,,! ,,pap]s ,,( ,,! ,,hymn ,,society    
,c>l ,f4 ,price                         
,editor                                 
,,ix                                    
,*ri/ian ,hymns                      ( !
 ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies                  
by                       ,ru? ,ellis    
,mess5g]1 ,ph4,d4                       
,,! ,,hymn ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica       
,new ,york ,city                        
#aidb                            ,,pap]s
 ,,( ,,! ,,hymn ,,society               
,c>l ,f4 ,price1 ,editor     ,i4 ,!     
,hymns ( ,john ,bunyan4     ,by ,l\is   
,f4 ,b5son1 ,d4,d4   ,,ii4 ,! ,religi\s 
,value ( ,hymns4     ,by ,william ,p4   
,m]rill1 ,d4,d4   ,,iii4 ,! ,praise ( ! 
,virg9 9 ,e>ly ,lat9 ,hymns4     ,by    
,ru? ,ellis ,mess5g]1 ,ph4,d4   ,,iv4 ,!
 ,significance ( ! ,old ,fr5* ,psalt]4  
,by ,pr(essor ,waldo ,seld5 ,pratt1     
,l4,h4,d41 ,mus4,d4   ,v4 ,hymn ,fe/ival
 ,programs4   ,,vi4 ,:at ,is a ,hymn8   
,by ,c>l ,f4 ,price1 ,m4,a4   ,,vii4 ,an
 ,acc\nt ( ! ,bay ,psalm ,book4     ,by 

,h5ry ,wild] ,foote1 ,d4,d4   ,,viii4   
,l[ell ,mason3 an ,appreciation ( ,8    
,life & ,"w4     ,by ,h5ry ,l[ell       
,mason4   ,,ix4 ,*ri/ian ,hymns ( !     
,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies4     ,by ,ru?     
,ellis ,mess5g]1 ,ph4,d4   ,x4          
,addresses at ! ,tw5tie? ,anniv]s>y ( ! 
,hymn ,society (           ,am]ica4     
,,xi4 ,hymns ( ,*ri/ian ,patriotism4    
,,xii4 ,lu!r & ,congregational ,song4   
,by ,lu!r ,d4 ,re$1 ,d4,d41 ,a4,e4,d4   
,,xiii4 ,isaac ,watts & 8 ,contribution 
to ,engli% ,hymnody4     ,by ,norman    
,victor ,hope1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4   ,,xiv4 
,lat9 ,hymns ( ! ,middle ,ages4     ,by 
,ru? ,ellis ,mess5g]1 ,ph4,d4   ,,xv4   
,revival ( ,gregorian ,*ant1 ,its       
,influ5ce on ,engli% ,hymnody4     ,by  
,j4 ,v9c5t ,higg9son1 ,mus4,b41 ,m4,a4  
,copies ( ^! pap]s at #be c5ts ea* may  
be obta9$ f ! ,executive ,secret>y ( !  
,hymn ,society4  ,note3 ,inquire be=e   
ord]+ z "s numb]s are tempor>ily out (  
pr9t4                           ,dr4    
,reg9ald ,l4 ,mc,all1                   

#bbfh ,s$gwick ,av5ue                   
,new ,york #ec1 ,n4 ,y4                 
,copyright1 #aidb1 by ,hymn ,society (  
,am]ica                                 
,repr9t$ #aidi                  ,*ri/ian
 ,hymns ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies       
,i4 ,introduction   ,!re is no "p ( !   
g5]al field ( ,*ri/ian hymnology s      
baffl+ to ! /ud5t or s full (           
difficulties z ! "o "u consid]ation 9   
?is pap]4 ,_m acc\nts ( ! subject are 9 
exi/5ce b are f> f conclusive4 ,?is is  
due1 fir/ ( all1 to ! unexpect$ sc>city 
( orig9al s\rces4 ,:5 "o views ! rise ( 
,*ri/ianity f its inception to ! p]iod (
 ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea1 #cbe1 its num]ical
 gr[? f a h&ful ( orig9al adh]5ts to    
millions ( foll[]s at ! "t ( ! ,edict ( 
,milan1 #cac1 its lit]>y developm5t f   
e>ly scatt]$ records to ! works ( !     
great ,greek & ,lat9 fa!rs1 "o _c help  
inquir+1 ,:at has become ( _! hymns8    
,ano!r puzzl+ aspect ( ! /udy is !      
complex hi/orical backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! 
progress ( ,*ri/ianity appe>s4 ,! peace 

& con/ructive progress ( ! ,augu/an era1
 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$1 h (t5 be5   
cit$ z factors contribut+ to its        
evolution & spread4 ,b ?is is n ! :ole  
/ory4 ,! civilization ( t day1          
especially 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean l&s   
mo/ conc]n$1 0 l>gely ,hell5i/ic1 ( m+l$
 ,greek & ori5tal features :i* 7        
necess>ily wr\ght into ! fabric ( ! new 
religion4 ,an und]/&+ ( pre-,augu/an    
conditions1 9 :i* ^! div]se hi/orical & 
lit]>y tr5ds 7 m]g$1 is ess5tial1 = )\t 
x ! subject is un9telligible4  ,a fur!r 
problem :i* confronts ! /ud5t is t (    
int]pretation4 ,x is well kn[n t any    
g5]al treatm5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity is apt
 to con=m to ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or4 ,!
 /udy ( hymnology1 l t ( o!r features ( 
! e>ly ,*ur*1 is apt to be affect$ by ! 
op9ion ( ! comm5tator4  ,x is no wond] t
 ! field has be5 neglect$ & t ! acc\nts 
( x are vague1 incomplete &             
unsatisfactory4 ,9 fact1 ! task (       
re-exam9+ ! mass ( extant records ( e>ly
 ,*ri/ianity & o!r relevant mat]ial1 :i*

 might illum9ate ! subject ( hymnology1 
seems nev] to h be5 und]tak5 ) ?is      
purpose 9 view4 ,x is1 actually1 too va/
 a project = ! casual /ud5t & c]ta9ly   
has n be5 attempt$ "h4 ,our be/ acc\nts 
( e>ly ,*ri/ian hymnody are (t5         
subord9at$ to a g5]al hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian 
hymns4 ,?is is ! case ) ! article1      
entitl$1 ,hymnes1 by ,h4 ,lecl]cq1 9 !  
,dictionnaire ,d' ,ar*eologie ,*reti5ne 
et de ,liturgie1 probably ! be/ %ort    
acc\nt 9 any language1 conta9+ a section
 on ! hymnology ( ! fir/ ?ree           
c5turies4#a ,*>les ,/anley ,phillips    
drew g5]\sly f ?is s\rce = ! fir/ *apt] 
( ,hymnody1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 :i* is      
writt5 f ! liturgical /&po9t4#b         
,indep5d5t /udies are r>e4 ,among !m1   
,die ,hymn5di*tung des frueh5 ,*ri/5tums
 by ,josef ,kroll1 a di/+ui%$ classical 
philologi/1 des]ves a mu* wid]          
circulation & %\ld be translat$ = !     
b5efit ( ,engli% read]s4#c  ,9 view ( ! 
de>? ( available mat]ial 9 ,engli%1 x   
has seem$ timely to approa* ! :ole      

subject f a new /&po9t4 ,9 ?is /udy1 !  
extant hymnic s\rces w be pres5t$       
objectively4 ,gr\ps ( hymns w be us$ to 
illu/rate ! types curr5t 9 ! p]iod4 ,9  
connection ) !m1 ! relat$ hi/orical &   
lit]>y influ5ces w be not$4  ,let u     
ab&on at once our contempor>y           
connotation ( ! ^w hymn :i* is d]iv$    
ultimately f ! hymns ( ,ambrose1        
#cdj-cig1 t is1 a metrical lyric        
con/ruct$ 9 /anzas4 ,9 ! pre-,ambrosian 
p]iod ,*ri/ian hymns 7 l>gely ( ! psalm 
type1 to be *ant$ 9 rhy?mic p]iods )\t  
rhyme4 ,n only %\ld ! ^w hymn be        
conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( anci5t ?\ght1 b also !
 futile attempt to diff]5tiate among    
psalms1 hymns & canticles %\ld be       
avoid$4 ,speciali/s 9 liturgical matt]s 
te/ify to ! confusion exi/+ among anci5t
 writ]s 9 ! use ( ^! words & to !       
unc]ta9ty ( def9ition :i* results4#d ,x 
is bett] n to multiply difficulties b to
 hold fa/ to ! actual texts :i* we "k 7 
us$ 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip4                  
,,ii4 ,old ,te/am5t ,hymns   ,at !      

?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity ! /ud5t crosses f 
! lit]>y environm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t   
into t ( ! ,new4 ,b 9 actual practice ! 
,hebrew psalms 7 nev] giv5 up1 & to ?is 
day are treasur$ 9 e bran* ( ! fai?4 ,9 
! e>ly c5turies !y =m$ ! bulk ( ,*ri/ian
 hymnody4 ,ref]5ces to _! use appe>     
?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t & are famili> to
 all4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! influ5ce ( !       
,hebrew psalms ^u ! composition ( new   
hymns is app>5t ev5 9 ! ,gospels4       
,keep+ ^! important facts 9 m9d reg>d+ !
 psalms1 ! /ud5t may pass on to o!r     
hymnic s\rces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_m    
/rik+ lyrical passages 9 ! ,hebrew      
scriptures1 utt]$ or p]haps repeat$ 9   
mom5ts ( emotional f]vor1 7 us$ by lat] 
wor%ipp]s to express a simil> attitude  
t[>d ! ,div9e4#e ,among ^! may be cit$ !
 ,songs ( ,moses1      ,i w s+ unto !   
,"l1 = he ha? triumph$ glori\sly 7,ex4  
#ae3a-ai71      ,give e>1 ,o ye heav5s1 
& ,i w speak2 & he>1 ,o e>?1 ! words    
( my m\? 7,deut4 #cb3a-dc72  ,hannah's  
,song ( ,?anksgiv+1      ,my he>t       

rejoice? 9 ! ,"l 7,i ,sam4 #b3a-aj72  ! 
great hymns 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah1        
,holy1 holy1 holy is ! ,"l ( ho/s 7,isa4
 #f3c71      ,we h a /rong city2        
salvation w ,god appo9t = walls &       
bulw>ks 7,isa4 #bf3a-ba71  ! second "p (
 :i* beg9s1      ,) my s\l h ,i desir$  
!e 9 ! night 7,isa4 #bf3i-ba72  ,jonah's
 ,song1      ,i cri$ by reason ( my     
affliction unto ! ,"l 7,jonah #b3b-i72  
! ,song ( ,habbakuk1      ,o ,"l1 ,i h  
he>d ?y spee*1 & 0 afraid 7,hab4        
#c3b-ai7  ,! apocryphal addition to !   
,book ( ,daniel1 kn[n z ! ,song ( !     
,?ree ,holy ,*ildr51 may be consid]$ )  
,old ,te/am5t lyrics4 ,compris+         
sixty-sev5 v]ses1 x 0 add$ to ,daniel   
#c3bc1 b1 /rictly speak+1 its date1     
au?or & orig9al language are unkn[n4 ,x 
is probable t x is ( ,hebrew au?or%ip & 
belongs to ! fir/ c5tury1 ,b4 ,c4 ,its  
use1 h[ev]1 is unque/ion$4#f ,! fir/ "p1
      ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l ( our     
fa!rs1  is ! famili> ,b5$ictus es1      
,dom9e2 & ! second "p1      ,o all ye   

