s1 & t ?is quantity ( heat has also its equival5t 9 me*anical "w or 9 electricity4 ,?is great pr9ciple--kn[n z ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy--has be5 gradually e/abli%$ by ! jo9t lab\rs ( _m philosoph]s f ! "t ( ,newton d[nw>ds1 & =emo/ among ^! mu/ be rank$ ! late ,james ,prescott ,j\le1 :o 0 ! fir/ to measure accurately ! exact am\nt ( "w correspond+ to a giv5 quantity ( heat4 ,9 measur+ heat 7z di/+ui%$ f temp]ature7 x is cu/om>y to take z a unit ! quantity necess>y to raise a giv5 weight ( wat] f "o specifi$ temp]ature to ano!r4 ,9 measur+ "w1 x is cu/om>y to take z a unit ! am\nt necess>y to raise a c]ta9 weight at a specifi$ place to a c]ta9 height aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity at t place4 ,j\le's unit ( heat is ! quantity necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] f #fj deg4 to #fa deg4 ,f41 & 8 unit ( "w is ! foot-p\nd1 i4e4 ! quantity necess>y to raise a weight ( "o p\nd to a height ( "o foot4 ,n[ ! quantitative relation%ip betwe5 heat & "w measur$ by ,j\le is express$ by say+ t ! me*anical equival5t ( heat is ab\t #ggb foot-p\nds1 :i* means t ! quantity ( heat t w\ld raise "o p\nd ( wat] #a deg4 ,f4 w\ld1 if conv]t$ into "w1 be capable ( rais+ a "o-p\nd weight to a height ( #ggb feet1 or a weight ( #ggb lbs4 to a height ( "o foot4 ,?is me*anical equival5t ought to tell u exactly h[ mu* p[] is obta9able f a c]ta9 weight ( coal if we measure ! quantity ( heat giv5 out :5 x is completely burnt4 ,?us an av]age ,lanca%ire coal is said to h a calorific p[] ( #ac1hij1 :i* means t #a lb4 ( su* coal on complete combu/ion w\ld raise #ac1hij lbs4 ( wat] ?r\gh a temp]ature ( #a deg4 ,f41 if we c\ld collect all ! heat g5]at$ & apply x to ?is purpose4 ,b if we express ?is quantity ( heat 9 its me*anical equival5t1 & suppose t we c\ld get ! correspond+ quantity ( "w out ( our p\nd ( coal1 we %\ld be griev\sly mi/ak54 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 we c\ld n collect all ! heat giv5 out1 because a great deal is communicat$ to ! products ( combu/ion by :i* x is absorb$1 & lock$ up 9 a =m t r5d]s x incapable ( measurem5t by our !rmomet]s4 ,9 ! next place1 if we make an all[ance = ! quantity ( heat :i* ?us disappe>s1 ev5 !n ! correct$ calorific p[] conv]t$ into its me*anical equival5t w\ld n express ! quantity ( "w practically obta9able f ! coal4 ,9 ! mo/ p]fectly con/ruct$ eng9e ! :ole am\nt ( heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( ! coal is n available = heat+ ! boil]--a c]ta9 quantity is lo/ by radiation1 by heat+ ! mat]ial ( ! furnace1 c41 by be+ c>ri$ away by ! products ( combu/ion & 9 o!r ways4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! coal escapes combu/ion by be+ all[$ to g away z smoke1 or by rema9+ z c9d]s4 ,!n aga91 9 ! eng9e itself a good deal ( heat is lo/ ?r\gh v>i\s *annels1 & mu* ( ! work+ p[] is fritt]$ away ?r\gh friction1 :i* reconv]ts ! me*anical p[] into its equival5t 9 heat1 only ?is heat is n available = fur!r "w1 & is ?us lo/ s f> z ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e is conc]n$4 ,^! s\rces ( loss are = ! mo/ "p unavoidable1 & are incid5tal to ! necess>y imp]fections ( our me*anism4 ,b ev5 ) ! mo/ p]fectly conceivable con/ruct$ eng9e x has be5 prov$ t we c only expect "o-six? ( ! total en]gy ( ! fuel to appe> 9 ! =m ( "w1 & 9 a v good /eam-eng9e ( ! pres5t "t we only realize 9 ! =m ( useful "w ab\t "o-t5? ( ! :ole quantity ( en]gy conta9$ 9 ! coal4 ,al?\gh /eam p[] is "o ( ! mo/ useful ag5cies t sci5ce has plac$ at ! disposal ( man1 x is n g5]ally recogniz$ by ! un9itiat$ h[ wa/eful we are ( ,nature's res\rces4 ,"o ( ! greate/ problems ( appli$ sci5ce yet to be solv$ is ! conv]sion ( ! en]gy lat5t 9 coal or o!r fuel into a quantity ( useful "w approximat+ to ! me*anical equival5t mu* m closely ?an has hi!rto be5 accompli%$4 ,b al?\gh we only get ?is small fraction ( ! :ole work+ capability out ( coal1 ! actual am\nt ( en]gy dormant 9 ?is sub/ance _c b /rike u z be+ prodigi\s4 ,x has already be5 said t a p\nd ( coal on complete combu/ion gives out #ac1hij heat units4 ,?is quantity ( heat corresponds to ov] #aj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,a horse-p[] may be consid]$ z correspond+ to #eej foot-p\nds ( "w p] second1 or #a1ihj1jjj foot-p\nds p] h\r4 ,?us our p\nd ( coal conta9s a /ore ( en]gy :i*1 if capable ( be+ completely conv]t$ into "w )\t loss1 w\ld 9 "o h\r d ! "w ( ab\t five & a half horses4 ,! /range/ tales ( necromancy c h>dly be s />tl+ z ^! sob] figures :5 introduc$ = ! fir/ "t to ^? unaccu/om$ to consid] ! /up5d\s p[]s ( ,nature4 ,if en]gy is inde/ructible1 we h a "r to inquire 9 ! next place f :5ce ! coal has d]iv$ ?is enorm\s /ore4 ,a consid]ation ( ! orig9 ( coal1 & ( its *emical composition1 w enable ?is "q to be answ]$4 ,! orig9 ( coal has already be5 discuss$4 ,*emically consid]$1 x consi/s *iefly ( c>bon toge!r ) small] quantities ( hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( m9]al matt] :i* is left z a% :5 ! coal is burnt4 ,! foll[+ av]age analyses ( diff]5t v>ieties w give an idea ( its *emical composition3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,v>iety ( ,coal4 ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,nitrog54 ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s4 ,/af=d%ire #gc4d #e4j #aa4g #a4g #b4c ,newca/le 7,cak+7 #hj4j #e4c #aj4g #b4b #a4g ,cannel 7,wigan7 #ha4b #e4f #g4i #b4a #b4e ,an?racite 7,wel%7 #ij4a #c4b #b4e #j4h #a4f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,!re are 9 addition to ^! con/itu5ts small quantities ( sulphur & a c]ta9 v>iable am\nt ( wat] 7#e to #aj p] c5t47 9 all coals1 b ! elem5ts :i* mo/ conc]n u are ^? head+ ! respective columns4 ,f ! =ego+ analyses1 :i* express ! p]c5tage composition1 x w be se5 t c>bon is by f> ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( coal4 ,c>bon is a *emical elem5t :i* is f\nd 9 a cry/all9e =m 9 nature z ! diamond1 & :i* =ms a mo/ important con/itu5t ( all liv+ matt]1 :e!r animal or vegetable4 ,woody fibre conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ?is elem5t1 & ! c>bon ( coal is ?us acc\nt$ =2 x 0 accumulat$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,n[ c>bon is "o ( ^? elem5t>y sub/ances :i* are said to be combu/ible1 :i* means t if we heat x 9 atmosph]ic air x gives out heat & light1 & gradually disappe>s1 or1 z we say1 burns away4 ,! heat :i* is giv5 out dur+ combu/ion repres5ts ! *emical en]gy /or$ up 9 ! combu/ible1 = combu/ion is 9 fact ! *emical union ( "o sub/ance ) ano!r ) ! developm5t ( heat & light4 ,:5 c>bon burns 9 air1 !re=e1 a *emical comb9ation takes place1 ! air supply+ ! o!r sub/ance ) :i* ! c>bon comb9es4 ,t o!r sub/ance is also an elem5t--x is ! invisible gas :i* *emi/s call oxyg51 & :i* =ms "o-fif? ( ! bulk ( atmosph]ic air1 ! rema9d] consi/+ ( ! gas nitrog5 & small quantities ( o!r gases ) :i* we %all h m to d subsequ5tly4 ,:5 oxyg5 & c>bon unite "u ! conditions describ$1 ! product is an invisible gas kn[n z c>bon dioxide1 & x is because ?is gas is invisible t ! c>bon seems to disappe> altoge!r on combu/ion4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! c>bon is n lo/1 = matt] is z inde/ructible z en]gy1 b x is conv]t$ into ! dioxide :i* escapes z gas "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we burn a giv5 weight ( c>bon ) free access ( air1 & collect ! product ( combu/ion & weigh x1 we %all f9d t ! product weighs m ?an ! c>bon1 by an am\nt :i* repres5ts ! weight ( oxyg5 ) :i* ! elem5t has comb9$4 ,by c>eful exp]im5t x w\ld be f\nd t "o "p by weight ( c>bon w\ld give ?ree & two-?ird p>ts by weight ( c>bon dioxide4 ,if1 moreov]1 we c\ld measure ! quantity ( heat giv5 out by ! complete combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( c>bon1 x w\ld be f\nd t ?is quantity w\ld raise #ad1edd lbs4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a deg4 ,f41 a quantity ( heat correspond+ to ov] elev5 million foot-p\nds ( "w1 or ab\t sev5 & ?ree-qu>t]s horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,"h !n is ! *ief s\rce ( ! en]gy ( coal--! c>bon ( ! plants :i* liv$ on ?is e>? long ages ago has la9 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & :5 we ignite a coal fire ?is c>bon comb9es ) atmosph]ic oxyg51 & re/ores "s ( ! en]gy t 0 /or$ up at t remote p]iod4 ,b ! :ole ( ! en]gy dormant 9 coal is n due to ! c>bon1 = ?is fuel conta9s ano!r combu/ible elem5t1 hydrog51 :i* is also a gas :5 9 ! free /ate1 & :i* is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( wat]1 ! o!r con/itu5t be+ oxyg54 ,9 fact1 !re is m lat5t en]gy 9 hydrog51 weight = weight1 ?an !re is 9 c>bon1 = "o p\nd ( hydrog5 on complete combu/ion w\ld give en\gh heat to raise #fb1jcb lbs4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a deg4 ,f4 ,hydrog5 9 burn+ comb9es ) oxyg5 to =m wat]1 s t ! products ( ! complete combu/ion ( coal are c>bon dioxide & wat]4 ,! am\nt ( heat contribut$ by ! hydrog5 ( coal is1 h[ev]1 comp>atively insignificant1 because !re is only a small p]c5tage ( ?is elem5t pres5t1 & we ?us come to ! conclusion t ne>ly all ! "w t is done by our /eam-eng9es ( ! pres5t "t is drawn f ! lat5t en]gy ( ! c>bon ( ! fossiliz$ vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! conclusion to :i* we h n[ be5 l$ leaves u ) ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! en]gy ( coal /ill unansw]$4 ,we %all h to g a /ep fur!r be=e ?is "p ( our /ory is complete1 & we mu/ =m "s k9d ( idea ( ! way 9 :i* a plant gr[s4 ,c>bon be+ ! *ief s\rce ( en]gy 9 coal1 we may = ! pres5t conf9e ourselves to ?is elem5t1 ( :i* woody fibre conta9s ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,consid] ! enorm\s ga9 9 weight dur+ ! gr[? ( a plant2 comp>e ! acorn1 weigh+ a few gra9s1 ) ! oak1 weigh+ _m tons1 :i* arises f x aft] c5turies ( gr[?4 ,if matt] is inde/ructible1 & nev] comes into exi/5ce spontane\sly1 :]e does all ?is c>bon come f8 ,x is a matt] ( common k t ! c>bon ( plants is suppli$ by ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( c>bon dioxide--! gas :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to z result+ f ! combu/ion ( c>bon4 ,?is gas exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e 9 small quantity--ab\t f\r volumes 9 #aj1jjj volumes ( air2 b insignificant z ?is may appe>1 x is all important = ! life ( plants1 s9ce x is f ?is s\rce t !y d]ive _! c>bon4 ,! orig9 ( ! c>bon dioxide1 :i* is pres5t z a normal con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e1 does n directly conc]n u at pres5t1 b x is important to be> 9 m9d t ?is gas is "o ( ! products ( ! respiration ( animals1 s t ! animal k+dom is "o ( ! s\rces ( plant c>bon4 ,! transition f c>bon dioxide to woody fibre is br\ght ab\t 9 ! plant by a s]ies ( *emical processes1 & ?r\gh ! =mation ( a numb] ( int]m$iate products 9 a mann] :i* is n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood2 b s9ce c>bon dioxide consi/s ( c>bon & oxyg51 & s9ce plants fe$ ^u c>bon dioxide1 appropriat+ ! c>bon & giv+ (f ! oxyg5 z a wa/e product1 x is c]ta9 t "w ( "s k9d mu/ be p]=m$4 ,?is is evid5t1 because x has be5 expla9$ t :5 c>bon comb9es ) oxyg5 a great deal ( heat is giv5 out1 & z ?is heat is ! equival5t ( ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! c>bon1 x foll[s f ! doctr9e ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 t 9 ord] to sep>ate ! c>bon f ! oxyg5 aga91 j ! same am\nt ( en]gy mu/ be suppli$ z is evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon4 ,if a p\nd ( c>bon 9 burn+ to c>bon dioxide gives out heat equival5t to elev5 million foot-p\nds ( "w1 we mu/ apply ! same am\nt ( "w to ! c>bon dioxide produc$ to sep>ate x into its con/itu5ts4 ,nei!r a plant nor any liv+ ?+ c create en]gy any m ?an x c create matt]1 & j z ! matt] compos+ a liv+ organism is assimilat$ f ext]nal s\rces1 s mu/ we look to an ext]nal s\rce = ! en]gy :i* enables ! plant to d ?is l>ge am\nt ( *emical "w4 ,! sep>ation ( c>bon f oxyg5 9 ! plant is effect$ by means ( en]gy suppli$ by ! sun4 ,! great :ite hot globe :i* is ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 & r\nd :i* ?is e>? & ! planets are mov+1 is a res]voir f :i* !re is con/antly p\r+ =? into space a prodigi\s quantity ( en]gy4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sun is m ?an a million times great] 9 bulk ?an our e>?4 ,x has be5 calculat$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson t e squ>e foot ( ! sun's surface is radiat+ en]gy equival5t to #gjjj horse-p[] 9 "w4 ,on a cle> summ] day ! e>? receives f ! sun 9 our latitude en]gy equal to ab\t #adej horse-p[] p] acre4 ,to keep up ?is supply by ! combu/ion ( coal1 we %\ld h to burn = e squ>e foot ( ! sun's surface betwe5 ?ree & f\r p\nds p] second4 ,a small fraction ( ?is sol> en]gy rea*es our e>? 9 ! =m ( radiant heat & light1 & x is ! latt] :i* enables ! plant to p]=m ! "w ( sep>at+ ! c>bon f ! oxyg5 ) :i* x is *emically comb9$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 well kn[n t ! gr[? ( plants--t is1 ! assimilation ( c>bon & ! lib]ation ( oxyg5--only takes place "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,?is function is p]=m$ by ! leaves :i* conta9 ! gre5 col\r+-matt] kn[n z *lorophyll1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to ! c\rse ( ! *emical *anges4 ,if we n[ sum up ! results to :i* we h be5 l$1 x w be se5-- 7#a7 ,t ! *ief s\rce ( ! en]gy conta9$ 9 coal is ! c>bon4 7#b7 ,t ?is c>bon =m$ "p ( ! plants :i* grew dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 7#c7 ,t ! c>bon ?us accumulat$ 0 suppli$ to ! plants by ! c>bon dioxide exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e at t "t4 7#d7 ,t ! sep>ation ( ! c>bon f ! oxyg5 0 effect$ 9 ! pres5ce ( *lorophyll1 by means ( ! sol> en]gy transmitt$ to ! e>? dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,we ?us arrive at ! int]e/+ conclusion1 t ! heat :i* we get f coal is sunlight 9 ano!r =m4 ,= e p\nd ( coal t we n[ burn1 & = e unit ( heat or "w t we get f x1 an equival5t quantity ( sunlight 0 conv]t$ into ! lat5t en]gy ( *emical sep>ation dur+ ! "t t ! coal plant grew4 ,?is en]gy has rema9$ /or$ up 9 ! e>? ev] s9ce1 & reappe>s 9 ! =m ( heat :5 we cause ! coal to und]go combu/ion4 ,x is relat$ t ,george ,/eph5son :5 ask$ :at =ce drove 8 locomotive1 repli$ t x 0 bottl$-up sun%9e1 & we n[ see t he 0 mu* ne>] ! tru? 9 mak+ ?is answ] ?an he c\ld h be5 aw>e ( at ! "t4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( ! diff]5t products :i* we get f coal1 x w be desirable to discuss a little m fully ! nature ( ! *ange :i* occurs dur+ ! trans=mation ( wood into coal4 ,pure woody fibre consi/s ( a sub/ance kn[n to *emi/s z cellulose1 :i* conta9s fifty p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ! rema9d] ( ! comp\nd be+ made up ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,x is ?us obvi\s t dur+ ! fossilization ( ! wood "s ( ! o!r con/itu5ts are lo/1 & ! p]c5tage ( c>bon by ?is means rais$4 ,we c trace ?is *ange f wood1 ?r\gh peat1 lignite1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties ( coal up to graphite1 :i* is ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,x is 9 fact possible to con/ruct a s]ies %[+ ! conv]sion ( wood into coal1 ?is s]ies compris+ ! v>ieties giv5 9 ! table on p4 #bc1 z well z y\ng] & old] vegetable deposits4 ,! s]ies w be-- ,i4 ,woody fibre 7cellulose74 ,,ii4 ,peat f ,d>tmoor4 ,,iii4 ,lignite1 or br[n coal1 an imp]fectly c>boniz$ vegetable deposit ( m rec5t geological age ?an true coal4 ,,iv4 ,av]age bitum9\s coal4 ,v4 ,cannel coal f ,wigan4 ,,vi4 ,an?racite f ,wales4 ,,vii4 ,graphite1 ! olde/ c>bonace\s m9]al4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! memb]s ( ?is s]ies is-- ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 ,i4 #ej4j #f4j #dd4j ,,ii4 #ed4j #e4b #bh4b ,,iii4 #ff4c #e4f #bb4h ,,iv4 #gg4j #e4j #aa4b ,v4 #ha4b #e4f #g4i ,,vi4 #ij4a #c4b #b4e ,,vii4 #id-ii4e1 ! rema9d] be+ a%4 ,9 ! above table ! increase ( c>bon & ! decrease ( oxyg5 is well br\ght out2 ! hydrog5 also on ! :ole decreases1 al?\gh ) "s irregul>ity4 ,! exact c\rse ( ! *emical *ange :i* occurs dur+ ! passage ( wood into coal is at pres5t involv$ 9 obscurity4 ,! oxyg5 may be elim9at$ 9 ! =m ( wat] or ( c>bon dioxide or bo?2 "s ( ! c>bon is got rid ( 9 ! =m ( m>% gas1 a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 :i* =ms ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! dang]\s fire-damp ( coal m9es4 ,m>% gas is an inflammable gas :i* becomes explosive :5 mix$ ) air & ignit$2 x (t5 escapes ) great viol5ce dur+ ! work+ ( coal seams1 ! jets bl[+ out f ! coal or und]clay ) a ru%+ noise1 indicative ( ! high pressure "u :i* ! hydroc>bon gas has accumulat$4 ,^! jets ( escap+ gas are kn[n among/ m9]s z bl[]s4 ,if ! air ( a m9e conta9s a suffici5t quantity ( ! gas1 & a flame accid5tally fires ! mixture1 !re results "o ( ^? disa/r\s explosions ) :i* ! hi/ory ( coal m9+ has un=tunately only made u too famili>4 ,f ! acc\nt ( coal :i* has ?us f> be5 r5d]$1 x w be se5 t z a s\rce ( me*anical p[]1 we are f> f us+ x z economically z c\ld be desir$2 & :5 we look at our op5 grates ) cl\ds ( unburnt c>bon p>ticles escap+ up ! *imney1 & s con/ruct$ t only a small fraction ( ! total heat w>ms our rooms1 x w be se5 t ! tale ( wa/e is /ill m deplorable4 ,b we are at pres5t r conc]n$ ) :at we actually d get f coal ?an ) :at we ought to get f x1 & "h1 :5 we come to deal ) ! v>i\s mat]ial products1 we %all h a bett] acc\nt to pres5t4 ,if in/ead ( heat+ coal 9 contact ) air & all[+ x to burn1 we heat x 9 a clos$ vessel1 su* z a retort1 x und]goes decomposition ) ! =mation ( v>i\s gase\s1 liquid1 & solid products4 ,?is process ( heat+ an organic comp\nd 9 a clos$ vessel )\t access ( air & collect+ ! products1 is call$ de/ructive di/illation4 ,! tobacco-pipe exp]im5t ( our boyhood is our fir/ practical introduction to ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal4 ,we put "s p[d]$ coal into ! b[l ( ! pipe1 pla/] up ! op5+ ) clay & !n ins]t ! b[l 9 a fire1 all[+ ! /em to project f betwe5 ! b>s ( ! grate4 ,9 a few m9utes a /ream ( gas issues f ! orifice ( ! /em2 on apply+ a light x burns ) a lum9\s flame1 & we h made coal-gas on a small scale4 ,9 ! de/ructive di/illation ( organic sub/ances1 su* z wood or coal1 !re are always produc$ f\r ?+s--gas1 wat]y liquid1 & visc\s products kn[n z t>1 :ile a residue ( coke or *>coal is left 9 ! retort4 ,?is is a v old obs]vation1 & 0 made s long ago t x becomes int]e/+ z a po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( appli$ sci5ce to "k :o fir/ submitt$ coal to de/ructive di/illation4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,gu/av ,s*ultz1 we mu/ cr$it a ,g]man ) ?is obs]vation1 :i* 0 made t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7ab\t #afhj7 by a *emi/ nam$ ,johann ,joa*im ,be*]4 ,! exp]im5t is describ$ 9 su* a qua9t mann] t ! exact words ( ! au?or are wor?y ( be+ reproduc$1 & ! passage is "h giv5 z translat$ by ,dr4 ,lunge 9 8 "w on ,coal ,t> & ,ammonia-- ,9 ,holl& !y h peat1 & 9 ,engl& pit-coals2 nei!r ( !m is v good = burn+1 be x 9 rooms or = smelt+4 ,b ,i h f\nd a way1 n m]ely to burn bo? k9ds into good coal 7coke7 :i* n any m smokes nor /9ks1 b ) _! flame to smelt equally well z ) wood1 s t a foot ( su* coal makes flames #aj feet long4 ,t ,i h demon/rat$ ) pit-coal at ! ,hague1 & "h 9 ,engl& at ,mr4 ,boyles'1 also at ,w9dsor on ! l>ge scale4 ,9 ?is connection x is also notewor?y t1 equally z ! ,sw$es make _! t> f firwood1 ,i h "h 9 ,engl& made f pit-coal a sort ( t> :i* is equal to ! ,sw$i% 9 e way1 & = "s op]ations is ev5 sup]ior to x4 ,i h made pro( ( x on wood & on ropes1 & ! pro( has be5 f\nd "r1 s t ev5 ! k+ has se5 a specim5 ( x1 :i* is a great ?+ 9 ,engl&1 & ! coal f :i* ! t> has be5 tak5 out is bett] = use ?an be=e4 ,?is ent]pris+ *emi/1 moreov]1 br\ght 8 results to a practical issue1 = he secur$ a pat5t1 9 conjunction ) ,h5ry ,s]le1 9 #afha1 = a new way ( mak+ pit* & t>re out ( pit-coale1 nev] be=e f\nd out or us$ by any o!r4 ,no less int]e/+ is ! "w ( our own cl]gy dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 :5 _m em95t div9es appe> to h devot$ _! leisure to exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,?us1 ab\t ! ye> #afhh ! ,rev4 ,john ,clayton1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,kild>e1 w5t to exam9e a dit* two miles f ,wigan 9 ,lanca%ire1 ! wat] 9 :i* _h be5 /at$ to burn l br&y :5 a flame 0 appli$ to x4 ,! ,dean ultimately trac$ ! ph5om5on to an escape ( inflammable gas f an und]ly+ coal seam1 & he foll[$ up ! matt] exp]im5tally by /udy+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( ,wigan coal 9 retorts4 ,! results 7 communicat$ to ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle1 b 7 n publi%$ till aft] ! dea? ( ! latt]1 & long aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 f ! abridg$ edition ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions 7#agci73-- ,at fir/ !re came ov] only phlegm1 aft]w>ds a black oil1 & !n also a _s arose1 :i* he c\ld n[ays cond5se1 b x =c$ ! lut+1 or broke ! glasses4 ,once1 :5 x _h =c$ ! lute1 com+ close to x to try to repair x1 he obs]v$ t ! _s :i* issu$ out caught fire at ! flame ( ! c&le1 & cont9u$ burn+ ) viol5ce z x issu$ out 9 a /ream1 :i* he blew out & light$ aga9 alt]nately = sev]al times4 ,he !n tri$ to save "s ( ?is _s4 ,tak+ a turb9at$ receiv]1 & putt+ a c&le to ! pipe ( ! receiv] :ile ! _s rose1 he obs]v$ t x caught flame1 & cont9u$ burn+ at ! end ( ! pipe1 ?\gh y c\ld n disc]n :at f$ ! flame4 ,he !n blew x out1 & light$ x aga9 sev]al times2 aft] :i* he fix$ a bladd]1 flatt$ & void ( air1 to ! pipe ( ! receiv]4 ,! oil & phlegm desc5d$ into ! receiv]1 b ! _s1 /ill asc5d+1 blew up ! bladd]4 ,he !n fill$ a good _m bladd]s ) x1 & might h fill$ an inconceivable numb] m2 = ! _s cont9u$ to rise = sev]al h\rs1 & fill$ ! bladd]s almo/ z fa/ z a man c\ld h bl[n !m ) 8 m\?2 & yet ! quantity ( coals he di/ill$ 0 inconsid]able4 ,he kept ?is _s 9 ! bladd]s a consid]able "t1 & endeav\r$ sev]al ways to cond5se x1 b 9 va94 ,& :5 he wi%$ to amuse 8 fri5ds1 he w\ld take "o ( ! bladd]s1 & prick+ a hole ) a p91 & compress+ g5tly ! bladd] ne> ! flame ( a c&le till x once took fire1 x w\ld !n cont9ue flam+ till all ! _s 0 compress$ out ( ! bladd]4#a ,! ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,hales1 ,d4,d41 ,rector ( ,f>r+don1 ,hants1 0 ! au?or ( a book entitl$ ,/atical ,essays1 conta9+ ,vegetable ,/aticks1 pr9t$ 9 #agbf-bg1 & ( :i* ! ?ird edition be>s ! date #agch4 ,at p4 #ahb ( ?is "w1 aft] a previ\s description ( ! de/ructive di/illation ( all k9ds ( sub/ances 9 iron or o!r retorts1 he says-- ,by ! same means also ,i f\nd pl5ty ( air gas might be obta9$ f m9]als4 ,half a cubick in*1 or #aeh gra9s ( ,newca/le coal1 yield$ 9 di/illation #ahj cubick in*es ( air gas1 :i* arose v fa/ f ! coal1 especially :ile ! yell[i% fumes asc5d$4 ,/ill lat]1 viz4 ab\t #agfg1 we h ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,watson1 ,d4,d41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 int]e/+ himself 9 *emi/ry4 ,he wrote a s]ies ( ,*emical ,essays1 "o ( :i* is entitl$1 ,( ,pit ,coal1 & 9 ?is he describes ! production f coal 7by de/ructive di/illation7 ( illum9at+ gas1 ammonia-wat]1 t>1 & coke4 ,he fur!r comp>es ! relative quantities ( ! diff]5t products f v>i\s k9ds ( coal1 b he appe>s to h be5 *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! t>1 & disreg>d$ ! gas & o!r products4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( 8 book is ! preface1 9 :i* he apologizes = 8 pursuits 9 ! foll[+ words-- ,div9es1 ,i hope1 w =give me if ,i h /ol5 a few h\rs1 n1 ,i tru/1 f ! duties ( my (fice1 b c]ta9ly f ! /udies ( my pr(ession1 & employ$ !m 9 ! cultivation ( natural philosophy4 ,i c\ld plead 9 my def5ce1 ! example ( "s ( ! greate/ *>act]s t ev] adorn$ ei!r ?is ,univ]sity or ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is is quot$ f ! #e? edition1 dat$ #aghi1 ! essay on coal be+ 9 ! second ( five volumes4 ,z ! le>n$ bi%op publi%$ o!r works on *emi/ry1 we may suppose t ! =giv5ess :i* he asks f 8 bro!r div9es 0 duly accord$4 ,none ( ^! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 l$ to any imm$iate practical result s f> z conc]ns ! use ( coal-gas z an illum9at+ ag5t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ! light+ ( individual e/abli%m5ts comm5c$1 & ! way 0 ?us prep>$ = ! manufacture ( ! gas on a l>ge scale4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pione]s 0 ! n9? ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 an inv5tive g5ius1 :o 9 #aghb at ,culross ,abbey became "o ( ! fir/ practical t> di/ill]s4 ,he secur$ lett]s pat5t 9 #agha = mak+ t>1 pit*1 ess5tial oils1 volatile alkali1 m9]al acids1 salts1 & c9d]s f coal4 ,! gas 0 only a wa/e product1 &1 /range z x may appe>1 ! ,e>l1 ^: op]ations 7 f9ancial failures1 did n realize ! importance ( ! gas1 ! t> & coke be+ consid]$ ! only products ( value4 ,"h is ! acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts by 8 son1 ,admiral ,dundonald1 ! ,sailor ,e>l1 quot$ f 8 ,autobiography ( a ,seaman3-- ,9 prosecution ( 8 coal-t> pat5t1 my fa!r w5t to reside at ! family e/ate ( ,culross ,abbey1 ! bett] to sup]9t5d ! works on 8 own colli]ies1 z well z o!rs on ! adjo9+ e/ates ( ,valleyfield & ,k9c>d9e4 ,9 addition to ^! works1 an exp]im5tal t>-kiln 0 erect$ ne> ! ,abbey1 & "h coal-gas became accid5tally employ$ 9 illum9ation4 ,hav+ notic$ ! inflammable nature ( a vap\r aris+ dur+ ! di/illation ( t>1 ! ,e>l1 by way ( exp]im5t1 fitt$ a gun-b>rel to ! eduction pipe lead+ f ! cond5s]4 ,on apply+ fire to ! muzzle1 a vivid light blaz$ =? across ! wat]s ( ! ,fri?1 becom+1 z 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$1 di/9ctly visible on ! opposite %ore4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! f\ndation ( ! coal-gas manufacture 0 laid by ,william ,murdo*1 a ,scot*man1 :o mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! practical introduction ( ?is illum9at+ ag5t4 ,! idea _h ab\t ! same "t occurr$ to a ,fr5*man1 ,lebon1 b 9 8 h&s ! sugge/ion did n take a practical =m4 ,murdo* 0 ov]se] ( "s m9es 9 ,cornwall1 & 9 #agib he fir/ light$ 8 own h\se at ,r$ru?4 ,he !n transf]r$ 8 s]vices to ! great eng9e]+ firm ( ,b\lton & ,watt at ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :]e he erect$ app>atus 9 #agih1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! :ole ( ?is factory 0 p]man5tly light$ by gas4 ,f ?is "t ! introduction ( gas into o!r factories at ,man*e/] & ,halifax 0 effect$ by ,murdo* & 8 pupil1 ,samuel ,clegg4 ,f s+le factories coal-gas at l5g? came into use z a /reet illum9ant1 al?