99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al docum5t has be5 pres]v$4 ,bold$ text is repres5t$ l s4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,alb]t ,,sidney ,,bolles1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,law ,,( ,,bank+ ,,banks ,,& ,,_! ,,depositors ,,bank ,,(fic]s ,,bank ,,collections ,,! ,,national ,,bank ,,act ,,& ,,its ,,judicial ,,int]pretation ,putnam's ,h&y ,law ,book = ! ,layman ,putnam's ,h&y ,law ,book = ! ,layman ,by ,alb]t ,sidney ,bolles1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,comm]cial ,law & ,bank+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 also ,lectur] on ! ,same ,subjects 9 ,hav]=d ,college ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press ,copyright1 #aiba by ,alb]t ,sidney ,bolles ,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiba ,repr9t$ ,decemb]1 #aiba ,m>*1 ,july1 #aibb ,april1 #aibc ,illu/ration ,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,=eword ,:at useful purpose c ?is book s]ve8 ,mo/ ( ! laws "u :i* we live are kept1 n f kn[+ !m1 b because ! good s5se ( individuals leads !m along legal ways4 ,yet 9 _m cases _! good s5se fails to discov] ! "r way4 ,?us1 ! receiv] ( a *eck on a bank mu/ pres5t x )9 a reasonable "t aft] receiv+ x1 & if he keeps x long] ! risk ( loss1 %\ld ! bank fail1 is 8 own4 ,:at is ?is reasonable "t8 ,"o man says ?ree days1 ano!r a week1 ano!r a mon?4 ,s "o's common s5se fails to e/abli% a def9ite reasonable "t4 ,x is ne$ful to h ! "t fix$1 & ! law !re=e has e/abli%$ a reasonable "t4 ,!re are _m cases l ?is 9 :i* "o's common s5se fails to furni% a correct1 yet ne$ful guide4 ,?is little book conta9s _m ( ! legal pr9ciples t are 9 mo/ frequ5t use1 z read]s w le>n :o c>efully read x4 ,aga91 if !y d n always f9d an answ] to _! que/ions1 x is believ$ t 9 _m cases !y w f9d en\gh law ( a g5]al nature f :i* !y c safely solve _! que/ions4 ,!y are !re=e bes\ght to d some?+ m ?an m]ely consult ?is book = ! purpose ( f9d+ ready & complete answ]s to _! que/ions1 to read x & become famili> ) its cont5ts4 ,besides ! law pres5t$ "h ! read] %\ld le>n to be cauti\s1 & n tru/ too mu* 8 own judgm5t :5 no rule c be f\nd = 8 guidance4 ,_m a p]son has writt5 8 own w1 z he has a "r to d1 & aft] giv+ a legacy to a relative or fri5d has nullifi$ ! gift by hav+ ! legatee1 ?r\gh ! te/ator's ignorance1 sign z a witness4 ,! writ] knew a railway presid5t :o _h ! tem]ity to draw ! writ+ conta9+ an important contract betwe5 8 railroad & ano!r1 & :o1 by un9t5tionally putt+ a comma 9 ! wrong place1 made 8 road in/ead ( ! o!r responsible = l>ge losses4 ,if ?is book %all make ! read] cauti\s conc]n+ ! legality ( 8 und]tak+s1 x w be wor? to him _m times its price4 ,a4,s4,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]ms #a ,,adopt$ ,,*ild #e ,,ag5cy #f ,,agreem5t ,,to ,,pur*ase ,,l& #ae ,,auctione] #af ,,automobile #ai ,,bailor ,,& ,,bailee #bf ,,bankruptcy #ca ,,b5eficial ,,associations #ch ,,brok] #de ,,c>ri] #dh ,,*attel ,,mortgage #eb ,,*auffeur #eg ,,*eck #eh ,,citiz5 #fb ,,contracts #fd ,,corporations #gb ,,curtesy #aja ,,deceit #ajb ,,de$s #ajd ,,divisional ,,tree #aac ,,d[] #aac ,,drunk5ness #aaf ,,equitable ,,rem$ies #aah ,,factor #abc ,,fire ,,insurance #abd ,,fixtures #acb ,,g>age ,,keep] #acc ,,home/ead #ace ,,husb& ,,& ,,wife #acg ,,innkeep] #adg ,,l& ,,lic5se #adi ,,lease #aea ,,legal ,,rem$ies #afd ,,life ,,insurance #afg ,,m9or #agf ,,mortgage #agg ,,negotiable ,,pap] #ahc ,,p>5t ,,& ,,*ild #aig ,,p>tn]%ip #aih ,,pat5t #bjb ,,paym5t #baa ,,prescriptive ,,rights #bad ,,quasi ,,contracts #bah ,,sale #bbg ,,%ipp+ #bce ,,/atute ,,( ,,frauds #bdb ,,/atutes ,,( ,,limitation #bdc ,,telegraph ,,& ,,telephone #bdf ,,torts ,,or ,,wrongs #bdh ,,w>ranty #bfj ,,w #bfb ,,workm5',s ,,comp5sation ,,acts #bff ,,legal ,,=ms ,,= ,,ev]yday ,,use #bgg ,,index #cba ,putnam's ,h&y ,law ,book = ! ,layman ,explanation ( ,t]ms4--,at ! outset ! explanation ( a few t]ms1 (t5 us$1 may be helpful to ! read]4 ,among ^! are ! t]ms /atute & common law4 ,/atute law or /atutes mean ! laws enact$ by ! /ate legislature & by ! f$]al congress4 ,common law means ! decisions made by ! /ate & f$]al c\rts4 ,^! decisions may relate to ! int]pretation & application ( /atutes1 or to ! application ( =m] decisions or prec$5ts1 or to ! qualification & application ( !m1 or to ! mak+ & application ( new rules or pr9ciples :]e none exi/ t are ne$$ to decide ! case 9 h&4 ,x is a rule ( ! mo/ g5]al application t legal decisions are prec$5ts :i* are to be foll[$ 9 o!r cases ( ! same "*4 ,! decisions ( ! highe/ c\rt 9 ea* /ate mu/ be foll[$ by ! l[] c\rts1 b no c\rts 9 any /ate are oblig$ to foll[ ! decisions ( ! c\rts 9 any o!r /ate4 ,! c\rts 9 e /ate mu/ also foll[ ! decisions ( ! f$]al c\rts 9 all matt]s ( a national "*4 ,?us if a f$]al c\rt decides ! mean+ or int]pretation ( a f$]al /atute1 a /ate c\rt mu/ foll[ ! int]pretation 9 a case requir+ ! application ( t /atute4 ,aga91 common law decisions are n b9d+ on ! c\rts t make !m l /atutes or legislative comm&s4 ,a decision may be modifi$ or set aside :5 x is reg>d$ z no long] applicable to ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,x may also be set aside or *ang$ by legislative action4 ,! common law is !re=e always sl[ly *ang+ l ! ocean & is nev] at re/4 ,! common law =ms mu* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! great body ( law "u :i* we live4 ,?is book is a collection *iefly ( common law pr9ciples2 a few /atutes are int]wov5 "h & !re to complete ! subjects pres5t$4 ,! di/9ction also betwe5 civil & crim9al law requires explanation4 ,ne>ly all crim9al law is f\nd$ on /atutes1 9 o!r words ! /atutes1 /ate & f$]al1 def9e ne>ly all legal crimes kn[n to society4 ,x is !re=e true t ! field ( crime is n fix$1 is 9 tru? always *ang+4 ,?us =m]ly if a man b\ght goods on cr$it ( ano!r on ! /atem5t t he 0 wor? fifty ?\s& doll>s & ! sell] aft]w>d le>n$ t he 0 n wor? fifty c5ts1 ! sell] c\ld sue ! buy] to recov] ! value ( ! goods & = any additional loss1 b c\ld d no m4 ,_m1 p]haps all ! /ates1 n[ decl>e by /atute t su* an act is a crime1 & ! (f5d] c be prosecut$ by ! /ate & f9$ or imprison$ or bo?4 ,& ! wrongdo] may /ill be su$ 9 a civil action = ! loss to ! sell] z be=e4 ,all crimes are prosecut$ by ! (fic]s ( ! /ate *os5 or appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,aga91 z 9 ! case m5tion$1 ! wrongful act has a d\ble aspect4 ,an individual :o has be5 wrong$ may proce$ aga9/ ! wrongdo] to recov] 8 loss2 ! /ate also has be5 wrong$ & may also proce$ aga9/ him4 ,a good illu/ration is a bank default]4 ,! bank may proce$ ?r\gh a c\rt ( law to recov] ! money lo/ by him1 or f ^? :o h promis$ to make ! bank good %\ld he wrongfully take any?+2 ! /ate may also proce$ aga9/ him z a crim9al = break+ a /atute t =bids him f do+ su* a ?+4 ,fur!rmore1 %\ld ! bank1 z (t5 happ5s1 agree to accept a sum f ! default] & n tr\ble him fur!r1 ! agreem5t w\ld be no b> to an action by ! /ate aga9/ him4 ,! t]ms law & equity are frequ5tly us$ 9 ! law books & require explanation4 ,=m]ly !re 0 no su* t]m z equity 9 ! common law4 ,x came to be us$ z a supplem5t to ! law to indicate ways ( do+ ?+s unkn[n to ! law1 :i* ought to be done4 ,?us if a man ?reat5$ to fill up y\r well because x /ood1 z he claim$1 on 8 l&1 y _h no prev5tive rem$y at law4 ,y c\ld use "s =ce to prev5t him1 y c\ld n kill him1 or put out 8 eyes1 or treat him r\ghly4 ,! law only gave y ! "r to proce$ aga9/ him to recov] money damages = ! legal injury4 ,a c\rt ( equity has a prev5tive rem$y4 ,if "o ?reat5s to fill up y\r well y c petition or pray ! c\rt to ord] t he %all refra9 until !re has be5 a legal he>+ to det]m9e :e!r he has any "r to d s & ! c\rt w ord] him to desi/ until x has he>d ! case1 & w en=ce its ord] ) a f9e or p5alty %\ld he disobey4 ,! t]m equity conta9s a l>g] elem5t ( ju/ice ?an law2 & ! c\rts (t5 say t an act is j or equitable1 mean+ t an act :i* is j or equitable may n always be a legal act4 ,equity !re=e is a broad] t]m1 & is 9 con/ant use 9 legal proce$+s4 ,ano!r ^w frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is book is action4 ,:5 a p]son has wrong$ ano!r1 = example1 has n paid a promissory note t is due1 & ! wrong$ p>ty wi%es to collect x ?r\gh ! c\rts1 he br+s an action1 s call$1 aga9/ ! wrongdo] = t purpose4 ,sometimes ! ^w suit is us$4 ,suit1 or case 9 c\rt1 is a common expression4 ,f9ally some?+ %\ld be said ab\t c\rts ( law4 ,e /ate has ?ree k9ds or classes ( c\rts4 ,fir/ a c\rt 9 :i* suits are br\ght & tri$ relat+ to small matt]s1 ! recov]y ( money1 = example1 = "o or two hundr$ doll>s or less1 also = small petty crim9al (f5ses4 ,next is a high] c\rt 9 :i* suits = all l>g] matt]s are begun & tri$1 z well z appeals f ! l[] c\rt4 ,la/ly is a ?ird c\rt ( review1 usually call$ ! supreme c\rt1 compos$ 9 mo/ ( ! /ates ( five1 or m (t51 sev5 judges1 :o review ! decisions ( ! c\rt bel[ :5ev] application is made f\nd$ on errone\s matt]s1 ! wrongful admission (1 or refusal to admit1 evid5ce & ! l1 & _! decisions =m ! great body ( ! common law4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t also has ?ree c\rts correspond+ some:at to ! c\rts e/abli%$ by ! /ates4 ,fir/ is a c\rt exi/+ 9 e /ate call$ ! di/rict c\rt1 :ile "s /ates1 l ,new ,york1 are divid$ into sev]al di/ricts4 ,an appeal lies f its decision to ! c\rt ( appeals consi/+ ( ?ree judges4 ,!re are n9e ( ^! c\rts1 "o = ea* circuit into :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is divid$4 ,la/ly appeals may be tak5 f _! decisions & also f ! decisions ( ! supreme c\rts ( ! /ates to ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates consi/+ ( n9e judges4 ,an appeal does n lie 9 e case decid$ by a /ate c\rt or by ! f$]al c\rts ( appeal2 only su* cases z ! highe/ c\rt %all decide aft] application1 made 9 prop] =m1 may be appeal$ & he>d by t tribunal4 ,we h already expla9$ ! t]m equity4 ,=m]ly !re 7 c\rts to try & decide equity cases4 ,engl& /ill ma9ta9s su* c\rts & a few exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e are two ( ^! /ates4 ,! *ief (ficial ( ! c\rt is call$ a *ancellor1 ! o!rs vice *ancellors4 ,in/ead ( an action1 z 9 a c\rt ( law1 ! prelim9>y proce$+ is call$ a petition or bill1 & :ile 9 sub/ance x is simil> to an action or compla9t1 us$ 9 a c\rt ( law1 ! =m is q diff]5t4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy ( ! law1 consid]$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 is to fuse law & equity1 & to end[ law judges ) equity p[]s4 ,= fur!r explanation see ,legal ,rem$ies & ,equitable ,rem$ies4 ,adopt$ ,*ild4--,*ildr5 are sometimes adopt$4 ,by do+ s ! natural p>5ts lose all p]sonal rights & are reliev$ f all legal duties4 ,! adopt$ p>5ts acquire ! "r to ! adopt$ *ild's cu/ody & control1 to 8 s]vices & e>n+s1 & !y mu/ ma9ta9 & educate him4 ,9 "s /ates he becomes ! heir ( ! adopt$ p>5t l a natural *ild1 ) "s limitations4 ,:o c inh]it an adopt$ *ild's prop]ty is n cle>ly settl$4 ,he c also inh]it f 8 natural p>5t & k9dr$ z if he _h n be5 adopt$4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! c\rts hold t an adopt$ *ild w take l a natural *ild "u a residu>y clause 9 an adopt$ fa!r's w giv+ all ! prop]ty n o!rwise devis$ to 8 *ild or *ildr54 ,see ,p>5t & ,*ild4 ,ag5cy4--,mu* ( ! bus9ess ( our day is done by ag5ts or p]sons :o repres5t o!rs4 ,! mo/ g5]al division is into g5]al & special ag5ts4 ,a g5]al ag5t is "o :o has au?ority to act = 8 pr9cipal or p]son he repres5ts 9 all matt]s1 q z ! pr9cipal himself c\ld d2 or 9 "s ( 8 matt]s4 ,?us if a pr9cipal _h a f>m he might h a g5]al ag5t to act z 8 f>m]2 if he own$ a mill1 ano!r g5]al ag5t :o _h *>ge ( x4 ,if he _h two mills1 he might h a g5]al ag5t = ea*1 & s on4 ,a special ag5t is au?oriz$ to d a specific ?+1 to sell a home1 buy a horse1 or effect "s p>ticul> end or purpose4 ,:ile ?is di/9ction is pla9 en\gh 9 _m cases1 9 o!rs ! l9es run s close toge!r t x is difficult to decide :e!r "o is a g5]al or special ag5t4 ,:5ev] "o acts z a g5]al ag5t he is suppos$ to h all ! au?ority t g5]al ag5ts possess :o ?us act = _! pr9cipals1 unless ! p]son :o is deal+ ) him kn[s ( ! re/riction on 8 au?ority4 ,suppose "o goes to ! (fice ( a g5]al insurance ag5t to get insurance on 8 home4 ,a policy is tak5 & aft]w>ds ! h\se burns up4 ,! company decl9es to pay because ! ag5t made a l[] rate ?an 0 au?oriz$ by 8 company4 ,! insur$ h[ev] knew no?+ ab\t ! re/riction1 & suppos$ t ! ag5t _h ! same au?ority z o!r insurance ag5ts h conc]n+ rates4 ,! company w\ld be oblig$ to pay4 ,b if ! insur$ knew t re/rictions _h be5 put on ! ag5t & t he 0 violat+ !m 9 giv+ him ! l[] rate1 ! company w\ld n be liable4 ,"o :o deals ) a special ag5t mu/ f9d out :at au?ority he possesses2 !re=e m c>e is ne$ful 9 deal+ ) a special ?an ) a g5]al ag5t4 ,8 au?ority mu/ be /rictly pursu$4 ,?us x is said t a p]son deal+ ) him acts at 8 own p]il1 is put ^u inquiry1 is *>geable ) notice ( ! ext5t ( 8 au?ority1 x is 8 duty to asc]ta91 he is b\nd to inquire1 & if he does n he mu/ suff] ! consequ5ces4 ,9 "s cases ! law creates an ag5cy4 ,?us an unpaid v5dor ( goods sometimes has au?ority to sell !m1 s has a pl$gee ( goods outside ! au?ority conf]r$ by ! contract pl$g+ !m4 ,a m>ri$ woman ^: husb& does n supply h] has a limit$ p[] to buy necess>ies on h] husb&'s cr$it1 :i* prevails not)/&+ any objection he may make4 ,a m9or sometimes has ! same p[]4 ,a p]son c act z an ag5t = ano!r :o _c act = himself4 ,m9ors !re=e c ?us act4 ,besides individuals1 corporations (t5 act = o!rs4 ,! au?ority ( an ag5t may be giv5 9 writ+1 a p[] ( attorney s call$1 or he may act1 & (t5 does1 )\t writt5 au?ority1 especially a g5]al ag5t4 ,to ?is rule !re is "o well und]/ood exception4 ,if an ag5t is requir$ 9 execut+ 8 au?ority to sign a de$ or o!r writ+1 especially a seal$ writ+1 8 au?ority mu/ also be equally great4 ,9 execut+ a de$ !re=e 8 au?ority mu/ be 9 writ+ "u seal1 & :5 ! de$ is record$1 ! ag5t's writt5 au?ority %\ld also be record$2 ?is is ! usual practice4 ,if ?is is n done1 "s p]son :o aft]w>d wi%$ to pur*ase ! l& might object because ! record$ title 0 defective4 ,a p>ticul> usage or cu/om also affects an ag5t's p[]s4 ,if ! pr9cipal conf]s on him au?ority to transact bus9ess ( a well-def9$ nature1 b\nd$ by well-def9$ usage & cu/oms1 ! law presumes ! ag5cy 0 creat$ ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,?is protection affects ag5ts & ?ird p]sons alike1 ! latt] !re=e :o act 9 good fai? 9 su* deal+s are protect$ aga9/ secret limitations ( :i* !y _h no notice4 ,an ag5t has no au?ority to pur*ase 8 pr9cipal's prop]ty4 ,to d ?is1 9 a s5se1 w\ld be to pur*ase ( himself4 ,! temptation to d ?is is sometimes v great1 too great = him to )/&1 & s he resorts to a crook$ me?od = accompli%+ 8 end4 ,he sells ! prop]ty to ano!r p>ty :o aft]w>d sells x back to him4 ,! wor/ violators ( ?is pr9ciple h be5 railway receiv]s1 :o h tak5 advantage ( _! position to get control ( ! prop]ty entru/$ to !m at a sum mu* less ?an its real value4 ,su* sales c be set aside by prop] legal proc$ure4 ,by ! mod]n rule !y are n void b are voidable1 t is1 c be set aside if ! cr$itors or o!r int]e/$ p>ties wi% to d s4 ,:5ev] !re=e "o deals ) a g5]al ag5t & 8 au?ority is disput$1 unless !re be re/rictions kn[n to ! p]son deal+ ) him1 ! liability ( 8 pr9cipal turns on ! answ] to ! g5]al "q1 :at au?ority d g5]al ag5ts l himself h4 ,?is is simply a "q ( fact1 to be det]m9$ l e o!r "q ( fact by ! c\rt 9 :i* ! controv]sy is p5d+4 ,ano!r way ( r5d]+ a pr9cipal liable = ! act ( 8 ag5t is by ratify+ x4 ,suppose ,a pr(ess$ to be ! ag5t ( ,b 9 build+ a h\se = ,c1 & built x s badly t ,c su$ ,b to recov] damages1 ^: def5se 01 t ,a 0 n 8 ag5t4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,b accept$ paym5t = ! h\se1 ?is w\ld be a ratification ( ,a's au?ority to act = ,b ev5 if he did n h prop] au?ority 9 ! beg9n+4 ,suppose ,a _h au?ority to sell goods = ,b b n to collect paym5t1 & someone %\ld pay him & he ran (f ) ! money1 c\ld 8 pr9cipal /ill collect ! money ( ! buy] ( ! goods8 ,?is is a h>d case1 & has happ5$ _m times4 ,! buy] usually is requir$ to pay ! second "t4 ,b if ,b1 not)/&+ 8 direction to 8 ag5t n to collect paym5t1 %\ld receive x su* conduct w\ld op]ate z a ratification4 ,:e!r ! au?oriz$ act arises f a contract or f a wrong or tort1 :oev] ) k ( all ! facts adopts x z 8 own1 or kn[+ly appropriates ! b5efits1 :i* ano!r has assum$ to d 9 8 behalf1 w be deem$ to h assum$ responsibility = ! act4 ,( c\rse1 su* action does n r5d] an act valid t 0 invalid be=e2 its "* 9 ?is respect is n *ang$ by any?+ ! ratifi] may d4 ,c a =g]y be ratifi$8 ,! "r ( ! /ate to pursue ! =g] _c be defeat$ by its ratification1 b s f> z ! act may be reg>d$ m]ely z ! act ( an unau?oriz$ ag5t1 x may be ratifi$ l any o!r4 ,me*em says t if at ! "t ( sign+1 ! p]son do+ s purport$ to act z ag5t1 ! act might be ratifi$4 ,aga91 a pr9cipal _c accept "p ( an ag5t's act & reject ! rema9d]4 ,! acceptance or rejection mu/ be complete4 ,9 appo9t+ an ag5t ! pr9cipal has 9 m9d ! qualifications ( ! p]son appo9t$1 he _c !re=e )\t 8 pr9cipal's cons5t1 designate or sub/itute ano!r p]son = himself4 ,?is rule ?\gh does n prev5t him f employ+ o!r p]sons = a m9or s]vice4 ,inde$1 9 _m cases a g5]al ag5cy requires ! employm5t ( _m p]sons to execute ! bus9ess4 ,h[ f> "o may g 9 ?us employ+ o!rs to execute ! details1 & h[ mu* ought to be done by ! g5]al ag5t himself1 dep5ds on ! nature ( ! bus9ess4 ,! inquiry w\ld be "o ( fact1 to :at ext5t is a g5]al ag5t 9 8 p>ticul> bus9ess expect$ or assum$ to d ! ?+s himself4 ,"o rule to guide an ag5t is ?is3 :5 ! act to be done is purely me*anical or m9i/]ial1 requir+ no direction or p]sonal skill1 an ag5t may appo9t a subag5t4 ,?us an ag5t :o is appo9t$ to execute a promissory note1 or to sign a subscription agreem5t1 or to execute a de$1 may appo9t ano!r to d ^! ?+s4 ,likewise an ag5t :o is au?oriz$ to sell real e/ate ) discretion>y p[] to fix ! price & o!r t]ms1 may employ a subag5t to look up a pur*as]1 or to %[ ! l& to "o :o is desir\s ( pur*as+4 ,:5 a p]son is really act+ z an ag5t1 b ?is is n kn[n by ! p]sons ) :om he is do+ bus9ess1 he is liable to !m z if he 7 ! pr9cipal4 ,x (t5 happ5s = v>i\s reasons t ag5ts d n disclose _! pr9cipals4 ,suppose a deal] f9ds out t ! ag5t presumably act+ = himself 01 9 tru?1 act+ = ano!r1 c\ld ! real pr9cipal be held responsible & ! ag5t escape1 or c\ld bo? be held8 ,! answ] is1 aft] discov]+ ! real pr9cipal1 bo? c be held1 or ei!r ( !m4 ,! failure ( an ag5t to disclose 8 ag5cy w n make him individually liable if ! o!r p>ty knew t he 0 deal+ ) a pr9cipal ) :om he _h _h deal+s ?r\gh ! ag5t's pr$ecessor4 ,notice ( ! ag5cy to "o memb] ( a firm is n suffici5t notice to ! firm to release ! ag5t f p]sonal responsibility 9 subsequ5t transactions ) ano!r memb] :o did n "k & 0 n in=m$ ( ! ag5cy4 ,aga91 ! liability mu/ be det]m9$ by ! conditions exi/+ at ! "t ( ! contract1 8 subsequ5t disclosure w n relieve ! ag5t4 ,f9ally1 :ile ! ag5t may be held 9 su* a case1 ! pr9cipal also is liable1 except on in/rum5ts negotiable & "u seal1 on ! discov]y ( 8 relation%ip z pr9cipal4 ,:ile secret in/ructions to an ag5t t are unkn[n to p]sons deal+ ) him d n b9d !m1 ! pr9cipal is liable = any acts )9 ! scope ( 8 ag5t's au?ority connect$ ) ! bus9ess conduct$ by 8 ag5t = him4 ,"s v difficult que/ions arise 9 apply+ ?is rule4 ,a c> conductor is in/ruct$ to treat pass5g]s civilly & to use no h>% means ) !m1 save 9 extreme cases4 ,h[ f> may a conductor g ) a disord]ly pass5g]8 ,v likely he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ him (f2 suppose ! conductor 0 angry & adm9i/]$ h>d & ne$less kicks 9 ! op]ation8 ,8 pr9cipal surely w\ld n be liable1 ?\gh ! conductor d\btless w\ld be4 ,suppose 9 buy+ a railway ticket ! ag5t loses 8 temp] & calls y a li> & a ?ief1 y w\ld h an action aga9/ him = sl&]1 unless y happ5$ to be "o1 b y w\ld h no action aga9/ 8 pr9cipal = ! company did n employ him to sl&] its patrons2 to d ?is 0 cle>ly n 9 ! scope ( 8 employm5t4 ,an ag5t mu/ n act = bo? p>ties 9 any transaction unless ?is is und]/ood by bo? ( !m4 ,nor c an ag5t receive any p]sonal pr(it f a transaction4 ,:atev] pr(it !re may be %\ld be giv5 to ! pr9cipal4 ,?us if an ag5t is au?oriz$ to buy a piece ( prop]ty = 8 pr9cipal & buys x = himself1 or hides ! transaction "u ! "n ( ano!r1 ! pr9cipal1 aft] discov]+ :at 8 ag5t has done1 c proce$ to obta9 ! prop]ty4 ,an ag5t mu/ be fai?ful & ex]cise reasonable skill & dilig5ce4 ,money belong+ to ! pr9cipal %\ld be deposit$ 9 ! pr9cipal's "n1 or1 if 9 ! ag5t's "n1 8 ag5cy %\ld be add$2 o!rwise if ! bank fail$ ! ag5t w\ld be responsible = ! loss4 ,aga91 if ! ag5t deposit$ ! money 9 8 own "n ! true own] c\ld proce$ aga9/ ! bank to recov] x4 ,a pr9cipal is liable = ! /atem5ts & repres5tations ( 8 ag5t t h be5 expressly au?oriz$4 ,he is also liable ev5 = false & fraudul5t repres5tations made 9 ! c\rse ( ! ag5t's employm5t1 especially ^? result+ 9 a contract f :i* ! pr9cipal reap$ a b5efit4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! /atem5ts may n h be5 expressly au?oriz$1 su* au?ority may be impli$ by law because !y are ! natural & ord9>y incid5ts ( ! ag5t's position4 ,?us ! position ( a bus9ess manag] (t5 calls = a great v>iety ( acts1 ord]s1 notices1 & ! l1 & /atem5ts made :ile p]=m+ !m are reg>d$ z )9 ! l9e ( 8 duty4 ,an ag5cy may end at a fix$ "t1 or :5 ! p>ticul> object = creat+ x has be5 accompli%$1 or by agreem5t ( ! p>ties4 ,9 _m cases an ag5cy is creat$ = an indef9ite p]iod1 & 9 ^! ei!r p>ty c t]m9ate x :5ev] he desires4 ,!re are "s limitations to ?is pr9ciple4 ,nei!r p>ty c wantonly sev] ! relation at ! loss ( ! o!r2 & if "o ( !m did he w\ld be liable = ! damage su/a9$ by ! o!r4 ,likewise if ! ag5t has an int]e/ ( 8 own 9 ! und]tak+ ! pr9cipal _c t]m9ate x be=e its completion )\t ! ag5t's cons5t4 ,su* a rule is ne$ful = 8 security4 ,! bankruptcy ( a bus9ess ag5t op]ates z a revocation ( 8 au?ority1 b n :5 ! act to be done is ( a p]sonal nature l ! execution ( a de$4 ,if ! pr9cipal becomes insane & unable to ex]cise an intellig5t direction ( 8 bus9ess1 8 condition op]ates z a revocation or susp5sion = ! "t be+ ( 8 ag5t's au?ority4 ,if on recov]+1 he manife/s no w to t]m9ate 8 ag5t's au?ority1 x may be consid]$ z a m]e susp5sion1 & 8 ass5t to acts done dur+ ! susp5sion may be inf]r$ f 8 =be>+ to express diss5t :5 !y come to 8 k4 ,likewise an ag5t's insanity t]m9ates or susp5ds ! ag5cy = ! "t be+ unless he has an int]e/ ( 8 own 9 ! matt]4 ,p>tial d]angem5t or monomania w n h t effect unless ! mania relates to ! ag5cy1 or de/roys ! ag5t's ability to p]=m x4 ,aga91 ! m>riage ( a pr9cipal 9 "s cases1 unless a /atute has *ang$ ! common law1 w revoke ! p[] previ\sly giv51 especially :5 its execution w defeat or impair rights acquir$ by m>riage4 ,?us %\ld a man give a p[] ( attorney to ano!r to sell 8 home/ead1 b be=e effect+ a sale ! pr9cipal %\ld m>ry1 8 m>riage w\ld revoke ! p[]4 ,by m>ry+ ! wife acquires an int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty :i* _c be tak5 away f h] )\t h] cons5t by jo9+ 9 a de$ ( conveyance ) h] husb&4 ,likewise ! m>riage ( a woman w\ld op]ate to revoke a p[] ( attorney previ\sly giv5 by h] :5ev] its execution w\ld defeat ! rights acquir$ by h] husb&4 ,an ag5t's m>riage usually w n affect ! cont9uance ( 8 ag5cy4 ,:5 an ag5cy is t]m9at$ x is (t5 ne$ful = ! pr9cipal to notify all cu/om]s = 8 protection1 o!rwise !y might cont9ue to d bus9ess ) ! ag5t1 suppos+ he 0 ?us act+1 & involve him p]haps 9 heavy loss4 ,?is rule applies especially to p>tn]%ips1 ea* memb] ( :i* is an ag5t ) g5]al au?ority to d ! k9d ( bus9ess 9 :i* x is engag$4 ,if ! au?ority ( an ag5t 9 writ+ is revok$1 b is /ill left ) him & is %[n to a ?ird p]son :o1 hav+ no k ( ! revocation1 makes a contract ) him1 ! pr9cipal w be held = its execution4 ,ano!r rule ( law may be giv54 ,! law assumes t any k acquir$ by an ag5t conc]n+ 8 pr9cipal's bus9ess1 w be communicat$ to 8 pr9cipal1 :o is b\nd !reby4 ,?is rule ?\gh is (t5 difficult to apply4 ,?us1 if a ca%i] ( a bank %\ld le>n t a note 0 defective1 :i* 0 aft]w>d disc\nt$ by 8 bank1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ k ( ! defect1 because x 0 ! ca%i]'s duty to in=m ! prop] (ficials be=e !y disc\nt$ x4 ,! dea? ( ei!r ag5t or pr9cipal t]m9ates ! ag5cy except 9 cases ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,& :5 an ag5t has appo9t$ a sub/itute or subag5t )\t direct au?ority1 & = 8 own conv5i5ce1 ! ag5t's dea? annuls ! au?ority ( ! subag5t or sub/itute1 ev5 ?\gh ! ag5t 0 giv5 ! "r ( sub/itution4 ,b if ! subag5t's au?ority is d]iv$ directly f ! pr9cipal1 x is n affect$ by ! ag5t's dea?4 ,agreem5t to ,pur*ase ,l&4--,an agreem5t to pur*ase l& mu/ be 9 writ+ to be valid4 ,oral or p>ol agreem5ts may be made to d _m ?+s1 b ev]y:]e ! law makes an exception ( agreem5ts relat+ to l& pur*ases4 ,a /atute t is q simil> 9 ! /ates requires ?is agreem5t to be 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! p>ty aga9/ :om x is to be en=c$4 ,?us if ! sell] wi%es to en=ce su* an agreem5t1 he mu/ produce a writ+ sign$ by ! pur*as]2 if ! latt] wi%es to hold ! sell]1 he mu/ d ! same ?+4 ,! bett] way is to h ! writ+ sign$ by bo? p>ties4 ,h[ complete mu/ ! writ+ be8 ,x ne$ n m5tion ! sum to be paid = ! l&2 x c be sign$ ) a lead p5cil3 a /amp signature w suffice4 ,! entire agreem5t ne$ n be on "o piece ( pap]4 ,if x c be made out f writt5 correspond5ce betwe5 ! two p>ties ?is w be en\gh4 ,to ?is rule ( law are "s exceptions4 ,!re=e if an oral agreem5t = ! sale ( l& is foll[$ by putt+ ! buy] into possession1 ! law w compel ! sell] to give him a de$4 ,! proce$+ w\ld consi/ ( a petition address$ to a c\rt ( equity1 :i* w\ld inquire into ! facts1 & if !y 7 true1 w\ld compel ! sell] to give ! pur*as] a de$ ( ! l&4 ,! reason = mak+ ?is exception is1 ! pur*as] w\ld be a trespass] _h he no "r to be !re3 to ju/ify 8 possession ! law p]mits him to prove1 if he c1 8 pur*ase ( ! l&2 & if he has b\ght x1 ( c\rse he ought to h a de$ ( 8 title4 ,once1 a pur*as] :o made an oral agreem5t & paid "p ( ! pur*ase money c\ld compel ! sell] to give him a de$1 & _m /ill ?9k su* action is suffici5t to b9d ! b>ga94 ,?is is no long] ! law4 ,! practice gave rise to mu* fraud3 ,a w\ld ass]t t he gave money to ,b to pay = l& :5 9 tru? x 0 giv5 = "s o!r purpose4 ,s ! c\rts ab&on$ ! rule f\nd$ on ! "p paym5t ( ! pur*ase price4 ,a c h[ev] get back 8 money4 ,an option to pur*ase l&1 conta9$ 9 an agreem5t to sell1 mu/ be ex]cis$ )9 a reasonable "t1 if none is fix$ 9 ! agreem5t4 ,see ,de$4 ,auctione]4--,an auctione]1 employ$ by a p]son to sell 8 prop]ty1 is prim>ily ! own]'s ag5t only1 & he rema9s 8 exclusive ag5t to ! mom5t :5 he accepts ! pur*as]'s bid & knocks d[n ! prop]ty to him4 ,on accept+ ! bid ! auctione] is deem$ to be ! ag5t ( ! pur*as] also1 s f> z is ne$ful to complete ! sale2 he may !re=e b9d ! pur*as] by ent]+ 8 "n to ! sale & by sign+ ! memor&um !re(4 ,8 sign+ is suffici5t to satisfy ! ,/atute ( ,frauds 9 any /ate conf]r+ on an ag5t au?ority to make & contract = ! sale ( real & p]sonal prop]ty )\t requir+ 8 au?ority to be 9 writ+4 ,8 ag5cy may beg9 be=e ! "t ( ! sale & cont9ue aft] x4 ,aga91 ! entry ( ! pur*as]'s "n mu/ be made by ! auctione] or 8 cl]k imm$iately on ! acceptance ( ! bid & ! /rik+ d[n ( ! prop]ty at ! place ( sale4 ,x _c be made aft]w>d4 ,! auctione] at ! sale is ! ag5t ( ! pur*as] :o by ! act ( bidd+ calls on him or 8 cl]k to put d[n 8 "n z ! pur*as]4 ,9 su* case !re is little dang] ( fraud4 ,if ! auctione] c\ld aft]w>d d ?is he might *ange ! "n1 sub/itute ano!r1 & s p]petrate a fraud4 ,a sale by auction is complete by ! ,sales ,act :5 ! auctione] ann\nces its completion by ! fall ( ! hamm]1 or 9 o!r cu/om>y mann]4 ,until su* ann\ncem5t is made1 any bidd] may retract 8 bid2 & ! auctione] may )draw ! goods f sale unless ! auction has be5 ann\nc$ to be )\t res]ve4 ,au?ority may be conf]r$ on an auctione] 9 ! same mann] z on any o!r ag5t = ! sale ( simil> prop]ty1 v]bally or 9 writ+4 ,ev5 to make a contract = ! sale ( real e/ate1 oral au?ority to ! auctione] is suffici5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( a /atute to ! contr>y4 ,au?ority to sell prop]ty does n ( itself imply au?ority to sell x at auction1 & ! pur*as] !re=e :o has notice ( ! ag5t's au?ority or k suffici5t to put him on inquiry1 acquires no title to ! prop]ty ?us pur*as$4 ,if goods are s5t to an auction room to sell1 ?is is deem$ suffici5t evid5ce ( au?ority to sell !m 9 t mann] & to protect :oev] buys !m4 ,z an auctione] is ord9>ily a special ag5t1 ! pur*as] is suppos$ to "k ! t]ms & conditions impos$ by ! sell] on ! ag5t4 ,! sell] or own] !re=e is n b\nd by any t]ms /at$ by ! auctione] diff]+ f ^? giv5 to him4 ,if ! own] has impos$ no t]ms on him1 !n he has ! impli$ au?ority usually exi/+ 9 su* cases4 ,an auctione] has au?ority to accept ! bid mo/ favorable to ! sell] :5 ! sale is made )\t res]ve & to /rike d[n ! prop]ty to ! pur*as]4 ,he _c !re=e consi/5tly ) 8 duty to 8 pr9cipal refuse to accept bids1 unless ! bidd] is irresponsible or refuses to comply ) ! t]ms ( ! sale4 ,he is ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ ! bids ( insane p]sons1 m9ors1 drunk5 p]sons1 tru/ees ( ! prop]ty1 & p]haps 9 "s cases ( m>ri$ wom54 ,an auctione] _c transf] 8 duty to ano!r4 ,?is rule does n prev5t him f employ+ o!rs to d incid5tal ?+s connect$ ) ! keep+ & ! mov+ ( ! prop]ty4 ,he _c sell on cr$it contr>y to 8 in/ructions or cu/om2 nor w\ld he be secure 9 foll[+ cu/om if in/ruct$ to d o!rwise4 ,aft] ! bid has be5 accept$ ! bidd] has no au?ority to )draw x )\t ! own]'s cons5t1 nor c he be p]mitt$ to d s by ! auctione]4 ,nor c he sell at private sale if 8 in/ruction is to sell publicly1 nor c he ju/ify himself ev5 if he act$ 9 good fai? & sold ! prop]ty = m ?an ! m9imum price fix$ by ! own]s4 ,nor c he sell ! prop]ty to himself1 nor au?orize any o!r p]son to bid & pur*ase = him ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,x is impossible ) good fai? to comb9e ! inconsi/5t capacities ( sell] & buy]1 cri] & bidd]1 9 "o & ! same transaction4 ,he has no au?ority to w>rant ! quality ( prop]ty sold except cu/om or au?ority is expressly giv5 to him4 ,nor is he an insur] ( ! safety ( ! goods entru/$ to him = sale2 he mu/ h[ev] use ord9>y & reasonable c>e 9 keep+ !m4 ,la/ly1 an auctione] %\ld disclose 8 pr9cipal & contract 9 8 "n4 ,if "o b\ght prop]ty !re=e suppos+ x belong$ to ,a1 :5 9 fact x belong$ to ,b1 ?r\gh any manipulation ( ! auctione]1 ! bidd] w\ld n be b\nd4 ,automobile4--,! memb]s ( ! public h a "r to use ! public av5ues = ! purpose ( travel & ( transport+ prop]ty3 nor has ! driv] ( horses any "r 9 ! road sup]ior to ! "r ( ! driv] ( an automobile4 ,ea* has ! same rights1 & ea* is equally re/rict$ 9 ex]cis+ !m by ! correspond+ rights ( ! o!r4 ,aga91 ! public ways are n conf9$ to ! orig9al use ( !m1 nor to horses & ord9>y c>riages4 ,! use to :i* ! public ?or\ghf>e may be put compreh5ds all mod]n means ( c>ry+ includ+ ! electric /reet railroad & automobile4 ,x has be5 decl>$ t ! fact t motor vehicles may be novel & unusual 9 appe>ance & = t reason are likely to fright5 horses :i* are unaccu/om$ to see !m1 is no reason :y ! c\rts %\ld adopt ! view ( prohibit+ su* ma*9es4 ,! g5]al rule is t all travel]s h equal rights to use ! highways4 ,an automobile !re=e has ! same rights & no m ?an ^? ( a footman4 ,! m]e fact t automobiles are run by motor p[]1 & may be op]at$ at a dang]\s & high rate ( spe$1 gives !m no sup]ior rights on ! highway ov] o!r vehicles1 any m s ?an w\ld ! driv+ ( a race horse give ! driv] sup]ior rights on ! highway ov] 8 less =tunate neighbor :o is pursu+ 8 j\rney beh9d a sl[] horse4 ,!re is no au?ority or p[] 9 ! /ate to exclude non-resid5t motori/s f ! public ways1 nor h ! /ates p[] to place great] re/rictions or burd5s on non-resid5t automobili/s ?an ^? impos$ on _! own citiz5s4 ,a lic5se to op]ate an automobile is m]ely a privilege4 ,x does n con/itute a contract1 consequ5tly x does n necess>ily pass to a pur*as] ( ! vehicle1 & may1 = a good reason1 be revok$4 ,moreov] ! *>ge impos$ = ! privilege ( op]at+ a motor on ! highway is n g5]ally consid]$ a tax1 only a m]e lic5se or privilege fee4 ,an automobile may be hir$ f ! own]4 ,?is is call$ 9 law a bailm5t4 ,! bailor is n responsible g5]ally = any neglig5ce ( ! hir] 9 op]at+ ! c>4 ,nor is ! rule *ang$ %\ld ! hir] be an unskill$ p]son1 unless he 0 an immature *ild or cle>ly lack+ 9 m5tal capacity1 or 0 intoxicat$4 ,:]e ! own] ( an automobile deliv]$ x to ano!r by agreem5t1 :o 0 to pay ! pur*ase price f ! money d]iv$ f its use1 & !reaft] _h complete control ( ! ma*9e1 8 neglig5ce c\ld n be *>g$ to ! sell]4 ,aga91 :]e an automobile is hir$ & ! *auffeur is also furni%$ by ! own]1 :o pays him = op]at+ ! c>1 & ! hir] has no au?ority ov] him except to direct 8 ways ( go+1 ! *auffeur is reg>d$ z ! s]vant ( ! own]4 ,he1 !re=e1 & n ! hir] is responsible = ! neglig5ce ( ! *auffeur4 ,( c\rse1 ! rule w\ld be *ang$ if ! hir] assum$ ! managem5t ( ! c>3 !n ! hir] alone w\ld be liable = ! *auffeur's neglig5ce4 ,a p>ty :o hires an automobile f ano!r is b\nd to take only ord9>y c>e ( x & is n responsible = damage :5ev] ord9>y prud5ce has be5 ex]cis$ :ile ! c> 0 9 8 cu/ody4 ,if lo/ ?r\gh !ft1 or is injur$ z a result ( viol5ce1 ! hir] is only answ]able :5 ^! consequ5ces 7 cle>ly ! result ( 8 own imprud5ce or neglig5ce4 ,! hir] ?\gh mu/ acc\nt = ! loss or injury4 ,hav+ done ?is1 ! pro( ( neglig5ce or want ( c>e is ?r[n on ! bailor4 ,if ! hir] %\ld sell ! automobile )\t au?ority to a ?ird p>ty1 ! own] or bailor may br+ an action aga9/ ev5 an innoc5t pur*as] :o believ$ t ! hir] _h ! title & p[] to sell4 ,!re is an impli$ obligation on ! hir]'s "p to use ! c> only = ! purpose & 9 ! mann] = :i* x 0 hir$4 ,& if x is us$ 9 a diff]5t way & = a long] "t1 ! hir] may be responsible = a loss ev5 ?\gh ?is 0 inevitable4 ,suppose ! hir] misuses ! c>1 :at c ! own] d8 ,he c repossess himself1 if ?is c be done peaceably1 o!rwise he mu/ br+ an action = ! purpose4 ,z ! hir] acquires a qualifi$ title to ! prop]ty1 he c ma9ta9 an action aga9/ all p]sons except ! own]1 & ev5 aga9/ him s f> z ! contract ( lett+ may set =? ! relations betwe5 !m4 ,:5 an own] or hir] und]takes to convey a pass5g] to a specifi$ place &1 :ile on ! way1 ! c> breaks d[n1 if x _c be prop]ly m5d$ at ! "t & ! own] or hir] is able to furni% ano!r1 ! law requires him to d s & ?us fulfil 8 contract4 ,! own] ( a motor vehicle1 says ,huddy1 is ( c\rse entitl$ to comp5sation = ! use ( ! ma*9e4 ,if a def9ite sum is n /at$ 9 ! contract betwe5 ! p>ties1 !re arises an impli$ und]tak+ t ! hir] %all pay a reasonable am\nt4 ,"o :o uses ano!r's automobile )\t cons5t or k ( ! own]1 may be liable to pay a reasonable hire !re=4 ,9 case ! hir] is a corporation1 !re may arise ! "q :e!r ! ag5t ( ! company mak+ ! contract has au?ority to b9d ! company4 ,:]e a ma*9e is hir$ = joy rid+ on ,sunday1 x has be5 held t ! contract is illegal & ! hir] _c recov] = ! use ( ! automobile4 ,! spe$ ( automobiles along ! public highways may be regulat$ by law4 ,a municipality may =bid ! use ( "s k9ds ( motor vehicles on c]ta9 /reets1 b x _c broadly exclude all ( !m f all ! /reets4 ,! rules regulat+ travel on highways 9 ?is c\ntry are call$1 ! law ( ! road4 ,! object ( ^! rules is to prev5t collisions & o!r accid5ts1 :i* w\ld be likely to occur if no regulations exi/$4 ,a p$e/rian :o is ab\t to cross a /reet may rely on ! law ( ! road t vehicles w approa* on ! prop] side ( ! /reet4 ,?is rule h[ev] does n apply to travel]s walk+ along a rural highway4 ,huddy says3 ,:5 ov]tak+ or meet+ su* a p]son1 x is ! duty ( bo? ! p$e/rian & ! driv] ( ! ma*9e to ex]cise ord9>y c>e to avoid a collision1 b no rule is1 z a g5]al proposition1 def9itely prescrib$ z to :i* side ( ! p$e/rian ! passage %all be made4 ,! law ( ! road requir+ vehicles to pass ea* o!r on ! "r1 contr>y to ! ,engli% cu/om1 has be5 ren=c$ 9 _m or all ! /ates by /atutory enactm5ts1 & applies also to automobiles4 ,:51 !re=e1 two vehicles meet & collide on a public highway1 :i* is wide en\gh = !m to pass ) safety1 ! travel] on ! wrong side ( ! road is responsible = ! injury su/a9$ by ! o!r4 ,b a travel] is n ju/ifi$ 9 gett+ 8 ma*9e on ! "r-h& side ( ! road & !n proce$+ reg>dless ( o!r travel]s2 on ! contr>y1 ! duty ( ex]cis+ reasonable c>e to avoid injuries to o!rs /ill cont9ues4 ,n only mu/ ea* "o pass to ! "r1 b ea* mu/ pass on 8 own side ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! highway1 or wr\ght "p ( ! road4 ,& :5 ! road is cov]$ ) sn[1 travel]s :o meet mu/ turn to ! "r ( ! travel$ "p ( ! road z x !n appe>s1 reg>dless ( :at w\ld be ! travel$ "p :5 ! sn[ is gone4 ,aft] pass+ ! re> ( ! =w>d vehicle an automobili/ mu/ ex]cise reasonable c>e 9 turn+ back t[>d ! "r into ! c5t] ( ! highway1 & if he turns too soon he may be liable = damages caus$ by /rik+ or fright5+ ! horses4 ,if two vehicles meet 9 ! /reet1 x is ! duty ( ea* ( !m1 z seasonably z he c1 to get ea* on 8 own "r-h& side ( ! travel$ way ( ! /reet4 ,! rights ( travel]s along int]sect+ /reets are equal1 & ea* mu/ ex]cise ord9>y c>e to avoid injury to ! o!r4 ,an automobili/ ne>+ an int]section %\ld run at prop] spe$1 h 8 c> "u reasonable control1 & along ! "r-h& side ( ! /reet4 ,if two travel]s approa* ! /reet cross+ at ! same "t nei!r is ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! o!r w /op to let him pass4 ,:5 "o vehicle rea*es ! int]section directly 9 advance ( ! o!r1 he is g5]ally accord$ ! "r ( way1 & ! o!r %\ld delay 8 progress to enable ! o!r to pass 9 safety4 ,! driv] ( an automobile may be *>g$ ) neglig5ce if1 )\t w>n+ to a vehicle approa*+ f ! re>1 he turns or backs 8 ma*9e & causes a collision4 ,inde$1 x is neglig5ce = a *auffeur to back 8 ma*9e on a city /reet or public highway )\t look+ backw>d2 & especially if "o backs 8 c> on a /reet c> track )\t look+ = /reet c>s4 ,if an ob/ruction exi/s on ! "r-h& side ( a highway1 ! driv] ( a c> may be ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ to ! o!r side1 & 9 driv+ along t side until he has pass$ ! ob/acle4 ,"u su* circum/ances he has a "r to be on ! left side tempor>ily2 & if he ex]cises ! prop] degree ( c>e :ile !re1 is n liable = injuries aris+ f a collision ) ano!r travel]4 ,b if ! ob/ruction is m]ely tempor>y1 x may be ! duty ( ! driv] to wait = ! removal & n to pass on ! wrong side ( ! highway4 ,an automobili/ mu/ ex]cise reasonable or ord9>y c>e to avoid injury to o!r p]sons us+ ! highway4 ,:at ?is is dep5ds on _m circum/ances1 & ea* case to "s ext5t is decid$ by its own facts4 ,consequ5tly ?\s&s ( cases h already aris51 & d\btless !y w /ill multiply z long z automobiles are us$ & _! us]s are neglig5t4 ,! compet5cy ( ! driv] is "o ( ! un5d+ que/ions4 ,( c\rse he %\ld be physically fit1 n subject to sudd5 attacks ( dizz9ess1 possess+ suffici5t /r5g? & prop] eyesight & a sob] non-excitable disposition4 ,x is said1 t a *auffeur is n incompet5t :o requires glasses4 ,b he c]ta9ly w\ld be if 8 eyesight 0 poor & c\ld n be aid$ by ! use ( !m4 ,! driv] mu/ at all times h 8 c> "u reasonable control s t he c /op 9 "t to avoid injury4 ,he mu/ keep a reasonably c>eful look\t = o!r travel]s 9 ord] to avoid collision2 also = defects 9 ! highway4 ,if by reason ( wea!r conditions1 lights or o!r ob/ructions1 he is unable to see ahead ( him1 he %\ld /op 8 c>4 ,if !re be no facilities = /opp+ = ! night1 a driv] is n neglig5t %\ld he proce$ ?r\gh ! fog4 ,pass+ to ! liability ( ! own] ( a c> = ! acts ( 8 *auffeur1 ! g5]al rule is1 he is !n liable :5 ! *auffeur is act+ )9 ! scope ( 8 own]'s bus9ess4 ,:5 ! own] himself is rid+ 9 ! c> !re is less difficulty 9 fix+ ! liability1 b :5 ! *auffeur uses ! c> )\t ! own]'s cons5t1 he is n liable = ! conduct ( ! driv]4 ,& ?is is especially s 9 us+ a c> contr>y to ! own]'s in/ructions & = ! *auffeur's pleasure2 or 9 us+ x = 8 own bus9ess ) ! own]'s cons5t4 ,& ! same rule g5]ally prevails :5ev] a memb] ( a family uses 8 p>5t's c> )\t 8 k & cons5t1 & especially :5 =bidd54 ,b ! p>5t is liable = ! runn+ ( a c> ) 8 k by a memb] ( 8 family & = ! conv5i5ce or pleasure ( o!r memb]s4 ,see ,*auffeur2 ,g>age ,keep]4 ,bailor & ,bailee4--,to create ?is relation ! prop]ty mu/ be deliv]$ to ! bailee4 ,?\gh a m9or _c make su* a contract1 yet if prop]ty comes into 8 possession he mu/ ex]cise prop] c>e ( x4 ,%\ld he hire a horse & kill ! animal by ra% driv+1 he w\ld be liable = its value4 ,a corporation may act z bailor or bailee1 & an ag5t act+ !re= w\ld r5d] ! corporation liable unless he act$ beyond ! scope ( 8 au?ority4 ,suppose "o picks up a pocketbook1 does he become ! own]8 ,is he a bailee8 ,yes1 & mu/ make an hone/1 intellig5t ef=t to f9d ! own]2 if fail+ to d s1 !n he may reta9 x z 8 own1 mean:ile 8 "r z f9d] is p]fect z aga9/ all o!rs4 ,%\ld ! true own] appe>1 :atev] "r ! f9d] may h aga9/ him = recomp5se = ! c>e & exp5se 9 keep+ & pres]v+ ! prop]ty1 8 /atus z f9d] does n give him any li5 unless ! own] has (f]$ a rew>d to :oev] w re/ore ! prop]ty4 ,to ?is ext5t a li5 !reon is !reby creat$4 ,! /atutes g5]ally provide :at a p]son mu/ d :o has f\nd lo/ prop]ty4 ,suppose a p]son appe>s :o claims to be ! own] ( ! ?+ f\nd1 :at %all ! f9d] d 9 ! way ( submitt+ x to 8 inspection8 ,9 "o ( ! rec5t cases ! c\rt decid$ t x 0 a "q ( fact & n ( law :e!r ! f9d] ( lo/ prop]ty _h giv5 a fair & reasonable opportunity = its id5tification be=e re/or+ x1 & :e!r ! claimant %\ld h be5 giv5 an opportunity to inspect x 9 ord] to decide :e!r x belong$ to him4 ,! f9d] does n take title to e article f\nd & out ( ! possession ( its true own]4 ,to h ev5 a qualifi$ own]%ip ! ?+ mu/ be lo/1 & ?is does n happ5 unless possession has be5 lo/ casually & involunt>ily s t ! m9d has no rec\rse to ! ev5t4 ,a ?+ volunt>ily laid d[n & =gott5 is n lo/ )9 ! mean+ ( ! rule giv+ ! f9d] title to lo/ prop]ty2 & ! own] ( a %op1 bank or o!r place :]e ! ?+ has be5 left is ! prop] cu/odian r ?an ! p]son :o 0 ! discov]]4 ,if a lo/ article is f\nd on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or ! floor ( a %op1 9 ! public p>lor ( a hotel1 or ne> a table at an op5-air place ( amusem5t1 or 9 ! c> ( a railroad x becomes1 except z aga9/ ! los]1 ! prop]ty ( ! f9d]1 :o appropriates x reg>dless ( ! place :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,once a boat 0 f\nd adrift & ! f9d] made ! ne$ful repairs to keep x f s9k+1 yet ! own] 0 mean en\gh to refuse to pay = !m4 ,! c\rt compell$ him to make good ! am\nt to ! f9d]4 ,! law reg>ds ! possession ( an article :i* is lo/ z be+ t ( ! legal own] :o 0 previ\sly 9 possession1 until ! article is tak5 into ! actual possession ( ! f9d]4 ,if ! f9d] does n "k :o ! own] is & !re is no clue to ! own]%ip1 !re is no l>c5y al?\gh ! f9d] takes ! goods = himself & conv]ts !m to 8 own use4 ,if ! f9d] kn[s :o ! own] is or has a reasonable clue to ! own]%ip1 :i* he disreg>ds1 he is guilty ( l>c5y4 ,ano!r class ( cases mu/ be notic$4 ,v (t5 articles are deliv]$ to ano!r to h "w done on !m1 hides to be tann$1 or raw mat]ials to be work$ up into fabrics4 ,c a cr$itor ( ! bailee p\nce on tann$ hides or complet$ fabrics z belong+ to him & take !m 9 satisfaction ( 8 debt8 ,bo? p>ties h 9 tru? an int]e/ 9 ! goods1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t ! bailor _c ?us be depriv$ ( 8 int]e/ & may foll[ ! goods & recov] !m or _! value4 ,if !y are de/roy$ :ile execut+ ! agreem5t1 :o mu/ lose8 ,if ! bailee is n neglig5t or o!rwise at fault1 & ! loss happ5$ by int]nal defect or inevitable accid5t1 ! bailor w\ld be ! los]4 ,& if workm5 _h be5 employ$ !reon1 ! bailor w\ld also be obligat$ to pay = _! labor4 ,to :at ext5t c a bailee limit 8 liability by agreem5t8 ,a bailee :o 0 a cold /orage keep]1 /at$ 9 8 receipt all damage to prop]ty is at ! own]'s risk4 ,?is limitation relat$1 s a c\rt decid$1 to loss result+ f ! nature ( ! ?+s /or$4 ,a bailee receiv$ "s *eese & gave a receipt slat+ t x 0 to be kept at ! own]'s risk ( loss f wat]4 ,x 0 injur$ f ! dripp+ ( wat] f ov]head pipes4 ,! bailee 01 not)/&+ 8 receipt1 held liable4 ,a bailor ne$ n always be ! own] ( ! ?+ bail$4 ,he may be a lessee1 ag5t1 or hav+ su* possession & control z w\ld ju/ify him 9 ?us act+4 ,he %\ld give ! bailee notice ( all ! faults 9 ! ?+ bail$ t w\ld expose him to dang] or loss 9 keep+ x4 ,= example1 if x 7 a kick+ horse1 he %\ld w>n ! bailee to keep away f 8 legs4 ,! c\rts h be5 (t5 tr\bl$ ab\t ! degree ( c>e requir$ ( bailees1 z x diff]s "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,a bank t p]mits a depositor to keep a box ( jewelry or silv] 9 its vault = 8 accommodation1 :ile abs5t f home & )\t receiv+ any comp5sation !re=1 is n requir$ to ex]cise ! same degree ( c>e z a safe deposit company ^: *ief bus9ess is to d su* ?+s & is paid = its s]vice4 ,nev]!less a bank mu/ ex]cise reasonable c>e1 su* c>e z is us$ 9 keep+ its own ?+s4 ,suppose y\r package is /ol5 by ! ca%i] or pay+ tell]1 is ! bank responsible8 ,t dep5ds4 ,if ! bank kn[s or suspect$ ! (ficial 0 liv+ a gay life1 x ought n to keep him1 & mo/ banks w\ld n4 ,x is ! bett] legal op9ion1 t a bank ought n to keep a presid5t1 ca%i] or o!r active (ficial :o is speculat+ 9 /ocks1 = ! temptation to take securities n belong+ to !m has be5 too great 9 _m cases = !m to )/&4 ,on ! o!r h& if a long-tru/$ (ficial1 aga9/ :om no cause = suspicion _h aris51 %\ld /eal a package f ! safe1 ! bank w\ld n be responsible = ! loss any m ?an if x _h be5 /ol5 by an outsid]4 ,! bank did n employ him to /eal1 b to p]=m ! ord9>y bank+ duties4 ,a bailee is usually a keep] only4 ,b ! nature ( ! prop]ty may require some?+ m to be done4 ,if he is entru/$ ) a mil* c[1 he mu/ h h] milk$1 or ) cattle 9 ! w9t] "t :i* require to be s]v$ ) food1 he mu/ supply x1 o!rwise !y w\ld />ve4 ,if he is keep+ a horse :i* is tak5 sick1 prop] treatm5t %\ld be giv54 ,:5 ! p]iod ( bailm5t is end$1 ! ?+ bail$ mu/ be return$4 ,if x consi/$ ( a flock ( %eep1 cattle & ! l1 all accessions mu/ also be deliv]$4 ,9 _m cases ! bailee is n requir$ to return ! specific prop]ty1 b o!r prop]ty ( ! same k9d & quality4 ,?us if "o deliv]s :eat = safekeep+1 :i* is put 9 an elevator1 ! contract is fulfill$ by deliv]+ o!r :eat ( simil> k9d & quality2 or1 if ! :eat is to be made into fl\r1 by deliv]+ ! prop] am\nt ( ! same quality z ! specific :eat bail$4 ,a bailee has a li5 = 8 s]vice & prop] exp5ditures 9 c>+ = & pres]v+ ! ?+ bail$1 b n = any o!r debt ! bailor may owe him4 ,& if ! bailee is a f9d] :o has be/[$ labor on ! article f\nd 9 good fai?1 ! same rule applies4 ,agi/]s & liv]y-/able m5 h no li5 at common law1 l c>ri]s = keep+ ! animals entru/$ to !m because !y are "u no obligation to take !m into _! keep+4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania a diff]5t rule 0 long ago decl>$1 & has ev] s9ce be5 ma9ta9$4 ,z he c agree on t]ms1 he may make su* z are agreeable to bo? p>ties4 ,else:]e he c impose 8 own t]ms1 & may dem& 8 pay 9 advance1 or create1 by contract1 a li5 if he pleases4 ,a p]son :o is hir$ z a groom to a horse = a specifi$ "t & at a fix$ price1 has no li5 on ! horse = 8 s]vice1 b has a li5 = fe$1 keep+ & %oe+1 :i* %\ld h be5 furni%$ by ! own]4 ,a contract to d ?is is n necess>y to create ! li51 x arises z if ! horse _h be5 left = keep & c>e )\t say+ m4 ,bankruptcy4--,be=e ! enactm5t ( ! f$]al ,bankruptcy ,act ( #ahih1 e /ate _h a bankruptcy act ( its own1 :i* 0 g5]ally call$ an insolv5cy law4 ,! f$]al act has sup]s$$ ^! by virtue ( ! p[] grant$ to congress 9 ! f$]al con/itution to e/abli% uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts 9 ! sev]al /ates are made c\rts ( bankruptcy & h p[] to adjudge all p]sons bankrupt :o h _! pr9cipal places ( bus9ess1 resid5ce & domicile )9 _! respective di/ricts2 & jurisdiction also ov] o!rs :o simply h prop]ty )9 _! jurisdiction4 ,any p]son :o owes debts1 or bus9ess corporation1 may become a volunt>y bankrupt4 ,s may an ali54 ,he may also become an involunt>y bankrupt if he has _h 8 pr9cipal place ( bus9ess "h1 or has be5 domicil$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt = ! prec$+ six mon?s1 or has prop]ty )9 its jurisdiction4 ,"s corporations are /ill d5i$ volunt>y action1 z well z m9ors & insane p]sons4 ,:o may become an involunt>y bankrupt8 ,any p]son1 except a wage-e>n]1 or f>m]1 any un9corporat$ company1 & any corporation engag$ pr9cipally 9 manufactur+1 trad+1 pr9t+1 publi%+1 or m]cantile pursuits1 ow+ debts to ! am\nt ( "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,:at is a manufactur+ corporation1 )9 ! mean+ ( ! law1 is n ev5 yet fully kn[n4 ,a corporation engag$ pr9cipally 9 smelt+ ores is "o2 & a m9+ corporation1 ^: pr9cipal bus9ess is to buy & sell ores1 is deem$ a trad+ corporation & may become an involunt>y bankrupt4 ,next we may inquire1 :at are acts ( bankruptcy8 ,"o ( !m is an admission ( a p]son's inability to pay 8 debts4 ,& ?is may be done by a corporation ?r\gh its prop]ly organiz$ (fic]s4 ,ano!r act ( bankruptcy is to convey1 transf]1 conceal or remove prop]ty ) ! int5tion to defraud cr$itors4 ,& by concealm5t is meant ! sep>ation ( "s tangible ?+ l money f ! debtor's e/ate1 & secrete x f ^? :o h a "r to seize x = paym5t ( _! debts4 ,! transf]s ( prop]ty cov]$ by ! act are ^? :i* ! common law reg>ds z fraudul5t4 ,if1 = example1 at ! "t ( ! transf] ( 8 prop]ty "o is s mu* indebt$ t x w emb>rass him 9 pay+ 8 debts1 ! transf] w be deem$ fraudul5t2 b a volunt>y transf]1 made by "o :o is free f debt1 _c be impea*$ by subsequ5t cr$itors4 ,! int5tion to h9d]1 delay or defraud cr$itors is a "q ( fact to be asc]ta9$ by prop] judicial inquiry4 ,a g5]al assignm5t = ! b5efit ( cr$itors is an act ( bankruptcy4 ,likewise a g5]al assignm5t = ! b5efit ( cr$itors made by ! majority ( ! bo>d ( directors & ( ! /ockhold]s is an act ( bankruptcy4 ,a petition = ! appo9tm5t ( a receiv] ( a corporation "u a /ate /atute is n an assignm5t = ! b5efit ( cr$itors & !re=e is n an act ( bankruptcy4 ,ano!r act ( bankruptcy is to suff] or p]mit1 :5 "o is insolv5t1 any cr$itor to acquire a pref]5ce ?r\gh legal proce$+s4 ,! t]m pref]5ce includes n only a transf] ( prop]ty1 b also ! paym5t ( money )9 f\r mon?s f ! "t ( fil+ 8 petition 9 bankruptcy4 ,x is immat]ial to :om ! transf] is made if ! purpose be to pref] "o cr$itor to ano!r4 ,l a fraudul5t transf] ! int5t to pref] mu/ be prov$1 ?\gh ?is may sometimes be presum$1 z :5 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( a transf] or paym5t made by an insolv5t debtor is to liquidate ! debt ( "o cr$itor to ! entire or p>tial exclusion ( o!rs4 ,pass+ to ! fil+ ( ! petition a volunt>y petition] %\ld file 8 petition 9 ! c\rt ( bankruptcy 9 ! judicial di/rict :]e he has pr9cipally resid$ = ! prec$+ six mon?s4 ,:5 !re is no e/ate & no claim has be5 prov$ & no tru/ee has be5 appo9t$1 a bankrupt may )draw 8 petition on pay+ ! co/s & exp5ses4 ,! petition mu/ be accompani$ by a s*$ule ( ! petition]'s prop]ty1 %[+ its k9d & am\nt1 location1 money value1 & a li/ ( 8 cr$itors & _! resid5ces :5 kn[n1 ! am\nt due to !m1 ! security !y h1 & a claim to legal exemptions1 if hav+ any4 ,aft] fil+ a volunt>y petition ! judge makes an adjudication4 ,he may d ?is ex p>te1 t is )\t notice to cr$itors4 ,a petition may be fil$ aga9/ a p]son :o is insolv5t & has committ$ an act ( bankruptcy )9 f\r mon?s aft] su* action4 ,?ree or m cr$itors :o h provable claims am\nt+ to five hundr$ doll>s 9 excess ( securities held aga9/ a debtor may file ! petition1 or if all ! cr$itors are less ?an twelve1 !n "o ( !m may file ! petition provid$ ! debtor owes him ! above /at$ am\nt4 ,cr$itors hold+ claims :i* are secur$1 or h priority1 mu/ n be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( cr$itors & ! am\nt ( claims = in/itut+ involunt>y proce$+s4 ,! petition %\ld /ate ! names & resid5ces ( ! petition+ cr$itors1 also t ( ! bankrupt1 8 pr9cipal place ( bus9ess1 ! nature ( x1 8 act ( bankruptcy1 t x occurr$ )9 f\r mon?s ( ! fil+ ( ! petition1 & t ! am\nt ( ! claims aga9/ him exce$ five hundr$ doll>s4 ,! petition mu/ be sign$ & prop]ly v]ifi$1 & may be aft]w>d am5d$ = cause 9 ! int]e/ ( ju/ice4 ,on ! fil+ ( ! petition a writ ( subpo5a is issu$ address$ to ! bankrupt comm&+ him to appe> be=e ! c\rt at ! place & on ! day m5tion$ to answ] ! petition4 ,! next /ep1 aft] s]v+ ! petition1 is = ! bankrupt to file 8 answ]4 ,mean:ile 8 prop]ty may be seiz$ by a m>%al or receiv] on pro( t he is neglect+ x or t x is det]iorat+4 ,)9 t5 days aft] "o has be5 judicially decl>$ to be a bankrupt1 he mu/ file 9 c\rt a s*$ule ( 8 prop]ty1 includ+ a li/ ( 8 cr$itors & ! security held by !m4 ,!n foll[s ! fir/ meet+ ( ! bankrupt's cr$itors1 )9 ?irty days aft] ! adjudication4 ,! judge or ref]ee mu/ be pres5t at ?is meet+1 also ! bankrupt if requir$ by ! c\rt4 ,be=e proce$+ ) o!r bus9ess ! ref]ee may all[ or disall[ ! claims ( cr$itors pres5t$ at ! meet+1 & may publicly exam9e ! bankrupt1 or he may be exam9$ at ! in/ance ( any cr$itor4 ,at ?is meet+ ! cr$itors may elect a tru/ee4 ,subsequ5t meet+s may be held at any "t & place by all ! cr$itors ^: claims h be5 all[$ by writt5 cons5t3 ! c\rt also may call a meet+ :5ev] "o f\r? ( ^? :o h prov$ _! claims file a writt5 reque/ to t effect4 ,only a cr$itor :o owns a dem& or provable claim c vote at cr$itors' meet+s4 ,nor c o!r cr$itors ?r\gh fil+ objections to a claim prev5t a bona fide claimant f vot+4 ,a cr$itor ( an individual memb] ( a bankrupt p>tn]%ip _c vote4 ,nor c cr$itors hold+ claims t are secur$ or t h priority vote only to a limit$ ext5t1 s f> z _! claims are on ! same basis z o!r cr$itors4 ,to entitle secur$ & pref]r$ cr$itors to vote at ! fir/ meet+ on ! :ole ( _! claims1 !y mu/ surr5d] _! securities or priorities4 ,if a portion ( a cr$itor's debt is secur$ & a portion is unsecur$1 he may vote on ! unsecur$ portion4 ,an attorney1 ag5t1 or proxy may repres5t & vote at cr$itors' meet+s1 fir/ pres5t+ writt5 au?ority1 :i* mu/ be fil$ ) ! ref]ee4 ,! ref]ee :o presides at ! fir/ meet+ makes up or decides on its memb]%ip4 ,matt]s are decid$ at ! meet+ by a majority vote 9 numb] & am\nt ( claims ( all ! cr$itors ^: claims h be5 all[$ & are pres5t4 ,! next /age 9 bankruptcy proce$+s is ! prov+ & all[ance ( claims4 ,only su* debts are provable z exi/$ at ! "t ( fil+ ! petition4 ,e debt :i* may be recov]$ ei!r at law or 9 equity may be prov$ 9 bankruptcy4 ,a claim b>r$ by ! /atute ( limitations is n provable1 nor is a cont+5t liability4 ,on ! o!r h& a debt f\nd$ on a contract express or impli$ may be prov$1 = example1 damages aris+ f a brea* ( a contract prior to ! adjudication 9 bankruptcy4 ,aga91 if !re are agreem5ts or cov5ants 9 a contract ( a cont9u+ "* ! bankrupt is /ill liable on !m not)/&+ 8 dis*>ge 9 bankruptcy4 ,if ! am\nt ( a claim is unliquidat$ ! act sets =? ! mode ( proce$+4 ,among o!r claims t may be prov$ are judgm5ts1 debts f\nd$ on an op5 acc\nt1 & r5ts4 ,! claims ( cr$itors :o h receiv$ pref]5ces are n all[$ unless !y surr5d] !m4 ,?us money paid on acc\nt by an insolv5t debtor mu/ be surr5d]$ be=e a claim = ! balance due on ! acc\nt c be prov$4 ,if proce$+s are begun by ! tru/ee to set aside a pref]5tial transf] to a cr$itor :o puts 9 a def5se1 he _c !reaft] surr5d] 8 pref]5ce & prove 8 claim4 ,if a cr$itor 9 prov+ 8 debt fails to m5tion 8 security1 if he has any1 he w be deem$ to h elect$ to prove 8 claim z unsecur$4 ,claims t h be5 all[$ may be reconsid]$ = a suffici5t reason & reall[$ or reject$ 9 :ole or 9 "p1 z ju/ice may require1 at any "t be=e ! clos+ ( ! e/ate4 ,! rexam9ation may be _h on ! application ( ! tru/ee or ( any cr$itor by ! ref]ee1 witnesses may be call$ to give evid5ce1 & ! ref]ee may expunge or r$uce ! claim or adh]e to ! orig9al all[ance4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ! tru/ee by ! cr$itors at _! fir/ meet+ is subject to ! approval or disapproval ( ! ref]ee or ! judge4 ,%\ld ! cr$itors make no appo9tm5t ! c\rt appo9ts "o4 ,z soon z he has be5 appo9t$ x is ! duty ( ! ref]ee to notify him 9 p]son or by mail ( 8 appo9tm5t4 ,if he fails to qualify or a vacancy occurs1 ! cr$itors h an opportunity to make ano!r appo9tm5t4 ,if a tru/ee accepts he mu/ give a bond ) sureties = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,he may also be remov$ = cause aft] notice by ! judge only4 ,%\ld he die or be remov$ :ile s]v+1 no suit t he 0 prosecut+ or def5d+ w abate b w be cont9u$ by 8 successor4 ,! tru/ee repres5ts ! bankrupt debtor z ! cu/odian ( all 8 prop]ty t is n exempt2 also ! cr$itors1 & ga!rs all ! bankrupt's prop]ty f e s\rce & protects & disposes ( x = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! cr$itors1 & pays _! claims4 ,9 %ort1 he succe$s to all ! int]e/s ( ! bankrupt1 is an (fic] ( ! c\rt & subject to its ord]s & directions4 ,he mu/ deposit all moneys receiv$ 9 "o ( ! designat$ depositories1 c disburse money only by *eck or draft1 & at ! f9al meet+ ( ! cr$itors mu/ pres5t a detail$ /atem5t ( 8 adm9i/ration ( ! e/ate4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( settlem5t he mu/ make a report to ! c\rt 9 writ+ ( ! condition ( ! e/ate1 ! money on h&1 & o!r details )9 ! fir/ mon? aft] 8 appo9tm5t1 & bi-mon?ly !reaft] unless ! c\rt ord]s o!rwise4 ,! f$]al ,bankruptcy ,act prescribes :at prop]ty passes to ! tru/ee & also :at is exempt4 ,:atev] prop]ty on :i* a levy c\ld h be5 made by judicial process aga9/ ! bankrupt passes to ! tru/ee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! income giv5 to a legatee = life "u a w provid+ x %all n be subject to ! claims ( cr$itors does n pass to ! tru/ee4 ,if ! bankrupt has an insurance policy ) a ca% surr5d] value payable to himself or p]sonal repres5tatives he may pay or secure ?is sum to ! tru/ee & cont9ue to hold ! policy4 ,& a policy ( insurance payable to ! wife1 *ildr51 or o!r k9 ( ! bankrupt is no "p ( ! e/ate & does n pass to ! tru/ee4 ,aft] "o mon?1 & )9 a ye> f ! adjudication ( bankruptcy1 ! bankrupt may apply = a dis*>ge4 ,! petition mu/ /ate concisely ! ord]s ( ! c\rt & ! proce$+s 9 8 case4 ,cr$itors mu/ h at lea/ t5 days' notice by mail ( ! petition1 & !n ! judge he>s ! application = dis*>ge1 & consid]s ! pro(s 9 opposition by ! p>ties 9 int]e/4 ,unless "s cr$itor objects & specifies 8 gr\nd ( objection1 ! petition w be grant$4 ,! ,bankruptcy ,act /ates sev]al reasons = refus+ a dis*>ge1 especially :5 ! bankrupt has conceal$ 8 prop]ty in/ead ( mak+ an hone/1 tru?ful /atem5t respect+ x1 or has n kept prop] books ( acc\nt ) ! fraudul5t int5t to conceal 8 true f9ancial condition & defraud 8 cr$itors4 ,la/ly a p]son may be puni%$ by imprisonm5t = two ye>s or less on conviction ( hav+ kn[+ly & fraudul5tly conceal$1 :ile a bankrupt or aft] 8 dis*>ge1 any prop]ty belong+ to 8 e/ate z a bankrupt1 or made a false oa? 9 any bankruptcy proce$+1 or made any false claim aga9/ 8 e/ate or us$ su* a claim 9 mak+ a composition ) 8 cr$itors4 ,b5eficial ,associations4--,b5eficial associations possess a v>i$ aspect1 !y are bo? social & bus9ess organizations4 ,(t5 ! memb]s are b\nd toge!r by secret obligations & pl$ges4 ,trades-unions h a d\ble nature1 !y are creat$ = bo? b5eficial & bus9ess purposes4 ,orig9ally _! b5eficial "* 0 ! m important feature4 ,b5efit societies may be purely volunt>y associations or incorporat$ ei!r by /atute or *>t]4 ,! articles ( association =m$ by ! memb]s are ess5tially an agreem5t among !m by :i* !y become b\nd to d specifi$ ?+s & incur liabilities4 ,!y ?us e/abli% a law = !mselves some:at l a *>t] ( a corporation4 ,!y may adopt su* rules z !y l provid$ !y are n contr>y to ! laws ( ! l&4 ,z ! memb]s1 hav+ made ! rules1 are presum$ to "k !m1 !y are !re=e b\nd by !m4 ,! legal /atus ( su* associations1 _! "r to sue & be su$1 ! liability ( ! memb]s to ! public = ! debts ( ! association1 ?\gh mo/ important que/ions1 are n z well settl$ z !y might be4 ,9 _m /ates /atutes exi/ def9+ _! "r to sue & be su$1 & _! liability to cr$itors4 ,yet ^! /atutes d n cov] all cases4 ,g5]ally p]sons :o associate = *>itable or b5evol5t purposes d n reg>d !mselves 9 a legal s5se z p>tn]s4 ,nev]!less 9 fix+ _! liability to cr$itors1 divid+ _! prop]ty1 & clos+ up _! affairs1 ! c\rts (t51 ?\gh n always1 treat _! association z a p>tn]%ip1 & ! memb]s z p>tn]s4 ,?us ! highe/ c\rt 9 ,new ,york decl>$ t an un9corporat$ lodge1 :i* _h be5 mis-manag$1 0 n a p>tn]%ip4 ,! memb]s s\ght to dissolve ! lodge1 & di/ribute its prop]ty4 ,! c\rt said !re 0 no p[] to compel ! paym5t ( dues1 & ! rights ( a memb] ceas$ aft] 8 failure to meet 8 annual subscription4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! supreme c\rt 9 ! same /ate held t ! memb]s ( a volunt>y association 7 liable to its cr$itors by common law pr9ciples4 ,:]e su* a body ( m5 jo9 !mselves toge!r = social int]c\rse & pleasure1 & assume a "n "u :i* !y comm5ce to incur liabilities by op5+ an acc\nt1 !y become jo9tly liable = any indebt$ness ?us incurr$1 & if ei!r ( !m wi%es to avoid 8 p]sonal responsibility by )drawal f ! body1 x is 8 duty to notify ! cr$itors ( su* )drawal4 ,if "o or m memb]s ord] "w to be done or pur*ase supplies1 he or !y are p]sonally liable unless cr$it 0 giv5 to ! association4 ,:at c ! memb]s d8 ,!y _c *ange ! purpose = :i* ! association 0 =m$ )\t ! cons5t ( all1 /ill less c ! executive bo>d conv]t ! association into a corporation4 ,no memb] has a propriet>y int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty1 nor "r to a proportionate "p :ile he is a memb]1 or aft] 8 )drawal4 ,%\ld an association dissolve1 !n ! memb]s may divide its prop]ty among !mselves4 ,sometimes a qu>rel spr+s up 9 "o ( ^! associations1 ! memb]s divide1 :o %all h ! prop]ty8 ,! memb]s ( m ?an "o *ur* organization h f\ght ?is "q1 fir/ among !mselves1 aft]w>ds 9 ! c\rts4 ,suppose a qu>rel breaks out 9 a bran* association & two p>ties are =m$1 :i* ( !m is entitl$ to ! prop]ty8 ,! p>ty t adh]es to ! laws & usages ( ! g5]al organization is reg>d$ z ! true association1 & is !re=e entitl$ to ! enjoym5t ( ! prop]ty4 ,?\gh t p>ty may be a m9ority ( ! fai?ful few1 ! memb]s are en\gh to cont9ue ! organization4 ,sometimes societies ( a quasi religi\s "* exi/ :i* p]sons jo91 surr5d]+ _! prop]ty & receiv+ support4 ,suppose a memb] %\ld leave1 & aft]w>ds sue to recov] 8 prop]ty4 ,?is has be5 attempt$1 & usually ends 9 failure4 ,are b5efit societies *>ities8 ,?is "q is important f ! taxpay]'s view1 z *>itable associations are tax$ less ?an o!rs or p]haps entirely reliev$4 ,an ,indiana c\rt has decid$ t a corporation :i* promises to pay a fix$ sum z a b5efit dur+ a memb]'s illness--he ( c\rse pay+ 8 dues--is n a purely b5evol5t organization1 & !re=e n exempt f taxation4 ,masonic lodges on ! o!r h&1 are g5]ally reg>d$ z *>itable in/itutions4 ,! true te/1 says a judicial tribunal1 is to be f\nd 9 ! objects ( ! in/itution4 ,aga91 a volunt>y association may conduct 9 su* a way z to create ! impression or belief t x is a corporation1 & is =bidd5 f d5y+ its corporate liability = an injury or loss to a ?ird p]son4 ,x is a famili> rule t a p]son :o transacts bus9ess ) a p>tn]%ip 9 ! p>tn]%ip "n may hold all ! memb]s liable z p>tn]s1 ?\gh he did n "k all _! names4 ,?is rule has sometimes be5 appli$ to a volunt>y association1 mak+ x responsible z a corporation4 ,! articles ( association regulate ! admission ( memb]s4 ,a physician :o appli$ = memb]%ip 9 a m$ical society 0 reject$ because ( unpr(essional conduct4 ,a code ( m$ical e?ics adopt$ by ! society 0 decl>$ to be b9d+ only on ! memb]s1 & !re=e did n t\* ! conduct ( "o prior to 8 becom+ a memb] ( ! society4 ,if ! memb]%ip ( a society is conf9$ to p]sons hav+ ! same occupation1 a false repres5tation conc]n+ "o's occupation w\ld be a good reason = 8 expulsion4 ,9 admitt+ a memb]1 if no =m ( election has be5 prescrib$1 ea* c&idate mu/ be elect$ sep>ately4 ,?is mu/ also be done at a regul> meet+ or at "o prop]ly call$ = t purpose4 ,a call !re=e to transact any bus9ess t may be legally pres5t$ is n suffici5t4 ,if a society requires a c]emony ( initiation1 is ! election ( a memb] s complete t he is entitl$ to b5efits )\t prop] initiation8 ,9 "o ( ! cases ! c\rt said3 ,! entire sy/em1 its exi/5ce & objects1 are bas$ ^u initiation4 ,we ?9k1 !re c be no memb]%ip )\t x1 & no b5efit1 pecuni>y or o!rwise1 )\t x4 ,controv]sies conc]n+ prop]ty rights ( religi\s societies are g5]ally decid$ by "o ( ?ree rules3 7#a7 0 ! prop]ty a fund :i* is 9 "q devot$ to ! express t]ms ( ! gift1 grant or sale by :i* x 0 acquir$1 to ! support ( any specific religi\s doctr9e or belief or 0 x acquir$ = ! g5]al use ( ! society = religi\s purposes ) no o!r limitation2 7#b7 is ! society :i* own$ x ( ! /rictly indep5d5t or congregational =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 ow+ no submission to any organization outside ( ! congregation2 7#c7 or is x "o ( a numb] ( su* societies1 unit$ to =m a m g5]al body ( *ur*es1 ) ecclesia/ical control 9 ! g5]al association ov] ! memb]s & societies ( :i* x is compos$4 ,_m b5efit societies provide = ! paym5t ( money to _! sick memb]s4 ,! rules provid+ = ! paym5t ( ^! may be *ang$ at any "t z ! con/itution or articles ( association ( a society may prescribe4 ,consequ5tly an am5dm5t may be made dim9i%+ ! weekly all[ance to a memb] :o is sick1 & also ! "t ( all[+ x4 ,( c\rse 9 apply+ = ! b5efits a memb] mu/ foll[ ! modes prescrib$4 ,! p[] to expel memb]s is incid5t to e society or association unless organiz$ prim>ily = ga94 ,ga9ful corporations h no su* p[] unless x has be5 grant$ by _! *>t] or by /atute4 ,! revision ( ! li/ ( memb]s by dropp+ names is equival5t to ! expulsion ( ^? ^: names are dropp$1 & by a majority vote or l>g] "o z ! rules ( ! society may require4 ,nor c ! p[] ( expulsion be transf]r$ f ! g5]al body to a committee or (fic]4 ,! p[] to expel mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 good fai?1 n arbitr>ily or malici\sly1 & its s5t5ce is conclusive l t ( a judicial tribunal4 ,nor w a c\rt int]f]e ) ! decision ( a society except3 fir/1 :5 ! decision 0 contr>y to natural ju/ice & ! memb] _h no opportunity to expla9 ! *>ge aga9/ him2 secondly1 :5 ! rules ( ! association expell+ him 7 n obs]v$2 ?irdly1 :5 its action aga9/ him 0 malici\s4 ,nor w a c\rt int]f]e because !re h be5 irregul>ities 9 ! proce$+s1 unless ^! 