works ( ! ,"l1 bless ye ! ,"l1  is !    
,b5$icite1 omnia op]a4  ,! t]m canticle1
 m5tion$ above1 has be5 appli$ 9 a g5]al
 s5se to su* lyrics f ! ,old ,te/am5t & 
also f ! ,new4 ,9 practice1 says ,james 
,me>ns1 x means ^? ,songs ( ,holy       
,scripture :i* h be5 select$ =          
ecclesia/ical use & are app5d$ to1 or   
incorporat$ )1 ! ,psalt] or o!r p>ts ( !
 ,div9e ,(fice4#g ,bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n  
,*ur*es e>ly made (ficial use ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t canticles1#h :ile ! ,greek     
,*ur* elaborat$ ^u !m 9 =mal metrical   
compositions1 call$ canons1 or gr\ps (  
odes bas$ ^u an acro/ic /ructure1 a     
di/9ctive feature ( ,greek hymnody f !  
sev5? c5tury4#i  ,x 0 only natural t !  
hymnody ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld h ex]t$ a
 m>k$ influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ian practice4 ,! 
,old ,te/am5t tradition 0 v /rong4      
,famili> phraseology 0 ready at h& = !  
composition ( new canticles :i* 7 (t5   
m]e c5tos f ! ,psalms or o!r portions ( 
! ,hebrew scriptures4 ,x %\ld be recall$
 t ,*ri/ianity n only arose 9 ! ,semitic

 environm5t b also 0 = "s ye>s localiz$ 
*iefly 9 ! ori5tal sections ( ! ,roman  
,empire1 & t x 0 affect$ by ori5tal     
ideas & modes ( expression4 ,ev5 aft]   
,greek & ,roman influ5ces 7 /rongly     
felt1 hymnology reta9$ ?is traditional  
,semitic "* & pagan lyrics 7 held 9     
suspicion4                              
,,iii4 ,new ,te/am5t ,hymns   ,!        
transition1 !re=e1 to ! canticles ( !   
,new ,te/am5t 0 easy & p]haps           
inevitable4 ,! ,b5$ictus1      ,bless$  
be ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel 7,luke          
#a3fh-gi71  spok5 by ,za*>ias1 ! ,nunc  
dimittis1      ,"l1 n[ lette/ ?\ ?y     
s]vant dep>t 9 peace 7,luke #b3bi-cb71  
by ,simeon1 & above all ! ,magnificat1  
,my s\l do? magnify ! ,"l 7,luke        
#a3df-ee71  f ! lips ( ! ,virg9 ,"m1 are
 among ! mo/ fam\s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian      
hymns1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! song ( ! angelic 
ho/ at ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ! ,gloria 9     
excelsis1      ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/
 7,luke #b3ad71  appe> )9 ! ,gospel     
n>ratives4  ,9 ! rema9+ portions ( !    

,new ,te/am5t o!r hymn fragm5ts are     
f\nd4 ,"s ( ^! are direct quotations f  
kn[n s\rces4#aj ,9 ! ,book ( ,revelation
 7#d3h71 ref]5ce is made to ! words (   
,isaiah 7#f3c71      ,holy1 holy1 holy1 
,"l ,god ,almighty1  a passage :i* has  
surviv$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* 9 ! exp&$ =m ( 
! ,t]sanctus1 & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* z !    
,hymnus ,angelicus4 ,9 ! same ,book     
7,rev4 #ae3c71 ! ,song ( ,moses 7,ex4   
#ae3a-aj7 is recall$4 ,"s passages are  
consid]$ p>ts ( famili> pieces o!rwise  
unkn[n4 ,! quotation 9 ! ,epi/le to !   
,ephesians1      ,awake ?\ t sleepe/    
7,eph4 #e3ad71  may fall into ?is gr\p  
or be consid]$ a free r5d]+ ( c]ta9     
passages 9 ,isaiah4#aa ,! fai?ful say+s 
f ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y & to ,titus h   
also be5 view$ 9 ?is light4#ab ,!       
passage op5+      ,= if we be dead )    
him1 we %all also live ) him 7,,ii ,tim4
       #b3aa-ac71  possesses a m>k$     
lyrical "*4 ,! l9es beg9n+      ,:o is !
 bless$ & only ,pot5tate1 ! ,k+ ( k+s & 
,"l (       lords 7,i ,tim4 #f3ae-af71  

reveal poetic features ( a g5]ally      
ori5tal /yle1 fram+ ! ,old ,te/am5t     
cont5t4 ,c]ta9 digressions 9 ! ,epi/les1
 9 :i* =mulas ( belief or ( praise rise 
to a sure & effective climax1 h !       
qualities ( su/a9$ hymns3      ,god 0   
manife/ 9 ! fle%1     ju/ifi$ 9 ! ,_s1  
se5 ( angels1     prea*$ unto !         
,g5tiles1     believ$ on 9 ! _w1        
receiv$ up into glory 7,i ,tim4 #c3af71 
,:o did no s91 nei!r 0 guile f\nd 9 8   
m\?3     :o1 :5 he 0 revil$1 revil$ n   
aga92     :5 he suff]$1 he ?reat5$ n2-- 
-- -- --7,i ,pet] #b3bb-be71  above all1
      ,:o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ?\ght x n 
robb]y to be equal       ) ,god2     ,b 
made himself ( no reputation1 & took ^u 
him ! =m ( a       s]vant-- -- -- --    
,t at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld b[1 (   
?+s 9 heav51       & ?+s 9 e>?1 & ?+s "u
 ! e>?2     ,& t e tongue %\ld confess t
 ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l1 to       ! glory (
 ,god ! ,fa!r 7,philippians #b3 #f-aa74 
,poetic refra9s are obvi\s 9 ! foll[+3  
,= ( him1 & ?r\gh him1 & to him1 are all

 ?+s3 to :om be       glory = ev] 7,rom4
 #aa3cf71      ,unto him be glory 9 !   
*ur* by ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ?r\gh\t all ages1 
_w )\t end 7,eph4 #c3ba71      ,n[ unto 
! ,k+ et]nal1 immortal1 invisible1 !    
only wise ,god1 be       hon\r & glory =
 ev] & ev] 7#a ,tim4 #a3ag74  ,! ,apo/le
 ,paul & o!r writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1  
:o quote freely f a v>iety ( s\rces1 h  
us$ fragm5ts ( hymns to re9=ce _! tea*+s
 or ) a devotional purpose4 ,"o ga9s f  
su* citations a text only1 or a fragm5t 
( text4 ,s++ is n impli$4 ,! apocalyptic
 vision ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 h[ev]1 
conta9s sev]al magnific5t hymns ( praise
 :i* te/ify n alone to ! =m & cont5t ( !
 e>ly hymn b also to ! practice ( wor%ip
 9 song4 ,! praises ( ! heav5ly ho/ are 
mirror$ 9 ! praises ( ! congregation ^u 
e>?4#ac ,& !y sung a new song1 say+1    
,?\ art wor?y to take ! book1 & to op5 !
 seals !re(       7,rev4 #e3i-aj71      
,wor?y is ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 to receive   
p[]1 & ri*es1 &       wisdom1 & /r5g?1 &
 hon\r1 & glory1 & bless+ 7,rev4        

#e3ab-ad71      ,bless+1 & glory1 &     
wisdom1 & ?anksgiv+1 & hon\r1 &         
p[]1 & might1 be unto our ,god = ev] &  
ev] 7,rev4 #g3ab71      ,great &        
m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,"l ,god         
,almighty2 j & true       are ?y ways1  
?\ ,k+ ( sa9ts 7,rev4 #ae3c-d71         
,alleluia3 = ! ,"l ,god omnipot5t       
reigne? 7,rev4 #ai3f74  ,f ! po9t ( view
 ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ian hymns1 ! hymns
 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation are p]haps !   
mo/ significant 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t       
because !y exhibit v>i$ elem5ts1 f      
,judaism1 f ,*ri/ianity & f ! m+l+ ( !  
two4#ad  ,x is int]e/+ to re-read ! ,new
 ,te/am5t 9 ! se>* = hymns1 b "o %\ld   
rememb] t ! field is controv]sial4 ,"s  
comm5tators w\ld sugge/ t ! entire #ac? 
*apt] ( ,i ,cor9?ians is a hymn1 beg9n+1
      ,?\gh ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & 
( angels4#ae  ,a mod]ate r ?an an       
extreme position1 h[ev]1 ^u ! id5tity ( 
hymn s\rces 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t seems m   
likely to be productive ( a g5u9e       
appreciation ( ! /yle1 subject matt] &  

numb] ( primitive ,*ri/ian hymns4       
,traces ( poetic improvisation1 :i* is s
 closely alli$ to hymnody1 mu/ be       
s]i\sly consid]$ at ?is po9t4 ,! art (  
improvisation belongs to no "o age or   
c\ntry4 ,x happ5s t ! ,greeks _h        
practic$ x = c5turies & t illu/rations  
exi/ f ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,to ! ,hell5iz$    
ori5t x 0 famili>4 ,! ,greeks ( ,cilicia
 & ( ! region ab\t ,antio* & ,t>sus1 z  
,dr4 ,george ,dwight ,kellogg rem9ds u1 
seem to h cultivat$ ! art & become      
fam\s4 ,he also sugge/s t ! gift (      
tongues ref]s to ?is art & t ,paul      
himself possess$ ! poetic tal5t 9 no    
small degree4#af ,x is only natural to  
assume t1 among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 c]ta9 
individuals w\ld react to ! influ5ce (  
height5$ emotion 9 outbur/s ( poetic    
expression4 ,passages 9 ! ,book ( ,acts 
may ref] to ! use ( su* hymns1 =        
example1 9 ! case ( ! ,g5tiles at       
,caes>ea1 :o speak ) tongues & magnify  
,god 7,acts #aj3de-df71 or ! ,ephesians 
:o spake ) tongues1 & prophesi$ 7,acts  

