file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,?is ,pla9 ,text v]sion has be5 prep>$ us+ ! ,,ascii "* set only4 ,italic typeface is indicat$ by und]score4 ,bold typeface1 :i* is us$ 9 ! adv]tisem5ts only1 is indicat$ by equals4 ,! oe ligature is indicat$ by ! use ( squ>e brackets3 oe4 ,! symbol = p\nd ,/]l+ 7curr5cy7 is indicat$ by ,l4 ,:]e *anges h be5 made to ! text 7( typographical errors etc47 ^! are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,photo1 ,reid1 ,wi%aw4 ,,bre$+ ,,s[s ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge ,,& ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bre$s4 ,! ,middle ,:ite ,s[ 9 ! =efront 7! prop]ty ( ! ,au?or7 0 "o ( ! be/ ev] br$1 ,holywell ,c\ntess ,victoria4 ,,! ,,pig ,,! ,,pig ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,& ,,m>ket+ ,,by ,,s&]s ,,sp5c] ,london ,c4 ,ar?ur ,pe>son ,ltd4 ,h5rietta ,/reet #aiai ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #ac ,i4 ,,non-,,p$igree ,,pigs #ai ,,ii4 ,,pure ,,bre$s 7) ,/&>d ,descriptions & ,scales ( ,po9ts7 #bf ,,iii4 ,,cross-,,br$ ,,pigs #ci ,,iv4 ,,d5tition ,,& ,,age ,,( ,,pigs #di ,v4 ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,bo> #ed ,,vi4 ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,s[ #fc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,s[',s ,,udd] #fg ,,viii4 ,,mat+ ,,! ,,"y ,,s[ #gb ,,ix4 ,,! ,,f>r[+ ,,s[ #gi ,x4 ,,wean+ ,,pigs #ia ,,xi4 ,,! ,,re>+ ,,( ,,"y ,,pigs #ig ,,xii4 ,,h\s+ ,,( ,,pigs #ajg ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( ,,pigs #aac ,,xiv4 ,,pres5t ,,& ,,future ,,pig-,,keep+ #abe ,,xv4 ,,pig-,,fatt5+ #aca ,,xvi4 ,a ,,pig ,,cal5d> #adh ,,xvii4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,pig #aeg ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,cur+ ,,( ,,pork #aga ,,index #ahb ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,bre$+ ,,s[s ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge ,,& ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bre$s ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,,l>ge ,,black ,,bo>1 ,,drayton ,,k+ #af ,,pair ,,( ,l4,c4,c4 ,,gilts1 ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,smi?field ,,%[ #aiad #ag ,a ,,b]k%ire ,,s[ #cb ,,l>ge ,,black ,,s[1 ,,sudb\rne ,,sadie #cc ,,?ree ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bre$+ ,,s[s #dh ,a ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bo> #di ,,tamwor? ,,bo>3 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,webton #fd ,,gl\ce/] ,,old ,,spot ,,s[ #fe ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,bo> #hj ,,tamwor? ,,s[1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,! ,,fairies #ha ,,middle ,,:ite ,,s[ #if ,,cumb]l& ,,s[ #ig ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,s[1 ,,worsley ,,sunbeam #aab ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,ul/] ,,bo> #aac ,,introduction ,!re are few po9ts 9 ! bre$+ ( /ock on :i* a great] v>iation ( op9ion has be5 confid5tly express$ ?an on ! orig9 ( ! dome/icat$ pig4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t our v>i\s types _h a common orig9 9 ! wild hog1 & t ! diff]5ce 9 =m1 col\r1 & "* among/ ! local bre$s is due1 9 ! ma91 to ! requirem5ts1 imag9>y or real1 ( ! int]e/$ resid5ts 9 ! p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ass]t$ ) equal confid5ce1 & probably ) ! same am\nt ( actual pro(1 t x w\ld be impossible s to improve ! wild hog by selection z to r5d] x ! equal ( ! dome/icat$ hog4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 an infusion ( blood ( a cultivat$ bre$ ( pigs to acquire ev5 t am\nt ( success :i* 0 noticeable 9 ! improv$ pig ( a c5tury1 or less1 ago4 ,un=tunately1 = ?is argum5t1 x has n be5 possible to obta9 any in=mation ( value z to ! alleg$ s\rce ( orig9 ( ?is cultivat$ bre$ ( pigs4 ,aga91 ^? pigs :i* possess 9 a m>k$ degree e>ly maturity1 f9e quality ( fle%1 & ^? o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! improv$ pig1 are s v>i\s 9 col\r1 t "o cultivat$ bre$ only c\ld n h be5 utilis$ 9 ! g5]al improvem5t4 ,all ! anci5t writ]s on pigs appe> to h exp]i5c$ ! same difficulty :5 endeav\r+ to discov] ! s\rces ( orig9 ( ! mat]ial :i* might h be5 us$ 9 ! production ( ! pig :i* 9 _! "t 0 look$ ^u z ! dome/icat$ & improv$ pig ( ! p]iod4 ,?is difficulty ext5ds ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,s f> z is kn[n !re exi/s no actual pro( t ! dome/icat$ hog has be5 evolv$ 9 any p>ticul> way o!r ?an by cont9u$ selection ( ^? animals = bre$+ purposes :i* possess$ 9 ! greate/ degree ^? p>ticul> qualities held 9 ! highe/ e/imation at ! "t4 ,( c\rse1 ! soil1 climate1 etc41 ( ! di/rict 9 :i* pigs are re>$ h a c]ta9 am\nt ( influ5ce1 b ?is is noticeable to a mu* less] ext5t ) pigs ?an ) horses1 cattle1 or %eep1 s9ce "u ! pres5t sy/em ( pig-bre$+ ! great] portion ( ! food us$ 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts is ( a v simil> "*--inde$1 mu* ( x has a common orig9--hav+ be5 import$ f abroad4 ,z a rule1 comp>atively speak+ v little diff]5ce is noticeable 9 ! developm5t1 =m1 & "* ( pigs br$ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]eas ) "s ( ! o!r dome/icat$ animals a v consid]able *ange foll[s ! removal ( %eep ( a pure bre$ f "o di/rict to ano!r4 ,! quality & quantity ( ! wool1 fle%1 & bone are all affect$4 ,an exactly simil> effect is noticeable :5 horses ( a p>ticul> bre$ are mov$ f "o di/rict to ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 a ,%ire foal br$ 9 ! ,f5s may possess ! *>act]i/ic bone1 fle%1 & hair1 yet if x be mov$ into portions ( ! ,ea/]n c\nties :]e ! soil is ( a totally diff]5t "*1 x w :5 matur$ h lo/1 to a v consid]able ext5t1 its peculi> *>act]i/ics ( bone & hair4 ,! *anges wr\ght may be due 9 small measure to climate1 b ! pr$om9ant cause mu/ be due to ! v>iation 9 ! food gr[n on soils ( a diff]5t "*4 ,?is "q ( ! orig9al cause or causes ( ! v>y+ col\r ( ! pigs 9 diff]5t localities appe>s to be equally difficult ( solution4 ,z to ! cont9uation 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( pigs ( "o col\r1 cu/om & ev5 prejudice h a great effect4 ,s /rong is ?is prejudice t "s p]sons w ev5 decl>e t ! pork ( pigs ( ! fa%ionable col\r 9 ! neighb\rhood is sup]ior to t f pigs ( any o!r col\r4 ,z ?is weakness is common 9 di/ricts :]e black & :]e :ite pigs are kept x mu/ be admitt$ t prejudice alone mu/ be ! f\ndation ( ! belief4 ,probably ! safe/ conclusion to arrive at ) respect to ! v>iation 9 col\r ( ! pigs noticeable 9 c]ta9 di/ricts is t 9 ! long ago ! native pig 9 ! wild /ate 0 ( ! col\r ( ! soil & ! h]bage 9 :i* x %elt]$1 & 0 ?us less conspicu\s to its enemies1 :e!r human or animal4 ,a m>k$ in/ance ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! col\r ( ! common or orig9al pig f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! soil is ( a decid$ly r$ col\r4 ,9 ! di/rict ref]r$ to "o actually he>s "s f>ms spok5 ( z r$ l& f>ms4 ,:at m natural ?an to f9d 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* l& ( ?is hue pr$om9ates t ! pigs %\ld be a r$ ru/y hue su* z 0 ! orig9al col\r ( t bre$ ( pigs n[ call$ ! ,tamwor? bre$4 ,"s p]sons1 :o d n agree ) ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s col\r$ pigs1 cite z a pro( ( _! belief ! fact t 9 s _m di/ricts ! pigs are ( a mix$ col\r1 & t ?is peculi> m>k+ is equally z g5]al 9 localities z is any p>ticul> or special col\r 9 ! pigs4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 & x is probably due to exactly ! same causes1 fancy1 prejudice1 or cu/om4 ,! resid5ts 9 c]ta9 di/ricts h gr[n accu/om$ to c]ta9 ?+s or c]ta9 =ms1 & are lo? to *ange2 ! manufactur] ( any article mu/ hum\r ! actual or fanci$ requirem5ts ( 8 cu/om]s if he is to secure success2 & 9 a simil> mann] ! bre$] ( pigs has to consid] & to produce pigs ( ! =m1 size1 & col\r :i* are mo/ 9 dem&4 ,fur!r if1 z confid5tly alleg$1 !re is a pref]5ce 9 "s di/ricts = pork f pigs ( a c]ta9 col\r1 !n ! but*] naturally (f]s a high] price = pigs ( t col\r :i* mo/ fully satisfy ! fancies ( 8 cu/om]s1 & ?us we f9d a simil>ity ( =m & col\r 9 ! pigs ( v>i\s di/ricts4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ^! p>ti-col\r$ pigs1 ! explanation (f]$ is t ev5 9 pre-railway times !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]*ange ( ! diff]5t local bre$s ( /ock4 ,?is w\ld be affect$ 9 v>i\s ways1 :i* ne$ n be specifi$4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h sev]al def9$ & di/9ct bre$s ( pigs :i* h secur$ recognition at our pr9cipal agricultural %[s4 ,inde$ x may be claim$ t ! exhibitions ( live /ock :i* h become s g5]al 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry h be5 "o ( ! *ief factors 9 fix+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! type & "* ( c]ta9 local bre$s4 ,)9 ! memory ( ! pres5t writ] ! classification ( pigs at our pr9cipal %[s 0 ( a v simple "*2 x consi/$ ( classes = pigs ( a :ite col\r & = pigs ( any o!r col\r4 ,!re 0 no attempt at any def9ition z to size1 =m1 & quality ( ! pigs4 ,^! po9ts 7 left entirely to ! judges1 :o naturally 7 l$ to fav\r pigs ( ! type :i* !y br$4 ,!re 0 ?us a great] am\nt ( unc]ta9ty z to ! success ( an exhibitor's /ock ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is unc]ta9ty--save z to ! memb]s ( ! ,%[ ,committees or _! fri5ds--0 increas$ by ! unfair sy/em ( )hold+ f ! k ( ! av]age exhibitor ! names ( ^? select$ to judge4 ,! necessity ( "s def9ition1 if only ( col\r1 quickly became obvi\s4 ,at fir/ classes 7 e/abli%$ = pigs ( c]ta9 col\rs2 !n ! prizes 7 (f]$ = pigs ( c]ta9 bre$s1 :i* 7 m or less loosely def9$4 ,n[ at ! *ief %[s ! pigs exhibit$ 9 ! v>i\s classes mu/ be qualifi$ = entry 9 ! h]d books ( ! p>ticul> bre$s4 ,at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,%[s !re h be5 classes = pigs ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite1 ,middle ,:ite1 ,b]k%ire1 ,tamwor?1 ,l>ge ,black & ,l9coln%ire ,curly ,coat$ bre$s2 :il/ = ! next %[ classes = pigs ( ! s-call$ ,gl\ce/]%ire ,old ,spots bre$ are to be includ$4 ,z %[+ ! *anges :i* are 9 progress x may be not$ t two bre$s ( pigs :i* _h classes provid$ = !m at ! ,royal & "s o!r ,%[s h become ext9ct4 ,^! 7 ! ,small ,:ite & ! ,small ,black bre$s--! sole cause ( _! disappe>ance be+ ! unsuitability ( ! pigs ( ! bre$s to supply ! pres5t requirem5ts ( ! consum]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,,l>ge ,,black ,,bo>1 ,,drayton ,,k+4 ,own]1 ,t]ah ,f4 ,hooley4 #a/ ,prize1 ,som]set ,c\nty ,agricultural ,%[1 #aiac4 ,to face page #af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,block k9dly suppli$ by ,e4 ,f4 ,casswell1 ,manor ,h\se1 ,graby1 ,folk+ham4 ,,pair ,,( ,l4,c4,c4 ,,gilts1 ,exhibit$ at ,,smi?field ,,%[ #aiad4 #a/ ,prize4 ,age #h mon?s1 #a week1 #e days4 ,weight #g cwts4 ,to face page #ag4 ,,! ,,pig ,,*apt] ,i ,,non-,,p$igree ,,pigs ,al?\gh ! m g5]al use ( s-call$ p$igree pigs has t5d$ to modify ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s local bre$s ( pigs1 yet x is possible to f9d a c]ta9 numb] ( pig bre$]s :o adh]e to ! type ( pig :i* has be5 9 ! pa/ mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 _! di/rict4 ,?is type 0 und\bt$ly fix$ by ! wants or fancies ( ^? resid5t 9 ! p>ticul> portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 ! practice :5 describ+ ^! local bre$s to write z ?\gh !y 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 c\nties4 ,x may be t pigs ( a peculi> or *>act]i/ic type are m num]\s )9 ! bord]s ( v>i\s c\nties1 b ?is is by no means always ! case4 ,! habits & pursuits ( ! inhabitants r ?an ! soil & climate--z ) horses1 cattle & %eep--h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! =m1 size & quality ( ! local pigs1 :il/ use & cu/om appe> to det]m9e ! col\r ( ! pig4 ,we are ( op9ion t x w be m in/ructive if we give a %ort description ( "s ( ! m common types ( ^! local bre$s ( pigs1 & m5tion ! names ( ^? c\nties 9 :i* !y are m g5]ally f\nd4 ,among/ ! mo/ di/9ct ( ^! local bre$s is t :i* is v>i\sly t]m$ ! %eet$ or saddle-back$ pig1 :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a society to look aft] its int]e/s1 & :]e x be>s ! "n ( ,,! ,,hamp%ire ,j :y our ,am]ican c\s9s %\ld h decid$ to call ^! %eet$ pigs ,hamp%ires is n on ! surface1 s9ce ! olde/ writ]s on pigs give to ! c\nty ( ,sussex ! cr$it ( be+ _! orig9al home4 ,! description giv5 by ,sidney ( ! ,hamp%ire pig is t x is a co>se & useful black pig1 inf]ior to ! ,b]k%ire1 & n 9 ! same ref9$ class z ! ,essex4 ,ri*>dson writes ,! ,hamp%ire bre$ is n infrequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! ,b]k%ire2 b its body is long] & its sides flatt]2 ! head is long & ! sn\t %>p4 ,! col\r ( ! bre$ is usually d>k spott$2 b x is sometimes black altoge!r1 & m frequ5tly :ite4 ,! %eet$ pig has also be5 br$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex = ov] a c5tury1 b x is record$ t x 0 introduc$ into ?is c\nty by a ,mr4 ,we/]n :o subsequ5tly became ,"l ,we/]n1 & ^: e/ate 0 situat$ 9 ,essex4 ,9 ,sidney's book ,! ,pig1 we read1 ,we/ ,sussex1 ,hamp%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 ,dorset1 ,%rop%ire & ,wales _h indig5\s black or r$ & black bre$s ( sw9e2 & betwe5 ! :ites1 ! blacks & ! r$s ! p>ti-col\rs 7 produc$ :i* h s9ce 9 a great degree disappe>$ "u ! influ5ce ( prizes1 g5]ally aw>d$ to pure bre$s ( s+le col\rs4 ,sidney also /ates t ,y\att & all ! au?ors :o h foll[$ him d[n to ! late/ "w publi%$ on ! subject1 occupy space 9 describ+ v>i\s c\nty pigs :i* h long ceas$ to possess1 if !y ev] possess$1 any m]it wor? ! att5tion ( ! bre$]4 ,! ,rudgwick1 :i* is ano!r "n = ! %eet$ pig1 is includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,ri*>dson at a /ill e>li] date describes ! ,sussex bre$ z black & :ite 9 col\r1 b n spott$2 t is to say1 ^! col\rs are di/ribut$ 9 v l>ge pat*es2 "o half--say1 = in/ance1 ! =e "p ( ! body :ite & ! h9d] end black2 or sometimes bo? ends black & ! middle :ite or vice v]sa2 ^! pigs are 9 no way rem>kable2 !y seldom fe$ to ov] tw5ty /one4 ,!y are well made1 ( middle size1 & _! sk9 cov]$ ) scanty bri/les4 ,! sn\t tap]+ & firm1 ! e>s upright & po9t$1 ! j[l deep & ! body compactly r\nd4 ,!y arrive at e>ly maturity1 fatt5 quickly1 & ! fle% is excell5t4 ,ri*>dson also writes1 ,!re is ano!r improv$ ,essex bre$1 call$ ! ,essex ,half-,blacks1 resembl+ t :i* ,i h describ$ 9 col\r1 said to be desc5d$ f ! ,b]k%ire4 ,?is bre$ 0 orig9ally introduc$ by ,"l ,we/]n1 & obta9$ mu* celebrity1 etc4 etc4 ,he !n quotes f ,! ,complete ,grazi]1 six? edition1 z foll[s3 ,!y are black & :ite1 %ort hair$1 f9e sk9n$ ) small] heads & e>s ?an ! ,b]k%ire1 b fea!r$ ) inside hair :i* is a di/9ctive m>k ( bo?2 h %ort snubby noses1 v f9e bone1 broad & deep 9 ! belly1 full 9 ! h9d qu>t]s1 b light 9 ! bone & (fal4 ,!y fe$ rem>kably fa/ & are ( an excell5t quality ( meat4 ,! s[s are good bre$]s1 & br+ litt]s ( f eight to twelve2 b !y h ! "* ( be+ bad nurses4 ,if ?is allegation 7 true at ! "t x 0 writt51 x is n at ! pres5t "t z ! ,half-,blacks or %eet$ s[s are bo? prolific & fir/-rate mo!rs4 ,mald5 describes ! ,sussex3 ,a l>ge bre$ call$ ! ,rudgwick1 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ,engl&4 ,!re appe>s to be a d\bt z to :e!r ! col\r$ pig 0 desc5d$ f ! spott$ ,b]k%ire or ! black & :ite ,essex4 ,!y 7 ( m$ium size1 ( good quality g5]ally1 b ( some:at heavy bone4 ,! g5]ally accept$ view is t ! ,essex %eet$ pig 0 desc5d$ f importations f ! c\nty ( ,sussex4 ,^! %eet$ pigs are /ill occasionally met ) 9 ,essex1 b ! sy/em ( cross+ :i* is g5]ally foll[$ by pig bre$]s 9 ! c\nty is gradually r$uc+ its numb]1 al?\gh ev5 among/ ! cross-bre$s ! peculi> m>k+ occasionally %[s itself4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ !re is a movem5t on foot to =m a society = ! purpose ( reviv+ ! bre$4 ,f ! utility po9t ( view ! %eet$ pig has mu* to recomm5d x1 b :e!r or n "o or m ( ! bre$s ( pigs ^: p$igrees are already record$ d n possess at lea/ equal m]its mu/ be left = decision by o!rs4 ,,spott$ ,,pigs ,9 _m di/ricts are f\nd o!r p>ti-col\r$ pigs1 b 9 ^! ! black1 ! :ite1 & ! r$ col\rs %[ !mselves 9 spots ( v>y+ size & ext5t4 ,probably among/ ! be/ types ( ^! spott$ pigs is ! "o f\nd ov] ! great] "p ( ! c\nty ( ,nor?ampton1 & portions ( ! c\nties ( ,leice/] & ,ox=d adjo9+4 ,9 ! =m] c\nty ! pigs h m ( black ?an :ite 9 _! col\r+1 :il/ 9 ! two latt] r$ spots are m (t5 se54 ,?is is probably due to a /rong] infusion ( ! blood ( ! ,/af=d%ire r$ pig :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,tamwor?4 ,! blood ( ! ,neapolitan pig ?r\gh ! ,b]k%ire or ! ,small ,black is cr$it$ ) be+ ! orig9 ( ! d>k] col\r$ ,nor?ampton%ire spott$ pig4 ,! qualities claim$ = ^! spott$ or plum pudd+ pigs z !y are locally t]m$1 are prolificacy1 quick gr[?1 h>dihood1 & ! production ( pork possess+ a l>ge proportion ( lean to fat meat4 ,!y are also good graz]s1 & gr[ to a size q ! equal ( ! ,b]k%ire4 ,9 =m !y are p]haps m suit$ = ! fre% pork trade ?an = ! manufacture ( bacon ( ! k9d n[ s mu* 9 dem&4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,& ,,blue ,,pigs ,^? l>ge1 co>se-bon$ pigs ) hair ( a :ite col\r & sk9s m or less mottl$ ) blue are gradually giv+ place to pigs ) f9] hair1 sk91 bone1 & quality ( meat4 ,! co>se lop e>s are be+ r$uc$ 9 size & ?ickness1 :il/ ! pig itself is becom+ less gaunt & its e>ly maturity consid]ably increas$ by cross+ ) ! bett] quality ,l>ge ,:ite & ! quickly matur+ ,middle ,:ite4 ,^! co>se :ite ) blue m>k+s pigs 7 common 9 ! ,f5s ( ,cambridge%ire1 ,norfolk1 ! ,isle ( ,ely & ,l9coln%ire1 & 9 ! c\nties ( ,b$=d1 ,*e%ire1 etc4 ,,:ite ,,pigs ,)9 ! memory ( p]sons n[ liv+1 :ite pigs ( v>y+ types 7 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,_m ( ^! :ite pigs f\nd 9 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,wales _h little to recomm5d !m z !y 7 flat sid$1 long legg$1 h>d fe$]s1 & requir$ to be comp>atively old be=e !y c\ld be turn$ into pork4 ,a va/ improvem5t has ( late ye>s be5 effect$ 9 ^! unpr(itable sw9e by cross+ !m ) compact & e>ly matur+ pigs ( diff]5t col\rs1 b ma9ly :ite pigs until ! la/ few ye>s1 :5 ,l>ge ,blacks & ev5 a few ,gl\ce/]%ire ,old ,spots bo>s h be5 introduc$ 9 ,norfolk4 ,at "o "t :ite pigs ( a small size 7 by no means uncommon 9 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 ,middlesex1 ,york%ire1 & p>ts ( ,b]k%ire1 & o!r c\nties4 ,! orig9 ( ^! small1 compact1 & e>ly matur+ pigs appe>s to h be5 a cross ( ! import$ ,*9ese on ! neat] & %ort] c\ntry pigs ( a :ite col\r4 ,= a p]iod ^! h&some pigs 7 q fa%ionable among/ ! well-to-d1 b ! g5]al public object$ to ! pork produc$ by !m1 ow+ to its excessive fatness4 ,! bacon cur]s /ill m /rongly object$ to ! %ort sides & ! v small am\nt ( lean meat 9 ! cur$ c>cases4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s comp>atively few ( ^! pretty1 b useless1 pigs h be5 br$4 ,,black ,,pigs ,! description giv5 ( ! two ma9 types ( :ite pigs w\ld apply equally well to ! ,black pigs common 9 ?is c\ntry1 save ) respect to col\r4 ,! long flat-sid$ black pig 0 f\nd 9 ,essex1 ,suffolk1 ,cambridge%ire1 ,sussex1 etc4 ,^! pigs 7 not$ = _! prolificacy1 h>dihood1 & quick gr[?1 :il/ ! s[s furni%$ a full supply ( milk to _! y\ng/]s1 b !y 7 su* sl[ fe$]s t x became necess>y to cross !m ) pigs :i* matur$ m quickly4 ,a type ( black pig simil> 9 =m to ! ,small ,:ite 0 also f\nd 9 ,essex & ,suffolk1 :il/ 9 ,devon%ire1 ,dorset1 & "o or two o!r c\nties ! col\r ( ! pigs 0 blue r ?an black1 & ( a some:at l>g] size1 b possess+ ! same weakness1 too l>ge a proportion ( fat to lean meat4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pure ,,bre$s ,! task ( writ+ a description ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( sw9e has be5 r5d]$ less difficult by ! =mation dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury ( societies = ! regi/ration ( ! p$igrees ( ! pigs ( ! diff]5t bre$s1 & by ! sett+ up ( scales ( ^? po9ts :i* pigs = entry 9 ! p>ticul> h]d books %\ld possess4 ,! fir/ ( ^! societies 0 ! ,national ,pig ,bre$]s ,association1 ( :i* ! pres5t writ] 0 ! honor>y secret>y = two ye>s4 ,at ! "t ( its =mation ! bre$s ( pigs mo/ g5]ally recognis$ 7 ! ,b]k%ire1 ! ,l>ge1 ,middle1 & ,small ,:ites or ,york%ires1 & ! ,small ,black bre$4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ! p$igrees ( ! pure br$ pigs ( ea* ( ^! bre$s %\ld be record$ by ! ,association & publi%$ 9 "o h]d book4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is w\ld h be5 an ideal plan1 & w\ld h result$ 9 a sav+ ( mu* lab\r & exp5se1 & decid$ly m conv5i5t = ^? connect$ ) ! export trade4 ,= reasons into :i* x is n n[ necess>y to ent]1 ! bre$]s ( ,b]k%ires det]m9$ to h a sep>ate h]d book2 !re=e1 !y />t$ a society :i* !y nam$ ! ,briti% ,b]k%ire ,society1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,am]ican ,b]k%ire ,record4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,tamwor? bre$ ( pigs became recognis$ by ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 & ! bre$]s ( ! r$ pig jo9$ ! ,national ,pig ,bre$]s ,association4 ,!n ! dem& = ,small ,:ite & ,small ,black pigs ceas$1 s t ev5tually ! p$igrees ( ,l>ge ,:ite1 ,middle ,:ite1 & ,tamwor? pigs only 7 regi/]$ 9 ! ,n4,p4,a4 ,h]d ,book4 ,subsequ5tly ! bre$]s ( ,tamwor? pigs =m$ !mselves into a society presumably = propag&a "w1 & to cons]ve ! int]e/s ( bre$]s ( ,tamwor? pigs4 ,( late ye>s o!r bre$s ( pigs h be5 br\ght to public notice1 & h _h h]d books1 & societies specially devot$ to _! p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! ,l>ge ,black1 ,l>ge ,:ite ,ul/]1 ! ,l9coln%ire ,curly ,coat$ pigs1 ! ,gl\ce/]%ire ,old ,spots1 & ! ,cumb]l& pigs h _! p$igrees record$4 ,an attempt 0 made "s ye>s s9ce to resuscitate ! ,ox=d%ire ,spott$ pig1 b x 0 n a cont9u$ success4 ,x is q possible t o!r local bre$s ( pigs may f9d suffici5t admir]s to =m societies to br+ be=e ! public ! _m good qualities possess$ by ! pigs ( ^! bre$s1 b ap>t f local int]e/ x is at lea/ d\btful if any p]man5t b5efit w sup]v5e f ?is multiplication ( h]d books--save t x may increase ! int]e/ 9 pig bre$+1 a result dev\tly to be pray$ =4 ,! issu+ ( ! scales ( po9ts ( ^? bre$s ( pigs ^: p$igrees are record$ 9 ! v>i\s h]d books has r5d]$ x unnecess>y = u to endeav\r to =mulate ! good qualities :i* are presumably ^? :i* are m or less completely possess$ by ^! p$igre$ animals1 nor does ! necessity exi/ = u to m5tion ^? p>ticul> qualities :i* ea* bre$ is suppos$ by ! admir]s ( o!r bre$s to lack4 ,!re is no d\bt t ea* bre$ possesses c]ta9 po9ts :i* r5d] x specially suitable = diff]+ localities & v>y+ purposes4 ,"s p]sons :o look ^u a pig solely z an animal1 z a conv]t] ( v>i\s sub/ances into pork1 are ( op9ion t ! t5d5cy ( ^? responsible = ! runn+ ( ^! societies is t[>ds fancy po9ts to ! detrim5t ( ! practical po9ts4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 "s gr\nds = ?is view4 ,! ,small ,:ite1 ! ,small ,black1 ! ,b]k%ire1 & ! ,l>ge ,:ite h all be5 affect$ by ! acts ( faddi/s4 ,! ?ree fir/-nam$ bre$s suff]$ f ! aims ( c]ta9 ( ! bre$]s to r$uce ! size & to increase ! s-call$ quality until ! consum]s ( pork refus$ to foll[ ! fa%ion2 :il/ ! craze :i* has s]i\sly affect$ ! utility ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite pigs has be5 exactly ! opposite1 i4e4 an endeav\r to s va/ly increase ! size t !y ceas$ to supply ! k9d ( pork & ! size ( jo9ts :i* ! g5]al public dem&$4 ,x may be natural = fanci]s to decl>e t a ,small ,:ite or a ,small ,black pig mu/ be a small animal1 b ?is is only on comp>ison ) ! l>ge bre$s ( ! same col\r & *>act]i/ics4 ,! usefulness ( ! pig 9 ! comm]cial _w mu/ be /udi$ if any bre$ ( pig is to hold its own on ! m>ket4 ,! opposite extreme to t foll[$ by ! bre$]s ( ! small bre$s is t ( ! bre$]s ( ,l>ge ,:ites1 :o look ^u m]e size z ! mo/ important ( ! po9ts to be /udi$4 ,! m]e increase 9 bulk1 9 l5g? ( head & leg & weight ( bone may appeal to ! m]e fanci] or faddi/1 b by pay+ undue att5tion to ^! fancy po9ts ! actual object ( ! bre$+ & fatt5+ ( pigs is lo/ sight (1 & ! consum] :o is aft] all ! "o ^: wants mu/ fir/ receive /udy1 is e/rang$ & ! comm]cial m>ket is lo/4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd full p>ticul>s toge!r ) ! scales ( po9ts1 z issu$ by ! v>i\s societies1 ( ! *ief bre$s & v>ieties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/&>d ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,col\r4--,:ite1 free f black hairs1 & z free z possible f blue spots on ! sk94 ,,head4--,mod]ately long1 face slightly di%$1 sn\t broad1 n too mu* turn$ up1 j[l n too heavy1 wide betwe5 ! e>s4 ,,e>s4--,long1 ?91 slightly incl9$ =w>d1 & fr+$ ) f9e hair4 ,,neck4--,long1 & proportionately full to %\ld]s4 ,,*e/4--,wide & deep4 ,,%\ld]s4--,level across ! top1 n too wide1 free f co>s5ess4 ,,legs4--,/raight & well set1 level ) ! outside ( ! body ) flat bone4 ,,pa/]ns4--,%ort & spr+y4 ,,feet4--,/rong1 ev51 & wide4 ,,back4--,long1 level1 & wide f neck to rump4 ,,lo94--,broad4 ,,tail4--,set high1 /\t & long1 b n co>se1 ) tassel ( f9e hair4 ,,sides4--,deep4 ,,ribs4--,well sprung4 ,,belly4--,full1 b n flabby1 ) /raight "u l9e4 ,,flank4--,?ick1 & well let d[n4 ,,qu>t]s4--,long & wide4 ,,hams4--,broad1 full1 & deep to hocks4 ,,coat4--,long & mod]ately f9e4 ,,action4--,firm & free4 ,,sk94--,n too ?ick1 q free f wr9kles4 ,l>ge br$ pigs d n fully develop _! po9ts until "s mon?s old1 ! pig at five mon?s (t5 prov+ at a ye> or #ae mon?s a mu* bett] animal ?an c\ld be anticipat$ at ! e>li] age & vice v]sa2 b size & quality are mo/ important4 ,,objections4--,black hairs1 black spots1 a curly coat1 a co>se mane1 %ort sn\t1 inb5t knees1 holl[ness at back ( %\ld]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,middle ,,:ite ,,col\r4--,:ite1 free f black hairs or blue spots on ! sk94 ,,head4--,mod]ately %ort1 face di%$1 sn\t broad & turn$ up1 j[l full1 wide betwe5 e>s4 ,,e>s4--,fairly l>ge1 c>ri$ erect & fr+$ ) f9e hair4 ,,neck4--,m$ium l5g?1 proportionately full to ! %\ld]s4 ,,*e/4--,wide & deep4 ,,%\ld]s4--,level across ! top1 mod]ately wide1 free f co>s5ess4 ,,legs4--,/raight & well set1 level ) ! outside ( body ) f9e bone4 ,,pa/]ns4--,%ort & spr+y4 ,,feet4--,/rong1 ev51 & wide4 ,,back4--,long1 level1 & wide f neck to rump4 ,,lo94--,broad4 ,,tail4--,set high1 mod]ately long1 b n co>se1 ) tassel ( f9e hair4 ,,sides4--,deep4 ,,ribs4--,well sprung4 ,,belly4--,full1 b n flabby1 ) /raight "u l9e4 ,,flank4--,?ick & well let d[n4 ,,qu>t]s4--,long & wide4 ,,hams4--,broad1 full1 & deep to hocks4 ,,coat4--,long1 f9e1 & silky4 ,,action4--,firm & free4 ,,sk94--,f9e1 & q free f wr9kles4 ,,objections4--,black hairs1 black or blue spots1 a co>se mane1 inb5t knees1 holl[ness at back ( %\ld]s1 wr9kl$ sk94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tamwor? ,,col\r4--,gold5 r$ hair on a fle% col\r$ sk91 free f black4 ,,head4--,fairly long1 sn\t mod]ately long & q /raight1 face slightly di%$1 wide betwe5 e>s4 ,,e>s4--,r l>ge1 ) f9e fr+e1 c>ri$ rigid & incl9$ slightly =w>d4 ,,neck4--,fairly long & muscul>1 especially 9 bo>4 ,,*e/4--,wide & deep4 ,,%\ld]s4--,f9e1 slant+1 & well set4 ,,legs4--,/rong & %apely1 ) pl5ty ( bone & set well outside body4 ,,pa/]ns4--,/rong & slop+4 ,,feet4--,/rong1 & ( fair size4 ,,back4--,long & /raight4 ,,lo94--,/rong & broad4 ,,tail4--,set on high & well tassell$4 ,,sides4--,long & deep4 ,,ribs4--,well sprung & ext5d+ well up to flank4 ,,belly4--,deep1 ) /raight "u l9e4 ,,flank4--,full & well let d[n4 ,,qu>t]s4--,long1 wide1 & /raight f hip to tail4 ,,hams4--,broad1 & full1 well let d[n to hocks4 ,,coat4--,abundant1 long1 /raight1 & f9e4 ,,action4--,firm & free4 ,,objections4--,black hair1 v light or g+] hair1 curly coat1 co>se mane1 black spots on sk91 sl\* or droop+ e>s1 %ort or turn$ up sn\t1 heavy %\ld]s1 wr9kl$ sk91 inb5t knees1 holl[ness at back ( %\ld]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b]k%ire ,,pigs ,,col\r4--,black1 ) :ite on face1 feet & tip ( tail4 ,,sk94--,f9e1 & free f wr9kles4 ,,hair4--,long1 f9e1 & pl5tiful4 ,,head4--,mod]ately %ort1 face di%$1 sn\t broad2 & wide betwe5 ! eyes & e>s4 ,,e>s4--,fairly l>ge1 c>ri$ erect or slightly incl9$ =w>d1 & fr+$ ) f9e hair4 ,,neck4--,m$ium l5g?1 ev5ly set on %\ld]s2 j[l full & n heavy4 ,,%\ld]s4--,f9e & well slop$ backw>ds2 free f co>s5ess4 ,,back4--,long & /raight1 ribs well sprung1 sides deep4 ,,hams4--,wide & deep to hocks4 ,,tail4--,set high1 & fairly l>ge4 ,,flank4--,deep & well let d[n1 & mak+ /raight "u l9e4 ,,legs ,,& ,,feet4--,%ort1 /raight1 & /rong1 set wide ap>t1 & ho(s ne>ly erect4 ,,imp]fections4--,a p]fectly black face1 foot1 or tail4 ,a :ite e>4 ,a crook$ jaw4 ,:ite or s&y spots1 or :ite sk9 on ! body4 ,a rose back4 ,a v co>se mane1 & inb5t