7 ( a grave "*4 ,! *>ges mu/ be s]i\s1 a violation ( a reasonable by-law is a suffici5t *>ge4 ,to obta91 by feign+ a qualification :i* did n exi/1 memb]%ip 9 a trades-union is suffici5t cause = expulsion2 s is fraud 9 repres5t+ "o's self 9 8 application = memb]%ip :5 9 fact he has an incurable disease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ *>ges are n suffici5t to ju/ify expulsion or susp5sion3 sl&] aga9/ ! society1 illegally draw+ aid 9 "t ( sickness1 defraud+ ! society out ( a small sum ( money1 villify+ a memb]1 disrespectful & contemptu\s language to associates1 say+ ! lodge w\ld n pay & nev] int5d$ to pay1 ung5tlemanly conduct4 ,9 h>mony ) a fundam5tal rule ( law1 a memb] :o has once be5 acquitt$ _c be tri$ aga9 = ! same (f5se4 ,z subord9ate lodges ( a b5efit society are con/itu5t p>ts ( ! sup]ior gov]n+ body1 !re may be an expulsion f memb]%ip 9 a subord9ate lodge = violat+ laws :i* g5]ally caus$ expulsion f ! society itself1 & !re may be a conditional expulsion or susp5sion4 ,if an assessm5t is n paid at ! fix$ "t1 its non-paym5t1 by ! laws ( ! ord]1 works a susp5sion1 ?\gh a memb] may be re/or$ by comply+ ) ! laws ( ! ord]4 ,an appeal by a memb] ( a subord9ate lodge f a vote ( expulsion does n abate by 8 dea? :ile ! appeal is p5d+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! judgm5t ( ! lodge is rev]s$1 ! b5efici>y ( ! memb] is entitl$ to ! b5efits due on ! memb]'s dea?4 ,a memb] :o has be5 wrongfully expell$ may be re/or$ by a m&amus proce$+ issu$ by a c\rt4 ,be=e mak+ ! ord] ! c\rt w inquire into ! facts & satisfy itself :e!r 9 expell+ ! applicant ! society has prop]ly act$ 9 accord ) its rules4 ,unless "s rule or /atute =bids1 a memb] ( a volunt>y association may )draw at any "t4 ,:5 do+ s1 h[ev]1 he _c avoid any obligations incurr$ by him to ! association4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c1 aft] 8 )drawal1 impose any o!r obligations on him4 ,x has (t5 be5 attempt$ to hold ! memb]s ( an association liable p]sonally = a promis$ b5efit 9 "t ( sickness4 ,says ,bacon3 ,x may be a "q ( con/ruction 9 ea* p>ticul> case :e!r ! memb]s are p]sonally liable or n4 ,! bett] rule seems to be t ! memb]s are n held p]sonally liable4 ,an association _c by its con/itution or by-laws conf] judicial p[]s on its (fic]s to adjudge a =feiture ( prop]ty rights1 or to deprive lodges or memb]s ( _! prop]ty & give x to ano!r1 or to o!r memb]s4 ,to all[ associations to d ?is is contr>y to public policy4 ,= ! same reason an agreem5t to ref] future controv]sies to arbitration _c be en=c$2 x 9 effect deprives a p>ty ( 8 rights "u ! law4 ,he may d ?is 9 a kn[n case1 ?is inde$ is con/antly done1 b "o _c b> himself 9 advance f a resort to ! c\rts = "s future controv]sy ( :i* he has no k at ! "t ( ! agreem5t4 ,?is is a rule ( law ( ! wide/ application4 ,brok]4--,a brok]1 unlike an auctione]1 usually has no special prop]ty 9 ! goods he is au?oriz$ to sell4 ,ord9>ily also he mu/ sell !m 9 ! "n ( ! pr9cipal1 & 8 sales are private4 ,he receives a commission usually call$ brok]age4 ,he c act only z ! ag5t ( ! o!r p>ty :5 ! t]ms ( ! contract are settl$ & he is in/ruct$ to f9i% x4 ,brok]s are ( _m k9ds4 ,!y relate to bills & notes1 /ocks1 %ipp+1 insurance1 real e/ate1 pawn$ goods1 m]*&ise1 etc4 ,a bill & note brok] :o does n disclose ! pr9cipal's "n is liable l o!r ag5ts z a pr9cipal4 ,he is also held to an impli$ au?ority1 n only to sell1 b t ! signatures ( all ! p>ties !reon are g5u9e4 ,unless he indorses x he does n w>rant _! solv5cy4 ,an insurance brok] is ord9>ily employ$ by ! p]son seek+ insurance1 & is !re=e unlike an insurance ag5t1 :o is a repres5tative ( an insurance company1 & usually has ! au?ority ( a g5]al ag5t4 ,a deliv]y ( a policy !re=e1 to an insurance brok]1 w\ld be a deliv]y to 8 pr9cipal4 ,he is a special ag5t4 ,unless employ$ g5]ally to keep up 8 pr9cipal's insurance1 he has no impli$ au?ority to return a policy to be cancell$1 & notice to him t a policy _h ceas$1 w\ld n be notice to 8 pr9cipal4 ,an insurance brok] mu/ ex]cise reasonable c>e & dilig5ce 9 select+ none b reliable companies1 & 9 secur+ prop] & suffici5t policies to cov] ! risks plac$ to be cov]$ by insurance2 & if he selects companies :i* are !n 9 good /&+ he w\ld n be liable %\ld !y aft]w>d become insolv5t4 ,m]*&ise brok]s1 unless factors1 negotiate = ! sale ( m]*&ise )\t hav+ possession or control ( x4 ,l o!r ag5ts !y mu/ s]ve fai?fully & _c act = bo? p>ties1 sell] & buy]1 9 ! same transaction1 )\t ! k & cons5t ( bo?4 ,9 _m transactions he does ?us repres5t bo? by _! express or impli$ au?ority1 & !re=e b9d+ bo? :5 sign+ = !m4 ,a real e/ate brok] 9 ! employ ( 8 pr9cipal is b\nd to act = 8 pr9cipal alone1 us+ 8 utmo/ good fai? 9 8 behalf4 ,& a promise by "o ( ! pr9cipals 9 an ex*ange ( real e/ate1 aft] ! completion ( ! negotiations1 to pay a commission to ! o!r p>ty's brok]1 to :om he ow$ no?+1 is void = lack ( a consid]ation4 ,to ga9 8 commission a brok] mu/ produce a p]son :o 0 ready1 able & will+ bo? to accept & live up to ! t]ms (f]$ by ! own] ( ! prop]ty4 ,nor c a prop]ty own] escape paym5t ( a brok]'s commission by sell+ ! l& himself & at a price less ?an ! limit put on ! brok]4 ,! bus9ess ( a pawnbrok] is legally regulat$ by /atute1 & ! /ates usually require him to get a lic5se4 ,z ! bus9ess may be prohibit$1 a municipality or o!r p[] may regulate & control 8 bus9ess4 ,! rate ( int]e/ t he may *>ge is fix$ by /atute4 ,! pawnee may lose 8 "r by exact+ unlawful int]e/4 ,nor has ! pawnee ! "r to reta9 possession aga9/ ! true own] ( any article t has be5 pawn$ )\t 8 cons5t or au?ority4 ,if ! true own] has entru/$ x to someone to sell1 :o1 in/ead ( sell+1 pawns x1 ! pawn] is protect$ 9 tak+ x z security4 ,! sale ( pawn$ goods is usually regulat$ by /atute4 ,if none exi/s1 & !re is no agreem5t betwe5 ! p>ties1 ! sale mu/ be public aft] due notice ( ! "t & place ( sale4 ,if !re is any surplus1 aris+ f ! sale1 he mu/ pay x to ! pawn]1 & n apply x on ano!r debt t he may owe ! pawnee4 ,! pawn]1 or an assignee or pur*as] ( ! pawn ticket may r$eem x )9 ! "t fix$ by law or agreem5t1 or ev5 beyond ! agre$ "t if ! pawnee has n ex]cis$ 8 "r ( sale4 ,subject to ! pawnee's claim1 ! pawn] has ! same "r ov] ! article pawn$ z he _h aft] pawn+ x1 & may !re=e sell & transf] 8 int]e/ z be=e4 ,la/ly ! pawn] is liable = any defici5cy aft] ! sale ( ! ?+ pawn$1 unless releas$ by /atute4 ,see ,ag5cy4 ,c>ri]4--,c>ri]s are ( two k9ds1 private & public4 ,a private c>ri] may contract orally or 9 writ+1 & mu/ use su* c>e 9 c>ry+ ! goods entru/$ to him z a man ( ord9>y intellig5ce w\ld ( 8 own prop]ty4 ,if he c>ries ^! gratuit\sly 8 obligation is /ill less1 nev]!less he mu/ ev5 !n take "s c>e ( !m4 ,suppose he agre$ to c>ry a package = ano!r to ! latt]'s home1 & on ! way1 be+ we>y or sleepy1 %\ld sit d[n by ! wayside :]e p (t5 pass & fall asleep & on awak5+ %\ld f9d ! package miss+1 w\ld he be responsible8 ,au?orities diff]4 ,suppose ! package 0 a v valuable "o4 ,a c\rt might hold t ! man :o gave x to him 0 a fool = entru/+ su* a package volunt>ily ) him4 ,suppose h[ev] t he 0 a highly tru/wor?y man1 well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! neighborhood1 !n no fault c\ld be imput$ to ei!r1 & ! own] w\ld be oblig$ to be> ! loss4 ,common c>ri]s are f> m num]\s & important4 ,receiv+ a rew>d !y are requir$ to ex]cise m c>e 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! old rule ( ! common law 0 v /rict1 b ?is has be5 greatly modifi$4 ,a c>ri] may modify ! rule by contract1 & ! bill ( lad+ receiv$ by ! %ipp] is reg>d$ z "o1 & sets =? 8 liability4 ,9 a g5]al way he c relieve himself f all liability except f 8 own neglig5ce1 & !re are cases :i* hold t he c relieve himself ev5 f t if ! %ipp]1 = ! sake ( hav+ 8 goods c>ri$ at a l[] price1 is will+ to relieve him1 9 o!r words is will+ to assume all ! risk himself4 ,a c>ri] c limit 8 liability = ! loss ( baggage entru/$ to 8 c>e & :5 "o receives a receipt describ+ ! am\nt ( ! c>ri]'s liability 9 ! ev5t ( loss4 ,nor c he hold ! company on ! plea ( ignorance by decl>+ he has n read x1 = x is 8 duty to read ! receipt4 ,aga91 a c>ri] is ?us liable only :5 a travel]'s baggage is entru/$ to 8 c>e2 if !re=e he keeps 8 grip or umbrella & on look+ ar\nd makes ! pa9ful discov]y t he has be5 reliev$ ( !m1 he _c look to ! c>ri] = comp5sation4 ,! law requires c>ri]s to c>ry all :o pay _! f>e1 & are 9 a suffici5tly intellig5t condition to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,9 l mann] ! law requires !m to take all freight t may be (f]$1 ?\gh x may make reasonable rules ) reg>d to ! "t ( receiv+ x1 mode ( pack+1 etc4 ,a regulation !re=e t furniture mu/ be crat$ is reasonable1 & a c>ri] may refuse to take x unless x is ?us prep>$ = %ipm5t4 ,s also is a rule requir+ glass to be box$ ?\gh ! di/ance may be %ort = c>ry+ x4 ,a c>ri] may also object to c>ry+ ?+s out ( season1 potatoes or fruit = example 9 ! w9t] 9 ! nor!rn /ates :]e !re is great dang] ( freez+1 unless ! %ipp] assumes ! risk4 ,va/ quantities ( p]i%able goods are c>ri$1 b usually "u def9ite regulations & contracts4 ,s1 too1 ! %ipp] mu/ decl>e ! nature ( ! ?+ c>ri$4 ,%\ld he put diamonds 9 8 trunk1 he c\ld n recov] = _! loss1 = he has no bus9ess to c>ry su* a valuable ?+ 9 t way4 ,he mu/ make kn[n ! cont5ts = ! c>ri]'s protection4 ,he _c c>ry an explosive 9 secrecy4 ,to attempt to d su* a ?+ is a manife/ wrong to ! c>ri]4 ,a c>ri] has a li5 or "r to hold ! freight until ! *>ge = transport+ x is paid1 b if x is deliv]$1 ! li5 ceases & _c be re/or$4 ,if ! c>ri] keeps x until ! freight *>ge is paid discretion mu/ be us$1 & unnecess>y & unreasonable exp5se mu/ n be incurr$ 9 s do+4 ,a diff]5t rule applies to c>ry+ pass5g]s ?an applies to freight1 because ! latt] is "u its complete control1 :ile pass5g]s are n4 ,nev]!less ! law requires a high degree ( c>e 9 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 & is responsible 9 money damages %\ld injury occur ?r\gh ! c>ri]'s neglig5ce4 ,9 _m /ates /atutes exi/ limit+ ! am\nt t a c>ri] mu/ pay :5 life is lo/ ?r\gh its neglig5ce to five ?\s& doll>s or o!r sum1 :ile a mu* l>g] sum is (t5 recov]$ = an injury1 loss ( a leg1 arm or ! l4 ,f ! c>ri]'s po9t ( view !re=e x is (t5 oblig$ to pay less = kill+ ?an = injur+ p2 ?is is "o ( ! /range anomalies ( ! law4 ,:5 a pass5g] is injur$ & no agreem5t c be made ) ! c>ri] = comp5sation1 a suit is ! result & ! *ief "q is "o ( fact1 ! ext5t ( ! injury1 & ! degree ( neglig5ce ( ! c>ri]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pass5g] 0 9 fault himself & contribut$ to ! injury !n ! m g5]al rule is he c recov] no?+4 ,9 "s /ates ! c\rts attempt to asc]ta9 ! neglig5ce ( bo? p>ties1 :5 bo? are at fault1 & !n aw>d a v]dict 9 favor ( ! "o lea/ 9 fault4 ,?is is a difficult rule to apply h[ev] j x may seem to be4 ,a pass5g] :o /&s on a plat=m or on ! /eps ( a /reet c>1 :5 !re is room inside1 assumes all ! risks himself4 ,b if !re is no room )9 & ! conductor kn[s he is outside1 & p]mits him to ride1 he is "u ! same protection z o!r pass5g]s4 ,an int]urban c> _h /opp$ & ,a :o 0 c>ry+ two valises attempt$ to bo>d x4 ,! act ( ! conductor1 :o 0 on ! re> plat=m1 9 rea*+ d[n & tak+ "o ( ! valises am\nt$ to an invitation to ,a to bo>d ! c>4 ,9 signal+ to ! motorman to />t ! c> :5 ,a 0 /epp+ to ! ve/ibule f ! l[] /ep1 ?us caus+ ! injury to him1 0 neglig5ce = :i* ! company 0 liable4 ,a sleep+ c> company op]at+ 9 connection ) ord9>y tra9s is n a common c>ri]1 nor an innkeep] z to ! baggage ( a pass5g]4 ,yet x is liable = ord9>y neglig5ce 9 protect+ pass5g]s f loss by !ft4 ,9 a well-consid]$ case ! judge said3 ,:]e a pass5g] does n deliv] 8 prop]ty to a c>ri]1 b reta9s ! exclusive possession & control ( x himself1 ! c>ri] is n liable 9 case ( a loss1 z = in/ance1 :]e a pass5g]'s pocket is pick$1 or 8 ov]coat tak54 ,a p]son asleep _c reta9 manual possession or control ( any?+4 ,! invitation to make use ( ! b$ c>ries ) x an invitation to sleep1 & an impli$ agreem5t to take reasonable c>e ( ! gue/'s effects :ile he is 9 su* a /ate t c>e ^u 8 own "p is impossible4 ,i ?9k x %\ld keep a wat* dur+ ! night1 see to x t no unau?oriz$ p]sons intrude !mselves into ! c>1 & take reasonable c>e to prev5t !fts by occupants4 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 ! great express companies ( ! c\ntry & local express companies receiv+ baggage f travel]s = transportation to _! imm$iate de/9ation4 ,9 ! latt] case !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! transaction or ! cu/om ( ! trade :i* %\ld naturally lead ! %ipp] to suppose t he 0 receiv+ & accept+ ! writt5 evid5ce ( a contract1 & !re=e he is n b\nd by ! t]ms ( ! receipt receiv$1 unless !re is o!r evid5ce t he ass5t$ !reto4 ,?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a common c>ri] = c>ry+ mails1 x _c be held liable because x is a bran* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,mail matt] may be c>ri$ by private p]sons1 b ?is is limit$ to special trips4 ,by /atute no p]son c e/abli% any private express = c>ry+ lett]s or packets by regul> trips or at /at$ p]iods ov] any po/ r\te1 or betwe5 t[ns1 cities or o!r places :]e ! mail is regul>ly c>ri$4 ,a public (fic] 9 p]=m+ 8 duties is exempt f all liability4 ,b a po/ma/] is liable to a p]son injur$ by 8 neglig5ce or misconduct & = ! acts ( a cl]k or deputy au?oriz$ by him4 ,! assi/ant unless ?us %ield$ mu/ answ] = 8 own misconduct4 ,a rid] or driv] employ$ by a contractor = c>ry+ ! mails is an assi/ant 9 ! bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,al?\gh employ$ & paid1 & liable to be dis*>g$ at pleasure by ! contractor1 ! rid] or driv] is n engag$ 9 8 private s]vice2 he is employ$ 9 ! public s]vice & !re=e ! contractor is n liable = 8 conduct4 ,*attel ,mortgage4--,a *attel mortgage is a conveyance ( p]sonal prop]ty1 z di/+ui%$ f real prop]ty1 to secure ! debt ( ! l5d] or mortgagor4 ,! ess5ce ( ! agreem5t is1 if ! mortgagor does n repay ! money z he has agre$ to d1 ! mortgagee becomes ! own] ( ! prop]ty4 ,until ! mortgagor fails to execute 8 "p ( ! agreem5t1 he reta9s possession ( ! prop]ty4 ,by /atutes t h be5 enact$ ev]y:]e1 ! mortgagee's int]e/1 or conditional title 9 ! prop]ty convey$ to him1 is secure by record+ ! de$ ev5 ?\gh ! mortgagor /ill reta9s possession4 ,! usual =m ( a *attel mortgage is a bill ( sale ) a conditional clause1 /at+ ! t]ms ( ! loan & t1 on ! mortgagor's failure to pay1 ! mortgagee may take possession ( ! prop]ty4 ,any p]sons :o are compet5t to make a contract may make a *attel mortgage1 & an ag5t may act = ano!r z 9 _m o!r cases4 ,:5 ?us act+ 8 au?ority may be ei!r v]bal1 or writt51 or may be %[n by ratification4 ,p]sons also :o h a common own]%ip 9 *attels1 t5ants 9 common or p>tn]s = example1 may mortgage ei!r _! common or individual int]e/s4 ,a husb& may give a *attel mortgage to 8 wife1 & %e 9 turn c give "o to him4 ,likewise a corporation may make su* a mortgage4 ,! law is broad] 9 ! way ( p]mitt+ a m9or1 m>ri$ woman1 or corporation to be mortgagees :5 !y _c act z mortgagors ( _! prop]ty4 ,two or m cr$itors may jo9 9 su* a mortgage to secure _! sep>ate debts4 ,if ! debt ( "o ( !m is fraudul5t1 8 fraud1 :ile r5d]+ ! mortgage fraudul5t z to him1 w n affect its validity z to ! o!r4 ,h[ mu/ ! mortgag$ prop]ty be describ$8 ,) suffici5t cle>ness to enable ?ird p]sons to id5tify ! prop]ty4 ,! description mu/ conta9 reasonable details & sugge/ inquiries :i* if foll[$ w result 9 asc]ta9+ ! precise ?+ convey$4 ,a description ( a bak]'s /ock /ock on h&1 w\ld be too meag]1 s w\ld be a description ( our books ( acc\nt1 & acc\nts due & to become due1 b cattle describ$ by _! age1 sex & location w satisfy ! law1 ?\gh ! cattle ( o!r own]s %\ld =m "p ( ! same h]d1 :5 !y c be asc]ta9$ by foll[+ out ! inquiries sugge/$ by ! mortgage4 ,aga91 a description t is :olly false avoids ! mortgage1 b if x is false only 9 "p1 ?is may be reject$ & ! mortgage rema9 valid = ! rema9d]4 ,m g5]ally ! nature ( ! *attels convey$ det]m9e l>gely ! "* ( ! description4 ,?us animals may be describ$ by weight1 age1 height1 color & bre$2 vehicles by _! /yle & manufactur]'s "n2 furniture by piece or set2 crops gr[+ or to be gr[n by _! location & ye>4 ,a g5]al claim ( all articles 9 a /at$ place is reg>d$ z suffici5t4 ,oral evid5ce is admissible to aid ! description 9 id5tify+ ! subject-matt] ( ! mortgage1 & to expla9 ! mean+ & ext5t ( ! t]ms ( ! description4 ,a mortgage may be giv5 = a future advance ( money4 ,nor ne$ ! mortgage /ate t x is ?us giv52 & ! fact may be prov$ orally4 ,b :5 ! "r ( ?ird p>ties are affect$1 su* a mortgage is n valid aga9/ !m unless ! specific sum t is to be secur$ is set =?4 ,likewise to r5d] a mortgage secure aga9/ atta*+ cr$itors ( ! mortgagor1 !re mu/ be a di/9ct /atem5t ( ! condition or t]ms ( ! mortgage2 9 o!r words ! cr$itors h a "r to "k :at int]e/ ! mortgagee really has 9 ! prop]ty t secures to him rights sup]ior to _! own4 ,! rule %\ld also be /at$ t :]e ! rights ( ?ird p>ties are 9 issue1 x mu/ appe> t ! mortgagee acquir$ ! mortgage be=e !y _h any rights to ! prop]ty4 ,! /atutes require t *attel mortgages %\ld be ackn[l$g$ & record$4 ,9 "s /ates ! requirem5ts are /rict 9 respect to ! dis9t]e/$ness ( ! (ficial :o takes ! ackn[l$gm5t4 ,an affidavit is ano!r requirem5t4 ,?is mu/ /ate sev]al ?+s1 especially t ! mortgage 0 giv5 9 good fai?1 & ! nature & am\nt ( ! consid]ation4 ,:at may be mortgag$8 ,9 g5]al1 any p]sonal prop]ty t may be sold2 _m ( ! /atutes def9e x4 ,!y cov] a life insurance policy1 corporation /ock1 railway roll+ /ock1 seam5's wages1 gr[+ crops & trees1 pr(its f ! use ( a /eamboat1 premiums e>n$ by a horse1 book acc\nts1 leasehold int]e/s1 nurs]y /ock1 besides _m o!r ?+s4 ,:5ev] fixtures annex$ to real e/ate reta9 ! "* ( p]sonal prop]ty !y may be mortgag$4 ,& :5 animals are mortgag$ _! natural increase are includ$4 ,a mortgage made ( an unf9i%$ article w hold ! article :5 f9i%$ if x c be id5tifi$4 ,by ! common law no?+ c\ld be mortgag$ t 0 n 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! mortgage4 ,by /atute a mortgage may cov] aft]-acquir$ prop]ty1 & ?is /atute has become v important especially ) m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & o!rs :o are con/antly *ang+ _! /ocks ( goods4 ,:5 ! mortgagor fails to pay 8 debt1 ! "r ( ! mortgagee to proce$ 9 tak+ ! prop]ty is usually regulat$ by /atute1 except :5 ! p>ties h agre$ !mselves & 9 con=mity ) /atute4 ,! rights ( ! mortgagee dep5d 9 _m cases on ! title1 :e!r t has pass$ to him by virtue ( ! mortgage1 or :e!r x /ill rema9s conditionally 9 ! mortgagor4 ,:]e ! mortgagor /ill reta9s ! title1 a clause is (t5 put into ! mortgage to ! effect t1 %\ld ! mortgagor default 9 paym5t1 ! mortgagee may take possession ( ! prop]ty & sell x2 & su* a provision is valid & en=cible4 ,:]e ! title is ve/$ or transf]r$ to ! mortgagee by virtue ( ! mortgage1 ?is is equival5t to giv+ him possession :5ev] he *ooses to dem& x4 ,9 o!r /ates ! mortgagee's discretion is n s broad1 be=e tak+ possession he mu/ h reasonable gr\nds = believ+ himself insecure1 t ! mortgagor has done1 or ?reat5s to d1 some?+ t w\ld impair ! mortgagee's security4 ,:]e ! common law prevails & no /atute has be5 enact$ regulat+ ! rights ( p>ties1 an important "q is /ill unsettl$ 9 cases ( a mortgage giv5 on a /ock ( m]*&ise :i* p]mits ! mortgagor to rema9 9 possession & to sell ! prop]ty mortgag$ 9 ! c\rse ( trade4 ,c he d ?is8 ,9 _m /ates su* a mortgage is reg>d$ z fraudul5t to cr$itors1 9 o!r /ates if su* a mortgage is n1 on prop] judicial inquiry1 prov$ to be a fraud1 x w be upheld4 ,a provision 9 a mortgage t x %all cov] aft] acquir$ prop]ty is reg>d$ 9 "s /ates z an executory agreem5t t x %all be held by ! mortgagee z security2 & ! mortgagee may take possession ( x1 %\ld ! mortgagor fail to pay 8 debt1 9 accordance ) 8 promise1 be=e ! rights ( ?ird p]sons h int]v5$4 ,see ,mortgage4 ,*auffeur4--,9 _m /ates m9ors are =bidd5 by /atute to run automobiles4 ,if !re=e ! own] ( a c> p]mits a m9or to drive 8 c>1 he may be held liable = ! injuries result+ f ! driv]'s neglig5ce4 ,%\ld a *auffeur's lic5se n disclose physical disabilities ! lic5se is n void1 nor is he a trespass] 9 op]at+ ! ma*9e on ! highway4 ,su* a lic5se ?\gh defective is valid until revok$ by ! prop] au?ority4 ,if dis*>g$ be=e ! expiration ( ! t]m ( 8 employm5t1 an employ] is /ill liable = 8 *auffeur's pay unless he has be5 unwill+ or unable to fulfill 8 contract4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has be5 prev5t$ by sickness or simil> disability1 he c recov]1 n p]haps ! am\nt /at$ 9 ! contract1 b ! wor? ( 8 s]vices dur+ ! p]iod ( s]v+ 8 employ]4 ,a *auffeur may recov] damages f 8 employ] = injuries receiv$ :ile op]at+ 8 c>4 ,! basis ( ! action is 8 employ]'s neglig5ce4 ,if ! eng9e kicks back :ile he is crank+ ! c>1 & ! employ] contribut$ to ! result by mov+ ! sp>k lev]1 he is liable4 ,if he is injur$ :ile runn+ a c> f a defective brake ( :i* he _h k1 he _c recov]4 ,b if ! employ] knew1 & ! *auffeur did n "k t ! brake 0 defective1 he c\ld recov] if injur$ 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,! employ] is "u no duty to w>n 8 *auffeur ( obvi\s dang]s1 or in/ruct him 9 matt]s t he may be fairly suppos$ to und]/&4 ,if a *auffeur is rid+ at ! own]'s reque/1 :o is driv+ ! c>1 he may recov] if injur$ by ! neglig5ce ( ! own] 9 runn+ ! ma*9e4 ,"u ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,laws a *auffeur :o is injur$ :ile runn+ 8 c> beyond ! spe$ limit prescrib$ by /atute c recov] no?+4 ,nor is he ju/ifi$ by ! cu/om ( o!r *auffeurs 9 disreg>d+ ! rule4 ,la/ly1 if ! own] ( a c> is injur$1 physically or f9ancially1 by reason ( ! wrongful conduct ( 8 *auffeur1 he has a rem$y aga9/ him4 ,see ,automobile2 ,g>age ,keep]4 ,*eck4--,a *eck %\ld be prop]ly sign$4 ,a *eck sign$ by an individual ) ! ^w ag5t1 treasur]1 or o!r descriptive t]m1 has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z ! *eck ( ! individual sign]1 & n t ( a pr9cipal or company4 ,! prop] way is to sign ! "n ( ! pr9cipal or company1 add+ ! "n ( ! p]son by :om ?is is done1 ?us3 ,john ,smi? by ,john ,doe1 ag5t1 or ,! ,atlas ,co4 by ,john ,k+1 ,treasur]1 or o!r (ficial designation4 ,! /atem5t w n accord ) ! view ( _m a read]1 t a bank on :i* a *eck is drawn is "u no legal agreem5t ) ! hold] to pay x1 :e!r ! mak] has a suffici5t deposit or n4 ,consequ5tly1 %\ld ! bank refuse to pay1 ! hold] has no cause ( action aga9/ ! bank4 ,! agreem5t to pay is betwe5 ! bank & ! depositor1 & if ! bank fails to fulfill its agreem5t ) him1 he has a j cause = compla9t4 ,sometimes a bank decl9es to pay suppos+1 ?r\gh an error ( bookkeep+ p]haps1 t ! depositor has n money en\gh !re to pay 8 *eck4 ,9 su* a case1 z ! bank is 9 ! wrong1 if ! depositor has suff]$ f loss ( cr$it or 9 any o!r way f ! bank's action1 x mu/ respond & make ! loss good4 ,suppose a p]son pres5ts a *eck & ! mak]'s deposit is n en\gh to pay ! full am\nt1 :at c be done8 ,usually ! bank decl9es to pay4 ,suppose ! hold] says he is will+ to give up ! *eck & take ! am\nt 9 ! bank8 ,!re is no reason :y ! bank %\ld n acc$e to 8 wi%es4 ,suppose a bank %\ld pay m ?an ! am\nt on deposit ?r\gh no fraud ( ! hold]1 f :om c x recov] ! am\nt8 ,if ! hold] has be5 free f wrong 9 pres5t+ ! *eck1 ! bank _c look to him1 b to ! draw] = repaym5t4 ,if ! mak] ( a *eck has no money 9 ! bank1 p]haps he may n be a depositor1 he commits a fraud 9 mak+ & giv+ 8 *eck to ano!r1 & ! (f5se 9 _m /ates is deem$ a crime3 likewise a p]son :o receives su* a *eck kn[+ its true nature is equally deep 9 ! wrong4 ,! law is v /rict 9 its requirem5t ( banks :5 pay+ ! *ecks ( cu/om]s4 ,aft] a *eck has be5 deliv]$ & has !re=e pass$ beyond ! mak]'s control1 ! law requires ! greate/ c>e on ! "p ( a bank 9 pay+ x4 ,! bank mu/ be especially c>eful 9 exam9+ ! signature & ! am\nt1 & if ! signature has be5 =g$1 or ! am\nt *ang$1 ! bank is liable = an improp] paym5t4 ,once an employ] gave 8 tru/$ cl]k a po/-dat$ *eck1 :i* he 0 to pres5t on ! day specifi$1 &1 aft] draw+ ! money1 0 to pay ?is to 8 employees4 ,! cl]k *ang$ ! date to an e>li] "o1 drew ! money1 kept x & fl$4 ,! c\rt said ! bank %\ld h detect$ ! alt]ation4 ,! bank cont5d$ t _h ! cl]k wait$ until ! prop] day1 & !n drawn ! money1 x w\ld n h be5 liable4 ,! c\rt said t 0 n ! case pres5t$1 ! cl]k did n wait4 ,banks suff]1 f> m ?an ! public kn[s1 f ! paym5t ( rais$ *ecks1 = x is q impossible always to detect !m1 yet banks are held liable !re=4 ,!re are two rules relat+ to ! paym5t ( *ecks wor? m5tion+4 ,"o is1 ! mak] ( a *eck %\ld use prop] precaution 9 mak+ x4 ,he %\ld write 9 a way t w n be likely to confuse ! pay+ (ficial4 ,= in/ance1 if 9 ! above case ! mak]1 int5d+ to give a po/-dat$ *eck1 _h writt5 ! date s imp]fectly t ! tell] 0 misl$1 ! bank w\ld n h be5 liable = pay+ x1 or = refus+ to pay because !re 0 n money en\gh 9 ! bank at ! "t ( pres5tation = paym5t4 ,"s p]sons are v c>eless 9 mak+ figures2 :5 !y are1 !y _c look to ! bank = ! ill consequ5ce ( _! own neglect4 ,aga91 if a bank paid =g$ *ecks1 = example1 :i* 7 return$ ) o!r *ecks on ! balanc+ ( a depositor's book1 & mon?s1 p]haps ye>s aft]w>d1 ! depositor discov]$ ! =g]ies or =g$ indorsem5ts1 he c\ld1 not)/&+ ! lapse ( "t1 dem& ( ! bank ! sums wrongfully paid4 ,?is 0 a great h>d%ip to banks1 & has be5 correct$ 9 _m /ates by /atutes & by ! c\rts 9 o!rs4 ,! rule n[ is1 ! depositor mu/1 )9 a reasonable "t aft] ! return ( 8 bank book1 exam9e x1 also 8 *ecks1 &1 if paym5ts h be5 improp]ly made1 dem& imm$iate correction4 ,! hold] ( a *eck %\ld dem& paym5t )9 a reasonable "t aft] he has receiv$ x4 ,he may keep x long] if he pleases1 b if he does1 & ! bank %\ld fail1 he _c dem& paym5t aga9 f ! mak] ( ! *eck4 ,he 9 effect says to ! hold] ( ! *eck :5 giv+ x to him1 pres5t ?is *eck to ! bank )9 ! prop] "t & x w be paid1 if y keep x long]1 y d x at y\r risk4 ,:at is a reasonable "t8 ,! law has fix$ x4 ,if ! bank is 9 ! t[n or city :]e ! hold] ( ! *eck dwells1 he mu/ pres5t x ! day he receiv$ x1 or ! next day4 ,if x is drawn on a bank outside1 ! *eck mu/ be =w>d$ = pres5tm5t at ! late/ on ! day aft] x is receiv$4 ,) respect to ! fir/ class ( *ecks !re=e if ! mak] & receiv] are bo? depositors ( ! same bank1 ! op]ation on ! "p ( ! bank consi/s simply 9 debit+ "o acc\nt & cr$it+ ano!r ) ! am\nt2 if *ecks are drawn on ano!r bank 9 ! same city ! receiv] usually deposits !m 9 8 own bank & !y are paid ?r\gh ! cle>+ h\se ! next day4 ,a draw] may /op ! paym5t ( 8 *eck4 ,& :5 he reque/s ! bank to d s x mu/ he$ 8 in/ruction1 & is liable if neglect+1 ?\gh n always = ! :ole am\nt ( ! *eck4 ,suppose ! *eck 0 giv5 = a bill :i* ! mak] actually ow$1 yet = "s reason1 aft] giv+ ! *eck1 he did n wi% to pay4 ,if x 0 actually due & undisput$ x w\ld be h>dly j to require ! bank to pay ! *eck ov] aga9 to ! hold]1 ?is w\ld be too mu*4 ,b = :atev] injury ! mak] ( ! *eck may h su/a9$ ! bank mu/ make good4 ,:5 a *eck has be5 c]tifi$ by ! bank on :i* x is drawn1 ! effect ( ! c]tification aft] ! draw] has p>t$ ) x is precisely z if ! bank _h paid ! money ^u t *eck in/ead ( mak+ a c]tificate ( its be+ good4 ,! *eck is *>g$ up to ! mak]1 or %\ld be1 & !re=e z betwe5 him & ! bank has be5 paid4 ,citiz54--,9 mod]n usage ?is means a memb] ( ! body politic :o owes allegiance to ! nation & is entitl$ to public protection4 ,"o may be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t be+ a citiz5 ( any /ate1 = example1 a citiz5 ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 or ! t]ritory ( ,alaska4 ,citiz5-%ip implies ! duty ( allegiance to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! "r ( protection f x4 ,a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o resides 9 a /ate owes a d\ble allegiance1 & c dem& protection f ea* gov]nm5t4 ,= ! ord9>y rights ( p]son & prop]ty he looks to ! /ate = protection4 ,! rights = :i* he c seek ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are only su* z are e/abli%$ by ! con/itution & f$]al laws4 ,= "s purposes ev5 a corporation may be includ$ )9 ! t]m citiz51 = example ! "r to sue 9 ! f$]al c\rts z a citiz5 ( ! incorporat+ /ate4 ,by ! f\rte5? am5dm5t ( ! f$]al con/itution1 all p]sons born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & subject to its jurisdiction are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahee ,congress pass$ an act conf]r+ citiz5%ip on ali5 wom5 :o %\ld m>ry ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,an ,am]ican woman !re=e :o m>ries an ali5 takes ! nationality ( h] husb&4 ,:5 h] m>ital relation ends %e may elect to reta9 h] m>ital or h] orig9al citiz5%ip4 ,s9ce m9or *ildr5 foll[ ! /atus ( _! p>5t1 by ! m>riage ( an ali5 wid[ to an ,am]ican citiz51 h] *ildr5 also become ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,an ali5 may be naturaliz$4 ,to d ?is he mu/ h cont9u\sly resid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = five ye>s be=e 8 application1 & he mu/ h appe>$ 9 c\rt at lea/ two ye>s be=e1 & !re decl>$ 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to r5\nce allegiance to 8 =m] sov]eign4 ,he mu/ prove by ! oa? ( at lea/ two p]sons 8 resid5ce1 also dur+ t "t t he has behav$ z a man ( good moral "* & atta*$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! f$]al con/itution4 ,he mu/ take an oa? to support & def5d ! con/itution & laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & r5\nce allegiance to any =eign pr9ce4 ,! naturalization ( a p]son conf]s citiz5%ip on 8 m9or *ildr5 if dwell+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 also on 8 wife1 unless %e is ( a race incapable ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,! rights ( ali5s1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 h be5 exp&$ by treaty provisions & by lib]al legislation4 ,9 ne>ly all ! /ates resid5t ali5s 7 giv5 ! "r to take title to l&1 :e!r by de$ or by inh]itance1 to hold su* real e/ate & to transf] x by law or by desc5t4 ,9 "s /ates !y 7 giv5 ! "r to vote & hold (fice4 ,& at common law !y 7 entitl$ to pur*ase1 own & sell p]sonal prop]ty1 engage 9 bus9ess & to make contracts & wills4 ,by ! f\rte5? am5dm5t to ! f$]al con/itution _! rights & privileges h be5 fur!r secur$4 ,ali5s owe to ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y reside a tempor>y & limit$ allegiance1 t is1 an obligation to obey its laws & subject !mselves to ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts4 ,a non-resid5t ali5 is n )9 ! t]ms ( ! f\rte5? am5dm5t1 inde$ x is d\btful if he c ask any aid or relief "u ! /ate or f$]al con/itutions4 ,a /atute !re=e impos+ a high] inh]itance tax on prop]ty pass+ to a non-resid5t ali5 ?an on 8 prop]ty if he resid$ "h is valid4 ,non-resid5t ali5s c acquire no rights incid5t to resid5ce "h except z p]mitt$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,?is p[] may be ex]cis$1 ei!r ?r\gh treaties made by ! presid5t & s5ate1 or ?r\gh /atutes enact$ by congress4 ,s congress has exclud$ n only diseas$1 crim9al1 paup] & an>*i/ immigrants1 b also contract & ,*9ese labor]s4 ,contracts4--,at ! outset ! v>i\s k9ds ( contracts %\ld be expla9$ s t ! pr9ciples :i* apply to !m may be bett] und]/ood4 ,"o ( ! divisions is into simple contracts & specialties4 ,a simple contract may be v]bal or x may be 9 writ+1 b no seal is app5d$ to ! signatures ( ! p>ties4 ,a specialty is 9 writ+ & a seal is add$ to ! signature4 ,a writt5 contract may be a duplicate ( ano!r ) a seal1 yet ! two belong to diff]5t classes & diff]5t rules ( law apply to !m z we %all le>n4 ,ano!r classification is into execut$ & executory contracts4 ,an execut$ contract1 z ! "n implies1 is complet$1 an executory contract is to be execut$ or complet$4 ,an unpaid promissory note is an executory contract1 :5 paid x becomes an execut$ "o4 ,ano!r classification is into express or impli$ contracts4 ,an express contract is "o actually made betwe5 two or m p]sons or p>ties2 an impli$ contract is "o t ! law makes = ! p>ties4 ,suppose a man work$ a day = ano!r at 8 reque/1 & no?+ 0 said ab\t paym5t1 ! law w\ld require him to pay a reasonable sum = 8 day's "w4 ,ano!r k9d ( contract te*nically call$ quasi contract diff]s some:at f an impli$ contract & w be expla9$ 9 ano!r place4 ,to e contract !re mu/ be two or m p>ties1 :o h ! legal "r to make x4 ,n e p]son !re=e :o wi%es to make a contract c legally d s4 ,( ^? ^: ability to contract are limit$ are m9ors or infants4 ,! p]iod ( infancy is fix$ by law1 & is !re=e a conv5tional1 yet ne$ful regulation4 ,9 mo/ /ates infancy ends at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ?\gh "s /ates fix a y\ng] p]iod1 eighte5 = wom54 ,a p]son becomes ( age at ! beg9n+ ( ! day be=e 8 tw5ty-fir/ bir?day4 ,! reason = ?is rule is1 ! law does n divide a day into a %ort] p]iod or "t except :5 ?is is requir$ 9 judicial proce$+s4 ,ano!r class ( incapable contractors are m>ri$ wom54 ,_! disability h[ev] has be5 l>gely remov$ by /atutes 9 all ! /ates1 z we %all le>n 9 ano!r place4 ,insane & drunk5 p]sons also are "u disability to make contracts4 ,by ! old law a drunk5 man :o made a contract 0 /ill liable1 & requir$ to fulfill z a p5alty = 8 conduct4 ,a m humane rule n[ prevails & he c be reliev$1 ?\gh l a m9or1 if he wi%es to avoid a contract1 he mu/ return ! ?+ pur*as$1 9 o!r words he c take no advantage ( 8 act to ! injury ( ! o!r contract+ p>ty4 ,if h[ev] he has giv5 a negotiable note t has pass$ into ! possession ( an innoc5t ?ird p]son1 :o did n "k ( 8 drunk5ness at ! "t ( mak+ x1 he c be held = its paym5t4 ,x is n q s easy to /ate rules t apply to insane p]sons because _! conditions v>y s greatly4 ,a p]son may be insane 9 "s directions & yet 8 insanity may n be ( a k9d affect+ 8 capacity to make at lea/ "s k9d ( contracts4 ,aga91 he may h lucid int]vals dur+ :i* he is q z capable ( contract+ z o!r p]sons4 ,& aga9 :5 an insane man has made a contract1 ! relief to :i* he is entitl$ dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,9 "s cases he may repudiate x1 a p>tial fulfillm5t only may be requir$4 ,! law has mu* to say ab\t ! consid]ation t is an elem5t 9 e contract2 9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be a cause1 some?+ to be ga9$ by ! p>ties 9 e contract to su/a9 x4 ,if ,a %\ld promise to give to ,b a h\se next week1 & on ! day fix$ = transf]r+ x ,a %\ld *ange 8 m9d1 he c\ld n be compell$ to transf] x1 = ! promise w\ld be )\t any consid]ation or ?+ com+ f ,b4 ,b if ! h\se _h be5 transf]r$1 ,a c\ld n aft]w>ds rep5t ( 8 act & dem& its return4 ,an execut$ gift !re=e1 free f all fraudul5t surr\nd+s1 is valid3 ! donor ( an executory gift is free to )hold its execution4 ,a consid]ation ne$ be> no relation or adequacy to ! o!r ?+ t is to be receiv$4 ,no?+ is m frequ5t ?an a "o-sid$ contract1 9 :i* "o p>ty has ga9$ f> m ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! law attempt$ to adju/ ^! cases1 _m m c\rts w\ld be ne$$ ?an n[ exi/4 ,we w briefly note ! ne$ ( consid]ation 9 "s classes ( cases4 ,fir/1 a volunt>y und]tak+ to "w = ano!r )\t comp5sation _c be en=c$4 ,"u ?is head is ! promise to pay ! debt ( ano!r4 ,:y %\ld "o d su* a ?+8 ,let u rememb] t %\ld "o make su* a promise & keep x1 ! money c\ld n be recov]$ back1 t is q ano!r ?+4 ,aga91 if ,a ow$ ,b a debt & delay$ paym5t1 & ,b %\ld say to him1 if y w pay me half ( x next week ,i w give up ! re/1 ,b w\ld n be b\nd by 8 promise4 ,suppose t ,b le>n+ t ,a _h ample means to pay1 %\ld sue him1 ,a c\ld n relieve himself f liability by (f]+ to pay ! am\nt ,a promis$ to take 9 settlem5t ( ! debt4 ,b %\ld ,b accept "o half1 9 fulfillm5t ( 8 promise1 t w\ld be ! end ( ! matt]4 ,aga9 %\ld a bank default] make good ! am\nt tak51 & ! directors1 9 consid]ation !re(1 promise to take no /eps t[>ds 8 prosecution by ! gov]nm5t1 !re w\ld be no valid consid]ation to su/a9 ! promise4 ,! /ate w\ld be j z free to prosecute him z be=e4 ,v (t5 su* crim9als are n prosecut$ aft] return+ all or a "p ( _! unlawfully tak5 money1 nev]!less no settlem5t ( ?is k9d /&s 9 ! way ( prosecution4 ,suppose ,a agre$ to "w = ,b = a mon? &1 aft] work+ a week1 %\ld leave him )\t good reason1 c he recov] = 8 week's "w8 ,if he c get any?+1 he _c claim x "u 8 contract = he has brok5 x & !re=e a c\rt c\ld n en=ce x4 ,if he c recov] any?+ x is on ! impli$ contract :i* ! law makes1 ! wor? ( 8 "w aft] d$uct+ ! loss to 8 employ]4 ,suppose ! employ] %\ld prove t he _h lo/ m by ,a's go+ away :5 he did ?an he _h ga9$ by 8 week's "w1 he c\ld recov] ( ,b1 = ! rule works bo? ways4 ,9 "s /ates he _c recov] any?+1 =1 hav+ brok5 8 contract1 he has no /&+ 9 c\rt4 ,suppose "o signs 8 "n to a subscription pap]1 call+ = ! paym5t ( money1 to build a *ur*1 = example1 & ! designat$ am\nt has be5 subscrib$1 c a subscrib] refuse to pay8 ,he _c4 ,suppose he )draws be=e ! subscriptions h be5 complet$1 :at !n8 ,he c refuse4 ,if a subscription has n be5 complet$1 dea? op]ates z a revocation & ! subscrib]'s e/ate is n held = ! am\nt4 ,sometimes a moral obligation to pay money is a good consid]ation = a promis+ to pay x4 ,?us if "o owes ano!r = a bill ( goods1 & ! debt has ceas$ to be b9d+ by lapse ( "t1 yet he %\ld aft]w>ds promise to pay1 he c\ld be held on 8 promise because !re 0 a good consid]ation = ! debt4 ,la/ly a contract may be modifi$ by mutual agreem5t )\t ano!r consid]ation4 ,ano!r elem5t 9 a contract is mutuality1 a meet+ ( m9ds 9 ! same s5se4 ,9 e contract !re is an (f] made by "o p>ty & an acceptance or refusal by ! o!r4 ,:5 an acceptance occurs1 !re is a meet+ ( m9ds1 or an ass5t4 ,v (t5 ! p>ties d n und]/& ea* o!r1 !y act$ ha/ily1 ignorantly p]haps1 _! m9ds did n really meet 9 ! same s5se4 ,9 su* cases !re is no contract4 ,g5]ally ! acceptance mu/ be at ! "t ( receiv+ ! (f]4 ,if x is n1 !re is no meet+ ( m9ds1 no ass5t4 ,a p]son h[ev] may make an (f] on "t1 ?is is common en\gh4 ,:5 ?is is done ! o!r p>ty mu/ furni% "s k9d ( consid]ation to make ! (f] good = any?+1 o!rwise ! (f]] c )draw 8 (f] :5ev] he pleases4 ,_m an (f]ee has be5 disappo9t$ by ! action ( ! o!r p>ty 9 )draw+ 8 (f]1 yet ! (f]] has be5 cle>ly )9 8 rights 9 do+ s :5 he has receiv$ no consid]ation = giv+ ! o!r p>ty "t to ?9k ov] 8 (f]4 ,an em95t juri/ has said t an (f] )\t m is an (f] 9 ! pres5t to be accept$ or refus$ :5 made4 ,!re is no "t :i* a jury may consid] reasonable or o!rwise = ! o!r p>ty to consid] x1 except by ! agreem5t or concession ( ! p>ty mak+ x4 ,until x is accept$ x may be )drawn1 ?\gh t be at ! next in/ant aft] x is made1 & a subsequ5t acceptance w be ( no avail4 ,if no "t is giv51 or no consid]ation = ! "t giv51 an (f] !re=e may be )drawn z soon z made if n accept$4 ,a p]son may sudd5ly ?9k ( some?+ :i* leads him to )draw 8 (f] z soon z x is out ( 8 m\?1 & 9 do+ s is )9 8 rights1 b if he does n1 h[ long does 8 (f] la/8 ,a reasonable "t4 ,:at ?is is dep5ds on _m ?+s1 "o ( ! que/ions l s _m o!rs 9 ! law to :i* no def9ite answ] c be giv54 ,an (f] to sell "s real e/ate 0 accept$ five days aft]w>d1 ?is 0 held to be )9 a reasonable "t4 ,"o c readily imag9e cases 9 :i* five days w\ld n be ?us reg>d$1 or ev5 five h\rs4 ,:5 does ass5t occur 9 contracts made by correspond5ce8 ,! rule is 9 ne>ly e /ate 7,massa*usetts be+ ! *ief exception7 :]e an (f]ee has receiv$ an (f] by lett] & has put 8 acceptance 9 ! po/(fice1 ! m9ds ( ! p>ties h met & made a contract4 ,! po/-(fice is ! ag5cy ( ! (f]] bo? to c>ry 8 (f] & br+ back ! return4 ,if ! (f]ee %\ld use a diff]5t ag5cy1 ! telegraph = in/ance1 to convey 8 acceptance1 x w\ld n be b9d+ until ! (f]] _h receiv$ & accept$ x4 ,( c\rse1 an (f]] by lett] may )draw 8 (f] at any "t4 ,suppose he %\ld receive an acceptance by lett] or telegraph b d5y x1 & insi/ t no contract _h be5 made4 ,!n ! controv]sy w\ld turn on ! pro(4 ,if ! acceptance _h be5 by lett]1 & ! (f]ee c\ld prove t ! (f]ee _h writt5 & mail$ x1 ! (f]ee's pro( w\ld be complete4 ,if ! (f]ee s5t a telegram1 !n he w\ld be oblig$ to prove ! deliv]y ( ! dispat*4 ,suppose "o %\ld mail a lett] ( acceptance1 b be=e its receipt by ! (f]]1 %\ld s5d a telegram decl9+ ! (f] :i* 0 receiv$ be=e ! lett] ( acceptance8 ,! acceptance w\ld /&1 = z !re _h be5 a meet+ ( m9ds :5 ! lett] 0 put into ! po/(fice1 ! (f]ee c\ld n aft]w>ds )draw 8 (f]4 ,a p]son :o makes an (f] _c turn x into an acceptance4 ,an old uncle wrote to 8 nephew t he w\ld give ?irty doll>s = 8 horse & add$1 ,if ,i he> no m ab\t ! matt]1 ,i consid] ! horse is m9e4 ,! game did n "w1 = no man c bo? make & accept an (f] at ! same "t1 & t is :at ! foxy uncle tri$ to d4 ,(f]s & rew>ds are (t5 made ?r\gh ! newspap]s4 ,?us ! own] ( a c>bolic smoke ball (f]$ to pay a specifi$ sum to any "o :o suff]$ f influ5za aft] us+ "o ( 8 smoke balls 9 accordance ) directions if he 0 n cur$4 ,a p]son :o fail$ to receive ! b5efit adv]tis$ recov]$ ! rew>d4 ,two o!r cases may be m5tion$ t illu/rate ! unc]ta9ty ( ! law4 ,an excit$ f>m] (f]$ ! foll[+ rew>d1 ,h>ness /ol56 ,own] (f]s #ajj to any "o :o w f9d ! ?ief1 & ano!r #ajj to prosecute him6 ,! f>m] cool$ (f & decl9$ to pay aft] ! ?ief 0 caught & ! c\rt reliev$ him1 decl>+ t 8 adv]tisem5t 0 n an (f] to pay a rew>d1 b simply an explosion ( wra?4 ,9 ano!r case a man's h\se 0 burn+1 & he (f]$ #e1jjj to any "o :o w\ld br+ d[n 8 wife dead or alive4 ,a brave fireman accompli%$ ! feat4 ,?is (f]] too cool$ (f & decl9$ to pay1 b he did n escape on ! gr\nd t ?is 0 only an explosion ( affection1 & 0 oblig$ to pay4 ,la/ly a contract dates f ! "t ( acceptance1 & is con/ru$ or int]pret$ by ! law ( ! place :]e x 0 made4 ,if x is to be p]=m$ 9 ano!r place1 !n ! p>ties mu/ be gov]n$ by ! law ( t place 9 p]=m+ x4 ,a contract hav+ be5 made1 next foll[s its execution4 ,:5 a contract is n execut$1 or n execut$ prop]ly1 ! p>ty injur$ usually may recov] 8 loss4 ,sometimes ! contract /ates :at ! (f5d+ or wrongful p>ty mu/ pay %\ld he fail to execute x4 ,_m que/ions h aris5 f su* agreem5ts4 ,suppose a contractor agrees to build a home = ano!r & to f9i% x )9 a fix$ "t1 &1 fail+ to d s1 %all =feit or pay to ! o!r #e1jjj z a p5alty = 8 failure4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t if he fail$ to execute x ! o!r p>ty c\ld dem& ! #e1jjj4 ,b ! c\rts h a way ( _! own 9 look+ at ?+s4 ,suppose ! contractor's failure did n 9 fact result 9 any loss :atev] to ! o!r p>ty8 ,! c\rts 9 su* a case are v reluctant to en=ce ! agreem5t4 ,if !re _h be5 a loss1 some?+ l t am\nt1 !n ! c\rts w\ld compel him to pay4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mo/ g5]al rule is1 not)/&+ su* a cle>ly writt5 agreem5t1 ! c\rts seek to d ju/ice betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,:5ev] ! p>ties d n attempt to fix ! damages !mselves1 %\ld _! contract n be fulfill$1 !n ! am\nt t may be recov]$ dep5ds on a great v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,suppose a woman %\ld g to a /ore to buy a piece ( silk4 ,%e asks if ! piece %[n to h] by ! saleswoman is all silk1 :o makes an affirmative reply4 ,! buy] kn[s mu* m ab\t x ?an ! saleswoman1 :i* is (t5 ! case 9 buy+ ?+s1 & kn[s x is half cotton1 c ! buy] recov] any?+8 ,surely %e has n be5 deceiv$4 ,! sell] may h tri$ to fool h] b did n1 & hav+ fail$1 ! buy] has no legal gr\nd = an action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! buy] 0 ignorant1 knew no?+ ab\t silk & _h be5 deceiv$ by ! sell]1 !n %e w\ld h a cle> case4 ,?is is "o ( ! fundam5tals 9 t l>ge class ( cases gr[+ out ( deceit4 ,! p>ty seek+ r$ress1 mu/ h be5 deceiv$1 & also injur$ by ! deceit 9 ord] to recov]4 ,! rem$ies t may be employ$ :5ev] contract+ p>ties h fail$1 or p>tly fail$ to fulfill _! agreem5ts or promises w be consid]$ "u o!r heads4 ,see ,deceit2 ,drunk5ness2 ,quasi ,contract4 ,corporations4--,!re are _m k9ds ( corporations4 ,^? mo/ g5]ally kn[n are bus9ess corporations2 & ?\gh _m ( !m are v l>ge1 legally !y are private corporations4 ,a railroad corporation1 ?\gh p]=m+ a public s]vice1 nev]!less is a private corporation4 ,public corporations are =m$ = gov]n+ ! p & are (t5 call$ municipal corporations4 ,!y are creat$ or *>t]$ by ! legislatures ( ! /ates :]e9 !y exi/4 ,=m]ly1 all private corporations 9 ?is c\ntry 7 grant$ *>t]s by ! legislative p[]1 & _m corporations are do+ bus9ess by virtue ( ! au?ority ?us grant$ to !m4 ,m rec5tly g5]al /atutes h be5 enact$ :]eby individuals may =m su* corporations )\t ! aid ( a legislature4 ,au?ority has be5 conf]r$ on ! c\rts1 secret>y ( /ate1 or o!r (ficial to grant to individuals1 :o may apply = !m1 *>t]s on comply+ ) ! requirem5ts ( ^! /atutes4 ,!re are o!r k9ds ( corporations1 religi\s1 *>itable & ! l2 only "o o!r ne$ be m5tion$1 to :i* ! t]m quasi has be5 appli$4 ,^! resemble corporations 9 "s ways1 & ?is is ! reason = call+ !m quasi corporations4 ,a c\nty or s*ool di/rict is su* a corporation4 ,! sup]visors ( a c\nty1 or ! tru/ees ( a s*ool di/rict1 c make contracts1 own & manage real e/ate = _! respective bodies1 sue & be su$ l ! (fic]s ( o!r corporations4 ,by ! g5]al comity exi/+ betwe5 ! /ates corporations creat$ 9 "o /ate are p]mitt$ to c>ry on any lawful bus9ess 9 ano!r1 & to acquire1 hold & transf] prop]ty !re l individuals4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,corporations4 ,=m]ly *>t]s 7 grant$ to corporations = a long t]m ( ye>s1 or =ev]4 ,! policy ( ! law has *ang$ 9 ?is reg>d1 & ! duration ( _! exi/5ce is limit$ to a comp>atively %ort p]iod4 ,! life ( a national bank is only = tw5ty ye>s2 at ! end ( t p]iod ! *>t] is r5ew$1 & ! *>t]s ( ! old] national banks h be5 r5ew$ sev]al times4 ,p]petual *>t]s are infrequ5tly grant$1 & "s ( ! old] ones h be5 limit$ by legislative or judicial action4 ,a private corporation _h p]petual au?ority to build & ma9ta9 a bridge across ! ,susquehanna ,riv] at ,h>risburg1 nor c\ld any o!r company build "o )9 ! di/ance ( t5 miles above or bel[4 ,not)/&+ ?is cle> & exclusive grant1 ano!r company 0 =m$ :i* attempt$ to build a bridge )9 a mile ( ! o!r4 ,! old company tri$ to prev5t by law ! new company f build+ ! bridge4 ,! c\rt said t p]petual did n mean lit]ally p]petual1 b a long "t1 t ! old company _h enjoy$ its exclusive grant a long "t1 long en\gh1 & t ! new company 0 ju/ifi$ 9 its und]tak+4 ,a corporation has no heirs l an individual2 x cont9ues ?r\gh succession1 "o sells 8 int]e/ or /ock to ano!r1 & ?us x lives to ! end ( its *>t] unless x fails or1 ?r\gh "s o!r ev5t1 comes to an end4 ,suppose a /ockhold] buys all ! /ock ( ! o!r memb]s1 does ! corporation /ill exi/8 ,x does = a limit$ "t4 ,h[ long8 ,no c\rt has answ]$ ?is "q4 ,x dep5ds on ! p>ticul> case4 ,! c\rts also say1 t he c sell 8 /ock to o!r individuals & ?us practically revive a dy+ corporation4 ,a /ockhold] :o _h b\ght all ! /ock ( a corporation claim$ t he %\ld be tax$ z a corporation1 :i* 0 at a l[] or favor$ rate ?an t paid by individuals4 ,! c\rt said ! game w\ld n "w1 t = ! purposes ( taxation ! conc]n mu/ be reg>d$ z an individual4 ,s ! /ockhold] knew m aft] t decision ?an he did be=e4 ,,capital4 ,e private corporation has a capital compos$ usually ( money1 :i* is advanc$ or paid by its memb]s or %>ehold]s4 ,among ! reasons = =m+ corporations two may be /at$4 ,x is a way = collect+ money f _m s\rces ne$ful = an ent]prise2 ! _m contributors are l ! small /reams t unite & create a great res]voir4 ,! o!r reason is1 ! contributors are free f ! liabilities t atta* to e memb] ( a p>tn]%ip = its entire indebt$ness4 ,a /ockhold] may inde$1 if 8 corporation does n succe$1 lose a "p or all ( ! capital he has contribut$1 b no m or only a fix$ am\nt1 z w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,almo/ anyone c subscribe = /ock1 ) a few limitations4 ,a m9or _c subscribe = /ock1 nor c 8 gu>dian act = him4 ,d\btless !y d subscribe 9 "s cases2 ! practical difficulties w be %[n 9 ano!r connection4 ,a m>ri$ woman _c always subscribe1 unless by virtue ( a /atute4 ,:at usually happ5s :5 %e wi%es to subscribe is to act ?r\gh a fri5d1 :o1 aft] ! corporation is fully =m$1 transf]s ! /ock to h]4 ,!re is no legal /one 9 ! way ( su* a c\rse4 ,sometimes fictiti\s subscriptions are made to induce o!rs to subscribe = /ock4 ,:5ev] ! fraud is f\nd out an innoc5t subscrib] c d "o ( ?ree ?+s4 ,if he has paid = 8 /ock1 he c br+ an action to recov] x2 if he has n paid1 he c refuse to d s1 & set up ! fraud z a def5se4 ,he c d ano!r ?+1 accept ! /ock & sue = ! damage he has su/a9$ by ! deceit t has be5 practic$ on him4 ,! discov]y ( a fictiti\s subscrib] among ! numb]1 aft] all h subscrib$1 :]e 8 action 9 subscrib+ did n affect _! action1 w n ju/ify !m 9 n fulfill+ _! obligation to pay = _! %>es4 ,! issu+ ( a %>e c]tificate is n an ess5tial condition ( own]%ip4 ,x is m]ely evid5ce ( x1 l ! de$ ( a piece ( real e/ate4 ,all ! %>ehold]s ( a corporation are ! own]s :e!r any c]tificates are issu$ to !m or n4 ,( c\rse a /ockhold] desires to h 8 c]tificate = obvi\s reasons4 ,:5ev] ! capital /ock ( a company is increas$1 ea* %>ehold] has a "r to 8 proportionate numb] ( ! new %>es on fulfill+ ! t]ms on :i* !y are issu$ be=e !y c be (f]$ to ! public4 ,occasionally a clique seeks to get control ( a corporation by ! issue ( new /ock & tak+ x among !mselves4 ,!y c be defeat$ = ! c\rts c>efully gu>d ! rights ( all /ockhold]s to take _! %>es ( new /ock be=e x c be (f]$ to1 & tak5 by o!rs4 ,( late ye>s private corporations h be5 issu+ a k9d ( /ock1 call$ pref]r$1 t mu/ be expla9$4 ,=m]ly su* /ock 0 m l a loan ( money to a company1 & 0 issu$ prim>ily z ! mo/ feasible way ( gett+ a fre% supply ( money capital4 ,! l5d]s or tak]s ( ! /ock receiv$ a fix$ p] c5t4 on _! money1 :i* 0 paid be=e ! common %>ehold]s receiv$ any?+4 ,8 pref]5ce or divid5d 0 n gu>ante$1 b ! probability ( regul> paym5t 0 s /rong 9 mo/ cases t 8 %>es usually possess$ a real value4 ,pref]r$ %>ehold]s are n liable = ! debts ( _! corporations1 & ! "r to vote at any meet+ ( ! %>ehold]s is sometimes giv5 to !m1 ?\gh n always4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! day is to conf] ?is "r on !m4 ,:e!r1 :5 ! am\nt ( ! pref]r$ /ock is increas$1 ! pref]r$ %>ehold]s are entitl$ to subscribe = _! proportionate am\nt1 l common %>ehold]s1 is an op5 "q4 ,! au?ority ( ag5ts or commission]s to receive subscriptions is /rictly reg>d$4 ,!y _c refuse to receive a subscription made by a compet5t p]son1 nor release a subscrib]1 nor v>y ! t]ms ( subscription to anyone4 ,a subscription = %>es is a contract 9 writ+ & _c be prov$ by oral evid5ce unless ! orig9al subscription pap] has be5 lo/4 ,z ! contract is an op5 "o1 any subscrib] mu/ in=m himself ( ! legal consequ5ces ( subscrib+1 & _c !re=e refuse to execute x on ! gr\nd ( ignorance or misund]/&+4 ,suppose an ag5t :o 0 solicit+ subscriptions1 9 reply to que/ions conc]n+ ! laws relat+ to ! propos$ company1 %\ld give incorrect answ]s to a subscrib]1 ^! w\ld furni% no gr\nd = refus+ to pay1 z he has promis$ to d1 = he c\ld h f\nd out :at ! laws 7 )\t inquir+ ( ! ag5t4 ,?is may seem a h>d rule1 yet x has a wide application4 ,9 "o s5se x is true t e p]son c f9d out ! law = himself1 ! books are op51 ! /atutes especially may be easily f\nd1 b h[ _m "k en\gh to f9d ! laws 9 :i* !y are int]e/$8 ,( c\rse if a p]son has be5 deceiv$ by an ag5t1 if a fraud has be5 practis$ on him1 he c avoid 8 contract4 ,?us a p]son :o1 unable to read a subscription pap]1 0 induc$ to subscribe ?r\gh misrepres5tation ( its cont5ts1 0 n b\nd by x4 ,if he wi%es to act1 he mu/ lose no "t aft] discov]+ ! fraud t has be5 practic$ on him4 ,he _c say1 ,i w abide by a company if successful1 & w leave x if x fails4 ,he mu/ !re=e decide at once ei!r to cont9ue 8 memb]%ip or )draw4 ,a company _c pur*ase its own %>es unless by *>t] or /atute su* action is cle>ly au?oriz$4 ,=1 to d ?is is to r$uce its assets or fund = pay+ its indebt$ness1 :i* ! law w n p]mit to be done4 ,if a company has no debts1 a r$uction 9 its capital made 9 an op5 mann] 9 accordance ) law1 is legal4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! times ev]y:]e is to increase ! capitals ( private corporations2 r$uctions ?\gh are sometimes made to less5 especially ! burd5 ( taxation4 ,a corporation has no li5 on its /ock = ! indebt$ness ( ! own] unless conf]r$ by *>t] or /atute4 ,once su* a li5 c\ld be e/abli%$ by usage or by-law "u au?ority giv5 to a corporation to regulate ! transf] ( its /ock4 ,! national bank+ law prohibits ! creation ( su* li5s1 & ! /rong curr5t ( ! law runs 9 ?is direction4 ,b a bank c reta9 a divid5d t has be5 decl>$ to r$uce ! indebt$ness ( ! own] to ! bank = 8 /ock4 ,,liability ,,( ,,%>ehold]s4 ,! liability ( ! %>ehold]s ( a corporation is v unlike t ( memb]s ( a p>tn]%ip4 ,x 0 ! liability ( ea* p>tn] = all ! debts ( a conc]n t kept _m p]sons f =m+ t relation4 ,! %>ehold]s ( _m corporations are liable only = ! am\nt !y h contribut$ & paid1 or h agre$ to pay4 ,national bank %>ehold]s are liable = ano!r sum1 equal to ! p> value ( _! /ock1 provid$ z mu* may be ne$$ to pay its debts %\ld ! bank fail4 ,?us if a %>ehold] own$ t5 %>es1 hav+ a p> value ( #ajj a %>e1 he might be requir$ to pay1 %\ld ! bank fail1 #a1jjj m provid$ z mu* 0 ne$$ to pay its debts4 ,9 a few /ates %>ehold]s are requir$ to pay twice ! am\nt ( ! p> value ( ! /ock if z mu* may be ne$$ to pay its indebt$ness4 ,if a corporation fail1 "o or m p]sons are usually appo9t$ by a c\rt to settle its affairs1 :o are call$ receiv]s4 ,sev]al ye>s are sometimes requir$ to settle ! affairs ( a corporation4 ,fir/ an inv5tory is made ( its prop]ty1 names ( ! debtors & cr$itors1 & ! am\nts due f & to !m1 & z soon z its prop]ty c be conv]t$ into ca%1 divid5ds are decl>$ & paid to ! cr$itors2 & ?is "w is cont9u$ until !re has be5 a disposition ( all ! prop]ty1 & ! am\nt receiv$ !refrom less ! exp5se ( ! receiv]%ip1 has be5 paid to ! cr$itors4 ,:5 ! %>ehold]s are requir$ to pay m1 z above expla9$1 on ! failure ( _! corporation1 !y are notifi$ by ! receiv] h[ mu* & :5 !y mu/ pay4 ,?is requirem5t is bas$ on an ord] f ! c\rt t appo9t$ him1 :i*1 9 turn1 is bas$ on in=mation :i* he has furni%$ to ! c\rt ( ! am\nt t may be ne$$ to pay ! debts ( ! corporation4 ,sev]al assessm5ts may be ord]$1 b !y nev] exce$ 9 ! aggregate m ?an ! am\nt ( liability fix$ by law1 ! am\nt or twice ! am\nt ( ! p> value ( ! /ock subscrib$4 ,%\ld %>ehold]s decl9e to pay ^! assessm5ts z ord]$1 ! receiv] sues !m & obta9s judgm5ts1 ! proce$s ( :i* are paid to ! cr$itors4 ,,meet+s4 ,! p[] ( a corporation ve/s or re/s 9 its memb]s4 ,! *>t] & /atutes provide t !y %all meet1 organize1 elect (fic]s1 & adopt by-laws = ! m detail$ gov]n+ ( ! corporation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples p]ta9+ to !m is1 ! majority %all rule4 ,?is h[ev] may be modifi$ by *>t] or /atute4 ,!re are a few anci5t *>t]s :i* provide t1 not)/&+ ! quantity ( /ock a %>ehold] may own1 he is entitl$ to only "o vote4 ,! writ] kn[s ( a case 9 :i* a %>ehold] b\ght ne>ly all ! /ock ( a corporation & w5t to ! annual meet+ suppos+ t he c\ld & w\ld d z he pleas$4 ,on le>n+ ! unwelcome tru? t he _h only "o vote l ! o!rs he quickly put on 8 hat & walk$ out4 ,! /atutes usually prescribe h[ notice ( ! jo9t meet+ %all be giv54 ,!y are n m&atory1 b directory1 h5ce if all ! p]sons 9 a corporation %\ld come toge!r )\t any notice or call :atev]1 & accept ! *>t]1 & d any o!r ?+ ne$ful to =m ! corporation1 _! action w\ld be valid4 ,:]e ! regulations ( a corporation def9itely fix ! place1 ! day1 & h\r ( ! annual meet+ at :i* ! directors are to be elect$1 no fur!r notice ( ! meet+ to ! /ockhold]s is ne$$ unless requir$ by its *>t] or by-laws4 ,a case may arise 9 :i* o!r p]sons ?an ^? designat$ by /atute may call a meet+4 ,suppose a /atute prescribes t ! p]sons nam$ 9 ! c]tificate ( incorporation1 or any ?ree ( !m1 may call a meet+ ( ! %>ehold]s1 & be=e giv+ notice all ( !m _h di$8 ,!n ! meet+ c\ld be call$ by o!rs4 ,aga91 au?ority to create a corporation may fail ?r\gh long delay 9 call+ a meet+ & organiz+4 ,%\ld ! notices = ! fir/ meet+ n be giv5 z ! law requires1 x is nev]!less valid if ! %>ehold]s h notice & jo9 9 waiv+ ! mail+ ( ! requir$ notices4 ,likewise a subscrib] waives 8 notice ( ! fir/ meet+ :5 he aft]w>ds (f]s to pay = 8 %>es4 ,if ! by-laws require t an annual meet+ %all be held at a p>ticul> "t1 & ^? ^: duty x is to call x1 =get to d s1 x may be held aft]w>ds1 & ! (fic]s elect$ & o!r bus9ess transact$ w\ld be z valid z if ! meet+ _h be5 held at ! prop] "t4 ,%\ld ! (fic] :o ought to call a meet+ refuse to d s he may be compell$ by law to call x4 ,?is proce$+ is call$ a m&amus1 & is issu$ at ! in/ance or reque/ ( ! %>ehold]s4 ,besides annual meet+s1 corporations hold _m /at$ or regul> meet+s at mon?ly or o!r times4 ,?us if a meet+ ( proprietors mu/ be call$ by twelve ( !m1 a call sign$ by elev5 is defective4 ,if a /atute requires a committee ( a society to sign ! call1 x _c be sign$ by ! cl]k1 nor by him = !m4 ,if ! tru/ees ( a corporation mu/ issue ! call1 ?is _c be done by ! presid5t4 ,if exclusive au?ority to issue ! call is ve/$ 9 ! directors1 x _c be ex]cis$ by ! presid5t & secret>y4 ,if ! articles ( association provide t meet+s ( %>ehold]s may be call$ by ! bo>d ( directors1 or by any ?ree %>ehold]s1 ! presid5t & ca%i] _c issue a valid call4 ,b if a bo>d consi/s ( ?ree memb]s & !re is a vacancy1 ! o!r two may act & give ! notice4 ,a well und]/ood di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! call+ ( regul> & special meet+s4 ,regul> meet+s are held 9 ! way set =? 9 ! *>t] & by-laws ( a corporation2 special meet+s are call$ at irregul> times on prop] au?ority4 ,a notice = a special meet+ mu/ /ate ! object ( x1 & no o!r bus9ess c be transact$4 ,on ! o!r h& unless ! regul> meet+ is ( great importance no m5tion ne$ be made ( its object 9 ! notice4 ,an au?oriz$ meet+ may be adj\rn$ f "t to "t )\t giv+ fur!r notice1 = x is only a cont9uation ( ! orig9al meet+4 ,says an em95t judge3 :e!r a meet+ is cont9u$ )\t int]ruption = _m days1 or is adj\rn$ f day to day1 or f "t to "t1 _m days int]v5+1 x is evid5t t x mu/ be consid]$ ! same meet+4 ,a meet+ may be legally held ?\gh "o ( its memb]s is incapable1 physically or m5tally1 f receiv+ notice4 ,! law _c look into ! capacity ( ! /ockhold]s to transact bus9ess1 b c only reg>d ! capacity ( ! aggregate body :5 duly assembl$4 ,on ! dea? ( a /ockhold]1 ! pur*as]1 if ! /ock has be5 sold1 %\ld h x transf]r$1 or give di/9ct notice to ! company h[ notices ( its meet+s %\ld be s5t to him2 if neglect+ to d ?is1 he _c *>ge ! corporation ) neglect %\ld x cont9ue to s5d notices to ! =m] address4 ,two o!r po9ts may be m5tion$ conc]n+ notices4 ,"o is1 !y may be waiv$ & ?is is (t5 done4 ,_m a "q ?\gh arises1 :at action am\nts to a waiv] ( notice4 ,if ea* %>ehold] att5ds 9 p]son or by proxy & p>ticipates 9 ! meet+1 he _c aft]w>d "q its legality because he receiv$ no notice ( x4 ,an improp] notice may also be cur$ by ratification4 ,?us if a secret>y calls a meet+ in/ead ( ! directors1 & 8 action is prop]ly ratifi$ by !m1 ! call is effective4 ,m g5]ally1 ! action ( a meet+ w be decl>$ valid :]e x appe>s t e /ockhold] :o did n p>ticipate 9 ! meet+ ratifi$ its action aft]w>ds4 ,an election ( tru/ees ( a *ur* may be valid ev5 ?\gh ! notice lack$ ! prop] l5g? ( "t & ! names ( ! tru/ees ^: seats became vacant at ! election1 if x 0 fairly conduct$ & all :o _h ! "r to vote 7 pres5t4 ,likewise a /ockhold] :o kn[s ( ! sale ( 8 railroad1 ?\gh n legally notifi$ ( ! meet+ :i* au?oriz$ its sale1 & 0 n pres5t1 may be b\nd by its action ?r\gh acquiesc5ce4 ,& a /ockhold] :o1 aft] receiv+ notice ( a meet+ call$ by ! directors to consid] _! neglect ( duty & :o decides n to g1 is n !reby prev5t$ f tak+ action aga9/ !m by ! /ockhold]s :o did att5d & au?oriz$ _! unau?oriz$ action4 ,la/ly a /ockhold] :o 0 pres5t _c compla9 t notice 0 n giv5 to o!rs2 ! objection is p]sonal4 ,next we may inquire1 :o c vote at su* meet+s8 ,unless prev5t$ by *>t]1 /atute or by-law a /ockhold] may vote at any corporate meet+ ev5 ?\gh no c]tificate ( /ock has be5 issu$ to him4 ,nor does 8 indebt$ness = 8 /ock prev5t him f vot+4 ,on ! o!r h& if inspectors 7 n b\nd by ! record ( own]%ip 9 ! company's books & w5t beh9d !m to f9d out ! real own]%ip ( ! company's /ock1 !y w\ld (t5 h a grave task be=e !m4 ,consequ5tly 9 _m1 p]haps all ( ! /ates1 only /ockhold]s or ^? hold+ proxies = !m c vote at a g5]al election4 ,by /atute ! /ock record ( own]%ip is usually made ! conclusive te/ ( ! "r to vote4 ,/ockhold]s :o ?us appe> on ! /ock books at ! date ( a meet+ are entitl$ to vote ! /ock4 ,a tru/ee is ! legal own] ( /ock /&+ 9 8 "n & may vote ! /ock = all purposes2 b a te/ator may impose limitations on 8 vot+ p[]4 ,%\ld tru/ees "u a w hold+ a majority ( ! /ock ( a corporation disagree1 & "o ( !m %\ld be enjo9$ f vot+ x1 a m9ority /ockhold] w\ld be entitl$ to an injunction to re/ra9 ! o!r tru/ee f hold+ an election or vot+ ! /ock alone until ! "r to vote ! /ock _h be5 legally decid$4 ,a diff]5t rule applies to a nak$ tru/ee :o holds ! title to ! /ock )\t any real int]e/ 9 x4 ,he c inde$ vote1 b 9 ! way direct$ by ! b5efici>y or real own]4 ,9 ,colorado1 by /atute1 p]haps 9 "s o!r /ates1 a p]son to :om /ock has be5 issu$ z tru/ee )\t ! k ( ! own]1 is n a bona fide /ockhold] & _c vote4 ,an executor has ! p[] to vote ! /ock ( 8 te/ator4 ,& if "o ( jo9t executors issues a proxy au?oriz+ ! vote ( ! /ock belong+ to ! e/ate1 & ! o!r executor is pres5t at ! /ockhold]s' meet+1 ! vote ( ! /ock by ! executor :o is pres5t is deem$ a revocation ( ! proxy giv5 by 8 co-executor4 ,& if a w gives to "o ( ?ree executors ! p[] to vote ! /ock1 & directs ! o!r two to give him a proxy = t purpose1 :i* !y decl9e to d1 a c\rt w ord] ! proxy to be giv54 ,& :5ev] /ock is held by executors :o are n unit$ 9 vot+ x1 !y _c vote at all4 ,a =eign executor %\ld pres5t to ! inspectors ( election an exemplifi$ copy ( 8 lett]s ( adm9i/ration1 & hav+ done s may vote on ! /ock /&+ 9 ! te/ator's "n4 ,an adm9i/rator has ! "r to vote /ock belong+ to ! e/ate1 ev5 ?\gh x has n be5 transf]r$ to him 9 ! corporation's books4 ,a p>tn] ( a firm :o owns /ock 9 a corporation may repres5t ! /ock 9 all meet+s4 ,he may !re=e receive & waive notice ( !m1 vote :5 att5d+ !m1 9 %ort1 p>ticipate 9 all matt]s4 ,& on ! dea? ( a p>tn] ! surviv+ p>tn] has ! "r to repres5t ! p>tn]%ip & vote on its /ock4 ,two o!r k9ds ( /ockhold]s /ill require m5tion1 sell]s & pur*as]s ( /ock & pl$gors & pl$gees4 ,until a transf] is ent]$ on ! books ( a corporation1 ! transf]ee1 z betwe5 himself & ! company1 has no "r beyond t ( hav+ ! transf] prop]ly ent]$4 ,until t is done1 ! p]son 9 ^: "n ! /ock is ent]$ on ! books ( ! company is1 z betwe5 himself & ! company1 ! own] to all int5ts & purposes1 & p>ticul>ly = ! purpose ( an election4 ,_m que/ions h aris5 betwe5 pl$gors & pl$gees ab\t _! rights to vote ! pl$g$ /ock4 ,( c\rse1 :5ev] an agreem5t has be5 made by !m ?is mu/ be respect$4 ,9 o!r cases1 if ! record rema9s un*ang$1 ! pl$gor c vote ! /ock4 ,b if ! pl$gor has transf]r$ 8 "r to vote ! /ock1 he _c ask a c\rt to re/ore 8 "r to vote x until ! purpose = :i* x 0 pl$g$ has be5 satisfi$4 ,aga9 a pl$gor :o pl$ges 8 /ock n 9 good fai? z security = a loan1 b to enable ! pl$gee to vote x & effect an unlawful purpose1 _c d ?is & s defeat a /atute :i* provides t ! real own]1 ! pl$gor1 may vote 8 /ock4 ,pass+ to ! pl$gee1 :5ev] he is regi/]$ z own] ( ! /ock on ! company's books1 its (fic]s w n look beh9d ^! to asc]ta9 :e!r he is ! real own] or n :5 he is vot+ 8 /ock4 ,a c\rt ( equity ?\gh may d ?is1 & enjo9 a pl$gee f vot+ ! /ock :5ev] ! pl$gor's rights w\ld be affect$4 ,%\ld ! pl$gor acquiesce = ye>s 9 ! control ( ! /ock by ! pl$gee1 :o is ! record own]1 & n in=m ! company ( 8 own]%ip until ! hold+ ( a conte/$ election1 he w\ld be too late to claim ! "r to vote4 ,f9ally :5 a c]tificate ( /ock has be5 assign$ 9 blank z collat]al security1 :i* is (t5 done1 & nev] transf]r$ to ! pl$gee on ! books ( ! corporation1 a memor&um only hav+ be5 made on ! /ub ( ! c]tificate 9 ! /ock book1 ! pl$gee is n a /ockhold] & _c vote ! /ock4 ,x may be add$ t notices ( meet+s %\ld be s5t to :oev] has ! "r to vote ! /ock1 to ! pl$gor if ! /ock /ill /&s 9 8 "n1 to ! pl$gee if ! /ock has be5 transf]r$ to him & /&s 9 8 "n4 ,,directors4 ,%>ehold]s manage _! corporations ?r\gh directors or tru/ees elect$ = t purpose4 ,! bus9ess ( "s corporations is manag$ by tru/ees :o are nam$ 9 ! *>t] & :o fill vacancies 9 _! numb] by elect+ o!rs !mselves1 a self-p]petuat+ body4 ,_m sav+s banks especially are ?us organiz$ & cont9u$4 ,f _! numb] !y usually select a small] numb] to manage or direct its affairs4 ,! directors are always %>ehold]s1 unless ! *>t] ( a corporation p]mits ! election ( outsid]s1 a ?