#ai3f71 or p]haps ! disciples on ! ,day 
( ,p5teco/ 7,acts #b3d74 ,ir5aeus1 a    
second c5tury fa!r ( ! ,*ur* & bi%op (  
,lyons1 ref]r+ to ! sc5e at ,p5teco/1   
m5tions ! s++ ( a hymn on t occasion4#ag
 ,! nature ( improvisations is fugitive4
 ,!y arise f individual inspiration &1  
ev5 if express$ 9 famili> phrases1 are n
 rememb]$ or record$ by ! s+] or he>]4  
,to :atev] degree improvisation play$ a 
"p 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian hymnody1 to t same   
degree we lack correspond+ lit]>y       
survivals4 ,possibly ?is is "o          
explanation ( ! de>? ( s\rces :i* we n[ 
deplore4  ,on ! :ole1 ! hymnic evid5ce  
f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t po9ts to a       
pr$om9ant ,hebrew influ5ce4 ,bo? 9 ! use
 ( psalms & o!r ,old ,te/am5t hymns & 9 
! phraseology ( new hymns1 ! ,*ri/ians  
f\nd !mselves m at home 9 ! traditional 
=ms ( expression4 ,features ( /yle1 su* 
z p>allelism1 uni=mity & ! repetition ( 
words or ^w ord]1 7 n necess>ily        
re/rict$ to ,hebrew poetry b might be   
f\nd 9 o!r ori5tal s\rces--a            

consid]ation to :i* fur!r att5tion w be 
giv5 lat]4#ah ,/ill we may assume t !   
influ5ce ( ,judaism 9 =m z well z       
subject matt] 0 supreme4                
,,iv4 ,liturgical ,hymns   ,*ri/ian     
practice reveals a ?ird type ( ,hebrew  
influ5ce1 ! liturgical1 :i* br\ght ab\t 
! use ( ! psalms 9 public wor%ip1 toge!r
 ) o!r elem5ts famili> 9 ! synagogue4   
,at ! close ( a s]vice ( ?is k9d1 made  
up ( pray]s1 read+s1 psalms & prea*+1 ! 
eu*>i/ 0 celebrat$4 ,e>ly writ+s1 =     
example1 ! ,apologia ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1    
#ajj8-afe1ai ! ,dida*e#bj & ! ,apo/olic 
,con/itutions1#ba te/ify to a some:at   
fix$ type ( wor%ip1 :i*1 v>y+ 9 details1
 seems to =e%ad[ ! liturgical models ( !
 f\r? c5tury4  ,briefly /at$1 ! ,dida*e1
 or ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 is a   
second c5tury treatise1 ! second "p (   
:i* includes a ritual ( baptism1 fa/+ & 
! eu*>i/4#bb ,a s]ies ( eu*>i/ic pray]s 
is "h record$1 beg9n+1 ,eu*>i/\m5 soi1  
pat] hemon1      ,we ?ank ,!e1 our      
,fa!r1  (f]$ at /ages ( ! communion     

ritual :]e we approa* ! he>t ( ,*ri/ian 
wor%ip4#bc ,at ?is po9t1 hymn & pray]   
orig9s m]ge4 ,_m ,*ri/ians ( our own    
day1 p]haps ! majority1 reg>d ! true    
hymn z a pray] (f]$ 9 direct address to 
,god4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian hymns
 ! two =ms ( wor%ip h ov]lapp$ or be5   
id5tical4 ,hymn & pray] 7 also associat$
 9 anci5t cults1 & ! *orus ( a ,greek   
drama (f]s an illu/ration ( ! sup]b     
proportions :i* ?is act ( wor%ip may    
assume4 ,*>les ,/anley ,phillips1 :o has
 rec5tly translat$ anew ! eu*>i/ic pray]
 ( ! ,dida*e1 ?9ks ( x z n a true hymn1 
b a s\rce & model ( hymnody4#bd         
,improvis$ eu*>i/ic pray] 0 int]rupt$ by
 congregational refra9s :i* provid$     
ano!r opportunity = ! evolution ( hymns4
 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 all ages1         
expressions ( ?anksgiv+1 att5d+ !       
celebration ( ! eu*>i/1 h inspir$ _m ( !
 f9e/ hymns ( ! fai?4  ,! ,apo/olic     
,con/itutions is a manual 9 eight books1
 ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 doctr9e &   
wor%ip1 includ+ ! ,dida*e4#be ,dat+ f ! 

f\r? or fif? c5tury1 m probably ! f\r?1 
x repres5ts ! practice ( an e>li] p]iod 
well )9 ! scope ( ?is /udy &1 9 ! op9ion
 ( ,brightman1 0 compil$ 9 ,antio* or   
its neighborhood4#bf ,s9ce ,greek 0 !   
prevail+ language 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w ( t   
day1 x became ! liturgical language (   
e>ly ,*ri/ianity = ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4
 ,ev5 9 ,rome & o!r l>ge cities (       
,italy1 ,greek 0 us$4 ,9 ,italy1 ) ^!   
exceptions & 9 ! we/]n prov9ces1 ,lat9 0
 employ$1 f9ally sup]s$+ ,greek z !     
(ficial language ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4#bg   
,! foll[+ hymns appe> 9 ! sev5? book ( !
 ,apo/olic ,con/itutions3  ,a morn+     
hymn1 ,doxa en hypsi/ois !o1 ,gloria 9  
excelsis1      ,glory to ,god 9 !       
highe/2#bh  an ev5+ hymn1 ,a9eite       
paides1      ,ye *ildr5 praise ! ,"l1#bi
  :i* includes ,soi prepei a9os1 ,te    
decet laus1      ,praise becomes ,!e1  &
 ,nyn apolyeis ton d\lon s\1 ,nunc      
dimittis1      ,n[ lette/ ?\ ?y s]vant  
dep>t 9 peace2  & a pray] at d9n]1      
,eulogetos ei1      ,?\ art bless$1 ,o  

,"l1 :o n\ri%e/ me f my y\?4#cj  ,9 !   
eigh? book ( ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions &
 also 9 ! ,liturgy ( ,/4 ,james we h !  
,t]sanctus1 ,hagios1 hagios1 hagios1    
,holy1 holy1 holy4  ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same
 ,liturgy ! ,trisagion appe>s1 ,ho      
trisagios hymnos11      ,holy ,god1 holy
 mighty1 holy immortal1         ,h m]cy 
^u u4#ca  ,an ev5+ hymn1 ,phos hil>on1  
,joyful light1 is m5tion$ by ,basil 9 ! 
f\r? c5tury z v old4 ,x 0 sung at vesp]s
 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*3#cb      ,o gladsome  
light1 ,o grace     ,( ,god ! ,fa!r's   
face4#cc  ,among anci5t liturgical hymns
 ! ,te deum %\ld be m5tion$4 ,x is      
attribut$ to ,nicetas1 ,bi%op (         
,remesiana 9 ,dacia1 & dat$ f ! end ( ! 
f\r? c5tury4 ,x appe>s to be a          
comb9ation ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,! fir/  
?irte5 v]ses1 or p>ts "o & two1 probably
 orig9at$ e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury & may 
h be5 inspir$ by ,cyprian1 ,bi%op (     
,c>?age1 #bjj-beh1 :o wrote 9 t]ms almo/
 id5tical ) ! phrases ( ?is e>ly        
section1 us$ ( prophets1 apo/les &      

m>tyrs4#cd  ,biblical s\rces1 especially
 ! canticles1 n[ appe> z liturgical     
hymns1 ei!r 9 _! orig9al =m or 9 an     
enl>g$ v]sion4#ce ,! use ( canticles1 m 
p>ticul>ly 9 _! v>iations1 is ( supreme 
int]e/ to ! hymnologi/1 because x (f]s a
 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ian hymnody ap>t 
f liturgical int]polations or f !       
psalms4 ,clem5t ( ,rome urg$ !          
,cor9?ians to unite 9 ! _s ( praise z   
express$ 9 ! s]aphic *orus ( ,isaiah's  
vision1      ,holy1 holy1 holy is ! ,"l 
( ,ho/s3     ! :ole e>? is full ( 8     
glory1  associat+ x ) ! praise ( !      
angelic m9i/rants1 t5 ?\s& times t5     
?\s&1 beheld by ,daniel 7,dan4 #g3aj74  
,! same hymn _h be5 he>d 9 ! apocalyptic
 my/]ies ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,v    
e>ly x 0 incorporat$ 9 ! liturgy ( !    
eu*>i/1 cont9u+ an ageless =m ( ! praise
 ( ,god f ! old disp5sation into ! new4 
,! evolution ( ! ,great ,doxology f !   
words ( ! angelic song1      ,glory to  
,god 9 ! highe/1  to ! ,gloria 9        
excelsis illu/rates ! exp&+ ?\ght ( !   

,*ur*1 correspond+ to ! gr[? ( !        
,*ri/ian body )9 ! culture ( ! ,roman   
,empire4 ,aga91 ! ,gloria illu/rates    
,hell5i/ic features ( poetic /yle1      
bespeak+ ! ori5tal influ5ces :i* _h     
ent]$ into ,greek lit]ature4#cf ,note ! 
repetition ( ! clauses1      ,we praise 
!e1 we bless !e1 we wor%ip !e1 we       
glorify !e1 we       give ?anks to !e = 
?y great glory1  ( ! invocation1      ,o
 ,"l ,god1 heav5ly ,k+1 ,god ! ,fa!r    
almighty1     ,o ,"l1 ! only-begott5    
,son1 ,jesus ,*ri/2     ,o ,"l ,god1    
,lamb ( ,god1 ,son ( ! ,fa!r1  ( !      
relative clause1      ,t take/ away !   
s9s ( ! _w1 h m]cy ^u u4     ,?\ t take/
 away ! s9s ( ! _w1 receive our pray]4  
,?\ t sitte/ at ! "r h& ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 
h m]cy       ^u u1  ( ! pron\n1      ,= 
?\ only art holy2 ?\ only art ! ,"l2 ?\ 
only1 ,o ,*ri/1       ) ! ,holy ,gho/1  
art mo/ high 9 ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4  
,x is q sup]flu\s to analyze fur!r !    
values ( a poetic =m :i* has help$ to   
make ! ,gloria "o ( ! truly magnific5t  

,*ri/ian hymns ( all ages4#cg  ,po/pon+ 
= ! pres5t a m detail$ inquiry into     
/yli/ic orig9s1 we may reg>d ! gr\p (   
liturgical hymns "h pres5t$ z a s\rce   
collection ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x     
reveals n only ! cont9uity ( ! ,old &   
,new ,te/am5t hymnology b also !        
evolution ( wor%ip 9 song into ! e>ly   
,*ri/ian era4 ,! fact t wor%ip 0 *iefly 
liturgical 9 ?is p]iod & hymns 7 !re=e  
liturgical appe>s an inevitable         
conclusion4                    ,v4      
,contempor>y ,pagan & ,h]etical ,hymns  
,*ri/ianity exp&$1 z we h se51 9 !      
environm5t ( ea/]n ,m$it]ranean culture4
 ,its orig9al h]itage 0 t ( ,judaism1 b 
)9 ! fir/ c5tury x _h ent]$ ^u ! conque/
 ( ! ,g5tile _w4 ,z t conque/ proce$$ & 
! p5etration ( new ideas into pagan     
?\ght cont9u$1 a correspond+ reaction ( 
paganism ^u ! new fai? took place4 ,) ! 
g5]al aspects ( ?is ph5om5on all are    
famili>4 ,x is significant "h only 9 !  
field ( lyrical expression4 ,! p]iod (  
pagan influ5ce 9 ! s5se ( an impr9t f   

