,a ,,liv+ ,,f ,,! ,,l& ,illu/ration3 7,frontispiece7 ,c\ntry homes back$ by int5sive types ( agriculture s]ve mod]n human ne$s4 ,a ,,liv+ ,,f ,,! ,,l& ,,by ,,william ,b4 ,,duryee1 ,m4,sc4 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey ,,:ittlesey ,,h\se ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london #aicd ,copyright1 #aicd1 by ! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,?is book1 or p>ts !re(1 may n be reproduc$ 9 any =m )\t p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,,?ird ,,pr9t+ ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,:ittlesey ,,h\se ,a division ( ! ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,company1 ,inc4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,! ,maple ,press ,co41 ,york1 ,pa4 ,to my fri5d ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,jeff]s ,,preface ,home/ead+ days are "h aga94 ,! pres5t movem5t ( p back to ! l& is ( a diff]5t type & has diff]5t objectives f ^? :i* prevail$ :5 a cont95t 0 to be conqu]$ & exploit$4 ,today we "k t _m urban indu/ries w op]ate on a seasonal basis & we "k too t p]iods ( unemploym5t & %ort] work+ days w provide m leisure & probably l[] incomes = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( families4 ,! utilization ( ?is leisure "t to supplem5t incomes1 to raise ! /&>ds ( liv+ & ( heal?1 & to atta9 "s measure ( economic security w t5d m & m to settlem5t on ! l&4 ,9 ^! days ( rapid transportation & all ! attributes & conv5i5ces ( mod]n c\ntry life1 ! h>d%ips ( ! e>li] p]iod ( l& developm5t are non-exi/5t4 ,al?\gh urban indu/rial developm5t has rea*$ a po9t :i* w n be exce$$ = _m ye>s to come1 ! individual :o ne$s additional income may adju/ himself to su* circum/ances by e/abli%+ a c\ntry home/ead4 ,indu/rial activity is t5d+ to dec5tralize1 l>gely z ! result ( widespread p[] di/ribution1 & a home 9 ! c\ntry accessible to "s =m ( manufactur+ or bus9ess employm5t (f]s und5iable attractions4 ,?is book is prep>$ prim>ily = ! family t is inexp]i5c$ 9 c\ntry liv+ & 9 soil culture4 ,su* a family %\ld "k ab\t ! nature ( ! soil on :i* x lives1 h[ to make x s]ve ! family's ne$s & purposes1 :at to d1 & :at to avoid 9 ord] t success may be atta9$ & failure av]t$4 ,/ud5ts ( agriculture z a vocation & practical f>m]s may f9d1 beyond ! elem5t>y facts pres5t$1 in=mation ( value & help to !m4 ,to "k & to und]/& ! sci5ce & practice ( agriculture is to h p[] to cope ) & to enjoy soil culture & animal husb&ry4 ,if ?is little volume helps to answ] cle>ly & def9itely ! _m inquiries t are 9 ! m9ds ( prospective & active home/ead]s1 x w h s]v$ its purpose4 ,! k ( _m practical p & ! res\rces ( agricultural in/itutions & ag5cies h be5 drawn ^u = ?is book4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ^? :o h contribut$ con/ructive criticism & h help$ 9 ! prep>ation ( mat]ial4 ,especial cr$it is due to ! p]sonnel ( ! ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york colleges ( agriculture & to my associates 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,william ,b4 ,,duryee4 ,,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,decemb]1 #aicc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,turn+ ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,to ,,! ,,c\ntry #c ,,ii4 ,,gett+ ,,e/abli%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry #ab ,,iii4 ,,f9anc+ ,,& ,,protect+ ,,! ,,inve/m5t #bf ,,iv4 ,,attributes ,,( ,a ,,h\se ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry #dj ,v4 ,,s]vic+ ,,! ,,home #ed ,,vi4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,soil ,,produce ,,crops #gc ,,vii4 ,,food ,,f ,,! ,,g>d5 #ie ,,viii4 ,,home ,,fruits ,,& ,,bees #aaj ,,ix4 ,,p\ltry ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,income #abc ,x4 ,,successful ,,managem5t ,,( ,,p\ltry #ach ,,xi4 ,,! ,,family ,,milk ,,supply #aei ,,xii4 ,,m>ket+ ,,f>m ,,products #agj ,a ,,liv+ ,,f ,,! ,,l& ,*apt] ,i ,,turn+ ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,to ,,! ,,c\ntry ,am]ica 0 f\nd$ on ! rock base ( agriculture4 ,! e>ly settl]s till$ ! soil & d]iv$ f x ! simple ?+s t !y ne$$4 ,necessity compell$ !m to be self-reliant1 c\rage\s & res\rceful4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a home 9 e>ly days meant ! cle>+ ( l&1 ! erection ( a h\se = human habitation & ! build+ ( %elt]s = a few f>m animals4 ,ea* f>m home became practically self-suffici5t s f> z ! family ne$s 7 conc]n$4 ,clo?+ 0 made !re = ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,aft] cle>+ & subdu+ ! l&1 ! settl]s 7 able to produce _! c]eal foods4 ,animals 7 slaught]$ & ! meat process$ to provide su/5ance ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,?r\gh ! ex*ange ( commodities & ideas ) neighbors1 advances 9 liv+ conditions 7 made4 ,! family t 0 n res\rceful 9 ^? days fail$ to survive4 ,neighbors 7 too busy work+ out _! own exi/5ce problems to succor ! incompet5t4 ,res\rcefulness 0 call$ ^u 9 meet+ onslaughts ( bea/s or human m>aud]s4 ,?us !re 0 built up a tradition ( seek+ & utiliz+ res\rces t has gone on to make our c\ntry great & ! wond] ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,s9ce pione] days we h built a great indu/rial1 comm]cial & f9ancial ma*9e4 ,am]ican inv5tive g5ius1 c\pl$ ) ! be/ bra9s ( ! civiliz$ _w1 attract$ by res\rces & opportunities on e h&1 has invad$ e field & creat$ a great indu/rial sup]/ructure4 ,) ! g5esis & developm5t ( a great indu/rial era 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re />t$ a movem5t ( population f f>ms to e/abli%$ c5t]s ( population4 ,! application ( ! sci5ces to ! problems ( fill+ human wants gave ?is movem5t great] impetus4 ,m9+ & ! ref9+ ( metal ores1 ! exploit+ ( coal deposits1 ! build+ ( railroads1 ! con/ruction ( build+s = bus9ess & resid5tial purposes1 z well z doz5s ( o!r great ent]prises1 s]v$ to draw f ! c\ntry ! be/ ( its human res\rces4 ,inv5tive g5ius began to conc5trate on ! solution ( eng9e]+ & con/ruction problems creat$ by conge/ion ( population & successive /eps 9 indu/rialization4 ,?is same te*nical g5ius 0 appli$ also to f>m op]ations :i* requir$ labori\s ef=t by m5 & "w animals4 ,t ?is developm5t itself progress$ rapidly is demon/rat$ by ! fact t :ile 9 #ahaj ! ef=t ( ne>ly e p]son 0 requir$ to produce en\gh food to su/a9 ! population1 9 #aiaj ! ef=ts ( "o-?ird ( ! p 7 suffici5t to provide food = ! nation & export va/ quantities to o!r c\ntries4 ,:ile ! nation cont9u$ to gr[ rapidly 9 population & s\ght to apply to ord9>y practices ! new] labor-sav+ devices1 all 0 well4 ,x 0 inevitable1 h[ev]1 t ! great indu/rial ma*9e %\ld become ov]-develop$1 at lea/ tempor>ily4 ,in/ead ( ma*9]y be+ a s]vant ( mank9d x became an octopus t c\ld n be *eck$4 ,individual initiative1 ! wellspr+ ( e>li] developm5ts 9 ! process1 became atrophi$4 ,!re came ab\t su* a high degree ( specialization 9 human ef=t z to make m5 dep5d5t ^u o!rs = "w to d4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 a slight ?r[+ out ( ge> ( ! ma*9e creat$ unemploym5t1 :i* r$uc$ buy+ p[] = ! ma*9e-made products & />t$ a vici\s d[nw>d spiral accompani$ by e =m ( economic di/ress4 ,:5 su* p>tial or complete breakd[n ( ! sup]/ructure occurs1 ?\ghtful p are br\ght d[n to e>?1 bo? collectively & v intimately 9 ?\s&s ( individual cases4 ,!y beg9 to get back to fundam5tals & to seek means ( becom+ s ree/abli%$ z to avoid future cataclysms4 ,! family attract$ to ! city by ! lure ( high indu/rial wages & by cr[d$ av5ues f9ds 9 su* a breakd[n t x has lo/ its moor+s4 ,9 seek+ means ( ree/abli%m5t free ( ! t]rify+ complications ( indu/rial life1 ! m9d turns to ! c\ntry1 to ! soil1 to gr[+ ?+s t are n visibly affect$ by economic cycles4 ,! op5 c\ntry seems ready to welcome back h] errant *ildr5 graci\sly & to enfold !m )9 h] protect+ bosom4 ,we _c g back1 h[ev]1 to pione] days4 ,free l& is n available & we h n ! arts or ! pati5ce to practice ! means ( livelihood ( ^? days4 ,to make ! new or r5ew$ relation%ip ) ! soil a success1 x is necess>y to und]/& t c\ntry life1 too1 has *ang$ dur+ indu/rial revolutions4 ,"m ,e>? is n[1 z ev]1 a g5]\s b exact+ p>5t4 ,to try to ree/abli% relation%ips 9 a bl9d & haphaz>d mann] is likely to lead to fur!r disa/]4 ,su* a debacle is q ne$less1 provid$ "s fundam5tal pr9ciples & practices are und]/ood & foll[$4 ,unque/ionably1 ! op5 c\ntry is n[ mak+ ! greate/ appeal z a place ( resid5ce t x has made at any "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nation4 ,to li/ ! conv5i5ces :i* n[ exi/ 9 ! c\ntry is to duplicate ^? :i* _m p h consid]$ z available only 9 cities4 ,9 mo/ areas ( ! c\ntry1 = example1 !re are daily mail deliv]y1 telephone s]vice1 "s measure ( fire protection1 & transportation by automobile1 bus or tra94 ,x is q possible1 = example1 to /ep into a bus at "o's doory>d & be c>ri$ to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! same me?od ( transportation4 ,! developm5t ( ! radio has br\ght to ! c\ntry home all ! surg+ activities ( national life & v>i$ educational & ent]ta9m5t programs4 ,! spread ( electric light & p[] l9es ?r\gh ! c\ntry con/itutes a boon t makes possible ! use ( all k9ds ( electrical appliances kn[n 9 ! city1 includ+ refrig]ators1 cook+ ranges1 wa%+ ma*9es1 wat] pumps1 wat] heat]s & hundr$s ( o!r ma*9es & appliances1 "s ( :i* are 9 _! infancy4 ,no great difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 locat+ 9 ! op5 c\ntry :]e su* electrical facilities are available4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,an attractive f>m/ead (f]+ requisites ( a home 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,floor plan ( h\se %[n on opposite page4 ,on ! ma9 highways 9 ! nor!rn sections ( ! c\ntry a heavy fall ( sn[ us$ to mean isolation = weeks4 ,today ! sn[ is remov$ z rapidly z x falls1 & ^! highways are kept op54 ,! problems & p]ils ( isolation are ?us remov$4 ,tradesm5 ( all k9ds are direct+ _! sales t[>d c\ntry homes1 & supplies ( ice & all k9ds ( food c be obta9$ almo/ daily at ! f>m door/ep4 ,!re is also a t5d5cy to develop factories 9 ! c\ntry away f ! high-r5t areas ( cities & to utilize ! s]vices ( p]sons liv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! factory = full or p>tial "t 9 ! plants4 ,! co/ ( liv+ c be r$uc$ by liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & opportunities = pur*as+ foods & o!r products at :olesale prices & /or+ !m aga9/ ! "t ( ne$ make fur!r economies possible4 ,! greate/ asset t ! c\ntry has to (f] relates to ! heal? & "* ( ^? :o live close to nature4 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ by _m ,european c\ntries t ! own]%ip ( ev5 a small tract ( l&1 no l>g] ?an a city lot1 p]haps1 is a def9ite asset 9 build+ a nation & 9 build+ individual "*4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 ,d5m>k & 9 _m o!r nations1 ! gov]nm5t l5ds its aid t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( p 9 ! c\ntry & makes x possible = !m to acquire & reta9 small hold+s ( l& :i* !y may call home4 ,x is on ^! small tracts t "o sees v]itable b[]s ( pa/oral indu/ry & beauty4 ,resid5ce 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 9 contact ) ! soil1 contributes to physical /r5g? & to m5tal heal?4 ,:5 a man lives 9 ! c\ntry1 8 h\se1 8 way ( liv+ & 8 contribution to ! community /& out :]e all may see !m4 ,^! latt] assets h always be5 inh]5t 9 c\ntry life4 ,:5 to ^! are add$ ! conv5i5ces & ! opportunities = community enjoym5t t are n[ a "p ( rural life1 its appeal is n difficult to und]/&4 ,anyone :o int5ds to live 9 ! c\ntry has 8 individual problems to meet & to solve4 ,9 ! solution ( ^! problems !re are _m res\rces & av5ues to :i* he may turn 9 ! pres5t day = help & = guidance4 ,! tragic mi/akes t h be5 made 9 ! pa/ c & %\ld be l>gely elim9at$ 9 ! future4 ,a cle>] und]/&+ %\ld be ga9$ z to :at "o may obta9 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! =m ( a bett] way ( liv+1 s]v+ z an an*or to ! w9dw>d ev5 "u favorable economic conditions4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,,gett+ ,,e/abli%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,9 ! selection ( a resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 ! settl] mu/ decide :e!r he wi%es to locate on a f>m ( consid]able acreage or :e!r he wants to h a relatively small tract rang+ f #b to #ae acres4 ,9 ! latt] case1 he is ?9k+ prim>ily ( a place ( resid5ce ) suffici5t acreage to make x possible to secure a p>tial liv+ f ! l& imm$iately surr\nd+ ! home4 ,! tr5d 9 su* pur*ases is t[>d ! small] place = a numb] ( reasons4 ,a l>ge f>m acquir$ by a relatively inexp]i5c$ p]son means a v consid]able burd5 9 ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( ! l& itself on a produc+ basis4 ,capital is requir$ = ! pur*ase ( equipm5t & p[]4 ,p>ts ( ! l& may ne$ to be dra9$1 & taxes mu/ be paid :e!r ! l& is productive or n4 ,a p]son acquir+ a f>m ( #ej or m acres w f9d t ! major portion ( 8 "t1 ?\ght & capital w be call$ ^u to make x a success4 ,if he has def9itely cut (f 8 city connections & ! idea ( hav+ a job !re1 & has _h exp]i5ce 9 f>m+1 !n he may be 9 a position to take ov] a l>ge acreage s t 8 full "t & possibly t ( o!r memb]s ( 8 family c be sp5t on v>i\s projects on ! l& he acquires4 ,we are "h prim>ily conc]n$1 n ) ^? :o desire to ent] ^u f>m+ on a l>ge scale1 b ) ! family :i* w\ld l to live 9 ! c\ntry1 secure a p>tial liv+ f ! l& surr\nd+ ! home & /ill h ! opportunity ( ga9+ a livelihood f "s indu/rial or comm]cial activity locat$ 9 a ne>-by city or t[n4 ,x is q likely t we %all h a %ort] work+ week & probably p]iods ( unemploym5t = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ambiti\s p4 ,!re=e1 a place 9 ! c\ntry t is well locat$ ) respect to h>d-surfac$ highways & accessible to urban c5t]s (f]s opportunities = comb9+ ! advantages & economic assets ( c\ntry life ) urban employm5t4 ,gett+ ,/>t$ ,"r4--,too mu* emphasis _c be laid ^u gett+ ! "r />t1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to location4 ,?is is n only ess5tial = ! satisfaction ( ! pres5t occupant ( ! premises1 b also gives def9ite sales value 9 case circum/ances make a *ange ( location desirable or necess>y4 ,x w (t5 appe> t ! be/ location is on ! outskirts ( a city or t[n & f "s angles ?is is good reason+4 ,!re are "s factors1 h[ev]1 t make su* a location undesirable4 ,= "o ?+1 ! tax rate is likely to be high] 9 su* areas ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 ?us add+ to ov]head )\t comp5sat+ advantages4 ,9 ! second place1 urban c5t]s develop )\t reg>d to soil type & ?is is an ess5tial factor to ! family t expects to engage 9 "s agricultural pursuit4 ,aga91 ! type ( inhabitants t live on ! fr+e ( t[ns & cities may n make good neighbors or associates = *ildr51 especially4 ,none ( ^! disadvantages may be pres5t 9 locations close to c5t]s ( population1 b ! prospective settl] %\ld give all ^! factors full consid]ation4 ,! sales argum5t frequ5tly advanc$ t su* locations w gr[ 9 value due to gr[? ( population may be fallaci\s4 ,_m h f\nd t ! high] co/s ( liv+ 9 ^! areas (t5 prev5t ! own] f hold+ on until ! sl[ gr[? ( population outw>d makes a wor?-:ile pr(it possible f 8 real e/ate4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gr[? ( cities & t[ns is def9itely sl[+ d[n4 ,! expansion ( city areas is greatly curtail$ & is n likely to be resum$ soon4 ,! mo/ important "t to get exp]t op9ion z to location is at ! beg9n+ & n aft] pur*as+4 ,!re are available 9 e locality p]sons ^: advice is useful 9 su* matt]s4 ,! c\nty agricultural ag5t locat$ 9 ne>ly e c\nty seat kn[s ! c\ntryside & 8 advice on ! subject ( def9ite location %\ld be s\ght once "o has decid$ ^u ! g5]al area :i* seems attractive4 ,9 det]m9+ on specific location ! bank :i* has a cli5tele 9 ! c\ntry w (t5 be f\nd a helpful guide ?r\gh sugge/ions or ?r\gh ability to ref] ! que/ion] to reputable & in=m$ p]sons ) m def9ite k4 ,ano!r s\rce ( in=mation is ! local deal] 9 f>m supplies4 ,he w be f\nd to "k g5]al soil types 9 ! vic9ity1 especially ^? types :i* br+ bus9ess to him because !y are productive4 ,own]s ( su* l& are able to buy & use to advantage ! supplies he has to (f] to ! gr[]4 ,size ( ,tract4--,!re is ! possibility t a p]son :o goes back to ! l& may acquire too little l& z well z too mu*4 ,inadequate l& res\rces may s]i\sly h9d] possibilities ( rev5ue f ! place & cramp facilities = 8 ent]prises4 ,9 ?is connection x may be helpful to po9t out t an acre ( l& comprises #dc1efj squ>e feet4 ,a city lot measur+ #ej by #ajj feet conta9s #e1jjj squ>e feet4 ,an acre !re=e w\ld comprise ab\t eight & "o-half su* city lots4 ,a #e-;acre tract is usually a m9imum area = a small agricultural ent]prise & _m h f\nd x entirely adequate4 ,! size ( ! tract to be acquir$ & ! ent]prises t c be engag$ 9 w dep5d 9 consid]able measure ^u ! size ( ! occupant's family--:e!r !y c assi/ 9 its op]ation & :e!r ! own] himself int5ds to put 9 all or only a "p ( 8 "t4 ,! possibility ( secur+ extra labor %\ld also be look$ into be=e l>g] op]ations are attempt$4 ,no def9ite =mula c be set d[n = desirable area & ent]prises 9 relation to "t available = op]at+4 ,h[ev]1 ! own] w realize t "o pair ( h&s c d only s mu* "w4 ,to try to op]ate beyond ! capacity ( 8 own "t & t ( o!rs available is to become involv$ 9 /riv+ to keep up ) exig5cies t may make c\ntry life a /ruggle in/ead ( a pleasurable exi/5ce4 ,x may result1 too1 9 losses due to inability to get ?+s done on "t1 & nature deals h>%ly ) ^? :o neglect ! seasonable op]ations t come 9 any agricultural ent]prise4 ,bull+ ?r\gh or skimp+ or cutt+ corn]s simply w n "w :5 "o is deal+ ) plant & animal life & only failure w come to him :o und]takes to bluff nature4 ,! successful op]ator ( a f>m+ endeavor mu/ always be on top ( 8 "w1 t is1 able to plan & direct 8 en]gies 9 ! mo/ productive way at ! "r "t4 ,?is is really manag+ & is likely to lead to success & satisfaction4 ,to h s mu* to d t "o em]g5cy aft] ano!r mu/ be met br+s ! op]ator d[n "u 8 f>m+ projects4 ,he ceases to manage "u ^! conditions & becomes driv5 by 8 own creations4 ,to avoid ?is unhappy /ate1 :i* is entirely unnecess>y1 plann+ mu/ be effectively done & op]ations und]tak5 9 a gradual way up to "o's capacity4 ,co/ ( ,l&4--,! price "o %\ld pay = l& 9 a relatively small tract _c be arbitr>ily fix$4 ,^? :o own l>ge f>ms or tracts expect to receive a bonus = ! acres locat$ along a highway z comp>$ ) an av]age price = ! entire place4 ,x %\ld be possible to buy a #e- or #aj-;acre tract ( l& 9 ! op5 c\ntry ) highway frontage = f #aej to #bej an acre1 dep5d+ on location4 ,if ! l& is locat$ ne> t[n or city :]e speculative op]ations h enhanc$ values1 ! co/ w be consid]ably m4 ,:]e an entire f>m is desir$1 ! build+s are frequ5tly giv5 no value1 ! co/ be+ ! price ( ! l& only4 ,z has be5 /at$1 x is q possible to acquire too mu* l& z well z too little4 ,a few acres select$ f a tract ( good1 productive soil w usually be f\nd a bett] inve/m5t ?an a l>ge f>m t has be5 ab&on$ because ( lack ( f]tility4 ,accessibility to ,cities4--,9 decid+ ^u ! location ( a f>m1 me?ods ( transportation t are available are z important z ne>ness to cities4 ,a location ne> a railroad /ation (f]s ! possibility ( l[ commutation rates to a po9t ( indu/rial or comm]cial employm5t4 ,a location abutt+ ^u an improv$ highway means t transportation by bus or by p]sonally own$ automobile c be utiliz$ at ! lea/ exp5se & tr\ble ! ye> r\nd4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( bus l9es cov]+ almo/ e ma9 art]y ( travel (f]s facilities = quick & economical transportation unkn[n to c\ntry resid5ts ev5 a few ye>s ago4 ,fur!rmore1 ! selection ( a place ( resid5ce accessible to transportation to & f x is a factor to be borne 9 m9d 9 connection ) ! possible resale ( ! prop]ty1 %\ld t at any "t be desirable or necess>y4 ,! ,soil4--,! type ( soil is a highly important factor 9 det]m9+ ^u location2 also important is its crop-produc+ capacity4 ,= all g5]al purposes1 a soil :i* is loamy 9 texture is desirable4 ,types to be avoid$ are ! extremes ( clay & s&4 ,a heavy clay soil1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! l& is 9 a depression1 n only inhibits plant gr[? ( all k9ds b is (t5 undesirable z a place ( resid5ce f ! /&po9t ( heal?fulness4 ,a condition ( extreme mudd9ess 9 wet wea!r creates an unpleasant reaction on ^? =c$ to live ne> x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 areas :i* are s s&y 9 "* z to furni% no f]tility = ! gr[? ( plants w be f\nd undesirable 9 mak+ ! surr\nd+s ( ! home attractive & 9 gr[+ ! vegetables & fruits :i* %\ld con/itute a "p ( ! liv+4 ,"o me?od ( judg+ ! soil consi/s ( exam9+ ! vegetation t is already gr[+ ^u x & det]m9+ on t basis :e!r x is likely to be favorable = ! gr[? ( desirable plants4 ,= ?is reason1 ! selection ( a site dur+ ! gr[+ season is recomm5d$1 r ?an dur+ a dormant season :5 x is difficult to =m an e/imate ( ! vegetation t ! soil w support4 ,availability ( ,electricity4--,:ile x is possible to secure individual electrical g5]at+ plants1 x is f> pref]able to e/abli% a home :]e electric l9es may be tapp$4 ,! obta9+ ( electrical en]gy f a comm]cial l9e is desirable because ( its great] dep5dability1 g5]ally l[] co/ & ! fact t unlimit$ use ( electricity may be obta9$ )\t ! ov]load+ t frequ5tly occurs :]e individual plants are set up4 ,probably ! availability ( public utility l9es is ! greate/ asset ( com=table c\ntry life & "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 creat+ g5u9e resale value4 ,^! l9es br+ to ! c\ntry dwell] mo/ ( ! advantages t are enjoy$ by city resid5ts4 ,?is is true n only because ( ! advantages ( electric lights1 b also because electricity makes possible ! use ( su* mod]n appurt5ances to ! home z electric refrig]ators1 wa%]s1 radios1 wat] pumps & v>i\s devices & ma*9es = use 9 connection ) p\ltry keep+ & vegetable gr[+4 ,type ( ,build+s4--,especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! adaptability to ! buy]'s ne$s ( ! resid5ce & ! o!r build+s t may already be 9 exi/5ce4 ,if ! plot be+ consid]$ is on a ma9 highway1 x is highly desirable to h ! resid5ce locat$ back f ! highway a hundr$ feet or m z a means ( elim9at+ noise & promot+ safety especially if *ildr5 are 9 ! family4 ,! location ( a home directly on "o ( ! ma9 art]ies ( traffic de/roys _m ( ! advantages ( c\ntry life1 ow+ to ! di/ract+ noises t accompany int5sive truck & pass5g] traffic4 ,! age ( build+s & _! previ\s c>e h a direct relation to _! value1 p>ticul>ly if !y are ( frame con/ruction4 ,if ! build+s h be5 /&+ = a numb] ( ye>s1 full all[ance mu/ be made = depreciation & repairs incid5t to wea!r+ & long usage4 ,! actual inve/m5t repres5t$ 9 a build+ erect$ "u w> or po/-w> conditions may n be 9 l9e ) pres5t values4 ,9 measur+ ! value ( ! pr9cipal build+s t are already on a tract1 c>eful consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! co/ ( replacem5t4 ,consid]ation %\ld be giv5 also to ! outbuild+s t may be on su* a place4 ,in/ead ( be+ an asset to ! prop]ty1 !y may be a di/9ct liability if !y are n directly useful to ! int5d+ pur*as]4 ,f ! /&po9t ( economy ( ma9t5ance & g5]ally good appe>ance1 x is mu* bett] to h "o build+ s]ve a numb] ( purposes ?an to h a numb] on diff]5t p>ts ( ! prop]ty1 add+ to ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & multiply+ /eps4 ,educational ,facilities4--,:]e !re are *ildr5 9 ! family1 ! location ( s*ools & ! facilities :i* !y (f] %\ld be inve/igat$ by ! prospective buy]4 ,x is desirable to locate z ne> to s*ools z possible4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a /rong t5d5cy ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to d away ) local s*ools & to consolidate educational facilities 9 "o build+4 ,c\pl$ ) ?is tr5d is ! free transportation ( pupils to consolidat$ s*ools4 ,!re=e1 x is highly important to locate ei!r ne> a s*ool :i* w be kept 9 op]ation or :]e transportation facilities are available to & f ! home & ! s*ool4 ,x %\ld be said t ! tr5d t[>d consolidation ( s*ools has c>ri$ ) x great b5efits to *ildr5 :o live 9 ! op5 c\ntry by af=d+ !m educational facilities t are n exce$$ by mo/ city s*ools4 ,community ,advantages4--,! community1 9 addition to educational facilities t are available1 %\ld include ^? opportunities t appeal especially to ! family4 ,! accessibility ( ! *ur* ( "o's pref]5ce %\ld n be ov]look$1 & ! g5]al type ( community life is highly important too4 ,"s communities are kn[n = ! law-abid+ proclivities ( _! resid5ts :ile o!rs d n h a savory reputation f ! /&po9t ( ! peace & security ( _! m respectable inhabitants4 ,"o %\ld e/abli% a resid5ce 9 ! community ) ! ?