\gh some:at t>dily4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ,london at ! ,lyceum ,!atre 9 #ahjc1 9 ,gold5 ,lane 9 #ahjg1 & 9 ,pall ,mall two ye>s lat]4 ,x 0 fifte5 ye>s f ! "t ( ,murdo*'s fir/ in/allation at ,soho be=e ! /reets ( ,london 7 light$ by gas on a comm]cial scale4 ,our gr&fa!rs seem to h _h a great dread ( gas1 & public opposition no d\bt _h mu* to d ) its exclusion f ! metropolis4 ,!re 7 ev5 at t "t em95t lit]>y & sci5tific m5 :o did n hesitate to ca/ ridicule ^u ! proposal1 & to decl>e ! s*eme to be only vision>y4 ,b ab\t #ahjf !re came into ?is c\ntry an en]getic ,g]man :o pass$ by ! "n ( ,w9sor1 & :o is describ$ z an ignorant adv5tur]1 ^: real "n 0 ,w9zl]4 ,:atev] 8 orig91 he c]ta9ly help$ to r\se ! public int]e/ 9 gas light+4 ,he took out a pat5t1 he gave public lectures1 & collect$ l>ge sums ( money = ! e/abli%m5t ( gas companies4 ,mo/ ( ! capital 01 h[ev]1 squ&]$ 9 futile exp]im5ts1 b at l5g? 9 #ahac1 ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 & a ye> lat] ,/4 ,m>g>et's p>i%1 0 successfully light$4 ,f t p]iod ! use ( gas ext5d$1 b x 0 "s "t be=e ! public fe>s 7 allay$1 = x is relat$ t ,samuel ,clegg1 :o und]took ! light+ ( ,london ,bridge1 _h at fir/ to light 8 own lamps1 z nobody c\ld be f\nd to und]take ?is p]il\s (fice4 ,ev5 aft] gas _h come into g5]al use z a /reet illum9ant1 x mu/ h f\nd its way b sl[ly into private h\ses4 ,9 an old play-bill ( ! ,haym>ket ,!atre1 dat$ #ahdc--?irty ye>s aft] ! fir/ introduction into ! /reets--x is ann\nc$-- ,among ! mo/ important ,improvem5ts1 is ! introduction 7= ! fir/ "t7 ( ,gas z ! ,m$ium ( ,light6 ,! manufacture ( coal-gas1 fir/ r5d]$ practicable by ! en]gy & skill ( ! ,scot* eng9e] ,murdo*1 is n[ c>ri$ on all ov] ! c\ntry on a colossal scale4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ! pres5t volume to deal ) ! details ( manufacture1 b a %ort description ( ! process is necess>y = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! subsequ5t portions ( ! subject 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,! coal is heat$ 9 clay cyl9d]s1 call$ retorts1 provid$ ) upright exit pipes ?r\gh :i* ! volatile products escape1 & are conduct$ into wat] conta9$ 9 a horizontal pipe t]m$ ! hydraulic ma94 ,9 ! latt] ! gas is p>tially cool$1 & deposits mo/ ( ! t> & wat]y liquor :i* di/il ov] at ! high temp]ature to :i* ! retorts are heat$4 ,! t> & wat]y liquor are all[$ to fl[ f ! hydraulic ma9 into a pit call$ ! t> well1 & ! gas !n passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( curv$ pipes expos$ to ! air1 9 :i* x is fur!r cool$1 & deposits m ( ! t>4 ,f ?is atmosph]ic cond5s] ! gas passes into a s]ies ( vessels fill$ ) coke1 d[n :i* a f9e spray ( wat] is con/antly be+ bl[n4 ,^! vessels1 kn[n z scrubb]s1 s]ve to remove ! la/ traces ( t>1 & "s ( ! volatile sulphur comp\nds :i* are =m$ f ! small quantity ( sulphur pres5t 9 mo/ coals4 ,! removal ( sulphur comp\nds is a matt] ( importance1 because :5 gas is burnt ^! comp\nds give rise to acid vap\rs1 :i* are delet]i\s to heal? & de/ructive to prop]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,sectional diagram ( gas plant4 ,! retorts & furnace are on ! "r2 ! gas rises ?r\gh ! upright pipe ,t into ! hydraulic ma9 ,b2 f !re x passes into ! atmosph]ic cond5s]s ,d1 f ! l[] ci/]n ( :i* ! cond5s$ t> fl[s into ! t>-well1 ,h4 ,pass+ up ?r\gh ,k1 ! gas is conduct$ into ! scrubb]1 ,o1 & f !re into ! purifi]1 ,m4 ,f !re x em]ges ?r\gh ,k' into ! purifi]1 ,m1 & !n into ! gas-hold] = di/ribution4 7,f ,s*ultz's ,*emie des ,/e9kohl5!]s47 ,f ! scrubb]s ! gas is s5t ?r\gh ano!r s]ies ( vessels pack$ ) trays ( lime or oxide ( iron1 9 ord] to remove sulphurett$ hydrog5 & o!r sulphur comp\nds z completely z possible4 ,a small quantity ( c>bon dioxide is also remov$ by ^! purifi]s1 z ! pres5ce ( ?is gas impairs ! illum9at+ p[] ( coal-gas4 ,f ! purifi]s ! gas passes into ! gas-hold]s1 :]e x is /or$ = di/ribution4 ,x rema9s only to be /at$ t ! di/illation ( coal is effect$ "u a pressure some:at less ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 ! products ( di/illation be+ pump$ out ( ! retorts by means ( a k9d ( air-pump1 call$ an exhau/]1 :i* is int]polat$ betwe5 ! hydraulic ma9 & ! cond5s]1 or at "s o!r "p ( ! purify+ sy/em4 ,! coke left 9 ! retort is us$ z fuel = burn+ "u ! retorts or = o!r purposes4 ,! oxide ( iron us$ 9 ! purifi]s c be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = a c]ta9 numb] ( times by expos+ x to ! air1 & :5 x is f9ally exhau/$1 ! sulphur c be burnt out ( x & us$ = mak+ t mo/ important ( all *emical products1 sulphuric acid4 ,?us ! small quantity ( sulphur pres5t 9 ! orig9al coal 7probably 9 ! =m ( iron pyrites7 is r5d]$ available = ! manufacture ( a useful product4 ,! necess>ily brief description ( ?is important indu/ry w suffice = ! g5]al read]4 ,^? :o desire fur!r in=mation on po9ts ( detail w ref] to special works4 ,we are "h r conc]n$ ) ! subsequ5t fate ( ! diff]5t products1 f\r ( :i* h to be dealt )1 viz4 ! gas1 wat]y liquor1 t>1 & coke4 ,! fir/ & la/ ( ^! hav+ already be5 acc\nt$ =--! "o z an illum9at+ ag5t & ! o!r z fuel--may n[ be dismiss$4 ,no /ory ( appli$ sci5ce is complete unless we c =m "s idea ( ! quantities ( mat]ial us$1 & ! am\nt ( ! products obta9$4 ,f "o ton ( ,newca/le coal we get ab\t #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 #aaj to #abj lbs4 ( t>1 #bj to #be gallons ( wat]y liquor1 & ab\t #aejj lbs4 ( coke4 ,diff]5t coals ( c\rse give diff]5t quantities1 & ! latt] v>y also accord+ to ! heat ( di/illation2 b ! above e/imate w furni% a good basis = =m+ our ideas ) "s approa* to precision4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ also t we are n[ di/ill+ coal at ! rate ( ab\t t5 million tons p] annum1 s t !re is annually produc$ #ajj1jjj million cubic feet ( gas1 & ab\t #ejj1jjj tons ( t>1 besides proportionate quantities ( ! o!r products4 ,! great metropolitan companies alone are consum+ ne>ly ?ree million tons annually = ! production ( gas1 a consumption correspond+ to ab\t #fjjj cubic feet p] head ( ! population4 ,?is ( c\rse takes no acc\nt ( ! coal us$ = o!r manufactures or = dome/ic purposes1 b x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! e/imates ) ! consumption ( coal 9 ,london ab\t a c5tury ago1 be=e ! introduction ( gas1 :51 z ,bi%op ,watson tells u 9 8 "w already ref]r$ to1 ! annual consumption 0 #ibb1cid tons4 ,! enorm\s quantity ( t> result+ f our gas manufacture furni%es ! raw mat]ial = ! production ( a multitude ( valuable sub/ances--col\r+-matt]s1 m$ic9es1 p]fumes1 flav\r+-matt]s1 burn+ & lubricat+ oils1 c4 ,out ( ?is unsav\ry wa/e mat]ial ( ! gas-works1 ! rese>*es ( *emi/s h enabl$ a great indu/ry to spr+ up :i* is ( cont9ually gr[+ importance4 ,x w be ! object ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! pres5t volume to set =? ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce 9 ?is bran* ( its application4 ,! f\ndation ( ! coal-t> indu/ry 0 laid 9 ?is c\ntry--! c\ntry :]e coal 0 fir/ di/ill$ on a l>ge scale = ! production ( gas1 & :]e ! fir/ ( ! coal-t> col\r+-matt]s 0 s5t =? into comm]ce4 ,we are at ! pres5t "t ! l>ge/ t> produc]s 9 ,europe2 x has be5 /at$ t we produce m ?an d\ble ! :ole quantity ( t> made 9 ! gas-us+ c\ntries ( ,europe2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 our manufacture ( f9i%$ products is by no means 9 t fl\ri%+ condition :i* might be expect$ f our natural res\rces 9 ! way ( coal1 & ! facilities :i* we possess = manufactur+ ! raw mat]ials out ( x4 ,b we mu/ n[ take a glance at "s ( ! o!r uses to :i* coal is put 9 ord] to realize m completely ! tru? ( ! /atem5t made "s pages back1 viz4 t ?is m9]al has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( our indu/rial prosp]ity4 ,great z is ! consumption ( coal by ! gas manufactur]1 !re is an equal or ev5 a great] dem& = ! c>bonace\s residue left :5 ! coal has be5 decompos$ by de/ructive di/illation or by p>tial combu/ion4 ,?is residue is coke--! sub/ance left 9 ! retorts aft] ! gas manufacture4 ,!re is a great dem& = coke = _m purposes2 x is us$ 9 mo/ cases :]e a *eap smokeless fuel is requir$2 x is burnt 9 ! furnaces ( locomotives & o!r eng9es1 & is v l>gely consum$ by ! iron smelt] 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,to meet ^! dem&s a l>ge quantity ( coal is conv]t$ into coke by be+ burnt 9 ov5s ) an insuffici5t supply ( air = complete combu/ion1 or 9 suitably con/ruct$ close furnaces4 ,! t> & o!r products h 9 ?is c\ntry until rec5tly be5 all[$ to escape z wa/e1 b ! "t is approa*+ :5 ^! mu/ be utiliz$4 ,x w give an idea ( ! indu/rial importance ( coke :5 x is /at$1 t ab\t twelve million tons ( our coal annually und]go conv]sion into ?is =m ( fuel4 ,*emically consid]$1 coke consi/s ( c>bon toge!r ) all ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! coal1 & small quantities ( hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,! am\nt ( c>bon v>ies f #he to #ig1 & ! a% f #c to #ad p] c5t4 ,! conv]sion ( coal into coke is a v v5]able bran* ( manufacture1 :i* 0 fir/ c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,z an op]ation x may appe> utt]ly devoid ( romance1 b z ,goe! has describ$ 8 visit to ! e>lie/ ( coke-burn]s1 ?is fragm5t ( hi/ory is wor? n>rat+4 ,:5 ! great ,g]man philosophical poet 0 a /ud5t at ,/rassburg 7#agga71 he rode ov] ) "s fri5ds to visit ! neighb\rhood ( ,sa>brueck5 :]e he met an old coal philosoph] nam$ ,/auf1 :o 0 !re c>ry+ on ! indu/ry4 ,?is philosophus p] ignem 0 manag] ( "s alum works1 & ! rul+ _s ( ! burn+ hill ( ,duttweil]4 ,! hill no d\bt ow$ its designation to ! coke ov5s at "w ^u x1 & :i* _h be5 9 op]ation !re = "s six or sev5 ye>s be=e ,goe!'s visit1 i4e4 s9ce #agfd4 ,! coke 0 want$ = iron smelt+1 & ev5 at t e>ly p]iod ,/auf _h ! wisdom to cond5se 8 volatile products1 = we are told t he %[$ 8 visitors bitum51 burn+-oil1 lampblack1 & ev5 a cake ( sal ammoniac result+ f 8 op]ations4 ,goe! has put ^u record 8 visit to ! little hagg>d old coke-burn]1 liv+ 9 8 lonely cottage 9 ! =e/ 7,aus me9em ,leb53 ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,book ,x74 ,x is probably ,/auf's ov5s :i* are describ$ by ! ,fr5* metallurgi/1 ,de ,g5sanne1 9 8 ,traite de la fonte des ,m9es p> le feu du ,*>bon de ,t]re1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aggj4 ,aft] long ye>s ( coke-mak+1 )\t any reg>d to ! value ( ! volatile products1 we are n[ beg9n+ to consid] ! advisability ( do+ t :i* has long be5 done on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is n unlikely t ,bi%op ,watson 9 ! la/ c5tury _h he>d ( ! attempt to recov] ! products f coke ov5s1 = he gives ! foll[+ v s\nd advice 9 8 ,*emical ,essays3-- ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( coak w\ld d well to rememb] t e #if ounces ( coal w\ld furni% f\r ounces at ! lea/ ( oil1 probably six ounces might be obta9$2 b if we put ! product s l[ z five ounces f #ajj1 & suppose a coak ov5 to "w (f only #ajj tons ( coal 9 a ye>1 !re w\ld be a sav+ ( five tons ( oil1 :i* w\ld yield above f\r tons ( t>2 ! requisite alt]ation 9 ! /ructure ( ! coak ov5s1 s z to make !m a k9d ( di/ill+ vessels1 might be made at a v trifl+ exp5se4--#e? ed41 #aghi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cea4 ,we h yet to *ronicle ano!r *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( coal philosophy be=e f9i%+ ) ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,!re is a bran* ( manufacture c>ri$ on1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 :i* results 9 ! production ( burn+ & lubricat+ oils1 & solid p>aff91 a wax-l sub/ance :i* is us$ = c&le-mak+4 ,! manufacture ( c&les out ( coal w p]haps be a new revelation to _m read]s ( ?is book4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m coal is "h be+ ext5d$ to only p>tially fossiliz$ vegetation ( y\ng] geological age ?an true coal1 & to bitum9\s %ales ( v>i\s ages4 ,%ale1 geologically consid]$1 is h>d5$ mud2 x may be look$ ^u z clay alt]$ by "t & pressure4 ,n[ if ! mud1 at ! p]iod ( its deposition1 0 mu* mix$ up ) vegetable matt]1 we %\ld h 9 c\rse ( "t a mixture ( m or less c>boniz$ woody fibre ) m9]al matt]1 & ?is w\ld be call$ a c>bonace\s or bitum9\s %ale4 ,%ales ( ?is k9d (t5 conta9 z mu* z #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]1 & seldom m ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 i4e4 ! portion lo/ on ignition1 & consi/+ *iefly ( ! c>bonace\s con/itu5ts4 ,! /ory ( ! %ale-oil indu/ry is soon told4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahdg oil 0 /ruck 9 a coal m9e at ,alfreton 9 ,d]by%ire1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,james ,"y ?is supply furni%$ ! m>ket ) burn+-oil = ne>ly ?ree ye>s4 ,!n ! spr+ became exhau/$1 & ,mr4 ,"y & 8 associates _h to look out = ano!r s\rce ( oil4 ,be x rememb]$ t ?is happ5$ "s n9e ye>s be=e ! utilization ( ! great ,am]ican petroleum deposits4 ,_m k9ds ( vegetable matt] 7 submitt$ to de/ructive di/illation be=e a sub/ance 0 f\nd :i* c\ld be pr(itably work$1 b at l5g? ,mr4 ,"y tri$ a k9d ( cannel coal :i* _h ab\t t "t be5 introduc$ = gas mak+4 ,?is sub/ance 0 call$ ,boghead gas coal or ,torbane ,hill m9]al1 f ! place :]e x occurr$1 :i* is at ,ba?gate 9 ,l9li?g[4 ,?is m9]al 0 f\nd to yield a l>ge am\nt ( p>aff9 oil & solid p>aff9 on de/ructive di/illation1 & f t "t 7#ahej7 to ?is1 ! indu/ry has be5 c>ri$ on at ,ba?gate & o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&1 :]e simil> c>bonace\s deposits occur4 ,x may seem a matt] ( unimportance at ! pres5t "t :e!r ?is ,torbane ,hill m9]al is a true coal or n4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ! decision ( ?is "q involv$ a co/ly law-suit 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! proprietor ( ! e/ate _h grant$ a lease to a firm1 convey+ to ! latt] ! "r to "w coal1 lime/one1 iron/one1 & c]ta9 o!r m9]als f\nd !reon1 b exclud+ copp] & all o!r m9]als n m5tion$ 9 ! contract4 ,! lessees !n f\nd t ?is p>ticul> c>bonace\s m9]al 0 ( v great value1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! high quality ( ! gas1 & aft]w>ds on acc\nt ( ! p>aff9 :i* x furni%$ by ,"y's process ( di/illation4 ,!reupon ! lessor br\ght an action aga9/ ! lessees1 claim+ ,l#aj1jjj damages1 on ! gr\nd t ! latt] _h brok5 ! contract by remov+ a m9]al :i* 0 n coal4 ,exp]ts gave evid5ce on bo? sides2 "s decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! sub/ance be+ coal1 o!rs said x 0 a bitum9\s %ale1 :ile o!rs call$ x bitum9at$ clay1 or refus$ to give x a "n at all4 ,judgm5t 0 f9ally giv5 = ! def5dants1 s t 9 ! eye ( ! law ! m9]al 0 consid]$ a true coal4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is impossible to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 coal & bitum9\s %ale1 z ! "o is connect$ ) ! o!r by a s]ies ( int]m$iate m9]als1 & ! ,torbane ,hill m9]al happ5s to =m "o ( ! l9ks4 ,x conta9s ab\t #fi p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 & leaves #ca p] c5t4 ( residue1 consi/+ ( #ab p>ts ( c>bon & #ai ( a%4 ,! manufacture />t$ by ,"y has develop$ into an important indu/ry1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! orig9al ,torbane ,hill coal has become exhau/$1 & t enorm\s natural deposits ( petroleum are work$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,russia1 & else:]e4 ,!re are n[ "s fifte5 companies at "w 9 ,scotl&1 repres5t+ an aggregate capital ( ab\t two & a half million p\nds /]l+4 ,bitum9\s %ales ( diff]5t k9ds are di/ill$ at a l[ r$ heat 9 iron retorts1 & f ! volatile portions !re are sep>at$ ^? valuable products :i* h already be5 allud$ to1 viz4 burn+ & lubricat+ oils1 solv5t m9]al oil1 p>aff9 wax = c&les1 & ammonia4 ,we may fairly claim ^! z coal products1 al?\gh ! %ales us$ conta9 mu* m9]al matt]1 ! c>bon av]ag+ ab\t #bj p] c5t41 ! hydrog5 ?ree p] c5t41 ! nitrog5 #j4g1 & ! a% ab\t #fg p] c5t4 ,! %ales work$ are approximately ( ! same age z true coal1 i4e4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,! ,scot* companies are di/ill+ ab\t two million tons ( %ale p] annum1 ?is quantity produc+ ab\t sixty million gallons ( crude oil1 & giv+ employm5t to ov] #aj1jjj h&s4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ! pres5t "w to ent] into ! *emical nature ( ! products ( de/ructive di/illation 9 any great] detail ?an is necess>y to enable ! g5]al read] to "k some?+ ( ! rec5t discov]ies 9 ! utilization ( ^! products4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 h occasion lat] on to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! names ( "s ( ! m important raw mat]ials :i* are d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 & c]ta9 prelim9>y explanations are indisp5sable4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 let u />t f ! fact t coal--includ+ c>bonace\s %ale & lignite--:5 heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel gives gas1 t>1 coke1 & a wat]y liquor4 ,a cle> und]/&+ mu/ be arriv$ at conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ^! products arise4 ,!re is a widely-spread notion t ! sub/ances d]iv$ f coal & utiliz$ = indu/rial purposes are pres5t 9 ! m9]al itself1 & t ! art ( ! *emi/ has be5 ex]cis$ 9 sep>at+ ! said sub/ances by v>i\s processes4 ,?is idea mu/ be at once dispell$4 ,x is true t !re is a small quantity ( wat] & a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas already pres5t 9 mo/ coals1 b ^! are q insignificant z comp>$ ) ! total yield ( gas & wat]y liquor4 ,s also ) respect to ! t>2 x is possible t 9 "s highly bitum9\s m9]als we might dissolve out a small quantity ( t>ry matt] by ! use ( appropriate solv5ts1 b 9 ! coals mo/ly us$ = gas-mak+ n a trace ( t> exi/s ready =m$1 & /ill less c x be said t ! coal conta9s coke4 ,all ^! products are =m$ by ! *emical decomposition ( ! coal "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 & _! nature & quantity c be made to v>y )9 c]ta9 limits by modify+ ! temp]ature ( di/illation4 ,hav+ once realiz$ ?is pr9ciple ) respect to coal itself1 x is easy to ext5d x to ! products ( its de/ructive di/illation4 ,! t>1 = in/ance1 is a complicat$ mixture ( v>i\s sub/ances1 among :i* hydroc>bons--i4e4 comp\nds ( c>bon ) hydrog5--l>gely pr$om9ate4 ,! diff]5t compon5ts ( coal-t> c be sep>at$ by processes :i* we %all h to consid] subsequ5tly4 ,( ! comp\nds ?us isolat$ "s few are imm$iately applicable = indu/rial purposes1 b ! majority only =m ! raw mat]ials = ! manufacture ( o!r products1 su* z col\r+-matt]s & m$ic9es4 ,n[ ^! col\r+-matt]s & o!r f9i%$ products no m exi/ 9 ! t> ?an ! latt] exi/s 9 ! coal4 ,!y are produc$ f ! hydroc>bons1 c41 pres5t 9 ! t> by *emical processes1 & be> mu* ab\t ! same relation%ip to _! p>5t sub/ances t a /eam-eng9e be>s to ! iron ore out ( :i* its metallic p>ts are prim>ily con/ruct$4 ,j z ! me*anical skill ( ! eng9e] enables him to con/ruct an eng9e out ( ! raw mat]ial iron1 :i* is extract$ f its ore1 & conv]t$ into /eel by *emical processes1 s ! skill ( ! *emi/ enables him to build up complex col\r+-matt]s1 c41 out ( ! raw mat]ials furni%$ by t>1 :i* is obta9$ f coal by *emical decomposition4 ,! illum9at+ gas :i* is obta9$ f coal by de/ructive di/illation consi/s *iefly ( hydrog5 & gase\s hydroc>bons1 ! mo/ abundant ( ! latt] be+ m>% gas4 ,!re are also pres5t 9 small] quantities ! two oxides ( c>bon1 ! monoxide & ! dioxide1 :i* are gase\s at ord9>y temp]atures1 toge!r ) o!r impurities4 ,coal-gas is burnt j z x is deliv]$ f ! ma9s--x is n at pres5t utiliz$ z a s\rce ( raw mat]ial 9 ! s5se t ! t> is ?us made use (4 ,9 "s cases gas is us$ z fuel1 z 9 gas-/oves & gas-eng9es1 & 9 ! s-call$ gas-produc]s1 9 :i* ! coal1 in/ead ( be+ us$ z a direct s\rce ( heat1 is p>tially burnt 9 suitable furnaces1 & ! combu/ible gas ?us aris+1 consi/+ *iefly ( c>bon monoxide1 is convey$ to ! place :]e x und]goes complete combu/ion1 & is ?us utiliz$ z a s\rce ( heat4 ,summ+ up ! uses ( coal ?us f> consid]$1 we see t ?is m9]al is be+ consum$ z fuel1 = ! production ( coke1 = ! manufacture ( gas1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,lavi%ly z ,nature has provid$ u ) ?is s\rce ( p[] & weal?1 ! idea naturally sugge/s itself :e!r we are n draw+ too lib]ally ^u our capital4 ,! "q ( coal supply crops up f "t to "t1 & ! public m9d is p]iodically agitat$ ab\t ! prospects ( its cont9uance4 ,h[ long we h be5 dra9+ our coal res\rces x is difficult to asc]ta94 ,!re is "s evid5ce t coal-m9+ 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! ,roman occupation4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 !re is di/9ct evid5ce ( coal hav+ be5 dug 9 ! diocese ( ,durham4 ,! olde/ *>t]s take u back to ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury = ,scotl&1 & to ! ye> #abci = ,engl&1 :5 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4 grant$ a "r ( sale to ! t[nsm5 ( ,newca/le4 ,) respect to ! metropolis1 ,bi%op ,watson1 on ! au?ority ( ,&]son's ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce1 /ates t coal 0 introduc$ z fuel at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! e>ly days1 :5 x 0 br\ght f ! nor? by %ips1 x 0 kn[n z sea-coal3-- ,g2 & we'll h a posset = 't soon at night1 9 fai?1 at ! latt] end ( a sea-coal fire4--,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 ,act ,i41 ,sc4 iv4 ,t ! fuel 0 receiv$ at fir/ ) disfav\r appe>s f ! fact t 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ! nobility & g5try made a compla9t to ! k+ object+ to its use1 on ! gr\nd ( its be+ a public nuisance4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! use ( coal 0 becom+ m g5]al 9 ,london1 *iefly ow+ to ! sc>city ( wood2 & its effects ^u ! atmosph]e ( ! t[n w be inf]r$ f a proclamation issu$ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 prohibit+ its use dur+ ! sitt+ ( ,p>liam5t1 = fe> ( injur+ ! heal? ( ! knights ( ! %ire4 ,ab\t #afdi ! citiz5s aga9 petition$ ,p>liam5t aga9/ ! use ( ?is fuel on acc\nt ( ! /5*2 & ab\t ! beg9n+ ( t c5tury ! nice dames ( ,london w\ld n come into any h\se or roome :5 sea-coales 7 burn$1 nor will+ly eat ( meat t 0 ei!r sod or roa/$ ) sea-coale fire 7,/['s ,annals74 ,= _m c5turies !re=e we h be5 draw+ ^u our coal supplies1 & us+ up ! m9]al at an increas+ rate4 ,accord+ to a rec5t e/imate by ,pr(essor ,hull1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury to #ahge ! output has be5 m ?an d\bl$ = ea* successive qu>t] c5tury4 ,! actual am\nt ( coal rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom betwe5 #ahhb & ! pres5t "t av]ages annually ab\t #agj million tons1 correspond+ 9 money value to ab\t ,l#de1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,9 #ahfj ! am\nt ( coal rais$ 9 ,great ,brita9 0 a little m ?an #hj million tons1 & ,pr(essor ,hull e/imat$ t at t rate ( consumption our supplies ( workable coal w\ld hold out = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,s9ce !n ! available /ock has be5 dim9i%$ by "s #c1fej million tons1 & ev5 ?is d$uction1 we are told on ! same au?ority1 has n mat]ially affect$ our total supply4 ,! possibility ( a coal fam9e ne$1 !re=e1 cause no imm$iate anxiety2 b we _c eat our loaf & h x too1 & soon] or lat] ! cont9u\s dra9 ^u our coal res\rces mu/ make itself felt4 ,! fir/ effect w probably be an increase 9 price ow+ to ! great] dep? at :i* ! coal w h to be work$4 ,! :ole "q ( our coal supply has1 h[ev]1 rec5tly assum$ a new aspect by ! discov]y 7,febru>y #ahij7 ( coal at a dep? ( #a1afj feet at ,dov]4 ,to quote ! words ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,:itak]--,x may be inde$ t ! coal supply ( ! future w be l>gely d]iv$ f ! ,s\?-,ea/ ( ,engl&1 & "s day x may happ51 f ! exhau/ion ( our nor!rn coal-fields1 t we 9 ! s\? may be able successfully to p]=m a task n[ prov]bially unpr(itable--we may c>ry coal to ,newca/le4 ,! coal-fields ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& occupy1 9 r\nd numb]s1 an area ( #aa1hfj squ>e miles1 or ab\t "o-t5? ( ! :ole area ( ! l& surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,)9 ?is area1 & d[n to a dep? ( #d1jjj feet1 lie ! ma9 deposits ( our available weal?4 ,"s idea ( ! am\nt ( coal und]ly+ ?is area w be ga!r$ f ! table#b on ! next page4 ,?is supply1 am\nt+ to ov] #ij1jjj million tons1 ref]s to ! expos$ coal-fields & to workable seams1 i4e4 ^? above "o foot 9 ?ickness4 ,b 9 addition to ?is1 we h a l>ge am\nt ( coal at workable dep?s "u =mations ( lat] geological age ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s1 su* z ! ,p]mian =mation ( nor!rn & c5tral ,engl&4 ,add+ ! e/imat$ quantity ( coal f ?is s\rce to t conta9$ 9 ! expos$ coal-fields z giv5 above1 we arrive at ! total available supply4 ,?is is e/imat$ to be ab\t #adf1ded million tons4 ,to ?is we may "o day h to add ! coal "u ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,engl&4 ,am\nt ( coal 9 millions ( tons to dep?s n exce$+ ,coal ,fields (-- #d1jjj feet4 ,s\? ,wales #cb1def ,=e/ ( ,dean #bfe ,bri/ol #d1bai ,w>wick%ire #dei ,s4 ,/af=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,=e/ ( ,wyre & ,clee ,hills #a1ijf ,leice/]%ire #hcg ,nor? ,wales #b1jje ,anglesey #e ,n4 ,/af=d%ire #c1hbe ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire #e1edf ,york%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,nor?umb]l& #ah1agb ,black ,burton #ga ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham #aj1jcg ,cumb]l& #dje ,scotl& #i1hdd ,irel& #aef ,x is important to be> 9 m9d1 t out ( ! #agj million tons ( coal n[ be+ rais$ annually we only use a small proportion1 viz4 f #e to #f p] c5t4 = gas-mak+4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt 7#cc p] c5t47 is us$ = iron-smelt+1#c & ab\t #ae p] c5t4 is export$2 ! rema9d] is consum$ 9 factories1 dwell+-h\ses1 = locomotion1 & 9 ! small] indu/ries4 ,! enorm\s advancem5t :i* has tak5 place ( late ye>s 9 ! indu/rial applications ( electricity has giv5 rise to ! belief t coal-gas w 9 "t become sup]s$$ z an illum9at+ ag5t1 & t ! supply ( t> may 9 consequ5ce fall (f4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ! introduction ( electric-light+ has _h no appreciable effect ^u ! consumption ( gas1 & ev5 :5 ! "t ( g5]al electric-light+ arrives !re w arise z a consequ5ce an increas$ dem& = gas z a fuel 9 gas eng9es4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( gas = heat+ & cook+ purposes is likely to g on increas+4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ! quantity ( t> produc$ 9 gas-works is n[ great] ?an is actually requir$ by ! col\r-manufactur]1 & mu* ( ?is by-product is burnt z fuel1 s t if ! manufacture ( gas 7 to suff] to any consid]able ext5t !re w\ld /ill be t> en\gh to meet our requirem5ts at ! pres5t rate ( consumption ( ! t>-products4 ,!n aga91 ! value ( ! t>1 coke1 & ammoniacal liquor is ( su* a proportion z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( ! raw mat]ial1 coal1 t !re is a good m>g9 = l[]+ ! price ( gas :5 ! competition betwe5 ! latt] & electricity actually comes ab\t4 ,x w n !n be only a /ruggle betwe5 ! two illum9ants1 b x w be a "q ( electricity v]sus gas1 plus t> & ammonia4 ,:ile ! electrician is pu%+ =w>d ) rapid /rides1 ! *emi/ is also mov+ onw>ds1 & e ye> witnesses ! discov]y ( new t> products1 or ! utilization ( con/itu5ts :i* 7 =m]ly ( little or no value4 ,?us if ! co/ ( g5]at+ & di/ribut+ electricity is be+ l[]$1 on ! o!r h& ! value ( coal t> is likely to g on advanc+1 & x w\ld be ra% to pr$ict :i* w come out triumphant 9 ! end4 ,b ev5 if electricity 7 to ga9 ! day x w\ld be wor? :ile to di/il coal at ! pit's m\? = ! sake ( ! by-products1 & !re is1 moreov]1 ! t> f ! coke ov5s to fall back ^u--a s\rce :i* ev5 be=e ! use ( coal-gas ! wise ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff advis$ u n to neglect4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! nature ( ! products obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature ( di/illation1 & ! age or degree ( c>bonization ( ! coal4 ,! wat]y liquor obta9$ by ! dry di/illation ( wood is acid1 & conta9s among o!r ?+s acetic acid1 :i* is sometimes prep>$ 9 ?is way1 & f its orig9 is occasionally spok5 ( z wood v9eg>4 ,! old] ! wood1 ! m complete its degree ( conv]sion into coal1 & ! small] ! quantity ( oxyg5 x conta9s1 ! m alkal9e does ! wat]y liquid become4 ,?us ! gas-liquor is di/9ctly alkal9e1 & conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ammonia1 besides o!r volatile bases4 ,! uses ( ammonia are manifold1 & ne>ly our :ole supply ( ?is valuable sub/ance is n[ d]iv$ f gas-liquor4 ,! pres5ce ( ammonia 9 ?is liquor is acc\nt$ = :5 x is kn[n t ?is comp\nd is a gas compos$ ( nitrog5 & hydrog54 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t coal conta9s f "o to two p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & dur+ ! process ( di/illation ab\t "o-fif? ( ?is nitrog5 is conv]t$ into ammonia1 ! rema9d] be+ conv]t$ p>tly into o!r bases1 :ile a small quantity rema9s 9 ! coke4 ,ammonia1 ! volatile alkali ( ! old *emi/s1 & its salts are ( importance 9 ph>macy1 b ! *ief use ( ?is comp\nd is to supply nitrog5 = ! gr[? ( plants4 ,plants mu/ h nitrog5 9 "s =m or ano!r1 & z !y _c assimilate x directly f ! atmosph]e :]e x exi/s 9 ! free /ate1 "s suitable nitrog5 comp\nd mu/ be suppli$ to ! soil4 ,x is possible t c]ta9 legum9\s plants may d]ive _! nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( micro-organisms1 :i* appe> capable ( fix+ free nitrog5 & ( supply+ x to ! plant ^u ^: roots !y fl\ri%4 ,b ?is is second-h& nitrog5 s f> z conc]ns ! plant4 ,x is true also t ! atmosph]e conta9s small traces ( ammonia & acid oxides ( nitrog51 :i* are dissolv$ by ra9 & sn[1 & ?us get wa%$ d[n into ! soil4 ,^! are ! natural s\rces ( plant nitrog54 ,b 9 agricultural op]ations1 :]e l>ge crops h to be rais$ z rapidly z possible1 "s additional s\rce ( nitrog5 mu/ be suppli$1 & ?is is ! object ( manur+ ! soil4 ,a manure1 *emically consid]$1 is a mixture ( sub/ances capable ( supply+ ! necess>y nitrog5\s & m9]al food = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,! ord9>y f>m or /able manure conta9s decompos+ nitrog5\s organic matt]1 9 :i* ! nitrog5 is giv5 (f z ammonia1 & ?us furni%es ! soil ) :i* x is mix$ ) ! necess>y f]tiliz]4 ,b ! supply ( ?is manure is limit$1 & we h to fall back ^u gas-liquor & native nitrates to meet ! exi/+ wants ( ! agriculturi/4 ,important z is ammonia = ! gr[? ( vegetation1 x is n 9 ?is =m t ! majority ( plants take up _! nitrog54 ,soluble nitrates are1 9 mo/ cases1 m effici5t f]tiliz]s ?an ! salts ( ammonia1 & ! ammonia :i* is suppli$ to ! soil is conv]t$ into nitrates !re9 be=e ! plant c assimilate ! nitrog54 ,! oxidation ( ammonia into nitric acid takes place by virtue ( a process call$ nitrification1 & !re is v good reason = believ+ t ?is trans=mation is ! "w ( a micro-organism pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,! gas liquor ?us supplies food to a m9ute organism :i* conv]ts ! ammonia into a =m available = ! high] plants4 ,"s bran*es ( agriculture--su* z ! cultivation ( ! beet = sug> manufacture--are s l>gely dep5d5t ^u an artificial s\rce ( nitrog51 t _! v exi/5ce is b\nd up ) ! supply ( ammonia salts or o!r nitrog5\s manures4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! manufacture ( beet-sug> & ! di/illation ( coal = ! production ( gas is ?us clos] ?an _m read]s w h imag9$2 = :ile ! supply ( native guano or nitrate is unc]ta91 & its freight co/ly on acc\nt ( ! di/ance f :i* x has to be %ipp$1 ! sulphate ( ammonia f gas-liquor is always at h&1 & available = ! purposes ( f]tilization4 ,!n aga91 !re are o!r products ( indu/rial value :i* are associat$ ) ammonia1 su*1 = example1 z ammonia-alum & cau/ic soda4 ,?is la/ is "o ( ! mo/ important *emical comp\nds manufactur$ on a l>ge scale1 & is consum$ 9 enorm\s quantities = ! manufacture ( pap] & soap1 & o!r purposes4 ,salts ( ?is alkali are also ess5tial = glass mak+4 ,( late ye>s a me?od = ! production ( cau/ic soda has be5 introduc$ :i* dep5ds ^u ! use ( ammonia1 & z ?is process is prov+ a =midable rival to ! old] me?od ( alkali manufacture1 x may be said t su* indisp5sable articles z pap]1 soap1 & glass are n[ to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u gas-liquor1 & may 9 c\rse ( "t become /ill m intimately connect$ ) ! manufacture ( coal-gas4 ,b quantitative /atem5ts mu/ be giv5 9 ord] to br+ home to g5]al read]s ! actual value ( ! small p]c5tage ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 coal4 ,?us x has be5 e/imat$1 t "o ton ( coal gives en\gh ammonia to furni% ab\t #cj lbs4 ( ! crude sulphate4 ,! pres5t value ( ?is salt is r\ghly ab\t ,l#ab p] ton4 ,! t5 million tons ( coal di/ill$ annually = gas mak+ w\ld ?us give #acc1ibi tons ( sulphate1 equal 9 money value to ,l#a1fjg1adh1 suppos+ ! :ole ( ! ammonia to be sold 9 ?is =m4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! ammonia obta9$ dur+ ! di/illation ( %ale & ! c>bonization ( coal = coke1 ! =m] s\rce furni%+ ab\t #bb1jjj tons1 & ! latt] ab\t #bejj tons annually4 ,small z is ! legacy ( nitrog5 bequea!d to u f ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 we see t x sums up to a consid]able annual addition to our indu/rial res\rces4 ,! ?ree products result+ f ! di/illation ( coal--viz4 ! gas1 ammoniacal-liquor1 & coke--hav+ n[ be5 made to furni% _! tale1 we h next to deal ) ! t>4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( gas manufacture ?is black1 viscid1 unsav\ry sub/ance 0 9 e s5se a wa/e product4 ,no use _h be5 f\nd = x1 & x 0 burnt1 or o!rwise dispos$ (4 ,no dem& = ! t> exi/$ :i* c\ld enable ! gas manufactur]s to get rid ( _! ev]-increas+ accumulation4 ,wood-t> _h previ\sly be5 us$ z a *eap pa9t = wood & metal-"w1 & x 0 b a natural sugge/ion t coal-t> %\ld be appli$ to ! same purposes4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! quality ( ! t> 0 improv$ by gett+ rid ( ! m volatile portions by boil+ x 9 op5 pans2 b ?is wa/e--to say no?