,greek & ,roman lit]ature is also !     
p]iod ( impact ) pagan h]etical ideas   
d]iv$ ei!r f curr5t philosophies or !   
practices ( my/]y religions4  ,once m ! 
*>t & compass (f]$ by ! direct extant   
s\rces are ! be/ guides ?r\gh ! cross   
curr5ts ( ! lit]ature 9 our possession4 
,repres5tative pagan poetry mu/ be      
exam9$1 at lea/ ( a few g5]al types1 9  
ord] to e/abli% :at influ5ce1 if any1 0 
ex]t$ ^u contempor>y ,*ri/ian hymns4    
,reg>d+ ! classical influ5ce1 p] se1 a  
l>ge numb] ( ,greek hymns 7 9 exi/5ce :5
 ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$1#ch & ,roman lyrics
 7 appe>+ 9 t v c5tury4 ,paul 0 obvi\sly
 acqua9t$ ) ! ,hymn ( ,clean!s1 a ,/oic 
writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,b4,c41 = he     
quot$ 8 words on ! ,areopagus4 ,!       
orig9al passage to :i* ,paul ref]s has  
be5 translat$ z foll[s3      ,!e x is   
meet t mortals %\ld invoke1     ,= we   
,?9e (fspr+ are & sole ( all     ,creat$
 ?+s t live & move on e>?     ,receive f
 ,!e ! image ( ! ,"o4#ci  ,x is evid5t t
 ! ,*ri/ian hymns emb$d$ 9 ! books ( !  

,new ,te/am5t 7 n con/ruct$ aft] a      
classical model ( ?is type4 ,! influ5ce 
( ,old ,te/am5t poetry 0 too /rong1 !   
associations ( paganism repellant &1    
moreov]1 ! ,greek poetry1 famili> to !  
av]age man ( t day1 q diff]5t4 ,! old]  
,greek hymns1 su* z ! ,hom]ic ,hymns1 ! 
,odes ( ,p9d>1 ! *oruses ( ,greek       
trag$y1 7 produc$ 9 ! ,hell5ic or       
pre-,hell5ic ages :i* _h be5 foll[$ by m
 ?an two c5turies ( ,hell5i/ic culture4 
,dr4 ,edw>d ,delavan ,p]ry1 writ+ (     
,hell5i/ic poetry1 said1 ,o!r =ms (     
poetry1 p>ticul>ly ! lyric1 bo? ! *oral 
& ! 'individual1' di$ out almo/         
completely4#dj  ,!re rema91 !n1 only !  
extant hymns ( ! my/]y cults4 ,9 spite (
 _m ref]5ces to ! use ( s++ 9 connection
 ) ^! religions1 v few specim5s ( _!    
hymns actually survive4 ,! my/]y        
religion 0 a sacram5tal religion :i*    
/ress$ ! approa* to ,deity ?r\gh rite & 
liturgy aft] a sev]e probation & an oa? 
pl$g+ to secrecy4#da ,! lead+ cults 7 ^?
 associat$ ) ,orpheus1 ! ,magna ,mat]   

7,cybele7 & ,attis1 ,mi?ra1 ,s]apis1    
,isis1 ,adonis1 & especially !          
,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 :i* fl\ri%$ =      
twelve c5turies1 end+ ) _! ext9ction by 
! ,*ri/ians 9 #cig4db  ,dur+ ! p]iod "u 
consid]ation 9 ?is /udy ,isis 0 honor$ 9
 all p>ts ( ! ,graeco-,roman _w4 ,an    
au!ntic hymn to ,isis appe>s 9 ! writ+s 
( ,apuleius 7b4 #abe71 :o describes a   
procession 9 honor ( ! goddess & gives !
 words ( ! *orus1 clos+1      ,?y div9e 
c\nt5ance & mo/ holy deity ,i %all gu>d 
& keep     =ev] 9 ! secret place ( my   
he>t4  ,v>iants ( ! ,isis cult hymn or  
hymns h be5 pres]v$ 9 inscriptions2 =   
example1 a hymn ( "s fifty l9es f ,cyme 
9 ,aeolia1  ,i am ,isis ! sov]eign ( !  
:ole l&4#dc  ,liturgical survivals ( !  
cult ( ,mi?ra are almo/ unkn[n4 ,franz  
,cumont1 ! great /ud5t ( ,mi?raism1     
quotes "o hymn fragm5t only1      ,hail 
bridegroom1 hail ?\ new light6#dd  ,he  
is ( ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t ! ,mani*aean    
song m5tion$ by ,augu/9e1 #ced-dcj1     
af=ds "s idea ( ,mi?raic poetry4 ,! song

 or hymn 9 "q repres5ts a *ief div9ity  
surr\nd$ by twelve m9or div9ities1      
symboliz+ ! seasons1 all clo!d ) floral 
tributes4#de ,cumont also sugge/s t h]o 
hymns 7 9 exi/5ce1 celebrat+ ! exploits 
( ! gods4#df ,! s-call$ ,liturgy (      
,mi?ra1 a magic =mula n consid]$ by     
,cumont1 conta9s hymn fragm5ts1 "o ( :i*
 beg9s1      ,"l1 hail1 pot5tate ( !    
wat]1     hail1 rul] ( ! e>?1     hail1 
pot5tate ( ! _s4#dg  ,hippolytus1 a     
presbyt] ( ,rome :o di$ 9 #bcf1 9 8     
,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 quotes c]ta9
 hymns 9 praise ( ,attis3      ,:e!r ?\ 
art ! race ( ,saturn or happy ,jupit]1  
&      ,i w hymn ,attis1 son ( ,rhea4#dh
  ,"h1 z 9 s _m cases1 our in=mation    
conc]n+ pagan hymns is d]iv$ f an       
oppon5t1 a ,*ri/ian writ] & def5d] (    
or?odox religion1 b ?is circum/ance 9 no
 way affects ! validity ( ! text4  ,= ! 
,orphic cult :i* _h ! longe/ p]iod (    
influ5ce1 we possess :at may be t]m$ a  
hymn book conta9+ eighty-sev5 hymns4 ,x 
has be5 v>i\sly dat$ f ! ?ird c5tury1   

,b4,c41 to ! f\r? or fif? c5tury1 ,a4,d4
 ,) a m5tal res]vation z to ! relevancy 
( ! citations1 we f9d t "s ( ^! hymns 9 
praise ( ! gods are full ( dignity1 =   
in/ance1      ,"m ( ,gods1 great nurse (
 all1 draw ne>1     ,div9ely honor$1 &  
reg>d my pray]4#di  ,s debatable is !   
subject ( ! ,orphic hymns1 bo? 9 respect
 to date & usage1 t !y (f] little or no 
assi/ance to ! /ud5t :o is int]e/$ 9 a  
possible influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ian           
hymnology4#ej  ,soon] or lat]1 "o mu/   
turn to ! l& ( ,egypt1 if "o desires a  
complete picture ( e>ly ,*ri/ian        
culture4 ,! my/]y ( ! ,egyptian ,isis1  
m5tion$ above1 0 "o elem5t 9 ! backgr\nd
 ( ! times1 illu/rative ( ! religi\s    
syncretism :i* _h be5 fo/]$ ?r\gh\t !   
,ptolemaic p]iod4 ,! id5tification ( !  
,egyptian ,?ot ) ! ,greek ,h]mes is     
reflect$ 9 ! ,h]metic lit]ature ( :i* ! 
,poim&res is ! olde/ kn[n writ+4#ea ,f  
?is s\rce a hymn ( praise is d]iv$3     
,by ?y bless+ my _s is illum9$1  & a    
?anksgiv+ hymn1      ,holy is ,god1 !   

,fa!r ( all ! univ]se4#eb  ,summ>iz+ !  
,greek influ5ce1 bo? ,hell5ic &         
,graeco-ori5tal1 ^u ,*ri/ian hymnology1 
x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to     
trace any connection betwe5 ! classic   
,greek hymns or ! hymns ( my/]y cults1 &
 ^? ( ! new fai?4 ,if m s\rces 7        
available1 a valid conclusion might be  
rea*$4 ,at pres5t1 a t5tative conclusion
 involves ! recognition ( ! vigor\s     
prote/ & revolt aga9/ pagan ideas       
reveal$ 9 contempor>y prose writ+s1 9   
turn evok$ by ! actual pressure :i* 0   
ex]t$ ^u ,*ri/ianity by ali5 cults4 ,!  
tw5tie? c5tury has produc$ an impressive
 lit]ature c5t]$ ab\t ! my/]y religions 
& ! problem ( _! influ5ce ^u            
,*ri/ianity2 b 9 ! field ( hymnology !re
 h be5 discov]$ only ! fa9te/ ( traces4 
,^! are :olly /yli/ic4 ,*ri/ian hymns   
:i* reveal ! *>act]i/ics ( ! repetition 
( direct address1 or ( relative clauses 
or pr$icates1 previ\sly m5tion$1        
illu/rate poetic =ms :i* are1 9 ! f9al  
analysis1 ori5tal r ?an ,greek4#ec  ,x  

is a satisfaction to ! classici/1 :o is 
int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is subject1 t !   
classical met]s1 ignor$ at ?is p]iod1 7 
de/9$ to be reviv$ at a lat] date4 ,!y 7
 us$ to "s ext5t f ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x 0  
res]v$ = ! c\rt poets ( ! ,c>ol+ian     
circle ( ! n9? c5tury to re/ore ! old   
lyric met]s4 ,! ,sapphic met] 9 its     
,horatian =m n only 0 a favorite among  
m$ieval ,lat9 hymn writ]s1 b also x has 
f\nd an occasional imitator 9 ! c\rse ( 
! c5turies ev5 to mod]n times4#ed  ,:ile
 hymn s\rces d]iv$ f ori5tal cults are  
extremely scanty1 ^? orig9at+ 9         
,gno/icism are mu* m num]\s & sugge/ive 
9 _! relation to ,*ri/ian hymnology4    
,gno/icism is n s mu* ! "n ( a p>ticul> 
philosophy or def9ite sy/em ( belief1 z 
x is a po9t ( view1 :i* s\ght to        
h>monize ! speculative a*ievem5t (      
,greek ?\ght ) ! ori5tal my?s & )       
,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,! philosophical       
int]pretation ( pagan my?ology 0 ext5d$ 
to ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,?us1 9
 accordance ) ! t5ets ( ,neoplatonism1 !