\ght t he is to become a factor 9 ! life ( t community4 ,he %\ld be sure t !re is a g5u9e _s ( heal?y & coop]ative activity :i* con/antly t5ds to upbuild ! neighborhood1 by keep+ out or suppress+ undesirable elem5ts & by develop+ a conc]t$ feel+ ( responsibility = ! welf>e ( all :o live )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,a resid5t ( a city mov+ to ! c\ntry frequ5tly f9ds a diff]5ce 9 8 neighbors' viewpo9t t surprises him4 ,!re is1 & mu/ be1 9 ! rural community a clos] relation%ip betwe5 ! p 9 t community ?an ev] exi/s 9 an ap>tm5t dwell+ 9 ! city4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 "o's neighbors are apt to %[ a surpris+ am\nt ( fri5dly int]e/ 9 "o's do+s1 s9ce ! :ole tr5d ( ! community is bas$ ^u ! actions & attitude ( ! relatively few p :o live )9 x4 ,x %\ld be repeat$1 !re=e1 t ! type ( community & ! facilities :i* ! p ( t community h develop$ %\ld be giv5 c>eful att5tion by ! prospective resid5t & he %\ld det]m9e = himself :e!r ! p>ticul> community t he has 9 m9d is 9 accord ) 8 ideas & ideals4 ,to be out ( /ep ) ! community 9 :i* "o lives is apt to create dissatisfactions & a critical attitude on bo? sides t is n conducive to happ9ess4 ,a home 9 ! c\ntry has m ( ! attributes ( g5u9e own]%ip ?an has a home any:]e else4 ,! c\ntry home mu/ be e/abli%$ ) an idea ( p]man5ce & ( becom+ really root$ 9 ! soil :]e "o locates1 if ! true b5efits ( rural home own]%ip are to be secur$4 ,d's ,decide ei!r on l>ge f>m or on h\se & small acreage4 ,det]m9e accessibility at all times ( ! ye>4 ,pur*ase soil ( loam texture1 mixture ( s& & clay4 ,det]m9e :e!r electricity is available4 ,locate back f highway4 ,if pres5t build+s are to be us$1 be sure ( _! condition & ne$ ( repair4 ,f9d out type & accessibility ( s*ools & o!r community build+s4 ,prep>e to be ( ! community z well z 9 x4 ,rememb] !re are advantages ( small tract ov] l>ge f>m :]e available "t is an important elem5t4 ,use local s\rces ( in=mation z to desirability ( tract be=e pur*as+4 ,"w out a plan ( managem5t t fits into ! "t available = ! f>m duties4 ,don'ts ,don't ov]look intr9sic values ( ! location1 su* z soil1 l[ tax rate & good neighbors4 ,avoid excessive capital outlay4 ,avoid extra heavy or extra s&y soils or evid5tly unproductive ones4 ,don't ov]look advantages ( electric light & p[]4 ,don't buy a place j because x has build+s4 ,!y may n be adapt$ to y\r ne$s4 ,don't buy too mu* l&4 ,x c be a burd54 ,don't let ! f>m become y\r ma/]4 ,don't pay too mu* = l&4 ,!re is pl5ty ( x4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,,f9anc+ ,,& ,,protect+ ,,! ,,inve/m5t ,acquir+ l& = resid5ce & = subsi/5ce calls = ! ex]cise ( good bus9ess judgm5t4 ,n only mu/ ! site & g5]al location be acceptable to ! family1 b ! inve/m5t involv$ %\ld be )9 ! capacity ( ! own] to f9ance )\t undue /ra9 on 8 res\rces4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ t !re w be ord9>y liv+ exp5ses to be met 9 ! c\ntry & p]haps "s extraord9>y dem&s result+ f em]g5cies4 ,consequ5tly1 adequate ?\ght & prep>ation mu/ be made = f9anc+ ! inve/m5t & mak+ sure1 z f> z t is possible1 t ! inve/m5t 9 a c\ntry home w n be lo/ ?r\gh inability to meet possible cont+5cies4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! capital inve/m5t %\ld be kept z l[ z possible4 ,:]ev] feasible1 ! ca% available %\ld take c>e ( ! full inve/m5t )\t ! necessity = additional f9anc+4 ,?is r$uces ! dra9 ^u res\rces ?r\gh obviat+ ! necessity ( meet+ int]e/ paym5ts on mortgages & makes possible ! use ( any surplus funds = improvem5t1 = education & = giv+ ! family ! advantages :i* c\ntry life (f]s4 ,if x is necess>y to borr[ funds = f9anc+ ! pur*ase1 special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! type ( mortgage :i* is obta9$4 ,mortgage ,f9anc+4--,"o ( ! mo/ desirable types ( f9anc+ is ?r\gh a f9ancially s\nd build+ & loan association :]eby ! int]e/ & ! amortization ( ! mortgage are tak5 c>e ( ?r\gh mon?ly paym5ts4 ,su* build+ & loan mortgages are available 9 mo/ localities ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,a s]ies ( mon?ly paym5ts c be made :i* w take c>e ( ! int]e/ paym5ts & ! mortgage itself s t )9 a p]iod ( f t5 to twelve ye>s1 9 mo/ cases1 ! mortgage is amortiz$ & ! own] has ! advantages ( a home t is free ( encumbrance4 ,= example1 if ! mortgage am\nts to #c1jjj1 subscription to fifte5 %>es ( a build+ & loan association at #a a %>e p] mon? w\ld make x possible to cle> (f ! mortgage 9 ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,?is w\ld call = ! paym5t to ! association ( #ae p] mon? & int]e/4 ,?r\gh ! comp\nd+ ( int]e/1 ! mortgage c be lift$ at less exp5se ?an any o!r proc$ure4 ,ano!r satisfactory plan is to place ! mortgage ) a bank or f9anc+ company or insurance company t w n call ! mortgage s long z ! paym5ts are met1 & at ! same "t />t sav+ ?r\gh a build+ & loan association s z to complete ! paym5ts ov] a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,!re is a f> great] s5se ( security 9 hav+ no mortgage or 9 sett+ up a def9ite & practical proc$ure = elim9at+ x ?an 9 always hav+ a mortgage encumbrance ) its int]e/ paym5ts & ! possibility ( hav+ x call$ at an inopportune mom5t4 ,a home t is free f mortgage c be c>ri$ at small co/1 especially :]e ! own] is will+ to make mo/ ( ! repairs & att5d to ! upkeep himself4 ,! dem& = outlay ( ca% = mortgage int]e/ may be f9ancially emb>rass+1 especially :]e income is n gu>ante$ or may be jeop>diz$ ?r\gh a dra/ic r$uction at critical p]iods or z ! result ( em]g5cy exp5ses 9 ! family1 su* z are entail$ by s]i\s illness4 ,taxes4--,"o ( ! factors t is frequ5tly ov]look$ 9 ! pur*ase ( a resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry is ! co/ ( meet+ taxes4 ,s9ce taxes mu/ be met if ! prop]ty is to be held1 x is highly important t ! location be "o 9 :i* tax rates are n excessive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an exce$+ly l[ tax rate may indicate lack ( progressiv5ess 9 ! community & lack ( facilities :i* f _m angles w\ld less5 ! value ( ! tract z a place ( resid5ce4 ,9 mo/ localities1 ! tax rate is bas$ pr9cipally ^u ! co/s ( build+ & ma9ta9+ highways & s*ools4 ,good facilities 9 bo? ( ^! respects are highly desirable1 & yet excessive exp5ditures 9 ei!r direction may s advance ! tax rate z to make !m exp5sive luxuries4 ,9 _m rural communities1 tax+ di/ricts are burd5$ ) ! co/s ( build+ monum5tal s*ools or a v elaborate sy/em ( roads1 und]tak5 at "s "t ?r\gh ! flotation ( bond issues4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a s9k+ fund = paym5t ( int]e/ & amortization ( ^! bonds frequ5tly con/itutes a v heavy dra9 ^u ! resid5ts ( ! di/rict4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to det]m9e n only ! tax rate 9 ! locality "u consid]ation1 b also to "k def9itely :at are ! curr5t *>ges = ma9t5ance ( gov]nm5t4 ,tax+ me?ods v>y s widely1 ev5 9 adjo9+ di/ricts1 t ! only me?od ( det]m9+ ! annual *>ges = taxes is to secure f ! pres5t own] or f ! local tax assessor ! def9ite paym5ts t mu/ be made4 ,z a means ( sav+ tr\ble lat]1 an inve/igation %\ld be made ( ! prop]ty "u consid]ation to make sure t taxes h be5 paid to ! date ( pur*ase4 ,?is is di/9ctly ! obligation ( ! own]4 ,unpaid taxes con/itute a li5 on ! prop]ty1 & an inve/igation ( ! /atus ( ! tax paym5ts is ess5tial 9 protect+ ! propos$ inve/m5t4 ,! ,title & ,survey4--,a great deal ( possible tr\ble c be elim9at$ by mak+ sure t ! title is cle>4 ,an inve/igation %\ld be made along ?is l9e by an attorney or ag5cy equipp$ to secure in=mation f appropriate c\nty (fices4 ,v (t5 ! own] has _h a rec5t se>* made & is will+ to pass ?is on to ! pur*as]1 ?us sav+ exp5se & delay 9 trac+ back ! records ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,su* /udy w %[ :e!r !re are encumbrances or li5s ( any k9d on ! prop]ty1 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be cle>$ up be=e any transaction is ent]$ into4 ,! pot5tial buy] %\ld also h a survey made by a compet5t eng9e] to def9itely fix ! b\nd>ies ( ! prop]ty4 ,/akes c !n be plac$1 indicat+ ! corn]s & any irregul>ities 9 ! outl9e ( ! area "u consid]ation1 %[+ ! new own] exactly :]e 8 prop]ty ext5ds4 ,9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry ! buy] is 9 a position to dem& ( ! own] t su* a survey be made at ! own]'s exp5se4 ,?is survey is p>ticul>ly important :]e an area ( consid]able size has be5 cut up into p>cels = sale to individuals4 ,! /eps t h be5 outl9$ to protect ! inve/m5t are only ^? :i* a prud5t pur*as] w insi/ ^u be=e transf] ( own]%ip takes place4 ,frequ5tly a buy] becomes s enamor$ ) a prop]ty t he hopes no?+ w int]f]e ) 8 acquisition ( x1 & he is apt to m5tally m9imize ! possibilities ( a cl\d on ! title or ! exactness ( ! prop]ty l9es4 ,s _m p h suff]$ s]i\s losses f failure to look ?or\ghly be=e leap+ t emphasis is giv5 to ^! po9ts z a means ( secur+ ample protection = ! buy]4 ,an ,income f ! ,inve/m5t4--,x is presum$ t 9 mo/ cases ! own] ( ev5 a small tract expects to secure "s f9ancial returns f ! l& z a means ( add+ to 8 income4 ,! plan t is propos$ z a means ( secur+ an income f ! l& %\ld n be too complicat$ & %\ld be ( a type t c be c>ri$ on :5 ! own] is necess>ily engag$ 9 o!r "w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 may run ! gamut f a small home g>d5 to supply ! vegetable ne$s ( ! h\sehold to ! op]ation ( a l>g] tract on a comm]cial basis4 ,fur!rmore1 z we get into ! comm]cial type ( production1 t may be plann$ z a means ( mat]ially supplem5t+ an income or ev5tually supply+ ! entire family income4 ,especial att5tion has be5 giv5 9 rec5t ye>s to ! use ( p\ltry z a means ( supply+ an income to ! family :i* is will+ to use its own res\rces = tak+ c>e ( ! flock4 ,ano!r means ( secur+ an income is ! gr[+ ( vegetables & ! sale ( ^! vegetables at a /& erect$ ne> ! h\se = ! conv5i5ce ( ! travel+ public4 ,_m :o engage 9 vegetable gr[+ or egg production on a relatively small scale w f9d an outlet = _! products ?r\gh associates 9 "s o!r l9e ( "w1 :o w be glad to buy f _! c\ntry fri5ds on ! basis ( quality & fre%ness t may n be obta9able ?r\gh _! community /ores4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t :]e ! area "u cultivation is small1 ! production mu/ be int5sive4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld be uneconomic = ! own] ( a small tract to try to supplem5t 8 income ?r\gh ! gr[? ( /aple crops4 ,he mu/ specialize 9 "s p>ticul> phase ( agriculture1 horticulture or animal indu/ry t w br+ ! l>ge/ possible net returns p] acre ev5 ?\gh t implies a consid]ably l>g] labor co/ p] unit ( op]ation ?an w\ld be ! case 9 ! gr[+ ( ! /aple crops1 su* z ! c]eals4 ,! successful production ( vegetable crops or p\ltry products1 = example1 & _! successful m]*&iz+1 re/ prim>ily on ! int]e/ & ! adaptability ( ! individual4 ,avoid+ ,causes ( ,failure4--,to "k :at proc$ures to avoid is to be =tifi$ aga9/ failure & to be prep>$ to take advantage ( ^? con/ructive measures :i* are conducive to success4 ,a rec5t survey has be5 made 9 an ea/]n /ate on ! causes ( failure 9 f>m+1 frequ5tly foll[$ by necessit\s ab&onm5t ( ! f>m & home4 ,?is survey %[s t "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( failure is ! ef=t to manage a f>m t is too l>ge = ! op]ator's capacity2 8 inexp]i5ce & lack ( k con/itute too great a h&icap on a l>ge acreage4 ,be/ results c be secur$ 9 f>m+ only by se$+1 cultivat+ & h>ve/+ at ! prop] "t 9 ea* case4 ,to a great] ext5t ?an is usually realiz$1 success dep5ds ^u good managem5t1 :i* means do+ ! ?+s t ne$ to be done at ! "r "t4 ,if ! f>m is l>ge !re is a necessity = employ+ hir$ labor1 & ! co/s ( ?is labor1 especially "u inexp]i5c$ managem5t1 are likely to be out ( l9e ) ! value ( ! products rais$4 ,9 _m in/ances ! lack ( te*nical exp]i5ce c be correct$ by dep5d5ce ^u gov]nm5tal ag5cies1 su* z exp]im5t /ations1 c\nty agricultural ag5ts & dep>tm5ts ( agriculture4 ,^! s]vices are available to e f>m]1 9 mo/ cases )\t co/1 & all t he ne$s is ! w to avail himself ( su* exp]t help4 ,9 ! cases ( f>ms t h be5 ab&on$1 we f9d t ! op]ators did n make contacts ) dep5dable s\rces ( in=mation1 an indication ( ! necessity ( coop]at+ ) ! agricultural ag5cies or ) exp]i5c$ & successful neighbor+ f>m]s4 ,/ill ano!r cause ( failure lies 9 ! pur*ase ( a f>m at a price :i* requires ! assumption ( a mortgage :i* is too high 9 relation to ! income f ! f>m4 ,9 %ort1 an attempt to op]ate on an ov]capitaliz$ basis w1 soon] or lat]1 lead to disa/]4 ,failure to locate on a productive type ( soil may easily lead to loss ( ! inve/m5t4 ,if ! local conditions1 includ+ good roads1 s*ool advantages & a heal?y community _s1 are lack+1 !re w develop a feel+ ( disc\ragem5t & m5tal dissatisfaction :i* de/roys morale & creates ! desire to get out f "u at any co/4 ,! ,/ock$ ,f>m4--,! "q is frequ5tly rais$ z to :e!r a f>m %\ld be b\ght already /ock$ ) "w & dome/ic animals & ) f>m equipm5t or :e!r x %\ld be /ock$ by ! op]ator himself4 ,?is w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! type ( equipm5t :i* may be available 9 ! individual case4 ,sometimes fairly good equipm5t w be sold ) ! f>m z a means ( facilitat+ a sale1 b ! value ( ea* item %\ld be det]m9$ by someone exp]i5c$ 9 prices ( su* live/ock or commodities z may be sold ) ! f>m4 ,9 _m cases ! buy] has load$ himself ) animals or equipm5t t are ill adapt$ to ! f>m or t are ( no p>ticul> value1 & 9 /ruggl+ to get along ) !m he may s]i\sly h&icap ! effici5cy ( 8 labors4 ,9 mo/ cases x w be f\nd a bett] practice to add /ock & equipm5t z ! ne$ becomes def9ite & ! f9ances ( ! op]ator make x possible = him to add !m to ! f>m4 ,9 ?is way he w be fairly sure ( acquir+ only ^? items :i* w be ( direct use & b5efit to him & w avoid an accumulation ( worn-out or antiquat$ articles :i* w n meet ! requirem5ts he mu/ obs]ve 9 select+ tools = 8 "w4 ,avoid+ ,fire ,loss4--,possibility ( loss by fire is an ev]-pres5t reality to ! own] ( a c\ntry place4 ,!re are two me?ods ( prev5t+ loss1 & ! obs]vance ( bo? w contribute to ! peace ( m9d ( ! own]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he %\ld make sure t adequate insurance is c>ri$ on 8 build+s & equipm5t s t 9 case ( loss ?r\gh fire !re w be suffici5t indemnity to p]mit ! rebuild+ ( ! de/roy$ or damag$ /ructures4 ,lightn+ heads ! li/ ( ! causes ( f>m fires & is frequ5tly n reckon$ ) by urban resid5ts :o h se5 little evid5ce ( its de/ructiv5ess4 ,9 cities1 po9ts ( electrical conc5tration are avoid$ by diffusion ?r\gh pip+1 metal poles & a numb] ( o!r conductors ( electricity4 ,! own] ( a c\ntry home c secure q complete protection f damage ?r\gh lightn+ by ! use ( electrical conductors1 usually call$ lightn+ rods1 prop]ly in/all$4 ,su* equipm5t does away ) #ij p] c5t ( ! risk caus$ by lightn+4 ,9 in/all+ a sy/em ( lightn+ rods1 x is well to obs]ve a few simple precautions4 ,! mo/ expos$ p>ts ( a build+ %\ld be provid$ ) rods & ! rod po9ts %\ld ext5d #c to #d feet above ! /ructure4 ,conductors f ! rod po9t %\ld g 9 ! mo/ direct l9e possible to ! gr\nd & %>p b5ds 9 ! conductors %\ld be avoid$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial precautions is to ?or\ghly gr\nd ! conductors4 ,wat] pipes on ! build+s furni% excell5t gr\nd+4 ,! gr\nds = ! conductors mu/ be deep en\gh 9 ! soil to rea* p]man5t moi/ure4 ,lightn+ rods t are n prop]ly con/ruct$ or prop]ly gr\nd$ may be a worse m5ace ?an if no su* protection is attempt$4 ,specific me?ods ( protect+ f>m build+s f lightn+ damage c be secur$ f /ate agricultural ag5cies or f reliable comm]cial firms :i* make a practice ( erect+ !m4 ,ano!r cause ( fires lies 9 uns\nd *imney con/ruction4 ,by us+ c>e & ! prop] mat]ials 9 ! build+ ( *imneys1 fire may be avoid$4 ,*imney bricks %\ld be laid flat r ?an on edge1 !reby practically elim9at+ ! developm5t ( *imney cracks ?r\gh :i* sp>ks c escape into floor spaces1 attics & ro(s4 ,fire risks to resid5ces & o!r build+s c be r$uc$ by build+ ! ro( ( firepro( or fire-resi/ant mat]ials4 ,wood5 %+les1 :ile attractive & inexp5sive1 may become s dry at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> z to furni% t9d] = sp>ks t may rise f a bru% fire or f burn+ build+s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! use ( slate or asbe/os %+les is recomm5d$ = ro(s & !re are o!r mat]ials n[ on ! m>ket :i* h fire-resi/ant qualities & c be safely utiliz$4 ,fly+ sp>ks c>ri$ along on high w9ds con/itute little m5ace to ^? :o h equipp$ _! ro(s ) non-inflammable mat]ials4 ,x is important to see t electrical wir+ has be5 prop]ly in/all$1 & = ?is purpose x is safe/ to secure exp]t help4 ,if ! m5ace ( fire is prop]ly evaluat$ by ! own]1 he w naturally take suitable precautions to cope ) x1 bo? ?r\gh utiliz+ adequate prev5tive measures & ?r\gh hav+ available equipm5t to make possible ! smo!r+ ( accid5tal fires :i* may develop4 ,! application ( ^! available common-s5se me?ods ( fire prev5tion w practically elim9ate ! fire risk4 ,an ounce ( su* prev5tion ef=t is to be /ress$ r ?an plac+ dep5d5ce on means ( fire suppression aft] ! combu/ion occurs4 ,d's ,keep capital inve/m5t z l[ z possible4 ,if "p ( capital mu/ be borr[$1 select type ( mortgage t c be paid (f mo/ conv5i5tly4 ,det]m9e tax rate be=e buy+4 ,make sure t title is cle> & ! prop]ty l9es def9itely fix$4 ,if "s income is expect$1 *eck on possibilities ( location ) t 9 m9d4 ,plan to secure income f int5sive crop & animal projects1 e4g41 vegetables & p\ltry4 ,use gov]nm5tal aids to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,c>ry adequate insurance on build+s1 equipm5t & furniture z protection aga9/ fire loss4 ,in/all protection aga9/ lightn+4 ,be sure electrical wir+ is prop]ly in/all$4 ,don'ts ,don't become heavily involv$ ) fix$ f9ancial obligations at outset4 ,avoid localities ) heavy bond$ indebt$ness1 result+ 9 excessive taxes4 ,don't expect to get an income f gr[+ /aple crops su* z gra9s4 ,don't become dep5d5t on hir$ labor if x c be avoid$4 ,avoid unproductive soil & top-heavy inve/m5t ( capital4 ,don't buy a /ock$ f>m unless ! /ock is adapt$ to ne$s & prop]ly valu$4 ,don't neglect to take e precaution aga9/ fire4 ,don't =get *imney flues are pot5tial risks4 ,avoid ro(s ( inflammable mat]ials4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,,attributes ,,( ,a ,,h\se ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,! problem ( select+ a home is always a s]i\s "o4 ,success 9 *oos+ a satisfactory location & home 9 ! c\ntry calls = c>eful /udy & good judgm5t ?r\gh\t ! proc$ure4 ,9 urban c5t]s _m s]vices are tak5 = grant$1 su* z wat] supply1 sew]age1 public utility connections & deliv]y sy/ems4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a home 9 ! c\ntry calls = ! consid]ation ( all ^! s]vices4 ,"s may n be available & prep>ations mu/ be made to d )\t !m or to set up su* proc$ures z w take c>e ( ! family's ne$s on ! basis ( ! individual home4 ,! ,rural ,home4--,to give ! elem5ts ( satisfactory liv+ "u mode/ circum/ances1 ! c\ntry home %\ld be s locat$ & s]vic$ z to give ! maximum ( com=t & conv5i5ce = ! money inve/$4 ,! location1 type ( con/ruction & int]ior arrangem5t ( ! home are important factors 9 atta9+ ^! objectives4 ,unless ! location select$ already has build+s on x :i* meet ! ne$s ( ! pur*as] & 8 family1 !re w be ! imm$iate problem ( build+ ! home or remodel+ ! /ructure already 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a great deal ( att5tion has be5 giv5 to rural homes1 /imulat$ no d\bt by ! v evid5t tr5d ( population f ! city to ! c\ntry4 ,^! homes %\ld h attributes di/9ctly _! own & %\ld h>monize ) ! purpose & ! location 9 m9d4 ,a h\se ) l9es t look well 9 t[n or city may be only a blot on ! l&scape :5 set 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,_m excell5t recomm5dations h be5 made = c\ntry h\ses by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! ,presid5t's ,conf]5ce on ,home ,build+ & ,home ,own]%ip 7,decemb]1 #aica7 & by ar*itects :o h giv5 ?is problem ! specific att5tion x des]ves4 ,9 g5]al1 we may say t ! ext]ior ( ! h\se %\ld h simple l9es & %\ld n be o/5tati\s or cov]$ ) inappropriate decorative effects4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e ! h\se is comp>atively small & is locat$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry :]e !re is a simple & pleas+ natural backgr\nd4 ,! c\ntry h\se %\ld be l[ & broad1 r ?an tall & n>r[4 ,! w9d[s & doors %\ld be ( a size & %ape t w meet utilit>ian requirem5ts & be s situat$ z to give a pleas+ & attractive appe>ance to ! :ole /ructure4 ,! mat]ials us$ %\ld be select$ to meet ! ne$s ( economy 9 ! orig9al con/ruction & %\ld be ( long-la/+ type1 assur+ economy 9 ma9t5ance4 ,ess5tial ,requirem5ts4--,9 plann+ ! h\se !re are c]ta9 m9imum requirem5ts :i* %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,= example1 ! sleep+ facilities %\ld include at lea/ "o b$room = e two p]sons & %\ld conta9 n less ?an #ajj squ>e feet p] room4 ,all sleep+ rooms %\ld be provid$ ) cross v5tilation1 t is1 ) a w9d[ on ea* ( two sides1 & suffici5t closet or w>drobe space %\ld be provid$1 equipp$ ) %elves & hang]s = tak+ c>e ( clo?+4 ,ord9>y light+ facilities = ea* room include at lea/ "o w9d[1 ) ! kit*51 liv+ room & sleep+ areas pref]ably hav+ two4 ,w9d[s %\ld be s plac$ z to p]mit direct sunlight to ent] at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! rooms4 ,!re %\ld be daylight & artificial lights on all "w surfaces su* z ! /ove1 ! s9k1 "w tables & 9 ! family read+ c5t]4 ,especial att5tion giv5 9 advance to ! kit*5 w be m ?an repaid by ! conv5i5ce & effici5cies secur$4 ,!re %\ld be ample built-9 kit*5 equipm5t = small & l>ge ut5sils1 kit*5 tools & l95s4 ,ample light+ devices %\ld be employ$ & /ep-sav+ arrangem5ts provid$ s z to elim9ate z mu* ef=t z possible 9 c>ry+ out ! daily duties t are conduct$ 9 ?is important "p ( ! c\ntry home4 ,:]e ! funds available = con/ruction or remodel+ are limit$1 x is important to "k :at ! co/ w be be=e ! job is />t$4 ,?is proc$ure calls = a plan :i* w %[ ! ext]ior appe>ance1 ! int]ior arrangem5t1 & ! co/ ( ! complet$ job4 ,plans c be secur$ f _m s\rces 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$4 ,p]sons ) ar*itectural exp]i5ce & ability may (t5 be employ$ directly to plan ! h\se & to sup]vise its con/ruction4 ,if ! prospective build] wi%es to select 8 own plans & to "k 9 advance ! complete co/1 he c secure f processors ( lumb] a catalog ( plans :i* are accompani$ by co/s ( e item ne$$4 ,su* processors cut ! mat]ial to fit at ! factory & id5tify ea* piece s t ! me*anically m9d$ man c d mu* ( ! "w himself ) help he may employ4 ,^! companies w also quote prices on ! co/ ( erection by _! own employees 9 addition to ! co/ ( mat]ials4 ,! outlay ne$$ = light+1 plumb+ & heat+ facilities c also be obta9$ f ! same s\rce4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,a mode/ c\ntry home4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture7 ,floor plans ( h\se %[n on opposite page4 ,ano!r me?od ( proc$ure is to draw a plan ( ! h\se t conta9s ! rooms consid]$ necess>y1 submit su* plans to a lumb] m]*ant & get quotations on co/s ( v>i\s types ( mat]ial necess>y to con/ruct x4 ,su* con/ruction w usually require ! s]vices ( a skill$ c>p5t] & mason b p]mits ( m latitude 9 mo/ cases ?an is available "u a set build+ arrangem5t4 ,types ( ,c\ntry ,h\ses4--,illu/rations ( small h\ses suitable = ! c\ntry are %[n on pages #h & #dd4 ,! floor plans ( ^! h\ses are %[n on ! fac+ pages4 ,!re are _m o!r types ( small h\ses adapt$ to use 9 ! c\ntry & ! selection ( any "o is l>gely a matt] ( individual pref]5ce & ability to f9ance4 ,because ( ! v>iation 9 prices ( mat]ial 9 diff]5t locations1 ! k9d & quality ( mat]ial t ! own] may desire & also ! am\nt ( labor t may be furni%$ by ! own]1 x is difficult to give 9 def9ite t]ms ! co/ ( v>i\s types ( build+s4 ,e/imates ( co/s ( mat]ials & con/ruction may easily be obta9$ f contractors 9 ! vic9ity4 ,simply ) ! idea ( giv+ approximate co/s1 ! ,conf]5ce on ,home ,build+ gives ! foll[+ co/ bases = build+ frame dwell+s1 obta9$ r\ghly by multiply+ ! volume by ! co/ p] cubic foot4 ,naturally ! co/ w v>y 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 & ! level ( arti/ry t is set up by ! build] himself w be a factor4 ,,approximate ,,co/s ,,p] ,,cubic ,,foot ,,= ,,frame ,,dwell+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,s\!rn ,nor!rn ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fir/ recomm5d$ level--#b1 #c or #d rooms ) masonry base1 fire-resi/ive flue1 bo? sides ( /uds cov]$1 pa9t$ ext]ior1 int]ior f9i%4 99#aj-ae;c 99#ab-ah;c ,second level--,ba?room space1 bett] f9i% #ab-ah #ae-ba ,m$ium level--#e-f rooms1 ) plumb+ #af-bc #bj-bf ,f\r? level--,adequate /&>d plumb+ & h>dwood floors #ai-bg #bc-cj ,fif? level--,comp>able to bett] type ( middle-class city home #be-ce #bh-ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 99 ,! *eape/ type ( %elt] 7%ack7 may be built = p]haps half ?is co/4 ,pre-fabricat$ ,h\ses4--,! field ( h\se con/ruction has be5 occupi$ almo/ exclusively by ! individual ar*itect or build] :o has wr\ght accord+ to ! g5]al ideas ( ! int5d+ occupant or ! real e/ate develop]4 ,:5 ! plans are complet$ & approv$1 ! contractor assembles ! necess>y mat]ials f local s\rces1 builds & equips ! h\se & turns x ov] to ! buy] 9 complet$ condition4 ,"u su* a proc$ure !re is little application ( mass production measures :i* h r$uc$ co/s & rais$ quality /&>ds 9 _m indu/ries1 notably 9 automobile con/ruction1 = example4 ,?\s&s ( h\ses built to sell 9 ! rec5t con/ruction era ( ! #aibj's h prov$ unsatisfactory & co/ly to ! occupants z ! result ( %oddy build+ me?ods4 ,su* me?ods seem to be typically ,am]ican z di/+ui%$ f ! f> m solid & p]man5t ,old ,_w proc$ure4 ,x n[ seems likely t ! problem ( economical & sub/antial h\s+ w be met 9 ! me?od t is also ,am]ican--namely1 by ! pre-fabricat$ h\se to :i* v>i\s natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry contribute4 ,! p>ts ( su* h\ses are made "u mass production me?ods & easily assembl$ on ! own]'s lot4 ,! same idea c be appli$ ) ease to ap>tm5t h\se con/ruction 9 any location4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is direction has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! case ( mail-ord] companies :i* cut ! lumb] to fit & supply e ne$$ accessory to ! la/ detail4 ,! next /ep1 & ! "o t bids fair to inaugurate an entirely new h\se-build+ proc$ure1 is n[ 9 ! mak+1 al?\gh z yet x is 9 ! exp]im5tal & te/+ /age4 ,examples ( su* con/ruction made _! fir/ public appe>ance at ! ,c5tury ( ,progress ,exposition at ,*icago 9 #aicc4 ,mat]ials t ent] into ! con/ruction ( ^! new-type h\ses include /eel1 asbe/os1 alum9um & cem5t4 ,z a rule1 ! build+s h a /eel frame erect$ on cem5t f\ndations & )\t a cell>2 ! walls & p>titions are ( asbe/os composition & ! ro( con/ruct$ ( /eel %eets ) alum9um insulation4 ,su* a build+ is firepro( & pro( also aga9/ v]m91 lightn+1 w9d & e>?quake4 ,! h\se is also adapt$ to & equipp$ ) heat+1 light+1 plumb+ & air condition+ facilities4 ,! :ole build+ is pre-plann$ & pre-fabricat$ z a unit ) its compon5t p>ts con/ruct$ "u economical & int]*angeable mass production me?ods4 ,modifications ( ! con/ruction above m5tion$ include ! use ( s\nd-pro($ /eel panels or insulation bo>d = p>titions & walls ) an ext]ior ( pa9t$ /eel4 ,_m o!r modifications are be+ develop$ to insure individuality1 /ability1 insulation & economy 9 fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance4 ,! l9es ( mo/ ( ^! h\ses are sev]e & mod]ni/ic 9 design1 al?