,a ,,living ,,from ,,the ,,land         
,illustration3 7,frontispiece7  ,country
 homes backed by intensive types of     
agriculture serve modern human needs4   
,a ,,living   ,,from ,,the ,,land       
,,by   ,,william ,b4 ,,duryee1 ,m4,sc4  
,secretary of ,agriculture1   ,state of 
,new ,jersey     ,,whittlesey ,,house   
,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1    
,,inc4   ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london    
#aicd       ,copyright1 #aicd1 by the   
,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4
    ,all rights reserved4 ,this book1 or
 parts thereof1 may not be   reproduced 
in any form without permission of the   
publishers4    ,,third ,,printing       
,,published ,,by ,,whittlesey ,,house   
,a division of the ,mc,graw-,hill ,book 
,company1 ,inc4    ,printed in the      
,united ,states of ,america by ,the     
,maple ,press ,co41   ,york1 ,pa4       
,to my friend   ,,henry ,w4 ,,jeffers   
,,preface   ,homesteading days are here 
again4 ,the present movement of people  
back to the land is of a different type 

and has different objectives from those 
which prevailed when a continent was to 
be conquered and exploited4 ,today we   
know that many urban industries will    
operate on a seasonal basis and we know 
too that periods of unemployment and    
shorter working days will provide more  
leisure and probably lower incomes for  
hundreds of thousands of families4 ,the 
utilization of this leisure time to     
supplement incomes1 to raise the        
standards of living and of health1 and  
to attain some measure of economic      
security will tend more and more to     
settlement on the land4  ,in these days 
of rapid transportation and all the     
attributes and conveniences of modern   
country life1 the hardships of the      
earlier period of land development are  
non-existent4 ,although urban industrial
 development has reached a point which  
will not be exceeded for many years to  
come1 the individual who needs          
additional income may adjust himself to 
such circumstances by establishing a    

country homestead4 ,industrial activity 
is tending to decentralize1 largely as  
the result of widespread power          
distribution1 and a home in the country 
accessible to some form of manufacturing
 or business employment offers          
undeniable attractions4  ,this book is  
prepared primarily for the family that  
is inexperienced in country living and  
in soil culture4 ,such a family should  
know about the nature of the soil on    
which it lives1 how to make it serve the
 family's needs and purposes1 what to   
do1 and what to avoid in order that     
success may be attained and failure     
averted4 ,students of agriculture as a  
vocation and practical farmers may find1
 beyond the elementary facts presented1 
information of value and help to them4  
,to know and to understand the science  
and practice of agriculture is to have  
power to cope with and to enjoy soil    
culture and animal husbandry4 ,if this  
little volume helps to answer clearly   
and definitely the many inquiries that  

are in the minds of prospective and     
active homesteaders1 it will have served
 its purpose4  ,the knowledge of many   
practical people and the resources of   
agricultural institutions and agencies  
have been drawn upon for this book4     
,grateful acknowledgment is made to     
those who have contributed constructive 
criticism and have helped in the        
preparation of material4 ,especial      
credit is due to the personnel of the   
,new ,jersey and ,new ,york colleges of 
agriculture and to my associates in the 
,new ,jersey ,department of             
,agriculture4  ,,william ,b4 ,,duryee4  
,,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41  ,december1 #aicc4  
,,contents                              
,,page  ,,preface                       
ix  ,,chapter       ,i4 ,,turning ,,from
 ,,the ,,city ,,to ,,the ,,country      
#c      ,,ii4 ,,getting ,,established   
,,in ,,the ,,country        #ab         
,,iii4 ,,financing ,,and ,,protecting   
,,the ,,investment   #bf      ,,iv4     
,,attributes ,,of ,a ,,house ,,in ,,the 

,,country      #dj       ,v4 ,,servicing
 ,,the ,,home                        #ed
      ,,vi4 ,,making ,,the ,,soil       
,,produce ,,crops             #gc       
,,vii4 ,,food ,,from ,,the ,,garden     
#ie    ,,viii4 ,,home ,,fruits ,,and    
,,bees                     #aaj         
,,ix4 ,,poultry ,,as ,a ,,source ,,of   
,,income            #abc       ,x4      
,,successful ,,management ,,of ,,poultry
         #ach      ,,xi4 ,,the ,,family 
,,milk ,,supply                   #aei  
,,xii4 ,,marketing ,,farm ,,products    
#agj     ,a ,,living ,,from ,,the ,,land
     ,chapter ,i  ,,turning ,,from ,,the
 ,,city ,,to ,,the ,,country   ,america 
was founded on the rock base of         
agriculture4 ,the early settlers tilled 
the soil and derived from it the simple 
things that they needed4 ,necessity     
compelled them to be self-reliant1      
courageous and resourceful4 ,the        
establishment of a home in early days   
meant the clearing of land1 the erection
 of a house for human habitation and the

 building of shelters for a few farm    
animals4 ,each farm home became         
practically self-sufficient so far as   
the family needs were concerned4        
,clothing was made there for each member
 of the family4 ,after clearing and     
subduing the land1 the settlers were    
able to produce their cereal foods4     
,animals were slaughtered and the meat  
processed to provide sustenance         
throughout the year4 ,through the       
exchange of commodities and ideas with  
neighbors1 advances in living conditions
 were made4  ,the family that was not   
resourceful in those days failed to     
survive4 ,neighbors were too busy       
working out their own existence problems
 to succor the incompetent4             
,resourcefulness was called upon in     
meeting onslaughts of beasts or human   
marauders4 ,thus there was built up a   
tradition of seeking and utilizing      
resources that has gone on to make our  
country great and the wonder of the rest
 of the world4  ,since pioneer days we  

have built a great industrial1          
commercial and financial machine4       
,american inventive genius1 coupled with
 the best brains of the civilized world1
 attracted by resources and             
opportunities on every hand1 has invaded
 every field and created a great        
industrial superstructure4  ,with the   
genesis and development of a great      
industrial era in the ,united ,states   
there started a movement of population  
from farms to established centers of    
population4 ,the application of the     
sciences to the problems of filling     
human wants gave this movement greater  
impetus4 ,mining and the refining of    
metal ores1 the exploiting of coal      
deposits1 the building of railroads1 the
 construction of buildings for business 
and residential purposes1 as well as    
dozens of other great enterprises1      
served to draw from the country the best
 of its human resources4  ,inventive    
genius began to concentrate on the      
solution of engineering and construction

 problems created by congestion of      
population and successive steps in      
industrialization4 ,this same technical 
genius was applied also to farm         
operations which required laborious     
effort by men and work animals4 ,that   
this development itself progressed      
rapidly is demonstrated by the fact that
 while in #ahaj the effort of nearly    
every person was required to produce    
enough food to sustain the population1  
in #aiaj the efforts of one-third of the
 people were sufficient to provide food 
for the nation and export vast          
quantities to other countries4  ,while  
the nation continued to grow rapidly in 
population and sought to apply to       
ordinary practices the newer            
labor-saving devices1 all was well4 ,it 
was inevitable1 however1 that the great 
industrial machine should become        
over-developed1 at least temporarily4   
,instead of machinery being a servant of
 mankind it became an octopus that could
 not be checked4 ,individual initiative1

 the wellspring of earlier developments 
in the process1 became atrophied4 ,there
 came about such a high degree of       
specialization in human effort as to    
make men dependent upon others for work 
to do4 ,consequently1 even a slight     
throwing out of gear of the machine     
created unemployment1 which reduced     
buying power for the machine-made       
products and started a vicious downward 
spiral accompanied by every form of     
economic distress4  ,when such partial  
or complete breakdown of the            
superstructure occurs1 thoughtful people
 are brought down to earth1 both        
collectively and very intimately in     
thousands of individual cases4 ,they    
begin to get back to fundamentals and to
 seek means of becoming so reestablished
 as to avoid future cataclysms4 ,the    
family attracted to the city by the lure
 of high industrial wages and by crowded
 avenues finds in such a breakdown that 
it has lost its moorings4  ,in seeking  
means of reestablishment free of the    

terrifying complications of industrial  
life1 the mind turns to the country1 to 
the soil1 to growing things that are not
 visibly affected by economic cycles4   
,the open country seems ready to welcome
 back her errant children graciously and
 to enfold them within her protecting   
bosom4 ,we cannot go back1 however1 to  
pioneer days4 ,free land is not         
available and we have not the arts or   
the patience to practice the means of   
livelihood of those days4 ,to make the  
new or renewed relationship with the    
soil a success1 it is necessary to      
understand that country life1 too1 has  
changed during industrial revolutions4  
,mother ,earth is now1 as ever1 a       
generous but exacting parent4 ,to try to
 reestablish relationships in a blind   
and haphazard manner is likely to lead  
to further disaster4 ,such a debacle is 
quite needless1 provided some           
fundamental principles and practices are
 understood and followed4               
,unquestionably1 the open country is now

 making the greatest appeal as a place  
of residence that it has made at any    
time in the history of the nation4 ,to  
list the conveniences which now exist in
 the country is to duplicate those which
 many people have considered as         
available only in cities4 ,in most areas
 of the country1 for example1 there are 
daily mail delivery1 telephone service1 
some measure of fire protection1 and    
transportation by automobile1 bus or    
train4 ,it is quite possible1 for       
example1 to step into a bus at one's    
dooryard and be carried to any part of  
the ,united ,states by the same method  
of transportation4  ,the development of 
the radio has brought to the country    
home all the surging activities of      
national life and varied educational and
 entertainment programs4 ,the spread of 
electric light and power lines through  
the country constitutes a boon that     
makes possible the use of all kinds of  
electrical appliances known in the city1
 including refrigerators1 cooking       

ranges1 washing machines1 water pumps1  
water heaters and hundreds of other     
machines and appliances1 some of which  
are in their infancy4 ,no great         
difficulty is experienced in locating in
 the open country where such electrical 
facilities are available4               
,illustration3 7,courtesy ,u4 ,s4       
,department of ,agriculture7  ,an       
attractive farmstead offering requisites
 of a home in the open country4         
,illustration3 7,courtesy ,u4 ,s4       
,department of ,agriculture7  ,floor    
plan of house shown on opposite page4   
,on the main highways in the northern   
sections of the country a heavy fall of 
snow used to mean isolation for weeks4  
,today the snow is removed as rapidly as
 it falls1 and these highways are kept  
open4 ,the problems and perils of       
isolation are thus removed4  ,tradesmen 
of all kinds are directing their sales  
toward country homes1 and supplies of   
ice and all kinds of food can be        
obtained almost daily at the farm       

doorstep4 ,there is also a tendency to  
develop factories in the country away   
from the high-rent areas of cities and  
to utilize the services of persons      
living in the vicinity of the factory   
for full or partial time in the plants4 
,the cost of living can be reduced by   
living in the country1 and opportunities
 for purchasing foods and other products
 at wholesale prices and storing them   
against the time of need make further   
economies possible4  ,the greatest asset
 that the country has to offer relates  
to the health and character of those who
 live close to nature4 ,it has long been
 recognized by many ,european countries 
that the ownership of even a small tract
 of land1 no larger than a city lot1    
perhaps1 is a definite asset in building
 a nation and in building individual    
character4 ,in ,germany1 in ,denmark and
 in many other nations1 the government  
lends its aid toward the establishment  
of people in the country and makes it   
possible for them to acquire and retain 

small holdings of land which they may   
call home4 ,it is on these small tracts 
that one sees veritable bowers of       
pastoral industry and beauty4           
,residence in the open country1 in      
contact with the soil1 contributes to   
physical strength and to mental health4 
,when a man lives in the country1 his   
house1 his way of living and his        
contribution to the community stand out 
where all may see them4 ,these latter   
assets have always been inherent in     
country life4 ,when to these are added  
the conveniences and the opportunities  
for community enjoyment that are now a  
part of rural life1 its appeal is not   
difficult to understand4  ,anyone who   
intends to live in the country has his  
individual problems to meet and to      
solve4 ,in the solution of these        
problems there are many resources and   
avenues to which he may turn in the     
present day for help and for guidance4  
,the tragic mistakes that have been made
 in the past can and should be largely  

eliminated in the future4 ,a clearer    
understanding should be gained as to    
what one may obtain in the country in   
the form of a better way of living1     
serving as an anchor to the windward    
even under favorable economic           
conditions4     ,chapter ,,ii  ,,getting
 ,,established ,,in ,,the ,,country     
,in the selection of a residence in the 
country1 the settler must decide whether
 he wishes to locate on a farm of       
considerable acreage or whether he wants
 to have a relatively small tract       
ranging from #b to #ae acres4 ,in the   
latter case1 he is thinking primarily of
 a place of residence with sufficient   
acreage to make it possible to secure a 
partial living from the land immediately
 surrounding the home4 ,the trend in    
such purchases is toward the smaller    
place for a number of reasons4  ,a large
 farm acquired by a relatively          
inexperienced person means a very       
considerable burden in the development  
and maintenance of the land itself on a 

producing basis4 ,capital is required   
for the purchase of equipment and power4
 ,parts of the land may need to be      
drained1 and taxes must be paid whether 
the land is productive or not4 ,a person
 acquiring a farm of #ej or more acres  
will find that the major portion of his 
time1 thought and capital will be called
 upon to make it a success4 ,if he has  
definitely cut off his city connections 
and the idea of having a job there1 and 
has had experience in farming1 then he  
may be in a position to take over a     
large acreage so that his full time and 
possibly that of other members of his   
family can be spent on various projects 
on the land he acquires4  ,we are here  
primarily concerned1 not with those who 
desire to enter upon farming on a large 
scale1 but with the family which would  
like to live in the country1 secure a   
partial living from the land surrounding
 the home and still have the opportunity
 of gaining a livelihood from some      
industrial or commercial activity       

located in a near-by city or town4 ,it  
is quite likely that we shall have a    
shorter working week and probably       
periods of unemployment for hundreds of 
thousands of ambitious people4          
,therefore1 a place in the country that 
is well located with respect to         
hard-surfaced highways and accessible to
 urban centers offers opportunities for 
combining the advantages and economic   
assets of country life with urban       
employment4  ,getting ,started          
,right4--,too much emphasis cannot be   
laid upon getting the right start1      
particularly with respect to location4  
,this is not only essential for the     
satisfaction of the present occupant of 
the premises1 but also gives definite   
sales value in case circumstances make a
 change of location desirable or        
necessary4  ,it will often appear that  
the best location is on the outskirts of
 a city or town and from some angles    
this is good reasoning4 ,there are some 
factors1 however1 that make such a      

location undesirable4 ,for one thing1   
the tax rate is likely to be higher in  
such areas than in the open country1    
thus adding to overhead without         
compensating advantages4 ,in the second 
place1 urban centers develop without    
regard to soil type and this is an      
essential factor to the family that     
expects to engage in some agricultural  
pursuit4 ,again1 the type of inhabitants
 that live on the fringe of towns and   
cities may not make good neighbors or   
associates for children1 especially4    
,none of these disadvantages may be     
present in locations close to centers of
 population1 but the prospective settler
 should give all these factors full     
consideration4 ,the sales argument      
frequently advanced that such locations 
will grow in value due to growth of     
population may be fallacious4  ,many    
have found that the higher costs of     
living in these areas often prevent the 
owner from holding on until the slow    
growth of population outward makes a    

worth-while profit possible from his    
real estate4 ,furthermore1 the growth of
 cities and towns is definitely slowing 
down4 ,the expansion of city areas is   
greatly curtailed and is not likely to  
be resumed soon4  ,the most important   
time to get expert opinion as to        
location is at the beginning and not    
after purchasing4 ,there are available  
in every locality persons whose advice  
is useful in such matters4 ,the county  
agricultural agent located in nearly    
every county seat knows the countryside 
and his advice on the subject of        
definite location should be sought once 
one has decided upon the general area   
which seems attractive4 ,in determining 
on specific location the bank which has 
a clientele in the country will often be
 found a helpful guide through          
suggestions or through ability to refer 
the questioner to reputable and informed
 persons with more definite knowledge4  
,another source of information is the   
local dealer in farm supplies4 ,he will 

be found to know general soil types in  
the vicinity1 especially those types    
which bring business to him because they
 are productive4 ,owners of such land   
are able to buy and use to advantage the
 supplies he has to offer to the grower4
  ,size of ,tract4--,there is the       
possibility that a person who goes back 
to the land may acquire too little land 
as well as too much4 ,inadequate land   
resources may seriously hinder          
possibilities of revenue from the place 
and cramp facilities for his            
enterprises4 ,in this connection it may 
be helpful to point out that an acre of 
land comprises #dc1efj square feet4 ,a  
city lot measuring #ej by #ajj feet     
contains #e1jjj square feet4 ,an acre   
therefore would comprise about eight and
 one-half such city lots4 ,a #e-;acre   
tract is usually a minimum area for a   
small agricultural enterprise and many  
have found it entirely adequate4  ,the  
size of the tract to be acquired and the
 enterprises that can be engaged in will

 depend in considerable measure upon the
 size of the occupant's family--whether 
they can assist in its operation and    
whether the owner himself intends to put
 in all or only a part of his time4 ,the
 possibility of securing extra labor    
should also be looked into before larger
 operations are attempted4 ,no definite 
formula can be set down for desirable   
area and enterprises in relation to time
 available for operating4 ,however1 the 
owner will realize that one pair of     
hands can do only so much work4 ,to try 
to operate beyond the capacity of his   
own time and that of others available is
 to become involved in striving to keep 
up with exigencies that may make country
 life a struggle instead of a           
pleasurable existence4 ,it may result1  
too1 in losses due to inability to get  
things done on time1 and nature deals   
harshly with those who neglect the      
seasonable operations that come in any  
agricultural enterprise4 ,bulling       
through or skimping or cutting corners  

simply will not work when one is dealing
 with plant and animal life and only    
failure will come to him who undertakes 
to bluff nature4  ,the successful       
operator of a farming endeavor must     
always be on top of his work1 that is1  
able to plan and direct his energies in 
the most productive way at the right    
time4 ,this is really managing and is   
likely to lead to success and           
satisfaction4 ,to have so much to do    
that one emergency after another must be
 met brings the operator down under his 
farming projects4 ,he ceases to manage  
under these conditions and becomes      
driven by his own creations4 ,to avoid  
this unhappy state1 which is entirely   
unnecessary1 planning must be           
effectively done and operations         
undertaken in a gradual way up to one's 
capacity4  ,cost of ,land4--,the price  
one should pay for land in a relatively 
small tract cannot be arbitrarily fixed4
 ,those who own large farms or tracts   
expect to receive a bonus for the acres 

located along a highway as compared with
 an average price for the entire place4 
,it should be possible to buy a #e- or  
#aj-;acre tract of land in the open     
country with highway frontage for from  
#aej to #bej an acre1 depending on      
location4 ,if the land is located near  
town or city where speculative          
operations have enhanced values1 the    
cost will be considerably more4 ,where  
an entire farm is desired1 the buildings
 are frequently given no value1 the cost
 being the price of the land only4 ,as  
has been stated1 it is quite possible to
 acquire too much land as well as too   
little4 ,a few acres selected from a    
tract of good1 productive soil will     
usually be found a better investment    
than a large farm that has been         
abandoned because of lack of fertility4 
,accessibility to ,cities4--,in deciding
 upon the location of a farm1 methods of
 transportation that are available are  
as important as nearness to cities4 ,a  
location near a railroad station offers 

the possibility of low commutation rates
 to a point of industrial or commercial 
employment4 ,a location abutting upon an
 improved highway means that            
transportation by bus or by personally  
owned automobile can be utilized at the 
least expense and trouble the year      
round4 ,the recent development of bus   
lines covering almost every main artery 
of travel offers facilities for quick   
and economical transportation unknown to
 country residents even a few years ago4
 ,furthermore1 the selection of a place 
of residence accessible to              
transportation to and from it is a      
factor to be borne in mind in connection
 with the possible resale of the        
property1 should that at any time be    
desirable or necessary4  ,the           
,soil4--,the type of soil is a highly   
important factor in determining upon    
location2 also important is its         
crop-producing capacity4 ,for all       
general purposes1 a soil which is loamy 
in texture is desirable4 ,types to be   

avoided are the extremes of clay and    
sand4 ,a heavy clay soil1 particularly  
where the land is in a depression1 not  
only inhibits plant growth of all kinds 
but is often undesirable as a place of  
residence from the standpoint of        
healthfulness4 ,a condition of extreme  
muddiness in wet weather creates an     
unpleasant reaction on those forced to  
live near it4 ,on the other hand1 areas 
which are so sandy in character as to   
furnish no fertility for the growth of  
plants will be found undesirable in     
making the surroundings of the home     
attractive and in growing the vegetables
 and fruits which should constitute a   
part of the living4  ,one method of     
judging the soil consists of examining  
the vegetation that is already growing  
upon it and determining on that basis   
whether it is likely to be favorable for
 the growth of desirable plants4 ,for   
this reason1 the selection of a site    
during the growing season is            
recommended1 rather than during a       

dormant season when it is difficult to  
form an estimate of the vegetation that 
the soil will support4  ,availability of
 ,electricity4--,while it is possible to
 secure individual electrical generating
 plants1 it is far preferable to        
establish a home where electric lines   
may be tapped4 ,the obtaining of        
electrical energy from a commercial line
 is desirable because of its greater    
dependability1 generally lower cost and 
the fact that unlimited use of          
electricity may be obtained without the 
overloading that frequently occurs where
 individual plants are set up4 ,probably
 the availability of public utility     
lines is the greatest asset of          
comfortable country life and one of the 
most important factors in creating      
genuine resale value4 ,these lines bring
 to the country dweller most of the     
advantages that are enjoyed by city     
residents4 ,this is true not only       
because of the advantages of electric   
lights1 but also because electricity    

makes possible the use of such modern   
appurtenances to the home as electric   
refrigerators1 washers1 radios1 water   
pumps and various devices and machines  
for use in connection with poultry      
keeping and vegetable growing4  ,type of
 ,buildings4--,especial attention should
 be given to the adaptability to the    
buyer's needs of the residence and the  
other buildings that may already be in  
existence4 ,if the plot being considered
 is on a main highway1 it is highly     
desirable to have the residence located 
back from the highway a hundred feet or 
more as a means of eliminating noise and
 promoting safety especially if children
 are in the family4 ,the location of a  
home directly on one of the main        
arteries of traffic destroys many of the
 advantages of country life1 owing to   
the distracting noises that accompany   
intensive truck and passenger traffic4  
,the age of buildings and their previous
 care have a direct relation to their   
value1 particularly if they are of frame

 construction4 ,if the buildings have   
been standing for a number of years1    
full allowance must be made for         
depreciation and repairs incident to    
weathering and long usage4 ,the actual  
investment represented in a building    
erected under war or post-war conditions
 may not be in line with present values4
 ,in measuring the value of the         
principal buildings that are already on 
a tract1 careful consideration should be
 given to the cost of replacement4      
,consideration should be given also to  
the outbuildings that may be on such a  
place4 ,instead of being an asset to the
 property1 they may be a distinct       
liability if they are not directly      
useful to the intending purchaser4 ,from
 the standpoint of economy of           
maintenance and generally good          
appearance1 it is much better to have   
one building serve a number of purposes 
than to have a number on different parts
 of the property1 adding to the cost of 
maintenance and multiplying steps4      

,educational ,facilities4--,where there 
are children in the family1 the location
 of schools and the facilities which    
they offer should be investigated by the
 prospective buyer4 ,it is desirable to 
locate as near to schools as possible4  
,in recent years there has been a strong
 tendency throughout the country to do  
away with local schools and to          
consolidate educational facilities in   
one building4 ,coupled with this trend  
is the free transportation of pupils to 
consolidated schools4 ,therefore1 it is 
highly important to locate either near a
 school which will be kept in operation 
or where transportation facilities are  
available to and from the home and the  
school4 ,it should be said that the     
trend toward consolidation of schools   
has carried with it great benefits to   
children who live in the open country by
 affording them educational facilities  
that are not exceeded by most city      
schools4  ,community ,advantages4--,the 
community1 in addition to educational   

facilities that are available1 should   
include those opportunities that appeal 
especially to the family4 ,the          
accessibility of the church of one's    
preference should not be overlooked1 and
 the general type of community life is  
highly important too4 ,some communities 
are known for the law-abiding           
proclivities of their residents while   
others do not have a savory reputation  
from the standpoint of the peace and    
security of their more respectable      
inhabitants4 ,one should establish a    
residence in the community with the     
thought that he is to become a factor in
 the life of that community4 ,he should 
be sure that there is a genuine spirit  
of healthy and cooperative activity     
which constantly tends to upbuild the   
neighborhood1 by keeping out or         
suppressing undesirable elements and by 
developing a concerted feeling of       
responsibility for the welfare of all   
who live within its boundaries4  ,a     
resident of a city moving to the country

 frequently finds a difference in his   
neighbors' viewpoint that surprises him4
 ,there is1 and must be1 in the rural   
community a closer relationship between 
the people in that community than ever  
exists in an apartment dwelling in the  
city4 ,in the country1 one's neighbors  
are apt to show a surprising amount of  
friendly interest in one's doings1 since
 the whole trend of the community is    
based upon the actions and attitude of  
the relatively few people who live      
within it4 ,it should be repeated1      
therefore1 that the type of community   
and the facilities which the people of  
that community have developed should be 
given careful attention by the          
prospective resident and he should      
determine for himself whether the       
particular community that he has in mind
 is in accord with his ideas and ideals4
 ,to be out of step with the community  
in which one lives is apt to create     
dissatisfactions and a critical attitude
 on both sides that is not conducive to 

happiness4  ,a home in the country has  
more of the attributes of genuine       
ownership than has a home anywhere else4
 ,the country home must be established  
with an idea of permanence and of       
becoming really rooted in the soil where
 one locates1 if the true benefits of   
rural home ownership are to be secured4 
,do's  ,decide either on large farm or  
on house and small acreage4  ,determine 
accessibility at all times of the year4 
,purchase soil of loam texture1 mixture 
of sand and clay4  ,determine whether   
electricity is available4  ,locate back 
from highway4  ,if present buildings are
 to be used1 be sure of their condition 
and need of repair4  ,find out type and 
accessibility of schools and other      
community buildings4  ,prepare to be of 
the community as well as in it4         
,remember there are advantages of small 
tract over large farm where available   
time is an important element4  ,use     
local sources of information as to      
desirability of tract before purchasing4