knees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l>ge ,,black ,,pig ,,scale ,,( ,,po9ts ,,head4--,m$ium l5g? & wide betwe5 ! e>s #e ,,e>s4--,?91 incl9$ well ov] ! face1 & n ext5d+ beyond po9t ( nose #d ,,j[l4--,m$ium size #c ,,neck4--,fairly long & muscul> #c ,,*e/4--,wide & deep #c ,,%\ld]s4--,well develop$1 9 l9e ) ! ribs #h ,,back4--,long & level #ae ,,ribs4--,well sprung #e ,,sides4--,v deep #h ,,lo94--,broad #e ,,belly ,,& ,,flank4--,?ick & well develop$ #g ,,qu>t]s4--,long1 wide1 & n droop+ #h ,,hams4--,l>ge & well fill$ to hocks #aj ,,tail4--,set high1 ( mod]ate size #c ,,legs4--,%ort1 /raight1 flat1 & /rong #e ,,sk9 ,,& ,,coat4--,f9e & s(t1 ) mod]ate quantity ( /raight1 silky hair #h --- #ajj ,,objections4--,head--n>r[ =ehead or di%$ nose4 ,e>s--?ick1 co>se1 or prick$4 ,coat--curly or co>se1 ) rose1 bri/ly mane4 ,sk9--wr9kl$4 ,,disqualification4--,col\r--any o!r ?an black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,ul/] ,,scale ,,( ,,po9ts ,,head4--,mod]ately long1 wide betwe5 ! e>s #e ,,e>s4--,long1 ?91 & incl9$ well ov] ! face #f ,,j[l4--,light #e ,,neck4--,fairly long & muscul> #b ,,*e/4--,wide & deep #c ,,%\ld]s4--,n co>se1 oblique1 n>r[ plate #h ,,legs4--,%ort1 /raight1 & well set1 level ) ! outside ( ! body1 ) flat bone1 n co>se #e ,,pa/]ns4--,/raight #e ,,back4--,long & level 7ris+ a little to c5tre ( back n object$ to7 #ab ,,sides4--,v deep #aj ,,ribs4--,well sprung #e ,,lo94--,broad #c ,,qu>t]s4--,long1 wide1 & n droop+ #h ,,hams4--,l>ge & well fill$ to hocks #ab ,,belly ,,& ,,flank4--,?ick & well fill$ #e ,,tail4--,well set & n co>se #a ,,sk94--,f9e & s(t #aj ,,coat4--,small quantity ( f9e silky hair #aj --- ,total #ajj ,,objections4--,head--n>r[ =ehead4 ,e>s--?ick1 co>se1 or prick$4 ,coat--co>se or curly2 bri/ly mane4 ,,disqualification4--,col\r--any o!r ?an :ite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l9coln%ire ,,curly-,,coat$ ,,pig ,,scale ,,( ,,po9ts ,,col\r4--,:ite ,,face ,,& ,,neck4--,m$ium l5g? & wide betwe5 ! eyes & e>s #e ,,e>s4--,m$ium l5g?1 & n too mu* ov] face #aj ,,j[l4--,heavy #c ,,*e/4--,wide & deep #c ,,%\ld]s4--,wide #ae ,,back4--,long & level #aj ,,sides4--,v deep1 & ribs well sprung #aj ,,lo94--,broad #e ,,qu>t]s4--,long1 wide1 & n droop+ #e ,,hams4--,l>ge & well fill$ to hocks #ae ,,tail4--,set high & ?ick #c ,,legs4--,%ort & /raight #e ,,belly ,,& ,,flank4--,?ick & well fill$ #c ,,coat4--,fair quantity ( curly or wavy hair #h --- #ajj ,,objections4--,head--n>r[ =ehead4 ,e>s--,?94 ,,disqualifications4--,e>s--prick$4 ,nose--di%$ or long4 ,coat--co>se1 /raight1 or bri/ly4 ,col\r ( hair--any o!r ?an :ite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gl\ce/]%ire ,,old ,,spots ,,head4--,m$ium l5g? & wide betwe5 ! e>s1 nose wide & m$ium l5g?1 slightly di%$4 ,,e>s4--,r long & droop+4 ,,j[l4--,m$ium size4 ,,neck4--,fairly long & muscul>4 ,,*e/4--,wide & deep4 ,,%\ld]s4--,well develop$ b n project+ & 9 l9e ) ribs1 mu/ n %[ any co>s5ess4 ,,back4--,long & level4 ,,ribs4--,deep1 well sprung4 ,,lo94--,v broad4 ,,sides4--,v deep & pres5t+ /raight bottom l9e4 ,,belly ,,& ,,flank4--,full & ?ick4 ,,qu>t]s4--,long1 wide1 & n droop+4 ,,tail4--,set high1 ( mod]ate size1 yet fairly /rong & long & c>ry+ bru%4 ,,hams4--,l>ge1 n too flat1 & well fill$ to ! hocks4 ,,legs4--,%ort1 /raight & /rong4 ,,sk9 ,,& ,,coat4--,sk9 light or d>k1 mu/ n %[ col\r$ splot*es o!rwise ?an b5ea? ! spots ( ! coat4 ,! latt] %\ld be full & fairly ?ick1 hair long & silky b n curly1 ) an abs5ce ( mane bri/les4 ,col\r3 :ite spots on black gr\nd1 or black spots on :ite gr\nd4 ,su* spots to be ( m$ium size4 ,,teats4--,m9imum numb] ( teats to be consid]$4 ,,objections4--,head--n>r[1 face & nose bo? di%$4 ,e>s--?ick1 floppy1 co>se1 or elevat$4 ,coat--,co>se or curly ) rose2 bri/ly mane1 or decid$ly s&y col\r2 skewbald or saddleback m>k+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cumb]l& ,,pig ,,head4--,fairly %ort1 wide sn\t1 di%$ face1 wide betwe5 e>s4 ,,e>s4--,fall+ =w>d ov] face1 long & ?94 ,,j[l4--,heavy4 ,,neck4--,fairly long & muscul>4 ,,*e/4--,deep & wide4 ,,%\ld]s4--,deep & slop+ into ! back1 blades n prom95t1 b 9 l9e ) ribs1 n too wide on top4 ,,back4--,long & level or ) a slight ar* f head to tail4 ,,ribs4--,deep & well sprung4 ,,lo9s4--,broad & /rong4 ,,sides4--,deep4 ,,belly ,,& ,,flank4--,full & ?ick4 ,,qu>t]s4--,long & level or ) only v slight droop4 ,,tail4--,set high1 n co>se4 ,,hams4--,v l>ge & well fill$ to hocks4 ,,legs4--,%ort1 /raight1 & /rong4 ,,col\r4--,:ite4 ,,sk9 ,,& ,,coat4--,smoo?2 hair /raight1 f9e1 & silky & n too mu* ( x4 ,,size4--,l>ge )\t co>s5ess4 ,,disqualifications4--,black spots1 black hair1 prick e>s4 ,,objections4--,blue spots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,pa9t+ by ,wippell4 ,a ,,b]k%ire ,,s[4 ,to face page #cb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,,l>ge ,,black ,,s[1 ,,sudb\rne ,,sadie4 ,own]1 ,k4 ,m4 ,cl>k4 #a/ ,prize & ,*ampion1 ,r4 ,a4 ,%[1 ,norwi*4 ,to face page #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,cross-,,br$ ,,pigs ,?is t]m has a v>y+ mean+ to diff]5t p]sons4 ,!re are ^? :o t]m a pig a cross-br$ unless x be br$ f p>5ts ( record$ p$igree1 or ^? :i* possess p$igrees capable ( regi/ration4 ,o!rs claim t a cross-br$ is any pig :i* is br$ indiscrim9ately f bo> & s[ ( no p>ticul> type or bre$+--9 fact common pigs ( ! c\ntry2 :il/ /ill o!rs decl>e t ! title ( cross-br$ c be legitimately appli$ only to a pig ^: p>5ts 7 ( two diff]5t pure bre$s 9 contradi/9ction to a pig sir$ by a pure br$ bo>1 & f a common s[1 or ! div]se way4 ,x is n = u to det]m9e ! knotty po9t1 b we may v5ture ! op9ion t ! two fir/ def9itions ( a cross-br$ are n conv9c+ to u1 s9ce 9 ord] to produce a cross-br$ x is necess>y to h a sire1 or a dam1 or bo? ( def9$ bre$s4 ,probably ! mo/ correct def9ition ( a cross-br$ animal is "o br$ f ! mat+ ( sire & dam ( two di/9ct bre$s1 b ! t]m is n[ loosely appli$ to an animal begott5 by a sire or f a dam ( p$igree bre$+1 ! o!r p>5t be+ ( no p>ticul> bre$4 ,?is sy/em ( bre$+ has become some:at common ow+ to ! comp>atively small outlay requir$ 9 ! pur*ase ( a bo> z comp>$ ) ! pur*ase ( bo? bo> & s[s1 & also to ! belief :i* is g5]al t a great] improvem5t 9 ! produce is noticeable :5 ! bo> is pure br$ & ! s[s ( ord9>y or no p>ticul> bre$1 ?an if ! s[s are pure br$ & ! bo> a common br$ "o4 ,9 addition to ?is !re is ! important po9t t ! pure br$ bo> %\ld be able to beget at lea/ fifty litt]s 9 a ye> :]eas ! pure br$ s[ w n produce m ?an two litt]s annually1 s t ! advantage obta9able f ! outlay on "o pure br$ bo> is tw5ty-five times z great z is possible f ! pur*ase ( a pure br$ s[4 ,!re is also ano!r advantage to ! own] ( a bo> :o has only a limit$ numb] ( s[s1 he c all[ 8 neighb\rs to make use ( 8 bo> on paym5t ( a lib]al s]vice fee1 :i* comb9$ w p>tially pay = ! prime co/ ( ! bo>4 ,a consid]able numb] ( pig bre$]s are influ5c$ 9 ! pur*ase ( a pure br$ bo> r ?an ( a s[ by ! belief t pure br$ s[s are nei!r s prolific nor su* good mo!rs z are common br$ s[s4 ,?is belief 0 ev5 m common 9 ye>s gone by ?an x is at ! pres5t "t1 & x mu/ be c&idly confess$ t !re exi/$ sub/antial gr\nds = x4 ,"s fifty ye>s s9ce x became fa%ionable1 p>ticul>ly among/ ^? :o _h sudd5ly become ri* by trade or 9 o!r ways1 to exhibit live-/ock at ! agricultural %[s4 ,!y may h be5 animat$ by ! laudable desire ( endeav\r+ to assi/ f>m]s & /ock bre$]s g5]ally1 or a desire to ga9 a place 9 ! sun may h _h "s slight influ5ce4 ,z ! majority ( ^! exhibitors ( /ock _h no special k ( /ock1 !y 7 compell$ to place !mselves entirely 9 ! h&s ( _! manag]s & /ockman1 :o g5]ally receiv$ by arrangem5t a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! prize money won by ! /ock4 ,x 0 !n only natural t !y gave f> m att5tion to ! %[ po9ts ( ! animals 9 _! *>ge ?an to ! bre$+ qualities4 ,! supply ( p$igree animals 0 also v limit$ at ab\t ! p]iod m5tion$ s t x 0 mu* m difficult to avoid too close bre$+1 nor 0 !re ! same c>e tak5 9 ! private record ( ! p$igrees ( ! animals br$4 ,^! v>i\s causes comb9$ l$ to a loss ( vitality among/ ! s-call$ p$igree /ock1 & ?is weak5+ ( ! con/itution %[$ itself 9 a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! (fspr+ & 9 ! p[] ( ! dam to furni% its "y ) a full supply ( well-balanc$ milk4 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! pa/ c5tury a consid]able proportion ( ! p$igree s[s 7 n s prolific z !y ought to h be51 nor did !y produce & re> ?or\ghly well s _m pigs at ea* litt] z ! common s[ ( ! c\ntry 0 capable ( do+4 ,a m g5]al /udy ( /ock bre$+ has t5d$ to compel att5tion to ! practical ap>t f ! %[ po9ts ( p$igree pigs1 b probably ! /ronge/ influ5ce has be5 ! =mation ( ! v>i\s bre$ societies1 & ! regi/ration ( ! produce includ+ ! numb]1 sex1 & sire ( ! pigs4 ,^! entries mo/ cle>ly %[$ ^? bre$]s ( pigs :o _h paid mo/ att5tion to ! utility po9ts ( _! pigs1 especially ^? p>ticul> po9ts 9 :i* p$igree pigs 7 g5]ally believ$ to be defici5t4 ,! succe$+ records ( s[s ( ! same families af=d$ ! be/ possible confirmation ( ! belief :i* 0 becom+ g5]al t prolificacy l _m o!r qualities 0 mo/ c]ta9ly h]$it>y4 ,?is record$ pro( t pure br$ animals & especially pigs 7 n necess>ily sl[ bre$]s1 help$ va/ly to increase ! dem& = p$igree animals = cross+ purposes 9 ! bre$+ ( comm]cial /ock4 ,! enorm\s b5efit :i* has result$ f ! use ( p$igree sires is mo/ cle>ly prov$ 9 ! ,iri% live /ock4 ,! s-call$ premium bulls & bo>s are p$igree animals pur*as$ by or ) ! sanction ( ! ,live ,/ock ,commission]s & plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! g5]al public at a some:at r$uc$ fee1 ! ,gov]nm5t pay+ to ! own] an annual premium ( "s ,l#ae = ea* bull1 & a c]ta9 sum = ea* bo>4 ,x is alleg$ t ! orig9al improvem5t 9 ! ord9>y pig /ock ( ^? p>ts ( ,irel& :]e pig-keep+ on a consid]able scale is foll[$1 0 due to ! pur*ase 9 ,engl& ( numb]s ( ,l>ge ,:ite bo>s1 z aft] exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 ,d5m>k1 ^! bo>s 7 f\nd to effect ! greate/ improvem5t 9 ! common c\ntry pigs & to r5d] !m f> m suitable = conv]sion into ! k9d ( bacon :i* 0 9 mo/ g5]al dem&1 & ( c\rse realis$ ! highe/ price4 ,= ! beg9n+ ( ! va/ improvem5t 9 ! ,iri% pig :i* has foll[$ ! importation ( ^! ,l>ge ,:ite bo>s1 ! ,iri% bacon cur]s mu/ receive ! cr$it1 z !y jo9$ toge!r 9 ! pur*ase ( ^! bo>s :i* 7 di/ribut$ 9 ^? di/ricts f :i* ! v>i\s factories drew _! supplies ( fat pigs4 ,a simil> plan 0 adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,h>ris ( ,calne :o pur*as$ "s hundr$s ( bo>s ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite bre$1 & at fir/ l5t !m on c]ta9 conditions to pig bre$]s1 b lat] on resold ! "y bo>s by auction = :atev] !y w\ld fet*1 _! object be+ to secure ! use ( ^! bo>s 9 ord] to r5d] ! f>m pigs m suitable = ! purposes ( _! trade z bacon cur]s4 ,!re may or may n be any gr\nds = ! belief t ! sire has a great] influ5ce 9 ! ext]nal =m ( ! jo9t produce ?an does ! dam1 b ?is belief has also _h its influ5ce 9 det]m9+ bre$]s ( cross br$s to use ! pure br$ sire on ! ord9>y /ock ( ! c\ntry1 r ?an ! rev]se way4 ,!re is no d\bt t ap>t f ! improvem5t 9 ! g5]al quality ( ! produce ( ! pure br$ sire !re results a g5]al uni=mity ( ! "y /ock1 :i* is a great recomm5dation :5 !y are plac$ on ! m>ket ei!r z /ores1 or :5 fatt5$ = ! but*] or bacon cur]4 ,?is uni=mity ( type & "* 9 ! "y /ock w\ld be m noticeable /ill if ! buy]s ( ! pure br$ sires 7 to cont9ue _! pur*ases f ! same h]ds1 provid+ t ! own]s ( !m 7 suffici5tly c>eful 9 avoid+ ince/u\s bre$+4 ,s _m p appe> to be cont5t ) ! k t ! sire :i* !y are pur*as+ has a record$ p$igree & is a pure br$ sire eligible = entry 9 ! h]d book ( its bre$1 b !y =get t x is possible 9 ! cross+ ( two p$igree animals ( a simil> bre$ to obta9 z great a mixture ( blood & po9ts z 9 ! mat+ ( two cross-br$s or two come-by-*ances4 ,uni=mity 9 a h]d1 /ud1 or flock c only be r5d]$ comp>atively c]ta9 by ! cont9u$ use ( sires ( simil> bre$+4 ,9 mak+ a comp\nd1 its "* is det]m9$ by ! proportion ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,s x is 9 ! bre$+ ( /ock1 ^? po9ts :i* are mo/ pr$om9ant 9 proportion 9 ! blood ( ! sire & dam w1 on ! av]age1 be repres5t$ 9 an equal degree 9 ! jo9t produce4 ,?is x is :i* r5d]s s impressive a sire :i* is desc5d$ f closely br$ p>5ts4 ,ea* ( its =be>s has h&$ d[n a proportion ( its own p>ticul> *>act]i/ics s t ! l>g] ! numb] ( animals among/ its =be>s :i* possess$ ^! p>ticul> po9ts ! great] ! c]ta9ty ( _! be+ possess$ by ! produce4 ,! mean+ ( ?is may be made m cle> by po9t+ out t ! result ( ! mix+ toge!r ( v>i\s mixtures w dep5d entirely on ! proportion ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 ! manufacture or comp\nd+ ( ^? mixtures4 ,9 ea* animal is embodi$ ! *>act]i/ics ( its =be>s4 ,!re exi/s g5]ally an op9ion t ! produce ( two p>5ts ( di/9ct bre$s1 or z x is t]m$ a fir/ cross is commonly sup]ior to a pure br$ ( ei!r ( ! two bre$s repres5t$ by ! p>5ts4 ,x is difficult to discov] ! cause ( ?is1 if x be a fact4 ,if "o ( ! p>5ts 7 defici5t 9 /am9a ! produce might conceivably be m robu/1 & x might also occasionally happ5 t ! mixture ( ! qualities or prop]ties possess$ by ! p>5ts w\ld result 9 improvem5t1 z happ5s :5 a di/9ct new bre$ is orig9at$2 b z a rule ! good & ! bad qualities ( ! produce f ! mat+ ( two animals ( div]se bre$s are 9 direct proportion to ! qualities possess$ by ! p>5ts4 ,! m]e mix+ ( ! blood ( two animals diff]5tly br$ _c increase ! good or bad prop]ties1 b ! comb9ation might possibly result 9 a bl5d m suitable = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,ano!r claim commonly made = ! cross+ ( animals is t ! risk ( t delicacy ( con/itution :i* !y ass]t is f> too common among/ pure br$ animals1 & is due to close bre$+1 is h]eby avoid$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 times pa/ !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( cause = ?is compla9t ( want ( con/itution among/ p$igree animals1 b ! cause has be5 consid]ably if n entirely remov$ by ! m c>eful record+ ( ! bre$+1 & by ! m dra/ic scre5+ out ( any animals suspect$ ( delicacy ( con/itution4 ,! buy]s ( pure br$ animals = cross+ purposes h also become m c>eful 9 _! selection4 ,!y h ceas$ to imag9e t because ! own] ( c]ta9 animals mo/ ( :i* he has pur*as$ is successful 9 w9n+ prizes at ! *ief agricultural %[s1 ! :ole ( ! animals 9 8 /ud1 h]d1 or flock mu/ be ( equal excell5ce or at all ev5ts suffici5tly good = ! production ( pr(itable comm]cial /ock4 ,action on ?is mi/ak5 belief has l$ to mu* disappo9tm5t 9 ! pa/1 s9ce ! home br$ animals may h be5 ( totally diff]5t blood f ^? :i* h won prizes1 & fur!r !y may n be inbr$ = a suffici5tly long "t on di/9ct l9es to r5d] !m prepot5t en\gh to impress _! good qualities on _! produce4 ,among/ ! objections made to cross-bre$+ is ! heavy co/ ( replac+ ! bre$+ /ock1 z to obta9 a fir/ cross1 a succession ( sires & dams mu/ be pur*as$4 ,_m p]sons meet ?is difficulty by m]ely buy+ sires ( a bre$ simil> to ! fir/ us$1 b !n ! produce ceases to be cross-br$s & become grades until su* "t z by ! use ( a c]ta9 numb] ( sires ( a simil> bre$ ! produce become eligible = entry 9 ! h]d book ( ! sires :i* h be5 cont9u\sly us$4 ,?is sy/em ( bre$+ insures a great] uni=mity 9 ! produce provid+ t ! sires select$ are ( simil> bre$+1 type1 & "*1 ?an ev5 by ! sy/em ( cross+ sire & dam ( two pure bre$s4 ,! risk att5d+ too close bre$+ z 9 ! bre$+ ( pure br$s is also avoid$ provid$ t ! h]d f :i* ! sires are b\ght is suffici5tly l>ge to furni% a *ange ( blood1 yet ( simil> bre$+4 ,no "o possess+ a k ( ! ord9>y f>m /ock ( ! c\ntry w = "o mom5t d5y t !re is /ill va/ room = improvem5t 9 our live /ock1 & p>ticul>ly 9 our pigs1 & x is equally ! fact t our ,gov]nm5t has n %[n a read9ess equal to t ( "s =eign ,gov]nm5ts1 & ev5 ( ! au?orities 9 "s ( our colonies to assi/ f>m]s 9 obta9+ ! use ( improv$ sires4 ,take ,canada z an in/ance4 ,= ye>s ! ,dom9ion ,live ,/ock ,bran* has be5 pur*as+ & deliv]+ free into di/ricts ne$+ !m1 male animals = ! use ( f>m]s & /ock own]s free1 save /allions1 = :i* a cov]+ fee has to be paid suffici5t to cov] ! insurance ( ! /allion4 ,! o!r important condition :i* relates to all ! sires provid$ by ! au?orities is t ! co/ ( ma9t5ance %all be paid by ! ,local ,association :i* has ! managem5t ( ! sire & ! arrangem5t ( its s]vices4 ,ano!r noticeable po9t is t all ! sires allocat$ to ! v>i\s di/ricts are ,canadian br$1 & s f> z is possible are pur*as$ 9 ! prov9ce 9 :i* !y are to be locat$4 ,! object is und\bt$ly to enc\rage 9 ,canada ! bre$+ ( pure br$ animals & may ?us f> be consid]$ satisfactory1 b x is act+ on an assumption :i* may n be ju/ifi$ t !re exi/s 9 ! ,dom9ion a suffici5cy ( /ock equal 9 quality & bre$+ to ^? :i* x may be possible to import4 ,)9 ! pa/ ?ree or f\r ye>s our ,bo>d ( ,agriculture h tak5 "s /eps to assi/ our f>m]s to improve _! /ock4 ,! assi/ance has tak5 ! =m ( (f]+ premiums ( fix$ am\nts to private p]sons or associations :o hir$ or pur*as$ approv$ /allions1 bulls1 & bo>s :i* 7 plac$ at fix$ fees at ! s]vice ( ! /ock ( ! public4 ,already great b5efit has be5 d]iv$ f ! use ( ! /allions & bulls1 & ?is to a f> great] ext5t ?an 9 ! pigs1 z ow+ to an un=tunate condition :i* 0 attempt$ to be en=c$ z to ! =mation ( pig clubs & impracticable conditions ! numb] ( bo>s locat$ 9 ! c\ntry has be5 mu* small] ?an w\ld h be5 _h ! conditions at pres5t 9 =ce be5 adopt$ at ! initiation ( ! s*eme4 ,! bo> conditions are n[ ( a simil> "* to ^? 9 =ce f ! fir/ ) reg>d to /allions & bulls4 ,9 addition to ! supply ( male animals at comp>atively l[ fees an attempt has be5 made to assi/ 9 ! record+ ( ! milk yield ( c[s1 a matt] ( ! highe/ importance4 ,if only ?is c\ld be ext5d$ to s[s !re w\ld soon cease to be cause = ! f> too common compla9t ( ! own]s ( s[s ( c]ta9 bre$s ( p$igree pigs1 z to ! limit$ quantity ( milk :i* is provid$ by ! s[s = _! litt]s ( pigs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,francis ,davis1 ,ne$+wor?4 ,,?ree ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bre$+ ,,s[s4 ,! ,prop]ty ( ! ,au?or4 ,also portion ( #ag ,/ies at ,holywell ,manor1 ne> ,/4 ,ives4 ,to face page #dh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,a ,,middle ,,:ite ,,bo>4 ,f ! ,au?or's ,pig ,f>m4 ,to face page #di4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,d5tition ,,& ,,age ,,( ,,pigs ,al?\gh ! majority ( pig sell]s may claim to be1 & may be able to sub/antiate ! claim to be1 equally z hone/ z ! majority ( o!rs 9 trade1 yet !re may be a small m9ority :o are apt to attempt to palm (f pigs z be+ old] ?an !y really are4 ,x is mo/ annoy+ :5 y are anxi\s to pur*ase pigs ( say six or sev5 mon?s old :i* are q ready to be quickly fatt5$1 to h pigs ( f\r or five mon?s old :i* cont9ue to make gr[? in/ead ( fle%1 s t !y are n ready = kill+ until two or ?ree mon?s aft] !y are requir$ = conv]sion into bacon4 ,al?\gh ! object ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,smi?field ,club is to prev5t fraud ( a diff]5t "*1 i4e4 ! exhibition 9 classes limit$ to c]ta9 ages ( pigs ( an age great] ?an t giv5 on ! entry =m1 yet ! foll[+ table %[+ ! normal /ate ( ! d5tition ( pigs at c]ta9 fix$ ages w enable pur*as]s to discov] :e!r or n ! sell] has attempt$ to deceive him4 ,x may at once be admitt$ t !re w be a limit$ numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! /ate ( d5tition ( pigs is abnormal1 b aft] exam9+ ! tee? ( "s ?\s&s ( pigs dur+ ! pa/ sixty ye>s1 we h no hesitation 9 ass]t+ t m ?an half1 at lea/1 ( ! v>iations f ! normal are allay$ d5tition4 ,x is claim$ t a man ( exp]i5ce is q able to arrive at ! approximate age ( a pig by its developm5t & appe>ance2 "s few p]sons may h t in/9ctive k m or less fully develop$1 b ?is exam9ation ( ! /ate ( d5tition is ( ! greate/ possible assi/ance 9 arriv+ at ! actual age ( ! pig1 p>ticul>ly desirable z x is 9 case ( a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 buy] & sell]4 ,! foll[+ are ! conditions ( ! /ate ( d5tition to :i* all pigs h to con=m ere !y are all[$ to compete = ! prizes (f]$ by ! ,smi?field ,club at _! annual %[s3-- ,pigs hav+ _! corn] p]man5t incisors cut w be consid]$ z exce$+ six mon?s4 ,pigs hav+ _! p]man5t tusks m ?an half up w be consid]$ z exce$+ n9e mon?s4 ,pigs hav+ _! c5tral p]man5t incisors up1 & any ( ! fir/ ?ree p]man5t mol>s cut1 w be consid]$ z exce$+ twelve mon?s4 ,pigs hav+ _! lat]al tempor>y incisors %$1 & ! p]man5ts appe>+ w be consid]$ z exce$+ fifte5 mon?s4 ,pigs hav+ _! lat]al p]man5t incisors fully up w be consid]$ z exce$+ eighte5 mon?s4 ,z ! majority ( ! pigs b\ght ( deal]s by amateurs are "y pigs x may be advisable to /ate t a pig ( ! age ( eight weeks old %\ld h its two c5tral incisors fully gr[n4 ,a pig ?ree mon?s old %\ld h all f\r tempor>y incisors cut1 ! two outside ones be+ m ?an half z long z ! two c5tral incisors4 ,z ! fir/ set ( ! tee? ( a pig l t ( a *ild are m]ely tempor>y1 & z ^! give place at fairly def9ite ages ( ! own] to p]man5t ones1 x may be well to endeav\r to describe z cle>ly z possible ! position & appe>ance ( ! tempor>ies z comp>$ ) ! p]man5ts4 ,! pig is "o ( ! few animals :i* is possess$ ( tee? at its bir?2 ^! numb] eight1 two on ea* side ( ! upp] & l[] jaw4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! e>ly tee? are provid$ to assi/ ! pigl+ to grasp firmly ! s['s teat :5 9 ! act ( suck+4 ,^! eight tee? v>y some:at 9 l5g?2 ^? pigs :i* are c>ri$ by ! s[ beyond ! usual p]iod ( sixte5 weeks frequ5tly h long] & ev5 %>p] tee? ?an ^? ( pigs :i* are born at ! usual "t4 ,^! long] tee? are also sometimes ( a d>k col\r4 ,?is is d\btless ! orig9 ( ! rem>k commonly made by old-fa%ion$ pigm5 t pigs born ) black tee? nev] d well4 ,?is might h be5 s prior to ! discov]y t ! break+ (f ! %>p tee? ( ! newly born pigs frequ5tly sav$ tr\ble1 & (t5 ! life ( ! little pigs4 ,pigs ^: tee? are discol\r$ at bir? are usually m robu/ r ?an ! rev]se1 s9ce ! s[ c>ry+ !m beyond ! allott$ "t is inv>iably 9 a vigor\s /ate ( heal?1 & h] pigs consequ5tly m fully develop$4 ,:5 ! pig is ab\t a mon? old1 ! two c5tral incisors are cut 9 ea* jaw1 ^! are two ( ! f\r front tee? 9 ea* jaw ( ! pig at a subsequ5t age4 ,two tempor>y mol>s are also cut on ea* side ( ! jaw above & bel[1 ) ! fir/ tempor>y mol> 9 ea* place ready to come ?r\gh ! gum4 ,at two mon?s ! tempor>y c5tral incisors are fully develop$1 & ! two lat]al tempor>y incisors c be se5 9 ! gums1 if !y are n already ?r\gh4 ,all ?ree tempor>y mol>s are n[ ab\t level4 ,:5 ! pig is ab\t ?ree mon?s old its tempor>y tee? are all 9 position1 ! tempor>y lat]al incisors are ?r\gh1 & ne>ly z long z ! tempor>y c5tral incisors4 ,ow+ to ! l5g!n+ ( ! jaws ! two tempor>y corn] tee? :i* 7 pres5t at bir? w h become fur!r ap>t4 ,:5 ! pig is ab\t five mon?s1 ! f\r? mol> 9 ei!r jaw %[s itself 9 ! gums1 !n at six mon?s ! wolf tee? %[ betwe5 ! tusks & ! premol>s1 & ! f\r? mol> is ne>ly level ) ! fir/ premol>4 ,! corn] incisors & ! tusks usually disappe>1 & are replac$ by p]man5ts :5 ! pig is n9e mon?s old4 ,! second p]man5t mol> also %[s itself4 ,at twelve mon?s ! two c5tral tempor>y incisors give place to ! p]man5ts2 ^! la/ are m squ>e 9 =m ?an ! tempor>ies1 & are ?us easily di/+ui%$4 ,! ?ree tempor>y mol>s w also be ready = displacem5t by ?ree p]man5ts4 ,^! la/ w be level ) ! o!r p]man5t mol>s :5 ! pig is fifte5 mon?s4 ,! two lat]al incisors w also h giv5 place to p]man5ts4 ,at eighte5 mon?s ! ?ird p]man5t mol>s w be com+ ?r\gh1 & at ! age ( tw5ty mon?s ! pig's tee? are fully develop$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,bo> ,! hackney$ say+ ,! sire is half ! h]d appe>s to h a diff]5t mean+ to v>y+ p]sons4 ,to "s x conveys ! idea t ! selection ( ! sire is ( f> m importance ?an ! selection ( ! dam because ! influ5ce ( ! sire is s mu* m p[]ful ?an t ( ! dam on at lea/ ! ext]nal =m & "* ( ! produce4 ,! late ,mr4 ,james ,h[>d1 :o took a p>ticul>ly ke5 int]e/ 9 ! bre$+ ( pigs1 us$ to decl>e t ! appe>ance & =m ( ! "y pigs f> m g5]ally foll[$ ^? ( ! sire ?an ( ! dam2 :il/ ! influ5ce ( ! latt] 0 m %[n 9 ! "* & con/itution ( _! jo9t produce2 or 9 o!r words1 t ! bo> /amp$ 8 "* to a great] ext5t on ! ext]nal po9ts ( ! "y1 :il/ ! s[ m /rongly influ5c$ ! int]nal p>ts ( ! y\ng/]s4 ,x is q possible t ?is idea has ga9$ gr\nd to a l>ge ext5t f ! fact t ! use ( a pure br$ sire on ord9>y or grade females has be5 v mu* m common ?an ! cross+ ( pure br$ females by ! ord9>y or non-p$igree sire2 z also f ! f> great] numb]s ( "y :i* ea* pure br$ sire w\ld improve1 ?an w\ld be improv$ by ea* pure br$ female :i* might be cross$4 ,if only = ?is reason alone1 we w\ld always recomm5d buy]s :o are desir\s ( grad+ up & improv+ _! f>m /ock to attempt to d ?is by ! pur*ase or use ( ! pure br$ or improv$ sire4 ,! orig9al outlay is inf9itely less1 :il/ ! imm$iate results are comp>atively long]4 ,x is sc>cely desirable to g fur!r into ! "q z to ! comp>ative influ5ce on ! "y ( ! sire & ! dam s9ce our actual k ( ! subject is by no means l>ge4 ,inde$1 x is at ! lea/ d\btful1 if by ! close/ obs]vation any def9ite op9ion on ! subject is possible1 s great is ! diff]5ce :i* v>y+ p>5ts h on ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( _! jo9t prog5y1 & ev5 9 ! sep>ate specim5s :i* !y h procreat$4 ,( c\rse1 x is q possible to bre$ animals especially well develop$ or end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities1 provid+ t ! p>5ts h be5 = g5]ations select$ because ( _! possession 9 a m>k$ degree ( ^? p>ticul> qualities s\ght4 ,x is 9 ?is p[] ( prepot5cy t "o ( ! *ief b5efits f ! use ( a pure br$ sire or dam arises4 ,by ! t]m pure br$ is n meant m]ely t ! names ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ! =be>s ( ! animal %all h be5 record$ 9 ! regi/] ( ! bre$1 b t ! animal %all = a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations h be5 br$ on simil> l9es s t x %all possess a consid]able am\nt ( conc5trat$ blood4 ,?is is a po9t to :i* suffici5t c>e is n g5]ally giv5 by pur*as]s ( s-call$ p$igree sires to be us$ on ! ord9>y br$ or grad$ /ock4 ,! f> too common practice is to pur*ase ea* bo> requir$ f a totally diff]5t h]d1 or f "o ( q dissimil> bre$+1 ) ! result t !re is n ! slighte/ uni=mity 9 ! appe>ance or "* ( ! h]d1 or ( ! mature animals :5 ready = m>ket4 ,x is f> too frequ5tly =gott5 t ! *ief value ( a record ( ! p$igree is t by x "o c trace ! bre$+ ( ! animal's prog5itors1 & ?us "o is enabl$ to =m "s op9ion ( ! probable produce--provid+ x is possible to le>n ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! prog5itors4 ,fail+ ?is1 ! only c\rse op5 is to note ! names ( ! bre$]s ( ! m rec5t p>5ts1 z f ?is a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation z to ! probable qualities ( ! p>5ts may be obta9$ or surmis$4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* at lea/ a div]sity ( op9ion exi/s1 is ! wisdom ( giv+ s mu* consid]ation to ! fact t ! h]d f :i* ! sire is pur*as$ %all h be5 rec5tly successful 9 ! %[ y>d1 or 9 extreme cases1 t ! sire itself %all h be5 a prize w9n]4 ,x is urg$ t ! m]e fact t a sire has succe$$ 9 w9n+ "o or m prizes is a pro( t x possesses 9 a m>k$ degree ^? qualities :i* are mo/ highly priz$4 ,?is may be conc$$1 yet !re is no c]ta9ty t ! mat+ ( ?is w9n+ sire ev5 ) dams t h also be5 prize w9n]s %all result 9 ! production ( "y ! equal ( ! p>5ts1 s9ce ! w9n]s at ! v>i\s %[s may be ( dissimil> types & bre$+4 ,b ! case w\ld be q diff]5t if ! w9n+ sire & dam came f ! same old e/abli%$ h]d 9 :i* ! animals _h be5 br$ = g5]ations on simil> l9es4 ,x is ?is conc5tration ( c]ta9 qualities 9 g5]ation aft] g5]ation :i* r5d]s ! p$igree animal s int5sely prepot5t1 p>ticul>ly :5 mat$ ) animals ( an ord9>y "* or n possess+ conc5trat$ bre$+4 ,inde$1 x may be safely assum$ t ! p[] ( a p>5t to impress its own individuality & qualities on its produce1 dep5ds to a v l>ge ext5t1 if n entirely1 on ! comp>ative h]$it>y ext5t ( ^? qualities 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r qualities possess$ by itself1 or by ! animal ) :i* x may h be5 mat$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is cont5d$ t ! sire or ! dam has n ! p[] to impress c]ta9 ( its *>act]i/ics on its "y1 m]ely because ( its sex1 b t ?is p[] dep5ds on ! proportion 9 ! sire or dam ( ! blood ( prog5itors :o possess$ 9 a m>k$ degree c]ta9 qualities4 ,x is ) ! bre$+ ( animals z ) ! manufacture ( a comp\nd article4 ,! "* & quality ( t comp\nd w v>y accord+ to ! proportion ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,x is to ?is law or fact t ! m>k$ impressiv5ess ( c]ta9 /ra9s ( blood is attributable4 ,aga91 ! m>k$ & long cont9u$ success ( ! blood ( ! animals br$ by a few ( our mo/ successful bre$]s ( live /ock is 9 ! ma9 due to ! fact t ! own]s set up a /&>d & p]si/5tly select$ & br$ toge!r only animals possess+ to a great] or less] ext5t ! p>ticul> qualities :i* toge!r compris$ t /&>d4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t 9 c>ry+ out _! sy/em !y 7 (t5 compell$ to mate animals relat$ 9 blood ! "o to ! o!r1 b 9 ?is !re is little risk provid+ t all ^? animals :i* %[ ! slighte/ symptom ( delicacy ( con/itution are p]si/5tly draught$ out4 ,x w be inf]r$ f ! above rem>ks t we hold to ! belief t ! bre$+ ( ! bo> %\ld receive att5tion z well z ! foll[+ po9ts 9 its =m & "*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! po9ts is good temp]4 ,?is is a quality n usually attribut$ to ! pig 9 its wild /ate1 & consequ5tly n natural to ! dome/icat$ pig1 yet on ! possession ( x dep5ds to a v great ext5t ! ?rift & well do+ ( ! produce ( ! bo>4 ,! produce ( an irritable bo> are almo/ c]ta9 to inh]it ?is quality :i* is fatal to pr(itable fatt+4 ,9 s[s ?is weakness is /ill m un=tunate1 z a bad temp]$ s[ is almo/ inv>iably an indiff]5t "m4 ,! rigid avoidance ( ?is fail+ ( bad temp] 9 a bo> is advisable n only because ?is quality is almo/ inv>iably h]$it>y1 b a savage bo> is a cont9ual s\rce ( dang] to man & bea/4 ,x may be said t little tr\ble is likely if ! bo> is kept 9 conf9em5t1 b !re are times1 su* z :5 s[s are plac$ ) him1 :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty mu/ be giv5 to him1 & x is g5]ally on su* occasions ( excitem5t :5 ! bad temp] is ! mo/ 9 evid5ce4 ,! m]e fact t irritability & n]v\sness are natural to ! pig %\ld make u ! m c>eful to avoid any increase 9 ! fail+ by us+ a bo> :i* is ! lea/ incl9$ to be bad temp]$4 ,_m p]sons hold t 9 ! selection ( a bo> "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts is size4 ,!y cont5d t size1 9 pigs especially1 is imp]ative if a pr(itable return is to be made4 ,?is view may h aris5 to a great] or less] ext5t f ! want ( me?od & obs]vation :i* is *>act]i/ic ( s _m /ock own]s4 ,! "o po9t :i* to !m is ( ! greate/ importance is ! sell+ price ( ! fat or /ore animal sold be+ fully up to ! av]age4 ,little or no ?