+ t r>ely happ5s4 ,! national bank+ act requires t e director %all own at lea/ t5 %>es ( /ock1 & _m o!r corporations h simil> requirem5ts4 ,! *>t] or /atutes prescribe at lea/ ! m9imum numb] t mu/ be elect$1 b ! maximum numb] is left to ! /ockhold]s !mselves4 ,a national bank mu/ h five directors1 n infrequ5tly ! bo>d is compos$ ( t51 fifte51 or ev5 m4 ,a director is *os5 = "s real s]vice t he is likely or will+ to p]=m4 ,an individual may be *os5 a bank director :o may n be able to d mu* 9 direct+ ! affairs ( ! bank1 yet by reason ( 8 weal? or bus9ess relations he may be able to attract bus9ess to ! bank & ?us greatly promote its prosp]ity4 ,he is elect$ by a majority ( ! votes ( ! %>ehold]s4 ,m rec5tly ! cumulative sy/em ( vot+ has come into g5]al favor4 ,by ?is sy/em a vot] may ca/ z _m votes = ea* ( ! c&idates z he holds %>es ( /ock1 or he may di/ribute or cumulate 8 votes on a small] numb]4 ,:]e ! votes "u su* a sy/em are ca/ & c\nt$1 ! validity ( ! election mu/ be det]m9$ precisely z 9 all o!r cases4 ,:]e ! %>ehold]s h fail$1 :e!r vot+ cumulatively or o!rwise1 to elect a quorum ( ! new bo>d1 at an annual meet+ ( /ockhold]s1 x is ! privilege ( ! %>ehold]s to ask = successive vot+ = directors to fill ! bo>d4 ,! rul+ ( a *airman on "o occasion1 t because ( a tie fur!r ballot+ c\ld n proce$1 & t ! old bo>d held ov] 0 arbitr>y & illegal4 ,a /ockhold] :o has votes en\gh to elect himself & o!r directors by cumulat+ 8 %>es 9 vot+1 b refra9s f do+ s 9 consequ5ce ( a v]bal agreem5t among ! /ockhold]s t he %all be *os5 presid5t1 :i* !y fail to c>ry out1 _c obta9 any satisfaction f a c\rt4 ,a c\rt says 9 effect /ockhold]s %\ld n be tru/$ to make su* agreem5ts1 & w n aid ! trick$ /ockhold] by ord]+ a new election4 ,probably he w be fool$ only once4 ,hav+ elect$ directors1 ! managem5t ( a corporation is confid$ to !m4 ,:at au?ority d !y possess8 ,?is is def9$ by *>t]1 /atute1 by-law1 & cu/om4 ,says ,morawetz3 ,! rule limit+ ! au?ority ( ! p[] ( ! majority to ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! affairs ( ! corporation is e/abli%$ = ! protection ( ! individual %>ehold]s1 z well z = reasons ( practical consequ5ce4 ,directors also h wide discretion 9 delegat+ _! au?ority4 ,_! rights & limitations 9 ?is reg>d are also b\nd$ by *>t]1 by-laws & usage4 ,=m]ly bank directors loan$ ! money ( _! bank2 ?is 0 _! mo/ important duty4 ,( late ye>s1 especially 9 ! l>g] cities1 ?is bus9ess has be5 l>gely delegat$ to a committee1 *os5 f _! numb]1 or to two or ?ree (ficials ( ! bank4 ,! directors cont9ue to meet1 v mu* z be=e & at _! meet+s ! action ( ^? :o h be5 entru/$ ) p[] to l5d ! bank's money is ratifi$4 ,m & m au?ority to direct or d ! great] ?+s 9 a corporation are conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a small] numb] ( individuals4 ,"t is ev] becom+ a m important elem5t1 a small] numb] ( m5 c act m quickly ?an a l>g] numb]1 & s bus9ess mu/ be m & m conc5trat$ to be done effici5tly4 ,a director has no au?ority to act sep>ately & indep5d5tly4 ,only z a bo>d1 prop]ly conv5$1 does he repres5t 8 corporation4 ,:ile ?is is ! law1 he c & does 9 fact (t5 act s+ly1 & 8 action becomes effective to b9d 8 corporation by ratification4 ,su* action plays a great "p 9 ! mod]n corporation4 ,?\gh a pr9cipal may at any "t1 z a g5]al rule1 revoke ! au?ority he has giv5 to an ag5t1 ?is does n apply to ! directors ( corporations4 ,says ,morawetz3 ,! majority ( ! bo>d cle>ly h no p[] to expel an individual director1 or to exclude him f inspect+ ! company's books & p>ticipat+ 9 its managem5t1 al?\gh !y may believe him to be ho/ile to ! int]e/s ( ! association4 ,a presid5t or o!r (ficial is *os5 pursuant to ! *>t] to s]ve = a ye> or o!r p]iod1 & is simply an ag5t 9 s]v+ ! corporation1 he _c be turn$ away l an ord9>y ag5t4 ,if he conducts fraudul5tly1 he may be remov$1 b ?is is n an easy process z corporations long ago f\nd out4 ,directors 9 mo/ cases receive no comp5sation ?\gh ! practice is gr[+ ( rew>d+ !m4 ,unless ?is is fix$ by *>t] or by ! /ockhold]s !y c get no?+1 = !y _c legally vote sal>ies to !mselves4 ,a director :o p]=ms a diff]5t s]vice1 s]ves z an attorney1 = example1 may receive comp5sation = x4 ,?is is a salut>y rule ( ! law1 :i* ! c\rts ev]y:]e d n hesitate to en=ce4 ,by ano!r rule1 h>dly less important1 directors _c b9d _! corporation by any contract made ) !mselves1 or repres5t _! corporation 9 transactions :]e9 !y h an int]e/4 ,?is is only ano!r application ( a rule ( ag5cy1 t an ag5t _c act at ! same "t = bo? p>ties4 ,yet !re is increas+ difficulty 9 apply+ ?is rule because ! bus9ess ( corporations has become s int]m+l$1 & also ! bus9ess ( directors1 directly or indirectly1 ) t ( ! corporations !y repres5t4 ,f ?is /ate ( ?+s has come ano!r rule1 t ! transactions betwe5 directors & _! corporations are n actually void b voidable1 9 o!r words if !y are ta9t$ ) fraud1 !y c be set aside provid$ prop] action is tak5 z soon z ! fraud is discov]$4 ,suppose directors _h defraud$ _! corporation1 b ! fraud 0 n discov]$ until sev]al ye>s aft]w>d4 ,once x 0 held t !y c\ld %ield !mselves beh9d ! ,/atute ( ,limitations 7see ,/atute ( ,limitations7 if ! discov]y ( ! fraud did n occur until aft] ! ,/atute _h become effective to protect !m4 ,?is is no long] ! law4 ,action h[ev] mu/ be begun aga9/ !m )9 ! prop] "t aft] discov]+ ! fraud1 o!rwise ! ,/atute may be int]pos$ z a b> to proce$+ aga9/ !m4 ,! complication ( bus9ess has l$ to ! adoption ( ano!r pr9ciple 9 manag+ corporations4 ,a majority ( ! directors may lawfully act z oppos$ to ! m9ority2 9 o!r words if a majority are n int]e/$ 9 a matt] t conc]ns "o or m ( ! m9ority directors1 ! int]e/s ( ! corporation are suppos$ to be prop]ly safegu>d$4 ,yet an illu/ration discloses ! dang]\s "* ( ?is me?od ( do+ bus9ess4 ,suppose ea* director ( a bank wi%$ to obta9 a loan ( money f x4 ,!y c\ld n legally make su* loans1 = no "o w\ld repres5t ! bank4 ,suppose a s+le director made su* an application1 t w\ld be a prop] ?+ = him to d & = !m to grant1 = ! bank w\ld be repres5t$ by all ! directors except ! applicant4 ,suppose x 7 agre$ 9 advance t ea* w\ld make an application at diff]5t meet+s t %\ld be favorably reg>d$1 ! s]ies ( loans w\ld be 9 fact only a s+le transaction 9 :i* ! bank 0 n repres5t$4 ,! k ( a director or o!r (fic] is imput$ to1 or reg>d$ 9 ! law z kn[n by ! bank on all matt]s relat+ to x4 ,?us if a director knew t a note 0 sign$ by a m9or :i* 0 aft]w>ds pres5t$ = disc\nt at a directors' meet+ at :i* ?is director 0 pres5t1 & he =got to tell ! directors :at he knew & x 0 disc\nt$1 ! bank w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ k t ! mak] 0 a m9or1 :o ( c\rse c\ld n be held on ! note4 ,?is pr9ciple has a v wide application1 yet is v difficult to apply4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! law is to n>r[ ! application ( ! rule1 = directors d n 9 _m cases imp>t _! k1 ei!r ?r\gh =getfulness or o!r cause1 & x is n j to hold _! corporation always = _! un9t5tional neglect4 ,(t5 !y are busy m51 h great] int]e/s ( _! own1 & d n rememb] ! ?+s !y le>n ab\t matt]s relat+ to _! corporation1 & if x 7 always held z kn[+ z mu* z !y d on all occasions1 ! way ( a corporation w\ld be fraught ) a grave p]il4 ,a prop] di/9ction is made 9 ! imputation ( k betwe5 t ( a bank director = example :o is engag$ *iefly 9 "s o!r bus9ess1 & t ( its presid5t ^: *ief employm5t is ! managem5t ( 8 bank4 ,suppose he %\ld le>n ab\t a defective note be=e x 0 pres5t$ = disc\nt1 ! bank w\ld be v prop]ly *>g$ ) 8 k1 because x w\ld be 8 cle> duty to rememb] :at he _h le>n$ & imp>t x to 8 fell[ directors4 ,directors sometimes g a/ray & cases are con/antly aris+ to det]m9e _! liability4 ,:5 a corporation has fail$ or pass$ a divid5d no?+ is m common ?an to accuse its directors ( neglig5ce1 incompet5ce or fraud4 ,! legal rule ( liability is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,let u try to give ?is 9 ! fewe/ words possible4 ,! *>t]s ( corporations1 or /atutes t apply to directors1 prescribe "s def9ite ?+s :i* !y mu/ d or n d1 & if ^! are violat$ !y are cle>ly liable4 ,! directors ( a bank are requir$ to make a /atem5t ( its affairs to a gov]nm5t (ficial at a /at$ p]iod1 & if !y neglect to d x1 or int5tionally make a wrong & deceptive "o1 !y are liable4 ,by _m /atutes !y are =bidd5 to make loans above a c]ta9 am\nt1 or a fix$ proportion ( _! bank's capital1 & if !y violate ?is pla9 law !y are liable4 ,9 all o!r cases :]e by *>t] or /atute a pla9 rule ( duty is prescrib$ = directors1 !y are liable1 %\ld !y disreg>d x4 ,besides ^! cle>ly def9$ l9es ( duty are o!r l9es ( duty 9 :i* ! prop] c\rse ( action is n s cle>ly def9$1 inde$ is l>gely discretion>y4 ,f ! nature ( ! bus9ess ( almo/ any k9d ( corporation1 x is impossible to prescribe 9 detail ! c\rse ( action directors mu/ foll[4 ,mu* mu/ be left to _! judgm5t4 ,!y mu/ on all occasions be hone/ & free f fraud4 ,?is is "o limitation4 ,if !y are guilty ( do+ ?+s ta9t$ or m>k$ ) fraud1 !y are liable4 ,fraud may be ( two k9ds1 omission & commission4 ,if a director knew t 8 fell[ directors 7 do+ fraudul5t ?+s1 & he kept away f directors' meet+s because he did n wi% to p>ticipate 9 _! wrongdo+1 or d>$ n g & try to /op !m1 or kept sil5t :5 he %\ld h expos$ !m1 he mu/ suff] 9 ! end z "o ( ! numb] ?\gh entirely innoc5t ( actual p>ticipation 9 ! fraud4 ,_m a director kn[+ or suspect+ ) good reason t 8 fell[ directors 7 runn+ ! corporation 9 an illegal mann]1 has quietly sold out leav+ ! /ockhold]s to f9d out aft]w>ds & f "s o!r s\rce ab\t ! wrongdo+ ( _! ag5ts4 ,9 all su* cases ( omission ( duty a director is held responsible = ! wrongs ( 8 associates4 ,rec5tly a c\rt has decl>$ t a director :o desires to escape fur!r responsibility by resign+ 8 position mu/ make sure t 8 resignation rea*es ! bo>d4 ,if !re=e he %\ld s5d x to ! secret>y1 :o fail$ to deliv] x to ! bo>d1 8 resignation w\ld n be effective & he w\ld /ill be responsible l ! o!r directors = :atev] ! bo>d might d4 ,:at acts are fraudul5t are sometimes difficult to det]m9e4 ,diff]5t c\rts int]pret ! same act sometimes 9 diff]5t ways4 ,!y d n diff] s mu* on ! application ( ! pr9ciple--= all acts ( fraud1 :e!r ( omission or commission1 directors are liable4 ,!re is ano!r s]ies ( acts = :i* !y are liable1 ^? ( gross neglig5ce4 ,h[ gross mu/ ! act be8 ,if x is s gross z to am\nt to a fraud1 !y are liable2 if n s gross1 if no fraud is f\nd ( any k9d1 no?+ b neglig5ce pure & simple1 !y are n liable at all4 ,mo/ c\rts ?\gh g fur!r & decl>e t if !y are guilty ( gross neglig5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! smell or ta9t ( fraud is n p]ceptible1 !y are liable4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! nature ( ! acts t con/itute gross neglig5ce8 ,^! _c be easily def9$1 !y diff] 9 ea* case2 s ea* case /&s by itself4 ,?is is ! conclusion ( ! highe/ c\rt 9 ! l& & :i* is foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,! same case !re=e may be reg>d$ diff]5tly by diff]5t tribunals4 ,?us "s directors 7 tri$ n long s9ce = wreck+ a national bank4 ,! l[] c\rt decid$ t all ! directors 7 guilty ( gross neglig5ce1 on appeal ! review+ c\rt decid$ t ! presid5t only 0 guilty ( fraud & acquitt$ ! o!rs4 ,,divid5ds4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *e]ful ?+s a corporation c d is to decl>e a divid5d1 especially if x be a l>ge "o4 ,until a divid5d is decl>$ ! pr(its ( a corporation are simply its assets1 d n belong to ! /ockhold]s1 & %\ld x become insolv5t mu/ be us$ to pay cr$itors4 ,b if a divid5d has be5 decl>$ & ! corporation aft]w>ds becomes insolv5t be=e pay+ x1 ! /ockhold]s may insi/ on its paym5t to !m in/ead ( pay+ x to ! cr$itors4 ,divid5ds mu/ be paid f net pr(its4 ,!y c nev] be tak5 f ! capital1 = ?is w\ld impair x &1 if cont9u$1 result 9 ! insolv5cy ( ! corporation4 ,! laws ev]y:]e =bid ?is1 &1 if violat$1 ! directors are usually p5aliz$4 ,x is n an infrequ5t ?+ to decl>e a divid5d t has n be5 e>n$ 9 ord] to keep up ! value ( ! /ock1 & enable ! directors & _! fri5ds to sell out be=e ! true condition ( ?+s has become public4 ,su* action is a palpable fraud :i* ! law recognizes & = :i* ! guilty ones mu/ answ]4 ,nor c divid5ds be decl>$ out ( borr[$ money1 = ?is is no pr(it1 ?\gh money may be tempor>ily borr[$ = ?is purpose4 ,a pr(it may h be5 actually made1 :i* may n h be5 r$uc$ to money1 t w ju/ify a corporation 9 borr[+ to pay a divid5d1 assur$ t ! loan w soon be repaid4 ,b ! rule or practice is h$g$ ab\t ) limitations4 ,?us ! premiums receiv$ by an insurance company & int]e/ on its capital /ock con/itute ! fund f :i* divid5ds are paid4 ,une>n$ premiums t h be5 paid d n =m a "p ( t fund1 =1 :ile ! risk is /ill runn+1 ! company may be oblig$ to pay !m out 9 settl+ losses4 ,! pr(its ( coal & o!r m9+ corporations may be divid$ )\t mak+ any d$uction = decrease 9 ! value ( ! m9e f extract+ m9]als4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to all corporations organiz$ to op]ate wa/+ prop]ty l a m9e or pat5t1 ?\gh 9 ?us divid+ all its net pr(its & accumulat+ no surplus ! value ( ! prop]ty is less5$4 ,except su* cases1 be=e a corporation c lawfully set ap>t its pr(it z a divid5d1 a suffici5t sum mu/ be set aside to repres5t ! we> & te> = ! purpose ( creat+ a fund to r5ew & improve ! prop]ty ( ! corporation4 ,divid5ds illegally decl>$ & paid1 n bas$ on pr(its may be recov]$ ei!r by ! corporation or by its repres5tative = ! b5efit ( cr$itors4 ,! fact1 says ,cl>k1 t ! directors act$ 9 good fai? "u a misconception ( ! am\nt ( pr(its possess$ by ! company or t 7 available = t purpose is immat]ial4 ,& if ! capital /ock ( a company has be5 wrongfully paid away by ! directors z divid5ds1 x may be recov]$ by ! cr$itors f anyone :o is n an innoc5t receiv]4 ,:e!r a divid5d %all be decl>$1 & also ! am\nt1 are que/ions ly+ l>gely )9 ! discretion ( ! directors4 ,a company may e>n a l>ge net pr(it1 yet ! directors may ?9k x %\ld be us$ = improvem5ts or kept = a future cont+5cy 9 bus9ess1 p]haps a "t ( bus9ess depression4 ,c\rts w n int]f]e 9 su* cases4 ,corporations are sometimes organiz$ ) ! well und]/ood int5tion t ! e>n+s %all be kept until a l>ge surplus has be5 accumulat$4 ,on ! o!r h& directors are n p]mitt$ to abuse _! p[]2 !y mu/ act 9 good fai?4 ,!y _c )hold divid5ds 9 ord] to depress ! value ( ! prop]ty & buy its /ock at a l[] price4 ,divid5ds mu/ be di/ribut$ among ! /ockhold]s )\t unju/ discrim9ation4 ,! divid5ds1 said a c\rt1 mu/ be g5]al on all ! /ock s t ea* /ockhold] w receive 8 proportionate %>e4 ,! directors h no "r to decl>e a divid5d on any o!r pr9ciple4 ,!y _c exclude any portion ( ! /ockhold]s f an equal p>ticipation ( ! pr(its ( ! company4 ,a /ockhold] _c be depriv$ ( 8 divid5d because he pur*as$ 8 /ock a v %ort "t be=e ! action ( ! directors 9 decl>+ a divid5d4 ,on "o occasion a p]son held bonds conv]tible into /ock4 ,%ortly aft] ! conv]sion a divid5d 0 decl>$4 ,he 0 z mu* entitl$ to 8 divid5d z any o!r /ockhold]4 ,to :om %\ld ! divid5d be paid8 ,to ! p]son ^: "n appe>s z own] on ! books ( ! company4 ,b if a company has notice ( a transf] ( /ock1 a divid5d subsequ5tly decl>$ %\ld be paid to ! pur*as] ev5 ?\gh ! transf] 0 n regi/]$4 ,9 pl$g+ /ock x is a common practice to decl>e t ! pl$gee %all be entitl$ to ! divid5ds t are decl>$4 ,if no?+ is said1 & ! /ock has be5 transf]r$ on ! books ( ! company1 ! pl$gee is entitl$ to ! divid5ds foll[+ ! g5]al rule above m5tion$4 ,a divid5d may be payable 9 ca% or prop]ty or a /ock divid5d may be made4 ,su* a divid5d1 if ! /ock is issu$ only to ! ext5t ( ! surplus pr(its1 is n a violation ( ! prohibition aga9/ r$uc+ or )draw+ ! capital /ock by di/ribution among ! /ockhold]s4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s "s important que/ions h aris5 ab\t divid5ds or income on /ock giv5 by w to ! legatees or fri5ds ( ! te/ator4 ,divid5ds t are decl>$ aft] a grant or beque/1 ?\gh e>n$ be=e1 g to ! legatee z income4 ,?is is n ! rule ev]y:]e4 ,9 "s /ates ! surplus pr(its accumulat$ dur+ ! te/ator's life1 ?\gh n divid$ until aft] 8 dea?1 belong to ! e/ate1 :ile ! divid5ds or income e>n$ & decl>$ aft] 8 dea? are paid to ! legatee or b5efici>y m5tion$ 9 ! w4 ,aga91 a some:at diff]5t rule applies to /ock divid5ds4 ,9 "s /ates ^! are reg>d$ z an increase ( capital & mu/ be kept z a "p ( ! e/ate2 9 o!r /ates su* /ock is reg>d$ simply z ano!r =m ( income & goes to ! legatee l any o!r income fl[+ f ! inve/m5t4 ,! highe/ f$]al c\rt has decl>$ t :5 a di/ribution ( e>n+s is made by a corporation among its /ockhold]s1 ! "q :e!r su* di/ribution is an apportionm5t ( additional /ock repres5t+ capital1 or a division ( pr(its & income1 dep5ds ^u ! sub/ance & int5t ( ! action ( ! corporation1 z manife/$ by its vote or resolution2 & ord9>ily a divid5d decl>$ 9 /ock is to be deem$ capital1 & a divid5d 9 money is to be deem$ income ( ea* %>e4 ,a w bequea!d /ock 9 a corporation 9 tru/ to pay ! divid5ds z !y accru$ to a daught] ( ! te/ator dur+ h] lifetime4 ,/ock divid5ds 7 decl>$ by ! corporation f "t to "t & aft] ! dea? ( ! te/ator1 & ^! accumulat$ e>n+s 7 inve/$ by ! company 9 p]man5t works4 ,aft] ! te/ator's dea? ! corporation 0 au?oriz$ by /atute to increase its capital /ock4 ,! divid5ds 7 held to be accretions to ! capital1 & ! income only 0 payable to ! daught] = life4 ,,wrongs4 ,pass+ f ! action ( directors 9 decl>+ divid5ds1 ! wrongs done by corporations may be /at$4 ,z x is an imp]sonal1 artificial ?+1 a corporation _c possibly commit a wrong or tort l a natural p]son4 ,= _m ye>s ?is conception ( a corporation1 t x c\ld n commit _m ( ! well-kn[n wrongs1 c\ld n sl&] a p]son = example1 l$ to p]plex+ consequ5ces4 ,f9ally ! pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ t ?r\gh its ag5ts or s]vants a corporation c\ld d wrong q l an individual4 ,?us a corporation may be guilty ( malice1 & may be puni%$ = sl&] or libel1 = a malici\s prosecution1 false repres5tation1 = trespass %\ld its ag5ts unlawfully ent] on ! l& ( ano!r1 = ma9ta9+ a nuisance & ! l4 ,a national bank is =bidd5 to c]tify ! *eck ( a depositor unless he has ! am\nt ( money /at$ 9 ! *eck 9 ! bank4 ,& if ?is is done ! c]tify+ (ficial & all o!rs :o p>ticipat$ ) him 9 disreg>d+ ! law are made crim9ally liable1 & on sev]al occasions ! law has be5 en=c$4 ,aga91 a corporation is liable = ! neglig5ce ( its s]vants 9 p]=m+ _! duties1 & are con/antly su$ = _! failures4 ,a railroad company is su$ = injuries to its pass5g]s caus$ by ! improp] runn+ ( its tra9s2 = its failure to c>ry & deliv] freight 9 accordance ) its obligations or agreem5ts4 ,/reet railways are con/antly su$ by pass5g]s :o are injur$ ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( its (ficials4 ,by /atutes corporations are requir$ to d _m ?+s &1 if !y fail1 are liable = ! consequ5ces4 ,^! duties may be divid$ into two classes1 ^? t[>d ! public & ^? t affect _! /ockhold]s4 ,_! public duties may aga9 be divid$ into ^? t are impos$ on !m by /atute1 & a /ill l>g] numb] by ! common law4 ,z we h se51 /ockhold]s confide necess>ily ! managem5t ( _! corporation to directors1 :o 9 mo/ cases mu/ necess>ily h a l>gely discretion>y p[]1 & :o1 9 turn1 mu/ appo9t o!r ag5ts to execute ! details ( ! corporate bus9ess4 ,^! n infrequ5tly fail ?r\gh incompet5ce or neglect to p]=m _! duties prop]ly1 & consequ5tly corporations are subject$ to lawsuits 9 :i* r$ress is s\ght by ! injur$ p>ties4 ,"s ( ^! wrongs = :i* !y are liable to ! public h be5 m5tion$1 x w\ld require too mu* space to m5tion all4 ,! injuries done to /ockhold]s by _! directors rema9 = consid]ation4 ,unless directors are re/rict$ by action ( ! /ockhold]s at a /ockhold]s' meet+1 !y h ! au?ority prescrib$ by *>t] & /atute2 outside ^!1 _! au?ority is l>gely discretion>y1 & mu/ be s4 ,if1 !re=e1 /ockhold]s are dissatisfi$ ) _! directors1 z !y (t5 are1 _! rem$y is to elect o!rs at ! end ( _! t]m ( s]vice4 ,if at ! "t ( *oos+ !m1 ! annual meet+1 none are *os51 ! directors hold ov] until !y are aga9 elect$1 or o!rs are *os5 9 _! places4 ,aft] !y h be5 *os51 no /ockhold] c int]f]e 9 any way ) _! discretion>y au?ority unless he has a cle> case call+ = judicial action4 ,until a mi/ake1 says ,morawetz1 on ! "p ( ! directors1 individual /ockhold]s h no "r to appeal to ! c\rts to def9e ! l9e ( policy to be pursu$ by ! company4 ,! c\rts !re=e are q unanim\s 9 su/a9+ ! action ( directors s long z !y act )9 ! discretion>y au?ority giv5 !m4 ,occasions happ5 :5 ! removal ( directors is ess5tial to ! welf>e ( a corporation4 ,suppose !y are pursu+ a c\rse cle>ly ru9\s to ! company8 ,9 su* a case ! c\rt w grant relief on ! reque/ ( ! /ockhold]s :5ev] ! corporation itself is unable or unwill+ to d s4 ,prim>ily ! corporation %\ld proce$ aga9/ ! directors1 = ! wrong is a corporate "o4 ,9 _m cases ! corporation is s completely 9 _! control t ! /ockhold]s are unable to d any?+ ?r\gh x4 ,9 su* case !y mu/ act 9 ! "n (1 & 9 behalf ( ! company4 ,& if !y succe$ 9 e/abli%+ _! case1 ! c\rts w ord] ! removal ( ! directors4 ,sometimes ! c\rts1 in/ead ( go+ s f>1 w enjo9 !m f do+ wrongs t are fe>$4 ,suppose x is fe>$ t directors w decl>e a divid5d t has n be5 e>n$1 ! c\rts on prop] pro( w\ld enjo9 !m f mak+ x4 ,suppose x is fe>$ !y w issue m /ock & divide all ! %>es among !mselves in/ead ( proportionately among all ! /ockhold]s z ! law requires1 9 ord] to get control ( ! company1 a c\rt w\ld n hesitate to re/ra9 !m4 ,la/ly may be consid]$ a /ockhold]'s rights to inspect ! books ( 8 company4 ,?is he may d at all prop] times & = reasonable purposes4 ,& if ! "r is refus$ ! c\rts w aid him 9 mak+ an inspection4 ,:at !n is a prop] purpose t ju/ifies him 9 mak+ ! reque/8 ,he _c d s to satisfy "s freak1 or to annoy an (ficial ) :om he may be on bad t]ms4 ,nor c he d x to obta9 in=mation to be us$ = /ock-jobb+ purposes4 ,suppose he has reason = suppos+ t ! books 7 falsifi$1 t ! /ockhold]s 7 n receiv+ correct acc\nts ( ! exp5ditures & e>n+s ( ! company1 a /ockhold] w\ld c]ta9ly h a "r to make an exam9ation1 & c\ld also employ an ag5t1 attorney1 or exp]t acc\ntant to d ?is = him1 = 8 ignorance ( bookkeep+ me?ods might deb> him f mak+ an effici5t exam9ation 7 ! "r conf9$ exclusively to himself4 ,curtesy4--,a husb& acquires an int]e/ or e/ate 9 l& belong+ to 8 wife aft] h] dea?4 ,to be entitl$ to x1 !re mu/ be a legal m>riage4 ,ev5 ?\gh x be unlawful1 if n set aside dur+ h] life1 8 int]e/ 9 h] e/ate _c be defeat$ by aft]w>ds decl>+ ! m>riage void4 ,curtesy does n ext5d to l& nom9ally held by h]1 or z tru/ee4 ,! wife mu/ h _h a *ild :o might h inh]it$ ! e/ate4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r %e acquir$ h] e/ate be=e or aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild4 ,z soon !re=e z a *ild is born1 8 e/ate or int]e/ beg9s & is p]fect$ or consummat$ by h] dea?1 & may be tak5 at any "t aft]w>d = 8 debts4 ,:at may be ! effect ( a divorce is n well settl$4 ,9 "s /ates ev5 ?\gh he is an innoc5t p>ty1 he =feits 8 e/ate4 ,?is rule is f\nd$ on ! idea t he is a volunt>y p>ty1 & !re=e ne$ n h "o2 9 o!r /ates 8 int]e/ cont9ues4 ,z ! husb&'s rights to su* an e/ate h be5 aboli%$ 9 _m /ates1 we refra9 f add+ m pr9ciples4 ,deceit4--,a sell] is n liable = deceit :5 ! k1 or way ( obta9+ x1 is equally kn[n by bo? p>ties4 ,if "o goes into a /ore to buy a bu%el ( apples t he has se5 by ! door & inquires ! price & pays = !m )\t mak+ any inquiry conc]n+ _! quality1 he _c recov] 8 money if half ( !m prove to be rott5 unless ! sell] int5tionally deceiv$ him1 = he might h inquir$ :e!r !y 7 all l ^? on top & ( good quality4 ,b if ! m]*ant %\ld put f9e ones on top 9 ord] to deceive a pur*as]1 he c\ld recov] = 8 loss4 ,?is rule has a wide application4 ,suppose a sell] keeps 8 /ore dimly light$ int5tionally s t ! inf]ior quality ( 8 goods _c be disc]n$1 & a p]son %\ld !reby be deceiv$ & injur$1 he w\ld h a good cause ( action aga9/ ! sell]4 ,suppose a %ip 0 decay$ 9 places1 & ^! 7 int5tionally s conceal$ t !y c\ld n easily be se5 by "o :o 0 exam9+ ) ! int5tion ( pur*as+1 & he 0 !reby misl$1 ! sell] w\ld be liable = ! loss to ! pur*as]4 ,( c\rse1 ! prud5t c\rse is to obta9 a w>ranty1 or bett] /ill1 :5ev] practicable1 buy ( "o :o has e/abli%$ a reputation = hone/1 fair deal+4 ,suppose a man pur*ases a piece ( l&1 g5]ally suppos$ to be an ord9>y f>m1 :i* conta9s1 z he kn[s1 a valuable coal m9e1 c ! sell] aft] ! public k ( ! m9e1 recov] ! l& or a l>g] pur*ase price !re=8 ,has ! pur*as] deceiv$ him8 ,did ! law require ! pur*as] to make kn[n 8 sup]ior k be=e pur*as+8 ,no1 if x did1 !re w\ld be no end to ! confusion to :i* su* a rule w\ld lead4 ,x is )9 ord9>y exp]i5ce t pur*as]s buy ei!r kn[+ or suppos+ !y w reap advantages f _! contracts ( :i* ! sell] is ignorant4 ,!re is no deception 9 ?is2 b !re is 9 )hold+ k f ! buy] ( ! quality or condition ( a ?+ t affects its value1 & :i* if kn[n by him w\ld probably prev5t him f pur*as+4 ,suppose a horse is bl9d 9 "o eye & ! prud5t horse trad] says no?+4 ,c ! buy] recov]8 ,ord9>ily he c\ld n1 = he ought to h look$1 & if he did n "k en\gh to look1 ei!r he %\ld h obta9$ a w>ranty1 or h employ$ a compet5t ag5t to pur*ase = him4 ,suppose ! old trad]1 skill$ 9 8 bus9ess1 int5tionally put 8 horse 9 ! %ad[ s t ! defective eye c\ld n be se51 !n ! sell] w\ld surely h 8 rem$y aga9/ him4 ,if he put 8 horse !re accid5tally he w\ld n4 ,is a w9k a deception = :i* ! w9k] mu/ answ] 9 ! law8 ,a h>d5$ deal] once w5t ne> a l>ge meet+ ( m5 ) a wagon load ( bottles conta9+ cold tea4 ,! ?ir/y cr[d soon came ar\nd4 ,"o doll> a piece1 he ann\nc$ ) a w9k4 ,! w9k 0 effective & ! bottles 7 quickly sold4 ,!y 7 fill$ ) cold tea1 & ! buy]s su$ = ! deceit t _h be5 practic$ on !m4 ,!y fail$1 ! c\rt said t a w9k 0 n en\gh4 ,ano!r c\rt might h decid$ o!rwise4 ,de$s4--,9 sell+ & buy+ l& sev]al de$s are 9 use4 ,! =ms diff] consid]ably 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,! mo/ important ( !m is call$ a w>ranty de$1 9 :i* ! sell] n only conveys ! title1 b w>rants or agrees to def5d x aga9/ all attacks4 ,suppose ,a sells a piece ( l& by w>ranty de$ to ,b1 :o makes ! unwelcome discov]y t a mortgage is exi/+ !reon4 ,he notifies ,a & asks him to cle> ! title4 ,suppose ! mortgage has be5 paid1 b ! l5d] ( ! money1 ! mortgagee1 =got to give ! prop] de$ to %[ t he _h receiv$ paym5t4 ,& suppose he 0 an ugly fell[ :o w\ld n give ! prop] release4 ,b c\ld compel him to d s1 & ! exp5se mu/ be borne by ,a because 8 de$ ( w>ranty requir$ him to give a cle> title4 ,9 su* a de$ ! grantor or sell] agrees or cov5ants to d usually f\r or m specific ?+s3 fir/1 he ass]ts t he has a "r to convey ! l& at ! "t ( ! sale4 ,( c\rse1 if he has n1 ! agreem5t or cov5ant is at once brok5 & ! buy] c proce$ aga9/ him to make ! title good1 or to recov] damages if he _c reta9 ! premises4 ,! second cov5ant or agreem5t is to ! effect t ! sell] has bo? ! quantity & quality ( l& m5tion$ 9 ! de$4 ,! ?ird cov5ant is t !re are no encumbrances on ! l&1 t is1 no mortgages1 no rights ( o!rs to pass ov] x1 or to take e>?1 wat] or o!r ?+s f ! l&4 ,! f\r? cov5ant is = ! quiet enjoym5t ( ! l&1 :i* is ! mo/ g5]al =m ( w>ranty4 ,!re may be o!r cov5ants1 (t5 !re are1 :ile ! f\r m5tion$ may be1 & (t5 are1 modifi$4 ,does su* a w>ranty b9d o!r p]sons ?an ! w>rantor1 9 o!r words are 8 heirs & p]sons to :om he may devise 8 l&s also indef9itely b\nd by 8 w>ranty8 ,! /atutes 9 "s /ates fix 8 liability4 ,:]e none exi/ ! law limits ! liability ( p>ties to ! am\nt ( assets or prop]ty !y h receiv$ f ! w>rantor2 if !y h receiv$ no?+ !y are n liable = any?+4 ,a cov5ant to protect ! buy] f encumbrances1 claims1 etc41 does n always relieve him f ! exp5se ( a lawsuit4 ,suppose ,a claims a "r ( way ov] ,b's l& & insi/s on us+ x4 ,b br+s 8 action ( trespass aga9/ him & w9s4 ,he _c sue 8 grantor or sell] to recov] ! exp5se ( ! suit1 = ! latt] w\ld reply1 ,y h won y\r case :i* is pro( t ! title is good z w>rant$1 & !re=e y h no claim aga9/ me4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,a _h won 8 case ,b w\ld !n h a good cause ( action aga9/ 8 cov5antor4 ,ano!r k9d ( de$ us$ 9 sell+ l& is call$ an ind5ture4 ,?is is sign$ by all ! p>ties1 & copies are usually made & deliv]$ to all ( !m4 ,?is de$ also conta9s w>rants or cov5ants l ! "o fir/ describ$4 ,ano!r k9d ( de$ is call$ a release or quit-claim4 ,by ?is ! grantor or p>ty giv+ x conveys :atev] int]e/ he may h 9 ! l&4 ,x is ! de$ always giv5 by a mortgagee on ! paym5t or dis*>ge ( 8 mortgage4 ,x conta9s no w>rants to d any?+ & !re=e diff]s f a de$ ( w>ranty4 ,sometimes a p]son conveys a piece ( l& kn[+ t ! title is defective :i* ! pur*as]1 not)/&+ ! defect1 is will+ to buy4 ,! sell] may safely give a quit-claim de$ = he !reby sells only :atev] int]e/ he may h4 ,all ! de$s above m5tion$ except an ind5ture1 are sign$ only by ! sell+ or grant+ p>ty4 ,!y become effective by deliv]y4 ,!y are (t5 call$ poll de$s4 ,e grantor mu/ app5d to 8 "n a seal4 ,once a seal 0 ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! days ( ignorance :5 p]sons knew n h[ to write & ea* p]son _h a seal ( 8 own4 ,z di/9ctive seals h long s9ce disappe>$1 seals h less significance ?an =m]ly1 nev]!less _m legal rules are f\nd$ on ! di/9ction betwe5 seal$ & unseal$ in/rum5ts4 ,?us two writt5 contracts may be exact duplicates except t "o ( !m may h no seal4 ,! law 9 mo/ /ates reg>ds ! unseal$ "o z a m]e oral or unwritt5 contract1 to :i* are appli$ ! same rules ( evid5ce4 ,! use ( ,l4,s41 enclos$ 9 brackets1 ?us ,l4,s4 is j z effective z a seal ( wax or a waf]4 ,9 _m /ates a corporation ne$ n use its corporate seal1 any o!r may be sub/itut$4 ,! f$]al rule especially requires ! use ( ! corporate seal & t x be affix$ by someone :o 0 prop]ly au?oriz$ to d ?is4 ,by /atute ! names ( two witnesses are requir$1 & :5 omitt$ ! de$ is n only defective1 b 9 "s /ates at lea/ is void4 ,a witness ne$ n write 8 "n 9 ! grantor's pres5ce1 if ask$ to sign 9 ! prop] place z a witness ?is w suffice4 ,a lease ( l& is also a de$ diff]+ f ^? m5tion$ 9 convey+ ! use ( l& = a fix$ p]iod & on v>y+ t]ms4 ,a de$ %\ld be complet$ be=e deliv]+ x1 ! same rule applies to mo/ legal writ+s4 ,unimportant alt]ations may be made1 & if any are made1 ! "q may prove difficult1 are !y important or n4 ,( c\rse if bo? p>ties agree to !m1 ! validity ( ! de$ is n impair$4 ,:5ev] !y d appe>1 9 "s /ates ! law presumes !y 7 made be=e deliv]+ ! de$1 b ?is is n ! rule ev]y:]e4 ,:o c make or execute a de$8 ,a m9or _c make a legal de$1 & if he attempts to d s he c avoid or set x aside aft] he becomes ( age :5ev] he acts ) reasonable promptitude4 ,if he does n ?us act1 8 delay w be reg>d$ z a ratify+ ( 8 previ\s action4 ,:at action w h ?is effect is a fact to be prov$ :5ev] ! controv]sy arises4 ,usually a de$ ne$ n be read to ! grantee1 nor c he avoid x because he did n "k ! cont5ts1 except :5 fraud has be5 practis$ on him4 ,to a bl9d or ignorant man a diff]5t rule applies4 ,! de$ %\ld be read to him1 & if ?is is n done1 or if x is wrongly read to him1 he c h x set aside 9 a prop] legal proce$+4 ,deliv]y is ess5tial2 to d ?is two ?+s are requir$4 ,! grantor mu/ give up ! de$ & ! grantee mu/ actually accept x1 consequ5tly ! deliv]y ( a de$ aft] ! grantor's dea? w\ld n be valid4 ,!re mu/ be an actual deliv]y by him1 & ?\gh a de$ may be complet$ 9 e o!r respect1 x is n an effective de$4 ,a de$ !re=e /ol5 f "o's draw] & deliv]$ to ! grantee w\ld n be valid1 h[ev] innoc5t ! grantee might be 9 receiv+ x4 ,_m difficulties h aris5 9 apply+ ?is rule4 ,:5 ! "q comes be=e a c\rt1 x seeks aft] ! int5tion ( ! p>ties1 & is guid$ by x :5 asc]ta9$4 ,if !re=e a de$ 7 ly+ on a table & ! grantor %\ld say to ! grantee1 take x1 & he did s1 ! deliv]y w\ld be complete2 b if he %\ld get x 9 a surreptiti\s way !re w\ld be no legal deliv]y4 ,suppose a de$ 7 mail$ to ! grantee1 or h&$ to ano!r p]son to deliv] to ! grantee1 ?is w\ld be a good deliv]y4 ,z soon z ! de$ has be5 deliv]$1 x %\ld be tak5 to ! record]'s (fice to be record$4 ,e /ate has (fices 9 ! t[ns or c\nties = keep+ a p]fect copy ( all de$s relat+ to ! transf] ( ! l&s )9 ! limits ( ! t[n or c\nty4 ,! object ( ?is is to protect pur*as]s1 =1 if ?is 7 n done1 ! own] ( l& might sell x to a pur*as] a second "t :o knew no?+ ( ! previ\s sale1 & !n someone w\ld be ! los]4 ,to gu>d aga9/ su* frauds ! sy/em ( regi/ration 0 e/abli%$ at an e>ly day 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,a pur*as] !re=e %\ld take 8 de$ at once to ! prop] record+ (fice = record1 & ?is is reg>d$ z notice to ! _w f ! "t ( deliv]+ ! de$ to ! record]1 :o makes a note !reon ( ! day & h\r x 0 left ) him4 ,suppose t "s cr$itor ( ! grantor1 n kn[+ ( ! sale1 %\ld atta* ! l& z ! prop]ty ( ! grantor to secure a debt due to him1 c\ld he hold x z aga9/ ! pur*as]8 ,ord9>ily ! pur*as] c\ld /ill reta9 ! l&1 & ! same rule w\ld apply betwe5 him & a second pur*as]1 ?\gh buy+ 9 good fai? suppos+ ! grantor 0 ! real own]4 ,9 "s /ates a /atute protects ! pur*as] by giv+ him a fix$ p]iod ( two or ?ree mon?s or m to record 8 de$4 ,! safe rule is to leave ! de$ ) ! record] z soon z possible aft] receiv+ x4 ,x is a g5]al practice to d ano!r ?+ ) de$s1 to make or take an ackn[l$gm5t ( !m1 & 9 "s /ates ?is mu/ be done be=e !y c be record$4 ,?is consi/s on ! "p ( ! grantor go+ be=e a prop] (fic]1 (t5 a not>y public1 ju/ice ( ! peace1 cl]k ( a c\rt ( record1 commission] ( de$s1 & mak+ oa? t he has duly execut$ ! above de$4 ,?is oa? appe>s 9 ! =m ( a c]tificate at ! bottom ( ! de$ or app5d$ !reto & is sign$ by ! (fic]1 :o also atta*es 8 (ficial seal4 ,:5 a de$ has ?us be5 ackn[l$g$ x c be us$ 9 a legal proce$+ z evid5ce )\t requir+ fur!r pro( ( its execution4 ,b if x _h n be5 ackn[l$g$1 !n a c\rt w\ld require "s pro( t ! de$ _h be5 made & deliv]$ be=e accept+ x z pro( ( ! fact4 ,:5 a m>ri$ woman executes a de$ ! (fic] :o took ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! de$ mu/ make an exam9ation1 ap>t f h] husb&1 to asc]ta9 :e!r or no h] act 0 volunt>y1 & he mu/ also record ! fact4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t %\ld be made aft] ! exam9ation4 ,a defective ackn[l$gm5t by a m>ri$ woman is wor?less1 nor w any c\rt compel h] to make ano!r "o4 ,%\ld %e make ano!r de$1 h[ev]1 ) a prop] ackn[l$gm5t ?is w\ld be legal4 ,! (ficials :o take ackn[l$gm5ts possess diff]5t au?ority1 "s c take !m only ( l& situat$ 9 _! respective /ates2 o!rs h au?ority to take ackn[l$gm5ts ( de$s ( l& 9 e /ate4 ,9 all ! /ates are commission]s ( de$s1 s call$1 :o are au?oriz$ to act outside _! own /ate4 ,"s p]sons :o h an important conveyanc+ bus9ess h qualifi$ !mselves to ?us act z commission]s = _m /ates1 & p]=m a highly useful s]vice4 ,if a mi/ake has be5 made 9 a de$ c x be correct$8 ,! g5]al rule is x c be am5d$ 9 all cases ( fraud1 accid5t1 or mi/ake4 ,h[ c ?is be done8 ,if ! grantor is unwill+ to d "r1 ! pur*as] c by a prop] application to a c\rt1 or c\rt ( equity1 ask = ! correction ( ! de$ or su* o!r relief z ju/ice requires4 ,suppose ! grantor has decl>$ 9 8 de$ t ! l& conta9s a hundr$ acres & a survey f9ds only fifty4 ,?is w\ld be a palpable fraud & a c\rt w\ld1 if reque/$1 ord] ! reconveyance ( ! l& & return ( ! money4 ,suppose ! de$ cov]$ no l& at all belong+ to ! grantor1 ?is w\ld be a /ill great] fraud4 ,suppose ! de$ said "o hundr$ acres m or less1 & a survey f\nd only fifty acres4 ,! pur*as] b\ght suppos+ t !re 0 no su* deficit1 b p]haps a small "o1 :at w\ld a c\rt d8 ,d\btless x w\ld hold t ! grantor tri$ to deceive ! o!r p>ty & w\ld grant relief4 ,! l& sold mu/ be b\nd$ or describ$4 ,z l& is increas+ ev]y:]e 9 value m pa9s is tak5 9 describ+ x1 ?an =m]ly4 ,l>ge tracts h be5 survey$ by ! gov]nm5t & are indicat$ z sections1 qu>t] sections1 yet ev5 ^! b\nd>ies are sometimes imp]fect1 caus$ by incorrect surveys1 :]eby l&s ov]lap1 or o!rwise h defective b\nd>ies4 ,"o ( ! well-kn[n rules is1 monum5ts control corn]s & di/ances4 ,?is is f\nd$ on mu* exp]i5ce1 = ?is %[s t c\rses diff] f v>iations 9 ! compass1 *anges 9 ! surface1 etc4 ,?\gh monum5ts may be mov$ int5tionally or by natural causes1 !y c be m tru/$ 9 ! long run ( ?+s4 ,! location ( a monum5t is a "q ( fact4 ,x is sometimes said t natural monum5ts possess high] value ?an artificial ones1 ?is dep5ds on ! "* ( ! artificial "o4 ,a l>ge /one set 9 a secure place surely is a bett] b\nd>y ?an a wayw>d /ream ^: c\rse is *ang$ by e fre%et4 ,9 m>k+ ! public l&s ( ! we/]n t]ritories by /atute monum5ts mu/ designate ! corn]s ( ! tract4 ,b :5 ^! are lo/ !n corn]s & di/ances become ! guide4 ,oral evid5ce may be admitt$ to e/abli% ! location ( monum5ts1 & ev5 he>say evid5ce may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,9 a city lot c\rses & di/ances play a l>g] "p 9 fix+ ! b\nd>ies1 & are m c>efully def9$4 ,(t5 ! b\nd>y is to ! c5t] ( a divid+ wall4 ,! b\nd>y ( l& by a non-navigable /ream is to ! c5t]2 & if "o owns on bo? sides ( su* a /ream he is ! own] also ( ! b$4 ,b if l& is b\nd$ by ! bank or %ore ( a /ream1 or by o!r words ( cle>ly evid5t exclusion1 ! /ream is exclud$4 ,! rule is diff]5t t applies to a tidal navigable /ream4 ,9 "s /ates ! b\nd>y is high-wat] m>k2 9 o!r /ates l[-wat]4 ,9 bo? cases ! rip>ian own]1 s-call$1 may erect a :>f ext5d+ f 8 l& subject to public control4 ,! b\nd>y ( a natural pond or lake1 ei!r 9 its natural /ate or rais$ artificially1 is l[-wat] m>k4 ,nor is ! law *ang$ by ! conv]sion ( a fre% wat] pond into a salt pond by ! h& ( man4 ,! b\nd>y to an artificial pond is ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,! title to ! b$ ( all lakes1 ponds1 & navigable riv]s to ! ord9>y high-wat] m>k is ve/$ 9 ! /ates4 ,?us ! p :o live ar\nd !m may enjoy ! wat]s ! same z o!rs enjoy tidal wat]s4 ,nor is ! /ate title affect$ by any manipulation ( ! l& above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! same rules ( law apply to l& situat$ along public highways4 ,if a de$ %\ld b\nd ! l& by or along a highway1 x w\ld include ! l& to ! c5t]2 only words ( cle>ly int5d+ exclusion h a diff]5t effect4 ,if a de$ %\ld say by ! side ( a highway1 x might be exclud$ & x might n1 ! c\rts d n agree4 ,all agree t ! int5tion ( ! p>ties %\ld gov]n1 b diff] z to int5tion express$ 9 ! words !y h us$4 ,! law is full ( su* difficulties4 ,if a highway is ab&on$1 ! adjo9+ own]s c ext5d _! l9es to ! c5t]1 unless "o ( !m c prove t he is entitl$ to m ?an "o half4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! title to real e/ate x is ! duty ( an attorney employ$ = t purpose1 says ,ju/ice ,tr5*>d1 to make a pa9/ak+ exam9ation ( ! records & to report all facts relat+ to ! title4 ,he is1 !re=e1 liable = any injury t may result to 8 cli5t f neglig5ce 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties--t is1 f a failure to ex]cise ord9>y c>e & skill 9 discov]+ 9 ! records & report+ all ! de$s1 mortgages1 judgm5ts1 etc41 t affect ! title 9 respect to :i* he is employ$4 ,divisional ,tree4--,:5 ! base ( a tree is :olly on ! l& ( "o own] ! :ole tree belongs to him4 ,an adjo9+ own]1 h[ev]1 may cut (f at ! divisional l9e su* bran*es z ov]-hang 8 l& )\t notice & )\t ref]5ce to ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 gr[+4 ,to d ?is he _c g on ! l& ( 8 neighbor1 b mu/ /ay on 8 own l&4 ,a diff]5t rule applies to a tree t /&s on a divisional l9e & bo? own]s h an int]e/ !re94 ,d[]4--,d[] is ! int]e/ t a wife has 9 h] husb&'s l& aft] 8 dea?1 & consi/s1 unless modifi$ by /atute1 ( ! use ( "o ?ird dur+ h] life4 ,:ile bo? live h] int]e/ is s secur$ to h] by law t he _c sell & convey any ( 8 l& unless %e unites ) him 9 sign+ a prop] de$ ( conveyance4 ,9 mo/ /ates ?is int]e/ or d[] is p>am\nt to ! claims ( h] husb&'s cr$itors4 ,b if !re is any li5 on ! l& at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 l a mortgage1 %e _c claim a pref]5ce or priority ov] ! mortgagee4 ,%e c claim h] d[] 9 any l& belong+ to h] husb& :i* h] *ildr51 if %e _h any1 c\ld h inh]it$ z ! heirs ( _! fa!r4 ,:5 h] d[] is 9 mortgag$ l&1 %e _c get possession until ! mortgage has be5 paid4 ,aga91 :]e l&1 :]e9 %e has a d[] int]e/1 mu/ be sold1 h] "r to ! proce$s foll[s ! sale4 ,if h] husb& 0 n 9 possession ( ! l& claim$ by him be=e & aft] m>riage1 h] d[] w n become effective until ga9+ possession4 ,if he 7 only ! nom9al & n ! real possessor1 h] d[] w n atta* to ! l&1 nor if he 7 9 possession z tru/ee1 ! real own]%ip belong+ to ano!r4 ,a legal m>riage is necess>y to su/a9 a d[] e/ate4 ,:5ev] a m>riage c be set aside = "s illegality1 & is n1 x w su/a9 h] d[] on 8 dea?4 ,s1 too1 h] d[] may be lo/ or b>r$ by a legal sep>ation2 if %e %\ld re-m>ry1 or ! divorce is set aside1 h] d[] w\ld revive4 ,h] d[] may also be lo/ %\ld h] husb& legally "p ) 8 e/ate1 or by any legal proce$+ x %\ld be tak5 away f him2 ?us1 %\ld ano!r claim x & prove t he _h ! bett] title4 ,9 o!r words %e loses h] d[] :5ev] h] husb& has no e/ate f :i* h] d[] c be c>v$ out4 ,x is true t an adv]se claimant _c give any title to h] husb&'s l& t w\ld b> h] "r !reto4 ,! reason = ?is rule is t1 l a m9or1 h] rights _c be acquir$ aga9/ "o :o is unable by reason ( age or o!r infirmity to protect himself4 ,! wife is entitl$ to h d[] assign$ to h] imm$iately aft] h] husb&'s dea?4 ,until ?is is done1 %e has ! "r ( common law = ! p]iod ( =ty days1 call$ qu>ant9e1 to reside 9 h] husb&'s h\se1 provid$ %e does n m>ry dur+ t "t4 ,d[] may be assign$ to h] 9 two ways4 ,"o way is by direction ( ! c\rt1 :i* asc]ta9s by prop] evid5ce ! ext5t1 location & value ( ! husb&'s l&s1 & !n directs ! %]iff to c>ry out its ord] 9 assign+ to h] a specific portion = h] use dur+ life4 ,! o!r way is by agreem5t4 ,9 "s /ates money is assign$ to h] in/ead ( l& z d[]4 ,d[] may be b>r$ by agreem5t made be=e m>riage4 ,^! arrangem5ts1 m>riage settlem5ts1 are becom+ m frequ5t ) ! increase ( weal? & complexities respect+ ! hold+ ( prop]ty4 ,sometimes a te/ator provides = 8 wid[ 9 lieu ( d[]4 ,9 su* a case %e may accept ! gift1 or reject x & claim h] d[] rights4 ,suppose a te/ator %\ld own a l>ge am\nt ( l&1 & 9 8 w %\ld give h] only a small am\nt ( money 9 lieu ( d[]4 ,if eag] to get ! mo/ possible1 %e w\ld reject ! gift ( money & claim h] d[] rights4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppose he _h b v little or no real e/ate1 !n %e d\btless w\ld accept ! money gift1 unless %e c\ld claim a /ill l>g] sum by virtue ( "s /atute made to fit su* cases4 ,d[] does n exi/ 9 crops or trees sev]$ f ! l&1 b does exi/ 9 m9es & qu>ries belong+ to ! husb& :i* 7 op5$ & work$ dur+ 8 life4 ,if l&s h be5 ex*ang$ by ! husb&1 %e c elect 9 :i* %e %all take h] d[]1 b n 9 bo?4 ,!re c be no d[] 9 a m]e p]sonal privilege1 or 9 a revocable lic5se p]ta9+ to l&4 ,! wid[ ( a p>tn] is ord9>ily entitl$ to d[] 9 s mu* ( ! p>tn]%ip l& z is left aft] ! paym5t ( ! firm's debts & ! adju/m5t ( matt]s betwe5 ! p>tn]s4 ,b if an agreem5t among !m t ! l& %all be consid]$ z p]sonal prop]ty = all purposes1 !n no d[] !re9 c be claim$ by ! wid[ ( any p>tn]4 ,a wife c release h] in*oate d[] or future expectation ( receiv+ x by jo9+ 9 a conveyance ) h] husb& = t purpose4 ,9 ord] to make ! election b9d+1 x mu/ be made ) full k on ! wid['s "p ( h] husb&'s e/ate1 & ! relative value ( h] d[] int]e/4 ,! election is p]sonal1 & _c be ex]cis$ by h] repres5tatives aft] h] dea?1 nor by cr$itors2 & if insane1 ?is _c be done by any committee or gu>dian act+ "u ! au?ority ( a c\rt4 ,an absolute divorce1 ev5 ?\gh = ! husb&'s fault1 dive/s ! wife ( d[]1 unless h] "r is sav$ by /atute4 ,q frequ5tly1 ! /atute provides t !re %all be no d[] 9 case ( divorce = ! wife's fault4 ,occasionally x is provid$ by /atute t divorce = ! husb&'s fault %all n b> d[]2 & sometimes a /atute requires d[] to be assign$ imm$iately ^u divorce )\t await+ ! husb&'s dea?4 ,x may be add$ t ! pr9ciples ( ! common law relat+ to d[] h be5 l>gely modifi$ by /atute 9 all ! /ates4 ,drunk5ness4--,! c\rts are reluctant to recognize intoxication z an excuse ei!r = committ+ a crime or = repudiat+ a contract1 b if f long cont9u$ intemp]ate habits a man has become actually insane or incompet5t1 8 actual m5tal condition w be recogniz$ :atev] may h produc$ x4 ,aga91 9 mak+ a contract ! o!r p>ty c\ld h>dly deal ) a man badly intoxicat$ )\t kn[+ 8 condition1 consequ5tly ! elem5t ( fraud appe>s1 & ! contract may be decl>$ invalid ei!r = lack ( contract+ capacity on ! "p ( ! drunk5 man1 or = fraud on ! "p ( ! o!r 9 tak+ advantage ( 8 condition4 ,8 fraud w\ld be /ill great] if he _h design$ly caus$ ! drunk5ness ( ! o!r4 ,ei!r objection1 h[ev]1 r5d]s ! contract voidable r ?an void1 & %\ld an intoxicat$ p>ty1 aft] he became sob] ratify 8 contract1 or fail to repudiate x & re/ore ! consid]ation1 if any1 )9 a reasonable "t1 he w\ld become b\nd4 ,! c\rts are /ill m reluctant to admit intoxication z an excuse = crim9al acts4 ,! c\rts hold t "o :o volunt>ily deprives himself ( self-control mu/ h int5d$ ! consequ5ces1 !re=e x is ev]y:]e held t "o :o volunt>ily becomes intoxicat$1 al?\gh he did s ) no purpose to commit a crime :5 intoxicat$1 _c claim immunity f crim9al responsibility1 or ev5 a mitigation ( ! p5alty1 ?\gh hav+ no capacity to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,& yet1 l s _m legal rules1 !re are "s m>k$ exceptions to ?is "o4 ,?us1 s9ce burgl>y is ! ent]+ ( a h\se ) ! int5t to commit a felony !re91 "o :o blund]s into a /range h\se because he is too drunk to "k :]e he is or :at he is do+ has n committ$ ! crime ( burgl>y4 ,s "o :o c>ri$ (f ! prop]ty ( ano!r ?r\gh drunk5 ignorance does n commit l>c5y1 z !re is no int5t 9 su* a case to conv]t ! prop]ty to ! tak]'s own use4 ,ano!r application has be5 made 9 cases ( assault ) int5t to kill a p]son4 ,aga91 says ,peck1 if "o is visibly intoxicat$1 x is ! duty ( ^? :o come 9 contact ) him to take 8 condition into acc\nt1 & _! use ( due c>e w be judg$ 9 view ( t fact4 ,ev5 if ! drunk5 p]son & ! o!r are bo? neglig5t1 ! sob] p>ty may be liable "u ! doctr9e ( ! la/ cle> *ance1 if he fails to ex]cise t[>d ! drunk5 man ! degree ( c>e :i* is evid5tly requir$ to avoid injur+ him4 ,especially is a common c>ri]1 9 deal+ ) a pass5g] :o is on its c> 9 an intoxicat$ condition1 b\nd to take 8 helpless condition into acc\nt 9 remov+ him f ! c> or o!rwise h&l+ him1 & n put him 9 a place ( manife/ dang] to "o 9 8 condition4 ,x has also be5 held t ! intoxication ( "o :o utt]$ a sl&] may be admissible 9 mitigation ( ! damages1 z utt]ances ( a drunk5 man c\ld n s]i\sly impair ! reputation ( any "o4 ,equitable ,rem$ies4--,else:]e we h told h[ c\rts ( law diff] f c\rts ( equity4 ,9 "s /ates no sep>ate c\rts exi/1 & :]ev] legal proce$+s are e/abli%$ by a code or sy/em ( /atute law1 ! =m ( compla9t address$ to a c\rt is q ! same 9 an equity case z 9 any o!r4 ,b 9 /ates :]e code practice has n be5 e/abli%$1 ! mode ( sett+ =? "o's grievance or wrong is by a bill or petition1 end+ ) a pray] = relief4 ,we w n[ briefly /ate "s ( ! ?+s = :i* relief 9 equity may be s\ght4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ?+s is to compel p]sons :o refuse to p]=m _! contracts to execute !m4 ,suppose "o has agre$ 9 writ+ prop]ly sign$ to sell 8 f>m to ano!r1 b is unwill+ to give him a de$4 ,x may be t he c get m = 8 f>m1 or he has made ! discov]y s9ce sell+ x t x is wor? mu* m1 is und]laid ) coal or oil1 or t a railway is soon to be built ne> x t w enhance its value4 ,if he w5t to a law c\rt1 all t x c\ld d w\ld be to compel ! sell] to give ! pur*as] su* damages z he c\ld prove he _h su/a9$ f ! sell]'s failure to execute 8 agreem5t4 ,b a c\rt ( equity c g fur!r & compel ! sell] to give ! pur*as] a prop] de$1 ! k9d ( de$ m5tion$ 9 ! agreem5t2 or1 if none 0 specifi$1 ! k9d ( de$ usually giv5 9 su* cases4 ,?is rem$y _c be always s\ght :5ev] ! sell] fails to execute 8 contracts4 ,! important limitation is1 :5 ! law has an adequate rem$y1 & ! injur$ p]son has no ne$ ( resort+ to a c\rt ( equity4 ,all ! ord9>y agricultural & manufactur$ products fall )9 ?is class1 cotton1 cattle1 lumb]1 fruits1 /ock 9 trade & ! l4 ,b if a *attel has a s5tim5tal value to ! pur*as]1 a c\rt ( equity w decree t x mu/ be deliv]$ to him1 because 9 su* a case ! damages w\ld obvi\sly be inadequate4 ,! same rule applies to all articles ( a unique or r>e value t _c be duplicat$2 also to pat5t$ or copyright$ ?+s t _c be procur$ 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,suppose "o has pur*as$ ! /ock ( a bank or railroad company1 :i* ! sell] refuses to deliv]1 has ! buy] a legal rem$y = damages1 or an equitable rem$y to compel ! sell] to deliv] ! /ock1 or has he ! *oice ( rem$ies8 ,! c\rts h divid$ on ?is "q4 ,! bett] rule is1 if ! /ock c be readily b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket1 ! buy] has only a law rem$y to recov] damages f ! sell]'s failure to execute 8 contract2 if ! /ock _c be ?us pur*as$1 a money damage is n an adequate rem$y1 ! pur*as] wants ! /ock & he c1 ?r\gh a c\rt ( equity1 compel ! sell] to deliv] x to him4 ,z gov]nm5t bonds c always be b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket1 a c\rt ( equity w n decree ! specific execution ( a contract = ! deliv]y ( ! actual bonds pur*as$4 ,if ,a has agre$ to erect a build+ = ,b on 8 l& & fails to d x1 money damages are usually an adequate rem$y1 b if ,b _c f9d any "o else to d ! "w z well1 or 9 z satisfactory mann]1 !n a c\rt ( equity w\ld compel ,a to fulfil 8 agreem5t4 ,likewise if a l&lord has agre$ to repair 8 t5ant's premises & neglects1 ! legal rem$y is usually m satisfactory ?an a specific execution ( ! agreem5t1 because "w done "u compulsion is n likely to be z well done z t done volunt>ily4 ,a contract to r5d] p]sonal s]vices w n be en=c$ aga9/ a p]son :o has agre$ to p]=m !m1 = sev]al reasons1 "o is t ano!r p]son c be employ$1 ano!r is t ! ?irte5? am5dm5t to ! f$]al con/itution1 =bidd+ involunt>y s]vitude1 cuts (f ! equitable rem$y 9 su* cases2 ( c\rse ! legal rem$y = damages is /ill effective4 ,a contract to give a mortgage to secure a loan ( money may be en=c$ by ! cr$itor1 b a contract to l5d money _c be en=c$ by ei!r p>ty1 because !re is usually an op5 m>ket = ! l5d+ & borr[+ ( money4 ,likewise a contract to =m a p>tn]%ip _c be en=c$1 =1 if x 71 ! unwill+ p>tn] c\ld dissolve x & ?us nullify ! action ( ! c\rt4 ,:]e "o sells out 8 bus9ess1 :e!r comm]cial or pr(essional1 & agrees n to compete ) ! buy]1 equity w compel ! sell] to obs]ve 8 contract unless x 0 illegal or an unreasonable re/ra9t on trade4 ,?is limitation is important4 ,?us ,a1 a d5ti/ 9 ,philadelphia1 agre$ ) ,b1 ano!r d5ti/1 n to practice 9 ! city = t5 ye>s a c]ta9 me?od ( extract+ tee?4 ,a cont9u$ to practice z be=e & ,b appli$ to a c\rt ( equity to enjo9 him4 ,he fail$ = ! reason t no "o ought to h a monopoly1 s ! c\rt said1 9 any means or me?od = reliev+ human suff]+1 l ! process 9 dispute4 ,if an employee agrees n to divulge ! trade secrets ( 8 employ]1 equity w en=ce ! agreem5t1 = damages giv5 9 a law c\rt w\ld be :olly inadequate4 ,ano!r class ( cases mu/ be m5tion$ relat+ to injuries to l&4 ,by ! common law ! only relief a l&[n] _h aga9/ "o :o injur$ x 9 any way 0 an action ( wa/e to recov] money damages4 ,a c\rt ( equity has p[] to issue a comm& to ! p]son :o ?reat5s or attempts to commit injury ord]+ & direct+ him to desi/ f 8 purpose4 ,?is has be5 (t5 us$ by ! own]s ( l& aga9/ _! t5ants :o attempt$ to d ?+s t w\ld mat]ially injure ! prop]ty4 ,?is rem$y is n[ (t5 us$ to secure ! own] & occupi] ( l& 9 its prop] use aga9/ ^? :o attempt to commit a nuisance4 ,:ile ! occupi] c\ld recov] damages if he s\ght ! aid ( a law c\rt1 equity w ord] ! wrongdo] to abate ! nuisance4 ,su* a rem$y is mu* m effective ?an ! legal "o1 because damages t may be recov]$ relate only to a pa/ (f5se1 :ile ! equitable "o prev5ts x f happ5+ or f its cont9uance4 ,promises n to d "s p>ticul> act on a piece ( l& are (t5 made 9 de$s convey+ !m2 !y are call$ cov5ants4 ,equity w usually en=ce ^! cov5ants1 & w compel ! wrongdo] to undo :at he has done provid$ t relief is s\ght promptly4 ,?us if a pur*as] agrees n to build ne>] ! /reet ?an a /at$ l9e1 he c be enjo9$ f disreg>d+ x4 ,a pur*as] !re=e :o built two h\ses ?ree feet beyond ! agre$ l9e 0 compell$ to remove !m4 ,! rem$y 9 su* a case is an injunction4 ,x may be tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,q (t5 :5 "o applies = an injunction1 if ! injury ?reat5$ is imm$iate1 ! c\rt w imm$iately enjo9 ! p>ty f proce$+ & fix a "t = a future he>+ to decide :e!r ! injunction %all be dissolv$ or made p]man5t4 ,! "t fix$ = su* a he>+ is )9 ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 & dep5ds on ! nature ( ! case4 ,usually ! "t is q %ort1 en\gh to enable ! p>ties to collect ! evid5ce relat+ to ! controv]sy4 ,! he>+ is conduct$ v mu* l any o!r trial1 witnesses appe>1 all ! evid5ce is giv51 & is review$ by cont5d+ c\nsel1 aft] :i* ! judge ann\nces 8 decision4 ,"s ( ! m notewor?y injunctions ( rec5t days h be5 r5d]$ aga9/ labor unions or _! memb]s :o1 hav+ /ruck = high] wages1 or o!r ends1 h s\ght to picket ! works ( _! employ]s & ?us prev5t !m f employ+ o!r work]s to take ! places ( ! /rik]s4 ,! unions cont5d t ?is is an improp] use ( ! judicial p[]1 :e!r x is or n no "o w d5y t x has be5 long ex]cis$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( adm9i/]+ ! pat5t law injunctions 7 grant$ aga9/ infr+]s4 ,judges soon grew m cauti\s :5 !y le>n$ t pat5ts 7 sometimes errone\sly grant$1 & t1 on acquir+ a full] k ( ! controv]sy1 !re _h be5 no infr+em5t4 ,! mod]n practice !re=e is1 unless ! pro( is v cle>1 to require a p>ty :o applies = an injunction to try 8 case fir/ & e/abli% 8 pat5t & !n1 if x has be5 infr+$1 an injunction w be issu$4 ,factor4--,a factor receives & sells goods = a commission1 is usually entru/$ ) _! possession1 & sells !m 9 8 own "n4 ,he has a special int]e/ or prop]ty 9 !m1 & a li5 !reon = advances 9 money t he may make to ! own]s4 ,no =mal mode ( au?oriz+ him to act is requir$1 usually ?is is done by ^w only1 & 8 au?oriz$ acts may be ratifi$ by 8 pr9cipal4 ,?is au?ority is l>gely ! outgr[? ( usage4 ,! au?ority ( a factor to fix ! t]ms ( sell+ may be by agreem5t or by usage1 l any o!r ag5t4 ,limitations fix$ by ! pr9cipal are ord9>ily b9d+ on ! factor1 &1 s f> z !y are *>geable ) notice ( !m1 ?ird p]sons also4 ,:]e goods are confid$ to a factor )\t in/ructions1 au?ority to ex]cise a fair & reasonable discretion is impli$4 ,unless re/rict$ by 8 pr9cipal1 or by contr>y usage1 he may sell goods on a reasonable t]m ( cr$it4 ,if he is re/rict$ to ca% sales only1 or is n protect$ by usage 9 sell+ on cr$it1 he _c d s4 ,secret in/ructions w\ld n affect ! rights ( a pur*as] ignorant ( !m & rely+ on cu/om>y au?ority4 ,a factor is employ$ to sell goods1 & n to b>t] or ex*ange !m1 & if he %\ld d ?is 8 pr9cipal c\ld recov] !m4 ,he may insure ! goods1 b is n requir$ to d s unless in/ruct$ or is requir$ by usage1 :i* plays a l>ge "p 9 ?is matt] & mu/ be obs]v$ except z qualifi$ by in/ructions4 ,he _c comp\nd or compromise a claim = ! pur*ase price1 or dis*>ge ! debt on paym5t ( a "p only1 or submit a disput$ claim = arbitration1 or resc9d a sale1 or dis*>ge a pur*as] f any "p ( 8 obligation1 or ext5d ! "t ( paym5t1 or make1 accept or indorse negotiable pap] contr>y to in/ructions or usage1 or sell ! goods ?us entru/$ to him = sale to himself4 ,see ,ag5cy4 ,fire ,insurance4--,insurance aga9/ loss by fire is n[ effect$ 9 companies organiz$ = t purpose4 ,two k9ds exi/1 /ock & mutual4 ,9 mutual companies ! p]sons insur$ act toge!r to insure ea* o!r4 ,! memb]s ( "s ( ! l>ge/ mutual companies are manufactur+ corporations4 ,! m g5]al mode ( conduct+ !m is to require ea* memb] to pay a premium 9 advance = ! am\nt insur$ :i*1 unless unusual losses occur1 w be en\gh to pay all ! losses = ! ye>4 ,if x is n all ne$$1 ! balance is return$ to ! p>ties :o paid ! premiums1 or is cr$it$ to !m = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,if ! losses exce$ ! premiums ?us paid 9 advance1 !n an assessm5t is made on ea* memb] to cov] ! defici5cy4 ,g5]ally ! premium paid is m ?an en\gh to cov] ! losses1 & a balance is return$ or cr$it$ to ! insur$ z above m5tion$4 ,z mutual companies d n take su* risks z /ock companies1 ! co/ ( insurance is less & !re=e is c>ri$ 9 pref]5ce to insurance 9 /ock companies1 :5ev] x c be obta9$4 ,!re is ano!r way = pay+ = losses 9 mutual companies4 ,in/ead ( pay+ ca% premiums 9 advance1 ! insur$ gives a bond or note well secur$ t he w pay 9 ca% :5ev] a call is made on him to cov] ! losses t h be5 incurr$ at ! end ( ! ye> or o!r p]iod4 ,?is me?od is 9 vogue 9 "s sections1 because /ill less money is requir$ to keep prop]ty insur$4 ,( c\rse besides ! money to pay losses ano!r sum is requir$ to pay ! exp5se ( managem5t4 ,x w be se5 t ! mutual plan is purely = protection aga9/ loss & no pr(it 9 ! way ( divid5ds is =?com+1 = ! companies h no capital4 ,x is true t "s companies1 in/ead ( return+ ! unexp5d$ premiums = losses reta9 !m or a "p ( !m & by s do+ accumulate a surplus4 ,_m companies1 h[ev]1 return all ! contributions n exp5d$ = managem5t or losses & h no surplus1 or only a v small "o4 ,/ock insurance companies proce$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,!y are organiz$ to make money1 a capital is subscrib$1 ! rates ( insurance or premiums are fix$ & aft] pay+ ! exp5se ( managem5t & loss1 ! balance is paid to ! /ockhold]s 9 ! way ( divid5ds4 ,! bus9ess is "o ( unusual haz>d1 & only a ri* p]son1 :o c af=d to lose 8 money1 ought to inve/ 9 ! /ock ( su* companies4 ,_! pr(its & losses v>y greatly f ye> to ye>2 & failures h be5 frequ5t4 ,nev]!less "s companies h a f9e record1 en\gh to tempt !m to cont9ue not)/&+ _! try+ rev]ses4 ,z ! contract ( insurance is = an indemnity1 ! insur$ mu/ h "s int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty insur$1 o!rwise ! contract is a m]e wag]1 :i* ! law condemns4 ,moreov] ! int]e/ mu/ cont9ue & exi/ at ! "t ( ! loss4 ,:o1 !re=e1 has an insurable int]e/8 ,a bailee1 a c>ri] ( goods1 a consignee :o has au?ority to sell !m1 a factor1 pl$gee1 w>eh\seman1 an assignee = ! b5efit ( cr$itors1 an executor or adm9i/rator1 an atta*m5t cr$itor1 b n a g5]al cr$itor1 a l&lord1 t5ant1 mortgagee ( real or p]sonal prop]ty1 a li5or1 = example1 ! hold] ( a me*anic's li51 a receiv]1 residu>y legatee or devisee1 a tru/ee1 v5dees & v5dors ( real & p]sonal prop]ty1 ! own] ( /ock 9 a corporation1 any ag5t :o has ! c>e & managem5t ( 8 pr9cipal's prop]ty1 besides _m o!rs4 ,b a fire insurance policy may be assign$ z collat]al security ) ! company's cons5t1 & cont9ue valid ?\gh ! assignee has no int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty4 ,?is rule !re=e is fundam5tal1 & if ! int]e/ ( ! insur$ 9 ! prop]ty has be5 ext+ui%$ aft] mak+ 8 contract & prior to its loss by fire1 he c get no?+ f ! company4 ,likewise ! prop]ty mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ( mak+ ! contract1 if x 0 n1 ! policy is void4 ,_m /ories are told ( insur+ %ips aft] le>n+ ( _! loss2 su* conduct is a palpable fraud4 ,an insurance policy is a contract1 ( :i* ! policy is evid5ce4 ,a /&>d policy has be5 prescrib$ 9 sev]al /ates by /atute3 9 o!r /ates ! p>ties are /ill free to make su* t]ms z !y please4 ,x is usual = companies to execute blank policies 9 due =m to be fill$ out & deliv]$ by _! ag5ts4 ,su* policies are n valid until c\nt]sign$1 unless ! c\nt]sign+ is waiv$4 ,:5 does ! policy become valid or b9d+ on ! insur$8 ,says a compet5t au?ority3 ,:]e a policy has be5 duly execut$ 9 compliance ) an application on ! "p ( ! insur$1 s t ! m9ds ( ! p>ties h fully met z to ! t]ms & conditions ( ! contract1 a manual deliv]y ( ! policy to ! insur$ is n ess5tial to r5d] x b9d+ on ! company4 ,if ! contract has become b9d+ by ! issuance ( ! policy & ! plac+ x 9 ! h&s ( an ag5t = deliv]y1 !n ! fact t su* deliv]y is n actually made to ! insur$ until aft] ! loss has occurr$1 w n defeat recov]y by ! insur$4 ,! premium usually mu/ be paid at ! "t ( issu+ ! policy1 unless a diff]5t agreem5t is made conc]n+ x4 ,cr$it may be giv51 & an ag5t g5]ally has au?ority to d ?is4 ,a valid paym5t may also be made 9 o!r means ?an money2 a *eck or note may be giv5 = x4 ,an insurance policy may be assign$1 ?\gh x usually conta9s a clause t ! cons5t ( ! insur] is ne$ful4 ,:5 ! policy conta9s ?is clause & ! insur] )\t valid reason refuses to cons5t to an assignm5t1 ! assignee acquires ! same "r z ?\gh cons5t _h be5 giv54 ,cons5t to an assignm5t may be giv5 by ! presid5t ( ! company1 )\t =mal vote by ! directors4 ,x may also be giv5 by ! secret>y or by any o!r ag5t duly au?oriz$4 ,:5 c a policy be cancel$8 ,unless ?is "r is res]v$ 9 ! contract1 or giv5 by /atute1 ! insur] _c cancel ! contract )\t ! cons5t ( ! insur$4 ,x (t5 is res]v$1 & if ex]cis$1 ?is mu/ be done be=e a loss occurs1 & a cancellation made aft]w>ds1 ?\gh )\t k ( x1 is void4 ,! motive = mak+ x is n important4 ,if1 z a condition ( cancellation1 ! une>n$ portion ( ! premium is to be return$1 ! failure to return x r5d]s ! cancellation wor?less4 ,nor is ?is effective until notice has be5 giv5 to ! insur$4 ,a c\rt ( equity w re=m a contract ( insurance on ! gr\nd ( accid5t1 fraud1 & mi/ake4 ,oral evid5ce is admissible to prove ! fraud or mi/ake2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be cle> be=e a c\rt w grant relief4 ,if mi/ake is ! gr\nd = ask+ relief1 ! insur$ mu/ n h be5 guilty 9 caus+ x1 & mu/ act promptly aft] 8 discov]y4 ,?is rule does n prev5t him f seek+ relief :5 ! ag5t ( ! insur] has be5 neglig5t4 ,fur!rmore x may be grant$ ev5 aft] ! happ5+ ( a loss4 ,%\ld !re be a conflict betwe5 ! writt5 & pr9t$ portions ( a policy1 ! writt5 portion w be presum$ to repres5t ! int5t ( ! p>ties4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pr9t$ portion excludes c]ta9 articles f ! risk1 & ! writt5 portion cov]s !m1 !y are includ$4 ,conditions also writt5 or pr9t$ on ! m>g9 or back ( ! policy are reg>d$ z portions ( x1 & ^! too w control ! pr9t$ portions4 ,besides1 ! writt5 application is usually consid]$ a "p ( ! contract & ! policy is con/ru$ or int]pret$ 9 connection ) x4 ,?is is especially s :]e ! proposals & conditions are atta*$ to ! policy4 ,if ! int5t ( ! policy is n cle> f ! language us$1 ! surr\nd+ circum/ances may be %[n = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! int5t ( ! p>ties4 ,! kn[n usage ( trade may also be tak5 into acc\nt 9 con/ru+ ! language ( a policy4 ,! language ( ! policy %\ld be s con/ru$ z to cov] ! prop]ty )9 ! int5tion ( ! p>ties1 & support1 if possible1 ! contract ( indemnity4 ,m]e cl]ical errors or mi/akes 9 describ+ x may be correct$ ev5 aft] x has be5 de/roy$4 ,! location is an ess5tial elem5t1 & ! policy w n be /ret*$ to cov] prop]ty n )9 ! description4 ,if a build+ is describ$ ?is does n include sep>ate /ructures us$ 9 connection ) x1 nor fixtures con/itut+ no "p ( ! /ructure4 ,unless expressly except$1 h[ev]1 insurance cov]s ^? ?+s :i* h be5 s annex$ z to become a "p ( ! realty b none o!rs4 ,! t]m /ore fixtures cov]s fitt+s1 fixtures1 furniture us$ 9 ! c\rse ( trade1 :e!r !y are "p ( ! realty or n4 ,likewise ! t]m /ock us$ 9 a m]cantile bus9ess includes ev]y?+ usually kept = sale1 9 t bus9ess1 b no?+ m2 :ile h\sehold furniture includes all articles necess>y & conv5i5t = h\sekeep+4 ,) respect to future additions ^! are cov]$ by ! policy unless x is s drawn z to %[ a cle> int5t to exclude !m4 ,! risk usually beg9s ) ! date ( ! policy1 unless x is effect$ by a prelim9>y contract4 ,9 su* a case ! risk beg9s f ! date ( ! prelim9>y contract1 & cont9ues = ! p]iod fix$ 9 ! policy1 or1 if none has be5 fix$1 = a reasonable "t4 ,a misrepres5tation voids a policy g5]ally4 ,x mu/ n only be false 9 fact1 b ! insur$ mu/ h kn[n t x 0 false :5 mak+ x 9 a sub/antial & mat]ial respect4 ,! mis/atem5t ( an ag5t ( ! insur$ w h ! same effect4 ,inde$1 any fraud ( ! insur$ 9 procur+ ! policy has ! effect ( void+ x if ! insur] *ooses to d s4 ,( c\rse1 ! wrongful facts or acts ( ! insur$ possess a v>i$ "*4 ,8 conduct 9 conceal+ facts t ought to h be5 made kn[n to ! insur] may h t effect4 ,?us to conceal a fact ( :i* ! insur$ _h k1 & :i*1 if kn[n by ! insur] ! risk probably w\ld n h be5 tak51 is a fraud rightly available to ! insur]4 ,! p>ties to an insurance contract may agree t ! que/ions put by ! insur] & ! answ]s giv5 by ! insur$ %all become a w>ranty4 ,?is1 z exp]i5ce has %[n1 is a simpl] way ( effect+ a policy ( insurance4 ,:5 ?is is done a misrepres5tation con/itutes a brea* ( w>ranty & ! contract becomes void4 ,! mod]n policy provides t x %all be void if ! insur$ n[ has or %all h]eaft] make or procure any o!r contract ( insurance1 :e!r valid or n1 on prop]ty cov]$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by ?is policy4 ,if ! insur$ effects o!r insurance he mu/ n =get to obta9 cons5t ( ! insur]1 & %\ld he =get 8 good int5tion w n pres]ve 8 policy4 ,nor c ! insur$ protect himself by cancel+ ! prior policy if he breaks ! condition4 ,nor does its expiration revive ! subsequ5t policy4 ,an ov]/atem5t ( exi/+ insurance "u an express w>ranty w also violate ! policy4 ,:ile =getfulness or good int5tion w n save ! insur$ 9 su* cases1 insurance obta9$ by a ?ird p]son )\t ! k ( ! insur$ on ! same prop]ty w n endang] 8 rights "u 8 policy4 ,if a fire occurs & a loss results1 ?is may be total or p>tial4 ,9 e case ( loss fire mu/ be ! proximate cause ( ! loss4 ,:at loss is cov]$ by a policy has be5 ! subject ( frequ5t controv]sy4 ,damage by wat] us$ to ext+ui% a fire is usually cov]$2 also damage to or loss ( goods remov$ to prev5t _! de/ruction f fire 9 ! insur$ or ano!r build+4 ,likewise ! loss caus$ by bl[+ up a build+ to *eck a fire1 likewise damage f an explosion :i* is ! direct result ( a fire1 b an explosion due to ! ignition ( a mat* or sp>k ( an explosive sub/ance1 no fire result+1 is n )9 ! t]ms ( an ord9>y fire policy4 ,! /&>d policies conta9 a clause reliev+ ! insur$ f liability to pay = prop]ty /ol5 dur+ ! progress ( a fire1 or dur+ ! removal ( prop]ty necessitat$ by fire4 ,an exception ( liability f lightn+1 unless foll[$ by fire1 excludes recov]y unless !re is loss f burn+1 b x is q common to insure aga9/ loss f lightn+ z well z fire4 ,unless !re is a /ipulation 9 ! policy ! insur] is n reliev$ f liability by m]e neglig5ce or c>elessness ( ! insur$ or 8 s]vants ?