  ,work out a plan of management that   
fits into the time available for the    
farm duties4   ,don'ts  ,don't overlook 
intrinsic values of the location1 such  
as soil1 low tax rate and good          
neighbors4  ,avoid excessive capital    
outlay4  ,avoid extra heavy or extra    
sandy soils or evidently unproductive   
ones4  ,don't overlook advantages of    
electric light and power4  ,don't buy a 
place just because it has buildings4    
,they may not be adapted to your needs4 
,don't buy too much land4 ,it can be a  
burden4  ,don't let the farm become your
 master4  ,don't pay too much for land4 
,there is plenty of it4     ,chapter    
,,iii  ,,financing ,,and ,,protecting   
,,the ,,investment   ,acquiring land for
 residence and for subsistence calls for
 the exercise of good business judgment4
 ,not only must the site and general    
location be acceptable to the family1   
but the investment involved should be   
within the capacity of the owner to     
finance without undue strain on his     

resources4 ,it should be recognized that
 there will be ordinary living expenses 
to be met in the country and perhaps    
some extraordinary demands resulting    
from emergencies4 ,consequently1        
adequate thought and preparation must be
 made for financing the investment and  
making sure1 as far as that is possible1
 that the investment in a country home  
will not be lost through inability to   
meet possible contingencies4  ,it goes  
without saying that the capital         
investment should be kept as low as     
possible4 ,wherever feasible1 the cash  
available should take care of the full  
investment without the necessity for    
additional financing4 ,this reduces the 
drain upon resources through obviating  
the necessity of meeting interest       
payments on mortgages and makes possible
 the use of any surplus funds for       
improvement1 for education and for      
giving the family the advantages which  
country life offers4 ,if it is necessary
 to borrow funds for financing the      

purchase1 special attention should be   
given to the type of mortgage which is  
obtained4  ,mortgage ,financing4--,one  
of the most desirable types of financing
 is through a financially sound building
 and loan association whereby the       
interest and the amortization of the    
mortgage are taken care of through      
monthly payments4 ,such building and    
loan mortgages are available in most    
localities throughout the country4 ,a   
series of monthly payments can be made  
which will take care of the interest    
payments and the mortgage itself so that
 within a period of from ten to twelve  
years1 in most cases1 the mortgage is   
amortized and the owner has the         
advantages of a home that is free of    
encumbrance4 ,for example1 if the       
mortgage amounts to #c1jjj1 subscription
 to fifteen shares of a building and    
loan association at #a a share per month
 would make it possible to clear off the
 mortgage in about eleven years4 ,this  
would call for the payment to the       

association of #ae per month and        
interest4 ,through the compounding of   
interest1 the mortgage can be lifted at 
less expense than any other procedure4  
,another satisfactory plan is to place  
the mortgage with a bank or financing   
company or insurance company that will  
not call the mortgage so long as the    
payments are met1 and at the same time  
start saving through a building and loan
 association so as to complete the      
payments over a series of years4  ,there
 is a far greater sense of security in  
having no mortgage or in setting up a   
definite and practical procedure for    
eliminating it than in always having a  
mortgage encumbrance with its interest  
payments and the possibility of having  
it called at an inopportune moment4 ,a  
home that is free from mortgage can be  
carried at small cost1 especially where 
the owner is willing to make most of the
 repairs and attend to the upkeep       
himself4 ,the demand for outlay of cash 
for mortgage interest may be financially

 embarrassing1 especially where income  
is not guaranteed or may be jeopardized 
through a drastic reduction at critical 
periods or as the result of emergency   
expenses in the family1 such as are     
entailed by serious illness4            
,taxes4--,one of the factors that is    
frequently overlooked in the purchase of
 a residence in the country is the cost 
of meeting taxes4 ,since taxes must be  
met if the property is to be held1 it is
 highly important that the location be  
one in which tax rates are not          
excessive4 ,on the other hand1 an       
exceedingly low tax rate may indicate   
lack of progressiveness in the community
 and lack of facilities which from many 
angles would lessen the value of the    
tract as a place of residence4 ,in most 
localities1 the tax rate is based       
principally upon the costs of building  
and maintaining highways and schools4   
,good facilities in both of these       
respects are highly desirable1 and yet  
excessive expenditures in either        

direction may so advance the tax rate as
 to make them expensive luxuries4  ,in  
many rural communities1 taxing districts
 are burdened with the costs of building
 monumental schools or a very elaborate 
system of roads1 undertaken at some time
 through the flotation of bond issues4  
,the establishment of a sinking fund for
 payment of interest and amortization of
 these bonds frequently constitutes a   
very heavy drain upon the residents of  
the district4 ,it is1 therefore1        
necessary to determine not only the tax 
rate in the locality under              
consideration1 but also to know         
definitely what are the current charges 
for maintenance of government4 ,taxing  
methods vary so widely1 even in         
adjoining districts1 that the only      
method of determining the annual charges
 for taxes is to secure from the present
 owner or from the local tax assessor   
the definite payments that must be made4
  ,as a means of saving trouble later1  
an investigation should be made of the  

property under consideration to make    
sure that taxes have been paid to the   
date of purchase4 ,this is distinctly   
the obligation of the owner4 ,unpaid    
taxes constitute a lien on the property1
 and an investigation of the status of  
the tax payments is essential in        
protecting the proposed investment4     
,the ,title and ,survey4--,a great deal 
of possible trouble can be eliminated by
 making sure that the title is clear4   
,an investigation should be made along  
this line by an attorney or agency      
equipped to secure information from     
appropriate county offices4 ,very often 
the owner has had a recent search made  
and is willing to pass this on to the   
purchaser1 thus saving expense and delay
 in tracing back the records over a long
 period of years4 ,such study will show 
whether there are encumbrances or liens 
of any kind on the property1 and these1 
of course1 must be cleared up before any
 transaction is entered into4  ,the     
potential buyer should also have a      

survey made by a competent engineer to  
definitely fix the boundaries of the    
property4 ,stakes can then be placed1   
indicating the corners and any          
irregularities in the outline of the    
area under consideration1 showing the   
new owner exactly where his property    
extends4 ,in many sections of the       
country the buyer is in a position to   
demand of the owner that such a survey  
be made at the owner's expense4 ,this   
survey is particularly important where  
an area of considerable size has been   
cut up into parcels for sale to         
individuals4  ,the steps that have been 
outlined to protect the investment are  
only those which a prudent purchaser    
will insist upon before transfer of     
ownership takes place4 ,frequently a    
buyer becomes so enamored with a        
property that he hopes nothing will     
interfere with his acquisition of it1   
and he is apt to mentally minimize the  
possibilities of a cloud on the title or
 the exactness of the property lines4   

,so many people have suffered serious   
losses from failure to look thoroughly  
before leaping that emphasis is given to
 these points as a means of securing    
ample protection for the buyer4  ,an    
,income from the ,investment4--,it is   
presumed that in most cases the owner of
 even a small tract expects to secure   
some financial returns from the land as 
a means of adding to his income4 ,the   
plan that is proposed as a means of     
securing an income from the land should 
not be too complicated and should be of 
a type that can be carried on when the  
owner is necessarily engaged in other   
work4 ,this1 of course1 may run the     
gamut from a small home garden to supply
 the vegetable needs of the household to
 the operation of a larger tract on a   
commercial basis4 ,furthermore1 as we   
get into the commercial type of         
production1 that may be planned as a    
means of materially supplementing an    
income or eventually supplying the      
entire family income4  ,especial        

attention has been given in recent years
 to the use of poultry as a means of    
supplying an income to the family which 
is willing to use its own resources for 
taking care of the flock4 ,another means
 of securing an income is the growing of
 vegetables and the sale of these       
vegetables at a stand erected near the  
house for the convenience of the        
traveling public4 ,many who engage in   
vegetable growing or egg production on a
 relatively small scale will find an    
outlet for their products through       
associates in some other line of work1  
who will be glad to buy from their      
country friends on the basis of quality 
and freshness that may not be obtainable
 through their community stores4  ,it   
should be pointed out that where the    
area under cultivation is small1 the    
production must be intensive4 ,in other 
words1 it would be uneconomic for the   
owner of a small tract to try to        
supplement his income through the growth
 of staple crops4 ,he must specialize in

 some particular phase of agriculture1  
horticulture or animal industry that    
will bring the largest possible net     
returns per acre even though that       
implies a considerably larger labor cost
 per unit of operation than would be the
 case in the growing of the staple      
crops1 such as the cereals4 ,the        
successful production of vegetable crops
 or poultry products1 for example1 and  
their successful merchandizing1 rest    
primarily on the interest and the       
adaptability of the individual4         
,avoiding ,causes of ,failure4--,to know
 what procedures to avoid is to be      
fortified against failure and to be     
prepared to take advantage of those     
constructive measures which are         
conducive to success4 ,a recent survey  
has been made in an eastern state on the
 causes of failure in farming1          
frequently followed by necessitous      
abandonment of the farm and home4 ,this 
survey shows that one of the principal  
causes of failure is the effort to      

manage a farm that is too large for the 
operator's capacity2 his inexperience   
and lack of knowledge constitute too    
great a handicap on a large acreage4    
,best results can be secured in farming 
only by seeding1 cultivating and        
harvesting at the proper time in each   
case4 ,to a greater extent than is      
usually realized1 success depends upon  
good management1 which means doing the  
things that need to be done at the right
 time4  ,if the farm is large there is a
 necessity for employing hired labor1   
and the costs of this labor1 especially 
under inexperienced management1 are     
likely to be out of line with the value 
of the products raised4 ,in many        
instances the lack of technical         
experience can be corrected by          
dependence upon governmental agencies1  
such as experiment stations1 county     
agricultural agents and departments of  
agriculture4 ,these services are        
available to every farmer1 in most cases
 without cost1 and all that he needs is 

the will to avail himself of such expert
 help4 ,in the cases of farms that have 
been abandoned1 we find that the        
operators did not make contacts with    
dependable sources of information1 an   
indication of the necessity of          
cooperating with the agricultural       
agencies or with experienced and        
successful neighboring farmers4  ,still 
another cause of failure lies in the    
purchase of a farm at a price which     
requires the assumption of a mortgage   
which is too high in relation to the    
income from the farm4 ,in short1 an     
attempt to operate on an overcapitalized
 basis will1 sooner or later1 lead to   
disaster4 ,failure to locate on a       
productive type of soil may easily lead 
to loss of the investment4 ,if the local
 conditions1 including good roads1      
school advantages and a healthy         
community spirit1 are lacking1 there    
will develop a feeling of discouragement
 and mental dissatisfaction which       
destroys morale and creates the desire  

to get out from under at any cost4  ,the
 ,stocked ,farm4--,the question is      
frequently raised as to whether a farm  
should be bought already stocked with   
work and domestic animals and with farm 
equipment or whether it should be       
stocked by the operator himself4 ,this  
will depend1 of course1 upon the type of
 equipment which may be available in the
 individual case4 ,sometimes fairly good
 equipment will be sold with the farm as
 a means of facilitating a sale1 but the
 value of each item should be determined
 by someone experienced in prices of    
such livestock or commodities as may be 
sold with the farm4  ,in many cases the 
buyer has loaded himself with animals or
 equipment that are ill adapted to the  
farm or that are of no particular value1
 and in struggling to get along with    
them he may seriously handicap the      
efficiency of his labors4 ,in most cases
 it will be found a better practice to  
add stock and equipment as the need     
becomes definite and the finances of the

 operator make it possible for him to   
add them to the farm4 ,in this way he   
will be fairly sure of acquiring only   
those items which will be of direct use 
and benefit to him and will avoid an    
accumulation of worn-out or antiquated  
articles which will not meet the        
requirements he must observe in         
selecting tools for his work4  ,avoiding
 ,fire ,loss4--,possibility of loss by  
fire is an ever-present reality to the  
owner of a country place4 ,there are two
 methods of preventing loss1 and the    
observance of both will contribute to   
the peace of mind of the owner4  ,in the
 first place1 he should make sure that  
adequate insurance is carried on his    
buildings and equipment so that in case 
of loss through fire there will be      
sufficient indemnity to permit the      
rebuilding of the destroyed or damaged  
structures4 ,lightning heads the list of
 the causes of farm fires and is        
frequently not reckoned with by urban   
residents who have seen little evidence 

of its destructiveness4 ,in cities1     
points of electrical concentration are  
avoided by diffusion through piping1    
metal poles and a number of other       
conductors of electricity4 ,the owner of
 a country home can secure quite        
complete protection from damage through 
lightning by the use of electrical      
conductors1 usually called lightning    
rods1 properly installed4 ,such         
equipment does away with #ij per cent of
 the risk caused by lightning4  ,in     
installing a system of lightning rods1  
it is well to observe a few simple      
precautions4 ,the most exposed parts of 
a building should be provided with rods 
and the rod points should extend #c to  
#d feet above the structure4 ,conductors
 from the rod point should go in the    
most direct line possible to the ground 
and sharp bends in the conductors should
 be avoided4 ,one of the most essential 
precautions is to thoroughly ground the 
conductors4 ,water pipes on the         
buildings furnish excellent grounding4  

,the grounds for the conductors must be 
deep enough in the soil to reach        
permanent moisture4 ,lightning rods that
 are not properly constructed or        
properly grounded may be a worse menace 
than if no such protection is attempted4
 ,specific methods of protecting farm   
buildings from lightning damage can be  
secured from state agricultural agencies
 or from reliable commercial firms which
 make a practice of erecting them4      
,another cause of fires lies in unsound 
chimney construction4 ,by using care and
 the proper materials in the building of
 chimneys1 fire may be avoided4 ,chimney
 bricks should be laid flat rather than 
on edge1 thereby practically eliminating
 the development of chimney cracks      
through which sparks can escape into    
floor spaces1 attics and roofs4  ,fire  
risks to residences and other buildings 
can be reduced by building the roof of  
fireproof or fire-resistant materials4  
,wooden shingles1 while attractive and  
inexpensive1 may become so dry at       

certain seasons of the year as to       
furnish tinder for sparks that may rise 
from a brush fire or from burning       
buildings in the vicinity4 ,the use of  
slate or asbestos shingles is           
recommended for roofs and there are     
other materials now on the market which 
have fire-resistant qualities and can be
 safely utilized4 ,flying sparks carried
 along on high winds constitute little  
menace to those who have equipped their 
roofs with non-inflammable materials4   
,it is important to see that electrical 
wiring has been properly installed1 and 
for this purpose it is safest to secure 
expert help4 ,if the menace of fire is  
properly evaluated by the owner1 he will
 naturally take suitable precautions to 
cope with it1 both through utilizing    
adequate preventive measures and through
 having available equipment to make     
possible the smothering of accidental   
fires which may develop4 ,the           
application of these available          
common-sense methods of fire prevention 

will practically eliminate the fire     
risk4 ,an ounce of such prevention      
effort is to be stressed rather than    
placing dependence on means of fire     
suppression after the combustion occurs4
   ,do's  ,keep capital investment as   
low as possible4  ,if part of capital   
must be borrowed1 select type of        
mortgage that can be paid off most      
conveniently4  ,determine tax rate      
before buying4  ,make sure that title is
 clear and the property lines definitely
 fixed4  ,if some income is expected1   
check on possibilities of location with 
that in mind4  ,plan to secure income   
from intensive crop and animal projects1
 e4g41 vegetables and poultry4  ,use    
governmental aids to the fullest extent4
  ,carry adequate insurance on          
buildings1 equipment and furniture as   
protection against fire loss4  ,install 
protection against lightning4  ,be sure 
electrical wiring is properly installed4
   ,don'ts  ,don't become heavily       
involved with fixed financial           

obligations at outset4  ,avoid          
localities with heavy bonded            
indebtedness1 resulting in excessive    
taxes4  ,don't expect to get an income  
from growing staple crops such as       
grains4  ,don't become dependent on     
hired labor if it can be avoided4       
,avoid unproductive soil and top-heavy  
investment of capital4  ,don't buy a    
stocked farm unless the stock is adapted
 to needs and properly valued4  ,don't  
neglect to take every precaution against
 fire4  ,don't forget chimney flues are 
potential risks4  ,avoid roofs of       
inflammable materials4     ,chapter ,,iv
  ,,attributes ,,of ,a ,,house ,,in     
,,the ,,country   ,the problem of       
selecting a home is always a serious    
one4 ,success in choosing a satisfactory
 location and home in the country calls 
for careful study and good judgment     
throughout the procedure4 ,in urban     
centers many services are taken for     
granted1 such as water supply1 sewerage1
 public utility connections and delivery

 systems4 ,the establishment of a home  
in the country calls for the            
consideration of all these services4    
,some may not be available and          
preparations must be made to do without 
them or to set up such procedures as    
will take care of the family's needs on 
the basis of the individual home4  ,the 
,rural ,home4--,to give the elements of 
satisfactory living under modest        
circumstances1 the country home should  
be so located and serviced as to give   
the maximum of comfort and convenience  
for the money invested4 ,the location1  
type of construction and interior       
arrangement of the home are important   
factors in attaining these objectives4  
,unless the location selected already   
has buildings on it which meet the needs
 of the purchaser and his family1 there 
will be the immediate problem of        
building the home or remodeling the     
structure already in existence4 ,in     
recent years a great deal of attention  
has been given to rural homes1          

stimulated no doubt by the very evident 
trend of population from the city to the
 country4 ,these homes should have      
attributes distinctly their own and     
should harmonize with the purpose and   
the location in mind4 ,a house with     
lines that look well in town or city may
 be only a blot on the landscape when   
set in the open country4 ,many excellent
 recommendations have been made for     
country houses by the ,united ,states   
,department of ,agriculture1 the        
,president's ,conference on ,home       
,building and ,home ,ownership          
7,december1 #aica7 and by architects who
 have given this problem the specific   
attention it deserves4  ,in general1 we 
may say that the exterior of the house  
should have simple lines and should not 
be ostentatious or covered with         
inappropriate decorative effects4 ,this 
is especially the case where the house  
is comparatively small and is located in
 the open country where there is a      
simple and pleasing natural background4 

,the country house should be low and    
broad1 rather than tall and narrow4 ,the
 windows and doors should be of a size  
and shape that will meet utilitarian    
requirements and be so situated as to   
give a pleasing and attractive          
appearance to the whole structure4 ,the 
materials used should be selected to    
meet the needs of economy in the        
original construction and should be of  
long-lasting type1 assuring economy in  
maintenance4  ,essential                
,requirements4--,in planning the house  
there are certain minimum requirements  
which should be kept in mind4 ,for      
example1 the sleeping facilities should 
include at least one bedroom for every  
two persons and should contain not less 
than #ajj square feet per room4 ,all    
sleeping rooms should be provided with  
cross ventilation1 that is1 with a      
window on each of two sides1 and        
sufficient closet or wardrobe space     
should be provided1 equipped with       
shelves and hangers for taking care of  

clothing4 ,ordinary lighting facilities 
for each room include at least one      
window1 with the kitchen1 living room   
and sleeping areas preferably having    
two4 ,windows should be so placed as to 
permit direct sunlight to enter at least
 three-fourths of the rooms4 ,there     
should be daylight and artificial lights
 on all work surfaces such as the stove1
 the sink1 work tables and in the family
 reading center4  ,especial attention   
given in advance to the kitchen will be 
more than repaid by the convenience and 
efficiencies secured4 ,there should be  
ample built-in kitchen equipment for    
small and large utensils1 kitchen tools 
and linens4 ,ample lighting devices     
should be employed and step-saving      
arrangements provided so as to eliminate
 as much effort as possible in carrying 
out the daily duties that are conducted 
in this important part of the country   
home4  ,where the funds available for   
construction or remodeling are limited1 
it is important to know what the cost   

will be before the job is started4 ,this
 procedure calls for a plan which will  
show the exterior appearance1 the       
interior arrangement1 and the cost of   
the completed job4 ,plans can be secured
 from many sources in addition to those 
already mentioned4 ,persons with        
architectural experience and ability may
 often be employed directly to plan the 
house and to supervise its construction4
 ,if the prospective builder wishes to  
select his own plans and to know in     
advance the complete cost1 he can secure
 from processors of lumber a catalog of 
plans which are accompanied by costs of 
every item needed4 ,such processors cut 
the material to fit at the factory and  
identify each piece so that the         
mechanically minded man can do much of  
the work himself with help he may       
employ4 ,these companies will also quote
 prices on the cost of erection by their
 own employees in addition to the cost  
of materials4 ,the outlay needed for    
lighting1 plumbing and heating          

facilities can also be obtained from the
 same source4   ,illustration3          
7,courtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,department of       
,agriculture7  ,a modest country home4  
,illustration3 7,courtesy ,u4 ,s4       
,department of ,agriculture7  ,floor    
plans of house shown on opposite page4  
,another method of procedure is to draw 
a plan of the house that contains the   
rooms considered necessary1 submit such 
plans to a lumber merchant and get      
quotations on costs of various types of 
material necessary to construct it4     
,such construction will usually require 
the services of a skilled carpenter and 
mason but permits of more latitude in   
most cases than is available under a set
 building arrangement4  ,types of       
,country ,houses4--,illustrations of    
small houses suitable for the country   
are shown on pages #h and #dd4 ,the     
floor plans of these houses are shown on
 the facing pages4 ,there are many other
 types of small houses adapted to use in
 the country and the selection of any   

one is largely a matter of individual   
preference and ability to finance4      
,because of the variation in prices of  
material in different locations1 the    
kind and quality of material that the   
owner may desire and also the amount of 
labor that may be furnished by the      
owner1 it is difficult to give in       
definite terms the cost of various types
 of buildings4 ,estimates of costs of   
materials and construction may easily be
 obtained from contractors in the       
vicinity4  ,simply with the idea of     
giving approximate costs1 the           
,conference on ,home ,building gives the
 following cost bases for building frame
 dwellings1 obtained roughly by         
multiplying the volume by the cost per  
cubic foot4 ,naturally the cost will    
vary in different sections of the       
country1 and the level of artistry that 
is set up by the builder himself will be
 a factor4  ,,approximate ,,costs ,,per 
,,cubic ,,foot ,,for ,,frame ,,dwellings
                                        

----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,southern    ,northern                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,first   
recommended level--#b1 #c or #d rooms   
with                masonry base1       
fire-resistive flue1 both sides         
of studs covered1 painted exterior1     
interior                finish4         
99#aj-ae;c   99#ab-ah;c   ,second       
level--,bathroom space1 better finish   
#ab-ah     #ae-ba   ,medium level--#e-f 
rooms1 with plumbing            #af-bc  
#bj-bf   ,fourth level--,adequate       
standard plumbing and                   
hardwood floors                         
#ai-bg     #bc-cj   ,fifth              
level--,comparable to better type of    
middle-class city home                  
#be-ce     #bh-ce                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   99 ,the  
cheapest type of shelter 7shack7 may be 
built for perhaps half     this cost4   

,pre-fabricated ,houses4--,the field of 
house construction has been occupied    
almost exclusively by the individual    
architect or builder who has wrought    
according to the general ideas of the   
intending occupant or the real estate   
developer4 ,when the plans are completed
 and approved1 the contractor assembles 
the necessary materials from local      
sources1 builds and equips the house and
 turns it over to the buyer in completed
 condition4 ,under such a procedure     
there is little application of mass     
production measures which have reduced  
costs and raised quality standards in   
many industries1 notably in automobile  
construction1 for example4  ,thousands  
of houses built to sell in the recent   
construction era of the #aibj's have    
proved unsatisfactory and costly to the 
occupants as the result of shoddy       
building methods4 ,such methods seem to 
be typically ,american as distinguished 
from the far more solid and permanent   
,old ,world procedure4 ,it now seems    

likely that the problem of economical   
and substantial housing will be met in  
the method that is also                 
,american--namely1 by the pre-fabricated
 house to which various natural         
resources of the country contribute4    
,the parts of such houses are made under
 mass production methods and easily     
assembled on the owner's lot4 ,the same 
idea can be applied with ease to        
apartment house construction in any     
location4 ,the first step in this       
direction has already been mentioned in 
the case of mail-order companies which  
cut the lumber to fit and supply every  
needed accessory to the last detail4    
,the next step1 and the one that bids   
fair to inaugurate an entirely new      
house-building procedure1 is now in the 
making1 although as yet it is in the    
experimental and testing stage4         
,examples of such construction made     
their first public appearance at the    
,century of ,progress ,exposition at    
,chicago in #aicc4  ,materials that     

enter into the construction of these    
new-type houses include steel1 asbestos1
 aluminum and cement4 ,as a rule1 the   
buildings have a steel frame erected on 
cement foundations and without a cellar2
 the walls and partitions are of        
asbestos composition and the roof       
constructed of steel sheets with        
aluminum insulation4 ,such a building is
 fireproof and proof also against       
vermin1 lightning1 wind and earthquake4 
,the house is also adapted to and       
equipped with heating1 lighting1        
plumbing and air conditioning           
facilities4 ,the whole building is      
pre-planned and pre-fabricated as a unit
 with its component parts constructed   
under economical and interchangeable    
mass production methods4  ,modifications
 of the construction above mentioned    
include the use of sound-proofed steel  
panels or insulation board for          
partitions and walls with an exterior of
 painted steel4 ,many other             
modifications are being developed to    

insure individuality1 stability1        
insulation and economy in first cost and
 maintenance4 ,the lines of most of     
these houses are severe and modernistic 
in design1 although decorative and      
unique effects are easily obtainable4   
,the costs of the complete house unit   
range from #fjj for a one-room type to  
#c1ejj to #f1jjj for a complete home of 
modest size4 ,the principal fabricators 
of these houses and their addresses are3
 ,general ,houses1 ,inc41 ,chicago1     
,illinois2 ,american ,houses1 ,inc41    
,new ,york ,city2 ,american ,rolling    
,mill ,company1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2      
,american ,radiator and ,standard       
,sanitary ,company1 ,new ,york ,city2   
,columbian ,steel ,tank ,company1       
,kansas ,city1 ,missouri1 and ,national 
,steel ,homes1 ,inc41 ,los ,angeles1    
,california4 ,information on types and  
costs can be obtained by addressing     
these companies4  ,rural ,home          
,life4--,to have a successful experience
 in country life1 one must become       

identified with one's surroundings and  
become a part of the community4 ,those  
who seek to establish a country         
residence simply as a place from which  
to commute to city attractions will not 
only miss the greatest asset in country 
living but will probably find this      
existence unsatisfactory4 ,to become    
interested in the growing plants and    
animals at home1 to do with one's own   
hands the things that make the home more
 attractive and to develop a contact    
with the community that helps to        
increase its normal activities mean the 
attainment of pleasure and satisfaction 
so far beyond that obtainable in        
congested urban quarters that there is  
no comparison4 ,in many cases this      
direct affinity with one's surroundings 
will come gradually and not always      
easily4 ,it can be cultivated and should
 be a part of the plan of every family  
expecting to reside in the country4     
,trees as ,assets4--,one of the greatest
 assets that can be secured in the      

country is well-developed shade4 ,if the
 house under consideration is already   
built and has around it trees that serve
 as a softening and beautifying factor1 
as well as for shade purposes1 the value
 is decidedly enhanced4 ,if the home is 
to be newly built and a site is         
available where trees are already well  
grown1 the house can often be placed in 
the midst of such trees1 thereby gaining
 a number of years in the benefits that 
trees give and for which there is no    
substitute4  ,few persons can resist the
 charm of trees4 ,that they also have a 
definite economic value is shown by the 
added desirability we all attach to an  
attractively landscaped home where trees
 of various kinds and sizes furnish the 
motif4 ,in acquiring a place in the     
country the newcomer will at once wish  
to plant trees1 shrubs and ornamentals  
to beautify his holdings4 ,if this is   
carefully planned at the beginning1     
succeeding years and a little care will 
add to the attractiveness and intrinsic 

value of the home4 ,the saying1 a house 
is not a home until it is planted1 has a
 great deal of truth behind it4 ,most   
nurserymen will be glad to render       
assistance in properly planning and     
setting the ornamental landscaping of   
the home1 helping the owner avoid       
mistakes and costly movings and         
replacements later4  ,commercial        
,horticulture4--,in addition to the     
plantings around his home1 the owner of 
a few acres can at slight expense start 
small trees for later ornamental use or 
for sale at a roadside stand1 for       
example4 ,such small trees and          
ornamental plants can often be purchased
 at wholesale prices from nursery       
companies which have laying out stock1  
as it is called1 for sale4 ,the standard
 large-growing evergreens and deciduous 
shade trees can be thus transplanted to 
one's own acres1 as can the popular     
dwarf types of evergreens and flowering 
shrubs4 ,these may be planted in one    
area where they can be cared for as a   

growing crop1 or they may be planted in 
groups for beautifying the premises     
while they are growing4 ,again1 single  
plants may be set by themselves and     
given special attention1 later becoming 
specimens which are much in demand by   
admirers of the species4  ,an           
appreciation of tree habits can be thus 
developed by all the members of the     
family1 and considerable income may be  
obtained in later years1 as the trees   
become of age1 through their sale4 ,we  
are entering upon an era of making homes
 attractive as places in which to live  
and not as houses to go away from4 ,all 
forms of plant life that contribute to  
this end will be admired and sought     
after in the years to come4   ,do's     
,give special consideration to location1
 type of construction and interior      
arrangement4  ,if building a home1      
select a type that fits surroundings4   
,strive for simplicity of lines and full
 utilization of every cubic foot of     
space4  ,remember pre-fabricated houses 

are practical and likely to supplant    
some other types of construction4  ,in  
buying a pre-fabricated house1 be sure  
plans and construction fit needs of     
family and materials used are adapted to
 the climatic conditions4  ,give special
 attention to convenience and           
cheerfulness of kitchen4  ,develop a    
plan of planting ornamental plants and  
trees to be carried out in due course4  
,don'ts  ,don't try to build a city     
house in the country4  ,don't neglect   
windows in number or size4  ,don't      
overlook costs of completed job before  
commencing building or improvements4    
,don't neglect the asset value of trees4
     ,chapter ,v  ,,servicing ,,the     
,,home   ,many types of services are    
available to the country home owner1    
including rural mail delivery1 the      
telephone and electricity4 ,rural mail  
delivery in particular is so common     
that1 on practically every highway1 mail
 service is secured by the placing of a 
mail box along the highway at the       

entrance to the residence4 ,telephone   
service is available along practically  
all the main-traveled highways and on a 
majority of the other types of roads4   
,where the lines are not already        
installed1 extensions may be obtained to
 new locations1 and this is facilitated 
when more than one residence is to be   
served by the same line4 ,the majority  
of families accustomed to city          
conveniences will want to have          
electricity available so as to use      
electric lights and the labor-saving    
devices that are operated by electric   
power4 ,with the expansion that has     
taken place in the development of rural 
electric lines in recent years1 there is
 not a great deal of difficulty in      
getting a location which will give the  
housewife the advantages that           
electricity offers4  ,telephone service 
and electrical facilities may fall into 
the class of luxuries for those with    
limited resources4 ,it may be pointed   
out in this connection that millions of 

farm homes are still using petroleum    
products for lighting purposes and are  
finding it no hardship4 ,practically all
 would1 of course1 use electricity if it
 were available and financially         
possible4 ,the new home owner in the    
country will find it advantageous to    
locate where electric service is        
obtainable4  ,other services for the    
country residents are pretty largely up 
to the owner as to their utilization and
 type4 ,it is necessary1 of course1 to  
have an ample water supply1 to maintain 
sanitary conditions through sewerage of 
some description1 to provide a method of
 heating the home during cold weather   
and to provide storage facilities for   
food during the dormant season4  ,the   
,water ,supply4--,perhaps the most      
important attribute of the country home 
is an adequate supply of water4 ,this is
 particularly true where families have  
been accustomed to utilizing municipal  
water supplies which are safe and pure  
as to quality and unlimited in amount4  