\gh decorative & unique effects are easily obta9able4 ,! co/s ( ! complete h\se unit range f #fjj = a "o-room type to #c1ejj to #f1jjj = a complete home ( mode/ size4 ,! pr9cipal fabricators ( ^! h\ses & _! addresses are3 ,g5]al ,h\ses1 ,inc41 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois2 ,am]ican ,h\ses1 ,inc41 ,new ,york ,city2 ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mill ,company1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 ,am]ican ,radiator & ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,company1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,columbian ,/eel ,tank ,company1 ,kansas ,city1 ,miss\ri1 & ,national ,/eel ,homes1 ,inc41 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia4 ,in=mation on types & co/s c be obta9$ by address+ ^! companies4 ,rural ,home ,life4--,to h a successful exp]i5ce 9 c\ntry life1 "o mu/ become id5tifi$ ) "o's surr\nd+s & become a "p ( ! community4 ,^? :o seek to e/abli% a c\ntry resid5ce simply z a place f :i* to commute to city attractions w n only miss ! greate/ asset 9 c\ntry liv+ b w probably f9d ?is exi/5ce unsatisfactory4 ,to become int]e/$ 9 ! gr[+ plants & animals at home1 to d ) "o's own h&s ! ?+s t make ! home m attractive & to develop a contact ) ! community t helps to increase its normal activities mean ! atta9m5t ( pleasure & satisfaction s f> beyond t obta9able 9 conge/$ urban qu>t]s t !re is no comp>ison4 ,9 _m cases ?is direct aff9ity ) "o's surr\nd+s w come gradually & n always easily4 ,x c be cultivat$ & %\ld be a "p ( ! plan ( e family expect+ to reside 9 ! c\ntry4 ,trees z ,assets4--,"o ( ! greate/ assets t c be secur$ 9 ! c\ntry is well-develop$ %ade4 ,if ! h\se "u consid]ation is already built & has ar\nd x trees t s]ve z a s(t5+ & beautify+ factor1 z well z = %ade purposes1 ! value is decid$ly enhanc$4 ,if ! home is to be newly built & a site is available :]e trees are already well gr[n1 ! h\se c (t5 be plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( su* trees1 !reby ga9+ a numb] ( ye>s 9 ! b5efits t trees give & = :i* !re is no sub/itute4 ,few p]sons c resi/ ! *>m ( trees4 ,t !y also h a def9ite economic value is %[n by ! add$ desirability we all atta* to an attractively l&scap$ home :]e trees ( v>i\s k9ds & sizes furni% ! motif4 ,9 acquir+ a place 9 ! c\ntry ! newcom] w at once wi% to plant trees1 %rubs & ornam5tals to beautify 8 hold+s4 ,if ?is is c>efully plann$ at ! beg9n+1 succe$+ ye>s & a little c>e w add to ! attractiv5ess & intr9sic value ( ! home4 ,! say+1 a h\se is n a home until x is plant$1 has a great deal ( tru? beh9d x4 ,mo/ nurs]ym5 w be glad to r5d] assi/ance 9 prop]ly plann+ & sett+ ! ornam5tal l&scap+ ( ! home1 help+ ! own] avoid mi/akes & co/ly mov+s & replacem5ts lat]4 ,comm]cial ,horticulture4--,9 addition to ! plant+s ar\nd 8 home1 ! own] ( a few acres c at slight exp5se />t small trees = lat] ornam5tal use or = sale at a roadside /&1 = example4 ,su* small trees & ornam5tal plants c (t5 be pur*as$ at :olesale prices f nurs]y companies :i* h lay+ out /ock1 z x is call$1 = sale4 ,! /&>d l>ge-gr[+ ev]gre5s & decidu\s %ade trees c be ?us transplant$ to "o's own acres1 z c ! popul> dw>f types ( ev]gre5s & fl[]+ %rubs4 ,^! may be plant$ 9 "o area :]e !y c be c>$ = z a gr[+ crop1 or !y may be plant$ 9 gr\ps = beautify+ ! premises :ile !y are gr[+4 ,aga91 s+le plants may be set by !mselves & giv5 special att5tion1 lat] becom+ specim5s :i* are mu* 9 dem& by admir]s ( ! species4 ,an appreciation ( tree habits c be ?us develop$ by all ! memb]s ( ! family1 & consid]able income may be obta9$ 9 lat] ye>s1 z ! trees become ( age1 ?r\gh _! sale4 ,we are ent]+ ^u an era ( mak+ homes attractive z places 9 :i* to live & n z h\ses to g away f4 ,all =ms ( plant life t contribute to ?is end w be admir$ & s\ght aft] 9 ! ye>s to come4 ,d's ,give special consid]ation to location1 type ( con/ruction & int]ior arrangem5t4 ,if build+ a home1 select a type t fits surr\nd+s4 ,/rive = simplicity ( l9es & full utilization ( e cubic foot ( space4 ,rememb] pre-fabricat$ h\ses are practical & likely to supplant "s o!r types ( con/ruction4 ,9 buy+ a pre-fabricat$ h\se1 be sure plans & con/ruction fit ne$s ( family & mat]ials us$ are adapt$ to ! climatic conditions4 ,give special att5tion to conv5i5ce & *e]fulness ( kit*54 ,develop a plan ( plant+ ornam5tal plants & trees to be c>ri$ out 9 due c\rse4 ,don'ts ,don't try to build a city h\se 9 ! c\ntry4 ,don't neglect w9d[s 9 numb] or size4 ,don't ov]look co/s ( complet$ job be=e comm5c+ build+ or improvem5ts4 ,don't neglect ! asset value ( trees4 ,*apt] ,v ,,s]vic+ ,,! ,,home ,_m types ( s]vices are available to ! c\ntry home own]1 includ+ rural mail deliv]y1 ! telephone & electricity4 ,rural mail deliv]y 9 p>ticul> is s common t1 on practically e highway1 mail s]vice is secur$ by ! plac+ ( a mail box along ! highway at ! entrance to ! resid5ce4 ,telephone s]vice is available along practically all ! ma9-travel$ highways & on a majority ( ! o!r types ( roads4 ,:]e ! l9es are n already in/all$1 ext5sions may be obta9$ to new locations1 & ?is is facilitat$ :5 m ?an "o resid5ce is to be s]v$ by ! same l9e4 ,! majority ( families accu/om$ to city conv5i5ces w want to h electricity available s z to use electric lights & ! labor-sav+ devices t are op]at$ by electric p[]4 ,) ! expansion t has tak5 place 9 ! developm5t ( rural electric l9es 9 rec5t ye>s1 !re is n a great deal ( difficulty 9 gett+ a location :i* w give ! h\sewife ! advantages t electricity (f]s4 ,telephone s]vice & electrical facilities may fall into ! class ( luxuries = ^? ) limit$ res\rces4 ,x may be po9t$ out 9 ?is connection t millions ( f>m homes are /ill us+ petroleum products = light+ purposes & are f9d+ x no h>d%ip4 ,practically all w\ld1 ( c\rse1 use electricity if x 7 available & f9ancially possible4 ,! new home own] 9 ! c\ntry w f9d x advantage\s to locate :]e electric s]vice is obta9able4 ,o!r s]vices = ! c\ntry resid5ts are pretty l>gely up to ! own] z to _! utilization & type4 ,x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to h an ample wat] supply1 to ma9ta9 sanit>y conditions ?r\gh sew]age ( "s description1 to provide a me?od ( heat+ ! home dur+ cold wea!r & to provide /orage facilities = food dur+ ! dormant season4 ,! ,wat] ,supply4--,p]haps ! mo/ important attribute ( ! c\ntry home is an adequate supply ( wat]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :]e families h be5 accu/om$ to utiliz+ municipal wat] supplies :i* are safe & pure z to quality & unlimit$ 9 am\nt4 ,9 mo/ c\ntry homes x is necess>y to con/ruct a wat]-supply sy/em1 :i* means rea*+ a supply ( und]gr\nd wat]1 pump+ x to ! surface & pip+ x to locations :]e x is want$4 ,high] /&>ds ( liv+ create new & increas$ dem&s = wat]4 ,wat] = dome/ic use %\ld be cle>1 colorless1 odorless1 s(t1 nei!r /rongly acid nor alkal9e1 ) a temp]ature av]ag+ #ej degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,su* wat] supplies c be obta9$ 9 ne>ly e section ( ! c\ntry4 ,hot wat] is necess>y 9 e home & !re mu/ be a heat] ( "s type1 us+ coal1 petroleum products1 natural or artificial gas or electricity = fuel4 ,= ?is purpose a hot-wat] /orage boil] or tank mu/ be in/all$4 ,! ,dug ,well4--,a dug well is "o ( ! old] types ( wells4 ,x %\ld be l>ge en\gh 9 diamet] to p]mit +ress & egress to all p>ts ( x = repairs or = clean+4 ,mo/ dug wells require clean+ occasionally1 due to ! entrance ( dirt at ! top & to ! wa%+ 9 ( clay & silt ) ! gr\nd wat]4 ,_m ( ^! wells conta9 h>mful gases :i* h prov$ fatal to ^? ent]+ !m4 ,be=e an attempt is made to clean su* a well or to make any repairs1 a light$ c&le %\ld be l[]$ into x4 ,if ! c&le is ext+ui%$1 x w be dang]\s to ent] until ! well has be5 ?or\ghly v5tilat$4 ,a dug well w v>y 9 dep? f #bj to #fj feet1 dep5d+ ^u ! di/ance x is necess>y to dig = an adequate supply ( wat]4 ,types ( pump+ app>atus are on ! m>ket to cope ) any dep? 9 digg+ su* a well4 ,if dug wells are %all[1 ! wat] supply dep5ds v l>gely ^u curr5t ra9fall & 9 times ( prolong$ dr\? !re may be a s]i\s %ortage4 ,fairly deep wells ( ?is type are usually v satisfactory & w supply surpris+ly l>ge am\nts ( wat] :5 ! dem& is made ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,well drill+--an e>ly /ep 9 locat+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! =egr\nd may be se5 "p ( ! excavation = ! h\se4 ,artesian ,wat] ,supply4--,artesian wells h di/9ct advantages ov] dug wells al?\gh !y are m exp5sive to con/ruct4 ,! wat] f su* wells is absolutely pure & x nev] fails4 ,?is is because subt]ranean /reams h be5 tapp$ :i* are n subject to possible surface contam9ation1 nor are !y dep5d5t ^u %[]s = repl5i%m5t4 ,special p[] app>atus is necess>y = con/ruct+ an artesian or drill$ well4 ,! drill+ co/s f #c p] foot up1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! subsoil & :e!r rock is enc\nt]$4 ,unless su* a well has be5 drill$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity x is n possible to haz>d ev5 a guess z to :5 wat] w be /ruck4 ,! consolation t su* an und]tak+ has = ! own] is 9 kn[+ !re w be no d\bt z to quantity or purity :5 ! /rike occurs4 ,wat] ,pumps4--,pumps are n[ available :i* op]ate automatically by electricity & con/antly supply ! home ) fre% wat] drawn f ! e>? z ne$$4 ,! requirem5ts = ! pump & ! motor w v>y ) ! dep? ( ! well & ! wat] requirem5ts ( ! family4 ,9 all su* cases1 !re=e1 x is desirable to call 9 = consultation eng9e]s or compet5t repres5tatives ( pump manufactur]s or di/ributors4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t adequacy ( supply is mo/ important & t economy 9 fir/ co/1 a*iev$ at ! sacrifice ( an adequate supply1 may be a def9ite h&icap to necess>y home s]vices4 ,heat+ ,facilities4--,! type ( heat+ app>atus t is us$ w dep5d ^u ! size ( ! h\se & its arrangem5t z well z ^u ! funds available4 ,! simple/ type ( heat]s are ^? :i* d n h a complete sy/em ( ext5d+ radiation ?r\gh ! home b dep5d ^u circulation ( ! air )9 ! h\se to equalize ! temp]ature4 ,9 decid+ ^u ! type ( app>atus1 x is necess>y to make sure t ! sy/em is z l[ 9 orig9al co/ z possible2 t x w probably h a long life1 !reby spread+ ! fir/ co/ ov] a p]iod ( ye>s2 t x be economical 9 op]ation ?r\gh effici5t consumption ( fuel1 & t ! sy/em be easily controll$4 ,! heal? ( ! family & ! ability to live 9 a satisfactory mann] w dep5d to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! me?od ( heat+ ! home1 especially 9 cold climates4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to make sure t :atev] type ( heat+ is employ$ is adequate 9 size4 ,x is m economical to op]ate a heat] t is some:at ov]siz$ ?an to ru% "o :i* _c easily ma9ta9 a com=table temp]ature 9 cold wea!r4 ,heat+ eng9e]s & contractors are available to furni% in=mation on heat+ co/s 9 e locality4 ,! g5]ally us$ types ( heat+ include /oves1 circulator heat]s1 w>m air1 hot wat] & /eam sy/ems1 & fireplaces4 ,speciali/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h develop$ a great deal ( in=mation to enable ! home own] to cope ) ! heat+ problems 9 a practical mann]4 ,x is e/imat$ by ! dep>tm5t t if a two-pipe hot-wat] sy/em = a six-room h\se co/s #ejj1 ! o!r sy/ems = ! same h\se ord9>ily w\ld co/ ab\t z foll[s3 ,two-pipe vapor sy/em #fjj ,"o-pipe /eam sy/em #djj ,a pip$ w>m air furnace #bfj ,pipeless furnace #adj ,circulator heat] or /ove #fj ,( c\rse1 ^! sy/ems v>y 9 effici5cy & 9 provid+ com=t z mu* z !y v>y 9 co/1 b ^! e/imates w provide ! home own] ) an idea ( ! outlay = tak+ c>e ( ! heat+ problem4 ,! ability to ma9ta9 a satisfactory temp]ature dep5ds z mu* ^u ! con/ruction ( ! h\se z ^u ! heat+ app>atus itself4 ,heat is readily lo/ ?r\gh walls1 ro(s & w9d[s4 ,mo/ h\ses c be made m com=table at small co/ by apply+ insulation or by correct+ defects 9 con/ruction4 ,! use ( /orm doors or /orm ve/ibules :]e doors are frequ5tly op5$ to ! out-(-doors w prev5t drafts & cons]ve heat4 ,metal wea!r /ripp+ is ! mo/ effective means ( prev5t+ air leaks ar\nd w9d[s & doors & mak+ ! entire h\se wea!r-tight4 ,! fuel t is us$ w dep5d ^u ! type ( furnace & ! relative prices prevail+ = diff]5t k9ds4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 oil heat+ br+ ?is fuel 9 close competition f ! /&po9t ( economy ) coal or coke4 ,oil is p>ticul>ly adaptable z a s\rce ( fuel 9 homes 9 ! c\ntry s9ce tank trucks c readily deliv] oil to ! home own]4 ,improvem5ts 9 secur+ ! maximum effici5cy f all types ( fuel are be+ develop$ cont9ually2 & !re are n[ on ! m>ket furnaces1 us+ an?racite or bitum9\s coal z fuel1 :i* (f] _m advantages t 7 unkn[n to old] types4 ,fireplace ,con/ruction4--,an op5 fireplace :]e wood c be us$ z fuel is a great s\rce ( satisfaction & pleasure1 z well z a com=t1 9 c\ntry homes4 ,wood ( prop] l5g? = fireplace burn+ c be readily secur$ 9 ! c\ntry & !re is ample room = /or+ x4 ,:]e ! h\se is small 9 size1 su* wood fires c be us$ = heat+ ! h\se satisfactorily 9 spr+ & fall & c be us$ to supplem5t o!r types ( heat+ :5 desir$4 ,no c\ntry home c be consid]$ complete )\t a fireplace4 ,! com=t & homelike atmosph]e t x gives make x a g5]al asset = ! enjoym5t ( ! family circle4 ,fireplaces %\ld be con/ruct$ s z to insure a good draft ) a maximum ( heat radiation4 ,x is desirable to build 9 ! fireplace flue a damp] :i* c be op5 :5 ! fire is burn+ & c be %ut :5 x is desir$ to keep heat f escap+ f ! room via ! *imney4 ,x is also a conv5i5ce to h a trap op5+ plac$ 9 ! back ( ! fireplace on ! floor s t a%es may be remov$ 9 ?is mann]1 elim9at+ ! labor ( c>ry+ !m f ! fireplace4 ,sew]age ( ,f>m ,homes4--,all wa/es f ! f>m home com+ "u ! t]m ( sewage %\ld g direct to a septic tank4 ,"h ! sewage is held 9 a quiet /ate = a p]iod ( "t1 & ?r\gh bact]ial processes1 ! organic matt] is de/roy$4 ,a septic-tank in/allation consi/s ( f\r p>ts3 fir/1 ! h\se sew] f h\se to tank2 second1 ! sewage tank1 consi/+ ( "o or m *amb]s2 ?ird1 ! sew] f tank to di/ribution field2 f\r?1 ! di/ribution field :]e ! sewage is di/ribut$1 sometimes call$ ! absorption field4 ,plans = sew]age con/ruction may be obta9$ f /ate & local bo>ds ( heal? & f f$]al heal? & agricultural ag5cies4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice7 ,an adequate sewage disposal plant is ess5tial & inexp5sive4 ,a practical "o is %[n "h4 ,! ,rural ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation recomm5ds t ! septic tank h a capacity adequate to hold all ! wat] us$ by ! family = two entire days4 ,= a family ( six p]sons ! inside dim5sions ( ! tank %\ld be #d feet 9 wid? ) a l5g? ( #d feet 9 ! fir/ *amb] & #c feet 9 ! second *amb]4 ,! dep? ( wat] %\ld be #d feet1 giv+ ! tank a capacity ( ov] #fjj gallons1 ?us all[+ #ajj gallons = ea* p]son dur+ ! =ty-eight-h\r p]iod4 ,! entire tank w be #d feet wide1 #h-a_/b feet long & #f-a_/b feet deep4 ,septic tanks are usually built ( solid concrete1 concrete blocks or brick1 wat]pro($ on ! inside to prev5t escape ( ! cont5ts except ?r\gh ! outlets describ$4 ,^! outlets %\ld be #ajj to #aej feet away f any s\rce ( wat] supply to prev5t contam9ation ( potable wat]4 ,lead+ f ! outlet ( ! second *amb]1 sev]al l9es ( tile #aj to #ad in*es 9 dep? %\ld be laid at a g5tle slope away f ! tank1 p]mitt+ escape ( ! efflu5t at ea* jo9t4 ,= a family ( six p]sons a total l5g? ( #aej feet ( tile pipe w be suffici5t 9 mo/ types ( soil4 ,food ,/orage4--,e c\ntry home %\ld h a basem5t 9 :i* a room c be set ap>t = cold /orage4 ,su* a place is suitable = keep+ supplies ( potatoes & o!r root crops1 z well z commodities t det]iorate "u conditions ( w>m?4 ,surplus supplies ( food f ! g>d5 c be plac$ 9 su* /orages & be readily available = use dur+ ! w9t]4 ,) ! surplus ( p]i%able food products 9 cans & ) a good supply ( non-p]i%able products 9 su* a type ( /orage room1 economies 9 food pur*ase c be effect$ & ! heal?fulness ( ! family ma9ta9$ ?r\gh _! use :5 fre% products are difficult to secure or are unseasonable & exp5sive4 ,if a basem5t is n available = food /orage1 root crops c be /or$ outside ! h\se & kept dur+ ! w9t]4 ,^! products %\ld be pil$ 9 a heap1 cov]$ ) /raw or o!r clean1 loose mat]ial & ! m\nd !n cov]$ ) e>?4 ,9 ?is mann]1 potatoes & simil> crops c be kept ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & until late 9 ! spr+ )\t s]i\s det]ioration4 ,x is important to select a site = su* outdoor /orage t is well dra9$ s t wat] w n collect & freeze 9 ! /orage area4 ,s]vices ,available to ! ,c\ntry ,resid5t4--,public ag5cies are available = help 9 solv+ ! problems ( c\ntry resid5ts1 v>y+ f agricultural & horticultural practices to build+ con/ruction1 wat] supply & sewage disposal4 ,z a rule1 ^! s]vices are ( advice & sugge/ion1 are free ( co/ & may be utiliz$ freely by ^? liv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( ! c\nties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h a c\nty agricultural ag5t1 :o is locat$ at ! c\nty seat & ^: t]ritory cov]s only ! c\nty 9 :i* he resides4 ,! co/s ( su* s]vice are paid by f$]al & /ate appropriations1 frequ5tly supplem5t$ by c\nty appropriations1 & also frequ5tly ?r\gh annual individual subscriptions4 ,! c\nty agricultural ag5t is really a field repres5tative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ( ! /ate agricultural college 9 ! /ate :]e he works4 ,!re is h>dly a problem ( ! c\ntry resid5t = :i* he _c obta9 aid f ! c\nty agricultural ag5t4 ,9 _m ( ! m ?ickly populat$ areas ! problems ( ! family gett+ a location on ! l& = a home are already well kn[n to ! agricultural ag5t & he is !re=e 9 a position to guide ! newcom] & help him to prev5t mi/akes4 ,9 _m c\nties !re is also a home economics s]vice connect$ ) ! (fice ( ! c\nty agricultural ag5t & support$ 9 ! same g5]al mann]4 ,?is s]vice1 along ! l9es :i* ! "n implies1 is available to ! c\ntry home mak]4 ,gr\ps ( wom5 are organiz$ & meet at int]vals = discussions on food prep>ation1 cann+ & /orage & ! mak+ ( clo?+ = ! family4 ,9 ne>ly e /ate !re is a /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture ) regulatory & promotional activities & deal+ especially ) law en=cem5t provisions pass$ by ! respective legislatures4 ,^! ag5cies are also conc]n$ ) developm5t ( m>ket+ facilities 9 _m /ates4 ,!y are support$ by /ate & f$]al funds & c>ry on su* projects z ! te/+ ( cattle = tub]culosis1 treatm5t 9 prev5tion ( communicable animal diseases & ! control ( insect & fung\s pe/s ?r\gh qu>ant9e & inspection activities4 ,^! dep>tm5ts are locat$ at ! /ate capitols & in=mation on ! s]vices available c be secur$ by address+ ! dep>tm5t 9 ! /ate :]e "o resides4 ,because !re is a lack ( und]/&+ among newcom]s to ! c\ntry ( ! s]vices t are available ?r\gh ^! ag5cies )\t co/1 ?is p>ticul> m5tion ( !m is made4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ea* family get 9 t\* ) ! c\nty agricultural ag5t1 ! college ( agriculture & ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture & le>n def9itely ( ! help t c be secur$ )\t co/ 9 meet+ ! problems ( c\ntry life4 ,electric ,wir+ ,pr9ciples4--,public utilities are organiz$ to furni% electric s]vice & x w be f\nd t !y are ready to assi/ cu/om]s 9 secur+ ! mo/ satisfactory use ( electricity4 ,su* k1 bas$ on exp]i5ce1 w be valuable 9 help+ own]s to avoid co/ly mi/akes & to provide = a wir+ sy/em t w be economical & yet complete4 ,:5 ! plans & specifications ( ! wir+ sy/em h be5 work$ out1 x is important to secure bids f reliable contractors4 ,only ^? contractors :o c d ! "w 9 a capable mann] %\ld be employ$ & x %\ld be det]m9$ 9 advance t ! in/allation w be 9 /rict compliance ) ! ,national ,electrical ,code4 ,= wir+ "w x is necess>y to "k ! numb] ( amp]es ! wire is to c>ry4 ,?is may be det]m9$ by divid+ ! load 9 watts by ! voltage :i* is to be us$4 ,! s]vice lat]al is a sy/em ( wires :i* =m a pa? ov] :i* electricity is c>ri$ f ! ma9 l9e to ! h\se4 ,?is is g5]ally built by ! utility company & its co/ w dep5d ^u ! di/ance ( ! resid5ce f ! ma9 l9e & :e!r ! own] furni%es poles1 labor1 etc4 ,wires %\ld be ( su* size z to give suffici5t me*anical /r5g? to /& up "u sleet conditions4 ,usually ?ree entrance wires are us$ to c>ry ! electric en]gy f ! utility connection to ! h\se4 ,! lat]al is ! electrical doorway to ! f>m & is ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! wir+ sy/em4 ,! wires %\ld be ( adequate size s z to provide prop] voltage & give complete electrical s]vice = all ord9>y requirem5ts ( curr5t4 ,x is important to see t ! electrical equipm5t is prop]ly gr\nd$1 t is1 ! connect+ to e>? ( c]ta9 metallic objects :i* are ne> p[] conductors4 ,! purpose is to c>ry to ! e>? any heavy electrical *>ge :i* might exi/ on su* objects & cause electrical %ocks :5 !y are t\*$4 ,gr\nd+ may be secur$ by connect+ ) wat] pipes t rea* "s dep? "u gr\nd1 or driv5 pipe may be us$ z a means ( secur+ intimate contact ) moi/ e>?4 ,recomm5dations = outlets f ! electrical wires 9 ! h\se call = c5t]+ ceil+ light+ outlets1 & plac+ wall brackets ab\t #e-a_/b feet above ! floor4 ,conv5i5t outlets 9 ! kit*5 & ba?room %\ld be ab\t #cc in*es above ! floor4 ,9 o!r locations !y are usually be/ plac$ 9 ! basebo>d4 ,wall swit*es are usually locat$ #d feet above ! floor4 ,a swit* %\ld be locat$ at ea* door to a room or entrance to a hall & 9 _m cases ?ree-way swit*es c be us$ to advantage1 s9ce ^! af=d control ov] ! same light+ f two sep>ate locations4 ,) ^! g5]al obs]vations on a r complicat$ subject1 mo/ ( :i* are bas$ on ! excell5t recomm5dations ( ! ,national ,committee on ! ,relation ( ,electricity to ,agriculture1 ! home own] %\ld be 9 a position to take c>e ( 8 ne$s prop]ly1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! sy/em ( wir+ %\ld be adequate 9 e respect & ! numb] ( outlets suffici5tly num]\s to provide easy & conv5i5t s]vice ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,an (ficial *eck-up %\ld be made ( all in/allations aft] completion4 ,! me?od ( secur+ su* inspection c be obta9$ ?r\gh a local electrical contractor4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice7 ,gr\nd floor plan ( a h\se1 %[+ ! numb]1 ! type1 & ! location ( electrical curr5t outlets4 ,tank ,gas ,supply4--,a s]vice ( supply+ compress$ gas 9 portable tanks has rec5tly be5 develop$ = c\ntry homes locat$ away f public gas l9es4 ,?is gas c be us$ ei!r ) a specially adapt$ range :i* is suppli$ z "p ( ! s]vice or 9 "s cases ) an ord9>y gas range4 ,companies (f]+ ?is s]vice are locat$ 9 mo/ cities & are und]/ood to be will+ to supply resid5ces any:]e ) gas4 ,! co/ ( fir/ in/allation ( ! sy/em is ab\t #dj4 ,r5ewals co/ approximately #ab p] cyl9d] ( gas4 ,ea* cyl9d] w supply a family ( f\r ) gas = ?ree to f\r mon?s1 mak+ a mon?ly bill ( f #c to #d1 :i* comp>es favorably ) artificial gas supply ?r\gh a met] f pipe l9es4 ,?is gas may be us$ = any purpose = :i* any o!r gas is adapt$4 ,! gas & ! s]vic+ ( x con/itute a boon to c\ntry resid5ts f ! /&po9t ( utility & economy4 ,x is especially desirable = ^? previ\sly accu/om$ to city gas supplies & to :om ! use ( any o!r type ( fuel is /range & some:at ( a problem4 ,d's ,rememb] t important s]vice factors include mail deliv]y1 telephone1 electricity1 wat] supply & sewage disposal4 ,be sure ( adequate wat] supply ( good quality4 ,obta9 artesian wat] supply :]ev] possible4 ,provide = su* heat+ facilities z ! budget c /&4 ,select ! heat+ sy/em 9 relation to fuel co/s4 ,make sure t ! sew]age sy/em is adequate = wa/e disposal4 ,use fully su* gov]nm5tal ag5cies z c\nty ag5ts1 home demon/ration ag5ts1 exp]im5t /ations & agricultural colleges1 /ate & f$]al dep>tm5ts ( agriculture4 ,provide /orage space = surplus food products4 ,rememb] electric wir+ requires skill$ workman%ip4 ,inve/igate advantages & co/s ( tank gas z a cook+ fuel4 ,don'ts ,don't =get t s]vices automatically available to urban resid5ts mu/ be plann$ = 9 ! c\ntry4 ,don't neglect con/ruction defects t prev5t full b5efits f heat+ sy/em4 ,don't ov]look ! advantages ( a well-built fireplace4 ,don't in/all electrical s]vice )\t full att5tion to pr9ciples ( conv5i5ce1 safety & economy involv$4 ,*apt] ,,vi ,,mak+ ,,! ,,soil ,,produce ,,crops ,!re are _m treatises available t deal ) ! soil1 its composition & its treatm5t4 ,no attempt w be made "h to g exhau/ively into t subject4 ,!re are a few fundam5tal factors1 h[ev]1 :i* ! pot5tial own] %\ld "k reg>d+ soil treatm5t1 = t is ! base ^u :i* he w build 8 income-produc+ op]ations4 ,! p>ticles ( soil h _h _! g5esis 9 rock4 ,! rock has become dis9tegrat$ & decompos$ ?r\gh natural processes4 ,! action ( ! wea!r is ! mo/ important factor 9 creat+ soil4 ,wat] fall+ on rock n only we>s x away me*anically1 b ?r\gh c]ta9 mild acid elem5ts :i* x acquires1 dis9tegrates ! b9d+ mat]ials t hold rock segm5ts toge!r4 ,9 addition1 !re is ! action ( fro/ & freez+1 too1 mak+ ! moi/ure 9 rock exp& & contract & !reby caus+ ! break+ d[n ( ! segm5ts4 ,) ?is action is c\pl$ t ( hot suns :i* cause expansion & break+ up ( ! rock z x becomes heat$ & cool$ "u atmosph]ic influ5ce4 ,a great deal ( ! soil surface 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry is ! result ( glacial action4 ,^! glaci]s n only erod$ ! surface1 !reby creat+ millions ( rock p>ticles1 b !y also c>ri$ l>ge deposits ( ! rock p>ticles to m di/ant areas & deposit$ !m ov] a subsoil t may be totally diff]5t 9 "* f ! surface soil ?us deposit$4 ,h[ ,tillable ,soil ,is ,made4--,! action ( plants !mselves has a great effect 9 add+ to our supply ( tillable soil4 ,se$s ( plants or se$s ( trees become e/abli%$ 9 "s slightly wea!r$ rock areas & beg9 to gr[4 ,! roots p5etrate :]ev] !re is any loose soil1 & p>tly by _! pressure & p>tly ?r\gh ! acidity accompany+ decompos+ plant tissue1 complete a fur!r break+ d[n ( ! rock4 ,!re is a cont9u\s process ( de/ruction ( rocks & level+ (f ( m\nta9s & hills to fill ! valleys bel[4 ,_m gr\ps ( deep-root$ plants t5d to increase ! dep? ( ! surface soil by gr[? ( ! roots 9 ! subsoil & by creat+ !re9 a condition approa*+ t :i* already exi/s on ! surface4 ,! action ( e>? worms & simil> =ms ( life 9 br++ subsoil to ! top & 9 op5+ *annels ?r\gh :i* wat] & surface air c p5etrate con/itutes ano!r cont9ually op]at+ =ce 9 ! creation ( a productive soil4 ,a deep] lay] ( productive soil c also be creat$ ?r\gh a plan ( consi/5tly deep] pl[+1 br++ up ) ea* annual pl[+ op]ation a small portion ( subsoil :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! surface soil1 t5ds to become l x4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,new ,j]sey ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation & ,developm5t7 ,soil is creat$ f rock by nature's wea!r+ processes & by plant gr[?4 ,at ! bottom may be se5 solid rock2 j above are dis9tegrat+ rock fragm5ts1 & at ! top1 ! soil4 ,e type ( real soil conta9s all ! elem5ts ( plant gr[?4 ,?is plant food results f a break+ d[n ( soil p>ticles & ! sett+ free ( *emical elem5ts :i*1 ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 s]ve z food = plants4 ,:atev] ! type ( soil may be1 x w be f\nd t c]ta9 crops w make bett] gr[? 