\gh directly contribut+ to ! loss2 on ! o!r h&1 ! insur$ :o does n take reasonable c>e to avoid loss f 8 neglig5ce or t ( 8 s]vants may defeat recov]y "u 8 policy4 ,?is rule is n easy ( application1 cases ( cle>ly prov$ neglig5ce are num]\s1 also cases free f neglig5ce1 a ?ird class ( a d\btful nature4 ,! field ( ! law is op5 9 e direction to ^!4 ,= a total loss ! insur] is liable = ! entire value ( ! prop]ty to ! limit cov]$ by ! insurance4 ,?us ! loss ( a build+ is total ?\gh "s ( ! walls rema9 /&+1 b n :5 ! remnant c be re/or$4 ,9 "s /ates ! /atutes provide t 9 case ( total loss ! insur] %all be liable = ! full am\nt ( insurance1 & %all n be all[$ to %[ t ! prop]ty 0 ( less value ?an ! am\nt insur$4 ,:5 ! loss is p>tial ! insur] is liable only = ! am\nt ( ! loss1 n exce$+ ! insurance4 ,! policy may limit ! am\nt ( recov]y to ! co/ ( re/or+ or replac+ ! prop]ty1 & 9 su* cases ?is is (t5 done in/ead ( pay+ ! loss 9 money4 ,if ea* ( sev]al classes or items is sep>ately valu$1 !reby sep>at+ ! liability = !m1 ! recov]y = any "o class or item is limit$ to ! damage to ! same4 ,la/ly1 9 fix+ ! loss ! di/9ction betwe5 op5 & valu$ policies mu/ be expla9$4 ,a fire policy is g5]ally writt5 9 su* a way t ! liability ( ! insur] dep5ds on ! am\nt ( ! loss to be det]m9$ aft] ! loss has occurr$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! valuation ( ! prop]ty 9 ! application = a policy or 9 ! policy1 does n fix ! liability ( ! insur]1 ev5 ?\gh ! loss be total4 ,?is is call$ an op5 policy4 ,on ! o!r h& ! loss may be fix$ by a /ipulation 9 ! policy1 & :i* b9ds ! insur] to pay ! :ole sum insur$ 9 case ( total loss4 ,?is is call$ a valu$ policy4 ,a policy is reg>d$ z an op5 "o1 unless x appe>s to h be5 ! int5tion ( ! p>ties on a fair & reasonable con/ruction ( its t]ms1 to value ! loss & s fix by contract ! am\nt t may be recov]$4 ,fixtures4--,a fixture is some?+ annex$ to l& ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4 ,diff]5t rules apply to p]sons 9 diff]5t relations4 ,! law favors removal by a t5ant presum+ t he does n put 9 ?+s = ! l&lord's b5efit1 unless !re is an agreem5t to t effect betwe5 !m4 ,on ! o!r h& a diff]5t rule applies betwe5 ! sell] & pur*as] ( real e/ate4 ,z betwe5 !m ! law presumes t ! sell] int5d$ to keep ! ?+s affix$ to ! h\se1 especially ranges & ! l4 ,on ! o!r h& a some:at diff]5t rule applies betwe5 mortgagor & mortgagee4 ,! =m] is favor$1 b n s mu* z ! t5ant4 ,suppose ! mortgagor 0 a nurs]yman1 & ! l& 0 tak5 = ! debt by ! mortgagee1 w\ld x include ! trees & %rubs t _h be5 plant$ = sale8 ,! c\rts h giv5 an affirmative answ]4 ,! facts t are ( special value 9 f9d+ out :e!r a ?+ is a fixture or n are3 7#a7 ! actual annexation ( ! article to ! realty2 7#b7 ! imm$iate object or purpose ( ! annexation2 7#c7 ! adaptability = p]man5t or m]e tempor>y use2 7#d7 & :e!r ! article c be remov$ )\t mat]ial injury to ! prop]ty to :i* x is annex$4 ,see ,lease4 ,g>age ,keep]4--,! g>age has be5 said to be ! mod]n sub/itute = ! anci5t liv]y /able4 ,a g>age man :o receives ! automobile ( ano!r to keep or repair--a s]vice = :i* ! own] is to pay a comp5sation--is a bailee = hire4 ,:ile ?is relation ( bailor & bailee exi/s1 ! own] is n ord9>ily responsible = ! neglig5ce ( ! g>ageman or 8 s]vants 9 ! c>e or op]ation ( ! automobile4 ,a public g>age is n a nuisance4 ,ev5 ! /orage ( gasol9e 9 suitable tanks set d[n 9 ! e>? is n a nuisance4 ,yet ! bus9ess may become a nuisance :5 conduct$ 9 "s localities1 or 9 an improp] mann]4 ,! op]ation ( a public g>age may !re=e be enjo9$ 9 a purely resid5tial section )9 a %ort di/ance ( l>ge *ur*es1 a p>o*ial s*ool & h\ses4 ,likewise ! odors1 ! noise1 & ! fire haz>d1 :i* are occasion$ by ! con/ruction & managem5t ( a g>age1 create a situation :i* ju/ifies public regulation4 ,a g>age keep] is g5]ally all[$ a li5 on an automobile = /orage & repairs4 ,if no price has be5 fix$ 9 advance1 ! g>age keep] is entitl$ to recov] ( ! own] ! reasonable value ( ! s]vices & mat]ials furni%$4 ,:5 ! automobile is br\ght to ! g>age by a *auffeur1 ! g>age keep] %\ld assure himself ( ! *auffeur's au?ority to ord] repairs1 especially ^? ( a p]man5t nature4 ,! g>age keep] :5 /or+ a c> = ano!r = comp5sation mu/ ex]cise reasonable c>e & prud5ce4 ,if neglig5t he is liable = ! damage4 ,x is said t ! liability ( a g>age keep] = hire is n affect$ by reason ( ! k ( ! own] z to ! place :]e ! prop]ty is kept4 ,its acceptance by ! g>ageman imposes on him ! duty ( ex]cis+ due c>e = its safety & protection4 ,b he is n an insur] ( ! prop]ty2 & !re=e is n liable = loss by fire unless he has be5 neglig5t4 ,g5]ally1 9 su* a case ! burd5 ( pro( is on ! own] ( ! ma*9e to %[ t ! fire 0 caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( ! g>ageman4 ,sometimes "o keeps a c> = ano!r = accommodation1 receiv+ no comp5sation !re=4 ,"o :o ?us s]ves ano!r is liable only = gross neglig5ce4 ,! g>age keep] mu/ protect ! prop]ty f !ft4 ,if he p]mits a ma*9e to rema9 9 an alley :5 x ought to h be5 inside 8 g>age1 he is liable4 ,9 "o case a motorcycli/ left 8 ma*9e ) a g>age keep] to be kept ov] night1 & also gave p]mission = its inspection by any "o :om he might s5d ar\nd4 ,a p]son appe>$ ) a p]mit to inspect x :o1 "u ! p]mission1 /ole x & rode away4 ,! g>age keep] 0 rightfully held n liable4 ,if a g>age keep] or 8 s]vant neglig5tly runs a ma*9e left 9 8 cu/ody = /orage or repairs1 ! g>ageman is liable = ! damage result+ to ! own]4 ,at ! expiration ( ! bailm5t he mu/ deliv] ! ma*9e to ! own] or p]son au?oriz$ by him to receive x1 & is liable if neglect+ or refus+4 ,he is also liable if delay+ unreasonably to make repairs1 or = mak+ !m unskillfully4 ,la/ly1 if ! c> is driv5 by ! g>ageman's s]vant :ile ! bailm5t cont9ues1 ! bailee1 & n ! own]1 is responsible = any injury done to a ?ird p]son by ! s]vant's neglig5ce4 ,( c\rse1 if ! driv] 0 act+ outside ! scope ( 8 au?ority1 & 0 us+ ! c> = p]sonal purposes1 nei!r ! g>ageman nor ! own] w\ld be responsible = :atev] happ5$4 ,see ,automobile3 ,*auffeur4 ,home/ead4--,a legal home/ead is ! home or resid5ce ( a family l& own]1 & includes a specific area v>y+ 9 ! sev]al /ates4 ,by ! m g5]al rule ! l& mu/ be connect$ 9 a s+le piece1 ?\gh 9 "s /ates ! pieces may be di/9ct4 ,?\gh divid$ by a highway ?is does n effect a sep>ation1 z ! l& !re9 belongs to ! own] subject to ! public rights to pass & repass & also use to keep ! highway 9 repair4 ,! peculi>ity ab\t a home/ead is1 x is protect$ by law f seizure by ! own]'s cr$itors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important que/ions relat+ to a home/ead is1 ! mean+ ( ! head ( a family4 ,! t]m is n limit$ to a man hav+ a wife & *ildr54 ,x includes an unm>ri$ man ) :om 8 wid[$ si/] & *ildr5 reside2 or a man :o supports 8 "m2 likewise an unm>ri$ woman ) :om ! *ildr5 ( a deceas$ si/] are liv+4 ,nor ne$ !y live "u ! same ro(1 ! ess5tial ?+ is ! relation & dep5d5ce exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,on ! dea? ( a husb& own+ a home/ead ! "r survives to ! wid[1 & usually to ! m9or *ildr54 ,"s /atutes give h] ! absolute e/ate1 o!rs a life int]e/2 9 "s /ates %e loses ! home/ead by a subsequ5t m>riage4 ,9 mo/ /ates ! rights ( surviv+ *ildr5 end on atta9+ _! majority4 ,9 _m /ates ! surviv+ husb& is entitl$ to ! home/ead "r1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no *ildr54 ,a husb& does n lose 8 home/ead :5 8 wife )draws f ! family "u a decree ( divorce4 ,non-resid5ts z a rule are n )9 ! privilege ( ! home/ead laws4 ,on ! dissolution ( a m>riage by divorce1 z ! wife ceases to be a memb] ( ! husb&'s family1 %e loses h] rights to ! home/ead4 ,! decree ( divorce may1 9 ! dissolution ( ! m>riage1 res]ve to h] ! "r1 & if %e is ! own] ( ! home/ead %e may cont9ue to occupy x z "o4 ,! m]e des]tion ( husb& or wife by ! o!r sp\se w n1 9 itself1 de/roy ! "* ( ! home/ead al?\gh an entire dissolution ( ! family w h t effect4 ,by ! f$]al law e head ( a family1 or a p]son tw5ty-"o ye>s old & a citiz51 or int5d$ citiz51 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if n ! own] else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( "o hundr$ & sixty acres ( l& & has n previ\sly obta9$ a f$]al home/ead1 is entitl$ to a qu>t] section or less ( ! public l&4 ,?ree ?+s are necess>y3 7#a7 ,an affidavit %[+ t ! applicant comes "u ! law2 7#b7 a =mal application2 7#c7 paym5t ( ! l& (fice *>ges4 ,:5 ^! ?+s are done1 ! c]tificate ( entry is deliv]$ to ! applicant & ! entry is made4 ,!n ! entryman mu/ actually reside on & cultivate ! l& = ?ree ye>s1 & at ! end ( t p]iod1 he is entitl$ to a pat5t4 ,! l&s ?us acquir$ are n liable = any debts contract$ prior to ! issu+ ( ! pat5t4 ,! head ( a family c sell or mortgage 8 home/ead1 :e!r he is solv5t or n1 nor c 8 cr$itors prev5t its sale s9ce !y h no rights !re94 ,& if he sells 8 home/ead & ) ! proce$s buys ano!r1 ! second is z fully protect$ f cr$itors z ! o!r4 ,f liability = mo/ debts a home/ead] is exempt1 b n = all4 ,g5]ally ! home/ead is n exempt f taxes1 b n ev]y:]e f f9es = public (f5ses or liability on (ficial bonds4 ,debts contract$ prior to ! acquisition ( ! home/ead & pre-exi/+ li5s 9 mo/ /ates are en=ceable aga9/ ! home/ead4 ,s are debts contract$ 9 improv+ or pres]v+ ! home/ead4 ,^! include mat]ials furni%$1 also ! wages ( cl]ks1 s]vants1 labor]s & me*anics4 ,husb& & ,wife4--,! law1 :ile reg>d+ m>riage z a contract1 adds some?+ m1 = x _c be t]m9at$ by ! w or cons5t ( ! p>ties2 a contract on ! o!r h& 9 mo/ cases c be4 ,to con/itute a m>riage !re mu/ be an agreem5t or mutual ass5t by ! p>ties4 ,?is agreem5t mu/ be made freely1 s]i\sly & n z a joke4 ,false repres5tations ( heal?1 weal?1 etc41 d n invalidate ! agreem5t1 yet ^! may be grave en\gh to h t effect4 ,cons5t may be obta9$ by deceit or compulsion s gross z to ju/ify a c\rt 9 decl>+ t ! p>ties 7 nev] legally m>ri$4 ,a p]son may be too defective m5tally to give an intellig5t ass5t4 ,a subsequ5t m5tal weak5+ w\ld be no gr\nd = annull+ a m>riage4 ,an ,ill9ois c\rt rec5tly rem>k$1 x is a h>% rule t w\ld p]mit a m>ri$ man ^: wife lat] 9 life became insane to put h] away on acc\nt ( h] mis=tune4 ,if "o 7 s intoxicat$ t he did n act intellig5tly1 he c\ld avoid 8 m>riage4 ,a male at common law c m>ry at f\rte51 a female at twelve4 ,by /atute a lat] date1 tw5ty-"o = males & eighte5 = females has be5 fix$ 9 _m /ates4 ,! "r to disaffirm a m>riage on ! gr\nd ( non-age1 unlike ! p>ties to a contract1 applies to bo? p>ties4 ,9 ?is c\ntry m>riage is regulat$ l>gely by ! /ates1 ?\gh a movem5t has be5 />t$ to make m>riage & divorce a matt] ( national regulation4 ,z m>riages are ( high] "* ?an o!r contracts relat+ to ! ord9>y deal+s ( m51 ev5 ^? t are prohibit$ by law are = reasons ( public policy n always void4 ,!y are !re=e n void1 simply because ! =malities prescrib$ by /atute 9 obta9+ ! lic5se & solemniz+ ! m>riage h n be5 obs]v$1 :5 ! p>ties aft]w>d live toge!r l o!r m>ri$ p4 ,a m>riage c]emony is n void ?\gh p]=m$ by "o outside 8 jurisdiction1 or n hav+ a lic5se obta9$ at ! prop] place4 ,p]sons :o improp]ly grant lic5ses & solemnize m>riages may !mselves suff] legally1 b _! wrongful action _c be visit$ on o!rs4 ,! pr9ciple /ill prevails 9 mo/ /ates t a m>riage :i* is good by ! common law1 ?\gh contr>y to /atutory =ms unless !re is an express prohibition1 is a valid m>riage4 ,9 a few /ates a common law m>riage is invalid4 ,a m>riage t is valid by ! law ( ! /ate :]e x 0 made1 is valid ev]y:]e4 ,nev]!less1 ! c\rts h great difficulty 9 apply+ ! pr9ciple4 ,suppose t ! resid5t ( a /ate1 = ! purpose ( evad+ its m>riage laws1 %\ld g into ano!r /ate & h ! m>riage solemniz$1 & !n return1 is ! m>riage valid 9 t /ate8 ,no1 b to less5 ! rigor ( ! rule1 ! c\rts hold t bo? p>ties mu/ h int5d$ to evade ! law1 if1 !re=e1 "o ( !m 0 innoc5t ! m>riage 0 valid4 ,aft] m>riage ! husb&'s domicile becomes t ( 8 wife1 & h] refusal to foll[ him )\t good cause1 w\ld be 9 law a des]tion4 ,x is said t a promise be=e m>riage n to take h] away f h] "m & fri5ds w n ju/ify h] 9 refus+ to g ) him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 %e _h imm$iately aft] m>riage1 det]m9$ to sep>ate f him & to take legal /eps to t end1 %e c\ld legally rema94 ,a m>ri$ woman by ! common law is answ]able p]sonally = h] crimes z ?\gh %e 7 unm>ri$1 unless !y 7 committ$ 9 h] husb&'s pres5ce4 ,:5 toge!r ! law presumes %e act$ f 8 co]cion1 he !re=e mu/ be ! suff]]1 :ile %e escapes4 ,?is rule ?\gh does n apply to ! grave/ crimes2 = ^! bo? are liable4 ,l s _m o!r legal rules ! difficulty is 9 apply+ x4 ,h[ ne> to ! husb& mu/ %e be :5 committ+ a wrong to r5d] him liable & escape h]self4 ,9 "o ( ! cases a m>ri$ woman 0 prop]ly indict$ = unlawfully sell+ intoxicat+ liquors4 ,at ! "t ( sell+ !m %e 0 alone 9 ! room1 ?\gh %e _h sold !m by h] husb&'s ord]4 ,z ! law reg>ds husb& & wife z "o p]son1 _m peculi> ?+s fl[ f ?is relation4 ,?us "o _c /eal f ! o!r2 b ei!r is crim9ally liable = an assault committ$ on ! o!r4 ,by /atute 9 "s /ates ! "r ( ei!r p>ty to sue ! o!r = wrongs has be5 greatly ext5d$2 nor is ! husb& liable = wrongs committ$ by 8 wife unless he p>ticipat$ 9 !m4 ,= example1 9 "s /ates he is n liable = sl&]\s words spok5 by h] 9 8 abs5ce2 9 o!r /ates 8 liability cont9ues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a wife :o c manage & control h] sep>ate e/ate may 9 turn be liable = ! wrongs ( h] husb& :ile he is act+ ) au?ority z h] ag5t4 ,a husb& has a "r ( action = damages aga9/ any p]son :o ali5ates 8 wife's affections4 ,nor c he be defeat$ by %[+ t he & 8 wife did n live happily toge!r4 ,su* facts ?\gh may be us$ to prove t h] society 0 wor? less ?an x w\ld h be5 _h !y liv$ happily1 9 fact1 by money valuation 0 n wor? ?ree c5ts4 ,a husb& =feits 8 "r to sue o!rs = ent]ta9m5t :5 8 own misconduct ju/ifi$ & actually caus$ ! sep>ation1 o!rwise 8 rem$y is complete aga9/ all p]sons :atsoev] :o h l5t _! c\nt5ance to any agreem5t = break+ up 8 h\sehold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is is a "o-sid$ rule 9 "s /ates2 9 o!rs a wife has ! same "r to sue = ! ali5ation ( h] husb&'s affections z he has = ! ali5ation ( h]s4 ,by /atute great *anges h be5 made 9 ! way ( p]mitt+ m>ri$ wom5 to reta9 _! prop]ty & manage x1 & to d bus9ess4 ,=m]ly1 all ! p]sonal prop]ty ( a m>ri$ woman w5t imm$iately by law to h] husb&1 & he became responsible = h] debts4 ,%e /ill reta9$ h] real e/ate & ! managem5t ( x4 ,n[1 v g5]ally1 %e also reta9s h] p]sonal prop]ty1 also ! income1 v mu* z if %e 7 unm>ri$4 ,%e (t5 appo9ts him z h] ag5t to manage h] prop]ty1 & :5 ?us act+ he is responsible to o!rs & to h] l any o!r ag5t4 ,he may contract = erect+ any build+ or improvem5t on h] l&1 b %\ld he contract 9 8 own "n = su* improvem5t %e _c be held !re=1 nor c any "o :o has done "w or furni%$ mat]ials put a li5 !reon = !m4 ,x may be add$ t 8 "r to act z h] ag5t is nev] impli$ solely f ! m>ital relation4 ,a wife may act 9 a repres5tative capacity z ag5t = h] husb&1 or = o!r p]sons1 & may execute a p[] conf]r$ on h] by de$ or w4 ,%e may also be appo9t$ to act z executor1 adm9i/rator or gu>dian1 ?\gh "u ! common law !ory h] husb&'s cons5t 0 ne$ful to h] acceptance ( any ( ^! und]tak+s4 ,! common law relations ( husb& & wife h be5 greatly *ang$ by /atute s9ce ab\t #ahdd4 ,x is n[1 says ,peck1 ! usual rule ( law ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 e/abli%$ 9 ea* /ate by its own /atutes t ! wife reta9s title to ! prop]ty own$ by h] be=e m>riage or acquir$ by h] dur+ ! m>riage1 & ! "r to manage1 use or sell x1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( h] husb&4 ,! "r to contract1 & to sue & be su$1 naturally foll[s f h] own]%ip & control ( h] prop]ty2 9 mo/ ( ! /ates ^! rights are expressly conf]r$ by /atute2 & 9 "s !y h be5 held to result by necess>y implication4 ,! husb& is g5]ally reliev$ f liability = h] debts or = h] torts1 except = su* debts z are = h] support or t ( ! family1 or are )9 h] express or impli$ ag5cy to act = him4 ,! common law e/ate ( d[] & curtesy are reta9$ 9 "s ( ! /ates1 9 ! l>g] numb] !y are mat]ially modifi$ by /atute1 or :olly aboli%$ & replac$ by a "r ( succession to ea* o!r's prop]ty z def9$ by /atute4 ,! di/9ctive duties re/+ on a husb& are to provide a home1 to support 8 wife & *ildr51 to protect h] & !m f injury or insult4 ,?us a husb& has ! same "r to protect 8 wife1 to ass]t & ma9ta9 h] rights1 ev5 to kill a p]son1 if necess>y 9 h] def5se1 t he w\ld h 9 8 own behalf4 ,! duty ( a husb& to provide a home implies 8 "r to select & fix ! m>ital abode4 ,! wife mu/ live ) him1 & a refusal on h] "p to live 9 ! home provid$ by him w\ld con/itute h] a des]t]4 ,b he mu/ select a home 9 good fai? & 9 reasonable accordance ) 8 means & _! accu/om$ mode ( life4 ,x is 8 duty to ma9ta9 ord] & law 9 8 h\sehold4 ,he is !re=e liable to prosecution %\ld 8 wife c>ry on ! illegal sale ( liquor1 or 9 o!r ways defy ! law4 ,a husb& _c *a/ise 8 wife1 b he may use =ce to re/ra9 h] f committ+ a viol5t crim9al wrong4 ,says a compet5t au?or3 ,t dep5ds r on ! "r ( e "o to use reasonable ef=ts to prev5t viol5ce & crime ?an on any peculi> p[] ( ! husb& ov] ! wife1 & x w\ld also ju/ify l re/ra9t ( ! husb& by ! wife4 ,x is ! duty ( ! wife to assi/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! family by su* reasonable labor z ! necessities ( ! family & _! circum/ances 9 life & f9ancial position require2 :ile ! husb& has no "r to require h] to d m ?an to c>e = ! h\se & ! family 9 ! cu/om>y & prop] mann]4 ,he _c compel h] to engage 9 bus9ess1 to "w = wages1 nor to "w = him 9 8 bus9ess4 ,! s]vices ( any k9d :i* ei!r may r5d] to ! o!r1 or = ! family1 are r5d]$ 9 consid]ation ( ! m>riage relation1 & ( ! mutual b5efit receiv$ !refrom & nei!r has any "r ( action aga9/ ! o!r = !m4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! legislative revolution = ! b5efit ( m>ri$ wom5 has *iefly affect$ ! prop]ty relations ( husb& & wife1 :ile _! p]sonal rights rema9 q z be=e4 ,probably no s+le rule ( ! common law 0 s bitt]ly res5t$ & s difficult to def5d1 z ! ve/+ 9 ! husb& ( ! sole gu>dian%ip ( _! *ildr54 ,by /atute 9 _m /ates bo? p>5ts are made gu>dian ( !m1 & if !y sep>ate1 ! welf>e ( ! *ildr5 is reg>d$ z ! decisive "q 9 fix+ _! gu>dian%ip1 r ?an ! sup]ior "r ( ei!r p>5t4 ,a husb& & wife by ! mod]n law may agree to live sep>ately4 ,! arrangem5t 9 "s /ates is effect$ ?r\gh a tru/ee1 9 o!rs ?is may be done by ! p>ties !mselves4 ,by ?is ! p>ties may agree on ! disposition & division ( _! prop]ty :5 ?is c be done freely & intellig5tly4 ,a sep>ation agreem5t made ?r\gh fe> ( h] husb& _c be su/a9$4 ,a wife :o volunt>ily ent]s into an agreem5t ( sep>ation cov]+ all prop]ty rights _c1 aft] h] husb&'s dea?1 h x set aside & !n claim h] rights 9 8 e/ate1 except 9 "s /ates :]e community rights exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h] "r to %>e 9 h] husb&'s e/ate is n lo/ ?\gh %e lives ap>t f him by agreem5t1 unless ?is %[s a cle> int5tion to rel9qui% all claims to 8 e/ate4 ,! husb& mu/ support 8 wife4 ,?is is ! law ev]y:]e4 ,:ile !y live toge!r ! law presumes t he has giv5 h] au?ority to pur*ase necess>ies on 8 cr$it1 & !re=e a tradesman c recov] :o %[s t !y 7 ?us liv+ & t ! ?+s furni%$ befitt$ _! condition 9 life4 ,:5 %e is liv+ ap>t f h] husb& ! presumption is ! o!r way1 & a tradesman _c recov] )\t pro( ( ! fact ( h] husb&'s au?ority to let h] h ! goods4 ,b :5 %e is liv+ ap>t f him = good cause1 & w\ld />ve if ! ?+s ne$ful to su/a9 life did n come f "s s\rce1 %e has an absolute "r to pl$ge h] husb&'s cr$it = !m4 ,:at are ! ?+s = :i* %e may pl$ge h] husb&'s cr$it8 ,^? requir$ to su/a9 life & pres]ve dec5cy1 besides o!r ?+s to ma9ta9 h] 9 h] social condition4 ,we>+ app>el1 furniture1 jewelry1 ev5 legal exp5ses incurr$ 9 rega9+ h] conjugal rights h be5 includ$4 ,besides agreem5ts to live sep>ately1 ! law = sev]al causes p]mits absolute sep>ation4 ,^! are prescrib$ by /atute1 & v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,adult]y is a cause recogniz$ 9 all ( !m1 = :i* an absolute divorce c be grant$4 ,cruelty is ano!r cause1 almo/ z g5]al1 ?\gh m difficult to def9e4 ,actual viol5ce is n necess>y to con/itute cruelty1 ?reats ( viol5ce ) an int5tion to d bodily h>m w suffice4 ,aga91 ! cruelty mu/ be unm]it$4 ,if %e has ju/ly provok$ ! indignation ( h] husb&1 !n 8 cruelty pres5ts a diff]5t aspect4 ,nev]!less1 if 8 cruelty be>s no relation to h] wrongful beg9n+s1 %e /ill has good gr\nd = sep>ation4 ,des]tion is a g5]al gr\nd ( divorce1 ! law 9 e /ate prescrib+ a p]iod ( "t1 q (t5 ?ree ye>s4 ,! p]iod mu/ be cont9u\s4 ,an (f] to return made by ! des]t$ sp\se 9 good fai? at any "t be=e ! sep>ation has run = ! /atutory p]iod w b> a divorce1 b n if ! (f] is made aft]w>d4 ,aga91 a husb& :o drives 8 wife away f him by 8 misconduct des]ts h] z cle>ly z if he _h left h]4 ,to cease liv+ toge!r = ! "t fix$ by /atute is n des]tion unless ?is 0 done int5tionally4 ,= example1 sep>ation on acc\nt ( bus9ess1 sickness1 etc41 is n des]tion4 ,n only mu/ !re be an int5tion to leave ! o!r p>ty1 ?is mu/ be )\t cons5t4 ,ano!r cause = divorce1 q g5]ally recogniz$1 is habitual drunk5ness4 ,?is mu/ be ( a gross & confirm$ nature4 ,:ile o!r causes exi/ ! mo/ g5]al h n[ be5 m5tion$4 ,9 "s /ates !re is a m g5]al gr\nd1 any reason r5d]+ m>ri$ life a failure4 ,( c\rse1 mu* dep5ds on ! discretion1 m5tal & moral make-up ( a judge 9 apply+ ! facts to a cause = sep>ation t is s g5]al4 ,an agreem5t 9 advance to make a cause ( divorce is ev]y:]e condemn$ by ! law4 ,divorces are ( two k9ds3 f ! bond ( m>riage1 (t5 call$ absolute divorces1 :i* put an end to ! m>riage relation & r5d] ! p>ties s+le2 & divorces f b$ & bo>d1 limit$ divorces1 m accurately call$ judicial sep>ations1 9 :i* ! m>riage relation is n dissolv$1 b ! injur$ p>ty is giv5 ! "r to live sep>ate f ! o!r4 ,9 m ?an half ( ! ,am]ican /ates no di/9ction is made betwe5 k9d ( divorce1 all divorces are absolute1 f ! bond ( m>riage4 ,! legal effect ( divorces is /ill a grave matt]4 ,:5 a divorce has be5 legally grant$ by a /ate1 ! c\rts ( e o!r /ate = obvi\s reasons recognize & try to uphold ! decree or judgm5t1 ?\gh n all ( !m1 & consequ5tly /range results foll[4 ,?us a p]son :o 0 m>ri$ & liv+ 9 ,new ,york leaves 8 wife = good reason & goes to ,connecticut4 ,aft] acquir+ a legal resid5ce !re & prop] /&+ 9 a c\rt1 he applies = a divorce1 ! proce$+s are regul> 9 e respect & a divorce is grant$4 ,he m>ries aga9 & takes 8 wife to ,new ,york = a visit4 ,!re he is su$ by ! fir/ wife = support1 moreov]1 by ! laws ( ,new ,york he is an adult]]4 ,9 ,new ,york he is /ill m>ri$ to ! fir/ wife1 9 ,connecticut to ! second4 ,if *ildr5 are born ( ! second m>riage !y are legitimate z long z !y live 9 ,connecticut1 illegitimate %\ld !y g to ,new ,york4 ,"o ( ! late/ legal writ]s on ?is difficult subject says3 ,=eign divorce judgm5ts grant$ 9 /ates :]e ! pla9tiff _h obta9$ an actual1 bona fide resid5ce1 w d\btless cont9ue to be recogniz$ by ! great majority ( our /ates1 b ! /ates ( ,new ,york1 ,cali=nia1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,v]mont1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 & possibly "s o!r /ates1 :i* h adopt$ ! extreme ,new ,york doctr9e1 are p]mitt$ by ! rule e/abli%$ 9 ! ,haddock case--a decision by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--to cont9ue to refuse recognition ( divorce judgm5ts 9 o!r /ates4 ,innkeep]4--,an innkeep]'s h\se is a public place to :i* travel]s may resort4 ,he _c !re=e prohibit p]sons :o come "u t "* 9 a prop] mann] & at suitable times f ent]+1 s long z he c accommodate !m4 ,he is n oblig$ to receive "o :o _c pay = 8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,inde$1 he mu/ exclude "s p]sons :o apply1 notably ?ieves4 ,he c refuse to admit all :om he has reason to believe w di/urb ! peace & safety ( 8 gue/s2 & c aft]w>d exclude all :o1 ?\gh admitt$1 prove to be noisy & di/urb]s ( ! com=t & safety ( o!rs4 ,& if hav+ a /able he is "u ! same obligation to receive & c>e = horses z he is to receive ! p]son to :om !y belong4 ,aga91 he is n requir$ to provide a gue/ ) ! precise room he may select1 b only reasonable & prop] accommodations4 ,if he refuses to d s he is liable 9 law to ! applicant4 ,9 c>+ = ! baggage ( a gue/1 ! law is n z well settl$ z x might be4 ,a compet5t writ] has said3 ,!y are insur]s ( ! prop]ty ( _! gue/s committ$ to _! c>e1 & are liable = its loss1 unless caus$ by ! act ( ,god1 a public enemy1 or ! neglect or fault ( ! own] or 8 s]vants4 ,?is /rictness ( liability1 x is said is necess>y to protect travel]s aga9/ any collusion betwe5 ! innkeep] & 8 s]vants1 & to compel him to take c>e t no improp] p]sons are admitt$ into 8 h\se4 ,8 *>ge = ! ent]ta9m5t ( 8 gue/s is suffici5t to cov] ?is risk2 he also has a li5 on _! prop]ty entru/$ to 8 c>e to indemnify him aga9/ loss4 ,by /atute 9 _m /ates innkeep]s are exempt f loss by fires :i* are 9 no way caus$ by _! own neglig5ce or t ( _! s]vants4 ,if a horse dies :ile 9 ! innkeep]'s *>ge1 he is liable unless he c %[ facts t excuse him4 ,if ! goods ( a gue/ are /ol5 by ! innkeep]'s s]vants or dome/ics1 by ano!r gue/1 or by someone outside ! inn1 ! innkeep] mu/ make re/itution1 = x is 8 duty to provide hone/ s]vants1 & to ex]cise an exact vigilance ov] all p]sons com+ into 8 h\se z gue/s or o!rwise4 ,8 responsibility ext5ds to all 8 s]vants & dome/ics1 & he is b\nd 9 e ev5t to pay = !m if /ol51 unless !y 7 /ol5 by a s]vant or companion ( ! gue/4 ,illness or abs5ce ( ! innkeep] does n excuse him4 ,an innkeep] is n liable = ! loss ( a gue/'s prop]ty :5 ?is loss is due to ! fault or neglig5ce ( ! gue/ himself4 ,?us an unnecess>y display ( money or valuables1 or leav+ !m :]e !y w\ld tempt ?ieves1 may be neglig5ce4 ,b failure to lock or bolt 8 door is n necess>ily neglig5ce on ! "p ( a gue/4 ,x is only evid5ce ( neglig5ce4 ,nor is an innkeep] exon]at$ :5 a !ft is committ$ by a fell[ gue/ ) :om ! own] ( ! prop]ty /ol5 _h cons5t$ to occupy ! same room4 ,an innkeep] may make ne$ful & reasonable regulations t are to be obs]v$ by 8 gue/s to secure ! safety ( 8 prop]ty4 ,:5 !y are made & br\ght to ! k ( a gue/ he is b\nd by !m4 ,by contract1 cu/om & /atute ! responsibility ( an innkeep] may be *ang$4 ,9 _m /ates by /atute an innkeep] avoids liability = ! valuables ( 8 gue/ unless !y are deposit$ ) him4 ,^! /atutes are con/ru$ /rictly 9 favor ( ! gue/4 ,nor c an innkeep] ev5 by ^! exempt himself f ev]y?+1 = if a gue/ 7 requir$ to deposit all he _h to secure su* protection1 he w\ld be 9 a /range fix4 ,said a ,georgia c\rt3 ,is ! gue/ to deposit 8 valise !re1 & g & s5d = x to get out a clean %irt8 ,if a gue/ goes away1 leav+ 8 valise or o!r ?+s ) an innkeep]1 he is n requir$ aft] a reasonable "t to obs]ve su* dilig5ce 9 keep+ !m z he receives no?+ 9 ! way ( comp5sation = s do+4 ,keep]s ( lodg+ & bo>d+ h\ses are n innkeep]s1 nor subject to _! liabilities4 ,! proprietor ( su* a h\se does n hold himself out to ! _w z prep>$ to supply accommodations = all :o may apply1 nor is he requir$ to receive any p]sons unless he *ooses to d s2 an innkeep]'s fre$om is re/rict$ 9 ?is respect4 ,a h\se may h a d\ble "* ( bo>d+ h\se & inn4 ,) transi5t p]sons :o1 )\t a def9ite contract1 rema9 f day to day x is an inn2 ) ^? "u def9ite contract x is a bo>d+ h\se4 ,l& ,lic5se4--,a lic5se is an au?ority to d some?+ on ano!r's l& )\t acquir+ own]%ip !re91 & may be giv5 orally1 or x may be simply a p]mission to use or occupy4 ,a lic5se may be executory1 relat+ to a future act1 or x may relate to an act already done or execut$4 ,an executory lic5se may be revok$ at any "t4 ,?us ,a laid a wat] pipe by p]mission across ,b's l& :o aft]w>d r5d]$ ! pipe useless by cutt+ x4 ,a _h no r$ress1 = ,b 0 act+ )9 8 rights4 ,a ought to h obta9$ writt5 au?ority = su* action4 ,he c\ld1 h[ev]1 remove ! pipe or any o!r improvem5t he _h made on ! /r5g? ( ! lic5se grant$ to him4 ,a lic5se may be to d _m ?+s on ano!r's l&4 ,?us "o may h a lic5se to flood l&1 erect build+s1 pass ov]l&1 ma9ta9 a dit*1 cut timb]1 use l& = railroad purposes4 ,a common =m ( lic5se is a ticket ( admission to ent] ano!r's l& to witness a spectacle or simil> purpose4 ,no =mality is ne$$ to create a lic5se4 ,x may be 9 writ+ or be oral1 or impli$ f ! relations or conduct ( ! p>ties1 z :]e a l& own] ass5ts to ! do+ ( c]ta9 acts on 8 l&4 ,a p]son by op5+ a place ( bus9ess lic5ses ! public to ent] !re9 = ! purpose ( transact+ bus9ess4 ,& a lic5se to d a p>ticul> act necess>ily involves any act ess5tial !reto4 ,a lic5se is usually revocable at ! pleasure ( ! lic5sor1 ev5 ?\gh x be 9 writ+ & "u seal1 or a consid]ation has be5 giv54 ,if ! lic5see has exp5d$ money & made improvem5ts on ! fai? ( ! lic5se1 c x be revok$8 ,on ?is "q ! c\rts divide4 ,! m g5]al op9ion seems to be t a lic5se c\pl$ ) a grant or int]e/ _c be revok$4 ,or1 if a lic5se has 9 effect be5 s us$ z to become an easem5t x rema9s a burd5 on ! l& ?\gh sold to a pur*as]1 unless he _h no k ( x4 ,a lic5se _c be assign$ by ! lic5see to ano!r4 ,aga9 x is said t ! revocation only affects ! future ex]cise ( ! privilege1 & does n prev5t ! lic5see f remov+ /ructures or o!r movable articles plac$ by him !reon rely+ on ! lic5se1 provid$ he does ?is )9 a reasonable "t aft] ! revocation4 ,ev5 %\ld ! own] ( l& sell1 ! sale w\ld n op]ate z a revocation to "o to remove trees t he _h already cut "u a contract ( sale & removal4 ,if a p]son grants a lic5se to ano!r to come on 8 l&1 he owes no duty to him except ! negative "o ( n wantonly injur+ or expos+ him to dang]4 ,m]*ants invite ! public into _! /ores to buy w>es1 b ^? :o accompany !m )\t any int5tion ( pur*as+ are n invitees1 !y are m]e lic5sees4 ,! duty ( ! /orekeep] to "o :o ent]s 8 premises by m]e lic5se is n to keep ! premises 9 a non-haz>d\s /ate1 b only to ab/a9 f acts willfully injuri\s to him4 ,lease4--,a lease is = ! use ( l&1 usually = a few ye>s or %ort] p]iod4 ,! lessor is m g5]ally kn[n z ! l&lord1 & ! lessee z ! t5ant4 ,! lease may be oral1 ?\gh ! bett] way is to put ! agreem5t 9 writ+4 ,if x be = a h\se or o!r build+ ! lessee %\ld insi/ on ?is1 o!rwise he w\ld f>e mu* worse %\ld ! build+ be de/roy$ by fire4 ,d\btless _m d n "k t1 unless ! lessee makes a specific agreem5t reliev+ himself1 he is liable = ! r5t ( a build+1 j ! same if x is burn$ d[n z if he 7 /ill ! occupi]4 ,?is is ! common law1 :i* has be5 *ang$ 9 "s /ates by /atute4 ,if ! lease is = m ?an a ye>1 or o!r %ort p]iod1 ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 s call$1 requires t x mu/ be 9 writ+4 ,if ! "t be less1 a v]bal lease may be made1 ev5 ?\gh ! lessee does n take imm$iate possession ( ! premises4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 x exce$s ! /atutory p]iod1 x is n absolutely void1 b cont9ues dur+ ! jo9t wills ( bo? p>ties1 & may !re=e cease at ! w ( ei!r p>ty4 ,if ! l&lord wi%es to t]m9ate x1 he mu/ give ! t5ant notice to quit2 %\ld he disreg>d ! law & take imm$iate possession he w\ld be a trespass]4 ,:5 ! t]ms ( a lease are 9 d\bt1 !y are con/ru$ 9 favor ( ! t5ant4 ,a lease to a specifi$ day cont9ues dur+ ! :ole ( x1 ?\gh cu/om or /atute may prescribe a diff]5t rule4 ,a t]m may also cont9ue dur+ ! option ( ei!r ( ! p>ties to be end$ on notice by ! p>ty ex]cis+ ! option4 ,! mo/ usual agreem5ts or cov5ants 9 a lease are on ! "p ( ! lessor = quiet enjoym5t1 :i* secures ! t5ant aga9/ any h9drance or di/urbance ( 8 possession & enjoym5t ( ! premises f p]sons d]iv+ _! title f ! l&lord1 or f any "o else :o claims to be ! own]4 ,also aga9/ all encumbrances1 9 o!r words1 t no "o has any easem5ts or o!r rights 9 ! premises4 ,! l&lord also usually agrees to repair1 & (t5 to r5ew ! lease1 & ! lessee to pay r5t1 to insure & n to assign or und]let1 )\t ! l&lord's cons5t4 ,! p>ties may ( c\rse agree to d any o!r lawful ?+1 = example1 sometimes ! t5ant agrees to make repairs1 to reside 9 ! premises1 n to engage 9 "s k9ds ( bus9ess1 to cultivate ! l&1 if ! lease be ( a f>m1 9 a specifi$ way4 ,aga9 ?\gh an oral lease = a t]m ( ye>s at a /at$ annual r5t may n fulfill ! requirem5t ( ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 ! p>ties may con=m to x & ?us create a t5ancy 9 fact f :i* ! law w imply a leas+ f ye> to ye>4 ,if !re=e ! t5ant ) ! acquiesc5ce ( ! l&lord cont9ues 9 possession = sev]al mon?s aft] ! expiration ( ! orig9al t]m1 a t5ancy = ano!r ye> w be creat$ ) a correspond+ liability on ! "p ( ! t5ant = a full ye>'s r5t4 ,& ! measure & ext5t ( ! t5ant's liability w\ld be ! same1 :e!r 8 cont9u$ occupancy relat$ to ! orig9al lease1 or to a subsequ5t "o j l x1 made z ! fir/ 0 soon to expire4 ,! def9ite p]iod = :i* a lease is giv5 is call$ a t]m4 ,if a lease is f ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 x beg9s on ! second day & la/s ?r\gh ! la/ day m5tion$2 9 c>efully drawn leases ! numb] ( days is fix$ to avoid all dispute4 ,a lease = a ye> ) ! privilege ( rema9+ ?ree ye>s or long] does n mean a s+le p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 b ?ree ye>ly p]iods z ! t5ant may elect4 ,a lease may be made to take effect 9 ! future1 provid$ ! "t = tak+ possession is n s f> away z to violate "s /atute to ! contr>y4 ,a lease = an hundr$ ye>s 9 "s /ates is deem$ a p>t+ ) ! absolute title to l&s ?\gh railroads make long leases runn+ = n9ety-n9e ye>s4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! t]m is n def9itely express$ 9 ! lease1 ! "t may be asc]ta9$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,:5 a lease is to run = "o or m ye>s f a specifi$ day1 ! correspond+ day ( ! ye> is exclud$ f ! t]m1 unless a contr>y cu/om exi/s4 ,a lease to a specifi$ day ends ) its expiration4 ,if !re be a d\bt on :i* ( two days a lease t]m9ates1 ! lessee may decide4 ,m g5]ally1 leases ( d\btful duration are con/ru$ 9 favor ( ! t5ants4 ,by /atute 9 ,new ,york leases :i* d n specify ! l5g? ( occupation1 ext5d to ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ ,may aft] tak+ possession4 ,a lease mu/ describe cle>ly ! premises1 nor c a defective description be cur$ by outside evid5ce4 ,any language w suffice t %[s ! int5tion ( ! p>ties4 ,! words grant1 demise1 & to f>m let1 h a te*nical mean+1 & are g5]ally us$1 b o!r words may be & (t5 are us$4 ,a memor&um express+ ! cons5t ( ! own] t ano!r %all h imm$iate possession ( ! premises1 & %all cont9ue to occupy !m at a specifi$ r5t & = a def9ite t]m1 is a suffici5t lease2 9 g5]al1 any agreem5t "u :i* "o p]son obta9s ! "r ( enjoym5t to prop]ty ( ano!r1 ) 8 cons5t & 9 subord9ation4 ,a di/9ction exi/s betwe5 a lease & an agreem5t = a lease1 :i* %\ld be und]/ood1 ?\gh x sometimes is n by ! p>ties !mselves4 ,if ! agreem5t is a lease1 x _c be *ang$ by o!r evid5ce1 = x is a complet$ contract2 b if x is an agreem5t = a lease1 !n x is n complete & o!r evid5ce may be produc$ to %[ :at ! p>ties int5d$4 ,h[ c ! nature ( ! agreem5t be te/$8 ,by asc]ta9+ :e!r x is complete or n4 ,?us ,a wrote to ,b t he w\ld take 8 home at a /ipulat$ r5t = two ye>s if he w\ld put 9 a furnace1 ) :i* (f] ,b at once compli$4 ,?is 0 a lease1 = by putt+ 9 ! furnace no?+ m rema9$ to be done4 ,if he _h n put 9 ! furnace1 or n be=e ! "t ,a 0 to take possession1 !re w\ld h be5 no lease1 unless ,a _h waiv$ 8 (f] & tak5 possession4 ,( c\rse to make a valid lease !re mu/ be compet5t p>ties4 ,a lease made by a m9or is n void1 b he may avoid or cancel x by "s positive act4 ,c he d ?is be=e atta9+ 8 majority8 ,on ?is ! au?orities diff]4 ,aga9 appe>s ! risk ( mak+ contracts ) m9ors1 ?\gh ! situation _m times seems cle>ly to ju/ify su* action4 ,a gu>dian may lease 8 m9or's l& = ! p]iod ( 8 m9ority2 if leas$ beyond1 ! w>d may h ! lease cancel$ = ! excess4 ,a lease t]m9ates on ! dea? ( ! w>d1 :atev] may be ! l5g? ( ! t]m4 ,a p>5t _c lease ! l& ( 8 m9or *ild l a gu>dian4 ,by common law a lease made by a m>ri$ woman 0 avoid$ aft] h] husb&'s dea?4 ,! mod]n /atutes exclud+ h] husb&'s p[] ( control ov] h] prop]ty & au?oriz+ h] to take & hold prop]ty z if %e 7 an unm>ri$ woman1 h aboli%$ bo? 8 p[] to invalidate ! lease & also h] p[] to repudiate x aft] 8 dea?4 ,a private corporation may make a lease ( its prop]ty provid$ t 9 do+ s x acts )9 its *>t]4 ,a municipal corporation1 :ile x may lease prop]ty belong+ !reto ( a private nature1 _c lease prop]ty :i* has be5 devot$ to public use4 ,a corporation :e!r public or private may take a lease ( prop]ty s f> z ?is may be a prop] means ( c>ry+ out ! purposes = :i* ! corporation 0 creat$4 ,executors & adm9i/rators may dispose ( a lease belong+ to ! deceas$1 or make new leases = t]ms )9 ! p]iod cov]$ by x4 ,tru/ees h a /ill l>g] au?ority to lease ! l&s entru/$ to !m1 unless re/rict$ by ! t]ms ( _! tru/ee%ip1 or by /atute4 ,?\gh a memb] ( a p>tn]%ip1 z we h se51 is an ag5t1 he _c make valid lease ( p>tn]%ip l&4 ,:at may be leas$8 ,besides l&1 ! "r to a :>f1 to fl[ ) wat] ! l& ( ano!r1 to g ov] ano!r's l&4 ,an ord9>y bo>d]1 :o has a room & bo>ds 9 ! h\se ( ano!r & :o reta9s ! possession & c>e ( 8 room1 is n a t5ant4 ,on ! o!r h& ! lett+ ( an entire floor = lodg+s may create a t5ancy1 & s may ev5 a s+le room4 ,a lease = an unlawful purpose is void1 = example1 = ! sale ( spiritu\s liquors contr>y to law4 ,if ! premises are occupi$ by ! lessee & 8 r5t is paid z specifi$ 9 ! lease1 ?is is reg>d$ z a ratification by him ( an invalid or void lease4 ,to ?is rule are "s exceptions4 ,a rule ( con/ruction may "h be add$2 if a blank =m is us$ 9 mak+ a lease & ! pr9t$ & writt5 p>ts or agreem5ts are inconsi/5t1 ! matt]s writt5 are reg>d$ z express+ ! int5tion ( ! p>ties4 ,mu* might be said conc]n+ ! use ( ! premises4 ,if a f>m is r5t$ & ! lease is sil5t on ! matt]1 ! law presumes t ! t5ant w use x 9 a prop] & husb&like mann]1 l o!r exempl>y f>m]s 9 t vic9ity4 ,he mu/ cultivate ! soil prop]ly1 pres]ve ! timb]1 consume ! hay z fodd] to ! cattle1 if su* be ! cu/om1 & keep ! build+s & f5ces 9 repair4 ,manure 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( f>m+ belongs to ! f>m4 ,to manure made 9 liv]y /ables a diff]5t rule applies & ! t5ant c remove x4 ,if ! lease be ( a mill x usually provides h[ x %all be run1 if x be a h\se 9 ! city & no?+ is said ab\t its use ! law implies t !re %all be no wa/e or de/ruction beyond ! ord9>y we> & te>4 ,to use ! doors = firewood is n uncommon ) t5ants1 unless !y are n burnable1 ?\gh surely x is n a prop] use ( a leas$ h\se4 ,a f>m t5ant has ! "r to take & use mat]ial f\nd on ! l& suitable & ne$ful to repair ! build+s1 f5ces1 also dead & fall5 timb] = fuel4 ,he _c use %rubb]y & ornam5tal trees = ?is purpose1 nor cut /&+ timb] = ?is purpose4 ,he is entitl$ also to ! way go+ crop1 b mu/ remove x dur+ 8 lease4 ,he _c g on ! l& aft]w>d & remove crops1 unless he 0 prev5t$ by "s good reason f remov+ !m :ile he 0 9 possession4 ,c a lessee assign or sublet 8 lease8 ,( c\rse ?is may be =bidd51 & (t5 is by ! lessor1 )\t 8 cons5t4 ,if ! lease is sil5t ?is c be done4 ,if ! lessee die1 8 executor or adm9i/rator c assign ! rema9d] ( 8 t]m4 ,a lease may also be assign$ if ! lessee become insolv5t1 also by a new p>tn]%ip creat$ by ! addition or retirem5t ( a memb]4 ,a transf] by ! lessee ( ! :ole or a "p ( 8 int]e/ = a "p ( ! "t is a sublease & n an assignm5t4 ,& :5ev] a sublease is made1 ! rights ( ! orig9al lessor are n *ang$1 nor does he recognize 9 any way ! sub-t5ant unless by agreem5t1 nor has he any "r ( action aga9/ him4 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ to prev5t ! p>ties f mak+ any arrangem5t t may be agreeable to !m4 ,z ! lessee may assign or sublet unless =bidd51 s may ! lessor "p ) 8 int]e/ 9 ! leas$ premises4 ,:5 an assignm5t ( x is made1 ! assignee may sue 9 8 own "n = r5t accru+ aft] ! assignm5t4 ,! lease ( a private resid5ce is n a w>ranty t x is reasonably fit = occupancy4 ,?us sai? ! law4 ,nor c a lessee1 unless ! lessor has misrepres5t$ ! heal?fulness ( ! place1 leave aft] ! unwelcome discov]y t x is n heal?ful4 ,?is seems to be r h>%1 b ! rule is f\nd$ on ! presumption t ! lessee w exam9e ! h\se be=e leas+ & make prop] inquiries ab\t its heal?fulness4 ,by ! common law ! lessor 0 n requir$ to make repairs4 ,?is has be5 *ang$ 9 "s /ates by /atute4 ,he is n requir$ to make repairs ne$$ & kn[n to ! t5ant at ! "t ( mak+ 8 lease4 ,hallways1 /aircases1 elevators1 & ! l t are us$ 9 common by ! t5ants ( a build+ & are "u ! l&lord's control1 mu/ be kept 9 repair by him4 ,if he %all let a _m /ori$ build+ to sev]al t5ants1 to ea* t5ant a /ory1 :o h exclusive possession !re(1 ! lessor w n be liable to any lessee = ! damage caus$ by ano!r4 ,if ! l&lord agrees to make repairs & keep ! t5em5t 9 good condition1 he is requir$ to keep x 9 ess5tially ! same condition z x 0 :5 ! t5ant took possession4 ,%\ld ! h\se or o!r build+ be de/roy$ by fire :at !n8 ,an agreem5t to keep x 9 good repair imposes an obligation on ! l&lord's "p to rebuild4 ,b an agreem5t by ! lessee to keep & leave x 9 good repair1 does n require him to rebuild %\ld x be de/roy$ by fire1 or o!r cause )\t any fault ( 8 own4 ,if ! lease provides t ! insurance money1 :5 ! l&lord has insur$ ! premises1 %all be appli$ to rebuild 9 ! ev5t ( fire1 he mu/ reg>d 8 agreem5t1 b if !re be no su* agreem5t1 ! t5ant _c compel 8 l&lord to ?us apply x4 ,%\ld ! lessor fail to fulfill 8 agreem5t to repair1 ! t5ant is n excus$ f pay+ 8 r5t1 nor ju/ifi$ 9 leav+ ! premises4 ,8 rem$y is to sue 8 l&lord = ! damages or injury to himself4 ,& ev5 if ! premises be de/roy$ by fire ! t5ant mu/ cont9ue to pay 8 r5t unless he has be5 wise en\gh to relieve himself by a prop] clause1 or unless "s k9dly /atute has be5 pass$ reliev+ him on ! happ5+ ( su* an ev5t4 ,no oral /ipulation1 t ! p>ties %\ld make cov]+ ! effect ( loss by fire or o!r cont+5cy1 w\ld be b9d+ if contr>y to ! t]ms ( ! writt5 lease4 ,z ?is is ! highe/ =m ( ! agreem5t1 all v]bal /ipulations to ! contr>y mu/ give way4 ,a t5ant c make no p]man5t alt]ation )\t 8 l&lord's cons5t2 & %\ld he d s & injure ! premises ! l&lord may recov] damages1 or1 if su* an alt]ation is fe>$ or ?reat5$1 he may prev5t x by obta9+ an injunction f a c\rt ord]+ ! t5ant n to make x & p5aliz+ him %\ld ! ord] be disobey$4 ,:5 a lease is r5ew$1 ! new lease may be reg>d$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,x may be consid]$ z ! cont9uation ( ! lease1 & !reby protect+ all ! int]e/s creat$ "u x4 ,& ?is w be ! case :5ev] ! old lease cle>ly %[s t if a r5ewal %\ld be made ?is 0 ! int5tion ( ! p>ties4 ,:5 no?+ is said1 a r5ew$ lease is a surr5d] ( ! old "o & diff]5t conditions may arise4 ,x is important !re=e :5 provid+ = ! r5ewal ( a lease to specify :at ! p>ties int5d1 :e!r a r5ewal or cont9uation on ! old t]ms1 or a r5ewal on o!r t]ms to be fix$ at ano!r "t4 ,usually a lease specifies n only ! am\nt ( r5t to be paid1 b ! "t ( paym5t4 ,if sil5t1 ye>ly r5t is n due until ! end ( ! ye>1 qu>t]ly r5t at ! end ( ! qu>t]1 mon?ly r5t at ! end ( ! mon?4 ,:5 a lessee is evict$ or turn$ out ( possession by 8 l&lord1 he is excus$ f pay+ r5t4 ,:at1 !re=e1 is an eviction8 ,any act by ! l&lord1 or by 8 ag5t1 impair+ ! wor? ( ! premises to ! t5ant1 = example1 ! de/ruction ( a summ] h\se1 turn+ root+ pigs into ! premises1 ! erection ( a new build+ r5d]+ ! leas$ premises unfit = occupation4 ,"o ( ! curi\s cases is ! lease ( a di/ill]y :i* c\ld n be run because ! l&lord prev5t$ ! lessee f gett+ a lic5se4 ,9 l mann] if ! l&lord is to furni% heat & fails to d s1 ! t5ant is ju/ifi$ 9 leav+4 ,m g5]ally1 any act by ! l&lord :]eby ! leas$ premises are r5d]$ unfit or impossible = ! purpose int5d$1 & affect+ ! heal? & com=t ( ! t5ant1 is an eviction4 ,! eviction mu/ be done by ! lessor4 ,an act done by a wrongdo]1 n "u ! lessor's ord]1 w n ju/ify ! lessee 9 quitt+4 ,?us ! d>k5+ by an adjac5t own] ( ! lessee's premises by erect+ a /ructure1 h[ev] injuri\s x might be1 w\ld n ju/ify ! lessee 9 quitt+ & refus+ to pay 8 agre$ r5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! risks tak5 :5 mak+ ! lease4 ,suppose a p]son occupy+ /ate l& is evict$ by ! /ate1 mu/ he cont9ue to pay r5t8 ,9 ,miss\ri ! r5t ceases1 or if evict$ ( a "p1 he mu/ pay r5t on ! rema9d]4 ,9 "s /ates he mu/ /ill cont9ue to pay 8 r5t & !n dem& comp5sation = 8 loss4 ,sometimes l& is r5t$ on %>es1 a v common way 9 ! old5 "t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! relation ( l&lord & t5ant may be creat$1 or p]haps a p>tn]%ip relation4 ,if ! f>m] is to d ! "w ( a s]vant ( ! own] ( ! f>m1 receiv+ 9 return !re=1 a specifi$ "p ( ! crops1 ! agreem5t is "o ( hir+ & n a lease4 ,if ! f>m] has rightful possession ( ! use ( ! l&1 !n ! paym5t ( 8 r5t 9 produce does n affect 8 relation z a t5ant4 ,! natural increase ( /ock leas$ ) a f>m belongs to ! t5ant1 & a l&lord _c recov] = ! dea? ( cattle 9 ! t5ant's possession1 unless he c prove 8 t5ant's neglig5ce4 ,& if a lessee %\ld sell "p ( ! /ock contr>y to ! lease1 ! pur*as] w\ld be liable !re=4 ,a l&lord (t5 leases sep>ate p>ts ( a build+ to diff]5t t5ants1 :ile ! /airways & passages to !m1 ?\gh int5d$ = _! use1 are /ill "u 8 control4 ,he ?us invites ! t5ants & o!r p]sons hav+ relations ) !m to use ! approa*es to obta9 access to _! rooms or ap>tm5ts1 & is accord+ly liable :5 !y are n kept 9 prop] repair2 ! same z any own] ( /ructures ei!r expressly or impli$ly invites p]sons to ent] !m4 ,if !re=e he %\ld leave elevator %afts1 or hat*ways ungu>d$1 he w\ld be cle>ly liable = ! consequ5ces4 ,s1 too1 %\ld a mill own] h a defective bridge to 8 mill1 =m+ "p ( a common way !reto1 he w\ld be liable = ! consequ5ces4 ,! lessor is liable if he leaves 8 premises ) a way or cell> entrance1 or coal hole inadequately gu>d$ at ! "t ! lessee takes possession1 b n if ! gu>d or cov]+ gets out ( repair dur+ ! t5ancy1 or is tempor>ily left ungu>d$ by ! t5ant or "s ?ird p]son4 ,if ! hole or o!r dang]\s place is made )\t prop] au?ority1 x is consid]$ a nuisance & ! own] is liable = all injuries :e!r he has r5t$ ! premises or n4 ,:o is liable = injuries caus$ to travel]s by ice & sn[ on ! pavem5t8 ,?is is a h>d "q to answ] 9 a %ort space4 ,if ! ice or sn[ has accumulat$ by reason ( a defective ro(1 !n ! l&lord is liable because ( its faulty con/ruction4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry x is mo/ difficult to keep ! walks safe 9 w9t]4 ,exp]i5ce has l$ ! p>ties to make /ipulations def9+ & fix+ _! liability4 ,_m /ates also h /atutes & cities ord9ances regulat+ ! duties & liabilities ( l&lords & t5ants4 ,:5 a lease is ab\t to expire a difficult "q sometimes arises1 :at c ! t5ant take away ) him8 ,( c\rse he c remove all 8 furniture & ! ?+s t c be sep>at$ )\t injury to ! premises1 b dur+ 8 t5ancy1 he may h add$ ?+s possess+ a m p]man5t nature1 call$ fixtures1 ^! he _c remove4 ,! c\rts h _h great difficulty 9 decid+ 9 "s cases :at ^! are4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be said t :atev] a t5ant adds to ! premises c be remov$1 :ile he is /ill 9 possession1 )\t mat]ial injury to x1 b he _c remove any?+ aft]w>ds4 ,suppose ! t5ant erects a build+1 c he remove x8 ,"o w\ld n ?9k ( 8 build+ ?is = ! b5efit ( 8 l&lord4 ,suppose he _h built x on a f\ndation f :i* x c\ld be easily remov$1 a c\rt w\ld h no difficulty 9 decid+ t x belong$ to ! t5ant4 ,_m cases h aris5 ab\t ranges & /oves4 ,an ord9>y /ove ( c\rse c be remov$2 suppose x is affix$ to ! h\se 9 su* a way t "s portion ( ! wall w be deta*$ by ! removal1 c ?is be done8 ,n if ! wall w be badly injur$4 ,h[ badly8 ,?is is a "q ( fact to be answ]$ by inquiry 9 e case4 ,among ! fixtures t c be remov$ are hang+s & tape/ries1 ornam5tal *imney pieces1 wood5 cornices1 wa9scot+ affix$ to ! wall by screws & spikes1 bells & bell wires1 *&eli]s1 ci/]ns & s9ks ?\gh fa/5$ by nails & set into ! floor1 fire frame fix$ 9 ! fireplace1 pipes = gas or wat]1 grates removable )\t injury to ! build+1 pumps1 /oves1 ranges & furnaces1 gas ranges & wat] closet appliances1 wa%tubs fa/5$ to ! h\se1 gas fixtures & %elves4 ,a gre5h\se is n removable1 nor gutt]s plac$ 9 ! ro( ( a dwell+1 nor a /airway1 nor fl[]s1 %rubs1 or bu%es plant$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,*attels plac$ by a t5ant on leas$ premises = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on 8 bus9ess or trade are g5]ally reg>d$ z p]sonal prop]ty4 ,annexations ( ?is k9d are call$ trade fixtures & ! law is lib]al 9 p]mitt+ _! removal4 ,%[ cases1 c\nt]s & %elves1 eng9es1 boil]s1 ma*9]y1 tanks 9 a di/ill]y1 a b[l+ alley1 b> fixtures1 ev5 build+s are removable4 ,! same lib]al rule applies to agricultural implem5ts4 ,a t5ant1 !re=e1 if wi%+ to remove :atev] he may h add$1 %\ld be c>eful ab\t _! nature1 or protect himself by an effective agreem5t4 ,legal ,rem$ies4--,else:]e we h %[n h[ civil & crim9al law diff]4 ,9 crim9al proce$+s ! /ate is a p>ty & prosecutes (f5d]s ?r\gh ag5ts or attorneys :o are *os5 or appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,9 all civil (f5ses ! p]son injur$ prosecutes ! (f5d]1 ?r\gh ! c\rts e/abli%$ by ! /ate = t purpose4 ,suppose ,a ow$ ,b "o hundr$ doll>s = :i* he gave 8 promissory note payable 9 n9ety days f date1 & :i* on its maturity ,a decl9$ to pay4 ,b c\ld !n h rec\rse to a c\rt ( law to collect ! money4 ,if kn[+ no?+ ab\t ! mode ( proce$+ he w\ld employ a lawy]2 if he 0 famili> ) legal proce$+s he c\ld d ?is himself4 ,:at is ! fir/ /ep tak5 by a lawy]8 ,he makes out a writ or compla9t /at+ ,b's c\rse ( action aga9/ ,a--t he has loan$ him a sum ( money :i* he has n paid z he promis$ to d1 & he is summon$ to appe> 9 c\rt at a c]ta9 "t & place & answ] :y he does n pay & ! c\rt is ask$ to r5d] judgm5t aga9/ him1 if !re is no def5se1 = ! money due ) ! addition ( ! co/s incurr$ 9 seek+ ! aid ( ! c\rt to collect ! money4 ,?is writ1 decl>ation1 or compla9t is giv5 to ! %]iff ( ! c\rt :]e ei!r ,a or ,b lives1 :o s]ves x on ,a4 ,?is s]vice consi/s 9 read+ a copy ( x by ! %]iff1 or by "o ( 8 deputies or a con/able1 or o!r au?oriz$ p]son1 to ,a1 or 9 leav+ a true & atte/$ copy !re( ) him1 :i* has become ! univ]sal practice4 ,?is is ! ord9>y mode ( beg9n+ a legal action aga9/ a p]son or corporation4 ,an action ?us begun is foll[$ by a trial ( ! case unless x is settl$4 ,usually ! trial comes (f )9 a few mon?s1 b n infrequ5tly long delays occur4 ,if1 aft] ! introduction ( te/imony1 judgm5t is r5d]$ 9 favor ( ,b1 an execution or ord] is issu$ by ! c\rt direct+ ! %]iff to levy on ,a's prop]ty1 :atev] he may h1 save a small sum1 h\sehold furniture & ! l1 & sell x & turn ov] ! proce$s to ,b 9 paym5t ( 8 debt4 ,if !re 0 a balance left f ! sale ( ,a's prop]ty aft] satisfy+ ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt & ! co/s ( ! legal proce$+s1 x w\ld be paid to ,a4 ,?is1 9 fewe/ words1 is ! mode ( proce$+ 9 a c\rt ( law to obta9 r$ress 9 a civil suit or action4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( actions or rem$ies us$ 9 diff]5t cases & ^! w n[ be expla9$4 ,fir/1 is ! action ( assumpsit4 ,?is is ! =m ( action us$ :5ev] "o sues to recov] on all k9ds ( promises1 ^? impli$ by ! law z well z express promises1 n "u seal4 ,!y include all ord9>y promises to d ?+s ei!r orally or 9 writ+4 ,next1 is ! action ( cov5ant4 ,?is is us$ :5ev] "o sues to recov] = "s failure on ! "p ( a p]son :o has giv5 a de$ or o!r seal$ writ+4 ,suppose ! pur*as] ( l& discov]$ !re 0 an unpaid mortgage !reon1 ?\gh ! de$ cov5ants or decl>es t x is free f all encumbrances4 ,! v5dee or pur*as] w\ld sue to recov] = a brok5 cov5ant4 ,ano!r action is replev9 :i* is us$ to recov] specific goods4 ,suppose someone _h tak5 my horse & refus$ to deliv] ! animal to me4 ,! prop] rem$y w\ld be replev94 ,suppose ,i did n wi% to h ! horse back1 b only its value or wor?4 ,!n ! prop] rem$y w\ld be an action ( trov]4 ,ano!r =m ( action 9 mu* use is call$ trespass4 ,?is is us$ to recov] damages = injuries to p]sons & prop]ty4 ,if a p]son knock$ me d[n & ,i su$ him to recov] = ! injury1 trespass w\ld be ! prop] =m ( action4 ,9 _m /ates an action 9 tort in/ead ( trespass is ! prop] rem$y4 ,if "o %\ld come ^u my l& & take away wood1 grass1 /one1 or 9 any way injure x1 trespass also w\ld be ! =m ( action4 ,ejectm5t is ! action employ$ to eject or turn out a wrongful possessor & recov] possession ( l&4 ,9 ?is action ! title or own]%ip ( ! l& lies at ! f\ndation2 & ! title to _m a piece has be5 settl$ 9 an action ( ejectm5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> actions is habeas corpus1 :i* is employ$ to recov] a p]son's lib]ty f illegal re/ra9t4 ,z ! actions ( sl&] & libel h be5 describ$1 only two o!rs require notice1 m&amus & quo w>ranto4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is us$ to compel "o to d some?+4 ,a famili> example is t ( a city :i* refuses to pay a judgm5t t has be5 r5d]$ aga9/ x4 ,! c\rt 9 ?is action comm&s ! city to pay1 & x mu/ obey unless !re exi/s a legal def5se4 ,a quo w>ranto is ! =m ( legal action to :i* a p]son resorts to get possession ( an (fice to :i* he is entitl$1 b is d5i$ him4 ,suppose "o is elect$ mayor ( a city1 b = "s reason or o!r1 ! "o 9 possession is det]m9$ to keep him out4 ,he w\ld br+ ?is action & a c\rt w\ld !n decide :e!r he 0 entitl$ to x or n1 & if he 71 ! c\rt w\ld proce$ to put him 9 possession4 ,9 _m ( ! /ates1 especially ! new] ones1 n all ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( action are us$4 ,only "o =m1 call$ a compla9t1 includes mo/ ( !m4 ,:ile ! sub/itution ( ?is has simplifi$ ! modes ( r$ress1 ! sub/ance ( ! compla9t really embodies1 z be=e1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( injuries above expla9$4 ,life ,insurance4--,! contract ( life insurance is a mutual agreem5t :]eby ! insur] agrees on ! paym5t ( a fix$ sum or premium to pay to a p]son designat$ 9 ! policy on ! happ5+ ( a cont+5cy1 usually dea?1 a sum ( money4 ,by ano!r =m ( insurance ! insurance may be made payable at a fix$ "t1 or be=e1 %\ld ! insur$ die be=e t p]iod4 ,! contract to be valid mu/ be = ! b5efit ( "o hav+ an insurable int]e/1 o!rwise ! contract is a wag]1 :i* ! law condemns4 ,?is is suffici5t if ! p]son tak+ ! insurance has su* an int]e/ aris+ f 8 relation to ! insur$ z cr$itor & surety1 or f ! ties ( blood or m>riage t w ju/ify a reasonable expectation ( advantage or b5efit f ! cont9uation ( 8 life4 ,x is n ne$ful t ?is expectation or b5efit %\ld possess a pecuni>y valuation4 ,! mutual legal rights & liabilities ( fa!r & m9or *ild are suffici5t to create an insurable int]e/ on ! "p ( ea* 9 ! life ( ! o!r2 also ! relation%ip ( bro!r & si/]1 & t ( husb& & wife4 ,likewise a man & a woman :o are engag$ to be m>ri$2 & a cr$itor has an insurable int]e/ 9 ! life ( 8 debtor4 ,& ?is int]e/ cov]s n only ! am\nt ( ! indebt$ness1 b also future advances1 & ! co/ ( tak+ out & keep+ up ! insurance4 ,a p>tn] :o has advanc$ ! capital ( ! bus9ess has an insurable int]e/ 9 ! life ( 8 p>tn]4 ,m g5]ally any p]son :o inve/s money rely+ on ! ef=ts ( ano!r to produce a return has an insurable int]e/ 9 su* p]son's life4 ,a surety !re=e has an insurable int]e/ 9 ! life ( 8 pr9cipal2 an executor 9 ! life ( a p]son :o has grant$ an annuity to ! te/ator2 a common c>ri] ev5 may insure aga9/ loss f injuries to pass5g]s4 ,b ! relation%ip betwe5 uncle or aunt1 nephew & niece & t ( c\s9 is n suffici5t to support a policy tak5 by "o 9 ! life ( ! o!r4 ,a policy may be assign$ to "o :o has no insurable int]e/ if made 9 good fai?1 & n z a cloak = ! procur+ ( insurance by "o hav+ no insurable int]e/4 ,?is rule does n prevail ev]y:]e1 b ! c\rts :i* d n accept ?is rule usually protect ! assignee :o has paid ! premiums to ! am\nt ( 8 paym5ts1 :ile ! e/ate ( ! insur$ takes ! balance t may come f ! insur]1 :5ev] ! assignm5t ( ! policy is n invalid4 ,an assignm5t to "o :o has an insurable int]e/ z relative1 cr$itor & ! l1 is always valid4 ,a g5]al ag5t1 says ,ju/ice ,mc,clain1 may b9d ! company by an agreem5t z to rate ( premiums1 or o!r t]ms ( ! contract1 ev5 z aga9/ ! express provisions ( a policy subsequ5tly issu$1 !re be+ no neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! insur$ 9 fail+ to advise himself z to ! t]ms ( ! policy2 b if ! want ( au?ority ( ! ag5t to v>y ! t]ms ( ! application is br\ght home to ! applicant1 oral communications ( ! insur$ to ! ag5t are n to be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! validity ( ! insurance4 ,if ! ag5t has exce$$ 8 au?ority z to ! t]ms ( ! propos$ contract1 ! company _c reject t "p :i* ! ag5t 0 )\t au?ority to make & en=ce ! re/1 b mu/ accept or reject 9 toto4 ,until a proposition = insurance has be5 accept$ by ! company !re is no contract4 ,delay 9 accept+ an application :i* is subject to approval does n effect an acceptance4 ,!re may be a b9d+ contract ( insurance z soon z ! company has accept$ ! application1 or on ! deliv]y & acceptance ( x by ! company's ag5t1 :5 he has au?ority to d s4 ,9 ord] to complete ! contract be=e issu+ ! policy !re mu/ be an agreem5t to ?is effect1 & be=e ! dea? ( ! applicant4 ,! receipt by an ag5t = ! fir/ premium1 or ( a note !re=1 subject to ! approval ( ! application by ! company1 does n effect a contract betwe5 insur] & insur$4 ,"s /ates h enact$ /atutes prescrib+ requirem5ts = life insurance policies1 or /&>d =ms4 ,deliv]y to a ?ird p]son = ! insur$ may be suffici5t4 ,! contract becomes complete :5 ! policy is put 9 ! mail1 po/age prepaid1 = deliv]y 9 due c\rse to ! insur$4 ,deliv]y to ! insur$ = exam9ation ( c\rse does n effect any engagem5t on ! "p ( ! insur]1 nor does a deliv]y on condition4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t ! deliv]y %all n be effectual to create a contract unless ! insur$ is alive & 9 good heal? :5 ! policy is deliv]$ & ! fir/ premium is paid4 ,inde$1 h[ c\ld x be valid if ! insur] is dead8 ,& if ! contract is ) a p]son o!r ?an ! insur$ z b5efici>y1 x w\ld be void on ! gr\nd ( mi/ake4 ,likewise1 "u su* a condition1 a policy does n become effective1 )\t a waiv]1 if ! insur$ is 9 ill heal? at ! "t ( its deliv]y or paym5t ( ! premium4 ,unless waiv$ by ! company1 !re is usually a /ipulation to ! effect t ! company %all n become b\nd until ! fir/ premium has be5 actually paid & accept$ by ! company or its au?oriz$ ag5t4 ,b if ! premium is actually paid by ! ag5t ( ! company = ! insur$ by virtue ( an agreem5t betwe5 !m1 ?is w b9d ! company4 ,! paym5t ( ! premium by a ?ird p]son )\t ! k ( ! insur$ does n h ! same effect4 ,a g5]al ag5t has au?ority to waive ! /ipulation1 t ! policy %all n take effect until ! fir/ premium is paid1 ?\gh ( c\rse he may be re/rict$ 9 ?is reg>d1 b a special ag5t _c waive ?is /ipulation2 ?\gh if he acts o!rwise & ! company ratifies 8 act1 x is b\nd4 ,a provision also t a policy %all n be valid unless ! premium is paid :5 ! insur$ is 9 good heal? may be waiv$ by an ag5t :o has au?ority to take applications1 collect premiums & deliv] policies4 ,pass+ to ! nature ( ! contract1 if made 9 violation ( a /atute1 or if contr>y to public policy & ?is is kn[n by bo? p>ties1 x is void4 ,?us a /ipulation t a policy %all be payable ?\gh ! insur$ may be execut$ = a crime is contr>y to public policy & is !re=e void4 ,! same is true ( a /ipulation insur+ aga9/ dea? by suicide :ile sane4 ,x is aga9/ public policy to all[ "o p]son to h insurance on ! life ( ano!r )\t 8 k4 ,a policy issu$ on a p]son beyond a specifi$ age is prohibit$ by /atute4 ,:at is ! effect ( fraud 9 negotiat+ & issu+ policies8 ,if ! company or its ag5t p]petrates a fraud :]eby "o is induc$ to take out a policy1 he c at 8 option decl>e x void1 unless s neglig5t 9 act+ z to "w an acquiesc5ce ( x4 ,b if act+ 9 a prop] way & "t he c set up fraud z a def5se 9 an action to get ! premium = :i* ! contract has /ipulat$2 or he may sue to h ! policy decl>$ void & 8 premiums return$ to him2 or he may br+ an action aga9/ ! company or its ag5t1 or bo?1 to recov] ! damages he may h su/a9$ by ! fraud t has be5 practic$ on him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! insur$ has be5 wrong$1 ! c\rts furni% relief1 & p]haps may set ! policy aside4 ,mi/ake is a common gr\nd ( relief2 x mu/ 9 all cases be cle>ly prov$4 ,& if a policy is susceptible ( two con/ructions1 ! ambiguity is to be resolv$ 9 favor ( ! insur$4 ,z ! company fram$ ! policy all ( its provisions 9 its favor are /rictly con/ru$4 ,x may be add$ t ! con/ruction :i* ! p>ties !mselves h put ^u a contract ( life insurance w be g5]ally foll[$ 9 det]m9+ _! int5tion4 ,aga91 ! entire contract is to be con/ru$ toge!r = ! purpose ( giv+ effect to ea* clause & z betwe5 g5]al & specific provisions relat+ to ! same matt] ! specific provisions control4 ,9 det]m9+ :o is ! b5efici>y "u ! t]ms ( a policy ( life insurance ! c\rts are gov]n$ by ! int5tions ( ! p>ties4 ,!y ne$ n be nam$ if !y c be o!rwise id5tifi$1 & may be designat$ 9 a sep>ate pap] prep>$ = t purpose4 ,! am\nt nam$ 9 ! policy g5]ally fixes ! liability ( ! company4 ,to obviate ! wag] feature1 ! am\nt ( insurance effect$ = a cr$itor on ! life ( 8 debtor ought to be limit$ to ! am\nt ( ! debt ) int]e/ & premiums dur+ ! expectancy ( ! life insur$4 ,! risk is presum$ to beg9 f ! date ( ! policy & to cont9ue until ! happ5+ ( ! cont+5cy or "t :5 paym5t is to be made by ! insur$4 ,x may be add$ t words or figures writt5 or pr9t$ on ! m>g9 ( a policy ( life insurance1 on its back1 or on a slip1 ) ref]5ce to ! t]ms & conditions ( ! contract1 con/itute a "p ( x & mu/ be consid]$ 9 decid+ its mean+4 ,b repres5tations made 9 a prospectus or circul> issu$ by a life insurance company are no "p ( a contract4 ,! paym5t ( premiums to a g5]al ag5t )\t notice ( any limitation ( 8 au?ority to receive paym5ts w b9d ! company1 b a diff]5t rule applies to a special ag5t4 ,! premiums may be paid by ! insur$1 or ! b5efici>y1 or by ! ag5t ( ! company :5ev] he has agre$ to pay !m = ! insur+ p>ty4 ,a disc\nt all[$ by ! company = ! punctual paym5t ( premiums belongs n to ! ag5t1 b to ! insur$4 ,ca% is usually paid1 ?\gh o!r arrangem5ts also exi/ = tak+ notes1 t are ultimately paid 9 ca% or f ! e>n+s ( ! company1 & belong to ! insur$ & w\ld be paid to him4 ,9 mutual life insurance companies a portion ( ! premium is (t5 paid 9 ?is mann]4 ,a policy ( life insurance payable to ! insur$1 or 9 ! ev5t ( 8 dea? to 8 p]sonal repres5tatives1 may be assign$ unless =bidd5 by /atute1 !re=e a policy payable to ! wife ( ! insur$1 or ano!r may be assign$ by ! unit$ act ( ! insur$ & ! b5efici>y4 ,?us a policy tak5 out = a wife's b5efit is (t5 assign$ by h] & h] husb& to 8 cr$itors to secure _! debts4 ,9 "s /ates /atutes =bid ! assignm5t ( su* policies = ! b5efit ( cr$itors4 ,! writt5 assignm5t mu/ be deliv]$ to ! assignee to be effective4 ,on "s occasions assignm5ts h be5 decl>$ valid :]e ! int5tion 0 cle>ly prov$ ?\gh bo? ! writt5 assignm5t & ! policy rema9$ 9 ! possession ( ! assignor4 ,an assignee :o holds a policy z security is entitl$ on its paym5t only to ! am\nt ( 8 claim & advances ) int]e/1 includ+ premiums paid to keep ! policy alive & ?us pres]ve 8 security4 ,m g5]ally premiums paid = ?is purpose are *>geable on ! proce$s ( ! insurance1 b a m]e volunte] :o pays ! premiums acquires no li5 on ! proce$s ( ! policy :5 x is paid4 ,nor c "o :o ought to pay ! premiums give a li5 on ! policy to ano!r = money advanc$ by him to pay !m2 & an assignee :o has promis$ to pay ! premiums may be liable %\ld he fail to keep ! policy alive4 ,contracts ( re9surance are (t5 made by all insurance companies4 ,9 "s /ates ! re9sur+ company becomes liable to an action by ! b5efici>y nam$ 9 ! orig9al policy4 ,:]e ! re9sur+ company1 by agreem5t1 und]takes to re9sure ! memb]s ( ! o!r company %\ld !y execute applications = t purpose1 any memb] :o does ?is is n requir$ to be reexam9$ or comply ) o!r conditions respect+ 8 age or heal?4 ,a policy may be cancel$ or surr5d]$ by mutual agreem5t4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! insur$ ! rights ( ! p>ties become fix$1 & !re c be no cancellation4 ,dur+ 8 lifetime ! insur$ may ab&on 8 contract by refus+ to pay ! premiums1 b an int5tion to ab&on w n be presum$1 nor w ! tak+ out ( a second policy be=e 8 failure to pay ! premiums on ! o!r e/abli% an ab&onm5t4 ,if bo? p>ties treat ! contract z void1 nei!r c revive x )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r4 ,z ! b5efici>y has a ve/$ or def9ite int]e/ 9 ! contract1 ! insur$ _c1 by surr5d]+ ! policy1 cut (f ! rights ( ! b5efici>y )\t 8 or h] cons5t unless p]mitt$ to d s by ! contract itself4 ,a surr5d] or cancellation ( a policy may be avoid$ on ! gr\nd ( mutual mi/ake4 ,b ! insur$ _c seek cancellation on ! gr\nd t he ?