,/ate ( ,connecticut ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ,bullet9 ,no4 #cj ,dra9age ,modifications & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region ,connecticut ,by ,,ru? ,,sawy] ,,h>vey1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,h>t=d ,publi%$ by ! ,/ate #aibj ,,bullet9s ,,( ,,! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ( ,connecticut4 #a4 ,fir/ ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aijc-aijd4 #b4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,protozoa ( ! ,fre% ,wat]s ( ,connecticut3 by ,h]b]t ,william ,conn4 7,out ( pr9t4 ,to be obta9$ only 9 ,vol4 ,i1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #a-e4 ,price #a4ej1 po/paid47 #c4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,hym5iales ( ,connecticut3 by ,edw>d ,alb]t ,:ite4 #d4 ,! ,clays & ,clay ,indu/ries ( ,connecticut3 by ,g]ald ,francis ,l\ghl94 #e4 ,! ,u/ilag9eae1 or ,smuts1 ( ,connecticut3 by ,george ,p]k9s ,cl9ton4 #f4 ,manual ( ! ,geology ( ,connecticut3 by ,william ,nor? ,rice & ,h]b]t ,erne/ ,gregory4 7,out ( pr9t4 ,to be obta9$ only 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #f-ab4 ,price #b4de1 po/paid47 #g4 ,prelim9>y ,geological ,map ( ,connecticut3 by ,h]b]t ,erne/ ,gregory & ,h5ry ,holli/] ,rob9son4 #h4 ,bibliography ( ,connecticut ,geology3 by ,h]b]t ,erne/ ,gregory4 #i4 ,second ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aije-aijf4 #aj4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,algae ( ! ,fre% ,wat]s ( ,connecticut3 by ,h]b]t ,william ,conn & ,lucia ,wa%burn 7,haz57 ,web/]4 #aa4 ,! ,bryophytes ( ,connecticut3 by ,alex&] ,william ,evans & ,george ,elwood ,ni*ols4 #ab4 ,?ird ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aijg-aijh4 #ac4 ,! ,li?ology ( ,connecticut3 by ,joseph ,b>rell & ,g]ald ,francis ,l\ghl94 #ad4 ,catalogue ( ! ,fl[]+ ,plants & ,f]ns ( ,connecticut gr[+ )\t cultivation3 by a ,committee ( ! ,connecticut ,botanical ,society4 #ae4 ,second ,report on ! ,hym5iales ( ,connecticut3 by ,edw>d ,alb]t ,:ite4 #af4 ,guide to ! ,insects ( ,connecticut3 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,wilton ,ev]ett ,britton4 ,"p ,i4 ,g5]al ,introduction3 by ,wilton ,ev]ett ,britton4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,euplexopt]a & ,or?opt]a ( ,connecticut3 by ,b5jam9 ,hovey ,wald54 #ag4 ,f\r? ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aiji-aiaj4 #ah4 ,triassic ,fi%es ( ,connecticut3 by ,*>les ,ro*e/] ,ea/man4 #ai4 ,e*9od]ms ( ,connecticut3 by ,wesley ,roscoe ,coe4 #bj4 ,! ,birds ( ,connecticut3 by ,john ,hall ,sage & ,l\is ,b5nett ,bi%op1 assi/$ by ,walt] ,p>ks ,bliss4 #ba4 ,fif? ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aiaa-aiab4 #bb4 ,guide to ! ,insects ( ,connecticut3 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,wilton ,ev]ett ,britton4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,hym5opt]a1 or ,wasp-l ,insects1 ( ,connecticut3 by ,h5ry ,lor5z ,vi]eck1 ) ! collaboration ( ,alex&] ,dy] ,mac,gillivray1 ,*>les ,?omas ,brues1 ,william ,morton ,:eel]1 & ,siev]t ,all5 ,rohw]4 #bc4 ,c5tral ,connecticut 9 ! ,geologic ,pa/3 by ,joseph ,b>rell4 #bd4 ,triassic ,life ( ! ,connecticut ,valley3 by ,ri*>d ,swann ,lull4 #be4 ,six? ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aiac-aiad4 #bf4 ,! ,ar?ro/raca ( ,connecticut3 by ,bev]ly ,waugh ,kunkel4 #bg4 ,sev5? ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aiae-aiaf4 #bh4 ,eigh? ,bi5nial ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 #aiag-aiah4 #bi4 ,! ,quat]n>y ,geology ( ! ,new ,hav5 ,region1 ,connecticut3 by ,freeman ,w>d1 ,ph4,d4 #cj4 ,dra9age1 ,modification & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region1 ,connecticut3 by ,ru? ,sawy] ,h>vey1 ,ph4,d4 #ca4 ,*eck ,li/ ( ! ,insects ( ,connecticut3 by ,wilton ,ev]ett ,britton1 ,ph4,d4 7,9 press47 ,bullet9s #a1 #i1 #ab1 #ag1 #ba1 #be1 #bg1 & #bh are m]ely adm9i/rative reports conta9+ no sci5tific matt]4 ,! o!r bullet9s may be classifi$ z foll[s3 ,geology3 ,bullet9s #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ac1 #ah1 #bc1 #bd1 #bi1 #cf4 ,botany3 ,bullet9s #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae4 ,zooelogy3 ,bullet9s #b1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf1 #ca4 ,^! bullet9s are sold & o!rwise di/ribut$ by ! ,/ate ,libr>ian4 ,po/age1 :5 bullet9s are s5t by mail1 is z foll[s3 ,no4 #a #j4ja ,no4 #ac #j4jh ,no4 #bc #j4jc #c 4#jh #ad 4#af #bd 4#aj #d 4#jf #ae 4#jf #be 4#jb #e 4#jc #af 4#jg #bf 4#jf #g 4#jf #ag 4#jb #bg 4#jb #h 4#je #ah 4#jg #bh 4#jb #i 4#jb #ai 4#jh #bi 4#jc #aj 4#jh #bj 4#ad #cj 4#jc #aa 4#jg #ba 4#jb #ca #ab 4#jb #bb 4#jh ,! prices :5 ! bullet9s are sold are z foll[s1 po/paid3 ,no4 #a #j4je ,no4 #ac #j4dj ,no4 #bc #j4ae #c 4#dj #ad 4#ge #bd 4#fe #d 4#cj #ae 4#ce #be 4#je #e 4#ae #af 4#ce #bf 4#hj #g 4#fj #ag 4#je #bg 4#je #h 4#bj #ah 4#be #bh 4#je #i 4#je #ai 4#de #bi 4#ej #aj 4#ce #bj 4#ej #cj 4#de #aa 4#cj #ba 4#je #ca #ab 4#je #bb #b4jj ,a "p ( ! edition ( ^! ,bullet9s h be5 assembl$ 9 volumes sub/antially b\nd 9 clo?1 pla9ly lett]$1 & sell = ! foll[+ prices1 po/paid3 ,volume ,i1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #a-e #a4ej ,volume ,,ii1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #f-ab #b4de ,volume ,,iii1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #ac-ae #b4ej ,volume ,,iv1 conta9+ ,bullet9s #af-ba #b4ae ,volume ,v1 conta9+ ,bullet9 #bb #b4ej ,x is int5d$ to foll[ a lib]al policy 9 gratuit\sly di/ribut+ ^! publications to public libr>ies1 colleges1 & sci5tific in/itutions1 & to sci5tific m51 tea*]s1 & o!rs :o require p>ticul> bullet9s = _! "w1 especially to ^? :o are citiz5s ( ,connecticut4 ,applications or inquiries %\ld be address$ to ,george ,s4 ,god>d1 ,/ate ,libr>ian1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,9 addition to ! bullet9s above nam$1 publi%$ by ! ,/ate survey1 att5tion is call$ to ?ree publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey prep>$ 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,geological & ,natural ,survey ( ,connecticut4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 ,bullet9 #dhd4 ,! ,granites ( ,connecticut3 by ,t4 ,nelson ,dale & ,h]b]t ,e4 ,gregory4 ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #cgd4 ,gr\nd ,wat] 9 ! ,h>t=d1 ,/am=d1 ,salisbury1 ,willimantic & ,saybrook ,areas1 ,connecticut3 by ,h]b]t ,e4 ,gregory & ,ar?ur ,j4 ,ellis4 ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #cig4 ,gr\nd ,wat] 9 ! ,wat]bury ,area1 ,connecticut3 by ,ar?ur ,j4 ,ellis1 "u ! direction ( ,h]b]t ,e4 ,gregory4 ,^! pap]s may be obta9$ f ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey at ,wa%+ton4 ,,catalogue ,,slips4 ,connecticut4 ,/ate geological & natural hi/ory survey4 ,bullet9 no4 #cj4 ,dra9age ,modifications & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region1 ,connecticut4 ,by ,ru? ,s4 ,h>vey1 ,ph4,d4 ,h>t=d1 #aibj4 #ei pp41 #e pls41 #aj fig41 #be;cm4 ,h>vey1 ,ru? ,sawy]1 ,ph4,d4 ,dra9age ,modification & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region1 ,connecticut4 ,by ,ru? ,s4 ,h>vey1 ,ph4,d4 ,h>t=d1 #aibj4 #ei pp41 #e pls41 #aj figs41 #be;cm4 ,geology4 ,h>vey1 ,ru? ,s4 ,dra9age ,modifications & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region1 ,connecticut4 ,h>t=d1 #aibj4 #ei pp41 #e pls41 #aj figs41 #be;cm4 ,/ate ( ,connecticut ,,public ,,docum5t ,no4 #dg ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ,,h]b]t ,e4 ,,gregory1 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,bullet9 ,no4 #cj ,h>t=d ,pr9t$ by ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey #aibj ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ,,commission]s ,m>cus ,h4 ,holcomb1 ,gov]nor ( ,connecticut ,ar?ur ,tw9+ ,hadley1 ,presid5t ( ,yale ,univ]sity ,william ,arnold ,%ankl91 ,presid5t ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity ,rems5 ,brick]h(f ,ogilby1 ,presid5t ( ,tr9ity ,college ,*>les ,lewis ,bea*1 ,presid5t ( ,connecticut ,agricultural ,college ,b5jam9 ,t9kham ,m>%all1 ,presid5t ( ,connecticut ,college = ,wom5 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,h]b]t ,e4 ,gregory ,publication ,approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,control ,dra9age ,modifications & ,glaciation 9 ! ,danbury ,region ,connecticut ,by ,,ru? ,,sawy] ,,h>vey1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,h>t=d ,pr9t$ by ! ,/ate ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey #aibj ,,cont5ts4 ------ ,page ,introduction #i ,regional relations #aa ,rocky ,riv] #ae ,description ( ! riv] & its valley #ae ,relation ( ! valley to geologic /ructure #af ,junction ( ,rocky & ,h\satonic ,riv]s #ah ,abnormal pr(ile #ah ,preglacial c\rse #bj ,! buri$ *annel #bc ,effect ( glaciation #be ,! ,nev]s9k-,danbury valley #bg ,/ill ,riv] #cj ,/atem5t ( ! problem #cj ,evid5ce to be expect$ if ,/ill ,riv] has be5 rev]s$ #ca ,a valley wide ?r\gh\t or broad5+ t[>d ! s\? #cb ,tribut>y valleys po9t+ up/ream #cd ,! regional slope n 9 accord ) ! c\rse ( ! ,/ill #ce ,evid5ce ( glacial fill+ & degrad+ ( ! riv] b$ #cf ,glacial sc\r+ #cf ,! ,/ill-,saugatuck divide #ch ,features ( ! ,umpog valley #ch ,! preglacial divide #db ,! ,/ill-,croton divide #dc ,introduction #dc ,features ( ,/ill ,riv] valley we/ ( ,danbury #dc ,! ,/ill-,croton valley #dd ,glacial ,lake ,kano%a #de ,divides 9 ! highl&s s\? ( ,danbury #df ,! anci5t ,/ill ,riv] #dg ,dep>tures ( ,/ill ,riv] f its preglacial *annel #dh ,sugge/$ c\rses ( ,h\satonic ,riv] #ej ,glacial deposits #ec ,beav] ,brook ,swamp #ec ,deposits nor!a/ ( ,danbury #ed ,deposits betwe5 ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 & m\? ( ,/ill ,riv] #ed ,lakes #ee ,hi/ory ( ! glacial deposits #ef ,,illu/rations4 ----------- ,to ,face ,page ,,plate ,i ,view s\? on ! ,highl& nor!a/ ( ,nev]s9k ,pond #ad ,,ii ,a4 ,view up ! valley ( ,umpog ,creek #dj ,b4 ,view d[n ! valley ( ,umpog ,creek #dj ,,iii ,lime/one pla9 s\?we/ ( ,danbury1 9 :i* are situat$ ,lake ,kano%a & ! ,danbury ,fair ,gr\nds #dd ,,iv ,a4 ,view d[n ! ,h\satonic ,valley f a po9t "o-half mile bel[ ,/illriv] ,/ation #eb ,b4 ,"p ( ! mora9al ridge nor? ( ,danbury #eb ,v ,a4 ,kames 9 ,/ill ,riv] valley we/ ( ,brookfield ,junction #ed ,b4 ,till ridges on ! we/]n bord] ( ,/ill ,riv] valley1 s\? ( ,brookfield #ef ,page ,,figure #a4 ,pres5t dra9age ( ! ,danbury region #ac #b4 ,geological map ( ,/ill ,riv] valley #ag #c4 ,pr(iles ( pres5t & preglacial ,rocky ,riv] #ai #d4 ,preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky-,/ill ,riv] #ba #e4 ,diagram %[+ l[e/ rock levels 9 ,rocky ,riv] valley #bd #f4 ,c\rse ( ,/ill ,riv] #bi #g4 ,map ( ,umpog ,swamp & vic9ity #ci #h4 ,pr(iles ( riv]s #da #i4 ,e>ly ,/age ( ,rocky-,/ill ,riv] #di #aj4 ,five sugge/$ outlets ( ,h\satonic ,riv] #ea ,,introduction ,! ,danbury region ( ,connecticut pres5ts _m features ( geographic & geologic int]e/4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a type area1 = ! hi/ory ( its /reams & ! effects ( glaciation are repres5tative ( ^? ( ! entire ,/ate4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d1 ! field "w on :i* ?is /udy is bas$ includ$ a trav]se ( ea* /ream valley & an exam9ation ( m9or features1 z well z a consid]ation ( ! broad] regional problems4 ,mu* detail$ & local description1 !re=e1 is includ$ 9 ! text4 ,! matt] 9 ! pres5t bullet9 =m$ ! ma9 !me ( a !sis on ,dra9age & ,glaciation 9 ! ,c5tral ,h\satonic ,bas9 :i* 0 submitt$ 9 p>tial fulfillm5t ( ! requirem5ts = ! degree ( doctor ( philosophy at ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,! field "w 0 done 9 #aijg & #aijh "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,e4 ,gregory4 ,i am also indebt$ to ! late ,pr(essor ,joseph ,b>rell & to ,dr4 ,isaiah ,b[man = helpful coop]ation 9 ! prep>ation ( ! orig9al !sis1 & to ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,rob9son = assi/ance 9 prep>+ ?is pap] = publication4 ,,dra9age ,,modifications ,,& ,,glaciation ,,9 ,,! ,,danbury ,,region1 ,,connecticut -------- ,by ,ru? ,s4 ,h>vey ,,regional ,,relations ,! region discuss$ 9 ?is bullet9 is situat$ 9 we/]n ,connecticut & is approximately #h miles wide & #ah miles long 9 a nor?