9 x ?an o!rs4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be said t ! only way to det]m9e :i* plants w gr[ be/ on a giv5 soil is by ! trial-&-error me?od4 ,h[ev]1 by obs]vation ( ! gr[? on simil> types ( soil we c le>n some?+ ( a soil's crop adaptability4 ,!re are "s crops t w gr[ 9 almo/ any soil & !re are o!rs t ne$ an exactness ( texture1 moi/ure & plant food :i* makes !m highly specializ$ products4 ,! op]ator mu/ le>n h[ to "w 9 h>mony ) ! peculi>ities ( 8 own soil be=e he c hope to get ! be/ results4 ,9 acquir+ a tract = ! gr[+ ( plants ( any k9d x is desirable to get a soil type t w meet ! requirem5ts ( mo/ plants4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ?is type conta9s en\gh clay to be ret5tive ( moi/ure1 en\gh s& to be easily work$ & is g5]ally suitable = bact]ial gr[?4 ,9 o!r words1 :at is commonly call$ a loam is ! ideal type = g5]al agricultural & horticultural purposes4 ,?is may be a heavy loam1 9 :i* clay pr$om9ates1 or a s-call$ light loam1 9 :i* s& p>ticles pr$om9ate4 ,an exam9ation ( a h&ful ( soil by a p]son exp]i5c$ 9 f>m+ w indicate its nature & its adaptability to ord9>y crop production4 ,ess5tial ,elem5ts ( ,plant ,food4--,c\ntless sci5tific exp]im5ts 9 plant gr[? %[ t potassium1 lime1 phosphorus1 magnesium1 iron1 sulphur1 nitrog51 c>bon1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 are ess5tial to normal developm5t4 ,! c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 elem5ts make up ne>ly #ii p] c5t ( ! entire composition ( ! plant & are d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,all ( ! o!r elem5ts are d]iv$ f ! soil except 9 ! case ( peas1 beans1 clov]s & o!r legumes :i* secure mo/ ( _! nitrog5 f ! air4 ,! m9]al elem5ts are n ne$$ 9 l>ge am\nts b well-balanc$ plant gr[? is /rictly dep5d5t ^u _! pres5ce 9 available =m4 ,( ^! elem5ts1 ^? mo/ likely to be defici5t ei!r 9 total am\nt or 9 availability are nitrog51 phosphorus1 potassium & calcium4 ,x is entirely feasible & economical to apply conc5trat$ *emical f]tiliz]s conta9+ ! fir/ ?ree elem5ts s t _! lack w n con/itute a limit to size ( crops h>ve/$4 ,9 _m cases x is necess>y to apply *emical f]tiliz]s to get satisfactory yields1 ev5 :]e natural manures are available & c be appli$ z well4 ,9 addition to supply+ ess5tial plant food1 nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium p]=m specific functions 9 plant gr[?4 ,! application ( nitrog5 9 "o ( its readily available =ms 7e4g41 nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia7 w /imulate vegetative gr[?4 ,if too mu* ( ?is "o elem5t is appli$1 leaf & bran* developm5t may occur at ! exp5se ( ! crop4 ,good results foll[ ! use ( nitrog5 on grass sods & on leafy vegetables l sp9a*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 corn1 peas1 beans & o!r se$-=m+ crops ne$ to h ! nitrog5 balanc$ ) phosphorus4 ,potatoes1 9 common ) o!r tub] & root crops1 w utilize pl5ty ( potassium 9 ! developm5t ( />*4 ,s\rces ( ,plant ,food4--,*emical f]tiliz]s c be pur*as$ at supply /ores 9 ready mix$ condition & ( analyses t w meet g5]al crop ne$s4 ,a good =mula = su* a g5]al purpose f]tiliz] is #d to #e p] c5t nitrog51 #g to #i p] c5t phosphoric acid & #g to #aj p] c5t pota% to ! ton4 ,x is kn[n t su* a mixture w supply ! food ne$s ( a l>ge v>iety ( plants 9 balanc$ am\nts4 ,highly conc5trat$ mixtures are n[ on ! m>ket provid+ d\ble ! am\nt ( plant food 9 ! example quot$1 co/+ ne>ly twice z mu* b effect+ a sav+ by cutt+ 9 half ! mat]ial h&l$ to get ! same result4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 9 us+ ^! highly conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s1 to avoid contact ) t5d] roots4 ,a mixture = g5]al f>m & g>d5 purposes may conta9 ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #ajj p\nds nitrate ( soda #bcj p\nds sulphate ( ammonia #bej p\nds animal tankage 7#g p] c5t nitrog57 #a1adj p\nds sup]phosphate 7#af p] c5t phosphoric acid7 #bhj p\nds muriate ( pota% 7#ej p] c5t pota%7 ----- #b1jjj p\nds4 ,?is mixture w h a =mula ( #d-i-g 7#d p] c5t nitrog51 #i p] c5t phosphoric acid & #g p] c5t potassium74 ,! individual :o wi%es to mix 8 own f]tiliz] may d s by pur*as+ ! f9ely gr\nd +r$i5ts sep>ately1 & by means ( a %ovel1 integrate !m all into a mixture4 ,home mix+ w n be f\nd pr(itable :]e small am\nts ( f]tiliz] are us$4 ,^? :o practice home mix+ = ! fir/ "t %\ld realize t mo/ comb9ations ( +r$i5ts w set or h>d5 if n us$ imm$iately1 necessitat+ ! break+ up & pulv]iz+ ( ! mass4 ,:5 x is brok5 up aft] cur+1 no fur!r difficulty %\ld be exp]i5c$ ) sett+ if ! mixture is kept 9 a dry place4 ,! advantages ( home mix+ = ! l>ge us] lie 9 l[] co/ p] ton ( plant food z a rule2 confid5ce 9 ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts :i* he %\ld pur*ase on ! basis ( gu>ante$ analysis2 & ! sett+ up ( a mixture :i* /udy ( 8 soil & ! plant requirem5ts has conv9c$ him is be/ suit$ = 8 individual case4 ,*emical ,soil ,analysis ,n ,helpful4--,!re is a mi/ak5 notion t x is necess>y to analyze soils *emically 9 ord] to f]tilize !m intellig5tly4 ,su* an analysis ( a reasonably f]tile soil w %[ ! pres5ce ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food1 ?\gh p]haps n all 9 suffici5t am\nts1 to produce ord9>y crops = c5turies to come4 ,only a small am\nt ( ! elem5ts become available = root absorption ea* ye> & a *emical analysis w n br+ out ?is mo/ important factor--availability4 ,! use ( a few simple te/s1 ma9ly ( a physical nature by a compet5t soils speciali/1 w prove ( "s assi/ance 9 ! treatm5t ( ! soil4 ,su* te/s w %[ ! pres5ce ( adequate am\nts ( humus1 & indicate ! acidity cont5t4 ,! soil texture w give "s index ( its crop adaptability & !reby s]ve z a basis = f]tiliz+ treatm5t t w meet ! ne$s ( bo? soil & crop4 ,! practical man w n expect any consid]able aid f a highly te*nical & co/ly *emical analysis ( 8 soil4 ,ano!r factor t militates aga9/ wor?-:ile b5efits ( *emical soil analysis is ! great v>iation 9 soil types frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! same field4 ,to attempt to draw a repres5tative sample by mix+ soil f sev]al areas might result 9 a specim5 t w\ld n be really typical ( any area4 ,= ! purpose ( ord9>y physical exam9ation & te/+ = acidity1 repres5tative soil samples %\ld be tak5 f sev]al p>ts ( ! same soil type1 mix$ toge!r & a composite sample = te/+ drawn f ! mixture1 weigh+ n less ?an a p\nd 9 ea* case4 ,if ! soil is q app>5tly v>iable x may be necess>y to draw two or m composite samples f ! same area4 ,v helpful s]vice 9 intellig5t soil treatm5t may be secur$ f ! c\nty agricultural ag5t & ! /ate college ( agriculture 9 ! c\nty or /ate ( resid5ce4 ,legumes z ,soil ,improv]s4--,a means ( soil improvem5t t is well und]/ood by progressive f>m]s is ! use ( legumes to improve ! soil4 ,! legumes include a l>ge family ( plants ( :i* ! bean1 ! pea & ! clov]s are out/&+ examples4 ,su* plants h on _! roots nodules :i* h\se nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia4 ,^! bact]ia absorb nitrog5 f ! air 9 ! soil &1 9 ! ord9>y process ( gr[?1 dea? & decay1 make ?is nitrog5 available to ! ho/ plants1 leav+ a residue 9 ! soil = ! roots ( plants t are to foll[4 ,?us ?is gr\p ( plants1 kn[n z legumes1 h be5 us$ = g5]ations z a me?od ( increas+ ! nitrog5 cont5t ( soils4 ,nitrog51 incid5tally1 is ! mo/ co/ly elem5t to buy 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,! soil-improv+ b5efits ( legumes may be secur$ by gr[+ !m ei!r = h>ve/ z a s\rce ( animal food or = pl[+ "u z a means ( utiliz+ !m entirely = ! developm5t ( soil f]tility4 ,9 read+ ( ! /udies ( soil f]tility t 7 made by ,george ,wa%+ton at ,m\nt ,v]non1 we le>n ( ! improvem5t t he made 9 ! relatively poor soils ( t area by gr[+ plants ( ! legume family4 ,! actual reason :y su* improvem5t 0 br\ght ab\t 0 n kn[n 9 ,wa%+ton's "t1 b ! results 7 app>5t4 ,today1 ! value ( legumes z soil build]s is well recogniz$ & we und]/& mu* m def9itely ?an ,wa%+ton did ! reasons = _! be+ s helpful 9 increas+ crop production4 ,_m soil areas d n conta9 ! p>ticul> type ( bact]ia necess>y to ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 by legumes4 ,?is is frequ5tly ! cause ( failure 9 gr[+ alfalfa1 soybeans1 c[peas & less well kn[n memb]s ( ! legume family4 ,ea* legume has its own type ( nodule-=m+ bact]ia4 ,9 ord] to assure ! pres5ce ( ! prop] bact]ial family1 means (t5 mu/ be employ$ to add !m to ! soil :]e ! specific crop is to be gr[n4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by add+ soil f an area :]e ! legume does well to ! new area1 or ! se$ may be inoculat$ ) comm]cial cultures be=e se$+4 ,ei!r me?od is effective4 ,if soil is us$ x %\ld be drill$ 9 or spread on a cl\dy day to prev5t ! de/ructive action ( ! sun's rays on ! expos$ m9ute =ms ( plant life we call bact]ia4 ,if x is n kn[n t ! legume to be plant$ has be5 gr[n successfully 9 a giv5 field )9 ! previ\s sev]al ye>s1 ! precaution ( add+ ! prop] bact]ia %\ld be tak54 ,9 "s sections1 su* legumes z r$1 alsike1 crimson & :ite clov]s h be5 gr[n = _m ye>s & ! bact]ia = ^! plants are well di/ribut$4 ,!re1 inoculation is n necess>y = ^! crops1 b x probably %\ld be practic$ if o!r legumes su* z alfalfa1 c[peas or soybeans are to be gr[n on l& = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,value ( ,humus4--,9 addition to ! *emical elem5ts ( plant food1 all productive soils conta9 decay+ vegetable matt]1 g5]ally classifi$ "u ! t]m humus4 ,humus s]ves z a s\rce ( acid-g5]at+ mat]ial :i* fur!r breaks d[n soil p>ticles &1 mo/ important ( all1 s]ves z a food = millions ( microscopic plants :i* develop & die q beyond ! scope ( human vision4 ,^! con/itute a type ( bact]ia :i* are di/9ctly b5eficial & ess5tial to human life s9ce !y make possible ! gr[? ( l>g] plants t s]ve z human food4 ,gre5 plants1 /raw or leaves1 :5 pl[$ "u or spad$ 9 ! soil1 are attack$ by bact]ial ag5cies :i* gradually turn ^! products into humus4 ,! same process occurs :5 a compo/ is set up4 ,?is is made ( leaves1 manure1 soil1 /raw & o!r mat]ials ?r[n into a heap & all[$ to decay4 ,su* compo/ is excell5t = plac+ ar\nd plants :5 sett+ !m out1 s9ce x holds moi/ure1 supplies f]tility & creates optimum conditions = "y root gr[?4 ,"u practical field conditions1 humus may be add$ to soils by spread+ animal manures1 foll[$ by pl[+ !m d[n1 or by ! gr[+ ( heavy gre5 crops su* z :eat1 rye1 c[peas or vet* & turn+ ! entire mass "u ) ! pl[ :5 !y are at _! height4 ,lime & ,its ,application4--,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! fact t calcium is an ess5tial plant food & is frequ5tly defici5t 9 soils4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! great majority ( soils are defici5t 9 calcium & _! productiv5ess is inhibit$ !reby4 ,lime supplies calcium & also magnesium z food = plants4 ,its application accompli%es _m o!r desirable ?+s su* z correct+ soil acidity4 ,! gr[? ( b5eficial bact]ia is greatly /imulat$ 9 a soil t has _h its acidity neutraliz$ by ! application ( lime4 ,?is product1 !re=e1 creates a m cong5ial condition = ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 :i*1 9 turn1 make = bett] crop production4 ,lime is also b5eficial ?r\gh furni%+ ! elem5t calcium ) :i* o!r plant foods comb9e *emically & !reby become soluble 9 ! soil wat]4 ,unless plant foods are 9 a /ate ( solution1 !y _c be absorb$ by plant roots4 ,lime is a pot5t =ce 9 creat+ *emical reactions 9 ! soil1 result+ 9 ! /imulation ( gr[? ?r\gh increas$ absorption ( ess5tial elem5ts 9 solution4 ,lime also b5efits soils ( a clayey nature ?r\gh its ability to cem5t toge!r ! f9e clay p>ticles & 9 t way create air spaces s greatly ne$$ 9 tight clay soils4 ,lime is b5eficial1 too1 9 ! case ( soils :i* h a l>ge proportion ( s& or l>ge p>ticles1 & s]ves z an ag5t 9 creat+ a bett] condition ( til? & ( moi/ure ret5tion4 ,x makes little diff]5ce 9 :at =m lime is appli$4 ,x may be pur*as$ & appli$ 9 ! =m ( gr\nd lime/one1 a rock ri* 9 calcium :i* has be5 me*anically gr\nd to a v great degree ( f95ess4 ,x c also be appli$ 9 ! =m ( hydrat$ lime4 ,?is is obta9$ by heat+ gr\nd lime/one & slak+ x by add+ wat]4 ,a common example ( ?is is ! slak+ ( lime = :itewa%+ purposes4 ,ano!r good s\rce ( lime is f9ely gr\nd %ells ( oy/]s or o!r =ms ( sea life :i* collect ! calcium f sea wat] & deposit x 9 _! %ells4 ,adju/+ ! ,wat] ,cont5t ( ,soils4--,aside f ! supply+ ( wat] by irrigation1 a r co/ly process "u mo/ conditions1 ! wat] res\rces ( mo/ soils c be greatly increas$ by add+ to _! humus cont5t4 ,humus1 :i*1 x has be5 po9t$ out1 is decay+ vegetable matt]1 s]ves z a sponge = ! absorption ( soil wat] & = und]gr\nd wat] supplies4 ,!re=e1 ! m humus t c be pl[$ into ! soil1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ! great] is ! ability ( ! plants gr[+ 9 t soil to )/& dr\?4 ,z soils are cultivat$1 ! t5d5cy is = ! humus to become burn$ out & to h a r$uc$ moi/ure-hold+ capacity4 ,to ov]come ?is t5d5cy1 x is necess>y to add vegetable matt] to ! soil :5ev] x is possible4 ,incid5tally1 ! incorporation ( l>ge quantities ( humus 9 ! soil creates a condition ( acidity :i* may call = ! application ( lime z a corrective4 ,!re are _m acres ( l& :i* conta9 too mu* wat] 9 ! area t roots %\ld p5etrate to p]mit ( optimum plant gr[?4 ,roots ( mo/ plants w n p5etrate :]e !re is an excess ( wat]1 & air _c circulate :]e moi/ure is sup]abundant4 ,usually ^! conditions exi/ :]e ! soil is ( a clayey nature4 ,! abundance ( wat] may be caus$ by ! inability ( surface wat] to p]colate ?r\gh ! soil4 ,x may take s long1 due to ! nature ( ! soil1 = ?is wat] to pass ?r\gh ! l[] dep?s ( subsoil t ! roots ( plants are de/roy$ by lack ( oxyg54 ,9 su* cases ! application ( lime1 increas+ ! humus cont5t1 & deep] pl[+ w be f\nd helpful4 ,occasionally1 ! dis*>ge ( dynamite or bla/+ p[d] 9 ! area1 if x appe>s to be 9 ! =m ( a pocket1 w break up ! h>d pan subsoil & p]mit ! wat] to escape4 ,less dep5d5ce is n[ be+ plac$ on ?is means ( correct+ a wet condition ( ! soil ?an 0 ! case "s ye>s ago4 ,a simil> condition ( ov]abundant wat] 9 soil may be due to ! pres5ce ( spr+s or to a high wat] table4 ,little c be done to correct a condition :]e ! wat] table itself is s close to ! surface z to inhibit plant gr[? & ?is is assur$ly "o ( ! factors to be look$ into be=e a tract is pur*as$4 ,:]e ! surplus wat] is evid5tly be+ suppli$ by a spr+1 an und]dra9 made ( tile pipe1 #c or #d in*es 9 diamet]1 c be laid z a means ( conduct+ ! wat] into a dit* or adjo9+ dra94 ,9 lay+ su* a dra91 x %\ld be plac$ above ! area :]e ! wet soil surface is mo/ evid5t4 ,if su* a dra9 is laid #ah in*es to #c feet deep above ! wet area1 x w cut (f ! wat] seep+ d[n und]gr\nd & c>ry x away4 ,good results _c be secur$ if ! dra9 is laid directly 9 ! area ( extreme wetness or if x does n cut (f ! fl[ ( wat] be=e x rea*es ! area t is consi/5tly too wet = plant gr[?4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ?is brief description ( soil treatm5t & soil improvem5t1 x is evid5t t "o mu/ live ) 8 soil = "s "t 9 ord] to und]/& x & to be able intellig5tly to correct its defici5cies1 ov]come its weaknesses & make x capable ( support+ plants :i* are desirable f ! own]'s po9t ( view4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! improvem5t process1 :ile a sl[ "o1 is f> f hopeless & almo/ any soil t is n extremely s&y or clayey c be s intellig5tly treat$ z to make x productive4 ,cultivation4--,any discussion ( soil treatm5t is n complete )\t m5tion ( cultivation4 ,intellig5t cultivation is an ess5tial factor 9 secur+ adequate crops4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ! ^w manure1 :i* has come to mean f]tilization or f]tiliz]1 is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w manus mean+ h& & imply+ manipulation ( ! soil1 :i* we n[ call cultivation4 ,cultivation has be5 mo/ frequ5tly practic$ z a me?od ( de/roy+ we$s1 !reby mak+ all ( ! available plant food subject to absorption by ! roots ( ! desir$ plants & n by ! intrud]s we call we$s4 ,cultivation does m ?an de/roy we$s1 h[ev]4 ,x op5s up ! soil s t air conta9+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 c p5etrate x & s t ! bact]ia requir+ air = _! be/ gr[? may h x available4 ,fur!rmore1 cultivation cons]ves moi/ure & is m ess5tial dur+ dry p]iods 9 ! gr[+ season ?an at any o!r "t4 ,we "k t 9 ent]+ ! soil ! ra9 wat] foll[s c]ta9 *annels 9 & ar\nd ! soil p>ticles on its way to ! subsoil4 ,:5 ! ra9 has ceas$ & ! top lay] ( soil becomes dry1 ! t5d5cy is = ! wat] to "w up ?r\gh ^! same *annels to ! surface1 :]e x evaporates4 ,cultivation1 by break+ up ^! *annels1 or capill>y tubes1 *ecks ! escape ( moi/ure into ! air4 ,x creates a blanket ( dry surface soil :i* insulates ! soil moi/ure f ! air above4 ,! t5d5cy ( soil moi/ure to ree/abli% capill>y me?ods ( escape makes recultivation necess>y f "t to "t 9 dry wea!r4 ,c>e mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 t ! cultivation is n h>mful to roots ( gr[+ plants4 ,if ^! roots are di/urb$ or de/roy$ ?r\gh cultivation1 m h>m ?an good may result because ( ! damage to ! root sy/ems4 ,f>m ,p[] & ,equipm5t4--,:]e ! l& area to be cultivat$ is l>g] ?an ! family g>d5 "s type ( equipm5t = work+ ! l&1 propell$ by horse or motor1 w be f\nd desirable & 9 l>g] areas ess5tial4 ,"o or m horses may be us$ :]e !re are /abl+ facilities & :]e arrangem5ts c be made = ! daily c>e & fe$+ t ^! animals require4 ,a horse suitable = "w purposes may be obta9$ = less ?an #bjj4 ,! price w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! age & physical s\ndness ( ! animal1 b %\ld n exce$ #aej = a physically s\nd animal "u t5 ye>s old4 ,a p]son unskill$ 9 ! assess+ ( animal values %\ld obta9 ! s]vices ( a vet]9>ian or an exp]i5c$ horseman 9 mak+ a selection4 ,a horse = ?is purpose %\ld be ( quiet1 tractable disposition1 br$ & brok5 = "w purposes4 ,! co/ ( c>+ = a horse = "o ye> w approximate #abe1 includ+ fe$ & b$d+1 b )\t labor *>ge4 ,lea!r h>ness co/+ #be to #ej w be requir$ & 9 addition tools1 includ+ a pl[1 a h>r[1 & a cultivator co/+ ab\t #ae ea*4 ,o!r special equipm5t su* z a m[] w co/ consid]ably m1 dep5d+ ^u ! type us$4 ,if ! memb]s ( ! family are fond ( animals & will+ to assume ! responsibility = _! daily c>e1 ! horse w be f\nd an effici5t & useful s\rce ( p[] = till+ ! l&4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be po9t$ out t flies bre$ ) great rapidity 9 ! /rawy manure ( ! /able1 & su* wa/es %\ld be spread ^u ! l& almo/ daily or treat$ to prev5t fly-bre$+4 ,tractor ,p[]4--,j z l>ge tractors h supplant$ horses & horse-drawn equipm5t on ?\s&s ( f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! s-call$ g>d5 tractor has become increas+ly popul> = ! till+ ( small acreages4 ,! tractor requires fe$ only :5 x is work+1 is n subject to ! ills t beset animals1 & may be us$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day if necess>y4 ,x makes an appeal to ! me*anically m9d$ memb]s ( ! h\sehold &1 if prop]ly c>$ =1 w give economical & la/+ s]vice4 ,! usual type ( g>d5 tractor consi/s ( two l>ge :eels ) lugs on !m to give traction & is driv5 by a "o- or two-cyl9d] motor4 ,a pl[1 a cultivator1 or m[] may be atta*$ to ! drawb>1 ! op]ator walk+ beh9d & regulat+ ! spe$ & guid+ ! outfit by h&les provid$ = ! purpose4 ,e>li] types ( ^! ma*9es 7 n always satisfactory ow+ to con/ruction weaknesses & occasionally balky motors4 ,^? n[ on ! m>ket1 h[ev]1 are greatly improv$1 require less att5tion1 & rival _! big bro!rs1 ! p[]ful f>m tractors1 9 dep5dability4 ,!re are a numb] ( types & makes ( g>d5 tractors n[ on ! m>ket1 rang+ 9 price f #age or less to #djj1 ! co/ dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! size & capacity ( ! motor4 ,9 select+ a satisfactory g>d5 tractor att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! simplicity & p[] ( ! motor1 ! type ( be>+s1 ! me?od ( lubrication ( all mov+ p>ts1 ! work+ spe$ & ! economy ( fuel4 ,be>+s ought to be ( /&>d1 long-we>+ type s9ce ^! are subject to h>d s]vice4 ,two spe$s are desirable1 a sl[ "o = heavy duty & a fa/] "o = light] "w4 ,! tractor %\ld op]ate all day on ab\t #b gallons ( gasol9e & a qu>t ( oil4 ,9 addition to p[] appli$ at ! drawb> :]e special tools are atta*$1 a pulley w be f\nd a desirable accessory = op]at+ belt ma*9]y su* z small fe$ mills1 pumps1 & cream sep>ators4 ,! rat+ ( ! motor %\ld be n less ?an #c horsep[] at ! drawb> = ! ord9>y tasks x w be call$ ^u to p]=m4 ,all types ( atta*m5ts are available = ! g>d5 tractor4 ,^! include pl[s1 disks1 h>r[s1 cultivators1 m[]s1 f]tiliz] di/ributors1 plant]s1 s[]s & se$+ accessories4 ,! prices ( ^! v>y accord+ to make & quality4 ,lev]s are provid$ = adju/+ ! dep? ( pl[+1 cultivat+ & se$+4 ,"s ( ! l>ge type g>d5 tractors are equipp$ ) a seat on a sulky atta*$ to ! ma*9e s t ! op]ator c ride & h complete control ov] spe$ & ! type ( "w he wi%es to d4 ,a mod]n g>d5 tractor w be f\nd v useful 9 tak+ c>e ( a lawn or g>d54 ,9 ! case ( l>g] areas "u cultivation1 b n ( field size1 ?is type ( ma*9e is rapidly ga9+ popul>ity = p]=m+ effici5tly & economically ! num]\s jobs t are to be done on e small f>m4 ,d's ,select a soil type t is inh]5tly productive1 f]tile1 ret5tive ( moi/ure & easily cultivat$4 ,supplem5t soil f]tility by add+ *emical f]tiliz]s ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,buy mix$ f]tiliz]s on ! basis ( gu>ante$ analyses4 ,use legumes 7peas1 beans1 etc47 to add nitrog5 to soils & increase humus cont5t4 ,add specific bact]ia = ! production ( v>i\s legumes4 ,use manure & gre5 crops to supply humus4 ,apply lime :5 soil te/ %[s ne$ = x z plant food & g5]al soil improv]4 ,practice me?ods t make soils absorptive ( moi/ure & p]mit escape ( excess wat]4 ,cultivate ! soil to *eck escape ( moi/ure & to kill we$s4 ,use a horse or g>d5 tractor = cultivation ( areas l>g] ?an ! family g>d54 ,don'ts ,don't buy l& t is cont9ually wet & swampy4 ,don't expect to produce satisfactory crops on soils t are extremely heavy or clayey or s s&y z to quickly lose moi/ure & f]tility4 ,don't try to produce crops )\t ma9ta9+ ! humus supply 9 ! soil4 ,don't neglect cultivation z a means ( cons]v+ moi/ure1 de/roy+ we$s & /imulat+ root gr[?4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,,food ,,f ,,! ,,g>d5 ,! home vegetable g>d5 %\ld supply an important "p ( ! food = e family liv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,vegetables t are ( ! "r v>ieties & t are fre% & prop]ly prep>$ are nutriti\s1 :olesome & economical4 ,n only does ! well-organiz$ home g>d5 r$uce ! co/ ( fe$+ ! family1 b x con/itutes an effective me?od ( ma9ta9+ bett] heal? among all memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,ev5 common vegetables t are gr[n f ! be/ v>ieties & s]v$ fre% w be a revelation to ^? accu/om$ to buy+ !m 9 /ores4 ,det]ioration 9 quality & palatability beg9s imm$iately 9 vegetables :5 !y are h>ve/$4 ,! m p]i%able ! commodity1 ! great] is ! rate ( det]ioration4 ,! comm]cial vegetable gr[] usually incl9es t[>d v>ieties t are capable ( produc+ a heavy yield p] acre or t /& %ipm5t & tempor>y /orage ) ! lea/ app>5t loss f det]ioration4 ,9 ord] to h 8 products rea* ! consum] 9 an attractive condition1 ! comm]cial gr[] usually mu/ h>ve/ !m be=e !y are at _! be/4 ,! *annels ?r\gh :i* vegetables & fruits pass on _! way to ! city consum] are devi\s1 sl[ & co/ly4 ,su* a consum] !re=e usually receives s-call$ fre% products t h be5 remov$ f ! plant or ! soil be=e maturity is atta9$ & aft] su* already poor quality has det]iorat$ ?r\gh ag+ processes4 ,all ^! disadvantages ( vegetables pur*as$ 9 ! city are elim9at$ by ! possessor ( a g>d5 :]e he may produce 8 family's ne$s 7& !y are g5u9e ne$s7 9 ! way ( fre% vegetables4 ,^! products are ess5tial 9 supply+ su* necess>y elem5ts z m9]als1 vitam9s1 acids1 & cellulose4 ,diet>y au?orities advise t leafy vegetables1 sometimes call$ gre5s1 conta9 food elem5ts n f\nd 9 root vegetables4 ,= ! ma9t5ance ( heal?1 ! diet %\ld include a v>iety ( vegetables besides potatoes4 ,assets ( a ,g>d54--,a g>d5 is a s\rce ( recreation1 pleasure & satisfaction to e memb] ( ! family4 ,real enjoym5t c be _h by work+ 9 x a little "t ea* day4 ,to ^? ^: "w may be s$5t>y & ( a r\t9e nature1 ! g>d5 furni%es a s\rce ( inspiration & adv5ture4 ,daily evid5ces ( plant gr[? & ! novelty ( hav+ vegetables ( "o's own gr[+ /imulate int]e/ 9 x4 ,! g>d5 is an aid 9 ma9ta9+ heal? ?r\gh physical ex]cise & ! lib]al consumption ( ! fruits ( labor4 ,!re is no o!r av5ue ( activity t c af=d s mu* 9 ! way ( heal?1 economical recreation & pleasure z a well-plann$ g>d54 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice7 ,! well-plann$ g>d5 furni%es food ?r\gh\t ! ye> = ! entire family4 ,hav+ decid$ on a g>d51 ! "q imm$iately arises z to ! proc$ure to be foll[$ to get ! mo/ out ( x4 ,special att5tion has be5 giv5 to ?is problem by exp]ts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & specific recomm5dations are n[ available on ! subject at /ate agricultural colleges4 ,^! cov] v>ieties1 plant+ dates1 adequate area1 f]tilization1 rotation ( crops & /orage4 ,typical recomm5dations along ^! l9es are giv5 "h = ! nor?