,in most country homes it is necessary  
to construct a water-supply system1     
which means reaching a supply of        
underground water1 pumping it to the    
surface and piping it to locations where
 it is wanted4 ,higher standards of     
living create new and increased demands 
for water4  ,water for domestic use     
should be clear1 colorless1 odorless1   
soft1 neither strongly acid nor         
alkaline1 with a temperature averaging  
#ej degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,such water    
supplies can be obtained in nearly every
 section of the country4 ,hot water is  
necessary in every home and there must  
be a heater of some type1 using coal1   
petroleum products1 natural or          
artificial gas or electricity for fuel4 
,for this purpose a hot-water storage   
boiler or tank must be installed4  ,the 
,dug ,well4--,a dug well is one of the  
older types of wells4 ,it should be     
large enough in diameter to permit      
ingress and egress to all parts of it   
for repairs or for cleaning4 ,most dug  

wells require cleaning occasionally1 due
 to the entrance of dirt at the top and 
to the washing in of clay and silt with 
the ground water4 ,many of these wells  
contain harmful gases which have proved 
fatal to those entering them4 ,before an
 attempt is made to clean such a well or
 to make any repairs1 a lighted candle  
should be lowered into it4 ,if the      
candle is extinguished1 it will be      
dangerous to enter until the well has   
been thoroughly ventilated4  ,a dug well
 will vary in depth from #bj to #fj     
feet1 depending upon the distance it is 
necessary to dig for an adequate supply 
of water4 ,types of pumping apparatus   
are on the market to cope with any depth
 in digging such a well4 ,if dug wells  
are shallow1 the water supply depends   
very largely upon current rainfall and  
in times of prolonged drouth there may  
be a serious shortage4 ,fairly deep     
wells of this type are usually very     
satisfactory and will supply            
surprisingly large amounts of water when

 the demand is made upon them4          
,illustration3 ,well drilling--an early 
step in locating in the country4 ,in the
 foreground may be seen part of the     
excavation for the house4   ,artesian   
,water ,supply4--,artesian wells have   
distinct advantages over dug wells      
although they are more expensive to     
construct4 ,the water from such wells is
 absolutely pure and it never fails4    
,this is because subterranean streams   
have been tapped which are not subject  
to possible surface contamination1 nor  
are they dependent upon showers for     
replenishment4  ,special power apparatus
 is necessary for constructing an       
artesian or drilled well4 ,the drilling 
costs from #c per foot up1 depending    
upon the nature of the subsoil and      
whether rock is encountered4 ,unless    
such a well has been drilled in the     
immediate vicinity it is not possible to
 hazard even a guess as to when water   
will be struck4 ,the consolation that   
such an undertaking has for the owner is

 in knowing there will be no doubt as to
 quantity or purity when the strike     
occurs4  ,water ,pumps4--,pumps are now 
available which operate automatically by
 electricity and constantly supply the  
home with fresh water drawn from the    
earth as needed4 ,the requirements for  
the pump and the motor will vary with   
the depth of the well and the water     
requirements of the family4 ,in all such
 cases1 therefore1 it is desirable to   
call in for consultation engineers or   
competent representatives of pump       
manufacturers or distributors4 ,it      
should be borne in mind that adequacy of
 supply is most important and that      
economy in first cost1 achieved at the  
sacrifice of an adequate supply1 may be 
a definite handicap to necessary home   
services4  ,heating ,facilities4--,the  
type of heating apparatus that is used  
will depend upon the size of the house  
and its arrangement as well as upon the 
funds available4 ,the simplest type of  
heaters are those which do not have a   

complete system of extending radiation  
through the home but depend upon        
circulation of the air within the house 
to equalize the temperature4 ,in        
deciding upon the type of apparatus1 it 
is necessary to make sure that the      
system is as low in original cost as    
possible2 that it will probably have a  
long life1 thereby spreading the first  
cost over a period of years2 that it be 
economical in operation through         
efficient consumption of fuel1 and that 
the system be easily controlled4 ,the   
health of the family and the ability to 
live in a satisfactory manner will      
depend to a considerable extent upon the
 method of heating the home1 especially 
in cold climates4  ,particular care     
should be taken to make sure that       
whatever type of heating is employed is 
adequate in size4 ,it is more economical
 to operate a heater that is somewhat   
oversized than to rush one which cannot 
easily maintain a comfortable           
temperature in cold weather4 ,heating   

engineers and contractors are available 
to furnish information on heating costs 
in every locality4 ,the generally used  
types of heating include stoves1        
circulator heaters1 warm air1 hot water 
and steam systems1 and fireplaces4      
,specialists of the ,united ,states     
,department of ,agriculture have        
developed a great deal of information to
 enable the home owner to cope with the 
heating problems in a practical manner4 
,it is estimated by the department that 
if a two-pipe hot-water system for a    
six-room house costs #ejj1 the other    
systems for the same house ordinarily   
would cost about as follows3            
,two-pipe vapor system                  
#fjj   ,one-pipe steam system           
#djj   ,a piped warm air furnace        
#bfj   ,pipeless furnace                
#adj   ,circulator heater or stove      
#fj  ,of course1 these systems vary in  
efficiency and in providing comfort as  
much as they vary in cost1 but these    
estimates will provide the home owner   

with an idea of the outlay for taking   
care of the heating problem4  ,the      
ability to maintain a satisfactory      
temperature depends as much upon the    
construction of the house as upon the   
heating apparatus itself4 ,heat is      
readily lost through walls1 roofs and   
windows4 ,most houses can be made more  
comfortable at small cost by applying   
insulation or by correcting defects in  
construction4 ,the use of storm doors or
 storm vestibules where doors are       
frequently opened to the out-of-doors   
will prevent drafts and conserve heat4  
,metal weather stripping is the most    
effective means of preventing air leaks 
around windows and doors and making the 
entire house weather-tight4  ,the fuel  
that is used will depend upon the type  
of furnace and the relative prices      
prevailing for different kinds4 ,recent 
developments in oil heating bring this  
fuel in close competition from the      
standpoint of economy with coal or coke4
 ,oil is particularly adaptable as a    

source of fuel in homes in the country  
since tank trucks can readily deliver   
oil to the home owner4 ,improvements in 
securing the maximum efficiency from all
 types of fuel are being developed      
continually2 and there are now on the   
market furnaces1 using anthracite or    
bituminous coal as fuel1 which offer    
many advantages that were unknown to    
older types4  ,fireplace                
,construction4--,an open fireplace where
 wood can be used as fuel is a great    
source of satisfaction and pleasure1 as 
well as a comfort1 in country homes4    
,wood of proper length for fireplace    
burning can be readily secured in the   
country and there is ample room for     
storing it4 ,where the house is small in
 size1 such wood fires can be used for  
heating the house satisfactorily in     
spring and fall and can be used to      
supplement other types of heating when  
desired4  ,no country home can be       
considered complete without a fireplace4
 ,the comfort and homelike atmosphere   

that it gives make it a general asset   
for the enjoyment of the family circle4 
,fireplaces should be constructed so as 
to insure a good draft with a maximum of
 heat radiation4 ,it is desirable to    
build in the fireplace flue a damper    
which can be open when the fire is      
burning and can be shut when it is      
desired to keep heat from escaping from 
the room via the chimney4 ,it is also a 
convenience to have a trap opening      
placed in the back of the fireplace on  
the floor so that ashes may be removed  
in this manner1 eliminating the labor of
 carrying them from the fireplace4      
,sewerage of ,farm ,homes4--,all wastes 
from the farm home coming under the term
 of sewage should go direct to a septic 
tank4 ,here the sewage is held in a     
quiet state for a period of time1 and   
through bacterial processes1 the organic
 matter is destroyed4 ,a septic-tank    
installation consists of four parts3    
first1 the house sewer from house to    
tank2 second1 the sewage tank1          

consisting of one or more chambers2     
third1 the sewer from tank to           
distribution field2 fourth1 the         
distribution field where the sewage is  
distributed1 sometimes called the       
absorption field4 ,plans for sewerage   
construction may be obtained from state 
and local boards of health and from     
federal health and agricultural         
agencies4   ,illustration3 7,courtesy   
,new ,jersey ,agricultural ,extension   
,service7  ,an adequate sewage disposal 
plant is essential and inexpensive4 ,a  
practical one is shown here4   ,the     
,rural ,engineering ,department of the  
,new ,jersey ,agricultural ,experiment  
,station recommends that the septic tank
 have a capacity adequate to hold all   
the water used by the family for two    
entire days4 ,for a family of six       
persons the inside dimensions of the    
tank should be #d feet in width with a  
length of #d feet in the first chamber  
and #c feet in the second chamber4 ,the 
depth of water should be #d feet1 giving

 the tank a capacity of over #fjj       
gallons1 thus allowing #ajj gallons for 
each person during the forty-eight-hour 
period4 ,the entire tank will be #d feet
 wide1 #h-a_/b feet long and #f-a_/b    
feet deep4  ,septic tanks are usually   
built of solid concrete1 concrete blocks
 or brick1 waterproofed on the inside to
 prevent escape of the contents except  
through the outlets described4 ,these   
outlets should be #ajj to #aej feet away
 from any source of water supply to     
prevent contamination of potable water4 
,leading from the outlet of the second  
chamber1 several lines of tile #aj to   
#ad inches in depth should be laid at a 
gentle slope away from the tank1        
permitting escape of the effluent at    
each joint4 ,for a family of six persons
 a total length of #aej feet of tile    
pipe will be sufficient in most types of
 soil4  ,food ,storage4--,every country 
home should have a basement in which a  
room can be set apart for cold storage4 
,such a place is suitable for keeping   

supplies of potatoes and other root     
crops1 as well as commodities that      
deteriorate under conditions of warmth4 
,surplus supplies of food from the      
garden can be placed in such storages   
and be readily available for use during 
the winter4 ,with the surplus of        
perishable food products in cans and    
with a good supply of non-perishable    
products in such a type of storage room1
 economies in food purchase can be      
effected and the healthfulness of the   
family maintained through their use when
 fresh products are difficult to secure 
or are unseasonable and expensive4  ,if 
a basement is not available for food    
storage1 root crops can be stored       
outside the house and kept during the   
winter4 ,these products should be piled 
in a heap1 covered with straw or other  
clean1 loose material and the mound then
 covered with earth4 ,in this manner1   
potatoes and similar crops can be kept  
throughout the winter and until late in 
the spring without serious              

deterioration4 ,it is important to      
select a site for such outdoor storage  
that is well drained so that water will 
not collect and freeze in the storage   
area4  ,services ,available to the      
,country ,resident4--,public agencies   
are available for help in solving the   
problems of country residents1 varying  
from agricultural and horticultural     
practices to building construction1     
water supply and sewage disposal4 ,as a 
rule1 these services are of advice and  
suggestion1 are free of cost and may be 
utilized freely by those living in the  
country4  ,most of the counties in the  
,united ,states have a county           
agricultural agent1 who is located at   
the county seat and whose territory     
covers only the county in which he      
resides4 ,the costs of such service are 
paid by federal and state               
appropriations1 frequently supplemented 
by county appropriations1 and also      
frequently through annual individual    
subscriptions4 ,the county agricultural 

agent is really a field representative  
of the ,united ,states ,department of   
,agriculture and of the state           
agricultural college in the state where 
he works4 ,there is hardly a problem of 
the country resident for which he cannot
 obtain aid from the county agricultural
 agent4 ,in many of the more thickly    
populated areas the problems of the     
family getting a location on the land   
for a home are already well known to the
 agricultural agent and he is therefore 
in a position to guide the newcomer and 
help him to prevent mistakes4  ,in many 
counties there is also a home economics 
service connected with the office of the
 county agricultural agent and supported
 in the same general manner4 ,this      
service1 along the lines which the name 
implies1 is available to the country    
home maker4 ,groups of women are        
organized and meet at intervals for     
discussions on food preparation1 canning
 and storage and the making of clothing 
for the family4  ,in nearly every state 

there is a state department of          
agriculture with regulatory and         
promotional activities and dealing      
especially with law enforcement         
provisions passed by the respective     
legislatures4 ,these agencies are also  
concerned with development of marketing 
facilities in many states4 ,they are    
supported by state and federal funds and
 carry on such projects as the testing  
of cattle for tuberculosis1 treatment in
 prevention of communicable animal      
diseases and the control of insect and  
fungous pests through quarantine and    
inspection activities4 ,these           
departments are located at the state    
capitols and information on the services
 available can be secured by addressing 
the department in the state where one   
resides4  ,because there is a lack of   
understanding among newcomers to the    
country of the services that are        
available through these agencies without
 cost1 this particular mention of them  
is made4 ,it is recommended that each   

family get in touch with the county     
agricultural agent1 the college of      
agriculture and the department of       
agriculture and learn definitely of the 
help that can be secured without cost in
 meeting the problems of country life4  
,electric ,wiring ,principles4--,public 
utilities are organized to furnish      
electric service and it will be found   
that they are ready to assist customers 
in securing the most satisfactory use of
 electricity4 ,such knowledge1 based on 
experience1 will be valuable in helping 
owners to avoid costly mistakes and to  
provide for a wiring system that will be
 economical and yet complete4 ,when the 
plans and specifications of the wiring  
system have been worked out1 it is      
important to secure bids from reliable  
contractors4 ,only those contractors who
 can do the work in a capable manner    
should be employed and it should be     
determined in advance that the          
installation will be in strict          
compliance with the ,national           

,electrical ,code4 ,for wiring work it  
is necessary to know the number of      
amperes the wire is to carry4 ,this may 
be determined by dividing the load in   
watts by the voltage which is to be     
used4  ,the service lateral is a system 
of wires which form a path over which   
electricity is carried from the main    
line to the house4 ,this is generally   
built by the utility company and its    
cost will depend upon the distance of   
the residence from the main line and    
whether the owner furnishes poles1      
labor1 etc4  ,wires should be of such   
size as to give sufficient mechanical   
strength to stand up under sleet        
conditions4 ,usually three entrance     
wires are used to carry the electric    
energy from the utility connection to   
the house4 ,the lateral is the          
electrical doorway to the farm and is   
the most essential part of the wiring   
system4 ,the wires should be of adequate
 size so as to provide proper voltage   
and give complete electrical service for

 all ordinary requirements of current4  
,it is important to see that the        
electrical equipment is properly        
grounded1 that is1 the connecting to    
earth of certain metallic objects which 
are near power conductors4 ,the purpose 
is to carry to the earth any heavy      
electrical charge which might exist on  
such objects and cause electrical shocks
 when they are touched4 ,grounding may  
be secured by connecting with water     
pipes that reach some depth under       
ground1 or driven pipe may be used as a 
means of securing intimate contact with 
moist earth4  ,recommendations for      
outlets from the electrical wires in the
 house call for centering ceiling       
lighting outlets1 and placing wall      
brackets about #e-a_/b feet above the   
floor4 ,convenient outlets in the       
kitchen and bathroom should be about #cc
 inches above the floor4 ,in other      
locations they are usually best placed  
in the baseboard4 ,wall switches are    
usually located #d feet above the floor4

 ,a switch should be located at each    
door to a room or entrance to a hall and
 in many cases three-way switches can be
 used to advantage1 since these afford  
control over the same lighting from two 
separate locations4  ,with these general
 observations on a rather complicated   
subject1 most of which are based on the 
excellent recommendations of the        
,national ,committee on the ,relation of
 ,electricity to ,agriculture1 the home 
owner should be in a position to take   
care of his needs properly1 bearing in  
mind that the system of wiring should be
 adequate in every respect and the      
number of outlets sufficiently numerous 
to provide easy and convenient service  
throughout the house4 ,an official      
check-up should be made of all          
installations after completion4 ,the    
method of securing such inspection can  
be obtained through a local electrical  
contractor4   ,illustration3 7,courtesy 
,new ,jersey ,agricultural ,extension   
,service7  ,ground floor plan of a      

house1 showing the number1 the type1 and
 the location of electrical current     
outlets4   ,tank ,gas ,supply4--,a      
service of supplying compressed gas in  
portable tanks has recently been        
developed for country homes located away
 from public gas lines4 ,this gas can be
 used either with a specially adapted   
range which is supplied as part of the  
service or in some cases with an        
ordinary gas range4 ,companies offering 
this service are located in most cities 
and are understood to be willing to     
supply residences anywhere with gas4    
,the cost of first installation of the  
system is about #dj4 ,renewals cost     
approximately #ab per cylinder of gas4  
,each cylinder will supply a family of  
four with gas for three to four months1 
making a monthly bill of from #c to #d1 
which compares favorably with artificial
 gas supply through a meter from pipe   
lines4 ,this gas may be used for any    
purpose for which any other gas is      
adapted4 ,the gas and the servicing of  

it constitute a boon to country         
residents from the standpoint of utility
 and economy4 ,it is especially         
desirable for those previously          
accustomed to city gas supplies and to  
whom the use of any other type of fuel  
is strange and somewhat of a problem4   
,do's  ,remember that important service 
factors include mail delivery1          
telephone1 electricity1 water supply and
 sewage disposal4  ,be sure of adequate 
water supply of good quality4  ,obtain  
artesian water supply wherever possible4
  ,provide for such heating facilities  
as the budget can stand4  ,select the   
heating system in relation to fuel      
costs4  ,make sure that the sewerage    
system is adequate for waste disposal4  
,use fully such governmental agencies as
 county agents1 home demonstration      
agents1 experiment stations and         
agricultural colleges1 state and federal
 departments of agriculture4  ,provide  
storage space for surplus food products4
  ,remember electric wiring requires    

skilled workmanship4  ,investigate      
advantages and costs of tank gas as a   
cooking fuel4   ,don'ts  ,don't forget  
that services automatically available to
 urban residents must be planned for in 
the country4  ,don't neglect            
construction defects that prevent full  
benefits from heating system4  ,don't   
overlook the advantages of a well-built 
fireplace4  ,don't install electrical   
service without full attention to       
principles of convenience1 safety and   
economy involved4     ,chapter ,,vi     
,,making ,,the ,,soil ,,produce ,,crops 
,there are many treatises available that
 deal with the soil1 its composition and
 its treatment4 ,no attempt will be made
 here to go exhaustively into that      
subject4 ,there are a few fundamental   
factors1 however1 which the potential   
owner should know regarding soil        
treatment1 for that is the base upon    
which he will build his income-producing
 operations4  ,the particles of soil    
have had their genesis in rock4 ,the    

rock has become disintegrated and       
decomposed through natural processes4   
,the action of the weather is the most  
important factor in creating soil4      
,water falling on rock not only wears it
 away mechanically1 but through certain 
mild acid elements which it acquires1   
disintegrates the binding materials that
 hold rock segments together4 ,in       
addition1 there is the action of frost  
and freezing1 too1 making the moisture  
in rock expand and contract and thereby 
causing the breaking down of the        
segments4 ,with this action is coupled  
that of hot suns which cause expansion  
and breaking up of the rock as it       
becomes heated and cooled under         
atmospheric influence4  ,a great deal of
 the soil surface in many sections of   
the country is the result of glacial    
action4 ,these glaciers not only eroded 
the surface1 thereby creating millions  
of rock particles1 but they also carried
 large deposits of the rock particles to
 more distant areas and deposited them  

over a subsoil that may be totally      
different in character from the surface 
soil thus deposited4  ,how ,tillable    
,soil ,is ,made4--,the action of plants 
themselves has a great effect in adding 
to our supply of tillable soil4 ,seeds  
of plants or seeds of trees become      
established in some slightly weathered  
rock areas and begin to grow4 ,the roots
 penetrate wherever there is any loose  
soil1 and partly by their pressure and  
partly through the acidity accompanying 
decomposing plant tissue1 complete a    
further breaking down of the rock4      
,there is a continuous process of       
destruction of rocks and leveling off of
 mountains and hills to fill the valleys
 below4  ,many groups of deep-rooted    
plants tend to increase the depth of the
 surface soil by growth of the roots in 
the subsoil and by creating therein a   
condition approaching that which already
 exists on the surface4 ,the action of  
earth worms and similar forms of life in
 bringing subsoil to the top and in     

opening channels through which water and
 surface air can penetrate constitutes  
another continually operating force in  
the creation of a productive soil4 ,a   
deeper layer of productive soil can also
 be created through a plan of           
consistently deeper plowing1 bringing up
 with each annual plowing operation a   
small portion of subsoil which1 when    
mixed with the surface soil1 tends to   
become like it4   ,illustration3        
7,courtesy ,new ,jersey ,department of  
,conservation and ,development7  ,soil  
is created from rock by nature's        
weathering processes and by plant       
growth4 ,at the bottom may be seen solid
 rock2 just above are disintegrating    
rock fragments1 and at the top1 the     
soil4   ,every type of real soil        
contains all the elements of plant      
growth4 ,this plant food results from a 
breaking down of soil particles and the 
setting free of chemical elements which1
 either singly or in combination1 serve 
as food for plants4  ,whatever the type 

of soil may be1 it will be found that   
certain crops will make better growth in
 it than others4 ,as a general rule1 it 
may be said that the only way to        
determine which plants will grow best on
 a given soil is by the trial-and-error 
method4 ,however1 by observation of the 
growth on similar types of soil we can  
learn something of a soil's crop        
adaptability4 ,there are some crops that
 will grow in almost any soil and there 
are others that need an exactness of    
texture1 moisture and plant food which  
makes them highly specialized products4 
,the operator must learn how to work in 
harmony with the peculiarities of his   
own soil before he can hope to get the  
best results4  ,in acquiring a tract for
 the growing of plants of any kind it is
 desirable to get a soil type that will 
meet the requirements of most plants4   
,as a general rule1 this type contains  
enough clay to be retentive of moisture1
 enough sand to be easily worked and is 
generally suitable for bacterial growth4

 ,in other words1 what is commonly      
called a loam is the ideal type for     
general agricultural and horticultural  
purposes4 ,this may be a heavy loam1 in 
which clay predominates1 or a so-called 
light loam1 in which sand particles     
predominate4 ,an examination of a       
handful of soil by a person experienced 
in farming will indicate its nature and 
its adaptability to ordinary crop       
production4  ,essential ,elements of    
,plant ,food4--,countless scientific    
experiments in plant growth show that   
potassium1 lime1 phosphorus1 magnesium1 
iron1 sulphur1 nitrogen1 carbon1 oxygen 
and hydrogen are essential to normal    
development4 ,the carbon1 hydrogen and  
oxygen elements make up nearly #ii per  
cent of the entire composition of the   
plant and are derived from the          
atmosphere4 ,all of the other elements  
are derived from the soil except in the 
case of peas1 beans1 clovers and other  
legumes which secure most of their      
nitrogen from the air4  ,the mineral    

elements are not needed in large amounts
 but well-balanced plant growth is      
strictly dependent upon their presence  
in available form4 ,of these elements1  
those most likely to be deficient either
 in total amount or in availability are 
nitrogen1 phosphorus1 potassium and     
calcium4 ,it is entirely feasible and   
economical to apply concentrated        
chemical fertilizers containing the     
first three elements so that their lack 
will not constitute a limit to size of  
crops harvested4 ,in many cases it is   
necessary to apply chemical fertilizers 
to get satisfactory yields1 even where  
natural manures are available and can be
 applied as well4  ,in addition to      
supplying essential plant food1         
nitrogen1 phosphorus and potassium      
perform specific functions in plant     
growth4 ,the application of nitrogen in 
one of its readily available forms      
7e4g41 nitrate of soda and sulphate of  
ammonia7 will stimulate vegetative      
growth4 ,if too much of this one element

 is applied1 leaf and branch development
 may occur at the expense of the crop4  
,good results follow the use of nitrogen
 on grass sods and on leafy vegetables  
like spinach4 ,on the other hand1 corn1 
peas1 beans and other seed-forming crops
 need to have the nitrogen balanced with
 phosphorus4 ,potatoes1 in common with  
other tuber and root crops1 will utilize
 plenty of potassium in the development 
of starch4  ,sources of ,plant          
,food4--,chemical fertilizers can be    
purchased at supply stores in ready     
mixed condition and of analyses that    
will meet general crop needs4 ,a good   
formula for such a general purpose      
fertilizer is #d to #e per cent         
nitrogen1 #g to #i per cent phosphoric  
acid and #g to #aj per cent potash to   
the ton4 ,it is known that such a       
mixture will supply the food needs of a 
large variety of plants in balanced     
amounts4 ,highly concentrated mixtures  
are now on the market providing double  
the amount of plant food in the example 

quoted1 costing nearly twice as much but
 effecting a saving by cutting in half  
the material handled to get the same    
result4 ,care should be taken1 in using 
these highly concentrated fertilizers1  
to avoid contact with tender roots4 ,a  
mixture for general farm and garden     
purposes may contain the following      
ingredients3      #ajj pounds nitrate of
 soda     #bcj pounds sulphate of       
ammonia     #bej pounds animal tankage  
7#g per cent nitrogen7   #a1adj pounds  
superphosphate 7#af per cent phosphoric 
acid7     #bhj pounds muriate of potash 
7#ej per cent potash7   -----   #b1jjj  
pounds4  ,this mixture will have a      
formula of #d-i-g 7#d per cent nitrogen1
 #i per cent phosphoric acid and #g per 
cent potassium74 ,the individual who    
wishes to mix his own fertilizer may do 
so by purchasing the finely ground      
ingredients separately1 and by means of 
a shovel1 integrate them all into a     
mixture4 ,home mixing will not be found 
profitable where small amounts of       

fertilizer are used4 ,those who practice
 home mixing for the first time should  
realize that most combinations of       
ingredients will set or harden if not   
used immediately1 necessitating the     
breaking up and pulverizing of the mass4
 ,when it is broken up after curing1 no 
further difficulty should be experienced
 with setting if the mixture is kept in 
a dry place4 ,the advantages of home    
mixing for the large user lie in lower  
cost per ton of plant food as a rule2   
confidence in the quality of the        
ingredients which he should purchase on 
the basis of guaranteed analysis2 and   
the setting up of a mixture which study 
of his soil and the plant requirements  
has convinced him is best suited for his
 individual case4  ,chemical ,soil      
,analysis ,not ,helpful4--,there is a   
mistaken notion that it is necessary to 
analyze soils chemically in order to    
fertilize them intelligently4 ,such an  
analysis of a reasonably fertile soil   
will show the presence of the essential 