\ght is giv5 to ! value ( ! food eat5 by ea* animal4 ,if x _h be51 v frequ5tly x w\ld h be5 f\nd t ! small] animal ( a lot _h actually giv5 ! be/ return = ! food x _h consum$4 ,x is n ! size alone ( ! animal :i* det]m9es its value z ! produc] ( meat1 b m ?an any?+ x is ! fe$+ qualities ( ! animal fatt5$4 ,9 addition to ?is !re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! consum] m /rongly dem&$ small jo9ts ( meat1 & ^! ( ! be/ quality & ) z little bone z possible4 ,ap>t f ?is a v l>ge bo> is a mi/ake z x is inv>iably awkw>d :5 s]v+--x c be us$ only = l>ge & /rong s[s1 & its av]age p]iod ( usefulness is decid$ly %ort] ?an t ( a m$ium siz$ & compact bo>4 ,a l>ge bo> g5]ally possesses an undue proportion ( bone1 its %\ld]s are heavy1 & its ankles r\nd1 & feet l>ge & spread+4 ,n[ ^! are all objections4 ,! bone ( a bo> %\ld be solid1 n por\s2 ! ankles compact & ! feet small1 & ! pa/]ns %ort4 ,! head %\ld be wide s t ! bra9 c be well develop$1 ! head incl9$ to be %ort r ?an long1 s9ce an animal ) an extremely long head is c]ta9 to be defici5t 9 natural fle%4 ,on ! "q ( ! size & hang ( ! e>s a v>iety ( op9ion exi/s2 pigs ) long e>s1 & pigs ) %ort e>s are f\nd possess+ good c>cases4 ,x is ! quality ( ! e> r ?an its size & hang :i* seems to indicate ! "* mo/4 ,a pig ) a ?9 & firm e> is usually ( f9e quality1 :]eas a pig :i* has a ?ick1 co>se e> is g5]ally co>se 9 bone1 sk91 fle%1 & hair4 ,! neck ( ! bo> %\ld be muscul> z indicat+ con/itution & natural vig\r2 ! %\ld]s f9e & obliquely laid1 ! ribs well sprung1 ! lo9 wide1 ! qu>t]s long & squ>e1 n droop+1 ! hams full & ext5d+ q d[n to ! hocks1 & )\t any ( t loose sk9 :i* is f> too common among/ ! l>ge/ ( our bre$s ( pigs1 & :i* is a sure sign ( co>s5ess4 ,! flank %\ld be ?ick & well let d[n1 z ?is indicates con/itution & lean meat1 ! legs %\ld be fairly %ort & set well ap>t s t ! he>t1 lungs1 & o!r organs h pl5ty ( room to p]=m _! %>e ( ! "w ( ! pig4 ,! sk9 %\ld be f9e & ! hair /raight & silky1 z well z pl5ty ( x4 ,sp>sity ( hair is g5]ally an indication ( %ortage ( lean meat1 :il/ curl9ess & co>s5ess ( hair are f> too frequ5tly associat$ ) excessive fat & co>s5ess ( meat4 ,) reg>d to ! reproductive p>ts ( ! bo> !re are "o or two po9ts :i* %\ld receive special att5tion4 ,a bo> ) excessively small te/icles %\ld be avoid$1 z su* a "o is (t5 b>r54 ,aga91 a bo> ) "o te/icle ( normal size & ! o!r small]1 ord9>ily suff]s f ! same disqualification to a less] ext5t4 ,a ruptur$ bo> %\ld n on any acc\nt be us$1 z ?is weakness is /rongly h]$it>y4 ,! weakness may n possibly %[ itself 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 b x is c]ta9 to appe> soon] or lat]4 ,n only is x a sure index ( weakness ( con/itution1 b pigs s affect$ occasionally die sudd5ly1 :il/ !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( risk f ! op]ation ( ca/ration4 ,occasionally "o or m ( ! bo> pigs ( a litt] w be f\nd to be mal=m$1 9 t only "o ( ! te/icles is app>5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! o!r is f\nd :5 ! pig is kill$ to be atta*$ to ! inside ( ! pig1 & ?us is unable to desc5d into ! scrotum or purse1 s t ! act ( ca/ration is only p>tially p]=m$4 ,a bo> pig ) only "o te/icle d[n is commonly t]m$ a rig4 ,! removal ( "o ( ! te/icles does n deprive ! rig ( reproduc+ its species1 & x is ?us a s\rce ( cont9ual tr\ble :5 h]d$ ) a lot ( s[ pigs n[ t ! g5]al cu/om is to all[ ! female pigs ( a litt] to rema9 unspay$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to fatt5 a rig ei!r alone1 or ) male pigs :i* h be5 op]at$ ^u4 ,9 addition to ?is extra tr\ble1 ! fle% ( a rig pig if x be kept fatt5+ aft] x is "s five or six mon?s old is almo/ c]ta9 to be /rong 9 flav\r1 l unto t ( a bo>4 ,x is1 !re=e1 advisable to fatt5 a rig q e>ly 9 life & conv]t x into a porket or pork] c>case ( pork4 ,x may appe> /range to "s read]s to specially m5tion ! teats ( ! bo>1 b x is equally z necess>y to avoid bo>s hav+ small teats1 teats unev5ly plac$1 & comm5c+ any di/ance f ! =e legs1 & bl9d teats1 z x is 9 ! case ( ! s[1 s9ce any weaknesses ( ! k9d are equally z h]$it>y f ! bo> z f ! s[4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,s[ ,x is impossible to agree ) ! view held by s _m p]sons t ! necessity = ! same c>e is non-exi/5t 9 ! selection ( a s[ z 9 ! *oice ( a bo>4 ,we hold t ! desirability = /udy+ ! =be>s1 especially ! dam1 ( a "y s[ int5d$ = bre$+ purposes is fully z great z :5 select+ ! "y bo>1 s9ce _m1 if n mo/1 ( ! qualities :i* we desire ! brood s[ to possess are /rongly h]$it>y4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! "q ( g5tl5ess or a quiet disposition1 x foll[s f dam to produce ) a regul>ity equal to t ( bad temp]1 & ! latt] is wellnigh a c]ta9ty4 ,aga91 :oev] f\nd t ! female produce ( a s[ defici5t 9 ! mat]nal in/9cts prov$1 if sav$ = bre$+ purposes1 to be a really good "m8 ,z a rule ! daught]s ( a s[ :i* gives b a small quantity ( milk1 & t ( an inf]ior quality1 are also curs$ ) ! same griev\s fail+s1 b ?is does n appe> to be univ]sally ! case1 s9ce ! milk+ qualities ( ! dam desc5d ?r\gh h] sons1 s t if ! female prog5itors ( ! bo> h be5 good milk]s x is probable t ! bo>'s daught]s may be able to re> _! pigs successfully1 ev5 if _! dam _h n be5 9 ! habit ( suckl+ h] pigs well4 ,/ill1 x is q safe to ass]t t ) ?is "o exception we may fairly anticipate t ! good qualities :i* we seek 9 a s[ are f> m likely to be f\nd 9 ! s[ pigs ( a s[ h]self ! possessor1 ?an f "o :i* does n possess !m4 ,we are incl9$ to ! belief t ! alleg$ failure ( "s p$igree yelts to make good brood s[s is 9 ! ma9 due to ! cont9u$ selection = bre$+ purposes ( ^? pure-br$ yelts :i* %[ e>ly matur+ & fle%-=m+ qualities1 r ?an t mo!rly look :i* is almo/ inv>iably to be f\nd 9 a s[ :i* is prolific1 a free milk]1 & a really good "m4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! =mation ( a milk-giv+ & a fat-produc+ s[--! latt] is g5]ally some:at heavy 9 ! %\ld]s1 has a muscul> or fat neck1 is r %ort 9 ! head & heavy 9 ! j[l1 & is altoge!r m compactly built1 :]eas a good brood s[ has r a long face1 is wide betwe5 ! eyes1 has a light muscul> neck1 is f9e 9 ! %\ld]s1 possesses long & squ>e qu>t]s & appe>s to be heavi] 9 ! h9d ?an 9 ! =equ>t]s4 ,%e is some:at m loosely built & (t5 %[s less ( quality4 ,?ickness ( flank & l5g? ( side are desirable1 ! fir/ z indicat+ sub/ance & fle%1 :il/ ! second gives pl5ty ( room = h] pigs to suck4 ,! bone %\ld be ( good quality2 ! same rem>ks apply to ! sk9 & hair4 ,ab\t half a c5tury s9ce !re exi/$ a fancy1 :i* almo/ am\nt$ to a craze = s[s ( small size2 !y c\ld n be too neat1 & %[+ too mu* s-call$ fem99e "*4 ,! almo/ c]ta9 result ( select+ ! neate/ ( ! female pigs foll[$1 ! fat pigs s5t to m>ket 7 light 9 weight1 defici5t 9 lean meat & rightly nam$ animat$ bladd]s ( l>d4 ,)9 ab\t ! same di/ance ( "t x 0 ! common practice ( exhibitors ( pigs at ! ,smi?field ,club's ,%[s to provide pill[s 9 ! =m ( r\nd pieces ( wood on :i* ! fat pigs re/$ _! heads s t ^! 7 rais$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! pigs becom+ suffocat$4 ,9 addition1 ! pigs 7 f$ on =c+ foods until !y 7 at lea/ "o & a half ye> old & all[$ to take1 or 7 giv5 little ex]cise1 ) ! result t ! pork consi/$ ma9ly ( s(t fat or l>d4 ,to su* an ext5t _h ?is craze = neatness be5 foll[$ t ! bacon cur]s & consum]s ( pork wellnigh ceas$ to pur*ase or consume pork4 ,at ! pres5t "t we are afraid t ! t5d5cy is 9 ! opposite direction1 & m]e size is receiv+ f> too mu* att5tion4 ,at "s ( our agricultural %[s ! judges select = hon\r great unwieldly s[s :i* c\ld n possibly p]=m ) any am\nt ( success ^? mat]nal duties :i* a brood s[ is suppos$ to be kept solely to p]=m4 ,an extremely l>ge s[ is v frequ5tly a poor milk]1 ! quantity ( milk %e gives is n l>ge1 nor does %e cont9ue to give ev5 ?is r$uc$ supply = a p]iod long en\gh to all[ h] "y to gr[ /rong en\gh to make a good />t 9 life on _! own acc\nt4 ,ano!r great objection to a s[ ( extreme size is t h] produce almo/ inv>iably take aft] h] to su* an ext5t t x is difficult1 if n wellnigh impossible1 to make !m fat until !y are f n9e to twelve mon?s old1 & by t "t !y are too l>ge & heavy = ! g5]al dem& :i* is at ! pres5t "t1 & likely to become /ill m s 9 ! future1 = small jo9ts ( meat :i* c>ry a l>ge proportion ( lean & a limit$ quantity ( bone4 ,! mo/ successful manufactur] is he :o mo/ ne>ly supplies ! consum] ) t :i* he requires or fancies4 ,we are n mov$ by ! cont5tion ( bre$]s ( p$igree pigs t ! mo/ valuable pig is ! "o :i* possesses 9 ! greate/ degree ^? special po9ts :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! bre$1 z1 = in/ance1 size 9 ! pigs ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite1 ! ,l>ge ,black1 & ! ,l9coln%ire ,curly ,coat$ pigs1 !re=e ! bigge/ pigs %\ld be held 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,9 our op9ion ! be/1 z x is 9 ! long run ! mo/ pr(itable1 is ! pig :i* furni%es to ! greate/ ext5t exactly ! k9d ( meat 9 ! mo/ g5]al dem&4 ,9 addition to ^! objections to an extremely l>ge & unga9ly s[ is ! fact t su* an "o is inv>iably clumsy 9 ! bre$+ p51 %e is almo/ c]ta9 to lay on "s ( h] pigs4 ,x is ev5 alleg$ t h] p]iod ( usefulness z a bre$] is %ort] ?an t ( a s[ ( ord9>y size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,,tamwor? ,,bo>3 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,webton4 ,own]1 ,c4 ,l4 ,coxon4 #a/ & ,*ampion1 ,royal ,%[4 ,to face page #fd 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,g4 ,h4 ,p>sons1 ,ro/revor4 ,,gl\ce/] ,,old ,,spot ,,s[4 ,f ! h]d ( ,"l ,%]b\rne4 ,to face page #fe4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,s[',s ,,udd] ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 connection ) ! reproduction ( ! species ( our v>i\s dome/ic animals is ! provision ( a full supply ( milk = ! "y 9 ! e>ly portion ( _! exi/5ce4 ,nature h]self has set u a good example 9 a duplicat$ s\rce ( milk supply ev5 among/ animals :i* usually produce only "o animal at a bir?4 ,if ?is duplication be necess>y "u su* conditions1 x mu/ be imp]ative on u to select ^? s[ pigs :i* are int5d$ = bre$+ pigs :i* possess a well-=m$ udd]1 hav+ a full supply ( teats1 & ^! ( good %ape & prop]ly plac$ on ! belly ( ! s[4 ,n only is ?is necess>y to ensure ! re>+ ( a fairly num]\s litt] ( pigs 9 a satisfactory mann]1 b x is held t ! numb] ( teats possess$ by a s[ indicates to a rem>kable ext5t ! probable degree ( prolificacy ( ! s[4 ,"o c readily und]/& t nature w\ld n be likely to end[ a s[ ) ! p[] to produce a l>g] numb] ( "y at ea* bir? ?an %e w\ld be able to re>4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ! s[ ( ! pres5t day is n z nature fir/ made h]1 9 t1 by selection & by fe$+1 ! numb] ( pigs produc$ at ea* bir? is n[ s mu* l>g] ?an ! litt]s ( ! wild s[s1 :i* h "s sev5 or eight teats & f>r[ at ea* litt] a simil> numb] ( pigs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nei!r ! numb] ( teats nor ( ! "y is fix$ ei!r 9 ! dome/icat$ s[1 or ! s[ 9 a wild /ate1 s t by cont9u$ selection we are able to p]man5tly increase1 )9 limits1 ! production ( l>g] litt]s & ! increas$ supply ( milk = _! su/5ance :5 "y4 ,! provision ( a suitable udd] is ev5 ( m importance ) ! dome/icat$ ?an ) ! s[ runn+ wild1 s9ce ! latt] produces ea* ye> "o litt] only1 & t 9 ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! "y are less dep5d5t on _! dams2 :]eas ! dome/icat$ s[ is expect$ to re> at lea/ two litt]s p] ye>1 & frequ5tly ow+ to want ( c>e on ! "p ( ! own] ! "y pigs are f>r[$ at ! mo/ unfav\rable "t ( ! ye>4 ,ap>t f ! provision ( a c]ta9 numb] ( teats !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$1 ! p[] ( ! s[ to produce milk en\gh to satisfy ! giv5 numb] ( pigs4 ,?is ( c\rse v>ies ) ea* family or tribe ( pigs1 & ev5 ) ! v>i\s memb]s 9 x1 s t to obta9 ! be/ results selection mu/ be made ( ! produce ( ^? s[s :i* give ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! mo/ nutriti\s milk4 ,!re exi/s among/ pig keep]s a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! numb] ( pigs ea* s[ %\ld be all[$ to re>1 probably ! av]age ( ?is numb] w\ld be t5 = a mature s[1 & sev5 or eight = a fir/ litt]4 ,if s1 ! select$ s[ pig %\ld possess twelve teats1 z frequ5tly "o ( ^! may n give a full supply ( milk f ei!r natural or accid5tal causes4 ,! teats %\ld be regul> 9 size & =m4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d "o or m ( ! teats ( a s[ mu* small] 9 size ?an ! o!rs4 ,^! small] teats w produce a r$uc$ quantity ( milk1 s t ! pigl+ :i* is un=tunate en\gh to decide on mak+ ?is small teat its v own--& ea* pigl+ is conf9$ by ! o!rs to its own special teat--is c]ta9 to be less well develop$ ?an its bro!rs & si/]s1 ev5 if x %\ld succe$ 9 surviv+4 ,! necessity = ! teats be+ plac$ equidi/ant ! "o f ! o!r arises f ! desirability ( ea* pig hav+ room to suck com=tably4 ,%\ld two ( ! teats be closely plac$ ! two pigs w probably fight1 :5 n only w sores be caus$ on ! *eeks ( ! pigs1 b ! milk 9 ! teats n prop]ly drawn w gradually cease to fl[4 ,ano!r po9t ( great importance is t ! teats %\ld comm5ce z ne> z possible to ! =e legs--?is = two reasons3 x gives m room = ! pigs to suck z !y gr[ l>g]2 ! o!r & m important "o is t ! teats mo/ =w>d on ! udd] ( ! s[ produce ! l>g] quantity ( milk1 or milk ( a bett] quality4 ,x w be almo/ inv>iably f\nd t ! pigs suck+ ! =emo/ teats ?rive ! be/4 ,x is advisable to avoid ! selection ( a female pig = bre$+ purposes f a s[ :i* has l>ge & co>se teats1 z ^! inv>iably accompany co>s5ess ( sk91 bone1 hair1 & fle%1 ?is 9 turn affects ! sale value ( ! c>case4 ,x w also be f\nd t ^? s[s ) a neat & compact udd]1 ) f9e teats1 w give m milk & a bett] quality ?an s[s possess+ a co>se & flabby udd]4 ,ano!r weakness to be avoid$ :5 select+ a s[ pig = bre$+ purposes is t :i* is commonly t]m$ a bl9d teat1 s9ce x is und\bt$ly h]$it>y 9 addition to be+ useless = ! purpose ( re>+ pigs4 ,! normal teat projects boldly f ! udd]1 :]eas ! bl9d teat is almo/ flat or on a level ) ! udd]4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles a r+ ( sk9 ) a depress$ nipple 9 its c5tre4 ,at ! "t ( p>turition ! bl9d teat conta9s milk to ! same ext5t z d ! o!r teats1 b x promptly dries up s9ce x is impossible = ! little pigs to extract ! milk f x s9ce ! nipple rec$es z soon z ! pigl+ attempts to clasp x ) its lips & tongue1 in/ead ( becom+ m ext5d$ s t ! little pig c suck ! milk f x4 ,an ideal udd] c be briefly describ$ z "o possess+ at lea/ twelve fully develop$ teats1 ! m ! bett]--^! %\ld comm5ce f a po9t z ne> ! =e legs ( ! s[ z possible1 & be plac$ z ne>ly z possible an equal di/ance ! "o f ! o!r4 ,"s p]sons hold t l>ge teats & mu* loose sk9 are sure indications t ! s[ has prov$ to be a good milk]4 ,?is is a mi/ak5 view2 x is ) s[s z ) c[s1 ! mo/ prolific milk]s are ^? ) well =m$ & s(t udd]s :i* almo/ disappe> :5 ! lactation p]iod has pass$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mat+ ,,! ,,"y ,,s[ ,z 9 mo/ o!r details 9 ! managem5t ( our dome/icat$ animals !re exi/s a v>iety ( op9ion z to ! age at :i* ! "y s[1 or1 z x is commonly locally t]m$1 a gilt1 yelt1 yilt1 hilt1 elt1 etc41 %\ld be mat$ ) ! bo>4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important po9t to consid] is ! "t ( ! ye> :5 ! anticipat$ pigs %\ld arrive4 ,if possible ! p]iod betwe5 ! middle ( ! mon? ( ,septemb] & ! middle ( ,decemb] %\ld be avoid$4 ,! long nights & ! %ort & dull days g5]ally exp]i5c$ dur+ ?is p]iod are mo/ unsuitable = "y pigs4 ,_m litt]s ( pigs f>r[$ 9 ,octob] are n any l>g] nor ne>ly z ?rifty 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* z ^? f>r[$ dur+ ! e>ly portion ( ,janu>y 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & v frequ5tly ! loss among/ ! ,octob] & ,novemb] f>r[$ pigs f lam5ess1 or1 z x is commonly t]m$1 cramp1 is v l>ge4 ,an attempt %\ld be made s t ! two litt]s :i* %\ld be br$ ea* ye> f ! s[ arrive s t !y are wean$ dur+ ! long] & bright] days ( ! ye>2 ?us a s[ :i* f>r[s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y may be expect$ to f>r[ aga9 9 ,july4 ,! wea!r is sometimes r cold = little pigs e>ly 9 ! ye>1 b x is surpris+ h[ little !y are affect$ by x provid+ ! s[ furni%es a good supply ( milk & ! b$d+ is dry & pl5tiful4 ,! pigs f>r[$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y are g5]ally ! mo/ pr(itable1 z !y w be ready = ! consumption ( ! sep>at$ milk1 butt] milk1 :ey1 etc41 :i* is g5]ally abundant 9 ! mon? ( ,may 9 di/ricts :]e dairy+ & *eese mak+ are foll[$4 ,^! pigs are also ready = turn+ out to grass 9 ,april or ,may1 or z soon z ! wea!r is suitable1 & ! grass has gr[n suffici5tly4 ,^! "y pigs w gr[ & ?rive spl5didly provid+ t "s additional food is f$ to !m & %elt] provid$4 ,?is natural sy/em ( pig rais+ is ( great b5efit to ^? pigs :i* are int5d$ = bre$+ purposes & 0 consi/5tly foll[$ by ! writ] f ! ye> #ahfc4 ,x 0 by no means a new plan ev5 at t p]iod1 al?\gh /range claims h rec5tly be5 made t ! sy/em is a novel "o & orig9at$ 9 ! f]tile bra9 ( "o or two en?usia/s :o h gone ! :ole hog 9 pig bre$+4 ,9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 q a common practice 9 p>ts ( ! c\nties ( ,cambridge1 ,essex1 & ,suffolk to graze ! se$s :i* compris$ clov]s1 trefoils1 etc41 ) pigs :i* receiv$ 9 addition extra food1 su* z peas or beans 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( vegetable food obta9able or ! purpose = :i* ! pigs 7 requir$2 ^? int5d$ = pork receiv+ ! l>g] supply4 ,al?\gh x may n be possible to all[ ! "y bo> pigs to h _! lib]ty aft] !y become five mon?s old1 yet ! s[ pigs w gr[ & develop f> bett] 9 ! field if prop]ly f$ ?an !y w 9 an inclos$ /y2 fur!r1 ! "y pigs :i* !y produce w be mu* m lu/y ?an if ! s[s _h be5 kept 9 close conf9em5t4 ,al?\gh ! s[ pig w g5]ally come 9 heat :5 %e is ab\t six mon?s old1 x is advisable t %e %\ld n be mat$ until %e is "s eight mon?s old1 s t h] fir/ litt] ( pigs is n f>r[$ until %e is ab\t a ye> old1 :5 %e %\ld be q /rong en\gh to re> a fair litt] ( pigs & also to gr[ & develop into a fully natur$ specim5 ( its bre$4 ,9 "s di/ricts :]e ! bre$+ pigs are g5]ally kept 9 conf9em5t & high keep+ is foll[$ ! s[ pigs are mat$ ) ! bo> at an e>li] age1 b ! sy/em has its disadvantages :i* m ?an outweigh ! sav+ ( ! extra few weeks ( ! keep ( ! yelt ere %e is put to ! bo>4 ,?is e>ly mat+ is especially h>mful if ! numb] ( ! pigs 9 ! fir/ litt] %\ld be l>ge4 ,s few pig keep]s h ! h>dihood to knock a c]ta9 portion ( ! too num]\s litt] on ! head1 & s r$uce ! numb] to say sev5 or eight1 :i* mo/ "y s[s %\ld be able to re> fairly well & )\t any undue dra9 on ! s['s sy/em--b ! :ole ( ! l>ge litt] are left on ! s[1 :i* becomes v mu* r$uc$ 9 condition1 & *eck$ 9 gr[?1 :il/ ! too l>ge litt] ( pigs are badly re>$ & frequ5tly become a s\rce ( tr\ble & annoyance to ! own]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m practical pig keep]s :o make x a rule to delay ! mat+ ( _! "y s[s beyond ! eight mon?s' age4 ,!y cont5d t a s[ pig at eight mon?s is n suffici5tly matur$ to be> ! /ra9 ( produc+ a litt] ( pigs :5 %e is ab\t "o ye> old1 & !n to furni% ! pigs ) a suffici5cy ( milk to give !m a good />t 9 life4 ,! plan :i* !y adopt is to mate ! s[ :5 %e is ab\t a ye> old s t %e is "s sixte5 mon?s old be=e h] family tr\bles comm5ce4 ,ano!r v curi\s reason has be5 rec5tly made public by an en?usia/ic novice = delay+ ! mat+ ( ! yelt until %e is at lea/ a ye> old4 ,x is ! foll[+1 t x is q possible to ensure t ! produce ( "y s[s :i* h rea*$ ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te5 mon?s ere !y f>r[ _! fir/ litt] %all possess ! desir$ *>act]i/ics ( ! bre$1 :]eas ?is is by no means c]ta9 if ! "y pigs arrive be=e ! s[ has rea*$ t age or is ab\t a ye> old4 ,un=tunately1 we h see no attempt made to acc\nt = ?is alleg$ curi\s v>iation 9 ! qualities inh]it$ f a p>5t ( ab\t "o ye> old & ! p>5t :i* _h arriv$ at ! m matur$ age ( ab\t sixte5 mon?s1 s t x is impossible to discov] a solution ( ! /range problem4 ,!re=e1 we %\ld be unable to admit ! correctness ( ! ass]tion ev5 ?\gh x 0 n directly 9 opposition to our belief :i* is f\nd$ on exp]i5ce ( a mo/ ext5sive "* ext5d+ ov] "s sixty ye>s4 ,to av] t ! p[] ( a "y s[ to impress its h]$it>y *>act]i/ics on its "y are only fully develop$ by def]r+ ! arrival ( ! "y pigs = f\r or five mon?s1 or until ! s[ is sixte5 in/ead ( twelve mon?s old :5 %e f>r[s mu/ surely cause surprise1 if n1 disbelief4 ,p]haps ! object ( ! prop\nd] ( ! !ory 0 to create a discussion--x c\ld n h be5 to br+ 8 "n prom95tly be=e ! public4 ,ano!r advantage 9 mat+ ! "y s[ s t h] fir/ litt] appe>s :5 %e is ab\t a ye> old1 h] daught]s w 9 turn f>r[ dur+ ! mo/ suitable mon?s ( ! ye>1 provid+ ( c\rse t %e h]self _h be5 f>r[$ 9 e>ly spr+ or ab\t ! mon? ( ,july4 ,:5 ! s[ pig :i* is int5d$ to be kept = bre$+ has be5 f>r[$ 9 "s o!r "p ( ! ye>1 x is advisable to def] beyond ! eight mon?s ! mat+ ( h] s t %e f>r[s at ! be/ times1 or p]haps ev5 bett] ?an t1 if ! pigs are n int5d$ = bre$+ purposes1 w\ld x be to h ! s[ mat$ :5 %e is ab\t eight mon?s old1 & !n all[ ! pigs to rema9 on ! s[ a few weeks beyond ! usual p]iod ( eight weeks s t ! pigs are tak5 (f ! s[ ?ree or f\r days be=e x is desir$ to h h] aga9 mat$ ) ! bo>4 ,! risk ( ! s[ return+ to ! bo> w be m9imis$1 z a s[ :i* has be5 baulk$ is sometimes difficult to settle4 ,9 addition1 ! s[ w be /rong] & m vigor\s & likely to produce a /rong litt] ( pigs1 :il/ ! pigl+s w sc>cely miss _! "m's milk :5 !y are wean$ f h]4 ,^? pig bre$]s :o are 9 fav\r ( )hold+ ! bo> f ! "y s[ until %e is ab\t a ye> old av] t e>ly mat+ results 9 ! s[ becom+ worn out & useless = bre$+ at a mu* y\ng] age ?an if %e be n mat$ until %e is well matur$4 ,?is is n 9 accordance ) ! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 z _m ( 8 s[s :i* f>r[$ _! fir/ litt] :5 !y 7 ab\t a ye> old cont9u$ to bre$ regul>ly until !y 7 six or sev5 ye>s old--inde$1 "o ,middle ,:ite1 ,holywell ,victoria ,c\ntess f>r[$ h] la/ litt] :5 %e 0 9 h] elev5? ye>4 ,?is s[ also disprov$ ! confid5t ass]tion t ! %[+ ( s[s r5d]s !m comp>atively useless = bre$+ purposes1 s9ce %e n only cont9u$ to re> h] pigs well1 b %e produc$ a numb] ( mo/ successful prize w9n+ bo>s & s[s1 & also won _m prizes h]self f ! age ( five mon?s to five ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( premature old age among/ s[s is n due to _! be+ fir/ mat$ :5 !y are eight mon?s old1 b to ! want ( c>e 9 ! managem5t & fe$+ ( ! s[ dur+ h] pregnancy & :il/ %e is suckl+ h] litt] ( pigs4 ,to a s[ ) a good con/itution ! act ( bre$+ & re>+ a family ( pigs is only ! mo/ important act ( nature :i* _c be h>mful to h]1 provid+ t %e receiv$ t am\nt ( prop] food & att5tion :i* nature requir$4 ,!re may be v occasional in/ances ( h>m be+ done to ! bre$+ s[ by ov] fe$+1 or r by injudici\s fe$+1 b 9 comp>ison !re are hundr$s ( in/ances :]e "u fe$+ & neglect are ! cause ( tr\ble & loss4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,f>r[+ ,,s[ ,! pregnant s[ usually c>ries h] pigs ab\t sixte5 weeks4 ,! v>iations are nei!r great nor num]\s1 :5 !y d occur x is usually ) s[s ) _! fir/ litt]s or ag$ s[s :i* sometimes f>r[ ere ! full "t has expir$1 or ) robu/ s[s 9 good condition :i* occasionally c>ry _! "y beyond ! "o hundr$ & twelve days :i* may be tak5 z ! av]age p]iod4 ,we assume t ea* own] ( a bre$+ s[ keeps a record ( ! date ( s]vice ( ! s[ 9 ord] t ! necess>y prep>ation ( ! /y1 etc41 c be made 9 read9ess = ! arrival ( ! expect$ litt]4 ,ev5 :5 ?is wise precaution is neglect$ nature gives a suffici5t w>n+ to ! obs]vant own]4 ,ap>t f ! increas+ size ( ! body1 ! udd] gradually becomes m prom95t1 & ea* pap becomes m def9$1 ! vulva becomes enl>g$ & ! muscles on ei!r side ( ! tail fall away & lose _! t5s5ess1 :il/ 9 ! va/ majority ( cases milk appe>s 9 ! udd] "s twelve h\rs be=e ! arrival ( ! pigs4 ,! teats %9e & become m prom95t1 ! pres5ce ( milk is easily asc]ta9$ by g5tly press+ ! teat betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4 ,ano!r c]ta9 indication ( ! e>ly arrival ( a family is ! act ( ! s[ c>ry+ /raw ab\t 9 h] m\? :]e) to make h] f>r[+ b$4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes ( tr\ble ) ! f>r[+ s[ arises f ! s[ n hav+ be5 all[$ to take suffici5t ex]cise4 ,( c\rse1 ! be/ ( all sy/ems is to all[ ! s[ its complete fre$om at all seasons ( ! ye> save :5 %e is )9 ab\t a =tnight ( h] "t1 & :5 %e is re>+ a litt] ( pigs4 ,ev5 if !re be no grass field or paddock 9 :i* %e is able to pick up a good portion ( h] liv+1 or a roadside :]e %e c get a few blades ( grass1 an op5 y>d is inf9itely bett] ?an ! conf9em5t ( a /y1 z ap>t f ! r$uction 9 ! co/ ( keep1 ! s[ w produce /rong] pigs1 & h a decid$ly easi] "t ( f>r[+4 ,9 ! case ( a s[ %[+ a dis9cl9ation to take a suffici5cy ( ex]cise ei!r ow+ to laz9ess1 to high condition1 or heav9ess ( body1 x is advisable to ex]cise h] by walk+ h] ab\t quietly = a %ort "t ea* morn+ & ev5+ be=e & aft] ! heat ( ! day has become excessive1 or has pass$ (f4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ pig bre$]s z to ! desirability or ! rev]se ( hav+ someone 9 att5dance on ! s[ dur+ ! "t %e is f>r[+4 ,^? :o object to ?is proc$ure d s on ! gr\nd t ! pres5ce ( a man simply t5ds to irritate ! s[1 & to frequ5tly cause h] to become re/less1 ) ! result t ! little pigs are trodd5 ^u or become laid ^u & kill$4 ,?is view is g5]ally held by ^? :o are n p>ticul>ly fond ( animals1 z evid5c$ by t occasional int]c\rse betwe5 pig & own] :i* consi/s ( rubb+ ! head ( ! pig1 or scrat*+ its side1 :5 9 response to ! pleasant s5sation x rolls ov] on to its side l ,oliv] & asks = m4 ,! tr\ble if any1 :i* arises f ! own] or pig man be+ 9 ! /y ) ! f>r[+ s[ almo/ inv>iably arises f ! abs5ce ( a sympa!tic feel+ betwe5 ! two4 ,s[s1 & inde$ wellnigh all animals1 p9e = sympa?y & company1 & no animal m s ?an a pig4 ,/ill !re are v occasional in/ances :]e ! "y s[ becomes v excitable z %e comm5ces to f>r[ ev5 :5 %e & h] own] or att5dant h previ\sly be5 on ! be/ ( t]ms4 ,b !re ! cause is n ! pres5ce ( a human be+1 b ! arrival ( "o ( h] own little pigs4 ,s long z ! pigl+ rema9s quiet !re is peace1 b z soon z ! y\ng/] endeav\rs to get to ! teat & especially if 9 ! endeav\r x utt]s a cry or a squeak1 ! "y s[ w jump up f h] ne/ & endeav\r to seize ! y\ng/] 9 h] m\?1 :5 unless prev5t$ ! s[ quickly squeezes all life out ( ! pig2 & 9 "s cases :5 ! pressure has be5 s sev]e z to break ! sk9 ( ! piglet1 & ! s[ ta/es blood1 %e w proce$ to eat ! dead pig4 ,:5 affairs h arriv$ at ?is sad /ate1 ! *ances ( ! rema9+ pigs hav+ a pleasant reception into ! _w are comp>atively slight4 ,:5 !re exi/s a good und]/&+ betwe5 ! s[ & att5dant1 z !re inv>iably is :5 ! latt] is n r\gh & unk9d1 z only bad temp]$ m5 c be1 ! tr\ble 9 a case su* z j ref]r$ to is greatly r$uc$1 z ! att5dant runs no risk 9 ent]+ ! /y & 9 remov+ ! little pigs z !y arrive1 & plac+ !m 9 a hamp] or box p>tially fill$ ) /raw until su* "t z ! s[ has complet$ h] f>r[+1 :5 ! pigs c be plac$ aga9/ ! s['s udd]1 & provid+ !y d n bite h]1 all w settle d[n 9 peace & com=t4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! slighte/ risk ( tr\ble x is advisable :5 ! pigs are ap>t f ! s[ to break (f ) a pair ( pli]s ! f\r little tee? ) :i* ! pigs are end[$ prior to _! bir?4 ,c>e be+ tak5 to remove ! pigs beyond ! he>+ ( ! s[ ea* little pig 9 turn is tuck$ "u ! left arm1 ! m\? is op5$ by ! left h&1 & ! tee? press$ h>d ) ! pli]s1 or ev5 a slight turn ( ! wri/ giv51 :5 necess>y1 & ! brittle tee? are cru%$4 ,z soon z ! plac5ta or aft]bir? is eject$ ?is %\ld be remov$4 ,a little slop food %\ld be f$ to ! s[1 & :il/ %e is eat+ x1 ! wette/ "p ( ! b$d+ %\ld be replac$ by a little %ort & dry /raw j en\gh to r5d] ! ne/ com=table = ! little pigs4 ,! ne/ %\ld be di/urb$ z little z possible1 z %\ld ! :ole ( x be remov$ & fre% /raw giv51 ! s[ w probably sp5d a consid]able "t 9 remak+ ! ne/1 & 9 ! meantime ! little pigs w be 9 dang] f a *ill1 or 9 be+ mix$ up 9 ! /raw & be+ laid ^u4 ,! risk f delay 9 ! s[ lay+ d[n & suckl+ h] pigs is mu* great] 9 cold wea!r1 z n only w !y become *ill$1 b !y w p]si/ 9 cr[d+ r\nd ! s[ & s run ! great] risk ( be+ trodd5 ^u1 or roll$ up 9 ! b$d+ 9 ! ef=t ( ! s[ to remake h] com=table ne/4 ,"s p]sons /rongly recomm5d ! giv+ ( a /rong dose ( m$ic9e to ! s[ aft] %e has f>r[$4 ,9 ord9>y cases ?is is n necess>y1 ! f>r[+ ( a litt] ( pigs is a simple & natural op]ation4 ,9 ^? occasional in/ances :]e manual assi/ance has to be giv5 to ! s[ ow+ to ! unusual size ( ! pig1 or wrong pres5tation1 or ev5 ( a pig :i* has be5 dead = a day or two & has begun to decompose & consequ5tly to increase 9 bulk1 x is advisable to give m$ic9e to ! s[1 s9ce !re is e probability ( "s am\nt ( inflammation due to ! ins]tion ( ! h&4 ,z ! s['s b[els are likely to be some:at con/ipat$ x is always advisable to ex]cise h] = a few m9utes dur+ ! morn+ aft] %e has f>r[$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! ex]cise w at once cause h] to relieve h] b[els & h] bladd]1 :5 %e c be return$ to h] /y4 ,we f\nd %>ps1 or ! f9e/ portion ( mill]'s (fals 7:i* usually g by v>y+ names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry71 ! mo/ suitable food = newly f>r[$ s[s1 & until ! pigs 7 at lea/ f\r weeks old4 ,"s p]sons recomm5d t a portion ( ! food %\ld consi/ ( bran1 ?is on two gr\nds--! fir/ t its use t5ds to prev5t con/ipation1 & secondly on acc\nt ( ! food analysis :i* x gives4 ,our exp]i5ce has be5 t :5 %>ps are f$ to ! s[ no tr\ble %\ld arise f con/ipation1 :il/ z to ! nutrim5t :i* bran conta9s ! claim may be good1 b ! pig is unable to extract x2 s l>ge a proportion ( ! bran passes ?r\gh ! pig 9 an undige/$ condition4 ,z a rule ! pig1 unlike ! horse1 c[1 or %eep1 does n ma/icate its food1 nor does x1 l ! two la/ nam$1 *ew its cud1 b x usually bolts its food1 & ?us ca/s a great] lab\r on its dige/ive organs :i* h nei!r ! "t nor p[] to extract ! :ole ( ! nutrim5t f ! bran4 ,9 addition to ?is1 bran t5ds to too great loos5ess ( ! b[els1 :i* 9 ! case ( "y pigs t5ds to become di>rhoea4 ,!re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "s pigm5 :o are ov] anxi\s to succe$ to fe$ ! s[ too l>ge a quantity ( food dur+ ! fir/ t5 days or s aft] %e has f>r[$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! dem& on ! s[ is really n mu* great] ?an x 0 dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree weeks ( c>ry+ ! pigs4 ,z ! pigs gr[ old] an increas$ supply ( food is necess>y1 b = a week or two aft] ! arrival ( ! pigs twice fe$+ ( ! s[ %\ld suffice unless %e is v l[ 9 condition1 or a v l>ge litt] ( pigs is left on h]4 ,9 su* cases x may be advisable to fe$ h] ?ree times p] day j z mu* z %e w promptly cle> up4 ,x is a great mi/ake to give s mu* food at "o "t t a portion is left ov] 9 ! tr\gh1 p>ticul>ly is ?is s :5 ! pigs are ov] ?ree weeks old1 z no?