-s\? direction1 z %[n on fig4 #a4a ,?r\gh\t1 ! rocks are cry/all9e & include gneiss1 s*i/1 & m>ble--! metamorphos$ equival5ts ( a l>ge v>iety ( anci5t s$im5t>y & igne\s rocks4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is report1 ! geologic hi/ory may be said to beg9 ) ! regional uplift :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,by t "t ! m\nta9s =m$ by ,triassic & ,jurassic fold+ & fault+ _h be5 worn d[n to a p5epla91 n[ mu* dissect$ b /ill recognizable 9 ! accordant level ( ! m\nta9 tops4 ,erosion dur+ ,cretace\s "t result$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a pi$mont pla9 ext5d+ f an undet]m9$ l9e #cj to #ee miles nor? ( ! pres5t ,connecticut %ore to a po9t s\? ( ,long ,isl&4#b ,?is pla9 is ?\ght to h be5 built up ( unconsolidat$ s&s1 clays1 & gravels1 ! debris ( ! ,jurassic m\nta9s4 ,inl& ! mat]ial consi/$ ( riv]-made or l& deposits2 outw>dly x m]g$ into coa/al pla9 deposits4 ,:5 ! pla9 0 uplift$1 ^! loose gravels 7 swept away4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,j]sey1 h[ev]1 portions ( ! ,cretace\s deposits are /ill to be f\nd4 ,su* deposits are pres5t1 also1 on ! nor? %ore ( ,long ,isl&1 & a well drill$ at ,b>r5 ,isl& on ! s\? %ore reveal$ n less ?an #ejj feet ( ,cretace\s /rata4#c ,! exi/5ce ( su* ?ick deposits )9 #cj miles ( ! ,connecticut %ore & c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! dra9age h l$ to ! inf]5ce t ! ,cretace\s cov] ext5d$ ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ,connecticut4 ,footnote #a3 ,! /reams & o!r topographic features ( ! ,danbury region are %[n 9 detail on ! ,danbury & ! ,new ,mil=d %eets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,topographic ,atlas4 ,^! %eets may be obta9$ f ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,footnote #b3 ,x 0 probably n less ?an #cj miles1 = t is ! di/ance f ! m\? ( ,/ill ,riv]1 :]e ! ,h\satonic ent]s a gorge 9 ! cry/all9es1 to ! sea4 ,fifty-five miles is ! di/ance to ! sea f ! probable old head ( ,h\satonic ,riv] on ,wassaic ,creek1 ne> ,am5ia1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #c3 ,veat*1 ,a4 ,c41 ,sli*t]1 ,c4 ,s41 ,b[man1 ,isaiah1 ,crosby1 ,w4 ,o41 & ,horton4 ,r4 ,e41 ,und]gr\nd wat] res\rces ( ,long ,isl&3 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 ,,pp4 #dd1 p4 #ahh & fig4 #bd1 #aijf4 ,a g5]al uplift ( ! region br\ght ?is p]iod ( deposition to a close4 ,z ! p5epla91 probably ) a mantle ( ,cretace\s deposits1 0 rais$ to its pres5t elevation1 ! l>g] /reams kept pace ) ! uplift by incis+ _! valleys4 ,! position ( ! small] /reams1 h[ev]1 0 greatly modifi$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! new dra9age sy/em /imulat$ by ! uplift4 ,! mod]n dra9age sy/em may be assum$ to h be5 at fir/ consequ5t1 t is1 dep5d5t = its direction on ! slope ( ! uplift$ pla91 b x 0 n long be=e ! effect ( geologic /ructure began to make itself felt4 ,9 ! "t :5 all ! region 0 ne> baselevel1 ! h>d] rocks _h no advantage ov] ! s(t] ones1 & /reams w&]$ :]e !y pleas$4 ,b aft] uplift1 ! /reams began to cut into ! pla91 & ^? fl[+ ov] lime/one or s*i/ deep5$1 !n wid5$ _! valleys mu* fa/] ?an c\ld ! /reams :i* fl[$ ov] ! resi/ant granite & gneiss4 ,by a sy/em ( /ream piracy & %ift+1 simil> to t :i* has tak5 place ?r\gh\t ! ,new] ,appala*ians1 ! small] /reams 9 "t became well adju/$ to ! /ructure4 ,!y are ( ! class call$ subsequ5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,h\satonic1 :i* dates at lea/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! uplift if n f ! e>li] p]iod ( p5eplanation1 is an antec$5t /ream4 ,! complex rock surface ( we/]n ,connecticut _h rea*$ a /age ( mature dissection :5 ! region 0 invad$ by glaci]s4#d ,! ice %eet scrap$ (f & r$i/ribut$ ! mantle ( decay$ rock :i* cov]$ ! surface & 9 places g\g$ out ! b$rock4 ,! result+ *anges 7 ( a m9or ord]1 = ! ma9 features ( ! l&scape & ! pr9cipal dra9age l9es 7 ! same 9 preglacial "t z !y are today4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! hi/ory ( ! small] /reams l ^? consid]$ 9 ?is report involves ?ree factors3 7#a7 ! normal t5d5cies ( /ream developm5t1 7#b7 ! influ5ce ( geologic /ructure1 & 7#c7 ! effect ( glaciation4 ,! cov] ( glacial deposits is g5]ally ?91 b m>k$ v>iations exi/4 ,! fields are ov]spread ) co>se till conta9+ pebbles #f in*es 9 diamet] to huge b\ld]s ( #ab feet or m4 ,! abundance1 size1 & composition ( ! b\ld]s 9 ! till ( a giv5 locality is well repres5t$ by ! /one f5ces :i* bord] fields4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is /age ( glaciation is presumably ,wiscons94 ,no def9ite indication ( any old] glacial deposits 0 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pres5t dra9age ( ! ,danbury region4 ,! regional depression :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! glacial p]iod slack5$ ! spe$ ( _m riv]s & caus$ !m to deposit great quantities ( modifi$ or assort$ drift4 ,s9ce glacial "t1 ^! deposits h be5 dissect$ & =m$ into ! t]races :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! riv]s ( ! region4 ,a =m ( t]race ev5 m common ?an ! riv]-made t]race is ! kame t]race f\nd along bord]s ( ! l[l&s4 ,esk]s 9 ! ,danbury region h n ! elongat$ snake-l =m by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 notably ,ma9e2 on ! contr>y1 !y are *>act]i/ically %ort & broad1 _m hav+ num]\s bran*es at ! s\!rn end l ! di/ribut>ies ( an aggrad+ riv]4 ,! mat]ial ( ! esk]s ranges f co>se s& to pebbles f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ! av]age size be+ f "o to two in*es4 ,no exposures 7 obs]v$ :i* %[$ a regul> dim9ution 9 ! co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial t[>d _! s\!rn end4 ,! clean-wa%$ esk] gravels af=d little enc\ragem5t to plant gr[?1 & ! ra9 wat] dra9s away rapidly ?r\gh ! por\s gravel4 ,consequ5tly1 accumulations ( /ratifi$ drift are commonly b>r5 places4 ,a des]t vegetation ( co>se grasses1 a k9d ( wiry moss1 & ev]la/+s 7,gnaphalius decurr5s7 are ! pr9cipal gr[?4 ,rattlebox 7,crotol>ia sagittalis71 /eeplebu% 7,spiraea tom5tosa71 sweet f]n 7,comptonia aspl5ifolia71 & on ! m f]tile esk]s--especially on ! l[]1 wett] "p ( ! slope--gold5 rod1 ox-ey$ daisy1 bir*1 & popl> are also pres5t4 ,all ! esk]s obs]v$ 7 f\nd to be simil>3 !y rang$ 9 bread? across ! top f #ajj to #aej feet & ! side slopes 7 ab\t #bj degrees4 ,only a s+le heavily wood$ esk] 0 f\nd1 & ?is ran ?r\gh a =e/ region4 ,! accumulations ( /ratifi$ drift are di/+ui%$ f o!r features 9 ! l&scape by _! smoo!r & r\nd] outl9es1 by _! habit ( ly+ uncon=mably on ! b$rock )\t ref]5ce to old erosion l9es1 & by a slightly diff]5t tone 9 ! color ( ! vegetation cov]+ ! wat]-laid mat]ial4 ,! diff]5ce 9 color1 :i* is due to ! unique elem5ts 9 ! flora ( ^! areas1 may cause a hill ( /ratifi$ drift 9 summ] to pres5t a light] gre5 color ?an t ( surr\nd+ hills ( b\ld] clay or ( ! orig9al rock slopes2 9 w9t] ! piles ( /ratifi$ drift /& out because ( ! uni=m light tawny r$ ( ! dri$ grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ate ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey ,bull4 #cj4 ,plate ,i4 ,view s\? on ! highl& nor!a/ ( ,nev]s9k ,pond4 ,! base ( a ridge 9 :i* rock is expos$ is se5 at ! left2 a cresc5t-%ap$ lat]al mora9e bord]+ ! valley lies at ! "r4 ,,rocky ,,riv] ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,& ,,its ,,valley ,rocky ,riv] beg9s its c\rse z a rapid m\nta9 brook 9 a r\gh highl&1 :]e ! mantle ( till 9 _m places is insuffici5t to conceal ! rock l$ges 7fig4 #a74 ,ne> ,%]man1 ab\t f\r miles f its s\rce1 x ent]s a broad flood pla9 & me&]s ov] a flat1 swampy floor :i* is some:at encumb]$ ) deposits ( /ratifi$ drift & till4 ,rocky hills bord] ! valley & rise abruptly f ! l[l&4 ,! few tribut>ies ( ! riv] 9 ?is "p ( its c\rse are normal 9 direction4 ,ab\t six miles bel[ ,%]man1 ,rocky ,riv] ent]s ,wood ,creek ,swamp1 :i* is #e-a_/b miles long by ab\t "o mile wide & completely cov]s ! valley floor1 ext5d+ ev5 into tribut>y valleys4 ,)9 ! swamp ! riv] is jo9$ by ,squantz ,pond ,brook & ,wood ,creek4 ,tribut>ies to ,wood ,creek include ,m\nta9 ,brook & ! /ream pass+ ?r\gh ,b>ses ,pond & ,nev]s9k ,pond4 ,! head ( ,b>ses ,pond is sep>at$ f ! swamp only by a l[ ridge ( till4 ,nev]s9k ,pond ) its inlet gorge & its long s\!rn tribut>y record significant dra9age modifications1 z describ$ 9 ! section entitl$ ,! ,nev]s9k-,danbury ,valley4 ,)9 & along ! m>g9 ( ,wood ,creek ,swamp1 also ea/ ( ,wood ,creek & at ,b>ses ,pond1 are r\nd$1 elongat$ ridges ( till1 "s ( :i* might be call$ druml9s4 ,ea/ ( ,nev]s9k ,pond is ! lat]al mora9e %[n 9 ,pl4 ,i4 ,f ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek to ,j]usalem1 ,rocky ,riv] is a quiet /ream w&]+ betwe5 l[ banks ?r\gh flat mead[s1 :i* are g5]ally swampy almo/ to ! foot ( ! bord]+ hills4 ,ne> ,j]usalem bridge two small bran*es ent] ,rocky ,riv]4 ,imm$iately nor? ( ! bridge is a level swampy area ab\t "o-half mile 9 l5g?4 ,:]e ! valley closes 9 aga91 b$rock is expos$ ne> ! /ream1 & beg9n+ at a po9t "o-half mile bel[ 7nor? (7 ,j]usalem1 ,rocky ,riv]--a swift torr5t *ok$ by b\ld]s ( great size--des]ves its "n4 ,9 spite ( its rapid curr5t1 h[ev]1 ! riv] is unable to move ^! b\ld]s1 & = ne>ly ?ree miles "o c walk dry-%od on ^? t lie 9 mid/ream4 ,at two or ?ree places bel[ ,j]usalem1 9 quiet rea*es above rapids1 ! riv] has tak5 its fir/ /ep t[>d mak+ a flood pla9 by build+ t9y bea*es4 ,"o-half mile above ! m\? ( ! riv] ! valley wid5s & on ! g5tly ris+ s\? bank !re are sev]al well-m>k$ t]races ab\t ?ree feet 9 height & %ap$ out ( glacial mat]ial4 ,a delta & gr\p ( small isl&s at ! m\? ( ,rocky ,riv] indicate ! transport+ p[] ( ! /ream & ! relative weakness ( ! sl[-mov+ ,h\satonic4 ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,to ,,geologic ,,/ructure ,rocky ,riv] is class$ ) /reams :i* are com=mable to ! rock /ructure4 ,?is conclusion re/s l>gely on ! analogy betwe5 ,rocky ,riv] & o!r riv]s ( ?is region4 ,! latt] v commonly are locat$ on belts ( lime/one1 or lime/one & s*i/1 & _! ext5sion is along ! /rike4 ,! int]fluvial ridges are g5]ally compos$ ( ! h>d] rocks4 ,! valleys ( ! ,ea/ ,aspetuck & ,wom5%5uck ,brook on ! nor? side ( ! ,h\satonic1 & ( ! ,/ill1 ! ,umpog1 ,beav] ,brook1 ! upp] ,saugatuck1 & "p ( ,rocky ,riv] are on lime/one b$s 7fig4 #b74 ,9 ! valleys betwe5 ,t[n ,hill & ,spruce ,m\nta9 7s\? ( ,danbury71 two rav9es nor?we/ ( ,grassy ,pla9 7ne> ,be!l71 & ! ,saugatuck valley nor? ( ,umpawaug ,pond1 ! lime/one b$ is l>gely buri$ "u drift1 talus1 & organic deposits1 b remnants :i* reveal ! "* ( ! valley floors h be5 f\nd4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ! c\rses ( ^! /reams & t ( ,rocky ,riv] & ! g5]al resemblance 9 ! =m ( _! valleys1 flat-floor$ ) /eep-sid$ walls1 z well z ! scatt]$ outcrops ( lime/one 9 ! valley1 h l$ to ! inf]5ce t ,rocky ,riv]1 l ! o!rs1 is a subsequ5t /ream develop$ on b$s ( weak] rock along l9es ( foliation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,geological map ( ,/ill ,riv] ,valley4 ,! ,geological ,map ( ,connecticut#e %[s t ! valleys ( ,/ill ,riv]1 ,wom5%5uck ,brook1 ,aspetuck ,riv]1 & upp] ,rocky ,riv] are develop$ on ,/ockbridge lime/one4 ,! l[] valley ( ,rocky ,riv] is1 h[ev]1 mapp$ z ,becket gneiss & ,?oma/on granite gneiss4 ,al?