elements of plant food1 though perhaps  
not all in sufficient amounts1 to       
produce ordinary crops for centuries to 
come4 ,only a small amount of the       
elements become available for root      
absorption each year and a chemical     
analysis will not bring out this most   
important factor--availability4 ,the use
 of a few simple tests1 mainly of a     
physical nature by a competent soils    
specialist1 will prove of some          
assistance in the treatment of the soil4
 ,such tests will show the presence of  
adequate amounts of humus1 and indicate 
the acidity content4 ,the soil texture  
will give some index of its crop        
adaptability and thereby serve as a     
basis for fertilizing treatment that    
will meet the needs of both soil and    
crop4 ,the practical man will not expect
 any considerable aid from a highly     
technical and costly chemical analysis  
of his soil4  ,another factor that      
militates against worth-while benefits  
of chemical soil analysis is the great  

variation in soil types frequently      
occurring in the same field4 ,to attempt
 to draw a representative sample by     
mixing soil from several areas might    
result in a specimen that would not be  
really typical of any area4 ,for the    
purpose of ordinary physical examination
 and testing for acidity1 representative
 soil samples should be taken from      
several parts of the same soil type1    
mixed together and a composite sample   
for testing drawn from the mixture1     
weighing not less than a pound in each  
case4 ,if the soil is quite apparently  
variable it may be necessary to draw two
 or more composite samples from the same
 area4 ,very helpful service in         
intelligent soil treatment may be       
secured from the county agricultural    
agent and the state college of          
agriculture in the county or state of   
residence4  ,legumes as ,soil           
,improvers4--,a means of soil           
improvement that is well understood by  
progressive farmers is the use of       

legumes to improve the soil4 ,the       
legumes include a large family of plants
 of which the bean1 the pea and the     
clovers are outstanding examples4 ,such 
plants have on their roots nodules which
 house nitrogen-gathering bacteria4     
,these bacteria absorb nitrogen from the
 air in the soil and1 in the ordinary   
process of growth1 death and decay1 make
 this nitrogen available to the host    
plants1 leaving a residue in the soil   
for the roots of plants that are to     
follow4 ,thus this group of plants1     
known as legumes1 have been used for    
generations as a method of increasing   
the nitrogen content of soils4          
,nitrogen1 incidentally1 is the most    
costly element to buy in commercial     
fertilizers4 ,the soil-improving        
benefits of legumes may be secured by   
growing them either for harvest as a    
source of animal food or for plowing    
under as a means of utilizing them      
entirely for the development of soil    
fertility4  ,in reading of the studies  

of soil fertility that were made by     
,george ,washington at ,mount ,vernon1  
we learn of the improvement that he made
 in the relatively poor soils of that   
area by growing plants of the legume    
family4 ,the actual reason why such     
improvement was brought about was not   
known in ,washington's time1 but the    
results were apparent4 ,today1 the value
 of legumes as soil builders is well    
recognized and we understand much more  
definitely than ,washington did the     
reasons for their being so helpful in   
increasing crop production4  ,many soil 
areas do not contain the particular type
 of bacteria necessary to the fixation  
of atmospheric nitrogen by legumes4     
,this is frequently the cause of failure
 in growing alfalfa1 soybeans1 cowpeas  
and less well known members of the      
legume family4 ,each legume has its own 
type of nodule-forming bacteria4 ,in    
order to assure the presence of the     
proper bacterial family1 means often    
must be employed to add them to the soil

 where the specific crop is to be grown4
 ,this may be accomplished by adding    
soil from an area where the legume does 
well to the new area1 or the seed may be
 inoculated with commercial cultures    
before seeding4 ,either method is       
effective4 ,if soil is used it should be
 drilled in or spread on a cloudy day to
 prevent the destructive action of the  
sun's rays on the exposed minute forms  
of plant life we call bacteria4  ,if it 
is not known that the legume to be      
planted has been grown successfully in a
 given field within the previous several
 years1 the precaution of adding the    
proper bacteria should be taken4 ,in    
some sections1 such legumes as red1     
alsike1 crimson and white clovers have  
been grown for many years and the       
bacteria for these plants are well      
distributed4 ,there1 inoculation is not 
necessary for these crops1 but it       
probably should be practiced if other   
legumes such as alfalfa1 cowpeas or     
soybeans are to be grown on land for the

 first time4  ,the ,value of            
,humus4--,in addition to the chemical   
elements of plant food1 all productive  
soils contain decaying vegetable matter1
 generally classified under the term    
humus4 ,humus serves as a source of     
acid-generating material which further  
breaks down soil particles and1 most    
important of all1 serves as a food for  
millions of microscopic plants which    
develop and die quite beyond the scope  
of human vision4 ,these constitute a    
type of bacteria which are distinctly   
beneficial and essential to human life  
since they make possible the growth of  
larger plants that serve as human food4 
,green plants1 straw or leaves1 when    
plowed under or spaded in the soil1 are 
attacked by bacterial agencies which    
gradually turn these products into      
humus4 ,the same process occurs when a  
compost is set up4 ,this is made of     
leaves1 manure1 soil1 straw and other   
materials thrown into a heap and allowed
 to decay4 ,such compost is excellent   

for placing around plants when setting  
them out1 since it holds moisture1      
supplies fertility and creates optimum  
conditions for young root growth4 ,under
 practical field conditions1 humus may  
be added to soils by spreading animal   
manures1 followed by plowing them down1 
or by the growing of heavy green crops  
such as wheat1 rye1 cowpeas or vetch and
 turning the entire mass under with the 
plow when they are at their height4     
,lime and ,its ,application4--,reference
 has been made to the fact that calcium 
is an essential plant food and is       
frequently deficient in soils4 ,as a    
matter of fact1 the great majority of   
soils are deficient in calcium and their
 productiveness is inhibited thereby4   
,lime supplies calcium and also         
magnesium as food for plants4 ,its      
application accomplishes many other     
desirable things such as correcting soil
 acidity4 ,the growth of beneficial     
bacteria is greatly stimulated in a soil
 that has had its acidity neutralized by

 the application of lime4 ,this product1
 therefore1 creates a more congenial    
condition for the growth of bacteria1   
which1 in turn1 make for better crop    
production4 ,lime is also beneficial    
through furnishing the element calcium  
with which other plant foods combine    
chemically and thereby become soluble in
 the soil water4 ,unless plant foods are
 in a state of solution1 they cannot be 
absorbed by plant roots4 ,lime is a     
potent force in creating chemical       
reactions in the soil1 resulting in the 
stimulation of growth through increased 
absorption of essential elements in     
solution4  ,lime also benefits soils of 
a clayey nature through its ability to  
cement together the fine clay particles 
and in that way create air spaces so    
greatly needed in tight clay soils4     
,lime is beneficial1 too1 in the case of
 soils which have a large proportion of 
sand or large particles1 and serves as  
an agent in creating a better condition 
of tilth and of moisture retention4  ,it

 makes little difference in what form   
lime is applied4 ,it may be purchased   
and applied in the form of ground       
limestone1 a rock rich in calcium which 
has been mechanically ground to a very  
great degree of fineness4 ,it can also  
be applied in the form of hydrated lime4
 ,this is obtained by heating ground    
limestone and slaking it by adding      
water4 ,a common example of this is the 
slaking of lime for whitewashing        
purposes4 ,another good source of lime  
is finely ground shells of oysters or   
other forms of sea life which collect   
the calcium from sea water and deposit  
it in their shells4  ,adjusting the     
,water ,content of ,soils4--,aside from 
the supplying of water by irrigation1 a 
rather costly process under most        
conditions1 the water resources of most 
soils can be greatly increased by adding
 to their humus content4 ,humus1 which1 
it has been pointed out1 is decaying    
vegetable matter1 serves as a sponge for
 the absorption of soil water and for   

underground water supplies4 ,therefore1 
the more humus that can be plowed into  
the soil1 other conditions being equal1 
the greater is the ability of the plants
 growing in that soil to withstand      
drouth4 ,as soils are cultivated1 the   
tendency is for the humus to become     
burned out and to have a reduced        
moisture-holding capacity4 ,to overcome 
this tendency1 it is necessary to add   
vegetable matter to the soil whenever it
 is possible4 ,incidentally1 the        
incorporation of large quantities of    
humus in the soil creates a condition of
 acidity which may call for the         
application of lime as a corrective4    
,there are many acres of land which     
contain too much water in the area that 
roots should penetrate to permit of     
optimum plant growth4 ,roots of most    
plants will not penetrate where there is
 an excess of water1 and air cannot     
circulate where moisture is             
superabundant4 ,usually these conditions
 exist where the soil is of a clayey    

nature4 ,the abundance of water may be  
caused by the inability of surface water
 to percolate through the soil4 ,it may 
take so long1 due to the nature of the  
soil1 for this water to pass through the
 lower depths of subsoil that the roots 
of plants are destroyed by lack of      
oxygen4 ,in such cases the application  
of lime1 increasing the humus content1  
and deeper plowing will be found        
helpful4 ,occasionally1 the discharge of
 dynamite or blasting powder in the     
area1 if it appears to be in the form of
 a pocket1 will break up the hard pan   
subsoil and permit the water to escape4 
,less dependence is now being placed on 
this means of correcting a wet condition
 of the soil than was the case some     
years ago4  ,a similar condition of     
overabundant water in soil may be due to
 the presence of springs or to a high   
water table4 ,little can be done to     
correct a condition where the water     
table itself is so close to the surface 
as to inhibit plant growth and this is  

assuredly one of the factors to be      
looked into before a tract is purchased4
 ,where the surplus water is evidently  
being supplied by a spring1 an          
underdrain made of tile pipe1 #c or #d  
inches in diameter1 can be laid as a    
means of conducting the water into a    
ditch or adjoining drain4 ,in laying    
such a drain1 it should be placed above 
the area where the wet soil surface is  
most evident4 ,if such a drain is laid  
#ah inches to #c feet deep above the wet
 area1 it will cut off the water seeping
 down underground and carry it away4    
,good results cannot be secured if the  
drain is laid directly in the area of   
extreme wetness or if it does not cut   
off the flow of water before it reaches 
the area that is consistently too wet   
for plant growth4  ,from what has been  
said in this brief description of soil  
treatment and soil improvement1 it is   
evident that one must live with his soil
 for some time in order to understand it
 and to be able intelligently to correct

 its deficiencies1 overcome its         
weaknesses and make it capable of       
supporting plants which are desirable   
from the owner's point of view4 ,in the 
great majority of cases1 the improvement
 process1 while a slow one1 is far from 
hopeless and almost any soil that is not
 extremely sandy or clayey can be so    
intelligently treated as to make it     
productive4  ,cultivation4--,any        
discussion of soil treatment is not     
complete without mention of cultivation4
 ,intelligent cultivation is an         
essential factor in securing adequate   
crops4 ,it is interesting to recall that
 the word manure1 which has come to mean
 fertilization or fertilizer1 is derived
 from the ,latin word manus meaning hand
 and implying manipulation of the soil1 
which we now call cultivation4          
,cultivation has been most frequently   
practiced as a method of destroying     
weeds1 thereby making all of the        
available plant food subject to         
absorption by the roots of the desired  

plants and not by the intruders we call 
weeds4 ,cultivation does more than      
destroy weeds1 however4 ,it opens up the
 soil so that air containing atmospheric
 nitrogen can penetrate it and so that  
the bacteria requiring air for their    
best growth may have it available4      
,furthermore1 cultivation conserves     
moisture and is more essential during   
dry periods in the growing season than  
at any other time4  ,we know that in    
entering the soil the rain water follows
 certain channels in and around the soil
 particles on its way to the subsoil4   
,when the rain has ceased and the top   
layer of soil becomes dry1 the tendency 
is for the water to work up through     
these same channels to the surface1     
where it evaporates4 ,cultivation1 by   
breaking up these channels1 or capillary
 tubes1 checks the escape of moisture   
into the air4 ,it creates a blanket of  
dry surface soil which insulates the    
soil moisture from the air above4 ,the  
tendency of soil moisture to reestablish

 capillary methods of escape makes      
recultivation necessary from time to    
time in dry weather4 ,care must1 of     
course1 be taken that the cultivation is
 not harmful to roots of growing plants4
 ,if these roots are disturbed or       
destroyed through cultivation1 more harm
 than good may result because of the    
damage to the root systems4  ,farm      
,power and ,equipment4--,where the land 
area to be cultivated is larger than the
 family garden some type of equipment   
for working the land1 propelled by horse
 or motor1 will be found desirable and  
in larger areas essential4 ,one or more 
horses may be used where there are      
stabling facilities and where           
arrangements can be made for the daily  
care and feeding that these animals     
require4 ,a horse suitable for work     
purposes may be obtained for less than  
#bjj4 ,the price will1 of course1 depend
 upon the age and physical soundness of 
the animal1 but should not exceed #aej  
for a physically sound animal under ten 

years old4 ,a person unskilled in the   
assessing of animal values should obtain
 the services of a veterinarian or an   
experienced horseman in making a        
selection4 ,a horse for this purpose    
should be of quiet1 tractable           
disposition1 bred and broken for work   
purposes4 ,the cost of caring for a     
horse for one year will approximate     
#abe1 including feed and bedding1 but   
without labor charge4  ,leather harness 
costing #be to #ej will be required and 
in addition tools1 including a plow1 a  
harrow1 and a cultivator costing about  
#ae each4 ,other special equipment such 
as a mower will cost considerably more1 
depending upon the type used4  ,if the  
members of the family are fond of       
animals and willing to assume the       
responsibility for their daily care1 the
 horse will be found an efficient and   
useful source of power for tilling the  
land4 ,in this connection it should be  
pointed out that flies breed with great 
rapidity in the strawy manure of the    

stable1 and such wastes should be spread
 upon the land almost daily or treated  
to prevent fly-breeding4  ,tractor      
,power4--,just as large tractors have   
supplanted horses and horse-drawn       
equipment on thousands of farms in the  
,united ,states1 the so-called garden   
tractor has become increasingly popular 
for the tilling of small acreages4 ,the 
tractor requires feed only when it is   
working1 is not subject to the ills that
 beset animals1 and may be used for     
twenty-four hours a day if necessary4   
,it makes an appeal to the mechanically 
minded members of the household and1 if 
properly cared for1 will give economical
 and lasting service4  ,the usual type  
of garden tractor consists of two large 
wheels with lugs on them to give        
traction and is driven by a one- or     
two-cylinder motor4 ,a plow1 a          
cultivator1 or mower may be attached to 
the drawbar1 the operator walking behind
 and regulating the speed and guiding   
the outfit by handles provided for the  

purpose4 ,earlier types of these        
machines were not always satisfactory   
owing to construction weaknesses and    
occasionally balky motors4 ,those now on
 the market1 however1 are greatly       
improved1 require less attention1 and   
rival their big brothers1 the powerful  
farm tractors1 in dependability4  ,there
 are a number of types and makes of     
garden tractors now on the market1      
ranging in price from #age or less to   
#djj1 the cost depending largely upon   
the size and capacity of the motor4 ,in 
selecting a satisfactory garden tractor 
attention should be directed to the     
simplicity and power of the motor1 the  
type of bearings1 the method of         
lubrication of all moving parts1 the    
working speed and the economy of fuel4  
,bearings ought to be of standard1      
long-wearing type since these are       
subject to hard service4 ,two speeds are
 desirable1 a slow one for heavy duty   
and a faster one for lighter work4 ,the 
tractor should operate all day on about 

#b gallons of gasoline and a quart of   
oil4 ,in addition to power applied at   
the drawbar where special tools are     
attached1 a pulley will be found a      
desirable accessory for operating belt  
machinery such as small feed mills1     
pumps1 and cream separators4 ,the rating
 of the motor should be not less than #c
 horsepower at the drawbar for the      
ordinary tasks it will be called upon to
 perform4  ,all types of attachments are
 available for the garden tractor4      
,these include plows1 disks1 harrows1   
cultivators1 mowers1 fertilizer         
distributors1 planters1 sowers and      
seeding accessories4 ,the prices of     
these vary according to make and        
quality4 ,levers are provided for       
adjusting the depth of plowing1         
cultivating and seeding4 ,some of the   
large type garden tractors are equipped 
with a seat on a sulky attached to the  
machine so that the operator can ride   
and have complete control over speed and
 the type of work he wishes to do4 ,a   

modern garden tractor will be found very
 useful in taking care of a lawn or     
garden4 ,in the case of larger areas    
under cultivation1 but not of field     
size1 this type of machine is rapidly   
gaining popularity for performing       
efficiently and economically the        
numerous jobs that are to be done on    
every small farm4   ,do's  ,select a    
soil type that is inherently productive1
 fertile1 retentive of moisture and     
easily cultivated4  ,supplement soil    
fertility by adding chemical fertilizers
 either singly or in combination4  ,buy 
mixed fertilizers on the basis of       
guaranteed analyses4  ,use legumes      
7peas1 beans1 etc47 to add nitrogen to  
soils and increase humus content4  ,add 
specific bacteria for the production of 
various legumes4  ,use manure and green 
crops to supply humus4  ,apply lime when
 soil test shows need for it as plant   
food and general soil improver4         
,practice methods that make soils       
absorptive of moisture and permit escape

 of excess water4  ,cultivate the soil  
to check escape of moisture and to kill 
weeds4  ,use a horse or garden tractor  
for cultivation of areas larger than the
 family garden4   ,don'ts  ,don't buy   
land that is continually wet and swampy4
  ,don't expect to produce satisfactory 
crops on soils that are extremely heavy 
or clayey or so sandy as to quickly lose
 moisture and fertility4  ,don't try to 
produce crops without maintaining the   
humus supply in the soil4  ,don't       
neglect cultivation as a means of       
conserving moisture1 destroying weeds   
and stimulating root growth4            
,chapter ,,vii  ,,food ,,from ,,the     
,,garden   ,the home vegetable garden   
should supply an important part of the  
food for every family living in the     
country4 ,vegetables that are of the    
right varieties and that are fresh and  
properly prepared are nutritious1       
wholesome and economical4 ,not only does
 the well-organized home garden reduce  
the cost of feeding the family1 but it  

constitutes an effective method of      
maintaining better health among all     
members of the household4 ,even common  
vegetables that are grown from the best 
varieties and served fresh will be a    
revelation to those accustomed to buying
 them in stores4 ,deterioration in      
quality and palatability begins         
immediately in vegetables when they are 
harvested4 ,the more perishable the     
commodity1 the greater is the rate of   
deterioration4  ,the commercial         
vegetable grower usually inclines toward
 varieties that are capable of producing
 a heavy yield per acre or that stand   
shipment and temporary storage with the 
least apparent loss from deterioration4 
,in order to have his products reach the
 consumer in an attractive condition1   
the commercial grower usually must      
harvest them before they are at their   
best4 ,the channels through which       
vegetables and fruits pass on their way 
to the city consumer are devious1 slow  
and costly4 ,such a consumer therefore  

usually receives so-called fresh        
products that have been removed from the
 plant or the soil before maturity is   
attained and after such already poor    
quality has deteriorated through aging  
processes4  ,all these disadvantages of 
vegetables purchased in the city are    
eliminated by the possessor of a garden 
where he may produce his family's needs 
7and they are genuine needs7 in the way 
of fresh vegetables4 ,these products are
 essential in supplying such necessary  
elements as minerals1 vitamins1 acids1  
and cellulose4 ,dietary authorities     
advise that leafy vegetables1 sometimes 
called greens1 contain food elements not
 found in root vegetables4 ,for the     
maintenance of health1 the diet should  
include a variety of vegetables besides 
potatoes4  ,assets of a ,garden4--,a    
garden is a source of recreation1       
pleasure and satisfaction to every      
member of the family4 ,real enjoyment   
can be had by working in it a little    
time each day4 ,to those whose work may 

be sedentary and of a routine nature1   
the garden furnishes a source of        
inspiration and adventure4 ,daily       
evidences of plant growth and the       
novelty of having vegetables of one's   
own growing stimulate interest in it4   
,the garden is an aid in maintaining    
health through physical exercise and the
 liberal consumption of the fruits of   
labor4 ,there is no other avenue of     
activity that can afford so much in the 
way of health1 economical recreation and
 pleasure as a well-planned garden4     
,illustration3 7,courtesy ,new ,jersey  
,agricultural ,extension ,service7  ,the
 well-planned garden furnishes food     
throughout the year for the entire      
family4   ,having decided on a garden1  
the question immediately arises as to   
the procedure to be followed to get the 
most out of it4 ,special attention has  
been given to this problem by experts   
throughout the country and specific     
recommendations are now available on the
 subject at state agricultural colleges4

 ,these cover varieties1 planting dates1
 adequate area1 fertilization1 rotation 
of crops and storage4 ,typical          
recommendations along these lines are   
given here for the north-central and    
eastern states4 ,readers living         
elsewhere may wish to check them with   
the practices recommended by authorities
 in their home states4  ,vegetable      
,growing by ,rule4--,the most effective 
method of presenting the story of       
recommended vegetables1 desirable       
varieties1 seed required1 average yields
 and other pertinent data is in tabular 
form1 such as that used in ,table ,i1   
which has been prepared for the aid of  
home vegetable gardeners by the ,new    
,jersey ,agricultural ,experiment       
,station1 and which is based on years of
 study of the subject4 ,table ,,ii1     
prepared by the ,michigan ,state        
,college of ,agriculture1 shows the     
amount of seed that should be purchased 
to supply an adequate quantity and      
variety of important vegetables for a   

family of six persons4  ,examination of 
the planting table will show that the   
setting of plants or roots is           
occasionally recommended instead of the 
use of seed4 ,this is desirable in some 
cases to get quicker results and in     
other cases is essential if a crop is to
 be secured during a normal growing     
season4 ,while it is possible for the   
grower to raise these plants1 or sets1  
himself1 usually more satisfactory      
results can be obtained through buying  
them from a capable plant grower4 ,the  
growing of sets is a specialized        
business requiring conditions of heat1  
moisture1 fertility and skill1          
frequently beyond the patience and      
capacity of the amateur4 ,there are     
plant growers in nearly every           
neighborhood who will grow the needed   
plants at small cost4 ,arrangements     
should be made in advance for growing   
the varieties or strains that are       
wanted1 and usually the grower can      
furnish his own seed for the plants if  

that seems desirable to him4 ,one       
desiring to grow one's own plants from  
seed can secure full information from a 
practical grower or from state and      
county agricultural agencies4   ,,table 
,i  ,,planting ,,table ,,for            
,,vegetables#a                          
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,distance                               
between                                 
,seed  ,depth   rows for       ,name of 
,variety         for  to sow            
cultivation1     vegetable              
#ajj-  seed1   inches                   
row  inches                             
-----------                             
,horse  ,hand                           
----------------------------------------
------------------------   ,asparagus   
,washington1 ,palmetto  #a-yr4- #h-aj   
#e ft4#d ft4                            
old    roots                            
roots                       ,beans      
,green bush     ,stringless ,green ,pod1

 #a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b   #cj   #ah         
,bountiful                              
,yellow bush    ,currie's ,rust ,proof1 
#a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b   #cj   #ah          
,davis' ,white ,wax                     
,pole green     ,kentucky ,wonder1      
#a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b   #cf   #cj          
,old ,homestead                         
,bush lima      ,fordhook               
#a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b   #cj   #cj          
,pole lima      ,king of the ,garden    
#a_/b pt4#a-a-a_/b   #dh   #cf          
,beets--early     ,crosby's ,egyptian   
#a oz4     #a      #bh   #ae            
,late      ,detroit ,dark ,red          
,cabbage--early   ,jersey ,wakefield1   
#a pkt4     #a_/b   #cj   #cj           
,copenhagen ,market                     
,cabbage--late    ,danish ,ball ,head1  
#a pkt4     #a_/b   #cf   #cj           
,succession1                            
,cantaloupe       ,early ,knight1       
#a_/b oz4   #a   #ed-fj   #dj           
,fordhook                               
,carrots          ,chantenay1           

#a oz4      #a_/b   #cj   #ae           
,oxheart                                
,celery           ,golden               
,self-blanching1#a pkt4     #a_/d   #cf 
#cj                     ,easy ,blanching
                                        
,corn--early      ,golden ,bantam1      
#a_/d lb4   #a       #cf   #cj          
,howling ,mob                           
,corn--late       ,golden ,bantam1      
#a_/d lb4   #a       #cf   #cj          
,evergreen                              
,cucumber         ,white ,spine1        
#a_/b oz4#a_/b-a   #dh-fj   #dh         
,davis ,perfect                         
,eggplant         ,new ,york ,improved1 
#a pkt4     #a_/b    #dh   #dh          
,black ,beauty                          
,endive           ,green ,curled1 ,broad
   #a pkt4     #a_/b    #cj   #ah       
,leaved ,batavian                       
,kale             ,scotch ,curled1      
#a pkt4     #a_/b    #cj   #ah          
,siberian 7over winter7                 
,kohlrabi         ,white ,vienna        

#a pkt4     #a_/b    #cj   #ae          
,lettuce                                
,spring and fall,green-leaved ,big ,bos4
 #a pkt4     #a_/b #ah-bj   #ae         
,summer          ,n4 ,y4 ,salamander    
#a pkt4     #a_/b #ah-bj   #ae          
,romaine         ,g4 ,r4 ,exp41 ,trianon
  #a pkt4     #a_/b #ah-bj   #ae   ,okra
             ,perkins ,long ,pod      #a
 oz4     #a       #cf   #cj   ,onion    
sets       ,yellow ,strasburg1     #a   
qt4     #a       #ah   #ad              
,japanese 7,eberheser7                  
,onion seed       ,yellow ,globe        
,danvers1 #a oz4      #a_/b    #ah   #ad
                    ,southport ,globe   
,parsnips         ,hollow ,crown        
#a_/b oz4    #a_/b    #ah   #ae         
,peas             ,little ,marvel1      
#a pt4  #a-a-a_/b    #cj   #cj          
,laxtonian1 ,telephone                  
,peppers          ,ruby ,king1 ,pimento 
#a pkt4     #a_/b   #cf   #cj           
,potatoes         ,irish ,cob41 ,green  
,mts4#a_/b pk4#c-d       #cf   #cf      

,pumpkins         ,cheese1 ,small ,sugar
   #a oz4      #a_/b   #fj   #fj        
,radish           ,scarlet ,globe1      
,icicle #a_/b oz4    #ab    #ae    #e   
,rhubarb          ,victoria             
,roots  #e-f       #dh   #dh            
,spinach--spring  ,bloomsdale1 ,savoy   
#a_/b oz4    #a_/b   #bj   #ae          
,spinach--summer  ,new ,zealand         
#a oz4     #a      #dh   #cf            
,spinach--fall    ,va4 ,dis41 ,resist4  
#a_/b oz4    #a_/b   #bj   #ae          
,savoy                                  
,squash--summer   ,gold4 ,sum4          
,crookneck1 #a oz4  #a-a-a_/b   #dh     
#dh                     ,white ,bush    
,scallop                                
,squash--winter   ,boston ,marrow1      
#a oz4  #a-a-a_/b   #gb   #gb           
,warted ,hubbard                        
,sweet potatoes   ,yel4 ,jersey         
,plants   --      #cf   #cf    ,swiss   
chard      ,lucullus              #a oz4
      #a_/b   #cj   #cj                 
,tomatoes--early  ,chalk's ,early       

,plants     #a_/b   #dh   #cf           
,jewel1 ,bonny ,best                    
,tomatoes--late   ,matchless1 ,stone    
,plants     #a_/b   #dh   #cf           
,turnips          ,purple ,top ,strap4  
,leaf#a pkt4     #a_/b   #bd   #ae      
,rutabagas        ,golden ,ball1        
#a pkt4     #a_/b   #bd   #ae           
,lg4 ,island ,improved   #a pkt4        
#a_/b   #bd   #ae                       
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,average   ,distance,time of            
,average    days   between planting     
,time of      yield      from   plants  
seed      harvest      #ajj-;foot   seed
   in row1 outdoors               row   
to   inches                             
harvest                                 
----------------------------------------
--------        #af    --   ,spring-    
#ae #b-lb4     #b yr4                   
,july #a      bunches                   