+ s quickly upsets ! /oma*s ( ! y\ng/]s z s\r food4 ,if 9 ord9>y cases fe$+ ! s[ ?ree times daily is p]si/$ 91 ! same quantity ( food giv5 %\ld simply be di/ribut$ ov] ! ?ree fe$+s1 z an excess ( food is only less a mi/ake ?an und]fe$+4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ common tr\bles ) "y pigs are di>rhoea1 fits1 & loss ( ! tail4 ,!re is a belief among/ _m old pigm5 t e litt] ( pigs is b\nd to h at lea/ "o attack ( di>rhoea ere x is wean$4 ,!y look ^u x z a fatality :i* is c]ta9 to ev5tuate1 no matt] :at /eps may be tak54 ,( c\rse1 ?is is folly4 ,! liability ( little pigs to an attack ( :at is commonly call$ sc\r+ is great z ! causes are sev]al1 among/ !m ! greate/ is p]haps a *ill :i* may arise f draughts ow+ to faulty con/ruction ( ! /y doors or v5tilators neglect$2 insuffici5t1 unsuitable1 or damp b$d+2 neglect ( prop] sanitation1 or ! frequ5t clean+ out ( ! /y2 & mo/ frequ5tly ( all f injudici\s fe$+ ( ! s[4 ,9 fact1 any?+ :i* affects ! heal? ( ! "y pig to any great ext5t appe>s to result 9 indige/ion1 :i* causes con/ipation1 & ?is 9 turn nature endeav\rs to remove by a special ef=t :i* s(t5s ! faeces some:at4 ,on removal ( ! cause ( ! con/ipation1 ! b[els p]=m _! duty normally1 b if ?is be n remov$ ! result is di>rhoea1 :i* aga9 if cont9u$ = any l5g? ( "t (t5 becomes dys5t]y1 :5 ! fev] is acute2 ! pigl+ neglects its "m's teat1 & in/ead sucks up any moi/ure h[ev] f\l :i* x c f9d 9 ! /y4 ,?is is almo/ inv>iably a precursor ( dea?4 ,f ! above x w be ga!r$ t prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,9 case ( an attack1 ! fir/ ?+ is to discov] ! cause1 & ! second is to remove x1 :51 g5]ally speak+1 ! tr\ble ceases4 ,z a help to ?is end1 depriv+ ! s[ ( "o meal is recomm5d$4 ,coal1 c9d]s1 or ev5 e>? w be readily eat5 by ! "y pigs & prove ( b5efit4 ,m$ic9e is n (t5 requir$ if ! /eps recomm5d$ are promptly tak54 ,9 our e>li] days hog's madd] 0 ! common m$ic9e us$ ) pigs = mo/ ailm5ts1 b ( late ye>s sulphur appe>s to h tak5 its place4 ,x is less viol5t ?an ca/or oil1 :i* is apt to cause con/ipation ( ! b[els aft] its fir/ effect has pass$ (f4 ,! sor5ess ( ! tails1 :i* if n att5d$ to g5]ally results 9 ! pig becom+ bob-tail$1 appe>s mo/ g5]ally 9 damp & cold wea!r1 & is ! result ( impair$ circulation ( ! blood4 ,! cure is simple4 ,! application ( fat or oil z soon z ! tail becomes r$ & cold1 twice p] day1 & cont9u$ = two or ?ree days w almo/ always result 9 a cure4 ,= "s ye>s we us$ boro-glyc]ide1 a comp\nd1 we believe1 ( boracic acid & glyc]9e1 b we are n c]ta9 t x is n[ procurable4 ,! ?ird ( ! common tr\bles ( ! "y pig is fits ( an apoplectic & epileptic "*4 ,z a rule ! %orte/1 ?icke/1 & fatte/ pigs ( ! litt] are ^? :i* are affect$4 ,?is po9ts to ! *ief cause1 too mu* food 9 ! =m ( "m's milk4 ,a r$uction 9 ! quantity ( ! food f$ to ! s[ w g5]ally be effectual1 except :5 ! pigs are old en\gh to eat4 ,!n bo? ! quantity & ! quality ( ! food giv5 to !m %\ld be r$uc$4 ,prompt removal ( ! cause is usually suffici5t1 b x may be necess>y to mix a little m$ic9e 9 ! food 9 p]si/5t cases1 or :5 rem$ial measures are n promptly tak54 ,! ord9>y symptoms are unmi/akable1 ! pig falls on its side1 /ruggles & gasps = brea?1 !n 9 a m9ute or two x rises & appe>s to be little ! worse4 ,unless cont9u$ ov] a p]iod1 fits are n usually fatal4 ,v occasionally "y pigs suff] f ! protrusion ( ! rectum1 or z x is commonly t]m$ %oot+ ( ! gut4 ,?is is due to v>i\s causes :i* result 9 /ra9+4 ,( ^! con/ipation & di>rhoea are ! two mo/ common4 ,z soon z ! protrusion ( ! gut is noticeable1 ! enl>gem5t %\ld be c>efully wa%$1 !n oil$ & g5tly press$ back into its natural position4 ,"s pigm5 advise ! du/+ ( fl\r on to ! protrud$ portion be=e x is return$1 b !re is a risk ( increas+ ! am\nt ( inflammation :i* is g5]ally pres5t4 ,if kn[n ! orig9al cause ( ! tr\ble %\ld be remov$1 b 9 any case x is advisable n to give any solid food to ! pig = two or ?ree days aft] ! op]ation4 ,/ill ano!r ( ! tr\bles to :i* pig fle% is heir is h]nia1 or rupture4 ,?is is ( two k9ds1 umbilical & scrotum4 ,! =m] is ! escape ( a portion ( ! b[els ?r\gh an imp]fectly clos$ navel op5+1 :il/ ! latt] %[s itself 9 an enl>gem5t ( ! scrotum or purse due to an escape into x ( a portion ( ! abdom9al cont5ts4 ,bo? ( ^! ailm5ts are consid]$ to be h]$it>y1 b ! mo/ common & ! mo/ tr\blesome is ! latt]1 s9ce !re is always a *ance ( /rangulation ( ! escap$ portions1 :i* ne>ly always results 9 dea?4 ,at "o "t x 0 consid]$ to be inadvisable to ca/rate ! bo> pigs affect$1 b ( late ye>s ! plan has be5 adopt$ ( mak+ only "o incision 9 ! scrotum 9 place ( two1 & mak+ t "o z high z possible4 ,!n aft] ! op]ation is p]=m$1 ! ap]ture is s[n up4 ,! pig %\ld be f$ lightly = a day or two 9 ord] to give "t = ! heal+ ( ! w\nd4 ,umbilical h]nia is n g5]ally ( mu* importance1 ! navel op5+ gradually closes z ! pig gr[s /rong] & ! enl>gem5t disappe>s4 ,x is advisable n to bre$ f a s[ pig :i* has be5 affect$1 nor to cont9ue to use a bo> :i* has begott5 ruptur$ pigs1 z bo? fail+s are h]$it>y4 ,= a "t at lea/1 !re is c]ta9 to be a difficulty 9 obta9+ a full supply ( %>ps1 ev5 ( ! greatly r$uc$ fe$+ value ( ! pres5t quantity available4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be advisable to ref] to ano!r sy/em ( fe$+ ! suckl+ s[ & ! "y pigs4 ,x is n[ p]=ce be+ g5]ally adopt$1 b ! result is n g5]ally consid]$ to be equal to ! old sy/em recomm5d$4 ,x is t ( fe$+ pigs ( ! k9d m5tion$ on vegetable food1 & a mixture ( palm nut1 cocoa nut1 gr\nd nut1 or l9se$ cake4 ,! proportions f$ at ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,f>m are mangolds #bj lbs42 a mixture ( two p>ts palm nut cake1 & "o "p cocoa nut cake1 #b lbs42 l9se$ cake1 #b lbs42 & gr\nd nut cake1 #a lb4 ,! two =m] 7 f$ 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 & ! o!r two at midday4 ,! v>i\s cakes seem to h be5 f$ 9 a dry condition1 b o!r pig fe$]s h f\nd x b5eficial to soak ! cake 9 wat] = "s twelve h\rs4 ,?is view seems to h receiv$ support f ! practice at ,cambridge1 :i* 0 to mix ! cake ) ! cut mangolds tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e be+ f$ to ! pigs s t at lea/ a portion ( ! cake w\ld become s(t5$ by ! mangold juice4 ,almo/ any k9d ( vegetable matt] conta9+ a fair am\nt ( nutrition w\ld be equally z suitable z mangold1 inde$ m s dur+ ! p]iod f ,octob] to ,april4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s cook$ potatoes2 kohl rabi1 sw$es1 p>snips1 cabbages1 arti*okes1 etc41 f$ raw2 & 9 ! summ] grass1 luc]ne1 clov]1 vet*es1 rape1 or almo/ any k9d ( vegetable food w be readily eat5 by ! pigs4 ,ev5 :]e ! wa/eful practice ( peel+ ! potatoes be=e be+ cook$ = ! h\sehold is /ill foll[$ 7& j h[ wa/eful ?is old-fa%ion$ plan is has be5 lately prov$ to be a loss ( ne>ly "o qu>t] ( ! nutrim5t7--x is advisable to boil ! p>+s & !n mix ! :ole ) ! pig's food4 ,x _c be too /rongly impress$ on pig keep]s t a c]ta9 proportion ( vegetable food is mo/ b5eficial = pigs ( all ages1 z n only is a sav+ 9 co/ effect$1 b ! pigs w cont9ue 9 a m heal?y condition ?an :5 f$ solely on meal or o!r conc5trat$ food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,bo>4 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,au?or4 ,! ,w9n] ( _m ,prizes4 ,to face page #hj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,,tamwor? ,,s[1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,! ,,fairies4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,wean+ ,,pigs ,!re are few po9ts 9 connection ) ! bre$+ & fe$+ ( pigs on :i* !re is a great] div]sity ( op9ion & practice ?an on ! "q ( ! wean+ ( ! "y pigs4 ,= in/ance1 take ! age at :i* x is mo/ satisfactory to take ! pigs (f ! s[4 ,?is practice v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & ev5 9 ! same di/rict :]e "o w\ld naturally suppose t ! det]m9+ influ5ces w\ld be simil> wean+ at five or six weeks old4 ,"o pig bre$] w decl>e t a little pig ( five or six weeks old %\ld be & is able to support itself alone1 & w act accord+ly4 ,%\ld p]*ance a litt] wean$ ?us e>ly cease to gr[ ! excuses made w be v>i\s4 ,! wea!r is at fault1 x is ei!r too hot or too cold1 or ! %>ps1 etc41 on :i* !y h be5 f$ 7 n good or sweet1 t ! s['s milk 0 n suffici5tly pl5tiful1 or x 0 want+ 9 nutrim5t4 ,9 fact1 any excuse w be made r ?an ! actual cause admitt$4 ,9 f> too _m in/ances ! real reason = ! want ( ?rift on ! "p ( ! "y pigs tak5 f _! "m :5 !y are n m ?an five or six weeks old is t _! dige/ive organs are n suffici5tly develop$ z to enable !m to dige/ en\gh food to n\ri% !m prop]ly4 ,ano!r excuse (t5 made = :at we consid] to be undue ha/e 9 wean+ "y pigs is ! alleg$ desire ( ! own] n to wa/e ! "t ( ! s[4 ,he is anxi\s to h h] s]v$ aga9 & ha/5 ! arrival ( ! next litt]4 ,occasionally x is f\nd to be unnecess>y to wean ! pigs = ?is purpose z ! s[ w come 9 heat & c be s]v$ by ! bo>1 b if %e %\ld become 9 pig ! result w be mu* ! same s f> z ! pigs are conc]n$1 s9ce z soon z ! s[ has conceiv$ ! milk w promptly cease or become v r$uc$ 9 quantity & quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! s[ does n /& to ! bo> "t may be wa/$4 ,x is mo/ unlikely t ! s[ w aga9 become 9 heat = "s ?ree weeks1 :]eas ?is almo/ always occurs )9 a few days ( ! wean+ ( ! litt] ( pigs4 ,!n ano!r extreme1 & "o :i* is practis$ by "s pig bre$]s1 is to all[ ! "y pigs to rema9 on ! s[ until ! =m] are f t5 to twelve weeks old4 ,x is claim$ = ?is practice t ! "y pigs gr[ mu* fa/] :5 left on ! s[ ?an :5 wean$1 & t less food is consum$ = a live weight increase f a giv5 quantity ( food4 ,also1 x is said t food ( m inf]ior k9d c be f$ to ! s[ ?an c\ld be f$ to ! pigs if !y 7 wean$1 & ?us ! s[ & litt] are kept at less exp5se1 & t if ! pigs are n wean$ until ne>ly ?ree mon?s1 ! milk ( ! s[ w h gradually ceas$ to fl[1 & ! pigs w n miss ! help f _! dam4 ,_! dige/ive organs w !n h become suffici5tly develop$ to enable !m to make ! be/ use ( ! food giv5 to !m1 & !y w su/a9 no *eck 9 ?rift or gr[? :5 !y are wean$4 ,9 ?is "q ( wean+ pigs ! good old fa%ion$ plan ( foll[+ ! middle c\rse w probably be f\nd to be ! be/4 ,anyway1 x 0 ! "o :i* we foll[$ = a great numb] ( ye>s & f\nd ! results g5]ally satisfactory = ! foll[+ among o!r reasons4 ,z a bre$] ( pure br$ pigs = sale z bo>s or yelts = bre$+ purposes1 we 7 naturally anxi\s to give ! pigs a good />t 9 life s t we %\ld be able to sell !m z quickly z possible1 & t !y %\ld ?rive :5 !y came into ! possession ( _! new own]s1 & ?us prove ! be/ possible adv]tisem5t ( our h]ds4 ,z a rule we f\nd t if ! pigs 7 all[$ to rema9 on ! s[s until !y 7 "s eight weeks old !y 7 q /rong en\gh to f5d = !mselves1 t by gradually increas+ ! l5g? ( "t :i* ! s[ 0 all[$ to rema9 f ! pigs1 ! latt] became accu/om$ to exi/ )\t ! "m's milk1 & z ! milk ( ! s[ naturally dri$ up :5 ! pigs p>tially ceas$ to )draw x1 no tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ ) inflam$ udd]s z is usually or commonly ! case :5 ! pigs are sudd5ly wean$ f a s[ :i* is 9 full milk4 ,!re is also ano!r advantage ap>t f t to ! s[ & pigs1 x is t ! s[ w almo/ inv>iably come 9 heat )9 ?ree or f\r days ( ! wean+1 & ) ! be/ possible *ance ( becom+ 9 pig4 ,"s pig keep]s are m incl9$ to wean _! litt] ( pigs at an e>ly age1 & !n if ! s[ be l[ 9 condition to baulk h] at ! fir/ "t ( oe/rum4 ,!re are objections to ?is--"o ( !m is t !re is frequ5tly a difficulty 9 gett+ ! s[ to conceive aft] %e has be5 baulk$4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s we h n be5 able to asc]ta94 ,we only record :at we "k to be a fact4 ,9 our op9ion ?is difficulty is "o ( ! /ronge/ po9ts 9 fav\r ( ! practice ( all[+ ! "y pigs ( a s[ ) h] fir/ litt]1 or ( an old s[ :i* has become l[ 9 condition 7ei!r f hav+ _h too _m pigs left on h]1 or f o!r natural cause71 to rema9 on ! s[ = a long] p]iod ?an ab\t eight weeks4 ,"s p]sons w keep ! pigs on ! s[ until !y are ne>ly ?ree mon?s old 9 ! belief t bo? s[ & pigs are b5efit$1 & t ! pigs c be kept q z *eaply if n m s :5 unwean$ ?an wean$4 ,!y also claim t ! s[ is s mu* /rong] & bett] fitt$ to prep>e = ano!r litt]4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* g f> to prove t ! fir/ ( ^! two claims is f\nd$ on fact2 & x has fur!r be5 demon/rat$ t c]ta9 foods c be f$ to ! s[ )\t affect+ ! ?rift & heal? ( ! pigs :i* c\ld n ) safety be f$ to ! latt] direct1 yet :5 f$ ?r\gh ! s[ ! pigs w ?rive on ! milk produc$ !refrom4 ,x is entirely a "q ( ! co/ ( a re/ = ! s[ dur+ ! extra two or ?ree weeks1 & ! b5efit to ! s[ & h] pigs4 ,"o occasionally sees 9 ! press a claim = :at is consid]$ to be a great a*ievem5t 9 t "s "o has br$ ?ree litt]s ( pigs f "o s[ )9 ! ye>4 ,!re really is some?+ wond]ful 9 ?is s9ce ( ! fifty-two weeks con/itut+ a ye>1 ! s[ w\ld be c>ry+ h] pigs "s =ty-eight weeks4 ,?is w\ld all[ only f\r weeks = ! two litt]s ( pigs to be suckl$1 & ?is w\ld also include ! few days betwe5 ! pigs be+ wean$ & ! s[ com+ 9 heat4 ,ap>t f ! natural difficulty ( successfully bre$+ ?ree litt]s ( pigs f "o s[ )9 twelve mon?s1 !re exi/s a f> great] possibility ( loss r ?an ( ga9 f unduly hurry+ on ! arrival ( ea* litt] ( pigs f a s[1 especially ( ! pr(itable k9d ( s[4 ,"s =ty ye>s s9ce :5 ,small ,:ites1 ,small ,blacks1 & %ort ?ick ,b]k%ires 7 fa%ionable1 ! numb] ( pigs 9 ea* litt] 0 few1 & ! numb] re>$ /ill few]1 ow+ to ! limit$ quantity ( milk furni%$ by ! s[4 ,n[1 ! ,l>ge ,black1 ! ,l>ge ,:ite1 ! ,middle ,:ite1 ! ,l9coln%ire ,curly ,coat1 ! old ,gl\ce/] ,spots1 ! ,tamwor?1 ! ,cumb]l&1 & ev5 ! s[s ( mo/ ( ! local bre$s ( pigs are expect$ to re> n9e or t5 pigs ea* litt]4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible = a s[ to br+ =? ?ree litt]s )9 ! ye>1 %e c\ld n possibly d ju/ice to !m ei!r be=e or aft] ! pigl+s arriv$ 9 ?is _w2 & fur!r1 ! life ( su* a s[ w\ld ( necessity be a %ort "o4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 ! production ( ea* litt] ( pigs ! s[ is compell$ to manufacture f #bj to #cj lbs4 ( fle%1 sk91 hair1 etc41 :i* toge!r con/itute ! newly f>r[$ pig1 & v frequ5tly ?is has to be accompli%$ on a f> too limit$ supply ( suitable food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,pa9t+ by ,wippell4 ,,middle ,,:ite ,,s[4 ,to face page #if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,block k9dly suppli$ by ,cumb]l& ,pig ,bre$]s' ,association1 ,c>lisle4 ,,cumb]l& ,,s[4 ,own$ by ,mr4 ,c>r1 ,kirkbride1 ,c>lisle4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,re>+ ,,( ,,"y ,,pigs ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! pr(itable rais+ ( /ock is to give ! animals a good />t 9 _! e>lie/ days4 ,!re is an old & true say+ among/ %eph]ds t ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable %eep are ^? :i* h nev] lo/ _! lamb fat4 ,x may ) equal tru? be decl>$ t ! mo/ pr(itable pig is ! "o :i* has a good />t :5 on its "m1 & nev] aft]w>ds lacks suitable food1 judici\sly giv54 ,at frequ5t int]vals1 ! "q z to ! numb] ( pigs :i* a s[ %\ld h left on h] to re> is ! subject ( discussion 9 ! press4 ,at ea* ( ^! p]iods v simil> argum5ts = & aga9/ l>ge litt]s are us$ ) mu* ! same inconclusive results4 ,?is probably arises to a great ext5t f ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* ! p>ticul> litt] ( pigs is to be re>$4 ,! "t ( ye> has a va/ influ5ce1 a s[ f>r[+ 9 ,may w m successfully re> a doz5 pigs ?an %e w\ld br+ up t5 if !y 7 f>r[$ 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]4 ,! age & condition ( ! s[ %\ld also be consid]$4 ,a "y s[ ( ab\t twelve mon?s %\ld n h m ?an sev5 or eight pigs left on h] to re>1 :]eas ) h] succe$+ litt]s until %e is at lea/ f\r ye>s old %e w\ld re> at lea/ t5 pigs ea* litt]4 ,aft] ! s[ has rea*$ ! age ( ab\t f\r ye>s1 if t "t has be5 fully employ$ 9 h] mat]nal duties1 %e becomes gradually less able to re> s l>ge a numb] ( pigs ) an equal am\nt ( success4 ,x is !n advisable to v>y ! numb] accord+ to ! season1 & to ! physical condition ( ! s[2 g5]ally speak+ an ag$ s[ w br+ up m pigs 9 ! summ] mon?s ?an 9 ! cold] mon?s4 ,ref]5ce is made else:]e to ! mann] 9 :i* ! "y pigs %\ld be c>$ = until !y are wean$ f _! dam1 b no h>m c arise f a repetition ( ! advice t ! "y pigs %\ld be s manag$ & f$ t only ! v slighte/ diff]5ce w be notic$ by ! y\ng/]s :5 p>t$ f _! "m4 ,_m pigs are p]man5tly *eck$ 9 gr[? by be+ sudd5ly depriv$ ( a full supply ( "m's milk if wean$ :5 _! dige/ive organs are insuffici5tly develop$ z to treat a suffici5cy ( food to make gr[? & progress )\t ! assi/ance receiv$ f _! "m's milk4 ,op9ions diff] z to ! age at :i* little pigs are suffici5tly develop$ z to exi/ & ?rive )\t _! dam's help4 ,"h aga9 ! "t ( ! ye>1 n only z f> z ! wea!r is conc]n$1 b ! desirability ( prompt or def]r$ remat+ ( ! s[ 9 ord] t h] succe$+ litt]s %\ld arrive dur+ ! mo/ fav\rable portions ( ! ye>1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,! ?rift & gr[? ( ea* litt] ( pigs v>ies greatly4 ,! heal? ( ! s[1 h] condition be=e f>r[+1 & o!r causes1 "s ( :i* are n always on ! surface1 h _! influ5ce1 b x may be tak5 z a rule t "y pigs are fully able to f5d = !mselves by ! "t !y are eight weeks old4 ,%\ld x be possible to all[ ! pigs to rema9 on ! s[ = s long a "t z twelve weeks )\t prejudic+ ! next litt]s z to ! "t ( ye> ( _! arrival1 ! pigs may b5efit1 & no loss ( food w be su/a9$1 s9ce x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t pigs beyond ! age ( eight weeks c be f$ q z economically1 if n m s1 on ! s[ ?an if wean$4 ,x may also be possible to fe$ ! s[ on some:at co>s] & less exp5sive food ?an c\ld be satisfactorily f$ to ! "y pigs1 z h] dige/ive organs w\ld be bett] able to treat ! co>s] food4 ,ano!r advantage g5]ally foll[s keep+ ! pigs = a long] "t on ! s[ if ! latt] be well f$ is t %e w be 9 a /rong] & bett] condition to />t ! build+ up ( h] next litt]4 ,z a rule "y pigs w comm5ce to eat :5 !y are f ?ree to f\r weeks old4 ,if ! s[ is f$ 9 ! /y 9 :i* ! little pigs are1 ^! w endeav\r to %>e 9 ! food2 at fir/ !y may cont5t !mselves ) lick+ any food :i* may be outside ! tr\gh1 b !y quickly %[ a desire = m1 & attempt to get into ! tr\gh4 ,:5 ?is is evid5t1 x is advisable to fe$ ! little pigs ap>t f ! s[2 a l[ flat tr\gh is be/1 z "o ) high sides is said to cause high back$ pigs1 or pigs suff]+ f a curvature ( ! sp9e4 ,if a little milk c be obta9$1 ! pigs w promptly dr9k x1 if ! milk be :ole !y w ?rive be/1 b ev5 if only skim or sep>at$ milk be obta9able1 or butt] milk1 provid+ t x be drawn (f ere ! salt is put into ! *urn1 a small quantity w be b5eficial1 b ! pigs w n be able to dige/ s l>ge a quantity ( ! sep>at$ z ( ! :ole milk4 ,! =m] is apt to h a con/ipat+ effect on ! b[els ( ! y\ng/]s4 ,%\ld an ample supply ( sep>at$ milk be available x c be f$ ?r\gh ! s[1 :o w be bett] able to dige/ x1 & ^: yield ( milk w be increas$1 provid$ t suffici5t sep>at$ milk to affect h] b[els be n giv5 to h]4 ,a few k]nels ( :eat or :ite peas w be readily eat5 by ! little pigs1 :i* w b5efit !refrom4 ,if no o!r food is available1 %>ps1 or :atev] ! local t]m = ! f9] mill]'s (fals may be1 mix$ ) a little w>m wat] & f$ to ! pigl+s1 w prove b5eficial1 c>e be+ tak5 to give only s mu* z ! pigs w eat up readily1 or t any surplus is tak5 away1 s t x does n become s\r1 z 9 ?is la/ condition x w cause di>rhoea 9 ! "y pigs4 ,:5 ! pigs are ab\t six weeks old ! s[ c be all[$ to rema9 f !m = a long] "t1 & ! y\ng/]s f$ two or ?ree times ea* day4 ,! s['s milk w !n gradually dry up1 & ! pigs w become accu/om$ to ! food1 s t :5 ! latt] are ab\t eight weeks old !y w h become wean$ naturally1 & receive no *eck f ! loss ( ! s['s milk4 ,?is sy/em1 w also prev5t any tr\ble aris+ f ! collection ( milk 9 ! s['s udd]1 & ! occasional attacks ( inflammation or g>get :i* foll[ a *ill to ! s[ :5 h] udd] is 9 an inflam$ condition f be+ closely impact$ ) milk4 ,assum+ t ! economical & b5eficial practice ( supply+ ! suckl+ s[ ) vegetable food ( "s k9d aft] ! pigs are "s ?ree or f\r weeks old has be5 adopt$1 ! pigs w h become accu/om$ to its consumption4 ,x w be f\nd to be advisable to cont9ue ?is :e!r x has tak5 ! =m ( cook$ potatoes1 ( mangolds1 sw$es1 kohl rabi1 cabbages1 arti*okes1 etc41 z n only w ! food bill be r$uc$1 z ! pigs w make equal gr[? & ?rift on food conta9+ say t5 p] c5t ( vegetable matt] z !y w if f$ :olly on %>ps1 b ! vegetable food w h a b5eficial effect on ! heal? ( ! pigs1 & t5d to prev5t ^? attacks ( con/ipation & di>rhoea :i* are s frequ5tly ! result ( food ( too ri* a "*4 ,( ! vegetable foods1 cook$ potatoes & raw arti*okes are ! mo/ n\ri%+ & ! mo/ readily eat51 luc]ne & clov] 9 a gre5 /ate come next 9 food value & fav\ritism ) ! pigs2 cabbages are cr$it$ ) caus+ con/ipation :5 f$ to "y pigs1 :il/ mangolds are said to h ! opposite effect1 & 9 addition :5 gr[n on light l& by ! aid ( artificial manure mangolds are apt to affect ! kidneys & cause excessive ur9ation4 ,kohl rabi are n s mu* us$ 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs z w\ld be advisable4 ,!y are easily gr[n & w take ! place ( sw$es on l& on :i* sw$es are subject to mildew2 !y are v nutriti\s1 & are readily eat5 by bo? old & "y pigs4 ,colese$ is n us$ 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs 9 ?is c\ntry to any?+ approa*+ ! same ext5t z 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 its value & results are ( a v simil> "* to ^? ( cabbages4 ,t>es or vet*es conta9 too l>ge a proportion ( wat] = "y pigs1 & !y also h a t5d5cy to cause loos5ess ( ! b[els4 ,! gr[? ( maize = fe$+ to pigs 9 a gre5 /ate has be5 recomm5d$ by "s writ]s1 b 9 practice we f\nd x mo/ unsuitable = "y pigs1 & ( little value = ag$ pigs1 ow+ to ! small proportion ( n\ri%m5t conta9$ 9 x 9 comp>ison ) its bulk4 ,fur!r1 pigs bo? old & "y w refuse to eat x unless driv5 by hung]4 ,x is ne$less to rem>k t no pigs1 especially "y ones1 w ?rive "u su* conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common mi/akes made by pig fe$]s is all[+ too long a "t to pass betwe5 fe$+ times4 ,twice or ?ree times p] day is consid]$ to be q frequ5t en\gh1 :]eas prior to _! be+ wean$ ! pigs w\ld h _h a meal wellnigh ea* two h\rs bo? day & night4 ,infrequ5t meals result 9 ! pigs becom+ s hungry t !y bolt _! food1 & a great] quantity ?an is desirable1 & !n suff] f indige/ion4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! pig's capacity = /or+ food is v small1 especially z comp>$ ) "s o!rs ( our dome/icat$ animals4 ,f\r or five meals p] day at lea/ %\ld be giv5 to newly wean$ pigs4 ,t mo/ tr\blesome ( ailm5ts commonly t]m$ cramp m g5]ally results f injudici\s fe$+ ?an f all o!r causes comb9$4 ,ev5 :5 ! "y pigs are prop]ly f$ on suitable food !re is a t5d5cy 9 "s little pigs to attacks ( cramp4 ,"o ( ! be/ prev5tatives & ev5 rem$ies is to compel ! pigs to leave _! ne/s late 9 ! ev5+ or prior to ! pigman retir+ = ! night1 z !y w !n relieve ! b[els & bladd]4 ,o!rwise1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 ! pigs w\ld rema9 quiesc5t 9 _! ne/s f fe$+ "t 9 ! aft]noon until !y 7 f$ ! foll[+ morn+1 or 9 w9t] a p]iod ( "s fifte5 or sixte5 h\rs--f> too long a "t = ! good heal? ( ! "y pigs4 ,ano!r po9t :i* requires att5tion is ! provision ( a dry b$4 ,pigs are naturally clean animals1 & w n z a rule f\l _! b$ :5 !y are 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,/ill ! /raw w 9 w9t] "t become damp solely f ! moi/ure ?r[n (f by ! pigs :5 huddl$ toge!r 9 _! ne/4 ,all damp litt] %\ld be c>efully remov$ at lea/ once ea* day4 ,! be/ ( all mat]ials = ! b$d+ ( pigs is :eat /raw4 ,?is w absorb a l>g] am\nt ( moi/ure ?an any o!r k9d ( /raw1 :il/ ! sk9 & hair ( ! pigs w rema9 ( a bright] col\r ?an if b$d$ on oat or b>ley /raw4 ,( ^! two1 ! =m] is m suitable ?an ! latt]1 :i* s readily becomes damp & f\l4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e comp>atively little corn is gr[n1 sawdu/ & wood %av+s are commonly us$ = litt] = pigs4 ,s f> z ! com=t ( ! pigs is conc]n$ !re is little diff]5ce z comp>$ ) /raw ) reg>d to pigs ( all ages 9 ! w>m] wea!r1 b 9 ! w9t] little pigs suff]1 z !y are unable to make ! w>m ne/ :i* /raw enables !m to make & enjoy4 ,:5 peat moss 0 fir/ introduc$ x 0 /rongly recomm5d$ = ! b$d+ ( pigs4 ,x 0 claim$ = x t x 0 a f> bett] absorb5t ( moi/ure ?an sawdu/1 & t its manurial value 0 mu* great]4 ,x is probable t bo? claims are f\nd$ on fact1 z sawdu/ is ( comp>atively no value z a manure4 ,b !re exi/s "o s]i\s objection to ! use ( peat moss z litt] = "y pigs4 ,x is t ! pigs are giv5 to eat x1 t x causes sev]e attacks ( indige/ion1 & (t5 ! dea? ( ! pig eat+ x4 ,( late ye>s ! spay+ ( ! s[ pigs has ceas$ to be g5]al4 ,! causes ( ?is neglect may be sev]al1 among/ !m ! dislike ( tr\ble1 b p]haps ! ma9 reason is t ! s-call$ /ore p]iod ( ! pig's life is n[ s mu* %ort] ?an 9 ! old5 days1 & consequ5tly ! loss ( food1 & ! risk ( ! arrival ( unexpect$ litt]s ( pigs are less1 f ! repeat$ p]iods ( heat1 inde$ "u ! pres5t or rec5t conditions ( pig keep+ a l>ge proportion ( ! pigs are kill$ ere !y h become suffici5tly develop$ to be tr\blesome 9 ?is respect4 ,/ill1 !re is little d\bt t ! ca/rat+ & spay+ ( "y pigs at ab\t ! age ( six weeks1 or be=e !y h be5 wean$ f ! s[ is advisable & ! co/ ( ! op]ation is well repaid4 ,an unspay$ s[ pig becomes a nuisance 9 company ) o!r pigs1 & :5 x is put up to fatt5 w make no progress on "s ?ree or f\r days dur+ ea* ?ree weeks :5 %e ord9>ily becomes 9 heat4 ,9 addition to h] own wa/e ( "t %e w1 if p5n$ ) o!rs1 be cont9ually worry+ h] mates & prev5t+ !m f re/+ & ?riv+4 ,until rec5tly ano!r objection 0 tak5 to ! unspay$ s[ pig1 x 0 t if %e 7 kill$ dur+ ! p]iod ( oe/rum t great difficulty w\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 cur+ ! meat prop]ly1 & t signs ( h] heat$ condition w\ld be notic$ 9 ! mamm>y gl&s 9 ! =m ( d>k globules ( :at 0 consid]$ to be blood1 b inve/igation c>ri$ out at ! ,univ]sity ,f>m at ,cambridge by ,messrs4 ,russell & ,k5ne? ,mack5sie h prov$ t ! discoloration & ! consequ5t loss 9 value ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! belly ( a side ( bacon is n due to ! pig hav+ be5 9 a /ate ( heat at ! "t ( its slaught]1 b to an excess ( pigm5t1 noticeable only among/ col\r$ pigs4 ,?us1 ! globules w\ld be ( a d>k col\r :5 ! bacon 0 f a pig ( a black col\r1 & r$ f ! pigs ( ! ,tamwor? bre$4 ,?is %[s ano!r cause ( ! m>k$ pref]5ce ( ! bacon cur]s = pigs ( a :ite col\r 9 ! manufacture ( ! highe/ pric$ bacon4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,h\s+ ,,( ,,pigs ,9 ! g5]al managem5t ( pigs !re are _m po9ts on :i* improvem5ts might be effect$ )\t any v consid]able am\nt ( tr\ble or exp5se4 ,f> too frequ5tly ?is neglect or want ( c>e & ?