+ ( ! dang] ( fire--0 *eck$ by a sugge/ion made by ,accum 9 #ahae1 :o %[$ t by boil+ d[n ! t> 9 a /ill in/ead ( 9 op5 pans ! volatile portions c\ld be cond5s$ & collect$1 ?us furni%+ an oil :i* c\ld be us$ by ! v>ni% mak] z a sub/itute = turp5t9e4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahbb1 ! di/illation ( t> 0 c>ri$ on at ,lei? by ,drs4 ,long/aff & ,dal/on1 ! _s be+ us$ by ,mack9to% ( ,glasg[ = dissolv+ india-rubb] = ! prep>ation ( t wat]pro( fabric :i* to ?is day be>s ! "n ( ! orig9al manufactur]4 ,! residue 9 ! /ill 0 burnt = lamp-black4 ,( su* little value 0 ! t> at ?is "t t ,dr4 ,long/aff tells u t ! gas company gave !m ! t> on condition t !y remov$ x at _! own exp5se4 ,x appe>s also t t> 0 di/ill$ on a l>ge scale ne> ,man*e/] 9 #ahcd1 ! _s be+ us$ = dissolv+ ! residual pit* s z to make a black v>ni%4 ,b ! production ( gas w5t on increas+ at a great] rate ?an ! dem& = t> = ! above-m5tion$ purposes1 & x 0 n till #ahch t a new bran* ( indu/ry 0 inaugurat$1 :i* conv]t$ ! di/illation ( ?is mat]ial f an insignificant into an important manufacture4 ,9 t ye> a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,be!ll = pres]v+ timb] by impregnat+ x ) ! heavy oil f coal-t>4 ,! use ( t> = ?is purpose _h be5 sugge/$ by ,lebon t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & a pat5t _h be5 grant$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahcf to ,franz ,moll = ?is use ( t>-products4 ,b ,be!ll's process 0 put into a work+ =m by ! great improvem5ts 9 ! app>atus introduc$ by ,breant & ,burt1 & to ! latt] is due ! cr$it ( hav+ f\nd$ an indu/ry :i* is /ill c>ri$ on by ,messrs4 ,burt1 ,bolton & ,haywood on a colossal scale4 ,! pickl+ or creosot+ ( timb] is effect$ 9 an iron cyl9drical boil]1 into :i* ! timb] is run2 ! cyl9d] be+ !n clos$ ! air is pump$ out1 & ! air conta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! wood ?us escapes4 ,! creosot+ oil1 slightly w>m$1 is !n all[$ to fl[ into ! boil]1 & ?us p5etrates into ! pores ( ! wood1 ! complete saturation ( :i* is insur$ by aft]w>ds pump+ air into ! cyl9d] & leav+ ! timb] 9 ! oil = "s h\rs "u a pressure ( #h to #aj atmosph]es4 ,all timb] :i* is buri$ und]gr\nd1 or subm]g$ 9 wat]1 is impregnat$ ) ?is antiseptic creosote 9 ord] to prev5t decay4 ,x w be evid5t t ?is application ( t>-products mu/ f ! v comm5cem5t h _h an enorm\s influ5ce ^u ! di/illation ( t> z a bran* ( indu/ry4 ,consid] ! miles ( wood5 sleep]s ov] :i* our railways are laid1 & ! network ( telegraph wires c>ri$ all ov] ! c\ntry by wood5 poles1 ( :i* ! ends are buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,consid] also ! _m subaque\s works :i* necessitate ! use ( timb]1 & we %all ga9 an idea ( ! dem& = heavy coal-t> oil creat$ by ! introduction ( ,breant's process4 ,"u ! treatm5t describ$ a cubic foot ( wood absorbs ab\t a gallon ( oil1 & by f> ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! t> oils is consum$ 9 ?is way at ! pres5t "t4 ,n[ 9 ! e>ly days ( timb]-pickl+ ! light] oils ( ! t>1 :i* fir/ come ov] on di/illation1 & :i* are too volatile = ! purpose ( creosot+1 7 9 mu* ab\t ! same indu/rial position z ! t> itself be=e its application z a timb] pres]vative4 ,! light oil _h a limit$ use z a solv5t = wat]pro(+ & v>ni% mak+1 & a c]ta9 quantity 0 burnt z coal-t> naph?a 9 specially con/ruct$ lamps1 ! inv5tion ( ! late ,read ,holliday ( ,hudd]sfield1 ^: fir/ pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 #ahdh 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,up to ?is "t1 be x rememb]$1 t *emi/s _h n f\nd out :at ?is naph?a conta9$4 ,b sci5ce soon laid h&s on ! mat]ials furni%$ by ! t>-di/ill]1 & ! naph?a 0 "o ( ! fir/ products :i* 0 made to reveal ! secret ( its hidd5 treasures to ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,f ?is p]iod sci5ce & indu/ry became indissolubly unit$1 & ! rese>*es ( *emi/s 7 c>ri$ on h&-9-h& ) ! te*nical developm5ts ( coal-t> products4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,read ,holliday's lamp = burn+ light coal-t> oils4 ,! oil is conta9$ 9 ! ci/]n c1 f :5ce x fl[s d[n ! pipe1 :5 ! /opcock is op5$1 into ! burn] a4 ,bel[ ! burn] is a little cup1 9 :i* "s ( ! oil is kept burn+1 & ! heat f ?is flame volatilizes ! oil z x fl[s d[n ! pipe1 ! vap\r ?us g5]at$ issu+ f ! jets 9 ! burn] & !re und]go+ ignition4 ,! burn] & cup are %[n on an enl>g$ scale at a 9 ! l[] figure4 ,9 #ahbe ,mi*ael ,f>aday discov]$ a hydroc>bon 9 ! oil produc$ by ! cond5sation ( oil gas--an illum9at+ gas obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( oleag9\s mat]ials4 ,?is hydroc>bon 0 analys$ by its illu/ri\s discov]]1 & nam$ 9 accordance ) 8 results bic>buret ( hydrog54 ,9 #ahcd ! same hydroc>bon 0 obta9$ by ,mits*]li* by heat+ b5zoic acid ) lime1 & by ,peligot by ! dry di/illation ( calcium b5zoate4 ,= ?is reason ! comp\nd 0 nam$ b5z9 by ,mits*]li*1 :i* "n 0 *ang$ into b5zol by ,liebig4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! hydroc>bon is kn[n at ! pres5t "t z b5z5e4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ,f>aday's discov]y1 viz4 9 #ahde1 ,h(mann prov$ ! exi/5ce ( b5z5e 9 ! light oils f coal-t>1 & 9 #ahdh ,h(mann's pupil1 ,mansfield1 isolat$ consid]able quantities ( ?is hydroc>bon f ! said light oils by fractional di/illation4 ,at ! "t ( ^! inve/igations no great dem& = b5z5e exi/$1 b ! "w ( ,h(mann & ,mansfield prep>$ ! way = its manufacture on a l>ge scale1 :51 a few ye>s lat]1 ! fir/ coal-t> col\r+-matt] 0 discov]$ by our c\ntryman1 ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k94 ,x is always ( int]e/ to trace ! influ5ce ( sci5tific discov]y ^u diff]5t bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,z soon z x _h be5 %[n t b5z5e c\ld be obta9$ f coal-t>1 ! nitro-d]ivative ( ?is hydroc>bon--i4e4 ! oily comp\nd produc$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u b5z5e--0 introduc$ z a sub/itute = bitt] almond oil "u ! "n ( ess5ce ( mirbane4 ,nitrob5z5e has an od\r resembl+ t ( bitt] almond oil1 & x is /ill us$ = c]ta9 purposes :]e ! latt] c be replac$ by its *eap] sub/itute1 su* z = ! sc5t+ ( soap4 ,al?\gh ! isolation ( b5z5e f coal-t> gave an impetus to ! manufacture ( nitrob5z5e1 no use exi/$ = ! latt] beyond its v limit$ application z ess5ce ( mirbane1 & ! production ( ?is comp\nd 0 at t "t too insignificant to take rank z an important bran* ( *emical indu/ry4 ,! ye> #ahef m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! utilization ( coal-t> products ) :i* ! "n ( ,p]k9 w ev] be associat$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts1 hav+ = _! object ! artificial production ( qu99e1 ?is inve/igator 0 l$ to try ! action ( oxidiz+ ag5ts ^u a base kn[n z anil9e1 & he ?us obta9$ a violet col\r+ matt]--! fir/ dye f coal-t>--:i* 0 manufactur$ "u a pat5t grant$ 9 #aheh1 & introduc$ into comm]ce "u ! "n ( mauve4 ,a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( anil9e w s]ve to %[ h[ ,p]k9's discov]y gave a new value to ! light oils f coal-t> & rais$ ! manufacture ( nitrob5z5e into an important bran* ( indu/ry4 ,?irty ye>s be=e ,p]k9's exp]im5ts ! ,dut* *emi/ ,unv]dorb5 obta9$ 7#ahbf7 a liquid base by ! di/illation ( indigo1 :i* _h ! prop]ty ( =m+ beautifully cry/all9e salts1 & :i* he nam$ = ?is reason cry/all94 ,9 #ahcd ,runge discov]$ ! same base 9 coal-t>1 al?\gh its id5tity 0 n kn[n to him at ! "t1 & because x gave a blui% col\r :5 act$ ^u by blea*+-p[d]1 he call$ x kyanol4 ,aga9 9 #ahdj1 by di/ill+ a product obta9$ by ! action ( cau/ic alkalies ^u indigo1 ,fritzs*e prep>$ ! same base1 & gave x ! "n ( anil9e1 f ! ,spani% designation ( ! indigo plant1 anil1 d]iv$ f ! native ,indian ^w1 by :i* "n ! base is kn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,t anil9e c\ld be obta9$ by ! r$uction ( nitrob5z5e 0 %[n by ,z99 9 #ahdb1 :o us$ sulphide ( ammonium = r$uc+ ! nitrob5z5e1 & nam$ ! result+ base b5zidam4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,h(mann %[$ t cry/all91 kyanol1 anil9e1 & b5zidam 7 all "o & ! same base4 ,?us :5 ! discov]y ( mauve op5$ up a dem& = anil9e on ! l>ge scale1 ! lab\rs ( *emi/s1 f ,unv]dorb5 9 #ahbf to ,h(mann 9 #ahdc1 _h prep>$ ! way = ! manufactur]4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t al?\gh ,runge _h discov]$ anil9e 9 coal-t>1 ?is is n ! s\rce ( our pres5t supply1 = ! quantity is too small to make x wor? extract+4 ,a m]e trace ( anil9e is pres5t 9 ! t> ready =m$2 f ! "t ?is base 0 want$ 9 l>ge quantities x _h to be made by nitrat+ b5z5e1 & !n r$uc+ ! nitrob5z5e4 ,! light oils ( t> di/illation reject$ by ! timb]-pickl+ indu/ry n[ came to ! front1 imbu$ ) new int]e/ to ! te*nologi/ z a s\rce ( b5z5e = ! manufacture ( anil9e4 ,! inauguration ( ?is manufacture1 l ! introduction ( /eam locomotion1 is connect$ ) a sad cata/rophe4 ,mansfield1 :o fir/ %[$ manufactur]s h[ to sep>ate b5z5e & o!r hydroc>bons f ! light oils ( coal-t>1 & :o devis$ = ?is purpose app>atus simil> 9 pr9ciple to t us$ on a l>ge scale at ! pres5t "t 7see ,fig4 #e71 met ) an accid5t :i* result$ 9 8 dea?4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( a h\se 9 ,holborn 9 ,febru>y #ahef1 ?is pione] 0 c>ry+ on 8 exp]im5ts1 :5 ! cont5ts ( a /ill boil$ ov] & caught fire4 ,9 8 endeav\rs to ext+ui% ! flames he receiv$ ! injuries :i* t]m9at$ fatally4 ,appli$ sci5ce no less ?an pure sci5ce has _h its m>tyrs1 & among ^! ,mansfield mu/ be rank$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,mansfield's /ill4 ,r ! heat+ burn]1 ,a ! body ( ! /ill ) /opcock1 i1 = runn+ out ! cont5ts4 ,b ! /ill-head kept 9 a ci/]n1 ,c1 ( hot wat] or o!r liquid4 ,! vap\r g5]at$ by ! boil+ ( ! liquid 9 ,a1 p>tly cond5ses 9 ,b1 f :5ce ! high] boil+-po9t portion fl[s back into ! /ill4 ,! uncond5s$ vap\r passes into ! cond5s+-worm1 ,d1 :i* is kept cool by a /ream ( wat]1 & f !nce fl[s into ! receiv] ,s4 ,by op5+ m 9 ! side-pipe any high] boil+-po9t oil cond5s+ 9 ! deliv]y-pipe c be run back into ! /ill4 ,! op]ation ( t>-di/ill+ is ab\t z unromantic a process z c be imag9$1 b x mu/ be briefly describ$ be=e ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( ! indu/ry c be appreciat$ prop]ly4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ! t> is a complex mixture ( _m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,^! v>i\s comp\nds boil at c]ta9 def9ite temp]atures1 ! boil+-po9t ( a *emical comp\nd be+ an inh]5t prop]ty4 ,if a mixture ( sub/ances boil+ at diff]5t temp]atures is heat$ 9 a suitable vessel ! comp\nds di/il ov]1 broadly speak+1 9 ! ord] ( _! boil+-po9ts4 ,! sep>ation by ?is process is n absolute1 because comp\nds boil+ at a c]ta9 temp]ature h a t5d5cy to br+ ov] ) !m ! vap\rs ( o!r comp\nds :i* boil at a high] temp]ature4 ,b = practical purposes x w be suffici5t to consid] t ! g5]al t5d5cy is = ! comp\nds ( l[ boil+-po9t to come ov] fir/1 !n ! comp\nds ( high] boil+-po9t1 & f9ally ^? ( ! highe/ boil+-po9t4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple made use ( by ! t>-di/ill]4 ,! t>-/ill is a l>ge iron pot provid$ ) a /ill-head f :i* ! vap\rs boil out into a coil ( iron pipe kept cool 9 a vessel ( wat] 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! /ill is heat$ by a fire b5ea? x1 & ! diff]5t portions :i* cond5se 9 ! iron coil are receiv$ 9 vessels :i* are *ang$ z ! diff]5t fractions ( ! t> come ov]4 ,! process is :at *emi/s w\ld call a r\gh fractional di/illation4 ,! fir/ fractions are liquid at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ! wat] 9 ! cond5s] is kept cold2 !n1 z ! boil+-po9t rises1 ! fraction conta9s a hydroc>bon :i* solidifies on cool+1 & ! wat] 9 ! cond5s] is made hot to prev5t ! *ok+ up ( ! coil4 ,e "o ( ^! fractions ( coal-t>1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! process1 has its /ory to tell--all ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! t> sep>at$ by ?is means h by *emical sci5ce be5 conv]t$ into useful products4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,sectional diagram ( t>-/ill ) ar*$ bottom4 ,! fireplace is at i2 ! hot gases pass ov] ! bridge k & ?r\gh g into ! flues h1 h4 ,! pipe at c is to supply ! /ill ) t>2 a is ! exit pipe connect$ ) ! cond5s]1 & b a man-hole = clean+ out ! /ill4 ,! cond5s] & bottom pipe = draw+ (f pit* h be5 omitt$ to avoid complication4 ,x is cu/om>y at ! pres5t "t to collect f\r di/9ct fractions f ! p]iod :5 ! t> beg9s to boil quietly1 i4e4 f ! po9t :5 ! small quantity ( wat]y liquor :i* is unavoidably entangl$ ) ! t> has di/ill$ ov]1 by :i* "t ! temp]ature 9 ! /ill is ab\t #aaj deg4 ,c4 ,! small fraction t comes ov] up to ?is temp]ature con/itutes :at ! t>-di/ill] calls fir/ runn+s4 ,f #aaj deg4 ,c4 to #baj deg4 ,c4 !re comes ov] a limpid inflammable liquid kn[n z light oil1 & ?is is succe$$ by a fraction :i* %[s a t5d5cy to solidify on cool+1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( a solid cry/all9e hydroc>bon kn[n z naph?al5e4 ,?is la/ fraction1 boil+ betwe5 #baj deg4 ,c4 & #bdj deg4 ,c41 is kn[n z c>bolic oil1 because x conta9s1 9 addition to ! naph?al5e1 ! *ief portion ( ! c>bolic acid pres5t 9 ! t>4 ,f #bdj deg4 ,c4 to #bgj deg4 ,c4 !re comes ov] ano!r fraction :i* %[s b little t5d5cy to solidify 9 ! cond5s+ coil1 & :i* is kn[n z heavy oil1 or creosote oil4 ,f #bgj deg4 ,c4 up to ! end ( ! di/illation !re di/ils a fraction :i* is viscid 9 consi/5cy1 & has a t5d5cy to solidify on cool+ ow+ to ! sep>ation ( ano!r cry/all9e hydroc>bon kn[n z an?rac5e1 & :i* gives ! "n ( an?rac5e oil to ?is la/ fraction4 ,:5 ! latt] has be5 collect$ !re rema9s 9 ! /ill ! black viscid sub/ance kn[n z pit*1 :i* is obta9$ ( any desir$ consi/5cy by leav+ m or less ( ! an?rac5e oil mix$ ) x1 or by aft]w>ds mix+ x ) ! heavy oil f previ\s di/illations4 ,! process c>ri$ out 9 ! t>-/ill ?us sep>ates ! t> into--7#a7 ,fir/ runn+s1 up to #aaj deg4 ,c4 7#b7 ,light oil1 f #aaj deg4 to #baj deg4 ,c4 7#c7 ,c>bolic oil1 f #baj deg4 to #bdj deg4 ,c4 7#d7 ,creosote oil1 f #bdj deg4 to #bgj deg4 ,c4 7#e7 ,an?rac5e oil1 f #bgj deg4 to pit*4 7#f7 ,pit*1 left 9 /ill4 ,x has already be5 said t coal-t> is a complex mixture ( v>i\s di/9ct *emical comp\nds4 ,includ$ among ! gases1 ammoniacal liquor1 & t>1 ! comp\nds :i* are kn[n to be =m$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal already rea* to ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty 9 numb]4 ,( ! sub/ances pres5t 9 ! t>1 ab\t a doz5 are utiliz$ z raw mat]ials by ! manufactur]1 & ^! are conta9$ 9 ! fractions describ$ above4 ,! fir/ runn+s & light oil conta9 a s]ies ( important hydroc>bons1 ( :i* ! ?ree fir/ memb]s are kn[n to *emi/s z b5z5e1 tolu5e1 & xyl5e1 ! latt] be+ pres5t 9 ?ree diff]5t modifications4 ,! c>bolic oil furni%es c>bolic acid & naph?al5e1 & ! an?rac5e oil ! hydroc>bon :i* gives its "n to t fraction4 ,"h we h only half a doz5 di/9ct *emical comp\nds to deal )1 & if we conf9e our att5tion to ^! = ! pres5t1 we %all be enabl$ to ga9 a good g5]al idea ( :at *emi/ry has done ) ^! raw mat]ials4 ,! products sep>at$ dur+ ! processes :i* h to be resort$ to = ! isolation ( ^! raw mat]ials h also _! uses1 :i* w be po9t$ out incid5tally4 ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ runn+s & ! light oil1 f :i* ! hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e s]ies are sep>at$1 we h to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! treatm5t to :i* ^! fractions are submitt$ by ! t>-di/ill]4 ,! light oil is fir/ di/ill$ f an iron /ill1 simil> to a t>-/ill1 & ! fir/ portions :i* come ov] are add$ to ! oily fraction br\ght ov] by ! wat] ( ! fir/ runn+s4 ,! sep>ation ( ! oil f ! wat] 9 ?is la/ fraction is a simple matt]1 because ! hydroc>bons float z a di/9ct lay] on ! wat]1 & d n mix ) x4 ,we h at ?is /age1 !re=e1 f\r products to consid]1 viz4 #a/1 ! oil f ! fir/ runn+s2 #bnd1 ! fir/ portions ( ! light oil2 #crd1 ! lat] portions ( ! light oil2 & #d?1 ! residue 9 ! /ill4 ,! fir/ & second are mix$ toge!r1 & ! ?ird is wa%$ alt]nately ) alkali & acid to remove acid & basic impurities1 & c !n be mix$ ) ! fir/ & second products4 ,! total product is !n ready = ! next op]ation4 ,! la/ portion ( ! light oil :i* rema9s 9 ! /ill is useless z a s\rce ( b5z5e hydroc>bons1 & goes into ! heavy oil ( ! lat] t> fractions4 ,! process ( purification is ?us f> "o ( fractional di/illation comb9$ ) *emical wa%+4 ,9 fact1 all ! processes ( purification to :i* ^! oils are submitt$ are ess5tially ( ! same "*4 ,! pr9ciple ( fractional di/illation has already be5 expla9$ suffici5tly = our pres5t purpose4 ,! process ( wa%+ a liquid may appe> my/]i\s to ! un9itiat$1 b 9 pr9ciple x is extremely simple4 ,if we p\r "s wat] into a bottle1 & !n add "s liquid :i* does n mix ) ! wat]--say p>aff9 oil--! two liquids =m di/9ct lay]s1 ! "o float+ on ! o!r4 ,on %ak+ ! bottle s z to mix ! cont5ts1 ! two liquids =m a homog5e\s mixture at fir/1 b on /&+ = a %ort "t sep>ation into two lay]s aga9 takes place4 ,n[ if !re 0 pres5t 9 ! p>aff9 oil "s sub/ance soluble 9 ! oil1 b m soluble 9 wat]1 su* z alcohol1 we %\ld by ! op]ation describ$ wa% ! alcohol out ( ! oil1 & :5 ! liquids sep>at$ into lay]s aft] agitation ! wat]y lay] w\ld conta9 ! alcohol4 ,by draw+ (f ! oil or ! wat] ! =m] w\ld !n be obta9$ free f alcohol--x w\ld h be5 wa%$4 ,?is op]ation is precisely :at ! manufactur] does on a l>ge scale ) ! coal-t> oils4 ,^! oils conta9 c]ta9 impurities ( :i* "s are ( an acid "* & dissolve 9 alkalies1 :ile o!rs are basic & dissolve 9 acid4 ,! oil is !re=e agitat$ 9 a suitable vessel provid$ ) me*anical /irr+ ge> ) an aque\s solution ( cau/ic soda1 & aft] sep>ation into lay]s ! alkal9e solution reta9+ ! acid impurities is drawn (f4 ,!n ! oil may be wa%$ ) wat] 9 ! same way to remove ! l+]+ traces ( alkali1 & !n ) acid--sulphuric acid or oil ( vitriol--:i* dissolves out basic impurities & c]ta9 hydroc>bons n belong+ to ! b5z5e s]ies :i* x is desirable to get rid (4 ,a f9al wa%+ ) wat] removes any acid t may be reta9$ by ! oil4 ,! total product conta9+ ! b5z5e hydroc>bons is put ?r\gh su* a s]ies ( wa%+ op]ations z above describ$1 & is !n ready = sep>ation into its con/itu5ts by ano!r & m p]fect process ( fractional di/illation4 ,?is f9al sep>ation is effect$ 9 a piece ( app>atus some:at complicat$ 9 /ructure1 b simple 9 pr9ciple4 ,x is a developm5t on a l>ge scale ( ! app>atus us$ by ,mansfield 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts4 ,! details ( con/ruction are n ess5tial to ! pres5t treatm5t ( ! subject1 b x w suffice to say t ! vap\rs ( ! boil+ hydroc>bons asc5d ?r\gh upright columns1 9 :i* ! comp\nds ( high boil+-po9t fir/ cond5se & run back into ! /ill1 :ile ! l[] boil+-po9t comp\nds d n cond5se 9 ! columns1 b pass on into a sep>ate cond5s]1 :]e !y liquefy & are collect$4 ,b ev5 ) ?is rectification we d n get a p]fect sep>ation--! hydroc>bons are n p]fectly pure f a *emical po9t ( view1 al?\gh !y are pure en\gh = manufactur+ purposes4 ,?us ! fir/ fraction consi/s ( b5z5e conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( tolu5e1 !n comes ov] a mixture conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( tolu5e1 !n comes a pur] tolu5e mix$ ) a small p]c5tage ( xyl5e4 ,! boil+-po9ts ( ! ?ree hydroc>bons are #ha deg4 ,c41 #aaa deg4 ,c41 & #adj deg4 ,c4 respectively2 b ow+ to ! nature ( fractional di/illation1 a comp\nd ( a c]ta9 boil+-po9t always br+s ov] ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( ! comp\nd ( high] boil+-po9t1 & t is :y ! rectify+ column effects only a p>tial sep>ation4 ,( ! hydroc>bons ?us sep>at$1 b5z5e & tolu5e are by f> ! mo/ important2 !re is b a limit$ use = ! xyl5es at pres5t1 & ^! & ! hydroc>bons ( high] boil+-po9t belong+ to ! same s]ies :i* di/il ov] betwe5 #adj deg4 & #aej deg4 con/itute :at is kn[n z solv5t naph?a1 because x is us$ = dissolv+ india-rubb] = wat]pro(+ purposes4 ,! hydroc>bons ( /ill high] boil+-po9t :i* rema9 9 ! /ill are us$ z burn+ naph?a = lamps4 ,if b5z5e ( a high] degree ( purity is requir$--z x is = ! manufacture ( c]ta9 col\r+-matt]s--! fraction conta9+ ?is hydroc>bon c be aga9 di/ill$ ?r\gh ! rectify+ column1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! tolu5e ?us sep>at$ f x4 ,f9ally1 pure b5z5e c be obta9$ by submitt+ ! rectifi$ hydroc>bon to a process ( refrig]ation 9 a mixture ( ice & salt1 :5 ! b5z5e solidifies to a :ite cry/all9e solid1 :ile ! tolu5e does n solidify1 & c be dra9$ away f ! b5z5e cry/als :i* liquefy at ab\t #e deg4 ,c4 ,! acc\nt r5d]$ by ! te*nologi/ ) respect to ! light oils ( ! t> is ?us a pretty good "o4 ,already we see t b5z5e1 tolu5e1 solv5t naph?a1 & burn+ naph?a are sep>at$ f !m4 ,ev5 ! alkal9e & acid wa%+s may be made to surr5d] _! conta9$ products1 = ! fir/ ( ^! conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bolic acid1 & ! acid conta9s a /rongly smell+ base call$ pyrid9e1 = :i* !re is at pres5t no great dem&1 b :i* may "o day become ( importance4 ,! actual quantity ( b5z5e 9 t> is a little ov] "o p] c5t4 by weight1 & ( tolu5e !re is some:at less4 ,! naph?as are pres5t to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ,n[ let u consid] "s ( ! trans=mations :i* b5z5e & tolu5e und]go 9 ! h&s ( ! manufactur+ *emi/4 ,! production ( anil9e f b5z5e by act+ ^u ?is hydroc>bon ) nitric acid1 & !n r$uc+ ! nitrob5z5e1 has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,= ?is purpose we n[ heat ! nitrob5z5e ) iron du/ & a little hydro*loric 7muriatic7 acid1 & !n di/il ov] ! anil9e by means ( a curr5t ( /eam bl[n ?r\gh ! /ill4 ,by a simil> process tolu5e is conv]t$ into nitrotolu5e1 & ! latt] into toluid9e4 ,! l>ge quantity ( anil9e & toluid9e n[ made has op5$ up a *annel = ! use ( ! wa/e bor+s f ca/-iron4 ,^! are gr\nd to a f9e p[d] "u heavy mill-/ones1 & con/itute a mo/ valuable r$uc+ ag5t1 kn[n te*nically z iron sw>f4 ,! metallic iron introduc$ 9 ?is =m into ! anil9e /ill is conv]t$ into an oxide ( iron by ! action ( ! nitrob5z5e1 & ?is oxide ( iron is us$ by ! gas-mak] = purify+ ! gas f sulphur z already describ$4 ,:5 ! oxide ( iron is exhau/$1 i4e4 :5 x has tak5 up z mu* sulphur z x c1 x goes to ! vitriol-mak] to be burnt z a s\rce ( ?is acid4 ,"h we h a wa/e product ( ! anil9e manufacture utiliz$ = ! purification ( coal-gas1 & f9ally be+ made to give up ! sulphur1 :i* x obta9$ prim>ily f ! coal1 = ! production ( sulphuric acid1 :i* is consum$ 9 ne>ly e bran* ( *emical indu/ry4 ,nitrotolu5e & toluid9e ea* exi/ 9 ?ree di/9ct modifications1 s t x is m correct to speak ( ! nitrotolu5es & ! toluid9es2 b ! explanation ( ^! diff]5ces belongs to pure *emical !ory1 & _c n[ be attempt$ 9 detail4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t _m comp\nds hav+ ! same *emical composition diff] 9 _! prop]ties1 & are said to be isom]ic1 ! isom]ism be+ reg>d$ z ! result ( ! diff]5t ord] ( arrangem5t ( ! atoms )9 ! molecule4 ,consid] a homely illu/ration4 ,a *ild's box ( bricks conta9s a c]ta9 numb] ( wood5 blocks1 by means ( :i* diff]5t /ructures c be built up4 ,suppos+ all ! bricks to be employ$ = e /ructure erect$1 ! latt] mu/ 9 e case conta9 all ! blocks1 & yet ! result is diff]5t1 because 9 ea* /ructure ! blocks are arrang$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! bricks repres5t atoms1 & ! :ole /ructure repres5ts a molecule2 ! /ructures all h ! same ultimate composition1 & are !re=e isom]ic4 ,?is w s]ve z a r\gh analogy1 only x mu/ n be und]/ood t ! diff]5t atoms ( ! elem5ts compos+ a molecule are ( diff]5t sizes & %apes2 on ?is po9t we are z yet pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,n[ z long ago z #ahef1 at ! "t :5 ,p]k9 began mak+ mauve by oxidiz+ anil9e ) bi*romate ( pota%1 x 0 obs]v$ by ,natanson1 t :5 anil9e 0 heat$ ) a c]ta9 oxidiz+ ag5t a r$ col\r+-matt] 0 produc$4 ,! same fact 0 obs]v$ 9 #aheh by ,h(mann1 :o us$ ! tetra*loride ( c>bon z an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,^! *emi/s obta9$ ! r$ col\r+-matt] z a by-product2 x 0 =m$ only 9 small quantity1 & 0 reg>d$ z an impurity4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #aheh1 two ,fr5* manufactur]s pat5t$ ! production ( a r$ dye =m$ by ! action ( *romic acid & o!r oxidiz+ ag5ts on anil9e1 ! col\r+ matt] ?us made be+ us$ = dy+ artificial fl[]s4 ,!n1 a ye> lat]1 ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,v]gu9 f\nd t ! be/ oxidiz+ ag5t 0 ! tetra*loride ( t91 & ?is ) _m o!r oxidiz+ sub/ances 0 pat5t$ by ,r5>d ,fr]es & ,franc1 & "u _! pat5t ! manufacture ( ! anil9e r$ 0 comm5c$ on a small scale 9 ,france4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahfj1 an oxidiz+ ag5t 0 made use ( almo/ simultane\sly by two ,engli% *emi/s1 ,m$lock & ,ni*olson1 :i* gave a f> bett] yield ( ! r$ ?an any ( ! o!r mat]ials previ\sly 9 use1 & put ! manufacture ( ! col\r+-matt] on q a new basis4 ,! oxidiz+ mat]ial pat5t$ by ,m$lock & ,ni*olson is ars5ic acid1 & _! process is c>ri$ on at ! pres5t "t on an enorm\s scale 9 all ! *ief col\r factories 9 ,europe1 ! col\r+-matt] produc$ by ?is means be+ g5]ally kn[n z fu*s9e or mag5ta4 ,9 f\r ye>s ! accid5tal obs]vation ( ,natanson & ,h(mann1 made1 be x rememb]$1 9 ! c\rse ( ab/ract sci5tific inve/igation1 _h ?us develop$ into an important bran* ( manufacture4 ,a dem& = anil9e on an increas$ scale sprung up1 & ! light oils ( coal-t> became ( /ill great] importance4 ,! op]ations ( ! t>-di/ill] _h to und]go a correspond+ increase 9 magnitude & ref9em5t2 ! production ( nitrob5z5e & necess>ily ( nitric acid _h to be increas$1 & a new bran* ( manufacture1 t ( ars5ic acid f ars5i\s acid & nitric acid1 0 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,p]k9's mauve prep>$ ! way = ! manufacture ( anil9e1 & ! discov]y ( a good process = ! production ( mag5ta increas$ ?is bran* ( manufacture to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,/ill lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mag5ta manufacture1 attempts 7 made1 ) m or less success1 to use nitrob5z5e itself z an oxidiz+ ag5t1 & a process 0 p]fect$ 9 #ahfi by ,c\pi]1 :i* is n[ 9 use 9 _m factories4 ,! introduction ( mag5ta into comm]ce m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry--pure *emi/ry & *emical te*nology bo? pr(it$ by ! discov]y4 ,! brilliant r$ ( ?is col\r+-matt] is object$ to by mod]n ae/heticism1 b ! dye is /ill made 9 l>ge quantities1 its value hav+ be5 greatly increas$ by a discov]y made ab\t ! same "t by ,john ,holliday & ! ,bad5 ,anil9e & ,soda ,company1 & pat5t$ by ! latt] 9 #ahgg4 ,mag5ta is ! salt ( a base n[ kn[n z rosanil9e1 & x belongs !re=e to ! class ( basic col\r+-matt]s4 ,! dyes ( ?is k9d are z a gr\p less fa/1 & h a m limit$ application ?an ^? col\r+-matt]s :i* possess an acid "*1 s t ! discov]y above ref]r$ to--t mag5ta c\ld be conv]t$ into an acid )\t de/roy+ its col\r+ p[] by act+ ^u x ) v /rong sulphuric acid--op5$ up a new field = ! employm5t ( ! dye1 & greatly ext5d$ its usefulness4 ,9 ?is =m ! col\r+-matt] is met ) "u ! "n ( acid mag5ta4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! production ( mag5ta f anil9e by ! oxidiz+ action ( ars5ic acid or nitrob5z5e is ! result ( *emical *ange2 ! col\r+-matt] is no m pres5t 9 ! anil9e ?an ! latt] is conta9$ 9 ! b5z5e4 ,& j 9 ! same way t ! col\rless anil9e oil by *emical trans=mation gives rise to ! int5sely colorific mag5ta1 s ! latt] by fur!r *emical *ange c be made to give rise to :ole s]ies ( diff]5t col\r+-matt]s1 ea* consi/+ ( def9ite *emical comp\nds z di/9ct 9 individuality z mag5ta itself4 ,?us 9 #ahfj1 ab\t ! "t :5 ! ars5ic acid process 0 inaugurat$1 two ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,messrs4 ,gir>d & ,de ,laire1 obs]v$ t by heat+ rosanil9e = "s "t ) anil9e & an anil9e salt1 blue & violet col\r+-matt]s 7 produc$4 ,?is obs]vation =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( a new manufacture proce$+ f mag5ta z a raw mat]ial4 ,! production ( ! new col\r+-matt]s 0 p]fect$ by v>i\s inve/igators1 & a magnific5t blue 0 ! f9al result4 ,b "h also ! dye 0 ( a basic "*1 & be+ insoluble 9 wat] _h only a limit$ application1 z a _s ba? _h to be us$ = dissolv+ ! sub/ance4 ,9 #ahfb1 h[ev]1 an ,engli% te*nologi/1 ! late ,e4 ,c4 ,ni*olson1 f\nd t by ! action ( /rong sulphuric acid ! anil9e blue c\ld be r5d]$ soluble 9 wat] or alkali1 & ! value ( ! col\r+-matt] 0 enorm\sly increas$ by ?is discov]y4 ,! basic & slightly soluble _s blue 0 by ?is means conv]t$ into acid blues1 :i* are n[ made 9 l>ge quantities1 & sold "u ! names ( ,ni*olson's blue1 alkali blue1 soluble blue1 & o!r trade designations4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t h>dly any o!r blue :i* = fa/ness1 facility ( dye+1 & beauty c compete ) ?is col\r+-matt] introduc$ by ,ni*olson z ! outcome ( ! "w ( ,gir>d & ,de ,laire4 ,o!r trans=mations ( rosanil9e h yet to be *ronicl$4 ,9 #ahfb ,h(mann f\nd t by act+ ^u ?is base--! base ( mag5ta--) ! iodide ( me?yl1 violet col\r+-matt]s 7 produc$1 & ^! 