#c ,apr #ae  ,june #bj     #b bu4       
#dj-fe           ,july #ae ,sept4 #ae-  
,frost                         #c ,apr4 
#ae ,june #bj     #b bu4         #ej-gj 
,july #ae ,sept4 #ae-   #b-b-a_/b bu4   
#ie-ajj                       ,frost    
#aj-cj ,may #a-bj;,aug4 #ae             
#b-b-a_/b bu4   #ie-ajj                 
#aj ,may #a-  ,aug4 #a-;,frost#b bu4    
#aaj-abj           ,july                
#cf ,may #ae  ,aug4 #a-;,frost#b bu4    
#aaj-abj       #b-c ,apr4 #a  ,july #ae 
#b-b_/a_/b bu4   #de-fj           ,july 
#bj ,nov4 #ae                           
#ah ,apr4 #ae ,july-,sept4  #de-ee heads
  #ajj-abj                              
#ah ,july #a  ,oct4-,nov4   #de-ee heads
  #abj-aej                              
#dh hill ,may #ae  ,aug4 #aj     #f-h   
fruits    #ij-al#j                      
per hill        #a-a-a_/b ,apr4 #a      
,aug4 #a      #b bu4         #fe-ij     
,july #a  ,nov4                         
#f ,june #a  ,sept4 #ae    #bjj stalks  
#abj-aej                                

#ae or #cj,may #a   ,july #ab     #d    
doz4 ears   #fj-ge     hill             
#ah or #cj;,june #ae ,aug4 #bj-    #d   
doz4 ears   #ge-ij     hill  ,july #a   
,frost                    #dh hill ,may 
#ae  ,july #aj     #bjj cucumbers #fj-ge
                   ,aug4 #bj     #a-a_/b
 bu4                                    
pickles             #dh;,june #a   ,aug4
 #bj-   #abe fruits   #adj-afj          
,frost                                  
#ef;,apr4 #ae ,june #ae     #fe plants  
#fj-ij           ,july #ae ,oct4-,nov4  
#ah;,apr4 #a  ,june #a      #fj bu4     
#ee-fe           ,sept4 #a ,apr4        
#c-d;,apr4 #ae ,june #ae     #b bu4     
#ej-gj           ,apr4 #ae-;,aug4       
#ae-,oct4                   #ad-ah;,june
 #a  ,oct4        #gj head       #gj-ij 
#ad-ah,may #ae  ,june #a      #gj head  
#gj-ij      #ad-ah;,aug4 #a  ,july-,aug4
   #gj head       #gj-ij      #aj-ae,may
 #ae  ,aug4 #aj     #ijj-ajjj pod       
#ij-adj          #a;,apr #a   ,may #ae  
#adj bunches   #de-ge                   

#a;,apr4 #a  ,aug4 #bj     #a-a_/b-b bu4
  #aaj-acj                              
#c-d;,apr4 #a- ,sept4-,nov4  #b bu4     
#adj-afj            ,may #ae            
#b;,apr4 #a- ,june #aj-;,july#b bu4     
#de-gj                #ae               
7in pods7      #ah-bj ,may #ae  ,aug4   
#ae-    #e bu4        #abe-aej          
,frost  7#f per plant7        #ad ,apr4 
#ae ,july #a      #c bu4         #ij-abj
        #dh ,may #ae  ,sept4 #a-    #ge 
pumpkins   #gj- #ij                     
,frost                       #a ,apr4   
#ae ,june #a      #ajj bunches   #cj-fe 
,sept4 #a ,oct4 #be                     
#dh ,mar4-,apr,may-,nov4    #h-aj stalks
    #a yr4                              
plant                 #b ,mar4    ,may  
#c bu4         #de        #cf ,apr4 #ae 
,june #ae     ,cut all       #fe-abj    
summer                #b ,aug4          
#ae-,oct4-,nov4   #c bu4         #ej-fj 
,sept4 #ae                              
#dh ,may #a   ,july #aj     #acf squash 
#fj-gj                                  

#dh ,june #a  ,oct4        #ge squash   
#abj-acj                                
#ah ,may #ae  ,oct4 #a-aj   #c bu4      
#adj-aej         #f ,apr4 #ae ,june #e- 
,pull until    #ej                      
,frost     frost             #cf ,may   
#ae  ,july #aj-;,aug4#d bu4             
#abj-aej                                
#cf ,june #a  ,aug4 l-,frost#d bu4      
#aej-agj         #b ,apr4 #a  ,june #a  
#b bu4         #de-gj         #b ,aug4  
#a  ,oct4-,nov4   #b bu4         #de-gj 
#b ,aug4 #a  ,oct4-,nov4   #b bu4       
#de-gj                                  
----------------------------------------
--------   ,,table ,,ii  ,,amount ,,of  
,,seed ,,to ,,purchase ,,for ,,family   
,,of ,,six#b                            
----------------------------------------
---------     ,vegetable                
,amount to purchase                     
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,asparagus                 #ff plants   
,beans1 snap 7in variety7   #b to #c    

pounds   ,beans1 bush lima           #a 
pound   ,beet                       #d  
ounces   ,cabbage3                      
,early                     #a packet    
,late                      #a_/b ounce  
,carrot                    #a ounce     
,cauliflower               #a packet    
,celery                    #a packet    
,corn1 sweet               #b pounds    
,cucumber                  #a ounce     
,eggplant                  #a packet    
,kale                      #a ounce     
,lettuce                   #a_/b ounce  
,muskmelon                 #a ounce     
,onion sets                #d quarts    
,onion seed                #a ounce     
,peas                      #b to #d     
pounds   ,parsley                   #a  
packet   ,parsnip                   #a  
ounce   ,radish 7in variety7       #b   
ounces   ,rhubarb                   #bj 
plants   ,salsify                   #a  
ounce   ,spinach                   #a   
pound   ,new ,zealand spinach       #a  
ounce   ,summer pumpkin            #a   

ounce   ,winter pumpkin            #b   
ounces   ,squash                    #b  
ounces   ,tomatoes                  #a  
packet or #ej plants   ,turnip          
#d ounces   ,rutabaga                   
#a ounce   ,watermelon                #b
 ounces                                 
----------------------------------------
---------  ,planning and ,operating a   
,home ,garden4--,in planning the home   
vegetable garden there are a few        
essential points to be kept in mind4    
,the time to plan the garden is in      
winter when adequate consideration can  
be given to the selection of those      
vegetables that the family likes best   
and can use in large amounts4 ,seeds    
required should be ordered early for the
 entire garden4 ,by drawing the plan of 
the garden on paper and following it1   
the procedure is simplified and the most
 efficient results attained4            
,vegetables should be planted in rows   
rather than in beds1 and those maturing 
at about the same time should be grouped

 together to facilitate succession      
planting4 ,after the early-maturing     
crops have been harvested1 other crops  
can be sown on the same area1 thus fully
 utilizing the land throughout the      
growing season4 ,perennial crops1       
including asparagus and rhubarb1 should 
be kept by themselves4  ,a practical    
farmer wanting to express perfection in 
soil preparation is apt to say1 ,it is  
just like a garden4 ,this implies good  
fertility1 optimum moisture conditions  
and proper tilth4 ,to attain these      
conditions in garden soil it is         
desirable to cover it with strawy manure
 some time previous to plowing1 in order
 that rains may carry the soluble       
fertility elements into the surface     
inches of the soil4 ,in the early spring
 a thorough job of plowing or spading   
should be done to reasonable depth1     
completely covering the surface straw or
 dead plants4 ,every two or three years 
lime should be applied after plowing and
 worked into the top soil at the rate of

 #a pound of hydrated lime to every #be 
square feet of soil4  ,fertilizing and  
,culture4--,the fertility supplied      
through application of manure should be 
supplemented by the use of commercial   
fertilizer4 ,this can be purchased in   
burlap bags from local supply agencies  
and should contain about #e per cent    
nitrogen1 #h per cent phosphoric acid   
and #g per cent potash4 ,moderate       
variations in analysis from #e-h-g1 as  
above1 are not important so long as the 
amounts of each element are well        
balanced4 ,the fertilizer should be     
broadcast over the garden after plowing1
 at the rate of #a pound to every #be   
square feet and worked into the soil    
before planting4 ,poultry or sheep      
manure may be used as top dressing to   
alternate with commercial fertilizer4   
,it should be borne in mind that such   
animal manures are richer in nitrogen   
than in other elements and if used to   
excess may stimulate leaf growth at the 
expense of yield and quality4  ,frequent

 shallow cultivations are desirable4    
,the ordinary wheel hoe will be found   
helpful in the cultivating procedure4   
,it should be well understood that      
cultivation is essential to prevent weed
 growth and conserve moisture4  ,if     
watering or irrigating is necessary in  
dry weather1 it should be thoroughly    
done4 ,one soaking of the soil to a     
depth of #d to #f inches is far more    
effective than frequent light           
sprinklings4 ,the latter may be more    
harmful than beneficial through         
reestablishing capillary movement1      
permitting the escape of subsoil        
moisture4 ,water should be applied under
 the same conditions that apply when    
rain falls--on cloudy days or after     
sunset to prevent baking or encrusting  
of the surface soil as well as to       
conserve the amount of water needed4    
,meeting the ,insect ,problem4--,the    
sponsor of a garden in which diversified
 vegetables are grown must be prepared  
to meet the onslaught of equally        

diversified insect species4 ,while it is
 true that insects are multiplying as to
 species and voraciousness1 it is       
equally true that methods of control are
 becoming available to cope adequately  
with most of them4 ,one unfamiliar with 
our insect infestations will be amazed  
to find that certain species apparently 
have had advance notice of his          
intentions and are sitting about the    
planted rows awaiting the appearance of 
the tender shoots4  ,one of the best    
methods of combating insects is to      
create ideal conditions for plant       
growth4 ,plants that are underfed       
through inadequate soil fertility or are
 weakened by other causes suffer        
severely from insect attack1 while      
vigorous plants will come through with  
much less damage4 ,it is advisable to   
insure rapid germination of seed through
 careful soil preparation1 to seed at   
the proper time for a quick and vigorous
 start and to have sufficient available 
fertility to stimulate growth once the  

plants have started4  ,there are two    
distinct classes of insects1 the        
division being based upon their feeding 
habits4 ,the larger group1 both in the  
size of the insects themselves and in   
the number of species1 is the           
leaf-chewing group4 ,these can be       
destroyed by the application of stomach 
poisons to the plants under attack4 ,the
 other group consists of the sucking    
insects1 which penetrate the veins      
carrying nourishment to the leaves and  
appropriate it for themselves4 ,such    
insects multiply with extreme rapidity1 
generally feed on the underside of the  
leaves and may cause complete wilting of
 the plant before their presence is     
suspected4 ,in such cases a contact     
spray or dust must be used4 ,this is    
based on the principle of causing the   
insect to inhale the material through   
breathing pores along its body4 ,the    
insecticide must be composed of         
extremely fine particles or must be of  
such an oily nature that it will readily

 penetrate such pores4 ,in addition to  
these1 certain repellent materials are  
being developed which cause the insect  
to seek food where the disagreeable     
conditions do not prevail4   ,,table    
,,iii  ,,principal ,,insects ,,and      
,,remedies#c                            
----------------------------------------
---------------------------    ,plants  
attacked    ,chewing       ,character   
,treatment                       insects
       of damage                        
----------------------------------------
---------------------------   ,tomato1  
pepper1  ,flea ,beetles  ,they gnaw or  
,dust or spray with   eggplant1 turnip1 
eat small holesa prepared nicotine      
cabbage1 etc4                  in the   
leaves4 or pyrethrum mixture4           
,bordeaux mixture                       
sprayed1 or dusting                     
for disease is also                     
effective as                            
a repellent4                            
,asparagus        ,asparagus     ,feeds 

on the   ,dust with either              
,beetle        shoots and     arsenate  
of lead or                              
brush4         calcium arsenate1        
mixed with #a part of                   
wheat flour4 ,spray                     
with arsenate of lead                   
or calcium arsenate1                    
#a tablespoonful if a                   
paste or #a_/b                          
tablespoonful if a                      
powder1 and #a                          
tablespoonful of lime                   
to #a gallon of water4                  
,all kinds of     ,mexican ,bean  ,eats 
the under ,dust with #a part of   beans 
,beetle        side of leaves magnesium 
arsenate                                
mixed with #c parts of                  
lime1 or dust the                       
yellow larva under                      
the leaves with a                       
pyrethrum dust4                         
,cabbage ,maggot               ,keep the
 ground                                 

thoroughly cultivated                   
around the base of   ,early cabbage     
the plant or use tar   and cauliflower  
paper discs for                         
larger plantings4                       
,common ,cabbage,feed on the    ,same as
 for asparagus                   ,worm  
shoots and     beetle4 ,pyrethrum       
and ,cabbage   brush4         dust is   
also very                   ,looper     
effective4                              
,cucumber1 squash1,striped       ,eats  
the leaves,protect with a   and melons4 
,cucumber      and the stem             
ofcheesecloth or do the                 
,beetle        the very young same as   
for the                                 
plants4        asparagus beetle4        
,pumpkins and     ,squash ,vine   ,kills
 the vines,take a sharp   squashes      
,borer         by eating in             
thin-bladed penknife                    
the stem4      and slit the stem        
lengthwise1 opening                     
it and killing the                      

borer4 ,then bank the                   
ground around the                       
stem of the plant4                      
,tomato1 eggplant1,potato ,beetle ,eats 
the       ,same as for ,cabbage   potato
                         leaves4        
,worm4                                  
,tomato           ,tomato ,horn   ,eats 
the       ,same as for ,common          
,worm          leaves4        ,cabbage  
,worm4                                  
,tomato fruits    ,tomato ,fruit  ,eats 
the tomato,same as for ,cabbage         
,worm          fruits4        ,worm4    
,tomato1 eggplant1,cutworms      ,cut   
the plants ,protect with paper   pepper1
 cabbage1               off near        
collars placed   and other crops4       
the surface    around the stem of       
of the ground4 the plant1 extending     
#b or #c inches above                   
the ground1 or                          
distribute poisoned                     
bran mash1 placing                      
it near the plant4                      

,thoroughly mix                         
#b level                                
tablespoonfuls of                       
paris green in                          
#e pounds of dry bran1                  
then add from #d to #f                  
quarts of water in                      
which #a_/b pint of                     
cheap molasses has                      
been mixed4 ,cutworms                   
work at night1                          
therefore apply the                     
mash in the late                        
afternoon or                            
evening4                                
----------------------------------------
---------------------------    ,plants  
attacked    ,sucking       ,character   
,treatment                       insects
       of damage                        
----------------------------------------
---------------------------   ,tomato1  
potato1  ,leaf ,hopper   ,feeds under   
the,dust or spray with   strawberries1  
leaf1 causing  a prepared nicotine   and

 beans4                     a whitening 
andor pyrethrum mixture4                
curve of the   ,bordeaux mixture is     
leaves with    also effective as        
a dying of the a repellent4             
edges4                                  
,practically all  ,aphis         ,sucks 
the      ,either dust or spray   garden 
vegetable 7plant lice7  juices on the   
with a nicotine or   plants4            
under side of  pyrethrum mixture as     
the leaves and recommended on the       
on the stems4  package4 ,be sure to     
hit the insects on                      
the under side of the                   
leaves4                                 
,cabbage group1   ,red ,spider    ,sucks
 the      ,apply a dusting              
strawberries1                  juices   
from thesulfur4   and beans4            
under side of                           
the leaves1                             
producing                               
a whitish cast                          
on the cabbage                          

group and                               
a brownish cast                         
on the other                            
groups4                                 
,especially                             
prevalent                               
during                                  
prolonged dry                           
hot spells4                             
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,table     
,,iii 7pages #ajg-ajh7 describes the    
character of damage done by both groups 
of insects1 the plants attacked and the 
most effective methods of control4      
,do's  ,grow vegetables for health1     
recreation and economy4  ,organize the  
vegetable garden for a maximum of       
output1 variety of foods and to         
facilitate its care4  ,use lime and     
chemical fertilizer or manure liberally 
for intensive culture4  ,combat insects 
by stimulating plant growth and by using
 appropriate lethal products4   ,don'ts 
,don't plant a garden in hit-or-miss    

fashion1 if maximum food return is      
expected4  ,don't neglect first         
appearances of insect damage4 ,find out 
the cause of injury and use recommended 
measures for control4     ,chapter      
,,viii  ,,home ,,fruits ,,and ,,bees    
,a wide variety of fruits may be grown  
satisfactorily for home use4 ,where no  
fruit trees are growing the best plan is
 to set out individual trees or bush    
fruits of the standard types and        
varieties1 adding to the collection     
later as the needs of the family develop
 and the adaptability of the area for   
varieties manifests itself through crop 
production4  ,all fruits thrive best on 
a deep1 well-drained soil4 ,it is       
difficult to secure good results where  
the area is depressed and air drainage  
is poor4 ,elevation of the area planted 
is desirable therefore from the         
standpoint of both water and air        
drainage4  ,a number of questions       
confront the prospective grower of      
fruits4 ,he needs to know1 among other  

things1 the kind of fruit to plant1 the 
necessary distance between the trees or 
plants and the probable yield4 ,the     
following planting guide will be found  
helpful in answering these questions4   
,,home ,,fruits ,,and ,,bees  ,,planting
 ,,guide#d                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------   ,average     
number                                  
,estimated yield     of                 
,distance,distance       at maturity    
plants   ,kind of fruit between between 
------------------------     to         
rows1  plants1  ,average      ,average  
the                    feet   feet      
per acre    per plant    acre           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------       #bg       
,apples            #dj       #dj   #ace 
bushels   #e bushels       #ij ,pears   
#bb       #bb   #ij bushels    #a bushel
      #bjj ,quinces           #af       
#af   #ajj bushels #a_/b bushel         
#ij ,peaches           #bb       #bb    

#ij bushels    #a bushel       #ij      
,nectarines        #bb       #bb   #ij  
bushels    #a bushel       #ij ,plums   
#bb       #bb   #ij bushels    #a bushel
       #ij ,cherries 7sour7   #bb       
#bb   #ij bushels    #a bushel       #dh
 ,cherries 7sweet7  #cj       #cj   #ej 
bushels    #a bushel    #f1jjj          
,strawberries     #c-a_/b      #b       
#b1bej quarts  #c_/d pint               
7matted row7                            
per stool    #a1hjj ,raspberries        
#h        #c   #b1jjj quarts  #a quart  
#a1hjj ,blackberries       #h        #c 
#b1djj quarts#a-a_/d quarts    #a1bjj   
,dewberries         #f        #f        
#a1hjj quarts  #a quart           7hill 
system7                                 
#a1hjj ,gooseberries       #h        #c 
#e1djj quarts  #c quarts    #a1hjj      
,currants           #h        #c        
#c1fjj quarts  #b quarts      #fhj      
,grapes             #h        #h        
#d1jjj pounds  #f pounds                
----------------------------------------

-----------------------  ,the selection 
of varieties of tree fruits is highly   
important4 ,some sorts are preeminently 
adapted to home use because of their    
high quality of edibility while others  
are preferred for commercial production 
on account of their good shipping       
qualities and high yields per acre4 ,it 
is advisable for the grower to inquire  
of his state agricultural college       
regarding varieties to plant4           
,responsible nursery firms will also    
advise on varieties that will best meet 
the needs of the purchaser from the     
standpoint of family use and            
adaptability to soil and climatic       
conditions4  ,the following varieties   
are recommended for general home use in 
north-central areas of the ,united      
,states1 subject to check by local      
authorities4 ,the apple and peach       
varieties are given in the order of     
ripening4    ,apples3     ,william      
,wealthy     ,mc,intosh     ,rome       
,stayman   ,peaches 7all freestone73    

,golden ,jubilee     ,georgia ,belle    
,elberta     ,j4 ,h4 ,hale   ,pears3    
,bartlett     ,seckel   ,cherries3      
,montmorency or ,early ,richmond 7sour7 
,black ,tartarian 7sweet7   ,plums3     
,damson 7blue7     ,burbank 7red7       
,about fifty strawberry plants will be  
needed for a row #ajj feet long4        
,because of weed infestations in old    
beds1 it will be more satisfactory to   
set a new row each year and destroy the 
old one4 ,the plants during the season  
of setting should be trained to form a  
matted row about #b feet wide4 ,mulching
 the plants after a freeze in the fall  
with straw or other similar material    
will prevent injury caused by heaving of
 the soil4  ,currants and gooseberries  
should be pruned annually and only the  
one- or two-year-old wood retained for  
production4 ,thinning out in this manner
 will give better size and quality4     
,where the currant worm is troublesome  
the foliage should be dusted with       
arsenate of lead or ,paris green as soon

 as it is well developed and before the 
fruit is started4 ,about thirty currant 
or gooseberry plants will be needed for 
a #ajj-;foot row1 and they can be       
planted along a fence or other boundary 
line4  ,blackberries and raspberries    
should be set #c feet apart in the row1 
#ajj feet requiring thirty to           
thirty-five plants4 ,old canes should be
 pruned out after fruiting and the      
weaker new canes should be removed when 
dormant1 leaving #f or #h inches between
 the standing canes4 ,lateral branches  
should be cut back in early spring to   
about #a foot in length and the upright 
canes cut back to uninjured wood1 thus  
removing about two-thirds of the growth4
  ,grapes need severe pruning to produce
 satisfactory yields of good quality4   
,this is best done in late winter4 ,it  
is a good plan to prune so that from #ae
 to #cj or possibly #dj buds are left on
 each mature vine1 depending upon the   
vitality of the plant4 ,two or three    
clusters of fruit will develop on the   

shoot that grows from each bud4 ,a      
#ajj-;foot row of grapes will require   
twelve plants4 ,there are many fine     
varieties of grapes and several can be  
used in a single row4  ,in ordering     
stock for planting1 care should be      
exercised in making sure of the         
reliability of the nursery4 ,as a       
general rule it is better to order from 
a nursery in the vicinity1 thus         
eliminating losses due to shipping great
 distances and also making sure that the
 varieties or strains were grown for use
 in the area in question4 ,upon the     
arrival of the stock from the nursery1  
it should be heeled in at once4 ,that   
is1 the roots should be covered in a    
trench so that they will not dry out    
before they can be planted in the       
desired location4 ,in the case of a few 
trees that can be set immediately1 this 
is not necessary4  ,nearly all country  
places have sufficient area for planting
 small fruits and1 as is the case with  
vegetables1 freshness and fine-flavored 

varieties will compensate for the labor 
involved in growing them4 ,strawberries1
 currants1 gooseberries1 blackberries1  
red and black raspberries and grapes are
 especially desirable for home          
plantings4 ,some high-quality varieties 
are given for the choice of the home    
owner1 subject to confirmation by       
authorities acquainted with specific    
conditions and intended primarily for   
home use4    ,strawberries 7in order of 
ripening73     ,howard #ag     ,fairfax 
,aberdeen     ,joe     ,chesapeake      
,mastodon is recommended for the        
everbearing type4   ,currants3     ,fay 
,wilder   ,gooseberries3     ,chautauqua
     ,poorman   ,blackberries3          
,russell     ,ward     ,eldorado for    
bush types     ,black ,diamond for the  
trailing type requiring a trellis and   
ripening late in the season4   ,red     
,raspberries 7in order of ripening73    
,ranere     ,viking     ,latham   ,black
 ,raspberries3     ,cumberland          
,quillen   ,grapes 7general list1 in    

order of ripening73     ,ontario 7white7
     ,fredonia 7black7     ,delaware    
7red7     ,brighton 7red7     ,golden   
,muscat 7white7     ,concord 7blue7     
,sheridan 7black7     ,for those        
desiring a succession of blue-black     
varieties1       ,fredonia1 ,concord and
 ,sheridan are recommended4             
,controlling ,insect and ,fungous       
,pests4--,plant pests of various kinds  
infest tree fruits and small fruits4 ,in
 general1 the best method of controlling
 leaf-chewing insects is by applying    
arsenate of lead on the foliage4 ,care  
must be taken to avoid staining the     
fruit with poisonous spray or thorough  
washing will be necessary before it is  
safe to consume4 ,the control of other  
insect pests and fungous plant diseases 
has been well worked out by agricultural
 experiment stations throughout the     
country1 and these methods should be    
sought before attempting any campaign of
 suppression4 ,a barrel spray pump1     
mounted on a hand truck or on a vehicle1

 equipped with plenty of hose will be   
found satisfactory for spraying         
plantings of modest size4  ,rejuvenating
 an ,old ,orchard4--,the purchaser of an
 old-established farm will usually find 
he has acquired some apple trees of     
uncertain age and health4 ,in many      
instances these trees can be renovated  
and rejuvenated so that they will again 
bear fruit4 ,if the trees have several  
sound limbs and are making some growth  
each year1 they may be considered worth 
saving4 ,on the other hand1 broken tops 
and limbs accompanied by large rotted   
cavities will create too great an       
expense if an attempt is made to restore
 them to usefulness4 ,the varieties     
should be determined before serious     
efforts at renovation are undertaken1 so
 that the strenuous work necessary for  
restoration may not be wasted on        
undesirable fruit4  ,steps in           
,renovation4--,the first operation in   
renovation is pruning4 ,most of this    
should be done in early spring during   

the dormant season and supplemented in  
,june or ,july when the trees are in    
leaf4 ,large broken limbs and dead wood 
should be removed1 together with        
interfering branches1 and those reaching
 too high should be headed back4 ,at    
about the same time that pruning is     
started the loose bark should be        
thoroughly scraped off and burned1 thus 
destroying insects and fungi that attack
 the fruit4 ,harboring places for       
further infestations are also thus      
removed4 ,if the trees are badly in need
 of pruning1 it is best to do the job   
over a period of two or three years     
rather than all at one time1 due to the 
tendency of trees to sucker and develop 
a multiplicity of small non-bearing     
branches4  ,spraying1 fertilizing and   
cultivation1 where that is possible1    
should follow the pruning and scraping  
jobs4 ,spray schedules and cultural     
practices best adapted to the region can
 be obtained without cost by applying to
 state or county agricultural agencies4 