\ght is obs]vable 9 ! h\s+ ( pigs4 ,_m ( ! /ies 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts are nei!r w9d nor wat] tight1 & !y are f> too (t5 9 a mo/ unsanit>y condition1 inde$ 9 su* a disgraceful /ate t "s excuse 0 af=d$ = ! dra/ic1 if injudici\s ord] ( ! sanit>y au?orities :i* prohibit$ ! erection ( a pig/y )9 f sixty to "o hundr$ feet ( a dwell+ h\se4 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld h be5 wis] to h p]mitt$ ! keep+ ( pigs )9 a mu* %ort] di/ance ( ! h\se only s long z ! necess>y /eps 7 tak5 to prev5t a nuisance or a risk ( ! resid5ts 9 ! h\se suff]+ 9 heal?4 ,! proximity ( a pig/y to a h\se c be r5d]$ p]fectly innocu\s ) ord9>y c>e1 & ! cottag] n be depriv$ ( v consid]able advantages n only 9 mak+ a pr(it1 b 9 ! provision ( manure = 8 allotm5t or g>d5 :i* w b5efit greatly f its application4 ,! mi/akes or want ( c>e 9 ! erection ( pig/ies is by no means conf9$ to ! own]s ( cottages or small hold+s1 z a consid]able proportion ( ! pigg]ies on :i* great outlay is exp5d$ are equally z unsuitable if n s insanit>y4 ,ev5 9 s-call$ model build+s ! pigg]y has (t5 be5 ! la/ ?+ ?\ght (2 ! /ables1 ! c[ h\se1 etc41 h be5 conv5i5tly plac$ = fe$+ ! occupants1 = air1 light1 & sun1 & !n ! pigg]y has be5 plac$ 9 :atev] spot may h be5 left unoccupi$1 & z ?is g5]ally happ5s to be on ! nor!rn side ( ! build+s1 ! unhappy pigs are depriv$ ( ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* are to !m q z necess>y1 if n m s1 ?an to any o!rs ( our dome/icat$ animals4 ,?is same want ( sun1 & ! exposure to cold is noticeable 9 only a less] degree 9 ^? build+s :i* comprise a d\ble r[ ( /ies ) a passage d[n ! c5tre1 a /ore & a cook+ & mix+ h\se at "o end1 & an ex]cise or fe$+ y>d adjo9+4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! build+ be plac$ nor? or s\?1 or ea/ or we/1 "o half ( ! /ies h a wrong aspect2 ev5 if ! /ies fac+ ! we/ c be said to possess "o4 ,! tr\ble is /ill great] ) ! sy/em ( hav+ a y>d atta*$ to ea* /y4 ,! nor? or ea/ w9d r5d]s ! /ies ) su* an aspect a mo/ uncom=table & unheal?y place = "y pigs dur+ m ?an half ! ye>1 :il/ old] pigs _c ?rive on ! same am\nt ( food z !y w\ld if _! qu>t]s 7 com=table4 ,ap>t f ! wa/e ( food :i* results f ^! draughty & cold /ies1 ! latt] are ! *ief cause1 ) injudici\s fe$+1 ( t mo/ tr\blesome ailm5t among/ pigs1 rheumatic g\t1 or1 z x is commonly t]m$1 cramp4 ,h[ v draughty & uncom=table ^! /ies are :i* h an op5 y>d atta*$1 & an inlet at all times usable1 c be readily discov]$ 9 cold & w9dy wea!r by notic+ ! position 9 :i* ! occupant has made its b$4 ,?is w be f\nd n on ! highe/ "p ( ! /y1 :i* w be opposite to ! op5+ into ! y>d1 b 9 ! corn] next to ! op5+1 s9ce 9 ?is position x is less expos$ to ! cold w9d :i* ru%es into ! /y ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,ap>t f ! unheal?9ess to ! pigs result+ f ! exposure to draughts x is n app>5t to ! writ] t any advantage is ga9$ f ! provision ( ^! y>ds4 ,9 _m in/ances !y s]ve only = an excuse to limit ! height ( ! /ies1 z unless ^! are ( a fair height !re is a consid]able difficulty 9 clean+ !m out4 ,! money exp5d$ on build+ ! y>d w\ld easily cov] ! extra co/ ( rais+ ! side walls ( ! pig/y by two feet1 & ?us n only r5d] x free f draughts1 b also make x f> m heal?y & less subject to ! extremes ( heat & cold4 ,! ord9>y /y ) a y>d atta*$ is unheal?y = a gr[+ or matur$ pig1 b 9 ! cold] wea!r x is simply cruel = newly born pigs1 ( :i* numb]s are annually lo/ f exposure or are greatly *eck$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,"o ( ! v be/ places 9 :i* to h\se pigs 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ] 0 a l>ge b>n ) a ?at*$ ro(4 ,?is 0 divid$ (f into /ies by p>titions "s #d ft4 #f 94 high2 ow+ to ! height ( ! build+ ! temp]ature 0 n unduly high 9 ! hotte/ wea!r nor did ! pigs suff] to any ext5t dur+ sev]e wea!r4 ,^! advantages arose ma9ly f ! slight *anges 9 temp]ature1 & an abundant supply ( uncontam9at$ air4 ,"o ( ! greate/ drawbacks to ! majority ( ! pig/ies is ! abs5ce ( v5tilation )\t draught4 ,?is tr\ble is especially noticeable :]e ! side walls are n m ?an ab\t #d ft4 high1 :il/ ! proximity ( ! ro( to ! pigs increases ! suff]+s ( ! pigs f ! heat :5 ! wea!r is excessively hot4 ,"s ( our mo/ successful pig fe$]s on a l>ge scale h f\nd x pr(itable to erect *eap build+s v simil> to small b>ns1 ! side walls be+ at lea/ #aj feet high4 ,?is w p]mit ( ?or\gh v5tilation1 q free f draughts1 :il/ ! v>iations 9 ! temp]ature w be comp>atively slight4 ,! build+ be+ complete )9 itself1 & entirely us$ = ! pigs1 !re is no di/urbance ( ! pigs betwe5 ! fe$+ times1 s t ! pigs w re/ & gr[ fat4 ,^! h\ses are mo/ suitable = a numb] ( fatt5+ pigs1 :]eas = s[s & = "y s[s small] /ies or h\ses are m conv5i5t4 ,^! %\ld be at lea/ #aj ft4 squ>e1 ! front #f ft4 #f 94 high1 ! doors divid$ s t ! upp] half c be op5$ :5 ! wea!r is fav\rable2 v5tilation c be obta9$ by hang+ or slid+ doors j "u ! eaves s t ! pigs are n affect$ by ! draught2 ! floor %\ld be laid ) brick & gradually incl9e to ! front ( ! build+ s t ! liquid c run ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! l[] "p ( ! front wall into a cesspool plac$ close to ! build+4 ,a r[ ( ^! h\ses1 :i* %\ld face to ! s\?1 c be m *eaply erect$ ?an a s+le h\se1 z ! wood5 p>titions betwe5 ! h\ses ne$ n be m ?an #d ft4 high1 & "o ( ^! w\ld take ! place ( two gables or ends4 ,sev]al ( ! h\ses :i* ! writ] erect$ _h brick f\ndations & fea!r-edg$ bo>d$ sides & ends2 ! ro(s 7 ( tiles unpo9t$1 z 9 ?is way ! h\ses 7 mu* cool] 9 ! summ]1 :il/ 9 ! w9t] ! upp] portions ( ! h\ses 7 pack$ ) /raw :i* /ill p]mitt$ ( ! escape ( ! f\l air1 yet greatly add$ to ! w>m? & com=t ( ! build+4 ,! "o ?+ ( all o!rs mo/ ne$ful 9 ! /y or h\se = ! well do+ ( pigs is a suffici5cy ( pure air )\t draughts2 pigs ( ev5 a few days old w suff] less f cold ?an f moi/ & f\l hot air4 ,x is n ! mo/ co/ly build+ 9 :i* pigs w ?rive be/1 b ! "o 9 :i* !y are ! mo/ com=table & free f ! extremes ( heat & cold ) a dry b$ on :i* to re/ & be ?ankful4 ,:5 mak+ a t\r ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations & ,agricultural ,s*ools 9 ,d5m>k "s few ye>s s9ce1 ! writ] saw ne> ,a>huss :at 0 !n a novelty 9 ! =m ( a two deck] pig/y1 i4e4 a /y ) a sleep+ place above--"o c\ld sc>cely t]m x an up/airs room z access 0 ga9$ n by /airs b by an incl9$ bo>d ) /ruts ( wood fa/5$ across x to give a firm hold+ to ! pigs z !y asc5d$ to ! upp] /ory4 ,! incl9e 0 v /eep1 b ! pigs seem$ to h no difficulty 9 gett+ up & d[n4 ,! advantages claim$ = x by ! pr9cipal 7 t ! sleep+ comp>tm5t 0 s mu* clean] & sweet]2 t less /raw 0 requir$ = b$d+1 & t ! pigs 7 f> m com=table & re/$ bett] ?an :5 box$ up1 especially 9 ! summ] season :5 ! heat 9 ! l[] portion 0 v oppressive4 ,! fe$+ took place 9 ! l[] portion4 ,x 0 /at$ t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ur9e & dung 0 deposit$ bel[4 ,?is 0 a great advantage z ! moi/ure ran (f at once into ! dra9s1 & ! solids 7 easily cle>$ out z !re 0 no litt] mix$ ) !m1 or ! dung c\ld be readily wa%$ into ! dra9s by wat] f a hose1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! summ] = ! purpose ( ba?+ or ( wa%+ ! pigs4 ,! *ief objection to ! plan w\ld be its exp5se1 z unless ! pig/ies 7 9 a b>n or a %$ already erect$ = "s o!r purpose ! pig/y w\ld h to be s mu* high] on ! side walls & consequ5tly m /rongly built4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,sport & ,g5]al4 ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,s[1 ,,worsley ,,sunbeam4 ,to face page #aab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photo k9dly l5t by ,k5ne? ,mac,rae1 ,r4,u4,a4,s41 ,balmoral1 ,belfa/4 ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,ul/] ,,bo>4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( ,,pigs ,:5 ! exhibition ( live /ock at our num]\s %[s became common1 a belief sprang up among/ non-exhibitors t ! prep>ation = %[ 0 mo/ delet]i\s to ! animals %[n4 ,x 0 also cont5d$ t exhibitors 7 prone to pay att5tion1 to a f> great] ext5t1 to ! fancy or %[ po9ts ( ! animals :i* !y br$ ?an to ^? utility po9ts :i* are ( inf9itely m importance to ! ord9>y /ock bre$] & ! consum]4 ,x 0 also believ$ t ! fe$+ or tra9+ :i* ! %[ /ock und]w5t s]i\sly affect$ _! procreative p[]s1 & especially s ) ! animals ( ! fem99e g5d]4 ,x may at once be frankly admitt$ t !re exi/$ "s gr\nd = ! belief t a majority ( ! exhibitors did appe> to give too great att5tion to ! claims ( ! judges :o 71 9 too _m cases1 *os5 = reasons o!r ?an _! k ( practical agriculture or ! requirem5ts ( ! consum]s ( meat4 ,= s act+1 ! exhibitors 7 n beyond blame1 z 9 ! e>li] days ( %[+1 _! ma9 object 0 to w9 prizes 9 ord] to adv]tise _! /ock & s secure cu/om]s = _! sp>e bre$+ animals4 ,! actual improvem5t ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( /ock did n 9 ^? f>-(f days appe> to be ( su* vital importance z ! _w upheaval1 ( :i* ! pres5t g5]ation has be5 ! witness1 has prov$ x to be4 ,x may also be fairly claim$ t !re has be5 "s slight improvem5t 9 ! sy/em ( fe$+ & tra9+ foll[$ by ! pig exhibitors ( to-day4 ,?is is 9 "p due to ! fact t ! cramm+ on ri* food & giv+ little ex]cise may result 9 r5d]+ ! %[ pig 9 su* a /ate ( obesity z to secure ! approval ( ! non-practical judge1 :o is unable to appraise ! po9ts ( a pig :5 9 its natural bre$+ condition1 b t to be able to foll[ ! pres5t sy/em ( exhibit+ at sev]al successive %[s & ev5 :5 ! bloat$ pig is int5d$ to be return$ to ! bre$+ p51 ?is excessive fe$+ prov$ to be a griev\s mi/ake4 ,x may n be possible to claim t ! ov] fe$+ ( %[ animals is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b !re is little d\bt t exhibitors ( pigs h become alive to ! fact t x is n pr(itable4 ,n only is ! exp5se excessive1 b ! damage done to ! bre$+ animals is s great z to r5d] x inadvisable = any ord9>y f>m] to foll[4 ,aga91 !re has ( late ye>s be5 a v consid]able improvem5t 9 ! pig classification at bo? ! bre$+ & ! fat /ock %[s4 ,:5 ! writ] began pig %[+1 on 8 own acc\nt1 fifty ye>s s9ce1 ! common classification at mo/ ( ! %[s 01 bo> any age1 s[s any age1 & p5s ( ?ree bre$+ pigs1 n exce$+ n9e or 9 "s cases ev5 twelve mon?s4 ,!re 7 no re/rictions z to ! age ( ! bo> or ( ! s[1 no condition z to utility1 ( ! s[ hav+ at any "t re>$ a litt] ( pigs or ( be+ 9 pig1 s t x 0 by no means uncommon at ev5 "s ( ! *ief %[s to f9d bo? bo>s & s[s appe> ye> aft] ye>1 hav+ be5 guiltless ( any attempt to procreate _! species1 b hav+ be5 kept solely = ! purpose ( w9n+ prizes & add+ to ! r5[n ( _! own]s1 if n directly add+ mu* to _! balances at ! bank4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! cont9u$ exhibition ( ^! old /ag]s 0 made pr(itable 0 ! secur+ ( cu/om]s = bre$+ /ock f ! exhibitors1 :o 9 f> too _m cases 7 n ! bre$]s ( ! w9n+ animals4 ,to s great an ext5t _h ?is pur*ase1 frequ5tly f middlem5 or deal]s ( exhibition pigs1 become 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury1 t "s ( ! live /ock pap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates took up ! cudgels on behalf ( ! ,am]ican bre$]s ( pigs1 :o _h be5 9 ! habit ( import+ %[ w9n]s f ?is c\ntry & pla9ly ask$ = ! ,engli% def9ition ( a pure br$ pig4 ,x 0 po9t$ out at a rec5t %[ ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society sev]al w9n]s %[n by "o exhibitor 7 ent]$ z ( c]ta9 def9$ bre$s1 yet nei!r age1 p$igree1 nor "n ( bre$] 0 giv51 ! only p>ticul>s giv5 9 ! %[ catalogue be+ ! "n & address ( ! exhibitor1 ! "n ( ! pig1 & ! fur!r /atem5t age & bre$] unkn[n4 ,z our ,am]ican c\s9s ask$1 h[ c\ld x be possible to ensure t a pig 0 ( a c]ta9 pure bre$ :5 x 0 admitt$ t no k exi/$ ( ! bre$+ ( ! animal nor actually ( ! p]son :o br$ x4 ,?is sc&al1 z x 0 t]m$1 0 "o ( ! contribut+ causes ( ! e/abli%m5t ( societies = ! regi/ration ( ! p$igrees ( ! v>i\s types or bre$s ( pigs4 ,o!r *anges :i* h be5 great improvem5ts h be5 ! limitation ( ! ages ( bo>s & s[s %[n1 ! requirem5t t ! s[ has )9 a c]ta9 fix$ "t f>r[$ a litt] ( pigs & t :5 ent]$ z be+ 9 f>r[ a c]tificate ( subsequ5t f>r[+ %all be furni%$ ere ! prize money is paid ov]4 ,! age ( ! "y bo>s & s[s has also be5 r$uc$ at mo/ %[s to six mon?s1 or ! pigs mu/ h be5 f>r[$ 9 ! ye> ( ! %[4 ,9 ! good old times ! age ( ! pigs %[n 9 ! classes = p5s ( two or ?ree or five1 v>i$ f six to twelve mon?s1 & ! ass]t$ age giv5 by ! exhibitor 0 accept$ z correct4 ,at _m ( ! important %[s n only are "s means ( id5tification ask$ =1 b ! /ate ( ! d5tition are v>i\sly dealt )2 at "s %[s !y are disqualifi$ at once by ! /ew>ds on ! c]tificate ( ! vet]9>y surgeon4 ,x may at once be admitt$ t ?is mode ( proc$ure is v h>d on an hone/ exhibitor ^: pig has = "s reason develop$ its tempor>y or p]man5t tee? abnormally--& su* cases are n unkn[n--- al?\gh z a rule ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! cutt+ ( ! p]man5t tee? are v regul>1 ! majority ( ! irregul>ities are also 9 fav\r ( ! exhibitor1 s9ce delay$ r ?an precoci\s developm5t ( d5tition is ! mo/ common4 ,j h[ imp]ative x 0 t "s /eps %\ld be tak5 to prev5t mi/akes be+ made 9 ! ages ( "y pigs exhibit$1 _m cases c\ld be cit$1 b "o may suffice :]e "o ( ! s[ pigs 9 a p5 ( five ent]$ 9 a class = pigs n exce$+ six mon?s actually f>r[$ a litt] ( fully develop$ pigs 9 ! %[ y>d4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! classification = pigs at our pr9cipal ,fat ,/ock %[s4 ,! division ( bre$s or types has be5 att5d$ to & ! ages ( ! pigs 9 ! v>i\s classes h be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! writ] 0 judg+ pigs ) two colleagues at ! #ahhj %[ ( ! ,smi?field ,club1 !re 7 classes = ,small ,:ite pigs1 n exce$+ n9e mon?s2 above n9e mon?s1 & n exce$+ twelve mon?s1 & above twelve mon?s & n exce$+ eighte5 mon?s4 ,a m ridicul\s classification c\ld n possibly h be5 devis$ s9ce no small :ite pig w\ld h paid = fatt5+ aft] x _h become n9e mon?s old4 ,a simil> classification exi/$ = pigs ( ! ,l>ge ,:ite bre$1 = ,black bre$s1 & = ,b]k%ires4 ,9 addition !re 0 a class = a s+le pig ( any age or bre$4 ,! condition ( "s ( ! exhibits 9 ! olde/ classes 0 mo/ pitiable1 !y _h be5 /uff$ to su* an ext5t t _! life mu/ h be5 a mis]y to !m1 !y 7 unable to walk any di/ance1 & to prev5t suffocation roll]s 7 us$ on :i* to raise _! heads4 ,! only way 9 :i* to describe ^! un=tunate subjects ( man's inhumanity 0 z animat$ bladd]s ( l>d4 ,at ! rec5t %[s ( ! ,smi?field ,club1 n only has ! age limit be5 greatly r$uc$ b classes = pigs n exce$+ #ajj lbs4 live weight h be5 in/itut$1 9 addition to classes = all ! recognis$ pure bre$s ( pigs & ^? ( any cross4 ,ev5 ?is great r$uction 9 age has n be5 en\gh to satisfy "s ( our re=m]s1 z an endeav\r is be+ made to r$uce ! limit ( twelve mon?s to n9e mon?s1 s t 9 future ! classes w be = p5s ( two pigs n exce$+ #ajj lbs4 live weight1 = pigs n exce$+ six mon?s old & = pigs betwe5 six & n9e mon?s old1 ) c]ta9 classes = s+le pigs "u n9e mon?s4 ,x is cont5d$ t fat pigs _c be pr(itably kept aft] !y rea* ! age ( n9e mon?s4 ,ano!r innovation ( rec5t ye>s at ! ,smi?field ,%[ has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! s-call$ slaught] classes4 ,?is is probably by f> ! greate/ improvem5t ( rec5t ye>s 9 ! pig section4 ,classes are provid$ = pigs n exce$+ #ajj lbs4 live weight1 pigs weigh+ ov] #ajj lbs4 & n exce$+ #bbj lbs41 & = pigs above #bbj lbs4 & n exce$+ #cjj lbs4 live weight4 ,! pigs are fir/ exhibit$ & judg$ alive1 !n slaught]$ & ! c>cases judg$ on _! pork m]its4 ,!re is also "o class = pigs above #afj lbs4 & n exce$+ #bdj lbs4 live weight be/ suit$ = ! manufacture ( bacon4 ,^! v>i\s classes h creat$ great int]e/ & h prov$ ( ! greate/ educational value4 ,ano!r b5eficial effect ( ! *ang$ conditions is ! elim9ation f ! summ] %[-y>ds ( fat s[s guiltless ( milk & accompani$ 9 ! p5 by half a score ( "y bo>s & yelts ( an age v>y+ f ?ree mon?s upw>ds1 & :i* toge!r 7 exhibit$ 9 ! class = bre$+ s[s1 or bre$+ s[s & pigs4 ,a f9e fat s[ :i* w\ld take k9dly to an unlimit$ numb] ( adopt$ y\ng/]s 0 9 ^? days almo/ z valuable z a small gold m9e4 ,an old & well-kn[n pigman1 ,dick by "n1 assur$ ! writ] t no few] ?an sixty-?ree "y bo>s & yelts 7 sold 9 "o ye> (f or :5 9 company ( "o well-kn[n s[4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! pigs %[n ) a s[ mu/ be c]tifi$ to be h] produce & n to exce$ ! age ( eight weeks4 ,x is at all times difficult to discov] ! motive p[] = c]ta9 actions on ! "p ( a human be+4 ,x has be5 decl>$ t !re is an equal am\nt ( d\bt z to ! cause ( a bre$] ( /ock wi%+ to exhibit 8 animals4 ,surely ?is la/ ass]tion is at lea/ ( a d\btful "*4 ,:at great] pro( c\ld a /ock bre$] give ( 8 pride 9 8 animals ?an a burn+ desire to expose _! good qualities to ! public gaze4 ,9 addition to ?is1 few m5 are entirely free f ! _s ( gambl+ & ?is ent]s into all competitions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! %[ y>ds4 ,! w9n+ ( prizes ) /ock may n be q s unc]ta9 z ! w9n+ ( horse races1 /ill1 !re is en\gh ( unc]ta9ty to r5d] ! judg+ r+ a c5tre ( great excitem5t4 ,"s p]sons w ev5 cont5d t ! %[+ ( f>m /ock is n desirable on ! "p ( "y f>m]s z x is likely to assume s great a simil>ity ) gambl+1 t att5d+ ! %[s means a neglect ( bus9ess & leads to exp5sive habits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t ! exhibition ( our improv$ specim5s ( /ock has be5 ( untold b5efit to bo? home & =eign /ock bre$]s4 ,fur!r1 ! exportation ( our p$igree /ock has actually sav$ u f semi-/>vation dur+ ?is mo/ fe>ful ( all w>s1 z )\t our improv$ /ock ! native /ock ( =eign c\ntries c\ld n possibly h furni%$ ! enorm\s quantities ( meat :i* we h _h to import4 ,x may be t a great _m exhibitors ( /ock _h little or no int5tion ( becom+ "o :5 !y fir/ pur*as$ _! /ock1 b on ^! prov+ q ! equal ( t possess$ by _! neighb\r1 ! desire grew to sugge/ h[ good !y 71 or 9 _m in/ances ! orig9al entries h be5 made 9 response to a reque/ to support ! local %[4 ,?is may be /ill ano!r cause = a beg9n] 9 /ock bre$+ ex]cis+ extreme c>e 9 ! selection ( 8 orig9al /ock4 ,ev5 if ! prime co/ be high] ?an t ( ord9>y m>ket /ock ! extra outlay exp5d$ on animals f well-kn[n bre$]s1 & out ( old e/abli%$ h]ds1 is c]ta9 to prove a good inve/m5t4 ,!re is j z great diff]5ce 9 ! diff]5t families or /ra9s ( our dome/ic /ock1 z !re is 9 ! v>i\s human families & ( animals1 & x may be probably m true t ! va/ majority ( ! be/ ( !m are ! desc5dants ( a comp>atively few ance/ors4 ,?is is evid5t 9 almo/ ev]yone ( ! bre$s ( our improv$ /ock1 x is s 9 ?or\ghbr$ & %ire horses1 & s "o might g ?r\gh ! :ole li/ ( dome/icat$ or f>m animals4 ,x is !re=e desirable t anyone :o ?9ks ( exhibit+ 8 pigs %\ld endeav\r fir/ to discov] ! p>ticul> tribes or families :i*1 9 ! pa/1 h furni%$ a l>ge proportion ( ! w9n]s1 & !n to obta9 "s ( ! specim5s ( ^? families :i* h be5 successful 9 ! %[ y>ds & 9 ! bre$+ p54 ,?is comb9ation is mo/ important1 z x does n necess>ily foll[ t a l9e ( blood :i* produces prize w9n]s %all also produce animals :i* are n only good 9 type1 "*1 & =m1 b possess$ ( prolificacy1 free milk+ prop]ties1 & ability to raise l>ge litt]s4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ 9 "s ( ! m]e exhibition h]ds ?is mo/ desirable comb9ation is due1 9 ! ma91 to ! f> too frequ5t neglect ( ! utility po9ts1 ! two aims ( ! h]dsman are 9 too _m in/ances ! w9n+ ( prizes = _! employ]s & ! secur+ ( a p]c5tage ( ! prize money = !mselves4 ,al?\gh !re h be5 attempts made to impress on outsid]s ! claim t !re exi/s 9 ! tra9+ ( pigs = successful exhibition 9 our %[ y>ds a l>ge am\nt ( my/]y1 yet1 ! practice is mo/ simple1 x consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( ! greate/ possible obs]vation1 c>e1 & att5tion2 )\t ! cont9ual use ( ^! qualities x is n possible to become a really successful pigman4 ,9 v _m in/ances j t little extra att5tion has turn$ ! scales4 ,! "o *ief qualification on ! "p ( a successful /ock man is ! art ( tak+ pa9s4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! o!r exhibitors ( pigs :o exhibit$ l>gely ov] _m ye>s ! writ] nev] employ$ a pr(essional pigman4 ,! comp>atively small numb] ( pigm5 :o assi/$ him to w9 ?\s&s ( prizes 7 m]ely ord9>y f>m lab\r]s1 save 9 "o case1 & he 0 an old sailor1 yet "o ( ! be/ fe$]s & tra9]s we ev] employ$4 ,he 0 naturally fond ( animals & 0 nev] tir$ ( wait+ on !m & ( supply+ _! ne$s4 ,x 0 once jok+ly said ( him t1 hav+ no *ildr51 he be/[$ on ! pigs 9 8 c>e ! love :i* "s o!r p be/[$ on _! *ildr54 ,!re is mu* ( tru? 9 ! ass]tion made by a col\r$ prea*] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 discuss+ ! want ( success ( ord9>y pig-keep+ 9 ! ,/ates1 ! *ief cause he decl>$ 0 ! abs5ce ( love4 ,we w\ld call x want ( natural fondness ( animals & an insuffici5t det]m9ation to r5d] ! conditions ( life ( ! animals 9 our *>ge z pleasant & satisfactory z circum/ances w all[4 ,) reg>d to ! sy/em ( re>+ & fe$+ animals int5d$ = exhibition1 no?+ m is ne$$ ?an ! conc5trat$ c>e & att5tion :i* is requir$ 9 ! successful re>+ & fe$+ ( all comm]cial animals4 ,a lib]al supply ( suitable food1 prep>$ 9 ! mo/ tempt+ =m & judici\sly f$ to ! pigs 9 j ! quantity requir$1 z frequ5tly z ! pig is able to ?or\ghly enjoy x4 ,little & (t5 is a good motto = ! pig fe$]4 ,! m closely we adh]e to nature1 ! m successful %all we be4 ,x is to ?is1 p]haps1 t ex]cise is s specially necess>y = pigs :i* are be+ prep>$ = ! %[ y>d4 ,x is impossible to r5d] a pig p]fectly fit = exhibition at a %[1 & m p>ticul>ly at sev]al successive %[s1 )\t pl5ty ( ex]cise4 ,ea* morn+ & ev5+ a walk ( a di/ance v>y+ ) ! ages1 etc41 ( ! pigs is desirable4 ,ano!r po9t to :i* "s pr(essional pigm5 give great prom95ce is ! regul> dos+ ( _! *>ges ) secret m$ic9es4 ,?is is n only unnecess>y1 b may ) bre$+ animals prove h>mful4 ,a s\nd heal?y pig seldom requires m$ic9e if x is prop]ly f$ & ex]cis$4 ,x is ! ov] fe$+ or int5se desire ( ! pigman :i* 9 ! majority ( cases r5d]s m$ic9e necess>y4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ aga9/ ?is ha/e to get ! pig into %[ condition4 ,?is la/ c only be a "w ( "t1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! process mu/ be 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! life ( ! pig & be /eadily cont9u$ until )9 a few days ( ! %[4 ,?is slight r$uction ( ! food may be necess>y 9 ! summ] :5 ! heat is great & ! pigs become re/less :5 travell+ box$ up 9 a crate 9 an enclos$ truck4 ,_m ( ! pigs lo/ 9 travell+ to or f ! %[s or soon aft] arriv+ at ! %[s1 h be5 f$ j prior to be+ load$ up1 because ( ! difficulty 9 fe$+ !m :5 on ! j\rney4 ,?is is an entire mi/ake2 n only %\ld ! pigs n be f$1 b prior to be+ put into ! crates !y %\ld be giv5 j s mu* ex]cise z w cause !m to evacuate ! b[els1 or ! bladd]4 ,c>e 9 ?is respect & non-exposure to ! rays ( ! sun may n 9 e case prev5t tr\ble1 b x w mo/ c]ta9ly r$uce to a m9imum ! *ance ( x4 ,%\ld a pig suff] f ! heat1 cold wat] %\ld be appli$ to ! head by means ( a sponge or a clo?1 & %\ld "s ( ! wat] p]colate into ! m\? ( ! pig s mu* ! bett]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,pres5t ,,& ,,future ,,pig-,,keep+ ,z x is impossible to =etell ! effect :i* ! pres5t disa/r\s w> w h ^u ! pig-bre$+ indu/ry1 we h deem$ x exp$i5t to ref] z briefly z possible to ! pres5t conditions ( fe$+1 etc41 :i* may or may n prove to be ( a tempor>y "* or :i* may become p]man5t 9 a m or less modifi$ mann]4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! sc>city & high m>ket value ( ! diff]5t articles :i* h be5 commonly us$ 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs is draw+ greatly increas$ att5tion to ! orig9al conditions "u :i* pigs 7 kept1 i4e4 :5 !y 7 9 a wild /ate or :5 !y 7 all[$ _! p>tial fre$om = ! purpose ( gett+ _! own liv+ to a great] or less] ext5t4 ,we are aw>e t a claim has be5 made by an en?usia/ic conv]t to pig-keep+ t 9 all[+ 8 pigs _! lib]ty to roam ov] grass fields & 9 woods he is practis+ q a novel c\rse ( proc$ure1 b ! old h&s m]ely smile & admire ! en?usiasm :i* is m ne>ly alli$ ) y\? ?an old age4 ,! practice may n h be5 g5]ally foll[$ ( late ye>s1 b 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 to ! writ]'s k common 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,suffolk & portions ( ,essex & ,cambridge%ire1 :]e a consid]able acreage ( grass & especially clov]s 0 graz$ by pigs1 hav+ a great] or less] quantity ( o!r food z ! pigs 7 int5d$ = bre$+ or fatt5+ purposes4 ,g5]ally speak+1 "s %elt] ( a tempor>y "* 0 provid$ fail+ t furni%$ by trees1 & /raw /acks1 etc41 b our ,am]ican c\s9s h gone "o bett] 9 t !y h introduc$ small movable h\ses :i* c be transport$ on :eels & c be utilis$ = a s[ & h] pigs1 or = a numb] ( /ores4 ,9 ! =m] c\rse1 an enclosure suffici5tly l>ge = ! s[ to graze !re9 is f5c$ 9 s t ea* s[ c be kept sep>ate until ! pigs are old en\gh to prev5t o!rs f robb+ !m ( _! bir?right4 ,! *ief difficulty att5d+ ?is sy/em is n exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ext5t x is 9 ?is c\ntry1 s9ce ! g5]al cu/om !re is to all[ ea* s[ to f>r[ a litt] ( pigs 9 ! spr+ & !n to fatt5 (f bo? s[ & pigs1 save ^? res]v$ = bre$+ purposes next ye>4 ,?is plan1 :i* appe>s to be wa/eful1 also h&icaps ! own] :o desires to improve 8 pig /ock1 s9ce an opportunity is d5i$ him ( discov]+ ! be/ ( 8 s[s & s res]v+ !m & _! produce to =m ! nucleus ( a really good h]d4 ,! sy/em is n an entirely new "o1 z x is practis$ to a great ext5t 9 "s p>ts ( ,l9coln%ire & o!r ,nor!rn c\nties1 :]e !re is n ! excuse made = x 9 ! ,/ates t x avoids ! tr\ble & risk f ! int5se cold att5d+ ! f>r[+ ( s[s 9 ! w9t]4 ,x may be t ! sev]ity ( our w9t]s is n usually great1 b ! cold1 damp & foggy wea!r commonly exp]i5c$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> r5d] x necess>y to w>mly h\se "y pigs1 & ?is is difficult 9 wood5 h\ses ( limit$ size1 z ^! become hot & /uffy :5 entirely clos$1 or damp & cold :5 unclos$4 ,aga91 ! lab\r att5d+ ! fe$+ ( a l>ge h]d h\s$ 9 isolat$ /ies mu/ be v consid]able4 ,ano!r objection rais$ aga9/ ?is f>r[+ ( s[s 9 ^! small h\ses is t x is difficult if n impossible at night to h ! pigman 9 att5dance on ! s[1 fur!r1 t x is n advisable to all[ ! "y pigs to roam ab\t ) _! dam until !y are "s weeks old1 z :5 ! wea!r is cold or wet !y become *ill$ & :5 ! sun is hot !y quickly become bli/]$1 bo? conditions mat]ially int]f]+ ) _! well do+4 ,x is claim$ t bo? s[ & pigs are able to secure a l>ge portion ( _! liv+1 b a s[ ) a good litt] ( pigs on h] requires a consid]able am\nt ( food 9 addition to grass to enable h] to d ju/ice to h] "y1 :il/ ! y\ng] pigs are unable to dige/ any quantity ( grass until !y are "s weeks old2 besides ?is1 ! y\ng/]s ?rive mu* bett] dur+ _! e>ly life :5 conf9$ 9 qu>t]s ?an :5 trail+ ab\t aft] ! s[4 ,c\ld we ensure fairly f9e wea!r1 & an abs5ce ( cold nights & v *angeable wea!r1 ! little pigs' *ances ( ?riv+ "u outdoor conditions w\ld be consid]ably enhanc$4 ,ano!r alleg$ new discov]y is ! p]mitt+ ( pigs to roam at l>ge 9 woods & plantations1 wood5 huts or op5 %$s be+ provid$ z %elt]4 ,by ?is plan a consid]able am\nt ( pig food is obta9$ :]e ! trees are n closely plant$1 s t grass gr[s freely1 or1 9 ! autumn1 9 ! woods 9 :i* oaks1 bee*1 hazel1 or sweet *e/nut =m a portion ( ! trees4 ,9 su* woods /rong /ore pigs are able to obta9 ! major portion ( _! food1 b :]e ! trees are ( a k9d :i* does n produce nuts or are closely plant$1 ! additional food mu/ be m pl5tiful1 :il/ ! manurial value ( ! food is wa/$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ pr(itable =m ( outdoor pig-keep+ is t ( runn+ ! pigs 9 or*>ds4 ,?is sy/em has _m advantages1 ! pigs are able to live )\t mu* additional food = "s mon?s 9 ! ye>1 !y consume ! insect-affect$ fall5 fruit1 & s act z insecticides4 ,! pigs also usually leave _! dropp+s "u ! trees1 :i* are ?us b5efit$ !refrom1 & especially is ?is ! case :]e ! pigs are be+ fatt5$ or f$ on food :i* enables !m to make fle%4 ,_m ye>s s9ce1 ! writ] _h sev]al cu/om]s = bre$+ pigs :o kept numb]s ( pigs 9 _! or*>ds4 ,"o fruit gr[] 9 ,k5t decl>$ t fatt5+ pigs 9 8 or*>d result$ 9 ! gr[+ ( heavi] crops ( *]ries ( l>g] size1 bett] col\r1 & f9] flav\r4 ,ano!r ^: apple or*>d 0 disappo9t+ foll[$ my advice to fatt5 pigs 9 x1 decl>$ t ! quantity ( apples gr[n 0 mu* great]1 :il/ bo? ! size & quality ( ^! 