,wild ,birds in ,city ,parks ,being hints on identifying #ade birds1 prepared primarily for the spring migration in ,lincoln ,park1 ,chicago ,,by ,herbert ,eugene ,walter ,,and ,alice ,hall ,walter ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,edition ,,with ,,chart ,,and ,,key ,chicago ,a4 ,w4 ,mumford ,company1 ,publishers #cgh ,wabash ,avenue #aijf ,copyright #aija1 #aijb and #aijd by ,alice ,hall ,walter ,note to ,third ,edition4 ,with the continued success of this little booklet the authors have been led to revise and enlarge the present issue in the hope that it will prove more helpful and complete to those beginning the outdoor study of birds4 ,the new features of this edition are the addition of forty-five birds--the majority of which are shore and water birds--and a simple field key4 ,the number of each bird as given in the check-list of the ,american ,ornithologist's ,union has also been inserted after its scientific name as an aid in referring to larger bird-books4 ,the subject matter has been carefully rewritten and the order of the birds rearranged in accordance with data covering observations during the last seven years1 as well as the charts which show the relative abundance of the birds and the height of the migration in ,lincoln ,park4 ,we wish to thank our friends for their kind support in furthering our efforts to enlarge the circle of admirers which the wild birds so richly deserve4 ,all nature is so full that that district produces the greatest variety which is most examined4 --,gilbert ,white1 #agfh4 ,preface4 ,the object of this little book is to furnish those who may be interested in making the acquaintance of wild birds with a simple letter of introduction to #ade birds1 the majority of which are commonly seen during the spring migration4 ,complete descriptions have been avoided1 in the belief that the student should rely upon his own observation for the discovery of minor details4 ,the living bird is the one important fact which will make the brief hints offered of value4 ,anyone caring to make use of these hints may be assured that during the migrations of the birds city dwellers have one of the keenest delights of country life brought to their very doors1 because many birds1 migrating largely at night1 are attracted by the lights of the city and stop off in their long journey to feed1 so that a city park often contains a greater variety of feathered visitors than an equal area in the country4 ,we wish to remind those of our friends who have asked for pictures in a future edition that this book actually is copiously illustrated by hundreds of living birds every springtime in our parks and around our homes1 illustrations that are all life size1 absolutely accurate in detail and colored true to nature4 ,as for the birds 99 99 99 they add immeasurably to the wholesome beauty of life4 --,theodore ,roosevelt1 in ,bird ,lore1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ih4 ,general ,hints4 ,a good observer is quick to take a hint and follow it up4--,john ,burroughs4 ,the identification of birds depends quite as much upon accurate observation of their size1 motions1 flight1 characteristic attitudes1 manner of feeding1 company1 song1 call-notes and haunts1 as upon details of form and color4 ,especial care is necessary to insure correct estimates of size for the reason that living birds often appear smaller to the unpracticed eye than they actually are4 ,the familiar ,english ,sparrow is a convenient standard of size because it is usually at hand in our city parks for instant reference4 ,remembering that it is #f inches long a practical though rough division of wild birds may be made as follows3-- #a4 ,birds smaller than the ,english ,sparrow4 #b4 ,birds about the size of the ,english ,sparrow4 #c4 ,birds decidedly larger than the ,english ,sparrow4 ,if a few general characteristics of the principal bird-families be kept in mind1 and these are quickly and almost unconsciously learned1 the identity of a strange bird may usually be narrowed down to a few possibilities4 ,for example3 99,woodpeckers climb up and down the trunks of trees bracing with their tails and tapping the bark vigorously2 99,nuthatches are smaller than woodpeckers and have much the same habit of climbing up and down tree-trunks but with a freer wig-wagging motion1 often descending head downward2 99,flycatchers sit erect with drooping tails1 watching alertly for insect prey upon which they pounce in mid-air1 afterwards returning to their perch2 99,swallows skim through the air in graceful and long sustained flights2 99,sparrows have stout seed-cracking bills1 feed upon the ground1 seldom fly high or far at a time and are for the most part fine songsters2 99,warblers are tiny1 tireless1 gaily-colored explorers of the twigs of trees and bushes2 99,kinglets are smaller than warblers and quite as restless in their motions1 but arrive earlier in the migration2 99,wrens1 with tails erect1 slip mouse-like about brush heaps1 crevices and bushes1 though often perching in sight while singing2 99,thrushes1 who with the exception of the ,robin and ,bluebird are very plainly dressed1 run about on the ground stopping suddenly in a listening attitude4 ,when singing they fly up to some perch1 although many of the unrivaled singers of this family are silent during their brief sojourn in city parks2 99,vireos are most at home on the boughs of trees and sing freely as they glide in and out among the leaves to feed4 ,female birds can usually be identified after the adult males have been seen1 although the females and young of many species are obscurely marked or quite different from the adult males1 a fact especially true of the warblers4 ,immature birds are not considered in the present scheme of study since they are a source of confusion to the beginner and occur in any considerable number only during the fall migration4 ,the time of arrival1 that is1 when a bird may be expected during the migration1 is a point worthy of particular attention4 ,many wild guesses may be avoided by simply noticing the dates when a bird has been known to arrive in any given locality from year to year4 ,as a rule birds are identified by the method of elimination4 ,suppose1 for example1 a small bird of lively motions is seen feeding among the twigs of a tree late in ,march4 ,it is1 of course1 neither a warbler nor a vireo for these birds1 although active and frequenting trees1 arrive much later in the spring4 ,provided it does not brace its tail and climb up and around the trunk of the tree it is not likely to be a woodpecker1 because the motions of woodpeckers are too characteristic to be mistaken4 ,in similar manner1 although sparrows and juncos may have arrived1 it is probably neither of these since it does not feed upon the ground1 while its size precludes the possibility of its being any bird larger than the ,english ,sparrow4 ,there are only a few birds therefore1 which it might be and close observation together with the aid of a few leading hints1 will usually settle the question4 ,in any case watch the bird for it is better to look at the bird than at a printed description of it4 ,the safest way1 however1 is to make careful notes about a stranger on the spot4 ,memory is never more treacherous than in the case of the description of a doubtful bird when one appeals to some book of reference1 a museum collection or the judgment of others4 ,it is not advisable to attempt extensive field-notes at first but it is essential to keep a daily1 dated list of all identified birds4 ,a blank chart for this purpose is inserted in the back part of the book4 ,never chase birds4 ,have patience1 stand still a great deal and use your common sense all the time4 ,do not make yourself believe that you see a certain bird because it has been reported by others4 ,do your own looking and listening and do it well4 ,if you cannot go birding alone take along as few friends as possible because birds are suspicious of human beings in flocks1 especially when they talk much4 ,a pair of field or opera-glasses is an invaluable aid1 although practice is necessary in learning to adjust them rapidly and to fix them instantly upon the bird4 ,do not feel obliged to use the glasses when you are near enough to see well without them4 ,keep the sun at your back1 otherwise colors will deceive you4 ,remember that birds do not stay indoors on account of rain1 clouds or unfavorable weather4 ,warm spring rains literally fill the parks with feathered travelers who often tarry but a day4 ,particular ,hints4 ,note3--,the following one hundred and fourteen birds are arranged in the order of their average first appearance in ,lincoln ,park1 based upon observations made during the last seven years4 ,for the convenience of those desiring access to reliable sources of information1 the scientific name of each bird is placed in parenthesis below its common name1 followed by its number in the official list of the ,american ,ornithologist's ,union4 ,following the hints given about each bird are the names 7in 99black faced type7 of any bird or birds for which it might easily be mistaken4 #a4 ,,blue ,,jay4 #aa-a_/b in4 7,cyanocitta cristata4 #dgg47 ,black collar2 crested2 wings and tail deep blue1 white-tipped and black-barred2 bold2 harsh1 noisy call-note2 stays the year around in ,lincoln ,park4 99,loggerhead ,shrike4 99,kingfisher4 99,bluebird4 #b4 ,,loggerhead ,,shrike4 #i in4 7,lanius ludovicianus4 #fbb47 ,slaty-gray2 commonly white beneath1 not marked with dark transverse lines2 wings and tail black1 marked with white2 hooked bill2 bar through the eye and over forehead1 black2 imitates notes of other birds4 99,blue ,jay4 #c4 ,,robin4 #aj in4 7,merula migratoria4 #gfa47 ,dark slate color2 black head2 yellow bill2 throat white streaked with black2 underparts bright chestnut red2 sings cheer-i-ly1 cheer-i-ly1 cheer-up2 nests in ,lincoln ,park4 99,towhee4 #d4 ,,junco4 #f-a_/d in4 7,junco hiemalis4 #efg47 ,slate color2 blackish bib 7female brownish7 over a white belly2 ivory bill1 two white tail-feathers2 feeds in flocks on ground1 often in company with other birds2 sucks its teeth for a call-note2 song1 a melodious trill4 #e4 ,,meadowlark4 #aj-a_/b in4 7,sturnella magna4 #eja47 ,streaked2 black crescent on a bright yellow breast2 outer tail-feathers white2 flies straight1 hovering as it reaches the ground2 noteworthy song4 99,flicker4 99,dickcissel4 #f4 ,,crow4 #ai in4 7,corvus americanus4 #dhh47 ,entirely black1 including bill and feet2 often seen in flocks2 wings appear frayed and ragged in flight2 note1 a lusty caw4 99,bronzed ,grackle4 #g4 ,,bluebird4 #f-a_/b in4 7,sialia sialis4 #gff47 ,sky-blue2 brownish-red below2 usually in pairs2 sometimes nests in ,lincoln ,park2 call1 pu-ri-ty1 pu-ri-ty2 often heard before seen4 99,blue ,jay4 #h4 ,,savanna ,,sparrow4 #e-a_/d in4 7,passerculus sandwichensis savanna4 #edb;a47 ,much streaked above and below2 line over eye and edge of wing1 yellowish2 cheek sometimes suffused with yellow tinge2 tail short1 feathers pointed2 movements stealthy2 song1 a weak trill4 99,henslow ,sparrow4 #i4 ,,bronzed ,,grackle4 #ac in4 7,quiscalus quiscula aeneus4 #eaa;b47 ,iridescent black2 body distinctly bronzy2 often carries its tail rudderwise in flight2 pompous walk2 rusty1 grating call2 nests in ,lincoln ,park4 99,crow4 #aj4 ,,song ,,sparrow4 #f-a_/b in4 7,melospiza cinerea melodia4 #eha47 ,reddish-brown1 showing black streaks2 ashy line over eye2 whitish below with dark-brown streaks which form a spot in the middle of the breast2 noteworthy song4 99,swamp ,sparrow4 99,lincoln ,sparrow4 #aa4 ,,cowbird4 #h in4 7,molothrus ater4 #die47 ,male black with glossy brown head and neck2 sparrow-like bill2 female brownish2 fly in large flocks1 uttering a greasy1 squeaking note4 99,bronzed ,grackle4 