7 = "s ye>s ext5sively employ$ "u ! "n ( ,h(mann's violets4 ,& /ill m rem>kable1 by ! prolong$ action ( an excess ( me?yl iodide ^u rosanil9e1 ,keiss] f\nd t a gre5 col\r+-matt] 0 =m$4 ,! latt] 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahff1 & ! dye 0 = "s "t 9 use "u ! "n ( iod9e gre54 ,! /atem5t t te*nology pr(it$ by ! introduction ( mag5ta has !re=e be5 ju/ifi$4 ,x rema9s to add1 t ! t> obta9$ f "o ton ( ,lanca%ire coal furni%es an am\nt ( anil9e capable ( giv+ a little ov] half a p\nd ( mag5ta4 ,! col\r+ p[] ( ! latt] w be inf]r$ f ! fact1 t ?is quantity w\ld dye #cge squ>e y>ds ( :ite flannel ( a full r$ col\r1 & if conv]t$ into ,h(mann violet by me?ylation1 w\ld give en\gh col\r to dye d\ble ?is surface ( flannel ( a deep violet %ade4 ,x %\ld be /at$ also1 t dur+ ! =mation ( mag5ta by ! ars5ic acid process1 !re are =m$ small quantities ( o!r col\r+-matt]s :i* are utiliz$ by ! manufactur]4 ,among ^! by-products is a basic orange dye1 :i* 0 isolat$ by ,ni*olson1 & inve/igat$ by ,h(mann 9 #ahfb4 ,"u ! "n ( phosph9e ?is col\r+-matt] is /ill us$1 especially = ! dye+ ( lea!r4 ,ev5 ! sp5t ars5ic acid ( ! mag5ta-/ill has its use4 ,! ars5i\s acid result+ f ! r$uction ( ?is ars5ic acid is g5]ally obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a lime salt aft] ! removal ( ! mag5ta by ! purify+ processes to :i* ! crude product is submitt$4 ,f ! ars5ical wa/e ars5i\s acid c be recov]$1 & conv]t$ back into ars5ic acid by ! action ( nitric acid4 ,q rec5tly ! ars5ical residue has be5 us$ ) consid]able success 9 ,am]ica z an insecticide = ! de/ruction ( pe/s injuri\s to agricultural crops4 ,concurr5tly ) ^! te*nical developm5ts ( coal-t> products1 ! sci5tific *emi/ 0 c>ry+ on 8 inve/igations4 ,! comp\nds :i* sci5ce _h giv5 to comm]ce 7 made on a scale t enabl$ ! inve/igator to obta9 8 mat]ials 9 quantities t appe>$ fabul\s 9 ! e>ly days :5 anil9e 0 reg>d$ z a laboratory curiosity1 & mag5ta _h be5 se5 by only a few *emi/s4 ,! fundam5tal problem :i* ! mod]n *emi/ seeks to solve is 9 ! fir/ place ! composition ( a comp\nd1 i4e4 ! numb] ( ! atoms ( ! diff]5t elem5ts :i* =m ! molecule1 & 9 ! next place ! way 9 :i* ^! atoms are comb9$ 9 ! molecule4 ,rev]t+ to our =m] analogy1 ! fir/ ?+ to be f\nd is h[ _m diff]5t blocks ent] into ! composition ( ! /ructure1 & ! next ?+ is to asc]ta9 h[ ! blocks are arrang$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 we are said to "k ! con/itution or /ructure ( ! molecule1 & 9 _m cases :5 ?is is kn[n we c build up or syn!sise ! comp\nd by comb9+ its diff]5t gr\ps ( atoms by suitable me?ods4 ,! coal-t> indu/ry ab\nds ) su* triumphs ( *emical syn!sis2 a few ( ^! a*ievem5ts w be br\ght to light 9 ! c\rse ( ! rema9+ portions ( ?is "w4 ,! *emical inve/igation ( mag5ta 0 comm5c$ by ,h(mann1 ^: "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ! sci5tific developm5t ( ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry4 ,9 #ahfb he %[$ t mag5ta 0 ! salt ( a base :i* he isolat$1 analys$1 & nam$ rosanil9e4 ,he e/abli%$ ! composition ( ?is base & ( ! violet & blue col\r+-matt]s obta9$ f x by ! processes already describ$4 ,9 #ahfd he made ! int]e/+ discov]y t mag5ta is n =m$ by ! oxidation ( pure anil9e1 b t a mixture ( anil9e & toluid9e is ess5tial = ! production ( ?is col\r+-matt]4 ,9 fact1 ! anil9e oil us$ by ! manufactur] _h f ! beg9n+ consi/$ ( a mixture ( anil9e & toluid9e1 & at ! pres5t "t anil9e = r$ is made by nitrat+ a mixture ( b5z5e & tolu5e & r$uc+ ! nitro-comp\nds4 ,f ?is "w ( ,h(mann's sugge/ions naturally arose conc]n+ ! con/itution ( rosanil9e1 & new & fruitful l9es ( "w 7 op5$ up4 ,l>ge numb]s ( *emi/s ( ! greate/ em95ce pursu$ ! inquiry1 b ! details ( _! "w1 al?\gh ( absorb+ int]e/ to ! *emi/1 _c be discuss$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! f9al t\* to a long s]ies ( inve/igations 0 giv5 by two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,emil & ,otto ,fis*]1 :o 9 #ahgh prov$ ! con/itution ( rosanil9e by obta9+ f x a hydroc>bon1 ! p>5t hydroc>bon f :i* ! col\r+-matt] is d]iv$4 ,! purely sci5tific discov]y ( ! ,fis*]s ?rew a flood ( light on ! *emi/ry ( mag5ta1 & enabl$ a l>ge numb] ( col\r+-matt]s relat$ to ! latt] to be class$ "u "o gr\p1 hav+ ! p>5t hydroc>bon z a c5tral type4 ,?is hydroc>bon1 x may be rem>k$1 is kn[n z triph5ylme?ane1 z x is a d]ivative ( me?ane1 or m>% gas4 ,! blues & violets obta9$ f rosanil9e belong to ?is gr\p1 & s also d c]ta9 o!r col\r+-matt]s :i* _h be5 manufactur$ be=e ! ,fis*]s' discov]y4 ,9 ord] to c>ry on ! /ory ( ! utilisation ( anil9e1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ab\t ^! o!r col\r+-matt]s :i* are obta9$ f x4 ,x has be5 expla9$ t by ! me?ylation ( rosanil9e ,h(mann obta9$ violet col\r+-matt]s4 ,n[ z rosanil9e is obta9$ by ! oxidation ( a mixture ( anil9e & toluid9e1 x seems b natural t if ^! bases 7 me?ylat$ fir/ & !n oxidiz$ a violet dye w\ld be produc$4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/ ,lau? fir/ obta9$ a violet col\r+-matt] by ?is me?od 9 #ahfa4 ,9 #ahff ?is violet dye 0 manufactur$ 9 ,france by ,poirri]1 & x is /ill made 9 l>ge quantities1 be+ kn[n "u ! "n ( me?yl violet4 ,?is col\r+-matt]1 & a blu] d]ivative ( x discov]$ 9 #ahfh1 gradually displac$ ! ,h(mann violets1 *iefly ow+ to _! great] *eapness ( production4 ,we are ?us introduc$ to me?ylat$ anil9e z a s\rce ( col\r+-matt]s1 & z ! comp\nd 9 "q has _m diff]5t uses 9 ! coal-t> indu/ry1 a few words mu/ be devot$ to its te*nology4 ,anil9e1 toluid9e1 & simil> bases c be me?ylat$ by ! action ( me?yl iodide1 b ! co/ ( iod9e is too great to enable ?is process to be us$ by ! manufactur]4 ,me?yl *loride1 h[ev]1 answ]s equally well1 & ?is comp\nd1 :i* is a liquid ( v l[ boil+ po9t 7-#bc deg4 ,c471 is prep>$ on a l>ge scale f ! wa/e mat]ial ( ano!r indu/ry1 viz4 ! beet-sug> manufacture4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ di/9ct indu/ries by *emical skill are made to act & react ^u "o ano!r4 ,?us ! cultivation ( ! beet1 z already expla9$1 is l>gely dep5d5t on ! supply ( ammonia f gas-liquor4 ,dur+ ! ref9+ ( ! beet-sug>1 a l>ge quantity ( uncry/allisable treacle is sep>at$1 & ?is is f]m5t$ = ! manufacture ( alcohol4 ,:5 ! latt] is di/ill$ (f !re rema9s a sp5t liquor conta9+ among o!r ?+s potassium salts & nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,?is wa/e liquor1 call$ v9asse1 is evaporat$ d[n & ignit$ 9 ord] to recov] ! pota%1 & dur+ ! ignition1 ammonia1 t>1 gas1 & o!r volatile products are giv5 (f4 ,among ! volatile products is a base call$ trime?ylam9e1 :i* is a d]ivative ( ammonia2 ! salt =m$ by comb9+ trime?ylam9e ) hydro*loric acid :5 heat$ gives (f me?yl *loride z a gas :i* c be cond5s$ by pressure4 ,"h we h a v pretty cycle ( *emical transmigration4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! coal plants1 /or$ up 9 ! e>? = ages1 is re/or$ 9 ! =m ( ammonia to ! crops ( gr[+ beet2 ! nitrog5 is made to ent] into ! composition ( ! latt] plant by ! *emico-physiological process go+ on1 & ! nitrog5\s comp\nds remov$ f ! plant & heat$ to ! po9t ( decomposition 9 pres5ce ( ! pota% 7:i* also ent]$ into ! composition ( ! plant71 give back _! nitrog5 p>tly 9 ! =m ( a base f :i* me?yl *loride c be obta9$4 ,! latt] is !n made to me?ylate a product1 anil9e1 d]iv$ indirectly f coal-t>4 ,! utilisation ( ! v9asse = ?is purpose 0 made kn[n by ,camille ,v9c5t ( ,p>is 9 #ahgh4 ,! me?ylation ( anil9e c obvi\sly be c>ri$ out by ! =ego+ process only :5 beet-sug> residues are available4 ,!re is ano!r me?od :i* is m g5]ally us$1 & :i* is int]e/+ z br++ 9 a di/9ct bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! same result c1 9 fact1 be arriv$ at by heat+ dry anil9e hydro*loride1 i4e4 ! hydro*loric acid salt ( anil9e1 ) me?yl alcohol or wood-_s 9 /rong metallic boil]s "u great pressure4 ,?is is ! process c>ri$ on 9 mo/ factories1 & x involves ! use ( pure me?yl alcohol1 a bran* ( manufacture :i* has be5 call$ into exi/5ce to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! coal-t> col\r mak]4#d ,?is alcohol or wood-_s is obta9$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 & is purifi$ by a s]ies ( op]ations :i* d n at pres5t conc]n u4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! product ( ! me?ylation ( anil9e1 :i* x is ! object ( ! manufactur] to obta91 is an oily liquid call$ dime?ylanil9e1 :i*1 by virtue ( ! *emical trans=mation1 is q diff]5t 9 its prop]ties to ! anil9e f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,by a simil> op]ation1 us+ e?yl alcohol1 or _s ( w9e1 die?ylanil9e c be obta9$1 & by heat+ dry anil9e hydro*loride ) anil9e "u simil> conditions a cry/all9e base call$ diph5ylam9e is also prep>$4 ,n[ ^! products--dime?ylanil9e1 die?ylanil9e1 & diph5ylam9e--are d]iv$ f anil9e1 & !y are all s\rces ( col\r+-matt]s4 ,me?yl-violet is obta9$ by ! oxidation ( dime?ylanil9e by means ( a g5tle oxidiz]2 a mixture ( bases is n necess>y z 9 ! case ( ! mag5ta =mation4 ,!n 9 #ahff diph5ylam9e 0 %[n by ,gir>d & ,de ,laire to be capable ( yield+ a f9e blue by heat+ x ) oxalic acid1 & ?is blue1 on acc\nt ( ! purity ( its %ade1 is /ill an article ( comm]ce4 ,x c be made soluble by ! action ( sulphuric acid 9 j ! same way z ! o!r anil9e blue4 ,fur!rmore1 by act+ ) excess ( me?yl *loride on me?yl violet1 a brilliant gre5 col\r+-matt] 0 manufactur$ 9 #ahgh1 :i* 0 obvi\sly analog\s to ! iod9e gre5 already m5tion$1 & :i* = "s ye>s held its own z ! only good coal-t> gre54 ,^! are ! dyes--me?yl violet & gre51 & diph5ylam9e blue--:i* 7 9 comm]ce be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,fis*]s1 & :i* ?is discov]y enabl$ *emi/s to class ) mag5ta1 anil9e blue1 & ,h(mann violet 9 ! triph5ylme?ane gr\p4 ,lat] developm5ts br+ u into contact ) o!r dyes ( ! same class1 & ) ! indu/rial evolution ( ! purely sci5tific idea conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! col\r+-matt]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,b5z5e & tolu5e aga9 =m ! po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,by ! action ( *lor9e ^u ! vap\r ( boil+ tolu5e !re are obta9$1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! action ( ! *lor9e1 ?ree liquids ( use to ! col\r manufactur]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is b5zyl *loride1 ! second b5zal *loride1 & ! ?ird b5zotri*loride or ph5yl *lor(orm4 ,b5zyl *loride1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 plays ! same "p 9 organic *emi/ry z me?yl *loride1 & enables c]ta9 comp\nds to be b5zylat$1 j 9 ! same way t !y c be me?ylat$4 ,! blu] %ade ( me?yl violet1 introduc$ 9 #ahfh1 & /ill manufactur$1 is a b5zylat$ d]ivative4 ,by ! action ( b5zotri*loride on dime?ylanil9e 9 ! pres5ce ( dry z9c *loride1 ,osc> ,doebn] obta9$ 9 #ahgh a brilliant gre5 col\r+-matt] :i* 0 manufactur$ "u ! "n ( mala*ite gre54 ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is 0 ab\t ! "t :5 ! ,fis*]s 7 engag$ ) _! inve/igations4 ,^! la/ *emi/s1 by virtue ( _! sci5tific results1 7 enabl$ to %[ t ,doebn]'s gre5 0 a memb] ( ! triph5ylme?ane gr\p1 & !y prep>$ ! same comp\nd by ano!r me?od :i* has enabl$ ! manufactur] to disp5se ) ! use ( ! some:at exp5sive & disagreeable b5zotri*loride4 ,! ,fis*]s' me?od consi/s 9 heat+ dime?ylanil9e ) bitt]-almond oil & oxidiz+ ! product ?us =m$1 :5 ! gre5 col\r+-matt] is at once produc$4 ,?is me?od br+s ! te*nologi/ into competition ) ,nature1 & we %all see ! result4 ,b5zoic aldehyde or bitt]-almond oil is "o ( ! olde/ kn[n products ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & has f "t to "t be5 made ! subject ( inve/igation by *emi/s s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,x arises f ! f]m5tation ( a nitrog5\s comp\nd f\nd 9 ! almond1 & kn[n z amygdal91 ! nature ( ! f]m5tative *ange und]gone by ?is sub/ance hav+ be5 br\ght to light by ,woehl] & ,liebig4 ,! discov]y ( a gre5 dye1 requir+ = its prep>ation a vegetable product :i* 0 v co/ly1 compell$ ! manufactur] to seek ano!r s\rce ( ! oil4 ,pure *emi/ry aga9 /eps 91 & solves ! problem4 ,9 #ahfc x 0 kn[n to ,cah\rs t b5zal *loride1 on be+ heat$ ) wat] or alkali1 gave b5zoic aldehyde1 & 9 #ahfg ,lau? & ,grimaux %[$ t ! same comp\nd c\ld be =m$ by oxidiz+ b5zyl *loride 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,x 0 b a /ep f ! laboratory into ! factory 9 ?is case1 & at ! pres5t "t ! aldehyde is made on a l>ge scale by *lor9at+ boil+ tolu5e beyond ! /age ( b5zyl *loride1 & heat+ ! mixture ( b5zal *loride & b5zotri*loride ) lime & wat] "u pressure4 ,by ?is means ! fir/ comp\nd is trans=m$ into b5zoic aldehyde1 & ! second into b5zoic acid4 ,?is la/ sub/ance is also requir$ by ! col\r-mak]1 z x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( blue by ! action ( anil9e on rosanil9e2 )\t "s su* organic acid ! trans=mation ( rosanil9e into ! blue is v imp]fect4 ,b5zoic acid1 l ! aldehyde1 is a natural product :i* has long be5 kn[n4 ,x 0 obta9$ f gum b5zo9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & its prep>ation f ?is s\rce 0 describ$ by ,s*eele 9 #agee4 ,! same *emi/ aft]w>ds f\nd x 9 ur9e1 & f ^! two s\rces1 ! "o vegetable & ! o!r animal1 ! acid 0 =m]ly prep>$4 ,its relation%ip to b5z5e has already be5 allud$ to 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( t hydroc>bon4 ,x w be rememb]$ t by heat+ ?is acid ) lime ,mits*]li* obta9$ b5z5e 9 #ahcd4 ,9 "o op]ation1 !re=e1 sett+ out f tolu5e1 we make ^! two natural products1 ! aldehyde & acid1 :i* are easily sep>able by te*nical processes4 ,! wants ( ! te*nologi/ h be5 met1 & he has be5 enabl$ to compete successfully ) ,nature1 = he c manufacture ^! products mu* m *eaply ?an :5 he _h to dep5d ^u bitt] almonds or gum b5zo94 ,! syn!tical bitt]-almond oil is *emically id5tical ) t f ! plant4 ,besides its use = ! manufacture ( col\r+-matt]s1 x is employ$ = flav\r+ purposes & 9 p]fum]y1 ?is be+ ! fir/ in/ance ( a coal-t> p]fume :i* we h _h occasion to m5tion4 ,! od\r 9 ?is case1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is t ( ! actual comp\nd :i* imp>ts ! *>act]i/ic ta/e & smell to ! almond2 x is n ! result ( sub/itut+ a sub/ance :i* has a p>ticul> od\r = ano!r hav+ a simil> od\r1 z is ! case ) nitrob5z5e1 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 is us$ 9 l>ge quantities "u ! "n ( ess5ce ( mirbane1 = imp>t+ an almond-l smell to soap4 ,! introduction ( mala*ite gre5 m>ks ano!r epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! te*nology ( ! triph5ylme?ane col\rs4 ,! action betwe5 b5zoic aldehyde & o!r bases analog\s to dime?ylanil9e 0 f\nd to be q g5]al1 & ! pr9ciple 0 ext5d$ to die?ylanil9e & simil>ly con/itut$ bases4 ,v>i\s gre5 dyes--"s ( !m acids =m$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid on ! col\r base--are n[ manufactur$1 & _m o!r col\r+-matt]s ( ! same gr\p are syn!sis$ by ! b5zoic aldehyde process4 ,"o o!r developm5t ( ?is bran* ( manufacture has yet to be record$4 ,! new dep>ture 0 made 9 #ahhc by ,c>o & ,k]n1 :o pat5t$ a process = ! syn!sis ( col\r+-matt]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,9 ?is syn!sis a gas call$ phosg5e is us$1 ! said gas hav+ be5 discov]$ by ,john ,davy 9 #ahaa1 :o gave x its "n because x is =m$ by ! direct union ( *lor9e & c>bon monoxide "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,c>o & ,k]n's process is ! fir/ te*nical application ( ,davy's comp\nd4 ,by ! action ( phosg5e on dime?ylanil9e & analog\s bases 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 comp\nds :i* promote ! *emical int]action1 a numb] ( basic col\r+-matt]s ( brilliant %ades ( violet 7cry/al violet7 & blue 7,victoria blue1 night blue7 are produc$1 ^! be+ all memb]s ( ! triph5ylme?ane gr\p4 ,"o ( ^! dyes is a f9e basic yell[ kn[n z auram9e1 :i* is a d]ivative ( diph5ylme?ane4 ,,t>4 7,light oil7 ---------------- -------- _/ ,b5zyl *loride ,b5z5e ,tolu5e ,b5zal *loride ,b5zotri*loride- ------------ ,anil9e- ,mag5ta 7& ,phosph9e7-,toluid9e _/ _/ ---,b5zoic acid &- ,dime?ylanil9e ,diph5ylam9e ,b5zoic aldehyde _/ ,anil9e ,blues3 _/ ,h(mann ,violet ,ni*olson & _/ & ,iod9e ,gre5 ,soluble _/ ,diph4 ,blue _/ _/ ---------------------------------------- -------- _/ _/ ,cry/al ,violet1 ,me?yl ,violet _/ ,auram9e1 & ,gre5 ,mala*ite o!r ,phosg5e dyes ,gre5 s]ies ,f b5z5e & tolu5e alone ab\t =ty di/9ct col\r+-matt]s ( ! rosanil9e gr\p are s5t into comm]ce4 ,! relation%ip ( ^? comp\nds to ea* o!r & to _! g5]at+ sub/ances is n easy to grasp by ^? to :om ! facts are pres5t$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,! s*eme on page #ajg %[s ^! relation%ips at a glance4 ,! col\r+-matt]s d]iv$ f ^! two hydroc>bons are f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,dur+ ! oxidation ( anil9e = ! production ( mauve--:i* col\r+-matt]1 x may be m5tion$1 is no long] made--a r$ comp\nd is =m$ z a by-product4 ,?is 0 isolat$ by ,p]k9 9 #ahfa1 & /udi$ sci5tifically by ,h(mann & ,geyg]1 :o e/abli%$ its composition 9 #ahgb1 ! dye be+ at t "t manufactur$ "u ! "n ( saffran9e4 ,x appe>s to h be5 fir/ introduc$ ab\t #ahfh4 ,! conditions ( =mation ( ?is dye 7 at fir/ imp]fectly und]/ood1 b ! problem 0 attack$ by *emi/s & te*nologi/s1 & ! fir/ po9t ( importance result+ f _! "w 0 t saffran9e 0 d]iv$ f "o ( ! toluid9es pres5t 9 ! comm]cial anil9e4 ,to record ! v>i\s /eps 9 ?is *apt] ( indu/rial *emi/ry w\ld take u beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,9 addition to ! *emi/s nam$1 ,c>o1 ,b9ds*$l]1 & o!rs contribut$ to ! te*nology1 :ile ! sci5tific side ( ! matt] 0 fir/ tak5 up by ,nietzki 9 #ahgg1 by ,otto ,witt 9 #ahgh1 & by ,b]n?s5 9 #ahhf4 ,x is to ! "w ( ^! *emi/s1 & especially to t ( ,witt1 t we owe our pres5t k ( ! con/itution ( ?is & alli$ col\r+-matt]s4 ,space w n admit ( our trav]s+ ! gr\nd1 al?\gh to *emi/s x is a l9e ( inve/igation full ( int]e/2 x w be suffici5t to say t by #ahhf ^! inve/igators _h accompli%$ = ^! col\r+-matt]s :at ! ,fis*]s _h done = ! rosanil9e gr\p--!y e/abli%$ _! con/itution1 & %[$ t !y 7 d]ivatives ( diph5ylam9e1 conta9+ two nitrog5 atoms jo9$ toge!r 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,! p>5t-sub/ance f :i* ^! comp\nds are d]iv$ is kn[n at ! pres5t "t z az9e 7,fr5*1 azote nitrog571 & ! dyes belong accord+ly to ! az9e gr\p4 ,! fir/ coal-t> col\r+-matt]1 ,p]k9's mauve1 is a memb] ( ?is class4 ,! az9e dyes are basic1 & mo/ly ( a r$ or p9k %ade2 !y are some:at fugitive :5 expos$ to light1 b possess a c]ta9 value on acc\nt ( _! aff9ity = cotton1 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y c be us$ 9 admixture ) o!r col\r+-matt]s4 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n are made by oxidiz+ c]ta9 d]ivatives ( anil9e or toluid9e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! or analog\s bases4 ,to make ?is intelligible a little m *emi/ry is necess>y4 ,anil9e is a d]ivative ( b5z5e 9 :i* "o atom ( hydrog5 is replac$ by ! residue ( ammonia4 ,ammonia is compos$ ( "o atom ( nitrog5 & ?ree atoms ( hydrog52 b5z5e is compos$ ( six atoms ( c>bon & six ( hydrog54 ,if "o atom ( hydrog5 is suppos$ to be )drawn f ammonia1 !re rema9s a residue call$ ! amido-gr\p1 & if we imag9e ?is gr\p to be sub/itut$ = "o ( ! hydrog5 atoms 9 b5z5e1 we h an amido-d]ivative1 i4e4 amidob5z5e or anil9e4 ,simil>ly1 ! toluid9es are amidotolu5es4 ,if two hydrog5 atoms 9 b5z5e or tolu5e are replac$ by two amido-gr\ps1 we h diamidob5z5es & diamidotolu5es1 :i* are /rongly basic sub/ances1 capable ( exi/+ 9 sev]al isom]ic modifications4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! diamido-comp\nds :5 oxidiz$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a fur!r quantity ( anil9e1 toluid9e1 & su* amido-comp\nds1 give rise to un/able blue products1 :i* readily become trans=m$ into r$ dyes ( ! az9e gr\p4 ,"s az9e dyes are produc$ by ano!r me?od1 :i* is in/ructive because x br+s u into contact ) a d]ivative ( dime?ylanil9e :i* figures l>gely 9 ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry4 ,by ! action ( nitr\s acid on ?is base1 !re is produc$ a comp\nd kn[n z nitrosodime?ylanil9e1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,baey] & ,c>o 9 #ahgd1 & :i* conta9s ! residue ( nitr\s acid 9 place ( "o atom ( hydrog54 ,! residue ( nitric acid :i* replaces hydrog5 9 b5z5e is ! nitro-gr\p1 & ! comp\nd is nitrob5z5e4 ,! analogy ) nitr\s acid w !re=e be suffici5tly und]/ood--! residue ( ?is acid is ! nitroso-gr\p1 & comp\nds conta9+ ?is gr\p are nitroso-d]ivatives4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,otto ,witt f\nd t ! nitroso-gr\p 9 nitrosodime?ylanil9e act$ z an oxidiz+ gr\p1 & enabl$ ?is comp\nd to act ^u c]ta9 diamido-d]ivatives ( b5z5e & tolu5e1 ) ! =mation ( un/able blue comp\nds1 :i* on heat+ ! solution *ang$ into r$ col\r+-matt]s ( ! az9e gr\p4 ,?is process soon bore fruit indu/rially1 & az9es ( a r$1 violet1 & blue %ade 7 introduc$ "u ! names ( neutral r$1 violet1 & blue1 ,basle blue1 c41 "s ( ^! surviv+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,we h n[ to turn to ano!r *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( dime?ylanil9e4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,lau? discov]$ a new col\r te/ = "o ( ! diamidob5z5es4 ,by heat+ ?is base ) sulphur1 & oxidiz+ ! product1 a violet col\r+-matt] 0 =m$1 & ! same comp\nd 0 produc$ by oxidiz+ ! base 9 an aque\s solution 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,lau?'s violet 0 nev] manufactur$ 9 quantity because ! yield is small2 b 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,c>o ! "w ( ,lau? bore fruit 9 ano!r direction4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! diamidob5z5e1 ,c>o us$ its dime?yl-d]ivative1 & by ?is means obta9$ a spl5did blue dye1 :i* 0 introduc$ "u ! "n ( me?yl5e blue4 ,"h aga9 we f9d sci5tific rese>* react+ on te*nology4 ,a few words ( *emical explanation w make ?is manufacture intelligible4 ,by ! action ( r$uc+ ag5ts on nitro & nitroso-comp\nds1 ! nitro & nitroso-gr\p become conv]t$ into ! amido-gr\p4 ,?us :5 nitrob5z5e is r$uc$ by iron & an acid we get anil9e2 simil>ly :5 nitrosodime?ylanil9e is r$uc$ by z9c & an acid we get amidodime?ylanil9e1 & ?is is ! base us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( me?yl5e blue4 ,by oxidiz+ ?is base 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! col\r+-matt] is =m$4 ,o!r me?ods ( arriv+ at ! same result 7 discov]$ & pat5t$ 9 due c\rse1 b ! v>i\s processes _c be discuss$ "h4 ,lau?'s violet & me?yl5e blue became ! subjects ( sci5tific inve/igation 9 #ahgi by ,ko*1 & 9 #ahhc a s]ies ( brilliant rese>*es 7 comm5c$ by ,b]n?s5 :i* ext5d$ ov] sev]al ye>s1 & :i* e/abli%$ ! con/itution ( ^! comp\nds4 ,x 0 %[n t !y are d]ivatives ( diph5ylam9e conta9+ sulphur z an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,! p>5t-comp\nd is diph5ylam9e 9 :i* sulphur replaces hydrog51 & is !re=e kn[n z ?iodiph5ylam9e4 ,x c be prep>$ by heat+ diph5ylam9e ) sulphur1 & is sometimes call$ ?iaz9e1 because x is some:at analog\s 9 type to az9e4 ,we mu/ !re=e cr$it dime?ylanil9e ) be+ ! indu/rial g5]ator ( ! ?iaz9es4 ,! blue is l>gely us$ = cotton dye+1 produc+ on ?is fibre :5 prop]ly mordant$ an indigo %ade4 ,by ! action ( nitr\s acid ! blue is conv]t$ into a gre5 kn[n z me?yl5e gre54 ,al?\gh ! scope ( ?is "w admits ( our deal+ ) only a few ( ! m important gr\ps ( col\r+-matt]s1 x w already be evid5t t ! *emi/ has turn$ b5z5e & tolu5e to good acc\nt4 ,b great z is ! dem& = ^! hydroc>bons = ! =ego+ purposes1 !re are o!r bran*es ( ! coal-t> indu/ry :i* are dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,x w s]ve z an answ] to ^? :o are cont9ually rais+ ! cry ( brilliancy z an (f5ce to ae/hetic ta/e if we consid] 9 ! next place a mo/ valuable & important black obta9$ f anil9e4 ,all *emi/s :o /udi$ ! action ( oxidiz+ ag5ts1 su* z *romic acid1 on anil9e1 f ,runge 9 #ahcd to ,p]k9 9 #ahef1 obs]v$ ! =mation ( gre5i% or blui%-black comp\nds4 ,aft] _m attempts to utilize ^! z col\r+-matt]s1 success 0 a*iev$ by ,john ,lightfoot ( ,accr+ton ne> ,man*e/] 9 #ahfc4 ,by us+ z an oxidiz+ ag5t a mixture ( potassium *lorate & a copp] salt1 ,lightfoot devis$ a me?od = pr9t+ & dye+ cotton fabrics1 ! use ( :i* spread rapidly & creat$ an increas$ dem& = ! hydro*loride ( anil9e1 ?is salt be+ n[ manufactur$ 9 enorm\s quantities "u ! te*nical designation ( anil9e salt4 ,lightfoot's process 0 improv$ = pr9t+ purposes by ,lau? 9 #ahfd1 & _m diff]5t oxidiz+ mixtures h be5 subsequ5tly introduc$1 notably ! salts ( vanadium1 :i* are f> m effective ?an ! salts ( copp]1 & :i* 7 fir/ employ$ by ,lightfoot 9 #ahgb4 ,9 #ahge-gf ,coquillion & ,goppelsro$] %[$ t anil9e black is produc$ :5 an electric curr5t is made to decompose a solution ( an anil9e salt1 ! oxidiz+ ag5t "h be+ ! nasc5t oxyg5 result+ f ! electrolysis4 ,9 ^! days :5 ! g5]ation ( electricity is s economically effect$1 ?is process may become m g5]ally us$1 & ! coal-t> indu/ry may ?us be br\ght into relation%ip ) ano!r bran* ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,anil9e black is seldom us$ z a direct col\r+-matt]2 x is g5]ally produc$ 9 ! fibre by pr9t+ on ! mixture ( anil9e salt & oxidiz+ comp\nds ?ick5$ ) />*1 c41 & !n all[+ ! oxidation to take place spontane\sly 9 a moi/ & slightly heat$ atmosph]e4 ,by a simil> process1 us+ a dye-ba? conta9+ ! anil9e salt & oxidiz+ mixture1 cotton fibre is easily dy$4 ,! black _c be us$ = silk or wool1 z ! oxidiz+ mat]ials attack ^! fibres1 b = cotton dye+ & calico pr9t+ ?is col\r+-matt] has come s]i\sly into competition ) ! black dyes obta9$ f logwood & madd]4 ,! use ( anil9e = ?is purpose1 fir/ r5d]$ practicable by ,lightfoot1 is among ! mo/ important ( ! _m wond]ful applications ( coal-t> products 9 ! t9ctorial indu/ry4 ,! ye> #ahfc witness$ ! introduction ( ! fir/ ( a new s]ies ( col\r+-matt]s :i* h _h an enorm\s influ5ce bo? on ! art ( ! dy] z well z 9 ! utilization ( t>-products :i* 7 =m]ly ( b little value4 ,we c consid] ! hi/ory ( "s ( ^! col\rs n[1 because ! e>lie/ ( !m 0 produc$ f anil9e4 ,! =mation ( a yell[ comp\nd :5 nitr\s acid acts ^u anil9e 0 obs]v$ by sev]al *emi/s prior to ! date m5tion$4 ,9 #ahfc ! firm ( ,simpson1 ,maule & ,ni*olson manufactur$ a yell[ dye by pass+ nitr\s gas into a solution ( anil9e 9 alcohol1 & ?is _h a limit$ application "u ! "n ( anil9e yell[4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 viz4 9 #ahff1 ! firm ( ,rob]ts1 ,dale ,co4 ( ,man*e/] introduc$ a br[n dye "u ! "n ( ,man*e/] br[n--?is comp\nd1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,m>tius 9 #ahfe1 hav+ be5 produc$ by ! action ( nitr\s acid on "o ( ! diamidob5z5es4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,c>o & ,witt discov]$ an orange col\r+-matt] belong+ to ! same class1 & ! latt] introduc$ ! comp\nd into comm]ce z *rysoid9e4 ,^! ?ree comp\nds are basic1 & ! fir/ ( !m is no long] us$ z a direct dye because x is fugitive4 ,*rysoid9e is /ill us$ to a l>ge ext5t1 & ! br[n--n[ kn[n z ,bism>ck br[n--is "o ( ! /aple products ( ! col\r manufactur] at ! pres5t "t4 ,f ?is fragm5t ( te*nological hi/ory let u n[ turn to *emical sci5ce4 ,! *emi/ ^: "n w always be associat$ ) ! comp\nds ( ?is gr\p is ! late ,dr4 ,pet] ,griess ( ,burton-on-,tr5t4 ,he comm5c$ 8 /udy ( ! action ( nitr\s acid on organic bases 9 #aheh1 & f t "t till ! p]iod ( 8 dea? 9 #ahhh1 he 0 con/antly contribut+ to our k ( ! result+ comp\nds4 ,9 #ahff1 he & ,dr4 ,m>tius e/abli%$ ! composition ( anil9e yell[1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,c>o & ,griess did ! same ?