7 inf9itely bett]4 ,"u ! mod]n sy/em ( pig-keep+ x is m pr(itable to give "s additional & conc5trat$ food to ! pigs hav+ _! lib]ty1 x is !re=e wise to secure ! full b5efit aris+ f ! ri*] liv+ by runn+ ! pigs :]e ! manure c be utilis$1 & no bett] place ?an an or*>d c be f\nd1 s9ce %elt] f sun & w9d is furni%$ by ! fruit trees1 & ! pigs deposit _! ur9e & excrem5t 9 exactly ! place :]e x is mo/ urg5tly requir$4 ,! practice ( gr[+ consid]able areas ( rape or cole se$1 arti*okes1 peas ( v>i\s k9ds1 beans1 etc41 to be f$ (f by pigs is n foll[$ ext5sively 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh pig-keep]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 etc41 h a p>tiality to x1 s9ce x is decl>$ to save lab\r & to br+ ! l& into a good manurial condition = ! gr[? ( corn crops2 /ill "s few ( our m advanc$ f>m]s h be5 9 ! habit ( graz+ (f luc]ne1 clov]s1 & ev5 p]man5t & tempor>y grasses by ! aid ( pigs1 :i* h also receiv$ 9 addition a v>y+ am\nt ( roots1 corn1 or meal4 ,x is ass]t$1 & evid5ce is available to prove ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 t l& c be economically & quickly & va/ly improv$ by foll[+ ! sy/em ref]r$ to above4 ,! sc>city & high m>ket value ( mill]'s (fals & ( meals su* z us$ 9 ! pa/ to be utilis$ to a great ext5t 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs1 has caus$ pig-keep]s to seek = o!r foods to take _! place4 ,! residuum f ! cru%+ ( palm nuts1 cocoa-nuts1 & gr\nd nuts has be5 mo/ successfully us$ 9 connection ) v>i\s =ms ( vegetable food2 ev5 s[s h re>$ good litt]s ( pigs on ab\t #b lbs4 ( a mixture ( ! meals rema9+ f ! extraction ( ! oil f ! nuts m5tion$1 ) ! addition ( "s =m ( vegetable food4 ,?is la/ has compris$ cook$ potatoes1 raw arti*okes1 mangolds1 kohl rabi1 sw$es1 cabbages1 etc41 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & grass1 luc]ne1 clov]1 vet*es1 cole se$1 etc41 dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,fatt5+ pigs w require a some:at l>g] quantity ( conc5trat$ food & a r$uc$ am\nt ( vegetable food4 ,! pre-w> belief t %>ps or middl+s only 0 ! mo/ suitable food = s[s ) litt]s & = newly wean$ pigs has be5 some:at modifi$4 ,:e!r or n ! quality & price ( middl+s w be re/or$ aft] ! w> & ?us its use become g5]al z ( old1 mu/ be left1 b x is probable t 9 ! future a c]ta9 proportion ( ! meals ref]r$ to w cont9ue to be us$ = bo? bre$+ & fatt5+ pigs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,pig-,,fatt5+ ,if !re be "o task :i* is consid]$ to be )9 ! capacity ( any individual1 x is t ( fe$+ a pig4 ,9 ! good old times1 ! "o ?+ ne$ful 0 a good supply ( b>ley meal1 z mu* ( ?is z ! pig c\ld possibly eat 0 plac$ into its tr\gh ea* day until ! pig 0 ?\ght to be fat en\gh = slaught]4 ,?is 0 a v simple & at ! same "t a v co/ly process & 0 look$ ^u z ! second ( ! two *ief acts 9 ! life ( a pig4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( build+ up a frame on :i* fat c\ld be /or$4 ,j :y ^! two processes 7 n comb9$ has nev] be5 fully expla9$4 ,"o excuse made = ?is uneconomical process is t our =be>s mu/ h consid]$ t !re mu/ be two di/9ct p]iods 9 ! life ( any animal int5d$ = ! food ( man1 t 9 :i* ! /ructure 0 erect$1 & t 9 :i* ! build+ 0 completely furni%$ ) ! mat]ial--fle%--9 a /ate :i* mo/ ne>ly satisfi$ ! requirem5ts or fancies ( humanity4 ,! sy/em ( fir/ gr[+ ! frame & !n pack+ x ) fle% 0 n alone foll[$ by ! own]s ( pigs1 z x 0 also adopt$ ) cattle1 :i* 9 ! good old times pass$ ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 a /ate ( semi-/>vation ere !y 7 plac$ on our be/ pa/ures to produce beef4 ,%eep1 aga91 sp5t two or ?ree ye>s 9 build+ up _! frames & 9 ! production ( a limit$ quantity ( wool ( inf]ior quality & /r5g?1 be=e !y 7 consid]$ 9 a fit /ate to make mutton economically4 ,ano!r excuse :i* c\ld h be5 (f]$ by our =be>s1 b :i* is n n[ available1 is t ! cattle1 %eep1 & pigs ( =m] times requir$ age be=e x 0 possible to r5d] !m suffici5tly fat = slaught]4 ,! v great improvem5t :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury1 9 wellnigh e bre$ ( pig1 has depriv$ our pres5t day pig-bre$]s ( su* an excuse1 yet !y p]si/ 9 f> too _m in/ances 9 foll[+ ! old-fa%ion$ & uneconomical sy/em ( fir/ gr[+ ! pig & !n fatt+ x1 :]eas x is n only possible b inf9itely m pr(itable to comb9e ! two op]ations4 ,s _m p]sons h be5 9 ! habit ( look+ ^u ! pig z a m]e scav5g] or an animal to put out ( sight c]ta9 articles conta9+ a small am\nt ( nutrim5t :i*1 undispos$ (1 w\ld become a nuisance or (f5sive to "o or o!r ( our organs4 ,ev5 ! pig itself has be5 consid]$ by _m f>m]s1 especially ^? t]m$ g5tlem5 f>m]s1 z a necess>y nuisance1 :]eas ! pig is really a ma*9e = ! conv]sion ( f>m produce into meat1 & l all ma*9es1 its output w dep5d entirely on ! quantity & quality ( ! raw mat]ial1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is suppli$4 ,if ! raw mat]ial be ( inf]ior quality & suppli$ irregul>ly1 or 9 too limit$ quantities1 ! article manufactur$ w be m co/ly & ( an inf]ior quality4 ,an ext5sion 9 ! "t ( manufacture means increas$ co/ = fuel & = lab\r 9 att5dance on ! ma*9]y4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( fuel is be+ cont9ually us$ 9 ! furnace :e!r ! eng9e is runn+ at full p[] or at half p[]4 ,x is exactly ! same ) ! meat mak+ ma*9e1 ! pig e day ( its exi/5ce consumes a c]ta9 quantity ( food = :i* x gives "o return only1 its life4 ,x has be5 conclusively prov$ t ea* pig weigh+ #ajj lbs4 requires #b lbs4 ( food daily to enable x to su/a9 life1 i4e4 to replace loss ( tissue1 to provide heat1 progression1 etc41 s t if a pig lives six mon?s long] ?an is actually necess>y to enable x to manufacture a c]ta9 weight ( meat1 x w h eat5 to wa/e ov] #c cwt4 ( good food4 ,a pig is l unto any o!r ma*9e1 x w produce ! manufactur$ article mo/ *eaply :5 x is fully suppli$ ) ! mo/ suitable raw mat]ial4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! lea/ co/ly pork is t :i* is produc$ by ! pig :i* sp5ds its :ole "t 9 ! object ( its exi/5ce1 ! manufacture ( pork4 ,!re is a fur!r po9t ( great importance4 ,wellnigh all ^? mat]ials :i* are us$ 9 ! fe$+ ( pigs conta9 ! con/itu5ts necess>y = ! build+ up ( ! frame & = ! accumulation ( fat or1 z x is commonly t]m$1 ! mak+ ( meat4 ,evid5tly nature int5d$ t ! two op]ations %\ld be c>ri$ on simultane\sly4 ,^? con/itu5ts :i* are requir$ 9 ! build+ up ( ! frame _c be entirely us$ 9 ! =mation ( fat1 consequ5tly if ! frame is fir/ built up & !n an attempt is made to lay on fle%1 a consid]able portion ( ! build+ up con/itu5ts are simply wa/$1 s9ce ! pig has no ne$ = !m & _c make complete use ( !m4 ,!y simply pass ?r\gh ! pig aft] tax+ x to dige/ !m1 & are wa/$4 ,op9ions & practices ) reg>d to pig fatt+ h *ang$ v mu* dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury1 & especially s s9ce ! full effect ( ! fe>ful w> has be5 felt4 ,r be=e ! fir/-m5tion$ p]iod1 ! late ,sir ,john ,lawes1 ^: rese>*es & exp]im5ts h be5 ( la/+ b5efit to agriculturi/s1 und]took to c>ry out exp]im5ts 9 connection ) pig-bre$+1 & ! result :i* appe>s to h impress$ itself mo/ ^u ! writ]s ( ! day 0 t b>ley meal 0 ! be/ s+le food = ! fatt+ ( pigs4 ,at ! "t nam$1 our importations ( maize & ( _m o!r mat]ials n[ us$ 9 /ock & especially pig-bre$+ 7 n ( any?+ ! magnitude ( ! p]iod prior to ! w>1 /ill1 x seems to be /range to ! enlight5$ pig-bre$] ( to-day t m s]i\s endeav\rs %\ld n h be5 made to det]m9e ! value ( a mix$ diet = pigs1 s9ce ?is _h be5 prov$ to be b5eficial & necess>y 9 ! case ( human be+s ^: organs are s v simil> to t ( ! despis$ pig4 ,=tunately = u1 & inde$ = ! /ock-keep]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 exp]im5ts 9 ! fe$+ ( /ock h be5 c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,g]many1 & inde$ 9 ne>ly all c\ntries1 save to any great ext5t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 connection ) pigs1 ! practices ( a few ( our m intellig5t pig-keep]s h be5 confirm$4 ,among/ ^! ideas :i* ! old-fa%ion$ ones look$ ^u z fads1 0 t ( fe$+ pigs ( all ages & especially fatt+ pigs on a c]ta9 proportion ( vegetable food4 ,exp]im5ts h conclusively prov$ t ! sub/itution ( "s #aj p] c5t ( vegetable matt] 9 place ( an equal am\nt ( meal or conc5trat$ food1 does n result 9 ! slighte/ r$uction 9 ! live weight ga9 ( ! fatt+ pig1 & fur!r t ! old idea t a limit$ quantity ( vegetable food f$ to a fatt+ pig t5d$ to r5d] ! pork s(t & to wa/e 9 ! cook+ 0 n f\nd$ on fact4 ,ano!r fact :i* has evolv$ f ^! exp]im5ts is t ! pig w make f> great] progress on an equal am\nt ( a mixture ( foods ?an if f$ solely on "o food4 ,?is 0 cle>ly prov$ 9 _m exp]im5ts z at ! ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,/ation1 :]e "o lot ( pigs 0 f$ on middl+s alone1 a second lot on corn meal alone1 & a ?ird lot on a mixture ( corn meal & middl+s4 ,to make an increase ( #ajj lbs4 9 _! live weight1 ! pigs 9 ,lot #a ate #ebb lbs4 ( middl+s1 ^? 9 ,lot #b ate #ecg lbs4 ( corn meal to make an equal increase 9 weight1 :il/ ,lot #c1 :i* 7 f$ on a mixture ( corn meal & middl+s1 requir$ only #dci lbs41 or a sav+ ( "o-fif? 9 ! weight ( food4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) reg>d to ! food value ( corn meal & middl+s c>ri$ out at ! ,miss\ri ,college1 middl+s also gave ! be/ returns1 b un=tunately ! ages ( ! pigs us$ 9 ! trials are omitt$4 ,?is is important z middl+s are consid]$ to be ( m value 9 ! fe$+ ( "y ?an ( old] pigs1 :il/ ! rev]se holds good ( corn or maize meal4 ,o!r trials 7 c>ri$ out at ,wiscons9 ) ! use ( :eat meal alone z comp>$ ) a mixture ( half :eat & half corn meal4 ,9 ^! ! av]age quantity ( :eat meal requir$ = #ajj lbs4 increas$ live weight 0 #ejj lbs41 :il/ only #dhe lbs4 ( ! mixture ( :eat & corn meals 0 ne$$ to obta9 an equal increase or a sav+ ( "s #e p] c5t 0 obta9$ by mix+ ! meals4 ,9 ! good old times x 0 consid]$ to be ! height ( folly to make a *ange 9 ! food on :i* ! pigs 7 be+ fatt5$1 yet our =be>s w\ld h be5 horrifi$ _h !y be5 in=m$ t x 0 imp]ative t !y !mselves %\ld h no v>iety ( food1 t day aft] day ! food at _! v>i\s meals %\ld be exactly simil>2 surely :at is good = "o animal %\ld be good = ano!r animal ^: organs are ( an exactly simil> "*4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t advantage is d]iv$ f ! v>iation 9 ! food on :i* ! pigs are be+ fatt5$4 ,by ?is1 x is n int5d$ to sugge/ t a complete *ange ( food %\ld be made at /at$ times 9 ! fatt+ pigs' food1 z ?is w\ld c]ta9ly result 9 a loss ( "t & food1 b t a slight v>iation 9 ! proportions ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( food is b5eficial1 or 9 ! case :]e sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( food are be+ f$ z a mixture1 ano!r k9d ( food may be sub/itut$ s t ! *ange made secures a v>iation :i* has ! effect ( :ett+ or entic+ ! appetite4 ,a long cont9uance ( ! same k9d ( food has ! effect ( dull+ ! appetite4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is consid]$ t a v>iation 9 ! food t5ds to /imulate ! dige/ive organs4 ,x is a mi/ake to all[ too long a "t to pass betwe5 fe$+ times2 ! pig is n end[$ by nature ) a capaci\s paun* :i* enables x to /[ away a l>ge quantity ( food4 ,ev5 ! old sy/em ( fe$+ twice a day might be improv$ ^u1 & ! fatt+ pig f$ ?ree times p] day w\ld make great] ?rift1 ev5 %\ld ! actual daily quantity ( food be n increas$4 ,aga91 s _m p]sons are apt to give to ! fatt+ pig a great] quantity ( food ?an x requires or c eat ) com=t to itself at "o meal4 ,%\ld ?is be po9t$ out to !m1 _! usual reply w\ld be t :at ! pig did n eat = _! breakfa/ w\ld be !re 9 read9ess = ! ev5+ meal unless !y ate x dur+ ! day1 z !y frequ5tly w\ld d4 ,?is s\nds plausible until ! argum5t be closely exam9$4 ,:at w\ld ! pigman ?9k if he 7 treat$ 9 a simil> mann] & an excessive quantity ( food plac$ on 8 plate1 & !n at ! next meals ! /ale food be aga9 plac$ be=e him until x 0 f9i%$8 ,?is c]ta9ly w\ld n increase 8 appetite nor aid 8 dige/ion4 ,yet ! mo/ successful pigman is he :o succe$s 9 s fe$+ 8 *>ges t !y daily eat & ?or\ghly dige/ ! greate/ am\nt ( food possible4 ,9 pig fatt5+1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 "t is money4 ,fur!r x is j z mu* a mi/ake = fatt+ pigs z = human be+s to be cont9ually eat+1 or at irregul> int]vals1 small quantities ( food4 ,! two mo/ c]ta9 indications t a lot ( fatt+ pigs are ?riv+ is to f9d t !y are asleep & t _! fe$+ tr\ghs are empty4 ,:5 pigs are f$ a great] quantity ( food ?an !y c eat at once !y w be frequ5tly gett+ up to eat a little m ( ! surplus1 & ea* "t !y rise f _! b$ !y w evacuate _! b[els1 & 9 mo/ cases be=e ! major portion ( ! nutrim5t has be5 extract$4 ,/ill ano!r ( ! fallacies ( our =be>s 0 t ! fatt+ pig made ! greate/ increase f a giv5 quantity ( food :5 x 0 at lea/ approa*+ maturity & rip5ess1 or complete fatness4 ,x 0 useless to argue ) !m1 s9ce anyone c\ld see t x 0 s4 ,if y sugge/$ ! use ( ! scales1 ! idea 0 sc\t$1 s9ce a p]son ( any exp]i5ce 9 pig fatt+ mu/ be able to notice ! increase 9 bulk ( ! pig4 ,x is true t app>5tly ! pig w\ld be mak+ a great] increase ( weight z x approa*$ ! completion ( its fatt+ process1 s9ce ! addition to its weight & bulk w\ld be almo/ entirely compos$ ( fat :i* c\ld only be deposit$ on ! outside ( ! c>case4 ,all ! vacant space 9 ! int]ior ( ! pig w\ld h be5 occupi$1 ! pig w\ld h /or$ fat away 9 its muscles1 ar\nd its kidneys1 on its /oma*1 its b[els1 & :]ev] x 0 possible to /[ x away1 b ^! additions to ! weight ( ! c>case :i* _h be5 proce$+ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! fatt+ c\ld n be obs]v$1 nev]!less !y 7 proce$+1 & 9 ?is 0 ! pig enabl$ 9 its e>ly /age ( fatt+ to make a pr(itable return = ! food consum$4 ,=tunately we are n left on ?is po9t to m]e conjecture2 _m exp]im5ts h cle>ly prov$ t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! life ( a pig x is enabl$ to manufacture pork at a f> less co/ ?an 9 its lat] /ages ( life4 ,! "y pig also possesses ov] its old] companion ! great advantage ( be+ able to eat & utilise a great] quantity ( food 9 proportion to its weight or1 9 o!r words1 ! "y pig c conv]t a great] quantity ( raw mat]ial into ! manufactur$ article ?an ! m matur$ pig1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( food requir$ = ! m]e upkeep ( ! ma*9]y4 ,exp]im5ts :i* mo/ cle>ly prove ?is h be5 duplicat$ 9 ,d5m>k1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 etc4 ,at ,cop5hag5 ne>ly sev5ty diff]5t exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out ) pigs ( v>y+ weights1 ) ! result t pigs weigh+ ab\t #bge lbs4 live weight 7 f\nd to require ne>ly twice z mu* food to make an increase 9 _! live weight z did pigs weigh+ f #ce to #ge lbs4 ,t ?is 0 n an exceptional case is cle>ly prov$ by ! fact t ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( food requir$ to enable !m to make an increase 9 _! live weight 0 gradual1 & %[n 9 e /age2 ?us pigs ( f #ce to #ge lbs4 consum$ #cgf lbs4 ( food = ea* #ajj lbs4 increase2 pigs ( #ge to #aae lbs41 #dce lbs42 pigs ( #aae to #aee lbs41 #dff lbs42 pigs ( #aee lbs4 to #aie lbs41 #eac lbs42 pigs ( #aie lbs4 to #bce lbs41 #edj lbs42 pigs ( #bce lbs4 to #bge lbs41 #fad lbs42 & pigs ( #bge lbs4 to #cae lbs41 #fci lbs4 ,ev5 if ?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts /ood alone !y surely w\ld prove mo/ conclusively t ! common belief 9 old & ne>ly fat pigs giv+ ! be/ return f ! food consum$ is f\nd$ on fiction1 b simil> te/s 7 made at _m ( ! ,am]ican ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ^! te/s toge!r numb]+ "s hundr$4 ,! results are giv5 9 tabulat$ =m 9 ,h5ry's ,fe$s & ,fe$+1 :]e ! v>i\s po9ts are s cle>ly br\ght out t we h tak5 ! lib]ty ( lift+ ! :ole ( ! notes relat+ to weight1 ga91 & fe$ consum$ by pigs4 ,at _m ( our /ations1 records ( weights & ga9s ( pigs & fe$ consum$ by !m h be5 s report$ z to p]mit ( /udies conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( increas$ size & weight ( ! animal on ! consumption ( food4 ,all ( ! available data f trials ( ?is "* conduct$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7! ,unit$ ,/ates7 up to ! "t ( go+ to press1 ent] into ! composition ( ! table giv5 bel[4 ,9 compil+ ?is table1 six p\nds ( skim milk or twelve p\nds ( :ey are calculat$ z equal to "o p\nd ( gra91 accord+ to ! ,dani% valuation ( ^! articles4 ,= conv5i5ce ( /udy1 ! data are pres5t$ = ea* p]iod cov]+ fifty p\nds ( gr[?1 ! actual av]age weight ( ! pigs1 h[ev]1 be+ giv5 = ea* division3 ,,data ,,relative ,,to ,,fe$1 ,,weight1 ,,& ,,ga9 ,,( ,,pigs-- ,,_m ,,am]ican ,,/ations ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,weight ( ,actual ,no4 ( ,total ,no4 ( pigs 9 ,av]age /ations ,no4 ( animals p\nds4 weight4 report+4 trials4 f$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- lbs4 #ae to #ej #ch #i #da #agd #ej #ajj #gh #ac #ajj #dag #ajj #aej #abh #ac #aai #die #aej #bjj #agd #aa #ajg #dhi #bjj #bej #bbf #ab #gb #cjj #bej #cjj #bga #h #df #bbc #cjj #cej #cbj #c #ai #aje ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cej #djj #cgh #a #e #cf #djj #dej #dbi #a #e #cf #dej #ejj #dga #a #b #ah ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,av]age ,fe$ ,weight ( fe$ eat5 p] ,av]age ,fe$ = pigs 9 eat5 #ajj lbs4 ga9 p] #ajj lbs4 p\nds4 p] day4 weight4 day4 ga94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ae to #ej #b4bc #e4ie 4#gf #bic #ej #ajj #c4ce #d4cb 4#hc #djj #ajj #aej #d4gi #c4ge #a4aj #dcg #aej #bjj #e4ia #c4dc #a4bd #dhb #bjj #bej #f4eg #b4ia #a4cc #dih #bej #cjj #g4dj #b4gd #a4df #eaa #cjj #cej #g4ej #b4ce #a4dj #ece ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #cej #djj #h4eb #b4be #a4ih #dca #djj #dej #h4ah #a4ia #a4ga #dgi #dej #ejj #aj4jj #b4ab #a4gg #efb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 ! above table ! l>ge numb] ( trials report$ = pigs weigh+ up to #cej lbs4 ea* furni%es reliable data4 ,aft] ?is po9t is rea*$ ! numb] ( animals is too small to give reliable av]ages4 ,! heavy weight hogs report$ 9 ! la/ ?ree l9es ( ! table 7 f$ by ! writ] 7,pr(essor ,h5ry74 ,!y 7 mature specim5s1 ) l>ge frames & 9 lean fle% :5 fe$+ began1 hav+ be5 summ]$ on pa/ure )\t gra94 ,! figures are introduc$ to %[ :at may be accompli%$ ) mature hogs :5 !y are 9 ?9 fle% at ! beg9n+ ( fatt5+4 ,we le>n f ! ma9 portion ( ! table t f #aje to #dce pigs 7 employ$ 9 calculat+ ea* l9e ( data4 ,! numb] ( trials furni%+ ! data v>i$ f #ai to #aai1 & 7 conduct$ by f #c to #ac exp]im5t /ations4 ,am\nt ( food consum$ daily by ! pig4 ,! six? column ( ! table %[s ! av]age am\nt ( fe$ consum$ daily by pigs ( diff]5t weights4 ,f x we le>n t pigs weigh+ less ?an #ej lbs4 ea*1 av]ag+ #ch lbs41 consum$ on ! av]age #b4bc lbs4 ( gra9 or gra9 equival5t1 daily4 ,z ! animal increas$ 9 weight !re 0 a gradual increase 9 ! am\nt ( food consum$1 until we f9d ! #dej lbs4 hog eat+ #aj lbs4 ( gra9 daily1 or m ?an f\r times z mu* z ! #ej lbs4 pig4 ,fe$ p] #ajj lbs4 live weight3 ,9 ! sev5? column x is %[n t pigs weigh+ #ch lbs4 consum$ #e4ie lbs4 ( fe$ = ea* #ajj lbs4 ( live weight4 ,?is is ab\t #f p] c5t ( _! live weight4 ,z ! pigs grew l>g] !y consum$ less fe$ = #ajj lbs4 ( live weight1 until ) ! heavie/ hogs ! fe$ consum$ 0 little m ?an #b p] c5t ( _! live weight4 ,"h 0 a decrease ( ab\t two-?irds 9 ! fe$ consumption p] #ajj lbs4 betwe5 e>ly weight & maturity4 ,av]age daily ga93 ,9 ! next column are pres5t$ data conc]n+ ! daily ga9 ( ! pig4 ,x is %[n t ! #ch lb4 pig ga9$ 4#gf ( a lb41 or #b p] c5t ( its own weight daily4 ,z x increas$ 9 size ! pig made l>g] daily ga9s1 ! maximum be+ rea*$ ) ^? weigh+ #bga lbs41 :i* made a daily ga9 ( #a4df lb4 ,) l>ge ?9 hogs ! ga9 rea*$ #a4ih lb41 or practically #b lbs4 p] day1 b ^! animals1 because ( _! mature frames & ?9 fle%1 7 f$ "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,fe$ = #ajj lbs4 ( ga93 ,! la/ column is ( int]e/ to all1 especially ! practical fe$]1 = x tea*es a mo/ int]e/+ & important lesson conc]n+ ! fe$ requirem5ts ( pigs4 ,^? :i* av]age #ch lbs4 ea* made #ajj lbs4 ( ga9 f #bic lbs4 ( fe$4 ,?is exce$+ly small all[ance ( fe$ = ga9 0 probably due 9 "p to ! fact t ! "y pigs us$ 9 ^! trials receiv$ mu* milk1 :i* 0 practically all dige/ible1 ! o!r fe$ be+ also m highly dige/ible ?an t usually suppli$ old] animals4 ,) pigs weigh+ #gh lbs41 #djj lbs4 ( fe$ 7 requir$ = #ajj lbs4 ( ga94 ,!re 0 a gradual increase ( fe$ requirem5ts = #ajj lbs4 ( ga91 until ! hog weigh+ #cbj lbs4 requir$ #ebe lbs4 = ea* #ajj lbs4 ( ga94 ,?is is #ace lbs4 or #cc p] c5t m fe$ ?an 0 requir$ by ! #gh lbs4 pig4 ,^! tables prove mo/ conclusively t ! idea :i* is almo/ univ]sally preval5t t ! fatt+ pig gives ! greate/ increase = ! food :i* x consumes :5 x becomes matur$ & ne>ly fat is an entirely mi/ak5 "o1 & t ! "y & gr[+ pig1 if well kept1 n only eats m 9 proportion to its weight1 b gives a bett] return = ! food x consumes1 besides requir+ a small] am\nt ( food to keep life )9 itself1 & to replace ! c]ta9 loss su/a9$ by movem5t1 etc4 ,!re is /ill ano!r po9t on :i* ! "y pig scores3 its c>case realises a high] price p] lb4 on a majority ( ! m>kets4 ,! fatt+ pig :i* pays be/ is "o :i* has a %ort life & a m]ry "o1 nev] hav+ to seek or wait = its food4 ,among/ ! _m o!r que/ions :i* h be5 compell$ att5tion ow+ to ! %ortage & ! high value ( pig food1 is t ( ! advisability or ! rev]se ( cook+ ! food giv5 to pigs4 ,:5 ! practice ( %[+ /ock became fa%ionable e possible means ( =c+ ! exhibits 0 practis$1 s9ce e>ly maturity 0 ( s great importance1 especially 9 ! classes = ! y\ng] animals4 ,! cook+ ( ! /rong] k9ds ( food su* z old beans = horses _h be5 f\nd b5eficial1 z ! risk ( fev] 9 ! feet & o!r ailm5ts _h be5 greatly r$uc$ by ?is practice4 ,! /ock man naturally conclud$ t ! cook+ or /eam+ ( beans hav+ prov$ to be ( advantage1 simil> good results w\ld foll[ ! /eam+ ( ! o!r k9ds ( food4 ,9 ?is fanciful !ory !y w\ld h be5 able to f9d ample support 9 _m ( ! books on /ock fe$+ :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury & ev5 lat]4 ,l _m o!r novelties1 ! /eam+ or boil+ ( almo/ all k9ds ( food = animals 0 foll[$ 9 ! e/abli%m5ts ( well-to-d p]sons :]e co/ 0 /udi$ less ?an success 9 ! %[ y>ds4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! ,g]mans took little = grant$1 !y proce$$ to te/ ! mu* belaud$ new plan by attempt+ to discov] ! fact z to :e!r /eam+ r5d]$ hay m dige/ible :5 f$ to cattle1 ) ! result t x 0 cle>ly prov$ t :5 ! hay 0 f$ dry #df p] c5t ( ! prote9 0 dige/$ by ! cattle :ile only #cj p] c5t 0 dige/$ f ! /eam$ hay4 ,b z our pres5t bus9ess is ) pig-fe$+1 we w conf9e our rem>ks to ! results ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out to te/ ! effects ( cook+ ! food ( pigs4 ,p]haps ! be/ summ>y ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ valuable "w1 ,fe$s & ,fe$+1 by ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 :o wrote ,exp]im5ts ) ,cook$ ,fe$ = ,pigs4 ,^! h be5 s num]\s t all _c be "h pres5t$4 ,^? giv5 are select$ because !y are /rictly repres5tative1 cov]+ a wide range ( c\ntry foods & conditions4 ,at ! ,kansas ,agricultural ,college1 ,%elton f$ "o lot ( five pigs on cook$ %ell$ corn1 :ile a second lot ( f\r1 simil> 9 all respects1 0 giv5 uncook$ %ell$ corn1 ! trial la/+ n9ety days4 ,9 cook+1 ! corn 0 plac$ 9 a b>rel & wat] p\r$ ov] x2 into ?is mass a pipe c>ri$ /eam1 at a pressure rang+ f #cj to #fj lbs4 ,! k]nels 7 cook$ until !y 7 suffici5tly s(t to be easily ma%$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,at ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college1 ,/alk] conduct$ trials = #abj days 9 summ] ) cook$ & uncook$ %ell$ corn f$ to ,b]k%ire pigs4 ,at ! ,dom9ion 7,canada7 ,/ation1 ,rob]tson f$ grade ,*e/] ,:ites1 a mixture ( gr\nd peas1 b>ley1 & rye1 ! trials beg9n+ 9 ,decemb] & la/+ #ada days4 ,at ! ,ohio ,/ation1 ,devol f$ pure br$ ,pol& ,*9as & ,b]k%ires = #aab days 9 w9t]4 ,"o lot ( ?ree pigs receiv$ ! meal cook$1 :ile to ! second lot x 0 giv5 dry & uncook$4 ,at ! ,wiscons9 ,/ation1 ! writ] 7,h5ry7 has conduct$ _m trials ) cook$ & uncook$ fe$ = pigs4 ,only ! lat] ones are "h report$4 ,^! trials la/$ f #ef to #hd days ea*1 ! k9ds ( fe$ exp]im5t$ be+ giv5 9 ! table4 ,! five trials report$ f ! ,wiscons9 ,/ation1 z w be se5 by consult+ ! table1 are slightly 9 fav\r ( cook$ food1 ! diff]5ce be+ v small1 h[ev]4 ,^! are ! only fe$+ trials report$ f any exp]im5t /ation1 s f> z kn[n to ! writ]1 :]e ! results are fav\rable to cook+4 ,t5 o!r trials by ! writ] ) cook$ & uncook$ fe$ = sw9e all gave results unfav\rable to cook+ ^!1 & a numb] ( trials at o!r /ations ) cook$ & uncook$ fe$ = sw9e are n includ$ = want ( space4 ,a table %[+ ! /ations at :i* ! v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 ! numb]s & weights ( ! pigs1 ! v>ieties ( foods1 ! duration ( ! diff]5t trials1 ! daily ga91 ! weights ( cook$ & uncook$ food consum$1 ! mann] ( cook+1 ! total increases 9 weight & ! quantities ( cook$ & uncook$ food requir$ = increases ( #ajj lbs4 9 ! live weights ( ! pigs are giv54 ,pr(essor ,h5ry sums ^! up & writes3 ,includ+ all ! trials !n1 s f> z is kn[n1 t h be5 fav\rable to cook+ fe$ & omitt+ _m = lack ( space1 t are unfav\rable to t op]ation1 ! av]age %[s t #dgf lbs4 ( uncook$ meal or gra9 7 requir$ = #ajj lbs4 ( ga9 ) pigs1 :ile aft] x 0 cook$ #eje lbs4 7 requir$4 ,?is %[s a loss ( #f p] c5t ( ! fe$+ value ( ^! sub/ances ?r\gh cook+4 ,"s ?irty-five ye>s s9ce ! pres5t writ] made "s small exp]im5ts 9 ! fe$+ ( cook$ & uncook$ :ole maize2 9 ea* case x 0 f\nd t ! pigs ate a great] quantity ( uncook$ ?an cook$ maize1 & made a great] proportionate increase 9 weight f ! food consum$4 ,only "o op9ion appe>s to be possible1 & ?is is t ! cook+ ( food = pigs1 save potatoes1 entails a loss ( "t1 an increase 9 co/1 & a r$uc$ return4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,a ,,pig ,,cal5d> ,! pig-keep]1 l ! g>d5]1 seldom has to seek = employm5t1 inde$ 8 "w may be said to be only occasionally complet$4 ,!re are always _m little odd jobs to d1 :i* if neglect$ may result 9 loss1 or a greatly increas$ am\nt ( "w at "s lat] p]iod4 ,! old prov]b ,a /it* 9 "t saves n9e is equally z true 9 connection ) pig keep+ z ) any o!r =m ( "w4 ,9 ye>s gone by ! mon? ( ,janu>y 0 consid]$ to be q a slack "t = pig-keep]s1 ! s[s & ! /ore pigs usually f\nd ! great] "p ( _! liv+ 9 ! y>ds :]e ! cattle 7 f$ on ! /raw :i* 0 cont9ually be+ plac$ 9 ! cribs z ! old-man-(-!