99,rusty ,blackbird4 #ab4 ,,tree ,,sparrow4 #f-a_/d in4 7,spizella monticola4 #eei47 ,streaked2 shows much grayish2 two showy white wing-bars2 chestnut-brown cap2 breast whitish1 shading to a dark spot in the middle2 in flocks1 often with ,juncos2 returns north early in the season2 noteworthy song4 99,chipping ,sparrow4 99,field ,sparrow4 #ac4 ,,fox ,,sparrow4 #g-a_/b in4 7,passarella iliaca4 #ehe47 ,fox-red back and tail2 ashy about neck and head2 white breast thickly streaked with dark spots2 scratches like a hen2 alert2 noteworthy song4 99,brown ,thrasher4 99,hermit ,thrush4 #ad4 ,,phoebe4 #g in4 7,sayornis phoebe4 #def47 ,dull olive-brown2 darker on head and tail2 whitish below2 bill and feet black2 tail drooping but jerking constantly2 note1 phoe'be4 99,wood ,pewee4 99,least ,flycatcher4 #ae4 ,,towhee4 #h-c_/d in4 7,pipilo erythrophthalmus4 #ehg47 ,black above and black bib 7female rich brown72 reddish-brown sides2 white underneath2 outer tail-feathers white2 scratches about under bushes2 brilliant notes1 tow-hee' and che-wink'4 99,robin4 #af4 ,,downy ,,woodpecker4 #f-a_/d in4 7,dryobates pubescens medianus4 #cid;c47 ,bill small2 closely resembles the ,hairy ,woodpecker but is scarcely larger than the ,english ,sparrow and has the outer tail-feathers barred with black4 99,hairy ,woodpecker4 99,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker4 #ag4 ,,golden-,,crowned ,,kinglet4 #d in4 7,regulus satrapa4 #gdh47 ,olivaceous2 two whitish wing-bars2 orange-yellow stripe edged with black on crown2 restless and fearless2 often seen feeding in evergreens2 note1 rapid tzee1 tzee1 tzee4 99,ruby-,crowned ,kinglet4 #ah4 ,,flicker4 #ab-a_/b in4 7,colaptes auratus luteus4 #dab;a47 ,brown1 barred with black2 head grayish2 back of neck marked with bright red2 black crescent on cinnamon-brown spotted breast2 in flight shows white rump and yellow lining of wings and tail2 feeds much on ground1 unlike other woodpeckers2 call-note1 flee'-ker4 99,meadowlark4 #ai4 ,,brown ,,creeper4 #e-a_/b in4 7,certhia familiaris americana4 #gbf47 ,brown finely streaked with white2 silky white below2 long curved bill2 flies to the base of tree-trunks and works up in spirals bracing with its long pointed tail-feathers2 calls softly1 screep1 screep4 99,nuthatches4 #bj4 ,,chickadee4 #e-a_/d in4 7,parus atricapillus4 #gce47 ,ashy-gray2 black throat and cap2 white cheeks2 frowsy2 lively2 often swings head downward from the tips of twigs2 song1 chick-a-dee-dee2 call-note musical1 pewee1 sometimes confused with note of ,phoebe4 #ba4 ,,white-,,breasted ,,nuthatch4 #e-c_/d in4 7,sitta carolinensis4 #gbg47 ,ashy-blue2 cap and back of the neck1 black2 white below2 constantly exploring the bark of trees but does not brace1 woodpecker fashion1 with its tail-feathers2 note1 nasal yank1 yank1 yank4 99,red-breasted ,nuthatch4 99,brown ,creeper4 #bb4 ,,belted ,,kingfisher4 #ad in4 7,ceryle alcyon4 #cij47 ,blue-gray2 white collar2 big1 crested head2 sits erect watching for fish and flies near the surface of the water1 uttering a rattling call2 summers in ,lincoln ,park4 #bc4 ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,sapsucker4 #h-a_/d in4 7,sphyrapicus varius4 #djb47 ,mixed black and white2 yellowish-white underneath2 streaked on sides2 white bar lengthwise the wing2 scarlet patch1 bordered with black on crown and throat 7female with throat white72 harsh1 squealing note4 99,downy ,woodpecker4 99,hairy ,woodpecker4 #bd4 ,,rusty ,,blackbird4 #i-a_/b in4 7,scolecophagus carolinus4 #eji47 ,black1 uniformly iridescent and more or less rusty2 tail almost even2 female smaller and rustier with pale line over eye4 99,bronzed ,grackle4 99,red-winged ,blackbird4 #be4 ,,field ,,sparrow4 #e-c_/d in4 7,spizella pusilla4 #efc47 ,streaked2 crown and bill reddish-brown2 neck ashy2 brownish-white unspotted breast2 two indistinct white wing bars2 song1 fe-u1 fe-u1 fu1 fee1 fee1 fee1 beginning slowly and ending almost in a trill4 99,chipping ,sparrow4 99,tree ,sparrow4 #bf4 ,,hermit ,,thrush4 #g-a_/d in4 7,hylocichla guttata pallasii4 #gei;b47 ,olive-brown2 tail reddish-brown2 below dull white tinged with buff and thickly spotted across the breast2 shy1 hiding in bushes2 famous for its song but silent during migration4 99,other ,thrushes4 #bg4 ,,red-,,winged ,,blackbird4 #i-a_/d in4 7,agelaius phoeniceus4 #dih47 ,black2 scarlet shoulder-straps edged with yellow2 female much streaked1 marked with rusty2 likes marshy places2 note1 quonk-a-ree'4 99,cowbird4 99,rusty ,blackbird4 #bh4 ,,ruby-,,crowned ,,kinglet4 #d-a_/d in4 7,regulus calendula4 #gdi47 ,dark greenish-olive2 light underneath2 ring about eye and wing-bars white2 male shows at will a brilliant ruby crown-patch2 remarkable song4 99,golden-crowned ,kinglet4 99,warblers4 #bi4 ,,hairy ,,woodpecker4 #i in4 7,dryobates villosus4 #cic47 ,white band down the middle of black back2 wings black spotted with white2 beneath white2 outer tail-feathers white not barred2 red band on neck of male2 large bill2 note1 sharp resonant plick4 99,downy ,woodpecker4 99,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker4 #cj4 ,,tree ,,swallow4 #f-a_/d in4 7,iridoprocne bicolor4 #fad47 ,metallic blue-green2 shining white below2 tail appears nearly square at end in flight2 often seen skimming near the surface of still water4 99,barn ,swallow4 99,purple ,martin4 #ca4 ,,cardinal4 #h-a_/b in4 7,cardinalis cardinalis4 #eic47 ,bright red1 including large blunt bill2 crested2 black markings on face and throat2 female olive-gray1 tinged lightly with red and obscurely marked2 fine songster4 99,tanagers4 #cb4 ,,white-,,throated ,,sparrow4 #g in4 7,zonotrichia albicollis4 #eeh47 ,white throat2 unmarked ashy breast2 whitish on belly2 crown striped with black and white2 broad white stripe over the eye shading to yellow in front2 in flocks about shrubbery2 clear1 sweet whistle1 pee-bod-dee-dee-dee4 99,white-crowned ,sparrow4 #cc4 ,,marsh ,,hawk4 #bb in4 7,circus hudsonius4 #cca47 ,bluish gray1 showing light streaks2 gray below1 belly white marked with brown2 tail barred2 white rump patch2 female brown1 barred and streaked more heavily2 note shrill4 #cd4 ,,chipping ,,sparrow4 #e-c_/d in4 7,spizella socialis4 #efj47 ,streaked2 plain ashy breast2 two faint white wing-bars2 chestnut-brown cap2 whitish line over eye2 song1 a strong clear trill4 99,field ,sparrow4 99,tree ,sparrow4 #ce4 ,,mourning ,,dove4 #ab in4 7,zenaidura macroura4 #caf47 ,gray-blue1 tinged with brownish2 tail broadly tipped with white1 tapering to a narrow point2 sides of neck iridescent2 marked with black on wings and sides of head2 rapid whistling flight2 note1 coo-oo4 99,pigeon4 99,cuckoos4 #cf4 ,,winter ,,wren4 #d-a_/d in4 7,olbiorchiles hiemalis4 #gbb47 ,dark tawny-brown1 barred on wings and tail2 lighter below1 barred posteriorly2 pale line over eye2 stub tail1 carried erect2 very fine song4 99,other ,wrens4 #cg4 ,,vesper ,,sparrow4 #f-a_/d in4 7,poaecetes gramineus4 #edj47 ,streaked above and below2 underparts whitish1 tinged with buff across breast and on sides2 shows two conspicuous white tail feathers in flight2 noteworthy song4 99,female ,purple ,finch4 #ch4 ,,myrtle ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,dendroica coronata4 #fee47 ,blue-gray1 streaked2 crown1 rump and spot on each side of breast1 yellow2 white below1 marked on breast and sides with black2 usually in small flocks4 99,magnolia ,warbler4 #ci4 ,,swamp ,,sparrow4 #e-c_/d in4 7,melospiza georgiana4 #ehd47 ,very darkly colored and heavily streaked2 chestnut cap1 sometimes indistinctly streaked2 black forehead2 plain ashy breast2 shy2 frequents bushes along the water's edge4 99,song ,sparrow4 99,lincoln ,sparrow4 #dj4 ,,purple ,,finch4 #f-a_/d in4 7,carpodacus purpureus4 #eag47 ,not purple1 but faded crimson-red1 somewhat streaky2 belly whitish2 large1 heavy bill2 female mottled olive-brown1 resembling sparrows2 noteworthy song4 #da4 ,,cedar ,,waxwing4 #g in4 7,ampelis cedrorum4 #fai47 ,smooth snuff-brown2 crested2 chin and line from bill to crest1 black2 end of tail banded with yellow2 in flocks2 monotonous lisping note4 #db4 ,,wilson ,,thrush4 #g-a_/d in4 7,hylocichla fuscescens4 #gef47 ,uniform tawny brown2 no ring about the eye2 below white1 faintly tinged and lightly spotted2 shy1 about bushes2 sometimes sings in ,lincoln ,park4 99,other ,thrushes4 #dc4 ,,american ,,sparrow ,,hawk4 #aj-a_/b in4 7,falco sparverius4 #cfj47 ,reddish-brown1 usually barred or spotted with black2 head bluish1 marked on sides with black2 tail white-tipped with one broad black bar2 below white1 more or less spotted2 narrow pointed wings2 female1 much more barred1 darker and streaked below4 ,the smallest hawk4 #dd4 ,,barn ,,swallow4 #g in4 7,hirundo erythrogastra4 #fac47 ,blue-back2 chestnut shading to white below2 deeply forked tail4 99,tree ,swallow4 #de4 ,,brown ,,thrasher4 #aa-a_/d in4 7,toxostoma rufum4 #gje47 ,bright rusty red2 white below1 much streaked2 long bill and long1 sweeping tail2 song1 loud1 bold and varied2 about bushes4 99,fox ,sparrow4 #df4 ,,house ,,wren4 #e in4 7,troglodytes aedon4 #gba47 ,brown1 barred with darker2 below grayish1 tinged with brown1 also barred2 rusty-colored tail1 two inches long2 remarkable song4 99,other ,wrens4 #dg4 ,,blue-,,gray ,,gnatcatcher4 #e in4 7,polioptila caerulea4 #gea47 ,blue-gray2 white beneath2 long tail edged with white2 male has a black line over eye2 fidgety1 never long in a place2 wheezy song4 99,black-throated ,blue ,warbler4 99,cerulean ,warbler4 #dh4 ,,white-,,crowned ,,sparrow4 #g in4 7,zonotrichia leucophrys4 #eed47 ,ashy-gray2 rump1 tail and wings1 brown1 streaked with black2 crown conspicuously striped with black and white2 no yellow2 two white wing-bars2 in flocks1 often with ,white-throated ,sparrows2 scratches with both feet2 notice the song4 99,white-throated ,sparrow4 #di4 ,,palm ,,warbler4 #e in4 7,dendroica palmarum4 #fgb47 ,streaky olive-gray2 chestnut cap2 yellow line over eye2 beneath yellowish 7brightest on throat and under tail7 streaked with brown2 feeds on ground in flocks2 constantly tilts its tail up and down4 99,water-,thrushes4 #ej4 ,,henslow ,,sparrow4 #e in4 7,coterniculus henslowii4 #edg47 ,back conspicuously marked and streaked1 showing much chestnut2 head and neck a peculiar greenish tinge1 finely lined with black2 below tinged with buff and finely streaked2 dark stripes and spots on sides of head2 sharp tail2 hides in the grass and can be carefully observed only with patience4 #ea4 ,,grinnell ,,water-,,thrush4 #e-c_/d in4 7,seiurus noveboracensis notabilis4 #fge;a47 ,very dark olive-brown2 below yellowish white1 thickly streaked2 pale stripe over the eye2 skulks along the very edge of the water2 tilts its tail2 brilliant song4 99,louisiana ,water-,thrush4 99,ovenbird4 99,palm ,warbler4 #eb4 ,,catbird4 #h-c_/d in4 7,galeoscoptes carolinensis4 #gjd47 ,slate-gray2 bill1 crown and tail1 black2 chestnut patch under tail2 about shrubbery2 willing to be looked at2 calls like a cat2 song1 greatly varied4 #ec4 ,,pine ,,warbler4 #e-c_/d in4 7,dendroica vigorsii4 #fga47 ,olive-green2 yellow breast2 sides of head suffused with yellowish--sometimes forming a yellow line over eye2 two dull white wing-bars2 song1 a loud1 penetrating trill4 99,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher4 99,female ,western ,yellow-throat4 99,female ,wilson ,black-cap4 #ed4 ,,red-,,breasted ,,nuthatch4 #d-c_/d in4 7,sitta canadensis4 #gbh47 ,bluish-gray2 crown and stripe through eye1 black1 with a white line over the eye2 below rusty-red1 throat white2 climbs up and down and around trees2 note1 cark1 cark1 cark4 99,white-breasted ,nuthatch4 #ee4 ,,black ,,and ,,white ,,creeper4 #e-a_/d in4 7,mniotilta varia4 #fcf47 ,black and white1 striped2 white belly2 female shows more white below2 creeps up and down trees like the ,nuthatches2 song rapid and rasping1 he'-ho1 