+ = ! ,man*e/] br[n4 ,9 #ahgg ,h(mann & ,witt e/abli%$ ! con/itution ( *rysoid9e1 ! f9al outcome ( all ?is "w be+ to %[ t ! ?ree col\r+-matt]s belong$ to ! same gr\p4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ^! discov]ies has be5 "o ( ! mo/ prolific s\rces ( new col\r+-matt]s4 ,a brief summ>y ( our pres5t position ) respect to ?is gr\p mu/ n[ be attempt$4 ,:5 nitr\s acid acts ^u an amido-d]ivative ( a b5z5oid hydroc>bon 9 ! pres5ce ( a m9]al acid1 !re is =m$ a comp\nd 9 :i* ! amido-gr\p is replac$ by a pair ( nitrog5 atoms jo9$ toge!r 9 a c]ta9 way1 :i* is diff]5t to ! mode ( comb9ation 9 ! az9es4 ,?is pair ( nitrog5 atoms is comb9$ on ! "o h& ) ! hydroc>bon residue1 & on ! o!r ) ! residue ( ! m9]al acid4 ,! result+ comp\nd is v un/able2 its solution decomposes v readily1 & g5]ally has to be kept cool by ice4 ,freez+ ma*9es turn+ out l>ge quantities ( ice are kept con/antly at "w 9 factories :]e ^! produces are made4 ,! latt] are kn[n z diazo-comp\nds--,griess's comp\nds p> excell5ce--& !y are prep>$ on a l>ge scale by dissolv+ a salt ( ! amido-base1 g5]ally ! hydro*loride1 9 wat] ) ice1 & add+ sodium nitrite4 ,! result is a diazo-salt2 anil9e1 = example1 giv+ diazob5z5e *loride1 & toluid9e diazotolu5e *loride4 ,simil>ly all amido-d]ivatives ( a b5z5oid "* c be diazotis$4 ,! importance ( ?is discov]y w be se5 m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,at pres5t we are m especially conc]n$ ) anil9e4 ,! extreme in/ability ( ! diazo-salts enables !m to comb9e ) ! greate/ ease ) amido-d]ivatives & ) o!r comp\nds4 ,! v prop]ty :i* 9 ! e>ly days r5d]$ _! inve/igation s difficult1 & :i* tax$ ! +5uity ( *emi/s to ! utmo/1 has n[ plac$ ^! comp\nds 9 ! front rank z col\r g5]ators4 ,:5 a diazo-salt acts on an amido-d]ivative !re is =m$ a comp\nd :i* is m or less un/able1 b :i* readily und]goes trans=mation "u suitable conditions into a /able sub/ance 9 :i* two hydroc>bon residues are jo9$ toge!r by ! pair ( nitrog5 atoms4 ,^! products are dye-/uffs1 kn[n z azo-col\rs1 & anil9e yell[1 ,bism>ck br[n1 & *rysoid9e are ! olde/ kn[n te*nical comp\nds belong+ to ! gr\p4 ,! p>5t sub/ance is azob5z5e1 & ^! ?ree col\r+-matt]s are mono-1 di- & triamido-azob5z5e respectively4 ,a new phase 9 ! te*nology ( t>-products 0 ent]$ ^u :5 ,witt caus$ a diazo-salt to act ^u diamidob5z5e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ indu/rial application ( ,griess's discov]y4 ,azob5z5e1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,mits*]li* 9 #ahcd1 & azotolu5e are n[ manufactur$ by r$uc+ nitrob5z5e & nitrotolu5e ) mild r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,^! p>5t comp\nds are n 9 !mselves col\r+-matt]s1 b !y are trans=m$ into bases :i* give rise to a spl5did s]ies ( azo-dyes1 z w be describ$ subsequ5tly4 ,let x be record$ "h t ^! two comp\nds are to be add$ to ! li/ ( valuable products obta9$ f b5z5e & tolu5e4 ,& x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! introduction ( ^! azo-col\rs has necessitat$ ! manufacture on a l>ge scale ( sodium nitrite z a s\rce ( nitr\s acid4 ,)\t ent]+ into unnecess>y detail x may be /at$ broadly t ?is salt is made by fus+ ,*ili saltpetre1 :i* is ! nitrate ( sodium1 ) metallic lead1 li?>ge or oxide ( lead be+ obta9$ z a second>y product4 ,!n aga91 ! manufacture ( ,bism>ck br[n requires d9itrob5z5e1 ?is be+ made by ! nitration ( b5z5e beyond ! /age ( nitrob5z5e4 ,! br[n is made by r$uc+ ! d9itrob5z5e to diamidob5z5e1 & !n treat+ a solution ( ! latt] ) sodium nitrite & an acid4 ,! azo-col\r is =m$ at once1 & no special refrig]ation is requir$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! old anil9e yell[ ( #ahfc is no long] us$ on acc\nt ( its fugitive "*4 ,9 #ahgh ,graessl] f\nd t by ! action ( v /rong sulphuric acid ?is azo-comp\nd c\ld be conv]t$ into a sulpho-acid 9 j ! same way t mag5ta c be conv]t$ into acid mag5ta4 ,"u ! "n ( acid yell[ ?is sulpho-acid is n[ us$1 n only z a direct yell[ col\r+-matt]1 b z a />t+-po9t 9 ! manufacture ( o!r azo-dyes4 ,! use ( acid yell[ = ?is la/ purpose w be dealt ) aga9 9 ! next *apt]4 ,!re is "o o!r use = anil9e yell[ :i* dates f ! ye> ( its discov]y1 :5 ,dale & ,c>o f\nd t by add+ sodium nitrite to anil9e hydro*loride & heat+ ! mixture1 a blue col\r+-matt] is produc$4 ,! latt] 0 introduc$ 9 #ahfd "u ! "n ( indul9e4 ,x 0 %[n subsequ5tly by ! sci5tific rese>*es ( sev]al *emi/s t ! blue produc$ by ,dale & ,c>o's me?od results f ! action ( ! anil9e salt on ! anil9e yell[1 :i* is =m$ by ! action ( ! nitr\s acid on ! anil9e & anil9e salt4 ,?is explanation 0 prov$ to be correct 9 #ahgb by ,h(mann & ,geyg]1 :o prep>$ ! col\r+-matt] by heat+ anil9e yell[ & anil9e salt ) alcohol z a solv5t4 ,^! *emi/s e/abli%$ ! composition & gave x ! "n ( azodiph5yl blue4 ,lat]1 viz4 9 #ahhc1 ! manufacture 0 improv$ by ,otto ,witt & ,e4 ,?omas1 & ! dye1 "u ! old "n ( indul9e1 is n[ l>gely manufactur$ by fir/ prep>+ anil9e yell[ & !n heat+ ?is ) anil9e & anil9e salt4 ,! col\r+-matt] z =m$ by ?is me?od is basic & insoluble 9 wat]2 x is made acid & soluble by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 :i* conv]ts x into a sulpho-acid4 ,indul9e belongs to ! sob]-t9t$ col\rs1 & produces a %ade some:at resembl+ indigo4 ,closely relat$ !reto is a blui%-grey call$ nigros9e1 obta9$ by heat+ nitrob5z5e ) anil9e1 z well z a c]ta9 blui% by-product obta9$ dur+ ! =mation ( mag5ta1 & kn[n z violanil9e4 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to pause & reflect ^u ! great indu/rial importance ( ! two coal-t> hydroc>bons ^u :i* we h ?us f> conc5trat$ our att5tion4 ,_! uses are by no means exhau/$ z yet1 b !y h already be5 made to acc\nt = su* a numb] ( valuable products t ! read] may f9d x useful to h ! results pres5t$ 9 a collect$ =m4 ,?is is giv5 bel[ z a *ronological summ>y-- #ahef4 ,mauve discov]$ by ,p]k92 lead+ to manufacture ( anil9e4 #ahfj4 ,ars5ic acid process = mag5ta discov]$2 lead+ to manufacture ( ars5ic acid4 #ahfj4 ,anil9e blue discov]$2 lead+ 9 #ahfb to soluble & ,ni*olson blues4 #ahfa4 ,me?yl violet discov]$2 manufactur$ 9 #ahff2 lead+ to a new use ( copp] salts z oxidiz+ ag5ts1 & to ! manufacture ( dime?ylanil9e4 #ahfb4 ,h(mann violets discov]$2 lead+ to manufacture ( me?yl iodide f iod9e1 phosphorus1 & wood _s4 #ahfb4 ,phosph9e 7*rysanil9e7 discov]$ 9 crude mag5ta4 #ahfc4 ,anil9e black introduc$2 lead+ to a new use = potassium *lorate & copp] salts1 & to ! manufacture ( anil9e salt4 #ahfc4 ,anil9e yell[ introduc$1 ! fir/ azo-col\r4 #ahfd4 ,indul9e discov]$2 lead+ to new use = anil9e yell[4 #ahff4 ,man*e/] br[n introduc$1 ! second azo-col\r2 lead+ to ! manufacture ( sodium nitrite1 & ( d9itrob5z5e4 #ahff4 ,iod9e gre5 introduc$2 lead+ to fur!r use = me?yl iodide4 #ahff4 ,diph5ylam9e blue introduc$2 lead+ to manufacture ( diph5ylam9e4 #ahfh4 ,blue %ade ( me?yl violet introduc$2 lead+ to manufacture ( b5zyl *loride4 #ahfh4 ,saffran9e introduc$4 #ahfi4 ,nitrob5z5e process = mag5ta discov]$4 #ahgf4 ,*rysoid9e introduc$1 ! ?ird azo-col\r4 #ahgf4 ,me?yl5e blue introduc$2 lead+ to manufacture ( nitrosodime?ylanil9e4 #ahgg4 ,acid mag5ta discov]$4 #ahgh4 ,me?yl gre5 introduc$2 lead+ to utilization ( wa/e f beet-sug> manufacture4 #ahgh4 ,mala*ite gre5 discov]$2 lead+ to manufacture ( b5zoic aldehyde4 #ahgh4 ,acid yell[ discov]$2 lead+ to new use = anil9e yell[4 #ahgi4 ,neutral r$ & alli$ az9es introduc$2 lead+ to a new use = nitrosodime?ylanil9e4 #ahhc4 ,phosg5e col\rs ( rosanil9e gr\p introduc$2 lead+ to manufacture ( phosg5e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,among ! mo/ v5]able ( natural dye-/uffs is indigo1 ! sub/ance f :i* ,unv]dorb5 fir/ obta9$ anil9e 9 #ahbf4 ,! col\r+ matt] is f\nd 9 a numb] ( legum9\s 7see ,fig4 #g71 crucif]\s1 & o!r plants1 "s ( :i* are l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies2 :ile o!rs1 su* z woad 7see ,fig4 #h71 are gr[n 9 m temp]ate ,european climates4 ,! t9ctorial value ( ^! plants 0 kn[n 9 ,india & ,egypt long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,egyptian mummy-clo?s h be5 f\nd dy$ ) indigo4 ,! dye 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans2 its use is describ$ by ! y\ng] ,pl9y 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,indigo 0 introduc$ into ,europe ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 b its use 0 /rongly oppos$ by ! woad cultivators1 ) ^: indu/ry ! dye came into competition4 ,9 ,france ! opposition 0 /rong en\gh to secure ! pass+ ( an act 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 inflict+ ! p5alty ( dea? ^u any p]son f\nd us+ ! dye4 ,! importance ( indigo z an article ( comm]ce is suffici5tly kn[n at ! pres5t "t2 m ?an #hjjj tons are produc$ annually1 correspond+ 9 money value to ab\t f\r million p\nds4 ,x is ( importance to u z rul]s ( ,india to rememb] t ! cultivation & manufacture ( indigo is "o ( ! /aple indu/ries ( t c\ntry1 f :i* ! ,european m>kets d]ive ! great] "p ( _! supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,indigo ,,plant 7,indig(]a t9ctoria74 ,imag9e ! indu/rial revolution :i* w\ld be caus$ by ! discov]y ( a process = obta9+ indigo syn!tically f a coal-t> hydroc>bon1 at a price :i* w\ld comp>e fav\rably ) t ( ! natural product4 ,?is has n actually be5 done z yet1 b *emi/s h attempt$ to compete ) ,nature 9 ?is direction1 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! competition is t ! natural product c be cultivat$ & made m *eaply4 ,nev]!less ! dye c be syn!sis$ f a coal-t> hydroc>bon1 & ?is is "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( mod]n *emi/ry 9 connection ) ! t>-products4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury indigo _h be5 und]go+ inve/igation by *emi/s1 & at l5g? ! "w culm9at$ 9 ! discov]y ( a me?od = produc+ x artificially4 ,?is discov]y 0 ! outcome ( ! lab\r ( ,adolf v4 ,baey]1 :o comm5c$ 8 rese>*es ^u ! d]ivatives ( indigo 9 #ahff1 & :o 9 #ahhj secur$ ! fir/ pat5ts = ! manufacture ( ! col\r+-matt]4 ,x is to ! labori\s & brilliant inve/igations ( ?is *emi/ t we owe ne>ly all t is at pres5t kn[n ab\t ! *emi/ry ( indigo & alli$ comp\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,woad 7,isatis t9ctoria74 ,two me?ods h be5 us$ = ! production ( artificial indigo--b5zal *loride be+ ! />t+-po9t 9 "o ( ^!1 & nitrob5zoic aldehyde 9 ! o!r4 ,! g5]at+ hydroc>bon is !re=e tolu5e4 ,by heat+ b5zal *loride ) dry sodium acetate !re is =m$ an acid kn[n z c9namic acid1 a fragrant comp\nd :i* d]ives its "n f c9namon1 because ! acid 0 prep>$ by ! oxidation ( oil ( c9namon by ,dumas & ,peligot 9 #ahcd4 ,! acid & its e!rs occur also 9 _m balsams1 s t we h "h ano!r in/ance ( ! syn!sis ( a natural vegetable product f a coal-t> hydroc>bon4 ,! subsequ5t /eps are--7#a7 ! nitration ( ! acid to produce nitroc9namic acid2 7#b7 ! addition ( brom9e to =m a dibromide ( ! nitro-acid2 7#c7 ! action ( alkali on ! dibromide to produce :at is kn[n z propiolic acid4 ,! latt]1 "u ! influ5ce ( mild alkal9e r$uc+ ag5ts1 is trans=m$ into indigo-blue4 ,! process dep5d+ on ! use ( nitrob5zoic aldehyde is mu* simpl]2 b ! p>ticul> nitro-d]ivative ( ! aldehyde :i* is requir$ is at pres5t difficult to make1 & !re=e exp5sive4 ,if ! production ( ?is comp\nd c\ld be *eap5$1 ! competition betwe5 artificial & natural indigo w\ld assume a mu* m s]i\s aspect4#e ,! light oil ( ! t>-di/ill] has n[ be5 suffici5tly dealt ) s f> z reg>ds col\r+-matt]s2 let u pass on to ! next fraction ( ! t>1 ! c>bolic oil4 ,! important con/itu5ts ( ?is portion are c>bolic acid & naph?al5e4 ,! c>bolic oil is 9 ! fir/ place sep>at$ into two di/9ct portions by wa%+ ) an alkal9e solution4 ,c>bolic acid or ph5ol belongs to a class ( comp\nds d]iv$ f hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e & relat$ s]ies by ! sub/itution ( ! residue ( wat] = hydrog54 ,?is wat]-residue is kn[n to *emi/s z hydroxyl--x is wat] less "o atom ( hydrog54 ,c>bolic acid or ph5ol is hydroxyb5z5e2 & all analog\s comp\nds are spok5 ( z ph5ols4 ,x w be und]/ood 9 future t a ph5ol is a hydroxy-d]ivative ( a b5z5oid hydroc>bon4 ,n[ ^! ph5ols are all m or less acid 9 "* by virtue ( ! hydroxyl-gr\p :i* !y conta94 ,= ?is reason !y dissolve 9 aque\s alkal9e solutions1 & are precipitat$ !refrom by acids4 ,?is w enable u to und]/& ! purification ( ! c>bolic oil4 ,! two lay]s into :i* ?is oil sep>ates aft] wa%+ ) alkali are 7#a7 ! aque\s alkal9e solution ( ! c>bolic acid & o!r ph5ols1 & 7#b7 ! undissolv$ naph?al5e contam9at$ ) oily hydroc>bons & o!r impurities4 ,ea* ( ^! portions has its indu/rial hi/ory4 ,! alkal9e solution1 on be+ drawn (f & made acid1 yields its mixture ( ph5ols 9 ! =m ( a d>k oil f :i* c>bolic acid is sep>at$ by a labori\s s]ies ( fractional di/illations4 ,! undissolv$ hydroc>bon is simil>ly purifi$ by fractional di/illation1 & furni%es ! solid cry/all9e naph?al5e4 ,! t> f "o ton ( ,lanca%ire coal yields ab\t #a-a_/b lbs4 ( c>bolic acid1 equal to ab\t #a p] c5t4 by weight ( ! t>1 & ab\t #f-a_/dlbs4 ( naph?al5e1 s t ?is la/ hydroc>bon is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! t>1 ( :i* x =ms f #h to #aj p] c5t4 by weight4 ,! crude c>bolic acid z sep>at$ f ! alkal9e solution is a mixture ( sev]al ph5olic comp\nds1 & all ( ^! b ! c>bolic acid itself are gradually remov$ dur+ ! process ( purification4 ,among ! comp\nds associat$ ) ! c>bolic acid are c]ta9 ph5ols ( high] boil+-po9t1 :i* be> ! same relation%ip to c>bolic acid t tolu5e be>s to b5z5e4 ,t is to say1 t :ile ph5ol itself is hydroxyb5z5e1 ^! o!r comp\nds1 :i* are call$ cresols1 are hydroxytolu5es4 ,! cresols =m an oily liquid l>gely us$ = dis9fect+ purposes "u ! designation ( liquid c>bolic acid1 or cresylic acid4 ,c>bolic acid is a :ite cry/all9e solid possess+ /rongly antiseptic prop]ties1 & is !re=e ( imm5se value 9 all cases :]e putrefaction or decay has to be arre/$4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,runge 9 #ahcd1 & 0 obta9$ pure by ,laur5t 9 #ahdj4 ,! gradual e/abli%m5t ( ! g]m-!ory ( disease1 *iefly due to ! lab\rs ( ,pa/eur1 has l$ to a mo/ important application ( c>bolic acid4 ,once aga9 we f9d ! coal-t> indu/ry br\ght into contact ) ano!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,argu+ f ! view t putrefactive *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! pres5ce ( ! g]ms ( micro-organisms ev] pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,sir ,joseph ,li/] propos$ t dur+ surgical op]ations ! incis$ "p %\ld be kept "u a spray ( ! g]micidal c>bolic acid to prev5t subsequ5t mortification4 ,no op]ation ^u portions ( ! body expos$ to ! air is at pres5t conduct$ )\t ?is precaution1 & _m a human life mu/ h be5 sav$ by ,li/]'s treatm5t4 ,to ?is result ! *emi/ & te*nologi/ h contribut$1 n only by ! discov]y ( ! c>bolic acid 9 ! t>1 b also by ! developm5t ( ! necess>y processes = its purification4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ph5ol us$ mu/ be ( ! greate/ possible purity1 & ! requirem5ts ( ! surgeon h be5 met by *emical & te*nological skill4 ,f surg]y back to col\r+-matt]s1 & f ^! to ph>maceutical prep>ations & p]fumes1 are we l$ 9 foll[+ up ! cycles ( *emical trans=mation :i* ^! t>-products h und]gone 9 ! h&s ( ! te*nologi/1 guid$ by ! rese>*es ( ! *emi/4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,runge 9 #ahcd t crude c>bolic acid1 on treatm5t ) lime1 gave a r$1 acid col\r+-matt] :i* he sep>at$ & nam$ rosolic acid4 ,! obs]vation 0 foll[$ up1 & _m o!r *emi/s obta9$ r$ col\r+-matt]s by ! oxidation ( crude ph5ol4 ,9 #ahei1 ! col\r-giv+ prop]ty ( c>bolic acid acquir$ indu/rial importance f a discov]y made by ,kolbe & ,s*mitt 9 ,g]many1 & by ,p]soz 9 ,france4 ,^! *emi/s f\nd t a good yield ( ! col\r+-matt] 0 obta9$ by heat+ ph5ol ) oxalic & sulphuric acids4 ,"u ! names ( corall9 & aur9 ! dye-/uff 0 introduc$ into comm]ce1 & x is /ill us$ = c]ta9 purposes1 especially = ! prep>ation ( col\r$ lakes = pap]-/a9+4 ,! sci5tific developm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ?is ph5ol dye is full ( int]e/1 b we c only give x a pass+ glance4 ,its int]e/ lies *iefly 9 ! circum/ance t x is relat$ to mag5ta1 z 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,c>o & ,wanklyn 9 #ahff4 ,9 fact !y obta9$ rosolic acid f mag5ta by ! action ( nitr\s acid on ! latt]4 ,we n[ "k t a diazo-salt is fir/ =m$ "u ^! circum/ances1 & t ! decomposition ( ?is un/able comp\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] gives rise to ! rosolic acid4 ,lat] rese>*es h %[n t by heat+ rosolic acid ) ammonia x is conv]t$ into rosanil9e4 ,x is also kn[n t ! comm]cial corall91 l ! comm]cial mag5ta1 is a mixture ( closely relat$ col\r+-matt]s4 ,! close analogy betwe5 mag5ta & rosolic acid 0 fur!r %[n by ,c>o 9 #ahff4 ,9 ! same way t ,h(mann f\nd t mag5ta c\ld n be produc$ by ! oxidation ( pure anil9e1 ,c>o f\nd t a mixture ( ph5ol & cresol 0 necess>y = ! production ( rosolic acid :5 inorganic oxidiz]s 7 us$4 ,x is inde$ ?is s]ies ( inve/igations ^u ! ph5ol dyes--inve/igations :i* h be5 tak5 "p 9 n only by ! *emi/s nam$1 b also by ,graebe1 ,dale & ,s*orlemm]1 & ! ,fis*]s--:i* l$ up to ! discov]y ( ! con/itution ( ! col\r+-matt]s ( ! rosanil9e gr\p1 &1 ?r\gh ?is1 to ! f>-rea*+ indu/rial developm5ts ( ! discov]y z trac$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,x is evid5t1 f :at has be5 said1 t rosolic acid & its relat$ col\r+-matt]s are memb]s ( ! triph5ylme?ane gr\p4 ,!y are 9 fact ! hydroxylic or acid analogues ( ! amido-conta9+ or basic dyes ( ! rosanil9e s]ies4 ,9 ! fragrant blossom ( ! mead[sweet 7,spiraea ulm>ia7 !re is conta9$ an acid :i* is f\nd also z an e!r 9 ! oil ( w9t]gre5 7,gau!ria procumb5s74 ,?is is salicylic acid1 a :ite cry/all9e comp\nd :i* has be5 kn[n to *emi/s s9ce #ahci4 ,9 #ahfj ,kolbe prep>$ ! sodium salt ( ?is acid by pass+ c>bon dioxide gas into ph5ol 9 :i* metallic sodium _h be5 dissolv$4 ,x 0 f\nd subsequ5tly t ! same trans=mation 0 br\ght ab\t by heat+ ! dry sodium salt ( c>bolic acid 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxide4 ,?is process ( ,kolbe's is n[ work$ on a manufactur+ scale = ! prep>ation ( artificial salicylic acid4 ,! acid & its salts & e!rs f9d num]\s applications z antiseptics1 = ! pres]vation ( food1 & 9 ph>macy4 ,salicylic acid is employ$ also = ! manufacture ( c]ta9 azo-dyes 9 a way t x w be v in/ructive to consid]1 because ! process us$ may be tak5 z typical ( ! g5]al me?od ( prep>+ su* comp\nds4 ,solutions ( diazo-salts act n only ^u amido- & diamido-comp\nds1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( anil9e yell[ & *rysoid9e1 b also ^u ph5ols1 =m+ acid azo-col\rs4 ,?is important fact 0 made kn[n 9 #ahgj by ! ,g]man *emi/s ,kekule & ,hidegh1 b m ?an six ye>s elaps$ be=e ?is discov]y 0 tak5 advantage ( by ! te*nologi/4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! acid azo-dyes are n[ made f v>i\s diazotis$ amido-comp\nds comb9$ ) diff]5t ph5ols & ph5olic acids4 ,! mode ( proc$ure is to diazotise ! amido-comp\nd by sodium nitrite & hydro*loric acid 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & !n add ! diazo-salt solution to ! ph5olic comp\nd dissolv$ 9 alkali4 ,! col\r+-matt] is at once =m$4 ,salicylic acid possesses ! *>act]s bo? ( an acid & a ph5ol4 ,x comb9es readily ) diazo-salts "u ! circum/ances describ$1 & gives rise to azo-dyes1 "s ( :i* are ( te*nical value4 ,! manufacture ( azo-dyes f salicylic acid br+s u into contact ) c]ta9 amidic comp\nds :i* figure s l>gely 9 ! t9ctorial indu/ry t !y may be conv5i5tly dealt ) "h4 ,^! bases are n azo-comp\nds !mselves1 b !y are prep>$ f azo-comp\nds1 viz4 f ! azob5z5e & azotolu5e :i* 7 spok5 ab\t 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,:5 ^! are r$uc$ by acid r$uc+-ag5ts1 !y become conv]t$ into diamido-bases :i* are kn[n z b5zid9e & tolid9e respectively4 ,^! bases c be diazotis$1 & z !y conta9 two amido-gr\ps1 !y =m d\ble diazo-salts1 i4e4 tetrazo-salts1 :i* are capable ( comb9+ ) amido-comp\nds1 or ph5ols1 9 ! usual way4 ,?us diazotis$ b5zid9e & tolid9e comb9e ) salicylic acid to =m valuable yell[ azo-dyes kn[n z *rysam9es4 ,! dyes ( ?is class obvi\sly conta9 two azo-gr\ps4 ,"s o!r uses ( c>bolic acid mu/ next be consid]$4 ,( ! col\r+-matt]s d]iv$ f coal-t>1 none is m widely kn[n ?an ! olde/ artificial yell[ dye1 picric acid4 ,?is is a ph5ol d]ivative1 & 0 fir/ obta9$ z long ago z #agga by ,w\lfe1 by act+ ^u indigo ) nitric acid4 ,laur5t 9 #ahdb 0 ! fir/ to obta9 ?is dye f c>bolic acid1 f :i* comp\nd x is /ill manufactur$ by act+ ^u ! sulpho-acid ) nitric acid4 ,*emically consid]$1 x is tr9itroph5ol4 ,x has a v wide application z a dye1 & has be5 us$ z an explosive ag5t4 ,a simil> col\r+-matt] 0 made f cresol 9 #ahfi1 & introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,victoria yell[1 :i* is d9itro-cresol4 ,o!r dyes d]iv$ directly or indirectly f ph5ol w take u back once aga9 to tolu5e4 ,a new diazotisable diamido-comp\nd 0 obta9$ f ?is la/ hydroc>bon1 & introduc$ 9 #ahhf by ,leonh>dt ,co4 ,"o ( ! ?ree isom]ic nitrotolu5es furni%es a sulpho-acid :i*1 on treatm5t ) alkali1 gives a comp\nd d]iv$ f a hydroc>bon kn[n z /ilb5e1 & ?is1 on r$uction1 is conv]t$ into ! diamido-comp\nd ref]r$ to4 ,! latt]1 :i* is a disulpho-acid z well z a diamido-comp\nd1 c be diazotis$ & comb9$ ) ph5ols1 c4 ,! /ilb5e azo-dyes ?us prep>$ f ph5ol & salicylic acid1 l ! *rysam9es1 are yell[ col\r+-matt]s1 conta9+ two azo-gr\ps4 ,x is a valuable *>act]i/ic ( ^! second>y azo-dyes t !y all possess a special aff9ity = vegetable fibre1 & _! introduction has ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! art ( cotton-dye+4 ,we %all h to return to ^! cotton-dyes aga9 %ortly4 ,be=e leav+ ?is bran* ( ! subject1 ! foll[+ s*eme is pres5t$ to %[ ! relation%ips & int]-relation%ips ( ! products ?us f> dealt ) 9 ! pres5t *apt]-- ,t> ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,light ,oil ,c>bolic ,oil _/ _/- ,b5zal ,*loride _/ _/ _/ _/ ,b5zaldehyde _/ _/ ,c9namic acid ,b5z5e ,tolu5e ,nitrob5zaldehyde ,nitroc9namic acid 7 acetone7 _/ _/ ----------- ,nitrob5z5e ,nitrotolu5e ,propiolic acid _/ _/ ,ph5ols ,naph?al5e _/ _/ _/ -,cresols ,azob5z5e ,azotolu5e ,indigo--_/ ,ph5ol ,/ilb5e- ,victoria d]ivative ------------------- yell[ 7,diazotis$7 ,b5zid9e ,tolid9e ,salicylic ,picric ,corall9 _/ acid acid ,aur9 7,diazotis$7 _/ -------------------------------- ,! exi/5ce ( naph?al5e 9 coal-t> 0 made kn[n 9 #ahbj by ,g>d51 :o gave x ?is "n because ! oils obta9$ f ! t> by di/illation w5t "u ! g5]al designation ( naph?a4 ,! great] portion ( ! hydroc>bon is conta9$ 9 ! c>bolic oil1 & is sep>at$ & purifi$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,a fur!r quantity ( impure naph?al5e sep>ates out f ! next fraction--! creosote oil1 & ?is is simil>ly wa%$ & purifi$ by di/illation4 ,! l>ge quantity ( naph?al5e exi/+ 9 t> has already be5 ref]r$ to1 b al?\gh x is su* an important con/itu5t1 x 0 only late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! col\r indu/ry t x f\nd any ext5sive application4 ,9 e>ly times x 0 reg>d$ z a nuisance1 & 0 burnt z fuel1 or = ! production ( a d5se soot1 :i* 0 cond5s$ to =m lampblack4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! fir/ ( ! coal-t> col\rs made requir$ only ! light oils4 ,!re are at pres5t only a few direct uses = naph?al5e1 b "o ( its applications is suffici5tly important to be m5tion$4 ,! hydroc>bon is a :ite cry/all9e solid melt+ at #hj deg4 ,c41 & boil+ at #bag deg4 ,c4 ,al?\gh x has a high boil+-po9t1 x passes readily into vap\r at l[] temp]atures1 & ! vap\r on cond5sation =ms beautiful silv]y cry/all9e scales4 ,?is product is sublim$ naph?al5e4 ,! vap\r ( naph?al5e burns ) a highly lum9\s flame1 & if mix$ ) coal-gas1 x consid]ably increases ! lum9osity ( ! flame4 ,advantage is tak5-( ?is 9 ! s-call$ albo-c>bon light1 :i* is ! flame ( burn+ coal-gas saturat$ ) naph?al5e vap\r4 ,! burn] is con/ruct$ s t ! gas passes ?r\gh a res]voir fill$ ) melt$ naph?al5e kept hot by ! flame itself 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,albo-,,c>bon ,,burn]4 ,to appreciate prop]ly ! value ( ^? discov]ies :i* h enabl$ manufactur]s to utilize ?is hydroc>bon1 x is only necess>y to recall to m9d ! actual quantity produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,suppos+ t t5 million tons ( coal are us$ annually = gas-mak+1 & t ! #ejj1jjj tons ( t> result+ !refrom conta9 only eight p] c5t4 ( naph?al5e1 !re w\ld be available ab\t #dj1jjj tons ( ?is hydroc>bon annually4 ,great z h be5 ! rec5t advancem5ts 9 ! utilization ( naph?al5e d]ivatives1 !re is /ill a l>g] quantity ( ?is hydroc>bon produc$ ?an is necess>y to supply ! wants ( ! col\r-manufactur]4 ,f ?is la/ /atem5t x w be inf]r$ t naph?al5e is n[ a s\rce ( col\r+-matt]s4 ,let u consid] h[ ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,! ph5ols ( naph?al5e are call$ naph?ols--!y be> ! same relation%ip to naph?al5e t c>bolic acid be>s to b5z5e4 ,ow+ to ! /ructure ( ! naph?al5e molecule !re are two isom]ic naph?ols1 :]eas !re is only "o ph5ol4 ,! naph?ols--kn[n z alpha- & beta-naph?ol1 respectively--are n[ made on a l>ge scale f naph?al5e1 by heat+ ! latt] ) sulphuric acid2 at a l[ temp]ature ! alpha sulpho-acid is produc$1 & at a high] temp]ature ! beta sulpho-acid1 & ^! acids on fusion ) cau/ic soda furni% ! correspond+ naph?ols4 ,simil>ly !re are two amidonaph?al5es1 kn[n z alpha- & beta-naph?ylam9e respectively4 ,z anil9e is to b5z5e1 s are ! naph?ylam9es to naph?al5e4 ,! alpha-comp\nd is made 9 precisely ! same way z anil9e1 viz4 by act+ ^u naph?al5e ) nitric acid s z to =m nitronaph?al5e1 & !n r$uc+ ! latt] ) iron du/ & acid4 ,beta-nap?ylam9e _c be made 9 ?is way2 x is prep>$ f beta-naph?ol by heat+ ! latt] 9 pres5ce ( ammonia1 :5 ! hydroxyl becomes replac$ by ! amido-gr\p 9 accordance ) a process pat5t$ 9 #ahhj by ! ,bad5 ,anil9e ,company4 ,! pr9ciple ?us utiliz$ is ! outcome ( ! sci5tific "w ( two ,au/rian *emi/s1 ,m]z & ,wei?4 ,sett+ out f ! naph?ols & naph?ylam9es we %all be l$ into indu/rial developm5ts ( ! greate/ importance4 ,! fir/ naph?al5e col\r 0 a yell[ dye1 discov]$ by ,m>tius 9 #ahfd1 & manufactur$ "u ! "n ( ,man*e/] yell[4 ,x is1 *emically speak+1 d9itro-alpha-naph?ol2 b x 0 n at fir/ made f naph?ol1 z ! latt] 0 n at ! "t a te*nical product4 ,x 0 made f alpha-naph?ylam9e by ! action ( nitr\s & nitric acids4 ,:5 a good me?od = mak+ ! naph?ol 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfi1 ! dye 0 made f ?is4 ,! process is j ! same z t employ$ 9 mak+ picric acid2 ! naph?ol is conv]t$ into a sulpho-acid1 & ?is :5 act$ ^u by nitric acid1 gives ! col\r+-matt]4 ,man*e/] yell[ is n[ l>gely us$ = col\r+ soap1 b z a dye-/uff x has be5 improv$ ^u 9 a mann] t w be readily und]/ood4 ,! orig9al col\r+-matt] be+ some:at fugitive1 x 0 f\nd t its sulpho-acid 0 mu* fa/]4 ,?is sulpho-acid _c be made by ! direct action ( sulphuric acid ^u ! col\r+-matt]--z 9 ! case ( acid yell[ or acid mag5ta--b by act+ ^u ! naph?ol ) v /rong sulphuric acid1 ?ree sulphuric acid residues or sulpho-gr\ps ent] ! molecule1 & !n on nitration only two ( ^! are replac$ by nitro-gr\ps1 & !re results a sulpho-acid ( d9itro-alpha-naph?ol4 ,?is 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgi by ,c>o1 & introduc$ z acid naph?ol yell[4 ,x is n[ "o ( ! /&>d yell[ dyes4 ,! hi/ory ( ano!r important gr\p ( col\r+-matt]s dep5d5t on naph?al5e beg9s ) ,a4 v4 ,baey] 9 #ahga & ) ,c>o 9 #ahgd4 ,two products =m]ly kn[n only z laboratory prep>ations 7 call$ into requisition by ?is discov]y4 ,"o ( ^! comp\nds1 ph?alic acid1 is obta9$ f naph?al5e1 & ! o!r1 resorc9 or resorc9ol1 is prep>$ f b5z5e4 ,ph?alic acid1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcf by ,laur5t1 is a product ( ! oxidation ( _m b5z5oid comp\nds4 ,*emically consid]$ x is a di-d]ivative ( b5z5e1 i4e4 two ( ! hydrog5 atoms ( b5z5e are replac$ by c]ta9 gr\ps ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 atoms4 ,we h se5 h[ ! replacem5t ( hydrog5 by an ammonia-residue1 amidog51 gives rise to bases su* z amidob5z5e 7anil9e71 or diamidob5z5e4 ,simil>ly1 ! replacem5t ( hydrog5 by a wat]-residue1 hydroxyl1 gives rise to a ph5ol4 ,! gr\p ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 atoms :i* conf]s ! prop]ty ( acidity ^u an organic comp\nd is a half-molecule ( oxalic acid--x is kn[n z ! c>boxyl gr\p4 ,?us b5zoic acid is ! c>boxyl-d]ivative ( b5z5e1 & ! ph?alic acid ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$ is a dic>boxyl-d]ivative ( b5z5e4 ,x is relat$ to b5zoic acid 9 ! same way t diamidob5z5e is relat$ to anil9e4 ,?ree isom]ic ph?alic acids are kn[n1 b only "o ( ^! is ( use 9 ! pres5t bran* ( manufacture4 ,! acid 9 "q1 al?