\gh ! only outcrops along l[] ,rocky ,riv] are ( granite1 x is believ$ t a belt ( lime/one or s*i/1 n[ entirely remov$1 initially det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,! assumption ( an irregul> belt ( lime/one 9 ?is position w\ld acc\nt = ! s]ies ( gorges & flood pla9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem bridge & = ! broad drift-fill$ valley at ! m\? ( ,rocky ,riv]4 ,^! features are difficult to expla9 on any o!r basis4 ,footnote #e3 ,gregory1 ,h4 ,e41 ,rob9son1 ,h4 ,h41 ,prelim9>y geological map ( ,connecticut2 ,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey4 ,bull4 #g1 #aijg4 ,,junction ,,( ,,rocky ,,& ,,h\satonic ,,riv]s ,"o ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ,rocky ,riv] is ! angle at :i* x jo9s ! ,h\satonic 7fig4 #a74 ,! tribut>ies ( a normal dra9age sy/em ent] _! ma/] /ream at acute angles1 an arrangem5t :i* involves ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,rocky ,riv]1 h[ev]1 ent]s ! ,h\satonic aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! latt]1 t is1 ! tribut>y po9ts up/ream4 ,/ill ,riv] & o!r s\!rn tribut>ies ( ! ,h\satonic exhibit ! same feature1 ?us produc+ a b>b$ dra9age1 :i* indicates t "s factor int]f]$ ) ! normal developm5t ( tribut>y /reams4 ,b>b$ dra9age g5]ally results f ! rev]sal ( direction ( ! ma/] /ream#f1 b x is impossible to suppose t ! ,h\satonic 0 ev] rev]s$4 ,z w appe>1 x is an antec$5t ma/] /ream cross+ ! cry/all9e rocks ( we/]n ,connecticut reg>dless ( /ructure1 & its c\rse obliquely across ! /rike acc\nts = ! peculi> ori5tation ( its s\!rn tribut>ies1 :i* are subsequ5t /reams ^: position is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! rock4 ,= ! same reason1 ! nor!rn tribut>ies ( ! ,h\satonic pres5t ! usual relations4 ,footnote #f3 ,lev]ett1 ,frank1 ,glacial =mations & dra9age features ( ! ,erie & ,ohio bas9s3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,mon4 #da1 pp4 #hh-ia1 figs4 #a & #b1 #aijb4 ,see1 also1 ! ,g5oa1 ,watk9s1 ,p5n ,yan1 & ,naples 7,new ,york7 topographic atlas %eets4 ,,abnormal ,,pr(ile ,! airl9e di/ance f ! b5d 9 ,rocky ,riv] at ,%]man to its m\? at ! ,h\satonic is #b-c_/d miles1 b ! c\rse ( ! riv] betwe5 ^! two po9ts is #ae miles1 or #e4d times ! airl9e di/ance4 ,?is is a m extraord9>y digression ?an t ( ,t5nessee ,riv]1 :i* des]ts its ance/ral c\rse to ! ,gulf & fl[s nor?we/ into ! ,ohio1 multiply+ ! l5g? ( its c\rse #c-a_/c times4 ,! fall ( ,rocky ,riv] betwe5 ,%]man & its m\? is #bdj feet or #af feet to ! mile1 & 7 ! riv] able to take a direct c\rse ! fall w\ld be #hg feet to ! mile4 ,! possibility ( capture w\ld seem to be imm95t f ^! figures1 b 9 reality !re is no *ance ( x1 = an unbrok5 m\nta9 ridge ( resi/ant rock lies betwe5 ! two =ks ( ! riv]4 ,?is b>ri] is n likely to be cross$ by any /ream until ! :ole region has be5 r$uc$ to a p5epla94 ,measur$ f ! head ( its longe/ bran*1 ,rocky ,riv] is ab\t #ai miles long & falls #iej feet4 ,( ?is fall1 #gaj feet occurs 9 ! fir/ #d miles & #agc feet 9 ! la/ #b-a_/b miles ( its c\rse4 ,= ! rema9+ di/ance ( #ab-a_/b miles1 9 :i* ! riv] aft] fl[+ s\? d\bles back on itself1 ! fall is #fg feet1 or slightly less ?an #e-a_/b feet to ! mile 7fig4 #c1 ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,pr(iles ( pres5t & preglacial ,rocky ,riv]4 ,elevations at a1 b1 c & i are f ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 map4 ,elevation at d is e/imat$ f ,r4 ,e4 ,dak9's records4 ,elevations at e1 f1 g & h are f ,r4 ,e4 ,dak9's records4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 figures = ! same are enclos$ 9 p>5!sis4 ,9 tabul> =m ! figures1 tak5 f ! ,danbury & ,new ,mil=d atlas %eets & f reports ( ,r4 ,e4 ,dak91 are z foll[s3 ,miles ,fall 9 feet p] mile ,s\rce to ,%]man #d #agg4e ,%]man to ,wood ,creek #h #f4be ,wood ,creek to ,j]usalem #d4e #c4h ,j]usalem to m\? #b4e #fi4b ,ne> ,j]usalem1 :]e ,rocky ,riv] makes its sudd5 *ange 9 grade1 !re is an abrupt *ange 9 ! =m ( ! valley f broad & flat-bottom$ to n>r[ & ,v-%ap$4 ,! pr(ile ( ,rocky ,riv] is ?us se5 to be %>ply contra/$ ) t ( a normal /ream1 :i* is *>act]is$ ?r\gh\t its c\rse by a decreas+ slope4 ,,preglacial ,,c\rse ,! pres5t pr(ile ( ,rocky ,riv] & ! s+ul> mann] 9 :i* ! l[] c\rse ( ! riv] is d\bl$ back on ! upp] c\rse are believ$ to repres5t *anges wr\ght by glaciation4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ! glaci]1 ,rocky ,riv] probably fl[$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,nev]s9k-,danbury ,valley1 to be describ$ lat]1 & jo9$ ! ,/ill at ,danbury1 z %[n 9 fig4 #d4 ,! pr(ile ( ! /ream at ?is /age 9 its hi/ory is %[n 9 fig4 #c1 ,b4 ,at ,%]man a l[ col sep>ates ,rocky ,riv] bas9 f t ( ! small nor?w>d fl[+ /ream :i* ent]s ! ,h\satonic ab\t a mile bel[ ,gaylordsville4 ,/reams by headw>d erosion at bo? ends ( ! belt ( lime/one & s*i/ on :i* !y are situat$ h r$uc$ ?is divide to an almo/ imp]ceptible swell4 ,! rock outcrops 9 ! *annel %[ t ! glaci] did n produce any *ange 9 ! divide by damm+1 ?\gh x may h l[]$ x by sc\r+4 ,assume t at "o "t a divide also exi/$ on ! ea/]n =k ( ,rocky ,riv]1 = example ne> ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis !re 01 nor? ( ?is latt] divide1 a %ort nor?w>d fl[+ bran* ( ! ,h\satonic locat$ on a belt ( weak rock1 simil> to ! small /ream :i* n[ fl[s nor?w>d f ,%]man1 & v l any ( ! half-doz5 p>allel /reams 9 ! rock mass s\? & s\?we/ ( ,danbury1 all ( :i* are subsequ5t /reams fl[+ along ! /rike4 ,:ile ^! /ream valleys 7 gr[+1 ! s\!rn ends ( ! same weak belts ( rock 7 held by s\?w>d-fl[+ /reams :i* unit$ 9 ! broad lime/one area n[ occupi$ by ! city ( ,danbury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky-,/ill ,riv]4 ,dott$ l9es %[ pres5t c\rses ( ! two riv]s4 ,! s\?w>d-fl[+ /reams ^: heads 71 respectively1 above ,%]man & ne> ,j]usalem jo9$ at ! s\!rn end ( ! long ridge :i* includes ,t[n] ,hill & ,gre5 ,m\nta94 ,!nce ! /ream fl[$ s\?w>d along ! valley n[ occupi$ by ,wood ,creek & rea*$ ,/ill ,riv] by way ( ! valley :i* ext5ds s\?w>d f ,nev]s9k ,pond 7fig4 #d74 ,! preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky ,riv]1 z above outl9$1 is subject to possible modification 9 "o m9or feature1 namely1 ! po9t :]e ! ea/ & we/ =ks jo9$4 ,! junction may h be5 :]e ,nev]s9k ,pond is n[ situat$1 or ?ree miles f>!r s\? ?an ! indicat$ junction ne> ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek4 ,a l[ ridge ( till is ! only b>ri] t at pres5t prev5ts ! we/]n bran* f fl[+ into ! head ( ,b>ses ,pond & !nce into ,nev]s9k ,pond 7fig4 #a74 ,z ?us recon/ruct$ ! great] "p ( ,rocky ,riv] =m]ly belong$ to ! ,/ill-,umpog sy/em & =m$ a normal tribut>y 9 t di/ant p]iod :5 ! ,/ill jo9$ ! ,saugatuck on its way to ! ,s\nd 7fig4 #i74 ,h[ev]1 ! normal condition 0 n la/+1 = ! rev]sal ( ,/ill ,riv]1 z lat] describ$1 br\ght ab\t a complex arrangem5t ( b>b$ /reams 7fig4 #d7 :i* rema9$ until modifi$ by glacial action4 ,9 a l>ge /ream sy/em :i* has be5 rev]s$1 consid]able evid5ce may be ga!r$ f ! angle at :i* tribut>y /reams ent]4 ,z ! orig9al direction ( ,rocky ,riv] 9 its la/ #b-a_/b miles is un*ang$1 normal tribut>ies %\ld be expect$2 :]eas betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! head ( ! /ream ent]+ ,nev]s9k ,pond f ! s\?1 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis t ?is portion ( ! /ream 0 rev]s$1 tribut>ies po9t+ up/ream might be expect$4 ,su* little gullies z jo9 ,rocky ,riv] ne> its m\? are normal 9 direction2 betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek1 a di/ance ( #d-a_/b miles1 !re are no di/9ct tribut>ies4 ,s\? ( ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek are f\r tribut>ies3 7#a7 ! brook :i* ent]s ! valley f ! we/ ab\t "o mile s\? ( ,nev]s9k ,pond1 7#b7 ,balls ,brook1 :i* empties into ,nev]s9k ,pond1 & 7#c7 two /reams on ! ea/ side--,m\nta9 ,brook & "o o!r unnam$ 7fig4 #a74 ,all ^!1 except ,m\nta9 ,brook1 are normal to ! recon/ruct$ dra9age4 ,! evid5ce ( ! tribut>ies1 ?\gh n decisive1 is ?us favorable to ! hypo!sis ( rev]sal4 ,,! ,,buri$ ,,*annel ,figures #c & #e %[ :at is kn[n ( ! buri$ *annel ( ,rocky ,riv]4 ,! only def9ite in=mation z to rock levels is t d]iv$ f ! drill holes made by ,r4 ,e4 ,dak9 = ! ,j4 ,a4 ,p4 ,crisfield ,contract+ ,company 9 connection ) "w on a res]voir = ! ,connecticut ,light & ,p[] ,company4 ,num]\s holes 7 drill$ at ! po9ts indicat$ on fig4 #e z ,no4 #h1 ,d1 ,j1 ,no4 #gajjj1 & ,no4 #g1 b only ^? %[+ ! l[e/ rock levels ne$ be consid]$4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ! elevations quot$ are ^? det]m9$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,dak9 :i* diff]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #c1 ,a1 f ^? ( ! ,new ,mil=d atlas %eet4 ,betwe5 ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek & ,j]usalem bridge holes made ne> ! riv] %[ t ! dep? ( ! drift--*iefly s&1 gravel1 & clay--v>ies f #de to #adj feet4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( drift1 consi/+ ( humus1 quicks& & clay1 is #adj feet at a po9t #bj feet f ! ea/ bank ( ,rocky ,riv] & ab\t #a-c_/d miles nor? ( ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek 7fig4 #e1 ,d74 ,al?\gh "s all[ance %\ld be made = glacial sc\r+1 ! rock level at ?is po9t1 #bdd feet1 is s mu* l[] ?an any o!r record obta9$ betwe5 ?is po9t & ,danbury t "o is oblig$ to assume a buri$ *annel ) a level at ,danbury at lea/ #ge feet bel[ ! rock level f\nd 9 ! l[e/ well record4#g ,x is probable t ?is well is n situat$ :]e ! rock is l[e/1 t is1 x may be on "o side ( ! old ,/ill ,riv] *annel4 ,footnote #g3 ,well ( ,j4 ,hornig1 re> ( ,bottl+ ,works1 ne> foot ( ,t[] ,place1 #ce ft4 to rock1 indicat$ at a1 fig4 #e4 ,! well ( ,b>tley ,clancey1 #id ,:ite ,/reet1 #gj ft4 to rock1 is also indicat$ at b1 fig4 #e4 ,! level obta9$ at ,no4 #h is f a hole drill$ )9 #ej feet ( ! riv]4 ,! drill /ruck rock at an elevation ( #caf feet aft] pass+ ?r\gh #fi feet ( quicks&1 gravel1 & till4 ,?is is cle>ly n )9 ! *annel z x is q impossible to reconcile ! figure ) t at ,d1 less ?an a mile di/ant4 ,s\? ( ,j]usalem bridge at ,j1 #aej feet f ! riv]1 a hole 0 bor$ ?r\gh #ie feet ( clay1 s&1 & gravel be=e /rik+ rock at an elevation ( #bih feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,rocky ,riv] ,valley4 ,diagram indicat+ l[e/ rock levels :i* h be5 discov]$ by drill+4 ,at ! po9t m>k$ ,no4 #gajjj1 ab\t #a-a_/d miles f ! m\? ( ,rocky ,riv]1 ! evid5ce d]iv$ f #h drill holes1 bor$ at di/ances rang+ f #bjj to #eej feet f ! "r bank1 %[s ! drift cov] to be f #dh to #gb feet 9 ?ickness4 ,at #bjj feet f ! riv] ! drill pass$ ?r\gh #gb feet ( s&1 clay1 & gravel be=e /rik+ rock at #cjc feet above sea-level4 ,at ,no4 #g1 ab\t "o mile f ! m\? ( ,rocky ,riv]1 a hole drill$ #dae feet f ! "r bank %[$ #eh feet ( drift1 consi/+ ( clay1 s&1 gravel1 & b\ld]s4 ,! drill rea*$ rock at #cdb feet1 :i* is ! figure giv5 by ,r4 ,e4 ,dak9 = ! elevation ( ! riv] at ?is po9t4 ,drill holes made1 respectively1 at #ej & #fj feet to ! "r ( ?is "o %[$ a drift cov] ( #fa feet1 s t ! und]ly+ rock rises only #d feet 9 a di/ance ( #dge feet to ! ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,! =ego+ evid5ce1 %[+ a rock level at ,d #ih feet l[] ?an t at ,no4 #g1 leaves no d\bt t ! preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky ,riv] 0 to ! s\? f ,no4 #g1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! topography betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,danbury to make improbable ! exi/5ce ( a buri$ *annel4 ,,effect ,,( ,,glaciation ,! preglacial hi/ory ( ,rocky ,riv] z outl9$ assumes t be=e ! glaci] cov]$ ?is "p ( ,connecticut ! pres5t l[] c\rse ( ,rocky ,riv] 0 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! sy/em by a divide situat$ some:]e betwe5 ! pres5t m\? ( ! riv] & ! m\? ( ,wood ,creek4 ,x rema9s to be %[n by :at process ,rocky ,riv] 0 cut (f f its s\!rn outlet into ,/ill ,riv] & =c$ up its ea/]n bran* & ov] ! col into a tribut>y ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,?\gh ! preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky ,riv] appe>s to be m natural ?an ! pres5t "o1 x is really a long] c\rse to ! ,h\satonic2 ! old] r\te be+ #cb miles1 :]eas ! pres5t c\rse is #ai miles4 ,?is fact expla9s1 9 "p1 :y ! glaci] _h little difficulty 9 alt]+ ! preglacial dra9age1 & h[ ! *ange s effect$ became p]man5t4 ,ecc5tric z ! result+ sy/em ( dra9age is1 x w\ld h be5 /ill m s _h ,rocky ,riv] :5 pond$ ov]fl[$ at ! head ( its we/]n in/ead ( its ea/]n =k1 tak5 its way pa/ ,%]man into ! ,h\satonic ne> ,gaylordsville1 & dis*>g+ at ?is po9t lo/ ! advantage ( ! fall ( ! ,h\satonic betwe5 ,gaylordsville & ,bo>dman4 ,9 glaciat$ regions an area ( swamp l& may be tak5 z an indication ( int]f]5ce by ! glaci] ) ! natural run-(f4 ,! swamp 9 :i* ,wood ,creek jo9s ! upp] =k ( ,rocky ,riv] 7fig4 #a71 0 =m]ly a lake due to a dam built across ! l[] end ( a riv] valley4 ,al?