 primeval be+ has produc$ ! univ]sal m9d
 &1 9 turn1 m9d has produc$ ! s\l :i* 9 
contact ) evil phases ( matt] has lo/   
its orig9al purity4 ,!re=e1 ! s\l mu/   
retrace its /eps until x rea*es ! f9al  
/age ( reunion ) ! orig9 ( all be+4 ,x  
is easy to und]/& h[ a v>iety ( mean+s  
may be read into a simple /atem5t l !   
above4 ,x is also easy to und]/& t !    
possibilities ( confusion aris+ 9 ! fir/
 ?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory 7      
matt]s ( ! utmo/ conc]n to contempor>y  
,*ri/ian writ]s & dogmati/s4 ,! p]iod   
ab\nd$ 9 h]esies & misund]/&+s1 to !    
discussion ( :i* ! able/ m9ds ( ! ,*ur* 
7 devot$4 ,quotations f ^! au?ors furni%
 _m ( ! extant hymns compos$ by         
,gno/ics1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! ,*ri/ian     
fold4 ,! range ( lit]>y excell5ce1 (    
spiritual connotation & (               
intelligibility ( subject matt] 9 !     
s-call$ ,gno/ic hymns is s wide t x is  
difficult to evaluate !m4 ,to ! mod]n   
read] !y v>y f ! m]e rigm>ole to !      
g5u9ely inspir+ hymn4  ,p]haps ! be/    

kn[n & c]ta9ly "o ( ! l(tie/ expressions
 ( ,gno/ic ideas is ! ,hymn ( ! ,s\l1   
:i* is f\nd 9 ! ,apocryphal ,acts (     
,?omas4 ,dat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird    
c5tury1 ! ,acts ( ,?omas rec\nts !      
mission>y prea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ,?omas 9   
,india4 ,:ile 9 prison1 he *ants ?is    
hymn1 beg9n+1      ,:5 ,i 0 an infant   
*ild 9 ! palace ( my fa!r4#ee  ,x has no
 connection ) ! n>rative b relates 9    
allegorical fa%ion ! return ( ! s\l1 :i*
 has be5 awak5$ f its preoccupation )   
e>?ly matt]s1 to ! high] /ate ( heav5ly 
exi/5ce4 ,"h is a !me cong5ial to       
,*ri/ian ?\ght & or?odox 9 its !ology :5
 extricat$ f ! popul> concepts ( !      
times4#ef ,! actual au?or%ip ( ! ,hymn (
 ! ,s\l1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,syriac v]sion 
( ! ,acts alone1 is unkn[n1 b x has be5 
attribut$ to "s disciple ( ! ,syrian    
,b>desanes1 a ,*ri/ian ,gno/ic :o liv$ 9
 ! second half ( ! second c5tury4#eg    
,!re seems to be no d\bt t ,b>desanes 0 
himself influ5tial z a hymn writ] & t he
 0 repres5tative ( a gr\p ( poets :o 7  

beg9n+ to employ contempor>y rhy?ms set 
to melodies famili> 9 daily secul>      
life4#eh  ,! ,acts ( ,?omas conta9s a   
second hymn1      ,! damsel is ! daught]
 ( light1  a poem ( ori5tal imag]y1     
p]sonify+ ! div9e wisdom z a bride4#ei  
,! apocryphal ,acts ( ,john1 dat+ f !   
middle ( ! second c5tury1 yields a ?ird 
hymn1 ! ,hymn ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! ,gospel    
n>rative ( ! la/ supp]1 ,jesus & 8      
disciples1 be=e go+ to ! ,m\nt (        
,olives1 s+ a hymn toge!r4 ,x is n      
id5tifi$ b is g5]ally believ$ to be a "p
 ( ! ,hallel or gr\p ( ,passov] ,psalms1
 #aac-aah4 ,! writ] ( ! ,acts ( ,john   
repres5ts ,jesus z us+ a new hymn :i*   
op5s1      ,glory be to ,!e1 ,fa!r4  ,x 
conta9s a long s]ies ( anti!ses1 z      
foll[s3      ,i w\ld be sav$ & ,i w\ld  
save1     ,i w\ld be loos$ & ,i w\ld    
loose1     ,i w\ld be w\nd$ & ,i w\ld   
w\nd1     ,i w\ld be borne & ,i w\ld    
be>1 etc4  ,! hymn concludes1      ,a   
way am ,i to !e1 a wayf>]4#fj  ,v>iants 
( ! ,hymn ( ,jesus are extant1 "o ( :i* 

has be5 pres]v$ by ,augu/9e1 ! ,hymn ( !
 ,priscilliani/s1 :i* came to him f a   
correspond5t 9 ,spa94#fa  ,hippolytus1  
^: ,refutation ( all ,h]esies has be5   
m5tion$ 9 ano!r connection1 discusses ! 
,gno/ic sect ( ! ,naas5es4 ,he quotes "o
 ( _! hymns1 beg9n+1      ,! _w's       
produc+ law 0 ,primal ,m9d1  9 :i*      
,jesus is repres5t$ z ! guide ( mank9d  
to ! atta9m5t ( cele/ial k4#fb ,! sy/em 
( ,val5t9us1 a ,gno/ic lead]1 is also   
discuss$ & a psalm ( 8 au?or%ip is      
quot$3      ,i behold all ?+s susp5d$ 9 
air by _s1  a didactic pres5tation (    
,gno/ic ?\ght4#fc ,x is compos$ 9       
dactylic met]1 af=d+ ano!r illu/ration (
 ! adoption ( popul> rhy?ms 9 !         
hymnology ( ! h]etical sects4 ,a ,gno/ic
 hymn to ! ,highe/ ,god f a ?ird c5tury 
,coptic s\rce may be cit$3      ,?\ art 
alone ! et]nal &     ?\ art alone ! deep
 &     ?\ art alone ! unkn[able1 etc4#fd
  ,:atev] impression may be creat$ ^u ! 
mod]n m9d by ! p]usal ( ,gno/ic poetry1 
its influ5ce 0 admitt$ by contempor>y   

,*ri/ians & combatt$ by e means 9 _!    
p[]4 ,! ,gno/ic lead]s1 unhamp]$ by     
,hebrew traditions ( religi\s poetry1 7 
able to make use ( popul> =ms & popul>  
concepts4 ,!y met ! tr5d ( ! times m ?an
 halfway4 ,h]etical gr\ps ( all v>ieties
 ( op9ion 7 us+ hymns z a means (       
express+ _! beliefs & p]suad+ possible  
adh]5ts4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1    
,arius appe>$1 ! lead] ( ! gr\p ^:      
!ology 0 reject$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea1
 #cbe1 & ^: hymns 7 met & ov]come by !  
v]ses ( ,ambrose4 ,su* 0 ! influ5ce (   
h]etical ^u or?odox hymnody4            
,,vi4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,hymns   ,turn+    
once m to ! au!ntic ,*ri/ian hymns ( !  
fir/ ?ree c5turies & ?is "t omitt+ ^?   
:i* appe> 9 liturgical s\rces1 we obs]ve
 ?ree di/9ct l+ui/ic gr\ps1 ! ,syriac1 !
 ,greek & ! ,lat94  ,! mo/ famili> ( !  
,syriac hymns 7 writt5 by ,ephraem      
,syrus 7b4 #cjg71 :o /rove to c\nt]act !
 influ5ce ( ! ,gno/ic poets1 especially 
t ( 8 c\ntryman1 ,b>desanes4 ,/rictly   
speak+1 he belongs to ! fir/ half ( !   

f\r? c5tury b %\ld be consid]$ by !     
/ud5t :o is trac+ ! cont9uity ( ?is     
subject4 ,8 hymns are metrical 9 ! s5se 
( hav+ l9es ) a fix$ numb] ( syllables &
 /rophic divisions4 ,an ,ea/] hymn op5s 
?us3      ,bless$ be ! ,messiah     ,:o 
has giv5 u a hope     ,t ! dead %all    
rise aga94  ,a hymn = ! ,"l's ,day      
beg9s1      ,glory be to ! good     ,:o 
ha? hon\r$ & exalt$     ,! fir/ day ( ! 
week4#fe  ,x is possible t ! hymns (    
,ephraem 7 influ5c$ by ! ,syriac ,odes (
 ,solomon1 discov]$ 9 #aiji1 :i* 7      
produc$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,:e!r ! ,odes  
!mselves are ( ,gno/ic or ,*ri/ian orig9
 _c be def9itely ass]t$ b ! probability 
( ! latt] is /rong4 ,= a full discussion
 ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ b highly controv]sial
 topic ! "w ( special comm5tators mu/ be
 consult$4#ff ,! intr9sic int]e/ ( !    
collection dem&s m ?an a pass+ comm5t4  
,ode ,,vi op5s1      ,z ! h& moves ov] !
 h>p & ! /r+s speak1     ,s speaks 9 my 
memb]s ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 & ,i speak by ,8  
love4#fg  ,ode ,,ix1      ,op5 y\r e>s  

,& ,i w speak to y1     ,give me y\r    
s\ls1         ,t ,i may also give y my  
s\l4#fh  ,ode ,,xxix1      ,! ,"l is my 
hope3     ,9 ,him ,i %all n be conf\nd$ 
,= accord+ to ,8 praise ,he made me1    
,& accord+ to ,8 goodness ev5 s ,he gave
 unto me4#fi  ,ode ,,xxxi1 9 :i* ,jesus 
speaks1      #f4 ,come =?1 ye t h be5   
afflict$             & receive joy      
#g4 ,& possess y\r s\ls by grace2       
& take to y immortal life4     #h4 ,& !y
 condemn$ me :5 ,i rose up1             
me :o _h n be5 condemn$4     #i4 ,& !y  
divid$ my spoil             ?\gh no?+ 0 
due to !m4#gj  ,=ty-two 9 numb]1 ! ,odes
 reveal a true inspiration1 novel &     
significant f ! religi\s & ! lit]>y     
/&po9t4 ,!y pres]ve ! tradition ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t hymns1 yet brea! ! spiritual  
life ( ! new revelation4 ,_! *ief int]e/
 lies 9 ! possibility t !y illu/rate a  
valid ,*ri/ian poetry ( a v e>ly date4  
,if x is true1 z ! editors sugge/1 t !  
,odes emanate f ,antio*1#ga we h fur!r  
evid5ce ( ! _s ( wor%ip 9 t city ) :i*  