\ght x 0 some?+ else :5 8 mi/ake 0 simply 8 own 9 n read+ ! release4 ,a policy may be resc9d$ :5ev] fraud has be5 practic$ by ei!r p>ty4 ,?us1 %\ld a great] premium be dem&$ ?an t /at$ 9 ! contract ?is w\ld be a good reason = resc9d+ on ! "p ( ! "p ( ! insur$4 ,likewise1 if he 0 induc$ to take out ! insurance by ! fraud ( ! company or its ag5t1 unless he has lo/ 8 "r to resc9d ?r\gh inaction or neglig5ce4 ,likewise1 ! company may resc9d = fraud practic$ by ! insur$ by misrepres5tation or o!r fraudul5t acts conc]n+ 8 age1 heal?1 etc4 ,concealm5t ( facts may & (t5 does op]ate z a fraud on ! company4 ,says ,ju/ice ,mc,clain3 ,if ! applicant has answ]$ ! que/ions ask$ 9 ! application he is ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t no o!r in=mation is desir$4 ,on ! o!r h& if he :olly fails to answ] que/ions ! company waives in=mation z to matt]s ?us ask$ = by accept+ ! application )\t objection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! applicant purports to answ] a "q by giv+ only an incomplete answ]1 conceal+ facts :i* %\ld prop]ly be /at$ 9 response to ! "q1 & ^! conceal$ facts are mat]ial1 ! policy is voidable4 ,if a mat]ial *ange = ! worse 9 ! heal? ( ! applicant takes place aft] ! application & m$ical exam9ation1 x is ! duty ( ! applicant to disclose x4 ,! failure to disclose facts ( :i* ! applicant is ignorant1 or :i* are immat]ial to ! risk1 is n gr\nd = avoid+ ! policy4 ,:5 a policy is surr5d]$ or cancel$ by ! contract or by /atute1 ! insur$ may be entitl$ to ! surr5d] value ( 8 policy4 ,! am\nt is to be det]m9$ by ! p]iod = :i* ! policy has to run1 ! am\nt ( ! annual premium1 ! age ( ! insur$1 & ! probability ( ! cont9uance ( 8 life /at$ 9 ! usual life tables4 ,! value ( an immatur$ paid-up policy is ! une>n$ premium call$ ! res]ve & is to be comput$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( a policy on :i* annual premiums are paid4 ,! b5efici>y is entitl$ to ! surr5d] value z aga9/ ! insur$1 z well z ! cr$itors1 unless ! b5efici>y has cons5t$ to giv+ !m ! pref]5ce4 ,by a clause 9 ! contract ( insurance or by /atute1 ! insur$ c conv]t 8 policy into a paid-up policy = su* an am\nt z ! premiums w\ld h secur$4 ,^! conv]sions (t5 happ5 :]e ! insur$ is unable or unwill+ to cont9ue to pay ! premiums requir$ to ma9ta9 ! policy4 ,=m]ly on ! failure ( ! insur$ to pay1 policies laps$ or 7 =feit$1 & ! insurance companies ga9$ l>ge sums f ?is s\rce4 ,?is l$ to legislation & to ! creation ( paid-up policies4 ,^! are issu$ on some:at diff]5t t]ms1 b ! pr9ciple 9 all ( !m is ! same4 ,m9or4--,! contracts ( a m9or are ( two k9ds1 ^? = necess>ies & o!r ?+s4 ,contracts = necess>ies made by him ! law w uphold4 ,!y are really impli$ contracts :i* ! law w su/a9 = 8 b5efit & protection4 ,:at are necess>ies is a "q ( fact1 n always easily answ]$4 ,mu* dep5ds on a m9or's place 9 society & condition4 ,! "q is = a jury to decide1 also :e!r ! prices = !m are reasonable or n4 ,"o ( ! well-kn[n cases occurr$ _m ye>s ago4 ,! bill aga9/ ! m9or 0 = m ?an a ?\s& doll>s = twelve coats1 sev5te5 ve/s1 tw5ty-?ree pairs ( tr\s]s1 five canes1 fur caps1 *ip hats & o!r ?+s1 9 less ?an six mon?s4 ,! jury r5d]$ a v]dict = almo/ ! entire am\nt1 b ! review+ c\rt rem>k$ t ! bill made ! memb]s %udd]1 t ! sell] mu/ h kn[n t all ^! ?+s 7 n ne$$ = ! m9or's com=t )9 t %ort p]iod1 & ! v]dict 0 !re=e set aside4 ,! "q is con/antly aris+1 :at are necess>ies8 ,a ?+ might be to "o & n to ano!r4 ,?us a bicycle m]ely = pleasure w\ld n be a necessity2 "o t is us$ to g to & f an individual's daily "w w\ld be4 ,a d5ti/'s bill = repair+ "o's tee? has be5 disput$1 ! law1 ?\gh1 g5]ally favors ! pres]vation ( human tee?4 ,education furni%$ to a m9or may be a necess>y ?+1 yet only :5 x is suitable to 8 wants & condition4 ,%\ld a m9or repudiate a contract1 ! law is obs]v$ if he re/ores all t he has receiv$1 or t is capable ( re/oration4 ,) respect to contracts = o!r ?+s1 !y are n always void1 b may be avoid$4 ,if !y h n be5 execut$1 he c disav[ !m at any "t4 ,if no?+ is done dur+ infancy inaction op]ates g5]ally z an affirmation4 ,if he disaffirms a contract1 he mu/ return ! ?+ pur*as$ or receiv$1 or make ! be/ re/itution he c1 = x w\ld n be j to reta9 possession & refuse paym5t4 ,a diff]5t rule applies to a m9or :o makes a fraudul5t contract4 ,suppose he buys goods assur+ ! sell] t he is tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age :5 9 fact he is n1 ?\gh ne>ly s4 ,c ! sell] recov] on 8 contract8 ,no1 b ! law has ano!r way ( rea*+ him4 ,he is liable 9 an action ( deceit1 & ! am\nt or damage t may be recov]$ is t ( ! goods sold to him4 ,a m9or :o has a p>5t or gu>dian _c make a contract ev5 = necess>ies1 nor is he "u any obligation to pay 8 bills = !m4 ,%\ld he be 9 ne$ ( su* ?+s & 8 gu>dian or p>5t be unwill+ to furni% !m1 !y c be compell$ by law if hav+ ! means to provide him ) :atev] he requires4 ,mortgage4--,two k9ds ( mortgages are giv51 "o k9d is secur$ by real e/ate1 ! o!r k9d by p]sonal prop]ty4 ,9 bo? ! borr[] ( money pl$ges 8 prop]ty z security :ile ! money rema9s unpaid4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he usually rema9s 9 possession & control ( ! prop]ty1 ?\gh n always4 ,! borr[] is call$ ! mortgagor1 ! l5d] ! mortgagee4 ,! contract is 9 writ+ seal$1 is 9 fact a de$4 ,sometimes ! contract is 9 two writ+s1 ! conveyance ( ! l& & security 9 "o1 & ! conditions or defeasance on :i* ! conveyance is made 9 ano!r4 ,x is m usual1 h[ev]1 to set =? ! transaction 9 a s+le writ+ or conveyance4 ,a mortgage may be s made z to cov] future advances1 b x w n cov] !m 9 pref]5ce to advances or loans made by ano!r )\t any k ( !m4 ,nor ne$ ano!r p]son :o makes su* a loan inquire :e!r a mortgagor has made any o!r loan1 or = a l>g] am\nt ?an t /at$ on ! public record1 :]e ! mortgage de$ is record$4 ,=1 x %\ld be add$1 a mortgage de$ is record$ l any o!r = ! b5efit ( all p>ties1 n only to secure ! mortgagee f a lat] pur*as] :o might buy if kn[+ no?+ ( ! prior mortgage1 b f ano!r :o might be will+ to l5d on su* security l himself2 or f a cr$itor ( ! mortgagor :o might atta* ! prop]ty z belong+ to him1 if he did n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! mortgage4 ,z ! record is public1 & may be exam9$ by ev]yone1 all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! prop]ty are suppos$ to exam9e x & ?us f9d out :e!r x has be5 mortgag$1 & if x has be51 ! conditions ( ! mortgage1 & if !y d n1 _! neglect is _! own4 ,improvem5ts1 additions ( e k9d to prop]ty aft] x has be5 mortgag$1 become a "p ( x1 & if ! mortgagee takes future possession1 !y pass to him4 ,b a difficult "q arises sometimes1 :at additions or improvem5ts are includ$8 ,we h le>n$ :at !y are :5ev] a t5ancy relation exi/s4 ,! law does n favor a mortgagor to ! same ext5t4 ,! te/ to apply is t ( int5tion4 ,if a mill has be5 mortgag$1 ! rule is v broad & ! mortgage cov]s ma*9]y atta*$ by bolts & screws ?\gh removable )\t injury to ! premises4 ,if a mortgage has be5 giv51 by no evid5ce c x be %[n t ! de$ 0 int5d$ z an absolute or entire conveyance ( ! prop]ty4 ,on ! o!r h& by prop] evid5ce x c be %[n t an absolute conveyance 0 int5d$ to be only a mortgage4 ,?is has be5 (t5 done4 ,"o may ask1 :y does ! rule n "w bo? ways8 ,!re is a mu* /rong] probability ( mak+ a mi/ake 9 ! second case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! facts ( great importance 9 su* a dispute is ! am\nt ( ! consid]ation or money paid4 ,suppose a piece ( l& 0 wor? #ajjj & ! de$ m5tion$ only #ajj1 unless !re 0 "s o!r explanation1 !re w\ld be a /rong probability t ! p>ties int5d$ only a mortgage :i* = "s reason or o!r 0 n complet$4 ,aga91 x is a rule ( law t an agreem5t :i* is 9 fact a mortgage _c be *ang$ 9 "* by any o!r agreem5t made at ! "t betwe5 ! p>ties relat+ to ! repaym5t ( ! money & ! return ( ! prop]ty4 ,! law presumes t ! entire transaction 0 embodi$ 9 ! agreem5t4 ,once a mortgage always a mortgage4 ,( c\rse ?is rule does n prev5t ! p>ties f mak+ any lat] arrangem5t !y please ab\t ! prop]ty4 ,a mortgage may be made ) a p[] ( sale :]eby1 %\ld ! debt be n paid at ! "t fix$1 a valid title may be acquir$ by a pur*ase f ! mortgagee4 ,! mortgagee ?us becomes a k9d ( tru/ee or ag5t = ! debtor4 ,?is is a great responsibility to repose 9 ! mortgagee1 & he mu/ p]=m ! tru/ 9 good fai? 9 e respect4 ,he mu/ proce$ 9 a way t w be/ s]ve ! int]e/ ( ! mortgagor1 & /rictly obs]ve ! t]ms /at$ 9 ! mortgage1 o!rwise ! sale w n be valid & ! mortgagor c recov] 8 prop]ty4 ,if !re is a surplus aft] satisfy+ ! mortgage debt x mu/ be paid to ! mortgagor1 or1 if he is dead1 to 8 heir4 ,su* de$s ( tru/ are made by l>ge corporations to secure loans1 & may be made to secure future advances z well z pres5t ones4 ,if ! prop]ty is sold to satisfy ! mortgage debt1 ! mortgagee _c pur*ase x1 unless au?oriz$ by /atute1 or by ! t]ms ( ! mortgage2 b if x is sold by an (fic] ( ! law1 ! mortgagee is z free to pur*ase x z any o!r individual4 ,?is rule1 ?\gh1 is d5i$ by "s c\rts1 :i* hold he _c because ! (fic] is act+ z ! mortgagee's ag5t4 ,a v5dor or sell] ( prop]ty1 may h = ! money he is to receive a li51 :i* is ne>ly ! same ?+ z a mortgage4 ,a subsequ5t pur*as] w\ld be affect$ by ?is li51 h[ev] innoc5t he might be ( its exi/5ce4 ,b if ! pur*as] %\ld mortgage ! prop]ty to a ?ird p]son1 :o %\ld put 8 de$ on record1 he w\ld ga9 a valid li5 ov] ! v5dor4 ,?is li5 is f\nd$ on ! idea t ! v5dor holds ! l& 9 tru/ = ! pur*as] until he has paid = x1 b is n recogniz$ 9 e /ate4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! own] w n sell 8 l& until he has be5 paid1 or ! pur*ase money has be5 secur$4 ,! li5 w also prevail aga9/ any assignm5t t ! v5dor may make = ! b5efit ( cr$itors1 provid$ he en=ces 8 li5 be=e ! assignee beg9s to execute 8 tru/4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! notice ( ! v5dor's li54 ,any reasonable notice w suffice1 b :at is su* a notice to *>ge1 = example1 a second pur*as] ) k8 ,paym5t ( a "p ( ! money is held to be k ( ! li54 ,aga91 a v5dee :o has paid any "p ( ! pur*ase money be=e ! deliv]y ( ! de$ to him has a li5 = ! am\nt advanc$4 ,a ?ird p>ty :o pays ! pur*ase money to ! v5dor = ! pur*as] & takes a note = ! am\nt does n h su* a li54 ,! mortgagor 9 mo/ /ates is reg>d$ z ! real own] & rema9s 9 possession2 & ! mortgagee has a li51 or security = 8 advance ( money or :atev] x may be4 ,! mortgagor may sell 8 l& at any "t subject to ! mortgage1 9 o!r words he _c by any sale impair ! mortgagee's security4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mortgagee c transf]1 sell or assign 8 mortgage to ano!r1 & ?is is (t5 done4 ,bo? p>ties may insure ! premises ?\gh ! mortgagee _c exce$ 8 debt4 ,if !y are de/roy$ by fire1 ! mortgagor _c claim to h ! insurance appli$ 9 liquidation ( ! mortgage debt4 ,! mortgagee1 !re=e1 c fir/ collect ! insurance money & !n proce$ to collect ! debt t is due to him f ! mortgagor4 ,if ! sums collect$ f ! two s\rces exce$ ! am\nt advanc$ to ! mortgagor t is only ! mortgagee's affair4 ,b if he insures ! prop]ty at ! mortgagor's reque/ or at 8 exp5se1 !n ! mortgagor w\ld h ! b5efit ( ! insurance4 ,frequ5tly sev]al mortgages are made ( ! same prop]ty4 ,! "o t is ! fir/ record$ has ! fir/ li51 ! "o record$ next ! second li51 & s on4 ,& if ! prop]ty is subsequ5tly sold to pay ! mortgage1 ! fir/ mortgagee has ! fir/ claim to ! money receiv$1 ! second mortgagee next & s on4 ,if !re is n en\gh to pay all1 ! la/ mortgagee is ! fir/ to be cut (f1 or to receive less ?an ! full am\nt due to him4 ,if a te/ator devises mortgag$ l&1 is ! devisee or p]son :o receives ! l& also entitl$ to ! money due f ! mortgagor8 ,g5]ally1 b n ev]y:]e4 ,a beque/ ( money securities includes a note secur$ by mortgage4 ,! mortgagor's int]e/ 9 ! l& on 8 dea?1 if leav+ no w direct+ :o %all take x1 goes to 8 heirs1 & n to 8 executor or adm9i/rator l o!r p]sonal prop]ty4 ,( c\rse1 if !re 7 no o!r prop]ty t c\ld be us$ to pay 8 debts1 if he _h any1 x c\ld be claim$ & tak5 by 8 cr$itors = t purpose4 ,! mortgage usually /ates a "t = pay+ ! debt1 & if ! t]ms are n obs]v$1 ! mortgagee may proce$ to take ! prop]ty4 ,?is he _c d 9 an arbitr>y way1 except 9 ! case ( mortgages 9 :i* ! mortgagee is entru/$ ) p[] to sell ! prop]ty & apply ! money 9 paym5t ( ! debt4 ,9 o!r cases ! mortgagee mu/ apply to ! c\rt to fix a "t = ! sale ( ! prop]ty1 if ! mortgagor fails to make paym5t4 ,! c\rts usually give ! mortgagor a p]iod ( sev]al weeks or mon?s to pay1 & if paym5t is n made at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 ! l& is sold by an (fic] ( ! c\rt1 :o conveys ! title to ! new pur*as]1 & if !re is any surplus left aft] satisfy+ ! mortgage1 ?is is return$ to ! mortgagor4 ,if !re is a deficit1 he is /ill liable !re=4 ,any p]son :o is int]e/$ 9 a mortgag$ e/ate has ! "r to r$eem x2 heirs1 devisees1 cr$itors4 ,on ! dea? ( a mortgagor 8 heirs may call 8 executor or adm9i/rator to pay ! mortgage out ( ! p]sonal e/ate if !re is any1 & n f ! sale ( real e/ate1 because x 0 giv51 s ! law presumes1 = ! b5efit ( ! p]sonal e/ate belong+ to ! mortgagor4 ,or1 if ! l& has be5 giv5 to a devisee1 he c require ! executor or adm9i/rator to pay ! mortgage4 ,aga91 if two p]sons are jo9tly liable = ! debt1 & "o ( !m pays x1 he may call on ! o!r to contribute 8 portion4 ,see ,*attel ,mortgage4 ,negotiable ,pap]4--,by negotiable pap] is meant pap] t c be sold & transf]r$4 ,! law on ?is subject is n[ regulat$ by a /atute t is ne>ly uni=m 9 almo/ all ! /ates ( ! ,union4 ,! c\rts are con/antly apply+ x1 & 9 do+ s are putt+ _! mean+ or int]pretation on ! words ( ! /atute4 ,?us f> !y h look$ ) q simil> eyes1 & no s]i\s diff]5ces h aris54 ,! /atute decl>es t a promissory note mu/ be 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! mak] or draw]2 t x mu/ conta9 an unconditional promise or ord] to pay a c]ta9 sum ( money on dem&1 or at a fix$ future "t to ord] or to be>]4 ,& if ! note is address$ to a drawee he mu/ be nam$ or indicat$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,a note may be writt5 payable ) int]e/ or by /at$ in/allm5ts1 or ) ex*ange1 or ) co/s ( collection1 or an attorney's fee 9 case paym5t %all n be made at maturity4 ,an unqualifi$ ord] or promise to pay is unconditional )9 ! mean+ ( ! law ev5 ?\gh x indicates a p>ticul> fund f :i* x is to be paid1 or a /atem5t ( ! transaction on :i* ! note is bas$4 ,?us ! indorsem5t ( ! words p] contract on ! back ( a note writt5 at ! "t ( its execution does n affect its negotiability4 ,a note payable at a fix$ future "t may be at a fix$ p]iod aft] date or sight1 or on or be=e a fix$ future "t specifi$ !re91 or on or at a fix$ p]iod aft] ! occurr5ce ( a specifi$ ev5t :i* is c]ta9 to happ51 ?\gh ! "t ( happ5+ be unc]ta94 ,a note t is payable on a cont+5cy is n negotiable1 & ! happ5+ ( ! ev5t does n cure ! defect4 ,likewise a note :i* conta9s an ord] or promise to d any act 9 addition to ! paym5t ( money is n negotiable4 ,to ?is rule1 ?\gh1 are "s exceptions4 ,?us a note may be negotiable t au?orizes ! sale ( collat]al securities t h be5 deliv]$ to ! hold] if ! note is n paid at maturity4 ,b a note /at+ t ! title to prop]ty = :i* x is giv5 %all rema9 9 ! payee1 & t he %all h ! "r to decl>e ! money due & take possession ( ! prop]ty :5ev] he may deem himself insecure ev5 be=e ! maturity ( ! note1 is n negotiable4 ,aga91 ! validity & negotiable "* ( a note is n affect$ by ! fact t x is n dat$1 or does n specify ! value giv5 or ! place :]e x is drawn1 or ! place :]e x is payable1 or be>s a seal1 or designates a p>ticul> k9d ( curr5t money 9 :i* paym5t is to be made4 ,fur!rmore1 a note is payable on dem& :5 x is ?us /at$1 or is payable at sight or on pres5tation4 ,also an ov]due note accept$ or indors$ is reg>d$ z payable on dem&1 s f> z ! mak] is conc]n$4 ,a note may be drawn payable to ! ord] ( a specifi$ p]son1 or to him or 8 ord]1 or x may be drawn payable to ! ord] ( a payee :o is n ! mak]1 draw] or drawee1 or x may be drawn payable to ! ord] ( ! draw] or mak]1 or to ! drawee1 or to two or m payees jo9tly1 or to "o or "s ( sev]al payees1 or to ! hold] ( an (fice = ! "t be+4 ,aga91 a note is payable to ! be>] :5 x is ?us express$1 or to a p]son nam$ !re9 or be>]1 or :5 x is payable to ! ord] ( a fictiti\s or non-exi/+ p]son1 & ! fact is kn[n to ! p]son mak+ x s payable1 or :5 ! "n ( ! payee does n purport to be ! "n ( any p]son1 or :5 ! only or la/ indorsem5t is an indorsem5t 9 blank4 ,on "o occasion funds 7 deposit$ 9 a bank 9 ! "n ( a f$]al disburs+ ag5t "u treasury regulations t any *eck drawn by a disburs+ (fice ^u moneys ?us deposit$ mu/ be 9 favor ( ! p>ty by "n to :om paym5t is to be made & payable to ord]4 ,! disburs+ (fic] fraudul5tly drew *ecks payable to fictiti\s payees & ca%$ !m "u =g$ indorsem5ts ( ! fictiti\s payees' "n4 ,! c\rt held t ! *ecks 7 n payable to be>] & t ! bank 0 n protect$ 9 pay+ !m4 ,a note is n invalid = ! reason only t x is ante dat$ or po/ dat$1 provid$ ?is is n done = an illegal or fraudul5t purpose4 ,! p]son to :om x is deliv]$ acquires ! title f ! date ( deliv]y4 ,if a note express$ to be payable at a fix$ p]iod aft] ! date is issu$ undat$1 or ! acceptance ( su* a note is ante dat$1 ! hold] may ins]t ! true date ( issue or acceptance4 ,nor does ! ins]tion ( ! wrong date avoid ! note 9 ! h&s ( a regul> subsequ5t hold]4 ,m g5]ally1 :5 a note is want+ 9 any p>ticul> mat]ial1 ! hold] or possessor has ! au?ority to complete x by fill+ up ! blanks4 ,?is au?ority ext5ds to e incomplete feature ( ! note & may be us$ = ins]t+ ! date1 am\nt1 "n ( ! payee1 & "t & place ( paym5t4 ,:5 au?ority is conf]r$ on ano!r to fill blanks x mu/ be /rictly foll[$4 ,if a note is drawn payable ) int]e/ at ! rate ( p] c5t1 x draws int]e/ at ! legal rate1 al?\gh ! blank is n fill$4 ,! presumption t a note 0 complet$ be=e x 0 sign$ & n aft]w>ds does n arise 9 a note writt5 9 sev]al inks & by diff]5t h&s4 ,& ! pur*as] ( a note ) an unfill$ blank is put on inquiry respect+ ! au?ority ( a p]son entru/$ ) an incomplete note4 ,?us ,a sign$ blank =ms ( notes & left !m ) 8 attorney1 b ) no au?ority to complete & issue !m until in/ruct$4 ,! attorney fill$ !m up )\t fur!r in/ructions & issu$ !m to a p]son :o knew !y _h be5 sign$1 t ! attorney _h a p[] ( attorney to act = ,a1 b did n attempt to read or o!rwise asc]ta9 its t]ms4 ,a 0 n prev5t$ f d5y+ ! validity ( ! notes4 ,9 ano!r case a p]son :o sign$ a numb] ( notes 9 blank z to date1 payee & am\nt1 & left !m 9 8 desk 9 8 (fice1 :5ce !y 7 /ol51 fill$ 9 & indors$ to ,b = value be=e maturity & )\t notice ( any defects1 0 nev]!less n liable on !m4 ,:5 !re=e an incomplete in/rum5t has n be5 deliv]$ x _c be complet$ & negotiat$ )\t au?ority1 & if x is1 x is n a valid contract 9 ! h&s ( any hold] z aga9/ ! p]son ^: signature 0 plac$ !reon be=e deliv]y4 ,e contract on a negotiable note is incomplete & revocable until its deliv]y4 ,z betwe5 ! imm$iate p>ties1 & also a remote p>ty o!r ?an a hold] 9 due c\rse1 ! deliv]y1 9 ord] to be effectual1 mu/ be made ei!r by ! au?ority ( ! p>ty mak+1 draw+1 accept+ or indors+ z ! case may be4 ,! deliv]y may be %[n to h be5 conditional1 or = a special purpose only1 & n = ! purpose ( transf]r+ ! prop]ty ( ! note4 ,b :]e ! note is 9 ! h&s ( a hold] 9 due c\rse1 a valid deliv]y !re( by all p>ties prior to him is conclusively presum$4 ,:5 ! language ( a note is ambigu\s ! foll[+ rules ( con/ruction are appli$3 7a7 if !re is a discrepancy betwe5 ! words & figures 9 express+ ! am\nt1 ! words control1 if ! words are ambigu\s or unc]ta91 ref]5ce may be _h to ! figures to fix ! am\nt2 7b7 if ! note provides = pay+ int]e/ )\t specify+ ! date f :i* x is to run1 ! int]e/ runs f ! date ( ! note1 if ?is is undat$1 f ! issue ( x2 7c7 if n dat$ a note w be consid]$ z dat$ f ! "t ( issue2 7d7 if !re is a conflict betwe5 ! writt5 & pr9t$ provisions1 ! =m] w prevail2 7e7 if x is d\btful :e!r ! in/rum5t is a bill or note1 ! hold] may elect :i* x %all be2 7f7 x is n cle> 9 :at capacity ! p]son mak+ ! note int5d$ to sign he is to be deem$ an indors]2 7g7 :5 a note conta9+ ! words ,i promise to pay is sign$ by two or m p]sons1 !y are deem$ to be jo9tly & sev]ally liable !reon4 ,! signature ( any p>ty may be made by a duly au?oriz$ ag5t4 ,no p>ticul> =m ( appo9tm5t is necess>y = ?is purpose1 & ! au?ority ( ! ag5t may be e/abli%$ z 9 o!r cases ( ag5cy4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o signs z ag5t )\t disclos+ 8 pr9cipal1 he is p]sonally liable4 ,?us1 a husb& sign$ a note 9 8 own "n )\t add+ m4 ,z he _h disclos$ no pr9cipal1 he 0 p]sonally b\nd1 & 8 wife1 = :om he claim$ to h sign$ ! note1 0 n liable4 ,! mak] ( a note add$ to 8 signature1 ,pa/or ( ,/4 ,frances' *ur*4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z 8 p]sonal note1 all besides 8 "n 7 words m]ely ( description4 ,a p]son sign$ a note ?us3 ,e/ate ( ,william ,r4 ,cl>k by ,william ,r4 ,cl>k1 ,jr41 ,tru/ee4 ,z he 0 n au?oriz$ to borr[ on behalf ( ! tru/ & give a note z tru/ee1 he 0 individually liable not)/&+ ! =m ( ! note4 ,:]e ! signature is =g$ or made )\t ! au?ority ( ! p]son ^: signature x purports to be x is :olly inop]ative4 ,?us ,a ca%$ a numb] ( drafts & *ecks payable to ,b's ord] on a =g$ indorsem5t ( ,b's "n by ,b's bookkeep]1 :o appropriat$ ! money to 8 own use4 ,nev]!less1 ,b recov]$ ! am\nt ( ! drafts & *ecks f ,a1 nor 0 8 neglig5ce 9 n exam9+ ! bookkeep]'s books or acc\nts a good def5se4 ,9 ano!r case be=e a note 0 deliv]$ to & accept$ by ! payee1 ,a1 ^: "n appe>$ on ! back1 0 %[n ! note :o said1 ,ev]y?+ is all "r4 ,aft]w>d he resi/$ paym5t on ! gr\nd ( =g]y4 ,z ! payee 0 induc$ to take ! note on ,a's /atem5t ( its g5u95ess1 he c\ld n escape paym5t4 ,e negotiable note is deem$ to h be5 issu$ = a valuable consid]ation1 & e p]son1 ^: signature appe>s !reon1 to h become a p>ty = ! value4 ,an accommodation p>ty is "o :o has sign$ ! note z mak]1 drawee1 acceptor or indors] )\t receiv+ value !re=1 & = ! purpose ( l5d+ 8 "n to "s o!r p]son4 ,su* a p]son is liable on ! note to a hold] = value1 ?\gh ! latt] knew he 0 only an accommodation p>ty4 ,:at is meant by negotiat+ a note8 ,by transf]r+ x 9 a way :]eby ! transf]ee becomes ! hold] or own]4 ,if payable to be>] x is negotiat$ by deliv]y2 if payable to ord] x is negotiat$ by indorsem5t & deliv]y4 ,an indorsem5t may be ei!r special or 9 blank2 & x may also be ei!r re/rictive1 or qualifi$1 or conditional4 ,a special indorsem5t specifies ! p]son to :om1 or to ^: ord] ! note is payable4 ,an indorsem5t 9 blank specifies no indorsee1 & a note ?us indors$ is payable to be>] & may be negotiat$ by deliv]y4 ,! hold] may conv]t a blank indorsem5t into a special "o by writ+ ov] ! signature ( ! indors] 9 blank any contract consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! indorsem5t4 ,by a qualifi$ indorsem5t ! indors] becomes a m]e assignor ( ! note1 & is made s by add+ to 8 signature ! words )\t rec\rse1 or o!rs ( simil> import4 ,su* an indorsem5t does n impair ! negotiable "* ( ! note4 ,:5 a note is payable to ! ord] ( two or m payees or indors]s :o are n p>tn]s1 all mu/ indorse unless ! "o indors+ has au?ority to indorse = ! o!rs4 ,aga91 :]e a note is drawn or indors$ to a p]son z ca%i] or o!r fiscal (fic] ( a bank or corporation ( :i* he is ! (fic]1 x may be negotiat$ by ei!r ! indorsem5t ( ! bank or corporation or by ! indorsem5t ( ! (fic]4 ,& :]e ! "n ( a payee or indors] is wrongly designat$ or misspell$ he may indorse ! note z !re9 describ$1 add+1 if he ?9ks fit1 8 prop] signature4 ,! hold] may at any "t /rike out any indorsem5t :i* is n necess>y to ! title4 ,:5 ?is is done1 he & all subsequ5t indors]s are !reby reliev$ f liability on ! note4 ,! hold] ( a negotiable note may sue !reon 9 8 own "n2 & paym5t to him 9 due c\rse dis*>ges x4 ,:o is a hold] 9 due c\rse8 ,"o :o holds a note on ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 t x is complete & regul> on its face2 7b7 t he became ! hold] be=e x 0 ov]due & )\t notice t x _h be5 di%onor$2 7c7 t he took x 9 good fai? & = value2 7d7 t at ! "t ( its negotiation to him he _h no notice ( any infirmity 9 ! note or defect 9 ! title ( ! p]son negotiat+ x4 ,a note !re=e1 provid+ t any del9qu5cy 9 ! paym5t ( int]e/ %all cause ! :ole note to imm$iately become due & collectable is made ov]due by ! mak]'s failure to pay ! int]e/ :5 due1 & a subsequ5t tak] _c be a hold] 9 due c\rse4 ,to con/itute notice ( an infirmity 9 a note or defect 9 ! title ( ! p]son negotiat+ x1 ! p]son to :om x is negotiat$ mu/ h _h su* actual k ( ! infirmity or defect t 8 action 9 tak+ ! note am\nt$ to bad fai?1 b m]ely suspici\s circum/ances are n en\gh to put a prud5t man on inquiry4 ,on ! o!r h& if ! pur*as] does suspect & fails to inve/igate1 le/ a def5se be disclos$ to ! mak] ( ! note1 he is n a pur*as] 9 good fai?4 ,! mak] ( a note engages t he w pay x accord+ to its t]ms & admits ! signature ( ! payee & 8 capacity to indorse1 & engages t on due pres5tation ! draft w be accept$ or paid or bo?1 accord+ to its t]ms1 & t if x is di%onor$1 & ! ne$ful proce$+s 9 consequ5ce are tak51 he w pay ! am\nt4 ,a p]son plac+ 8 signature on a note o!rwise ?an z mak]1 draw] or acceptor is deem$ to be an indors] unless he cle>ly indicates 8 int5tion to be b\nd 9 "s o!r way4 ,! ,negotiable ,in/rum5ts ,act fixes ! liability ( a p]son :o is n a p>ty to a note1 & :o indorses x be=e deliv]y4 ,! law 0 9 great confusion be=e ?is act e/abli%$ a def9ite rule4 ,su* a p]son is n[ liable z indors] 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ rules3 7a7 if ! note is payable to ! ord] ( a ?ird p]son1 he is liable to ! payee & to all subsequ5t p>ties2 7b7 if payable to ! ord] ( ! mak] or draw]1 or if payable to be>] he is liable to all p>ties subsequ5t to ! mak] or draw]2 7c7 if he signs = ! accommodation ( ! payee he is liable to all p>ties subsequ5t to ! payee4 ,pres5tm5t = paym5t is n necess>y 9 ord] to *>ge ! p]son prim>ily liable on a note1 b if x is payable at a m5tion$ place & he is able & will+ to pay x !re at maturity1 su* action is equival5t to a t5d] ( paym5t on 8 "p4 ,pres5tm5t = paym5t1 ( c\rse1 is ne$ful to *>ge ! drawee & indors]s4 ,:5 ! note is n payable on dem&1 pres5tm5t mu/ be made on ! day x falls due4 ,:5 x is payable on dem&1 pres5tm5t mu/ be made )9 a reasonable "t aft] its issue4 ,?is rule does n apply to all bills ( ex*ange4 ,?us unreasonable delay 9 pres5t+ a *eck w dis*>ge ! indors] :e!r su* delay is a cause ( loss to him or n4 ,likewise a c]tificate ( deposit payable on dem& mu/ be pres5t$ = paym5t )9 a reasonable "t aft] its issue 9 ord] to hold ! indors]4 ,! usage ( trade or bus9ess includes ! usage ( banks relat+ to pres5tm5t ( *ecks = paym5t4 ,x is suffici5t dilig5ce to *>ge an indors] if a *eck on ! bank 9 ano!r place is =w>d$ ?r\gh v>i\s banks = collection 9 accordance ) ! regul> usage ( ! bus9ess1 al?\gh pres5tm5t might h be5 m promptly made if a m direct c\rse _h be5 tak54 ,pres5tm5t = paym5t mu/ be made by ! hold] or by "s p]son au?oriz$ by him to receive paym5t1 at a reasonable h\r on a bus9ess day & at a def9$ place1 & to ! p]son prim>ily liable !reon4 ,& if he is abs5t or inaccessible !n to any p]son :o is at ! place :]e pres5tm5t is made4 ,if a note is payable at a bank ! payor has until ! close ( bank+ h\rs to pay x1 & if1 be=e ! close ( ! bank day1 he deposits money en\gh to pay x a dem& e>li] 9 ! day is premature4 ,delay = pres5t+ a note = paym5t is excus$ :]e ! delay is caus$ by circum/ances beyond ! hold]'s control1 & he is 9 no way neglig5t4 ,nor ne$ pres5tm5t = paym5t be made :5 aft] us+ reasonable dilig5ce x _c be made1 or :]e ! drawee ( a bill is a fictiti\s p]son1 & la/ly :]e pres5tm5t1 express or impli$1 has be5 waiv$4 ,e negotiable note is payable at ! "t fix$ !re94 ,:5 ! day ( maturity falls on ,sunday or a holiday1 ! note is payable on ! next succe$+ bus9ess day4 ,notes fall+ due on ,saturday are to be pres5t$ = paym5t on ! next succe$+ bus9ess day1 except t notes payable on dem& may1 at ! option ( ! hold]1 be pres5t$ = paym5t be=e twelve o'clock noon on ,saturday :5 t entire day is n a holiday4 ,:5 ! note is payable at a fix$ p]iod aft] ! date1 aft] sight1 or aft] ! happ5+ ( a specifi$ ev5t1 ! "t ( paym5t is det]m9$ by exclud+ ! day f :i* ! "t is to beg9 to run1 & includes ! date ( paym5t4 ,& :]e a note is made payable at a bank x is equival5t to an ord] to ! bank to pay x = ! acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal debtor !reon4 ,9 accordance ) ! notation on ! m>g9 ( a note ! hold] s5t x = collection to a bank :i* held1 z a special deposit1 ! mak]'s money4 ,! ca%i] at maturity notifi$ ! mak] :o direct$ ! ca%i] to pay ! note4 ,! ca%i] said ,all "r1 y\r note is paid4 ,! note 0 reg>d$ z paid4 ,:5 a negotiable note has be5 di%onor$ by non-acceptance or non-paym5t1 notice ( di%onor mu/ be giv5 to ! draw] & to ea* indors]1 & any draw] or indors] to :om su* notice is n giv5 is dis*>g$4 ,a writt5 notice ne$ n be sign$ & an insuffici5t notice may be supplem5t$ by v]bal communication4 ,nor does misdescription ( ! note vitiate ! notice unless ! p>ty to :om ! notice is giv5 is 9 fact misl$ !reby4 ,! notice may be 9 writ+ or m]ely oral1 & may be giv5 9 any t]ms :i* suffici5tly id5tify ! note & indicate t x has be5 di%onor$ by non-acceptance or non-paym5t4 ,x may be deliv]$ p]sonally or ?r\gh ! mails4 ,:]e ! p>ties to be notifi$ are p>tn]s1 notice to any "o ( !m is notice to all ev5 ?\gh !re has be5 a dissolution4 ,b notice to jo9t p>ties :o are n p>tn]s mu/ be giv5 to ea* ( !m1 unless "o ( !m has au?ority to receive ! notice = ! o!rs4 ,:5 ! p]son giv+1 & ! p]son :o is to receive notice reside 9 ! same place1 x mu/ be giv5 )9 ! foll[+ times3 7a7 if giv5 at ! place ( bus9ess ( ! p]son :o is to receive notice ?is mu/ be done be=e ! close ( ! bus9ess h\rs on ! day2 7b7 if giv5 at 8 resid5ce x mu/ be giv5 be=e ! usual h\rs ( re/ on ! day foll[+2 7c7 if s5t by mail x mu/ be deposit$ 9 ! po/ (fice 9 "t to rea* him 9 usual c\rse on ! day foll[+4 ,if ! p>ties reside 9 diff]5t places ! notice mu/ be s5t )9 ! foll[+ times3 7a7 if s5t by mail x mu/ be deposit$ 9 ! po/ (fice 9 "t to g by mail ! day foll[+ ! day ( di%onor1 or if !re be no mail at a conv5i5t h\r on t day by ! next mail !reaft]2 7b7 if giv5 o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! po/ (fice !n )9 ! "t notice w\ld h be5 receiv$ 9 due c\rse ( mail if x _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! po/ (fice _h x be5 deposit$ 9 ! po/ (fice z above describ$4 ,if a p>ty _h add$ an address to 8 signature ! notice mu/ be s5t to t address1 if he has n1 !n ! notice mu/ be s5t z foll[s3 7a7 ei!r to ! po/ (fice ne>e/ to 8 place ( resid5ce or to ! po/ (fice :]e he is accu/om$ to receive 8 lett]s1 or if he lives 9 "o place & has 8 place ( bus9ess 9 ano!r1 notice may be s5t to ei!r place1 or if soj\rn+ 9 ano!r place1 ! notice may be s5t !re4 ,9 any ev5t if he receives ! notice )9 ! "t specifi$1 x w satisfy ! law4 ,( c\rse notice may be waiv$2 sometimes1 also1 x is q impossible to give notice2 :5ev] ?is happ5s ! law does n require notice to be giv54 ,some?+ %\ld be add$ conc]n+ alt]ations t are made occasionally 9 negotiable in/rum5ts4 ,any alt]ation :i* *anges ! date1 ! sum payable ei!r ( pr9cipal or int]e/1 ! "t or place ( paym5t1 ! numb] or ! relations ( ! p>ties1 ! m$ium or curr5cy 9 :i* paym5t is to be made1 or :i* adds a place ( paym5t :]e no place ( paym5t is specifi$1 or any o!r *ange or addition :i* alt]s ! effect ( ! in/rum5t 9 any respect is a mat]ial "o & ought n to be made4 ,to add ! words ) int]e/1 ) or )\t a fix$ rate1 is a mat]ial alt]ation4 ,b ! ins]tion by ! payee ( ! words int]e/ aft] ! mak+ ( a note by au?ority ( mak] w n vitiate x4 ,& if a note _h ! clause1 int]e/ at p] c5t1 ! ins]tion ( ! legal rate w\ld n be a mat]ial alt]ation s9ce ! legal import w\ld n be *ang$4 ,! position ( a writ+ on a note is n important1 = ! effect ( ! contract is to be ga!r$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! pap]4 ,! g5]al rule is1 if a memor&um writt5 on an in/rum5t 9 ! m>g9 or at ! foot is made be=e or at ! "t ( its execution1 x is consid]$ a "p !re(1 & if x affects ! op]ation ( ! t]ms ( ! body ( ! in/rum5t x is a mat]ial "p4 ,x foll[s t words writt5 by a p>ty on ! m>g9 ( an in/rum5t aft] its execution & deliv]y1 con/itute an alt]ation if int5d$ to affect ! t]ms ( ! in/rum5t & w\ld h su* effect if !y 7 !re :5 ! in/rum5t 0 execut$4 ,a bill ( ex*ange is an unconditional ord] 9 writ+ address$ by "o p]son to ano!r1 sign$ by ! p]son giv+ x1 requir+ ! p]son to :om x is address$ to pay on dem& or at a fix$ det]m9able future "t a c]ta9 sum ( money to ord] or be>]4 ,a bill ( itself does n op]ate z an assignm5t ( ! funds 9 ! h&s ( ! drawee available = its paym5t1 nor is ! drawee liable on a bill until he accepts or agrees to pay x4 ,an inl& bill is "o drawn & payable )9 a /ate4 ,any o!r is a =eign bill4 ,an indors$ promissory note & an accept$ bill are v mu* ! same ?+1 & t is :y ! law always treats ( bo? toge!r4 ,! mak] ( a note incurs ! same obligations z ! acceptor ( a bill1 bo? are ! p>ties prim>ily liable !reon1 & ! indors] ( a note & ! draw] ( a note are bo? second>ily liable on prop] notification ( ! failure ( ! prim>y p>ties to pay1 z we h le>n$4 ,! payees 9 bo? cases are ! same4 ,! acceptance ( a bill is ! signify+ by ! drawee t he has ass5t$ to ! draw]'s ord]1 & mu/ be 9 writ+4 ,an unconditional promise 9 writ+ to accept a bill be=e x is drawn is deem$ an actual acceptance 9 favor ( e p]son :o on ! fai? !re( receives ! bill = value4 ,! drawee is all[$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] pres5tm5t to decide :e!r or n he w accept ! bill2 b ! acceptance1 if giv51 dates f ! day ( pres5tation4 ,fur!rmore1 an acceptance may be qualifi$ z to "t1 acceptance ( paym5t 9 "p only & 9 o!r ways4 ,:5 a =eign bill is n accept$ x mu/ be prote/$1 :i* mu/ specify ! "t & place ( pres5tm5t1 & o!r p>ticul>s1 & is usually made by a not>y public1 ?\gh ?is c be done by o!r p]sons4 ,p>5t & ,*ild4--,a p>5t is legally z well z morally b\nd to support 8 *ildr5 :o are incapable to c>e = !mselves4 ,%\ld a wife be divorc$ f h] husb& 8 duty to ma9ta9 ! *ildr5 w\ld n fall on h]1 unless %e also _h ! cu/ody ( !m4 ,a fa!r's obligation to ma9ta9 8 *ild cont9ues until he is able to provide = himself4 ,! legal obligation ceases by common law z soon z a *ild atta9s majority1 h[ev] helpless he may be or great may be 8 fa!r's weal?4 ,a *ild t has prop]ty ( 8 own1 :ile 8 fa!r's means are n en\gh1 may be support$ f 8 own means4 ,ev5 ! pr9cipal may be us$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,g5]ally if ! fa!r has ample means1 he mu/ use !m to educate 8 *ild4 ,:5 ! fa!r c use ! *ild's =tune & h[ mu*1 is sometimes a difficult "q to answ]4 ,! education ( a *ild is n[ l>gely regulat$ by /atute4 ,a p>5t may protect 8 *ild1 ev5 a homicide is ju/ifiable4 ,a p>5t c also correct 8 *ild4 ,says an excell5t au?ority3 ,! rights ( p>5ts result f _! duties4 ,z !y are b\nd to ma9ta9 & educate _! *ildr51 ! law has giv5 !m su* au?ority1 &1 9 support ( t au?ority1 a "r to ! ex]cise ( su* discipl9e z may be requisite to ! dis*>ge ( ! sacr$ tru/4 ,see ,adopt$ ,*ild2 ,husb& & ,wife4 ,p>tn]%ip4--,!re may be a p>tn]%ip 9 a s+le transaction1 = example1 to buy & sell a load ( potatoes4 ,p]sons may be liable z p>tn]s to o!rs :o _h no int5tion ( creat+ t relation4 ,if ,a acts 9 su* a way by spee* or de$s z to create ! belief 9 ,b t he is a p>tn]1 & ?us believ+ ,b sells goods to ! p>tn]%ip1 ,a is liable z a p>tn] = !m4 ,on ! o!r h& if ,b knew t ,a 0 n a p>tn]1 he c\ld n hold him z "o4 ,9 _m cases x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r "o is a p>tn] or n4 ,_m te/s h be5 appli$4 ,! mo/ g5]al is t ( int5tion4 ,simply %>+ 9 ! pr(its & losses w n always suffice4 ,?is 0 long consid]$ a prop] te/ b x broke d[n aft] _m applications4 ,?us1 suppose a cl]k is paid by giv+ him a fix$ p]c5tage ( ! pr(its z a comp5sation1 is he a p>tn]8 ,he 0 s reg>d$ on "o occasion1 & ! firm hav+ fail$ he 0 made liable = all its debts4 ,t is "o ( ! consequ5ces att5d+ ! relation1 e p>tn] is liable = ! entire indebt$ness ( ! am\nt he may h contribut$4 ,! cl]k contribut$ no?+1 nev]!less he 0 liable l ! o!rs4 ,today ! c\rts w\ld decide su* a case diff]5tly4 ,x w\ld inquire :e!r ! p>tn]s int5d$ to make him a p>tn]1 or only gave him a %>e ( ! pr(its z a mode ( pay+ him = 8 s]vice4 ,! rec5t ,p>tn]%ip ,act conta9s ?is te/4 ,a p>tn]%ip may usually hold any k9d ( prop]ty1 real & p]sonal1 & n infrequ5tly is =m$ to cultivate or deal 9 l&4 ,a p>tn] is a g5]al ag5t4 ,h5ce ! risk ( creat+ ! relation4 ,be+ a g5]al ag5t he c b9d 8 p>tn]%ip = any acts )9 ! scope ( 8 au?ority4 ,yet !re are limitations4 ,if a p>tn]%ip 0 engag$ 9 sell+ dry goods1 a p>tn] c\ld h>dly b9d 8 p>tn]s by mak+ a contract ) a p]son = a quantity ( iron1 unless x 0 ne$$ 9 rebuild+ ! /ore1 or 9 "s o!r connection ) ! bus9ess4 ,he c make & indorse negotiable pap] t is us$ 9 connection ) ! bus9ess4 ,suppose he borr[s money on 8 own note & he gives ! money to 8 firm1 is x responsible = ! am\nt8 ,?is has prov$ a h>d "q = ! c\rts4 ,if ! money ?\gh loan$ on 8 note 0 = ! b5efit ( ! p>tn]%ip1 & x 0 kn[n at ! "t t x 0 to be us$ 9 t way1 ! p>tn]%ip w\ld be liable2 b if ! money 0 to be us$ by ! borr[] & ?is 0 kn[n & believ$ by ! l5d] he c\ld look only to ! borr[] = paym5t4 ,! receiv+ ( a new memb] con/itutes a new p>tn]%ip4 ,x may reorganize ! old p>tn]%ip & become responsible = its debts1 or x may n4 ,unless recogniz$ 9 "s way by pay+ int]e/ on !m & ! l1 ! new memb] does n become responsible = !m4 ,a p>tn]%ip is =m$ usually by a def9ite agreem5t t is put 9 writ+4 ,yet x may be simply an oral agreem5t ) v g5]al t]ms ab\t ! contribution ( capital or skill ( ! respective p>tn]s & _! division ( pr(its4 ,!y may & usually d h di/9ct fields ( employm5t1 ea* do+ ! ?+ = :i* he is1 or suppos$ to be1 be/ prep>$4 ,by reason ( _! g5]al liability1 9 ! old5 days p]sons :o wi%$ to ?us engage & yet n be responsible1 7 kept 9 ! backgr\nd1 & 7 kn[n z secret & dormant p>tn]s4 ,if f\nd out !y 7 liable because !y 7 to %>e 9 ! pr(its4 ,! fact t !y 7 unkn[n :5 cr$it 0 giv5 to ! p>tn]%ip at ! "t ( sell+ goods to ! conc]n did n %ield !m f liability aft] ! discov]y ( _! relation4 ,! difficulty has s9ce be5 remov$ 9 two ways1 by incorporat+ ! p>tn]s into a corporation ^: p[]s & liabilities are fix$ by law & !re=e kn[n to all1 & by =m+ limit$ liability p>tn]%ips4 ,^! consi/ ( two or m g5]al p>tn]s1 also special p>tn]s :o contribute an am\nt ( capital1 ( :i* ! public is publicly in=m$4 ,if su* an association is unsuccessful1 ! special p>tn]s may inde$ lose all1 or a "p ( ! capital !y h contribut$1 b are liable = no m4 ,?is is a great improvem5t ov] ! secret & dormant me?ods ( gett+ ! capital ne$$ = p>tn]%ip purposes4 ,"o ( ! matt]s t %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ 9 =m+ a limit$ liability p>tn]%ip is to contribute ! full am\nt ( capital adv]tis$4 ,if any deception is practic$1 or mi/ake made1 :]eby a small] am\nt is contribut$1 %\ld ! p>tn]%ip n succe$1 ! special p>tn]s become liable z g5]al p>tn]s = ! full am\nt4 ,once su* a p>tn]%ip 0 =m$ ) ?ree special p>tn]s :o contribut$ ea* #ajj1jjj1 & at ! end ( two ye>s 7 told t _! pr(its individually 7 #fj1jjj4 ,ea* 0 ask$ to contribute #ajj1jjj m1 & feel+ happy ov] 8 v5ture1 he put 9 #dj1jjj m1 :i*1 add$ to 8 pr(its1 made up ! requir$ am\nt4 ,:5 ! conc]n fail$ a few ye>s aft]w>ds ! books %[$ t nei!r special p>tn] 0 ev] entitl$ to #fj1jjj z pr(its4 ,?\gh innoc5t1 = !y _h nev] exam9$ ! books1 !y 7 held z g5]al p>tn]s = ! entire indebt$ness ( ! conc]n4 ,an illegal contract made by a p>tn] w n b9d 8 p>tn]%ip1 = all p>ties are suppos$ to "k ! law1 & an illegal b>ga9 _c be en=c$1 = example1 an agreem5t to pay usuri\s int]e/4 ,h[ may a p>tn]%ip be dissolv$8 ,unless ! "t is fix$ by agreem5t1 x may be dissolv$ by any memb] :5ev] he pleases to d s1 ?\gh he _c act wantonly to ! manife/ injury ( ! o!rs )\t mak+ himself responsible = _! loss4 ,& if a p>tn] %\ld attempt to transf] 8 int]e/ be=e ! "t fix$ = end+ ! relation )\t good reason1 to ! manife/ injury ( ! o!r p>tn]s1 he c be legally re/ra9$ f tak+ su* action4 ,! dea? ( a p>tn] causes a dissolution4 ,nor c executors or adm9i/rators succe$ to 8 place1 ?\gh !y (t5 d s = a %ort p]iod to prev5t ! int]ruption ( ! bus9ess & to enable all p>ties to f>e bett] ?an !y w\ld by its sudd5 end+4 ,yet x is awkw>d = ^! (ficials to ?us act1 & 9 s do+ !y incur an unpleasant p]sonal responsibility4 ,to relieve !m f ?is "s /ates h pass$ /atutes p]mitt+ !m to ?us act ) ! o!r p>tn]s "u ! direction & ord]s ( ! c\rt hav+ *>ge ( ! e/ate4 ,a p>tn] :o retires %\ld give notice ( 8 retirem5t to relieve himself f future liability4 ,=1 %\ld he neglect1 & p]sons cont9u$ to sell on cr$it to ! firm1 suppos+ he 0 a memb]1 he w\ld be liable z be=e4 ,! /atutes 9 "s /ates regulate 8 duty 9 ?is reg>d2 x is "o t he _c safely omit4 ,%\ld a p>tn]%ip fail1 ! g5]al rule ) respect to ! assets is ! p>tn]%ip prop]ty mu/ be us$ to pay p>tn]%ip debts1 & ! individual prop]ty ( p>tn]s to pay _! individual debts4 ,if a p>tn] has any?+ left aft] pay+ 8 individual debts1 x mu/ be devot$ to pay+ ! p>tn]%ip debts4 ,if ! p>tn]%ip has any?+ left aft] pay+ its debts1 ?is belongs to ! p>tn]s 9 accordance ) _! agreem5t 9 contribut+ x & ! e>n+s1 & mu/ be devot$ to ! paym5t ( _! individual debts4 ,la/ly conc]n+ ! au?ority ( a liquidat+ p>tn]4 ,he c d _m ?+s1 give r5ewal notes1 make indorsem5ts1 collect debts due ! p>tn]%ip1 & ev5 revive an outlaw$ debt4 ,( c\rse ! affairs ( a p>tn]%ip may be settl$ by "s o!r p]son ?an a p>tn]2 n infrequ5tly a receiv] is appo9t$ :o acts "u ! ord] ( ! c\rt t appo9t$ him4 ,an agreem5t betwe5 a liquidat+ p>tn] & ! o!r p>tn]s1 to take all ! prop]ty & pay all ! debts1 is limit$ 9 its effect to !mselves & does n affect o!rs4 ,aft] ! p>tn]%ip assets h be5 transf]r$ to a liquidat+ p>tn]1 or to any o!r p]son = liquidation1 a debtor :o has notice ( ! transf] is n ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a settlem5t ) any "o else4 ,& if he %\ld d s1 ! liquidator c\ld require him to pay aga9 to himself4 ,pat5t4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ?+ pat5table is a new & useful art1 ma*9e1 manufacture or composition ( matt]1 or new & useful improvem5t !re(1 or new1 orig9al & ornam5tal design = an article ( manufacture4 ,an idea1 pr9ciple or law ( nature is n pat5table1 b only ! means = utiliz+ ! idea or pr9ciple4 ,_m a great discov]y has slipp$ away f ! inv5tor or discov]]1 because he s\ght to hold ! discov]y or inv5tion ( ! pr9ciple z 8 own1 in/ead ( limit+ 8 claim to ! means or me?ods ( putt+ 8 pr9ciple into use4 ,morse's inv5tion ( telegraphy is "o ( !m4 ,an art or process is pat5table z well z ma*9]y1 ?\gh ! inv5tor may n "k ! ab/ract pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 art4 ,b he mu/ "k & describe ! /eps by :i* ! result is accompli%$4 ,a composition ( matt] is a me*anical mixture or *emical comb9ation ( two or m sub/ances2 & an improvem5t is an addition to1 or *ange 91 a kn[n art1 ma*9e1 manufacture or composition ( matt]1 :i* produces a useful result & is pat5table if x am\nts to inv5tion4 ,la/ly a pat5table design may consi/ ( a new & ornam5tal %ape giv5 to an article ( manufacture1 or ( an ornam5tation to be plac$ ^u an article ( old %ape4 ,x is said t ! law relat+ to ?is subject int5ds t ! pat5tability ( a design %all be det]m9$ by its appeal to ! eyes ( ! ord9>y man1 & n to ! eyes ( a jury ( arti/s4 ,design pat5ts are grant$ = diff]5t p]iods1 ?ree ye>s & a half1 sev5 ye>s & f\rte5 ye>s1 z ! applicant may elect4 ,! subject matt] ( a pat5t mu/ be new & useful4 ,x mu/ be new n only to ! pat5tee1 b to all ! p 9 ?is c\ntry1 & at ! "t he fil$ 8 inv5tion4 ,! f$]al law1 h[ev]1 secures a pat5tee :o _h no k t 8 inv5tion _h be5 discov]$ abroad & :i* _h n be5 pat5t$ !re1 nor describ$ 9 a pr9t$ publication4 ,be=e ! enactm5t ( ?is law a pat5t 0 n grant$ )\t %[+ t ! applicant 0 ! orig9al inv5tor ) relation to e "p ( ! _w4 ,mu* has be5 said conc]n+ ! novelty ( an inv5tion4 ,?is may be 9 ! use ( an old means 9 a new way2 or a *ange ( %ape or =m to produce new functions & results1 b ! *anges mu/ am\nt to inv5tion1 :i* is m ?an m]e novelty4 ,a =eign pat5t 9 ord] to invalidate an ,am]ican pat5t mu/ ant$ate ! inv5tion pat5t$4 ,a =eign pat5t exi/s z a pat5t only z ( ! date :5 ! inv5tion 0 publi%$4 ,9 ,engl& an inv5tion is n pat5t$ )9 ! mean+ ( ! act ( ,congress until ! enrollm5t ( ! complete specification4 ,:at is meant by a prior publication8 ,x is a pr9t$ book1 newspap] or docum5t ( a public nature disclos+ ! inv5tion int5d$ & actually employ$ = ! purpose ( in=m+ ! public4 ,publication 9 a book ( g5]al circulation is suffici5t2 bus9ess catalogues or circul>s are n su* publications z are meant 9 ! law4 ,to defeat a pat5t on ! gr\nd ( want ( novelty ! pro( ( prior use or k mu/ be conv9c+1 suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,! recollection ( "o witness conc]n+ ! peculi> con/ruction ( a piece ( ma*9]y1 especially if ! /ructure is "o ( complex "*1 is n en\gh evid5ce to defeat a pat5t4 ,mu* less evid5ce1 h[ev]1 might be suffici5t to prove t a v simple inv5tion _h be5 anticipat$4 ,to ju/ify ! grant+ ( a pat5t x mu/ be useful4 ,if ! inv5tion be frivol\s or p]nici\s1 ! inv5tor _c secure = x legal protection4 ,! use ( ! inv5tion mu/ n be contr>y to public heal? or morals4 ,x is n ne$ful t ! inv5tion %\ld be ! be/ ( its k9d1 or t x %\ld accompli% all t ! inv5tor claims = x4 ,fur!rmore1 its utility dep5ds on ! /ate ( ! art at ! "t ( mak+ ! claim or issu+ ! pat5t2 its subsequ5t inutility does n invalidate ! pat5t4 ,ext5sive use is evid5ce ( utility4 ,! presumption ( law favors a pat5t1 & ! burd5 ( pro( is on ! "o attack+ x to %[ t x is n useful4 ,! infr+em5t ( an inv5tion is 9 effect an admission ( utility1 because use implies utility4 ,a pat5t also calls = ! ex]cise ( inv5tive p[]4 ,?\gh inv5tion mu/ be se5 9 e pat5t1 x is difficult to def9e4 ,says a =m] commission] ( pat5ts1 ,ju/ice ,duell3 ,x is a matt] re/+ 9 judgm5t & !re=e no fix$ rule = its det]m9ation is possible4 ,"s pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 assi/ 9 def9+ ! t]m4 ,?us1 x is decl>$ t an act ( inv5tion is prim>ily m5tal & involves ! conception or m5tal con/ruction ( a means n previ\sly kn[n = accompli%+ a useful result4 ,x is n ! m]e adaptation ( old means by common reason+1 b is ! con/ruction ( new means ?r\gh an ex]cise ( ! creative faculties ( ! m9d4 ,betwe5 inv5tion & discov]y ! pat5t laws draw no di/9ction4 ,aga91 x has be5 (t5 said t ! design ( ! pat5t laws is to rew>d ^? :o make a sub/antial inv5tion or discov]y1 :i* is an additional /ep 9 ! useful arts4 ,! law nev] int5d$ to grant a monopoly = e trifl+ device :i* w\ld naturally occur to a skill$ me*anic 9 ! ord9>y progress ( manufacture4 ,an article ( manufacture is n pat5table because means h be5 devis$ to make x m p]fectly ?an be=e2 x mu/ be new 9 itself & n m]ely 9 its workman%ip4 ,a ma*9e-made article !re=e is n pat5table simply because x is ?us made1 & no long] by h&4 ,! sub/itution ( an art1 manufacture1 or composition ( matt] ( "o elem5t or device = ano!r :i* does ! same ?+ 9 ! same way & accompli%es a simil> result is n inv5tion4 ,ev5 if ! sub/itut$ "p p]=ms ! function bett]1 !re is no pat5table inv5tion unless "s new function or result is secur$4 ,*anges !re=e ( ! relative location ( p>ts )\t *ang+ ! functions p]=m$ by !m are n an inv5tion1 nor is ! omission ( a "p ) a correspond+ omission ( function4 ,a pat5t c issue only to ! inv5tor1 or if he is dead to 8 executor or adm9i/rator4 ,if !re be two orig9al inv5tors ! "o :o fir/ made x or br\ght x to ?is c\ntry is entitl$ to a pat5t4 ,a pat5t grant$ on ! application ( a non-inv5tor is void4 ,by fir/ inv5tor is meant ! "o :o fir/ _h a m5tal conception ( ! inv5tion provid$ he ex]cis$ dilig5ce 9 p]fect+ x4 ,if !re be a rival claimant ! p>ty :o fir/ r$uc$ to practice ! inv5tion 01 until ! contr>y fact is %[n1 ! fir/ inv5tor4 ,"o :o m]ely utilizes ! ideas ( o!rs is n an orig9al inv5tor & is n entitl$ to a pat5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates any p]son1 reg>dless ( resid5ce1 citiz5%ip or age may obta9 a pat5t4 ,an inv5tion is r$uc$ to practice :5 x is s f> p]fect$ t x may be put into practical & successful use4 ,! ma*9e may n be p]fectly con/ruct$1 b x embodies all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! inv5tion4 ,demon/ration ( its success by actual use is usually necess>y1 b n always4 ,! r$uction to practice mu/ be by ! applicant = a pat5t1 or by 8 ag5t2 to d ?is by a ?ird p>ty w n suffice4 ,! p]son :o fir/ conceiv$ ! inv5tion1 b 0 lat] ?an 8 rival 9 r$uc+ x to practice1 is n reg>d$ z ! fir/ inv5tor unless he ex]cis$ due dilig5ce to p]fect 8 inv5tion aft] ! "t t 8 rival ent]$ ! field aga9/ him4 ,two or m p>ties may contribute 9 develop+ an idea & produc+ an inv5tion1 :i* is truly ! result ( _! jo9t m5tal ef=ts1 & n ! sep>ate inv5tion ( ei!r4 ,9 su* case bo? mu/ apply = ! pat5t1 :i* is grant$ to !m jo9tly4 ,b if a pat5t is ?us issu$ to two & only "o ( !m is ! inv5tor1 ! pat5t is invalid4 ,nor c "o ( two jo9t inv5tors make application & secure ! pat5t on assignm5t f ! o!r2 bo? mu/ jo94 ,! pat5t mu/ issue on ! application ( & 9 ! "n ( ! real inv5tor ev5 ?\gh he 0 employ$ to make x = ! b5efit ( ano!r4 ,not)/&+1 ! employ] is ! own] ( ! pat5t & may compel ! pat5tee to transf] x to him4 ,( c\rse _! respective rights may be *ang$ by agreem5t4 ,if no agreem5t exi/s1 a company t employs a skill$ workman to make improvem5ts on its ma*9]y is n entitl$ to ! pat5ts grant$ to ! workman4 ,says ,ju/ice ,duell3 ,an employee1 p]=m+ all ! duties assign$ to him 9 8 dep>tm5t ( s]vice1 may ex]cise 8 inv5tive faculties 9 any direction he *ooses ) ! assurance t :atev] inv5tion he may ?us conceive & p]fect is 8 individual prop]ty4 ,! company1 h[ev]1 has an impli$ lic5se to make1 use & sell ! inv5tion4 ,:]e a p>ty employs ano!r to assi/ him 9 p]fect+ an inv5tion ! presumption is t ! employ] is ! real inv5tor ( ! ?+ produc$ by _! jo9t ef=t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e a p]son is employ$ to ex]cise 8 inv5tive skill1 because he is kn[n to be ! possessor ( x1 ,edison = example1 ! presumption is 9 favor ( ! employee4 ,gov]nm5t employees may secure pat5ts on inv5tions made by !m dur+ _! employm5t1 aft] _! relation%ip has ceas$4 ,! gov]nm5t may h an impli$ lic5se to use ! inv5tion )\t any title !reto4 ,pat5ts may be issu$ & reissu$ to assignees on ! application ( inv5tors4 ,on ! dea? ( an inv5tor be=e a pat5t has be5 issu$ to him1 8 executor or adm9i/rator may apply !re=1 :o takes ! pat5t 9 tru/ = ! heirs4 ,a =eign executor or adm9i/rator may make a simil> application4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 pres5t a prop] c]tificate ( 8 au?ority to act4 ,likewise1 a legally appo9t$ gu>dian or cons]vator ( an insane inv5tor may apply = & obta9 a pat5t 9 tru/ = him4 ,! inv5tor mu/ apply to ! commission] ( pat5ts = lett]s pat5t :i* secure to him 8 inv5tion4 ,! application comprises a petition1 specification1 claims1 oa?1 draw+s if ! nature ( ! inv5tion may be ?us %[n1 & a model1 :5 ?is is requir$ by ! pat5t (fice4 ,a fee ( fifte5 doll>s also mu/ be s5t ) ! pap]s4 ,! application mu/ be sign$ by ! inv5tor & two witnesses4 ,! specification is ! writt5 description ( ! inv5tion & ( ! mann] & process ( mak+1 con/ruct+1 comp\nd+1 & us+ ! inv5tion2 :atev] x may be4 ,he mu/ describe n m]ely ! pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion1 b ! mode ( apply+ x 9 su* a cle>1 intelligible mann] t ^? :o are skill$ 9 ! art c1 )\t o!r aid1 use ! inv5tion4 ,no?+ %\ld be left to exp]im5t4 ,! phrase skill$ 9 ! art means p]sons ( ord9>y skill4 ,:e!r a description is cle>1 exact & suffici5t is a "q = ! jury :5ev] x is a matt] ( legal cont5tion4 ,9 describ+ an improvem5t ! same rule is appli$4 ,! description %\ld %[ cle>ly ! nature ( x4 ,! description %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,a description 9 a pat5t = an improvem5t is suffici5t if a practical me*anic acqua9t$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! old ma*9e 9 :i* ! improvem5t is made1 c1 ) ! aid ( ! pat5t & diagram1 adopt ! improvem5t4 ,if an inv5tor int5tionally conceals facts or misleads ! public by an errone\s description1 8 pat5t is void4 ,conc]n+ ! claim or claims ) :i* ! inv5tor concludes 8 specification _m que/ions h aris54 ,fir/1 ! claim mu/ be cle>ly /at$ s t ! public may "k :at x is4 ,! claim %\ld n be too broad4 ,sev]al claims may be made1 b !y %\ld n be v>y+ phraseology = ! same ?+4 ,!y %\ld /ate ! physical /ructure or elem5ts ( me*anism by :i* ! end or result is produc$4 ,! inv5tor mu/ make oa? t he believes himself to be ! orig9al & fir/ inv5tor1 t he does n believe t ! ?+ 0 ev] be=e kn[n or us$1 & z to 8 citiz5%ip4 ,if dead or insane1 ! oa? mu/ be made by 8 executor1 adm9i/rator1 or o!r repres5tative4 ,aft] ! application is grant$ ano!r fee ( tw5ty doll>s mu/ be paid4 ,! commission] ( pat5ts mu/ make an exam9ation = ! purpose ( decid+ :e!r a pat5t may be grant$ or all[$4 ,?is exam9ation is made by an exam9]1 ^: decision1 h[ev]1 is n conclusive & may be set aside by ! commission]4 ,! pat5t (fice is n conf9$ to te*nical evid5ce 9 reject+ applications1 b may base its action on any?+ disclos+ ! facts relat+ to ! matt]4 ,:5 objection is made to ! =m ( ! application1 an am5dm5t may be made by ! applicant or 8 attorney to correct ! error2 & ?is may be done at any "t prior to ! entry by ! fir/ exam9] ( a f9al ord] ( rejection1 & )9 "o ye> f ! date ( ! prec$+ action by ! pat5t (fice4 ,:5 two p>ties apply = a pat5t = sub/antially ! same ?+ an int]f]5ce is decl>$ & ! respective p>ties mu/ pres5t pro(s 9 support ( _! claims4 ,! "q betwe5 !m is priority ( inv5tion4 ,! proce$+ !n is mu* l an equity trial ) p]haps a wid] latitude 9 admitt+ evid5ce be>+ on ! inquiry4 ,! applicant1 if dissatisfi$ ) ! rejection ( 8 claim by ! fir/ exam9]1 or ) ! decision 9 an int]f]5ce case1 c appeal to ! bo>d ( ! exam9]s-9-*ief1 & if dissatisfi$ ) _! decision he may appeal to ! commission] 9 p]son1 & if /ill dissatisfi$ he c appeal to ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,all appeals mu/ be tak5 f ! pat5t (fice )9 a ye>1 or a %ort] p]iod1 if "o has be5 fix$ 9 a decision4 ,! decision ( ! commission] ( pat5ts 9 grant+ a pat5t is n conclusive t ! inv5tor is ! fir/ & orig9al inv5tor1 b only prima facie1 t is1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,consequ5tly1 ! "q ( pat5tability 9 e case may be reexam9$ 9 ! c\rts4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( adm9i/]+ ! pat5t law an inv5tor (t5 appli$ to a c\rt = an injunction to prev5t an infr+] f cont9u+ 8 "w4 ,! c\rt1 assum+ t ! pat5t _h be5 prop]ly grant$1 did n hesitate1 on adequate pro( ( ! infr+em5t to grant ! injunction4 ,! c\rts 7 n sl[ 9 f9d+ out t pat5ts 7 sometimes grant$ t ought n to h be51 & s ! practice 0 *ang$ & pat5tees 7 requir$ to e/abli% _! "r to a pat5t 9 a c\rt ( law be=e a c\rt w\ld enjo9 an infr+]1 except 9 v cle> cases4 ,^! he>+s 9 ! c\rts to decide ! claims ( pat5tees1 are (t5 prolong$1 runn+ ?r\gh ye>s to collect te/imony1 & are appeal$ f "o c\rt to ano!r f9ally rea*+ ! supreme f$]al tribunal4 ,aft] a pat5t is ?us judicially e/abli%$ injunctions are readily grant$ aga9/ all infr+]s4 ,paym5t4--,9 mak+ paym5t ! p>ties to an agreem5t always h 9 m9d ca%1 unless !y o!rwise agree4 ,n e k9d ( money c be us$1 nor only 9 limit$ am\nts4 ,?us1 if "o ow$ ano!r a ?\s& doll>s he c\ld n deliv] to him1 unless he 7 will+ to accept !m1 "o ?\s& silv] doll> pieces1 b only t5 ( !m4 ,nor c a debtor compel 8 cr$itor to receive "o c5t & five c5t pieces to a great] am\nt ?an tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,national bank notes may be paid or t5d]$ to ! gov]nm5t1 & by "o bank to ano!r1 yet !y may be refus$ by an individual 9 paym5t ( 8 debt4 ,x is important1 :5 "o owes ano!r & !re is a dispute ov] ! am\nt1 t ! debtor %\ld t5d] or (f] to pay 8 cr$itor ! prop] k9d ( money1 because %\ld he (f] him "s o!r k9d1 national bank notes = example in/ead ( ,unit$ ,/ates notes1 or ^? issu$ by ! f$]al res]ve bank1 & he decl9$ to take !m & %\ld aft]w>ds sue 8 debtor = ! am\nt1 ! latt]'s (f] to pay 9 national bank notes w\ld be reg>d$ z no paym5t1 or ev5 (f] ( paym5t4 ,a note or *eck giv5 = a bill ( goods is n paym5t4 ,9 ev]yday affairs a *eck is ?us giv5 & receiv$1 9 fact x is only a paym5t condition$ on paym5t ( ! *eck4 ,consequ5tly if x is n paid1 ! cr$itor c sue to recov] on ! *eck1 or = ! orig9al goods z he might elect4 ,9 mo/ cases he w\ld ignore ! *eck & sue = ! orig9al bill4 ,suppose "s "o _h endors$ ! mak]'s *eck1 !n ! cr$itor w\ld probably sue on t 9 ord] to hold bo? p>ties4 ,does a debtor :o turns ov] a note to 8 cr$itor 9 paym5t1 !reby cancel ! debt8 ,if he does n1 ( c\rse ! cr$itor c /ill sue ! debtor2 b if he turn$ ! note ov] 9 actual paym5t1 !n 8 "r to sue 8 debtor is gone4 ,:at 0 ! int5tion ( ! two p>ties8 ,?is is a "q ( fact to be asc]ta9$ l any o!r4 ,h[ %all ! money be appli$ ( "o :o owes sev]al debts to ! same p]son & makes a g5]al paym5t8 ,! debtor c make ! application1 if he does n1 ! cr$itor c d s2 if nei!r does ?is1 !n ! law applies x1 fir/ to ! paym5t ( int]e/ t may be due on any ( ! debts1 & ! balance left1 %\ld !re be any1 to ! paym5t ( ! pr9cipal4 ,( sev]al debts ! law applies x to ! olde/ debt4 ,aga91 if !re is a surety = any ( ! debts1 he may insi/ on ! application ( ! money 9 ord] to be reliev$4 ,if a depositor 9 a bank has made a note payable !re ?is is reg>d$ v mu* l a *eck1 x is a direction to ! bank to pay x1 especially by ! ,negotiable ,in/rum5ts law4 ,unless ! mak] ( a note is insolv5t1 a bank c nev] pay ! unmatur$ note ( a depositor4 ,nor c a bank apply a deposit1 :i* is kn[n to be tru/ money1 or belong+ to ano!r p]son ?an ! depositor to ! paym5t ( 8 note4 ,g5]ally a bank decl9es to pay a note t is ov]due ?\gh !re is no law1 except 9 a few /ates1 aga9/ pay+ x %\ld ! bank decide to d s4 ,9 all cases a depositor may make any application ( 8 deposit he desires1 = x is 8 own & ! bank _c div]t x 9 any way aga9/ 8 direction4 ,a receipt tak5 9 paym5t ( a debt is n conclusive evid5ce ( paym5t & may be contradict$ by o!r evid5ce1 ?\gh x is reg>d$ on its face z paym5t4 ,:5 receiv$1 a receipt %\ld be kept = at lea/ six ye>s1 because x is su* /rong evid5ce ( paym5t4 ,aft] t p]iod ! /atutes ( limitation 9 mo/ /ates h ! effect ( cancel+ a debt1 on ! !ory or presumption t x has be5 paid4 ,if ! debtor aft]w>d promises to pay1 8 new promise is valid ?\gh !re is no consid]ation !re=1 & he is legally requir$ to pay ! debt4 ,%\ld a receipt also conta9 any o!r /atem5t or contract beside ! paym5t ( money1 ?is w\ld h ! same effect z any o!r contract betwe5 ! p>ties1 & w\ld be equally b9d+ on !m4 ,! effect ( a seal aft] ! receiptor's "n may be expla9$ 9 ?is connection4 ,a su$ ,b & ,c = a debt4 ,be=e trial he gave ,c a receipt /at+ t if he did n recov] f ,b he w\ld nev]!less n hold ,c liable4 ,hav+ fail$ 9 8 suit aga9/ ,b1 he s\ght to hold ,c not)/&+ 8 receipt releas+ him4 ,& he succe$$ = ! reason t 8 release 0 giv5 )\t consid]ation & !re=e 0 wor?less4 ,_h ,a add$ aft] 8 "n a seal ?is w\ld h import$ or impli$ a consid]ation & ! receipt w\ld h be5 an effective release4 ,prescriptive rights4--,a p]son may ga9 rights 9 ! l& ( ano!r by act+ 9 su* a way z to indicate t he cle>ly makes a claim to !m4 ,?us1 if a man goes ov] ! l& ( ano!r 9 ! same direction to 8 own l& = a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s or long]1 ! p]iod diff]+ 9 ! sev]al /ates1 he acquires ! "r to cont9ue1 9 o!r words he acquires a p]man5t "r ( way by su* action4 ,z su* a "r is contr>y to ! int]e/ ( ano!r1 x _c be ga9$ aga9/ a p]son :o is incapable ( prev5t+ ! acquisition ( su* a "r if he pleases4 ,su* a "r1 !re=e1 _c be ga9$ aga9/ a m9or1 nor an insane p]son1 nor any "o :o is incapable ( def5d+ 8 possessions4 ,:e!r ! "r has be5 fully acquir$ is n always easily det]m9$4 ,suppose "o claims a "r ( way ov] ano!r's l&1 & ! "r is disput$4 ,h[ (t5 has he travel$ t way8 ,has ! o!r p]son kn[n ( 8 go+ & said no?+8 ,aga91 suppose a man sells ano!r a piece ( 8 f>m away f a road1 ! law presumes t he int5d$ to grant or p]mit ! buy] to h +ress & egress to 8 l&1 o!rwise he w\ld n h pur*as$4 ,?is is call$ a way ( necessity4 ,c ! pur*as] *oose any outlet he pleases8 ,! law says he mu/ ex]cise reasonable discretion 9 mak+ 8 selection4 ,:5 a way has be5 acquir$ by su* use1 ! law is /rict 9 conf9+ ! ga9] 9 ! use ( x4 ,?us ,a buys a piece ( l& ( ano!r = ! purpose ( erect+ a h\se !reon4 ,! use ( ! way !reto mu/ be conf9$ to ,a & 8 family1 fri5ds & ^? :o come to see him on bus9ess4 ,suppose ,a %\ld decide to divide x into build+ lots1 :i* w\ld require a greatly increas$ use ( ! way4 ,?is c\ld n be done )\t a new agreem5t ) ! sell]4 ,aga91 a t5ant _c by any use ( ! l& acquire a "r !re9 t w cont9ue beyond 8 lease4 ,if he _h a long lease1 say ?irty ye>s1 & c\ld ga9 a prescriptive "r by an adv]se use ( fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 he w\ld1 if ga9+ any prescriptive rights1 be oblig$ to give !m up at ! end ( 8 t5ancy4 ,9 claim+ a "r ( way ! use ne$ n be exclusive4 ,o!r p]sons may also use ! way ) ! same claim ( "r4 ,! own] ( l& has no natural "r to light or air & _c compla9 t ei!r has be5 cut (f by ! erection ( build+s on adjo9+ l&4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 acquire1 by grant or "s o!r way1 a "r to h light & air ent] a p>ticul> w9d[1 or o!r place1 )\t int]ruption by ! own] ( adjac5t l&4 ,nor c he acquire a "r to light & air across ano!r's l& = 8 own h\se by simply erect+ x on ! edge ( 8 own l& :ile ! adjo9+ l& is unoccupi$4 ,to erect w9d[s on t side is n an adv]se use ( ! l& adjo9+4 ,b a p]son may ga9 a "r to light & air by presumption1 & if "o has acquir$ ! "r to ma9ta9 a w9d[ 9 a specifi$ place he loses 8 "r by clos+ x up & op5+ ano!r ( a diff]5t size 9 ano!r place4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s to "o :o te>s d[n 8 h\se & builds a new "o ) w9d[s ( ! same size & 9 ! same places z 9 ! old "o4 ,a p]son _c ma9ta9 an action aga9/ ano!r = cutt+ (f 8 view unless ! "r has be5 expressly acquir$4 ,! g5]al rule ) respect to ! use ( wat] is1 any p]son ?r\gh ^: l& fl[s a /ream may use x 9 a reasonable mann]4 ,:at is su* a use has occasion$ _m a legal dispute1 especially among mill own]s4 ,ea* "o ( !m locat$ on a /ream may use ! wat]1 b c !y hold x back = any l5g? ( "t8 ,z a g5]al rule ?is c be done = a %ort "t 9 ord] to get ! use ( ! p[]1 if !y c\ld n1 ! wat] c\ld run to wa/e & no "o w\ld d]ive any b5efit4 ,aga91 c any div]sion be made ( x8 ,any use1 almo/1 is a div]sion4 ,if "o us$ wat] ev5 to supply 8 cattle1 x w\ld be a div]sion1 yet su* a use ord9>ily is lawful4 ,suppose "o _h a v l>ge h]d1 !n ! use might be excessive especially 9 view ( ! ne$s ( o!r us]s on ! /ream4 ,a /ill m important "q has aris5 ( late conc]n+ ! f\l+ ( wat]4 ,has a factory ! "r ( putt+ its dye/uffs into ! wat]1 impair+ its quality & r5d]+ x unfit = use by all bel[8 ,?is _c be legally done4 ,c a /ream be us$ z a sew]8 ,naturally all ! wat] 9 a valley fl[s d[nw>d & at la/ rea*es a /ream runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,z population increases ! use ( /reams becomes great]1 & que/ions conc]n+ _! use m difficult4 ,suppose a l& own] on ! hillside wi%es to use all ! surplus wat]1 c he ga!r x & ?us prev5t its fl[+ to ! l& bel[8 ,he c4 ,c he build dit*es or o!r ob/ructions :]eby he c collect ! wat] & pass x to ! l& bel[ 9 o!r ?an ! natural way8 ,he _c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l[] proprietor c1 if he pleases1 make an embankm5t t w prev5t ! wat] f com+ ^u 8 l&4 ,?is1 ?