\gh ! pond$ wat] ext5d$ only a %ort di/ance up ! /eep] side valleys1 x ext5d$ sev]al miles up ! ma9 /ream4 ,! :ole area ( ?is glacial lake1 except two small ponds & ! n>r[ *annels ?r\gh :i* ! riv] n[ fl[s1 has be5 conv]t$ into a peat-fill$ bog hav+ a dep? ( f #h to #de feet4#h ,at ! t]m9ation ( ! swampy area on ! ea/]n bran* ( ,rocky ,riv] no indication is f\nd ( a dam su* z w\ld be requir$ = s ext5sive a pond+ ( ! wat]s4 ,"h ! valley is v n>r[1 & ?\gh ! riv] b$ is encumb]$ ) heavy b\ld]s1 rock outcrops are s num]\s z to preclude ! idea ( a drift cov] rais+ ! wat] level4 ,?is is j ! condition to be expect$ if ,rocky ,riv] rea*$ its pres5t outlet by ov]topp+ a l[ col at ! head ( its =m] ea/]n bran*4 ,! s\!rn end ( ! ,nev]s9k ,pond valley is ! only o!r place ^: level is s l[ t drift deposits c\ld h int]f]$ ) ! ,rocky ,riv] dra9age4 ,! mora9e at ! head ( ?is valley1 cross+ ! c\ntry "s two miles nor? ( ! city ( ,danbury & b9d+ toge!r two prom95t nor?-&-s\? ridges1 0 evid5tly ! b>ri] :i* *ok$ ! ,rocky ,riv] valley ne> its m\? & turn$ back ! preglacial riv]4 ,:5 ,rocky ,riv] 0 ?us pond$ its l[e/ outlet 0 f\nd to be at ! head ( its ea/]n =k4 ,"h ! wat]s spill$ ov] ! old divide & took possession ( ! *annel ( a small /ream dra9+ into ! ,h\satonic4 ,accord+ly ,rocky ,riv] %\ld be f\nd cutt+ its b$ :]e x crosses ! =m] divide4 ,x seems reasonable to reg>d ! gorge half-way betwe5 ,j]usalem bridge & ,h\satonic ,riv] z approximately ! position ( ! preglacial divide & to consid] ! small flat area to ! nor? ( ,j]usalem bridge z a flood pla9 on s(t] rock1 worn d[n z l[ z ! outcrops ( m resi/ant rock occurr+ f>!r d[n ! valley w p]mit4 ,! rev]sal ( ! riv] may acc\nt = ! sudd5 transition f a flat-bottom$ valley to a rocky gorge2 & = ! abrupt *ange 9 ! pr(ile1 br++ ! /eepe/ "p ( ! riv] ne> its m\?4 ,! increas$ volume ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! *annel s9ce glacial "t has pla9ly cut d[n ! b$ ( ! rav9e betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! riv]'s m\?1 b ! *annel is /ill f> f be+ grad$4 ,footnote #h3 ,report ( s\nd+s made 9 #aijg by ,t4 ,t4 ,giff54 ,,! ,,nev]s9k-,,danbury ,,valley4 ,betwe5 ,nev]s9k ,pond & ,danbury ext5ds a deep rock valley1 9 places fill$ ) drift4 ,z has be5 %[n1 ?is valley 0 probably occupi$ 9 preglacial "t by ,rocky ,riv]1 :i* !n fl[$ s\?w>d4 ,at its s\!rn end is ,/ill ,riv]1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,danbury f we/ to ea/4 ,! mo/ important tribut>y ( ! ,/ill rises nor?we/ ( ! city1 j beyond ! ,new ,york-,connecticut b\nd>y l9e1 & has two =ks4 ,! nor!rn =k1 :i* dra9s ,ea/ ,lake1 ,padan>am ,res]voir1 & ,m>g]ie ,pond1 fl[s along ! nor!a/ side ( ,clapbo>d ,ridge4 ,! s\!rn =k has two bran*es2 ! nor!rn "o includes ! res]voirs ( ,upp] ,kohanza & ,lake ,kohanza1 :ile ! upp] wat]s ( ! s\!rn bran* h be5 rec5tly damm$ to =m an ext5sive res]voir4 ,on approa*+ ! city1 ! nor!rnmo/ =k 7dra9+ ,ea/ ,lake7 turns %>ply out ( its s\!a/ c\rse & fl[s 9 a direction a little ea/ ( nor?4 ,at ! end ( ,clapbo>d ,ridge1 ! /ream makes a det\r ar\nd a knoll ( co>se /ratifi$ drift4 ,f ?is turn until x jo9s ,/ill ,riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t a mile1 ! /ream occupies a broad & p>tly swampy valley4 ,at ! cemet]y 9 ?is valley 7fig4 #a1 ,c7 are two esk]s ( symmetric =m1 ea* a few hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g? & tr5d+ ne>ly p>allel ) ! valley axis4 ,ea/ ( ! valley1 & ab\t #a-a_/b miles nor? ( ! cemet]y1 is a broad1 flat-topp$ ridge ( till ) rock expos$ at ! ends1 =m+ a b>ri] :i* d\btless exi/$ 9 preglacial "t4 ,we/ ( ! valley is a hill ) rock f\ndation r\nd$ out on ! nor!a/ side by a mass ( drift4 ,! preglacial c\rse ( ,rocky ,riv] 0 betwe5 ! outcrops at ^! two localities4 ,nor?we/ ( ! cemet]y = "o & a half miles ! unev5 surface is =m$ ( till & small pat*es ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,9 a swamp ne> ! nor? end ( ! cemet]y is a curv$ esk] ) lobes ext5d+ s\? & s\?we/4 ,"o mile nor? ( ?is swamp is an area ( excessively co>se till conta9+ b\ld]s :i* range 9 diamet] f #f to #aj feet & =m+ a l[ ridge sep>at+ two rav9es1 9 :i* head /reams fl[+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! area ( co>se till is b\nd$ on ! nor? by a long s9u\s esk] ( co>se gravel t]m9at+ 9 a flat fan1 :i* is sup]pos$ on a field ( f9e till4 ,associat$ ) ! esk] is an int]e/+ gr\p ( kames & kettleholes1 ! l>ge/ kettlehole be+ di/+ui%$ by di/9ct plant zones b&+ ! sides ( ! depression4 ,nor? ( ! area ( b\ld]s1 esk]s1 & kames j describ$ lies a swamp ^: surface is #cj to #dj feet bel[ ! upp] level ( ! kame gravels4 ,s\nd+s made by ,t4 ,t4 ,giff5 reveal$ ! pres5ce ( #cf feet ( peat & #b feet ( silt ov]ly+ firm s&1 s t #gj feet is ! m9imum e/imate = ! diff]5ce 9 level betwe5 ! surface ( ! gravels & ! floor ( ! swamp4 ,bel[ ! rocky cliffs :i* l9e ! valley sides are b\ld]s br\ght by ! ice f ne>-by l$ges1 & ab\t "o-half mile above ! head ( ! swamp are remnants ( a t]race /&+ #bj to #cj feet above ! level ( ! /ream4 ,al?\gh ! t]race appe>s to consi/ ( till1 x may conceal a rock floor :i* 0 cut by a =m] /ream4 ,z ! valley is foll[$ t[>d ,nev]s9k ,pond1 ! v>i\s features ( a till-coat$1 rock-floor$ valley are se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,c\rse ( ,/ill ,riv]4 ,dott$ l9es %[ ! preglacial *annels4 ,,/ill ,,riv] ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,/ill ,riv] pres5ts sev]al unusual features1 z %[n 9 fig4 #f4 ,tribut>ies f ! we/ & s\? unite at ,danbury to =m a /ream fl[+ nor?w>d opposite to ! regional l& slope4 ,ne> its junction ) ! ,h\satonic1 ! riv] fl[s nor?w>d1 :]eas its ma/] /ream half a mile di/ant fl[s s\?w>d4 ,! l[] valley ( ! riv] is broad & flat & app>5tly mu* out ( proportion to ! pres5t /ream2 x is1 inde$1 com=mable 9 size & direction ) ! valley ( ! ,h\satonic above ! m\? ( ! ,/ill4 ,! ,h\satonic1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( *oos+ ! broad l[l& 9 ! lime/one =mation1 spread invit+ly be=e x1 turns aside & fl[s ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge cut 9 resi/ant gneiss1 s*i/1 & igne\s intrusives4 ,! headwat]s ( ! ,/ill m+le ) ^? ( ! ,croton sy/em1 & its *ief s\!rn bran*1 ! ,umpog1 is int]lac$ ) ! s\rces ( ! ,saugatuck on a divide m>k$ by glacial drift & swamps4 ,! explanation ( ^! features involves n only ! hi/ory ( ! ,/ill ,riv] sy/em1 b also t ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,9 explanation ( ! pres5t unusual arrangem5t ( /reams 9 ! ,/ill ,riv] sy/em1 f\r hypo!ses may be consid]$3 ,i4 ,/ill ,riv] valley is ! anci5t b$ ( ! ,h\satonic f :i* t riv] has be5 div]t$ ?r\gh rev]sal caus$ by a glacial dam4 ,,ii4 ,! ,h\satonic has always _h its pres5t s\!a/]ly c\rse1 b ! ,/ill1 head+ at "s po9t 9 its valley nor? ( ,danbury1 fl[$ initially s\?w>d ?r\gh "o ( f\r possible outlets4 ,! latt] /ream 0 lat] rev]s$ by a glacial dam at ! s\!rn end1 or by glacial sc\r+ at ! nor!rn end ( its valley :i* remov$ ! divide betwe5 its headwat]s & ! ,h\satonic4 ,,iii4 ,! ,h\satonic has always held its pres5t s\!a/]ly c\rse1 & ! ,/ill initially fl[$ s\?w>d1 z /at$ above4 ,rev]sal 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 occurr$ 9 a v e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! dra9age1 z ! result ( ! capture ( ! headwat]s ( ! ,/ill by a small tribut>y ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,,iv4 ,! ,h\satonic has always held its pres5t s\!a/]ly c\rse1 b ! ,/ill has develop$ f ! beg9n+ z a subsequ5t /ream 9 ! direction 9 :i* x n[ fl[s4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis1 t ! ,/ill is ! anci5t *annel ( ! ,h\satonic1 has be5 advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,hobbs1 :o has /at$3 ,t ! valley ( ! ,/ill 0 =m]ly occupi$ by a l>ge /ream is probable f its wide valley area4444 ,! =m] dis*>ge ( ! wat]s ( ! ,h\satonic ?r\gh ! ,/ill into ! ,croton sy/em1 on ! "o h&1 or into ! ,saugatuck on ! o!r1 w\ld require ! assumption ( extremely slight *anges only 9 ! rock *annels :i* n[ connect !m4444 ,to turn ! riv] 7! ,h\satonic7 f its c\rse along ! lime/one valley "s ob/ruction or diff]5tial uplift )9 ! riv] bas9 may h be5 responsible4 ,! =m] seems to be ! m probable explanation 9 view ( ! l>ge accumulations ( drift mat]ial 9 ! area s\? & we/ ( ,be!l & ,danbury4 ,! /ructural valleys believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! cry/all9e rocks ( ! upl&s due to po/-,new>k de=mation may well h direct$ ! c\rse ( ! ,h\satonic aft] x _h once des]t$ ! lime/one 444 ,! deep gorge ( ! ,h\satonic ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ent]s ! upl&s n only crosses ! fir/ high ridge ( gneiss 9 ! rectil9e> direction ( "o ( ! fault s]ies1 b its precipit\s walls %[ ! pres5ce ( m9or planes ( dislocation1 along :i* ! bottom ( ! valley appe>s to h be5 depress$4#i ,! hypo!sis propos$ by ,pr(essor ,hobbs & also ! second & ?ird hypo!ses "h giv5 involve ! supposition ( rev]sal ( dra9age1 & _! validity re/s on ! probability t ! /ream n[ occupy+ ,/ill ,riv] valley =m]ly fl[$ s\?w>d4 ,! fir/ & second hypo!ses w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,footnote #i3 ,hobbs1 ,w4 ,h41 ,/ill riv]s ( we/]n ,connecticut3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 vol4 #ac1 pp4 #ag-bf1 #aija4 ,,evid5ce ,,to ,,be ,,expect$ ,,if ,,/ill ,,riv] ,,has ,,be5 ,,rev]s$ ,if ,/ill ,riv] occupies ! valley ( a rev]s$ /ream1 ! foll[+ physiographic features %\ld be expect$3 #a4 ,a valley ) a cont9u\s wid? correspond+ to ! size ( ! anci5t /ream1 or a valley comp>atively n>r[ at ! nor? & broad5+ t[>d ! s\?4 #b4 ,tribut>y valleys po9t+ up/ream ) respect to ! pres5t riv]4 #c4 ,! regional slope n 9 accord ) ! pres5t c\rse ( ! riv]4 #d4 ,ext5sive glacial fill+ & pond$ wat]s 9 ! region ( ! pres5t s\rces ( ,/ill ,riv]4 #e4 ,/rong glacial sc\r+ at ! nor!rn end 9 default ( a glacial dam at ! s\!rn end ( ! valley1 or to assi/ a dam 9 its "w ( rev]s+ ! riv]4 ,! evid5ce ( glacial erosion w\ld be a ,u-%ap$ valley1 ov]deep5+ ( ! ma9 valley1 & tribut>ies ungrad$ ) respect to ! ma9 /ream4 #a4 ,a ,,valley ,,wide ,,?r\gh\t ,,or ,,broad5+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,s\? ,at ! m\? ( ,/ill ,riv] & = sev]al miles nor? & s\? ( x !re is a pla9 m ?an a mile broad4 ,?is pla9 cont9ues s\?w>d ) a wid? ( ab\t "o-half mile until1 at ,brookfield1 x is int]rupt$ by l$ges ( b>e rock4 ,a little di/ance s\? ( ,brookfield ! valley broad5s aga9 to "o-half mile1 & ?is wid? is reta9$ ) "s v>iation z f> z ,danbury4 ,drift deposits along ! bord] ( ! valley make x appe> n>r[] 9 "s places ?an is indicat$ by rock outcrops4 ,betwe5 ,brookfield & ,danbury ! n>r[e/ place 9 ! valley is s\?we/ ( ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta91 :]e ! di/ance betwe5 ! hills ( rock b\nd+ ! valley is "o-fif? ( a mile 7fig4 #f74 ,opposite ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta91 :i* pres5ts v]tical faces ( granite-gneiss t[>d ! valley1 is a hill ( lime/one4 ,ice1 cr[d+ ?r\gh ?is n>r[ place 9 ! valley1 mu/ h torn masses ( rock f ! side walls1 s t ! valley is n[ broad] ?an 9 preglacial "t4 ,! con/rictions 9 ! valley ne> ,%elt] ,rock are due to ! fact t ! preglacial valley1 n[ p>tly buri$ 9 till1 lies to ! nor?4 ,!re are /ret*es ( broad floor 9 ! valley ( ,beav] ,brook1 9 ! l[] valley ( ,umpog ,creek1 9 ! fields at ! s\? end ( ,ma9 ,/reet 9 ,danbury1 ab\t ,lake ,kano%a1 & :]e ! ,danbury ,fair ,gr\nds are situat$4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ,danbury1 h[ev]1 & at ,mill ,pla9 ! valley is v n>r[1 & at ! head ( ,sug> ,holl[1 ! valley ly+ ea/ ( ,spruce ,m\nta91 is a n>r[ col4 ,! broade/ cont9u\s area 9 ! ,/ill-,umpog ,valley is1 !re=e1 9 ! l[] six miles betwe5 ,brookfield & ,new ,mil=d2 s\? ( t portion are sev]al places :]e ! valley is %>ply con/rict$2 & beyond ! head ( ! ,umpog1 ab\t "o & a half miles bel[ ,we/ ,r$d+ /ation 7fig4 #g71 ! ,saugatuck ,valley is a v n>r[ gorge4 ,on ! :ole1 ! valleys s\? & s\?we/ ( ,danbury are mu* n>r[] ?an ! valley ( ! ,/ill f>!r nor?4 ,x is evid5t f ^! obs]vations t ,/ill ,riv] ,valley is nei!r uni=mly broad1 nor does x increase 9 wid? t[>d ! s\?4 ,b if a broad valley is to be accept$ z evid5ce ( ! "w ( a l>ge riv]1 !n !re is too mu* evid5ce 9 ! ,/ill ,riv] valley4 ,! broad areas nam$ above are m or less isolat$ l[l&s1 "s ( !m q out ( ! ma9 l9e ( dra9age1 & c n be gr\p$ to =m a cont9u\s valley4 ,!y c n be attribut$ to ! ,h\satonic nor :olly to ! "w ( ! insignificant /reams n[ dra9+ !m4 ,^! broad expanses are1 9 fact1 local p5epla9s develop$ on areas ( soluble lime/one4 ,! rock has dissolv$ & ! pla9 s produc$ has be5 made m ne>ly level by a coat+ ( peat & glacial s&4 ,9 a region ( level & undi/urb$ /rata1 su* z ! ,ohio or ,mississippi ,valley1 a con/ant relation may exi/ betwe5 ! size ( a /ream & ! valley made by x2 b 9 a region ( complicat$ geologic /ructure1 su* z we/]n ,connecticut1 :]e rocks diff] widely 9 _! resi/ance to erosion1 ! same result is n to be expect$4 ,9 ?is region ! valleys are commonly develop$ on lime/one & _! wid? is closely controll$ by ! wid? ( ! belt ( lime/one4 ,ev5 ! n>r[ valleys 9 ! upl& s\?we/ ( ,danbury are to be acc\nt$ = by ! pres5ce ( ?9 l5ses ( lime/one emb$d$ 9 gneiss & s*i/4 ,! op9ion ( ,hobbs t ,/ill ,riv] valley is too wide to be ! "w ( ! pres5t /ream takes into consid]ation only ! broad places1 b :5 ! n>r[ places are consid]$ x may be said z well t ! valley is too n>r[ to be ! "w ( a /ream l>g] ?an ! "o n[ occupy+ x4 ,valley wid? has only negative value 9 int]pret+ ! hi/ory ( ,/ill ,riv]4 #b4 ,,tribut>y ,,valleys ,,po9t+ ,,up/ream ,! dom9ant topographic feature ( we/]n ,connecticut1 z may be se5 on ! atlas %eets1 is elongat$ oval hills tr5d+ nor? by we/ to s\? by ea/1 :i* is ! direction ( ! axes ( ! folds into :i* ! /rata 7 ?r[n at ! "t _! metamorphism took place4 ,fur!rmore1 ! direction ( glacial movem5t 9 ?is "p ( ,new ,engl& 0 almo/ precisely t ( foliation1 & sc\r+ by ice m]ely acc5tuat$ ! dom9ant nor?-s\? tr5d ( ! valleys & ridges4 ,z a result1 ! small] /reams develop$ on ! s(t] rocks are g5]ally p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! /rike ( ! rocks4 ,^! /reams commonly b5d ar\nd ! ends ( ! hills b d n cross !m4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! belts ( s(t rock makes x easy = ! dra9age ( ! valleys to be ga!r$ by a s+le l5g?wise /ream4 ,! ,/ill & its l>g] tribut>ies con=m 9 ?is way to ! /ructure4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! ,/ill-,umpog e bran*1 except two rivulets #a-a_/d miles s\? ( ,be!l1 po9ts 9 ! normal direction1 t is1 to ! nor?1 or d[n/ream z ! riv] n[ fl[s 7fig4 #f74 ,! l>ge/ ea/]n tribut>y1 ,beav] ,brook1 is 9 a preglacial valley n[ conv]t$ into a swamp ! location & size ( :i* are due entirely to a belt ( lime/one4 ,x is n impossible t ,beav] ,brook may h once fl[$ s\?w>d t[>d ,be!l1 b ! lime/one at its m\?1 :i* lies at lea/ #fj feet l[] ?an t at its head1 %[s t if su* 7 ev] ! case x mu/ h be5 be=e ! nor?-fl[+ ,/ill ,riv] _h remov$ ! lime/one nor? ( ,beav] ,brook ,swamp4 ,on ! flanks ( ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 are ?ree tribut>ies :i* ent] ! riv] aga9/ its pres5t c\rse4 ,exam9ation ( ! /ructure reveals1 h[ev]1 t ^! /reams l ^? on ! ea/ side ( ! riv] are controll$ 9 _! direction by ! ori5tation ( ! h>d] rock masses4 ,! s\?w>d fl[+ /ream f\r miles 9 l5g? :i* dra9s ! upl& we/ ( ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 has an abnormal direction 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse1 b on rea*+ ! flood pla9 x takes a %>p turn to ! nor?4 ,above ! latt] po9t x is 9 l9e ) ! /reams ne> ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 & is abnormal 9 consequ5ce ( a l9e ( weakness 9 ! rock4 ,! l[l& ly+ we/ ( ,umpog valley1 ext5d+ f ,ma9 ,/reet 9 ,danbury to a po9t "o mile beyond ,be!l1 af=ds no def9ite evid5ce 9 reg>d to ! direction ( tribut>ies4 ,9 recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory ( ?is valley ! *ief difficulty arises f ! old-age condition ( ! flood pla94 ,dra9age *annels :i* mu/ once h exi/$ h be5 oblit]at$1 leav+ a swampy pla9 :i* f end to end v>ies less ?an #bj feet 9 elevation4 ,x is likely t 9 preglacial times ! "p ( ! valley nor? ( ,grassy ,pla91 if n ! entire valley1 dra9$ nor?w>d into ,/ill ,riv]1 z n[ d ,umpog ,creek & ,beav] ,brook4 ,f ?is outlet heavy drift deposits ne> ! riv] lat] cut x (f4 ,! l[l& is n[ dra9$ by a /ream :i* ent]s ! ,umpog nor? ( ,grassy ,pla94 ,sev]al small /reams tribut>y to ! ,umpog s\? ( ,be!l also furni% no evid5ce 9 favor ( ! rev]sal ( ,/ill ,riv]4 ,we/ ( ,danbury ! tribut>ies ( ,/ill ,riv] po9t up/ream on "o side & d[n/ream on ! o!r side ( ! valley1 9 con=mity ) ! rock /ructure :i* is "h diagonal to ! lime/one belt on :i* ! riv] is locat$4 ,_! direction 9 h>mony ) ! tr5d ( ! rocks has1 !re=e1 no significance 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! riv]4 ,f ! =ego+ discussion1 x appe>s t no def9ite conclusions 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ,/ill ,riv] c be drawn f ! angle at :i* tribut>ies ent] x4 ,! direction ( ! bran*es :i* ent] at an abnormal angle c be expla9$ )\t assum+ a rev]sal ( ! ma9 /ream1 & likewise _m ( ! tribut>ies ) normal tr5ds seem to h adopt$ _! c\rses )\t reg>d to ! direction ( ,/ill ,riv]4 #c4 ,,regional ,,slope ,,n ,,9 ,,accord ,,) ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,/ill ,al?\gh ! regional slope ( we/]n ,connecticut z a :ole is contr>y to t ( ,/ill ,riv]1 !re is no m>k$ l[]+ ( ! hill summits betwe5 ! s\rce ( ! riv] & its m\?4 ,z bran*es on ! s\? side ( ! ,h\satonic are naturally to be expect$1 !re is no?+ unusual 9 ! ,/ill fl[+ 9 opposition to ! regional slope1 except t x fl[s t[>d ! nor? in/ead ( ! nor!a/4 #d4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,glacial ,,fill+ ,,& ,,degrad+ ,,( ,,! ,,riv] ,,b$ ,hobbs has sugge/$ t ! wat]s ( ! ,h\satonic may h be5 pond$ at a po9t ne> ,we/ ,r$d+ until !y rose high en\gh to ov]fl[ into ! fault gorge bel[ ,/ill ,riv] ,/ation1 ?us giv+ ! /reams ( ! ,danbury region an outlet to ! ,s\nd by ?is r\te4 ,?is hypo!sis calls = a glacial dam :i* has n be5 f\nd4 ,x is true !re are glacial deposits 9 ! ,umpog valley s\? ( ,be!l4 ,! ,umpog fl[s z x does1 h[ev]1 n because ( a glacial dam b 9 spite ( x4 ,! riv] heads on rock beyond & above ! glacial deposits & picks its way ?r\gh !m 7fig4 #g74 ,drift =ms ! divide at ! we/]n end ( ,/ill ,riv] valley beyond ,mill ,pla91 b ! pond$ wat] :i* x caus$ did n ext5d z f> z ,danbury 7see discussion ( ,/ill-,croton valley74 ,! ,sug> ,holl[ pass is also fill$ ) a heavy mantle ( drift1 b ! valley is bo? too high & too n>r[ at ! col to h be5 ! outlet ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,x might be assum$ t j previ\s to ! adv5t ( ! ice %eet ,/ill ,riv] head$ s\? ( its pres5t m\? & fl[$ s\?w>d4 ,9 ?is case ! ,/ill1 :5 rev]s$1 %\ld h ov]fl[$ at ! l[e/ po9t on ! divide betwe5 x & ! ,h\satonic4 ,x %\ld h deep5$ its *annel ov] ! =m] divide1 & ! result w\ld h be5 a gorge if ! divide 7 high1 or at lea/ "s evid5ce ( riv] cutt+ ev5 if ! divide 7 l[4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,/ill ,riv] jo9s ! ,h\satonic 9 a l[1 broad1 & poorly dra9$ pla94 ,! exi/+ relief is due to ! unev5 di/ribution ( drift4 ,! riv] is n[ cutt+ a gorge at ,lanesville1 b ! appe>ance ( ! valley to ! we/ indicates t glacial deposits =c$ ! riv] out ( its =m] b$ 7fig4 #f7 & t no b>ri] lay betwe5 ! preglacial ,/ill ,riv] valley & ! ,h\satonic ,valley4 #e4 ,,glacial ,,sc\r+ ,a rev]sal ( ,/ill ,riv] may be expla9$ by glacial sc\r+ :i* caus$ ! nor!rn end ( ! valley to become l[] ?an ! pres5t divides at ,we/ ,r$d+ & ,mill ,pla94 ,! evid5ce ( su* sc\r %\ld be an ov]deep5$1 ,u-%ap$ ma9 valley & ungrad$ tribut>ies4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ,/ill ,riv] valley has n ! typical ,u =m :i* results f glacial erosion4 ,z contra/$ ) ! ,u-%ap$ glacial valley & ! ,v-%ap$ valley ( normal /ream erosion1 x might be call$ rectangul> s %>ply does ! flat valley floor t]m9ate aga9/ ! /eep hillsides4 ,! floor is too smoo? & flat & ! tribut>y valleys too closely adju/$ to ! v>iant h>dness ( ! rocks to be ! "w ( su* a r\gh in/rum5t z ! glaci]4 ,a level s ne>ly p]fect z t ( ! flood pla9 is ! natural result ( erosion ( s(t rock d[n to a baselevel1 :]eas glacial sc\r+ t5ds to produce a surface ) l[ r\nd$ hills & holl[s4 ,ov]deep5+ w\ld be expect$1 because glaci]s erode )\t ref]5ce to exi/+ baselevels4 ,t a riv] valley %\ld be cut out by ice j en\gh to leave x grad$ ) respect to ! ma9 valley w\ld be an unusual co9cid5ce4 ,?is is :at is f\nd :]e ! ,/ill ,riv] valley jo9s ! ,h\satonic1 & x indicates normal /ream erosion4 ,also1 if ! lime/one ( ! nor!rn ,/ill ,riv] valley 7 g\g$ out by ! glaci]1 ! action w\ld 9 all probability h be5 cont9u\s 9 ! lime/one belt to ! nor? ( ! ,h\satonic1 & :]e ! belt ( s(t rock crosses ! ,h\satonic ! riv] b$ w\ld be ov]deep5$4 ,al?\gh ! valley ( ! ,h\satonic ne> ,new ,mil=d is v flat1 z is natural :]e a riv] crosses a belt ( weak rock1 ! outcrops are suffici5tly num]\s to %[ t x has n be5 ov]deep5$4 ,! lime/one area along ! ,ea/ ,aspetuck is l>gely ov]la9 by till1 b "h aga9 ! pres5ce ( rock 9 place %[s t ! valley has n be5 ov]deep5$4 ,moreov]1 lime/one b\ld]s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,/ill ,riv] valley are n z abundant z !y %\ld be "u ! hypo!sis t ! nor!rn "p _h be5 g\g$ out ext5sively4 ,t ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ill ,riv] valley 0 n deeply c>v$ by ice is %[n also by ! "* ( ! tribut>y /reams4 ,! ?ree small brooks on ! we/ side ( ! valley1 ne> ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta91 7 exam9$ to see if _! grades indicat$ an ov]-deep5+ ( ! ma9 valley4 ,^! /reams1 h[ev]1 & o!rs s f> z c\ld be det]m9$1 7 f\nd to h normal pr(iles2 t is1 _! grades become increas+ly flatt] t[>d _! m\?s4 ,! /reams are cutt+ ?r\gh ! till cov] & are n build+ alluvial cones :]e !y jo9 ! l[l&4 ,all _! features1 9 fact1 are *>act]i/ic ( normal /ream developm5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! valley1 rock outcrops are f\nd ne> ! surface1 %[+ t ! *anges produc$ by ! glaci] 7 due to sc\r+ r ?an to ! accumulation ( glacial mat]ial4 ,except :]e /ratifi$ drift is collect$ locally 9 consid]able quantity1 ! glacial mantle is ?94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 %[n t glacial g\g+ 0 n suffici5t 9 am\nt to affect ! c\rse ( ! /ream4 ,! glaci] simply clean$ (f ! soil & rott5 rock f ! surface1 slack5+ ! /ream "h & ha/5+ x !re1 & by block+ ! c\rse ) drift x =c$ ! riv] at sev]al places to dep>t slightly f its preglacial c\rse4 ,! evid5ce %[s1 !re=e1 t if ,/ill ,riv] has suff]$ rev]sal1 glaciation is n responsible = ! *ange1 & ?us ! fir/ two hypo!ses = expla9+ ! hi/ory ( ! valley are elim9at$4 ,!re rema9 = discussion ! ?ird & f\r? hypo!ses2 ! =m] be+ t rev]sal 0 effect$ 9 a v e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! dra9age1 ! latt] t no rev]sal has occurr$4 ,! *oice betwe5 ^! two hypo!ses re/s on evid5ce obta9$ 9 ! ,umpog1 ,croton1 & o!r valleys ( ! ,danbury region4 ,?is evid5ce is pres5t$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ sections1 aft] :i* ! =m] c\rses ( ,/ill ,riv] w be discuss$4 ,,! ,,/ill-,,saugatuck ,,divide ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,umpog ,,valley ,! valley ( ! ,umpog1 :i* ext5ds f ,/ill ,riv] to ! s\rce ( ! ,saugatuck ne> ,we/ ,r$d+ 7fig4 #g71 is a critical area 9 ! /udy ( ! ,/ill ,riv] sy/em4 ,x is possible t ?is valley once af=d$ an outlet = ,/ill ,riv]1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,h\satonic =m]ly foll[$ ?is r\te to ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,! relation ( ?is valley to ! =m] dra9age sy/em ( ! ,danbury region dem&s1 !re=e1 a c>eful exam9ation ( ! features ( ! valleys occupi$ by ,umpog ,creek & ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,saugatuck1 & ( ! divide betwe5 ^? /reams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,map ( ,umpog ,swamp & vic9ity4 ,nor? ( ,be!l ! ,umpog occupies an op5 valley develop$ 9 lime/one4 ,knolls ( lime/one rise to heights ( ab\t #dj feet above ! floor ( ! valley & _! upp] surfaces are cut across ! highly1 tilt$ b$s4 ,?is truncation1 toge!r ) a g5]al correspond5ce 9 height1 sugge/s t ^! knolls1 z well z ! rock t]races f\nd betwe5 ,be!l & ,we/ ,r$d+1 & ! lime/one ridge :i* =ms ! divide itself1 are portions ( :at 0 once a m cont9u\s t]race produc$ by /ream erosion & t !y det]m9e a =m] riv] level4 ,! abs5ce ( accurate elevations & ! probability ( glacial sc\r make conclusions reg>d+ ! direction ( slope ( ?is dissect$ rock t]race some:at unc]ta94 ,z w be indicat$ lat]1 h[ev]1 x seems likely t ^! t]race remnants m>k ! c\rse ( a s\?w>d fl[+ riv] t exi/$ 9 a v e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! dra9age4 ,s\? ( ,be!l ! old ,umpog valley1 has lo/ f "o-?ird to "o-half its wid? ?r\gh deposits ( /ratifi$ drift 7,pl4 ,,ii1 ,a & ,b74 ,on ! we/1 gravel b$s lie aga9/ rock & till2 on ! ea/1 deposits ( s& & co>se gravel =m a b5* or t]race f #ejj to #gjj feet broad1 :i* aft] foll[+ ! side ( ! valley = "o-half mile1 crosses x diagonally & jo9s ! we/]n slope z a r[ ( r\nd$ hills4 ,?r\gh ?is drift ! pres5t /ream has cut a n>r[ *annel4 ,! n>r[e/ "p ( ! ,umpog valley is ab\t "o mile s\? ( ,be!l4 ,f>!r up/ream ! valley exp&s into ! flat occupi$ by ,umpog ,swamp1 :i* pres5ts sev]al int]e/+ features4 ,! ea/]n1 s\!rn1 & we/]n sides ( ! swamp are =m$ ( irregul> masses ( lime/one & granite-gneiss #bj to #fj feet high4 ,ne> ! nor?we/]n edge ( ! swamp is a t]race-l surface cut on lime/one4 ,its elevation is ab\t ! same z t ( ! bevel$ rock remnants ly+ 9 ,umpog valley nor? ( ,be!l4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ate ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey4 ,bull4 #cj4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,a4 ,view up ! valley ( ,umpog ,creek4 ,! valley dw9dles 9 ! di/ance to ! railroad divide4 ,9 ! middle di/ance is ,umpog ,swamp2 9 ! =egr\nd ! edge ( ! s\!rn end ( r[ ( ,kames :i* po9ts d[n ! valley4 ,b4 ,view d[n ! valley ( ,umpog ,creek4 ,to ! left is ! edge ( lime/one t]race2 9 ! middle di/ance is ! ,ca?olic cemet]y situat$ on a t]race ( /ratifi$ drift2 on ! "r are m\nds ( /ratifi$ drift2 9 ! di/ance is ! granite ridge b\nd+ ! valley on ! ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,pr(iles ( riv]s4 ,a4 ,pr(ile ( pres5t ,/ill ,riv] & buri$ *annel ( ,umpog-,/ill ,riv]4 ,b4 ,pr(ile ( preglacial ,croton-,/ill ,riv]4 ,c4 ,pr(ile ( preglacial ,umpog-,/ill ,riv]4 ,solid l9es %[ ! pres5t levels4 ,dott$ l9es %[ preglacial levels4 ,umpog ,swamp 0 =m]ly a lake b is n[ ne>ly fill$ ) organic matt] s t only a small remnant ( ! old wat] body rema9s4 ,s\nd+s h reveal$ no bottom at #dc feet#aj & ! dep? to rock bottom is n less ?an #de feet4 ,! swamp situat$ "o-half mile s\?we/ ( ,be!l has a dep? to rock ( #ce feet4 ,9 _! relation to ! ,/ill ,riv] sy/em ^! two swamps may be reg>d$ simply z ext5sions ( ! ,umpog ,creek *annel1 b :5 ! elevations ( _! bottoms are comp>$ ) t ( po9ts to ! nor? & s\?1 :]e ! riv] fl[s on rock1 x w be se5 t a pr(ile results :i* is entirely out ( h>mony ) ! pres5t pr(ile ( ! riv]4 ,?us ,umpog ,creek falls #dj feet at ! po9t :]e x spills ov] ! rock l$ge into ! swamp1 & if ! #de feet :i* measures ! dep? ( ,umpog ,swamp be add$1 ! diff]5ce 9 level is se5 to be at lea/ #he feet4 ,a simil> calculation locates ! bottom ( ! small] swamp ne> ,be!l at an elevation ( #cdj feet above sea-level or on ! same level z ! bottom ( ,umpog ,swamp4 ,9 a /raight l9e #b-a_/d miles nor? ( ,be!l1 ,/ill ,riv] crosses rock at a level ( #cej feet1 or #aj feet high] ?an ! bottom ( ,umpog ,swamp4 ,at ,brookfield1 #f-a_/b miles nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,umpog1 ! ,/ill crosses rock at #bfj feet1 & #d-a_/b miles f>!r nor?1 x jo9s ! ,h\satonic on a rock floor #bjj feet above sea-level 7fig4 #h1 ,a74 ,su* a pr(ile c be expla9$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 glaci]s g\g$ out rock bas9s 9 ! weak lime/one1 or ! riv] 9 its l[] "p has be5 =c$ out ( its grad$ b$ onto rock at a high] level4 ,probably bo? causes h op]at$1 b ! latt] has produc$ m m>k$ effects4 ,umpog ,creek has its s\rce 9 a small =k$ /ream :i* rises 9 ! granite hills ea/ ( ! s\? end ( ,umpog ,swamp4 ,aft] pass+ we/w>d ?r\gh a flat swampy area1 :]e x is jo9$ by ! wat]s f ,todd ,pond1 ! /ream turns nor? & foll[s a %all[ rock gorge until ,umpog ,swamp is rea*$4 ,! divide :i* sep>ates ! pres5t headwat]s ( ! ,umpog f ^? ( ! ,saugatuck is a till-cov]$ swampy flat ab\t "o-qu>t] mile ea/ ( ,todd ,pond4 ,?is arrangem5t ( tribut>y /reams is correctly %[n 9 fig4 #g & diff]s ess5tially f t %[n on ! ,danbury atlas %eet4 ,?is divide owes its position to ! effects ( glaciation4 ,deposits ( till & ! sc\r+ ( ! b$ rock s modifi$ ! preglacial surface t ! upp] "p ( ! ,saugatuck 0 cut (f & made tribut>y to ! ,umpog4 ,footnote #aj3 ,report by ,t4 ,t4 ,giff51 #aijg4 ,,! ,,preglacial ,,divide ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ,/ill ,riv] fl[$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,saugatuck ,valley j be=e ! adv5t ( ! ice %eet1 ! bord]s ( ,umpog ,swamp & ! region to ! s\? & ea/ 7 exam9$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ,umpog ,swamp is wall$ 9 on ! s\? by l$ges ( firm cry/all9e lime/one & t ! rock-floor$ rav9e lead+ s\?w>d f ! swamp1 & occupi$ by ! railroad1 lies at too high an elevation to h be5 ! *annel ( a ?r\gh-fl[+ /ream4 ,a s\?-fl[+ ,/ill ,riv]1 & mu* less an anci5t ,h\satonic1 c\ld n h _h its c\rse ?r\gh ?is rav9e j previ\s to glaciation4 ,a c\rse = ^! riv]s ?r\gh ! %ort valley :i* ext5ds s\!a/w>d f ,umpog ,swamp is also rul$ out1 because ! b$rock floor ( ?is hypo!tical passageway is #bj feet high] ?an ! floor ( ! rav9e ?r\gh :i* ! railroad passes4 ,! ea/]n bord] ( ,umpog ,swamp is det]m9$ by a ridge ( lime/one :i* sep>ates ! swamp f l[ly+ l& beyond4 ,?is ridge is cont9u\s1 except = ! po/glacial gorge cut by ! tribut>y ent]+ f ! ea/1 & mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 preglacial times4 ,! entire l[l& ea/ ( ?is lime/one ridge possesses a unity t is n 9 h>mony ) ! pres5t division ( ! dra9age4 ,! /reams f ?is hillside & ^? f ! we/ may h jo9$ 9 ! flat-floor$ valley at ! head ( ! ,saugatuck & f !re fl[$ into ! ,saugatuck sy/em4 ,! =m] divide !n lay 9 a l9e connect+ ! lime/one rim ( ! swamp ) ! tongue ( highl& :i* ! highway crosses s\? ( ,todd ,pond 7fig4 #g74 ,,! ,,/ill-,,croton ,,divide ,,introduction ,! deep valley ext5d+ f ! ,danbury ,fair ,gr\nds to ! ,ea/ ,bran* ,res]voir 9 ! ,croton ,riv] sy/em1 has giv5 rise to ! sugge/ion t ! c\rse ( ! ,h\satonic =m]ly may h be5 along ! l9e ( ,/ill & ,croton riv]s & !nce to ! ,hudson4#aa ,f ! evid5ce ( ! topographic map alone1 ?is hypo!sis appe>s improbable4 ,! tr5d ( ! l>g] /reams 9 we/]n ,connecticut is to ! s\? & s\!a/2 a s\?we/]ly c\rse1 !re=e1 w\ld be out ( h>mony ) ! prevail+ direction ( dra9age4 ,also1 ! di/ance f ! pres5t m\? ( ,/ill ,riv] to tidewat] by ! ,/ill-,croton r\te is long] ?an ! pres5t r\te by way ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hobbs1 ,w4 ,h41 ,/ill riv]s ( we/]n ,connecticut3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 vol4 #ac1 p4 #be1 #aija4 ,,features ,,( ,,/ill ,,riv] ,,valley ,,we/ ,,( ,,danbury ,f ,danbury to its s\rce ,/ill ,riv] occupies a valley ^: features are significant 9 ! hi/ory ( ! dra9age4 ,betwe5 ,danbury & ! ,fair ,gr\nds 7fig4 #a7 ! valley is a ,v-%ap$ rav9e #a-a_/b miles long1 well proportion$ to ! small /ream n[ occupy+ x b entirely too n>r[ = ! *annel ( a l>ge riv]4 ,along ! valley are outcrops ( s*i/1 & granite rock is pres5t on bo? sides ( ! valley = a di/ance ( ab\t "o-qu>t] mile4 ,"p ( ! valley is a m]e cleft cut 9 ! rock & is unglaciat$4 ,at ! ,danbury ,fair ,gr\nds ! valley op5s out into a m>%y pla91 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] me&]s & receives two tribut>ies f ! s\?4 ,! pla91 :i* ext5ds beyond ,lake ,kano%a on ! we/1 has a g5]ally level surface b is div]sifi$ 9 places by m\nds ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,ne> ! railroad a rock outcrop 0 f\nd :i* gives a clue to ! nature ( ! broad l[l&4 ,! rock consi/s ma9ly ( s*i/1 b on ! side next ! valley !re is a fac+ ( rott5 lime/one4 ,?is pla91 l all ! o!rs 9 ?is region1 is a local p5epla9 develop$ on soluble lime/one4 ,a bett] example c\ld n be f\nd to prove ! fallacy ( ! say+ t a broad valley proves ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge riv]4 ,! pla9 is simply a local expansion ( a valley :i* on ea* side is mu* n>r[]4 ,no o!r riv] ?an ! "o fl[+ ?r\gh x c h be5 responsible = ! erosion1 = ! pla9 is enclos$ by hills ( gneiss & s*i/ 7,pl4 ,,iii74 ,at ,mill ,pla9 ! valley is cr[d$ by ragg$ rock outcrops :i* jut into ! l[l&4 ,"h ! riv] occupies a rav9e cut 9 till ne> ! nor? side ( ! valley4 ,we/ ( ,mill ,pla9 /ation ! valley is encumb]$ ) ridges ( /ratifi$ drift1 int]sp]s$ ) heavy accumulations ( till4 ,ne> ,&rew ,pond ! true wid? ( ! valley--"o-eigh? mile--is %[n by rock outcrops on bo? ! nor? & s\? slopes4 ,! valley at ?is po9t gives no indication ( n>r[+ t[>d ! headwat]s2 9 fact1 x becomes broad] t[>d ! we/4 ,betwe5 ,&rew ,pond & ,ha9es' ,pond is ! divide :i* sep>ates ! wat]s ( ! ,/ill sy/em f ^? ( ! ,croton4 ,x consi/s ( a jumbl$ mass ( mora9al hills1 seem+ly ( b\ld] clay1 t rise f #ej to #fj feet above ! level ( ! ponds4 ,! divide is ?us m]ely a local ob/ruction 9 :at 0 =m]ly a ?r\gh dra9age *annel4 ,,! ,,/ill-,,croton ,,valley ,x is evid5t t be=e ! adv5t ( ! glaci] a /ream mu/ h fl[$ ?r\gh ! ,/ill-,croton valley pa/ ! pres5t divide 9 ord] to h excavat$ ! rock valley !re f\nd4 ,! ,h\satonic c\ld n h fl[$ we/ ?r\gh ?is valley if x 0 z n>r[ & %all[ z is indicat$ by kn[n rock outcrops2 ! riv] c\ld h fl[$ ?r\gh x only 9 a deep n>r[ gorge :i* 0 lat] buri$ "u drift1 b ! evid5ce at h& does n support ?is view4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ate ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey ,bull4 #cj4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,lime/one ,pla9 s\?we/ ( ,danbury1 9 :i* are situat$ ! ,danbury ,fair ,gr\nds & ,lake ,kano%a4 ,x is mo/ probable t ?is valley 0 made by ! preglacial ,croton ,riv]4 ,?is explanation dem&s no *ange 9 ! direction ( ,/ill & ,croton ,riv]s b calls = a divide at "s po9t ea/ ( ! pres5t "o4 ,f a divide betwe5 ! ,fair ,gr\nds & ,danbury1 a small /ream may be suppos$ to h fl[$ t[>d ! ea/1 jo9+ ! l>g] nor!rn bran* ( ! ,/ill at a po9t ne> ! middle ( ! city ( ,danbury4 ,! /ream fl[+ we/w>d f ?is divide =m$ ! headwat]s ( "o bran* ( ! ,croton sy/em4 ,! pres5ce ( till 9 a rav9e c be us$ z a crit]ion = locat+ ! site ( a =m] divide1 = :]e till is pres5t 9 ! b$ ( a /ream ! *annel is ( preglacial date4 ,:]e ! riv] crosses a divide x %\ld be cutt+ ?r\gh rock1 ?\gh till may be pres5t on ! valley slopes4 ,judg$ by ?is te/1 ! old divide 0 situat$ ei!r j ea/ ( ! ,fair ,gr\nds pla9 or at ! ea/ end ( ! rav9e describ$ 9 ! prec$+ topic4 ,( ^! two positions ! "o ne> ! ,fair ,gr\nds seems ! m likely 7fig4 #a71 = at ?is place ! riv] has excavat$ a rec5t *annel ) /eep sides 9 gneissoid rock4 ,! abs5ce ( ! lime/one at ?is po9t may be suffici5t 9 itself to expla9 ! location ( ! divide4 ,exact measurem5ts ( ! drift 9 ! upp] ,/ill valley are ne$$ 9 ord] to e/abli% ?is hypo!sis completely & to plot ! old *annel1 b ! position ( ! rock floor ( ! =m] *annel ext5d+ we/w>d f ! ,fair ,gr\nds may be fix$ approximately4 ,! rock at ! assum$ divide n[ /&s at #dbj feet above sea-level & x is reasonable to assume t t5 feet has be5 remov$ by glacial sc\r+ & po/glacial erosion1 mak+ ! orig9al elevation #dcj feet4 ,! pres5t divide betwe5 ,&rew ,pond & ,ha9es' ,pond has an elevation ( #dfj1 b ! b$rock at ?is place is buri$ "u #fj feet ( drift1 s t ! valley floor lies at #djj feet4 ,accord+ to ^! e/imates ! /ream :i* head$ ea/ ( ! ,fair ,gr\nds _h a fall ( #cj feet be=e rea*+ ! site ( ! pres5t ,ha9es' ,pond 7fig4 #h1 ,b74 ,,glacial ,,lake ,,kano%a ,:5 ! ,croton ,bran* 0 behead$ by drift *ok+ up its valley we/ ( ,&rew ,pond1 ! pond$ wat]s rose to a height ( f #bj to #cj feet & !n ov]fl[$ ! bas9 on ! side t[>d ,danbury4 ,! outlet 0 e/abli%$ across ! old divide1 & z ! gorge by :i* ! wat] escap$ 0 cut d[n1 ! level ( ! pond$ wat]s 0 l[]$4 ,at ! same "t1 also1 ! lake 0 fill$ by debris wa%$ into x f ! surr\nd+ slopes4 ,?us ! pres5t flat pla9 0 =m$ & ! old valley floor1 a local p5epla9 develop$ on ! lime/one1 0 hidd54 ,,divides ,,9 ,,! ,,highl&s ,,s\? ,,( ,,danbury ,! m\nta9 mass to ! s\? & s\?we/ ( ,danbury1 includ+ ,t[n ,hill & ,spruce1 ,moses1 & ,?omas m\nta9s1 is trav]s$ by a s]ies ( p>allel gorges tr5d+ ne>ly nor? & s\? 