e>ly ,*ri/ian liturgical =ms are s      
closely associat$4  ,! tradition (      
,syriac hymnody1 ( :i* ^! illu/rations  
alone may be giv5 f ! e>ly p]iod1 did n 
come to an end z ,*ri/ianity mov$       
we/w>d4 ,x 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh ?irte5       
c5turies & is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ne/orian &   
o!r bran*es ( ! ,syrian ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 
,be=e ! ma9 /ream ( hymnody 9 ! ,greek  
language is trac$1 two s\rces f ! second
 c5tury w s]ve z an introduction4 ,!    
fir/ ( ^! is ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 by
 an unkn[n au?or1 possibly a cate*um5 ( 
! ,paul9e gr\p4#gb ,x conta9s f\r       
selections1 biblical 9 _! phraseology1 !
 fir/ ?ree ( :i* express ! r$emptive    
mission ( ! ,son ( ,god3      ,z a k+   
s5ds 8 son :o is also a k+1 s s5t ,he   
,him1     ,he did n reg>d u ) hatr$ nor 
?ru/ u away1     ,he1 be+ despis$ by !  
p4  ,! f\r? admoni%es ! ,*ri/ian to     
union ) ! m9d ( ,god1      ,let y\r he>t
 be y\r wisdom4#gc  ,! second s\rce is a
 passage f a s]mon on ,! ,s\l & ,body1  
writt5 by ,melito ( ,s>dis1 a bi%op &   

philosoph] :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 #agj4 ,! au?or 
pictures all creation agha/ at !        
crucifixion ( ,jesus1 say+1      ,:at   
new my/]y !n is ?is8     ,! ,judge is   
judg$ & holds 8 peace2     ,! ,invisible
 "o is se5 & is n a%am$2                
4 4 4     ,! ,cele/ial is laid 9 !      
grave1 & endure?6     ,:at new my/]y is 
?is8#gd  ,:e!r admissible z a hymn or n1
 ?is passage bl5ds1 9 a mo/ /rik+ way1  
ori5tal & ,greek elem5ts employ$ 9 !    
expression ( ,*ri/ian belief4  ,au!ntic 
,greek hymnody beg9s ) ,clem5t (        
,alex&ria1 #agj-bbj4 ,he is ! au?or ( a 
"w ( in/ruction = cate*um5s1 !          
,pa$agogus1 to :i* is app5d$ a ,hymn to 
,*ri/ ! ,savior1 ,hymnos t\ sot]os      
,*ri/\1 beg9n+1 ,/omion polon4 ,x is a  
hymn ( praise & ?anksgiv+ on ! "p ( ^?  
newly receiv$ into ! ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ is    
address$ 9 ! famili> ori5tal imag]y ( ! 
guide & %eph]d1 b ! !me is r5d]$ 9 a    
poetic /yle1 :i*1 by ! use ( %ort l9es &
 ! anape/1 height5s ! effect ( ec/atic  
devotion4      ,bridle ( colts untam$1  

,ov] our wills presid+2     ,flight (   
unw&]+ birds1         ,our flight       
securely guid+1-- -- -- --#ge  ,! mod]n 
adaptation ( ,clem5t's hymn1 ,%eph]d (  
,t5d] ,y\?1 by ,h5ry ,m4 ,dext]1 #ahdf1 
:ile pres]v+ 9 a measure ! _s ( ?is     
piece1 9 no way reproduces ! orig9al4 ,!
 ,/omion polon ( ,clem5t is             
repres5tative ( a !me :i* p]vades       
,*ri/ian hymnody 9 all ages1 ! joy &    
en?usiasm ( ! initiate or ! admonition &
 enc\ragem5t address$ to ! ,*ri/ian :o  
/&s ^u ! ?re%old ( a new life4 ,! ,odes 
( ,solomon h be5 int]pret$ 9 ^! t]ms4#gf
 ,aga91 ! !me is pres]v$ 9 ! s-call$    
,amh]/ papyrus1 :i* consi/s ( a hymn (  
tw5ty-five trip>tite l9es1 a cate*ism or
 liturgy = ! newly baptiz$4 ,orig9at+ 9 
! ?ird c5tury1 x appe>s 9 fragm5t>y =m b
 suffici5tly complete to make cle> its  
language & purport1 z illu/rat$ 9 !     
foll[+3#gg      ,t ?\ maye/ receive life
 et]nal         ,?\ ha/ escap$ ! h>d law
 ( ! unju/ 444                     4 4 4
     ,seek to live ) ! sa9ts1 seek to   

receive life1         ,seek to escape ! 
fire4     ,hold ! hope t ?\ ha/ le>nt4  
,! day t         ! ma/] has appo9t$ = !e
 is kn[n to no man4                     
4 4 4     ,tell ! glad tid+s unto *ildr5
 say+3 ! poor         h receiv$ ! k+dom1
 ! *ildr5 are ! inh]itors4#gh  ,! ,amh]/
 papyrus is a "p ( ! new /ore ( k f     
antiquity :i* has be5 op5$ up )9 rec5t  
ye>s by ! discov]y & /udy ( papyri4 ,?is
 bran* ( ar*aeology & palaeography has  
made available new fields ( rese>* 9 !  
/udy ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity hi!rto          
unfamili>4 ,9 #aibj1 among ! ,oxyrhyn*us
 papyri 0 discov]$ a fragm5t ( a        
,*ri/ian hymn4 ,x appe>s on ! back ( a  
/rip :i* records a gra9 acc\nt ( ! fir/ 
half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! hymn has a     
musical sett+1 ! e>lie/ example (       
,*ri/ian *ur* music extant4 ,! fragm5t  
consi/s ( ! conclusion only1 s t ! l5g? 
& subject matt] ( ! hymn z a :ole are   
unkn[n4 ,creation is enjo9$ to praise   
,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 9 ! =m ( a   
doxology4 ,! met] is anape/ic & purely  

quantitative4#gi  ,! ,hymn ( ,!kla1     
,ano!n p>!noi1 appe>s 9 ! ,banquet ( !  
,t5 ,virg9s1 a "w ( ,me?odius1 ,bi%op ( 
,olympus & ,pat>a 9 ,lydia1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 
at ,*alcis 9 #cab4 ,x is a hymn (       
tw5ty-f\r /anzas sung by ,!kla1 ea*     
foll[$ by a refra9 sung by ! *orus1     
,i keep myself pure = ,!e1 ,o           
,bridegroom1 & hold+ a light$       tor*
 ,i g to meet ,!e4#hj  ,once m1 a       
traditional !me 9 ,*ri/ian hymnody is   
set =?1 famili> f biblical z well z     
classical connotations & p]petuat$ ei!r 
9 ! praise ( virg9ity or 9 ! =m ( !     
my/ic union ( ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur*4  ,x is   
cu/om>y 9 pres5t+ ! subject ( ,greek    
hymn writ]s to pass f ,clem5t (         
,alex&ria to ,gregory ( ,nanzianzus &   
,synesius ( ,cyr5e1 poets ( ! f\r?      
c5tury :o m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new era      
beyond ! limits ( ?is /udy4 ,!y are     
m5tion$ "h only z a rem9d] ( ! long     
succession ( great poets :o creat$ &    
ma9ta9$ ,greek hymnody ?r\gh\t ! anci5t 
& m$ieval c5turies4  ,contempor>y ) !   

developm5t ( ,greek hymns1 ! lit]ature (
 ! ,*ur* 0 mov+ t[>d its de/9ation 9    
,lat9 culture4 ,z ,lat9 became a        
liturgical language ! s]vice hymns1     
already cit$1 appe>$ 9 _! ,lat9 =m4     
,p]haps ?is is "o reason :y ! production
 ( orig9al ,lat9 hymns 0 s long po/pon$4
 ,x 0 n until ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury t
 ! hymns ( ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 ! fir/    
,lat9 hymn writ]1 appe>$4 ,8 au!ntic    
hymns are ?ree 9 numb]3      ,o ,?\ :o  
do/ exi/ be=e "t  is a hymn ( sev5ty    
v]ses 9 honor ( ! ,tr9ity1      ,!      
,inc>nate ,^w ha? deceiv$ !e1 7,dea?7   
an ,ea/] hymn1 &      ,9 ! p]son ( !    
,heav5ly ,adam1  a hymn on ! !me ( !    
temptation ( ,jesus4#ha ,hil>y1 l 8     
,greek contempor>ies1 /&s at ! beg9n+ ( 
a new era1 b x 0 ,ambrose1 & n he1 :o   
inaugurat$ ! tradition ( ! m$ieval ,lat9
 hymn4  ,s f> no m5tion has be5 made ( !
 fact t ! e>ly p]iod ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory 0
 *>act]iz$ by p]secution4 ,z a rule     
sporadic & int]mitt5t1 x 0 p]iodically  
sev]e4 ,at all times ,*ri/ians1 if n    

actually p]secut$1 7 objects ( suspicion
 to ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,we owe to !     
(ficial zeal ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 :o 0 a   
proconsul 9 ,bi?ynia 9 #aab1 our fir/   
glimpse ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip f ! po9t (    
view ( ! outsid]4 ,9 a lett] to !       
,emp]or ,trajan on ! subject ( !        
,*ri/ians1 he says t1 z a "p ( _! s]vice
 at sunrise1 !y *ant$ a hymn1           
antiphonally1 to ,*ri/ z a ,god4#hb     
,speculation z to ! id5tity ( ?is hymn  
has nev] ceas$ among /ud5ts4 ,lecl]cq   
summ>izes ! !ories z foll[s3 ,x is a    
morn+ hymn lat] attribut$ to ,hil>y4 ,x 
is ! morn+ hymn ( ! ,greek liturgy4 ,x  
is ! morn+ hymn ( ! ,apo/olic           
,con/itutions4 ,x is ! ,great           
,doxology4#hc ,s9ce !y are all          
unsatisfactory z id5tifications1 we     
rema9 9 ignorance on ?is po9t4 ,a rec5t 
/udy ( ,pl9y's lett] by ,casp] ,j4      
,kraem]1 a classici/1 proposes !        
translation ( ! words c>m5 dic]e1 to    
*ant a psalm4#hd ,?is mo/ int]e/+       
sugge/ion is 9 ?or\gh h>mony ) our k ( !

 cont9uity ( ! use ( ! psalms 9 public  
wor%ip at ?is "t4                       
,,vii4 ,conclusion   ,review+ ! total   
pagan influ5ce1 bo? ,greek & ,lat91 ^u  
,*ri/ian hymnody1 x mu/ be und]/ood t1 9
 comp>ison ) ,semitic pressure 9 its    
wid] implication1 z well z ! /rictly    
,hebraic1 pagan influ5ce 0 relatively   
slight4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c5turies be=e !  
,hebrew psalms 7 p]mitt$ any rivals     
:atev] 9 ! usage ( wor%ip1 except o!r   
biblical citations or su* poems z might 
be produc$ by unque/ion$ *ur*m54 ,ev5 ^!
 7 sp>+ly us$1 = psalmi idiotici1 z !   
novel & orig9al compositions 7 call$1 7 
=bidd5 by ! ,*ur* & a new hymnody 0 ?us 
/ifl$ at its v bir?4 ,9 a p]iod (       
confusion m>k$ by ! rival use ( hymns on
 ! "p ( ! or?odox & non-or?odox1 x 0    
felt t wor%ip mu/ be safegu>d$4 ,only   
aft] ! appe>ance ( ! mod]n v]nacul>     
languages 9 ,europe 9 ! p]iod ( ! n9?   
c5tury1 :5 ! liturgy _h be5 set ap>t 9 !
 ,lat9 tongue1 0 any real fre$om p]mitt$
 9 ! composition ( new hymns4 ,by t "t !