\gh1 is n ! law ev]y:]e4 ,! own]s ( a well may prev5t its ov]fl[ & !reby cut (f wat] t =m]ly ran into a /ream4 ,b ! own] ( a spr+ t fl[s into ! l& ( ano!r _c *ange its c\rse1 nor exhau/ ! wat]1 nor pollute x to ! injury ( ano!r4 ,nor c surface wat] be *ang$ into a wat] c\rse by imp\nd+ x4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is rule does n apply to wat] or spr+s b5ea? ! surface4 ,if 9 digg+ a well ! s\rce ( supply to ano!r is cut (f1 x is a loss = :i* !re is no r$ress1 unless ! well has be5 dug malici\sly4 ,b :]e p]colat+ wat] ab\nds & is obta9$ by artesian wells a l& own] has no "r to s9k wells on 8 l& & draw (f ! wat] supply ( 8 neighbor4 ,! "r to cut ice is a natural "o1 & ! own] ( a lake or /ream may cut a reasonable quantity1 b n en\gh to dim9i% ! wat] appreciably to ! l[] proprietor4 ,:ile a p]son has ! natural "r also to ! lat]al support ( 8 l&1 yet he _c use x to ! injury ( ano!r4 ,?is is a legal maxim4 ,if1 !re=e1 he %\ld excavate to ! edge ( 8 l& & 8 neighbor's build+ %\ld 9 consequ5ce fall d[n1 w\ld he be )\t r$ress8 ,! rule is1 ! excavation mu/ be made 9 a reasonable mann]4 ,?is is a "q ( fact 9 e controv]sy ( ! k9d4 ,! own] ( l& adjo9+ a highway has no "r to ! lat]al support ( ! soil ( ! /reet4 ,!re=e1 if ! grade ( a /reet 7 l[]$ by prop] au?ority & "o's h\se locat$ by ! side ( x %\ld fall1 he w\ld h no r$ress aga9/ ! city or o!r public body4 ,quasi ,contracts4--,a quasi contract is a legal obligation aris+ )\t ! ass5t ( "o f ! receipt ( a b5efit :i*1 if reta9$1 w\ld be unju/4 ,! law !re=e compels him to make re/itution4 ,he is requir$ to d ?is1 n because he has promis$ to make re/itution1 b because he has receiv$ a b5efit :i* he _c ju/ly reta94 ,if "o at ! "t ( conf]r+ a b5efit on ano!r conf]s x z a gift1 x _c aft]w>d be claim$ t ! gift 0 conf]r$ rely+ on a suppos$ contract4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! donor's int5tion may be subsequ5tly alt]$1 no obligation to make re/itution w arise4 ,nor does ! failure ( ! donee to reciprocate ! donor's g5]osity or indirectly rew>d him1 create any "r or claim on ! donor's "p to a return f ! donee4 ,:]e "o1 9 ! pres]vation ( 8 own prop]ty or ! promotion ( 8 own int]e/s1 be/[s "s incid5tal advantage to ano!r1 !re is no legal obligation to pay = ! value ( x4 ,?us ! own] ( ! l[] "p ( a h\se is n liable = ! advantage result+ to him f ! repair ( ! ro( by ! own] ( ! upp] "p & ro(4 ,nor is "o :o has ?ick5$ & /r5g!n$ t "p ( an anci5t p>ty wall :i* is on 8 own l&1 9 ord] to su/a9 ! build+ he is erect+1 entitl$ to recov] f ! adjo9+ own] :o us$ ! wall4 ,nor c any?+ be recov]$ f ! own] ( a vessel by ! und]writ]s :o _h h] dock$ = repairs ?\gh by su* dock+ ! own] ga9$ an important b5efit4 ,nor c "o :o 9 pump+ out 8 qu>ry frees ano!r qu>ry f wat] recov] any?+ = ! s]vice4 ,nor c "o :o is b5efit$ by exp]im5ts made by ano!r to te/ ! value ( pat5t$ inv5tions1 9 :i* bo? are int]e/$1 be legally requir$ to pay = ! b5efit he has receiv$4 ,z no expectation ( paym5t does presumptively arise :5 s]vices are r5d]$ by "o memb] ( a family to ano!r memb]1 "o :o claims paym5t = !m mu/ prove t !y 7 n r5d]$ z a gratuity1 b on ! legal supposition t he _h a "r to comp5sation4 ,"o :o kn[s or :o has reason to believe t comp5sation is expect$ = goods or s]vices t5d]$ to him ought n to accept !m unless he int5ds to pay = !m4 ,if he does 8 act ( acceptance w be reg>d$ z a promise ( paym5t1 & c be en=c$4 ,b if "o accepts goods or s]vices )\t k or reason to believe t comp5sation w be expect$1 :at !n8 ,suppose ,a s5ds a b>rel ( apples to ,b suppos+1 f _! previ\s c\rse ( deal+1 t ,b w return !m if he does n want !m8 ,b %\ld ei!r return !m or pay4 ,suppose ,b is mis9=m$ & le>ns t ,a is giv+ a b>rel ( apples to ea* ( 8 cu/om]s8 ,!n he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ !m until he le>n$ ! tru?4 ,if1 9 mak+ a contract x is tak5 = grant$ by bo? p>ties t a c]ta9 fact exi/s1 :i*1 if n exi/+1 w\ld make ! contract impossible ( execution1 ! contract is void4 ,?us1 9 contracts = ! sale ( specific p]sonal prop]ty1 its exi/5ce at ! "t ( ! sale is g5]ally assum$4 ,if ! prop]ty has p]i%$ or be5 de/roy$1 ! contract is void4 ,! same rule has be5 appli$ to ! sale ( non-exi/5t reality1 ( ! transf] ( void or spuri\s securities1 ( ! assignm5t ( a void lease4 ,9 all ^! cases ! money paid 9 misreliance on ! void contract is recov]able4 ,premiums paid on a policy ( m>9e insurance by "o :o 9 reality _h no goods on bo>d1 or = a voyage t 0 nev] begun1 may be recov]$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a risk is assum$ by bo? p>ties1 9 fact !re is no risk1 consequ5tly !re 0 no?+ to :i* ! contract ( insurance relat$4 ,a promise1 says ,woodw>d1 :i* is s g5]al or indef9ite t x does n enable ! c\rts to det]m9e ! nature & ext5t ( ! obligation assum$ mu/ be reg>d$ z no promise at all4 ,su* has be5 ! fate ( a promise to pay good wages2 a promise to convey a hundr$ acres ( l&1 ! l& n be+ describ$2 a promise to divide pr(its1 no rate ( division be+ indicat$4 ,in/ances might be multipli$4 ,a b5efit conf]r$1 9 ! hone/1 ?\gh mi/ak51 belief t su* a promise is b9d+ ought 9 ju/ice to be re/or$4 ,re/itution is accord+ly en=c$4 ,! law requires "s k9ds ( contracts to be execut$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,?us1 by /atute1 _m municipalities c make contracts1 or ^? ( a p>ticul> k9d1 only on seal$ bids or proposals & aft] prop] adv]tis+ = bids1 etc4 ,if ^! ?+s are n done1 ! contract made 9 disreg>d ( !m is invalid4 ,! c\rts ( ?is c\ntry h got into deep confusion 9 apply+ ?is rule to private corporations4 ,suppose a corporation makes a loan )\t prop] au?ority & receives ! money1 c ! l5d] recov] x8 ,! corporation _h no "r to borr[1 ( ?is ! l5d] knew z well z ! borr[]4 ,bo? p>ties are 9 ! wrong4 ,! highe/ c\rt 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 m consi/5t ?an _m ( ! /ate c\rts1 & holds t a contract x _c make = lack ( legal p[] is n made & _c be ratifi$4 ,no p]=mance on ei!r side c give ! unlawful contract any validity1 or be ! f\ndation ( any "r ( action ^u x4 ,nev]!less ?\gh a contract is unlawful & void because ! corporation 0 unable to make x1 a c\rt /rives to d ju/ice betwe5 ! p>ties by p]mitt+ prop]ty or money1 p>t$ ) on fai? ( ! unlawful contract1 to be recov]$ back1 or comp5sation to be made !re=4 ,! lack ( ano!r legal requirem5t 9 mak+ contracts gives rise to s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,we h le>n$ t ! ,/atute ( ,frauds requires = ! validity ( _m contracts t a memor&um ( !m be made 9 writ+ & sign$ by "o or bo? contract+ p>ties4 ,by ,engli% law ! /atute provides a rule ( evid5ce1 t a writ+ mu/ be %[n z pro( ( a contract be=e ! c\rts w consid] x z hav+ be5 made2 by "s ( ! ,am]ican c\rts a contract t does n meet ! requirem5ts ( ! /atute is held to be void2 by o!r c\rts !y decl>e t ?\gh ! contract is n void x _c be en=c$4 ,:ile ! ,/atute ( ,frauds 9 "s /ates is reg>d$ z completely nullify+ contracts n con=m+ to its requirem5ts1 !y are n any:]e held to be illegal1 t is1 are n made 9 violation ( law4 ,!re appe>s1 says ,woodw>d1 to be no reason ( policy1 !re=e1 = d5y+ to a p>ty !reto 9 a prop] case1 ! aid ( ! c\rt 9 obta9+ quasi contractual relief1 or ! "r to e/abli% ! ju/ice ( 8 quasi contractual dem& by prov+ ! t]ms ( ! un5=ceable agreem5t4 ,true1 ! evid5ce ( ! agreem5t 9 su* a case1 mu/ be oral2 b s9ce ! evid5ce is = ! purpose ( prov+1 n a contract z su*1 b a transaction result+ 9 an unju/ b5efit to ! def5dant1 its introduction w\ld seem n to contrav5e ! /atute4 ,a pur*as] ( l& "u an oral contract1 :o is giv5 possession & subsequ5tly fails to pay1 is liable = ! use ( ! l& to him :ile he has occupi$ x4 ,?\gh ! act ( ! sell] 9 giv+ ! pur*as] possession )\t convey+ ! title may n be reg>d$ z a "p p]=mance ( ! contract ( sale1 yet ! b5efit result+ to ! pur*as] creates an obligation to make re/itution :i* ! c\rts w en=ce4 ,! improvem5t ( l& by ! pur*as] "u an oral contract is an act :i* enables him to en=ce ! contract 9 equity4 ,improvem5ts made by a lessee "u an oral lease )9 ! /atute are gov]n$ by ! same rules z ^? ( improvem5ts made by a pur*as]4 ,if no b5efit has be5 d]iv$ f ! contract1 no?+ c be recov]$4 ,?us1 a son work$ = 8 fa!r on 8 fa!r's f>m "u an un5=ceable contract ) 8 uncle4 ,! latt] 0 "u no quasi contractual obligation to pay ! value ( su* s]vice1 s9ce he _h d]iv$ no b5efit f !m4 ,likewise "o :o1 rely+ on an un5=ceable contract1 con/ruct$ a wood-*opp+ ma*9e t 0 n accept$ c\ld n recov] = ! value ( 8 labor & mat]ials4 ,aga91 :]e "o p>ty by 8 own act or default has prev5t$ ! o!r p>ty f fully p]=m+ 8 contract1 ! p>ty ?us prev5t+ p]=mance _c take advantage ( 8 own act or default1 & scre5 himself f paym5t = :at has be5 done "u ! contract4 ,?us1 if "o p>ty agrees ) ano!r to "w on a h\se ! law implies t ! employee owns ! build+ 9 :i* ! "w is to be done4 ,?is is a "p ( ! contract :e!r ! h\se is cle>ly specifi$ or n4 ,!re=e1 an employ] :o does n own ! h\se1 or p>ts ) x be=e ! "w is complet$1 is liable to ! o!r p>ty4 ,! de/ruction ( a ?+ 9 ! c\rse ( alt]ation or repair )\t ! fault ( ! bailee is a case l t above m5tion$4 ,! labor & mat]ials are exp5d$ 9 response to ! desire ( ! own] ( ! prop]ty1 & !re=e x is j t he %\ld pay = ! prop]ty he de/roy$4 ,9 "o ( ! old cases a horse 0 s5t to a f>ri] to be cur$ & 0 burnt be=e a cure 0 completely effect$4 ,nev]!less1 ! f>ri] 0 entitl$ to paym5t = :at he _h done4 ,likewise1 ! own] ( a %ip t is de/roy$ by fire a few h\rs be=e ! completion ( repairs1 _c escape paym5t on ! gr\nd t he has reap$ no advantage4 ,z ! illness or dea? ( a contractor does n1 l fire or %ipwreck1 deprive ! o!r p>ty ( ! fruits ( :at has be5 already done1 ! b5efit result+ to him is m obvi\s1 & ! elem5t ( h>d%ip is want+ t appe>s 9 _m ( ! cases4 ,! value ( 8 s]vices or ! mat]ials he may h us$ may !re=e be recov]$4 ,9 "o ( ! cases ,a agre$ t he & 8 wife %\ld live 9 ,b's h\se & ma9ta9 him = life4 ,z ,a's wife di$ ! contract c\ld n be p]=m$4 ,nev]!less1 ,a recov]$ ! value ( ! s]vice he _h r5d]$ to ,b dur+ ! lifetime ( 8 wife4 ,wag]+ contracts ei!r by /atute or judicial decision are illegal & void 9 mo/ or all ! /ates4 ,9 _m ( !m ! /atute p]mits ! recov]y ( ! money f ! /akehold] or ! w9n]4 ,paym5t ov] to ! w9n] aft] notice or dem& by ! los] is n a good def5se 9 an action aga9/ ! /akehold]4 ,aga91 ! w9n] is liable :o1 :5 receiv+ ! money1 kn[s t ! /akehold] has be5 notifi$ n to pay x ov]1 or has receiv$ notice n to take x4 ,! legality ( contracts made or to be p]=m$ on ,sunday is det]m9$ g5]ally by /atute4 ,g5]ally1 :5 a contract is made on ,sunday1 or is fully p]=m$ on bo? sides1 ! money paid or o!r ?+ done 9 execution ( x _c be recov]$4 ,aga91 "o :o is induc$ by fraudul5t repres5tations to ent] into a contract :i* is 9 violation ( a ,sunday law is n s mu* 9 ! wrong z ! o!r1 & consequ5tly may recov] a b5efit he has conf]r$ on ! o!r p>ty 9 p]=m+ ! contract4 ,if a memb] ( a firm gives a promissory note sign$ by ! p>tn]%ip "n1 = a debt ( 8 own1 :i* 8 p>tn] is compell$ to pay1 he may recov] ! money f ! o!r4 ,s1 if a c>ri] by mi/ake deliv]$ goods to ! wrong p]son :o keeps !m1 & ! c>ri] is oblig$ to pay = _! value1 he c recov] ! am\nt ( ! o!r p]son :o ?us wrongfully keeps !m4 ,:5ev] a p]son makes a paym5t to ano!r "u su* a mi/ake ( ! mat]ial facts z to create a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a liability :i* does n really exi/1 ! money may be recov]$ back4 ,su* an obligation arises :]e money is paid z due on ! basis ( errone\s acc\nts1 & on a true /atem5t ( acc\nt is f\nd n to h be5 due4 ,a volunt>y paym5t ) k ( all ! facts _c be recov]$1 ev5 ?\gh !re may h be5 no obligation to pay4 ,a p]son _c recov] money paid "u a mi/ake ( fact :o has receiv$ ! equival5t = :i* he b>ga9$1 because !re is no failure ( consid]ation4 ,nor is ! fact immat]ial t he ne$ n1 & w\ld n h made ! paym5t _h he kn[n ! true /ate ( ?+s4 ,a bank1 = example1 t pays ! *eck ( a depositor "u ! errone\s belief t x has suffici5t funds1 may n recov] f ! payee ! excess to ! depositor's cr$it4 ,b if ! pur*as] ( goods has paid ! price1 & ! sell] fails to deliv] !m1 ! pur*as] may recov] 8 money4 ,& 9 any case1 a p]son :o has paid money "u an agreem5t :i* he may resc9d & does s1 because !re 0 a failure ( consid]ation1 may recov] :at he has paid4 ,an action w lie aga9/ a p]son :o sells goods z 8 own1 b :i* d n belong to him1 :5ev] ! real own] claims !m f ! pur*as]4 ,9 l mann] an action w lie aga9/ a p]son :o sells bills1 notes1 bonds1 /ock or o!r securities :i* prove to be wor?less1 or aga9/ a p]son :o agrees to transf] ! title to l& :i*1 = lack ( title or o!r reason1 _c pass4 ,z a rule1 ! consid]ation ( a contract mu/ totally fail to entitle a p]son to recov] back ! money he has paid4 ,if ! consid]ation has only p>tly fail$1 ! rem$y1 if !re is any1 is = a brea* ( ! contract1 & n to recov] back ! money he has paid4 ,?us1 if an article is sold ) a w>ranty ( its quality1 & x is n wor?less1 8 rem$y is an action to recov] damages = a brea* ( ! w>ranty1 & n an action to recov] back ! money paid = ! ?+ pur*as$4 ,a liability _c be impos$ on a p]son )\t 8 act or cons5t4 ,"o man _c =ce a b5efit on ano!r )\t 8 k or cons5t1 & !n compel him to pay = x4 ,if a p]son1 says ,cl>k1 int5tionally & kn[+ly p]=ms s]vices = ano!r or o!rwise conf]s a b5efit on him )\t 8 k1 s t he has no opportunity to refuse ! b5efit1 ! law w n create a liability to pay = x4 ,s1 :]e a p]son supplies ano!r ) goods1 ! latt] suppos+ t he is be+ suppli$ by ano!r p]son ) :om he _h contract$ = ! goods1 ! law w n ev5 imply a promise to pay = ! goods4 ,:]e b5efits are conf]r$ by "o p]son on ano!r "u su* circum/ances z to raise no promise 9 fact or 9 law to pay = !m1 he may1 nev]!less1 become liable by reta9+ !m4 ,?us1 if a p]son 7 to receive goods f ano!r reasonably b mi/ak5ly believ+ !m to be int5d$ z a gift1 &1 aft] le>n+ ( 8 mi/ake1 %\ld reta9 !m1 :5 he might return !m1 or if he %\ld receive "p ( ! goods pur*as$ f ano!r1 & reta9 !m aft] failure ( ! latt] to supply ! re/ ( ! goods1 ! law w\ld compel him to pay = !m4 ,& ! same rule applies :]e b5efits are 9 any o!r way receiv$ "u su* circum/ances z to create no contractual obligation1 & are reta9$ :5 !y %\ld 9 ju/ice be return$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! b5efits ?us receiv$ are incapable ( be+ return$1 z :]e !y consi/ ( s]vices1 or ( mat]ials :i* h be5 us$ 9 repair+ a h\se1 no liability is creat$4 ,sale4--,by a contract to sell goods ! sell] agrees to transf] ! prop]ty 9 !m to ! buy] = a consid]ation call$ ! price4 ,!re is an important di/9ction betwe5 a contract to sell 9 ! future & a pres5t sale4 ,! fir/ is call$ an executory1 ! o!r an execut$1 sale4 ,if ! goods are to be transf]r$1 !re is an execut$ sale ev5 ?\gh ! price is n to be paid at ! same "t4 ,b if ! price is paid1 & ! goods are n !n to pass1 ! transaction is a contract to sell1 or an executory sale4 ,bo? k9ds ( sales may be by de$ or seal$ contract z well z by p>ol or orally4 ,sales & contracts to sell are bas$ on mutual ass5t1 ! int5t1 !re=e1 ( ! p>ties fixes ! nature & t]ms ( ! b>ga94 ,if ! (f]] und]/ood ! transaction to diff] f t :i* 8 words pla9ly express$1 x is immat]ial1 z 8 obligation mu/ be measur$ by 8 ov]t acts4 ,?us1 if an (f] to buy or sell is s5t by telegraph1 & is improp]ly transmitt$ by ! telegraph company1 an acceptance by ! (f]ee creates a b9d+ b>ga94 ,by us+ ! telegraph z an ag5cy ( communication1 ! (f]] makes himself responsible = ! (f] actually deliv]$4 ,( c\rse ! telegraph company w\ld be responsible to ! (f]] = any damage he may h suff]$ unless reliev$ by "s neglect or fault ( ! s5d] ( ! message4 ,a contract ( sale may be conditional1 = example1 t ! prop]ty %all n be transf]r$ until ! price is paid4 ,?\gh ! prop]ty is transf]r$ by ! sale1 promises or obligations may /ill be unp]=m$ by ! sell]4 ,or ! transf] ( ! title may be conditional on paym5t ( ! price4 ,9 su* sales ! goods are deliv]$ to ! buy]1 b ! title is reta9$ by ! sell] until paym5t4 ,! capacity to buy & sell is regulat$ by ! g5]al law conc]n+ ! capacity to contract1 transf] & acquire prop]ty4 ,:5 necess>ies are sold & deliv]$ to a m9or1 or to an insane or drunk5 p]son1 or to a m>ri$ woman1 :o is lack+ 9 m5tal capacity to make a contract1 he mu/1 by ! g5]al ,sales ,act1 pay a reasonable price !re=4 ,necess>y goods by ?is act mean ^? suitable to ! condition ( ! life ( ! m9or or o!r p]sons above m5tion$ at ! "t ( _! pur*ase & deliv]y4 ,z we h se5 7,see ,m9or7 a m9or may avoid 8 contracts4 ,! "r to d ?is is giv5 = 8 protection1 & %\ld n be /ret*$ beyond 8 ne$s4 ,!re=e ! "r is conf9$ to himself or 8 legal repres5tatives4 ,nei!r cr$itors1 nor tru/ees1 nor assignees 9 bankruptcy c d ?is1 b 8 heirs c d ?is1 & probably 8 gu>dian4 ,by ! common law a pur*as] = value :o did n "k t ! sell] b\ght !m ( a m9or c\ld n reta9 !m if ! m9or wi%$ to reclaim !m z 8 own4 ,?is rule has be5 *ang$ by ! ,sales ,act1 & a bona fide pur*as] is !re=e safe 9 pur*as+ su* goods ev5 ?\gh ! sell] did buy !m f a m9or4 ,z a m9or may disaffirm 8 contract1 any act cle>ly %[+ ?is int5t is suffici5t4 ,x 0 e>ly settl$1 says ,willi/on1 t an infant's conveyance ( realty c\ld be avoid$ only aft] he atta9$ 8 majority4 ,9 ! case ( p]sonal prop]ty a sale may be avoid$ dur+ 8 m9ority by an infant sell] or buy]4 ,?\gh an infant may ?us avoid 8 sales1 pur*ases or contracts dur+ infancy1 he c make no effective ratification until he becomes ( age1 = an infant's ratification cle>ly c be no m effective ?an 8 orig9al b>ga94 ,9 ! ,sales ,act ! ,/atute ( ,frauds 7,see ,/atute ( ,frauds7 has be5 renact$1 & provides t 9 a sale or contract to sell goods am\nt+ to five hundr$ doll>s or m1 x _c be en=c$ unless ! buy] %all accept a "p ( ! goods1 or give some?+ 9 e>ne/ to b9d ! contract1 or 9 "p paym5t1 or makes "s note or memor&um 9 writ+ ( ! sale :i* is sign$ by ! p>ty or 8 ag5t aga9/ :om ! o!r p>ty seeks en=cem5t4 ,?is /atute applies to a contract = goods t may be int5d$ = future deliv]y1 b n to goods t are to be manufactur$ by ! sell] especially = ! buy] & are n suitable = sale to o!rs 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! sell]'s bus9ess4 ,! ,sales ,act conta9s an important section relat+ to ! sale ( an undivid$ %>e ( goods4 ,if ! p>ties int5d to effect a pres5t sale1 ! buy] becomes an own] 9 common ) ! own] ( ! rema9+ %>es4 ,h[ important is ?is section may be easily le>n$4 ,! gra9 ( _m own]s is (t5 m+l$ 9 an elevator4 ,x is deliv]$ to ^? :o call = x1 ! k9ds & quantities m5tion$ 9 ! receipts giv5 to !m at ! times ( /or+ x4 ,! gra9 9 ! elevator may be deliv]$ _m times be=e a p>ticul> depositor makes 8 dem&4 ,! elevator company mu/ keep on h& en\gh gra9 to meet all out/&+ receipts4 ,ea* depositor ?us reta9s title to "s portion ( ! gra9 9 ! elevator4 ,! company is ! bailee ) ! p[] to *ange ! bailor's sep>ate own]%ip into an own]%ip 9 common ) o!rs ( a l>g] mass1 & back aga94 ,at any giv5 mom5t all ! hold]s ( receipts = ! gra9 are t5ants 9 common ( ! am\nt 9 /ore1 ea* own+ a %>e & all own+ ! entire am\nt1 ea* hav+ ! "r to sell 8 %>e & dem& its sep>ation & deliv]y 9 accordance ) cu/om & ! t]ms ( ! receipt4 ,:5 a p>ty has specific goods :i*1 )\t 8 k1 h p]i%$ p>tly or :olly1 ! buy] may treat ! sale z avoid$1 or z transf]r+ ! prop]ty 9 all ( ! exi/+ goods & z b9d+ him to pay ! full agre$ price if ! sale 0 indivisible1 or if divisible ! agre$ price = ! goods 9 :i* ! prop]ty passes4 ,"o c readily imag9e tr\ble :5 none ( ! goods h be5 de/roy$ b all are 9 a condition inf]ior to t suppos$ at ! "t ( ! b>ga94 ,9 su* a case ! only "q is :e!r ! article has be5 s f> de/roy$ z no long] to answ] ! description ( x giv5 by ! contract4 ,! price may be fix$ by ! contract or 9 su* a mann] z ! p>ties may agree1 & may be made payable 9 p]sonal or real prop]ty4 ,:5 ! price is n det]m9$ 9 ! way m5tion$ 9 ! ,sales ,act1 ! buy] mu/ pay a reasonable price4 ,?is is a "q ( fact 9 ea* case4 ,usually1 ! price1 ei!r 9 an execut$ sale or 9 a contract to sell1 is fix$ by ! p>ties at ! "t ( mak+ ! b>ga94 ,9 ! agreem5t to sell !re mu/ be a consid]ation on bo? sides to su/a9 x4 ,sometimes ! p>ties agree t ! am\nt ( ! price %all v>y accord+ to ! happ5+1 or failure to happ51 ( a future ev5t4 ,su* a contract may be a wag]1 :i* is =bidd5 by law1 or x may be legal1 z we %all soon le>n4 ,:5ev] no price has be5 fix$ ! law has e/abli%$ a rule1 a reasonable price4 ,x is ! int5tion & und]/&+ ( ! p>ties t a buy] :o ord]s a b>rel ( fl\r f 8 groc] w pay a reasonable price4 ,likewise a buy] :o ord]s a c>riage to be made = him & says no?+ ab\t ! price4 ,:at is a reasonable price8 ,g5]ally ! m>ket price at ! "t & place fix$ by ! contract or by law = deliv]+ ! goods1 b n always4 ,"u unusual conditions ! m>ket price does n furni% ! only te/4 ,said ! c\rt 9 "o ( ^! cases3 a reasonable price may or may n agree ) ! curr5t price ( ! commodity at ! place ( %ipm5t at ! precise "t ( mak+ x4 ,! curr5t price ( ! day may be highly unreasonable f accid5tal circum/ances1 by ! action ( ! sell] himself 9 purposely keep+ back ! supply4 ,) respect to w>ranties ! ,sales ,act provides t :5 ! sale is made on a condition :i* is n p]=m$1 ! p>ty = ^: b5efit ! condition 0 made may refuse to proce$ ) ! contract or sale1 or may waive p]=mance ( ! condition4 ,! nonp]=mance may be treat$ z a brea* ( w>ranty4 ,?us "t may be an important elem5t 9 a contract1 & an agreem5t to deliv] goods by a specifi$ "t is a condition or w>ranty4 ,& if !re is a delay 9 deliv]+1 unless x may be a trifl+ "o1 ! buy] may refuse to accept ! goods4 ,a common condition 9 m rec5t times qualify+ ! obligation ( ! buy] is t ! goods %all be satisfactory to him4 ,by ?is is meant ! satisfaction ( ! buy] aft] ! ex]cise ( an hone/ judgm5t4 ,9 ,new ,york & "s o!r /ates a some:at diff]5t rule prevails4 ,unless ! ?+s cov]$ by ! contract involve p]sonal ta/e1 ! contract imposes on ! sell] ! requirem5t only t a reasonable man w\ld be satisfi$ ) p]=m+ x1 ?us n leav+ ! "q ( its satisfactory p]=mance entirely to ! buy]4 ,?is1 ,willi/on says1 is an arbitr>y refusal ( ! c\rt to en=ce ! contract t ! p>ties made & seems unw>rant$4 ,w>ranties may be express or impli$4 ,by ! ,sales ,act any affirmation ( fact or any promise by ! sell] relat+ to ! goods is an express w>ranty if ! natural t5d5cy ( su* affirmation or promise is to induce ! buy] to pur*ase ! goods1 & if ! buy] pur*ases ! goods rely+ !reon4 ,9 a contract to sell or a sale1 unless a contr>y int5tion appe>s1 !re is an impli$ w>ranty on ! "p ( ! sell] t 9 ! case ( a sale he has ! "r to sell ! goods1 also1 9 ! case ( a contract to sell !m1 he w h ! "r to d ?is at ! "t ( pass+ ! prop]ty4 ,m briefly ! sell] w>rants ! title to ! prop]ty :i* is ! subject ( sale4 ,:e!r ! sell] is 9 or out ( possession ( ! prop]ty1 he c by appropriate words sell su* int]e/ z he may h !re94 ,b p]sons also sell prop]ty n own$ by !mselves by au?ority ( o!rs or ( ! law4 ,unless !y expressly w>rant ! title !y are n liable = lack ( x4 ,sales ( ?is nature are made by a %]iff1 or o!r judicial (fic]1 auctione] or mortgagee1 assignee 9 bankruptcy1 executor or adm9i/rator1 gu>dian1 or simply an ag5t4 ,:5 !re is a contract to sell1 or a sale ( goods by description1 !re is an impli$ w>ranty t !y %all correspond ) ! description2 & if ! contract or sale is by sample1 z well z by description1 x is n suffici5t t ! bulk ( ! goods corresponds ) ! sample if ^! d n also correspond ) ! description4 ,! ,sales ,act conta9s elaborate provisions relat+ to impli$ w>ranties ( ! quality ( ?+s sold4 ,!re is no impli$ w>ranty ( ! quality or fitness ( goods = any p>ticul> purpose unless ! buy] makes kn[n to ! sell] ! purpose = :i* !y are requir$1 & he also relies on ! sell]'s judgm5t ( _! fitness = ! use he int5ds to make ( !m4 ,aga91 if ! buy] has exam9$ ! goods !re is no impli$ w>ranty ( ! defects :i* su* an exam9ation ought to h reveal$4 ,an impli$ w>ranty z to quality or fitness = a p>ticul> purpose may also be annex$ by ! usage ( trade4 ,!re is an impli$ w>ranty t ! bulk %all correspond ) ! sample 9 quality1 & t ! buy] %all h a reasonable opportunity ( comp>+ ! bulk ) ! sample4 ,:5 does ! transf] ( own]%ip occur8 ,:5 !re is an unconditional contract to sell !m ! prop]ty !re9 passes to ! buy] on ! mak+ ( ! contract1 reg>dless ( ! "t ( paym5t or deliv]y or bo?4 ,:5 goods are deliv]$ to ! buy] on sale or return1 giv+ ! buy] an option to return !m in/ead ( pay+ ! price1 ! prop]ty passes to ! buy] on deliv]y1 b ! prop]ty may g back to ! sell] by return+ or t5d]+ ! goods )9 ! "t specifi$ 9 ! contract4 ,:5 ! goods are deliv]$ to ! buy] on approval or on trial or o!r simil> t]ms1 ! prop]ty passes to ! buy]1 7#a7 :5 he signifies 8 approval or acceptance ( !m1 7#b7 or if he reta9s !m beyond ! "t fix$ = _! return1 or if none has be5 fix$1 beyond a reasonable "t4 ,x is ! duty ( ! sell] to deliv] ! goods1 & ( ! buy] to accept & pay = !m1 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ! contract ( sale4 ,unless o!rwise agre$1 deliv]y ( ! goods & paym5t ( ! price are concurr5t conditions1 ! sell]1 !re=e1 mu/ be ready & will+ to give possession ( ! goods to ! buy] 9 ex*ange = ! price1 & ! buy] mu/ be will+ & ready to pay ! price 9 ex*ange = ! possession ( ! goods4 ,:e!r x is = ! buy] to take possession ( ! goods or = ! sell] to s5d !m to ! buy]1 is a "q dep5d+ 9 ea* case on ! contract1 express or impli$1 betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,ap>t f contract1 or usage ( trade to ! contr>y1 ! place ( deliv]y is ! sell]'s place ( bus9ess1 if he h "o1 & if n1 8 resid5ce4 ,aga91 :5 by ! contract ( sale ( goods no "t = s5d+ !m has be5 fix$1 ! sell] mu/ s5d !m )9 a reasonable "t4 ,va/ quantities ( goods are b\ght & s5t =w>d to buy]s1 :i* are n to be deliv]$ until paym5t4 ,! ,sales ,act provides t :]e goods are %ipp$ & by ! bill ( lad+ t is giv5 = !m !y are to be deliv]$ to ! ord] ( ! buy] or ( 8 ag5ts1 b possession ( ! bill ( lad+ is to be reta9$ by ! sell] or 8 ag5t1 he !reby res]ves 8 "r to ! possession ( ! goods z aga9/ ! buy]4 ,v (t5 a buy] ( :eat1 = example1 w draw a bill ( ex*ange on 8 pr9cipal or company liv+ 9 ! place :]e ! goods are to be deliv]$ & w h x disc\nt$ by a bank us+ ! money to pay ! sell]4 ,! :eat may be 9 an elevator1 or x may be 9 transit4 ,9 ei!r case ! bank receives a docum5t1 elevator receipt1 or bill ( lad+1 & ?us becomes ! real own] ( ! :eat1 & c control x aft]w>d until x is actually deliv]$ to ! consignee1 :oev] he may be4 ,?is is ! bank's security = mak+ ! loan4 ,! bank s5ds =w>d ! bill ( ex*ange to its correspond5t bank 9 ! place :]e ! consignee lives & ! :eat is to be deliv]$ ) in/ructions to deliv] x :5 ! bill is paid4 ,) respect to speculative sales ( /ock1 s well kn[n by e "o1 a contract1 says ,willi/on1 giv+ "o p>ty or ! o!r an option to c>ry out ! transaction or n at pleasure1 is n a wag]1 unless =bidd51 z 9 "s /ates is done by /atute4 ,a contract to sell goods 9 ! future1 :i* ! sell] does n own at ! "t is1 aside f ! /atute1 n only legal b common4 ,! te/1 says ,willi/on1 adopt$ 9 ! abs5ce ( /atute1 di/+ui%es betwe5 contracts to buy & sell 9 :i* ! actual deliv]y ( ! prop]ty is contemplat$1 & simil> contracts 9 :i* x is contemplat$ m]ely t a settlem5t %all be made betwe5 ! p>ties bas$ on fluctuations 9 ! m>ket price4 ,a contract ( ! =m] k9d is legal2 "o ( ! latt] k9d is a wag]+ contract1 & illegal4 ,%ipp+4--,! f$]al /atutes require t e %ip or vessel ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be regi/]$ or enroll$ 9 ! (fice ( ! collector ( cu/oms ( ! di/rict t includes ! home port ( ! vessel4 ,none b citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c h _! vessels regi/]$4 ,consequ5tly ! sale ( a vessel to a =eign] d5ationalizes h]4 ,if sold to an ,am]ican1 %e mu/ be regi/]$ anew4 ,on arriv+ at a =eign port ma/]s ( vessels mu/ deposit _! regi/]s ) ! consul or comm]cial ag5t at t port4 ,enrollm5t is ! t]m us$ to describe ! regi/ry ( a vessel engag$ 9 coa/wise or inl& navigation or comm]ce4 ,regi/ration is appli$ to vessels engag$ 9 =eign comm]ce4 ,lic5se means ! same z enrollm5t1 b is appli$ to small vessels ( tw5ty tons burd5 or less4 ,! f$]al laws on ?is subject d n apply to vessels t are us$ on nonnavigable wat]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! title to a vessel may be acquir$ by pur*ase or build+4 ,if a vessel is built = a p>ty no title !reto passes until %e is ready = deliv]y & has be5 approv$ & accept$ by him4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no arbitr>y rule1 & is (t5 modifi$ especially :5 paym5t is made 9 in/allm5ts & dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,n[adays _m vessels are own$ by corporations1 & ! rules t apply to corporations ( c\rse det]m9e ! own]%ip ( _! prop]ty4 ,9 o!r cases ! sev]al own]s ( a vessel are t5ants 9 common1 & n co-p>tn]s1 unless by agreem5t !y h e/abli%$ o!r relations among !mselves4 ,!y may1 ( c\rse1 become p>tn]s & be gov]n$ by ! rules t apply to p]sons ?us relat$4 ,:5 !y are relat$ z t5ants 9 common "o "p own] has no p[] to b9d ! o!rs 9 any way beyond ! necess>y & regul> use ( ! vessel4 ,he _c sell or mortgage ! int]e/s ( ! o!rs1 draw drafts or notes 9 _! "n1 apply ! freight money e>n$ to pay 8 individual debt1 or procure insurance = ! o!r own]s4 ,! majority rule gov]ns 9 employ+ ! vessel4 ,! majority !re=e h ! "r to control ! use ( ! vessel on giv+ security to ! m9ority1 if requir$1 to br+ back & to re/ore to !m ! vessel1 or if lo/ to pay !m = ! value ( _! %>es4 ,! m9ority own]s 9 l mann] may use ! vessel if ! majority are unwill+ to employ h]4 ,a c\rt ( admiralty w 9 su* a case act = ! p>ties4 ,ea* "p own] is entitl$ to 8 %>e ( ! pr(its1 & is also liable = ! exp5ses ( ! vessel unless he has diss5t$ f ! voyage4 ,b "p own]s :o diss5t f ! voyage & take security = ! safe return ( ! vessel are n entitl$ to %>e 9 ! pr(its1 nor are !y liable = ! exp5ses4 ,a "p own] may b9d ! o!rs = necess>y supplies & repairs requir$ t are procur$ on cr$it1 unless 8 g5]al au?ority to d ?is has be5 re/rict$4 ,! %ip's husb& or manag+ own] has au?ority to d :atev] is necess>y = ! prosecution ( ! voyage & e>n+ ! freight money4 ,= su* purposes he is ! ag5t ( ! own]s & c b9d !m by 8 contracts1 unless 8 au?ority is revok$ or modifi$4 ,any own] c sell 8 int]e/ :5ev] he pleases1 & all ( !m may au?orize ! sale ( ! entire vessel4 ,a writ+ is requir$ to pass ! title1 b z betwe5 ! p>ties an oral sale & deliv]y w suffice1 at common law4 ,9 _m cases a bill ( sale is requir$ by /atute4 ,! writ+ %\ld describe :at ?+s are transf]r$1 b g5]al t]ms su* z appurt5ances & necess>ies h a fix$ mean+ :i* are und]/ood4 ,int5tion is ! guide to det]m9e :at passes 9 su* a sale1 z 9 cases ( fixtures already consid]$4 ,:5 ! bill ( sale is execut$ ! pur*as] becomes entitl$ to all ! b5efits ( own]%ip1 & incurs all ! liabilities4 ,if ! sale is unconditional1 ! pur*as] is liable = supplies ?\gh he may nev] h tak5 possession ( ! vessel1 & nei!r ! ma/] nor ! m]*ant furni%+ ! supplies knew ( ! sale4 ,! pur*as] is n liable = repairs made & supplies furni%$ be=e ! sale1 unless he has agre$ to pay = !m1 or ! vessel 0 at sea at ! "t4 ,if %e 01 ! pur*as] takes h] subject to all encumbrances on h]1 & to all lawful contracts made by ! ma/] be=e le>n+ ( ! pur*ase4 ,a vessel may be mortgag$1 & ! f$]al /atutes /ate h[ ?is %all be done4 ,a %ipbuild] may make a contract :]eby he mortgages ! vessel to be built 9 advance ( its con/ruction1 & a li5 atta*es z x comes into exi/5ce4 ,su* a mortgage is po/pon$ or comes aft] a m>itime li51 t w soon be expla9$1 b comes be=e ! debts ( g5]al cr$itors4 ,! mortgagor1 s long z he reta9s possession1 has all ! rights ( own]%ip1 & all contracts made by him are valid :i* d n impair ! security ( ! mortgage4 ,:5 ! mortgagee takes possession ( ! vessel he is entitl$ to all ! e>n+s t accrue1 b n to ^? :i* ! mortgagor has res]v$1 ev5 ?\gh !y are = ! curr5t voyage4 ,fur!rmore1 8 int]e/ may be atta*$ by 8 cr$itors4 ,! dis*>ge & =eclosure ( mortgages on vessels are gov]n$ = ! mo/ "p by ! rules t apply to *attel mortgages4 ,a mortgage on a vessel %\ld be record$1 & _m ( ! rules & usages t apply to ! record+ ( de$s apply also to su* mortgages4 ,a contract may be made = a loan ( money on ! bottom ( a vessel at a rate mu* great] ?an ! usual rate ( int]e/4 ,su* a loan is sanction$ to enable ! ma/] to obta9 money = supplies or repairs at "s =eign port :]e !y c\ld n be o!rwise obta9$4 ,! loan is on ! security ( ! vessel & if %e nev] arrives1 ! l5d] loses 8 money4 ,if %e does arrive at ! port ( h] de/9ation1 ! borr[] p]sonally1 z well z ! vessel1 is liable = ! repaym5t ( ! loan ) ! agre$ int]e/ !reon4 ,?is m>itime loan is highly reg>d$ 9 legal tribunals1 & is lib]ally con/ru$ by !m to c>ry into effect ! int5tion ( ! p>ties4 ,su* a loan or bond c be giv5 by ! ma/] ( ! vessel only 9 case ( necessity & great di/ress 9 a =eign port1 :]e ! own] is n pres5t & has no repres5tative ) funds1 & :]e ! ma/] has no o!r means ( gett+ money4 ,! ma/] has a l>ge discretion4 ,! necessity mu/ be su* z w\ld induce a prud5t own] to provide funds = ! co/ ( !m on ! security ( ! %ip1 & t if ! ma/] did n take ! money ! voyage w\ld be defeat$ or at lea/ ret>d$4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ! loan is to effectuate ! objects ( ! voyage & ! safety ( ! %ip4 ,! appo9tm5t & employm5t ( a ma/] is :olly )9 ! discretion ( ! own]s4 ,on 8 dea? or removal 9 a =eign port a successor may be appo9t$ by ! consul resid5t !re ( ! c\ntry to :i* ! vessel belongs1 or by an ag5t ( ! own]s1 or by ! consignees ( ! c>go :o h advanc$ money = repair+ ! vessel4 ,! regi/ry acts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates require ! putt+ ( ! ma/]'s "n 9 ! regi/]1 b if ?is is n done 8 au?ority is n impair$2 & ! "o to :om ! navigation & control ( a vessel is entru/$ is consid]$ h] ma/]1 al?\gh ! "n ( ano!r appe>s on ! regi/]4 ,8 contract may conta9 any /ipulation to :i* ! p>ties may agree4 ,! "r ( a ma/] to comm& 8 vessel is p]sonal to him2 & a sale by a ma/] :o is "p own] ( ! vessel ( 8 int]e/ !re9 transf]s no "r to ! comm& ( ! vessel :i* ! o!r own]s are b\nd to respect4 ,:5ev] he becomes incapable ( comm&+ by reason ( sickness1 insanity1 or o!r reason1 ! comm& ) ! duties p]ta9+ !reto devolves on ! fir/ mate until ! appo9tm5t ( ano!r ma/]2 %\ld he be abs5t or incapable ( act+1 !n ! second mate & s on d[n ! rank ( (fic]s4 ,! ma/] mu/ d all ?+s = ! protection & pres]vation ( ! sev]al int]e/s entru/$ to him1 ! own]s1 *>t]]s1 c>go own]s1 und]writ]s4 ,he mu/ r5d] a full & satisfactory acc\nt to ! own]s ( ! vessel ( moneys secur$ & 8 disbursem5ts be=e dem&+ any wages4 ,at sea he is ! supreme (fic]1 has sole au?ority ov] bo? (fic]s & crew to d ju/ice to all p]sons "u 8 comm&1 & to protect pass5g]s & seam5 f bad treatm5t :ile !y are on bo>d4 ,x is said t 9 respect to pass5g]s he owes a high] & m delicate duty ?an he owes to ! crew1 b at ! same "t he has ! necess>y control ov] 8 pass5g]s & may make prop] regulations = _! gov]nm5t to ensure _! safety1 promote _! com=t & pres]ve dec5t ord]4 ,he has au?ority to b9d ! own]s :5 !y are n pres5t = exp5ditures ne$ful 9 ! way ( repairs1 supplies & o!r necess>ies reasonably fit & prop] = ! safety ( ! vessel & ! completion ( ! voyage4 ,z ! seam5 :o s]ve on a vessel are g5]ally ignorant & improvid5t1 ! execution ( %ipp+ articles are requir$ by f$]al /atute :]e ! vessel is b\nd on a =eign voyage1 or f a port 9 "o /ate to a port 9 ano!r4 ,if ^! articles are n made seam5 h ! "r to leave ! vessel at any "t1 & may recov] ! highe/ rate ( wages paid at _! %ipp+ port4 ,! articles mu/ be sign$ by ! seaman & by ! ma/]1 & ! contract mu/ be execut$ be=e ! vessel proce$s on its voyage4 ,! seaman is n b\nd by any new or unusual /ipulation put into ! articles affect+ 8 rights )\t full k ( x1 & especially :5 he _c read & ! /ipulation is n read & expla9$ to him4 ,once execut$1 ! articles _c be v>i$ by a v]bal agreem5t betwe5 ma/] & seaman4 ,! articles mu/ specify cle>ly & def9itely ! nature ( ! int5d$ voyage1 ! port at :i* x is to end & its duration4 ,indef9ite articles1 leav+ to ! option ( ! ma/] :e!r ! voyage %all be long or to "o or m =eign ports1 or %ort to ne>by dome/ic ports1 are void4 ,! articles mu/ also /ate ! am\nt ( wages ea* seaman is to receive4 ,articles are void t fix a =feiture ( wages 9 excess ( ! am\nt nam$ 9 ! /atute1 or re/rict ! "t 9 :i* seam5 mu/ sue = _! wages4 ,! contract may be dissolv$ by cruel treatm5t by ! ma/] & by an ab&onm5t ( ! vessel )\t ! ma/]'s cons5t1 b n by ! dea?1 disability1 removal or resignation ( ! ma/] & ! sub/itution ( ano!r4 ,besides ! wages a seaman may recov]1 %\ld ! ma/] break ! contract1 are 8 exp5ses 9 return+ to ! port ( %ipm5t includ+ also g5]al damages4 ,claims = wages are highly favor$ 9 admiralty c\rts1 & dis*>ges are n ju/ifi$ = trivial causes1 nor = a s+le (f5se unless x is an aggravat$ "o4 ,su* causes are cont9u$ disob$i5ce or insubord9ation1 rebelli\s conduct1 gross di%one/y1 embezzlem5t or !ft1 habitual drunk5ness1 habitually /irr+ up qu>rels1 or by 8 own fault r5d]+ himself incapable ( p]=m+ duty4 ,! ma/] mu/ receive back a seaman :5 he has ?us be5 dis*>g$ :o rep5ts & (f]s to return to 8 duty & make satisfaction1 unless ! (f5se 0 ( an aggravat$ "*4 ,?is is ! g5]al rule1 ?\gh f its nature !re is mu* room = its application4 ,/atute ( ,frauds4--,"s contracts mu/ be 9 writ+ to comply ) a /atute call$ ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 :i* has be5 enact$ ) v>iations 9 all ! /ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important sections relates to ! conveyance ( real e/ate4 ,?is requires t ! agreem5t = its sale mu/ be 9 writ+4 7,see ,agreem5t = ,sale ( ,l&47 ,ano!r section relates to ! sale ( goods1 w>es & m]*&ise4 ,?is has n be5 enact$ 9 e /ate4 ,if ! am\nt is above t m5tion$ 9 ! /atute1 ?irty to "o hundr$ doll>s1 !re mu/ be a writt5 contract or deliv]y & acceptance ( ! goods to con/itute a contract4 ,if ,a sells a bill ( goods to ,b1 :o decl9es to receive !m1 & ! contract is :olly v]bal1 he c %ield himself beh9d ?is /atute :]ev] x prevails4 ,_m que/ions !re=e arise1 :at is a deliv]y & acceptance8 ,a deliv]y ( a key ( a build+ conta9+ ! prop]ty is suffici5t4 ,! deliv]y ( a bill ( lad+ ( goods prop]ly indors$1 mak+ entries ( ! goods sold1 po9t+ !m out or id5tify+ !m is en\gh to comply ) ! /atute4 ,:5ev] !re has be5 a transf] ( possession & control by ! sell] to ! pur*as] to :i* ! latt] has ass5t$ !re has be5 a sale4 ,or1 m broadly1 :5ev] !re has be5 su* action z to %[ cle>ly an int5tion to sell & accept ! prop]ty ! sale is complete4 ,"p paym5t ( ! pur*ase money = p]sonal prop]ty is g5]ally reg>d$ z %[+ su* int5tion4 ,to a contract = ! manufacture ( a ?+ ! /atute does n apply4 ,simple z ?is answ] may be1 ! law soon gets into difficulties 9 decid+ :e!r a contract is = ! mak+ ( a ?+1 or = ! ?+ itself2 :e!r ! important elem5t is ! skill or labor t is to be exp5d$1 or ! ?+ )\t reg>d to ! process ( mak+4 ,?us1 if a contract is ) "o to pa9t a portrait1 ! /atute w\ld n apply1 = ! skill ( ! arti/ is ! important ?+ pur*as$1 & n ! canvas1 pa9t1 etc41 he mu/ use4 ,to a contract = a locomotive ! /atute w\ld apply4 ,if ! contract /ates or implies t ! ?+ is to be made by ! sell]1 & also bl5ds toge!r ! price ( ! ?+ & comp5sation = "w1 labor1 skill & mat]ial1 s t !y _c be discrim9at$1 x is n a contract ( pur*ase & sale1 b a contract ( hir+ & s]vice1 or a b>ga9 by :i* "o p>ty und]takes to labor 9 a c]ta9 way = ! o!r p>ty1 & ! /atute does n apply to x4 ,/atutes ( ,limitation4--,9 all ! /ates /atutes h be5 enact$ :i* provide t if ! rights ( p>ties to legal r$ress are n en=c$ )9 a specifi$ p]iod1 ! c\rts are clos$ to !m4 ,?us1 9 mo/ /ates a /atute provides t a hold] or own] ( a promissory note :o neglects to sue ! debtor )9 six ye>s f its maturity _c d s aft]w>ds4 ,! note is n absolutely void1 ?\gh ! law presumes x has be5 paid4 ,z ! note is n void1 paym5t may be effect$ z we %all soon le>n4 ,suppose "o is indebt$ to a m]*ant1 if ! debt is n paid )9 six ye>s 9 mo/ /ates & no?+ has happ5$1 ! debt 9 popul> language is outlaw$1 9 o!r words _c be collect$ by resort to law4 ,! "t beg9s to run z soon z ! debt has accru$2 if x be a debt to a m]*ant1 z soon z "o has /opp$ trad+ ) him4 ,to ! op]ation ( ?is rule are "s important exceptions4 ,x does n run 9 favor ( a m9or1 m>ri$ woman or insane or imprison$ p]son2 or n :5ev] or :]ev] !y are n capable ( contract+4 ,b a disability aris+ aft] ! /atute has begun to run 9 8 favor w n prev5t x f runn+4 ,! ,/atute ( ,limitations g5]ally b>s ! rem$y or "r to pursue ! debtor 9 a c\rt ( law1 x does n ext+ui% ! "r or debt1 & !re=e ! "r to pursue a debtor may be reviv$ by a new promise to pay4 ,"o may ask1 is n a debtor a fooli% man to ackn[l$ge t he is a debtor aft] ! law has releas$ him f 8 debt8 ,yes1 f a purely selfi% po9t ( view4 ,nev]!less1 ! moral obligation rema9s1 & happily all morality has n yet fl$ f ! _w4 ,"o may ask1 is n su* a promise void because !re is no consid]ation receiv$ = x8 ,no1 = ! reason t !re 0 a consid]ation = ! orig9al obligation1 & ?is is suffici5t to su/a9 ! r5ew$ promise to pay x4 ,9 "s /ates ! /atutes provide t su* an ackn[l$gm5t to pay a debt aft] ! /atute has b>r$ x1 mu/ be 9 writ+1 & sign$ by ! debtor or 8 ag5t4 ,! mo/ g5]al rule is1 to remove ! b> ( ! /atute1 !re mu/ be ei!r an express promise to pay1 or an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! debt accompani$ by an expression ( will+ness to pay x4 ,to simply ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( a debt is n en\gh1 !re mu/ be indicat$ or express$ a will+ness to pay4 ,a debt may also be reviv$ by "p paym5t4 ,paym5t on acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal1 or paym5t ( int]e/ on ! debt w prev5t ! /atute f runn+ aga9/ x4 ,paym5t to h t effect mu/ be made ) ref]5ce to ! orig9al debt & 9 su* a way z to effect an ackn[l$gm5t ( x4 ,:ile a debtor may always apply a paym5t to any "o or m ( diff]5t debts he owes 8 cr$itor1 if he fails to d s ! cr$itor c make ! application ev5 to a debt :i* is already b>r$ by ! /atute1 b 8 application w n remove ! b> to ! rema9d] ( ! debt4 ,to h t effect ! appropriation mu/ be made by ! debtor himself4 ,/atutes ( limitation apply to _m obligations1 & ! times or dates at :i* !y become outlaw$ or outside ! scope ( legal r$ress1 v>y 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,9 _m ( !m an ord9>y book acc\nt or negotiable note is outlaw$ aft] six ye>s1 & _c be en=c$ aft] t "t unless ! debtor has reviv$ x by a new promise or "p paym5t4 ,a judgm5t aga9/ "o usually runs tw5ty ye>s4 ,telegraph & ,telephone4--,?\gh ! bus9ess ( a telegraph company is public 9 its nature1 x is n a common c>ri]1 & x may !re=e set up reasonable regulations = ! reception1 transmission & deliv]y ( messages4 ,z x is a quasi public corporation1 x mu/ ext5d its s]vices to all t apply !re= & (f] to pay ! *>ges4 ,& if refus+ x may be compell$ to d ^! ?+s4 ,! company may *>ge m to "o p]son ?an to ano!r :5 ! s]vice is unlike1 ?\gh n en\gh to am\nt to an unju/ discrim9ation4 ,! diff]5ce 9 *>ges mu/ be> "s relation to ! diff]5t s]vices r5d]$4 ,a telephone company _c legally discrim9ate betwe5 two compet+ telegraph companies by giv+ "o ! telephone call ^w ,telegram & !reby depriv+ ! o!r telegraph company ( bus9ess4 ,nor c a telephone company legally *>ge a high] r5tal = a telephone to a telegraph company ?an to any o!r patron4 ,nor c a telegraph company discrim9ate aga9/ ano!r 9 refus+ cr$it :i* is giv5 to o!r responsible p>ties4 ,a /rike may be a suffici5t excuse = failure to h s5t messages promptly1 ?\gh n excus+ a railroad company = failure to deliv] freight z if no /rike _h happ5$4 ,a /ate may impose a p5alty on a telegraph company = failure to deliv] promptly 9 ! /ate messages com+ f o!r /ates4 ,& a /ate may impose a p5alty on a telegraph company = failure to p]=m its cle> common law duty to transmit messages )\t unreasonable delay1 & ?is /atute applies to messages to po9ts outside ! /ate if x relates to delay )9 ! /ate4 ,a /ate /atute prohibit+ telegraph companies f limit+ _! liability = ! transmission ( telegrams )9 ! /ate is con/itutional4 ,! /ate may prohibit a telegraph company f transmitt+ racetrack news4 ,a telegraph company mu/ transmit a message unless x conta9s indec5t language4 ,nor is x liable = libel 9 transmitt+ a telegram /at+ t a p]son _h be5 b\ght up4 ,x is reasonable = a telegraph company to close its (fice on holidays1 except two h\rs 9 ! morn+ & two h\rs 9 ! aft]noon1 & !re=e is n liable = delay 9 transmitt+ a message because ( ?is delay4 ,! unau?oriz$ writ+ out & s5d+ ( a telegram 9 ano!r p]son's "n is a =g]y4 ,:5 a telegram mu/ pass ov] two connect+ l9es ! receiv+ company may require ! s5d] to designate :at r\te ! message is to take1 & to pay an extra *>ge = ! words indicat+ su* r\te4 ,a telegraph company is n privileg$ 9 transmitt+ messages1 b !y %\ld n be made public1 except to produce !m :5 legally requir$ 9 c\rt4 ,"u ! ,new ,york /atutes x is a crim9al (f5se = a telegraph employee to divulge ! cont5ts ( a telegram to any o!r p]son ?an ! addressee1 except :5 x relates to unlawful bus9ess4 ,9 t case ! employee may give in=mation to ! public (fic] :o is prosecut+ ! unlawful s5d]4 ,x is a crim9al (f5se to op5 or read a seal$ telegram1 or to tap a telegraph wire 9 ord] to read messages 9 c\rse ( transmission4 ,9 regulat+ ! receipt1 transmission & deliv]y ( telegraph messages1 ! rules diff] f ^? t are to be transmitt$ )9 ! /ate f ! rules = int]/ate messages4 ,! rules ) respect to ! latt] are gov]n$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,act ( #aiaj1 /ate messages are gov]n$ by ! laws ( _! respective /ates4 ,by ! f$]al law1 !re=e1 a telegraph company provid+ "o rate = unrepeat$ messages1 & ano!r & high] rate = ^? repeat$1 may /ipulate = a reasonable limitation ( its responsibility :5 ! l[] rate is paid4 ,& if ! contract provides t = any damage result+ f s5d+ ! telegram1 ! s5d] mu/ give notice )9 sixty days1 he is b\nd by ?is /ipulation1 & is )\t r$ress if he delays to act beyond ! "t4 ,torts or ,wrongs4--,a tort is an act or omission :i* unlawfully violates a p]son's "r creat$ by ! law1 & = :i* ! appropriate rem$y is a common law action = damages by ! injur$ p]son4 ,! "r t is violat$ is private & n public1 :i* m>ks (f a tort f a crime4 ,aga91 ! wrongful act may be a violation ( bo? a private & public "r1 9 :i* case bo? ! individual & ! /ate h a rem$y aga9/ ! wrongdo]4 ,?us ,a )\t excuse attacks ,b & bruises 8 nose4 ,b has an action to recov] damages aga9/ him = despoil+ 8 c\nt5ance2 ! /ate also may proce$ aga9/ him 9 a crim9al action = 8 brea* ( ! public peace4 ,ano!r illu/ration may be giv54 ,a cl]k embezzles money f 8 bank4 ,x sues him & p]haps 8 bondsm5 & recov]s ! money4 ,embezzlem5t1 h[ev]1 is a crim9al (f5se1 & ! recov]y ( ! money tak5 does n affect 9 any way ! "r ( ! /ate to proce$ aga9/ ! embezzl]4 ,inde$1 an individual :o has be5 wrong$ _c by any re/itution or settlem5t t he may make ) ! wrongdo] impair ! "r ( ! /ate to puni% him4 ,torts or wrongs are v num]\s = :i* ! wrongdo] may be held liable4 ,! fir/ to be m5tion$ is false imprisonm5t4 ,! law puni%es false imprisonm5t z a crime2 ! p]son unlawfully imprison$ also has a civil action = damages4 ,a p]son is said to be imprison$ 9 any case :]e he is arre/$ by =ce & aga9/ 8 w1 al?\gh x be on ! high /reet or else:]e & n 9 a h\se4 ,m]e words are n an arre/4 ,if an (fic] says1 ,i arre/ y1 & y run away1 !re is no arre/4 ,b if an (fic] t\*es y & takes y into cu/ody !re is an arre/ ev5 ?\gh y run away aft]w>d4 ,a malici\s prosecution is ano!r wrong4 ,a p]son :o br+s 8 action = ?is wrong mu/ prove f\r ?+s3 fir/1 t ! prosecution has t]m9at$ 9 ! compla9ant's favor2 second1 t x 0 in/itut$ malici\sly2 ?ird1 t x 0 br\ght )\t probable cause2 f\r?1 t x damag$ or injur$ ! compla9ant4 ,! t]m malice means some?+ m ?an ! int5tional do+ ( a wrongful act to ! injury ( ano!r )\t legal excuse4 ,x means t ! orig9al prosecutor 0 actuat$ by "s improp] or s9i/] motive4 ,! t]m probable cause requires explanation4 ,no?+ is bett] settl$1 says "o ( ! c\rts1 ?an ?is1 t :5 ! p]son :o br+s su* an action aga9/ ano!r submits 8 facts to 8 attorney1 :o advises !y are suffici5t1 & he acts !reon 9 good fai?1 su* advice is a def5se to an action = malici\s prosecution4 ,t su* advice may be a good def5se a full & hone/ disclosure ( all ! facts mu/ be made to him4 ,su* advice w n s]ve z a scre5 if bas$ on a fragm5t>y1 incomplete /atem5t ( facts4 ,a v common tort is an assault & batt]y4 ,a p]son :o ?reat5s ano!r ) imm$iate p]sonal viol5ce1 hav+ ! means & opportunity = execut+ ! ?reat1 commits an assault = :i* damages may be recov]$ 9 a prop] action4 ,to raise a club ov] ! head ( ano!r & ?reat5 to /rike if he speaks1 w\ld be an assault4 ,abs5ce ( int5t1 says ,burdick1 on ! "p ( ! def5dant to put ! pla9tiff 9 fe> ( bodily h>m1 is p]t95t to ! def5se t ! injury 0 accid5tal1 or due to a practical joke4 ,a batt]y1 z di/+ui%$ f an assault1 is ! inflict+ ( actual viol5ce on a p]son1 ?\gh ! degree ( viol5ce is immat]ial4 ,! lea/ t\*+ ( ano!r 9 ang]1 or z a trespass]1 is a batt]y4 ,=cibly cutt+ ! hair ( a p]son )\t legal au?ority1 or injur+ ! clo?+ on a p]son1 or snat*+ an article f 8 h&1 or cutt+ a rope or belt atta*$ to him1 or /rik+ a horse on :i* "o is rid+1 or t is atta*$ to 8 c>riage1 or ov]turn+ a *air 9 :i* he is seat$1 is a batt]y2 likewise1 if ! assailant ?r[s a /one or missile :i* hits ! o!r1 or spits 9 8 face4 ,!re may be a ju/ifiable assault1 ! law has long recogniz$ ?is4 ,a public (fic] is ju/ifi$ 9 us+ =ce 9 p]=m+ 8 duty1 s is a private individual 9 def5d+ himself1 8 family or 8 prop]ty1 or 9 en=c+ lawful discipl9e at home1 9 s*ool1 on bo>d a %ip1 or o!r public conveyance1 or 9 re/ra9+ "o m5tally or physically incapacitat$4 ,ano!r injury = :i* ! law furni%es r$ress is t affect+ reputation & "*4 ,x is true t ! damages "o may recov]1 h[ev] great1 may be an inadequate r$ress1 yet x is ! be/ ! law c d4 ,! p>ty injur$ by a libel or sl&] br+s 8 action & w9s 8 victory ov] 8 enemy1 yet ! battlefield rema9s & ! sc> ( ! w\nd inflict$4 ,! issue 9 an action = defamation is n ! "* ( ! pla9tiff1 b ! wrongfulness ( ! p>ticul> /atem5t4 ,!re=e x is n a def5se to a libel or sl&] t ! pla9tiff has be5 guilty ( (f5ses o!r ?an ^? imput$ to him1 or ( (f5ses ( a simil> "*2 & su* facts are n compet5t 9 mitigation ( damages4 ,z ! gi/ ( ! tort consi/s ( ! injury done to "o's reputation1 ! defamatory /atem5t mu/ h be5 publi%$4 ,a p]son has no cause ( action aga9/ ano!r = defamatory words spok5 to him2 !y mu/ h be5 he>d by a ?ird p]son4 ,! pla9tiff may make out a case by %[+ t ! libel 0 conta9$ on ! back ( a po/al c>d1 or by o!r evid5ce t makes x a matt] ( reasonable inf]5ce t ! libel\s matt] 0 br\ght to ! actual k ( a ?ird p]son4 ,a p]son :o volunt>ily engages 9 ! int]*ange ( opprobri\s epi!ts & mutual vitup]ation & abuse has be5 held to lic5se 8 antagoni/ to reply 9 l mann]4 ,! "r to answ] a libel by libel is analog\s to ! "r to def5d "o's self aga9/ an assault ^u 8 p]son4 ,! resi/ance may be c>ri$ to a successful t]m9ation1 b ! means us$ mu/ be reasonable4 ,common c>ri]s1 news-v5dors1 proprietors ( circulat+ libr>ies & o!rs :o are m]ely unconsci\s vehicles = c>ry+ defamation g5]ally escape liability = its publication4 ,if ! publication ( a libel is ! result ( ! jo9t ef=ts ( sev]al p]sons1 ea* is responsible = ! wrong done to ! pla9tiff4 ,if ,a writes a libel1 & ,b pr9ts x & ,c publi%es x1 ! p]son wrong$ may sue all jo9tly1 or ei!r "o ( !m sep>ately4 ,! publication ( ! same sl&] by diff]5t p]sons is n a jo9t tort1 x is a di/9ct wrong done by ea* sl&]]4 ,!re are di/9ctions betwe5 libel & sl&] t mu/ be n[ /at$4 ,sl&] is appli$ to oral spee* or its equival5t1 libel to matt]s express$ 9 writ+ or pr9t1 pictures1 effigies or o!r visible & p]man5t =ms4 ,libel is a crim9al (f5se z well z a tort1 :ile ! sl&] ( private p]sons is n a common law crime2 b "s =ms ( sl&] are crimes by /atute4 ,falsely & malici\sly to *>ge "o ) committ+ a felony or o!r indictable (f5se involv+ moral turpitude is 9 "s /ates a crime4 ,sc&al\s matt] is n necess>y to make a libel4 ,x is en\gh if ! def5dant induces an ill op9ion to be held ( ! pla9tiff1 or to make him contemptible or ridicul\s4 ,says ,burdick3 ,any c5sori\s or ridicul+ writ+1 picture or sign made int5tionally & )\t j cause & excuse is a libel ^u its victim4 ,! degree ( c5sure or ridicule is n mat]ial4 ,if ! language is su* t o!rs1 kn[+ ! circum/ances1 w\ld reasonably ?9k x defamatory ( ! p]son compla9+ ( & injur$ by x1 !n x is actionable4 ,9 _m cases ( libels :i* affect ! victim *iefly or solely 9 8 (fice or vocation _! t5d5cy to cause injury is s cle> t pro( may be unnecess>y4 ,?us1 to import insanity or incompet5cy to a pr(essional man1 or t a public (ficial is di%one/ & corrupt is actionable4 ,& :5 a libel\s publication is direct$ aga9/ a class or body ( p]sons1 = example1 ! m$ical /aff ( a public hospital1 any memb] ( ! body may ma9ta9 an action = ! wrong4 ,a corporation has no "* l a natural p]son to def5d1 b a defamatory *>ge :i* directly affects its cr$it & injures its bus9ess reputation is an actionable "o4 ,on ! o!r h& z a corporation mu/ transact its bus9ess & p]=m its duties ?r\gh natural p]sons x is n[ well settl$ t a corporation is liable 9 damages = sl&]1 z x is = o!r torts4 ,sl&]\s words t are actionable h be5 ?us classifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt3 7#a7 words falsely spok5 ( a p]son :i* impute to ! p>ty ! commission ( "s crim9al (f5se involv+ moral turpitude1 = :i* ! p>ty1 if ! *>ge be true1 may be indict$ & puni%$2 7#b7 words falsely spok5 ( a p]son :i* impute t ! p>ty is infect$ ) "s infecti\s disease1 :]e1 if ! *>ge is true1 x w\ld exclude him f society2 7#c7 defamatory words falsely spok5 ( a p]son :i* impute to ! p>ty unfitness to p]=m ! duties ( an (fice or employm5t ( pr(it or ! want ( integrity 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties ( su* (fice or employm5t2 7#d7 defamatory words falsely spok5 ( a p>ty :i* prejudice su* p>ty 9 8 or h] pr(ession or trade4 ,! damages may be ei!r nom9al1 "o doll> is (t5 giv5 9 su* cases1 or comp5satory1 l>g] damages1 z a puni%m5t4 ,! am\nt r5d]$ is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! jury1 b c\rts d n hesitate to modify or set aside v]dicts :i* are deem$ excessive or too meag]4 ,! def5ses 9 su* actions may be briefly describ$4 ,! tru? ( ! *>ge is a complete def5se to a civil action = sl&] or libel1 because ! law w n p]mit a man to recov] damages 9 respect to an injury to a "* :i* he ei!r does n or ought n to possess4 ,a privileg$ communication is ano!r def5se4 ,! heads ( ! executive dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t are absolutely privileg$ = defamatory /atem5ts made by !m :ile act+ )9 ! limits ( _! au?ority4 ,_! motives d n become ! subject ( inquiry 9 a civil suit = damages4 ,judicial (fic]s are %ield$ by ?is rule :ile dis*>g+ _! duties4 ,! publication ( judicial proce$+s is conditionally privileg$4 ,! condition is t ! proce$+s are public1 are dec5t & fit = publication1 t ! reports are full & fair1 & t _! publication is n inspir$ by malice4 ,says ,burdick3 ,! reports ( su* proce$+s are usually made )\t ref]5ce to ! individuals conc]n$1 & = ! in=mation & b5efit ( ! public4 ,! law1 !re=e1 presumes t !y are made 9 good fai?4 ,! full & fair reports ( p>liam5t>y & legislative proce$+s are also conditionally privileg$ z well z ! reports ( judicial proce$+s1 & = ! same reasons4 ,! publication ( ! proce$+s ( quasi public bodies1 l /ate1 m$ical1 & ecclesia/ical societies has be5 deem$ conditionally privileg$4 ,b pr(essional publi%]s ( news are n exempt1 or a privileg$ class1 f ! consequ5ces ( damage done by false news4 ,_! communications are n privileg$ m]ely because made 9 public j\rnals4 ,/atem5ts r5d]$ by m]cantile or collection ag5cies to inquir]s = bus9ess purposes are cle>ly privileg$4 ,b :e!r ! circulation among all _! subscrib]s ( a %eet conta9+ su* /atem5ts is privileg$ is a disput$ "q among ! c\rts4 ,aga91 e /atem5t made ) ! object ( protect+ "s int]e/ ( ! writ] or speak] & :i* is reasonably necess>y = su* purpose is conditionally privileg$4 ,fair comm5t is ano!r def5se4 ,! mo/ frequ5t subjects ( fair comm5t f :i* spr+ actions = defamations are ! "* & conduct ( public m5 or c&idates = (fice2 & lit]>y1 arti/ic1 or comm]cial productions (f]$ to ! public4 ,:e!r a p>ticul> /atem5t is an unfair asp]sion ( "o's p]sonal "*1 or a fair comm5t on 8 public conduct1 is a "q usually = ! jury4 ,at common law a defam] c\ld n insi/ on an opportunity to retract or apologize1 b he c\ld give 9 evid5ce any apology or retraction to less5 ! damages4 ,?is rule has =m$ ! basis ( a /atute 9 "s ( ! /ates4 ,?\gh attack$ on con/itutional gr\nds1 x has be5 su/a9$ 9 ,m9nesota1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & p]haps 9 o!r commonweal?s4 ,:]e x c be made1 ! apology & retraction mu/ be full1 fair1 prompt4 ,pass+ to private nuisances1 a wrong or tort consi/s 9 wrongfully di/urb+ "o 9 ! reasonably com=table use & enjoym5t ( 8 prop]ty4 ,ord9>ily ! motive ( ! wrongdo] is n mat]ial 9 det]m9+ 8 ma9t5ance ( a nuisance4 ,"s ?+s & trades are consid]$ z nuisances ( !mselves1 = example1 a slaught] h\se 9 a l>ge t[n1 a pig/y ne> a dwell+ h\se1 a h\se ( ill fame1 ! f\l+ ( a spr+1 well or /ream2 keep+ a l>ge quantity ( explosives ne> a public dwell+1 or animals or o!r prop]ty dang]\s to human life4 ,likewise1 a hospital t op]ates to de/roy ! peace1 quiet & com=t ( ^? 9 adjo9+ resid5ces1 affects _! heal? & value ( _! prop]ty is a private nuisance1 aga9/ :i* action may be tak5 = its removal or abatem5t4 ,public cemet]ies come "u ! same ban4 ,!y w n be adjudg$ a nuisance simply because !y (f5d ! fancy1 delicacy1 or fa/idi\sness ( neighbors1 or ev5 depreciate ! value ( adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,:5 a bus9ess is c>ri$ on1 /ructures are erect$1 or excavations are made :i* are nuisances1 ! actor is liable 9 damages = !m :e!r he ex]cis$ due c>e 9 con/ruct+ & ma9ta9+ !m or n4 ,! same rule applies to ! own] or keep] ( a savage & dang]\s animal4 ,acts ( discom=t t am\nt to a nuisance are su* z produce ?is effect to p]sons ( ord9>y s5sibility :o live 9 ! locality :]e ! nuisance exi/s4 ,noises1 odors1 smoke1 or du/ may con/itute an actionable nuisance 9 "o locality & n 9 ano!r4 ,if ! nuisances are f ord9>y musical in/rum5ts 9 ! dwell+ ( a neighbor1 or f 8 *ildr51 yet are only ( a k9d t may be expect$ 9 su* a neighborhood1 !y mu/ be borne1 unless prohibit$ by law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same am\nt ( noise caus$ by horses 9 ! basem5t ( an adjo9+ h\se is an actionable nuisance4 ,a tempor>y annoyance is q ano!r ?+4 ,! erection ( an iron build+ ne> a dwell+ might1 dur+ ! p]iod ( con/ruction1 cause great noise & discom=t1 yet ! occupi] ( ! dwell+ w\ld h no rem$y4 ,b !re is a limit to ! conduct ( ! annoy]4 ,he mu/ act reasonably4 ,he _c bla/ rock1 or hamm] metal1 or op]ate noisy /eam drills at all h\rs ( ! day & night4 ,he mu/ con=m to ! habits ( ! community1 & n unreasonably di/urb 8 neighbors1 dur+ ord9>y work+ h\rs4 ,!re is a di/9ction also betwe5 acts t annoy & ^? t injure adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,g5]ally acts ( ! latt] k9d are actionable4 ,if "o fixes 8 resid5ce ne> a nuisance1 =m]ly he _h no rem$y4 ,?is is no long] ! law4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a c\rt is ask$ to enjo9 or /op a useful & lawful bus9ess 9 a place1 ! c\rt w inquire :e!r ! bus9ess has long exi/$ & ! place has gr[n up by reason ( its exi/5ce4 ,if ?is prove to be ! case a c\rt w reluctantly int]f]e4 ,yet1 if ! bus9ess is actually h>mful to heal? or injuri\s to prop]ty1 x w be enjo9$ h[ev] great ! loss may be to ! own]4 ,:ile a l& own] is n liable = a nuisance creat$ on 8 l& by a /rang]1 ^: acts _c 9 any way be attribut$ to him1 he is liable = a nuisance result+ f a lic5see's use ( 8 prop]ty4 ,?us1 if a lic5see by atta*+ a wire to a *imney conv]ts x into a nuisance to pass]s-by1 ! l& own] :o kn[+ly p]mits ! nuisance to cont9ue w be liable = ! damages t result4 ,nor c "o :o has f\l$ a /ream or ! air1 or :o indulges 9 di/urb+ noises1 def5d himself = do+ ^! ?+s by %[+ t o!rs did !m be=e he began4 ,z a p]son acts at 8 p]il 9 ma9ta9+ a nuisance1 s is ! own] ( trespass+ cattle liable = all ! h>m done by !m1 :e!r he kn[s ( _! disposition to d h>m or n4 ,b he is n liable = h>m done by !m :ile !y are driv5 along ! highway )\t neglig5ce on ! driv]'s "p2 nor is he liable = mis*ief done by !m to ! p]son or p]sonal prop]ty ( "o at o!r times )\t k ( _! vici\sness or o!r pro( ( neglig5ce4 ,nor is he liable by ! common law z an insur] aga9/ all damage done by !m :5 !y escape f 8 l&4 ,:5 vici\s animals are kept = any purpose & are a m5ace to human be+s !y are a nuisance4 ,h5ce1 !y may be kill$ )\t incurr+ liability1 & %\ld !y d damage _! own] or responsible keep] mu/ answ] = x4 ,if ! animal be a vici\s dog1 ! own] mu/ ex]cise a degree ( c>e comm5surate ) ! dang] to o!rs foll[+ 8 escape f cu/ody1 & mu/ secure x f injur+ anyone :o does n unlawfully provoke or int]m$dle ) ! animal4 ,by ! e>ly common law a p]son :o />t$ a fire1 ev5 = a ne$ful & lawful purpose1 0 responsible = ! consequ5ces4 ,?is rule has be5 modifi$ ) "t4 ,a p]son1 says ,burdick1 does n />t a fire on 8 l& at 8 p]il4 ,if x spreads beyond 8 premises & h>ms o!rs 8 liability = ! h>m mu/ be gr\nd$ on 8 neglig5ce4 ,! same is true ( 8 liability = electricity escap+ f 8 control4 ,9 bo? cases ! c>e he mu/ ex]cise 9 gu>d+ ! dang]\s elem5t v>ies ) ! haz>d to :i* x exposes o!rs4 ,! liability ( a p]son :o keeps explosives is n absolute1 unless he is ma9ta9+ a nuisance4 ,o!rwise he is liable only :5 neglig5t4 ,if he is ignorant ( ! "* ( ! explosive1 & )\t fault 9 n kn[+1 8 duty ( c>e is fix$ by ! app>5t "* ( ! article4 ,suppose a c>ri] 0 c>ry+ a trunk conta9+ an explosive ( :i* he _h no k or reason = suppos+ 0 !re1 surely he w\ld n be held liable if x explod$ & caus$ injury4 ,! liability ( a manufactur]1 sell]1 l5d]1 or us] ( ?+s is n t ( an insur] 9 mak+1 sell+1 l5d+ or us+ !m4 ,b he does incur liability :5ev] he fails to ex]cise su* c>e z is fairly ne$ful to protect o!rs aga9/ ! haz>d 9 buy+ & us+ !m4 ,a druggi/1 !re=e1 :o affixes a wrong label to a bottle ( m$ic9e & !reby injures a p]son :o uses x is responsible4 ,& ! rule w\ld apply :e!r ! tak] 0 ! pur*as] or "s o!r p]son4 ,:5 p]sons are invit$ on "o's premises = mutual advantage1 ! invit] owes ! duty ( ord9>y c>e4 ,he is n an insur] ( _! safety1 nor ne$ he ex]cise extraord9>y c>e 9 gu>d+ !m f h>m1 unless !re 0 unusual dang]4 ,suppose a man _h a way :i* p]sons us$ 9 go+ to & f 8 bus9ess1 & he began to dig a well ne> ! way & left ! place unprotect$ dur+ its con/ruction1 und\bt$ly ! own] w\ld be liable4 ,suppose ! well 0 a consid]able di/ance f ! way :]e p]sons did n usually g & _h no occasion = go+4 ,!n he w\ld n be liable4 ,h[ f> away f ! road c\ld he dig )\t ?\ght ( ! public8 ,! answ] w\ld dep5d on ! facts 9 ! case4 ,a some:at diff]5t rule has be5 appli$ to *ildr54 ,al?\gh a *ild ( t5d] ye>s :o meets ) an injury on ! premises ( a private own] may be a te*nical trespass]1 yet ! own] may be liable1 if ! ?+s caus+ ! injury h be5 left expos$ & ungu>d$1 & are ( su* a nature z to be attractive to *ildr51 appeal+ to _! *ildi% curiosity & in/9cts4 ,ungu>d$ premises1 :i* are ?us suppli$ ) dang]\s attractions1 are reg>d$ z hold+ out impli$ invitations to *ildr54 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( controv]sy ov] ?is important rule4 ,^? oppos$ say1 if ev]y:]e appli$1 x w\ld r5d] ! own] ( a fruit tree1 = example1 liable = damages to a trespass+ boy :o1 9 attempt+ to get ! fruit1 %\ld fall f ! tree & be injur$4 ,pr(essor ,burdick1 aft] a full review ( ! cases1 says t ! tide ( judicial op9ion is sett+ ! o!r way4 ,*ildr51 !re=e1 :o invade ! premises ( a p]son )\t any "r are trespass]s l old] p4 ,! duty ( c>+ = *ildr5 rema9s ) _! p>5ts & gu>dians2 & if !y are injur$ :ile unlawfully go+ on ! l& ( o!rs _! p>5ts _c visit ! consequ5ces ( _! neglect on ! own]s ( ! l& :]e ! injuries happ5$4 ,w>ranty4--,! law1 assum+ t ! pur*as] kn[s or c f9d out ! quality & wor? ( ?+s1 does n make an impli$ w>ranty ( !m g5]ally4 ,! legal maxim is1 ,let ! pur*as] bew>e4 ,he mu/ take c>e ( himself4 ,9 _m cases1 ?\gh1 he does obta9 a w>ranty4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% betwe5 ?is & a m]e repres5tation4 ,x may be difficult to draw ! l9e always1 b x exi/s4 ,a /atem5t t is n int5d$ z a w>ranty1 made simply to awak5 ! buy]'s int]e/ 9 ! ?+ = sale1 is n a w>ranty4 ,nor does ! law imply a w>ranty f ! paym5t ( a full price4 ,=m]ly1 :5 a commodity 0 adult]at$1 x c\ld be return$1 & ! c\rts became sorely tr\bl$ to def5d an adult]ation4 ,m rec5tly1 /atutes h cle>$ away ! difficulty1 & are a great protection to buy]s4 ,9 _m cases1 d\btless1 !y "k m ab\t ! quality & condition ( ! ?+s !y buy ?an ! inexp]i5c$ salesm5 :o are beh9d ! c\nt]s1 s !y ne$ no protection f ! law2 :5 !y d ne$ x a w>ranty may s]ve a good purpose4 ,9 articles conc]n+ :i* ! sell] does possess a sup]ior k1 preci\s /ones1 drugs1 m$ic9es1 & ! l1 ! mod]n law has rais$ an impli$ w>ranty = ! buy]'s protection4 ,9 ?is class ( cases ! buy] & sell] d n deal on equal t]ms4 ,! v5dor is pr(ess$ly an exp]t4 ,9 a sale ( food !re is no long] an impli$ w>ranty ( fitness1 unless ! buy] expressly or by inspection acqua9ts ! sell] ) ! purpose ( ! pur*ase & unless x appe>s t ! buy] relies on ! sell]'s skill & judgm5t4 ,ev5 !n1 if ! buy] has exam9$ ! goods & has discov]$ a defect1 !re is no w>ranty4 ,! burd5 ( %[+ t he has made kn[n 8 purpose & t he has reli$ on ! sell] is on ! pur*as] :o claims ! exi/5ce ( an impli$ w>ranty4 ,!re is ano!r impli$ w>ranty1 t ( ! sell]'s title1 :5 he is 9 possession ( ! goods4 ,?is is limit$ to p]sons :o are act+ = !mselves1 & n ag5ts1 tru/ees1 (fic]s ( ! law1 :o are act+ = o!rs4 ,an innoc5t pur*as] ( goods1 !re=e1 = a good consid]ation obta9s a good title1 ev5 f a v5dee :o has obta9$ !m by fraud1 z aga9/ ! orig9al v5dor4 ,?is rule1 ?