-c5tral & ea/]n /ates4 ,read]s liv+ else:]e may wi% to *eck !m ) ! practices recomm5d$ by au?orities 9 _! home /ates4 ,vegetable ,gr[+ by ,rule4--,! mo/ effective me?od ( pres5t+ ! /ory ( recomm5d$ vegetables1 desirable v>ieties1 se$ requir$1 av]age yields & o!r p]t95t data is 9 tabul> =m1 su* z t us$ 9 ,table ,i1 :i* has be5 prep>$ = ! aid ( home vegetable g>d5]s by ! ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & :i* is bas$ on ye>s ( /udy ( ! subject4 ,table ,,ii1 prep>$ by ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 %[s ! am\nt ( se$ t %\ld be pur*as$ to supply an adequate quantity & v>iety ( important vegetables = a family ( six p]sons4 ,exam9ation ( ! plant+ table w %[ t ! sett+ ( plants or roots is occasionally recomm5d$ in/ead ( ! use ( se$4 ,?is is desirable 9 "s cases to get quick] results & 9 o!r cases is ess5tial if a crop is to be secur$ dur+ a normal gr[+ season4 ,:ile x is possible = ! gr[] to raise ^! plants1 or sets1 himself1 usually m satisfactory results c be obta9$ ?r\gh buy+ !m f a capable plant gr[]4 ,! gr[+ ( sets is a specializ$ bus9ess requir+ conditions ( heat1 moi/ure1 f]tility & skill1 frequ5tly beyond ! pati5ce & capacity ( ! amateur4 ,!re are plant gr[]s 9 ne>ly e neighborhood :o w gr[ ! ne$$ plants at small co/4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made 9 advance = gr[+ ! v>ieties or /ra9s t are want$1 & usually ! gr[] c furni% 8 own se$ = ! plants if t seems desirable to him4 ,"o desir+ to gr[ "o's own plants f se$ c secure full in=mation f a practical gr[] or f /ate & c\nty agricultural ag5cies4 ,,table ,i ,,plant+ ,,table ,,= ,,vegetables#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,di/ance betwe5 ,se$ ,dep? r[s = ,"n ( ,v>iety = to s[ cultivation1 vegetable #ajj- se$1 in*es r[ in*es ----------- ,horse ,h& ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,asp>agus ,wa%+ton1 ,palmetto #a-yr4- #h-aj #e ft4#d ft4 old roots roots ,beans ,gre5 bu% ,/r+less ,gre5 ,pod1 #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b #cj #ah ,b\ntiful ,yell[ bu% ,currie's ,ru/ ,pro(1 #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b #cj #ah ,davis' ,:ite ,wax ,pole gre5 ,k5tucky ,wond]1 #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b #cf #cj ,old ,home/ead ,bu% lima ,=dhook #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b #cj #cj ,pole lima ,k+ ( ! ,g>d5 #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b #dh #cf ,beets--e>ly ,crosby's ,egyptian #a oz4 #a #bh #ae ,late ,detroit ,d>k ,r$ ,cabbage--e>ly ,j]sey ,wakefield1 #a pkt4 #a_/b #cj #cj ,cop5hag5 ,m>ket ,cabbage--late ,dani% ,ball ,head1 #a pkt4 #a_/b #cf #cj ,succession1 ,cantal\pe ,e>ly ,knight1 #a_/b oz4 #a #ed-fj #dj ,=dhook ,c>rots ,*ant5ay1 #a oz4 #a_/b #cj #ae ,oxhe>t ,cel]y ,gold5 ,self-blan*+1#a pkt4 #a_/d #cf #cj ,easy ,blan*+ ,corn--e>ly ,gold5 ,bantam1 #a_/d lb4 #a #cf #cj ,h[l+ ,mob ,corn--late ,gold5 ,bantam1 #a_/d lb4 #a #cf #cj ,ev]gre5 ,cucumb] ,:ite ,sp9e1 #a_/b oz4#a_/b-a #dh-fj #dh ,davis ,p]fect ,eggplant ,new ,york ,improv$1 #a pkt4 #a_/b #dh #dh ,black ,beauty ,endive ,gre5 ,curl$1 ,broad #a pkt4 #a_/b #cj #ah ,leav$ ,batavian ,kale ,scot* ,curl$1 #a pkt4 #a_/b #cj #ah ,sib]ian 7ov] w9t]7 ,kohlrabi ,:ite ,vi5na #a pkt4 #a_/b #cj #ae ,lettuce ,spr+ & fall,gre5-leav$ ,big ,bos4 #a pkt4 #a_/b #ah-bj #ae ,summ] ,n4 ,y4 ,salam&] #a pkt4 #a_/b #ah-bj #ae ,roma9e ,g4 ,r4 ,exp41 ,trianon #a pkt4 #a_/b #ah-bj #ae ,okra ,p]k9s ,long ,pod #a oz4 #a #cf #cj ,onion sets ,yell[ ,/rasburg1 #a qt4 #a #ah #ad ,japanese 7,eb]hes]7 ,onion se$ ,yell[ ,globe ,danv]s1 #a oz4 #a_/b #ah #ad ,s\?port ,globe ,p>snips ,holl[ ,cr[n #a_/b oz4 #a_/b #ah #ae ,peas ,little ,m>vel1 #a pt4 #a-a-a_/b #cj #cj ,laxtonian1 ,telephone ,pepp]s ,ruby ,k+1 ,pim5to #a pkt4 #a_/b #cf #cj ,potatoes ,iri% ,cob41 ,gre5 ,mts4#a_/b pk4#c-d #cf #cf ,pumpk9s ,*eese1 ,small ,sug> #a oz4 #a_/b #fj #fj ,radi% ,sc>let ,globe1 ,icicle #a_/b oz4 #ab #ae #e ,rhub>b ,victoria ,roots #e-f #dh #dh ,sp9a*--spr+ ,bloomsdale1 ,savoy #a_/b oz4 #a_/b #bj #ae ,sp9a*--summ] ,new ,zeal& #a oz4 #a #dh #cf ,sp9a*--fall ,va4 ,dis41 ,resi/4 #a_/b oz4 #a_/b #bj #ae ,savoy ,squa%--summ] ,gold4 ,sum4 ,crookneck1 #a oz4 #a-a-a_/b #dh #dh ,:ite ,bu% ,scallop ,squa%--w9t] ,bo/on ,m>r[1 #a oz4 #a-a-a_/b #gb #gb ,w>t$ ,hubb>d ,sweet potatoes ,yel4 ,j]sey ,plants -- #cf #cf ,swiss *>d ,lucullus #a oz4 #a_/b #cj #cj ,tomatoes--e>ly ,*alk's ,e>ly ,plants #a_/b #dh #cf ,jewel1 ,bonny ,be/ ,tomatoes--late ,mat*less1 ,/one ,plants #a_/b #dh #cf ,turnips ,purple ,top ,/rap4 ,leaf#a pkt4 #a_/b #bd #ae ,rutabagas ,gold5 ,ball1 #a pkt4 #a_/b #bd #ae ,lg4 ,isl& ,improv$ #a pkt4 #a_/b #bd #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------- ,av]age ,di/ance,"t ( ,av]age days betwe5 plant+ ,"t ( yield f plants se$ h>ve/ #ajj-;foot se$ 9 r[1 outdoors r[ to in*es h>ve/ ---------------------------------------- -------- #af -- ,spr+- #ae #b-lb4 #b yr4 ,july #a bun*es #c ,apr #ae ,june #bj #b bu4 #dj-fe ,july #ae ,sept4 #ae- ,fro/ #c ,apr4 #ae ,june #bj #b bu4 #ej-gj ,july #ae ,sept4 #ae- #b-b-a_/b bu4 #ie-ajj ,fro/ #aj-cj ,may #a-bj;,aug4 #ae #b-b-a_/b bu4 #ie-ajj #aj ,may #a- ,aug4 #a-;,fro/#b bu4 #aaj-abj ,july #cf ,may #ae ,aug4 #a-;,fro/#b bu4 #aaj-abj #b-c ,apr4 #a ,july #ae #b-b_/a_/b bu4 #de-fj ,july #bj ,nov4 #ae #ah ,apr4 #ae ,july-,sept4 #de-ee heads #ajj-abj #ah ,july #a ,oct4-,nov4 #de-ee heads #abj-aej #dh hill ,may #ae ,aug4 #aj #f-h fruits #ij-al#j p] hill #a-a-a_/b ,apr4 #a ,aug4 #a #b bu4 #fe-ij ,july #a ,nov4 #f ,june #a ,sept4 #ae #bjj /alks #abj-aej #ae or #cj,may #a ,july #ab #d doz4 e>s #fj-ge hill #ah or #cj;,june #ae ,aug4 #bj- #d doz4 e>s #ge-ij hill ,july #a ,fro/ #dh hill ,may #ae ,july #aj #bjj cucumb]s #fj-ge ,aug4 #bj #a-a_/b bu4 pickles #dh;,june #a ,aug4 #bj- #abe fruits #adj-afj ,fro/ #ef;,apr4 #ae ,june #ae #fe plants #fj-ij ,july #ae ,oct4-,nov4 #ah;,apr4 #a ,june #a #fj bu4 #ee-fe ,sept4 #a ,apr4 #c-d;,apr4 #ae ,june #ae #b bu4 #ej-gj ,apr4 #ae-;,aug4 #ae-,oct4 #ad-ah;,june #a ,oct4 #gj head #gj-ij #ad-ah,may #ae ,june #a #gj head #gj-ij #ad-ah;,aug4 #a ,july-,aug4 #gj head #gj-ij #aj-ae,may #ae ,aug4 #aj #ijj-ajjj pod #ij-adj #a;,apr #a ,may #ae #adj bun*es #de-ge #a;,apr4 #a ,aug4 #bj #a-a_/b-b bu4 #aaj-acj #c-d;,apr4 #a- ,sept4-,nov4 #b bu4 #adj-afj ,may #ae #b;,apr4 #a- ,june #aj-;,july#b bu4 #de-gj #ae 79 pods7 #ah-bj ,may #ae ,aug4 #ae- #e bu4 #abe-aej ,fro/ 7#f p] plant7 #ad ,apr4 #ae ,july #a #c bu4 #ij-abj #dh ,may #ae ,sept4 #a- #ge pumpk9s #gj- #ij ,fro/ #a ,apr4 #ae ,june #a #ajj bun*es #cj-fe ,sept4 #a ,oct4 #be #dh ,m>4-,apr,may-,nov4 #h-aj /alks #a yr4 plant #b ,m>4 ,may #c bu4 #de #cf ,apr4 #ae ,june #ae ,cut all #fe-abj summ] #b ,aug4 #ae-,oct4-,nov4 #c bu4 #ej-fj ,sept4 #ae #dh ,may #a ,july #aj #acf squa% #fj-gj #dh ,june #a ,oct4 #ge squa% #abj-acj #ah ,may #ae ,oct4 #a-aj #c bu4 #adj-aej #f ,apr4 #ae ,june #e- ,pull until #ej ,fro/ fro/ #cf ,may #ae ,july #aj-;,aug4#d bu4 #abj-aej #cf ,june #a ,aug4 l-,fro/#d bu4 #aej-agj #b ,apr4 #a ,june #a #b bu4 #de-gj #b ,aug4 #a ,oct4-,nov4 #b bu4 #de-gj #b ,aug4 #a ,oct4-,nov4 #b bu4 #de-gj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,table ,,ii ,,am\nt ,,( ,,se$ ,,to ,,pur*ase ,,= ,,family ,,( ,,six#b ---------------------------------------- --------- ,vegetable ,am\nt to pur*ase ---------------------------------------- --------- ,asp>agus #ff plants ,beans1 snap 79 v>iety7 #b to #c p\nds ,beans1 bu% lima #a p\nd ,beet #d ounces ,cabbage3 ,e>ly #a packet ,late #a_/b ounce ,c>rot #a ounce ,caulifl[] #a packet ,cel]y #a packet ,corn1 sweet #b p\nds ,cucumb] #a ounce ,eggplant #a packet ,kale #a ounce ,lettuce #a_/b ounce ,muskmelon #a ounce ,onion sets #d qu>ts ,onion se$ #a ounce ,peas #b to #d p\nds ,p>sley #a packet ,p>snip #a ounce ,radi% 79 v>iety7 #b ounces ,rhub>b #bj plants ,salsify #a ounce ,sp9a* #a p\nd ,new ,zeal& sp9a* #a ounce ,summ] pumpk9 #a ounce ,w9t] pumpk9 #b ounces ,squa% #b ounces ,tomatoes #a packet or #ej plants ,turnip #d ounces ,rutabaga #a ounce ,wat]melon #b ounces ---------------------------------------- --------- ,plann+ & ,op]at+ a ,home ,g>d54--,9 plann+ ! home vegetable g>d5 !re are a few ess5tial po9ts to be kept 9 m9d4 ,! "t to plan ! g>d5 is 9 w9t] :5 adequate consid]ation c be giv5 to ! selection ( ^? vegetables t ! family likes be/ & c use 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,se$s requir$ %\ld be ord]$ e>ly = ! entire g>d54 ,by draw+ ! plan ( ! g>d5 on pap] & foll[+ x1 ! proc$ure is simplifi$ & ! mo/ effici5t results atta9$4 ,vegetables %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s r ?an 9 b$s1 & ^? matur+ at ab\t ! same "t %\ld be gr\p$ toge!r to facilitate succession plant+4 ,aft] ! e>ly-matur+ crops h be5 h>ve/$1 o!r crops c be s[n on ! same area1 ?us fully utiliz+ ! l& ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,p]5nial crops1 includ+ asp>agus & rhub>b1 %\ld be kept by !mselves4 ,a practical f>m] want+ to express p]fection 9 soil prep>ation is apt to say1 ,x is j l a g>d54 ,?is implies good f]tility1 optimum moi/ure conditions & prop] til?4 ,to atta9 ^! conditions 9 g>d5 soil x is desirable to cov] x ) /rawy manure "s "t previ\s to pl[+1 9 ord] t ra9s may c>ry ! soluble f]tility elem5ts into ! surface in*es ( ! soil4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ a ?or\gh job ( pl[+ or spad+ %\ld be done to reasonable dep?1 completely cov]+ ! surface /raw or dead plants4 ,e two or ?ree ye>s lime %\ld be appli$ aft] pl[+ & work$ into ! top soil at ! rate ( #a p\nd ( hydrat$ lime to e #be squ>e feet ( soil4 ,f]tiliz+ & ,culture4--,! f]tility suppli$ ?r\gh application ( manure %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,?is c be pur*as$ 9 burlap bags f local supply ag5cies & %\ld conta9 ab\t #e p] c5t nitrog51 #h p] c5t phosphoric acid & #g p] c5t pota%4 ,mod]ate v>iations 9 analysis f #e-h-g1 z above1 are n important s long z ! am\nts ( ea* elem5t are well balanc$4 ,! f]tiliz] %\ld be broadca/ ov] ! g>d5 aft] pl[+1 at ! rate ( #a p\nd to e #be squ>e feet & work$ into ! soil be=e plant+4 ,p\ltry or %eep manure may be us$ z top dress+ to alt]nate ) comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t su* animal manures are ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an 9 o!r elem5ts & if us$ to excess may /imulate leaf gr[? at ! exp5se ( yield & quality4 ,frequ5t %all[ cultivations are desirable4 ,! ord9>y :eel hoe w be f\nd helpful 9 ! cultivat+ proc$ure4 ,x %\ld be well und]/ood t cultivation is ess5tial to prev5t we$ gr[? & cons]ve moi/ure4 ,if wat]+ or irrigat+ is necess>y 9 dry wea!r1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly done4 ,"o soak+ ( ! soil to a dep? ( #d to #f in*es is f> m effective ?an frequ5t light spr9kl+s4 ,! latt] may be m h>mful ?an b5eficial ?r\gh ree/abli%+ capill>y movem5t1 p]mitt+ ! escape ( subsoil moi/ure4 ,wat] %\ld be appli$ "u ! same conditions t apply :5 ra9 falls--on cl\dy days or aft] sunset to prev5t bak+ or encru/+ ( ! surface soil z well z to cons]ve ! am\nt ( wat] ne$$4 ,meet+ ! ,insect ,problem4--,! sponsor ( a g>d5 9 :i* div]sifi$ vegetables are gr[n mu/ be prep>$ to meet ! onslaught ( equally div]sifi$ insect species4 ,:ile x is true t insects are multiply+ z to species & voraci\sness1 x is equally true t me?ods ( control are becom+ available to cope adequately ) mo/ ( !m4 ,"o unfamili> ) our insect infe/ations w be amaz$ to f9d t c]ta9 species app>5tly h _h advance notice ( 8 int5tions & are sitt+ ab\t ! plant$ r[s await+ ! appe>ance ( ! t5d] %oots4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( combat+ insects is to create ideal conditions = plant gr[?4 ,plants t are und]f$ ?r\gh inadequate soil f]tility or are weak5$ by o!r causes suff] sev]ely f insect attack1 :ile vigor\s plants w come ?r\gh ) mu* less damage4 ,x is advisable to insure rapid g]m9ation ( se$ ?r\gh c>eful soil prep>ation1 to se$ at ! prop] "t = a quick & vigor\s />t & to h suffici5t available f]tility to /imulate gr[? once ! plants h />t$4 ,!re are two di/9ct classes ( insects1 ! division be+ bas$ ^u _! fe$+ habits4 ,! l>g] gr\p1 bo? 9 ! size ( ! insects !mselves & 9 ! numb] ( species1 is ! leaf-*ew+ gr\p4 ,^! c be de/roy$ by ! application ( /oma* poisons to ! plants "u attack4 ,! o!r gr\p consi/s ( ! suck+ insects1 :i* p5etrate ! ve9s c>ry+ n\ri%m5t to ! leaves & appropriate x = !mselves4 ,su* insects multiply ) extreme rapidity1 g5]ally fe$ on ! und]side ( ! leaves & may cause complete wilt+ ( ! plant be=e _! pres5ce is suspect$4 ,9 su* cases a contact spray or du/ mu/ be us$4 ,?is is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( caus+ ! insect to inhale ! mat]ial ?r\gh brea?+ pores along its body4 ,! insecticide mu/ be compos$ ( extremely f9e p>ticles or mu/ be ( su* an oily nature t x w readily p5etrate su* pores4 ,9 addition to ^!1 c]ta9 repell5t mat]ials are be+ develop$ :i* cause ! insect to seek food :]e ! disagreeable conditions d n prevail4 ,,table ,,iii ,,pr9cipal ,,insects ,,& ,,rem$ies#c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,plants attack$ ,*ew+ ,"* ,treatm5t insects ( damage ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tomato1 pepp]1 ,flea ,beetles ,!y gnaw or ,du/ or spray ) eggplant1 turnip1 eat small holesa prep>$ nicot9e cabbage1 etc4 9 ! leaves4 or pyre?rum mixture4 ,bordeaux mixture spray$1 or du/+ = disease is also effective z a repell5t4 ,asp>agus ,asp>agus ,fe$s on ! ,du/ ) ei!r ,beetle %oots & ars5ate ( lead or bru%4 calcium ars5ate1 mix$ ) #a "p ( :eat fl\r4 ,spray ) ars5ate ( lead or calcium ars5ate1 #a tablespoonful if a pa/e or #a_/b tablespoonful if a p[d]1 & #a tablespoonful ( lime to #a gallon ( wat]4 ,all k9ds ( ,mexican ,bean ,eats ! "u ,du/ ) #a "p ( beans ,beetle side ( leaves magnesium ars5ate mix$ ) #c p>ts ( lime1 or du/ ! yell[ l>va "u ! leaves ) a pyre?rum du/4 ,cabbage ,maggot ,keep ! gr\nd ?or\ghly cultivat$ ar\nd ! base ( ,e>ly cabbage ! plant or use t> & caulifl[] pap] discs = l>g] plant+s4 ,common ,cabbage,fe$ on ! ,same z = asp>agus ,worm %oots & beetle4 ,pyre?rum & ,cabbage bru%4 du/ is also v ,loop] effective4 ,cucumb]1 squa%1,/rip$ ,eats ! leaves,protect ) a & melons4 ,cucumb] & ! /em (*eeseclo? or d ! ,beetle ! v "y same z = ! plants4 asp>agus beetle4 ,pumpk9s & ,squa% ,v9e ,kills ! v9es,take a %>p squa%es ,bor] by eat+ 9 ?9-blad$ p5knife ! /em4 & slit ! /em l5g?wise1 op5+ x & kill+ ! bor]4 ,!n bank ! gr\nd ar\nd ! /em ( ! plant4 ,tomato1 eggplant1,potato ,beetle ,eats ! ,same z = ,cabbage potato leaves4 ,worm4 ,tomato ,tomato ,horn ,eats ! ,same z = ,common ,worm leaves4 ,cabbage ,worm4 ,tomato fruits ,tomato ,fruit ,eats ! tomato,same z = ,cabbage ,worm fruits4 ,worm4 ,tomato1 eggplant1,cutworms ,cut ! plants ,protect ) pap] pepp]1 cabbage1 (f ne> coll>s plac$ & o!r crops4 ! surface ar\nd ! /em ( ( ! gr\nd4 ! plant1 ext5d+ #b or #c in*es above ! gr\nd1 or di/ribute poison$ bran ma%1 plac+ x ne> ! plant4 ,?or\ghly mix #b level tablespoonfuls ( p>is gre5 9 #e p\nds ( dry bran1 !n add f #d to #f qu>ts ( wat] 9 :i* #a_/b p9t ( *eap molasses has be5 mix$4 ,cutworms "w at night1 !re=e apply ! ma% 9 ! late aft]noon or ev5+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,plants attack$ ,suck+ ,"* ,treatm5t insects ( damage ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tomato1 potato1 ,leaf ,hopp] ,fe$s "u !,du/ or spray ) /rawb]ries1 leaf1 caus+ a prep>$ nicot9e & beans4 a :it5+ &or pyre?rum mixture4 curve ( ! ,bordeaux mixture is leaves ) also effective z a dy+ ( ! a repell5t4 edges4 ,practically all ,aphis ,sucks ! ,ei!r du/ or spray g>d5 vegetable 7plant lice7 juices on ! ) a nicot9e or plants4 "u side ( pyre?rum mixture z ! leaves & recomm5d$ on ! on ! /ems4 package4 ,be sure to hit ! insects on ! "u side ( ! leaves4 ,cabbage gr\p1 ,r$ ,spid] ,sucks ! ,apply a du/+ /rawb]ries1 juices f !sulfur4 & beans4 "u side ( ! leaves1 produc+ a :iti% ca/ on ! cabbage gr\p & a br[ni% ca/ on ! o!r gr\ps4 ,especially preval5t dur+ prolong$ dry hot spells4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,table ,,iii 7pages #ajg-ajh7 describes ! "* ( damage done by bo? gr\ps ( insects1 ! plants attack$ & ! mo/ effective me?ods ( control4 ,d's ,gr[ vegetables = heal?1 recreation & economy4 ,organize ! vegetable g>d5 = a maximum ( output1 v>iety ( foods & to facilitate its c>e4 ,use lime & *emical f]tiliz] or manure lib]ally = int5sive culture4 ,combat insects by /imulat+ plant gr[? & by us+ appropriate le?al products4 ,don'ts ,don't plant a g>d5 9 hit-or-miss fa%ion1 if maximum food return is expect$4 ,don't neglect fir/ appe>ances ( insect damage4 ,f9d out ! cause ( injury & use recomm5d$ measures = control4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,,home ,,fruits ,,& ,,bees ,a wide v>iety ( fruits may be gr[n satisfactorily = home use4 ,:]e no fruit trees are gr[+ ! be/ plan is to set out individual trees or bu% fruits ( ! /&>d types & v>ieties1 add+ to ! collection lat] z ! ne$s ( ! family develop & ! adaptability ( ! area = v>ieties manife/s itself ?r\gh crop production4 ,all fruits ?rive be/ on a deep1 well-dra9$ soil4 ,x is difficult to secure good results :]e ! area is depress$ & air dra9age is poor4 ,elevation ( ! area plant$ is desirable !re=e f ! /&po9t ( bo? wat] & air dra9age4 ,a numb] ( que/ions confront ! prospective gr[] ( fruits4 ,he ne$s to "k1 among o!r ?+s1 ! k9d ( fruit to plant1 ! necess>y di/ance betwe5 ! trees or plants & ! probable yield4 ,! foll[+ plant+ guide w be f\nd helpful 9 answ]+ ^! que/ions4 ,,home ,,fruits ,,& ,,bees ,,plant+ ,,guide#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,av]age numb] ,e/imat$ yield ( ,di/ance,di/ance at maturity plants ,k9d ( fruit betwe5 betwe5 ------------------------ to r[s1 plants1 ,av]age ,av]age ! feet feet p] acre p] plant acre ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bg ,apples #dj #dj #ace bu%els #e bu%els #ij ,pe>s #bb #bb #ij bu%els #a bu%el #bjj ,qu9ces #af #af #ajj bu%els #a_/b bu%el #ij ,pea*es #bb #bb #ij bu%els #a bu%el #ij ,nect>9es #bb #bb #ij bu%els #a bu%el #ij ,plums #bb #bb #ij bu%els #a bu%el #ij ,*]ries 7s\r7 #bb #bb #ij bu%els #a bu%el #dh ,*]ries 7sweet7 #cj #cj #ej bu%els #a bu%el #f1jjj ,/rawb]ries #c-a_/b #b #b1bej qu>ts #c_/d p9t 7matt$ r[7 p] /ool #a1hjj ,raspb]ries #h #c #b1jjj qu>ts #a qu>t #a1hjj ,blackb]ries #h #c #b1djj qu>ts#a-a_/d qu>ts #a1bjj ,dewb]ries #f #f #a1hjj qu>ts #a qu>t 7hill sy/em7 #a1hjj ,gooseb]ries #h #c #e1djj qu>ts #c qu>ts #a1hjj ,currants #h #c #c1fjj qu>ts #b qu>ts #fhj ,grapes #h #h #d1jjj p\nds #f p\nds ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! selection ( v>ieties ( tree fruits is highly important4 ,"s sorts are preem95tly adapt$ to home use because ( _! high quality ( edibility :ile o!rs are pref]r$ = comm]cial production on acc\nt ( _! good %ipp+ qualities & high yields p] acre4 ,x is advisable = ! gr[] to inquire ( 8 /ate agricultural college reg>d+ v>ieties to plant4 ,responsible nurs]y firms w also advise on v>ieties t w be/ meet ! ne$s ( ! pur*as] f ! /&po9t ( family use & adaptability to soil & climatic conditions4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are recomm5d$ = g5]al home use 9 nor?-c5tral areas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 subject to *eck by local au?orities4 ,! apple & pea* v>ieties are giv5 9 ! ord] ( rip5+4 ,apples3 ,william ,weal?y ,mc,intosh ,rome ,/ayman ,pea*es 7all free/one73 ,gold5 ,jubilee ,georgia ,belle ,elb]ta ,j4 ,h4 ,hale ,pe>s3 ,b>tlett ,seckel ,*]ries3 ,montmor5cy or ,e>ly ,ri*mond 7s\r7 ,black ,t>t>ian 7sweet7 ,plums3 ,damson 7blue7 ,burbank 7r$7 ,ab\t fifty /rawb]ry plants w be ne$$ = a r[ #ajj feet long4 ,because ( we$ infe/ations 9 old b$s1 x w be m satisfactory to set a new r[ ea* ye> & de/roy ! old "o4 ,! plants dur+ ! season ( sett+ %\ld be tra9$ to =m a matt$ r[ ab\t #b feet wide4 ,mul*+ ! plants aft] a freeze 9 ! fall ) /raw or o!r simil> mat]ial w prev5t injury caus$ by heav+ ( ! soil4 ,currants & gooseb]ries %\ld be prun$ annually & only ! "o- or two-ye>-old wood reta9$ = production4 ,?9n+ out 9 ?is mann] w give bett] size & quality4 ,:]e ! currant worm is tr\blesome ! foliage %\ld be du/$ ) ars5ate ( lead or ,p>is gre5 z soon z x is well develop$ & be=e ! fruit is />t$4 ,ab\t ?irty currant or gooseb]ry plants w be ne$$ = a #ajj-;foot r[1 & !y c be plant$ along a f5ce or o!r b\nd>y l9e4 ,blackb]ries & raspb]ries %\ld be set #c feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 #ajj feet requir+ ?irty to ?irty-five plants4 ,old canes %\ld be prun$ out aft] fruit+ & ! weak] new canes %\ld be remov$ :5 dormant1 leav+ #f or #h in*es betwe5 ! /&+ canes4 ,lat]al bran*es %\ld be cut back 9 e>ly spr+ to ab\t #a foot 9 l5g? & ! upright canes cut back to un9jur$ wood1 ?us remov+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! gr[?4 ,grapes ne$ sev]e prun+ to produce satisfactory yields ( good quality4 ,?is is be/ done 9 late w9t]4 ,x is a good plan to prune s t f #ae to #cj or possibly #dj buds are left on ea* mature v9e1 dep5d+ ^u ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,two or ?ree clu/]s ( fruit w develop on ! %oot t gr[s f ea* bud4 ,a #ajj-;foot r[ ( grapes w require twelve plants4 ,!re are _m f9e v>ieties ( grapes & sev]al c be us$ 9 a s+le r[4 ,9 ord]+ /ock = plant+1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ sure ( ! reliability ( ! nurs]y4 ,z a g5]al rule x is bett] to ord] f a nurs]y 9 ! vic9ity1 ?us elim9at+ losses due to %ipp+ great di/ances & also mak+ sure t ! v>ieties or /ra9s 7 gr[n = use 9 ! area 9 "q4 ,^u ! arrival ( ! /ock f ! nurs]y1 x %\ld be heel$ 9 at once4 ,t is1 ! roots %\ld be cov]$ 9 a tr5* s t !y w n dry out be=e !y c be plant$ 9 ! desir$ location4 ,9 ! case ( a few trees t c be set imm$iately1 ?is is n necess>y4 ,ne>ly all c\ntry places h suffici5t area = plant+ small fruits &1 z is ! case ) vegetables1 fre%ness & f9e-flavor$ v>ieties w comp5sate = ! labor involv$ 9 gr[+ !m4 ,/rawb]ries1 currants1 gooseb]ries1 blackb]ries1 r$ & black raspb]ries & grapes are especially desirable = home plant+s4 ,"s high-quality v>ieties are giv5 = ! *oice ( ! home own]1 subject to confirmation by au?orities acqua9t$ ) specific conditions & int5d$ prim>ily = home use4 ,/rawb]ries 79 ord] ( rip5+73 ,h[>d #ag ,fairfax ,ab]de5 ,joe ,*esapeake ,ma/odon is recomm5d$ = ! ev]be>+ type4 ,currants3 ,fay ,wild] ,gooseb]ries3 ,*autauqua ,poorman ,blackb]ries3 ,russell ,w>d ,eldorado = bu% types ,black ,diamond = ! trail+ type requir+ a trellis & rip5+ late 9 ! season4 ,r$ ,raspb]ries 79 ord] ( rip5+73 ,ran]e ,vik+ ,la?am ,black ,raspb]ries3 ,cumb]l& ,quill5 ,grapes 7g5]al li/1 9 ord] ( rip5+73 ,ont>io 7:ite7 ,fr$onia 7black7 ,delaw>e 7r$7 ,brighton 7r$7 ,gold5 ,muscat 7:ite7 ,concord 7blue7 ,%]idan 7black7 ,= ^? desir+ a succession ( blue-black v>ieties1 ,fr$onia1 ,concord & ,%]idan are recomm5d$4 ,controll+ ,insect & ,fung\s ,pe/s4--,plant pe/s ( v>i\s k9ds infe/ tree fruits & small fruits4 ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ me?od ( controll+ leaf-*ew+ insects is by apply+ ars5ate ( lead on ! foliage4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid /a9+ ! fruit ) poison\s spray or ?or\gh wa%+ w be necess>y be=e x is safe to consume4 ,! control ( o!r insect pe/s & fung\s plant diseases has be5 well work$ out by agricultural exp]im5t /ations ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ^! me?ods %\ld be s\ght be=e attempt+ any campaign ( suppression4 ,a b>rel spray pump1 m\nt$ on a h& truck or on a vehicle1 equipp$ ) pl5ty ( hose w be f\nd satisfactory = spray+ plant+s ( mode/ size4 ,rejuv5at+ an ,old ,or*>d4--,! pur*as] ( an old-e/abli%$ f>m w usually f9d he has acquir$ "s apple trees ( unc]ta9 age & heal?4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! trees c be r5ovat$ & rejuv5at$ s t !y w aga9 be> fruit4 ,if ! trees h sev]al s\nd limbs & are mak+ "s gr[? ea* ye>1 !y may be consid]$ wor? sav+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 brok5 tops & limbs accompani$ by l>ge rott$ cavities w create too great an exp5se if an attempt is made to re/ore !m to usefulness4 ,! v>ieties %\ld be det]m9$ be=e s]i\s ef=ts at r5ovation are und]tak51 s t ! /r5u\s "w necess>y = re/oration may n be wa/$ on undesirable fruit4 ,/eps 9 ,r5ovation4--,! fir/ op]ation 9 r5ovation is prun+4 ,mo/ ( ?is %\ld be done 9 e>ly spr+ dur+ ! dormant season & supplem5t$ 9 ,june or ,july :5 ! trees are 9 leaf4 ,l>ge brok5 limbs & dead wood %\ld be remov$1 toge!r ) int]f]+ bran*es1 & ^? rea*+ too high %\ld be head$ back4 ,at ab\t ! same "t t prun+ is />t$ ! loose b>k %\ld be ?or\ghly scrap$ (f & burn$1 ?us de/roy+ insects & fungi t attack ! fruit4 ,h>bor+ places = fur!r infe/ations are also ?us remov$4 ,if ! trees are badly 9 ne$ ( prun+1 x is be/ to d ! job ov] a p]iod ( two or ?ree ye>s r ?an all at "o "t1 due to ! t5d5cy ( trees to suck] & develop a multiplicity ( small non-be>+ bran*es4 ,spray+1 f]tiliz+ & cultivation1 :]e t is possible1 %\ld foll[ ! prun+ & scrap+ jobs4 ,spray s*$ules & cultural practices be/ adapt$ to ! region c be obta9$ )\t co/ by apply+ to /ate or c\nty agricultural ag5cies4 ,ord9>ily two or ?ree ye>s are requir$ to rejuv5ate ^! trees & beg9 to secure a crop4 ,production w !n increase 9 quantity & quality dur+ succe$+ ye>s4 ,bees z ,poll9ators4--,! production ( fruits ( all k9ds is dep5d5t ^u poll9ation ( _! blossoms by bees & o!r w+$ insects4 ,bees ( _m species are useful 9 poll5 di/ribution1 b ! mo/ important is ! honey bee1 :i* is available 9 l>g] numb]s j at fl[]+ "t1 seek+ nect> f ! fl[]s4 ,9 l>ge comm]cial or*>ds colonies ( honey bees are set at regul> int]vals to insure adequate poll9ation1 usually "o hive p] acre4 ,a practical me?od ( add+ to c\nty life enjoym5t & add+ to income z well is ! keep+ ( bees = honey production4 ,secur+ a ,honey ,crop4--,bee husb&ry c be c>ri$ on successfully z a specializ$ side l9e :]e only small areas ( l& are available4 ,colonies c be locat$ at "o side ( ! g>d5 or plac$ "u trees :]e !y w n be di/urb$ ei!r ?r\gh accid5t or by cultivation ( ! plot imm$iately surr\nd+ !m4 ,! activity ( ! bees dur+ ! nect>-ga!r+ season1 accompani$ by ! well-kn[n hum z !y d>t 9 & out ( ! hive1 makes a g5u9e appeal to ! c\ntry dwell]4 ,?is appeal is height5$ by ! fact t !y are work+ = him1 9 "p at lea/1 & )\t 8 hav+ to pay = _! raid+ ! nect> f ! fl[]s ar\nd4 ,he kn[s t 8 ef=ts 9 provid+ favorable work+ conditions = ! bees w be repaid by a h>ve/ ( salable honey4 ,a colony at full /r5g? j at ! "r "t w inv>iably ga!r a surplus4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 ,beekeep+4--,! beg9n] 9 bee husb&ry %\ld pur*ase e/abli%$ colonies f a reputable bus9ess conc]n or f beekeep]s 9 ! neighborhood ( 8 home4 ,he %\ld beg9 9 a small way ) a few colonies1 le>n ! bus9ess ) a small inve/m5t & !n increase z 8 lik+ = ! "w develops & ! m>ket = ! product exp&s4 ,be+ able to read ! signs at ! entrance to ! hive is ! sure/ way to success4 ,too mu* manipulation is j z h>mful z neglect4 ,! novice 9 beekeep+ :o is really int]e/$ & foll[s c>efully a few details ga9$ f a reliable bee book %\ld h>ve/ at lea/ #cj p\nds ( honey a ye> f ea* colony4 ,exp]ts get mu* l>g] yields & h be5 kn[n to secure #bjj p\nds p] colony & #bjj sections ( comb honey f "o hive4 ,! decid+ factor 9 produc+ honey is ! skill ( ! wat*ful beekeep]1 assum+ ( c\rse t !re is a suffici5t supply ( nect>-secret+ blossoms 9 ! area4 ,! co/ ( engag+ 9 bee husb&ry is nom9al4 ,an e/abli%$ colony ( ! pref]r$ ,italian bees %\ld co/ ab\t #h4 ,! equipm5t %\ld include two fitt$ sup]s = ea* colony 9 :i* ! bees may /ore ! honey1 co/+ ab\t #c ea*2 a veil to protect ! head & face1 l9se$-oil-soak$ canvas gloves1 a bee smok]1 a hive tool & a bee escape 7ne$$ = remov+ ! bees f fill$ sup]s71 ea* item co/+ less ?an a doll>4 ,an additional piece ( app>atus1 a que5 exclud]1 is ne$$ = ea* hive1 to keep ! que5 9 ! l[] *amb] & prev5t ! mix+ ( /or$ honey surplus & develop+ bees4 ,! pr9cipal nect>-secret+ plants are ! clov]s1 sumac1 buck:eat1 cranb]ry & blueb]ry blossoms1 gold5rod1 a/]s & mall[s4 ,s9ce ^! plants bloom at v>y+ p]iods dur+ ! gr[+ season1 ! beekeep] w f9d x necess>y to adju/ 8 op]ations 9 accordance ) ! nect>-produc+ capacity ( 8 own region4 ,! exp]i5ce ( successful beekeep]s w be f\nd helpful z a guide 9 tak+ ! successive & ord]ly /eps necess>y to secure maximum honey crops4 ,9 _m /ates !re are associations ( beekeep]s =m$ = mutual advantage & ! promotion ( ! indu/ry4 ,! novice c h>dly expect to le>n unless he affiliates himself ) su* gr\ps & att5ds _! meet+s4 ,subscription to a good bee j\rnal is also desirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,colonies ( honey bees locat$ ne> ! s\rce ( nect> supply4 ,sell+ ! ,product4--,honey c be m>ket$ 9 ! comb or 9 glass j>s 9 ! extract$ or cry/al =m4 ,_m suburban beekeep]s dispose ( _! crop 9 _! own neighborhood or at roadside /&s4 ,_m food products are be+ promot$ :i* conta9 honey z "o +r$i5t1 & ?is op5s an attractive field to ! res\rceful beekeep]4 ,! heal?ful qualities ( honey = human consumption are be+ giv5 great] recognition & x appe>s t ! m>ket = locally produc$ honey ( high quality is /eadily exp&+4 ,d's ,fruit trees %\ld be includ$ 9 e c\ntry home[n]'s plan4 ,be sure v>ieties are su* z w yield1 pl5tifully1 good quality fruit4 ,use bu% fruits z ornam5tals & s\rces ( food to be put 9 cans4 ,seek advice on fruit problems f ! /ate agricultural college4 ,old or*>ds may be rejuv5at$ "u prop] sy/ems ( managem5t4 ,use colonies ( bees to poll9ate fruit blossoms & to produce honey4 ,beg9 bee husb&ry 9 a small way at fir/ & get advice f exp]i5c$ bee culturi/s4 ,sell surplus honey 9 home m>kets4 ,don'ts ,don't plant v>ieties ( fruits t are ill adapt$ to climatic conditions4 ,don't ov]look ! necessity ( prep>+ = insect attacks 9 advance ( appe>ance4 ,don't e/abli% bee colonies )\t mak+ sure t prop] c>e ( !m c be tak54 ,don't try to practice horticulture or bee husb&ry )\t frequ5tly obta9+ exp]t advice4 ,*apt] ,,ix ,,p\ltry ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,income ,! majority ( ! own]s ( small f>m prop]ties are int]e/$ 9 ! possibilities ( p\ltry keep+ z a means ( add+ to ! family income4 ,ef=ts 9 ?is direction are logical f a numb] ( angles4 ,= example1 ! keep+ ( p\ltry appeals to !m z an int]e/+ l9e ( "w = ! sake ( ! activity itself4 ,fur!rmore1 ! co/ ( h\s+ a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( lay+ h5s is n exp5sive1 z comp>$ ) ! inve/m5t requir$ 9 o!r agricultural ent]prises4 ,aga91 !re is a ready m>ket = ! eggs & = ! p\ltry 9 ! neighborhood :]e ! ent]prise is c>ri$ on4 ,no d\bt1 too1 ! m or less fabul\s /ories ( easy pr(its h /imulat$ a desire to get into ?is bus9ess & to make x a r important s\rce ( income4 ,aga91 !re is ! ?\ght t ! "w involv$ 9 fe$+ & c>+ = ! flock c be c>ri$ on by ano!r memb] ( ! family :5 ! own] or pr9cipal bread-w9n] is engag$ 9 "s o!r activity tempor>ily4 ,all ^! factors h t5d$ to develop 9 ! m9d ( ! settl] 9 ! c\ntry a pretty def9ite idea t he c supplem5t ! family income ) p\ltry4 ,sometimes ?is idea is errone\s & !re is apt to be little def9ite k on ! "p ( ! new own] z to co/s1 problems & pr(its t are likely to accrue4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( ! writ] to outl9e "s def9ite recomm5dations = ! prospective p\ltryman :i* w enable him to safegu>d 8 inve/m5t & prev5t ! v s]i\s losses t h occurr$ to _m :o h n tak5 into consid]ation all ( ! factors involv$4 ,soil ,type4--,! prospective p\ltryman w1 if he is wise1 make sure t ! soil is adapt$ to ! project4 ,! ideal soil = p\ltry rais+ is suffici5tly por\s to furni% good wat] dra9age & yet n s op5 or s&y z to be incapable ( crop production4 ,a por\s soil is w>m] ?an a clay soil & is m conducive to good sanitation ?r\gh p]mitt+ moi/ure & debris to be c>ri$ quickly to ! subsoil4 ,if ! subsoil is ( a gravelly nature ! natural condition w be improv$4 ,presumably ! same type ( soil t w be> ! p\ltry plant %\ld be capable ( produc+ g>d5 crops1 gr[+ %ade or fruit trees satisfactorily & produc+ grass & %ort-root$ crops t c be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! p\ltry plant or ! beautification ( ! home surr\nd+s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! soil type mu/ be productive & capable ( improvem5t :ile be+ well dra9$ & conducive to good sanitation4 ,heavy clay soils or ^? ) rock /rata close to ! surface are to be avoid$4 ,successful p\ltry f>ms are op]at$ on bo? level & roll+ l&s4 ,extremely flat topography %\ld be avoid$ & also precipit\s slopes4 ,if ! site is on roll+ l& ! p\ltry plant %\ld be locat$ on a slope ) s\!rn exposure to secure w>m?1 quick] dry+ conditions & protection f cold nor? w9ds4 ,bre$s ( ,p\ltry4--,f[ls h be5 dome/icat$ & br$ = ages all ov] ! _w4 ,z ! result ( v>i\s cross+s a l>ge numb] ( types or bre$s ( p\ltry are available = pres5t-day use & propagation4 ,"s ( ^! bre$s are ma9ta9$ = %[ or novelty purposes only & furni% an int]e/+ field = ! fanci]4 ,= ! p]son :o is engag+ 9 ! comm]cial p\ltry bus9ess ! *oice ( bre$ n>r[s to a v few utility types4 ,= purely egg-produc+ purposes or = broil]s weigh+ slightly ov] a p\nd at kill+ "t1 ! light ,m$it]ranean bre$s are ! mo/ effici5t4 ,less fe$ is ne$$ = ma9ta9+ ! egg ma*9e itself & less room p] bird requir$4 ,( ^! s-call$ egg bre$s1 ! ,:ite ,leghorn is 9 a class by itself4 ,?is bre$ is not$ = its l>ge :ite-%ell$ eggs :i* top ! m>kets :]e ?is color egg is 9 dem&4 ,9 ! mo/ int5sive egg-produc+ areas ( ! c\ntry ! ,:ite ,leghorn pr$om9ates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is bre$ is n a good meat produc]1 ! mature birds be+ light 9 weight4 ,= ! dual purpose ( egg & meat production ! ,am]ican bre$s are ! mo/ popul>4 ,! pr9cipal comm]cial types ( ?is g5]al purpose gr\p are ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes & ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s4 ,9 "s in/ances crosses ( ^! bre$s are prov+ good lay]s & highly effici5t meat produc]s4 ,! ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes & ,r$s h bright yell[ sk91 %anks & beak :i* are desir$ 9 m>ket p\ltry4 ,!y are good w9t] lay]s1 p>ticul>ly1 & "s /ra9s h be5 develop$ t rival ! ,leghorn 9 ! numb] ( eggs p] bird4 ,bo? ! ,:ite & ! ,b>r$ ,plym\? ,rocks are popul> among ^? seek+ a dual purpose bre$1 & be+ slightly heavi] ?an ,:ite ,wy&ottes & ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s !y are pref]r$ by _m p\ltrym54 ,! latt] two bre$s are rapidly increas+ 9 popul>ity & _! be/ qualities are be+ br\ght out m uni=mly by c>eful selection ( bre$+ /ock 9 ea* case4 ,all ( ^! ,am]ican bre$s lay br[n eggs4 ,9 addition to ! egg & ! dual purpose types ( p\ltry epitomiz$ by ! ,leghorn & ! ,plym\? ,rock1 respectively1 !re are bre$s :i* are prim>ily meat produc]s4 ,less att5tion is paid to ! egg-produc+ ability ( ^! ?an is ! case ) ! o!rs m5tion$4 ,! ,brahmas1 ,co*9s & ,lang%ans /& 9 high reg>d z economical meat produc]s4 ,! ,j]sey ,black ,giant is a m rec5t addition to ! popul> heavy bre$s1 especially = ! capon trade4 ,^! ,asiatic types gr[ sl[ly & are phlegmatic 9 movem5t s t !y utilize fe$ = ! economical developm5t ( high quality meat & atta9 great weight4 ,= broil]s ( m ?an #a-a_/b p\nds ea*1 = roa/+ *ick5s & = capons1 ! dual purpose bre$s are becom+ m popul> ?an ! extremely heavy bre$s due to _! m rapid gr[? & m popul> weight av]age at m>ket+ "t4 ,buy+ ,/ock4--,! advantages ( buy+ & ma9ta9+ def9ite bre$s ( p\ltry are n[ s well und]/ood t ! mix$ or mongrel flock is fa/ disappe>+4 ,hav+ decid$ :i* type ( f[l is be/ adapt$ to "o's m>ket & ideas1 !re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ a bre$ t w fit ! ne$4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! attributes ( high egg production or f9e quality ( meat are inh]5t 9 c]ta9 bre$s4 ,a s+le bre$ means uni=mity 9 color1 size & %ape ( ! eggs :i* increases _! m>ketability4 ,m attractive appe>ance ( ! flock & great] effici5cy f fe$+ )\t additional co/ are o!r advantages p]ta9+ to /&>diz+ ! flock z to bre$4 ,/ock may be acquir$ z day-old *icks1 z t5- to twelve-week-old pullets or z adult birds ready to lay4 ,hat*+ eggs may also be b\ght if desir$1 b x w be f\nd m satisfactory & j z economical = ! inexp]i5c$ p]son to buy ! hat*$ *ick or ! m mature birds4 ,! hat*+ & brood+ processes are fraught ) difficulties :i* may be especially acute = ! amateur4 ,! greate/ dem& at ! pres5t "t1 & prop]ly s1 is = day-old *icks4 ,a highly specializ$ indu/ry has be5 develop$ = ! purpose ( supply+ ?is dem& & a reputation = reliability has be5 e/abli%$ by _m conc]ns cat]+ to ?is trade4 ,p\ltry ,h\se ,con/ruction4--,:]e flocks ( p\ltry are to be kept = egg production1 special lay+ h\ses mu/ be provid$ 9 addition to brood] h\ses t w be ne$$ 9 any case4 ,"o ( ! be/ types ( brood] h\se is ! two-room type develop$ by ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 ,su* a h\se %\ld be ab\t #h by #ad feet1 & m\nt$ on skids = conv5i5ce 9 mov+4 ,a movable p>tition divides ! h\se into two rooms4 ,?us a cold room is provid$ = ex]cis+ & a w>m room = sleep+4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! two rooms helps to h>d5 ! *icks1 :ile ! r$uc$ space ab\t ! hov] cons]ves ! heat4 ,a great deal ( /udy has be5 giv5 to ! con/ruction ( lay+ h\ses = p\ltry4 ,! purposes 9 m9d h be5 to obta9 maximum sunlight ?r\gh\t ! day1 protection f /orms & f dampness1 & adequate v5tilation4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a mod]n lay+ h\se1 #a squ>e foot ( glass %\ld be provid$ = e #bj squ>e feet ( floor space4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be h+$ s t !y may be op5$ 9 w>m wea!r4 ,"o ( ! comm]cial glass sub/itutes t are n[ on ! m>ket may be us$ in/ead ( ord9>y glass to all[ violet light rays to rea* ! birds4 ,! o!r op5+s p]mit free circulation ( air ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,!y %\ld be equipp$ ) musl9 curta9s to be us$ dur+ /orms & 9 extremely cold wea!r4 ,su* a h\se c be us$ ! ye> r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ,p\ltry ,tribune7 ,?is sket* %[s an end view ( a practical & inexp5sive %$-ro( lay+ h\se4 ,detail$ blue pr9ts = use 9 con/ruct+ su* a h\se c usually be obta9$ f c\nty agricultural ag5ts or /ate agricultural colleges4 ,illu/ration3 ,a f9e flock ( lay]s4 ,! hopp]s furni% lay+ ma% & ! f\nta9s supply dr9k+ wat]4 ,scrat* gra9 is ?r[n 9 ! litt]4 ,! floor ( ! lay+ h\se mu/ be dry at all times if vigor & heal? are to be ma9ta9$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] !re %\ld be ab\t #aj in*es ( dry litt] 9 ! =m ( /raw1 peat moss or %av+s mix$ ) ! /raw4 ,small w9d[s 9 ! re> wall w make = bett] di/ribution ( ! litt]1 s9ce ! birds scrat* away f ! light4 ,equipm5t & ,appliances4--,a great deal ( h& labor & daily drudg]y c be elim9at$ by equipp+ ! h\se ) prop]ly con/ruct$ appliances4 ,^! w n only save labor b w also supply ! birds ) _! ne$s at ! "t ! ne$ = c]ta9 mat]ials is felt & ?us contribute to heal? & flock effici5cy4 ,! be/ me?od ( fe$+ dry ma% is f a hopp]4 ,?is %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to hold a res]ve supply at all times t w run into ! fe$ tr\gh z x is consum$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 con/ruction to prev5t ! birds f ?r[+ out ! ma% ) _! beaks & ?us wa/+ x4 ,wat] f\nta9s ( a /&>d type t w furni% ! birds ) a con/ant am\nt ( fre% wat] are available at p\ltry supply h\ses4 ,receptacles %\ld also be provid$ = grit1 gr\nd oy/] %ell & *>coal :i* c be easily fill$4 ,a slop+ bo>d %\ld be plac$ ov] ^! receptacles to prev5t ! birds f roo/+ on !m & soil+ ! cont5ts4 ,b9s s con/ruct$ z to be v]m9-pro( & moi/ure-pro( %\ld be available = /or+ ! scrat* gra9 & o!r conc5trat$ fe$s4 ,provision = /or+ litt] :]e x c be kept clean & dry w be necess>y4 ,if long /raw is to be us$1 a cutt] op]at$ by h& or by a motor w prove useful 9 f9+ ! /raw4 ,! scrat* gra9 w be spread ?r\gh ! litt] on ! floor1 compell+ ! birds to scrat* = x & ?us obta9 ne$$ ex]cise4 ,artificial ,light+4--,mod]n lay+ h\ses are equipp$ ) electric lights t are turn$ on & (f automatically4 ,artificial light+ prolongs ! h5's work+ day :5 ! days are %ort1 result+ 9 great] food consumption & m ex]cise :i* w increase egg production & give bett] heal? & /am9a at seasons :5 m eggs augm5t pr(its4 ,a #dj-watt bulb %\ld be plac$ 9 "o receptacle ) reflector = ea* #bjj squ>e feet ( floor space1 locat$ midway betwe5 ! front wall & ! front l9e ( p]*es4 ,inve/m5t ,ne$$ = ! ,/>t4--,! prospective p\ltryman %\ld be famili> ) ! pr9cipal items ( co/ be=e engag+ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,to be ?us =ew>n$ is to be =e>m$4 ,! scale ^u :i* "o takes up comm]cial p\ltry production %\ld dep5d ^u exp]i5ce 9 cop+ ) ! indu/ry's peculi> problems & ^u ! am\nt ( capital available4 ,success dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 bo? ^u skill 9 h&l+ ! p\ltry & ^u ! capitalization ( ! plant4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ t co/s c be only approximate & are usable z guides only4 ,!y w v>y accord+ to geographical location1 g5]al economic conditions1 labor co/s & ! b>ga9+ p[] ( ! individual4 ,! figures "h giv5 are = a plant compris$ ( #a1ejj lay+ h5s--! m9imum numb] f :i* a liv+ c be obta9$ & probably ! maximum numb] t c be c>$ = by "o p]son4 ,! h\ses = ! flock w necess>ily include a lay+ h\se ( ! multiple unit or o!r simil> type1 :i* %\ld co/ ab\t #a1jjj4 ,9 addition1 eight brood] h\ses w be ne$$ to c>e = ! *icks & gr[+ /ock1 co/+ ab\t #ajj ea*1 or a total ( #hjj4 ,! gr[+ /ock :5 on range w ne$ %elt]s = protection aga9/ hot sun & ra91 & ^! %\ld be built = ab\t #be ea*1 or a total ( #bjj1 mak+ a total co/ = build+s & ! necess>y int]ior equipm5t ab\t #b1jjj4 ,9 addition to ?is item1 !re w be ne$$ ab\t #a1ejj = ! pur*ase ( pullets at #a4jj ea*1 mak+ a gr& total ( #c1ejj4 ,if baby *icks are pur*as$1 x w be necess>y to buy n less ?an #d1jjj ( ^! if ! op]ator is to obta9 #a1ejj desirable lay+ birds4 ,! co/ ( ^! *icks w dep5d ^u ! bre$+ t is beh9d !m1 ^u :e!r !y are blood-te/$ to elim9ate bacill>y :ite di>rhea 7a sc\rge ( "y *icks7 & ! g5]al c>e t has be5 tak5 9 ! hat*]y to produce good1 livable *icks4 ,?is c>e1 incid5tally1 mu/ ext5d to flocks f :i* ! hat*+ eggs are secur$1 z well z to ! f9al incubat+ process4 ,*icks sold at extremely l[ prices are r>ely b>ga9s4 ,quality is f> m important ?an l[ fir/ co/4 ,assum+ a co/ ( #ad c5ts p] *ick z an av]age = *icks t w produce virile1 productive lay]s1 ! initial inve/m5t = ?is item w be betwe5 #ejj & #fjj4 ,!re=e1 if *icks are pur*as$1 x w r$uce ! item = /ock f ! am\nt ( #a1ejj giv5 above1 :i* w\ld repres5t ! co/ ( p>tly gr[n pullets4 ,assum+ t ! complete p\ltry plant already /ock$ w co/ #c1ejj1 we mu/ add to ! budget ( ! prospective p\ltryman a sum = ! pur*ase ( a f>m ( f #e acres upw>d1 includ+ a resid5ce4 ,9 mo/ localities a small tract ) a mode/ h\se c be pur*as$ = ab\t #d1jjj4 ,if only ! l& is pur*as$1 t %\ld be available at #bjj an acre z a subdivision ( a l>g] tract4 ,assum+ t a h\se co/+ #c1jjj w be suitable = ! op]ator & 8 family1 ! total outlay w be 9 ! neighborhood ( #g1ejj4 ,exp]i5c$ p\ltrym5 e/imate t a mode/ p\ltry f>m ( ! type above describ$ c be put into op]ation = an inve/m5t ( #e p] bird4 ,if x is plann$ to beg9 ) a small] flock ?an #a1ejj individual lay]s1 ! same figures c be appli$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( birds to be kept4 ,9 %ort1 ! p\ltry h\se & equipm5t %\ld be e/imat$ on ! basis ( n less ?an #a4ej p] bird & ! co/ ( ! f>m1 resid5ce & /ock w be 9 addition to su* a *>ge4 ,! all[ance ( #a4ej p] bird provides only = simple h\s+ facilities = ! flock4 ,us+ ^! figures1 x w be easy to und]/& ! reason = ! g5]al recomm5dation t a total inve/m5t ( #aj1jjj is a requisite = a p\ltry e/abli%m5t f :i* a mode/ liv+ c be obta9$4 ,:ile ! inve/m5t 9 h\s+1 l&1 resid5ce & /ock may n exce$ #g1ejj1 !re w ne$ to be suffici5t capital = pay+ ! liv+ exp5ses ( ! family until ! flock beg9s lay+ & to enable ! op]ator to pur*ase fe$ & o!r necess>y adjuncts to 8 e/abli%m5t be=e an income is obta9$4 ,= a flock ( small] size ?an ! s-call$ maximum "o-man type above describ$1 ! co/s p] bird = ! v>i\s items w apply 9 mo/ cases4 ,x is1 9 fact1 advisable to beg9 ) a small] flock if ! own] is inexp]i5c$4 ,d's ,p\ltry keep+ mu/ be effici5tly c>ri$ on to yield returns to ! c\ntry home own]4 ,select well-dra9$ soil t is free ( infection4 ,= egg production1 use ! ,leghorn2 = bo? meat & egg purposes1 ! ,am]ican bre$s are be/4 ,/&>dize on "o bre$ if possible4 ,buy ! be/ *icks or mature /ock available4 ,use a brood] h\se = ! "y birds4 ,! lay+ h\se mu/ be well v5tilat$1 fully light$ & easily clean$4 ,use late/ me*anical fe$+ & wat]+ devices to save labor4 ,employ artificial light+ to l5g!n ! h5's work+ day4 ,"w t[>d ! "o-man plant--a total ( #a1ejj lay+ h5s--= mo/ effici5t results4 ,don'ts ,don't try to raise p\ltry 9 build+s t may /ill c>ry infection4 ,don't economize by buy+ *eap *icks or bre$+ /ock4 ,don't ov]look importance ( heal? factors & productive qualities 9 det]m9+ value ( /ock pur*as$4 ,don't try to op]ate a p\ltry plant ) ill-adapt$ build+s & equipm5t4 ,*apt] ,x ,,successful ,,managem5t ,,( ,,p\ltry ,! successful p\ltryman w h set up 8 e/abli%m5t ) due att5tion to adequate h\s+1 good /ock1 facilities = ma9ta9+ sanitation & = creat+ g5]ally favorable conditions = egg production4 ,8 next problem w be t ( adopt+ successful me?ods ( managem5t s t he may obta9 a satisfactory net income f ! inve/m5t4 ,fe$s & ,fe$+4--,!re are two gr\ps ( mat]ials t are ess5tial 9 food rations = all ages ( p\ltry4 ,! organic fe$s include gra9s & gra9 by-products1 hays1 grasses & vegetables4 ,! inorganic fe$s include salt to increase palatability & dige/ibility ( ! ration2 lime1 to aid 9 build+ bone & body tissue z well z to furni% ! %ell mat]ial2 bone a%1 especially = gr[+ *icks1 & wat] 9 lib]al am\nts suppli$ by a f\nta9 z well z f succul5t gre5 foods4 ,! fact t a doz5 eggs conta9 approximately "o p9t ( wat] demon/rates ! necessity ( hav+ dr9k+ wat] be=e ! flock at all times4 ,! fe$+ ( baby *icks1 "y /ock & lay+ h5s has be5 sci5tifically work$ out by rese>* & practical exp]i5ce ov] a p]iod ( _m ye>s4 ,! p\ltryman1 especially if he is a novice1 w d well if he c>efully obs]ves ! recomm5dations ( compet5t au?orities4 ,! ration = ea* ( ! ?ree ages w consi/ ( a gra9 fe$ & a dry ma% compos$ ( gra9 by-products re9=c$ ) mat]ials t supply ! birds' daily nutrition requirem5ts4 ,! foll[+ rations & recomm5dations = managem5t h be5 prep>$ by ! ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey3 ,,*ick ,,ration ,baby ,*ick ,gra9 #bjj p\nds f9ely crack$ yell[ corn #ajj p\nds crack$ :eat ,f$ morn+ & ev5+1 beg9n+ :5 *icks are #cf h\rs old4 ,baby ,*ick ,ma% #bj p\nds gr\nd yell[ corn #bj p\nds :eat bran #bj p\nds fl\r middl+s #bj p\nds p9head oats #aj p\nds meat scrap 7#ej p] c5t prote97 #e p\nds dri$ butt]milk or skim-milk #b p\nds oy/] %ell meal or lime/one fl\r or bone meal #b p\nds cod liv] oil 7mix$ ) ! p9head oats7 #a p\nd table salt ,?is ma% is f$ to ! *icks z soon z !y are plac$ "u ! brood] /ove4 ,x may be plac$ 9 hopp]s4 ,let ! *icks h all !y want to eat2 "s ( ! ma% %\ld be be=e !m at all times4 ,tea* ! *icks :]e to f9d ! w>m? by enclos+ !m = a few days ) a #a_/b in* me% wire "o foot high & set f #aj to #ab in*es f ! edge ( ! hov]4 ,put "s clean grit on bits ( c>dbo>d 9 sev]al places ar\nd ! hov] :5 ! *icks are fir/ br\ght f ! incubator4 ,a little s\r skim-milk or semi-solid butt]milk1 dilut$ #a to #g 9 f\nts %\ld be available f ! beg9n+4 ,aft] ! *icks are #fj h\rs old or :5 y are sure !y are hungry1 beg9 to fe$1 us+ c>dbo>d 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,foll[ ! fe$+ *>t4 ,fe$ little & (t54 ,keep ! *icks slightly hungry4 ,wat* = dead *icks & remove !m z soon z !y are notic$4 ,att5d to heat]s e>ly & late2 be sure at all times t !y are 9 good work+ ord]4 ,clean out litt]1 p>ticul>ly b5ea? ! hov] z (t5 z x becomes soil$4 ,induce ex]cise & keep ! y\ng/]s occupi$4 ,get !m out-(-doors z e>ly z possible1 ev5 if only = a few m9utes 9 ! w>m] "p ( ! day4 ,fe$ gre5 fe$4 ,fe$ e>ly & late4 ,keep ! *icks gr[+4 ,gr[+ ,/ock ,ration4--,! baby *ick ma% c be us$ = fe$+ ! gr[+ birds1 omitt+ ! cod liv] oil if !y are on range4 ,! baby *ick gra9 ration c be us$ also dur+ ?is p]iod b x ne$ n be s f9ely crack$4 ,pl5ty ( gra9 %\ld be available at all times4 ,lay+ ,ration4--,:5 ! birds are gett+ ready to lay1 ! ration %\ld be *ang$ s t dur+ ! w9t] lay+ season ! ma% w include equal am\nts ( yell[ corn meal1 :eat bran1 :eat middl+s1 gr\nd heavy oats & meat scrap4 ,tw5ty-five p] c5t ( dri$ butt]milk or skim-milk may be sub/itut$ = an equal am\nt ( meat scrap4 ,! gra9 ration %\ld consi/ ( equal am\nts ( crack$ or :ole yell[ corn & :eat4 ,?is %\ld be f$ 9 ! late aft]noon1 giv+ suffici5t to satisfy ! appetites ( ! birds betwe5 ! "t ( go+ to roo/ & a light morn+ meal4 ,x %\ld be fully consum$ by eight o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,adequate consumption ( ma% is a prime requisite 9 egg production4 ,! fe$+ ( semi-solid butt]milk at ! rate ( #c to #e p\nds to #ajj h5s daily is recomm5d$4 ,t5 p\nds ( mangel beets p] #ajj h5s or #a squ>e in* ( well-spr\t$ oats p] bird w supply ne$$ gre5 food dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 _m cases x w be f\nd m satisfactory to pur*ase ready mix$ rations f a local deal] :o h&les reliable & sci5tifically comp\nd$ fe$s = p\ltry4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly applicable :]e ! numb] ( birds is ( ord9>y proportions4 ,little1 if any1 economy w be f\nd 9 pur*as+ small quantities ( ea* +r$i5t & attempt+ to ?or\ghly mix !m at home4 ,if ! flock is v l>ge !re may be wor?