-f>m ?re%$ ! corn out ( x ) 8 flail4 ,_m ( ! cribs _h slatt$ bottoms s t any k]nels ( corn :i* 7 left 9 ! /raw w\ld drop ?r\gh & be pick$ up by ! pigs :i* f\nd _! way "u ! cribs4 ,9 mo/ ( ! old-fa%ion$ l>ge y>ds a corn] w\ld be rail$ (f 9 :i* ! pigs w\ld be giv5 a few turnips1 sw$es1 or small potatoes1 & occasionally a h&ful or two ( beans or ev5 a %eaf ( beans4 ,^? fatt+ pigs :i* _h n already be5 conv]t$ into bacon = consumption 9 ! f>m-h\se 7 f$ ma9ly on meal gr\nd at ! local w9d or wat] mill f ! tail corn gr[n by ! f>m]4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ up-to-date pig-keep]s s arrange t _m ( ! old] s[s f>r[ dur+ ?is mon? ( ,janu>y s t ! s[s h _! second litt] ( ! ye> late 9 ! mon? ( ,june or e>ly 9 ,july 9 ord] t bo? litt]s ( pigs obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( b5efit f ! gr[+ & hot season1 s9ce pigs ?rive be/ :5 ! days are l5g!n+ & :5 ! sun %9es4 ,( late ye>s we appe> to h _h some:at sev]e wea!r 9 ,janu>y4 ,?is has r5d]$ x ! m necess>y t c>e %\ld be tak5 9 provid+ wat] & w9d-tight /ies1 9 :i* ! s[s f>r[4 ,w>m? ) free v5tilation is ne$$4 ,! latt] is p>ticul>ly necess>y aft] ! pigs are a few days old1 z ^! d n suff] s mu* f cold z !y d f damp & draughts4 ,( c\rse :il/ ! s[ is f>r[+ w>m? is imp]ative1 z ! moi/ little pigs :5 fir/ eject$ v quickly become *ill$ 9 sev]e fro/1 unless !y are promptly wip$ ) a dry clo?1 all[$ a draught or two ( new milk f ! s[1 & !n plac$ 9 a box or hamp] ?ree p>ts fill$ ) dry :eat /raw4 ,:5 once ! pigs become ?or\ghly dry ! cold does n affect !m v mu*1 provid+ t ! s[ furni%es h] family ) a full supply ( milk4 ,! co/ ( heat+ a little wat] s t ! s[ & also ! "y pigs z soon z !y beg9 to eat may h w>m$ food1 w be slight1 z !re is ne>ly always a fire requir$ 9 cottage & f>m-h\se dur+ ! cold wea!r4 ,w>m food makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! ?rift ( pigs1 especially ( "y ones4 ,v slight obs]vation w reveal ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! com=t ( a pig :i* has _h a meal ( w>m or ( cold food4 ,9 ! =m] case ! pig w return to its ne/ & is soon lo/ 9 sleep1 :il/ ! poor begg> :i* has _h its breakfa/ on cold & occasionally froz5 food w be ! picture ( mis]y & %ak+ ) cold1 mu* ( its natural heat produc$ f its la/ meal be+ requir$ to w>m up ! food ere its dige/ive organs c comm5ce "w4 ,coal & wood are at all times less exp5sive to w>m up food ?an ! animal fat :i* is burn$ 9 nature's lamp4 ,provision %\ld h be5 made = ! supply ( "s k9d ( vegetable food :i* pigs require1 p>ticul>ly :5 9 conf9em5t4 ,kohl rabi1 sw$es & cabbages1 ( :i* ! fir/ nam$ is ! be/1 are all suitable1 b ! mo/ n\ri%+ are arti*okes1 :i* l ! ?ree =m] %\ld be f$ raw1 & potatoes :i* %\ld be cook$ ere !y are f$ to ! pigs4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! fe$+ value betwe5 cook$ & uncook$ potatoes is great4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t all vegetable food f$ to pigs %\ld h be5 protect$ f fro/4 ,! op]ations connect$ ) pig-keep+ are v simil> 9 ,febru>y to ^? ( ! prec$+ mon?4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! mon? kohl rabis w h lo/ mu* ( _! fe$+ value4 ,on sunny days a run out = a few m9utes w be ( great b5efit to ! "y pigs ov] a mon? old2 z soon z !y cease to gallop ab\t !y %\ld be %ut up aga91 z if all[$ to lie d[n !y may contract a *ill :i* might result 9 cramp or rheumatism4 ,s[s ) litt]s two or ?ree weeks old %\ld be all[$ out ( ! /y ea* morn+ & aft]noon = a %ort "t4 ,! mon? ( ,m>* br+s ) x an extra am\nt ( "w = ! pig-keep]1 :o w n[ ?9k ( sell+ ! pigs born e>ly 9 ,janu>y unless he purposes to keep !m on & h !m ready = sale z fat pigs 9 h>ve/ "t1 :5 !re is always a good dem& = m$ium siz$ fat pigs4 ,anyway ! s[ pigs int5d$ = bre$+ w h be5 pick$ out & e>m>k$1 ?is la/ %\ld n be neglect$ aft] ! o!rs h be5 spay$4 ,?is la/ op]ation has ( late ye>s be5 mu* neglect$2 ?is is a great mi/ake1 z exp]im5ts h cle>ly prov$ t on an av]age s[ pigs :i* h be5 spay$ w make an equal ga9 9 live weight on #e p] c5t less food ?an w an unspay$ s[ pig1 :5 bo? h become "s five or six mon?s old1 & ! p]iods ( oe/rum h comm5c$4 ,! s[s :i* f>r[$ 9 ,janu>y %\ld n[ be wean$ f _! pigs1 & %\ld be ready to be mat$ )9 a few days4 ,! s[s %\ld be c>efully wat*$ = ! signs ( heat or re/lessness4 ,"s s[s give little indication ( ?is unre/1 :i* is almo/ c]ta9 to appe> )9 f\r or five days provid+ ! s[ is 9 a heal?y & vigor\s condition4 ,to miss ! s[ means a loss ( ?ree weeks ( mo/ valuable "t1 besides ! risk ( tr\ble 9 gett+ ! s[ to conceive aft] %e _h be5 baulk$4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! mon? sw$es & arti*okes w h lo/ mu* ( _! n\ri%m5t2 mangolds c n[ take _! place4 ,x is a good plan to expose ! mangolds to ! air = a few days prior to fe$+ !m to ! pigs2 ?is exposure ha/5s _! rip5+ & r$uces ! proportion ( wat]4 ,( c\rse c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t !m becom+ froz51 z 9 ,m>* ?is might be ! case4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn c\nties t>es1 luc]ne1 & grass are suffici5tly =w>d t[>ds ! end ( ,april to be cut & f$ to ! pigs :i* are conf9$ 9 ! build+s4 ,! pigs bo? fat & /ore w fully repay ! co/ ( lab\r 9 ! cutt+ & c>t+ ( ^! vegetable foods4 ,brood s[s bo? 9 pig & ) litt]s dep5d5t on !m1 %\ld be all[$ _! lib]ty 9 ! grass fields4 ,?is w bo? greatly r$uce ! co/ ( keep & t5d to _! ?rift & well do+4 ,"y pigs ov] a mon? old %\ld h a run out bo? morn+ & aft]noon4 ,newly wean$ pigs :i* h be5 well done are always 9 ke5 reque/ 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may at prices high] ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ! ye>1 ow+ to ! dem& f ! *eese-mak]s :o h a sup]abundance ( :ey1 ( :i* #ab lbs4 :5 f$ 9 prop] comb9ation is consid]$ to be equal 9 value to #a lb4 ( meal4 ,un=tunately1 s _m dairym5 d n /udy ! requirem5ts ( ! pig1 & imag9e t x w give a good return f an excess ( liquid 9 ! =m ( :ey4 ,)\t "s conc5trat$ food ! pig w n ?rive on :ey4 ,numb]s ( "y pigs are also requir$ 9 ^? di/ricts :]e butt]-mak+ is c>ri$ on to consume ! butt] milk1 & 9 ord9>y times mu* ( ! sep>at$ or skim milk4 ,9 ! fe$+ ( ?is aga9 ! results are n s good z !y %\ld be ow+ to neglect4 ,bo? foods h be5 r5d]$ unbalanc$ ow+ to ! extraction ( ! butt] fat1 s t al?\gh new milk may be f$ alone1 ! o!rs require additional food :i* %\ld conta9 "s oil or fat to be f$ ) !m1 or !y cause indige/ion & want ( ?rift1 p>ticul>ly 9 "y & immature pigs4 ,! roots ( all k9ds1 save potatoes & mangolds1 h ceas$ to be ( mu* value be=e ,april ends1 vet*es & luc]ne w prove to be ! be/ ( sub/itutes4 ,spr+ cabbages are g5]ally ( m value = human consumption ?an c be obta9$ f _! use z pig food4 ,if !re be any grass l& available ! 9-pig s[s & ! /ores1 %\ld !re be su*1 %\ld n[ f9d ! major portion ( _! food out ( doors4 ,z a rule f> too little att5tion is paid to ! gr[? ( luc]ne 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ nutritive ( our vegetable crops4 ,x also produces a l>ge weight ( food ext5d+ ov] sev]al mon?s1 & cont9ues fruitful = _m ye>s provid+ att5tion is paid to ! keep+ x free f grasses4 ,x has ! additional advantage ( furni%+ a full supply ( food :5 ! wea!r is s dry t grass & "s o!r foods produce little4 ,x is true t 9 ! initial /age x requires "t & c>e1 b ! results f x amply repay bo?4 ,"o ( ! be/ seasons = s[+ x is ! mon? ( ,may4 ,! op]ation is simple1 ! l& hav+ be5 cle>$ ! se$ is s[n 9 drills ab\t #a ft4 ap>t1 ! quantity ( se$ requir$ be+ at ! rate ( #bj lbs4 p] acre1 say #b oz4 p] pole or a drill #ce y>ds long4 ,z soon z ! plants are high en\gh ! l& %\ld be h& ho$1 & if kept free ( we$s a light crop c g5]ally be cut f x t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s x w produce at lea/ ?ree cutt+s annually4 ,"s p]sons are ( op9ion t z luc]ne is su* a deep-root$ plant manure is unnecess>y4 ,x is true t ! roots p5etrate sev]al feet into ! soil1 /ill an application ( %ort manure or rott$ vegetable matt] appli$ ea* autumn w give a good return4 ,! *ief po9t 9 ! use ( luc]ne = pigs & 9 ! production ( a maximum crop is to cut x :5 "y4 ,! pigs w ?rive on x f> bett] 9 ?is /ate ?an :5 ! /alks become h>d & /icky4 ,9 ! latt] /age x is likely to cause con/ipation4 ,x is be/ n to graze x ) ei!r horses1 cattle1 or pigs1 b b5efit to x results f fold+ x 9 ! autumn ) ewes or o!r %eep :i* f9d mo/ ( _! o!r food on ! /ubbles1 commons1 hea?s1 etc4 ,all ! s[s & ! yelts int5d$ = bre$+ %\ld n[ sp5d _! :ole "t out ( doors4 ,x might be not$ t luc]ne w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( l& provid+ x is well dra9$--/agnant wat] de/roys x4 ,! duties ( ! pig-keep] are v simil> 9 ! mon? ( ,june to ^? ( ! previ\s mon?4 ,prior to ! outbreak ( w> x 0 becom+ g5]al among/ ! mo/ practical pigm5 to cont9ue to fatt5 pigs all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! old-fa%ion$ idea t pork 0 n a suitable food dur+ any ( ! mon?s 9 :i* !re 0 n ! lett] r _h become explod$4 ,n only did ! bacon cur]s require a supply ( fat pigs weigh+ f #bjj to #bbj lbs4 alive1 b !re 0 a good dem& f ! but*]s = small fat pigs weigh+ f #hj to #adj lbs4 alive4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t a small] quantity ( food is requir$ to produce a p\nd ( pork dur+ ! summ] ?an dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,?is has be5 cle>ly prov$ 9 _m exp]im5ts4 ,! diff]5ce v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,9 ! v cold wea!r exp]i5c$ 9 "s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x 0 f\nd t "s pigs actually made no increase 9 weight :5 well f$1 ! :ole ( ! nutrim5t hav+ to be utilis$ 9 keep+ up ! bodily w>m? ( ! pigs4 ,! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ see little *ange 9 ! duties ( ! att5dant on pigs4 ,! old-fa%ion$ plan ( runn+ ! pigs on ! corn /ubbles has almo/ gone out ( fa%ion4 ,! improv$ sy/em ( h>ve/+ ! crops leaves less corn on ! l&1 :il/ ! co/ ( lab\r 9 keep+ ! pigs is almo/ prohibitive4 ,at "o "t !re us$ to be a ke5 dem& = "y pigs 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ = s-call$ %ack+ or runn+ on ! /ubbles4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ^! pigs pay less frequ5tly "u pres5t conditions ?an !y did "u ! old ones4 ,! sc>city ( vegetable food :i* usually %[s itself 9 ,augu/ is n[1 9 ,septemb]1 met to a consid]able ext5t by ! plan ( ! e>ly digg+ ( potatoes4 ,l>ge quantities ( *ats1 & sometimes ( slightly diseas$ ones are n[ cook$ & f$ to ! pigs ) a c]ta9 proportion ( meal4 ,z a rule !re is a ke5 dem& = pork 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! mon? all pigs %\ld be "u %elt] at night4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> !re is little v>iation 9 ! managem5t ( pigs4 ,"o ( ! common mi/akes made by f>m]s is to neglect _! pigs 9 ! autumn1 at ! v season :5 a little extra food is ne$$1 & = :i* ! pigs w give a bett] return ?an at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>4 ,! e>ly portion ( ,octob] is "o ( ! be/ p]iods = mat+ ! s[s1 ! yelts may be left until ! latt] "p ( ! mon? s t _! pigs d n arrive until ! mon? ( ,febru>y :5 ! days are l5g!n+ & ! sun has m p[]4 ,x is advisable to h _m ( ! fat pigs ready = m>ket ere ! mon? ( ,novemb] ends1 z ! dem& = pork is usually slack = two or ?ree weeks prior to & aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,pig ,=tunately1 ! pig is subject to comp>atively few s]i\s diseases--save sw9e fev]1 sw9e erysipelas1 & v occasionally an?rax1 :i* are contagi\s or infecti\s1 & all 9 ! special *>ts ( ! vet]9>y dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & )9 ! contagi\s ,diseases ,animals ,acts4 ,prior to ! /amp+ out ( ,foot & ,m\? ,disease or ap?\s fev] & rabies1 pigs suff]$ f ^! contagi\s & infecti\s diseases1 p>ticul>ly ! =m] ( ! two1 :i* caus$ imm5se losses1 especially ( "y pigs1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,( ! o!r ailm5ts to :i* pig fle% is heir1 ! majority & ! *ief ( !m are ma9ly due to t want ( k or c>e 9 ! fe$+ & 9 ! h\s+ ( ! pigs :i* r5d]s !m m susceptible to ! sudd5 *anges 9 ! temp]ature or to ! inclem5cy ( ! season4 ,9 =m] *apt]s "s1 if n all1 ( ^! ailm5ts h be5 ref]r$ to1 b x may be m conv5i5t to our read]s to include 9 "o *apt] a brief description ( ! ailm5ts & ! rem$ies & means ( prev5tion4 ,,sw9e ,,fev] ,"s ?irty ye>s s9ce ! losses f ?is disease 7 ( s s]i\s a nature t ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture det]m9$ to attempt to /amp x out1 z !y _h succe$$ 9 /amp+ out pleura pneumonia 9 cattle1 & foot & m\? disease4 ,! success ( _! ef=ts 0 n at all comm5surate ) ! outlay4 ,! failure 0 attribut$ to _m causes2 among/ !m ! want ( a complete k ( ! disease1 ! impossibility ( diagnos+ x dur+ ! life ( ! pati5t1 ! abs5ce ( sympa?y on ! "p ( ! local vet]9>y surgeons ow+ to c]ta9 /eps tak5 by ! !n ,vet]9>y ,advis] ( ! ,bo>d1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce is n[ inadvisable1 & to ! g5]al opposition ( pig-keep]s :o _h z little fai? 9 _m ( ! po/ mortems & _! results z 9 ! p[] ( ! au?orities to /amp out ! disease :i* "u v>i\s names _h be5 m or less common 9 ! c\ntry s long z !y c\ld rememb]4 ,d\bts 7 also pass$ on ! infectivity or contagi\sness ( sw9e fev]1 or z x 0 v>i\sly t]m$ r$ soldi]1 spots1 etc4 ,?is disbelief 0 probably due 9 "p to ! fact t "s ( ! ext]nal symptoms ( sw9e fev]1 sw9e erysipelas1 & he>t disease1 su* z discoloration ( ! sk9 7 ( a simil> "*4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is r$ness ( ! sk91 :i* 0 look$ ^u z a sure sign t ! pig _h di$ f sw9e fev]1 did n prove to be infecti\s1 z no o!r cases foll[$ among/ ! 9-contact pigs4 ,?is l$ to ! g5]al belief t sw9e fev] 0 n necess>ily infecti\s4 ,dissatisfaction ) ! arbitr>y mann] 9 :i* ! re/rictions 9 movem5t1 etc41 7 c>ri$ out did n m5d matt]s1 nor help to r5d] ! ef=ts ( ! ,bo>d m successful4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is imp]ative on ! "p ( ! own] ( an ill pig to report ! fact to ! ne>e/ policeman4 ,! own] !n m]ely c>ries out ! in/ructions suppli$ to him by ! police s t x is almo/ unnecess>y to /ate t ! symptoms ( sw9e fev] are sev]al4 ,at times ! attack is ( s virul5t a nature t a pig may take its food all "r 9 ! aft]noon & be dead ! next morn+1 no discoloration ( ! sk9 or o!r ext]nal symptoms be+ visible be=e or imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,z a rule :5 ! pig is attack$ ! fir/ symptom is loss ( appetite1 g5]ally accompani$ by a fev]i% condition ( ! sk9 :i* %[s m or few] r$ spots beh9d ! %\ld]1 & inside ! ?ighs1 or 9 ^? portions ( ! body :]e ! sk9 is ! ?9ne/ & mo/ free f hair4 ,! great desire ( ! affect$ pig is to burr[ into ! litt] & to rema9 undi/urb$1 save :5 ! fev]i% ?ir/ impels x to seek moi/ure ( any sort or k9d1 ev5 ur9e :i* may h settl$ into any unev5ness ( ! floor ( ! /y4 ,_m ( ! ail+ pigs suff] f a dry1 husky c\gh1 a gummy dis*>ge exudes f ! eyes & =ms a r+ r\nd !m1 ! ankles become affect$1 & ! muscles ( ! back become weak5$ s t ! pig has difficulty 9 walk+4 ,! discoloration ( ! sk9 may or may n increase1 b ! weakness gradually becomes great] s t dea? may foll[ )9 a day or two f ! fir/ attack4 ,occasionally ! affect$ pig w cont9ue to live = sev]al days1 & ev5tually recov] s mu* t x c be fatt$1 b !re exi/s a great risk ( ! recov]$ pig be+ :at is t]m$ a c>ri] ( ! disease1 & possess+ ! ability to infect o!r pigs ) :i* x may come 9 close contact1 al?\gh ! g]ms ( ! disease :i* x c>ries d n affect its own heal?4 ,simil> in/ances ( human be+s be+ c>ri]s ( ! disease h be5 record$4 ,s difficult is x at times to discov] ! s\rce ( ! infection ( sw9e fev] t c]ta9 p]sons :o are n among/ ! /ronge/ believ]s 9 ! practical k ( ! memb]s ( ! vet]9>y pr(ession ass]t t sw9e fev] ne$ n necess>ily be ! result ( infection1 b t injudici\s fe$+ or ! neglect ( sanit>y arrangem5ts w sometimes cause an outbreak4 ,!re does n appe> to be ! slighte/ gr\nd = ?is belief1 z !re is a specific virus :i* :5 x obta9s +ress into ! body ( ! pig1 :e!r by ! m\?1 nose1 or 9 any o!r way1 may result 9 an attack1 m or less sev]e1 ( sw9e fev]1 unless ! virus has become s att5uat$ t x is unable to affect ! ho/ suffici5tly4 ,?is att5uation1 :i* is due to causes :i* are probably n completely kn[n1 is commonly ! cause ( ! abs5ce ( fur!r cases ( sw9e fev] among/ "o ( a lot ( pigs :i* has _h a v mild attack4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! virul5ce ( mo/ infecti\s diseases has be5 notic$ & record$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture h susp5d$ ! slaught] ord] 9 cases :]e ! own] ( ! pigs desires to inoculate ! 9-contact pigs ) s]um :i* is suppli$ f ! ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,! exp]im5t has n be5 9 op]ation suffici5tly long en\gh to express a confid5t op9ion ^u its results1 b x is /at$ t 9 ,d5m>k ! inoculation ( ! pigs :i* h be5 9 contact ) diseas$ pigs has prov$ to be a success4 ,! risks ( c>ry+ out ! exp]im5t are by no means slight1 b appe> to be wor? runn+ if !re be any great probability ( success4 ,,sw9e ,,erysipelas ,! symptoms ( ?is disease1 :i* =tunately is n s common z sw9e fev]1 ow+ probably to its be+ m fatal & 9 a %ort] "t1 are v simil> to ^? ( sw9e fev]1 save t ! husky c\gh & ! weakness ( ! muscles ( ! back are g5]ally abs5t4 ,! po/ mortem %[s di/9ctive diff]5ces f ^? ( sw9e fev]4 ,!re appe>s to be f> great] difficulty 9 ?or\ghly dis9fect+ ! /y 9 :i* pigs suff]+ f erysipelas h be5 h\s$ ?an aft] sw9e fev] cases2 n only s1 b ! virus rema9s active = a v long p]iod1 s t any accid5t :i* may expose ! virus ev5 aft] _m mon?s may affect any pigs ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,9 an outbreak ( sw9e erysipelas x is advisable to h ! unaffect$ pigs inoculat$ z well z ^? h\s$ 9 a /y or build+ 9 :i* at any "t pigs suff]+ f erysipelas h be5 h\s$4 ,a c]ta9 limit$ numb] may die1 & a few suff] = a "t1 b ! total loss w be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,,an?rax1 ,,foot ,,& ,,m\? ,,disease ,,& ,,rabies ,x may be unnecess>y to describe ^! v infecti\s or contagi\s diseases to :i* pigs are subject1 z =tunately ! /eps tak5 to /amp !m out1 & :i* 7 mu* decri$ :5 tak5 by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 h prov$ s successful t ! two latt] are /amp$ out1 & ! fir/ nam$ is s promptly & effectually dealt ) t a case ( x among/ sw9e is seldom record$4 ,,cramp1 ,,di>rh,,oe,a ,,& ,,epileptic ,,fits ,^! diseases1 :i* are m frequ5t among/ "y pigs1 h be5 fully describ$ 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! re>+1 wean+1 & gr[+ ( pigs1 :]e x is po9t$ out t !y are all ma9ly due to faults 9 fe$+1 & ! simple rem$ies applicable are !re giv54 ,h]nia & ,scrotal ,h]nia are also treat$ ^u 9 ! *apt] on ! ,f>r[+ ,s[4 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,vag9a ,,or ,,! ,,ut]us ,^! two tr\bles1 ( :i* ! latt] is a complete expulsion & ! =m] only a p>tial protrusion ( ! bre$+ bag1 are g5]ally ! result ( a difficult or a protract$ f>r[+4 ,! second is almo/ impossible ( treatm5t1 & inde$ may be decl>$ z fatal1 s t ! loss may be r$uc$ by prompt slaught]4 ,! fir/ v>ies 9 ext5t2 a p>tial or limit$ inv]sion may at times be noticeable dur+ ! latt] /ages ( pregnancy1 & !n aft] deliv]y may disappe> )\t treatm5t until ! pressure due to ! increas+ size ( ! foetus aga9 causes x4 ,ev5 9 s]i\s cases :i* att5d ! deliv]y & are due to excessive /ra9+ ( ! s[1 ! attack is n necess>ily fatal if extreme c>e 9 treatm5t is appli$4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to wa% ! protrud+ "p ) w>m wat]1 to :i* "s dis9fectant has be5 add$1 9 ord] t all dirt1 %ort /raw1 etc41 %all be remov$4 ,! s[ %\ld !n be made to rise1 or if %e refuses1 z is n uncommon1 ! h9d qu>t]s ( ! s[ %\ld be rais$ & ! protrud+ portion be g5tly b firmly =c$ back4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a re-expulsion /it*es ) /rong cord or lea!r lace %\ld be ins]t$ into ! edges ( ! vulva--^! ne$ n be v close toge!r or o!rwise ! s[ w\ld be unable to make wat]4 ,= a few days ! s[ mu/ be kept z quiet z possible & f$ on a little n\ri%+ b laxative food1 s t ! pressure on ! vag9a is slight until ! muscles rega9 _! normal /r5g?4 ,%\ld !re be ! slighte/ symptom ( con/ipation1 salts or ca/or oil %\ld be giv5 to ! s[4 ,no h>m1 b r good1 w att5d ! giv+ ( a g5tle dose ( salts at ! fir/ "t ( fe$+ aft] ! op]ation z !re is c]ta9 to be an am\nt ( inflammation pres5t4 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,rectum ,?is expulsion ( ! gut z x is commonly t]m$ is n (t5 exp]i5c$ among/ mature pigs4 ,"y pigs are n uncommonly affect$ save :5 con/ipation is neglect$1 or :5 ! food is ( a heat+ nature :i* causes cont9ual difficulty on ! "p ( ! pig 9 expell+ ! faeces4 ,! ef=t ( /ra9+ causes ! gut to exude4 ,simil> treatm5t1 save z to ! /it*+ ( ! "p1 z ) inv]sion ( ! vag9a1 %\ld be foll[$4 ,,t5d] ,,feet ,?is tr\ble is frequ5tly mi/ak5 = cramp or rheumatism1 & is g5]ally due to ! same causes1 injudici\s fe$+1 etc4 ,9 ! latt] disease ! ankles are ma9ly affect$1 9 ! case ( fev] 9 ! feet1 ! feet only are affect$4 ,a /rong dose ( ,epsom salts %\ld be giv5 & daily doses ( nitre %\ld be giv5 9 ! food4 ,! object %\ld be to r$uce & remove ! fev] & !n to cure or remove t t5d]ness & sor5ess ( ! feet :i* foll[s ! fev]4 ,p\ltic+ ! feet & apply+ dilut$ :ite oils by add+ equal quantities ( wat] & v9eg> ar\nd ! coronets are bo? rem$ial measures ( great value4 ,,con/ipation ,?is tr\ble is v common among/ pigs :i* are conf9$ to ! /ies1 its avoidance is comp>atively easy1 :5 ! want ( ex]cise is ! sole cause4 ,a run 9 an enclosure or ev5 9 ! road w almo/ always result 9 ! pig evacuat+ dung & wat]4 ,a dose ( salts1 v>y+ f #a_/b oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 = ea* pig1 accord+ to age1 9 ! next supply ( food is advisable4 ,con/ipation is usually ! fir/ indication ( _m ( ! tr\bles to :i* ! pig is heir4 ,! little pig on its "m becomes con/ipat$ :5 ! food f$ to ! "m is unsuitable1 & ! pig suff]s f indige/ion2 fev] caus$ by a *ill is also =etold by con/ipation :i* %\ld be fir/ remov$ by a g5tle dose ( salts or ( ca/or oil2 ! la/ only to be us$ 9 sev]e cases4 ,l9se$ oil is also frequ5tly us$ to relieve ! con/ipation1 b ) ?is !re is a fe> ( billi\sness foll[+ its use4 ,if ex]cise & ! above rem$ies d n effect a cure1 an enema ( soap & wat] or ev5 glyc]9e may be necess>y4 ,old-fa%ion$ pigm5 remove ! h>d & knotty faeces by ! aid ( ! f+]4 ,,eczema ,?is is sometimes call$ a sk9 disease1 b x appe>s to be r a symptom ( a sev]e attack ( indige/ion or ( billi\sness ?an a disease 9 itself4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! =m ( a bright r$ spot1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( a ?reep5ny piece to t ( a %ill+1 ^! spots v>y greatly 9 numb]4 ,small pimples appe> on ! spots f :i* a /icky fluid exudes4 ,z soon z ! b[els are ?or\ghly reliev$ by ap]i5t m$ic9e1 ! spots become d>k 9 col\r & peel (f ! sk94 ,! application ( oil to ! spots ha/5s ! %$d+ ( !m4 ,a dose ( sulphur ( "o to eight dra*ms 9 addition to ! salts w be b5eficial4 ,frequ5tly ! pig w refuse to eat1 x w !n be necess>y to dose x4 ,! pig mu/ be caught1 its head rais$ & ! liquid g5tly p\r$ d[n its ?roat1 ! greate/ c>e be+ tak5 n to p\r ! liquid :il/ ! pig is squeal+ or ! m$ic9e w g into ! lungs & cause suffocation1 or inflammation ( ! lungs :i* w g5]ally prove fatal4 ,,measles ,?is is a tr\ble ( a v simil> "* to eczema save t ! r$ spots are m num]\s & ( a m irritat+ "*4 ,! pati5t is cont9ually rubb+ itself aga9/ ! wall or any prom95ce 9 an endeav\r to relieve ! it*+4 ,! pig is also m fev]i%4 ,! pig %\ld be plac$ 9 a w>m /y1 ) pl5ty ( dry /raw1 into :i* x w quickly burr[4 ,a dose ( ,epsom salts to :i* is add$ a small quantity ( _s ( nitre %\ld be giv51 z ! pig affect$ w almo/ inv>iably refuse food = a "t4 ,neat's foot or sweet oil appli$ to ! spots w relieve ! irritation4 ,,rickets ,?is is n by any means a common ailm5t among/ pigs1 b x is v h]$it>y4 ,! mo/ common cause is too close bre$+4 ,! bones & jo9ts appe> to be unequal to ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 ! pig /agg]s & /umbles :5 x attempts to move1 :il/ sometimes ! back is affect$1 :5 ! pig is /at$ to be suff]+ f swayback4 ,z a rule treatm5t is inadvisable z recov]y is d\btful4 ,! fir/ loss by knock+ ! pig on ! head is g5]ally ! lea/4 ,,tub]culosis ,pigs1 l unto human be+s1 are mu* subject to tub]culosis :5 !y are kept "u conditions simil> to ^? :i* result 9 human be+s becom+ affect$4 ,! disease is highly infecti\s1 pigs com+ 9 contact ) or ev5 be+ h\s$ 9 /ies :]e pigs affect$ h be5 rec5tly kept are v likely to become infect$4 ,"s p]sons decl>e t tub]culosis1 or1 z x is m commonly call$1 consumption1 is h]$it>y4 ,= ?is !re does n appe> to be any f\ndation4 ,! *ief ?+ to prev5t "o's animals be+ affect$ is to keep !m away f contagion4 ,al?\gh _m p>ts ( ! body may be attack$ by tub]culosis1 ! lungs are m frequ5tly affect$ ?an any o!r ( ! organs1 ow+ probably to ! ease ) :i* infection by ! m9ute g]m is convey$ to ! lungs 9 ! act ( brea?+4 ,9 ! pa/ a consid]able numb] ( pigs became infect$ ?r\gh be+ f$ on skim milk :i* conta9$ g]ms f ! udd] ( a c[ suff]+ f a tub]cul\s udd]4 ,9 ^! cases ( ! lungs & ! b[els becom+ tub]cul>1 ! pigs become un?rifty & frequ5tly wa/e away & die4 ,:5 ! bones & o!r portions ( ! body are attack$ ! developm5t ( ! disease is n s rapid1 b 9 any case ! wise/ plan is to de/roy ! animal & ?or\ghly dis9fect ! place 9 :i* x has be5 kept4 ,save :5 ! disease is local & ( v limit$ duration ! meat ( a pig suff]+ f tub]culosis is unfit = human consumption4 ,,worms ,pigs are subject to v>i\s k9ds ( worms4 ,( ^! ! mo/ s]i\s by f> is ! worm :i* causes ! disease call$ ,tri*9osis 9 man4 ,! worms are transmitt$ to man 9 pork f a diseas$ pig4 ,?or\gh cook+ ( meat appe>s to de/roy ! vitality ( ! worm1 b 9 =eign c\ntries :]e ! pork is eat5 9 an uncook$ or an und]cook$ condition ! disease is n uncommon4 ,=tunately1 ,tri*9osis is almo/ unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ow+ to our m /r+5t sanit>y conditions1 ! disease be+ due 9 ! pig to ! eat+ ( human excrem5t 9 :i* are ?read worms4 ,! mo/ common k9d ( pig worm 9 ?is c\ntry is ! r\nd :ite worm1 po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,its l5g? v>ies f "o to sev]al in*es4 ,its pres5ce is (t5 unsuspect$ until "o or m ( ! worms are notic$ 9 ! dung ( ! pig4 ,x is readily got rid ( by keep+ ! pigs f food = at lea/ twelve h\rs1 & !n giv+ !m a little tempt+ food 9 :i* a dose ( santon9e1 v>y+ f ?ree to t5 gra9s = ea* pig1 accord+ to its age1 has be5 add$4 ,"s two h\rs lat] a dose ( ca/or oil ( f #a_/d oz4 to #b oz41 or ( "o to two ounces ( ,epsom salts1 %\ld be giv5 9 milk or "s o!r tempt+ food4 ,simil> treatm5t w prove successful 9 ! case ( pigs affect$ ) ! small] k9d ( worms save t ( ! worm :i* causes :at is commonly kn[n z husk4 ,?is worm makes its home 9 ! w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes4 ,x is advisable to obta9 f a *emi/ a dr5* = ! riddance ( ?is worm1 z ! rem$ies w consi/ ( l9se$ oil1 turp5t9e1 spirits ( camphor1 & asafoetida4 ,,sore ,,teats ,occasionally ! teats ( s[s1 especially s[s ) _! fir/ litt]s1 become *app$ or sore4 ,?is tr\ble is frequ5tly due to ! too vigor\s suck+ ( ! little pigs :5 ! supply ( milk is %ort1 to ! bit+ ( ! teats :5 ! %>p little tee? h n be5 brok5 (f1 or ev5 to cold w9ds4 ,an application ( boro-glyc]ide w usually effect a spe$y cure4 ,9 p]si/5t cases x w be advisable to give ! s[ a dose or two ( op5+ m$ic9e su* z salts or sulphur4 ,,salt ,,& ,,soda ,,poison+ ,al?