\gh v broad1 does n prev5t a lawful own] f recov]+ 8 prop]ty4 ,?us1 if a f>m]'s ox5 7 /ol5 & ! ?ief %\ld sell !m z 8 own1 & ! pur*as] %\ld pay = !m1 nev]!less ! f>m] c\ld recov] !m4 ,! only exception to ?is rule is negotiable pap]4 ,?is is made 9 ord] to surr\nd x ) great] protection4 ,:]e goods are sold by sample !re is a w>ranty t ! goods w be l ! sample1 b !re is no w>ranty ( ! sample itself4 ,9 "o ( ! well-kn[n cases hops 7 sold by sample1 & aft] ! hops _h be5 deliv]$ ! discov]y 0 made t !y _h be5 injur$ by heat+4 ,! buy] su$ ?\gh fail$ to recov] any?+1 = x 0 prov$ t !y 7 l ! sample1 :i* _h be5 %[n sev]al mon?s be=e1 & at t "t ! heat+ _h n begun4 ,z !y 7 sold at ! e>li] p]iod1 _! condition at ! "t ( ! deliv]y did n affect ! sale4 ,see ,deceit2 ,sale4 ,w4--,a w is a disposition ( "o's prop]ty to take effect aft] 8 dea?4 ,he is call$ a te/ator1 & mu/ possess a s\nd m9d to make an effective w4 ,he mu/ be able to compreh5d :at he is do+4 ,wills are (t5 conte/$ on ! gr\nd t ! te/ator's m9d 0 feeble & t undue influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ ov] him 9 dispos+ ( 8 prop]ty4 ,m>ri$ wom5 c make wills l _! husb&s & s c a m9or 9 _m /ates4 ,all ( ! /ates h enact$ /atutes on ! subject :i* require v>i\s ?+s2 "o ( ! mo/ important is ! witness+ ( wills4 ,g5]ally1 ?ree witnesses are requir$4 ,an em95t judge1 n long s9ce1 made a w to please 8 wife leav+ a l>ge sum to f\nd an in/itution4 ,he 0 oppos$ to ! ?+4 ,! a/ute judge _h no witnesses1 s he bo? fool$ 8 wife & pleas$ himself1 = 8 w 0 wor?less4 ,! /atutes require ! witnesses to sign 9 ! te/ator's pres5ce1 :o (t5 give important te/imony ( 8 compet5cy :5ev] 8 w is conte/$4 ,z !y may be call$ = ?is purpose1 intellig5ce %\ld be us$ 9 select+ p]sons to become witnesses4 ,a witness :o is compet5t at ! "t ( sign+ does n become incompet5t by reason ( any?+ t may happ5 to him aft]w>d4 ,a witness %\ld n be giv5 any?+ 9 ! w1 =1 if ?is is done1 8 act ( witness+ 9 p]haps all ! /ates violates ! gift4 ,?\gh ?is may be ! consequ5ce ! re/ ( ! w is n !reby impair$4 ,! prop]ty giv5 is ei!r real or p]sonal4 ,real prop]ty consi/s ( l& ext5d+ indef9itely upw>d & d[nw>d1 e build+ !reon1 e gr[+ ?+1 likewise all m9]als & 9 "s cases ev5 ice4 ,p]sonal prop]ty includes ev]y?+ ( a movable nature4 ,a trans=mation is (t5 effect$4 ,a tree :ile /&+ on ! l& is a "p !re(2 cut d[n x becomes p]sonal prop]ty4 ,a w %\ld be 9 writ+2 & ?is 9 mo/ /ates is a /atutory requirem5t1 to gu>d aga9/ ! wrongs & frauds t might o!rwise arise4 ,a te/ator may write 8 own w1 inde$ to d s w\ld be a good te/ ( w-mak+ capacity4 ,if he is unable to write 8 "n1 he may make 8 m>k4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !re %\ld be ample pro( t he did s1 = a m>k c be s easily made by any "o4 ,a p]son to :om real e/ate is giv5 is call$ a devisee2 ! receiv] ( p]sonal prop]ty a legatee4 ,:5 ! te/ator gives real e/ate he mu/ h reg>d to ! laws ( ! /ate :]e x is situat$2 9 giv+ p]sonal prop]ty he is gov]n$ by ! law ( ! /ate :]e he resides1 8 domicil4 ,_m a devise has be5 decl>$ invalid1 because ! te/ator 9 devis+ x did n comply ) ! law ( ! /ate :]e ! l& 0 locat$4 ,! pr9cipal gr\nd on :i* wills are attack$ is feebl5ess ( m9d1 lack ( m5tal capacity4 ,! "q assumes ?is =m3 did ! te/ator at ! "t he execut$ 8 w h suffici5t m5tal capacity to d x4 ,an em95t juri/1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,r$field1 has said t he mu/ h und\bt$ly suffici5t active memory to p]ceive ! m obvi\s relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 if unable to manage 8 bus9ess1 he c nev]!less make a w if he kn[s :at he is do+4 ,aga9 an insane p]son may make a w provid$ ?is is done dur+ a lucid int]val4 ,_m a p]son is insane only at times or on p>ticul> subjects & !re=e may be compet5t to make a rational disposition ( 8 prop]ty4 ,"s p]sons h curi\s religi\s beliefs1 prejudices aga9/ p]sons1 gov]nm5ts & in/itutions1 & yet ^! vag>ies may n impair _! capacity to dispose ( _! prop]ty 9 a legal & rational mann]4 ,ano!r requirem5t ( a te/ator is t he mu/ decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! witnesses t x is 8 la/ w & te/am5t4 ,?is is call$ a publication ( ! w4 ,( c\rse1 8 w mu/ be complet$ :5 ?is is done4 ,suppose a p]son makes sev]al wills1 :i* "o ( !m is effective8 ,! la/ "o4 ,a w %\ld be dat$1 suppose ?is has be5 =gott51 :at !n8 ,! la/ w mu/ be e/abli%$1 if possible1 by o!r evid5ce4 ,suppose x is believ$ t ! la/ w has be5 de/roy$1 & a prior w is f\nd1 c ?is be set up z e/abli%+ ! te/ator's disposition ( 8 prop]ty8 ,x is n 8 la/ w1 = he has made ano!r4 ,any p]son may be a devisee or legatee includ+ m>ri$ wom51 m9ors & corporations4 ,if a beque/ is made to a corporation n 9 exi/5ce1 is x valid8 ,by "s c\rts ?is c be done1 by o!rs ?is p[] is d5i$ to a te/ator4 ,_m a well-meant beque/ to a noble *>ity has be5 smitt5 d[n because !re 0 no legal donee !n exi/+ to receive ! gift4 ,a te/ator may bequea? prop]ty to a tru/ee :o %all select ! objects ( ! te/ator's b\nty4 ,! ?+ bequea!d mu/ be describ$ ) suffici5t cle>ness to id5tify x1 no?+ m is requir$4 ,9 "s cases prop] evid5ce may be us$ to id5tify ?+s :]e ! description 9 ! w is ambigu\s4 ,a devise ( l&s may consi/ ( ! entire e/ate or int]e/ ( ! te/ator1 or he may give ! devisee a less] int]e/ 9 !m4 ,x is a common ?+ = a te/ator to devise ! use ( l& to a p]son dur+ 8 lifetime1 & aft] 8 dea? ! entire int]e/ or fee to ano!r4 ,he usually adds a f9al or residu>y clause to 8 w to ! effect1 t all he may h :i* has n be5 bequea!d to any "o specifically %all be giv5 to "o or m p]sons or objects nam$ 9 8 w4 ,or1 if a legacy %all lapse1 t is1 ! p]son to :om x has be5 giv5 %all die1 or = any o!r reason _c1 or w n take x1 x falls into ! residu>y portion & goes to ! residu>y legatee4 ,if a w does n conta9 su* a clause1 & !re is no /atute 9 ! way1 !n a laps$ legacy or o!r prop]ty1 n cov]$ by ! w1 goes to su* p]sons z ! law has prescrib$ :5ev] p]sons die leav+ no w1 or1 9 legal language1 die inte/ate4 ,a w takes effect f ! te/ator's dea? & s does ! validity ( all ! beque/s4 ,?us1 %\ld a p]son m5tion$ z legatee die be=e ! te/ator1 ! legacy w\ld be invalid4 ,b _m or all ( ! /ates h provid$ by /atute = ! cont9uation ( ^! 9 _m cases4 ,?us1 %\ld a son1 to :om 8 fa!r has devis$ "s l&1 die leav+ *ildr51 !y take x 9 place ( _! fa!r4 ,^! /atutes v>y mu*1 "s limit+ ! sub/itution to ! l9eal heirs ( ! deceas$1 son1 gr&son1 etc41 o!rs ext5d+ ! sub/itutes to ! collat]al heirs ( any devisee or legatee4 ,aga91 by /atute & common law a wife is entitl$ on ! dea? ( h] husb& to a specific portion ( 8 prop]ty4 ,%\ld he n give h] z mu* by 8 w1 unless he _h made an agreem5t ) h] be=e m>riage ) respect to :at %e 0 to receive1 %e may r5\nce h] rights "u h] husb&'s w & claim :at ! law w\ld give h] z if he _h made no w4 ,a w c be revok$ any "t4 ,! common way is to de/roy x4 ,ano!r way is to dispose dur+ 8 lifetime ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 "o ( ! cases a te/ator _h indors$ on 8 w 9 8 own h&writ+ cancel$4 ,?\gh ?is 0 n sign$1 x 0 held to be a revocation4 ,9 ano!r case a bl9d te/ator call$ = 8 w :i* 0 h&$ to him4 ,he gave x back ) ! direction to put x 9 ! fire4 ,in/ead ( do+ s ano!r piece ( pap] 0 sub/itut$ & burn$4 ,?is 0 a d[nright fraud1 & ! c\rt ju/ly held t ! w _h be5 revok$4 ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,acts4--,:o is entitl$ to comp5sation by ^! acts8 ,! prop] te/ to apply is1 :e!r ! employ] possess$ ! p[] to control ! o!r :ile at "w at ! ma*9e or o!r ?+ f :i* ! injury arose4 ,says ,honnold3 ,9 ! ord9>y acceptance ( ! t]m1 "o :o is engag$ to r5d] s]vices 9 a p>ticul> transaction is n an employee2 ! t]m employee embrac+ cont9uity ( s]vice & exclud+ ^? employ$ = a s+le & special transaction4 ,x does n usually include physicians1 pa/ors or pr(essional nurses4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 include ^? n engag$ 9 manual labor1 su* z a s*ool-tea*]4 ,! fact t a workman furni%es tools & mat]ials1 or und]takes to d a specifi$ job w n prev5t 8 be+ an employee4 ,a deaconess1 liv+ & work+ 9 a hospital & receiv+ an annuity to cov] clo?+ & exp5ses1 is n an employee ( ! hospital1 nor is an employee ( a religi\s home = ! ag$ :o works ar\nd ! h\se = :i* he is n paid any fix$ am\nt4 ,a director ( a bank is n an employee )9 ! mean+ ( ! acts "u consid]ation4 ,to be an employee !re mu/ be a contract ( s]vice4 ,?is is n ! same ?+ z a contract = s]vices4 ,by ! latt] relation%ip "o is an indep5d5t contractor & exclud$ f ! acts4 ,! contract ( s]vice ne$ n be actually made1 x may be impli$1 = example1 ! case ( a sub/itute :o is engag$ by an employee 9 accordance ) cu/om4 ,a contract ( s]vice is n creat$ by ! relation ( l&lord & t5ant1 c>ri] & pass5g]1 bailor & bailee1 nor by pr(essional s]vice1 nor by =m+ a p>tn]%ip1 nor by p]=m+ manual labor beyond ! employ]'s control4 ,:e!r a contract ( s]vice arises f *>itable "w dep5ds on ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> case4 ,/ate employees are )9 ^! acts 9 "s /ates1 & exclud$ 9 o!rs1 likewise municipal employees4 ,by ! f$]al act ! t]m labor] is us$ to designate m5 :o d "w t requires b little skill z di/+ui%$ f an artisan :o practices an indu/rial art4 ,! act includes a /orekeep]1 an inspector :o p]=ms no manual labor1 a mess5g] 9 ! gov]nm5t pr9t+ (fice1 ! ma/] ( a dr$ge1 ! matron ( an ,indian s*ool1 a transit man1 a surveyor1 a cl]k engag$ 9 (fice "w1 an assi/ant vet]9>ian1 a laboratory assi/ant1 a dock ma/]4 ,comp5sation legislation is n limit$ to heal?y employees4 ,"o's previ\s physical condition is ( no consequ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( relief to be af=d$4 ,nev]!less1 x is a circum/ance to be consid]$ 9 asc]ta9+1 :5 "o has be5 injur$1 :e!r ! injury result$ f ! "w or f 8 heal?4 ,9 "s ( ! comp5sation acts m9ors are exclud$1 9 o!r acts he is protect$ by !m4 ,an appr5tice :o is qualify+ himself to op]ate an elevator is an employee )9 ! ,m9nesota ,act4 ,_m ( ! acts provide t ! t]m employee %all include e p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ano!r "u any contract ( hire1 except "o ^: employm5t is casual1 or is n 9 ! usual c\rse ( ! trade1 bus9ess pr(ession or occupation ( 8 employ]4 ,f>m labor]s are outside ^! acts 9 "s /ates4 ,?us1 9 ,massa*usetts ! workm5's comp5sation act 0 n int5d$ to conf] its advantages ^u f>m labor]s1 or to impose its burd5s ^u f>m]s4 ,b a f>m] may adopt x if he desires4 ,& any contract ( insurance made by him "u its t]ms is valid & en=ceable4 ,su* an exemption1 h[ev]1 does n except employees work+ = "o :o is engag$ 9 a comm]cial or o!r non-agricultural ent]prise ?\gh he be a f>m]4 ,likewise1 a f>m] c>ry+ on a m>ket g>d5 may procure insurance cov]+ 8 driv]s & help]s employ$ 9 di/ribut+ ! produce ( 8 f>m )\t insur+ o!r employees :o are m]ely f>m labor]s4 ,! "r to comp5sation is det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! labor "o is actually do+ :5 ! accid5t occurs1 r ?an by ! fact t ! employee occasionally does f>m labor4 ,?us1 pl[+ is usually f>m labor1 b if x is done to make l& ready = build+ a h\se x is n4 ,if a f>m] does n avail himself ( ! act = all ( 8 employees1 he may procure insurance = a limit$ portion ( !m4 ,if !re are ^?1 says ,*ief ,ju/ice ,rugg1 sep>able f o!rs by classification & def9ition1 ^: labor is m expos$ & dang]\s1 or :om he may desire to protect = any o!r reason1 !re is no?+ 9 ! act to prev5t him f do+ s4 ,likewise1 dome/ic s]vants are exclud$ by "s ( ^! acts1 :o are !y8 ,a h\sehold s]vant is "o :o dwells "u ! same ro( ) ! family "u circum/ances mak+ him a memb] !re(4 ,& 8 /atus is det]m9$ r by 8 relation to ! family ?an by 8 relation to ! s]vice4 ,?us1 a workman :o is hir$ to t5d ! furnace1 m[ ! lawn1 & d odd jobs ab\t ! h\se1 :o has a room !re9 & eats at ! family table1 is a h\sehold s]vant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a *auffeur :o is hir$ by ! mon? to run ! employ]'s private automobile1 b is n liv+ z a memb] ( ! family1 is n a h\sehold s]vant4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 he is "o4 ,:ile x is d\btful :e!r ! te/ ( liv+ 9 ! employ]'s h\se is ! sole te/ ( h\sehold s]vice1 x is ess5tial t he is engag$ 9 r5d]+ s]vice 9 ! h\se1 su* z clean+1 cook+ or wa%+4 ,on "o occasion1 a port] 9 a saloon 0 s5t up/airs by ! proprietor to wa% ! w9d[s 9 ! ap>tm5t :]e ! proprietor liv$ ) 8 family4 ,:ile ?us engag$ he fell to ! sidewalk & 0 injur$4 ,! c\rt reg>d$ him z a h\sehold s]vant4 ,_m ( ! acts exclude f _! protection casual employees4 ,?is t]m is a difficult "o to def9e1 & has be5 omitt$ 9 _m ( ! acts4 ,:]e ?is is done all employees engag$ 9 ! usual c\rse ( ! trade1 bus9ess1 occupation1 or pr(ession ( _! employ]1 ) "s exceptions1 receive comp5sation4 ,ord9>ily1 an employm5t is casual :5 x is = a s+le day1 or by ! h\r1 b does n apply to "o :o is employ$ to r5d] a s]vice t recurs ) "s regul>ity4 ,?us1 "o :o is employ$ z a workman 9 a sawmill on su* days z x 0 9 op]ation = f\r mon?s 0 n a casual employee4 ,casual employm5t 9 ! ,connecticut act means occasional or incid5tal employm5t4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 if ! l5g? ( employm5t is less ?an a week x is casual1 ev5 ?\gh contr>y to agreem5t ! employee took m ?an a week to d ! "w = :i* he 0 hir$1 & :i* a skillful employee c\ld h f9i%$ )9 a week4 ,! "q :e!r an employm5t is casual mu/ be det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! scope & purpose ( ! hir+ r ?an ) sole reg>d to ! duration & regul>ity ( ! s]vice4 ,"o :o ent]s into a contract ( employm5t = an entire season is n a casual employee m]ely because he may be requir$ to "w = only %ort & irregul> p]iods4 ,?us1 a long%oreman :o is employ$ at a c]ta9 sum p] h\r to help load a %ip1 hav+ frequ5tly r5d]$ a simil> s]vice on o!r occasions1 is n a casual employee2 nor is "o :o keeps ma*9]y & boats 9 ord] at an amusem5t p>k2 nor is a boy :o is call$ at irregul> int]vals = s]vice 9 a but*]'s %op :5 extra help is ne$$1 or 9 ! abs5ce ( a regul> employee2 nor is "o :o is employ$ dur+ a pack+ season to drive = a pack] :5ev] he is ne$$4 ,! comp5sation law does n apply to indep5d5t contractors4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to draw ! l9e 9 _m cases4 ,g5]ally1 an indep5d5t contractor is "o :o ex]cises an indep5d5t employm5t & contracts to d a piece ( "w accord+ to 8 own me?od1 )\t be+ subject to ! control ( ! employ]4 ,a te/ t is sometimes appli$ is1 :o has ! "r to direct :at %all be done & :5 & h[1 & :o has ! "r ( g5]al control4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o ex]cises an indep5d5t employm5t1 selects 8 own help & has ! control ( !m1 & ! me?od ( conduct+ ! "w1 he is an indep5d5t contractor4 ,aga91 he may *ange 8 relation = a "t1 & become an employee1 or he may be a contractor = a "p ( 8 s]vice & an employee = a "p4 ,?us1 "o :o 0 injur$ :ile op]at+ a laun* to br+ supplies to a dr$ge = 8 employ] 0 an employee & n an indep5d5t contractor1 ?\gh he 0 "o 9 conduct+ ! "w ( dr$g+4 ,likewise1 a physician :o is employ$ on a sal>y by ano!r physician1 :o 9 turn is s]v+ a manufactory1 is an employee ( ! latt] & n an indep5d5t contractor1 ?\gh he is /ill engag$ to "s ext5t 9 8 own private practice4 ,by ! ,f$]al act an employee mu/ be employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be entitl$ to its b5efits4 ,?us1 a plate pr9t] 9 ! bureau ( engrav+ & pr9t+ :o is paid by ! piece1 & :o bonds himself & hires & pays 8 own help1 also ! own] ( a p[] boat *>t]$ to ! gov]nm5t & op]at$ by ! own] 9 its s]vice1 are contractors1 & n f$]al employees4 ,a workman1 !re=e1 :o is employ$ by a gov]nm5t contractor is n an employee ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o :o is employ$ & c>ri$ on ! pay rolls ( ! reclamation s]vice1 ?\gh work+ = ! contractor1 is employ$ by ! gov]nm5t1 likewise1 a workman employ$ 9 ! =e/ s]vice :o is work+ ) o!rs = c\nty sup]visors :o1 9 turn1 are execut+ a contract ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,z public (fic]s are n employees )9 ! mean+ ( ! comp5sation acts1 !y may be di/+ui%$ f o!rs :o are employees4 ,unless ! /atute says s1 a policeman is n an employee ( ! city :i* he s]ves1 b an (fic] hold+ a public tru/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a night policeman or m>%al is an employee by ! ,wiscons9 law4 ,firem5 & deputy %]iffs on a fee basis are (fic]s r ?an employees4 ,! comp5sation acts secure comp5sation n only = injur$ workm51 b %\ld !y die1 to _! dep5d5ts4 ,:o !n is a dep5d5t8 ,dep5d5cy1 says ,honnold1 does n dep5d on an answ] to ! "q :e!r ! alleg$ dep5d5ts c\ld support !mselves )\t ! e>n+s ( ! p]son :o is no long] liv+1 b :e!r !y 7 9 fact support$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by su* e>n+s int5tionally by him4 ,occasional gifts d n prove dep5d5cy1 yet purely volunt>y contributions may e/abli% dep5d5cy4 ,volunt>y contributions ( money1 support or s]vice by a bro!r to a si/] or by a si/] to a bro!r are n complete evid5ce ( ! dep5d5cy ( ei!r4 ,comp5sation _c be aw>d$ to dep5d5ts :o d n belong to ! classes ( relatives m5tion$ 9 ! /atutes4 ,! phrase1 actual dep5d5ts1 means dep5d5ts 9 fact :e!r !y are :olly or p>tially dep5d5t4 ,p>tial dep5d5cy1 giv+ a "r to comp5sation may exi/ ?\gh ! contributions are at irregul> int]vals & ( irregul> am\nts1 & ! dep5d5t has o!r means ( support+ himself4 ,an employee contribut$ all ( 8 e>n+s to 8 "m :o 0 p>tially dep5d5t on him = support4 ,five o!r *ildr5 contribut$ to ! family fund4 ,x 0 held t ! "m 0 entitl$ to a weekly comp5sation equal to "o half ( ! weekly comp5sation ( h] deceas$ son4 ,a dep5d5t :o is an ali5 liv+ 9 a =eign c\ntry is n deb>r$ f receiv+ comp5sation4 ,by "s ( ! acts su* comp5sation to nonresid5ts is limit$ to a fa!r or "m4 ,*ildr5 :o are entitl$ to comp5sation z dep5d5ts include /ep*ildr51 illegitimate *ildr51 *ildr5 adopt$ by ! workman1 also po/hum\s1 legitimate & illegitimate4 ,! f$]al act provides t if ! injur$ artisan or labor] die )9 ! ye> aft] 8 injury leav+ a wid[1 or a *ild or *ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age1 or a dep5d5t p>5t1 !y %all be entitl$ to comp5sation4 ,! ^w p>5t1 :ile includ+ bo? p>5ts1 does n include a /epfa!r or a /epmo!r1 or a fo/] p>5t :o has n be5 legally adopt$4 ,! "q ( dep5d5ce is "o ( fact2 contributions by ! deceas$ t5d to e/abli% ?is1 b are n conclusive4 ,! ^w *ild or *ildr5 us$ 9 ! act is n limit$ to a *ild or *ildr5 born 9 w$lock1 b includes illegitimate (fspr+1 & *ildr5 legally adopt$4 ,if an injur$ workman dies be=e he has made application = or receiv$ comp5sation1 x may be paid f ! date ( ! injury to ! date ( 8 dea?1 z well z = ! rema9d] ( ! ye> to 8 wid[ or family4 ,! e>n+s ( a workman are ! basis = comput+ ! am\nt ( comp5sation he is to receive = an injury4 ,^! include any?+ t he receives = 8 labor t possesses a money value4 ,9 ! way ( illu/rat+ m cle>ly :at he may receive ! outl9e ( a section ( ! ,massa*usetts ,act may be giv54 ,x provides :at ! workman may receive :5 8 injury is p>tial f ! insurance association :i* has become liable !re=4 ,a weekly comp5sation equal to "o half ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 av]age weekly wages be=e ! injury & ! av]age weekly wages :i* he is able to e>n !reaft]2 b n m ?an t5 doll>s a week1 nor = a long] p]iod ?an ?ree hundr$ weeks f ! date ( ! injury4 ,=m]ly1 :5 injur$1 he receiv$ z comp5sation a sum fix$ by agreem5t betwe5 himself & 8 employ]2 & if !y c\ld n agree1 z (t5 happ5$1 !n he su$ 8 employ] & ! c\rt decid$ ! am\nt ! employ] mu/ pay4 ,^! suits 7 (t5 co/ly1 long conte/$1 & if ! employee won 8 c\nsel (t5 took su* a l>ge %>e z to leave a disappo9t+ am\nt to ! employee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m an employee magnifi$ 8 injury1 juries 7 usually sympa!tic1 especially if ! employ] 0 a corporation1 & f ! g5]al dissatisfaction has be5 creat$ ! new sy/em4 ,hav+ /at$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way :at ! law provides = a workman :o has be5 injur$1 !re rema9s ! /atem5t ( :at is done :5 ! workman dies f 8 accid5t4 ,! ,arizona law illu/rates ?is z well z any o!r4 ,:5 he dies )9 six mon?s !reaft] & leaves a wid[1 & a m9or *ild or *ildr5 dep5d5t on 8 e>n+s = support & education1 !n ! employ] mu/ pay to ! p]sonal repres5tative ( ! deceas$ workman = ! b5efit ( ! wid[ & *ildr5 a sum equal to tw5ty-f\r hundr$ times "o half ( ! daily wages or e>n+s ( ! deceas$1 n exce$+ 9 any case m ?an f\r ?\s& doll>s4 ,if ! employ] has insur$ ! lives ( 8 employees 9 an insurance company1 = :i* ! acts q g5]ally provide1 !n ( c\rse paym5t ( ! b5efits are paid by ! company to ^? :o are entitl$ to !m4 ,"s ( ! comp5sation acts provide comp5sation = bo? total & p>tial incapacity result+ f injuries :i* d n prove fatal4 ,?us ! ,connecticut act provides t loss ( sight1 ! loss or p>alysis ( c]ta9 physical memb]s1 & incurable imbecility or insanity1 result+ f ! accid5t %all be consid]$ z caus+ total incapacity4 ,= ^! & all o!r injuries result+ 9 total incapacity to "w1 !re mu/ be paid to ! injur$ employee weekly1 :ile incapacitat$1 comp5sation equal to half ( 8 e>n+s at ! "t ( ! injury1 = a maximum & m9imum p]iod4 ,ano!r section provides t 9 cases result+ 9 p>tial incapacity !re mu/ be paid to ! injur$ employee a weekly comp5sation dur+ 8 incapacity1 equal to half ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 av]age weekly e>n+s be=e ! injury & ! am\nt he is able to e>n !reaft] ) a maximum & m9imum limitation ( ! am\nt )9 a limit$ p]iod4 ,legal ,=ms = ,ev]yday ,use #a ,agreem5t = ,sale ( ,l& ,?is agreem5t1 ent]$ into ?is day ( 1 #ai1 by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 witnesse?3 ,t said ,a4,b4 has ?is day sold to ,c4,d4 ! foll[+ describ$ tract ( l&1 to-wit3 7describe7 = ! sum ( 1 to be paid z h]e9aft] set =?1 & ^u ! paym5t ( :i* said ,a4,b4 agrees to convey to said ,c4,d4 ! premises above describ$1 free & cle> f all incumbrances1 by a de$ ( g5]al w>ranty4 ,& ! said ,c4,d4 agrees to pay said ,a4,b4 = said premises ! sum ( 1 z foll[s3 ) int]e/ at p] c5t on ! day ( 1 #ai2 ,! said ,a4,b4 agrees t said ,c4,d4 %all h imm$iate possession ( said premises = ! purpose ( resid5ce1 cultivation1 & improvem5t4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #b ,agreem5t ,conc]n+ ,p>ty ,wall ,?is agreem5t1 made ?is day ( 1 #ai1 by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 ( ! city ( 1 witnesse?3 ,t1 :]eas1 ! said ,c4,d4 is ! own] ( ! h\se & lot on ! s\? side ( ,/reet1 second lot ea/ ( ,/reet1 & ! said ,a4,b4 is ! own] ( ! lot adjo9+ ! same next ea/]ly !re(1 on :i* said lot !re n[ /&s a p>ty wall on a l9e p>allel ) ,/reet2 & =ty-f\r feet ea/]ly f said ,/reet2 &1 :]eas1 ! said ,a4,b4 has erect$ 8 dwell+-h\se sev]al feet 7"o /ory7 high] ?an ! said ,c4,d41 :]eby great] advantage may accrue to ! said ,a4,b4 f said p>ty wall4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ! said ,c4,d41 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( #a1 to him 9 h& paid1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 do? grant1 cov5ant1 promise1 & agree ) ! said ,a4,b41 t he may peacefully & lawfully enjoy su* p>ty wall1 to himself1 8 heirs1 & assigns1 ! said ,c4,d4 res]v+ to himself ! "r to use ! said portion ( ! p>ty wall built by ! said ,a4,b41 :5ev] he may wi% to build high] ?an 8 h\se n[ is4 ,x is fur!r mutually und]/ood & agre$1 betwe5 ! respective p>ties1 t ?is agreem5t %all rema9 s long z ! h\ses la/1 & %all pass to ! heirs & assigns ( ! respective p>ties to ^! pres5ts4 ,witness our h&s & seals1 ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 ,c4,d4 7,l4,s47 #c ,agreem5t = ,build+ ,?is agreem5t1 ent]$ into ?is day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d4 witnesse?3 ,t ! said ,a4,b4 h]eby agrees ) ! said ,c4,d4 to erect = him on 7describe l&7 a 7dwell+-h\se7 9 con=mity ) ! draw+ & detail$ specifications ( "o ,e4,f41 ar*itect1 ! "w to be p]=m$ 9 a sub/antial & workmanlike mann]1 & ) ! be/ mat]ials ( _! respective k9ds1 ! same to be furni%$1 toge!r ) all ?+s necess>y to erect & complete said build+1 at ! co/ & exp5se ( ! said ,a4,b41 paym5ts to be made z foll[s3 7specify t]ms7 ^u ! c]tificate ( ! ar*itect1 provid$ t said e/imates %all n at any "t be=e ! completion ( said build+ exce$ ! basis ( #he p] c5t ( ! value ( ! "w s execut$4 ,& ! said ,c4,d4 h]eby agrees ) said ,a4,b4 to pay to him ! sum ( = ! erection & completion ( said build+ 9 ! mann] a=esaid1 7mon?ly7 e/imates to be made by said ,e4,f41 ar*itect1 ( ! am\nt !n due to said ,a4,b4 !reon1 ^u ! pres5tation ( :i* e/imate said ,c4,d4 agrees to pay #he p] c5t ( ! same1 ! rema9+ #ae p] c5t to be reta9$ until ! completion ( said build+4 ,& on ! completion ( said "w 9 ! mann] a=esaid to ! satisfaction ( said ar*itect1 & ^u ! pres5tation ( 8 c]tificate to t effect1 said ,c4,d4 agrees to pay said ,a4,b4 ! balance rema9+ unpaid on said contract1 includ+ ! fifte5 p] c5t reta9$ until ! completion ( ! "w4 ,! said ,a4,b4 fur!r agrees to complete said build+ z a=esaid & deliv] ! same to said ,c4,d4 on or be=e ! day ( 1 #ai4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #d ,claim ( ,li5 by ,workman ( ,sub-,contractor ,a4,b4 to ,c4,d41 ,dr4 ,june #a/1 #ai4 ,to tw5ty-five days' labor at c>p5t] "w1 at #e p] day1 ^u ! dwell+-h\se situat$ on lot ,b 9 block #cej1 9 ! city 1 c\nty1 1 :i* s]vices 7 r5d]$ on & be=e ! #a/ day ( ,june1 #ai1 & !n payable4 7,sign$7 ,c4,d4 #e ,agreem5t = ,"w & ,labor ,?is agreem5t1 ent]$ into ?is day ( 1 #ai1 by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 witnesse?3 ,t ! said ,a4,b4 agrees fai?fully to labor = ,c4,d4 = ! t]m ( 7six7 mon?s f ! fir/ day ( 1 #ai1 at f>m labor1 on ! f>m ( said ,c4,d41 9 c\nty1 & to p]=m su* o!r s]vices z may be reasonable & j1 = :i* s]vices said ,c4,d4 agrees to pay said ,a4,b4 ! sum ( p] mon? 7on ! day ( 1 #ai47 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #f ,bond to ,p]=m a ,contract ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t1 we ,a4,b41 z pr9cipal1 & ,c4,d41 z surety1 are held & firmly b\nd unto ,e4,f41 9 ! sum ( 1 = ! paym5t ( :i* well & truly to be made we b9d ourselves jo9tly & sev]ally by ^! pres5ts4 ,dat$ ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,:]eas1 said ,a4,b4 _h1 by an agreem5t ( ?is date1 contract$ 9 writ+ ) said ,e4,f4 to 7"h describe ! contract74 ,n[1 !re=e1 ! condition ( ?is obligation is su* t if ! said ,a4,b4 %all d & p]=m all ! /ipulations & agreem5ts conta9$ 9 said writt5 contract !n ?is obligation to be null & void4 ,o!rwise to rema9 9 full =ce & effect4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #g ,bill ( ,sale ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t 1 ( ! fir/ "p1 = & 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 1 lawful money ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to 9 h& paid1 at or be=e ! enseal+ & deliv]y ( ^! pres5ts by 1 ( ! second "p1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 ha b>ga9$ & sold1 & by ^! pres5ts d grant & convey1 unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns 7description ( prop]ty2 or if detail$ description is conta9$ 9 s*$ule annex$1 say1 ! goods & *attels p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 a s*$ule h]eunto annex$ & made a "p ( ?is in/rum5t71 to h & to hold ! same unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns =ev]4 ,& d = heirs1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 cov5ant & agree1 to & ) ! said "p ( ! second "p1 to w>rant & def5d ! sale ( ! said prop]ty h]eby sold unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 aga9/ all & e p]son & p]sons :omsoev]4 ,9 witness :]e(1 h h]eunto set h& & seal ! day ( 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & 4 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 7,ackn[l$gm5t clause47 #h ,bill ( ,sale--,%ort] ,=m ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i ( ! c\nty ( 1 9 ! /ate ( 1 d h]eby b>ga91 sell1 & convey to said 1 ! foll[+ describ$ p]sonal prop]ty n[ belong+ to me1 to-wit3 7describe 9 detail74 ,& ,i h]eby cov5ant ) said 1 to w>rant ! title ( said prop]ty to said aga9/ ! lawful claims ( all p]sons :omsoev]4 ,9 witness :]e( ,i h h]eunto set my h& ?is day ( 1 #ai4 7,sign$7 ,9 ! pres5ce ( #i ,w>ranty ,de$ ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t we 1 & 1 husb& & wife1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 1 9 h& paid1 d h]eby grant1 b>ga91 sell1 & convey to 1 ( c\nty1 1 ! foll[+ describ$ real e/ate situate 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( ,i[a1 to-wit3 7describe premises71 to h & to hold to 8 heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,toge!r ) all ! t5em5ts1 h]$itam5ts1 & appurt5ances !reto belong+4 ,& we h]eby cov5ant ) said t we are lawfully seiz$ ( said premises2 t !y are free f incumbrances2 t we h good "r & lawful au?ority to sell ! same1 & we cov5ant to w>rant & def5d ! same aga9/ ! lawful claims ( all p]sons :omsoev]4 ,& ! said 1 h]eby rel9qui%es h] "r ( d[] 9 said premises4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,9 pres5ce ( ,/ate ( ,c\nty4 ,on ?is day ( 1 #ai1 be=e me1 a ju/ice ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 p]sonally came ! above nam$ 1 :o are kn[n to me to be ! id5tical p]sons ^: names are affix$ to ! above de$ z grantors1 & sev]ally ackn[l$ge ! in/rum5t to be _! volunt>y act1 & de$4 ,9 witness :]e( ,i h h]eunto set my h& ! day & ye> above writt54 ,a4,b4 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 #aj ,w>ranty ,de$ 9 ,common ,use 9 ,new ,engl& ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 7! grantor7 ( 7resid5ce1 t[n or city1 c\nty & /ate71 7occupation71 9 consid]ation ( 7! am\nt paid7 to me paid by 7"h "n ! grantee or pur*as]1 giv+ 9 l mann] 8 resid5ce & occupation71 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 d h]eby give1 grant1 b>ga91 sell & convey unto ! said 7"n ! grantee1 & !n describe ! premises grant$1 m9utely & accurately73-- ,to h & to hold ! above-grant$ premises1 to ! said 7"n ! grantee71 8 7h]s or _!7 heirs & assigns1 to 8 7or h] or _!7 use & beho( =ev]4 ,& !n1 ! said 7"n ! grantor71 = 7myself7 & 7my7 heirs1 executors1 & adm9i/rators1 d cov5ant ) ! said 7"n ( ! grantee71 & ) 8 heirs & assigns1 t ,i am lawfully seiz$ 9 fee simple ( ! a=egrant$ premises2 t !y are free f all incumbrances 7if !re be any incumbrances1 z a mortgage or li51 or "r ( way1 or dra91 or air1 or light1 say except+1 & !n describe ! incumbrance71 t ,i h good "r to sell & convey ! same to ! said 7"n ( ! grantee71 & 8 7or h]7 heirs & assigns =ev] z a=esaid2 & t ,i w1 & my heirs1 executors1 & adm9i/rators %all1 w>rant & def5d ! same to ! said 7"n ( ! grantee71 & 8 heirs & assigns =ev]1 aga9/ ! lawful claims & dem&s ( all p]sons4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i ! said 7"n ( ! grantor7 & 7"n ( 8 wife71 wife ( said grantor1 9 tok5 ( h] release ( all "r & title ( or to d[] 9 ! grant$ premises1 h h]eunto set our h&s & seals ?is day ( 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l 7,signature7 7,seal7 ,sign$1 ,seal$1 & ,deliv]$ 9 ! ,pres5ce ( #aa ,de$ ( ,ind5ture--,%ort ,=m ,?is ind5ture1 made ! day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 7ins]t occupation & resid5ce71 ( ! fir/ "p1 & 7ins]t occupation & resid5ce71 ( ! second "p1 ,witnesse?3 ,t ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 9 consid]ation ( doll>s1 lawful money ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 paid by ! "p ( ! second "p1 d h]eby grant & release unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 h heirs & assigns =ev] 7description ( l&74 ,toge!r ) ! appurt5ances & all ! e/ate & rights ( ! "p ( ! fir/ "p 9 & to said premises4 ,to h & to hold ! above-grant$ premises unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 h heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,& t said "p ( ! fir/ "p d cov5ant ) said "p ( ! second "p1 z foll[s3 ,t ! "p ( ! fir/ "p w =ev] w>rant ! title to said premises4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p ha h]eunto set h h& & seal 1 ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 7,ackn[l$gm5t clause47 #ab ,quit ,claim ,de$ ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t we1 & 1 husb& & wife1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 1 9 h& paid1 d h]eby sell & quit claim to all our "r1 title & int]e/ 9 & to ! foll[+ describ$ real e/ate1 situate 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 to-wit3 7describe premises7 to h & to hold ! above describ$ premises to ! said 1 & 8 heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,9 witness :]e(1 we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,9 pres5ce ( ,/ate ( ,c\nty4 ,on ?is day ( 1 #ai1 be=e me1 a ju/ice ( ! peace1 9 & = said c\nty1 p]sonally came ! above nam$ 1 :o are kn[n to me to be ! id5tical p]sons ^: names are affix$ to ! above de$ z grantors1 & sev]ally ackn[l$g$ ! in/rum5t to be _! volunt>y act & de$4 ,witness my h& ! date above giv54 ,a4,b4 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 #ac ,quit ,claim ,de$--,ano!r ,=m ,?is ind5ture1 made ?is day ( 1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #ai1 betwe5 1 ( ! fir/ "p1 & 1 ( ! second "p1 witnesse?3 ,t ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( doll>s1 to 1 9 h& paid by ! said "p ( ! second "p1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby confess$ & ackn[l$g$1 ha b>ga9$1 sold1 remis$1 & quitclaim$1 & by ^! pres5ts d b>ga91 sell1 remise1 & quitclaim unto ! said "p ( ! second "p & to 1 heirs & assigns =ev]1 all toge!r ) all & s+ul> ! h]$itam5ts & appurt5ances !reto belong+1 or 9 anywise app]ta9+1 & ! rev]sion & rev]sions1 rema9d] & rema9d]s1 r5ts1 issues1 & pr(its !re(1 & all ! e/ate1 "r1 title1 int]e/1 claim1 & dem& :atsoev]1 ( ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 ei!r 9 law or equity1 (1 91 & to ! above-b>ga9$ premises1 ) ! said h]$itam5ts & appurt5ances1 to h & to hold ! said to ! said "p ( ! second "p1 heirs & assigns1 to ! sole & only prop] b5efit & beho( ( ! said "p ( ! second "p1 heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! "p ( ! fir/ "p ha h]eunto set h& & seal 1 ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 7,ackn[l$gm5t clause47 #ad ,quit ,claim ,de$--,%ort ,=m ,9 consid]ation ( #ajj1 to me 9 h& paid by ,c4,d41 ,i1 ,a4,b41 h]eby sell1 grant1 release1 & quitclaim to said ,c4,d41 t c]ta9 lot 7"h ins]t description74 ,to h & to hold ! said releas$ premises unto ! said ,c4,d41 & 8 heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,witness my h& & seal1 ?is day ( 1 #ai4 7,ackn[l$gm5t clause47 ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 #ae ,mortgage ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t & 1 husb& & wife1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 1 to u 9 h& paid1 d h]eby grant1 b>ga91 sell1 & convey to ( 1 ! foll[+ describ$ real e/ate1 to-wit3 7describe premises74 ,toge!r ) all ! t5em5ts & appurt5ances !reunto belong+4 ,& we d h]eby cov5ant ) said t we are lawfully seiz$ ( said premises2 & we w w>rant & def5d1 ! same aga9/ ! lawful claims ( all p]sons :omsoev]4 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 & ^! pres5ts are ^u ?is express condition4 ,t :]eas on ! day ( 1 #ai1 execut$ & deliv]$ to promissory notes1 z foll[s3 ,! fir/ ( said notes = ! sum ( 1 ) int]e/ f date1 is due & payable 1 #ai1 & ! second ( said notes = ! sum ( ) int]e/ f date1 is due & payable on ! day ( 1 #ai4 ,n[ if said %all pay said notes & int]e/ !reon1 :5 !y %all become due1 !n ?is conveyance %all be null & void1 o!rwise to rema9 9 =ce & effect4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,9 pres5ce ( ,ackn[l$gm5t z to de$4 #af ,mortgage ) ,p[] ( ,sale ,?is ,ind5ture1 made ! day ( 9 ! ye> betwe5 7"n1 resid5ce1 & occupation ( mortgagor7 p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 & 7"n1 resid5ce1 & occupation ( mortgagee7 p>ty ( ! second "p1 ,witnesse?3 ,t ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 7! am\nt ( ! debt7 to him duly paid be=e ! deliv]y h]e(1 has b>ga9$ & sold1 & by ^! pres5ts does grant & convey to ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 & 8 heirs & assigns =ev]1 all 7"h describe ! premises m9utely & accurately7 ) ! appurt5ances1 & all ! e/ate1 "r1 & title1 & int]e/ ( ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p !re94 ,?is grant is int5d$ z a security = ! paym5t ( 7"h describe ! debt7 :i* paym5ts1 if duly made1 w r5d] ?is conveyance void4 ,& if default %all be made 9 ! paym5t ( ! pr9cipal or int]e/ above m5tion$1 !n ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 or 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 are h]eby au?oriz$ to sell ! premises above grant$1 or s mu* !re( z w be necess>y to satisfy ! am\nt !n due ) ! co/s & exp5ses all[$ by law4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p has h]eunto set 8 h& & seal ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 7,signature7 7,seal7 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,,/ate ,,( ,,c\nty ,,( ,,ss4 ,on ! day ( 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & be=e me p]sonally came 7"n ( mortgagor7 :o is kn[n to me to be ! individual describ$ 91 & :o execut$ ! =ego+ in/rum5t1 & ackn[l$g$ t he execut$ ! same1 z 8 free act & de$4 #ag ,*attel ,mortgage ) ,p[] ( ,sale ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ,a4,b41 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( paid by ,c4,d41 h b>ga9$ & sold1 & by ^! pres5ts d h]eby sell & convey to said ,c4,d4 ! foll[+ goods1 & *attels1 to-wit3 7describe ! articles mortgag$1 or ref] to !m z ! goods & *attels m5tion$ 9 ! s*$ule h]eto annex$71 & :i* is n[ 9 my possession4 ,:]eas1 ! said ,a4,b4 is ju/ly indebt$ to ,c4,d4 9 ! sum ( 1 payable on ! day ( 1 #ai1 ) int]e/ at t5 p] c5t f ! day ( 1 #ai 7^u a promissory note ( ev5 date h]e)1 or = goods sold & deliv]$74 ,n[ ! condition ( ! above obligation is su* t if ! said ,a4,b4 %all well & truly pay said ,c4,d4 said sum ( money & int]e/ :5 ! same %all become due1 !n ?is conveyance %all be void1 o!rwise to rema9 9 full =ce & effect4 ,x is also agre$ t said ,a4,b4 may reta9 possession ( ! said mortgag$ prop]ty until said debt becomes due4 ,b if default be made 9 ! paym5t ( said sum or any "p !re(1 ! said ,c4,d4 & 8 assigns are h]eby au?oriz$ to sell said goods & *attels1 or s mu* !re( z w be necess>y to satisfy ! am\nt !n due1 toge!r ) ! co/s & exp5ses incurr$ by reason ( said default4 7,sign$7 ,a4,b4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,e4,f4 #ah ,mortgage on ,goods & ,*attels--,ano!r ,=m ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,a4,b41 resid+ at 1 ( ! fir/ "p1 = secur+ ! paym5t ( ! 1 h]e9aft] m5tion$1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( #a1 to 9 h& paid1 at or be=e ! enseal+ & deliv]y ( ^! pres5ts1 by ,c4,d41 ( ! second "p1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 ha grant$1 b>ga9$1 sold1 & assign$1 & by ^! pres5ts d grant1 b>ga91 sell1 & assign unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 all n[ rema9+ & be+ 4 ,to h & to hold1 all & s+ul>1 ! goods & *attels above b>ga9$ & sold1 or int5d$ s to be1 unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns =ev]4 ,& ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 = heirs1 executors1 & adm9i/rators1 all & s+ul>1 ! said goods & *attels above b>ga9$ & sold unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 aga9/ ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 & aga9/ all & e p]son or p]sons :omsoev] %all & w w>rant1 & by ^! pres5ts =ev] def5d4 ,^u condition1 t if ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p %all & d well & truly pay1 or cause to be paid1 unto ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 ! sum ( 1 !n ^! pres5ts & ev]y?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all cease & be void4 ,& ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 = executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 d cov5ant & agree to & ) ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 to make punctual paym5t ( ! money h]eby secur$ 4 ,& 9 case default %all be made 9 paym5t ( ! said sum above m5tion$1 or 9 case ! said "p ( ! second "p %all soon] *oose to dem& ! said goods & *attels1 x %all & may be lawful =1 & ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p d h]eby au?orize & emp[] ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 ) ! aid & assi/ance ( any p]son or p]sons1 to ent] & come into & ^u ! dwell+-h\se & premises ( ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 & 9 su* o!r place or places z ! said goods & *attels are or may be held or plac$1 & take & c>ry away ! said goods & *attels to sell & dispose ( ! same = ! be/ price !y c obta91 at ei!r public or private sale1 & out ( ! money to reta9 & pay ! said sum above m5tion$1 ) ! int]e/ & all exp5ses & *>ges !reon1 r5d]+ ! ov]plus 7if any7 unto ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns4 ,& until default be made 9 ! paym5t ( ! a=esaid sum ( money1 ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p to rema9 & cont9ue 9 quiet & peaceable possession ( ! said goods & *attels1 & ! full & free enjoym5t ( ! same1 unless ! said "p ( ! second "p1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 %all soon] *oose to dem& ! same2 & until su* dem& be made1 ! possession ( ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p %all be deem$ ! possession ( an ag5t or s]vant1 = ! sole b5efit & advantage ( 8 pr9cipal1 ! said "p ( ! second "p4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 ha h]eunto set h& & seal ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,c\nty ( ss43 ,on ?is day ( 1 #ai1 be=e me came 1 to me kn[n to be ! p]son describ$ 9 & :o execut$ ! =ego+ in/rum5t1 & ackn[l$g$ t he execut$ ! same4 #ai ,notice ( ,sale "u ,*attel ,mortgage ,notice is h]eby giv5 t by virtue ( a *attel mortgage1 dat$ on ! day ( 1 #ai1 & duly fil$ 9 ! (fice ( ! c\nty cl]k ( c\nty1 on ! day ( 1 #ai1 & execut$ by ,a4,b4 to ,c4,d4 to secure ! paym5t ( ! sum ( 1 & ^u :i* !re is n[ due ! sum ( 4 ,default hav+ be5 made 9 ! paym5t ( said sum1 & no suit or o!r proce$+ at law hav+ be5 in/itut$ to recov] said debt or any "p !re(1 !re=e1 ,i w sell ! prop]ty !re9 describ$1 viz43 7"h describe ! articles sub/antially z 9 ! mortgage7 at public auction at ! h\se ( 1 9 ! 7city1 t[n1 or prec9ct7 ( 1 9 c\nty1 on ! day ( 1 at "o o'clock ,p4,m4 ( said date4 ,c4,d4 ,mortgagee4 ,dat$ 1 1 #ai4 #bj ,assignm5t ( ,mortgage ,?is in/rum5t1 made ?is day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 1 ( ! fir/ "p1 & 1 ( ! second "p1 witnesse?3 ,t ! "p ( ! fir/ "p1 = a good & valuable consid]ation1 to 9 h& paid by ! "p ( ! second "p1 ha sold1 assign$1 transf]r$1 & convey$1 & d h]eby sell1 assign1 transf]1 & convey to ! "p ( ! second "p1 a c]ta9 mortgage1 be>+ date ! day ( 1 #ai1 made by 1 record$ 9 ! cl]k's (fice ( c\nty1 9 lib] 1 ( mortgages1 at page 1 on ! day ( 1 #ai1 at o'clock m41 toge!r ) ! bond accompany+ said mortgage1 & !re9 ref]r$ to1 & all sums ( money due & to gr[ due !reon4 ,& ! "p ( ! fir/ "p h]eby cov5ant t !re is due on ! said bond & mortgage ! sum ( 4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! "p ( ! fir/ "p ha h]eunto set h& & seal ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 7,assignm5t clause47 #ba ,agreem5t = ,lease ,?is is to c]tify t ,i h1 on ?is #a/ day ( 1 #ai1 let & r5t$ to ,c4,d41 lot 1 9 block 1 9 ! city to 1 1 toge!r ) ! dwell+-h\se !reon1 ) all ! appurt5ances1 & ! sole & un9t]rupt$ possession !re( = "o ye> f ?is date1 at ! ye>ly r5t ( 1 payable qu>t]ly 9 advance2 r5t to cease 9 case ( ! de/ruction ( ! premises by fire4 7,sign$7 ,a4,b4 #bb ,lease ,?is agreem5t1 ent]$ into ?is fir/ day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 witnesse?3 ,t ! said ,a4,b41 9 consid]ation ( ! cov5ants ( ! said ,c4,d41 h]e9aft] set =?1 does h]eby lease to ! said ,c4,d41 f ! fir/ day ( 1 #ai1 to ! day ( 1 #ai1 ! foll[+ describ$ prop]ty1 to-wit3 7,! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #ae1 9 t[n%ip #ab nor?1 range #ad ea/ ( #f? pr9cipal m]idian74 ,& ! said ,c4,d41 9 consid]ation ( ! leas+ ( ! premises z above set =?1 does h]eby cov5ant & agree to pay said ,a4,b4 ! r5t foll[+1 to-wit3 7,ins]t t]ms & mode ( paym5t74 ,! said ,c4,d4 also cov5ants ) ! said ,a4,b4 t he w cultivate said l& 9 a good & husb&-l mann]2 t he w keep said premises 9 z good a condition z !y n[ are2 ! usual we> & incid5ts by fire except$1 & t he w yield peaceable possession ( ! same to said ,a4,b4 at ! expiration ( said t]m4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 ,9 pres5ce ( ,e4,f4 #bc ,lease--,ano!r ,=m ,l&lord & ,t5ant's ,agreem5t ,?is in/rum5t1 made & execut$ ?is day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 1 ( ! 1 "p ( ! fir/ "p1 & 1 ( ! 1 "p ( ! second "p1 witnesse?3 ,t ! "p ( ! fir/ "p ha h]eby let & r5t$ to ! "p ( ! second "p1 & ! "p ( ! second "p ha h]eby hir$ & tak5 f ! "p ( ! fir/ "p1 = ! t]m ( ye>s ---- to comm5ce ! day ( 1 #ai1 at ! ye>ly r5t ( doll>s1 payable 4 ,& ! "p ( ! second "p h]eby cov5ant to & ) ! "p ( ! fir/ "p to make punctual paym5t ( ! r5t 9 ! mann] a=esaid1 & quit & surr5d] ! premises at ! expiration ( said t]m1 9 z good /ate & condition z !y are n[ 91 reasonable use & we> !re(1 & damages by ! elem5ts except$1 & fur!r cov5ant t he1 ! "p ( ! second "p1 w n use or occupy said premises = any bus9ess or purpose deem$ extra haz>d\s on acc\nt ( fire4 ,& fur!r cov5ant t he1 ! "p ( ! second "p1 w n assign ?is lease or und]let ! said premises1 or any "p !re(1 to any p]sons :omsoev]1 )\t fir/ obta9+ ! writt5 cons5t ( said "p ( ! fir/ "p1 & 9 case ( n comply+ ) ?is cov5ant1 ! "p ( ! second "p agree to =feit & pay to ! "p ( ! fir/ "p ! sum ( doll>s1 z & = liquidat$ damages :i* are h]eby liquidat$ & fix$ z damages & n z a p5alty4 ,?is lease is made & accept$ on ?is express condition1 t 9 case ! "p ( ! second "p %\ld assign ?is lease or und]let ! said premises1 or any "p !re(1 )\t ! writt5 cons5t ( ! "p ( ! fir/ "p1 t !n ! "p ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 9 8 option1 %all h ! p[] & ! "r ( t]m9at+ & end+ ?is lease imm$iately1 & be entitl$ to ! imm$iate possession ( said premises1 & to take summ>y proce$+s aga9/ ! "p ( ! second "p1 or any p]son or p]sons 9 possession z t5ant1 hav+ _h due & legal notice to quit & surr5d] ! premises1 hold+ ov] _! t]m4 ,x is fur!r agre$ betwe5 ! p>ties1 t 9 case said premises %\ld be de/roy$ by fire be=e or dur+ said t]m1 t !n ?is lease is to cease & det]m9e2 ! r5t to be paid up to t "t4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! p>ties h h]eunto set _! h&s & seals ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,9 ! pres5ce ( #bd ,f>m ,lease ,?is ind5ture1 made ! day ( 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #ai1 betwe5 ,a4,b41 ( ! city ( 1 p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 & ,c4,d41 ( ! same place1 p>ty ( ! second "p1 witnesse?3 ,t ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 9 consid]ation ( ! r5ts1 cov5ants1 & agreem5ts h]e9aft] m5tion$1 res]v$1 & conta9$ on ! "p ( ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 to be paid1 kept1 & p]=m$1 has demis$ & to f>m let1 unto ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 all 7ins]t description71 ) ! appurt5ances1 unto ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 f ! day ( 1 #ai1 = ! t]m ( t5 ye>s !n next ensu+1 yield+ & pay+ !re=1 unto ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 ye>ly & e ye> dur+ ! said t]m h]eby grant$1 ! ye>ly r5t or sum ( 1 9 equal half-ye>ly paym5ts1 to-wit3 on ! #a/ days ( ,octob] & ,april 9 ea* & e ye>2 provid$1 t if ! ye>ly r5t above res]v$1 or any "p !re(1 %all be unpaid on any day ( paym5t :]eon ! same ought to be paid z a=esaid2 or if default %all be made 9 any ( ! cov5ants or agreem5ts h]e9 conta9$1 on ! "p ( ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 to re-ent] ^u ! said premises1 & ! same to h aga91 z 9 _! fir/ & =m] e/ate4 ,& ! said p>ty ( ! second "p does cov5ant & agree1 ) ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs & assigns1 t he1 ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 w ye>ly & e ye> dur+ ! said t]m1 pay unto ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 ! ye>ly r5t above res]v$1 on ! days & 9 mann] limit$ & prescrib$ z a=esaid1 = ! paym5t !re(1 )\t any d$uction or delay4 ,& t ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 w1 at 8 own prop] co/s & *>ges1 be>1 pay1 & dis*>ge all taxes1 duties1 & assessm5ts1 z may1 dur+ ! said t]m h]eby grant$1 be *>g$1 assess$1 or impos$ ^u ! said demis$ premises4 ,& t on ! det]m9ation ( ! e/ate h]eby grant$1 ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 %all & w leave & surr5d] unto ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 ! said demis$ premises 9 z good /age & condition z !y are n[ 91 ord9>y we> & damages by ! elem5ts except$4 ,& ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p does cov5ant & agree1 ) ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 t ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 pay+ ! said ye>ly r5t above res]v$1 & p]=m+ ! cov5ants & agreem5ts a=esaid on 8 "p1 ! said p>ty ( ! second "p1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 %all & may at all times dur+ ! said t]m h]eby grant$1 peaceably h1 hold1 & enjoy ! said demis$ premises1 )\t any mann] ( tr\ble or h9drance ( or f ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 8 heirs or assigns1 or any o!r p]son or p]sons :omsoev]4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! p>ties to ^! pres5ts h h]eunto set _! h&s & seals4 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 #be ,lease ( ,furni%$ ,rooms ,memor&um4 ,x is agre$ by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 z foll[s1 viz43 ,! said ,a4,b41 9 consid]ation ( ! r5t h]e9aft] m5tion$ & agre$ to be paid to him1 ha? lett5 to ! said ,c4,d4 "o room1 up two flights ( /airs =w>d1 "p ( ! n[ dwell+-h\se ( ! said ,a4,b4 situate on ,/reet1 9 ! city ( 1 toge!r ) ! furniture at pres5t /&+ !re9--t is to say3 7ins]t furniture74 ,to hold to ! said ,c4,d4 = ! t]m ( two ye>s1 to comm5ce f 1 #ai1 at ! ye>ly r5t ( #ajj1 to be paid qu>t]ly to ! said ,a4,b4 ,! said ,c4,d41 9 consid]ation h]e(1 agrees to pay ! a=esaid ye>ly r5t ( #ajj1 at ! times above limit$ = paym5t !re(2 & at ! end ( ! t]m1 or 9 case ( any default 9 ! paym5t1 %all & w1 on ! reque/ ( ! said ,a4,b41 or 8 assigns1 imm$iately yield & deliv] up to him or !m1 ! peaceable & quiet possession ( ! said room1 toge!r ) ! :ole furniture he1 f ! fir/ entrance !reon1 !re f\nd & possess$1 9 good1 & suffici5t plight & condition1 reasonable we> & te> only except$4 ,9 witness :]e( ! p>ties h sign$ ?is agreem5t1 ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #bf ,assignm5t ( ,lease ,= & 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( 1 to me 9 h& paid by ,e4,f41 ,i h]eby assign & transf] to said ,e4,f4 a c]ta9 lease1 be>+ date 1 #ai1 & made by ,a4,b4 to me1 ,c4,d41 = 7describe ! premises71 toge!r ) all & s+ul> ! build+s & appurt5ances !reunto belong+1 or 9 any wise app]ta9+1 subject1 h[ev]1 to ! r5ts h]eaft] to accrue & ! cov5ants & conditions conta9$ 9 said lease4 ,c4,d4 #bg ,assignm5t ( ,lease--,ano!r ,=m ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ,a4,b41 ! )9-nam$ lessee1 = & 9 consid]ation ( #ej1 to me 9 h& paid by ,c4,d41 ( ! t[n ( ,frankl91 ,c\nty ( ,albany1 at & be=e ! seal+ & deliv]y h]e(1 ! receipt :]e( ,i d h]eby ackn[l$ge1 h grant$1 assign$ & set ov]1 & by ^! pres5ts d grant1 assign & set ov]1 unto ! said ,c4,d41 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 ! )9 ind5ture ( lease1 & all t h\se & f>m !re9 describ$1 ) ! appurt5ances1 & also my e/ate1 "r1 title1 t]m ( ye>s yet to come1 claim & dem& :atsoev]1 (1 91 to1 or out ( ! same4 ,to h & to hold ! said h\se & f>m1 & ! appurt5ances !re( unto ! said ,c4,d41 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 = ! residue ( ! t]m )9 m5tion$1 "u ! ye>ly r5t & cov5ants )9 res]v$ & conta9$1 on my "p & behalf to be done1 kept & p]=m$4 ,witness my h& & seal1 ?is ,june #bj1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 7,ackn[l$gm5t47 #bh ,notice to ,quit ,to ,c4,d43 ,i h]eby notify y to leave ! premises n[ occupi$ by y1 to-wit3 7,lot #h 9 ,block #add1 9 ! city ( 1 c\nty1 47 ,if y fail to comply ) ?is notice )9 ?ree days aft] its s]vice1 ,i %all in/igate legal proce$+s to obta9 possession ( said premises4 7,sign$7 ,a4,b4 #bi ,subscription to ,build a ,*ur* ,:]eas1 ! tru/ees ( ! *ur* corporation1 kn[n z ! ,*ur* ( ! ,puritans1 are ab\t erect+ a *ur* edifice = su* corporation2 n[1 we1 ! und]sign$1 = ! purpose ( su* erection1 h]eby agree to & ) su* tru/ees & to & ) ea* o!r1 to pay to ,b4,b41 ! treasur] ( said corporation1 ! sev]al sums by u set opposite our sev]al names1 = ! purpose ( su* erection1 & we h]eby au?orize & direct ! said tru/ees to exp5d su* sums 9 ! erection ( ! same4 ,! said sums are to be paid to ! said treasur] on or be=e ! #a/ day ( ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,,names ,,am\nt ,a4,b4 #fjj ,c4,c4 #djj #cj ,p[] ( ,attorney ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t we & 1 husb& & wife ( ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 h made1 con/itut$ & appo9t$1 & d h]eby make1 con/itute & appo9t ( ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 our true & lawful attorney = u & 9 our names1 place & /ead1 to sell & convey by a good & suffici5t de$1 ) full cov5ants ( w>ranty ! foll[+ describ$ real e/ate1 to-wit3 7describe71 h]eby giv+ & grant+ to our said attorney full p[] to d & p]=m e act & ?+ necess>y to be done 9 ! premises z fully z we c\ld d if p]sonally pres5t1 h]eby ratify+ & confirm+ all t our said attorney %all d by virtue h]e(4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,/ate ( ,c\nty4 ,on ?is day ( 1 #ai1 be=e me1 a ju/ice ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 p]sonally came ! above nam$ & 1 :o are kn[n to me to be ! id5tical p]sons ^: names are affix$ to ! above p[] ( attorney z mak]s !re(1 & sev]ally ackn[l$g$ ! in/rum5t to be _! volunt>y act & de$4 ,9 witness :]e( ,i h h]eunto set my h& ! day & ye> above writt54 ,a4,b4 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 #ca ,p[] ( ,attorney to ,transf] ,/ock ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t 1 = value receiv$1 ha b>ga9$1 sold1 & assign$1 & by ^! pres5ts d b>ga91 sell1 & assign unto 1 ! foll[+ describ$ /ock1 to-wit3 unto 1 belong+ & held by c]tificate ,no4 1 9 "n1 & h]eunto annex$1 & d h]eby con/itute & appo9t 1 true & lawful attorney1 irrevocably1 = 1 & 9 "n & /ead1 to use1 to assign & transf] ! said /ock unto & = t purpose to make & execute ! necess>y acts ( assignm5t & transf]1 & an attorney1 or attorneys "u 1 = t purpose1 to make & sub/itute1 & to d all o!r lawful acts requisite = effect+ ! premises1 h]eby ratify+ & confirm+ ! same4 ,9 witness :]e( h h]eunto set h& & seal 9 ! city ( 1 ! day ( 1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #ai4 ,/ate ( ,ohio1 ,city & ,c\nty ( ss43 ,on ! day ( 1 #ai1 p]sonally appe>$ be=e me 1 to me kn[n to be ! p]son describ$ 91 & :o execut$ ! )9 in/rum5t1 & ackn[l$g$ ! execution ( ! same = ! uses & purposes !re9 m5tion$4 #cb ,c]tificate ( ,/ock ,no4 ,no4 ( %>es ,p> value ( ea*1 ,! ,company3 ,?is is to c]tify t is ! own] ( %>es ( ! capital /ock ( ! ,company1 transf]able only on ! books ( ! company by ! hold] !re(1 9 p]son or by attorney1 on ! surr5d] ( ?is c]tificate4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! said company has caus$ its corporate seal to be affix$1 h]eto1 & ?is c]tificate to be sign$ by its presid5t & treasur]4 1 ,n4,y4 1 #ai4 ,presid5t4 ,treasur]4 ,on back ( ! c]tificate a blank transf]1 9 foll[+ =m1 %\ld be pr9t$4 ,= value receiv$1 h]eby sell1 assign1 & transf] unto %>es ( ! )9-m5tion$ /ock1 & d h]eby con/itute & appo9t 1 attorney to transf] ! same on ! books ( ! company4 ,witness my h& & seal1 ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,witness3 7,,seal7 #cc ,agreem5t to ,sell ,%>es ( ,/ock ,memor&um ( agreem5t1 made ?is day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 ,a4,a41 ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 ( ! fir/ "p1 & ,b4,b41 ( ! same place1 ( ! second "p1 witnesse?3 ,t ! said ,a4,a4 agrees to sell & convey to ! said ,b4,b41 on or be=e ! #a/ day ( ,may next1 #a1jjj %>es ( ! capital /ock ( ! ,new ,hav5 ,bank1 = ! price or sum ( #aaj p] %>e1 & to make1 execute1 & deliv] to ! said ,b4,b4 all assignm5ts1 transf]s1 & conveyances necess>y to assure ! same to him1 8 heirs & assigns4 ,9 consid]ation :]e(1 ! said ,b4,b4 agrees to pay unto ! said ,a4,a4 ! price or sum or #aaj = ea* & e %>e ( ! said /ock s assign$1 :5ev]1 & z soon z ! said assignm5t & ! scrip ( /ock s assign$ %all be prop]ly execut$ & deliv]$ to ! said ,b4,b4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! said p>ties h h]eunto set _! h&s & seals1 ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,a4,a4 7,l4,s47 ,b4,b4 7,l4,s47 #cd ,transf] ( ,%>es ( ,/ock ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ,a4,b41 = value receiv$1 h b>ga9$1 sold1 assign$1 & transf]r$1 & by ^! pres5ts d b>ga91 sell1 assign1 & transf] unto ,c4,d41 sixte5 %>es ( ! capital /ock1 /&+ 9 my "n on ! books ( ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank1 & d h]eby con/itute & appo9t ! said ,c4,d41 my true & lawful attorney1 irrevocable1 = me & 9 my "n & /ead1 b to 8 use1 to sell1 assign1 transf]1 & set ov] all or any "p ( ! said /ock1 & = t purpose1 to make & execute all necess>y acts ( assignm5t & transf]1 & "o or m p]sons to sub/itute ) l full p[]1 h]eby ratify+ & confirm+ all t my said attorney1 or 8 sub/itute1 or sub/itutes1 %all lawfully d by virtue h]e(4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i h h]eunto set my h& & seal ! day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 7,,seal7 #ce ,assignm5t ( ,policy ( ,insurance ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ,a4,b41 ( ! village ( ,coxsackie1 = & 9 consid]ation ( #be1 to me 9 h& paid by ,c4,d4 ( ! same place1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 h sold1 assign$1 transf]r$1 & set ov]1 & by ^! pres5ts d sell1 assign1 transf]1 & set ov]1 unto ! said ,c4,d4 ! policy ( insurance1 kn[n z policy ,no4 #bc1fhe ( ! ,indemnity ,insurance ,company1 & all sum & sums ( money1 int]e/ b5efit & advantage :atsoev]1 n[ due1 or h]eaft] to arise1 or to be _h or made by virtue !re(1 to h & to hold ! same unto ! said ,c4,d41 & 8 assigns =ev]4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i h h]eto affix$ my h&1 ?is ,june #bj1 #ai 7,a4,b47 7,ackn[l$gm5t47 #cf ,assignm5t ( ,pat5t ,"r ,:]eas1 lett]s-pat5t1 be>+ ! date ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 #aiba1 7 grant$ & issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u ! seal !re(1 to ,a4,b41 ( ! t[n ( ,bri/ol1 ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 = 7"h /ate ! nature ( ! inv5tion7 a m p>ticul> & full description !re( is annex$ to ! said lett]s-pat5ts 9 a s*$ule2 by :i* lett]s-pat5ts ! full & exclusive "r & lib]ty ( mak+ & us+ ! said inv5tion1 & ( v5d+ ! same to o!rs to be us$1 0 grant$ to ! said ,a4,b41 8 heirs1 executors1 & adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 = ! t]m ( sev5te5 ye>s1 f ! same date4 ,n[1 "k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ! said ,a4,b41 = & 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( #ajj1 to me 9 h& paid1 ! receipt :]e( is h]eby ackn[l$g$1 h grant$1 assign$ & set ov]1 & by ^! pres5ts d grant1 assign1 & set ov] unto ,c4,d41 ( ! said t[n ( ,bri/ol1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 =ev]1 ! said lett]s-pat5t1 & all my "r1 title & int]e/ 9 & to ! said inv5tion1 s grant$ unto me3 to h & to hold ! said lett]s-pat5t & inv5tion1 ) all b5efit1 pr(it & advantage !re(1 unto ! said ,c4,d41 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 9 z full1 ample1 & b5eficial mann]1 to all int5ts & purposes1 z ,i1 ! said ,a4,b41 by virtue ( ! said lett]s-pat5t1 may or might h or hold ! same1 = & dur+ all ! re/ & residue ( ! t]m = :i* said lett]s-pat5t are grant$4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i h h]eto affix$ my h& & seal1 ?is #aj? day ( ,june1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,e4,f4 ,g4,h4 7,ackn[l$gm5t47 #cg ,bond = ,paym5t ( ,money 7,z 9 ,=m ,no4 #f1 & !n z foll[s73 ,! condition ( ?is obligation is su*1 t if ! above-b\nd5 ,a4,b41 8 heirs1 executors1 & adm9i/rators1 or any ( !m1 %all well & truly pay1 or cause to be paid1 unto ! above-nam$ ,c4,d41 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 ! j & full sum ( #a1jjj1 lawful money1 z a=esaid1 9 mann] foll[+1 to-wit3 #cjj "p !re(1 on ! day ( next ensu+ ! date h]e(2 #cjj m !re( on ! day ( 1 ! next foll[+2 & #djj1 ! residue1 & 9 full paym5t !re(1 on ! day ( 1 :i* w be 9 ! ye> ( 2 !n ?is obligation to be void2 b if default %all be made 9 paym5t ( any or ei!r ( ! said sums on ! days & times h]e9be=e m5tion$ & appo9t$ = paym5t !re(1 respectively1 !n ?is bond %all rema9 9 full =ce & virtue4 ,a4,b4 7,l4,s47 #ch ,articles ( ,co-,p>tn]%ip ,?is agreem5t ent]$ into ?is day ( 1 #ai1 by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 witnesse?1 t said p>ties h =m$ a co-p>tn]%ip = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( at 1 ^u ! foll[+ t]ms & conditions3 ,fir/3 ,! "n & /yle ( said co-p>tn]%ip %all be ,a4,b4 ,c4,d41 & %all cont9ue ye>s f ?is date1 unless soon] t]m9at$ by ! dea? ( ei!r ( said p>tn]s4 ,second3 ,! said ,a4,b4 %all contribute to ! capital /ock ( said firm ! sum ( 1 & ! said ,c4,d4 ! sum ( 1 & said p>tn]s %all be ! own]s ( ! /ock 9 t proportion1 & any fur!r increase ( ! capital /ock %all be contribut$ by said p>tn]s 9 ! same ratio4 ,?ird3 ,all ! pr(its :i* %all accrue to said p>tn]%ip %all be equally divid$ betwe5 said p>tn]s2 & all losses f :atev] cause %all be borne by !m 9 proportion to _! int]e/s 9 ! /ock ( said firm4 ,f\r?3 ,nei!r ( said p>tn]s %all sign or 9 any mann] become liable ^u any promissory note or o!r obligation1 = ! accommodation ( any p]son :atsoev]1 nor l5d any ( ! co-p>tn]%ip funds )\t ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! o!r p>tn]4 ,fif?3 ,nei!r p>ty %all )draw f ! funds ( ! firm to exce$ ! sum ( 1 p] annum1 9 9 in/allm5ts ( n to exce$ ! sum ( 1 b nei!r %all at any "t be entitl$ to draw 9 excess ( 8 %>e ( ! pr(its !n e>n$4 ,six?3 ,all transactions & acc\nts ( ! firm %all be kept 9 regul> books1 :i* %all be op5 at all times to ! inspection ( ei!r p>ty or _! repres5tatives4 ,sev5?3 ,an invoice ( /ock %all be tak5 on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y ( ea* ye>1 & ! acc\nt betwe5 ! p>ties settl$ at t "t4 ,& an invoice be tak5 & an acc\nt _h at any o!r "t :5 ei!r p>tn] %all dem& ! same 9 writ+4 ,eigh?3 ,no transaction outside ( ! bus9ess %all be ent]$ into by ei!r ( said p>tn]s )\t ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( 8 co-p>tn]4 ,& any violation ( ! t]ms ( ?is agreem5t %all be suffici5t cause = a dissolution ( ?is co-p>tn]%ip4 ,9 te/imony :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ai4 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,g4,h4 #ci ,articles ( ,co-,p>tn]%ip--,ano!r ,=m ,articles ( co-p>tn]%ip1 made ?is day ( 1 #ai1 by & betwe5 ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d4 bo? ( ! city ( 1 witnesse? t3 ,! said p>ties h]eby agree to =m1 & d =m a co-p>tn]%ip1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on ! g5]al produce & commission bus9ess on ! foll[+ t]ms & articles ( agreem5t1 to ! fai?ful p]=mance ( :i* !y mutually engage & b9d !mselves1 ea* to ! o!r4 ,! /yle & "n ( ! co-p>tn]%ip %all be ,b4 & ,d41 & %all comm5ce on ! day ( 1 #ai1 & cont9ue = ! p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,ea* ( ! said p>ties agrees to contribute to ! funds ( ! p>tn]%ip ! sum ( #c1jjj 9 ca%1 :i* %all be paid 91 on or be=e ! day ( 1 #ai1 & ea* ( said p>ties %all devote & give all 8 "t & att5tion to ! bus9ess1 & to ! c>e & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! same4 ,all pr(its :i* may accrue to ! said p>tn]%ip %all be divid$ equally1 & all losses happ5+ to ! said firm1 :e!r f bad debts1 depreciation ( goods1 or any o!r cause or accid5t1 & all exp5ses ( ! bus9ess %all be borne by ! said p>ties equally4 ,all ! pur*ases1 sales transactions1 & acc\nts ( ! said firm %all be kept 9 regul> books1 :i* %all be always op5 to ! inspection ( bo? p>ties & _! regul> repres5tatives respectively4 ,an acc\nt ( /ock %all be tak51 & an acc\nt betwe5 ! p>ties %all be settl$ z (t5 z once a ye>1 & z mu* (t5] z ei!r p>tn] may desire1 & 9 writ+ reque/4 ,nei!r ( ! said p>ties %all subscribe any bond1 sign or indorse any note ( h&1 accept1 sign1 or indorse any draft or bill ( ex*ange1 or assume any o!r liability1 v]bal or writt51 ei!r 9 8 own "n or 9 ! "n ( ! firm1 = ! accommodation ( any o!r p]son or p]sons :atsoev]1 )\t ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! o!r p>ty2 nor %all ei!r p>ty l5d any ( ! funds ( ! co-p>tn]%ip )\t su* cons5t ( ! o!r p>tn]4 ,no l>ge pur*ase %all be made1 nor any transaction out ( ! usual c\rse ( ! bus9ess %all be und]tak5 by ei!r ( ! p>tn]s1 )\t previ\s consultation )1 & ! approbation (1 ! o!r p>tn]4 ,nei!r %all )draw f ! jo9t /ock1 at any "t1 m ?an 8 %>e ( ! pr(its ( ! bus9ess !n e>n$ nor %all ei!r p>ty be entitl$ to int]e/ on 8 %>e ( ! capital2 b if1 at ! expiration ( ! ye>1 a balance ( pr(its be f\nd due to ei!r p>tn]1 he %all be at lib]ty to )draw ! said balance1 or to leave x 9 ! bus9ess1 provid$ ! o!r p>tn] cons5t !reto1 & 9 t case be all[$ int]e/ on ! said balance4 ,at ! expiration ( ! a=esaid t]m1 or e>li] dissolution ( ?is co-p>tn]%ip1 if ! said p>ties1 or _! legal repres5tatives1 _c agree 9 ! division ( ! /ock !n on h&1 ! :ole co-p>tn]%ip effects1 except ! debts due to ! firm1 %all be sold at public auction1 at :i* bo? p>ties %all be at lib]ty to bid & pur*ase l o!r individuals1 & ! proce$s %all be divid$1 aft] paym5t ( ! debts ( ! firm1 9 ! proportions a=esaid4 ,= ! purpose ( secur+ ! p]=mance ( ! =ego+ agreem5ts1 x is agre$1 t ei!r p>ty1 9 case ( any violation ( !m1 or ei!r ( !m1 by ! o!r1 %all h ! "r to dissolve ?is co-p>tn]%ip =?)1 on 8 becom+ in=m$ ( su* violation4 ,9 witness :]e(1 we1 ! said ,a4,b4 & ,c4,d41 h h]eto set our h&s1 ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,execut$ & deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 7,ackn[l$gm5t47 ,a4,b4 ,c4,d4 #dj ,lett] ( ,cr$it ,a4,b4 ,co 3 ,g5tlem54--,we w be responsible to y = goods sold to ,c4,d41 ( 1 to an am\nt n exce$+ doll>s 7or1 = ca% advanc$ to ,c4,d41 ( n exce$+ doll>s71 7or1 = cr$it secur$ by y to ,c4,d41 ( 1 9 ! pur*ase ( 7describe ! k9d ( goods71 n exce$+ ! sum ( doll>s7 at any "t be=e 1 #ai1 unless ?is lett] is revok$ prior to said date2 & provid+ y s5d notice to u by mail )9 t5 days ( ! grant+ ( su* cr$it or mak+ su* paym5t1 & also 9 case said ,c4,d4 %\ld default 9 mak+ paym5t ( any "p ( any debt creat$ by reason ( ?is agreem5t :5 su* paym5t %all become regul>ly due1 !n notice ( su* default %all be s5t by mail to u )9 five days ( su* default4 ,dat$1 #ai4 7,signature7 #da ,agreem5t = ,sale ( ,physician's ,practice ,agreem5t made ?is day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 1 h]e9aft] call$ ! v5dor1 & 1 h]e9aft] call$ ! pur*as]4 #a4 ,:]eas ! said v5dor has = _m ye>s pa/ ex]cis$ 8 pr(ession ( physician & surgeon at 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & is n[ desir\s ( retir+ f 8 practice at a=esaid1 & ! said pur*as] is desir\s ( e/abli%+ himself z a physician & surgeon at said 1 n[ !re=e1 ! said v5dor agrees to sell to ! said pur*as]1 :o agrees to pur*ase1 ! said practice & ! good w & b5efits !re( f ! day ( next1 toge!r ) all ! fixtures1 furniture1 m$ical books1 surgical & o!r in/rum5ts & app>atus1 & all ! drugs1 m$ic9es1 bottles1 & o!r ?