,ordinarily two or three years are      
required to rejuvenate these trees and  
begin to secure a crop4 ,production will
 then increase in quantity and quality  
during succeeding years4  ,bees as      
,pollinators4--,the production of fruits
 of all kinds is dependent upon         
pollination of their blossoms by bees   
and other winged insects4 ,bees of many 
species are useful in pollen            
distribution1 but the most important is 
the honey bee1 which is available in    
larger numbers just at flowering time1  
seeking nectar from the flowers4 ,in    
large commercial orchards colonies of   
honey bees are set at regular intervals 
to insure adequate pollination1 usually 
one hive per acre4  ,a practical method 
of adding to county life enjoyment and  
adding to income as well is the keeping 
of bees for honey production4  ,securing
 a ,honey ,crop4--,bee husbandry can be 
carried on successfully as a specialized
 side line where only small areas of    
land are available4 ,colonies can be    

located at one side of the garden or    
placed under trees where they will not  
be disturbed either through accident or 
by cultivation of the plot immediately  
surrounding them4 ,the activity of the  
bees during the nectar-gathering season1
 accompanied by the well-known hum as   
they dart in and out of the hive1 makes 
a genuine appeal to the country dweller4
 ,this appeal is heightened by the fact 
that they are working for him1 in part  
at least1 and without his having to pay 
for their raiding the nectar from the   
flowers around4 ,he knows that his      
efforts in providing favorable working  
conditions for the bees will be repaid  
by a harvest of salable honey4 ,a colony
 at full strength just at the right time
 will invariably gather a surplus4      
,first ,principles in ,beekeeping4--,the
 beginner in bee husbandry should       
purchase established colonies from a    
reputable business concern or from      
beekeepers in the neighborhood of his   
home4 ,he should begin in a small way   

with a few colonies1 learn the business 
with a small investment and then        
increase as his liking for the work     
develops and the market for the product 
expands4 ,being able to read the signs  
at the entrance to the hive is the      
surest way to success4 ,too much        
manipulation is just as harmful as      
neglect4 ,the novice in beekeeping who  
is really interested and follows        
carefully a few details gained from a   
reliable bee book should harvest at     
least #cj pounds of honey a year from   
each colony4 ,experts get much larger   
yields and have been known to secure    
#bjj pounds per colony and #bjj sections
 of comb honey from one hive4 ,the      
deciding factor in producing honey is   
the skill of the watchful beekeeper1    
assuming of course that there is a      
sufficient supply of nectar-secreting   
blossoms in the area4  ,the cost of     
engaging in bee husbandry is nominal4   
,an established colony of the preferred 
,italian bees should cost about #h4 ,the

 equipment should include two fitted    
supers for each colony in which the bees
 may store the honey1 costing about #c  
each2 a veil to protect the head and    
face1 linseed-oil-soaked canvas gloves1 
a bee smoker1 a hive tool and a bee     
escape 7needed for removing the bees    
from filled supers71 each item costing  
less than a dollar4 ,an additional piece
 of apparatus1 a queen excluder1 is     
needed for each hive1 to keep the queen 
in the lower chamber and prevent the    
mixing of stored honey surplus and      
developing bees4  ,the principal        
nectar-secreting plants are the clovers1
 sumac1 buckwheat1 cranberry and        
blueberry blossoms1 goldenrod1 asters   
and mallows4 ,since these plants bloom  
at varying periods during the growing   
season1 the beekeeper will find it      
necessary to adjust his operations in   
accordance with the nectar-producing    
capacity of his own region4 ,the        
experience of successful beekeepers will
 be found helpful as a guide in taking  

the successive and orderly steps        
necessary to secure maximum honey crops4
 ,in many states there are associations 
of beekeepers formed for mutual         
advantage and the promotion of the      
industry4 ,the novice can hardly expect 
to learn unless he affiliates himself   
with such groups and attends their      
meetings4 ,subscription to a good bee   
journal is also desirable4              
,illustration3 ,colonies of honey bees  
located near the source of nectar       
supply4   ,selling the ,product4--,honey
 can be marketed in the comb or in glass
 jars in the extracted or crystal form4 
,many suburban beekeepers dispose of    
their crop in their own neighborhood or 
at roadside stands4 ,many food products 
are being promoted which contain honey  
as one ingredient1 and this opens an    
attractive field to the resourceful     
beekeeper4 ,the healthful qualities of  
honey for human consumption are being   
given greater recognition and it appears
 that the market for locally produced   

honey of high quality is steadily       
expanding4   ,do's  ,fruit trees should 
be included in every country homeowner's
 plan4  ,be sure varieties are such as  
will yield1 plentifully1 good quality   
fruit4  ,use bush fruits as ornamentals 
and sources of food to be put in cans4  
,seek advice on fruit problems from the 
state agricultural college4  ,old       
orchards may be rejuvenated under proper
 systems of management4  ,use colonies  
of bees to pollinate fruit blossoms and 
to produce honey4  ,begin bee husbandry 
in a small way at first and get advice  
from experienced bee culturists4  ,sell 
surplus honey in home markets4   ,don'ts
  ,don't plant varieties of fruits that 
are ill adapted to climatic conditions4 
,don't overlook the necessity of        
preparing for insect attacks in advance 
of appearance4  ,don't establish bee    
colonies without making sure that proper
 care of them can be taken4  ,don't try 
to practice horticulture or bee         
husbandry without frequently obtaining  

expert advice4     ,chapter ,,ix        
,,poultry ,,as ,a ,,source ,,of ,,income
   ,the majority of the owners of small 
farm properties are interested in the   
possibilities of poultry keeping as a   
means of adding to the family income4   
,efforts in this direction are logical  
from a number of angles4 ,for example1  
the keeping of poultry appeals to them  
as an interesting line of work for the  
sake of the activity itself4            
,furthermore1 the cost of housing a     
comparatively large number of laying    
hens is not expensive1 as compared with 
the investment required in other        
agricultural enterprises4 ,again1 there 
is a ready market for the eggs and for  
the poultry in the neighborhood where   
the enterprise is carried on4 ,no doubt1
 too1 the more or less fabulous stories 
of easy profits have stimulated a desire
 to get into this business and to make  
it a rather important source of income4 
,again1 there is the thought that the   
work involved in feeding and caring for 

the flock can be carried on by another  
member of the family when the owner or  
principal bread-winner is engaged in    
some other activity temporarily4  ,all  
these factors have tended to develop in 
the mind of the settler in the country a
 pretty definite idea that he can       
supplement the family income with       
poultry4 ,sometimes this idea is        
erroneous and there is apt to be little 
definite knowledge on the part of the   
new owner as to costs1 problems and     
profits that are likely to accrue4 ,it  
is the thought of the writer to outline 
some definite recommendations for the   
prospective poultryman which will enable
 him to safeguard his investment and    
prevent the very serious losses that    
have occurred to many who have not taken
 into consideration all of the factors  
involved4  ,soil ,type4--,the           
prospective poultryman will1 if he is   
wise1 make sure that the soil is adapted
 to the project4 ,the ideal soil for    
poultry raising is sufficiently porous  

to furnish good water drainage and yet  
not so open or sandy as to be incapable 
of crop production4 ,a porous soil is   
warmer than a clay soil and is more     
conducive to good sanitation through    
permitting moisture and debris to be    
carried quickly to the subsoil4 ,if the 
subsoil is of a gravelly nature the     
natural condition will be improved4     
,presumably the same type of soil that  
will bear the poultry plant should be   
capable of producing garden crops1      
growing shade or fruit trees            
satisfactorily and producing grass and  
short-rooted crops that can be used in  
conjunction with the poultry plant or   
the beautification of the home          
surroundings4 ,consequently1 the soil   
type must be productive and capable of  
improvement while being well drained and
 conducive to good sanitation4 ,heavy   
clay soils or those with rock strata    
close to the surface are to be avoided4 
,successful poultry farms are operated  
on both level and rolling lands4        

,extremely flat topography should be    
avoided and also precipitous slopes4 ,if
 the site is on rolling land the poultry
 plant should be located on a slope with
 southern exposure to secure warmth1    
quicker drying conditions and protection
 from cold north winds4  ,breeds of     
,poultry4--,fowls have been domesticated
 and bred for ages all over the world4  
,as the result of various crossings a   
large number of types or breeds of      
poultry are available for present-day   
use and propagation4 ,some of these     
breeds are maintained for show or       
novelty purposes only and furnish an    
interesting field for the fancier4  ,for
 the person who is engaging in the      
commercial poultry business the choice  
of breed narrows to a very few utility  
types4 ,for purely egg-producing        
purposes or for broilers weighing       
slightly over a pound at killing time1  
the light ,mediterranean breeds are the 
most efficient4 ,less feed is needed for
 maintaining the egg machine itself and 

less room per bird required4 ,of these  
so-called egg breeds1 the ,white        
,leghorn is in a class by itself4 ,this 
breed is noted for its large            
white-shelled eggs which top the markets
 where this color egg is in demand4 ,in 
the most intensive egg-producing areas  
of the country the ,white ,leghorn      
predominates4 ,on the other hand1 this  
breed is not a good meat producer1 the  
mature birds being light in weight4     
,for the dual purpose of egg and meat   
production the ,american breeds are the 
most popular4 ,the principal commercial 
types of this general purpose group are 
,plymouth ,rocks1 ,wyandottes and ,rhode
 ,island ,reds4 ,in some instances      
crosses of these breeds are proving good
 layers and highly efficient meat       
producers4  ,the ,rocks1 ,wyandottes and
 ,reds have bright yellow skin1 shanks  
and beak which are desired in market    
poultry4 ,they are good winter layers1  
particularly1 and some strains have been
 developed that rival the ,leghorn in   

the number of eggs per bird4 ,both the  
,white and the ,barred ,plymouth ,rocks 
are popular among those seeking a dual  
purpose breed1 and being slightly       
heavier than ,white ,wyandottes and     
,rhode ,island ,reds they are preferred 
by many poultrymen4 ,the latter two     
breeds are rapidly increasing in        
popularity and their best qualities are 
being brought out more uniformly by     
careful selection of breeding stock in  
each case4 ,all of these ,american      
breeds lay brown eggs4  ,in addition to 
the egg and the dual purpose types of   
poultry epitomized by the ,leghorn and  
the ,plymouth ,rock1 respectively1 there
 are breeds which are primarily meat    
producers4 ,less attention is paid to   
the egg-producing ability of these than 
is the case with the others mentioned4  
,the ,brahmas1 ,cochins and ,langshans  
stand in high regard as economical meat 
producers4 ,the ,jersey ,black ,giant is
 a more recent addition to the popular  
heavy breeds1 especially for the capon  

trade4  ,these ,asiatic types grow      
slowly and are phlegmatic in movement so
 that they utilize feed for the         
economical development of high quality  
meat and attain great weight4 ,for      
broilers of more than #a-a_/b pounds    
each1 for roasting chickens and for     
capons1 the dual purpose breeds are     
becoming more popular than the extremely
 heavy breeds due to their more rapid   
growth and more popular weight average  
at marketing time4  ,buying             
,stock4--,the advantages of buying and  
maintaining definite breeds of poultry  
are now so well understood that the     
mixed or mongrel flock is fast          
disappearing4 ,having decided which type
 of fowl is best adapted to one's market
 and ideas1 there is no difficulty in   
finding a breed that will fit the need4 
,as has been pointed out1 the attributes
 of high egg production or fine quality 
of meat are inherent in certain breeds4 
,a single breed means uniformity in     
color1 size and shape of the eggs which 

increases their marketability4 ,more    
attractive appearance of the flock and  
greater efficiency from feeding without 
additional cost are other advantages    
pertaining to standardizing the flock as
 to breed4  ,stock may be acquired as   
day-old chicks1 as ten- to              
twelve-week-old pullets or as adult     
birds ready to lay4 ,hatching eggs may  
also be bought if desired1 but it will  
be found more satisfactory and just as  
economical for the inexperienced person 
to buy the hatched chick or the more    
mature birds4 ,the hatching and brooding
 processes are fraught with difficulties
 which may be especially acute for the  
amateur4 ,the greatest demand at the    
present time1 and properly so1 is for   
day-old chicks4 ,a highly specialized   
industry has been developed for the     
purpose of supplying this demand and a  
reputation for reliability has been     
established by many concerns catering to
 this trade4  ,poultry ,house           
,construction4--,where flocks of poultry

 are to be kept for egg production1     
special laying houses must be provided  
in addition to brooder houses that will 
be needed in any case4  ,one of the best
 types of brooder house is the two-room 
type developed by ,cornell ,university1 
,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,such a house      
should be about #h by #ad feet1 and     
mounted on skids for convenience in     
moving4 ,a movable partition divides the
 house into two rooms4 ,thus a cold room
 is provided for exercising and a warm  
room for sleeping4 ,the marked          
difference in temperature between the   
two rooms helps to harden the chicks1   
while the reduced space about the hover 
conserves the heat4  ,a great deal of   
study has been given to the construction
 of laying houses for poultry4 ,the     
purposes in mind have been to obtain    
maximum sunlight throughout the day1    
protection from storms and from         
dampness1 and adequate ventilation4  ,in
 the construction of a modern laying    
house1 #a square foot of glass should be

 provided for every #bj square feet of  
floor space4 ,the windows should be     
hinged so that they may be opened in    
warm weather4 ,one of the commercial    
glass substitutes that are now on the   
market may be used instead of ordinary  
glass to allow violet light rays to     
reach the birds4 ,the other openings    
permit free circulation of air through  
the house4 ,they should be equipped with
 muslin curtains to be used during      
storms and in extremely cold weather4   
,such a house can be used the year      
round4   ,illustration3 7,courtesy of   
,poultry ,tribune7  ,this sketch shows  
an end view of a practical and          
inexpensive shed-roof laying house4     
,detailed blue prints for use in        
constructing such a house can usually be
 obtained from county agricultural      
agents or state agricultural colleges4  
,illustration3 ,a fine flock of layers4 
,the hoppers furnish laying mash and the
 fountains supply drinking water4       
,scratch grain is thrown in the litter4 

,the floor of the laying house must be  
dry at all times if vigor and health are
 to be maintained4 ,during the winter   
there should be about #aj inches of dry 
litter in the form of straw1 peat moss  
or shavings mixed with the straw4 ,small
 windows in the rear wall will make for 
better distribution of the litter1 since
 the birds scratch away from the light4 
,equipment and ,appliances4--,a great   
deal of hand labor and daily drudgery   
can be eliminated by equipping the house
 with properly constructed appliances4  
,these will not only save labor but will
 also supply the birds with their needs 
at the time the need for certain        
materials is felt and thus contribute to
 health and flock efficiency4  ,the best
 method of feeding dry mash is from a   
hopper4 ,this should be so constructed  
as to hold a reserve supply at all times
 that will run into the feed trough as  
it is consumed4 ,care should be taken in
 construction to prevent the birds from 
throwing out the mash with their beaks  

and thus wasting it4  ,water fountains  
of a standard type that will furnish the
 birds with a constant amount of fresh  
water are available at poultry supply   
houses4 ,receptacles should also be     
provided for grit1 ground oyster shell  
and charcoal which can be easily filled4
 ,a sloping board should be placed over 
these receptacles to prevent the birds  
from roosting on them and soiling the   
contents4  ,bins so constructed as to be
 vermin-proof and moisture-proof should 
be available for storing the scratch    
grain and other concentrated feeds4     
,provision for storing litter where it  
can be kept clean and dry will be       
necessary4 ,if long straw is to be used1
 a cutter operated by hand or by a motor
 will prove useful in fining the straw4 
,the scratch grain will be spread       
through the litter on the floor1        
compelling the birds to scratch for it  
and thus obtain needed exercise4        
,artificial ,lighting4--,modern laying  
houses are equipped with electric lights

 that are turned on and off             
automatically4 ,artificial lighting     
prolongs the hen's working day when the 
days are short1 resulting in greater    
food consumption and more exercise which
 will increase egg production and give  
better health and stamina at seasons    
when more eggs augment profits4 ,a      
#dj-watt bulb should be placed in one   
receptacle with reflector for each #bjj 
square feet of floor space1 located     
midway between the front wall and the   
front line of perches4  ,investment     
,needed for the ,start4--,the           
prospective poultryman should be        
familiar with the principal items of    
cost before engaging in the business4   
,to be thus forewarned is to be         
forearmed4 ,the scale upon which one    
takes up commercial poultry production  
should depend upon experience in coping 
with the industry's peculiar problems   
and upon the amount of capital          
available4 ,success depends1 of course1 
both upon skill in handling the poultry 

and upon the capitalization of the      
plant4 ,it should be recognized that    
costs can be only approximate and are   
usable as guides only4 ,they will vary  
according to geographical location1     
general economic conditions1 labor costs
 and the bargaining power of the        
individual4 ,the figures here given are 
for a plant comprised of #a1ejj laying  
hens--the minimum number from which a   
living can be obtained and probably the 
maximum number that can be cared for by 
one person4  ,the houses for the flock  
will necessarily include a laying house 
of the multiple unit or other similar   
type1 which should cost about #a1jjj4   
,in addition1 eight brooder houses will 
be needed to care for the chicks and    
growing stock1 costing about #ajj each1 
or a total of #hjj4 ,the growing stock  
when on range will need shelters for    
protection against hot sun and rain1 and
 these should be built for about #be    
each1 or a total of #bjj1 making a total
 cost for buildings and the necessary   

interior equipment about #b1jjj4 ,in    
addition to this item1 there will be    
needed about #a1ejj for the purchase of 
pullets at #a4jj each1 making a grand   
total of #c1ejj4  ,if baby chicks are   
purchased1 it will be necessary to buy  
not less than #d1jjj of these if the    
operator is to obtain #a1ejj desirable  
laying birds4 ,the cost of these chicks 
will depend upon the breeding that is   
behind them1 upon whether they are      
blood-tested to eliminate bacillary     
white diarrhea 7a scourge of young      
chicks7 and the general care that has   
been taken in the hatchery to produce   
good1 livable chicks4 ,this care1       
incidentally1 must extend to flocks from
 which the hatching eggs are secured1 as
 well as to the final incubating        
process4 ,chicks sold at extremely low  
prices are rarely bargains4 ,quality is 
far more important than low first cost4 
,assuming a cost of #ad cents per chick 
as an average for chicks that will      
produce virile1 productive layers1 the  

initial investment for this item will be
 between #ejj and #fjj4 ,therefore1 if  
chicks are purchased1 it will reduce the
 item for stock from the amount of      
#a1ejj given above1 which would         
represent the cost of partly grown      
pullets4  ,assuming that the complete   
poultry plant already stocked will cost 
#c1ejj1 we must add to the budget of the
 prospective poultryman a sum for the   
purchase of a farm of from #e acres     
upward1 including a residence4 ,in most 
localities a small tract with a modest  
house can be purchased for about #d1jjj4
 ,if only the land is purchased1 that   
should be available at #bjj an acre as a
 subdivision of a larger tract4         
,assuming that a house costing #c1jjj   
will be suitable for the operator and   
his family1 the total outlay will be in 
the neighborhood of #g1ejj4 ,experienced
 poultrymen estimate that a modest      
poultry farm of the type above described
 can be put into operation for an       
investment of #e per bird4 ,if it is    

planned to begin with a smaller flock   
than #a1ejj individual layers1 the same 
figures can be applied in proportion to 
the number of birds to be kept4 ,in     
short1 the poultry house and equipment  
should be estimated on the basis of not 
less than #a4ej per bird and the cost of
 the farm1 residence and stock will be  
in addition to such a charge4 ,the      
allowance of #a4ej per bird provides    
only for simple housing facilities for  
the flock4  ,using these figures1 it    
will be easy to understand the reason   
for the general recommendation that a   
total investment of #aj1jjj is a        
requisite for a poultry establishment   
from which a modest living can be       
obtained4 ,while the investment in      
housing1 land1 residence and stock may  
not exceed #g1ejj1 there will need to be
 sufficient capital for paying the      
living expenses of the family until the 
flock begins laying and to enable the   
operator to purchase feed and other     
necessary adjuncts to his establishment 

before an income is obtained4  ,for a   
flock of smaller size than the so-called
 maximum one-man type above described1  
the costs per bird for the various items
 will apply in most cases4 ,it is1 in   
fact1 advisable to begin with a smaller 
flock if the owner is inexperienced4    
,do's  ,poultry keeping must be         
efficiently carried on to yield returns 
to the country home owner4  ,select     
well-drained soil that is free of       
infection4  ,for egg production1 use the
 ,leghorn2 for both meat and egg        
purposes1 the ,american breeds are best4
  ,standardize on one breed if possible4
  ,buy the best chicks or mature stock  
available4  ,use a brooder house for the
 young birds4  ,the laying house must be
 well ventilated1 fully lighted and     
easily cleaned4  ,use latest mechanical 
feeding and watering devices to save    
labor4  ,employ artificial lighting to  
lengthen the hen's working day4  ,work  
toward the one-man plant--a total of    
#a1ejj laying hens--for most efficient  

results4   ,don'ts  ,don't try to raise 
poultry in buildings that may still     
carry infection4  ,don't economize by   
buying cheap chicks or breeding stock4  
,don't overlook importance of health    
factors and productive qualities in     
determining value of stock purchased4   
,don't try to operate a poultry plant   
with ill-adapted buildings and          
equipment4     ,chapter ,x  ,,successful
 ,,management ,,of ,,poultry   ,the     
successful poultryman will have set up  
his establishment with due attention to 
adequate housing1 good stock1 facilities
 for maintaining sanitation and for     
creating generally favorable conditions 
for egg production4 ,his next problem   
will be that of adopting successful     
methods of management so that he may    
obtain a satisfactory net income from   
the investment4  ,feeds and             
,feeding4--,there are two groups of     
materials that are essential in food    
rations for all ages of poultry4 ,the   
organic feeds include grains and grain  

by-products1 hays1 grasses and          
vegetables4 ,the inorganic feeds include
 salt to increase palatability and      
digestibility of the ration2 lime1 to   
aid in building bone and body tissue as 
well as to furnish the shell material2  
bone ash1 especially for growing chicks1
 and water in liberal amounts supplied  
by a fountain as well as from succulent 
green foods4 ,the fact that a dozen eggs
 contain approximately one pint of water
 demonstrates the necessity of having   
drinking water before the flock at all  
times4  ,the feeding of baby chicks1    
young stock and laying hens has been    
scientifically worked out by research   
and practical experience over a period  
of many years4 ,the poultryman1         
especially if he is a novice1 will do   
well if he carefully observes the       
recommendations of competent            
authorities4 ,the ration for each of the
 three ages will consist of a grain feed
 and a dry mash composed of grain       
by-products reinforced with materials   

that supply the birds' daily nutrition  
requirements4  ,the following rations   
and recommendations for management have 
been prepared by the ,new ,jersey       
,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new
 ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey3       ,,chick
 ,,ration           ,baby ,chick ,grain 
#bjj pounds finely cracked yellow corn  
#ajj pounds cracked wheat       ,fed    
morning and evening1 beginning when     
chicks are #cf hours old4               
,baby ,chick ,mash           #bj pounds 
ground yellow corn          #bj pounds  
wheat bran          #bj pounds flour    
middlings          #bj pounds pinhead   
oats          #aj pounds meat scrap 7#ej
 per cent protein7           #e pounds  
dried buttermilk or skim-milk           
#b pounds oyster shell meal or limestone
 flour or bone meal           #b pounds 
cod liver oil 7mixed with the pinhead   
oats7           #a pound table salt     
,this mash is fed to the chicks as soon 
as they are placed under the            
brooder stove4 ,it may be placed in     

hoppers4 ,let the chicks have all       
they want to eat2 some of the mash      
should be before them at all      times4
       ,teach the chicks where to find  
the warmth by enclosing them for a few  
days with a #a_/b inch mesh wire one    
foot high and set from #aj to #ab       
inches from the edge of the hover4      
,put some clean grit on bits of         
cardboard in several places around the  
hover when the chicks are first brought 
from the incubator4       ,a little sour
 skim-milk or semi-solid buttermilk1    
diluted #a to #g in      founts should  
be available from the beginning4        
,after the chicks are #fj hours old or  
when you are sure they are      hungry1 
begin to feed1 using cardboard in the   
same manner as before4      ,follow the 
feeding chart4       ,feed little and   
often4 ,keep the chicks slightly hungry4
       ,watch for dead chicks and remove
 them as soon as they are noticed4      
,attend to heaters early and late2 be   
sure at all times that they are      in 

good working order4       ,clean out    
litter1 particularly beneath the hover  
as often as it      becomes soiled4     
,induce exercise and keep the youngsters
 occupied4       ,get them out-of-doors 
as early as possible1 even if only for a
 few      minutes in the warmer part of 
the day4       ,feed green feed4 ,feed  
early and late4 ,keep the chicks        
growing4  ,growing ,stock ,ration4--,the
 baby chick mash can be used for feeding
 the growing birds1 omitting the cod    
liver oil if they are on range4 ,the    
baby chick grain ration can be used also
 during this period but it need not be  
so finely cracked4 ,plenty of grain     
should be available at all times4       
,laying ,ration4--,when the birds are   
getting ready to lay1 the ration should 
be changed so that during the winter    
laying season the mash will include     
equal amounts of yellow corn meal1 wheat
 bran1 wheat middlings1 ground heavy    
oats and meat scrap4 ,twenty-five per   
cent of dried buttermilk or skim-milk   

may be substituted for an equal amount  
of meat scrap4  ,the grain ration should
 consist of equal amounts of cracked or 
whole yellow corn and wheat4 ,this      
should be fed in the late afternoon1    
giving sufficient to satisfy the        
appetites of the birds between the time 
of going to roost and a light morning   
meal4 ,it should be fully consumed by   
eight o'clock in the morning4 ,adequate 
consumption of mash is a prime requisite
 in egg production4 ,the feeding of     
semi-solid buttermilk at the rate of #c 
to #e pounds to #ajj hens daily is      
recommended4 ,ten pounds of mangel beets
 per #ajj hens or #a square inch of     
well-sprouted oats per bird will supply 
needed green food during the winter4    
,in many cases it will be found more    
satisfactory to purchase ready mixed    
rations from a local dealer who handles 
reliable and scientifically compounded  
feeds for poultry4 ,this is particularly
 applicable where the number of birds is
 of ordinary proportions4 ,little1 if   

any1 economy will be found in purchasing
 small quantities of each ingredient and
 attempting to thoroughly mix them at   
home4 ,if the flock is very large there 
may be worth-while economy in           
home-mixing of the ration4 ,the         
efficient poultryman will compare the   
cost of branded feeds with ingredient   
costs to guard against being            
overcharged4  ,in addition to the       
standard rations the growing stock and  
laying birds should have access at all  
times to grit1 shell and charcoal1 kept 
in suitable containers4 ,these may be   
obtained of the local dealer4           
,sanitation4--,when growing stock and   
laying hens are kept under modern       
intensive conditions the observance of  
the rules of sanitation is essential4   
,failure to observe them is likely to   
result in loss of production1 serious   
sickness of the flock and the nullifying
 of all other constructive factors4     
,dropping boards beneath the roosts must
 be cleaned frequently and regularly to 

prevent accumulation of filth4 ,if the  
dropping boards are constructed of      
matched lumber with the boards running  
in the direction in which they are to be
 scraped it will facilitate the cleaning
 process4  ,before the birds are placed 
in winter quarters the laying house     
should be thoroughly cleaned of all     
litter and debris4 ,the interior may    
then be thoroughly sprayed with a       
disinfectant composed of some good coal 
tar preparation1 and this repeated in   
the spring4 ,the surface will need to be
 painted with a good disinfectant1 of   
which there are a number of commercial  
preparations on the market4 ,a close    
watch should be made for vermin in the  
house and on the birds1 and if lice or  
similar parasites are discovered1       
immediate action should be taken to     
destroy both the adults and the eggs1   
since these parasites will debilitate   
the flock and prevent their development 
and may seriously check their ability to
 lay4  ,management of ,artificial       