-:ile economy 9 home-mix+ ( ! ration4 ,! effici5t p\ltryman w comp>e ! co/ ( br&$ fe$s ) +r$i5t co/s to gu>d aga9/ be+ ov]*>g$4 ,9 addition to ! /&>d rations ! gr[+ /ock & lay+ birds %\ld h access at all times to grit1 %ell & *>coal1 kept 9 suitable conta9]s4 ,^! may be obta9$ ( ! local deal]4 ,sanitation4--,:5 gr[+ /ock & lay+ h5s are kept "u mod]n int5sive conditions ! obs]vance ( ! rules ( sanitation is ess5tial4 ,failure to obs]ve !m is likely to result 9 loss ( production1 s]i\s sickness ( ! flock & ! nullify+ ( all o!r con/ructive factors4 ,dropp+ bo>ds b5ea? ! roo/s mu/ be clean$ frequ5tly & regul>ly to prev5t accumulation ( fil?4 ,if ! dropp+ bo>ds are con/ruct$ ( mat*$ lumb] ) ! bo>ds runn+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y are to be scrap$ x w facilitate ! clean+ process4 ,be=e ! birds are plac$ 9 w9t] qu>t]s ! lay+ h\se %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ( all litt] & debris4 ,! int]ior may !n be ?or\ghly spray$ ) a dis9fectant compos$ ( "s good coal t> prep>ation1 & ?is repeat$ 9 ! spr+4 ,! surface w ne$ to be pa9t$ ) a good dis9fectant1 ( :i* !re are a numb] ( comm]cial prep>ations on ! m>ket4 ,a close wat* %\ld be made = v]m9 9 ! h\se & on ! birds1 & if lice or simil> p>asites are discov]$1 imm$iate action %\ld be tak5 to de/roy bo? ! adults & ! eggs1 s9ce ^! p>asites w debilitate ! flock & prev5t _! developm5t & may s]i\sly *eck _! ability to lay4 ,managem5t ( ,artificial ,lights4--,! electric lights m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] %\ld be turn$ on ab\t f\r-?irty 9 ! morn+ & kept on until daylight or us$ = an h\r 9 ! late ev5+4 ,:5 lights are us$ !re %\ld be pl5ty ( food & wat] available to enable ! birds to take advantage ( ! additional fe$+ p]iod4 ,! scrat* gra9 %\ld be increas$ by #b p\nds daily = ea* hundr$ birds :5 lights are us$4 ,_m p\ltrym5 f9d x advantage\s to h a l[ wattage light burn+ all night s t hungry individuals may get a meal & return to ! p]*es at all times4 ,?ree to five kil[att h\rs p] mon? = ea* hundr$ birds repres5ts ! av]age curr5t consumption :]e lights are us$4 ,practical ,sugge/ions = ,effici5t ,managem5t4--,a numb] ( successful p\ltrym5 7 rec5tly ask$ to /ate ! requisites = success 9 ! p\ltry indu/ry1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to :at is kn[n z ! "o-man p\ltry flock4 ,su* a flock is ( adequate size to take practically ! full "t ( "o p]son 9 its op]ation4 ,z ! result ( ! developm5t ( /&>diz$ fe$+ practices1 improv$ equipm5t & bett] me?ods ( managem5t1 ! maximum numb] ( birds t c be successfully manag$ by "o p]son has greatly increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,likewise1 ! problems ( prop] fe$+1 adequate disease control & successful sell+ h increas$ z ! size ( ! unit has gr[n & z great] int5siv5ess is practic$4 ,all ( ! successful m5 que/ion$ advis$ t ! keep+ ( p\ltry %\ld be begun 9 a small way 9 ord] t exp]i5ce c be ga9$ )\t ! risk ( los+ ! initial inve/m5t1 or t ! int5d+ op]ator %\ld ga9 practical k ( ! bus9ess by work+ on a p\ltry f>m = a ye>4 ,valuable k c also be ga9$ by att5d+ %ort c\rses 9 p\ltry husb&ry t are be+ (f]$ at mo/ agricultural colleges ) a v mod]ate exp5diture ( funds4 ,"o ( ^! successful m5 writes z foll[s3 ,we are work+ ) a man n[ :o 0 let out ( a position rec5tly b :o has "s sav+s & :o desires to g into ! p\ltry bus9ess4 ,he has pur*as$ six acres ( gr\nd1 has built a bungal[ on x & has ! f\ndations 9 = ?ree lay+ h\ses ( #ejj birds' capacity ea*4 ,he w h ample range = a two-y>ds sy/em = ea* lay+ h\se1 &1 9 addition1 w h two ranges to alt]nate ye>ly = gr[+ 8 "y /ock4 ,8 program calls = putt+ out ab\t #b1djj *icks ye>ly f :i* he %\ld h at lea/ #a1jjj pullets1 :i* he w h\se 9 two ( ! lay+ h\ses4 ,! foll[+ ye> he w c>ry ov] ab\t #ejj ( ^! birds & c fill up ) #a1jjj pullets4 ,?is is to be a "o-man plant ) possibly "s assi/ance 9 ! spr+4 ,i feel t #a1ejj birds is ! m9imum requir$ f :i* "o man c make a liv+1 & five acres devot$ to p\ltry1 prop]ly laid out1 is suffici5t area = ?is purpose4 ,if m l& is available1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,^! are m9imum requirem5ts1 z ,i see x1 & ) regul> fe$ deliv]ies directly to ! p\ltry h\se1 runn+ wat] & o!r labor-sav+ devices1 !re is no reason :y "o man _c successfully take c>e ( ?is numb] ( birds1 p>ticul>ly :]e a man is />t+ on new gr\nd :]e !re h nev] be5 any *ick5s & !re=e less *ance ( disease4 ,we advise buy+ baby *icks r ?an p>tly gr[n or mature /ock4 ,if he foll[s a def9ite economic & sanit>y program "r f ! />t1 !re is no reason :y 8 plant %\ld n c>ry on pr(itably1 indef9itely4 ,?is practical man says fur!r3 ,x is our exp]i5ce t ! majority ( ! p go+ into ! p\ltry bus9ess g 9 'bl9d4' ,_! *ick5 h\ses are put up irrespective ( range facilities & !n aft] two or ?ree ye>s :5 !y beg9 to run into tr\ble !y f9d _! mi/akes4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t y po9t out to prospective p\ltrym5 ! advisability ( fir/1 buy+ l& & develop+ _! own p\ltry plant r ?an try+ to make ov] someone else's plant2 second1 buy+ 9 a location :]e buy+ & sell+ facilities h be5 develop$2 ?ird1 gett+ 9 t\* ) a reliable local p\ltryman = guidance 9 lay+ out 8 plant & foll[+ only "o advisor4 ,by hook+ up ) only "o p\ltryman he is pres5t$ ) "o way ( do+ ?+s :i* ?is p\ltryman has f\nd successful 9 8 own bus9ess4 ,ano!r successful man /ates t ! mo/ economical "t to />t ! bus9ess is 9 ! spr+ :5 day-old *icks c be secur$ & pur*as$ at a l[] co/ ?an is possible 9 ! buy+ ( lay+ /ock at o!r seasons ( ! ye>4 ,he fur!r advises t ! greate/ mi/ake made by _m />t+ 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess is ! lack ( adequate capital4 ,too _m inve/ all ( _! money be=e any income c be secur$1 accord+ to ?is man4 ,%\ld !re be a set-back dur+ ! fir/ ye> or two1 !re is no way ( cont9u+ & ! :ole inve/m5t may be lo/4 ,/ill ano!r practical man /ates t ,site is1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ important factor to be consid]$ aft] ! decision is made t a p]son wi%es to g into ! p\ltry bus9ess4 ,successful p\ltry keep+ probably requires m c>eful selection ( a f>m ?an any o!r agricultural indu/ry4 ,!re %\ld be light soil ) good air & wat] dra9age & an area ( suffici5t size to p]mit %ift+ ! p\ltry on diff]5t areas z a means ( prev5t+ disease infection & z a means ( secur+ vigor 9 ! birds4 ,he1 too1 po9ts out t old p\ltry f>ms %\ld n be consid]$ by prospective p\ltrym5 unless !y h be5 approv$ by an exp]t 9 ^! l9es1 = ! reason t ^! f>ms are frequ5tly (f]$ = sale because ( p]si/5t disease infection :i* x is v difficult to elim9ate1 or because ( "s fundam5tal difficulty1 su* z poor soil dra9age4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( build+s1 cont9ues ?is exp]i5c$ p\ltryman1 suffici5t h\s+ %\ld be provid$ to prev5t ov]cr[d+ & ! difficulties t come 9 ! tra9 ( t condition4 ,ab\t ?ree squ>e feet ( floor space p] bird is requir$ = ! light] bre$s su* z ,leghorns1 & f\r to five squ>e feet p] bird = ! heavi] bre$s4 ,= ! "o-man plant1 ! recomm5dation is = a maximum ( ab\t #a1ejj birds4 ,?is w\ld require f #d1ejj to #e1bej squ>e feet ( floor space suitably arrang$ = ! light] bre$s ( ! ,leghorn type4 ,= ! "y /ock to be us$ z replacem5ts1 sev5 to t5 brood] h\ses1 #aj by #ab feet 9 size1 w\ld be requir$ & ab\t ! same numb] ( range %elt]s1 usually #f by #h feet1 = ! purpose ( %elt]+ gr[+ "y /ock f hot sun & heavy ra9s :5 !y are out on range4 ,probable ,net ,income4--,_m p]sons :o h />t$ 9 ! p\ltry bus9ess h be5 misl$ z to ! am\nt ( net income !y w be likely to receive f a "o-man plant4 ,x is pretty well e/abli%$ t 9 normal times a net income ( f #a1ejj to #b1ejj annually c be secur$ f a plant h\s+ #a1ejj birds4 ,a great deal dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! skill ( ! op]ator1 & a plant ( ?is size requires ! full "t ( "o compet5t p]son4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is net income is 9 addition to ! resid5ce & su* food z w\ld be tak5 9 ! =m ( p\ltry products & f ! g>d54 ,sales ,managem5t4--,e prospective p\ltry keep] %\ld det]m9e ! m>ket+ possibilities = ! product 9 ! area "u consid]ation be=e he makes a *oice ( location4 ,!re are at lea/ f\r me?ods ( m>ket+ eggs & p\ltry meat1 any "o ( :i* c be us$ exclusively or two or m us$ 9 comb9ation z a means ( dispos+ ( ! product to ! be/ advantage4 ,! sy/em t he w adopt w dep5d l>gely ^u 8 location1 z well z ^u 8 individual pref]5ce1 & ^u ! facilities t are available 9 ! area :]e he op]ates4 ,9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry !re are coop]ative egg m>ket+ associations :]e ! eggs are receiv$ 9 bulk f ! produc]s1 are grad$ & m>ket$ 9 l>ge quantities1 ! produc] receiv+ ! full sell+ value less1 ( c\rse1 ! co/s ( op]at+ ! di/ribut+ ag5cy4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n /ates1 egg auctions h be5 v successfully develop$4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! individual produc] br+s 8 eggs to ! auction m>ket :]e !y are grad$ & sold on ! basis ( weight1 size & o!r factors p]ta9+ to quality4 ,9 ?is me?od ( sell+ ! produc] receives a def9ite price = 8 eggs less a small *>ge p] case made by ! sell+ ag5cy4 ,a successful type ( direct m>ket+ is ?r\gh roadside /&s4 ,?is is especially successful 9 or ne> l>ge c5t]s ( population :]e eggs c be pur*as$1 toge!r ) o!r f>m commodities1 at ! same /&4 ,ano!r me?od is ! op]ation ( a retail r\te 9 :i* ! produc] sells ! eggs by ! door-to-door me?od 9 a ne>-by city4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ successfully by _m p\ltrym5 :o deliv] eggs z regul>ly z ! milk di/ributor or ! bak] deliv] _! products4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is ! use ( mail or express z a means ( transport+ ! eggs to consum]s 9 urban c5t]s4 ,?is me?od1 :ile l>gely 9 use "s ye>s ago1 has n prov$ s g5]ally successful z h "s ( ! o!r me?ods previ\sly giv54 ,a well-organiz$ program ( "w is ess5tial 9 successful p\ltry keep+4 ,! foll[+ s*$ule is foll[$ by _m successful p\ltrym5 z a means ( di/ribut+ _! "t to ! be/ advantage dur+ ! day4 ,a ,,p\ltryman',s ,,daily ,,"t ,,table ,bas$ on a ,"o-man #a1ejj-;bird ,f>m ,produc+ ,m>ket ,eggs #g3jj-h3jj ,a4,m4--,fe$ & wat] all /ock4 #h3jj-i3jj ,a4,m4--,fill ma% hopp]s & clean dropp+ bo>ds4 #i3jj-aa3jj ,a4,m4--,two h\rs = clean+ h\ses1 cultivat+ y>ds1 repair+ ( build+s1 prep>ation ( egg cases1 pack+ eggs & miscellane\s jobs4 #aa3jj-ab3jj ,m4--,fe$ gre5 fe$ & collect eggs4 #ab3jj-a3jj ,p4,m4--,lun* h\r4 #a3jj-b3jj ,p4,m4--,wat] all /ock4 #b3jj-d3jj ,p4,m4--,same "w z f #i3jj to #aa3jj ,a4,m4 #d3jj-e3jj ,p4,m4--,fe$ & collect eggs4 ,ducks1 ,geese1 ,turkeys & ,o!r ,f[l4--,:ile ! rais+ & keep+ ( *ick5s occupy ! l>ge/ & mo/ important "p ( ! g5]al op]ation ( p\ltry keep+1 !re is a gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! production ( o!r types ( f[l1 includ+ ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 & 9 "s in/ances1 gu9ea f[l & pheasants4 ,ea* ( ^! really con/itutes a sep>ate & di/9ct p\ltry indu/ry1 requir+ specific fe$+1 bre$+ & managem5t practices4 ,"s ( ! fundam5tal factors 9 ! c>e ( ^! types ( p\ltry are giv5 = ! beg9n]4 ,9 ! case ( ^! f[l1 z 9 *ick5s1 x is ess5tial to />t 9 a small way & develop z exp]i5ce dictates4 ,ducks4--,f a r obscure & unkn[n s\rce ( p\ltry meat1 ! duck & ! duckl+ h become common to re/aurants & ! home table4 ,?is has be5 accompli%$ ?r\gh ! op]ations ( l>ge comm]cial duck f>ms :i* sell hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( birds annually4 ,! selection ( bre$ types1 prop] fe$+ & managem5t & skillful m>ket+ h made x possible to attract a wide public int]e/ & an appetite = ^! f[ls on a p]man5t basis4 ,! be/ kn[n v>ieties ( ducks are ! ,indian ,runn]1 a small type & prim>ily an egg produc]2 ! ,muscovy & ! ,pek91 bo? ( :i* are us$ = meat purposes1 ! =m] be+ be/ adapt$ to g5]al f>m use & ! latt] to int5sive bre$+ on l>ge e/abli%m5ts devot$ solely to ! purpose ( duck rais+4 ,! old simile1 ,l a duck takes to wat]1 implies ! fondness ( ducks = ! aquatic elem5t4 ,h[ev]1 ducks w d well )\t swimm+ facilities4 ,incubation ( duck eggs c be c>ri$ on 9 ! same mann] z *ick5 eggs1 except t m moi/ure is ess5tial to good hat*es4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is #bh days = all types1 except = ! ,muscovy1 = :i* x is #cc to #ce days4 ,! gr[+ birds1 l mature ducks1 are h>dy & ord9>ily %[ a mu* l[] mortality p]c5tage ?an *ick5s4 ,if only a few ducks are kept1 !y w foll[ ! habits ( a flock ( *ick5s & ne$ be giv5 no special att5tion4 ,:5 !y are rais$ )\t o!r p\ltry an op5 %$ is all t is necess>y = w9t] qu>t]s & "s %ade arrangem5t = protection aga9/ hot summ] sun4 ,! fe$ rations t h be5 giv5 = baby *icks & gr[+ /ock c be us$ = ducks1 or any /&>d comm]cial fe$ = ! respective ages4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! *ick & gr[+ ma%es be mix$ ) f9e1 *opp$ gre5s su* z cabbage or lawn clipp+s1 & suffici5t wat] add$ to ! mixture to make x moi/4 ,"o p\nd ( s& or grit may be add$ to furni% ! duck ) gr9d+ mat]ial4 ,fre% wat] 9 %all[ di%es %\ld be available dur+ ! fe$+ p]iods :i* ought to be ?ree times a day4 ,= ! mature birds1 ! lay+ ma%1 previ\sly giv51 & moi/5$1 w be f\nd satisfactory ) fre% gre5s add$1 unless grass is available on range4 ,hopp]s conta9+ s& or grit %\ld be available if a numb] ( ducks are kept4 ,geese4--,geese c be rais$ successfully :]ev] o!r types ( p\ltry w gr[4 ,t !y are n s popul> z ducks is %[n by ! fact t only ab\t "o-?ird z _m geese z ducks are rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! mo/ popul> bre$s1 9 ord] ( popul>ity1 are ,t\l\se1 ,embd51 ,african & ,*9ese4 ,! ,t\l\se is ! l>ge/ & mo/ favor$1 ! mature g&] weigh+ #bf p\nds & ! adult goose ab\t #bj p\nds4 ,geese are usually kept 9 small numb]s 9 areas :]e !re is an abundance ( grass & a supply ( wat] = swimm+4 ,!y1 l ducks1 are h>dy & are r>ely affect$ ) diseases or p>asites4 ,a pl5tiful supply ( grass is suffici5t fe$ = ! gr[+ gosl+s4 ,! dem& & prices = geese are l[] ?an = mo/ o!r types ( p\ltry4 ,= h\s+1 only a %$ 9 w9t] & a sun-%ade 9 summ] are requir$4 ,! p]iod ( incubation v>ies f #cj to #ce days1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! bre$4 ,! "y gosl+s are easily kill$ by excessive moi/ure or may become lo/ & !re=e !y require consid]able att5tion dur+ ! e>ly /ages4 ,a good food = ! gosl+s is /ale bread soak$ 9 milk or wat]1 f$ aft] !y are #dh h\rs old4 ,scald$ crack$ corn may also be giv5 or a ma% made ( f\r p>ts corn meal & "o "p gra9 middl+s4 ,pl5ty ( dr9k+ wat] is ess5tial4 ,:ole gra9 may be f$ aft] ! gosl+s are well fea!r$4 ,:5 ! geese ne> ! m>ket+ p]iod !y %\ld be kept 9 conf9em5t & f$ a moi/ ma% made ( "o "p gra9 %orts & two p>ts corn meal4 ,a b$d+ ( %ort /raw w keep ! fatt5+ p5s clean & provide r\ghage4 ,be/ prices are obta9able dur+ ! late fall & e>ly w9t] mon?s4 ,turkeys4--,because ! turkey is su* a popul> =m ( meat dur+ ! holidays & s mu* att5tion is direct$ to x z an indig5\s native bird1 x rivals ! ,am]ican eagle z a national emblem4 ,turkey rais+ on a comm]cial scale has _h its ups & d[ns = a great _m ye>s4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal sc\rges has be5 ! s-call$ black-head disease & ?is has de/roy$ ! indu/ry 9 _m areas4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ?is disease is c>ri$ by a small p>asitic worm common to *ick5s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x app>5tly does n s]i\sly injure4 ,! black-head g]m1 c>ri$ by ?is worm1 clogs ! blood 9 ! head ( ! turkey & causes quick dea?4 ,= ?is reason1 x has be5 f\nd impracticable to raise turkeys :]e *ick5s are pres5t1 unless !y are kept entirely sep>ate by conf9em5t4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( dome/icat$ turkeys are ! ,bronze1 ,:ite ,holl&1 ,b\rbon ,r$1 ,black1 ,n>ragansett & ,slate4 ,all are l>ge1 h&some birds1 ea* bre$ hav+ a foll[+ ( admir]s4 ,! ,bronze is ! l>ge/ & heavie/ & mo/ popul>1 ! mature adult male weigh+ #cf p\nds & ! mature h5 #bj p\nds4 ,"u ord9>y conditions turkeys d n require mu* 9 ! way ( h\s+1 except 9 cold wea!r :5 cov]$ roo/+ %$s %\ld be available4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is #bh days & !y may be hat*$ "u ! same conditions z *ick5s4 ,! day-old "y birds1 or p\lts z !y are call$1 c be %ipp$ 9 ! same mann] z day-old *icks4 ,= fe$+ ! p\lts1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture recomm5ds f9e-*opp$ h>d-boil$ eggs1 includ+ ! %ell1 mix$ ) gre5 fe$ = ! fir/ t5 days4 ,?is may be foll[$ by fe$+ ! *ick ration previ\sly m5tion$4 ,milk1 especially butt]milk1 is excell5t = ! p\lts1 & grit mu/ be provid$ if x is n available on range4 ,cod liv] oil w be f\nd helpful if add$ to ! ration4 ,turkeys are great rang]s & travel]s if !y h ! opportunity & w pick up en\gh insects to keep !m go+ ?r\gh ! day4 ,a gra9 ration %\ld be f$ j be=e !y g to roo/4 ,:]e !y are rais$ 9 conf9em5t1 or semi-conf9em5t1 m food mu/ be giv5 & "u ^! conditions ! /ricte/ sanitation mu/ be practic$4 ,bo? old & "y turkeys %\ld be protect$ f dampness1 & ! gr[+ birds1 especially1 kept free f lice4 ,! turkey gr[] :o practices ! be/ sy/ems ( managem5t & fe$+ w be successful & w f9d a ready m>ket = 8 product at ,?anksgiv+ & dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,a few birds may be successfully kept 9 conf9em5t & us$ z a home-rais$ s\rce ( high quality meat dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ye>4 ,gu9ea ,f[l4--,! gu9ea is kn[n = its wat*-dog proclivities1 mak+ a *>act]i/ic rauc\s noise :5 /rang]s appe>2 = ! ri* quality ( ! eggs :i* are produc$ 9 good quantity2 & = ! delectability ( ! brea/ meat :5 prop]ly prep>$4 ,! "y gu9ea may be f$ z has be5 recomm5d$ = "y *icks4 ,! old] birds are excell5t =ag]s & require little att5tion4 ,! c\ntry home own]1 if he does n object to _! noise1 w f9d a few ( ^! unusual birds an int]e/+ & valuable asset4 ,pheasants4--,_m p]sons ) a flair = ! new & unusual are successfully rais+ pheasants1 ! ,r+ ,neck v>iety be+ ! mo/ popul>4 ,:ile !y are n s h>dy z *ick5s & mu/ be giv5 "s add$ c>e = t reason1 !y may be f$ 9 ! same mann] & kept successfully 9 conf9em5t4 ,pheasants may be us$ z an additional s\rce ( income s9ce !y are ne>ly always 9 dem& = meat4 ,! eggs may be hat*$ 9 incubators or by h5s & ! "y pheasants brood$ l *icks4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is #ba days4 ,%elt] is n necess>y except 9 extremely cold wea!r & n !n if trees or %rubs are available4 ,detail$ in=mation on game bird production c be obta9$ f ,m ,game ,birds 9 ,am]ica1 ,inc41 #ejj ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,d's ,net income dep5ds ^u effici5t managem5t & ea* phase ( ! latt] mu/ be ma/]$4 ,fe$ a well-balanc$ *ick ration to ! v "y & gr[+ /ock4 ,be sure ! ration f$ to lay+ /ock is adapt$ to _! ne$s 9 egg production4 ,sanitation measures are fundam5tal 9 good managem5t & _! neglect may be fatal4 ,foll[ ! managem5t recomm5dations ( practical & successful p\ltrym54 ,use ! m>ket+ sy/em be/ adapt$ to ! locality & ! p]sonal factor ( sales ability4 ,det]m9e possibilities ( sell+ ducks1 geese1 turkeys & o!r f[l z a means ( supplem5t+ income f *ick5s4 ,rememb] ea* type ( p\ltry requires specific managem5t4 ,don'ts ,don't neglect sci5tific fe$+ ( ! p\ltry flock4 ,don't g into p\ltry production on a l>ge scale )\t exp]i5ce4 ,don't neglect local m>kets z outlets = ! sale ( eggs & p\ltry & don't make %ipm5t ( eggs & /ock to commission h\ses ( unkn[n rat+4 ,don't ov]-ext5d 9 p\ltry inve/m5t to ! po9t :]e tempor>y rev]sal w\ld be disa/r\s4 ,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,family ,,milk ,,supply ,liv+ 9 ! c\ntry %\ld make possible an adequate & safe milk supply = ! family4 ,! transportation ( milk f ! f>m & its di/ribution 9 ! city con/itute a co/ly process "u pres5t me?ods1 & ?is limits consumption4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ord]+ 9 advance ( a def9ite quantity ea* day means z a rule t only ! milk deliv]$ w be consum$4 ,a maximum am\nt ( milk is !reby set1 bas$ ^u factors t may be ali5 to real ne$s ( ! family = ?is food bev]age4 ,us+ milk & dairy products freely f a ne>-by supply w contribute mu* to ! heal? ( ! entire family & especially ( ! *ildr54 ,! t]m family is us$ 9 ?is case to d5ote two or ?ree adults & ! same numb] ( *ildr54 ,nutritional exp]ts decl>e t milk is ! mo/ important ( ! protective foods4 ,sci5ti/s agree t milk protects by provid+ 9 ! be/ =m ^? necessities :i* are (t5 lack+ 9 o!r foods4 ,milk supplies calcium s necess>y = s\nd bones & tee?1 phosphorus1 easily dige/$ prote91 butt] fat & milk sug>4 ,mo/ important ( all are ! vitam9s f\nd 9 milk4 ,milk acquires ^! prop]ties f ! c[1 a liv+ factory manufactur+ milk f raw products1 :i* are ! foods ! c[ eats--! pa/ure grasses & ! cur$ hay1 supplem5t$ ) c>efully bl5d$ gra9 rations4 ,nutrition au?orities recomm5d at lea/ a qu>t ( milk daily = e *ild & ample am\nts = adults z well4 ,s\rces ( ,milk ,supply4--,! c\ntry resid5t w h little difficulty 9 secur+ an adequate supply ( :olesome milk at l[ co/4 ,he may obta9 x f a neighbor :o is 9 ! dairy bus9ess or he may ma9ta9 a c[ or two :]e ! area is l>ge en\gh to provide "s pa/urage & :]e a build+ = /abl+ is available4 ,if ! milk is b\ght f "s ne>-by f>m x is important t ! pur*as] assure himself ( ! heal? ( ! c[s produc+ ! milk & ( ! sanit>y conditions surr\nd+ production & h&l+4 ,quality 9 milk is mu* m ?an cream cont5t4 ,cleanl9ess 9 production & h&l+ is f> m important1 & ?is ! c\ntry resid5t c p]sonally det]m9e by occasional visits to ! s\rce ( supply1 an advantage difficult = ! urban resid5t to atta94 ,quality 9 milk is n necess>ily measur$ by ! inve/m5t 9 ! milk+ b>n or ! %[y ext]nal features ( ! produc+ & h&l+ plant4 ,! ess5tial factors 9 ! production ( clean1 :olesome milk are heal?y1 clean c[s2 heal?y milk]s2 clean1 /]ile ut5sils2 & sanit>y /ables & premises4 ,^! conditions c be atta9$ by any c>eful dairyman & c be *eck$ by any layman int]e/$ 9 secur+ a dep5dable supply ( safe milk4 ,! pur*as] %\ld insi/ t ! c[s be te/$ regul>ly "u gov]nm5t sup]vision = tub]culosis & ! reactors to ! te/ remov$ f ! h]d4 ,?is is important 9 all circum/ances & p>ticul>ly s :]e ! milk is consum$ 9 ! unprocess$ /ate by *ildr54 ,produc+ ,milk at ,home4--,x is entirely feasible = ! rural family to produce at home an ample supply ( milk at l[ co/4 ,to d ?is x is only necess>y to h /abl+ facilities = "o or two c[s & to h a memb] ( ! family suffici5tly int]e/$ to fe$1 c>e = & milk ! c[ or c[s4 ,if ?is plan is to be foll[$ ! own]1 if he is inexp]i5c$1 %\ld enli/ ! aid ( a neighbor or fri5d 9 mak+ ! pur*ase4 ,! animal %\ld be fre%1 t is1 j />t+ ! p]iod ( lactation1 & pref]ably n m ?an f\r or five ye>s ( age4 ,a c[ t is fre% c be judg$ z to ability to produce good milk f all f\r qu>t]s ( ! udd] 9 adequate am\nt4 ,select+ ! ,family ,c[4--,! bre$ to be select$ is n important1 except t = family use a c[ ( ! s-call$ ,*annel bre$s 7,gu]nsey or ,j]sey7 is consid]$ bett] adapt$ because ( ! high] butt] fat cont5t ( ! milk z comp>$ ) ! ,hol/e9-,friesian1 = example1 :i* usually produces a l>g] total quantity ( milk ) less butt] fat4 ,x is n necess>y to pur*ase a pure-br$ animal ( any ( ! bre$s1 s f> z milk production is conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a pure-br$ regi/]$ c[ may (t5 be pur*as$ at mod]ate co/4 ,! own] w und\bt$ly take great] pride 9 su* an animal & h] (fspr+ w h high] sell+ value4 ,9 mak+ a pur*ase ! new own] %\ld insi/ ^u hav+ a tub]cul9 te/ *>t deliv]$ ) ! animal1 & c]tification z to fre$om f contagi\s abortion 7,b4 abortus7 %\ld also be obta9$ if possible4 ,if production records h be5 kept dur+ ! animal's previ\s lactation p]iods1 ^! %\ld be secur$1 z !y w def9itely indicate milk-produc+ ability ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,= family use a c[ t produces milk /eadily 9 uni=m am\nts ov] eight or t5 mon?s is f> m desirable ?an "o :i* produces a l>ge volume foll[+ fre%5+ & !n slumps (f rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,desirable types ( ut5sils = a small dairy4 ,a4 ,crock = tempor>y milk /orage or = gravity sep>ation ( cream4 ,b4 ,milk+ /ool4 ,c4 ,tw5ty-qu>t milk c & cov]4 ,d4 ,/ra9]4 ,e4 ,/irr]4 ,f4 ,circulat+ wat] cool] = fre%ly drawn milk 7n ess5tial = a "o- or two-c[ dairy if o!r cool+ practices are foll[$74 ,g4 ,sanit>y cov]$-top milk pail4 ,h4 ,measur+ rod4 ,i4 ,small *urn = family butt] mak+4 ,importance ( ,pa/ure4--,pa/urage plays s important a "p 9 economical milk production & 9 contribut+ to ! heal? ( ! animal t x is unwise to consid] keep+ "o's own c[ unless #c or #d acres ( pa/ure l& p] animal are available4 ,:5 ! c[ is on pa/ure f ,may until ,novemb] no o!r r\ghage is requir$1 provid$ ( c\rse ! grasses & clov]s are pl5tiful4 ,pl5ty ( wat] is ess5tial1 & if ?is is n made available by a /ream 9 ! pa/ure1 x w be necess>y to furni% dr9k+ wat] ?ree times daily4 ,/abl+ & ,fe$+4--,f e>ly ,novemb] until ,may x w be necess>y to provide /abl+ facilities1 r\ghage 9 ! =m ( hay1 ensilage or beet pulp1 & conc5trat$ fe$ to keep ! animal produc+4 ,ab\t #c tons ( good timo?y-&-clov] hay or alfalfa w be ne$$ p] animal dur+ ^! six mon?s4 ,/orage room w be ne$$ 9 ! build+ = ! hay & = ! conc5trat$ fe$4 ,a good practice is to keep ! c[ 9 a box /all #ab by #ad feet 9 size4 ,ample b$d+ %\ld be provid$1 consi/+ ( /raw1 wood %av+s1 %r$d$ corn /alks1 peat moss or dri$ leaves4 ,^! w absorb ! liquid manure & aft] su* use %\ld be appli$ to ! g>d5 or o!r l& areas = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,! daily ration ( ! c[ :5 /abl$ w consi/ ( f #ae to #be p\nds ( hay daily & #a p\nd ( conc5trat$ fe$ = ea* #c-a_/b p\nds ( milk be+ produc$4 7,a qu>t ( milk weighs ab\t #b4b p\nds47 ,milk fl[ c be /imulat$ & ! heal? ( ! c[ cons]v$ by fe$+ moi/5$ beet pulp1 :]e silage is n available4 ,?is may be pur*as$ locally at ! fe$ /ore1 :]e ! gra9 conc5trate may also be obta9$4 ,! latt] c be b\ght 9 bags & a mixture analyz+ ab\t #bj p] c5t prote9 is recomm5d$4 ,:5 ! c[ is on pa/ure ! gra9 ration may be r$uc$ by "o-?ird or "o-half1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ! pa/ure available4 ,co/ ( ,milk ,production4--,:]e all ( ! fe$ m5tion$ above is pur*as$1 ! co/ p] qu>t ( ! milk w approximate #c c5ts1 exclud+ labor & ov]head co/s ( build+s1 etc4 ,?is co/ c be r$uc$ if pa/ure does n h to be r5t$ & if "s ( ! o!r food requirem5ts are rais$ at home4 ,managem5t4--,fe$+ ! c[ twice daily & milk+ at ! same int]val w give ! be/ results4 ,morn+ & ev5+ are usually ! mo/ conv5i5t times = milk+ & ! same h\rly r\t9e %\ld be obs]v$ daily4 ,fe$+ ! gra9 ration aft] milk+ is desirable4 ,a good practice is to furni% hay & beet pulp betwe5 milk+s4 ,to insure cleanl9ess ( ! milk1 ! udd] & teats may be wip$ ) a damp clo? be=e milk+4 ,flanks & ! udd] %\ld be clipp$ ( hair1 ?us facilitat+ a clean condition ( ! animal at all times4 ,soil$ b$d+ %\ld be remov$ & clean mat]ial sub/itut$ z requir$4 ,! normal c[ %\ld produce an av]age ( #aj qu>ts ( milk daily ov] a p]iod ( t5 mon?s4 ,9 ! rema9+ two mon?s ! c[ w n be produc+ milk b w be re/+ & build+ up body res]ves = ! com+ p]iod ( lactation4 ,! c[ %\ld be br$ ab\t n9e mon?s be=e x is desir$ to h h] be> a calf4 ,! "t ( ye> :5 su* fre%5+ %\ld occur is n important1 al?\gh ei!r spr+ or fall mon?s are consid]$ be/1 to avoid wea!r & temp]ature extremes at ! critical calv+ p]iod4 ,"u ?is plan x w be not$ t ! family w n h milk f home s\rces = two mon?s dur+ ! ye>4 ,! alt]native is to h two c[s1 "o fre%5+ 9 ,april & ! o!r 9 ,octob]1 ensur+ a cont9u\s supply1 or to pur*ase milk dur+ ! dry p]iod4 ,utiliz+ a ,l>ge ,supply ( ,milk4--,! urban consum] ( milk accu/om$ to #a or #b qu>ts daily may wond] h[ an av]age ( #aj qu>ts or m p] day c be utiliz$4 ,pl5ty ( uses w be f\nd = ! product4 ,milk w be us$ m (t5 z a bev]age2 cream w be f\nd delightful 9 _m ways1 9 ! =m ( butt] & home-made ice cream1 = example2 & *eeses w provide an outlet = surplus :ole or skimm$ milk4 ,milk ( good quality c be dispos$ ( readily to neighbors4 ,if two families own "o c[ ea*1 a plan may be work$ out = furni%+ ea* o!r ) milk :5 "o c[ or ! o!r is n produc+4 ,:]ev] facilities are available & !re is a will+ness to c>e = a family c[ or two1 ! availability ( l>ge am\nts ( milk w comp5sate = ! tr\ble & br+ heal? & vigor to ! rural family4 ,! ,goat z a ,s\rce ( ,milk ,supply4--,! milk goat is especially useful to ^? :o desire a small] quantity ( milk ?an t produc$ by a c[ & :]e ! space is inadequate = keep+ a l>g] milk-produc+ animal4 ,9 composition1 goat's milk closely resembles t ( ! c[1 ! butt] fat rang+ f #c4b p] c5t to #d4d p] c5t ) total solids ( ne>ly #ab p] c5t4 ,! av]age production ( a good milk goat is ab\t #b qu>ts ( milk daily1 suffici5t = _m a family4 ,! milk is pure :ite 9 color & ! cream rises v sl[ly4 ,if goat's milk is prop]ly produc$ & h&l$1 ! bad odor1 associat$ ) ! animal 9 ! public m9d1 %\ld n be pres5t4 ,keep+ dirt or hair out ( ! milk :5 x is be+ drawn1 & clean qu>t]s1 are ess5tial 9 elim9at+ odor 9 ! milk4 ,x has be5 prov$ t goat's milk is especially valuable = *ildr5 & invalids & exce$s c['s milk 9 ease ( dige/ibility4 ,goats are 9 _! prime at ab\t five ye>s ( age1 b w cont9ue to produce milk = sev]al ye>s aft] t4 ,!y %\ld be br$ twice a ye>4 ,! usual numb] ( kids is two1 al?