+s n[ us$ !re91 = ! sum ( doll>s2 9 confirmation ( :i* pur*ase ! pur*as]1 ^u ! execution ( ^! pres5ts1 has paid ! sum ( doll>s by way ( deposit & 9 "p ( ! pur*ase money4 #b4 ,! said v5dor fur!r agrees t1 on ! paym5t ( ! residue ( ! said pur*ase money z h]e9aft] m5tion$1 he w fully & absolutely deliv] ov] & assign to ! said pur*as]1 8 executors1 adm9i/rators1 or assigns1 ! said practice or bus9ess1 & ! good w !re(1 = 8 & _! own absolute use & b5efit2 & likewise ! full & un9t]rupt$ possession ( ! (fice 9 :i* ! said practice is n[ c>ri$ on by him1 toge!r ) ! fixtures1 furniture1 books1 in/rum5ts1 app>atus1 & ?+s n[ us$ 9 & relat+ to ! said practice4 #c4 ,! said v5dor w introduce & recomm5d ! said pur*as] to 8 pati5ts1 fri5ds1 & o!rs1 z 8 successor2 & w use 8 be/ endeavors to promote & increase ! prosp]ity ( ! said practice or bus9ess4 #d4 ,! said v5dor w n reside or practise ei!r z physician or surgeon1 or act directly or indirectly z p>tn] or assi/ant to or ) any o!r physician or surgeon practis+ ei!r at a=esaid1 or else:]e1 )9 miles !re(4 #e4 ,! said pur*as]1 9 consid]ation ( ! agreem5ts on ! "p ( ! v5dor h]e9be=e conta9$1 h]eby fur!r agrees to pay him1 8 executors1 or adm9i/rators1 doll>s1 by in/allm5ts z foll[s3 "o-half "p !re( on ! day ( next1 ^u receiv+ ! full & peaceable possession ( ! said practice1 (fice1 good w1 fixtures1 furniture1 books1 & ?+s h]e9be=e m5tion$1 & ! rema9+ half "p !reon on ! day ( next4 ,9 witness1 etc4 #db ,agreem5t ,betwe5 ,m]*ant & ,travel+ ,salesman ,agreem5t made ?is ( 1 betwe5 ( 1 & ( 1 m]*ants & co-p>tn]s1 do+ bus9ess "u ! firm "n & /yle ( ,co41 ( ! "o "p1 & ( 1 travel+ salesman ( ! o!r "p4 #a4 ,! said salesman %all ent] into ! s]vice ( said firm z a travel] = !m 9 _! bus9ess ( m]*ants1 = ! p]iod ( ye>s f ! day ( #ai1 subject to ! g5]al control ( said firm4 #b4 ,! said salesman %all devote ! :ole ( 8 "t1 att5tion1 & en]gies to ! p]=mance ( 8 duties z su* salesman1 & %all n1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 alone or 9 p>tn]%ip1 be connect$ ) or conc]n$ 9 any o!r bus9ess or pursuit dur+ ! said t]m ( ye>s4 #c4 ,! said salesman %all1 subject to ! control ( ! said firm1 keep prop] books ( acc\nt1 & make due & correct entries ( ! price ( all goods sold1 & ( all transactions & deal+s ( & 9 relation to ! said bus9ess1 & %all s]ve ! said firm dilig5tly & accord+ to 8 be/ abilities 9 all respects4 #d4 ,! fix$ sal>y ( ! said salesman %all be ! sum ( doll>s p] week = ! fir/ ye>1 payable by ! said firm weekly f ! comm5cem5t ( ! said s]vice1 on ! day ( 1 & doll>s p] week = ! ?ird ye>1 payable weekly 9 l mann]1 f ! comm5cem5t ( su* respective ye>s4 #e4 ,! reasonable travel+ exp5ses & hotel bills ( ! said salesman1 incurr$ 9 connection ) ! bus9ess ( said firm1 %all be paid by ! said firm1 & ! said firm %all f week to week pay to ! said salesman ! said travel+ exp5ses & hotel bills 9 addition to ! said fix$ sal>y4 ,9 witness1 etc4 #dc ,agreem5t = ! ,adoption ( ,*ildr5 ,?is ind5ture made ! day ( 1 #ai1 betwe5 ( 1 p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 & 1 ( 1 & 8 wife1 p>ties ( ! second "p4 ,:]eas ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p has two daught]s1 & 1 n[ ag$ & ye>s1 respectively2 & :]eas ! said p>ties ( ! second "p are will+ to adopt ! said *ildr5 subject to ! conditions h]e9aft] conta9$1 & on ! "p ( ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p to be obs]v$3 ,n[ ?is ind5ture witnesse? t ! said p>ties cov5ant & agree z foll[s1 t is to say3 #a4 ,! said p>ties ( ! second "p %all adopt ! said *ildr51 & %all1 until ! said *ildr5 %all respectively atta9 ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 or m>ry "u t age1 ma9ta91 bo>d1 lodge1 clo!1 & educate !m 9 a mann] suitable to _! /ation1 & z if !y 7 ! lawful *ildr5 ( ! p>ties ( ! second "p & %all at ! co/ ( ! p>ties ( ! second "p1 & ( ! survivor ( !m1 provide ! said *ildr5 ) all necess>ies1 & dis*>ge all ! debts & liabilities :i* ! said *ildr5 or ei!r ( !m may incur = necess>ies1 & indemnify ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p aga9/ all actions1 claims1 & dem&s 9 respect !re(4 #b4 ,! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p h]eby nom9ates & appo9ts ! said p>ties ( ! second "p1 dur+ _! lives1 & aft] _! respective dea?s ! p]son or p]sons to be nom9at$ 9 t behalf1 z is h]e9aft] m5tion$1 to be ! gu>dians ( ! p]sons & e/ates ( ! said *ildr5 until !y %all atta9 ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 or until !y %all m>ry "u t age respectively4 #c4 ,! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p %all n revoke ! appo9tm5t h]eby express$ to be made1 & w n1 by de$1 w1 or o!rwise1 appo9t or apply = ! appo9tm5t ( any o!r p]son or p]sons to be gu>dian or gu>dians ( ! said *ildr5 or ei!r ( !m1 or ( _! respective e/ates4 #d4 ,9 case ( ! dea? ( ei!r ( ! p>ties ( ! second "p be=e ! said *ildr5 %all atta9 ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 or m>ry "u t age respectively1 x %all be lawful = ! survivor ( !m1 ! said p>ties ( ! second "p1 by de$ or w1 to nom9ate & appo9t any p]son or p]sons1 f & aft] ! decease ( su* survivor1 to be gu>dian or gu>dians ( ! said *ildr5 or ei!r ( !m4 #e4 ,! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p %all n himself1 nor %all any p]son or p]sons claim+ "u him1 or act+ "u 8 au?ority1 at any "t or 9 any mann] int]f]e ) ! tra9+ or managem5t ( ! said *ildr5 or ei!r ( !m1 or ) _! or h] moral1 intellectual1 or religi\s education or in/ruction4 #f4 ,if ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p %all n p]=m & obs]ve all & e ( ! /ipulations h]e9 conta9$ & on 8 "p to be p]=m$ & obs]v$1 !n & 9 e su* case x %all be lawful = ! said p>ties ( ! second "p1 & ! survivor ( !m1 by notice 9 writ+ "u _!1 8 or h] h&s or h&1 & address$ ei!r to ! p>ty ( ! fir/ "p or to ! p]son sett+ up su* claim or dem&1 or s int]f]+ z a=esaid1 to put an end to ! agreem5t h]eby express$ to be made1 & !reupon ! same %all absolutely cease & det]m9e2 provid$ t 9 su* ev5t ! said p>ty ( ! fir/ "p1 or 8 e/ate1 %all be liable to pay & satisfy all debts & liabilities incurr$ by or 9 any wise = ! b5efit ( ! said *ildr51 or ei!r ( !m1 :i* at ! "t ( su* det]m9ation ( ?is agreem5t %all n h be5 paid & satisfi$4 ,9 witness1 etc4 #dd ,release by ,w>d ( ,8 ,gu>dian ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t ,i1 ,a4,b41 ( 1 son & heir ( 1 deceas$1 9 consid]ation ( 1 by ^! pres5ts remise1 release1 & =ev] dis*>ge ,c4,d41 ( 1 my gu>dian1 ( & f all mann] ( actions1 suits1 acc\nts1 debts1 dues1 & dem&s :atsoev]1 :i* ,i ev] _h1 n[ h1 or :i* ,i or my executors or adm9i/rators1 at any "t h]eaft]1 c or may h1 claim or dem& aga9/ ! said ,c4,d41 8 executors or adm9i/rators1 =1 t\*+1 or conc]n+ ! managem5t & disposition ( any ( ! l&s1 t5em5ts1 or h]$itam5ts ( ! said ,a4,b41 situate1 etc41 or any "p !re(1 or = or by reason ( any money1 r5ts1 or o!r pr(its by him receiv$ out ( ! same1 or any paym5ts made !re(1 dur+ ! m9ority ( ! said ,a4,b41 or by reason ( any matt]1 cause or ?+ :atsoev]1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ! day ( ! date h]e(4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i h h]eunto set my h& & seal1 ?is day ( 1 "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & 4 7,signature & seal7 ,9 pres5ce ( 7,signature ( witness7 #de ,w ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 am53 ,i1 ,a4,b41 ( ! city ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 consid]+ ! unc]ta9ty ( ?is mortal life1 & be+ ( s\nd m9d & memory1 bless$ be ,god = ! same1 d make & publi% ?is my la/ w & te/am5t1 9 mann] & =m foll[+1 t is to say3 ,fir/3 ,i direct t my fun]al *>ges1 ! exp5ses ( adm9i/]+ my e/ate1 & all my debts be paid out ( my p]sonal prop]ty4 ,if t be insuffici5t ,i au?orize my executors1 h]eaft] nam$1 to sell s mu* ( my real e/ate z may be necess>y = t purpose4 ,second3 ,i give & bequea? to my belov$ wife1 ,c4,b41 ! sum ( 1 9 lieu ( d[]1 & ( any di/ributive %>e 9 my e/ate to :i* %e w\ld o!rwise be entitl$4 ,i also give & bequea? to my belov$ wife ! dwell+-h\se & lot on :i* ,i n[ reside4 ,?ird3 ,i h]eby give ! cu/ody ( my infant *ildr5 dur+ _! m9ority1 & :ile !y rema9 unm>ri$1 to my belov$ wife1 s long z %e rema9s my wid[2 b if %e %all die or m>ry aga9 dur+ ! infancy ( said *ildr51 !n 9 t case1 ,i commit _! cu/ody & tuition to my fri5d ,e4,f41 ( said city & /ate4 ,f\r?3 ,i give & bequea? all ( ! residue ( my e/ate1 real & p]sonal1 to my *ildr51 %>e & %>e alike1 z t5ants 9 common1 to be paid to !m z !y respectively come ( age4 ,9 case any "o ( my *ildr5 %all die 9 my lifetime1 leav+ issue ( desc5dants1 ,i direct t 8 %>e %all n lapse1 b %all be paid to su* desc5dants1 9 equal proportions4 ,fif?3 ,i appo9t my fri5d ,g4,h4 executor ( ?is1 my la/ w & te/am5t1 h]eby revok+ all =m] wills by me made4 ,9 witness :]e( ,i h h]eunto subscrib$ my "n ?is #a/ day ( 1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l 4 ,a4,b4 ,we1 ^: names are h]eunto subscrib$1 d h]eby c]tify t ,a4,b41 ! te/ator1 subscrib$ 8 "n to ?is in/rum5t 9 our pres5ce & 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* ( u1 & decl>$ at ! same "t 9 our pres5ce & he>+ t ?is in/rum5t 0 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 & we at 8 reque/1 sign our names h]eto 9 8 pres5ce z atte/+ witnesses4 ,l4,m41 ( ! city ( ,n4,o41 ( ! city ( #df ,w--,ano!r ,=m ,i1 ,a4,b41 ( ! t[n ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate (1 decl>e ?is to be my la/ w & te/am5t3 ,i give & bequea? to my wife1 ,c4,b41 doll>s1 to be receiv$ by h] 9 lieu ( d[]4 ,to my son1 ,e4,b41 doll>s 7:i* said sev]al legacies ,i direct to be paid )9 aft] my decease74 ,i give & devise to my son1 ,e4,b4 a=esaid1 8 heirs & assigns1 all 7"h designate ! prop]ty71 toge!r ) all ! h]$itam5ts & appurt5ances !reunto belong+ or 9 anywise app]ta9+4 ,to h & to hold ! premises above describ$ to ! said ,e4,b41 8 heirs & assigns =ev]4 ,i give & devise all ! re/1 residue1 & rema9d] ( my real prop]ty1 ( e "n & nature :atsoev]1 to my said daught]1 ,m4,b4 7& my daught]1 ,o4,b41 to be divid$ equally betwe5 !m1 %>e & %>e alike74 ,i give & bequea? all ! re/1 residue & rema9d] ( my p]sonal prop]ty1 ( :at nature or k9d soev]1 to my said wife1 ,c4,b4 ,i h]eby appo9t ,e4,b4 ! sole executor ( ?is w1 revok+ all =m] wills by me made4 ,9 witness 7etc41 z 9 ,=m #de74 #dg ,w ,bequea?+ ,legacies & ,appo9t+ ,residu>y ,legatee ,i1 ,a4,b41 ( 1 decl>e ?is to be my la/ w & te/am5t4 ,i bequea? to my wife1 ,c4,b41 all ! fixtures1 pr9ts1 books1 plate1 l951 *9a1 w9es1 liquors1 provisions1 h\sehold goods1 furniture1 *attels1 & effects 7o!r ?an money or securities = money71 :i* %all at my dea? be 9 or ab\t my dwell+-h\se & premises at 4 ,i bequea? to my said wife ! sum ( doll>s1 to be paid to h] )9 "o mon? aft] my dea?1 )\t int]e/4 ,i also give & bequea? to my said wife ! sum ( doll>s4 ,i also bequea? ! foll[+ legacies to ! sev]al p]sons h]eaft] nam$3 ,to my nephew1 ,e4,f41 ! sum ( doll>s2 to my c\s91 ,g4,h41 ! sum ( doll>s2 & to my fri5d1 ,j4,k41 ! sum ( doll>s 7& s on ) o!r pecuni>y legacies74 ,i also bequea? to ea* ( my dome/ic s]vants :o %all be liv+ ) me at ! "t ( my dea? 9 ! capacity ( 7/ate ! description ( s]vants to :om ! legacies are to be giv571 "o ye>'s wages1 9 addition to :at may be due to !m at t "t4 ,all ! re/1 residue & rema9d] ( my real & p]sonal e/ate1 ,i devise & bequea? to ,r4,s41 8 heirs1 executors1 adm9i/rators1 & assigns1 absolutely =ev]4 ,i appo9t ,t4,u4 & ,v4,w4 executors ( ?is my w4 ,9 witness1 etc4 #dh ,articles ( ,incorporation ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts4 ,t we1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d associate ourselves toge!r = ! purpose ( =m+ & becom+ a corporation 9 ! /ate ( 1 = ! transaction ( ! bus9ess h]e9aft] describ$4 #a4 ,! "n ( ! corporation %all be 7give "n74 ,! pr9cipal place ( transact+ its bus9ess %all be 9 ! city ( 1 c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 4 #b4 ,! nature ( ! bus9ess to be transact$ by said corporation %all be ! 7give "n ( bus9ess7 & ! erection & ma9t5ance ( su* build+s & /ructures z may be deem$ necess>y1 & to pur*ase real e/ate z a site !re=1 & especially to 4 #c4 ,! au?oriz$ capital /ock ( said corporation %all be 7/ate am\nt7 ?\s& doll>s 9 %>es ( ea*1 to be subscrib$ & paid z reque/$ by ! bo>d ( directors4 #d4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is corporation %all comm5ce on ! fir/ day ( 1 ,a4,d41 #ai1 & cont9ue dur+ ! p]iod ( ye>s4 #e4 ,! bus9ess ( said corporation %all be conduct$ by a bo>d ( directors n to exce$ five 9 numb]1 to be elect$ by ! /ockhold]s2 su* election to take place at su* "t & be conduct$ 9 su* mann] z %all be prescrib$ by ! by-laws ( said corporation4 #f4 ,! (fic]s ( said corporation %all be a presid5t1 secret>y & treasur]1 :o %all be *os5 by ! bo>d ( directors1 & %all hold _! (fice = ! p]iod ( "o ye>1 & until _! successors %all be elect$ & qualifi$4 #g4 ,! highe/ am\nt ( indebt$ness to :i* said corporation %all at any "t subject itself %all be n m ?an ?\s& doll>s4 #h4 ,! mann] ( hold+ ! meet+s ( /ockhold]s = ! election ( (fic]s1 & ! me?od ( conduct+ ! bus9ess ( ! corporation1 %all be z provid$ by ! by-laws1 adopt$ by ! bo>d ( directors4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ! und]sign$ h h]eunto set _! h& ?is day ( ,a4,d41 #ai4 1 1 1 1 ,/ate ( ,c\nty4 ,on ?is day ( 1 #ai1 be=e me1 ,a4,b41 a ju/ice ( ! peace1 9 & = ! said c\nty1 p]sonally appe>$ ! above nam$ 1 1 1 1 :o are p]sonally kn[n to me to be ! id5tical p]sons ^: names are affix$ to ! above articles1 z p>ties !reto1 & !y sev]ally ackn[l$g$ ! in/rum5t to be _! volunt>y act & de$4 ,witness my h& ! date a=esaid4 ,a4,b4 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,index ,acceptance & deliv]y1 :at con/itutes1 #bdb ,action1 def9$1 #d ,actions1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #afe #aff ,adm9i/rator1 may dispose ( lease1 #aee1 #aef2 c assign rema9d] ( lease1 #aeg ,adoption ( *ildr51 =m = or agreem5t =1 #cab4 ,see ,*ild1 ,adopt$ ,adult]ation ( a commodity1 #bfj ,advantage1 incid5tal1 #bah ,ag5cy1 #f2 h[ creat$1 #g2 po/-(fice ag5cy ( (f]] ( contract1 #fi1 #gj ,ag5t1 :5 au?ority mu/ be 9 writ+1 #g2 _c pur*ase pr9cipal's prop]ty1 #h2 p[] affect$ by usage or cu/om1 #h2 invalid act (1 _c be ratifi$1 #i2 ratify+ a =g]y1 #i2 _c appo9t a sub/itute1 #aj2 liability (1 #aj2 secret in/ructions to1 #aa2 _c act = bo? p>ties1 #ab2 _c receive pr(it f transaction1 #ab2 mu/ be fai?ful1 #ab2 t]m9ation ( relation (1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae2 duties ( affect$ by insanity ( pr9cipal1 #ac2 m>riage ( pr9cipal1 #ac2 mu/ keep pr9cipal in=m$1 #ad2 liability ( pr9cipal = acts & /atem5ts1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad2 auctione] own]s1 #af2 auctione] pur*as]'s1 #af1 #a2 l5g? ( t]m (1 #ag2 = corporation1 #bf2 bailor z1 #bh2 brok] z1 #de2 may make *attel mortgage1 #ec2 h[ %\ld sign *ecks1 #eh2 au?ority ( to receive /ock subscriptions1 #gg2 deception ( releases subscrib]1 #gg1 #gh2 corporation c d wrong ?r\gh1 #ih2 c be appo9t$ to exam9e books1 #aja2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf2 /ate prosecutes ?r\gh1 #afd ,ag5t1 g5]al1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj2 p>tn] is a1 #aih ,ag5t1 special1 #f1 #g1 #ah2 insurance brok] is a1 #df ,agi/]s1 #cj ,ali51 may become volunt>y or involunt>y bankrupt1 #ca2 woman :o m>ries ,am]ican1 #fb2 may be naturaliz$1 #fb1 #fc2 rights (1 #fc2 owes tempor>y & limit$ allegiance1 #fc2 non-resid5t1 #fc1 #fd ,animals1 vici\s1 a nuisance1 #beh ,annoyances1 tempor>y1 #bef ,apologies = sl&] & libel1 #bee ,appeals1 c\rt (1 #d ,appr5tices1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bfh ,arbitration1 #de ,assault & batt]y1 a wrong1 #bej ,ass5t1 mutual1 basis ( sales & contracts to sell1 #bbg ,assets1 disposition ( 9 p>tn]%ip failure1 #bjb ,assignm5t4 ,see ,bankruptcy3 ,pat5t ,associations1 b5eficial1 #ch2 social & bus9ess1 #ch2 volunt>y1 #ci2 incorporat$1 #ci2 articles & rules1 #ci2 legal /atus1 #ci2 memb]s n p>tn]s1 #ci2 liability to cr$itors1 #ci1 #dj2 rights ( memb]s1 #dj2 recov]y ( prop]ty by memb]s1 #da2 exemption f taxation1 #da2 admission ( memb]s1 #da1 #db2 initiation1 #db2 prop]ty rights ( religions1 #db2 b5efits to sick memb]s1 #db1 #dc2 p[] to expel1 #dc1 #dd2 expulsion 9 subord9ate lodges1 #dd2 re/oration ( memb]s1 #dd2 )drawal ( memb]s1 #dd2 liability ( memb]s = promis$ b5efit1 #dd1 #de2 _c conf] judicial p[] on its (fic]s1 #de2 _c def] future controv]sies to arbitration1 #de ,assumpsit1 action (1 #afe ,attorney4 ,see ,p[] ( ,attorney ,auctione]1 #af2 own]'s ag5t1 #af2 pur*as]'s ag5t1 #af1 #ag2 mu/ b9d pur*as]1 #af2 completes sale1 #ag2 au?ority1 h[ conf]r$1 #ag2 a special ag5t1 #ah2 au?ority (1 #ah1 #ai2 has prop]ties 9 goods to be sold1 #de ,automobile1 #ai2 rights ( own]1#ai1 #bj2 no sup]ior rights1 #bj2 non-resid5t driv]1 #bj2 lic5se1 #bj2 liability ( bailor1 #bj1 #ba2 responsibility ( hir]1 #ba2 sale (1 by hir]1 #ba2 obligation on hir]'s "p1 #ba2 own]'s r$ress ( c> misus$1 #ba2 duty ( own] or hir] :5 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 #bb2 comp5sation ( own]1 #bb2 liability = us+ )\t own]'s cons5t1 #bb2 liability ( a corporation hir]1 #bb2 liability = joy rid+1 #bb2 spe$ (1 #bb2 exclusion (1 #bb2 ! law ( ! road1 #bb1 #bc2 rights ( p$e/rian1 #bb1 #bc2 pass+ ea* o!r1 #bc2 back+1 #bc1 #bd2 meet+ 9 /reet1 #bc2 at int]sect+ /reets1 #bd2 ob/ructions 9 road1 #bd2 driv] mu/ use c>e to avoid injury1 #bd1 #be2 compet5cy ( driv]1 #be2 mu/ be "u reasonable control1 #be2 driv+ 9 a fog1 #be2 liability ( own]1 #be ,see ,*auffeur1 ,g>age ,keep] ,bacon1 quot$1 #de ,bailee1 liability ( a m9or1 #bf2 corporation z1 #bf2 f9d] ( lo/ prop]ty is1 #bf1 #bg2 rights ( cr$itor (1 #bh2 liability (1 #bh1 #bi2 mu/ be in=m$ ( all faults1 #bh1 #bi2 liability ( bank z1 #bi2 liability ( a safe deposit company z1 #bi2 usually a keep] only1 #bi2 exceptions1 #bi1 #cj2 return ( prop]ty at end ( bailm5t1 #cj2 li5 = s]vices1 #cj2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf2 g>age keep] is a1 #acc ,bailm5t1 #bj1 #bf-cj ,bailor1 n responsible = neglig5ce ( hir]1 #bj2 may br+ action aga9/ innoc5t pur*as]1 #ba2 corporation z1 #bf2 & bailee1 #bf2 rights (1 #bh2 n always own] ( ?+ bail$1 #bh2 mu/ expla9 all faults1 #bh1 #bi ,bank1 cu/odian ( lo/ prop]ty1 #bg2 liability z bailee1 #bi2 n legally b\nd to pay *eck to hold]1 #eh2 agreem5t to pay *eck is ) depositor1 #eh2 responsible = paym5t ( *ecks1 #ei2 n responsible = *ecks c>elessly writt51 #fj2 liability = =g$ *ecks1 #fj2 is liable if makes paym5t on /opp$ *eck1 #fa2 life ( a national1 #gc2 c reta9 divid5d1 #gh2 liability ( national %>ehold]s1 #gh1 #gi2 directors ( national1 #hg2 directors (1 #hh1 #ia1 #id2 :o loans money (1 #hh2 presid5t1 #ia1 #ib2 national _c always c]tify a *eck1 #ii ,bankrupt1 volunt>y & involunt>y def9$1 #ca2 fil+ ( petition ( volunt>y1 #cc2 )drawal ( petition1 #cc2 :at mu/ accompany petition1 #cc2 fil+ ( petition aga9/1 #cc1 #cd2 mu/ file s*$ule ( prop]ty1 #cd2 fir/ meet+ ( cr$itors1 #cd2 subsequ5t meet+s1 #cd2 repres5t$ by tru/ee1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg2 prov+ & all[+ claims aga9/1 #ce1 #cf2 insurance policy (1 #cg2 dis*>ge (1 #ch2 puni%m5t (1 #ch ,bankruptcy1 #ca2 ,f$]al ,act #ahih1 #ca1 #cg1 #ch2 c\rts (1 #ca2 volunt>y & involunt>y1 #ca2 acts (1 def9$1 #cb1 #cc2 proc$ure 91 #cc-ch ,b5eficial associations4 ,see ,associations1 ,b5eficial ,b5efit1 conf]5ce ( a1 #bah ,bid1 au?ority ( auctione] to accept1 #ah ,bill & note brok]1 #de ,bill ( ex*ange1 def9ition1 #aif2 assignm5t ( drawee's funds1 #aif2 simil>ity (1 & endors$ note1 #aif ,bill ( ,lad+1 #dh1 #bdc ,bill ( sale1 =m =1 #bha ,bo>d+ h\se1 liability ( keep] (1 #adi ,bonds1 gov]nm5t1 equity does n require deliv]y ( actual bonds pur*as$1 #abj ,bottomry loan1 #bci ,brok]1 #de2 has no prop]ty 9 goods to be sold1 #de2 mu/ sell 9 pr9cipal's "n1 #de2 commission1 #de1 #dg2 acts z ag5t1 #de2 k9ds (1 #de1 #df1 #dg4 ,see ,ag5cy ,brok]age1 #de ,build+1 =m = agreem5t =1 #bgh4 ,see ,real ,e/ate1 ,l& ,burgl>y1 excus$ by drunk5ness1 #aag ,buy & sell1 regulations conc]n+ capacity to1 #bbh ,by-laws1 neglect (1 9 hold+ meet+1 #ha ,capital1 #gd1 #gh1 #id ,c>ri]1 #dh2 k9ds1 #dh2 au?ority ( private1 #dh2 requir$ to use great c>e1 #dh2 may modify common law by contract1 #dh2 c limit liability1 #dh1 #di2 mu/ c>ry all responsible pass5g]s1 #di2 regulations = c>ry+ freight1 #di2 h li5 to hold freight1 #ej2 /atutes reg>d+ loss ( life1 #ej2 liability = injuries1 #ej1 #ea2 sleep+ c> company n common1 #ea2 liability = loss ( baggage1 #ea2 di/9ction betwe5 g5]al & local express companies1 #ea1 #eb2 ,unit$ ,/ates common1 = mails1 #eb4 ,see ,mails ,c>ri] common1 duty to an intoxicat$ p]son1 #aah ,cattle1 trespass+1 liability ( own] (1 #beg ,c>1 liability ( pr9cipal = acts ( conductor (1 #aa ,c]tificate ( /ock1 =m =1 #cja ,*>ities4 ,see ,associations1 ,b5eficial ,*>t]s1 ( national banks1 #gc2 p]petual1 #gc ,*attel mortgage ) p[] ( sale =m =1 #bhh4 ,see ,mortgage1 ,*attel ,*auffeur1 physical fitness (1 #be2 employ]'s liability =1 #be2 m9or z1 #eg2 lic5se1 #eg2 liability ( employ] = pay (1 #eg2 employ]'s liability = injury to1 #eg2 injur$1 :5 spe$+1 #eg1 #eh2 liable = injury to employ]1 #eh2 au?ority (1 to make repairs 9 g>age1 #acd4 ,see ,automobile2 ,g>age ,*eck1 #eh2 sign+ (1 #eh2 bank n legally b\nd to pay1 to hold]1 #eh2 paym5t (1 :5 funds insuffici5t1 #eh1 #ei2 banks responsible = paym5t (1 #ei2 two rules relat+ to paym5t (1 #fj2 =g$1 #fj2 hold] (1 %\ld deposit imm$iately1 #fj1 #fa2 draw] may /op paym5t (1 #fa2 c]tifi$1 #fa2 :5 giv5 9 paym5t1 #bab ,*ild1 adopt$1 #e2 rights ( natural & adopt$ p>5ts1 #e2 rights ( inh]itance1 #e ,*ildr51 mu/ be support$ by p>5t1 #aig2 :o h prop]ty1 #aig2 protection (1 by p>5t1 #aig2 ( workm51 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bgc2 =m = agreem5t = adoption (1 #cab4 ,see ,adopt$ ,*ild1 ,husb& & ,wife ,*ur*1 =m = subscription to build a1 #bii ,citiz51 #fb2 def9ition (1 #fb2 duty (1 #fb2 d\ble allegiance (1 #fb2 /ate protects ord9>y rights (1 #fb2 protection (1 def9$ by con/itution & ,f$]al law1 #fb2 corporation may be includ$ 9 t]m1 #fb2 :o is1 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fb2 ali5 woman z1 #fb2 ,am]ican woman loses rights by =eign m>riage1 #fb2 ali5 may be naturaliz$1 #fb1 #fc ,co91 legal limit (1 9 paym5t1 #baa ,cold /orage1 #bi ,comp5sation ,acts1 ,workm5's1 #bff2 basis = computation ( comp5sation "u1 #bgd ,compla9t1 action (1 #aff ,contract1 #fd2 k9ds (1 #fd2 p>ties to1 #fe1 #ff2 consid]ation (1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh2 mutuality (1 #fh2 acceptance (1 at "t ( (f]1 #fh2 (f] made on "t1 #fh2 (f] c be )drawn1 #fh1 #fi2 acceptance aft] reasonable "t1 #fi2 by correspond5ce1 #fi1 #gj2 acceptance (1 by telegraph1 #fi2 )drawal (1 by telegraph1 #fi2 (f]s & rew>ds1 #gj1 #ga2 dates (1 #ga2 int]pret$ by law ( place :5 made1 #ga2 execution (1 #ga2 damages = failure to execute1 #ga1 #gb2 effect ( drunk5ness on1 #aaf1 #aag2 equity en=ces1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj2 insurance policy is1 #abe1 #abf2 ( insurance c be re=m$ by c\rt ( equity1 #abh2 responsibility ( innkeep] may be *ang$ by1 #adi2 life insurance1 #afg2 ( a m9or1 #agf2 to sell 9 ! future1 #bbg2 :5 necess>y to be )91 #bdb2 = manufacture n includ$ 9 ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bdc2 =m = bond to p]=m a1 #bhj4 ,see ,deceit1 ,drunk5ness1 ,quasi-,contracts ,contract ( s]vice1 #bfg ,contract1 ,quasi4 ,see ,quasi ,contract ,contractors1 indep5d5t1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bga ,conveyance ( real e/ate1 9 ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bdb ,co-p>tn]%ip1 =m = articles (1 #cje1 #cjg ,corporate own]s ( vessels1 #bcf ,corporation1 _c become a volunt>y bankrupt1 #ca2 an involunt>y bankrupt1 #ca2 def9ition ( manufactur+1 #ca2 trad+1 #cb2 ?r\gh its (fic]s c admit inability to pay debts1 #cb2 :5 pay+ b5efits n exempt f taxes1 #da2 liability = injuries1 #da2 z mortgagee1 #ec2 may be includ$ 9 t]m citiz51 #fb2 k9ds (1 #gb1 #gc2 =mation (1 #gc1 #gd2 p]petual *>t]s1 #gc1 #gd2 has no heirs1 #gd2 cont9ues ?r\gh succession1 #gd2 pur*ase ( /ock by "o memb]1 #gd2 capital (1 #gd2 reasons = =m+1 #ge2 :o c subscribe to /ock (1 #ge2 fictiti\s subscriptions to /ock (1 #ge2 /ock c]tificates #gf1 #hf2 capital /ock increas$ #gf2 rights ( /ockhold]s1 #gf2 pref]r$ /ock1 #gf2 subscriptions to %>es is a contract1 #gg2 _c pur*ase own %>es1 #gh2 has no li5 on its /ock1 #gh2 liability ( %>ehold]s1 #gh1 #gi2 appo9tm5t ( receiv]s1 #gi2 assessm5ts on /ock1 #gi2 meet+s1 #hj2 p[] (1 #hj2 *>t] (1 #hj2 majority %all rule may be modifi$1 #hj2 :o may call meet+s1 #hj1 #ha2 annual meet+s1 #ha2 regul> meet+s1 #ha2 special meet+s1 #hb2 notices waiv$1 #hb1 #hc2 :o c vote1 #hc1 #hd1 #he2 "r ( transf]ee1 #he2 directors (1 #hf-ic1 #id1 #if1 #ajj1 #aja2 affairs h&l$ by few m51 #hh2 failure (1 #ib2 divid5ds1 #ib1 #id-ih2 wrongs (1 #ih2 liability = acts ( ag5ts1 #ih1 #ii2 own] ( /ock has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf2 :5 private may make lease1 #aee2 municipal1 & leases1 #aee2 may take lease1 #aee2 c sue = sl&] or libel1 #bec2 may be a devisee1 or legatee1 #bfd ,c\rt1 f$]al & /ate1 #a1 #d2 di/rict1 #d2 ( appeal1 #d2 ( equity1 #af1 #aah-abb1 #abh2 ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict1 #ca2 civil1 #afd ,cov5ants1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abb1 #afe4 ,see ,de$s ,cr$it1 lett] (1 =m =1 #cji ,cr$itor1 ( bailee1 #bh2 assignm5t = b5efit (1 #cb2 fil+ ( petition aga9/ bankrupt1 #cc1 #cd2 claims (1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf2 election ( tru/ee by1 #cd1 #cf2 "r to vote at meet+s1 #ce2 may object to dis*>ge ( bankrupt1 #ch2 liability ( b5eficial associations to1 #ci1 #dj2 sev]al may jo9 9 giv+ mortgage1 #ec2 atta*m5t has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf ,crime1 drunk5ness z excuse =1 #aag2 h[ prosecut$1 #b1 #c4 ,see ,husb& & ,wife1 ,tort ,curtesy1 #aja1 #ajb ,cu/om1 :5 no def5se to *auffeur1 #eh2 liability ( innkeep] *ang$ by1 #adi4 ,see ,usage ,damages1 nom9al & comp5satory1 #bec ,dea?1 ( pr9cipal or ag5t1 #ae2 ( /ockhold] be=e transf]1 #hb2 ( p>tn]1 #he2 ( husb&1 #aad2 ( home/ead]1 #acf2 sep>ation agreem5t _c be set aside by1 #add2 ( w>d t]m9ates lease1 #aee2 lease made by wife t]m9at$ by husb&'s1 #aee2 ( mortgagor1 #ahb1 #ahc2 ( p>tn]1 #bja2 ( inv5tor1 #bjf2 ( a contractor1 #bbc2 ( ma/] ( vessel1 #bci2 ( workman1 #bgd ,debts & ,/atutes ( ,limitation1 #bdd2 revival (1 #bdd1 #bde ,deceit1 #ajb2 :5 sell] n liable1 #ajb2 pur*as] ( l& n liable1 #ajc2 a w9k n deception1 #ajd ,decisions1 highe/ c\rt1 #a ,de$1 #g1 #ajd2 sev]al1 us$ 9 l& deal1 #ajd2 w>ranty1 #ajd2 :at w>rantor agrees to d1 #ajd1 #aje2 encumbrances1 #aje2 ind5ture1 #aje2 release or quit-claim1 #ajf2 poll1 #ajf2 use ( seal1 #ajf2 witnesses1 #ajg2 lease1 #ajg2 complet$ be=e deliv]y1 #ajg2 executor (1 #ajg2 :5 mu/ be read1 #ajg2 deliv]y ess5tial1 #ajg1 #ajh2 %\ld be record$1 #ajh1 #aji2 ackn[l$gm5t1 #aji1 #aaj2 execution (1 by m>ri$ woman1 #aji1 #aaj2 ,commission] (1 #aaj2 correction ( mi/ake1 #aaj2 l& mu/ be b\nd$1 #aaj1 #aaa2 equity compels deliv]y (1 #aai2 ( w>ranty1 =m =1 #bhb1 #bhc2 ( ind5ture1 =m =1 #bhd2 ( quit-claim1 =m =1 #bhe1 #bhf2 ( mortgage1 =m =1 #bhg2 ( mortgage ) p[] ( sale1 =m =1 #bhg2 ( mortgage on goods & *attels1 =m =1 #bhi ,def5ses1 9 actions = sl&] & libel1 #bed ,delay 9 telegraph messages1 #bdf ,dep5d5ts ( workm51 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bgb ,deposits1 h[ made by ag5t1 #ab4 ,see ,bank2 ,*eck ,des]tion1 its effect on home/ead1 #acf ,devise ( l&s1 #bfe ,devisee1 ( mortgag$ l&1 #ahb2 :o may be a1 #bfc1 #bfd ,director1 ( corporation1 #hf-ic1 #id1 #if1 #ajj ,discom=t acts (1 wrongs1 #bef ,divid5ds1 #id-ih1 #abe4 ,see ,corporation ,divisional tree1 law relat+ to1 #aac ,divorce1 effect ( on d[] "r1 #aaf2 effect ( on home/ead1 #acf2 = :at causes grant$1 #add1 #ade2 absolute1 #adf2 legal effect (1 #adf1 #adg4 ,see ,husb& & ,wife ,domicile1 ( bankrupt1 #ca2 husb&'s becomes wife's1 #aci ,d[]1 #aac2 def9$1 #aac2 p>am\nt to claims ( husb&'s cr$itors1 #aac2 mortgage has pref]5ce1 #aac2 legal m>riage necess>y1 #aad2 assignm5t (1 #aad2 may be b>r$1 #aae2 non-exi/5ce (1 #aae2 9 ex*ang$ l&s1 #aae2 rights ( p>tn]'s wid[1 #aae2 c be releas$1 #aaf2 effect ( divorce1 #aaf ,drunk5ness1 #aaf2 effect (1 on contracts1 #aaf1 #aag2 z excuse = crime1 #aag2 liability ( sob] p>ty1 #aag1 #aah2 responsibility ( common c>ri]1 #aah2 sl&]1 #aah ,e>n+s1 ! basis = computation ( comp5sation1 #bgd ,ejectm5t1 action (1 #aff ,elevator1 sale ( gra9 91 #bbi ,employees1 casual1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bgj2 ,f$]al & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bga ,employ] & employee1 relations z to pat5ts1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bff1 #bfg ,enrollm5t1 ( vessels1 #bce ,equitable rem$ies1 #aah-abb ,equity1 c\rt (1 #c1 #af1 #aah-abb1 #abh2 law &1 #c ,eviction1 #afj1 #afa ,ex*ange1 bill (4 ,see ,bill ( ,ex*ange1 ,note1 ,negotiable ,pap] ,executor1 au?ority to vote at corporate meet+s1 #hd2 a =eign1 #he1 #bjh2 may dispose ( lease1 #aee1 #aef2 c assign rema9d] ( lease1 #aeg2 :51 gets mortgagor's int]e/1 #ahb2 :5 heirs may require1 to pay1 #ahc ,explosives1 liability ( keep] (1 #beh ,express company1 di/9ction betwe5 g5]al & local1 #ea1 #eb ,factor1 #abc2 employ$ to sell goods1 #abc2 has a li5 on goods1 #abc2 au?ority (1 #abc2 limitations on1 fix$ by pr9cipal1 #abc2 use ( cr$it1 #abc2 _c ex*ange goods1 #abc2 may insure goods1 #abc2 _c comp\nd claim1 #abd2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf4 ,see ,ag5cy ,f>m1 t5ant (1 #aeg ,f>m lease1 =m =1 #bie ,f$]al c\rts1 #a ,f$]al employees1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bga ,f9d]1 obligation (1 z to lo/ prop]ty1 #bf1 #bg2 ( prop]ty lo/ 9 hotel or railroad c>1 #bg2 :5 has li5 = s]vices1 #cj2 ,see ,bailor ,fire insurance4 ,see ,insurance1 ,fire ,fires1 />t]s (1 liability (1 #beh ,fixtures1 #acb2 def9$1 #acb1 #acc2 law favors t5ant1 sell]1 mortgagor1 #acb1 #acc2 :at t5ant c remove1 #afb1 #afc ,food1 w>ranty 9 sale (1 #bfa ,=g]y1 ratification (1 #i2 ( signature to negotiable pap]1 #ahh2 9 a telegram1 #bdg4 ,see ,*eck2 ,negotiable ,pap] ,=ms1 legal3 ,agreem5t = sale ( l&1 #bgg ,agreem5t conc]n+ p>ty wall1 #bgg ,agreem5t = build+1 #bgh ,agreem5t = "w & labor1 #bhj ,agreem5t = lease1 #bic ,agreem5t to sell %>es ( /ock1 #cjb ,agreem5t = sale ( physician's practice1 #cji ,agreem5t betwe5 m]*ant & travel+ salesman1 #caa ,agreem5t = adoption ( *ildr51 #cab ,articles ( co-p>tn]%ip1 #cje1 #cjg ,articles ( incorporation1 #cah ,assignm5t ( mortgage1 #bib ,assignm5t ( lease1 #bih ,assignm5t ( policy ( insurance1 #cjb ,assignm5t ( pat5t "r1 #cjd ,bill ( sale1 #bha ,bond to p]=m a contract1 #bhj ,bond = paym5t ( money1 #cje ,c]tificate ( /ock1 #cja ,*attel mortgage1 ) p[] ( sale1 #bhh ,claim ( li5 by workman1 #bgi ,de$ ( ind5ture1 #bhd ,de$ ( quit-claim1 #bhe1 #bhf ,de$ ( mortgage1 #bhg ,de$ ( mortgage ) p[] ( sale1 #bhg ,de$ ( mortgage on goods & *attels1 #bhi ,de$ ( w>ranty1 #bhb1 #bhc ,lease1 #bic1 #bid ,lease1 f>m1 #bie ,lease ( furni%$ rooms1 #big ,lett] ( cr$it1 #cji ,notice ( sale "u mortgage1 #bia ,notice to quit1 #bii ,p[] ( attorney1 #bii ,p[] ( attorney1 to transf] /ock1 #cjj ,release by w>d ( 8 gu>dian1 #cad ,subscription to build a *ur*1 #bii ,transf] ( %>es ( /ock1 #cjc ,w1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag ,frauds1 ,/atute (4 ,see ,/atute ( ,frauds ,furni%$ rooms1 =m = lease (1 #big ,g>age1 keep] ( a bailee = hire1 #acc2 own]'s liability = c> :5 9 a1 #acc2 public1 n a nuisance1 #acc2 li5 ( keep] (1 = /orage & repairs1 #acd2 c>e keep] ( mu/ use1 #acd2 liability ( keep] ( = neglig5ce1 #acd2 keep] ( n an insur]1 #acd2 keep] ( mu/ protect f !ft1 #acd2 liability ( keep] ( = leav+ c> 9 alley1 #acd2 & = us+ c> )\t p]mission1 #ace2 deliv]y ( c> by keep] (1 #ace2 liability ( keep] ( = delay 9 repair+1 #ace2 & = acts ( s]vant1 #ace4 ,see ,automobile1 ,*auffeur1 ,bailm5t ,gift1 _c be recov]$1 #bah ,gra91 sale (1 9 elevator1 #bbi ,gu>dian1 :o c act z1 #adc2 may make lease1 #aee2 ( a m9or1 #agg2 may apply = a pat5t1 #bjh2 =m = release (1 by 8 w>d1 #cad ,habeas corpus1 action (1 #aff ,heal? ( employees 9 relation to ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bfh ,highway1 #aab1 #ace1 #bah4 ,see ,automobile ,home/ead1 ag5t's au?ority to sell1 affect$ by own]'s m>riage1 #ad2 def9ition (1 #ace2 _c be seiz$ by cr$itors1 #ace2 head ( family own+ def9ition (1 #ace1 #acf2 effect ( des]tion & divorce on a1 #acf2 :at l& is includ$ 91 #acf2 /eps necess>y to procure a1 #acf1 #acg2 resid5ce requir$ on a1 #acg2 liability ( own] (1 = debts1 #acg2 c be mortgag$1 #acg2 c be sold & o!r l& b\ght1 #acg2 exemption f taxes1 #acg ,huddy1 quot$1 #bb1 #bc ,husb& & wife1 #acg2 m>riage a contract1 #acg2 ess5tials ( m>riage1 #acg2 false repres5tations1 #acg2 effect ( deceit 9 obta9+ cons5t1 #ach2 ( compulsion1 #ach2 ( insanity1 #ach2 legal age = m>riage1 #ach2 void m>riages1 #ach2 m>riage lic5se1 #ach2 m>riage p]=m$ outside jurisdiction1 #ach2 common law m>riage1 #ach1 #aci2 husb&'s domicile becomes t ( wife1 #aci2 :5 wife c reta9 h] domicile1 #aci2 husb&'s liability = wife's crimes1 #aci1 #adj2 wife /ill liable1 #aci2 _c /eal f ea* o!r1 #adj2 "r to sue ea* o!r1 #adj2 wife's liability = husb&'s wrongs1 #adj2 ali5ation ( affection1 #adj2 wife's "r to reta9 & manage h] e/ate1 #ada2 c appo9t husb& to act = h]1 #ada2 may act = husb&1 #ada2 & z executor1 adm9i/rator or gu>dian1 #ada2 wife's "r to sue & be su$1 #adb2 husb&'s liability = wife's debts1 #adb2 duty ( husb& to provide home1 #adb2 8 "r to def5d wife1 #adb2 8 duty to provide home1 #adb2 wife mu/ live ) husb&1 #adb2 duties ( husb& & wife t[>d ea* o!r1 #adb1 #adc2 gu>dian ( *ildr51 #adc2 husb& & wife may live sep>ately1 #adc2 may divide prop]ty1 #adc1 #add2 :5 sep>ation agreem5t _c be su/a9$1 #add2 dea? & %>e ( e/ate1 #add2 "r ( wife to use husb&'s cr$it1 #add4 ,see ,divorce ,ice1 liability =1 on pavem5t1 #afb ,imprisonm5t1 false1 a wrong1 #bdi ,imprison$ p]son1 & ,/atute ( ,limitation1 #bdd ,incapacity ( workman1 p>tial or total1 comp5sation =1 #bge ,incorporation1 =m = articles (1 #cah ,indec5t language 9 a telegram1 #bdg ,ind5ture1 #aje2 =m = de$ (1 #bhd ,indorsem5t1 see ,negotiable ,pap] ,infancy1 p]iod (1 def9$ by-law1 #fe ,inh]itance1 adopt$ *ild1 #e ,injunction1 tempor>y & p]man5t #bb2 aga9/ directors1 #aja2 aga9/ infr+] ( pat5t1 #abb2 to =bid t5ants mak+ alt]ations1 #aei ,innkeep]1 #adg2 p]sons mu/ receive1 #adg2 p]sons mu/ exclude1 #adg2 keep+ ( horses1 #adg2 liability = baggage1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi2 exempt f loss by fire1 #adh2 may make c]ta9 regulations1 #adh1 #adi2 keep] ( bo>d+ h\se n1 #adi ,insane p]son & ,/atute ( ,limitation1 #bdd ,insanity1 ( pr9cipal1 #ac2 ( ag5t1 #ac2 h[ affects bid at auction1 #ah2 ( ma/] ( vessel1 #bdj2 & wills1 #bfd ,inspector1 #hc1 #aja ,insurance ,brok]1 #de1 #df ,insurance1 fire1 :5 liable = acts ( ag5t1 #f2 k9ds ( companies1 #abd1 #abe2 mutual company pref]r$1 #abd2 mutual plan protects aga9/ loss only1 #abe2 /ock company pays divid5ds1 #abe2 insur$ mu/ h int]e/ 9 prop]ty1 #abe2 :o has insurable int]e/1 #abf2 policy1 z collat]al security1 #abf2 policy void1 #abf2 policy a contract1 #abf2 /&>d policy1 #abf2 :5 is policy b9d+1 #abf1 #abg2 premium1 #abg2 policy may be assign$1 #abg2 :5 policy c be cancell$1 #abg1 #acj2 contract re=m$1 #abh2 writt5 & pr9t$ p>ts ( policy1 #abh2 writt5 application "p ( contract1 #abh2 int]pretation ( mean+1 #abh2 language ( policy1 #abh1 #abi2 cl]ical errors1 #abi2 :at policy cov]s1 #abi1 #acj2 :5 risk beg9s1 #abi2 misrepres5tation1 #abi1 #acj2 concealm5t ( facts1 #acj2 que/ions & answ]s a w>ranty1 #acj2 policy void1 #acj2 loss1 total or p>tial1 #acj2 damage by wat]1 #acj2 f explosion1 #aca2 f !ft1 #aca2 f lightn+1 #aca2 f neglig5ce1 #aca2 total loss1 #aca2 p>tial loss1 #acb2 op5 & valu$ policies1 #acb2 see ,ag5cy ,insurance1 life1 #afg2 def9ition1 #afg2 validity ( ! contract1 #afg2 assignm5t ( policy1 #afh1 #agb2 au?ority ( g5]al ag5t to v>y ! agreem5t1 #afh2 no contract until policy accept$ by company1 #afi2 /ate requirem5ts1 #afi2 deliv]y ( policy1 #afi2 au?ority ( g5]al & special ag5ts1 #agj2 paym5t ( fir/ premium1 #agj2 void "u conditions contr>y to public welf>e1 #agj2 proce$s on :i* policy may be set aside1 #aga2 det]m9ation ( b5efici>y1 #aga2 date ( comm5cem5t ( risk1 #agb2 paym5t ( premiums1 #agb2 re9surance contracts1 #agc2 cancellation or surr5d]1 #agc1 #agd2 resc9d+ ( a policy1 #agd2 surr5d] or cancellation value1 #age2 conv]sion ( policy1 #age ,insurance money1 provision =1 9 lease1 #aei ,insurance policy1 ( bankrupt1 #cg2 =m = assignm5t (1 #cjb ,insur]1 g>age keep] n an1 #acd2 innkeep] is1 #adg ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 controls int]/ate telegraph bus9ess1 #bdh ,inv5tion1 pat5table or n1 #bjb1 #bjc2 requirem5ts necess>y to obta9 a pat5t1 #bjc2 elem5t ( novelty1 #bjd2 prior publication1 #bjd2 usefulness1 #bjd2 ex]cise ( inv5tive p[] necess>y = a pat5t1 #bje2 r$uction ( to practice1 #bjf2 employ] presum$ to be ! real inv5tor1 #bjh2 inv5tor mu/ apply = a pat5t1 #bjh2 specification (1 #bjh2 improvem5t on1 #bji ,jewelry1 keep+ (1 by bailor1 #bi2 see ,c>ri]1 ,innkeep] ,key1 deliv]y (1 con/itutes deliv]y ( goods1 #bdb ,labor]s1 f>m1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bfh ,lake1 title to l& "u & ar\nd1 #aab ,l&1 title to1 b\nd$ by navigable riv]1 #aab2 equity c =bid injuries to1 #aba2 equity w en=ce cov5ants1 #abb2 devise (1 9 wills1 #bfe2 =m = agreem5t = sale (1 #bgg ,l&1 agreem5t to pur*ase1 #ae2 mu/ be 9 writ+1 #ae2 h[ sign$1 #ae2 h[ complete1 #ae2 oral agreem5t1 #ae1 #af2 "p paym5t1 #af2 p]iod ( option to pur*ase1 #af2 see ,contract1 ,/atute ( ,frauds ,l& lic5se1 see ,lic5se ,l& own]1 liability (1 = nuisances on 8 prop]ty1 #beg2 = safety ( p]sons & *ildr51 #bei ,l&lord1 see ,lease ,l>c5y1 #bg ,law1 common1 #a1 #b1 #c2 /atute1 #a1 #b2 c\rts (1 #d2 civil & crim9al1 #b1 #afd2 & equity1 #c1 #e2 insolv5cy1 #ca ,lawsuit1 mode ( conduct+1 #afd ,lease1 #aea2 def9$1 #aea2 oral or writt51 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec2 liability ( lessee1 #aea1 #aei2 agreem5ts 9 #aeb1 #aec2 ye> to ye> t5ancy1 #aec2 t]m1 def9$1 #aec2 = a future p]iod1 #aec1 #aed2 description ( premises1 #aed2 di/9ction betwe51 & agreem5t1 #aed2 valid1 #aee2 made by m>ri$ woman1 #aee2 private corporation may make1 #aee2 municipal corporation re/rict$1 #aee2 corporation may take1 #aee2 executor may dispose (1 #aee1 #aef2 tru/ees may make1 #aef2 p>tn] _c make1 #aef2 = :at c be made1 #aef2 ratification1 #aef2 con/ruction (1 #aef2 presumes c>e on "p ( t5ant1 #aef1 #aeg2 rights ( a mill t5ant1 #aeg2 rights ( a f>m t5ant1 #aeg2 assignm5t (1 #aeg2 sublease1 #aeg2 lessor may "p ) 8 int]e/s 91 #aeh2 n a w>ranty ( good condition1 #aeh2 lessor n requir$ to make repairs1 #aeh2 agreem5t to make repairs1 #aeh1 #aei2 agreem5t to rebuild1 #aei2 alt]ations by t5ant1 #aei2 r5ewal1 #aei2 r5t1 #afj2 eviction1 #afj1 #afa2 l& r5t$ on %>es1 #afa2 ( p>ts ( build+ sep>ately1 #afa2 liability ( lessor1 #afa1 #afb2 removals by t5ant at expiration (1 #afb1 #afc2 =m = agreem5t =1 #bic2 =m = a1 #bic2 #bid2 =m = a f>m1 #bie2 =m = assignm5t (1 #bih2 ( furni%$ room1 =m =1 #big ,legal rem$ies1 #afd-aff ,legatee1 prop]ty giv5 to1 disposition (1 #cg2 & ca% divid5ds1 #ig1 #ih2 & /ock divid5ds1 #ig1 #ih2 def9ition (1 #bfc2 :o may be1 #bfd2 see ,w ,lessee1 see ,lease ,lessor1 see ,lease ,lett] ( cr$it1 =m =1 #cji ,libel1 is a wrong1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb2 & sl&]1 #beb ,lic5se1 l&1 #adi2 def9$1 #adi1 #aej2 = :at grant$1 #aej2 grant$ in=mally1 #aej2 revocation1 #aej1 #aea2 duty ( lic5sor to invitee1 #aea2 ( vessels1 #bcf ,lic5se to op]ate automobile1 #bj ,li51 ( agi/]1 #cj2 ( liv]y /able man1 #cj2 ( groom1 #cj2 ( freight c>ri]1 #di2 on bank /ock1 #gh2 ( factor1 #abc2 ( g>age keep]1 #acd2 ( innkeep]1 #adh2 on real e/ate1 #ahj1 #aha2 =m = claim (1 by workman1 #bgi ,life ,insurance1 see ,insurance1 ,life ,limitation1 ,/atutes (1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde ,liv]y /able1 no li5 on animals1 #cj ,lodg+ h\se1 liability ( keep]1 #adi ,lo/ prop]ty1 #bf-bh ,mc,clain1 ,ju/ice1 quot$ on life insurance1 #afh1 #agd ,mail1 ,unit$ ,/ates common c>ri] =1 #eb2 ,unit$ ,/ates is n liable = loss (1 #eb2 private express _c be e/abli%$ =1 #eb2 liability ( po/ma/] & assi/ant & cl]k1 #eb2 liability ( driv] (1 #eb2 ass5t 9 contracts s5t by1 #fi1 #gj2 deliv]y ( insurance policy1 #afi2 see ,negotiable ,pap] ,malice1 liability ( corporation =1 #ii ,m&amus1 issue (1 #ha2 action (1 #aff ,manufacture1 contract =1 n includ$ 9 ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bdc ,manufactur]1 liability (1 #beh ,m>g91 sale ( /ock on1 #bce ,m>riage1 #ac1 #ad1 #aae1 #acg2 see ,husb& & ,wife ,massa*usetts c\rts1 decision 9 respect to adopt$ *ild1 #e ,ma/]s1 ( vessels1 law gov]n+ employm5t1 #bci2 duties & successors (1 #bdj2 au?ority (1 #bdj ,meet+s1 #hc-hf ,m]*ant1 duty (1 t[>ds public1 #aea2 & travel+ salesman1 =m = agreem5t betwe51 #caa ,m]*&ise ,brok]1 #de1 #df ,messages1 telegraph1 %\ld n be made public1 #bdg2 may be produc$ by ord] ( a c\rt1 #bdg2 crim9al (f5se to divulge1 #bdg2 to op5 or read a seal$1 #bdg2 repeat$ & unrepeat$1 #bdh ,m9or1 limit$ p[] (1 #g2 bid made by1 #ah2 z bailee1 #bj2 _c become a volunt>y bankrupt1 #ca2 z mortgagee1 #ec2 z *auffeur1 #eg2 citiz5%ip (1 #fb2 ability ( to sign contracts limit$1 #fe2 p]iod ( infancy (1 fix$ by law1 #fe2 _c subscribe to /ock1 #ge2 _c be held = note1 #ia2 _c make legal de$1 #ajg2 lease made by1 void1 #aee2 contracts ( a1 #agf2 necess>ies & luxuries suppli$ to a1 #agf2 disaffirmation ( contract ( a1 #agg2 fraudul5t contract ( a1 #agg2 c avoid sales contracts1 #bbh2 & ,/atute ( ,limitations1 #bdd2 may be a devisee or legatee1 #bfd2 z employee 9 ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bfh ,morawetz1 quot$1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajj ,mortgage1 cr$itor1 c =ce contract to give1 #abj2 k9ds (1 #agg2 may cov] future advances1 #agh2 improvem5ts cov]$1 #agh1 #agi2 n an absolute conveyance1 #agi2 n *ang$ by contemporane\s agreem5t1 #agi2 ) p[] ( sale1 #agi1 #ahj2 h[ ! p[] mu/ be execut$1 #ahj2 mortgagor _c pur*ase prop]ty sold1 #ahj2 li5 ( v5dor = pur*ase money1 #ahj2 h[ subsequ5t pur*as] is affect$1 #ahj2 notice ( v5dor's li51 #aha2 mortgagor real own]1 #aha2 bo? p>ties may insure premises1 #aha2 rights ( sev]al mortgagees to same prop]ty1 #aha2 "r ( devis] to money due on1 #ahb2 mode ( =eclosure on a1 #ahb2 paym5t by jo9t contributors to dis*>ge1 #ahc2 :o c r$eem a1 #ahc2 paym5t by executor1 #ahc2 rights ( mortgage ( vessel1 #bch2 =m = de$ (1 ) p[] ( sale1 #bhg2 =m = de$ (1 #bhg2 =m = notice ( sale "u1 #bia2 =m = assignm5t (1 #bib2 see ,de$1 ,*attel ,mortgage1 ,%ipp+ ,mortgage1 ,*attel1 #eb2 def9ition (1 #eb1 #ec2 =m (1 #eb2 :o may make1 #ec2 cr$itors may jo9 9 giv+1 #ec2 description ( prop]ty1 #ec1 #ed2 may be giv5 = future advance ( money1 #ed2 to r5d] secure f cr$itor #ed2 ,/atutes (1 #ee1 #ef2 :at is includ$ 91 #ee2 rights ( mortgagee1 #ee1 #ef2 =m =1 ) p[] ( sale1 #bhh2 =m = de$ (1 #bhi2 see ,mortgage ,mortgagee1 #ee1 #ef2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf ,mortgagor1 #ee1 #ef2 favor$ by law 9 reg>d to fixtures1 #acc ,motori/1 non-resid5t1 #bj ,naturalization1 #fb ,negotiable ,in/rum5ts ,law1 #bac ,negotiable pap]1 def9ition1 #ahc-aig2 see ,note1 ,promissory ,newspap]s1 (f]s & rew>ds 91 #gj1 #ga ,note1 promissory1 def9ition1 #ahc2 requirem5ts = a1 #ahc2 unqualifi$ promise 9 a1 #ahd2 payable on a cont+5cy1 #ahd2 payable at a fix$ future "t1 #ahd2 dat+ ( a1 #ahd2 seal ( a1 #ahd2 payable on dem&1 #ahd2 ov]due1 #ahe2 payable to ord]2 #ahe2 payable to be>]1 #ahe2 ante or pa/-dat$1 #ahe2 title to1 acquir$ f date ( deliv]y1 #ahe2 a wrongly dat$1 #ahf2 au?ority ( hold] to fill blanks1 #ahf2 incomplete until deliv]y1 #ahg2 mode ( deliv]y1 #ahg2 ambiguity ( a1 #ahg1 #ahh2 signature to a1 #ahh2 signature by ag5t1 #ahh2 a =g$1 #ahh2 =g$ indorsem5t on a1 #ahh2 consid]ation = a1 #ahi2 accommodation p>ty to a1 #ahi2 negotiation ( a1 #ahi2 negotiation by deliv]y ( a1 #ahi2 by indorsem5t & deliv]y1 #ahi2 k9ds ( indorsem5t ( a1 #ahi2 /rik+ out indorsem5t ( a1 #ahi2 indors+ to bank or ca%i]1 #aij2 misspell$ or incorrect indorsem5t1 #aij2 hold] 9 due c\rse1 #aij2 bad fai? 9 negotiat+1 #aij1 #aia2 agreem5t ( mak]1 #aia2 liability ( indors]1 n a p>ty to1 #aia2 pres5tm5t ( a1 = paym5t1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic2 exclusion ( days 9 reckon+ due date (1 #aic2 payable at bank1 #aic2 notice ( di%onor ( a1 #aic1 #aid2 notice (1 to jo9t p>ties1 #aid2 notice (1 to address z direct$1 #aid2 notice ( waiv$1 #aie2 alt]ations 9 a1 #aie2 memor&um on a1 #aie2 simil>ity ( indors$1 & bill ( ex*ange1 #aif2 giv5 9 paym5t1 #bab2 & ,/atute ( ,limitations1 #bdd ,non-resid5t ,ali51 #fc1 #fd ,notice1 ( sale "u mortgage1 =m =1 #bia2 ( meet+s1 see ,corporation2 to quit1 =m =1 #bii ,nuisances1 private1 are wrongs1 #bee ,obligations1 v>i\s1 includ$ 9 ,/atute ( ,limitations1 #bde ,(fic]1 public1 liability (1 #eb ,option1 to pur*ase l&1 #af ,own]s1 9 common1 ( vessels1 #bcf1 #bcg ,p>5t1 natural & adopt$1 #e2 _c lease l& ( m9or *ild1 #aee2 ( a m9or1 #agg2 obligations (1 t[>d *ild1 #aig2 cessation (1 #aig2 protection ( *ild by1 #aig2 use ( *ild's prop]ty by1 #aig2 & *ild1 relations betwe51 #aig2 see ,adopt$ ,*ild1 ,husb& & ,wife ,p>tn]1 a memb] ( b5eficial association n a1 #ci2 :at surviv+ may d1 #he2 may waive notice ( corporate meet+1 #he2 d[] rights ( wid[ (1 #aae2 _c lease p>tn]%ip l&1 #aef2 non-inve/+1 n liable = debts1 #aih2 a g5]al ag5t1 #aih2 limitations ( au?ority ( a1 #aii2 sil5t or secret1 liability (1 #aii1 #bjj2 g5]al or special1 #bjj2 illegal contract made by a1 #bja2 dea? ( a1 #bja2 succession to by executor1 #bja2 retir+1 #bja2 liquidat+1 au?ority (1 #bjb ,p>tn]%ip1 rules = t]m9ation ( ag5cy1 #ad2 liability ( memb]s1 #ge1 #gh2 /ock own$ by1 repres5t$ by p>tn]1 #he2 contract to =m1 _c be en=c$1 #abj2 memb] (1 _c make lease1 #aef2 betwe5 t5ant & l&lord1 #afa2 9 a s+le transaction1 #aih2 ,act1 #aih2 liability ( non-inve/+ p>tn]s 91 #aih2 c hold any k9d ( prop]ty1 #aih2 p>tn]s 91 are g5]al ag5ts1 #aih2 limitations ( au?ority ( p>tn]s 91 #aii2 reception ( a new memb] 91 #aii2 =m$ by def9ite agreem5t 9 writ+1 #aii2 sil5t or secret p>tn]s 91 #aii1 #bjj2 limit$ liability1 #bjj2 dissolution ( a1 #bja2 dea? ( a p>tn] 91 #bja2 retir+ p>tn] 91 #bja2 failure (1 disposition ( assets1 #bjb2 liquidat+ p>tn] 91 #bjb ,p>ty wall1 =m = agreem5t conc]n+1 #bgg ,pass5g]1 duty ( automobile own] or hir]1 9 c>ry+1 #bb2 comp5sation = c>ry+1 #bb2 see ,c>ri] ,pat5t1 #bjb2 design1 #bjc2 invalidation ( an ,am]ican by a =eign1 #bjd2 prior publication = a1 #bjd2 defeat ( on gr\nd ( lack ( novelty1 #bjd2 mu/ be useful to get a1 #bjd2 ex]cise ( inv5tive p[] necess>y = a1 #bje2 to :om c a be issu$8 #bjf2 a jo9t1 #bjg2 mu/ be issu$ 9 "n ( real inv5tors1 #bjg2 rights ( employee ) a1 #bjg2 may be issu$ to assignees1 #bjh2 inv5tor mu/ apply = a1 #bjh2 specification ( inv5tion to get a1 #bjh1 #bji2 duties ( inv5tor to get a1 #bji2 duties ( commission] & exam9] be=e grant+ a1 #baj2 "r ( appeal if n grant$1 #baj2 infr+em5t (1 & injunction to prev5t1 #baa2 =m = assignm5t ( "r1 #cjd ,pawn ,brok]1 #de1 #dg ,paym5t1 :5 c d\ble be requir$1 #i1 #baa2 legal =ms (1 #baa1 #bab2 note or *eck giv5 91 #bab2 applications ( g5]al on sev]al debts1 #bab2 receipt n conclusive evid5ce (1 #bac2 effect ( a seal 9 a receipt =1 #bad2 on receipt ( docum5ts1 #bce2 p>tial1 ( pur*ase money completes sale1 #bdc2 p>tial1 revives debt b>r$ by ,/atute ( ,limitations1 #bde2 ( money1 =m = bond =1 #cje ,peck1 quot$1 #aag ,p$e/rian1 rights (1 #bb ,physician1 admission (1 to b5eficial associations1 #da2 =m = agreem5t = sale ( practise ( a1 #cji ,pl$gee1 au?ority (1 #g2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf ,pl$gor1 ( /ock1 #he1 #hf ,policy1 insurance1 #afh-agf2 =m ( assignm5t (1 #cjb2 see ,insurance1 ,fire2 ,insurance1 ,life ,poll de$1 #ajf ,possession & control1 transf] ( con/itutes deliv]y1 #bdc ,po/ma/]1 liability (1 #eb ,po/ (fice1 is ag5cy ( (f]] ( contract1 #fi1 #gj ,pond1 title to l& "u & ar\nd1 #aab ,p[] ( attorney giv5 to an ag5t1 #g2 giv5 by a home/ead]1 #ad2 revok$ by woman's m>riage1 #ad2 =m =1 #bii2 to transf] /ock1 =m =1 #cjj ,prec$5t1 nature (1 #a ,pref]5ce1 def9$1 #cb ,pref]r$ /ock1 see ,corporation ,premium1 see ,insurance1 ,life2 ,insurance1 ,fire ,prescriptive ,rights1 #bad2 to l&1 h[ ga9$1 #bad2 h[ det]m9e :e!r or n fully acquir$1 #bad2 to light & air1 #bae2 to use ( wat]1 #baf2 to lat]al support ( l&1 #bag2 excavations1 #bah ,price1 fix+ (1 9 a sale1 #bcj2 det]m9ation ( reasonable1 #bca ,promise to pay a debt1 r5ewal (1 #bdd1 #bde ,prop]ty1 lo/1 #bf1 #bg2 fraudul5t transf] (1 #cb1 #cc2 real & p]sonal1 9 wells1 #bfc ,prosecution1 liability ( corporation =1 #ii2 malici\s1 is a wrong1 #bdi ,prosecutor1 ,/ate z1 #afd2 injur$ p]son z1 #afd ,publication1 prior1 ( an inv5tion1 #bjd ,public ,(fic]s1 & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bgb ,pur*as]s ( vessels1 liability (1 #bch ,quasi ,contract1 #bah2 def9ition1 #bah2 gift _c be reclaim$1 #bah2 recov]y = incid5tal advantage to ano!r1 #bah1 #bai2 = s]vice r5d]$ z gratuity1 #bai2 = goods accept$ )\t int5d$ paym5t1 #bai2 = p]i%$ prop]ty1 #bbj2 premium on insurance policy1 #bbj2 recov]y 9 case ( indef9ite promise1 #bbj2 contract n execut$ z law requires1 #bbj1 #bba2 especially ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bba1 #bbb2 recov]y = use ( unpaid = l&1 #bbb2 recov]y impossible 9 case ( no b5efit1 #bbb2 recov]y impossible by tak+ advantage ( "o's own default1 #bbc2 recov]y = loss 9 c\rse ( alt]ation & repair1 #bbc2 9 case ( illness or dea? ( contractor1 #bbc2 9 wag]+ contract1 #bbd2 9 contracts made on ,sunday1 #bbd2 on p>tn]%ip note giv5 = b5efit ( p>tn]1 #bbd2 ( goods deliv]$ by c>ri] to wrong p]son1 #bbd2 ( paym5t made by mi/ake1 #bbe2 :5 consid]ation has totally fail$1 #bbe2 volunt>y paym5t1 #bbe2 recov]y ( *eck n cov]$ by deposit1 #bbe2 goods sold z own :i* are n1 #bbe2 goods t are wor?less1 #bbe2 =c$ b5efit _c be recov]$1 #bbf ,quit1 =m = notice to1 #bii ,quit-claim1 #ajf2 =m = de$ (1 #bhe1 #bhf ,quo w>ranto1 action (1 #aff ,race track news by telegraph1 #bag ,railroad receiv]s1 #h ,ratification1 defective notice ( meet+ may be cur$ by1 #hc ,real ,e/ate1 brok]1 #de1 #df2 de$s1 #aja-aab2 monum5ts1 #aaa2 b\nd>ies (1 9 cities1 #aaa2 non-navigable /ream1 #aaa2 tidal navigable /ream1 #aab2 natural or artificial pond z b\nd>y1 #aaa1 #aab2 title to l& 9 public highway1 #aab2 liability ( exam9] ( title1 #aab1 #aac2 equity aw>ds money = failure ( contract1 #abj2 equity w en=ce cov5ants1 #abb2 sell] favor$ by law 9 reg>d to fixtures1 #acb1 #acc2 conveyance (1 9 ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bdb4 ,see ,lease ,receipt n conclusive evid5ce ( paym5t1 #bac ,receiv]1 duties (1 #gi2 has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf4 ,see ,corporation ,regi/ration ( vessels1 #bce ,release1 #ajf2 by w>d ( 8 gu>dian1 =m =1 #cad ,r5t1 #afj ,replev91 action (1 #afe ,repres5tation1 z di/+ui%$ f w>ranty1 #bfj ,retraction1 ( sl&] & libel1 #bee ,revocation ( wills1 #bff ,"r ( way1 #bad2 to light & air1 #bae2 to use ( wat]1 #baf2 to lat]al support ( l&1 #bag ,rip>ian own]1 rights (1 #aab ,roads1 public1 #ai ,safe ,deposit ,company1 z bailee1 #bi ,sale1 #bbg2 future contract to sell & pres5t sale1 #bbg2 bas$ on mutual ass5t1 #bbg2 executory1 #bbg2 execut$1 #bbg2 bas$ on mutual ass5t1 #bbg2 may be conditional1 #bbg2 regulation ( capacity to buy & sell1 #bbh2 contracts ( a m9or1 #bbh2 ,sales ,act & ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bbi2 limit ( en=cem5t ( sale1 #bbi2 an undivid$ %>e1 #bbi2 specific goods1 #bcj2 fix+ ( price 9 a1 #bcj2 det]m9ation ( reasonable price1 #bca2 & w>ranties1 #bca2 satisfaction ( buy] necess>y1 #bca2 impli$ w>ranty 9 a1 #bcb1 #bcc2 transf] ( own]%ip 9 a1 #bcc2 deliv]y & acceptance 9 a1 #bcd2 deliv]y ( goods or docum5ts on paym5t1 #bcd2 speculative /ock1 #bce2 ( goods1 w>es1 & m]*&ise 9 ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bdb2 v>i\s modes ( complet+1 #bdc2 ( l&1 =m = agreem5t =1 #big2 ,bill (1 =m =1 #bha2 =m = notice (1 "u mortgage1 #bia ,sales ,act1 #ag1 #bbh2 & undivid$ %>e ( goods1 #bbi2 & ,/atute ( ,frauds1 #bbi2 & specific goods1 #bcj2 fix+ ( price 91 #bcj2 det]m9ation ( reasonable price1 #bca2 satisfaction ( buy] necess>y1 #bca2 w>ranty & impli$ w>ranty1 #bcb1 #bcc2 deliv]y & acceptance1 #bcd2 deliv]y ( goods or docum5ts on paym5t1 #bcd ,seal1 use (1 #ajf2 effect (1 9 a receipt = paym5t1 #bad ,seam51 ( vessels1 laws p]ta9+ to1 #bda ,sep>ation1 betwe5 husb& & wife1 #adc1 #add ,s]vants1 dome/ic & ,comp5sation ,acts1 #bfi ,s]vice1 contract (1 #bfg ,%>ehold]1 rights (1 #aja4 ,see ,corporation ,%>es1 l& r5t$ on1 #afa2 ( /ock1 =m = agreem5t to sell1 #cjb ,%ipp+1 #bce4 ,see ,vessels ,%ipp+ ,brok]1 #de ,sl&]1 liability ( corporation1 #aa1 #ab1 #ii2 9 case ( drunk5ness1 #aah2 & libel1 action (1 #aff2 & libel1 di/9ctions betwe51 #beb2 is a wrong1 #bej1 #bea2 def9ition (1 #bec ,sleep+ c>1 #ea ,sn[1 liability =1 on pavem5t1 #afb ,spr+ ( wat]1 re/rictions ( own]1 #bag ,/atute ( ,frauds1 & auctione]1 #ag2 & lease1 #aeb2 & recov]y on contract1 #bba1 #bbb2 & sale ( goods1 #bbi1 #bdb1 #bdc2 & deliv]y & acceptance1 #bdb2 & sale ( real e/ate1 #bdb2 & manufactur]1 #bdc ,/atutes1 #a1 #b2 p]ta9+ to lo/ prop]ty1 #bf1 #bg2 to b5eficial associations1 #ci2 to pawn-brok]s1 #dg2 limit+ am\nt c>ri] mu/ pay = lo/ life1 #ej2 reg>d+ mail c>ry+ by private express1 #eb2 p]ta9+ to *attel mortgages1 #ee1 #ef2 impos+ high] inh]itance tax = non-resid5t ali5s1 #fc2 all[+ individual to =m corporations ) legislative aid1 #gc2 p]ta9+ to m>ri$ wom5's subscriptions to /ock1 #ge2 provisions = corporations1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #ii2 controll+ bank directors1 #ib2 fix+ liability ( p>ties1 #aje2 requir+ two witnesses to de$1 #ajg2 modify+ d[] rights1 #aaf2 giv+ insur] "r to cancel fire insurance policy1 #abg2 provid+ = total loss1 #aca2 exempt+ innkeep]s f loss by fire1 #adh2 *ang+ responsibility ( innkeep]1 #adi2 9 ,new ,york relative to t]m9ation ( leases1 #aed ,/atutes ( ,limitation1 claim b>r$ by1 & bankruptcy1 #ce2 application (1 to directors1 #ij2 op]ation (1 to cancel debt1 #bac2 v>i\s provisions1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde ,/ock1 #ge2 :o c subscribe to1 #ge2 fictiti\s subscriptions1 #ge2 c]tificates1 #gf1 #hf2 capital increas$1 #gf2 pref]r$1 #gf2 subscription to1 a contract1 #gg2 corporation _c pur*ase own1 #gh2 corporation has no li5 on its1 #gh2 national bank+ law1 #gh2 assessm5ts on1 #gi2 majority %all rule may be modifi$1 #hj2 pur*as] (1 %\ld give notice to company1 #hb2 sale (1 #hc2 tru/ee legal own]1 #hd2 executor c vote1 ( te/ator1 #hd1 #he2 adm9i/] c vote1 #he2 own$ by p>tn]%ip repres5t$ by p>tn]1 #he2 sell] & pur*as]1 #he2 pl$gor & pl$gee1 #he1 #hf2 transf]ee1 #he2 divid5ds1 #id2 own]s (1 c exam9e books1 #aja2 equity compels deliv]y ( /ock1 #aai1 #abj2 own] (1 9 corporation has insurable int]e/ 9 goods1 #abf2 speculative sales (1 #bce2 =m = p[] ( attorney to transf]1 #cjj2 c]tificate1 =m =1 #cja2 =m = agreem5t to sell1 #cjb2 =m = transf] (1 #cjc4 ,see ,corporation ,/ol5 prop]ty1 resale (1 #bfa ,/rike1 excuses telegraph company = delay1 #bdf ,sub-ag5t1 #aj1 #ae ,sublease1 #aeg ,subscription to build a *ur*1 =m =1 #bii ,subt5ant1 #aeg ,taxes1 ( b5eficial associations1 #da2 on home/ead1 #acg ,telegraph1 #bdf1 #bdh2 n a common c>ri]1 #bdf2 mu/ s]ve all :o apply & (f] to pay1 #bdf2 _c discrim9ate aga9/ ano!r telegraph company1 #bdf2 /rike suffici5t excuse = delay1 #bdf2 c be p5aliz$ = delay 9 int]/ate bus9ess1 #bdf2 prohibit$ by /atute f limit+ _! own liability1 #bdf2 may be prohibit$ f transmitt+ racetrack news1 #bdg2 mu/ transmit all messages except ^? conta9+ indec5t language1 #bdg2 may close at reasonable h\rs1 #bdg2 may require s5d] to designate r\te ( message1 #bdg2 messages %\ld n be made public1 #bdg2 rules = )9 ! /ate bus9ess diff] f ! rules = int]/ate bus9ess1 #bdg2 repeat$ & unrepeat$ messages1 #bdh ,telephone1 #bdf-bdh2 company _c favor any telegraph company1 #bdf2 _c legally *>ge a telegraph company m ?an any o!r patron1 #bdf2 _c discrim9ate aga9/ ano!r telephone company1 #bdf ,t5ant1 favor$ by law 9 reg>d to fixtures1 #acb4 ,see ,lease ,t]m ( lease1 def9$1 #aec ,t]ms1 explanation (1 #a ,te/ator1 mu/ possess s\nd m9d1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd2 requirem5ts (1 #bfd ,title to b$ ( lakes1 #aab2 to real e/ate1 #aab1 #aac2 w>ranty ( sell]'s :5 9 possession ( ! goods1 #bfa ,tort1 action 91 #aff ,torts 7or wrongs71 #bdh-bfj2 def9ition1 & examples1 #bdh2 false imprisonm5t1 #bdi2 malici\s prosecution1 #bdi2 assault & batt]y1 #bej2 defamation ( reputation & "*1 sl&]1 #bej1 #bea2 mu/ be br\ght to ! k ( a ?ird p]son1 #bea2 libel1 vitup]ation1 & abuse1 #bea2 di/9ctions betwe5 libel & sl&]1 #beb2 a corporation may be sl&]$1 #bec2 def5ses 9 actions = sl&] or libel1 #bec2 apologies or retractions1 #bee2 private nuisances1 #bee2 motives n mat]ial1 #bee2 acts ( discom=t am\nt+ to nuisances1 #bef2 tempor>y annoyances1 #bef2 di/9ction betwe5 acts t annoy1 & acts t injure1 #beg2 liability ( l& own]1 #beg2 trespass+ cattle1 #beg2 vici\s animals1 #beh2 />t] ( a fire1 #beh2 keep] ( explosives1 #beh2 liability ( a manufactur]1 #beh2 us]s ( o!r p]sons' prop]ty1 #bei2 liability = acts ( *ildr51 #bfj ,trades-unions1 #ch ,transf] ( %>es ( /ock1 =m =1 #cjc ,tree1 divisional1 law relat+ to1 #aac ,tr5*>d1 ,ju/ice1 quot$1 #aab1 #aac ,trespass1 action (1 #afe ,trespass]1 #aeb ,tru/ee1 appo9tm5t (1 9 bankruptcy1 #cf2 mu/ give bond1 #cg2 removal (1 #cg2 dea? (1 #cg2 repres5ts bankrupt debtor1 #cg2 duties1 #cg2 may make lease1 #aef2 p[]s (1 #bfe ,undivid$ %>e ( goods1 & ,sales ,act1 #bbi ,unit$ ,/ates1 common c>ri] = mails1 #eb2 liability (1 = conduct ( a private mail driv]1 #eb2 citiz5 (1 def9$1 #fb2 act conf]r+ citiz5%ip on ali5 wom51 #fb2 naturalization laws1 #fb1 #fc ,usage1 affects ag5t's p[]1 #h2 sales ( auctione]1 #ah2 may take into acc\nt 9 insurance policy1 #abh2 9 pres5t+ *eck = paym5t1 #aib2 creates impli$ w>ranty1 #bcc2 deliv]y ( goods affect$ by1 #bcd ,v5dor1 :5 c sell goods1 #g2 may h li5 = pur*ase money1 #ahj2 notice ( li51 #aha ,vessels1 mu/ be regi/]$1 #bce2 c be regi/]$ only by citiz5s ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bce2 sale to a =eign]1 #bcf2 enrollm5t (1 #bcf2 lic5se (1 #bcf2 title to1 h[ acquir$1 #bcf2 :5 own$ by corporations1 #bcf2 own]s or t5ants 9 common (1 #bcf3 limitations ( au?ority ( own]s 9 common (1 #bcf2 majority & m9ority ( own]s 9 common (1 #bcg2 liability ( pur*as] (1 #bch2 mortgag+ (1 #bch2 rights ( mortgagor (1 #bch2 borr[+ money on1 #bci2 appo9tm5t ( ma/]s (1 #bci2 duties1 & successors (1 #bdj2 au?ority (1 #bdj2 seam51 laws p]ta9+ to1 #bda1 #bdb ,vitup]ation & abuse1 a wrong1 #bea ,volunt>y s]vice1 recov]y =1 #bai ,vot+1 cumulat+1 describ$1 #hg1 #hh ,w>d1 dea? (1 t]m9ates lease1 #aee2 =m = release f gu>dian1 #cad ,w>ranty1 de$ (1 #ajd1 #aje2 & ,sales ,act1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bfj2 di/9ction betwe5 & repres5tation1 #bfj2 /atem5t made simply to awak5 a buy]'s int]e/ n a1 #bfj2 impli$ 9 all cases :]e v5dor is an exp]t1 #bfa2 9 sale ( food1 #bfa2 ( ! sell]'s title1 :5 9 possession ( ! goods1 #bfa2 :5 goods are sold by sample1 #bfa2 =m = de$ (1 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,see ,deceit1 ,sale ,wat]1 use ( /ream (1 #baf4 ,see ,prescriptive ,rights ,wid[1 rights (1 #acf4 ,see ,d[] ,wife1 rights ( 9 w1 #bff2 rights 9 m>riage4 ,see ,husb& & ,wife ,w1 mortgagor dies )\t leav+1 #ahb2 def9ition1 #bfb2 requirem5ts = te/ator1 #bfb2 witnesses (1 #bfb2 real & p]sonal prop]ty 91 def9itions (1 #bfc2 %\ld be 9 writ+1 #bfc2 devisee & legatee 91 #bfc2 mu/ be 9 accordance ) laws ( /ates1 #bfc2 gr\nds on :i* are attack$1 #bfc2 made by ! insane1 #bfd2 requirem5ts (1 #bfd2 :5 sev]al are made1 #bfd2 au?ority ( tru/ee (1 #bfe2 devise ( l&s 91 #bfe2 date on :i* take effect1 #bfe2 rights ( wife 91 #bff2 revocation (1 #bff2 =ms =1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag ,willi/on1 quot$1 on /ock sales1 #bce ,witnesses ( wills1 numb] requir$1 #bfb ,woman m>ri$1 limit$ p[] (1 #g2 z mortgagee1 #ec2 & contracts1 #fe2 z subscrib] to /ock1 #ge2 husb& (1 entitl$ to curtesy1 #aja1 #ajb2 execution ( de$ by1 #aji1 #aaj2 & d[]1 #aac2 lease made by1 #aee2 & ,/atute ( ,limitations1 #bdd2 may be devisee or legatee1 #bfd4 ,see ,husb& & ,wife ,"w & labor1 =m = agreem5t =1 #bhj ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,acts1 injury to *auffeurs1 #eg1 #bff2 :o is comp5sat$ "u1 #bfg2 :o is n1 #bfg2 contract ( s]vice necess>y1 #bfg2 condition ( heal? ( no consequ5ce1 #bfh2 m9ors1 appr5tices1 & f>m labor]s1 #bfh2 dome/ic s]vants1 #bfi2 casual employees1 #bgj2 indep5d5t contractors1 #bga2 ,f$]al employees1 #bga2 public (fic]s1 #bgb2 dep5d5ts ( work]s1 #bgb2 *ildr5 ( workm51 #bgc2 e>n+s ! basis = computation ( comp5sation1 #bgd2 dea? ( workman1 #bgd2 total & p>tial incapacity1 #bge2 =m = claim ( li5 by1 #bgi ,wrongs4 ,see ,torts1 #bdh-bfj 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #b3 adplicable replac$ ) applicable ,page #af3 posession replac$ ) possession ,page #cb3 fradul5t replac$ ) fraudul5t ,page #ie3 fnud replac$ ) fund ,page #abf3 ,morev] replac$ ) ,moreov] ,page #acc3 morgagee replac$ ) mortgagee ,page #aci3 solemiz$ replac$ ) solemniz$ ,page #aec3 acquies5ce replac$ ) acquiesc5ce ,page #aga3 p]p>$ replac$ ) prep>$ ,page #bgb3 volut>y replac$ ) volunt>y ,page #cbd3 mortage replac$ ) mortgage ,page #cbf3 ,def5ces replac$ ) ,def5ses ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99