,lights4--,the electric lights mentioned
 in the previous chapter should be      
turned on about four-thirty in the      
morning and kept on until daylight or   
used for an hour in the late evening4   
,when lights are used there should be   
plenty of food and water available to   
enable the birds to take advantage of   
the additional feeding period4 ,the     
scratch grain should be increased by #b 
pounds daily for each hundred birds when
 lights are used4 ,many poultrymen find 
it advantageous to have a low wattage   
light burning all night so that hungry  
individuals may get a meal and return to
 the perches at all times4 ,three to    
five kilowatt hours per month for each  
hundred birds represents the average    
current consumption where lights are    
used4  ,practical ,suggestions for      
,efficient ,management4--,a number of   
successful poultrymen were recently     
asked to state the requisites for       
success in the poultry industry1 with   
particular reference to what is known as

 the one-man poultry flock4 ,such a     
flock is of adequate size to take       
practically the full time of one person 
in its operation4 ,as the result of the 
development of standardized feeding     
practices1 improved equipment and better
 methods of management1 the maximum     
number of birds that can be successfully
 managed by one person has greatly      
increased in recent years4 ,likewise1   
the problems of proper feeding1 adequate
 disease control and successful selling 
have increased as the size of the unit  
has grown and as greater intensiveness  
is practiced4  ,all of the successful   
men questioned advised that the keeping 
of poultry should be begun in a small   
way in order that experience can be     
gained without the risk of losing the   
initial investment1 or that the         
intending operator should gain practical
 knowledge of the business by working on
 a poultry farm for a year4 ,valuable   
knowledge can also be gained by         
attending short courses in poultry      

husbandry that are being offered at most
 agricultural colleges with a very      
moderate expenditure of funds4  ,one of 
these successful men writes as follows3 
,we are working with a man now who was  
let out of a position recently but who  
has some savings and who desires to go  
into the poultry business4 ,he has      
purchased six acres of ground1 has built
 a bungalow on it and has the           
foundations in for three laying houses  
of #ejj birds' capacity each4 ,he will  
have ample range for a two-yards system 
for each laying house1 and1 in addition1
 will have two ranges to alternate      
yearly for growing his young stock4 ,his
 program calls for putting out about    
#b1djj chicks yearly from which he      
should have at least #a1jjj pullets1    
which he will house in two of the laying
 houses4 ,the following year he will    
carry over about #ejj of these birds and
 can fill up with #a1jjj pullets4 ,this 
is to be a one-man plant with possibly  
some assistance in the spring4  ,i feel 

that #a1ejj birds is the minimum        
required from which one man can make a  
living1 and five acres devoted to       
poultry1 properly laid out1 is          
sufficient area for this purpose4 ,if   
more land is available1 so much the     
better4 ,these are minimum requirements1
 as ,i see it1 and with regular feed    
deliveries directly to the poultry      
house1 running water and other          
labor-saving devices1 there is no reason
 why one man cannot successfully take   
care of this number of birds1           
particularly where a man is starting on 
new ground where there have never been  
any chickens and therefore less chance  
of disease4 ,we advise buying baby      
chicks rather than partly grown or      
mature stock4 ,if he follows a definite 
economic and sanitary program right from
 the start1 there is no reason why his  
plant should not carry on profitably1   
indefinitely4  ,this practical man says 
further3 ,it is our experience that the 
majority of the people going into the   

poultry business go in 'blind4' ,their  
chicken houses are put up irrespective  
of range facilities and then after two  
or three years when they begin to run   
into trouble they find their mistakes4  
,i would suggest that you point out to  
prospective poultrymen the advisability 
of first1 buying land and developing    
their own poultry plant rather than     
trying to make over someone else's      
plant2 second1 buying in a location     
where buying and selling facilities have
 been developed2 third1 getting in touch
 with a reliable local poultryman for   
guidance in laying out his plant and    
following only one advisor4 ,by hooking 
up with only one poultryman he is       
presented with one way of doing things  
which this poultryman has found         
successful in his own business4         
,another successful man states that the 
most economical time to start the       
business is in the spring when day-old  
chicks can be secured and purchased at a
 lower cost than is possible in the     

buying of laying stock at other seasons 
of the year4 ,he further advises that   
the greatest mistake made by many       
starting in the poultry business is the 
lack of adequate capital4 ,too many     
invest all of their money before any    
income can be secured1 according to this
 man4 ,should there be a set-back during
 the first year or two1 there is no way 
of continuing and the whole investment  
may be lost4  ,still another practical  
man states that ,site is1 in my opinion1
 the most important factor to be        
considered after the decision is made   
that a person wishes to go into the     
poultry business4 ,successful poultry   
keeping probably requires more careful  
selection of a farm than any other      
agricultural industry4 ,there should be 
light soil with good air and water      
drainage and an area of sufficient size 
to permit shifting the poultry on       
different areas as a means of preventing
 disease infection and as a means of    
securing vigor in the birds4 ,he1 too1  

points out that old poultry farms should
 not be considered by prospective       
poultrymen unless they have been        
approved by an expert in these lines1   
for the reason that these farms are     
frequently offered for sale because of  
persistent disease infection which it is
 very difficult to eliminate1 or because
 of some fundamental difficulty1 such as
 poor soil drainage4  ,in the           
construction of buildings1 continues    
this experienced poultryman1 sufficient 
housing should be provided to prevent   
overcrowding and the difficulties that  
come in the train of that condition4    
,about three square feet of floor space 
per bird is required for the lighter    
breeds such as ,leghorns1 and four to   
five square feet per bird for the       
heavier breeds4 ,for the one-man plant1 
the recommendation is for a maximum of  
about #a1ejj birds4 ,this would require 
from #d1ejj to #e1bej square feet of    
floor space suitably arranged for the   
lighter breeds of the ,leghorn type4    

,for the young stock to be used as      
replacements1 seven to ten brooder      
houses1 #aj by #ab feet in size1 would  
be required and about the same number of
 range shelters1 usually #f by #h feet1 
for the purpose of sheltering growing   
young stock from hot sun and heavy rains
 when they are out on range4  ,probable 
,net ,income4--,many persons who have   
started in the poultry business have    
been misled as to the amount of net     
income they will be likely to receive   
from a one-man plant4 ,it is pretty well
 established that in normal times a net 
income of from #a1ejj to #b1ejj annually
 can be secured from a plant housing    
#a1ejj birds4 ,a great deal depends1 of 
course1 upon the skill of the operator1 
and a plant of this size requires the   
full time of one competent person4 ,it  
should be borne in mind that this net   
income is in addition to the residence  
and such food as would be taken in the  
form of poultry products and from the   
garden4  ,sales ,management4--,every    

prospective poultry keeper should       
determine the marketing possibilities   
for the product in the area under       
consideration before he makes a choice  
of location4 ,there are at least four   
methods of marketing eggs and poultry   
meat1 any one of which can be used      
exclusively or two or more used in      
combination as a means of disposing of  
the product to the best advantage4 ,the 
system that he will adopt will depend   
largely upon his location1 as well as   
upon his individual preference1 and upon
 the facilities that are available in   
the area where he operates4  ,in many   
sections of the country there are       
cooperative egg marketing associations  
where the eggs are received in bulk from
 the producers1 are graded and marketed 
in large quantities1 the producer       
receiving the full selling value less1  
of course1 the costs of operating the   
distributing agency4 ,in the            
northeastern states1 egg auctions have  
been very successfully developed4 ,under

 this system the individual producer    
brings his eggs to the auction market   
where they are graded and sold on the   
basis of weight1 size and other factors 
pertaining to quality4 ,in this method  
of selling the producer receives a      
definite price for his eggs less a small
 charge per case made by the selling    
agency4  ,a successful type of direct   
marketing is through roadside stands4   
,this is especially successful in or    
near large centers of population where  
eggs can be purchased1 together with    
other farm commodities1 at the same     
stand4 ,another method is the operation 
of a retail route in which the producer 
sells the eggs by the door-to-door      
method in a near-by city4 ,this method  
is followed successfully by many        
poultrymen who deliver eggs as regularly
 as the milk distributor or the baker   
deliver their products4  ,still another 
method is the use of mail or express as 
a means of transporting the eggs to     
consumers in urban centers4 ,this       

method1 while largely in use some years 
ago1 has not proved so generally        
successful as have some of the other    
methods previously given4  ,a           
well-organized program of work is       
essential in successful poultry keeping4
 ,the following schedule is followed by 
many successful poultrymen as a means of
 distributing their time to the best    
advantage during the day4  ,a           
,,poultryman',s ,,daily ,,time ,,table  
,based on a ,one-man #a1ejj-;bird ,farm 
,producing ,market ,eggs   #g3jj-h3jj   
,a4,m4--,feed and water all stock4      
#h3jj-i3jj ,a4,m4--,fill mash hoppers   
and clean dropping boards4   #i3jj-aa3jj
 ,a4,m4--,two hours for cleaning houses1
 cultivating yards1                     
repairing of buildings1 preparation of  
egg cases1                    packing   
eggs and miscellaneous jobs4            
#aa3jj-ab3jj ,m4--,feed green feed and  
collect eggs4   #ab3jj-a3jj             
,p4,m4--,lunch hour4   #a3jj-b3jj       
,p4,m4--,water all stock4   #b3jj-d3jj  

,p4,m4--,same work as from #i3jj to     
#aa3jj ,a4,m4   #d3jj-e3jj ,p4,m4--,feed
 and collect eggs4  ,ducks1 ,geese1     
,turkeys and ,other ,fowl4--,while the  
raising and keeping of chickens occupy  
the largest and most important part of  
the general operation of poultry        
keeping1 there is a growing interest in 
the production of other types of fowl1  
including ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 and in 
some instances1 guinea fowl and         
pheasants4 ,each of these really        
constitutes a separate and distinct     
poultry industry1 requiring specific    
feeding1 breeding and management        
practices4 ,some of the fundamental     
factors in the care of these types of   
poultry are given for the beginner4 ,in 
the case of these fowl1 as in chickens1 
it is essential to start in a small way 
and develop as experience dictates4     
,ducks4--,from a rather obscure and     
unknown source of poultry meat1 the duck
 and the duckling have become common to 
restaurants and the home table4 ,this   

has been accomplished through the       
operations of large commercial duck     
farms which sell hundreds of thousands  
of birds annually4 ,the selection of    
breed types1 proper feeding and         
management and skillful marketing have  
made it possible to attract a wide      
public interest and an appetite for     
these fowls on a permanent basis4  ,the 
best known varieties of ducks are the   
,indian ,runner1 a small type and       
primarily an egg producer2 the ,muscovy 
and the ,pekin1 both of which are used  
for meat purposes1 the former being best
 adapted to general farm use and the    
latter to intensive breeding on large   
establishments devoted solely to the    
purpose of duck raising4 ,the old       
simile1 ,like a duck takes to water1    
implies the fondness of ducks for the   
aquatic element4 ,however1 ducks will do
 well without swimming facilities4      
,incubation of duck eggs can be carried 
on in the same manner as chicken eggs1  
except that more moisture is essential  

to good hatches4 ,the period of         
incubation is #bh days for all types1   
except for the ,muscovy1 for which it is
 #cc to #ce days4 ,the growing birds1   
like mature ducks1 are hardy and        
ordinarily show a much lower mortality  
percentage than chickens4 ,if only a few
 ducks are kept1 they will follow the   
habits of a flock of chickens and need  
be given no special attention4 ,when    
they are raised without other poultry an
 open shed is all that is necessary for 
winter quarters and some shade          
arrangement for protection against hot  
summer sun4  ,the feed rations that have
 been given for baby chicks and growing 
stock can be used for ducks1 or any     
standard commercial feed for the        
respective ages4 ,it is recommended that
 the chick and growing mashes be mixed  
with fine1 chopped greens such as       
cabbage or lawn clippings1 and          
sufficient water added to the mixture to
 make it moist4 ,one pound of sand or   
grit may be added to furnish the duck   

with grinding material4 ,fresh water in 
shallow dishes should be available      
during the feeding periods which ought  
to be three times a day4 ,for the mature
 birds1 the laying mash1 previously     
given1 and moistened1 will be found     
satisfactory with fresh greens added1   
unless grass is available on range4     
,hoppers containing sand or grit should 
be available if a number of ducks are   
kept4  ,geese4--,geese can be raised    
successfully wherever other types of    
poultry will grow4 ,that they are not so
 popular as ducks is shown by the fact  
that only about one-third as many geese 
as ducks are raised in this country4    
,the most popular breeds1 in order of   
popularity1 are ,toulouse1 ,embden1     
,african and ,chinese4 ,the ,toulouse is
 the largest and most favored1 the      
mature gander weighing #bf pounds and   
the adult goose about #bj pounds4       
,geese are usually kept in small numbers
 in areas where there is an abundance of
 grass and a supply of water for        

swimming4 ,they1 like ducks1 are hardy  
and are rarely affected with diseases or
 parasites4 ,a plentiful supply of grass
 is sufficient feed for the growing     
goslings4 ,the demand and prices for    
geese are lower than for most other     
types of poultry4 ,for housing1 only a  
shed in winter and a sun-shade in summer
 are required4  ,the period of          
incubation varies from #cj to #ce days1 
depending upon the size of the breed4   
,the young goslings are easily killed by
 excessive moisture or may become lost  
and therefore they require considerable 
attention during the early stages4 ,a   
good food for the goslings is stale     
bread soaked in milk or water1 fed after
 they are #dh hours old4 ,scalded       
cracked corn may also be given or a mash
 made of four parts corn meal and one   
part grain middlings4 ,plenty of        
drinking water is essential4 ,whole     
grain may be fed after the goslings are 
well feathered4 ,when the geese near the
 marketing period they should be kept in

 confinement and fed a moist mash made  
of one part grain shorts and two parts  
corn meal4 ,a bedding of short straw    
will keep the fattening pens clean and  
provide roughage4 ,best prices are      
obtainable during the late fall and     
early winter months4                    
,turkeys4--,because the turkey is such a
 popular form of meat during the        
holidays and so much attention is       
directed to it as an indigenous native  
bird1 it rivals the ,american eagle as a
 national emblem4 ,turkey raising on a  
commercial scale has had its ups and    
downs for a great many years4 ,one of   
the principal scourges has been the     
so-called black-head disease and this   
has destroyed the industry in many      
areas4 ,it is now known that this       
disease is carried by a small parasitic 
worm common to chickens1 which1 however1
 it apparently does not seriously       
injure4 ,the black-head germ1 carried by
 this worm1 clogs the blood in the head 
of the turkey and causes quick death4   

,for this reason1 it has been found     
impracticable to raise turkeys where    
chickens are present1 unless they are   
kept entirely separate by confinement4  
,the principal varieties of domesticated
 turkeys are the ,bronze1 ,white        
,holland1 ,bourbon ,red1 ,black1        
,narragansett and ,slate4 ,all are      
large1 handsome birds1 each breed having
 a following of admirers4 ,the ,bronze  
is the largest and heaviest and most    
popular1 the mature adult male weighing 
#cf pounds and the mature hen #bj       
pounds4 ,under ordinary conditions      
turkeys do not require much in the way  
of housing1 except in cold weather when 
covered roosting sheds should be        
available4 ,the period of incubation is 
#bh days and they may be hatched under  
the same conditions as chickens4 ,the   
day-old young birds1 or poults as they  
are called1 can be shipped in the same  
manner as day-old chicks4  ,for feeding 
the poults1 the ,united ,states         
,department of ,agriculture recommends  

fine-chopped hard-boiled eggs1 including
 the shell1 mixed with green feed for   
the first ten days4 ,this may be        
followed by feeding the chick ration    
previously mentioned4 ,milk1 especially 
buttermilk1 is excellent for the poults1
 and grit must be provided if it is not 
available on range4 ,cod liver oil will 
be found helpful if added to the ration4
 ,turkeys are great rangers and         
travelers if they have the opportunity  
and will pick up enough insects to keep 
them going through the day4 ,a grain    
ration should be fed just before they go
 to roost4 ,where they are raised in    
confinement1 or semi-confinement1 more  
food must be given and under these      
conditions the strictest sanitation must
 be practiced4  ,both old and young     
turkeys should be protected from        
dampness1 and the growing birds1        
especially1 kept free from lice4 ,the   
turkey grower who practices the best    
systems of management and feeding will  
be successful and will find a ready     

market for his product at ,thanksgiving 
and during the ,christmas holidays4 ,a  
few birds may be successfully kept in   
confinement and used as a home-raised   
source of high quality meat during a    
considerable portion of the year4       
,guinea ,fowl4--,the guinea is known for
 its watch-dog proclivities1 making a   
characteristic raucous noise when       
strangers appear2 for the rich quality  
of the eggs which are produced in good  
quantity2 and for the delectability of  
the breast meat when properly prepared4 
,the young guinea may be fed as has been
 recommended for young chicks4 ,the     
older birds are excellent foragers and  
require little attention4 ,the country  
home owner1 if he does not object to    
their noise1 will find a few of these   
unusual birds an interesting and        
valuable asset4  ,pheasants4--,many     
persons with a flair for the new and    
unusual are successfully raising        
pheasants1 the ,ring ,neck variety being
 the most popular4 ,while they are not  

so hardy as chickens and must be given  
some added care for that reason1 they   
may be fed in the same manner and kept  
successfully in confinement4 ,pheasants 
may be used as an additional source of  
income since they are nearly always in  
demand for meat4 ,the eggs may be       
hatched in incubators or by hens and the
 young pheasants brooded like chicks4   
,the period of incubation is #ba days4  
,shelter is not necessary except in     
extremely cold weather and not then if  
trees or shrubs are available4 ,detailed
 information on game bird production can
 be obtained from ,more ,game ,birds in 
,america1 ,inc41 #ejj ,fifth ,avenue1   
,new ,york ,city4   ,do's  ,net income  
depends upon efficient management and   
each phase of the latter must be        
mastered4  ,feed a well-balanced chick  
ration to the very young and growing    
stock4  ,be sure the ration fed to      
laying stock is adapted to their needs  
in egg production4  ,sanitation measures
 are fundamental in good management and 

their neglect may be fatal4  ,follow the
 management recommendations of practical
 and successful poultrymen4  ,use the   
marketing system best adapted to the    
locality and the personal factor of     
sales ability4  ,determine possibilities
 of selling ducks1 geese1 turkeys and   
other fowl as a means of supplementing  
income from chickens4  ,remember each   
type of poultry requires specific       
management4   ,don'ts  ,don't neglect   
scientific feeding of the poultry flock4
  ,don't go into poultry production on a
 large scale without experience4  ,don't
 neglect local markets as outlets for   
the sale of eggs and poultry and don't  
make shipment of eggs and stock to      
commission houses of unknown rating4    
,don't over-extend in poultry investment
 to the point where temporary reversal  
would be disastrous4     ,chapter ,,xi  
,,the ,,family ,,milk ,,supply   ,living
 in the country should make possible an 
adequate and safe milk supply for the   
family4 ,the transportation of milk from

 the farm and its distribution in the   
city constitute a costly process under  
present methods1 and this limits        
consumption4 ,furthermore1 the ordering 
in advance of a definite quantity each  
day means as a rule that only the milk  
delivered will be consumed4 ,a maximum  
amount of milk is thereby set1 based    
upon factors that may be alien to real  
needs of the family for this food       
beverage4 ,using milk and dairy products
 freely from a near-by supply will      
contribute much to the health of the    
entire family and especially of the     
children4 ,the term family is used in   
this case to denote two or three adults 
and the same number of children4        
,nutritional experts declare that milk  
is the most important of the protective 
foods4 ,scientists agree that milk      
protects by providing in the best form  
those necessities which are often       
lacking in other foods4 ,milk supplies  
calcium so necessary for sound bones and
 teeth1 phosphorus1 easily digested     

protein1 butter fat and milk sugar4     
,most important of all are the vitamins 
found in milk4 ,milk acquires these     
properties from the cow1 a living       
factory manufacturing milk from raw     
products1 which are the foods the cow   
eats--the pasture grasses and the cured 
hay1 supplemented with carefully blended
 grain rations4 ,nutrition authorities  
recommend at least a quart of milk daily
 for every child and ample amounts for  
adults as well4  ,sources of ,milk      
,supply4--,the country resident will    
have little difficulty in securing an   
adequate supply of wholesome milk at low
 cost4 ,he may obtain it from a neighbor
 who is in the dairy business or he may 
maintain a cow or two where the area is 
large enough to provide some pasturage  
and where a building for stabling is    
available4  ,if the milk is bought from 
some near-by farm it is important that  
the purchaser assure himself of the     
health of the cows producing the milk   
and of the sanitary conditions          

surrounding production and handling4    
,quality in milk is much more than cream
 content4 ,cleanliness in production and
 handling is far more important1 and    
this the country resident can personally
 determine by occasional visits to the  
source of supply1 an advantage difficult
 for the urban resident to attain4      
,quality in milk is not necessarily     
measured by the investment in the       
milking barn or the showy external      
features of the producing and handling  
plant4  ,the essential factors in the   
production of clean1 wholesome milk are 
healthy1 clean cows2 healthy milkers2   
clean1 sterile utensils2 and sanitary   
stables and premises4 ,these conditions 
can be attained by any careful dairyman 
and can be checked by any layman        
interested in securing a dependable     
supply of safe milk4 ,the purchaser     
should insist that the cows be tested   
regularly under government supervision  
for tuberculosis and the reactors to the
 test removed from the herd4 ,this is   

important in all circumstances and      
particularly so where the milk is       
consumed in the unprocessed state by    
children4  ,producing ,milk at          
,home4--,it is entirely feasible for the
 rural family to produce at home an     
ample supply of milk at low cost4 ,to do
 this it is only necessary to have      
stabling facilities for one or two cows 
and to have a member of the family      
sufficiently interested to feed1 care   
for and milk the cow or cows4 ,if this  
plan is to be followed the owner1 if he 
is inexperienced1 should enlist the aid 
of a neighbor or friend in making the   
purchase4 ,the animal should be fresh1  
that is1 just starting the period of    
lactation1 and preferably not more than 
four or five years of age4 ,a cow that  
is fresh can be judged as to ability to 
produce good milk from all four quarters
 of the udder in adequate amount4       
,selecting the ,family ,cow4--,the breed
 to be selected is not important1 except
 that for family use a cow of the       

so-called ,channel breeds 7,guernsey or 
,jersey7 is considered better adapted   
because of the higher butter fat content
 of the milk as compared with the       
,holstein-,friesian1 for example1 which 
usually produces a larger total quantity
 of milk with less butter fat4 ,it is   
not necessary to purchase a pure-bred   
animal of any of the breeds1 so far as  
milk production is concerned4 ,on the   
other hand1 a pure-bred registered cow  
may often be purchased at moderate cost4
 ,the owner will undoubtedly take       
greater pride in such an animal and her 
offspring will have higher selling      
value4  ,in making a purchase the new   
owner should insist upon having a       
tuberculin test chart delivered with the
 animal1 and certification as to freedom
 from contagious abortion 7,b4 abortus7 
should also be obtained if possible4 ,if
 production records have been kept      
during the animal's previous lactation  
periods1 these should be secured1 as    
they will definitely indicate           

milk-producing ability over a           
considerable period of time4 ,for family
 use a cow that produces milk steadily  
in uniform amounts over eight or ten    
months is far more desirable than one   
which produces a large volume following 
freshening and then slumps off rapidly4 
,illustration3 ,desirable types of      
utensils for a small dairy4 ,a4 ,crock  
for temporary milk storage or for       
gravity separation of cream4 ,b4        
,milking stool4 ,c4 ,twenty-quart milk  
can and cover4 ,d4 ,strainer4 ,e4       
,stirrer4 ,f4 ,circulating water cooler 
for freshly drawn milk 7not essential   
for a one- or two-cow dairy if other    
cooling practices are followed74 ,g4    
,sanitary covered-top milk pail4 ,h4    
,measuring rod4 ,i4 ,small churn for    
family butter making4   ,importance of  
,pasture4--,pasturage plays so important
 a part in economical milk production   
and in contributing to the health of the
 animal that it is unwise to consider   
keeping one's own cow unless #c or #d   

acres of pasture land per animal are    
available4 ,when the cow is on pasture  
from ,may until ,november no other      
roughage is required1 provided of course
 the grasses and clovers are plentiful4 
,plenty of water is essential1 and if   
this is not made available by a stream  
in the pasture1 it will be necessary to 
furnish drinking water three times      
daily4  ,stabling and ,feeding4--,from  
early ,november until ,may it will be   
necessary to provide stabling           
facilities1 roughage in the form of hay1
 ensilage or beet pulp1 and concentrated
 feed to keep the animal producing4     
,about #c tons of good                  
timothy-and-clover hay or alfalfa will  
be needed per animal during these six   
months4 ,storage room will be needed in 
the building for the hay and for the    
concentrated feed4 ,a good practice is  
to keep the cow in a box stall #ab by   
#ad feet in size4 ,ample bedding should 
be provided1 consisting of straw1 wood  
shavings1 shredded corn stalks1 peat    

moss or dried leaves4 ,these will absorb
 the liquid manure and after such use   
should be applied to the garden or other
 land areas for fertilizing purposes4   
,the daily ration of the cow when       
stabled will consist of from #ae to #be 
pounds of hay daily and #a pound of     
concentrated feed for each #c-a_/b      
pounds of milk being produced4 7,a quart
 of milk weighs about #b4b pounds47     
,milk flow can be stimulated and the    
health of the cow conserved by feeding  
moistened beet pulp1 where silage is not
 available4 ,this may be purchased      
locally at the feed store1 where the    
grain concentrate may also be obtained4 
,the latter can be bought in bags and a 
mixture analyzing about #bj per cent    
protein is recommended4 ,when the cow is
 on pasture the grain ration may be     
reduced by one-third or one-half1       
depending upon the quality of the       
pasture available4  ,cost of ,milk      
,production4--,where all of the feed    
mentioned above is purchased1 the cost  

per quart of the milk will approximate  
#c cents1 excluding labor and overhead  
costs of buildings1 etc4 ,this cost can 
be reduced if pasture does not have to  
be rented and if some of the other food 
requirements are raised at home4        
,management4--,feeding the cow twice    
daily and milking at the same interval  
will give the best results4 ,morning and
 evening are usually the most convenient
 times for milking and the same hourly  
routine should be observed daily4       
,feeding the grain ration after milking 
is desirable4 ,a good practice is to    
furnish hay and beet pulp between       
milkings4  ,to insure cleanliness of the
 milk1 the udder and teats may be wiped 
with a damp cloth before milking4       
,flanks and the udder should be clipped 
of hair1 thus facilitating a clean      
condition of the animal at all times4   
,soiled bedding should be removed and   
clean material substituted as required4 
,the normal cow should produce an       
average of #aj quarts of milk daily over

 a period of ten months4 ,in the        
remaining two months the cow will not be
 producing milk but will be resting and 
building up body reserves for the coming
 period of lactation4 ,the cow should be
 bred about nine months before it is    
desired to have her bear a calf4 ,the   
time of year when such freshening should
 occur is not important1 although either
 spring or fall months are considered   
best1 to avoid weather and temperature  
extremes at the critical calving period4
 ,under this plan it will be noted that 
the family will not have milk from home 
sources for two months during the year4 
,the alternative is to have two cows1   
one freshening in ,april and the other  
in ,october1 ensuring a continuous      
supply1 or to purchase milk during the  
dry period4  ,utilizing a ,large ,supply
 of ,milk4--,the urban consumer of milk 
accustomed to #a or #b quarts daily may 
wonder how an average of #aj quarts or  
more per day can be utilized4 ,plenty of
 uses will be found for the product4    