\gh ^! c sc>cely be class$ z diseases1 ! effects are (t5 m s]i\s ?an ^? ( "s actual diseases to :i* sw9e are m or less subject4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! cause is ! neglect ( ! cook to keep sep>ate f ! swill ! wat] 9 :i* salt$ meat or o!r food has be5 boil$1 or ! wat] to :i* soda has be5 add$ 9 ! wa%+ ( ! plates1 etc4 ,an attack if at all sev]e is usually fatal4 ,! symptoms are a discoloration ( ! sk91 & a refusal ( food4 ,z ^! are ! usual symptoms ( sev]al o!r ailm5ts1 x is difficult to det]m9e ! cause ( dea? save by a po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is mix+ ( a solution ( salt & soda ) ! o!r swill w be "o ( ! difficulties met ) 9 ! m g5]al utilisation ( kit*5 refuse 9 ! keep+ ( pigs4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,cur+ ,,( ,,pork ,9 ! good old times bacon cur+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! l>ge majority ( f>m-h\ses z well z 9 _m h\ses 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 n only :]e !re 7 conv5i5ces = ! keep+ ( pigs1 b _m h\sehold]s 7 9 ! habit ( buy+ c>cases ( pork f _! neighb\rs & cur+ ! major portion = ! foll[+ ye>'s supply ( cur$ meats4 ,ev5 ! bett] class lab\r]s w\ld kill & cure x s t z long z x la/$ !y _h on h& a supply ( mo/ nutriti\s & suitable food4 ,un=tunately a great *ange has tak5 place ( late ye>s2 ?is conv5i5t & pr(itable plan has be5 sup]s$$4 ,! causes may h be5 _m2 among/ !m1 ! importation ( imm5se quantities ( salt pork ( v inf]ior quality at v l[ prices f ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! *ange 9 ! public ta/e :i* is n[ = mild cur$ & lean bacon f "y pigs1 in/ead ( ! m heavily salt$ meats f old] & fatt] pigs2 ! great decrease 9 ! numb] ( pigs kept by cottag]s & o!rs 9 urban di/ricts ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! s-call$ sanit>y regulations2 & probably f ! diff]5t /yle ( liv+1 :i* may or may n be an improvem5t1 among/ ! resid5ts 9 c\ntry di/ricts4 ,x may be t "o ( ! _m *anges :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t by1 & :i* w also foll[1 ! w> w be a return to ! m simple & less luxuri\s mann] ( liv+4 ,x is c]ta9 t a m economical sy/em w h to be foll[$1 & "o ( ! means ( effect+ ?is may be a return to ! keep+ ( pigs dur+ _! gr[+ /age on ! h\se & g>d5 refuse1 & !n :5 ! pigs h be5 fatt5$1 by ! kill+ & cur+ ( ! c>case = home consumption4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 dur+ rec5t ye>s ab\t ! folly ( all[+ s _m millions ( sov]eigns to g out ( ! c\ntry 9 paym5t = ! va/ weight ( bacon1 hams1 & l>d :i* we import f =eign c\ntries4 ,resid5ts 9 ! c\ntry h be5 blam$ by t[n resid5ts & lit]>y m5 = _! alleg$ want ( ent]prise 9 n bre$+ & fatt5+ ! few extra million pigs :i* w\ld furni% an am\nt ( pig produce equal to t import$1 & ?us1 z !y decl>e1 save ! c\ntry t outlay :i* is a dead loss to ^! isl&s4 ,x may at once be frankly admitt$ t a v consid]able increase 9 ! numb] ( our pig population is possible )\t any v greatly ext5d$ co/ ( food1 b :5 x is cont5d$ t f>m]s & ev5 cottag]s are grossly neglectful 9 n produc+ suffici5t pork & its products = ! use ( ! :ole ( ! population ( ^! isl&s1 an inju/ice is done1 z ! bre$+ & fe$+ ( pigs is a bus9ess call+1 n a philan?ropical pursuit4 ,f>m]s & cottag]s are l o!r manufactur]s ( necess>y articles2 !y produce 9 ord] to live1 & !y cease to manufacture an article :5 its production ceases to repay !m = _! outlay & tr\ble4 ,!y mu/ ( necessity d s1 or !y come to grief & are unable to c>ry on _! f>ms or bus9esses4 ,x matt]s n :at ! cause be = ! ability ( ! =eign] to produce & l& on our m>kets articles *eap] ?an we c af=d to (f] !m at1 ! result is ! same--! home production is automatically r$uc$4 ,!re are _m causes :i* h help$ to r5d] x possible = =eign]s to supply u ) a c]ta9 proportion ( ! pork & bacon :i* we require at a less co/ ?an our home bre$] & fe$]s ( pigs c supply x4 ,^! include help to ! f>m]s f ! ,gov]nm5ts ( c]ta9 c\ntries su* z ,d5m>k1 :]e assi/ance is giv5 9 ! pur*ase ( pure br$ pigs = ! improvem5t ( ! native pigs1 9 ! r$uc$ railway & o!r rates on ! transit ( pigs1 foods1 & bacon1 9 ! provision ( c]ta9 foods1 & 9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts 9 ord] to %[ h[ !y may be utilis$ 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,/ud f>ms h also be5 e/abli%$ f :i* pure br$ bo>s are di/ribut$1 :il/ ! :ole indu/ry ( pig bre$+ & bacon cur+ is c>ri$ on "u ! sup]vision & ) ! advice ( _m ,gov]nm5t (ficials appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,! intr9sic value ( ?is assi/ance is p]ceptible1 z 9 no o!r c\ntry are pig-keep+ & bacon cur+ c>ri$ on ) great] monet>y success ?an 9 ,d5m>k4 ,x is also ass]t$ t ! g5]al sy/em ( f>m+ 9 ,d5m>k has also contribut$ v l>gely to ! ph5om5al prosp]ity ( ! pig indu/ry1 9 t a v l>ge proportion ( ! l& is own$ & f>m$ by comp>atively small f>m]s1 m5 :o h a direct int]e/ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! l&1 & :o ) _! families p]=m ! major portion ( ! "w on ! l& & 9 att5dance on ! /ock4 ,! l& is almo/ c]ta9 to be well manag$ & ! /ock to receive ! be/ possible att5tion )1 comp>atively speak+1 little co/ z to lab\r4 ,! animals on ! f>m are likely to be ( a high] grade & ! returns f !m ( an increas$ "*1 ?an :5 /rang]s & dis9t]e/$ hir$ lab\r att5d & fe$s !m4 ,ano!r ( ! great advantages possess$ by "s ( our =eign competitors is ! v mu* bett] supply ( fe$+ /uffs & _! v consid]ably l[] co/4 ,take ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 ! enorm\s supply ( maize alone enables ,am]ican pigm5 to manufacture pork at a co/ :i* enables ! pack]s to l& bacon1 hams1 & l>d on ! ,briti% %ores :i* our home pig produc]s _c approa*4 ,al?\gh x _c be said t ! co/ ( lab\r is less 9 ! ,/ates ?an 9 ,engl&1 yet !re are "s c\ntries f :i* we import pork products :]e ! lab\r is f> m pl5tiful & less co/ly4 ,9 ! future ! all[ance = lab\r w h to be on a m lib]al scale ?an hi!rto :5 e/imat+ ! co/ ( produc+ pork1 unless ! numb] ( p]sons own+ & occupy+ small hold+s is greatly increas$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t our home produc]s ( pork & bacon w obta9 a consid]able advantage 9 ! future 9 t ! freight on ! import$ meats w be s mu* high]4 ,x is mo/ probable t ?is w increase ! exp5se ( l&+ bacon1 etc41 on our m>kets2 on ! o!r h&1 z we import s l>ge a proportion ( ! pig fatt5+ foods1 ! co/ ( food w mo/ likely be increas$ to q ! same if n to a great] ext5t4 ,! only plan to r$uce ?is extra exp5se w be to less5 ! outlay on import$ foods by pay+ m att5tion to ! gr[? ( v>i\s foods suitable = pigs1 att5d+ m c>efully to our pigs & fe$+ !m on common-s5se l9es4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s !re is room = mu* improvem5t 9 _m pigg]ies4 ,by r$uc+ ! co/ ( ! production ( pork & by ! m g5]al adoption ( ! sy/em ( home cur+ we %all n only obta9 our bacon at less co/1 b we %all h a f> great] am\nt ( ! f9e/ quality ( bacon & hams g5]ally available4 ,we imag9e t ! read] ( ! e>li] portion ( ?is book w exp]i5ce little difficulty 9 produc+ f9e quality pork at a m9imum co/--x w !n rema9 to cure & dry x prop]ly4 ,! fatt5$ pig %\ld n be f$ = "s tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e x is kill$2 aft] slaught] ! c>case %\ld rema9 hang+ until x is ?or\ghly cool$4 ,! mann] ( cutt+ up w dep5d on ! cu/om 9 ! p>ticul> di/rict4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! pig is split d[n1 ! head1 feet1 & tail tak5 (f1 ! leaf & kidneys & ! skirt tak5 out1 ! lo9 & ! crop ) a c]ta9 proportion ( ! lean cut (f1 & 9 "s cases ! %\ld] blade is drawn2 aft] ! necess>y trimm+ a ,wilt%ire side rema9s4 ,9 o!r di/ricts ! ham & ! %\ld] are cut (f & ! side is conv]t$ into a middle1 a ham & a %\ld] or =e-ham4 ,! j[ls are tak5 (f ! head & salt$ ) ! bacon & hams4 ,! upp] "p ( ! head1 or1 z x is commonly t]m$1 ! scorf1 is usually us$ ) ! feet 9 ! manufacture ( brawn1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 pork *eese--presumably f its be+ cool$ 9 a =m1 & !n turn$ out on to ! di% on :i* x is s]v$ at table4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 cur+ is to di/ribute a small quantity ( salt all ov] ! meat to be cur$4 ,if all[$ to rema9 ab\t =ty-eight h\rs ! blood rema9+ 9 ! meat w h become dissolv$1 & w h exud$ f ! c>case4 ,?is liquid %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,a mixture 9 ! proportion ( #d lbs4 salt1 #a lb4 co>se br[n sug>1 #a oz4 saltpetre1 #a_/d oz4 bay salt1 & #a_/d oz4 salt prunell %\ld be prep>$1 & a portion ( x be appli$ to all p>ts ( ! meat & p>ticul>ly 9 ! pocket hole1 if ! %\ld] blade has be5 drawn4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ = f tw5ty to ?irty days1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! meat & ! degree ( saltness desir$4 ,9 "o or two di/ricts ( a limit$ area x is usual to rub ! meat some:at viol5tly ) a l>ge pebble :5 apply+ ! salt mixture1 ! alleg$ object be+ to rub 9 ! salt2 b = ?is !re is n ! slighte/ necessity z ! result ( ! rubb+ is nil1 s9ce ! salt w p5etrate ! meat equally z well )\t ! manipulation z ) x4 ,! pr9cipal po9t is to secure ! di/ribution ( ! salt to e "p ( ! meat s t ! salt c p5etrate & pres]ve x4 ,:5 suffici5tly cur$ ! meat %\ld be hung up & dri$4 ,if x be desir$ to h x smok$ ?is is be/ done at ! village bak]y or smoke dry+ h\se4 ,smok+ ( hams & bacon is possible on a small scale ) ! aid ( a smoke ov5 su* z suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,d\glas & ,sons ( ,putney1 b x is1 z a rule1 *eap] & less tr\blesome to s5d ! meat to ! village smok+ h\se4 ,x w be advisable to br& or o!rwise m>k ea* piece ( cur$ meat s5t to be smok$1 z ! return ( ! same pieces is ?us assur$4 ,:]e ! home cur+ ( bacon & hams is foll[$1 ?is is be/ c>ri$ out f ! middle ( ,octob] to ! end ( ,m>*2 if x be attempt$ e>li] or lat] a cold *amb] is necess>y4 ,! manufacture ( salt pork is c>ri$ on all ! ye> ?r\gh z ! meat is usually kept 9 ! br9e1 :]e x w keep p]fectly good = a consid]able "t provid+ x is p]fectly sweet :5 fir/ plac$ 9 ! br9e4 ,to secure ?is x is advisable to h ! pig kill$ 9 ! ev5+1 cov]$ ov] ) a clo? to prev5t ! flies approa*+ x1 & hang+ x 9 a cool place s t all ! natural heat has escap$ ere x is cut up & plac$ 9 ! pickle pot4 ,x may be advisable to note t ! la/ is only possible ) a small pig dur+ ! hot wea!r4 ,9 ! m]e salt+ ( pork x is usual to use only salt & saltpetre4 ,! use ( sug> %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! summ]1 z its use is likely to result 9 f]m5tation 9 hot wea!r4 ,!re are two o!r po9ts 9 connection ) bacon cur+ on :i* a *ange ( op9ion has tak5 place1 or is tak+ place4 ,^! are ! cause ( :at are call$ 9 ! trade se$y bellies1 & ! effect on ! bacon ( ! female fat pig be+ 9 a /ate ( oe/rum :5 x is slaught]$4 ,until q rec5tly ! fir/ ( ^! tr\bles1 & x is a mo/ s]i\s "o to ! trade1 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be due to ! second4 ,x 0 believ$ by cur]s t ! slight inflammation noticeable 9 ! mamm>y gl&s ( ! female pig :5 %e is 9 heat result$ 9 ^! s-call$ se$y bellies if ! pig 0 9 t condition :5 %e 0 slaught]$4 ,?is belief may h be5 ei!r ! cause or ! result1 or bo?1 ( ! common say+ t ! meat ( a s[ pig kill$ :5 x 0 9 heat w n take ! salt prop]ly1 & t x is !re=e advisable to wait until ?is natural condition has pass$ away be=e ! pig is slaught]$4 ,?is cont5tion has be5 "o ( ! argum5ts us$ :5 ! spay+ ( s[ pigs has be5 advocat$4 ,( late ye>s comp>atively few s[ pigs h be5 spay$1 s t ! unspay$ fat pigs h be5 ne>ly z num]\s z ^? male pigs :i* h be5 ca/rat$1 & z ! s[ pigs come 9 heat ea* ?ree weeks1 & cont9ue s = f ?ree to five days1 a v consid]able proportion ( !m mu/ be 9 heat :5 !y are slaught]$ at ! l>ge bacon-cur+ factories1 )\t any loss result+4 ,we may1 !re=e1 assume t x matt]s little :e!r ! pig be 9 heat or n :5 x is slaught]$ unless ! se$y bellies result4 ,on ?is po9t also ! v]dict is aga9/ ! common belief1 z ,messrs4 ,mack5zie & ,m>% h c>ri$ out a s]ies ( inve/igations at ,cambridge :i* cle>ly prov$ t se$y bellies 7 equally z common :5 ! s[ pigs 7 n 9 heat & :5 !y 72 b t ! discoloration :i* resembles numb]s ( small spots ( col\r v>y+ f d>k blue to light r$ 9 ! mamm>y gl&s is m]ely an excess ( pigm5t1 ! d>k] %ade be+ common 9 pigs ) d>k col\r$ hair & sk9 su* z ! ,l>ge ,blacks1 ,b]k%ires1 etc41 & ! light] %ade 9 pigs ( ! ,tamwor? bre$4 ,9 ! bacon manufactur$ f pigs ) a :ite sk9 & :ite hair !re is no discoloration or se$y bellies4 ,al?\gh x has be5 g5]ally consid]$ by bacon cur]s t pigs ( a :ite col\r 7 pref]able = _! trade1 & ?is to su* an ext5t t "s ( ! bacon cur]s 9 ,irel& w pay a slightly high] price = a pig ) a :ite sk91 ! pref]5ce 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be due to ! m pres5table appe>ance ( a side ( bacon f a :ite ?an f a black pig2 x w\ld appe> t 9 ! future a /ill great] pref]5ce w be obs]vable :5 x becomes g5]ally kn[n t ! bacon made f :ite pigs is free f se$y bellies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to make money out ( ,pigs ,"o mu/ g on ! ,,non-,,/op ,,pr9ciple1 e little *eck to gr[? means s mu* less pr(it4 ,n[ we "k & !re are ?\s&s ( o!r pig fe$]s "k t ,,willson',s ,,canadian ,,pig ,,p[d]s are j ! v ?+ t is want$1 "o or two p[d]s a week to ea* ,pig enables !m to dige/ _! food & get ! v utmo/ out ( x4 ,nature does ! re/4 ,y w f9d ?is s & ! co/ ( p[d]s is v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,willson's ,canadian ,pig ,p[d]s are a ,great ,inve/m5t ,illu/ration3 -------------------------- #g = #f;d41 po/ free #g;d4 #af #a_/- #a_/b #dh #b_/i #c_/- #add #h_/- & 9 bulk 9 t9s #ba_/- po/ free4 ,we h ag5ts almo/ ev]y:]e4 -------------------------- ,sole ,manufactur]3 ,,/eph5 ,,willson ,canadian ,pig ,p[d] ,factory ,,pet]bor\gh 7,:o also keeps a big exp]im5tal pigg]y74 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u\s ,cropp+ & ,tillage ,dairy ,f>m+ = ,small ,f>m]s4 ,by ,t4 ,,wibb]ley1 ,n4,d4,a41 ,n4,d4,d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,price #c_/f net2 po/age #d;d4 ,"h ,mr4 ,wibb]ley describes specially = ! b5efit ( ! small man 8 sy/em ( all-wea!r f>m+1 capable ( d\bl+ or trebl+ ! pr(its ( ev5 ! be/ regulat$ small dairy f>ms4 ,9 ?is book he discloses = ! fir/ "t ! :ole secret ( 8 success & ! success ( ! _m ?\s&s ( small dairy f>m]s :o foll[ him4 ,( all ,booksell]s or f ! ,publi%]s1 ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,ltd41 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4#b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,an?rax1 #afb ,ap?\s fev]1 #ae1 #afb ,arrival ( little pigs1 #hb ,arti*okes = pigs1 #hi ,att5dance on f>r[+ s[1 #hj ,bacon cur+1 #agg ,bacon smok+1 #agg ,bacon f "y pigs1 #aga ,b>ley meal z sole fatt+ food1 #acd ,b>n = pig/y1 #aji ,baulk$ s[s1 #gf ,baulk+ s[s1 #id ,b]k%ire bre$1 #cc ,black pigs1 #ge ,bl9d teats1 #gj ,bo>'s teats1 #fb ,bo>d ( ,agriculture's premiums1 #dg ,bob-tail$ pigs1 #hf ,bre$s ( pigs at %[s1 #ag ,briti% ,b]k%ire ,society1 #bg ,butt] milk1 #aec ,cabbages = pigs1 #aja ,canadian sy/em1 #dg ,c>ri]s ( sw9e fev]1 #aeh1 #ahh ,ca/rat+ pigs1 #aje ,ca/rat+ ruptur$ pigs1 #hh ,cause ( p>ti-col\r$ pigs1 #ae ,close bre$+1 #df ,clov] = pigs1 #hi ,colese$ = pigs1 #ajc ,con/ipation 9 pigs1 #afd ,consumption 9 pigs1 #afg ,cook$ v4 uncook$ maize1 #adg ,cook$ v4 uncook$ potatoes1 #aej ,cook+ pig foods1 #add ,cook+ potatoes1 #adg ,cross-br$ pigs1 #ci ,cross br$s v4 pure br$s1 #de ,cumb]l& pigs1 #ch ,cutt+ up ! pig1 #agf ,dani% pig-keep+1 #agd ,dead pigs1 #hc ,delicacy ( pure-br$ pigs1 #de ,d5tition ( pigs1 #di ,di>rhoea1 #afb ,difficulty 9 dis9fect+ /ies1 #afa ,diseases ( pigs1 #aeg ,an?rax ,ap?\s fev] ,con/ipation ,cramp ,di>rhoea ,eczema ,epileptic fits ,foot & m\? disease ,inv]sion ( ! rectum vag9a ut]us ,measles ,rabies ,rickets ,salt poison+ ,soda poison+ ,sore teats ,sw9e erysipelas ,sw9e fev] ,t5d] feet ,tub]culosis ,worms ,dorset pigs1 #be ,dos+ pigs1 #aff ,dry b$s1 #ajc ,dys5t]y1 #he ,eczema1 #afe ,effect ( food & climate1 #adh ,epileptic fits1 #afb ,essex half-blacks1 #ba ,excit$ "y s[s1 #ha ,exhibition ( pigs1 #aac ,exposure ( mangolds1 #aeb ,extra food 9 ! autumn1 #aee ,f>m] own]s1 #agd ,f>r[+ s[1 #gi ,fits1 #hf ,flabby udd]s1 #gj ,foot & m\? disease1 #ae ,fo/] mo!rs1 #aai ,g>get1 #aja ,gl\ce/]%ire ,old ,spots bre$1 #cg ,gov]nm5t help1 #dg ,grade bre$+ pigs1 #df ,graz+ pigs1 #gc ,ham cur+1 #aga ,hamp%ire pigs1 #bj ,h]nia1 #afb ,high-back$ pigs1 #ajj ,holywell ,victoria ,c\ntess1 #gg ,husk1 #afj ,importation ( bacon & l>d1 #agb ,improv$ bre$s1 orig9 (1 #ac ,increas$ co/ ( freight1 #age ,infectivity ( sw9e fev]1 #aeh ,influ5ce ( sire1 #dc1 #ed dam1 #ed ,inoculation = erysipelas1 #afb sw9e fev]1 #afb ,inv]sion ( ! rectum1 #afd vag9a1 #afd ut]us1 #afb ,l>ge bo>s1 #ei ,l>ge ,black bre$1 #cj ,l>ge blue & :ite pigs1 #bc ,l>ge ,:ite bre$1 #cj ,l>ge ,:ite ,ul/] bre$1 #ce ,l9coln%ire ,curly ,coat$ bre$1 #cf ,litt] = pigs1 #ajc ,luc]ne = pigs1 #hi1 #aec ,maize supply1 #agd ,mangolds = pigs1 #aja ,mat+ ! "y s[1 #gb suckl+ s[1 #ib ,measles1 #aff ,m$ic9e = f>r[+ s[1 #hc ,m]e size /udi$1 #fe ,messrs4 ,h>ris's s*eme1 #dc ,middle ,:ite bre$1 #ca ,milk = suck+ pigs1 #ajj ,mixture ( food1 #ace ,model pigg]ies1 #ajh ,neat s[s1 #fe ,non-infecti\s sw9e fev]1 #afj ,norfolk pigs1 #bd ,nor?ampton%ire pigs1 #bc ,numb] ( pigs = a s[1 #ig ,numb] 9 a litt]1 #fh ,orig9 ( improv$ bre$s1 #ac ,ox=d%ire pigs1 #bc1 #bg ,p>snips = pigs1 #hi ,p>ti-col\r$ pigs1 cause (1 #aae ,peat moss litt]1 #ajd ,p]si/5ce ( erysipelas virus1 #afa ,pig cal5d>1 #adh ,pig fatt5+1 #acb ,pig keep+ 9 or*>ds1 #abh woods1 #abh ,pigm5t1 excess (1 #agi ,pig pill[s1 #fe ,pig %ack+1 #aec ,pigs suff]+ f heat1 #abd ,pl5ty ( teats1 #fg ,potatoes = pigs1 #hi ,p\ltic+ pigs' feet1 #afd ,practical v4 %[ po9ts1 #da ,prepot5cy ( dam1 #ee sire1 #ee ,prolificacy1 #db indications (1 #fg value (1 #db ,pure bre$s1 #bf ,quality ( bone1 #fj ,rabies1 #afb ,rape = pigs1 #hi ,re>+ ( "y pigs1 #ig ,record$ p$igree insuffici5t1 #dd ,rectum1 inv]sion (1 #afd ,regi/]+ produce1 #db ,remak+ s['s b$1 #hc ,rickets 9 pigs1 #aff ,r+ pigs1 #fa ,roll]s = fat pigs1 #aag ,r\nd :ite worms1 #afh ,rudgwick pigs1 #ba ,rupture 9 pigs h]$it>y1 #hh ,ruptur$ bo>1 #fa ,salt poison+1 #afi ,santon9e z a cure = worms1 #afh ,scrotal h]nia1 #afb ,se$y bellies1 #agg ,selection ( bo>1 #ec s[1 #fc ,sep>at$ milk = little pigs1 #ajj ,%eet$ pigs1 #bb ,size 9 bo>s1 #ei ( pigs' e>s1 #fj ,skim milk & tub]culosis1 #afg ,slaught] classes1 #aah ,small black bre$1 #ah ,small jo9ts want$1 #ff ,small te/icles1 #fa ,smoke ov5s1 #agg ,smok+ bacon1 #agg ,s(t pork1 #ace ,sore-tail$ pigs1 #hf ,sore teats1 #afi ,s['s udd]1 #fg ,spay+ s[ pigs1 #aea ,/y fac+ ea/1 #ajh nor?1 #ajh s\?1 #ajh we/1 #ajh ,sug> 9 pork cur+1 #agg ,sussex pigs1 #ba ,swayback pigs1 #aff ,sw9e erysipelas1 #afa ,sw9e fev]1 #aeh virus1 #afj ,t>es = pigs1 #aeb ,t5d] feet1 #afd ,tri*9osis1 #afh ,tub]culosis 9 pigs1 #afg ,tub]culosis 9 pigs n h]$it>y1 #afg ,tub]culosis meat unheal?y1 #afg ,udd]1 ! s['s1 #fg ,und]siz$ teats1 #gj ,uni=mity 9 a h]d1 #dd "y pigs1 #dc ,unwieldly s[s1 #fe ,utility po9ts1 #db ,value ( fe$+ qualities1 #ei ,value ( :ey1 #aeb ,v>iation 9 virul5ce ( infecti\s diseases1 #afa ,v>y+ food1 #acf ,vegetable food = pigs1 #hi1 #ace1 #aej ,wean+ pigs1 #hi ,:eat meal1 #acf ,:ite peas = little pigs1 #ajj ,:ite-sk9n$ pigs = bacon1 #ajf1 #agi ,worms1 #afh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,d5nis',s ,,l9coln%ire ,,pig ,,p[d]s ,,are ,,! ,,be/ ,,m$ic9e = all ,,diseases ( ,,pigs4 ,us$ by mo/ ( ! lead+ ,,bre$]s & ,,exhibitors4 ,x w pay y well to use !m regul>ly4 ,! co/ is s small1 #aj;d4 p] doz41 po/ free #a_/-4 #add ,p[d]s po/ free #aj_/-4 ,sid5ote3 ,,heal?y ,,pigs ,,pay ,,well ,illu/ration3 ,,d5nis's ,,l9coln%ire ,,pig ,,p[d]s ,,proprietor ,j4 ,w4 ,,d5nis ,,l\?4 ,,engl& ,trade ,m>k ,no4 #ad1hci4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sold ,,ev]y:]e ,,d5nis',s ,,special ,,worm ,,p[d]s are recognis$ z ! sure/ means ( ridd+ pigs ( ^! p>asites4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,payne1 ( ,tor ,hole1 ,*ewton ,m5dip1 says3--,i f\nd #fc worms 9 my /ye1 aft] giv+ y\r ,worm ,p[d]s4 ,9 packets1 #f;d4 ,po/ free #g-a_/b;d4 #f packets ,po/ free #c_/d4 ,sold by all ,*emi/s1 ,boots ,ltd41 ,taylor's ,drug ,co4 ,ltd41 & ,co-op]ative ,societies1 at all ,bran*es4 ,proprietor3 ,,john ,w4 ,,d5nis1 ,vet]9>y ,*emi/ ,,l\?1 ,,l9cs4 ,all practical ,f>m]s :o want to keep abrea/ ( ! times %\ld get at once a copy ( ,,f>m+ ,,on ,,factory ,,l9es ,,or ,cont9u\s ,cropp+ = ,l>ge ,f>m]s ,,by ,t4 ,,wibb]ley1 ,n4,d4,a41 ,n4,d4,d4 7,( ,que5's ,univ]sity1 ,belfa/74 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition #f_/- net 7po/age #d;d47 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 po9t+ f+] ,x =ms ! great au?oritative te/ book on ! ,wibb]ley ,cont9u\s ,cropp+ ,sy/em1 & is a new & frankly revolution>y guide to ,,all-,,wea!r ,f>m+ & to *eap] ,milk1 ,corn & ,beef ,production4 ,9 times pa/ ! climate has (t5 conqu]$ ! ,briti% ,f>m]1 b x has n conqu]$ ,wibb]ley4 ,he has conqu]$ x1 turn+ :at o!rwise w\ld be adv]se climatic conditions to advantage 9 till+ ! l&4 ,x s\nds impossible4 ,x reads l a fairy tale--yet ! :ole ( ! s*eme ( ',wibb]leyism' or ',cont9u\s ,cropp+1' ',f>m+ on ,factory ,l9es'--z ! sy/em is v>i\sly t]m$--is 9 reality beautifully simple4 ,x is s effective t "o wond]s :at our highly paid (ficials h be5 ?9k+ ab\t1 :5 !y h n hamm]$ out "s su* a tillage sy/em z ,wibb]ley's ye>s be=e ,wibb]ley 0 born4--,,! ,,smallhold]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,read all ab\t x 9 ?is new & valuable "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c be obta9$ by ord] f any ,booksell]1 or po/ free = #f_/d f ,messrs4 ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,limit$1 #ah ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 #b4 ,,"s ,,useful ,,h&books ,,= ,,smallhold]s ,,& ,,o!rs ,! ,hobby ,g>d5]4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,m>%all1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,) #bb full-page ,illu/rations %[+ cle>ly ! v>i\s op]ations ?r\gh\t a ye>'s "w 9 ! g>d54 ,9 ,/iff ,?ree-col\r$ ,cov]4 ,price #a_/f net1 po/ free #a_/i4 ,small ,g>d5s & ,h[ to make ! ,mo/ ( ,!m4 ,by ,v4 ,p4 ,,biddle4 ,clo? ,bo>ds4 ,price #a_/f1 po/ free #a_/i4 ,a mo/ useful ,h&book = ! ,amateur4 ,full in/ructions are giv5 = lay+ out1 b$d+1 arrangem5t ( bord]s1 vegetable culture1 fl[]s & fruit trees1 room plants1 w9d[ boxes1 etc4 ,gre5h\ses3 ,h[ to ,make & ,manage ,!m4 ,by ,,william ,f4 ,,r[les4 ,) num]\s ,diagrams4 ,clo?4 ,price #a_/f1 po/ free #a_/i4 ,! ,dog3 ,9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,ar*]4 ,) #ab ,illu/rations by ,s4 ,t4 ,,dadd4 ,clo?4 ,price #a_/f1 po/ free #a_/i4 ,cage & ,s++ ,birds4 ,by ,,george ,,g>dn]4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 ,price #a_/f1 po/ free #a_/i4 ,"s ( ! ,cont5ts are3--,birds = ,song1 = ,exhibition & = ,bre$+--,c>e ( ,"y--,se$s3 h[ & :at to buy--,m\lt+ = ,song & = ,exhibition--,col\r-fe$+3 h[ x is done--,diseases ( ,cage ,birds & h[ to treat !m--,bird ,fev]--,p>asites & h[ to de/roy !m1 etc4 etc4 ,an ,easy ,p\ltry ,guide4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,br[n1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) #h full-page ,illu/rations & o!r ,diagrams4 ,pocket size4 ,clo?4 ,price #a_/-net1 po/ free #a_/b4 ,w> on ,we$s4 ,by ,,f>m] ,,giles4 ,price #f;d4 net1 po/ free #g;d4 ,?is book gives a full description & illu/rations ( ! ?irte5 proscrib$ we$s1 also a complete li/ ( all o!r f>m & g>d5 we$s1 ) sket*es1 full descriptions1 & prev5tive measures4 ,w>-,"t ,f>m+4 ,by ,t4 ,,wibb]ley4 ,price #f;d4 net1 po/ free #g;d4 ,?is small book tells h[ ! man on ! l& c use x to ! greate/ advantage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any ( ^! books may be ord]$ ?r\gh y\r booksell]1 or w be s5t po/-paid on receipt ( ! price m5tion$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,,s[t]1 ,publi%]1 ,smallhold] & ,small ,own] ,(fices1 #af-ah1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,f>m+ ,,made ,,easy ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,new%am1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,monm\?%ire ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,in/itution1 ,usk4 ,au?or ( ,! ,potato ,book1 c41 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #c_/f net4 ,?is is an easy ,guide to ! mo/ useful ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture4 ,x has be5 specially writt5 by a ?or\ghly qualifi$ agriculturi/1 ) a wide & successful practical k ( 8 subject1 = ! use ( ! c\ntless ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o are n[ /ream+ back--eag] b half in/ruct$--to "w on ! l&4 ,x cov]s practically e dep>tm5t ( f>m lab\r & ent]prise1 & provides ! fulle/ & mo/ reliable in/ruction = all :o propose to take up ,agriculture 9 a s]i\s & practical _s1 z a means ( livelihood4 ,c be obta9$ by ord] f any ,booksell]1 or po/ free = #c_/aj f ,,messrs4 ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,,limit$1 #ah ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 #b4 ,,books ,,= ,,smallhold]s1 ,,etc4 ,a ,,/&>d ,,book ,,by ,,an ,,exp]t ,,au?ority4 ,,dairy ,,f>m+ ,,= ,,smallhold]s ,by ,,james ,,long1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,dairy ,f>m+1 ,royal ,agricultural ,college2 ,au?or ( ,! ,book ( ! ,pig1 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #b_/f net1 po/ free #b_/i4 ,,! ,,*apt]s ,,deal ,,)3--,our ,dairy ,c[s2 ,! ,c[ & ,h] ,managem5t2 ,foods & ,fe$+2 ,milk2 ,butt] & ,butt] ,mak+2 ,*eese ,mak+1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,long has nev] be5 m happily inspir$ ?an 9 writ+ x4 ,! explanations are lucid & cle>4--,/&>d4 ,! smallhold] :o has made dairy+ "p ( 8 sy/em1 or has facilities = do+ s1 w be all ! bett] = add+ ?is book to ^? already 9 8 possession4--,field4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ h&books t c possibly f9d its way on ! dairy f>m]'s %elf4--,! ,dairy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p\ltry ,,= ,,pr(it4 ,by ,e4 ,t4 ,,br[n4 ,au?or ( ,pr(itable ,p\ltry ,keep+ 7,smallhold]s' ,libr>y71 ,ducks1 ,geese & ,turkeys1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 ) #ae full-page illu/rations & _m diagrams4 ,a ?or\ghly compreh5sive guide = ! p\ltry keep]4 ,,roses ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,!m4 ,by ,,edw9 ,,beckett1 ,v4,m4,h41 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,) portrait frontispiece4 ,price #b_/f net 7po/age #c;d4 extra74 ,a h&y little book by ,mr4 ,e4 ,beckett1 g>d5] at ,ald5ham ,h\se1 & fam\s z a gr[] ( exhibition vegetables1 z well z ( plants g5]ally4 ,he writes z a practical gr[] 9 a practical way1 deal+ ) soil & situation1 plant+1 prun+1 wat]+1 propagation1 ! cultivation ( roses "u glass & = exhibition 9 a way t is satisfy+4--,! ,field4 ,,! ,,smallhold]',s ,,ye> ,,book4 ,publi%$ annually 9 ,decemb]4 ,price #a_/f net1 p] po/ #a_/i4 ,! ,smallhold]'s ,ye> ,book is n[ an in/itution4 ,x is ! recognis$ c\rt ( appeal 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! l&1 9 g>d5+1 f>m+1 p\ltry-keep+1 goat1 rabbit & bee-keep+ circles4 ,x conta9s ! cream ( all ! in=mation t has ev] appe>$ 9 ,,! ,,smallhold]4 ,x solves at a glance e problem t is ev] likely to puzzle ,,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! ,h&books may be obta9$ ?r\gh y\r ,booksell]1 or w be =w>d$ po/ free1 on receipt ( ! price m5tion$1 f ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,ltd41 #ag ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,london ,w4,c4 #b4 ,,! ,,smallhold] ,,*>ts4 ,,on ,,c>d #aa-a_/b 94 ,,by #h-a_/b 94 ,,= ,,hang+ ,,up4 7#a7 ,h[ to ,make a ,g>d5 ,frame 7#b7 ,h[ & ,:5 to ,s[ ,vegetable ,se$s 7#c7 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ( ,pig ,keep+ 7#d7 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ( ,utility ,rabbit ,keep+ 7#e7 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 ( ,p\ltry ,keep+ 7#f7 ,g>d5 & ,or*>d ,pe/s 7#g7 ,h[ & ,:5 to ,s[ ,fl[] ,se$s 7#h7 ,h[ to ,cure ,p\ltry ,diseases 7#i7 ,h[ to ,cure ,pig ,diseases 7#aj7 ,fruit ,bottl+ 7#aa7 ,manur+ ,made ,easy 7#ab7 ,! ,:ole ,art ( ,goat ,keep+ ,s+le ,*>ts co/ #d;d4 ea*1 or any ,six may be _h = #a_/h po/ free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,smallhold] is issu$ 9 half-ye>ly volumes1 ,m>* to ,augu/1 & ,septemb] to ,febru>y4 ,b\nd 9 ,/rong ,clo?4 ,price #d_/-net ea*2 po/ free #d_/f4 ,cases = b9d+1 includ+ ,title ,page & ,index1 price #a_/i ea*2 po/ free #b_/-4 ,write to ! ,editor ,! ,,smallhold] ,(fice1 #af-ah ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 #b4 ,,an ,,attractive ,,nature ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,"y4 ,,9 ,,nature',s ,,ways ,,by ,,m>cus ,,woodw>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a book = all "y ,lov]s ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,be+ an ,introduction to ,gilb]t ,:ite's immortal ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,,%eph]d4 ,) ,preface by ,,wilfrid ,,m>k ,,webb1 ,secret>y ( ! ,selborne ,society4 ,?is volume conta9s #h full-page ,illu/rations on ,art ,pap] 9 addition to ! ,draw+s 9 ! ,text4 ,price 9 pap] wrapp] #a_/-net1 po/age #c;d4 extra2 or 9 clo? bo>ds1 price #b_/-net1 po/age #d;d4 extra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is a ',:ite's ,selborne' = ! "y2 giv+ passages f ! orig9al "u diff]5t head+s & side by side1 "s talk ab\t ! bird or bea/ ref]r$ to2 ) pl5ty ( illu/rations by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,%eph]d1 full ( 8 usual vitality4--,times4 ,we ?9k ?is volume _c fail to int]e/ & in/ruct ! "y4--,field4 ,:ite's ',hi/ory ( ,selborne' is "h amplifi$ & expla9$ = "y read]s4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d has t gift ( hum\r )\t :i* all writ+ on nature is a we>9ess unto ! fle% = "y read]s1 & = _m read]s :o are no long] "y4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,%eph]d's illu/rations cat* ! _s ( ! lett]press1 & are ( a piece ) ! "w t has made 8 reputation z an arti/4--,lit]>y ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may be _h ( all ,booksell]s or w be s5t direct on receipt ( publi%$ price & po/age f ,c4 ,,ar?ur ,,pe>son1 ,,ltd41 ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,*anges to ! text are li/$ z foll[s3 page #afh1 oze *ang$ to oz41 7f #a_/d oz4 to #b oz417 page #afh1 b41 *ang$ to be 7%\ld be giv5 9 milk7 page #ahf1 suspect$ typo te/ = text 7! great au?oritative te/ book7 page #ahg1 ,f4,r4,h4,s *ang$ to ,f4,r4,h4,s4 7,a4 ,c4 ,m>%all1 ,f4,r4,h4,s47