 cl]gy 7 ! poets & ,lat9 _! *os5 m$ium (
 expression4#he  ,by ! "t ( ,ambrose 9 !
 f\r? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,greek & ori5tal   
elem5ts _h long s9ce m]g$ 9 o!r aspects 
( civilization &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1       
,*ri/ian hymns felt ! effect ( a        
univ]sal developm5t4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9     
dep>ture f biblical models & an         
emancipation f ! old poetic =ms 9 favor 
( ! tr5d t[>d acc5t & rhyme4 ,aft] all1 
a new religion _h come into exi/5ce :i* 
dem&$ an au!ntic expression ( a         
spiritual aspiration beyond t ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t models1 j z ,isaac ,watts 9 !  
eighte5? c5tury turn$ f ! tradition (   
psalmody to an orig9al pres5tm5t ( ! new
 revelation 9 ,*ri/4  ,are we to suppose
 t ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,m$it]ranean _w ( !  
fir/ ?ree c5turies1 repres5t+ ! av]age  
inhabitant ( ^! l&s1 _h no hymns except 
^? cit$ above8 ,or o!rs l !m8 ,if !y _h1
 we are unacqua9t$ ) !m4 ,x is fair to  
assume t secul> poetry & music ev5tually
 ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u hymnody4 ,at lea/ 
! beg9n+ ( su* influ5ce 0 app>5t 9 !    

adoption ( popul> met]s by h]etical     
poets1 z well z by ! or?odox4#hf ,lat]1 
,ambrose p]petuat$ aspects ( popul> v]se
 & p]haps music z well4#hg ,b !re is no 
evid5ce at h& to support ! assumption ( 
a popul> hymnody enjoy$ ei!r 9          
connection ) wor%ip or indep5d5tly ( x4 
,! problem ( music is outside ! prov9ce 
( ?is pap] b is involv$ 9 any s]i\s /udy
 ( hymnology at any p]iod ( its         
developm5t4 ,"h ! /ud5t is almo/ totally
 at a loss = manuscript evid5ce be>+    
musical notation f ! primitive p]iod4 ,!
 ,oxyrhyn*us hymn is a solit>y          
example4#hh ,?is does n mean t ! subject
 is altoge!r obscure4 ,_m /atem5ts ab\t 
,*ri/ian practice1 inspir$ by biblical  
prec$5t1 are f\nd 9 patri/ic lit]ature4 
,! traditions bo? ( ,hebrew music & ( ! 
e>ly ,*ur* are well kn[n4 ,x seems cle> 
t melody only 0 employ$ & t x 01 = ! mo/
 "p1 unaccompani$4 ,in/rum5tation 0     
oppos$ & =bidd5 9 public wor%ip ( a     
liturgical nature4#hi  ,no /ud5t c leave
 ! consid]ation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian         

hymnology )\t a s5se ( defeat4 ,! pa/ _c
 be =c$ to yield ! hidd5 k ( :i* x is ! 
cu/odian4 ,s\rces are v scanty1         
especially 9 proportion to o!r lit]>y   
rema9s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4              
,specifically1 !re is no collection (   
hymns 9 exi/5ce :i* might correspond to 
a mod]n hymn>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 isolat$  
examples or gr\ps appe> f place to place
 & f "t to "t 9 v>i$ =ms4 ,b 9 "o       
respect our evid5ce is sure1 if n       
complete4 ,spr++ f ! culture & !        
vicissitudes ( ! age1 ,*ri/ian hymns ( !
 e>ly ,*ur*1 z 9 e o!r /age ( its       
developm5t1 n only express ! spiritual  
aspiration ( ! "t b also respond to !   
*all5ge ( a new day4   #a;,h4           
,le,clercq1 ,hymnes1 ,dictionnaire ,d'  
,ar*eologie ,*reti5ne1 etc4     7,p>is1 
,let\zey1 #aibe71 vol4 #af1 #bhbf-bibh2 
,"p ,i1 ,hymnographie     des trois     
premi]s siecles1 #bhbf-bhei4  #b;,c4 ,s4
 ,phillips1 ,hymnody1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t    
7,london1 ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k41     #aicg74  
#c;,j4 ,kroll1 ,die ,hymn5di*tung des   

frueh5 ,*ri/5tums1 ,die ,antike1     #b 
7#aibf71 #beh-bha4  #d;,j4 ,me>ns1      
,canticles ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*           
7,cambridge1 ,un4 ,press1     #aiad71   
#a2 ,f4 ,cabrol1 ,cantiques1            
,dictionnaire ,d' ,ar*eologie           
,*reti5ne1 etc41 vol4 #b 7#b71 #aigf4   
#e;,all biblical passages quot$ 9 ?is   
pap] are giv5 9 ! ,k+     ,james ,v]sion
 ( ! ,engli% ,bible4  #f,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 
,! ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t     7,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1  
#aiac71 vol4 ,i1 #fbg-fbi4  #g;,j4      
,me>ns1 op4 cit4 7see note #d71 #a4     
#h;,f4 ,cabrol1 op4 cit4 7see note #d71 
#aigf-aigg4  #i;,j4 ,julian1 ,diction>y 
( ,hymnology 7,london1 ,john ,murray1   
#ahib71     ,canons1 #dfa1 #dfc4        
#aj,quotations f ! ,psalms are n includ$
 9 ?is pap]4  #aa;,c4 ,h4 ,toy1         
,quotations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,new     
,york1 ,scribn]s1     #ahhd71 #aii-bjj4 
#ab;,e4 ,f4 ,scott1 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les
 7,new ,york1 ,h>p]1 no date71 #ad4     
#ac;,j4 ,kroll1 op4 cit4 7see note #c71 

#bfd4  #ad,m4 ,dibelius1 ,a ,fre%       
,approa* to ! ,new ,te/am5t & ,e>ly     
,*ri/ian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1        
,scribn]s1 #aicf71 #bdg4  #ae,r4        
,reitz5/e91 ,die ,hell5i/is*5           
,my/]i5religion5 7,leipzig1     ,teubn]1
 #aibg71 #crd edition1 #che4  #af;,g4   
,d4 ,kellogg1 ,! ,anci5t ,art ( ,poetic 
,improvisation1 a pap]     read at !    
meet+ ( ! ,classical ,association ( !   
,atlantic     ,/ates1 ,april #bf1 #aidj2
 ,j4 ,kroll1 op4 cit4 7see note #c71    
#bei4  #ag;,contra ,ha]eses1 ,,iii1     
xvii1 #b2 ,migne 7,,pg71 ,,vii1         
#ibi-icj4 ,= a     rec5t comm5tator1 see
 ,f4 ,j4 ,foakes-,jackson1 ,! ,acts ( ! 
,apo/les 7,london1 ,hodd] & ,/\ghton1   
#aica71 #aj-ac4  #ah,note ! citation1 ,i
 ,tim4 #f3ae-af1 supra1 p4 #g1 9 :i* !  
repetition ( ! relative clause produces 
a /yli/ic effect4  #ai;,ju/9 ,m>tyr1    
,apologia pro ,*ri/ianis1 #fg2 ,migne   
7,,pg71 ,,vi1 #dcj4     ,translation f  
,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs 7,new ,york1        
,scribn]s1 #ahii71     ,i1 #ad4         

#bj;,dida*e1 xiv2 ,translation f        
,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,,vii1 #cha4       
#ba;,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ,,ii1 lvii2
 ,translation f ,ante-,nic5e     ,fa!rs1
 ,,vii1 #dba-dbb4  #bb;,ante-,nic5e     
,fa!rs1 ,,vii1 #cga-cgf2 ,ca?olic       
,encyclop$ia1 ,,iv1     #ggi;f2         
,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 elev5?        
edition1 ,,vii-,,viii1 #bji;f4          
#bc;,dida*e1 ix2 ,translation f         
,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,,vii1 #chj4       
#bd;,hymnody ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #af-ag4    
#be;,f4 ,e4 ,brightman1 ,liturgies1     
,ea/]n & ,we/]n 7,ox=d1 ,cl>5don        
,press1 #ahif71 vol4 ,i1 ,introduction1 
xvii-xxix4  #bf;,f4 ,e4 ,brightman1     
supra1 xxix2 see also ,b4 ,s4 ,ea/on1 ,!
 ,apo/olic     ,tradition ( ,hippolytus 
7,cambridge1 ,un4 ,press1 #aicd71 #ab4  
#bg,l4 ,eis5h(]1 ,h&bu* d] ka?olis*5    
,liturgik1 vol4 ,i1     ,allgeme9e      
,liturgik 7,freiburg im ,b41 ,h]d]1     
#aicb71 #aej-aeb4  #bh;,apo/olic        
,con/itutions1 ,,vii1 #dg4  #bi,supra1  
,,vii1 #dh4  #cj,supra1 ,,vii1 #di4     

#ca,translations f ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 
,,vii1 #ech1 #edd4  #cb,lib] de spiritu 
sancto1 xxix1 #gc2 ,migne 7,,pg71       
,,xxxii1 #bje4 ,see also     ,j4 ,me>ns1
 op4 cit4 7see note #d71 #af4           
#cc,translation by ,rob]t ,bridges1     
,yatt5don ,hymnal 7,london1 ,ox=d ,un4  
,press1 #aibj71 no4 #hh4  #cd,r4 ,m4    
,pope1 ,lat9 ,hymns ( ! ,e>ly ,p]iod1   
,!ology1 #ba 7#aicj71     #aei2 ,ca?olic
 ,encyclop$ia1 ,te deum1 ,,xiv1         
#dfh-dgj2 ,c4 ,w4 ,d\glas1     ,*ur*    
,music 9 ,hi/ory & ,practice 7,new      
,york1 ,scribn]s1 #aicg71     #aeh-afj4 
#ce;,f4 ,cabrol1 op4 cit4 7see note #d71
 especially ,"p ,,ii1 ,les     cantiques
 anci5s1 #aigf-aigg4  #cf;,e4 ,nord51   
,agno/os ,!os 7,leipzig1 ,teubn]1       
#aiac71 #bgf4  #cg,translation f ,book (
 ,common ,pray] 7,prot4 ,epis4 ,*ur*1   
,u4 ,s4     ,a471 #hd4 ,simil> effects 7
 app>5t 9 ,i ,tim4 #f3ae-af1 ,i ,tim4   
#c3af1 ,i ,pet] #b3bb-be1 quot$ above4  
#ch,k4 ,keyssn]1 ,gottesvor/ellung und  
,leb5sauffassung 9 grie*is*5     ,hymnus