\gh a d]ivative ( b5z5e1 is mo/ economically prep>$ by ! oxidation ( c]ta9 d]ivatives ( naph?al5e :i*1 :5 completely brok5 d[n by en]getic oxidiz+ ag5ts1 furni% ! acid4 ,?us ! d9itronaph?ol describ$ z ,man*e/] yell[1 if heat$ = "s "t ) dilute nitric acid1 furni%es ph?alic acid4 ,! latt] is made on a l>ge scale by ! oxidation ( a comp\nd :i* naph?al5e =ms ) *lor9e1 & kn[n z naph?al5e tetra*loride1 because x conta9s f\r atoms ( *lor9e4 ,! o!r comp\nd1 resorc9ol1 0 kn[n to *emi/ry t5 ye>s be=e x 0 utiliz$ z a s\rce ( col\r+-matt]s4 ,x 0 orig9ally prep>$ by fus+ c]ta9 res9s1 su* z galbanum1 asafoetida1 c41 ) cau/ic alkali4 ,soon aft] its discov]y1 viz4 9 #ahff1 x 0 %[n by ,ko]n] to be a d]ivative ( b5z5e1 & f ?is h9t ! te*nical process = ! prep>ation ( ! comp\nd on a l>ge scale has be5 develop$4 ,resorc9ol is a ph5olic d]ivative ( b5z5e conta9+ two hydroxyl gr\ps2 x is !re=e relat$ to ph5ol 9 ! same way t diamidob5z5e is relat$ to anil9e or ph?alic acid to b5zoic acid4 ,! relation%ips c be express$ 9 a tabul> =m ?us-- ,amidob5z5e or ,anil9e4 ,b5zoic acid4 ,c>bolic acid or ,ph5ol4 ,diamidob5z5e4 ,ph?alic acid4 ,resorc9ol4 ,resorc9ol is n[ made by heat+ b5z5e ) v /rong sulphuric acid s z to conv]t x into a disulpho-acid1 & ! sodium salt ( ! latt] is !n fus$ ) alkali4 ,z a te*nical op]ation x is "o ( great delicacy & skill1 & ! manufacture is conf9$ to a few ,cont95tal factories4 ,:5 ph?alic acid is heat$ x loses wat]1 & is trans=m$ into a :ite1 magnific5tly cry/all9e sub/ance kn[n z ph?alic anhydride1 i4e4 ! acid depriv$ ( wat]4 ,9 #ahga1 ,a4 v4 ,baey]1 ! em95t *emi/ :o subsequ5tly syn!sis$ indigo1 publi%$ ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( inve/igations describ+ ! comp\nds produc$ by heat+ ph?alic anhydride ) ph5ols4 ,to ^! comp\nds he gave ! "n ( ph?ale9s4 ,baey]'s "w1 l t ( s _m o!r *emi/s :o h contribut$ to ! advancem5t ( ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry1 0 ( a purely sci5tific "* at fir/1 b x soon l$ to te*nological developm5ts4 ,! ph?ale9s are all acid comp\nds possess+ m or less t9ctorial p[]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ discov]$ 0 produc$ by heat+ ph?alic anhydride ) an acid kn[n z gallic acid1 :i* occurs 9 vegetable galls1 & 9 ! =m ( tann9 9 _m vegetable extracts :i* are us$ by ! tann]4 ,! acid is a ph5olic d]ivative ( b5zoic acid1 viz4 trihydroxyb5zoic acid1 & on heat+ x readily passes into trihydroxyb5z5e1 :i* is ! pyrogallic acid or pyrogallol famili> z a photographic develop]4 ,! ph?ale9 =m$ f gallic acid & ph?alic anhydride really results f ! union ( ! latt] ) pyrogallol4 ,x is n[ manufactur$ "u ! "n ( galle91 & is l>gely us$ = imp>t+ a blui% grey %ade to cotton fabrics4 ,by heat+ galle9 ) /rong sulphuric acid1 x is trans=m$ into ano!r col\r+-matt] :i* gives rem>kably fa/ olive-gre5 %ades :5 dy$ on cotton fibre ) a suitable mordant4 ,?is d]ivative ( galle9 is us$ to a consid]able ext5t "u ! "n ( co]ule94 ,^! two col\r+-matt]s 7 ! fir/ practical outcome ( v4 ,baey]'s rese>*es4 ,!re is ano!r possible developm5t 9 ?is direction :i* *emi/ry may yet accompli%1 & ano!r natural col\r+-matt] may be ?reat5$1 ev5 z ! indigo culture 0 ?reat5$ by ! lat] "w ( ! same *emi/4 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ! col\r+-matt] ( logwood1 kn[n to *emi/s z haemate91 is relat$ to or d]iv$ 9 "s way f ! ph?ale9s1 & ! syn!sis ( ?is comp\nd may ultimately be effect$4 ,! dye introduc$ by ,c>o 9 #ahgd is ! brom9at$ ph?ale9 ( resorc9ol4 ,! ph?ale9 itself is a yell[ dye1 & ! solutions ( its salts %[ a spl5did & mo/ int5se gre5i% yell[ fluoresc5ce1 = :i* reason x is call$ fluoresce94 ,:5 brom9at$1 ! latt] furni%es a beautiful r$ col\r+-matt] kn[n z eos9 7,gr4 ,greek3 eos1 dawn71 & ! introduction ( ?is gave an indu/rial impetus to ! ph?ale9s :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( _m o!r relat$ col\r+-matt]s n[ l>gely us$ "u v>i\s trade designations4 ,ab\t a doz5 di/9ct comp\nds produc+ diff]5t %ades ( p9k1 crimson & r$1 & all d]iv$ f fluoresce91 are at pres5t 9 ! m>ket1 & a few o!r ph?ale9s =m$ by heat+ ph?alic anhydride ) o!r ph5olic comp\nds in/ead ( resorc9ol or pyrogallol 7e4g4 die?ylamidoph5ol71 are also ( indu/rial importance4 ,by conv]t+ nitrob5z5e into a sulpho-acid1 r$uc+ to an amido-sulpho-acid1 & !n fus+ ) alkali1 an amido-ph5ol is produc$1 ! e!rs ( :i*1 :5 heat$ ) ph?alic anhydride1 give rise to r$ ph?ale9s ( mo/ int5se col\r+ p[] introduc$ by ! ,bad5 ,anil9e ,company z rhodam9es4 ,x rema9s to po9t out t ! sci5tific _s :i* prompt$ ! inve/igation ( ! ph?ale9s 9 ! fir/ in/ance has foll[$ ^! comp\nds ?r\gh\t _! te*nological c>e]4 ,! rese>*es />t$ by v4 ,baey] 7 tak5 up by v>i\s *emi/s1 ^: "w toge!r ) t ( ! orig9al discov]] has l$ to ! elucidation ( ! con/itution ( ^! col\r+-matt]s4 ,! ph?ale9s are memb]s ( ! triph5ylme?ane gr\p1 & are !re=e relat$ to mag5ta1 corall91 mala*ite gre51 me?yl violet1 & ! phosg5e dyes4 ,x has be5 said t ! ph5olic & amidic d]ivatives ( naph?al5e1 i4e4 ! naph?ols & naph?ylam9es1 are ( ! greate/ importance to ! col\r indu/ry4 ,"o ( ! fir/ uses ( alpha-naph?ylam9e has already be5 m5tion$1 viz4 = ! production ( ! ,man*e/] yell[1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds made m advantage\sly f alpha-naph?ol4 ,a r$ col\r+-matt] possess+ a beautiful fluoresc5ce 0 aft]w>ds 7#ahfi7 made f ?is naph?ylam9e & introduc$ z ,magdala r$4 ,! latt] 0 discov]$ by ,s*i5dl ( ,vi5na 9 #ahfg4 ,x 0 prep>$ 9 precisely ! same way z indul9e 0 prep>$ f anil9e yell[4 ,! latt]1 :i* is amido-azob5z5e1 & :i* is prep>$1 broadly speak+1 by ! action ( nitr\s acid on anil9e1 has its analogue 9 amido-azonaph?al5e1 :i* is simil>ly prep>$ by ! action ( nitr\s acid on naph?ylam9e4 ,j z anil9e yell[ :5 heat$ ) anil9e & an anil9e salt gives indul9e1 s amido-azonaph?al5e :5 heat$ ) naph?ylam9e & a salt ( ?is base gives ,magdala r$4 ,! latt] is1 !re=e1 a naph?al5e analogue ( indul9e1 z 0 %[n by ,h(mann 9 #ahfi1 & ! k ( ! con/itution ( ! az9es :i* has be5 ga9$ ( late ye>s1 enables u to relegate ! col\r+-matt] to ?is gr\p4 ,?is k has also enabl$ ! manufacture to be conduct$ on m rational pr9ciples1 viz4 by ! me?od employ$ = ! production ( ! saffran9es1 z previ\sly sket*$4 ,! introduction ( azo-dyes1 =m$ by ! action ( a diazotis$ amido-comp\nd on a ph5ol or ano!r amido-comp\nd1 m>ks ! p]iod f :i* ! naph?ols & naph?ylam9es rose to ! fir/ rank ( importance z raw mat]ials = ! col\r manufactur]4 ,! introduction ( *rysoid9e 9 #ahgf 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! manufacture ( acid azo-dyes obta9$ by comb9+ diazotis$ amido-sulpho-acids ) ph5ols ( v>i\s k9ds1 or ) bases1 su* z dime?ylanil9e & diph5ylam9e4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ portion ( ?is volume1 x is evid5t t all su* azo-comp\nds result f ! comb9ation ( two ?+s1 viz4 7#a7 a diazotis$ amido-comp\nd1 & 7#b7 a ph5olic or amidic comp\nd4 ,ei!r 7#a7 or 7#b7 or bo? may be a sulpho-acid1 & ! result+ dye w !n also be a sulpho-acid4 ,! fir/ ( ^! col\r+-matt]s d]iv$ f ! naph?ols1 0 introduc$ 9 #ahgf-gg by ,r\ss9 & ,poirri]1 & by ,o4 ,n4 ,witt4 ,!y 7 prep>$ by conv]t+ anil9e into a sulpho-acid 7sulphanilic acid71 diazotis+ ?is & comb9+ ! diazo-comp\nd ) alpha- or beta-naph?ol4 ,! comp\nds =m$ are brilliant orange dyes1 ! latt] be+ /ill l>gely consum$ z naph?ol orange4 ,o!r dye-/uffs ( a simil> nature 7 introduc$ by ,c>o ab\t ! same "t1 & 7 prep>$ f ! diazotis$ sulpho-acid ( alpha-naph?ylam9e comb9$ ) ! naph?ols4 ,by ?is means alpha-naph?ol gives :at is kn[n z acid br[n1 or fa/ br[n1 & beta-naph?ol a f9e crimson1 kn[n z fa/ r$1 or roccell94 ,diazotis$ comp\nds comb9e also ) ?is same sulpho-acid ( alpha-naph?ylam9e 7kn[n z naph?ionic acid71 ! fir/ col\r+-matt] =m$ 9 ?is way hav+ be5 introduc$ by ,r\ss9 & ,poirri] 9 #ahgh4 ,x 0 prep>$ by diazotis+ a nitro-d]ivative ( anil9e1 & act+ ) ! diazo-salt on nap?ionic acid1 & ?is dye is /ill us$ to "s ext5t "u ! "n ( ar*il sub/itute4 ,9 #ahgh1 ! firm ( ,mei/]1 ,lucius ,bru5+ ( ,hoe*/-on-!-,ma9 gave a fur!r impetus to ! utilization ( naph?al5e by discov]+ two isom]ic disulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol =m$ by heat+ t ph5ol ) sulphuric acid4 ,by comb9+ v>i\s diazotis$ bases ) ^! sulpho-acids1 a spl5did s]ies ( acid azo-dyes rang+ 9 %ade f bright orange to cl>et-r$1 & to sc>lets rivall+ co*9eal 9 brilliancy 7 giv5 to ! t9ctorial indu/ry4 ,! col\r+-matt]s introduc$ 9 #ahgh by ! ,hoe*/ factory "u ! names ( ,ponceaux ( v>i\s br&s1 & ,bordeaux1 al?\gh to "s ext5t sup]s$$ by lat] discov]ies1 /ill occupy an important position4 ,_! discov]y n only increas$ ! consumption ( beta-naph?ol1 b also t ( ! bases :i* 7 us$ = diazotis+4 ,^! bases are alpha-naph?ylam9e & ^? ( ! anil9e s]ies4 ,! intimate relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 *emical sci5ce & te*nology--a relation%ip :i* appe>s s con/antly 9 ! =ego+ portions ( ?is "w--is well br\ght out by ! discov]y "u consid]ation4 ,a little m *emi/ry w enable ?is /atem5t to be appreciat$4 ,go+ back = a mom5t to ! hydroc>bons obta9$ f light oil1 x w be rememb]$ t b5z5e & tolu5e h ?us f> be5 consid]$ z ! only ones ( importance to ! col\r-mak]4 ,until ! discov]y embodi$ 9 ! pat5t specification ( #ahgh1 ! portions ( ! light oil boil+ above tolu5e 7 ( no value 9 ! col\r indu/ry4 ,b5z5e & tolu5e are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a way :i* *emi/s describe by say+ t !y are homolog\s4 ,?is means t !y are memb]s ( a regul>ly graduat$ s]ies1 ! successive t]ms ( :i* diff] by ! same numb] ( atoms ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,?us tolu5e conta9s "o atom ( c>bon & two atoms ( hydrog5 m ?an b5z5e4 ,above tolu5e are high] homologues1 viz4 xyl5e1 cum5e1 c41 :i* occur 9 ! light oil1 ! =m] be+ relat$ to tolu5e 9 ! same way t tolu5e is relat$ to b5z5e1 :ile cum5e aga9 conta9s "o atom ( c>bon & two atoms ( hydrog5 m ?an xyl5e4 ,?is relation%ip betwe5 ! memb]s ( homolog\s s]ies is express$ 9 o!r t]ms by say+ t ! weight ( ! molecule increases by a con/ant quantity z we asc5d ! s]ies4 ,! homology exi/+ among ! hydroc>bons ext5ds to all _! d]ivatives4 ,?us ph5ol is ! l[] homologue ( ! cresols4 ,also we h ! homolog\s s]ies-- ,b5z5e4 ,nitrob5z5e4 ,anil9e4 ,tolu5e4 ,nitrotolu5e4 ,toluid9e4 ,xyl5e4 ,nitroxyl5e4 ,xylid9e4 ,cum5e4 ,nitrocum5e4 ,cumid9e4 ,! bases ( ! ?ird column :5 diazotis$ & comb9$ ) ! disulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol give a graduat$ s]ies ( dyes beg9n+ ) orange & end+ ) blui% sc>let4 ,?us x 0 obs]v$ t ! toluid9e col\r 0 r$d] ?an ! anil9e col\r1 & x 0 a natural inf]5ce t ! xylid9e col\r w\ld be /ill r$d]4 ,at ! "t ( ?is discov]y no azo-col\r ( a true sc>let %ade _h be5 manufactur$ successfully4 ,a dem& = ! high] homologues ( b5z5e 0 ?us creat$1 & ! high] boil+-po9t fractions ( ! light oil1 :i* _h be5 =m]ly us$ z solv5t naph?a1 became ( value z s\rces ( col\r+-matt]s4 ,! isolation ( coal-t> xyl5e 7:i* is a mixture ( ?ree isom]ic hydroc>bons7 is easily effect$ by fractional di/illation ) a rectify+ column1 & by nitration & r$uction1 9 ! same way z 9 ! manufacture ( anil9e1 xylid9e is plac$ at ! disposal ( ! col\r-mak]4 ,xylid9e sc>let1 al?\gh at ! "t ( its introduction ! only true azo-sc>let likely to come into competition ) co*9eal1 0 /ill some:at on ! orange side4 ,! cumid9e dye w\ld obvi\sly be ne>] ! desir$ %ade4 ,to meet ?is want1 cumid9e _h to be made on a l>ge scale1 b "h practical difficulties int]pos$ !mselves4 ,! quantity ( cum5e 9 ! light oil is b small1 & x is associat$ ) o!r hydroc>bons :i* are impurities f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 & f :i* x is sep>at$ only ) difficulty4 ,a new s\rce ( ! base _h !re=e to be s\ght1 & "h aga9 we f9d *emical sci5ce m9i/]+ to ! wants ( ! te*nologi/4 ,x 0 expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t anil9e & simil> bases c be me?ylat$ by heat+ _! dry salts ) me?yl alcohol "u pressure4 ,9 ?is way dime?ylanil9e is made1 & dime?yltoluid9e or dime?ylxylid9e c simil>ly be prep>$4 ,n[ x 0 %[n by ,h(mann 9 #ahga1 t if ?is op]ation is conduct$ at a v high temp]ature1 & "u v great pressure1 ! me?yl-alcohol residue1 i4e4 ! me?yl-gr\p1 does n replace ! amidic hydrog5 or ! hydrog5 ( ! ammonia residue1 b ! me?ylation takes place 9 ano!r way1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a high] homologue ( ! base />t$ )4 ,= example1 by heat+ anil9e salt & pure wood-_s to a temp]ature consid]ably above t necess>y = produc+ dime?ylanil9e1 toluid9e is =m$4 ,9 a simil> way1 by heat+ xylid9e hydro*loride & me?yl alcohol = "s "t 9 a clos$ vessel at ab\t #cjj deg4 ,c4 cumid9e is produc$4 ,h(mann's discov]y 0 ?us utiliz$ 9 #ahhb1 & by its means ! base 0 manufactur$1 & cumid9e sc>let1 v simil> 9 %ade to co*9eal1 became an article ( comm]ce4 ,:ile ! developm5t ( ?is bran* ( ! col\r indu/ry 0 tak+ place by means ( ! new naph?ol disulpho-acids1 ! cultivation ( ! f]tile field ( ! azo-dyes 0 be+ c>ri$ on 9 o!r directions4 ,x came to be realiz$ t ! fundam5tal discov]y ( ,griess 0 capable ( be+ ext5d$ to all k9ds ( amido-comp\nds4 ,! azo-dyes hi!rto introduc$ _h all be5 d]iv$ f amido-comp\nds conta9+ only "o amido-gr\p1 & !y accord+ly conta9$ only "o azo-gr\p2 !y 7 prim>y azo-comp\nds4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t anil9e yell[1 :i* already conta9s "o azo-gr\p z well z an amido-gr\p1 c\ld be aga9 diazotis$ & comb9$ ) ph5ols s z to produce comp\nds conta9+ two azo-gr\ps1 i4e4 second>y azo-comp\nds4 ,! sulpho-acid ( anil9e yell[--,graessl]'s acid yell[--0 ! fir/ s\rce ( azo-dyes ( ?is class4 ,by diazotis+ ?is amidoazo-sulpho-acid1 & comb9+ x ) beta-naph?ol1 a f9e sc>let dye 0 discov]$ by ,nietzki 9 #ahgi1 & introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,biebri* sc>let4 ,two ye>s lat] a new sulpho-acid ( beta-naph?ol 0 discov]$ by ,bay] ,co4 ( ,elb]feld1 & ?is gave rise1 :5 comb9$ ) diazotis$ acid yell[ & analog\s comp\nds1 to ano!r s]ies ( brilliant dyes introduc$ z ,croce9 sc>lets4 ,f ^! beg9n+s ! developm5t ( ! azo-dyes has be5 /eadily c>ri$ on to ! pres5t "t--ye> by ye> new diazotisable amido-comp\nds or new sulpho-acids ( ! naph?ols & naph?ylam9es are be+ discov]$1 & ?is bran* ( ! col\r indu/ry has already assum$ colossal dim5sions4 ,an important dep>ture 0 made 9 #ahhd by ,boettig]1 :o introduc$ ! fir/ second>y azo-col\rs d]iv$ f b5zid9e4 ,z already expla9$ 9 connection ) salicylic acid1 ?is base & its homologue tolid9e =m tetrazo-salts1 :i* comb9e ) ph5ols & am9es or _! sulpho-acids4 ,"o ( ! fir/ col\r+-matt]s ( ?is gr\p 0 obta9$ by comb9+ diazotis$ b5zid9e ) ! sulpho-acid ( alpha-naph?ylam9e 7naph?ionic acid71 & 0 introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,congo r$4 ,!n came ! discov]y 7,pfaff1 #ahhe71 t ! tetrazo-salts ( b5zid9e & tolid9e comb9e ) ph5ols1 am9es1 c41 9 two /ages1 "o ( ! diazo-gr\ps fir/ comb9+ ) "o-half ( ! :ole quantity ( ph5ol to =m an int]m$iate comp\nd1 :i* !n comb9es ) ! o!r half ( ! ph5ol to =m ! second>y azo-dye4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,acti5gesells*aft fu] ,anil9fabrikation ( ,b]l9 ?is discov]y has be5 utiliz$ = ! production ( a numb] ( su* azo-col\rs conta9+ two di/9ct ph5ols1 or am9es1 or sulpho-acids4 ,tolid9e has be5 f\nd to give bett] col\r+-matt]s 9 mo/ cases ?an b5zid9e1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t an increas$ dem& = ! nitrotolu5e f :i* ?is base is made is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y4 ,x is impossible to attempt to specify by "n any ( ^! rec5t b5zid9e & tolid9e dyes4 ,_! introduction has be5 ! means ( f9d+ new uses = ! naph?ylam9es & naph?ols & _! sulpho-acids1 & has ?us contribut$ l>gely to ! utilization ( naph?al5e4 ,an impetus has be5 giv5 to ! inve/igation ( ^! sulpho-acids1 & *emical sci5ce has pr(it$ l>gely !reby4 ,! process by :i* beta-naph?ylam9e is prep>$ f beta-naph?ol1 already ref]r$ to1 viz4 by heat+ ) ammonia "u pressure1 has be5 ext5d$ to ! sulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol1 & by ?is means new beta-naph?ylam9e sulpho-acids h be5 prep>$1 & figure l>gely 9 ! production ( ^! second>y azo-col\rs4 ,! latt]1 z previ\sly /at$1 possess ! mo/ valuable prop]ty ( dye+ cotton fibre directly1 & by _! means ! art ( cotton dye+ has be5 greatly simplifi$4 ,! %ades giv5 by ^! col\rs v>y f yell[ ?r\gh orange to bright sc>let1 violet1 or purple4 ,9 addition to b5zid9e & tolid9e1 o!r diazotisable amido-comp\nds h ( late ye>s be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( ! col\r-manufactur]4 ,! d]ivative ( /ilb5e1 already m5tion$ z be+ prep>$ f a sulpho-acid ( "o ( ! nitrotolu5es1 =ms tetrazo-salts1 :i* c be comb9$ ) simil> or dissimil> ph5ols1 am9es1 or sulpho-acids1 z 9 ! case ( b5zid9e & tolid9e4 ,v>i\s %ades ( r$ & purple are ?us obta9$ f ! diazotis$ comp\nd1 :5 ! latt] is comb9$ ) ! naph?ylam9es1 naph?ols1 or _! sulpho-acids4 ,^!1 aga91 are all cotton dyes4 ,! nitro-d]ivatives ( ! e!rs ( ph5ol & cresol1 :5 r$uc$ 9 ! same way t nitrob5z5e & nitrotolu5e are r$uc$ to azob5z5e & azotolu5e1 also furni% azo-comp\nds :i*1 on fur!r r$uction1 give bases analog\s to b5zid9e & tolid9e4 ,second>y azo-col\rs d]iv$ f ^! bases & ! usual naph?al5e d]ivatives are also manufactur$4 ,x is among ! second>y azo-dyes t we meet ) ! fir/ direct dye+ blacks1 ! importance ( :i* w be realiz$ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ord9>y anil9e-black is n adapt$ = wool dye+4 ,! azo-blacks are obta9$ by comb9+ diazotis$ sulpho-acids ( amidoazo-comp\nds ( ! b5z5e or naph?al5e s]ies ) naph?ol sulpho-acids or o!r naph?al5e d]ivatives4 ,"o o!r s]ies ( azo-comp\nds mu/ be briefly ref]r$ to4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t anil9e & toluid9e :5 heat$ ) sulphur evolve sulphurett$ hydrog5 & give rise to ?io-bases1 t is1 anil9e or toluid9e 9 :i* ! hydrog5 is p>tly replac$ by sulphur4 ,"o ( ! toluid9es treat$ 9 ?is way is trans=m$ into a ?iotoluid9e :i*1 :5 diazotis$ & comb9$ ) "o ( ! disulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol1 =ms a r$ azo-dye1 introduc$ by ,dahl ,co4 9 #ahhe z ?iorub94 ,by modify+ ! conditions ( reaction betwe5 ! sulphur & ! base1 x 0 f\nd 9 #ahhg by ,ar?ur ,gre51 t a complicat$ ?io-d]ivative ( toluid9e c\ld be produc$ :i* possess$ v rem>kable prop]ties4 ,! sulpho-acid ( ! ?io-base is a yell[ dye1 :i* 0 nam$ by its discov]] primul9e4 ,n only is primul9e a dye1 b x conta9s an amido-gr\p :i* c be diazotis$4 ,if !re=e ! fabric dy$ ) primul9e is pass$ ?r\gh a nitrite ba?1 a diazo-salt is =m$ 9 ! fibre1 & on imm]s+ ! latt] 9 a second ba? conta9+ naph?ol or o!r ph5ol or an am9e1 an azo-dye is precipitat$ 9 ! fibre4 ,by ?is means !re are produc$ valuable +ra9 col\rs ( v>i\s %ades ( r$1 orange1 purple1 c4 ,s mu* = ! azo-dyes1 "o ( ! mo/ prolific fields ( indu/rial ent]prise connect$ ) coal-t> te*nology4 ,f ! introduction ( anil9e yell[ 9 #ahfc to ! pres5t "t1 ab\t #aej di/9ct comp\nds ( ?is gr\p h be5 giv5 to ! t9ctorial indu/ry4 ,( ^! ov] ?irty are cotton dyes conta9+ two azo-gr\ps4 ,sombre %ades1 rivall+ logwood black1 bright yell[s1 orange-r$s1 br[ns1 violets1 & brilliant sc>lets equall+ co*9eal1 h be5 evolv$ f ! refuse ( ! gas-works4 ,! artificial col\r+-matt]s h 9 ?is la/ case once aga9 ?reat5$ a natural product1 & ) great] success ?an ! indigo syn!sis1 = ! introduction ( ! azo-sc>lets has caus$ a m>k$ decl9e 9 ! co*9eal culture4 ,9 addition to ! azo-col\rs1 !re are c]ta9 o!r products :i* claim naph?al5e z a raw mat]ial4 ,9 #ahgi x 0 f\nd t "o ( ! sulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol :5 treat$ ) nitr\s acid readily gave a nitroso-sulpho-acid4 ,a salt ( ?is la/ acid1 conta9+ sodium & iron z metallic bases1 0 introduc$ 9 #ahhd1 "u ! "n ( naph?ol gre54 ,x is us$ bo? z a dye = wool & z a pigm5t4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t o!r nitroso-d]ivatives ( ph5ols1 su* z ^? ( resorc9ol & ! naph?ols1 "u ! "n ( gamb9es1 are l>gely us$ = dye+ purposes1 ow+ to ! facility ) :i* !y comb9e ) metallic mordants to =m col\r$ salts 9 ! fibre4 ,9 ?is same ye>1 #ahgi1 x 0 f\nd t by heat+ nitrosodime?ylanil9e ) beta-naph?ol 9 an appropriate solv5t1 a violet col\r+-matt] 0 =m$4 ,?is is n[ manufactur$ "u ! "n ( new blue1 or o!r designations1 & is l>gely us$ = produc+ an indigo-blue %ade on cotton prep>$ ) a suitable mordant4 ,! discov]y ( ?is col\r+-matt] gave an impetus to fur!r discov]ies 9 ! same direction4 ,x 0 f\nd t nitrosodime?ylanil9e react$ 9 a simil> way ) o!r ph5olic or ) amidic comp\nds4 ,9 #ahha ,koe*l9 introduc$ an analog\s dye-/uff prep>$ by ! action ( ! same nitroso-comp\nd on gallic acid4 ,gallocyan91 z x is call$1 imp>ts a violet blue %ade to mordant$ cotton4 ,o!r col\r+-matt]s ( ! same gr\p are 9 use2 "s ( !m1 l new blue1 be+ d]ivatives ( naph?al5e4 ,^! comp\nds all belong to a s]ies ( :i* ! p>5t sub/ance is con/ruct$ on a type simil> to az9e2 x conta9s a nitrog5 & oxyg5 atom l9k+ toge!r ! hydroc>bon residues1 & is !re=e kn[n z oxaz9e4 ,! rese>*es ( ,nietzki 9 #ahhh fir/ e/abli%$ ! true con/itution ( ! oxaz9es4 ,closely relat$ to ?is gr\p is a col\r+-matt] introduc$ by ,koe*l9 & ,witt 9 #ahha "u ! "n ( indoph5ol4 ,x is prep>$ 9 ! same way z ! az9es ( ! neutral r$ gr\p2 viz4 by ! action ( nitrosodime?ylanil9e on alpha-naph?ol1 or by oxidiz+ amidodime?ylanil9e 9 ! pres5ce ( alpha-naph?ol4 ,indoph5ol belongs to t gr\p ( blue comp\nds =m$ z int]m$iate products 9 ! manufacture ( az9es1 z m5tion$ 9 connection ) neutral r$4 ,b :ile ^! int]m$iate blues result+ f ! oxidation ( a diam9e 9 ! pres5ce ( ano!r am9e are un/able1 & pass readily into r$ az9es1 indoph5ol is /able1 & c be us$ = dye+ & pr9t+ 9 ! same way z indigo4 ,! %ades :i* x produces are v simil> to ?is la/ dye1 b = c]ta9 practical reasons x has n be5 able to compete ) ! natural dye-/uff4 ,! /ory ( naph?al5e is summ>iz$ 9 ! s*emes on pp4 #afd1 #afe4 ,light ,oil3 ,b5z5e-,disulpho-acid--,resorc9ol4#f --,nitrob5z5e ,sulphanilic acid4#g ,anil9e ,amidoazob5z5e & sulpho-acid4#g ,nitrosodime?ylanil9e#h & amidodime?ylanil9e4#h ,sulpho-acid--,amidosulpho-acid--,amidop h5ol & e!rs4#f ,azob5z5e--,b5zid9e4#g ,toluid9es#g ,sulpho-acids4#g ,amidoazotolu5e#g & sulpho-acid4#g ,?iotoluid9e & primul9e4#g ,tolu5e--,nitrotolu5es ,azotolu5e--,tolid9e4#g ,sulpho-acid & ,/ilb5e-d]ivative4#g ,sulpho-acids4#g ,xyl5e-,nitroxyl5es-,xylid9es#g ,amidoazoxyl5e#g & sulpho-acid4#g ,cumid9e4#g ,c>bolic ,oil3 ,ph5ol--,nitroph5ol & e!rs ,azoph5ol e!rs--,diamidic bases#i analog\s to b5zid9e4 ,amidoph5ol#i & e!rs4#i ,cresols--,nitrocresols & e!rs--,amidocresols#i & e!rs4#i ,nitronaph?al5e ,greek3 a-,naph?ylam9e#iaj,naph?ionic acid4#iaj ,amidoazonaph?al5e ,magdala r$4 ,sulpho-acid4#i ,naph?al5e,tetra*loride--,ph?alic acid & anhydride4 ,man*e/] yell[4 ,greek3 a-,naph?ol ,acid naph?ol yell[4 ,sulpho-acids4#aj ,sulpho-acids ,greek3 b-,naph?ylam9e & sulpho-acids4#iaj ,greek3 b-,naph?ol,sulpho-acids ,greek3 b-naph?ylam9e sulpho-acids4#iaj ,nitrososulpho-acid & naph?ol gre54 ,! fraction ( coal-t> succe$+ ! c>bolic oil1 viz4 ! creosote oil1 does n at pres5t supply ! col\r manufactur] ) any raw mat]ials beyond ! small proportion ( naph?al5e :i* sep>ates f x 9 a v impure condition z creosote salts4 ,?is oil consi/s ( a mixture ( ! high] homologues ( ph5ol ) v>i\s hydroc>bons & basic comp\nds4 ,x is ! oil us$ = creosot+ timb] 9 ! mann] already describ$2 & among its o!r applications may be m5tion$ its use z an illum9at+ ag5t & z a s\rce ( lampblack4 ,9 ord] to burn ! oil effectively z a s\rce ( light1 a specially-con/ruct$ burn] is us$1 :i* is f$ by a /ream ( oil rais$ f a res]voir at its foot by means ( compress$ air1 :i* also aids ! combu/ion ( ! oil4 ,!re is produc$ by ?is means a great body ( lurid flame1 :i* is v s]viceable :]e build+ or o!r op]ations h to be c>ri$ on at night 7see ,fig4 #aj74 ,= lampblack ! oil is simply burnt 9 iron pans set 9 ov5s1 & ! sooty smoke conduct$ into cond5s+ *amb]s4 ,! creosote oil con/itutes m ?an #cj p] c5t4 by weight ( ! t>--! "t may come :5 ?is fraction1 l ! light oil & c>bolic oil1 may be f\nd to conta9 comp\nds ( value to ! col\r-mak] or to o!r bran*es ( *emical manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,v]tical ,,burn] ,,= ,,heavy ,,coal ,,oil ,,by ,,! ,,lucig5 ,,light ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,! ,,madd] ,,plant 7,rubia t9ctoria74 ,! utilization ( ! next fraction1 an?rac5e oil1 is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs :i* appli$ *emical sci5ce c lay claim to s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry4 ,?is discov]y dates f #ahfh1 :5 x 0 %[n by two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 t ! col\r+-matt] ( madd] 0 d]iv$ f ! hydroc>bon an?rac5e4 ,l indigo1 madd] may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( natural dye-/uffs4 ,x consi/s ( ! p[d]$ roots ( c]ta9 plants ( ! g5us ,rubia1 su* z ,r4 t9ctoria 7see ,fig4 #aa71 ,r4 p]egr9a1 & ,r4 munji/a1 :i* 7 at "o "t cultivat$ on an enorm\s scale 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,x is e/imat$ t at ! "t ( ,graebe & ,lieb]mann's discov]y1 #gj1jjj tons ( madd] 7 produc$ annually 9 ! madd]-gr[+ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,at t "t we 7 import+ madd] into ?is c\ntry at ! rate ( #ae1jjj to #af1jjj tons p] annum1 at a co/ ( ,l#ej p] ton4 ,9 t5 ye>s ! importation _h fall5 to ab\t #afjj tons1 & ! price to ,l#ah p] ton4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! cultivation ( madd] is practically ext9ct4 ,!re is no bett] gauge ( ! practical utility ( a sci5tific discov]y ?an ! f9ancial effect4 ,9 addition to madd]1 a m conc5trat$ extract conta9+ ! col\r+-matt] itself 0 l>gely us$ by dy]s & cotton pr9t]s "u ! "n ( g>anc94 ,9 #ahfh we 7 import+1 9 addition to ! #ae1jjj to #af1jjj tons ( madd]1 ab\t #bjjj tons ( ?is extract annually1 at a co/ ( ,l#aej p] ton4 ,by #ahgh ! importation ( g>anc9 _h sunk to ab\t #adj tons1 & ! price _h be5 l[]$ to ,l#fe p] ton4 ,! total value ( ! imports ( madd] & g>anc9 9 #ahfh 0 ov] "o million p\nds /]l+2 9 t5 ye>s ! value ( ^! same imports _h be5 r$uc$ to ab\t ,l#ch1jjj4 ,concurr5tly ) ?is fall+ (f 9 ! dem& = ! natural col\r+-matt]1 ! cultivation ( ! madd] plant _h to be ab&on$1 & ! va/ tracts ( l& devot$ to ?is purpose became available = o!r crops4 ,a *ange am\nt+ to a revolution 0 produc$ 9 an agricultural indu/ry by a discov]y 9 *emi/ry4 ,9 ! p]sons ( two ,fr5*m51 ,messrs4 ,robiquet & ,col91 sci5ce laid h&s on ! col\r+-matt] ( ! ,rubia 9 #ahbf4 ,^! *emi/s isolat$ two comp\nds :i* !y nam$ aliz>9 & purpur94 ,x is n[ kn[n t !re are at lea/ six di/9ct col\r+-matt]s 9 ! madd] root1 all ( ^! be+ an?rac5e d]ivatives4 ,x is kn[n also t ! col\r+-matt]s d n exi/ 9 ! free /ate 9 ! plant1 b 9 ! =m ( comp\nds kn[n z glucosides1 i4e4 comp\nds consi/+ ( ! col\r+-matt] comb9$ ) ! sug> kn[n z glucose4 ,x may be m5tion$ incid5tally t ! col\r+-matt] ( ! indigo plant also exi/s z a glucoside 9 ! plant4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an =ty ye>s f ! date ( its isolation1 aliz>9 0 f "t to "t submitt$ to exam9ation by *emi/s1 b its composition 0 n completely e/abli%$ till #ahfh1 :5 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 by heat+ x ) z9c-du/1 obta9$ an?rac5e4 ,?is 0 ! discov]y :i* gave ! dea?