he'-ho1 he'-ho4 99,black-poll ,warbler4 #ef4 ,,black-,,throated ,,green ,,warbler4 #e-a_/d in4 7,dendroica virens4 #ffg47 ,olive-green2 bright yellow cheeks2 throat and upper part of breast1 black2 white wing-bars2 song1 repeated often and rapidly1 chee1 chee1 chee1 chee1 char1 chee4 99,cape ,may ,warbler4 99,hooded ,warbler4 #eg4 ,,red-,,headed ,,woodpecker4 #i-a_/b in4 7,melanerpes erythrocephalus4 #djf7 ,black and white1 not streaked2 entire head1 neck and upper part of breast1 crimson2 pure white belly2 note1 a loud kr-r-r-r r4 99,red-bellied ,woodpecker4 #eh4 ,,mockingbird4 #aj in4 7,mimus polyglottus4 #gjc47 ,ashy-gray1 wings and tail darker2 whitish below2 wing shows white patch2 outer tail-feathers white2 famous for its song4 99,loggerhead ,shrike4 99,cuckoos4 99,catbird4 #ei4 ,,chimney ,,swift4 #e-a_/d in4 7,chaetura pelagica4 #dbc47 ,dark sooty-gray2 bob-tail2 long1 pointed wings1 which often vibrate rapidly in flight2 twittering note2 never seen perching like other birds4 99,swallows4 #fj4 ,,olive-,,backed ,,thrush4 #g-a_/d in4 7,hylocichla ustulata4 #geh;a47 ,uniform dark olive2 below white1 darker on sides2 cheeks1 throat1 breast and ring about eye1 buff2 spotted on breast2 noteworthy song4 99,gray-cheeked ,thrush4 99,hermit ,thrush4 99,wilson ,thrush4 #fa4 ,,great-,,crested ,,flycatcher4 #i in4 7,myiarchus crinitus4 #deb47 ,olive1 showing rusty brown on wings and tail2 crested head2 throat and breast1 ashy-gray2 wing-bars2 belly sulphur-yellow2 usually perches high2 note1 loud whistle4 99,blue ,jay4 #fb4 ,,louisiana ,,water-,,thrush4 #f-a_/d in4 7,seiurus motacilla4 #fgf47 ,olive2 white below1 buff-tinged posteriorly and streaked1 but not thickly1 with dusky2 throat and middle of belly1 unmarked2 white line over eye2 loud1 ringing song4 99,grinnell ,water-,thrush4 99,ovenbird4 99,palm ,warbler4 #fc4 ,,least ,,flycatcher4 #e-a_/d in4 7,empidonax minimus4 #dfg47 ,olive-gray2 wings1 tail and head1 darker2 two narrow wing-bars2 decidedly grayish below1 whiter on throat2 jerks its tail and utters a sharp1 energetic call1 che-bec'4 99,wood ,pewee4 99,phoebe4 #fd4 ,,wood ,,thrush4 #g-c_/d in4 7,hylocichla mustelina4 #gee47 ,bright brown on head shading to olive-brown on rump and tail2 white beneath1 with conspicuous round spots except on throat and middle of belly2 remarkable song4 99,other ,thrushes4 99,fox ,sparrow4 #fe4 ,,western ,,yellow-,,throat4 #e-a_/d in4 7,geothlypis trichas occidentalis4 #fha;a47 ,olive-green1 showing brownish tinge2 broad1 black stripe across forehead and through eye2 bordered broadly with white2 yellow beneath2 female duller and without black stripe and easily confused with female ,mourning1 ,connecticut and ,pine ,warblers2 in low bushes2 song1 witch-i-ty1 witch-i-ty1 witch-i-ty4 #ff4 ,,magnolia ,,warbler4 #e in4 7,dendroica maculosa4 #feg47 ,back and tail1 black2 crown blue-gray2 yellow rump2 yellow below1 streaked with black on breast and sides2 white patch on wings2 broad white band across tail1 seen from below4 99,myrtle ,warbler4 99,cape ,may ,warbler4 #fg4 ,,american ,,goldfinch4 #e-a_/d in4 7,astragalinus tristis4 #ebi47 ,canary-yellow1 with black crown1 tail and wings2 white wing-bars2 female olive-tinged1 without pure black or yellow2 in flocks2 canary-like song2 also sings in its undulating flight1 per-chic-o-ree1 per-chic-o-ree4 99,yellow ,warbler4 #fh4 ,,yellow ,,warbler4 #e in4 7,dendroica aestiva4 #feb47 ,yellow all over shading to olive on back2 orange-brown streaks on breast2 female not so yellow and less streaked2 song1 penetrating and unceasing2 nests in ,lincoln ,park4 99,american ,goldfinch4 #fi4 ,,kingbird4 #h-a_/b in4 7,tyrannus tyrannus4 #fdd47 ,dusky black2 below white2 tail tipped with broad band of white2 fire-red patch on crown1 usually concealed2 spreads its tail like a fan when about to alight4 #gj4 ,,baltimore ,,oriole4 #g-a_/b in4 7,icterus galbula4 #ejg47 ,bright orange1 with black head1 throat1 back and wings2 two white wing-bars2 female smaller1 brownish-yellow and showing little black2 loud call1 co-weet'1 co-weet'1 co-weet'2 song noteworthy4 99,orchard ,oriole4 99,scarlet ,tanager4 #ga4 ,,summer ,,tanager4 #g-a_/b in4 7,piranga rubra4 #faj47 ,vermillion all over2 no black2 female yellowish-olive and usually near the male2 very rare4 99,cardinal4 #gb4 ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,flycatcher4 #e-a_/b in4 7,empidonax flaviventris4 #dfc47 ,bright olive-green1 with dark-brown tail and wings2 yellowish wing-bars2 sulphur-yellow below1 brightest between legs and tinged elsewhere with pale olive2 yellow eye-ring2 call1 a soft1 slow whistle1 pe'-a4 99,yellow-throated ,vireo4 99,least ,flycatcher4 99,pine ,warbler4 #gc4 ,,blackburnian ,,warbler4 #e-a_/d in4 7,dendroica blackburniae4 #ffb47 ,black streaked with white2 middle of crown1 throat and sides of head1 flaming orange2 black patch behind eye2 white wing-bars2 female duller2 usually high up among the leaves4 99,prothonotary ,warbler4 #gd4 ,,ovenbird4 #f-a_/d in4 7,seiurus aurocapillus4 #fgd47 ,olive-green showing yellow tinge2 below pure white1 thickly spotted2 orange-brown cap bordered with black stripes2 scratches like a hen2 tilts tail up and down2 under shrubbery2 note1 teacher repeated rapidly with increasing emphasis4 99,water-,thrushes4 #ge4 ,,red-,,eyed ,,vireo4 #f in4 7,vireo olivaceus4 #fbd47 ,olive-green2 crown1 slaty2 white below1 lightly tinged on sides2 dark line above a white one over eye2 clear1 persistent song2 nests in ,lincoln ,park4 99,warbling ,vireo4 #gf4 ,,american ,,redstart4 #e-a_/d in4 7,setophaga ruticilla4 #fhg47 ,male black1 with six flame-colored spots2 female olive1 with six yellow spots2 spreads its tail like a fan2 song1 chee1 chee1 chee1 chew4 #gg4 ,,cape ,,may ,,warbler4 #e-a_/d in4 7,dendroica tigrina4 #fej47 ,yellowish-olive spotted with black on back2 crown very dark2 cheeks yellow with an orange-brown ear patch2 yellow below1 black streaks on breast2 wing-bars2 song all on one note4 99,black-throated ,green ,warbler4 99,magnolia ,warbler4 #gh4 ,,scarlet ,,tanager4 #g-a_/d in4 7,piranga erythromelas4 #fjh47 ,scarlet1 with black wings and tail2 female olive-green1 usually near by2 rather sluggish2 note1 chip1 chree2 song noteworthy4 99,cardinal4 99,summer ,tanager4 #gi4 ,,yellow-,,throated ,,vireo4 #e-a_/b in4 7,vireo flavifrons4 #fbh47 ,bright olive-green1 shading to ashy-blue on rump2 yellow throat and breast1 sharply defined against white belly2 line around eye and to the bill1 yellow2 two white wing-bars2 fine song4 99,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher4 99,blue-headed ,vireo4 #hj4 ,,rose-,,breasted ,,grosbeak4 #h-a_/d in4 7,zamelodia ludoviciana4 #eie47 ,black1 including throat1 with white rump and wing-patches2 breast white with a brilliant rose-red blotch2 lining of wings also rose-red2 large beak2 female yellowish-brown1 darkly mottled1 no red2 sluggish2 remarkable song4 #ha4 ,,purple ,,martin4 #g-a_/b in4 7,progne subis4 #faa47 ,blue-black all over2 female lighter and streaked with grayish-white below2 often nests in bird houses2 twittering song4 99,tree ,swallow4 99,chimney ,swift4 #hb4 ,,yellow-,,breasted ,,chat4 #g-a_/d in4 7,icteria virens4 #fhc47 ,olive-green2 bright yellow below1 belly white2 region about eye black1 marked with a white line above eye2 white spot and shorter line below eye2 the largest warbler2 remarkable song4 99,dickcissel4 99,western ,yellow-,throat4 99,yellow-,throated ,vireo4 #hc4 ,,black-,,throated ,,blue ,,warbler4 #e-a_/d in4 7,dendroica caerulescens4 #fed47 ,slaty-blue2 below white1 with black throat and sides2 conspicuous white patch on wing2 female grayish1 no black1 but may be recognized by wing patch2 hoarse note1 kree1 kree4 99,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher4 #hd4 ,,nashville ,,warbler4 #d-c_/d in4 7,helminthophila rubricapilla4 #fde47 ,olive-green2 head and neck bluish gray2 indistinct brown patch on crown2 bright yellow below2 no wing bars2 white eye ring2 song1 not loud1 wee'-see1 wee'-see1 wit'-a-wit'-a-wit'4 99,tennessee ,warbler4 #he4 ,,warbling ,,vireo4 #e-a_/d in4 7,vireo gilvus4 #fbg47 ,mouse gray1 with olive rump2 white below1 tinged with greenish yellow2 creamy-white around the eye2 song1 rippling warble4 99,red-eyed ,vireo4 99,least ,flycatcher4 #hf4 ,,blue-,,headed ,,vireo4 #e-a_/b in4 7,vireo solitarius4 #fbi47 ,olive-green2 ashy-blue head2 pure white below1 sides yellowish2 line around the eye and to the bill1 white2 two white wing-bars2 song1 noteworthy4 99,yellow-throated ,vireo4 #hg4 ,,orchard ,,oriole4 #g in4 7,icterus spurius4 #ejf47 ,male1 rich chestnut-brown with black head1 wings and tail1 narrow white wing-bar2 female olivaceous above and greenish-yellow below with two white wing-bars2 young male like female but with black throat2 high trees2 loud1 clear song4 99,baltimore ,oriole4 #hh4 ,,long-,,billed ,,marsh ,,wren4 #e-a_/d in4 7,telmatodytes palustris4 #gbe47 ,brown1 almost black on head1 tail and between shoulders1 the latter streaked with white2 barred only on wings and tail2 line over eye and middle of breast white2 long bill2 spluttering song4 99,other ,wrens4 #hi4 ,,bay-,,breasted ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,dendroica castanea4 #ffj47 ,ashy-brown1 black-streaked2 black cheeks and forehead2 throat1 upper part of breast1 sides and crown1 rich chestnut brown2 white wing-bars4 99,chestnut-sided ,warbler4 #ij4 ,,parula ,,warbler4 #d-a_/b in4 7,compsothlypis americana4 #fdh47 ,grayish-blue1 yellowish across the back2 throat and breast yellow1 latter crossed by brownish band2 wing-bars2 peculiar song4 99,blue ,golden-winged ,warbler4 #ia4 ,,wood ,,pewee4 #f-a_/d in4 7,contopus virens4 #dfa47 ,dark olive-brown2 brownish black on wings and tail2 frowsy head2 below white1 showing olive tinge on sides2 two narrow white wing-bars2 plaintive note repeated slowly and often1 pee'to-way'1 pee'-to-way'1 hee'-rue4 99,phoebe4 99,least ,flycatcher4 #ib4 ,,bobolink4 #g-a_/b in4 7,dolichonyx orizivorus4 #did47 ,male black with light back1 creamy buff on neck2 female1 sparrow colored1 streaked above2 long merry musical song2 open fields2 in ,lincoln ,park usually seen in flocks flying overhead1 singing on the wing4 #ic4 ,,blue ,,golden-,,winged ,,warbler4 #e in4 7,helminthophila chrysoptera4 #fdb47 ,blue-gray2 crown and patch on wing1 golden yellow2 throat1 and stripe through eye1 black2 white below2 song1 drawling zee1 zee1 zee1 zee4 99,parula ,warbler4 #id4 ,,indigo ,,bunting4 #e-c_/d4 in4 7,cyanospiza cyanea4 #eih47 ,indigo blue2 wings and tail blackish2 female brown2 in flocks2 often feeds in the grass2 noteworthy song4 99,bluebird4 #ie4 ,,prothonotary ,,warbler4 #e-a_/d in4 7,prothonotaria citrea4 #fcg47 ,entire head1 neck and breast1 bright orange yellow2 blue-gray wings1 rump and tail2 female duller2 prefers shrubbery near water4 99,blackburnian ,warbler4 99,yellow ,warbler4 #if4 ,,tennessee ,,warbler4 #d-a_/b in4 7,helminthophila peregrina4 #fdg47 ,olive-green1 brightest on rump2 head and neck1 blue gray2 dull white below2 faint white line over eye2 no wing-bars2 song1 shrill and feeble4 99,nashville ,warbler4 #ig4 ,,mourning ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,geothlypis philadelphia4 #fgi47 ,bright olive-green2 head1 neck1 throat and upper part of breast1 bluish ash2 yellow belly2 black band on breast2 about bushes and in the grass2 noteworthy song4 99,connecticut ,warbler4 #ih4 ,,chestnut-,,sided ,,warbler4 #e in4 7,dendroica pennsylvanica4 #fei47 ,back shows black streaks mixed with olive-green2 yellow cap2 white below with dainty chestnut markings on sides of breast2 song1 chee1 chee1 chee1 chee'ar4 99,bay-breasted ,warbler4 #ii4 ,,whip-,,poor-,,will4 #i-c_/d in4 7,antrostomus vociferus4 #dag47 ,mottled1 strongly resembling the bark of certain trees2 narrow white band across upper part of