7fig4 #b74 ,ab\t midway 9 ea* valley is a col1 sep>at+ nor? & s\?-fl[+ /reams4 ,two ( ! valleys1 ^? betwe5 ,spruce & ,moses m\nta9s1 & ,?omas ,m\nta9 & ,t[n ,hill1 =m fairly l[ & broad passes4 ,!y 7 exam9$ to see :e!r ei!r c\ld h af=d$ a s\!rly outlet = ,/ill ,riv]4 ,! rock compos+ ! m\nta9s is granite-gneiss & s*i/ ) an av]age /rike ( ,n #cj deg4 ,w1 or v ne>ly 9 l9e ) ! tr5d ( ! valleys4 ,! gneiss 0 f\nd to be *>act]i/ic ( ! high ridges & s*i/ to be m common 9 ! valleys4 ,no outcrops ( lime/one 7 f\nd on ! ridges1 b at two or ?ree localities lime/one 9 place 0 f\nd on l[ gr\nd4 ,f ! facts obs]v$ x is evid5t t ! /rong] features ( ! relief are due to ! pres5ce ( bodies ( resi/ant rock1 :]eas ! valleys are due to ! pres5ce ( s(t] rock4 ,! s]ies ( deep p>allel valleys is attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( lime/one r ?an s*i/4 ,! gorge betwe5 ,spruce & ,moses m\nta9s1 locally call$ ,sug> ,holl[1 n>r[s s\?w>d z x rises to ! col1 & ! rock floor is buri$ "u till & /ratifi$ drift to dep?s ( #be to #ej feet4 ,nev]!less x is probable t ! valley 0 no deep] 9 preglacial "t ?an x is n[4 ,! plan ( ! valley ) its broad m\? to ! nor? favor$ glacial sc\r s t ! ice wid5$ & deep5$ ! valley & gave x a ,u =m4 ,sc\r+ & fill+ are believ$ to h be5 ab\t equal 9 am\nt1 & ! pres5t height ( ! divide1 ab\t #dgj feet1 may be tak5 z ! preglacial elevation4 ,?is is #gj feet high] ?an ! rock floor ( ! divide at ,we/ ,r$d+4 ,! pass c\ld n1 !re=e1 h s]v$ z an outlet = ,/ill ,riv]4 ,! valley we/ ( ,t[n ,hill is simil> 9 =m & orig9 to ,sug> ,holl[4 ,! wat] p>t+ occurs 9 a swamp1 f ea* end ( :i* a small brook fl[s4 ,! height ( ! pass 9 ?is valley--#eij feet-- precludes its use z an anci5t outlet = ,/ill ,riv]4 ,likewise ! valley ea/ ( ,t[n ,hill af=ds no evid5ce ( occupation by a s\?w>d ?r\gh-fl[+ /ream4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,/ill ,,riv] ,! conclusion t ! ,/ill-,umpog 0 n rev]s$ by a glacial dam does n preclude ! possibility t ?is valley has be5 occupi$ by a s\?-fl[+ /ream4 ,x is probable t 9 an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! dra9age1 ! /reams ( ! ,danbury region rea*$ ,long ,isl& ,s\nd by way ( ! ,/ill-,umpog-,saugatuck valley4 ,along ?is r\te1 z describ$ "u ! head+ ,! ,/ill-,saugatuck ,divide1 is a fairly broad cont9u\s valley at a high] level ?an ! b$s ( ! pres5t riv]s4 ,a s\?-fl[+ riv]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #i1 br+s all ! dra9age betwe5 ,danbury & ! ,h\satonic into normal relations4 ,?is e>ly relation%ip ( ! /reams 0 di/urb$ by ! rev]sal ( ! wat]s ( ! anci5t ,/ill 9 ! natural developm5t ( a subsequ5t dra9age4 ,! ,h\satonic l[]$ ! nor!rn end ( ! lime/one belt1 9 ! region betwe5 ,new ,mil=d & ,/illriv] village1 fa/] ?an ! small] s\?-fl[+ /ream 0 able to erode its b$4 ,ev5tually a small tribut>y ( ! ,h\satonic captur$ ! headwat]s ( ! s\?-fl[+ riv]1 & by ! "t ! latt] _h be5 rev]s$ z f> s\? z ! pres5t divide at ,umpog ,swamp1 x is probable t ! advantage ga9$ by ! m rapid erosion ( ! ,h\satonic 0 (fset by ! ,saugatuck's %ort] c\rse to ! sea4 ,z a result ! divide betwe5 ,/ill & ,saugatuck ,riv]s at ,umpog ,swamp _h become practically /ation>y be=e ! adv5t ( ! glaci]4 ,! complex hi/ory ( ,/ill ,riv] is n fully %[n 9 ! /ream pr(ile1 = ! latt] is ne>ly normal1 except 9 ! rock bas9s 9 ! valley ( ! ,umpog4 ,?is is due to ! fact t *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,/ill1 caus$ by ! developm5t ( a subsequ5t dra9age ?r\gh diff]5tial erosion1 7 made s long ago t evid5ce ( !m has be5 l>gely de/roy$4 ,! =ego+ conclusion practically elim9ates hypo!sis ,,iv--t ! ,/ill develop$ f ! beg9n+ z a subsequ5t /ream 9 ! direction 9 :i* x n[ fl[s4 ,?is hypo!sis holds good only = ! %ort portion ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! pres5t riv]1 t is1 ! "p repres5t+ ! %ort tribut>y ( ! ,h\satonic :i* captur$ & rev]s$ ! orig9al ,/ill4 ,,dep>tures ,,( ,,/ill ,,riv] ,,f ,,its ,,preglacial ,,*annel ,betwe5 ,danbury & ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 ! ,/ill dep>ts widely f its =m] *annel1 z %[n 9 fig4 #f4 ,at ! foot ( ,lib]ty ,/reet 9 ,danbury ! riv] makes a %>p turn to ! s\!a/1 fl[s ?r\gh a flat pla91 & = "s di/ance foll[s ! lime/one valley ( ! ,umpog1 meet+ ! latt] /ream 9 a swampy mead[4 ,x !n cuts across ! we/]n end ( ,%elt] ,rock 9 a gorge-l valley n ov] #bjj feet wide4 ,outcrops ( a gneissoid s*i/ on ! valley sides & rapids 9 ! /ream be> witness to ! y\?fulness ( ?is portion ( ! riv] *annel4 ,an op5 valley :i* ext5ds f ! foot ( ,lib]ty ,/reet 9 a nor!a/]ly direction 7! railroad foll[s x7 m>ks ! =m] c\rse ( ,/ill ,riv]1 b aft] ! /ream 0 =c$ out ( ?is c\rse & sup]impos$ across ! end ( ,%elt] ,rock by ! accumulation ( drift 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn p>ts ( ! valley1 x 0 unable to rega9 its old *annel until ne> ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta94 ,! deposits ( drift n only h kept ! ,/ill conf9$ to ! ea/]n side ( its valley b h =c$ a tribut>y f ! we/ to fl[ along ! edge ( ! valley = a mile be=e x jo9s its ma/] /ream4 ,ab\t a mile nor? ( ,brookfield ,junction1 ,/ill ,riv] valley beg9s to n>r[1 & at ,brookfield ! riv]1 "h cr[d$ to ! extreme ea/]n side1 is cutt+ a gorge ?r\gh lime/one4 ,! preglacial c\rse ( ! ,/ill 9 ! ,brookfield region seems to h be5 ne> ! c5t] ( ! valley :]e x 0 jo9$ by ,long ,brook & o!r %ort1 direct /reams dra9+ ! hillsides4 ,! glaci]1 h[ev]1 left a ?ick blanket ( drift 9 ! middle ( ! valley :i* turn$ ! ,/ill to ! ea/ ov] rock & =c$ ,long ,brook to fl[ = m ?an a mile along ! extreme we/]n side ( ! valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,e>ly /age ( ! ,rocky-,/ill ,riv]1 ant$at+ preglacial c\rse %[n 9 figure #d4 ,! broad valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,/ill fl[s 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse ext5ds nor?w>d beyond x = ov] two miles1 bord]+ ! ,h\satonic ,riv]4 ,at ,lanesville ne> ! m\? ( ! ,/ill1 ! riv] has cut a gorge #cj feet deep & "o-qu>t] mile long 9 ! lime/one4 ,up/ream f ?is gorge ! riv] me&]s widely 9 a flat valley1 :]eas on ! d[n/ream side x has cut a deep *annel 9 ! drift 9 ord] to rea* ! level ( ! ,h\satonic4 ,!re is room 9 ! drift-cov]$ pla9 to ! we/ = a buri$ *annel ( ,/ill ,riv] :i* c\ld jo9 ! ,h\satonic at any po9t betwe5 ,new ,mil=d & ,/illriv] /ation4 ,if ! dep? ( ! drift be tak5 at #be feet1 !re w\ld seem to be no objection to ! supposition t ! ,/ill initially jo9$ its ma/] /ream opposite ,new ,mil=d1 z %[n 9 fig #f4 ,aft] ! lime/one _h be5 worn d[n to approximate baselevel1 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,/ill w\ld h be5 to seek an outlet f>!r s\? 9 ord] to %ort5 its c\rse & rea* a l[] level on ! ,h\satonic4 ,?is /age 9 ! evolution ( ! riv] may n h be5 rea*$ be=e ! ice age1 & x is ?us possible t glacial deposits may h pu%$ ! riv] to ! extreme s\!rn side ( its valley1 sup]impos$ x ov] rock1 & =c$ x to cut its way d[n to grade4 ,,sugge/$ ,,c\rses ,,( ,,h\satonic ,,riv] ,z possible =m] outlets = ! ,h\satonic1 ,hobbs has sugge/$ ! ,/ill-,umpog-,saugatuck valley or ! ,/ill-,croton valley 7by way ( ! ,ea/ ,bran* ,res]voir7#ab1 :]eas ,crosby has sugge/$ ! ,t5 ,mile-,swamp ,riv]-,muddy ,brook-,croton ,riv] valley 7by way ( ,webatuck1 ,w+'s ,/ation1 & ,pawl+71 or ! ,fall's ,village-,lim]ock-,%>on- ,webatuck ,creek-,t5 ,mile valley4#ac ,! sket* map1 fig4 #aj1 indicates ! c\rses j outl9$ & "o o!r by way ( ! ,norwalk4 ,! latt] is ! r\te foll[$ by ! ,danbury & ,norwalk ,division ( ! ,h\satonic ,railroad4 ,x is natural to assume t ! ,h\satonic might h occupi$ anyone ( ^! l9es ( valleys1 p>ticul>ly :]e !y are develop$ on lime/one & seem too broad = ! /reams n[ occupy+ !m4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ea* ( ^! r\tes is on s(t rock & "s give %ort] di/ances to ! sea ?an ! pres5t c\rse1 x is highly improbable t ! ,h\satonic ev] occupi$ any ( ^! valleys4 ,= _h ! riv] once become locat$ 9 a pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 su* z is furni%$ by any ( ^! sugge/$ r\tes1 x c\ld n h be5 dislodg$ & =c$ to cut its way = #be miles ?r\gh a massive granitic =mation1 z x does betwe5 ,/ill ,riv] & ,d]by1 )\t great difficulty 7,pl4 ,,iv1 ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,five sugge/$ outlets ( ,h\satonic ,riv]4 ,an inspection ( ! l>g] riv] sy/ems ( ,connecticut %[s t ! /reams compos+ !m exhibit two ma9 tr5ds4 ,likewise1 ! c\rses1 ( ! l>g] riv]s !mselves1 :e!r trunk /reams or tribut>ies1 comb9e ^! two tr5ds1 "o ( :i* is nor?we/-s\!a/ & ! o!r ne>ly nor?-s\?4 ,! nor?-s\? dra9age l9es are ! result ( geologic /ructure1 & _m broad1 flat-floor$ valleys1 (t5 app>5tly out ( proportion to ! /reams occupy+ !m1 h ?is direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nor?we/-s\!a/ dra9age l9es across ! /rike ( =mations1 co9cide ) ! slope t[>d ! sea ( ! uplift$ p5epla9 ^: dissect$ surface is repres5t$ by ! cre/s ( ! upl&s4 ,! valleys ( /reams ) ?is tr5d are g5]ally n>r[1 & "s are gorges :]e resi/ant rock masses are cross$4 ,! nor?we/-s\!a/ tr5ds ( ma/] /reams ?us 7 det]m9$ initially by ! slope ( ! p5epla91 :]eas ! nor?-s\? tr5ds repres5t lat] adju/m5ts to /ructure4 ,x is conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! ,h\satonic betwe5 ,bulls' ,bridge & ,d]by 7fig4 #aj71 _h its c\rse det]m9$ by ! slope ( ! uplift$ p5epla9 & is antec$5t 9 orig94 ,! old headwat]s ext5d$ nor?we/ f ! turn 9 ! riv] ne> ,bull's ,bridge1 :]eas t "p ( ! riv] above ,bull's ,bridge 0 initially a m9or tribut>y4 ,?is tribut>y1 because ( its favorable situation1 9 "t captur$ all ! dra9age ( ! ext5sive lime/one belt to ! nor? & !n became "p ( ! ma9 /ream4 ,! l[] ,h\satonic1 !re=e1 has always ma9ta9$ its anci5t c\rse diagonal to ! /rike ( =mations1 & diff]5tial erosion1 :i* rea*es its maximum expression 9 lime/one areas1 is responsible = ! impression t ! ,/ill ,riv] l[l& & o!r valleys we/ ( ! ,h\satonic may once h be5 occupi$ by ! latt] /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ate ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey ,bull4 #cj4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,a4 ,view d[n ! ,h\satonic ,valley f a po9t "o-half mile bel[ ,/ill ,riv] /ation4 ,pumpk9 ,hill1 a ridge ( resi/ant s*i/ & qu>tzite1 /&s on "r4 ,a small isl& lies 9 ! riv]4 ,b4 ,"p ( ! mora9al ridge nor? ( ,danbury4 ,till capp$ by /ratifi$ drift "o mile nor? ( ,%elt] ,rock4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hobbs1 ,w4 ,h41 ,/ill riv]s ( we/]n ,connecticut3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 vol4 #ac1 p4 #be1 #aija4 ,footnote #ac3 ,crosby1 ,w4 ,o41 ,notes on ! geology ( ! sites ( ! propos$ dams 9 ! valleys ( ! ,h\satonic & ,t5 ,mile riv]s3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 vol4 #ac1 p4 #abj1 #aijj4 ,,glacial ,,deposits ,,beav] ,,brook ,,swamp ,a broad belt ( lime/one ext5ds along ! ea/]n side ( ! granite ridge ( ,%elt] ,rock & 9 preglacial "t =m$ a broad-bottom$ valley ^: ma/] /ream _h rea*$ old age4 ,:5 ! glaci] came x hamp]$ ! dra9age by scoop+ out ! rock bottom ( ! valley 9 places & by dropp+ deposits at ! m\? ( ,beav] ,brook valley1 ?us =m+ ,beav] ,brook ,swamp or ,! ,flat1 z x is call$ 7fig4 #f74 ,among ! deposits at ! s\!rn end ( ,beav] ,brook ,swamp is consid]able /ratifi$ drift 9 ! =m ( smoo?ly r\nd$ hills or kames1 :i* are situat$ bo? on ! bord] ( ! valley & 9 ! swamp4 ,till conta9+ m$ium-siz$ b\ld]s ( granodiorite-gneiss occurs along ! road :i* bord]s ! ea/ side ( ! d5sely wood$ swamp4 ,along ! nor!a/]n bord] ( ! swamp is a flat-topp$ t]race ( till1 p]haps a lat]al mora9e1 ?r\gh :i* a small /ream head+ to ! nor? has cut a ,v-%ap$ rav9e4 ,a lobe ( f9e till ext5ds into ! valley f ! nor!a/ & n>r[s ! outlet4 ,betwe5 ! railroad & highway1 :i* cross ! nor!rn end ( ! swamp1 is an irregul> wood$ em95ce ( rock1 p>tly conceal$ by a v5e] ( drift4 ,betwe5 ?is knoll & ,%elt] ,rock are heavy deposits ( s& 9 ! =m ( a %ort1 broad t]race ) lobes :i* po9t into ! ,/ill ,riv] valley4 ,a simil> t]race is f\nd to ! nor?we/ on ! opposite side ( ! valley4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ,%elt] ,rock along ! bl9d road lead+ to ! summit is a p59sula-l body ( drift :i* conta9s huge granite b\ld]s mix$ "h & !re ) pockets ( s& & gravel4 ,/ratifi$ drift 0 f\nd at ! foot ( ! hill1 & till ov]ly+ x high] up4 ,! m usual arrangem5t is b\ld] clay ov]la9 by modifi$ drift1 ! fir/ be+ laid d[n by ! ice itself1 ! second be+ deposit$ by /reams f ! melt+ glaci] 9 its retreat4 ,huge b\ld]s1 _m t5 feet or m 9 diamet]1 are /rewn ov] ! nor!rn slope ( ,%elt] ,rock4 ,,deposits ,,nor!a/ ,,( ,,danbury ,nor? ( ! railroad1 opposite ,%elt] ,rock 7fig4 #f71 is a mo/ int]e/+ flat-topp$ ridge ( drift :i* topographically is an ext5sion ( ! high] rock mass to ! nor?we/4 ,9 ?is drift mass are to be f\nd 9 m9iature a numb] ( ! =ms *>act]i/ic ( glacial topography4 ,! broad-topp$ gravel ridge slopes %>ply on ! nor? into a flat-bottom$ rav9e :i* is evid5tly "p ( ! ,/ill ,riv] l[l&4 ,?is portion ( ! valley has be5 %ut (f by drift deposits4 ,! dra9age has be5 s ob/ruct$ t ! /ream 9 ! rav9e turns nor!a/ away f its natural outlet4 ,9 ! valley ( ,x brook 7fig4 #a7 are t]races1 esk]-l lobes1 & deta*$ m\nds ( /ratifi$ drift re/+ on a f\ndation ( till4 ,along ! ea/]n bord] ( ! hill is to be se5 ! contact betwe5 two =ms ( glacial deposits 7,pl4 ,,iv1 ,b74 ,a mass ( /ratifi$ drift ov]lies a hummocky deposit ( co>se till1 b l>ge b\ld]s occurr+ "h & !re on top ( ! /ratifi$ drift %[ t ! ice-laid & wat]-laid mat]ials 7 n completely sort$4 ,b\ld]s seem to h be5 dropp+ out ( ! ice at ! same "t t gravel 0 be+ deposit$4 ,b\ld]s ( granite-gneiss eight feet or m 9 diamet]1 c>ri$ by ! ice f ! hills to ! nor? & nor!a/1 are /rewn at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,,deposits ,,betwe5 ,,beav] ,,brook ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,m\? ,,( ,,/ill ,,riv] ,ab\t a mile beyond ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta91 ! railroad cuts ?r\gh ! edge ( a hill #hj feet 9 height expos+ a section consi/+ ( di/9ctly /ratifi$ lay]s ( f9e :ite qu>tz s&1 co>s] yell[i% s&1 & small r\nd pebbles4 ,! qu>tz s& 0 us$ at "o "t 9 mak+ glass4 ,f>!r ea/ :]e ! two tracks ( ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& railroads conv]ge1 a cut %[s a section ( at lea/ #dj feet ( b\ld] clay4 ,ne> ! riv]1 lime/one b\ld]s are common1 indicat+ t ! valley to ! nor? 0 degrad$ to "s ext5t by ! glaci]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ate ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey ,bull4 #cj4 ,plate ,v4 ,a4 ,kames 9 ,/ill ,riv] ,valley we/ ( ,brookfield ,junction4 ,b4 ,till ridges on ! we/]n bord] ( ,/ill ,riv] ,valley1 s\? ( ,brookfield4 ,9 ! valley at ,brookfield ,junction & on its we/]n side1 are ?ick deposits ( clean s&4 ,"o mile nor? ( ,brookfield ,junction1 along ! we/]n bord] ( ! valley1 an esk] foll[s an irregul> c\rse = sev]al hundr$ y>ds approximately p>allel to ! riv] & t]m9ates at its s\!rn end 9 a gr\p ( kames 7,pl4 ,v1 ,a & ,b74 ,opposite ! po9t :]e ^! accumulations occur1 is a t]race-l deposit ( till4 ,betwe5 ! gorge at ,brookfield & ! m\? ( ,/ill ,riv]1 swampy areas1 flat mead[s1 & small hills ( drift occur4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,/ill ,riv] l[l&1 ! flat l& ea/ ( ,gre5 ,m\nta9 may be call$ a plateau4 ,! /ep betwe5 ! two is made by an ea/-fac+ rocky slope1 ! outl9e ( :i* has be5 s(t5$ by a lat]al mora9e sep>at$ f ! plateau edge by a small rav9e4 ,on ! l[l& bel[ ! mora9e is a gr\p ( kames4 ,ne> ,lanesville 7fig4 #f71 are ?ick deposits ( wat]-laid mat]ial1 includ+ a hill ( gravel ne> ! riv] hav+ a l>ge b[l-%ap$ depression on "o side =m$ by ! melt+ ( an ice block4 ,two & a half miles s\? ( ,lanesville on ! we/ side ( ! l[l&1 a wood$ esk] ext5ds = ab\t "o-qu>t] mile p>allel to ! valley axis & !n m]ges into ! rocky hillside4 ,,lakes ,! lakes ( ?is region are ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ^? due to ! damm+ ( riv] valleys by glacial deposits & 7#b7 rock bas9s g\g$ out by ! ice4 ,among ! lakes :i* owe _! orig9 to drift accumulations 9 ! valleys are ,&rew & ,ha9es' ponds at ! head ( ,/ill ,riv]4 ,^! are prop]ly p>ts ( ! ,croton ,riv] sy/em1 b ,&rew ,pond has be5 held back by ! deep fill+ ( b\ld] clay 9 ! valley4 ,lake ,kano%a1 9 ! same valley1 is a %all[ lake =m$ 9 ! drift4 ,! lake s\? ( ,spruce ,m\nta9 at ! head ( ! ,saugatuck seems to be enclos$ by drift alone4 ,nev]s9k ,pond1 ,b>ses ,pond1 ,creek ,pond1 & ,leon>d ,pond are ! remnants ( l>g] wat] bodies n[ conv]t$ into swamps4 ,squantz ,pond & ,hat* ,pond h dams ( drift4 ,eureka ,lake & ,ea/ ,lake appe> to be rock bas9s ^: levels h be5 rais$ some:at by dams ( till4 ,great ,m\nta9 ,pond & ,gre5's ,pond1 betwe5 ,great ,m\nta9 & ,gre5 ,m\nta91 are surr\nd$ by rock & _! level has be5 rais$ sev]al feet by artificial dams4 ,great ,m\nta9 ,pond is at lea/ #ej feet above ! level ( ,gre5 ,pond & sep>at$ f x by a rock ridge 7fig4 #b74 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,deposits ,a tongue ( ! glaci] is suppos$ to h la9 9 ! valley ( ! ,umpog & gradually retreat$ nor?w>d aft] ! ice _h disappe>$ f ! upl&s on ei!r side4 ,! ridge ( int]m$iate height built ( lime/one & s*i/1 :i* ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! valley1 0 probably cov]$ by ice = "s "t aft] ! glaci] _h left ! highl&s4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 mass ext5d+ f ,p9e ,m\nta9 to ,t[n ,hill we/ ( ! ,umpog ,bas9 & ! granite hills to ! ea/ t]m9at+ 9 ,%elt] ,rock are consid]$ 9 _! relation to ! movem5t ( ! ice1 x is app>5t t ! valley ( ! ,umpog mu/ h be5 ! mo/ direct & l[e/ outlet = glacial /reams s\? ( ,danbury4 ,^! /reams built up ! t]races & o!r deposits ( /ratifi$ drift :i* occupy ! valley betwe5 ,be!l & ,we/ ,r$d+4 ,! heavy deposits ( till ne> ,we/ ,r$d+ m>k a halt 9 ! retreat+ glaci]4 ,! b\ld]s at ?is po9t are l>ge & num]\s1 & kames & gravel ridges 7 =m$4 ,! deposits at ! divide1 suppos$ to h =m$ a glacial dam :i* rev]s$ ! ,umpog1#ad are mu* less heavy ?an at po9ts %ort di/ances nor? & s\? ( ! wat] p>t+4 ,z ! ice retreat$1 s& & gravel 9 ! =m ( t]races accumulat$ along ! m>g9 ( ! ,umpog valley1 :]e ! dra9age 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! spaces left by ! melt+ ( ! ice lobe f ! hillside4 ,among ^! deposits are ! bodies ( s& & gravel :i* lie aga9/ ! rocky hillslopes mo/ ( ! way f ! ,umpog-,saugatuck divide to ,be!l4 ,nor? ( ,be!l1 ! dra9age seems to h be5 ga!r$ *iefly 9 /reams fl[+ on ea* side ( ! l[ ridge occupy+ ! c5t] ( ! valley2 consequ5tly ! gravel 0 deposit$ along ! sides & s\!rn end ( ! ridge & 9 ! sag :i* cuts across its nor!rn end4 ,! r[ ( kames at ! nor? end ( ,umpog ,swamp1 sev]al knolls ( drift 9 ,be!l1 & ! kame-l deposits & esk] nor? ( ,grassy ,pla9 7 laid d[n successively z ! ice retreat$ d[n ! valley4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! dra9age 0 pond$ betwe5 ! ice front & ! ,umpog-,saugatuck divide4 ,uncov]+ ! ,/ill-,croton valley did n give ! glacial dra9age any l[] outlet ?an ! ,umpog-,saugatuck divide af=d$ 7fig4 #h1 ,b & ,c47 ,! heavy deposits ( b\ld] clay =m+ ! mora9e :i* blocks ! ,rocky ,riv] valley indicate ! next halt+ place ( ! glaci]4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! ice m>g9 =m$ an irregul> nor!a/-s\?we/ l9e ab\t a mile nor? ( ,danbury4 ,! c\ntry we/ & s\? ( ,danbury 0 ?us uncov]$1 b ! l[] "p ( ,/ill ,riv] valley 0 ei!r cov]$ by ! ice %eet or occupi$ by an ice lobe4 ,! dra9age 01 !re=e1 up ! riv] valley1 & be+ conc5trat$ along ! valley sides result$ 9 ! accumulation ( s& & gravel at ! foot ( rocky slopes4 ,x is possible t an ice lobe ext5d$ d[n ! old ,rocky ,riv] valley1 p]haps occupy+ mu* ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,beav] ,brook ,m\nta9 & ! high ridge we/ ( ! valley4 ,! /reams issu+ f ?is "p ( ! ice front w\ld h laid d[n ! esk]s & kame gravels nor? ( ,danbury & ! ?ick mantle ( drift ov] :i* ,/ill ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh ! city4 ,z w\ld be expect$1 ?is accumulation ( mat]ial pond$ all ! nor?-fl[+ /reams--,umpog ,creek1 ,beav] ,brook1 & small] nameless ones--& at ! same "t pu%$ ,/ill ,riv]1 at its m\?1 to ! s\!rn side ( its valley4 ,beav] ,brook valley1 ,umpog valley1 & all ! ,danbury bas9 mu/ h be5 flood$ dur+ ?is p]iod up to ! height ( ! railroad divide4 ,)9 ! area cov]$ by ! city1 ! valley 0 fill$ up to at lea/ #gj feet & probably mu* m ?an t above its =m] level4 ,fl[+ at ?is high] level1 ! riv] 0 ?r[n out ( its c\rse & "h & !re sup]impos$ on h>d rock--z1 = example1 at ,%elt] ,rock4 ,t "p ( ! dra9age com+ d[n ! valley opposite ,beav] ,brook met ! dra9age f ,/ill ,riv] ice lobe 9 ! valley nor? ( ,%elt] ,rock1 & z a result heavy deposits ( /ratifi$ drift 7 laid d[n4 ,! p59sula-l mass ( drift beyond ! riv] nor? ( ,%elt] ,rock appe>s f its =m to h be5 built up z ! delta ( s\?w>d & ea/w>d-fl[+ /reams2 probably ! dra9age f ! hilltops unit$ ) /reams com+ d[n ! two valleys4 ,! lobes ( /ratifi$ drift ext5d+ f ! ridge may h be5 built fir/1 & lat] ! connect+ ridge ( gravel :i* =ms ! top ( ! hill may h accumulat$ z additional mat]ial 0 wa%$ 91 ty+ toge!r ! ridges ( gravel along _! we/]n ends4 ,! m+l+ 9 ?is region ( /ratifi$ drift ( all grades ( co>s5ess indicates ! union 9 ! same bas9 ( debris ga!r$ f sev]al s\rces4 ,betwe5 ,danbury & ,new ,mil=d no mora9e crosses ei!r ! ,rocky or ! ,/ill valley1 b ! abundance ( till :i* ov]spreads ! :ole c\ntry indicates a sl[ly retreat+ glaci] well load$ ) rock debris4 ,! m\nds ( /ratifi$ drift scatt]$ along ! valley d\btless repres5t ! deltas ( /reams issu+ f ! ice front4 ,! wat]s ( ,rocky ,riv] 7 pond$ until ! outlet ne> ,j]usalem 0 uncov]$ & ! disappe>ance ( ice f ! rav9e bel[ all[$ an escape to ! ,h\satonic4 ,/ratifi$ drift is pres5t 9 greate/ am\nt along ! valleys ( ,/ill ,riv] & ! we/ =k ( ,rocky ,riv]1 indicat+ t ^! 7 ! two *ief l9es ( dra9age4 ,! upl&s are practically )\t /ratifi$ drift4 ,along ! valley ( ! ,h\satonic1 glacial mat]ial is *iefly 9 ! =m ( gravel t]races2 !y ext5d f ,gaylordsville to ,new ,mil=d1 9 "s places on "o side only1 9 o!rs on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,"p ( ^! gravel b5*es are kame t]races1 z %[n by _! roll+ tops & ! rav9e :i* sep>ates ! t]race f ! hillside2 o!rs may h be5 made by ! riv] cutt+ ?r\gh ! mantle ( drift :i* 0 laid d[n 9 ! p]iod ( l& depression at ! "t ( glacial retreat1#ae or !y may be a comb9ation ( ! two =ms4 ,9 _m places by sw++ 9 its flood pla91 ! riv] has cut into ! t]races & left /eep bluffs ( gravel4 ,! valley ( ,wom5%5uck ,brook above ,m]w9sville conta9s heavy deposits ( /ratifi$ drift1 indicat+ t ?is broad valley :i* ext5ds f ,k5t on ! ,h\satonic to ,m]w9sville 0 an important *annel = ! wat] :i* fl[$ f ! melt+ ice4 ,footnote #ad3 ,rice1 ,w4 ,n4 & ,gregory1 ,h4 ,e41 ,manual ( ! ,geology ( ,connecticut3 ,conn4 ,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey ,bull4 #f1 pp4 #cd-ce1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,hobbs1 ,w4 ,h41 op4 cit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,) ! foll[+ exceptions1 ! text pres5t$ "h is t obta9$ ?r\gh scann$ images f an orig9al copy ( ! manuscript4 ,possible ,typographic ,errors ,correct$ occuy+ occupy+ ,,plate ,,ii ,a4 ( repeat$ ,emphasis ,notation3 text - italiciz$ text - bold text - small caps