,milk will be used more often as a      
beverage2 cream will be found delightful
 in many ways1 in the form of butter and
 home-made ice cream1 for example2 and  
cheeses will provide an outlet for      
surplus whole or skimmed milk4 ,milk of 
good quality can be disposed of readily 
to neighbors4 ,if two families own one  
cow each1 a plan may be worked out for  
furnishing each other with milk when one
 cow or the other is not producing4     
,wherever facilities are available and  
there is a willingness to care for a    
family cow or two1 the availability of  
large amounts of milk will compensate   
for the trouble and bring health and    
vigor to the rural family4  ,the ,goat  
as a ,source of ,milk ,supply4--,the    
milk goat is especially useful to those 
who desire a smaller quantity of milk   
than that produced by a cow and where   
the space is inadequate for keeping a   
larger milk-producing animal4 ,in       
composition1 goat's milk closely        
resembles that of the cow1 the butter   

fat ranging from #c4b per cent to #d4d  
per cent with total solids of nearly #ab
 per cent4 ,the average production of a 
good milk goat is about #b quarts of    
milk daily1 sufficient for many a       
family4 ,the milk is pure white in color
 and the cream rises very slowly4 ,if   
goat's milk is properly produced and    
handled1 the bad odor1 associated with  
the animal in the public mind1 should   
not be present4 ,keeping dirt or hair   
out of the milk when it is being drawn1 
and clean quarters1 are essential in    
eliminating odor in the milk4 ,it has   
been proved that goat's milk is         
especially valuable for children and    
invalids and exceeds cow's milk in ease 
of digestibility4  ,goats are in their  
prime at about five years of age1 but   
will continue to produce milk for       
several years after that4 ,they should  
be bred twice a year4 ,the usual number 
of kids is two1 although occasionally   
four are born at one time4 ,the period  
between breeding and giving birth is    

about five months4 ,goats may be        
successfully fed with the same rations  
as the dairy cow4 ,although they consume
 only about one-seventh as much feed as 
the cow1 the common impression that the 
goat can produce milk on practically no 
feed is erroneous4 ,a ration for winter 
feeding1 suggested by the ,united       
,states ,department of ,agriculture1    
consists of #b pounds of alfalfa or     
clover hay1 #a-a_/b pounds of silage or 
roots and from #a to #b pounds of a     
concentrated grain ration1 composed of  
#ajj pounds of corn1 #ajj pounds of     
oats1 #ej pounds of bran and #be pounds 
of linseed meal4 ,in the summer when    
pasture is available they should be fed 
#a to #a-a_/b pounds of the grain       
mixture4 ,data from experiment stations 
indicate that the annual feed cost of a 
milk goat is about #aa and the feed cost
 per quart of milk produced1 about      
#a-a_/b cents4  ,good milk goats bring  
good prices and in most instances will  
cost almost as much as a cow4 ,they are 

much more prolific1 however1 permitting 
more rapid additions and offering       
greater revenue from the sales of young 
animals1 wherever there is a market for 
them4 ,the two principal breeds are the 
,toggenburg and the ,saanen1 both       
originating in ,switzerland1 and the    
,spanish ,maltese whose original home   
was in the island of ,malta4 ,goats are 
thoroughly domesticated1 are contented  
with a small grazing area and may be    
easily handled4 ,they are subject to    
stomach worms1 indicated by loss of     
flesh and weakness1 and to ,malta fever1
 which can be transmitted to man1 in    
whom it is evidenced by recurring high  
temperatures4 ,the former can be        
controlled by using1 as a drench1 a     
copper sulfate solution of #a ounce to  
#c quarts of water4 ,where the latter   
trouble is present the milk should be   
pasteurized or scalded before it is     
consumed4 ,as an economical source of   
easily digested milk1 the goat is       
recommended1 especially to those        

families with rather small acreage4     
,they can make the most of poorer       
pasturage1 are clean in habits and      
docile4   ,do's  ,use milk freely for   
its food value to every member of the   
family4  ,make sure of the quality of   
the milk purchased4  ,acquiring a family
 cow is the best and cheapest source of 
an adequate milk supply4  ,management of
 the right kind will make the family cow
 an invaluable asset4  ,learn to use    
surplus milk in nutritious and palatable
 ways4  ,determine the possibilities of 
securing from the goat an adequate milk 
supply for a small family4   ,don'ts    
,don't use canned milk except as        
supplement to liberal1 fresh supply4    
,don't overlook the need of pasturage   
for economical milk production4  ,don't 
supply family with milk of doubtful     
sanitary quality4  ,don't neglect to    
have a veterinarian make health tests of
 the cow or goat4     ,chapter ,,xii    
,,marketing ,,farm ,,products   ,the    
distribution of farm products on an     

efficient basis is one of the most      
difficult problems in agriculture4      
,because of the demand of the consumer  
for small quantities of products at each
 purchase1 the breaking up of wholesale 
packages1 involving additional labor and
 containers and the elimination of unfit
 specimens1 increases handling costs and
 delays the arrival of the product from 
the farm to the consumer4 ,in recent    
years the producer has sought various   
means of eliminating some of these costs
 of distribution so that he could get a 
larger share of the consumer's dollar1  
and the consumer has welcomed the       
opportunity of buying products direct   
from the producer4  ,unquestionably1 one
 of the best means of selling farm      
commodities is through the medium of    
roadside markets that have now become so
 common along the principal highways of 
the country4 ,these range in type from  
the display of a few baskets of farm    
commodities on the ground or on a table1
 with sales of #ajj a year or less1 to  

those of a more pretentious nature in   
which buildings and equipment are       
erected suitable to the purpose4 ,that  
there are great possibilities of        
developing a successful business in     
selling products in this manner is      
evidenced by some of the more elaborate 
markets1 transacting an annual business 
of #cj1jjj or more4 ,in most cases these
 have been developed from small         
beginnings and the facilities have      
increased as the good reputation of the 
market has spread4  ,advantages of      
,roadside ,marketing4--,from the        
standpoint of the producer or the       
operator of the roadside stand1 there   
are certain advantages that have        
contributed to the growth of the        
movement4 ,for example1 there is no     
expense or time involved in delivering  
the products to a distant market1 since 
the produce is sold by a member of the  
household1 or by the operator's         
employees in the larger types of        
markets4 ,it is possible through such a 

market to build up a clientele of buyers
 who will return for further purchases4 
,they will tell their friends about the 
good quality1 dependable produce which  
they have been able to purchase at some 
particular stand4 ,furthermore1 a wide  
variety of products can be sold in this 
way at one stand1 which might have to be
 segregated and shipped to different    
markets if some other method of         
marketing were being followed4 ,this    
would add considerably to the expense of
 selling1 especially where the volume of
 each commodity is small4 ,furthermore1 
in such a method of selling1 the        
producer comes in direct contact with   
the consumer4 ,ideas are exchanged1     
mutual confidence is developed and both 
should share financially in the         
advantages accruing from eliminating    
ordinary means of distribution4         
,problems in ,roadside ,marketing4--,on 
the other hand1 there are certain       
disadvantages of roadside selling which 
operate against successful merchandising

 in such a manner4 ,these should be     
fully considered in deciding how the    
surplus farm products are to be disposed
 of4 ,due to the difficulty experienced 
by many potential buyers in getting     
satisfactory produce1 they have become  
discouraged and will often drive by all 
roadside markets rather than take a     
chance on buying commodities that may be
 misrepresented4 ,naturally1 this works 
against the development of adequate     
business and makes it necessary for the 
individual to spend considerable time   
and effort in selling himself and his   
market to the public and in creating    
confidence and good will4  ,there is    
necessarily some loss due to            
depreciation in the quality of          
perishable commodities4 ,in many cases  
it is necessary to expose these         
commodities to the sun and weather1 and 
if they are not sold promptly they will 
not long maintain the standard of       
quality which the operator must have    
identified with his market4 ,the        

operator has no knowledge of the number 
of customers he will have when he       
displays his products1 nor does he know 
the whims of the individuals who may    
patronize his market that day4 ,to avoid
 the losses resulting from unsold       
products it is desirable to have some   
other outlet which will absorb unused   
quantities1 even though the price is not
 so good as would be secured from       
ordinary sales at the market4 ,many of  
the commodities can be delivered to some
 wholesale market to be sold for what   
they will bring4 ,another outlet that is
 available is through canning or        
preserving the commodities and selling  
them later in the season under the label
 carried by the roadside stand4  ,it    
should be borne in mind that the        
business of operating a roadside market 
has its own peculiar problems and       
success in it depends upon following    
good merchandising principles1 to which 
are added those finer points which      
pertain to direct selling4 ,the attitude

 of the public must be studied and plans
 for promoting sales must be adopted    
which will result in attracting and     
holding customers4 ,beyond doubt1 the   
two most important factors in the       
operation of a successful roadside      
market are attractiveness of the stand  
itself and the quality of the products  
that are offered for sale4  ,plans for a
 ,roadside ,market4--,a roadside market 
need not be expensive to be attractive4 
,the thought motivating the whole       
project should be to create in the      
buyer's mind a farm scene1 laying       
emphasis upon such factors as are easily
 associated in the public mind with     
farming4 ,these include neatness of the 
establishment1 cleanliness and honesty  
in every phase of the operation4 ,one   
should not undertake to run a roadside  
market in competition1 so far as        
appearance goes1 with the corner grocery
 store in the city4 ,it should have an  
individuality of its own and be of the  
country as well as in the country4  ,the

 location of the market has a great deal
 to do with its attractiveness4 ,it is  
well to locate it a short distance from 
the house1 so that it stands out as a   
market1 and it should be placed back    
from the highway to permit motorists to 
drive off the highway in making stops   
for purchases4 ,in some states1 highway 
regulations require that such stands be 
located far enough from the highway to  
permit all four wheels of a standing    
vehicle to be off the road surface4 ,if 
the stand can be located under some good
 shade trees1 that in itself constitutes
 an invitation to the sun-blinded       
traveler to stop and partake of the     
commodities offered for sale4           
,illustration3 ,a wayside market that   
meets every need and attracts buyers4   
,so far as the design of the market     
itself is concerned1 there are endless  
opportunities for one's genius to be    
brought into operation4 ,it should be   
borne in mind that1 while there are     
certain standard requirements in the way

 of display shelves and facilities for  
keeping reserve stocks immediately      
available1 as well as a safe container  
for funds1 originality in design        
attracts attention4 ,here again1 the    
design should not be obtrusive1 but one 
that blends with the atmosphere of the  
place where the stand is set up4 ,it    
must convey the impression that the     
owner of the property is himself the    
operator of the stand and has           
transferred to the stand the same       
interest which is manifested in his home
 and its immediate surroundings4  ,most 
purchasers at roadside stands want to   
see the whole display without having to 
stumble over baskets and other articles 
to find out what is offered1 and they   
expect prompt attention4 ,as a general  
rule1 the more nearly the stand can     
supply the complete needs of the        
purchaser in that field1 the more likely
 are buyers to stop and become regular  
patrons4 ,in addition to the display of 
seasonable fruits and vegetables1 it is 

desirable to have eggs and dairy        
products1 including butter1 cottage     
cheese1 canned fruits or jellies that   
have the home-made farm atmosphere about
 them4  ,in most cases1 ice is available
 or electric refrigeration can be       
utilized for keeping cold milk1         
buttermilk1 cider and other products    
available for immediate consumption for 
the hot and thirsty traveler in the     
summertime4 ,hot coffee or hot chocolate
 can be made available for service in   
colder weather4 ,very often the         
road-stand operator destroys the genuine
 sales appeal that such stands have by  
specializing in manufactured concoctions
 that have no relation whatever to the  
location where they are sold4 ,too often
 the stands are covered with            
advertisements of such commodities1 and 
this immediately creates sales          
resistance so far as the promotion of   
fresh farm products is concerned4       
,origin of ,products ,offered4--,the    
ordinary purchaser at a roadside market 

likes to think that he is buying        
products raised or processed on the     
place where they are sold1 and believes 
that he is thereby securing fresher and 
better commodities in which the seller  
has had an interest from planting time  
to harvest4 ,certainly some of the      
commodities sold should come directly   
from the tract where the market is      
located1 and visual evidence should be  
given of that fact4 ,on the other hand1 
there is no objection to the addition of
 other commodities so long as they are  
in accord with what a producer might be 
expected to have for sale at that season
 of the year4 ,many operators have found
 that the sale of gasoline and          
lubricating oil and tobacco in various  
forms can be offered for sale to good   
advantage simply as a part of the       
service being offered by the market to  
the public4  ,quality the               
,keystone4--,the fundamental basis for  
success in the operation of any roadside
 market lies in the quality of the      

products that are offered for sale4     
,this is a rather difficult condition   
for the operator to maintain            
consistently1 but it is fundamental in  
securing customers and in keeping them4 
,products that have become stale1       
unattractive or unpalatable for any     
reason should never be offered for sale 
and should be discarded1 made into some 
by-product or sold through some channel 
which will not identify the article with
 the stand itself4 ,a satisfied customer
 who develops confidence in the         
integrity and good faith of the stand   
operator is a decided asset1 and no     
effort spent in cultivating such        
confidence is wasted4  ,every successful
 roadside stand operator has built his  
business on honest dealing and a        
personal interest in seeing that the    
buyer is satisfied4 ,this contact       
between the owner of a small business   
and a buyer is one that can be          
capitalized to a very great extent4 ,it 
is one of the handicaps which a         

chain-store organization has to face and
 one that must be developed by the      
person who wishes to establish a        
permanent and satisfactory business in  
this merchandising field4 ,very often   
the sale of farm products can be        
supplemented to the advantage of the    
stand by offering small ornamental      
plants or by the display of pet animals1
 particularly for the younger members of
 the traveling public4  ,success        
,factors4--,a definite program of       
advertising can be developed with many  
original features that apply directly to
 the type of business4 ,if the operator 
has pride in his products he will be    
glad to have his name on every package  
of commodities that he sells4 ,this is  
good sales propaganda even if it only   
indicates the confidence of the seller  
in his products and his willingness to  
stand behind them4 ,besides that1       
however1 it creates a knowledge of his  
name or the designation of his farm or  
stand among purchasers who will then    

have a means of identifying it to their 
friends4 ,a small leaflet1 describing   
the products that are offered for sale  
and the intention of the operator to    
give the customer service1 can be put in
 each package at very small cost with   
good results4 ,it is also possible to   
prepare leaflets dealing with methods of
 cooking or of preparation of the       
commodities sold that will build good   
will on the part of customers4  ,the    
most successful operators1 again1 are   
those who do not depend upon casual     
visitors for their trade but who make of
 the casual visitor a regular customer  
and one who will speak a good word to   
others4 ,in other words1 genuine effort 
must be made to identify the location as
 a place to which buyers will wish to   
return as they do to any other place of 
business that gives satisfactory        
service4 ,in this way the operator      
distinguishes himself from his          
fly-by-night competitors who exist      
during a week or two when surpluses of  

commodities are available at low prices 
and who have no thought beyond that of  
the immediate sale4  ,wherever possible1
 the attention of the passing consumer  
should be directed to the stand before  
he reaches it so that he will be        
prepared to stop when he comes upon it4 
,signs of this type on either side of   
the stand1 but some distance each way   
from it1 are more important than is     
generally recognized4 ,they constitute  
invitation cards and should be so worded
 as to excite curiosity and create a    
feeling in the intending purchaser's    
mind that he will make no mistake in    
stopping to fill his wants at the stand4
 ,it goes without saying that both the  
advertising and the stand itself must be
 so planned as to attract the purchaser1
 and every effort should be concentrated
 on the psychology of such an appeal1   
avoiding any appearance of slouchiness1 
which would be more repellent than      
attractive4 ,the purchaser forms a quick
 opinion of the stand from the way in   

which it is conducted and from the      
appearance of the one who is there to   
make sales4 ,an attitude of cordial     
cooperation on the part of the          
attendant1 who is1 of course1           
appropriately dressed and in the right  
mental attitude1 is a factor that must  
not be overlooked in the effort to      
create a favorable impression4  ,meal   
,service ,amid ,farm                    
,surroundings4--,many operators1 located
 at strategic points near main highways1
 have found that maximum profits are    
obtained by serving meals prepared from 
the vegetables supplemented by poultry  
or other products of the little farm4   
,these meals may be served in a booth or
 building adjoining the roadside stand  
or in a room of the house turned into a 
seasonal dining room4 ,persons who are  
city residents quickly learn to         
appreciate the virtues of fresh         
vegetables and freshly killed poultry   
that may be thus served4 ,a schedule of 
reasonable prices must be maintained if 

trade is to be built up4 ,usually       
special dinners or lunches can be       
prepared from available products in     
season1 thereby giving the customer more
 for his money at the least cost and    
trouble to the operator4  ,this small   
home restaurant business can be handled 
frequently by members of the operator's 
household and countless examples can be 
given of real financial success         
following such ventures4 ,expansion can 
take place as consumer demand develops4 
,cleanliness1 good home cooking1        
generous portions and prompt and        
courteous service will work wonders in  
such a project4  ,tourist ,guest        
,houses4--,a large number of country    
homes are now open to the public as     
tourist guest houses1 their owners      
finding that they can obtain a modest   
but worth while supplement to other     
forms of income from them4 ,these       
tourist guest houses are largely a      
development of the past several years4  
,their popularity with automobile       

travelers appears to be increasing1 and 
there is genuine opportunity for the    
housewife on a small farm to operate one
 of these establishments4  ,it should be
 kept in mind by the housewife who      
thinks of opening her home to tourists  
that the proposition has its drawbacks  
as well as its advantages4 ,only a      
modest fee1 often #a4jj for a room and  
#cj or #ce cents for breakfast1 is      
obtained from each tourist guest4       
,however1 a great number of ,american   
women have found that the work and      
trouble occasioned by taking in tourists
 are worth while and actually enjoy     
their contacts with the traveling       
public4  ,the tourist guest house1      
obviously1 should be located on a road  
that is well traveled by tourists4 ,a   
simple and attractive ,tourists         
,accommodated sign and a neat and       
pleasing front yard are needed to       
interest passers-by in the place4 ,the  
porch should be neat and attractive and 
the interior of the house should give   

the appearance of restfulness1          
simplicity and comfort4  ,tourists      
usually inquire about prices and look   
over a place before deciding to stop    
there2 if there are women in the party1 
one of them usually makes the inquiry4  
,the family should be courteous in      
answering questions and showing the     
prospective customers about4 ,they      
should not be indifferent1 and yet must 
not seem to be too anxious for business4
 ,when the travelers decide to stay1 the
 family should endeavor at once to make 
them feel at home4 ,the guests will     
frequently ask questions about roads1   
local resorts and near-by recreational  
facilities1 and the family will find it 
useful to be informed on these matters4 
,dog ,breeding as a ,source of          
,income4--,many persons who have located
 in the country1 and who have a liking  
for domestic animals1 have found dog    
breeding an interesting and frequently  
profitable enterprise4 ,by placing a    
wire cage along the highway the         

attention of the traveling public is    
attracted to the puppies4 ,some of the  
more popular breeds of dogs include the 
,airedale2 the ,boston1 ,fox and ,irish 
,terriers2 the ,chow ,chow2 the ,collie1
 and the ,english and ,irish ,setters4  
,the breeding of dogs is a highly       
specialized activity1 particularly where
 it is carried on under intensive       
conditions and with little range4 ,dogs 
are subject to external and internal    
parasites requiring preventive and      
curative measures4 ,as in the case of   
all other animals1 sanitation is an     
essential factor to success and feeding 
methods must be adjusted to the age and 
the breed4  ,the beginner in dog raising
 should consult a recognized            
veterinarian who specializes in small   
animal practice1 and observe his        
recommendations4 ,such professional men 
are located in most communities and     
their advice will be found most helpful4
  ,the prices obtainable for male and   
female young animals vary with the      

locality4 ,there is usually an          
established scale of prices which may   
easily be obtained and which it will pay
 to observe4 ,dog shows are growing in  
popularity and exhibitions at these     
expositions will serve to advertise the 
breeder's stock4 ,advertising in local  
papers is effective in bringing to the  
public the availability of stock of     
distinctive breeds4 ,fashions in dog    
breeds change with the times and the    
public must be catered to along the     
lines of current interest4   ,do's  ,use
 the roadside market or near-by outlets 
for disposing of excess farm products4  
,fully utilize the possibilities of     
roadside stands in building a permanent 
business4  ,road stands1 as well as the 
products on display1 must have sales    
appeal4  ,produce at home all farm      
products offered for sale1 if possible1 
and make the growing area the background
 of the market4  ,stress quality of     
products and the responsibility of the  
operator4  ,advertising of the right    

type will multiply sales4  ,offer meal  
service with farm surroundings wherever 
possible4  ,if considerable traffic     
passes the premises1 try out            
possibilities of accommodating tourists4
   ,don'ts  ,don't try to dispose of    
miscellaneous surplus of farm           
commodities by shipment to market if a  
roadside market can be set up4  ,don't  
ruin standing of roadside market by     
selling inferior or stale products4     
,don't try to run a city fruit stand    
with a farm background4  ,don't destroy 
country home life by                    
over-commercialization4     ,,suggested 
,,reference ,,list   ,timely and        
valuable publications of the ,united    
,states ,department of ,agriculture1    
state departments of agriculture and    
state agricultural colleges and         
experiment stations are available to    
country residents4 ,copies of them may  
be obtained by writing to the agencies  
mentioned4 ,to supplement them and also 
to supplement advice received from      

county agricultural agents1 a number of 
useful books are listed below4 ,those   
interested in them may1 in many cases1  
obtain them from local libraries1 or may
 find it useful to own certain of them  
themselves4     ,author                 
,title                            ,year 
,publisher    ,agee1 ,alva              
,first ,steps in ,farming         #aibc 
,harper    ,arnold1 ,schuyler           
,wayside ,marketing              #aibi  
,de ,la ,mare    ,auchter1 ,e4 ,c41     
,orchard and ,small             #aibi   
,wiley   and ,knapp1 ,h4 ,b4      ,fruit
 ,culture    ,ayres1 ,q4 ,c41 and       
,land ,drainage and ,reclamation  #aibh 
,mc,graw-,hill   ,scoates1 ,d4          
,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4       ,manual of       
,gardening1           #aibe  ,macmillan 
,rev4 ed4    ,bear1 ,e4            ,soil
 ,management                #aibg       
,wiley                        ,theory   
and ,practice in          #aibi  ,wiley 
the ,use of ,fertilizers    ,bottomley1 
,m4 ,e4    ,design of ,small            

,properties2     #aibf  ,macmillan      
a ,book for the ,home-,owner in         
,city and ,country4    ,bush-,brown1    
,mrs4    ,flowers for ,every ,garden    
#aibg  ,little   ,louise 7,carter7      
,chenoweth1 ,w4 ,w4    ,food            
,preservation2 a            #aicj       
,wiley                         ,textbook
 for ,student1                          
,teacher1 ,homemaker and                
,home ,factory ,operator     ,chupp1 ,c4
           ,manual of ,vegetable        
#aibe  ,macmillan                       
,garden ,diseases                       
,manual of ,vegetable             #aibe 
,macmillan                              
,garden ,insects    ,cline1 ,l4 ,e4     
,turkey ,production              #aicc  
,orange ,judd    ,cox1 ,j4 ,f4          
,crop ,production and             #aicj 
,wiley                                  
,management    ,crosby1 ,c4 ,r41 and    
,manual of ,vegetable             #aiah 
,macmillan   ,leonard1 ,m4 ,d4          
,garden ,insects    ,davenport1 ,eugene 

,the ,farm                       #aibg  
,macmillan    ,foster1 ,w4 ,h41 and     
,farm ,buildings                 #aibh  
,wiley   ,carter1 ,d4 ,g4    ,fraser1   
,samuel      ,american ,fruits2 ,their  
#aibg  ,judd                            
,propagation1 ,cultivation1             
,harvesting and ,distribution           
,fraser1 ,w4 ,j4       ,dairy ,farming  
#aicj  ,wiley    ,galpin1 ,c4 ,j4       
,rural ,social ,problems          #aibd 
,century    ,gustafson1 ,a4 ,f4         
,handbook of ,fertilizers        #aicb  
,orange ,judd    ,hottes1 ,a4 ,c4       
#ajja ,garden ,questions           #aicj
  ,de ,la ,mare                         
,answered    ,hurd1 ,l4 ,m4             
,practical ,poultry ,farming      #aica 
,macmillan    ,jull1 ,m4 ,a4            
,poultry ,husbandry              #aicj  
,mc,graw-,hill    ,knott1 ,j4 ,e4       
,vegetable ,growing              #aicj  
,lea    ,langstroth1 ,l4 ,l41  ,honey   
,bee1 ,rev4 by             #aibg        
,american ,bee   and ,dadant1           

,c4 ,p4 ,dadant1 ,ed4 #bc               
,journal   ,charles    ,larson1 ,c4 ,w41
 and  ,dairy ,cattle ,feeding           
#aibh  ,wiley   ,putney1 ,f4 ,s4        
and ,management    ,lewis1 ,h4 ,r4      
,productive ,poultry              #aibh 
,lippincott                             
,husbandry    ,lippincott1 ,w4 ,a4      
,poultry ,production             #aibg  
,lea  ,febiger    ,millar1 ,c4 ,e4      
,soils and ,soil ,management      #aibi 
,webb ,pub4 ,co4    ,murray1 ,p4        
,planning and ,planting           #aicb 
,orange ,judd                           
the ,home ,garden    ,pellett1 ,f4 ,c4  
,productive ,bee-,keeping         #aibc 
,lippincott    ,phillips1 ,e4 ,f4       
,bee ,keeping2 a ,discussion       #aibh
  ,macmillan                         of 
the ,honey ,bee                         
and of the ,production                  
of ,honey1 ,rev4 ed4    ,powers1 ,w4    
,l41 and  ,land ,drainage               
#aibb  ,wiley   ,teeter1 ,t4 ,a4 ,h4    
for ,farmers    ,rice1 ,j4 ,e4          

,practical ,poultry ,management   #aicj 
,wiley    ,rice1 ,j4 ,e41 and           
,practical ,poultry ,management   #aibe 
,wiley   ,botsford1 ,h4 ,e4    ,root1   
,a4 ,i41 and    ,,abc and ,,xyz of ,bee 
#aibc  ,root   ,root1 ,e4 ,r4           
,culture    ,rose1 ,m4 ,s4              
,feeding the ,family             #aibh  
,macmillan    ,rowe1 ,h4 ,g4            
,starting ,right ,with ,bees       #aibb
  ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,co4    ,sanderson1 ,e4 
,d4    ,insects ,pests of ,farm1        
#aiba  ,wiley                           
,garden and ,orchard1                   
,ed4 #b1 rev4 and enl4 by               
,l4 ,m4 ,peairs    ,sears1 ,f4 ,c4      
,productive ,orcharding2          #aibg 
,lippincott                             
,modern ,methods of ,growing            
and ,marketing ,fruit                   
,productive ,small ,fruit          #aibe
  ,lippincott                           
,culture    ,sharp1 ,m4 ,a4             
,principles of ,farm ,mechanics   #aicj 
,wiley    ,smith1 ,r4 ,h4               

,agricultural ,mechanics         #aibe  
,lippincott    ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c4       
,vegetable ,crops                #aica  
,mc,graw-,hill    ,thorne1 ,c4 ,e4      
,maintenance of ,soil             #aicj 
,orange ,judd                           
,fertility    ,watts1 ,r4 ,l4           
,vegetable ,gardening            #aiba  
,orange ,judd    ,worthen1 ,e4 ,l4      
,farm ,soils1 ,their ,management        
#aibg  ,wiley                           
and ,fertilization   ,,some ,,farm ,,and
 ,,garden ,,magazines  ,general         
,american ,agriculturist           ,new 
,york1 ,n4 ,y4    ,country ,gentleman   
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,farm ,journal   
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,new ,england    
,homestead            ,springfield1     
,mass4    ,new ,jersey ,farm and ,garden
       ,sea ,isle ,city1 ,n4 ,j4        
,pennsylvania ,farmer                   
,pittsburgh1 ,pa4    ,rural ,new ,yorker
                 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4    
,beekeeping    ,american ,bee ,journal  
,hamilton1 ,ill4    ,american ,honey    

,producer          ,producers' ,league1 
,fargo1 ,n4 ,d4    ,bee-,cause          
,watertown1 ,wis4    ,gleanings in ,bee 
,culture         ,medina1 ,ohio         
,dairying    ,ayrshire ,digest          
,spencer1 ,mass4    ,dairy ,farmer      
,des ,moines1 ,iowa    ,guernsey        
,breeders' ,journal       ,peterboro1   
,n4 ,h4    ,hoard's ,dairyman           
,fort ,atkinson1 ,wis4                  
,holstein-,friesian ,world              
,laconia1 ,n4 ,y4    ,jersey ,bulletin  
,indianapolis1 ,ind4   ,flower          
,gardening    ,american ,home           
,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4    ,better ,homes
 and ,gardens         ,des ,moines1     
,iowa    ,flower ,grower                
,calcium1 ,n4 ,y4    ,gardener's        
,chronicle of ,america  ,new ,york1 ,n4 
,y4    ,horticulture                    
,boston1 ,mass4   ,fruit ,growing       
,american ,fruit ,grower                
,chicago1 ,ill4    ,better ,fruit       
,portland1 ,ore4   ,livestock           
,breeders' ,gazette                     

,chicago1 ,ill4   ,market ,gardening    
,market ,growers' ,journal              
,louisville1 ,ky4   ,poultry            
,american ,poultry ,journal             
,chicago1 ,ill4    ,everybody's ,poultry
 ,magazine     ,hanover1 ,pa4    ,new   
,england ,poultryman           ,boston1 
,mass4    ,poultry ,garden and ,home    
,dayton1 ,ohio    ,poultry ,item        
,sellersville1 ,pa4    ,poultry ,success
                  ,springfield1 ,ohio   
,poultry ,tribune                  ,mt4 
,morris1 ,ill4     ,footnotes3  #a      
,prepared by ,new ,jersey ,agricultural 
,experiment ,station4  #b ,prepared by  
,michigan ,state ,college of            
,agriculture4  #c ,prepared by ,new     
,jersey ,agricultural ,experiment       
,station4  #d ,new ,york ,state ,college
 of ,agriculture1 ,cornell ,university1 
,ithaca1 ,new ,york4