breast2 big head2 in daytime lies motionless1 lengthwise a branch4 99,nighthawk4 #ajj4 ,,cerulean ,,warbler4 #d-a_/b in4 7,dendroica caerulea4 #feh47 ,azure-blue1 marked with black on back and sides of head2 white below1 streaked with blue2 two white wing-bars2 frequents tree-tops2 song resembles that of ,parula4 99,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher4 #aja4 ,,hooded ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,wilsonia mitrata4 #fhd47 ,olive-green2 yellow below2 head1 neck and upper breast1 black2 yellow mask across forehead and cheeks2 white spots on tail2 female less black4 99,western ,yellow-throat4 99,wilson ,black-cap ,warbler4 99,canadian ,warbler4 #ajb4 ,,black-,,poll ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,dendroica striata4 #ffa47 ,streaked black and white2 black crown2 white cheeks2 below white with line of black spots down sides2 tree-tops2 song1 a staccato musical chink repeated rapidly4 99,black and ,white ,creeper4 #ajc4 ,,yellow-,,billed ,,cuckoo4 #ab-a_/d in4 7,coccyzus americanus4 #chg47 ,bronzy olive-gray2 white below2 lower half of curved bill yellow tipped with black2 outer tail-feathers black tipped broadly with white2 wings show a reddish-brown tinge in flight2 glides stealthily from tree to tree and keeps concealed among the leaves2 slowly droops and raises its tail when perching2 song1 loud kuk-kuk1 kuk-kuk4 99,black-billed ,cuckoo4 99,mourning ,dove4 #ajd4 ,,canadian ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,wilsonia canadensis4 #fhf47 ,bluish-lead color2 yellow below with a necklace of black spots2 no wing-bars2 noteworthy song4 99,magnolia ,warbler4 #aje4 ,,wilson ,,black-,,cap ,,warbler4 #d-c_/d in4 7,wilsonia pusilla4 #fhe47 ,bright olive-green2 yellow below2 black cap2 in low bushes4 99,pine ,warbler4 99,female ,western ,yellow-throat4 #ajf4 ,,lincoln ,,sparrow4 #e-c_/d in4 7,melospiza lincolni4 #ehc47 ,finely streaked with black and brown2 white beneath1 with 99broad buff band across the breast and down the sides2 narrow streaks on throat1 upper breast and sides2 dark stripe on each side of throat from corner of mouth2 very shy4 99,song 99and 99,swamp ,sparrows4 #ajg4 ,,ruby-,,throated ,,hummingbird4 #c-a_/d in4 7,trochilus colubris4 #dbh47 ,iridescent green and purple2 male has ruby-red throat2 frequents flowering shrubs and plants2 darts here and there and poises in mid air with wings vibrating so rapidly that they make a humming noise2 squeaky note4 #ajh4 ,,nighthawk4 #i-a_/b in4 7,chordeiles virginianus4 #dbj47 ,on the wing overhead after insects just before or at dusk2 long1 pointed wings showing a white patch2 flight resembles that of ,chimney ,swift2 sharp note1 skeep2 often nests on the flat roofs of city buildings4 99,whip-poor-will4 #aji4 ,,black-,,billed ,,cuckoo4 #ab in4 7,coccyzus erythropthalmus4 #chh47 ,bronzy olive-gray2 white below2 bill entirely black2 only a little white on tail2 movements like those of ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo2 song1 soft coo-coo1 coo-coo4 99,yellow-billed ,cuckoo4 99,mourning ,dove4 #aaj4 ,,gray-,,cheeked ,,thrush4 #g-a_/b in4 7,hylocichla aliciae4 #geg47 ,uniform olive2 below white1 very palely suffused with buff2 cheeks gray tinged2 breast and sides of throat1 spotted2 usually silent in ,lincoln ,park4 99,olive-backed and 99other ,thrushes4 #aaa4 ,,yellow-,,headed ,,blackbird4 #aj-a_/d in4 7,xanthocephalus xanthocephalus4 #dig47 ,black2 head1 throat and breast1 yellow2 white wing patch2 female dark brown1 yellow markings duller1 no wing patch2 female smaller than male4 #aab4 ,,dickcissel4 #f in4 7,spiza americana4 #fjd47 ,streaked2 ashy on head and neck2 white chin2 black throat patch2 yellow breast2 white belly2 line over eye1 yellow2 wings show chestnut brown2 female has less yellow and no throat patch4 99,yellow-breasted ,chat4 99,meadowlark4 #aac4 ,,connecticut ,,warbler4 #e-a_/b in4 7,geothlypis agilis4 #fgh47 ,olive-green2 head ashy with throat darker2 white ring around eye2 belly yellow2 wings long and pointed2 low bushes and swampy places2 penetrating call-note4 99,mourning ,warbler4 #aad4 ,,red-,,bellied ,,woodpecker4 #i-a_/b in4 7,centurus carolinus4 #dji47 ,black and white1 back1 wings and tail barred transversely and very evenly2 below grayish-white1 tinged with red2 top of head and back of neck crimson2 female1 crown gray2 rare4 99,red-headed ,woodpecker4 99,hairy ,woodpecker4 ,table of ,occurrence4 ,in this table the birds are arranged according to the order of their comparative frequency or rarity1 based upon personal observations in ,lincoln ,park4 ,the abundance of the birds--that is1 the number of individual birds of different species--is in no wise shown1 but simply the relative representation of each species4 ,for instance1 out of a total of #ded mornings1 covering observations during six years1 the ,robin was seen on #chc different mornings4 ,the record for #aijb1 during the absence of the authors1 is that of ,mr4 ,h4 ,v4 ,bozell4 ,,number ,,of ,,mornings ,,seen ,,in ,,lincoln ,,park4 #ahih #ahii #aijj #aija #aijb #aijc ,total #a ,robin #fb #eb #eg #fi #fa #hb #chc #b ,bronzed ,grackle #eg #eh #eg #fj #eg #gb #cfa #c ,blue ,jay #di #eh #fa #fe #dj #ea #cbd #d ,cowbird #da #cd #dd #dd #ci #ed #bef #e ,junco #cc #ce #cb #cb #ea #db #bbe #f ,towhee #ce #ah #bd #dd #de #dh #bad #g ,song ,sparrow #bg #cc #ai #ch #cg #cf #aij #h ,flicker #bi #ah #ba #cc #cg #df #ahd #i ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet #ca #bh #bc #cj #bb #ci #agc #aj ,white-throated ,sparrow #cj #bc #bc #ca #bf #ce #afh #aa ,bluebird #bf #a #g #ca #ce #ej #aej #ab ,wilson ,thrush #cd #ce #bc #ba #aa #bj #add #ac ,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker #bc #ab #ae #cj #bg #cd #ada #ad ,yellow ,warbler #bg #cj #bd #ah #ac #bg #aci #ae ,belted ,kingfisher #be #ba #bd #bg #ba #ai #acg #af ,red-headed ,woodpecker #bc #bc #af #bf #af #bf #acj #ag ,myrtle ,warbler #ai #be #aa #ba #bb #ca #abi #ah ,brown ,thrasher #bg #h #bj #ba #af #bi #aba #ai ,brown ,creeper #ah #ae #ai #ad #bh #bg #aba #bj ,catbird #bb #bg #af #ag #aj #ag #aji #ba ,golden-crowned ,kinglet #ah #ad #ac #bf #ae #bc #aji #bb ,chipping ,sparrow #be #aa #aa #ab #ag #cb #ajh #bc ,american ,goldfinch #ba #ai #ab #bj #e #ah #ie #bd ,tree ,swallow #ac #aa #af #ai #ac #bb #id #be ,american ,redstart #ah #af #ai #h #aj #bj #ia #bf ,barn ,swallow #ae #ad #aj #ai #ad #ai #ia #bg ,fox ,sparrow #aa #i #ad #i #bg #ba #ia #bh ,chimney ,swift #af #aa #ad #ae #aa #bb #hi #bi ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher #ah #af #aa #aj #af #ag #hh #cj ,white-crowned ,sparrow #i #e #ah #bb #af #ag #hg #ca ,palm ,warbler #h #ba #g #aa #ai #bj #hf #cb ,hermit ,thrush #ac #i #aj #ah #i #bg #hf #cc ,black and ,white ,creeper #ae #ae #aa #ac #ab #ah #hd #cd ,least ,flycatcher #ah #ah #h #ad #g #ah #hc #ce ,magnolia ,warbler #ac #ac #ac #e #af #bj #hj #cf ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler #ab #ad #i #ac #ab #af #gf #cg ,olive-backed ,thrush #h #d #ad #af #aa #bc #gf #ch ,phoebe #ae #d #e #af #ae #ai #gd #ci ,baltimore ,oriole #ah #f #aj #ae #aa #ac #gc #dj ,grinnell ,water-,thrush #ag #f #i #ad #h #ag #ga #da ,field ,sparrow 44 #b #ab #ag #bc #ag #ga #db ,swamp ,sparrow #d #d #ad #ab #ag #ag #fh #dc ,crow #d #aa #g #aa #af #ah #fg #dd ,chestnut-sided ,warbler #aa #f #aa #ac #i #af #ff #de ,ovenbird #i #aa #aa #ab #aa #aa #fe #df ,white-breasted ,nuthatch #ab #f #ag #ba #f #b #fd #dg ,western ,yellow-throat #ah #ag #aj #h #c #ae #fa #dh ,wood ,pewee #ab #ad #i #f #g #ac #fa #di ,downy ,woodpecker #ad #g #d #h #ag #aj #fj #ej ,house ,wren #a 44 #aj #aa #ac #bd #ei #ea ,red-eyed ,vireo #ac #aj #e #f #f #af #ef #eb ,loggerhead ,shrike #e #a #af #ac #g #ac #ee #ec ,indigo ,bunting #ab #ag #b #f #e #aa #ec #ed ,black-throated ,green ,warbler #d #i #d #i #f #ab #dd #ee ,blackburnian ,warbler #aa #d #i #g #e #f #db #ef ,black-poll ,warbler #f #g #h #c #c #ae #db #eg ,kingbird #h #a #e #c #f #ag #dj #eh ,scarlet ,tanager #g #c #g #d #c #aj #cd #ei ,ruby-throated ,hummingbird #g #i #d #c #a #aj #cd #fj ,mourning ,dove #e #c #f #aj #b #h #cd #fa ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak #e #b #f #h #f #f #cc #fb ,tree ,sparrow 44 44 #aj #c #ab #h #cc #fc ,winter ,wren #c #e #aa 44 #c #aj #cb #fd ,meadowlark #c 44 #g #ac #e #d #cb #fe ,purple ,martin #a 44 44 #f #d #bj #ca #ff ,cape ,may ,warbler #c #b #i #b #f #g #bi #fg ,warbling ,vireo #g #a #d #c #d #aj #bi #fh ,mourning ,warbler #e #h #b #d #d #e #bh #fi ,wilson ,black-cap ,warbler #i #a #c #b #e #h #bh #gj ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo #h #g #a #c #a #g #bg #ga ,great-crested ,flycatcher #e #b 44 #a #aj #i #bg #gb ,bobolink #b 44 #i #aj #a #d #bf #gc ,canadian ,warbler #h #c #f #d #a #d #bf #gd ,red-winged ,blackbird #d 44 #b #h #c #g #bd #ge ,wood ,thrush #h #c 44 #e #c #c #bb #gf ,orchard ,oriole #d #c #e #a #a #f #bj #gg ,red-breasted ,nuthatch 44 44 #aj 44 #c #g #bj #gh ,marsh ,hawk 44 #b #a #h #e #d #bj #gi ,hairy ,woodpecker #c #a #d 44 #d #g #ai #hj ,bay-breasted ,warbler #a #a #b #a #d #aj #ai #ha ,parula ,warbler #f 44 44 #b #i #b #ai #hb ,chickadee #c 44 #g #h 44 44 #ah #hc ,pine ,warbler 44 44 #c #a #e #i #ah #hd ,henslow ,sparrow #c #b #a #b #c #f #ag #he ,nashville ,warbler #a #a #d #a 44 #i #af #hf ,yellow-throated ,vireo #b 44 #b #b #c #g #af #hg ,cedar ,waxwing #f #e 44 #a #b #a #ae #hh ,purple ,finch #d 44 #d 44 #a #e #ad #hi ,vesper ,sparrow 44 44 #f 44 #d #c #ac #ij ,blue-headed ,vireo 44 44 #b #a #f #d #ac #ia ,gray-cheeked ,thrush 44 44 44 44 #c #aj #ac #ib ,american ,sparrow ,hawk #a #a 44 #d #b #d #ab #ic ,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher 44 44 #e 44 #b #d #aa #id ,nighthawk 44 #b #a #a 44 #g #aa #ie ,lincoln ,sparrow 44 44 #a 44 #a #h #aj #if ,black-billed ,cuckoo 44 #a #b #b #b #b #i #ig ,rusty ,blackbird 44 #b 44 #c 44 #b #g #ih ,yellow-breasted ,chat 44 44 44 44 #a #f #g #ii ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren #a #b 44 44 44 #c #f #ajj ,louisiana ,water-,thrush 44 44 #a 44 #c #b #f #aja ,prothonotary ,warbler 44 #a 44 44 #c #a #e #ajb ,savanna ,sparrow 44 44 44 44 44 #e #e #ajc ,blue ,golden-winged ,warbler #a 44 #a #a #a 44 #d #ajd ,whip-poor-will #a #a 44 #a 44 #a #d #aje ,connecticut ,warbler 44 44 44 44 44 #c #c #ajf ,dickcissel 44 44 44 #a #b 44 #c #ajg ,tennessee ,warbler #b 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ajh ,mockingbird 44 44 44 #b 44 44 #b #aji ,cerulean ,warbler 44 44 #a 44 #a 44 #b #aaj ,summer ,tanager 44 #a 44 44 44 44 #a #aaa ,cardinal 44 44 #a 44 44 44 #a #aab ,red-bellied ,woodpecker #a 44 44 44 44 44 #a #aac ,hooded ,warbler 44 44 44 44 44 #a #a #aad ,yellow-headed ,blackbird 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #a ,total number of days #ff #gg #gd #gh #gb #hg #ded ,av'ge number of kinds seen daily #ah4hc #ab4ge #ad4ei #af4bc #af4de #ai4ec #af4cd ,table of ,arrival4 ,note4--,the following table gives the dates of the first arrival of each bird mentioned in the preceding list of one hundred and fourteen for the seven years from #ahig to #aijc inclusive1 as observed in ,lincoln ,park4 ,the birds are arranged in their respective families1 and space is left for recording their first appearance in any succeeding year4 ,the record for #aijb1 in the absence of the authors1 was kept by ,mr4 ,harold ,v4 ,bozell4 ,attention is called to the fact that many birds which are common summer residents in the neighboring country are rare migrants in the ,park4 ,among these may be mentioned the ,red-winged ,blackbird1 ,bobolink and ,warbling ,vireo4 ,some fine singers also1 for example1 the ,vesper ,sparrow1 ,yellow-throated ,vireo and ,hermit ,thrush1 are usually silent in the ,park4 #ahig #ahih #ahii #aijj #aija #aijb #aijc ,family ,,columbidae #ce ,mourning ,dove 44 #e_/i #c_/be #d_/f #d_/aj #d_/bf #d_/a ,family ,,falconidae #cc ,marsh ,hawk 44 44 #d_/be #d_/ai #c_/be #d_/ba #d_/a #dc ,sparrow ,hawk 44 #e_/ah #d_/be #d_/ah #c_/bd #c_/ba #d_/cj ,family ,,cuculidae #ajc ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo 44 #e_/ai #e_/a #e_/af #e_/ag #e_/ag #e_/ab #aji ,black-billed ,cuckoo 44 44 #e_/bg #e_/ab #e_/ae #e_/af #e_/ab ,family ,,alcedinidae #bb ,belted ,kingfisher #c_/bh #c_/be #c_/bb #d_/aj #c_/bf #d_/aa #d_/aj ,family ,,picidae #bi ,hairy ,woodpecker 44 #d_/aa #e_/bd #d_/ai 44 #c_/be #c_/f #af ,downy ,woodpecker #d_/g #d_/h #c_/bg #d_/be #d_/e #c_/aj #c_/f #bc ,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker #d_/be #c_/cj #d_/h #d_/f #c_/ai #c_/bg #d_/a #aad ,red-bellied ,woodpecker 44 #e_/bb 44 44 44 44 44 #eg ,red-headed ,woodpecker #d_/bf #d_/bi #d_/bh #e_/f #d_/bg #d_/bg #d_/bh #ah ,flicker #d_/ae #c_/be #d_/aa #d_/g #c_/bc #c_/bd #c_/ah ,family ,,caprimulgidae #ii ,whip-poor-will 44 #e_/ba #d_/cj 44 #e_/i 44 #e_/ag #ajh ,nighthawk 44 44 #e_/aj #e_/ac #e_/ah #e_/ah #e_/ah ,family ,,micropodidae #ei ,chimney ,swift #e_/a #d_/cj #e_/aa #d_/cj #d_/ag #d_/bb #e_/e ,family ,,trochilidae #ajg ,ruby-throated ,hummingbird 44 #e_/ai #e_/i #e_/ac #e_/af #e_/ag #e_/ac ,family ,,tyrannidae #fi ,kingbird #d_/bi #d_/cj #e_/aj #e_/f #e_/aj #d_/ba #e_/e #fa ,great-crested ,flycatcher 44 #e_/c #d_/cj 44 #e_/aa #d_/ba #d_/bi #ad ,phoebe #d_/g #c_/bj #d_/ag #d_/a #c_/ah #c_/ae #c_/ag #ia ,wood ,pewee #d_/bg #e_/ai #e_/aj #e_/aa #e_/af #d_/bh #e_/ab #gb ,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher 44 44 44 #d_/bi 44 #e_/a #e_/ab #fc ,least ,flycatcher #e_/ab #d_/cj #d_/bj #d_/cj #e_/f #d_/ba #e_/i ,family ,,corvidae #a ,blue ,jay 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #f ,crow 44 #c_/i #c_/bf #c_/ab #c_/c #c_/f #c_/h ,family ,,icteridae #ib ,bobolink 44 #e_/ad 44 #e_/h #e_/d #e_/ab #e_/h #aa ,cowbird #d_/d #c_/af #d_/aj #d_/a #c_/ai #c_/a #c_/ad #aaa ,yellow-headed ,blackbird 44 44 44 44 #e_/ag 44 44 #bg ,red-winged ,blackbird 44 #e_/g 44 #d_/ah #c_/bb #c_/bf #c_/ag #e ,meadowlark 44 #c_/ad 44 #c_/bg #c_/ai #c_/aj #c_/ac #hg ,orchard ,oriole 44 #e_/ae #e_/f #e_/aa #e_/aj #e_/b #e_/e #gj ,baltimore ,oriole 44 #d_/cj #e_/b #e_/f #e_/d #e_/b #e_/e #bd ,rusty ,blackbird 44 44 44 #d_/ai #d_/e 44 #c_/ag #i ,bronzed ,grackle #c_/bi #c_/ad #c_/bj #c_/bd #c_/bc #c_/aj #c_/ad ,family ,,fringillidae #dj ,purple ,finch 44 #d_/bd 44 #d_/ae 44 #d_/aa #d_/ae #fg ,american ,goldfinch #d_/be #e_/f #d_/bh #e_/g #d_/cj #e_/b #e_/g #cg ,vesper ,sparrow 44 44 44 #d_/bb 44 #d_/ah #d_/a #h ,savanna ,sparrow 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c_/ai #ej ,henslow ,sparrow 44 #d_/bi #d_/bf #d_/ba #d_/cj #d_/bd #d_/ae #dh ,white-crowned ,sparrow #e_/e #e_/i #d_/bi #e_/b #d_/bj #c_/aa #d_/bi #cb ,white-throated ,sparrow #d_/bf #d_/ac #d_/ai #d_/ba #d_/ag #c_/bd #c_/ba #ab ,tree ,sparrow 44 44 44 #d_/f #d_/e #c_/g #c_/ac #cd ,chipping ,sparrow #d_/ae #d_/ac #d_/ah #d_/h #d_/h #d_/ac #d_/ab #be ,field ,sparrow 44 44 #d_/bc #d_/ag #d_/e #c_/aa #c_/ai #d ,junco #c_/bh #c_/i #c_/ad #c_/bc #c_/ah #c_/h #c_/ac #aj ,song ,sparrow #d_/h #c_/ae #c_/ai #c_/bg #c_/ah #c_/h #c_/ab #ajf ,lincoln ,sparrow 44 44 44 #e_/aj #e_/bc #e_/ab #e_/aj #ci ,swamp ,sparrow 44 #e_/g #d_/bj #d_/ba #d_/ah #c_/aa #d_/ab #ac ,fox ,sparrow #d_/h #c_/cj #c_/ad #d_/e #c_/ah #c_/aj #c_/ag #ae ,towhee #d_/g #c_/ag #d_/aa #d_/g #c_/be #c_/aj #c_/ah #ca ,cardinal #c_/bh 44 44 #d_/be 44 44 44 #hj ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak 44 44 #e_/aj #e_/aa #e_/d #d_/bh #e_/i #id ,indigo ,bunting 44 #e_/ad #e_/aj #e_/ba #e_/aj #e_/b #e_/f #aab ,dickcissel 44 44 44 44 #e_/af #e_/ah 44 ,family ,,tanagridae #gh ,scarlet ,tanager 44 #e_/ad #e_/d #e_/b #e_/e #e_/c #e_/e #ga ,summer ,tanager 44 44 #e_/d 44 44 44 44 ,family ,,hirundinidae #ha ,purple ,martin 44 #e_/be #e_/cj 44 #d_/bg #d_/bc #d_/ag #dd ,barn ,swallow #d_/ah #e_/a #d_/bc #d_/bf #d_/aj #d_/ah #d_/bd #cj ,tree ,swallow 44 #e_/aa #d_/ab #d_/ah #d_/ab #c_/aa #d_/a ,family ,,ampelidae #da ,cedar ,waxwing 44 #d_/aa #c_/bg 44 #e_/af #d_/bd #d_/e ,family ,,laniidae #b ,loggerhead ,shrike 44 #c_/ad #d_/aa #c_/i #c_/c #c_/i #c_/a ,family ,,vireonidae #ge ,red-eyed ,vireo 44 #e_/aj #d_/bi #e_/ab #e_/d #e_/b #e_/d #he ,warbling ,vireo #d_/bg #e_/ae #e_/ab #e_/f #e_/aa #e_/g #e_/e #gi ,yellow-throated ,vireo 44 #e_/a 44 #e_/ab #e_/e #d_/bh #e_/ab #hf ,blue-headed ,vireo 44 44 44 #e_/ag #e_/e #e_/b #e_/h ,family ,,mniotiltidae #ee ,black and ,white ,creeper #d_/bh #d_/cj #d_/ba #d_/bf #e_/d #d_/bh #d_/bg #ie ,prothonotary ,warbler 44 44 #e_/af 44 44 #d_/bg #e_/ai #ic ,blue ,golden-winged ,warbler 44 #e_/ad 44 #e_/ab #e_/ab #e_/b 44 #hd ,nashville ,warbler 44 #e_/aj #e_/d #e_/i #e_/ai #e_/b #e_/a #if ,tennessee ,warbler 44 #e_/aa 44 44 44 44 44 #ij ,parula ,warbler 44 #e_/aa 44 44 #e_/ab #e_/c #e_/i #gg ,cape ,may ,warbler 44 #e_/ac #e_/a #e_/b #e_/e #e_/b #e_/i #fh ,yellow ,warbler #e_/aa #d_/cj #d_/bi #d_/cj #e_/f #e_/b #d_/bi #hc ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler #e_/aa #e_/aa #e_/d #e_/h #e_/e #e_/b #e_/e #ch ,myrtle ,warbler #d_/ad #d_/af #d_/ad #d_/ai #d_/ad #d_/ag #d_/h #ff ,magnolia ,warbler #d_/bf #e_/aa #d_/bg #e_/h #e_/f #d_/ba #e_/e #ajj ,cerulean ,warbler 44 44 44 #e_/ab 44 44 44 #ih ,chestnut-sided ,warbler #e_/ba #e_/aj #e_/cj #e_/c #e_/g #e_/b #e_/i #hi ,bay-breasted ,warbler 44 #e_/bj #e_/d #e_/aa #e_/ae #d_/bb #e_/i #ajb ,black-poll ,warbler 44 #e_/ai #e_/aj #e_/ac #e_/af #e_/ab #e_/f #gc ,blackburnian ,warbler #e_/ab #e_/aj #e_/c #d_/bh #e_/aj #d_/bh #d_/cj #ef ,black-throated ,green ,warbler #d_/ah #e_/ag #d_/bc #d_/bg #d_/bf #d_/bh #e_/b #ec ,pine ,warbler 44 44 44 #d_/bf #d_/cj #d_/ba #d_/bb #di ,palm ,warbler 44 #d_/bi #d_/bj #d_/bg #d_/bf #d_/ba #d_/bb #gd ,ovenbird #e_/aa #e_/a #e_/c #e_/e #e_/e #e_/a #e_/f #ea ,grinnell ,water-,thrush 44 #d_/cj #d_/bh #d_/bc #d_/ag #d_/ba #d_/bi #fb ,louisiana ,water-,thrush 44 44 44 44 44 #d_/bg #e_/e #aac ,connecticut ,warbler 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e_/bj #ig ,mourning ,warbler 44 #e_/bj #e_/ac #e_/f #e_/af #e_/b #e_/aa #fe ,western ,yellow-throat #d_/bf #e_/a #d_/bh #e_/e #e_/e #e_/b #e_/a #hb ,yellow-breasted ,chat 44 44 44 44 44 #e_/b #e_/aa #aja ,hooded ,warbler 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e_/ab #aje ,wilson ,black-cap ,warbler #e_/ba #e_/f #e_/bb #e_/aj #e_/af #e_/c #e_/ag #ajd ,canadian ,warbler 44 #e_/ai #e_/af #e_/ab #e_/af #e_/f #e_/ab #gf ,american ,redstart #e_/aa #e_/a #d_/bh #e_/aa #e_/f #e_/b #e_/e ,family ,,troglodytidae #eh ,mockingbird 44 44 44 44 #d_/bi 44 44 #eb ,catbird #d_/bf #e_/a #d_/bh #d_/cj #d_/bh #c_/bf #e_/e #de ,brown ,thrasher #d_/bf #d_/bd #d_/bg #d_/af #d_/bd #d_/bb #d_/ab #df ,house ,wren #d_/ad #e_/d #d_/cj 44 #d_/ba #d_/bc #d_/ab #cf ,winter ,wren #d_/h #d_/be #d_/cj 44 #c_/bb #d_/ai #d_/h #hh ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren 44 #d_/ad 44 #d_/ab 44 44 #c_/bi ,family ,,certhiidae #ai ,brown ,creeper #d_/g #d_/g #d_/f #d_/b #d_/d #c_/ba #c_/ah ,family ,,paridae #ba ,white-breasted ,nuthatch #d_/g #c_/bi #d_/aa #d_/b #c_/ah #c_/ca #d_/b #ed ,red-breasted ,nuthatch 44 44 44 #e_/c 44 #d_/bb #d_/bh #bj ,chickadee 44 #d_/a 44 #c_/ai #d_/ac 44 44 ,family ,,sylviidae #ag ,golden-crowned ,kinglet #d_/g #c_/ad #d_/aa #d_/f #d_/e #c_/bh #c_/ai #bh ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet #d_/ad #d_/a #d_/ac #d_/g #d_/ag #d_/ac #c_/ai #dg ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher 44 #d_/be #d_/bb #d_/ah #d_/bh #d_/bb #d_/be ,family ,,turdidae #fd ,wood ,thrush #d_/ah #e_/c #e_/a 44 #e_/d #d_/bi #e_/ab #db ,wilson ,thrush #e_/aa #d_/aj #d_/ab #d_/g #d_/aa #d_/bf #d_/h #aaj ,gray-cheeked ,thrush 44 44 44 44 44 #e_/ba #e_/aa #fj ,olive-backed ,thrush 44 #e_/a #e_/d #e_/h #d_/cj #d_/bb #d_/bi #bf ,hermit ,thrush 44 #c_/ca #d_/aa #d_/g #d_/e #d_/ac #c_/ai #c ,robin #c_/bh #c_/i #c_/d #c_/bd #c_/ad #c_/aj #c_/g #g ,bluebird #c_/bh #c_/h #d_/d #c_/ca #c_/ag #c_/g #c_/g ,,water ,,and ,,shore ,,birds4 ,general ,hints4 ,the ,loon and ,grebes are common representatives of the order of ,diving ,birds4 ,their legs are set far back on the body1 making it difficult for them to walk at all4 99,grebes look like small1 tailless ducks4 ,they have long1 slender necks1 short wings1 smooth glossy plumage and flat1 lobed feet4 ,they rarely leave the water and can dive or sink out of sight instantly when disturbed1 swimming to a distance with only the tip of the bill out of water4 99,loons are very large1 with flat1 heavy bodies1 short tails and long1 tapering bills4 ,they are never crested1 but are conspicuously marked1 and are equally expert with the grebes in diving and sinking4 ,gulls and ,terns belong to the order of the ,long-winged ,swimmers1 but are better described by the name of ,skimmers4 99,terns are much slenderer and usually smaller than gulls1 have very pointed bills and wings1 and forked tails4 ,they rarely if ever swim1 but skim swallow-like over the water1 bill downward1 plunging into the water for their prey4 99,gulls are plumper than terns1 with heavier bills and tails usually even4 ,they do not dive or plunge suddenly into the water1 but fly and soar or float about on the surface1 sitting well up out of the water4 ,ducks1 ,geese and ,swans have webbed feet and short legs1 and in walking carry themselves almost horizontal4 ,as a rule they have very strong wings1 enabling them to fly long distances at great speed4 ,our ducks are most easily remembered in three groups3-- 99#a4 ,the fish-eating ,mergansers1 whose plumage is largely black and white and which have saw-edged bills and1 usually1 conspicuous crests4 99#b4 ,the ,sea ,ducks1 which are conspicuously marked but plainly colored1 frequent open water or the sea coast1 diving1 often to great depths1 for their food4 ,descriptions are given of the ,lesser ,scaup1 ,redhead1 ,canvas-back1 ,american ,golden-eye1 ,old-squaw and ,buffle-head4 99#c4 ,the ,river ,ducks1 which have broad1 rounded bills1 are much variegated in color and markings1 and have a peculiar habit of feeding head downwards1 as though standing on their heads with the body tipped up4 ,the ,teals1 ,mallard1 ,wood ,duck and ,pintail belong to this group4 ,the females of these ducks1 though differing noticeably in size1 may easily be confused4 99,geese are larger than ducks1 feed mostly on land and are usually seen during migration flying at a height in regular ranks after a leader4 ,herons and ,bitterns belong among the ,wading ,birds4 ,they have long1 pointed bills1 long legs1 loose1 baggy plumage1 broad wings and long necks1 curved s shaped in flight4 99,herons are tall1 crested birds1 with very long legs1 bills and necks and small tails4 ,their notes are harsh and squawking4 ,large numbers sometimes nest together4 99,bitterns have shorter legs1 necks and bills than herons and are very rarely crested4 ,they utter hoarse1 resounding calls1 and are ordinarily solitary in habit4 ,rails and ,coots are known as ,marsh ,birds1 although the latter are fine swimmers4 99,rails as a rule are smaller than bitterns and frequent grassy marshes where they steal stealthily about1 effectively concealed by their dull streaky plumage4 ,short turned-up tails1 short wings and long legs are noticeable characteristics of these rapid runners4 99,coots are ducklike in appearance and smoothly plumaged4 ,lobed feet enable them to swim easily4 ,their bills spread out at the base in the form of a plate or shield which extends up on to the forehead4 ,plover1 ,sandpipers and the ,woodcock are strikingly different representatives of the great order of ,shore ,birds4 ,the plover family have stout1 short bills1 while the sandpipers and woodcock belong to a family which have soft probing bills of greatly varying length1 for obtaining their food in soft mud4 99,sandpipers have pointed