-bl[ to ! madd] culture1 & conv]t$ ! la/ fraction ( ! t>-oil f a wa/e product into a mat]ial ( ! greate/ value4 ,! l>ge quantity ( madd] consum$ = t9ctorial purposes is indicative ( ! value ( ?is dye-/uff4 ,x produces %ades ( r$1 purple1 violet1 black1 or deep br[n1 accord+ to ! mordant ) :i* ! fabric is impregnat$4 ,! col\rs obta9$ by ! use ( madd] are among ! fa/e/ ( dyes1 ! brilliant ,turkey r$ be+ "o ( ! mo/ famili> %ades4 ,! discov]y ( ! p>5t hydroc>bon ( ?is col\r+-matt] :i* _h be5 9 use = s _m ages--a col\r+-matt] capable ( furni%+ bo? 9 dye+ & pr9t+ _m di/9ct %ades1 all possess$ ( great fa/ness--0 obvi\sly a /ep t[>ds ! realization ( an indu/rial triumph1 viz4 ! *emical syn!sis ( aliz>94 ,)9 a ye> ( _! orig9al obs]vation1 ?is _h be5 accompli%$ by ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 & almo/ simultane\sly by ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k9 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f t "t ! an?rac5e1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 burnt or us$ z lubricat+ grease1 rose 9 value to an extraord9>y ext5t4 ,9 two ye>s a mat]ial :i* c\ld h be5 b\ght = a few %ill+s ! ton1 rose at ! t\* ( *emical magic to m ?an two hundr$ times its =m] value4 ,an?rac5e is a :ite cry/all9e hydroc>bon1 hav+ a blui% fluoresc5ce1 melt+ at #bac deg4 ,c4 & boil+ above #cfj deg4 ,c4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,dumas & ,laur5t 9 #ahcb1 & its composition 0 det]m9$ by ,fritzs*e 9 #aheg4 ,x sep>ates 9 ! =m ( cry/als f ! an?rac5e oil on cool+1 & is remov$ by filtration4 ,! adh]+ oil is got rid ( by submitt+ ! cry/als to great pressure 9 hydraulic presses4 ,fur!r purification is effect$ by p[d]+ ! crude an?rac5e cake & wa%+ ) solv5t naph?a1 i4e4 ! mixture ( ! high] homologues ( b5z5e left aft] ! rectification ( ! light oil4 ,ano!r coal-t> product1 viz4 ! pyrid9e base ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 has be5 rec5tly employ$ = wa%+ an?rac5e ) great success4 ,x is us$ ei!r by itself or mix$ ) ! solv5t naph?a4 ,! an?rac5e by wa%+ ) ^! solv5ts is fre$ f m soluble impurities1 & may !n conta9 f #cj to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! pure hydroc>bon4 ,! wa%+ liquid1 :i* is recov]$ by di/illation1 conta9s1 among o!r impurities dissolv$ out ( ! crude an?rac5e1 a hydroc>bon isom]ic ) ! latt]1 & kn[n z ph5an?r5e1 = :i* !re is at pres5t b little use1 b :i* may "o day be turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,! actual am\nt ( an?rac5e conta9$ 9 coal-t> corresponds to ab\t #a_/b lb4 p] ton ( coal di/ill$1 i4e4 f #a_/d to #a_/b p] c5t4 by weight ( ! t>4 ,ow+ to ! great value ( aliz>9 & ! l>ge quantity ( ?is col\r+-matt] annually consum$1 an?rac5e is n[ by f> ! mo/ important ( ! coal-t> hydroc>bons4 ,aliz>91 purpur91 & ! o!r col\r+-matt]s ( madd] are hydroxyl d]ivatives ( a comp\nd d]iv$ f an?rac5e by ! replacem5t ( two atoms ( hydrog5 by two atoms ( oxyg54 ,^! oxyg5 d]ivatives ( b5z5oid hydroc>bons =m a special gr\p ( comp\nds kn[n z qu9ones4 ,?us !re is qu9one itself1 or b5zoqu9one1 :i* is b5z5e ) two atoms ( oxyg5 replac+ two atoms ( hydrog54 ,!re are also isom]ic qu9ones ( ! naph?al5e s]ies kn[n z naph?aqu9ones4 ,a dihydroxyl d]ivative ( "o ( ! latt] is 9 use "u ! some:at misappropriate "n ( aliz>9 black4 ,) ?is exception no o!r qu9one d]ivative is us$ 9 ! col\r indu/ry till we come to ! hydroc>bons ( ! an?rac5e oil4 ,ph5an?r5e =ms a qu9one :i* has be5 utiliz$ z a s\rce ( col\r+-matt]s1 b ^! are comp>atively unimportant4 ,! qu9one ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$ is an?raqu9one4 ,! latt] is prep>$ by oxidiz+ ! an?rac5e--previ\sly r$uc$ by sublimation to ! condition ( a v f9ely-divid$ cry/all9e p[d]--) sulphuric acid & potassium di*romate4 ,! qu9one is purifi$1 conv]t$ into a sulpho-acid1 & ! sodium salt ( ! latt] on fusion ) alkali gives aliz>91 :i* is dihydroxy-an?raqu9one4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t 9 ?is case a monosulpho-acid gives a dihydroxy-d]ivative4 ,dur+ ! process ( fusion potassium *lorate is add$1 by :i* means ! yield ( aliz>9 is consid]ably increas$4 ,9 ! orig9al process ( ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 dibroman?raqu9one 0 fus$ ) alkali2 b ?is me?od 0 soon improv$ ^u by ! discov]y ( ! sulpho-acid by ,c>o & ,p]k9 9 #ahfi1 & f ?is p]iod ! manufacture ( artificial aliz>9 became comm]cially successful4 ,9 addition to aliz>91 o!r an?rac5e d]ivatives are ( indu/rial importance4 ,! purpur91 discov]$ among ! col\r+-matt]s ( madd] 9 #ahbf1 is a trihydroxy-an?raqu9one2 x c be prep>$ by ! oxidation ( aliz>91 z %[n by ,de ,lal&e 9 #ahgd4 ,isom]ic comp\nds kn[n z flavopurpur9 & an?rapurpur9 are also made f ! disulpho-acids ( an?raqu9one by fusion ) alkali & potassium *lorate4 ,^! two disulpho-acids are obta9$ simultane\sly ) ! monosulpho-acid by ! action ( fum+ sulphuric acid on ! qu9one1 & are sep>at$ by ! fractional cry/allization ( _! sodium salts f ! monosulpho-acid 7:i* gives aliz>97 & f ea* o!r4 ,! purpur9s give some:at yell[] %ades ?an aliz>94 ,ano!r trihydroxy-an?raqu9one1 al?\gh n obta9$ directly f an?rac5e1 mu/ be claim$ z a t>-product4 ,x is prep>$ by heat+ gallic acid ) b5zoic & sulphuric acids1 or ) ph?alic anhydride & z9c *loride1 & is a br[n dye kn[n z an?ragallol or an?rac5e-br[n4 ,! an?rac5e d]ivative is 9 ?is process built up syn!tically4 ,a sulpho-acid ( aliz>9 has be5 introduc$ = wool dye+ "u ! "n ( aliz>9 c>m9e1 & a nitro-aliz>9 "u ! "n ( aliz>9 orange4 ,! latt] on heat+ ) glyc]9 & sulphuric acid is trans=m$ into a rem>kably fa/ col\r+-matt] kn[n z aliz>9 blue1 :i* is us$ = dye+ & pr9t+4 ,by heat+ aliz>9 blue ) /rong sulphuric acid1 x is conv]t$ into aliz>9 gre54 ,! great indu/ry aris+ out ( ! laboratory "w ( two ,g]man *emi/s has influ5c$ o!r bran*es ( *emical manufacture1 & has react$ ^u ! coal-t> col\r indu/ry itself4 ,a new application = cau/ic soda & potassium *lorate necessitat$ an increas$ production ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! fir/ dem& = fum+ sulphuric acid on a l>ge scale 0 creat$ by ! aliz>9 manufacture 9 #ahgc1 :5 x 0 f\nd t an acid ( ?is /r5g? gave bett] results 9 ! prep>ation ( sulpho-acids f an?raqu9one4 ,! introduction ( ?is acid into comm]ce no d\bt ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce on ! production ( o!r valuable sulpho-acids1 su* z acid mag5ta 9 #ahgg1 acid yell[ 9 #ahgh1 & acid naph?ol yell[ 9 #ahgi4 ,! introduction ( artificial aliz>9 has also simplifi$ ! art ( col\r pr9t+ on cotton fabrics to su* an ext5t t o!r col\r+-matt]s1 also d]iv$ f coal-t>1 are l>gely us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! aliz>9 to produce p>ti-col\r$ designs4 ,! manufacture ( "o coal-t> col\r+-matt] has ?us assi/$ 9 ! consumption ( o!rs4 ,artificial aliz>9 is us$ 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 :i* consi/s ( ! col\r+-matt] precipitat$ f its alkal9e solution by acid1 & mix$ ) wat] s z to =m a mixture conta9+ f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( aliz>94 ,! magnitude ( ! indu/ry w be ga!r$ f ! e/imate t ! :ole quantity ( an?rac5e annually made into aliz>9 corresponds to a daily production ( ab\t #fe tons ( #aj p] c5t4 pa/e1 ( :i* only ab\t "o-eigh? is made 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! rema9d] be+ manufactur$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,! total production ( aliz>9 corresponds 9 money value to ab\t ,l#b1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,"o p\nd ( dry aliz>9 has ! t9ctorial p[] ( #ij p\nds ( madd]4 ,see+ !re=e t ! raw mat]ial an?rac5e 0 at "o "t a wa/e product1 & t ! quantity ( aliz>9 produc$ 9 ! factory corresponds to ne>ly five p\nds ( #bj p] c5t4 pa/e = "o p\nd ( an?rac5e1 x is n surpris+ t ! artificial has be5 enabl$ to compete successfully ) ! natural product4 ,! indu/rial hi/ory ( an?rac5e is ?us summ>iz$4 7,see opposite47 ,an?rac5e ,an?raqu9one ,sulpho-acid 7,aliz>9 c>m9e7 -,monosulpho-acid--,aliz>9---------- ,purpur9 ,nitro-aliz>9--,aliz>9 blue -,greek3 a-,disulpho-acid--,flavopurpur9 -,greek3 b-,disulpho-acid--,an?rapurpur9 ,aliz>9 gre54 ,! black1 viscid residue left 9 ! t>-/ill aft] ! removal ( ! an?rac5e oil is ! sub/ance kn[n famili>ly z pit*4 ,f ! latt]1 aft] removal ( all ! volatile con/itu5ts1 !re is prep>$ asphalte1 :i* is a solution ( ! pit*y residue 9 ! heavy t>-oils f :i* all ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! col\r indu/ry h be5 remov$4 ,asphalte is us$ = v>ni%-mak+1 9 ! con/ruction ( h>d pavem5ts1 & = o!r purposes4 ,a consid]able quantity ( pit* is us$ 9 an indu/ry :i* orig9at$ 9 ,france 9 #ahcb1 & :i* is /ill c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 t c\ntry1 & to a small] ext5t 9 ?is & o!r t>-produc+ c\ntries4 ,! indu/ry 9 "q is ! manufacture ( fuel f coal-du/ by m\ld+ ! latt] 9 suitable ma*9es ) pit* s z to =m ! cakes kn[n z briquettes or pat5t fuel4 ,by ?is means two wa/e mat]ials are dispos$ ( 9 a useful way--! pit* & ! f9ely-divid$ coal1 :i* c\ld n conv5i5tly be us$ z fuel by itself4 ,f two to ?ree million tons ( ?is artificial fuel are be+ made annually "h & on ! ,cont95t4 ,! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( coal-t> h n[ be5 made to tell _! /ory1 s f> z relates to ! col\r+-matt]s :i* !y furni%4 ,if ! descriptive details are devoid ( romance to ! g5]al read]1 ! results a*iev$ 9 ! %ort p]iod ( ?irty-five ye>s1 dat+ f ! discov]y ( mauve by ,p]k91 w assur$ly be reg>d$ z fall+ b little %ort ( ! m>vell\s4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ /rik+ developm5ts are naturally connect$ ) ! col\r+-matt]s1 ^: hi/ory has be5 sket*$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & ^: introduction has revolutioniz$ ! :ole art ( dye+1 !re are o!r directions 9 :i* ! coal-t> indu/ry has 9 rec5t times be5 und]go+ ext5sion4 ,c]ta9 t>-products are n[ r5d]+ good s]vice 9 ph>macy4 ,salicylic acid & its salts h long be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,by di/ill+ a mixture ( ! dry lime salts ( b5zoic & acetic acids !re is obta9$ a comp\nd kn[n to *emi/s z acetoph5one1 :i* is us$ = induc+ sleep "u ! "n ( hypnone4 ,! acetyl-d]ivative ( anil9e & ( me?ylanil9e are febrifuges kn[n z antifebr9e & exalg9e4 ,e!rs ( salicylic acid & its homologues1 prep>$ f ^! acids & ph5ol1 naph?ols1 c41 are 9 use z antiseptics "u ! g5]al designation ( salols4 ,9 #ahha !re 0 introduc$ into m$ic9e ! fir/ ( a gr\p ( antipyretics d]iv$ f coal-t> bases ( ! pyrid9e s]ies4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ?is base is remov$ f ! light oil by wa%+ ) acid4 ,*emically consid]$1 x is b5z5e conta9+ "o atom ( nitrog5 9 place ( a gr\p consi/+ ( an atom ( c>bon & an atom ( hydrog54 ,! quantity ( pyrid9e pres5t 9 coal-t> is v small1 & no use has z yet be5 f\nd = x except+ z a solv5t = wa%+ an?rac5e or = r5d]+ ! alcohol us$ = manufactur+ purposes undr9kable1 z is done 9 ?is c\ntry by mix+ 9 crude wood-_s s z to =m me?ylat$ _s4 ,! salts ( pyrid9e 7 %[n by ,mc,kendrick & ,dew> to act z febrifuges 9 #ahha1 b !y h n hi!rto f\nd _! way into ph>macy4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! base = u c5tres 9 ! fact t x is ! type ( a gr\p ( bases relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! same way z ! coal-t> hydroc>bons4 ,?us 9 coal-t>1 9 addition to pyrid9e1 !re is ano!r base kn[n z qu9ol9e1 :i* is relat$ to pyrid9e 9 ! same way t naph?al5e is relat$ to b5z5e4 ,simil>ly !re is a coal-t> base kn[n z acrid9e1 :i* is f\nd associat$ ) ! an?rac5e1 & :i* is relat$ to qu9ol9e 9 ! same way t an?rac5e is relat$ to naph?al5e4 ,! ?ree hydroc>bons are comp>able ) ! ?ree bases1 :i* may be reg>d$ z d]iv$ f !m 9 ! same mann] t pyrid9e is d]iv$ f b5z5e-- ,b5z5e 444 444 444 ,pyrid9e ,naph?al5e 444 444 ,qu9ol9e ,an?rac5e 444 444 444 ,acrid9e ,"s ( ^! bases & _! homologues are f\nd 9 ! evil-smell+ oil produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( bones 7,dippel's oil1 or bone oil71 & ! gr\p is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! pyrid9e gr\p4 ,! col\r+-matt] describ$ z phosph9e1 obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( mag5ta 7p4 #id71 is a d]ivative ( acrid9e1 & a yell[ col\r+-matt] discov]$ by ,rudolph 9 #ahha1 & obta9$ by heat+ ! acetyl d]ivative ( anil9e ) z9c *loride1 is a d]ivative ( a homologue ( qu9ol9e4 ,?is dye-/uff1 kn[n z flavanil9e1 is no long] made2 b x is int]e/+ z hav+ l$ to ! discov]y ( ! con/itution ( phosph9e by ,o4 ,fis*] & ,ko]n] 9 #ahhd4 ,! antipyretic m$ic9es :i* we h fir/ to consid] are d]ivatives ( qu9ol9e4 ,?is base 0 discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,runge 9 #ahcd1 & 0 obta9$ by ,g]h>dt 9 #ahdb by di/ill+ c9*on9e1 "o ( ! c9*ona alkaloids1 ) alkali4 ,n[ x is ( int]e/ to note t ! qu9ol9e ( coal-t> is ( no m use to ! te*nologi/ ?an ! anil9e2 ^! bases are n conta9$ 9 ! t> 9 suffici5t quantity to enable !m to be sep>at$ & purifi$ ) economical advantage4 ,if ! col\r indu/ry _h to dep5d ^u ?is s\rce ( anil9e only1 its developm5t w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,b z *emi/ry enabl$ ! manufactur] to obta9 anil9e 9 quantity f b5z5e1 s sci5ce has plac$ qu9ol9e at 8 disposal4 ,?is important discov]y 0 made 9 #ahhj by ! ,dut* *emi/ ,skraup1 :o f\nd t by heat+ anil9e ) sulphuric acid & glyc]9 9 ! pres5ce ( nitrob5z5e1 qu9ol9e is produc$4 ,! nitrob5z5e acts only z an oxidiz+ ag5t2 ! amido-gr\p ( ! anil9e is conv]t$ into a gr\p conta9+ c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog51 i4e4 ! pyrid9e gr\p4 ,! discov]y ( ,skraup's me?od =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( a s]ies ( syn!ses1 :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( _m products ( te*nical value4 ,9 all ^! syn!ses ! fundam5tal *ange is ! same1 viz4 ! conv]sion ( an amidic into a pyrid9e gr\p4 ,we may speak ( ! amido-gr\p z be+ pyridis$ 9 su* processes4 ,?us aliz>9 blue1 :i* is =m$ by heat+ nitro-aliz>9 ) glyc]9 & sulphuric acid1 results f ! pyridisation ( ! nitro-gr\p4 ,by an analog\s me?od ,doebn] & v4 ,mill] prep>$ a homologue ( qu9ol9e 7qu9ald9e7 9 #ahha1 by ! action ( sulphuric acid & a c]ta9 modification ( aldehyde kn[n z p>aldehyde on anil9e4 ,qu9ol9e & its homologue qu9ald9e h be5 utiliz$ z s\rces ( col\r+-matt]s4 ,a gre5 dye-/uff1 kn[n z qu9ol9e gre51 0 =m]ly made by ! same me?od z t employ$ = produc+ ! phosg5e col\rs by ,c>o & ,k]n's process 7p4 #ajf74 ,! ph?ale9 ( qu9ald9e 0 introduc$ by ,e4 ,jacobs5 9 #ahhb "u ! "n ( qu9ol9e yell[1 a col\r+-matt] :i* =ms a soluble sulpho-acid by ! action ( sulphuric acid4 ,to return to coal-t> ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,at ! pres5t "t sev5 di/9ct d]ivatives ( qu9ol9e1 all =m$ by pyridis+ ! amido-gr\p 9 anil9e1 amido-ph5ols1 c41 are kn[n 9 m$ic9e "u su* names z kair9e1 kairol9e1 ?all9e1 & !rmifug9e4 ,! mode ( prep>ation ( ^! comp\nds _c be ent]$ into "h1 ,kair9e1 ! fir/ ( ! artificial alkaloids1 is a d]ivative ( hydroxy-qu9ol9e1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahha by ,otto ,fis*]4 ,all ^! qu9ol9e d]ivatives h ! prop]ty ( l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! body 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( fev]s1 & may !re=e be consid]$ z ! fir/ artificial products com+ into competition ) ! natural alkaloid1 qu99e4 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ! latt] alkaloid1 ! mo/ valuable ( all febrifuges1 is relat$ to ! qu9ol9e bases1 s t if its syn!sis is accompli%$--z may c]ta9ly be anticipat$--we %all h to look to coal-t> z a s\rce ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,ano!r valuable artificial alkaloid1 discov]$ 9 #ahhc by ,ludwig ,knorr1 claims anil9e z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,:5 anil9e & analog\s bases are diazotis$1 & ! diazo-salts r$uc$ 9 ! cold ) a v g5tle r$uc+ ag5t1 su* z /ann\s *loride1 !re are =m$ c]ta9 basic comp\nds1 conta9+ "o atom ( nitrog5 & "o atom ( hydrog5 m ?an ! orig9al base4 ,^! bases 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgf by ,emil ,fis*]1 & !y are kn[n z hydraz9es1 ! p>ticul> comp\nd ?us obta9$ f anil9e be+ ph5ylhydraz9e4 ,by ! action ( ?is base on a c]ta9 comp\nd e!r d]iv$ f acetic acid1 :i* is kn[n z aceto-acetic e!r1 !re is =m$ a product t]m$ pyrazole1 & ?is on me?ylation gives ! alkaloid 9 "q1 :i* is n[ well kn[n 9 ph>macy "u ! "n ( antipyr9e4 ,:ile deal+ ) ?is fir/ indu/rial application ( a hydraz9e1 x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! orig9al process by :i* ,fis*] prep>$ ^! bases 0 improv$ ^u by ,victor ,mey] & ,lecco 9 #ahhc1 :o discov]$ ! use ( a cold solution ( /ann\s *loride = r$uc+ ! diazo-*loride to ! hydraz9e4 ,by ?is me?od ! manufacture ( ph5ylhydraz9e & o!r hydraz9es is effect$ on a l>ge scale--all k9ds ( amido-comp\nds & _! sulpho-acids c be diazotis$ & r$uc$ to _! hydraz9es4 ,out ( ?is discov]y has aris5 ! manufacture ( a new class ( col\r+-matt]s relat$ to ! azo-dyes4 ,! hydraz9es comb9e ) qu9ones & analog\s comp\nds ) ! elim9ation ( wat]1 ! oxyg5 com+ f ! qu9one1 & ! hydrog5 f ! hydraz9e4 ,! result+ products are col\r$ comp\nds v simil> 9 prop]ties to ! azo-dyes1 & "o ( ^! 0 introduc$ 9 #ahhe by ,ziegl]1 "u ! "n ( t>traz9e4 ,! latt] is obta9$ by ! action ( a sulpho-acid ( ph5ylhydraz9e on dioxyt>t>ic acid1 & is a yell[ dye1 :i* is ( special int]e/ on acc\nt ( its extraord9>y fa/ness t[>ds light4 ,ano!r direction 9 :i* coal-t> products h be5 utiliz$ is 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 aromatic comp\nds :i* occur 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,?us ! artificial production ( bitt]-almond oil f tolu5e has already be5 expla9$4 ,by heat+ ph5ol ) cau/ic alkali & *lor(orm1 ! aldehyde ( salicylic acid1 i4e4 salicylic aldehyde1 is =m$1 & ?is1 on heat+ ) dry sodium acetate & acetic anhydride1 passes into c\m>91 ! fragrant cry/all9e sub/ance :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,tonka bean & ! sweet-sc5t$ woodruff4 ,fur!rmore1 ! famili> flav\r & sc5t ( ! vanilla bean1 :i* is due to a cry/all9e sub/ance kn[n z vanill91 c be obta9$ f coal-t> )\t ! use ( ! plant4 ,! rese>*es ( ,tiemann & ,ha>man hav+ %[n t vanill9 is a d]ivative ( b5z5e conta9+ ! aldehyde gr\p1 "o hydroxyl- & "o me?oxy-gr\p1 ! syn!sis ( ?is comp\nd soon foll[$ 7,ulri*1 #ahhd74 ,! />t+-po9t 9 ?is syn!sis is nitrob5zoic aldehyde1 s t "h aga9 we beg9 ) tolu5e z a raw mat]ial4 ,a mixture ( vanill9 & b5zoic aldehyde :5 att5uat$ to a /ate ( extreme dilution 9 a spiritu\s solv5t1 gives ! p]fume kn[n z heliotrope4 ,n ! lea/ romantic *apt] ( coal-t> *emi/ry is ?is production ( fragrant p]fumes f ! evil-smell+ t>4 ,be x rememb]$ t ^! products--:i* ,nature elaborates by obscure physiological processes 9 ! liv+ plant--are no m conta9$ 9 ! t> ?an are ! hundr$s ( col\r+-matt]s :i* h be5 prep>$ f ?is same s\rce4 ,x is by *emical skill t ^! comp\nds h be5 built up f _! elem5tal gr\ps2 & ! artificial products1 z 9 ! case ( indigo & aliz>91 are *emically id5tical ) ^? obta9$ f ! plant4 ,among ! late a*ievem5ts 9 ! syn!sis ( vegetable products f coal-t> comp\nds is t ( juglone1 a cry/all9e sub/ance f\nd 9 walnut-%ell4 ,x 0 %[n by ,b]n?s5 9 #ahhd t ?is comp\nd 0 hydroxy-naph?aqu9one1 & 9 #ahhg its syn!sis f naph?al5e 0 accompli%$ by ?is same *emi/ 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,semp]4 ,ano!r rec5t developm5t 9 ! pres5t bran* ( *emi/ry br+s a coal-t> product into competition ) sug>4 ,9 #ahgi ,dr4 ,fahlb]g discov]$ a c]ta9 d]ivative ( tolu5e :i* possess$ an int5sely sweet ta/e4 ,by #ahhd ! manufacture ( ?is product _h be5 improv$ to a suffici5t ext5t to enable x to be introduc$ into comm]ce z a flav\r+ mat]ial 9 cases :]e sweetness is want$ )\t ! use ( sug>1 su* z 9 ! food ( diabetic pati5ts4 ,"u ! "n ( sac*>91 ,fahlb]g ?us gave to comm]ce a sub/ance hav+ m ?an ?ree hundr$ times ! sweet5+ p[] ( cane-sug>--a sub/ance n only possess$ ( an int5se ta/e1 b n act$ ^u by f]m5ts1 & possess+ di/9ctly antiseptic prop]ties4 ,! future ( coal-t> sac*>9 has yet to be develop$2 b its advantages are s num]\s t x _c fail to become soon] or lat] "o ( ! mo/ important ( coal-t> products4 ,9 cases :]e sweet5+ is requir$ )\t ! possibility ( ! subsequ5t =mation ( alcohol by f]m5tation1 sac*>9 has be5 us$ ) great success1 especially 9 ! manufacture ( a]at$ wat]s4 ,its value 9 m$ic9e has be5 recogniz$ by its rec5t admission into ! ,ph>macopoeia4 ,! rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( mod]n *emi/ry 9 connection ) coal-t> products d n end ) ! =mation ( col\r+-matt]s1 m$ic9es1 & p]fumes4 ,! introduction ( ! beautiful dyes has _h an influ5ce 9 o!r directions1 & has l$ to results q unsuspect$ until ! re/less _s ( inve/igation op5$ out new fields = _! application4 ,a few ( ^! second>y uses are suffici5tly important to be *ronicl$ "h4 ,9 sanit>y eng9e]+1 = example1 ! int5se col\r+ p[] ( fluoresce9 is frequ5tly made use ( to te/ ! s\ndness ( dra9s1 or to f9d out :e!r a well receives dra9age f insanit>y s\rces4 ,9 photography also coal-t> col\r+-matt]s are play+ an important "p by virtue ( a c]ta9 prop]ty :i* "s ( ^! comp\nds possess4 ,! ord9>y photographic plate is1 z is well kn[n1 mu* m s5sitive to blue & violet ?an to yell[ or r$1 s t 9 photograph+ col\r$ objects ! picture gives a false impression ( col\r int5sity1 ! violets & blues impress+ !mselves too /rongly1 & ! yell[s & r$s too feebly4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,vogel 9 #ahgc t if ! s5sitive film is slightly t9t$ ) c]ta9 col\r+-matt]s1 ! s5sitiv5ess = yell[ & r$ c be mu* increas$1 s t ! picture is a m natural repres5tation ( ! object4 ,plates ?us dy$ are said to be iso*romatic or or?o*romatic1 & by _! use pa9t+s or o!r col\r$ objects c be photograph$ ) mu* bett] results ?an by ! use ( ord9>y plates4 ,! boon ?us conf]r$ ^u photographic art is !re=e to be attribut$ to coal-t> *emi/ry4 ,among ! num]\s col\r+-matt]s :i* h be5 exp]im5t$ )1 ! mo/ effective special s5sitiz]s are ery?ros91 "o ( ! ph?ale9s1 qu9ol9e r$1 a comp\nd relat$ to ! same gr\p1 & cyan91 a fugitive blue col\r+-matt] obta9$ f qu9ol9e 9 #ahfj by ,greville ,williams4 ,9 yet ano!r way has photography become indebt$ to ! t> *emi/4 ,two important develop]s n[ 9 common use are coal-t> products1 viz4 hydroqu9one & eikonog54 ,! hi/ory ( ^! comp\nds is wor?y ( n>ration z %[+ h[ a product :5 once giv5 by *emi/ry to ! _w may become applicable 9 q unexpect$ directions4 ,*lor(orm is a case 9 po9t4 ,?is comp\nd 0 discov]$ by ,liebig 9 #ahca1 b its use z an anae/hetic did n come ab\t till sev5te5 ye>s aft] its discov]y4 ,x 0 ,sir ,james ,simpson :o 9 #ahdh fir/ %[$ ! value ( *lor(orm 9 surgical op]ations4 ,a simil> /ory c be told ) respect to ^! photographic develop]s4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury a ,fr5* *emi/1 ! ,c\nt de la ,g>aye1 notic$ a cry/all9e sub/ance deposit$ f ! extract ( ,p]uvian b>k1 !n1 z n[1 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,?is sub/ance 0 ! lime salt ( an acid to :i* ,vauquel9 9 #ahjf gave ! "n ( qu9ic acid 7acide qu9ique74 ,9 #ahch ,woskres5sky1 by oxidiz+ qu9ic acid ) sulphuric acid & oxide ( manganese1 obta9$ a cry/all9e sub/ance :i* he call$ qu9oyl4 ,! "n 0 *ang$ to qu9one by ,woehl]1 &1 z we h already se5 7p4 #agb71 ! t]m has n[ become g5]ic1 indicat+ a gr\p ( simil>ly con/itut$ oxyg5 d]ivatives ( hydroc>bons4 ,hydroqu9one 0 obta9$ by ,cav5t\ & ,pelleti] by heat+ qu9ic acid1 b ^! *emi/s did n recognize its true nature4 ,x 0 ! illu/ri\s ,woehl] :o 9 #ahdd fir/ prep>$ ! comp\nd 9 a /ate ( purity1 & e/abli%$ its relation%ip to qu9one4 ,?is relation%ip1 z ! "n giv5 by ,woehl] indicates1 is t ( ! nature ( a hydrog5is$ qu9one4 ,! comp\nd is readily prep>$ by ! action ( sulphur\s acid or any o!r r$uc+ ag5t on ! qu9one4 ,x has long be5 kn[n 9 photography1 t a develop] mu/ be ( ! nature ( a r$uc+ ag5t1 ei!r inorganic or organic1 & _m hydroxylic & amidic d]ivatives ( hydroc>bons come "u ?is category4 ,?us1 pyrogallol1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to z a trihydroxyb5z5e 7p4 #adf71 :5 dissolv$ 9 alkali rapidly absorbs oxyg5--x is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t1 & is ?us ( value z a develop]4 ,b al?\gh pyrogallol is a b5z5e d]ivative1 & c\ld if necess>y be prep>$ syn!tically1 x c h>dly be claim$ z a t> product1 z x is g5]ally made f gallic acid4 ,n[ hydroqu9one :5 dissolv$ 9 alkali also acts z a r$uc+ ag5t1 & 9 ?is we h ! fir/ application ( a true coal-t> product z a photographic develop]4 ,its use = ?is purpose 0 sugge/$ by ,capta9 ,abney 9 #ahhj1 & x 0 f\nd to possess c]ta9 advantages :i* caus$ x to become g5]ally adopt$4 ,z soon z a practical use is f\nd = a *emical product its manufacture foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,9 ! case ( hydroqu9one1 ! orig9al s\rce1 qu9ic acid1 0 obvi\sly out ( "q1 = economical reasons4 ,9 #ahgg1 h[ev]1 ,nietzki work$ out a v good process = ! prep>ation ( qu9one f anil9e by oxidation ) sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( soda 9 ! cold4 ,?is plac$ ! production ( qu9one on a manufactur+ basis1 s t :5 a dem& = hydroqu9one sprung up1 ! wants ( ! photograph] 7 met by ! te*nologi/4 ,eikonog5 is ano!r organic r$uc+ ag5t1 discov]$ by ! writ] 9 #ahhj1 & introduc$ z a develop] by ,dr4 ,&res5 9 #ahhi4 ,x is an amido-d]ivative ( a sulpho-acid ( beta-naph?ol1 s t naph?al5e is ! g5]at+ hydroc>bon ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! ?io-d]ivative ( toluid9e describ$ z primul9e 7p4 #afj71 has rec5tly be5 f\nd by its discov]] to possess a mo/ rem>kable prop]ty :i* enables ?is comp\nd to be us$ = ! photographic reproduction ( designs 9 azo-col\rs4 ,diazotis$ primul9e1 z already expla9$1 comb9es 9 ! usual way ) am9es & ph5ols to =m azo-dyes4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( light1 h[ev]1 ! diazotis$ primul9e is decompos$ ) ! loss ( nitrog51 & ! =mation ( a product :i* does n possess ! prop]ties ( a diazo-comp\nd4 ,! product ( photo*emical decomposition no long] =ms azo-col\rs ) am9es or ph5ols4 ,if1 !re=e1 a fabric is dy$ ) primul9e1 !n diazotis$ by imm]sion 9 a nitrite ba?1 & expos$ "u a photographic negative1 ^? portions ( ! surface to :i* ! light p5etrates lose ! p[] ( giv+ a col\r ) am9es or ph5ols4 ,! design c ?us be develop$ by dipp+ ! fabric into a solution ( naph?ol1 naph?ylam9e1 c4 ,by ?is discov]y ano!r po9t ( contact has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 photography & coal-t> products4 ,nor is ?is ! only in/ance ( its k9d1 = x has also be5 obs]v$ t a diazo-sulpho-acid ( "o ( ! xyl5es does n comb9e ) ph5ols to =m azo-dyes except+ "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,a fabric c !re=e be impregnat$ ) ! mixture ( diazo-sulpho-acid & naph?ol1 & expos$ "u a design1 :5 ! azo-col\r is develop$ only on ^? portions ( ! surface :i* are act$ ^u by light4 ,! la/ indirect application ( coal-t> col\r+-matt]s to :i* att5tion mu/ be call$ is "o ( great importance 9 biology4 ,! use ( ^! dyes z /a9s = sections ( animal & vegetable tissue has long be5 famili> to microscopi/s4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t aff9ities ( ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! tissue = ! diff]5t col\r+-matt]s1 ^! compon5ts are capable ( be+ diff]5tiat$ & di/+ui%$ by microscopical analysis4 ,fur!rmore1 ! almo/ invisible organisms :i* 9 rec5t times h be5 %[n to play su* an important "p 9 diseases1 h 9 _m cases a special aff9ity = p>ticul> col\r+-matt]s1 & _! pres5ce has be5 reveal$ by ?is means4 ,! micro-organism ( tub]cle1 = example1 0 9 ?is way f\nd by ,ko* to be readily /a9$ by me?yl5e blue1 & its detection 0 ?us r5d]$ possible ) c]ta9ty4 ,_m ( ! dyes ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s pages h r5d]$ s]vice 9 a simil> way4 ,to ! pure utilit>ian su* an application ( coal-t> products w no d\bt comp5sate = any defects :i* !y may be suppos$ to possess f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view4#aa ,f a small beg9n+ !re has ?us develop$ 9 a p]iod ( five-&-?irty ye>s an enorm\s indu/ry1 ! actual value ( :i* at ! pres5t "t x is v difficult to e/imate4 ,we %all n be f> out if we put d[n ! value ( ! coal-t> col\r+-matt]s produc$ annually 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t at ,l#e1jjj1jjj /]l+4 ,! products :i* half a c5tury or s ago 7 made 9 ! laboratory ) great difficulty1 & only 9 v small quantities1 are n[ turn$ out by ! hundr$weight & ! ton4#ab ,to a*ieve ^! results ! mo/ pr(\nd *emical k has be5 comb9$ ) ! highe/ te*nological skill4 ,! outcome has be5 to place at ! s]vice ( man1 f ! wa/e products ( ! gas-manufactur]1 a s]ies ( col\r+-matt]s :i* c compete ) ! natural dyes1 & :i* 9 _m cases h displac$ ! latt]4 ,f ?is s\rce we h also be5 provid$ ) explosives su* z picric acid2 ) p]fumes & flav\r+ mat]ials l bitt]-almond oil & vanill92 ) a sweet5+ pr9ciple l sac*>9--comp>$ ) :i* ! product ( ! sug>-cane is b feeble2 ) dyes :i* t9t ! photographic film1 & enable ! mo/ delicate gradations ( %ade to be reproduc$2 ) develop]s su* z hydroqu9one & eikonog52 ) dis9fectants :i* contribute to ! heal?9ess ( our t[ns2 ) pot5t m$ic9es :i* rival ! natural alkaloids2 & ) /a9s :i* reveal ! inn]mo/ /ructure ( ! tissues ( liv+ ?+s1 or :i* br+ to light ! hidd5 s\rce ( disease4 ,surely if ev] a romance 0 wov5 out ( prosaic mat]ial x has be5 ?is indu/rial developm5t ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,b al?\gh ! results are /rik+ en\gh :5 ?us summ$ up1 & al?\gh ! indu/rial importance ( all ?is "w w be conc$$ by ^? :o h ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry 9 m9d1 ! pa?s :i* ! pione]s h _h to beat out c un=tunately be foll[$ b by ! few4 ,x is n giv5 to our sci5ce to /rike ! public m9d at once ) ! magnitude ( its a*ievem5ts1 z is ! case ) ! great works ( ! eng9e]4 ,nev]!less ! sci5tific skill :i* enables a ,=? ,bridge to be con/ruct$ = ! use ( ! travell+ public ( ?is age--m>vell\s z x may appe> to ! un9/ruct$--is equall$1 if n surpass$1 by ! ma/]y ( ! intricate atomic gr\p+s :i* has enabl$ ! *emi/ to build up ! col\r+-matt]s ( ! madd] & indigo plants4 ,a great indu/ry ne$s no excuse = its exi/5ce provid$ t x supplies some?