 7,/uttg>t1 ,kohlhamm]1 #aicb74 ,9 8    
index ,keyssn] li/s #gb     kn[n au?ors 
( all p]iods1 #cg anonym\s pieces 7"s   
fragm5ts71     & #bb magical =mulae or  
collections4  #ci;,e4 ,h4 ,blak5ey1     
,hymn ( ,clean!s 7,london1 ,s4 ,p4 ,c4  
,k41 #aiba71 #h4  #dj;,e4 ,d4 ,p]ry1    
,preface to ,a4 ,ko]te1 ,hell5i/ic      
,poetry1 translat$ by     ,j4 ,hamm] &  
,m4 ,hadas 7,new ,york1 ,col4 ,un4      
,press1 #aibi71 vii4  #da,s4 ,angus1    
,religi\s ,que/s ( ! ,graeco-,roman ,_w 
7,new ,york1     ,scribn]s1 #aibi71 #gf4
  #db,supra1 #gg1 #hf1 #hg4             
#dc,metamorphoses1 xi1 #be4 ,translation
 f ,s4 ,angus1 ,my/]y     ,religions &  
,*ri/ianity 7,new ,york1 ,scribn]s1     
#aibe71 #bdj-bda4 ,=     ! hymn f ,cyme 
see ,p4 ,r\ssel1 ,un n\vel ,hymne a     
,isis1 ,revue     des ,etudes grecques1 
#db 7#aibi71 #ach4  #dd;,cit$ by        
,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um 
religionum1 #bj2     ,migne 7,,pl71     
,,xii1 #ajbe2 ,f4 ,cumont1 ,textes et   
,monum5ts ,figures     relatifs aux     

,my/]es de ,mi?ra 7,bruxelles1 ,lam]t91 
#ahii71 vol4 ,i1     #cac4  #de;,contra 
,fau/um1 xv1 #e2 ,migne 7,,pl71 xlii1   
#cjg4  #df;,cumont1 op4 cit4 7see note  
#dd71 #cjb4  #dg;,a4 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e     
,mi?rasliturgie 7,leipzig1 ,teubn]1     
#aibc71 #ad2     ,translation f ,s4     
,angus1 op4 cit4 7see note #dc71 #bda4  
#dh,philosophum5a1 ,v1 iv2 ,die         
grie*is*5 *ri/li*5     ,s*rift/ell] d]  
er/5 drei ,jahrhund]te1 ,hippolytus1    
vol4 iii1     edit$ by ,paul ,w5dl&     
7,leipzig1 ,h9ri*1 #aiaf71 #ii-ajj4     
,translation     f ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 
,v1 #ef-eg4  #di,t4 ,taylor1 ,! ,my/ical
 ,hymns ( ,orpheus 7,london1 ,dobell &  
,reeves      ,turn]1 #ahif71 #fc4       
#ej;,j4 ,geffek51 ,d] ,ausgang des      
grie*is*-roemis*5 ,heid5tums            
7,heidelb]g1 ,w9t]1 #aibi71 #ah2 ,m4    
,hauck1 ,die hymnorum ,orphicorum       
aetate 7,diss]tation1 ,breslau1 #aiaa72 
,o4 ,k]n1 ,die ,h]kunft des             
,orphis*5 ,hymn5bu* 9 ,c>l ,rob]t zum   
#h4 ,ma]z #aiaj ,g5e?liakon     7,b]l91 

,weidmann1 #aiaj74  #ea,r4 ,reitz5/e91  
,poim&res 7,leipzig1 ,teubn]1 #aijd71   
#ei1 #cdg;f4  #eb,translations f ,s4    
,angus1 ,my/]y ,religions & ,*ri/ianity1
     #bda-bdb4  #ec,phillips1 ,hymnody  
,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #ac4  #ed,ut queant     
laxis reson>e fibris 7,paulus ,diaconus1
 d4 #gii72     ,h]zlieb/] ,jesu1 0 ha/  
du v]bro*5 7,johann ,he]man1 #afcj72    
,:]e is ! ,fri5d = :om ,i'm ev] ye>n+   
7,johann ,wall91     #aggi-ahci74       
#ee;,acts ( ,?omas1 ,,ix1 #ajh4         
,translation f ,m4 ,r4 ,james1 ,!       
,apocryphal ,new ,te/am5t 7,ox=d1       
,cl>5don ,press1 #aibd71 #daa4 ,see     
also ,b4 ,pick1 ,! ,apocryphal ,acts    
7,*icago1 ,op5 ,c\rt ,pub4 ,co41        
#aiji71 #cab4  #ef;,accord+ to ,pick op4
 cit4 7see note #ee71 #cab1 x is a      
,gno/ic     developm5t ( ,phil4 #b3e-aa4
  #eg,o4 ,b>d5hew]1 ,patrology1         
translat$ f ! #bnd edition by ,t4 ,j4   
,%ahan 7,freiburg im ,b41 ,h]d]1 #aijh71
 #ajg4  #eh;,j4 ,kroll1 op4 cit4 7see   
note #c71 #bgj4  #ei;,acts ( ,?omas1 ,i1

 #f4 ,translation f ,m4 ,r4 ,james1 op4 
cit4 7see     note #ee71 #cfg4          
#fj;,acts ( ,john1 #id1 #ie4            
,translation f ,m4 ,r4 ,james1 op4 cit4 
7see     note #ee71 #bbh1 #bec4         
#fa;,augu/9e1 ,epi/ula ccxxxvii2 ,migne 
7,,pl71 xxxiii1 #ajcd4 ,see also        
,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 7see note #a71 #bhda4
  #fb,philosophum5a1 v1 #e2 ,text1 op4  
cit4 7see note #dh71 #ajb4              
,translation f ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,v1 
#eh4  #fc,philosophum5a1 vi1 #cb2 ,text1
 op4 cit4 7see note #dh71 #afg4         
,translation f ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,v1 
#ia4  #fd;,e4 ,nord51 op4 cit4 7see note
 #cf71 #fi4  #fe;,h4 ,burgess1 ,select  
,metrical ,hymns & ,homilies ( ,ephraem 
,syrus     7,london1 ,blackad]1 #ahec71 
#gg-hc4  #ff;,j4 ,r4 ,h>ris  ,a4 ,m+ana1
 ,! ,odes & ,psalms ( ,solomon1 vol4 ,i1
     ,text2 ,,ii1 ,translation          
7,man*e/]1 ,un4 ,press1 #aiaf-aibj71    
,,ii1 #fi1     #ahg-ahi1 #aig2 ,j4 ,r4  
,h>ris1 ,odes & ,psalms ( ,solomon      
7,cambridge1     ,un4 ,press1 #aiji71   

#a-ae2 ,m4 ,dibelius1 op4 cit4 7see note
 #ad71     #bdh-bea2 ,j4 ,kroll1 op4    
cit4 7see note #c71 #bfe-bfh4           
#fg;,h>ris  ,m+ana1 ,odes & ,psalms (   
,solomon1 ,,ii1 #bcb4  #fh,supra1 #bei4 
#fi,supra1 #cfb4  #gj,supra1 #cfi4      
#ga,supra1 #fi4  #gb;,ante-,nic5e       
,fa!rs1 ,i1 #bc4  #gc;,*apt]s vii1 ix1  
x1 xii4 ,translation f ,ante-,nic5e     
,fa!rs1 ,i1     #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj4     
#gd,translation f ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1  
,,viii1 #gef4  #ge,poetical translation 
f ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y         
7,ed9burgh1     ,cl>k1 #ahfg71 ,,iv1    
#cdc1 by ,william ,wilson4 ,a famili>   
poetical     translation is f\nd 9 ,b4  
,pick1 ,hymns & ,poetry ( ! ,ea/]n      
,*ur* 7,new ,york1 ,eaton  ,ma9s1       
#aijh71 #ba4  #gf;,h>ris  ,m+ana1 op4   
cit4 7see note #ff71 #ahg4  #gg;,b4 ,f4 
,gr5fell  ,a4 ,s4 ,hunt1 ,amh]/ ,papyri 
7,london1 ,fr[de1     #aijj-aija71 #bc2 
,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 7see note #a71       
#bhec;f4  #gh,translation f ,p4 ,d4     
,scott-,moncrieff1 ,paganism &          

,*ri/ianity     7,cambridge1 ,un4       
,press1 #aiac71 #hc-hd4  #gi;,b4 ,f4    
,gr5fell  ,a4 ,s4 ,hunt1 ,oxyrhyn*us    
,papyri1 ,pt4 ,,xv 7,london1     ,ox=d  
,un4 ,press1 #aibb71 no4 #aghf1 #ba-bb2 
also ,preface4  #hj,symposion ton deka  
p>!non1 xi1 #b2 ,migne 7,,pg71 ,,xviii1 
#bjg-bad2     ,translation f            
,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,,vi1 #cea4  #ha,w4
 ,n4 ,my]s1 ,! ,hymns ( ,sa9t ,hil>y (  
,poiti]s 9 ! ,codex     ,aret9us        
7,philadelphia1 ,un4 ( ,p5n41 #aibh71   
#ab1 #bi1 #ec1 #fg4 ,= a     discussion 
( o!r hymns attribut$ to ,hil>y see     
supra1 p4 #ad &     ,a4 ,s4 ,walpole1   
,e>ly ,lat9 ,hymns 7,cambridge1 ,un4    
,press1 #aibb71 #a-d4  #hb;,epi/ulae1 x1
 #if4  #hc,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 7see note  
l71 #bhcg-bhch4  #hd;,c4 ,j4 ,kraem]1   
,pl9y & ! ,e>ly ,*ur* ,wor%ip1          
,classical     ,philology #bi 7#aicd71  
#bic-cjj4  #he;,h4 ,f4 ,mull]1          
,pre-,hi/ory ( ! ,m$iaeval ,drama1      
,zeits*rift f4     romanis*e ,philologie
 #dd 7#aibd71 #edd-ege4  #hf;,j4 ,kroll1

 op4 cit4 7see note #c71 #bgc-bgd4      
#hg;,e4 ,nord51 ,die ,lit]atur1 9 ,vom  
,alt]tum zur ,geg5w>t 7,leipzig1        
,teubn]1 #aiba71 #da-di4  #hh;,gr5fell  
,hunt1 op4 cit4 7see note #gi71 #bb4    
,!re are #h     recognizable notes 9 !  
,diatonic ,hypolydian key ( ,alypius4 ,!
     mode is ,hypophrygian or ,ia/ian4  
#hi;,j4 ,qua/51 ,musik und ,gesang 9 d5 
,kult5 d] heidnis*5 ,antike     und     
*ri/li*5 ,fruehzeit 7,mu5/] im ,w41     
,as*5dorff1 #aicj71 *4     iv4          
,transcrib]'s ,notes   --,9 ! text      
v]sion1 italiciz$ words are delimit$ by 
und]score   *>act]s4  --,9 ! text       
v]sions1 ,greek words are delimit$ by   
curly brackets1   & translit]at$ accord+
 to ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s conv5tions4  
,note t circumflexes 7:i* m>k long      
v[els7 appe> 9 ,lat9-#a b   are lo/ 9   
,,ascii translation4