wings1 are dull-colored1 and are usually found slipping gracefully along the water's edge in search of food4 ,they skim rapidly over the water on outspread wings1 and their clear1 reed-like notes are distinctly musical4 99,plovers are small and plump1 with long pointed wings1 short necks and rather flat heads4 ,they run and fly very rapidly1 generally in flocks piping loudly but sweetly4 ,they frequent the inland as well as the shore4 ,shore and ,water ,birds are often extremely shy and they can detect the presence of an observer at a distance4 ,the caution is therefore emphasized to approach them slowly and quietly4 ,particular ,hints4 99,note3--,owing to a lack of sufficient data the following ,shore and ,water ,birds are arranged according to the ,american ,ornithologist's ,union order instead of their average first appearance4 ,they have all been seen1 however1 in ,lincoln ,park by the authors4 #aae4 ,,horned ,,grebe4 #ad in4 7,colymbus auritus4 #c47 ,brownish1 sooty black1 extending in narrow line up back of neck2 rest of neck1 sides and upper breast rich chestnut-brown2 silky white below2 head and chin deep black1 set off by buffy horns or crests1 which slant abruptly backwards from the eyes2 black bill1 tipped with yellow2 eye1 red4 ,winter ,plumage3 ,black parts sooty2 brown replaced by white2 grayer below2 crests and ruff less conspicuous4 99,pied-billed ,grebe4 #aaf4 ,,pied-,,billed ,,grebe4 #ac-a_/b in4 7,podilymbus podiceps4 #f47 ,brownish-black1 showing gray on head and neck2 belly1 dusky white1 otherwise brownish below2 black throat-patch and a conspicuous black band across bill4 ,winter ,plumage3 ,throat whitish2 browner below2 no band on bill4 99,horned ,grebe4 #aag4 ,,loon4 #cc in4 7,gavia imber4 #g47 ,black1 showing greenish on head and neck1 spotted with square or oval patches of white on back and wings and striped with white in front of wings2 white below2 two conspicuous white-striped bars across the black neck give the effect of a broad black collar2 tail1 very short2 eye1 red2 large black bill1 long and pointed2 dives and sinks like the ,grebes2 note1 an eerie1 prolonged cry4 #aah4 ,,american ,,herring ,,gull4 #bd in4 7,larus argentatus smithsonianus4 #ea;a47 ,white2 wings and back1 pearly blue-gray2 bill yellow1 showing a small vermillion spot on either side2 the longest wing feathers are partly black1 marked and tipped with white2 the closed wing therefore shows black towards the end1 marked with a regular line of white spots and tipped with white at the extreme point2 eyelids1 bright yellow2 looks large and heavy in flight4 ,winter ,plumage3 ,streaked on head and neck with gray4 ,immature ,plumage3 ,dark and much streaked with brownish2 bill darker4 99,ring-billed ,gull4 #aai4 ,,ring-,,billed ,,gull4 #ai in4 7,larus delawarensis4 #ed47 ,similar to the ,american ,herring ,gull1 but smaller2 bill1 greenish-yellow1 bright at tip1 banded with black around the middle2 wing tipped at extreme point with black2 feet greenish-yellow2 eyelids vermillion-red4 99,american ,herring ,gull4 #abj4 ,,bonaparte ,,gull4 #ac in4 7,larus philadelphia4 #fj47 ,back and wings1 light pearl-gray2 head and throat1 dark slate color2 back of head1 neck1 underparts and square tail1 white2 wings tipped1 and bordered narrowly on the outside edge with black2 feet and legs1 red2 bill black4 ,winter ,plumage3 ,hood1 grayish white4 ,large flocks seen in ,lincoln ,park4 99,common ,tern4 #aba4 ,,common ,,tern4 #ae in4 7,sterna hirundo4 #gj47 ,pearly gray back and wings1 whiter on rump2 top of head1 shining black2 pure white on throat2 dusky-white below2 tail forked1 outer edge darkest2 bill long and red1 blackening towards tip2 feet reddish4 ,winter ,plumage3 ,front of head and under-parts1 white2 bill nearly black4 99,bonaparte ,gull4 #abb4 ,,american ,,merganser4 #be in4 7,merganser americanus4 #abi47 ,black2 rump and tail1 ashy gray2 head1 throat and upper part of neck1 greenish black2 wing1 largely white1 edged with black and crossed by a black bar2 white below1 extending around the neck in a narrow collar2 long red bill tipped with black2 eye1 red2 shows salmon tinge below in flight4 ,female3 ,ashy-gray1 with sharply defined brown head and neck and a pale salmon or brownish tinge across upper breast2 throat1 white2 wings largely dark with a white patch2 small crest on back of neck2 feet orange2 eye yellow2 rare2 pursues and catches food under water4 99,american ,golden-eye4 99,red-breasted ,merganser4 #abc4 ,,red-,,breasted ,,merganser4 #bb in4 7,merganser serrator4 #acj47 ,long ragged crest2 head and neck black2 broad white collar2 broad cinnamon band streaked with black across the breast1 otherwise white below1 showing salmon tinge in flight2 wing largely white1 edged and barred twice with black2 eye and bill1 red4 ,female3 ,back and wings dark gray turning to brown on head and neck2 much paler on sides of neck and throat and gray across breast2 crest1 less prominent2 white wing-patch2 common4 99,american ,merganser4 #abd4 ,,hooded ,,merganser4 #ah in4 7,lophodytes cucullatus4 #aca47 ,black1 including throat and neck2 large1 circular crest1 white1 bordered with black2 white below running up in front of the wings in two points2 sides brownish1 finely lined with black2 white wing-patch1 crossed by black bar2 also lengthwise white streaks on end of wings2 short black bill2 eye yellow4 ,female3 ,grayish-brown2 throat white2 crest small2 sides unmarked4 99,buffle-head4 #abe4 ,,mallard4 #bc in4 7,anas boschas4 #acb47 ,head1 throat and neck glossy green2 narrow white collar2 breast1 rich brown2 back1 dark brownish2 underparts1 silver-gray2 tail white1 set off by black feathers which curl up from either side of the black rump2 wing-patch purple1 bordered on either side with a black and then a white bar4 ,female3 ,buffy-brown and black2 much streaked and speckled2 lighter on throat2 shows wing-patch as in male2 common4 #abf4 ,,green-,,winged ,,teal4 #ad-a_/b in4 7,nettion carolinensis4 #aci47 ,gray1 finely lined on sides and shoulders with black2 white bar in front of wing2 head1 including throat1 brown with a broad green stripe from eye to back of head1 ending in a small tuft2 wings1 gray-brown with brilliant green and black wing-patch1 bordered by buffy bars2 breast very pale reddish-brown1 speckled with round black spots2 buffy patches on sides of tail2 white belly4 ,female3 ,mottled brown2 top of head and back of neck dark brown2 sides of head and neck buff-colored and finely streaked2 throat buff1 unmarked2 no green on head nor white bar in front of wings2 wing-patch as in male1 but smaller4 99,blue-winged ,teal4 #abg4 ,,blue-,,winged ,,teal4 #ae in4 7,querquedula discors4 #adj47 ,back and underparts thickly mottled brownish and black1 lightest below2 head slaty1 showing purplish gloss2 a conspicuous crescent-shaped white stripe in front of eye2 shows blue on bend of wing1 followed by a white bar and a bright green wing-patch2 white patch on sides of tail2 bill black4 ,female3 ,dusky-brown2 black on top of head2 streaked and whitish on neck and sides of head2 throat and about base of bill1 white2 back and underparts1 mottled and spotted2 wing shows blue but no green2 white bars on head are wanting4 99,green-winged ,teal4 #abh4 ,,pintail4 #bg in4 7,dafila acuta4 #adc47 ,head1 including throat1 brown1 darkest on top2 long1 swan-like neck1 black above1 finely waved white and dusky on back and sides2 long middle tail feathers1 black2 white below with a conspicuous curved white stripe running up sides of neck to head and ending in a point2 bronzy patch on wings4 ,female3 ,tail much shorter but pointed2 dusky1 everywhere streaked2 no white stripe on neck2 whitish wing-bars2 smaller than male4 99,old-squaw4 #abi4 ,,wood ,,duck4 #ah in4 7,aix sponsa4 #add47 ,highly variegated2 long1 smooth1 glossy crest1 showing green and purple iridescence and marked by two very narrow white parallel lines1 curving from bill and behind eye almost to end of crest2 throat white1 extending irregularly in two stripes1 one up behind eye1 the other nearly around neck2 breast1 glossy brown1 spotted with white and set off on either side by a conspicuous white stripe bordered with black2 wings highly iridescent1 marked by green patch bordered with white4 ,female3 ,much duller and less conspicuously marked2 head brownish-gray1 slightly crested showing greenish tints2 throat and line extending from it around base of bill1 with space about eye1 white4 #acj4 ,,redhead4 #bj in4 7,aythya americana4 #adf47 ,puffy head and upper part of neck and throat1 bright reddish brown2 breast and upper part of back with rump1 black2 belly white2 middle back and sides evenly and finely waved black and white1 which shows gray at a distance4 ,female3 ,grayish-brown1 almost white on throat2 brown on head1 light brown on neck4 99,canvas-back4 #aca4 ,,lesser ,,scaup ,,duck4 #af in4 7,aythya affinis4 #adi47 ,head1 neck and breast black1 showing purple reflections on head2 back black and white1 very narrowly barred2 upper parts of wings dark1 finely mottled with white2 lower part of wing brownish-black1 showing a small white patch2 lower breast and belly white2 bill1 bluish1 tipped with black4 ,female3 ,black replaced by brown1 lighter on head2 region around bill white4 99,female ,redhead1 easily confused with female ,lesser ,scaup4 #acb4 ,,american ,,golden-,,eye4 #ai in4 7,clangula americana4 #aea47 ,black1 glossed with green2 white below1 extending around the neck in a collar2 head bunchy1 slightly crested and marked below eye and just back of eye by a nearly oval white spot2 wings largely white2 short bill4 ,female3 ,brown1 snuff-colored on head2 white collar2 white wing patch2 band of bluish gray across breast and down sides4 99,american ,merganser4 #acc4 ,,buffle-,,head4 #ae in4 7,charitonetta albeola4 #aec47 ,head1 throat and upper neck1 iridescent black2 conspicuous black crest broadly banded with white over head from eye to eye2 back black1 ashy on tail2 wings black with a very large white patch2 collar and entire under parts1 white4 ,female3 ,smaller2 brownish1 lighter below with no crest and only a white patch on cheeks and a small white wing patch4 99,hooded ,merganser4 #acd4 ,,old-,,squaw4 #ba in4 7,harelda hiemalis4 #aed47 ,winter ,plumage3 ,back1 long tail-feathers and breast with conspicuous patch on sides of neck1 black2 throat and upper breast1 top of head1 neck and belly1 white2 cheeks grayish-brown2 wings black and gray2 bill crossed by yellowish band4 ,female3 ,dark brown1 lighter on head1 grayish on tail2 throat1 breast and region about the eye1 gray-white2 below white1 brown on lower part of throat2 no long tail-feathers2 smaller than male4 ,summer ,plumage3 ,head and neck1 dusky black2 grayish-white on sides of head1 and female shows more brown4 99,pintail4 #ace4 ,,canada ,,goose4 #dj in4 7,branta canadensis4 #agb47 ,head and neck1 black with white throat-patch extending up to and just behind eye2 brownish-gray marked with lighter1 darkest on back2 rump and tail1 black above and white below2 fly after a leader in harrow-shaped ranks1 often high up1 crying1 honk1 honk1 honk4 #acf4 ,,american ,,bittern4 #cj in4 7,botaurus lentiginosus4 #aij47 ,streaky tawny- and dark-brown2 tawny-yellowish below1 mixed with white and streaked with dark brown2 conspicuous black streak on sides of neck2 short brown tail2 breast feathers loose and baggy2 yellow eye2 call1 loud resounding squawk or booming notes which have given it the common name of stake-driver4 #acg4 ,,least ,,bittern4 #ac in4 7,ardetta exilis4 #aia47 ,crown1 with back1 tail and upper half of wings1 shining greenish-black2 rest of wing shows buff and bright chestnut2 throat and baggy breast1 whitish1 shading into yellowish-brown on sides of neck1 and chestnut on back of neck2 buffy white below2 tufts of dark feathers on either