+ ( use to man1 & f9ds employm5t = _m h&s4 ,! coal-t> indu/ry fulfils ^! conditions1 z w be ga!r$ f ! =ego+ pages4 ,if any fur!r ju/ification is requir$ f a m exalt$ /&po9t ?an t ( pure utilit>ianism x c be suppli$4 ,x is well kn[n to all :o h trac$ ! results ( apply+ any sci5tific discov]y to indu/rial purposes1 t ! practical application inv>iably reacts ^u ! pure sci5ce to ! la/+ b5efit ( bo?4 ,9 no dep>tm5t ( appli$ sci5ce is ?is tru? m =cibly illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! bran* ( te*nology ( :i* ,i h "h attempt$ to give a popul> acc\nt4 ,! pure !ory ( *emical /ructure--! guid+ _s ( ! mod]n sci5ce--has be5 advanc$ enorm\sly by means ( ! mat]ials suppli$ by & result+ f ! coal-t> indu/ry4 ,! fundam5tal notion ( ! /ructure ( ! b5z5e molecule m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( *emical !ory ( :i* ! importance _c be too highly e/imat$4 ,?is idea occurr$1 z by inspiration1 to ,augu/ ,kekule ( ,bonn 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 & its introduction has be5 m>k$ by a qu>t] c5tury ( activity 9 rese>* su* z ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry has nev] exp]i5c$ at any previ\s p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,! !ory ( ! atomic /ructure ( ! b5z5e molecule has be5 ext5d$ & appli$ to all analog\s comp\nds1 & x is 9 coal-t> t we h ! mo/ prolific s\rce ( ! comp\nds ( ?is class4 ,x 0 sc>cely to be wond]$ at t an idea :i* has be5 s prolific z a /imulator ( orig9al inve/igation %\ld h ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce on ! manufacture ( t>-products4 ,all ! brilliant syn!ses ( col\r+-matt]s effect$ ( late ye>s are liv+ witnesses ( ! f]tility ( ,kekule's conception4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahij !re 0 held 9 ,b]l9 a jubilee meet+ commemorat+ ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ! b5z5e !ory4 ,at t meet+ ! repres5tative ( ! ,g]man coal-t> col\r indu/ry publicly decl>$ t ! prosp]ity ( ,g]many 9 ?is bran* ( manufacture 0 prim>ily due to ?is !oretical notion4 ,b if ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry has be5 ?us advanc$ by ! !ory1 x is no less true t ! latt] has be5 help$ =w>d by ! indu/ry4 ,! v]ification ( a *emical !ory necessitates inve/igations = :i* supplies ( ! requisite mat]ials mu/ be =?com+4 ,inasmu* z ! v mat]ials want$ 7 sep>at$ f coal-t> & purifi$ on a l>ge scale = manufactur+ purposes1 ! sci5ce 0 n long kept wait+4 ,! labori\s s]ies ( op]ations :i* ! *emi/ work+ on a laboratory scale _h to g ?r\gh 9 ord] to obta9 raw mat]ials1 c\ld be disp5s$ ) :5 products :i* 7 at "o "t reg>d$ z r>e curiosities became available by ! hundr$weight4 ,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t ! advancem5t ( *emical !ory 9 ! direction />t$ by ,kekule has be5 accel]at$ by a c5tury ow+ to ! circum/ance t coal-t> products h become ! prop]ty ( ! te*nologi/4 ,9 o!r words1 we might h _h to wait till #aife to rea* our pres5t /ate ( k conc]n+ ! !ory ( b5z5oid comp\nds if ! coal-t> indu/ry _h n be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,& ?is is n ! only way 9 :i* ! indu/ry has help$ ! sci5ce1 = 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture _m new comp\nds & _m new *emical trans=mations h be5 incid5tally discov]$1 :i* h ?r[n great light on *emical !ory4 ,f ! high] /&po9t ( pure sci5ce1 ! indu/ry has !re=e des]v$ly won a mo/ exalt$ position4 ,) respect to ! value ( ! coal-t> dyes z t9ctorial ag5ts1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( misconception :i* x is desirable to remove4 ,!re is a widely-spread idea t ^! col\rs are fugitive--t !y rub (f1 t !y fade on exposure to light1 t !y wa% out1 &1 9 %ort1 t !y are 9 e way inf]ior to ! old wood or vegetable dyes4 ,^! *>ges are unf\nd$4 ,"o ( ! be/ refutations is1 t two ( ! olde/ & fa/e/ ( natural col\r+-matt]s1 viz4 aliz>9 & indigo1 are coal-t> products4 ,!re are "s coal-t> dyes :i* are n fa/ to light1 & !re are _m vegetable dyes :i* are equally fugitive4 ,if !re are natural col\r+-matt]s :i* are fa/ & :i* are ae/hetically or?odox1 ^! are rivall$ by t>-products :i* fulfil ! same conditions4 ,su* dyes z anil9e black1 aliz>9 blue1 an?rac5e br[n1 t>traz9e1 "s ( ! azo-r$s & naph?ol gre5 resi/ ! influ5ce ( light z well z1 if n bett] ?an1 any natural col\r+-matt]4 ,! artificial yell[ dyes are z a :ole fa/] ?an ! natural yell[s4 ,!re are at ! pres5t "t "s ?ree hundr$ coal-t> col\r+-matt]s made1 & ab\t "o-t5? ( t numb] ( natural dyes are 9 use4 ,( ! latt] only t5--let u say #cc p] c5t4--are really fa/4 ,( ! artificial dyes1 ?irty are extremely fa/1 & ?irty fa/ en\gh = all practical requirem5ts1 s t ! fa/ natural col\rs h be5 l>gely outnumb]$ by ! artificial ones4 ,if ,nature has be5 beat51 h[ev]1 ?is has be5 r5d]$ possible only by tak+ advantage ( ,nature's own res\rces--by /udy+ ! *emical prop]ties ( atoms1 & giv+ scope to ! play ( ! int]nal =ces :i* !y inh]5tly possess-- ,yet ,nature is made bett] by no mean1 ,b ,nature makes t mean3 s1 o'er t art1 ,:i*1 y say1 adds to ,nature1 is an art ,t ,nature makes4 ,! /ory told 9 ?is *apt] is *ronologically summ>iz$ bel[-- #ahbj4 ,naph?al5e discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,g>d54 #ahcb4 ,an?rac5e discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,dumas & ,laur5t4 #ahcd4 ,ph5ol discov]$ 9 coal-t> by ,runge4 #ahdb4 ,picric acid prep>$ f ph5ol by ,laur5t2 manufactur$ 9 ,man*e/] 9 #ahfb4 #ahde4 ,b5zid9e discov]$ by ,z994 #ahei4 ,corall9 & aur9 discov]$ by ,kolbe & ,s*mitt & by ,p]soz2 lead+ to manufacture f oxalic acid & ph5ol4 #ahfj4 ,syn!sis ( salicylic acid by ,kolbe4 #ahfd4 ,man*e/] yell[ discov]$ by ,m>tius1 lead+ to manufacture ( alpha-naph?ylam9e & !n to alpha-naph?ol4 #ahfg4 ,magdala r$ discov]$ by ,s*i5dl4 #ahfh4 ,syn!sis ( aliz>9 by ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 lead+ to ! utilization ( an?rac5e1 cau/ic soda1 potassium *lorate & bi*romate1 & call+ into exi/5ce ! manufacture ( fum+ sulphuric acid4 #ahgj4 ,galle91 ! fir/ ( ! ph?ale9s1 discov]$ by ,a4 v4 ,baey]1 foll[$ 9 #ahga by co]ule91 & 9 #ahgd by ! eos9 dyes 7,c>o74 ,^! discov]ies necessitat$ ! manufacture ( ph?alic acid & resorc9ol4 #ahgc4 ,or?o*romatic photography discov]$ by ,vogel4 #ahgf4 ,azo-dyes f ! naph?ols introduc$ by ,r\ss9 & ,poirri] & ,witt1 lead+ to ! manufacture ( ! naph?ols1 sulphanilic acid1 c4 #ahgg4 ,prep>ation ( qu9one f anil9e by ,nietzki1 utiliz$ 9 photography 9 #ahhj = manufacture ( hydroqu9one4 #ahgh4 ,disulpho-acids ( beta-naph?ol introduc$ by ,mei/]1 ,lucius1 & ,bru5+1 lead+ to azo-dyes f anil9e1 toluid9e1 xylid9e1 & cumid9e4 #ahgi4 ,acid naph?ol yell[ introduc$ by ,c>o4 ,biebri* sc>let1 ! fir/ second>y azo-col\r1 introduc$ by ,nietzki4 ,nitroso-sulpho acid ( beta-naph?ol discov]$ by ! writ]2 foll[$ 9 #ahhc by naph?ol gre5 7,o4 ,h(fmann71 & 9 #ahhi by eikonog5 7,&res574 ,beta-naph?ol violet1 ! fir/ ( ! oxaz9es1 discov]$ by ! writ]2 foll[$ 9 #ahha by gallocyan94 ,coal-t> sac*>9 discov]$ by ,fahlb]g2 manufacture made practicable 9 #ahhd4 #ahhj4 ,syn!sis ( indigo by ,a4 v4 ,baey]4 ,qu9ol9e syn!sis$ by ,skraup's process4 #ahha4 ,kair9e introduc$ by ,o4 ,fis*]1 ! fir/ artificial febrifuge4 ,indoph5ol discov]$ by ,koe*l9 & ,witt4 ,azo-dyes f new sulpho-acid ( beta-naph?ol introduc$ by ,bay] ,co4 #ahhc4 ,antipyr9e introduc$ by ,l4 ,knorr1 lead+ to manufacture ( ph5ylhydraz9e4 #ahhd4 ,congo r$1 ! fir/ second>y azo-col\r f b5zid9e1 introduc$ by ,boettig]4 ,beg9n+ ( manufacture ( cotton azo-dyes1 & lead+ to ! production ( b5zid9e & tolid9e on a l>ge scale4 #ahhe4 ,second>y azo-dyes f b5zid9e & tolid9e conta9+ two dissimil> am9es1 ph5ols1 c41 introduc$ by ,pfaff4 ,t>traz9e discov]$ by ,ziegl]2 manufacture ( sulpho-acid ( ph5ylhydraz9e & ( dioxyt>t>ic acid4 #ahhe4 ,?iorub9 introduc$ by ,dahl ,co41 lead+ to manufacture ( ?iotoluid9e2 foll[$ by primul9e1 discov]$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,gre5 9 #ahhg4 #ahhf4 ,second>y azo-dyes ( /ilb5e s]ies introduc$ by ,leonh>dt ,co4 ,,add5dum4 ,by pass+ /eam ov] r$-hot c>bon1 a mixture ( c>bon monoxide & hydrog5 is =m$4 ,?is mixture ( inflammable gases is kn[n z wat]-gas1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( ! gas on a l>ge scale1 coke is us$ z a s\rce ( c>bon4 ,if1 !re=e1 wat]-gas became g5]ally us$1 ano!r use = coke w\ld be add$ to ^? already ref]r$ to 7p4 #dg74 ,) ref]5ce to ! consumption ( coal 9 ,london 7p4 #df71 x appe>s f ! ,report ( a ,committee ( ! ,corporation ( ,london1 issu$ at ! end ( #ahij1 t ! pres5t rate ( consumption 9 ! ,metropolis is #i1gji1jjj tons p] annum4 ,?is corresponds to #bf1fjj tons p] diem4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t1 t :5 coal is burnt 9 an op5 grate1 f "o to ?ree p] c5t4 ( ! coal escapes 9 ! =m ( unburnt solid p>ticles1 or soot1 & ab\t #aj p] c5t4 is lo/ 9 ! =m ( volatile comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! total am\nt ( coal annually wa/$ by imp]fect combu/ion 9 ?is c\ntry is #de1jjj1jjj tons1 correspond+ to ab\t ,l#ab1jjj1jjj1 tak+ ! value ( coal at ! pit's m\?4 ,tak+ ! unconsum$ solid p>ticles at ! v l[e/ e/imate ( #a p] c5t41 x w be se5 t1 9 ,london alone1 we are s5d+ =? c>bonace\s & t>ry matt] into ! atmosph]e at ! rate ( ab\t #bff tons daily2 & volatile c>bon comp\nds at ! daily rate ( #bffj tons 7see p4 #cb74 ,at ! price ( coal 9 ,london ?is means t1 9 solid combu/ibles alone1 we are absolutely squ&]+ ab\t ,l#aj1jjj annually1 to say no?+ ( ! damage caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ?is sooty pall4 ,su* facts z ^! require no comm5t2 !y speak = !mselves 9 sombre gloom1 & 9 ! sickl9ess ( our t[n vegetation--!y give a new mean+ to ! t]m 9 d>ke/ ,london1 & !y plead eloqu5tly = sci5ce & legislation to %[ u ! way out4 ,,index4 ,accum1 cond5sation ( t>-oils1 #fi ,acetic acid1 #fd ,acetoph5one1 #agh ,acid br[n1 #aea ,acid gre5s1 #ajf ,acid mag5ta1 #ib ,acid naph?ol yell[1 #adc ,acid yell[1 #abj ,acrid9e1 #ahj ,air1 composition (1 #bd ,albo-c>bon light1 #adj ,aliz>9 black1 #agb ,aliz>9 blue1 #agd ,aliz>9 c>m9e1 #agd ,aliz>9 gre51 #agd ,aliz>9 orange1 #agd ,alkali blue1 #ic ,amidodime?ylanil9e1 #aab ,ammonia 9 gas-liquor1 #fd ,ammonia1 orig9 9 gas-liquor1 #fe ,analyses ( coal1 #bc ,anil9e black1 #aad ,anil9e1 hi/ory1 #ge ,anil9e1 manufacture1 #hg ,anil9e yell[1 #aaf ,annual production ( ammonia1 #fh ,an?rac5e1 #aga ,an?rac5e br[n1 #agd ,an?rac5e oil1 #ha1 #afg ,an?ragallol1 #agd ,an?rapurpur91 #agd ,an?raqu9one1 #agc ,antifebr9e1 #agi ,antipyr9e1 #ahc ,ar*il sub/itute1 #aea ,arctic coal1 #ab ,ars5ic acid process1 #ij ,ars5ic acid1 recov]y1 #id ,artificial aliz>91 #agc ,artificial purpur91 #agc ,asphalte1 #agf ,auram9e1 #ajf ,aur91 #acb ,az9es1 #aji ,azo-blacks1 #aei ,azo-col\rs1 #aah ,azo-dyes = cotton1 #aeh ,azob5z5e1 #aai ,azo-dyes f salicylic acid1 #ace ,azotolu5e1 #aai ,baey]1 ,a4 v41 indigo1 #abg ,baey]1 ,a4 v41 ph?ale9s1 #adf ,basle blue1 #aaa ,be*]1 e>ly exp]im5ts1 #cd ,beet-sug> cultivation1 #fg ,b5zal *loride1 #ajb ,b5zaldehyde1 #ajc ,b5z5e1 discov]y1 #gc ,b5z5e1 f9al purification1 #hf ,b5z5e 9 t>-oil1 #gc ,b5z5e !ory1 #aif ,b5zidam1 #ge ,b5zid9e1 #acf ,b5zoic acid1 manufacture1 #ajd ,b5zotri*loride1 #ajb ,b5zyl *loride1 #ajb ,b]n?s51 me?yl5e blue1 #aac ,be!ll1 timb] pres]v+1 #gj ,biebri* sc>let1 #aef ,biology1 dyes us$ 91 #aib ,bism>ck br[n1 #aaf ,bitt]-almond oil1 #ajc ,bone oil1 #ahj ,boettig]1 ,congo-r$1 #aeg ,breant1 timb] pickl+1 #gj ,briquettes1 #agh ,burn+ naph?a1 #hf ,calorific value ( c>bon1 #be ,calorific value ( coal1 #bj ,c>bolic acid1 #abi ,c>bolic oil1 #bc1 #hj1 #abi ,c>bon dioxide1 #bd ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #aa ,c>o & ,k]n1 phosg5e dyes1 #ajf ,c>o & ,wanklyn1 rosolic acid1 #acc ,c>o1 fluoresce9 & eos91 #adg ,c>o1 me?yl5e blue1 #aab ,*emical wa%+1 #hc ,*lorophyll1 #bi ,*rysam9es1 #acf ,*rysoid9e1 #aaf ,c9namic acid1 #abh ,clayton1 ,dean1 di/ils coal1 #ce ,clegg1 ,samuel1 gas-eng9e]1 #dj ,coal1 am\nt rais$1 #ei ,coal-fields ( ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #fj ,coal-gas1 composition1 #ef ,coal-gas1 manufacture1 #db ,coal-m9+1 hi/ory1 #eg ,coal1 orig91 #i ,coal1 supply1 #ei ,co]ule91 #adg ,coke1 composition (1 #dh ,coke f gas-retorts1 #de ,coke-ov5 t>1 #di ,coke1 uses (1 #dg ,combu/ion1 #bc ,composition ( coal1 #bc ,congo r$1 #aeg ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 #ah ,con/itution ( molecules1 #ie ,corall91 #acb ,cotton dyes1 #acg ,c\m>91 #ahe ,c\pi]'s process1 #ia ,creosote oil1 #afc ,creosot+ ( timb]1 #gj ,cresols1 #aca ,cresylic acid1 #aca ,cretace\s coal1 #ab ,croce9 sc>lets1 #aef ,cry/al violet1 #ajf ,cumid9e1 #aee ,cyan91 #ahh ,dale & ,c>o1 indul9e1 #abj ,de/ructive di/illation1 #cc ,diazo-comp\nds1 #aaf ,diazotype1 #aia ,dime?ylanil9e1 #ajj ,d9itrob5z5e1 #abj ,diph5ylam9e1 #aja ,diph5ylam9e blue1 #aja ,di/illation1 fractional1 #gh ,doebn]1 mala*ite gre51 #ajb ,dov]1 coal "u1 #fj ,dumas & ,laur5t1 an?rac5e1 #aga ,dundonald1 ,e>l1 e>ly exp]im5ts1 #ci ,eikonog51 #ahi ,electricity z an illum9at+ ag5t1 #fb ,eoc5e coal1 #ab ,eos91 #adg ,ery?ros91 #ahh ,ess5ce ( mirbane1 #gd ,exalg9e1 #agi ,fahlb]g1 sac*>91 #ahf ,f>aday1 discov]s b5z5e1 #gc ,fa/ r$1 #aea ,f]tilization by ammonia1 #ff ,fire-damp1 #cb ,fir/ runn+s1 #hj ,fis*]1 ,e4 & ,o41 rosanil9e1 #ig ,fis*]1 hydraz9es1 #ahc ,fis*]1 mala*ite gre51 #ajc ,flavanil9e1 #ahj ,flavopurpur91 #agd ,fluoresce91 #adg ,foot-p\nd1 #ai ,fractional di/illation1 #gh ,fritzs*e1 anil9e1 #ge ,galle91 #adf ,gallic acid1 #adf ,gallocyan91 #afb ,gamb9es1 #afa ,g>anc91 #afh ,g>d51 naph?al5e1 #aci ,gas produc]s1 #eg ,gas1 quantity obta9$ f coal1 #de ,gir>d & ,de ,laire1 rosanil9e blues1 #ib ,glucosides1 #afi ,goe!1 visit to coke-burn]1 #dh ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 aliz>91 #agj ,graphite1 #ab ,graessl]1 acid yell[1 #abj ,gre51 ,a4 ,g41 primul9e1 #afj ,griess1 diazo-comp\nds1 #aaf ,hales1 ,rev4 ,/eph51 di/ils coal1 #cg ,h(mann1 b5z5e 9 t>-oil1 #gc ,h(mann1 r$ f anil9e1 #hi ,h(mann's violets1 #ic ,homolog\s s]ies1 #aeb ,horse-p[]1 #bb ,hull1 ,pr(41 coal supply1 #ei ,hydraz9es1 #ahc ,hydroc>bons ( b5z5e s]ies1 #hb ,hydrog51 calorific value1 #be ,hydroqu9one1 #ahi ,hypnone1 #agi ,indigo plants1 #abd ,indigo1 syn!ses1 #abf ,indoph5ol1 #afb ,indul9es1 #aba ,+ra9 col\rs1 #afj ,iod9e gre51 #id ,iron smelt+1 #af ,iron sw>f1 #hg ,iso*romatic plates1 #ahh ,isom]ism1 #hh ,j\le1 me*anical equival5t ( heat1 #ai ,juglone1 #ahf ,jurassic coal1 #ab ,kair9e1 #ahb ,kekule1 b5z5e !ory1 #aif ,kekule & ,hidegh1 azo-dyes1 #ace ,ko*1 tub]cle1 #aic ,koe*l91 gallocyan91 #afb ,koe*l9 & ,witt1 indoph5ol1 #afb ,kolbe1 salicylic acid1 #acd ,kolbe & ,s*mitt1 ph5ol dye1 #acb ,kyanol1 #ge ,lampblack1 #aci1 #aff ,laur5t1 ph5ol1 #aca ,laur5t1 ph?alic acid1 #adc ,laur5t1 picric acid1 #acf ,lau?1 me?yl violet1 #ih ,lau?'s violet1 #aaa ,leonh>dt ,co41 /ilb5e dyes1 #acg ,lightfoot1 anil9e black1 #aad ,light oil1 #hj ,light oils1 e>ly uses1 #ga ,li/]1 antiseptic surg]y1 #aca ,london1 coal introduc$1 #eh ,london1 illum9at$ by gas1 #dj ,lucig5 burn]1 #afc ,madd]1 #afh ,magdala r$1 #adi ,mag5ta1 hi/ory1 #hi ,mala*ite gre51 #ajb ,man*e/] br[n1 #aaf ,man*e/] yell[1 #adb ,mansfield1 isolation ( b5z5e1 #gc ,mansfield's /ill1 #gg ,manures1 #ff ,m>% gas1 #cb ,mauve1 discov]y1 #gd ,me*anical value ( coal1 #bb ,m$lock1 mag5ta process1 #ij ,me?yl *loride1 #ii ,me?yl5e gre51 #aac ,me?yl gre51 #aja ,me?yl violet1 #ih ,mirbane1 ess5ce1 #gd ,murdo*1 introduces coal-gas1 #dj ,naph?al5e1 annual production1 #ada ,naph?al5e 9 c>bolic oil1 #acj ,naph?ionic acid1 #aea ,naph?ol gre51 #afa ,naph?ol orange1 #aea ,naph?ols1 #ada ,naph?ylam9es1 #adb ,natanson1 anil9e r$1 #hi ,neutral r$1 #aaa ,neutral violet1 #aaa ,new blue1 #afa ,ni*olson blue1 #ic ,ni*olson1 mag5ta process1 #ij ,nietzki1 az9es1 #aji ,nietzki1 ,biebri* sc>let1 #aef ,nietzki1 qu9one1 #aia ,night blue1 #ajf ,nigros9e1 #aba ,nitrification1 #ff ,nitrob5z5e process1 #ia ,nitrosodime?ylanil9e1 #aaa ,non-,c>bonif]\s coal1 #aa ,numb] ( comp\nds 9 t>1 #ha ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 coal 91 #ab ,oligoc5e br[n coal1 #ab ,or?o*romatic plates1 #ahh ,oxaz9es1 #afb ,oxide ( iron = gas purify+1 #dd ,p>aff9 oil & wax1 #ej ,pat5t fuel1 #agh ,p]fumes1 #ahe ,p]k91 aliz>91 #agj ,p]k91 discov]s mauve1 #gd ,p]man5ce ( dyes1 #aih ,p]mian coal1 #ab ,p]soz1 ph5ol dye1 #acb ,ph>maceutical prep>ations1 #agh ,ph5an?r5e1 #agb ,ph5ols1 #abi ,phosg5e dyes1 #ajf ,phosph9e1 #id1 #ahj ,photographic develop]s1 #ahi ,ph?ale9s1 #adf ,ph?alic acid1 #adc ,picric acid1 #acf ,pit*1 #ha1 #agf ,plants1 gr[? (1 #bf ,ponceaux1 #aea ,prim>y azo-dyes1 #aef ,primul9e1 #afj ,propiolic acid1 #abh ,purpur91 #afi ,pyrazole1 #ahc ,pyrid9e1 #hg ,pyrid9e bases1 #agi ,pyrogallol1 #adf ,qu9ald9e1 #ahb ,qu9ic acid1 #ahi ,qu9ol9e1 #ahj ,qu9ol9e gre51 #ahb ,qu9ol9e r$1 #ahh ,qu9ol9e yell[1 #ahb ,qu9ones1 #agb ,read ,holliday's lamp1 #gb ,rectification ( hydroc>bons1 #hd ,resorc9ol1 #ade ,rhodam9es1 #adh ,roccell91 #aea ,roman coal-m9+1 #eg ,rosanil9e blues1 #ib ,rosanil9e f rosolic acid1 #acc ,rosolic acid1 #acb ,runge1 kyanol1 #ge ,runge1 ph5ol 9 t>1 #aca ,sac*>91 #ahf ,saffran9e1 #ajh ,salicylic acid1 #acd ,salicylic aldehyde1 #ahe ,salols1 #agi ,s*i5dl1 ,magdala r$1 #adi ,scotl&1 %ale-oil indu/ry1 #ec ,sea coal1 #eh ,second>y azo-dyes1 #aef ,%ale1 nature (1 #ea ,%ale-oil indu/ry1 #ej ,skraup1 qu9ol9e1 #aha ,sodium nitrite1 #aai ,sol> en]gy1 #bh ,soluble blue1 #ic ,solv5t naph?a1 #hf ,/eam-eng9es1 #bj ,/ilb5e azo-dyes1 #acg ,/ructure ( coal1 #ae ,sulphanilic acid1 #aej ,sulphuric acid1 #de ,sunlight1 s\rce ( en]gy 9 coal1 #cj ,surg]y1 antiseptic1 #aca ,t> di/ill+1 #gg ,t>1 fir/ utilization1 #fi ,t> f coke-ov5s1 #di ,t>1 quantity obta9$ f coal1 #de ,t>traz9e1 #ahd ,t]ti>y coal1 #ab ,?all9e1 #ahb ,!rmifug9e1 #ahb ,?iaz9es1 #aac ,?iodiph5ylam9e1 #aac ,?iorub91 #afj ,timb] pickl+1 #gj ,tolid9e1 #acf ,tolu5e f t>1 #ha ,torbane ,hill coal1 #eb ,trans=mation ( wood into coal1 #ca ,triassic coal1 #ab ,trime?ylam9e1 #ii ,tr9itroph5ol1 #acf ,triph5ylme?ane1 #ig ,tub]cle bacillus1 #aic ,turkey r$1 #agj ,und]clay1 #ac ,unv]dorb51 cry/all91 #ge ,uses ( coal1 #af ,vanill91 #ahe ,vegetable deposits1 rec5t1 #ac ,v]gu91 r$ f anil9e1 #ij ,victoria blue1 #ajf ,victoria yell[1 #acg ,v9asse1 #ii ,v9c5t1 me?yl *loride1 #ajj ,violanil9e1 #aba ,wa/eful use ( coal1 #cb1 #bjc ,wat]1 composition (1 #be ,wat] gas1 #bjc ,watson1 ,bi%op1 coke-ov5 t>1 #ej ,watson1 ,bi%op1 di/ils coal1 #cg ,weald5 iron indu/ry1 #ag ,:itak]1 ,w41 coal 9 ,s4-,e4 ,engl&1 #fj ,w9sor1 promotes introduction ( gas1 #da ,witt1 az9es1 #aji ,witt1 *rysoid9e1 #aaf ,witt1 naph?ol orange1 #aej ,wood v9eg>1 #fd ,woody fibre1 #bf ,w\lfe1 picric acid1 #acf ,xyl5es f t>1 #ha ,xylid9e sc>let1 #aec ,"y1 ,james1 burn+-oil1 #ea ,ziegl]1 t>traz9e1 #ahd ,z991 b5zidam1 #ge ,,! ,,end4 ,ri*>d ,clay ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,london ,bungay4 ,footnotes3 #a ,an exp]im5t conc]n+ ! ,_s ( ,coals1 ,phil4 ,trans4 7abridg$71 vol4 viii4 p4 #bie4 #b ,report ( ! ,coal ,commission]s 7#ahff-ga71 vol4 i4 #c ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,/ati/ical ,society by ,mr4 ,price-,williams 9 #ahhi1 ?is au?or po9ts out t1 ow+ to ! introduction ( ! ,bessem] process & o!r economical improvem5ts1 ! am\nt ( coal us$ 9 ! iron & /eel manufacture _h fall5 9 #ahfg to ab\t sixte5 & a half p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity rais$4 #d ,?is rem>k does n apply to ,great ,brita92 our ,excise regulations h practically kill$ ^? bran*es ( manufacture requir+ ! use ( pure wood-_s4 #e ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 new syn!tical processes = ! production ( indigo h be5 made kn[n 9 ,g]many by ,k>l ,heumann4 ,( ! comm]cial aspect ( ^! discov]ies x is ( c\rse impossible at pres5t to =m an op9ion4 #f ,) ph?alic anhydride gives fluoresce9 & dyes ( eos9 & rhodam9 s]ies4 #g ,diazotis$ & comb9$ ) naph?ylam9es1 naph?ols1 or _! sulpho-acids give azo-dyes4 #h ,) naph?ols give oxaz9es & indoph5ol4 #i ,diazotis$ & comb9$ ) ph5ols1 am9es1 or sulpho-acids to =m azo-dyes4 #aj ,comb9$ ) diazotis$ amido-comp\nds to =m azo-dyes4 #aa ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ! cont9uation ( ,ko*'s rese>*es ^u ! tub]cle bacillus has culm9at$ 9 ! discov]y ( 8 n[ _w-r5[n$ lymph = ! inoculation ( pati5ts suff]+ f tub]cul> disease4 #ab ,9 "o l>ge factory 9 ,york%ire !re is a set ( /ills kept con/antly at "w mak+ pure anil9e at ! rate ( two hundr$ tons p] mon?4 ,! mon?ly consumption ( coal 9 ?is factory is two ?\s& tons1 equal to tw5ty-f\r ?\s& tons p] annum4 ,,publications ,,( ,,! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,a s]ies ( books :i* w %[ t sci5ce has = ! masses z great int]e/ & m edification ?an ! romances ( ! day4 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo? bo>ds4 ,! ,bir? & ,gr[? ( ,worlds4 ,a ,lecture by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,,gre51 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #as4 ,soap-,bubbles1 & ! ,=ces :i* ,m\ld ,!m4 ,a c\rse ( ,lectures by ,c4 ,v4 ,,boys1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) num]\s diagrams4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,sp9n+ ,tops4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,,p]ry1 ,m4,e41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) num]\s diagrams4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,diseases ( ,plants4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,m>%all ,,w>d4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,/ory ( a ,t9d]-,box4 ,a c\rse ( ,lectures by ,,*>les ,,meymott ,,tidy1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,s41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bs4 ,"t & ,tide4 ,a ,romance ( ! ,moon4 ,by ,sir ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball1 ,,ll4,d41 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,manuals ,,( ,,heal?4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #abh pp41 limp clo?1 price #as4 ea*4 ,heal? & ,occupation4 ,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,d4 ,habitation 9 ,relation to ,heal? 7,!74 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,*aumont1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,on ,p]sonal ,c>e ( ,heal?4 ,by ! late ,e4 ,a4 ,,p>kes1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,wat]1 ,air1 & ,dis9fectants4 ,by ,w4 ,,noel ,,h>tley1 ,esq41 ,k+'s ,college4 ,,manuals ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,sci5ce4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #abhpp41 ) ,illu/rations1 limp clo?1 #as4 ea*4 ,physiology4 ,by ,f4 ,,le ,,gros ,,cl>ke1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital4 ,geology4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,fell[ & late ,tutor ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,alb]t ,j4 ,,b]nays4 ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,*ri/ie1 ,m4,a41 ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,botany4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,b5tley1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,zoology4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,newton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,matt] & ,motion4 ,by ! late ,j4 ,,cl]k ,,maxwell1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,spectroscope & its ,"w 7,!74 ,by ! late ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cry/allography4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,pal9 ,,gurney1 ,m4,a41 ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,electricity4 ,by ! late ,pr(essor ,,fleem+ ,,j5k94 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,rambles4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ) num]\s ,woodcuts1 ,clo? bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,m9]als4 ,by ! late ,d4 ,t4 ,,an/$1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,lakes ,,& ,,riv]s4 ,by ,c4 ,o4 ,,groom ,,napi]1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,lane ,,& ,,field4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,moor4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,editor ( ,sci5ce-,gossip4 ,,ponds ,,& ,,dit*es4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore4 ,by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,,m>t9 ,,duncan1 ,m4,b4 7,london71 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,woodl&s4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,und]gr\nd4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,photo-,,relievo ,,maps4 7,pat5t$7 ,size #ai 94 by #ad 94 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4--,,scotl&4--,,europe4 ,names ( places & riv]s left to be fill$ 9 by s4 d4 s*ol>s ea* #j #f ,) riv]s & names ( places #j #i ,) names ( places1 & c\nty & c\ntry divisions 9 col\rs #a #j ,,asia4 ,names ( places & riv]s left to be fill$ 9 by s*ol>s #j #f ,) riv]s & names ( places #j #i ,,s\? ,,london4 ,) names ( places1 c4 #j #f ,wall ,map4--,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 7,size #ef 94 by #df 947 ,m\nt$ on canvas1 roll] & v>ni%$ #ab #j ,^! ,maps pres5t ea* c\ntry z if 9 actual relief1 & ?us af=d an accurate picture ( ! configuration ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,,miscellane\s ,,publications4 s4 d4 ,animal ,creation 7,!74 ,a popul> ,introduction to ,zoology4 ,by ! late ,,?omas ,,rym] ,,jones1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #dhh ,woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #g #f ,beauty 9 ,common ,?+s4 ,illu/rat$ by #ab ,draw+s f ,nature1 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,:ymp]1 & pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs1 ) descriptions by ! ,au?or ( ,life ,und]gr\nd1 c4 #dto4 ,clo? bo>ds #aj #f ,birds' ,ne/s & ,eggs4 ,) #bb col\r$ plates ( ,eggs4 ,squ>e #afmo4 ,clo? bo>ds #c #j ,briti% ,birds 9 _! ,haunts4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,johns1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) #aij engrav+s by ,wolf & ,:ymp]4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #f #j ,ev5+s at ! ,microscope2 or1 ,rese>*es among ! ,m9ut] ,organs & ,=ms ( ,animal ,life4 ,by ,,philip ,h4 ,,gosse1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #aab woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #d #j ,f]n ,portfolio 7,!74 ,by ,,francis ,g4 ,,hea?1 ,au?or ( ,:]e to f9d ,f]ns1 c4 ,) #ae plates1 elaborately drawn life-size1 exquisitely col\r$ f ,nature1 & accompani$ ) descriptive text4 ,clo? bo>ds #h #j ,fi%es1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,briti%3 _! ,/ructure1 ,economic ,uses1 & ,capture by ,net & ,rod4 ,by ! late ,,frank ,,buckl&4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,fl[]s ( ! ,field4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,johns1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) num]\s woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,=e/ ,trees 7,!7 ( ,great ,brita94 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,johns1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) #aej woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,freaks & ,m>vels ( ,plant ,life2 or1 ,curiosities ( ,vegetation4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #f #j ,man & 8 ,h&iwork4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,wood1 ,au?or ( ,lane & ,field1 c4 ,) ab\t #ejj illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #aj #f ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,bible 7,!74 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,canon ,,tri/ram1 ,au?or ( ,! ,l& ( ,israel1 c4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,nature & h] ,s]vants2 or1 ,sket*es ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,!odore ,,wood4 ,) num]\s woodcuts4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,ocean 7,!74 ,by ,,philip ,,h5ry ,,gosse1 ,f4,b4,s41 ,au?or ( ,ev5+s at ! ,microscope4 ,) #ea illu/rations & woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #c #j ,our ,bird ,allies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,!odore ,,wood4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #b #f ,our ,insect ,allies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,!odore ,,wood4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #b #f ,our ,insect ,enemies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,!odore ,,wood4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #b #f ,our ,isl& ,cont95t4 ,a ,naturali/'s ,holiday 9 ,au/ralia4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) ,map4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #b #f ,our ,native ,song/]s4 ,by ,,anne ,,pratt1 ,au?or ( ,wild ,fl[]s4 ,) #gb col\r$ plates4 #afmo4 ,clo? bo>ds #f #j ,selborne 7,! ,natural ,hi/ory (74 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,gilb]t ,,:ite4 ,) ,frontispiece1 ,map1 & #ej woodcuts4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #b #f ,toil]s 9 ! ,sea4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,wayside ,sket*es4 ,by ,f4 ,,edw>d ,,hulme1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #e #j ,:]e to f9d ,f]ns4 ,by ,,francis ,g4 ,,hea?1 ,au?or ( ,! ,f]n ,portfolio1 c4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds #a #f ,wild ,fl[]s4 ,by ,,anne ,,pratt1 ,au?or ( ,our ,native ,song/]s1 c4 ,) #aib col\r$ plates4 ,9 two volumes4 #afmo4 ,clo? bo>ds #ab #j ,,london3 ,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 ,,*>+ ,,cross1 ,w4,c42 #dc1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,brighton3 #ace1 ,,nor? ,,/reet4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,spell+ & hyph5ation v>iants h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 ,! diagrams 9 ?is text are r\gh approximations ( images provid$ 9 ! html v]sion4