\gh occasionally f\r are born at "o "t4 ,! p]iod betwe5 bre$+ & giv+ bir? is ab\t five mon?s4 ,goats may be successfully f$ ) ! same rations z ! dairy c[4 ,al?\gh !y consume only ab\t "o-sev5? z mu* fe$ z ! c[1 ! common impression t ! goat c produce milk on practically no fe$ is errone\s4 ,a ration = w9t] fe$+1 sugge/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 consi/s ( #b p\nds ( alfalfa or clov] hay1 #a-a_/b p\nds ( silage or roots & f #a to #b p\nds ( a conc5trat$ gra9 ration1 compos$ ( #ajj p\nds ( corn1 #ajj p\nds ( oats1 #ej p\nds ( bran & #be p\nds ( l9se$ meal4 ,9 ! summ] :5 pa/ure is available !y %\ld be f$ #a to #a-a_/b p\nds ( ! gra9 mixture4 ,data f exp]im5t /ations indicate t ! annual fe$ co/ ( a milk goat is ab\t #aa & ! fe$ co/ p] qu>t ( milk produc$1 ab\t #a-a_/b c5ts4 ,good milk goats br+ good prices & 9 mo/ in/ances w co/ almo/ z mu* z a c[4 ,!y are mu* m prolific1 h[ev]1 p]mitt+ m rapid additions & (f]+ great] rev5ue f ! sales ( "y animals1 :]ev] !re is a m>ket = !m4 ,! two pr9cipal bre$s are ! ,togg5burg & ! ,saan51 bo? orig9at+ 9 ,switz]l&1 & ! ,spani% ,maltese ^: orig9al home 0 9 ! isl& ( ,malta4 ,goats are ?or\ghly dome/icat$1 are cont5t$ ) a small graz+ area & may be easily h&l$4 ,!y are subject to /oma* worms1 indicat$ by loss ( fle% & weakness1 & to ,malta fev]1 :i* c be transmitt$ to man1 9 :om x is evid5c$ by recurr+ high temp]atures4 ,! =m] c be controll$ by us+1 z a dr5*1 a copp] sulfate solution ( #a ounce to #c qu>ts ( wat]4 ,:]e ! latt] tr\ble is pres5t ! milk %\ld be pa/euriz$ or scald$ be=e x is consum$4 ,z an economical s\rce ( easily dige/$ milk1 ! goat is recomm5d$1 especially to ^? families ) r small acreage4 ,!y c make ! mo/ ( poor] pa/urage1 are clean 9 habits & docile4 ,d's ,use milk freely = its food value to e memb] ( ! family4 ,make sure ( ! quality ( ! milk pur*as$4 ,acquir+ a family c[ is ! be/ & *eape/ s\rce ( an adequate milk supply4 ,managem5t ( ! "r k9d w make ! family c[ an invaluable asset4 ,le>n to use surplus milk 9 nutriti\s & palatable ways4 ,det]m9e ! possibilities ( secur+ f ! goat an adequate milk supply = a small family4 ,don'ts ,don't use cann$ milk except z supplem5t to lib]al1 fre% supply4 ,don't ov]look ! ne$ ( pa/urage = economical milk production4 ,don't supply family ) milk ( d\btful sanit>y quality4 ,don't neglect to h a vet]9>ian make heal? te/s ( ! c[ or goat4 ,*apt] ,,xii ,,m>ket+ ,,f>m ,,products ,! di/ribution ( f>m products on an effici5t basis is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 agriculture4 ,because ( ! dem& ( ! consum] = small quantities ( products at ea* pur*ase1 ! break+ up ( :olesale packages1 involv+ additional labor & conta9]s & ! elim9ation ( unfit specim5s1 increases h&l+ co/s & delays ! arrival ( ! product f ! f>m to ! consum]4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! produc] has s\ght v>i\s means ( elim9at+ "s ( ^! co/s ( di/ribution s t he c\ld get a l>g] %>e ( ! consum]'s doll>1 & ! consum] has welcom$ ! opportunity ( buy+ products direct f ! produc]4 ,unque/ionably1 "o ( ! be/ means ( sell+ f>m commodities is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( roadside m>kets t h n[ become s common along ! pr9cipal highways ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! range 9 type f ! display ( a few baskets ( f>m commodities on ! gr\nd or on a table1 ) sales ( #ajj a ye> or less1 to ^? ( a m pret5ti\s nature 9 :i* build+s & equipm5t are erect$ suitable to ! purpose4 ,t !re are great possibilities ( develop+ a successful bus9ess 9 sell+ products 9 ?is mann] is evid5c$ by "s ( ! m elaborate m>kets1 transact+ an annual bus9ess ( #cj1jjj or m4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! h be5 develop$ f small beg9n+s & ! facilities h increas$ z ! good reputation ( ! m>ket has spread4 ,advantages ( ,roadside ,m>ket+4--,f ! /&po9t ( ! produc] or ! op]ator ( ! roadside /&1 !re are c]ta9 advantages t h contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ! movem5t4 ,= example1 !re is no exp5se or "t involv$ 9 deliv]+ ! products to a di/ant m>ket1 s9ce ! produce is sold by a memb] ( ! h\sehold1 or by ! op]ator's employees 9 ! l>g] types ( m>kets4 ,x is possible ?r\gh su* a m>ket to build up a cli5tele ( buy]s :o w return = fur!r pur*ases4 ,!y w tell _! fri5ds ab\t ! good quality1 dep5dable produce :i* !y h be5 able to pur*ase at "s p>ticul> /&4 ,fur!rmore1 a wide v>iety ( products c be sold 9 ?is way at "o /&1 :i* might h to be segregat$ & %ipp$ to diff]5t m>kets if "s o!r me?od ( m>ket+ 7 be+ foll[$4 ,?is w\ld add consid]ably to ! exp5se ( sell+1 especially :]e ! volume ( ea* commodity is small4 ,fur!rmore1 9 su* a me?od ( sell+1 ! produc] comes 9 direct contact ) ! consum]4 ,ideas are ex*ang$1 mutual confid5ce is develop$ & bo? %\ld %>e f9ancially 9 ! advantages accru+ f elim9at+ ord9>y means ( di/ribution4 ,problems 9 ,roadside ,m>ket+4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 disadvantages ( roadside sell+ :i* op]ate aga9/ successful m]*&is+ 9 su* a mann]4 ,^! %\ld be fully consid]$ 9 decid+ h[ ! surplus f>m products are to be dispos$ (4 ,due to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by _m pot5tial buy]s 9 gett+ satisfactory produce1 !y h become disc\rag$ & w (t5 drive by all roadside m>kets r ?an take a *ance on buy+ commodities t may be misrepres5t$4 ,naturally1 ?is works aga9/ ! developm5t ( adequate bus9ess & makes x necess>y = ! individual to sp5d consid]able "t & ef=t 9 sell+ himself & 8 m>ket to ! public & 9 creat+ confid5ce & good w4 ,!re is necess>ily "s loss due to depreciation 9 ! quality ( p]i%able commodities4 ,9 _m cases x is necess>y to expose ^! commodities to ! sun & wea!r1 & if !y are n sold promptly !y w n long ma9ta9 ! /&>d ( quality :i* ! op]ator mu/ h id5tifi$ ) 8 m>ket4 ,! op]ator has no k ( ! numb] ( cu/om]s he w h :5 he displays 8 products1 nor does he "k ! :ims ( ! individuals :o may patronize 8 m>ket t day4 ,to avoid ! losses result+ f unsold products x is desirable to h "s o!r outlet :i* w absorb unus$ quantities1 ev5 ?\gh ! price is n s good z w\ld be secur$ f ord9>y sales at ! m>ket4 ,_m ( ! commodities c be deliv]$ to "s :olesale m>ket to be sold = :at !y w br+4 ,ano!r outlet t is available is ?r\gh cann+ or pres]v+ ! commodities & sell+ !m lat] 9 ! season "u ! label c>ri$ by ! roadside /&4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! bus9ess ( op]at+ a roadside m>ket has its own peculi> problems & success 9 x dep5ds ^u foll[+ good m]*&is+ pr9ciples1 to :i* are add$ ^? f9] po9ts :i* p]ta9 to direct sell+4 ,! attitude ( ! public mu/ be /udi$ & plans = promot+ sales mu/ be adopt$ :i* w result 9 attract+ & hold+ cu/om]s4 ,beyond d\bt1 ! two mo/ important factors 9 ! op]ation ( a successful roadside m>ket are attractiv5ess ( ! /& itself & ! quality ( ! products t are (f]$ = sale4 ,plans = a ,roadside ,m>ket4--,a roadside m>ket ne$ n be exp5sive to be attractive4 ,! ?\ght motivat+ ! :ole project %\ld be to create 9 ! buy]'s m9d a f>m sc5e1 lay+ emphasis ^u su* factors z are easily associat$ 9 ! public m9d ) f>m+4 ,^! include neatness ( ! e/abli%m5t1 cleanl9ess & hone/y 9 e phase ( ! op]ation4 ,"o %\ld n und]take to run a roadside m>ket 9 competition1 s f> z appe>ance goes1 ) ! corn] groc]y /ore 9 ! city4 ,x %\ld h an individuality ( its own & be ( ! c\ntry z well z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! location ( ! m>ket has a great deal to d ) its attractiv5ess4 ,x is well to locate x a %ort di/ance f ! h\se1 s t x /&s out z a m>ket1 & x %\ld be plac$ back f ! highway to p]mit motori/s to drive (f ! highway 9 mak+ /ops = pur*ases4 ,9 "s /ates1 highway regulations require t su* /&s be locat$ f> en\gh f ! highway to p]mit all f\r :eels ( a /&+ vehicle to be (f ! road surface4 ,if ! /& c be locat$ "u "s good %ade trees1 t 9 itself con/itutes an invitation to ! sun-bl9d$ travel] to /op & p>take ( ! commodities (f]$ = sale4 ,illu/ration3 ,a wayside m>ket t meets e ne$ & attracts buy]s4 ,s f> z ! design ( ! m>ket itself is conc]n$1 !re are endless opportunities = "o's g5ius to be br\ght into op]ation4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile !re are c]ta9 /&>d requirem5ts 9 ! way ( display %elves & facilities = keep+ res]ve /ocks imm$iately available1 z well z a safe conta9] = funds1 orig9ality 9 design attracts att5tion4 ,"h aga91 ! design %\ld n be obtrusive1 b "o t bl5ds ) ! atmosph]e ( ! place :]e ! /& is set up4 ,x mu/ convey ! impression t ! own] ( ! prop]ty is himself ! op]ator ( ! /& & has transf]r$ to ! /& ! same int]e/ :i* is manife/$ 9 8 home & its imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,mo/ pur*as]s at roadside /&s want to see ! :ole display )\t hav+ to /umble ov] baskets & o!r articles to f9d out :at is (f]$1 & !y expect prompt att5tion4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! m ne>ly ! /& c supply ! complete ne$s ( ! pur*as] 9 t field1 ! m likely are buy]s to /op & become regul> patrons4 ,9 addition to ! display ( seasonable fruits & vegetables1 x is desirable to h eggs & dairy products1 includ+ butt]1 cottage *eese1 cann$ fruits or jellies t h ! home-made f>m atmosph]e ab\t !m4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ice is available or electric refrig]ation c be utiliz$ = keep+ cold milk1 butt]milk1 cid] & o!r products available = imm$iate consumption = ! hot & ?ir/y travel] 9 ! summ]time4 ,hot c(fee or hot *ocolate c be made available = s]vice 9 cold] wea!r4 ,v (t5 ! road-/& op]ator de/roys ! g5u9e sales appeal t su* /&s h by specializ+ 9 manufactur$ concoctions t h no relation :atev] to ! location :]e !y are sold4 ,too (t5 ! /&s are cov]$ ) adv]tisem5ts ( su* commodities1 & ?is imm$iately creates sales resi/ance s f> z ! promotion ( fre% f>m products is conc]n$4 ,orig9 ( ,products ,(f]$4--,! ord9>y pur*as] at a roadside m>ket likes to ?9k t he is buy+ products rais$ or process$ on ! place :]e !y are sold1 & believes t he is !reby secur+ fre%] & bett] commodities 9 :i* ! sell] has _h an int]e/ f plant+ "t to h>ve/4 ,c]ta9ly "s ( ! commodities sold %\ld come directly f ! tract :]e ! m>ket is locat$1 & visual evid5ce %\ld be giv5 ( t fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no objection to ! addition ( o!r commodities s long z !y are 9 accord ) :at a produc] might be expect$ to h = sale at t season ( ! ye>4 ,_m op]ators h f\nd t ! sale ( gasol9e & lubricat+ oil & tobacco 9 v>i\s =ms c be (f]$ = sale to good advantage simply z a "p ( ! s]vice be+ (f]$ by ! m>ket to ! public4 ,quality ! ,key/one4--,! fundam5tal basis = success 9 ! op]ation ( any roadside m>ket lies 9 ! quality ( ! products t are (f]$ = sale4 ,?is is a r difficult condition = ! op]ator to ma9ta9 consi/5tly1 b x is fundam5tal 9 secur+ cu/om]s & 9 keep+ !m4 ,products t h become /ale1 unattractive or unpalatable = any reason %\ld nev] be (f]$ = sale & %\ld be disc>d$1 made into "s by-product or sold ?r\gh "s *annel :i* w n id5tify ! article ) ! /& itself4 ,a satisfi$ cu/om] :o develops confid5ce 9 ! integrity & good fai? ( ! /& op]ator is a decid$ asset1 & no ef=t sp5t 9 cultivat+ su* confid5ce is wa/$4 ,e successful roadside /& op]ator has built 8 bus9ess on hone/ deal+ & a p]sonal int]e/ 9 see+ t ! buy] is satisfi$4 ,?is contact betwe5 ! own] ( a small bus9ess & a buy] is "o t c be capitaliz$ to a v great ext5t4 ,x is "o ( ! h&icaps :i* a *a9-/ore organization has to face & "o t mu/ be develop$ by ! p]son :o wi%es to e/abli% a p]man5t & satisfactory bus9ess 9 ?is m]*&is+ field4 ,v (t5 ! sale ( f>m products c be supplem5t$ to ! advantage ( ! /& by (f]+ small ornam5tal plants or by ! display ( pet animals1 p>ticul>ly = ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! travel+ public4 ,success ,factors4--,a def9ite program ( adv]tis+ c be develop$ ) _m orig9al features t apply directly to ! type ( bus9ess4 ,if ! op]ator has pride 9 8 products he w be glad to h 8 "n on e package ( commodities t he sells4 ,?is is good sales propag&a ev5 if x only indicates ! confid5ce ( ! sell] 9 8 products & 8 will+ness to /& beh9d !m4 ,besides t1 h[ev]1 x creates a k ( 8 "n or ! designation ( 8 f>m or /& among pur*as]s :o w !n h a means ( id5tify+ x to _! fri5ds4 ,a small leaflet1 describ+ ! products t are (f]$ = sale & ! int5tion ( ! op]ator to give ! cu/om] s]vice1 c be put 9 ea* package at v small co/ ) good results4 ,x is also possible to prep>e leaflets deal+ ) me?ods ( cook+ or ( prep>ation ( ! commodities sold t w build good w on ! "p ( cu/om]s4 ,! mo/ successful op]ators1 aga91 are ^? :o d n dep5d ^u casual visitors = _! trade b :o make ( ! casual visitor a regul> cu/om] & "o :o w speak a good ^w to o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 g5u9e ef=t mu/ be made to id5tify ! location z a place to :i* buy]s w wi% to return z !y d to any o!r place ( bus9ess t gives satisfactory s]vice4 ,9 ?is way ! op]ator di/+ui%es himself f 8 fly-by-night competitors :o exi/ dur+ a week or two :5 surpluses ( commodities are available at l[ prices & :o h no ?\ght beyond t ( ! imm$iate sale4 ,:]ev] possible1 ! att5tion ( ! pass+ consum] %\ld be direct$ to ! /& be=e he rea*es x s t he w be prep>$ to /op :5 he comes ^u x4 ,signs ( ?is type on ei!r side ( ! /&1 b "s di/ance ea* way f x1 are m important ?an is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,!y con/itute invitation c>ds & %\ld be s word$ z to excite curiosity & create a feel+ 9 ! int5d+ pur*as]'s m9d t he w make no mi/ake 9 /opp+ to fill 8 wants at ! /&4 ,x goes )\t say+ t bo? ! adv]tis+ & ! /& itself mu/ be s plann$ z to attract ! pur*as]1 & e ef=t %\ld be conc5trat$ on ! psy*ology ( su* an appeal1 avoid+ any appe>ance ( sl\*9ess1 :i* w\ld be m repell5t ?an attractive4 ,! pur*as] =ms a quick op9ion ( ! /& f ! way 9 :i* x is conduct$ & f ! appe>ance ( ! "o :o is !re to make sales4 ,an attitude ( cordial coop]ation on ! "p ( ! att5dant1 :o is1 ( c\rse1 appropriately dress$ & 9 ! "r m5tal attitude1 is a factor t mu/ n be ov]look$ 9 ! ef=t to create a favorable impression4 ,meal ,s]vice ,amid ,f>m ,surr\nd+s4--,_m op]ators1 locat$ at /rategic po9ts ne> ma9 highways1 h f\nd t maximum pr(its are obta9$ by s]v+ meals prep>$ f ! vegetables supplem5t$ by p\ltry or o!r products ( ! little f>m4 ,^! meals may be s]v$ 9 a boo? or build+ adjo9+ ! roadside /& or 9 a room ( ! h\se turn$ into a seasonal d9+ room4 ,p]sons :o are city resid5ts quickly le>n to appreciate ! virtues ( fre% vegetables & fre%ly kill$ p\ltry t may be ?us s]v$4 ,a s*$ule ( reasonable prices mu/ be ma9ta9$ if trade is to be built up4 ,usually special d9n]s or lun*es c be prep>$ f available products 9 season1 !reby giv+ ! cu/om] m = 8 money at ! lea/ co/ & tr\ble to ! op]ator4 ,?is small home re/aurant bus9ess c be h&l$ frequ5tly by memb]s ( ! op]ator's h\sehold & c\ntless examples c be giv5 ( real f9ancial success foll[+ su* v5tures4 ,expansion c take place z consum] dem& develops4 ,cleanl9ess1 good home cook+1 g5]\s portions & prompt & c\rte\s s]vice w "w wond]s 9 su* a project4 ,t\ri/ ,gue/ ,h\ses4--,a l>ge numb] ( c\ntry homes are n[ op5 to ! public z t\ri/ gue/ h\ses1 _! own]s f9d+ t !y c obta9 a mode/ b wor? :ile supplem5t to o!r =ms ( income f !m4 ,^! t\ri/ gue/ h\ses are l>gely a developm5t ( ! pa/ sev]al ye>s4 ,_! popul>ity ) automobile travel]s appe>s to be increas+1 & !re is g5u9e opportunity = ! h\sewife on a small f>m to op]ate "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d by ! h\sewife :o ?9ks ( op5+ h] home to t\ri/s t ! proposition has its drawbacks z well z its advantages4 ,only a mode/ fee1 (t5 #a4jj = a room & #cj or #ce c5ts = breakfa/1 is obta9$ f ea* t\ri/ gue/4 ,h[ev]1 a great numb] ( ,am]ican wom5 h f\nd t ! "w & tr\ble occasion$ by tak+ 9 t\ri/s are wor? :ile & actually enjoy _! contacts ) ! travel+ public4 ,! t\ri/ gue/ h\se1 obvi\sly1 %\ld be locat$ on a road t is well travel$ by t\ri/s4 ,a simple & attractive ,t\ri/s ,accommodat$ sign & a neat & pleas+ front y>d are ne$$ to int]e/ pass]s-by 9 ! place4 ,! por* %\ld be neat & attractive & ! int]ior ( ! h\se %\ld give ! appe>ance ( re/fulness1 simplicity & com=t4 ,t\ri/s usually inquire ab\t prices & look ov] a place be=e decid+ to /op !re2 if !re are wom5 9 ! p>ty1 "o ( !m usually makes ! inquiry4 ,! family %\ld be c\rte\s 9 answ]+ que/ions & %[+ ! prospective cu/om]s ab\t4 ,!y %\ld n be indiff]5t1 & yet mu/ n seem to be too anxi\s = bus9ess4 ,:5 ! travel]s decide to /ay1 ! family %\ld endeavor at once to make !m feel at home4 ,! gue/s w frequ5tly ask que/ions ab\t roads1 local resorts & ne>-by recreational facilities1 & ! family w f9d x useful to be in=m$ on ^! matt]s4 ,dog ,bre$+ z a ,s\rce ( ,income4--,_m p]sons :o h locat$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & :o h a lik+ = dome/ic animals1 h f\nd dog bre$+ an int]e/+ & frequ5tly pr(itable ent]prise4 ,by plac+ a wire cage along ! highway ! att5tion ( ! travel+ public is attract$ to ! puppies4 ,"s ( ! m popul> bre$s ( dogs include ! ,air$ale2 ! ,bo/on1 ,fox & ,iri% ,t]ri]s2 ! ,*[ ,*[2 ! ,collie1 & ! ,engli% & ,iri% ,sett]s4 ,! bre$+ ( dogs is a highly specializ$ activity1 p>ticul>ly :]e x is c>ri$ on "u int5sive conditions & ) little range4 ,dogs are subject to ext]nal & int]nal p>asites requir+ prev5tive & curative measures4 ,z 9 ! case ( all o!r animals1 sanitation is an ess5tial factor to success & fe$+ me?ods mu/ be adju/$ to ! age & ! bre$4 ,! beg9n] 9 dog rais+ %\ld consult a recogniz$ vet]9>ian :o specializes 9 small animal practice1 & obs]ve 8 recomm5dations4 ,su* pr(essional m5 are locat$ 9 mo/ communities & _! advice w be f\nd mo/ helpful4 ,! prices obta9able = male & female "y animals v>y ) ! locality4 ,!re is usually an e/abli%$ scale ( prices :i* may easily be obta9$ & :i* x w pay to obs]ve4 ,dog %[s are gr[+ 9 popul>ity & exhibitions at ^! expositions w s]ve to adv]tise ! bre$]'s /ock4 ,adv]tis+ 9 local pap]s is effective 9 br++ to ! public ! availability ( /ock ( di/9ctive bre$s4 ,fa%ions 9 dog bre$s *ange ) ! times & ! public mu/ be cat]$ to along ! l9es ( curr5t int]e/4 ,d's ,use ! roadside m>ket or ne>-by outlets = dispos+ ( excess f>m products4 ,fully utilize ! possibilities ( roadside /&s 9 build+ a p]man5t bus9ess4 ,road /&s1 z well z ! products on display1 mu/ h sales appeal4 ,produce at home all f>m products (f]$ = sale1 if possible1 & make ! gr[+ area ! backgr\nd ( ! m>ket4 ,/ress quality ( products & ! responsibility ( ! op]ator4 ,adv]tis+ ( ! "r type w multiply sales4 ,(f] meal s]vice ) f>m surr\nd+s :]ev] possible4 ,if consid]able traffic passes ! premises1 try out possibilities ( accommodat+ t\ri/s4 ,don'ts ,don't try to dispose ( miscellane\s surplus ( f>m commodities by %ipm5t to m>ket if a roadside m>ket c be set up4 ,don't ru9 /&+ ( roadside m>ket by sell+ inf]ior or /ale products4 ,don't try to run a city fruit /& ) a f>m backgr\nd4 ,don't de/roy c\ntry home life by ov]-comm]cialization4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ce ,,li/ ,timely & valuable publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 /ate dep>tm5ts ( agriculture & /ate agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations are available to c\ntry resid5ts4 ,copies ( !m may be obta9$ by writ+ to ! ag5cies m5tion$4 ,to supplem5t !m & also to supplem5t advice receiv$ f c\nty agricultural ag5ts1 a numb] ( useful books are li/$ bel[4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 !m may1 9 _m cases1 obta9 !m f local libr>ies1 or may f9d x useful to own c]ta9 ( !m !mselves4 ,au?or ,title ,ye> ,publi%] ,agee1 ,alva ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,f>m+ #aibc ,h>p] ,arnold1 ,s*uyl] ,wayside ,m>ket+ #aibi ,de ,la ,m>e ,au*t]1 ,e4 ,c41 ,or*>d & ,small #aibi ,wiley & ,knapp1 ,h4 ,b4 ,fruit ,culture ,ayres1 ,q4 ,c41 & ,l& ,dra9age & ,reclamation #aibh ,mc,graw-,hill ,scoates1 ,d4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,manual ( ,g>d5+1 #aibe ,macmillan ,rev4 ed4 ,be>1 ,e4 ,soil ,managem5t #aibg ,wiley ,!ory & ,practice 9 #aibi ,wiley ! ,use ( ,f]tiliz]s ,bottomley1 ,m4 ,e4 ,design ( ,small ,prop]ties2 #aibf ,macmillan a ,book = ! ,home-,own] 9 ,city & ,c\ntry4 ,bu%-,br[n1 ,mrs4 ,fl[]s = ,e ,g>d5 #aibg ,little ,l\ise 7,c>t]7 ,*5[e?1 ,w4 ,w4 ,food ,pres]vation2 a #aicj ,wiley ,textbook = ,/ud5t1 ,tea*]1 ,homemak] & ,home ,factory ,op]ator ,*upp1 ,c4 ,manual ( ,vegetable #aibe ,macmillan ,g>d5 ,diseases ,manual ( ,vegetable #aibe ,macmillan ,g>d5 ,insects ,cl9e1 ,l4 ,e4 ,turkey ,production #aicc ,orange ,judd ,cox1 ,j4 ,f4 ,crop ,production & #aicj ,wiley ,managem5t ,crosby1 ,c4 ,r41 & ,manual ( ,vegetable #aiah ,macmillan ,leon>d1 ,m4 ,d4 ,g>d5 ,insects ,dav5port1 ,eug5e ,! ,f>m #aibg ,macmillan ,fo/]1 ,w4 ,h41 & ,f>m ,build+s #aibh ,wiley ,c>t]1 ,d4 ,g4 ,fras]1 ,samuel ,am]ican ,fruits2 ,_! #aibg ,judd ,propagation1 ,cultivation1 ,h>ve/+ & ,di/ribution ,fras]1 ,w4 ,j4 ,dairy ,f>m+ #aicj ,wiley ,galp91 ,c4 ,j4 ,rural ,social ,problems #aibd ,c5tury ,gu/afson1 ,a4 ,f4 ,h&book ( ,f]tiliz]s #aicb ,orange ,judd ,hottes1 ,a4 ,c4 #ajja ,g>d5 ,que/ions #aicj ,de ,la ,m>e ,answ]$ ,hurd1 ,l4 ,m4 ,practical ,p\ltry ,f>m+ #aica ,macmillan ,jull1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p\ltry ,husb&ry #aicj ,mc,graw-,hill ,knott1 ,j4 ,e4 ,vegetable ,gr[+ #aicj ,lea ,lang/ro?1 ,l4 ,l41 ,honey ,bee1 ,rev4 by #aibg ,am]ican ,bee & ,dadant1 ,c4 ,p4 ,dadant1 ,ed4 #bc ,j\rnal ,*>les ,l>son1 ,c4 ,w41 & ,dairy ,cattle ,fe$+ #aibh ,wiley ,putney1 ,f4 ,s4 & ,managem5t ,lewis1 ,h4 ,r4 ,productive ,p\ltry #aibh ,lipp9cott ,husb&ry ,lipp9cott1 ,w4 ,a4 ,p\ltry ,production #aibg ,lea ,febig] ,mill>1 ,c4 ,e4 ,soils & ,soil ,managem5t #aibi ,webb ,pub4 ,co4 ,murray1 ,p4 ,plann+ & ,plant+ #aicb ,orange ,judd ! ,home ,g>d5 ,pellett1 ,f4 ,c4 ,productive ,bee-,keep+ #aibc ,lipp9cott ,phillips1 ,e4 ,f4 ,bee ,keep+2 a ,discussion #aibh ,macmillan ( ! ,honey ,bee & ( ! ,production ( ,honey1 ,rev4 ed4 ,p[]s1 ,w4 ,l41 & ,l& ,dra9age #aibb ,wiley ,teet]1 ,t4 ,a4 ,h4 = ,f>m]s ,rice1 ,j4 ,e4 ,practical ,p\ltry ,managem5t #aicj ,wiley ,rice1 ,j4 ,e41 & ,practical ,p\ltry ,managem5t #aibe ,wiley ,bots=d1 ,h4 ,e4 ,root1 ,a4 ,i41 & ,,abc & ,,xyz ( ,bee #aibc ,root ,root1 ,e4 ,r4 ,culture ,rose1 ,m4 ,s4 ,fe$+ ! ,family #aibh ,macmillan ,r[e1 ,h4 ,g4 ,/>t+ ,"r ,) ,bees #aibb ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,co4 ,s&]son1 ,e4 ,d4 ,insects ,pe/s ( ,f>m1 #aiba ,wiley ,g>d5 & ,or*>d1 ,ed4 #b1 rev4 & enl4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,peairs ,se>s1 ,f4 ,c4 ,productive ,or*>d+2 #aibg ,lipp9cott ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,gr[+ & ,m>ket+ ,fruit ,productive ,small ,fruit #aibe ,lipp9cott ,culture ,%>p1 ,m4 ,a4 ,pr9ciples ( ,f>m ,me*anics #aicj ,wiley ,smi?1 ,r4 ,h4 ,agricultural ,me*anics #aibe ,lipp9cott ,?ompson1 ,h4 ,c4 ,vegetable ,crops #aica ,mc,graw-,hill ,?orne1 ,c4 ,e4 ,ma9t5ance ( ,soil #aicj ,orange ,judd ,f]tility ,watts1 ,r4 ,l4 ,vegetable ,g>d5+ #aiba ,orange ,judd ,wor!n1 ,e4 ,l4 ,f>m ,soils1 ,_! ,managem5t #aibg ,wiley & ,f]tilization ,,"s ,,f>m ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,magaz9es ,g5]al ,am]ican ,agriculturi/ ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c\ntry ,g5tleman ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f>m ,j\rnal ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,new ,engl& ,home/ead ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,new ,j]sey ,f>m & ,g>d5 ,sea ,isle ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,p5nsylvania ,f>m] ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,rural ,new ,york] ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,beekeep+ ,am]ican ,bee ,j\rnal ,hamilton1 ,ill4 ,am]ican ,honey ,produc] ,produc]s' ,league1 ,f>go1 ,n4 ,d4 ,bee-,cause ,wat]t[n1 ,wis4 ,glean+s 9 ,bee ,culture ,m$9a1 ,ohio ,dairy+ ,ayr%ire ,dige/ ,sp5c]1 ,mass4 ,dairy ,f>m] ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a ,gu]nsey ,bre$]s' ,j\rnal ,pet]boro1 ,n4 ,h4 ,ho>d's ,dairyman ,=t ,atk9son1 ,wis4 ,hol/e9-,friesian ,_w ,laconia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j]sey ,bullet9 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,fl[] ,g>d5+ ,am]ican ,home ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bett] ,homes & ,g>d5s ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a ,fl[] ,gr[] ,calcium1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle ( ,am]ica ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,horticulture ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,fruit ,gr[+ ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,bett] ,fruit ,portl&1 ,ore4 ,live/ock ,bre$]s' ,gazette ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,m>ket ,g>d5+ ,m>ket ,gr[]s' ,j\rnal ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,p\ltry ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,j\rnal ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,ev]ybody's ,p\ltry ,magaz9e ,hanov]1 ,pa4 ,new ,engl& ,p\ltryman ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,p\ltry ,g>d5 & ,home ,dayton1 ,ohio ,p\ltry ,item ,sell]sville1 ,pa4 ,p\ltry ,success ,spr+field1 ,ohio ,p\ltry ,tribune ,mt4 ,morris1 ,ill4 ,footnotes3 #a ,prep>$ by ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #b ,prep>$ by ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4 #c ,prep>$ by ,new ,j]sey ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 #d ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4