side of breast2 yellow eye4 99,green ,heron4 #ach4 ,,green ,,heron4 #ag in4 7,butorides virescens4 #bja47 ,wings and back dark green1 latter tinged with blue-gray2 crown1 greenish-black2 neck and breast1 rich reddish brown2 throat and line down middle of neck to breast whitish1 ending in light streaks on breast2 the smallest heron2 carries neck curved in flight2 squawking note1 scow4 99,least ,bittern4 #aci4 ,,sora4 #h-a_/b in4 7,porzana carolina4 #bad47 ,olive-brown with lengthwise markings of black and some white2 short tail turned up1 showing buffy white underside2 sides barred posteriorily with white2 front of head and throat1 black2 slaty line over eye2 sides of neck and breast1 grayish slate2 bill short and yellowish2 legs long4 ,young3 ,no black2 throat whitish and brown on breast2 very stealthy2 skulks and crouches in grass4 #adj4 ,,american ,,coot4 #ae in4 7,fulica americana4 #bba47 ,smooth blackish slate color1 lighter below and black on head and neck2 white bill shows dark marks near the tip2 turned up tail2 white underneath2 wing edged with white2 eye red2 young show white below and no marks on bill2 toes with scalloped edges4 ,may be mistaken for a small duck4 #ada4 ,,american ,,woodcock4 #aj-a_/b in4 7,philohela minor4 #bbh47 ,black1 mixed black and rusty slate2 below reddish-brown1 no markings2 large head with short neck and very long straight bill2 eye set high up and far back2 crown barred crosswise with black and rusty2 short tail2 burrows in soft mud for earthworms2 nocturnal4 #adb4 ,,semi-,,palmated ,,sandpiper4 #f in4 7,ereunetes pusillus4 #bdf47 ,grayish-brown1 marked with black and buffy2 rump very dark2 tail tapering2 underparts pure white1 slightly tinged and streaked across breast2 white line over eye and dusky line beneath2 note1 peep-peep4 99,other ,sandpipers4 #adc4 ,,solitary ,,sandpiper4 #h-a_/b in4 7,helodromas solitarius4 #bef47 ,back1 dusky olive-brown1 finely spotted with white2 crown and back of neck showing dark streaks2 white below1 throat unmarked2 sides of head and neck with breast slightly buffy and distinctly streaked2 sides lightly barred2 wings dark brown with one narrow white wing-bar2 middle of tail very dark2 outer feathers white1 barred with black2 note1 a soft whistle4 99,spotted ,sandpiper4 #add4 ,,spotted ,,sandpiper4 #g-a_/b in4 7,actitis macularia4 #bfc47 ,greenish-ash marked lightly with black2 long white line over eye2 pure white below everywhere with dark round spots2 wings brownish1 marked broadly with white bar2 flies close to the water with wings full-spread1 showing white wing-bar2 note1 penetrating pee-weet1 weet2 walks with tilting motion4 99,solitary ,sandpiper4 #ade4 ,,killdeer4 #aj in4 7,oxyechus vociferus4 #bgc47 ,gray-brown2 rump rusty-brown2 tail rather long2 white below2 white collar followed by a black collar1 and a black band across breast2 forehead1 line over eye and wing-bar1 white2 bill black2 runs very swiftly2 note1 loud and persistent kill-dee often heard high overhead4 ,explanation of ,chart4 ,the height of the migration usually comes during the second or third week in ,may4 ,this chart makes a comparison of the observations of six years graphic4 ,for instance1 the largest number of different species seen on any one morning in #aijc was #fh 7,may #ab71 while in #aija it was #dh 7,may #af74 ,the sudden rise or fall in the migration may also be seen at a glance4 ,may #i1 #ahii1 for example1 only #af different species were observed and ,may #aj the record was #dj4 ,similarly1 in #aija1 the number of species seen ,may #ag dropped from #de to #ae in three days4 ,a chart showing the number of different kinds of birds seen in ,,lincoln ,,park during the ,,height ,,of ,,the ,,migration ,note to ,key4 ,in response to many demands1 the following simple field-key has been devised1 to the end that the beginner may be aided in learning to observe correctly those points about a bird that appear most conspicuous in the field or which are particularly distinctive4 ,technical analyses and measurements have not been employed1 but instead1 the birds are roughly placed in three groups according to size1 the ,robin and ,english ,sparrow marking respectively the #aj-;inch and #f-;inch lines of division4 ,the first part of the key deals with general differences in color and markings1 while the second seeks to emphasize the most noteworthy special points which distinguish the different species4 ,incidentally a few striking peculiarities of bill1 wings and tail have been included4 ,it will readily be seen that a key embracing so little cannot do more than reduce wild guessing to a few reasonable chances in identifying a strange bird4 ,some practice is of course necessary to enable the student to use the key readily4 ,its helpfulness will largely depend upon accuracy of observation and a careful application of the points which it suggests4 ,shore and water birds have been omitted--first1 in order to keep the key as simple as possible2 second1 because quite full descriptions of these birds are given in the ,particular ,hints2 and1 third1 for the reason that beginners1 as a rule1 meet with far better success by becoming familiar with the common land birds before attempting the study of water and shore birds4 ,,explanations4 #a4 ,the heading1 ,dull ,colors1 includes all shades of gray or olive1 very dull dark-brown and black not showing conspicuous iridescence4 ,birds in this group are very rarely streaked or spotted1 never barred and seldom show any trace of bright colors4 #b4 ,to make the key compact and to avoid referring to the index the birds are indicated by their respective numbers as given under ,particular ,hints4 #c4 ,females differing greatly in coloration from the males are denoted by heavy figures4 ,differences in markings are taken into account only when the female is particularly obscure or liable to be mistaken for another species4 #d4 ,every bird appears once under the first six general headings1 and a few twice1 some of which come under apparently contradictory headings in order to cover incomplete as well as complete observations4 ,for example1 the ,robin has a streaked throat and the ,fox ,sparrow an indistinctly streaked back1 both inconspicuous points1 often overlooked in the field1 yet useful if complete observations have been made4 ,again1 the ,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher1 though brighter colored than most of its kind1 would scarcely be described as having either brilliant or very dull plumage1 and is therefore difficult to tabulate exclusively in one place4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,key4 ,two illustrations will most briefly indicate the easiest method of using the key-- ,observation3 ,a dull-colored bird of medium size1 nearer six inches than ten1 much streaked all over1 showing nothing distinctive unless a kind of spot on the breast4 ,turning to the key1 pass by ,bright ,colors1 ,iridescent and ,dull ,colors1 choosing ,streaked1 ,barred or ,spotted4 ,not being sure of the size1 it may be necessary to try all the birds between #f and #aj inches1 as well as those less than #f inches4 ,before going to so much trouble1 however1 pass on to ,under ,parts and see whether an easier approach can be made there4 ,the sub-heading ,spot or patch on throat1 sides1 breast or sides of neck looks comprehensive enough to apply1 while in this case it contains fewer examples4 ,comparing the numbers there given with those under the first heading selected1 it is found that only #aj and #bc appear in both places4 ,on looking up #aj and #bc it is found that they refer to the ,song ,sparrow and ,sapsucker1 two species so widely different in coloration1 habits and movements that it ought not to be necessary to study the key further in order to be sure of the bird in question--namely1 the ,song ,sparrow4 ,observation3 ,a bird in flight1 pure white below1 without doubt over #aj inches on account of its long tail4 ,not having seen the general color with any certainty1 but being fairly sure of the white breast and long tail1 try ,under ,parts first4 ,only two birds over #aj inches are given under the sub-heading ,pure white or ashy1 and these are #ajc and #aji4 ,turning to ,tail1 both numbers appear under very long1 sometimes keeled or forked1 but only #ajc1 the ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo1 comes under ,outer tail-feathers conspicuously white or spotted4 ,if conspicuous tail spots had been seen the key would have helped to identify the bird1 but the key alone cannot make up for lack of observations4 ,the second illustration may give force to the suggestion that certain birds can be satisfactorily identified only after very careful observation and some further study4 ,,bright ,,colors ,streaked ,barred ,spotted ,a#a ,showing ,blue1 blue-gray or bluish-ash ,a#b ,showing ,red1 chestnut1 light or reddish-brown ,a#c ,showing ,yellow1 orange or buff ,a#d ,showing conspicuous ,black markings ,,never ,streaked ,barred ,spotted ,a#e ,showing ,blue1 blue-gray or bluish-ash ,a#f ,showing ,red1 chestnut1 light or reddish-brown ,a#g ,showing ,yellow1 orange or buff ,a#h ,showing much ,black ,,iridescent ,b#a ,showing iridescent black1 blue1 green or brownish ,,dull ,,colors ,few ,markings ,c#a ,sharply defined ,c#b ,obscure ,d#a ,,no ,,markings ,,streaked ,,barred ,,or ,,spotted ,,on ,,breast ,,back ,,or ,,both ,e#a ,above and ,below1 rarely bright colors ,plain ,above ,e#b ,heavily streaked or spotted below ,e#c ,lightly streaked or spotted below ,e#d ,plain ,below1 rarely with one conspicuous spot on breast ,e#e ,highly ,variegated ,f#a ,,hood ,,under ,,parts ,no ,markings ,g#a ,pure white or ashy ,g#b ,dull colors1 indistinctly shaded ,few1 if any1 ,markings ,g#c ,distinctive red1 yellow or brown ,breast ,g#d ,belly white or yellow1 sharply contrasting with breast ,distinctive ,markings ,g#e ,a line of streaks down sides or across breast ,g#f ,spotted1 finely streaked1 or throat and middle of belly plain ,g#g ,bib1 collar1 or band across breast ,g#h ,spot or patch on throat1 sides1 breast1 or sides of neck ,g#i ,noticeably tinged with red1 yellow1 buff or brownish ,,bill ,h#a ,hooked1 or noticeably long and sometimes curved ,h#b ,large and stout1 or noticeably short and thick ,h#c ,used for hammering ,,head ,top ,i#a ,crested1 or red crown-patch displayed at will ,i#b ,crown conspicuously ,striped ,i#c ,distinct ,cap1 no line over eye ,i#d ,distinct ,cap or crown-patch1 with line over1 through or back of eye ,i#e ,forehead showing black1 sometimes with bar through eye ,sides ,i#f ,conspicuous line over or through eye ,i#g ,inconspicuous but distinctive line over eye ,i#h ,conspicuous eye-ring1 or black or yellow mask ,i#i ,distinctively marked or colored on cheeks or sides of head ,,wings ,j#a ,long and pointed ,j#b ,one or two conspicuous ,,wing-,,bars1 white or yellowish ,j#c ,spots1 patches or bright markings ,,back ,streaked ,k#a ,entirely streaked or mottled1 no distinct cap ,k#b ,rump plain1 cap or striped crown ,k#c ,gray or ashy about head or neck ,barred and ,spotted ,k#d ,barred1 including wings ,k#e ,black and white1 wings barred or spotted ,k#f ,no ,markings1 back and wings alike ,distinctive ,markings or ,colors ,k#g ,rump patch1 white1 yellow or brown ,k#h ,on back of neck1 between shoulders1 or middle of back ,,tail ,color ,l#a ,outer feathers conspicuously white or spotted ,l#b ,reddish-brown1 or tipped with white or yellow ,l#c ,markings3 ,barred or banded with black or white ,size ,l#d ,very long1 sometimes keeled or forked ,l#e ,very short ,l#f ,narrow and pointed ,l#g ,movements3 ,used for bracing1 or1 jerking or tilting motions4 #aj ,inches or more ,between #f and #aj ,inches ,less than #f ,inches ,,bright ,,colors ,a#a #a1 #bb4 444 #ch1 #ff1 #ajj1 #ajd4 ,a#b #c1 #dc1 #de4 #ac1 #dj1 #hj4 #gf1 #hi1 #ih4 ,a#c #e4 #aab4 #di1 #ef1 #ff1 #fh1 #gc1 #gg1 #ajd4 ,a#d #a1 #e1 #dc4 #aab4 #ch1 #ef1 #ff1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #hi1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,a#e 444 #g1 #dd4 #ba1 #dg1 #ed1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #ij1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #aac4 ,a#f #c4 #g1 #ae1 #bg1 #ca1 #da1 #eg1 #ga1 #gh1 #hg4 444 ,a#g #aaa4 #bg1 #da1 #fa1 #gj1 #hb1 #ib4 #ec1 #fe1 #fg1 #gi1 #hd1 #ij1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig1 #aja1 #aje1 #aac4 ,a#h #aaa4 #ae1 #bg1 #eg1 #gj1 #gh1 #hg1 #ib4 #fg1 #hc1 #aja4 ,,iridescent ,b#a #i1 #ce4 #aa1 #bd1 #cj1 #dd1 #ha4 #ajg4 ,,dull ,,colors ,c#a #ce1 #eh4 #b1 #d1 #eb1 #fi1 99#hg4 #ag1 #bj1 #bh1 #gb1 #hc4 ,c#b #ajc1 #aji1 99#aaa4 99#aa1 #ad1 99#bd1 99#ca1 #ge1 99#gh1 99#ha1 #ia4 #bh1 #ei1 #fc1 99#fg1 #he1 99#id1 #if ,,no ,,markings ,d#a #f4 99#aa1 #ad1 99#bd1 99#ga1 #ha4 #ei1 99#fe1 #he1 99#id4 ,,streaked ,,barred ,,or ,,spotted ,,on ,,breast ,,back ,,or ,,both ,e#a #ah1 99#cc1 #dc4 #aj1 #ac1 #bc1 99#bg1 #cg1 99#dj1 99#hj1 99#ib1 #ii1 #ajh4 #h1 #cf1 #df1 #ej1 #ee1 #gg1 #ajb1 #ajf4 ,e#b 99#dc1 #de4 #ac1 #bf1 #fj1 #fb1 #fd1 #gd1 #aaj4 #ea1 #ajd4 ,e#c #cc4 #db1 99#ha4 #di1 #fh1 99#ajd4 ,e#d #e4 #ab1 #af1 #bi1 #cb1 #dh1 #aab1 #aad4 #ai1 #be1 #cd1 #ci1 #hh4 ,e#e 444 #hj4 #ch1 #ef1 #ff1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #hi1 #ih1 #ajj4 ,,hood ,f#a #aaa4 #aa1 #eg1 #gj1 #hg4 #ie1 #aja4 ,,under ,,parts ,g#a #ajc1 #aji4 #af1 #bi1 #cj1 #dh1 #fi1 #ge4 #ai1 #ba1 #cd1 #he4 ,g#b #a1 #eh4 #b1 #ad1 99#bd1 99#gj1 99#hg1 #ia4 #ag1 #bj1 #be1 #bh1 #ci1 #dg1 #fc1 #hh1 #if4 ,g#c #c1 #e4 #g1 #dd1 #hb1 #aab4 #ec1 #fe1 #gi1 #hd1 #ie1 #aja1 #aje4 ,g#d 444 #d1 #ae1 #fa1 #hb4 #gi1 #hc1 #ig1 #aac4 ,g#e 444 #bc4 #ch1 #ff1 #gc1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajd4 ,g#f #dc4 #fb1 #fd4 #ej4 ,g#g #bb4 #d1 #ae1 #ii1 #ajh4 #ef1 #hc1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,g#h #e1 #ah4 #aj1 #ab1 #bc1 #cb1 #hj1 #aab4 #gf1 #ic1 #ig1 #ajg4 ,g#i 444 #bc1 #dj1 #fj1 #aad4 #be1 #cf1 #di1 99#ec1 #ed1 #gb1 #hf1 #ajf4 ,,bill ,h#a #cc1 #dc1 #de1 #ajc1 #aji4 #b4 #ai1 #hh1 #ajg ,h#b 444 #aa1 #ca1 #dj1 #hj4 #fg4 ,h#c #ah4 #af1 #bc1 #bi1 99#eg1 #aad4 444 ,,head ,i#a #a1 #bb4 #ca1 #da1 #fa1 #fi4 #bh4 ,i#b 444 #cb1 #dh1 #gd4 #ag1 #ee4 ,i#c 444 #eb1 #aad4 #bj1 #ba1 #fg1 #hi1 #ajb1 #aje4 ,i#d 444 #ab4 #be1 #cd1 #ch1 #di1 #ed1 #ic1 #ih4 ,i#e 444 #ca1 #da4 #ci1 #dg1 #fe1 #hi4 ,i#f #e4 #b1 #af1 #bi1 #cb1 #fb1 #hb1 #aab4 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #ff1 99#gg1 #gi1 #hh4 ,i#g 99#aaa4 #bd1 #ge4 #h1 #if1 99#ajj4 ,i#h 444 #fj4 #bj1 #fe1 #gb1 #gi1 #hd1 #hf1 #aja1 #aac4 ,i#i #ce1 #dc4 #aaj1 #aad4 #bj1 #di1 #ej1 #gc1 #gg1 #hi1 #ic1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,,wings ,j#a 444 #cj1 #dd1 #ha1 #ii1 #ajh4 #ei4 ,j#b #de4 #ab1 #dh1 #gj1 99#hg1 #ia4 #ai1 #bh1 #ec1 #ef1 #fc1 #fg1 #gb1 #gi1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,j#c #eh1 #aaa4 #b1 #ae1 #bg1 #eg1 #hj1 #ajh4 #ff1 #gf1 #hc1 #ic4 ,,back ,k#a 99#e4 #aj1 #cg1 99#dj1 99#hj1 99#ib1 #ii1 #ajh4 #h1 #ej1 #ee1 #ajf4 ,k#b 444 #cb4 #ai1 #ed1 #eh1 #gc1 #gg1 #ajb4 ,k#c 444 #ab1 #dh1 #aab4 #be1 #ci4 ,k#d #ah1 99#dc4 #aad4 #cf1 #df4 ,k#e 444 #af1 #bc1 #bi4 444 ,k#f #c1 #f1 #i1 #ce1 #aji4 #d1 #g1 #aa1 #ad1 #bf1 #db1 #fj1 #fb1 #bj1 #ea1 #ed1 #ei1 #fe1 #hd1 #he1 #if1 #ig1 #fd1 #gd1 #ge1 #ha1 #hb1 #aaj4 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aac4 ,k#g #ah1 #cc4 #hj4 #ch1 #ff1 #gg1 #hh4 ,k#h #ah4 #af1 #bc1 #bi1 #aad4 #ej1 #hh1 #ij4 ,,tail ,l#a #c1 #e1 #bb1 #eh1 #ajc4 #b1 #d1 #ae1 #bi1 #cg4 #ch1 #dg1 #di1 #ec1 #ef1 #gf1 #hi1 #ajj4 ,l#b #a1 #ce4 #ac1 #bf1 #da1 #fa1 #fi4 444 ,l#c #a1 #cc1 #dc4 #af1 #bc1 #aad4 #cf1 #df1 #ff1 #hh4 ,l#d #i1 #ce1 #de1 #ajc1 #aji4 #dd4 #ai1 #dg4 ,l#e 444 444 #ba1 #cf1 #ed1 #ei1 #ajg4 ,l#f #ce4 444 #h1 #ej4 ,l#g #ah4 #af1 #bc1 #bi1 #eg1 #fb1 #gd1 #aad4 #ai1 #di1 #ea4 ,glossary4 99,barred--,marked with transverse lines4 99,bib--,whole throat1 with upper breast of same color1 sharply defined4 99,cap--,entire top of head defined by an oval patch of distinct and contrasting color4 99,crest--,a tuft of feathers carried erect on top or back of head4 99,crown-patch--,smaller and less sharply defined than cap4 99,hood--,whole head and neck all around of same color4 99,mask--,forehead1 together with broad stripe through eye1 of same color4 99,mottled--,colors and markings blended in no distinct patterns4 99,patch--,an oddly-shaped and conspicuous mark1 never round4 99,rump--,the extreme lower portion of the back next the tail 7easily seen in flight74 99,spotted--,marked with nearly round spots or one irregular spot4 99,streaked--,marked with longitudinal lines or streaks4 99,variegated--,showing a variety of colors and markings4 99,wing-,bar--,a line1 usually white1 running obliquely across wing4 ,supplementary ,list4 ,note4--,owing to the impossibility of determining what additional species are most likely to stray into a city park1 the following list has been made to include certain species known to occur in ,cook ,county1 ,illinois1 some of which are of common occurrence in the vicinity of ,chicago but have not yet been seen in ,lincoln ,park by the authors3 ,red-throated ,loon 7,gavin lumme4 #aa47 ,glaucous ,gull4 7,larus glaucus4 #db47 ,franklin ,gull4 7,larus franklinii4 #ei47 ,forster ,tern4 7,sterna forsteri4 #fi47 ,black ,tern4 7,hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis4 #gg47 ,shoveller4 7,spatula clypeata4 #adb47 ,american ,scaup ,duck4 7,aythya marila4 #adh47 ,ring-necked ,duck4 7,aythya collaris4 #aej47 ,great ,blue ,heron4 7,ardea herodias4 #aid47 ,black-crowned ,night ,heron4 7,nycticorax nycticorax naevius4 #bjb47 ,king ,rail 7,rallus elegans4 #bjh47 ,virginia ,rail4 7,rallus virginianus4 #bab47 ,wilson ,snipe4 7,gallinago delicata4 #bcj47 ,pectoral ,sandpiper4 7,actrodramas maculata4 #bci47 ,least ,sandpiper4 7,actrodramas minutilla4 #bdb47 ,greater ,yellow-legs4 7,totanus melanoleucus4 #bed47 ,yellow-legs4 7,totanus flavipes4 #bee47 ,bartramian ,sandpiper4 7,bartramia longicauda4 #bfa47 ,black-bellied ,plover4 7,squatarola squatarola4 #bgj47 ,american ,golden ,plover4 7,charadrius dominicus4 #bgb47 ,sharp-shinned ,hawk4 7,accipiter velox4 #ccb47 ,cooper ,hawk4 7,accipiter cooperi4 #ccc47 ,red-tailed ,hawk4 7,buteo borealis4 #ccg47 ,red-shouldered ,hawk4 7,buteo lineatus4 #cci47 ,broad-winged ,hawk4 7,buteo platypterus4 #cdc47 ,american ,rough-legged ,hawk4 7,archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis4 #cdg;a47 ,pigeon ,hawk4 7,falco columbarius4 #ceg47 ,short-eared ,owl4 7,asio accipitrinus4 #cfg47 ,barred ,owl4 7,syrnium varium4 #cfh47 ,saw-whet ,owl4 7,nyctala acadia4 #cgb47 ,screech ,owl4 7,megascops asio4 #cgc47 ,acadian ,flycatcher4 7,empidonax virescens4 #dfe47 ,traill ,flycatcher4 7,empidonax traillii4 #dff47 ,prairie ,horned ,lark4 7,otocoris alpestris praticola4 #dgd;b47 ,evening ,grosbeak4 7,hesperiphona vespertina4 #ead47 ,redpoll4 7,acanthis linaria4 #ebh47 ,snowflake4 7,passerina nivalis4 #ecd47 ,lapland ,longspur4 7,calcarius lapponicus4 #ecf47 ,grasshopper ,sparrow4 7,coturniculus savannarum passerinus4 #edf47 ,eave ,swallow4 7,petrochelidon lunifrons4 #fab47 ,bank ,swallow4 7,riparia riparia4 #faf47 ,northern ,shrike4 7,lanius borealis4 #fba47 ,white-rumped ,shrike4 7,lanius ludovicianus excubitorides4 #fbb;a47 ,philadelphia ,vireo4 7,vireo philadelphicus4 #fbf47 ,white-eyed ,vireo4 7,vireo noveboracensis4 #fca47 ,blue-winged ,warbler4 7,helminthophila pinus4 #fda47 ,orange-crowned ,warbler4 7,helminthophila celata4 #fdf47 ,water-,thrush4 7,seiurus noveboracensis4 #fge47 ,american ,pipit4 7,anthus pensilvanicus4 #fig47 ,short-billed ,marsh ,wren4 7,cistothorus stellaris4 #gbd47 ,tufted ,titmouse4 7,baeolophus bicolor4 #gca47 ,index of ,common ,names4 ,page ,bittern1 ,american1 #ej ,least1 #ej ,blackbird1 ,red-winged1 #af ,rusty1 #ae ,yellow-headed1 #ca ,bluebird1 #ab ,bobolink1 #bg ,buffle-head1 #di ,bunting1 ,indigo1 #bh ,cardinal1 #af ,catbird1 #bj ,chat1 ,yellow-breasted1 #bf ,chickadee1 #ad ,coot1 ,american1 #ea ,cowbird1 #ac ,creeper1 ,black and ,white1 #ba ,brown1 #ad ,crow1 #ab ,cuckoo1 ,black-billed1 #cj ,yellow-billed1 #bi ,dickcissel1 #ca ,dove1 ,mourning1 #ag ,duck1 ,lesser ,scaup1 #di ,wood1 #dh ,finch1 ,purple1 #ah ,flicker1 #ad ,flycatcher1 ,great-crested1 #bb ,least1 #bb ,yellow-bellied1 #bd ,gnatcatcher1 ,blue-gray1 #ai ,golden-eye1 ,american1 #di ,goldfinch1 ,american1 #bc ,goose1 ,canada1 #ej ,grackle1 ,bronzed1 #ab ,grebe1 ,horned1 #dd ,pied-billed1 #dd ,grosbeak1 ,rose-breasted1 #be ,gull1 ,american ,herring1 #de ,bonaparte1 #de ,ring-billed1 #de ,hawk1 ,american ,sparrow1 #ah ,marsh1 #ag ,heron1 ,green1 #ej ,hummingbird1 ,ruby-throated1 #cj ,jay1 ,blue1 #aa ,junco1 #ab ,killdeer1 #eb ,kingbird1 #bc ,kingfisher1 ,belted1 #ae ,kinglet1 ,golden-crowned1 #ad ,ruby-crowned1 #af ,loon1 #dd ,mallard1 #dg ,martin1 ,purple1 #be ,meadowlark1 #ab ,merganser1 ,american1 #df ,hooded1 #df ,red-breasted1 #df ,mockingbird1 #ba ,nighthawk1 #cj ,nuthatch1 ,red-breasted1 #bj ,white-breasted1 #ae ,old-squaw1 #di ,oriole1 ,baltimore1 #bc ,orchard1 #bg ,ovenbird1 #bd ,pewee1 ,wood1 #bg ,phoebe1 #ac ,pintail1 #dh ,redhead1 #dh ,redstart1 ,american1 #bd ,robin1 #aa ,sandpiper1 ,semi-palmated1 #ea ,solitary1 #eb ,spotted1 #eb ,sapsucker1 ,yellow-bellied1 #ae ,shrike1 ,loggerhead1 #aa ,sora1 #ea ,sparrow1 ,chipping1 #ag ,field1 #ae ,fox1 #ac ,henslow1 #bj ,lincoln1 #cj ,savanna1 #ab ,song1 #ac ,swamp1 #ah ,tree1 #ac ,vesper1 #ag ,white-crowned1 #ai ,white-throated1 #af ,swallow1 ,barn1 #ah ,tree1 #af ,swift1 ,chimney1 #ba ,tanager1 ,scarlet1 #be ,summer1 #bc ,teal1 ,blue-winged1 #dg ,green-winged1 #dg ,tern1 ,common1 #de ,thrasher1 ,brown1 #ai ,thrush1 ,gray-cheeked1 #ca ,hermit1 #ae ,olive-backed1 #ba ,wilson1 #ah ,wood1 #bb ,towhee1 #ac ,vireo1 ,blue-headed1 #bf ,red-eyed1 #bd ,warbling1 #bf ,yellow-throated1 #be ,warbler1 ,bay-breasted1 #bg ,blackburnian1 #bd ,black-poll1 #bi ,black-throated ,blue1 #bf ,black-throated ,green1 #ba ,blue ,golden-winged1 #bh ,canadian1 #cj ,cape ,may1 #be ,cerulean1 #bi ,chestnut-sided1 #bh ,connecticut1 #ca ,hooded1 #bi ,magnolia1 #bc ,mourning1 #bh ,myrtle1 #ag ,nashville1 #bf ,palm1 #ai ,parula1 #bg ,pine1 #bj ,prothonotary1 #bh ,tennessee1 #bh ,wilson ,black-cap1 #cj ,yellow1 #bc ,water-,thrush1 ,grinnell1 #bj ,louisiana1 #bb ,waxwing1 ,cedar1 #ah ,whip-poor-will1 #bi ,woodcock1 ,american1 #ea ,woodpecker1 ,downy1 #ad ,hairy1 #af ,red-bellied1 #ca ,red-headed1 #ba ,wren1 ,house1 #ai ,long-billed ,marsh1 #bg ,winter1 #ag ,yellow-throat1 ,western1 #bb ,colored plates1 #g-a_/b x #i-a_/b inches in size1 of all the birds mentioned in this little book1 except numbers #ej1 #ec1 #fa1 #fc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aac1 #aae1 #abb1 #adb and #adc1 will be sent by the publishers at #b cents each1 or a portfolio of #acd pictures for #b4jj4 ,both book and pictures1 if ordered together1 #b4be4 ,a4 ,w4 ,mumford ,company1 ,publishers #cgh ,wabash ,avenue ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,transcriber's notes to the ,electronic ,edition --,spelling1 capitalization1 and punctuation of bird names was made consistent 7e4g41 ,redhead vs4 ,red-head vs4 ,redheaded74 ,all spelling changes were justified by usage elsewhere in the text4 ,unambiguous abbreviated names 7,american ,sparrow ,hawk vs4 ,sparrow ,hawk7 were not changed4 --,note that the ,yellow ,warbler is also once called ,summer ,warbler4 --,the ,canvas-back ,duck was1 apparently unintentionally1 omitted from the bird list1 but is referenced several times in the text4 --,two tables1 the ,identification ,key and ,tables of ,arrival1 were reformatted for vertical scrolling4 --,in the ,,ascii text file1 an 99 7asterisk7 indicates that the following bird name or number was printed in 99bold font4